gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Calpain-dependent proteolysis of merlin occurs by oxidative stress in meningiomas (2001)

These findings suggest that oxidative stress-induced activation of mu-calpain causes proteolysis of merlin conceivably to impair cell adhesion and/or contact inhibition of meningioma cells.
Asphaltene Precipitation During Bitumen Extraction With Expanding-Solvent Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage: Effects on Pore-Scale Displacement (2015)

Summary Steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) is a proved enhanced-oil-recovery technique for oil-sand extraction. However, the environmental and the economic challenges associated with steam generation limit the application of this technology. To address these issues, we have investigated the effectiveness of expanding-solvent-SAGD (ES-SAGD) over base SAGD on a bitumen sample (8.8 °API). Experimental studies are conducted with a 2D physical model. Different strategies for solvent injection are tested (coinjection and cyclic injection) to examine the impact of the deposition of the asphaltene fraction of the bitumen on porous media and the behavior of the asphaltene fraction in produced oil. Toluene is used as asphaltene-soluble solvent, and n-hexane is selected as asphaltene-insoluble. Steam-chamber development is monitored with temperature profiles from 47 separate positions. The oil rate, recovery factor, and the produced-oil quality are evaluated together. The effectiveness of SAGD and ES-SAGD is discussed by considering the role of asphaltenes and their interactions with clays in both produced- and residual-oil samples. This study reveals that coinjection of hydrocarbon solvents with steam enhances the steam-chamber development with higher oil-production rate. Moreover, ES-SAGD results in recovery of more-upgraded oil and has a lesser environmental impact. We observe that the selections of solvent type and injection strategy are the most crucial parameters for the design of a hybrid SAGD process, and solvent cost and toxicity can be minimized with the recycling of solvent for continuous injection of solvents. High-energy consumption for steam generation during the SAGD process can be reduced by coinjection of proper solvent type with steam at a proper injection strategy. Our study reveals that the ES-SAGD process has environmental and economic benefits that are preferable to those of the base SAGD. However, some solvents can cause undesirable effects because of asphaltene destabilization and precipitation in production or transportation lines. The results of this work show that not only asphaltenes but also the other fractions of oil, along with the reservoir-clay type and the clay amount, affect the ES-SAGD performance.
Galaxy of news (1994)

The Galaxy of News system embodies an approach to visualizing large quantities of independently authored pieces of information, in this case news stories. At the heart of this system is a powerful relationship construction engine that constructs an associative relation network to automatically build implicit links between related articles. To visualize these relationships, and hence the news information space, the Galaxy of News uses pyramidal structuring and visual presentation, semantic zooming and panning, animated visual cues that are dynamically constructed to illustrate relationships between articles, and fluid interaction in a three dimensional information space to browse and search through large databases of news articles. The result is a tool that allows people to quickly gain a broad understanding of a news base by providing an abstracted presentation that covers the entire information base, and through interaction, progressively refines the details of the information space. This research has been generalized into a model for news access and visualization to provide automatic construction of news information spaces and derivation of an interactive news experience.
A simple spiking retina model for exact video stimulus representation (2008)

A computational model for the representation of visual stimuli with a population of spiking neurons is presented. We show that under mild conditions it is possible to faithfully represent an analog video stream into a sequence of spike trains and provide an algorithm that recovers the video input by using only the spike times of the population.
Virtual colon tagging for electronic cleansing in dual-energy fecal-tagging CT colonography (2012)

Partial volume effect (PVE) and tagging inhomogeneity are two major causes of artifacts in electronic cleansing (EC) for fecal-tagging CT colonography (CTC). Our purpose was to develop a novel method called "virtual tagging" for electronic cleansing in dual-energy fecal-tagging CTC. A three-material decomposition scheme was first applied in dual-energy CTC to decompose each voxel into a mixture of air, soft tissue, and iodine-tagged fecal material. The entire colonic lumen was then marked by virtually tagging the mixture portion of luminal air at each voxel. As a result, colon lumen including air and tagged materials was segmented and subtracted by their high values in virtually tagged images. Our virtual tagging scheme provides a cleansed colon that is free from artifacts caused by the PVE at air-tagging mixture and inhomogeneous tagging.
Computational design of a Zn <sup>2+</sup> receptor that controls bacterial gene expression (2003)

The control of cellular physiology and gene expression in response to extracellular signals is a basic property of living systems. We have constructed a synthetic bacterial signal transduction pathway in which gene expression is controlled by extracellular Zn2+. In this system a computationally designed Zn2+-binding periplasmic receptor senses the extracellular solute and triggers a two-component signal transduction pathway via a chimeric transmembrane protein, resulting in transcriptional up-regulation of a beta-galactosidase reporter gene. The Zn2+-binding site in the designed receptor is based on a four-coordinate, tetrahedral primary coordination sphere consisting of histidines and glutamates. In addition, mutations were introduced in a secondary coordination sphere to satisfy the residual hydrogen-bonding potential of the histidines coordinated to the metal. The importance of the secondary shell interactions is demonstrated by their effect on metal affinity and selectivity, as well as protein stability. Three designed protein sequences, comprising two distinct metal-binding positions, were all shown to bind Zn2+ and to function in the cell-based assay, indicating the generality of the design methodology. These experiments demonstrate that biological systems can be manipulated with computationally designed proteins that have drastically altered ligand-binding specificities, thereby extending the repertoire of genetic control by extracellular signals.
Grateful Med: getting started. (1990)

When a local medical library is not available, it is often necessary for physicians to discover alternate ways to receive medical information. Rural physicians, particularly, can make use of a computer program called Grateful Med that provides access to the same literature available to physicians in large cities. This program permits the user to perform database searches on the National Library of Medicine database (MEDLINE), corresponding to the primary index to medical literature, Index Medicus. In this article, we give the procedure for procuring a National Library of Medicine password and for making efficient use of the Grateful Med program.
XML in 60 Minutes a Day (2003)

From the Publisher:

XML is now ubiquitous, not just in Web development, but as the underpinning of interactive Web services: applications that really do run on any platform
Includes twenty-four one-hour lessons that recreate a typical week-long introductory seminar
Provides readers with a sound, fundamental understanding of XML and how it changes application development
Explains how to use XML when dealing with transforms, schemas, and other Web services requirements
The authors teach courses for IBM Canada
Companion Web site features an online presentation by the authors that follows along with each chapter and includes an audio-only option for readers with dial-up Internet connection
MANHATTAN DERMATOLOGIC SOCIETY (1941)

<h3>Argyria. Presented by Dr. Isadore Rosen.</h3> J. F., a girl aged 7 years, came to the Skin and Cancer Unit of the New York Post-Graduate Medical School and Hospital on Jan. 13, 1941 because of discoloration of the conjunctivas and of the skin of the nose. The history revealed the frequent application of 10 per cent mild protein silver (argyrol) to the nose and eyes by the mother every time the patient had a cold. These instillations have taken place since the age of 1 year. Three years ago attention was called to this pigmentation by physicians, but no instructions were given as to the discontinuation of administration of the mild protein silver, which has been continued until the present. The conjunctivas are of a peculiar slate color. Similar pigmentation is on the sides of the nose and on the hard palate. <h3>DISCUSSION</h3> Dr. Max Scheer: Nothing can be done
Serum inhibin levels in normal men and men with testicular disorders (1989)

Serum concentrations of inhibin, FSH and LH were measured in 39 normal men and 127 men with testicular disorders resulting in infertility. The infertile men were divided into groups on the basis of their mean sperm count, FSH levels and karyotype. The mean (+/- S.D) serum concentrations of inhibin in the normal men was 554 +/- 156 U/l and did not differ significantly from those groups with oligospermia, azoospermia or Klinefelter's syndrome. Combined analyses of all groups did not reveal any significant correlation between serum concentrations of inhibin and FSH or with any other parameter measured. Serum concentrations of FSH and LH were positively correlated, and Leydig cell dysfunction, as evidenced by increased serum LH levels, low testosterone levels or a declining testosterone/LH ratio were found with severe spermatogenic damage. The failure of serum concentrations of inhibin to correlate with those of FSH levels or the degree of testicular damage raise questions as to the clinical value of this parameter alone.
Polymerization of Carbon Dioxide: A Chemistry View of Molecular-to-Nonmolecular Phase Transitions (2011)

Under high pressure, simple molecular solids transform into nonmolecular (extended) solids as compression energies approach the energies of strong covalent bonds in constituent chemical species. Unlike molecular and extended phase transitions, these exhibit path dependent phases, phase boundaries, phase metastabilities, and structural distortions that lead to large uncertainties in both experimental and theoretical phase diagrams. Here we present experimental and theoretical evidence that carbon dioxide polymerizes to extended phase V at 20 GPa, indicating a substantially lower equilibrium phase boundary than previously suggested. Clearly, these results indicate extended structures are inherently more stable above 20 GPa and the presence of a strong activation barrier hindering the polymerization in the intermediate pressure region between 20 and 40 GPa. Further, the present results advocate a chemistry view of molecular to nonmolecular phase transitions governed by constraints to kinetics and local energy minima that go beyond thermodynamics and are analogous to the graphite–diamond transition.
The Trump Administration's Impact on F-1 and J-1 Visas (2019)

President Donald Trump is known throughout the world for continuously promoting “the wall” between Mexico and the United States. Since his inauguration in 2016, President Trump has pushed the legislature to fund construction of a physical barrier on the southern border of the United States. Not only is the wall an actual construct, but the wall also represents his entire approach to immigration law. Mexican residents are not the only ones suffering from the Trump administration's policies. While targeting Southern neighbors and undocumented or “illegal” immigrants, Trump has also created difficulties across the entire visa process for legal immigrants. Individuals in countries across the world now are dealing with increased uncertainties in working in America. It is becoming increasingly more difficult for legal immigrants holding J-1 and F-1 visas to enter the United States, which is having a profound effect on the United States’ ability to recruit talent and increase innovation.
Social network driven innovation (2009)

This paper explains how the increasingly popular social network driven ideation works for some companies, and how this can be expanded to encompass the complete crowdsourcing innovation process (beyond simple ideation). In a contemporary context, businesses that are unable to keep up with innovations are simply overrun by those who are more efficient at this. This results in the dilemma that confronts all innovating companies in the 21st century: while innovation is critical for survival of a company, internal R&D is an inefficient approach to innovation. As a result of this dilemma, today?s innovative companies generally conduct little or no basic research on their own. They mostly innovate using the research discoveries of others. Some of these companies promote ideation forums on social networks to gain ?memes? for innovative ideas. This first step in the crowdsourcing innovation process can be expanded to include all the remaining steps of the innovation process, up to marketing and selling the product or service, as these all originate from ?crowdsourcing ideation?.
The ultrastructure and chemistry of the luminal plasma membrane of the mammalian urinary bladder: a structure with low permeability to water and ions (1974)

Abstract The epithelium of the mammalian urinary bladder is an effective barrier to the free flux of urea, water and small charged ions between urine and tissue fluids. In this paper we present evidence to show that this permeability barrier passively depends on the structure of the unusual, thick, rigid membrane which limits the urinary surface of the epithelial cells. The normal structure of this membrane is unique. Thickened plaques, composed of a hexagonal lattice of dodecameric subunits which extend through the depth of the membrane, are separated by thinner, unstructured, narrow bands. The regular structure of the lattice may be disrupted or distorted by treatment with urea, guanidine hydrochloride or sodium dodecyl sulphate. Chemically the membrane is also remarkable. Its lipid component contains cerebroside, which apparently has an important effect in lowering water permeability. This effect is reinforced by cholesterol, which may be important for the maintenance of a condensed lipid layer during the mechanical stresses of bladder contraction and dilation. The protein component also is unusual in having a high proline content, and the significance of this is discussed in the context of membrane structure and function. At the moment it is not possible to relate the marked subunit structure of the membrane to its protein component although the large particle mass mucoprotein compound, as yet uncharacterized, may be located in the thick, densely staining, negatively charged surface lamina of the membrane. This membrane is thus remarkable in both its structure and its function. These properties in turn must depend on complex interactions between its lipid and protein components which are themselves unusual.
The Bile Acid Sensor Farnesoid X Receptor Is a Modulator of Liver Immunity in a Rodent Model of Acute Hepatitis (2009)

Immune-mediated liver diseases including autoimmune and viral hepatitis are a major health problem worldwide. In this study, we report that activation of the farnesoid X receptor (FXR), a member of the ligand-activated nuclear receptor superfamily and bile sensor highly expressed in the liver, attenuates liver injury in a model of autoimmune hepatitis induced by Con A. We found that FXR gene ablation results in a time-dependent increase of liver expression (up to 20-fold in a 9-mo-old mouse) of osteopontin, a NKT cell-derived extracellular matrix protein and immunoregulatory cytokine. In comparison to wild-type, FXR(-/-) mice are more susceptible to Con A-induced hepatitis and react to Con A administration by an unregulated production of osteopontin. Administering wild-type mice with a synthetic FXR agonist attenuated Con A-induced liver damage and liver expression of the osteopontin gene. By in vitro studies, we found that FXR is expressed by primarily isolated NKT cells and its ablation favors ostepontin production in response to Con A. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assay and coimmunoprecipitation experiments demonstrate that the short heterodimer partner (SHP), a nuclear receptor and FXR target, was expressed by NKT cell hybridomas and increased in response to FXR activation. FXR activates SHP that interacts with and inhibits c-Jun binding to the osteopontin promoter. These data indicate that in NKT cells, FXR activation causes a SHP-mediated inhibition of osteopontin production. These data support the notion that the bile acid sensor FXR regulates the activation of liver NKT cells.
A flexible graphical user interface for performance modeling (2002)

We identify three goals for the graphical user interface (GUI) of a network simulation environment: user friendliness, model re-usability, and application extensibility. We address the user friendliness issue by proposing a simple yet efficient approach to setup parameters for the simulation models. We address the application extensibility issue by a two-layer GUI architecture. The two layers are loosely-coupled, and the first layer can be easily replaced (without affecting the other components of the simulation environment). We address the model re-usability issue by subnetworks. Unlike most existing simulation packages where subnetwork is simply a method to group the nodes, the subnetwork construct in our approach is an integral part of the simulation environment (i.e., all operations for a basic node also apply to a subnetwork). The port concept is used to explicitly define the I/O relationship between a subnetwork and the outside world. Parameter dialog boxes are used to set up the parameters for a subnetwork conveniently. Finally, a simple stack mechanism is proposed to measure subnetwork-wide output statistics.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Polarization and Breakdown Analysis of AlGaN Channel HEMTs with AlN Buffer (2015)

We have demonstrated the first carrier density model for AlGaN channel with AlN buffer using spontaneous and piezoelectric polarization comparison with experimental and theoretical results. From the results we proved that the formation of 2DEG in undoped structure relied both on spontaneous and piezoelectric polarization. The electron distribution of Al concentration (0 < x < 0.5) was measured for both AlGaN channel and barrier. Barrier thickness assumed between 20 and 25 nm for validating the experimental results. The carrier concentration was observed at the specific interface of the N- and Ga-face by assuming x1, x2 = 0. The model results are verified with previously reported experimental data.
Wound healing goes green (2015)

Biomaterials containing photosynthetic algae promote tissue regeneration in a mouse model.
Dynamic Force Measuring System for Machinery Vibration with Particular Application to Balancing of Assembled Machines (1959)

The dynamic force measuring system for the measurement of machinery vibration is based on the use of four piezoelectric force transducers. These transducers are installed between the feet of the machine under test and a terminating foundation, preferably a large seismic mass. The four signals are combined in two ways: (1) as a phasor sum to provide a single vertical force measurement and (2) as a sum and difference with equivalent moment arms to provide torque measurements. These fundamental measurements are based on force and torque equations developed from the six motions of an assumed rigid body. At the fundamental frequency of machinery vibration the two combined signals provide a measure of static and dynamic unbalance. The force spectrum may be analyzed by conventional means to provide frequency and amplitude information.
Pre-development fracture modelling in the Clair field, west of Shetland (2007)

Abstract The Clair oilfield is a large fractured sandstone reservoir lying 75 km west of Shetland on the UK continental shelf. Fracture analysis and modelling was carried out in preparation for the phase 1 development, which started production early in 2005. Fracture clusters and discrete fluid inflows observed in wells are associated with faults and other localized deformation features tens or hundreds of metres apart. The reservoir has moderate to good matrix permeability, but well flow rates and profiles are fracture-dominated. Full-field geological models were built using conventional object modelling approaches for matrix and discrete fracture networks for fractures, and upscaled to populate a reservoir simulation grid. Dual-porosity, dual-permeability dynamic modelling (full-field and well-test) was undertaken to understand the fracture and matrix flow contributions and their interaction. Fracture models were conditioned to wells and to seismic data, including coherency and multi-azimuthal velocity information from a four-component, ocean bottom cable three-dimensional seismic survey. At this early stage in field development, there is insufficient calibration to select a single fracture model. Instead, well and depletion plans have been tested against multiple fracture models chosen to encompass a wide range of plausible outcomes.
Increased Excitatory Synaptic Activity and Local Connectivity of Hippocampal CA1 Pyramidal Cells in Rats With Kainate-Induced Epilepsy (2004)

Formation of local excitatory circuits may contribute to epileptogenesis. We tested the hypothesis that epileptogenesis is associated with increased recurrent excitation in the hippocampal CA1 area of rats with kainate-induced epilepsy. Whole cell recordings were obtained during focal flash photolysis of caged glutamate, which served as a focal excitant to activate local pyramidal cells and to study possible connections between neurons. Kainate-treated rats with spontaneous seizures were studied months after status epilepticus and were compared with saline-injected control rats. Experiments were done in isolated CA1 minislices and in bicuculline to block GABA A receptors. Spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) were present in 42% of the CA1 pyramidal cells from controls and 62% from kainate-treated rats. The frequency of sEPSCs in the kainate group was significantly higher than that in the control group, but mean amplitude was not different. Flash photolysis of caged glutamate on the somatodendritic area of CA1 pyramidal neurons caused a burst of action potentials. Local excitatory connections between CA1 pyramidal cells were found in 4 of 48 neurons (8%) in slices from control animals, but in significantly more neurons (12 of 37; 32%) from rats with kainate-induced epilepsy exhibited interconnections ( P < 0.001). Photoactivation of glutamate on recorded CA1 pyramidal cells in the kainate group sometimes caused afterdischarges, but not in controls. The kainate-treated rats with pyramidal cells that responded to photostimulaltion with repetitive EPSCs appeared to have experienced more severe seizures. These data provide new electrophysiological evidence for the formation of recurrent excitatory circuits in the CA1 area of rats with kainate-induced epilepsy.