gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Recent developments in the ion/ion chemistry of high‐mass multiply charged ions (2005)

The ability to form multiply charged high-mass ions in the gas-phase, most notably via electrospray ionization (ESI), has allowed the study of many different combinations of positively and negatively charged ions. The charged products are directly amenable to study with mass spectrometry. Ion/ion reactions have proved to be "universal" in the sense that the high exothermicities and large rate constants associated with essentially any combination of oppositely charged ions lead to reaction regardless of the chemical functionalities associated with the ions. These characteristics make ion/ion reactions potentially analytically useful provided reagent ion densities and spatial overlap of the oppositely charged ions are high. These conditions can be readily met by several instrumental configurations. The focus of this review is to highlight developments in this field since 1998. Novel instrumentation has been developed to study ion/ion reactions, such as atmospheric pressure ion/ion reactors followed by mass analysis, or electrodynamic ion trap mass spectrometers, which are used as reaction vessels at sub-atmospheric pressures. A wide variety of reaction phenomenologies have been observed in various ion/ion reactions, with proton transfer being the most common. New phenomenologies have been observed in the reactions of multiply charged positive ions with singly charged negative ions, including cation transfer and cation exchange. A new series of reactions between multiply charged positive ions and multiply charged negative ions have been made possible by recent instrumentation developments. These reactions have led to the observation of proton transfer and complex formation. These observations have provided new insights into ion/ion reaction dynamics and a bound orbit model appears to best account for experimental results. New applications are also discussed for a several ion/ion reaction.
Phytochromes are the sole photoreceptors for perceiving red/far-red light in rice (2009)

Phytochromes are believed to be solely responsible for red and far-red light perception, but this has never been definitively tested. To directly address this hypothesis, a phytochrome triple mutant (phyAphyBphyC) was generated in rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Nipponbare) and its responses to red and far-red light were monitored. Since rice only has three phytochrome genes (PHYA, PHYB and PHYC), this mutant is completely lacking any phytochrome. Rice seedlings grown in the dark develop long coleoptiles while undergoing regular circumnutation. The phytochrome triple mutants also show this characteristic skotomorphogenesis, even under continuous red or far-red light. The morphology of the triple mutant seedlings grown under red or far-red light appears completely the same as etiolated seedlings, and they show no expression of the light-induced genes. This is direct evidence demonstrating that phytochromes are the sole photoreceptors for perceiving red and far-red light, at least during rice seedling establishment. Furthermore, the shape of the triple mutant plants was dramatically altered. Most remarkably, triple mutants extend their internodes even during the vegetative growth stage, which is a time during which wild-type rice plants never elongate their internodes. The triple mutants also flowered very early under long day conditions and set very few seeds due to incomplete male sterility. These data indicate that phytochromes play an important role in maximizing photosynthetic abilities during the vegetative growth stage in rice.
Antigenic liposomes displaying CD22 ligands induce antigen-specific B cell apoptosis (2013)

Antibodies confer humoral immunity but can also be harmful when they target an autoantigen, alloantigen, allergen, or biotherapeutic. New strategies are needed for antigen-specific suppression of undesired antibody responses, particularly to T cell-dependent protein antigens, because they elicit T cell help. Here we show that liposomal nanoparticles, displaying both antigen and glycan ligands of the inhibitory coreceptor CD22, induce a tolerogenic program that selectively causes apoptosis in mouse and human B cells. These SIGLEC-engaging tolerance-inducing antigenic liposomes (STALs, where SIGLEC is defined as sialic acid-binding Ig-like lectin) induced robust antigen-specific tolerance to protein antigens in mice, preventing subsequent immune response to challenge with the same antigen. Since development of inhibitory antibodies to FVIII is a serious problem in treatment of hemophilia A patients, we investigated the potential of this approach for inducing tolerance to FVIII in a hemophilia mouse model. STALs prevented formation of inhibitory FVIII antibodies, allowing for effective administration of FVIII to hemophilia mice to prevent bleeding. These findings suggest that STALs could be used to eliminate or prevent harmful B cell-mediated immune responses.
Approximation and Modeling with B-Splines (2013)

B-splines are fundamental to approximation and data fitting, geometric modeling, automated manufacturing, computer graphics, and numerical simulation. With an emphasis on key results and methods that are most widely used in practice, this textbook provides a unified introduction to the basic components of B-spline theory: approximation methods (mathematics), modeling techniques (engineering), and geometric algorithms (computer science). A supplemental Web site will provide a collection of problems with solutions available for instructors, slides for use in lectures, and programs with demos. Audience: Approximation and Modeling with B-Splines is appropriate as an advanced undergraduate or first-year graduate text for courses on splines or approximation and geometric modeling for students in mathematics, engineering, and computer science. Practitioners in these fields who are using B-splines in numerical simulations, computer-aided design, and visualization will also find the book useful in their work. Contents Preface; Introduction; Notation and Symbols; Chapter 1: Polynomials; Chapter 2: Bzier Curves; Chapter 3: Rational Bzier Curves; Chapter 4: B-Splines; Chapter 5: Approximation; Chapter 6: Spline Curves; Chapter 7: Multivariate Splines; Chapter 8: Surfaces and Solids; Chapter 9: Finite Elements; Notes and Comments; Appendix; Bibliography; Index.
Efficacy of calcium sulfate plus decompression bone in lumbar and lumbosacral spinal fusion: preliminary results in 40 patients. (2001)

Calcium sulfate pellets plus decompression bone provided bone formation equivalent to autologous iliac crest bone in a majority of patients. Calcium sulfate pellets plus decompression bone may provide a viable alternative to autologous iliac crest as a graft material for spinal fusion.
Artificial Intelligence and Malaria (2022)

Malaria disease is due to the infection with Plasmodium parasites transmitted by a mosquito vector belonging to the genus Anopheles. To combat malaria, effective diagnosis and treatment using artemisinin-based combinations are needed, as well as strategies that are aimed at reducing or stopping transmission by mosquito vectors. Even if the conventional microscopic diagnosis is the gold standard for malaria diagnosis, it is time consuming, and the diagnostic performance depends on techniques and human expertise. In addition, tools for characterizing Anopheles vectors are limited and difficult to establish in the field. The advent of computational biology, information technology infrastructures, and mobile computing power offers the opportunity to use artificial intelligence (AI) approaches to address challenges and technical needs specific to malaria-endemic countries. This chapter illustrates the trends, advances, and future challenges linked to the deployment of AI in malaria. Two innovative AI approaches are described. The first is the image-based automatic classification of malaria parasites and vectors, and the second is the proteomics analysis of vectors. The developed applications are aimed at facilitating malaria diagnosis by performing malaria parasite detection, species identification, and estimation of parasitaemia. In the future, they can lead to efficient and accurate diagnostic tools, revolutionizing the urgent diagnosis of malaria. Other applications focus on the characterization of mosquito vectors by performing species identification, behavior, and biology descriptions. If field-validated, these promising approaches will facilitate the epidemiological monitoring of malaria vectors and saving resources by preventing or reducing malaria transmission.
Surface geology of the Jeptha Knob cryptoexplosion structure, Shelby County, Kentucky (1981)

PLATE 1. Geologic map and structure sections of the Jeptha Knob cryptoexplosion structure Page In pocket considered by many to be definitive criteria for origin by impact, have not been found. On the other hand, geophysical studies indicate that there is no coincident uplift of the base ment, and there is no certain relation of Jeptha Knob to any obvious structural trend. Bl
Sequencing Your Genome: What Does it Mean? (2014)

The human genome contains approximately 3.2 billion nucleotides and about 23,500 genes. Each gene has protein-coding regions that are referred to as exons. The human genome contains about 180,000 exons, which are collectively called an exome. An exome comprises about 1% of the human genome and hence is about 30 million nucleotides in size. Today's technologies afford the opportunity to sequence all nucleotides in the human exome and even in the human genome. Given that more than three-quarters of the known disease-causing variants are located in the exome, and considering the cost and technical challenges in analyzing the whole genome sequence data, the focus of present research is primarily on whole exome sequencing (WES). While WES at the medical sequencing level is still expensive, it is becoming more affordable. Cost will not likely be a major barrier in the near future, and the data analysis is becoming less tedious. The most difficult challenge at the heart of medical sequencing is interpreting the findings. Each exome contains about 13,500 single nucleotide variants (SNVs) that affect the amino acid sequence, and a large number are expected to be functional variants. The daunting task is to distinguish the variants that are pathogenic from those that have minimal or no discernible clinical effects. While various algorithms exist, none are sufficiently robust. Thus, in-depth knowledge in genetics and medicine is essential for the proper interpretation of the WES findings. This review will discuss the potential applications of the WES data in the practice of cardiovascular medicine.
Protein C and protein S deficiency in thalassemic patients. (1992)

To investigate the status of the protein C-protein S anticoagulant pathway in thalassemic patients, we measured protein C and protein S levels of plasma of 30 adults and 18 children with beta-thalassemia/HbE disease, beta-thalassemia major and HbE disease. Mean +/- 1 SD values of protein C, protein S and other coagulant proteins produced by the liver were as follows: protein C 50.4 +/- 17.2%; protein S 58.8 +/- 25.5%; antithrombin III 78.1 +/- 12.8%; PLG 86.4 +/- 18.4%; prothrombin 71.0 +/- 13.1%; factor VII 72.7 +/- 21.5%; and factor X 79.2 +/- 15.6%. Protein C and protein S levels of thalassemic patients were significantly lower than those of other coagulant proteins produced by the liver. Decrease in protein C level was stronger than that of proteins S. gamma-Carboxylated protein C levels of splenectomized patients were significantly lower than those of nonsplenectomized patients. Severe decrease of protein C and protein S may be responsible for occurrence of thrombosis in thalassemic patients.
Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor MMI-166 inhibits lymphogenous metastasis in an orthotopically implanted model of lung cancer (2005)

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are considered to be critically involved in tumor invasion and the metastasis of various cancers. MMI-166 is a selective inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-14). The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of MMI-166 on both the growth of the implanted tumor and the lymph node metastasis of the mediastinum and prolonging the life span, using an orthotopic implantation model of the Ma44-3 cancer cell line. We examined the anti-invasive effect of MMI-166 in lung cancer cell lines using an in vitro invasion assay. Next, we examined the anticancer effect of MMI-166 in vivo. MMI-166 (200 mg/kg body weight) or a vehicle was administered orally to the orthotopically implanted lung cancer model. MMI-166 dose-dependently inhibited the invasion of cancer cell lines with expressions of MMP-2 and/or MMP-9 in vitro. In vivo, MMI-166 significantly inhibited mediastinal lymph node metastasis in this orthotopic model (weight of the mediastinum: control, 0.089 +/- 0.009 versus MMI-166, 0.069 +/- 0.008 mg; P = 0.005; metastatic area: control, 93,495 +/- 55,747 versus MMI-166, 22,747 +/- 17,478 pixels; P = 0.045). MMI-166 prolonged the life span by 6 days in median survival time in the orthotopically implanted model (P = 0.039). These results showed that MMI-166 could possibly inhibit lymph node metastasis and prolong the life span in lung cancer patients.
Atlas of Plant Viruses (2018)

This book assembles a comprehensive collection of plant virus electron micrographs of good quality, offers a consistent treatment, and backs the visual data with a consistent and comprehensive text. Although this book is primarily about the structure of virus particles and infected cells, the results of biochemical experiments are referred too when relevant, so that the virus particles described appear as part of a replicating complex. Similarly, infected cells are portrayed as active rather than static structures.
Maternal induction of diapause in the larva of Lucilia caesar L. (Díptera: Calliphoridae). (1967)

1. The seasonal pattern of diapause incidence in Lucilia caesar L. shows that diapause in the 3rd-instar larvae of field-captured females increases rapidly during the month of July. By rearing and testing all larvae under standard laboratory conditions confirmation has been given to the hypothesis that this sudden increase, which occurs soon after the summer solstice, is due to a maternal influence. 2. It has been shown that photoperiod is the most important factor controlling this maternal influence, with temperature playing a modifying role in the photoperiodic response. Females do not respond to the intrinsic rate of change in the photoperiod, but to the absolute levels of the light/dark phases. Long photoperiods (20 hr.) tend to avert, and short ones (12 hr.) tend to induce, larval diapause. Thus L. caesar is another example of a ‘long-day’ species as described by Lees (1955). 3. Under laboratory conditions there is a time lag of 8-10 days before a change in the absolute length of the photoperiod acting on the mother reflects its diapause influencing effect on the larvae. 4. Maternal ageing produces an increase in larval diapause incidence after 6-10 weeks. 5. It is not yet known whether or not the maternal influence is hormonal in character.
Synthesis, conformational analysis and biological activities of lanthionine analogs of a cell adhesion modulator (2001)

Cell adhesion is critical for many biological processes, such as hemostasis, wound healing, tumor metastasis and inflammation. Integrins are important mediators of cell adhesion. The integrin alpha4beta1, also known as VLA-4, is a cell surface receptor involved in inflammation. A cyclic peptide, 1-FCA-Arg-c[Cys-Asp-Thz-Cys]-OH, is a potent antagonist to VLA-4 with an IC50 of 2.4 nM. In the current study, we synthesized the lanthionine analogs of 1-FCA-Arg-c[Cys-Asp-Thz-Cys]-OH and determined the conformations of both the parent compound and its lanthionine analog in solution by NMR and computer simulations. The lanthionine analog retains its selectivity to VLA-4 with high nanomolar potency. Both molecules adopt similar topological arrangements in their conformations, while some important differences remain in the sulfur bridge region, which may cause the difference in potency.
Crystal structure of anhydrous δ- <i>D</i> -mannitol (2003)

The crystal structure of anhydrous δ- D -mannitol (C 6 H 14 O 6 ) was solved from high-resolution synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction data collected on a mixture containing 20% and 80% w/w of β- and δ- D -mannitol, respectively. The direct space simulated annealing program PSSP , and Rietveld analysis employing GSAS were used to determine and refine the structure. The polymorph has monoclinic symmetry, space group P 2 1 with a =5.089 41(5) Å, b =18.2504(2) Å, c =4.917 02(5) Å, and β=118.303(2)°. There is one molecule in the irreducible volume of the unit cell. The pattern of hydrogen bonding is significantly different than the previously known α and β forms.
ChemInform Abstract: Azide Activation of Metallophthalocyanine Complexes for the Catalytic Oxidation of Alkanes in the Liquid Phase. (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Object appreciation through haptic interaction (2008)

Much research and development has gone into creating a viable means to interact with virtual objects. Haptic devices, such as the Phantom Omni by Sensable Technologies, provide a means of using computer graphics and force feedback to create a multimodal sensory experience. We use touch to conceptualize objects and obtain a greater understanding of them, however objects such as artworks are usually prohibited from being interacted with in this way. Some artworks, like Michelangelo’s David, have been replicated in 3D. These virtual artworks can be sent all over the world and users can interact with them by means of a haptic device. This paper compares the different characteristics of existing haptic-enabled museums and further questions the worth of using haptics as a means to communicate tactile information to museum visitors. A system has been developed to allow users the ability to interact with a replica of Michelangelo’s David. Response has been analysed, showing that the possible benefits of virtual museums include the opportunity for greater engagement with artworks by visitors, new means of educating, and storing existing historic artwork for future generations.
Spotting Suspicious Link Behavior with fBox: An Adversarial Perspective (2014)

How can we detect suspicious users in large online networks? Online popularity of a user or product (via follows, page-likes, etc.) can be monetized on the premise of higher ad click-through rates or increased sales. Web services and social networks which incentivize popularity thus suffer from a major problem of fake connections from link fraudsters looking to make a quick buck. Typical methods of catching this suspicious behavior use spectral techniques to spot large groups of often blatantly fraudulent (but sometimes honest) users. However, small-scale, stealthy attacks may go unnoticed due to the nature of low-rank Eigen analysis used in practice. In this work, we take an adversarial approach to find and prove claims about the weaknesses of modern, state-of-the-art spectral methods and propose fBox, an algorithm designed to catch small-scale, stealth attacks that slip below the radar. Our algorithm has the following desirable properties: (a) it has theoretical underpinnings, (b) it is shown to be highly effective on real data and (c) it is scalable (linear on the input size). We evaluate fBox on a large, public 41.7 million node, 1.5 billion edge who-follows-whom social graph from Twitter in 2010 and with high precision identify many suspicious accounts which have persisted without suspension even to this day.
Anatomy of a real E-commerce system (2000)

Today's E-Commerce systems are a complex assembly of databases, web servers, home grown glue code, and networking services for security and scalability. The trend is towards larger pieces of these coming together in bundled offerings from leading software vendors, and the networking/hardware being offered through service delivery companies. In this paper we examine the bundle by looking in detail at IBM's WebSphere, Commerce Edition, and its deployment at a major customer site.
Synthesis, molecular and crystal structure of 2,2',5,5'-tetramethylbiarsolyl (1983)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis, molecular and crystal structure of 2,2',5,5'-tetramethylbiarsolylArthur J. Ashe III, William M. Butler, and Timothy R. DiephouseCite this: Organometallics 1983, 2, 8, 1005–1008Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1983https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/om50002a011https://doi.org/10.1021/om50002a011research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views69Altmetric-Citations26LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Videoendoscopic assessment of dynamic laryngeal function during exercise in horses with grade-III left laryngeal hemiparesis at rest: 26 cases (1992-1995). (1998)

Videoendoscopy is useful in determining dynamic laryngeal function in racehorses with grade-III laryngeal hemiparesis at rest.
Glass-Forming Composition Regions and Glass Transition Temperatures for Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions (1970)

As a first stage in a study of the low-temperature-region behavior of aqueous solutions, the composition regions of a large number of binary salt-water systems in which macroscopic samples can be obtained in the vitreous state have been determined. The glass transition temperatures Tg within these regions have also been measured. Correlations of the magnitude of Tg at a given composition with the formal charge on the cation (for salts with a common anion) and with the viscosity “B” coefficient of the anion (for salts with a common cation) are presented. In addition, an important correlation is found with the basicity of the anion which is interpreted in terms of the bonding of anions to the protons of the water molecules in the cationic hydration sheath. Thermodynamic relations for the composition dependence of Tg are presented. From the breaks in the otherwise monotonic composition dependence of Tg in the chloride systems, the existence of low temperature liquid–liquid immiscibility regions is proposed and is utilized in discussion of “total” hydration numbers. The Tg for pure water, obtained by extrapolation of the data, is found to be in agreement with the value obtained for vapor-deposited vitreous ice but to be incompatible with the value predicted from thermodynamic data; an interpretation in terms of different short-range order possibilities for water molecules is offered.