gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>N</i>-Methylpyrrole-Terminated Polyisobutylene through End-Quenching of Quasiliving Carbocationic Polymerization (2005)

Quasiliving isobutylene polymerization initiated by 2-chloro-2,4,4-trimethylpentane/TiCl4/2,6-dimethylpyridine in 60/40 n-hexane/methyl chloride at −70 °C was allowed to reach 98+% monomer conversion and then reacted with N-methylpyrrole. All polyisobutylene (PIB) chains alkylated the N-methylpyrrole ring to form a mixture of 46% 2-PIB−N-methylpyrrole and 54% 3-PIB−N-methylpyrrole. GPC indicated the absence of coupled PIB, confirming that exclusively monosubstitution had occurred. Complete 1H and 13C NMR chemical shift assignments were made for both isomers. The product was converted exclusively to mixed 2- and 3-PIB−N-methylpyrrolidine by catalytic hydrogenation using PtO2 in glacial acetic acid. Quantitative 1H NMR integration of PIB initiated from the difunctional aromatic initiator, 5-tert-butyl-1,3-di(2-chloro-2-propyl)benzene, showed exactly two N-methylpyrrole end groups per aromatic initiator residue. Quantitative reaction of PIB chains with N-methylpyrrole could not be obtained with BCl3 systems. In methyl chloride diluent at −45 °C, <10% N-methylpyrrole capping was obtained after 70 min; in 1,2-dichloroethane at −10 °C, 77% of the PIB chains reacted with N-methylpyrrole after 15 min, and no further reaction was observed up to 18 h. In both BCl3 systems, GPC analysis showed the product to be unimodal, indicating the absence of coupling through dialkylation of N-methylpyrrole.
Terahertz Emission from an Asymmetric Dual-Grating-Gate InGaAs High-Electron-Mobility Transistor Stimulated by Plasmonic Boom Instability (2019)

Asymmetric dual-grating-gate InGaAs high-electron-mobility transistors (ADGG-HEMTs) are studied as plasmonic terahertz (THz) emitters. We experimentally observed THz emission from a fabricated device at 110K. The spectra showed a broadband resonant emission under low d.c. channel currents reflecting radiation decay of thermally excited plasmons. With increasing the current and longitudinal electric field the emission was enhanced in a narrower spectral range suggesting promotion of plasmonic instability. Its threshold behavior suggests the occurrence of plasmonic-boom-type instability.
A survey of ontology learning techniques and applications (2018)

Ontologies have gained a lot of popularity and recognition in the semantic web because of their extensive use in Internet-based applications. Ontologies are often considered a fine source of semantics and interoperability in all artificially smart systems. Exponential increase in unstructured data on the web has made automated acquisition of ontology from unstructured text a most prominent research area. Several methodologies exploiting numerous techniques of various fields (machine learning, text mining, knowledge representation and reasoning, information retrieval and natural language processing) are being proposed to bring some level of automation in the process of ontology acquisition from unstructured text. This paper describes the process of ontology learning and further classification of ontology learning techniques into three classes (linguistics, statistical and logical) and discusses many algorithms under each category. This paper also explores ontology evaluation techniques by highlighting their pros and cons. Moreover, it describes the scope and use of ontology learning in several industries. Finally, the paper discusses challenges of ontology learning along with their corresponding future directions.
A New Synthesis of 5-Nitropyrimidines<sup>1</sup> (1965)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA New Synthesis of 5-Nitropyrimidines1Edward C. Taylor and Alexander McKillopCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1965, 30, 9, 3153–3155Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1965Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1965https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01020a067https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01020a067research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views198Altmetric-Citations24LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Facile Synthesis of ZnO Nanorods by Microwave Irradiation of Zinc–Hydrazine Hydrate Complex (2007)

Abstract ZnO nanorods have been successfully synthesized by a simple microwave-assisted solution phase approach. Hydrazine hydrate has been used as a mineralizer instead of sodium hydroxide. XRD and FESEM have been used to characterize the product. The FESEM images show that the diameter of the nanorods fall in the range of about 25–75 nm and length in the range of 500–1,500 nm with an aspect ratio of about 20–50. UV–VIS and photoluminescence spectra of the nanorods in solution have been taken to study their optical properties. A mechanism for microwave synthesis of the ZnO nanorods using hydrazine hydrate precursor has also been proposed.
Characterization of the heat shock response and identification of heat shock protein antigens of Borrelia burgdorferi (1990)

The heat shock response of Borrelia burgdorferi B31 cells was characterized with regard to the heat shock proteins (Hsps) produced. Five to seven Hsps were detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis and fluorography of proteins from cells labeled with [35S]methionine after shifts from 33 degrees C to 37 or 40 degrees C or from 20 degrees C to 33, 37, or 40 degrees C. Analysis of [35S]methionine-labeled Hsps by two-dimensional electrophoresis and autoradiography revealed 12 Hsps. Western immunoblot analysis with antisera to highly conserved Escherichia coli and Mycobacterium tuberculosis Hsps revealed a single 72-kilodalton (kDa) protein band that reacted with antibodies to E. coli DnaK and with antibodies to the M. tuberculosis 71-kDa Hsp homolog of E. coli DnaK. Two proteins with apparent molecular masses of 66 and 60 kDa reacted with antibodies against the M. tuberculosis 65-kDa Hsp homolog of E. coli GroEL. Human immune sera collected from patients with Lyme disease reacted with both the 66-kDa Hsp and the 60-kDa Hsp but failed to react with the 72-kDa Hsp. These data are discussed with regard to the possibility that host recognition of highly conserved epitopes of GroEL homologs of B. burgdorferi may result in autoimmune reactions causing arthritis and other pathologies.
Ex‐Chiral‐Pool Synthesis of β‐Hydroxyphosphonate Nucleoside Analogues (2006)

Abstract A new series of mononucleotide analogues bearing a nonhydrolysable P–C bond instead of the P–O phosphate linkage is presented. We intend to set up an approach that allows the synthesis of β‐hydroxyphosphonate nucleoside analogues as a single diastereoisomer. In this respect, the key “sugar‐phosphonate” intermediate was obtained through an Arbusov reaction from an iodosugar derivative in which the stereochemistry of the β‐hydroxy group is determined by the choice of the starting material and remains in the resulting nucleotide analogues. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Molecular cloning and expression of a gene that controls the high-temperature regulon of Escherichia coli (1983)

The high-temperature production (HTP) regulon of Escherichia coli consists of a set of operons that are induced coordinately by a shift to a high temperature under the control of a single chromosomal gene called htpR or hin. To identify more components of this regulon, the rates of synthesis of many polypeptides resolved on two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels were measured in various strains by pulse-labeling after a temperature shift-up. A total of 13 polypeptides were found to be heat inducible only in cells bearing a normal htpR gene on the chromosome or on a plasmid; on this basis these polypeptides were designated products of the HTP regulon. Several hybrid plasmids that contain segments of the E. coli chromosome in the 75-min region were found to carry the htpR gene. A restriction map of this region was constructed, and selected fragments were subcloned and tested for the ability to complement an htpR mutant. The polypeptides encoded by these fragments were detected by permitting expression in maxicells, minicells, and chloramphenicol-treated cells. Complementation was accompanied by production of a polypeptide having a molecular weight of approximately 33,000. This polypeptide, designated F33.4, was markedly reduced in amount in an htpR mutant expected to contain very little htpR gene product. Polypeptide F33.4 is postulated to be the product of htpR and to be an effector that controls heat induction of the HTP regulon.
Chromatin domains rich in inheritance (2018)

Only certain histone posttranslational modifications qualify as being epigenetic
Numerical Simulation of Programming Transient Behavior in Charge Trapping Storage Memory (2008)

This work aims to develop an accurate programming transient model for a SONOS type memory cell. By considering (i) the current tunneling through bottom oxide from substrate, (ii) the capture/emission efficiency in nitride, and (iii) the out tunneling probability from top dielectric, an excellent consistency between experiments and simulations is observed across various programming voltages. The programming behavior under various combinations of storage materials and blocking layers are also well demonstrated by incorporating the band-gap difference. Finally, the penalty of widened programming V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</sub> distribution due to the thinning down of tunneling oxide is examined and clarified.
A Bacterial Spore Test Piece for the Control of Ethylene Oxide Sterilization (1965)

Aluminium foil strips carrying varying numbers of spores of the Camp Detrick strain of Bacillus subtilis dried from water, 90% (v/v) methanol, 5 and 20% (v/v) serum, nutrient broth and isotonic saline were examined for their possible use as test pieces for the control of sterilization by ethylene oxide. Methanolic suspensions of these spores were found to be stable on storage, and foils carrying spores dried from methanol were the most reproducible and stable of those tested. The susceptibility of the test piece system could be controlled by varying the numbers of spores on each foil and the numbers of foils used per test.
Access network enhancements for the delivery of video services (2005)

Enhancements are being researched that will improve both the quality of video delivered over networks experiencing congestion or transmission errors, and the video channel changing performance.
<title>Techniques Of Measurement Of The Polarization-Altering Properties Of Linear Optical Systems</title> (1977)

This paper attempts to classify and illustrate with examples the techniques by which the polarization-altering properties of linear optical systems are found, and to point out some similarities of different applications.
An architecture for integrated networks that guarantees quality of service (1990)

Abstract A generic architecture for integrated networks that guarantees quality of service is described. The network has a mesh topology and a switching architecture structured according to the concept of asynchronous time sharing. This concept is based on a multiclass network model and asynchronous algorithms for allocating network resources. There are three traffic classes for transporting user information and a fourth class for network management and control. Resource allocation is resolved through time‐sharing and space‐partitioning algorithms.
A modular approach enforcing safe recon .guration of producer-consumer applications (2004)

Unanticipated software adaptations are becoming increasingly important in the domain of distributed systems. Due to performance and availability requirements, these adaptations need to be enforced at run-time. However for dynamic changes to yield valid systems, a safe state for reconfiguration of the involved software modules must be enforced. This paper proposes a solution to modularize support for achieving safe reconfiguration and separate it from basic application functionality. In addition, we describe a mechanism to obtain a safe state for unanticipated reconfiguration of producer/consumer based systems, rather than being limited to updates of independent software components. The presented method imposes such a safe state with minimal interference to the rest of the system, and with minimal contribution from the programmer. We believe that a wide range of producer/consumer based systems can take advantage of the presented solution.
β-Amyloid precursor protein transgenic mice that harbor diffuse Aβ deposits but do not form plaques show increased ischemic vulnerability: Role of inflammation (2002)

beta-amyloid (A beta), derived form the beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP), is important for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is characterized by progressive decline of cognitive functions, formation of A beta plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, and loss of neurons. However, introducing a human wild-type or mutant APP gene to rodent models of AD does not result in clear neurodegeneration, suggesting that contributory factors lowering the threshold of neuronal death may be present in AD. Because brain ischemia has recently been recognized to contribute to the pathogenesis of AD, we studied the effect of focal brain ischemia in 8- and 20-month-old mice overexpressing the 751-amino acid isoform of human APP. We found that APP751 mice have higher activity of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) in microglia, the main immune effector cells within the brain, and increased vulnerability to brain ischemia when compared with age-matched wild-type mice. These characteristics are associated with enhanced microglial activation and inflammation but not with altered regulation of cerebral blood flow, as assessed by MRI and laser Doppler flowmetry. Suppression of inflammation with aspirin or inhibition of p38 MAPK with a selective inhibitor, SD-282, abolishes the increased neuronal vulnerability in APP751 transgenic mice. SD-282 also suppresses the expression of inducible nitric-oxide synthase and the binding activity of activator protein 1. These findings elucidate molecular mechanisms of neuronal injury in AD and suggest that antiinflammatory compounds preventing activation of p38 MAPK in microglia may reduce neuronal vulnerability in AD.
Preparation of selectivity controlled a-axis oriented YBCO films by laser MOCVD (1991)

The authors have found a very effective way to control the orientation of YBCO films by MOCVD using ArF excimer laser ( lambda =193 nm) irradiation on an MgO(100) substrate. It also enables them to control crystalline orientation locally by focusing the laser. They found that the irradiated parts were strongly a-axis oriented normal to the surface of MgO(100) substrate for YBCO films prepared at 650-700 degrees C, whereas the X-ray diffraction pattern of the unirradiated part consists of the peaks of (110), (001) and (h00) planes. The surface morphology of the laser-irradiated part of the films was very smooth, whereas that of the unirradiated part was comparatively rough. The zero-resistance temperatures of unirradiated and irradiated parts of YBCO prepared at 650 degrees C were 45 K and 72 K respectively.
Targeted Drug Delivery To Leukocytes with ICAM-1 Derived Peptides (2008)

Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) derived cyclic peptide cIBR [cyclo(1,12)PenPRGGSVLVTGC] showed high affinity for leukocyte function associated antigen-1 (LFA-1) receptor and was internalized into the MOLT-3 T-cells. Therefore, the objective of the dissertation was to explore the possibility of selectively delivering drugs to leukocytes using ICAM-1 derived peptides. Fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugated cIBR (FITC-cIBR) and doxorubicin conjugated cIBR (DOX-cIBR) entered the HL-60 cells by receptor mediated endocytosis and passive diffusion, respectively. High hydrophobicity of DOX-cIBR was proposed to be responsible for its energy-independent entry (chapter 2). To check the effect of hydrophobicity on internalization, two relatively more hydrophilic cIBR-derived peptides were conjugated to DOX. However, both the DOX-peptide conjugates were internalized passively (chapter 3). Degradation mechanism of methotrexate conjugate of cIBR (MTX-cIBR) was studied and suitable formulation conditions were developed. Stability of MTX-cIBR was assessed with in vitro biological matrices to determine optimum dosing regimen for in vivo studies (chapter 4).
HERF1, a Novel Hematopoiesis-Specific RING Finger Protein, Is Required for Terminal Differentiation of Erythroid Cells (1999)

The AML1/core binding factor beta (CBFbeta) transcription factor is essential for definitive hematopoiesis; however, the downstream pathways through which it functions remain incompletely defined. Using a differential cloning approach to define components of this pathway, we have identified a novel gene designated HERF1 (for hematopoietic RING finger 1), whose expression during development is dependent on the presence of functional AML1/CBFbeta. HERF1 contains a tripartite RING finger-B box-alpha-helical coiled-coil domain and a C-terminal region homologous to the ret proto-oncogene-encoded finger protein. Expression of HERF1 during embryogenesis coincides with the appearance of definitive erythropoiesis and in adult mice is restricted to erythroid cells, increasing 30-fold during terminal differentiation. Importantly, inhibition of HERF1 expression blocked terminal erythroid differentiation of the murine erythroleukemia cell line MEL, whereas its overexpression induced erythroid maturation. These results suggest an important role for this protein in erythropoiesis.
Three-Dimensional Imaging of Nitric Oxide Production in the Rat Brain Subjected to Ischemia—Hypoxia (1995)

By the systemic administration of diethyldithiocarbamate and iron into the rat, nitric oxide radicals produced in the brain during ischemia–hypoxia were trapped. The right hemisphere of the brain was then removed and frozen with liquid nitrogen. With use of recently developed electron paramagnetic resonance imaging instrumentation and techniques, three-dimensional imaging of the production of the nitric oxide radicals in several brains was performed. The results suggest that nitric oxide radicals were produced and trapped in the areas that are known to have high nitric oxide synthase activity, such as cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, amygdala, and substantia nigra. In this ischemia–hypoxia model, which did not interrupt the posterior circulation, the production and trapping of nitric oxide in the cerebellum were ∼30% of those in the cerebrum.
Laparoscopy in chronic abdominal pain: a prospective nonrandomized long-term follow-up study. (2005)

By careful selection, for patients with chronic abdominal pain, laparoscopy alleviates the symptoms in more than 70% of the patients, and it should be considered if other diagnostics tests are negative. A placebo-controlled study is needed, in which the patients are randomized into laparoscopy and conservatively treated groups with a quality-of-life measurement.
A Fragment-Based Approach toward Substituted Trioxa[7]helicenes (2012)

A series of novel substituted trioxa[7]helicenes have been successfully prepared by a one-pot palladium catalyzed C-H arylation reaction starting from readily prepared dibenzofuran fragments. The dinitro-substituted helicene was analyzed by X-ray crystallography revealing the occurrence of two distinct enantiomers in the asymmetric unit, which forms interesting supramolecular motifs in the crystal, based on weak H-bonding interactions.
Trypanothione reductase from Trypanosoma cruzi. Purification and characterization of the crystalline enzyme (1987)

The structural differences between trypanothione reductase of Trypanosoma cruzi and human glutathione reductase, an enzyme of known three-dimensional structure, offer an opportunity for rational drug design against Chagas' disease. As a first step in the analysis of the parasite enzyme we report its purification and characterization. 2.2 mg trypanothione reductase was extracted from 33 g wet weight of cultured epimastigotes or from 4 g lyophilized cells. The flavoenzyme was purified 2400-fold to homogeneity in three steps with an overall yield of 45%. The enzyme is a dimer with a subunit Mr of 50,000. Using NADPH (Km = 5 microM) and trypanothione disulfide (Km = 45 microM) as substrates, a turnover number of 14,200 min-1 was estimated. Trypanothione reductase, the parasite enzyme, and glutathione reductase, the host enzyme, exhibit mutually exclusive specificities for their respective disulfide substrates. When screening cell cultures or column eluates for the presence of trypanothione reductase, a microassay based on Ellman's reagent as indicator was used. A mixture of regioisomeric glutathionylspermidine disulfides isolated from Escherichia coli served as substrate in this microassay. Experimentally, the catalytic cycle of the enzyme can be subdivided into the half-reactions Eox + NADPH + H+----EH2 + NADP+, and EH2 + trypanothione disulfide----Eox + dihydrotrypanothione. This is also true for the crystallized enzyme in the presence of 2 M (NH4)2SO4. The spectral properties of trypanothione reductase both in the oxidized form (Eox) and in the two-electron-reduced form (EH2) closely resemble those of human glutathione reductase. Both proteins contain a flavin and a redox-active disulfide at the catalytic site. After reduction of Eox to EH2, trypanothione reductase can be inactivated by specifically alkylating one of the nascent active-site thiols.