gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Novel protection strategy for current interruptions in IGBT current source inverters (2004)

A novel protection strategy against dc link overvoltages in IGBT current source inverters caused by current interruptions is presented. The proposed concept consists of two steps-a fast passive voltage clamp and actively turned on freewheeling paths across the dc link terminals. To implement this strategy, an electronic circuit was developed and successfully tested. The protection circuit is completely independent from normal inverter operation, has no effect on the CSI behaviour and can be realized at low cost.
EFFECT OF ACTIVE IMMUNIZATION TO LUTEINIZING HORMONE RELEASING HORMONE ON SERUM AND PITUITARY GONADOTROPHINS, TESTES AND ACCESSORY SEX ORGANS IN THE MALE RAT (1974)

SUMMARY Autoimmunity to luteinizing hormone releasing hormone (LH-RH) in adult male rats, induced by immunization with LH-RH conjugated to bovine serum albumin, resulted in atrophy of the testes and secondary sex organs and aspermatogenesis. Both immunoreactive luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in serum and the pituitary were reduced to low levels compared with those of control animals. It is suggested that antibodies to LH-RH can inhibit the action of endogenous hormone and that LH-RH is, in fact, the gonadotrophin-releasing hormone in the rat, required for the release of both LH and FSH.
A Distinct Human CD4+ T Cell Subset That Secretes CXCL13 in Rheumatoid Synovium (2013)

CXCL13-producing CD4+ T cells induced in RA synovium may play a role in the recruitment of CXCR5+ cells, such as B cells and circulating follicular helper T cells, and in ectopic lymphoid neogenesis at sites of inflammation.
Synthesis of 2β-Azidomethylpenicillin-1,1-Dioxides and 3β-Azido-3α-methylcepham-1,1-Dioxides (1986)

A convenient synthesis of the 2β-azidomethylpenicillin-1,1-dioxides, precursors of the active "YTR" class of β-lactamase inhibitors, is described starting with 6-aminopenicillanic acid (6-APA), which is converted to 6α-bromopenicillanic acid. Oxidation with peracetic acid in the presence of benzophenone hydrazone give benzhydryl 6α-bromopenicillanate-1-oxide in one step and reduction with zinc and acetic acid gave the 6,6-dihydropenicillanate-1-oxide. The unsymmetrical azetidinone disulfide was obtained by heating with 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, and reaction with copper(II) chloride or bromide gave the 2β-halomethylpenams. Reaction with sodium azide in aqueous dimethylformamide gave a mixture of the 2β-azidomethylpenam and the 3β-azidocepham. Oxidation with potassium permanganate gave a mixture of the 2β-azidomethylpenam-1,1-dioxide and the 3β-azidocepham-1,1-dioxide, which was easily separated by fractional crystallization.
Association and Coexpression of Fatty-Acid-Binding Protein and Glycoprotein CD36 in the Bovine Mammary Gland (1995)

The involvement of glycoprotein CD36 and fatty-acid-binding protein (FABP) in cellular growth, differentiation, lipid transport and metabolism led us to examine the possible biochemical and physiological relationship(s) between these two proteins. We investigated three aspects of this relationship. We first attempted to identify any physical complex formed between CD36 and FABP in bovine milk fat globule membranes. These membranes are the product of mammary gland secretory epithelial cells. The second aspect studied was the effect of synthetic peptide analogs to the C-terminus (amino acid residues 121-131) of bovine mammary gland FABP on cell proliferation, as a result of the interaction of these peptides with the ectodomain of CD36. Finally, mammary gland CD36 and FABP coexpression was defined at different stages of lactation and during involution. Immunoprecipitation, Western immunoblotting with anti-FABP and anti-CD36, Northern-blot analysis and a mammary epithelial cell proliferation assay demonstrated that: (a) bovine milk fat globule membranes contain the complex of CD36 and FABP, and that this complex is, most likely, formed as a result of FABP binding to the cytoplasmic segments of CD36; (b) synthetic analog of the C-terminus of FABP with the sequence Val-Thr-Cys, identical to the sequence found in the CD36-binding domain of thrombospondin, was a more potent inhibitor of bovine mammary gland epithelial cell proliferation than a synthetic peptide with the Val-Cys-Thr sequence; (c) the expression of FABP and CD36 is related to the state of mammary cell differentiation, since it reaches its maximum during lactation and declines during the involutionary period.
The long (Gs(alpha)-L) and short (Gs(alpha)-S) variants of the stimulatory guanine nucleotide-binding protein. Do they behave in an identical way? (1998)

The relative proportions and tissue distribution of the long (Gs[alpha]-L) and short (Gs[alpha]-S) variants of the a subunit of the stimulatory G-protein (Gs[alpha]) change under a wide range of metabolic conditions, such as cellular differentiation, ontogenetic development, ageing and various adaptive processes. Although the two variants of Gs(alpha) are generally regarded to be functionally identical, this review summarizes recent experimental support for the non-identical behaviour of these proteins. Similarly, there is no consistent evidence for the functional meaning of these changes as far as regulation of adenylate cyclase activity is concerned. Since it is hard to believe that the complicated scheme of alternative splicing and the energy-consuming synthesis of proteins would be performed for no reason, it is suggested that Gs[alpha] variants might be involved in controlling other effector molecules and processes besides adenylate cyclase and cAMP metabolism. Such an idea is indirectly supported by specific alterations in the Gs[alpha]-L/Gs[alpha]-S ratio under various physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
Photodissociation of the energy selected nitrobenzene ion (1986)

Nitrobenzene ions, energy selected by photoelectron–photoion coincidence (PEPICO), are photodissociated by a pulsed dye laser. The time-delayed laser pulse is triggered by the detection of a zero energy electron indicating the formation of an ion of known internal energy. A detailed description of the experimental requirements is presented. This first report of the combination of PEPICO with ion photodissociation includes the determination of the nitrobenzene ion photodissociation cross section of (6±2)×10−19 cm2, and the study of kinetic energy released in that dissociation. Applications for other uses are discussed.
Health symptoms reported by Persian Gulf War veterans two years after return (1998)

The role of actual or perceived events has considerable importance for individual well-being. Although the Persian Gulf War (PGW) has raised questions about the presence of hazardous environmental exposures, few, if any confirmed exposure data are available. Yet, a substantial number of PGW veterans report health problems since their return from that war. The present study was conducted to investigate possible associations between opportunities for exposure and increased rates of health symptom reporting. First, we examined descriptive data on types and rates of health symptoms reported by a cohort of Gulf War veterans. Then, using proxies for three wartime experiences, we examined associations between health symptoms reports and different Persian Gulf exposure scenarios (reported exposure to poison gas or germ warfare, being in a transportation unit, or high levels of combat exposure), adjusting for the effects of background characteristics (e.g., gender, psychological distress). Findings suggest that reported exposure to poison gas or germ warfare is related to higher symptom reporting by this cohort of New England area veterans. Limitations in the study design and the challenges involved in studying PGW veterans' illnesses are discussed.
Modeling and Digital Control of a Phase-Controlled Series–Parallel Resonant Converter (2007)

A nonlinear model for a phase-controlled series-parallel resonant converter is developed using the extended describing function method and d-q decomposition. The model is linearized and reduced using the balanced model reduction technique. Based on the reduced model and taking into account the zero-order hold delay and the computation delay in the sampled-data system, a digital controller for the converter is designed. The controller is implemented with a digital signal processor (DSP). The closed-loop converter with the DSP controller is built and tested experimentally. Recorded transient waveforms show that the closed-loop converter is capable of not only responding to the reference input change as required by the design specifications, but also stabilizing the output effectively under disturbances from both the output and the input
Synthesis of Indolizidines and Pyrrolizidines through the [2 + 2]Cycloaddition of Five-Membered Endocyclic Enecarbamates to Alkyl Ketenes. Unusual Regioselectivity of Baeyer−Villiger Ring Expansions of Alkyl Aza-Bicyclic Cyclobutanones (2002)

The total syntheses of two indolizidine skeletons and of the necine base (+/-)-platynecine were accomplished in a concise manner with good overall yields starting from a common five-membered endocyclic enecarbamate. These syntheses feature a [2 + 2]cycloaddition of the five-membered endocyclic enecarbamate 5 to alkylketenes that proceeded in high yields and with high stereoselectivity to provide an endo alkyl cycloadduct as the major or only product. The minor exo alkyl cycloadducts, which can be observed in some [2 + 2]cycloadditions, seem to derive from the endo cycloadduct, the putative kinetic product, by epimerization. An unusual regioselectivity was observed for the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of 7-alkyl-2-azabicyclic cyclobutanones. Endo-7-alkyl cycloadducts ring-expanded exclusively to a gamma-lactone in which oxygen is inserted into the C6-C7 bond in preference to the bridgehead C5-C6 bond. With the exo-7-alkyl cycloadduct the regioselectivity of the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation is drastically reduced, leading to mixtures of regioisomeric lactones in a ratio of approximately 1.5 to 1. It is hypothesized that the steric strain built into the Criegee cyclobutane intermediate is the regioselective controlling factor in these oxidations, overriding any stereoelectronic bias for ring expansion. A rationale for the mechanism of the [2 + 2]cycloaddition involving enecarbamates and ketenes is presented, which seems to involve the participation of an N-acyliminium-enolate intermediate.
New endophytic isolates of Muscodor albus, a volatile-antibiotic-producing fungus (2004)

Muscodor albus, an endophytic fungus originally isolated from Cinnamomum zeylanicum, produces a mixture of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in culture and its spectrum of antimicrobial activity is broad. Using the original isolate of M. albus as a selection tool, it has been possible to find other culturally and biochemically unique wild-type isolates of this organism existing as endophytes in a variety of other plant species, including Grevillea pterifolia (fern-leafed grevillea), Kennedia nigriscans (snake vine) and Terminalia prostrata (nanka bakarra) growing in the northern reaches of the Northern Territory of Australia. Interestingly, none of the new isolates had a culture morphology that was identical to the original isolate, nevertheless each possessed hyphal characteristics that resembled that isolate. Furthermore, their ITS-5.8S rDNA sequences were 96-99 % identical to that of M. albus and the isolates were considered M. albus on the basis of the DNA sequence data. However, the VOCs produced by these new isolates greatly differed in quality from the original strain by virtue of the production of naphthalene, naphthalene, 1,1'-oxybis-, and one or more other compounds. In bioassays with a range of test micro-organisms, including fungi and bacteria, each isolate possessed biological activity but the range of activity was great. Artificial mixtures of some of the VOCs mimicked the effects of the VOCs of the fungus. The value of these observations to the biology and practical uses of M. albus in agriculture and other applications is discussed.
Immunological Aspects of Demyelinating Diseases (1992)

Primary demyelination in the central nervous system results from damage to the myelin sheath or oligodendroglia and can be produced by a variety of mechanisms, including metabolic disturbances, toxicities, infection, and autoimmunity. The major human demyelinating disease affecting the central nervous system is multiple sclerosis (MS). Although the etiology of MS is not known, existing data indicate that both genetic and environmental factors contribute to pathogenesis. Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is induced by immunization of genetically susceptible animals with myelin proteins. This is mediated by autoimmune T cells. Characterization of MHC restriction, fine specificity of antigen recognition, and T cell receptor (TCR) usage by encephalitogenic T cells has resulted in highly specific immunotherapies. Both HLA and TCR genes have been linked to susceptibility for MS which is widely believed to be mediated by T cells that recognize an as yet unidentified autoantigen. Because of the advances in the understanding and treatment of EAE, recent research in MS has been focused on the characterization of cellular immune responses against myelin components. The results of these studies are reviewed and the potential implications of these findings for the pathogenesis and future therapy of MS are examined.
Low-Temperature Synthesis of Mg<i><sub>x</sub></i>Co<sub>1</sub><sub>-</sub><i><sub>x</sub></i>Co<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Spinel Catalysts for N<sub>2</sub>O Decomposition (2000)

Low-temperature synthesis of spinels MgxCo1-xCo2O4 (x = 0.0−0.9) has been investigated with two important synthetic parameters and XRD/FTIR/DSC/BET/ICP/CHN methods. It is found that with an increase in hydrothermal treatment temperature, precursor compounds change from the hydrotalcite-like to brucite-like and then to cubic spinel phase when the initial metal concentration ratio [Mg2+]:[Co2+] ≥ 1, while from the turbostratic to hydrotalcite-like and then to cubic spinel phase when the [Mg2+]:[Co2+] < 1. The MgxCo1-xCo2O4 (x ≤ 1/3) spinels were formed at temperatures as low as 50−100 °C. In the postsynthesis thermal treatment, various thermal events have been observed, and in all cases the spinel phase can be prepared at temperatures below 300 °C. On the basis of FTIR results, a topotactic mechanism for the formation of the spinel phase has been confirmed. Specific surface area as high as 210 m2/g has been attained in 400 °C calcined MgxCo1-xCo2O4 with x = 0.9. Causes for the formation of the spinel phase at low temperatures have been addressed. Excellent catalytic activity for N2O decomposition (30.6−38.9 mmol (N2O)/g·h at GHSV = 21200 h-1 and 380−400 °C; N2O = 10 mol % balanced with He) has been observed and discussed for these Mg−Co spinels.
NKG2D ligands mediate immunosurveillance of senescent cells (2016)

Cellular senescence is a stress response mechanism that limits tumorigenesis and tissue damage. Induction of cellular senescence commonly coincides with an immunogenic phenotype that promotes self-elimination by components of the immune system, thereby facilitating tumor suppression and limiting excess fibrosis during wound repair. The mechanisms by which senescent cells regulate their immune surveillance are not completely understood. Here we show that ligands of an activating Natural Killer (NK) cell receptor (NKG2D), MICA and ULBP2 are consistently up-regulated following induction of replicative senescence, oncogene-induced senescence and DNA damage - induced senescence. MICA and ULBP2 proteins are necessary for efficient NK-mediated cytotoxicity towards senescent fibroblasts. The mechanisms regulating the initial expression of NKG2D ligands in senescent cells are dependent on a DNA damage response, whilst continuous expression of these ligands is regulated by the ERK signaling pathway. In liver fibrosis, the accumulation of senescent activated stellate cells is increased in mice lacking NKG2D receptor leading to increased fibrosis. Overall, our results provide new insights into the mechanisms regulating the expression of immune ligands in senescent cells and reveal the importance of NKG2D receptor-ligand interaction in protecting against liver fibrosis.
Feeding a Modified Fish Diet to Bottlenose Dolphins Leads to an Increase in Serum Adiponectin and Sphingolipids (2016)

Feeding a modified fish diet has been suggested to improve insulin sensitivity in bottlenose dolphins; however, insulin sensitivity was not directly measured. Since demonstrating an improvement in insulin sensitivity is technically difficult in dolphins, we postulated that directional changes in the hormone axis: fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21)/Adiponectin/Ceramide (Cer), could provide further support to this hypothesis. We measured 2-h post-prandial serum FGF21, total adiponectin, percent unmodified adiponectin, ceramide, and sphingosine levels from dolphins fed a diet rich in heptadecanoic acid (C17:0) over 24 weeks. Serum FGF21 was quantified by ELISA with an observed range of 129-1599 pg/ml, but did not significantly change over the 24-week study period. Total adiponectin levels (mean ± SD) significantly increased from 776 ± 400 pmol/ml at week 0 to 1196 ± 467 pmol/ml at week 24. The percent unmodified adiponectin levels (mean ± SD) decreased from 23.8 ± 6.0% at week 0 to 15.2 ± 5.2% at week 24. Interestingly, although FGF21 levels did not change, there was a good correlation between FGF21 and total adiponectin (ρ = 0.788, P < 0.001). We quantified the abundances of serum ceramides and sphingosines (SPH) because adiponectin has a defined role in sphingolipid metabolism through adiponectin receptor-mediated activation of ceramidases. The most abundant ceramide in dolphin sera was Cer 24:1 comprising 49% of the ceramides measured. Significant reductions were observed in the unsaturated Cer 18:1, Cer 20:1, and Cer 24:1, whereas significant increases were observed in saturated Cer 22:0, Cer 24:0, and Cer 26:0. However, total serum ceramides did not change. Significant elevations were detected for total sphingosine, dihydrosphingosine, sphingosine-1-phosphate, and dihydrosphingosine-1-phosphate. Proteomic analysis of the serum proteins revealed few changes in serum proteins over the study period. In conclusion, shifting the dolphin diet to fishes rich in odd chain saturated fatty acids, such as C17:0, resulted in increased serum levels of the insulin sensitizing hormone adiponectin and serum SPH consistent with an insulin-sensitizing phenotype. It is still unclear whether FGF21 plays a role in the regulation of adiponectin in dolphins, similar to that shown in laboratory animal models.
Marine Natural Products. XXXIII. Theonellapeptolide IId, a New Tridecapeptide Lactone from the Okinawan Marine Sponge Theonella swinhoei. (1994)

Following the characterization of theonellapeptolides Ia-Ie (2-6), another new tridecapeptide lactone named theonellapeptolide IId (1) was isolated from the Okinawan marine sponge Theonella swinhoei. The structure of 1 has been determined on the bases of chemical and physicochemical examinations which included an HPLC-CD combined analysis of the amino acid composition. Theonellapeptolide IId (1) prevented fertilization of the sea urchin Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus at the concentration of 25 micrograms/ml or greater but did not affect early embryonic development of fertilized eggs up to the gastrula stage.
Folic acid deficiency in congestive heart failure. (1969)

The purpose of this report is to indicate that deficiency of folic acid occurs with notable frequency in patients with past or immediate congestive heart failure. The study described was stimulated by the clinical examination of two anaemic patients with heart disease whose bone-marrows showed morphological features consistent with a lack of this haematinic. There were several additional reasons, however, to think that a project organized to pursue this initial impression was potentially worth while. First, patients with heart disease and congestive failure are anorexic, eat sparingly, and receive sodium-restricted diets lacking foods in which folic acid is found (Herbert, 1962). In addition, many such patients have abnormalities of liver function (Richman, Delman, and Grob, 1961), related to chronic passive congestion, which leads to this organ's inability to store active metabolites of folic acid (Cherrick et al., 1965). Finally, gastro- intestinal malabsorption (Valberg et al., 1965) associated with congestive failure could further contribute to folic acid deficiency in these patients.
Christmas? or Epiphany? (1923)

A vivid narrative reconstruction of the life of Paul that presents him as a very real personality.A skill- ful blending of history and romance into a biography that shows Paul as a youth, as father of a family, per-
Evaluation of Narrow Gap Filling Ability in Shallow Trench Isolation by Organosiloxane Sol-Gel Precursor (2010)

High quality SiO2 film formation in the narrow trench pattern is important for many applications such as large scale integration (LSI) circuit and micro electro mechanical system (MEMS) industry. We have evaluated the process conditions, electrical properties, structural characteristics, and gap filling abilities of SiO2 film using organosiloxane-based silica sol-gel precursor derived from the mixture of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) by changing the molar ratio of TEOS/MTMS. This sol-gel precursor was converted to high quality SiO2 film by optimizing baking conditions. The SiO2 film from this sol-gel precursor has excellent dielectric characteristics of low leakage current density and high breakdown voltage whose values are comparable to those of thermal oxide SiO2 film. In addition, the breakdown field intensity of these films was improved by adding a small amount of metal oxide such as TiO2, HfO2, and ZrO2. Furthermore, by introducing the optimum pressure (<26666 Pa) in the oxidation baking process, the film has excellent surface planarization and uniformly gap filling abilities of narrow trench pattern without void formation
Restriction enzyme analysis of plasmid DNA and bacteriophage typing of paired Staphylococcus aureus blood culture isolates (1989)

We compared restriction enzyme analysis of plasmid (REAP) DNA profiling with bacteriophage typing for determination of similarities and differences among 50 pairs of Staphylococcus aureus blood isolates from patients with multiple positive blood cultures. Isolates from 17 pairs did not have detectable plasmids. Isolates from 33 pairs had plasmids classified into 17 distinct REAP DNA profiles. Paired isolates from 31 of these episodes were identical to one another. By phage typing, 35 pairs had strong lytic reactions to a phage(s), 9 pairs lacked strong reactions, and 6 pairs consisted of a strongly reactive isolate and an isolate with no strong reaction to a phage. When consolidated into 11 general phage groups, pairs from 44 of the 50 episodes were in the same general group. REAP DNA profiles were highly reproducible (99%), whereas phage typing was not. REAP DNA profiling is superior to phage typing as a technique for determining similarities and differences among S. aureus blood isolates.