gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Adaptive-Bandwidth Phase-Locked Loop With Continuous Background Frequency Calibration (2009)

This brief presents an adaptive-bandwidth (BW) phase-locked loop (PLL) that retains the optimal jitter performance over a wide frequency range via continuous background frequency calibration. The effective center frequency of the voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) is calibrated by adjusting the feedforward division factor while a dual-PLL architecture hides the switching transients. As a result, the core ring oscillator only needs to operate over a narrow frequency range of 2 : 1 that is optimal for the jitter, supply sensitivity, and charge pump current mismatch over process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) conditions. The prototype PLL was fabricated in a 0.13-mum CMOS process, consumed 36 mW of power, and occupied 1.1 x 0.46 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> of area. The measured root-mean-square (RMS) tracking jitter was less than 0.2% of the reference clock period for the wide range of output frequency (2 MHz-1 GHz) and multiplication factor (2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0-9</sup> ), which supports that the PLL BW scales adaptively with the reference frequency. Compared to a PLL without frequency calibration, the proposed PLL demonstrated the jitter reduction up to 80%.
Laser emission from miniaturized NdAl&lt;inf&gt;3&lt;/inf&gt;(BO&lt;inf&gt;3&lt;/inf&gt;)&lt;inf&gt;4&lt;/inf&gt;crystals with directly applied mirrors (1978)

Laser emission from NdAl <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> (BO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> ) <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</inf> crystals of various thickness with directly applied laser mirrors was investigated on a polarization-dependent basis and time-resolved spectra were recorded. CW monomode operation with an output power of 5 mW was attained. Though NAB (NdAl <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> (BO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> ) <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</inf> should be electrooptic (space group <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">R32</tex> ), no electrooptic effect was observed by determining the mode shift from the influence of an electric field during laser operation.
Application of Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) in the Development of Solid Dosage Forms (1997)

The application of ANN in pharmaceutical development has been assessed using theoretical as well as typical pharmaceutical technology examples. The aim was to quantitatively describe the achieved data fitting and predicting abilities of the models developed with a view to using ANN in the development of solid dosage forms. The comparison between the ANN and a traditional statistical (i.e., response surface methodology, RSM) modeling technique was carried out using the squared correlation coefficient R2. Using a highly nonlinear arbitrary function the ANN models showed better fitting (R2 = 0.931 vs. R2 = 0.424) as well as predicting (R2 = 0.810 vs. R2 = 0.547) abilities. Experimental data from a tablet compression study were fitted using two types of ANN models (i.e., multilayer perceptrons and a hybrid network composed of a self-organising feature map joined to a multilayer perception). The achieved data fitting was comparable for the three methods (MLP R2 = 0.911, SOFM-MLP R2 = 0.850, and RSM R2 = 0.897). ANN methodology represents a promising modeling technique when applied to pharmaceutical technology data sets.
Creating a Multisensory Environment for Dementia (2005)

The MR provides a means for a variety of sensory experiences that can increase the quality of life for an individual with dementia. It is an example of an innovative approach to meeting the social and recreational needs of individuals with dementia. In addition, the MR enables staff and family members to communicate and build relationships with residents on a new and different level.
Intracavity phase element improves laser mode stability (2006)

We demonstrate an approach for stabilizing the transverse mode structure in cases where there is strong coupling between the longitudinal and the transverse modes. In this approach, an intracavity phase element that discriminates and selects a specific transverse mode is inserted into the laser resonator. We show that the discrimination can be so strong that the selection of the single transverse mode remains stable despite changes of the resonator length. We calculated the ratio of the small-signal gain and the gain threshold value for the fundamental and (1,0) Hermite-Gaussian modes, as function of a tiny change &Dgr;z of the resonator length, with and without the phase element. Without the phase element, the tiny change of the axial coordinate z of one of the mirrors of CO<sub>2</sub> laser leads to periodical change of different transverse modes. Introducing intracavity phase element preserves a single transverse mode, which is kept practically unchanged with the change of the axial coordinate z, except for a slight periodical change of the output power and the beam quality, due to the periodicity of the resonance conditions.
EPR and optical spectra of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Yb</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math>in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">CsCdBr</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mo>:</mml:mo></mml:math>Charge-transfer effects on the energy-level structure of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Yb</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math>in the symmetrical pair centers (2000)

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), optical absorption, fluorescence, and excitation spectra of ${\mathrm{CsCdBr}}_{3}:1%$ ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{3+}$ single crystals were taken at 4.2 K. An analysis of the dependence of the EPR spectrum on the magnetic-field direction and a comparison of the recorded signal shapes with simulated envelopes over the magnetic dipole transitions of the expected dimers containing all ytterbium isotopes were performed. This allowed us to assign the measured EPR spectra unambiguously to the symmetrical pair center of the type ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{3+}{\ensuremath{-}\mathrm{C}\mathrm{d}}^{2+}$ vacancy-${\mathrm{Yb}}^{3+}$ substituting for three adjacent ${\mathrm{Cd}}^{2+}$ ions in the bromine octahedra chains. A distance of 0.596 nm between the magnetically equivalent ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{3+}$ ions was determined from the line splitting due to magnetic dipole-dipole interaction. An interpretation of the optical spectra in compounds containing $({\mathrm{YbBr}}_{6}{)}^{3\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ complexes is presented, which is based on a crystal-field theory accounting for an interaction between the ground ${4f}^{13}({\mathrm{Yb}}^{3+})[{4p}^{6}({\mathrm{Br}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}){]}_{6}$ and excited ${4f}^{14}({\mathrm{Yb}}^{2+}{)4p}^{5}(\mathrm{Br})[{4p}^{6}({\mathrm{Br}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}){]}_{5}$ charge-transfer configurations. The observed large splitting of the excited ${}^{2}{F}_{5/2}{(4f}^{13})$ crystal-field multiplet is explained on the basis of a quasiresonant hybridization of the $4f$-hole state with the spin orbitals of the charge-transfer states. With physically reasonable values of the fitted model parameters, the calculated energy level diagram of the ${4f}^{13}$ configuration and the g tensor of the ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{3+}$ ion in the crystal-field ground state are in good agreement with the experimental data.
Effects of the Addition of Antimony, Tin, and Lead to Palladium Catalyst Formulations for the Direct Formic Acid Fuel Cell (2010)

In an operating direct formic acid fuel cell (DFAFC), the palladium catalyst surface poisons and must be periodically regenerated by oxidative stripping. The objective of this paper is to analyze the effects of antimony, tin, and lead additions to the palladium black catalyst that is used in the DFAFC. We discovered that each adatom strongly promotes formic acid oxidation in an electrochemical cell and reduces the amount of CO poison that develops on the catalyst surface after one hour of oxidation, which suggests a steric effect due to the presence of the adatoms. However, after three hours of oxidation, the poisoning is nearly the same with each of the adatoms, which shows the limitations of the steric effect. We also used X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy to demonstrate a shift in the palladium binding energy due to the presence of the adatoms, which suggests an electronic effect is also present. We conclude that the steric and electronic effects cause a significant enhancement to oxidation in an electrochemical cell, although the enhancement is less in an operating fuel cell.
A Novel Class of Orally Active Non-Peptide Bradykinin B<sub>2</sub> Receptor Antagonists. 1. Construction of the Basic Framework (1998)

A novel class of potent, selective, and orally active non-peptide bradykinin (BK) B2 receptor antagonists were designed and synthesized starting from 8-benzyloxyimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivative 2. The unique screening lead (2) was discovered by a two-step intentional random screening process, involving recognition of the relationship between BK and angiotensin II (Ang II) and the common structural features. Systematic chemical modification of 2 elucidated the structural requirements essential for B2 binding affinity leading to the identification of 8-[[3-(N-acylglycyl-N-methylamino)-2,6-dichlorobenzyl]oxy]-3-halo- 2- methylimidazo[1,2-a]pyridine skeleton as the basic framework of this new series of B2 antagonists. A molecular modeling study suggested the key role of the N-methylanilide moiety at the 3-position of the 2,6-dichlorobenzene ring to allow these compounds to adopt the characteristic active conformation. The representative lead compounds inhibited the specific binding of [3H]BK to guinea pig ileum membrane preparations expressing B2 receptors, with nanomolar IC50S and also displayed in vivo functional antagonistic activities against BK-induced bronchoconstriction in guinea pigs at an oral dose of 1 mg/kg. Pharmacokinetic studies of compounds 47c and 50b in rats highlighted their excellent oral bioavailabilities, indicating that they represent the first orally active non-peptide B2 antagonists reported to date.
Proton Conduction in Dense and Porous Nanocrystalline Ceria Thin Films (2013)

Abstract The electrical conductivity of ceria thin films (epitaxial as well as dense and porous nanocrystalline) is investigated in dry and wet atmosphere at temperatures below 500 °C. For the epitaxial and the fully dense nanocrystalline samples, no significant differences can be observed between dry and wet conditions. In marked contrast, the nanocrystalline porous films obtained via spin coating exhibit a considerable enhancement of the protonic conductivity below 300 °C in wet atmosphere. This outcome reveals that the residual open mesoporosity plays the key role for the enhancement of the proton transport at low temperatures and not the high density of grain boundaries. The quantitative analysis of the various pathways, along which the proton transport can take place, indicates that the observed proton conduction can arise not only from bulk water adsorbed in the open pores but also from the space charge zones on the water side of the water/oxide interface.
A Textbook of Bacteriology (1960)

The chapters on counting techniques are largely useless and are in no way improved by the many illustrations of boxes of electronic equipment which have no difficulty in preserving their anonymity behind their front panels.The theoretical bases of some of the problems are poorly explained, others, e.g., those involving multicompartment systems, are not discussed
Predicting successful completion of online collaborative animation projects (2009)

Online creative collaboration projects are started every day, but many fail to produce new artifacts of value. In this poster, we address the question of why some of these projects succeed and others fail. Our quantitative analysis of 892 online collaborative animation projects, or "collabs," indicates that the early presence of organizational and structural elements, particularly those of a technical nature, can predict successful completion.
Cage Friction in High-Speed Spindle Bearings (2013)

Abstract Friction-induced heat is one of the main reasons for the upper speed limit of high-speed angular contact ball bearings (spindle bearings). One source of friction inside the bearing is the cage. In this article, it is shown through experimental results that the frictional losses due to the cage are of significant magnitude. Based on measurements, a new, simple calculation model is proposed to estimate the cage induced frictional losses in spindle bearings under high rotational speed with minimal lubrication. The cage is assumed to rotate eccentrically around the bearing's axis and to be in contact with the outer ring at just one position. One single ball at the same position is assumed to drive the cage. Thereby, the friction between the cage and the outer ring is transformed in a breaking torque for the inner ring and the shaft. Both the cage outer ring contact and the ball cage contact are handled according to Coulomb's law of friction. Despite its simplicity, this model shows a close correlation with experimental results. Consideration of the centrifugal and thermal expansion provides insight into the relation between cage clearance and cage friction and hence allows for the development of new cage designs. Finally, the design and experimental results of optimized cages made of polyether ether ketone (PEEK) are presented. KEY WORDS: Cage FrictionSpindle BearingsHigh Speed BearingsFriction CalculationCage Optimization ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors thank Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) for providing financial support for the experiments under registration number BR 2905/14–2, "Gestaltungsvarianten für Spindellager zur Steigerung der erreichbaren Drehzahlen."
Orientation Detection Using Passive UHF RFID Technology [Education Column] (2014)

A simple, compact, rechargeable handheld radio-frequency identification (RFID) reader was designed to detect the orientation of tagged objects. The system uses a linearly polarized reader antenna and the orientation sensor of the mobile device to identify the orientation of the tag. The system works in the ultra-high-frequency (UHF) RFID band. Detailed testing was done in different surroundings with various materials and tags. The system was able to correctly identify the orientation in several cases with an average angular error of less than 10°. This system can also be used to demonstrate the concept of polarization.
An adaptive code rate EDAC scheme for random access memory (2010)

As the VLSI technology scaling continues and the device dimension keeps shrinking, memories are more and more sensitive to soft errors. Memory cores usually occupy a large portion of an SOC and have significant impact on the chip reliability. Therefore error detection and correction (EDAC) techniques are commonly used for protecting the system against soft errors. This paper presents a novel EDAC scheme, which provides adaptive code rate for random access memories (RAMs). Under a certain reliability restriction, the proposed design allows more error bits than a conventional EDAC design.
Mode mapping method for h.264/avc spatial downscaling transcoding (2005)

Transcoding is a very effective method for universal media adaptation. Spatial resolution downscaling is one of the most popular transcoding applications. Although a number of transcoding methods have been proposed in the past years, they are not very suitable for the most up-to-date H.264/AVC standard due to its many new features. In this paper, a coding mode mapping method is proposed for H.264/AVC spatial downscaling transcoding. Different from the traditional schemes, the proposed method is focused on the mode decision part, which plays a key role in H.264/AVC video encoding. The mapping scheme is exploited based on the statistics and analysis that reveals the inherent relationship between the frames having the same content but with different spatial resolutions.
Wave formation by heating in thin metal film on an elastomer (2001)

Abstract Wave formation by heating rather than the usual cooling in a thin metal film on an elastomer is presented. A simple model is used to relate the wavelength of the waves thus formed to the heating temperature. An indirect method of estimating Young's modulus at elevated temperatures emerges from the analysis. The waves formed by heating can be made to appear or not to appear by the selection of the temperature to which the sample is heated. A relationship is given for the critical temperature that determines the appearance or nonappearance of the waves. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 39: 1122–1128, 2001
Analysis of somatic cell H-2 variants to define the structural requirements for class I antigen expression. (1986)

We have taken the approach of producing somatic cell variants with altered H-2 products to study the structural requirements for cell surface expression of class I histocompatibility molecules. H-2 antigen variants generated by chemical mutagenesis of a cell line expressing the H-2b haplotype were first selected with alloantisera for their loss of H-2Kb expression, and then were analyzed by radioimmunoassay for the appearance of intracellular Kb antigen. For one such variant (69.9.15), whereas the H-2Kb antigen was absent from the cell surface as assayed by antibody-mediated complement-dependent cytotoxicity, an H-2Kb molecule was detected within the cell lysate as confirmed by direct immune precipitation with Kb-specific monoclonal antibodies. The product had an altered antigenic phenotype, since it reacted with only two anti-Kb monoclonal antibodies (Y-3 and EH-144) and not with a third (5F1.2). Analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis identified the beta 2 microglobulin-associated, intracellular H-2Kb heavy chain to be slightly smaller in Mr than the H-2Kb of the parental cell line. Hybridization analysis revealed the Kb gene from the variant to be without gross alterations, and furthermore, identified a Kb mRNA species that was identical in size to wild-type Kb mRNA. Because complementation was not observed after somatic cell fusion of variant cells with BALB/c splenocytes, it appeared that the alteration in Kb expression was due to a cis-acting defect. In addition, DNA-mediated gene transfer of the wild-type Kb gene into the variant cell line resulted in expression of the Kb antigen on the cell surface, thus confirming that the defect in expression of the mutant Kb product was not due to other factors in the 69.9.15 cell line. Such findings are consistent with the conclusion that stable H-2Kb surface-negative somatic variants can arise due to limited alterations in the Kb gene, resulting in the synthesis of a class I molecule that is expressed only as an intracellular product.
Fuel-Cell Hybrid Powertrain: Toward Minimization of Hydrogen Consumption (2009)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> In this paper, the powertrain sizing of a fuel-cell hybrid vehicle (FCHV) is investigated. The goal is to determine the fuel-cell system (FCS) size, together with the energy storage system (ESS) size, which leads to the lowest hydrogen consumption. The power source (FCS <formula formulatype="inline"> <tex Notation="TeX">$+$</tex></formula> ESS) capabilities should also respect the vehicle driveability constraints. Batteries and supercapacitors are considered as ESSs. The power management strategy is a global optimization algorithm respecting charge sustaining of the ESS. The impacts of the driving cycle (urban, outer urban, and highway), ESS technology, and vehicle driveability constraints on hydrogen consumption are analyzed in detail. </para>
Cerebral haemostasis and antiphospholipid antibodies (2003)

One of the major clinical concerns of the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is the propensity of antiphospholipid (aPL) antibodies to cause thrombosis in both the large and small vessels of the brain. In this article, we review the current understanding of haemostasis in cerebral circulation and discuss this in the context of antiphospholipid antibodies. The systemic-defect-local-phenotype paradox is of particular importance in this discussion. In this paradigm, a systemic defect in thrombosis and haemostasis leads to a localized pattern of thrombotic disease because the regional physiological variations in the several prothrombotic and anticoagulant factors and the defect interact so as to favour thrombosis at a particular site. One possible mechanism of initiation of thrombosis in APS is the activation of endothelial cells by aPL that could occur in the cerebral vessels and provoke thrombosis. We review the evidence from gene knockout mice, other animal models and human postmortem examination studies as to which pro- and antithrombotic mechanisms are effecting haemostasis in the cerebral circulation. We conclude that there are large deficits in the understanding of the regulation ofhaemostasis in the human brain. As a consequence there is a lack of knowledge about the effect of aPL on cerebral endothelium and thrombosis. Recent developments in gene expression profiling may have an impact on our understanding of endothelial function in the brain. More research is required.
<i>Phytophthora sojae</i>Races in Ohio Over a 10-Year Interval (1994)

During 1978 and 1980, 199 isolates of Phytophthora sojae were obtained from soil samples from 16 fields in northwest Ohio using a soybean leaf disk bait procedure, and 53 isolates were obtained from diseased soybean plants. During 1990 and 1991, 282 isolates of P. sojae were obtained from diseased soybean cv. Sloan or Amcor 89 seedlings planted in soil from 88 fields in northwest Ohio, and 27 isolates were obtained from field-grown plants with the Rps1-k resistance gene. All isolates were identified as to their race phenotypes by inoculation of differential soybean cultivars having Rps1-a, Rps1-b, Rps1-c, Rps1-d, Rps1-k, Rps3-a, or Rps6 resistance genes
Review on microwave/millimeter-wave systems for vital sign detection (2014)

This paper reviews recent advances of technologies using radar sensor to detect vital sign of a human subject. A number of front-end architectures, detection methods, and system-level integrations have been reported to improve the detection accuracy and enhance the system robustness. The advantages of noncontact vital sign detection draw lots of attention in various applications, such as health-care monitoring and rescue searching. Several portable systems and integrated circuits have been demonstrated recently. Different system architectures, baseband signal processing, system-level integration and potential applications are compared. Integrating the radar chip to achieve compact size, lower power consumption with signal processing techniques to increase the detection accuracy will continuously be the focus for the researchers in the future.