gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of operating conditions on particle size in sonocrystallization (2010)

Abstract This work presents systematic investigations on sonocrystallization to elucidate the effects of key variables on sonocrystallization product properties. A novel continuous flow sonocrystallization apparatus was used to prepare NaCl microparticles from a NaCl–ethanol–water antisolvent system. By implementing a full factorial experimental design, we investigated the effects of ultrasonic power (75–225 W), antisolvent feed rate (0.5–6.5 l/h), system flow rate (2.8–4.1 l/min) and sonication time (5–30 min) on product crystal size. Data from these experiments were regressed to develop an empirical model that was found to be in agreement with experiments. The model identified the interaction between sonication power and system flow to be rather significant. Model simulations found that particle size decreases when antisolvent feed rate or ultrasonic power increases. This was found to be in contrast to increasing the system flow which resulted in larger particle sizes. The regression model was subsequently used to determine optimal operating conditions that minimize mean size, as smaller sizes are commonly required for pharmaceuticals such as for inhalation particles. These optimal values were found to be as follows: antisolvent flow rate = 6.5 l/h, power ultrasound = 225 W, system flow = 2.8 l/min and sampling time = 15 min. The optimal mean size predicted at these conditions was 28.6 ± 5.7 µm which is very close to the observed value of 27.6 µm. A high‐speed camera was used to visualize the ultrasonic irradiation in the sonoreactor and was crucial in explaining the significant interactive effect of sonication power and system flow on crystal size. Copyright © 2010 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Poly(A)-dependent Transcription Termination (2003)

Genes encoding polyadenylated mRNAs depend on their poly(A) signals for termination of transcription. An unsolved problem is how the poly(A) signal triggers the polymerase to terminate. A popular model is that this occurs during extrusion of the poly(A) signal, at which time it interacts with factors on the transcription complex. To test this idea we used cis-antisense inhibition in vivo to probe the temporal relationship between poly(A) signal extrusion and the commitment of the polymerase to terminate. Our rationale was to inactivate the poly(A) signal at increasing times post-extrusion to determine the point beyond which it is no longer required for termination. We found that communication with the polymerase is not temporally restricted to the time of poly(A) signal extrusion, but is ongoing and perhaps random. Some polymerases terminate almost immediately. Others have yet to receive their termination instructions from the poly(A) signal even 500 bp downstream, as indicated by the ability of an antisense at this distance to block termination. Thus, the poly(A) signal can functionally interact with the polymerase at considerable distances down the template. This is consistent with the emerging picture of a processing apparatus that assembles and matures while riding with the polymerase.
In situ construction of a titanate–silver nanoparticle–titanate sandwich nanostructure on a metallic titanium surface for bacteriostatic and biocompatible implants (2012)

A synthetic approach has been developed to in situ construct a new hierarchical nanostructure as an ideal biocompatible and bacteriostatic implant. A highly porous nano-network made of sodium titanate is first formed on the titanium surface by hydrothermal treatment. Silver ions are then inserted between the layered titanate lattices to form silver titanate via ion-exchange with sodium ions. Finally, silver ions are reduced by glucose, leading to the in situ growth of Ag nanoparticles that are sandwiched between layer-structured hydrogen titanate. The amount and the size of the Ag nanoparticles in the titanate–Ag nanoparticles–titanate sandwich can be adjusted by the concentrations of both the AgNO3 and the glucose solutions. The test results show that the silver ions are completely leached from silver titanate after 7 days of immersion in an aqueous solution. In contrast, the Ag ions continue to be released from the titanate–Ag nanoparticle–titanate sandwich nanostructure after 15 days. This steady and prolonged release characteristic is helpful to the long-standing antibacterial process for prevention of severe infection after surgery. A series of antimicrobial and biocompatible tests have shown that the sandwich nanostructure with a low level of silver loading exhibits a bacteriostatic rate as high as 99.99% while retaining low toxicity against cells. The titanate–Ag nanoparticle–titanate sandwich nanostructure, which is fabricated with a low-cost surface modification method, is a promising implantable material that will find applications in artificial bones, joints and dental implants.
Spectrum of antiviral activity and mechanism of action of zidovudine. An overview. (1988)

Zidovudine is a potent in vitro inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with varying efficacy against other retroviruses. With the exception of Epstein-Barr virus, all non-retroviruses tested so far have been insensitive to inhibition by zidovudine. In vivo, efficacy of zidovudine was demonstrated against Rauscher murine leukemia virus and feline leukemia virus. In both experimental models, infections completely resolved in animals when the drug was administered soon after infection. These results suggest that prompt initiation of zidovudine therapy, following a known exposure to HIV, should be considered. Mechanism studies show that zidovudine is phosphorylated to the monophosphate and diphosphate derivatives by the host cell cytosolic thymidine kinase and thymidylate kinase, respectively. The identity of the enzyme that phosphorylates zidovudine diphosphate is not known, but is believed to be the cellular nucleoside diphosphate kinase. The triphosphate of zidovudine appears to be the active form of the drug. Zidovudine triphosphate competes well with thymidine 5'-triphosphate for binding to the HIV reverse transcriptase and also functions as an alternative substrate. Incorporation of zidovudine monophosphate results in chain termination. However, it is not clear which mechanism, chain termination or competition with thymidine 5'-triphosphate, or a combination of both, is responsible for the inhibition of HIV replication.
Involvement of Krüppel-like factor 6 (<i>KLF6</i>) mutation in the development of nonpolypoid colorectal carcinoma (2007)

These data suggest that KLF6 and p53 mutations are involved in the development of nonpolypoid colorectal carcinoma, whereas K-ras and B-raf mutations are not.
Les ontologies en agriculture (2011)

[Departement_IRSTEA]Ecotechnologies [TR1_IRSTEA]MOTIVE
Stereotactic biopsy of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast using an 11-gauge vacuum-assisted device: persistent underestimation of disease. (1999)

The 11-gauge directional vacuum-assisted biopsy technique may improve the accuracy of ductal carcinoma in situ diagnosis. Underestimation of disease still occurs, however.
Safety checking of machine code (2000)

We show how to determine statically whether it is safe for untrusted machine code to be loaded into a trusted host system.
Reduced storage tree-structured vector quantization (1993)

Methods are presented for reducing the table storage required when encoding and decoding with tree-structured vector quantization (TSVQ). The latter is a technique that requires many fewer arithmetic operations than unstructured vector quantization but at least as much storage. The new methods for reducing storage integrate a secondary quantizer into the design of TSVQ, so as to produce a tree structure that can be efficiently stored. Two of the techniques make use of the hierarchical nature of TSVQ. It is shown that, at the expense of a decrease in signal-to-quantization-noise ratio of 0.3 dB or less, encoder storage can be reduced by a factor of about ten and decoder storage can be reduced by a factor of about five. Comparisons are made with the method of codebook sharing.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An <i>Alphavirus</i> -derived replicon RNA vaccine induces SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibody and T cell responses in mice and nonhuman primates (2020)

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by infection with the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), is having a deleterious impact on health services and the global economy, highlighting the urgent need for an effective vaccine. Such a vaccine would need to rapidly confer protection after one or two doses and would need to be manufactured using components suitable for scale up. Here, we developed an <i>Alphavirus</i>-derived replicon RNA vaccine candidate, repRNA-CoV2S, encoding the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein. The RNA replicons were formulated with lipid inorganic nanoparticles (LIONs) that were designed to enhance vaccine stability, delivery, and immunogenicity. We show that a single intramuscular injection of the LION/repRNA-CoV2S vaccine in mice elicited robust production of anti-SARS-CoV-2 S protein IgG antibody isotypes indicative of a type 1 T helper cell response. A prime/boost regimen induced potent T cell responses in mice including antigen-specific responses in the lung and spleen. Prime-only immunization of aged (17 months old) mice induced smaller immune responses compared to young mice, but this difference was abrogated by booster immunization. In nonhuman primates, prime-only immunization in one intramuscular injection site or prime/boost immunizations in five intramuscular injection sites elicited modest T cell responses and robust antibody responses. The antibody responses persisted for at least 70 days and neutralized SARS-CoV-2 at titers comparable to those in human serum samples collected from individuals convalescing from COVID-19. These data support further development of LION/repRNA-CoV2S as a vaccine candidate for prophylactic protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Salamandra Robotica II: An Amphibious Robot to Study Salamander-Like Swimming and Walking Gaits (2013)

In this paper, we present Salamandra robotica II: an amphibious salamander robot that is able to walk and swim. The robot has four legs and an actuated spine that allow it to perform anguilliform swimming in water and walking on the ground. The paper first presents the new robot hardware design, which is an improved version of Salamandra robotica I. We then address several questions related to body-limb coordination in robots and animals that have a sprawling posture like salamanders and lizards, as opposed to the erect posture of mammals (e.g., in cats and dogs). In particular, we investigate how the speed of locomotion and curvature of turning motions depend on various gait parameters such as the body-limb coordination, the type of body undulation (offset, amplitude, and phase lag of body oscillations), and the frequency. Comparisons with animal data are presented, and our results show striking similarities with the gaits observed with real salamanders, in particular concerning the timing of the body's and limbs' movements and the relative speed of locomotion.
Conductivity, Viscosity, and Their Correlation of a Super-Concentrated Aqueous Electrolyte (2017)

A super-concentrated aqueous electrolyte, “water-in-bisalt (WiBS)”, consisting of 21 m lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide and 7 m lithium trifluoromethanesulfonate on the most concentrated end, was measured for its electrolytic conductivity κ and glass transition temperature Tg in wide ranges of salt concentration m and temperature θ, with Tg as an indicator for the electrolyte viscosity. The measured κ–(m, θ) data in its entirety was fitted with an extended Casteel–Amis equation for an accurate functional representation, and the κ–θ data for the most concentrated electrolytes were fitted with the Vogel–Fulcher–Tammann equation for an evaluation of the activation energy Ea and vanishing mobility temperature T0. The resultant values of κ and T0 are compared and correlated with Tg, and the possibility of the formation of a water–salt liquid structure under these super-concentrated environments is discussed.
Predictability of Quantitation of Small Virions by Electron Microscopy (1972)

Numerous studies of sedimentation techniques for counting virus particles using electron microscopy have shown an ultimate practical limit of detection of the order of 106 particles/ml. This report described (a) counting experiments using disposable molded nylon centrifuge tubes designed to concentrate and sediment small virus particles onto one microscope specimen grid and (b) a statistically derived method for determining the number of fields and particles that need to be counted for a desired precision.
ChemInform Abstract: ON THE VILSMEIER FORMYLATION OF SOME METHOXYTHIOPHENES (1981)

Abstract In Fortführung synthetischer Untersuchungen über pharmakologisch interessante Thiophene wird die Vilsmeier‐Haack‐Formylierung einiger Methoxythiophene untersucht.
The Soluble α-Glycerophosphate Oxidase from Enterococcus casseliflavus (1998)

The soluble flavoprotein alpha-glycerophosphate oxidase from Enterococcus casseliflavus catalyzes the oxidation of a "non-activated" secondary alcohol, in contrast to the flavin-dependent alpha-hydroxy- and alpha-amino acid oxidases. Surprisingly, the alpha-glycerophosphate oxidase sequence is 43% identical to that of the membrane-associated alpha-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase from Bacillus subtilis; only low levels of identity (17-22%) result from comparisons with other FAD-dependent oxidases. The recombinant alpha-glycerophosphate oxidase is fully active and stabilizes a flavin N(5)-sulfite adduct, but only small amounts of intermediate flavin semiquinone are observed during reductive titrations. Direct determination of the redox potential for the FAD/FADH2 couple yields a value of -118 mV; the protein environment raises the flavin potential by 100 mV in order to provide for a productive interaction with the reducing substrate. Steady-state kinetic analysis, using the enzyme-monitored turnover method, indicates that a ping-pong mechanism applies and also allows the determination of the corresponding kinetic constants. In addition, stopped-flow studies of the reductive half-reaction provide for the measurement of the dissociation constant for the enzyme. alpha-glycerophosphate complex and the rate constant for reduction of the enzyme flavin. These and other results demonstrate that this enzyme offers a very promising paradigm for examining the protein determinants for flavin reactivity and mechanism in the energy-yielding metabolism of alpha-glycerophosphate.
Highly Variable Expression of CYP1A1 in Human Liver and Impact on Pharmacokinetics of Riociguat and Granisetron in Humans (2019)

Cytochrome P450s (CYPs), a superfamily of enzymes, are involved in the biotransformation of endogenous and xenobiotic chemicals and mainly responsible for the metabolic clearance of widely prescribed drugs. Out of the 57 human isoforms, only a few, most notably CYP3A4, are considered to be important in this process. CYP1A1, one of the three isoforms of the CYP1 family, is widely believed to play an important role in the metabolism and activation of numerous procarcinogens, e.g., polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) or aromatic amines. It is also known that CYP1A1 is highly inducible by endogenous and exogenous factors, e.g., PAHs. However, CYP1A1 has not been considered to play a significant role in the metabolic clearance of drugs, since this isoform has been detected only in extrahepatic tissues in small amounts. In contrast to conventional wisdom, we herein demonstrate the expression of CYP1A1 protein in human liver microsomal preparations. The expression levels of CYP1A1 were quantified by Western blot and LC/MS analyses and corresponded well with enzymatic activities of highly selective CYP1A1 reactions. In a panel of 29 individual liver microsomal preparations, highly variable and substantial expression levels (up to ∼10 pmol/mg) were measured. Together with the high selectivity and especially the high metabolic efficiency of CYP1A1 shown for granisetron and riociguat, it is demonstrated that CYP1A1 plays an important role in the metabolic clearance of these drugs and is responsible for the clinically observed interindividual variability in their pharmacokinetics. Therefore, the importance of CYP1A1 in drug discovery and development needs to be reconsidered.
Data Quality and Integration Issues in Electronic Health Records (2009)

Ricardo João Cruz-Correia, Pedro Pereira Rodrigues, Alberto Freitas, Filipa Canario Almeida, Rong Chen, and Altamiro Costa-PereiraThirty years ago, Komaroff [1] warned that medical data collected on paper records were dened and collected with a marked degree of variability and inaccuracy. He claimed that the taking of a medical history, the performanceCONTENTS4.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................55 4.2 Fundamental Concepts ...............................................................................56
Cost-efficient CMOS RF tunable bandpass filter with active inductor-less biquads (2012)

This paper presents a CMOS RF tunable 4 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sup> -order active bandpass filter with the proposed inductor-less biquads. The NMOS cross-coupled pair is utilized in the biquad for the positive-feedback to form the complex pole, which enables the filter working at high frequency of 5GHz with low power of only 4.8mW from 1.2V power supply. Due to the inductor-less topology, the proposed filter only occupies 0.011mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> silicon area, which is cost-efficient and suitable for integration on chip. The center frequency can be tuned from 2GHz to 5GHz, and the Q factor is tuned from 2 to 8 to cover different bandwidth from 250MHz to 2.5GHz, which makes it suitable for the multi-band/multi-mode and SDR applications. The filer is demonstrated in a standard 65nm CMOS process. As for the center frequency of 5GHz and Q of 2, the simulated P1dB is -6.7dBm, and the simulated input referred noise (IRN) density is 14.2nV/sqrt(Hz).
A guinea pig model for Lyme disease (1993)

We report that outbred Hartley guinea pigs are susceptible to Borrelia burgdorferi. We recovered spirochetes from 57 of 60 (95%) guinea pigs inoculated when < or = 3 months of age. In contrast, animals inoculated when > or = 6 months of age were resistant to infection as defined by recovery of organisms at > or = 4 weeks postinoculation. Infection was widely disseminated: B. burgdorferi was recovered from 83% of bladders, 64% of knee joints, 57% of hearts, 48% of spleens, and 38% of spinal cords examined within 4 weeks of inoculation. Histopathologic changes were common in the heart (88%) (preferential involvement of perineural tissues near the annulus fibrosus) and bladder (76%) and were also noted in a minority of spinal cords (13%) and knee joints (9%). Western immunoblots demonstrated an immunoglobulin G response to B. burgdorferi, particularly to the 24-, 31- (OspA), 39-, and 41-kDa (flagellin) antigens. Infection was cleared from most tissues with the passage of time; spirochetes were recovered from 63% of tissues removed from guinea pigs at < or = 4 weeks after inoculation but from only 32% at > or = 8 weeks postinoculation (P < 0.001). An exception was the failure to clear spirochetes from infected knees, 90% of which were culture positive even when evaluated at > or = 8 weeks postinoculation. The guinea pig provides a new model useful for studying host-spirochete interactions in Lyme disease.
Carbon monoxide-binding properties of the cytochrome bo quinol oxidase complex in Escherichia coli are changed by copper deficiency in continuous culture (1992)

A strain of Escherichia coli having elevated levels of cytochrome bo and lacking the cytochrome bd quinol oxidase was grown in chemostat culture at low copper levels. Such cells had lowered levels of copper and of total cytochrome b. Cytochrome o concentration was unchanged when assayed by conventional CO difference spectroscopy, but apparently diminished by 80% in copper-deficient cells as determined by photodissociation of bound CO at 193 K. This is attributed to depletion of copper in the oxidase of copper-deficient cells, causing rapid recombination of photodissociated CO to haem O. CO recombination was also more sensitive to low intensities of actinic light in copper-depleted oxidase. The results illustrate a further similarity between the active sites of o- and aa3-type terminal oxidases.
Consensus principles for wound care research obtained using a <scp>D</scp>elphi process (2012)

Too many wound care research studies are poorly designed, badly executed, and missing crucial data. The objective of this study is to create a series of principles for all stakeholders involved in clinical or comparative effectiveness research in wound healing. The Delphi approach was used to reach consensus, using a web-based survey for survey participants and face-to-face conferences for expert panel members. Expert panel (11 members) and 115 wound care researchers (respondents) drawn from 15 different organizations. Principles were rated for validity using 5-point Likert scales and comments. A 66% response rate was achieved in the first Delphi round from the 173 invited survey participants. The response rate for the second Delphi round was 46%. The most common wound care researcher profile was age 46-55 years, a wound care clinic setting, and >10 years' wound care research and clinical experience. Of the initial 17 principles created by the panel, only four principles were not endorsed in Delphi round 1 with another four not requiring revision. Of the 14 principles assessed by respondents in the second Delphi round, only one principle was not endorsed and it was revised; four other principles also needed revision based on the use of specific words or contextual use. Of the 19 final principles, three included detailed numbered lists. With the wide variation in design, conduct, and reporting of wound care research studies, it is hoped that these principles will improve the standard and practice of care in this field.
On the optimal discrete bit loading for multicarrier systems with constraints (2004)

In this paper optimal discrete bit loading algorithms for multicarrier systems employing DMT (discrete multitone) are proposed. The solutions are derived under the additional constraints on either the maximum allowable energy for each subchannel or the maximum cardinality of the QAM constellations that are used. The optimal loading is proved to be a greedy algorithm, which employs a bit-removal procedure. In many practical cases it is more effective from a computational point of view in comparison with the corresponding optimal greedy algorithm employing bit-filling. Conditions for the optimality of a greedy approach (in general suboptimal) in this context are also provided. The solutions are developed in the framework of matroid theory, resorting to some results concerning combinatorial optimization.