gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of Cyclic Compressive Loading on Chondrogenesis of Rabbit Bone‐Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (2004)

The objective of this study was to examine the effects of cyclic compressive loading on chondrogenic differentiation of rabbit bone-marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) in agarose cultures. Rabbit BM-MSCs were obtained from the tibias and femurs of New Zealand white rabbits. After the chondrogenic potential of BM-MSCs was verified by pellet cultures, cell-agarose constructs were made by suspending BM-MSCs in 2% agarose (10(7) cells/ml) for a cyclic, unconfined compression test performed in a custom-made bioreactor. Specimens were divided into four groups: control; transforming growth factor (TGF-beta) (with TGF-beta1 treatment); loading (with stimulation of cyclic, unconfined compressive loading); and TGF-beta loading (with TGF-beta1 treatment and loading stimulation) groups. In the loading experiment, specimens were subjected to sinusoidal loading with a 10% strain magnitude at a frequency of 1 Hz for 4 hours a day. Experiments were conducted for 3, 7, and 14 consecutive days. While the experimental groups (TGF-beta, loading, and TGF-beta loading) exhibited significantly higher levels of expressions of chondrogenic markers (collagen II and aggrecan) at three time periods, there were no differences among the experimental groups after an extra 5-day culture. This suggests that compressive loading alone induces chondrogenic differentiation of rabbit BM-MSCs as effectively as TGF-beta or TGF-beta plus loading treatment. Moreover, both the compressive loading and the TGF-beta1 treatment were found to promote the TGF-beta1 gene expression of rabbit BM-MSCs. These findings suggest that cyclic compressive loading can promote the chondrogenesis of rabbit BM-MSCs by inducing the synthesis of TGF-beta1, which can stimulate the BM-MSCs to differentiate into chondrocytes.
Mucosal immune dysfunction in AIDS pathogenesis. (2008)

The mucosal immune system plays a central role in both the transmission of HIV infection and the pathogenesis of AIDS. Most HIV infections are acquired through mucosal transmission, and quantitative and qualitative defects of mucosal immunity are consistently present in all stages of pathogenic HIV and SIV infections. A series of recent studies has emphasized the role of a rapid, dramatic, and largely irreversible depletion of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue-based memory CD4(+)CCR5(+) T-cells as a key determinant of disease progression in HIV-infected individuals and SIV-infected macaques. It has also been proposed that, in order to be effective, an AIDS vaccine should prevent the early depletion of these mucosal CD4(+) T-cells. However, the observation of depletion of mucosal CD4(+) T-cells during the primary phase of nonpathogenic SIV infection of natural SIV hosts, such as sooty mangabeys and African green monkeys, suggests that additional pathogenic factors are involved in the AIDS-associated mucosal immune dysfunction. These factors may include: (i) selective depletion of specific CD4(+) T-cell subsets; (ii) dysfunction of other (non-CD4(+)) immune cells; and (iii) generalized immune activation. Importantly, the mucosal immune dysfunction observed during pathogenic HIV and SIV infection is associated with translocation of microbial products (i.e. lipopolysaccharide) from the intestinal lumen to the systemic circulation where they may be responsible, at least in part, for the chronic immune activation that follows pathogenic HIV and SIV infections. The role of mucosal immunity in AIDS pathogenesis emphasizes the importance of understanding whether and to what extent the HIV-associated depletion of mucosal CD4(+) T-cells is reversible after prolonged suppression of virus replication with antiretroviral therapy. Further studies of mucosal immunity during primate lentiviral infections will be needed to better understand, and ultimately prevent and treat, the mechanisms underlying the AIDS-associated mucosal immune dysfunction.
hMutSβ Is Required for the Recognition and Uncoupling of Psoralen Interstrand Cross-Links In Vitro (2002)

The removal of interstrand cross-links (ICLs) from DNA in higher eucaryotes is not well understood. Here, we show that processing of psoralen ICLs in mammalian cell extracts is dependent upon the mismatch repair complex hMutSbeta but is not dependent upon the hMutSalpha complex or hMlh1. The processing of psoralen ICLs is also dependent upon the nucleotide excision repair proteins Ercc1 and Xpf but not upon other components of the excision stage of this pathway or upon Fanconi anemia proteins. Products formed during the in vitro reaction indicated that the ICL has been removed or uncoupled from the cross-linked substrate in the mammalian cell extracts. Finally, the hMutSbeta complex is shown to specifically bind to psoralen ICLs, and this binding is stimulated by the addition of PCNA. Thus, a novel pathway for processing ICLs has been identified in mammalian cells which involves components of the mismatch repair and nucleotide excision repair pathways.
A fast sample and hold charge-sensing circuit for photodiode arrays (1977)

An on-chip charge-sensing circuit with a feedback loop has been designed for improving the charge-transfer speed in photodiode arrays. Its large output voltage swing combined with improved speed performances, makes this circuit well-suited for OCR applications, especially low-cost data capture devices. Sample and hold operation can easily be performed without increasing the Si real estate, making parallel output feasible with frame rates of 3 kHz for arrays with 500 pixels. Experimental arrays were built in standard p-channel aluminum-gate technology.
Enhanced Epithelial Gene Transfer by Modulation of Tight Junctions with Sodium Caprate (2000)

The airway epithelium is resistant to infection by gene transfer vectors when infected from the luminal surface. One strategy for enhancing airway epithelial gene transfer is to modify paracellular permeability, thereby permitting the diffusion of vectors to the basolateral surface, where uptake receptors are expressed. We investigated the ability of a medium-chain fatty acid known to enhance drug absorption, sodium caprate (C10), to increase airway paracellular permeability in comparison with ethyleneglycol-bis-(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA). Apical application of C10 decreased transepithelial resistance by > 90% within minutes, whereas EGTA required an hour or more to produce a similar effect. C10 increased mannitol and dextran permeability by sevenfold, as compared with a twofold increase produced by EGTA. A greater enhancement of adenoviral lacZ gene transfer was mediated by C10 (50-fold over controls) than by EGTA (10-fold over controls). This correlated with a significant enhancement of adenoviral CFTR-mediated correction of Cl(-) transport in polarized human airway epithelial (HAE) cells from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. Confocal microscopy revealed a redistribution of claudin-1 following C10 but not EGTA treatment as a possible mechanism of gene-transfer enhancement by C10. These data suggest that C10 may be a better agent for enhancing gene transfer than is EGTA, and that this effect occurs through disruption of claudin-1.
Improving Planar Transformers for <i>LLC</i> Resonant Converters: Paired Layers Interleaving (2019)

With the increasing demand for flat displays, slim telecom/IT power supplies, and portable devices, the use of planar transformers (PTs) is becoming mandatory to achieve slim, compact converter designs. In particular, PTs present a significant opportunity to replace tall and bulky wire-wound transformers in industry standard LLC converters. However, the common-mode (CM) noise generated by PTs remains a significant obstacle to make LLCs effective. The CM noise issues are originated by large capacitances in overlapping primary and secondary layers of PTs, leading to serious electromagnetic interference issues. This paper develops a new winding method to overcome CM noise in LLC PTs. By minimizing noise, the proposed method prevents the use of bulky CM chokes, helping to keep a slim/flat form factor for LLC converters with high-power density. As well, the proposed winding method maintains low ac resistance and leakage inductance, two desirable features in high-efficiency transformers. The paper explains the root cause of CM noise in LLC PTs and develops a comprehensive method that targets all sources of CM noise in the transformer and is applicable to any type of PTs. The proposed winding method successfully shields problematic turns with high dv/dt and overlaps the turns with the same dv/dt. As a result, circulating currents between primary and secondary (which are known as CM noise) are prevented, which leads to significant reduction of the converter's noise. Experimental results show that the proposed PT generates 11-20 dBμV less CM noise than a traditional PT with the same parasitic capacitance, which is the result of using the proposed winding method.
Two original weight pruning methods based on statistical tests and rounding techniques (1994)

The authors focus on the use of neural networks to approximate continuous decision functions. In this context, the parameters to be estimated are the synaptic weights of the network. The number of such parameters and the quantity of data (information) available for training greatly influence the quality of the solution obtained. A previous study analysed the influence and interaction of these two features. In order to reach the architecture of the net leading to the best fitting of the training data, two original pruning techniques are proposed. The evolution of the neural network performances, training and test rates, as the number of synaptic weights pruned increases, is shown experimentally. Two kinds of synaptic weights are obvious: irrelevant synaptic weights, which can be suppressed from the model; and relevant synaptic weights, which cannot be removed. In the test problem, it is possible to reduce the size of the network up to 42%. A 4% improvement of the performance in generalisation is observed.
Diffusion of benzene in polyacrylates (1963)

Abstract An investigation has been made of the sorption and permeation of benzene vapor in polymethyl acrylate and polyethyl acrylate over relatively wide ranges of temperature and concentration. The mutual diffusion coefficients were estimated from the rates of absorption and desorption, and the steady‐state permeability. The diffusion coefficients determined by the different methods agreed within experimental error, suggesting that the sorption processes for these systems are controlled by truly Fickian diffusion mechanism. By using the equations of Frisch, the time lags for permeation have been calculated as a function of concentration from the diffusion coefficient data, and compared with the observed values. The calculated values agreed with the observed ones, indicating that the nonstationary state of permeation is controlled by a purely Fickian diffusion mechanism. Experimental data for the thermodynamic diffusion coefficients D T of benzene in PMA and PEA have been analyzed in terms of a simple free volume theory previously developed. It is found that, in all cases examined, the derived relation fits well experimental data. Three temperature‐dependent parameters involved in the theory are evaluated, and their variation with temperature are discussed.
Quantum physics meets biology (2009)

Quantum physics and biology have long been regarded as unrelated disciplines, describing nature at the inanimate microlevel on the one hand and living species on the other hand. Over the past decades the life sciences have succeeded in providing ever more and refined explanations of macroscopic phenomena that were based on an improved understanding of molecular structures and mechanisms. Simultaneously, quantum physics, originally rooted in a world-view of quantum coherences, entanglement, and other nonclassical effects, has been heading toward systems of increasing complexity. The present perspective article shall serve as a "pedestrian guide" to the growing interconnections between the two fields. We recapitulate the generic and sometimes unintuitive characteristics of quantum physics and point to a number of applications in the life sciences. We discuss our criteria for a future "quantum biology," its current status, recent experimental progress, and also the restrictions that nature imposes on bold extrapolations of quantum theory to macroscopic phenomena.
OPT-80 Eliminates <i>Clostridium difficile</i> and Is Sparing of <i>Bacteroides</i> Species during Treatment of <i>C. difficile</i> Infection (2008)

During a 10-day treatment for Clostridium difficile infection, OPT-80 and vancomycin were comparably effective in reducing C. difficile counts. Bacteroides fragilis group counts appeared unaffected with increasing dosages of OPT-80, whereas vancomycin was markedly suppressive. Retention of components of the normal microflora might lower the risk of recurrent disease.
Cell-Extrinsic Effects of Tumor ER Stress Imprint Myeloid Dendritic Cells and Impair CD8+ T Cell Priming (2012)

Tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells, such as dendritic cells (BMDC), are key regulators of tumor growth. However, the tumor-derived signals polarizing BMDC to a phenotype that subverts cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity have yet to be fully elucidated. Addressing this unresolved problem we show that the tumor unfolded protein response (UPR) can function in a cell-extrinsic manner via the transmission of ER stress (TERS) to BMDC. TERS-imprinted BMDC upregulate the production of pro-inflammatory, tumorigenic cytokines but also the immunosuppressive enzyme arginase. Importantly, they downregulate cross-presentation of high-affinity antigen and fail to effectively cross-prime CD8(+) T cells, causing T cell activation without proliferation and similarly dominantly suppress cross-priming by bystander BMDC. Lastly, TERS-imprinted BMDC facilitate tumor growth in vivo with fewer tumor-infiltrating CD8(+) T cells. In sum, we demonstrate that tumor-borne ER stress imprints ab initio BMDC to a phenotype that recapitulates several of the inflammatory/suppressive characteristics ascribed to tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells, highlighting the tumor UPR as a critical controller of anti-tumor immunity and a new target for immune modulation in cancer.
Equivalent Circuit Model in Grain‐Boundary Barrier Layer Capacitors (1989)

Electrical properties of BaTiO 3 ‐based capacitors are investigated. A new model is developed to explain the frequency response of the impedance of grain‐boundary barrier layer (GBBL) capacitors. This model takes into consideration the dipole polarization effect and provides a simple and effective approach to evaluate the performance of GBBL capacitors with various dopants and sintering in different atmospheres. When sintered in a reducing atmosphere, doped BaTiO 3 exhibits a higher dielectric constant and a relatively stable dieletric constant with respect to the frequency response and temperature dependence. Also, smaller grain resistivity is obtained with addition of both Dy 2 O 3 and Nb 2 O 5 .
Measuring methane and its isotopes ^12CH_4, ^13CH_4, and CH_3D on the surface of Mars with in situ laser spectroscopy (2005)

In light of the recent discovery of methane on Mars and its possible biological origin, a strategy is described for making in situ measurements of methane and its isotopes on the surface of Mars by laser spectroscopy in the 3.3-μm wavelength region. An instrument of reasonable mass (~1 lb) and power (few watts) is capable of measuring mixing ratios down to 0.1 part per 109 by volume, a hundred times lower than recently reported observations. Making accurate measurements of 13CH4 and CH3D will be more difficult. For measuring 313C to 10‰ and δD to 50‰, sample preconcentration will be required to ~3 parts per 106 by volume for δ13C and to ~40 parts per 106 by volume for δD. This need would be mitigated by the discovery of larger local abundances of methane near the source regions.
Panel Considers Radical Funding Cuts (1995)

The Congressional Research Service gave policy-makers a grim peek at possible future science budgets in a workshop last week that explored such scenarios as an end to U.S. government support for civilian research and a 50% cut in federal R&D spending.
Role of heavy-hole states in interband tunnel structures (1991)

We report on the first calculation of transport in InAs/GaSb/AlSb-based interband tunnel structures which uses a realistic band structure model. The results are compared with calculations using a two-band model which includes only the lowest conduction band and the light-hole band. It is found that heavy-hole states can introduce substantial hole-mixing effects in device structures containing GaSb quantum wells, and should have a significant influence on current-voltage characteristics interband devices.
PEG-PE/Phosphatidylcholine Mixed Immunomicelles Specifically Deliver Encapsulated Taxol to Tumor Cells of Different Origin and Promote their Efficient Killing (2003)

Mixed micelles were prepared from poly(ethyleneglycol)-distearyl phosphoethanolamine (PEG2000-PE) and egg phosphatidylcholine. The micelles were covalently modified with the nucleosome-specific monoclonal antibody 2C5 known to recognize and bind a variety of tumor cells via their surface-bound nucleosomes. Covalent attachment of 2C5 antibody was performed via a micelle-incorporated PEG-PE with the distal terminus of the PEG block activated with p-nitrophenylcarbonyl group (pNP-PEG-PE). Micelle surface-attached 2C5 antibody maintained its specific activity. 2C5-targeted immunomicelles were able to carry more than 3 wt% of taxol. Taxol-loaded immunomicelles specifically recognized tumor cell lines of several types. The cytotoxicity of 2C5-targeted taxol-loaded immunomicelles in a cell culture model was much higher when compared with free taxol or taxol in non-targeted micelles.
Glycan variants of a respiratory syncytial virus antibody with enhanced effector function and in vivo efficacy (2014)

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) can cause devastating lower respiratory tract infections in preterm infants or when other serious health problems are present. Immunoprophylaxis with palivizumab (Synagis), a humanized IgG1 mAb, is the current standard of care for preventing RSV infection in at-risk neonates. We have explored the contribution of effector function to palivizumab efficacy using a plant-based expression system to produce palivizumab N-glycan structure variants with high homogeneity on different antibody isotypes. We compared these isotype and N-glycoform variants with commercially available palivizumab with respect to both in vitro receptor and C1q binding and in vivo efficacy. Whereas the affinity for antigen and neutralization activity of each variant were indistinguishable from those of palivizumab, their Fcγ receptor binding profiles were very different, which was reflected in either a reduced or enhanced ability to influence the RSV lung titer in challenged cotton rats. Enhanced Fcγ receptor binding was associated with reduced viral lung titers compared with palivizumab, whereas abrogation of receptor binding led to a drastic reduction in efficacy. The results support the hypotheses that classic antibody neutralization is a minor component of efficacy by palivizumab in the cotton rat and that antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activity can significantly enhance the efficacy of this antiviral mAb.
SPECIFIC UPTAKE OF OESTROGENS BY THE MOUSE UTERUS IN VITRO (1966)

ABSTRACT The uterus as well as slices from the diaphragm of immature mice were incubated in vitro with tritium-labelled oestrogens. The active oestrogens, 17β-oestradiol and meso -hexoestrol, were preferentially accumulated by the uterus. The racemic isomer of hexoestrol which is less oestrogenic than the meso -isomer was not preferentially accumulated by the uterus. The addition of non-radioactive 17α- or 17β-oestradiol, meso - or racemic hexoestrol inhibited the uptake of 17β-oestradiol- 3 H by the uterus but not by the diaphragm. The most oestrogenic isomer found was the one most effective in inhibiting uptake. Prior injection of 17β-oestradiol in vivo inhibited the uptake in vitro of 17β-oestradiol- 3 H. It is concluded that the uptake of oestrogens by the mouse uterus in vitro is stereospecific in the same way as the uptake in vivo .
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>Z</mml:mi></mml:math>Pinch of a Gas Jet (1978)

A modified version of the vacuum spark experiment, in which a jet of argon is injected from the anode, is described. Experiments on a 1.26-kJ system have shown a strong pinching of the plasma with good reproducibility. The pinched plasma (\ensuremath{\sim} 20 ns lifetime) is submillimeter in size with estimated temperature of 6-9 keV and density \ensuremath{\gtrsim} ${10}^{18}$e/${\mathrm{cm}}^{3}$. Advantages of such a device for the study of high-density plasmas and scaling up are discussed. Results are compared to vacuum spark and exploding wire experiments performed on the same system.
ChemInform Abstract: Isolation and Structure of Bacillariolide III, an Extracellular Metabolite of the Diatom, Pseudo‐Nitzschia Multiseries. (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
A Mitogenic Signal Triggered at an Early Stage of Vaccinia Virus Infection (2001)

Vaccinia virus (VV) triggers a mitogenic signal at an early stage of infection. VV-induced proto-oncogene c-fos mRNA with kinetics paralleling that stimulated by serum. The VV virokine, or vaccinia virus growth factor (VGF), was not crucial for c-fos induction because it was observed upon infection with the virokine-minus mutant VV (VGF(-)). Furthermore, c-fos expression did not require infectious virus particles, as it occurred even with UV-inactivated VV and was equally induced by the different multiplicities of infection, i.e. 1.0, 5.0, and 25.0. c-fos expression was preceded by VV-induced DNA binding activity and was mediated via the cis-acting elements serum response element (SRE), activating protein-1 (AP-1), and cAMP-response element (CRE). VV activated the protein kinases p42MAPK/ERK2 and p44MAPK/ERK1 and the transcription factor ATF1 in a time-dependent manner with kinetics that paralleled those of VV-stimulated DNA-protein complex formation. The mitogenic signal transmission pathways leading to c-fos activation upon VV infection were apparently mediated by the protein kinases MEK, ERK, and PKA. This assumption was based on the findings that: 1) c-fos transcript was down-regulated; 2) the SRE, AP-1, and CRE binding activities were significantly reduced; and 3) the activation of p42MAPK/ERK2, p44MAPK/ERK1, and ATF1 were drastically affected when the viral infections were carried out in the presence of specific protein kinase inhibitor. Moreover, the mutant VV (VGF(-)) was also able to activate ERK1/2. It is noteworthy that virus multiplication was equally affected by the same kinase inhibitors. Taken together, our data provide evidence that the early mitogenic signal triggered upon VV infection relies upon the activation of the protein kinases MEK, ERK, and PKA, which are needed for both signal transduction and virus multiplication.