gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Demonstrating the viability of automatically generated user interfaces (2007)

We conducted a user study that demonstrates that automatically generated interfaces can support better usability through increased flexibility in two dimensions. First, we show that automatic generation can improve usability by moving interfaces that are constrained by cost and poor interaction primitives to another device with better interactive capabilities: subjects were twice as fast and four times as successful at completing tasks with automatically generated interfaces on a PocketPC device as with the actual appliance interfaces. Second, we show that an automatic generator can improve usability by automatically ensuring that new interfaces are generated to be consistent with users' previous experience: subjects were also twice as fast using interfaces consistent with their experiences as compared to normally generated interfaces. These two results demonstrate that automatic interface generation is now viable and especially desirable where users will benefit from individualized interfaces or where human designers are constrained by cost and other factors.
Impact of nonlinear heat transfer on temperature control in regional hyperthermia (1999)

We describe an optimization process specially designed for regional hyperthermia of deep-seated tumors in order to achieve desired steady-state temperature distributions. A nonlinear three-dimensional heat transfer model based on temperature-dependent blood perfusion is applied to predict the temperature. Using linearly implicit methods in time and adaptive multilevel finite elements in space, we are able to integrate efficiently the instationary nonlinear heat equation with high accuracy. Optimal heating is obtained by minimizing an integral objective function which measures the distance between desired and model predicted temperatures. A sequence of minima is calculated from successively improved constant-rate perfusion models employing a damped Newton method in an inner iteration. We compare temperature distributions for two individual patients calculated on coarse and fine spatial grids and present numerical results of optimizations for a Sigma 60 Applicator of the BSD 2000 Hyperthermia System.
Real-time demonstration of 128-QAM-encoded optical OFDM transmission with a 525bit/s/Hz spectral efficiency in simple IMDD systems utilizing directly modulated DFB lasers (2009)

The feasibility of implementing 128-QAM in off-the-shelf component-based real-time optical OFDM (OOFDM) transceivers incorporating advanced channel estimation, on-line performance monitoring and live parameter optimisation, is experimentally investigated, for the first time, in intensity-modulation and direct-detection (IMDD) single-mode fibre (SMF) and multi-mode fibre (MMF) transmission systems involving directly modulated DFB lasers. The highest ever spectral efficiency of 5.25bit/s/Hz is demonstrated successfully in the aforementioned simple systems. Experimental investigations show that, it is feasible to transmit 5.25 Gb/s 128-QAM-encoded OOFDM real-time signals over 25 km MetroCor(TM) SMFs and 500 m 62.5/125 microm OM1 MMFs. The impact of key parameters on the transmission performance of the real-time OOFDM transceivers with 128-QAM encoding are explored, based on which optimum signal clipping ratios are identified.
Experimental Salmonella typhimurium infections in rats. II. Active and passive immunization as protection against a lethal bacterial dose. (1990)

Immunization against a lethal dose of Salmonella typhimurium was studied in athymic and thymus-bearing LEW rats. Active immunization was performed with formalin-killed whole cell vaccine or sublethal infection prior to the lethal infection. After vaccination with killed bacteria the euthymic animals produced antibodies against S.typhimurium, but neither the euthymic nor the athymic animals survived the infection. After non-lethal infection euthymic and thymus-grafted nude rats were not affected by the second and otherwise lethal bacterial dose, and had high antibody titres. All the athymic nude rats died after the second and lethal bacterial challenge. Passive immunization with plasma from immunized euthymic animals did not protect any of the animals against the lethal bacterial dose. However, all animals survived when treated with large doses of spleen cells from immunized euthymic rats. Both athymic and thymus-bearing animals treated with primed spleen cells had high antibody titres. The percentages of splenic and lymph node T lymphocytes in primed spleen cell-treated athymic rats were comparable to those found in euthymic and thymus-grafted animals. Treatment with primed spleen cells from immunized thymus grafted animals provided only limited protective effect, and treatment with cells from athymic animals had no effect. The study shows that although isogeneic thymus-grafted nude rats become resistent to reinfection with S. typhimurium, only large doses of spleen cells from immunized euthymic animals can be used for passive transfer of immunity.
30 Track Games for Young Children (2004)

The authors explain how the 30 Track, a metre-long device with 30 blocks that rotate to reveal the corresponding numerals, has the potential to facilitate the learning of number and counting skills in young children.
Mathematical problems for Moineau pumps (2006)

A progressive cavity pump (PCP) or a Moineau pump has two parts rotating relative to each other and moving in an eccentric track relative to each other. The shapes in an axial cross section can be made of pieces of hypocycloids connected with epicycloids. Alternative it can be a curve with a constant distance to hypocycloids. In the axial direction the cross section is rotated around the z-axis so the external part have at least one thread. For n-teeth shape running inside an n+1 teeth shape the internal part have (n+1)/n times the teeth of the external part. The centre of the internal element is offset relative to the centre of the external element and moving in a circle with the radius e (eccentricity). The speed of displacement of the centres is -n times the speed of the rotation speed of the internal element if the external element is stationary. A further feature can be achieved by making the pump conical. If both elements have a larger cross section in one end the axial force will determine the compression between the two elements. In that configuration one of the elements can be free to move in axial direction and the pump pressure act on a surface can presses the two elements together. By adjusting the area of the surface where the pressure compresses the two parts the closing force for the pump can be adjusted. If the pump has to give a constant flow the cross section of the cavities has to be constant (if thread height is constant) in the z direction. Keeping the cross section of the cavities constant (area between external surface and internal surface)
Lysostaphin-Coated Catheters Eradicate <i>Staphylococccus aureus</i> Challenge and Block Surface Colonization (2004)

Lysostaphin is an endopeptidase that kills Staphylococcus aureus, a predominant organism in catheter-related infections. Lysostaphin-coated catheters prevented catheter colonization by several strains of S. aureus, and activity was maintained for at least 4 days. Prophylactic use of lysostaphin in catheters may help prevent the occurrence of catheter-related staphylococcal infections.
Hedging foreign currency, freight, and commodity futures portfolios—A note (2002)

Abstract Foreign exchange hedging ratios are simultaneously estimated alongside freight and commodity ratios in a time‐varying portfolio framework. Foreign exchange futures are by far the most important derivative instrument used to reduce uncertainty for traders. Our results lend support to the decision by the London International Financial Futures Exchange to cease trading the Baltic International Freight Futures Exchange freight futures contract because of its low levels of trading activity that likely resulted from its apparent unattractiveness as a hedging instrument. @ 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Jrl Fut Mark 22:1205–1221, 2002
Mini-RPV Launch System Conceptual Study (1978)

Abstract : This study investigates and evaluates Mini-RPV launch concepts potentially suitable for the U. S. Army tactical environment. The air vehicle on which the launch study is based is the U. S. Army/Lockheed Aquila XMQM-105 Mini-RPV at a nominal gross weight of 120 pounds. A hypothetical RPV counterpart at 200 pounds gross weight is also used to bound the upper weight limit for Mini-RPVs. As a result of the Mini-RPV concept investigations and evaluations, it is recommended that in-depth studies be initiated to provide information for higher level evaluations based on detailed technical definitions related to both the pneumatic and the rocket-boosted systems. Additionally, information on the effects of parachute recovery on RPV and launcher design parameters is provided.
Localized Gene Expression in <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> Biofilms (2008)

Gene expression in biofilms is dependent on bacterial responses to the local environmental conditions. Most techniques for studying bacterial gene expression in biofilms characterize average values across the entire population. Here, we describe the use of laser capture microdissection microscopy (LCMM) combined with multiplex quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR) to isolate and quantify RNA transcripts from small groups of cells at spatially resolved sites within biofilms. The approach was first tested and analytical parameters were determined for Pseudomonas aeruginosa containing an isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside-inducible gene for the green fluorescent protein (gfp). The results show that the amounts of gfp mRNA were greatest in the top zones of the biofilms, and that gfp mRNA levels correlated with the zone of active green fluorescent protein fluorescence. The method then was used to quantify transcripts from wild-type P. aeruginosa biofilms for a housekeeping gene, acpP; the 16S rRNA; and two genes regulated by quorum sensing, phzA1 and aprA. The results demonstrated that the amount of acpP mRNA was greatest in the top 30 microm of the biofilm, with little or no mRNA for this gene at the base of the biofilms. In contrast, 16S rRNA amounts were relatively uniform throughout biofilm strata. Using this strategy, the RNA amounts of individual genes were determined, and therefore the results are dependent on both gene expression and the half-life of the transcripts. Therefore, the uniform amount of rRNA throughout the biofilms likely is due to the stability of the rRNA within ribosomes. The levels of aprA mRNA showed stratification, with the largest amounts in the upper 30-microm zone of these biofilms. The results demonstrate that mRNA levels for individual genes are not uniformly distributed throughout biofilms but may vary by orders of magnitude over small distances. The LCMM/qRT-PCR technique can be used to resolve and quantify this RNA variability at high spatial resolution.
Optical properties of ocular fundus tissues-an in vitro study using the double-integrating-sphere technique and inverse Monte Carlo simulation (1995)

Various models have been published calculating the light transport at the ocular fundus either for interpretation of in vivo reflectance measurements or for the prediction of photocoagulation effects. All these models took the absorption spectra of the pigments located at the ocular fundus, melanin, haemoglobin, xanthophyll, and the photoreceptor pigments, into account. However, light scattering inside the single fundus layers has not been investigated in detail and was, therefore, neglected in the calculations or only considered by very rough approximations. This paper presents measurements on specimens of retina, retinal pigment epithelium, choroid, and sclera using the double-integrating-sphere technique. Absorption coefficients, scattering coefficients, and anisotropy of scattering were calculated by an inverse Monte Carlo simulation from the measured collimated and diffuse transmittance and diffuse reflectance. Conclusions are drawn for the interpretation of fundus reflectance measurements, which are a useful tool in diagnostics and photocoagulation dosimetry.
Neuroprotection in hypothermia linked to redistribution of oxygen in brain (2003)

Hypothermia improves the outcome of acute ischemic stroke, traumatic injury, and inflammation of brain tissue. We tested the hypothesis that hypothermia reduces the energy metabolism of brain tissue to a level that is commensurate with the prevailing blood flow and hence allows adequate distribution of oxygen to the entire tissue. To determine the effect of 32 degrees C hypothermia on brain tissue, we measured the sequential changes of physiological variables by means of PET in pigs. Cerebral blood flow and oxygen consumption (cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen) declined to 50% of the baseline in 3 and 5 h, respectively, thus elevating the oxygen extraction fraction to 140% of the baseline at 3 h. The results are consistent with the claim that cooling of the brain to 32 degrees C couples both energy metabolism and blood flow to a lower rate of work of the entire tissue.
Generalized f-k (frequency-wavenumber) migration in arbitrarily varying media (1988)

Abstract Migration requires one-way wave continuation. In the spatial domain, one-way wave equations are derived based on various approximations to an assumed dispersion relation. In the frequency-wavenumber domain, the well known f-k method and the phase-shift method are strictly valid only within homogeneous models and layered models, respectively.In this paper, a frequency-wavenumber domain method is presented for one-way wave continuation in arbitrarily varying media. In the method, the downward continuation is accomplished, not with plane waves individually as in the f-k or the phase-shift method, but with the whole spectrum of plane waves simultaneously in order to account for the coupling among the plane waves due to lateral inhomogeneity. The method is based on a matrix integral equation.The method has the following merits: (1) The method is a generalization of the f-k and the phase-shift methods, valid in arbitrarily varying models. (2) The method has physical interpretations in terms of upgoing and downgoing plane waves, and as such the method has well defined steps leading from full-wave continuation (two-way wave) to one-way wave continuation for migration. (3) The method is rigorous; the only approximations in the method--other than the one-way wave approximation necessary for migration--are the discretization of a continuous system (which is necessary in computer methods) and imperfections associated with the limited spatial aperture of the data; as such, the method can achieve high solution accuracy. (4) The method can be fast, since computations are mainly matrix-vector multiplications, which are easily vectorizable.In particular, compared to spatial domain methods, I contend that the method is (1) more rigorous in one-way wave theory, (2) more accurate in migration of high-dip events, and (3) faster for smooth models.I applied the method to a few examples of zero-offset data migration, including imaging a point diffractor below a dipping interface, migration with sharp lateral variations in velocity, and migration with smooth lateral variations in velocity.
Dynamic trajectory planning for trailer backup (2014)

We consider the directed waypoint following problem for automated trailer backup. Waypoint following is achieved through the design of a hybrid planner, which is computationally efficient and robust to tracking errors. The planner requires feedback from a localized positioning system. Simulation results are generated using the vehicle dynamics simulator CarSim.
Comparison of Different CD71 Monoclonal Antibodies for Enrichment of Fetal Cells from Maternal Blood (2002)

Different approaches have been proposed for the enrichment of fetal nucleated red blood cells (NRBC) from maternal blood as an alternative way to obtain fetal tissue for non-invasive prenatal diagnosis. The main purpose of this study was to compare two of our monoclonal antibodies (2E11.3 and 2B7.4 mAbs) with the most widely used commercial anti-CD71 mAb, in terms of their ability to isolate NRBC from maternal blood by magnetic activated cell sorting (MACS). Peripheral blood samples were obtained from 60 pregnant women at a mean gestational age of 16 weeks (range: 10-19 weeks). The number of NRBC isolated by our antibodies (median: 68, range: 0-2102) was significantly higher than that obtained by the commercial antibody (median: 38, range: 0-2165) in the same samples. However, in the final preparations, contamination by maternal nucleated blood cells was lower when the commercial antibody was used. Since fetal NRBC are rare in maternal blood, the improved NRBC recovery achieved by our non-commercial antibodies should facilitate the non-invasive detection of fetal aneuploidies in maternal blood.
Converging NGN Wireline and Mobile 3G Networks with IMS: Converging NGN and 3G Mobile (2008)

Focusing on the future network architecture and its main principles, Converging NGN Wireline and Mobile 3G Networks with IMS provides a comprehensive view of the methods, functions, network elements, and the interfaces among them that enable the building of a service agnostic and access agnostic session control layer based on the IMS standards. After an introduction to IMS principles with market trends, technological innovations, migration issues, and global standards, the book describes converged session control and multimedia handling with ID management, service profiles, and event and applications triggering as well as admission procedures for different types of access networks. Subsequent chapters tackle the all-important aspects of IP charging mechanisms, service-based quality of service, security, border control, and legacy services, enabling a thorough appreciation of the full network requirements. Wherever possible, the author points out the convergence of standards and details different specifications and terminology for TISPAN and 3GPP. Delivering deep insight into the role of IMS in fixed line and mobile networks, this book explains the new technologies from concepts to detailed techniques to give a clear understanding of how the next generation of converged communication can be achieved with managed quality, security, and chargeability.
Seven transmembrane receptors: something old, something new (2007)

Receptors for hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs, sensory stimuli and many other agents represent the gateway to cellular metabolism and activity. They regulate virtually all physiological processes in mammals. Yet as recently as 40 years ago their very existence was still in question. One class of receptors, those coupled to G proteins (also known as GPCRs or seven transmembrane receptors) comprise by far the largest group (approx. 1000), and are the most important target of clinically used drugs. Here I provide a very personal retrospective of research over the past 35 years which ultimately led to the identification, purification, reconstitution and cloning of the adrenergic receptors; the discovery of their homology with the seven transmembrane spanning visual light receptor rhodopsin and the realization that there was a large gene family of G protein coupled receptors; the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of receptor desensitization and signalling through G protein-coupled receptor kinases and beta-arrestins; and the appreciation that the structure, signalling, and regulatory mechanisms of the receptors are all highly conserved across the large receptor superfamily.
Modeling of Power Consumption and Fault Tolerance for Electronic Textiles (2003)

The developments in textile technology now enable the weaving of conductive wires into the fabrics. This allows the introduction of electronic components such as sensors, actuators and computational devices on the fabrics, creating electronic textiles (e-textiles). E-textiles can be either wearable or non-wearable. However, regardless of their form, e-textiles are placed in a tightly constrained design space requiring high computational performance, limited power consumption, and fault tolerance. The purpose of this research is to create simulation models for power consumption and fault behavior of e-textile applications. For the power consumption model, the power profile of the computational elements must be tracked dynamically based upon the power states of the e-textile components. For the fault behavior model, the physical nature of the e-textile and the faults developed can adversely affect the accuracy of results from the e-textile. Open and short circuit faults can disconnect or drain the battery respectively, affecting both battery life and the performance of the e-textile. This thesis describes the development of both of these models and their interfaces. It then presents simulation results of the performance of an acoustic beamforming e-textile in the presence and absence of faults, using those results to explore the battery life and fault tolerance of several battery configurations.
Introduction War and the Elizabethan state (2012)

Extract From July 1585 until the end of Elizabeth I's reign, England was at war. These eighteen years of continual warfare dominated the final period of the Queen's reign, presenting one of the most severe political and governmental challenges faced by the regime, testing the Elizabethan state perhaps almost to its limits. This book argues that the impact of the wars is a vital component of our understanding of later Elizabethan England in several different contexts. The wars of 1585–1603 were a complex, interlinked and multifaceted conflict involving all of the major powers of western Europe, yet they are not well known; they have never attained an overarching identity as a canonical ‘war’, have no all-encompassing name or an accepted decision as to who won. From the English point of view, they can be seen as turning on two primary conflicts. Firstly, this was a war with Spain, in which Elizabeth's...
Real Time Dynamic Comfort and Performance Factors of Polyurethane Foam in Automotive Seating (1996)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Polyurethane foam continues today as the premier cushioning material utilized in automotive seating applications. In seating design, most foam properties specified by the design engineer in establishing foam properties currently are based upon static test methods. The in-service mode of an automotive seat, however, is dynamic rather than static. Therefore, the overlooked real time dynamic properties are of greater importance for the comfort performance of a seat than such static properties as Indentation Force Deflection (IFD) or density. Unfortunately, there are no widely accepted test methods for dynamically characterizing automotive seating foam. Correlation of real time dynamic properties to comfort could minimize the need for expensive, time consuming and subjective road testing. The purpose of this paper is to propose some potential dynamic characterization techniques for automotive seating foam.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Different polyurethane technologies, all adaptable to the manufacture of automotive seating are shown to exhibit quite different real time dynamic properties not predictable from static tests. In this paper, changes in dynamic modulus as a function of flex history are monitored in real time and related to the specific polyurethane technology employed. Likewise, dynamic hysteresis and changes therein are studied in real time. Vibrational transmissivity characteristics are explored by means of a constant g frequency sweep method. The adaptability of polyurethane foam to provide varied dynamic properties gives the automotive seat designer the ability to specify the ideal cushioning material to yield the maximum comfort to a specific design.</div>