gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
AMPA–Kainate Subtypes of Glutamate Receptor in Rat Cerebral Microglia (2000)

Microglial cells were isolated from rat cerebral cortex, and kainate (KA)-induced inward current was measured at a holding potential of -40 or -60 mV. 6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2, 3-dione-sensitive KA-induced currents increased with increasing KA concentration. The half-activation concentration and Hill coefficient were 3.3 x 10(-4) M and 1.4, respectively. Although glutamate (Glu) and AMPA-induced currents were much smaller than that induced by KA, all KA-, Glu-, and AMPA-induced currents were greatly and consistently enhanced in the presence of cyclothiazide (CTZ). On the other hand, KA-induced currents were much less sensitive to potentiation by concanavain A, suggesting that the KA-induced response in rat microglia is predominantly mediated by AMPA-preferring receptors (subunits GluR1-GluR4). The current-voltage relationships of KA- and AMPA-CTZ-induced currents were almost linear or slightly outward rectifying. The reversal potential of KA-induced current shifted to negative potentials (from +4 to -40 mV) on switching from high Na(+) to high Ca(2+) external solution, indicating the low Ca(2+) permeability through the AMPA-KA receptor channel complexes. AMPA-KA receptor expression was studied with immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-PCR, from which GluR2, GluR3, GluR4, and GluR5 were identified. Lower levels of mRNAs for GluR7 and KA-1-KA-2 were also indicated. Finally, activation of these receptors with KA or Glu significantly enhanced the production of tumor necrosis factor-alpha. These results suggest that primary cultured rat microglia possesses functional Glu receptor, which may mediate neuron to microglia communication in the physiological and pathological states.
“Twin Copper Source” Growth of Metal−Organic Framework Membrane: Cu<sub>3</sub>(BTC)<sub>2</sub> with High Permeability and Selectivity for Recycling H<sub>2</sub> (2009)

In this communication, the copper net supported Cu(3)(BTC)(2) membranes have been successfully synthesized by means of a "twin copper source" technique. Separation studies on gaseous mixtures (H(2)/CO(2), H(2)/CH(4), and H(2)/N(2)) using the membrane revealed that the membrane possesses high permeability and selectivity for H(2) over CO(2), N(2), and CH(4). Compared with the conventional zeolite membranes, the copper net supported Cu(3)(BTC)(2) membrane exhibited high permeation flux in gas separation. Such highly efficient copper net supported Cu(3)(BTC)(2) membranes could be used to separate, recycle, and reuse H(2) exhausted from steam reforming natural gas.
Low Computational Complexity, Low Power, and Low Area Design for the Implementation of Recursive DFT and IDFT Algorithms (2009)

A novel recursive algorithm for discrete Fourier transform (DFT) and its inverse transform (IDFT) is proposed in this brief. It was found that the proposed algorithm and its implementation outperformed other existing recursive algorithms. The proposed algorithm was found to 1) reduce multiplication computations by 50.5% using the symmetric identity of coefficients and a resource-sharing technique and register-splitting scheme; 2) decrease read-only memory sizes by 50% compared with conventional algorithms; 3) reduce the number of multipliers implemented by 80% compared with the latest algorithm; and 4) increase data throughput by 100% per transformation. This design is suitable for communication systems and digital radio mondiale (DRM) systems, such as dual-tone multifrequency detection and coded orthogonal frequency-division-multiplexing modulation. The algorithm was designed and fabricated using a 0.18 ¿m 1P6M complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor process. The core area is 397 × 388 ¿m <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , including the DFT and IDFT modules. For modern applications (voice over packet and DRM), this processor only consumes 2.96 mW at 25 MHz. Furthermore, it can calculate the 212/165/106/288/256/176/112-point DFTs and IDFTs.
Simplified Silvestrol Analogues with Potent Cytotoxic Activity (2014)

The complex natural products silvestrol (1) and episilvestrol (2) are inhibitors of translation initiation through binding to the DEAD-box helicase eukaryotic initiation factor 4A (eIF4A). Both compounds are potently cytotoxic to cancer cells in vitro, and 1 has demonstrated efficacy in vivo in several xenograft cancer models. Here we show that 2 has limited plasma membrane permeability and is metabolized in liver microsomes in a manner consistent with that reported for 1. In addition, we have prepared a series of analogues of these compounds where the complex pseudo-sugar at C6 has been replaced with chemically simpler moieties to improve drug-likeness. Selected compounds from this work possess excellent activity in biochemical and cellular translation assays with potent activity against leukemia cell lines.
Ovicidal and larvicidal effectiveness of several insect growth inhibitors and regulators on the codling moth <i>Cydia pomonella</i> L. (Lep., Tortricidae) (2001)

Several insect growth inhibitors (IGIs) and regulators (IGRs) were tested in the laboratory for their ovicidal and larvicidal properties on the codling moth C. pomonella , by dipping apples in solutions of them. The IGIs which block chitin synthesis – diflubenzuron, hexaflumuron and teflubenzuron – were noticeably more effective against eggs than on newborn larvae with preventive ovicidal 50% lethality concentrations (LC 50 ) values of approximately 0.6, 1.3 and 15 p.p.m., respectively, and larvicidal LC 50 values of 104, 1208 and 204 p.p.m. Flufenoxuron, on the other hand, is almost as effective on larvae (LC 50 : 9.9 p.p.m.) as on eggs (LC 50 : 5.4 p.p.m.). Fenoxycarb, an IGR juvenile hormone analogue, acts as an excellent ovicidal product with an LC 50 value of 0.05 p.p.m. Tebufenozide, an IGR ecdyson (moulting hormone) agonist, is exclusively larvicidal with an LC 50 at 0.4 p.p.m. Methoxyfenozide, an IGR of the same family and currently being developed, acts as effectively on eggs as on larvae with ovicidal and larvicidal LC 50 values of about 0.6 and 0.8 p.p.m., respectively. When ovicidal products are applied as a curative treatment on eggs less than 24 h old, their effectiveness is much lower than that obtained from preventive application.
Binding of calcium ions and their effect on clotting of fibrinogen Milano III, a variant with truncated A??-chains (1996)

Calcium ions are known to be required for normal polymerisation of fibrin monomers. Normal human fibrinogen has three high-affinity calcium binding sites. Two of these are located in the D-domains whereas the third binding site was tentatively assigned either to the E-domain or to the C-terminal part of the A alpha-chain. Furthermore, binding of calcium to the low-affinity binding sites (n > or = 10) facilitates fibrin monomer polymerisation. In several abnormally clotting fibrinogen variants, the polymerisation defect was partially normalised following addition of calcium ions. In this study, we show normal binding of calcium to fibrinogen Milano III, a homozygous fibrinogen variant with truncated A alpha-chains (A alpha 452 Gly-Pro-Asp-->Trp-Ser-Stop). These results confirm that the C-terminal parts of the A alpha-chains beyond residue 451 Ile are not involved in calcium binding. The thrombin time was severely prolonged and the final clot turbidity was strongly reduced in fibrinogen Milano III. Moreover, calcium ions did not significantly improve the abnormal clotting behavior of this dysfibrinogen. The polymerisation defect in fibrinogen Milano III appears to be due to truncated A alpha-chains as well as to the disulphide-linked albumin.
Convenient method for the functionalization of the 4- and 6-positions of the androgen skeleton (2012)

The preparation and reactivity of steroidal vinyldiazo compounds is reported, providing a convenient, substituent tolerant, chemo- and stereoselective entry into 4- and 6-substituted androgen analogues from a common precursor. Under dirhodium catalysis, O-H insertion occurs at the carbenoid site, leading to 4-substituted steroids, but under silver catalysis, O-H insertion occurs at the vinylogous position, leading to 6-substituted steroids.
An improved magnetic servo amplifier (1953)

ONE OF THE major difficulties in obtaining high performance from a magnetic amplifier servo system has been the slow speed of response of the magnetic amplifier. Although the magnetic amplifier is a carrier-type system and as such has a minimum response time per stage of one cycle of the supply or carrier frequency, this response is usually not obtained in conventional full-wave circuitry. A major factor contributing to the slow speed of response in such circuits is the inductance-resistance time constant in the control circuit.
Grubbs' Catalyst in Paraffin:  An Air-Stable Preparation for Alkene Metathesis (2003)

A homogeneous mixture of Grubbs' catalyst in paraffin wax was shown to catalyze three important types of metathesis reactions: ring-closing metathesis, alkene dimerization, and alkene cross-metathesis (e.g., 11 --> 13). This catalyst preparation demonstrated no loss in catalytic activity after 22 months of storage open to the air.
How to defeat electrostatic discharge (1989)

The generation of electrostatic discharge (ESD) and the ways in which it causes failure are explained. Three ways of solving ESD problems are described and evaluated. They are: preventing ESD altogether; preventing the coupling of ESD noise into circuits or devices; and increasing the inherent noise immunity of devices and circuits. Firmware and software solutions to ESD upsets are also considered, and ESD testing is discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Kinetics of transitions involving condis crystals (1986)

Abstract The kinetics of condis (conformationally disordered) crystal formation from the melt and of rigid crystals from condis crystals has been studied by differential scanning calorimetry for trans ‐1,4‐polybutadiene and polytetrafluoroethylene. Generally very low two‐stage Avrami exponents between 0.02 and 1.74 were needed to describe the fast and often incomplete crystallizations. None of the commonly accepted crystal nucleation and growth models seems to fit the data.
Single-Day, Patient-Initiated Famciclovir Therapy for Recurrent Genital Herpes: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial (2005)

A single-day regimen of patient-initiated famciclovir treatment was well tolerated and safe, and the healing of recurrent genital herpes lesions occurred approximately 2 days faster than with placebo. Moreover, single-day famciclovir treatment stopped the development or progression of lesions beyond the papule stage. This convenient single-day regimen has the potential for improving patient compliance and satisfaction with therapy.
A chemiluminogenic substrate for N-acetyl-.BETA.-D-glucosaminidase, o-aminophthalylhydrazido-N-acetyl-.BETA.-D-glucosaminide. (1990)

A new type of chemiluminogenic substrate for N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase, o-aminophthalylhydrazido-N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminide, was prepared by incorporating an enzyme-removable substituent, N-acetyl-D-glucosaminide group, into the hydrazide moiety of luminol. This substrate releases luminol upon enzymatic hydrolysis. The enzyme was detected chemiluminescently using this substrate.
Retrobulbar Diversion of Aqueous Humor (2014)

Retrobulbar shunts can divert aqueous from the AC into the RS, potentially overcoming plate encapsulation associated with standard subtenons scleral reservoir placement. Elimination of the bleb from the periequatorial globe may substantially simplify surgery and obviate the risks of bleb leak.
Polydisperse suspensions of BaTiO<sub>3</sub>-particles (1990)

Abstract Stable suspensions of small BaTiO3-particles in hydrocarbon carrier liquids were produced by long milling processes. The particle size is determined from the diffusive motion of the particles using dynamical light scattering techniques. The size distribution is obtianed by accurate evaluation of the autocorrelation function of the scattered radiation The electro-optical Kerr-rotation is measured both stationary and time-resolved. The field-induced birefringence suggests a cutt-off-radius of ≈ 20 nm for the size distribution, separating the small particles, which carry a permanent dipole moment from the large ones, which are compensated. For the relaxation of the birefringence, the Brownian rotational relaxation is found to be responsible.
Solubility and Intrinsic Dissolution Rate of Alprazolam Crystal Modifications (1996)

The purpose of the study was to determine the solubility and the intrinsic rates of dissolution of three crystal modifications, two anhydrate, and one dihydrate of alprazolam, a 1,4-benzodiazepine derivative. Solubility was determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry at different levels ofpH, and intrinsic dissolution rates were determined by a rotating disk method. The apparent solubility of alprazolam crystal modifications was dependent on pH, being 8–10 μg/ml at pH 1.6 and 0.1 μg/ml atpH 5.0. The apparent solubility values for the anhydrate forms were similar, whereas the hydrate form showed lower apparent solubility at each pH. The mean intrinsic rates of dissolution for the anhydrate forms were 16 and 18 μg cm−2 min−1, and for the dihydrate modification 21 μg cm−2 min−1 at 50 rpm, respectively. At 75 rpm, the corresponding values were 22, 22, and 27 μg cm−2 min−1. The rate of intrinsic dissolution was also dependent on the pH. It can be concluded that the apparent solubility and the intrinsic dissolution rate of the anhydrate and hydrate forms were different. The obtained apparent solubility values at different levels of pH for the water-solvated crystal modification were evidently lower than those of the two anhydrate forms studied. Furthermore, the intrinsic rate of dissolution was significantly (p < 0.05) higher for the hydrate form of alprazolam.
A recombinant 15-kilodalton carboxyl-terminal fragment of Plasmodium yoelii yoelii 17XL merozoite surface protein 1 induces a protective immune response in mice (1993)

Since the developmental stages of malarial parasites which replicate within erythrocytes are responsible for the morbidity and mortality associated with this disease, antigens produced by these stages have been proposed as candidates for a vaccine. One surface protein of merozoites (MSP-1) has been shown to immunize both rodents and primates against virulent challenge infection in experimental systems. However, little is known of relevant epitopes on the molecule, and attempts to obtain recombinant MSP-1 polypeptides in a native configuration have proven difficult. We have found that the cysteine-rich, carboxyl-terminal region of the MSP-1 protein from the rodent malarial parasite Plasmodium yoelii yoelii can be expressed in a native configuration as a fusion protein in Escherichia coli. This recombinant polypeptide containing 15 kDa of the predicted 197-kDa protein elicits antibodies in mice which recognize the native parasite MSP-1. Most significantly, both inbred and outbred mice immunized with the fusion protein in Ribi adjuvant are partially and in some cases completely protected against challenge infection with an otherwise lethal parasite strain. This is the first observation of such significant protection obtained with a small portion of the MSP-1 produced in recombinant systems.
Toward an explanatory model of document literacy (1991)

To date, most models of document processing (e.g., Fisher, 1981; Guthrie, 1988; Kirsch & Guthrie, 1984b) have been “exploratory” that is, explanations of document processing have been largely inferred through analogies with other cognitive models. The variables used to define these models are based on little, if any, empirical validation. In contrast, the model proposed in this article is a “partial explanatory” model because it identifies a set of variables that have been empirically validated for the broad range of tasks that make up the 1986 National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP) document literacy scale (Kirsch & Jungeblut, 1986). The research underlying this model is first described (based on Kirsch & Mosenthal, 1990). Next, a grammar of documents is presented. Using terminology and concepts based on this grammar, a partial explanatory model of document processing is proposed. The variables underlying this model are defined and illustrated using a set of tasks that relate to a bus schedule. The article concludes by discussing and demonstrating the advantages of explanatory over exploratory models of document processing.
Configurable NAND Flash Translation Layer (2006)

Flash memory is widely adopted in various consumer products, especially for embedded systems. With strong demands on product designs for overhead control and performance requirements, vendors must have an effective design for the mapping of logical block addresses (LBA's) and physical addresses of data over flash memory. This paper targets such an essential issue by proposing a configurable mapping method that could trade the main-memory overhead with the system performance under the best needs of vendors. A series of experiments is conducted to provide insights on different configurations of the proposed method
Agrobacterium-Mediated Transient Expression as an Approach to Production of Recombinant Proteins in Plants (2008)

Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression is a recently developed approach to quick and inexpensive large-scale production of recombinant proteins in plant systems. In the course of this process, foreign gene expression occurs during several days after agroinfiltration without integration of recombinant DNA into plant genome and the level of target protein synthesis may be considerably higher than in stably transformed plants. This mini-review describes biological peculiarities of transient expression process, method development and optimization, and the range of application for biotechnological production of variable proteins. Patenting the transient expression protocols that mostly occurred during new millennium indicates the growing interest to this method as a perspective alternative to "classical" pro- and eukaryotic systems for recombinant protein production.
Utilizing virtual environments in construction projects (2003)

Construction projects can gain major benefits from application of virtual environments. The virtual reality techniques help designers to communicate with each other, as well as with the decision makers and with the end-users. In the future, the whole product model of a new building should form one virtual building, which can be efficiently investigated utilizing virtual environments. In this article we present some basics of virtual reality technology, and the required software and hardware components from the viewpoint of a construction project. The main emphasis of the article is in the description of the construction project of a new lecture hall at the Helsinki University of Technology, and how a virtual environment was utilized in that project.
Epidemiology of the Reported Severity of Copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix) Snakebite (2012)

Annual rates of copperhead snakebites producing no effects and minor outcomes significantly decreased, those producing moderate outcomes significantly increased, and those producing major outcomes did not significantly change in a 26-year period.
Development and applications of a photoacoustic phase theory for multilayer materials: The phase difference approach (1995)

A quantitative photoacoustic (PA) phase theory for multilayer materials has been developed by using the surface temperature approach, and experimentally confirmed with the step-scan Fourier transform infrared PA phase data of multilayer polymer samples. This theory unifies several previous PA phase theories for specific cases and provides a clear picture of the relationship between the PA phase response of each layer and the thermal, optical, and geometric properties of a multilayer sample. Within the context of this model, it is shown how the PA phase difference is easily obtainable and instrument independent, and thus widely applicable to spectral depth profiling of multilayer materials. The theory can be readily applied to either qualitative discrimination of PA signals from different layers, or quantitative determination of the thermal diffusivities, optical absorption coefficients, or thickness of different layers.
Background subtraction using encoder-decoder structured convolutional neural network (2017)

A background subtraction algorithm using an encoder-decoder structured convolutional neural network is proposed in this work, in order to segment out moving objects from the background. A target frame, its previous frame, and a background model are concatenated and fed into the network as the input. Then, the encoder generates a highlevel feature vector, and the decoder converts the feature vector into a segmentation map, which roughly identifies moving object regions. Moreover, we develop background modeling and foreground extraction techniques, which exploit contour information. Experimental results on the CD-net2014 dataset demonstrate that the proposed algorithm outperforms state-of-the-art techniques significantly.
Transrenal DNA testing: progress and perspectives (2006)

Transrenal DNA (Tr-DNA) is a recently discovered class of extracellular urinary DNA that originates from cells dying throughout the body. Postapoptotic DNA is known to appear in the circulating plasma, but it is now recognized that a portion of these fragments cross the kidney barrier and appear in urine in the form of 150-200-bp fragments. Tr-DNA containing fetal sequences has been isolated from the urine of pregnant women, tumor-specific mutations have been detected in Tr-DNA from patients with colon and pancreatic tumors, and donor DNA has been found in Tr-DNA isolated from recipient urine. Furthermore, proviral HIV DNA, bacterial and parasite DNA sequences have been detected in Tr-DNA from infected patients. Potential applications of Tr-DNA-based tests cover a very broad area of molecular diagnostics and genetic testing, including prenatal detection of inherited diseases, tumor diagnostics and therapeutic monitoring and detection of infectious agents. The Tr-DNA test is expected to have utility in treatment monitoring, transplantation monitoring, drug development and broad public health screening, where a noninvasive, common-platform diagnostic technology has particular value. This review describes some of the highlights of Tr-DNA technology applications, advantages over existing technologies and potential problems anticipated in test development.
Phospholipase A2 activating protein and idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. (1996)

As PLAP values were increased in the intestinal mucosa of IBD patients and mice with colitis, as well as in LPS treated cultured HT-29 cells, a role was postulated for PLAP in increasing PLA2 activity, which leads to the increased synthesis of eicosanoids in intestinal tissues of patients with these inflammatory diseases.