gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Application of Kinetic Inhibitors to Gas Hydrate Problems (1995)

ABSTRACT Laboratory and field tests since 1991 have shown the feasibility of replacing the classical inhibitors (methanol and ethylene glycol) with kinetic inhibhors. Although the kinetic inhibitors have limitations, they have been shown to be eflkctive in preventing the formation of hydrate plugs in field situations. In many cases, there is an economic advantage to using the kinetic inhibitors. An analysisof the conditions in the production facilitiesmust be done to ascertain the applicabilityof a kinetic inhibitor. The data and tests which are required to determine the applicability of a kinetic inhibitor are discussed. The application of kinetic inhibitors to flow lines in producing fieldsis presented. The cost to the Petroleum Industry to inhibit the formation of gas hydrates is greatly increasing with the development of offshore reservoirs. Gas hydrates are likely to form in subsea flow lines unless the water is removed down to the lowest dew point encountered, highly effective insulation is used or inhibitors are used. The first two possibilities are generally prohibitively expensive or the technology for subsea application does not exist. In many cases, kinetic inhibitors offer lower cost alternatives to casual inhibitors and are more environmentally friendly. The results show that kinetic inhibitors can be economically applied to field production systems. This is an area where there is very little published Mormation at this time. In addition the data (both field and laboratory) which is required to verify the effectiveness of a kinetic inhibitor is illustrated. This information will help producers with hydrate problems evaluate the use of kinetic inhibitors. Savings in the range of 50% of the chemical costs and reduced down time can be realized in many cases. THE FORMATION OF NATURAL GAS HYDRATES Natural gas hydrates are clathrate compounds in which natural gas molecules are encased in cages of water molecules to form a solid ice-like substance. The molecules commonly found in natural gas which occupy the cages are the alkanes through butane, plus carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and nitrogen. Figure 1 shows the water cages which make up the two crystal forms of hydrates commonly found in petroleum production systems. Each form is a combination of the small cages plus either of the larger cages as shown in the figure. Of the twoforms, structure II is the most common because of the normal distribution of hydrocarbons in petroleum. Structure I would form with pure methane but the presence of as little at O.5 % propane in the gas would result in the formation of structure II instead. All of the cages do not have to be occupied by a guest hydrocarbon molecule in order for the crystal to be stable. If all of the cagesare occupied, the ratio of water molecules to hydrocarbon molecules would be 5.67 to 5.75 depending on which structure is formed. There are several books on the chemistry of natural gas hydrates and some articles on a recently discovered structure H gas hydrate which is formed withheavier petroleum compounds under conditions.1,5,7.
Lithium for prevention of mood episodes in bipolar disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis (2014)

The evidence base for lithium in the long-term treatment of bipolar disorders has strengthened. With no other drug available having such ample and consistent evidence for its efficacy lithium remains the most valuable treatment option in this indication.
Potentials of possible machine systems for directly loading logs in cut-to-length harvesting (2012)

In conventional mechanized cut-to-length systems, a harvester fells and cuts trees into logs that are stored on the ground until a forwarder picks them up and carries them to landing sites. A proposed improvement is to place logs directly into the load spaces of transporting machines as they are cut. Such integrated loading could result in cost reductions, shorter lead times from stump to landing, and lower fuel consumption. However, it might also create waiting times for the machines involved, whereas multifunctional machines are likely to be expensive. Thus, it is important to analyze whether or not the advantages of any changes outweigh the disadvantages. The conventional system was compared with four potential systems, including two with autonomous forwarders, using discrete-event simulation with stochastic elements in which harvests of more than 1000 final felling stands (containing in total 1.6 million m 3 ) were simulated 35 times per system. The results indicate that harwarders have substantial potential (less expensive on ≥80% of the volume and fuel consumption decreased by ≥18%) and may become competitive if key innovations are developed. Systems with cooperating machines have considerably less potential, limited to very specific stand conditions. The results conform with expected difficulties in integrating processing and transporting machines’ work in variable environments.
Symmetrical Slot Loading in Elliptical Microstrip Patch Antennas Partially Filled with Mue Negative Metamaterials (2012)

In this paper, an idea of radiation pattern modiflcation using symmetrical slots in an elliptical microstrip patch antenna partially loaded with mue-negative (MNG) metamaterial has been proposed. Previously, size reduction of conventional elliptical microstrip patch antenna has been possible by using MNG metamaterial. But the idea of using symmetrical slots to modify higher modes in such metamaterial loaded elliptical patch antenna is difierent and a novel concept. Using this idea novel design of slot loaded elliptical microstrip patch antenna partially loaded with MNG metamaterial has been introduced successfully. In this paper, slot loaded elliptical patch antenna partially loaded with MNG metamaterial is theoretically and numerically analyzed. Actually, this mode modiflcation has been done by MNG metamaterial & newly introduced symmetrical arc shaped slots with the help of proposed better radiation conditions, relevant theory of dispersive metamaterial and realistic simulated results. The potential application of this novel idea is the way to design multiband antennas using appropriate metamaterials (ENG or MNG) and using the idea of additional modifled modes in elliptical patches also.
High-Temperature Self-Powered Sensing System for a Smart Bearing in an Aircraft Jet Engine (2020)

Integrated health monitoring is beneficial, but due to reliability, weight, size, wiring, and other constraints, the incorporation of instrumentation onto aircraft propulsion systems is limited. Conventional wired sensing systems are not always feasible due to the size, weight constraints, and issues associated with cable routing. This article presents an integrated and self-powered wireless system for high-temperature (above 125 °C) environments powered by a thermoelectric generator (TEG) for bearing condition monitoring. A TEG with an internal oil-cooling chamber is proposed to achieve higher-energy output for small temperature gradient recorded in the jet engine in comparison with other TEGs with heat sinks. The experimental results demonstrate that, under a simulated engine environment, the TEG can provide sufficient energy for a wireless sensing system to collect environmental data every 46 s and transmit every 260 s during the critical takeoff phase of the flight and part of cruise.
The DYT1 gene on 9q34 is responsible for most cases of early limb-onset idiopathic torsion dystonia in non-Jews. (1994)

Idiopathic torsion dystonia (ITD) is characterized by involuntary twisting movements and postures. A gene for this disorder, DYT1, was mapped to chromosome 9q34 in 12 Ashkenazi Jewish (AJ) families and one large non-Jewish kindred. In the AJ population, strong linkage disequilibrium exists between DYT1 and adjacent markers within a 2-cM region. The associated haplotype occurs in > 90% of early limb-onset AJ cases. We examined seven non-Jewish ITD families of northern European and French Canadian descent to determine the extent to which early-onset ITD in non-Jews maps to DYT1. Results are consistent with linkage to the DYT1 region. Affected individuals in these families are clinically similar to the AJ cases; i.e., the site of onset is predominantly in the limbs and at least one individual in each pedigree had onset before age 12 years. None carries the AJ haplotype; therefore, they probably represent different mutations in the DYT1 gene. The two French Canadian families, however, display the same haplotype. Estimates of penetrance in non-Jewish families range from .40 to .75. We identified disease gene carriers and, with adjustments for age at onset, obtained a direct estimate of penetrance of .46. This is consistent with estimates of 30%-40% in the AJ population. Two other non-Jewish families with atypical ITD (later onset and/or cranial or cervical involvement) are not linked to DYT1, which indicates involvement of other genes in dystonia.
The psychomotor and cognitive effects of litoxetine in young and middle aged volunteers. (1995)

1. The effects of a range of doses of litoxetine (twice daily for 4 days), a novel specific serotonin re-uptake inhibitor, were evaluated in young and middle aged volunteers. 2. Psychometric testing was carried out at various time points on days 1 and 4 of each treatment period. The test battery consisted of critical flicker fusion (CFF), choice reaction time (CRT), compensatory tracking (CTT), Stroop and Sternberg memory scanning tests. Subjective feelings of sleep and sedation were measured by the Leeds Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire (LSEQ) and line analogue rating scales (LARS). 3. Pharmacokinetic profiles were determined from analyses of blood samples taken after the final dose on day 5. 4. Overall, there were few changes in any of the psychometric tests and although the higher doses of litoxetine improved CFF, these effects were weak in that differences could only be detected when the results were pooled against time. 5. The pharmacokinetic profile of litoxetine was very similar in both the young and middle aged subjects, and there was no difference regarding tolerability. 6. There is little evidence from this study to suggest that litoxetine has any intrinsic sedative activity which is likely to interfere with the performance of activities of everyday life.
WS<sub>2</sub> nanosheet as a new photosensitizer carrier for combined photodynamic and photothermal therapy of cancer cells (2014)

We have developed a simple and efficient strategy to fabricate WS2 nanosheets with low toxicity and good water solubility via a liquid exfoliation method by using H2SO4 intercalation and ultrasonication. The as-prepared WS2 nanosheets were employed not only as an NIR absorbing agent for photothermal therapy (PTT) but also as a photosensitizer (PS) carrier for photodynamic therapy (PDT) due to their sheet like structure that offers large surface area to load PS molecules. Moreover, singlet-oxygen generation of the PSs-WS2 complex could be finely controlled by NIR irradiation that could manipulate the PSs release behavior from WS2 nanosheets. The synergistic anti-tumor effect of WS2 nanosheets mediated PDT-PTT was also evaluated carefully and the results clearly showed that the efficacy of combined PDT-PTT treatment of cancer cells is significantly higher than those of PDT-only and PTT-only treatment, indicating enhanced efficiency of the combined therapeutic system. In addition, the WS2 could be used as a computed tomography (CT) contrast agent for bio-imaging since W atoms have strong X-ray attenuation ability, making them a multifunctional theranostic platform for simultaneous imaging-guided diagnosis and therapy.
A gender and age estimation system from face images (2003)

We developed extraction functions of a face candidate region with color information and parts of its face and combined them with the gender and age estimation algorithm we had already developed so that the algorithm can be applied to real time captured face images. The experimental results have shown hitting ratios of 93.1% and 58.4% for gender and age respectively.
Synthesis in the diazasteroid group. XIV. Synthesis of the 13,15-diazasteroid system. (1980)

A 13, 15-diazasteroid system was synthesized from 2-(6-methoxynaphthyl) ethyl tosylate (steroidal segment of the A, B rings) and ethylene urea (steroidal segment of the D ring) in 24.3% overall yield. The tosylate formed a 1 : 1 adduct with ethylene urea in 44% yield, using 2 molar equivalents of ethylene urea in the presence of sodium hydride in benzene. The adduct was cyclized to 13, 15-diazasteroid hydrochloride in 69.7% yield by prolonged heating in the presence of phosphorus pentoxide in phosphorus oxychloride. The hydrochloride was neutralized to provide the 13, 15-diazasteroid in 79.1% yield by treatment with potassium hydroxide solution. The biological activity of the hydrochloride of the 13, 15-diazasteroid is now being examined.
Beamforming with Finite Rate Feedback for LOS MIMO Downlink Channels (2007)

We consider a MIMO line of sight (LOS) broadcast channel where each user has perfect knowledge of its own channel and feeds back 'quantized' channel information to the transmitter with finite number of bits. The rate loss incurred due to imperfect channel information at the transmitter is quantified in terms of the number of feedback bits, assuming that low-complexity zero-forcing beamforming is used by the transmitter. Moreover, in order to maintain a constant rate loss relative to a perfect CSIT system, it is shown that the number of feedback bits per user should grow linearly with the system SNR in dB but only logarithmitcally with the number of transmit antennas. Simulation results comparing zero-forcing, MMSE and conventional beamforming with greedy user selection and finite rate feedback are also presented.
Partial properdin deficiency. (1980)

The action of properdin in supporting complement consumption has been investigated in the serum from two individuals with partial properdin deficiency. Our studies are in agreement with those in which serum were artificially depleted of properdin in showing that serum deficient in properdin results in less C3 consumption in the presence of activators of both the alternative and classical complement pathways. Properdin deficiency did not lessen C3 consumption by C3NeF or CoF, confirming that properdin is not necessary for the action of these substances. Our findings indicate that partial properdin deficiency is innocuous but that complete absence of properdin may severely limit one's ability amplify complement activation.
Effects of high-dose ketoconazole and dexamethasone on ACTH-stimulated adrenal steroidogenesis in orchiectomized prostatic cancer patients (1987)

The effects of high-dose ketoconazole (i.e. 400 mg every 8 h) therapy on adrenal steroidogenesis were investigated in 7 patients with advanced prostatic cancer who no longer responded to orchiectomy. An ACTH challenge was performed before and on days 14 and 28 of high-dose ketoconazole treatment. During the last 14 days, dexamethasone (0.5 mg twice daily) was administered together with ketoconazole. High-dose ketoconazole alone lowered the basal levels of the androgens by 49-66%. It almost completely inhibited their stimulation by ACTH, whereas plasma progesterone was doubled. Basal cortisol was only slightly lowered, but the response to ACTH stimulation was markedly blunted. Basal and stimulated plasma aldosterone remained unaffected. Both basal and stimulated 11-deoxycortisol, 11-deoxycorticosterone, and, to a lesser extent, corticosterone rose more markedly after ketoconazole than after placebo. The basal and stimulated plasma adrenal androgen levels were further reduced after combined ketoconazole-dexamethasone treatment, whereas plasma corticosterone, 11-deoxycortisol, and 11-deoxycorticosterone were lowered in the same way as cortisol. Aldosterone and progesterone profiles were similar to those observed under high-dose ketoconazole, but plasma 17 alpha-hydroxyprogesterone increased more markedly than after high-dose ketoconazole alone. These results demonstrate that high-dose ketoconazole lowers plasma androgen levels in orchiectomized patients and partly inhibits the gluco- and mineralocorticoid syntheses, especially after ACTH-stimulation. The addition of dexamethasone does not only correct the possible consequence of the impairment of the cortisol production by high-dose ketoconazole, but it further reduces the androgen levels and lowers the plasma concentrations of most precursors, for instance 11-deoxycorticosterone, which has some physiological mineralocorticoid activity.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Role of Aortic Root Motion in the Pathogenesis of Aortic Dissection (2004)

Both aortic root displacement and hypertension significantly increase the longitudinal stress in the ascending aorta. For patients with hypertension who are at risk of dissection, aortic root movement may be monitored as an important risk factor.
Bradykinin Selectively Opens Blood-Tumor Barrier in Experimental Brain Tumors (1994)

Bradykinin, infused in low doses (10 μg/kg/min) through the carotid artery ipsilateral to RG2 glioma in rats, significantly increased the permeability in tumor capillaries to six different tracers of varying molecular weights compared with intracarotid infusion of saline alone. Permeability in normal brain capillaries was not significantly increased by intracarotid bradykinin infusion. Tracers used to examined permeability included radiolabeled α-aminoisobutyric acid (AIB; MW 103), sucrose (MW 342.3), inulin (MW 5000), and dextran (MW 70,000), horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and Evans blue (EB). Permeability was expressed as the unidirectional transfer constant K i (μl/g/min). The permeabilities ( K i ) of tumors in the bradykinin group versus the control saline group for AIB, sucrose, inulin, and dextran were 25.91 ± 6.78 vs. 13.95 ± 4.29 (p < 0.01), 17.90 ± 2.65 vs. 10.75 ± 4.55 (p < 0.01), 23.92 ± 6.99 vs. 6.20 ± 4.37 (p < 0.01), and 17.84 ± 1.00 vs. 1.47 ± 1.24 (p < 0.001), respectively (mean ± SD). Permeability of RG2 gliomas to high molecular weight dextran (70,000) was 12-fold higher in the bradykinin group than in the saline infusion group. Intracarotid infusion of bradykinin did not significantly increase the blood volume in tumor or brain tissue despite its known vasodilative effect. The permeability of normal brain capillaries was unaffected by intracarotid bradykinin infusion. The increased permeability was reversed 20 min after stopping the intracarotid infusion. Electron microscopic and gross qualitative analysis was performed using HRP and EB. Intracarotid bradykinin infusion increased HRP and EB within tumor tissue but not normal tissue. We believe that intracarotid infusion of bradykinin will be a useful technique for selective delivery of antitumor compounds to brain tumors.
A Memory Coiling Spiral as Nucleus Pulposus Prosthesis (2003)

The intradiscal cavity left after a discectomy can be filled by a new nucleus prosthesis made of polycarbonate urethane in the form of a “memory coiling spiral.” Biomechanical tests have demonstrated that this device compensates for the loss of disc height, decreases the compression of the facet joints, and restores the kinematics of the spinal segment, without deformation of the vertebral endplates or migration. The device is currently under clinical investigation. Inclusion and exclusion criteria of the pilot study are presented, and preliminary results of the first five patients supplied with the spiral are reported after an average follow-up time of 24 months. No migration of the device has been observed so far. With its easy application due to the standardized approach and the memory coiling mechanism, this device represents an advance within the nonfusion techniques.
Crossed-gratings for semiconductor lasers (2005)

Crossed gratings provide a functional effective period, shorter than the exposed grating periods. They can simultaneously provide feedback, outcoupling, and in-plane coupling of monolithic laser elements. Potential applications include OEIC architectures.
Immunoscintigraphy of human tumors transplanted in nude mice with radiolabeled anti-ras p21 monoclonal antibodies. (1990)

Anti-ras p21 monoclonal antibody (RASK-3) was used for immunoscintigraphy of human cancer cell lines in nude mice. Iodine-125-labeled RASK-3 was injected into nude mice with either human colon cancers (FCC-1 or BM-314) or lung cancer (KNS-62). Clear images were obtained in all three cancers 7 days after the injection of antibody. No localization of 125I-labeled control monoclonal antibody was observed. The ratio of tissue/blood radioactivity and % ID/g in the tumor were significantly higher than other organs by Day 8. The specific localization index examined by 131I-RASK-3 and 125I-control monoclonal antibody was also higher in the tumor than in other tissues. In the in vitro study, binding of RASK-3 to tumor cells increased significantly by treatment of cells with either lysolecithin or periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde, which confirmed the intracellular localization of ras p21. The mechanism by which anti-ras p21 antibodies accumulate in tumor sites could be the necrotic changes in tumor cells or changes in membrane permeability of non-necrotic cells. These results provide a strong rationale for the utilization of ras p21 as a target antigen in the imaging of a variety of human cancers.
Sensitive Chemical Detection with Distributed Feedback Interband Cascade Lasers (2016)

Abstract The hybrid architecture of the interband cascade laser (ICL) combines the interband active transitions of a conventional diode laser with the multiple active stages of a quantum cascade laser (QCL). An advantage for spectroscopic applications is its much lower power dissipation than other sources such as the QCL at mid‐infrared (IR) wavelengths spanning 3–6 µm. Distributed‐feedback (DFB) ICLs emitting in a single spectral mode have been developed using both top‐grating and lateral‐grating geometries. The top‐grating approach has produced up to 28 mW of continuous wave (CW) power in a single spectral mode. Lateral‐grating DFB ICLs have produced single‐mode output throughout the 3–6 µm spectral region, often operating with drive powers <100 mW. Some of the most important extractive and in situ measurement techniques for laser‐based gas sensing are described, including direct absorption spectroscopy (DAS), wavelength modulation spectroscopy (WMS), quartz enhanced photo‐acoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS), and off‐axis integrated cavity output spectroscopy (OA‐ICOS). We review a number of applications of ICL‐based systems to the sensing of methane, ethane, formaldehyde, and sulfur dioxide.