gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pyrromethene–BF<sub>2</sub> complexes as laser dyes: 2 (1993)

Abstract Pyrromethene–BF 2 complexes (P–BF 2 ) 7 were obtained from α‐unsubstituted pyrroles 5 by acylation and condensation to give intermediate pyrromethene hydrohalides 6 followed by treatment with boron trifluoride etherate. Conversion of ethyl α‐pyrrolecarboxylates 4 to α‐unsubstituted pyrroles 5 was brought about by thermolysis in phosphoric acid at 160°C, or by saponification followed by decarboxylation in ethanolamine at 180°C, or as unisolated intermediates in the conversion of esters 4 to pyrromethene hydrobromides 6 by heating in a mixture of formic and hydrobromic acids. Addition of hydrogen cyanide followed by dehydrogenation by treatment with bromine converted 3,5,3′,5′‐tetramethyl‐4,4′‐diethylpyrromethene hydrobromide 9 to 3,5,‐3′,5′‐tetramethyl‐4,4′‐diethyl‐6‐cyanopyrromethene hydrobromide 6bb , confirmed by the further conversion to 1,3,5,7‐tetramethyl‐2,6‐diethyl‐8‐cyanopyrromethene–BF 2 complex 7bb on treatment with boron trifluoride etherate. An alternation effect in the relative efficiency (RE) of laser activity in 1,3,5,7,8‐pentamethyl‐2,6‐di‐n‐alkylpyrromethene–BF 2 dyes depended on the number of methylene units in the n‐alkyl substituent, ‐(CH 2 ) n H, to give RE ≥ 100 when n = 0,2,4 and RE 65, 85 when n = 1,3. (The RE 100 was arbitrarily assigned to the dye rhodamine 6G). The absence of fluorescence and laser activity in 1,3,5,7‐tetramethyl‐2,6‐diethyl‐8‐isopropylpyrromethene–BF 2 complex 7p and a markedly diminished fluorescence quantum yield (Φ 0.23) and lack of laser activity in 1,3,5,7‐tetramethyl‐2,6‐diethyl‐8‐cyclohexylpyrromethene–BF 2 complex 7q were attributed to molecular nonplanarity brought about by the steric interference between each of the two bulky 8‐substituents with the 1,7‐dimethyl substituents. An atypically low RE 20 for a peralkylated dye without steric interference was observed for 1,2,6,7‐bistrimethylene‐3,5,8‐trimethylpyrromethene–BF 2 complex 7j . Comparisons with peralkylated dyes revealed a major reduction in RE 0–40 for the six dyes 7u–z lacking substitution at the 8‐position. Low laser activity RE was brought about by functional group (polar) substitution in the 2,6‐diphenyl derivative 7I , RE 20, and the 2,6‐diacetamido derivative 7m , RE 5, of 1,3,5,7,8‐pentamethylpyrromethene–BF 2 complex (PMP–BF 2 ) 7a and in 1,7‐dimethoxy‐2,3,5,6,8‐pentamethylpyrromethene–BF 2 complex 7n , RE 30. Diethyl 1,3,5,7‐tetramethyl‐8‐cyanopyrromethene‐2,6‐dicarboxylate–BF 2 complex, 7aa , and 1,3,5,7‐tetramethyl‐2,6‐diethyl‐8‐cyanopyrromethene–BF 2 complex, 7bb , offered examples of P–BF 2 dyes with electron withdrawing substituents at the 8‐position. The dye 7aa , λ las 617 nm, showed nearly twice the power efficiency that was obtained from rhodamine B, λ las 611 nm.
Incidence of Cancer in 161 Families Affected by Ataxia–Telangiectasia (1991)

The ataxia-telangiectasia gene predisposes heterozygotes to cancer, particularly breast cancer in women. There is also excess mortality from all causes in adults under the age of 60. Diagnostic or occupational exposure to ionizing radiation probably increases the risk of breast cancer in women heterozygous for ataxia-telangiectasia.
Molecular Evidence of Infections with<i>Babesia gibsoni</i>Parasites in Japan and Evaluation of the Diagnostic Potential of a Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Method (2004)

Detection and analysis of Babesia gibsoni infection were performed with whole-blood samples collected between July 2002 and July 2003 from 945 and 137 dogs from the Aomori and Okinawa Prefectures of Japan, respectively, by PCR and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP). On the basis of the criterion for positivity by PCR, 3.9% (37 of 945) and 10.9% (15 of 137) of the dogs had B. gibsoni DNA. All 37 positive animals from Aomori Prefecture were male Tosa dogs (Japanese mastiff). The 15 dogs from Okinawa Prefecture with positive PCR assay results were of various breeds, ages, and sexes. The 18S ribosomal DNA (18S rDNA) sequences from all samples showed 100% homology to each other and to published B. gibsoni sequences. The limits of detection of B. gibsoni parasitemia by the PCR and LAMP methods with an 18S rDNA-based primer set were 0.0005% each. A comparison of the PCR and LAMP methods with microscopic examination for the detection of B. gibsoni infections in blood samples from 945 field dogs in Aomori Prefecture and 137 field dogs in Okinawa Prefecture showed that 37 and 15 dogs, respectively, were positive by the PCR and LAMP methods and that 16 and 12 dogs, respectively, were positive by light microscopic examination. All samples found to be positive by microscopic examination were also positive by the PCR and LAMP methods. The results of the PCR and LAMP methods agreed for samples with positive results by either method. Moreover, nonspecific reactions were not observed by the LAMP method. These results suggest that the LAMP method provides a useful tool for the detection of B. gibsoni infections in dogs.
Limited Relationship between Cervico-Vaginal Fluid Cytokine Profiles and Cervical Shortening in Women at High Risk of Spontaneous Preterm Birth (2012)

Although GM-CSF and MCP-1 cervico-vaginal fluid concentrations were raised, the majority of cervico-vaginal cytokines did not increase in association with cervical shortening. Progesterone treatment showed no significant anti-inflammation action on cytokine concentrations. Cerclage insertion was associated with an increase in the majority of inflammatory markers and cervical length.
Pattern based keyword extraction for contextual advertising (2010)

Contextual Advertising (CA) refers to the placement of ads that are contextually related to the web page content. The science of CA deals with the task of finding advertising keywords from web pages. We present a different candidate selection method to extract advertising keywords from a web page. This method makes use of Part-of-Speech (POS) patterns that restrict the number of potential candidates a classifier has to handle. It fetches words/phrases that belong to the selected set of POS patterns. We design four systems based on chunking method and the features they use. These systems are trained on a naive Bayes classifier with a set of web pages annotated with 'advertising' keywords. The systems can then find advertising keywords from previously unseen web pages. Empirical evaluation shows that systems using the proposed chunking method perform better than the systems using N-Gram based chunking. All improvements in the systems are found statistically significant at a 99% confidence interval.
The Response of Corn Earworm Moths to Various Sugar Solutions (1933)

Corn earworm moths (Heliothis obsoleta) responded in varying degrees to ten sugars in solutions. On the basis of molar concentrations, sucrose, invert sugar, and fructose proved most attractive in the order named.
Optical carrier filtering for high dynamic rangefibre optic links (1994)

Optical carrier filtering is used with an externally modulated fibre optic link to maintain high dynamic range operation with significantly reduced optical power levels. A spur-free dynamic range of 115 dB Hz2/3 is achieved for a frequency of 17 GHz with a received optical power of only 1.5 mA. An external filter is used to demonstrate a 10 dB improvement in dynamic range for a fixed optical power level.
SKIN PHOTOSENSITIVITY AND PHOTODESTRUCTION OF SEVERAL POTENTIAL PHOTODYNAMIC SENSITIZERS (1989)

The major side effect associated with porphyrins (Photofrin II) in clinical photodynamic therapy is skin photosensitivity. In order to avoid this deleterious reaction, patients must remain out of the sunlight for approximately 1 month. A possible procedure to reduce the amount of skin photosensitivity is to photodegrade (photobleach) the compound in the skin. In this study, we report a series of experiments describing the photodegradation rates of two photosensitizers currently receiving attention due to their potential for use in PDT (mono L-aspartyl chlorin e6 and chloroaluminum sulfonated phthalocyanine). These compounds are compared to Photofrin II (PfII). Experiments consisted of determining photodegradation rates and efficiencies of the sensitizers in (i) phosphate buffered saline (PBS), (ii) PBS with fetal calf serum (to enhance absorption and simulate cellular binding or deaggregation), (iii) Chinese Hamster Ovary cells, and (iv) Balb/c mice. We performed two standardized skin sensitivity assays using the Hartely albino guinea pig irradiated with a UV blue point lamp and Balb/c mice irradiated with the therapeutic wavelength of each sensitizer. In addition, we performed a cell clonogenicity assay comparing photodegraded and fresh PfII on CHO cells. The photodegraded PfII exhibited significant phototoxicity, although the fluorescence was bleached by more than 70%. The results show that PfII causes major skin photosensitization and that the other compounds produce no substantial skin sensitivity. Our studies suggest that photodegradation of PfII with 630 nm light has little influence on the phototoxicity of the compound. In addition, skin sensitivity was not alleviated with prior photobleaching with 405 nm light.
Non-adherent Bone Marrow Cells Are a Rich Source of Cells Forming Bone in Vivo (2004)

Syngeneic, allogeneic and xenogeneic (rat) freshly isolated bone marow cells + stromal cell cultures maintained in vitro for 10-30 days, as well as non-adherent cells removed from these cultures on 3rd-4th day were injected into the kidney parenchyma of mice, immunosuppressed with hydrocortisone. In syngeneic grafts the immunosuppression was omitted. In all transplant systems bone tissue was formed inside the kidney with 20% to 32% variation. Bone produced by allogeneic and xenogeneic cells is subject to rejection when immunosuppression ceases, as the bone formed is of donor origin. The "floating" cells, regardless of the transplant system, normally discarded during media replacement, turned out to be efficient bone producers. This notion is of practical implication when bone marrow cells are used for bone healing.
Overview of Thermal Ink Jet Technology (1989)

In the recent years, thermal ink jet (bubble jet) has emerged to become a fast growing printing technology with market applications first aimed at the low end, high quality and color workstation printers. The break-through in this ink jet technology came in the areas of low cost/high volume manufacture using semiconductor thin-film processing, improved apparent reliability and the ability of high quality printing on wide range of office papers. Although the print head technology appears simple and compact, the underlining thin-film structures, micro fluid channels and drop generation process are by no mean straight-forward. In fact, the ink chemistry, the material integrity and the device physics are closely coupled to provide the proper functionality of the print engine. Hence optimization of the technology can only be achieved through complete device integration. In this paper, the basic implementations of the thermal ink jet technology is presented. The physics of bubble/drop formation process is described using results obtained from our experimental studies. Different failure modes of the electro-thermal drop generator (in particular, the thin-film resistive heater) are discussed. Results can be extrapolated to obtain a basic understanding in the requirements of the ink media and the material structure. Based on the current knowledge of this printing method, projections of the technology limitations in practical implementations can be made to support a view that thermal ink jet will become the dominant low end printing technology in the near future.
Arc fault risk assessment and degradation model development for photovoltaic connectors (2014)

This work investigates balance of systems (BOS) connector reliability from the perspective of arc fault risk. Accelerated tests were performed on connectors for future development of a reliability model. Thousands of hours of damp heat and atmospheric corrosion tests found BOS connectors to be resilient to corrosion-related degradation. A procedure was also developed to evaluate new and aged connectors for arc fault risk. The measurements show that arc fault risk is dependent on a combination of materials composition as well as design geometry. Thermal measurements as well as optical emission spectroscopy were also performed to further characterize the arc plasma. Together, the degradation model, arc fault risk assessment technique, and characterization methods can provide operators of photovoltaic installations information necessary to develop a data-driven plan for BOS connector maintenance as well as identify opportunities for arc fault prognostics.
A clonal theory of parasitic protozoa: the population structures of Entamoeba, Giardia, Leishmania, Naegleria, Plasmodium, Trichomonas, and Trypanosoma and their medical and taxonomical consequences. (1990)

We propose a general theory of clonal reproduction for parasitic protozoa, which has important medical and biological consequences. Many parasitic protozoa have been assumed to reproduce sexually, because of diploidy and occasional sexuality in the laboratory. However, a population genetic analysis of extensive data on biochemical polymorphisms indicates that the two fundamental consequences of sexual reproduction (i.e., segregation and recombination) are apparently rare or absent in natural populations of the parasitic protozoa. Moreover, the clones recorded appear to be stable over large geographical areas and long periods of time. A clonal population structure demands that the medical attributes of clones be separately characterized; ubiquitous clones call for priority characterization. Uniparental reproduction renders unsatisfactory Linnean taxonomy; this needs to be supplemented by the "natural clone" as an additional taxonomic unit, which is best defined by means of genetic markers.
Simulated performance of analog Viterbi detectors (1992)

The reasons for pursuing analog implementations of the Viterbi algorithm for detection are presented. Some of the tradeoffs to be considered in choosing an analog architecture are discussed, and a suitable architecture for investigation is given. Simulation results based on the chosen architecture are presented and clearly show that analog implementations of the maximum likelihood sequence detector are worth pursuing. In addition, the simulation results provide quantitative guidelines for establishing the required specifications of the individual circuit blocks required to construct a Viterbi detector.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Pyrazolo[4,3‐e]1,2,4‐triazolo[1,5‐c]pyrimidine derivatives as adenosine receptor ligands: A starting point for searching A<sub>2B</sub> adenosine receptor antagonists (2001)

Abstract A series of novel pyrazolo[4,3‐e]1,2,4‐triazolo[1,5‐c]pyrimidine substituted at N 8 pyrazole nitrogen and at the 5‐amino group was synthesized and their affinities to all four cloned human adenosine receptor subtypes were evaluated by competition binding assays using [ 3 H]‐DPCPX (A 1 and A 2B ), [ 3 H]‐SCH 58261 (A 2A ), and [ 3 H]‐MRE3008‐F20 (A 3 ) as radioligands. In particular, the structural requirements necessary for adenosine A 2B receptor recognition were investigated. These preliminary results confirm that the free amino group at the 5‐position confers better A 2B affinity, while the effect of the chain at nitrogen pyrazole nucleus, the 8‐position, seems to be preferred with respect to the corresponding N 7 regioisomers. The introduction of an aminoacyl chain at the 5‐amino group produces better selectivity for A 2B receptors vs. A 2A , but the compounds still remain more potent for A 1 and a significant decrease (about 5‐fold) of affinity at A 2B receptors was observed. Surprisingly, with these polar chains a good affinity at human A 3 adenosine receptors was also detected. The most interesting compounds in binding studies proved to be potent antagonists (nM range) in functional assays, measuring the inhibition of cAMP production induced by 100 nM NECA. Drug Dev. Res. 53:225–235, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tissue and Serum microRNAs in the KrasG12D Transgenic Animal Model and in Patients with Pancreatic Cancer (2011)

microRNAs (miRs) modulate the expression levels of mRNAs and proteins and can thus contribute to cancer initiation and progression. In addition to their intracelluar function, miRs are released from cells and shed into the circulation. We postulated that circulating miRs could provide insight into pathways altered during cancer progression and may indicate responses to treatment. Here we focus on pancreatic cancer malignant progression. We report that changes in miR expression patterns during progression of normal tissues to invasive pancreatic adenocarcinoma in the p48-Cre/LSL-Kras(G12D) mouse model mirrors the miR changes observed in human pancreatic cancer tissues. miR-148a/b and miR-375 expression were found decreased whereas miR-10, miR-21, miR-100 and miR-155 were increased when comparing normal tissues, premalignant lesions and invasive carcinoma in the mouse model. Predicted target mRNAs FGFR1 (miR-10) and MLH1 (miR-155) were found downregulated. Quantitation of nine microRNAs in plasma samples from patients distinguished pancreatic cancers from other cancers as well as non-cancerous pancreatic disease. Finally, gemcitabine treatment of control animals and p48-Cre/LSL-Kras(G12D) animals with pancreatic cancer caused distinct and up to 60-fold changes in circulating miRs that indicate differential drug effects on normal and cancer tissues. These findings support the significance of detecting miRs in the circulation and suggests that circulating miRs could serve as indicators of drug response.
Single‐Molecule Fluorescence Studies of Protein Folding and Conformational Dynamics (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Translocator Protein (TSPO) Affects Mitochondrial Fatty Acid Oxidation in Steroidogenic Cells (2016)

Translocator protein (TSPO), also known as the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor, is a highly conserved outer mitochondrial membrane protein present in specific subpopulations of cells within different tissues. In recent studies, the presumptive model depicting mammalian TSPO as a critical cholesterol transporter for steroidogenesis has been refuted by studies examining effects of Tspo gene deletion in vivo and in vitro, biochemical testing of TSPO cholesterol transport function, and specificity of TSPO-mediated pharmacological responses. Nevertheless, high TSPO expression in steroid-producing cells seemed to indicate an alternate function for this protein in steroidogenic mitochondria. To seek an explanation, we used CRISPR/Cas9-mediated TSPO knockout steroidogenic MA-10 Leydig cell (MA-10:TspoΔ/Δ) clones to examine changes to core mitochondrial functions resulting from TSPO deficiency. We observed that 1) MA-10:TspoΔ/Δ cells had a shift in substrate utilization for energy production from glucose to fatty acids with significantly higher mitochondrial fatty acid oxidation (FAO), and increased reactive oxygen species production; and 2) oxygen consumption rate, mitochondrial membrane potential, and proton leak were not different between MA-10:TspoΔ/Δ and MA-10:Tspo+/+ control cells. Consistent with this finding, TSPO-deficient adrenal glands from global TSPO knockout (Tspo(-/-)) mice also showed up-regulation of genes involved in FAO compared with the TSPO floxed (Tspo(fl/fl)) controls. These results demonstrate the first experimental evidence that TSPO can affect mitochondrial energy homeostasis through modulation of FAO, a function that appears to be consistent with high levels of TSPO expression observed in cell types active in lipid storage/metabolism.
Abstract 3770: Characterization of novel dual A2A/A2B adenosine receptor antagonists for cancer immunotherapy (2018)

Abstract Adenosine is the key immunometabolite responsible for immune tolerance in tumors. It is present in normal tissue in low concentrations, having various physiological functions. In the tumor, its concentration increases rapidly, as a result of overexpression of enzymes producing adenosine, additionally enhanced by hypoxia and inflammation. Adenosine inhibits the biological functions of T lymphocytes infiltrating the cancer tissue by binding to the A2A receptor. The affinity to A2B receptor is believed to attenuate the response of dendritic cells and other parts of innate system. Thus blocking simultaneously the effects mediated by both receptor subtypes with dual inhibitor seems to be a viable approach to a single agent cancer immunotherapy or a combination with current immunotherapeutic agents. We have discovered a novel series of potent and selective A2A/A2B inhibitors. Best compounds present subnanomolar activity in both in vitro recombinant cellular model and in primary human cells. Our antagonists dose-dependently restore the adenosine agonist-impaired functional activity of CD4+ and CD8+ human T-lymphocytes (cytokine release assays). We observe also the relieve of adenosine-related suppression in NK cells cytotoxicity. Most importantly tested compounds present improved primary pharmacological profile in comparison to A2A inhibitors currently tested in clinical trials. Further validation in in vivo models showed efficacy standalone and in combination with checkpoint inhibitors. Citation Format: Michal Galezowski, Paulina Wegrzyn, Aneta Bobowska, Claude Commandeur, Katarzyna Dziedzic, Marcin Nowogrodzki, Alicja Obara, Joanna Szeremeta-Spisak, Anna Dzielak, Iwona Lozinska, Marcelina Dudek, Anita Janiga, Jacek Reus, Marek Wronowski, Mateusz Swirski, Adam Radzimierski, Magdalena Ziembik, Joanna Mierzwicka, Katarzyna Wojcik-Jaszczynska, Elzbieta Gocek, Karolina Grycuk, Aniela Golas, Olga Pierzchala, Julian Zachmann, Mateusz Nowak. Characterization of novel dual A2A/A2B adenosine receptor antagonists for cancer immunotherapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3770.
Assessment of Subacute Mammary Inflammation by Soluble Biomarkers in Comparison to Somatic Cell Counts in Quarter Milk Samples from Dairy Cows (1998)

The usefulness of soluble markers in indirectly differentiating inflamed quarters from healthy quarters of 30 Holstein Friesian cows was tested over a follow-up period of 20 weeks. In comparison to N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAGase), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), Na+, K+ and Cl- the somatic cell counts (SCC) were determined in foremilk samples. The soluble parameters were measured by means of an autoanalyzer system (Beckman CX5CE) equipped with solid state ion electrodes. Due to different types of inflammatory reactions it is considered to be advantageous to perform two tests in parallel for assessing the mammary gland status. Cell-damaging processes should best be detected by measuring elevated LDH activity, whereas the impairment of the blood-udder barrier is recorded by the respective elevation of the indicators Na+ and Cl-. Among all variables, SCC included, the soluble parameters showed the least dispersions, whereas those of SCC were the most unfavourable in this respect. Moreover, NAGase/LDH and Na+/Cl- among all variables had the highest correlation coefficients of 0.85 and 0.86, respectively. Threshold values as decision limits are proposed. Additionally, an inter-quarter comparison and evaluation improved the diagnostic value of each indirect mastitis parameter analyzed. By means of discriminant analysis, it is shown that the distribution of inflammation within the udders of this herd was unequal.