gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Feature-Guided Deep Radiomics for Glioblastoma Patient Survival Prediction (2019)

Glioblastoma is recognized as World Health Organization (WHO) grade IV glioma with an aggressive growth pattern. The current clinical practice in diagnosis and prognosis of Glioblastoma using MRI involves multiple steps including manual tumor sizing. Accurate identification and segmentation of multiple abnormal tissues within tumor volume in MRI is essential for precise survival prediction. Manual tumor and abnormal tissue detection and sizing are tedious, and subject to inter-observer variability. Consequently, this work proposes a fully automated MRI-based glioblastoma and abnormal tissue segmentation, and survival prediction framework. The framework includes radiomics feature-guided deep neural network methods for tumor tissue segmentation; followed by survival regression and classification using these abnormal tumor tissue segments and other relevant clinical features. The proposed multiple abnormal tumor tissue segmentation step effectively fuses feature-based and feature-guided deep radiomics information in structural MRI. The survival prediction step includes two representative survival prediction pipelines that combine different feature selection and regression approaches. The framework is evaluated using two recent widely used benchmark datasets from Brain Tumor Segmentation (BraTS) global challenges in 2017 and 2018. The best overall survival pipeline in the proposed framework achieves leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) accuracy of 0.73 for training datasets and 0.68 for validation datasets, respectively. These training and validation accuracies for tumor patient survival prediction are among the highest reported in literature. Finally, a critical analysis of radiomics features and efficacy of these features in segmentation and survival prediction performance is presented as lessons learned.
Analysis of the Mechanism by Which the Small-Molecule CCR5 Antagonists SCH-351125 and SCH-350581 Inhibit Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Entry (2003)

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) entry is mediated by the consecutive interaction of the envelope glycoprotein gp120 with CD4 and a coreceptor such as CCR5 or CXCR4. The CCR5 coreceptor is used by the most commonly transmitted HIV-1 strains that often persist throughout the course of infection. Compounds targeting CCR5-mediated entry are a novel class of drugs being developed to treat HIV-1 infection. In this study, we have identified the mechanism of action of two inhibitors of CCR5 function, SCH-350581 (AD101) and SCH-351125 (SCH-C). AD101 is more potent than SCH-C at inhibiting HIV-1 replication in primary lymphocytes, as well as viral entry and gp120 binding to cell lines. Both molecules also block the binding of several anti-CCR5 monoclonal antibodies that recognize epitopes in the second extracellular loop of CCR5. Alanine mutagenesis of the transmembrane domain of CCR5 suggests that AD101 and SCH-C bind to overlapping but nonidentical sites within a putative ligand-binding cavity formed by transmembrane helices 1, 2, 3, and 7. We propose that the binding of small molecules to the transmembrane domain of CCR5 may disrupt the conformation of its extracellular domain, thereby inhibiting ligand binding to CCR5.
Walsh Functions and Gray Code (1971)

Gray code is a natural way of ordering binary vectors in dyadic space, hence it appears frequently in connetion with Walsh functions. In Paley's definition of Walsh functions their sequencies are arranged in Gray code. Gray code also appears in a new Walsh function generation algorithm which obtains a function by locating all its sign changes. There are certain computational advantages in using Gray code rather than sequency ordering. Examples in fast Walsh transform, dyadic convolution and digital filtering are given. Methods of Gray code to binary conversion are discussed.
All-Reflecting Afocal Telescopes (1987)

The family of afocal telescopes discussed here consists of two, three, or four confocal conic mirror sections. The two-mirror parabola/parabola combination (confocal parabolas, or Mersenne telescope) is the best known, but its performance is limited by curvature of field. The three-mirror Cassegrain/parabola combination (Offner afocal telescope) can be corrected for field curvature and is suitable for use at high magnifications. The four-mirror Cassegrain/Cassegrain combination, the least well-known design, is most effective as a unit power afocal relay. The properties of these designs will be reviewed briefly, with major emphasis given to the confocal Cassegrains design.
Adhesive wafer bonding using photosensitive polymer layers (2009)

Adhesive wafer bonding is a technique that uses an intermediate layer for bonding (typically a polymer). The main
advantages of using this approach are: low temperature processing (maximum temperatures below 400°C), surface
planarization and tolerance to particles (the intermediate layer can incorporate particles with the diameter in the layer
thickness range). Evaporated glass, polymers, spin-on glasses, resists and polyimides are some of the materials suitable
for use as intermediate layers for bonding. The main properties of the dielectric materials required for a large field of
versatile applications/designs can be summarized as: isotropic dielectric constants, good thermal stability, low CTE and
Young's modulus, and a good adhesion to different substrates.
This paper reports on wafer-to-wafer adhesive bonding using SINR polymer materials. Substrate coating process as well
as wafer bonding process parameters optimization was studied. Wafer bonds exceeding the yield strength of the SINR
polymer were accomplished on 150 mm Si wafers. Features of as low as 15 μm were successfully resolved and bonded.
A unique megasonic-enhanced development process of the patterned film using low cost solvent was established and
proven to exceed standard development method performance. Statistical analysis methods were used to show
repeatability and reliability of coating processes.
The crushing of Syria's civil actors: survival of grassroots structures is crucial for country's future (2016)

The Syrian regime's strategy of using sieges and bombardments to force rebel-held areas to surrender is bringing it closer to its goal of eliminating independent civil-society engagement and alternative governance structures. Over the past six years, civil structures - that is, non-state non-military organisations and institutions - have been established and consolidated across Syria in areas out of government control to organise local affairs and provide the most essential community services. With the international debate on Syria concentrating on local military developments and regional power struggles, Syria's civil actors have been shifted out of focus. However, the marginalisation of these local and decentralised actors and structures represents a major risk for Syria's future. They not only constitute the bedrock for implementing any potential political agreement on the ground, they are also crucial for providing Syrians with an alternative to so-called Islamic State (IS) and other Islamist groups, which cannot be fought successfully by military means alone. (SWP Comments)
Investigation of Kinetic and Rheological Properties for the Demulsification Process (2013)

Chemical demulsification process is the most widely applied method of treating water in crude oil emulsions and involves the use of chemical additives to accelerate the emulsion breaking process. Hence, five demulsifiers were prepared in two steps. In the first step, the nonyl phenol was polymerized with formaldehyde to obtain five different molecular weights polymers. In the second step, the resulting polymers were ethoxylated with 50 ethylene oxide units and propoxylated with 10 propylene oxide units, yielding (D1–D5). The demulsification efficiency of these demulsifiers was investigated. The influence of viscosity on the droplet diameter for water-in-crude oil emulsion with three different ratios; 30:70, 50:50 and 70:30 (v/v) w/o emulsions were examined. The results showed that, the viscosity of w/o emulsion was strongly augmented by increasing volume of water before reaching the inversion point. The yield point which is required to start the flow decreases with decreasing water percent. The coalescence rate increases with increasing drop size for D5 as a representative sample. Results show that, the droplet size increases with increasing water content. The efficiency of water separation increases as the molecular weight increase.
[Coregionalization, spatial-correlation and spatial-factor analysis of soil available heavy metals in a typical region of the Yangtze River Delta]. (2007)

The method of factorial kriging based on the theory of coregionalization is developed by the combination of multi-statistics, geostatistics and GIS. Soil available heavy metals of 126 topsoil samples in Kunshan city, a typical region of Yangtze River Delta, were analyzed, and the spatial distribution pattern was investigated by the method of factorial kriging. Based on the analysis of multi-scale spatial structure characteristics of available heavy metals, we discussed the pollution source and cause of this spatial distribution by means of spatial scale-correlation analysis and spatial principal component analysis. Our results show that all the available heavy metals distribute normally or lognormally with great variability, and the contamination of available Cd is the biggest. The available heavy metals are categorized into three spatial scales, i.e. nugget, short-range (15 km) and long-range (40 km), respectively, and a linear model of coregionalization comprising these three spatial scales is fitted to the experimental auto-and cross-variograms of the soil available heavy metals. Significant relationship is found between Cd and Zn in the three scales. The spatial correlation of available heavy metals in short-range and long-rang are stronger than it in nugget, while the long-rang has more obvious negative correlation than the other two spatial scales. The results of spatial principal component analysis show the pollution sources are different in the three spatial scales. The kriging interpolation method was applied to work out the distribution maps of first and second principal component of available heavy metal, which indicate that available heavy metal concentrations in the soils are closely related to their industry activity, sewage irrigation and soil characteristics.
NBA-Palm: prediction of palmitoylation site implemented in Naïve Bayes algorithm (2006)

Taken together, our analyses demonstrate that NBA-Palm is a useful computational program that provides insights for further experimentation. The accuracy of NBA-Palm is comparable with our previously described tool CSS-Palm. The NBA-Palm is freely accessible from: http://www.bioinfo.tsinghua.edu.cn/NBA-Palm.
Creep of flexible adhesive joints. (1999)

Commercial finite element analysis (FEA)software packages are used extensively for the prediction of the performance of adhesive joints.The accuracy of any prediction will depend on the validity of the material model employed and the reliability of the test data input into the chosen model.he aim of this work was to carry out an initial investigation into the creep properties of flexible adhesives.
FE software packages incorporate visco-elastic models for describing time-dependent material properties.Data are required from either creep tests or stress relaxation in order to calculate the relaxation constants for the models.Creep measurements have been carried out on bulk specimens to derive input data for the FE models and to investigate the failure of such materials under long-term loads.Despite the scatter in the data there is some evidence to suggest that there may be simple rules to predict long-term performance.In particular,constant rate tests performed at elevated temperatures may give information relating to the long-term failure criteria for the joint.
FE predictions of the behaviour of lap joints under constant loads have been compared with experimental measurements.The relaxation model used in the FE software relies on normalised input data.This means that the long-term FE predictions are critically dependent on the accuracy of the initial ‘elastic ’extension of the joint under load. Since the joint is rarely loaded at the same rate at which the elastic properties are obtained the accuracy can be poor.This is an area requiring further research.More suitable models making use of actual material properties such as compliance and incorporating stress dependence of the visco-elastic function are likely to increase the reliability of the predictions.
Spatially controlled hydrogel mechanics to modulate stem cell interactions (2009)

Local control of the stem cell microenvironment with biomaterial design is of critical importance for tissue engineering. Matrix mechanics is one aspect of biomaterial design that has received considerable attention recently due to the effect of mechanics on stem cell proliferation, morphology, and differentiation. In order to investigate the effect of locally controlled mechanics on human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), a sequentially crosslinked hyaluronic acid hydrogel system was developed that permits spatial patterning of mechanics (distinct patterns and gradients). Methacrylated hyaluronic acid was synthesized to allow for crosslinking via both Michael-type addition using a dithiol and radical polymerization using light. By varying the initial methacrylate consumption through addition crosslinking, restricting UV light to specified regions, and varying UV exposure time, a wide range of mechanics (from ∼3 kPa to ∼100 kPa) was possible in both uniform and patterned hydrogels. hMSCs exhibited increased spreading and proliferation on stiffer gels compared to cells cultured on softer gels. Furthermore, cells grown on gels with patterned mechanics exhibited spreading and proliferation behavior that correlated with the local mechanics. This method to spatially control matrix mechanics represents a novel hydrogel system to tune the stem cell microenvironment.
The object-oriented paradigm: a means for revolutionising software development (1993)

Much has been written recently about the merits of object-oriented programming, with enthusiasm among software developers apparently growing day by day. But what are the implications of this programming paradigm for those who are not professional software engineers? This article presents some of the basic ideas of object-oriented programming and reviews the state of the art in this rapidly expanding field.
The Effects of Substituents on the Rate of Hydrolysis of Triarylsilanes in Wet Piperidine (1951)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Effects of Substituents on the Rate of Hydrolysis of Triarylsilanes in Wet PiperidineHenry Gilman and G. E. DunnCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951, 73, 7, 3404–3407Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1951Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1951https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01151a119https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01151a119research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views218Altmetric-Citations29LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Daily stress, coping, and dietary restraint in binge eating (2004)

Vulnerability to binge eating in women who differ in terms of dietary restraint level may vary as a function of their coping responses to stress. Results highlight the complexities of stress and coping in binge eating.
Umsetzung einiger Dihydrobenzoxazaphosphorinone mit Nucleophilen; ungewöhnliche Oxidations‐, Insertions‐ und Umlagerungsprodukte und deren Charakterisierung durch Einkristall‐Röntgenstrukturanalyse (1994)

Abstract Reaction of some Dihydrobenzoxazaphosphorinones with Nucleophiles; Unusual Oxidation, Insertion, and Rearrangement Products and their Characterisation by Single‐Crystal X‐Ray Analysis The reaction of 2‐chloro‐1,2‐dihydro‐1‐methyl‐4 H ‐3,1,2‐oxazaphosphorin‐4‐one ( 2 ) and its 2‐diethylamino‐substituted derivative 3 with various nucleophiles yielded novel and sometimes unexpected products. Hydrolysis of 2 furnished the 2‐hydroxybenzoxazaphosphorinone 4 . In the presence of small amounts of water, two molecules of 4 were transformed into 5 , accompanied by cleavage of one of the heterocyclic rings. The reaction of 2 with sodium chlorodifluoroacetate led, possibly in an Arbuzov‐type reaction, to compound 6 . The 1,5‐diaza‐4,8‐cyclooctanedione system 7 was formed by reaction of 2 with 1,2,4,5‐tetrakis(trimethylsilyloxy)benzene with concomitant loss of the phosphorus‐containing group. 2,2′‐Bis(trimethylsiloxy)biphenyl reacted with 2 in the expected fashion to form the diphosphorus compound 8 . From 8 the chlorogold(I) complex 9 was obtained. The reaction of 3 with tetrachloro‐ and tetrabromo‐ o ‐benzoquinone did not lead to the expected spirocyclic products by oxidative addition of the quinone system to λ 3 P. Instead, cleavage and expansion of the heterocyclic ring system with formation of the tricyclic derivatives 10 and 11 took place. Compounds 5 ‐ 10 were subjected to X‐ray structure analysis. Compound 5 exists as two modifications 5a and 5b , which differ mainly in the relative orientation of the phenyl rings; intramolecular N–H…O hydrogen bonds are observed. Bond lengths at the halo‐substituted carbon atom in 6 indicate steric crowding. The central 8‐membered ring of 7 displays a “tub” conformation. Compound 8 undergoes a conformational change on complexation to the two gold(I) centres; one of the torsion angles C‐O(exocyc.)‐P‐N is ‐163° in 8 , but 95° in 9 . The structure determination of 10 served only to confirm the (unexpected) connectivity; the crystal quality was too poor to allow quantitative conclusions.
Low-power Phase-contrast Microscopy without a Condenser (1950)

ABSTRACT With those low-power objectives in which a phase-plate can be placed near the back focal plane, phase-contrast microscopy can be obtained without the use of any condenser. The illuminating annulus is placed in the conjugate focus of the phaseplate.
Serotonin 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C Receptors as Potential Targets for Modulation of Psychostimulant Use and Dependence (2006)

The development of novel pharmacological agents for the treatment of psychostimulant use disorders is an important research imperative. One potential target system that has been largely overlooked is the serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmitter system. Preclinical studies indicate that 5-HT may be important in modulating the reinforcing properties of various drugs of abuse. While the potential sites of action of 5-HT within the brain are extensive, the natural starting point to examine the mechanisms by which 5-HT may be useful in treatment of psychostimulant use disorders is the interaction between 5-HT and dopamine (DA), a primary mediator of the "rewarding" effects of psychostimulants. Two key modulators of DA output are the serotonin (5-HT)2A receptor (5-HT2A R) and the 5-HT2C R. These receptors are known to control the neurochemical and behavioral effects of psychostimulants, and in particular, the in vivo effects of cocaine. Preclinical studies indicate that 5-HT2A R antagonists and/or 5-HT2C R agonists may effectively reduce craving and/or relapse, and likewise, enhance abstinence, while 5-HT2C R agonists may also effectively reduce cocaine intake in active cocaine users. At present, the progression of studies to probe the effectiveness of 5-HT2A R and 5-HT2C R ligands in the clinical setting is hindered by a lack of available selective 5-HT2A R antagonists or 5-HT2C R agonists for use in human cocaine abusers. However, a number of selective 5-HT2 R ligands currently under development, or in early clinical trials for psychiatric and/or neurological disorders, may soon be available for translational studies to explore their effectiveness in modulating drug use and dependence.
A method of cis,trans-isomerisation of non-conjugated olefins without double-bond migration (1966)

It is shown that isomerisation of non-conjugated olefins by irradiation in the presence of iodine, or by heating at 200° in the presence of selenium or benzenethiyl radical-producing compounds, is accompanied by extensive migration of the double bond. Irradiation in the presence of iodine gives noticeable migration long before any cis,trans-equilibrium can be established, but with suitably filtered light in the presence of diphenyl sulphide or diphenyl disulphide the thermodynamic cis,trans-equilibrium is obtained without migration or side reactions. Irradiation at > 320 mµ in the presence of acetophenone as a photosensitiser gives cleanly a photostationary state which usually comes fairly close to the thermodynamic equilibrium, but some migration (2–3%) occurs.
The Nutritional Importance of Biotin—An Update (1987)

Current research focuses on the role of biotin in the metabolism of fatty acids and other lipids and on inborn errors in biotin metabolism in children. Evidence that biotin may participate importantly in the regulation of prostaglandin biosynthesis and immune function is an exciting development.
Block Polymers and Related Heterophase Elastomers (1970)

Abstract Recently, there has been considerable interest in heterophase polymer systems which possess enhanced physical properties in the elastomeric state. These systems, with their improved properties, greatly expand the list of available engineering materials and the possibility of designing a material to perform in a given situation. It is the intention of this article to review a significant portion of the literature pertinent to the physical properties and structure of a specific heterophase system: block polymers. In this undertaking we shall first consider work dealing with the morphology of the two-phase block polymer systems and the variety of techniques used to elucidate this structure. Then the mechanical and viscoelastic properties will be examined in terms of the structural changes which occur as a result of changes in chemical composition, physical modification, and deformation history. A review of this type is important at this time to collate and summarize the large volume of literature available, particularly in view of the rapid advancement of research in the block polymer field.