gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sequence of the 1918 pandemic influenza virus nonstructural gene (NS) segment and characterization of recombinant viruses bearing the 1918 NS genes (2001)

The influenza A virus pandemic of 1918-1919 resulted in an estimated 20-40 million deaths worldwide. The hemagglutinin and neuraminidase sequences of the 1918 virus were previously determined. We here report the sequence of the A/Brevig Mission/1/18 (H1N1) virus nonstructural (NS) segment encoding two proteins, NS1 and nuclear export protein. Phylogenetically, these genes appear to be close to the common ancestor of subsequent human and classical swine strain NS genes. Recently, the influenza A virus NS1 protein was shown to be a type I IFN antagonist that plays an important role in viral pathogenesis. By using the recently developed technique of generating influenza A viruses entirely from cloned cDNAs, the hypothesis that the 1918 virus NS1 gene played a role in virulence was tested in a mouse model. In a BSL3+ laboratory, viruses were generated that possessed either the 1918 NS1 gene alone or the entire 1918 NS segment in a background of influenza A/WSN/33 (H1N1), a mouse-adapted virus derived from a human influenza strain first isolated in 1933. These 1918 NS viruses replicated well in tissue culture but were attenuated in mice as compared with the isogenic control viruses. This attenuation in mice may be related to the human origin of the 1918 NS1 gene. These results suggest that interaction of the NS1 protein with host-cell factors plays a significant role in viral pathogenesis.
Über die Trennung anorganischer Stoffgemische durch Verteilung zwischen zwei Lösungsmitteln. 3. Die Trennung des Hafniums vom Zirkonium durch Verteilung (1947)

Abstract Es wird gezeigt, daß man auch so nahe verwandte Elemente wie Zirkonium und Hafnium durch Verteilung zwischen zwei Lösungsmitteln trennen kann. Von den untersuchten Systemen zeitigte die Verteilung der Rhodanide zwischen Wasser und äther die günstigsten Trennungseffekte. Zweckmäßig schüttelt man eine wässerige Lösung von Zr‐Hf‐Sulfat und Ammoniumrhodanid mit rhodanwasserstoffsaurem äther aus. In diesem System erwiesen sich die Verteilungskoeffizienten α Hf und α Zr stark von der Temperatur und den Konzentrationen der Reaktionspartner abhängig. Ihr Verhältnis, der für den Trennungseffekt entscheidende Trennfaktor β = α Hf /α Zr hingegen zeigte sich von jenen Bedingungen mit Ausnahme der (Zr, Hf)‐Konzentration fast unabhängig; er änderte sich dafür aber stark mit der vom äther extrahierten Gesamtmenge an Zr und Hf. ‐ Einige Bedingungen, die die Hydrolyse begünstigen, verschlechtern die Trennwirkung. Auf Grund dieser Untersuchungen können Bedingungen angegeben werden, unter denen aus einem Zirkonpräparat mit 0,5% HfO 2 durch einmaliges Ausäthern ein Präparat mit 5–10% HfO 2 bei einer Hf‐Ausbeute von ∼50% gewonnen wird. Bei Hf‐reicheren Ausgangsmaterialien liegen die Verhältnisse ganz ähnlich, bei hohen Hf‐Gehalten sogar noch etwas günstiger.
A method of calculating copolymerization reactivity ratios (1981)

Abstract An improved linearization method is proposed for determining the monomer reactivity ratios of free‐radical copolymerizations by fitting the data of cumulative copolymer compositions and overall weight fractional conversions, or cumulative copolymer compositions and residual monomer compositions of the reaction mixture. The reactivity ratios of monomers for four different copolymerization reactions are determined. The results are very close to those of literature reports and account well for the experimental results.
Pancreatic and intestinal growth-promoting effect of truncal vagotomy in the rat. (1987)

The effect of chronic subdiaphragmatic truncal vagotomy was investigated on body weight gain, food intake pattern, and also on intestinal and pancreatic growth, in adult rats. Two sham-operated groups, the one fed ad libitum, the other pair-fed with the vagotomized rats, served as controls. Body weight of vagotomized rats decreased in the first 5 postoperative days, due to hypophagia. Then, body weight increased as food intake reached the presurgery level. The rats were killed after 34 days of vagotomy. A moderate pancreatic and intestinal hypertrophy was observed in the vagotomized rats, while the tissue weight of and the DNA and protein contents in the colon and the oxyntic and antral areas of the stomach did not change compared to controls. The mechanism of the intestinal and pancreatic hypertrophy is unknown; several humoral and nervous factors may be involved in it.
Arrested 1,2-Hydrogen Migration from Silicon to Nickel upon Oxidation of a Three-Coordinate Ni(I) Silyl Complex (2010)

Reaction of the dimeric Ni(I) chloride complex [(dtbpe)NiCl](2) (1) with dimesitylsilyl potassium affords the three-coordinate Ni(I) silyl complex (dtbpe)Ni(SiHMes(2)) (2). Alternatively, 2 can be prepared by an oxidative-addition reaction of Mes(2)Si(H)OTf (Tf = CF(3)SO(3)) with the nickel(0) complex [(dtbpe)Ni](2)(mu-C(6)H(6)) (3), with (dtbpe)Ni(OTf) (4) formed as an easily separable byproduct. The one-electron oxidation of 2 by ferrocenium affords diamagnetic [(dtbpe)Ni(mu-H)SiMes(2)][BAr(F)(4)] (5), a Ni(II) complex formed by partial 1,2-H migration from silicon to nickel and featuring an unusual 3-center, 2-electron bonding motif between Ni, Si, and the bridging H. Complex 5 was also obtained from Mes(2)SiH(2) activation by the neopentyl complex salt [(dtbpe)Ni(CH(2)CMe(3))][BAr(F)(4)] (6) with elimination of neopentane.
Reconstructing volume holograms without image field losses (1991)

The reconstruction of volume holograms at wavelengths different from that of hologram formation suffers from the degradation of image quality and thus of an incomplete retrieval of the stored information. The major source of information loss is due to image field reduction. It is shown that these image field losses result from the local violation of Bragg's law induced by spherical recording waves. The evaluation of the spatially varying Bragg condition yields a spherical readout wave necessary for a complete image field reconstruction at an arbitrary wavelength. The effects on resolution are examined qualitatively by visual inspection of test targets.
The cosmopolitan scope of republican citizenship (2003)

This essay aims to show that republicanism does not necessarily preclude the notion of cosmopolitan citizenship. The first part challenges the belief that republican citizenship must be tied to a nationalist reading, therefore reducing its cosmopolitan extension to a mere metaphor. Having argued that the political attributes and philosophical account of the notion of citizenship evolve according to the historical transformation of political communities, our contemporary era renders the notion of cosmopolitan citizenship plausible. Far from being irreconcilable, liberal cosmopolitanism has much to gain from republicanism since a thorough analysis of globalization reveals the limitations of the traditional liberal understanding of electoral and representative democracy. The second part of this article suggests that the republican theory of contestatory democracy enables us to better define the political attributes of cosmopolitan citizenship within a liberal conceptual framework.
The puzzling world of polyhedral dissections (1990)

Two-dimensional dissections two-dimensional combinatorial puzzles cubic block puzzles interlocking block puzzles the six-piece burr larger (and smaller) burrs the diagonal burr the rhombic dodecahedron and its stellations polyhedral puzzles with dissimilar pieces intersecting prisms puzzles that make different shapes coordinate motion puzzles puzzles using hexagonal or rhombic sticks split triangular sticks dissected rhombic dodecahedra miscellaneous confusing puzzles triacontahedral designs puzzles made of polyhedral blocks intermezzo the two tiers puzzle theme and variations blocks and pins woodworking techniques.
The human perirhinal cortex and semantic memory (2004)

Studies in macaque monkeys indicate that the perirhinal cortex in the temporal lobe participates in object memory. This function may be analogous to aspects of human semantic memory (knowledge of objects, concepts, faces and words). To date, the status of perirhinal cortex has not specifically been investigated in patients with semantic deficits as seen in semantic dementia, the temporal lobe variant of frontotemporal dementia. High-resolution three-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging was performed in subjects with semantic dementia and Alzheimer's disease (characterized in its early stages by selective episodic memory impairment) and in healthy age-matched controls. Hippocampal, perirhinal, temporopolar and entorhinal cortex volumes were measured by outlining areas on successive scan slices according to recognized landmarks. The entorhinal and hippocampal regions were further subdivided into anterior and posterior parts. In keeping with the hypothesized contribution of the perirhinal cortex to semantic memory function, we found greater involvement of this region, together with the temporopolar and anterior entorhinal cortices, in semantic dementia than in either Alzheimer's disease patients or control subjects. Performance on a range of semantic tests also correlated with perirhinal volume. Bilateral reduction in hippocampal volume compared with controls was seen in Alzheimer's disease. In conclusion, atrophy of the human perirhinal cortex, and of directly connected areas, was associated with semantic memory impairment but not episodic memory impairment, as predicted from the primate work.
Chronic Stress and Cancer Risk (2005)

Chronic Stress and Cancer RiskDoes stress speed up the onset of skin cancer?The answer, in mice anyway, appears to be "yes."Scientists at the Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center say that chronic stress may speed up the process in those at high-risk for the disease.Their new study, published in the December issue of the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, shows that mice exposed to stressful conditions and cancer-causing UV light develop skin cancers in less than half the time it took for non-stressed mice to grow tumors.The Hopkins investigators say that if what they are seeing in mice has relevance in man, stress-reducing programs like yoga and meditation may help those at high risk for skin cancer stay healthy longer."There's a lot of evidence pointing to the negative effects of chronic stress, which dampens our immune system and impacts various aspects of our health," says Francisco Tausk, M.D., associate professor of dermatology at Johns Hopkins and director of the study."But, to help create solid treatment strategies, we need a better understanding of the mechanisms of how stressors affect skin cancer development."Tausk exposed 40 mice to the scent of fox urine-the mouse equivalent of big-time stress-and large amounts of UV light.The first skin tumor in one of the mice appeared after eight weeks of testing.Mice exposed only to UV light began developing tumors 13 weeks later.By 21 weeks of testing, 14 of the 40 stressed mice had at least one tumor, and two non-stressed mice had tumors.Most tumors were squamous cell skin cancers, also known as non-melanoma cancers, but which have the potential to spread to other parts of the body.Chronic stress is known to suppress the activity of immune system cells that recognize foreign invading cells and target them for destruction.Acute stress, which is episodic and time-limited, such as parachuting or riding a roller coaster, may have the opposite effect of chronic stress."Acute stress actually can rev up the immune system," Tausk says.Tausk and his team will conduct more studies to find the cancer pathways influenced by chronic stress."Stress reduction programs usually are a good option for many people, but we think they may be more important for individuals at high-risk for skin cancer," he says.Fair-skinned people exposed to large amounts of UV light and patients previously diagnosed with squamous cell skin cancer, genetic diseases or organ transplants that predispose them to the disease are considered high-risk.The investigators urge people concerned about their risk for skin cancer to speak with their health-care provider before starting any stress-reduction or exercise program.
Low temperature thermal resistance for a new design of silver sinter heat exchanger (2009)

We have developed a novel procedure for constructing high surface area silver sinter heat exchangers. Our recipe incorporates nylon fibers having a diameter of ~ 50 microns and thin wires of bulk silver in the heat exchanger. In order to increase the thermal conductance of liquid helium within the heat exchanger, prior to sintering, the nylon fibers are dissolved with an organic acid leaving a network of channels. In addition, the silver wires reinforce the structural integrity, and reduce the resistance, of the silver sinter. We have constructed a 3-He melting curve thermometer (MCT) with this type of heat exchanger and measured the thermal time response of the liquid 3-He inside the MCT in the temperature range T = 2-150 mK. We find a thermal relaxation time of ~ 490 s at T ~ 1 mK. We have used scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to characterize the heat exchanger and BET absorption for determination of the specific surface area.
Advanced Oxidation Process Using Hydrogen Peroxide/ Microwave System for Solubilization of Phosphate (2005)

An advanced oxidation process (AOP) combining hydrogen peroxide and microwave heating was used for the solubilization of phosphate from secondary municipal sludge from an enhanced biological phosphorus removal process. The microwave irradiation is used as a generator agent of oxidizing radicals as well as a heating source in the process. This AOP process could facilitate the release of a large amount of the sludge-bound phosphorus from the sewage sludge. More than 84% of the total phosphorous could be released at a microwave heating time of 5 min at 170 degrees C. This innovative process has the potential of being applied to simple sludge treatment processes in domestic wastewater treatment and to the recovery of phosphorus from the wastewater.
Compartmentation of asparagine-linked oligosaccharide processing in the Golgi apparatus. (1983)

Golgi-associated processing of complex-type oligosaccharides linked to asparagine involves the sequential action of at least six enzymes. By equilibrium sucrose density gradient centrifugation of membranes from Chinese hamster ovary cells, we have partially resolved the set of four initial enzymes in the pathway (Mannosidase I, N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) Transferase I, Mannosidase II, and GlcNAc Transferase II) from two later-acting activities (galactosyltransferase and sialyltransferase). In view of the recent demonstration that galactosyltransferase is restricted to the trans face of the Golgi complex in HeLa cells (Roth, J., and E.G. Berger, 1982, J. Cell Biol., 93:223-229), our results suggest that removal of mannose and attachment of peripheral N-acetylglucosamine may occur in some or all of the remaining cisternae on the cis side of the Golgi stack.
Smooth Adversarial Training (2020)

It is commonly believed that networks cannot be both accurate and robust, that gaining robustness means losing accuracy. It is also generally believed that, unless making networks larger, network architectural elements would otherwise matter little in improving adversarial robustness. Here we present evidence to challenge these common beliefs by a careful study about adversarial training. Our key observation is that the widely-used ReLU activation function significantly weakens adversarial training due to its non-smooth nature. Hence we propose smooth adversarial training (SAT), in which we replace ReLU with its smooth approximations to strengthen adversarial training. The purpose of smooth activation functions in SAT is to allow it to find harder adversarial examples and compute better gradient updates during adversarial training. Compared to standard adversarial training, SAT improves adversarial robustness for "free", i.e., no drop in accuracy and no increase in computational cost. For example, without introducing additional computations, SAT significantly enhances ResNet-50's robustness from 33.0% to 42.3%, while also improving accuracy by 0.9% on ImageNet. SAT also works well with larger networks: it helps EfficientNet-L1 to achieve 82.2% accuracy and 58.6% robustness on ImageNet, outperforming the previous state-of-the-art defense by 9.5% for accuracy and 11.6% for robustness. Models are available at https://github.com/cihangxie/SmoothAdversarialTraining.
Cob (I)alamin als Katalysator 4. Mitteilung. Reduktion von α,β‐ungesättigten Nitrilen (1979)

Abstract Cob(I)alamin as Catalyst. 4. Communication. Reduction of α,β‐Unsaturated Nitriles Using catalytic amounts of cob (I)alamin and an excess of metallic zinc as source of electrons 1‐naphthonitril ( 5 ) has been reduced to (1‐naphthyl)methylamin ( 6 ) and in small amounts to (1‐naphthyl)methanol ( 7 ) and (1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐1‐naphthyl)methanol ( 8 ) (5 ½ h, CH 3 COOH/H 2 O; s. Scheme 3 ). Starting from cyclododecylideneacetonitrile ( 15 ) similar conditions (68 h, CH 3 COOH/H 2 O) produced the amines 16–19 as well as the nitrogen free saturated aldehyde 20 , the corresponding allylic alcohol 21 and the saturated derivative 22 (s. Scheme 6 ). It is deduced that the first attack of cob (I)alamin on an α,β‐unsaturated nitrile might occur on both the nitrile dipole as well as on the carbon atom in β‐position. Cob (I)alamin in aqueous acetic acid saturates the isolated double bonds in allylic alcohols and amines. In a slow reaction the two different aromatic rings of (1‐naphthyl)methanol ( 7 ) have been reduced giving the corresponding tetrahydronaphthalene derivatives 8 and 12 , and in one case the production of the octahydroderivative 14 has been observed in a low yield (s. Scheme 5 ).
LARGE DEFLECTION UPHEAVAL BUCKLING OF MARINE PIPELINES (1988)

It is the purpose of this paper to present a nonlinear analysis procedure which can be used to determine the strains and the deflections in a buried, heated marine pipeline which has suffered thermal buckling such that the pipeline over a certain distance has penetrated the sea bottom. A detailed analysis of this final buckling event is necessary in order to determine the cause for an upheaval event and forms the basis for decisions concerning possible continued operation until remedial action can be taken. The mathematical model includes in a consistent manner the important nonlinearities caused by; the elastic-plastic behaviour of the pipeline material, the geometric nonlinearities caused by the large deflections, the variation of the soil uplift resistance with the pipeline displacements, and the variable or deformation dependent axial resistance forces.
Growth hormone and adipose differentiation: growth hormone-induced antimitogenic state in 3T3-F442A preadipose cells. (1990)

An additional activity for pituitary growth hormone is described--i.e., the in vitro induction of an antimitogenic state in murine 3T3-F442A preadipocyte fibroblasts. We previously developed a serum-free, hormonally defined medium permissive for the adipose differentiation of 3T3-F442A cells. When 3T3-F442A fibroblasts were maintained in serum-free medium without insulin but with growth hormone (2 nM), typical adipose differentiation did not occur. However, we found that growth hormone induced a state of cellular refractoriness to the mitogenic stimulus of fetal bovine serum as assayed by de novo DNA synthesis. The mitogen refractory condition (i.e., the antimitogenic state) was time-dependent (half maximal at approximately 2.5 days) and growth hormone concentration-dependent (half maximal and maximal at approximately 0.05 and 2.0 nM, respectively). The antimitogenic state was specifically induced by growth hormone and was not mediated by insulin-like growth factor I or prolactin. The growth hormone-induced antimitogenic state was completely reversible. The antimitogenic state was not induced by growth hormone in 3T3-C2 cells, a sister clone of 3T3 cells that exhibits essentially no adipose conversion. The kinetics for growth hormone-dependent commitment to adipose differentiation and induction of the antimitogenic state were similar. We suggest a relationship of growth hormone-induced antimitogenic state and the growth hormone-induced adipose differentiation of 3T3-F442A cells.
Turf Grasses (2006)

A reliable and efficient genetic transformation protocol for various turfgrass species and elite cultivars has been achieved using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. We describe a general protocol for the establishment of embryogenic cell cultures, Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation, selection, and regeneration of transgenic turfgrass plants. Embryogenic callus is initiated from mature seeds, maintained by visual selection, and infected with an Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain (LBA4404) that contains either an herbicide-resistant bar gene or an antibiotic-resistant hyg gene driven either by a rice ubiquitin or CaMV35S promoter. Stable transformation efficiencies up to 43.3% were achieved. Southern blot and genetic analysis was used to confirm transgene integration in the turfgrass genomes and normal transmission and stable expression of the transgene in the T1 generation. We demonstrate herein that five elite cultivars of bentgrass can be genetically transformed using this single tissue culture media regime. Additionally, we report the successful Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of an elite tall fescue variety using minor variations in the same transformation protocol.
Noninvasive imaging of spontaneous retinoblastoma pathway-dependent tumors in mice. (2002)

Identification of the critical pathways involved in tumorigenesis should ultimately lead to the design of better anticancer agents that target specific components of the disrupted pathways. Murine models of spontaneous cancer in which tumor formation is dependent on defined genetic alterations provide a powerful test system for evaluating the therapeutic efficacy of pathway-specific antineoplastics. We have generated a conditional mouse model for retinoblastoma-dependent sporadic cancer that permits noninvasive monitoring of pituitary tumor development in live animals via in vivo bioluminescence imaging of luciferase expression. We show that the high sensitivity of bioluminescence imaging can be used for noninvasive detection of luciferase expression in pituitary glands from tumor-free animals and for in vivo quantitation of tumor burden over a large dynamic range. This mouse model permits longitudinal monitoring of tumor onset, progression, and response to therapy and may be used effectively for testing cancer prevention and treatment strategies based on therapeutics that specifically target the retinoblastoma pathway.