gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
F3‐02‐03: Prevalence of snap in subjects with mild cognitive impairment and dementia (2015)

Suspected non-Alzheimer pathophysiology (SNAP) is a frequent condition in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. Aim of the study was to investigate the prevalence of SNAP in subjects with MCI and dementia and the association of SNAP with APOE genotype and MMSE score. The prevalence of SNAP in subjects with MCI was assessed in 2813 subjects from 27 centers that participated in a multicenter collaborative project. The prevalence of SNAP in subjects with dementia was assessed in 901 subjects from the Amsterdam Dementia Cohort (probable AD (n=631), frontotemporal lobe dementia (FTLD, n=120), vascular dementia (VaD, n=40), Lewy Body dementia (LBD, n=57) and other types of dementia (n=53)). SNAP was defined as a normal CSF amyloid-β42 concentration and an abnormal CSF total tau concentration. Analyses were performed using generalized estimating equations or linear mixed models. The prevalence of SNAP increased from 14% at age 50 to 25% at age 90 in subjects with MCI and from 11% to 24% in demented subjects. Within clinical dementia subgroups, the prevalence increased in subjects with AD (7% to 26%), FTLD (14% to 60%), and LBD (0% to 56%), while it decreased in subjects with VaD (26% to 8%), and other dementias (51% to 5%). In both MCI and demented subjects with SNAP, APOE-e4 carriership (MCI 41%, dementia 48%) was more frequent than in subjects with both biomarkers normal (MCI 26%, dementia 34%) but less frequent than in subjects with both biomarkers abnormal (MCI 70%, dementia 57%). Both MCI and demented subjects with SNAP had lower MMSE scores than subjects with normal biomarker scores but higher scores than subjects with both biomarkers abnormal. SNAP is common in subjects with MCI and dementia and is associated with age and APOE genotype. The high frequency of SNAP in elderly subjects with a clinical diagnosis of AD suggests that at high age clinical criteria may often not be specific for AD.
The Promise and Challenges of Ultra High Bypass Ratio Engine Technology and Integration (2011)

In this presentation, an overview of the research being conducted by the ERA Project in Ultra High Bypass aircraft propulsion and in partnership with Pratt & Whitney with their Geared TurboFan (GTF) is given. The ERA goals are shown followed by a discussion of what areas need to be addressed on the engine to achieve the goals and how the GTF is uniquely qualified to meet the goals through a discussion of what benefits the cycle provides. The first generation GTF architecture is then shown highlighting the areas of collaboration with NASA, and the fuel burn, noise and emissions reductions possible based on initial static ground test and flight test data of the first GTF engine. Finally, a 5 year technology roadmap is presented focusing on Ultra High Bypass propulsion technology research areas that are being pursued and being planned by ERA and P&W under their GTF program.
Multi-Modal Magnetic Resonance Imaging Alterations in Two Rat Models of Mild Neurotrauma (2007)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is increasingly used in the assessment of the severity and progression of neurotrauma. We evaluated temporal and regional changes after mild fluid percussion (FPI) and controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury using T2-weighted-imaging (T2WI) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) MRI over 7 days. Region of interest analysis of brain areas distant to the injury site (such as the hippocampus, retrosplenial and piriform cortices, and the thalamus) was undertaken. In the hippocampus of CCI animals, we found a slow increase (51%) in apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC) over 72 h, which returned to control values. The hippocampal T2 values in the CCI animals were elevated by 18% over the 7-day time course compared to control, indicative of edema formation. Histological analysis supported the lack of overt cellular loss in most brain regions after mild CCI injury. FPI animals showed a generalized decrease in hippocampal ADC values over the first 72 h, which then returned to sham levels, with decreased T2 values over the same period, which remained depressed at 7 days. Histological assessment of FPI animals revealed numerous shrunken cells in the hippocampus and thalamus, but other regions showed little damage. Increased immunohistochemical staining for microglia and astroglia at 7 days post-injury was greater in FPI animals within the affected brain regions. In summary, traumatic brain injury is less severe in mild CCI than FPI, based on the temporal events assessed with MRI.
Study of percutaneous lumbar decompression and treatment algorithm for patients suffering from neurogenic claudication. (2013)

In this study, the mild procedure was shown to be safe. In addition, patients experienced significant improvement in mobility and reduction of pain one year after the procedure. One-year outcomes were not significantly different from interim results, indicating that the significant improvement following treatment, occurring as early as 12 weeks, was maintained through one year. This high degree of consistency over time indicates the durability of percutaneous lumbar decompression in the treatment of neurogenic claudication in symptomatic LSS.
HUBUNGAN ANTARA SELF MONITORING DENGAN PENYESUAIAN SOSIAL PADA MAHASISWA RANTAU MINANG DI UNIVERSITAS DIPONEGORO (2019)

Penyesuaian sosial adalah proses individu dalam memenuhi kebutuhan sosial secara efektif dan profesional sesuai dengan kemampuannya sehingga dapat menciptakan hubungan yang harmonis dengan dirinya sendiri, orang lain dan lingkungan sosialnya. Self monitoring ialah kemampuan individu dalam mengatur presentasi diri sesuai dengan yang ada di lingkungan untuk mendapatkan kesan ideal dari orang lain dan diri sendiri sehingga membuat individu berperilaku sama dengan orang sekitar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara self monitoring dengan penyesuaian sosial pada mahasiswa rantau Minang di Universitas Diponegoro. Hipotesis dalam penelitian ini adalah terdapat hubungan antara self monitoring dengan penyesuaian sosial. Populasi dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 150 mahasiswa, dengan sampel penelitian sebanyak 105 mahasiswa. Teknik pengambilan sampel yang digunakan yaitu teknik convinience sampling. Alat ukur yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah skala penyesuaian sosial (22 aitem, α=0,878) dan skala self monitoring (28 aitem, α=0,917). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan positif yang signifikan antara self monitoring dengan penyesuaian sosial sebesar rxy=0,590 dengan p=0,000 (p<0,05). Self monitoring memberikan sumbangan efektif terhadap penyesuaian sosial sebesar 34,8%.
Effects of High Magnetic Field on the Intramolecular Exciplex Fluorescence of Chain-Linked Phenanthrene and Dimethylaniline (1997)

The effects of high magnetic field (≤13 T) on the intramolecular exciplex fluorescence generated from a chain-linked phenanthrene (Phen) and dimethylaniline (DMA) system (Phen-(CH2)nO(CH2)2-DMA, n = 4−12) were studied in N,N-dimethylformamide by means of photostationary and laser-induced fluorescence. With increasing the magnetic field from 0 to ca. 1 T, the exciplex fluorescence for the molecules with n = 6−12 increases steeply in intensity and then decreases gradually up to ca. 9 T. Their mean lifetimes exhibit similar magnetic field dependence (≤13 T). The reversal of the effects is observed in high magnetic field (>1 T). This is interpreted in terms of the Δg mechanism in which a high magnetic field enhances the singlet−triplet intersystem crossing in an intramolecular Phen anion and DMA cation radical pair intervening in the reaction. The Δg value is estimated to be about 0.000 022.
A role for the substance P/NK-1 receptor complex in cell proliferation in oral squamous cell carcinoma. (2009)

The ubiquitous presence of SP strongly suggests a role for SP/NK-1R complex in tumour development and progression and possibly for NK-1R antagonists, such as L-773060, in the management of patients with oral cancer.
Automatic target detection in dynamic clutter from incoherent ISAR data (2002)

This paper presents a method for automatic detection of targets with nonlinear motion embedded in dynamic clutter. This is achieved via processing the targets' incoherent ISAR data that are less vulnerable to multiplicative noise (phase errors). It is shown that the incoherent ISAR signature of a target scene may be viewed as its baseband ISAR signature. Thus, the magnitude of an ISAR database that is severely contaminated with phase errors, i.e., incoherent ISAR data, may be used for ISAR detection of moving targets. Incoherent ISAR data in the fast-time and slow-time domain are transformed into another two-dimensional domain. The signature of a target in the transformed domain is shown to be localized based on its mid-point range and speed. This localized statistic is suitable for automatic, i.e., machine-based, detection of stationary as well as moving targets in the scene.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Saline-enhanced radio-frequency tissue ablation in the treatment of liver metastases. (1997)

Saline-enhanced RF ablation might permit percutaneous destruction of large liver lesions.
Introduction (2010)

In the words of the Independent Commission on the Future of Volunteering (2008: p. 3) in England, ‘volunteering has never had it so good’. While voluntary action has been a consistent feature of most societies (Hodgkinson, 2003) the current weight of expectation about the contribution it can make to individual development, social cohesion and addressing social need has never been greater, and it has a more prominent place on the agenda of public policy than ever before.
A Stepwise AIC Method for Variable Selection in Linear Regression (2007)

In this article, we study stepwise AIC method for variable selection comparing with other stepwise method for variable selection, such as, Partial F, Partial Correlation, and Semi-Partial Correlation in linear regression modeling. Then we show mathematically that the stepwise AIC method and other stepwise methods lead to the same method as Partial F. Hence, there are more reasons to use the stepwise AIC method than the other stepwise methods for variable selection, since the stepwise AIC method is a model selection method that can be easily managed and can be widely extended to more generalized models and applied to non normally distributed data. We also treat problems that always appear in applications, that are validation of selected variables and problem of collinearity.
Aspect-based Sentiment Classification via Reinforcement Learning (2021)

Aspect-based sentiment classification aims to predict sentimental polarities of one or multiple aspects in texts. As texts always contain a large proportion of task-irrelevant words, accurate alignment between aspects and their sentimental descriptions is the most crucial and challenging step. State-of-the-art approaches are mainly based on word-level attention learned from recurrent neural network variants (e.g., LSTM) or graph neural networks. From another view, these methods essentially weight and aggregate all possible alignments. However, this mechanism heavily relies on large-scale supervision training: without enough labels, it could easily overfit with difficulty in generalization. To address this challenge, we propose SentRL, a reinforcement learning-based framework for aspect-based sentiment classification. In this framework, input texts are transformed into their dependency graphs. Then, an agent is deployed to walk on the graphs, explores paths from target aspect nodes to their potential sentimental regions, and differentiates the effectiveness of different paths. By limiting the agent’s exploration budget, our method encourages the agent to skip task-irrelevant information and focus on the most effective paths for alignment purpose. Our method considerably reduces the impact of task-irrelevant words and improves generalization performance. Compared with competitive baseline methods, our approach achieves the highest performance on public benchmark datasets with up to 3.7% improvement.
Why Google stores billions of lines of code in a single repository (2016)

Google's monolithic repository provides a common source of truth for tens of thousands of developers around the world.
Performance of QPSK coherent detection with dual-mode carrier recovery circuit for fast and stable carrier tracking (2003)

A new type of carrier recovery circuit suitable for coherent detection in digital land mobile radio transmission is studied experimentally. The authors propose a dual-mode carrier recovery (DCR) circuit which adaptively selects one of its two operation modes: the conventional mode or the adaptive carrier-tracking (ACT) mode. The ACT mode controls the reference phase digitally, and enables instantaneous phase tracking in burst signal operation and/or in a fast fading environment. The DCR coherent demodulator performance is identical to that of conventional coherent detection in the low CNR region, and to that of differential detection in the high CNR region where the ACT mode is selected.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Tumor necrosis factors (1989)

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a well-described and characterized cytokine which can be elicited in the intact animal by endotoxin. This factor produces necrosis of subcutaneous tumors in the classic model: Meth A sarcoma in the Balb C mouse. It has been shown to be cytostatic or cytotoxic for a variety of human cancer cell lines, as well as to have effects against both mouse tumors and human cancers carried in the nude mouse. TNF is most likely produced by the macrophage. TNF has been cloned, and has been shown to have a molecular weight of 17,000 and to contain approximately 157 acids in its active form. The genes responsible for TNF are contained on chromosome 6 in man, which also contains genes of the major histocompatibility complex. Although there are similarities to lymphotoxin, which is produced by mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes, and to interleukin-1 (IL-1), which is also produced by macrophages, TNF has distinctive differences, primarily in its antiproliferative effects. TNF is also allied with the effects of cachexia and has been shown to be similar to, if not exactly the same as, cachectin. Although it appears that effects of TNF require expression of receptors to facilitate binding to the cell, there is not a quantitative relationship between receptors and the sensitivity. TNF cytotoxic effects appeared to be amplified by pretreatment of cells with chemotherapeutic agents such as Actinomycin D, Adriamycin, and Cytoxan as well as to have synergistic effects with gamma interferon, alpha interferon, and IL-2. Although initial phase I and phase II studies of TNF in man have shown the expected toxicity, there have been minimal antitumor effects. It is anticipated that with more sophisticated studies, perhaps combining TNF with either biological or chemotherapeutic agents, TNF's true role in cancer therapy may well unfold.
Effects of creatine supplementation on body composition, strength, and sprint performance (1998)

The addition of creatine to the glucose/taurine/electrolyte supplement promoted greater gains in fat/bone-free mass, isotonic lifting volume, and sprint performance during intense resistance/agility training.
Total Synthesis of (−)-Solanapyrone A via Enzymatic Diels−Alder Reaction of Prosolanapyrone (1998)

The syntheses of prosolanapyrones I (6) and II (7) via the aldol reactions of pyrone and dienal segments have been achieved in five steps in 31% overall yield for 6 and seven steps in 5% overall yield for 7. An improved synthetic route starting from vinylpyrone 27 provided 7 in 11 steps in 12% overall yield. The enzymatic Diels−Alder reaction of 7 affords (−)-solanapyrone A (1) with high enantioselectivity and with good exo-selectivity, which is difficult to attain by chemical methods. In addition, a crude enzyme preparation from Alternaria solani has been used to perform a kinetic resolution of (±)-3.
An Information-Centric Approach to Data Security in Organizations (2005)

Many organizations focus on a computing-centric approach to information security whilst neglecting the security of information on paper and amongst personnel This paper presents a model that is both media-independent and information-centric, allowing organizations to pursue an integrated methodology towards analysing risks and providing information protection across all types of media. Using this model to map information flows within business and knowledge processes will quickly show that it will be almost impossible to control all risks, but the resulting detailed risk profile may enable the organization to explore alternative processes with lower risks.
Effects of alcohol and prescription and over-the-counter drug use on liver enzyme profiles. (1997)

Liver function tests are commonly ordered during routine checkups or in an effort to identify the cause of underlying disease. Elevated liver enzymes usually indicate a disease or an insult to the liver, the main causes of which can be hepatitis (caused by virus infection or chemical exposures) or cirrhosis of the liver due to alcohol abuse. Results from the Metropolitan Life Insurance Testing Laboratory confirm national data showing a slow rise in the percentage of "free-living" persons with elevated liver enzymes. The percentage of "abnormal" results increased despite unchanged analytic methods or quality control measures during the data gathering period. In addition, the proportions of abnormal enzyme levels have increased while U.S. per capita alcohol consumption has decreased and sales of over-the-counter medications that elevate liver enzymes have increased. Thus, it is increasingly more difficult to determine the true cause of elevated liver enzymes. As more Americans self-medicate and as more prescription drugs become available over-the-counter, which can have subtle or overt effects on liver enzyme secretion, the causes for abnormal enzyme levels will remain difficult to interpret. Continued monitoring of liver enzyme levels and the prevalence of drug and alcohol use are necessary to determine if the noted rise in abnormal levels is associated with increased morbidity or adverse outcome.
Method to Mitigate Nystagmus and Motion Sickness with Head Worn Visual Display during Vestibular Stimulation (2017)

Motion sickness and complaints of dizziness caused by provocative vestibular stimulating environments have been a widespread problem, affecting a significant portion of the world's population to varying degrees. The research objective was to determine if symptoms of motion sickness and associated nystagmus could be mitigated using an eye worn device which displayed an artificial horizon with a vertex point in the center for visual fixation, while experiencing vestibular stimulation. Assessment methods included an eye tracker, to measure velocity and duration of nystagmus, while patients underwent vestibular stimulation. This was followed by SSQ scoring to evaluate motion sickness symptoms. Users were tested with and without a visual display of specific symbology, while undergoing vestibular stimulation. Results demonstrated the associated nystagmus was significantly reduced in velocity and duration. With caloric stimulation testing, the duration of nystagmus was greater than 60seconds in the group without the visual display but decreased to 3.3seconds when using the displayed symbology and instructing the user to focus on the vertex point between the artificial horizon and centered vertical line. Eye speed of nystagmus was diminished from 13.6degrees/second, to 0.4degrees/second while using the visual display. Similar finding were noted with Barany Chair stimulation. The duration of nystagmus, which persisted for 25.8seconds without the visual display, was decreased to 7.4seconds when using display and focusing on the vertex point. The eye speed of nystagmus was also decreased from 26.3 degrees/second to 5.7degrees/second when using the visual display with vertex fixation. Objective SSQ scores were compared with and without visualization of the displayed symbology. When symbology was visualized, nausea, oculomotor symptoms, and disorientation were less apparent.
Metachronic Small Bowel Metastasis of a Squamous Cell Carcinoma of The Cervix. (2020)

Clinical Image We report a case of a woman 33 years old with past medical fact of hypertension, in whom squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix was diagnosed within post coital bleeding. The tumor was classified stage Ib according to FIGO classification and were treated with brachytherapy followed by hysterectomy with oophorectomy and external iliac lymphadenectomy. The evolution was favorable and she remained asymptomatic for 3 years. She was than hospitalized for obstructive syndrome. Abdominal X ray showed hydro-aeric levels and abdominal computed tomography showed grelic tumor with distension of the small bowel.
Cross‐resistance patterns to ACCase‐inhibiting herbicides conferred by mutant ACCase isoforms in <i>Alopecurus myosuroides</i> Huds. (black‐grass), re‐examined at the recommended herbicide field rate (2008)

Abstract BACKGROUND: Target‐site‐based resistance to acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACCase) inhibitors in Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. is essentially due to five substitutions (Isoleucine‐1781‐Leucine, Tryptophan‐2027‐Cysteine, Isoleucine‐2041‐Asparagine, Aspartate‐2078‐Glycine, Glycine‐2096‐Alanine). Recent studies suggested that cross‐resistance patterns associated with each mutation using a seed‐based bioassay may not accurately reflect field resistance. The authors aimed to connect the presence of mutant ACCase isoform(s) in A. myosuroides with resistance to five ACCase inhibitors (fenoxaprop, clodinafop, haloxyfop, cycloxydim, clethodim) sprayed at the recommended field rate. RESULTS: Results from spraying experiments and from seed‐based bioassays were consistent for all mutant isoforms except the most widespread, Leucine‐1781. In spraying experiments, Leucine‐1781 ACCase conferred resistance to clodinafop and haloxyfop. Some plants containing Leucine‐1781 or Alanine‐2096 ACCase, but not all, were also resistant to clethodim. CONCLUSION: Leucine‐1781, Cysteine‐2027, Asparagine‐2041 and Alanine‐2096 ACCases confer resistance to fenoxaprop, clodinafop and haloxyfop at field rates. Leucine‐1781 ACCase also confers resistance to cycloxydim at field rate. Glycine‐2078 ACCase confers resistance to all five herbicides at field rates. Only Glycine‐2078 ACCase confers clethodim resistance under optimal application conditions. It may be that Leucine‐1781 and Alanine‐2096 ACCases may also confer resistance to clethodim in the field if the conditions are not optimal for herbicide efficacy, or at reduced clethodim field rates. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry