gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Digital Distractions in the Classroom: Student Classroom Use of Digital Devices for Non-Class Related Purposes (2013)

Digital devices such as smart phones, tablets, and laptop computers are important college classroom tools. They support student learning by providing access to information outside classroom walls. However, when used for non-class purposes, digital devices may interfere with classroom learning. A survey study asked college students to describe their behavior and perceptions regarding classroom use of digital devices for non-class purposes. The respondents included 777 students at six U.S. universities. The average respondent used a digital device for non-class purposes 10.93 times during a typical school day for activities including texting, social networking, and emailing. Most respondents did so to fight boredom, entertain themselves, and stay connected to the outside world. More than 80% of the respondents indicated such behavior caused them to pay less attention in the classroom and miss instruction. A majority of respondents favor policies governing digital device distractions in the classroom.
Drug points: Increased female sexual response after oxytocin (1994)

A 26 year old woman pre- sented 17 months after the birth of her second child for some temporary help with the breast feeding of her nephew.The breast feeding of her child had been intermittent after 6-8 months and ceased at 15 months.Lactogenesis had continued with minimal milk expressed.A 28-32 day menstrual cycle had returned by 12 months post partum.A progestogen only pill (levonorgestrel 30 ,ug) had been used since 15 months.A synthetic oxytocin spray (Synto- cinon; Sandoz) was used on day 17 of
Characteristics of Mitochondrial Transformation into Human Cells (2016)

Mitochondria can be incorporated into mammalian cells by simple co-incubation of isolated mitochondria with cells, without the need of transfection reagents or any other type of intervention. This phenomenon was termed mitochondrial transformation, and although it was discovered in 1982, currently little is known regarding its mechanism(s). Here we demonstrate that mitochondria can be transformed into recipient cells very quickly, and co-localize with endogenous mitochondria. The isolated mitochondria interact directly with cells, which engulf the mitochondria with cellular extensions in a way, which may suggest the involvement of macropinocytosis or macropinocytosis-like mechanisms in mitochondrial transformation. Indeed, macropinocytosis inhibitors but not clathrin-mediated endocytosis inhibition-treatments, blocks mitochondria transformation. The integrity of the mitochondrial outer membrane and its proteins is essential for the transformation of the mitochondria into cells; cells can distinguish mitochondria from similar particles and transform only intact mitochondria. Mitochondrial transformation is blocked in the presence of the heparan sulfate molecules pentosan polysulfate and heparin, which indicate crucial involvement of cellular heparan sulfate proteoglycans in the mitochondrial transformation process.
Ultrastructural immuno-localization of CUT-1 and CUT-2 antigenic sites in the cuticles of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. (1994)

CUT-1 and CUT-2 are two distinct proteins found in cuticlin, the insoluble residue of the cuticles of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. They are the products of genes which have been previously characterized molecularly. These proteins have been expressed as recombinant in Escherichia coli and specific antisera have been raised against them. The experiments reported here regard their ultrastructural immuno-gold localization either on purified cuticles or on whole worms of various stages of development of Caenorhabditis elegans. A location in the cortical layer of the isolated cuticles is common to all stages, whereas there is a dauer specific location in the fibrous ribbon underneath the alae. These localizations are compared with immuno-labelling obtained using a serum raised against the whole cuticlin residue. CUT-1 and CUT-2 epitopes are easily and specifically lost during conventional chemical fixation.
VASCULAR AND SENSORY RESPONSES OF HUMAN SKIN TO MILD INJURY AFTER TOPICAL TREATMENT WITH CAPSAICIN (1981)

1 Immediately after several topical applications of capsaicin at 2-hourly intervals, human forearm skin would no longer develop flare (vasodilation) around a small injury. At the same time heat pain thresholds were reduced on average by 3.5 degrees C. These results are consistent with block by capsaicin of the effector side of the axon reflex, perhaps by depleting nerve terminals of substance P. 2 Over a period from several days to several weeks after treatment, flare was diminished and heat pain thresholds were slightly elevated. These changes may be due to long-lasting damage of cutaneous nerve terminals by capsaicin.
Skp2‐mediated p27(Kip1) degradation during S/G<sub>2</sub> phase progression of adipocyte hyperplasia (2006)

p27(Kip1), an important regulator of Cdk2 activity and G1/S transition, is tightly regulated in a cell-type and condition-specific manner to integrate mitogenic and differentiation signals governing cell cycle progression. We show that p27 protein levels progressively declined from mid-G1 through late-G2 phase as density-arrested 3T3-L1 preadipocytes synchronously reentered the cell cycle during early stages of adipocyte differentiation. This dramatic fall in p27 protein accumulation was due, at least in part, to a decrease in protein stability. Specific inhibitors of the 26S proteasome were shown to completely block the decrease in p27 protein levels throughout G1, increase the abundance of ubiquitylated p27 protein, and inhibit G1/S transition resulting in G1 arrest. It is further demonstrated that p27 was phosphorylated on threonine 187 during S phase progression by Cdk2 and that phosphorylated p27 was polyubiquitylated and degraded. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Skp2 and Cks1 dramatically increased during S/G2 phase progression concomitantly with the maximal fall in p27 protein. Complete knockdown of Skp2 with RNA interference partially prevented p27 degradation equivalent to that observed with Cdk2 blockade suggesting that the SCF(Skp2) E3 ligase and other proteasome-dependent mechanisms contribute to p27 degradation during preadipocyte replication. Interestingly, Skp2-mediated p27 degradation was not essential for G1/S or S/G2 transition as preadipocytes shifted from quiescence to proliferation during adipocyte hyperplasia. Finally, evidence is presented suggesting that elevated p27 protein in the absence of Skp2 was neutralized by sequestration of p27 protein into Cyclin D1/Cdk4 complexes.
Fixation for the 1990's: a Review of Needs and Accomplishments (1993)

Neutral buffered formalin (NBF) has been the standard fixative in histopathology for many decades; however, new technologies and increasing time constraints have made this common fixative less widely applicable. The attributes of universal and ideal fixatives are reviewed and compared with those of NBF. On the strength of a growing body of literature and experience in the histopathology field, zinc formalin solutions are recommended as a functional replacement for NBF. Zinc formalin permits better morphological preservation and preserves immunoreactivity even after prolonged fixation times. Coordinated zinc ions are postulated to maintain macromolecules in their original three-dimensional conformation as formaldehyde forms addition products with them. Significant crosslinking and gross distortion of tertiary structure are thereby avoided.
Pannexin-1 hemichannel–mediated ATP release together with P2X1 and P2X4 receptors regulate T-cell activation at the immune synapse (2010)

Engagement of T cells with antigen-presenting cells requires T-cell receptor (TCR) stimulation at the immune synapse. We previously reported that TCR stimulation induces the release of cellular adenosine-5'-triphosphate (ATP) that regulates T-cell activation. Here we tested the roles of pannexin-1 hemichannels, which have been implicated in ATP release, and of various P2X receptors, which serve as ATP-gated Ca(2+) channels, in events that control T-cell activation. TCR stimulation results in the translocation of P2X1 and P2X4 receptors and pannexin-1 hemichannels to the immune synapse, while P2X7 receptors remain uniformly distributed on the cell surface. Removal of extracellular ATP or inhibition, mutation, or silencing of P2X1 and P2X4 receptors inhibits Ca(2+) entry, nuclear factors of activated T cells (NFAT) activation, and induction of interleukin-2 synthesis. Inhibition of pannexin-1 hemichannels suppresses TCR-induced ATP release, Ca(2+) entry, and T-cell activation. We conclude that pannexin-1 hemichannels and P2X1 and P2X4 receptors facilitate ATP release and autocrine feedback mechanisms that control Ca(2+) entry and T-cell activation at the immune synapse.
Brake-Drum Metallurgy (1932)

<div class="htmlview paragraph"><b>E</b>ITHER steel or cast iron will provide a good braking surface provided the grain structure is laminated pearlite, according to the author. Such a structure can be secured in pressed steel by alloying or by case-hardening, in high-carbon steel rings welded to a stamped back and in centrifugally cast iron by careful control without alloying. Uniformity of analysis is important and control of the rate of cooling is still more important in castings. The graphite content of iron is not considered important as a lubricant. Methods of centrifugal casting and of testing are illustrated; also the form and microstructure of representative brake-drums.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Discussers agree as to the microstructure needed and present additional views as to ways of securing that structure and the desirability of capacity for absorbing and dissipating heat. They believe grain size and strength more important than hardness.</div>
Increased Risk of Benign Prostate Hyperplasia in Sleep Apnea Patients: A Nationwide Population-Based Study (2014)

Our study results indicate that patients with SA are associated with increased longitudinal risk of BPH development, and that the effects of SA on BPH development are age-dependent.
Power-scalable system of phase-locked single-mode diode lasers (1999)

The direct use of diode lasers for high-power applications in material processing is limited to applications with relatively low beam quality and power density requirements. To achieve high beam quality one must use single-mode diode lasers, however with the drawback of relatively low optical output powers from these components. To realize a high-power system while conserving the high beam quality of the individual emitters requires coherent coupling of the emitters. Such a power-scalable system consisting of 19 slave lasers that are injection locked by one master laser has been built and investigated, with low-power diode lasers used for system demonstration. The optical power of the 19 injection-locked lasers is coupled into polarization-maintaining single-mode fibers and geometrically superimposed by a lens array and a focusing lens. The phase of each emitter is controlled by a simple electronic phase-control loop. The coherence of each slave laser is stabilized by computer control of the laser current and guarantees a stable degree of coherence of the whole system of 0.7. An enhancement factor of 13.2 in peak power density compared with that which was achievable with the incoherent superposition of the diode lasers was observed.
Basic biotechnology : a student's guide (1987)

Part I: Introduction Biotechnology: History, Processes and Products Part II: Fundamentals of Biotechnology Microorganisms: Biology and Genetic Procedures for Strain Improvement The Metabolism of Microorganisms Secondary Metabolism Plant and Animal Cell Culture Bioreactors Biological Regulation and Process Control Part III: Processes and Products Biotechnological Processes for the Manufacture of Foodstuffs and Fodders Fermentation Processes: Ethanol, Wine, Beer Primary Metabolites Enzymes Antibiotics and Other Secondary Metabolites Biotransformations Production of Microbial Biomass Environmental Biotechnology Microbial Leaching Economic Aspects of Fermentation Processes Appendix I: Journals, Periodicals, Reviews Appendix II: Biotechnological Abbreviations, Formulas and Symbols Appendix III: Laws, Guidelines and Instructions Appendix IV: Basic Information for Working in Biotechnology Appendix V: Manufacturing Firms Appendix VI: Products from Biotechnological Processes.
Biocompatible and Biodegradable Ultrafine Fibrillar Scaffold Materials for Tissue Engineering by Facile Grafting of <scp>l</scp>-Lactide onto Chitosan (2008)

A chitosan derivative was prepared with good yields using a "one pot" approach by grafting L-lactide oligomers via ring opening polymerization. Side chains are primarily attached to hydroxyl groups located on carbons 3 and 6 of the glucosamine ring, while the amine group remains nonfunctionalized. By increasing the L-lactide to chitosan ratio, side chain length is controlled. This allows the manipulation of the biodegradation rate and hydrophilicity of the tissue engineering scaffold material. This general synthetic route renders functionalized chitosan soluble in a broad range of organic solvents, facilitating formation of ultrafine fibers via electrospinning. Cytotoxicity tests using fibroblasts (L929 cell line) performed on electrospun L-lactide modified chitosan fibers showed that the specimen with the highest molar ratio of L-lactide (1:24) investigated in this study is the most promising material for tissue engineering purposes, while less stable formulations might still find application in drug delivery vehicles.
Accurate prediction of experimental cancer chemosensitivity using the subrenal capsule xenograft assay (1986)

The chemosensitivity of a murine lung carcinoma grown as a xenograft under the kidney capsule of a rat was compared to the chemosensitivity of this tumor grown as a spontaneous metastasis in its syngeneic host. The chemosensitivity of the tumor to intravenously or subcutaneously administered drugs determined in the short-term xenograft assay accurately predicted the chemosensitivity of this tumor when it was growing as a spontaneous micrometastasis in its syngeneic host, indicating that in both situations the pharmacological determinants of tumor response to anticancer drugs were similar. These results suggest that tumors growing as xenografts under the kidney capsule accurately reflect the responsiveness of these tumors to chemotherapy and support further investigation of the xenograft subrenal capsule assay as a model that may be useful in predicting effective chemotherapy for human tumors.
Effect of heavy metals on germination of seeds (2013)

With the expansion of the world population, the environmental pollution and toxicity by chemicals raises concern. Rapid industrialization and urbanization processes has led to the incorporation of pollutants such as pesticides, petroleum products, acids and heavy metals in the natural resources like soil, water and air thus degrading not only the quality of the environment, but also affecting both plants and animals. Heavy metals including lead, nickel, cadmium, copper, cobalt, chromium and mercury are important environmental pollutants that cause toxic effects to plants; thus, lessening productivity and posing dangerous threats to the agro-ecosystems. They act as stress to plants and affect the plant physiology. In this review, we have summarized the effects of heavy metals on seeds of different plants affecting the germination process. Although reports exist on mechanisms by which the heavy metals act as stress and how plants have learnt to overcome, the future scope of this review remains in excavating the signaling mechanisms in germinating seeds in response to heavy metal stress.
Real-Time LDCRF-Based Method for Inferring TV Viewer Interest (2013)

Context-awareness provides users with more versatile user interface environments when using digital devices. In a TV viewing environment, context-awareness techniques can be used for recommending useful information related to the viewed program. To incorporate a user's preference in doing so, it is vital to infer whether the viewer is actually interested in the TV program. Therefore, we propose a method for inferring viewer interest in a TV program. In the proposed method, we regard the problem of inferring viewer interest as a sequential labeling problem and solve it by applying latent dynamic conditional random fields to data sequences generated by integrating the operational log information of user interaction and visual information of viewer behaviors.
Physical layer network coding with multiple antennas (2009)

The two-phase MIMO NC (network coding) scheme can be used to boost the throughput in a two-way relay channel in which nodes are equipped with multiple antennas. The obvious strategy is for the relay node to extract the individual packets from the two end nodes and mix the two packets to form a network-coded packet. In this paper, we propose a new scheme called MIMO PNC (physical network coding), in which the relay extracts the summation and difference of the two end packets and then converts them to the network-coded form. MIMO PNC is a natural combination of the single-antenna PNC scheme and the linear MIMO detection scheme. The advantages of MIMO PNC are many. First, it removes the stringent carrier-phase requirement in single-antenna PNC. Second, it is linear in complexity with respect to the constellation size and the number of simultaneous data streams in MIMO. Simulation shows that MIMO PNC outperforms the straightforward MIMO NC significantly under random Rayleigh fading channel. Based on our analysis, we further conjecture that MIMO PNC outperforms MIMO NC under all possible realizations of the channel.
Determination of the Composition in Sugars and Organic Acids in Peach Using Mid Infrared Spectroscopy: Comparison of Prediction Results According to Data Sets and Different Reference Methods (2013)

The prediction of internal quality properties, such as sweetness and acidity, in peach fruit by mid infrared spectroscopy is of interest for rapid determination. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) was tested here on two populations of peach fruits issued from contrasting genitors providing a large phenotypic variability. Over two successive years, 284 samples in 2006 and 483 samples in 2007 were characterized for soluble solids content (SSC), titratable acidity (TA), glucose, fructose, sucrose, malic acid, and citric acid contents. Sugar and organic acid composition were determined by three methods: colorimetric enzymatic measurements (ENZ), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), or proton NMR spectroscopy ((1)H NMR), depending on the samples. For all samples, fruit homogenates were analyzed in ATR-FTIR using the same methodology and the same spectrometer. The objective here was to evaluate the effect of reference methods on the prediction performance. The best results were generally observed for SSC and TA, the percentage of the root-mean-square error of cross validation (RMSECV%) ranging respectively between 5.8% and 8.7% and between 5.9% and 8.0%, depending on the samples. For individual sugars and organic acids, the best correlations were obtained between ATR-FTIR data and ENZ reference data followed by HPLC and (1)H NMR ones.
Chemical surface modification of silica nanoparticles for the labeling of DNA in lipoplexes (2013)

Les nanoparticules de silice sont des plateformes idéales pour la conception d’outils de bioimagerie afin d’étudier les mécanismes de transfert de gènes par des lipoplexes. L’objectif de notre étude est le développement d’une modification chimique de surface permettant d’obtenir des colloïdes de silice chargés positivement susceptible de lier de l’ADN par des interactions électrostatiques. Deux stratégies pour la génération de groupements ammonium quaternaires sur des nanoparticules de silice sont présentées a) une silanisation directe par l’utilisation d’un agent de couplage silanique contenant un groupement ammonium quaternaire et b) un procédé en deux étapes mettant en jeu une modification de surface chimique par des aminosilanes primaires et secondaires suivie d’une alkylation des amines par l’iodomethane. Différentes méthodes physico-chimiques (essais de cosédimentation, des expériences de microbalance à cristal de quartz avec mesure de dissipation et d’imagerie MET et Cryo-MET) ont été utilisées pour mettre en évidence et caractériser les interactions entre les biomolécules et les surfaces quaternisées. Des études préliminaires ont montrées les capacités de marquage de lipoplexes par de telles nanoparticules.
Recent Developments in Delivery, Bioavailability, Absorption and Metabolism of Curcumin: the Golden Pigment from Golden Spice (2014)

Curcumin (diferuloylmethane) is a yellow pigment present in the spice turmeric (Curcuma longa) that has been associated with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiviral, and antibacterial activities as indicated by over 6,000 citations. In addition, over one hundred clinical studies have been carried out with curcumin. One of the major problems with curcumin is perceived to be the bioavailability. How curcumin should be delivered in vivo, how bioavailable is it, how well curcumin is absorbed and how it is metabolized, is the focus of this review. Various formulations of curcumin that are currently available are also discussed.
Virtual Reality as Effective Tool for Training and Decision-Making: Preliminary Results of Experiments Performed with a Plant Simulator (2013)

Abstract The use of Immersive Virtual Reality (IVR) for training is an idea that is around since long time; the real, unclarified doubt about its use is whether it does really increase performance with respect to traditional methods such as classroom and on-the-job training. The most critical point of traditional training methods is the difficulty to train operators about system’s deviations from nominal conditions. But even the more advanced simulation-supported training approach, commercially represented by the Operator Training Simulator (OTS), is not immune from flaws as it is affected both by the subjectivity of the assessment (making useless the operators’ benchmarking) and by the impossibility of training simultaneously the Field Operator (FOP) with the Control Room Operator (CROP), i.e. team training. The advent of the Plant Simulator (PS) enabled to overcome the inherent limitations of the training methods. But the efficacy of using Immersive Virtual Environments (IVE) was, and to some extent still is, to prove. This paper goes exactly in that direction by explaining the preliminary results of an experiment campaign performed in a PS, which demonstrates the clear benefit of using IVR for training (field) operators. The paper even highlights that, if a PS is used, the benefits are not just limited to the training but can also be extended to operations management.