gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
EFFECT OF MIXING CONDITIONS AND PARTICLE SIZES OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE ON MECHANICAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF POLYPROPYLENE/TITANIUM DIOXIDE COMPOSITES (2009)

Particles sizes and melt processing of TiO 2 play improtant role in thermoplastic systems. The mechanical and morphological properties of polypropylene (PP)/TiO 2 composites were investigated by preparing the compostie by melt mixing technique in a twin screw extruder. The results show that after adding TiO 2 particles of 42.3 nm (TD42.3) and TiO 2 130 nm (TD130) sizes, the tensile strengths of PP composites decreased with increasing filler content and their stress-at-break values increased after filler addition. The effect of particle size showed that TD130 improved the mechanical properties of PP in relation to TD42.3 of smaller size. TiO 2 of 130 nm size was added to PP using two different mixing conditions. PP composites prepared at screw speed of 50 rpm with 2 mixing cycles showed higher tensile strength, stress-at-break and Young's modulus relative to samples prepared by the same screw speed and 1 mixing cycle. The impact strength of the samples prepared by 2 mixing cycles was higher than those prepared by 1 mixing cycle. Apparently, the 2 mixing cycles improved the impact strength of the composites due to the improved interfacial interaction between TD130 and the matrix and increased energy absorption during the impact process. The higher screw speed led to low mechanical properties. The dispersion of TD130 particles was relatively good when operated at 50 rpm and 2 mixing cycles with less aggregations in PP matrix.
Delayed Diagnosis Of Myasthenia Gravis Due To Prior Empirical Therapy With Corticosteroids (2003)

The diagnosis of myasthenia gravis in a patient with typical oculopharyngeal weakness with diurnal variation of symptoms and fatigability is easy and can often be made on clinical grounds. Patients who present with pharyngeal and proximal limb weakness without a definite diurnal variation of symptoms are occasionally treated with empirical corticosteroids with a presumptive diagnosis of inflammatory myopathy. We report a case where the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis was delayed due to empiric therapy with steroids.
Introduction (2017)

Financial modeling can best be structured around ten questions. These questions are answered in the two workshops on Excel and VBA as well as in the chapters on Financial Modeling Standards, Model Review, Investment and Financing, Corporate Finance, Portfolio Management and Derivatives – these are the prerequisites for successfully completing the degree of Certified Financial Modeler.
Fibrinogen Heterogeneity in Homozygous Plasminogen Deficiency Type I: Further Evidence that Plasmin Is not Involved in Formation of LMW- and LMW’-Fibrinogen (1997)

Human plasma fibrinogen is heterogeneous in SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and other methods for separation of proteins by molecular size. A high molecular weight fraction (HMW-fibrinogen, 340 kD) contributes approximately 50% of total fibrinogen antigen. Low molecular weight fibrinogen (LMW-fibrinogen, 300 kD) adds another 40%. The residual amount is LMW'-fibrinogen with a molecular weight of 280 kD, and a small amount of very high molecular weight fibrinogen (Fib420), the product of alternative splicing of the A alpha-chain genetic information, resulting in an extended A alpha-chain C-terminus. Fibrinogen was detected by specific immunostaining of nonreduced SDS-PAGE gel immunoblots with antibodies against fibrinopeptide A. Using densitometric scans of the immunoblots we found a ratio of HMW-, LMW- and LMW'-fibrinogen in a patient with homozygous plasminogen deficiency that was similar to the ratio found in immunoblots of plasma from healthy blood donors. Treatment with plasminogen concentrate resulted in a slight decrease of the proportion of HMW-fibrinogen, followed by an increase to 78%. The LMW'-fibrinogen band gained intensity initially, increasing to 11.9% of fibrinogen antigen 6 h after starting plasminogen infusion, but then dropped to levels below detection limit of the immunoblotting assay. LMW-fibrinogen remained constant during the initial 72 h of plasminogen treatment, then dropping to values in the range of 22-25% afterwards. The proportion of HMW-, LMW-, and LMW'-fibrinogen again reached the initial levels two weeks after starting treatment with plasminogen concentrate. We conclude that plasminogen is not involved in the limited proteolysis leading to formation of LMW-fibrinogen and LMW'-fibrinogen in the absence of a generalized fibrinolytic condition. Fibrinolytic activation may lead to the formation of fibrinogen degradation product X, which appears in a similar position as LMW'-fibrinogen in SDS-PAGE.
Definition of the <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> PurR Operator Using Genetic and Bioinformatic Tools and Expansion of the PurR Regulon with <i>glyA</i> , <i>guaC</i> , <i>pbuG</i> , <i>xpt-pbuX</i> , <i>yqhZ-folD</i> , and <i>pbuO</i> (2001)

The expression of the pur operon, which encodes enzymes of the purine biosynthetic pathway in Bacillus subtilis, is subject to control by the purR gene product (PurR) and phosphoribosylpyrophosphate. This control is also exerted on the purA and purR genes. A consensus sequence for the binding of PurR, named the PurBox, has been suggested (M. Kilstrup, S. G. Jessing, S. B. Wichmand-Jørgensen, M. Madsen, and D. Nilsson, J. Bacteriol. 180:3900-3906, 1998). To determine whether the expression of other genes might be regulated by PurR, we performed a search for PurBox sequences in the B. subtilis genome sequence and found several candidate PurBoxes. By the use of transcriptional lacZ fusions, five selected genes or operons (glyA, yumD, yebB, xpt-pbuX, and yqhZ-folD), all having a putative PurBox in their upstream regulatory regions, were found to be regulated by PurR. Using a machine-learning algorithm developed for sequence pattern finding, we found that all of the genes identified as being PurR regulated have two PurBoxes in their upstream control regions. The two boxes are divergently oriented, forming a palindromic sequence with the inverted repeats separated by 16 or 17 nucleotides. A computerized search revealed one additional PurR-regulated gene, ytiP. The significance of the tandem PurBox motifs was demonstrated in vivo by deletion analysis and site-directed mutagenesis of the two PurBox sequences located upstream of glyA. All six genes or operons encode enzymes or transporters playing a role in purine nucleotide metabolism. Functional analysis showed that yebB encodes the previously characterized hypoxanthine-guanine permease PbuG and that ytiP encodes another guanine-hypoxanthine permease and is now named pbuO. yumD encodes a GMP reductase and is now named guaC.
Alzheimer's disease therapeutic research: the path forward (2009)

The field of Alzheimer's disease therapeutic research seems poised to bring to clinic the next generation of treatments, moving beyond symptomatic benefits to modification of the underlying neurobiology of the disease. But a series of recent trials has had disappointingly negative results that raise questions about our drug development strategies. Consideration of ongoing programs demonstrates difficult pitfalls. But a clear path forward is emerging. Successful strategies will utilize newly available tools to reconsider issues of diagnosis, assessment and analysis, facilitating the study of new treatments at early stages in the disease process at which they are most likely to yield major clinical benefits.
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in traumatic brain injury, post-traumatic stress disorder, and their comorbid conditions: role in pathogenesis and treatment (2010)

As US military service members return from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan with elevated rates of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), attention has been increasingly focused on TBI/PTSD comorbidity, its neurobiological mechanisms, and novel and effective treatment approaches. TBI and PTSD, and their comorbid conditions, present with a spectrum of common clinical features such as sleep disturbance, depression, anxiety, irritability, difficulty in concentrating, fatigue, suicidality, chronic pain, and alterations in arousal. These TBI and PTSD disorders are also thought to be characterized by overlapping neural mechanisms. Both conditions are associated with changes in hippocampal, prefrontal cortical, and limbic region function because of alterations in synaptogenesis, dendritic remodeling, and neurogenesis. Neural changes in TBI and PTSD result from pathophysiological disturbances in metabolic, cytotoxic, inflammatory, and apoptic processes, amongst other mechanisms. Neurotrophins have well-established actions in regulating cell growth and survival, differentiation, apoptosis, and cytoskeleton restructuring. A body of research indicates that dysregulation of neural brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is found in conditions of TBI and PTSD. Induction of BDNF and activation of its intracellular receptors can produce neural regeneration, reconnection, and dendritic sprouting, and can improve synaptic efficacy. In this review, we consider treatment approaches that enhance BDNF-related signaling and have the potential to restore neural connectivity. Such treatment approaches could facilitate neuroplastic changes that lead to adaptive neural repair and reverse cognitive and emotional deficits in both TBI and PTSD.
G Protein-coupled Receptor Kinase 2/Gαq/11 Interaction (2003)

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) transduce cellular signals from hormones, neurotransmitters, light, and odorants by activating heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding (G) proteins. For many GPCRs, short term regulation is initiated by agonist-dependent phosphorylation by GPCR kinases (GRKs), such as GRK2, resulting in G protein/receptor uncoupling. GRK2 also regulates signaling by binding G alpha(q/ll) and inhibiting G alpha(q) stimulation of the effector phospholipase C beta. The binding site for G alpha(q/ll) resides within the amino-terminal domain of GRK2, which is homologous to the regulator of G protein signaling (RGS) family of proteins. To map the Galpha(q/ll) binding site on GRK2, we carried out site-directed mutagenesis of the RGS homology (RH) domain and identified eight residues, which when mutated, alter binding to G alpha(q/ll). These mutations do not alter the ability of full-length GRK2 to phosphorylate rhodopsin, an activity that also requires the amino-terminal domain. Mutations causing G alpha(q/ll) binding defects impair recruitment to the plasma membrane by activated G alpha(q) and regulation of G alpha(q)-stimulated phospholipase C beta activity when introduced into full-length GRK2. Two different protein interaction sites have previously been identified on RH domains. The G alpha binding sites on RGS4 and RGS9, called the "A" site, is localized to the loops between helices alpha 3 and alpha 4, alpha 5 and alpha 6, and alpha 7 and alpha 8. The adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) binding site of axin involves residues on alpha helices 3, 4, and 5 (the "B" site) of its RH domain. We demonstrate that the G alpha(q/ll) binding site on the GRK2 RH domain is distinct from the "A" and "B" sites and maps primarily to the COOH terminus of its alpha 5 helix. We suggest that this novel protein interaction site on an RH domain be designated the "C" site.
Stille-Type Cross-CouplingAn Efficient Way to Various Symmetrically and Unsymmetrically Substituted Methyl-Bipyridines:  Toward New ATRP Catalysts (2000)

Various mono- and disubstituted 2,2'-bipyridines were synthesized in high yields and multigram scales utilizing Stille-type coupling procedures. The corresponding bromo-picoline and tributyltin-picoline building blocks were prepared from commercially available amino-picoline compounds. As first examples of metal complexes, 4,5'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine was reacted with copper(II) and iron(II) ions and investigated as catalyst in ATRP.
Alternate Chromogens as Substitutes for Benzidine for Myeloperoxidase Cytochemistry (1981)

Myeloperoxidase staining methods for classification of leukemias have traditionally employed benzidine dihydrochloride as the chromogen. Recent Occupational Safety and Health Administration regulations have classified benzidine as a carcinogen, which severely restricts its use in the clinical laboratory. Twenty-two specimens from normal control subjects and leukemia patients, previously classified by FAB criteria, were stained with benzidine and two alternate chromogens, diaminobenzidine and Hanker-Yates reagent (p-phenylenediamine and pyrocatechol). In a random, blind fashion, three experienced observers scored the stains from each case according to quality of smear, degree of peroxidase positivity, tinctorial distinction between nucleus and cytoplasm, and overall acceptability of the stain. All three observers rated the substitute chromogens as adequate for routine myeloperoxidase cytochemical staining. It is concluded that either of the methods studied would have clinical utility and can substitute for benzidine as a myeloperoxidase chromogen.
The dimerization motif of cytosolic sulfotransferases (2001)

Cytosolic sulfotransferases sulfate steroids such as estrogens and hydroxysteroids. The enzymes, including human estrogen sulfotransferase (hEST) and hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase (hHST), are generally homodimers in solution with mouse estrogen sulfotransferase (mEST) being one of few exceptions. To identify the amino acid residues responsible for the dimerization, eight residues on the surface of hEST were mutated to their counterparts in mEST and mutated hESTs were then analyzed by gel filtration chromatography. A single mutation of Val(269) to Glu was sufficient to convert hEST to a monomer and the corresponding mutation of Val(260) also altered hHST to a monomer. The hHST crystal structure revealed a short stretch of peptide with the side-chains from two hHST monomers forming a hydrophobic zipper-like structure enforced by ion pairs at both ends. This peptide consisted of 10 residues near the C-terminus that, including the critical Val residue, is conserved as KXXXTVXXXE in nearly all cytosolic sulfotransferases. When mEST underwent the double mutations Pro269Thr/Glu270Val dimerization resulted. Thus, the KXXXTVXXXE sequence appears to be the common protein-protein interaction motif that mediates the homo- as well as heterodimerization of cytosolic sulfotransferases.
Use of recombinant inbred strains for studying genetic determinants of responses to alcohol. (1994)

A recently-developed method of gene mapping is reviewed. Several responses to EtOH were studied with the purpose of identifying genes with modest effects (Quantitative Trait Loci, or QTLs). As an example, results from a study of acute ethanol withdrawal severity are discussed. Mice from inbred strains C57BL/6J and DBA/2J, and 19 of their Recombinant Inbred (BXD RI) strains, were given 4 g/kg EtOH and their acute withdrawal severity assessed with the handling-induced convulsion (HIC). HIC scores varied markedly among strains. Comparison of the pattern of strain means for withdrawal with a database comprising genotype of each BXD RI strain for almost 800 mapped polymorphic genetic markers revealed associations with several potential QTLs appearing on several mouse chromosomes. To verify the presence of a gene affecting withdrawal, we then withdrawal-tested individual F2 mice bred from the F1 cross of the parental C57 and DBA strains. These mice were then genotyped for several polymorphic markers close to a putative QTL on chromosome 2. Possession of the DBA allele in severely withdrawing F2 animals was significantly associated with one such marker, D2Mit9, confirming the presence of a gene nearby affecting withdrawal. As a further test, mice of the replicated Withdrawal Seizure-Prone (WSP) and -Resistant (WSR) lines, selected for severity of EtOH withdrawal HIC, were also genotyped. Alleles at the D2Mit9 locus assorted disproportionately (and consistently) between the two pairs of WSP and WSR lines, while alleles at other loci did not. Thus, three tests consistently suggest the influence of a gene, tentatively termed Aw1, 37 cM from the centromere on chromosome 2, that appears to control as much as 40% of the genetic variance in withdrawal. The provisional locus is located very near to two candidate genes. Gad1 codes for the synthesis of glutamic acid decarboxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme for synthesis of GABA. A cluster of genes (Scn1, Scn2, Scn3) code for voltage-sensitive sodium channel proteins. These genes are plausible candidates for affecting withdrawal HIC.
Wireless Telemetry for Implantable Biomedical Microsystems (2011)

Rapid development of microelectronics during the past years allowed the emergence of high-performance implantable biomedical microsystems (IBMs). Nowadays, these systems share many features and basic components, and are being used in different applications such as neural signal recording, functional muscular stimulation, and neural prostheses. Due to implant size limitations in a wide range of applications, and the necessity for avoiding wires to reduce the risk of infection, wireless operation of IBMs is inevitable. Hence, an IBM is usually interfaced with an external host through a wireless link. In order to minimize the complexity and size of an implant, most of the signal processing units are kept outside the body and embedded in the external host. Moreover, the power needed for the implant modules including a central processing and control unit, stimulators and sensors is transmitted by the external host via wireless interfacing. The wireless link is also used for bidirectional data transfer between the implanted device and the outside world. Thus, as shown in Fig. Daily increase in the complexity of IBMs leads to demand for sending higher power and data rates towards the implants. This is more obvious in high-density stimulating microsystems such as visual prostheses. Therefore, forward telemetry, which is the main focus of this chapter, has an important role in today's high-performance IBMs. Design of RF links for power and data telemetry is usually performed based on both systemlevel aspects (i.e., functional architecture and physical structure), and power transfer efficiency and data rate requirements. This includes physical design of the link, carrier frequency and power of the RF signal, data rate, and also modulation scheme considered for forward and reverse data telemetry. It should be added that there are other important concerns that need to be studied in this area, such as safety levels for the exposure of the human body to electromagnetic waves. This chapter begins with a discussion on limitations in the design of wireless links due to electromagnetic safety standards. Then, different types of wireless links are introduced and compared, following which, the trend towards multiple carrier links is highlighted. In
Safe Flight Using One Aerodynamic Control Surface (2016)

Civil unmanned aircraft will need to meet stringent safety standards before they are certified to operate in the national airspace of the United States. Reliability is a key requirement for certification. Most current civil unmanned aircraft are not reliable because of the presence of single points-of-failure and the use of low-reliability components. For example: Many fixed-wing unmanned aircraft are equipped with only two aerodynamic control surfaces. A fault in any one surface will usually spell catastrophe. This paper demonstrates how this single point-of-failure can be removed using multi-variable control laws. A single aerodynamic control surface is shown to be sufficient to stabilize the aircraft and execute a set of limited maneuvers. These limited maneuvers are sufficient to safely fly to a landing spot. This concept is proved using flight tests on an unmanned aircraft at the University of Minnesota. The results are also applicable to manned commercial aircraft. Controllability with one surface indicates the large potential to mitigate faults that might otherwise lead to loss-of-control events.
Colonial variation in <i>Xanthomonas campestris</i> NRRL B-1459 and characterization of the polysaccharide from a variant strain (1976)

Stock cultures of Xanthomonas campestris NRRL B-1459 require special attention to maintenance and propagation to assure consistent production in good yields of the extracellular polysaccharide xanthan. Under customary conditions of propagative maintenance on agar slants, variant colony types develop that are smaller in size than the normal type. The rate of regression of the normal to the variant forms was diminished when the D-glucose content of the stock medium was sufficient to avoid depletion during storage and when transfer to fresh medium was reduced to 14-day intervals. Under conditions for polysaccharide production, the normal large-colony type gives crude culture liquors after 48 h of 7000 centipoise (cp) viscosity; the predominant variant form gives only 4000 cp. On the basis of 2.1% initial D-glucose, biopolymer yields for the normal and variant strains were 62 and 43%, respectively. Polysaccharide produced by the variant (small-colony type) differs adversely in solution properties from that of the parent strain (large-colony type); it differs also in its lower content of pyruvic acid and O-acetyl substituents. The molar ratios of constituent sugars (D-glucose, D-mannose, and D-glucuronic acid), however, were identical in polysaccharides with the normal and variant strains. Exclusion of colonial variants from fermentations is prerequisite to production of xanthan optimum in properties and yield.
Translational repression of SLC26A3 by miR-494 in intestinal epithelial cells (2013)

SLC26A3 [downregulated in adenoma (DRA)] is a Cl(-)/HCO3(-) exchanger involved in electroneutral NaCl absorption in the mammalian intestine. Altered DRA expression levels are associated with infectious and inflammatory diarrheal diseases. Therefore, it is critical to understand the regulation of DRA expression. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, small RNAs that regulate protein expression via blocking the translation and/or promoting mRNA degradation. To investigate potential modulation of DRA expression by miRNA, five different in silico algorithms were used to predict the miRNAs that target DRA. Of these miRNAs, miR-494 was shown to have a highly conserved putative binding site in the DRA 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) compared with other DRA-targeting miRNAs in vertebrates. Transfection with pmirGLO dual luciferase vector containing DRA 3'-UTR (pmirGLO-3'-UTR DRA) resulted in a significant decrease in relative luciferase activity compared with empty vector. Cotransfection of the DRA 3'-UTR luciferase vector with a miR-494 mimic further decreased luciferase activity compared with cells transfected with negative control. The transfection of a miR-494 mimic into Caco-2 and T-84 cells significantly increased the expression of miR-494 and concomitantly decreased the DRA protein expression. Mutation of the seed sequences for miR-494 in 3'-UTR of DRA abrogated the effect of miR-494 on 3'-UTR. These data demonstrate a novel regulatory mechanism of DRA expression via miR-494 and indicate that targeting this microRNA may serve to be a potential therapeutic strategy for diarrheal diseases.