gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Noise propagation and failure criteria for VLSI designs (2002)

Noise analysis has become a critical concern in advanced chip designs. Traditional methods suffer from two common issues. First, noise that is propagated through the driver of a net is combined with noise injected by capacitively coupled aggressor nets using linear summation. Since this ignores the non-linear behavior of the driver gate the noise that develops on a net can be significantly underestimated. We therefore propose a new linear model that accurately combines propagated and injected noise on a net and which maintains the efficiency of linear simulation. After the propagated and injected noise are correctly combined on a victim net, it is necessary to determine if the noise can result in a functional failure. This is the second issue that we discuss in this paper. Traditionally, noise failure criteria have been based on unity gain points of the DC or AC transfer curves. However, we will show that for digital designs, these approaches can result in a pessimistic analysis in some cases, while in other cases, they allow circuit operation that is extremely close to regions that are unstable and do not allow sufficient margin for error in the analysis. In this paper, we compare the effectiveness of the discussed noise failure criteria and also present a propagation based method, which is intended to overcome these drawbacks. The proposed methods were implemented in a noise analysis tool and we demonstrate results on industrial circuits.
From CIF to chips (2003)

The Massachusetts Microelectronics Center (M/sup 2/C) was formed to enhance VLSI education in Massachusetts. Students enrolled in VLSI design courses can design and simulate their projects at their school using hardware and software provided through M/sup 2/C, then send those designs to M/sup 2/C for fabrication in the integrated circuit fabrication facility. Students submit the design to M/sup 2/C, in Caltech intermediate format (CIF), where the subsequent data handling is performed. The authors describe the data handling steps M/sup 2/C performs to convert the MOSIS-compatible CIF data submitted by the students into MEBES format multiproject wafer data compatible with both the mask vendor and the actual silicon process, and to return each design to the proper student. The automated fabrication interface service is also described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An Efficient User-to-User Authentication Scheme in Peer-to-Peer System (2008)

In peer-to-peer environment, information is directly exchanged between nodes instead of forwarding by a central server, hence user-to-user authentication becomes a critical security issue in such environment. Existing solutions are based on public-key cryptosystem. The main concerns in a public-key cryptosystem include authenticity of the public key and lack of efficiency. A trusted third party is also involved in a public-key environment. This paper proposed an efficient one-way hash function based user-to-user authentication scheme with smart card in peer-to-peer system. In the proposed scheme, the system and peers do not have to maintain verification tables, and a trusted third party is not needed in the run time. The proposed scheme achieves mutual authentication at very low computational cost, but also provides good security strength.
Staircase solid-state photomultipliers and avalanche photodiodes with enhanced ionization rates ratio (1983)

The theory of the staircase avalanche photodiode (APD) is presented and recent results on a new class of APD's with enhanced ratio of ionization coefficients are reviewed. The staircase APD consists of a multistage graded gap structure where only electrons ionize; the entire ionization energy is provided by large conduction band steps (dynodes). A general expression for the excess noise factor <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">F</tex> in terms of the number of stages and the multiplication per stage is presented. For high ionization yields per dynode the <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">F</tex> factor is near unity independently of the number of stages, implying virtually noise free multiplication at high gain similar to a photomultiplier. This cannot be achieved in a conventional APD at high gain even if one of the ionization coefficients is zero. A comparison between the noise behavior of the staircase APD and that of a phototube is also presented. A microscopic theory of the ionization yield γ is discussed; to obtain a high γ electrons must approach the dynode with an energy in the order of ten times the optical phonon energy. The possible problem of residual hole-initiated ionization is also discussed. Formulas for the electron and hole initiated multiplications are derived; from a measurement of these quantities one can directly obtain the ionization yield and the residual hole ionization coefficient. Experimental and theoretical results on other structures (superlattice, channeling, graded gap APD's) with high <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\alpha/\beta</tex> ratio are also reviewed and design considerations for a long-wavelength multilayer APD are presented.
Filterra by Americast: An Advanced Sustainable Stormwater Treatment System (2008)

Filterra is the latest advancement in Bioretention treatment technology for urban stormwater runoff. Americast, a Division of Valley Blox, Inc., working with the University of Virginia's Civil Engineering Department has optimized the treatment capacity of this innovative best management practice (BMP). Filterra relies on a specially-engineered high flow rate treatment system to provide exceptional pollutant removal. Monitoring data shows Filterra can treat over 90% of the total annual volume of rainfall with maximum pollutant removal rates reaching 95% for total suspended solids, 82% total phosphorus, 76% total nitrogen and 91% heavy metals (measured as Cu). The high pollutant removal efficiency is primarily due to the multiple treatment systems inherent in its unique plant / soil / microbe treatment media. Its unique design and use of typical landscape plants also provides many added values such as low maintenance costs, enhanced aesthetics, improved habitat value, and easy / safe inspection. The "at-the-source" treatment strategy is highly adaptable for any urban setting to achieve multiple stormwater management water quality and quantity goals including combined sewer overflow control.
The Effects of i-Claim, an Instructional Technology Tutorial, on First-Year College English Composition Students' Argumentation Skills: An Exploratory Study (2008)

This dissertation describes the effectiveness of the use of i-Claim, an instructional technology tutorial for argumentation skill development. Because persuasion is a critical skill in college writing, argumentation is introduced in the first-year English composition course, and students practice writing arguments in that course and beyond. With an increased use of instructional technology in higher education, can instructional technology tutorials help students develop stronger and more effective argumentation skills in their writing? This study explores that question by investigating the relevance of developing argumentation skills, theoretical models of argumentation in modern composition pedagogy, empirical studies on argumentation skills, and technology-supported interventions to develop argumentation skills and student confidence in learning. This study examines the use of i-Claim in six first-year English composition courses and its effect on students‘ argumentation skill development. The findings were inconclusive as to its effectiveness because of the small sample size and limited exposure to the intervention. However, the study concludes by exploring how instructional technology interventions can best be used in instruction of argumentation skills and how to encourage students to use technological tools to support their learning.
Embryonic expression of an <i>Nkx2‐5/Cre</i> gene using <i>ROSA26</i> reporter mice (2001)

Nkx2-5, one of the earliest cardiac-specific markers in vertebrate embryos, was used as a genetic locus to knock in the Cre recombinase gene by homologous recombination. Offspring resulting from heterozygous Nkx2-5/Cre mice mated to ROSA26 (R26R) reporter mice provided a model system for following Nkx2-5 gene activity by beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) activity. beta-gal activity was initially observed in the early cardiac crescent, cardiomyocytes of the looping heart tube, and in the epithelium of the first pharyngeal arch. In later stage embryos (10.5-13.5 days postcoitum, dpc), beta-gal activity was observed in the stomach and spleen, the dorsum of the tongue, and in the condensing primordium of the tooth. The Nkx2-5/Cre mouse model should provide a useful genetic resource to elucidate the role of loxP manipulated genetic targets in cardiogenesis and other developmental processes.
The Spatial Effect and Compensation ofCurrent Sensor Differential Gains for Three-Phase Three-Wire Systems (2008)

Current sensor errors affect torque control and saliency-tracking position estimation of AC machines. In this paper, a spatial model of current sensor gain deviation is developed and used to determine its effect on general current measurement, verified with experimental data. Three current sensors enable a three-phase three-wire system to compensate for current sensor differential gains independent of additional machine saliencies. Simulation and experimental results confirm the current sensor gain-deviation compensation algorithm.
Low nonlinear dispersion-shifted fiber (2002)

Due to fiber nonlinear effects such as self-phase modulation (SPM) and cross-phase modulation (XPM), the transmission signal is distorted. Thus the low nonlinear dispersion-shifted fiber (DSF) is required to achieve high-bit-rate transmission using the 1.55-/spl mu/m band. The studies to fabricate the large effective area (A/sub eff/) fiber were activity done, because nonlinearity is expressed as n2/A/sub eff/. To obtain large A/sub eff/, large MFD is required. However, the MFD is limited because of bending loss. Lowering n2 is also considered to be effective. In the paper a low nonlinear dual-shape core (DSC) type DSF produced by VAD was investigated, by expanding MFD and reducing n2.
Evaluating Sensor Orientations for Navigation Performance and Failure Detection (1977)

A study of the constraints imposed by the choice of particular orientations of redundant inertial sensors upon navigation system performance and the detection and identification of sensor failures in fault-tolerant inertial measurement units is presented. Figures of merit are derived for systematically evaluating alternative sensor orientations. The volume of the ellipsoid associated with the covariance matrix of estimation errors is used to rank sensor orientations in terms of navigation performance. Distance measures commonly used in hypothesis testing are used to rank sensor orientations in terms of the detectability of sensor failures. The application of these results is illustrated for configurations of four 2-degree-of-freedom gyroscopes.
The Role of Beverage Congeners in Hangover and Other Residual Effects of Alcohol Intoxication: A Review (2010)

Congeners are minor compounds other than ethanol that occur naturally in alcohol beverages as a result of distilling and fermenting processes. While ethanol itself is the main source of hangover (subjective distress) and other residual effects of alcohol (cognitive and behavioral), the role of the congeners is of interest due to the potential toxicity of many of them despite their minute quantities. Survey studies, while comparing beer to liquor to wine, have generally not addressed beverage effects that clearly differ in congener content. The few experimental studies indicate that the highest congener beverage (bourbon) results in more severe hangover ratings than does the beverage with essentially no congeners (vodka), although ethanol effects per se had a considerably stronger effect on hangover than did congener content. Safety-sensitive performance that was affected by alcohol intoxication the previous night (vigilance with reaction time; ataxia) was not differentially affected by bourbon versus vodka. The paucity of studies indicates more work is needed in order to have confidence in these results.
Isolation and identification of Haemophilus ducreyi in a clinical study (1980)

Seventeen strains of Haemophilus ducreyi were isolated from genital lesions which were negative for syphilis by dark-field examination. Media used for primary isolation at various times during the study were enriched chocolate agar, chocolate agar plus vancomycin (3 microgram/ml), rabbit blood agar plus vancomycin (3 micrograms/ml), fetal bovine serum agar, and fetal bovine serum agar plus vancomycin (3 micrograms/ml). H. ducreyi was isolated on chocolate agar plus vancomycin from 10 of 14 patients found to be positive on one or more media, on rabbit blood agar plus vancomycin from 16 of 17 patients, and on fetal bovine serum agar plus vancomycin from 9 of 11 patients. Sera from six animal species were tested to determine if any would support the growth of H. ducreyi. Horse and rabbit sera supported light growth of some strains. Fetal bovine serum supported good growth of all strains included in the study. Biochemical and physiological tests were done on the 17 isolates, a reference strain of H. ducreyi, and two reference strains of Haemophilus haemoglobinophilus. The results agreed with those reported by Kilian, except that H. ducreyi produced alpha-hemolysis in stabs on rabbit blood agar and was oxidase positive, three strains were urease positive, and CO2 improved the growth of seven strains. All 17 isolates were beta-lactamase positive. The reference strains were beta-lactamase negative.
Tracking Oil Slicks and Predicting their Trajectories Using Remote Sensors and Models: Case Studies of the Sea Princess and Deepwater Horizon Oil Spills (2010)

Oil spills can harm marine life in the oceans, estuaries, and wetlands. To limit the damage by a spill and facilitate cleanup efforts, emergency managers need information on spill location, size and extent, direction and speed of oil movement, and wind, current, and wave information for predicting oil drift and dispersion. The main operational data requirements are fast turn-around time and frequent imaging to monitor the dynamics of the spill. Remote sensors on satellites and aircraft meet most of these requirements by tracking the spilled oil at various resolutions, over wide areas, and at frequent intervals. They also provide key inputs to drift prediction models and facilitate targeting of skimming and booming efforts. Satellite data are frequently supplemented by information provided by aircraft, ships, and remotely-controlled underwater robots. The Sea Princess tanker grounding off the coast of Wales and the explosion on the Deepwater Horizon rig in the Gulf of Mexico provide good examples for studying the effectiveness of remote sensors during oil-spill emergencies.
Reactive balance control in walking based on a bipedal linear inverted pendulum model (2011)

Dynamic balance depends on proper foot placement in legged locomotion and corresponding placement strategies have mainly been developed using the linear inverted pendulum model as theoretical framework. While this model can identify single leg strategies for balance control, it does not consider the double support that is common to bipedal locomotion, indicating that current strategies do not fully exploit the theoretical potential of balance control in bipedal systems. Here we extend the linear inverted pendulum model to a bipedal system which includes double support dynamics, and derive a reactive balance controller based on foot placement and double stance length. We show that this controller enables the model to stand and walk at user-defined target speeds, to transition between these behaviors by acceleration and deceleration, and to react to intermittent disturbances and compensate for permanent ones, as long as they are compatible with the swing leg dynamics placing the feet. Finally, we discuss how the versatility of this balance controller depends on including double support and suggest further steps to improve dynamic balance control in bipedal systems.
Ras Activation by Insulin and Epidermal Growth Factor through Enhanced Exchange of Guanine Nucleotides on p21<sup><i>ras</i></sup> (1993)

A number of growth factors, including insulin and epidermal growth factor (EGF), induce accumulation of the GTP-bound form of p21ras. This accumulation could be caused either by an increase in guanine nucleotide exchange on p21ras or by a decrease in the GTPase activity of p21ras. To investigate whether insulin and EGF affect nucleotide exchange on p21ras, we measured binding of [alpha-32P]GTP to p21ras in cells permeabilized with streptolysin O. For this purpose, we used a cell line which expressed elevated levels of p21 H-ras and which was highly responsive to insulin and EGF. Stimulation with insulin or EGF resulted in an increase in the rate of nucleotide binding to p21ras. To determine whether this increased binding rate is due to the activation of a guanine nucleotide exchange factor, we made use of the inhibitory properties of a dominant negative mutant of p21ras, p21ras (Asn-17). Activation of p21ras by insulin and EGF in intact cells was abolished in cells infected with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing p21ras (Asn-17). In addition, the enhanced nucleotide binding to p21ras in response to insulin and EGF in permeabilized cells was blocked upon expression of p21ras (Asn-17). From these data, we conclude that the activation of a guanine nucleotide exchange factor is involved in insulin- and EGF-induced activation of p21ras.
Age-related changes in plasma porcine growth hormone (GH) profiles and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) concentrations in Large White and Meishan pigs (1991)

Plasma GH profiles and IGF-I concentrations were determined in Large White intact male (LW-M), female (LW-F) and castrated male (LW-C) and in Meishan intact male (MS-M) pigs between 10 and 140 d of age. Mean GH levels slightly increased between 10 and 45 d of age in LW pigs, in connection with an alteration in the temporal distribution of GH peaks, whereas neither interpulse GH level nor maximum GH level were affected. Mean GH levels decreased after 45 d of age, in connection with a decline in maximum and interpulse GH levels. IGF-I concentrations were low between 10 and 45 d of age and increased thereafter. GH secretory profiles did not differ significantly between LW-M and LW-F at either age. Castration had no effect at 45 d of age whereas LW-C exhibited lower mean, maximum and interpulse GH levels and smaller sum of GH pulse areas and widths than LW-M or LW-F at 140 d of age. IGF-I was lower in LW-C or LW-F than in LW-M at 140 d of age. The pattern of age-related changes in GH and IGF-I was similar in MS and LW pigs. However, interpulse GH level was higher and sum of GH pulse widths was smaller in MS-M than in LW-M, whatever the age. The results indicate that: i), GH and IGF-I secretions were similar in Meishan, and Large White pigs; ii), in both breeds, GH secretion declined after 45 d of age, due to decreased maximum and interpulse GH levels; iii), sex and/or castration effects on GH and IGF-I secretion were observed after 45 d of age only.
Design and implementation of broadband partially reflective surface antenna (2011)

This paper presents a partially reflective surface (PRS) antenna with bandwidth enhancement using two-layer periodic strips. The antenna consists of a PRS of double-sided PCB, a U-slotted patch antenna for excitation, and a backed electric ground plane. The PRS is comprised of two metallic layers of orthogonal strips etched on PCB surfaces, placed about a half-wavelength above the electric ground plane. The PRS characteristics are analyzed by the equivalent circuit model where the equivalent admittances of two metallic layers of PRS are extracted from the reflection coefficients. According to the model, we provide an explanation for the reason why the reflection phase of the presented PRS may maintain flat against frequencies. The presented antenna was fabricated and measured. Experimental results show that the bandwidth enhancement is validated with a comparison with the conventional PRS antenna.
Crystal Structure of K2[C2O6]—First Proof of Existence and Constitution of a Peroxodicarbonate Ion This work was supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) and the Fonds der Chemischen Industrie. Research was carried out in part at the National Synchrotron Light Source at Brookhaven National Laboratory, which is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Division of Materials Sciences and Division of Chemical Sciences. The SUNY X3 beamline at NSLS is supported by the Division of Basic Energy Sciences of the US Department of Energy under Grant No. DE-FG02-86ER45231. Work at Stony Brook was partially supported by the National Science Foundation. We thank Michael Knapp from beamline B2 (Hasylab) for the measurements at Hasylab. (2002)

Mit hochauflösender Röntgen-Pulverdiffraktometrie konnte die erste Kristallstruktur eines Peroxodicarbonats, hergestellt durch Elektrokristallisation bei −20°C, bestimmt werden. Die Konstitution des Peroxodicarbonat-Anions wurde ermittelt, und sämtliche Strukturdetails, einschließlich der Konformation (siehe Bild), können qualitativ anhand traditioneller Bindungskonzepte erklärt werden.
Glypican-3 is expressed in chromophobe renal cell carcinomas. (2008)

Glypicans are core proteins of heparan sulfate proteoglycans that have numerous functions. Glypican-3 (GPC3) expression has been detected to be altered in several tumors, including hepatocellular carcinoma, breast carcinoma, and embryonic malignancies. To date, no information on GPC3 status in renal cell carcinoma is available. The material for the study consisted of 625 cases of renal tumors diagnosed at our institution. Tissue microarrays were constructed using all acceptable quality tissue blocks. Immunohistochemistry for GPC3 was performed with 1G12 antibody (BioMosaics). We found strong positive staining in 15 cases, moderate in 4 and weak in 68. The reactivity was particularly evident in chromophobe renal cell carcinomas (32/40). Our findings are of note in cases when GPC3 may be used in differential diagnosis of tumors of uncertain primary location.
Improving server utilization using fast virtual machine migration (2011)

Live virtual machine (VM) migration is a technique for transferring an active VM from one physical host to another without disrupting the VM. In principle, live VM migration enables dynamic resource requirements to be matched with available physical resources, leading to better performance and reduced energy consumption. However, in practice, the resource consumption and latency of live VM migration reduce these benefits to much less than their potential. We demonstrate how these overheads can be substantially reduced, enabling live VM migration to fulfill its promise. Specifically, we first experimentally study several factors that contribute to the resource consumption and latency of live VM migration, including workload characteristics, the hypervisor and migration configuration, and the available system and network resources. Then, from the insights gained, we propose an alternative remote direct memory access-based migration technique that significantly reduces VM migration overheads. Finally, via simulation and experiments with real system prototypes, we demonstrate that the reduced VM migration overhead results in significant improvements in resource and energy efficiencies, relative to existing migration techniques.