gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gas-liquid phase-transfer catalysis: a new continuous-flow method in organic synthesis (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTGas-liquid phase-transfer catalysis: a new continuous-flow method in organic synthesisPietro Tundo, Giovanni Moraglio, and Francesco TrottaCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1989, 28, 7, 881–890Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie00091a001https://doi.org/10.1021/ie00091a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views561Altmetric-Citations63LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
High temperature superconductors and their application in passive antenna systems (1990)

The basic physics of superconductivity is reviewed and related to the high-temperature superconductors. The high-frequency characteristics of the new materials are examined, and the two-fluid model is introduced and used to derive an empirical expression for the conductivity of superconductors. The advantages and disadvantages of using these superconductors in the construction of high-frequency transmission lines and passive microwave and millimeter-wave antenna systems are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Wideband Microwave Acoustic Delay Line with Exceptionally Smooth Phase and Loss Response (1971)

Design techniques for high performance microwave delay lines which have superior bandwidth, phase linearity and spurious echo characteristics are presented. Utilization of these techniques to realize a 4 /spl mu/s L-band unit which has insertion loss of 30 /spl plusmn/0.5 dB over the 500 MHz band centered at 1.7 GHz, with triple-transit suppression greater than 45 dB and phase deviation from linearity of less than /spl plusmn/2.5/spl deg/, are described.
Antibody humanization—the Influence of the antibody framework on the CDR-H3 loop ensemble in solution (2019)

Antibody engineering of non-human antibodies has focused on reducing immunogenicity by humanization, being a major limitation in developing monoclonal antibodies. We analyzed four series of antibody binding fragments (Fabs) and a variable fragment (Fv) with structural information in different stages of humanization to investigate the influence of the framework, point mutations and specificity on the complementarity determining region (CDR)-H3 loop dynamics. We also studied a Fv without structural information of the anti-idiotypic antibody Ab2/3H6, because it completely lost its binding affinity upon superhumanization, as an example of a failed humanization. Enhanced sampling techniques in combination with molecular dynamics simulations allow to access micro- to milli-second timescales of the CDR-H3 loop dynamics and reveal kinetic and thermodynamic changes involved in the process of humanization. In most cases, we observe a reduced conformational diversity of the CDR-H3 loop when grafted on a human framework and find a conformational shift of the dominant CDR-H3 loop conformation in solution. A shallow side minimum of the conformational CDR-H3 loop ensemble attached to the murine framework becomes the dominant conformation in solution influenced by the human framework. Additionally, we observe in the case of the failed humanization that the potentially binding competent murine CDR-H3 loop ensemble in solution shows nearly no kinetical or structural overlap with the superhumanized variant, thus explaining the loss of binding.
Impulse response analysis of a real feeder for high impedance fault detection (2002)

A high impedance fault is an abnormal event that occurs in distribution feeders. Owing to its nature it cannot be detected by conventional protection. A technique for high impedance fault detection is presented in this work. The method consists in injecting an impulsive signal in the feeder followed by the monitoring of its response. High impedance faults are detected by comparisons between the feeder response operating in normal condition and that under fault condition. In the event of a high impedance fault the feeder response becomes different from that of normal switching operations. Although the difference in the feeder response for these cases can be very small, the presented technique recognizes them as different events. The validity of the method is supported by the results of tests performed on a 13.8 kV real feeder presented in the paper.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Mechanical properties and osteoconductivity of new bioactive composites consisting of partially crystallized glass beads and poly(methyl methacrylate) (2002)

New bioactive composites consisting of partially crystallized glass beads as inorganic fillers and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as an organic matrix were developed. Two kinds of partially crystallized glass beads, designated Cry820 and Cry850, were newly prepared by the heating of MgO-CaO-SiO(2)-P(2)O(5) glass at 820 and 850 degrees C, respectively. The glass beads were mixed with PMMA to form two new composites designated Cry820C and Cry850C, respectively. The goal of this study was to produce a highly osteoconductive and mechanically strong composite cement with these new fillers. A previously reported composite cement designated AWC, which was composed of apatite- and wollastonite-containing glass ceramic (AW-GC) as a powder filler and the same PMMA polymer used in the new composites, was used as a reference material. The quantity of filler added to each composite was 70 wt %. The bending strength of Cry820C was significantly higher than that of Cry850C. Composites were packed into intramedullary canals of rat tibiae to evaluate their osteoconductivity, as determined by an affinity index. The affinity index, which equaled the length of bone in direct contact with the composite surface expressed as a percentage of the total length of the composite surface, was calculated for each composite. The rats were euthanized at 4, 8, and 25 weeks after implantation. At each time interval studied, Cry820C showed a significantly higher affinity index than AWC up to 25 weeks after implantation. Cry850C showed a significantly higher affinity index than AWC up to 8 weeks and a higher affinity index than AWC at 25 weeks, although the difference was not significant. The values for each composite increased significantly with time up to 25 weeks. Our study revealed that the higher osteoconductivity of the new composites was due to the larger quantity of the glassy phase of the crystallized glass beads at the composite surface and the lower solubility of the PMMA powder to methyl methacrylate monomer. In addition, the spherical shape of the crystallized glass beads gave the new composites strong enough mechanical properties to be useful under weight-bearing conditions. The new composites show promise as alternatives, with improved properties, to conventional PMMA bone cement.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,3,5‐2,4,6‐Functionalized, Facially Segregated Benzenes — Exploitation of Sterically Predisposed Systems in Supramolecular Chemistry (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Understanding the Synergistic Effect of Arginine and Glutamic Acid Mixtures on Protein Solubility (2011)

Understanding protein solubility is a key part of physical chemistry. In particular, solution conditions can have a major effect, and the effect of multiple cosolutes is little understood. It has been shown that the simultaneous addition of L-arginine hydrochloride and L-glutamic acid enhances the maximum achievable solubility of several poorly soluble proteins up to 4-8 times (Golovanov et. al, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2004, 126, 8933-8939) and reduces the intermolecular interactions between proteins. The observed solubility enhancement is negligible for arginine and glutamic acid solutions as compared to the equimolar mixtures. In this study, we have established the molecular mechanism behind this observed synergistic effect of arginine and glutamic acid mixtures using preferential interaction theory and molecular dynamics simulations of Drosophilia Su(dx) protein (ww34). It was found that the protein solubility enhancement is related to the relative increase in the number of arginine and glutamic acid molecules around the protein in the equimolar mixtures due to additional hydrogen bonding interactions between the excipients on the surface of the protein when both excipients are present. The presence of these additional molecules around the protein leads to enhanced crowding, which suppresses the protein association. These results highlight the role of additive-additive interaction in tuning the protein-protein interactions. Furthermore, this study reports a unique behavior of additive solutions, where the presence of one additive in solution affects the concentration of another on the protein surface.
Biomechanical Evaluation of the Total Facet Arthroplasty System™ (2007)

The TFAS allowed considerable motion in all directions tested, with ROM being less than the intact in flexion and lateral bending, and greater than the intact in axial rotation. The helical axis of motion with the TFAS was not different from intact in flexion-extension and lateral bending, but it was shifted anteriorly in axial rotation. The kinematics of the TFAS were more similar to the intact spine than were the kinematics of the posterior fixation when applied to a destabilized lumbar spine.
Digital Video Distribution in Broadband, Television, Mobile and Converged Networks: Trends, Challenges and Solutions (2010)

A unique treatment of digital video distribution technology in a business context, Digital Video Distribution in Broadband, Television, Mobile and Converged Networks explores a range of diverse topics within the field through a combination of theory and practice to provide the best possible insight and exposure. The theoretical foundations inside assist a fuller understanding of the technologies used in practice, while real-world examples are correspondingly used to emphasize the applicability of theory in the commercial world.Fully illustrated throughout to help explain the fundamental concepts of digital media distribution, Digital Video Distribution in Broadband, Television, Mobile and Converged Networks is divided into three major parts starting initially with the basic industry trends that have been driving the adoption of video and making its distribution over the Internet an economically viable solution.This is followed with detail descriptions of challenges and solutions in distributing video in open networks such as the Internet. The final part focuses on the challenges and solutions for distributing video in closed networks such as the managed network of Telcos.Provides an A to Z of digital video distribution featuring technology, business, research, products and case studies. Features research topics exploring P2P Streaming, Digital Video Distribution over Disruption-Tolerant Networks and Scalable Video on Demand. Includes real world product descriptions on Transcoders, such as Rhozet, and IPTV Quality of Service Monitoring product, such as Ineoquest.
E-cadherin-mediated adhesion involving Langerhans cell-like dendritic cells expanded from murine fetal skin (1997)

Langerhans cells (LC), the epidermal contingent of the dendritic cell (DC) lineage, migrate from skin to regional lymph nodes to initiate primary immune responses against Ag encountered in skin. Because E-cadherin mediates LC-keratinocyte adhesion, E-cadherin expression and/or function must be modulated during LC migration. To facilitate studies of LC/DC cadherin biology, we defined culture conditions that allowed expansion of LC-like cells from fetal murine skin. Fetal skin-derived dendritic cells (FSDDC) were propagated from C57BL/6 day 16 fetal skin in GM-CSF- and CSF-1-supplemented media. After 14 days, aggregates of E-cadherin+ FSDDC (FSDDC-A) that resembled freshly-obtained LC with regard to phenotype and function were isolated. Nonadherent FSDDC (FSDDC-NA) with dendritic morphology, surface phenotype identical to that of interdigitating DC and potent allostimulatory capacity were released from FSDDC-A with continued incubation. A survey of cytokine mRNAs expressed by FSDDC revealed that FSDDC-A expressed predominantly TNF-alpha, TGF-beta1, and MIF mRNA. In contrast, FSDDC-NA exhibited de novo expression of IL-1beta, IL-12 (p40), increased levels of TNF-alpha and decreased MIF mRNA. Neutralizing anti-E-cadherin mAb dissociated FSDDC-A into single cells, whereas functionally inactive anti-E-cadherin mAb and mAb reactive with other adhesion molecules did not, demonstrating that adhesion within FSDDC-A was E-cadherin-mediated. FSDDC-A also preferentially adhered to E-cadherin-transfected fibroblasts. Spontaneous dissociation of FSDDC-A was accompanied by a reduction in cell surface E-cadherin expression. The availability of large numbers of cells with characteristics of LC in situ that spontaneously mature into interdigitating DC will permit detailed studies of LC/DC cadherin biology and LC/DC differentiation.
Accelerated exploration of multi-principal element alloys with solid solution phases (2015)

Recent multi-principal element, high entropy alloy (HEA) development strategies vastly expand the number of candidate alloy systems, but also pose a new challenge--how to rapidly screen thousands of candidate alloy systems for targeted properties. Here we develop a new approach to rapidly assess structural metals by combining calculated phase diagrams with simple rules based on the phases present, their transformation temperatures and useful microstructures. We evaluate over 130,000 alloy systems, identifying promising compositions for more time-intensive experimental studies. We find the surprising result that solid solution alloys become less likely as the number of alloy elements increases. This contradicts the major premise of HEAs--that increased configurational entropy increases the stability of disordered solid solution phases. As the number of elements increases, the configurational entropy rises slowly while the probability of at least one pair of elements favouring formation of intermetallic compounds increases more rapidly, explaining this apparent contradiction.
Expression of hemidesmosomes and component proteins is lost by invasive breast cancer cells. (1995)

Hemidesmosomes are multiprotein structures that attach basal cells of stratified epithelia to basement membranes. Although normal human breast epithelia are not stratified, we observed expression of electron-dense hemidesmosomes and hemidesmosome protein components by breast epithelial and myoepithelial cells at the basal lamina in vivo. Primary cultured normal human breast epithelial cells also contained hemidesmosomes and component proteins, and could be used as a model for hemidesmosome assembly and regulation. In these cultured cells, hemidesmosome proteins were expressed and localized basally in an unvaried temporal pattern, and electron-dense hemidesmosomes were not seen until the final protein was localized to the cell base. In addition, rate of localization was influenced by confluence, doubling time, and extracellular matrix. Invasive breast cancer cells did not express hemidesmosomes or most of the component proteins in vivo. In carcinoma in situ, cells away from the basement membrane lacked hemidesmosomes and hemidesmosome proteins, and cells at the basement membrane exhibited abnormalities of hemidesmosome protein expression. Primary human malignant breast cells in culture exhibited a mix of hemidesmosome phenotypes. These data suggest that hemidesmosomes may be important subcellular structures in determining the cytoarchitecture of the breast epithelium. Further, their downregulation may influence cytoarchitecture remodeling closely linked with cell cycle, motility, and extracellular matrix interactions; and their loss in carcinoma may be associated with loss of normal cytoarchitecture.
Interleukin‐17‐educated monocytes suppress cytotoxic T‐cell function through B7‐H1 in hepatocellular carcinoma patients (2011)

Substantial evidence indicates that inflammation is a critical component of tumor progression. The proinflammatory IL-17-producing cells have recently been detected in tumors, but the effect of IL-17 on antigen-presenting cells in tumors is presently unknown. We recently found that B7-H1(+) macrophages (Mφs) were enriched predominantly in the peritumoral stroma of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs). Here, we found a positive correlation between IL-17-producing cells and B7-H1-expressing Mφs in the same area. The B7-H1(+) monocytes/Mφs from HCC tissues expressed significantly more HLA-DR, CD80, and CD86 than B7-H1(-) cells. Accordingly, IL-17 could activate monocytes to express B7-H1 in a dose-dependent manner. Although culture supernatants derived from hepatoma cells also induced B7-H1 expression on monocytes, IL-17 additionally increased hepatoma-mediated B7-H1 expression. Autocrine inflammatory cytokines released from IL-17-activated monocytes stimulated B7-H1 expression. Moreover, these IL-17-exposed monocytes effectively suppressed cytotoxic T-cell immunity in vitro; the effect could be reversed by blocking B7-H1 on those monocytes. Consistent with this, cytotoxic T cells from HCC tissues expressed significant B7-H1 receptor programmed death 1 (PD-1) and exhibited an exhausted phenotype. These data reveal a fine-tuned collaborative action between different stromal cells to counteract T-cell responses in tumors. Such IL-17-mediated immune tolerance should be considered for the rational design of effective immune-based anti-cancer therapies.
A randomized, open-label, comparative, 6-month trial of oral ultra-low doses of antibodies to tumor necrosis factor-alpha and diclofenac in rheumatoid arthritis. (2005)

Artrofoon (oral ultra-low doses of antibodies to TNF-alpha is a novel drug approved by the Russian Ministry of Health for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The aim of this study was to assess clinical efficacy and safety of artrofoon in RA compared with diclofenac. In a 6-month, randomized, open-label, comparative trial, 60 patients with active RA (eight men and 52 women aged 23 to 62, mean disease duration 10 years) received artrofoon (8 tablets daily, n = 30) or diclofenac (100 mg daily, n = 30). RA signs and symptoms as well as serum levels of inflammatory markers were evaluated before treatment and at months 1, 3 and 6. Most patients in the artrofoon group showed a 20% improvement in major RA symptoms by the end of the study. The clinical effect rose gradually reaching maximum at month 6. In the artrofoon group, 57% of the patients achieved an American College of Rheumatology (ACR) 20% criteria (ACR20) by month 6 versus 20% of those receiving diclofenac. In some patients in the artrofoon arm, serum proinflammatory cytokine levels significantly decreased (> or = 25% reduction). Diclofenac produced a less pronounced clinical effect, and no changes in cytokine profile. Unlike conventional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, artrofoon produced no adverse effects and the overall tolerability and safety were excellent. A half-dose treatment with artrofoon (4 tablets daily) was able to sustain clinical improvements over a 6-month follow-up period. To conclude, artrofoon is a safe and effective treatment for rheumatoid arthritis that acts by influencing the inflammatory process.
Syntheses and properties of new aromatic polybenzoxazoles bearing ether and phenylethylidene or 1‐phenyl‐2,2,2‐trifluoroethylidene linkages (2003)

Abstract Two new bis(ether acyl chloride)s, 1,1‐bis[4‐(4‐chloroformylphenoxy)phenyl]‐1‐phenylethane and 1,1‐bis[4‐(4‐chloroformylphenoxy)phenyl]‐1‐phenyl‐2,2,2‐trifluoroethane, were prepared from readily available reagents. Aromatic polybenzoxazoles with both ether and phenylethylidene or 1‐phenyl‐2,2,2‐trifluoroethylidene linkages between phenylene units were obtained by a conventional two‐step procedure including the low‐temperature solution polycondensation of the bis(ether acyl chloride)s with three bis( o ‐aminophenol)s, yielding poly( o ‐hydroxyamide) precursors, and subsequent thermal cyclodehydration. The intermediate poly( o ‐hydroxyamide)s exhibited inherent viscosities of 0.39–0.98 dL/g. All of the poly( o ‐hydroxyamide)s were amorphous and soluble in polar organic solvents such as N , N ‐dimethylacetamide, and most of them could afford flexible and tough films via solvent casting. The poly( o ‐hydroxyamide)s exhibited glass‐transition temperatures ( T g 's) of 129–194 °C and could be thermally converted into corresponding polybenzoxazoles in the solid state at temperatures higher than 300 °C. All the polybenzoxazoles were amorphous and showed an enhanced T g but a dramatically decreased solubility with to respect to their poly( o ‐hydroxyamide) precursors. They exhibited T g 's of 216–236 °C through differential scanning calorimetry and were stable up to 500 °C in nitrogen or air, with 10% weight‐loss temperatures being recorded between 538 and 562 °C in nitrogen or air. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 914–921, 2003
High-performance semiconductor optical preamplifier receiver at 10 Gb/s (1993)

A semiconductor optical preamplifier receiver for bitrates of 10 Gb/s is described. The measured sensitivity is -28 dBm, with a polarization sensitivity of less than 0.5 dB. Using the same transmitter and receiver configuration but with a 980-nm pumped fiber amplifier instead of the semiconductor amplifier, the sensitivity is -34 dBm.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
RAFT/MADIX emulsion copolymerization of vinyl acetate and N-vinylcaprolactam: towards waterborne physically crosslinked thermoresponsive particles (2017)

Controlled radical emulsion polymerization as a tool to synthesize thermoresponsive PVCL-based amphiphilic copolymer particles crosslinked by supramolecular hydrophobic interactions.