gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chemical characterization and source apportionment of PM <sub>2.5</sub> in Beijing: seasonal perspective (2013)

Abstract. In this study, 121 daily PM2.5 (aerosol particle with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5 μm) samples were collected from an urban site in Beijing in four months between April 2009 and January 2010 representing the four seasons. The samples were determined for various compositions, including elements, ions, and organic/elemental carbon. Various approaches, such as chemical mass balance, positive matrix factorization (PMF), trajectory clustering, and potential source contribution function (PSCF), were employed for characterizing aerosol speciation, identifying likely sources, and apportioning contributions from each likely source. Our results have shown distinctive seasonality for various aerosol speciations associated with PM2.5 in Beijing. Soil dust waxes in the spring and wanes in the summer. Regarding the secondary aerosol components, inorganic and organic species may behave in different manners. The former preferentially forms in the hot and humid summer via photochemical reactions, although their precursor gases, such as SO2 and NOx, are emitted much more in winter. The latter seems to favorably form in the cold and dry winter. Synoptic meteorological and climate conditions can overwhelm the emission pattern in the formation of secondary aerosols. The PMF model identified six main sources: soil dust, coal combustion, biomass burning, traffic and waste incineration emission, industrial pollution, and secondary inorganic aerosol. Each of these sources has an annual mean contribution of 16, 14, 13, 3, 28, and 26%, respectively, to PM2.5. However, the relative contributions of these identified sources significantly vary with changing seasons. The results of trajectory clustering and the PSCF method demonstrated that regional sources could be crucial contributors to PM pollution in Beijing. In conclusion, we have unraveled some complex aspects of the pollution sources and formation processes of PM2.5 in Beijing. To our knowledge, this is the first systematic study that comprehensively explores the chemical characterizations and source apportionments of PM2.5 aerosol speciation in Beijing by applying multiple approaches based on a completely seasonal perspective.
Dynamic Trunk Stabilization: A Conceptual Back Injury Prevention Program for Volleyball Athletes (2008)

The sport of volleyball creates considerable dynamic trunk stability demands. Back injury occurs all too frequently in volleyball, particularly among female athletes. The purpose of this clinical commentary is to review functional anatomy, muscle coactivation strategies, assessment of trunk muscle performance, and the characteristics of effective exercises for the trunk or core. From this information, a conceptual progressive 3-phase volleyball-specific training program is presented to improve dynamic trunk stability and to potentially reduce the incidence of back injury among volleyball athletes. Phase 1 addresses low-velocity motor control, kinesthetic awareness, and endurance, with the clinician providing cues to teach achievement of biomechanically neutral spine alignment. Phase 2 focuses on progressively higher velocity dynamic multiplanar endurance, coordination, and strength-power challenges integrating upper and lower extremity movements, while maintaining neutral spine alignment. Phase 3 integrates volleyball-specific skill simulations by breaking down composite movement patterns into their component parts, with differing dynamic trunk stability requirements, while maintaining neutral spine alignment. Prospective research is needed to validate the efficacy of this program.
Data Transmission with FSK Permutation Modulation (1968)

Performance characteristics are derived for an FSK data transmission scheme in which M frequencies out of N are used simultaneously. Noncoherent matched filters are applied at the N frequencies, and the filter outputs are compared as in a permutation modulation system. It is shown that many permutation alphabets provide energy per bit advantage over binary FSK, although the best results are obtained with one-out-of-N alphabets. Considering bits per unit bandwidth, many permutation alphabets perform as well as or better than binary; however, one-out-of-N alphabets carry less information per unit bandwidth when N > 4.
Laser performance of Cr4+:Y2SiO5 (1992)

Laser action in Cr4+ doped yttrium-orthosilicate Cr4+:Y2SiO5 cooled to 77 K was demonstrated for the first time with 1064 and 532 nm pumping from a pulsed Nd:YAG laser and broad band (@ 840 nm) pumping from a Q-switched Cr:LiSAF laser.
Bezier curve based path planning for a mobile manipulator in unknown environments (2013)

This paper presents a collision-free path planning approach based on Bezier curve for a mobile manipulator with the endpoints restricted by the manipulator. Based on these candidate endpoints and the initial posture of mobile manipulator, a series of feasible Bezier paths are obtained with the constraints from velocity, acceleration and environment. And then the optimal collision-free path is determined according to the related information of the path as well as obstacles. The mobile manipulator has the ability to adapt to the environment and the optimal path will be updated once the new detected obstacles block this path. The path planning approach is verified by simulations.
Compact SCR for Passenger Cars (2011)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Stringent emissions standards (Euro 6 and Tier2Bin5) lead to the use of nitrogen oxides (NOx) aftertreatment. One of the most widespread technical solutions able to meet these legislations is Urea Selective Catalytic Reduction (Urea SCR). A urea aqueous solution is introduced into the exhaust system in order to reduce NOx over SCR catalyst. Before reaching the catalyst, the aqueous solution has to be transformed into ammonia. Current serial applications need long distances (≻ 400 mm) from injection point to SCR catalyst and a mixer apparatus to ensure sufficient mixing between exhaust gas and ammonia. Because of this distance, SCR catalyst is located far from the engine. The light-off of the catalyst is penalized and therefore the efficiency of the SCR system is low. The purpose of this paper is to show a compact mixing device able to ensure mixing in a short distance (~ 75 mm). Thanks to this compact mixer so-called BlueBox, systems like SCR catalyst or two-way SCR/diesel particulate filter (DPF) catalyst in a close coupled position can be considered.</div></div>
Androgens and sexual function: a placebo-controlled, randomized, double-blind study of testosterone<i>vs</i>. dehydroepiandrosterone in men with sexual dysfunction and androgen deficiency (2009)

This study did not suggest a clinical benefit of OTU or DHEA supplementation in men with hypoandrogenism and SD. The recommended dose of OTU may have been inadequate or poorly absorbed. Increased doses or an alternative T delivery form may result in a different response.
원저 : 약침용 봉독성분 중 Apamin 의 항암효과와 MAP - Kinase 신호전달체계에 관한 연구 (2001)

Objective : To characterize the antitumorigenic potential of Apamin, one of the major components of bee venom, its effects on cell proliferation and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal transduction pathway were characterized using the human melanoma cell line SK-MEL-2. Methods & Results : Cell counting analysis for cell death demonstrated that consistent with a previous results, SK-MEL-2 cells treated with 0.5-2.0㎍/ml of Apamin showed no recognizable cytotoxic effect whereas detectable induction of cell death was identified at concentrations over 5.0㎍/ml. [3H]thymidine incorporation assay for cell proliferation demonstrated that DNA replication of SK-MEL-2 cells is inhibited by Apamin in a dose- and time-dependent manner. To explore whether Apamin-induced growth suppression is associated with the MAPK signaling pathway, phosphorylation of Erk, a function mediator of MAPK growth-stimulating signal, was examined Western blot assay using a phospho-specific Erkl/2 antibody. A significant increase of Erkl/2 phosphorylation level was observed in Apamin-treated cells compared with untreated control cells. Qantitative RT-PCR analysis revealed that Apamin inhibit expression of MAPK downstream genes such as c-Jun, c-Fos, and cyclin Dl but not expression of MAPK pathway component genes including Ha-Ras, c-Raf-1, MEKI, and Erk. Conclusion : It is strongly suggested that the antitumorigenic activity of Apamin might result in part from its inhibitory effect on the MAPK signaling pathway in human melanoma cells SK-MEL-2.
Chronic hypoxia augments depolarization-induced Ca<sup>2+</sup>sensitization in pulmonary vascular smooth muscle through superoxide-dependent stimulation of RhoA (2009)

Rho kinase (ROCK)-dependent vasoconstriction has been implicated as a major factor in chronic hypoxia (CH)-induced pulmonary hypertension. This component of pulmonary hypertension is associated with arterial myogenicity and increased vasoreactivity to receptor-mediated agonists and depolarizing stimuli resulting from ROCK-dependent myofilament Ca(2+) sensitization. On the basis of separate lines of evidence that CH increases pulmonary arterial superoxide (O(2)(-)) generation and that O(2)(-) stimulates RhoA/ROCK signaling in vascular smooth muscle (VSM), we hypothesized that depolarization-induced O(2)(-) generation mediates enhanced RhoA-dependent Ca(2+) sensitization in pulmonary VSM following CH. To test this hypothesis, we determined effects of the ROCK inhibitor HA-1077 and the O(2)(-)-specific spin trap tiron on vasoconstrictor reactivity to depolarizing concentrations of KCl in isolated lungs and Ca(2+)-permeabilized, pressurized small pulmonary arteries from control and CH (4 wk at 0.5 atm) rats. Using the same vessel preparation, we examined effects of CH on KCl-dependent VSM membrane depolarization and O(2)(-) generation using sharp electrodes and the fluorescent indicator dihydroethidium, respectively. Finally, using a RhoA-GTP pull-down assay, we investigated the contribution of O(2)(-) to depolarization-induced RhoA activation. We found that CH augmented KCl-dependent vasoconstriction through a Ca(2+) sensitization mechanism that was inhibited by HA-1077 and tiron. Furthermore, CH caused VSM membrane depolarization that persisted with increasing concentrations of KCl, enhanced KCl-induced O(2)(-) generation, and augmented depolarization-dependent RhoA activation in a O(2)(-)-dependent manner. These findings reveal a novel mechanistic link between VSM membrane depolarization, O(2)(-) generation, and RhoA activation that mediates enhanced myofilament Ca(2+) sensitization and pulmonary vasoconstriction following CH.
Redetermination of the crystal structure of aqua-methanol-bis[μ2-N- (3-carboxylsalicylidene)-N′-(salicylaldehyde)-1,2-ethylenediamine- N,N′,O,O,O′,O′]dicopper(II)-magnesium(II) – methanol (1:1), [MgCu2(H2O)(CH3OH)(C17H13N2O4)2] · CH3OH (2011)

Article Redetermination of the crystal structure of aqua-methanol-bis[μ2-N- (3-carboxylsalicylidene)-N′-(salicylaldehyde)-1,2-ethylenediamine- N,N′,O,O,O′,O′]dicopper(II)-magnesium(II) – methanol (1:1), [MgCu2(H2O)(CH3OH)(C17H13N2O4)2] · CH3OH was published on June 1, 2011 in the journal Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - New Crystal Structures (volume 226, issue 2).
Robertson's <i>Mutator</i> transposons in <i>A. thaliana</i> are regulated by the chromatin-remodeling gene <i>Decrease in DNA Methylation</i> (<i>DDM1</i>) (2001)

Robertson's Mutator transposable elements in maize undergo cycles of activity and then inactivity that correlate with changes in cytosine methylation. Mutator-like elements are present in the Arabidopsis genome but are heavily methylated and inactive. These elements become demethylated and active in the chromatin-remodeling mutant ddm1 (Decrease in DNA Methylation), which leads to loss of heterochromatic DNA methylation. Thus, DNA transposons in plants appear to be regulated by chromatin remodeling. In inbred ddm1 strains, transposed elements may account, in part, for mutant phenotypes unlinked to ddm1. Gene silencing and paramutation are also regulated by DDM1, providing support for the proposition that epigenetic silencing is related to transposon regulation.
Three-dimensional indoor localization in Non Line of Sight UWB channels (2007)

The problem of indoor localization is lately gaining high interest in research and industry. In this context, Ultra-Wideband has the capability of fulfilling the task of precise localization. Non Line of Sight (NLOS) channels, however, can seriously degrade the positioning accuracy. This paper gives a contribution to the frequent case, where base station redundancy in a three-dimensional localization system in time-of-arrival (TOA) configuration is not available. Literature analysis shows that many existing NLOS mitigation algorithms cannot be applied in such a case. Therefore, an algorithm using geometrical projection is proposed in comparison to Kalman filtered range estimates. Both algorithms rely on NLOS detection, which is implemented using the change of SNR method. Finally, the algorithms are tested in a laboratory room using an UWB localization test bed.
An axial velocity estimator for ultrasound blood flow imaging, based on a full evaluation of the Doppler equation by means of a two-dimensional autocorrelation approach (1995)

This paper introduces a new velocity estimator, referred to as the 2D autocorrelator, which differs from conventional Doppler techniques in two respects: the derivation of axial velocity values by evaluating the Doppler equation using explicit estimates of both the mean Doppler and the mean RF frequency at each range gate location; and, the 2D nature (depth samples versus pulse transmissions) of processing within the range gate. The estimator's output can be calculated by evaluating the 2D autocorrelation function of the demodulated (baseband) backscattered echoes at two lags. A full derivation and mathematical description of the estimator is presented, based on the framework of the 2D Fourier transform. The same framework is adopted to analyze two other established velocity estimators (the conventional 1D autocorrelator and the crosscorrelator) in a unifying manner, and theoretical arguments as well as experimental results are used to highlight the common aspects of all three estimators. In addition, a thorough performance evaluation is carried out by means of extensive simulations, which document the effect of a number of factors (velocity spread, range gate length, ensemble length, noise level, transmitted bandwidth) and provide an insight into the optimum parameters and trade-offs associated with individual algorithms. Overall, the 2D autocorrelator is shown to offer the best performance in the context of the specific simulation conditions considered here. Its superiority over the crosscorrelator is restricted to cases of low signal-to-noise ratios. However, the 2D autocorrelator always outperforms the conventional 1D autocorrelator by a significant margin. These comparisons, when linked to the computational requirements of the proposed estimator, suggest that it combines the generally higher performance of 2D broadband time-domain techniques with the relatively modest complexity of 1D narrowband phase-domain velocity estimators.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
<i>Retracted</i>: Microwave Assisted Synthesis of Trifluoro Substituted 2‐Aminobenzimidazole Derivatives <i>via</i> Iodoacetic Acid Mediated One‐pot Condensation (2017)

Microwave‐assisted efficient one‐pot syntheses of trifluoro substituted 2‐aminobenzimidazole derivative were synthesized using iodoacetic acid mediated cyclodesulfurization of thioureas. This method eliminates need to handle preformed substituted thioureas, requires lesser reaction time and temperature, is facile, and also gives higher yields of the target molecules.
Leuckart-specific impurities in amphetamine and methamphetamine seized in Norway. (1984)

Samples of 28 amphetamine and 7 methamphetamine seizures, taken in Norway from 1975 to 1982, were examined. The amphetamine and methamphetamine contents varied from 9 to 99 per cent and from 9 to 72 per cent respectively. Impurities originating from the synthesis of the illicit samples were identified by gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry. Special attention was paid to "Leuckart-specific" impurities, which could indicate that the Leuckart method of amphetamine and methamphetamine synthesis had been used. N-formyl-methamphetamine, a Leuckart-specific compound, was identified in all the investigated samples of methamphetamine seized in Norway. The Leuckart-specific impurities, 4-methyl-5-phenyl-pyrimidine and N-formyl-amphetamine, were identified in 79 per cent of the amphetamine samples.
LV. <i>On the absorption and dialytic separation of gases by colloid septa</i> (1866)

(1866). LV. On the absorption and dialytic separation of gases by colloid septa. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 32, No. 218, pp. 401-420.
Shenhua Group, an energy conglomerate incorporating coal mining, power generation and coal liquefaction (2004)

An introduction to the achievements Shenhua Group Corporation Limited has made during the past few years – the largest coal producer in China, based on facts and data. A description of its present industrial structure, production, operations and its development vision. And a summary of its high production, high efficiency and diversified development with China’s coal industry.
Determination of Micronutrients and Toxic Elements in <i>Moringa Oleifera</i> Leaves by Calibration Free Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) (2021)

The Moringa oleifera tree, including the leaves, flowers, pods, and seeds, is highly nutritious and useful for the prevention and control of various diseases. Here we have probed the micronutrients in Moringa oleifera leaves using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). The time-resolved and time-integrated LIBS data reveal the presence of Ca, Mg, K, C, Si, Fe, Al, Ti, Sr, Na, H, O, and Li. The plasma temperature and electron number density required for the elemental composition analysis were estimated to be (6375 ± 500) K from the Saha-Boltzmann plot and (1.0 ± 0.2) × 1017 cm−3 from the Stark broadened Hα line, respectively. Elemental analysis of the samples was performed using one-line calibration free LIBS (CF-LIBS). The results reveal that C is the major element together with Ca, Mg, K, Fe Na, Al, Ti, Sr, and Li as micronutrients. The concentrations of the micronutrients determined by CF-LIBS were validated by inductively coupled plasma – optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). LIBS has been demonstrated to be a practical candidate for the detection of potentially toxic elements (Li, Al, Si, and Sr) as well as for the compositional analysis.
Synthesis and Properties of Bis (taurine) Types of Double-chain Surfactants (1992)

Double-chain surfactants possessing two taurine units were synthesized by reaction of N-alkyltaurine (alkyl : octyl, decyl, or dodecyl) with ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether. All surfactants were soluble in water, and Krafft points were below 0°C. Cmc values were much less than those of the corresponding single-chain taurine type of compound. The isoelectric point of the title compound with two octyl chains was determined as about 5.0. Water solubility was maintained constant at the pH around the isoelectric point. Changes in some surface active properties of the double-chain compounds due to those in the pH or the addition of electrolyte are discussed.
Radiofrequency catheter ablation for supraventricular tachycardias: Part II (1994)

Ablative therapy in the treatment of arrhythmias is an exciting development of the last decade. Although direct-current, high-energy shock can be effective treatment for many supraventricular tachycardias, clinicians are concerned about potential problems associated with its use. Drug therapy for arrhythmias has been inadequate, ineffective, poorly tolerated and fraught with toxic or proarrhythmic reactions. Because of its relative technical ease, high success rate and low complication rate, RFCA remains the therapeutic procedure of choice for patients with atrioventricular nodal reentrant supraventricular tachycardia. Other catheter ablation techniques such as laser, cryocatheter and microwave catheter are still being tested.
Predicting program phases and defending against side-channel attacks using hardware performance counters (2015)

Sharing of functional units inside a processor by two applications can lead to to information leaks and micro-architectural side-channel attacks. Meanwhile, processors now commonly come with hardware performance counters which can count a variety of micro-architectural events, ranging from cache behavior to floating point unit usage. In this paper we propose that the hardware performance counters can be leveraged by the operating system's scheduler to predict the upcoming program phases of the applications running on the system. By detecting and predicting program phases, the scheduler can make sure that programs in the same program phase, i.e. using same type of functional unit, are not scheduled on the same processor core, thus helping to mitigate potential side-channel attacks.
Total-Homocysteine Enzymatic Assay (2000)

McCully (1) in 1969 first observed that plasma hyperhomocysteinemia was involved in the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis. More studies have reported that total serum or plasma homocysteine (tHCY) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, including arteriosclerosis, coronary artery disease, cerebrovascular disease, and myocardial infarction (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7). Furthermore, plasma tHCY is a strong predictor of mortality in patients with existing coronary artery disease (8).

A major basis for hyperhomocysteinemia is insufficient intake of vitamins B6, B12, and folic acid, which are necessary for homocysteine metabolism and which lower the risk for homocysteine-associated diseases (9)(10)(11). Homocystinuria can result from inborn errors, such as deficiencies in the enzymes cystathionine β-synthase, methionine synthase, and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (12). These patients have premature vascular disease, ∼50% of untreated patients have thromboembolic events, and the mortality rate is ∼20% before the age of 30 (12).

Many methods have been developed to measure tHCY, such as the tHCY enzyme conversion immunoassay designed for the Abbott IMx analyzer (13), the microtiter-plate tHCY enzymatic immunoassay kit (14), and HPLC (15)(16)(17). However, these methods are relatively complex and require highly specialized equipment.

To meet the need for a widely available homocysteine assay, we have developed and describe here a simple single-enzyme tHCY assay based on a highly specific homocysteine α,γ-lyase (rHCYase) (18).

l-Homocystine, l-cysteine (l-cys), l-methionine (l-MET), dithiothreitol (DTT), Triton X-100, citric acid, potassium ferricyanide, and other common reagents for the tHCY enzymatic assay were obtained from Sigma. 4-Fluoro-7-sulfobenzofurazan ammonium salt was obtained from Wako Fine Chemicals, and N,N -dibutylaniline was obtained from Acros Organics. N,N -Dibutyl phenylene diamine (DBPDA) was synthesized in our laboratory (L. Tang and Y. Tan, unpublished …