gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Itraconazole (2000)

Itraconazole is a broad spectrum triazole antifungal agent. It has favourable pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic profiles and is available as both oral and i.v. formulations. Over the last two decades, clinical and animal infection studies have demonstrated the efficacy of itraconazole in a wide range of superficial fungal infections including difficult-to-treat dermatophytoses and onychomycoses. Furthermore, shortened treatment regimens have proven to be effective, ranging from 1-day treatment for vaginal candidosis to 1-week pulse therapy per month, for 2-4 months, in onychomycosis and follicular dermatophytosis. Clinical experience with itraconazole in the treatment of deep mycoses is less comprehensive. However, results in systemic candidosis, sporotrichosis, blastomycosis, paracoccidioiodomycosis, certain types of histoplasmosis and aspergillosis are extremely encouraging. Itraconazole is less effective in the treatment of chromomycosis and coccidioidomycosis. Nevertheless, considering the refractory nature of these diseases, itraconazole has proven to be a valuable addition to the antifungal drugs currently available for treatment. Itraconazole has been well-tolerated with doses of up to 400 mg/day being generally free of serious adverse effects. However, a potential for drug interactions exists, mediated through the cytochrome P450 enzyme 3A4 system, which should be considered when itraconazole is used as part of a multi-drug regimen.
Comparison of Five PCR Methods for Detection of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> DNA in Gastric Tissues (1999)

Five different PCR methods for the detection of Helicobacter pylori were evaluated. The results of this study indicate that of the five PCR methods examined, the ureC (glmM) gene PCR is the most sensitive and specific for the detection of H. pylori in gastric biopsy specimens.
Expression of mutant H-2d proteins encoded by class I genes which alternatively process the 5' end of their transcripts. (1989)

Mutation of the 3' splice sites bordering exon 2 of the H-2Dd and H-2Kd genes generated alternatively spliced transcripts when the constructs were transfected into L cells (J. Immunol. 143:1018). The H-2Dd transcripts contained an additional 84 nucleotides derived from the first intervening sequence, whereas 60 extra bases were included in the H-2Kd mRNA. Proteins derived from these transcripts were recognized by mAb. Moreover, both Ag served as recognition elements for CTL, and the mutant H-2Kd molecule functioned as a restricting element for an Ag peptide. As a result of alternative splicing, the mutant proteins should have additional residues at their NH2 termini to increase their lengths by 28 (Dd) or 20 (Kd) amino acids. Immunoprecipitation and analysis on SDS-PAGE demonstrated that the mutant H-2Kd molecule was indeed larger than the normal H-2Kd protein, but the mutant and wild-type H-2Dd Ag were the same size. In addition, treatment of H-2Dd mutant and normal Ag with N-glycanase produced molecules of equal size, demonstrating that the mutant protein was completely glycosylated. Limited amino acid sequencing of this Ag indicated that it was normal H-2Dd. Therefore, before its transfer to the cell surface, post-translational modifications remove the additional NH2-terminal residues of the mutant Dd but not Kd protein.
GLP-1 Receptor Expression in Human Tumors and Human Normal Tissues: Potential for In Vivo Targeting (2007)

The GLP-1 receptors may represent a novel molecular target for in vivo scintigraphy and targeted radiotherapy for a variety of GLP-1 receptor-expressing tumors. For GLP-1 receptor scintigraphy, a low-background signal can be expected, on the basis of the low receptor expression in the normal tissues surrounding tumors.
Thermal simulation studies of high-power light-emitting diodes (2006)

We showed a detailed thermal simulation of an Epi-down flip-chip packaged LED. Simulation results show that chip attachment defects can cause significant thermal gradients across the active layer of chip, leading to premature failures.
Comparison of Background Models for Video Surveillance (2002)

Background modelling is a common form of motion detection employed by many autonomous video surveillance systems. Accurately modelling the background is a challenging task, particularly for outdoor scenes where factors such as background motion and camera shake can cause the mistaken detection of foreground objects. Recent research has developed background models that are capable of detecting foreground motion in real-time while ignoring most of the background motion, but it is not clear how well these models would perform on outdoor scenes that exhibit typical video surveillance problems. The aim of this paper is to assess the performance of leading background models (namely , the Hybrid Detection Algorithm, and Three-frame Temporal Difference), using video sequences that contain problems which trouble existing video surveillance systems. The strengths and weaknessesof these background models are reported and analysed, with the aim of identifying suitable directions for the development of robust background models for motion detection in outdoor video surveillance systems.
Fiber-optic sensors for rapid, inexpensive characterization of soil and ground water contamination (1994)

The extent and complexity of worldwide environmental contamination are great enough that characterization, remediation, and performance monitoring will be extremely costly and lengthy. Characterization techniques that are rapid, inexpensive, and simple and that do not generate waste are urgently needed. Towards this end LLNL is developing a fiber-optic chemical sensor technology for use in groundwater and vadose-zone monitoring. We use a colorimetric detection technique, based on an irreversible chemical reaction between a specific reagent and the target compound. The accuracy and sensitivity of the sensor (<5 ppb by weight in water, determined by comparison with gas chromatographic standard measurements) are sufficient for environmental monitoring of trichloroethylene (TCE) and chloroform.
The use of RuO<sub>4</sub> in studies of polymer blends by scanning electron microscopy (1990)

Abstract Flat samples of blends of PP and SEBS were contrasted with ruthenium tetroxide and studied in a scanning electron microscope provided with a detector for back‐scattered electrons. The images showed the SEBS phase as bright areas with dark dots and the PP phase as dark. The dots in the bright SEBS areas corresponded to the unstained EB‐domains of the triblock SEBS polymer. The technique used provided BSE images of high resolution. This is a consequence of the intrinsic electrical conductivity conferred to the sample surface by the ruthenium species deposited there during staining. Treatment with ruthenium tetroxide vapor conferred electrical conductivity to the stained areas, which explains the high resolution obtained with the present technique.
Angular and polarization properties of cross-holes nanostructured metallic filters (2013)

It has been shown in literature that cross-shaped holes arrays can be made insensitive to polarization at normal incidence, and can even feature good stability for off-normal incidence. In this work we look for the optimal design rules to obtain high spectral stability conditions in the visible for those structures, through a complete review of all geometrical parameters using CMOS-compatible materials. Rigorous Coupled Wave Analysis (RCWA) simulations have been used to identify the most-impacting parameters and to determine typical ranges allowing for the realization of low-color errors image sensors whatever the light incidence. It appears that the two main parameters are the ratio of the arm width to the arm length of the crosses and the distance between crosses, which both have to be low to ensure stable responses of the filters. We demonstrate the results with CIE chromaticity diagrams reporting the responses of a RGB filter designed with the established rules under various illumination conditions.
Evaluating UML2 modeling of IP-XACT objects for automatic MP-SoC integration onto FPGA (2009)

IP-XACT is a standard for describing intellectual property metadata for System-on-Chip (SoC) integration. Recently researchers have proposed visualizing and abstracting IP-XACT objects using structural UML2 model elements and diagrams. Despite the number of proposals at conceptual level, experiences on utilizing this representation in practical SoC development environments are very limited. This paper presents how UML2 models of IP-XACT features can be utilized to efficiently design and implement a multiprocessor SoC prototype on FPGA. The main contribution of this paper is the experimental development of a multiprocessor platform on FPGA using UML2 design capture, IP-XACT compatible components, and design automation tools. In addition, modeling concepts are improved from earlier work for the utilized integration methodology.
Crosstalk between jasmonic acid, ethylene and Nod factor signaling allows integration of diverse inputs for regulation of nodulation (2006)

Plant hormones interact at many different levels to form a network of signaling pathways connected by antagonistic and synergistic interactions. Ethylene and jasmonic acid both act to regulate the plant's responsiveness to a common set of biotic stimuli. In addition ethylene has been shown to negatively regulate the plant's response to the rhizobial bacterial signal, Nod factor. This regulation occurs at an early step in the Nod factor signal transduction pathway, at or above Nod factor-induced calcium spiking. Here we show that jasmonic acid also inhibits the plant's responses to rhizobial bacteria, with direct effects on Nod factor-induced calcium spiking. However, unlike ethylene, jasmonic acid not only inhibits spiking but also suppresses the frequency of calcium oscillations when applied at lower concentrations. This effect of jasmonic acid is amplified in the ethylene-insensitive mutant skl, indicating an antagonistic interaction between these two hormones for regulation of Nod factor signaling. The rapidity of the effects of ethylene and jasmonic acid on Nod factor signaling suggests direct crosstalk between these three signal transduction pathways. This work provides a model by which crosstalk between signaling pathways can rapidly integrate environmental, developmental and biotic stimuli to coordinate diverse plant responses.
Smart Grid Communication: Its Challenges and Opportunities (2013)

The necessity to promote smart grid (SG) has been recognized with a strong consensus. The SG integrates electrical grids and communication infrastructures and forms an intelligent electricity network working with all connected components to deliver sustainable electricity supplies. Many advanced communication technologies have been identified for SG applications with a potential to significantly enhance the overall efficiency of power grids. In this paper, the challenges and applications of communication technologies in SG are discussed. In particular, we identify three major challenges to implement SG communication systems, including standards interoperability, cognitive access to unlicensed radio spectra, and cyber security. The issues to implement SG communications on an evolutional path and its future trends are also addressed. The aim of this paper is to offer a comprehensive review of state-of-the-art researches on SG communications.
Long-Term Recordings of Multiple, Single-Neurons for Clinical Applications: The Emerging Role of the Bioactive Microelectrode (2009)

In 1999 we reported an important demonstration of a working brain-machine interface (BMI), in which recordings from multiple, single neurons in sensorimotor cortical areas of rats were used to directly control a robotic arm to retrieve a water reward. Subsequent studies in monkeys, using a similar approach, demonstrated that primates can use a BMI device to control a cursor on a computer screen and a robotic arm. Recent studies in humans with spinal cord injuries have shown that recordings from multiple, single neurons can be used by the patient to control the cursor on a computer screen. The promise is that one day it will be possible to use these control signals from neurons to reactivate the patient’s own limbs. However, the ability to record from large populations of single neurons for long periods of time has been hampered because either the electrode itself fails or the immunological response in the tissue surrounding the microelectrode produces a glial scar, preventing single-neuron recording. While we have largely solved the problem of mechanical or electrical failure of the electrode itself, much less is known about the long term immunological response to implantation of a microelectrode, its effect on neuronal recordings and, of greatest importance, how it can be reduced to allow long term single neuron recording. This article reviews materials approaches to resolving the glial scar to improve the longevity of recordings. The work to date suggests that approaches utilizing bioactive interventions that attempt to alter the glial response and attract neurons to the recording site are likely to be the most successful. Importantly, measures of the glial scar alone are not sufficient to assess the effect of interventions. It is imperative that recordings of single neurons accompany any study of glial activation because, at this time, we do not know the precise relationship between glial activation and loss of neuronal recordings. Moreover, new approaches to immobilize bioactive molecules on microelectrode surfaces while maintaining their functionality may open new avenues for very long term single neuron recording. Finally, it is important to have quantitative measures of glial upregulation and neuronal activity in order to assess the relationship between the two. These types of studies will help rationalize the study of interventions to improve the longevity of recordings from microelectrodes.
Towards Natural Supernaturalism: Carlyle's Dyspepsia and the Germans, 1817-1825 (1992)

Wilhelm Meister into what became the standard English edition for more than a century.His discovery of Schiller, Goethe, and the other German Classical and Romantic writers was providential, or at least he came to believe so.Carlyle's worst period of religious doubt and mental depression began the year before, and continued well into the 1820s.On top of this, soon after he abandoned teaching in schools to move to Edinburgh in 1818, he was overpowered by a digestive ailment, the so-called "dyspepsia" that would afflict him all of his life and, at least in the short term, worsen his despair.We will analyze how Carlyle projected his youthful struggles onto Friedrich Schiller in his first full-length biography, The Life of Friedrich Schiller. 2But first it is important to review his intellectual development before he sat down to write that work in 1823, including his sometimes pathetic search for non-Christian moral answers to his personal dilemmas.In 1817 Carlyle abandoned his frustrating teaching job near his home in Annan and took a second one in Kirkcaldy, across the Firth of Forth from Edinburgh, but too removed nevertheless to give him easy access to the Scottish capital.Though it seldom pleased him to be a frustrated intellectual in the provinces, things were not entirely bad: his ostensible rival and personal
Selectively Promiscuous Opioid Ligands: Discovery of High Affinity/Low Efficacy Opioid Ligands with Substantial Nociceptin Opioid Peptide Receptor Affinity (2014)

Emerging clinical and preclinical evidence suggests that a compound displaying high affinity for μ, κ, and δ opioid (MOP, KOP, and DOP) receptors and antagonist activity at each, coupled with moderate affinity and efficacy at nociceptin opioid peptide (NOP) receptors will have utility as a relapse prevention agent for multiple types of drug abuse. Members of the orvinol family of opioid ligands have the desired affinity profile but have typically displayed substantial efficacy at MOP and or KOP receptors. In this study it is shown that a phenyl ring analogue (1d) of buprenorphine displays the desired profile in vitro with high, nonselective affinity for the MOP, KOP, and DOP receptors coupled with moderate affinity for NOP receptors. In vivo, 1d lacked any opioid agonist activity and was an antagonist of both the MOP receptor agonist morphine and the KOP receptor agonist ethylketocyclazocine, confirming the desired opioid receptor profile in vivo.
The granular structure of C-type pea starch and its role in gelatinization (1998)

We have used a combination of techniques to study the structure and properties of C-type starch from pea seeds. It was found that all C-type starch granules contain both types of polymorph; the B polymorphs are in the center of the granule and are surrounded by the A polymorphs. During heating in excess salt solution the A and B polymorphs within C-type granules melt independently, giving a double transition in heat capacity and a two-step swelling, compared with single transitions for A- and B-type starches. It was shown that B polymorphs gave a transition with a lower peak temperature than A. The disruption of crystallinity during gelatinization began from the hilum area and was propagated along the granule, accompanied by swelling of disrupted areas. It is proposed that the swelling of disrupted parts of the granule decreases the melting temperature of the neighboring crystallites resulting in the progressive disruption of crystalline areas. The gelatinization process is dependent on the arrangement of A and B polymorphs within the granule. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopoly 45: 323–332, 1998
Ferroelectric Liquid Crystals. Material Properties and Applications (1988)

Abstract The last decade has seen a tremendous growth in the research and development activities in the area of ferroelectric liquid crystals. The field was opened up by the work of Meyer in 1974, and has now grown rapidly into one of the major research areas in liquid crystal science. The emphasis of the earlier work was on basic material characterization and phenomenology. Only very few liquid crystalline compounds exhibiting a ferroelectric phase were known at that time, and furthermore these Schiff-base organic compounds were chemically and thermally unstable and presented their ferroelectricity only at elevated temperatures. After the work by Clark and Lagerwall in 1980 on a fast electro-optic effect in a surface-stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal (SSFLC) structure, both basic and applied research have accelerated, and today a great number of papers deal with development and characterization of ferroelectric compounds and mixtures and various aspects of device physics and manufacturing. It is of some interest in the present review to try to quantify this growth by plotting the number of research papers per year versus year. Such a plot is shown in Figure 1, where the development in solid state ferroelectrics is also shown.
Enhanced Detection of Nitroaromatic Explosive Vapors Combining Solid-Phase Extraction-Air Sampling, Supercritical Fluid Extraction, and Large-Volume Injection-GC (2003)

A complete method for sampling and analyzing of energetic compounds in the atmosphere is described. The method consists of the hyphenation of several techniques: active air sampling using a solid-phase extraction cartridge to collect the analytes, extraction of the sorbed analytes by toluene/methyl tert-butyl ether modified supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and analysis of the extract by large-volume injection GC-nitrogen/phosphorus detection. The GC system is equipped with a loop-type injection interface with an early solvent vapor exit, a utilizing concurrent solvent evaporation technique. Chemometric approaches, based on a Plackett-Burman screening design and a central composite design for response surface modeling, were used to determine the optimum SFE conditions. The relative standard deviations of the optimized method were determined to be 4.3 to 7.7%, giving raise to method detection limits ranging from 0.06 to 0.36 ng in the sampling cartridge, equivalent to 6.2-36.4 pg/L in the atmosphere, standard sampling volume 10 L. The analytical method was applied to characterize headspace composition above military grade trinitrotoluene (TNT). Results confirm that 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) and 1,3-dinitrobenzene (DNB) constitute the largest vapor flux, but TNT, 2,6-DNT, and trinitrobenzene TNB were also consistently detected in all the samples.
Structure-function relationships in the mast cell high affinity receptor for IgE. Role of the cytoplasmic domains and of the beta subunit. (1991)

To define functionally critical regions of the high affinity receptor for IgE (Fc epsilon RI), we stably transfected P815 cells with mutated cDNAs coding for subunits with truncated cytoplasmic domains (CD). In addition, to examine further the role of the beta subunit, stable transfectants expressing chimeric Fc epsilon RI without beta subunits were generated. Transfectants were tested for receptor-mediated changes in intracellular Ca2+, for stimulated hydrolysis of phosphoinositides, and for protein tyrosine phosphorylation. In all cases these biochemical signals were affected coordinately, suggesting that they are coupled, possibly in a single pathway. Truncation of the alpha subunit or of the NH2-terminal CD of the beta subunit had no effect, but Fc epsilon RIs with beta subunits missing the COOH-terminal CD were inactive. Interestingly, receptors in cells transfected only with human Fc epsilon RI(alpha) (which utilize the gamma chains endogenously synthesized by the P815 cells but which contain no beta subunits) responded normally. Therefore, the beta subunit influences the functions studied but is not essential. Although structural analysis excluded a straightforward mechanism, truncation of the CD of the gamma chain led to loss of signaling.
Enhanced cellular uptake of folic acid–conjugated PLGA–PEG nanoparticles loaded with vincristine sulfate in human breast cancer (2011)

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the cellular uptake of vincristine sulfate-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)-polyethylene glycol (PLGA-PEG) nanoparticles with the folic acid modification (PLGA-PEG-folate NPs). PLGA-PEG-folate NPs were prepared using a water-oil-water emulsion solvent evaporation method. The particle size, surface morphology, drug encapsulation efficiency, and the drug release behavior were investigated. The NPs exhibited a biphasic drug release with a moderate initial burst followed by a sustained release profile. Internalization of the NPs labeled with coumarin- 6 by MCF-7 (Michigan Cancer Foundation-7) human breast cancer cells was quantitatively measured by microplate reader, and qualitatively analyzed by fluorescent microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The results showed PLGA-PEG-folate NPs achieved significantly higher cellular uptake in the folic acid receptor overexpressed MCF-7 cells, compared to PLGA-mPEG NPs without the folic acid modification. Due to the enhanced cellular uptake, PLGA-PEG-folate NPs displayed the highest cytotoxicity. Judged by IC(50) after 24 h culture, the therapeutic effects of the drug formulated in the NPs with surface modification could be 1.52 times, 3.91 times higher than that of PLGA-mPEG NPs and free vincristine sulfate, respectively.