gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Induction of IL-17A Precedes Development of Airway Hyperresponsiveness during Diet-Induced Obesity and Correlates with Complement Factor D (2014)

Obesity is a risk factor for the development of asthma. Obese mice exhibit innate airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), a characteristic feature of asthma, and IL-17A is required for development of AHR in obese mice. The purpose of this study was to examine the temporal association between the onset of AHR and changes in IL-17A during the development of obesity by high-fat feeding in mice. At weaning, C57BL/6J mice were placed either on mouse chow or on a high-fat diet (HFD) and examined 9, 12, 15, 18, or 24 weeks later. Airway responsiveness to aerosolized methacholine (assessed via the forced oscillation technique) was greater in mice fed HFD versus chow for 24 weeks but not at earlier time points. Bronchoalveolar lavage and serum IL-17A were not affected by either the type or duration of diet, but increased pulmonary IL17a mRNA abundance was observed in HFD versus chow fed mice after both 18 and 24 weeks. Flow cytometry also confirmed an increase in IL-17A(+) γδ T cells and IL-17A(+) CD4(+) T (Th17) cells in lungs of HFD versus chow fed mice. Pulmonary expression of Cfd (complement factor D, adipsin), a gene whose expression can be reduced by IL-17A, decreased after both 18 and 24 weeks in HFD versus chow fed mice. Furthermore, pulmonary Cfd mRNA abundance correlated with elevations in pulmonary Il17a mRNA expression and with AHR. Serum levels of TNFα, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β, and classical markers of systemic inflammation of obesity were significantly greater in HFD than chow fed mice after 24 weeks, but not earlier. In conclusion, our data indicate that pulmonary rather than systemic IL-17A is important for obesity-related AHR and suggest that changes in pulmonary Cfd expression contribute to these effects of IL-17A. Further, the observation that increases in Il17a preceded the development of AHR by several weeks suggests that IL-17A interacts with other factors to promote AHR. The observation that the onset of the systemic inflammation of obesity coincided temporally with the development of AHR suggest that systemic inflammation may be one of these factors.
Bombay : A Study in Urban Demography and Ecology (1960)

One of the most pressing and distressing problems confronting the City of Bombay, and also one to which all the other problems primarily owe their origin is that of population aggregation. The fact that this is not a feature peculiar to the City of Bombay, but one associated with the modern urban phenomenon all over the world cannot in any wise minimise its magnitude. Though a large population is undoubtedly a mark of a city's economic affluence, it cannot serve as a true measure of its greatness. Instead of judging a city by the number of its inhabitants, we shall ask what part of its people have a chance to have real homes in which a wholesome family life is possible and in which they will be willing to raise at least enough children to replace themselves.1
Odorants of Virgin Olive Oils with Different Flavor Profiles (1998)

The potent odorants of virgin olive oils from Italy (I), Spain (S), and Morocco (M) were screened by aroma extract dilution analyses and gas chromatography olfactometry of headspace samples. After quantification, odor activity values (OAVs) were calculated by dividing the concentrations of the odorants in the oil samples by their nasally and retronasally determined odor threshold values in sunflower oil. On the basis of the nasal thresholds, the following compounds showed high OAVs in the oils given in parentheses: acetaldehyde (I, S, M), acetic acid (I, S), propanal (I), 1-penten-3-one (I), (E,Z)-2,4-decadienal (I, M), trans-4,5-epoxy-(E)-2-decenal (I, S, M), (Z)-3-hexenal (I, M), (E)-2-hexenal (I), (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate (I), 4-methoxy-2-methyl-2-butanethiol (S), ethyl 2- and 3-methylbutyrate (S, M), 2- and 3-methylbutanal (S), ethyl cyclohexylcarboxylate (M), and ethyl isobutyrate (M). Higher OAVs were additionally found for hexanal (I) and (Z)-2-nonenal (I, M) when retronasal odor thresholds were used as the basis. The potent odorants were dissolved in a refined plant oil in the concentrations found in the three olive oil samples. The flavor profiles of the models obtained were very close to those of the real samples, indicating that the different notes in the flavor profiles of these oils could be reproduced, e.g., green, fruity, black currantlike. Models missing one or several compounds with the same odor quality gave an insight into the importance of the odorants contributing to the flavor profiles of the oil samples. Keywords: Aroma extract dilution analysis; flavor analysis; flavor differences; flavor imitation; flavor profile analysis; isotope dilution asssay; sensory study; virgin olive oil
NON-DIFFERENTIAL SENSITIVITY TO THE HERBICIDE METRIBUZIN IN TOMATO CELL SUSPENSION CULTURES (1978)

Non-photosynthetic cell suspension cultures were established of four tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) cultivars with different degrees of seedling sensitivity to metribuzin. Growth in these cultures was not affected by levels of herbicide which are lethal to photosynthetic seedlings, but was inhibited by a concentration of 150 ppm. Although these cultivars display a differential ability to tolerate applications of metribuzin as seedlings, the cultures displayed no differential tolerance to the herbicide in the medium.
Yeast and mammalian metallothioneins functionally substitute for yeast copper-zinc superoxide dismutase. (1993)

Copper-zinc superoxide dismutase catalyzes the disproportionation of superoxide anion to hydrogen peroxide and dioxygen and is thought to play an important role in protecting cells from oxygen toxicity. Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains lacking copper-zinc superoxide dismutase, which is encoded by the SOD1 gene, are sensitive to oxidative stress and exhibit a variety of growth defects including hypersensitivity to dioxygen and to superoxide-generating drugs such as paraquat. We have found that in addition to these known phenotypes, SOD1-deletion strains fail to grow on agar containing the respiratory carbon source lactate. We demonstrate here that expression of the yeast or monkey metallothionein proteins in the presence of copper suppresses the lactate growth defect and some other phenotypes associated with SOD1-deletion strains, indicating that copper metallothioneins substitute for copper-zinc superoxide dismutase in vivo to protect cells from oxygen toxicity. Consistent with these results, we show that yeast metallothionein mRNA levels are dramatically elevated under conditions of oxidative stress. Furthermore, in vitro assays demonstrate that yeast metallothionein, purified or from whole-cell extracts, exhibits copper-dependent antioxidant activity. Taken together, these data suggest that both yeast and mammalian metallothioneins may play a direct role in the cellular defense against oxidative stress by functioning as antioxidants.
Bioprocessing and biotreatment of coal (1990)

Within technical overview sections on such emerging areas as bioprocessing, bioconversion, biosolubilization, biosystems and biocleaning, this handsomely illustrated reference specifically surveys pioneering work in the genetic production of sulfatase enzymes for removing organic sulfur from coal; r
Functionalization of Self-Organized TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanotubes with Pd Nanoparticles for Photocatalytic Decomposition of Dyes under Solar Light Illumination (2008)

Self-organized, vertically oriented TiO2 nanotube arrays prepared by the sonoelectrochemical anodization method are functionalized with palladium (Pd) nanoparticles of approximately 10 nm size. A simple incipient wetness method is adopted to distribute the Pd nanoparticles uniformly throughout the TiO2 nanotubular surface. This functionalized material is found to be an excellent heterogeneous photocatalyst that can decompose nonbiodegradable azo dyes (e.g., methyl red and methyl orange) rapidly (150-270 min) and efficiently (100%) under ambient conditions using simulated solar light in the absence of any external oxidative radicals such as hydrogen peroxide.
Chylomicronemia With Low Postheparin Lipoprotein Lipase Levels in the Setting of GPIHBP1 Defects (2010)

We identified a novel GPIHBP1 missense mutation (p.C65Y) associated with defective LPL binding in a young boy with severe chylomicronemia. We also show that homozygosity for the C65Y or Q115P mutations is associated with low levels of LPL in the postheparin plasma, demonstrating that GPIHBP1 is important for plasma triglyceride metabolism in humans.
Effects of Rexinoids on Thyrotrope Function and the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Thyroid Axis (2005)

Retinoid X receptor (RXR)-selective retinoids (rexinoids) can cause central hypothyroidism in humans, and this effect has been confirmed in rodent models. In this report, we characterized the effect of rexinoids on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis in mice and TSH regulation in a thyrotrope-derived cell line. The synthetic rexinoid (LG 268) suppressed TSH and T4 levels in mice. Hypothalamic TRH mRNA was unaffected, but steady-state pituitary TSHbeta mRNA levels were significantly lowered, suggesting a direct effect of rexinoids on thyrotropes. LG 268 suppressed TSH protein secretion and TSHbeta mRNA in TalphaT1 thyrotropes as early as 8 h after treatment, whereas the retinoic acid receptor-selective retinoid (TTNPB) had no effect. Type 2 iodothyronine deiodinase (D2) mRNA and activity were suppressed by LG 268 in TalphaT1 cells, whereas only D2 mRNA was suppressed in mouse pituitaries. LG 268 suppressed TSHbeta promoter activity by 42% and the -200 to -149 region accounted for a majority of the LG 268-mediated suppression of promoter activity. The RXRgamma isotype is expressed in thyrotropes. In vitro transfection and in vivo transgenic studies indicate that any RXR isotype can mediate TSH suppression by rexinoids, but the RXRgamma isotype is most efficient at mediating this response. RXRgamma-deficient mice lacked pituitary D2 mRNA suppression by LG 268, but D2 activity remained intact. In summary, RXR-selective retinoids (rexinoids) have multiple effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis. Rexinoids directly suppress TSH secretion, TSHbeta mRNA levels and promoter activity, and D2 mRNA levels but have no direct effect on hypothalamic TRH levels. Rexinoids also stimulate type 1 iodothyronine deiodinase activity in the liver and pituitary.
A price-based reliable routing game in wireless networks (2006)

We investigate a price-based reliable routing game in a wireless network of selfish users. Each node is characterized by a probability of reliably forwarding a packet, and each link is characterized by a cost of transmission. The objective is to form a stable and reliable routing path between a given source and destination pair. The pricing mechanism involved in this routing game is destination-driven and source-mediated: for each successfully delivered packet, the destination node pays the source, which in turn compensates all nodes that participate in routing the packet. We develop a polynomial-time algorithm for deriving an efficient Nash equilibrium routing path. We also present simulations to evaluate the reliability of the obtained path with respect to prices and source-destination cooperation for different network settings.
High Directivity Coupler Suppressing Leak Coupling with Cancellation Circuit of Wilkinson Divider (2010)

A high directivity microstrip coupler suppressing leak coupling with a cancellation circuit of a Wilkinson divider is presented. The presented coupler utilizes a cancellation circuit between a coupling port and an isolation port of the conventional microstrip coupler to enhance the isolation. The cancellation circuit consists of the Wilkinson divider, the multistage attenuator, and the phase offset line. The frequency to enhance the isolation is controlled by the attenuators. As the directivity is improved without the modification of the conventional coupler, the cancellation circuit can be applied to the fabricated conventional couplers. The measured directivity of the presented 1/18 λ coupler is improved from 4.8dB to 43.0dB at 2.6GHz, compared with the conventional 1/4 λ coupler with -20dB coupling. Simultaneously, the 27.4% relative bandwidth with the 20dB directivity is achieved.
Impact of nitrogen implant prior to the gate oxide growth on transient enhanced diffusion (2002)

The trend of reverse short channel effect (RSCE) with nitrogen implant dose, gate oxide thickness, and threshold implant dose have been measured and simulated. Thinner gate oxide reduces RSCE. Implanting nitrogen also reduces RSCE, but exactly in proportion to gate oxide reduction; no extra effect of the large nitrogen dose was found. Furthermore, a saturation of TED-induced dopant pile-up with accumulating implant dose is shown.
A New Doa Estimation Method Using A Circular Microphone Array (2007)

Publication in the conference proceedings of EUSIPCO, Poznan, Poland, 2007
Allergy immunotherapy: the future of allergy treatment (2015)

Allergic respiratory disease represents a significant and expanding health problem worldwide. Allergic symptoms, such as asthma and hay fever, cause sleep impairment and reduce school and work performance. The cost to society is substantial. Allergen avoidance and pharmacotherapy cannot control the disease. Only allergy immunotherapy has disease-modifying potential and should be included in optimal treatment strategies. Allergy immunotherapy was first administered as subcutaneous injections and has been practiced for the past 100 years or so. Recently, tablet-based sublingual allergy immunotherapy (SLIT) was introduced with comprehensive clinical documentation. SLIT tablets represent a more patient-friendly concept because they can be used for self-treatment at home.
Determinations of blood flow and shunting of 9- and 15-micrometer spheres in regional beds (1979)

In 17 pentobarbitalized dogs, the shunting of 15-micrometer and 9-micrometer microspheres was studied in the brain, myocardium, kidney, intestine, and lung. The veins of these organs were catheterized for constant blood withdrawal for 2 min by direct venipuncture. The ratio of microsphere radioactivity in the venous blood to that in the arterial blood gave the shunting of microspheres by the venous sampling technique. The 15-micrometer microspheres showed 2% or less shunting for all organs studied, whereas the 9-micrometer microspheres had shunting ranging from 3% in the coronary sinus to 24% in the portal vein. The shunting of 9-micrometer microspheres was also calculated from direct tissue counting, where the 15-micrometer spheres were considered to be completely entrapped. The results of direct tissue counting indicate that the 2-min venous sampling underestimates microsphere shunting. CO2 administration increased significantly the shunting of 9-micrometer spheres, whereas the shunting of 15-micrometer spheres determined by venous sampling remained less than 2%. Consideration of shunting indicates that the 15-micrometer microspheres might be more appropriate for regional organ blood flow measurements, including the myocardium.
Laboratory Studies on the Preparation Procedures of Alumina Converted from Aluminum Citrate (2010)

It is a promising technology in the alumina industry using citric acid to extract aluminum from clay or kaolin and obtain the solution of aluminum citrate (AlCit). But the prerequisite of the preparation procedure of alumina started from AlCit is that citric acid should be recycled. A process named AlCit−Dawsonite−alumina is proposed in this paper. By using Dawsonite as an intermediate, citrate groups could be separated and reused. The process was verified in laboratory scale: First, Dawsonite was precipitated from AlCit solution with a satisfied purity and conversion rate. Second, Dawsonite was transformed to alumina with low Na content through the two proposed methods. The structure and purity of the intermediate of Dawsonite and products of alumina were characterized by infrared, thermogravimetric−differential thermal analysis, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and inductively coupled plasma. The results show that the synthesized Dawsonite has a great purity and perfect crystallinity; and the Na content of the final alumina product is lower than 0.2%.
Improvement of soft magnetism of Fe90Co10 sputtered films by addition of N and Ta (1996)

The addition of Ta and N into sputtered Fe90Co10 alloy films was performed to attain soft magnetism with large saturation magnetization 4πMs. Addition of Ta below 8 at. % to Fe90Co10 films improved their crystallinity and the lattice constant of Fe crystallites was expanded. These films revealed relatively large 4πMs of about 21 kG. The deposition of Fe–Co and Fe–Co–Ta films at N2 partial pressure PN2 below 0.1 m Torr was so effective as to cause fine granulation in the film. Fe84.6Co8.4Ta7:N films deposited at PN2 of about 0.2 mTorr and postannealed at 150 °C revealed 4πMs and relative permeability μr of about 16 kG and 1500, respectively.
Impact of nerve stimulator-guided obturator nerve block on the short-term outcomes and complications of transurethral resection of bladder tumour: A prospective randomized controlled study (2015)

We found that ONB performed after spinal anesthesia was effective in preventing intraoperative complications due to adductor muscle spasm while performing TURBT. Our study limitations include its small sample size, since we only enrolled patients with primary lateral wall-localized bladder tumour. Also, we excluded patients who underwent bipolar TURBT.
Research and Analysis of Undergraduates' Consumption Behaviors in the New Era (2015)

Since 1999 when Chinese government decided to expand undergraduate enrollment, the number of China’s undergraduates has surged. As time passes by and with constant changes and development of social economy, the undergraduate group, as a special group, has been paid extensive attention to by all walks of life. Many behaviors of undergraduates become the research objects. As the “Chosen One” of the new era, contemporary undergraduates are living with the supervision and under the opinions of all walks of life. In the new era, changes constantly take place in undergraduates’ consumption behaviors and influences over them are changing. Hence, it’s especially important to conduct full studies on and analysis of undergraduates’ consumption behaviors. This paper, based on existing domestic theories and the author’s experience, carries out an in-depth exploration of contemporary undergraduates’ consumption behaviors, analyzes their consumption status and features, locates the consumption mistakes, causes and solutions, further illustrates factors influencing undergraduates’ consumption, and identifies their consumption trends, which can effectively instruct undergraduates’ consumption behaviors. At the same time, it can enable university educators, families and the society to grasp undergraduates’ consumption behavior features and development trends in a more accurate way, and help better instruct and educate undergraduates’ consumption.
Measures of Corporate Earnings: What Number Is Best? (2003)

Revelations of corporate fraud in 2002 shook the public's confidence in financial reporting and led to calls for reform. Without credible, transparent, and comparable financial information, investors, auditors, and others cannot make decisions that are essential to the efficient functioning of the economy. But while rules can be improved, it is not possible to achieve a rigid standard that applies uniformly to every company. This Economic Commentary explains why.
Adoptive T-Cell Therapy of Melanoma: Promises and Challenges (2011)

Adoptive immunotherapy for the treatment of melanoma has attracted growing interest in recent years.The trend reflects, at least in part, the disappointing results of conventional chemotherapy to induce lasting remission in advanced stages of the disease with multiple metastases and to cure patients even after initially complete response.The isolation of tumor infiltrating T cells from melanoma lesions, the identification of melanoma associated antigens and the significant progress in our understanding in redirecting an immune response favored the development of novel strategies in adoptive immunotherapy of melanoma.Most recent advances in selectively eliminating melanoma cell subsets from tumor tissues together with the identification of so called melanoma stem cells, however, imply to re define the therapeutic target in melanoma.The review discusses current challenges and perspectives in the rational design of cellular immunotherapy of melanoma.Despite of major improvements in the therapy of melanoma, the frequency of partial or complete responses after chemo and radiotherapy has not significantly risen since years (Garbe et al. 2010).Disseminated melanoma is still an incurable disease and overall survival correlates with the stage of the disease at time of diagnosis.A 10 year survival rate of 75 85% can be reached when the primary tumor was diagnosed in stage I or II, melanoma in stage III or IV, however, is commonly associated with poor survival (Garbe et al. 2010).The situation is mainly caused by two major drawbacks due to the particular biology of melanoma cells.Firstly, melanoma early disseminates into distant organs including the brain by forming micro metastases which are small in cancer cell numbers and beyond the detection limit of current tomographic procedures (Denninghoff et al. 2004; Bedikian et al. 2010).Micro metastases can persist for long time without any change in size in a "dormant" stage (Leiter et al. 2010).Secondly, many melanoma cells are notoriously resistant against chemo and radiation therapy (Bradbury & Middleton 2004; Pak et al. 2001; Pak et al. 2004).Both drawbacks result in the unsatisfactory situation that surgical removing of tumor lesions in early stages is the only curative option to fight melanoma.In more progressed stages of the disease recruitment of the cellular immune defense is thought to be an option.In this context immune modulatory adjuvants, including interferon α 2b, exhibit some effect www.intechopen.com
Mechanical Properties of Regenerated Bombyx mori Silk Fibers and Recombinant Silk Fibers Produced by Transgenic Silkworms (2010)

Regenerated silk fibroin fibers from the cocoons of silkworm, Bombyx mori, were prepared with hexafluoro solvents, 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) or hexafluoroacetone-trihydrate (HFA), as dope solvents and methanol as coagulation solvent. The regenerated fiber prepared from the HFIP solution showed slightly larger tensile strength when the draw ratio is 1:3 than that of native silk fiber, but the strength of the regenerated fiber with draw ratio 1:3 from the HFA solution is much lower than that of native silk fiber. This difference in the tensile strength of the regenerated silk fibers between two dope solvents comes from the difference in the long-range orientation of the crystalline region rather than that of short-range structural environment such as the fraction of beta-sheet structure. The increase in the biodegradation was observed for the regenerated silk fiber compared with native silk fiber. Preparations of regenerated silk fibroin fibers containing spider silk sequences were obtained by mixing silk fibroins and silk-like proteins with characteristic sequences from a spider, Naphila clavipes, to produce drag-line silk in E. coli in the fluoro solvents. A small increase in the tensile strength was obtained by adding 5% (w/w) of the silk-like protein to the silk fibroin. The production of silk fibroin fibers with these spider silk sequences was also performed with transgenic silkworms. Small increase in the tensile strength of the fibers was obtained without significant change in the elongation-at-break.