gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Application of Hansch’s Model to Capsaicinoids and Capsinoids: A Study Using the Quantitative Structure−Activity Relationship. A Novel Method for the Synthesis of Capsinoids (2010)

We describe a synthetic approach for two families of compounds, the capsaicinoids and capsinoids, as part of a study of the quantitative relationship between structure and activity. A total of 14 capsaicinoids of increasing lateral chain lengths, from 2 to 16 carbon atoms, were synthesized. In addition, 14 capsinoids with identical lateral chains, as well as capsiate and dihydrocapsiate, have been synthesized, and a new method for the synthesis of these compounds has been developed. The yields range from 48.35 to 98.98%. It has been found that the synthetic capsaicinoids and capsinoids present a lipophilia similar to those of the natural compounds and present similar biological activity. The bioactivity of the synthetic capsaicinoids and capsinoids decreases proportionally to the degree of difference in lipophilia (higher or lower) compared to the natural compounds. Biological activity was determined using the etiolated wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) coleoptiles bioassay and by comparing results of the synthesis with those presented by their counterpart natural compounds. The bioactivities found correlated directly to the lipophilic properties of the synthesized compounds.
Regulation of metastasis‐suppressive gene <i>Nm23</i>‐H1 on glycosyl‐transferases involved in the synthesis of sialyl Lewis antigens (2005)

By using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), the mRNA expressions of three families of glycosyltransferases involved in the synthesis of sialyl Lewis antigens were determined in H7721 human hepatocarcinoma cell line before and after the transfection of metastasis-suppressive gene nm23-H1. These glycosyltransferases included alpha1,3fucosyltransferase (alpha1,3FucT)-III, -IV, -VI, -VII, and -IX, alpha2,3-sialyltransferase (ST3Gal)-I, -II, -III, and -IV as well as O-glycan core 2 beta1,6 N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (C2GnT)-I and -II. In mock cells transfected with the vector, the expression-order of alpha1,3FucTs was IV>VI>III>VII>IX, that of ST3Gals was IV>I>II>III, and that of C2GnT was I>II. Nm23-H1 downregulated the mRNA expressions of all five subtypes of alpha1,3FucT and -I, -III, -IV subtypes of ST3Gal, but not ST3Gal-II and C2GnT-I, II. On the other hand, the expressions of cell surface sialyl Lewis X (SLe(x)) and alpha2,3 sialyl residues were decreased on nm23-H1 transfected cells as detected with monoclonal antibody of SLe(x) and enzyme-labeled lectins, respectively. Since SLe(x) was reported to be a metastasis-associated glycan structure, the reduced expressions of SLe(x) and some enzymes related to its synthesis may be one of the mechanisms to explain the metastasis-suppressive effect of nm23-H1.
EFFECT OF FILM RESISTANCE ON LOW-IMPEDANCE TUNNELING MEASUREMENTS (1967)

Measurements of low-impedance thin-film tunneling junctions at room temperature frequently yield inaccurate values for the tunneling resistance. In some cases the indicated resistance is negative. A theory is developed which shows that the finite resistance of the metal films can account for the observations. Results, given for the resistance of a tunneling junction as a function of temperature, show good agreement between theory and experiment.
The Apoplastic Oxidative Burst Peroxidase in <i>Arabidopsis</i> Is a Major Component of Pattern-Triggered Immunity  (2012)

In plants, reactive oxygen species (ROS) associated with the response to pathogen attack are generated by NADPH oxidases or apoplastic peroxidases. Antisense expression of a heterologous French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) peroxidase (FBP1) cDNA in Arabidopsis thaliana was previously shown to diminish the expression of two Arabidopsis peroxidases (peroxidase 33 [PRX33] and PRX34), block the oxidative burst in response to a fungal elicitor, and cause enhanced susceptibility to a broad range of fungal and bacterial pathogens. Here we show that mature leaves of T-DNA insertion lines with diminished expression of PRX33 and PRX34 exhibit reduced ROS and callose deposition in response to microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs), including the synthetic peptides Flg22 and Elf26 corresponding to bacterial flagellin and elongation factor Tu, respectively. PRX33 and PRX34 knockdown lines also exhibited diminished activation of Flg22-activated genes after Flg22 treatment. These MAMP-activated genes were also downregulated in unchallenged leaves of the peroxidase knockdown lines, suggesting that a low level of apoplastic ROS production may be required to preprime basal resistance. Finally, the PRX33 knockdown line is more susceptible to Pseudomonas syringae than wild-type plants. In aggregate, these data demonstrate that the peroxidase-dependent oxidative burst plays an important role in Arabidopsis basal resistance mediated by the recognition of MAMPs.
Centralized vs Distributed Fault Localization (1995)

In this paper we compare the performance of fault localization schemes for communication networks. Our model assumes a number of management centers, each responsible for a logically autonomous part of the whole telecommunication network. We briefly present three different fault localization schemes: namely, “Centralized”, “Decentralized” and “Distributed” fault localization, and, we compare their performance with respect to the computational effort each requires and the accuracy of the solution that each provides.
Development of a Memory Aid Design Concept for Older Users (1992)

This study was conducted to develop a design concept for an electronic memory device to enhance medication compliance in older users. The effort was supported by a Phase I Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) grant from the National Institute on Aging (NIA). A user-oriented approach was used to develop a design concept for a memory device for older users. One hundred seniors were interviewed to identify their physical, physiological and cognitive capabilities and limitations, as well as their preferences for memory aid functions. Specific design requirements were gathered from user testing of six currently available memory aids with 30 of the original 100 elderly subjects. The interview and user testing results were consolidated to provide the basis for tradeoff criteria for memory aid interface concepts, and for the development specifications for an optimal interface design for a memory aid designed specifically for the elderly user. A design concept was developed for a medication device that would be easy to use, would reduce the likelihood of scheduling errors, and would be non-threatening to older users who might otherwise be intimidated by an electronic device. The Phase I effort focused on enhancing medication compliance, which is a priority issue with the senior population.
HLA-E and HLA-E-Bound Peptides: Recognition by Subsets of NK and T Cells (2009)

In humans, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules comprise the classical (class Ia) human leukocyte antigens (HLA)-A, -B, and -C, and the non-classical (class Ib) HLA-E, -F, -G and -H (HFE) molecules. The best-characterized MHC class Ib molecule is HLA-E. HLA-E was first described as a non-polymorphic ligand of the CD94/NKG2 receptors expressed mainly by natural killer (NK) cells and its role was thus confined to the regulation of NK cell function. Therefore, interaction of HLA-E with the CD94/NKG2 receptors can result in either inhibition or activation of NK cells, depending on the peptide presented and on the NKG2 receptor CD94 is associated with. Thus, CD94/NKG2A functions as an inhibitory receptor, whereas CD94/NKG2C functions as an activating receptor. However, recent evidences obtained by our group and others indicated that HLA-E represents a novel restriction element for ab T-cell receptor (TCR)-mediated recognition. Although HLA-E displays a selective preference for nonameric peptides derived from the leader sequences of various HLA class I alleles, several reports showed that it can also present "non-canonical" peptides derived from both stress-related and pathogen-associated proteins. Because HLA-E displays binding specificity for innate CD94/NKG2 receptors but also has the features of an antigen-presenting molecule--including the ability to be recognized by ab T cells--it does appear that this MHC class Ib molecule plays an important role in both natural and acquired immune responses.
Relationship between magnification and resolution in digital pathology systems (2013)

Many pathology laboratories are implementing digital pathology systems. The image resolution and scanning (digitization) magnification can vary greatly between these digital pathology systems. In addition, when digital images are compared with viewing images using a microscope, the cellular features can vary in size. This article highlights differences in magnification and resolution between the conventional microscopes and the digital pathology systems. As more pathologists adopt digital pathology, it is important that they understand these differences and how they ultimately translate into what the pathologist can see and how this may impact their overall viewing experience.
Neural crest and placodal contributions in the development of the glossopharyngeal‐vagal complex in the chick (1980)

By using the method of quail-to-chick transplantation of neural crest in one series (VNG) and placodal ectoderm in a second series (VPG) we were able to determine the relative contribution of cranial neural crest and placodal ectoderm to the formation of the Glossopharyngeal-vagal complex. In chimeric embryos, quail cells originating from cranial neural crest grafts of postotic levels end up in the root ganglia, while quail cells originating from placodal ectoderm of postotic levels end up in the trunk ganglia. The results clearly indicate that the caudal levels of the medulla and rostral cervical segments represent the site, and the neural crest the source, for the neurons of the root ganglia. The neurons form a homogenous population of the small-cell type. This clearly rules out any contribution to the root ganglia from placodal ectoderm. On the basis of our experiments, it is also concluded the the neurons of the trunk ganglia are purely placodal in origin and are composed of a populatin of cells of the large-cell type. Our experiments also provide convincing evidence for a neural crest origin for Schwann cell and ganglionic Satellite cells.
Macrophages of the Splenic Marginal Zone Are Essential for Trapping of Blood-Borne Particulate Antigen but Dispensable for Induction of Specific T Cell Responses (2003)

Rapid removal of pathogens from the circulation by secondary lymphoid organs is prerequisite for successful control of infection. Blood-borne Ags are trapped mainly in the splenic marginal zone. To identify the cell populations responsible for Ag trapping in the marginal zone, mice were selectively depleted of marginal zone macrophages and marginal metallophilic macrophages. In the absence of these cells, trapping of microspheres and Listeria monocytogenes organisms was lost, and early control of infection was impaired. Depletion of marginal zone macrophages and marginal metallophilic macrophages, however, did not limit Ag presentation because Listeria-specific protective T cell immunity was induced. Therefore, marginal zone macrophages and marginal metallophilic macrophages are crucial for trapping of particulate Ag but dispensable for Ag presentation.
Array platforms and wet-bench protocols (2006)

Section I. Array Platforms. Chapter 1: Getting started with microarrays. Chapter 2: The Affymetrix GeneChip(R) Platform: An Overview. Chapter 3: The Agilent In-situ-synthesized microarray platform. Chapter 4: Illumina Universal Bead Arrays. Chapter 5: Microarray Oligonucleotide-probes. Chapter 6: Automated liquid handling and high-throughput preparation of PCR amplified DNA for microarray fabrication. Chapter 7: The Printing Process Tips on Tips. Chapter 8: Making and Using Spotted DNA Microarrays in an Academic Core Laboratory. Chapter 9: Printing your own Inkjet microarrays. Chapter 10: Peptide Nucleic Acid (PNA) microarrays made with (S, S)-trans-Cyclopentane-Constrained Peptide Nucleic Acids. Section II. Wet-Bench Protocols. Chapter 11: Good molecular technique. Chapter 12: Optimizing experiment and analysis parameters for spotted microarrays. Chapter 13: Sample Labeling: An Overview. Chapter 14: Genomic DNA as a general cohybridization standard for ratiometric microarrays. Chapter 15: Analysis of Sequence Specificities of DNA Binding Proteins with Protein Binding Microarrayt. Chapter 16: Mircroarray analysis of RNA processing and modification. Chapter 17: Mapping the distribution of Drosophila chromatin proteins by ChIP on chip. Chapter 18: DamID: mapping of in vivo protein-genome interactions using tethered DNA adenine methyltransferase. Chapter 19: Whole Genome Genotyping. Chapter 20: Mapping Drosophila Genomic Aberration Breakpoints with Comparative Genome Hybridization On Microarrays. Chapter 21: Performing Quantitative RT-PCR Experiments. Chapter 22: The Application of Tissue Microarrays in the Validation of Microarray Results. Chapter 23: Mapping Histone modifications by nucleosome immunoprecipitation.
Methods for Gene Transfer to Synovium (2003)

Development of methods for gene transfer to synoviocytes was borne from the idea that gene therapy could be used to more effectively treat rheumatoid arthritis (EU) and other joint disorders (1). Current pharmaceutical modalities in use against RA have limited effectiveness because of problems related to inefficient targeting of drugs to the joint, as well as inefficacies of the drugs themselves. Drug delivery to the joint by traditional oral, iv, and intramuscular routes, depends on passive diffusion of the drug from the synovial vasculature into the joint space (2). Thus, high systemic concentrations of the drug are necessary to achieve therapeutic intra-articular drug levels; in chronic RA, perfusion of the synovium may be compromised (3), driving required systemic drug levels even higher. This is of major concern, as the pharmaceuticals used to treat this disease are associated with serious side effects. Further compounding these problems is the chronic nature of RA, which requires lifelong treatment with high dosages of these drugs.
Worth a glance: using eye movements to investigate the cognitive neuroscience of memory (2010)

Results of several investigations indicate that eye movements can reveal memory for elements of previous experience. These effects of memory on eye movement behavior can emerge very rapidly, changing the efficiency and even the nature of visual processing without appealing to verbal reports and without requiring conscious recollection. This aspect of eye movement based memory investigations is particularly useful when eye movement methods are used with special populations (e.g., young children, elderly individuals, and patients with severe amnesia), and also permits use of comparable paradigms in animals and humans, helping to bridge different memory literatures and permitting cross-species generalizations. Unique characteristics of eye movement methods have produced findings that challenge long-held views about the nature of memory, its organization in the brain, and its failures in special populations. Recently, eye movement methods have been successfully combined with neuroimaging techniques such as fMRI, single-unit recording, and magnetoencephalography, permitting more sophisticated investigations of memory. Ultimately, combined use of eye-tracking with neuropsychological and neuroimaging methods promises to provide a more comprehensive account of brain-behavior relationships and adheres to the "converging evidence" approach to cognitive neuroscience.
Development of a durable, large area cathode for repetitive, uniform electron beam generation (2002)

Electra is a large aperture krypton-fluoride laser under development for inertial fusion energy research. The laser will require dual 500 kV, 36 A/cm/sup 2/, uniform electron beams operating at 5 Hz. Experimental studies have been performed to develop a /spl sim/3000 cm/sup 2/ cathode capable of generating a 110 kA, 100 ns flat top beam pulse with minimal current density variation (<10%), fast rise time (<40 ns), negligible gap closure (<1 cm//spl mu/s), and long lifetime (ultimately 10/sup 8/ shots). Time resolved electrical and optical data from the study of various dielectric fiber, carbon, and metal/dielectric cathodes are discussed.
Using Multiple-Variable Matching to Identify Cultural Sources of Differential Item Functioning (2006)

Identifying the sources of differential item functioning (DIF) in international assessments is very challenging, because such sources are often nebulous and intertwined. Even though researchers frequently focus on test translation and content area, few actually go beyond these factors to investigate other cultural sources of DIF. This article introduces the multiple-variable matching method using logistic regression analysis to identify sources of DIF. A case study demonstrates how this methodology identified Extra Lesson Hours After School (ELHAS) as a potential source of DIF between Taiwan and the United States in the Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) 1999. DIF is not a fixed character of any test item, nor is a cultural factor an inherent source of DIF. The legitimacy of a source of DIF relies on the specific context and purpose for the cross-country comparison.
Spatial query processing for high resolutions (2003)

Modern database applications including computer-aided design (CAD), medical imaging, or molecular biology impose new requirements on spatial query processing. Particular problems arise from the need of high resolutions for very large spatial objects, including cars, space stations, planes and industrial plants, and from the design goal to use general purpose database management systems in order to guarantee industrial-strength. In the past two decades, various stand-alone spatial index structures have been proposed but their integration into fully-fledged database systems is problematic. Most of these approaches are based on decomposition of spatial objects leading to replicating index structures. In contrast to common black-and-white decompositions which suffer from the lack of intermediate solutions, we introduce grey approximations as a new and general concept. We demonstrate the benefits of grey approximations in the context of encoding spatial objects by space filling curves resulting in grey interval sequences. Spatial intersection queries are then processed by a filter and refine architecture which, as an important design goal, can purely be expressed by means of the SQL: 1999 standard. Our new High Resolution Indexing (HRI) method can easily be integrated into general purpose DBMSs. The experimental evaluation on real-world test data from car and plane design projects points out that our new concept outperforms competitive techniques that are implementable on top of a standard object-relational DBMS by an order of magnitude with respect to secondary storage space and overall query response time.
A new min-cut placement algorithm for timing assurance layout design meeting net length constraint (1990)

This paper presents a new min-cut placement algorithm for timing assurance layout design. When critical nets are given net length constraints, the proposed algorithm can place cells so that the constraints may be met. This algorithm is built into the layout system for gate arrays called GALOP [1] and has been successfully applied to clock skew control of an ECL 12K-gate gate array.
A Prototype of an Implantable Thermoelectric Generator for Permanent Power Supply to Body Inside a Medical Device (2013)

Embedding a thermoelectric generator (TEG) in a biological body is a promising way to supply electronic power in the long term for an implantable medical device (IMD). It can resolve the service life mismatch between the IMD and its battery. This paper is dedicated to developing a real prototype, which consists of an implanted TEG and a specified boosted circuit. Two implanted TEG modules were constructed and a boosted circuit with a highly integrated DC/DC converter was fabricated to stabilizing the energy output and improving the voltage output for the implanted TEG. According to the experiments, such a device combination was already capable of supporting a clock circuit in the in vivo rabbit whose power consumption is much higher than an ordinary cardiac pacemaker. Meanwhile, a close to reality theoretical model was established for characterizing the implanted TEG. This study is expected to serve as a valuable reference for future designs of the implanted TEG and its boosted circuit.
Smart EDIFICE — Smart EveryDay interoperating future devICEs (2015)

In the last years, a lot of attention has been paid to Internet of Things (IoT): everyday life objects, thanks to the advanced technological features added to them, are becoming “smarter”. Regarding this new and potentially disruptive field, it is important to take into account the primary role that the user has in these ecosystems. IoT applications will be used by different kinds of people, with different needs and different abilities. Therefore, one crucial aspect is the ease of use and interaction with objects, which should be optimized in order to guarantee a better user experience and hide the complexity of technologies running behind the scene. This paper proposes a goal-oriented, cooperative platform able to determine and perform the set of tasks necessary to achieve the objectives expressed by users immersed in a smart environment. We can think of this platform as a middleware between users, who express their needs in the form of triggers and actions (i.e. the components of a “goal”), and those objects which are able to meet the goal. The platform can determine, by using semantic information, the possible plans (in the form of communication flows among objects) to accomplish the given goal. Filtering operations along with the plan selection are done taking into account “historical” data regarding objects' power consumption and user feedback.
Genomewide Analysis of mRNA Processing in Yeast Using Splicing-Specific Microarrays (2002)

Introns interrupt almost every eukaryotic protein-coding gene, yet how the splicing apparatus interprets the genome during messenger RNA (mRNA) synthesis is poorly understood. We designed microarrays to distinguish spliced from unspliced RNA for each intron-containing yeast gene and measured genomewide effects on splicing caused by loss of 18 different mRNA processing factors. After accommodating changes in transcription and decay by using gene-specific indexes, functional relationships between mRNA processing factors can be identified through their common effects on spliced and unspliced RNA. Groups of genes with different dependencies on mRNA processing factors are also apparent. Quantitative polymerase chain reactions confirm the array-based finding that Prp17p and Prp18p are not dispensable for removal of introns with short branchpoint-to-3' splice site distances.