gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Minimal requirements for murine resistance to infection with Francisella tularensis LVS (1996)

Intraperitoneal or intravenous infection of mice with Francisella tularensis LVS is lethal, with an intraperitoneal 50% lethal dose (LD50) approaching a single bacterium. Intradermal (i.d.) LVS infection has a much higher LD50, about 10(6) bacteria in BALB/cByJ mice, and survival of i.d. infection leads to solid generation of immunity against lethal challenge. To define the minimal requirements for both initial and long-term survival of i.d. infection, we characterized the nature of i.d. LVS infection in lymphocyte-deficient BALB/cByJ.scid (scid) mice. scid mice infected i.d. with strain LVS survived for about 20 days and then died from overwhelming disseminated infection. However, scid mice treated with monoclonal antibodies to gamma interferon, tumor necrosis factor alpha, or neutrophils-granulocytes all died within 1 week of infection, indicating that these were essential for early control of infection. Studies using GKO (gamma interferon knockout) mice emphasized that gamma interferon is absolutely required for initial survival of i.d. LVS infection. scid mice could be reconstituted for long-term survival of i.d. LVS infection and clearance of bacteria by intravenous transfer of splenic lymphocytes or purified B220-/T+ lymphocytes but not nu/nu lymphocytes. T cells are therefore required for long-term clearance and survival of i.d. LVS infection; efforts to determine whether CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, or both are involved are ongoing.
Numerical simulation and experimental verification of the piezoresistivity phenomenon for the printed thick-film piezoresistors (2004)

Even though piezoresistivity has been applied in a number of electronic and microelectronic devices for years, it is still a challenge to achieve high consistency between experimental and numerically simulated results. The common problem connected with calculation of the strain dependent resistance is an evaluation of a total resistance value R of a resistor under pressure load. It is done most often by measuring the gauge factor GF, which refers to the piezoresistance phenomenon rather than piezoresistivity, and can be calculated by Ohm's law, R=U/I. Unfortunately, this approach has turned out to have certain restrictions especially in reference to the numerical modelling, where instead of the piezoresistance phenomenon, the piezoresistivity material property changes due to mechanical load. The current paper refers to the anisotropic piezoresistivity material properties evaluation in the case of thick film resistors printed on alumina substrates.
Radiographic Predictors of Disease Severity in Neonates and Infants With Necrotizing Enterocolitis (2009)

The DAAS provides a standardized 10-point radiographic scale that increases with disease severity when using need for surgical intervention as a surrogate for severe NEC. For every 1-point increase in the DAAS score, patients were statistically significantly more likely to have severe disease as measured by need for surgical intervention.
(6S)-6-fluoroshikimic acid, an antibacterial agent acting on the aromatic biosynthetic pathway (1994)

(6S)-6-Fluoroshikimic acid inhibited the growth of Escherichia coli B on minimal medium (MIC, 0.25 micrograms ml-1), and it protected mice challenged intraperitoneally with the same organism (50% protective dose, 0.06 mg kg of body weight-1). We propose that inhibitors of bacterial aromatic biosynthesis have the potential for use in human medicine.
A new Markov random field segmentation method for breast lesion segmentation in MR images (2011)

Breast cancer is a major public health problem for women in the Iran and many other parts of the world. Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) plays a pivotal role in breast cancer care, including detection, diagnosis, and treatment monitoring. But segmentation of these images which is seriously affected by intensity inhomogeneities created by radio-frequency coils is a challenging task. Markov Random Field (MRF) is used widely in medical image segmentation especially in MR images. It is because this method can model intensity inhomogeneities occurring in these images. But this method has two critical weaknesses: Computational complexity and sensitivity of the results to the models parameters. To overcome these problems, in this paper, we present Improved-Markov Random Field (I-MRF) method for breast lesion segmentation in MR images. Unlike the conventional MRF, in the proposed approach, we don't use the Iterative Conditional Mode (ICM) method or Simulated Annealing (SA) for class membership estimation of each pixel (lesion and non-lesion). The prior distribution of the class membership is modeled as a ratio of two conditional probability distributions in a neighborhood which is defined for each pixel: probability distribution of similar pixels and non-similar ones. Since our proposed approach don't use an iterative method for maximizing the posterior probability, above mentioned problems are solved. Experimental results show that performance of segmentation in this approach is higher than conventional MRF in terms of accuracy, precision, and Computational complexity.
Image-Derived Input Function for Brain PET Studies: Many Challenges and Few Opportunities (2011)

Quantitative positron emission tomography (PET) brain studies often require that the input function be measured, typically via arterial cannulation. Image-derived input function (IDIF) is an elegant and attractive noninvasive alternative to arterial sampling. However, IDIF is also a very challenging technique associated with several problems that must be overcome before it can be successfully implemented in clinical practice. As a result, IDIF is rarely used as a tool to reduce invasiveness in patients. The aim of the present review was to identify the methodological problems that hinder widespread use of IDIF in PET brain studies. We conclude that IDIF can be successfully implemented only with a minority of PET tracers. Even in those cases, it only rarely translates into a less-invasive procedure for the patient. Finally, we discuss some possible alternative methods for obtaining less-invasive input function.
Rheological Behavior of Self-Assembling PEG-β-Cyclodextrin/PEG-Cholesterol Hydrogels (2008)

The rheological properties of a recently developed self-assembling hydrogel system composed of beta-cyclodextrin (betaCD)- and cholesterol-derivatized 8-arm star-shaped poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG8) were investigated. To understand and predict the gel rheological properties, data fitting with the Maxwell model as well as comparing the system's concentration-dependent behavior with Cates' model for reversibly breaking chains were performed. To investigate the influence of the polymer architecture, networks were also prepared by replacing the cholesterol-derivatized 8-arm star-shaped PEG by linear bifunctional PEG-cholesterol or by using 4-arm instead of 8-arm polymers. Rheological analysis showed that the 8-arm polymer-based mixtures yielded tight viscoelastic networks, but their storage and loss moduli significantly deviated from those predicted by the Maxwell model. The scaling of the plateau moduli, relaxation times, and zero-shear viscosities with concentration for gels composed of 8-arm cholesterol- and betaCD-derivatized PEG followed a power law with exponents higher than predicted by Cates' model. On the other hand, hydrogels in which linear bifunctional PEG-cholesterol was used instead of 8-arm star-shaped PEG-cholesterol or which were based on 4-arm polymers showed a substantially better fit with the Maxwell model and reduced differences between empirical and Cates' theoretical scaling exponents. Rheological analysis also showed that the hydrogels were thermoreversible. At low temperatures, the gels showed viscoelastic behavior due to slow overall relaxation of the polymer chains. At higher temperatures, however, a reduced number of betaCD/cholesterol complexes and concomitant faster chain relaxation processes eventually led to liquid-like behavior. The relationship between temperature and the relaxation time was used to determine an activation energy of 46 kJ/mol for breaking and reptation of the polymers.
Introduction. L’allusion et l’accès (2005)

L’Allusion et L’Accès follows on from work previously published in GRAAT, in particular Usure et Rupture – Breaking Points (GRAAT 13) and Fonctions du Cliché – Du Banal à la Violence (GRAAT 16). The present conference aimed to articulate the strategies that the literary text deploys to access the unsayable, whilst, simultaneously, keeping in mind the notion of play contained in the etymology of allusion: alludere. Allusion and Access, then, are two vast subjects put into juxtaposition and per...
Subband audio coding with synthesis filters minimizing a perceptual distortion (2002)

The design of filter banks for source coding purposes classically relies on the perfect reconstruction (PR) property. However, several studies have shown that taking the quantization noise into account in the design could yield a noticeable reduction of the mean square reconstruction error. The purpose of this study is to show that perceptual improvement can also be obtained in the particular audio coding context by relaxing the PR constraint. In this context, the mean square error is not relevant any more, and we define a new perceptual distortion criterion, making use of a simplified ear model, the MPE (mean perceptual error). Then, synthesis filters are optimized so as to minimize this MPE. Finally, this MMPE (minimum MPE) filter bank is included in an audio coding scheme. Compared to the corresponding PR filter bank-based scheme by the means of POM (perceptual objective measure), they show an improved audio quality.
The primary salt effect on rate of reaction between likely charged ionic species by polyelectrolytes (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe primary salt effect on rate of reaction between likely charged ionic species by polyelectrolytesNorio Ise and Fumio MatsuiCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1968, 90, 16, 4242–4247Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1968https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01018a010https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01018a010research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views598Altmetric-Citations29LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Scottish View of Catherine's Russia : William Richardson's Anecdotes of the Russian Empire (1784) (1967)

Journal Article A SCOTTISH VIEW OF CATHERINE'S RUSSIA: WILLIAM RICHARDSON'S ANECDOTES OF THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE (1784) Get access H. J. PITCHER H. J. PITCHER St Andrews Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Forum for Modern Language Studies, Volume III, Issue 3, July 1967, Pages 236–251, https://doi.org/10.1093/fmls/III.3.236 Published: 01 July 1967
Root Cause Analysis of Paraplegia FollowingTransforaminal Epidural Steroid Injections: The‘Unsafe’ Triangle (2010)

The utilization rate of transforaminal epidural steroid injections (TFESIs), an elective diagnostic and therapeutic spinal procedure, has risen dramatically over the past decade. In 2006 alone, greater than 300,000 thoracolumbar TFESIs were performed on Medicare beneficiaries. Despite the purported superiority of the transforaminal route, compared to other modes of epidural injection, TFESIs are associated with potential hazards. The artery of Adamkiewicz (ARM) might enter any mid thoracic, lower thoracic, or lumbar foramen; the exact level, in a specific patient, will be unknown to the proceduralist. The authors propose that the "safe triangle" approach to transforaminal epidural injections is not safe (TFESIs). Injury to the ARM can lead to paraplegia, independent of operator skill or adjuvant safety initiatives (digital subtraction angiography, local anesthetic test dose). Injury to the ARM is a "black swan" event. The authors believe that catastrophic injury may be averted when performing TFESIs by avoiding the "un-safe," superoanterior triangle in the foramen and that transforaminal injections should be performed at the inferior aspect of the foramen, known as Kambin's triangle.
Ultrastructure of afferents from the zona incerta to the posterior and parafascicular thalamic nuclei of rats (2002)

We have examined the general ultrastructure of the posterior thalamic (Po) and parafascicular (Pf) nuclei of the dorsal thalamus, together with the ultrastructure of afferents to these nuclei from the zona incerta (ZI). The ZI of Sprague-Dawley rats was injected with biotinylated dextran (BD) by using stereotaxic coordinates, and the brains were prepared for routine BD histochemistry. The Po and Pf were then dissected free and processed for electron microscopy by using standard methods. A survey of the general ultrastructure of Po and Pf revealed many RS profiles (small with round vesicles) making asymmetric synapses around single, small (distal; 0.5-1.5 microm in diameter) or larger (proximal; 2-4 microm in diameter) dendrites. RL (large with round vesicles) and F type (pleomorphic vesicles) profiles, although sparse, were also observed. Single RLs were seen to envelope proximal dendrites and make asymmetric synapses that usually had a perforated appearance. F type profiles were seen to make symmetric synapses on proximal and sometimes distal dendrites. There were no profiles making synapses on other vesicle-filled profiles seen, reflecting the scarcity of interneurons in the Po and Pf of rats. Finally, BD-labeled terminal profiles from the ZI formed a homogeneous population within both the Po and Pf. They were small (1.1 +/- 0.2 microm in diameter; n = 238), contained round vesicles, and made asymmetric synapses with proximal ( approximately 75%) and, to a lesser extent, distal ( approximately 25%) dendrites; they formed part of the RS population of the Po and Pf. In conclusion, our results indicate that the ZI imparts a presumably excitatory (asymmetric synapses) input of high efficacy (preference for proximal dendrites) to the Po and Pf of the dorsal thalamus.
1.5-μm high-gain and high-power laser amplifier using a Er, Yb:glass planar waveguide for coherent Doppler LIDAR (2012)

We have developed a 1.5-μm high-power laser amplifier using Er, Yb:glass planar waveguide for a coherent Doppler LIDAR. Large cooling surface of the waveguide realized high-average power pumping for Er, Yb:glass which has low thermal fracture limit. Multi-bounce optical path configuration and high-intensity pumping provide high-gain operation in spite of small stimulated emission cross section. With pulsed operation, the maximum amplified signal power was 7.6-W with the amplified gain of more than 20 dB. The pulse energy of 1.9-mJ was achieved at the repetition rate of 4-kHz.
Horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase-catalyzed oxidation of aldehydes: dismutation precedes net production of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (1993)

The oxidation of aldehydes by horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase (HL-ADH) is more complex than previously recognized. At low enzyme concentrations and/or high aldehyde concentrations, a pronounced lag in the assay progress curve is observed when the reaction is monitored for NADH production at 340 nm. When the progress of the reaction is followed by 1H NMR spectroscopy, rapid dismutation of the aldehyde substrate into the corresponding acid and alcohol is observed during the lag phase. Steady-state production of NADH commences only after aldehyde concentrations drop below 5% of their initial value; thereafter, NADH production occurs with continuous adjustment of the equilibrium between aldehyde, alcohol, NADH, and NAD+. The steady-state NADH production exhibits normal Michaelis-Menten kinetics and is in accord with earlier studies using much higher enzyme concentrations where no lag phase was reported. These results establish that the ability of HL-ADH to oxidize aldehydes is much greater than previously thought. The relationship between aldehyde dismutase and aldehyde dehydrogenase activities of HL-ADH is discussed.
Managing component variability with a firmware calibration model; reduced manufacturing costs and freedom in vendor selection (2006)

Embedded firmware control systems often model real world devices with data structures called components. These firmware component models provide methods to change a control set point or to monitor an analog signal value. The firmware models can be difficult to manage when the real world components vary significantly from unit to unit or from batch to batch, as is often the case for the optical devices used in telecommunication and medical appliances. This variability can result in added costs to preselect devices or a deployment limited to single vendor solutions. This paper describes a firmware component model that provides a run time configurable calibration data structure which manages the firmware complexity, hides the component to component variability from the control algorithms, and remains suitable for small memory limited embedded control processors
The Drosophila TIS11 homologue encodes a developmentally controlled gene. (1994)

We previously identified a murine primary response gene family containing three members; TIS11, TIS11B and TIS11D. Using degenerate oligonucleotides derived from conserved regions of the mouse TIS11 family cDNAs as primers and Drosophila genomic DNA as template for polymerase chain reaction amplification, we have identified a fly TIS11 homologue called DTIS11. The DTIS11 protein shares 90% sequence identity with the murine TIS11B and TIS11D proteins, over a 74 amino acid region that contains two CX8CX5CX3H repeated motifs separated by 18 amino acids. DTIS11 maps to region 11B(14-16) on the X-chromosome. Northern blot and in situ hybridization show that a maternal 3 kb message is present in embryos of early developmental stages. A 6 kb DTIS11 mRNA subsequently appears. In KC embryonal cells, both a strong 3 kb message and a less intense 6 kb message are present. The larger (6 kb) message is modestly induced in KC cells by both forskolin and tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate, and is stabilized by cycloheximide.
<title>Automatic bone-free rendering of cerebral aneurysms via 3D CTA</title> (2001)

3D computed tomographic angiography (3D-CTA) has been described as an alternative to digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in the clinical evaluation of cerebrovascular diseases. A bone-free rendition of 3D-CTA facilitates a quick and accurate clinical evaluation of the disease. We propose a new bone removal process that is accomplished in three sequential steps - (1) primary delineation and removal of bones, (2) removing the effect of partial voluming around bone surfaces, and (3) removal of thin bones around nose, mouth and eyes. The bone removed image of vasculature and aneurysms is rendered via maximum intensity projection (MIP). The method has been tested on 10 patients' 3D-CTA images acquired on a general Electric Hi-Speed Spiral CT Scanner. The algorithm successfully subtracted bone showing the cerebral vasculature in all 10 patients' data. The method allows for a unique analysis of 3D-CTA data for near automatic removal of bones. This greatly reduces the need for manual removal of bones that is currently utilized and greatly facilitates the visualization of the anatomy of vascular lesions.
Systematic identification of feature combinations for predicting drug response with Bayesian multi-view multi-task linear regression (2017)

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
All-optical photonic switches using integrated inverted asymmetric Fabry-Perot modulators and heterojunction phototransistors (1992)

InGaAs/GaAs(100) multiple-quantum-well-based inverted cavity asymmetric Fabry-Perot modulators are vertically integrated with GaAs/AlGaAs heterojunction phototransistors to yield all-optical photonic switches. The photonic switches using "normally on" modulator pixels exhibit an output on-off ratio of 12:1 with an internal optical gain of 4 dB. The photonic switches using "normally off" modulator pixels yield similar contrast and gain, but exhibit intrinsic bistable behavior. The inverted cavity modulators employed permit utilizing the transparency of the GaAs substrate at the operating wavelength and offer advantages for fabricating large arrays for optical signal processing.
Regional and cellular patterns of reelin mRNA expression in the forebrain of the developing and adult mouse. (1998)

The reelin gene encodes an extracellular protein that is crucial for neuronal migration in laminated brain regions. To gain insights into the functions of Reelin, we performed high-resolution in situ hybridization analyses to determine the pattern of reelin expression in the developing forebrain of the mouse. We also performed double-labeling studies with several markers, including calcium-binding proteins, GAD65/67, and neuropeptides, to characterize the neuronal subsets that express reelin transcripts. reelin expression was detected at embryonic day 10 and later in the forebrain, with a distribution that is consistent with the prosomeric model of forebrain regionalization. In the diencephalon, expression was restricted to transverse and longitudinal domains that delineated boundaries between neuromeres. During embryogenesis, reelin was detected in the cerebral cortex in Cajal-Retzius cells but not in the GABAergic neurons of layer I. At prenatal stages, reelin was also expressed in the olfactory bulb, and striatum and in restricted nuclei in the ventral telencephalon, hypothalamus, thalamus, and pretectum. At postnatal stages, reelin transcripts gradually disappeared from Cajal-Retzius cells, at the same time as they appeared in subsets of GABAergic neurons distributed throughout neocortical and hippocampal layers. In other telencephalic and diencephalic regions, reelin expression decreased steadily during the postnatal period. In the adult, there was prominent expression in the olfactory bulb and cerebral cortex, where it was restricted to subsets of GABAergic interneurons that co-expressed calbindin, calretinin, neuropeptide Y, and somatostatin. This complex pattern of cellular and regional expression is consistent with Reelin having multiple roles in brain development and adult brain function.