gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sulfur-assisted synthesis of nitride nanocrystals (2010)

A series of nitrides (TiN, ZrN, BN, AlN) were prepared by using the corresponding elements (Ti, Zr, B, Al), NaN(3) and sulfur as starting materials in a stainless steel autoclave at 250 degrees C. Sulfur was used to facilitate the exothermic reaction between NaN(3) and sulfur (at 250 degrees C) and the final formation of nitrides. The treatment temperature affected the growth of the nitride crystals, for example, diversified morphologies of TiN nanocrystals were formed in different temperature ranges: grain and truncated octahedron (250 degrees C), octahedron (>300 degrees C), and dendrite (>400 degrees C). Through similar processes, other nitrides (for example, TiN, AlN, Si(3)N(4)) could also be produced by employing NaNH(2) and additives (such as iodine or N-aminothiourea instead of sulfur) in low temperatures.
Detection of Plasmodium falciparum Histidine-rich Protein II in Saliva of Malaria Patients (2008)

Detection of Plasmodium falciparum parasites in patients with malaria necessitates drawing blood, which increases the risk of accidental infections and is poorly accepted in communities with blood taboos. Thus, non-invasive, cost-effective malaria tests that minimize the need for blood collection are needed. Plasmodium falciparum histidine-rich protein II ( Pf HRP II) levels in plasma and saliva were compared in malaria–positive and –negative patients in Ghana. Plasma and saliva obtained from 30 thick-film positive and 10 negative children were evaluated for Pf HRP II by ELISA. Among the 30 children with positive blood smear, 16 (53%) were Pf HRP II positive in plasma and 13 (43%) had Pf HRP II positive saliva. The sensitivity of Pf HRP II detection was 53% for plasma and 43% for saliva. The specificity was 100% with no false positive for both plasma and saliva when compared with blood smear. Thus, rapid detection of Pf HRP II antigen in saliva may be a useful non-invasive and cost-effective malaria diagnostic technique.
Metal-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions Edited by F. Diederich (ETH, Zurich) and P. J. Stang (University of Utah). Wiley-VCH:  Weinheim. 1998. xxi + 517 pp. $140. ISBN 3-527-29421-X. (1998)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVBook ReviewNEXTMetal-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions Edited by F. Diederich (ETH, Zurich) and P. J. Stang (University of Utah). Wiley-VCH: Weinheim. 1998. xxi + 517 pp. $140. ISBN 3-527-29421-X.Paul SampsonView Author Information Kent State UniversityCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1998, 120, 45, 11836–11837Publication Date (Web):September 9, 1998Publication History Published online9 September 1998Published inissue 1 November 1998https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja985656vhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja985656vbook-reviewACS PublicationsCopyright © 1998 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1233Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Chemical reactions,Cross coupling reaction,Hydrocarbons,Pharmaceuticals,Reagents Get e-Alerts
X-ray Physics (2001)

In this introductory chapter, the basic concepts and processes of x-ray physics that relate
to x-ray spectrometry are presented. Special emphasis is on the emission of the continuum
and characteristic x-rays as well as on the interactions of photons with matter. In the
latter, only major processes of the interactions are covered in detail, and the cross sections
for diﬀerent types of interactions and the fundamental parameters for other processes
involved in the emission of the characteristic x-rays are given by the analytical expressions
and=or in a tabulated form. Basic equations for the intensity of the characteristic x-rays
for the diﬀerent modes of x-ray spectrometry are also presented (without derivation).
Detailed expressions relating the emitted intensity of the characteristic x-rays to the
concentration of the element in the specimen are discussed in the subsequent chapters of
this handbook dedicated to speciﬁc modes of x-ray spectrometry.
Finding Motifs in Time Series (2002)

The problem of efficiently locating previously known patterns in a time series database (i.e., query by content) has received much attention and may now largely be regarded as a solved problem. However, from a knowledge discovery viewpoint, a more interesting problem is the enumeration of previously unknown, frequently occurring patterns. We call such patterns &quot;motifs,&quot; because of their close analogy to their discrete counterparts in computation biology. An efficient motif discovery algorithm for time series would be useful as a tool for summarizing and visualizing massive time series databases. In addition, it could be used as a subroutine in various other data mining tasks, including the discovery of association rules, clustering and classification. In this work we carefully motivate, then introduce, a non-trivial definition of time series motifs. We propose an efficient algorithm to discover them, and we demonstrate the utility and efficiency of our approach on several real world datasets.
The significance and management of the leaking endograft. (1999)

Endoleak is the persistence of blood flow outside the lumen of an endograft, but within an aneurysm sac or adjacent vessel being treated by the graft. Diagnosis may be difficult, and treatment remains somewhat controversial. The purpose of this article is to discuss the clinical significance and appropriate management of endoleaks within the context of our current understanding of this phenomenon. The diagnosis of an endoleak can be made by conventional angiography, duplex ultrasound, intravascular ultrasound (IVUS), and computed tomography (CT) angiography. All of these modalities are effective, although CT angiography may be the most sensitive. Endoleaks can be categorized into 5 classes: (1) perigraft flow around the proximal end of the endograft; (2) perigraft flow around the distal end of the endograft; (3) flow through a defect in the body of the endograft; (4) flow between segments of a multicomponent endovascular graft; and (5) flow between arterial branches within an aneurysm sac. The first 4 classes have been shown to represent a clinical situation in which systemic arterial pressure is transmitted to an inadequately excluded aneurysm sac, placing the sac at risk of rupture. In contrast, branch-flow leaks do not appear to carry an increased risk of rupture, provided there is no increase in aneurysm sac diameter. However, an increase in the diameter of an aneurysm sac after endograft implantation may be a sign of occult endoleak, even if not visualized by current imaging techniques. Thus, we believe that collateral branch leaks with no associated aneurysm sac expansion may be observed with regular follow-up by CT angiography. All other endoleaks should be treated with adjunctive endovascular maneuvers or explanation of the endograft with standard open repair-in short, routine follow-up imaging on endografts to detect the presence of late endoleaks or aneurysm sac expansion.
Microstructure/Process Relations in Sol‐Gel‐Prepared KnbO <sub>3</sub> Thin Films on (100) MgO (1994)

Epitaxial (110) orthorhombic KNbO 3 thin films were prepared using alkoxide solutions. Single‐phase films were produced with stoichiometric sols while slight variations in stoichiometry (52/48 Nb/K or 48/52 Nb/K) created residual second phases. Nucleation and growth of KNbO 3 , as a function of process conditions were monitored by observing the KNbO 3 rosettes produced from niobium‐rich solutions. Methanolic solutions produced films with the highest rosette density and the highest amount of KNbO 3 . Hydrolysis of the sol aided the crystallization of the KNbO 3 phase but also promoted the formation of second phases. Hydrolysis at 0°C reduced second‐phase formation.
Sensitivity to implant materials in patients undergoing total hip replacement (2005)

Sensitivity to implant materials is an unpredictable event, which may contribute to the process leading to the failure of the total hip replacement (THR). The aim of the current study was to investigate the informative power of skin testing in detecting the sensitization to the implant components in patients undergoing THR. A consecutive series of 223 patients was enrolled in the study, including 66 candidates to THR, 53 with stable implant, and 104 with THR loosening. The patch testing was performed by using the most relevant components of cobalt-based alloys (CoCrMo), Ti-based alloys (TiAlV), and bone cements. The frequency of positive patch testing in preimplant patients did not differ from that observed after THR. Patients with CoCrMo-failed implant showed a significant low frequency of nickel-positive skin reaction, while patients with TiAlV-THR had a high incidence of vanadium-positive patch testing. The panel of haptens showed a good performance in the identification of patients known to have a contact dermatitis. With regard to the THR outcome, patch testing was not able to discriminate between stable and failed implant. Sensitivity to at least one hapten, namely bone cement, as well as the positive medical history of hypersensitivity, influenced negatively the THR survival. Our results show the reliability of patch testing for investigating the sensitivity to implant components. The cause-effect relationship between sensitization and negative outcome cannot be established, but the shorter lifespan of THR in patients who have a positive patch testing supports the significant role of this event in contributing to the implant failure.
Cell-Specific and Conditional Expression of Caffeoyl-Coenzyme A-3-<i>O</i>-Methyltransferase in Poplar (2000)

Caffeoyl coenzyme A-3-O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT) plays an important role in lignin biosynthesis and is encoded by two genes in poplar (Populus trichocarpa). Here, we describe the expression pattern conferred by the two CCoAOMT promoters when fused to the gus-coding sequence in transgenic poplar (Populus tremula x Populus alba). Both genes were expressed similarly in xylem and differentially in phloem. In xylem, expression was preferentially observed in vessels and contact rays, whereas expression was barely detectable in storage rays and fibers, suggesting different routes to monolignol biosynthesis in the different xylem types. Furthermore, after wounding, fungal infection, and bending, the expression of both genes was induced concomitantly with de novo lignin deposition. Importantly, upon bending and leaning of the stem, the cell-specific expression pattern was lost, and both genes were expressed in all cell types of the xylem. CCoAOMT promoter activity correlated well with the presence of the CCoAOMT protein, as shown by immunolocalization. These expression data may explain, at least in part, the heterogeneity in lignin composition that is observed between cell types and upon different environmental conditions.
A chlorophobic pocket in the p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene cavity: a test site for molecular recognition investigated by 13C CP MAS NMR and X-ray crystallography† (1998)

Five-membered aliphatic guests X(CH2)3Y (X, Y = Me, OH, Cl, Br) adopt equilibrium positions in the asymmetric p-tert-butylcalix[4]arene cavity formed in the solid state and reveal a marked aversion of the host pocket for halogen end-groups.
Laser-Induced Heating of a Multilayered Medium Resting on a Half-Space: Part II—Moving Source (1991)

Direct access storage devices (DASDs) are widely used in the computer industry to store and manage data. In conventional magnetic recording, an induction head flying very close to the disk surface alters the polarization of the magnetic field of the disk surface to erase and/or write the information on the disk. However, a new technology known as magneto-optical recording or optical recording has considerable promise to increase data densities and reliability of data storage. In magneto-optical storage, magnetic fields are altered by a laser source, which heats the magnetic medium beyond its Curie point, a temperature at which the magnetic medium loses its magnetization. This domain with zero magnetization is subsequently reversed by using an induction magnet. All these processes take place when the disk is rotating at a very high speed with respect to the laser source. An optical disk is a multilayered medium consisting of a thick glass disk on which many layers of different materials are sputtered, only one layer of which serves as a magnetic medium. Therefore, in this paper, a problem of laser-induced heating of a multilayered medium resting on a half-space is considered when the laser is translating with respect to it. The transient heat conduction equation is solved by employing the Laplace transform in the time domain and the Fourier Transform in the x, y dimensions. The resulting ordinary differential equation is solved and the inversion of the Laplace transform is obtained by a technique developed by Crump. The Fourier inversion is obtained by using a Fast Fourier Transform. The technique developed here is then applied to calculate domain size for recorded bits for a given disk, laser power, source characteristics, and rotational velocity.
Dissociation of Multiple Protein Ion Charge States Following a Single Gas-Phase Purification and Concentration Procedure (2002)

The formation of a range of precursor ion charge states from a single concentrated and purified charge state, followed by activation of each charge state, is introduced as a means to obtain more protein structural information than is available from dissociation of a single charge state alone. This approach is illustrated using off-resonance collisional activation of the [M + 8H]8+ to [M + 6H]6+ precursor ions of the bacteriophage MS2 viral coat protein following concentration and purification of the [M + 8H]8+ charge state. This range of charge states was selected on the basis of an ion trap collisional activation study of the effects of precursor ion charge state on the dissociation of the [M + 12H]12+ to [M + 5H]5+ ions. Gas-phase ion/ion proton-transfer reactions and the ion parking technique were applied to purify and concentrate selected precursor ion charge states as well as to simplify the product ion spectra. The high-charge-state ions fragment preferentially at the N-terminal side of proline residues while the product ion spectra of the lowest charge states investigated are dominated by C-terminal aspartic acid cleavages. Maximum structural information is obtained by fragmentation of the intermediate-charge states.
Codebook design for hybrid beamforming in millimeter wave systems (2015)

Small cell networks utilizing millimeter wave (mmWave) links are expected to enhance system throughput, since the wide bandwidths at mmWave frequencies can afford high data rates. Due to mmWave's unfavorable channel conditions, it is necessary for mmWave communication systems to use beamforming with a large number of antennas to generate sharp and strong beams. In this paper, we propose a codebook design algorithm for the beamforming by considering the directional characteristic of mmWave links. The proposed codebook design algorithm can be easily adapted to different kinds of antenna arrays. Simulation results show that the proposed codebook outperforms previously reported codebooks for mmWave systems.
Chemical Synthesis and Optical Properties of Size‐Selected CdSe Tetrapod‐Shaped Nanocrystals (2005)

Control of size and shape: The high-yield chemical synthesis of size-selected CdSe tetrapods (see microstructure pictures) is presented. This method is based on nucleation of nanodots with a zinc-blende lattice structure and growth of the arms with a wurtzite structure on the four [111] facets of the dots. Absorption, emission and photoluminescence excitation spectra are presented and discussed.
The similarity metric (2001)

A new class of distances appropriate for measuring similarity relations between sequences, say one type of similarity per distance, is studied. We propose a new ``normalized information distance'', based on the noncomputable notion of Kolmogorov complexity, and show that it is in this class and it minorizes every computable distance in the class (that is, it is universal in that it discovers all computable similarities). We demonstrate that it is a metric and call it the {\em similarity metric}. This theory forms the foundation for a new practical tool. To evidence generality and robustness we give two distinctive applications in widely divergent areas using standard compression programs like gzip and GenCompress. First, we compare whole mitochondrial genomes and infer their evolutionary history. This results in a first completely automatic computed whole mitochondrial phylogeny tree. Secondly, we fully automatically compute the language tree of 52 different languages.
Adipose-Derived Stem Cells for Wound Healing Applications (2010)

Nonhealing wounds remain a significant challenge for plastic surgeons. More than 600,000 people suffer from venous ulcers and 1.5 to 3 million people are being treated for pressure sores every year in the United States. The use of tissue engineering techniques such as stem-cell therapy and gene therapy to improve wound healing is a promising strategy. Adipose tissue represents a source of cells that may be able to enhance wound healing. Adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) are adult stem cells that are easily harvested and of great interest for plastic surgeons. Specifically, ASCs secrete angiogenic growth factors that can induce tissue regeneration. This review describes innovative research strategies using ASCs therapies for treatment of chronic, nonhealing wounds.
Optoelectronic integrated tweezers (2004)

We demonstrate the optical manipulation of microscopic particles within a single optoelectronic device, whose footprint measures 2mm by 3mm, and which is realised entirely in planar technology. The device is fabricated in a GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure, and consists of two facing banks of lasers that are separated by an etched channel. Particles within this channel experience the simple trapping force of two counter-propagating beams. The lasers operate at a wavelength of 980nm, and each gives up to 10mW of power in a single transverse optical mode. This power is sufficient to deflect, decelerate and hold a variety of micron-scale particles, including fluorescent polymer spheres, and cells in solution. The first results were obtained using planar etched facets, giving highly divergent beams. More elegant beam shapes can be produced by etching curved facets. The main attractions of this technology are its size and self-alignment properties: Many devices can fit into a fraction of the space occupied by a traditional tweezer set-up. Using photo-lithography, the alignment of the lasers is 'perfect', avoiding the difficulties experienced in traditional tweezers. The concept we demonstrate is a truly integrated optical tweezer that is mass-producible and does not require any complex instrumentation to operate.
New emergency contraceptive method <i>ellaOne</i> <sup>®</sup> — is it worth the price? (2009)

"New emergency contraceptive method ellaOne ® — is it worth the price?." Reproductive Health Matters, 17(34), pp. 187–188
Possible Nonhydrogen Neutralizers for High Energy D<sup>+</sup>and H<sup>+</sup>Beams (1982)

We explore the utility of using a gas other than hydrogen isotopes to neutralize energetic beams of D+ or H+ for applications in magnetic confinement fusion. We find that, at D+ energies above 160 keV, helium, relative to hydrogen, offers significant improvements in neutralization efficiency and in enrichment of the full energy component of the beam, and that similar advantages accrue with neon at D+ energies in excess of 200 keV.
Contact probe pressure effects in skin multi-spectral photoplethysmography (2007)

A novel technique ensuring parallel recording of reflection photoplethysmography signals in broad spectral range has been tested for assessment of pressure-induced vascular changes at various depths from the skin surface. PPG signals have been simultaneously detected at three combinations of the cw laser wavelengths 405 nm, 532 nm, 645 nm, 807 nm and 1064 nm. The PPG baseline responses to the probe-skin contact pressure changes and shapes of the PPG pulses originated from the same heartbeat but recorded at different wavelengths have been detected and analyzed.
Epigenetic effects in eukaryotic gene expression (1994)

In the broadest terms, epigenetic phenomena in eukaryotes depend on the interaction of alleles or repeated sequences or on the mitotic inheritance of chromatin states or methylation patterns. One of the most exciting aspects of the study of epigenetic phenomena is the insight that can be gained into the structure and assembly of higher-order chromatin structures, an important subject that has proved refractory to current biochemical methodologies. Rapid progress in the study of gene inactivation in fungi, plants, and invertebrates will provide new hypotheses to be tested in mammals.
Formation and rearrangement of disulfide bonds during maturation of the Sindbis virus E1 glycoprotein (1994)

The rigidly ordered icosahedral lattice of the Sindbis virus envelope is composed of a host-derived membrane bilayer in which the viral glycoproteins E1 and E2 reside. E1-E1 interactions stabilized by intramolecular disulfide bridges play a significant role in maintaining the envelope's structural integrity (R. P. Anthony and D. T. Brown, J. Virol. 65:1187-1194, 1991; R. P. Anthony, A. M. Paredes, and D. T. Brown, Virology 190:330-336, 1992). We have examined the acquisition of disulfide bridges within E1 during its maturation. Prior to exit from the endoplasmic reticulum, E1 folds via at least three intermediates, differing in the number and/or arrangement of their disulfides, into a single, compact form. This E1 species remains stable with respect to its disulfides until late in the secretory pathway, when E1 attains a metastable conformation. At this point, when appropriately triggered, intramolecular thiol-disulfide exchange reactions within E1 can occur, resulting in the generation of alternative E1 species. This metastable nature of mature E1 may have important implications for the mechanism of virus disassembly during the initial stages of the infection process (B. Abell and D. T. Brown, J. Virol. 67:5496-5501, 1993).
Question and Answer Section - February 2003 (2003)

A The dissolution medium should be biore l eva nt,it should h ave a co m position and a pH re p re s e nt at i ve of what is fo u n d in vivo.Th e re fo re,a range of hyd roc h l o ric acid from 0.1 N a bout 0.001 N is re commended to be used as dissolution m e d i u m .