gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Co-cultured endothelial and Kupffer cells regulate hepatocyte replication (1996)

We studied the effect of co-culture with endothelial and/or Kupffer cells on hepatocyte replication in primary culture by means of [H-3]-thymidine incorporation. Hepatocytes, sinusoidal endothelial and Kupffer cells were extracted from rat liver by a two-step perfusion and subsequent two-step elutriation method. The replication was promoted in proportion with the densities of endothelial cells, but inversely suppressed by co-culture with Kupffer cells. The replicative effect of endothelial cells was not observed with the high number of hepatocytes cultured, however. The hepatocyte replication was also regulated in accordance with the ratios of endothelial/Kupffer cells. These results indicate that endothelial cells have a positive effect and Kupffer cells have a negative effect on hepatocyte replication, and that this replication may be associated with hepatocarcinogenesis and/or tumor-growth of hepatocellular carcinoma.
KLF2+ stemness maintains human mesenchymal stem cells in bone regeneration (2019)

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which are undifferentiated stem cells with the property of stemness and the potential to differentiate into multiple lineages, including osteoblasts, have attracted a great deal of attention in bone tissue engineering. Consistent with the heterogeneity of MSCs, various surface markers have been used. However, it is still unclear which markers of MSCs are best for cell amplification in vitro and later bone regeneration in vivo. Krüppel-like Factor 2 (KLF2) is an important indicator of the stemness of human MSCs (hMSCs) and as early vascularization is also critical for bone regeneration, we used KLF2 as a novel in vitro marker for MSCs and investigated the angiogenesis and osteogenesis between KLF2<sup>+</sup> MSCs and endothelial cells (ECs). We found a synergistic interaction between hMSCs and human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs) in that KLF2<sup>+</sup> stemness-maintained hMSCs initially promoted the angiogenesis of HUVECs, which in turn more efficiently stimulated the osteogenesis of hMSCs. In fact, KLF2<sup>+</sup> hMSCs secreted angiogenic factors initially, with some of the cells then differentiating into pericytes through the PDGF-BB/PDGFR-β signaling pathway, which improved blood vessel formation. The matured HUVECs in turn synergistically enhanced the osteogenesis of KLF2<sup>+</sup> hMSCs through upregulated vascular endothelial growth factor. A three-dimensional coculture model using cell-laden gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogel further confirmed these results. This study provides insight into the stemness-directed synergistic interaction between hMSCs and HUVECs, and our results will have a profound impact on further strategies involving the application of KLF2<sup>+</sup> hMSC/HUVEC-laden GelMA hydrogel in vascular network bioengineering and bone regeneration.
Lysosomal processing of amyloid precursor protein to A<i>β</i> peptides: a distinct role for cathepsin S (1995)

To investigate the potential contribution of the lysosomal compartment in the processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) to amyloid beta-peptides (A beta s), we stably overexpressed a series of lysosomal proteases (the cysteine proteases, cathepsins B, L and S, and the aspartic protease, cathepsin D) in a human kidney epithelial cell line (293) transfected to express high levels of beta APP. Preliminary experiments indicated that 293 cells endogenously synthesize cathepsins B, L and D, but not cathepsin S. A beta secretion was assessed by immunoprecipitation and ELISA and found to be increased approximately 2-fold following cathepsin S expression, but to be unchanged (cathepsins B, L) or decreased (cathepsin D) in the other double transfectants. E-64d, an inhibitor of lysosomal cysteine proteases, significantly reduced A beta secretion by the cathepsin S transfectants, but had no effect on cells expressing the other proteases. Radiosequencing of A beta secreted by cathepsin S-expressing cells revealed that a previously unreported variant beginning at Met -1 (relative to the most common A beta N-terminus, Asp -1) accounted for most of the increase in A beta secretion. Immunostaining of human brain sections revealed cathepsin S in cortical neurons and glia in samples of brain from patients with Alzheimer's disease. These results provide evidence in living cells for a pathway in which cathepsin S generates A beta from amyloidogenic fragments of beta APP in the endosomal/lysosomal compartment. This pathway appears to be inducible, distinct from a constitutive pathway used by 293 and other cells to generate A beta, and may be relevant to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease.
Viraemia in patients with naturally acquired dengue infection. (1981)

The magnitude and duration of dengue viraemia were studied in 153 patients with naturally acquired dengue infection in Jakarta, Indonesia. The duration of viraemia ranged from 2 to 12 days, but most patients had detectable circulating virus for 4-5 days. Accurate measurement of peak virus titres was not possible for many patients because of late admission to the hospital. Composite pictures of viraemia for each serotype, however, showed that many patients infected with dengue 1, 2, or 3 had circulating virus titres ranging from barely detectable to over 10(8) MID(50) per ml for 3-5 days. Virus titres in patients infected with dengue 4 were about 100-fold lower. Dengue haemagglutination-inhibition antibody titres of 80 or less had little effect on viraemia, but antibody titres of 160 or greater were associated with a decrease in virus isolation rate and in virus titre. The duration and magnitude of viraemia did not vary significantly with the severity of the disease and was only slightly higher in patients classified as primary dengue infections than in those classified as secondary infections. Measurement of viraemia in fatal dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF) cases showed that these patients had significant quantities of circulating virus at the time of death.
Ultrafast laser scanner microscope. (1979)

Advances in monolayer deposition of cervical cells have removed one of the last serious obstacles to the design of high-resolution automated diagnostic assessment systems. In this article, we describe the design considerations for a system that is capable of acquiring, within 60 sec, a 0.5 micron digitized image of a 4 cm2 area on a standard glass slide. The most feasible approach is found to be a system using a rotating polygon to sweep the focused spot from a laser across a 2-mm scan line while the slide is uniformly translated perpendicular to the scan direction the use of laser sources (a helium-neon laser at 632 nm and a krypton ion laser at 568 and/or 476 nm) as compared to the incoherent light sources used in conventional microscope systems alleviates many of the optical design problems and provides the proper wavelengths needed for recognition of Papanicolaou stained cells. We also find that focus control of the scanning spot should be achievable using a technique involving a holographic grating. Other relevant considerations such as sample heating problems, multiphoton absorption by the sample, detector signal-to-noise ratios, laser amplitude noise control, and the digitization and buffering of the data stream are also discussed.
Octadecyltrichlorosilane monolayers as ultrathin gate insulating films in metal-insulator-semiconductor devices (1993)

In order to fabricate metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) devices with gate insulating films thinner than 5.0 nm, organic monolayers have been grafted on the native oxide layer of silicon wafers. We demonstrate that a single monolayer of octadecyltrichlorosilane with a 2.8 nm thickness allows to fabricate a silicon based MIS device with gate current density as low as 10−8 A/cm2 at 5.8 MV/cm, insulator charge density lower than 1010 cm−2, fast interface state density of the order of 1011 cm−2 eV−1, and dielectric breakdown field as high as 12 MV/cm. Moreover, this insulating film is thermally stable up to 450 °C.
Out‐of‐hospital Treatment of Opioid Overdoses in an Urban Setting (1996)

The majority of the opioid-overdose patients who had initial BPs responded readily to naloxone, with few patients requiring admission. Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema was uncommon and when present, hypoxia was evident upon arrival to the ED. Naloxone administered i.m. in conjunction with bag-valve-mask ventilation was effective in this patient population. The opioid-overdose patients in cardiopulmonary arrest did not survive.
Effect of crude oil and simulated acid rain on the growth and physiology of Thaumatococcus daniellii (2012)

This research work was carried out to investigate the effect of crude oil and simulated acid rain (SAR) on the growth and physiology of Thaumatococcus daniellii. 24 seedlings were planted on soil with different concentrations of crude oil 0.5ml, 2.5ml, 5.0ml, 7.5ml, 10ml, 12.5ml, 15ml and 17.5ml, while soil without crude oil served as the control (0ml). On the other hand, simulated acid rain (SAR) was prepared in varying pH values 4.0, 4.2, 4.4, 4.6, 4.8, 5.0, 5.2, and 5.4 while pH 7.0 served as the control. Results showed that there were no significant differences (p>0.05) in the morphological and physiological traits of plants treated with crude oil at all concentrations except in the percentage dry matter content which showed significance at p<0.05. Plants treated with simulated acid rain (SAR) showed significant differences (p<0.001) in petiole length, plant height, SO4 accumulation, Al 3+ , H + accumulation and percentage dry matter content. Results indicated that Thaumatococcus daniellii can be exploited in phytoremediation. Also, there is an indication that the plant species cannot thrive
A Survey on Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithms for Multimodal Function Optimization (2011)

Many scientific and engineering applications involve finding more than one optimum. A comprehensive review of the existing works done in the field of multimodal function optimization was given and a critical analysis of the existing methods was also provided. Several techniques in solving multimodal function optimization problems were introduced, such as clearing, deterministic crowding, sharing, species conserving and so on. And we summarized defects of existing algorithms: lacking of self-adaptive adjustment function, requiring setting some parameters according to different problems, lacking of unified theoretical and experimental system to guide algorithms design and not maintaining the diversity of swarm. Moreover, most of existing multimodal particle swarm optimization algorithms which include SPSO, MSPSO, ESPSO, ANPSO, kPSO, MGPSO, AT-MGPSO, rpso, and SDD-PSO were described and compared and advantages and disadvantages existing in these algorithms were pointed out. Therefore, some ideas to improve the performance of multimodal function optimization algorithms were proposed.
Activated Mucosal Mast Cells Differentiate Eosinophilic (Allergic) Esophagitis From Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (2007)

Intraepithelial MC counts and IgE-bearing cells may help to differentiate EE and GERD and to define a subset of GERD patients in which an allergic component is present. The findings support a role for a MC-mediated hypersensitivity reaction in the pathogenesis of EE.
Training Deep Neural Networks via Optimization Over Graphs (2017)

In this work, we propose to train a deep neural network by distributed optimization over a graph. Two nonlinear functions are considered: the rectified linear unit (ReLU) and a linear unit with both lower and upper cutoffs (DCutLU). The problem reformulation over a graph is realized by explicitly representing ReLU or DCutLU using a set of slack variables. We then apply the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) to update the weights of the network layerwise by solving subproblems of the reformulated problem. Empirical results suggest that the ADMM-based method is less sensitive to overfitting than the stochastic gradient descent (SGD) and Adam methods.
Toward ideal carbon dioxide functionalization (2019)

This <i>Perspective</i> recapitulates recent developments of carbon dioxide utilization in carbon-carbon bond formation reactions, with an intention of paving a way toward sustainable CO<sub>2</sub>-functionalization and its tangible applications in synthetic chemistry. CO<sub>2</sub> functionalization reactions possess intrinsic drawbacks: the high kinetic inertness and thermodynamic stability of CO<sub>2</sub>. Numerous procedures for CO<sub>2</sub> utilization depend on energy-intensive processes (<i>i.e.</i> high pressure and/or temperature), often solely relying on reactive substrates, hampering its general applications. Recent efforts thus have been dedicated to catalytic CO<sub>2</sub>-utilization under ambient reaction conditions, however, it is still limited to a few activation modes and the use of reactive substrates. Herein, ideal CO<sub>2</sub>-functionalization with particular emphasis on sustainability will be discussed based on the following sub-categories; (1) metal-catalyzed 'reductive' carboxylation reaction of halides, olefins and allyl alcohols, (2) photochemical CO<sub>2</sub>-utilization, (3) redox-neutral CO<sub>2</sub>-functionalization, and (4) enantioselective catalysis incorporating CO<sub>2</sub> to form C-CO<sub>2</sub> bonds (excluding strain mediated reactions with epoxide- and aziridine-based substrates). Recent progress in these fields will be discussed with the proposed reaction mechanisms and selected examples, highlighting redox-neutral, umpolung, and asymmetric carboxylation to postulate ideal CO<sub>2</sub> functionalization reactions to be developed in the near future.
Brain Glucose Transporters: Relationship to Local Energy Demand (2001)

Glucose, the major fuel in the brain, is transported across the cell membranes by facilitated diffusion mediated by glucose transporter proteins. Essentially two types of glucose transporters are localized in the membranes of brain endothelial cells, astrocytes, and neurons. Their densities are well adjusted to changes in local energy demand.
Synthesis and properties of sulfonated poly(arylene ether)s containing azole groups (2011)

Abstract Random and multiblock sulfonated poly(arylene ether sulfone)s (SPEs) containing various azole groups such as oxadiazole and triazole were synthesized and characterized for fuel cell application. Successful preparation of SPE membranes depended on the structure of azole groups, which affected solubility of precursors and the resulting SPEs. Although oxadiazole groups were incorporated into hydrophobic component, they were found to be hydrophilic to give higher proton conductivity. Introduction of oxadiazole groups into random SPE gave comparable proton conductivity to that of Nafion NRE at >60% relative humidity at 80 °C. Block copolymer structure further increased the proton diffusion coefficient without increasing ion exchange capacity. Hydrolytic and oxidative stability of the SPE membranes was affected by both hydrophilic and hydrophobic components. Oxadiazole groups gave negative impact on hydrolytic and mechanical stability to the SPE membranes. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
A New Concept: Intermittent Charging of Lead Acid Batteries in Telecommunication Systems (1984)

Present communication systems operate their batteries in a full float mode. This mode provides a constant charge voltage which is sufficient to maintain the batteries in the fully charged state. However, this charge voltage causes an increased rate of positive grid corrosion - the accepted life-limiting failure mode of lead acid batteries. The new concept reduces the time the batteries are on float and, as a result, extends the life of the battery. This is accomplished by maintaining the batteries at their open circuit potential for most of the time and then periodically recharging them. This paper also describes a system that has been developed to provide for intermittent charging and to test each battery string, on a monthly basis, to assure proper battery availability.
Syntheses and characterization of (N→B)phenyl[N‐arylaminodiacetate‐O,O′,N]boranes and N‐arylaminodiacetic acids (1994)

Abstract The (N→B)phenyl[iminodiacetate‐O,O′,N]borane 1 is stable to hydrolysis, and the fact that the N‐H proton has been shown to be more acidic than the α‐protons to the carbonyl groups has led to the syntheses of N‐substituted boron heterocycles. Thus, the reactions of compound 1 with 2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidine and aryl halides led to the syntheses of (N→B)phenyl[N‐arylaminodiacetate‐O,O′,N]boranes 2 – 9 , which were, in turn, hydrolyzed to afford the corresponding N‐arylaminodiacetic acids 10 – 17 . All compounds studied in this work were characterized by 1 H, 13 C, and 11 B (for boron compounds) NMR, infrared, and mass spectroscopy.
Non‐rigid matching of migrated time‐lapse seismic (1999)

A crucial prerequisite to extract useful information from time-lapse seismic is to calibrate or match the seismic data of the different vintages to each other. This step ideally guarantees that all changes between the seismic responses of the vintages can be attributed to changes due to production and not to acquisition artifacts or noise. In this paper, we concentrate on matching migrated seismic vol-umes of a 4D data set, which have already been reprocessed to best possibly compensate for changes in the acquisition instrumenta-tion and geometry. Introducing a new non-rigid matching method, we show at hand of data from the Gullfaks field in the North Sea that it is possible to generate a reliable seismic difference cube that significantly enhances the contrast between the areas where the changes can be related to drainage in the reservoir and the areas where changes are due to noise.
SEMICONTINUOUS EMULSION COPOLYMERIZATION OF BUTYL ACRYLATE-STYRENE (1983)

Abstract Butylacrylate (BA)-Styrene (St) copolymers have been synthesized via a semicontinuous emulsion process in which the monomers feeding rate and weight ratios (BA/St) were varied. The feed consisted of only pure monomers which were added to an aqueous solution that contained the emulsifier and initiator The experimental results show that monomer consumption is governed by the feeding rate as well as by the monomer's reactivity, The average molecular weight decreased as the feeding rate increased independent of the BA/St ratio Measurement of the latex average particle size and particle number, as a function of the reaction time. showed a complex sequence of particle formation and agglomeration. In general, the average particle diameter increased in direct proportion to the feeding rate. This fact suggests that most probably homogeneous nucleation is preferred over monomer diffusion to the previously formed particles. Additionally, the monomer reactivity ratios (r 1, r 2) decreased as the monomer feeding rate was increased The experimental copolymer compositions determined by gas chromatography and NMR-H+ showed that the resulting copolymers were closely homogeneous.
Are power calculations useful? A multicentre neuroimaging study (2014)

There are now many reports of imaging experiments with small cohorts of typical participants that precede large-scale, often multicentre studies of psychiatric and neurological disorders. Data from these calibration experiments are sufficient to make estimates of statistical power and predictions of sample size and minimum observable effect sizes. In this technical note, we suggest how previously reported voxel-based power calculations can support decision making in the design, execution and analysis of cross-sectional multicentre imaging studies. The choice of MRI acquisition sequence, distribution of recruitment across acquisition centres, and changes to the registration method applied during data analysis are considered as examples. The consequences of modification are explored in quantitative terms by assessing the impact on sample size for a fixed effect size and detectable effect size for a fixed sample size. The calibration experiment dataset used for illustration was a precursor to the now complete Medical Research Council Autism Imaging Multicentre Study (MRC-AIMS). Validation of the voxel-based power calculations is made by comparing the predicted values from the calibration experiment with those observed in MRC-AIMS. The effect of non-linear mappings during image registration to a standard stereotactic space on the prediction is explored with reference to the amount of local deformation. In summary, power calculations offer a validated, quantitative means of making informed choices on important factors that influence the outcome of studies that consume significant resources.
Enhanced expression of adenovirus transforming proteins (1982)

Proteins encoded in regions EIA and EIB of human adenoviruses cause transformation of rodent cells. One protein from EIA also stimulates transcription of other early regions at early times in a productive infection. In the past, direct analysis of these proteins synthesized in vivo has been difficult because of the low levels produced in both transformed cells and productively infected cells. We present a simple method which leads to expression of EIA and EIB mRNAs and proteins at 30-fold greater levels than those observed during the early phase of a standard productive infection. Under these conditions, these proteins are among the most prominent translation products of infected cells. This allowed direct visualization of EIA and EIB proteins on two-dimensional gels of pulse-labeled total cell protein. Experiments with EIA and EIB mutants confirm that the identified proteins are indeed encoded in these regions. Two EIA proteins are observed, one translated from each of the major early EIA mRNAs. Both of these EIA proteins are phosphorylated.
E4021, a Selective Phosphodiesterase 5 Inhibitor, Potentiates the Vasodilator Effect of Inhaled Nitric Oxide in Isolated Perfused Rat Lungs (1999)

To test whether E4021, a potent selective cyclic guanosine 3'-5'-monophosphate (cGMP) phosphodiesterase inhibitor, causes pulmonary vasodilation and whether it enhances the vasodilator action of inhaled nitric oxide (NO), we studied its effects on pulmonary vascular tone and inhaled NO-induced pulmonary vasodilation in isolated perfused rat lungs. Lungs were perfused at a constant flow rate with salt-Ficoll solution and ventilated with air plus 5% CO2. After equilibration, vasodilator responses to either E4021, inhaled NO, or both were evaluated under conditions of increased perfusion pressure induced by infusion of U46619. E4021 had no effect on the baseline perfusion pressure, whereas it caused dose-dependent pulmonary vasodilation when the vasomotor tone was increased by U46619. Inhaled 1, 5, and 20 ppm NO reduced the increased perfusion pressure by 60+/-5%, 83+/-3%, and 92+/-2%, respectively. Pretreatment with E4021 significantly potentiated the vasodilator effect of 1 ppm NO (from 53+/-6% to 71+/-2%; p < 0.05) but did not alter that of 5 ppm NO (from 77+/-3% to 78+/-4%; p > 0.05). In addition, pretreatment with E4021 significantly augmented the vasodilator response to sodium nitroprusside but not to isoproterenol. These results indicate that E4021 causes pulmonary vasodilation and potentiates the vasodilator effect of low concentrations of inhaled NO, probably through a cGMP-dependent mechanism in salt-solution perfused rat lungs. We conclude that E4021 may possibly be useful for the treatment of pulmonary hypertension, either alone or in combination with inhaled NO.