gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Proyección Agregada y Desagregada del PIB Chileno con Procedimientos Automatizados de Series de Tiempo (2010)

espanolEste trabajo compara los errores fuera de muestra de dos formas de proyeccion del PIB chileno. La primera es la proyeccion del PIB agregado como tal, y la segunda es la suma de las proyecciones individuales de los componentes del PIB por el lado de la oferta. Las proyecciones se estiman automaticamente con el metodo de desestacionalizacion X12-ARIMA version 0.2.10, el cual incluye como parte de su salida, proyecciones de la variable a ser desestacionalizada. Se considera unicamente la informacion contenida en la primera version de datos hasta 2009.I. Para toda la muestra, de acuerdo con los estadisticos y pruebas tipicas presentadas en la literatura, no se encuentran diferencias significativas en la proyeccion agregada versus la suma de sus componentes. A pesar de lo anterior, se encuentra que, en general, en periodos de baja volatilidad del PIB, el agregado tiene menor raiz cuadrada del error cuadratico medio (RECM), mientras que con mayor volatilidad las proyecciones desagregadas presentan menor RECM. EnglishThis paper compares the out-of-sample error of two forecasting methods for Chile�s GDP. The first method forecasts the aggregate GDP, while the second aggregates the forecasts of the supply-side components. As forecasting method we use the automatic model selection contained in the seasonal adjustment program X12-ARIMA version 0.2.10. Our sample includes the information contained in the first data release until 2009.I. For the whole sample, this paper finds no significant difference between both methods, according to tests commonly used in this literature. However, in periods of low GDP volatility the aggregate method performs better in terms of root mean squared error, while the disaggregate approach outperforms the aggregate one in periods of high GDP volatility.
Caveolae, Plasma Membrane Microdomains for α-Secretase-mediated Processing of the Amyloid Precursor Protein (1998)

Caveolae are plasma membrane invaginations where key signaling elements are concentrated. In this report, both biochemical and histochemical analyses demonstrate that the amyloid precursor protein (APP), a source of Abeta amyloid peptide, is enriched within caveolae. Caveolin-1, a principal component of caveolae, is physically associated with APP, and the cytoplasmic domain of APP directly participates in this binding. The characteristic C-terminal fragment that results from APP processing by alpha-secretase, an as yet unidentified enzyme that cleaves APP within the Abeta amyloid sequence, was also localized within these caveolae-enriched fractions. Further analysis by cell surface biotinylation revealed that this cleavage event occurs at the cell surface. Importantly, alpha-secretase processing was significantly promoted by recombinant overexpression of caveolin in intact cells, resulting in increased secretion of the soluble extracellular domain of APP. Conversely, caveolin depletion using antisense oligonucletotides prevented this cleavage event. Our current results indicate that caveolae and caveolins may play a pivotal role in the alpha-secretase-mediated proteolysis of APP in vivo.
Integrins: dynamic scaffolds for adhesion and signaling in platelets (2004)

The major platelet integrin, alphaIIbbeta3, is required for platelet interactions with proteins in plasma and the extracellular matrices (ECMs) that are essential for platelet adhesion and aggregation during hemo stasis and arterial thrombosis. Lig and binding to alphaIIbbeta3 is controlled by inside-out signals that modulate receptor conformation and clustering. In turn, ligand binding triggers outside-in signals through alphaIIbbeta3 that, when disrupted, can cause a bleeding diathesis. In the past 5 years there has been an explosion of knowledge about the structure and function ofalphaIIbbeta3 and the related integrin, alphaVbeta3. These developments are discussed here, and current models of bidirectional alphaIIbbeta3 signaling are presented as frameworks for future investigations. An understanding that alphaIIbbeta3 functions as a dynamic molecular scaffold for extracellular and intracellular proteins has translated into diagnostic and therapeutic insights relevant to hematology and cardiovascular medicine, and further advances can be anticipated.
Photo‐Crosslinked Side‐Chain Liquid‐Crystalline Elastomers for Microsystems (2009)

Abstract Photo‐crosslinkable side‐chain liquid‐crystalline polymers (LCPs) containing photoreactive benzophenone cores are synthesized in order to obtain their corresponding side‐chain liquid‐crystalline elastomers (LCEs). This strategic synthesis allows thin elastomeric films and their integration into microsystems for actuators and micromachines to be obtained. As an example of this principle, a gripper was developed. The position of its arms can be changed by applying voltages from 1.5 to 3.5 V at different rates. Small changes in the liquid‐crystalline elastomer film cause strains of up to 150% in the microdevice and the capacity to move up to 400 times its own mass due to the nematic‐to‐isotropic transformation. magnified image
Long-term Glioblastoma Multiforme Survivors: a Population-based Study (1998)

These data highlight the dismal prognosis for GBM patients who have both a short median survival and very small chance (1.8%) of long-term survival. The LTGBMS were younger, had a higher performance status, and their tumors tended to proliferate less rapidly than control GBM patients. When long-term survival does occur it is often accompanied by severe treatment-induced dementia.
Retrieval algorithm for rainfall mapping from microwave links in a cellular communication network (2016)

Abstract. Microwave links in commercial cellular communication networks hold a promise for areal rainfall monitoring and could complement rainfall estimates from ground-based weather radars, rain gauges, and satellites. It has been shown that country-wide (≈ 35 500 km2) 15 min rainfall maps can be derived from the signal attenuations of approximately 2400 microwave links in such a network. Here we give a detailed description of the employed rainfall retrieval algorithm. Moreover, the documented, modular, and user-friendly code (a package in the scripting language “R”) is made available, including a 2-day data set of approximately 2600 commercial microwave links from the Netherlands. The purpose of this paper is to promote rainfall mapping utilising microwave links from cellular communication networks as an alternative or complementary means for continental-scale rainfall monitoring.
A novel control principle for a high frequency transformer based multiport converter for integration of renewable energy sources (2013)

This paper presents a novel approach to control power flow inside a high frequency transformer based multiport DC-DC converter. A multiport converter can interface a number of power sources and sinks with control of power flow among them. In a renewable energy sources (RES) integration scheme, the multiport converter operates like an accumulator where it collects power from each RES and dispatches it to the load port. Typically, power flow between any two ports happens through the leakage inductance of the transformer by imposing a required phase shift between fundamental component of two square wave voltages, impressed at the ports. However, each port is connected with the other ports by some inductance and hence the power flow from a particular source port to load port is not decoupled and can not be controlled independently. This paper proposes decoupling of source ports by eliminating the load port leakage inductance with a negative inductance, emulated by voltage injection in series with leakage inductance. A three port transformer based system is simulated to validate the principle. A scaled prototype of the three port transformer is designed and the effect of load port leakage inductance is analyzed through experiment.
Multiple Sclerosis: A Disorder of Altered T-Cell Homeostasis (2011)

Uncertainty exists as to whether similar or different mechanisms contribute to the pathogenesis of different subtypes of multiple sclerosis (MS). Detailed analysis of naive T cell homeostasis shows that patients with relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) and with primary progressive MS (PPMS) have early-onset thymic involution that causes reduced thymic output. The reduced thymic output leads to secondary peripheral homeostatic alterations in naïve CD4 T-cells, which closely mimic T-cell alterations observed in an experimental animal model of diabetes mellitus. Homeostatic T-cell receptor (TCR) signalling and proliferation of naïve T cells are induced by self-peptides. Consequently, the findings of increased TCR signalling of naïve CD4 T-cells, without increased proliferation, in PPMS, and the increased homeostatic proliferation of naïve CD4 T-cells in RRMS favour the development of autoimmunity. Thus, it seems highly likely that peripheral T-cell alterations secondary to a thymic abnormality contribute to the pathogenesis of both MS subtypes.
Hybrids of Sugar Pine by Embryo Culture (1950)

Abstract A modified embryo culture technique was used to facilitate germination of seed obtained after pollinating sugar pine with pollen from blister-rust-resistant Armand and Korean pines. Resulting seedlings appear to be hybrids.
Transforming growth factor-?1 expression in cultured corneal fibroblasts in response to injury (2000)

The mechanisms underlying TGF-beta regulation in response to injury are not fully understood. We have developed an in vitro wound model to evaluate the expression and localization of transforming growth factor-beta1 in rabbit corneal fibroblasts in response to injury. Experiments were conducted in the presence or absence of serum so that the effect of the injury could be distinguished from exogenous wound mediators. Cultures were wounded and evaluations conducted over a number of time points. Expression of TGF-beta1 RNA was determined using Northern blot analysis and in situ hybridization, while the TGF-beta receptors were identified by affinity cross-linking. Injury increased the expression of TGF-beta1 mRNA in cells at the wound edge after 30 min; this response was amplified by the addition of serum. TGF-beta1 mRNA expression was observed in a number of cells distal from the wound. After wound closure, TGF-beta1 mRNA was negligible and resembled unwounded cultures. The half-life of TGF-beta1 mRNA was two times greater in the wounded cultures, indicating that the injury itself maintained the expression, while cell migration was present. Analogous to these findings, we found that binding of TGF-beta to its receptors was maximal at the wound edge, decreasing with time and distance from the wound. These results indicate that injury increases the level of expression of TGF-beta1 mRNA and maintains a higher level of receptor binding during events in wound repair and that these might facilitate the migratory and synthetic response of stromal fibroblasts.
Bornyl- and Isobornyl-Δ<sup>8</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinols: A Novel Class of Cannabinergic Ligands (2008)

Structure-activity relationship studies of classical cannabinoid analogues have established that the C3 aliphatic side chain plays a pivotal role in determining cannabinergic potency. In earlier work, we provided evidence for the presence of subsites within the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptor binding domains that can accommodate bulky conformationally defined substituents at the C3 alkyl side chain pharmacophore of classical cannabinoids. We have now extended this work with the synthesis of a series of Delta (8)-THC analogues in which bornyl substituents are introduced at the C3 position. Our results indicate that, for optimal interactions with both CB1 and CB2 receptors, the bornyl substituents need to be within close proximity of the tricyclic core of Delta (8)-THC and that the conformational space occupied by the C3 substituents influences CB1/CB2 receptor subtype selectivity.
Need for an integrated approach to mitigate EMX-problems (2002)

The term EMX refers to the electromagnetic energy released from natural sources (solar flares, lightning, electrostatic charging), intentional manmade sources (transmitters), unintentional manmade sources (power systems, consumer electronics, ignition system, ISM equipment, ESD) and war time nuclear weapons and RF weapons. The frequency spectrum of these sources of electromagnetic energy is from power frequencies to tens of GHz. The peak electric field varies from a few /spl mu/V/m to tens of kV/m. Concurrently, the proliferation of sophisticated electronics has completely revolutionized the philosophy of modern system design. Systems have to perform without degradation in their performance in the operational EMX-environment, which is very complicated. Thus to mitigate the EMX problems in either simple or complex systems requires an integrated approach, which has to be thought of from the concept level of a system design. This paper highlights some of these issues and also suggests simplified approach to be adopted for the successful design of a system to meet the requirements of EMX as per desired standards.
Adaptive Coding of Reward Value by Dopamine Neurons (2005)

It is important for animals to estimate the value of rewards as accurately as possible. Because the number of potential reward values is very large, it is necessary that the brain's limited resources be allocated so as to discriminate better among more likely reward outcomes at the expense of less likely outcomes. We found that midbrain dopamine neurons rapidly adapted to the information provided by reward-predicting stimuli. Responses shifted relative to the expected reward value, and the gain adjusted to the variance of reward value. In this way, dopamine neurons maintained their reward sensitivity over a large range of reward values.
Reconfigurable acceleration and dynamic partial self-reconfiguration in general purpose computing (2011)

In this paper, we describe a generic approach for integrating a dynamically reconfigurable device into a general purpose system interconnected with a high-speed link. The system can dynamically install and execute hardware instances of functions to accelerate parts of a given software code. The hardware descriptions of the functions (bitstreams) are inserted into the executable binary running on the system. Our compiler further inserts system-calls to the software code to control the reconfigurable device. Thereby, the general purpose host-processor of the system manages the hardware reconfiguration and execution through a Linux device driver. The device has direct access to the main memory (DMA) operating in the virtual address space; it further supports memory mapped IO for data and control, and is able to raise and handle interrupts for synchronization. The above system is implemented on a general purpose machine providing a HyperTransport bus to connect a Xilinx Virtex4-100 FPGA, an AMD Opteron-244, and 1 GB of DDR main memory. We evaluate our proposal using a secure audio processing application. We accelerate in hardware the Audio processing kernel as well as the subsequent AES encryption function via dynamic partial self-reconfiguration. The proposed system achieves a 12× speedup over a software for the application at hand.
Transmission Characteristics of the Submarine Cable<sup>1</sup> (1922)

The present paper presents an extensive theoretical investigation of the impedance of the “sea return” of various types of submarine cables. In the case of the cables used for submarine telegraphy the impedance of the sea return has been practically negligible because of the low frequencies involved. For these low frequencies the cross-section of the return path is very large and its resistance low, even though the specific resistance of sea water is of the order of ten million times that of copper. As the frequency of the cable current is raised, however, the return currents crowd in nearer the cable and the resistance of the return path is increased. For frequencies in and above the telephone range, the return currents are forced into the steel armor wires around the cable and into the water just outside of the insulation. The small cross-section of the water involved and the loss in the armor wires cause the resistance of the return path to become a very large part of the total resistance of the circuit. The present investigation led to the conclusion that the resistance of the return path could be greatly diminished by winding a low resistance conductor in the form of a copper tape immediately around the gutta percha insulation applied to the core of the cable. The concentric, cylindrical conductor thus formed lies within the armor wires but is not insulated from them and the sea water. Estimates of the sea return which would have been obtained in the Key West-Havana cable if no copper tape had been provided give values of 4, 6.5, and 8 ohms per nautical mile at 1,000, 3,000 and 5,000 cycles. The resistance actually obtained with the copper tape does not exceed 1.7 ohms at 5,000 cycles. The greater values would have increased the attenuation by approximately 30% at 1,000 cycles and by 50% at the two higher frequencies. The present cable permits of the operation of a carrier telegraph channel at 3,800 cycles, this lying above the range of telephone frequencies. The paper gives a comparison of the theoretical conclusions with experimental data and the agreement is so satisfactory as to indicate that the theory is a reliable guide in the design of such a cable. — Editor.
UK tornado climatology and the development of simple prediction tools (2004)

Abstract The principle features of tornado climatology in the UK are presented based on the 5‐year period from January 1995. Just over one third of reported tornadoes occurred in the south‐east region of England, and most tornado activity took place during the spring and summer while the least activity occurred during autumn. This was different to the seasonal distribution for the period from 1960 to 1989 when autumn had the greatest number of tornadoes. The reported tornado distribution was shown to be significantly affected by topography and the density of potential observers. Of the ground‐based meteorological variables tested, air temperature was most closely related to tornado occurrence with a peak at 13 ° C. An equation incorporating air temperature, dew‐point temperature, wind speed and pressure was shown to predict a tornado day with an accuracy of 86.2%. The probability that a tornado would occur on a predicted day was 81.2%. The model was used to predict actual tornado occurrences across England, Wales and Scotland during the 5‐year study period, and it was estimated that just over five‐times as many tornadoes occurred than were reported. The model results suggest that the bias induced by population density was not greater than the combined influence of topography and spatial setting. This is important in the UK, because most tornadoes are reported in lowland areas which are heavily populated and it has been difficult until now to determine the extent to which tornado reports are biased by the density of potential observers. Copyright © 2004 Royal Meteorological Society.
Emerging roles for platelets as immune and inflammatory cells (2014)

Despite their small size and anucleate status, platelets have diverse roles in vascular biology. Not only are platelets the cellular mediator of thrombosis, but platelets are also immune cells that initiate and accelerate many vascular inflammatory conditions. Platelets are linked to the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, malaria infection, transplant rejection, and rheumatoid arthritis. In some contexts, platelet immune functions are protective, whereas in others platelets contribute to adverse inflammatory outcomes. In this review, we will discuss platelet and platelet-derived mediator interactions with the innate and acquired arms of the immune system and platelet-vessel wall interactions that drive inflammatory disease. There have been many recent publications indicating both important protective and adverse roles for platelets in infectious disease. Because of this new accumulating data, and the fact that infectious disease continues to be a leading cause of death globally, we will also focus on new and emerging concepts related to platelet immune and inflammatory functions in the context of infectious disease.
Strong High Order Diffraction of Guided Modes in Micro-Cavity Light-Emitting Diodes With Hexagonal Photonic Crystals (2009)

Photonic crystals (PhCs) have now been firmly established as an efficient means for light extraction from light emitting diodes (LEDs). We analyze the diffraction properties from thin GaN micro-cavity LEDs with hexagonal lattices that feature three guided TE modes only. In contrast to common design rules, we find that high order diffraction contributes significantly to the light extraction and increases the directionality of the emitted light. The implementation of the PhC leads to an enhancement in light extraction by a factor of up to 1.8 and the directionality of the light is greatly improved with a radiant intensity enhancement factor of 4.3, which can only be explained by the higher order diffraction that has been hitherto neglected. Furthermore, we show that higher order diffraction contributes significantly to the high azimuthal extraction uniformity we observe, suggesting that the use of quasi-crystal lattices is not necessary. We use a model including mode absorption where each in-plane angle of the guided modes is treated separately in order to explain the experimental results.
Ammonia Kills Spoilage Molds in Corn (1973)

Corn containing 26% and 12% moisture were treated with ammonia at 2?o and .5?o of corn dry weight, respectively. Ammoniation at both concentrations eliminated external and infecting molds and yeasts and tended to reduce bacterial counts. Molds killed were species of AspergiUus, Penicillium, Fusarium, Trichoderma, and Rhizopus. In feeding trials, mice showed no preference between tempered and 2~ ammoniated corn that initially had a pungent odor, but mice consumed more control corn than corn ammoniated at .5%.
Optical Skin-fat Thickness Measurement Using Miniaturized Chip LEDs: A Preliminary Human Study (2009)

We tested the feasibility of measuring fat thickness using a miniaturized chip LED sensor module, testing 12 healthy female subjects. The module consisted of a single detector and four sources at four different source-detector distances (SD). A segmental curve-fitting procedure was applied, using an empirical algorithm obtained by Monte-Carlo simulation, and fat thicknesses were estimated. These thicknesses were compared to computed-tomography (CT) results; the correlation coefficient between CT and optical measurements was 0.932 for bicep sites. The mean percentage error between the two measurements was 13.12%. We conclude that fat thickness can be efficiently measured using the simple sensor module.