gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Efficient retroviral infection of mammalian cells is blocked by inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity (1996)

Integration of proviral DNA into the host cell genome is a characteristic feature of the retroviral life cycle. This process involves coordinate DNA strand break formation and rejoining reactions. The full details of the integration process are not yet fully understood. However, the endonuclease and DNA strand-joining activities of the virus-encoded integrase protein (IN) are thought to act in concert with other, as-yet-unidentified, endogenous nuclear components which are involved in the DNA repair process. The nuclear enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), which is dependent on DNA strand breaks for its activity, is involved in the efficient repair of DNA strand breaks, and maintenance of genomic integrity, in nucleated eukaryotic cells. In the present work, we examine the possible involvement of PARP in the retroviral life cycle and demonstrate that inhibition of PARP activity, by any one of three independent mechanisms, blocks the infection of mammalian cells by recombinant retroviral vectors. This requirement for PARP activity appears to be restricted to processes involved in the integration of provirus into the host cell DNA. PARP inhibition does not affect viral entry into the host cell, reverse transcription of the viral RNA genome, postintegration synthesis of viral gene products, synthesis of the viral RNA genome, or the generation of infective virions. Therefore, efficient retroviral infection of mammalian cells is blocked by inhibition or PARP activity.
Cellular signaling by neural cell adhesion molecules of the immunoglobulin superfamily (2000)

Neural cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) of the immunoglobulin superfamily nucleate and maintain groups of cells at key sites during early development and in the adult. In addition to their adhesive properties, binding of CAMs can affect intracellular signaling. Their ability to influence developmental events, including cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation can therefore result both from their adhesive as well as their signaling properties. This review focuses on the two CAMs for which the most information is known, the neural CAM, N-CAM, and L1. N-CAM was the first CAM to be characterized and, therefore, has been studied extensively. The binding of N-CAM to cells leads to a number of signaling events, some of which result in changes in gene expression. Interest in L1 derives from the fact that mutations in its gene lead to human genetic diseases including mental retardation. Much is known about modifications of the L1 cytoplasmic domain and its interaction with cytoskeletal molecules. The study of CAM signaling mechanisms has been assay-dependent rather than molecule-dependent, with particular emphasis on assays of neurite outgrowth and gene expression, an emphasis that is maintained throughout the review. The signals generated following CAM binding that lead to alterations in cell morphology and gene expression have been linked directly in only a few cases. We also review information on other CAMs, giving special consideration to those that are anchored in the membrane by a phospholipid anchor. These proteins, including a form of N-CAM, are presumed to be localized in lipid rafts, membrane substructures that include distinctive subsets of cytoplasmic signaling molecules such as members of the src-family of nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinases. In the end, these studies may reveal that what CAMs do after they bind cells together may have as profound consequences for the cells as the adhesive interactions themselves. This area will therefore remain a rich ground for future studies.
Brain-computer interface research at the Wadsworth Center (2000)

Studies at the Wadsworth Center over the past 14 years have shown that people with or without motor disabilities can learn to control the amplitude of mu or beta rhythms in electroencephalographic (EEG) activity recorded from the scalp over sensorimotor cortex and can use that control to move a cursor on a computer screen in one or two dimensions. This EEG-based brain-computer interface (BCI) could provide a new augmentative communication technology for those who are totally paralyzed or have other severe motor impairments. Present research focuses on improving the speed and accuracy of BCI communication.
Micropatterning of TCR and LFA-1 ligands reveals complementary effects on cytoskeleton mechanics in T cells (2015)

The formation of the immunological synapse between a T cell and the antigen-presenting cell (APC) is critically dependent on actin dynamics, downstream of T cell receptor (TCR) and integrin (LFA-1) signalling. There is also accumulating evidence that mechanical forces, generated by actin polymerization and/or myosin contractility regulate T cell signalling. Because both receptor pathways are intertwined, their contributions towards the cytoskeletal organization remain elusive. Here, we identify the specific roles of TCR and LFA-1 by using a combination of micropatterning to spatially separate signalling systems and nanopillar arrays for high-precision analysis of cellular forces. We identify that Arp2/3 acts downstream of TCRs to nucleate dense actin foci but propagation of the network requires LFA-1 and the formin FHOD1. LFA-1 adhesion enhances actomyosin forces, which in turn modulate actin assembly downstream of the TCR. Together our data shows a mechanically cooperative system through which ligands presented by an APC modulate T cell activation.
Elongator mediates ABA responses, oxidative stress resistance and anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis (2009)

Elongator is a histone acetyl-transferase complex consisting of six subunits, and is highly conserved in eukaryotic organisms. Here, we isolated two novel mutants, elp2 and elp6, during a genetic screening for ABA-hypersensitive Arabidopsis mutants. Map-based cloning identified ELP2 and ELP6, which encode the orthologs of the yeast Elongator subunits, ELP2 and ELP6, respectively. Another Elongator subunit mutant, elp4/elo1, was obtained from the SALK T-DNA collection. The elp1/abo1/elo2 mutant was isolated in a previous study. All four of the Elongator mutants had narrow leaves, reduced root growth, ABA hypersensitivity and an increased accumulation of anthocyanins. Mutations in the core subcomplex subunits ELP1/ABO1 and ELP2, but not in the accessory subcomplex subunits ELP4/ELO1 and ELP6, caused stomatal closing to be supersensitive to ABA. In addition, the four mutants were all more resistant than the wild type to oxidative stress produced by methyl viologen, and to CsCl. Gene expression analysis indicated that the four mutants had increased transcript levels of CAT3 under normal conditions, increased transcript levels of ZAT10 when treated with ABA and reduced transcript levels of MYBL2, which encodes a single-repeat MYB protein, acting as a negative regulator of anthocyanin biosynthesis. Our results suggest that Elongator plays crucial roles in regulating plant responses to ABA, oxidative stress resistance and anthocyanin biosynthesis in Arabidopsis.
Supplemental zinc reduced intestinal permeability by enhancing occludin and zonula occludens protein-1 (ZO-1) expression in weaning piglets (2009)

The present study was carried out to evaluate the pharmacological effect of Zn in diarrhoea in relation to intestinal permeability. Seventy-two weaning piglets, aged 24 d, were allocated to three dietary treatments: (1) control diet without supplemental Zn; (2) control diet supplemented with 2000 mg Zn/kg from ZnO; (3) control diet supplemented with 2000 mg Zn/kg from tetrabasic zinc chloride (TBZC). At the end of a 14 d experiment period, piglets were weighed, feed consumption was measured, and mucosal barrier function was determined using the lactulose/mannitol test. Expression of mucosal tight junction protein was measured at RNA and protein level. Inclusion of TBZC or ZnO in the diet significantly increased average daily gain (P < 0.01) and average daily feed intake (P < 0.05), while leading to reduced feed conversion ratio (P < 0.05) and faecal scores (P < 0.01). TBZC reduced urinary lactulose:mannitol ratios of weaning piglets (P < 0.05), while dietary supplementation with ZnO tended to reduce urinary lactulose:mannitol ratios (P = 0.061). ZnO or TBZC significantly enhanced the mRNA and protein expression of occludin (P < 0.05) and zonula occludens protein-1 (ZO-1) (P < 0.05) in the ileal mucosa. Piglets fed the TBZC-supplemented diet had a higher level of occludin than pigs fed the ZnO-supplemented diet (P < 0.05). The results indicate that Zn supplementation decreased faecal scores and the reduction was accompanied by reduced intestinal permeability, which was evident from the reduced urinary lactulose:mannitol ratios and increased expression of occludin and ZO-1. Therefore, the protective effect of pharmacological levels of dietary Zn in reducing diarrhoea might, at least partly, be associated with reduced intestinal permeability.
Korean Wave| Between Hybridity and Hegemony in K-Pop’s Global Popularity: A Case of "Girls’ Generation’s" American Debut (2017)

Examining the sociocultural implications of Korean popular music (K-pop) idol group Girls’ Generation’s (SNSD’s) debut on Late Show With David Letterman, this article discusses how the debut warrants a critical examination on K-pop’s global popularity. Investigating critically how the current literature on K-pop’s success focuses on cultural hybridity, this article maintains that SNSD’s debut clarifies how K-pop’s hybridity does not mean dialectical interactions between American form and Korean content. Furthermore, this article argues that cultural hegemony as a constitutive result of sociohistorical and politico-economic arrangements provides a better heuristic tool, and K-pop should be understood as a part of the hegemony of American pop and neoliberalism.
The existence of a neutron (1932)

Abstract § 1. It was shown by Bothe and Becker that some light elements when bombarded by α-particles of polonium emit radiations which appear to be of the γ-ray type. The element beryllium gave a particularly marked effect of this kind, and later observations by Bothe, by Mme. Curie-Joliot and by Webster showed that the radiation excited in beryllium possessed a penetrating power distinctly greater than that of any γ-radiation yet found from the radioactive elements. In Webster’s experiments the intensity of the radiation was measured both by means of the Geiger-Müller tube counter and in a high pressure ionisation chamber. He found that the beryllium radiation had an absorption coefficient in lead of about 0·22 cm.-1 as measured under his experimental conditions. Making the necessary corrections for these conditions, and using the results of Gray and Tarrant to estimate the relative contributions of scattering, photoelectric absorption, and nuclear absorption in the absorption of such penetrating radiation, Webster concluded that the radiation had a quantum energy of about 7 × 106 electron volts. Similarly he found that the radiation from boron bombarded by α-particles of polonium consisted in part of a radiation rather more penetrating than that from beryllium, and he estimated the quant um energy of this component as about 10 X 106 electron volts. These conclusions agree quite well with the supposition that the radiations arise by the capture of the α-particle into the beryllium (or boron) nucleus and the emission of the surplus energy as a quantum of radiation. The radiations showed, however, certain peculiarities, and at my request the beryllium radiation was passed into an expansion chamber and several photographs were taken. No unexpected phenomena were observed though, as will be seen later, similar experiments have now revealed some rather striking events. The failure of these early experiments was partly due to the weakness of the available source of polonium, and partly to the experimental arrangement, which, as it now appears, was not very suitable.
Quantitative Assessment of Trabecular Bone Pattern Identification (1998)

The results of the research described in this paper demonstrate that the trabecular architecture is unique to each individual and stable enough to be used as a forensic marker for positive identification of human remains. The trabecular bone architecture depicted on radiographs is often used as an individualizing forensic marker for positive identification of human remains. The aim of the present study was to ascertain the reliability of the trabecular pattern in forensic identification. The trabecular pattern is potentially the best radiographic forensic marker since its presence on a radiograph doesn't depend on a previous pathology or traumatic event. A sample of 305 radiographs of the left wrist of 103 postmenopausal women was studied using an image analyzer. The uniqueness and stability over time of the trabecular architecture was examined by creating line maps or "densitographs" of the ultra-distal point of the radius of each roentgenogram. Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated for all possible combinations of pairs of radiographs. The correlation coefficient of pairs of radiographs of the same individual, taken at different times (2 to 6 years apart), was always higher than 0.72, while the correlation coefficients of radiographs of different individuals was always below 0.62.
Algorithms for Operational Planning of Agricultural Field Operations (2013)

The report describes the current project activities on the development of optimization methods for planning agricultural field operations and on the estimation of the potential benefits for farmers by comparing optimized plans with conventional ones. The complete activities include:1) The GNSS-based monitoring and recording of 5 large scale harvestingoperations executed by fleets of agricultural machinery (E.g. Maize harvesting executed by 1 forage harvester and 5 transport carts and grain harvesting executed by 3 combines and 3 transport carts).2) The development of a method for the automatic extraction of performance statistics from GNSS recordings of multiple-machinery operations. Classification algorithms have been created able to automatically classify the task time elements based on the recordingsfrom GNSS loggers.3) The development of a path planning method for transport units supporting harvesting operations. The approach incorporated i) the optimization criterions of time or travelled distance; ii) the generationof paths for both in-field and between fields movements of the transport units; and iii) the adoption of restricted movements as imposed by the controlled traffic farming concept.
Real-time distributed and parallel processing for MPEG-4 (2002)

MPEG-4 is currently being developed by MPEG to specify the technologies for supporting current and emerging multimedia applications. Because of its object-based features and flexible toolbox approach, it is much more complex than previous video coding standards. We believe that software-based implementation on parallel and distributed computing systems is a natural and viable option. In this paper, we describe such an approach on the MPEG-4 video encoder using a cluster of workstations. We propose to use hierarchical Petri nets as a modeling tool to describe the temporal relations and time constraints among various video objects at different levels. This would allow us to perform scheduling with a guarantee of synchronization among multiple objects. A dynamic shape-adaptive data parallel approach is used in the spatial domain for further speed-up gain. Our preliminary results indicate that real-time MPEG-4 encoding using distributed and parallel computing is achievable.
Approaches to transplantation tolerance in humans (2004)

Although transplantation tolerance to organ allografts has been achieved using a wide variety of immunologic interventions in laboratory animals, few tolerance induction protocols with complete immunosuppressive drug withdrawal have been tested in humans. Preclinical and clinical studies of the use of total lymphoid irradiation for the induction of chimeric and nonchimeric tolerance are summarized here.
Chimeric Bispecific OC/TR Monoclonal Antibody Mediates Lysis of Tumor Cells Expressing the Folate-Binding Protein (MOv18) and Displays Decreased Immunogenicity in Patients (1997)

The bispecific OC/TR monoclonal antibody (mAb) cross-links the CD3 molecule on T cells with the human folate-binding protein (FBP), which is highly expressed on nonmucinous ovarian carcinomas. Clinical trials of patients with ovarian carcinoma with the OC/TR mAb have shown some complete and partial responses. Most patients developed human anti-murine immunoglobulin antibodies (HAMA), which can inhibit OC/TR mAb-mediated lysis. We generated a chimeric version of the OC/TR mAb to decrease the immunogenicity of the OC/TR mAb and to allow more extended treatment schedules. Sp2/0 myeloma cells were transfected with chimeric heavy- and light-chain genes encoding the anti-CD3 mAb and the MOv18 mAb, respectively, which are reactive with FBP. The resulting cell line produced 80 micrograms/ml of total immunoglobulin G (IgG), of which 11.5% was the functionally active chimeric OC/TR mAb. Chimeric OC/TR F(ab')2 fragments mediated lysis of IGROV-1 ovarian carcinoma cells by human T cells at antibody concentrations of > or = 1 pg/ml. Specific lysis was still detectable at an effector-to-target cell ratio as low as 0.4. Two patients with ovarian carcinoma treated with F(ab')2 fragments of the murine OC/TR developed distinct HAMA titers, which were mainly anti-idiotypic and only partly directed against the murine antibody constant regions. However, of the two patients that were treated with the F(ab')2 fragments of the chimeric OC/TR mAb, only one developed a low transient HAMA response just above background level. In conclusion, the generation of chimeric OC/TR may allow more extended clinical studies of bispecific mAb-mediated immunotherapy of ovarian carcinoma.
Pregenomic RNA encapsidation analysis of eleven missense and nonsense polymerase mutants of human hepatitis B virus (1991)

We characterized 11 DNA polymerase mutants of human hepatitis B virus (HBV) which contain single missense or nonsense mutations in the various domains within this gene. Except for mutant 738, a tight association between DNA replication and RNA packaging of these missense pol mutants was observed. Further analysis of HBV core particle-associated RNA indicated that only the 3.5-kb core-specific RNA, but not the precore-specific RNA, is selectively packaged in this tissue culture system. Previously, we have demonstrated that only the 3.5-kb core-specific RNA can serve as an efficient template for pol translation. Taken together, our results suggest that selectivity of HBV RNA packaging occurs as a result of selective translation of pol-containing mRNAs. Furthermore, our data suggest that the RNA encapsidation domain of pol overlaps with all of the domains of pol involved in the synthesis of terminal protein, as well as DNA replication. Finally, on the basis of gradient centrifugation analysis, a pol defect appeared to have no negative effect on the assembly or stability of core particles. A new method to assay RNA encapsidation, as well as potential RNase H activity, is reported.
Virus-Like Particles Are a Superior Platform for Presenting M2e Epitopes to Prime Humoral and Cellular Immunity against Influenza Virus (2018)

Influenza virus M2 protein has a highly conserved ectodomain (M2e) as a cross-protective antigenic target. We investigated the antigenic and immunogenic properties of tandem repeat M2e (5xM2e) proteins and virus-like particles (5xM2e VLP) to better understand how VLP and protein platform vaccines induce innate and protective adaptive immune responses. Despite the high antigenic properties of 5xM2e proteins, the 5xM2e VLP was superior to 5xM2e proteins in inducing IgG2a isotype antibodies, T cell responses, plasma cells and germinal center B cells as well as in conferring cross protection. Mice primed with 5xM2e VLP were found to be highly responsive to 5xM2e protein boost, overcoming the low immunogenicity and protective efficacy of 5xM2e proteins. Immunogenic differences between VLPs and proteins in priming immune responses might be due to an intrinsic ability of 5xM2e VLP to stimulate dendritic cells secreting T helper type 1 (Th1) cytokines. We also found that 5xM2e VLP was effective in inducing inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and in recruiting macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, and CD11b⁺ dendritic cells at the injection site. Therefore, this study provides evidence that 5xM2e VLP is an effective vaccine platform, inducing cross-protection by stimulating innate and adaptive immune responses.
A 19ns memory (1987)

A CMOS memory for cache systems which includes 49K bits SRAM and about 3500 transistors for logic will be presented. The memory achieves access times of 19ns from address to hit and 9.5ns from tag to hit, using address transition detection.
Direct measurement of left ventricular interstitial adenosine (1983)

Characterization of adenosine's role as a regulator of coronary blood flow requires accurate measurement of endogenous adenosine concentration in the left ventricular (LV) interstitial compartment. Existing techniques for determining adenosine in this compartment are indirect, requiring the acceptance of major assumptions before conclusions can be drawn. We describe a new technique utilizing a LV epicardial diffusion well that allows us to make rapid, direct measurement of LV interstitial adenosine concentration, avoiding many problems inherent in existing techniques. Our results show adenosine concentrations of 555 pmol/ml in resting anesthetized dogs, indicating a resting adenosine level well within the vasoactive range. Further experiments using intramyocardial bolus injections of methylene blue dye and [8-14C]adenosine indicate that the epicardial well receives adenosine from a transmural distribution of LV interstitium and not from epicardial sources only. The transmural interstitial adenosine is transported via small lymphatics to the epicardial surface of the heart where diffusion occurs into the epicardial well. We also examined diffusion characteristics of the parietal pericardial membrane and found that the rate constant of adenosine diffusion for this and the visceral pericardium are of the same order of magnitude, indicating that the extensively used standard pericardial superperfusate method probably underestimates cardiac interstitial adenosine concentration by 50% or more. The influence of the parietal pericardium adequately explains why our resting adenosine concentrations using the epicardial well are higher than those recently reported using the standard pericardial superperfusate method.
An Improvement to the Bit Stuffing Algorithm (2005)

The bit stuffing algorithm is a technique for coding constrained sequences by the insertion of bits into an arbitrary data sequence. This approach was previously introduced and applied to (d,k) constrained codes. Results show that the maximum average rate of the bit stuffing code achieves capacity when k=d+1 or k=/spl infin/, while it is suboptimal for all other (d,k) pairs. Furthermore, this technique was generalized to produce codes with an average rate that achieves capacity for all (d,k) pairs. However, this extension results in a more complicated scheme. This correspondence proposes a modification to the bit stuffing algorithm that maintains its simplicity. We show analytically that the proposed algorithm achieves improved average rates over bit stuffing for most (d,k) constraints. We further determine all constraints for which this scheme produces codes with an average rate equal to the Shannon capacity.