gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Metal-Free Hydrogen Activation by the Frustrated Lewis Pairs of ClB(C<sub>6</sub>F<sub>5</sub>)<sub>2</sub> and HB(C<sub>6</sub>F<sub>5</sub>)<sub>2</sub> and Bulky Lewis Bases (2009)

The frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) derived from ClB(C6F5)2 and the bulky Lewis bases 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine (TMP), tri-tert-butylphosphine, and tris(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)phosphine cleaved H2 heterolytically to form the intermediate anion [HClB(C6F5)2]−, which quickly underwent hydride/chloride exchange with the remaining ClB(C6F5)2 to give the known compound [HB(C6F5)2]n (n = 1 or 2) and the anion [Cl2B(C6F5)2]− present in the products [TMPH][Cl2B(C6F5)2] (1a), [t-Bu3PH][Cl2B(C6F5)2] (2a), and [Mes3PH][Cl2B(C6F5)2] (3a). [HB(C6F5)2]n forms Lewis adducts with TMP and t-Bu3P: TMP-BH(C6F5)2 (1b) and t-Bu3P-BH(C6F5)2 (2b). The Lewis adduct t-Bu3P-BH(C6F5)2 was found capable of generating a FLP at elevated temperature and was reacted with H2, producing the splitting product [t-Bu3PH][H2B(C6F5)2] (2c). Mes3P forms no Lewis adduct with [HB(C6F5)2]n, but a FLP, which was also capable of splitting H2 to yield initially [Mes3PH][H2B(C6F5)2]. The [H2B(C6F5)2]− anion underwent disproportionation to form [Mes3PH][HB(C6F5)3] (3b), Mes3P, [H2B(C6F5)]2, and H2. Similarly, 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylpyridine (TTBP) and [HB(C6F5)2]n gave in the presence of H2 the final products [TTBPH][HB(C6F5)3] salt and [H2B(C6F5)]2. The contrasting reactivities of the t-Bu3P/[BH(C6F5)2]n, Mes3P/[HB(C6F5)2]n, and TTBP/[HB(C6F5)2]n pairs were explained on the basis of the different pKa’s of the [LBH]+ cations. After disproportionation of the [H2B(C6F5)2]− anion to give [Mes3PH][HB(C6F5)3] (3b) or [TTBPH][HB(C6F5)3] (4a), the also formed [H3B(C6F5)]− anion reacted with the more acidic cations ([Mes3PH]+, [TTBPH]+) to give H2 and syn- and anti-[H2B(C6F5)]2 (3c). 1a, 2a, 3a, and 4a were studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.
Synergistic topical application of salt-processed Phellodendron amurense and Sanguisorba officinalis Linne alleviates atopic dermatitis symptoms by reducing levels of immunoglobulin E and pro-inflammatory cytokines in NC/Nga mice (2015)

Atopic dermatitis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease, and salt-processed Phellodendron amurense (CPE) and Sanguisorba officinalis Linne (SOE) are widely used as anti-inflammatory agents in Asia. Therefore, the present study investigated the efficacy of CPE, SOE, and CPE+SOE in the treatment of atopic dermatitis-like symptoms in mice. Following topical application of 1,3‑butylen glycol (control), 30% CPE, 30% SOE, 15% CPE+15% SOE or 0.1% hydrocortisone (HC) on the atopic dermatitis‑like skin lesions of 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene‑treated NC/Nga mice for 5 weeks, the severity of clinical atopic dermatitis, mast cell infiltration, serum expression levels of immunoglobulin (Ig)E, IgG1, interleukin (IL)-4 and interferon (IFN)-γ, and cytokine expression in the dorsal skin were measured. Compared with the control group, treatment with CPE alleviated the clinical severity of the AD symptoms, with decreased numbers of mast cells, decreased expression levels of serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α, IL‑4 and IFN‑γ, and decreased expression levels of inflammatory cytokines in the dorsal lesions. Treatment with SOE did not reduce these expression levels, however, the serum expression levels of IgE and IgG1 were suppressed to similar levels as those in the CPE group. Furthermore, synergistic treatment with CPE and SOE relieved the clinical severity of atopic dermatitis, reduced the serum expression levels of IgE, IgG1, TNF‑α, IL‑4 and IFN‑γ, and suppressed the mRNA expression levels of TNF‑α, IL‑4, IL‑13, and IFN‑γ in the dorsal skin lesions. Treatment with CPE+SOE was superior to treatment with HC alone for reducing dermal thickness and suppressing the production of several cytokines. Therefore, combined treatment with CPE and SOE may be an effective alternative intervention for the management of atopic dermatitis.
Solvent Mixtures: Properties and Selective Solvation (2002)

Introduction Properties of Binary Solvent Mixtures The Structure of Solvent Mixtures Preferential Solvation in Binary Solvent Mixtures Preferential Solvation of Solutes Multicomponent Solvent Mixtures Solvents and Solvent Mixture Index Subject Index
Atomic diffusion bonding of wafers with thin nanocrystalline metal films (2010)

Bonding between two flat wafers with thin metal films was studied for 14 thin metal films with various crystal structures and self-diffusion coefficients. Thin nanocrystalline metal films were fabricated on two flat wafers’ surfaces using sputter deposition. Bonding of the two metal films on the wafers was accomplished immediately after film deposition in vacuum. For the films, Al, Au, Ag, Cu, Si, Co, Ni, Pt, Ti, Ru, Fe, Cr, Mo, and Ta were used. The wafers were bonded at room temperature over the entire bonded area (1 or 2 in. wafers of either Si or SiO2) using these metal films. Transmission electron microscopic cross-section images revealed that complete crystalline grains were formed across the original surfaces of the films, probably because of recrystallization occurring at the bonded interface when Al–Al, Ag–Ag, Au–Au, Cu–Cu, and Ti–Ti nanocrystalline films were bonded. A clear interface corresponding closely to the original film surface was visible in the bonded Pt–Pt films. However, fcc-(111) lattices were formed continuously across the films’ original surfaces. A thin amorphous layer was formed at the interfaces of Cr–Cr, Fe–Fe, and Ta–Ta bonded films. Experimental results revealed that the two films’ bonded structure was related closely to the self-diffusion coefficients of the metals used for bonding. A high atomic diffusion coefficient at the grain boundaries and film surfaces is likely to have enabled bonding at room temperature. Moreover, results obtained using Cu–Cu, Al–Al, Ti–Ti, Cr–Cr, and Ta–Ta films demonstrated that the wafers were bonded even with only 0.2-nm-thick films on both sides. Bonding films of different materials was also achieved, e.g., Ta–Cu films. The bonding technique described herein is promising for use with bonding wafers to fabricate new thin film devices and microelectromechanical systems.
A mixed Lewis acid-Broensted acid ambient temperature ionic liquid: an electrochemical and NMR study of dimethylaniline (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA mixed Lewis acid-Broensted acid ambient temperature ionic liquid: an electrochemical and NMR study of dimethylanilineSoo Gil Park, Paul Trulove, Richard T. Carlin, and Robert A. OsteryoungCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 9, 3334–3340Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00009a018https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00009a018research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views214Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
IL-4 inhibits IL-2 receptor expression and IL-2-dependent proliferation of human T cells. (1990)

Recent studies have shown that IL-4 can affect lymphocyte responses to IL-2. To evaluate the effects of IL-4 on T cell responses to physiologically relevant stimuli, we studied normal human T cells cultured with a low concentration of anti-CD3 mAb and IL-2 in the presence and absence of added IL-4. The addition of IL-4 to cultures of T cells stimulated with anti-CD3 mAb and IL-2 reduced the proliferative response by 49 to 59%. The inhibitory effect was observed in 3-, 5-, and 7-day cultures. Inhibition was dose-dependent with maximal inhibition at concentrations greater than or equal to 5 to 10 U/ml IL-4. IL-4-mediated inhibition occurred early during the T cell response, inasmuch as addition of IL-4 after stimulation for 24 h did not result in significant inhibition. Phenotypic analyses of cells cultured in the presence of anti-CD3 mAb, IL-2, and IL-4 suggested that the mechanism of regulation by IL-4 involves the inhibition of IL-2R expression. The proportion of both CD4+ and CD8+ cells that expressed IL-2R in response to IL-2 was diminished in the presence of IL-4, although HLA-DR levels were unaffected. Soluble IL-2R was also reduced in supernatants of cultures stimulated with anti-CD3 mAb, IL-2, and IL-4 as compared to cultures stimulated with anti-CD3 mAb and IL-2. These findings indicate that when normal human T cells are stimulated in vitro in a manner that approximates a physiologic interaction with Ag in vivo, rIL-4 provides a potent inhibitory signal to IL-2 responsive cells that is likely mediated by IL-4-induced inhibition of IL-2R expression.
Nitric oxide as a mediator of gastrointestinal mucosal injury?—Say it ain′t so (1995)

Nitric oxide has been suggested as a contributor to tissue injury in various experimental models of gastrointestinal inflammation. However, there is overwhelming evidence that nitric oxide is one of the most important mediators of mucosal defence, influencing such factors as mucus secretion, mucosal blood flow, ulcer repair and the activity of a variety of mucosal immunocytes. Nitric oxide has the capacity to down-regulate inflammatory responses in the gastrointestinal tract, to scavenge various free radical species and to protect the mucosa from injury induced by topical irritants. Moreover, questions can be raised regarding the evidence purported to support a role for nitric oxide in producing tissue injury. In this review, we provide an overview of the evidence supporting a role for nitric oxide in protecting the gastrointestinal tract from injury.
Decarburization of an Iron‐Nickel‐Cobalt Glass Sealing Alloy (1962)

A study was made of the decarburization of an Fe‐Ni‐Co glass sealing alloy in wet hydrogen and its effect on glass‐to‐metal sealing. Rods of this alloy were decarburized in wet hydrogen, and the decarburization process was found to be controlled by a diffusion mechanism where D o = 8.5 × 10 ‐3 cm 2 per second and Q = 25.6 kcal per mole. The decarburized rods were then sealed with glass and the effects of the various decarburization treatments on glass‐to‐metal sealing were observed. These effects are described, and a decarburization schedule for production is suggested.
Hyodeoxycholic acid efficiently suppresses atherosclerosis formation and plasma cholesterol levels in mice (2001)

We examined the effect of hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA) on plasma cholesterol levels and atherosclerosis in mice. In wild-type C57BL/6 mice, feeding increasing amounts of HDCA resulted in i) progressive decrease in dietary cholesterol absorption, ii) increased concentrations of HDCA in the gallbladder bile, iii) decreased liver cholesterol content, iv) increased liver cholesterol synthesis, and v) increased plasma concentrations of HDCA. In C57BL/6 LDL-receptor knockouts (LDLR-KO) the addition of HDCA to chow and a 0.5% cholesterol diet decreased their total plasma cholesterol levels by 21% and 62%, respectively, because of a decrease in VLDL and LDL cholesterol. Turnover studies showed that HDCA has no effect on VLDL removal from plasma. Furthermore, the addition of HDCA to chow- and 0.5% cholesterol-fed LDLR-KO mice decreased the aortic root atherosclerosis lesion area by 50% and 80%, respectively. Finally, we tested the effect of HDCA on intestinal tumor formation. Feeding C57BL/6 ApcMin mice with HDCA did not affect the number of tumors but decreased the tumor volume in these animals. These results suggest that HDCA might have beneficial effects in the treatment of increased plasma cholesterol levels and atherosclerosis.
Modeling the Treatment Effect on a Median of a Percent Change from Baseline in a Log- normal Variable Using SAS PROC NLMIXED (2009)

Often, when a response percent change from baseline in a clinical parameter is not normally distributed, the medical community presents the results in terms of a median percent change and describing the treatment effect by the estimate of the difference in the treatment group medians. Such estimates are typically provided based on non-parametric analysis methods. However, if the response parameter itself is log-normally distributed, additional advantages can be derived from the parametric modeling. Following Wong et al. [1], the ANCOVA model can be fit to the log-transformed data, upon which the estimated treatment means will be back-transformed to become the estimates of the treatment group medians of the percent change from baseline. The confidence interval for the difference in medians can be provided using the delta method [1]. The
Intestinal Absorption Enhancement Via the Paracellular Route by Fatty Acids, Chitosans and Others: A Target for Drug Delivery (2005)

Peroral delivery of hydrophilic drugs is one of the greatest challenges in biopharmaceutical research. Hydrophilic drugs usually present low bioavailability after oral administration. One of the causes of this low bioavailability is their poor intestinal permeation through the paracellular pathway. This pathway is actually restricted by the presence of tight junctions at the apical side of the enterocytes. In the last few years, great interest has been focused on the structure and cellular regulation of tight junctions, materializing in more in-depth knowledge of this intestinal barrier. Simultaneously, and on the basis of this understanding, continuous efforts are being made to develop agents that can modulate tight junctions and magnify the paracellular permeability of hydrophilic compounds without causing significant intestinal damage. This review focuses on strategies to improve the paracellular permeation of poorly absorbed drugs as a way to enhance their bioavailability after oral administration. Most of the research on this subject has been carried out using in vitro models (mainly Caco-2 cell monolayers), which yield useful information on the potential effects and mechanisms of action of absorption-enhancing compounds. However, in vivo studies, which are much more scarce, are needed to confirm the effects of potential enhancers and to evaluate the suitability of including these compounds as excipients in drug formulation. We review the in vitro and in situ studies involving the most promising paracellular permeation enhancers (e.g., medium chain fatty acids and chitosan and its derivatives), analyzing the degree of drug absorption enhancement achieved, as well as the potential associated toxicity. The few studies performed in vivo are also presented. In addition, the findings of recent absorption enhancers, such as zonula occludens toxin or thiolated polymers, are reviewed.
A Remote Sensing Spatiotemporal Fusion Model of Landsat and Modis Data via Deep Learning (2018)

In this paper, a novel spatiotemporal fusion model based on deep learning is proposed, which handles the huge spatial resolution gap and the nonlinear mapping between the high spatial resolution (HSR) image and the corresponding high temporal resolution (HTR) image at the same imaging time. Considering the huge spatial resolution gap, a two-layer fusion strategy is adopted. In each layer, the convolutional neural network (CNN) model is employed to exploit the non-linear mapping between the HSR and HTR image and reconstruct the high-spatial and high-temporal (HSHT) resolution images. In the experiment, Landsat data is the representation of the high spatial resolution images, MODIS data is used as the corresponding low spatial resolution images. The experimental results on two different datasets clearly illustrate the superiority of the proposed model.
Procollagen N‐Proteinase (1982)

Procollagen N-proteinase was purified about 3700-fold from chick embryo tendons. Electrophoresis of the protein after iodination and denaturation suggested it was homogeneous. However, the native enzyme could not be examined by gel electrophoresis, and therefore homogeneity of the preparation was not conclusively established. Antibodies to the enzyme completely inhibited activity and gave a single precipitant line by double immuno-diffusion. The Km for a native procollagen substrate was 0.3-0.5 microM. The same protein after denaturation inhibited activity. The enzyme did not cleave type III procollagen from human fibroblasts or a type IV procollagen from a mouse sarcoma. Ca2+ was required for maximal enzymic activity. The data suggested a second metal requirement, but this was not identified. Reducing agents and metal chelators inhibited activity, but there was little if any inhibition from several inhibitors of other neutral metalloproteinases.
Discovering routines from large-scale human locations using probabilistic topic models (2011)

In this work, we discover the daily location-driven routines that are contained in a massive real-life human dataset collected by mobile phones. Our goal is the discovery and analysis of human routines that characterize both individual and group behaviors in terms of location patterns. We develop an unsupervised methodology based on two differing probabilistic topic models and apply them to the daily life of 97 mobile phone users over a 16-month period to achieve these goals. Topic models are probabilistic generative models for documents that identify the latent structure that underlies a set of words. Routines dominating the entire group's activities, identified with a methodology based on the Latent Dirichlet Allocation topic model, include “going to work late”, “going home early”, “working nonstop” and “having no reception (phone off)” at different times over varying time-intervals. We also detect routines which are characteristic of users, with a methodology based on the Author-Topic model. With the routines discovered, and the two methods of characterizing days and users, we can then perform various tasks. We use the routines discovered to determine behavioral patterns of users and groups of users. For example, we can find individuals that display specific daily routines, such as “going to work early” or “turning off the mobile (or having no reception) in the evenings”. We are also able to characterize daily patterns by determining the topic structure of days in addition to determining whether certain routines occur dominantly on weekends or weekdays. Furthermore, the routines discovered can be used to rank users or find subgroups of users who display certain routines. We can also characterize users based on their entropy. We compare our method to one based on clustering using K-means. Finally, we analyze an individual's routines over time to determine regions with high variations, which may correspond to specific events.
Information service platform for science and technology innovation and entrepreneurship: New information service practice in the NSLC (2015)

Purpose: This study explores new content, forms, and fields of science and technology (SaT) innovation and entrepreneurship information services of the National Science Library of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (NSLC). 
	Design/methodology/approach: We cooperated with incubator enterprises and set up an lSaT Innovation and Entrepreneurship Information Service Platform.r We designed five series of activities, including industrial information release, project financing and roadshows, entrepreneurial sharing, entrepreneurial coaching sessions, and entrepreneurial salons. Based on the implementation of these activities, we designed new NSLC library services for SaT innovation and entrepreneurship. 
	Findings: Since the construction of the platform, these five series of activities have attracted more than 80 business projects, 90 investors, and 30 researchers. Furthermore, more than 20 media representatives and nearly 300 entrepreneurs have participated in the activities that the NSLC has organized in the past two years. Through these activities, we have defined an SaT innovation and entrepreneurship knowledge service model for the NSLC. 
	Research limitations: The service practice of the NSLC is still in the demonstration phase. Due to staffing limitations of our service teams, the expansion of our service activities has been greatly restricted. 
	Practical implications: The innovation and entrepreneurship information services of the NSLC provide a lot of material for transformation of library services for domestic and foreign special libraries. 
	Originality/value: It is useful to transform library and business services by embedding them into ways in which we serve innovation and entrepreneurial activities. This opens up a new field of library knowledge services in China.
Automated Microscopy of Amniotic Fluid Cells: Detection of FISH Signals Using the <i>FastFISH</i>® Imaging System (2006)

Our data suggest that the automated system is capable of providing accurate and rapid identification and display of cells and FISH signals.
Exploratory Factor Analysis (2011)

Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) has played a major role in research conducted in the social sciences for more than 100 years, dating back to the pioneering work of Charles Spearman on mental abilities. Since that time, EFA has become one of the most commonly used quantitative methods in many of the social sciences, including psychology, business, sociology, education, political science, and communications. To a lesser extent, it has also been utilized within the physical and biological sciences. Despite its long and widespread usage in many domains, numerous aspects of the underlying theory and application of EFA are poorly understood by researchers. Indeed, perhaps no widely used quantitative method requires more decisions on the part of a researcher and offers as wide an array of procedural options as EFA does. This book provides a non-mathematical introduction to the underlying theory of EFA and reviews the key decisions that must be made in its implementation. Among the issues discussed are the use of EFA versus confirmatory factor analysis, the use of principal component analysis versus common factor analysis, procedures for determining the appropriate number of factors, and methods for rotating factor solutions. Explanations and illustrations of the application of different factor analytic procedures are provided for analyses using common statistical packages, as well as a free package available on the web. In addition, practical instructions are provided for conducting a number of useful factor analytic procedures not included in the statistical packages.