gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantum Hall effect (2007)

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The Complement System in Host Defense and Inflammation (1979)

In this discussion I have reviewed the major role of complement in host defense and inflammation. In addition, I have discussed dificiency states. Although these are rare, their clinical signs and symptoms can be predicted, at least in part, on the basis of our current understanding of the biological activities of complement and the various pathways of complement activation. This is not to say that complement plays no role in a wide variety of other illnesses. However, when complement plays a role in an illness, often this is not because it is functioning in an aberrant fashion. The usual situation is that complement is being activated and is serving its normal function in causing inflammation and damage to tissues under abnormal circumstances. Thus, for example, circulating antigen complexes may be deposited in the kidney, activate complement, and mediate tissue inflammation. In this case, complement is functioning normally but is being activated under abnormal circumstances. The same type of analysis can be made for many diseases of many different organ systems. At present, we have no drugs that are effective in humans in controlling the activation of complement and complement-mediated inflammation. We have not yet even established whether local variations in the activity of complement may affect the course of a clinical infection, but there is certainly strongly suggestive evidence to support this idea. It should be clear that under certain circumstances complement may well be a major factor in controlling the course of an infection. The near future should bring a vast expansion in our understanding of how complement contributes to specific clinical illnesses and to the defense of the host against specific microorganisms.
The exploitation and realisation of a random access digital audio editor (1988)

Research work in the BBC had concentrated on investigating the various processes and algorithms, etc., which would be required to implement digital equivalents of existing analogue equipment. Work on recording inevitably led to the question of editing. Although the requirement to edit digital recordings by physically cutting the tape was expected to be retained, it became apparent that the process could be considerably enhanced if some electronic buffer storage were provided. >
Space Resection by Collinearity: Mathematics Behind the Optical Ceiling Head-Tracker (1991)

At SIGGRAPH &apos;91, UNC Chapel Hill demonstrated an electro-optical tracking system for HeadMounted Displays that can track a user inside a room-sized volume. The mathematics that the system uses to compute the position and orientation of the user&apos;s head is based on a photogrammetric technique called space resection by collinearity. This paper gives a detailed description of this technique and its behavior in our working system.
Effective Concentration as a Tool for Quantitatively Addressing Preorganization in Multicomponent Assemblies:  Application to the Selective Complexation of Lanthanide Cations (2007)

The beneficial entropic effect, which may be expected from the connection of three tridentate binding units to a strain-free covalent tripod for complexing nine-coordinate cations (Mz+ = Ca2+, La3+, Eu3+, Lu3+), is quantitatively analyzed by using a simple thermodynamic additive model. The switch from pure intermolecular binding processes, characterizing the formation of the triple-helical complexes [M(L2)3]z+, to a combination of inter- and intramolecular complexation events in [M(L8)]z+ shows that the ideal structural fit observed in [M(L8)]z+ indeed masks large energetic constraints. This limitation is evidenced by the faint effective concentrations, ceff, which control the intramolecular ring-closing reactions operating in [M(L8)]z+. This predominence of the thermodynamic approach over the usual structural analysis agrees with the hierarchical relationships linking energetics and structures. Its simple estimation by using a single microscopic parameter, ceff, opens novel perspectives for the molecular tuning of specific receptors for the recognition of large cations, a crucial point for the programming of heterometallic f-f complexes under thermodynamic control.
Cyclization reaction catalyzed by branching enzyme (1996)

The action of branching enzyme (EC 2.4.l.l8) from Bacillus stearothermophilus on amylose was analyzed. The enzyme reduced the molecular size of amylose without increasing the reducing power. This result could not be explained by the normal branching reaction model. When the product was treated with glucoamylase (an exo++-type amylase), a resistant component remained. The glucoamylase-resistant component was easily digested by an endo-type alpha-amylase or by isoamylase plus glucoamylase. These results suggested that the glucoamylase-resistant component was a cyclic glucan composed of alpha-1,4- and alpha-l,6-glucosidic linkages. In other words, it was suggested that branching enzyme catalyzed cyclization of the alpha-l,4-glucan chain of the amylose molecule to form an alpha-l,6-glucosidic linkage, thereby forming two smaller molecules. Mass spectrometry also supported the cyclic nature of the product.
An empirical comparison of real-time dense stereo approaches for use in the automotive environment (2012)

In this work we evaluate the use of several real-time dense stereo algorithms as a passive 3D sensing technology for potential use as part of a driver assistance system or autonomous vehicle guidance. A key limitation in prior work in this area is that although significant comparative work has been done on dense stereo algorithms using de facto laboratory test sets only limited work has been done on evaluation in real world environments such as that found in potential automotive usage. This comparative study aims to provide an empirical comparison using automotive environment video imagery and compare this against dense stereo results drawn on standard test sequences in addition to considering the computational requirement against performance in real-time. We evaluate five chosen algorithms: Block Matching, Semi-Global Matching, No-Maximal Disparity, Cross-Based Local Approach, Adaptive Aggregation with Dynamic Programming. Our comparison shows a contrast between the results obtained on standard test sequences and those for automotive application imagery where a Semi-Global Matching approach gave the best empirical performance. From our study we can conclude that the noise present in automotive applications, can impact the quality of the depth information output from more complex algorithms (No-Maximal Disparity, Cross-Based Local Approach, Adaptive Aggregation with Dynamic Programming) resulting that in practice the disparity maps produced are comparable with those of simpler approaches such as Block Matching and Semi-Global Matching which empirically perform better in the automotive environment test sequences. This empirical result on automotive environment data contradicts the comparative result found on standard dense stereo test sequences using a statistical comparison methodology leading to interesting observations regarding current relative evaulation approaches.
Molecular Epidemiology of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection in Wild-Living Gorillas (2009)

Chimpanzees and gorillas are the only nonhuman primates known to harbor viruses closely related to HIV-1. Phylogenetic analyses showed that gorillas acquired the simian immunodeficiency virus SIVgor from chimpanzees, and viruses from the SIVcpz/SIVgor lineage have been transmitted to humans on at least four occasions, leading to HIV-1 groups M, N, O, and P. To determine the geographic distribution, prevalence, and species association of SIVgor, we conducted a comprehensive molecular epidemiological survey of wild gorillas in Central Africa. Gorilla fecal samples were collected in the range of western lowland gorillas (n = 2,367) and eastern Grauer gorillas (n = 183) and tested for SIVgor antibodies and nucleic acids. SIVgor antibody-positive samples were identified at 2 sites in Cameroon, with no evidence of infection at 19 other sites, including 3 in the range of the Eastern gorillas. In Cameroon, based on DNA and microsatellite analyses of a subset of samples, we estimated the prevalence of SIVgor to be 1.6% (range, 0% to 4.6%), which is significantly lower than the prevalence of SIVcpzPtt in chimpanzees (5.9%; range, 0% to 32%). All newly identified SIVgor strains formed a monophyletic lineage within the SIVcpz radiation, closely related to HIV-1 groups O and P, and clustered according to their field site of origin. At one site, there was evidence for intergroup transmission and a high intragroup prevalence. These isolated hot spots of SIVgor-infected gorilla communities could serve as a source for human infection. The overall low prevalence and sporadic distribution of SIVgor could suggest a decline of SIVgor in wild populations, but it cannot be excluded that SIVgor is still more prevalent in other parts of the geographical range of gorillas.
Programming Molecular Association and Viscoelastic Behavior in Protein Networks (2016)

A set of recombinant artificial proteins that can be cross-linked, by either covalent bonds or association of helical domains or both, is described. The designed proteins can be used to construct molecular networks in which the mechanism of crosslinking determines the time-dependent responses to mechanical deformation. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Comparison of receiver operating characteristic and forced choice observer performance measurement methods (1995)

The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) method has been successfully used in medical imaging for 20 years. It has been so successful that many people think of it as an end in itself rather than just one of several ways to assess human observer performance of image based decision tasks. Studies of human and ideal observer decision performance are designed to estimate a measure of observer performance (e.g., efficiency, d' or da). The experimenter would like to obtain accurate and precise estimates using a relatively small number of images or decision trials because of a variety of constraints. One purpose of this paper is to introduce medical physicists to another effective psychophysical measurement technique, the forced choice method. The second purpose is to present a comparison of the forced choice and ROC methods, with particular attention to sampling statistics considerations. In brief, the rating scale ROC method is preferable when the limiting constraint is the number of images and at the same time it is not feasible to use the forced choice with more than four alternatives. The forced choice method can be superior for experiments using synthetic images, under some conditions.
Phase Equilibria and Ordering in the System ZrO <sub>2</sub> ‐Y <sub>2</sub> O <sub>3</sub> (1978)

The phase diagram for the system ZrO 2 ‐Y 2 O 3 was redetermined. The extent of the fluorite‐type ZrO 2 ‐Y z O 3 solid solution field was determined with a high‐temperature X‐ray furnace, precise lattice parameter measurements, and a hydrothermal technique. Long range ordering occurred at 40 mol% Y 2 O 3 and the corresponding ordered phase was Zr 3 Y 4 OL 12 . The compound has rhombohedra1 symmetry (space group R 3), is isostructural with UY 6 O l2 and decomposes above 1250±50°C. The results indicate that the eutectoid may occur at a temperature <400°C at a composition between 20 and 30 mol% Y 2 O 3 Determination of the liquidus line indicated a eutectic at 83± 1 mol% Y 2 O 3 and a peritectic at 76 ± 1 mol% Y 2 O 3 .
Glucosamine-induced desensitization of beta-cell responses: possible involvement of impaired information flow in the phosphoinositide cycle (1992)

The influence of glucosamine on beta-cell response characteristics of collagenase-isolated rat islets was determined. Groups of islets were incubated for 2 h with myo-[2-3H]inositol to label their phosphoinositide (PI) pools. Also included in some experiments was glucosamine (0.1-10 mM). Subsequently, these islets were perifused, and their responses to 10 mM glucose, 10 mM alpha-ketoisocaproate (KIC), and 1 microM of the phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate were assessed. Increases in PI hydrolysis were monitored during the perfusion by measuring fractional efflux rates of [3H]inositol. The accumulation of inositol phosphates after the perifusion was also determined. In other experiments, the use of 10 mM glucose was measured after a 2-h exposure to 5 or 10 mM glucosamine. Finally, the ability of glucosamine itself to augment release and activate PI hydrolysis was assessed. The following observations were made. 1) A prior 2-h exposure to 5-10 mM glucosamine resulted in parallel dose-dependent impairments in 10 mM glucose-induced insulin release and PI hydrolysis. 2) Glucosamine (5-10 mM) also impaired the subsequent response to alpha-ketoisocaproate (KIC). Parallel deficits in KIC-induced PI hydrolysis were noted under conditions where insulin secretion was impaired. 3) Under several conditions where glucosamine impaired glucose-induced secretion, it had no adverse effect on phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-induced release. 4) The desensitizing effect of 10 mM glucosamine on 10 mM glucose-induced release and PI hydrolysis developed within 30 min of exposure to it. 5) Glucosamine (5-10 mM) preexposure had no adverse effect on the use of 10 mM glucose by desensitized islets. 6) Short term (5-min) exposure to glucosamine (10 mM) alone stimulated PI hydrolysis, while a 30-min exposure to the same level of the hexosamine depressed it. 7) In the presence of 0.25 microM forskolin, 10 mM glucosamine also had a transient stimulatory effect on insulin release. These findings support the concept that the acute and chronic effects of glucosamine on the beta-cell result at least in part from its ability to influence PI hydrolysis in islets.
Complete Tumor Response Following Intratumoral 32P BioSilicon on Human Hepatocellular and Pancreatic Carcinoma Xenografts in Nude Mice (2005)

32P BioSilicon suppressed the growth of both human hepatocellular and pancreatic carcinoma xenografts implanted in nude mice and complete responses were also observed in tumors at higher radiation doses.
Sterilization effect of atmospheric plasma on<i>Escherichia coli</i>and<i>Bacillus subtilis</i>endospores (2008)

Low-temperature atmospheric plasma can be used for the disinfection of diverse objects, especially for the inactivation of bacterial endospores.
Small-Molecule Antagonists of Mcl-1 (2017)

Medicinal Chemistry Reviewsis an outstanding 600 page volume providing timely and critical reviews of important topics in medicinal chemistry. It is provided free of charge to MEDI members in electronic format. Members can also order a print copy, for the cost of printing, shipping and handling
Learning Explanatory Rules from Noisy Data (2018)

Artificial Neural Networks are powerful function approximators capable of modelling solutions to a wide variety of problems, both supervised and unsupervised. As their size and expressivity increases, so too does the variance of the model, yielding a nearly ubiquitous overfitting problem. Although mitigated by a variety of model regularisation methods, the common cure is to seek large amounts of training data--which is not necessarily easily obtained--that sufficiently approximates the data distribution of the domain we wish to test on. In contrast, logic programming methods such as Inductive Logic Programming offer an extremely data-efficient process by which models can be trained to reason on symbolic domains. However, these methods are unable to deal with the variety of domains neural networks can be applied to: they are not robust to noise in or mislabelling of inputs, and perhaps more importantly, cannot be applied to non-symbolic domains where the data is ambiguous, such as operating on raw pixels. In this paper, we propose a Differentiable Inductive Logic framework, which can not only solve tasks which traditional ILP systems are suited for, but shows a robustness to noise and error in the training data which ILP cannot cope with. Furthermore, as it is trained by backpropagation against a likelihood objective, it can be hybridised by connecting it with neural networks over ambiguous data in order to be applied to domains which ILP cannot address, while providing data efficiency and generalisation beyond what neural networks on their own can achieve.
The Role of Securitization in Mortgage Lending (2007)

Recent media coverage on the problems in the subprime mortgage market has featured an alphabet soup of abbreviations, such as MBS, CDO, and SIV. What do these terms stand for? And how do they fit into the mortgage financing process?
A fractional data allocation method for distributed databases (2002)

High performance transaction processing in a distributed database (DDB) system can only be achieved through a high degree of locality of access, which may be attainable by appropriate data allocation. In this paper, we discuss an adaptive data allocation method for DDB systems maintaining resource allocation data, as in airline reservations and inventory control applications. According to the fractional data allocation (FDA) method, fractions of certain widely used resources are apportioned in the form of tokens among the nodes of the network, such that most resource allocation requests can be processed locally. When a resource allocation request cannot be processed locally, or a data fault occurs, tokens are borrowed from other network nodes through independent token transfer transactions. The initial allocation of tokens and system reconfiguration for token reallocation are based on anticipated demand. We also discuss the allocation of metadata in the DDB to make these activities possible. An abstract model, based on the count of token transfer messages, is used to specify an optimal initial data allocation, and to investigate the effect of token borrowing and reallocation policies.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A bcl-2 transgene expressed in hepatocytes protects mice from fulminant liver destruction but not from rapid death induced by anti-Fas antibody injection. (1996)

Stimulation of the Fas (APO-1, CD95) receptor, which is present on a variety of cells, usually triggers a process of programmed cell death. Systemic injection of anti-Fas antibody into mice leads to fulminant liver destruction resulting from massive hepatocyte apoptosis, and to rapid death. Hepatocytes bear Fas but do not express Bcl-2, a protein that plays, in a number of conditions, a protective role against apoptosis. We have generated mice whose liver expresses Bcl-2 as the result of bcl-2 transgene placed under the control of the hepatocyte-specific alpha1-anti-trypsin gene promoter, but is otherwise not distinguishable from that of normal mice. These mice display a marked to almost total resistance to liver damage induced by anti-Fas antibody injection. This protective effect of Bcl-2 occurs in the absence of significant variations, in the stimulated livers, in the level of expression of other proteins also involved in resistance or sensitivity to apoptosis, namely Bcl-x, Bax, Bad, Bak, and p53. Mice with protected livers, however, die almost as rapidly as normal mice, which indicates that acute lethality results from stimulation of Fas receptors present on other target organs or cells.
CCD fingerprint method-identification of a video camera from videotaped images (2003)

We propose a new "CCD Fingerprint" method to identify a camcorder from videotaped images. This method enables individual camera identification, which does not mean camera-model identification. The clue to the individual camera identification is obtained from nonuniformity of dark currents on CCD chips, which causes a fixed pattern noise. The pattern is quite unique and intrinsic to an individual camera. Moreover, such a pattern might be recorded on tapes. Using these features, it is expected that the nonuniformity of dark current makes it possible to specify only one camera among same model cameras. In order to observe the characteristic noise patterns, we performed experiments with 9 camcorders in 4 types by recording a blank image on videotapes. The results showed that the fixed patterns were observed in most cases by accumulating 100 frames. Furthermore, it was confirmed that each camera had its own unique pattern.
Semantic annotation and lexico-syntactic paraphrase (2004)

An important issue for computational linguists and lexicographers is the question of meaning-equivalent paraphrases, including lexical synonymy, conversives (buy/sell), idioms (kick the bucket/die), and more extended paraphrases, such as Initially the estimate given by X for Y w as Z and X had stated that Y would be Z, which involve lexicon, syntax, and grammatical
The Binding of Detergents to Proteins (1971)

Abstract The maximum amount of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) bound to a number of proteins in the presence of high SDS concentrations (1 to 2 g/100 ml) was determined and found to vary between 1.1 and 2.2 g of SDS per g of protein. The charge of the protein caused a variation in amount bound by 20 to 50%, while raising the ionic strength from 0.1 to 0.4 increased the binding by 35 to 100%. Glucose oxidase did not bind or lose activity in 1 g of SDS per 100 ml. Papain and pepsin were much more resistant to binding and activity loss than other proteins. All other single chained proteins bound SDS within 3 hours. Most proteins composed of subunits bound SDS much more slowly, invariably dissociating to the subunit.
Semiconductor nuclear radiation detectors (1962)

Semiconductor detectors of the junction type have recently revolutionized work with low energy charged particles in nuclear physics. Solid conduction counters have also been improved through the use of modern semiconducting materials but are as yet at an early stage of development. The mode of operation, methods of preparation and characteristics of these various detectors are described, together with the requirements for pulse amplification. Finally some of the many applications of semiconductor junction detectors in nuclear physics are discussed in outline. 70 references.