gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An SOS MOSFET model based on calculation of the surface potential (1994)

A circuit simulation model is presented suitable for the design of analogue and digital SOS MOSFET integrated circuits. Both the drift and diffusion components of channel current are modeled, which are computed from the surface potentials at the drain and source ends of the channel. The surface potential function varies continuously from subthreshold to strong inversion allowing a smooth transition of device conductances and capacitances at the threshold voltage. Charge is conserved in the model formulation yielding reliable simulation results in transient analysis. The model has been implemented in the SPICE program, together with important extrinsic elements such as impact ionization current, pn-junction current and capacitances, and substrate resistance. The pn-junction current expression includes a physical formulation for the drain leakage current. The influence of temperature on device characteristics is included, making the model valid from /spl minus/55 to 125/spl deg/C. Simulation results are compared with measured dc device characteristics showing considerable improvement over bulk MOS models in predicting the drain conductance. In subthreshold, the model predicts the observed increase in inverse subthreshold slope with drain bias for n-channel devices. Transient simulations show that capacitive coupling from drain, gate and source nodes can strongly influence the floating substrate potential. The model has been successfully applied to the design of analogue SOS circuits.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
THE BLOOD FLOW IN THE RIGHT ATRIUM AND SUPERIOR VENA CAVA IN TRICUSPID INCOMPETENCE (1955)

It is well known that immune responses in the intestine remain in a state of controlled inflammation, suggesting that not only active suppression by regulatory T cells plays an important role in the normal intestinal homeostasis, but also its dysregulation leads to the development of inflammatory bowel disease. In this study, we demonstrate that the CD4<sup>+</sup>CD25<sup>bright</sup> T cells reside in the human intestinal lamina propria (LP) and functionally retain regulatory activities. All human LP CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells regardless of CD25 expression constitutively expressed CTLA-4, glucocorticoid-induced TNFR family-related protein, and <i>Foxp3</i> and proliferate poorly. Although LP CD4<sup>+</sup>CD25<sup>−</sup> T cells showed an activated and anergic/memory phenotype, they did not retain regulatory activity. In LP CD4<sup>+</sup>CD25<sup>+</sup> T cells, however, cells expressing CD25 at high levels (CD4<sup>+</sup>CD25<sup>bright</sup>) suppressed the proliferation and various cytokine productions of CD4<sup>+</sup>CD25<sup>−</sup> T cells. LP CD4<sup>+</sup>CD25<sup>bright</sup> T cells by themselves produced fewer amounts of IL-2, IFN-γ, and IL-10. Interestingly, LP CD4<sup>+</sup>CD25<sup>bright</sup> T cells with regulatory T activity were significantly increased in patients with active inflammatory bowel disease. These results suggest that CD4<sup>+</sup>CD25<sup>bright</sup> T cells found in the normal and inflamed intestinal mucosa selectively inhibit the host immune response and therefore may contribute to the intestinal immune homeostasis.
Sensitized Near‐Infrared Emission from Complexes of Yb<sup>III</sup>, Nd<sup>III</sup> and Er<sup>III</sup> by Energy‐Transfer from Covalently Attached Pt<sup>II</sup>‐Based Antenna Units (2003)

A series of dinuclear platinum(II)-lanthanide(iii) complexes has been prepared in which a square-planar Pt(II) unit, either [(PPh(3))(2)Pt(pdo)] (H(2)pdo=5,6-dihydroxyphenanthroline) or [Cl(2)Pt(dppz)] [dppz=2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine], is connected to a Ln(dik)(3) unit ("dik"=a 1,3-diketonate ligand). The mononuclear complexes [(PPh(3))(2)Pt(pdo)] and [Cl(2)Pt(dppz)] both have external, vacant N,N-donor diimine-type binding sites that react with various [Ln(dik)(3)(H(2)O)(2)] units to give complexes [(PPh(3))(2)Pt(micro-pdo)Ln(tta)(3)] (series A; Htta=thenoyltrifluoroacetone), [Cl(2)Pt(micro-dppz)Ln(tta)(3)] (series B); and [Cl(2)Pt(micro-dppz)Ln(btfa)(3)] (series C; Hbtfa=benzoyltrifluoroacetone); in all of these the lanthanide centres are eight-coordinate. The lanthanides used exhibit near-infrared luminescence (Nd, Yb, Er). Crystal structures of members of each series are described. In all complexes, excitation into the Pt-centred absorption band (at 520 nm for series A complexes; 440 nm for series B and C complexes) results in characteristic near-IR luminescence from the Nd, Yb or Er centres in both the solid state and in CH(2)Cl(2), following energy-transfer from the Pt antenna chromophore. This work demonstrates how d-block-derived chromophores, with their intense and tunable electronic transitions, can be used as sensitisers to achieve near-infrared luminescence from lanthanides in suitably designed heterodinuclear complexes based on simple bridging ligands.
Recent developments in X-ray projection microscopy and X-ray microtomography applied to materials science (1993)

After a long period of sleeping, there is recently a spectacular revival of X-ray microscopy due to the progress in X-ray sources (synchrotron radiation), X-ray optics, and X-ray detectors. However most of the attempts in this field concern the use of soft X-rays to observe, with an improved resolution, biological specimens in their wet environment. In opposition to these trends, we try to demonstrate in this paper the interest of using X-ray microscopy to materials science by applying the old principle of shadow microscopy (but with modern detectors such as CCD cameras) with harder X-rays. The excellent linearity, speed of acquisition and large dynamic of CCD cameras combined to the intrinsic advantage of X-rays "to see" inside thick specimens allows one to obtain digital images (for quantification), to follow dynamic processes (such as solid /solid diffusion) and to perform 3 - dimensional reconstruction of the object by X-ray microtomography. The performance of this renewed technique is indicated and illustrated by various examples.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF 6,6‐DIMETHYLENEFULVENE (1978)

Abstract Aus der Spiroverbindung (I) entsteht bei der Pyrolyse das hoch gespannte Fulven (II), dessen Identität spektroskopisch und chemisch, z.B. durch die Diels‐Alder‐Reaktion zu (III), bewiesen wird.
Pathogenesis of glomerulonephritis. (1993)

This review summarizes current understanding of the mechanisms which mediate immune glomerular injury in glomerulonephritis. Non-inflammatory lesions resembling minimal change disease and membranous nephropathy, respectively, are induced by non-complement fixing antibodies to glomerular epithelial cell (GEC) membrane antigens (minimal change disease) and GEC membrane insertion of the C5b-9 membrane attack complex of complement (membranous nephropathy). The cellular mechanisms of these effects are unclear but may involve GEC activation and release of local mediators, such as proteases or oxidants, or GEC detachment from underlying basement membrane. Inflammatory types of glomerular lesions are mediated by circulating inflammatory cells (neutrophils, platelets, macrophages) or by resident glomerular cells (mesangial cells) or both. Neutrophil-mediated injury involves local release of GBM degrading proteases or GBM halogenation induced by the interaction of neutrophil-derived myeloperoxidase with H2O2 and a halide. Neutrophil induced glomerular injury is augmented by platelets. Recent evidence establishes that mesangial cell proliferation in glomerulonephritis is mediated by complement and platelets. Mesangial cell proliferation is accompanied by increased expression of PDGF and PDGF receptor proteins and the genes for these proteins resulting in an autocrine mechanism of cell proliferation. Mesangial cell proliferation is also accompanied by increased release of neutral proteinase in sites of basement membrane damage. Mesangial cell proliferation precedes up-regulation of genes for extracellular matrix components in several models and may be important in the pathogenesis of glomerulosclerosis.
Function of the KKXX Motif in Endoplasmic Reticulum Retrieval of a Transmembrane Protein Depends on the Length and Structure of the Cytoplasmic Domain (1998)

Transmembrane glycoproteins with type 1 topology can be retrieved to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by a retrieval signal containing a di-lysine (KK) motif near the C terminus. To investigate the structural requirements for ER retrieval, we have constructed mutants of the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) envelope (Env) protein with cytoplasmic tails of different lengths and containing a KK motif at the -3 and -4 positions. Such proteins were found to be retained intracellularly when the signal was located 18 amino acids or more away from the membrane spanning domain. The retrieval signal was found to be functional even when placed at the distal end of the wild-type SIV Env protein with 164 amino acids in the cytoplasmic tail, as shown by the lack of proteolytic processing and lack of cell surface expression of the mutant proteins. However, proteins with a cytoplasmic tail length of 13 amino acids or less having the di-lysine motif at the -3 and -4 positions were not retrieved to the ER since they were found to be processed and transported to the cell surface. The surface-expressed proteins were found to be functional in inducing cell fusion, whereas the proteins retained intracellularly were defective in fusion activity. We also found that the KK motif introduced near an amphipathic helical region in the cytoplasmic tail was not functional. These results demonstrate that the ability of the KK motif to cause protein retrieval and retention in the endoplasmic reticulum depends on the length and structure of the cytoplasmic domain. The ER retrieval of the mutant proteins was found to correlate with increased intracellular binding to beta COP proteins.
URANIUM-MOLYBDENUM ALLOYS IN REACTOR DESIGN (1958)

A review is given on the properties of uranium molybdenum alloys and their applications as fuel elements in heterogeneous nuclear reactors. (R.V.J.)
Identification of an AU-rich Translational Enhancer within the<i>Escherichia coli fepB</i>Leader RNA (2007)

The fepB gene encodes a periplasmic binding protein that is essential for the uptake of ferric enterobactin by Escherichia coli. Its transcription is regulated in response to iron levels by the Fur repressor. The fepB transcript includes a 217-nucleotide leader sequence with several features suggestive of posttranscriptional regulation. To investigate the fepB leader for its contribution to fepB expression, defined deletions and substitution mutations in the leader were characterized using fepB-phoA translational fusions. The fepB leader was found to be necessary for maximal fepB expression, primarily due to the influence of an AU-rich translational enhancer (TE) located 5' to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence. Deletions or substitutions within the TE sequence decreased fepB-phoA expression fivefold. RNase protection and in vitro transcription-translation assays demonstrated that the TE augmented translational efficiency, as well as RNA levels. Moreover, primer extension inhibition assays showed that the TE increases ribosome binding. In contrast to the enhancing effect of the TE, the natural fepB GUG start codon decreased ribosome binding and reduced fepB expression 2.5-fold compared with the results obtained with leaders bearing an AUG initiation codon. Thus, the TE-GUG organization in fepB results in an intermediate level of expression compared to the level with AUG, with or without the TE. Furthermore, we found that the TE-GUG sequence is conserved among the eight gram-negative strains examined that have fepB genes, suggesting that this organization may provide a selective advantage.
LEGO-PoL: A 93.1% 54V-1.5V 300A Merged-Two-Stage Hybrid Converter with a Linear Extendable Group Operated Point-of-Load (LEGO-PoL) Architecture (2019)

This paper presents a merged-two-stage Linear Extendable Group Operated Point-of-Load (LEGO-PoL) architecture targeting applications with high voltage conversion ratio and very high output current (a few hundreds Amps). In the merged-two-stage LEGO-PoL architecture, many switched capacitor units are connected in series to split the input voltage into multiple voltage domains, and many buck units are connected in parallel to split the output current into multiple current paths. One submodule of the LEGO-PoL architecture merges the operation of a switched capacitor unit and a multi-phase buck unit to create mutual advantages. The buck units are used as current sources to soft-charge and soft-switch the switched capacitor units, and the switched capacitor units are utilized to ensure current sharing among a large number of buck units. The LEGO-PoL architecture can be linearly-extended to cover wide input voltage range and output current range. The modular units are group-operated to ensure voltage balancing and current sharing automatically. A 450W, 54V-1.5V, 300A LEGO-PoL architecture with a peak efficiency of 93.1% has been built and tested to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Parametric Study of Reactive Melt Infiltration (1999)

Abstract Reactive melt infiltration is viewed as a promising means of achieving near-net shape manufacturing with quick processing time and at low cost. Since the reactants and products are, in general, of varying density, overall conservation of mass dictates that there is a force related to chemical conversion which can directly influence infiltration behavior. In effect, the driving pressure forces may compete with the forces from chemical conversion, affecting the advancement of the front. We have developed a two-dimensional numerical code to examine these effects, using reaction-formed silicon carbide as a model system for this process. We have examined a range of initial porosities, pore radii, and reaction rates in order to investigate their effects on infiltration dynamics.
The OmniTread serpentine robot for industrial inspection and surveillance (2005)

Purpose Describes the design, construction, and performance of the OmniTread serpentine robot. Provides a review of other designs in this new area of mobile robotics. Presents innovative and unique mechanical and control solutions. Design/methodology/approach A theoretical analysis of key aspects of the mechanical design and their implications on the performance of the robot is presented. Extensive experimentation and testing helped optimize choices of materials for the critical components: tracks and pneumatic bellows. Performance was evaluated by an independent third party: the Southwest Research Institute. Findings It was found that pneumatic bellows are optimal joint actuators for serpentine robots. They can provide both strength and compliance, depending on the task, at minimal volume and weight. Research limitations/implications The described prototype is tethered to external sources of electrical and pneumatic power. A smaller and fully self‐contained version of the OmniTread is currently under development. Practical implications A fully functional OmniTread serpentine robot will provide unprecedented mobility on rough terrain, such as the rubble of a collapsed building. The ability to climb over high obstacles and span large gaps, while still fitting through small openings suggests use of this robot in urban search and rescue, industrial inspection, and military reconnaissance tasks. Originality/value The OmniTread serpentine robot incorporates multiple original features, which resulted in three recent patents. Most notably are the Integrated pneumatic joint actuator with proportional position and stiffness control system and the “Tracks all Around” design. These features provide dramatic performance improvements in serpentine robots.
Regulation of two‐pore‐domain (K<sub>2P</sub>) potassium leak channels by the tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein (2008)

Modulation of K2P channels by the TK inhibitor, genistein, represents a novel molecular mechanism to alter background K+ currents.
Antibody-mediated enhancement of calcium permeability in cardiac myocytes. (1988)

Our study shows that antibodies, specific to the ADP/ATP carrier of the inner mitochondrial membrane, crossreact with the cell surface of cardiac myocytes, where the calcium channel seems to be the antigenic determinant. The antibodies enhanced the calcium current and suppressed its inactivation. Affinity-purified antibodies (IgG) exhibit an acute cytotoxic effect, which required extracellular calcium and was prevented by calcium channel blockers. Our findings suggest that antibody-mediated cytotoxicity results secondary to calcium overload caused by enhanced cellular calcium permeability, requiring no complement-dependent process.
The "Trinitron" - A New Color Tube (1968)

A new color picture tube named SONY "TRINITRON" has been developed, based on a concept or electron optics which is different from conventional color picture tubes. "TRINITRON" has a three-beamed-single gun, unlike the conventional picture tubes with three independent electron guns, each of which emits an electron beam in order to produce the respective primary color image on the picture screen. In "TRINITRON", single gun emits simultaneous three electron beams. "TRINITRON" electron optical system comprises a common electron lens system for the three beams and consists of two electron lenses of large aperture openings, with a pair of electron prisms (deflector) for the color convergence. The large aperture electron lens in "TRINITRON" greatly improves the brightness and the sharpness of the picture. In the newly designed electron optical system, three beams pass through the center of this large lens and make pictures brighter and sharper with less aberration. In addition to this new three-beamed single gun, a new color defining mechanism named "APERTURE GRILL" has been developed. It has better beam transparency, which again makes the picture brighter than with the shadow mask; and the "APERTURE GRILL" is as easy to manufacture as the former. Fig. 1 shows a photograph of a 14V" shadow mask tube using the "TRINITRON" electron gun (right) compared with a 14V" shadow mask tube using a conventional 3-gun (left).
IEEE 802.11p vehicle to infrastructure communications in urban environments (2012)

The future exploitation of cooperative vehicular services in urban environments, generally characterized by challenging propagation conditions, will require an efficient deployment of roadside units. This article presents the results of an extensive field testing campaign aimed at analyzing the impact of urban characteristics, RSU deployment conditions, and communication settings on the quality of IEEE 802.11p vehicle-to-infrastructure communications. The reported results show that the streets' layout, urban environment, traffic density, presence of heavy vehicles, trees, and terrain elevation have an effect on V2I communications, and should be taken into account to adequately deploy and configure urban RSUs.
Management of Advanced Stage Hodgkin Lymphoma (2006)

Although advanced Hodgkin lymphoma is highly curable, balancing the high cure rate with long-term toxicity is challenging. ABVD (doxorubicin [Adriamycin], bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine) is the standard chemotherapy regimen, producing a high cure rate with acceptable toxicity. Stanford V and BEACOPP (bleomycin, etoposide, doxorubicin, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, procarbazine, and prednisone) are new regimens with encouraging results and are undergoing randomized clinical trials. The International Prognostic Score provides a clinical tool that may help identify patients with high-risk disease who may require a more aggressive regimen. Consolidative radiation's role in managing advanced Hodgkin lymphoma is still controversial, but it is most accepted for bulky or residual disease or after brief chemotherapy. The development and integration of newer imaging tools, such as fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography imaging, may allow a more precise evaluation of disease and help define which patients might benefit from consolidative treatment.
Otitis Media in 2253 Pittsburgh-Area Infants: Prevalence and Risk Factors During the First Two Years of Life (1997)

Contrary to findings in many previous reports, the prevalence of otitis media during the first 2 years of life among lower-socioeconomic-status black infants appears to be as high as, if not higher than among lower-socioeconomic-status white infants, and certainly higher than among middle-class white infants. Among middle-class white infants the prevalence may also be higher than commonly assumed. The most important sociodemographic risk factors for otitis media appear to be low socioeconomic status and repeated exposure to large numbers of other children, whether at home or in day care.
Amyloid-β Aggregation (2007)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease in the growing population of elderly people. A hallmark of AD is the accumulation of plaques in the brain of AD patients. The plaques predominantly consist of aggregates of amyloid-beta (Abeta), a peptide of 39-42 amino acids generated in vivo by specific, proteolytic cleavage of the amyloid precursor protein. There is a growing body of evidence that Abeta aggregates are ordered oligomers and the cause rather than a product of AD. The analysis of the assembly pathway of Abeta in vitro and biochemical characterization of Abeta deposits isolated from AD brains indicate that Abeta oligomerization occurs via distinct intermediates, including oligomers of 3-50 Abeta monomers, annular oligomers, protofibrils, fibrils and plaques. Of these, the most toxic species appear to be small Abeta oligomers. This article reviews the current knowledge of the mechanism of Abeta assembly in vivo and in vitro, as well as the influence of inherited amino acid replacements in Abeta and experimental conditions on Abeta aggregation. Challenges regarding the reproducible handling of the Abeta peptide for in vitro assembly studies are discussed.
Imiquimod clears tumors in mice independent of adaptive immunity by converting pDCs into tumor-killing effector cells (2012)

Imiquimod is a synthetic compound with antitumor properties; a 5% cream formulation is successfully used to treat skin tumors. The antitumor effect of imiquimod is multifactorial, although its ability to modulate immune responses by triggering TLR7/8 is thought to be key. Among the immune cells suggested to be involved are plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs). However, a direct contribution of pDCs to tumor killing in vivo and the mechanism of their recruitment to imiquimod-treated sites have never been demonstrated. Using a mouse model of melanoma, we have now demonstrated that pDCs can directly clear tumors without the need for the adaptive immune system. Topical imiquimod treatment led to TLR7-dependent and IFN-α/β receptor 1-dependent (IFNAR1-dependent) upregulation of expression of the chemokine CCL2 in mast cells. This was essential to induce skin inflammation and for the recruitment of pDCs to the skin. The recruited pDCs were CD8α+ and induced tumor regression in a TLR7/MyD88- and IFNAR1-dependent manner. Lack of TLR7 and IFNAR1 or depletion of pDCs or CD8α+ cells from tumor-bearing mice completely abolished the effect of imiquimod. TLR7 was essential for imiquimod-stimulated pDCs to produce IFN-α/β, which led to TRAIL and granzyme B secretion by pDCs via IFNAR1 signaling. Blocking these cytolytic molecules impaired pDC-mediated tumor killing. Our results demonstrate that imiquimod treatment leads to CCL2-dependent recruitment of pDCs and their transformation into a subset of killer DCs able to directly eliminate tumor cells.