gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low threshold InGaAsP terrace mass transport laser on semi-insulating substrate (1982)

Very low threshold InGaAsP terrace lasers on semi-insulating (SI) InP substrate have been fabricated using the mass transport technique. The fabrication process involves a single-step liquid phase epitaxial (LPE) growth followed by a mass transport of InP at ∼675 °C in the presence of an InP cover wafer. Lasers operating in the fundamental transverse mode with smooth far-field patterns and threshold currents as low as 9.5 mA have been obtained.
Localization of Palatal Area in Human Somatosensory Cortex (2007)

To determine the 'hard palate representing' area in the primary somatosensory cortex, we recorded somatosensory-evoked magnetic fields from the cortex in ten healthy volunteers, using magnetoencephalography. Following electrical stimulation of 3 sites on the hard palate (the first and third transverse palatine ridges, and the greater palatine foramen), magnetic responses showed peak latencies of 15, 65, and 125 ms. Equivalent current dipoles for early magnetic responses were found along the posterior wall of the inferior part of the central sulcus. These dipoles were localized anterior-inferiorly, compared with locations for the hand area in the cortex. However, there were no significant differences in three-dimensional locations among the 3 selected regions for hard palate stimulation. These results demonstrated the precise location of palatal representation in the primary somatosensory cortex, the actual area being small.
[Identification and management of the maxillary sinus ostium in endoscopic sinus surgery]. (2005)

鼻内镜鼻窦手术的关键是处理窦口鼻道复合体,建立与恢复以窦口鼻道复合体为中心的各组鼻窦通气引流通道.要提高手术成功率,上颌窦口需要保持长期通畅.由于上颌窦口位置变异较多,特别是严重炎症、息肉增生等,有时寻找上颌窦口并非易事.现将我们识别与处理上颌窦口的经验报告如下.
Switching pMOS Sense Amplifier for High-Density Low-Voltage Single-Ended SRAM (2015)

A switching pMOS sense amplifier (SPSA) is proposed for high-speed single-ended static RAM sensing. By using the same pull-up pMOS transistor for sensing and precharging the bit-line, the performance is enhanced, and the power consumption is reduced. A keeper that compensates bit-line leakage is also employed, and a minimum operating voltage of 0.51 V is obtained. Compared to the previous dynamic pMOS sense amplifier and AC-coupled sense amplifier (ACSA), the sensing time is improved by 55% and 10%, respectively, and the power consumption is reduced by 12% and 44%, respectively. Furthermore, the area of the SPSA is estimated to be 43% smaller than that of the ACSA. Although the SPSA has a 59% larger area than a dynamic pMOS sense amplifier, the area overhead can be mitigated by allocating a larger number of cells per bit-line (CpBL) because the performance of the SPSA is still better than that of the dynamic pMOS, even with a CpBL that is two times larger.
Influence of a Breakdown Ignition System on Performance and Emission Characteristics (1984)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The performance of an experimental breakdown ignition (VFZ) system has been compared to a conventional transistorized coil ignition (TCI) system using a production four-cylinder engine with a compression ratio of 9:1 and a swept volume of 2.3 1. Spark ignition energy and electrode spacing were identical for both ignition systems. Results at quarter load, idling and overrun demonstrate that for optimal engine efficiency considerably less spark advance is necessary when the VFZ-system was employed since the initial combustion period is reduced substantially. This enhancement in initial flame development provides a wider range of optimization, when changing spark advance and air-fuel ratio. Therefore significant improvement are possible when focusing either on reductions of fuel consumption or pollutant emissions.</div>
IRBIT, a Novel Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate (IP3) Receptor-binding Protein, Is Released from the IP3 Receptor upon IP3 Binding to the Receptor (2003)

The inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP(3)) receptors (IP(3)Rs) are IP(3)-gated Ca(2+) channels on intracellular Ca(2+) stores. Herein, we report a novel protein, termed IRBIT (IP(3)R binding protein released with inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate), which interacts with type 1 IP(3)R (IP(3)R1) and was released upon IP(3) binding to IP(3)R1. IRBIT was purified from a high salt extract of crude rat brain microsomes with IP(3) elution using an affinity column with the huge immobilized N-terminal cytoplasmic region of IP(3)R1 (residues 1-2217). IRBIT, consisting of 530 amino acids, has a domain homologous to S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase in the C-terminal and in the N-terminal, a 104 amino acid appendage containing multiple potential phosphorylation sites. In vitro binding experiments showed the N-terminal region of IRBIT to be essential for interaction, and the IRBIT binding region of IP(3)R1 was mapped to the IP(3) binding core. IP(3) dissociated IRBIT from IP(3)R1 with an EC(50) of approximately 0.5 microm, i.e. it was 50 times more potent than other inositol polyphosphates. Moreover, alkaline phosphatase treatment abolished the interaction, suggesting that the interaction was dualistically regulated by IP(3) and phosphorylation. Immunohistochemical studies and co-immunoprecipitation assays showed the relevance of the interaction in a physiological context. These results suggest that IRBIT is released from activated IP(3)R, raising the possibility that IRBIT acts as a signaling molecule downstream from IP(3)R.
Conjunctival oxygen monitoring in the initial assessment of trauma. (1992)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of the conjunctival oxygen tension (PCJO2) monitor during the early assessment of injured patients in the A&E Department of a large District General Hospital. The conjunctival oxygen sensor provides a non-invasive continuous monitor of tissue oxygenation in the palpebral conjunctiva and has been shown to detect early hypovolaemia in animal and human studies. For this preliminary report PCJO2 was recorded with initial clinical findings, standard cardiorespiratory parameters (pulse rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, Glasgow Coma Score) and final diagnosis. Low PCJO2 (less than 45 mmHg) was associated with hypovolaemia, reduced cardiac output and chest injury. Normal PCJO2 in patients with severe head injury requiring transfer to the Regional Neurosurgical Centre or patients from multivictim road traffic accidents (RTAs) indicated no early occult cardiorespiratory compromise and this was subsequently confirmed. Monitoring PCJO2 seems to provide a valuable adjunct in the initial assessment of the injured patient.
Shapedown Just for Teens (1988)

Assistant Professor, Human Nutrition and Foods, Virginia Polytechnic Institute, Blacksburg, Virginia
Subsolidus Equilibria and Stabilization of Tetragonal ZrO <sub>2</sub> in the System ZrO2‐Al <sub>2</sub> O <sub>3</sub> ‐SiO2 (1977)

The irreversible reaction between zircon and alumina to form mullite and zirconia was observed to proceed very slowly at 1480°C, confirming the existence of a stable join between mullite and zirconia in addition to the join between mullite and zircon. Attempts to determine equilibrium assemblages in powder samples of several combinations of the constituents at 1300° and 1400°C were unsuccessful. Metastable tetragonal ZrO 2 was observed in fired powder samples containing kaolinite, in fired zircon‐alumina samples, and in calcined gels prepared from zirconyl nitrate, aluminum nitrate, and colloidal silica in water. Tetragonal ZrO 2 was the dominant crystalline phase in gels fired for 24 h at 800°, 950°, and 1100°C; the thermal stability of the phase was enhanced by Al 2 O 3 and by SiO 2 , but most effectively by mixtures of the two. Line broadening measurements and electron microscope observation indicate that the tetragonal ZrO 2 , with apparent crystallite sizes between 0.009 and 0.1 μm, develops as an intergrowth with, and is stabilized by, the amorphous matrix of Al 2 O 3 and SiO 2 .
Crowdsourced Evaluation of Personalization and Diversi- fication Techniques in Web Search (2011)

services have been proven to be a valuable re- source for search system evaluation or creation of test collections. However, there are still no clear protocols to perform a user- centered evaluation of approaches that consider user factors, such as personalization or diversification of results. In this work we present two complementary evaluation methodologies to evaluate personalization and/or diversification techniques. Our preliminary results are encouraging, as they are consistent with previous ex- perimental results. This leads us to believe that these evaluation methodologies could allow performing inexpensive user-centered evaluations. As a result of this work, a test collection for personal- ized and diversification approaches has been made available.
Synchronization of respiratory frequency by somatic afferent stimulation (1976)

In cats anesthetized with chloralose-urethan, vagotomized, paralyzed, and artifically ventilated, superficial radial (cutaneous) and hamstring (muscle) nerve afferents were stimulated while phrenic nerve electrical activity was recorded. The results obtained with both types of nerves were similar. Stimulation in mid and late expiration advanced the onset of the next inspiration, shortening its duration. Stimulation in early inspiration advanced, while that in late inspiration delayed, the onset of the next expiration. These effects were often accompanied by changes in phrenic motoneuron firing patterns (earlier recruitment, increased discharge frequency, increased slope of integrated phrenic neurogram). Repetitive somatic afferent stimulation produced sustained increases in respiratory frequency in all cats and in half of them entrainment of respiratory frequency to the frequency of stimulation occurred at ratios such as 4:3, 4:5, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4, and 1:7. The lowest stimulus intensity required for evoking these phase shifts was between 5 and 10T (threshold of most excitable fibers) for muscle afferents and between 1 and 2T for cutaneous afferents. These results demonstrate the existence of a reflex mechanism capable of locking respiratory frequency to that of a periodic somatic afferent input. They also provide an experimental basis for the hypothesis that reflexes are resposible for the observed locking between step or pedal frequency and respiratory rate during exercise in man.
Research needs for the risk assessment of health and environmental effects of endocrine disruptors: a report of the U.S. EPA-sponsored workshop. (1996)

The hypothesis has been put forward that humans and wildlife species adverse suffered adverse health effects after exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Reported adverse effects include declines in populations, increases in cancers, and reduced reproductive function. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency sponsored a workshop in April 1995 to bring together interested parties in an effort to identify research gaps related to this hypothesis and to establish priorities for future research activities. Approximately 90 invited participants were organized into work groups developed around the principal reported health effects-carcinogenesis, reproductive toxicity, neurotoxicity, and immunotoxicity-as well as along the risk assessment paradigm-hazard identification, dose-response assessment, exposure assessment, and risk characterization. Attention focused on both ecological and human health effects. In general, group felt that the hypothesis warranted a concerted research effort to evaluate its validity and that research should focus primarily on effects on development of reproductive capability, on improved exposure assessment, and on the effects of mixtures. This report summarizes the discussions of the work groups and details the recommendations for additional research.
<i>PieCursor</i> (2008)

We describe a new type of graphical user interface widget called the "PieCursor." The PieCursor is based on the Tracking Menu technique and consists of a radial cluster of command wedges, is roughly the size of a cursor, and replaces the traditional cursor. The PieCursor technique merges the normal cursor function of pointing with command selection into a single action. A controlled experiment was conducted to compare the performance of rapid command and target selection using the PieCursor against larger versions of Tracking Menus and a status quo Toolbar configuration. Results indicate that for small clusters of tools (4 and 8 command wedges) the PieCursor can outperform the toolbar by 20.8% for coarse pointing. For fine pointing, the performance of the PieCursor degrades approximately to the performance found for the Toolbar condition.
Thrombin promotes endothelial cell alignment in Matrigel in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo (1997)

We have tested the effect of thrombin on endothelial cell tube formation in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo. Thrombin induces the differentiation of endothelial cells into capillary structures in a dose-dependent fashion (0.1-0.3 units thrombin/ml) on Matrigel, a laminin-rich reconstituted basement membrane matrix. At higher thrombin concentrations (1.0 unit/ml), a suppression of tube formation is evident, probably due to downregulation (desensitization) of the thrombin receptor. D-Phe-Pro-Arg-CH2Cl-thrombin is without effect when used alone, but it abolishes the tube-promoting effect of thrombin when used in combination with thrombin, indicating the involvement of the catalytic site of thrombin. Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) seems to be the transduction mechanism involved in the stimulation of tube formation by thrombin. Ro-318220 (3 micrograms/ml), a specific inhibitor of PKC, completely abolishes the stimulatory effect of thrombin. In the in vivo Matrigel system of angiogenesis, there is a 10-fold increase in endothelial cell infiltration in response to thrombin. These results provide evidence for the angiogenesis-promoting effect of thrombin in vivo and the induction by thrombin of the angiogenic phenotype of endothelial cells in vitro in the absence of other cell types such as smooth muscle cells, pericytes, and inflammatory cells.
Discovery and Preclinical Development of Netarsudil, a Novel Ocular Hypotensive Agent for the Treatment of Glaucoma (2017)

Netarsudil is a novel ROCK/NET inhibitor with high potency in biochemical and cell-based assays, an ability to produce large and durable IOP reductions in animal models, and favorable pharmacokinetic and ocular tolerability profiles.
Cryptate complexes of generator produced isotopes for measurement of blood flow (1984)

The need for an inert freely diffusible indicator for blood flow, which is not dependent on the availability of a cyclotron, has led the authors to study the potential of multicyclic polyethers (cryptands) as ligands for radioactive cations available from generators. The in vivo behavior of the complexes (cryptates) should be dominated by the highly lipophilic surface of the cryptand which surrounds the charged radioactive ion. The authors envision cryptate complexes with short-lived generator-produced isotopes but initiated our studies with longer-lived nuclides, including monovalent Ag-110m, divalent Sr-85, and trivalent Ga-67. Cryptates were formed by addition of the radioactive metal to the cryptands (2.2.2) and (2.2.2)BB, as confirmed by octanol:water partition coefficients. Murine distribution kinetics were similar for both Ag and Sr labeled (2.2.2), but dissimilar from the free ion, giving the authors confidence that the ligand was dominating the biodistribution properties of these complexes. At 1-2 min the cryptate distributions were also similar to blood flow expressed as a percentage of cardiac output. There were two important differences between the labels in vivo; Sr was more stable but Ag was more lipophilic. These results suggest that generator-produced isotopes such as Rb-82 (T1/2 = 75 sec) or Cs-128 (T1/2 = 228more » sec) sequestered inside cryptands may be useful freely diffusible tracers for measuring blood flow by positron emission tomography. A cyclotron would not then be required to produce oxygen-15 water (T1/2 = 122 sec).« less
Purification and Characterization of Ca2+/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase IV Kinase from Rat Brain1 (1994)

Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV (CaM-kinase IV) kinase was recently discovered in the rat brain by its activity to activate the inactive recombinant CaM-kinase IV expressed in Escherichia coli [Okuno, S. and Fujisawa, H. (1993) J. Biochem. 114, 167-170]. In the present study, CaM-kinase IV kinase was purified approximately 2,000-fold from rat cerebral cortex by purification procedures including calmodulin affinity chromatography, and its properties were examined. The highly purified CaM-kinase IV kinase gave one major protein band corresponding to a molecular weight of about 66,000 upon SDS-PAGE. The purified CaM-kinase IV kinase phosphorylated and concomitantly activated CaM-kinase IV purified from rat brain as well as the recombinant kinase expressed in Escherichia coli in a Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent manner. The phosphorylation of CaM-kinase IV by CaM-kinase IV kinase occurred on only serine residue(s). Among a number of proteins, including several known to be phosphorylated by the various protein kinases tested, CaM-kinase IV was the best substrate for CaM-kinase IV kinase. Since syntide-2, a synthetic peptide known to be a good peptide substrate for calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM-kinase II), was a fairly good substrate for CaM-kinase IV kinase, some kinetic properties of CaM-kinase IV kinase were examined using syntide-2 as a substrate. The Km value for the peptide substrate in the presence of Ca2+/calmodulin was almost two orders of magnitude lower than that in its absence, although the Vmax value was almost the same in the presence and absence of Ca2+/calmodulin.
Auditing as a Tool of Public Policy: The Misuse of Quality Assurance Techniques in the UK University Expansion (2002)

Over recent years, UK universities have undergone a government-driven expansion of their student intake, with a target of fifty per cent of each age cohort graduating with a degree. The aim was to increase the average educational standard of the UK educational system as a whole - albeit at the cost of reducing the average academic standard within the university sector (Smith and Webster, 1997; Charlton, 2002). The combination of necessarily reduced student selectivity (both in admissions and examinations) and substantially reduced funding per student created the problem of how to manage the decline in academic standards and inflation of the degree qualification. After some years of trying more informal methods (Williams, 1997), the government set-up the QAA (Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education; QAA, 1998), which would use the managerial tool of quality assurance auditing. Yet the QAA is now regarded as a failed experiment - expensive, damaging to efficiency, and probably ineffective (THES, 2001; Baty, 2001).
Detailed Design of a 250-kW Switched Reluctance Starter/Generator for an Aircraft Engine (1993)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The work reported in this paper has been conducted by General Electric Company and Sundstrand Corporation as part of a contract sponsored by the USAF, Wright Laboratories, and WPAFB under contract no. F33615-90-C-2052. The objective of this contract is to prove the feasibility of an integral starter/generator (IS/G) through the preliminary design stage and demonstrate the starter/generator technology in the externally-mounted version (EIS/G) using switched reluctance (SR) machine technology. This paper reports on the detailed design and analysis of the EIS/G. The analysis and design encompassed definition of requirements and constraints, electromagnetic design, thermal analysis, mechanical stress and fit analysis, bearing and critical speed analysis, and mechanical layout and packaging. The results show that when properly designed the SR machine has a very competitive power density when compared to existing aircraft secondary power generator, and that the machine is capable of meeting the application performance requirements.</div>
Antifungal activity of plant extracts against dermatophytes (1999)

The aqueous extracts (15 micrograms ml-1 medium) of 22 plants used in folkloric medicine in Palestine were investigated for their antifungal activity and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against nine isolates of Microsporum canis, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Trichophyton violaceum. The extract of the different plant species reduced colony growth of the three dermatophytes by 36 to 100% compared with the control treatment. Antimycotic activity of the extract against the three dermatophytes varied significantly (P < 0.05) between test plants. Extracts of Capparis spinosa and Juglans regia completely prevented growth of M. canis and T. violaceum. The most active extracts (90-100% inhibition) were those of Anagallis arvensis, C. spinosa, J. regia, Pistacia lentiscus and Ruta chalapensis against M. canis; Inula viscosa, J. regia and P. lentiscus against T. mentagrophytes; and Asphodelus luteus, A. arvensis, C. spinosa, Clematis cirrhosa, I. viscosa, J. regia, P. lentiscus, Plumbago europea, Ruscus aculeatus, Retema raetam and Salvia fruticosa against T. violaceum. The MICs of these most active plants ranged from 0.6 to 40 micrograms ml-1. The three dermatophytes differed significantly with regard to their susceptibility to plant extracts. Trichophyton violaceum was the most susceptible being completely inhibited by 50% of the extracts followed by M. canis and T. mentagrophytes which were completely inhibited by only 23 and 14% of the extracts, respectively.
Influence of Nanomaterials in Oilwell Cement Hydration and Mechanical Properties (2012)

Abstract Nanotechnology encompasses a wide scope of disciplines and nanomaterials are now being used as commercially viable solutions to technical challenges in industries ranging from electronics to bio-medicine. Recently, the application of nanomaterials to solve problems in oilwell cementing has begun to be investigated by several different research groups in the oil and gas industry. The following uses of nanomaterials have been presented by several independent laboratories as possibilities in the oilwell cementing industry: (1) nanosilica and nanoalumina as potential accelerators; (2) nanomaterials including carbon nanotubes (CNTs) with high aspect ratio to enhance mechanical properties; (3) nanomaterials to reduce permeability/porosity; and (4) nanomaterials to increase thermal and/or electrical conductivity. In this paper, a review of the aforementioned application concepts is presented with a focus on understanding the role of multiwall CNTs (MWNTs), nanosilica, and nanoalumina in oilwell cement hydration chemistry. The influence of the integration of MWNTs into oilwell cement on the physical properties of cement is discussed. Results from an isothermal microcalorimetric study are presented to help understand the difference between the mode of acceleration of a typical cement accelerator, like CaCl2, compared to nanosilica and/or nanoalumina.
Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and its application to cancer (2006)

Diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI) provides image contrast through measurement of the diffusion properties of water within tissues. Application of diffusion sensitising gradients to the MR pulse sequence allows water molecular displacement over distances of 1-20 microm to be recognised. Diffusion can be predominantly unidirectional (anisotropic) or not (isotropic). Combining images obtained with different amounts of diffusion weighting provides an apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) map. In cancer imaging DW-MRI has been used to distinguish brain tumours from peritumoural oedema. It is also increasingly exploited to differentiate benign and malignant lesions in liver, breast and prostate where increased cellularity of malignant lesions restricts water motion in a reduced extracellular space. It is proving valuable in monitoring treatment where changes due to cell swelling and apoptosis are measurable as changes in ADC at an earlier stage than subsequent conventional radiological response indicators.