gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Motion in radiotherapy: particle therapy (2011)

Charged particle beam radiotherapy requires dedicated measures to compensate for the dosimetric influence of inter- and intra-fractional target motion. Independent of the delivery technique, these measures have to incorporate the strong influence of the radiological depth on the delivered dose. For scanned beam delivery, interference effects of target motion and scanned beam can further cause under-dosage of the clinical target volume despite using margins. Within the scope of this review, published data with respect to motion management in scattered as well as scanned beam treatment delivery will be summarized. Based on a section covering the dosimetric impact of organ motion, motion management during treatment planning, patient positioning, treatment delivery and treatment validation will be summarized. For scattered beam delivery, the concepts and data are often based on clinical usage since treatment of moving tumors has been performed for several years. In the field of scanned beam delivery, the report focuses on the results of research on countermeasures of the interference effect. Clinical application of these techniques can be expected in the near future.
Total removal of craniopharyngiomas (1990)

The clinical features, perioperative course, and postoperative outcomes of 144 patients who underwent microsurgical resection of craniopharyngioma were reviewed. Overall, 90% of the tumors were completely resected and 7% recurred. Evaluation of those patients who underwent primary resection revealed much better results. The operative techniques and approaches are reviewed in detail. The results of this series suggest that primary total removal of craniopharyngiomas yields the best long-term outcome for the patient. Experience has shown that the larger the tumor the greater will be the damage, both preoperatively and intraoperatively, to vital intracranial structures. Consequently, early diagnosis, at a stage when the tumor is still small, improves the chances of accomplishing complete removal and of achieving good operative results. The early diagnosis of craniopharyngioma, before it can produce devastating neurological defects, continues to be the principal goal of our medical and pediatric colleagues.
The synthesis and reactivity of ω‐(<i>P</i>‐vinylbenzyl ether) macromonomer of poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene ether) (1992)

Abstract This paper describes the synthesis and reactivity of ω‐( p ‐vinylbenzyl ether) macromonomer of poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene ether) (PPE‐VBE). The reactivity of PPE‐VBE macromonomer, as determined from the free radical copolymerization of PPE‐VBE with either methyl methacrylate (MMA) or n ‐butyl methacrylate (BMA), is influenced by the molecular weight of PPE‐VBE, by the concentration of the macromonomer or total comonomers, and by the nature of the polymerization solvent. The dependence of the reactivity on the molecular weight of the PPE‐VBE macromonomer was interpreted based on the kinetic excluded volume theory and by a micelle formation model. This paper demonstrates that the reactivity of PPE‐VBE macromonomers can be explained by the micelle formation model alone. Thus the influence of both the concentration and the nature of the polymerization solvent on the reactivity was satisfactorily interpreted based on this micelle model. The formation of micelles was caused by the difference between the solubility of the PPE‐VBE macromonomer segment and the homopolymer of MMA or BMA which comprises the propagating chains in the polymerization solvent. The analysis of all the reactivity data of PPE‐VBE macromonomers can now be correlated with respect to the extents of the micelle formation as characterized by the partition coefficient, k. The value of k represents the concentration difference of both the PPE‐VBE macromonomer and its comonomer between the bulk of the free solvent and around the growing chain. The determined reactivity ratio is a product of the real reactivity ratio and the partition coefficient.
Single-walled carbon nanotube saturable absorber assisted high-power mode-locking of a Ti:sapphire laser (2011)

We report on passive mode-locking of a Ti:sapphire laser employing a single-walled carbon nanotube saturable absorber (SWCNT-SA) specially designed and fabricated for wavelengths near 800 nm. Mode-locked pulses as short as 62 fs were generated at a repetition rate of 99.4 MHz. We achieved output powers from the SWCNT-SA mode-locked laser as high as 600 mW with a slope efficiency of 26%. The characteristics of SWCNT-SA-assisted mode-locking were compared with those of Kerr-lens mode-locking without SWCNT-SA.
Abdominal Vagotomy Blocks the Satiety Effect of Cholecystokinin in the Rat (1981)

The site where peripherally administered cholecystokinin-8 elicits satiety was investigated by injecting rats with cholecystokinin-8 (1 to 8 micrograms per kilogram of body weight, intraperitoneally) after they had received bilateral lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus or after they had undergone bilateral abdominal vagotomy or selective vagotomies. Abdominal vagotomy or gastric vagotomy abolished or reduced the satiety effect of cholecystokinin, but lesions of the ventromedial hypothalamus did not. These results demonstrate that peripherally administered cholecystokinin acts in the abdomen through gastric vagal fibers and not directly on the brain to produce satiety in the rat.
Rotor flux-based MRAS for three level inverter fed induction motor drive using fuzzy logic controller (2012)

This paper proposes a sensorless vector control scheme for induction motor to operate at low speed. Low speed operation of rotor flux model reference adaptive system (MRAS) have the problems of dc drift and dead time due to pure integrator present in the reference model. A control scheme is proposed with non-linear integrator in the reference model of the rotor flux-based MRAS speed observer to obtain the compensating voltage. Adaptive model tuning is done with fuzzy logic controller (FLC) in place of PI controller. Multilevel inverter with space vector pulse width modulation (SVPWM) technique is used to improve the performance of drive. A SIMULINK model is developed to compare performance of conventional rotor flux MRAS and proposed control scheme with PI controller and FLC.
In Vivo Methylation of Bacteriophage φX174 DNA (1979)

A mutant (designated mec(-)) has been isolated from Escherichia coli C which has lost DNA-cytosine methylase activity and the ability to protect phage lambda against in vivo restriction by the RII endonuclease. This situation is analogous to that observed with an E. coli K-12 mec(-) mutant; thus, the E. coli C methylase appears to have overlapping sequence specificity with the K-12 and RII enzymes; (the latter methylases have been shown previously to recognize the same sequence). Covalently closed, supertwisted double-standed DNA (RFI) was isolated from C mec(+) and C mec(-) cells infected with bacteriophage phiX174. phiX. mec(-) RFI is sensitive to in vitro cleavage by R.EcoRII and is cut twice to produce two fragments of almost equal size. In contrast, phiX.mec(+) RFI is relatively resistant to in vitro cleavage by R.EcoRII. R.BstI, which cleaves mec(+)/RII sites independent of the presence or absence of 5-methylcytosine, cleaves both forms of the RFI and produces two fragments similar in size to those observed with R. EcoRII. These results demonstrate that phiX.mec(+) RFI is methylated in vivo by the host mec(+) enzyme and that this methylation protects the DNA against cleavage by R.EcoRII. This is consistent with the known location of two mec(+)/ RII sequences (viz., [Formula: see text]) on the phiX174 map. Mature singlestranded virion DNA was isolated from phiX174 propagated in C mec(+) or C mec(-) in the presence of l-[methyl-(3)H]methionine. Paper chromatographic analyses of acid hydrolysates revealed that phiX.mec(+) DNA had a 10-fold-higher ratio of [(3)H]5-methylcytosine to [(3)H]cytosine compared to phiX.mec(-). Since phiX.mec(+) contains, on the average, approximately 1 5-methylcytosine residue per viral DNA, we conclude that methylation of phiX174 is mediated by the host mec(+) enzyme only. These results are not consistent with the conclusions of previous reports that phiX174 methylation is mediated by a phage-induced enzyme and that methylation is essential for normal phage development.
Geometrical considerations and nomenclature for reflectance (1977)

Report issued by the U.S. National Bureau of Standards discussing specifications of reflectance and proposed nomenclature. As stated in the introduction, "this monograph presents a unified approach to the specification of reflectance in relation to the beam geometry of both the incident and the reflected flux in any reflectometer or in any application of measured reflectance data" (p. 1). This report includes illustrations.
Robust autopilot with wave filter for ship steering (2006)

研究被做克服在一条航道与一艘轮船的自动驾驶系统联系的传统的问题。一艘轮船有波浪骚乱的动态模型被造；一个波浪过滤器借助于一个扩大状态观察员(ESO ) 被设计。模型从有颜色的噪音贿赂的出发大小估计了低频率运动部件，因此前后的驾驶由高频率波浪骚乱引起了被避免。同时，一个柔韧的自动驾驶仪系统，由可变结构控制理论设计了，被介绍。在波浪过滤器工作很好的危险的海地位表演完成的模拟结果；自动驾驶仪有强壮的坚韧性到环境骚乱；模型不安，；更重要地， rudder 调整的频率显著地被减少。
New detector for ions and metastable atoms (1975)

A detector for ions and metastable atoms has been designed and evaluated which utilizes a conversion from particle to photon detection. The device is ’’solar blind’’ and currently used in shock-tube research in conjunction with a quadrupole mass spectrometer where the insensitivity of the gain to pressure fluctuations is highly advantageous. Preliminary observations of the performance of the detector and its conversion efficiency for various ion species are reported. Values of overall gain are typically 5×105 for conversion electrode potentials of 10 kV and a characteristic time constant &lt; 1 μsec.
Melanoma Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes Derived from Four Distinct Anatomic Sites Obtained from a Single Patient (1995)

Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) were grown from four distinct anatomic sites from a patient with metastatic melanoma. The metastatic sites included a tumor-involved lymph node, a subcutaneous lesion obtained from the chest wall, a portion of bowel, and adrenal gland. TILs grown from each anatomic site over the course of 20 days in the presence of 6,000 IU/ml recombinant interleukin-2 exhibited comparable growth rates. Between days 30 and 45, the TILs were a mixture of CD3+ CD4+ and CD3+ CD8+ lymphocytes expressing the alpha beta form of the T-cell receptor. TILs derived from each anatomic site specifically lysed autologous tumor obtained from all four anatomic sites. In fine specificity analysis, the TILs exhibited human leukocyte antigen (HLA-A2)-restricted lysis of fresh tumor targets and cultured melanoma cell lines. Each TIL recognized a product of the MART-1 gene, and specifically, the monomer peptide MART-1(27-35). Thus lymphocytes reactive with the MART-1 melanoma antigen appeared to be widely distributed in diverse metastases in this patient. This information, along with previous data on the reactivity of multiple patients to this antigen, attests to its dominance in the immune reactivity of humans to melanoma.
Topical tretinoin replenishes CD1a‐positive epidermal Langerhans cells in chronically photodamaged human skin (1998)

Excessive exposure to sunlight results in drastic degradative changes in the constitutive cells of the epidermis. Among these is a profound abrogation of Langerhans cell number and function, leading to compromised immunologic competency. Retinoids have recently been shown to restore immunologic function in the setting of iatrogenic immunosuppresion. We asked whether topical tretinoin would reverse Langerhans cell depletion in chronically photodamaged skin. We examined the skin of 8 volunteers immunohistochemically before and after 6 months of daily applications of tretinoin. At baseline, there was a profound depletion of CD1a-positive Langerhans cells in the interfollicular epidermis, but not in the adjoining follicular epithelium. After tretinoin, all patients demonstrated replenishment of interfollicular epidermis by CD1a-positive Langerhans cells. This was associated with induction of HLA-DR expression on infundibular keratinocytes, as well as the appearance of CD1a dendritic cells in the papillary dermis. Thus, the enhancement of epidermal immunity in photodamaged skin may reflect restoration of antigen-presenting Langerhans cells. The source of this renewed dendritic cell population is likely to be follicular infundibulum and the papillary dermis.
活动、研究与政策的关联：性别关系和女性人权领域概览 (2008)

20世纪六七十年代勃兴的第二波女权运动落幕未几，学术研究就纷纷揭示了在法律规范、文化实践、社会关系、集体行动中，在诸如市场、国家体系、家庭规范和教育系统这样的社会制度中，以及在媒体之中都体现了怎样的性别关系。有些研究发现还被写入了国际文件，这些文件明确要求联合国系统为实现性别平等和女性人权而努力；并且要求各国政府遵守规定，以实现女性在社会、政治、经济和文化领域的增权益能。
Feasibility of in vivo imaging of fluorescent proteins using lifetime contrast (2009)

We show that fluorescence lifetime is a powerful contrast mechanism that can enhance the whole-body imaging of fluorescent proteins (FPs), in the presence of background tissue autofluorescence (AF). The nonexponential AF decay is characterized from time-domain (TD) measurements on multiple nude mice and separated from the FP fluorescence using a linear fit to a priori basis functions. We illustrate this approach using an orthotopic mouse tumor model of breast adenocarcinoma. We also report that four commonly used FPs show distinct lifetimes, indicating their suitability for in vivo lifetime multiplexing. These results suggest the potential for exploiting fluorescence lifetime for imaging FPs for a variety of whole-body small-animal imaging applications.
Myopathy as a first symptom of Huntington's disease in a Marathon runner (2007)

A semi professional marathon runner at risk for Huntington's disease (HD) (43 CAG repeats) developed signs of a slowly progressive myopathy with exercise-induced muscle fatigue, pain, elevated creatine kinase level, and worsening of his running performance many years before first signs of chorea were detected. Muscle biopsy displayed a mild myopathy with mitochondrial pathology including a complex IV deficiency and analysis of the patient's fibroblast culture demonstrated deficits in mitochondrial function. Challenging skeletal muscle by excessive training might have disclosed myopathy in HD even years before the appearance of other neurological symptoms.
Shadows In The Cave: hypertext transformations (2009)

It is generally assumed that node-and-link hypertexts are well understood. The implicit links that spatial hypertext creates by proximity and regularity have been less discussed, and that silence suggests that we believe them also to be adequately described, and that opportunities for innovation and research primarily lie in newer and less explored areas. Yet fairly straightforward and conventional extensions of familiar hypertext links and spatial hypertexts reveal unexpected kinds of connection structure that is implicit (and unrepresented) in the interface and tacit (and unstudied) in the literature. Details of implementation and context can create opportunities for unexpected forms of hypertextual relations that seem quite as unfamiliar as systems intentionally designed for their novelty.
Thin-wedge-shaped cell for highly absorbent liquids (1978)

The construction, physical function, and use of a wedge-shaped cell for measuring the Lambert adsorption coefficient of highly absorbent liquids is described. Liquids are held in the cell by surface tension, thus avoiding the use of seals. The cell is simple in its design and is about as convenient to use as an ordinary cuvette.
Endothelial E- and P-selectin expression in iNOS- deficient mice exposed to polymicrobial sepsis (2001)

In vitro, nitric oxide (NO) decreases leukocyte adhesion to endothelium by attenuating endothelial adhesion molecule expression. In vivo, lipopolysaccharide-induced leukocyte rolling and adhesion was greater in inducible NO synthase (iNOS)-/- mice than in wild-type mice. The objective of this study was to assess E- and P-selectin expression in the microvasculature of iNOS-/- and wild-type mice subjected to acute peritonitis by cecal ligation and perforation (CLP). E- and P-selectin expression were increased in various organs within the peritoneum of wild-type animals after CLP. This CLP-induced upregulation of E- and P-selectin was substantially reduced in iNOS-/- mice. Tissue myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was increased to a greater extent in the gut of wild-type than in iNOS-/- mice subjected to CLP. In the lung, the reduced expression of E-selectin in iNOS-/- mice was not associated with a decrease in MPO. Our findings indicate that NO derived from iNOS plays an important role in sepsis-induced increase in selectin expression in the systemic and pulmonary circulation. However, in iNOS-/- mice, sepsis-induced leukocyte accumulation is affected in the gut but not in the lungs.
The thermal isomerization of 1‐(α‐aroyloxybenzylideneamino)‐4,5‐di‐methyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles (isoimides) to the corresponding imides (1984)

Abstract The title isoimides rearrange upon heating to the corresponding imides through a [1,3] O⇀N aroyl transfer. The reaction is slightly accelarated by electron withdrawing substituents in the migrating moiety and retarded by electron donating as it is suggested by the positive (+0.5) Hammett ϱ value. The mechanism operating is either a rate determining nucleophilic attack by the nitrogen lone pair on the carbonyl carbon or a sigmatropic [π2s + σ2a] process which does not involve the lone pair of electrons on nitrogen and π or‐bitals of the carbonyl group.
A MARKOV CHAIN APPROACH TO RECONSTRUCTION OF LONG HAPLOTYPES (2003)

Haplotypes are important for association based gene mapping, but there are no practical laboratory methods for obtaining them directly from DNA samples. We propose simple Markov models for reconstruction of haplotypes for a given sample of multilocus genotypes. The models are aimed specifically for long marker maps, where linkage disequilibrium between markers may vary and be relatively weak. Such maps are ultimately used in chromosome or genome-wide association studies. Haplotype reconstruction with standard Markov chains is based on linkage disequilibrium (LD) between neighboring markers. Markov chains of higher order can capture LD in a neighborhood of a given size. We introduce a more flexible and robust model, MC-VL, which is based on a Markov chain of variable order. Experimental validation of the Markov chain methods on both a wide range of simulated data and real data shows that they clearly out perform previous methods on genetically long marker maps and are highly competitive with short maps, too. MC-VL performs well across different data sets and settings while avoiding the problem of manually choosing an appropriate order for the Markov chain, and it has low computational complexity.
Atomic-layer-deposited Al2O3/GaAs metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor on Si substrate using aspect ratio trapping technique (2008)

High quality GaAs epilayers grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition are demonstrated on a SiO2-patterned silicon substrate using aspect ratio trapping technique, whereby threading dislocations from lattice mismatch are largely reduced via trapping in SiO2 trenches during growth. A depletion-mode metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) is demonstrated on a n-doped GaAs channel with atomic-layer deposited Al2O3 as the gate oxide. The 10 μm gate length transistor has a maximum drain current of 88 mA/mm and a transconductance of 19 mS/mm. The surface mobility estimated from the accumulation drain current has a peak value of ∼500 cm2/Vs, which is comparable with those from previously reported depletion-mode GaAs MOSFETs epitaxially grown on semi-insulating GaAs substrates.
Hydrogen sulfide as a vasodilator (2005)

Gases such as nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO) play important roles both in normal physiology and in disease. The toxic effects of hydrogen sulphide (H2S) on living organisms have been recognized for nearly 300 years. In recent years, however, interest has been directed towards H2S as the third gaseous mediator, which has been shown to exhibit potent vasodilator activity both in vitro and in vivo most probably by opening vascular smooth muscle K(ATP) channels. Of the two enzymes, cystathionine-gamma-lyase (CSE) and cystathionine-beta-synthetase (CBS), which utilize L-cysteine as substrate to form H2S, CSE is believed to be the key enzyme which forms H2S in the cardiovascular system. Recent studies have shown an important role of the vasodilator action of H2S in health and disease.
Palladium‐Catalysed Amination of Electron‐Deficient or Relatively Electron‐Rich Benzo[<i>b</i>]thienyl Bromides − Preliminary Studies of Antimicrobial Activity and SARs (2004)

Abstract Several diarylamines in the benzo[ b ]thiophene series were prepared in good to high yields by palladium‐catalysed amination of ethyl 3‐bromobenzo[ b ]thiophene‐2‐carboxylate with anilines and 5‐aminoindole in the presence of Pd(OAc) 2 , BINAP and Cs 2 CO 3 in toluene. The presence of the ester group at the 2‐position of the benzo[ b ]thiophene moiety increases the yields and lowers the heating times relative to the reactions performed with 3‐bromobenzo[ b ]thiophene. When aminopyridines were used instead of anilines, the ligand and the solvent need to be changed to XANTHPHOS and dioxane in the amination reaction. With 2‐aminopyridine a one‐pot C−N coupling and intramolecular cyclization involving the nitrogen atom of the pyridine ring occurred, with loss of ethanol, giving an interesting fluorescent tetracyclic heteroaromatic compound. The antimicrobial activity, the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and the structure‐activity relationships (SARs) were evaluated. A selectivity with low MICs was observed against Bacillus Cereus , and good results were also obtained against Candida albicans . The acids obtained by hydrolysis of the ester group, as non‐proteinogenic α,β‐unsaturated β‐amino acids, can be incorporated into peptide chains to induce conformational constraints. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Enhancing the electron mobility of SrTiO3 with strain (2011)

We demonstrate, using high-mobility SrTiO3 thin films grown by molecular beam epitaxy, that stress has a pronounced influence on the electron mobility in this prototype complex oxide. Moderate strains result in more than 300% increases in the electron mobilities with values exceeding 120 000 cm2/V s and no apparent saturation in the mobility gains. The results point to a range of opportunities to tailor high-mobility oxide heterostructure properties and open up ways to explore oxide physics.