gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The TIGRE instrument for 0.3-100 MeV gamma-ray astronomy (1995)

The Tracking and Imaging Gamma-Ray Experiment (TIGRE) uses multilayers of silicon strip detectors both as a gamma-ray converter and to track Compton recoil electrons and positron-electron pairs. The direction and energy of the Compton scattered gamma ray and pair particles are measured with arrays of small CsI(Tl)-photodiode detectors. With a large /spl pi/-steradian field-of-view, the prototype instrument described is sensitive to gamma rays from 0.3 to 100 MeV with a typical energy resolution of 3% (FWHM) and a 1-/spl sigma/ angular resolution of 120 arc min, at 2 MeV. It has a high absolute detection efficiency of 8% over the full energy range. The telescope is described and Monte Carlo calculations are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Synthesis of nonpolar peptide nucleic acid monomers containing fluoroaromatics (2001)

A general strategy for the synthesis of nonpolar peptide nucleic acid monomers containing fluoroaromatics (F-PNA) is described. These compounds have been designed as hybrid analogues of the difluorotoluene nucleoside, F (1) with PNA. Fluorophenylacetic acid derivatives 9 were coupled to the Boc-protected pseudopeptide backbone 8 by a standard peptide coupling reaction using DhbtOH and DCC in the presence of triethylamine to afford the doubly protected F-PNA monomers 14 in moderate to good yields. The ethyl esters 14a, 14c and 14e underwent hydrolytic cleavage under basic conditions to generate N-protected F-PNA monomers 15 in good yields. The tert-butyl esters 14b, 14d were treated with TFA in dichloromethane to produce the free F-PNA monomers 16 in good to excellent yields. The β-F-PNA monomers designed based on the structure of 2′,5′-linked isoDNA were also synthesized in a similar fashion to the preparation of F-PNA monomers in moderate to good yields as both N-protected and free monomers.
Melanogenesis Inhibition by Gallotannins from Chinese Galls in B16 Mouse Melanoma Cells (2009)

Nowadays herbal medicines of skin-whitening cosmetics are popular with women. We attempted to find the whitening activity compounds present in many herbal medicines used for this purpose and discuss their mechanisms in melanin biosynthesis. The 70% acetone extracts of 10 kinds of herbs were investigated for their mushroom tyrosinase activity inhibition. Among these 10 extracts, Chinese galls showed inhibitory activity against tyrosinase, with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) value of 22 microg/ml. In a B16 mouse melanoma cell culture assay, Chinese galls dose-dependently inhibited melanin biosynthesis. Using ultraviolet A (UVA) or alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) to stimulate B16 cells after Chinese gall treatment, the melanin biosynthesis of B16 cells was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. The active compounds of Chinese galls were isolated by column chromatography, and the melanin biosynthesis inhibition in B16 melanoma cells was measured. Three gallotannins, 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-galloyl-D-glucopyranose, 1,2,3,6-tetra-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucopyranose, and 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-beta-D-glucopyranose, were isolated from Chinese gall extract, and their IC(50) values of tyrosinase inhibition activity were 54, 30, and 15 muM, respectively. By the mushroom tyrosinase inhibition kinetics assay, the three gallotannins were all determined to be non-competitive inhibitors. These results indicated that Chinese galls inhibit melanin biosynthesis, associated with hyperpigmentation and can be used as skin-whitening cosmetics for skin care.
THE CONVERSION OF CITRULLINE TO ARGININE IN KIDNEY (1941)

Glycocyamine is formed in the kidney by the transfer of the amidine group of arginine to the nitrogen atom of glycine. In the study of this reaction it was observed that glycocyamine was also formed from citrulline and glycine. No other donor or precursor of the amidine group was found (1).
Semi-automated engineering in building automation systems and management integration (2017)

Building planning as well as automation systems engineering involve numerous disciplines participating in a many-phase process. However, the information transitions between these different phases are mostly carried out manually which results in multiple sources of errors. Additionally, information which is already present is repeatedly manually re-entered during the whole workflow. This especially applies for building automation system engineering where on the other hand the majority of necessary information is already generated during the planning phase. To address this issue, this work proposes a workflow of semi-automatable engineering for building automation systems and also management gateway integration.
Extending Datalog to cover XQuery. (2008)

Abstract. Datalog is a traditional platform in database research and, due to its ability to comprehend recursion, it seems to be a good choice for modeling XQuery. Unfortunately, XQuery functions have arguments carrying sequences; therefore, logic-based models of XQuery must be second-order languages and, consequently, Datalog is usually extended by node-set variables. In this paper, we suggest an alternative approach- extending Datalog by allowing structured variables in a form similar to Dewey numbers. This extension is then used to model the behavior of a XQuery program as a whole, using predicates that reflect the semantics of XQuery functions only in the context of the given program. This fact distinguishes our approach from traditional models that strive to comprehend the behavior of a function independently of its context. The advantage of this approach is that it uses the same means to model the structural recursion of documents and the functional recursion of programs, allowing various modes of bulk processing, loop reversal and other optimization techniques. 1
A TRAINABLE PEDESTRIAN DETECTION SYSTEM (1998)

In the near future, we can expect on-board automotive vision systems that inform or alert the driver about pedestrians, track surrounding vehicles, and read street signs. Object detection is fundamental to the success of this type of next-generation vision system. In this paper, w e present a trainable object detection system that automatically learns to detect objects of a certain class in unconstrained scenes. We apply our system to the task of pedestrian detection. Unlike previous approaches to pedestrian detection that rely heavily on hand-crafted models and motion information, our system learns the pedestrian model from examples and uses no motion cues. The system can easily be extended to include motion information. We review our previous system, describe a new system that exhibits significantly better performance, provide a comparison between using different combinations of feature sets with classifiers of varying complexity, and describe improvements that increase the system’s processing speed by two orders of magnitude.
Prevention of Thermal Degradations by Using Dehydrated LiNbO<sub>3</sub> Crystal (1994)

Occurrence of the lithium outdiffusion phenomenon during thermal treatment in dry O 2 is prevented by use of dehydrated LiNbO 3 crystal. Microscopic and spectroscopic observations, as well as refractive index measurement showing a many advantages of this method are reported.
A facile supramolecular approach to fabricate multifunctional upconversion nanoparticles as a versatile platform for drug loading, in vivo delivery and tumor imaging (2017)

Multifunctional upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) that can be implemented in theranostic applications are particularly attractive scaffolds for precise drug delivery. However, most of the current methods for drug formulation are technically complicated, thereby impeding their use in the clinic. Here, we report on the preparation of a lipophilic cytotoxic prodrug-integrated and polyethylene glycol (PEG)-cloaked UCNPs scaffold through a facile one-pot supramolecular approach. By choosing 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin (SN38)-derived prodrug 1 as a model chemotherapeutic, we show that this lipophilic prodrug can be feasibly self-assembled onto the surface of UCNPs, which are cooperatively solubilized by PEGylated phospholipids. The resulting SN38 prodrug 1-encapsulated UCNPs (designated 1@pUCNPs) produce a stable colloidal system in aqueous solution, making it suitable for intravenous injection. The SN38 drug loading capacity in pUCNPs is as high as ∼12.3 wt%, and a sustained drug release profile is observed, indicating that the drug payloads can be transported to targeted tumor sites via the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. Upconversion luminescence (UCL) imaging, including in vivo and ex vivo imaging, suggests that the drug-loaded pUCNPs remain stable in tumors over a long time and preferentially accumulate in tumors presumably via the EPR effect. Furthermore, the 1@pUCNPs show superior therapeutic outcomes compared with the clinically approved SN38 prodrug CPT-11 in the Bcap-37 mouse model of breast cancer. Collectively, our results demonstrate that pUCNPs facilely constructed in a one-pot self-assembly manner may be used as a versatile platform, enabling synchronous in vivo delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs and tumor imaging.
The Sizes of Peptides Generated from Protein by Mammalian 26 and 20 S Proteasomes (1999)

Knowledge about the sizes of peptides generated by proteasomes during protein degradation is essential to fully understand their degradative mechanisms and the subsequent steps in protein turnover and generation of major histocompatibility complex class I antigenic peptides. We demonstrate here that 26 S and activated 20 S proteasomes from rabbit muscle degrade denatured, nonubiquitinated proteins in a highly processive fashion but generate different patterns of peptides (despite their containing identical proteolytic sites). With both enzymes, products range in length from 3 to 22 residues, and their abundance decreases with increasing length according to a log-normal distribution. Less than 15% of the products are the length of class I presented peptides (8 or 9 residues), and two-thirds are too short to function in antigen presentation. Surprisingly, these mammalian proteasomes, which contain two "chymotryptic," two "tryptic," and two "post-acidic" active sites, generate peptides with a similar size distribution as do archaeal 20 S proteasomes, which have 14 identical sites. Furthermore, inactivation of the "tryptic" sites altered the peptides produced without significantly affecting their size distribution. Therefore, this distribution is not determined by the number, specificity, or arrangement of the active sites (as proposed by the "molecular ruler" model); instead, we propose that proteolysis continues until products are small enough to diffuse out of the proteasomes.
Tuning the surface chemistry of iPDMS for improved protein microarray performance (2012)

Protein microarrays meet the need for large-scale, low cost and accurate assays in the post-genomic era. Efforts in revealing the internal relationship between surface chemistry and microarray quality may greatly help the realization of widespread protein microarray use. In this paper, we prepared iPDMS with various surface properties, which were studied in combination with other parameters such as [protein], spot size and environment conditions to identify the causes of array defects (exosmosis, coffee ring and overflow) and corresponding strategies to avoid them. Through this research, we determined that the optimal parameters and conditions of protein microarray fabrication for an iPDMS sheet were 50° < contact angle < 90°: array volume ≤10 nL, [capture antibody] at 50 μg mL−1, fixed at 25 °C, and 60% humidity. We also identified some characteristics of protein microarray fabrication that may benefit other solid supporting materials (SSM) and serve as a good model of proteins interacting with various bio-interfaces.
Bank Return Volatility and Management Structure (2014)

This study investigates the dynamic relationship between bank management structure, payment contract and bank return volatility. We find that increasing the sensitivity of executives pay to equity risk will increase bank return volatility. When CEOs are also the chairs of board directors, bank risk is higher. As banks expand more risky investments, the risk level of the banks is higher. These results hold not only for commercial banks but also for savings and loan institutions.
Use of Fluorescein-Labeled Oligonucleotide for Analysis of Formation and Dissociation Kinetics of T:A:T Triple-Stranded DNA: Effect of Divalent Cations (1997)

The formation and dissociation kinetics of homonucleotide oligo(dT):oligo(dA):oligo(dT) triplex have been analyzed by fluorescence measurements of fluorescein-labeled oligo(dT) providing considerably higher sensitivity to monitoring reaction kinetics than traditional hypochromicity and circular dichroism. The triplex is concluded to be formed by a bimolecular process corresponding to the addition of the oligo(dT) strand to a preserved oligo(dT):oligo(dA) duplex. The association rate was found to be faster the higher the divalent cation concentration and depends upon the nature of divalent ions in the following order of efficiency: Mn2+ > Mg2+ > Ni2+, Ca2+ > Ba2+. The more efficient metal ions for the triplex formation were found also more efficient for the stabilization. The dissociation kinetics of the third Hoogsteen-bound strand was monitored at below melting temperature by chasing the labeled dT strand from the triplex by excess of non-labeled oligonucleotide. The dissociation rate was found to be almost independent of concentration and nature of cation. The thermodynamic stabilization of triplex by cations is thus a consequence of the increased formation rate.
Isolated Primary Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma of the Thoracic Spine: A Case Report with a Review of the Literature (2010)

A case of isolated primary non-Hodgkin's lymphoma of the spine is presented along with a review of previous cases reported in the literature. An 80-year old immunocompetent man was admitted with progressive numbness and weakness of both lower extremities of 2 weeks' duration. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the cervicothoracic spine revealed an extradural spinal mass at the T1 - T3 level, with invasion into the T3 vertebral body. The lesion was at first thought to be a metastatic tumour. Because of the manifestations of compression, the patient underwent laminectomy and posterior decompression. Histopathological examination revealed diffuse large B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. All other investigations (including computed tomography of the chest and abdomen, bone scan, peripheral blood examination and tumour marker examination) were negative for occult disease. This case demonstrates that neurosurgeons should be aware of the occurrence of isolated primary spinal lymphoma, which should be included in the differential diagnosis of metastatic tumours.
Regeneration of plants (1982)

Not available – first paragraph follows: Reporting his pioneering experiments on plant cell culture to the German Academy of Science in 1902, G. Haberlandt predicted that someday “in this way one could successfully cultivate embryos from vegetative cells.” Had IAA and kinetin been at his disposal, Haberlandt might have realized his prediction, and there is no telling how much further plant cell culture might be today.
Application of Ultrasonic Non-Destructive Evaluation in Braking Materials (2012)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper discusses the application of an air-coupled ultrasonic non-destructive evaluation (NDE) method for aircraft braking materials. The main objective of this research work was to identify and characterize flaws such as delaminations, cracks, porosity (resin pockets), and disbonds in commercial Carbon/Carbon (C/C) composite aircraft brake disks.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Air-coupled ultrasonic testing (ACUT) method was applied for the inspection of commercial C/C brake disks. Several tests were performed by using various air-coupled ultrasonic transducers at center frequencies 50, 120, 125, 225, 400, and 436 kHz in a through-transmission mode by varying scan increments and resolutions. It was found that a testing frequency of 125 kHz provided the best results for commercial C/C composite aircraft brake disks. The relative through-transmitted ultrasonic signal drop in the defect areas was around −18 dB which allowed for easy distinction of abnormal regions within the C/C brake disks. In addition, material inhomogeneity within the C/C brake disks was also revealed by the ACUT C-scan results.</div></div>
The Future of Large Metropolitan Areas (1948)

(1948). The Future of Large Metropolitan Areas. Journal of the American Institute of Planners: Vol. 14, No. 3, pp. 16-20.
Characterization of local antibody responses to the gastrointestinal parasite Haemonchus contortus. (1995)

The ability to identify antigens associated with an infection has generally relied on the use of serum antibodies produced by infected or previously exposed individuals. A major drawback with the use of serum is that it does not necessarily reflect the local antibody response at mucosal tissue sites. This study describes an approach that allows the use of antibodies generated close to the infection site to detect the transient expression of stage-specific antigens during infection with the gastrointestinal parasite Haemonchus contortus. This was achieved by infecting immune sheep with H. contortus larvae and removing the abomasal lymph nodes draining the infection site shortly after the challenge infection. Antibody-secreting cell (ASC) probes were generated from these lymph nodes after short-term in vitro culture of cell suspensions, which allowed the accumulation of antibodies secreted by in vivo-induced ASC into the culture supernatant. Lymph node culture supernatants (= ASC probes) from immune sheep challenged 5 days previously were used to probe Western blots of third and fourth stage larval preparations, and revealed distinct reactivity to larval antigens. No antibody reactivity to larval antigen preparations was detected in sheep that were not challenged. The number of antigens identified using ASC probes was significantly restricted compared to either pre- or post-challenge sera. In contrast to the variability of the serum response, the specificity of ASC probes was highly repeatable between different sheep. ASC probes were also used to purify a H. contortus larval antigen by affinity chromatography, which allowed limited biochemical studies to be undertaken. The antigen(s) recognized by the ASC probes were shown to be expressed on the surface of the larvae. These studies illustrate the use of a novel means of studying the local antibody response close to a mucosal infection site in order to identify and isolate stage-specific antigens expressed during infection.
Multiprocessing of Combinatorial Search Problems (1985)

This chapter presents three paradigms of representations for combinatorial search problems. Depending on the functions of the nonterminal nodes in the graphical representation, a search problem can be represented as an AND-tree, an OR-tree, and an AND/OR graph. This classification facilitates the design of unique computer architectures for supporting efficient evaluation of combinatorial search problems. For each representation, we develop theoretical bounds, efficient algorithms, and functional requirements of multiprocessing architectures, and illustrate these results by examples.
Error-rate characteristics of oversampled analog-to-digital conversion (1998)

Accuracy of simple analog-to-digital conversion depends on both resolution of discretization in amplitude and resolution of discretization in time. For implementation convenience, high conversion accuracy is attained by refining the discretization in time using oversampling. It is commonly believed that oversampling adversely impacts rate-distortion properties of the conversion, since the bit rate, B, increases linearly with oversampling, resulting in a slow error decay in the bit rate, on the order of O(1/B). We demonstrate that the information obtained in the process of oversampled analog-to-digital conversion can easily be encoded in a manner which requires only a logarithmic increase of the bit rate with redundancy, achieving an exponential error decay in the bit rate.
Development of a Compact Reverse-Flow Catalytic Converter for Diesel Dual Fuel LEV (1999)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Upon an innovative compact design, extraordinary heat retention capability is demonstrated with a reverse-flow catalytic converter (RFC). By periodical flow reversal, the monolith solid to gas-flow thermal energy recovery, which generates a superior temperature profile oscillating along the monolith flow-path, escalates the temperature-rise by the exothermic reaction of THC and CO. Thus, the averaged temperature level of the catalytic monolith is raised substantially independent of the inflow gas temperature from engine exhaust, while an ordinary flow-through catalyst would lose light off following similar operations with low exhaust temperatures.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Along the exhaust flow-path of a typical diesel-dual fuel RFC operation, the monolith center temperature is highly elevated from the boundary temperatures, while the boundary temperatures are approximating the inflow exhaust temperature. Extensive tests conclude that CO and reactive HC conversion rates are above 95% and CH<sub>4</sub> conversion is around 90% for most testing conditions. The RFC approach broke through the barrier of low methane conversion at low engine exhaust temperature, without utilizing external heating sources. Such a diesel dual fuel system shows low emission results following standard automotive emission testing procedures.</div>
Effect of carbachol on postoperative intraocular pressure (1988)

Carbachol instilled in 125 eyes at the time of extracapsular cataract extraction and posterior chamber lens insertion had a statistically significant effect on lowering the postoperative intraocular pressure (IOP) at 24 hours (average IOP 14.0 mm Hg) and at 72 hours (average IOP 11.6 mm Hg) (P less than .001). The percentage of patients with an acute IOP elevation at 24 hours was also significantly reduced: carbachol 10% versus control 33% (P = .001). Carbachol's prolonged lowering of postoperative IOP may increase the safety of cataract surgery, particularly in patients with compromised optic nerves.
Apoptosis induced by bacterial pathogens (1994)

Programmed cell death is part of normal development and homeostasis. Apoptosis induced by bacteria appears to contribute to infectious diseases. Some bacteria produce toxins to kill host cells by the same pathway, apoptosis, through different mechanisms including pore formation, protein synthesis inhibition or adenylate cyclase activity. Other bacterial pathogens' mechanisms to induce apoptosis, for example, that of S. flexneri, remain to be elucidated. How the bacterial toxins or the bacteria interact with eukaryotic cell-death-related genes and then possibly trigger a cell-death program would make an interesting study. The understanding of the mechanism of apoptosis induced by bacteria could be important in the development of therapy and prevention of infectious diseases.