gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Identification of Effective Subdominant Anti-HIV-1 CD8+ T Cells Within Entire Post-infection and Post-vaccination Immune Responses (2015)

Defining the components of an HIV immunogen that could induce effective CD8+ T cell responses is critical to vaccine development. We addressed this question by investigating the viral targets of CD8+ T cells that potently inhibit HIV replication in vitro, as this is highly predictive of virus control in vivo. We observed broad and potent ex vivo CD8+ T cell-mediated viral inhibitory activity against a panel of HIV isolates among viremic controllers (VC, viral loads <5000 copies/ml), in contrast to unselected HIV-infected HIV Vaccine trials Network (HVTN) participants. Viral inhibition of clade-matched HIV isolates was strongly correlated with the frequency of CD8+ T cells targeting vulnerable regions within Gag, Pol, Nef and Vif that had been identified in an independent study of nearly 1000 chronically infected individuals. These vulnerable and so-called "beneficial" regions were of low entropy overall, yet several were not predicted by stringent conservation algorithms. Consistent with this, stronger inhibition of clade-matched than mismatched viruses was observed in the majority of subjects, indicating better targeting of clade-specific than conserved epitopes. The magnitude of CD8+ T cell responses to beneficial regions, together with viral entropy and HLA class I genotype, explained up to 59% of the variation in viral inhibitory activity, with magnitude of the T cell response making the strongest unique contribution. However, beneficial regions were infrequently targeted by CD8+ T cells elicited by vaccines encoding full-length HIV proteins, when the latter were administered to healthy volunteers and HIV-positive ART-treated subjects, suggesting that immunodominance hierarchies undermine effective anti-HIV CD8+ T cell responses. Taken together, our data support HIV immunogen design that is based on systematic selection of empirically defined vulnerable regions within the viral proteome, with exclusion of immunodominant decoy epitopes that are irrelevant for HIV control.
Cascade network architectures (2003)

A novel incremental cascade network architecture based on error minimization is presented. The properties of this and related cascade architectures are discussed, and the influence of the objective function is investigated. The performance of the network is achieved by several layers of nonlinear units that are trained in a strictly feedforward manner and one after the other. Nonlinearity is generated by using sigmoid units and, optionally, additional powers of their activity values. Extensive benchmarking results for the XOR problem are reported, as are various classification tasks, and time series prediction. These are compared to other results reported in the literature. Direct cascading is proposed as promising approach to introducing context information in the approximation process.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The progress of molecular diagnostics of osteosarcoma (2015)

Despite significant advances in the diagnosis and treatment of osteosarcoma in recent years, overall survival has remained low for over 2 decades. The standard diagnosis of osteosarcoma requires a combination of clinical presentation, radiologic studies, and pathologic tissue evaluation. A typical Codman's triangle in radiologic evaluation is vital in making correct diagnosis for middle or late stage of osteosarcoma. However, there is an actual demand for novel molecular markers with high sensitivity and stability for the diagnosis of early events of osteosarcoma and also the probability of recurrence and metastasis. Except that, some highly relevant gene mutations with these events could also provide valuable information regarding osteosarcoma protection. In this review, we will focus on the molecular markers which have been discovered in recent years with potential application of early stage and recurrence diagnosis and protection.
Weight loss in Parkinson's disease (2003)

We prospectively examined the changes of body weight among 468 individuals with Parkinson's disease (PD) before and after the diagnosis. The average weight of PD patients was stable until shortly before the diagnosis (p for trend = 0.2) and then declined (p for trend < 0.0001). Interestingly, PD patients tended to increase their energy intakes as their weights decreased (p for trend < 0.002). In conclusion, weight loss in PD patients appears to be a continuous process that starts several years before the diagnosis and is not caused by reduced energy intake.
Web Indexing with Meta Fields: A Survey of Web Objects in Polymer Chemistry (1998)

Ketamine produces immediate antidepressant effects and has inspired research into next-generation treatments. Ketamine also has short term dissociative effects, in which individuals report altered consciousness and perceptions of themselves and their environment. However, whether ketamine's dissociative side effects are necessary for its antidepressant effects remains unclear. This perspective examines the relationship between dissociative effects and acute and longer-lasting antidepressant response to ketamine and other N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists. Presently, the literature does not support the conclusion that dissociation is necessary for antidepressant response to ketamine. However, further work is needed to explore the relationship between dissociation and antidepressant response at the molecular, biomarker, and psychological levels.
Evaluation of Ozone Protective Agents for Elastomers. Apparatus for the Evaluation under Dynamic Conditions (1953)

Abstract The widespread acceptance of synthetic elastomers for use in rubber products has greatly magnified the problem of obtaining satisfactory protection against weathering in general and ozone attack in particular. Because the tentative ASTM method of evaluation is not entirely satisfactory, a dynamic apparatus has been developed which provides an effective means for accelerated evaluation of ozone protective agents, using a new mechanical arrangement for flexing the rubber, a new specimen shape, rigid control of the ozone concentration, and a new rating system. The apparatus consists of a series of rotating pulleys within a circular chamber. The test-specimens, circular molded belts, are rotated around two pulleys, which gives them approximately 75 flexes per minute with an elongation of 0 to 20 per cent. The flexing provides a mobile surface, so that rigid waxy films cannot be formed, and the molded specimen eliminates the possibility of freak cracking and anomalies due to minute nicks or imperfections during dieing out. The larger surface available for examination facilitates interpretation of results. Air at a rate of 1 cubic meter per hour passes through the chamber with a controlled ozone concentration of 25 ± 5 parts per 100,000,000 at 30° C. Uniformity is ensured by use of a fan in the chamber. The concentration of ozone is determined by potassium iodide method. By a simplified rating system a non-technical person can rate a large number of specimens rapidly and without elaborate equipment.
An agent-based curve-digitizing system for well-logging data management (2004)

To permanently keep and efficiently use data implied in curves on well-logging parameter graphs is becoming very important in the petroleum industry. In this paper, we contribute a system based on multi-agent technology to digitize well-logging curves and store the data into the Oracle database by means of an agent-based database broker. We employed some ideas of Gaia and Open Agent Architecture (OAA) to analyze and design the system. We applied the line adjacency graph (LAG) data structure to develop the image-compressing agent, which compresses image files with great efficiency. According to the characteristics of the well-logging parameter graph, the digitizing algorithms based on a centimeter grid of coordinates, which perfectly rectify the distortion of the parameter graph, are proposed for implementing the digitizing agent. We applied middleware agents to operate databases in the uniform Database-based Agent Communication Language (DBACL). The experimental results show that all agents in the system can work cooperatively.
Novel plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mcr-4 gene in Salmonella and Escherichia coli, Italy 2013, Spain and Belgium, 2015 to 2016 (2017)

A novel mcr colistin resistance gene was identified in a strain of Salmonella enterica, monophasic variant of serovar Typhimurium (4,5,12:i:- ), isolated from a pig at slaughter in Italy in 2013, and in Escherichia coli strains collected during routine diagnostic of post-weaning diarrhoea in pigs from Spain and Belgium in 2015 and 2016. Immediate implementation of mcr-screening including this novel gene variant is required for Salmonella and E. coli from humans and food-producing animals in Europe.
Addition-rearrangement reactions of N-(arylsulphonyloxy)amines and 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran (1989)

A series of N-alkyl-O-(arylsulphonyl)hydroxylamines (NSA) was treated with 3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran (DHP). Acid-catalysed addition to the double bond followed by cationic rearrangement gave cyclic imidates from hydride migration (major) and ring expansion (minor), which were reduced to amino alcohols for analysis. The results indicate that NSA function as nucleophiles which capture the oxonium ion produced by protonation of DHP, and give new NSA derivatives that rearrange to the observed products.
Creating tangible interfaces by augmenting physical objects with multimodal language (2001)

Rasa is a tangible augmented reality environment that digitally enhances the existing paper-based command and control capability in a military command post. By observing and understanding the users' speech, pen, and touch-based multimodal language, Rasa computationally augments the physical objects on a command post map, linking these items to digital representations of the same-for example, linking a paper map to the world and Post-itâ notes to military units. Herein, we give a thorough account of Rasa's underlying multiagent framework, and its recognition, understanding, and multimodal integration components. Moreover, we examine five properties of language-generativity, comprehensibility, compositionality, referentiality, and, at times, persistence-that render it suitable as an augmentation approach, contrasting these properties to those of other augmentation methods. It is these properties of language that allow users of Rasa to augment physical objects, transforming them into tangible interfaces.
Über die Synthese von 2′,3′‐Didesoxy‐3′‐(phosphonomethyl)nucleosiden, Phosphonat‐Analogen von 2′‐Desoxy‐3′‐nucleotiden (1991)

Synthesis of 2′,3′‐Dideoxy‐3′‐(phosphonomethyl)nucleosides, Phosphonate Analogs of 2′‐Deoxy‐3′‐nucleotides 1,2‐Di‐ O ‐acetyl‐5‐ O ‐benzoyl‐3‐deoxy‐3‐(diethoxyphosphorylmethyl)‐β‐ D ‐ribofuranose ( 8 ) is linked (a) to the protected purine bases A Bz , G iB and T, respectively, in the presence of potassium nonaflate and (b) to the silylated pyrimidine bases C, U and U F (= 5‐fluoro‐U) according to the Hilbert‐Johnson method by using stannic tetrachloride. Selective 2′‐ O ‐deacetylation by hydroxylammonium acetate or hydrazine hydrate employing Ishido's procedure, followed by reaction with phenyl thionochlorocarbonate/4‐(dimethylamino)pyridine, furnishes thionocarbonates 14a–f . These are converted to the deoxy derivatives 15a–f with tributyltin hydride/azobis(isobutyronitrile). For the preparation of the free 2′‐deoxy‐3′‐phosphonic acids 18a–f a special strategy is developed. Hydrolysis of the phosphonic esters is carried out by using bromotrimethylsilane or iodotrimethylsilane, the latter being prepared in situ. 3′‐Deoxy‐3′‐(phosphonomethyl)guanosine ( 10b1 ) is described for the first time. The structures of the new compounds follow from their 1 H‐, 13 C‐ and 31 P‐NMR spectra. X‐ray structure analyses were carried out for 8 , for 9‐(5‐ O ‐benzoyl‐3‐deoxy‐3‐diethoxyphosphorylmethyl‐β‐ D ‐ribofuranosyl)‐6‐hydroxy‐2‐isobutyramidopurin ( 12b ) and its 2,3‐dideoxy analog 15b .
Enhanced coagulation for arsenic removal (1994)

Preliminary bench‐ and pilot‐scale investigations showed that coagulation is a promising treatment for removing arsenic from drinking water but that further work is needed, primarily on full‐scale plants. The possible use of enhanced coagulation for arsenic removal was examined at the facilities of a California utility in 1992 and 1993. The tests were conducted at bench, pilot, and demonstration scales, with two source waters. Alum and ferric chloride, with cationic polymer, were investigated at various influent arsenic concentrations. The investigators concluded that for the source waters tested, enhanced coagulation could be effective for arsenic removal and that less ferric chloride than alum, on a weight basis, is needed to achieve the same removal.
Distributed cascode amplifier and noise figure modeling of an arbitrary amplifier configuration (1984)

The modeling and fabrication of a cascode 2-6GHz distributed amplifier with a 1.2:1 input and output VSWR and 4.2dB noise figure will be discussed. The technique for modeling the noise figure extends to an arbitrary combination of active devices in a nodal network.
Radiation Belt Storm Probe spacecraft and impact of environment on spacecraft design (2012)

NASA's Radiation Belt Storm Probe (RBSP) is an Earth-orbiting mission scheduled to launch in September 2012 and is the next science mission in NASA's Living with a Star Program. The RBSP mission will investigate, characterize and understand the physical dynamics of the radiation belts, and the influence of the sun on the earth's environment, by measuring particles, electric and magnetic fields and waves that comprise the geospace. The mission is composed of two identically instrumented spinning spacecraft in an elliptical orbit around earth from 600 km perigee to 30,000 km apogee at 10 degree inclination to provide full sampling of the Van Allen radiation belts. The twin spacecraft will follow slightly different orbits and will lap each other 4 times per year; this offers simultaneous measurements over a range of spacecraft separation distances. A description of the spacecraft environment is provided along with spacecraft and subsystem key characteristics and accommodations that protect sensitive spacecraft electronics and support operations in the harsh radiation belt environment.
Cascaded Grammatical Relation Assignment (1999)

In this paper we discuss cascaded Memory-Based grammatical relations assignment. In the first stages of the cascade, we find chunks of several types (NP,VP,ADJP,ADVP,PP) and label them with their adverbial function (e.g. local, temporal). In the last stage, we assign grammatical relations to pairs of chunks. We studied the effect of adding several levels to this cascaded classifier and we found that even the less performing chunkers enhanced the performance of the relation finder.
Application of a Thermostable Pectate Lyase in the Bioscouring of Cotton Fabrics at Laboratory and Pilot Scales (2007)

The highly effective use of a commercial, thermostable pectate lyase product in removing pectin and other hydrophobic materials from cotton fabrics is demonstrated. The scouring efficiency was evaluated at the laboratory scale as well as in a pilot scale jet type unit. This enzyme product was able to effectively degrade the pectin, enhance the hydrophilicity of Interlock cotton fabric, and produce uniform and acceptable dyeing results.
Adaptive Predistortion Using a $\Delta\Sigma$ Modulator for Automatic Inversion of Power Amplifier Nonlinearity (2009)

This brief demonstrates a new adaptive digital predistortion architecture particularly suited to mobile handset applications. The central idea is to build a lookup table (LUT) that directly captures the static compressive nonlinearity of the power amplifier (PA) and then insert this LUT into the <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">feedback path</i> of a ΔΣ modulator. The oversampled ΔΣ modulator automatically performs both the inversion of the PA nonlinearity and the interpolation between LUT entries, permitting complex modulation strategies to be handled with an absolute minimum of LUT entries and with a dramatically simplified computational structure. The advantages of this architecture over previous methods include: 1) there is no need to explicitly invert the PA nonlinearity, reducing the complexity for the system designer; 2) the LUT training is done with an open-loop method, improving the training speed; 3) there is no need to explicitly employ numerical interpolation between LUT entries; and 4) digital-to-analog converter (DAC) nonlinearity is incorporated into the predistortion, allowing fast low-resolution DACs to be used in the final system. We built a proof-of-concept prototype for a 900-MHz, 27-dBm PA transmitting a 16-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) signal with a bandwidth of 3.4 MHz. The predistortion system reduced out-of-band distortion products by 10 dB and improved the error vector magnitude from 3.5% to 2.0%.
Gram-Negative Endocarditis Following Cystoscopy (1978)

Patients with bacteriuria are at risk for local and distant infectious complications at the time of urologic procedures. The American Heart Association recommends that penicillin and streptomycin be given prophylactically to patients with rheumatic or congenital heart disease without reference to the presence or absence of bacteriuria. A patient with unrecognized calcification of the mitral annulus who underwent cystoscopy for evaluation of urinary retention is reported. Although bacteriuria was present preoperatively antibiotics were not given. Subsequently, Serratia marcescens and possibly Proteus morgani mitral valve infection developed and the patient died. Calcification of the mitral valve annulus and an extensive urinary tract infection were identified at autopsy. This case suggests that calcification of the mitral annulus may be an endocarditis risk factor. The spectrum of prophylactic antibiotic coverage given at the time of urologic procedures to patients with congenital or aquired heart disease, including calcification of the mitral annulus, should include whatever organisms are present in the urine.
Skin Aging and Photoaging Alter Fatty Acids Composition, Including 11,14,17-eicosatrienoic Acid, in the Epidermis of Human Skin (2010)

We investigated the alterations of major fatty acid components in epidermis by natural aging and photoaging processes, and by acute ultraviolet (UV) irradiation in human skin. Interestingly, we found that 11,14,17-eicosatrienoic acid (ETA), which is one of the omega-3 polyunsaturated acids, was significantly increased in photoaged human epidermis in vivo and also in the acutely UV-irradiated human skin in vivo, while it was significantly decreased in intrinsically aged human epidermis. The increased ETA content in the epidermis of photoaged human skin and acute UV-irradiated human skin is associated with enhanced expression of human elongase 1 and calcium-independent phosphodiesterase A(2). We demonstrated that ETA inhibited matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 expression after UV-irradiation, and that inhibition of ETA synthesis using EPTC and NA-TCA, which are elongase inhibitors, increased MMP-1 expression. Therefore, our results suggest that the UV increases the ETA levels, which may have a photoprotective effect in the human skin.
Tailoring the near-field guiding properties of magnetic metamaterials with two resonant elements per unit cell (2006)

A theoretical and experimental study of magnetic metamaterials with unit cells containing two resonant elements is presented. The properties of these structures, consisting of split rings, are governed by strongly anisotropic magnetic coupling between individual elements. This coupling leads to propagation of slow magnetoinductive waves in the vicinity of the resonant frequency. The wavelength of magnetoinductive waves is much smaller than the free-space wavelength of the electromagnetic radiation. This opens up the possibility of manipulating the near field on a subwavelength scale. We develop a theoretical formulation for coupled chains of metamaterial elements allowing the tailoring of their guiding properties in the near field. In a comprehensive analysis modes of coupled waveguides supporting forward and/or backward waves are identified and the corresponding hybridization mechanisms for dispersion equations of magnetoinductive waves are determined. Analytical predictions are verified both experimentally and numerically on a variety of coupled waveguides. The approach can be employed for the design of near-field manipulating devices.
CHARACTERIZATION OF TRANSGENIC PIGS EXPRESSING FUNCTIONALLY ACTIVE HUMAN CD59 ON CARDIAC ENDOTHELIUM (1996)

The critical shortage of human donor organs has generated interest in the potential for porcine to human xenotransplantation. The initial immunological barrier to xenotransplantation is hyperacute rejection, which is mediated by xenoreactive antibodies and complement, and results in rapid and irreversible tissue destruction. While endogenous complement regulatory proteins (CRPs) protect cells from injury caused by autologous complement, they are relatively species specific and most likely ineffectual in this setting. This has led to the hypothesis that expression of human CRPs in transgenic pigs may affect susceptibility to complement-mediated tissue injury in a porcine-to-human xenograft. Using specific lines of transgenic pigs that express low levels of human CD59, a CRP that acts at the terminal stage of the complement cascade, we present evidence that shows that the human CD59 protein inhibits membrane attack complex assembly and reduces tissue damage when the heart is transplanted to a baboon. Examination by immunohistochemistry of transgenic porcine hearts after transplantation revealed markedly reduced deposition of C5b and MAC, but a similar level of C3 deposition as compared with transplanted control hearts. This finding supports the concept that the species specific function of CRPs contributes to the humoral barrier to xenotransplantation and, given the low level of human CD59 protein expression in the porcine heart, argues that the human protein contributes a unique rather than an additive function in regulation of complement in a xenogeneic setting.
Synthesizing designs with low-cardinality minimum feedback vertex set for partial scan application (2002)

An efficient partial scan approach for cost-effective sequential ATPG is to select flip-flops (FFs) in the minimum feedback vertex set (MFVS) of the FF dependency graph, so that loops are broken. Through a comprehensive analysis of the sources of loops in the data path, this paper proposes a new high-level synthesis methodology to synthesize data paths which have low-cardinality MFVS, thereby reducing the cost of partial scan significantly. A test efficiency of 100% could be achieved for all designs synthesized by the proposed approach, requiring a significantly less number of FFs to be scanned compared to the original implementations.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>