gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Conditions of task practice for individuals with neurologic impairments (2006)

This chapter provides a scientific rationale for choosing the conditions of practice that best promote skill learning in the context of task-specific training for diminished functional ability in the neurologically impaired patient. It defines skill and motor learning within the context of neurorehabilitation. Motor learning is a set of processes associated with practice or experience leading to relatively permanent changes in the capability for responding. The chapter discusses the differences between use and skill as these terms apply to upper extremity (UE) and manual actions. It argues that this distinction becomes important for choosing the appropriate conditions of practice for individuals post-stroke. The chapter reviews the literature pertaining to two important conditions of practice known to be critical for motor skill learning: augmented feedback and explicit information and task scheduling. Finally, it outlines how these conditions might be manipulated to promote recovery of functional skills in the neurologically impaired patient.
Peptide sequences from the hypervariable regions of two monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibodies against the thyrotropin (TSH) receptor are similar to TSH and inhibit TSH-increased cAMP production in FRTL-5 thyroid cells. (1992)

Monoclonal antibodies, D2 and 4G11, selected by the autoantiidiotypic approach following injection of thyrotropin (TSH) into mice, mimic TSH in binding to receptors on thyroid membranes. Based on TSH receptor transfection studies, D2 and 4G11 show unequivocal specificity for the TSH receptor. To see if the complementary determining regions (CDRs) of these antibodies share any primary sequence similarities to regions of TSH critical for receptor binding, we deduced the primary structure of the variable regions of D2 and 4G11 by sequencing the immunoglobulin mRNA. We found that CDR1 of 4G11K and CDR2 of D2 mu show sequence similarity to regions of TSH alpha and TSH beta that had been previously implicated in the interaction of the hormone with its receptor. We tested the inhibitory effects of synthetic peptides from D2 mu-CDR2 and 4G11K-CDR1 on the binding of the corresponding antibodies to rat thyroid FRTL-5 cells and found an EC50 of 0.1 and 1 microM, respectively. TSH-derived peptides with similarity to D2 mu-CDR2 and 4G11K-CDR1 showed a significant but lesser effect on the binding of 4G11 or D2 to thyroid cells. Additionally, we tested the effects of the CDR peptides and TSH-derived peptides on TSH-stimulated cAMP production in FRTL-5 cells and found that D2 mu-CDR2 and 4G11K-CDR1 inhibited this activity, D2 mu-CDR2 most strongly (EC50 10 microM). Thus, linear sequences from the CDRs of these autoantiidiotypic antibodies with similarity to sequences from both subunits of TSH appear to interact with the TSH receptor. These data support previous studies indicating the complexity of the interaction between TSH and its receptor and advance earlier findings that such immunologic approaches are useful in dissecting receptor-ligand interactions.
Thermal analysis of gold nanorods heated with femtosecond laser pulses (2008)

We present an axisymmetric computational model to study the heating processes of gold nanoparticles, specifically nanorods, in aqueous medium by femtosecond laser pulses. We use a two-temperature model for the particle, a heat diffusion equation for the surrounding water to describe the heat transfer processes occurring in the system, and a thermal interface conductance to describe the coupling efficiency at the particle/water interface. We investigate the characteristic time scales of various fundamental processes, including lattice heating and thermal equilibration at the particle/surroundings interface, the effects of multiple laser pulses, and the influence of nanorod orientation relative to the beam polarization on energy absorption. Our results indicate that the thermal equilibration at the particle/water interface takes approximately 500 ps, while the electron-lattice coupling is achieved at approximately 50 ps when a 48×14 nm gold nanorod is heated to a maximum temperature of 1270 K with the application of a laser pulse having 4.70 J/m(2) average fluence. Irradiation by multiple pulses arriving at 12.5 ns time intervals (80 MHz repetition rate) causes a temperature increase of no more than 3 degrees during the first few pulses with no substantial changes during the subsequent pulses. We also analyze the degree of the nanorods' heating as a function of their orientation with respect to the polarization of the incident light. Lastly, it is shown that the temperature change of a nanorod can be modeled using its volume equivalent sphere for femtosecond laser heating within 5-15% accuracy.
Control of Macroscopic Absorption Coefficient of Multicrystalline SiGe by Microscopic Compositional Distribution (2002)

Control of Macroscopic Absorption Coefficient of Multicrystalline SiGe by Microscopic Compositional Distribution, Usami, Noritaka, Fujiwara, Kozo, Ujihara, Toru, Sazaki, Gen, Yaguchi, Hiroyuki, Murakami, Yoshihiro, Nakajima, Kazuo
Why study moonlighting proteins? (2015)

Moonlighting proteins comprise a class of multifunctional proteins in which a single protein performs multiple physiologically relevant biochemical or biophysical functions that are not due to gene fusions, multiple RNA splice variants, or pleiotropic effects Classic examples include soluble enzymes that also bind to DNA or RNA to regulate translation or transcription (Figure Other typical examples are cytosolic enzymes that moonlight as cytokines, chaperones, cytoskeletal components, DNA compactors, adhesins or scaffolds, as well as a chloride transporter that regulates the function of another transmembrane channel, ribosomal proteins that double as translation factors, and a DNA binding protein that becomes a component of the extracellular matrix (for reviews see Nobeli et al.,
Snow Fork for Field Determination of the Density and Wetness Profiles of a Snow Pack (1986)

A radiowave sensor (a snow fork) for determining the density and wetness profiles of a snow pack with a single measurement has been developed. The snow fork is based on the measurement of the dielectric properties (real and imaginary part) of snow around 1 GHz. Due to the open structure of the resonator the measurement is nondestructive. Automatic measuring equipment guarantees instantaneous measurement results that can be recorded in the field.
Isoprenoid Biosynthesis in <i>Synechocystis</i> sp. Strain PCC6803 Is Stimulated by Compounds of the Pentose Phosphate Cycle but Not by Pyruvate or Deoxyxylulose-5-Phosphate (2002)

The photosynthetic cyanobacterium Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803 possesses homologs of known genes of the non-mevalonate 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2-phosphate (MEP) pathway for synthesis of isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP). Isoprenoid biosynthesis in extracts of this cyanobacterium, measured by incorporation of radiolabeled IPP, was not stimulated by pyruvate, an initial substrate of the MEP pathway in Escherichia coli, or by deoxyxylulose-5-phosphate, the first pathway intermediate in E. coli. However, high rates of IPP incorporation were obtained with addition of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GA3P), as well as a variety of pentose phosphate cycle compounds. Fosmidomycin (at 1 micro M and 1 mM), an inhibitor of deoxyxylulose-5-phosphate reductoisomerase, did not significantly inhibit phototrophic growth of the cyanobacterium, nor did it affect [(14)C]IPP incorporation stimulated by DHAP plus GA3P. To date, it has not been possible to unequivocally demonstrate IPP isomerase activity in this cyanobacterium. The combined results suggest that the MEP pathway, as described for E. coli, is not the primary path by which isoprenoids are synthesized under photosynthetic conditions in Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803. Our data support alternative routes of entry of pentose phosphate cycle substrates derived from photosynthesis.
Hydroxylated Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Paired Maternal and Cord Sera (2013)

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were widely used as flame retardants in the past three decades. These compounds are lipophilic and easily cross the placenta from pregnant woman to fetus. It is not clear whether hydroxylated PBDEs (OH-PBDEs), with greater hydrophilicity, have different concentrations in maternal and cord serum samples. We analyzed PBDEs (BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, -209) and OH-PBDEs (6-OH-BDE-47, 5-OH-BDE-47, 4'-OH-BDE-49, 5'-OH-BDE-99) in 20 pairs of maternal and cord serum samples collected in Cincinnati, OH in 2011. The geometric mean concentration of ∑OH-BDEs (the sum of four OH-PBDEs) was 49.76 pg/mL in cord sera, higher than 32.84 pg/mL in maternal sera. Similarly, cord serum total BDEs had a higher geometric mean than maternal serum (45.51 vs 32.07 ng/g lipid). Equal or higher levels of total OH-BDEs and total BDEs in cord serum were observed in 85% and 80% of the mother-neonate pairs, respectively. The study suggests fetuses might receive higher OH-PBDE and PBDE exposure than their mothers.
3D reconstruction methods using line-scanning microscopy with a linear sensor (2013)

Line-scanning microscopy is a technique with ability to deliver images with an higher acquisition rate than confocal microscopy. But it is accomplished at expense of the degradation of resolution for details parallel to sensor if slit detectors are used. With a linear image sensor it is possible to attenuate or even cancel this effect through the use of information stored in each pixel / light distribution across line pixels of the sensor. In spite of its great potential the use of linear image sensors and in particular the development of three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction methods that take into account its specificity is scarce. This led to our motivation to build a laboratory prototype of a bench stage-scanning microscope using a linear image sensor. We aim at improving lateral resolution isotropy but also image visualization and 3D mesh reconstruction using different optical setups particularly illumination modes, e.g., widefield and line-illumination. The versatility of the laboratory prototype namely its software for image acquisition, processing and visualization is important to attain this goal in the sense that it provides excellent means to develop and test algorithms. Several algorithms for 3D reconstruction were developed and are presented and discussed in this paper. Results of the application of these 3D reconstruction methods show the improvements on lateral resolution isotropy and depth discrimination achieved using algorithms integrating sensor geometry or spatial sampling rate. Also it is evidenced the impact of an insufficient spatial sampling rate from 3D mesh reconstructions.
Paternalism in the American College (1945)

theories. History should be presented as the story of humanity with valuable lessons for today. Literature should be stressed as the study of human nature rather than as a cadaver for minute dissection. Finally, in the paternalistic college, the English language should be taught to the many who cannot pronounce it correctly, write it grammatically, or read it understandingly. The accurate use of words is the basis of all clear thinking, and the ability to use one's mother tongue with accuracy is of the highest practical value. Since the American college has been gradually led by circumstances to become a paternalistic institution, it will at least be fulfilling its obligations when it provides good teachers, uses lectures and seminars sparingly, stresses recitations and examinations in the more rigorous subjects, wisely regulates a student's choice of electives, and sees to it that those courses he does elect carry him far enough to be of genuine value in later life.
Recruitment of Bone Marrow-Derived Endothelial Cells to Sites of Pancreatic β-Cell Injury (2004)

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are detectable in the blood and bone marrow throughout life. These cells contribute to new blood vessel formation (neovascularization) in physiological states such as wound healing and in pathological states such as tumor angiogenesis. We hypothesized that bone marrow-derived EPCs could play a role in the response to pancreatic islet cell injury. We used a murine model of experimentally induced beta-cell injury followed by transplantation with genetically marked bone marrow cells. Bone marrow-derived cells were detectable throughout the pancreas after transplantation. Whereas the total number of bone marrow-derived cells in the pancreas decreased over time, the frequency of endothelial cells (of both donor and recipient origin) increased after transplantation in the animals in which beta-cell injury had been induced. There was no evidence in this model that bone marrow-derived cells differentiated into insulin-expressing cells. This study provides evidence that bone marrow-derived EPCs are recruited to the pancreas in response to islet injury. EPC-mediated neovascularization of the pancreas could in principle be exploited to facilitate the recovery of non-terminally injured beta-cells or to improve the survival and/or function of islet allografts.
The Effectiveness of Sealants in Managing Caries Lesions (2008)

A barrier to providing sealants is concern about inadvertently sealing over caries. This meta-analysis examined the effectiveness of sealants in preventing caries progression. We searched electronic databases for comparative studies examining caries progression in sealed permanent teeth. We used a random-effects model to estimate percentage reduction in the probability of caries progression in sealed vs. unsealed carious teeth. Six studies, including 4 randomized-controlled trials (RCT) judged to be of fair quality, were included in the analysis (384 persons, 840 teeth, and 1090 surfaces). The median annual percentage of non-cavitated lesions progressing was 2.6% for sealed and 12.6% for unsealed carious teeth. The summary prevented fraction for RCT was 71.3% (95%CI: 52.8%-82.5, no heterogeneity) up to 5 years after placement. Despite variation among studies in design and conduct, sensitivity analysis found the effect to be consistent in size and direction. Sealing non-cavitated caries in permanent teeth is effective in reducing caries progression.
In search of knowledge-based search tactics (1989)

Knowledge-based search tactics are discussed in terms of their role in the functioning of a semantically-based search system for bibliographic information retrieval. This prototype system, EP-X, actively assists users in defining or refining their topics of interest. It does so by applying search tactics to a knowledge-base describing topics in a particular domain and a database describing the contents of individual documents. This paper reviews the empirical studies that lead to the two central concepts implemented in EP-X: Semantically-based search; Knowledge-based search tactics.
Robotic Technology and Stroke Rehabilitation: Translating Research into Practice (2004)

Research on the effectiveness of robotic therapy for the paretic upper limb after stroke has shown statistically significant reductions in motor impairment during both acute and chronic phases of recovery. Despite growing empirical support for this technology and a stronger focus on optimizing rehabilitation outcomes and productivity, there continues to be a disconnect between research and clinical practice. We review studies on the use of robot-aided neurorehabilitation for the paretic arm after stroke and discuss ways in which this technology may provide opportunities for intensive training that complement more conventional therapy methods.
Salt and Peroxide Compared with Conventional Oral Hygiene III. Patient Compliance and Acceptance (1987)

This study was undertaken to evaluate patient compliance with, and acceptance of, a salt and peroxide oral hygiene regimen compared with conventional oral hygiene regimens without or with the use of phase-contrast microscope viewing of subgingival plaque over a period of 2 years. A total of 231 subjects with early to moderate periodontitis were randomly divided into four groups. All groups were repeatedly instructed and motivated in their respective regimens. Subjects also received scaling and root planing using clinical and microbial criteria. Compliance with, and acceptance of, the two oral hygiene regimens were determined at the end of the study using a structured self-administered questionnaire. Results indicated that 74% and 58% (P less than or equal to 0.01) of subjects in the conventional and salt/peroxide groups, respectively, used their assigned regimen 4 to 7 days a week during the entire study. More than half of the subjects (54%) using each of the oral hygiene regimens indicated that they flossed once daily. Inconvenience was cited by 23% of the conventional and 43% of the salt/peroxide groups (P less than or equal to 0.01) as the main reason for not using their regimens. Twenty-three per cent of conventional group and 14% of salt/peroxide group indicated that shared their oral hygiene supplies with others. Eighty per cent and 57% (P less than or equal to 0.01) of the conventional and salt/peroxide groups, respectively, stated that they liked their regimens. Ninety-six per cent of all subjects felt that their regimen helped their periodontal status.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Bias in error estimation when using cross-validation for model selection (2006)

We show that using CV to compute an error estimate for a classifier that has itself been tuned using CV gives a significantly biased estimate of the true error. Proper use of CV for estimating true error of a classifier developed using a well defined algorithm requires that all steps of the algorithm, including classifier parameter tuning, be repeated in each CV loop. A nested CV procedure provides an almost unbiased estimate of the true error.
Multiple Molecular Determinants for Retrotransposition in a Primer tRNA (1995)

Retroviruses and long terminal repeat-containing retroelements use host-encoded tRNAs as primers for the synthesis of minus strong-stop DNA, the first intermediate in reverse transcription of the retroelement RNA. Usually, one or more specific tRNAs, including the primer, are selected and packaged within the virion. The reverse transcriptase (RT) interacts with the primer tRNA and initiates DNA synthesis. The structural and sequence features of primer tRNAs important for these specific interactions are poorly understood. We have developed a genetic assay in which mutants of tRNA(iMet), the primer for the Ty1 retrotransposon of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, can be tested for the ability to serve as primers in the reverse transcription process. This system allows any tRNA mutant to be tested, regardless of its ability to function in the initiation of protein synthesis. We find that mutations in the T psi C loop and the acceptor stem regions of the tRNA(iMet) affect transposition most severely. Conversely, mutations in the anticodon region have only minimal effects on transposition. Further study of the acceptor stem and other mutants demonstrates that complementarity to the element primer binding site is a necessary but not sufficient requirement for effective tRNA priming. Finally, we have used interspecies hybrid initiator tRNA molecules to implicate nucleotides in the D arm as additional recognition determinants. Ty3 and Ty1, two very distantly related retrotransposons, require similar molecular determinants in this primer tRNA for transposition.
Ecthyma gangrenosum occurring at sites of latrogenic trauma in pediatric oncology patients (1996)

We report two cases of ecthyma gangrenosum which occurred at sites of iatrogenic trauma. The first case developed due to metastatic seeding with Pseudomonas aeruginosa during an episode of septicaemia and the second case occurred as a primary skin lesion. Both required prolonged courses of antibiotics and one patient died. The different pathogenic mechanisms and outcomes associated with this condition are discussed. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Dual-energy imaging using a photon counting detector with electronic spectrum-splitting (2006)

This paper presents a dual-energy imaging technique optimized for contrast-enhanced mammography using a photon counting detector. Each photon pulse is processed separately in the detector and the addition of an electronic threshold near the middle of the energy range of the x-ray spectrum allows discrimination of high and low energy photons. This effectively makes the detector energy sensitive, and allows the acquisition of high- and low-energy images simultaneously. These high- and low-energy images can be combined to dual-energy images where the anatomical clutter has been suppressed. By setting the electronic threshold close to 33.2 keV (the k-edge of iodine) the system is optimized for dual-energy contrast-enhanced imaging of breast tumors. Compared to other approaches, this method not only eliminates the need for separate exposures that might lead to motion artifacts, it also eliminates the otherwise deteriorating overlap between high- and low-energy spectra. We present phantom dual-energy images acquired on a prototype system to illustrate that the technique is already operational, albeit in its infancy. We also present a theoretical estimation of the potential gain in tumor signal-difference-to-noise ratio when using this electronic spectrum-splitting method as opposed to acquiring the high- and low-energy images separately with double exposures with separate x-ray spectra. Assuming ideal energy sensitive photon counting detectors, we arrive at the conclusion that the signal-difference-to-noise ratio could be increased by 145% at constant dose. We also illustrate our results on synthetic images.
The Dermatologist's Handbook (1958)

This Handbook is one to be kept at hand rather than in hand, for it is large in dimensions and a heavy book of some 427 pages. It contains a wealth of useful information about nearly all drugs and chemicals used in dermatology—about composition, dosage, mode of administration, availability, indications, contraindications, actions, and reactions. There is information also about physical therapeutic agents. Much of the material in this book is familiar and is available, scattered among various textbooks. It is a service to have it in a single volume, if only to remind one of drugs frequently forgotten because of relatively rare need for them. There is a full index, which facilitates the use of the book—and the practicing dermatologist will find occasion to put the book to use not infrequently.
Modified autocorrelation method compared with maximum entropy method and RF cross correlation method as mean frequency estimator for Doppler ultrasound (2002)

The modified autocorrelation method (MAC) incorporating two-dimensional temporal and spatial averaging for mean frequency estimation in ultrasound color/flow mapping is evaluated. The equivalence among the MA, the classic autocorrelation method (AC) and the RF cross-correlation method has been investigated. Recently, the maximum entropy method (MEM) has been applied to the ultrasound color flow imaging. The performance of the MA, AC, and the MEM methods is examined using computer simulations. Simulation results show that the MA method performs best in all of the cases especially for short and highly noisy signals. The MEM performs similarly with that of the original AC method in most cases but shows more accurate results than the AC method for short and extremely noisy signals.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>