gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>In situ</i> atomic layer deposition and electron tunneling characterization of monolayer Al2O3 on Fe for magnetic tunnel junctions (2018)

Magnetic tunnel junctions (MTJs), formed through sandwiching an ultrathin insulating film (so-called tunnel barrier or TB), with ferromagnetic metal electrodes, are fundamental building blocks in magnetoresistive random access memory (MRAM), spintronics, etc. The current MTJ technology employs physical vapor deposition (PVD) to fabricate either amorphous AlOx or epitaxial MgO TBs of thickness around 1 nm or larger to avoid leakage caused by defects in TBs. Motivated by the fundamental limitation in PVD in, and the need for atomically thin and defect-free TBs in MTJs, this work explores atomic layer deposition (ALD) of 1-6 Å thick Al2O3 TBs both directly on Fe films and with an ultrathin Al wetting layer. In situ characterization of the ALD Al2O3 TB was carried out using scanning tunneling spectroscopy (STS). Despite a moderate decrease in TB height Eb with reducing Al wetting layer thicknesses, a remarkable Eb of ∼1.25 eV was obtained on 1 Å thick ALD Al2O3 TB grown directly on an Fe electrode, which is more than twice of that of thermal AlOx TB (∼0.6 eV). Achieving such an atomically thin low-defect TB represents a major step towards improving spin current tunneling in MTJs.
Characteristics of the Treated Ground Calcium Carbonate Powder with Stearic Acid Using the Dry Process Coating System (2009)

This study examined the surface properties, fluidity, flowability and floodability of untreated ground calcium carbonate (GCC) powder and treated GCC powder with stearic acid (SA) using a dry process coating system. The surface of GCC powder is generally hydrophilic, but was changed to a hydrophobic surface when coated with SA. The contact angle of water on the coated GCC powder surface increased with increasing concentration of SA. The contact angle and hydrophobicity on the GCC powder treated with 1.0 mass% SA was 105° and 100%, respectively. The dispersive component of the surface free energy, γSD of the untreated GCC powder determined using inverse gas chromatography (IGC) was 103 mJ·m−2 at 100°C. However, that of the GCC powder treated with 1.0 mass% SA was 34.8 mJ·m−2. Kawakita’s equations were used to characterize the properties of the powder. The fluidity index was increased from 18.60 to 30.39 when the surface of GCC powder was modified with SA. On the other hand, the characterization based on the method suggested by Carr showed that the flowability and the floodability of the GCC powder treated with SA increased from 45 to 53 and from 30 to 69, respectively. Therefore, the flowability and floodability of the GCC powder treated with SA were superior to the untreated GCC powder.
Ionospheric effects on SAR imaging: a numerical study (2003)

There has been an increasing interest in the use of spaceborne very high frequency ultra high frequency (VHF-UHF) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) for measuring forest biomass and for detecting underground facilities. The propagation characteristics of the low-frequency electromagnetic wave are severely affected by the ionosphere. Recently, Faraday rotation effects and SAR image degradation have been studied using an analytical model and a homogeneous ionosphere. In this paper, a numerical model is developed to investigate the SAR image degradation caused by an inhomogeneous ionosphere. Both horizontal and vertical structures of the ionosphere are considered in this model. Three different cases are studied. The first is a vertically homogenous ionosphere, where the simulation condition is the same as in the analytical study by Ishimaru and others. The second is a vertical profile, which is introduced using the Chapman formula. The ray-bending effect is added for the ionosphere with a layered structure. Finally, both the vertical profile in electron density and the horizontal gradient in total electron content are considered in the simulation. Simulation results show good agreement with the theoretical analysis under the same conditions of the ionosphere. When both horizontal and vertical structures and the inhomogeneity of the ionosphere are considered in the model, the simulation result shows further image degradation and shift caused by the ray-bending effect. The simulation results also show the strong frequency dependence of the SAR image resolution.
Some observations on a hydroxypipecolic acid from thrift (<i>Armeria maritima</i>) (1958)

Research Article| December 01 1958 Some observations on a hydroxypipecolic acid from thrift (Armeria maritima) L. Fowden L. Fowden 1Department of Botany, University College, Gower Street, London, W.C. 1 Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Biochem J (1958) 70 (4): 629–633. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0700629 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation L. Fowden; Some observations on a hydroxypipecolic acid from thrift (Armeria maritima). Biochem J 1 December 1958; 70 (4): 629–633. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0700629 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Journal Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 1958 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS1958 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
Metabolism of Procymidone in Rats (1979)

14Cもしくは3H標識プロサイミドンを25mg/kgの割合でラットに1回経口投与すると, プロサイミドンは急速に吸収されて各組織に分布するが, 標識位置および雌雄, 妊娠ラットにかかわらず放射能は速やかにおもに尿中に排泄された. また, これらを7日間連続経口投与しても排泄率には著しい変化は認められなかった. 14C標識プロサイミドンを妊娠ラットに1回経口投与すると, 胎児中の放射能は母体血液中の放射能の減少に伴い急速に消失した. プロサイミドンは体内でメチル基の水酸化, さらにカルボキシル基への酸化, 環状イミドおよびアミド結合の開裂を受けて速やかに代謝分解された. これらの代謝物のほとんどが尿および糞中に検出されるが, 糞中においてのみプロサイミドンがわずかながら認められた. 連続投与してもこれらの代謝物の割合には著しい変化は認められなかった.
A phase II study of 1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (NSC79037) in the palliative management of advanced gastrointestinal cancer. (1972)

1-(2-Chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea was used at a dosage of 130 mg/sq m administered p.o. in the treatment of 51 patients with advanced gastrointestinal carcinoma. Toxicity included transient early nausea and vomiting, thrombocytopenia with a nadir at a median of 28 days, and leukopenia with a nadir at a median of 38 days. One patient died of presumed drug-related, acute hepatic insufficiency. There was a tendency to compounding of hematological toxicity with repeated courses of therapy.

Six patients (12%) showed an objective response greater than 50% at 8 weeks after initiation of treatment. The median duration of these responses was 5 months.
Functional effects and ligand binding of chimeric galanin‐neuropeptide Y (NPY) peptides on NPY and galanin receptor types (1994)

1. The effects and binding characteristics of a series of chimeric galanin-neuropeptide Y (NPY) peptides were examined in various preparations known to contain a predominant population of either Y1 or Y2 receptors for NPY or galanin receptors. 2. NPY suppressed the electrically stimulated twitches of the rat vas deferens (Y2 receptors), while galanin enhanced the electrically stimulated twitches. The galanin-NPY peptides M 32 (galanin(1-13)-NPY(25-36)), M69A (galanin(1-13)-Lys-[epsilon NH-Gly-NPY(4-1)]NPY(25-36)) and M88 (galanin(1-12)-Ala-NPY(25-36)) evoked a concentration-dependent suppression of the electrically stimulated twitches. These chimeric peptides were about equipotent with NPY, while NPY (13-36) was about five times less potent than NPY itself. Also a stochiometric combination of the N- and C-terminal fragments NPY (1-24)NH2 and NPY (25-36) (each at 1 microM) was inactive in vas deferens. M120 (galanin (1-13)-NPY(14-36) (1 microM) did not affect the NPY-mediated suppression of the stimulated twitches. 3. NPY evoked a concentration-dependent contraction in the guinea-pig isolated caval vein (Y1 receptors), while galanin (< or = 1 microM) was inactive. M32, M69A and M88 induced a slight contraction at very high concentrations only (> or = 0.3 M), while M120 was inactive at 1 microM. None of the four chimeric peptides affected the contraction evoked by NPY. 4. Since the number of NPY receptors in the rat vas deferens and guinea-pig caval vein were too low,the affinities of the galanin-NPY peptides for [3H]-NPY binding sites were examined in membranes from rat brain areas known to contain predominant populations of Y1 receptors (cerebral cortex) and Y2 receptors (hippocampus), respectively. The chimeric peptides M32, M69A, M88, M120 and NPY (13-36)all had higher affinities for hippocampal binding sites than for cerebral cortical binding sites. These peptides were 90-440 times less potent than NPY at cerebral cortical binding sites and 15-125 times less potent than NPY at hippocampal binding sites. The most selective chimeric peptide was M32, which had a 20 fold higher affinity for hippocampal than for cerebral cortical binding sites.5. At hypothalamic [125I]-galanin binding sites M32, M88 and M69A were equipotent with galanin,while M120 was about 10 times less potent than galanin. M32, M88 and M69A, like galanin contracted the rat isolated jejunum.6. The N-terminal portion (1-12) of galanin seems to permit a steric conformation of the attached NPY (25-36) part of the chimeric galanin-NPY peptides, which results in a facilitated Y2 but not Y1.receptor recognition and activation. None of the galanin-NPY peptides appeared to act as antagonists at either type of NPY receptor, probably due to their low affinity. Instead, they displayed a very high affinity for hypothalamic galanin receptors and probably act as galanin agonists in the rat jejunum.
Toxicogenomics of Cationic Lipid-based Vectors for Gene Therapy: Impact of Microarray Technology (2005)

Implementation of the high-throughput microarray gene expression profiling technology towards "toxicogenomics" has advanced identification process for safer drugs in the century of 'omics' technology. Applying such technology, in fact, to identify mechanisms for cellular toxicity can provide a means to clarify safety liabilities early in the drug discovery and developments process. The underlying principle in gene therapy is primarily targeting a specific gene (e.g., for silencing). Hence, massive efforts have been devoted to validate the gene-based therapeutics, regardless of toxicogenomics potential of delivery systems. Of the gene delivery systems, viral and non-viral vectors, as two main paradigms, have so far been widely used for delivering of the genome-based therapeutics such as oligonucleotide, small interfering RNA and DNA. However, the use of viral vectors was narrowed due to the safety concerns. Non-viral vectors were utilized as safer alternatives for gene delivery in vitro and ex-vivo; though their success for in vivo gene therapy has been limited due to low efficiency and safety issues. Fundamental principle for gene therapy is to deliver gene-based therapeutics into target cells for specific gene targeting ideally with minimal cellular toxicity. Until now, few works have been conducted about geno-compatibility of delivery systems itself, including cationic lipid-based nanosystems. Inadvertent toxicogenomic impact of gene delivery systems (e.g., cationic lipids) may intrinsically affect the outcome of gene therapy, where often only a single desired genetic change is sought. Further, there exists a possibility that gene changes induced by the lipid delivery system itself could exacerbate, attenuate or even mask the desired effects of the gene-based therapeutics. This review will focus on toxicogenomics impact of the cationic lipid-based formulations for gene therapy.
3D weak-dispersion reverse time migration using a stereo-modeling operator (2014)

ABSTRACT Reliable 3D imaging is a required tool for developing models of complex geologic structures. Reverse time migration (RTM), as the most powerful depth imaging method, has become the preferred imaging tool because of its ability to handle complex velocity models including steeply dipping interfaces and large velocity contrasts. Finite-difference methods are among the most popular numerical approaches used for RTM. However, these methods often encounter a serious issue of numerical dispersion, which is typically suppressed by reducing the grid interval of the propagation model, resulting in large computation and memory requirements. In addition, even with small grid spacing, numerical anisotropy may degrade images or, worse, provide images that appear to be focused but position events incorrectly. Recently, stereo-operators have been developed to approximate the partial differential operator in space. These operators have been used to develop several weak-dispersion and efficient stereo-modeling methods that have been found to be superior to conventional algorithms in suppressing numerical dispersion and numerical anisotropy. We generalized one stereo-modeling method, fourth-order nearly analytic central difference (NACD), from 2D to 3D and applied it to 3D RTM. The RTM results for the 3D SEG/EAGE phase A classic data set 1 and the SEG Advanced Modeling project model demonstrated that, even when using a large grid size, the NACD method can handle very complex velocity models and produced better images than can be obtained using the fourth-order and eighth-order Lax-Wendroff correction (LWC) schemes. We also applied 3D NACD and fourth-order LWC to a field data set and illustrated significant improvements in terms of structure imaging, horizon/layer continuity and positioning. We also investigated numerical dispersion and found that not only does the NACD method have superior dispersion characteristics but also that the angular variation of dispersion is significantly less than for LWC.
Bourgeois and others (2012)

From the beginning the forms of cultural activity that found expression in the more public settings emerging at the end of the eighteenth century exhibited a characteristic set of tensions. Like cultural practices in practically every time and place, they aspired to broad, even universal, validity, treating the content they presented as capable of enhancing human life in general. It became apparent quickly that these assumptions would be undermined or frustrated by the social distinctions they sometimes sought to ignore. In the case of visual art the tension was already implicit in the ways public exhibits were set up during the late eighteenth century, but it became more salient and troubling when the Revolutionary Louvre opened in 1793.
Cell-type specific and combinatorial usage of diverse transcription factors revealed by genome-wide binding studies in multiple human cells (2011)

Cell-type diversity is governed in part by differential gene expression programs mediated by transcription factor (TF) binding. However, there are few systematic studies of the genomic binding of different types of TFs across a wide range of human cell types, especially in relation to gene expression. In the ENCODE Project, we have identified the genomic binding locations across 11 different human cell types of CTCF, RNA Pol II (RNAPII), and MYC, three TFs with diverse roles. Our data and analysis revealed how these factors bind in relation to genomic features and shape gene expression and cell-type specificity. CTCF bound predominantly in intergenic regions while RNAPII and MYC preferentially bound to core promoter regions. CTCF sites were relatively invariant across diverse cell types, while MYC showed the greatest cell-type specificity. MYC and RNAPII co-localized at many of their binding sites and putative target genes. Cell-type specific binding sites, in particular for MYC and RNAPII, were associated with cell-type specific functions. Patterns of binding in relation to gene features were generally conserved across different cell types. RNAPII occupancy was higher over exons than adjacent introns, likely reflecting a link between transcriptional elongation and splicing. TF binding was positively correlated with the expression levels of their putative target genes, but combinatorial binding, in particular of MYC and RNAPII, was even more strongly associated with higher gene expression. These data illuminate how combinatorial binding of transcription factors in diverse cell types is associated with gene expression and cell-type specific biology.
Altering turbine speed reduces bat mortality at wind‐energy facilities (2010)

Wind‐turbine operations are associated with bat mortality worldwide; minimizing these fatalities is critically important to both bat conservation and public acceptance of wind‐energy development. We tested the effectiveness of raising wind‐turbine cut‐in speed – defined as the lowest wind speed at which turbines generate power to the utility system, thereby reducing turbine operation during periods of low wind speeds – to decrease bat mortality at the Casselman Wind Project in Somerset County, Pennsylvania, over a 2‐year period. Observed bat mortality at fully operational turbines was, on average, 5.4 and 3.6 times greater than mortality associated with curtailed (ie non‐operating) turbines in 2008 and 2009, respectively. Relatively small changes to wind‐turbine operation resulted in nightly reductions in bat mortality, ranging from 44% to 93%, with marginal annual power loss (≤ 1% of total annual output). Our findings suggest that increasing turbine cut‐in speeds at wind facilities in areas of conservation concern during times when active bats may be at particular risk from turbines could mitigate this detrimental aspect of wind‐energy generation.
DataPflex: a MATLAB-based tool for the manipulation and visualization of multidimensional datasets (2009)

Supplementary data available at Bioinformatics online.
Multi-camera collision detection between known and unknown objects (2008)

Today, real-time collision detection is a basic demand for many applications. While collision tests between known (modeled) objects have been around for quite a while, collision detection of known objects with dynamic, unknown (sensor-detected) objects remains a challenging field of research, especially when it comes to real-time requirements. The collision test described in this paper is based on several stationary, calibrated video cameras, each supervising the entire 3-dimensional space shared by unknown and known objects (e.g. humans and robots). Based on their images, potential collisions of the known objects in any of their (future) configurations with a priori unknown dynamic obstacles are detected. Occlusions caused by known objects (such as the robot or machinery set-up within the workspace) are detected and addressed in a safe manner by exploiting the geometrical information of the known objects and the epipolar line geometry of the calibrated cameras in a decision fusion process. The algorithm can be parameterized to adapt to different application demands. Experimental validation shows that real-time behaviour is possible in the presence of highly dynamic unknown obstacles as they occur when humans and robots share the same workspace for the accomplishment of a shared task. In effect, the vision-based collision test can safely be used for human-robot cooperation, intrusion detection, velocity damping, or obstacle avoidance.
Cyclic AMP-Independent Regulation of Protein Kinase A Substrate Phosphorylation by Kelch Repeat Proteins (2005)

Pseudohyphal and invasive growth in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is regulated by the kelch repeat-containing proteins Gpb1p and Gpb2p, which act downstream of the G protein alpha-subunit Gpa2p. Here we show that deletion of GPB1 and GPB2 causes increased haploid invasive growth in cells containing any one of the three protein kinase A (PKA) catalytic subunits, suggesting that Gpb1p and Gpb2p are able to inhibit each of these kinases. Cells containing gpb1Delta gpb2Delta mutations also display increased phosphorylation of the PKA substrates Sfl1p and Msn2p, indicating that Gpb1p and Gpb2p are negative regulators of PKA substrate phosphorylation. Stimulation of PKA-dependent signaling by gpb1Delta gpb2Delta mutations occurs in cells that lack both adenylyl cyclase and the high-affinity cyclic AMP (cAMP) phosphodiesterase. This effect is also seen in cells that lack the low-affinity cAMP phosphodiesterase. Given that these three enzymes control the synthesis and degradation of cAMP, these results indicate that the effect of Gpb1p and Gpb2p on PKA substrate phosphorylation does not occur by regulating the intracellular cAMP concentration. These findings suggest that Gpb1p and Gpb2p mediate their effects on the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway either by inhibiting the activity of PKA in a cAMP-independent manner or by activating phosphatases that act on PKA substrates.
Microfluidic devices as tools for mimicking the in vivo environment (2011)

One of the major branches of microfluidic development is cell engineering. A number of devices for cell cultivation, lysis, single-cell analysis and cell-based toxicity tests have been reported in the literature. The variety of structures that can be created leads to devices more closely mimicking the in vivo environment than classic cell cultures. Studies on this topic will have an effect on the evaluation of methods that can replace animals in biomedical research. The aim of this review is to present latest advancements of “lab-on-a-chip” for cell cultivation and engineering. The authors focus on the achievements leading to in vivo-like methods. The materials and fabrication methods in silicon, glass, PDMS and other polymers were briefly characterized. Microfluidic devices were applied for mimicking the in vivo environment at various levels of mammalian body organization—from the surroundings of single cells to interactions between functional organs. Solutions for “human-on-a-chip”, perfusion cell cultures, extracellular matrix analogues, microscaffolds, spheroid formation and co-cultures were reviewed in this paper. The presented solutions have the potential to become new cellular models for toxicology, drug development and biomedical research.
Integration of stiff mechanical systems by Runge-Kutta methods (1992)

The numerical integration of stiff mechanical systems is studied in which a strong potential forces the motion to remain close to a manifold. The equations of motion are written as a singular singular perturbation problem with a small stiffness parameter ɛ. Smooth solutions of such systems are characterized, in distinction to highly oscillatory general solutions. Implicit Runge-Kutta methods using step sizes larger than ɛ are shown to approximate smooth solutions, and precise error estimates are derived. As ɛ → 0, Runge-Kutta solutions of the stiff system converge to Runge-Kutta solutions of the associated constrained system formulated as a differential-algebraic equation of index 3. Standard software for stiff initial-value problems does not work satisfactorily on the stiff systems considered here. The reasons for this failure are explained, and remedies are proposed.