gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Selection of Transformed Callus in a Liquid Medium and Regeneration of Transgenic Plants in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). (1994)

The effects of three antibiotics and culture methods were investigated to find out reliable selection procedure for Agrobacterium -mediated transformation in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). When cotyledonary explants without inoculation of Agrobacterium were cultured on agar medium containing kanamycin, geneticin (G 418) or hygromycin, callus formation and greening of explants were suppressed more effectively by G 418 or hygromycin than by kanamycin. However, G 418 and hygromycin could suppress effectively callus formation only at the part of explants contacting with an agar medium. In order to expose the whole surface of explants to antibiotics, tissues were cultured in a liquid medium. Combination of liquid culture and addition of G 418 or hygromycin were highly effective in suppressing callus formation from uninfected explants. Explants infected with Agrobacterium were cultured in a liquid medium with each antibiotic. Hygromycin or G 418 resistant calli were selected under the presence of 20-80 mg/l hygromycin or 20 mg/l G 418, respectively. Calli formed at 20 mg/l hygromycin were transferred to a regeneration medium, and regenerated plants were obtained via embryogenesis. PCR analysis demonstrated integration of hygromycin phosphotransferase (HPT) gene to all regenerated plantlets and transmission of HPT gene to their progeny.
Importance of Structural and Chemical Heterogeneity of Activated Carbon Surfaces for Adsorption of Dibenzothiophene (2005)

The performance of various activated carbons obtained from different carbon precursors (i.e., plastic waste, coal, and wood) as adsorbents for the desulfurization of liquid hydrocarbon fuels was evaluated. To increase surface heterogeneity, the carbon surface was modified by oxidation with ammonium persulfate. The results showed the importance of activated carbon pore sizes and surface chemistry for the adsorption of dibenzothiophene (DBT) from liquid phase. Adsorption of DBT on activated carbons is governed by two types of contributions: physical and chemical interactions. The former include dispersive interactions in the microporous network of the carbons. While the volume of micropores governs the amount physisorbed, mesopores control the kinetics of the process. On the other hand, introduction of surface functional groups enhances the performance of the activated carbons as a result of specific interactions between the acidic centers of the carbon and the basic structure of DBT molecule as well as sulfur-sulfur interactions.
IgA blocks IgM and IgG-initiated immune lysis by separate molecular mechanisms. (1983)

Circulating IgA which does not bind the first component of complement (C) and does not activate the classical C pathway, blocks the initiation of C-mediated immune effector mechanisms. In at least two clinical situations, epidemic meningococcal disease and severe hepatic dysfunction, IgA blockade of one such mechanism, immune lysis, results in susceptibility to hematogenous bacterial dissemination. The presence of strain-specific IgM, but not IgG, in the sera of susceptibles at the time of dissemination suggested that IgA blockade of IgM-initiated lysis involves a separate mechanism more sensitive to quantitative changes than that involved in IgA blockade of IgG-initiated lysis. We report here that whereas IgA blockade of IgG-initiated immune lysis is a competitive function of the ratio of IgA to IgG, the blocking of IgM-initiated lysis is a noncompetitive function of the ratio of IgA to target cells, independent of the concentration of IgM. In the presence of sufficient IgA to saturate binding sites, IgM is an impotent bystander unable to compete for sites or initiate lysis. Therefore, C-mediated effector mechanisms are more sensitive to quantitative changes in circulating IgA and target cells (binding sites) in the absence of IgG than in its presence. Neither mechanism appears related to binding kinetics.
One-Pot Synthesis of 3,4,5-Trisubstituted 1,2,4-Triazoles via the Addition of Hydrazides to Activated Secondary Amides (2015)

A general approach has been developed for the one-pot synthesis of 3,4,5-trisubstituted 1,2,4-triazoles from secondary amides and hydrazides via triflic anhydride activation followed by microwave-induced cyclodehydration. In addition, the 1,2,4-triazole moiety is shown to be a useful directing group for Ru-catalyzed C-H arylation. Access to 1,2,4-triazolophenanthridine can be achieved from the reaction products using a Pd-catalyzed intramolecular C-H functionalization reaction.
The new urbanism: toward an architecture of community (1994)

The costs, problems and realities of urban sprawl are everywhere. What has worked for the past 40 years can not be sustained or expanded further. New Urbanism, dynamic new planning and design concepts, is beginning to provide some hope that past mistakes of urban development need not be repeated. There is a broad and growing trend toward the restoration of community and a preservation of environmental resources. Almost a nostalgic return to smaller and more intimate neighborhoods, new urbanism integrates housing, shops, workplaces, parks and civic facilities into close-knit communities. Walkways, public places and parks are central to the planning. A wide range of housing styles offers affordability to all economic levels of a community. Public transportation is an important part of any design proposal. This book provides 24 case studies describing projects from Seaside in Florida to Cite Internationale in Canada and is an invaluable guide for architects, urban planners, civic leaders and concerned and interested citizens.
ChemInform Abstract: High‐Pressure NMR (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Highly Potent Bactericidal Activity of Porous Metal‐Organic Frameworks (2012)

Recent outbreaks of bacterial infection leading to human fatalities have been a motivational force for us to develop antibacterial agents with high potency and long-term stability. A novel cobalt (Co) based metal-organic framework (MOF) was tested and shown to be highly effective at inactivating model microorganisms. Gram-negative bacteria, Escherichia coli (strains DH5alpha and XL1-Blue) were selected to determine the antibacterial activities of the Co MOF. In this MOF, the Co serves as a central element and an octa-topic carboxylate ligand, tetrakis [(3,5-dicarboxyphenyl)-oxamethyl] methane (TDM(8-) ) serves as a bridging linker. X-ray crystallographic studies indicate that Co-TDM crystallizes in tetragonal space group P$\overline 4$2(1) m with a porous 3D framework. The potency of the Co-TDM disinfectant was evaluated using a minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) benchmark and was determined to be 10-15 ppm within a short incubation time period (<60 min). Compared with previous work using silver nanoparticles and silver-modified TiO(2) nano- composites over the same time period, the MBC and effectiveness of Co-TDM are superior. Electron microscopy images indicate that the Co-TDM displayed distinctive grain boundaries and well-developed reticulates. The Co active sites rapidly catalyzed the lipid peroxidation, causing rupture of the bacterial membrane followed by inactivation, with 100% recycling and high persistence (>4 weeks). This MOF-based approach may lead to a new paradigm for MOF applications in diverse biological fields due to their inherent porous structure, tunable surface functional groups, and adjustable metal coordination environments.
From RNAi Screens to Molecular Function in Embryonic Stem Cells (2011)

The ability of embryonic stem (ES) cells to generate any of the around 220 cell types of the adult body has fascinated scientists ever since their discovery. The capacity to re-program fully differentiated cells into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells has further stimulated the interest in ES cell research. Fueled by this interest, intense research has provided new insights into the biology of ES cells in the recent past. The development of large-scale and high throughput RNAi technologies has made it possible to sample the role of every gene in maintaining ES cell identity. Here, we review the RNAi screens performed in ES cells to date and discuss the challenges associated with these large-scale experiments. Furthermore, we provide a perspective on how to streamline the molecular characterization following the initial phenotypic description utilizing bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) transgenesis.
The antimicrobial peptide ZY4 combats multidrug-resistant <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> and <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> infection (2019)

The emergence of carbapenem-resistant <i>Acinetobacter baumannii</i> and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> raises fears of untreatable infections and poses the greatest health threats. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are regarded as the most ideal solution to this menace. In this study, a set of peptides was designed based on our previously reported peptide cathelicidin-BF-15, and the lead peptide ZY4, a cyclic peptide stabilized by a disulfide bridge with high stability in vivo (the half-life is 1.8 h), showed excellent activity against <i>P. aeruginosa</i> and <i>A. baumannii</i>, including standard and clinical multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. ZY4 killed bacteria by permeabilizing the bacterial membrane and showed low propensity to induce resistance, exhibited biofilm inhibition and eradication activities, and also killed persister cells. Notably, administration of ZY4 decreased susceptibility to lung infection by <i>P. aeruginosa</i> and suppressed dissemination of <i>P. aeruginosa</i> and <i>A. baumannii</i> to target organs in a mouse septicemia infection model. These findings identify ZY4 as an ideal candidate against MDR bacterial infections.
Nitric oxide is involved in anoxic preconditioning neuroprotection in rat hippocampal slices (1999)

Sublethal anoxia/ischemia protects against subsequent damaging insults in intact brain or hippocampal slices. To help further understand mechanisms underlying anoxic/ischemic preconditioning, we tested three hypotheses which were that: (a) anoxic preconditioning (APC) improves electrical recovery in rat hippocampal slices; (b) anoxic preconditioning requires nitric oxide (NO); and (c) anoxic preconditioning blocks mitochondrial dysfunction that occurs following re-oxygenation after anoxia. Control hippocampal slices underwent a single 'test' anoxic insult. Experimental slices were preconditioned by 3 short anoxic insults prior to the 'test' insult. Evoked potentials (EPs), and NADH redox status were recorded prior to, during and after preconditioning and/or 'test' anoxic insults. To examine the role of NO, studies sought to determine whether APC could be produced by the NO donor, DEA/NO, and whether APC could be inhibited by NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor (7-nitroindazole). EP amplitudes recovered significantly better after reoxygenation in preconditioned slices and after NO-emulated preconditioning (90.0+/-17.7% and 90.0+/-21.3%, respectively, n=9, ** p<0.01, vs. 17.0+/-7.9%, n=9, in control slices). Inhibition of NOS blocked APC protection (6.8+/-6.8%, n=9). The intensity of NADH hyperoxidation was not significantly different among groups following 'test' anoxia. These data confirm that preconditioning by anoxia improves electrical recovery after anoxia in hippocampal slices. Evidence supports that NO from constitutive hippocampal NOS may be involved in the neuroprotection afforded by preconditioning by a mechanism that does not change the apparent mitochondrial hyperoxidation after anoxia.
Nanomicelle Formulation Modifies The Pharmacokinetic Profiles and Cardiac Toxicity of Daunorubicin (2014)

Leukemia stem cell-targeting micelles dramatically change the pharmacokinetics and reduce the cardiac toxicity of DNR, which may enable improved DNR-based treatment of acute myeloid leukemia.
Embedded STT-MRAM for energy-efficient and cost-effective mobile systems (2014)

STT-MRAM is a logic-friendly nonvolatile memory that can realize a combination of high speed, low energy, and high endurance. Embedded STT-MRAM is positioned attractively not only for emerging low standby-power connectivity systems such as wearables, IOT (Internet-of-Things), and secure elements, but also for high-performance mobile SOC as an embedded nonvolatile working memory. With recent breakthroughs in CoFeB-based perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJ), embedded STT-MRAM has become more energy-efficient and cost-effective in conjunction with robust data retention, scalable for advanced logic nodes.
Asymmetric synthesis of optically active methyl-2-benzamido-methyl-3-hydroxy-butyrate by robust short-chain alcohol dehydrogenases from Burkholderia gladioli (2015)

Three short-chain alcohol dehydrogenases from Burkholderia gladioli were discovered for their great potential in the dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformation of methyl 2-benzamido-methyl-3-oxobutanoate, and their screening against varied organic solvents and substrates. This is the first report of recombinant enzymes capable of achieving this reaction with the highest enantio- and diastereo-selectivity.
Aerial image measurement system for 157nm lithography masks (2003)

The first Aerial Image Measurement System (AIMS™) (1) for 157 nm lithography worldwide has been brought into operation successfully. Due to the wavelength in the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) spectrum major efforts had been required for the illumination and imaging part of the optical components as well as for the purging of the system which will be discussed. The system's performance will be demonstrated by AIMS™ measurements at 157 nm wavelength on binary chrome photomasks. Several through focus series have been measured in order to evaluate transmission, linewidth (CD) results, Bossung curves and to calculate the exposure-defocus windows. Detailed results of short-term and long-term CD repeatability measurements are discussed which prove the usage of the system for mask evaluation for 157nm lithography. Measurements of mask structures with feature sizes at mask level of 240 nm will be presented and discussed.
Comparison of bulk electron density and voxel‐based electron density treatment planning (2011)

The use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) alone for radiation planning is limited by the lack of electron density for dose calculations. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the dosimetric accuracy of using bulk electron density as a substitute for computed tomography (CT)-derived electron density in intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) treatment planning of head and neck (HN) cancers. Ten clinically-approved, CT-based IMRT treatment plans of HN cancer were used for this study. Three dose distributions were calculated and compared for each treatment plan. The first calculation used CT-derived density and was assumed to be the most accurate. The second calculation used a homogeneous patient density of 1 g/cm3. For the third dose calculation, bone and air cavities were contoured and assigned a uniform density of 1.5 g/cm3 and 0 g/cm3, respectively. The remaining tissues were assigned a density of 1 g/cm3. The use of homogeneous anatomy resulted in up to 4%-5% deviations in dose distribution as compared to CT-derived electron density calculations. Assigning bulk density to bone and air cavities significantly improved the accuracy of the dose calculations. All parameters used to describe planning target volume coverage were within 2% of calculations based on CT-derived density. For organs at risk, most of the parameters were within 2%, with the few exceptions located in low-dose regions. The data presented here show that if bone and air cavities are overridden with the proper density, it is feasible to use a bulk electron density approach for accurate dose calculation in IMRT treatment planning of HN cancers. This may overcome the problem of the lack of electron density information should MRI-only simulation be performed.
Pulmonary intravascular macrophages in domestic animal species: Review of structural and functional properties (1988)

In dogs, laboratory animals, and man, the clearance of bacteria and particulates from blood occurs predominantly in hepatic Kupffer cells and splenic macrophages. In contrast, removal of blood-borne particulates in calves, sheep, goats, cats, and pigs occurs predominantly in pulmonary intravascular macrophages (PIMs). Review of recent studies indicates that PIMs are a resident cell population, junctionally adherent to the capillary endothelium of lungs and morphologically similar to hepatic Kupffer cells. PIMs are a pulmonary constituent of the mononuclear phagocyte system with respect to secretory, endocytic, and functional properties. Differentiated PIMs are rare in newborn pigs, and the majority of cells closely apposed to capillary endothelium consists of monocytes, which are occasionally in mitosis. In 7-day-old and older pigs, most cells apposed to capillary endothelium have characteristics of differentiated PIMs. This suggests a monocytic origin of PIMs in pigs. Perinatal colonization of lung capillaries by monocytes and their subsequent differentiation into PIMs represent a component of postnatal lung development. Estimates of relative PIM numbers in ovine and porcine lung parenchyma suggest cell densities similar to that of rat hepatic Kupffer cells. Apart from phagocytic properties, PIMs participate in the removal and disintegration of aged and impaired blood cells. After phagocytic stimulation, isolated PIMs secrete oxygen radicals, which are essential for microbicidal function. Similarly, by secreting bioactive lipids, stimulated PIMs may contribute to regulation of pulmonary hemodynamics. After receiving minute amounts of bacterial endotoxin, pulmonary injury is pronounced in sheep, calves, pigs, and cats, but not in laboratory animals and dogs. This presumably is related to the secretion of bioactive lipids by PIMs.
Chemical Composition of<i>Gaura drummondii</i>Flower Volatiles (1991)

ABSTRACT The chemical composition of the volatiles from the Gaura drummondii (night-blooming) flowers was determined by GC/MS, NMR and IR. The major compounds found were: syn- and anti-2-methyl-butanal oximes. Ten other compounds were also identified.
Experimental demonstration of an all-optical routing node for multihop wavelength routed networks (1996)

The experimental demonstration of an all-optical routing node for multihop packet wavelength routed networks is described. Packets are routed in real time between three space ports and five wavelengths using subcarrier multiplexed encoded headers. Fast wavelength conversion over 40 nm is achieved using a novel four section tunable semiconductor laser and a semiconductor optical amplifier. Simultaneous wavelength conversion of the baseband payload and subcarrier multiplexed header is also demonstrated.
Activity In Vivo of Anti-Trypanosoma cruzi Compounds Selected from a High Throughput Screening (2011)

Novel technologies that include recombinant pathogens and rapid detection methods are contributing to the development of drugs for neglected diseases. Recently, the results from the first high throughput screening (HTS) to test compounds for activity against Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigote infection of host cells were reported. We have selected 23 compounds from the hits of this HTS, which were reported to have high anti-trypanosomal activity and low toxicity to host cells. These compounds were highly purified and their structures confirmed by HPLC/mass spectrometry. The compounds were tested in vitro, where about half of them confirmed the anti-T. cruzi activity reported in the HTS, with IC50 values lower than 5 µM. We have also adapted a rapid assay to test anti-T. cruzi compounds in vivo using mice infected with transgenic T. cruzi expressing luciferase as a model for acute infection. The compounds that were active in vitro were also tested in vivo using this assay, where we found two related compounds with a similar structure and low in vitro IC50 values (0.11 and 0.07 µM) that reduce T. cruzi infection in the mouse model more than 90% after five days of treatment. Our findings evidence the benefits of novel technologies, such as HTS, for the drug discovery pathway of neglected diseases, but also caution about the need to confirm the results in vitro. We also show how rapid methods of in vivo screening based in luciferase-expressing parasites can be very useful to prioritize compounds early in the chain of development.
An improved approach for measuring immersion freezing in large droplets over a wide temperature range (2016)

Immersion freezing (ice nucleation by particles immersed in supercooled water) is a key process for forming ice in mixed-phase clouds. Immersion freezing experiments with particles in microliter-sized (millimeter-sized) water droplets are often applied to detecting very small numbers of ice nucleating particles (INPs). However, the application of such large droplets remains confined to the detection of INPs active at temperatures much higher than the homogeneous freezing limit, because of artifacts related to freezing of water droplets without added INPs at temperatures of -25 °C or higher on a supporting substrate. Here I report a method for measuring immersion freezing in super-microliter-sized droplets over a wide temperature range. To reduce possible artifacts, droplets are pipetted onto a thin layer of Vaseline and cooled in a clean booth. In the Cryogenic Refrigerator Applied to Freezing Test (CRAFT) system, freezing of pure (Milli-Q) water droplets are limited at temperatures above -30 °C. An intercomparison of various techniques for immersion freezing experiments with reference particles (Snomax and illite NX) demonstrates that despite the use of relatively large droplets, the CRAFT setup allows for evaluating the immersion freezing activity of the particles over almost the entire temperature range (about -30 °C to 0 °C) relevant for mixed-phase cloud formation.
Effects of radiation damping on beam quality in the inverse free electron laser accelerator (1987)

The effect of synchrotron radiation damping on the transverse beam emittance for an inverse free-electron laser (IFEL) accelerator is studied.A beam envelope equation is derived and solved for an arbitrarily tapered wiggler field.The expression for the evolution of the normalized transverse beam emittance is derived and found to decrease exponentially with distance, due to radiation damping, until it is limited by quantum excitation.Our results show that for acceleration distances comparable to the radiation damping e-folding length, substantial improvements in the beam quality can be realized.