gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Two-dimensional layered semiconductor/graphene heterostructures for solar photovoltaic applications (2014)

Schottky barriers formed by graphene (monolayer, bilayer, and multilayer) on 2D layered semiconductor tungsten disulfide (WS2) nanosheets are explored for solar energy harvesting. The characteristics of the graphene-WS2 Schottky junction vary significantly with the number of graphene layers on WS2, resulting in differences in solar cell performance. Compared with monolayer or stacked bilayer graphene, multilayer graphene helps in achieving improved solar cell performance due to superior electrical conductivity. The all-layered-material Schottky barrier solar cell employing WS2 as a photoactive semiconductor exhibits efficient photon absorption in the visible spectral range, yielding 3.3% photoelectric conversion efficiency with multilayer graphene as the Schottky contact. Carrier transport at the graphene/WS2 interface and the interfacial recombination process in the Schottky barrier solar cells are examined.
Chromosomal alterations in lung adenocarcinoma from smokers and nonsmokers. (2001)

The etiology of lung tumors arising in nonsmokers remains unclear. Although mutations in the K-ras and p53 genes have been reported to be significantly higher in smoking-related lung carcinomas, in the present study we performed a more comprehensive analysis in search of additional genetic changes between lung adenocarcinoma from tobacco- and non-tobacco-exposed patients. We selected a matched cohort of 18 lifetime nonsmoking and 27 smoking patients diagnosed with primary adenocarcinoma of the lung and searched for chromosomal alterations in each tumor by testing normal and tumor tissue with 54 highly polymorphic microsatellite markers located on 28 different chromosomal arms. Allelic losses or gains at chromosomal arms 3p (37 versus 6%), 6q (46 versus 12%), 9p (65 versus 22%), 16p (28 versus 0%), 17p (45 versus 11%), and 19p (58 versus 16%) were present significantly more often in adenocarcinomas from smokers than from nonsmokers. Chromosomal arms showing allelic imbalance in lung tumors from nonsmokers were rare but occurred more often at 19q (22%), 12p (22%), and 9p (22%). The FAL (fractional allelic loss or gain) is defined as the percentage of chromosomal arm losses/gains among the total informative chromosomal arms. Tumors from smokers harbored higher levels of FAL (13 (48%) of 27 showed FAL > or = 0.3) compared with the lung tumors from the nonsmoker patients (2 (11%) of 18 showed FAL > or = 0.3; P = 0.02; odds ratio, 0.13; 95% confidence interval, 0.01-0.79). Our data demonstrate that widespread chromosomal abnormalities are frequent in lung adenocarcinoma from smokers, whereas these abnormalities are infrequent in such tumors arising in nonsmokers. These observations support the notion that lung cancers in nonsmokers arise through genetic alterations distinct from the common events observed in tumors from smokers.
Synthesis of novel <i>c</i>‐hetero‐fused thiophene derivatives (1991)

Abstract An efficient synthesis of novel 5‐(4‐nitrophenyl)‐2‐benzoxazol‐2‐yl‐ c ‐hetero‐fused thiophenes was achieved by the condensation of 5‐(4‐nitrophenyl)‐2‐benzoxazol‐2‐yl‐3,4‐dichlorothiophene with ethylene glycol, ethylenediamine, substituted thioamides and 2‐mercaptobenzimidazole using sodium carbonate in refluxing dimethyl formamide.
Accept the Challenge of English (2003)

大家都知道:学习任何一种语文,离不开“四多”:多读、多听、多讲、多写,才能事半功倍,学有所成。在“四多”之中,“多写”更不能忽略,因为它是磨练大家功力的最好方法。现在,请尝试完成下面两篇短文。切记:你必须先把答案填写后,才能参阅答案。
Temperature Dependence of Oxygen Reduction Activity at Pt−Fe, Pt−Co, and Pt−Ni Alloy Electrodes (2005)

Oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity and H(2)O(2) formation at Pt(54)Fe(46), Pt(68)Co(32), and Pt(63)Ni(37) electrodes in 0.1 M HClO(4) solution at 20 to 90 degrees C were investigated by using a channel flow double electrode method. In the temperature range of 20-50 degrees C, the apparent rate constants k(app) for ORR at these electrodes were found to be 2.4-4.0 times larger than that at a pure Pt electrode, whereas their apparent activation energies of 41 kJ mol(-1) at -0.525 V vs E degrees (0.760 V vs RHE at 30 degrees C) were comparable to that at the Pt electrode. H(2)O(2) yield was ca. 1.0% at Pt(54)Fe(46) and ca. 0.16% at Pt(68)Co(32) and Pt(63)Ni(37) between 0.3 and 1.0 V vs RHE. The k(app) values at the alloy electrodes decreased with elevating temperature above 60 degrees C, and settled to almost the same values at the Pt electrode. The H(2)O(2) production was not detected at the alloy electrodes once heated at the high temperature in the solution, probably due to the thickening of the Pt skin-layer by a considerable dissolution of nonprecious metal components (Fe, Co, Ni) from the alloys.
Diamond lattice model of semicrystalline polyethylene in the amorphous region (1998)

The statistics of polyethylene chains in the amorphous region between two crystallites have been computed, modeling the chains as random walks on a diamond lattice with two absorbing boundaries. The probabilities of trans and gauche states are considered, thereby determining some effects of temperature, e.g. at higher temperature more loops are formed and the average length of loops is shorter, in contrast to less ties formed with a longer average length. It is found that the lower bound on the adjacent reentry is 79% at very high temperature and it increases to 81% at about 400 K.
Treatment of active Crohn’s disease in children using partial enteral nutrition with liquid formula: a randomised controlled trial (2005)

TEN suppresses inflammation in active Crohn's disease but PEN does not. This suggests that long term nutritional supplementation, although beneficial to some patients, is unlikely to suppress inflammation and so prevent disease relapse.
Determination of arsenic by anodic stripping voltammetry and differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (1975)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDetermination of arsenic by anodic stripping voltammetry and differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetryGustaf. Forsberg, Jerome W. O'Laughlin, Robert G. Megargle, and S. R. KoirtyihannCite this: Anal. Chem. 1975, 47, 9, 1586–1592Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1975Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1975https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60359a057https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60359a057research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1871Altmetric-Citations183LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Novel mannitol-containing oligosaccharides obtained by mild alkaline borohydride treatment of a chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan from brain. (1979)

Mannitol-containing oligosaccharides have been isolated from a rat brain proteoglycan after mild alkaline borohydride treatment under conditions which prevent "peeling." Their structural properties were studied by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry of disaccharides as their trimethylsilylated and permethylated derivatives, methylation, analysis, specific degradations, and CrO3 oxidation. The following components were identified: Gal(beta 1 leads to 4) [Fuc(alpha 1 leads to 3)]GlcNAc(beta 1 leads to 3)Manol,GlcNAc(beta 1 leads to 3)Manol, and Manol. Evidence was also obtained for the occurrence of a sialylated oligosaccharide and another (possibly sulfated) acidic oligosaccharide, both having the sequence GlcNAc(beta 1 leads to 3)Manol at their proximal ends. These mannitol-containing oligosaccharides constitute a novel group of alkali-labile oligosaccharides in mammalian glycoconjugates. The origin of the oligosaccharides and the possible occurrence of a carbohydrate-peptide linkage involving mannose are discussed.
Mechanical Properties of Carbon/Glass Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Hybrid Polymer Composites (2015)

Hybrid composite materials are the great potential for engineering material in many applications. Hybrid polymer composite material offers the designer to obtain the required properties in a controlled considerable extent by the choice of fibers and matrix. The properties are tailored in the material by selecting different kinds of fiber incorporated in the same resin matrix. In the present investigation, the mechanical properties of carbon and glass fibers reinforced epoxy hybrid composite were studied. The vacuum bagging technique was adopted for the fabrication of hybrid composite materials. The mechanical properties such as hardness, tensile strength, tensile modulus, ductility, and peak load of the hybrid composites were determined as per ASTM standards. The mechanical properties were improved as the fibers reinforcement content increased in the matrix material.
Cylinder-Pressure-Based Engine Control Using Pressure-Ratio-Management and Low-Cost Non-Intrusive Cylinder Pressure Sensors (2000)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Over the last two decades, advanced engine control systems have been developed that use cylinder pressure as the primary feedback variable. Production application has been limited by cost, reliability, and packaging difficulties associated with intrusive cylinder pressure sensors. Now, a low-cost cylinder-pressure-based engine control system has been developed that utilizes Pressure-Ratio Management (PRM) and non-intrusive cylinder pressure sensors mounted in the spark plug boss of four-valve-per-cylinder engines. The system adaptively optimizes individual-cylinder spark timing and air-fuel ratio, and overall exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) for best fuel economy and lowest emissions over the life of each vehicle.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper presents the engine control and cylinder pressure sensor systems. Results are presented showing spark timing and EGR control, knock and misfire detection, cylinder-to-cylinder air/fuel balancing, and cold start control.</div>
Reframing the Mind of the Banker (1994)

Managerial issues are becoming critical in the US banking industry. The capability of those in leadership positions is continually identified as the most important single factor that will separate high‐ and low‐performing banks. Discusses the impact of increased competitive intensity on the skill set and skill mix of bank managers and recommends ten skills to reframe the mind of the banker.
TTCN quality metrics (2002)

Testing is a major factor in the successful development of efficient and reliable telecommunication implementations. Time and resources for testing are limited for economic and competitive reasons; therefore improvement in the test specification procedure is of particular interest for the industry. The need for a unified approach in conformance testing, led to the publication of the conformance testing methodology and framework (CTMF) standard ISO/IEC 9646. The tree and tabular combined notation (TTCN), is the standard language used to specify abstract test suites (ATSs). Test Suites written in TTCN are contained in a machine processable (MP) format. It is widely accepted that the observed quality of TTCN test suites published by international committees (ETSI, ITU-T) is often regarded as poor. This is an indication of weaknesses in current quality assessment (QA) practices. In this paper an automatic quality assessment method for abstract test suites is initially defined. Then based on the metrics derived for specific TTCN notation rules, total quality designation of an ATS is proposed.
A Study of the Effect of the Front-End Styling of Sport Utility Vehicles on Pedestrian Head Injuries (2018)

The regression equations obtained by multiple linear regression can be used to assess the performance of SUV styling in protecting pedestrians' heads and provide styling designers with technical guidance regarding their artistic creations.
Selection of LEED-NC target credits based on case-based reasoning (2015)

There is a global trend towards green building design and construction in the built environment. Green buildings not only focus on energy efficiency, but also enhance the health of occupants, management of waste, and efficiency of water and material uses. Developed by the United States Green Building Council, LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) is a credit-based rating system that provides third-party verification for green buildings. Selection of target LEED credits is important and challenging for LEED managers due to various factors such as budget and schedules. Although building design is uniquely performed for each building, past cases can often provide much useful implications on target LEED credit selection based on similarity in building features. However, there is no research that suggests a systematic approach to the selection of target LEED credits based on past successful cases. This paper presents a new case-based learning (CBL) algorithm to suggest target LEED credits for new construction projects. Case-based reasoning (CBR) is a problem-solving methodology that can suggest solutions to new problems with reference to previous cases, and has several advantages including ease of understanding, explanation, and implementation. Project information and achieved LEED credits of 1358 LEED-NC 2009 green building projects in the United States were collected as the case base. By using the genetic algorithm (GA), an optimized similarity measurement was implemented into our CBL algorithm by identifying the highest prediction accuracy. The model and algorithm were then developed into a web-based tool, which can aid the design of green buildings based on the building features. A case study is also presented in this paper to illustrate and evaluation the developed CBL algorithm for LEED credit selection.
G-Protein Coupled Receptor-Evoked Glutamate Exocytosis from Astrocytes: Role of Prostaglandins (2014)

Astrocytes are highly secretory cells, participating in rapid brain communication by releasing glutamate. Recent evidences have suggested that this process is largely mediated by Ca(2+)-dependent regulated exocytosis of VGLUT-positive vesicles. Here by taking advantage of VGLUT1-pHluorin and TIRF illumination, we characterized mechanisms of glutamate exocytosis evoked by endogenous transmitters (glutamate and ATP), which are known to stimulate Ca(2+) elevations in astrocytes. At first we characterized the VGLUT1-pHluorin expressing vesicles and found that VGLUT1-positive vesicles were a specific population of small synaptic-like microvesicles containing glutamate but which do not express VGLUT2. Endogenous mediators evoked a burst of exocytosis through activation of G-protein coupled receptors. Subsequent glutamate exocytosis was reduced by about 80% upon pharmacological blockade of the prostaglandin-forming enzyme, cyclooxygenase. On the other hand, receptor stimulation was accompanied by extracellular release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Interestingly, administration of exogenous PGE2 produced per se rapid, store-dependent burst exocytosis of glutamatergic vesicles in astrocytes. Finally, when PGE2-neutralizing antibody was added to cell medium, transmitter-evoked exocytosis was again significantly reduced (by about 50%). Overall these data indicate that cyclooxygenase products are responsible for a major component of glutamate exocytosis in astrocytes and that large part of such component is sustained by autocrine/paracrine action of PGE2.
PEG-sheddable polyplex micelles as smart gene carriers based on MMP-cleavable peptide-linked block copolymers (2013)

A matrix metalloproteinase-cleavable peptide-linked block copolymer was fabricated and utilized to construct PEG-sheddable polyplex micelles as smart gene delivery vectors, which were demonstrated to exhibit higher cellular uptake, improved endosomal escape, and high-efficiency gene transfection in the presence of matrix metalloproteinase-2.
14-3-3tau associates with and activates the MEF2D transcription factor during muscle cell differentiation (2001)

Myocyte enhancer binding factor 2 (MEF2) proteins belong to the MADS box family of transcription factors and four MEF2 proteins, MEF2A, MEF2B, MEF2C and MEF2D, have been found. MEF2 proteins have been shown to play critical roles in differentiation of muscles and neuronal tissues. How transactivational activity of MEF2 proteins is regulated is not fully understood. MEF2 proteins are activated by several kinases, including Erk5 and calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase, and interact with repressors, including histone deacetylases 4 and 5 (HDAC4 and HDAC5) and Cabin1. During the effort to understand regulation of MEF2 activity, we identified 14-3-3tau as a MEF2D-interacting molecule by yeast two-hybrid screening. We found that 14-3-3tau forms a complex with MEF2D in vivo and specifically enhances MEF2 transactivational activity. The results from transient transfection and co-precipitation experiments suggest that 14-3-3tau activates MEF2D by competitively inhibiting HDAC4 from binding to MEF2D and thereby affects muscle cell differentiation.
Strain characterization of embedded aerospace smart materials using shearography (2015)

The development of smart materials for embedding in aerospace composites provides enhanced functionality for future aircraft structures. Critical flight conditions like icing of the leading edges can affect the aircraft functionality and controllability. Hence, anti-icing and de-icing capabilities are used. In case of leading edges made of fibre metal laminates heater elements can be embedded between composite layers. However this local heating causes strains and stresses in the structure due to the different thermal expansion coefficients of the different laminated materials. In order to characterize the structural behaviour during thermal loading full-field strain and shape measurement can be used. In this research, a shearography instrument with three spatially-distributed shearing cameras is used to measure surface displacement gradients which give a quantitative estimation of the in- and out-of-plane surface strain components. For the experimental part, two GLARE (Glass Laminate Aluminum Reinforced Epoxy) specimens with six different embedded copper heater elements were manufactured: two copper mesh shapes (straight and S-shape), three connection techniques (soldered, spot welded and overlapped) and one straight heater element with delaminations. The surface strain behaviour of the specimens due to thermal loading was measured and analysed. The comparison of the connection techniques of heater element parts showed that the overlapped connection has the smallest effect on the surface strain distribution. Furthermore, the possibility of defect detection and defect depth characterisation close to the heater elements was also investigated.
Triangulated, connected sets for building detection from irregularly spaced LiDAR (2008)

A novel method for building detection from irregularly spaced Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data is presented. Using features from the triangulation of the LiDAR data, the proposed method identifies ground points, and differentiates those points from building and non building points. Furthermore, the method differentiates the buildings from one another, subsequently recognizing each building as a unique entity. The primary objective in the design of the proposed algorithm is to completely automate the building detection process such that no user intervention (window or parameter adjustment, selection of control points, apriori knowledge dependency, etc.) is necessary.
Solubility of Hydrogen in Pyrolysis Gasoline (2006)

The solubility of hydrogen in pyrolysis gasoline (pygas) was measured within a temperature range of (298 to 343) K and pressures up to 6.0 MPa. The experimental method was validated by comparing the measured hydrogen solubilities in benzene and toluene with published data. The results showed that Henry's law was applicable in the range of operating conditions investigated. Moreover, the hydrogen solubilities in benzene, toluene, BTXS (a mixture composed of benzene, toluene, xylene, and styrene), and pygas increased not only with temperature and pressure, but also with the increase in the molecular weight. The steric effect of the alkyl group of monoaromatics on the hydrogen solubility was remarkable. The Soave−Redlich−Kwong cubic equation of state with the binary interaction parameters was used to predict the hydrogen solubility.
Development of an Ultrasonic Technique to Measure Specific Gravity in Lead-Acid Battery Electrolyte (1983)

An ultrasonic technique to measure specific gravity in lead- acid battery electrolyte is described in detail. This technique, which is based on the theory that the velocity of sound in a liquid depends on the density of the liquid, compares the ultrasonically measured velocity of sound in battery electrolyte (derived by measuring the time required for sound to traverse a known distance of electrolyte) to velocities in a computerstored data base relating velocity, density, and temperature. The experimental design, the data base developed for the method, a laboratory feasibility study, and an error analysis of the study are dis- cussed. The major advantages of the method are 1) the passive nature of the measurement, 2) the continuous sample and display capabilities, 3) the instantaneous tracking of changes in specific gravity, and 4) in- herent averaging of the specific gravity measurements.
Color and Position versus Texture Features for Endoscopic Polyp Detection (2008)

This paper presents a comparison of texture based and color and position based methods for polyp detection in endoscopic video images. Two methods for texture feature extraction that presented good results in previous studies were implemented and their performance is compared against a simple combination of color and position features. Although this more simple approach produces a much higher number of features than the other approaches, a SVM with a KBF kernel is able to deal with this high dimensional input space and it turns out that it outperforms the previous approaches on the experiments performed in a database of 4620 images from endoscopic video.