gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Repetition-rate-selective, wavelength-tunable mode-locked laser at up to 640 GHz (2009)

We demonstrate a tunable passively mode-locked fiber laser with a selectable repetition rate of up to 640 GHz. The mode-locking mechanism is based on dissipative four-wave mixing in combination with a programmable optical processor as the spectral filter. We achieve up to 20 nm wavelength tunability and present mode-locked operation at repetition rates between 40 and 640 GHz. Measurements of the power spectra using a cross-phase modulation technique confirm the mode locking.
Mechanism of silicon exfoliation by hydrogen implantation and He, Li and Si co-implantation [SOI technology] (2002)

There has been much interest in reproducing Si exfoliation by H implantation and in understanding the mechanism leading to such a remarkably uniform shearing. We have previously demonstrated that, contrary to the initial speculation, there are in fact three distinct aspects to the process: i) the generation of damage to the crystalline material by the implantation; ii) the unique surface chemistry of hydrogen and silicon that drives the thermal evolution of this damage region and; iii) the creation of internal pressure that ultimately causes exfoliation ofthe overlying Si layer. Therefore, a detailed understanding of the exfoliation mechanism involves the study of initial damage, of H-passivation of various internal structures and of the mechanical forces exerted by trapped gases as a function of hydrogen implantation dose/depth and annealing temperature. In this work, we have used different hydrogen implantation conditions (ion energies ranging from 1 eV to 1 MeV and substrate crystallographic orientations) as well as co-implantation of a variety of other elemental species, in combination with novel spectroscopic configurations, to further explore these different mechanistic aspects.
[Theoretical analysis on comprehensive national power for sustainable development]. (2003)

The connotation of comprehensive national power (CNP) was studied, the relationships between CNP and other related notions were comparatively analyzed, and the process for the study of CNP was reviewed. Based on the principles of sustainable development and the idea of ecosystem services, the concept of comprehensive national power for sustainable development (CNPSD) was proposed, and the main significance of CNQSD was discussed.
Coating Aluminum Borate (Al<sub>18</sub>B<sub>4</sub>O<sub>33</sub>) Nanowire Webs with BN (2006)

A facile method was proposed to directly synthesize the completely coated aluminum borate (Al18B4O33) nanowire webs with BN by an epitaxial growth process. The BN−Al18B4O33 nanocable webs could be obtained by the reaction of Al18B4O33 nanowire webs, B2O3, and ammonia at 1200 °C. The high-temperature stable Al18B4O33 nanowire webs acted as a template for the epitaxial coating of BN. The coating was characterized by the means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and infrared spectrum (IR). High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) clearly shows the BN coating layers closely attached to the inner nanowires. The typical thickness of the BN shells is ∼5 nm. The growth mechanism of the present BN-coated aluminum borate (Al18B4O33) nanostructures was also proposed.
Study on leaf growth feature of Chinese and American cotton varieties (2003)

Using 3 American boll-worm-resistant varieties(G.hirsutum L.) and 2 Chinese non-boll-resistant varieties (G. hirsutum L.), a study on their leaf growing property was conducted The results showed that main stem leaf number grew gradually as the plant's development,and dropped rapidly after top removal(Aug 1) Sympodial leaf number mushroomed as the development and dropped swift after reaching the peak on Sept 1 The sympodial leaf number was 3～4 times that of main stem leaf The average area of main stem leaf was 2～3 times that of sympodial leaf,however,the plant leaf area of total sympodial leaves was around 2 times that of total main stem leaves Leaf thickness grew continuously as the development,and sympodial leaf was thicker than main stem leaf Leaf area index(LAI)reached its peak at peak bolling stage(Aug 1) Main stem leaf number,area and thickness varied from varieties,but sympodial leaf didn't except for number.
Susceptible locus for obese type 2 diabetes mellitus in the 5′‐flanking region of the tumor necrosis factor‐α gene (2000)

We have identified three novel polymorphisms in the promoter/enhancer region of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha gene. In this study we investigated the role of the polymorphisms in predisposition to Type 2 diabetes. The allele frequency of C-->T substitution at -857 tended to be higher in obese patients with diabetes than in lean subjects with normal glucose tolerance (0280 vs. 0.190). This tendency was due to a significantly higher ratio of -857T homozygotes in the obese patients with diabetes (15%) than in lean subjects with normal glucose tolerance (4%). There was no significant association between polymorphisms at positions -863 or -1,013, and diabetes. The homozygous -857T allele may be associated with genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes in obese subjects.
Transmission of electrons through ferromagnetic material and applications to detection of electron spin polarization (1993)

Abstract The salient features of the total low energy inelastic electron scattering cross section in transition metals are described by a constant term σ 0 plus a term σ d that is proportional to the number of unoccupied d ‐orbitals. This simple model predicts that low energy electrons transmitted through a ferromagnetic ultrathin film acquire a transport spin polarization a (χ). Using the ratio σ 0 /σ d as the only adjustable parameter, the model predicts the enhancement of the spin polarization of the low energy cascade electrons as well as a(χ) in reasonable agreement with the existing observations on Fe, Co and Ni. A detector for electron spin polarization P based on the spin dependent transmission of electrons through ferromagnetic material is proposed which should be superior to existing P ‐detectors by 1–2 orders of magnitude.
Finding the Needle in the Haystack—the Use of Microfluidic Droplet Technology to Identify Vitamin-Secreting Lactic Acid Bacteria (2017)

Efficient screening technologies aim to reduce both the time and the cost required for identifying rare mutants possessing a phenotype of interest in a mutagenized population. In this study, we combined a mild mutagenesis strategy with high-throughput screening based on microfluidic droplet technology to identify <i>Lactococcus lactis</i> variants secreting vitamin B<sub>2</sub> (riboflavin). Initially, we used a roseoflavin-resistant mutant of <i>L. lactis</i> strain MG1363, JC017, which secreted low levels of riboflavin. By using fluorescence-activated droplet sorting, several mutants that secreted riboflavin more efficiently than JC017 were readily isolated from the mutagenesis library. The screening was highly efficient, and candidates with as few as 1.6 mutations per million base pairs (Mbp) were isolated. The genetic characterization revealed that riboflavin production was triggered by mutations inhibiting purine biosynthesis, which is surprising since the purine nucleotide GTP is a riboflavin precursor. Purine starvation in the mutants induced overexpression of the riboflavin biosynthesis cluster <i>ribABGH</i> When the purine starvation was relieved by purine supplementation in the growth medium, the outcome was an immediate downregulation of the riboflavin biosynthesis cluster and a reduction in riboflavin production. Finally, by applying the new isolates in milk fermentation, the riboflavin content of milk (0.99 mg/liter) was improved to 2.81 mg/liter, compared with 0.66 mg/liter and 1.51 mg/liter by using the wild-type strain and the original roseoflavin-resistant mutant JC017, respectively. The results obtained demonstrate how powerful classical mutagenesis can be when combined with droplet-based microfluidic screening technology for obtaining microorganisms with useful attributes.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> The food industry prefers to use classical approaches, e.g., random mutagenesis followed by screening, to improve microorganisms used in food production, as the use of recombinant DNA technologies is still not widely accepted. Although modern automated screening platforms are widely accessible, screening remains as a bottleneck in strain development, especially when a mild mutagenesis approach is applied to reduce the chance of accumulating unintended mutations, which may cause unwanted phenotypic changes. Here, we incorporate a droplet-based high-throughput screening method into the strain development process and readily capture <i>L. lactis</i> variants with more efficient vitamin secretion from low-error-rate mutagenesis libraries. This study shows that useful mutants showing strong phenotypes but without extensive mutations can be identified with efficient screening technologies. It is therefore possible to avoid accumulating detrimental mutations while enriching beneficial ones through iterative mutagenesis screening. Due to the low mutation rates, the genetic determinants are also readily identified.
A Wind Tunnel Investigation of the Rate of Evaporation of Large Water Drops Falling at Terminal Velocity in Air (1979)

An experimental study of the effect of ventilation on the rate of evaporation of millimeter sized water drops failing at terminal velocity in air has been carried out in a wind tunnel where drops were suspended freely in the tunnel air stream. It was found that for drops in the size range 1150 µm≤a0≤2500 µm, the mean ventilation coefficient f̄vf̄h could be expressed as f=(0.78±0.02)+(0.308±0.010)X, where X=N&frac13Sc,v N½Re. Previously, we showed that this relation holds for drops in the size range 60 µm≤a0≤400 µm. Taken together, our present and previous data suggest that with reasonable accuracy f̄=0.78+0.308X, for 1.4≤X≤51.4 (60 µm≤a0≤2500 µm). For 0≤X≤1.4 (0≤a≤60 µm), one may use our previous result f=1.00+0.108 X2. To illustrate how the present data may be applied, we computed the distance which is required for a water drop to travel from cloud base through a NACA Standard Atmosphere of various relative humidities, in order to reach the earth's surface with a given size.
Passive capture and ensuing issues for a personal lifetime store (2004)

Passive capture lets people record their experiences without having to operate recording equipment, and without even having to give recording conscious thought. The advantages are increased capture, and improved participation in the event itself. However, passive capture also presents many new challenges. One key challenge is how to deal with the increased volume of media for retrieval, browsing, and organizing. This paper describes the SenseCam device, which combines a camera with a number of sensors in a pendant worn around the neck. Data from SenseCam is uploaded into a MyLifeBits repository, where a number of features, but especially correlation and relationships, are used to manage the data.
Public Dialogue: Analysis of Tolerance in Online Discussions (2013)

Social media platforms have enabled people to freely express their views and discuss issues of interest with others. While it is important to discover the topics in discussions, it is equally useful to mine the nature of such discussions or debates and the behavior of the participants. There are many questions that can be asked. One key question is whether the participants give reasoned arguments with justifiable claims via constructive debates or exhibit dogmatism and egotistic clashes of ideologies. The central idea of this question is tolerance, which is a key concept in the field of communications. In this work, we perform a computational study of tolerance in the context of online discussions. We aim to identify tolerant vs. intolerant participants and investigate how disagreement affects tolerance in discussions in a quantitative framework. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first such study. Our experiments using real-life discussions demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed technique and also provide some key insights into the psycholinguistic phenomenon of tolerance in online discussions. 1
Genomic abnormalities in hepatocarcinogenesis. Implications for a chemopreventive strategy. (1993)

Carcinogenesis is a complex process characterized by the cumulative activation of various oncogenes and the inactivation of suppressor genes. Epigenetic mechanisms are also involved. Mutational activation of ras family genes occurs in most spontaneous or carcinogen-induced liver tumors, in susceptible mice, and less frequently in preneoplastic lesions. This suggests a pathogenetic role of these changes in hepatic carcinogenesis, in the mouse. Overexpression of various growth-related genes occurs in preneoplastic tissue during rat liver carcinogenesis, but mutational activation of protooncogenes, notably of ras family genes, seems to be a late and rare event, while c-myc amplification is a late but frequent event in both rodent and human carcinogenesis. However, mutation of the suppressor p53 gene has been found in relatively early preneoplastic lesions in rat liver, and it may be frequently seen in human hepatocellular carcinomas. The possibility that this mutation is involved in the initiation stage of liver carcinogenesis is an attractive hypothesis which needs further evaluation. DNA hypomethylation is involved in carcinogenesis, but the mechanisms underlying this effect are still elusive. Hypomethylation of growth-related genes is associated with their overexpression and this could favor overgrowth of preneoplastic liver tissue. Decrease in S-adenosyl methionine/S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAM/SAH) ratio occurs in the liver of rats fed a methyl deficient diet, which is a carcinogenic treatment, and in preneoplastic liver tissue, developing in initiated/promoted rats fed an adequate diet. The role of low SAM/SAH ratio in carcinogenesis is substantiated by the tumor chemopreventive effect of lipotropic compounds. Treatment with exogenous SAM prevents the development of preneoplastic and neoplastic lesions in rat liver. This is associated with recovery of SAM/SAH ratio, DNA methylation and inhibition of growth-related gene expression. SAM effect on prenoplastic cell growth is abolished by 5-azacytidine, a hypomethylating agent, indicating the involvement of DNA methylation. The possibility that in SAM-treated rats, methylation and inhibition of the expression of growth-related genes is implicated in growth restraint is attractive and should be further evaluated. Modulation of rat liver carcinogenesis by influencing gene expression through DNA methylation or other epigenetic mechanisms could be a new approach to chemoprevention of these tumors.
CultureSampo - Finnish Cultural Heritage Collections on the Semantic Web 2.0 (2009)

Abstract―This paper presents an overview of the SemanticWeb 2.0 application CultureSampo, an ambitious system for creating a collective semantic memory of the cultural heritage of a nation on the Semantic Web 2.0, combining ideas underlying the Semantic Web and the Web 2.0. The system addresses the semantic web challenge of aggregating highly heterogeneous, cross-domain cultural heritage content into a semantically rich intelligent system for human and machine users. At the same time, CultureSampo is an approach to solve the social and practical Web 2.0 challenge of organizing the underlying collaborative ontology development and content creation work of memory organizations and citizens. I. Components of a National Semantic Memory The research question of this paper is: How to publish cultural heritage collections on the web involving virtually all kind of cross-domain contents of
Signal readdressing by steering of spatial solitons in bulk nematic liquid crystals (2001)

Fully three-dimensional spatial solitons in bulk nematic liquid crystals form self-consistent waveguides that are able to confine a weak, collinear copolarized signal at different wavelengths and with large trapping angles. We use a milliwatt cw source to generate a soliton and, by angular steering of the soliton, spatially readdress the guided signal.
Highly Enantiomerically Enriched Chlorophosphine Boranes:  Synthesis and Applications as P-Chirogenic Electrophilic Blocks (2003)

The stereoselective synthesis of P-chirogenic chlorophosphine boranes 4 was investigated by HCl acidolysis of the corresponding aminophosphine boranes 10. The reaction afforded the P-N bond cleavage with inversion of the configuration at the phosphorus center, leading to the chlorophosphine boranes 4 with high to excellent enantiomeric purities (80-99% ee), except in the case of the chloro-1-naphthylphenylphosphine borane 4d. Reaction conditions and workup significantly influence the enantiomeric purity of the product, with the exception of the o-anisyl- and o-tolylchlorophenylphosphine boranes, 4b and 4c, which were found to be particularly stable even after purification by chromatography on silica gel. Reaction of the chlorophosphine boranes 4 with various nucleophiles, such as carbanions, phenolates, thiophenolates, or amides, afforded the corresponding organophosphorus borane complexes via P-C, P-O, P-S, and P-N bond formation, respectively, in 34-93% yield and with up to 99% ee. This work demonstrates the importance of chlorophosphine boranes 4 as new and powerful electrophilic building blocks for the highly stereoselective synthesis of P-chirogenic organophosphorus compounds.
Nonthermal Plasma Induces Apoptosis in ATC Cells: Involvement of JNK and p38 MAPK-Dependent ROS (2014)

NTP using He plus O₂ induced significant apoptosis in anaplastic cancer cell lines through intracellular ROS formation. This may represent a new promising treatment modality for this highly lethal disease.
Solution Chemistry of Surfactants (1980)

of Volume 1.- I. General Overview Papers.- Ionic Interaction and Phase Stability.- Comparative Effects of Chemical Structure and Environment on the Adsorption of Surfactants at the L/A Interface and on Micellization.- Studies of Lyotropic Liquid Crystals that Align in Magnetic Fields.- Use of Surfactant and Micellar Systems in Analytical Chemistry.- Micellar Systems Studied by Positron Annihilation Techniques.- Solubilization in Aqueous Micellar Systems.- Nonionic Surfactant Micelles and Mixed Micelles with Phospholipids.- Commercial Surfactants: An Overview.- II. Thermodynamics and Kinetics of Micellization in Aqueous Media.- Direct Measurements of the Thermodynamic Properties of Surfactants.- Electrolyte Effect on Micellization.- Kinetics of Micellization.- Thermodynamics of Micelle Formation: Model Calculations for Sodium Octanoate.- Pre-Micellar Maximum in the Light Scattering from Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide and Chloride.- Relaxation Amplitude of Non-Ionic Micelle Systems Perturbed by Solvent-Jump.- Mixed Micelle Solutions.- Anomalous Behaviour of Aromatic Alcohols on the Critical Micelle Concentrations of Cationic Surfactants.- Some Observations on the Micellar Behavior of Surfactants in Water and Aqueous Solvents.- Investigation of Aggregation Phenomena in Aqueous Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate Solutions at High NaCl Concentration by Quasielastic Light Scattering.- The Effect of Dissolved Oils and Alcohols on the CMC of Synthetic and Petroleum Sulfonates.- Application of Keto-Enol Tautomerism to the Study of Micellar Property of Surfactants.- III. Effect of Solvent and Micelles in Nonaqueous Media.- Solvent Effects on Amphiphilic Aggregation.- Association Behavior of Synthetic and Naturally Occurring Surfactants in Nonaqueous Solvents.- Ultrasonic Absorption Studies of Solutions of Ionic Amphiphiles in Organic Solvents.- Formation of Micelles of Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide in Water-Dimethyl Sulfoxide Solutions.- Temperature Effect on Molecular Dynamics in Micellar System. Proton Spin-Lattice Relaxation Study of Cetyltrimethylammonium Bromide in Water-Dimethylsulfoxide Mixtures.- About the Contributors.
Serum‐free media in hybridoma culture and monoclonal antibody production (1988)

The replacement of serum in hybridoma cultures is considered. The focus is on the effects of serum-free media on hybridoma growth and monoclonal antibody secretion. Comparative literature data with serum supplemented cultures are discussed with an analysis of serum-free formulations and selection rules for the serum-free ingredients. In general, serum-free media which are "lipid rich" can sustain cell growth rates approaching that of serum supplemented cultures. Specific antibody secretion rate, however, is usually higher in serum-free media, irrespective of the lipid content.
Early changes in material properties of rabbit articular cartilage after meniscectomy (1983)

We have correlated early material and biochemical changes in articular cartilage in a surgical model for cartilage degeneration. Medial meniscectomy was performed on the left knee of 17 adult, female New Zealand white rabbits. The equilibrium Young's modulus of cartilage was assessed by an indentation test in situ at defined sites on the medial and lateral tibial plateaus of the operated and control knees; the cartilage was then excised and analyzed biochemically. Focal changes were consistently observed in the medial surface of the operated knee. The equilibrium modulus and the glycosaminoglycan content fell rapidly, reaching a minimum by 2 weeks after surgery; the lateral tibial surface was essentially unaffected. Six months after surgery, the glycosaminoglycan content had returned to normal and the modulus to near normal. Independent measurements on cored plugs from the medial surface 2 weeks after surgery revealed a significant decrease in both the dynamic stiffness and the streaming potential in the operated knee compared with the control. The findings suggest that normal ambulatory loads in vivo will deform the affected medial cartilage much more than normal. It remains to be seen if altered mechanical stresses are solely responsible for initiating and sustaining matrix remodeling by the chondrocytes.
Reaction of 1,1,1,5,5,5‐Hexafluoro‐2,4‐pentanedione (H+hfac) with CuO , Cu2 O  , and Cu Films (1995)

The interactions of copper and copper oxide layers with 1,1,1,5,5,5‐hexafluoro‐2,4‐pentanedione (H+hfac) have been investigated. The results provide supporting evidence for proposed reactions of copper with H+hfac which are thought to be responsible for the vapor‐phase etching of copper. Specific reaction products depend on the chemical state of the copper in the film. Reaction of H+hfac with Cu2+ yields volatile reaction products of and , while Cu1+ yields the same products with a change in the chemical state of the surface to Cu(0). No reaction is observable between H+hfac and Cu(0) at temperatures studied in these experiments.
Measurement of Harmonic Power Generated by Microwave Transmitters (1959)

A measurement technique is described that can be used to determine quantitatively the power levels of the higher order modes propagating in a straight, Iossless, rectangular waveguide. The technique employs a number of small calibrated electric probes which are fied on the broad and narrow walls of the waveguide measurement section to sample the electric fields within. The method used to calibrate these probes is briefly discussed, and information on accuracy and limitations of the probe technique is presented. Some measurement results on the power levels in the modes of the second and third harmonic frequencies in the outputs of high power S-band magnetrons and klystrons are presented. The multiple-probe technique has reduced the time required to take measurements at a given frequency to about one-half hour. An automatic computer has been programmed to perform all of the required mathematical operations and has reduced the computation time to less than one-half hour for each measurement frequency.