gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>p</i>‐Toluenesulfonyl esters in cellulose modifications: acylation of remaining hydroxyl groups (1996)

Abstract New soluble cellulosics with interesting molecular structures and properties were obtained by the acylation of remaining hydroxyl groups of pure, homogeneously synthesized p ‐toluenesulfonylcelluloses of different degree of p ‐toluenesulfonyl (tosyl) substitution (DS Tosyl ) ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 in pyridine and sodium acetate as a catalyst with various aliphatic, aromatic and unsaturated carbonic acid anhydrides as well as isocyanates. The reactions proceed homogeneously and yield products of a high degree of acyl substitution (DS Acyl ). In the case of acetic and propionic acid anhydrides a complete functionalization of all free hydroxyl groups was achieved. Even with fatty acid anhydrides like stearic anhydride 94% of the remaining OH groups were acylated. The new polymers are readily soluble in common organic solvents such as acetone, dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N ‐dimethylacetamide, N,N ‐dimethylformamide, and tetrahydrofuran. They are solution processible film‐ and membrane‐forming materials. Tosylcellulose phthalates and trimellitates of appropriate DS Tosyl and DS Acyl values are even soluble in aqueous NaOH. Compared to the original tosylcelluloses, the thermal degradation of tosylcellulose acylates was initiated at nearly the same temperature independent of type and degree of esterification providing an equal DS Tosyl . The stability found is sufficiently high for processing.
Comparison of the Essential Oils of<i>Origanum majorana</i>L. and<i>Origanum</i>x<i>majoricum</i>Cambess. (2004)

Abstract Origanum majorana L. (Lamiaceae) has two chemotypes in Turkey. The type growing in the southwestern part of the Mediterranean region is characterized by rich oil yield and high carvacrol content. This type known as 'beyaz kekik' (white oregano) and is commercialized. The more usual sweet marjoram (mercankösk) type of O. majorana grows in the western part of Turkey. This type is poor in oil and contains only trace amounts of carvacrol. cis-Sabinene hydrate (30–44%) and terpinen-4-ol (8–14%) were found as main constituents in the Turkish materials collected in different periods of vegetation. Origanum x majoricum Cambess. is a known hybrid of O. majorana L. x O. vulgare L. ssp. virens (Hoffm. et Link) Ietswaart and is also cultivated in Turkey. Sweet marjoram contains cis-sabinene hydrate (24–37%) and terpinen-4-ol (6–13%) in its oil. Key Word Index: Origanum majorana Origanum x majoricum Lamiaceaeessential oil composition cis-sabinene hydrateterpinen-4-ol
Enhanced visible-light photocatalytic activity of plasmonic Ag and graphene co-modified Bi<sub>2</sub>WO<sub>6</sub>nanosheets (2013)

Photocatalytic degradation of pollutants in water has received much attention due to increasing environmental problems. In this study, a visible-light-driven plasmonic silver-graphene-bismuth tungsten (Ag-G-Bi2WO6) composite photocatalyst was prepared. Firstly, the graphite oxide (GO)-Bi2WO6 composite was prepared using a hydrothermal process, followed by a chemical reduction process using ethyl glycol (EG) as the reducing agent to form the G-Bi2WO6 composite. Then, Ag nanoparticles (NPs) were loaded onto the G-Bi2WO6 composite using a simple photochemical reduction process under xenon lamp irradiation to form the Ag-G-Bi2WO6 composite. The prepared samples were characterized using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherm, UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The photocatalytic activities of the prepared samples were evaluated by the photocatalytic degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) aqueous solution at ambient temperature under visible-light irradiation. The results showed that the photocatalytic activity of Bi2WO6 was significantly enhanced by the loading of Ag and graphene. The high photocatalytic activity is attributed predominantly to the hybridization of the surface plasmonic resonance (SPR) effect of Ag NPs and the specific electronics effect of graphene on the Bi2WO6 surface, thus enhancing the generation and separation of photogenerated charge carriers of Bi2WO6. Meanwhile, the excellent adsorption capacity of graphene also contributes to the enhancement of photocatalytic activity. This work highlights the design and preparation of new photocatalysts using plasmonic Ag and graphene as cocatalyst.
Water Vapor Absorption of Electromagnetic Radiation in the Centimeter Wave-Length Range (1946)

The water vapor absorption line resulting from the rotational transition ${5}_{\ensuremath{-}1}$-${6}_{\ensuremath{-}5}$ has been investigated experimentally. Radiation is fed into an air-filled cubical copper cavity 8 ft. on an edge. Strings of thermocouples with alternate junctions coated with a "lossy" material are placed at random in the cavity. The e.m.f. of these thermocouples is proportional to the $Q$ of the cavity and its contents. With the total pressure inside the cavity at one atmosphere, the partial pressure of the water vapor is varied from 1 mm to 55 mm of Hg. A measurement of the change in e.m.f. with humidity yields a value for the losses in the water vapor, provided the $Q$ of the cavity is known. This quantity may be determined from additional measurements taken with an aperture opened in the side of the cavity. The wave-length range between 0.7 cm and 1.7 cm has been explored. Results indicate a peak at $\stackrel{\ifmmode \tilde{}\else \~{}\fi{}}{\ensuremath{\nu}}=0.744\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.005$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, corresponding to a wave-length $\ensuremath{\lambda}=1.34$ cm. The absorption line is broadened as the water vapor density is increased. At very low density, the half-width of the curve (half-width at half-height) is 0.087\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, while the corresponding value for a density of 50 gram/${\mathrm{meter}}^{3}$ is 0.107\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The cross section for a water-water collision must be nearly 5 times that for a water-air collision to account for this change in half-width with vapor density. The attenuation at the peak is 0.025 db per kilometer for 1 gram of water vapor per cubic meter.
Nickel‐Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Pivalates by the Cleavage of Aryl CO Bonds (2010)

Katalytische Aminierung: In der Titelreaktion werden Arylcarboxylate als elektrophile Kupplungspartner eingesetzt. N-heterocyclische Carbene als Liganden und NaOtBu erleichtern die Aminierung von Arylpivalaten unter Spaltung einer üblicherweise nichtreaktiven (Aryl)C-O-Bindung (siehe Schema).
Laser beam accelerator (1981)

Parallel intense photon (laser, microwave, etc.) beams /omega/sub //0, k/sub 0/ and /omega/sub //1, k/sub 1/ shone on a plasma with frequency separation equal to the plasma frequency /omega/sub //p is capable of accelerating plasma electrons to high energies in large flux. The photon beat excites through the forward Raman scattering large amplitude plasmons whose phase velocity is equal to (/omega/ /sub 0/-/omega/sub //1)/(k/sub 0/-k/sub 1/), close to c in an underdense plasma. The multiple forward Raman instability produces smaller and smaller frequency and group velocity of photons; thus the photons slow down in the plasma by emitting accelerated electrons (inverse Cherenkov process). 6 refs.
Good Faith Performance in Employment Contracts (1998)

Traditional principles of contract law are ebbing before a flood tide bearing a more radicalised\nidea of the contract of employment. Some may identify in this innovation a reaction to the tradition\nof free market individualism expressed in the ideas of sanctity of contract, the search for\nagreement and the maxim caveat emptor. Parties to a contract may now be prevented from the\npursuit of their selfish interests notwithstanding express terms of a contract which ostensibly\nappear to justify this. Express agreement may yield to obligations which are imposed by law.\nAmongst these significant developments is the importation of a duty binding each party to the\nemployment contract to act in good faith,1 a duty which appears to be very different from the\nlong recognised duty of the employee to serve faithfully.2 At present the precise nature of this\nnew duty is elusive. Nevertheless, its importation poses difficult questions about how far the\nre-alignment of the employment relationship might extend. The authorities appear to establish\nthe concept of an actionable abuse of a contractual right notwithstanding that the relevant\nconduct ostensibly falls within the express power conferred. But this only poses complex questions.\nAgainst what standard is such abuse to be measured? Is the good faith obligation merely\na device to allow the court to enforce the contemplation of the parties at the time of contract?\nIs the proper focus the spirit rather than the letter of the bargain, thus departing from orthodox\ncanons of construction? This note examines some recent decisions which have placed some\nreliance on the idea of good faith performance.
Effects of elemental sulfur on the metabolism of the deep-sea hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus strain ES-1: characterization of a sulfur-regulated, non-heme iron alcohol dehydrogenase (1995)

The strictly anaerobic archaeon Thermococcus strain ES-1 was recently isolated from near a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. It grows at temperatures up to 91 degrees C by the fermentation of peptides and reduces elemental sulfur (S(o)) to H2S. It is shown here that the growth rates and cell yields of strain ES-1 are dependent upon the concentration of S(o) in the medium, and no growth was observed in the absence of S(o). The activities of various catabolic enzymes in cells grown under conditions of sufficient and limiting S(o) concentrations were investigated. These enzymes included alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH); formate benzyl viologen oxidoreductase; hydrogenase; glutamate dehydrogenase; alanine dehydrogenase; aldehyde ferredoxin (Fd) oxidoreductase; formaldehyde Fd oxidoreductase; and coenzyme A-dependent, Fd-linked oxidoreductases specific for pyruvate, indolepyruvate, 2-ketoglutarate, and 2-ketoisovalerate. Of these, changes were observed only with ADH, formate benzyl viologen oxidoreductase, and hydrogenase, the specific activities of which all dramatically increased in cells grown under S(o) limitation. This was accompanied by increased amounts of H2 and alcohol (ethanol and butanol) from cultures grown with limiting S(o). Such cells were used to purify ADH to electrophoretic homogeneity. ADH is a homotetramer with a subunit M(r) of 46,000 and contains 1 g-atom of Fe per subunit, which, as determined by electron paramagnetic resonance analyses, is present as a mixture of ferrous and ferric forms. No other metals or acid-labile sulfide was detected by colorimetric and elemental analyses. ADH utilized NADP(H) as a cofactor and preferentially catalyzed aldehyde reduction. It is proposed that, under So limitation, ADH reduces to alcohols the aldehydes that are generated by fermentation, thereby serving to dispose of excess reductant.
GIS-based bivariate statistical modelling for earthquake-triggered landslides susceptibility mapping related to the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, China (2013)

The main purpose of this research is to evaluate the modelling capability and predictive power of a bivariate statistical method for earthquake-triggered landslide susceptibility mapping. A weight index ( W i ) model was developed for the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake region in Sichuan Province, China, using a wide range of optical remote sensing data, and carried out on the basis of a geographic information system (GIS) platform. The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake triggered 196007 landslides, with a total area of 1150.43 km 2 , in an approximately oblong area around the Yingxiu–Beichuan coseismic surface fault-rupture (the Yingxiu–Beichuan fault). The landslides of the study area were mapped using visual interpretation of high-resolution satellite images and aerial photographs, both pre- and post-earthquake, and checked in the field at various locations. As a consequence, a nearly complete inventory of landslides triggered by the Wenchuan earthquake was constructed. Topographic and geological data and earthquake-related information were collected, processed and constructed into a spatial database using GIS and image processing technologies. A total of 10 controlling parameters associated with the earthquake-triggered landslides were selected, including elevation, slope angle, slope aspect, slope curvature, slope position, lithology, seismic intensity, peak ground acceleration (PGA), distance from the Yingxiu–Beichuan fault, and distance along this fault. To assist with the development of the model, the complete dataset of 196007 landslides was randomly partitioned into two subsets; a training dataset, which contains 70% of the data (137204 landslides, with a total area of 809.96 km 2 ), and a testing dataset accounting for 30% of the data (58803 landslides, with a total area of 340.47 km 2 ). A landslide susceptibility index map was generated using the training dataset, the 10 impact factors, and the W i model. In addition, for a conditionally dependent factor analysis, seven other factor-combination cases were also used to construct landslide susceptibility index maps. Finally, these eight landslide susceptibility maps were compared with the training data and testing data to obtain model capability (success rate) and predictive power (predictive rate) information. The validation results show that the success and predictive rates of the W i modelling exceeded 90% for the approaches that include the use of seismic factors. The final landslide susceptibility map can be used to identify and delineate unstable susceptibility-prone areas, and help planners to choose favourable locations for development schemes, such as infrastructure, construction and environmental protection schemes. The generic component of this research would allow application in other regions affected by high-intensity earthquakes and unstable terrain covering very large areas.
Sonoluminescence (2004)

Abstract Sonoluminescence is the light emission phenomenon from collapsing bubbles in liquid irradiated by an ultrasonic wave. In the present review, theoretical and experimental studies of the two types of sonoluminescence [single‐bubble sonoluminescence (SBSL) and multibubble sonoluminescence (MBSL)] are described. SBSL is a sonoluminescence from a single stably pulsating bubble trapped at the pressure antinode of a standing ultrasonic wave. MBSL is a sonoluminescence occurring from many bubbles in liquid irradiated by an ultrasonic wave. The theoretical and experimental studies suggest that SBSL originates in emissions from plasma inside the heated bubble at the bubble collapse, whereas MBSL originates both in emissions from plasma and in chemiluminescence inside heated bubbles at the bubble collapse. Unsolved problems of sonoluminescence have also been explained in detail.
Domestic Development of Vibrational Film Forming Machine and Die and Mold in the High Speed Production(I) - Single production forming machine - (2012)

Vibrational film has been more employed in ear-phones or small type of speakers along with a wide use of portable multi-media equipments such as MP3 and MP4. However, the current hand work production process of diaphragms is inefficient. In this study, a die-and-mold and a single production forming machine are developed, and they result in a multi-production forming machine. The multi-production forming machine consists primarily of a film feeding unit and an unwinding unit. A vacuum suction device provides the film feeding unit, while the unwinding unit is obtained using an appropriate damper. The advantage of the developed single production forming machine is shown according to a proper voice test.
High Frequency Dielectric Response in a Branched Phthalocyanine (2006)

We describe the dielectric effects in a novel branched phthalocyanine system. The synthesis and characterization of the hyperbranched structure are provided. The dielectric constant was approximately 45 over many decades of frequency, and the dispersion was small up to 1 MHz. The losses experienced in this novel material were very small (close to 0.001) at high frequency. The mechanism of this novel effect in the branched structure involves a delocalized polaronic state which takes advantage of the strong intramolecular interactions in the system.
A Model for an Acoustically Driven Microbubble Inside a Rigid Tube (2014)

A theoretical framework to model the dynamics of acoustically driven microbubble inside a rigid tube is presented. The proposed model is not a variant of the conventional Rayleigh–Plesset category of models. It is derived from the reduced Navier–Stokes equation and is coupled with the evolving flow field solution inside the tube by a similarity transformation approach. The results are computed, and compared with experiments available in literature, for the initial bubble radius of Ro = 1.5 μm and 2 μm for the tube diameter of D = 12 μm and 200 μm with the acoustic parameters as utilized in the experiments. Results compare quite well with the existing experimental data. When compared to our earlier basic model, better agreement on a larger tube diameter is obtained with the proposed coupled model. The model also predicts, accurately, bubble fragmentation in terms of acoustic and geometric parameters.
The effect of inhaled verapamil on resting bronchial tone and airway contractions induced by histamine and acetylcholine in normal and asthmatic subjects. (1984)

In man, the influence of calcium entry blockers (CEB) on nonspecific bronchial sensitivity and resting bronchial tone is controversial. In 10 asthmatic and 8 normal subjects we recorded specific airway conductance (Gaw/VL) and flow volume loops before, 30, 60, and 90 min after the inhalation of saline, 10 (V10) and 20 mg (V20) of verapamil. The dose of inhaled histamine and acetylcholine producing Gaw/VL of -40% (PD40H and PD40ACH, respectively) with and without pretreatment with saline, V10, and, in 15 subjects, V20 was also determined. We measured plasma verapamil concentrations immediately after the end of nebulization of V10 and V20, and 30 and 60 min later. In normal subjects, V10 and V20 produced a maximal % delta Gaw/VL of 22.30 (+/- 19.50) and 33.00 (+/- 15.82), respectively (p less than 0.05). In asthmatics, V10 and V20 produced comparable % delta Gaw/VL of 22.00 (+/- 22.50) and 38.60 (+/- 38.60), respectively. This bronchodilating effect involved predominantly the large airways, persisted for 60 to 90 min, was reproducible, affected only some subjects (11 of 18), and was independent of the resting Gaw/VL, degree of bronchial sensitivity to H and ACH, and the time course of plasma verapamil concentration. The latter reached a maximum of 24.3 +/- 7.1 ng/ml after V20. In both normal and asthmatic subjects, saline or V10 did not significantly alter PD40H and PD40ACH. In normal subjects, pretreatment with V20 increased PD40H 5.3 times and PD40ACH 3.22 times (p less than 0.05). Except in 2 asthmatics, in whom V20 decreased PD40 and PD40ACH, it increased significantly PD40ACH (dose ratio: 3.15, p less than 0.05) but not PD40H.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A new economical wafer drying technology with high process performance (2002)

Requirements for a Si wafer cleaning and drying technology with better performance and better cost efficiency, as well as less environmental pollution are on the increase, as the wafer diameter becomes larger and the pattern design rule becomes as small as 0.25 /spl mu/m and below. The conventional IPA vapor dryers are widely used for wafer drying today, however, this method requires a large amount of IPA. Here, we report a new drying method (Stacked Dual Chamber Dry) using a small amount of IPA vapor in inert gas. It was found that the new drying method consumes one-fourth of the IPA with conventional drying and processing time is significantly shortened.
Confocal Microscopy and Quantitative Single Molecule Techniques for Metrology in Molecular Medicine (2007)

Mediziner, Biologen, Chemiker und Physiker haben in den vergangen 10 Jahren große Fortschritte bei der Erforschung der Struktur komplexer Biomoleküle vollbracht. Zum Verständnis der Funktion biologischer Makromoleküle, erweisen sich neben der Struktur die dynamischen Eigenschaften als immer wichtiger. Es erscheint unmöglich, hierbei Fortschritte im Verständnis zu erlangen, ohne die Physik biomolekularer dynamischer Prozesse zu analysieren. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden zwei experimentelle Techniken, hinsichtlich Ihrer Eignung biomolekulare Dynamiken auf Einzelmolekülniveau zu erforschen, untersucht: Fluoreszenz Korrelations Spektroskopie (FCS), eine Methode zur Untersuchung lokaler Fluktuationen von Molekülen und Ihrer dynamischen Eigenschaften wie z.B. Diffusion. Förster Resonanz Energie Transfer (FRET), eine Technik zur Bestimmung intra- oder intermolekularer Abstände im Bereich von 1 nm bis 10 nm unter nativen Bedingungen. Weiterhin ist es mit FRET möglich, Konformationsänderungen von Biomolekülen zu verfolgen. Es ist wichtig, beide genannten Methoden auf einzelne Moleküle anzuwenden, da Ensemblemessungen kaum dazu beitragen können, den gewünschten Einblick in die molekularen Dynamiken und Funktionen stark heterogener, biologischer Systeme zu erlangen. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Evaluierung der Genauigkeit und der Grenzen quantitativer FCS und FRET Messungen auf Einzelmolekülniveau. Die experimentellen Vorraussetzungen und Notwendigkeiten hierfür werden beschrieben und dabei auftretende Schwierigkeiten aufgezeigt. Die Notwendigkeit und Umsetzung genauer Kalibrationsmessungen wird verdeutlicht, im Besonderen werden Methoden, zur Bestimmung des konfokalen Volumens eines konfokalen Mikroskops sowie die experimentellen Bedingungen, die dessen Form beeinflussen, diskutiert. Weiterhin wird ein neuer Ansatz für FRET Abstandsmessungen vorgestellt, welcher erlaubt, unvollständig markierte Proben zu erkennen und bei der Auswertung entsprechend zu berücksichtigen. Weiterhin ist mit dem neuen Ansatz eine genauere Berücksichtigung experimenteller Bedingungen möglich. Beides verbessert die Genauigkeit von FRET Abstandsmessungen deutlich.