gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>The Identity and Regulation of the Mitochondrial Permeability Transition Pore</i> (2008)

The mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pore complex is a key participant in the machinery that controls mitochondrial fate and, consequently, cell fate. The quest for the pore identity has been ongoing for several decades and yet the main structure remains unknown. Established "dogma" proposes that the core of the MPT pore is composed of an association of voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) and adenine nucleotide translocase (ANT). Recent genetic knockout experiments contradict this commonly accepted interpretation and provide a basis for substantial revision of the MPT pore identity. There is now sufficient evidence to exclude VDAC and ANT as the main pore structural components. Regarding MPT pore regulation, the role of cyclophilin D is confirmed and ANT may still serve some regulatory function, although the involvement of hexokinase II and creatine kinase remains unresolved. When cell protection signaling pathways are activated, we have found that the Bcl-2 family members relay the signal from glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta onto a target at or in close proximity to the pore. Our experimental findings in intact cardiac myocytes and neurons indicate that the current "dogma" related to the role of Ca2+ in MPT induction requires reevaluation. Emerging evidence suggests that after injury-producing stresses, reactive oxygen species (but not Ca2+) are largely responsible for the pore induction. In this article we discuss the current state of knowledge and provide new data related to the MPT pore structure and regulation.
Ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to orient in gradients of chemotactic factors. (1977)

Polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) chemotaxis has been examined under conditions which allow phase microscope observations of cells responding to controlled gradients of chemotactic factors. With this visual assay, PMNs can be seen to orient rapidly and reversibly to gradients of N-formylmethionyl peptides. The level of orientation depends upon the mean concentration of peptide present as well as the concentration gradient. The response allows an estimation of the binding constant of the peptide to the cell. In optimal gradients, PMNs can detect a 1% difference in the concentration of peptide. At high cell densities, PMNs incubated with active peptides orient their locomotion away from the center of the cell population. This orientation appears to be due to inactivation of the peptides by the cells. Such inactivation in vivo could help to limit an inflammatory response.
Case Study Examples of Interoperable Ethernet Communications within Distribution, Transmission, and Wide-Area Control Systems (2010)

While special protection systems (SPSs) often shed load, recent sophisticated remedial action schemes (RASs) reduce or terminate generation output during an emergency condition. Under certain load conditions, generation newly added to previously balanced transmission grids creates system conditions that violate accepted reliability criteria. At Southern California Edison (SCE), RAS systems are implemented to ensure reliable power system performance following outages on a transmission grid network. They include fast, automatic control actions to mitigate thermal overloads and system instability upon the loss of one or more transmission lines. With these automatic protection features, RAS systems are used in place of expensive alternative measures, which include reconductoring transmission lines, building new lines, and/or adding new transformers. Testing at SCE demonstrates the successful use of IEC 61850 GOOSE (Generic Object-Oriented Substation Event) messages over a distance up to 720 kilometers to collect analysis and arming data and transfer status and control indications. Complete detection, alarming, calculation, and remediation are completed in well under the 50-millisecond benchmark. Using standardized IEC 61850 GOOSE methods avoids the customization required to implement individual local RAS communications systems, allows centralized coordination of arming, disarming, and system testing, and simplifies the coordination of system maintenance. Reliability improves with capabilities to monitor end-to-end grid parameters and quickly respond to abnormal conditions. These methods of mitigation are intended to be used throughout the SCE area of operation as well as at all interties to neighboring utilities to facilitate dynamic load shedding/generation tripping and improved load management. SPSs and RASs must be put in place to protect existing systems that are called upon to serve new generation and load, are intertied with weak systems, or have geographical characteristics that reduce stability. Once protected, the automatic load and generation control ensures stability while improving production and reliability. Once these are in place, wide-area monitoring and control are safely added to replace state estimation with real-time state measurement and management.
OIAHCR: Online Isolated Arabic Handwritten Character Recognition Using Neural Network (2012)

Abstract: In this paper, an online isolated Arabic handwritten character recognition system is introduced. The system can be adapted to achieve the demands of hand-held and digital tablet applications. To achieve this goal, despite of single neural networks, four neural networks are used, one for each cluster of characters. Feed forward back propagation neural networks are used in classification process. This approach is employed as classifiers due to the low computation overhead during training and recall process. The system recognizes on-line isolated Arabic character and achieves an accuracy rate 9٥.7% from untrained writers and 99.1 % for trained writers.
Expression of a secretory protein gene during androgen-induced cell growth. (1984)

Guinea pig seminal vesicle epithelium is an androgen-dependent tissue composed of tall columnar cells which synthesize four major secretory proteins designated SVP-1-4. Castration promptly causes the seminal vesicle epithelium cells to undergo major morphological changes. By the fifth day after castration, cell number decreases to 12% of normal, and the surviving cells are greatly involuted structurally. An injection of testosterone was sufficient to stimulate individual cell growth to the normal tall columnar configuration by 48 h without increasing cell number. Cell growth following testosterone was preceded by a 4-fold increase between 0-12 h in total cellular RNA signifying a large increase in rRNAs. To aid in the analysis of gene expression during androgen repletion, we identified a cDNA plasmid clone representing the 3'-end of the mRNA of SVP-4. The clone pAT 76 was identified by hybrid-select translation and characterization of the product of in vitro translation. The steady-state levels of SVP-4 mRNA in blots of total cellular RNA increased between 0-24 h; this appeared to be due mainly to a general nonselective increase in all or most of the abundant mRNAs. We demonstrated by in vitro translation studies that the corresponding transcript was still present during the 5th and 36th days of castration without having undergone a selective loss in abundance and during hormone repletion without undergoing a selective increase. Testosterone exerted an early and more conspicuous effect on rRNA synthesis. Whether direct or indirect this may be a key event underlying the ultimate action of testosterone, namely maintenance of cell structure.
Neural Networks for Modelling and Control (1994)

A revival of interest in Artificial Neural Networks has taken place during the past decade. Research has focused on the ability of these algorithms to learn from their past experiences, generalising the stored information so that it affects the network's response for similar inputs. Adaptive and learning systems are attractive to the control engineer as they can offer significant advantages for modelling and controlling time-varying, complex plants operating in non-stationary environments. This chapter provides an introduction to the ANNs which are commonly used in modelling and control applications and compares their advantages and disadvantages. The text is broadly split into three sections which separately describe the network's modelling abilities, the learning rules and the model evaluation strategies.
Exchange of censorship types and its impact on the estimation of parameters of a Weibull Regression model (1995)

The objective of this paper is to examine whether treating failure times, actually derived under type-I censorship, but treated as though type-II censorship were used, leads to important reduction in efficiency of the maximum likelihood (ML) estimators of the parameters of a Weibull Regression model, frequently used in accelerated life testing studies. This paper shows that exchange of censorship types results in minor reduction in the efficiency of various estimators. Such a conclusion suggests that results obtained under type-II censorship apply to corresponding (in terms of number of observed failures) type-I situations. The only exception to this general rule occurs when the number of test items at each level of stress drops below 5.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Embryonic Stem Cell-Specific miR302-367 Cluster: Human Gene Structure and Functional Characterization of Its Core Promoter (2008)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play a central role in the regulation of multiple biological processes including the maintenance of stem cell self-renewal and pluripotency. Recently, the miRNA cluster miR302-367 was shown to be differentially expressed in embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Unfortunately, very little is known about the genomic structure of miRNA-encoding genes and their transcriptional units. Here, we have characterized the structure of the gene coding for the human miR302-367 cluster. We identify the transcriptional start and functional core promoter region which specifically drives the expression of this miRNA cluster. The promoter activity depends on the ontogeny and hierarchical cellular stage. It is functional during embryonic development, but it is turned off later in development. From a hierarchical standpoint, its activity decays upon differentiation of ESCs, suggesting that its activity is restricted to the ESC compartment and that the ESC-specific expression of the miR302-367 cluster is fully conferred by its core promoter transcriptional activity. Furthermore, algorithmic prediction of transcription factor binding sites and knockdown studies suggest that ESC-associated transcription factors, including Nanog, Oct3/4, Sox2, and Rex1 may be upstream regulators of miR302-367 promoter. This study represents the first identification, characterization, and functional validation of a human miRNA promoter in stem cells. This study opens up new avenues to further investigate the upstream transcriptional regulation of the miR302-367 cluster and to dissect how these miRNAs integrate in the complex molecular network conferring stem cell properties to ESCs.
Resveratrol reverses temozolomide resistance by downregulation of MGMT in T98G glioblastoma cells by the NF-κB-dependent pathway (2012)

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common intracranial tumor, with a dismal prognosis. Although temozolomide (TMZ)-based chemotherapy following neurosurgery has been proven to be effective, not all patients benefit clinically because of TMZ resistance. Given that protein expression of O(6)-methylguanine-DNA-methyltransferase (MGMT) is the most important determinant of TMZ resistance, great efforts have been made to suppress it by regulating MGMT-related transcription factors. The study presented here demonstrates that resveratrol, a natural polyphenol, is able to reverse TMZ resistance of glioblastoma T98G cells which have relatively high MGMT activity. The data showed that combination treatment with TMZ and resveratrol resulted in an enhanced antitumor potential of TMZ, decreased the 50% inhibiting concentration (IC50) of TMZ and increased the induction of apoptosis in TMZ-resistant T98G cells. Hoechst 33258 staining revealed increased apoptotic morphology, such as chromatin aggregation and nuclear and cytoplasmic condensation, in cells receiving combination treatment. Western blot analysis manifested a significant decreased intracellular content and nuclear translocation of NF-κB and increased cleavage of caspase-3 in cells exposed to combination treatment, compared to those in cells treated with TMZ alone. In addition, recombinant expression of NF-κB subunit p65 remarkably promoted nuclear translocation of NF-κB and abolished the TMZ-resistance reversal induced by combination treatment, suggesting an underlying NF-κB-dependent mechanism. Our study improved the knowledge on the mechanism of TMZ resistance and suggested a novel strategy for TMZ-based chemotherapy in glioblastoma patients.
Ion exchange resin for PFAS removal and pilot test comparison to GAC (2017)

Abstract Amec Foster Wheeler and Emerging Compounds Treatment Technologies, Inc. tested pilot‐scale ex situ treatment technologies for treatment of poly‐ and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFAS) in groundwater. The pilot test compared ion exchange resin to granular activated carbon (GAC) and evaluated in‐place regeneration of the resin to restore PFAS removal capacity. During the pilot test, both resin and GAC removed perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) below U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) health advisories (HAs) of 0.070 micrograms per liter (μg/L) combined. Compared at a common empty bed contact time (EBCT) of five minutes, the resin treated over eight times as many bed volumes (BVs) of groundwater as GAC before PFOS exceeded the USEPA HA and six times as many BVs for PFOA. On a mass‐to‐mass basis, resin removed over four times as much total PFAS per gram as GAC before breakthrough was observed at the USEPA HA. A solution of organic solvent and brine was used to regenerate the resin in the lead vessel, which had treated water up to the point of PFOS and PFOA breakthrough exceeding the USEPA HAs. The pilot test demonstrated successful in‐place regeneration of the resin to near‐virgin conditions. The regenerated resin was then used to treat the contaminated groundwater up to the same breakthrough point. Compared to the virgin resin loading cycles, PFAS removal results for the regenerated resin were consistent with virgin resin.
Electro-optical sensors overview (1997)

Over the past 30 years, infrared (IR) imaging sensors have become smaller and more sensitive. Modern IR sensors produce high-resolution, direct TV-compatible video in total darkness or inclement weather conditions.
Process modeling of reactive sputtering (1989)

Reactive sputtering is a very complex and nonlinear process. There are many parameters involved. Normally it is not possible to vary a single parameter independently of the others. It is therefore very difficult to characterize the process based on experimental observations. A better understanding of the reactive sputtering mechanism is needed. We have suggested a simple model for the reactive sputtering process. This model is primarily based on well-known gas kinetics, transferred to this application. With this model it is possible to theoretically predict different processing conditions and actually study the influence of a change in an individual parameter value. The results may then be used to predict optimal experimental conditions. With this technique it is also possible to study means of affecting the well-known hysteresis effect. This article is specially devoted to explain the width of the hysteresis region and how it is affected by the sputtering intensity. Experimental results are presented that support the validity of the proposed model. It was found that the hysteresis width increases in proportion to the rf power fed to the sputtering target. It is thus not possible to eliminate the hysteresis effect by any kind of variation of the sputtering intensity.The effect of the hysteresis effect on the composition limitation of the deposited films will also be described.
Construction and properties of pseudorabies virus recombinants with altered control of immediate-early gene expression (1995)

To investigate how altered control of expression of the essential immediate-early (IE) gene of pseudorabies virus influences virus replication and virulence, we replaced the IE promoter with the tissue-specific promoters of the bovine cytokeratin IV gene (CKIV), the bovine cytokeratin VIb gene (CKVIb), or the inducible promoter of Drosophila heat shock gene HSP70. We compared expression of the IE gene of the wild-type virus and recombinant viruses in different cell types and at different temperatures and found that IE expression had become cell type or temperature dependent. When a recombinant virus was titrated on nonpermissive cells or was titrated at nonpermissive temperatures in vitro, the plating efficiency was reduced by more than 99%. Mice were inoculated subcutaneously (s.c.), intraperitoneally (i.p.), or intranasally (i.n.) with a dose equal to 100 times the 50% lethal dose of the wild-type virus. After inoculation with temperature-sensitive recombinant N-HSP, two (s.c.), two (i.p.), and four (i.n.) of five mice died. However, at this dose, recombinant N-CKIV, which contains a promoter specific for stratified epithelial tissue of the tongue mucosa, was not lethal when inoculated s.c. or i.p. but killed four mice when inoculated i.n. Recombinant N-CKVIb, which contains a promoter specific for the suprabasal layers of the epidermis, was not lethal after inoculation by any of the three routes. In explant cultures of nasal mucosa of pigs, replication of N-CKIV and N-CKVIb was not markedly reduced in the epithelium. However, in contrast to results obtained with wild-type virus, infection of the stroma was not observed. We conclude that the replicative ability and virulence of pseudorabies virus can be influenced by altering control of expression of the IE gene.
Selective hydrolysis of a mitochondrial pool of sphingomyelin induces apoptosis (2001)

Our previous results have indicated that the major cellular pool of sphingomyelin present on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane is not involved in the ceramide pathway of apoptosis. Thus, in this study we aimed at defining which intracellular pools of sphingomyelin and ceramide are involved in cell death. The bacterial sphingomyelinase (SMase) gene fused with green fluorescent protein was subcloned into mammalian vectors containing sequences that target the fusion proteins to cytoplasm, plasma membrane, mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, or nucleus. Transfection of MCF7 breast cancer cells showed for all constructs an increase in SMase activity ranging from 2- to 60-fold, concomitant with an increase in total cellular ceramide levels (10-100%) as compared with vector-transfected cells. Next, the effect of overexpression of the SMase on cell death was examined. Results demonstrate that only when bacterial SMase was targeted to mitochondria did cells undergo apoptosis; its targeting to the other intracellular compartments was ineffective. Further, the results show that apoptosis induced by mitochondrial targeting of bacterial SMase requires SMase catalytic activity, is prevented by the overexpression of Bcl-2, and is mediated by inducing cytochrome c release. These results demonstrate that ceramide induces cell death specifically when generated in mitochondria. The results highlight the significance of compartment-specific lipid-mediated cell regulation, and they offer a novel general approach for these studies.
Amino acid residues 201-205 in C-terminal acidic tail region plays a crucial role in antibacterial activity of HMGB1 (2009)

In sum, these results define the key region and the crucial site in HMGB1 for its antibacterial function, which is helpful to illustrating the antibacterial mechanisms of HMGB1.
A 2.1-GHz monolithic frequency synthesizer with robust phase switching prescaler and loop capacitance scaling (2003)

This paper presents the design of a 2.1-GHz fully integrated /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ fractional-N frequency synthesizer in 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS technology. The improved low-voltage, low-power, inherently glitch-free phase switching prescaler is used in this work. With capacitance scaling, large capacitors in the loop filter can be integrated on chip within small area. With several different digital /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ modulators designed on chip, optimal design of the digital /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ modulator for the fractional-N synthesizer will be investigated experimentally. The supply voltage is 1.5 V for VCO and prescaler and 2-V for other blocks. The synthesizer dissipates 16 mW and has an area of 0.85 mm/sup 2/ excluding pads.
Domain-independent construction of pattern database heuristics for cost-optimal planning (2007)

Heuristic search is a leading approach to domain-independent planning. For cost-optimal planning, however, existing ad-missible heuristics are generally too weak to effectively guide the search. Pattern database heuristics (PDBs), which are based on abstractions of the search space, are currently one of the most promising approaches to developing better ad-missible heuristics. The informedness of PDB heuristics de-pends crucially on the selection of appropriate abstractions (patterns). Although PDBs have been applied to many search problems, including planning, there are not many insights into how to select good patterns, even manually. What con-stitutes a good pattern depends on the problem domain, mak-ing the task even more difcult for domain-independent plan-ning, where the process needs to be completely automatic and general. We present a novel way of constructing good pat-terns automatically from the specication of planning prob-lem instances. We demonstrate that this allows a domain-independent planner to solve planning problems optimally in some very challenging domains, including a STRIPS formu-lation of the Sokoban puzzle.
A NITRIC OXIDE DONOR (SPERMINE‐NONOATE) PREVENTS THE FORMATION OF NEOINTIMA IN RABBIT CAROTID ARTERY (1997)

1. In the present study we investigated the effect of spermine diazeniumdiolate (spermine-NONOate), a nitric oxide donor, on the early development of atheroma-like lesions induced by a peri-arterial collar in rabbits. 2. Spermine-NONOate was given locally by incorporating the compound (1 mg/mL) into a silastic collar, which was applied on one common carotid artery of rabbit while the other carotid artery had a placebo collar (without compound) applied. 3. Fourteen days postimplantation, both carotid arteries were dissected free for histological study (n = 6). 4. After 14 days with collars, treatment with spermine-NONOate had significantly reduced (by 74%) the thickness of the neointima in comparison with the contralateral collared artery without compound. Blood pressure did not change during treatment. Nitric oxide, detected as nitrite, was still released from spermine-NONOate silastic collars after 14 days implantation. 5. These results suggest that locally administered spermine-NONOate is effective in slowing the development of neointima in this model.