gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sensitive, colorimetric enzyme amplification cascade for determination of alkaline phosphatase and application of the method to an immunoassay of thyrotropin. (1991)

A highly sensitive flavin adenine dinucleotide-3'-phosphate (FADP)-based enzyme amplification cascade has been developed for determining alkaline phosphatase (ALP; EC 3.1.3.1). The cascade detects ALP via the dephosphorylation of the novel substrate FADP to produce the cofactor FAD, which binds stoichiometrically to inactive apo D-amino acid oxidase (D-AAO). The resulting active holo D-AAO oxidizes D-proline to produce hydrogen peroxide, which is quantified by the horseradish peroxidase-mediated conversion of 3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid and 4-aminoantipyrine to a colored product. The FADP-based enzyme amplification cascade has been used in a novel releasable linker immunoassay (RELIA) to quantify thyrotropin (TSH). In the assay, TSH is first captured onto antibody-coated chromium dioxide particles. After formation of an antibody-TSH sandwich with a dethiobiotinylated second antibody, the complex is reacted with a streptavidin-ALP conjugate. Biotin is then used to release the conjugate into solution, and ALP is quantified in an automated version of the FADP-based amplification cascade on the aca discrete clinical analyzer (Du Pont). The sensitivity of the colorimetric RELIA assay for TSH (less than 0.1 milli-int. unit/L) is comparable with that of fluorometric assays. This technology provides a way to adapt to the aca high-sensitivity immunoassays for a wide range of analytes via colorimetric detection.
Protonic Conduction in Acceptor‐Doped Cubic Rare‐Earth Sesquioxides (1992)

Using ac conductivity and the concentration cell emf method, conductivity contributions from protons, native ions, and electrons have been measured as a function of temperature (560° to 1156°C) in wet oxygen/air for the cubic systems Y 2 O 3 + 1 mol% MgO, Sm 2 O 3 + 1 mol% CaO, Gd 2 O 3 + 1 mol% CaO, and YYbO 3 + 5 mol% CaO. All exhibit significant proton conductivities as well as native‐ion and electronic conductivities at all temperatures. In wet atmospheres and reduced temperatures, the oxides dissolve protons to compensate for the acceptor doping, at the expense of native positive defects. This dissolution of protons seems to be relatively more favorable in oxides of smaller rare‐earth cations (e.g., Y 3+ and Yb 3+ ). On the other hand, larger cations (e.g., Sm 3+ and Gd 3+ ) give higher proton mobilities. As compared to oxides of the true lanthanides with similar cationic radii, yttrium‐containing oxides have lower proton mobilities.
Immunochemical analysis of plasmid-encoded proteins released by enteropathogenic Yersinia sp. grown in calcium-deficient media (1986)

Enteropathogenic Yersinia sp. releases plasmid-associated proteins of low molecular mass (26-67 kilodaltons) at 37 degrees C. In this study, the optimum conditions for the release of proteins were assessed and the released proteins (RPs) were analyzed for the manner of release, immunochemical characteristics, and the location of the genes necessary for their synthesis. Protein release was strongly enhanced when growth media were markedly depleted of calcium ions by precipitation with oxalate or chelation with EGTA [ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid]. RP yields were greatest when Yersinia spp. were in the exponential growth phase. The RPs appeared to be released from the Yersinia spp. by secretion rather than by pinching off of membrane vesicles, because the RPs did not sediment during high-speed centrifugation nor were they contaminated to any significant degree with lipopolysaccharide. Moreover, immunoblot analysis revealed only traces of protein species related to RPs within the outer membranes of plasmid-positive Yersinia spp. grown at 37 degrees C under calcium-restricted conditions. Immunoblot studies also showed that the RPs of Y. enterocolitica serotypes O:3, O:8, and O:9 and the RP of Y. pseudotuberculosis serotype I are highly cross-reactive. Finally, the immunoprecipitates of the products of minicells which harbor Yersinia plasmids were used to demonstrate that at least three proteins immunochemically related to the released fraction were plasmid encoded. These results suggest that at least three of the RPs may be related to or identical with previously described plasmid-encoded Yersinia outer membrane proteins.
α-Oxocarboxylic Acids (2010)

Several α-oxocarboxylic acids play key roles in metabolism in plants and animals. However, there are inconsistencies between the structures as commonly portrayed and the reported acid ionization constants, which result because the acids are predominantly hydrated in aqueous solution; that is, the predominant form is RC(OH)2COOH rather than the nominal RCOCOOH. We urge that this structure be more accurately reflected in tabulations by use of appropriate nomenclature and clear explanation. The combination of hydration and acid−base equilibria in these compounds provides good material for teaching and testing these concepts. After reviewing the facts on these equilibria, we provide several related problems for use in general or organic chemistry courses in the supporting information.
Microwave Sintering of Alumina at 2.45 GHz (2003)

The sintering kinetics and microstructural evolution of alumina tubes (∼17 mm length, ∼9 mm inner diameter, and ∼11 mm outer diameter) were studied by conventional and microwave heating at 2.45 GHz. Temperature during microwave heating was measured with an infrared pyrometer and was calibrated to ±10°C. With no hold at sintering temperature, microwave‐sintered samples reached 95% density at 1350°C versus 1600°C for conventionally heated samples. The activation energy for microwave sintering was 85 ± 10 kJ/mol, whereas the activation energy for conventionally sintered samples was 520 ± 14 kJ/mol. Despite the difference in temperature, grains grew from ∼1.0 μm at 86% density to ∼2.6 μm at 98% density for both conventionally sintered and microwave‐sintered samples. The grain size/density trajectory was independent of the heating source. It is concluded that the enhanced densification with microwave heating is not a consequence of fast‐firing and therefore is not a result in the change in the relative rates of surface and grain boundary diffusion in the presence of microwave energy.
Learning texture discrimination masks (1996)

A neural network texture classification method is proposed in this paper. The approach is introduced as a generalization of the multichannel filtering method. Instead of using a general filter bank, a neural network is trained to find a minimal set of specific filters, so that both the feature extraction and classification tasks are performed by the same unified network. The authors compute the error rates for different network parameters, and show the convergence speed of training and node pruning algorithms. The proposed method is demonstrated in several texture classification experiments. It is successfully applied in the tasks of locating barcodes in the images and segmenting a printed page into text, graphics, and background. Compared with the traditional multichannel filtering method, the neural network approach allows one to perform the same texture classification or segmentation task more efficiently. Extensions of the method, as well as its limitations, are discussed in the paper.
Updates and Best Practices in the Management of Facial Erythema (2021)

Facial erythema is a common dermatologic complaint. There are many medical and procedure-based treatments to help reduce the appearance of unwanted facial redness. The authors review a variety of treatment options and techniques to reduce facial erythema and prominent facial veins including topical medical therapies, a variety of lasers, light- and energy-based devices as well as the use of neuromodulators and sclerotherapy. The benefits and potential pitfalls of each procedure modality are also highlighted.
Quantitative magnetization transfer imaging in human brain at 3 T via selective inversion recovery (2011)

Quantitative magnetization transfer imaging yields indices describing the interactions between free water protons and immobile, macromolecular protons-including the macromolecular to free pool size ratio (PSR) and the rate of magnetization transfer between pools k(mf) . This study describes the first implementation of the selective inversion recovery quantitative magnetization transfer method on a clinical 3.0-T scanner in human brain in vivo. Selective inversion recovery data were acquired at 16 different inversion times in nine healthy subjects and two patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis. Data were collected using a fast spin-echo readout and reduced repetition time, resulting in an acquisition time of 4 min for a single slice. In healthy subjects, excellent intersubject and intrasubject reproducibilities (assessed via repeated measures) were demonstrated. Furthermore, PSR values in white (mean ± SD = 11.4 ± 1.2%) and gray matter (7.5 ± 0.7%) were consistent with previously reported values, while k(mf) values were approximately 2-fold slower in both white (11 ± 2 s(-1) ) and gray matter (15 ± 6 s(-1) ). In relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis patients, quantitative magnetization transfer indices were sensitive to pathological changes in lesions and in normal appearing white matter.
Simulation and thermal imaging of the 2006 Esperanza Wildfire in southern California: application of a coupled weather–wildland fire model (2014)

The 2006 Esperanza Fire in Riverside County, California, was simulated with the Coupled Atmosphere–Wildland Fire Environment (CAWFE) model to examine how dynamic interactions of the atmosphere with large-scale fire spread and energy release may affect observed patterns of fire behaviour as mapped using the FireMapper thermal-imaging radiometer. CAWFE simulated the meteorological flow in and near the fire, the fire’s growth as influenced by gusty Santa Ana winds and interactions between the fire and weather through fire-induced winds during the first day of burning. The airflow was characterised by thermally stratified, two-layer flow channelled between the San Bernardino and San Jacinto mountain ranges with transient flow accelerations driving the fire in Cabazon Peak’s lee. The simulation reproduced distinguishing features of the fire including its overall direction and width, rapid spread west-south-westward across canyons, spread up canyons crossing its southern flank, splitting into two heading regions and feathering of the fire line. The simulation correctly depicted the fire’s location at the time of an early-morning incident involving firefighter fatalities. It also depicted periods of deep plume growth, but anomalously described downhill spread of the head of the fire under weak winds that was less rapid than observed. Although capturing the meteorological flow was essential to reproducing the fire’s evolution, fuel factors including fuel load appeared to play a secondary role.
Motion control with induction motors (1994)

Induction motors (IM) provide a very wide speed range, mechanically robust and relatively low cost motion control option. An up-to-date summary of the status of induction motor motion control technology is the subject of this paper. The topics which this paper includes are as follows: basic motion control system requirements; field orientation instantaneous torque control principles for induction motors (FO-IM); current regulators for induction motor motion control; flux and torque regulators for induction motor motion control; self commissioning and continuous self-tuning for field orientation. Technology advances based on modern control and estimation theory have the potential to further enhance the capability of this important class of servo drive systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Modal discrimination in leaky-mode (antiguided) arrays (diode lasers) (1991)

Presents on the fabrication of a ten-element antiguided (leaky-mode) diode laser array that operates in an in-phase mode with a diffraction-limited far-field pattern at drive currents up to 8.7 times the threshold current (pulsed) and an output power of 400 mW (both facets). This device evidences good discrimination against the out-of-phase leaky mode without the benefit of a 'Talbot' spatial filter, relying instead on mode-sensitive interelement losses in an overlying GaAs layer. This device has been studied using two numerical models. Results from the more realistic of the two models predict in-phase-mode operation for certain restricted ranges of waveguide dielectric constant, in agreement with experiment. This behavior is shown to result from resonances between the waveguide modes and the modes of the active region. These results suggest that improved yields would result from a different type of leaky-mode array employing smaller, rectangularly shaped waveguides.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Electro-Optical Instrumentation: Sensing and Measuring with Lasers (2004)

Preface. 1. Introduction. Looking Back to Milestones. References. 2. Alignment, Pointing, and Sizing Instruments. Alignment. Pointing and Tracking. Laser Level. Wire Diameter Sensor. Particle Sizing. References. 3. Laser Telemeters. Triangulation. Time-of-Flight Telemeters. Instrumental Developments of Telemeters. Imaging Telemeters. The LIDAR. References. 4. Laser Interferometry. Overview of Interferometry Applications. The Basic Laser Interferometers. Performance Parameters. Ultimate Limits of Performance. Read-Out Configurations of Interferometry. Laser Vibrometry. Other Applications of Injection Interferometry. White Light Interferometry. References. 5. Speckle-Pattern Instruments. Speckle Properties. Speckle in Single-Point Interferometers. Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry. References. 6. Laser Doppler Velocimetry. Principle of Operation. Performance Parameters. Electronic Processing of the Doppler Signal. Optical Configurations. References. 7. Gyroscopes. Overview. The Sagnac Effect. Basic Gyro Configurations. Development of the RLG. Development of the Fiber Optics Gyro. The Resonant FOG and Other Configurations. The 3x3 FOG for the Automotive. The MEMS Gyro and Other Approaches. References. 8. Optical Fiber Sensors. Introduction. The Optical Strain Gage: A Case Study. Readout Configuration. Multiplexed and Distributed OFS. References. Appendix A0: Nomenclature. Appendix A1: Lasers for Instrumentation. Laser Basics. Frequency Stabilization of the He-Ne Laser. Semiconductor Narrow-Line and Frequency Stabilized Lasers. Diode-Pumped Solid-State Lasers. Laser Safety Issues. References. Appendix A2: Basic Optical Interferometers. Configurations and Performances. Choice of Optical Components. References. Appendix A3: Propagation through the Atmosphere. Turbidity. Turbulence. References. Appendix A4: Optimum Filter for Timing. Appendix A5: Propagation and Diffraction. Propagation. The Fresnel Approximation. Examples. References. Appendix A6: Source of Information on Electro-Optical Instrumentation. Index.
Weight Determining of Factors Influencing Grain Output Based on Entropy Weight Method (2012)

This article selects 8 main factors (the number of rural employees, total power of agricultural machinery, effective irrigation area of crops, growing area of grain crops, fertilizer consumption, electricity consumption in rural areas, area affected and area covered) as the factors influencing grain output, and offers the method of determining weight of factors influencing grain output using entropy weight method. According to the relevant data in the period 1985-2005, we analyze the weight of factors influencing grain output in China by example. The results show that the electricity consumption in rural areas has the greatest impact on grain output, followed by total power of agricultural machinery, fertilizer consumption and area covered. To increase grain output, we must enhance the degree of mechanization, free people from the former process of direct cultivation, strengthen water conservancy construction, and do a good job in disaster prevention and mitigation.
Abstract-driven pattern discovery in databases (1993)

The problem of discovering interesting patterns in large volumes of data is studied. Patterns can be expressed not only in terms of the database schema but also in user-defined terms, such as relational views and classification hierarchies. The user-defined terminology is stored in a data dictionary that maps it into the language of the database schema. A pattern is defined as a deductive rule expressed in user-defined terms that has a degree of uncertainty associated with it. Methods are presented for discovering interesting patterns based on abstracts which are summaries of the data expressed in the language of the user.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Construction and Characterization of a Chitosan-Immobilized-Enzyme and β-Cyclodextrin-Included-Ferrocene-Based Electrochemical Biosensor for H2O2 Detection (2017)

An electrochemical detection biosensor was prepared with the chitosan-immobilized-enzyme (CTS-CAT) and β-cyclodextrin-included-ferrocene (β-CD-FE) complex for the determination of H₂O₂. Ferrocene (FE) was included in β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) to increase its stability. The structure of the β-CD-FE was characterized. The inclusion amount, inclusion rate, and electrochemical properties of inclusion complexes were determined to optimize the reaction conditions for the inclusion. CTS-CAT was prepared by a step-by-step immobilization method, which overcame the disadvantages of the conventional preparation methods. The immobilization conditions were optimized to obtain the desired enzyme activity. CTS-CAT/β-CD-FE composite electrodes were prepared by compositing the CTS-CAT with the β-CD-FE complex on a glassy carbon electrode and used for the electrochemical detection of H₂O₂. It was found that the CTS-CAT could produce a strong reduction peak current in response to H₂O₂ and the β-CD-FE could amplify the current signal. The peak current exhibited a linear relationship with the H₂O₂ concentration in the range of 1.0 × 10<sup>-7</sup>-6.0 × 10<sup>-3</sup> mol/L. Our work provided a novel method for the construction of electrochemical biosensors with a fast response, good stability, high sensitivity, and a wide linear response range based on the composite of chitosan and cyclodextrin.
Intestinal pseudo-obstruction in patients with amyloidosis: clinicopathologic differences between chemical types of amyloid protein. (1993)

A clinicopathologic study was made of 16 patients with amyloidosis and with clinical signs of intestinal pseudo-obstruction. amyloid deposits in the small intestine were proved in all cases by endoscopic or intra-operative biopsies, and immunohistochemical study identified the chemical types of amyloid protein: amyloid A protein (AA) in 13 cases, light chain protein (AL) in two, and beta 2-microglobulin (AH) in one. Clinically, an acute self limiting obstructive condition was evident in 13 cases with AA, and 12 of them returned to normal bowel function after receiving total parenteral nutrition. Two cases with AL and one with AH presented chronic, intermittent, obstructive symptoms, and medical treatment, including total parenteral nutrition, was ineffective with no recovery of intestinal propulsion. Pathological examination of the necropsy specimens in seven cases showed considerable differences in the preferential sites of gastrointestinal deposits between the chemical types of amyloid; extensive infiltration and replacement of the muscularis propria by amyloid deposits throughout the gastrointestinal tract, especially the small intestine, were found in the AL and the AH cases, while amyloid deposits in the myenteric plexus without appreciable muscle infiltration were shown in the AA cases. These results show that intestinal pseudo-obstruction in patients with amyloidosis is caused by either myopathy or neuropathy, and that chemical types of amyloid may determine which of the two factors has the dominant affect on the bowel function.
Constitutional Rights of Prisoners: The Developing Law (1962)

He [the convicted felon] has, as a consequence of his crime, not only forfeited his liberty, but all his personal rights except those which the law in its humanity accords to him.He is for the time being the slave of the State.'This quotation illustrates what was once a typical judicial attitude toward the rights of prisoners.Today the analogy to slavery is being repudiated.A prisoner's rights are no longer considered exceptional privileges that the law "in its humanity accords him"; there is, instead, a growing recognition that "a prisoner retains all the rights of an ordinary citizen except those expressly, or by necessary implication, taken from him by law." 2 Acceptance of the fact that incarceration, because of inherent administrative problems, may necessitate the withdrawal of many rights and privileges3 does not preclude recognition by the courts of a duty to protect the prisoner from unlawful and onerous treatment 4 Courts, at least in 1 Ruffin v. Commonwealth, 62 Va.(21 Gratt) 790, 796 (1871). 2 Coffin v. Reichard, 143 F2d 443, 445 (6th Cir.1944).3 See Price v. Johnston,
Methodology for developing an assessment expert system using a planning paradigm (2003)

An assessment expert system evaluates the information provided by the external environment and produces hypotheses of the current world state. In an example application in the commercial-aircraft domain, an onboard sensor suite provides information concerning other airplanes within the aircraft's airspace. A planning paradigm provides explicit control through a meta-assessment capability. A development methodology for an assessor using this paradigm consists of the following steps: design the object hierarchy, design the internal interfaces, develop the assessment grammar, produce an appropriate plan library, and design and implement the rule base. The most important step is the development of the assessment grammar, since it must be understood by external agents such as a pilot or other expert systems in a multiagent system and be rich enough to provide concise hypotheses of the world.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>