gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New paradigms for the integration of yaw stability and rollover prevention functions in vehicle stability control (2012)

The integration of rollover prevention and yaw stability control objectives in electronic stability control has traditionally been done based on a priority calculation. This paper focuses on an integrated electronic stability control system wherein the objectives of yaw stability and rollover prevention are addressed simultaneously, rather than one at a time. First, we show that staying on a desired planar trajectory at a specified speed results in an invariant rollover index. This implies that rollover prevention can be achieved whenever there is a danger of rollover only by reducing vehicle speed, since changing the desired vehicle trajectory is not a desirable option. In this regard, it is shown that a vehicle which reduces its speed before entering a sharp curve performs significantly better than a vehicle that uses differential braking during the turn for yaw stability control.
Asymmetric Epoxidation of Allylic Alcohols: The Sharpless Epoxidation (1986)

The asymmetric epoxidation of allylic alcohols using t-butyl hydroperoxide in the presence of titanium tetraisopropoxide and a chiral dialkyl tartrate - the Sharpless epoxidation - is reviewed. Numerous examples taken from the syntheses of naturally occuring, enantiomerically pure compounds emphasise the synthetic versatility of this method. 1. Introduction 2. Asymmetric Epoxidation of Allylic Alcohols 3. Applications of the Sharpless Epoxidation 4. Further Developments of the Sharpless Epoxidation 5. Conclusions
Influence of Electrofishing Pulse Shape on Spinal Injuries in Adult Rainbow Trout (1988)

Adult rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri captured by electrofishing were analyzed for spinal injury by X-ray photography and autopsies. The effects of three electrical pulse shapes were compared. Of 209 fish captured, 50% suffered spinal injuries involving an average of eight vertebrae that were dislocated, splintered, or both. One-quarter-sine wave pulses injured a significantly higher proportion of fish (67%) than either exponential pulses (44%) or square wave pulses (44%; P < 0.05). Quarter-sine waves also damaged significantly more vertebrae per fish (average, 9.5) than did exponential pulses (6.6); the average number damaged by square waves (8.2) did not differ significantly from either of the other means. Electrofishing could bias mark–recapture studies of large rainbow trout. Electrofishing in waters containing endangered or threatened species should be considered with great caution.
Creating a live broadcast from a virtual environment (1999)

Inhabited Television" combines multiuser virtual environments with television, so that online audience-members can participate in TV shows staged in a virtual world. It is presented simultaneously both to conventional passive viewers and to online participants. In many cases it benefits from being broadcast live. This paper is based on our fourth major experiment with Inhabited TV, a live virtual game show called "Out Of This World". For this event we adopted non-automated approaches to camera control and mixing to allow an exploration of appropriate forms of presentation for inhabited television. We describe the techniques which were used to create and enhance the live video output which was produced during the show: appropriate world design; dynamic constraints on participant movements; and a performance-oriented virtual camera control interface. This camera control interface includes explicit support for a range of spatial and temporal control styles. We also give evaluative feedback on the camera control interface and the event's (television-based) approach to mixing and directing, drawing on a social scientific field study conducted on-site during the preparation for, and performances of, the show.
Inhaled treprostinil and pulmonary arterial hypertension (2010)

Multiple conditions result in development of pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is the subclassification of pulmonary hypertension, in which known or unknown underlying conditions lead to similar intrinsic alterations in the pulmonary vasculature. PAH is a progressive condition characterized by restricted blood flow through the pulmonary circulation leading to poor survival in the absence of effective therapy. Over the last two decades, new therapeutic agents have substantially improved the course and prognosis for PAH patients. Three available classes of drugs, ie, prostacyclins, endothelin receptor antagonists, and phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors provide multiple options for treatment of PAH. Endothelin receptor antagonists and phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors are administered orally, whereas prostacyclin therapies are delivered by continuous intravenous or subcutaneous infusion, or as aerosols by nebulization. Because of the risks and inconveniences associated with administration, prostacyclins are typically reserved for patients with more advanced disease or progression despite oral therapy. Inhaled administration may be a safer and easier route for prostacyclin administration. Treprostinil is a prostacyclin analog that has been demonstrated to be effective when administered by continuous subcutaneous or intravenous infusion, and more recently by nebulization.
Ion Chromatographic Determination of Three Fructooligosaccharide Oligomers in Prepared and Preserved Foods (2000)

Fructooligosaccharides (FOS) are short-chain sugars that occur naturally and have dietary benefits for humans. They are widely distributed in nature and are a natural part of the human diet. The objective of this study was to determine the concentrations of 1-kestose (GF(2)), nystose (GF(3)), and 1(F)-beta-fructofuranosylnystose (GF(4)) in a variety of common processed and prepared foods. An ion chromatographic method was developed for this purpose in which the sugar concentrations were measured using integrated amperometry. The samples were simply prepared by blending with water and filtering the suspensions through a 10000 Da cutoff centrifugal filter. These samples were then injected into the ion chromatograph, which had been programmed for gradient elution, and the areas of the sugar peaks obtained compared to those of standard sugars on a calibration curve. Selected samples were prepared both with and without standard spikes in order to assess the efficiency of the determination. Of the vegetables investigated, artichokes contained by far the most FOS, followed by onions; bananas contained more FOS than other fruits investigated. The method was shown to be simple, convenient, and relatively fast for the quantitation of FOS in processed and prepared food products.
A New Solution for Tandem Offloading of LNG (2002)

Abstract Many oil companies presently work on plans for production of Liquefied Natural Gas on a Floating LNG Production and Offloading (FLPO) vessel. All these schemes require suitable systems for offloading of the LNG to a transport tanker. Safety and regularity are important issues in design of offshore LNG production and loading systems. In addition to the offloading operation the tanker approach, connect, disconnect and departure phases include critical operations which are weather dependant and may impose restrictions on operability and regularity. The OCL system is a stern to bow, crane and flexible pipe solution that is developed, based on extensive experience from tandem offloading operations of crude in the North Sea in harsh weather conditions. The system is well suited for LNG transfer where high regularity is required and a large number of cargoes are shipped every year. The LNG tankers are dedicated transport vessels with modifications in the bow to suit purpose built hawser and loading facilities. When offloading the LNG carrier in a harbor a conventional LNG manifold offloading system in the center of the LNG tanker is used. In offshore loading, the two vessels are moored together in a "crowfoot" hawser configuration reducing the relative movements between the crane tip on the FLPO and the bow of the tanker. The LNG carrier is operating on constant stern thrust to ensure the required stability of the offloading system in both calm and harsh weather conditions. Components and sub-systems are selected on basis of functional requirements. Critical components have been qualified in a step-by-step process. The qualification includes development of mathematical tools that have been verified through material testing, model testing and full scale testing. Verification includes design, manufacture and testing of the complete pull-in and connection system as well as full flow testing. Figure 1 - The OCL LNG transfer system(available in full paper) Vessel model testing is used both as verification and calibration of the mathematical models and it ensures accurate calculation of the two vessel's motions in the loading area and thus good prediction of the loads on the transfer system. The flexible pipe is the most critical part of the transfer system. The OCL system is based on a longitudinally welded, thin-wall stainless steel tube corrugated to provide the required bending flexibility. The finished flexible transfer pipe is a lightweight, double-wall construction with vacuum in-between the pipes as thermal insulation. The qualification process includes full-scale flow testing with both water and LNG. All tests and calculations show that the described solution will allow safe and economic transfer of LNG from a floating production vessel to a tanker. The OCL LNG transfer system will allow development of stranded gas reserves in areas with no infrastructure, or where a pipeline to a shore facility is not viable or economical.
Provable data plane connectivity with local fast failover (2014)

Modern software-defined networks support the implementation of in-network failover mechanisms: mechanisms to quickly re-establish connectivity in the data plane without the interaction of the software controller. Interestingly, however, not much is known today about how to make use of these mechanisms.
Towards Providing On-Demand Expert Support for Software Developers (2016)

Software development is an expert task that requires complex reasoning and the ability to recall language or API-specific details. In practice, developers often seek support from IDE tools, Web resources, or other developers to help fill in gaps in their knowledge on-demand. In this paper, we present two studies that seek to inform the design of future systems that use remote experts to support developers on demand. The first explores what types of questions developers would ask a hypothetical assistant capable of answering any question they pose. The second study explores the interactions between developers and remote experts in supporting roles. Our results suggest eight key system features needed for on-demand remote developer assistants to be effective, which has implications for future human-powered development tools.
ChemInform Abstract: Large Micro‐Sized K<sub>2</sub>TiF<sub>6</sub>:Mn<sup>4+</sup> Red Phosphors Synthesised by a Simple Reduction Reaction for High Colour‐Rendering White Light‐Emitting Diodes. (2016)

Abstract Large K 2 TiF 6 :Mn 4+ particles of 50‐100 μm size are prepared by direct Mn reduction from a purple aqueous solution containing KMnO 4 , KF, and K 2 TiF 6 in HF to which a 10% H 2 O 2 solution is added slowly.
Electron Mobility in Semiconducting Strontium Titanate (1967)

The electron Hall mobility has been measured in semiconducting SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ over the temperature range from 1.6 to 550\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. Electron concentrations in the range from 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{17}$ to 2.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{19}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ were obtained by reduction or by doping with niobium. The niobium donor centers remain fully ionized down to the lowest temperatures investigated. The low-temperature mobility in niobium-doped SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ is approximately 4 times larger than in reduced SrTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ over the concentration range investigated, and mobility values up to 2.2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{4}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/V sec were measured in niobium-doped samples having electron concentrations of approximately 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{17}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. The mobility results are compared with the behavior expected for scattering by ionized defects and polar optical lattice modes at low and high temperatures, respectively.
Novel butler matrix using CPW multilayer technology (2006)

In this paper, a novel 4 times 4 two-layer Butler matrix based on a broad-band two-layer slot-coupled directional coupler is presented and implemented at 5.8 GHz using coplanar waveguide technology. With the slot-coupled directional coupler, the proposed matrix was designed without using any crossovers as used in conventional Butler matrices, which leads to significant size reduction and loss minimization. To examine the performance of the proposed matrix, experimental prototypes of the multilayer directional coupler and the Butler matrix were fabricated and measured. Furthermore, a four-antenna array was also designed and fabricated at 5.8 GHz and then connected to the matrix to form a beamforming antenna system. As a result, four orthogonal beams at -45deg, -15deg, 15deg, and 45deg are produced. Measured results on the entire system agree well with the theoretical predictions, validating the proposed design
A new sample mounting technique for room-temperature macromolecular crystallography (2005)

A new method for mounting protein crystals and other environmentally sensitive samples for room-temperature diffraction measurements is described. A crystal is retrieved using a microfabricated sample mount as recently reported, and the mount is inserted into a modified goniometer-compatible base. A transparent thin-wall polyester tube sealed at one end and filled with stabilizing liquid is then drawn over the crystal and sealed to the goniometer base. Compared with mounting using glass capillaries, this method can provide lower-background X-ray scattering, especially at higher resolutions; dramatically improved ease of crystal mounting with minimal chance of damage; accurate and reproducible crystal positioning relative to the goniometer base; improved crystal visibility and ease of alignment, especially for very small crystals; and compatibility with high-throughput approaches. Crystals can be rapidly screened and eliminated earlier in the data collection pipeline, and the cause of poor low-temperature diffraction can be diagnosed.
Accelerating k-NN classification algorithm using graphics processing units (2016)

k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) is a well-known classification algorithm used in many machine learning applications. When the input data size of k-NN algorithm increases, the execution time of the algorithm increases significantly. Therefore, this becomes a bottleneck for practical usage. Since k-NN algorithm is using searching, sorting and other parallelly executable tasks, we have implemented the k-NN algorithm on a GPU using CUDA utilizing the parallel tasks. The results were promising as expected and for 43,500 training records and 14,500 testing records with nine attributes, the GPU execution showed about a 100× faster execution time compared to a CPU version.
Learning Gaussian Conditional Random Fields for Low-Level Vision (2007)

Markov random field (MRF) models are a popular tool for vision and image processing. Gaussian MRF models are particularly convenient to work with because they can be implemented using matrix and linear algebra routines. However, recent research has focused on on discrete-valued and non-convex MRF models because Gaussian models tend to over-smooth images and blur edges. In this paper, we show how to train a Gaussian conditional random field (GCRF) model that overcomes this weakness and can outperform the non-convex field of experts model on the task of denoising images. A key advantage of the GCRF model is that the parameters of the model can be optimized efficiently on relatively large images. The competitive performance of the GCRF model and the ease of optimizing its parameters make the GCRF model an attractive option for vision and image processing applications.
Evolving risk of therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia following cancer chemotherapy among adults in the United States, 1975-2008 (2013)

Therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia (tAML) is a rare but highly fatal complication of cytotoxic chemotherapy. Despite major changes in cancer treatment, data describing tAML risks over time are sparse. Among 426068 adults initially treated with chemotherapy for first primary malignancy (9 US population-based cancer registries, 1975-2008), we identified 801 tAML cases, 4.70 times more than expected in the general population (P < .001). Over time, tAML risks increased after chemotherapy for non-Hodgkin lymphoma (n = 158; Poisson regression Ptrend < .001), declined for ovarian cancer (n = 72; Ptrend < .001), myeloma (n = 62; Ptrend = .02), and possibly lung cancer (n = 65; Ptrend = .18), and were significantly heterogeneous for breast cancer (n = 223; Phomogeneity = .005) and Hodgkin lymphoma (n = 58; Phomogeneity = .007). tAML risks varied significantly by age at first cancer and latency and were nonsignificantly heightened with radiotherapy for lung, breast, and ovarian cancers. We identified newly emerging elevated tAML risks in patients treated with chemotherapy since 2000 for esophageal, cervical, prostate, and possibly anal cancers; and since the 1990s for bone/joint and endometrial cancers. Using long-term, population-based data, we observed significant variation in tAML risk with time, consistent with changing treatment practices and differential leukemogenicity of specific therapies. tAML risks should be weighed against the benefits of chemotherapy, particularly for new agents and new indications for standard agents.
Riemannian Analysis of Probability Density Functions with Applications in Vision (2007)

Applications in computer vision involve statistically analyzing an important class of constrained, non-negative functions, including probability density functions (in texture analysis), dynamic time-warping functions (in activity analysis), and re-parametrization or non-rigid registration functions (in shape analysis of curves). For this one needs to impose a Riemannian structure on the spaces formed by these functions. We propose a "spherical" version of the Fisher-Rao metric that provides closed-form expressions for geodesies and distances, and allows fast computation of sample statistics. To demonstrate this approach, we present an application in planar shape classification.
Well-to-wheels energy use and greenhouse gas emissions of ethanol from corn, sugarcane and cellulosic biomass for US use (2012)

Globally, bioethanol is the largest volume biofuel used in the transportation sector, with corn-based ethanol production occurring mostly in the US and sugarcane-based ethanol production occurring mostly in Brazil. Advances in technology and the resulting improved productivity in corn and sugarcane farming and ethanol conversion, together with biofuel policies, have contributed to the significant expansion of ethanol production in the past 20 years. These improvements have increased the energy and greenhouse gas (GHG) benefits of using bioethanol as opposed to using petroleum gasoline. This article presents results from our most recently updated simulations of energy use and GHG emissions that result from using bioethanol made from several feedstocks. The results were generated with the GREET (Greenhouse gases, Regulated Emissions, and Energy use in Transportation) model. In particular, based on a consistent and systematic model platform, we estimate life-cycle energy consumption and GHG emissions from using ethanol produced from five feedstocks: corn, sugarcane, corn stover, switchgrass and miscanthus. We quantitatively address the impacts of a few critical factors that affect life-cycle GHG emissions from bioethanol. Even when the highly debated land use change GHG emissions are included, changing from corn to sugarcane and then to cellulosic biomass helps to significantly increase the reductions in energy use and GHG emissions from using bioethanol. Relative to petroleum gasoline, ethanol from corn, sugarcane, corn stover, switchgrass and miscanthus can reduce life-cycle GHG emissions by 19–48%, 40–62%, 90–103%, 77–97% and 101–115%, respectively. Similar trends have been found with regard to fossil energy benefits for the five bioethanol pathways.
A high-temperature furnace for NMR measurements (1979)

A high-temperature furnace capable of attaining temperatures up to 2000K is described. The inner volume of the furnace which contains the sample and the radio frequency coil is kept very small (a few cm3), so that little electric heating power is required (100 W at 200K), and is well insulated guaranteeing good temperature homogeneity. With this furnace, NMR signals have been observed up to 1780K.
Organooxotin Cages, {[(<i>n</i>-BuSn)<sub>3</sub>(μ<sub>3</sub>-O)(OC<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>-4-X)<sub>3</sub>]<sub>2</sub>[HPO<sub>3</sub>]<sub>4</sub>}, X = H, Cl, Br, and I, in Double O-Capped Structures:  Halogen-Bonding-Mediated Supramolecular Formation (2005)

The reaction of n-BuSn(O)(OH) with H3PO3 and HOC6H4-4-X (X = H, Cl, Br, and I) afforded the hexanuclear organooxotin cages {[(n-BuSn)3(μ3-O)(OC6H4-4-X)3]2[HPO3]4}, where X = H (1), Cl (2), Br (3), and I (4), in moderate yields. These cages possess double O-capped structures. The oxotin cages 1−4 contain two tritin motifs that are joined by four tripodal [HPO3]2- ligands. The three tin atoms in each tritin subunit are held together by a μ3-capping oxygen atom. In addition three phenolate oxygen atoms act as μ2-bridging ligands between two tin atoms. The molecular structures of 1−4 are intimately related to other organooxotin cages such as the O-capped cluster, the drum, and the football cage. The crystal structures of 2−4 reveal intermolecular halogen-bonding-mediated [X- - -O (X = Cl, Br), I- - -I, and I- - -π] supramolecular assemblies.
Soluble Trem-like Transcript-1 Regulates Leukocyte Activation and Controls Microbial Sepsis (2012)

The triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells (TREM)-1 plays a crucial role during the onset of sepsis by amplifying the host immune response. The TREM-like transcript-1 (TLT-1) belongs to the TREM family, is selectively expressed on activated platelets, and is known to facilitate platelet aggregation through binding to fibrinogen. In this study, we show that a soluble form of TLT-1 is implicated in the regulation of inflammation during sepsis by dampening leukocyte activation and modulating platelet-neutrophil crosstalk. A 17-aa sequence of the TLT-1 extracellular domain (LR17) is responsible for this activity through competition with the TREM-1 ligand. Whereas early or late LR17 treatment of septic mice improves survival, treml-1(-/-) animals are highly susceptible to polymicrobial infection. The present findings identify platelet-derived soluble TLT-1 as a potent endogenous regulator of sepsis-associated inflammation and open new therapeutic perspectives. We anticipate soluble TLT-1 to be important in regulating leukocyte activation during other noninfectious inflammatory disorders.