gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rhombencephalitis caused by West Nile fever virus (2000)

West Nile virus, a mosquito-borne flavivirus, was first isolated in the country of Uganda in 1937 and later in other regions of Africa, Asia, and Europe. Before the outbreak in the greater New York area in the late summer of 1999, no human West Nile virus case had been reported in North America.1 In the past, West Nile fever has manifested as a systemic illness involving acute fever, myalgia, headache, lymphadenopathy, and maculopapular rash.2 However, in 1 to 40% of cases there has been infection of the neuroaxis, including encephalitis, meningitis, myelitis, radiculopathy, and peripheral neuropathy.3,4 We describe an adolescent with West Nile encephalitis with brainstem manifestations.

A healthy 15-year-old boy presented with a 3-day history of fever, headache, vomiting, and confusion. Recent history was remarkable for multiple insect bites while living in the Bronx and during a visit to Rhode Island in July 1999. History was negative for immunosuppression, systemic illness, rashes, vaccinations, trauma, or drug use. The patient was hospitalized in the Bronx on September 5, 1999. Pertinent laboratory investigations …
Growth Characteristics and Substrate Specificity of Aerobic Photosynthetic Bacterium, <italic>Erythrobacter</italic> Sp. (OCh 114) (1986)

Optimal growth conditions and substrate specificity of the aerobic photosynthetic bacterium, Erythrobacter sp. (OCh 114), were investigated. Erythrobacter utilized 19 out of 26 substrates tested, including several sugars and amino acids. Glycerol and lactate were the most effective as electron donors or carbon sources. Maximum growth was obtained at a salinity of about 25‰, pH 8–9 and temperature 28°C in a glycerol-enriched medium. A suitable growth medium for Erythrobacter sp. (OCh 114) is proposed.
Thoracic radiation therapy in locally advanced NSCLC patients (pts) with EGFR mutations. (2010)

7016 Background: NSCLC pts with EGFR mutations have improved outcomes with EGFR-targeted therapy and with chemotherapy, compared to wild-type (wt) pts. There is in vitro and clinical evidence to suggest that EGFR mutations may also confer radiation sensitivity. We examined pts with locally advanced NSCLC and known EGFR mutation status to assess for differences in locoregional recurrence rates (LRR) after thoracic radiation therapy (TRT). Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 1445 pts who underwent EGFR testing at our centers from 2004-09 and identified 109 with locally advanced NSCLC who were treated with TRT. We compared LRR, distant metastases (DM), relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) between EGFR mutant and wt pts. Results: Among 109 pts, 27 (25%) were EGFR mutant and 82 (75%) were wt. Demographics included mean age 61.7 years, 69% female, 92% white, and 84% never/former smokers. Most had stage III disease (IIIA 64%, IIIB 28%), and EGFR mutants had relatively more IIIA than wt (82% vs. 59%; p=0.08). TRT was given as definitive (45%), adjuvant (25%), and neoadjuvant (30%) therapy; more wt than mutant pts received definitive RT (48% vs. 19%). Intensity-modulated RT was given in 48%, and the median TRT dose was 59.4 Gy (range, 28.8 - 74 Gy), with no difference by mutation status. Most patients received concurrent (81%) and/or adjuvant chemotherapy (58%). The median follow-up was 25.4 months. There was a significantly lower rate of LRR at 2 years in the EGFR mutant versus wt pts (19% vs. 46%; p=0.005), which remained significant after adjusting for stage, TRT dose, and TRT timing (HR 0.35, 95% CI 0.15-0.84; p=0.018). Mutant versus wt status was not associated with 2-year RFS (40% vs. 34%; p=0.16) and DM (62% vs. 63%; p=0.15), and the observed difference in 2-year OS (90% vs. 68%; p=0.12) did not reach significance. Conclusions: In NSCLC, mutant EGFR was associated with a decreased risk of LRR compared to EGFR wt tumors, suggesting that EGFR mutations may confer radiation sensitivity. EGFR mutation status was not associated with RFS and DM, and observed differences in OS did not reach significance. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Structural, Functional, and Immunogenic Insights on Cu,Zn Superoxide Dismutase Pathogenic Virulence Factors from Neisseria meningitidis and Brucella abortus (2015)

By protecting microbes against reactive oxygen insults, SODs aid survival of many bacteria within their hosts. Despite the ubiquity and conservation of these key enzymes, notable species-specific differences relevant to pathogenesis remain undefined. To probe mechanisms that govern the functioning of Neisseria meningitidis and Brucella abortus SODs, we used X-ray structures, enzymology, modeling, and murine infection experiments. We identified virulence determinants common to the two homologs, assembly differences, and a unique metal reservoir within meningococcal SOD that stabilizes the enzyme and may provide a safeguard against copper toxicity. The insights reported here provide a rationale and a basis for SOD-specific drug design and an extension of immunogen design to target two important pathogens that continue to pose global health threats.
Exploring the ruthenium catalysed synthesis of γ-valerolactone in alcohols and utilisation of mild solvent-free reaction conditions (2012)

Levulinic acid and alkyl-levulinates have been hydrogenated using a range of supported catalysts. The different reaction outcomes obtained in alternate solvents have been rationalized and the influence of varying catalyst supports examined. A range of solvent free conditions have been investigated with complete LA conversion obtained at temperatures as low as 25 °C.
Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetrical Determination of Zirconium (1993)

Adsorptive stripping voltammetric determination method of trace zirconium using oxine as a ligand was studied. Optimal conditions found to be borax buffer solution(pH 8.5) containing oxine concentration of . Accumulation potential was -0.2V, accumulation time was 400sec and scan rate was 4mV/sec. Calibration plots for zirconium are linear over the range of in optimal condition.
Lives that introns lead after splicing (2013)

After transcription of a eukaryotic pre‐ mRNA , its introns are removed by the spliceosome, joining exons for translation. The intron products of splicing have long been considered ‘junk’ and destined only for destruction. But because they are large in size and under weak selection constraints, many introns have been evolutionarily repurposed to serve roles after splicing. Some spliced introns are precursors for further processing of other encoded RNAs such as small nucleolar RNAs , microRNAs , and long noncoding RNAs . Other intron products have long half‐lives and can be exported to the cytoplasm, suggesting that they have roles in translation. Some viruses encode introns that accumulate after splicing and play important but mysterious roles in viral latency. Turnover of most l ariat‐introns is initiated by cleavage of their internal 2′‐5′ phosphodiester bonds by a unique debranching endonuclease, and the linear products are further degraded by exoribonucleases. However, several introns appear to evade this turnover pathway and the determinants of their stability are largely unknown. Whereas many stable intron products were discovered serendipitously, new experimental and computational tools will enable their direct identification and study. Finally, the origins and mechanisms of mobility of eukaryotic introns are mysterious, and mechanistic studies of the intron life cycle may yield new insights into how they arose and became widespread. WIREs RNA 2013, 4:677–691. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1187 This article is categorized under: RNA Processing > Splicing Mechanisms RNA Processing > Splicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Turnover/Surveillance Mechanisms
Post Catheterisation Vein Stenosis in Haemodialysis: Comparative Angiographic Study of 50 Subdavian and 50 Internal Jugular Accesses (1991)

From January 1986 to December 1990 we studied angiographically the subclavian-brachiocephalic vein of 100 patients dialysed by subclavian catheter for 50 (first group) and by internal jugular catheter for the 50 others (second group). These two groups were not statistically different as regards age (61.6 +/- 11.3 years in the first and 61 +/- 11.1 in the second), sex (48% and 56% were women), duration of catheter insertion (31 +/- 21.8 and 31.7 +/- 16 days), and the number of dialysis sessions (13.5 +/- 9.1 and 13.6 +/- 7.1). The type of catheters, the frequency of removal for poor flow (16% in both groups) or infections (6% in both groups), and the local nursing were similar in the two groups. The only difference was the side of cannulation: the right side in 58% of cases in group 1 and 78% in group 2. The angiographic study revealed a stenosis of the vein in 42% of the subclavian group and in 10% of the internal jugular group: a dramatic difference in favour of the internal jugular route, whose superiority over the subclavian route is asserted in respect of venous access of dialysed patients.
The imaging mode of forward looking SAR with two receiving antennas (2003)

Compared to side looking synthetic aperture radar (SAR), forward looking SAR is known to have the disadvantage of the left/right ambiguity problem and the difficulty to achieve high angular resolution (azimuth resolution). This paper considers a radar platform with two or more receiving antennas and one transmitting antenna. In this operation mode, it will be seen that the left/right ambiguity problem can be solved in theory. High angular (azimuth) resolution can be achieved through a long illumination time. The imaging modes, azimuth resolution and the reference matching filter function are analyzed.
GABA<sub>A</sub> Receptor Activation Attenuates Excitotoxicity but Exacerbates Oxygen—Glucose Deprivation-Induced Neuronal Injury In Vitro (1996)

We examined the effects of GABA receptor stimulation on the neuronal death induced by exogenously added excitatory amino acids or combined oxygen-glucose deprivation in mouse cortical cell cultures. Death induced by exposure to NMDA, AMPA, or kainate was attenuated by addition of GABA or the GABAA receptor agonist, muscimol, but not by the GABAB receptor agonist, baclofen. The antiexcitotoxic effect of GABAA receptor agonists was blocked by bicuculline or picrotoxin. In contrast, GABA or muscimol, but not baclofen, markedly increased the neuronal death induced by oxygen-glucose deprivation. Muscimol potentiation of neuronal death was associated with increased glutamate efflux to the bathing medium, and increased cellular 45Ca2+ accumulation; it was blocked by MK-801, but not NBQX, suggesting mediation by NMDA receptors. Bicuculline only weakly attenuated muscimol potentiation of oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced neuronal death, probably because it itself increased this death. Present results raise a note of caution in the proposed use of GABAA receptor stimulation to limit ischemic brain damage in vivo.
Effectiveness of Risk Management Systems on Financial Performance in a Public Setting (2018)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of risk management systems on financial performance in a Public Sector Setting. The study was triggered by the financial turmoil which had been experienced in a developing country by some institutions from 2014-2016 as a result of fraud risks. This situation also resulted in poor service delivery. A quantitative research approach was employed in the study. Target population constituted 65 participants and a sample size of 50 respondents drawn from the ministry’s departments in Harare region. Data was collected using a questionnaire. Analysis of data was done using percentages and mode and results were presented in tables, graphs and charts. The researchers established that effectiveness of risk management (RM) system in the ministry was negatively affected by major challenges such as lack of trained personnel that resulted in knowledge gap to adopt a formal system, non-existence of audit committee and lack of management commitment and coordination. Engaging the Auditor General to act as a RM consultant and provide training services may abridge the existing knowledge gap.
Molecular basis of pyoverdine siderophore recycling in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2009)

The siderophore pyoverdine (PVD) is a primary virulence factor of the human pathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, acting as both an iron carrier and a virulence-related signal molecule. By exploring a number of P. aeruginosa candidate systems for PVD secretion, we identified a tripartite ATP-binding cassette efflux transporter, here named PvdRT-OpmQ, which translocates PVD from the periplasmic space to the extracellular milieu. We show this system to be responsible for recycling of PVD upon internalization by the cognate outer-membrane receptor FpvA, thus making PVD virtually available for new cycles of iron uptake. Our data exclude the involvement of PvdRT-OpmQ in secretion of de novo synthesized PVD, indicating alternative pathways for PVD export and recycling. The PvdRT-OpmQ transporter is one of the few secretion systems for which substrate recognition and extrusion occur in the periplasm. Homologs of the PvdRT-OpmQ system are present in genomes of all fluorescent pseudomonads sequenced so far, suggesting that PVD recycling represents a general energy-saving strategy adopted by natural Pseudomonas populations.
Temporal sequence learning and data reduction for anomaly detection (1998)

The anom~y detection problem can be formtiated as one of learning to characterize the behaviom of an individud, system, or network in terms of temporal sequences of dic rete data. We present an approach to this problem based on instance based learning (IBL) techniques. To cast the anom~y detection task in an IBL framework, we employ an approach that transforms temporal sequences of discrete, unordered observations into a metric space via a similarity measure that encodes intra-attribute dependence=. Classification boundaries are selected from an a posterior characterization of the v&d user's behaviors, coupled with a dm ain heuristic. An empirical evrduation of the approach on user command data demonstratees that we can accurately differentiate the profled user from alternative users when the avdable featura encode sticient information. Futherrnore, we demonstrate that the system detects anomalous conditions quickly -an important qufity for reducing potential damage by a mdcious user. We present several techniques for reducing the data storage requirements of the user profle, including instance selection methods and clustering. An empirical evahtation shows that a new greedy clustering dgonthm reduces the size of the user model by 70% with ordy a smd loss in accuracy. A comparison of the greedy clustering technique to clustering with K-centers shows that greedy clustering is preferable in terms of accuracy and computation time for this domain.
Dielectric response of strained and relaxed Si1−x−yGexCy alloys grown by molecular beam epitaxy on Si(001) (1996)

Using spectroscopic ellipsometry, we measured the pseudodielectric function of Si1−x−yGexCy alloys (0≤x≤0.48,0≤y≤0.05) grown on Si(001) using molecular beam epitaxy. For pseudomorphically strained layers, the energy shifts of the E1, E1+Δ1, E0′, and E2 transitions are determined by line shape analysis and are due to alloy composition effects, as well as hydrostatic and shear strain. We developed expressions for hydrostatic and shear shift from continuum elasticity theory, using deformation potentials for Si and Ge, for biaxial stress parallel to the (001) growth plane in a diamond or zinc blende-type crystal and applied this to the ternary Si–Ge–C alloy. The energies of E1 and its spin-orbit split partner E1+Δ1 agree fairly well with theory. The E2 transitions in Si1−xGex at around 4.3 eV depend linearly on Ge concentration. In case of relaxed layers, the E1 and E1+Δ1 transitions are inhomogeneously broadened due to the influence of misfit and threading dislocations. For a silicon cap on top of a dislocated, relaxed SiGe layer, we recovered the bulk Si dielectric function.
Industrial Internet of Things Driven by SDN Platform for Smart Grid Resiliency (2017)

Software-defined networking (SDN) is a key enabling technology of industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) that provides dynamic reconfiguration to improve data network robustness. In the context of smart grid infrastructure, the strong demand of seamless data transmission during critical events (e.g., failures or natural disturbances) seems to be fundamentally shifting energy attitude toward emerging technology. Therefore, SDN will play a vital role on energy revolution to enable flexible interfacing between smart utility domains and facilitate the integration of mix renewable energy resources to deliver efficient power of sustainable grid. In this regard, we propose a new SDN platform based on IIoT technology to support resiliency by reacting immediately whenever a failure occurs to recover smart grid networks using real-time monitoring techniques. We employ SDN controller to achieve multifunctionality control and optimization challenge by providing operators with real-time data monitoring to manage demand, resources, and increasing system reliability. Data processing will be used to manage resources at local network level by employing SDN switch segment, which is connected to SDN controller through IIoT aggregation node. Furthermore, we address different scenarios to control packet flows between switches on hub-to-hub basis using traffic indicators of the infrastructure layer, in addition to any other data from the application layer. Extensive experimental simulation is conducted to demonstrate the validation of the proposed platform model. The experimental results prove the innovative SDN-based IIoT solutions can improve grid reliability for enhancing smart grid resilience.
The after 200 years photographic project (1988)

The Institute's Pictorial Collection, the largest collection of Aboriginal photographs in the world, currently houses 200,000 images. It is made up predominantly of photographs taken by Institute-funded researchers, and as a result is biased towards remote, northern Australia and traditional activities.
한중 과소자본세제에 관한 비교법적 연구 (2017)

과소자본세제는 내국법인이 부채비율을 높여서 이자지급의 형식으로 세금을 부당하게 줄이는 조세회피행위에 대한 대책이고 또는 기업의 재무구조 중 비합리적인 부채비율을 규제함으로써 건전한 자본시장을 유지하는 조세정책이다. 오늘날 중국과 한국을 비롯한 세계 각국의 과세당국은 대부분 과소자본세제를 마련하였으며 그 형식에 있어서는 크게 다르지 않다. 그러나 중국의 과소자본세제의 적용범위는 이자를 받아가는 자의 내외를 불문하고 비거주자 외에 거주자에 대해서도 적용하는 반면 한국은 유달리 비거주자에 국한되어 있다. 본문에서는 한중 양국 현행법 규정에 근거하여 가상사례의 형식을 통하여 양국세제의 효과를 분석하며 한중 과소자본세제의 적용범위가 왜 이런 차이점이 있는지를 살펴보는 것이다.
결론적으로 한국의 과소자본제제가 외국인투자기업만을 적용대상으로 삼는 것은 한국의 조세체계가 국제조세에만 적용되는 별도의 규율체계를 마련하여 놓고 있기 때문이다. 즉 한국은 이자를 지급받는 자를 내외로 구분하여 각각 법인세법의 지급이자 손금불산입제도 등 국내법 규제와 「국제조세조정에 관한 법률」상의 과소자본세제라는 다른 규정을 적용하고 있는 것이다. 반면, 중국은 외국법인을 내국법인에서 따로 떼어 내지 않고 통일한 기업소득세법에 의하여 규제하고 있으며 국조법과 같은 별도의 규범체계는 두고 있지 않다. 결국 중국의 과소자본세제는 국제간 자본이동 외에 내국인간의 투자활동까지 적용되므로 그 적용범위가 아주 넓은 것으로 평가된다.
C–Al Parallel Plate Dynode Electron Multiplier (1969)

An easy method of making a parallel plate electron multiplier, which is used for detection of x rays, electron beams, and charged particles, is developed. The multiplier consists of two continuous dynodes, which are prepared by evaporating aluminum onto glass substrates on which carbon has been evaporated in advance. The gain is in the range of 108 to 109, when the applied voltage is 3 kV. Some of the features are quite good linearity of response except for the saturation region, extremely small noise and long lifetime, and ease in handling. It also can be used for pulse counting techniques.
Laser welding of aluminium (1988)

The welding of aluminium and its alloys with CO2-lasers is not yet state of the art. The reasons for this are: the high reflectivitythe thermal conductivitythe low ionisation energychemical reactions of the alloyed elements These properties are the reasons for a stronger dependence of the welding results from the process parameters in the case of aluminium compared to welding steel. Due to these facts, industrial applications of welding aluminium with CO2-lasers are not known. Investigations are presented, which show the influences the different process parameters as for example those of beam, gas and material have on the welding result. Due to the properties of aluminium, the threshold intensity of producing a laser-induced plasma in connection with a keyhole is higher compared to steel. However, the system plasma capillary is necessary for an efficient energy coupling into the workpiece. In opposition to this fact, the ionisation energy of aluminium (EI = 6 eV) which is lower than the one of steel (EI = 7,8 eV) leads to an overheating of the plasma at lower intensities. An increase of the absorption in the plasma reagion above the workpiece and a decrease of the efficiency of energy coupling is combined with the overheating of the plasma. Besides being influenced by the beam’s parameters, the effects of the production and the shielding of the plasma are strongly influenced by the process gases, the alloyed elements and the metallurgical structure of the material. It will be shown that, due to these influences and in spite of the reduced bandwidth of the process parameters, it is possible to reach welding results of acceptable and reproducible quality.
Structure and distribution of an Alu-type deletion mutation in Sandhoff disease. (1990)

Sandhoff disease is a recessively inherited lysosomal storage disease resulting from a deficiency of beta-hexosaminidase activity. The enzyme occurs in two major forms, beta-hexosaminidase A, composed of an alpha- and beta-subunit and beta-hexosaminidase B, composed of two beta-subunits. Both isozyme activities are deficient in Sandhoff disease, owing to mutations of the HEXB gene encoding the common beta-subunit. We have cloned and fully characterized a deletion at the HEXB gene from fibroblasts of a patient with the infantile form of Sandhoff disease. The deletion removes approximately 16 kb of DNA including the HEXB promoter, exons 1-5 and part of intron 5. It most likely arose from recombination between two Alu sequences, with the breakpoints occurring at the midpoint between the left and right arms in each case and regenerating an intact Alu element in the deletion sequence. The deletion allele accounts for 27% of the Sandhoff mutant alleles we analyzed. Two cell lines were shown to be homozygous for the deletion and both had the infantile form of the disease. Four additional patients were compound heterozygotes with other mutations, all of whom displayed a different clinical phenotype. Finally, the mutant allele was present in different ethnic backgrounds, suggesting that it may have been subject to genetic drift.
An Improved Thermal Gas Lens for Optical Beam Waveguides (1970)

The quality of thermal gas lenses can be significantly improved if the heated gas is exhausted radially. This type of exhaust is typically created in a counter-flow lens where opposing gas flows pass through two closely spaced lens sections and exhaust radially through a small gap between these sections. We found that the stability of the focusing behavior depends on a laminar flow transition region of sufficient length, a properly chosen width and shape of the exhaust gap, and on mechanical symmetry and smoothness. We describe the guiding properties of a single lens as well as a beam waveguide consisting of up to eleven counter-flow lenses. Off-axis injections of the light beam with displacements amounting up to 45 percent of the lens radius resulted only in changes of the beam width (less than 23 percent for 11 lenses), whereas the gaussian profile was essentially maintained.