gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The role of specific endosperm proteins in low protein digestibility of sorghum (1995)

The overall goal of this project was to obtain a better understanding of the basis for the low protein digestibility of sorghum grain. In the first study sorghum P721N was harvested at selected days after half-bloom and the relationship between protein digestibility and $\alpha$-, $\beta$-, and $\gamma$-kafirin contents and unextractable disulfide bonded complexes was analyzed. Kafirin synthesis was complete by 40 DAHB. After this, disulfide crosslinking occurred in $\beta$- and $\gamma$-kafirin, concomitantly with a large drop in protein digestibility. Digestibility of cooked flour dropped markedly beginning at 35 DAHB. The second study showed the susceptibility of each kafirin to pepsin digestibility. $\alpha$-Kafirin was the least digestible among kafirins. Cooking the flour reduced the digestibility particularly of $\beta$- and $\gamma$-kafirins. When uncooked and cooked flour was treated with a reducing agent, kafirins were much more digestible. In the third study a highly digestible mutant showed a unique protein body microstructure with invaginations that reached the center. $\gamma$-Kafirin was localized in discrete dark staining regions at the base of the folds, in contrast with the peripheral location of this kafirin in normal sorghum. A last study was conducted to characterize a high molecular weight protein that is believed to be related to low protein digestibility. Its solubility, amino acid composition, lack of crossreactivity with kafirins antisera, pI, and N-terminal sequence classified it as a non-kafirin. It was located in a dark staining peripheral ring of the protein body, where $\gamma$-kafirin is also found. In conclusion, the maturation of the grain leads to disulfide bonded complexes, particularly in the $\beta$- and $\gamma$-kafirins. These complexes would exist in the peripheral regions of protein bodies that are resistant to pepsin digestion especially after cooking. A non-kafirin HMW protein located in the outer regions of the protein body may also be associated with the low protein digestibility, although this needs further studies. This resistant periphery retards the digestion of $\alpha$-kafirin in the interior. However, in the case of the highly digestible mutant genotype the large invaginations and the location of $\gamma$-kafirin in discrete regions rather than at the periphery may facilitate enzymatic breakdown.
Clinical Studies of the Use of Emulsion of Ethyl Iodophenylundecylate (Pantopaque) (1950)

The purpose of this paper is to review the development of one of the newer contrast media and to report upon its clinical application in studies of various types. Strain, Plati, and Warren (1), at the University of Rochester, made a study of iodinated organic compounds with the object of developing an absorbable, insoluble contrast medium for use in radiographic diagnosis. Of the preparations investigated, ethyl iodophenylundecylate, a mixture of isomers obtained by the addition of iodobenzene to ethyl undecylate in the presence of aluminum chloride, seemed to fulfill most of the requirements. This work was reported in 1942, and the new preparation, containing 30.5 per cent iodine, was given the name “pantopaque” (2). Early in the course of work with the new medium it was observed that stable aqueous emulsions were easily obtained. Such emulsions were shown experimentally to mix with tissue fluids and to have the property of coating and adhering to mucosa (3), which suggested the possibility of their use as a diagnostic aid in the visualization of sinuses, fistulas, and certain body cavities. To form the emulsion a 50 per cent mixture by volume of ethyl iodophenylundecylate with water, containing a surface active agent, is passed several times through a homogenizer. The emulsion is milky white in color. On standing for several hours, it separates into a lower milky phase and a clear upper aqueous phase, which, however, are easily mixed by shaking. The oil droplets are on the order of 1.5 to 3.5 microns (3). In experimental studies with dogs and other animals, satisfactory results were obtained with the emulsion in retrograde pyelography, cystography, urethrography, cholangiography, and bronchography. Salpingography was also attempted, but the medium failed to pass through the fallopian tubes, though these later proved to be patent in 2 of the 5 animals used for the experiment. Ethyl iodophenylundecylate (pantopaque), having been proved by animal experiments to be relatively non-toxic, was first used clinically in myelography in 1940. The oil has been used for that purpose at this institution (University of Louisville) for about eight years and has proved superior to iodized poppyseed oil for reasons well known (2, 4, 5). The process of emulsification leads to an increase in surface area of the compound and this, of course, increases the toxicity. The intraperitoneal lethal dose for mice is not markedly affected, but the emulsion is considerably more toxic for rats than the oil (3). Amounts up to 1.0 c.c. per kilogram of body weight of the 50 per cent emulsion were injected intravenously in dogs without immediate or subsequent ill effects. In our clinical experience we have observed toxic reactions that could be attributed to the emulsion on two occasions only. In both instances severe coughing attacks and bronchial spasm occurred following the injection of the emulsion into the bronchial tree for bronchography.
Reaction Engineering Aspects of Microbial Mercury Removal (2006)

Abstract Mercury‐resistant microorganisms are widespread in natural environments and can effectively be used to demercurize Hg(II)‐contaminated wastewaters as was already demonstrated on an industrial scale. The aim of this paper is to find the performance limits with regard to Hg(II) loadings D c Hg,in (dilution rate × Hg(II) inlet concentration) and residual Hg(II) at the reactor outlet and to provide a reasonable basis for an optimal and safe process design. To this end, comprehensive studies were carried out with different single microbes (natural isolates and a genetically engineered strain) as well as microbial consortia in batch and continuous stirred reactors and fixed beds with microorganisms immobilized as films. The rate of the biotransformation (reduction of inorganically and organically bound Hg(II) to elemental Hg(0)) was found to follow a uniform mechanism with inhibition kinetics (Haldane type). Both reactor types are able to cope with high Hg(II) loadings and yield conversions up to 98 %. The stirred vessel is particularly suited for high c Hg,in but restricted to low D (D < μ max ), while the fixed bed can be operated at high D, say 10 h –1 , but can only deal with c Hg,in < 10 mg/L due to the limited Hg(II) tolerance of microorganisms. The loading limitations can be removed by appropriate recycle flows for both reactor types. However, irrespective of reactor type used, the residual Hg at the outlet cannot be reduced below the legal discharge limit (50 μg/L) mainly owing to the adsorption of Hg(II) on biomass. Therefore, a separation step following the reactor is required (sand bed, activated carbon filter). Comparing the reactor types exhibits the superiority of the fixed bed system due to its simpler construction, easier operation and higher cost effectiveness. Furthermore, the fixed bed shows better flexibility and robustness to extreme loadings. This justifies a posteriori the choice of a fixed bed reactor applied in the technical process.
Pankreaskarzinom (2006)

Pancreatic cancer is the fourth leading cause of death due to cancer. The most common cancer in the pancreas is ductal adenocarcinoma. Pancreatic cancer is characterized by alterations in K-Ras, INK4a, Tp53 and SMAD4. Similar to colon cancer a cancer progression model for pancreatic cancer has been proposed. The precursor lesions are called pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia. Patients with tumors in the head of the pancreas may present deep jaundice without pain. Multidetector CT incorporating dual-phase imaging in the arterial and venous phases of enhancement is the preferred imaging modality for the diagnosis and staging of pancreatic cancer. Gemcitabine is still the standard for unresectable locally advanced disease or distant metastasis.
Cryopreservation of Porcine Aortic Heart Valve Leaflet-Derived Myofibroblasts (2010)

Cryopreservation by freezing is usually employed for storage of allogeneic valves destined for clinical use; however, disruption of leaflet extracellular matrices by ice may occur. This study was performed to determine the effects of cryoprotectants employed in VS55 for ice-free, vitreous cryopreservation upon adherent porcine heart valve leaflet-derived myofibroblasts in culture. Low-passage myofibroblasts exhibiting strong actin and myosin staining were employed for these experiments. Three cryoprotectants, dimethylsulfoxide, formamide, and propanediol, were tested individually and in combination. Exposure experiments demonstrated that the individual cryoprotectants (0-5 M) were generally cytotoxic in a dose-dependent manner with little if any loss of cells as determined by measuring metabolic activity and DNA content. Exposure to formamide resulted in the greatest loss of cells and reduction in viability. Combination of the three cryoprotectants demonstrated that the cytotoxic effects of each cryoprotectant were not cumulative. Cell viability and DNA content were equivalent to dimethylsulfoxide and propanediol and higher than formamide alone over most of the 0-5 M dose-response curve. After cryopreservation by slow-rate freezing, the benefits of the combination of cryoprotectants over individual cryoprotectants were demonstrated at the 4 M concentration range for both cell viability and cell retention. In conclusion, these studies demonstrated that, with the exception of the lower concentrations of propanediol, the combination of cryoprotectants employed in these studies result in equivalent or better cell viability and attachment than individual cryoprotectants.
Survival in pulmonary arterial hypertension: a reappraisal of the NIH risk stratification equation (2009)

The aim of the present study was to determine contemporary survival in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), and to investigate whether or not the National Institutes of Health (NIH) equation remains an accurate predictor of survival. In 576 patients with PAH referred during 1991-2007, observed survival was described using the Kaplan-Meier method. In patients with idiopathic, familial and anorexigen-associated PAH (n = 247), observed versus NIH equation predicted survival was compared. A new survival prediction equation was developed using exponential regression analysis. The observed 1-, 3- and 5-yr survival in the total cohort were 86, 69 and 61%, respectively. In patients with idiopathic, familial and anorexigen-associated PAH, the observed 1-, 3- and 5-yr survival (92, 75 and 66%, respectively) were significantly higher than the predicted survival (65, 43 and 32%, respectively). The new equation (P(t) = e(-A(x,y,z)t), where P(t) is probability of survival, t the time interval in years, A(x,y,z) = e((-1.270-0.0148x+0.0402y-0.361z)), x the mean pulmonary artery pressure, y the mean right atrial pressure and z the cardiac index) performed well when applied to published contemporary studies of survival in PAH. Contemporary survival in the PAH cohort was better than that predicted by the NIH registry equation. The NIH equation underestimated survival in idiopathic, familial and anorexigen-associated PAH. Once prospectively validated, the new equation may be used to determine prognosis.
Role of BkdR, a Transcriptional Activator of the SigL-Dependent Isoleucine and Valine Degradation Pathway in <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> (1999)

A new gene, bkdR (formerly called yqiR), encoding a regulator with a central (catalytic) domain was found in Bacillus subtilis. This gene controls the utilization of isoleucine and valine as sole nitrogen sources. Seven genes, previously called yqiS, yqiT, yqiU, yqiV, bfmBAA, bfmBAB, and bfmBB and now referred to as ptb, bcd, buk, lpd, bkdA1, bkdA2, and bkdB, are located downstream from the bkdR gene in B. subtilis. The products of these genes are similar to phosphate butyryl coenzyme A transferase, leucine dehydrogenase, butyrate kinase, and four components of the branched-chain keto acid dehydrogenase complex: E3 (dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase), E1alpha (dehydrogenase), E1beta (decarboxylase), and E2 (dihydrolipoamide acyltransferase). Isoleucine and valine utilization was abolished in bcd and bkdR null mutants of B. subtilis. The seven genes appear to be organized as an operon, bkd, transcribed from a -12, -24 promoter. The expression of the bkd operon was induced by the presence of isoleucine or valine in the growth medium and depended upon the presence of the sigma factor SigL, a member of the sigma 54 family. Transcription of this operon was abolished in strains containing a null mutation in the regulatory gene bkdR. Deletion analysis showed that upstream activating sequences are involved in the expression of the bkd operon and are probably the target of bkdR. Transcription of the bkd operon is also negatively controlled by CodY, a global regulator of gene expression in response to nutritional conditions.
Accurate screening of amines by the Wetted Wall Column (2011)

To screen amine solvents accurately for CO2 capture, a Wetted Wall Column (WWC) was used to measure equilibrium CO2 partial pressure and CO2 absorption/desorption rate at variable CO2 loading from 40 to 100 °C. The solvents included 10 m diglycolamine (DGA®), 4.8 m 2-amino-2-methyl-propane (AMP), 8 m N-methyl-1,3-propanediamine (MAPA), 7 m/2 m and 5 m/5 m methyldiethanolamine (MDEA)/piperazine (PZ). With a semi-empirical VLE model assuming a lean/rich CO2 loading corresponding to 500 Pa/5000 Pa CO2 partial pressure, cyclic capacity and heat of CO2 absorption was determined. Liquid film mass transfer coefficients are reported for each solvent, which allows estimation of packing area required for 90 removal via a simple absorber design. The results show that the capacity of DGA® and MAPA is 10–20% less than 7 m MEA with a 5 to 15% slower rate. 4.8 m AMP has a capacity twice as great as 7 m MEA, but the rate is lower by 45%. 7 m/2 m MDEA/PZ has a similar capacity to 8 m PZ but slightly slower rate. 5 m /5 m MDEA/PZ has a capacity 20% greater than 8 m PZ and a comparable rate. The heat of CO2 absorption in the primary amines is about 80 kJ/mol CO2. The value for PZ and its blend with MDEA is about 70 kJ/mol CO2.
Bone endocrine regulation of energy metabolism and male reproduction (2011)

Usually vertebrate physiology is studied within the confined limits of a given organ, if not cell type. This approach has progressively changed with the emergence of mouse genetics that has rejuvenated the concept of a whole body study of physiology. A vivid example of how mouse genetics has profoundly affected our understanding of physiology is skeleton physiology. A genetic approach to bone physiology revealed that bone via osteocalcin, an osteoblast-secreted molecule, is a true endocrine organ regulating energy metabolism and male reproduction. This ongoing body of work that takes bone out of its traditional roles is connecting it to a growing number of peripheral organs. These novel important hormonal connections between bone, energy metabolism and reproduction underscore the concept of functional dependence in physiology and the importance of genetic approaches to identify novel endocrine regulations.
Modeling Density Contributions in Preceramic Polymer/Ceramic Powder Systems (1986)

A model is presented that examines the mixing of ceramic powders with preceramic polymer binders that are converted to ceramic material on pyrolysis. Such polymer/powder systems, which have applications in the compaction of both SiC and Si 3 N 4 powders, can be effective in increasing the green density of die‐pressed bodies. This model examines the relative importance of various physical parameters of the components of the system in maximizing the green density of the resulting pyrolyzed body .
Survey of cryptic unstable transcripts in yeast (2016)

Our RNA-seq based method has greatly expanded upon previous CUT annotations in S.cerevisiae underscoring the extensive and pervasive nature of unstable transcription. Furthermore we provide the first assessment of conserved CUT expression in yeast and globally demonstrate possible modes of CUT-based regulation of gene expression.
More than 15 Years of CA 125: What is Known about the Antigen, Its Structure and Its Function (1998)

In 1997 CA 125 celebrated its 15th anniversary. Since the discovery of OC 125, an antibody that recognizes CA 125, by Bob Bast and his colleagues, considerable progress has been made toward the development of more sensitive and more precise assay systems. However, a great deal of mystery still remains about the CA 125 molecule and further enlightenment will probably not come until the gene for CA 125 is cloned and the complete open reading frame for the peptide core identified. In the meantime, we have learned some structural features of the CA 125 molecule as well as a little about its regulation and the requirements for its secretion or release from epithelial derived cells in cultures. The CA 125 molecule is almost certainly a glycoprotein with a predominance of O-linkages. It is heterogeneous with regard to both size and charge, most likely due to continuous deglycosylation of side chains during its life-span in bodily fluids. It exists as a very large complex (perhaps as much as 4 million daltons) under natural conditions. The core CA 125 subunit is in excess of 200,000 daltons and it retains the capacity to bind both OC 125 class antibodies and M 11 class antibodies. As a denatured purified subspecies the CA 125 molecule appears to autoproteolyse presumably due to an endogenous protease activity inherent to the molecule. Release or secretion of CA 125 appears directly linked to the epithelial growth factor receptor signal transduction pathway. Prior to its release from cultured cells, CA 125 is phosphorylated (at either/both serine and threonine) and dephosphorylated when released. To stimulate discussion on the regulation of CA 125 synthesis, its secretion and its structural configuration, we have presented a model of a theoretical CA 125 molecule. Perhaps it will provide a focus of attention until the CA 125 gene is cloned and the real molecule is described.
Molecular analyses of the Salmonella g ... flagellar antigen complex (1994)

Salmonella flagellar filaments are polymers of a highly antigenic protein, termed flagellin. Eight main subfactors have been identified in the Salmonella phase-1 g. . . series flagellar antigen. To determine the molecular basis for expression of the epitopes by which the g. . . family subfactors are distinguished, 10 members of this series were selected and their fliC (the structural gene for phase-1 flagellin) genes were sequenced. Comparative analyses of the inferred primary structures of these flagellins did not allow the identification of linear epitopes responsible for the antigen subfactors. This suggests that conformational aspects are involved in determining the antigenic specificity in these cases. A phylogenetic analysis of the flagellin sequences showed that members of the g. . . series do not form a single coherent unit.
Blood pressure-lowering effect of an orally active vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist in mineralocorticoid hypertension in the rat. (1994)

We studied the contribution of vasopressin to the maintenance of high blood pressure in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertension in the rat using the nonpeptide orally effective vasopressin V1 receptor antagonist OPC-21268. Binding kinetic studies demonstrated that oral OPC-21268 (30 mg/kg) acted as a competitive antagonist at the vasopressin V1 receptor in DOCA-salt and salt control rats. Basal mean intra-arterial blood pressure was 140 +/- 4 mm Hg (n = 12) in DOCA-salt rats compared with 111 +/- 2 mm Hg in salt control rats (n = 18). Acute oral OPC-21268 (30 mg/kg) significantly (P < .01) reduced mean intra-arterial pressure in DOCA-salt hypertension, with an average maximal decrease of 24 +/- 3 mm Hg occurring at 2.5 +/- 0.7 hours after dosing. Systolic blood pressure (tail-cuff) in DOCA-salt rats was 178 +/- 2 mm Hg. Chronic oral OPC-21268 (30 mg/kg) twice daily for 7 days significantly (P < .01) reduced systolic blood pressure in DOCA-salt hypertension, with an average maximal decrease of 27 +/- 5 mm Hg. The antihypertensive effect was reversed 5 days after treatment with OPC-21268 was stopped. In water control rats basal systolic pressure (120 +/- 1 mm Hg, n = 20) was unchanged by chronic oral OPC-21268 (30 mg/kg twice daily for 7 days), and this was confirmed by direct measurement of mean intra-arterial pressure. After chronic oral OPC-21268 (30 mg/kg twice daily for 7 days) hepatic V1 receptor binding was significantly reduced for up to 10 hours (P < .05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A new process for toxic metal uptake by a kraft lignin (2003)

Abstract A new approach toward removing toxic metals from industrial process water has been investigated using kraft lignin, a by‐product of paper production. A detailed study on a kraft pine lignin powder (Indulin AT from MeadWestvaco), which has acid functions that can act as ion‐exchange sites, has shown that uptake of divalent toxic metals is accompanied by a release of protons or existing metals from the lignin. Equilibrium constants for displacement of protons decreased with pH, and equilibrium constants for metal–metal exchange showed that binding strengths follow the order (highest to lowest): Pb, Cu, Zn, Cd, Ca, Sr. A demonstrated stoichiometry of one mole Ca displaced for one mole of metal (Sr or Cd) sorbed is fully consistent with a chemical reaction of ion exchange and difficult to explain by frequently used adsorption models (Langmuir adsorption isotherm and biotic ligand model). Since the powder after metal uptake is hard to separate from purified water on a large scale, a novel formulation has been investigated for toxic metal removal. © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Augmentation of Natural Immune Defence Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential of a Mismatched Double-stranded Polynucleotide in Cutaneous Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Infection (1987)

We studied the effect of an analogue of polyinosinic acid:polycytidylic acid, the mismatched poly(rI).poly(rC12U), on herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)-induced cutaneous disease in the guinea-pig. Recurrence patterns and HSV-2-induced immune responses were also defined. Intranasal administration (1.5 micrograms/g body weight, five doses at 48 h intervals) of poly(rI).poly(rC12U) during initial HSV-2 infection caused a significant (P less than 0.05) reduction in virus titres in the skin and decreased (P less than 0.01) the duration and severity of the primary cutaneous lesions. The incidence and frequency of subsequent recurrent episodes were also significantly (P less than 0.01) reduced. Titres of serum neutralizing antibody were identical in treated and untreated animals. Interferon (IFN) activity was detectable in the sera from poly(rI).poly(rC12U)-treated animals. Peripheral blood mononuclear (PBL) and spleen cells from treated animals had enhanced cytotoxic activity for HSV-2-infected and uninfected target cells. The cytotoxic activity of the PBL was enhanced by treatment in vitro with poly(rI).poly(rC12U) or IFN.