gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Understanding the Causes of Schizophrenia (1999)

Schizophrenia is one of our most important public health problems. It is a common, tragic, and devastating mental illness that typically strikes young people just when they are maturing into adulthood. Once it strikes, morbidity is high (60 percent of patients are receiving disability benefits within the first year after onset),1 as is mortality (the suicide rate is 10 percent).2 Despite the fact that people with schizophrenia are all around us (the lifetime prevalence is 1 percent worldwide),2 this illness is often misunderstood, and people with schizophrenia are stigmatized by both the medical profession and the public.Our understanding of . . .
Dye Sensitized Photopolymerization (1986)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Photoreducible Dye Sensitization Photoxidizable Dye Sensitization Sensitized Cationic Polymerization Conclusion
Sugar–Protein Connectivity Impacts on the Immunogenicity of Site‐Selective <i>Salmonella</i> O‐Antigen Glycoconjugate Vaccines (2015)

A series of glycoconjugates with defined connectivity were synthesized to investigate the impact of coupling Salmonella typhimurium O-antigen to different amino acids of CRM197 protein carrier. In particular, two novel methods for site-selective glycan conjugation were developed to obtain conjugates with single attachment site on the protein, based on chemical modification of a disulfide bond and pH-controlled transglutaminase-catalyzed modification of lysine, respectively. Importantly, conjugation at the C186-201 bond resulted in significantly higher anti O-antigen bactericidal antibody titers than coupling to K37/39, and in comparable titers to conjugates bearing a larger number of saccharides. This study demonstrates that the conjugation site plays a role in determining the immunogenicity in mice and one single attachment point may be sufficient to induce high levels of bactericidal antibodies.
Graph cuts optimization for multi-limb human segmentation in depth maps (2012)

We present a generic framework for object segmentation using depth maps based on Random Forest and Graph-cuts theory, and apply it to the segmentation of human limbs in depth maps. First, from a set of random depth features, Random Forest is used to infer a set of label probabilities for each data sample. This vector of probabilities is used as unary term in α-β swap Graph-cuts algorithm. Moreover, depth of spatio-temporal neighboring data points are used as boundary potentials. Results on a new multi-label human depth data set show high performance in terms of segmentation overlapping of the novel methodology compared to classical approaches.
Correlated discrete transfer of single electrons in ultrasmall tunnel junctions (1988)

Recent theoretical and experimental studies have revealed a new family of effects taking place in very small tunnel junctions at low temperatures. The effects have a common origin, the correlated discrete tunneling of single electrons and/or Cooper pairs resulting from their electrostatic (“Coulomb”) interaction. This paper presents a brief review of the single-electron part of the family, including discussion of the background physics, methods of theoretical description of the new effects, experimental results, and possible applications of the new effects in analog and digital electronics.
Differential expression of transforming growth factor‐β isoforms in human prion diseases (1998)

To examine the involvement of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) in the pathogenesis of prion diseases, immunohistochemical studies on both TGF-beta isoforms (beta 1, beta 2 and beta 3) and TGF-beta receptor type II (TGF-beta RII) were performed on the cerebral neocortices of 20 cases with human prion diseases, three cases with Alzheimer's disease, and five control cases. TGF-beta 2 immunoreactivity was thus detected in most neurons and astrocytes in all observed cases of prion disease. TGF-beta 3 immunoreactivity in the astrocytes and TGF-beta RII in the neurons were also detected in 17 of 20 cases with prion diseases. These immunoreactivities had increased markedly regarding the intensity and the number of positive cells in comparison to the control cases, but they were indistinguishable from those observed in Alzheimer's disease cases. In contrast, the TGF-beta 1 immunostaining did not show any apparent difference. Among the cases with prion diseases, however, no significant correlation was revealed between the immunohistochemical results and the clinical and pathological features. The results showed that TGF-beta isoforms thus appear to be differentially involved in the pathogenesis of prion diseases in a similar manner to that of Alzheimer's disease. Furthermore, two cases of prion disease in which pathological findings were free from astrogliosis and neuronal cell degeneration in the cerebral cortices also showed an increased immunoreactivity for TGF-beta 2. Thus, this result suggests that TGF-beta 2 may be involved in the early stages of neuronal cell degeneration in prion diseases.
Head Angle and Elevation in Classroom Environments: Implications for Amplification (2008)

These data are consistent with the hypothesized association between hearing loss and increased visual monitoring. In addition, these results suggest that age does not limit the potential for signal-to-noise improvements from directivity-based interventions in noisy environments.
The Quest to Reverse Time's Toll (2002)

Scientists and entrepreneurs are optimistic to varying degrees about prospects for extending the human life-span. Using markers generated by the Human Genome Project, researchers expect to come up with a flood of new candidates for genes influencing the processes of aging. These discoveries, and the promise of more to come, have spawned a host of new companies dedicated to reversing aging9s toll.
An automatic navigation scheme for XML documents through object-relational repository (2002)

XML (eXtensible Markup Language), a simplified version of SGML (Standard Generalized Markup Language), is designed to enable electronic text interchange via the Internet. Most current approaches store XML documents in file systems or in relational database systems. However, the nature and the design of file systems or relational database schemas cannot fit with the XML document structure very well. In this paper, we propose an automatic navigation scheme to store and retrieve XML documents through object-relational databases. We have designed a system architecture, called XMG (XML Meta-Generator), which, after reading a specific DTD (document type definition), automatically generates the corresponding object-relational database schema (OR-schema), a document instance (DI) decomposer and a DI reconstructor. These modules automatically decompose and reconstruct XML documents into/from object-relational databases in a seamless manner. Moreover, documents stored in the object-relational databases can be managed and queried more easily than they could be in file systems or relational databases. Useful applications on various documents can also be easily built, such as digital libraries, data warehousing and data- or text-mining systems.
Quantum-state disturbance versus information gain: Uncertainty relations for quantum information (1996)

When an observer wants to identify a quantum state, which is known to be one of a given set of nonorthogonal states, the act of observation causes a disturbance to that state. We investigate the trade-off between the information gain and that disturbance. This issue has important applications in quantum cryptography. The optimal detection method, for a given tolerated disturbance, is explicitly found in the case of two equiprobable nonorthogonal pure states. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
<title>Digital Beamformer</title> (1979)

A programmable time-delay-and-sum digital beamformer is described. This digital Dynamic Beamformer allows slow changes in element positions and/or beam steering direction to be updated while the beamformer carries out a real-time transformation of 32 input channels into 1500 beams.
Dynamic corrections in MEBES 4500 (1994)

Some systematic errors of the mebes raster scan lithography system are examined and how significant accuracy improvements can be achieved is demonstrated. The accuracy improvements result from error compensation hardware and software applying corrections that are either a function of time (write scan position) or of position on the substrate. Error analysis shows the following correctable errors to be among the largest error sources in the mebes iv: electronic noise, stage z runout, deflection alignment drift, mask flatness, and clamping distortion, and scan nonlinearity. These errors contribute to placement/overlay accuracy and to butting accuracy. The dynamic corrections implemented are automatic write scan correction, which reduces deflection alignment errors, scan linearity measurement and correction, grid correction, and height detection and correction, which reduce cassette height and mask flatness errors. With these corrections implemented, system performance improves dramatically.
An optimized synthesis of a key pharmaceutical intermediate methyl 4-[(1-oxopropyl)phenylamino]piperidine-4-carboxylate (2002)

An efficient synthesis of methyl 4-[(1-oxopropyl)phenylamino]piperidine-4-carboxylate (7) has been developed starting from 1-benzylpiperidin-4-one (1). The compound is a key intermediate in the synthesis of new generation, highly active narcotic analgesics, such as remifintanil, as well as the novel classes of fentanyl analogues. An optimized Strecker-type condensation of piperidone 1 with aniline and HCN yielded the anilino-nitrile 2(?90%) which, upon selective hydrolysis with conc. H2SO4, gave the anilino-amide 3.After vigorous basic hydrolysis of 3, followed by acidification and successive treatment with SOCl2 and MeOH, the anilino-ester 5 was obtained (40?45%, in 3 steps). N-Acylation of 5 with propionyl chloride yielded the anilido-ester 6(70?80%) In the final step, the catalytic N-debenzylation of 6 was examined under various conditions and optimized to yield 7 in near quantitative yields.
Multilevel Coding for Nonlinear ISI Channels (2006)

An optimal equalizer for the transmission of densely modulated signals on nonlinear ISI channels requires the use of full-branched BCJR algorithm, which has an extremely high complexity. This paper proposes a new nonlinear equalization approach that significantly lowers the complexity and yields good performance at the same time. Multilevel coding is performed at the transmitter, and multistage equalization and decoding at the receiver. A linear complexity equalization scheme using nonlinear ISI cancellation is presented, as well as an equalization scheme based on the reduced-state BCJR algorithm for improved performance at a slightly higher complexity. Capacity analysis and code simulation results show that these two schemes substantially outperform the conventional approach, which views the nonlinear ISI as additive noise
Purification and characterization of a Bacillus polymyxa beta-glucosidase expressed in Escherichia coli (1992)

The beta-glucosidase encoded by the bglA gene from Bacillus polymyxa was overproduced in Escherichia coli by using a plasmid in which bglA is under control of the lacI promoter. Induction with isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside allowed an increase in the specific activity of the enzyme of about 100 times the basal level of gene expression. The enzyme was purified by a two-step procedure involving salting out with ammonium sulfate and ion-exchange chromatography with DEAE-cellulose. Fractions of beta-glucosidase activity recovered by this procedure, after electrophoresis in an acrylamide gel and staining with silver nitrate, yielded a single band of protein. This band was shown by a zymogram to correspond to beta-glucosidase activity. The purified protein showed an apparent molecular mass of 50 kDa and an isoelectric point of 4.6, values in agreement with those expected from the nucleotide sequence of the gene. Km values of the enzyme, with either cellobiose or p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucoside as the substrate, were determined. It was shown that the enzyme is competitively inhibited by glucose. The effects of different metallic ions and other agents were studied. Hg2+ was strongly inhibitory, while none of the other cations tested had any significant effect. Ethanol did not show the stimulating effect observed with other beta-glucosidases. The mechanism of enzyme action was investigated. High-pressure liquid chromatography analysis with cellobiose as the substrate confirmed previous data revealing the formation of two products, glucose and another, unidentified, compound. Results presented here indicate that this compound is cellotriose formed by transglycosylation.
Simulation of Fall Loading Using a Probabilistic Shape-Based Finite Element Model of Human Femurs (2007)

The efficient construction of finite element models that accurately represent the complex morphology of biological structures is a major challenge. Typically, the model constructed is a representation of a single patient and, in order to investigate a different individual, the majority of the mesh construction process must be repeated.
The effect of driving waveforms on droplet formation in a piezoelectric inkjet nozzle (2009)

In the present study, double waveforms to drive a piezoelectric inkjet nozzle have been applied to the droplet formation of low viscosity liquid. The effect of the driving voltage and time separation between the pulses was observed. Even though several satellites are produced in the single waveform, the droplet formation could be precisely controlled in the double waveform. The shorter is the time separation, the smaller droplet is formed. The main effect of double waveform is that the second pulse reduces the mass and momentum of the ejected liquid.
A Local Anesthetic, Ropivacaine, Suppresses Activated Microglia via a Nerve Growth Factor-Dependent Mechanism and Astrocytes via a Nerve Growth Factor-Independent Mechanism in Neuropathic Pain (2011)

Ropivacaine provides prolonged analgesia possibly by suppressing microglial activation in an NGF-dependent manner and astrocyte activation in an NGF-independent manner in the dorsal spinal cord. Local anesthetics, including ropivacaine, may represent a new approach for glial cell inhibition and, therefore, therapeutic strategies for neuropathic pain.
Comparison of tail drop and active queue management performance for bulk-data and Web-like Internet traffic (2002)

This paper compares the performance of tail drop and three different flavors of the RED (random early detection) queue management mechanism: RED with a standard parameter setting, RED with an optimized parameter setting based on a model of RED with TCP flows, and finally a version of RED with a smoother drop function called "gentle RED ". The performance is evaluated under various load situations for FTP-like and Web-like flows, respectively. We use measurements and simulations to evaluate the performance of the queue management mechanisms and assess their impact on a set of operator oriented performance metrics. We find that in total (i) no performance improvements of RED compared to tail drop can be observed; (ii) fine tuning of RED parameters is not sufficient to cope with undesired RED behavior due to the variability in traffic load; and (iii) gentle RED is capable of resolving some of the headaches on RED but not all.
Repetitive visual stimulation: A neuropsychological approach to the treatment of cortical blindness (2003)

Cortical visual disturbances can occur after traumatic or ischemic brain lesion. Patients mostly suffer from hemianopia. Different treatment approaches in patients with hemianopia are being debated with respect to their effectiveness. For more severely disabled patients with cortical blindness or residual rudimentary vision (RRV) no systematic therapeutic approaches have been reported. In a case study the positive effects of a recently developed repetitive photic stimulation therapy in a patient with RRV after a bioccipital ischemic infarction are presented. The application of this new therapy over several months, supported by treatment with amphetamines led to a statistically significant improvement of different visual functions and a reoccurrence of visual abilities important in daily life. The pathophysiological basis and possible neurorehabilitative consequences that arise from these results are discussed with respect to similar findings in animal experiments.
SOST and DKK: Antagonists of LRP Family Signaling as Targets for Treating Bone Disease (2010)

The study of rare human genetic disorders has often led to some of the most significant advances in biomedical research. One such example was the body of work that resulted in the identification of the Low Density Lipoprotein-Related Protein (LRP5) as a key regulator of bone mass. Point mutations were identified that encoded forms of LRP5 associated with very high bone mass (HBM). HBM patients live to a normal age and do not appear to have increased susceptibility to carcinogenesis or other disease. Thus, devising methods to mimic the molecular consequences of this mutation to treat bone diseases associated with low bone mass is a promising avenue to pursue. Two groups of agents related to putative LRP5/6 functions are under development. One group, the focus of this paper, is based on antagonizing the functions of putative inhibitors of Wnt signaling, Dickkopf-1 (DKK1), and Sclerostin (SOST). Another group of reagents under development is based on the observation that LRP5 may function to control bone mass by regulating the secretion of serotonin from the enterrochromaffin cells of the duodenum.
Transbilayer Movement of Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine in Proteoliposomes Reconstituted from Detergent Extracts of Endoplasmic Reticulum (2002)

Phospholipid translocation (flip-flop) across membrane bilayers is typically assessed via assays utilizing partially water-soluble phospholipid analogs as transport reporters. These assays have been used in previous work to show that phospholipid translocation in biogenic (self-synthesizing) membranes such as the endoplasmic reticulum is facilitated by specific membrane proteins (flippases). To extend these studies to natural phospholipids while providing a framework to guide the purification of a flippase, we now describe an assay to measure the transbilayer translocation of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, a membrane-embedded phospholipid, in proteoliposomes generated from detergent-solubilized rat liver endoplasmic reticulum. Translocation was assayed using phospholipase A(2) under conditions where the vesicles were determined to be intact. Phospholipase A(2) rapidly hydrolyzed phospholipids in the outer leaflet of liposomes and proteoliposomes with a half-time of approximately 0.1 min. However, for flippase-containing proteoliposomes, the initial rapid hydrolysis phase was followed by a slower phase reflecting flippase-mediated translocation of phospholipids from the inner to the outer leaflet. The amplitude of the slow phase was decreased in trypsin-treated proteoliposomes. The kinetic characteristics of the slow phase were used to assess the rate of transbilayer equilibration of phospholipids. For 250-nm diameter vesicles containing a single flippase, the half-time was 3.3 min. Proportionate reductions in equilibration half-time were observed for preparations with a higher average number of flippases/vesicle. Preliminary purification steps indicated that flippase activity could be enriched approximately 15-fold by sequential adsorption of the detergent extract onto anion and cation exchange resins.
Studies of lactic acid bacteria associated with brewery products. IV.—interrelationships in requirements for purines, folic acid and p‐aminobenzoic acid (1955)

Abstract Of thirty‐four lactic acid bacteria isolated from beer or from growing yeast, seventeen required uracil for growth; none required xanthine. In two cases there is evidence of interconversion of guanine and xanthine, growth failing in the absence of both these purines. The presence or absence of P‐aminobenzoic acid and folic acid has an effect on the purine requirements which varies with different organisms.
Deep-red continuous wave top-surface-emitting vertical-cavity AlGaAs superlattice lasers (1991)

Deep-red (770-nm) top-surface-emitting vertical-cavity AlGaAs lasers were fabricated and operated continuously at room temperature. An Al/sub 0.14/Ga/sub 0.86/As superlattice was used for an active-gain medium. Efficient current funneling was achieved by deep proton implantation. Continuous-wave (CW) threshold currents were 4.6 and 6.3 mA at 3.9- and 3.4-V bias for 10- and 15- mu m-diameter lasers, respectively. The maximum CW output power was >1.1 mW at room temperature without heat sink. Arrays of various top-surface-emitting lasers based on current funneling are expected to generate many applications for photonic switching, chip-to-chip communication, optical computing, and printing.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
New polymer insulation material in the application of clamping insulator as insulation cover (2010)

The paper presents the principle of clamping composite insulator in the application of lightning protection system. We develop a new kind of fluoroplastics material to replace the silicon rubber as insulation hood in clamping composite insulator, which improve the thermal conductivity and stain resistance that extend the service time and reliability.
Pathways of the Brain (1999)

The brain is the organ of knowledge and organizer of our abilities, our means of recognizing a face in a crowd, of conversing about anything we experience or imagine, of forming thoughts and developing ideas, of instantly understanding words coming rapidly in conversation. How does it manage all this? Does it represent information in symbols or in the connectivity of a vast network? Pathways of the Brain builds a theory to answer such questions. Using a top-down modeling strategy, it charts relationships among words and other products of the brain’s linguistic system to reveal properties of that system. Going beyond earlier linguistics, it sets three plausibility requirements for a valid neurocognitive theory: operational, developmental, and neurological: It must show how the linguistic system can operate for speaking and understanding, how it can be learned by children, and how it is implemented in neural structures. Unlike theories that leave linguistics isolated from science, it builds a bridge to biology. Of interest to anthropologists, linguists, neurologists, neuroscientists, philosophers, psychologists, and any thoughtful person interested in language or the brain. The author is Agnes Cullen Arnold Professor Emeritus of Linguistics and Cognitive Sciences.