gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A tutorial overview of anomaly detection in hyperspectral images (2010)

In this paper, a tutorial overview on anomaly detection for hyperspectral electro-optical systems is presented. This tutorial is focused on those techniques that aim to detect small man-made anomalies typically found in defense and surveillance applications. Since a variety of methods have been proposed for detecting such targets, this tutorial places emphasis on the techniques that are either mathematically more tractable or easier to interpret physically. These methods are not only more suitable for a tutorial publication, but also an essential to a study of anomaly detection. Previous surveys on this subject have focused mainly on anomaly detectors developed in a statistical framework and have been based on well-known background statistical models. However, the most recent research trends seem to move away from the statistical framework and to focus more on deterministic and geometric concepts. This work also takes into consideration these latest trends, providing a wide theoretical review without disregarding practical recommendations about algorithm implementation. The main open research topics are addressed as well, the foremost being algorithm optimization, which is required for embodying anomaly detectors in real-time systems.
MANUAL OF PRACTICE FOR AN EFFECTIVE ANTI-ICING PROGRAM: A GUIDE FOR HIGHWAY WINTER MAINTENANCE PERSONNEL (1996)

Highway anti-icing is the snow and ice control practice of preventing the formation or development of bonded snow and ice by timely applications of a chemical freezing-point depressant. It provides a maintenance manager with two major capabilities: the capability for maintaining roads in the best conditions possible during a winter storm, and the capability to do so in an efficient manner. As a consequence, anti-icing has the potential to provide the benefit of increased traffic safety at the lowest cost. However, to achieve this benefit the maintenance manager must adopt a systematic approach to snow and ice control and must ensure that the performance of the operations is consistent with the objective of preventing the formation or development of bonded snow and ice. Such an approach requires use of considerable judgment in making decisions, requires the available information sources be utilized methodically, and requires that the operations be anticipatory or prompt in nature. This manual provides information for successful implementation of an effective highway anti-icing program. It is written to guide the maintenance manager in developing a systematic and efficient practice for maintaining roads in the best conditions possible during a winter storm. It describes the significant factors that should be understood and must be addressed in an anti-icing program, with the recognition that the development of the program must be based on the specific needs of the site or region within its reach. The manual includes recommendations for anti-icing practices and guidance for conducting anti-icing operations during specific precipitation and weather events.
MOSFET Dosimetry on Modern Radiation Oncology Modalities (2002)

The development of MOSFET dosimetry is presented with an emphasis on the development of a scanning MOSFET dosimetry system for modern radiation oncology modalities. Fundamental aspects of MOSFETs in relation to their use as dosemeters are briefly discussed. The performance of MOSFET dosemeters in conformal radiotherapy, hadron therapy, intensity-modulated radiotherapy and microbeam radiation therapy is compared with other dosimetric techniques. In particular the application of MOSFET dosemeters in the characterisation and quality assurance of the steep dose gradients associated with the penumbra of some modern radiation oncology modalities is investigated. A new in vivo, on-line, scanning MOSFET readout system is also presented. The system has the ability to read out multiple MOSFET dosemeters with excellent spatial resolution and temperature stability and minimal slow border trapping effects.
Learning Multi-Modal Word Representation Grounded in Visual Context (2017)

Representing the semantics of words is a long-standing problem for the\nnatural language processing community. Most methods compute word semantics\ngiven their textual context in large corpora. More recently, researchers\nattempted to integrate perceptual and visual features. Most of these works\nconsider the visual appearance of objects to enhance word representations but\nthey ignore the visual environment and context in which objects appear. We\npropose to unify text-based techniques with vision-based techniques by\nsimultaneously leveraging textual and visual context to learn multimodal word\nembeddings. We explore various choices for what can serve as a visual context\nand present an end-to-end method to integrate visual context elements in a\nmultimodal skip-gram model. We provide experiments and extensive analysis of\nthe obtained results.\n
Interobsenrer Variability of a Papanicolaou Smear Diagnosis of Atypical Glandular Cells of Undetermined Significance (1998)

The interobserver variability of a Papanicolaou smear diagnosis of atypical glandular cells of undetermined significance (AGUS) has not been measured. Four expert cytopathologists retrospectively reclassified 100 smears originally diagnosed as AGUS; on follow-up examination, 54 had a clinically significant lesion and 46 had a benign lesion. The mean sensitivity and specificity of reclassification were 86% and 21%, respectively. The kappa statistic for pairwise cytopathologist comparison varied from 0.16 to 0.27. In 45% of cases the cytopathologists all used different Bethesda System diagnoses, and in no case did all the cytopathologists use the same diagnosis. There was little agreement on which cytologic criteria were important in separating clinically significant and benign lesions. We conclude the following: interobserver agreement in reclassifying AGUS lesions is very poor; the AGUS category is poorly understood, and there is no agreement on diagnostic cytologic criteria; and when reclassifying slides, cytopathologists make a number of false-negative diagnoses.
Syntheses, Structures, and Reactivities of Borylcopper and ‐zinc Compounds: 1,4‐Silaboration of an α,β‐Unsaturated Ketone to Form a γ‐Siloxyallylborane (2008)

New borylcopper and borylzinc compounds were synthesized by transmetalation of boryllithium with metal halides. The 1,4-addition of lithium borylbromocuprate [BCu(μ2-Br)Li(thf)3] to 2-cyclohexen-1-one as a boryl anion, followed by trapping of the resulting boron-substituted copper enolate with Me3SiCl, afforded the γ-siloxyallylborane. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2008/z801728_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Frontier molecular orbital correlations for predicting rate constants between alkenes and the tropospheric oxidants NO3, OH and O3 (1999)

Two types of correlation relating the value of the energy of the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of an alkene to the logarithm of its rate constant for reaction with NO3, OH or O3 have been formulated. Both correlations have been shown to be consistent with frontier molecular orbital theory. The correlation can be used to predict the rate constants for the reaction of an alkene with NO3, OH or O3 by calculating the value of the HOMO energy of the alkene. The accuracy of these predictions is quoted as a 48, 40 and 97% minimum probability that the predicted rate constant for reaction of an alkene with NO3, O3 and OH, respectively, will be within a factor of two of the measured rate constant. This probability is increased to a minimum of 73, 80 and approaches 100% for the reactions of NO3, O3 and OH, respectively, with conjugated dienes.
YCeZrO Ternary Oxide Solid Solution Supported Nonplatinic Lean-Burn NOx Trap Catalysts Using LaCoO<sub>3</sub> Perovskite as Active Phase (2014)

A series of nonplatinic ceria-based oxides supported catalysts LaCoO3/K2CO3/S (S=CeO2, Ce0.75Zr0.25O2 or 5%Y/Ce0.75Zr0.25O2) were prepared by successive impregnation and employed for lean-burn NOx trapping. It is found that the doping of Zr or YZr into CeO2 facilitates the formation of CeZrO binary or YCeZrO ternary solid solutions, increasing the specific surface area and improving the redox property of ceria. The results of EXAFS and H2-TPR reveal that the LaCoO3 in the solid solution supported catalysts possesses higher dispersion and better reducibility than that in CeO2 supported one. The result of O2-TPD shows that the surface active oxygen species are remarkably increased after loading LaCoO3 on the supports. The YCeZrO ternary solid solution supported catalyst containing 5 wt % K2CO3 exhibits the best performance for NO oxidation and reduction at 350 °C, showing a high NO-to-NO2 conversion (66.5%) at lean condition, and a very high NOx reduction percentage (98.2%) and an extremely high NOx-to-N2 selectivity (98.8%) at rich condition in the absence of CO2. After addition of 5 vol % CO2 in the atmosphere, the NOx reduction percentage during NOx storage and reduction tests can still be maintained at high level (above 90%) in the temperature region of 350–400 °C. The results of FT-IR, CO2-TPD and in situ DRIFTS indicate that the potassium in catalysts exists as −OK groups, K2O, bulk or bulk-like K2CO3. At low K2CO3 loading (≤5 wt %), NOx is stored as nitrates with diverse coordination structures, while at higher K2CO3 loading (8 wt %) it is mainly stored as bulk nitrates without forming nitrites. Based upon all characterizations, a carbonate-involved NOx storage and reduction mechanism is revealed in molecular level.
Preparation and Characterization of Polyvinylidene Fluoride/Graphene Superhydrophobic Fibrous Films (2015)

A new strategy to induce superhydrophobicity via introducing hierarchical structure into the polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) film was explored in this study. For this purpose nanofibrous composite films were prepared by electrospinning of PVDF and PVDF/graphene blend solution as the main precursors to produce a net-like structure. Various spectroscopy and microscopy methods in combination with crystallographic and wettability tests were used to evaluate the characteristics of the synthesized films. Mechanical properties have been studied using a universal stress-strain test. The results show that the properties of the PVDF nanofibrous film are improved by compositing with graphene. The incorporation of graphene flakes into the fibrous polymer matrix changes the morphology, enhances the surface roughness, and improves the hydrophobicity by inducing a morphological hierarchy. Superhydrophobicity with the water contact angle of about 160° can be achieved for the PVDF/graphene electrospun nanocomposite film in comparison to PVDF pristine film.
Blind signal separation via simultaneous perturbation method (2003)

When independent plural signals are mixed and the mixed plural signals are measured, the blind signal separation technique is a very interesting approach to separate these signals only based on the measured signals. This technique is applicable to many fields including communication engineering, signal processing, image processing, analysis of organs inside a body and so on. We propose a recursive method to obtain a separating matrix based on the mutual information, via the simultaneous perturbation optimization method. The simultaneous perturbation method estimates a gradient of the mutual information with respect to the separating matrix, based on a kind of finite difference. Therefore, the separating matrix is updated by only two values of the mutual information. Some examples for image signals and audio signals are shown to confirm viability of the proposed method In these examples, our method separated some signals from mixed ones properly. This method is applicable to on-line separation because of simplicity of the algorithm.
Arthroscopic repair of massive, contracted, immobile rotator cuff tears using single and double interval slides: technique and preliminary results (2004)

Level IV.
PRODUCTION OF POTENT INACTIVATED VACCINES WITH ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION (1944)

In another publication we<sup>1</sup>described a new method for completely killing or inactivating turbid suspensions of bacteria and viruses in a fraction of a second by exposing continuously flowing thin films with a depth of less than 1 mm. to a newly developed lamp which is a powerful source of both total and extreme (below 2,000 angstroms) ultraviolet. It was emphasized that bacteria and viruses could be rapidly inactivated by this technic with a minimum loss of antigenicity, while the usual methods of inactivation (heat and various chemicals) unduly destroy the antigenic properties. Furthermore, the conditions of irradiation were standardized with respect to intensity of irradiation, distance from energy source, film thickness and time of exposure, so that experiments could be repeated with consistent results. This paper is a preliminary condensed report presenting results using the new technic of ultraviolet irradiation on (1) inactivation of various bacteria and viruses
[Cerebrospinal fluid beta-endorphin in chronic pain in man]. (1990)

Concentrations of beta-endorphin in the cerebrospinal fluid were measured in 21 painless subjects and 37 patients with chronic pain. Statistical analysis of the results showed no significant difference between the two groups. This lack of correlation between beta-endorphin concentrations in the CSF and the presence of chronic pain highlights the difficulties and limitations encountered when trying to determine the role of endogenous opioid systems with this method.
Hypermedia: a progress report part 3: CD-ROM, CD-I, DVI, etc. (1990)

Hypermedia: A Progress Report Part 3: CD-ROM, CD-I, DVI, Etc. In this final installment of our three-part series on hypermdia we look at the newest and most promising technologies to be applied to the task of bringing affordable hypermedia to the desktop -- all of wich are based upon the digitally encoded, optically read compact disc (CD). Examining hardware systems and software products should help to clear the industry's murky waters and provide a better picture of what is emerging from the depths of RD CD-ROM is the Yellow Book; and CD-I is the Green Book. Digitization Before proceeding to specific formats, let's briefly look at the audio and video digitization processes. Remember that interactive videodiscs use analog, not digital, technology. In contrast, the CD, in all but one of its flavors, is purely digital. (The exception is CD-V, a format intended for music videos that is an amalgam of the analog LaserVision and the digital CD formats. The common denominator between the two is that both LaserVision and CD-based media are optically recorded and played back through laser technology.) In general, for all CD-based formats everything on the disc -- video, audio or text--is represented not by an analog signal, but by a series of digital numbers. Therefore everything to be included must be converted to digital numbers before the CD is pressed. In the audio domain this process means converting the following types of signals to a digital format: acoustic sound waves produced by musical instruments, voices and environmental entities; analog recording that represent acoustic sound waves; and purely electronic signals produced by synthesizers or other electronic instruments. Luckily, modern digital sound-recording equipment handles these tasks easily. In the video domain the task is not so simple. Full-screen, full-motion video generates enormous amounts of digital numbers when run through the digitization process. Recall that the digitization of one frame of video to a screen resolution of 640 x 840 pixels with each pixel resolving to 24 bits of color requires 7,372,800 bits. That's 921,600 bytes of data for just one frame out of the 30 needed for each second of full-motion video. Thus in the video arena the numbers required to faithfully represent a moving image get very large very fast. And that's the main technical reason we are still waiting for desktop hypermedia. In order to get more than about a half minute of high-quality video onto a 4.72 CD, sophisticated computer algorithms (programs) must be developed to compress digital video information prior to its recording onto a disc, and to decompress it on playback. This is not a trivial task; it has occupied some of computer science's best minds for the last few years. Instead of settling for a grainy, jerky image reminiscent of the early days of motion pictures, developers in the field of digital video are aiming for broadcast-quality or better right from the start. …
Electrochemical Behavior of Cr- Doped Composite Li<sub>2</sub>MnO<sub>3</sub>-LiMn<sub>0.5</sub>Ni<sub>0.5</sub>O<sub>2</sub>Cathode Materials (2012)

The effect of Cr-doping on the structural, physical and electrochemical properties of Li2MnO3 and LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2 is reported. The formation of the solid solution and local distortion of the structure with the increase in Cr doping (0.7Li2MnO3 − 0.3LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2) was confirmed respectively, by X-Ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Morphological investigations and elemental mapping showed the formation of primary particles in the range 0.5–1.0 μm and homogeneity, respectively. Electrochemical measurements on the materials were carried out in different voltage ranges and temperatures. Structural transformation of the material from layered to spinel symmetry has been observed with cycling in case of the samples with low Li2MnO3 content (0.3Li2MnO3-0.7LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2). Cr acted as a catalyst to enhance the activation of the material with high Li2MnO3 content.
Evaluation of TRMM Ground-Validation Radar-Rain Errors Using Rain Gauge Measurements (2009)

Abstract Ground-validation (GV) radar-rain products are often utilized for validation of the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) space-based rain estimates, and, hence, quantitative evaluation of the GV radar-rain product error characteristics is vital. This study uses quality-controlled gauge data to compare with TRMM GV radar rain rates in an effort to provide such error characteristics. The results show that significant differences of concurrent radar–gauge rain rates exist at various time scales ranging from 5 min to 1 day, despite lower overall long-term bias. However, the differences between the radar area-averaged rain rates and gauge point rain rates cannot be explained as due to radar error only. The error variance separation method is adapted to partition the variance of radar–gauge differences into the gauge area–point error variance and radar-rain estimation error variance. The results provide relatively reliable quantitative uncertainty evaluation of TRMM GV radar-rain estimates at various time scales and are helpful to understand better the differences between measured radar and gauge rain rates. It is envisaged that this study will contribute to better utilization of GV radar-rain products to validate versatile space-based rain estimates from TRMM, as well as the proposed Global Precipitation Measurement satellite and other satellites.
Modeling and Simulation (1999)

Abstract The sections in this article are Models and Model Theory Mathematical Systems Models Classification of System Models Some Common Model Forms Simulation Continuous System Simulation Discrete‐Event Simulation Modeling and Simulation Issues Model Validation
Dual-polarization versus single-polarization MIMO channel measurement results and modeling (2006)

This paper presents a simple multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) channel model that predicts the eigenvalue distribution and hence, the capacity of MIMO systems using vertically polarized and dual-polarized transmit-antenna configurations with dual-polarized receive antennas. The channel model is verified using broadband outdoor channel measurements taken by a 2 x 3 MIMO system in the 2.5 GHz band.
HAEMODIALYSIS TREATMENT MONITORED ON-LINE BY ULTRA VIOLET ABSORBANCE (2006)

This thesis describes and evaluates an optical method utilizing ultra violet (UV) absorbance for on-line monitoring of haemodialysis treatment. Increased efficiency of haemodialysis treatment is considered to correlate to decreased morbidity and mortality when urea clearance (Kt/V) is elevated. However, further improvements have not been achieved at a higher Kt/V. The mortally rate in the haemodialysis population is still high (27% in Sweden). Urea as the clinical marker is under discussion, partly due to urea being non-toxic, but also that the uraemic syndrom is the result of a cumulative retention of innumerable involved compounds. On-line monitoring systems based on urea determination for improved dialysis efficiency have been suggested and developed in different settings over the last two decades, but have not achieved worldwide utilisation as routine clinical equipment. This thesis demonstrates that the UV-technique utilising 280, 285 and 297 nm is capable of estimating dialysis efficiency in therms of Kt/V, nutritional status in terms of protein catabolic rate (PCR), with the same characteristics as existing methods. One novel finding using UV-absorbance with high sampling rates is the on-line visualisation of the clearance process for following variations in clearance caused by clinical events and disturbances as well as during and after adjustments. The fact that the UV-absorbance technique does not measure urea directly but has high correlation to several other both UV-absorbing and not-absorbing solutes makes it suitable to reflect a more overall solute retention process. Finally, a new efficiency parameter based on the calculation of the area under UV- curve (clearance curve), is suggested to reflect the total removal of some solutes. In summary the UV-technique has the potential to be an additional tool to evaluate improvements of dialysis efficiency, which may result in decreased morbidity, longer life span and enhanced quality of life for the haemodialysis patients.
Biliary Lipid Secretion, Bile Acid Metabolism, and Gallstone Formation Are Not Impaired in Hepatic Lipase–Deficient Mice (2003)

Whereas hepatic lipase (HL) has been implicated in lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis, its role in controlling biliary lipid physiology has not been reported. This work characterizes plasma lipoprotein cholesterol, hepatic cholesterol content, bile acid metabolism, biliary cholesterol secretion, and gallstone formation in HL-deficient mice and C57BL/6 controls fed standard chow, a cholesterol-supplemented diet, or a lithogenic diet. Compared with C57BL/6 controls, HL knockout mice exhibited increased basal plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol as well as reduced cholesterol levels transported in large lipoproteins in response to cholesterol-enriched diets. Hepatic cholesterol content and biliary cholesterol secretion of chow-fed HL knockout and wild-type mice were not different and increased similarly in both strains after feeding dietary cholesterol or a lithogenic diet. There were no differences in biliary bile acid secretion, bile acid pool size and composition, or fecal bile acid excretion between HL-deficient and control mice. HL knockout mice had a similar prevalence of gallstone formation as compared with control mice when both strains were fed with a lithogenic diet. In conclusion, the deficiency of HL has no major impact on the availability of lipoprotein-derived hepatic cholesterol for biliary secretion; HL expression is not essential for diet-induced gallstone formation in mice.