gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
EU water policy: Uncertain agendas, shifting networks and complex coalitions (1994)

European Union (EU) water legislation is now very extensive in scope and has major cost implications for the member states, for the water industry, and for consumers. Although participation in the policy formulation process was fairly narrowly based in the early development of this programme of legislation, more recently participation has become more extended. The EU water policy process is an example of a rather loose and more open issue network or constellation of actors, rather than a closed and restricted policy community. It is, however, possible to identify a core of central actors within this loose configuration. Even so, the agenda setting process remains unpredictable and issues are processed via the interaction of a series of advocacy coalitions which link epistemic communities of scientists (especially toxicologists) into a wider and more visible political world. Because of the high salience of water policy throughout the Union, issue expansion, rather than issue contraction, is likely to remain the norm. The end result may be rather ‘garbage can’ in its characteristics ‐ namely ‘organised anarchies characterised by problematic preferences, unclear technology and fluid participation’.
An 8.5-Gb/s Fully Integrated CMOS Optoelectronic Receiver Using Slope-Detection Adaptive Equalizer (2010)

An 8.5-Gb/s single-chip optoelectronic integrated circuit (OEIC) for short-distance optical communications is realized in a 0.13- <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">$\mu$</tex></formula> m CMOS process. The OEIC consists of an on-chip silicon photodiode, a transimpedance amplifier with modified regulated cascode input configuration, an adaptive equalizer based upon slope-detection algorithm, and a limiting amplifier with merged negative impedance circuits. The proposed slope-detection adaptive equalizer compensates the limited bandwidth and the temperature variation of the integrated silicon photodiode. Measured results demonstrate 120-dB <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\Omega$</tex></formula> transimpedance gain, 5.9-GHz bandwidth, <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">${-}$</tex> </formula> 3.2-dBm optical sensitivity for 10 <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">$^{-12}$</tex></formula> BER, and 47-mW power dissipation from a single 1.5-V supply. The OEIC chip core occupies the area of 0.1 mm <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$^{2}$</tex></formula> .
Animal Choice Behavior and the Evolution of Cognitive Architecture (1991)

Animals process sensory information according to specific computational rules and, subsequently, form representations of their environments that form the basis for decisions and choices. The specific computational rules used by organisms will often be evolutionarily adaptive by generating higher probabilities of survival, reproduction, and resource acquisition. Experiments with enclosed colonies of bumblebees constrained to foraging on artificial flowers suggest that the bumblebee's cognitive architecture is designed to efficiently exploit floral resources from spatially structured environments given limits on memory and the neuronal processing of information. A non-linear relationship between the biomechanics of nectar extraction and rates of net energetic gain by individual bees may account for sensitivities to both the arithmetic mean and variance in reward distributions in flowers. Heuristic rules that lead to efficient resource exploitation may also lead to subjective misperception of likelihoods. Subjective probability formation may then be viewed as a problem in pattern recognition subject to specific sampling schemes and memory constraints.
Novel oxidative pathways of sulphapyridine and sulphadiazine by the turtle<i>Pseudemys scripta elegans</i> (1991)

The sulphonamides sulphapyridine and sulphadiazine show novel hydroxy metabolites in the turtle Pseudemys scripta elegans. In the excreta of the turtles the monohydroxy metabolites 4-hydroxy- and 5-hydroxysulphapyridine and the dihydroxy metabolite 4,5-dihydroxysulphapyridine were detected. Of sulphadiazine only dihydroxy metabolites 4,5- and 4,6-dihydroxysulphadiazine were detected. About 70-90% of the dose of sulphapyridine was recovered, while this figure varied between 48 and 69% for sulphadiazine.
US Food and Drug Administration Approval of Ciprofloxacin Hydrochloride for Management of Postexposure Inhalational Anthrax (2004)

In August 2000, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved ciprofloxacin hydrochloride (Cipro; Bayer) for management of postexposure inhalational anthrax. This was the first antimicrobial drug approved by the FDA for use in treating an infection due to a biological agent used intentionally. The terrorist attacks of 2001 involving anthrax underscore the imperative that safe and effective drugs to manage such infections be readily available in the United States. The approval of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride, which was made on the basis of a surrogate human marker of efficacy, made extensive use of data from an animal model of disease. This represents a new direction in the development of efficacy data in support of drug approval and facilitates the availability of those drugs for which there is an urgent need. This article presents the scientific data and regulatory mechanism that supported the approval of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride for management of postexposure of inhalational anthrax.
Developmental Control of Russet Spotting, Phenolic Enzymes, and IAA Oxidase in Cultivars of Iceberg Lettuce (1989)

Abstract Leaf midrib tissue from six cultivars of iceberg lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.) was excised from 20- to 100-day-old plants and tested at 5C for russet spotting (RS) susceptibility under 10 μl ethylene/liter. There was no RS development in tissue excised from 20-day-old plants from any of the six cultivars. RS first developed in tissue from 50-day-old plants and tended to be more severe in tissue excised from older plants. ‘Winter Haven’ and ‘Salinas’ were most susceptible, while ‘Calmar’ was most resistant to RS; ‘Climax’, ‘El Toro’, and ‘Sea Green’ were moderately susceptible. Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity in the six cultivars at different developmental stages correlated with their degree of RS development. For ‘Winter Haven’, the increase in ionically bound POD and IAA oxidase activity, but not PPO activity, was associated with the increase in RS score during plant development. ‘Winter Haven’ tissue had much higher ionically bound peroxidase and IAA oxidase activities than ‘Calmar’ tissue from 100-day-old plants. Chemical names used: indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), peroxidase (POD), polyphenol oxidase (PPO).
A Survey of Music Recommendation Systems and Future Perspectives (2012)

Abstract. Along with the rapid expansion of digital music formats, managing and searching for songs has become significant. Though music information retrieval (MIR) techniques have been made successfully in last ten years, the development of music recommender systems is still at a very early stage. Therefore, this paper surveys a general framework and state-of-art approaches in recommending music. Two popular algorithms: collaborative filtering (CF) and content-based model (CBM), have been found to perform well. Due to the relatively poor experience in finding songs in long tail and the powerful emotional meanings in music, two user-centric approaches: context-based model and emotion-based model, have been paid increasing attention. In this paper, three key components in music recommender- user modelling, item profiling, and match algorithms are discussed. Six recommendation models and four potential issues towards user experience, are explained. However, subjective music recommendation system has not been fully investigated. To this end, we propose a motivation-based model using the empirical studies of human behaviour, sports education, music psychology.
[The involvement of the cholinergic system in the tremor induced by phenol]. (1983)

The effect of cholinergic drugs on the tremor induced by subcutaneous (s.c.) injection of a 1 v/v% phenol solution was investigated. Male dd-Y strain mice weighing 18-24 g were used in all experiments. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of physostigmine (0.05-0.1 mg/kg) did not alter the tremor. Neostigmine (0.05-0.1 mg/kg i.p.) increased the strength of the tremor weakly and shortened the latency of the tremor. I.p. administrations of methacholine, atropine, methylatropine, and scopolamine did not produce significant effects on the tremor. I.p. injection of nicotine (0.5-1 mg/kg) shortened the duration of the tremor. Intracerebro-ventricular (i.c.v.) infusions of nicotine (4 micrograms/mouse) and carbachol (5 micrograms/mouse) prolonged the latency of the tremor. Furthermore, i.c.v. infusion of nicotine (4 micrograms/mouse) reduced the strength of the tremor slightly. On the contrary, i.p. (10-20 mg/kg) or i.c.v. (20-60 micrograms/mouse) administration of mecamylamine potentiated the strength and prolonged the duration of the tremor in a dose dependent manner. Hexamethonium (10-20 micrograms/mouse, i.c.v.) also potentiated the strength and prolonged the duration of the tremor. These results suggest that a peripheral increase of acetylcholine level may potentiate the tremor induced by phenol, and the tremor may be suppressed by a negative feedback mechanism involving the nicotinic cholinergic system of the central nervous system.
Metabolic characteristics of different malignant cancer cell lines. (1998)

Extracellular AMP inhibits cell proliferation of MCF-7 and MDA-MB-453 whereas cell proliferation of the highly malignant Novikoff cell line is not affected. In medium with low glucose supply MDA-MB-453 cells grow well, Novikoff cells are slightly inhibited and MCF-7 cells are totally unable to grow. Isoelectric focusing revealed that a glyclytic enzyme complex exists in all three cell lines. In addition to the glycolytic enzymes, c-Raf-kinase, adenylate kinase, and nucleoside diphosphate kinase are also found within the complex. The differences in glucose in dependence of the three cell lines can be explained by the different constitutions of shuttle enzymes. MDA-MB-453 and Novikoff cells contain cytsolic glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase which is associated with glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase within the glycolytic enzyme complex and which is responsible for the transport of cytoslic hydrogen in the mitochondria. MCF-7 and Novikoff cells contain the pI 7.8 form of malate dehydrogenase which couples glycolysis with glutaminolysis.
Composite Polyether Electrolytes with Lewis Acid Type Additives (1998)

The effects of AlBr3, AlCl3, and α-Al2O3 on the conductivity and ultrastructure of electrolytes based on LiClO4 and polyethers have been studied. The results obtained are analyzed in terms of Lewis acid−base interactions occurring between various chemical moieties within these composite systems. It is shown that aluminum halides form complexes with ClO4- anion acting as plasticizing agents for polyether matrixes. However, aluminum halides interact also with polyethers leading to the formation of polyether−aluminum halide complexes, thus stiffening polymeric electrolytes. It is shown that for low additive concentrations the addition of Lewis acid results in a decrease in the degree of crystallinity of poly(ethylene oxide)-based electrolytes; this is followed by an increase in the conductivity. A significant increase in conductivity was obtained at 0 and 25 °C for samples containing up to 25 mass % of aluminum halides or α-Al2O3. For samples containing more than 30 mass % of the additive, the effect of the stiffening of polymer hosts dominates (and is confirmed by the increase in Tg values observed from DSC experiments) and the conductivity decreases.
Aminomethylenediphosphonate: A Potent Type-Specific Inhibitor of Both Plant and Phototrophic Bacterial H+-Pyrophosphatases (1994)

The suitability of different pyrophosphate (PPi) analogs as inhibitors of the vacuolar H+-translocating inorganic pyrophosphatase (V-PPase; EC 3.6.1.1) of tonoplast vesicles isolated from etiolated hypocotyls of Vigna radiata was investigated. Five 1,1-diphosphonates and imidodiphosphate were tested for their effects on substrate hydrolysis by the V-PPase at a substrate concentration corresponding to the Km of the enzyme. The order of inhibitory potency (apparent inhibition constants, Kiapp values, [mu]M, in parentheses) of the compounds examined was aminomethylenediphosphonate (1.8) > hydroxymethylenediphosphonate (5.7) [almost equal to] ethane-1-hydroxy-1,1-diphosphonate (6.5) > imidodiphosphate (12) > methylenediphosphonate (68) >> dichloromethylenediphosphonate (>500). The specificity of three of these compounds, aminomethylenediphosphonate, imidodiphosphate, and methylenediphosphonate, was determined by comparing their effects on the V-PPase and vacuolar H+-ATPase from Vigna, plasma membrane H+-ATPase from Beta vulgaris, H+-PPi synthase of chromatophores prepared from Rhodospirillum rubrum, soluble PPase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, alkaline phosphatase from bovine intestinal mucosa, and nonspecific monophosphoesterase from Vigna at a PPi concentration equivalent to 10 times the Km of the V-PPase. Although all three PPi analogs inhibited the plant V-PPase and bacterial H+-PPi synthase with qualitatively similar kinetics, whether substrate hydrolysis or PPi-dependent H+-translocation was measured, neither the vacuolar H+-ATPase nor plasma membrane H+-ATPase nor any of the non-V-PPase-related PPi hydrolases were markedly inhibited under these conditions. It is concluded that 1, 1-diphosphonates, in general, and aminomethylenediphosphonate, in particular, are potent type-specific inhibitors of the V-PPase and its putative bacterial homolog, the H+-PPi synthase of Rhodospirillum.
Elevated platelet membrane phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate in bipolar mania (1993)

Membrane phospholipids were measured in platelets of seven medication-free patients in the manic phase of bipolar affective disorder and seven healthy comparison subjects. The relative percentage of platelet membrane phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate was significantly higher in the manic patients than in the comparison subjects. These results are consistent with an enhanced neuronal second messenger response after 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor stimulation followed by neurotransmitter release.
Study of carrier transport in strained and unstrained SOI tri-gate and omega-gate Si-nanowire MOSFETs (2012)

We report an experimental study of the carrier transport in long channel tri-gate (TG) and omega-gate (ΩG) Si nanowire (NW) transistors with cross-section width down to 10 nm. Electron and hole mobility have been measured down to 20 K. We discuss the influence of channel shape, channel width and strain on carrier mobility. In particular we have shown that transport properties are mainly driven by the relative contribution of the different inversion surfaces, without noticeable differences between TG and ΩGNWs. We have also demonstrated the effectiveness of an additional uniaxial strain in NWs down to 10nm width.
Loddigesiinols G–J: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors from Dendrobium loddigesii (2014)

Four new polyphenols, loddigesiinols G-J (compounds 1-4) and a known compound, crepidatuol B (5), were isolated from the stems of Dendrobium loddigesii that have long been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine and have recently been used to treat type 2 diabetes. Compounds 1-5 structures were elucidated based on spectroscopic analysis. The absolute configurations of compounds 1-4 were determined using theoretical calculations of electronic circular dichroism (ECD), and the absolute configuration of compound 5 was determined by a comparison of the experimental ECD spectra and the literature data. Compounds 1-5 are strong inhibitors of α-glucosidase, with IC50 values of 16.7, 10.9, 2.7, 3.2, and 18.9 μM, respectively. Their activities were significantly stronger than trans-resveratrol as a positive control (IC50 values of 27.9 μM).
Consideracions sobre les formes epifreàtiques de la cova de ses Gerres: Escorca, Mallorca (1982)

EnglishIn this paper the case of a Majorcan mountain cave is studied, with its relationship with superficial evolution of a karst area. Two features are emphasized: 1. That the cave, now dry, presents water-level corrosion notches meaning that previously it was flooded (these forms are the subject of a general discussion from morphological and terminological point of view). 2. That the cave can't be related to any present or past baselevel. Trying to find an explanation, some irnportant relief changes in the area are suggested wich would mean a very old age of the cave francaisII s'agit la de I'etude d'une grotte de la montagne de Majorque et de ses relations avec I'evolution du relief d'une zone karstique. Deux aspects sont a relever: 1. La grotte aujourd'hui assechee presente des marques de corrosion du niveau d'eau qui indiquent qu'autrefois elle etait noyee (ces formes sont I'objet d'un discussion general du point de vue morphogenetique et terminologique). 2. On ne peut I'associer a aucun niveau de base actuel ou passe. Comme possible explication a ce phenomene nous suggerons des chang importants du relief qui impliqueraient que la grotte est d'un age tres recu
THE INFLUENCE OF ELECTROINK PIGMENTATION ON THE QUALITY OF INDIRECT DIGITAL PRINTING (2007)

Indirect electrophotographic printing with the liquid toner is based on specially constructed ElectroInk. Somewhat better quality of prints is attributed to the tiny pigment particles which, when exposed to the visible light, result in expressive chromaticity. The star like shape ensures good bonding of the pigment and the printing substrate which results in a small and even ink coating. Prints with different pigmentation of ElectroInk were made for this work (inking density from 1, 20 to 2, 00). Different printing substrates were used in printing (Symbol = fine art paper, Arcoprint = natural paper, Splendogel = specially prepared paper for electrophotographic printing). Different concentrations of pigment quantity in ElectroInk influence differently the quality of the final print. Achieving of optimum, i.e. the high quality print on such printing substrates is possible to determine by electrophotographic measurements (CIE LAB ?E and space gamut) and by densitometric measurement (inking density and the value of the dot gain). The results show that the deviation of the space volume is the greatest on natural paper (Arcoprint = 11, 12%), fine art paper (Symbol = 7, 9%) and on specially coated paper (Splendogel = 5, 98%). The greatest space gamut is formed with the thickest ink (D=2, 0), where the expected increase of colour reproduction is not achieved. Gradual increase of inking density (from D = 1.20 to D=1.60) on Splendogel paper results in modest gamut increase of 9, 29%, while the other printing substrates react better (Arcoprint 40, 41%, Symbol 31, 29%). The average inking deviations of basic inks (?EMAX -?EMIN) are great (Symbol =12, 6, Splendogel =10, 6 and Arcoprint =10, 26). The screened and unscreened printing elements have identical changes.
Synthesis of sulfonated polystyrene-silica hybrids and their application as ion exchange materials (1997)

The first synthesis of poly(styrene-co-styrylethyltrimethoxysilane) [P(ST-STMS)]-silica hybrid materials has been achieved via the acid-catalyzed sol-gel reactions of P(ST-STMS) with tetraethyl orthosilicate. New sulfonated polystyrene-silica hybrid materials have been prepared by sulfonation of P(ST-STMS)-silica and poly[styrene-co-3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate]-silica hybrids with concentrated or fuming sulfuric acid. The sulfonated materials exhibit cation exchange capacities ranging from 0.33 to 1.27 meq/g depending on the composition of the hybrid materials and on the sulfonation conditions. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 64:1893–1902, 1997
Bone marrow‐derived progenitor T cells convey the origin of maturational arrest from CD4<sup>+</sup>CD8<sup>+</sup> to CD4<sup>−</sup>CD8<sup>+</sup> thymocytes in LEC mutant rats (1991)

A mutant strain of rats, LEC, shows a novel arrest of T cell maturation from CD4+CD8+ to CD4+CD8- but not to CD4-CD8+ cells in the thymus. Transplantation of LEC rat fetal thymuses into the subcapsule of the kidney of athymic nude rats resulted in a normal maturation of thymocytes in the thymus graft. Furthermore, both single-positive thymocytes and peripheral lymph node T cells expressed T cell receptor alpha/beta antigen, and lymph node T cells acquired the ability to produce interleukin 2 upon mitogen stimulation. Transplantation of fetal thymuses from LEA rats, which express the same major histocompatibility complex haplotype as LEC rats, into LEC rat kidney subcapsule resulted in the maturational arrest from CD4+CD8+ to CD4+CD8- cells in the thymus graft. These data strongly suggest that bone marrow-derived progenitor T cells carry the cause of maturational arrest and that the thymic stroma of LEC rats has a normal potential to nurse thymocytes.
Type II Collagen-Induced Autoimmune Sensorineural Hearing Loss and Vestibular Dysfunction in Rats (1983)

Autoimmune sensorineural hearing loss was induced in rats by immunizing them with native bovine type II collagen. Type I and denatured type II collagen, administered by an identical immunization procedure, would not induce disease. Evidence of sensorineural hearing loss was obtained by measuring the brainstem evoked potential and by observing histopathologic changes consisting of cochlear nerve degeneration and perineural vasculitis in affected animals. Immunized animals had high levels of antibodies to native type II collagen.
Nitric Oxide and Reactive Nitrogen Oxide Species in Plants (2002)

(2002). Nitric Oxide and Reactive Nitrogen Oxide Species in Plants. Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Reviews: Vol. 19, No. 1, pp. 293-338.
Porous poly(ethylene glycol)–polyurethane hydrogels as potential biomaterials (2014)

Abstract We report the synthesis of porous poly(ethylene glycol)–polyurethane ( PEG‐PU ) hydrogels using PEG ‐4000 as a soft segment and 4,4′‐methylenebis(cyclohexylisocyanate) as a hard segment. The degree of swelling in the hydrogels could be controlled by varying the amount of crosslinking agent, namely 1,2,6‐hexanetriol. Structural characterization of the hydrogels was performed using solid‐state 13 C NMR and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction studies revealed the existence of crystalline domains of PEG and small‐angle X‐ray scattering studies showed the presence of lamellar microstructures. For generating a porous structure in the hydrogels, cryogenic treatment with lyophilization was used. Scanning electron microscopy and three‐dimensional micro‐computed tomography imaging of the hydrogels indicated the presence of interconnected pores. The mechanical strength of the hydrogels and xerogels was measured using dynamic mechanical analysis. The observed dynamic storage moduli ( E ′) for the equilibrium swollen and dry gels were found to be 0.15 and 4.2 MPa , respectively. Interestingly, the porous PEG‐PU xerogel also showed E ′ of 5.6 MPa indicating a similar mechanical strength upon incorporating porosity into the gel matrix. Finally, preliminary cytocompatibility studies showed the ability of cells to proliferate in the hydrogels. These gels show promise for applications as scaffolds and implants in tissue engineering. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry