gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nilotinib preclinical pharmacokinetics and practical application toward clinical projections of oral absorption and systemic availability (2012)

Nilotinib is a highly potent and selective bcr-abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor used for the treatment of patients who are in the chronic and accelerated phases of Philadelphia chromosome-positive (Ph+) chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). Nilotinib preclinical data and its use for practical predictions of systemic exposure profiles and oral absorption are described. The systemic clearance (CL) of nilotinib was relatively low in rodents with a value of less than 25% of hepatic blood flow (Q(H)), while it was moderate in monkeys and dogs (CL/Q(H) = 32-35%). The steady state volume of distribution (V(ss) ) ranged from 0.55 to 3.9 l/kg across the species tested. The maximum concentration (C(max)) of nilotinib occurred at 0.5-4 h and the bioavailability was moderate (17-44%). The plasma protein binding was high (> 97.5%) in preclinical species and humans. The human CL (~ 0.1 l/h/kg) and V(ss) (~2.0 l/kg) were best predicted by the rat-dog-human proportionality method and allometric scaling method, respectively. The human intravenous pharmacokinetic profile was projected by the Wajima 'C(ss)-MRT' method. The predicted micro-constants from human intravenous profiles were incorporated into the advanced compartmental absorption and transit model within the GastroPlus program to simulate the oral concentration-time curves in humans. Overall, the simulated oral human pharmacokinetic profiles showed good agreement with observed clinical data, and the model predicted that the C(max) , AUC, t(½) , V(z) /F and CL/F values were within 1.3-fold of the observed values. The absolute oral bioavailability of nilotinib in healthy humans was predicted to be low (< 25%).
Segmentation of hepatic vessels from MRI images for planning of electroporation-based treatments in the liver (2014)

The proposed method to segment hepatic vessels from MRI images based on local thresholding meets all the initial criteria set at the beginning of the study and necessary to be used in treatment planning of electroporation-based treatments: it identifies the major vessels, provides results with consistent accuracy and works completely automatically. Whether the achieved accuracy is acceptable or not for treatment planning models remains to be verified through numerical modeling of effects of the segmentation error on the distribution of the electric field.
Room-temperature ultraviolet emission from an organic light-emitting diode (2001)

Ultraviolet emission was obtained from N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)-(1,1′-biphenyl)-4,4′-diamine. Gallium nitride was used as a hole-blocking layer to contain the holes. A peak emission wavelength of 400 nm was measured. The external quantum efficiency is about 0.35%.
Modeling and coordinating building systems in three dimensions: a case study (2006)

This paper presents a case study that investigated a building system coordination process used three-dimensional (3-D) models during design and construction of a complex research facility. We modeled and coordinated a variety of building systems in three dimensions, including architectural, structural, mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems. We documented the 3-D modeling and coordination process, evaluated existing software tools support of this process, documented the resources required to execute this process, and assessed the impact of the 3-D models on the coordination process. We also identified the design and construction knowledge used to create a coordinated and constructible design. We classified this knowledge in a framework instantiated by examples and concepts found in this study. The framework associates the design and construction constraints that govern the modeling and coordination process with the knowledge domain, the domain context, and the specific modeling and coordination task. The main contributions of the paper are the evaluation of the 3-D coordination process and the identification and classification of building system coordination knowledge.Key words: 3-D modeling, mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) coordination, building systems, knowledge framework, product and process modeling, constructability.
如何处理“西方式”沟通与“东方式”沟通的矛盾？ (2007)

和美国人相比．中国人沟通时非常含蓄，这是众所周知的事。但你知道中国人比日本人和法国人更直接，以及英国人不如美国人直接吗？这是美国塔夫斯大学J．W．Salacuse教授的最新调查结果。虽然在他的调研结果中．并没有出现我们加拿大人．但我相信加拿大人应介于英国人和美国人之间。
Cloud API issues (2013)

Outages to the cloud infrastructures have been widely publicized and it would be easy to conclude that application developers only need to be concerned with large scale cloud provider infrastructure outages. Unfortunately, this is not the case. In-cloud applications heavily rely on cloud infrastructure APIs (directly or indirectly through scripts and consoles) for many sporadic activities such as deployment change, scaling out/in, backup, recovery and migration. Failures and/or issues around API calls are a large source of faults that could lead to application failures, especially during sporadic activities. Infrastructure outages can also be greatly exacerbated by API-related issues.
Improvements of Ebullated-Bed Technology for Upgrading Heavy Oils (2000)

Residue from heavy crude oils can be upgraded through various existing processes. Among these processes, the catalytic hydroconversion ebullated-bed process (H-Oil) has the unique feature of deeply converting heavy feedstocks with high impurity contents while operating with a long cycle time. This is accomplished through daily on-line catalyst replacement of a small portion of the catalyst bed. The ebullated-bed reactor includes an internal recirculation of the reactor liquid to ebullate the catalyst bed. The paper will present background information on the H-Oil process and discuss some of the recent improvements that have been developed for this technology. A Residence-Time Distribution (RTD) study was conducted using a radiotracer on a new laboratory bench unit of this process. This experiment quantified the reactor hydrodynamics and the liquid holdup. These parameters are critical to insure a safe extrapolation of the pilot plant results. The technology of H-Oil process was improved for heavy feedstocks. A new hot high-pressure separator design, based on R&D studies, has been developed to improve the separation of gas/liquid avoiding excessive liquid carry-over and gas carry-under. The use of this new separator in a commercial H-Oil plant operation at higher feedstock throughput results in improved operation and minimization of operating costs.
Interfacial perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in CoFeB/MgO structure with various underlayers (2014)

Interfacial perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) in CoFeB/MgO structures was investigated and found to be critically relied on underlayer material and annealing temperature. With Ta or Hf underlayer, clear PMA is observed in as-deposited samples while no PMA was shown in those with Pt or Pd. This may be attributed to smaller saturation magnetization of the films with Ta or Hf underlayer, which makes the PMA of CoFeB/MgO interface dominates over demagnetization field. On the contrary, samples with Pt or Pd demonstrate PMA only after annealing, which might be due to the CoPt (or CoPd) alloy formation that enhances PMA.
Molecular basis of chromatographic separation (1997)

Adsorption Phenomena and Molecular Interactions in Chromatography Adsorption Phenomena in Gas-Liquid Chromatography Adsorption Phenomena in Liquid Chromatography Competitive Adsorption of the Eluent Components Competitive Adsorption of Analytes Molecular Forces in Chromatography Gas Chromatography Fundamentals Models of GLC Retention and Separation Influence of Adsorption Side Effects on Retention Behavior Descriptors of GLC Retention and Their Correlation with Molecular Parameters Retention Time Capacity Factor The Kovats Index The Takacs Retention Index Other Descriptors Application of Solute Parameters Retention Relationships Liquid Chromatography Thin-Layer Chromatography Principles of Adsorption and Reversed-Phase Thin-Layer Chromatography Molecular Basis of Separation in Adsorption Thin-Layer Chromatography Molecular Basis of Separation in Reversed-Phase Thin-Layer Chromatography High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Fundamentals Direct (Normal) Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Reversed-Phase Chromatography Graphitized Carbon Packing Materials Other Metal-Oxide Support New Reversed-Phase Columns Appendix References Index
Centralized Control and Management Architecture Design for PIM-SM Based IP/MPLS Multicast Networks (2007)

In this paper, we propose a centralized control and management (CCM) architecture to support PIM-SM multicast protocol in IP/MPLS network. With the integration of IP and MPLS multicast routing mechanism, we justify that CCM framework can improve multicast capabilities such as dynamic group management, control algorithm for multicast routing and resource reservation. Most current schemes for multicast routing assume that multicast routers participate above mentioned functions as well as data forwarding. Since multicast suffers from control overhead by increasing group size, the multicast router must keep large amount of states for point-to-multipoint (p2mp) routing. In additions, the dynamic member join/leave will increase the complexity of control and management for multicast router. By separating data flow and control flow, and by centralizing control and management plane, we design a distinct CCM architecture for PIM-SM based multicast routing in IP/MPLS network. We present the procedural algorithm for the multicast functionality of CCM including call admission, resource reservation, multicast tree calculation and dynamic group management. Compared to source specific and shared multicast routing, the centralized approach can alleviate the burden of multicast routers. To explain the scalability and efficiency for the proposed CCM architecture, we evaluate and discuss the QoS multicast routing for receiver-initiated multicast tree structure.
Peptide-Based Pharmacomodulation of a Cancer-Targeted Optical Imaging and Photodynamic Therapy Agent (2007)

We designed and synthesized a folate receptor-targeted, water-soluble, and pharmacomodulated photodynamic therapy (PDT) agent that selectively detects and destroys the targeted cancer cells while sparing normal tissue. This was achieved by minimizing the normal organ uptake (e.g., liver and spleen) and by discriminating between tumors with different levels of folate receptor (FR) expression. This construct (Pyro-peptide-Folate, PPF) is composed of three components: (1) pyropheophorbide a (Pyro) as an imaging and therapeutic agent, (2) peptide sequence as a stable linker and modulator improving the delivery efficiency, and (3) Folate as a homing molecule targeting FR-expressing cancer cells. We observed an enhanced accumulation of PPF in KB cancer cells (FR+) compared to HT 1080 cancer cells (FR-), resulting in a more effective post-PDT killing of KB cells over HT 1080 or normal CHO cells. The accumulation of PPF in KB cells can be up to 70% inhibited by an excess of free folic acid. The effect of Folate on preferential accumulation of PPF in KB tumors (KB vs HT 1080 tumors 2.5:1) was also confirmed in vivo. In contrast to that, no significant difference between the KB and HT 1080 tumor was observed in case of the untargeted probe (Pyro-peptide, PP), eliminating the potential influence of Pyro's own nonspecific affinity to cancer cells. More importantly, we found that incorporating a short peptide sequence considerably improved the delivery efficiency of the probe--a process we attributed to a possible peptide-based pharmacomodulation--as was demonstrated by a 50-fold reduction in PPF accumulation in liver and spleen when compared to a peptide-lacking probe (Pyro-K-Folate, PKF). This approach could potentially be generalized to improve the delivery efficiency of other targeted molecular imaging and photodynamic therapy agents.
Multiple-Drug-Resistance Phenomenon in the Yeast <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>: Involvement of Two Hexose Transporters (1997)

In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, multidrug resistance to unrelated chemicals can result from overexpression of ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters such as Pdr5p, Snq2p, and Yor1p. Expression of these genes is under the control of two homologous zinc finger-containing transcription regulators, Pdr1p and Pdr3p. Here, we describe the isolation, by an in vivo screen, of two new Pdr1p-Pdr3p target genes: HXT11 and HXT9. HXT11 and HXT9, encoding nearly identical proteins, have a high degree of identity to monosaccharide transporters of the major facilitator superfamily (MFS). In this study, we show that the HXT11 product, which allows glucose uptake in a glucose permease mutant (rag1) strain of Kluyveromyces lactis, is also involved in the pleiotropic drug resistance process. Loss of HXT11 and/or HXT9 confers cycloheximide, sulfomethuron methyl, and 4-NQO (4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide) resistance. Conversely, HXT11 overexpression increases sensitivity to these drugs in the wild-type strain, an effect which is more pronounced in a strain having both PDR1 and PDR3 deleted. These data show that the two putative hexose transporters Hxt11p and Hxt9p are transcriptionally regulated by the transcription factors Pdr1p and Pdr3p, which are known to regulate the production of ABC transporters required for drug resistance in yeast. We thus demonstrate the existence of genetic interactions between genes coding for two classes of transporters (ABC and MFS) to control the multidrug resistance process.
Conformal Redirected Walking for Shared Indoor Spaces (2019)

In this work we present a redirected walking scheme suitable for shared spaces in a virtual reality environment. We show our redirected walking to work for the case of two physical spaces (a host and a guest) being merged into a single virtual host space. The redirection is based on warping the guest space into the host space using a conformal mapping that preserves the local shape and features. We compare our technique with state-of-the art indoor redirection schemes and show its efficiency. We found our method to have better task performance, higher social presence, and less simulator sickness.
Studies on the Distribution of Wild Soybean (Glycine soja) in China (2001)

Investigations showed that wild soybean grew in a vast area from about 24N (middle-northern Guangdong Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Regions) in the south to 53N (Heilongjiang River valley) in the northern China and that there was no wild soybean to find in three regions Xinjiang, Qinghai and Hainan. The area of 30 to 45N was a diverse region of the wild soybean in China, where the wild soybean has an extensive distribution, large populations and rich types. The highest point of wild soybean distribution in China was 2670 m, locating at 2730'N, Ninglang County, Yunnan Province. Two critical meteorological indexes related temperature and humidity was key factors to influence the distribution of wild soybean in China: no wild soybeans were found in the areas having a monthly mean temperature of below 20C in the warmest months or lasting seven months and over bf more than 20C monthly mean temperature and having an annual precipitation of less than 300 mm during a year.
Crystallization behavior and mechanical properties of a nylon-6, -6/6, and -12 terpolyamide (1996)

Composition, tacticity, and processing history can affect the morphology of semicrystalline polymers. Although homopolyamides are a family of polymers well known for semicrystalline character, through copolymerization or multicomponent copolymerization significant changes in materials' crystalline and thermal properties can occur. Due to chain irregularities introduced by terpolymerization, differential scanning calorimetry shows RDG 114T, a commercial polyamide of nylon-6, -6/6, and 12, to have an atypically low Tm and exhibit interesting recrystallization behavior. Specifically, the polyamide is wholly amorphous upon cooling from the melt, and since its Tg is about 20°C (due to the presence of plasticizers), chain ordering is found to occur over time at room temperature. Since the polyamide's morphology is time-dependent, the tensile properties of the polymer are also found to vary with ambient aging. For instance, Young's moduli for an amorphous and 7-day room temperature-annealed sample are 1.3×102 and 2.8×102 MPa, respectively. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Formation of Antiviral Cytoplasmic Granules during Orthopoxvirus Infection (2010)

Vaccinia virus (VV) mutants lacking the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-binding E3L protein (ΔE3L mutant VV) show restricted replication in most cell types, as dsRNA produced by VV activates protein kinase R (PKR), leading to eIF2α phosphorylation and impaired translation initiation. Here we show that cells infected with ΔE3L mutant VV assemble cytoplasmic granular structures which surround the VV replication factories at an early stage of the nonproductive infection. These structures contain the stress granule-associated proteins G3BP, TIA-1, and USP10, as well as poly(A)-containing RNA. These structures lack large ribosomal subunit proteins, suggesting that they are translationally inactive. Formation of these punctate structures correlates with restricted replication, as they occur in >80% of cells infected with ΔE3L mutant VV but in only 10% of cells infected with wild-type VV. We therefore refer to these structures as antiviral granules (AVGs). Formation of AVGs requires PKR and phosphorylated eIF2α, as mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) lacking PKR displayed reduced granule formation and MEFs lacking phosphorylatable eIF2α showed no granule formation. In both cases, these decreased levels of AVG formation correlated with increased ΔE3L mutant VV replication. Surprisingly, MEFs lacking the AVG component protein TIA-1 supported increased replication of ΔE3L mutant VV, despite increased eIF2α phosphorylation and the assembly of AVGs that lacked TIA-1. These data indicate that the effective PKR-mediated restriction of ΔE3L mutant VV replication requires AVG formation subsequent to eIF2α phosphorylation. This is a novel finding that supports the hypothesis that the formation of subcellular protein aggregates is an important component of the successful cellular antiviral response.
Elevation of matrix metalloproteinases and interleukin‐6 in the culprit coronary artery of myocardial infarction (2008)

The levels of MMP-1, MMP-13 and IL-6 were higher in the culprit coronary artery than in the peripheral blood. These factors appear to be involved in the early stage of AMI.
Developmental origin of polycystic ovary syndrome - a hypothesis (2002)

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common but complex endocrine disorder and is a major cause of anovulation and consequent subfertility. It is also associated with a metabolic disturbance, characterized by hyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistance that carries an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in later life. Despite its prevalence little is known about its aetiology, but there is increasing evidence for an important genetic involvement. On the basis of experimental observations in the prenatally androgenized sheep and rhesus monkey, and supported by data from human studies, we propose that the clinical and biochemical features of PCOS can arise as a consequence of genetically determined hypersecretion of androgens by the ovary during, or very likely long before, puberty. The resulting hyperandrogenism results in 'programming' of the hypothalamic-pituitary unit to favour excess LH secretion, and encourages preferential abdominal adiposity that predisposes to insulin resistance. The severity of hyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistance (which has a profound influence on the phenotype of PCOS) is further influenced by both genetic factors (such as polymorphism in the insulin gene regulatory region) and environmental factors, notably obesity. This hypothesis therefore suggests a unifying, 'linear' model to explain the aetiology of the heterogeneous phenotype.
Encoding facsimile images for packet-switched networks (1989)

An image compression algorithm is presented that is suitable for transmitting a high-resolution (400 dot/in) black-and-white (two-tone) facsimile image over a packet network. The algorithm decomposes the image into nondroppable (essential) and droppable (supplementary) bits. The nondroppable bits describe the image at low resolution (200 dot/in) and can be coded with any of the standard CCITT Group 3 or Group 4 techniques. Thus, the algorithm is compatible with the large installed base of Group 3 facsimile machines. The droppable (supplementary) bits are approximately 45% of the total number of bits and can be dropped by the network to relieve congestion. The supplementary bits are encoded with a predictive Huffman method. Resynchronization after missing some of the supplementary information presents no serious difficulties. The algorithm is information preserving, assuming that all droppable bits are available, and its compression efficiency is equal to or better than that of direct two-dimensional Group 3 or 4 CCITT encoding of the high-resolution (400 dot/in) image. Frame memory is not needed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Any Discrimination Rule Can Have an Arbitrarily Bad Probability of Error for Finite Sample Size (1982)

Consider the basic discrimination problem based on a sample of size n drawn from the distribution of (X, Y) on the Borel sets of Rdx {O, 1}. If 0 < R*< is a given number, and 'n - 0 is an arbitrary positive sequence, then for any discrimination rule one can find a distribution for (X, Y), not depending upon n, with Bayes probability of error R* such that the probability of error (Rn) of the discrimination rule is larger than R* + 'On for infinitely many n. We give a formal proof of this result, which is a generalization of a result by Cover [1].
A hierarchical decision procedure for process synthesis (1985)

Abstract A new procedure for synthesizing process flow sheets and base‐case designs has been developed. The procedure is evolutionary in nature and proceeds through a hierarchy of decision levels, where more fine structure is added to the flow sheet at each decision level. Heuristics are used to obtain some of the structural elements of the flow sheet, and other heuristics are used to make some of the decisions required at the various decision levels. In many cases, no heuristics are available, so that process alternatives are generated. The analysis protion of the procedure has strong focus on the economic tradeoffs that are associated with the significant design variables.
Design of an efficient self-quenched molecular beacon for SNPs genotyping (2008)

Quencher free molecular beacon with an excellent signal to noise ratio was designed and used for SNPs genotyping.
Properties of continuously-deposited photovoltaic-grade CdS (1982)

CdS has been continuously deposited on a moving flexible substrate in a reel-to-reel vacuum coater. Materials characterization revealed that continuously deposited CdS is essentially equivalent to material that was deposited in a laboratory scale bell jar evaporator. Cells made using continuously deposited CdS had efficiencies up to 7.85%. Cu/sub 2/S has also been formed in a continuous sheet by evaporating CuCl onto as-deposited CdS web and carrying out a solid reaction in a reelto-reel operation. The highest efficiency cells made using continuously deposited Cu/sub 2/S/CdS had efficiencies of about 7%. It is concluded that the fundamental problems of scalability for thinfilm CdS/Cu/sub 2/S cells have been identified and can be solved through unit operations research.