gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hemorrhoids: From basic pathophysiology to clinical management (2012)

This review discusses the pathophysiology, epidemiology, risk factors, classification, clinical evaluation, and current non-operative and operative treatment of hemorrhoids. Hemorrhoids are defined as the symptomatic enlargement and distal displacement of the normal anal cushions. The most common symptom of hemorrhoids is rectal bleeding associated with bowel movement. The abnormal dilatation and distortion of the vascular channel, together with destructive changes in the supporting connective tissue within the anal cushion, is a paramount finding of hemorrhoids. It appears that the dysregulation of the vascular tone and vascular hyperplasia might play an important role in hemorrhoidal development, and could be a potential target for medical treatment. In most instances, hemorrhoids are treated conservatively, using many methods such as lifestyle modification, fiber supplement, suppository-delivered anti-inflammatory drugs, and administration of venotonic drugs. Non-operative approaches include sclerotherapy and, preferably, rubber band ligation. An operation is indicated when non-operative approaches have failed or complications have occurred. Several surgical approaches for treating hemorrhoids have been introduced including hemorrhoidectomy and stapled hemorrhoidopexy, but postoperative pain is invariable. Some of the surgical treatments potentially cause appreciable morbidity such as anal stricture and incontinence. The applications and outcomes of each treatment are thoroughly discussed.
Evaluation of beam-scanning dual-reflector antennas (1977)

The gain/scan characteristics of four different types of dual-reflector antenna are compared. The theoretical analysis is based on the receive mode of operation in which geometrical optics, geometrical theory of diffraction and physical-optics technique are applied. Measured results of one of the designed antenna are found to agree well with prediction.
DEBUG—an extension to current online debugging techniques (1965)

article Free Access Share on DEBUG—an extension to current online debugging techniques Authors: Thomas G. Evans Air Force Cambridge Research Labs, Bedford, MA Air Force Cambridge Research Labs, Bedford, MAView Profile , D. Lucille Darley Bolt, Beranek and Newman, Inc., Cambridge, MA Bolt, Beranek and Newman, Inc., Cambridge, MAView Profile Authors Info & Claims Communications of the ACMVolume 8Issue 5May 1965 pp 321–326https://doi.org/10.1145/364914.364952Published:01 May 1965Publication History 9citation295DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations9Total Downloads295Last 12 Months17Last 6 weeks1 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my Alerts New Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
Advancing process‐based watershed hydrological research using near‐surface geophysics: a vision for, and review of, electrical and magnetic geophysical methods (2008)

Abstract We want to develop a dialogue between geophysicists and hydrologists interested in synergistically advancing process based watershed research. We identify recent advances in geophysical instrumentation, and provide a vision for the use of electrical and magnetic geophysical instrumentation in watershed scale hydrology. The focus of the paper is to identify instrumentation that could significantly advance this vision for geophysics and hydrology during the next 3–5 years. We acknowledge that this is one of a number of possible ways forward and seek only to offer a relatively narrow and achievable vision. The vision focuses on the measurement of geological structure and identification of flow paths using electrical and magnetic methods. The paper identifies instruments, provides examples of their use, and describes how synergy between measurement and modelling could be achieved. Of specific interest are the airborne systems that can cover large areas and are appropriate for watershed studies. Although airborne geophysics has been around for some time, only in the last few years have systems designed exclusively for hydrological applications begun to emerge. These systems, such as airborne electromagnetic (EM) and transient electromagnetic (TEM), could revolutionize hydrogeological interpretations. Our vision centers on developing nested and cross scale electrical and magnetic measurements that can be used to construct a three‐dimensional (3D) electrical or magnetic model of the subsurface in watersheds. The methodological framework assumes a ‘top down’ approach using airborne methods to identify the large scale, dominant architecture of the subsurface. We recognize that the integration of geophysical measurement methods, and data, into watershed process characterization and modelling can only be achieved through dialogue. Especially, through the development of partnerships between geophysicists and hydrologists, partnerships that explore how the application of geophysics can answer critical hydrological science questions, and conversely provide an understanding of the limitations of geophysical measurements and interpretation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advances in principal factors influencing carbon dioxide adsorption on zeolites (2008)

We report the advances in the principal structural and experimental factors that might influence the carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) adsorption on natural and synthetic zeolites. The CO<sub>2</sub> adsorption is principally govern by the inclusion of exchangeable cations (countercations) within the cavities of zeolites, which induce basicity and an electric field, two key parameters for CO<sub>2</sub> adsorption. More specifically, these two parameters vary with diverse factors including the nature, distribution and number of exchangeable cations. The structure of framework also determines CO<sub>2</sub> adsorption on zeolites by influencing the basicity and electric field in their cavities. In fact, the basicity and electric field usually vary inversely with the Si/Al ratio. Furthermore, the CO<sub>2</sub> adsorption might be limited by the size of pores within zeolites and by the carbonates formation during the CO<sub>2</sub> chemisorption. The polarity of molecules adsorbed on zeolites represents a very important factor that influences their interaction with the electric field. The adsorbates that have the most great quadrupole moment such as the CO<sub>2</sub>, might interact strongly with the electric field of zeolites and this favors their adsorption. The pressure, temperature and presence of water seem to be the most important experimental conditions that influence the adsorption of CO<sub>2</sub>. The CO<sub>2</sub> adsorption increases with the gas phase pressure and decreases with the rise of temperature. The presence of water significantly decreases adsorption capacity of cationic zeolites by decreasing strength and heterogeneity of the electric field and by favoring the formation of bicarbonates. The optimization of the zeolites structural characteristics and the experimental conditions might enhance substantially their CO<sub>2</sub> adsorption capacity and thereby might give rise to the excellent adsorbents that may be used to capturing the industrial emissions of CO<sub>2</sub>.
Experiments on a gravity-free dispersion of large solid spheres in a Newtonian fluid under shear (1954)

Abstract Dispersions of solid spherical grains of diameter D = 0.13cm were sheared in Newtonian fluids of varying viscosity (water and a glycerine-water-alcohol mixture) in the annular space between two concentric drums. The density σ of the grains was balanced against the density ρ of the fluid, giving a condition of no differential forces due to radial acceleration. The volume concentration C of the grains was varied between 62 and 13 %. A substantial radial dispersive pressure was found to be exerted between the grains. This was measured as an increase of static pressure in the inner stationary drum which had a deformable periphery. The torque on the inner drum was also measured. The dispersive pressure P was found to be proportional to a shear stress λ attributable to the presence of the grains. The linear grain concentration λ is defined as the ratio grain diameter/mean free dispersion distance and is related to C by λ=1(C0/C)12−1 where C0 is the maximum possible static volume concentration. Both the stressesT and P, as dimensionless groups TσD2/λη2, and PσD2/λη 2, were found to bear single-valued empirical relations to a dimensionless shear strain group λ½σD2(dU/dy)lη for all the values of λ&lt; 12(C= 57% approx.) where dU/dy is the rate of shearing of the grains over one another, and η the fluid viscosity. This relation gives Tασ(λD)2(dU/dy)2 and T∝λ12ηdU/dy according as dU/dy is large or small, i.e. according to whether grain inertia or fluid viscosity dominate. An alternative semi-empirical relation F = (1+λ)(1+½λ)ηdU/dy was found for the viscous case, when T is the whole shear stress. The ratio T/P was constant at 0·3 approx, in the inertia region, and at 0.75 approx, in the viscous region. The results are applied to a few hitherto unexplained natural phenomena.
Molecular precursors for (nano) materials — a one step strategy (2002)

The use of molecular Single Source Precursors (SSP) containing all elements necessary for the formation of the final solid material in CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) or sol–gel routes is classified with respect to the control of the reaction. Three different cases have been distinguished: In SSP-I the stoichiometric ratio of the elements in the precursor corresponds to the ratio required in the solid whereas the number and kind of side products of the reaction (ligands) are not controlled. In SSP-II, not only does the ratio of the elemental components of the precursor have the correct stoichiometry but also the ligands are chosen in such a way that a cascade of reactions is induced at moderate temperatures leading to few products and therefore low contamination of the solid material. In SSP-III, the precursor decomposes to form at least two solid phases with perfect stoichiometric and structural control. All three processes allow the obtention of nanocrystalline materials.
How to invent distributed implementation schemes of an object-based concurrent language: a transformational approach (1988)

A design and verification technique for implementation schemes of distributed software is presented. In this technique, first, the specification is modelled by a concurrent object system, that is, one which is constituted of computational agents with capability of concurrent execution and message passing. Then, such a concurrent object system is transformed into another concurrent object system, which models a sophisticated implementation scheme. Our transformation technique is mainly based on fusing and splitting concurrent objects. The correctness of transformation rules can be proven formally.
Self-incompatibility in the Grasses (2000)

The grasses represent one of the most important families of plants since they constitute our major crops and pastures and dominate many natural ecosystems. Self-incompatibility (SI) is widespread in the grasses and is under the control of a series of alleles at each of two unlinked loci, S and Z. Specification of the pollen grain is gametophytic and depends upon the combination of S and Z alleles in the pollen grain. Both of these must be matched in the pistil for the pollen grain to be incompatible. Several lines of research suggest that this two-locus SI system is shared by all grass species of the Pooideae and possibly by the entire Graminae. Firstly, genetic studies demonstrated the presence of the S-Z system in the Triticeae, the Poeae and Avenae. Secondly, linkage analyses showed common markers linked to the S-gene in grass species from all three tribes. Recent molecular studies revealed remarkable synteny of chromosomes and conservation of gene order within the Poaceae. Molecular markers have also been used to confirm syntenous localization of S and Z in several species. Despite the complexity of the grass incompatibility system relative to that in other families, the detailed genetic and physical maps for the crop species in the Triticeae and the availability of large insert libraries and mutations at the incompatibility loci, makes this a particularly promising family for molecular studies.
Lumbar spine curvature during office chair sitting (2000)

Prolonged sitting is generally accepted as a high risk factor in low back pain and it is frequently suggested that a lordotic posture of the lumbar spine should be maintained during sitting. We asked whether the sagittal curvature of the lumbar spine during sitting is affected by the seat tilt, backrest and the direction of the synchronised mechanism of the back and seat tilt (synchro tilt). Two office chairs were tested by multibody analysis interfacing a human model with a chair model. Results indicate that a synchronised mechanism of an office chair representing a posterior tilt of the seat while the backrest is reclined maintains an evenly distributed lumbar lordosis. The segmental angles are between 3.1 and 3.6 degrees at the lumbar vertebrae 1/2-4/5 (L1/2-L4/5). These lumbar spine segmental angles are not sensitive to the backrest height. In contrast, a synchro tilt concept with a reduction of the seat's posterior tilt while the backrest is reclined causes a strong reduction of the lumbar lordosis in backrest recline with a maximum reduction from 11.7 to 2.8 degrees in L4/5. As a consequence of these results, a synchro tilt concept with a posterior tilt of the seat while the backrest is reclined is preferable from the lumbar spine kinematics point of view.
RadarCat (2016)

In RadarCat we present a small, versatile radar-based system for material and object classification which enables new forms of everyday proximate interaction with digital devices. We demonstrate that we can train and classify different types of materials and objects which we can then recognize in real time. Based on established research designs, we report on the results of three studies, first with 26 materials (including complex composite objects), next with 16 transparent materials (with different thickness and varying dyes) and finally 10 body parts from 6 participants. Both leave one-out and 10-fold cross-validation demonstrate that our approach of classification of radar signals using random forest classifier is robust and accurate. We further demonstrate four working examples including a physical object dictionary, painting and photo editing application, body shortcuts and automatic refill based on RadarCat. We conclude with a discussion of our results, limitations and outline future directions.
MIMO OFDM system with AMC and variable CP length for wireless communications (2009)

There are a few core technologies to enable high-performance 4 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sup> generation (4G) broadband wireless communication system. A multiple input multiple output (MIMO) provides high-rate transmission through expended channels by multiple array antennas in both sender and receiver side. Also orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is well-known as the most appropriate technique for high data rate transmission. Adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) changes a modulation order and coding rate according to channel conditions, so it is possible that the spectral efficiency is improved at the fixed error performance. Cyclic prefix (CP) is the one of the most important technique to OFDM system and is reducing inter-symbol interference (ISI) effects in high speed wireless mobile communication system. As consider the time varying channel condition, however, fixed CP length is not only increasing power consumption but also reducing data transmission rate. In this paper, we propose a multiple-output (MIMO) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system with AMC and adaptive CP length to improve system capacity with maintaining good error performance. The results of computer simulation show the improvement of system capacity in Rayleigh fading channel.
Reactivity of alkali metal-graphite intercalation compounds (2011)

Three types of reactions of alkali metal-graphite intercalation compounds (AM-GICs) are described: Extraction of alkali metals, penetration of molecules into alkali metal layers and polymerization of molecules on the surface. Oxygen extracts alkali metal atoms of MC8 (and MC24, M=K, Rb) from the bulk to the edge surface, leaving a mixture of higher stage AM-GICs inside and graphitic area on the edge surface. Ammonia molecules penetrate into alkali metal layers of MC8 (M=K, Rb, Cs) by ion-dipole interaction and are accommodated into the nanospace of MC24 (M=K, Rb, Cs). Water molecules penetrate into MC24 (M=K, Cs) and react with alkali metals. Hydrogen is adsorbed in the interlayer nanospace at low temperature (77 K). Butadiene monomers adsorbed on the surface of AM-GICs polymerize.
Mitofusin 2 Is Necessary for Transport of Axonal Mitochondria and Interacts with the Miro/Milton Complex (2010)

Mitofusins (Mfn1 and Mfn2) are outer mitochondrial membrane proteins involved in regulating mitochondrial dynamics. Mutations in Mfn2 cause Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) type 2A, an inherited disease characterized by degeneration of long peripheral axons, but the nature of this tissue selectivity remains unknown. Here, we present evidence that Mfn2 is directly involved in and required for axonal mitochondrial transport, distinct from its role in mitochondrial fusion. Live imaging of neurons cultured from Mfn2 knock-out mice or neurons expressing Mfn2 disease mutants shows that axonal mitochondria spend more time paused and undergo slower anterograde and retrograde movements, indicating an alteration in attachment to microtubule-based transport systems. Furthermore, Mfn2 disruption altered mitochondrial movement selectively, leaving transport of other organelles intact. Importantly, both Mfn1 and Mfn2 interact with mammalian Miro (Miro1/Miro2) and Milton (OIP106/GRIF1) proteins, members of the molecular complex that links mitochondria to kinesin motors. Knockdown of Miro2 in cultured neurons produced transport deficits identical to loss of Mfn2, indicating that both proteins must be present at the outer membrane to mediate axonal mitochondrial transport. In contrast, disruption of mitochondrial fusion via knockdown of the inner mitochondrial membrane protein Opa1 had no effect on mitochondrial motility, indicating that loss of fusion does not inherently alter mitochondrial transport. These experiments identify a role for mitofusins in directly regulating mitochondrial transport and offer important insight into the cell type specificity and molecular mechanisms of axonal degeneration in CMT2A and dominant optic atrophy.
MicroRNAs in Cancer (2007)

ED02-01 let-7 encodes a microRNA implicated in human cancer. Specifically, human let-7 is poorly expressed or deleted in lung cancer, and over-expression of let-7 in lung cancer cells inhibits their growth, demonstrating a role for let-7 as a tumor suppressor in lung tissue. let-7 is expressed in the developing mammalian lung and regulates the expression of important oncogenes implicated in lung cancer, suggesting a mechanism for let-7’s involvement in cancer. We are focused on the role of let-7 and other oncomirs in regulating proto-oncogene expression during development and cancer, and on using miRNAs to suppress tumorigenesis.
Plant monitoring and signal validation at HFIR (2017)

This paper describes a monitoring system for the Oak Ridge National Laboratory's (ORNL'S) High Flux Isotope Reactor (HFIR). HFIR is an 85 MW pressurized water reactor designed to produce isotopes and intense neutron beams. The monitoring system is described with respect to plant signals and computer system; monitoring overview; data acquisition, logging and network distribution; signal validation; status displays; reactor condition monitoring; reactor operator aids. Future work will include the addition of more plant signals, more signal validation and diagnostic capabilities, improved status display, integration of the system with the RELAP plant simulation and graphical interface, improved operator aids, and an alarm filtering system. 8 refs., 7 figs. (MB)
Inverse problems in color device characterization (2003)

Color device characterization involves deriving a mathematical description of the device response to a known input. This is known as the forward characterization transform. In the final application, this transform must be inverted to generate a mapping that determines the device input required for a desired response. This paper focuses on the inverse characterization transform for hardcopy devices. This can be discussed for two cases: (1) Devices employing 3 channels A colorimetrically unique inverse mapping exists provided the input signal is within the achievable domain of the device. When the forward transform is described by an analytic model, the inverse can be obtained by search-based techniques. When the forward transform is obtained empirically, the inverse transform is estimated by 3-D fitting or interpolation methods. (2) Devices employing > 3 channels. The inverse mapping is not colorimetrically unique, and therefore ill-posed. Additional constraints must be incorporated to ensure uniqueness. As an example, the case of CMYK printer characterization will be discussed. Constraints via undercolor removal and gray component replacement will be presented. Other methods that explicitly constrain CMYK combinations based on criteria such moire minimization will also be described. For both cases, the problem of out-of-domain mapping and noise considerations will be discussed.
A Mechanism for Tn5Inhibition (1999)

Tn5 is unique among prokaryotic transposable elements in that it encodes a special inhibitor protein identical to the Tn5 transposase except lacking a short NH2-terminal DNA binding sequence. This protein regulates transposition through nonproductive protein-protein interactions with transposase. We have studied the mechanism of Tn5 inhibition in vitro and find that a heterodimeric complex between the inhibitor and transposase is critical for inhibition, probably via a DNA-bound form of transposase. Two dimerization domains are known in the inhibitor/transposase shared sequence, and we show that the COOH-terminal domain is necessary for inhibition, correlating with the ability of the inhibitor protein to homodimerize via this domain. This regulatory complex may provide clues to the structures of functional synaptic complexes. Additionally, we find that NH2- and COOH-terminal regions of transposase or inhibitor are in functional contact. The NH2 terminus appears to occlude transposase homodimerization (hypothetically mediated by the COOH terminus), an effect that might contribute to productive transposition. Conversely, a deletion of the COOH terminus uncovers a secondary DNA binding region in the inhibitor protein which is probably located near the NH2 terminus.