gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
OPMDC: Architecture Design and Implementation of a New Optical Pyramid Data Center Network (2015)

In this paper, we propose a novel optical pyramid data center network architecture (OPMDC), achieving scalable and high bandwidth, low latency, and reduced power consumption and wiring complexity. Based on an incremental and modular design, a full-scale OPMDC is built on three types of WSS-based optical switching nodes in three tiers. These optical nodes are recursively interconnected according to a pyramid structure parameterized by the number of nodes (B ) at the base. Such a pyramid-based topology facilitates horizontal mesh connections that are tailored to achieve flexible optical packet-based transport. To this aim, we design a wavelength scheduling algorithm, called most-contentious-first, augmented with source and destination relay and aggregation (SDRA) via the horizontal mesh connections in the source and destination pods. Simulation results show that employing SDRA results in a vast improvement of throughput from 42.5% to 87.9% at full load, at a cost of no more than two additional hops of latency. Further, we present our OPMDC (B = 7) prototype and provide performance assessment and the measurements of packet latency. Finally, experimental results show that after travelling the longest possible path with six optical nodes in OPMDC, the signal suffers no accumulated distortion and noise from the cascades of WSS and EDFA modules.
Improvements in social functioning reported by a birth cohort in mid-adult life: A person-centred analysis of GHQ-28 social dysfunction items using latent class analysis (2006)

The General Health Questionnaire is widely used to measure the health status of individuals. Most studies have focused on traditional score values for one or more dimensions of psychopathology. We introduce a new analysis model that is person-centred and uses a latent structure approach to group individuals by a discrete latent variable. Data were drawn from a midlife (age 53) follow up of a national birth cohort study (n = 3035). For both men and women, three groups (latent classes) were sufficient to summarise individuals' reports of recent changes in social functioning. The groups differed in the number and nature of the reported changes. Furthermore, they were shown to differ in terms of: (1) reported general health, (2) in mean scores on the conventional GHQ factors and (3) in several other variables external to the GHQ (happiness in job, ability to express feelings and self-confidence). Latent Class Analysis of positively worded GHQ items defined groups who differ in perceptions of recent positive changes in social functioning. These groups extend the value of individual health profiles afforded by the GHQ by using distinctions between categories in the first and second responses that are usually combined.
Aurora Kinase Inhibitors: Current Status and Outlook (2015)

The Aurora kinase family comprises of cell cycle-regulated serine/threonine kinases important for mitosis. Their activity and protein expression are cell cycle regulated, peaking during mitosis to orchestrate important mitotic processes including centrosome maturation, chromosome alignment, chromosome segregation, and cytokinesis. In humans, the Aurora kinase family consists of three members; Aurora-A, Aurora-B, and Aurora-C, which each share a conserved C-terminal catalytic domain but differ in their sub-cellular localization, substrate specificity, and function during mitosis. In addition, Aurora-A and Aurora-B have been found to be overexpressed in a wide variety of human tumors. These observations led to a number of programs among academic and pharmaceutical organizations to discovering small molecule Aurora kinase inhibitors as anti-cancer drugs. This review will summarize the known Aurora kinase inhibitors currently in the clinic, and discuss the current and future directions.
Challenges and opportunities for integrating genetically modified animals into traditional animal breeding plans (1993)

Techniques have been developed to introduce specific genes from one species into the germplasm of another, including livestock. This paper reviews reports on evaluation, selection, and breeding procedures for introduction and multiplication of transgenes in breeding populations of livestock. Before transgenes are introduced and multiplied in commercial breeding populations, it is necessary to test transgenics extensively for both favorable and unfavorable transgene effects. Parent stock used to produce transgenic founder animals should be selected to excel in polygenic breeding value for economically important traits, especially if founder animals or their sons are to be used directly by AI in commercial populations. However, polygenic breeding value of founder transgenic animals and inbreeding depression are of negligible importance if a transgene is introgressed into a selection nucleus population from three or four generations of backcrossing. Transgenic development should be economically viable for traits with major effects on net merit, especially in the dairy industry, where transgenic sires can be used extensively by AI. A minimum effect of about 10% of the mean (or one phenotypic standard deviation) is a reasonable approximation of the minimum transgene effect that would be necessary to justify introgression into a nucleus swine population. A transgene effect of 10 to 20% of the mean would be required for most economic traits in beef cattle.
Cardiac energetics: Sense and nonsense (2003)

1. The background to current ideas in cardiac energetics is outlined and, in the genomic era, the need is stressed for detailed knowledge of mouse heart mechanics and energetics. 2. The mouse heart is clearly different to the rat in terms of its excitation-contraction (EC) coupling and the common assumption that heart rate difference between mice and humans will account for the eightfold difference in myocardial oxygen consumption is wrong, because the energy per beat of the mouse heart is approximately one-third that of the human heart. 3. In vivo evidence suggests that there may well be an eightfold species difference in the non-beating metabolism of mice and human hearts. It is speculated that the magnitude of basal metabolism in the heart is regulatable and that, in the absence of perfusion, it falls to approximately one-quarter of its in vivo rate and that in clinical conditions, such as hibernation, it probably decreases; its magnitude may be controlled by the endothelium. 4. The active energy balance sheet is briefly discussed and it is suggested that the activation heat accounts for 20-25% of the active energy per beat and cross-bridge turnover accounts for the balance. It is argued that force, not shortening, is the major determinant of cardiac energy usage. 5. The outcome of recent cardiac modelling with variants of the Huxley and Hill/Eisenberg models is described. It has been necessary to invoke 'loose coupling' to replicate the low cardiac energy flux measured at low afterloads (medium to high velocities of shortening). 6. Lastly, some of the unexplained or 'nonsense' energetic data are outlined and eight unsolved problems in cardiac energetics are discussed.
An NMR Study on Shale Wettability (2011)

Abstract Shales have become one of the leading unconventional gas resources in the world today, but a detailed understanding of their petrophysical properties still eludes most researchers. Wettability is an important rock property as it affects the recovery and stimulation methods and the quantity of hydrocarbon recovered. We present a study of shale wettability using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) to monitor sequential imbibition of brine and oil (dodecane). Mineralogical variations, low permeability and porosity, complex pore structure, and the presence of organics complicate the interpretation of wettability in shale reservoirs and renders conventional approaches useless. The presence of organics has been reported to affect shales by reducing density, altering wettability, increasing porosity, amongst other effects. NMR, a non-destructive technique, has been applied to study wettability in other lithologies; we have applied it to study shale formations. A total of 50 samples were analyzed; 21 core plugs from the Eagle Ford shale, 12 from the Barnett, 11 from the Floyd shale, and 10 from the Woodford shale. Berea sandstone, known to be water-wet was analyzed and provides a calibration standard. Our NMR study confirms that Berea sandstone exhibits water-wet behavior. The shales studied imbibed both brine and oil, and the volume of oil imbibed is influenced by a combination of Total Organic Carbon (TOC), thermal maturity, and organic pore volume. The Woodford shale showed more affinity for dodecane compared to the other shales. The T2 NMR signature of the imbibed dodecane occurs mostly at relaxation times ranging from 2–20ms, much faster than its measured bulk relaxation of 1 second, suggesting that surface relaxation dominates the oil response in the shales. The observed brine T2 relaxation peak is predominantly below 1ms range, compared to its measured bulk value of 3 seconds. The shales display mixed wettability, with the organics contributing mainly to the oil-wetness. Exposure to drilling fluids could affect the "as received" wettability state of the cores; this effect needs to be investigated further. We extend our observations to explain the loss of hydraulic fracturing fluid in shale formations. Our study shows that imbibition of fracturing fluid by the formation is a possible cause of high fluid losses during hydraulic fracturing. Additionally, the possibility of estimating microfracture widths from T2 spectra was explored. Fracture widths ranging from 1–10 microns were estimated from the NMR T2 spectra, and this compared favorably with estimates from Micro-CT x-ray images.
Watershed-Scale Land Use Activities Influence the Physiological Condition of Stream Fish (2015)

Land use changes within watersheds can have large effects on stream ecosystems, but the mechanistic basis of those effects remains poorly understood. While changes to population size presumably reflect underlying variation in organismal health and condition, such individual-level metrics are rarely evaluated in the context of ecosystem disturbance. To address this deficiency, we combined physiological sampling with geographic information systems to quantify the effects of land use on physiological indicators of health in largemouth bass. More specifically, we first quantified blood metrics relating to nutrition, oxidative stress, and the glucocorticoid stress response from largemouth bass residing in eight watersheds. We then used Akaike's information criterion to define relationships between these blood metrics and land cover, including forests, agricultural areas, urban areas, and wetlands. The proportion of forest cover in a watershed was the best predictor of blood metrics representing recent feeding and resistance to oxidative stress, whereas the proportion of wetlands was the best predictor of glucocorticoid function; however, further investigation is needed, as the explanatory power of the models was relatively low. Patterns in energy reserves were not influenced by any land use practices. Interestingly, anthropogenic land use categories, such as urban and agricultural areas, were not the best predictor for any blood metrics. Together, our results indicate that fish health is most related to natural features of a landscape rather than anthropogenic land uses. Furthermore, these findings suggest that physiological methods could supplement traditional population and community assessments to develop a more comprehensive understanding of ecosystem interactions and improve stream management.
Statistics in Medicine: Calculating confidence intervals for some non-parametric analyses (1988)

Gardner and Altman1 described the rationale behind the use of confidence intervals and gave methods for their calculation for a population mean and for differences between two population means for paired and unpaired samples. These methods are based on sample means, standard errors, and the t distribution and should strictly be used only for continuous data from Normal distributions (although small deviations from Normality are not important2). For non-Normal continuous data the median of the population or the sample is preferable to the mean as a measure of location. Medians are also appropriate in other situations?for example, when measurements are on an ordinal scale. This paper describes methods of calculating confidence intervals for a population median or for other population quantiles from a sample of observations. Calculations of confidence intervals for the difference between two population medians or means (a non-parametric approach rather than the parametric approach mentioned above) for both unpaired and paired samples are described. Worked examples are given for each situation. Because of the discrete nature of some of the sampling distribu? tions involved in non-parametric analyses it is not usually possible to calculate confidence intervals with exactly the desired level of confidence. Hence, if a 95% confidence interval is wanted the choice is between the lowest possible level of confidence over 95% (a interval) and the highest possible under 95%. There is no firm policy on which of these is preferred, but we will mainly describe conservative intervals in this paper. The exact level of confidence associated with any particular approximate level can be calculated from the distribution of the statistic being used. The methods outlined for obtaining confidence intervals are described in more detail in textbooks on non-parametric statistics.3 The calculations can be carried out using the statistical computer package MINITAB.4 A method for calculating confidence intervals for Spearman's rank correlation coefficient is given in an accom? panying paper.5 A confidence interval indicates the precision of the sample statistic as an estimate of the overall population value. Confidence intervals convey the effects of sampling variation but cannot control for non-sampling errors in study design or conduct. They should not be used for basic description of the sample data but only for indicating the uncertainty in sample estimates for population values of medians or other statistics.
Preparation of cellulose membranes using gelating baths of organic solvents and the membrane properties. (1987)

Cellulose membranes for ultrafiltration were prepared by the casting method with dimethyl acetamide-LiCl system as the solvent. The unique point is that organic solvents were employed as the gelating solutions instead of aqueous solutions.In this report, the characteristics of the membrane were described from the viewpoint of the relation between the fabrication process and the membrane structure. Moreover, water state in the membrane was discussed.The properties of the membrane for hemodialysis were also investigated in comparison with those of Cuprophan membrane.The membrane exhibited the excellent properties in that the solute permeabilities, especially in case of solutes with large molecular weight, were larger than those of Cuprophan.
Highly Efficient, Large-Area Polycrystalline Silicon Solar Cells Fabricated Using Hydrogen Passivation Technology (1989)

Highly efficient, large area polycrystalline silicon solar cells have been fabricated using ion implantation as a hydrogen passivation technique. A new high-current ion implanter with a bucket-type ion source has been developed to hydrogenate crystal defects in cast polycrystalline cells. Effective hydrogen passivation of the defects has been realized by implanting hydrogen ions into cast cells from the back surfaces and increasing the hydrogen ion energy and dose. A scanning light beam-induced current image of the polycrystalline cells shows that lowering of the induced current distribution at linear grain boundaries is almost completely eliminated, but not at irregular grain boundaries. The resultant polycrystalline cells exhibit a high conversion efficiency of 15.2% for a large area of 100 cm 2 .
Solubility-driven thin film structures of regioregular poly(3-hexyl thiophene) using volatile solvents (2007)

Using atomic force microscopy and grazing-incidence x-ray diffraction, the authors found that the use of volatile CH2Cl2 not only offers an advantage in minimizing regioregular poly(3-hexyl thiophene) (RR P3HT) film deposition time, but also directs the desirable parallel orientation of π-π stacking planes of RR P3HT with respect to solid substrates, for both spin and drop castings. The substrate temperature effects have been investigated to support claims that the substrate-induced crystallization of RR P3HT preseeds the parallel oriented crystals prior to spin casting, when the warm CH2Cl2 solution is loaded on a “cold” substrate held at room temperature.
A Simple Immunofluorescence Test for the Detection of Platelet Antibodies (1978)

Immunofluorescence tests on platelets have always been hampered by nonspecific fluorescence caused by non-immunological binding of plasma proteins to the platelet membrane. It was found that this could be easily overcome by fixation of the cells with paraformaldehyde (PFA). By using PFA-fixed platelets, a simple method for the detection of platelet antibodies, the platelet suspension immunofluorescence test (PSIFT) was developed. PFA fixation did not alter or inactivate the platelet antigens tested. Platelet-reactive antibodies detected specifically with the PSIFT included platelet-specific agglutinins of the IgM class, non-agglutinating platelet-specific antibodies of the IgG class, drug-dependent platelet antibodies, HLA antibodies, as well as anti-A and anti-B antibodies. The sensitivity of the new test was satisfactory, as was its reproducibility. Measurement of platelet immunofluorescence was possible in a continuous flow microfluorometer, making a principle, quantitation of platelet antibodies and antigens possible.
C&EN PHOTO GALLERY (2007)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNewsNEXTC&EN PHOTO GALLERYAbstracting the ExpoIVAN AMATOCite this: Chem. Eng. News 2007, 85, 19, 69–71Publication Date (Print):May 7, 2007Publication History Published online29 October 2010Published inissue 7 May 2007https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-v085n019.p069https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v085n019.p069newsACS PublicationsCopyright © 2007 American Chemical SocietyArticle Views12Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options SUBJECTS:Analytical apparatus,Chromatography,Color,Mathematical methods,Plastics Get e-Alerts
Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Acts on the Brain to Reduce Gastric Contractility (1987)

Various stressors (cold restraint, electric shock, etc.) applied to rats increase gastric contractility and are associated with gastric erosions. Intracisternal (i.c.) thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) increases contractility, gastric acid secretion and the incidence of erosion formation. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRF) is released by stress, and acting centrally produces autonomic and endocrine changes. We have studied the role of i.c. CRF on gastric contractility in anesthetized rats (n = 6). Contractility was measured by extraluminal force transducers sutured to the gastric corpus. Frequency, amplitude of contractions and a motility index were analyzed by computer. Baseline measures, after recovery from surgery were obtained in 24-hour fasted rats. Contractility was stimulated by intravenous carbachol (100 mg/kg/h) or i.c. injection of the TRH analog, RX 77368. Contractility thus induced was inhibited by intravenous atropine (1 mg/kg). CRF (30-1,000 ng i.c.) produced a dose-dependent suppression of RX 77368 (p less than 0.05) but had no effect on that induced by intravenous carbachol; saline i.c. had none either. Intravenous CRF was 1/10th as potent in suppressing contractions produced by i.c. RX 77368. Diminution of gastric contractions after i.c. CRF (1 mg) occurred within 5 min of administration, and lasted for at least 60 min. These data show that i.c. CRF injection acts centrally to inhibit gastric contractions stimulated centrally (i.e. by i.c. RX 77368) but not peripherally (i.e. by carbachol), and by inference reduces the risk of erosion formation induced by some stressors.
An out-of-order three-way superscalar multimedia floating-point unit (2003)

The AMD-K7/sup TM/ floating point unit is implemented as an out-of-order coprocessor responsible for executing all x86 FPU, MMX/sup TM/, and AMD 3DNoW!/sup TM/ instructions. The FPU interfaces to the AMD-K7 core, which sends it instructions, load data, and guides the retirement of instructions. The FPU sends store data and completion status back to the core. The FPU contains 2.4 M transistors on a 10.5/spl times/2.6 mm/sup 2/ die in a 0.25 /spl mu/m process. A micrograph of the FPU is shown.
Online Model Evaluation in a Large-Scale Computational Advertising Platform (2015)

Online media provides opportunities for marketers through which they can deliver effective brand messages to a wide range of audiences at scale. Advertising technology platforms enable advertisers to reach their target audience by delivering ad impressions to online users in real time. In order to identify the best marketing message for a user and to purchase impressions at the right price, we rely heavily on bid prediction and optimization models. Even though the bid prediction models are well studied in the literature, the equally important subject of model evaluation is usually overlooked or not discussed in detail. Effective and reliable evaluation of an online bidding model is crucial for making faster model improvements as well as for utilizing the marketing budgets more efficiently. In this paper, we present an experimentation framework for bid prediction models where our focus is on the practical aspects of model evaluation. Specifically, we outline the unique challenges we encounter in our platform due to a variety of factors such as heterogeneous goal definitions, varying budget requirements across different campaigns, high seasonality and the auction-based environment for inventory purchasing. Then, we introduce return on investment (ROI) as a unified model performance (i.e., success) metric and explain its merits over more traditional metrics such as click-through rate (CTR) or conversion rate (CVR). Most importantly, we discuss commonly used evaluation and metric summarization approaches in detail and propose a more accurate method for online evaluation of new experimental models against the baseline. Our meta-analysis-based approach addresses various shortcomings of other methods and yields statistically robust conclusions that allow us to conclude experiments more quickly in a reliable manner. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our evaluation strategy on real campaign data through some experiments.