gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High emittance source for the PREVAIL projection lithography system (1999)

In the PREVAIL proof of concept electron beam projection lithography system, 1 mm×1 mm sq reticle subfields are illuminated and imaged to a wafer with 4× demagnification. A relatively large beam semiangle (5–8 mr at the wafer) is required to optimize resolution at the beam currents (5–15 μA) needed for high-throughput lithography. A high emittance source and illumination system have been developed which can uniformly illuminate the reticle subfield with a beam semiangle up to 16.3 mr (1/e) at the wafer. The source utilizes a tantalum single crystal 10 mm in diameter. The crystal is heated by electron bombardment incident on the side opposite the emitting surface, which is a low work function crystal plane. A variation of the “critical Köhler” illumination scheme is utilized wherein the cathode surface is imaged approximately to a square shaping aperture, and the shaping aperture is conjugate to the reticle (and the wafer). The emission is temperature limited, so care must be taken to obtain a uniform temperature distribution across the emitter surface. Long term emission current stability better than 1% is provided by servo control of the bombardment heating power. Illumination uniformity has been measured at the wafer plane using a pinhole detector. The measured 3σ variation in current density is 3.2%. On the basis of these results, the tighter specifications required for a commercial PREVAIL projection system appear achievable.
Sodium taste (1997)

The regulation of sodium metabolism is achieved by the adaptive sodium-saving capacities in epithelia and by hormones acting within the brain to modulate salt appetite. Taste, especially in rodents, has a sodium-specific component that provides a guiding function for salt intake. The taste responsiveness is not invariable, however, and may be modified in the case of sodium need. This review discusses emerging functional aspects of the peripheral and central branch of the salt sensory pathway.
An animal model for colon cancer metastasis: establishment and characterization of murine cell lines with enhanced liver-metastasizing ability. (1987)

A detailed understanding of the pathogenesis of colon cancer metastasis has been hindered by the lack of appropriate animal models which accurately reflect events in this complex process. An animal model for colon cancer metastasis is described in which spontaneously metastasizing colonic tumors are formed after injection of murine colon cancer cells into the cecal wall of BALB/c mice. Using this model, tumor cells with different liver-metastasizing potential were selected and shown to possess several properties known to be associated with other metastatic cell lines. The ability of tumor cells to invade a reconstituted basement membrane and to secrete type IV collagenase was directly proportional to their metastatic ability. In addition, liver-metastasizing cells preferentially migrated toward liver extracts in a Boyden chamber assay, as compared to extracts of brain or lung, and adhered rapidly to highly purified hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells versus hepatic parenchymal cells in vitro. This model may thus be useful for studying many aspects of the pathogenesis of colon cancer metastasis.
Biofilm presence in humans with chronic suppurative otitis media (2009)

Biofilms were statistically more common in patients with CSOM compared with control patients.
Localized plasmon-enhanced optical response: harmonic generation and polarization effects (2001)

It is now known that plasmon oscillations supported by nanostructured metal thin films of fractal morphology, can result in large local fields and strong enhancement of optical phenomena, for example Raman scattering. The localized plasmons, acting like nano-antennas, can concentrate very large electromagnetic energy in nanometer- sized areas, hot spots, and provide particularly strong enhancement of optical responses, in a very broad spectral range. Our new experimental results show up position dependence of the hot spots on the polarization state of the light. Moreover as expected from recent theoretical predictions, on this kind of thin percolating films, there is a dramatic enhancement of the second harmonic generation (2(omega) ) out of the specular directions. This unusual diffuse SHG could be connected to possible chirality of the percolating metallic films, which is expected to manifest itself as change in the hot-spot distribution for the left and right circularly polarized incident light.
Do multiple-objective metaheuristics deliver on their promises? a computational experiment on the set-covering problem (2003)

In this paper, we compare the computational efficiency of three state-of-the-art multiobjective metaheuristics (MOMHs) and their single-objective counterparts on the multiple-objective set-covering problem (MOSCP). We use a methodology that allows consistent evaluation of the quality of approximately Pareto-optimal solutions generated by of both MOMHs and single-objective metaheuristics (SOMHs). Specifically, we use the average value of the scalarization functions over a representative sample of weight vectors. Then, we compare computational efforts needed to generate solutions of approximately the same quality by the two kinds of methods. In the computational experiment, we use two SOHMs - the evolutionary algorithm (EA) and memetic algorithm (MA), and three MOMH-controlled elitist nondominated sorting genetic algorithm, the strength Pareto EA, and the Pareto MA. The methods are compared on instances of the MOSCP with 2, 3, and 4 objectives, 20, 40, 80 and 200 rows, and 200, 400, 800 and 1000 columns. The results of the experiment indicate good computational efficiency of the multiple-objective metaheuristics in comparison to their single-objective counterparts.
Laccases as a Potential Tool for the Efficient Conversion of Lignocellulosic Biomass: A Review (2017)

The continuous increase in the world energy and chemicals demand requires the development of sustainable alternatives to non-renewable sources of energy. Biomass facilities and biorefineries represent interesting options to gradually replace the present industry based on fossil fuels. Lignocellulose is the most promising feedstock to be used in biorefineries. From a sugar platform perspective, a wide range of fuels and chemicals can be obtained via microbial fermentation processes, being ethanol the most significant lignocellulose-derived fuel. Before fermentation, lignocellulose must be pretreated to overcome its inherent recalcitrant structure and obtain the fermentable sugars. Usually, harsh conditions are required for pretreatment of lignocellulose, producing biomass degradation and releasing different compounds that are inhibitors of the hydrolytic enzymes and fermenting microorganisms. Moreover, the lignin polymer that remains in pretreated materials also affects biomass conversion by limiting the enzymatic hydrolysis. The use of laccases has been considered as a very powerful tool for delignification and detoxification of pretreated lignocellulosic materials, boosting subsequent saccharification and fermentation processes. This review compiles the latest studies about the application of laccases as useful and environmentally friendly delignification and detoxification technology, highlighting the main challenges and possible ways to make possible the integration of these enzymes in future lignocellulose-based industries.
IF and RF filters for mobile telephone systems (2002)

IF and RF filters were developed for several mobile telephone systems using the well-known two-track filter technique. The filters have been designed for low insertion loss, high selectivity, and steep passband skirts and respond to the specific needs of the targeted system. Thus, IF filters, with insertion losses as low as 2 dB and RF filters with good overall characteristics have been obtained. The filters cover the frequency range from 110 MHz to 1.9 GHz. In addition, sophisticated design software leads to filters that can be easily matched. Examples of some filters at different center frequencies show good agreement between measurement and simulation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Comparison of Four Treatments for Generalized Convulsive Status Epilepticus (1998)

As initial intravenous treatment for overt generalized convulsive status epilepticus, lorazepam is more effective than phenytoin. Although lorazepam is no more efficacious than phenobarbital or diazepam plus phenytoin, it is easier to use.
Emotion Sensitive News Agent: An Approach Towards User Centric Emotion Sensing from the News (2007)

This paper describes a character-based system called "Emotion Sensitive News Agent" (ESNA). ESNA is been developed as a news aggregator to fetch news from different news sources chosen by a user, and to categorize the themes of the news into eight emotion types. A small user study indicates that the system is conceived as intelligent and interesting as an affective interface. ESNA exemplifies a recent research agenda that aims at recognizing affective information conveyed through texts. News is an interesting application domain where user may have marked attitudes to certain events or entities reported about. Different approaches have already been employed to "sense" emotion from text. The novelty of our approach is twofold: affective information conveyed through text is analyzed (1) by considering the cognitive and appraisal structure of emotions, and (2) by taking into account user preferences.
Series resistance and its effect on the maximum output power of 1.5 μm strained-layer multiple-quantum-well ridge waveguide InGaAsP lasers (2002)

The series resistance of InGaAsP/InP Multiple Quantum Well ridge waveguide laser diodes is investigated experimentally over a wide temperature range for both Fabry-Perot and Distributed Feedback type lasers. From the temperature dependence of the series resistance is found that it is defined mostly by the resistance of heterobarriers, although the semiconductor bulk resistance is also found to be a substantial part of ridge waveguide laser series resistance. The effect of the laser series resistance on its performance characteristics is investigated. The theoretically predicted strong correlation between the series resistance and laser maximum operating power is confirmed experimentally. The ways of reducing of series resistance are discussed.
Suppression Effects of Stretching Flow on Soot Emission from Laminar Diffusion Flames (1985)

Abstract The comparison of soot limits of axisymmetrical laminar diffusion flames stabilized in two different flow fields, i.e., stretching and non-stretching (parallel) flow, revealed that soot emission is suppressed more effectively in the former flow. From the experimental results that flame heights were hardly affected by the flow field difference, it was inferred that such an effect of the stretching flow is attributed to the flow acceleration which leads to the shortening of fuel residence time in the soot-forming region and, therefore, to the effective suppression of soot particle growth Burner scale effects on the soot suppression were also investigated using the stretching flow burners of several sizes and some empirical relations at the soot limit were derived among burner size, air flow rate (stretch rate), and fuel flow rate.
Lateral speckle tracking using synthetic lateral phase (2004)

In traditional speckle tracking, lateral displacement (perpendicular to the beam direction) estimates are much less accurate than axial ones (along the beam direction). The accuracy of lateral tracking is very important whenever spatial derivatives of both axial and lateral displacements are required to give a full description of a two-dimensional (2-D) strain field. A number of methods have been proposed to improve lateral tracking by increasing the sampling rate in the lateral direction. We propose an alternate method using synthetic lateral phase (SLP). The algorithm, a direct analog of the phase zero-crossing approach used in axial displacement estimation, synthesizes the lateral phase first, then performs a zero-crossing detection on this synthetic phase to obtain lateral displacement estimates. The SLP is available by simply eliminating either the positive or negative half of the lateral spectrum of the original analytic signal. No new data need to be acquired for this procedure. This new algorithm was tested on both simulations and measurements from a cardiac phantom model. Results show that the method greatly improves the accuracy of lateral tracking, especially for low strain cases (< or =1%). The standard deviation of the estimation error of the lateral normal strain obtained with this approach has an approximate factor of 2-3 improvement for low strain cases. The conceptual and computational simplicity of this new method makes it a practical approach to improve lateral tracking for elasticity imaging.
Perceptions of Parental Gender Roles and Conflict Styles and Their Association With Young Adults' Relational and Psychological Well-Being (2010)

According to social cognitive theory and intergenerational transmission, young adults acquire attitudes and behaviors that are relevant to interpersonal relationships from observation of their parents, and these tendencies are assumed to be associated with young adults' own relational and psychological well-being as they form and manage close relationships. This study expanded on past research in this area by examining the extent to which young adult perceptions of parental gender roles and conflict styles were predictive of their own gender roles and conflict styles. It was expected that traditional gender role beliefs and distributive conflict styles would be deleterious to young adults' relational locus of control, which would, in turn, be predictive of their psychological distress. In contrast, integrative conflict styles were anticipated to be beneficial to relational locus of control. Data from 368 young adults supported all of these predictions. Structural equation models were suggestive of a process whereby parental gender roles and conflict styles are intergenerationally transmitted from both parents to their young adult offspring. These young adult relationship beliefs and behaviors, in turn, were predictive of both relational locus of control and psychological distress.
Accurate caloric expenditure of bicyclists using cellphones (2012)

Biking is one of the most efficient and environmentally friendly ways to control weight and commute. To precisely estimate caloric expenditure, bikers have to install a bike computer or use a smartphone connected to additional sensors such as heart rate monitors worn on their chest, or cadence sensors mounted on their bikes. However, these peripherals are still expensive and inconvenient for daily use. This work poses the following question: is it possible to use just a smartphone to reliably estimate cycling activity? We answer this question positively through a pocket sensing approach that can reliably measure cadence using the phone's on-board accelerometer with less than 2% error. Our method estimates caloric expenditure through a model that takes as inputs GPS traces, the USGS elevation service, and the detailed road database from OpenStreetMap. The overall caloric estimation error is 60% smaller than other smartphone-based approaches. Finally, the smartphone can aggressively duty-cycle its GPS receiver, reducing energy consumption by 57%, without any degradation in the accuracy of caloric expenditure estimates. This is possible because we can recover the bike's route, even with fewer GPS location samples, using map information from the USGS and OpenStreetMap databases.
LETI/LIR's amorphous silicon uncooled microbolometer development (1998)

Today, a large number of uncooled infrared detector developments are under progress due to the availability of silicon technology that enables realization of low cost 2D IR arrays. LETI/LIR, which has been involved in this field for a few years, has chosen resistive amorphous silicon as thermometer for its uncooled microbolometer development. After a first phase dedicated to acquisition of the most important detector parameters in order to help the modeling and technological development, an IRCMOS laboratory model (256 X 64 with a pitch of 50 micrometer) was realized and characterized. It was shown that NETD of 90 mK at f/1, 25 Hz and 300 K background can be obtained with high thermal insulation (1.2 10<SUP>7</SUP> K/W).
Benzoquionones and related compounds. Part 2. Preferred conformations of some acyl-1,4-benzoquinones in solution (1980)

Studies based on polarographic reduction potentials, electronic absorption spectra, and 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic relaxation data show that in solution the preferred conformation of formyl-1,4-benzoquinone is that with the formyl and quinonoid groups coplanar, and the formyl carbonyl group anti to the 1-carbonyl, whereas that of acetyl- and pivaloyl-1,4-benzoquinone has the acyl groups approximately perpendicular to the quinonoid ring.
The Full‐Glacial Vegetation of Northwestern Georgia (1970)

Two small ponds in Bartow County, Georgia, northwest of Atlanta, originated by subsidence of unconsolidated surface deposits into solution hollows in the underlying lower Paleozoic Knox Dolomite. The pond sediments consist of copropelic clays 250—400 cm thick with well—preserved plant remains, covered by as much as 150 cm of colluvial deposits with moderately to poorly preserved plant fossils. The clays yield radiocarbon dates of 20,100 and 22,900 BP near their base, contemporaneous with the main Wisconsin glaciation. The full—glacial sediments are rich in pollen and plant macrofossils. The pollen assemblage is dominated by Pinus (pine), with small amounts of Picea (spruce), Quercus (oak), Ostrya type (hophornbeam), and herbaceous types. It closely resembles published full—glacial pollen assemblages from southeastern North Carolina. Pinus banksiana (jack—pine) and Picea sp. are represented by fossil needles at many levels, and the rich macroflora of aquatics shows a marked phytogeographical relationship with the modern flora of northern New England. A floristic displacement of about 1,100 km would be needed to account for the presence of this flora in Georgia. Deciduous trees, primarily Quercus and Ostrya type, may have had a minor role in the full—glacial vegetation. In the postglacial an early Quercus—dominated phase is followed by a Pinus—dominated phase, which lasts to the present. Familiar southern tree genera such as Liquidambar (sweet gum) and Nyssa (black gum) appear to have migrated into the region in postglacial time. Species that occur primarily on the Coastal Plain but have disjunct occurrences at the two ponds and farther into the central United States, such as Itea virginica (Virginia willow) and Psilocarya nitens (sedge), first appear in the fossil record in the postglacial. It is supposed that they and perhaps other "Coastal Plain disjuncts" migrated into their present localities during the postglacial.
The distribution of impurities in the interfaces and window layers of thin-film solar cells (2005)

We report a systematic multielement study of impurities in CdS window layers by dynamic and quantitative secondary-ion-mass spectrometry (SIMS) with high depth resolution. The study was carried out on CdTe∕CdS solar cell structures, with the glass substrate removed. The analysis proceeded from the transparent conductive oxide free surface to the CdTe absorbing layer with a view to examining the influence of the CdCl2 heat treatment on the distribution and concentration of impurities in the structures. Special attention was paid to the impurities present in the CdS window layer that may be electrically active, and therefore affect the characteristics of the CdTe∕CdS device. It was shown that Cl, Na, and Sb impurities had higher concentrations in CdS following cadmium chloride (CdCl2) heat treatment while Pb, O, Sn, and Cu conserved the same concentration. Furthermore, Zn, Si, and In showed slightly lower concentrations on CdCl2 treatment. Possible explanations of these changes are discussed and the results compared with previous SIMS measurements from the “back wall” (i.e., from the CdTe free surface through the glass substrate) obtained from the same structures.
Microrheological studies of regenerated silk fibroin solution by video microscopy (2007)

Abstract We have carried out studies on the rheological properties of regenerated silk fibroin (RSF) solution using video microscopy. The degummed silk from the Bombyx mori silkworm was used to prepare RSF solution by dissolving it in calcium nitrate tetrahydrate‐methanol solvent. Measurements were carried out by tracking the position of an embedded micron‐sized polystyrene bead within the RSF solution through video imaging. The time dependent mean squared displacement (MSD) of the bead in solution and hence the complex shear modulus of this solution was calculated from the bead's position information. We present here the results of rheological measurements of the silk polymer network in solution over a frequency range, whose upper limit is the frame capture rate of our camera at full resolution. By examining the distribution of MSD of beads at different locations within the sample volume, we demonstrate that this probe technique enables us to detect local inhomogeneities at nanometre length scales, not detectable either by a rheometer or from diffusing wave spectroscopy. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 2555–2562, 2007
Spinal Metastasis in Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors (Medulloblastoma) of the Posterior Fossa: Evaluation with CT Myelography and Correlation with Patient Age and Tumor Differentiation (1985)

Twelve consecutive children with primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the posterior fossa (PNET-PF) were evaluated for spinal metastases with CT metrizamide myelography (CTMM) in the early postoperative period. Metastases were identified in 5 children (42%) and all were noted to have deposits in the thoracic region. All children with metastases were less than 3 years old and had differentiated PNET-PF.
Plant Cell Wall Polymers (1989)

All the polysaccharides of the cell wall are synthesized in association with phospholipid membranes. The hemicelluloses and pectin polysaccharides are formed at the membranes of the Golgi apparatus, cellulose at the plasma membrane. Control of the rate of polysaccharide synthesized and the type of polymer formed is exerted by the transport of donor nucleoside diphosphate sugar molecules across the membranes, the amount, type, and activity of the synthases (glycosyltransferases) and fusion and targetting of vesicles containing the polysaccharides at specific sites at the plasma membrane. The formation of a polysaccharide typically depends on an enzyme complex organized on a membrane. The complex consists of transporters, glycosyltransferases, epimerases and binding proteins to hold the acceptor molecules. In addition to these, subsidiary proteins may also be present which may act to bring about and control the assembly of the complex and its location on the membrane. They may also act as modulators of the polysaccharide synthesis in conjunction with smaller molecules or ions. During xylem formation, lignin is deposited as well as polysaccharides. Part of the control mechanism for the formation of lignin is the level of phenylalanine ammonia lyase activity. Proteins and lipids are also deposited in the wall and although these constituents are not present in large amounts, they are very important for the function of the wall and the cell during growth.