gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Size-Dependent Effects on Electrical Contacts to Nanotubes and Nanowires (2006)

Metal-semiconductor contacts play a key role in electronics. Here we show that for quasi-one-dimensional (Q1D) structures such as nanotubes and nanowires, side contact with the metal only leads to weak band realignment, in contrast with bulk metal-semiconductor contacts. Schottky barriers are much reduced compared with the bulk limit, and should facilitate the formation of good contacts. However, the conventional strategy of heavily doping the semiconductor to obtain Ohmic contacts breaks down as the nanowire diameter is reduced. The issue of Fermi level pinning is also discussed, and it is demonstrated that the unique density of states of Q1D structures makes them less sensitive to this effect. Our results agree with recent experimental work, and should apply to a broad range of Q1D materials.
Extracting structured data from Web pages (Poster) (2004)

Many Web sites contain a large collection of "structured" Web pages. These pages encode data from an underlying structured source, and are typically generated dynamically. Our goal is to automatically extract structured data from a collection of pages described above, without any human input like manually generated rules or training sets. Extracting structured data gives us greater querying power over the data and is useful in information integration systems. Our approach consists of two stages. In the first stage, the unknown template used to create the pages is deduced. In the second stage, the deduced template is used to extract the values. We focus on the first stage since it is more challenging. The full version contains formal definition of high occurrence correlation and our algorithm. We evaluated our approach by considering 9 real collections of pages.
Highly efficient production of lactic acid from cellulose using lanthanide triflate catalysts (2013)

Lanthanide triflates are excellent catalysts for the hydrothermal conversion of cellulose to lactic acid. Under the optimum conditions, as high as 89.6% yield of lactic acid was obtained by using Er(OTf)3 as the catalyst. This catalyst could be reused at least five times without obvious loss of activity.
X‐ray diffraction studies of bismuth tungstate catalysts (1977)

Abstract Bismuth tungstate catalysts with Bi/W ratios 2/3, 1/1, 2/1, and 6/1 have been investigated after various heat treatments by room temperature X‐ray analysis. The activity and selectivity of Bi 2 WO 6 catalyst are suggested to be connected with the presence of corner sharing W—O octhedra in the bulk of the solid that give rise to tetragonal pyramidal W—O sites at the surface. The very low activity of Bi 2 (WO 4 ) 3 is attributed to edge‐shared octahedral coordination of W while the same of Bi 6 WO 12 is due to tetrahedral coordination of W. The inactivity of Bi 2 W 2 O 9 may be associated with its typically low oxidation power. The promoting influence of Bi 2 O 3 is to enforce a structural situation on W—O so that W may be present in a tetragonal pyramidal 5‐configuration.
Load-aware soft-handovers for multibeam satellites: A network coding perspective (2012)

Driven by the increasing demand of Internet anywhere and anytime, mobile broadband services are set to represent an important share of the satellite traffic due to the availability advantages of satellite networks. These services require a robust and flexible mobility support mechanism, which includes efficient soft-handovers between beams. The latter poses important practical challenges at a physical and network level in order to provide two simultaneous connections to a mobile terminal via two different beams. From a network perspective, typical soft-handover algorithms require the system to transmit repetitions of the packets over both connections. Our approach breaks with this concept by considering soft-handovers as a resource allocation problem driven by the uncertainty of terminal mobility and the time-varying nature of loads in a multibeam satellite system. We propose a set of techniques and algorithms that provide load-aware soft-handovers for multibeam satellites that exploit the ability of advanced terminals to receive and process several overlapping beams. To provide a flexible resource allocation mechanism that exploits multiple routes, we rely on packet-level coding techniques, such as network coding, in order to increase robustness and relax the allocation problem. An advantageous collateral effect of our algorithms is the provision of load balancing between beams in satellites with conventional payloads. We provide simulation results for the case of a multi-beam satellite covering Europe with 70 beams serving fixed and mobile terminals that illustrate that our techniques can increase overall throughput by (i) reducing the resources allocated to each terminal for roaming support when compared to state-of-the-art soft-handover mechanisms, and (ii) spreading the load to beams with light traffic requirements.
Distributed Recovery from Network Partitioning in Movable Sensor/Actor Networks via Controlled Mobility (2009)

Mobility has been introduced to sensor networks through the deployment of movable nodes. In movable wireless networks, network connectivity among the nodes is a crucial factor in order to relay data to the sink node, exchange data for collaboration, and perform data aggregation. However, such connectivity can be lost due to a failure of one or more nodes. Even a single node failure may partition the network, and thus, eventually reduce the quality and efficiency of the network operation. To handle this connectivity problem, we present PADRA to detect possible partitions, and then, restore the network connectivity through controlled relocation of movable nodes. The idea is to identify whether or not the failure of a node will cause partitioning in advance in a distributed manner. If a partitioning is to occur, PADRA designates a failure handler to initiate the connectivity restoration process. The overall goal in this process is to localize the scope of the recovery and minimize the overhead imposed on the nodes. We further extend PADRA to handle multiple node failures. The approach, namely, MDAPRA strives to provide a mutual exclusion mechanism in repositioning the nodes to restore connectivity. The effectiveness of the proposed approaches is validated through simulation experiments.
High-gain optical amplification of laser diode signal by Raman scattering in single-mode fibres (1983)

The letter reports, for the first time, a 45 dB amplification gain of a laser diode signal emitting at 1.24 μm, in a single-mode fibre, with low pump power, using the stimulated Raman scattering effect.
Orthogonal Addressable Monolayers for Integrating Molecular Logic (2012)

Plug and play: The mimicking of integrated circuits by using two individual monolayers (molecular chips) is shown. These monolayers can be individually addressed using identical inputs. Upon combination of their optical outputs, the input/output characteristics of a molecular encoder is obtained. Since the encoder functionality is only displayed when both chips are active, the device behaves according to a plug-and-play principle (In=input; see picture).
Deep Oxidative Desulfurization of Diesel Fuels by Acidic Ionic Liquids (2011)

Ionic liquids (ILs), a new class of green solvents, have recently been undergoing intensive research on the removal of thiophenic sulfur species (e.g., dibenzothiophene) from fuels because of the limitation of the traditional hydrodesulfurization method in removing these species. In this work, deep oxidative desulfurization of diesel fuels by six functional acidic ILs are studied, in which ILs are used as both extractant and catalyst, and 30 wt % H2O2 solution as oxidant. These ILs include both Lewis acidic species such as 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride/2ZnCl2 ([C4mim]Cl/2ZnCl2 and [C4mim]Cl/ZnCl2) and Brønsted acidic species such as 1-methyl-3-ethylcarboxylic acid imidazolium hydrogen sulfate ([CH2COOHmim]HSO4), 1-methyl-3-(butyl-4-sulfinate) imidazolium hydrogen sulfate ([SO3H–C4mim]HSO4), [Hmim]HSO4, and [C4mim]HSO4 where different acidic groups such as −H, −COOH, and −SO3H are appended to the cations. Except for [CH2COOHmim]HSO4, both Brønsted and Lewis acidic ILs are capable of effectively removing dibenzothiophene from model diesel fuels, where 100% sulfur removal is obtained for [C4mim]Cl/2ZnCl2 and [SO3H–C4mim]HSO4. The effects of temperature, molar ratio of O/S, mass ratio of IL/oil, and IL regeneration on desulfurization are investigated systematically for [C4mim]Cl/2ZnCl2 and [SO3H–C4mim]HSO4. The desulfurization ability is not sensitive to the mass ratio of IL/oil, which is desired for reducing IL dosage in industrial application; the ILs can be recycled six times with merely a negligible loss in activity. [C4mim]Cl/2ZnCl2 can reduce the sulfur content in real commercial diesel fuel from 64 to 7.9 ppm with a sulfur removal of 87.7%; however, it is not too effective for coke diesel fuel with high initial sulfur content of 5380 ppm. This work tends to show that diesel fuels can be purified to sulfur-free or ultralow sulfur fuels by further deep oxidative desulfurization by using ILs after hydrodesulfurization.
MICROWAVE CONVERSION OF SCRAP TIRES (1993)

This article describes BRC Environmental Services' new method of airless pyrolysis for destroying scrap tyres. The process shreds the tyres mechanically, then subjects them to anaerobic heat treatment. The vapour from the heating is separated into fuel gas and oil product. The solid residue is crushed and separated magnetically into steel for recycling and a carbon product. The tyre disposal plants, using this process, have no stack emissions, and no releases of environmentally hazardous substances. The key to their improved performance, compared with that of other pyrolytic processes, is the use of microwave heating which eliminates the solids-handling problems of alternative processes. The process is also very energy- efficient. The carbon product has consistently high quality, and can be used as an activated carbon in a wide range of applications. The plants are economically viable from a size of 5000t per year upwards, and can thus be sited near used tyre stockpiles. The high value of their byproducts ensures that the plants are very profitable, and the process does not depend on disposal charges for collecting tyres. The likely payback period is estimated to range from about four years at worst to about two years at best. For the covering abstract see IRRD 861693.
Gettering of Cu and Ni Impurities in SIMOX Wafers (1995)

The gettering of Cu and Ni impurities in intentionally contaminated SIMOX wafers have been studied by means of cross‐sectional transmission electron microscopy, nanoprobe energy dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy, secondary ion mass spectrometry, and selective etching. The wafers with Cu or Ni surface concentrations ranged from about were annealed at various temperatures followed by slow cooling to room temperature. Single and multistep thermal treatments were applied. It has been found that the buried oxide does not prevent the diffusion of both Cu and Ni contaminants from the top silicon layer into the bulk substrate at the whole investigated temperature range from 600 to 950°C. Moreover the effective gettering of Cu and Ni in the thin silicon substrate layer located just beneath the buried oxide has been observed and explained as being due to the heterogeneous impurity precipitation at stacking fault tetrahedra formed there during the SIMOX manufacturing. The gettering process has remained stable during the thermal simulation of CMOS device process of new generation ICs with 0.25 μm feature size.
Broadband THz Uncooled Antenna-Coupled Microbolometer Array—Electromagnetic Design, Simulations and Measurements (2012)

Bolometer sensors are good candidates for THz imaging thanks to their maturity and capability to sense THz waves on the whole spectrum. Starting with infrared microbolometer technology, uncooled antenna-coupled microbolometer focal plane array are being developed at CEA-LETI with the objective of offering low-cost, real-time 2D terahertz imaging sensors. One of the major challenges is studying the optical coupling mechanism of the detector in THz frequency range. In this paper, we present results of the electromagnetic design and characterization process of these focal plane arrays, concentrating on the spectral absorption .
A Multiple Criteria Decision Analysis (MCDA) Software Selection Framework (2014)

With the gaining popularity of multiple criteria decision analysis (MCDA) among researchers and practitioners, a variety of software that implements sophisticated MCDA methods and techniques is now available. To address the issue of the missing methodological approach in MCDA software selection, especially the mismatch between the decision making situation (DMS) structuring and the preference structuring employed by the tools, we propose a framework to enable the decision maker to choose relevant MCDA software. This is the first attempt to formally model the MCDA software selection process. A comprehensive set of MCDA methods meta-data for software selection is identified and demonstrated using the example of a specific DMS.
ULTRAFAST REFRACTIVE NONLINEARITY DISPLAYED BY ORGANIC MONOMODE FIBRE WAVEGUIDES (1993)

This paper reports an investigation of the nonlinear properties of monomode fibre waveguides consisting of glass capillaries (bore radius ~1 µm) filled with organic liquids. We demonstrate, for the first time, ultrafast (<1 ps response) refractive nonlinearity, and the effective use of organic materials engineered to provide a large electronic refractive nonlinearity.
Immunological studies of uveitis. 2. Immune complex containing retinal S antigen in patient with chronic intractable uveitis. (1986)

A case of chronic uveitis resistant to steroid treatment was reported where plasma exchange therapy, in contrast, had a remarkable effect on reducing the cystoid macular edema and retinal phlebitis. The removed plasma showed an elevated level of immune complex, and Western blotting demonstrated that this immune complex in the plasma contained retinal S antigen.
An Extensible Workflow Modeling Model Based on Ontology (2010)

This paper proposes an extensible workflow modeling model based on ontology through analyzing the architecture and generic knowledge of workflow modeling component. The paper specially gives the composition principle of extensible workflow modeling model and proposes the formal description of workflow modeling ontology. At last this paper gives the composition algorithm and an example which uses this workflow modeling model. The practice proves that this model has good extensibility, and can meet most of the users' requirements.
Surface-engineering of lentiviral vectors (2004)

Vectors derived from retroviridae offer particularly flexible properties in gene transfer applications given the numerous possible associations of various viral surface glycoproteins (determining cell tropism) with different types of retroviral cores (determining genome replication and integration). Lentiviral vectors should be preferred gene delivery vehicles over vectors derived from onco-retroviruses such as murine leukemia viruses (MLVs) that cannot transduce non-proliferating target cells. Generating lentiviral vectors pseudotyped with different viral glycoproteins (GPs) may modulate the physicochemical properties of the vectors, their interaction with the host immune system and their host range. There are however important gene transfer restrictions to some non-proliferative tissues or cell types and recent studies have shown that progenitor hematopoietic stem cells in G(0), non-activated primary blood lymphocytes or monocytes were not transducible by lentiviral vectors. Moreover, lentiviral vectors that have the capacity to deliver transgenes into specific tissues are expected to be of great value for various gene transfer applications in vivo. Several innovative approaches have been explored to overcome such problems that have given rise to novel concepts in the field and have provided promising results in preliminary evaluations in vivo. Here we review the different approaches explored to upgrade lentiviral vectors, aiming at developing vectors suitable for in vivo gene delivery.
Simultaneous spectral filtering and wavelength monitoring of a DWDM transmitter using a tunable Fabry-Perot filter (2002)

For a cost-effective realization of a DWDM transmitter, a temperature-tunable silicon chip Fabry-Perot filter has been applied. It allows simultaneous reduction of dispersion effects and real-time wavelength monitoring of the directly modulated laser.
<i>In vivo</i> aggregation of maize <i>Activator (Ac)</i> transposase in nuclei of maize endosperm and <i>Petunia</i> protoplasts (1994)

The transposase (TPase) of the maize transposon Activator (Ac) accumulates in the nuclei of maize endosperm and transfected Petunia protoplasts, where it aggregates into rod-like structures about 2 microm in length. In petunia protoplasts the amount of TPase aggregates increases with the strength of the promoter fused to the Ac-coding region. The excision frequency of a Ds element, however, does not increase proportionally. The data suggest that the aggregated TPase is not responsible for the mobilization of the Ds element, but rather is a transpositionally inactive form of the protein. In contrast to the full-length TPase, a functional, N-terminally truncated TPase derivative is inefficiently transported into the nucleus at high expression levels and aggregates predominantly in the cytoplasm. Accordingly, the N-terminus of the TPase is involved in nuclear localization and/or aggregation.
Role of SDF-1/CXCR4 axis in treatment of cerebral ischemia with endothelial progenitor cells (2009)

Studies in recent years have demonstrated that stromal cell-derived factor-1 （SDF-1）/CXCR4 axis plays an important role in the process of angiogenesis. The expression of SDF-1 in ischemic tissue increases during cerebral ischemia. It binds to CXCR4 receptor on the surface of endothelial progenitor cells （EPCs）, and thus promotes bone marrow-derived EPC mobilization, proliferation, and migration to the ischemic areas and homing. EPCs differentiate into mature erttothelial cells in the ischemic region, promote the formation of new blood vessels, and thus improve the blood supply to ischemic tissue. This article reviews the effect of SDF-1/CXCR4 axis in the treatment of cerebral ischemia with EPCs

Key words: 
chemoldne CXCL12;  receptors, CXCR4;  endothelial cells;  stem cells;  cerebral ischemia
Ice crystallization in water’s “no-man’s land” (2010)

The crystallization of water at 180 K is studied through large-scale molecular dynamics simulations with the monatomic water model mW. This temperature is in the middle of water's "no-man's land," where rapid ice crystallization prevents the elucidation of the structure of liquid water and its transformation into ice with state of the art experimental methods. We find that critical ice nuclei (that contain less than ten water molecules) form in a time scale shorter than the time required for the relaxation of the liquid, suggesting that supercooled liquid water cannot be properly equilibrated in this region. We distinguish three stages in the crystallization of water at 180 K: concurrent nucleation and growth of ice, followed by consolidation that decreases the number density of ice nuclei, and finally, slow growth of the crystallites without change in their number density. The kinetics of the transformation along the three stages is well described by a single compacted exponential Avrami equation with n approximately 1.7. This work confirms the coexistence of ice and liquid after water is crystallized in "no-man's land": the formation of ice plateaus when there is still 15%-20% of liquid water in the systems, thinly dispersed between ice I crystals with linear dimensions ranging from 3 to 10 nm. We speculate that the nanoscopic size of the crystallites decreases their melting point and slows their evolution toward the thermodynamically most stable fully crystalline state.
Antenna array elements for Ka-band satellite communication on the move (2013)

Two dual-polarised reflectarray unit cells for the folded reflectarray and one linearly polarized array element for direct radiating array for Ka-band SatCom on the move are presented in this paper. All of these antenna unit cells have multi-layered structure and are designed for the smart array antenna with beams that can be steered to large scanning angles. The unit cells for reflectarray are designed to operate at 29.5-30.8GHz band for both transmitting and receiving while the antenna element for the direct radiating array is designed to have a dual band operation: 29.5-30.8GHz for transmitting and 19.7-21.0GHz for receiving. These three antenna elements have a low profile and the simulation results show that they exhibit good radiation performance over the required frequency bands.
Microsoft Research Asia with Redmond at the NTCIR-8 Community QA Pilot Task (2010)

paper, we describe our approaches that we used for the NTCIR-8 Community QA Pilot task and report on its results. Specifically in the pilot task, we mainly focused on discovering effective features for evaluating quality of answers, for example, features on relevance of an answer to a question, authority of an answerer, or informativeness of an answer. Also, we examined two different statistical learning approaches for finding the best quality answer. The official evaluation results of our runs showed that our proposed features and learning approaches are effective in terms of finding the best quality answers. KeywordsQA, Answer quality evaluation, Best answer finding
Small-Size LTE/WWAN Two-Strip Monopole Exciter Antenna Integration With Metal Covers (2016)

A novel small-size LTE/WWAN two-strip monopole exciter antenna integration with metal covers for ultrabook computer applications is presented. The monopole exciter antenna is placed in the hinge slot between metal covers and hinges. By integrating the monopole exciter antenna with the metal covers and hinges, not only several modes of the monopole structure but those of the hinge slot are also excited to cover the desired eight-band LTE/WWAN operation (LTE700/GSM850/900 and GSM1800/ 1900/UMTS/LTE2300/2500 bands). The exciter antenna comprises a feeding strip and a folded strip to form a two-strip monopole structure. The proposed exciter antenna can be integrated with the surrounding metal planes (metal covers) to enhance the operating bandwidth to cover LTE/WWAN band with good radiation efficiency. The exciter antenna has a simple two-strip structure that is easy to be fabricated on a 0.8-mm thin FR4 substrate with a small area of only 25 × 8 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . Over the lower and upper bands, the antenna efficiencies are about 65%-88% and 55%-78%, respectively.