gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Current Status and Challenges of NRF2 as a Potential Therapeutic Target for Diabetic Cardiomyopathy (2019)

Diabetic cardiomyopathy is one of the main causes of heart failure and death in patients with diabetes mellitus. Reactive oxygen species produced excessively in diabetes mellitus cause necrosis, apoptosis, ferroptosis, inflammation, and fibrosis of the myocardium as well as impair the cardiac structure and function. It is increasingly clear that oxidative stress is a principal cause of diabetic cardiomyopathy. The transcription factor nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (NRF2) activates the transcription of more than 200 genes in the human genome. Most of the proteins translated from these genes possess anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-ferroptotic, and anti-fibrotic actions. There is a growing body of evidence indicating that NRF2 and its target genes are crucial in preventing high glucose-induced oxidative damage in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Recently, many natural and synthetic activators of NRF2 are shown to possess promising therapeutic effects on diabetic cardiomyopathy in animal models of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Targeting NRF2 signaling by pharmacological entities is a potential approach to ameliorating diabetic cardiomyopathy. However, the persistent high expression of NRF2 in cancer tissues also protects the growth of cancer cells. This "dark side" of NRF2 increases the challenges of using NRF2 activators to treat diabetic cardiomyopathy. In addition, some NRF2 activators were found to have off-target effects. In this review, we summarize the current status and challenges of NRF2 as a potential therapeutic target for diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Differential Effects of Two Different Routes of Immunization on Protection Against Gram-Negative Sepsis by a Detoxified <i>Escherichia coli</i> J5 Lipopolysaccharide Group B Meningococcal Outer Membrane Protein Complex Vaccine in a Burned Mouse Model (2002)

Gram-negative sepsis causes morbidity and mortality in burned patients. To determine whether immunization with core endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) via one of two routes could protect burned mice from septic death, mice were immunized either three times subcutaneously (SC) or one time intramuscularly (IM) then two times intraperitoneally (IP) with a core-lipopolysaccharide vaccine. Control mice were immunized with either saline or an irrelevant antigen. Postimmunization, mice were immunocompromised with a 15% TBSA flame burn and challenged subeschar with Klebsiella pneumoniae or Escherichia coli. Vaccine immunization improved the survival of both E. coli- and K. pneumoniae-challenged mice when given SC but not when given IM, IP. Postimmunization, total immunoglobulin titers were elevated over preimmune titers, but titers in IM, IP-immunized mice were higher than those in SC-immunized mice. Both isotyping and flow cytometry studies indicated that sera from mice immunized via IM, IP opsonized better than sera from mice immunized via SC. Hence, this vaccine provided route-specific protection of burned mice against gram-negative sepsis; its mechanism of action was not solely dependent upon increased immunoglobulin titers or phagocytosis.
GaCl<sub>3</sub> in Organic Synthesis (2005)

Abstract GaCl 3 and organogallium compounds generated from GaCl 3 possess novel properties that can be used in organic synthesis. This microreview summarizes our studies on the use of GaCl 3 as 1) a reagent to generate organogallium compounds, which can carbometalate unactivated unsaturated bonds, and 2) a Lewis acid which can activate organic molecules by interacting with the π‐, n‐, and σ‐electrons. Carbometalation of carbon–carbon triple bonds (carbogallation) is a characteristic reaction of organogallium compounds. Carbogallation of gallioacetylenes occurs at lower temperatures than with silylacetylenes, and addition to 1‐alkynes is slow. The regiochemistry and stereochemistry are in accordance with other carbometalation reactions, giving 1,1‐digallio or 1‐gallio‐1‐silyl intermediates in the cis ‐addition mode. Carbogallation of enolates and acetylenes is effective for the α‐ethenylation of ketones, and a catalytic version of the reaction has been developed. When chloroacetylenes are used, α‐ethynylation of ketones proceeds by addition and β‐elimination. Aniline and phenols can be ethenylated or ethynylated at the o ‐position of the heteroatom groups. GaCl 3 has been used not only for the ethynylation of heteroatom compounds but also hydrocarbons such as 1,4‐enynes or 1,4‐diynes by C–H activation, and triethynylvinylmethanes and tetraethynylmethanes are obtained in one step via nucleophilic propargylgallium intermediates. As a Lewis acid, GaCl 3 has the ability to interact with π‐acids such as silylacetylenes. The resulting gallium complexes are sufficiently electrophilic to react with aromatic hydrocarbons, even at –78 °C, to give an organogallium arenium intermediate. Arenium cations or vinyl cations appear to be stabilized in the presence of GaCl 3 . An unusual orientation has been observed in electrophilic aromatic substitution with GaCl 3 . GaCl 3 activates even cycloalkane C–H bonds at σ‐electrons, and the reaction of cis ‐perhydronaphthalene and naphthalene catalytically gives 2‐naphthylated trans ‐perhydronaphthalene. Two C–H activation reactions of hydrocarbons with GaCl 3 are notable as they generatenucleophilic and electrophilic species. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Image Texture (1999)

Abstract The sections in this article are Texture Classification and Segmentation Gray Level Image Statistics and CO‐Occurrence Matrices Random Field Models Spatial Filtering Rotation Invariant Texture Classification Applications Summary Acknowledgments
The chemistry of fungi. Part 77. The synthesis of benzophenones from phthalides : X-ray crystallographic definition of a novel isobenzofuran system (1980)

Reduction of 3,6-dimethoxy-4-methylphthalic anhydride gave a mixture of 3,6-dimethoxy-4-methyl-(1; R1= H, R2= Me) and 3,6-dimethoxy-5-methyl-(1; R1= Me, R2= H) phthalide.The condensation of 2,6-dimthoxylithiobenzene with phthalides gives the corresponding 2′-hydroxymethyl-2,6-dimethoxybenzophenones. Treatment of 6-acetoxymethyl-2,5-dibenzyloxy-2′,6′-dimethoxy-4-methylbenzophenone (11; R = H) with boron trichloride gives 1-(2-hydroxy-6-methoxyphenyl)-5-methyl-4,7-dioxo-4,7-dihydroisobenzofuran (13; R = H), the structure of which was defined by X-ray analysis. The crystals are monoclinic, space group P21 with two molecules in a unit cell of dimensions a= 10.818(1), b= 7.752(1), c= 7.808(3)Å, and β= 90.28(1)°. The structure was solved by the direct method using 1 257 reflections and refined by full-matrix least-squares calculations to R= 0.053.
Vapor Phase Sorbent Precursors for Toxic Metal Emissions Control from Combustors (1996)

A bench scale system incorporating a high temperature flow reactor has been utilized to study the reaction of metallic species and sorbent compounds. The reaction and interaction between a lead precursor and a vapor phase silica precursor is studied. The effect of chlorine and the effect of sorbent to metal feed ratio on lead speciation and size distribution is determined. The size distributions of the reacted compounds are measured by a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) and an optical particle counter (OPC). The product powders are also collected and their compositions established by X-ray diffraction (XRD) or, if an amorphous powder is collected, by infrared and Raman spectroscopy. Experiments have been performed at 500, 750, 1000, and 1250 °C and for reactor residence times of 0.5−1.0 s. For example, at 750 °C, for a lead feed in conjunction with a vapor phase silica precursor compound, the mean particle size exiting the reactor is significantly larger than for a lead only feed or a silicon only feed. The composition of the resulting aerosol is determined, via infrared and Raman spectroscopy, to be lead silicate, PbSiO3. Higher temperature results are similar. At lower temperatures, silica particles are not formed in the reactor. Higher silica precursor feed rates result in particles large enough for capture by conventional pollution control equipment.
Analysis of circulating tumor DNA in plasma at diagnosis and during follow-up of lung cancer patients. (2001)

We evaluated whether the amount of circulating DNA in plasma could discriminate between lung cancer patients and healthy individuals and whether it is related to disease progression, and we analyzed the kinetics of plasma DNA in disease-free, surgically resected patients. Plasma DNA quantification and analysis of microsatellite alterations were performed in a consecutive series of 84 patients with non-small cell lung cancer, who were studied during follow-up, and 43 healthy controls. In patients, the mean values of plasma DNA concentration were higher than in controls even considering stage Ia patients. Sensitivity and specificity estimates were calculated as the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC) curve and showed a value of 0.844. Variations in DNA level and in microsatellite changes correlated with the clinical status of 38 patients monitored during follow-up. The data suggest that quantification and molecular characterization of plasma DNA in lung cancer patients are valuable noninvasive diagnostic tools for discriminating patients from unaffected individuals and for detecting early recurrence during follow-up.
Privacy aware data sharing (2009)

Existing models of privacy assume that the set of data to be held confidential is immutable. Unfortunately, that is often not the case. The need for privacy is balanced against the need to use the data, and the benefits that will accrue from the use of the data. We propose a model to balance privacy and utility of data. This model allows both the data provider and the data user to negotiate both requirements until a satisfactory balance is reached, or one (or both) determine such a balance cannot be reached. Thus, this model enables less than perfect privacy, or less than complete utility, as is appropriate for the particular circumstances under which the dat a was gathered and is being held, and the specific use to which it is to be put.
Wavelet transform based adaptive bit-plane run-lengthcoding for still images (1994)

A novel still image codec is presented that uses an efficient adaptive bit-plane run-length coding on the wavelet transform coefficients of images. The main attraction of this coding scheme is its simplicity in which no training and storage of codebooks are required. Also its high visual quality at high compression ratio outperforms the standard JPEG codec for low bitrate applications. A comparative performance between the new codec and the JPEG codec is given.
Liver X receptor expression in human melanocytes, does it have a role in the pathogenesis of vitiligo? (2009)

Vitiligo is a common, non-contagious disorder. The basic pathogenesis of vitiligo generally, or for any of the putative subsets of vitiligo, remains unknown. The liver X receptors (LXRs), LXR-alpha and LXR-beta are members of the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily of ligand-activated transcription factors. Important genes involved in regulation of melanocytes are target genes of LXRs; it can be speculated that LXRs might be playing an important role in pathogenesis of pigmentary disorders. We have demonstrated in this study that there is expression of LXR-alpha/beta by human melanocytes at both transcriptional and translational levels. Our present data also revealed that the expression of LXR-alpha at both mRNA and protein level was significantly higher in perilesional skin as compared to the normal skin of vitiligo patient.
SITC 26th annual meeting – summary (2012)

The 26th annual meeting of the Society for Immunotherapy of Cancer took place in Bethesda on November 4 to 6, 2011 and was organized by Charles G. Drake (Johns Hopkins University) Dolores J. Schendel (Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen - German Research Center for Environmental Health Institute of Molecular Immunology), Jeffrey Schlom (National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health), and Jedd D. Wolchok (Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center). It was an event marked by a number of extraordinary circumstances: it attracted a record attendance of 805 participants from 24 different countries. The gathering came in the wake of great as well as very sad news for the tumor immunology community. Good news included the approval of anti-CTLA-4 as a therapy for metastatic melanoma in April and the announcement in early October of the Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine awarded to pioneering studies in the field of immunology. Indeed, one part of the prize went to Dr. Bruce Beutler, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, USA and Dr. Jules Hoffman, Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, Strasbourg, France, for their discoveries in innate immunity and the other part to Dr. Ralph Steinman, The Rockfeller University, New York, for his discovery of dendritic cells. Sad news was the losses of two giants in the field. Jürg Tschopp of the University of Lausanne in March and Ralph Steinman, who passed away just three days before his Nobel Prize announcement. The loss of these two charismatic scientific leaders was particularly sad for the Annual Meeting as both J. Tschopp and R. Steinman were confirmed speakers at this meeting: the former to deliver the keynote lecture and the latter as recipient of the Richard V. Smalley prize.
State of the arts in rehabilitation engineering science (2000)

Rehabilitation engineering should consist of rehabilitation engineering science and its products. The relationship of these two parts and also with other science is expounded. The state of the arts of rehabilitation engineering science during later 20th century, especially in the later 20 years is stated, summering in six main aspects: prosthetics, walking aided, functional electric stimulation, vision and hearing rehabilitation, environment control and rehabilitation care robot, measurement of human movement and its clinic application. Some meaningful subjects need to be investigated are also discussed.
Thermoregulated Expression and Characterization of an NAD(P)H-Dependent 2-Cyclohexen-1-one Reductase in the Plant Pathogenic Bacterium <i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> pv. glycinea (1999)

The phytopathogenic bacterium Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea PG4180.N9 causes bacterial blight of soybeans and preferably infects its host plant during periods of cold, humid weather conditions. To identify proteins differentially expressed at low temperatures, total cellular protein fractions derived from PG4180.N9 grown at 18 and 28 degreesC were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. Of several proteins which appeared to be preferentially present at 18 degreesC, a 40-kDa protein with an isoelectric point of approximately 5 revealed significant N-terminal sequence homology to morphinone reductase (MR) of Pseudomonas putida M10. The respective P. syringae gene was isolated from a genomic cosmid library of PG4180, and its nucleotide sequence was determined. It was designated ncr for NAD(P)H-dependent 2-cyclohexen-1-one reductase. Comparison of the 1,083-bp open reading frame with database entries revealed 48% identity and 52% similarity to the MR-encoding morB gene of P. putida M10. The ncr gene was overexpressed in Escherichia coli, and its gene product was used to generate polyclonal antisera. Purified recombinant Ncr protein was enzymatically characterized with NAD(P)H and various morphinone analogs as substrates. So far, only 2-cyclohexen-1-one and 3-penten-2-one were found to be substrates for Ncr. By high-pressure liquid chromatography analysis, flavin mononucleotide could be identified as the noncovalently bound prosthetic group of this enzyme. The distribution of the ncr gene in different Pseudomonas species and various strains of P. syringae was analyzed by PCR and Southern blot hybridization. The results indicated that the ncr gene is widespread among P. syringae pv. glycinea strains but not in other pathovars of P. syringae or in any of the other Pseudomonas strains tested.
Early Forest Fire Detection and Verification using Optical Smoke, Gas and Microwave Sensors (2012)

The research project “International Forest Fire Fighting” (iWBB) was funded by the Minister for Economic Affairs and Energy of the State of North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. A group of companies, research institutes and universities have been working together to develop an integrated, but modular system. An integrated approach for early forest fire detection and suppression is based on an adequate combination of different detection systems depending on wildfire risk, the size of the area and human presence affiliated with an adequate logistical infrastructure, training by simulation, and innovative extinguishing technology. As in the case of wildfires large areas have to be monitored only remote sensing technologies (e.g. video based systems) are able to perform early detection adequately. To reduce false alarms a remote controlled unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with gas sensors and a thermal camera flies to a potential fire to specify the origin of the reported cloud. The UAV can also be used as a scout for fire fighters. After successful fire extinction an unmanned blimp can be used as a fireguard to reduce the risk of re-ignition of the fire. As monitoring tools, a microwave radiometer detecting hot spots also at insufficient vision (due to smoke clouds and below the ground surface), gas and smoke sensors and a thermal camera are mounted on the blimp. The benefit of a blimp is a higher payload. This paper presents an investigation of an early forest fire detection system on the basis of indoor (performed in the fire lab of the University of Duisburg-Essen) and outdoor tests. A commercial highly sensitive aspirating smoke detector, two gas sensors (H2 and CXHX), a microwave radiometer and the detection algorithms are described. A general overview about the project and the carrier platforms is presented.
A review of software change impact analysis (2011)

Change impact analysis is required for constantly evolving systems to support the comprehension, implementation, and evaluation of changes. A lot of research effort has been spent on this subject over the last twenty years, and many approaches were published likewise. However, there has not been an extensive attempt made to summarize and review published approaches as a base for further research in the area. Therefore, we present the results of a comprehensive investigation of software change impact analysis, which is based on a literature review and a taxonomy for impact analysis. The contribution of this review is threefold. First, approaches proposed for impact analysis are explained regarding their motivation and methodology. They are further classified according to the criteria of the taxonomy to enable the comparison and evaluation of approaches proposed in literature. We perform an evaluation of our taxonomy regarding the coverage of its classification criteria in studied literature, which is the second contribution. Last, we address and discuss yet unsolved problems, research areas, and challenges of impact analysis, which were discovered by our review to illustrate possible directions for further research.
Cosmetic Therapies in Obstetrics and Gynecology Practice: Putting a Toe in the Water? (2008)

Our study establishes the potential feasibility of such a screening process. However, more complete studies assessing a larger population and risk-benefit analyses are necessary before any universal application of this test. Our detection rate for fragile X syndrome (1:730) was inexplicably greater than anticipated but likely represents a chance occurrence among the small number of infants tested.
Fast adaptive k-means clustering: some empirical results (1990)

The authors present learning rate schedules for fast adaptive <e1 xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k</e1> -means clustering which surpass the standard MacQueen learning rate schedule (J. MacQeen, 1967) in speed and quality of solution by several orders of magnitude for large <e1 xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k</e1> . The methods accomplish this by largely overcoming the problems of metastable local minima and nonstationarity of cluster region boundaries which plague the MacQueen approach. The authors use simulation results to compare the clustering performances of four learning rate schedules applied to independently sampled data from a uniform distribution in one and two dimensions
Equipment review: an appraisal of the LiDCO plus method of measuring cardiac output. (2004)

The LiDCO plus system is a minimally/non-invasive technique of continuous cardiac output measurement. In common with all cardiac output monitors this technology has both strengths and weaknesses. This review discusses the technological basis of the device and its clinical application.
The Turbulent Prandtl Number for Temperature Analysis in Rod Bundle Subchannels (2005)

The turbulent Prandtl number (PrT) model for the temperature field analysis in rod bundle subchannels is proposed based on the experimental data. The proposed turbulent Prandtl number is a function of the position and has the characteristic of an anisotropy which may not be found in simple geometries such as circular tubes and flat plates. Also, the proposed turbulent Prandtl number is modeled by considering the effects of the pitch to diameter (P/D) and the molecular Prandtl number (Pr). The turbulent temperature field is analyzed by a detailed analysis code. The Nusselt numbers (Nu) obtained by the new model are compared with those obtained by the well-known experimental correlations. The new turbulent Prandtl number model can predict the experimental data more accurately than the previous turbulent Prandtl number model.
Isolation and partial characterization of apolipoprotein (a) from human lipoprotein (a) (1986)

A procedure was developed for the dissociation of apolipoprotein (a) (apo (a)) from pure human lipoprotein (a) (Lp(a)) prepared by density gradient ultracentrifugation and gel filtration. Lp(a) was ultracentrifuged through a layer of saline which was adjusted to a density of 1.182 g/mL and contained 30 mM dithiothreitol (50 mM) and phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride (1.25 mM). Following centrifugation, the lipid and apolipoprotein B (apo B) were recovered as a lipoprotein (Lp(a) B) in the supernatant fraction, while the apo (a) was recovered as a lipid-poor protein pellet. An investigation of the supernatant lipoprotein by electron microscopy and compositional analysis revealed that it was similar in size and composition to low density lipoprotein (LDL) isolated from the same density range and contained apo B100 with an amino acid and carbohydrate composition which was similar to apo B from LDL. Estimates of the apparent molecular weight of the apo (a) varied amongst individuals but was always greater than apo B100 (congruent to 450,000). The amino acid composition of apo (a), which was very distinct from apo B, was characterized by a higher content of serine, threonine, proline, and tyrosine, but lower amounts of isoleucine, phenylalanine, and lysine when compared with apo B of Lp(a) or LDL. The apo (a) contained a much higher proportion of carbohydrate, in particular N-acetylgalactosamine, galactose, and N-acetylneuraminic acid (which were three- to six-fold higher) than the apo B of Lp(a). It is concluded that apo (a) is distinct from other apolipoproteins owing to its low avidity for lipid and the nature of the interaction with apo B. Lp(a) consists of an LDL-like particle with a carbohydrate-rich apo (a) attached to the surface of apo B.