gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of PLZT Ceramics for Optical Sensor and Actuator Devices (2012)

Perovskite Lead Lanthanum Zirconate Titanate (PLZT) ceramics have the following chemical formula Pb1-x Lax (Zry , Ti1-y)1-0.25x VB0.25x O3 and are typically known as PLZT (100x/100y/100(1-y)). Compositional changes within this quaternary ferroelectric system, especially along the morphotropic phase boundaries, can significantly alter the material’s properties and behaviour under applied electric fields or temperature variations. This allows such a system to be tailored to a variety of transducer applications. For instance, PLZT ceramics have been suggested for use in optical devices (Glebov et al. 2007; Liberts, Bulanovs, and Ivanovs 2006; Wei et al. 2011; Ye et al. 2007; Zhang et al. 2009) because of their good transparency from the visible to the near-infrared, and their high refractive index ( 2.5 n  ), which is advantageous in light wave guiding applications (Kawaguchi et al. 1984; Thapliya, Okano, and Nakamura 2003). PLZT compositions near the tetragonal and rhombohedral ferroelectric phases and anti-ferroelectric/cubic phases, typically with compositions (a/65/35) with 7<a<12, are known as relaxor ferroelectrics, since they exhibit a frequency-dependent diffuse ferroelectric-paraelectric phase transition in their complex dielectric permittivity. Relaxor ferroelectrics are particularly attractive in transducer applications because they can be electrically or thermally induced into a ferroelectric phase possessing a large dipole moment accompanied by a large mechanical strain, and revert back to a non-ferroelectric state upon the removal of the field or temperature. They also exhibit a slim hysteretic behaviour in the transition region, upon the application of an electric field, making them ideal for precise control actuator applications.
St. John’s Wort in Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Three Case Reports (2001)

Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
Quasi-Newton Methods for Solving Algebraic Riccati Equations (1992)

Variants of Newton's method for solving an algebraic Riccati equation are presented with the aim of developing efficient and parallel algorithms. Sufficient conditions for the convergence of these algorithms are given.
Effect of Nonuniform Conductivity on the Behavior of Gunn Effect Samples (1968)

The behavior of n+-n−n+ GaAs samples biased at voltages below the threshold for the onset of Gunn effect is derived. In particular, the spatial distribution of the electric field and the electron temperature, along with the current-voltage characteristics of the sample, are calculated. The specific structure considered has a low conductivity region in the n layer near one of the n+ contacts. This occurs for an alloyed contact made to an epitaxial layer of n-type GaAs grown on an n+ GaAs substrate. The most striking result is the occurrence of Gunn oscillations for one direction of bias and avalanche breakdown for the other. This and other experimental findings are consistent with the theory.
Concentration Effects of Porphyrin Monolayers on the Structure and Photoelectrochemical Properties of Mixed Self-Assembled Monolayers of Porphyrin and Alkanethiol on Gold Electrodes (2001)

A systematic series of mixed self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of porphyrin and alkanethiol have been prepared to examine the concentration effects of porphyrin monolayers on the structure and photoelectrochemical properties of the mixed SAMs on a gold electrode. The measurements of ultraviolet−visible absorption spectroscopy in transmission mode and cyclic voltammetry of mixed SAMs of porphyrin and alkanethiol have revealed that the porphyrin interaction in the mixed SAMs decreases with increasing the relative ratio of the alkanethiol to the porphyrin. Photoelectrochemical measurements were performed in an argon-saturated Na2SO4 aqueous solution containing methyl viologen as an electron carrier using the modified gold working electrode, a platinum wire counter electrode, and an Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The quantum yields of the photocurrent generation remain constant (0.26 ± 0.04%) with an increase in the relative ratio of the alkanethiol to the porphyrin in the mixed SAMs, which is consistent with the constant porphyrin fluorescence lifetime (∼40 ps), irrespective of the porphyrin ratio in the mixed SAMs on the gold electrode.
Production and Properties of Spray-Dried Whole Milk Foam (1962)

Summary Droplets of concentrated whole milk foam have been dried in a standard spray dryer. This has been done by incorporating nitrogen gas into the concentrate at high pressure prior to atomization. The resultant powder has excellent dispersibility properties and can be produced at rates in excess of those obtained by conventional operation. The method of foam-spray drying employed and the physical properties of the resultant powders are given in detail.
Erving Goffman's Presentation of Self as ASA President (2009)

Dr. Joan Humber, professor emeritus of sociology at the Oho State University, wrote this memoir at the request of Dmitri Shalin and gave her permission to post it in the Erving Goffman Archives.
Nonablative Radiofrequency for Active Acne Vulgaris: The use of Deep Dermal Heat in the Treatment of Moderate to Severe Active Acne Vulgaris (Thermotherapy): A Report of 22 Patients (2003)

Nonablative radiofrequency appears to be a new safe and effective treatment alternative for moderate to severe acne vulgaris. Further research is in progress to evaluate this treatment modality in a larger number of patients.
Similarities and differences between mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells derived from various human tissues (2019)

Long-term culture affects the biological activity of MSCs obtained from various tissues. The source of MSCs and number of passages are important considerations in regenerative medicine.
In vivo model for research of breast cancer biomarkers (2006)

The preoperative (neoadjuvant) setting of breast cancer treatment is an optimal in vivo model by which to allow the characterization of biomarker expression pattern with the tumor remaining in situ throughout treatment as an in vivo measure of response to particular therapy. Elucidating surrogate molecular or cellular markers of tumor response to therapy, may provide biological insight into both, the mechanism of tumor growth dynamics and drug sensitivity/resistance. Owing to the knowledge that many drugs are effective on actively proliferating cells and more intriguingly, that many anticancer agents with differing modes of action achieve cytotoxic effects by inducing apoptosis, has lead to a reappraisal of traditional views of tumor response/resistance to cytotoxic drugs in vivo. Accordingly, this review article will focus on discussing apoptosis phenomena and the p53 and bcl-2 protein as its regulators of principal impor?tance; a cell proliferation determined by the Ki-67 expression, as the major counterbalancing process to apoptosis is also considered. This paper reviews the rationale for the use of these proteins as indices of tumor response to therapy, as well as the published literature regarding their clinical relevance. So far, no firm conclusions can be made concerning their predictive utility. .
Treating the agitated Alzheimer patient. (1996)

Dementia is a syndrome that consists of cognitive, psychiatric, and behavioral changes. Studies report from 42% to 62% of nursing home residents and at least 50% of outpatients with dementia exhibit behavioral disturbances. Agitation is a frequent behavioral disturbance associated with dementia. The Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA) regulations have made it imperative that physicians review and be familiar with alternative treatment options. We review and present strategies for the evaluation and treatment of agitation in demented patients.
A carcinoembryonic antigen‐specific diabody produced in tobacco (2002)

The feasibility of using tobacco for production of a recombinant antibody (T84.66/GS8 diabody) directed against the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and used for tumor imaging was investigated. Two constructs were generated for targeting the protein either to the apoplast or to the endoplasmic reticulum. Expression of the diabody in tobacco leaves after vacuum-assisted infiltration of engineered Agrobacteria (agro-infiltration) and in regenerated transgenic tobacco plants was analyzed and compared. Results in terms of protein expression and accumulation between both systems showed a good correlation. His6-tagged T84.66 diabody was readily purified from agro-infiltrated tobacco leaves and from transgenic plants by immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography. The purified protein was analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, Western blot, gel filtration, electrospray mass spectrometry, direct and competition ELISA, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and staining of CEA-positive colon adenocarcinoma cell line LS174T. Our results demonstrate that tobacco is a competent production system for this clinically relevant diabody.
Peripheral CD4<sup>+</sup> T‐cell differentiation regulated by networks of cytokines and transcription factors (2010)

CD4(+) T cells, also known as T-helper (Th) cells, play an important role in orchestrating adaptive immune responses to various infectious agents. They are also involved in the induction of autoimmune and allergic diseases. Upon T-cell receptor (TCR)-mediated cell activation, naive CD4(+) T cells can differentiate into at least four major lineages, Th1, Th2, Th17, and iTreg cells, that participate in different types of immune responses. Networks of cytokines and transcription factors are critical for determining CD4(+) T-cell fates and effector cytokine production. Here, we review collaboration and cross-regulation between various essential cytokines in the activation/induction of key transcription factors during the process of Th cell differentiation towards these distinct lineages. We also discuss the interactions of key transcription factors at both genetic and protein levels and the function of the resulting network(s) in regulating the expression of effector cytokines.
Adaptive Read Thresholds for NAND Flash (2015)

A primary source of increased read time on NAND flash comes from the fact that, in the presence of noise, the flash medium must be read several times using different read threshold voltages for the decoder to succeed. This paper proposes an algorithm that uses a limited number of rereads to characterize the noise distribution and recover the stored information. Both hard and soft decoding are considered. For hard decoding, this paper attempts to find a read threshold minimizing bit error rate (BER) and derives an expression for the resulting codeword error rate. For soft decoding, it shows that minimizing BER and minimizing codeword error rate are competing objectives in the presence of a limited number of allowed rereads, and proposes a tradeoff between the two. The proposed method does not require any prior knowledge about the noise distribution but can take advantage of such information when it is available. Each read threshold is chosen based on the results of previous reads, following an optimal policy derived through a dynamic programming backward recursion. The method and results are studied from the perspective of an SLC Flash memory with Gaussian noise, but this paper explains how the method could be extended to other scenarios.
The in vitro and in vivo indomethacin release from self-setting bioactive glass bone cement (1997)

The in vivo and in vitro drug release profiles from a self-setting bioactive CaO-SiO2-P2O5 glass bone cement containing indomethacin as a model drug were investigated. The cement containing 2% and 5% indomethacin (IMC) powder hardened within 5 min after mixing with ammonium phosphate buffer. After setting, in vitro drug release from drug-loaded cement pellets in a simulated body fluid (SBF) at pH 7.25 and 37 degrees C continued for two weeks. The hardened cement gradually formed low-crystallinity hydroxyapatite during the drug release test in SBF. An IMC-loaded cement device (2% and 5% drug) was implanted in the subcutaneous tissue on the back of rats. The in vivo IMC release from the cement increased and attained maximum levels (Cmax of 2% and 5% drug-loaded cements was 0.27 and 3.37 micrograms/ml, respectively) at Tmax, 3 and 0.5 d, respectively, upon subcutaneous (s.c.) administration in rats. This suggested that the s.c. administration of the cement provided IMC release for a much longer period than s.c. administration of the solution, and the plasma IMC concentration was dependent on the drug concentration in the cement. The plasma IMC concentration and the area under the curve from 2% and 5% IMC-loaded cements in rats were dependent on the concentration of IMC in the cements. The in vivo IMC concentration in plasma obtained by the deconvolution method was much lower than that delivered in SBF in vitro. Scanning electron microscopy and photomicrographs of cross sections showed that the bioactive bone cement had excellent biocompatibility with the surrounding soft tissues.
Closed‐loop control of fed‐batch cultures of recombinant <i>Escherichia coli</i> using on‐line HPLC (1994)

This article describes a fully automated system for the on-line monitoring and closed-loop control of a fed-batch fermentation of recombinant Escherichia coli, and presents two case studies of its used in limiting production of unwanted byproducts such as acetic in fed-batch fermentations. The system had two components. The first components, on-line monitoring, comprised an aseptic sampling device, a microcentrifuge, and HPLC System. These instruments removed a Sample from a fermentor, spun it at high speed to separate solid and liquid components, and then automatically injected the supernatant onto an HPLC column for analysis. The second component consisted of control algorithms programmed using the LabView visual programming environment in a control computer that was linked via a remote components were linked so that results from the on-line HPLC were captured and used by the control algorithm was designed to demonstrate coarse feedback control to confirm the operability of the controller. The second case study showed how the system could be used in a more sophisticated feedings strategy providing fine control and limiting acetate concentration to a low level throughout the fermentation. (c) 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Comparative study of <i>Microsporum canis</i> isolates by <scp>DNA</scp> fingerprinting (2014)

Microsporum canis is a zoophilic fungus and it is an important agent of dermatophytosis. Cats act as important reservoirs. Clinically, it is too difficult to differentiate dermatophytosis caused by various species, also this fungus loses its morphological characteristics easily because of subculture; so using of rapid and accurate laboratory techniques for identifying the dermatophytes is important, therefore, RAPD-PCR was applied for the differentiation of the isolates. In this study, 10 M. canis isolates were detected in cats, dog, human, fox and rabbit at the Mycology Research Center, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran. For running the RAPD-PCR, PCR set system and three random primers OPU 15, OPU 13 and OPA 04 were used. Then phylogenetic tree and similarity coefficient table were drawn. The results showed that there were some common bands between M. canis isolates. There were some specific bands for each isolates, as well. Our study showed, despite the typical morphology of the whole isolates, they were placed in different branches in molecular typing.
Inhibition of human leucocyte elastase by ursolic acid. Evidence for a binding site for pentacyclic triterpenes (1991)

Several pentacyclic triterpenoid metabolites of plant origin are inhibitors of hydrolysis of both synthetic peptide substrates and elastin by human leucocyte elastase (HLE). Ursolic acid, the most potent of these compounds, has an inhibition constant of 4-6 microM for hydrolysis of peptide substrates in phosphate-buffered saline. With tripeptide and tetrapeptide substrates, the inhibition is purely competitive, whereas with a shorter dipeptide substrate the inhibition is non-competitive, suggesting that ursolic acid interacts with subsite S3 of the extended substrate-binding domain in HLE, but not with subsites S1 and S2. The carboxy group at position 28 in the pentacyclic-ring system of the triterpenes contributes to binding to HLE, since replacement of this group with a hydroxy group, as in uvaol, the alcohol analogue of ursolic acid, reduces the potency of inhibition. The inhibitory potency of ursolic acid is also reduced by addition of 1 M-NaCl, further supporting a postulated electrostatic interaction between the negative charge on the triterpene and a positively charged residue on the enzyme, which we assign to the side chain of Arg-217, located in the vicinity of subsites S4 and S5 in HLE. These observations are consistent with a binding site for ursolic acid which extends from S3 towards S4 and S5 on the enzyme. Other triterpenes, including oleanolic acid, erythrodiol, hederagenin and 18 beta-glycyrrhetic acid, can also interact with this binding site. On the basis of these results we conclude that the extended substrate-binding domain of HLE can accommodate a variety of hydrophobic ligands, including not only such molecules as fatty acids [Ashe & Zimmerman (1977) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 75, 194-199; Cook & Ternai (1988) Biol. Chem. Hoppe-Seyler 369, 629-637], but also polycyclic molecules such as the pentacyclic triterpenoids.
Exact solution of the slit-height correction problem in small-angle X-ray scattering. III. Derivation of slit correction functions (1980)

The method for correcting slit-height smeared small-angle X-ray data, presented in the two previous articles in this series [Deutsch & Luban (1978). J. Appl. Cryst. 11, 87–97, 98–101], calls for the use of a correction function g(t). In this article g(t) is derived for a number of single and compound slit configurations.
Congestion-dependent pricing of online Internet services (2003)

We consider a service provider (SP) who provides access to a communication network or some other form of online services. Users initiate calls that belong to a set of diverse service classes. The SP charges a fee per call, which can depend on the current congestion level, and which affects users' demand for calls. We provide a dynamic programming formulation of the problems of revenue and welfare maximization, and derive qualitative properties of the optimal solution. We show that the performance of an optimal pricing strategy is closely matched by a suitably chosen static price, which does not depend on instantaneous congestion. We establish that static pricing is asymptotically optimal in a number of limiting regimes, including one of many, relatively small users. In nonstationary demand conditions this leads to the easily implementable time-of-day pricing. Throughout, we compare the alternative formulations involving revenue or welfare maximization, respectively, and draw some qualitative conclusions.
Study of particle growth and breakdown in single size gamma prime distribution and high temperature creep in IN738LC nickel superalloy (2006)

IN738LC, a nickel based superalloy has wide applications in the gas turbine engines because of its ability to retain its strength at high temperatures involved. The stability of the γ' Ni3Al (Ti, Nb) precipitate microstructure which gives the alloy its strength is very important. After an initial annealing at 1200°C for 4 hours and water quenching, a uniform distribution of single size (70nm) γ' fine precipitates is obtained. Growth of the γ' particles, their size and distribution are studied after subsequent annealing heat treatments, conducted at different temperatures for different time periods. The average precipitate size data of the nearly single size precipitates was obtained from the SEM photomicrographs of the samples annealed at temperatures 1040, 1080, and 1100°C for different holding times in the range 3-100 hours. Activation energy for precipitate growth of the single size precipitates was then calculated from the data. The activation energy obtained for growth was found to increase with the increase in size of precipitates. This result is in conformity with the similarly increasing activation energy values with precipitate sizes obtained after 25 hours of annealing time at different lower temperatures [14]. Additional samples also were heated up to 200 hours at the above mentioned temperatures in order to determine any critical maximum size to which the particles would grow before starting to split or dissolve. The results showed anomalous growth of the precipitates into large islands along γ matrix grain boundaries. Three different types of dissolution of the particles after reaching a maximum critical size of ~9-10μm at 1100°C were observed. Creep tests were conducted on the as-received specimens with duplex size precipitate microstructure at temperatures 1040, 1080, and 1100°C, with an applied stress of 31 MPa. The tests were interrupted after 40 hours of testing to study the behavior of growth of precipitates, and define initial stages of rafting when alloys are subjected to continuous application of low stress at high temperatures. The precipitates grew larger in size, but no rafting was observed, perhaps due to application of very low stress and short time involved, even though the tests were conducted at real high temperatures.
Upregulation of G protein-linked receptor kinases with advancing age in rat aorta (2001)

The age-related decline in beta-adrenergic receptor (beta-AR)-mediated vasorelaxation is associated with desensitization of beta-ARs without significant downregulation. The primary mode of this homologous beta-AR desensitization, in general, is via G protein receptor kinases (GRK). Therefore, we hypothesize that age-related changes in GRKs are causative to this etiology in rat aorta. Herein, we investigate the activity and cellular distribution (cytoplasmic vs. membrane) of several GRK isoforms and beta-arrestin proteins. GRK activity was assessed in extracts from aortic tissue of 6-wk, 6-mo, 12-mo, and 24-mo-old male Fischer-344 rats using a rhodopsin phosphorylation assay. We also performed immunoblots on lysates from aorta with specific antibodies to GRK-2, -3, -5, and beta-arrestin-1. Results show an age-related increase in GRK activity. Furthermore, expression of GRK-2 (cytoplasmic and membrane), GRK-3 (cytoplasmic and membrane), and beta-arrestin (soluble) increased with advancing age, whereas GRK-5 (membrane) expression remained unchanged. These results suggest that age is associated with increased activity and expression of specific GRKs. This increase likely results in enhanced phosphorylation and desensitization of beta-ARs. These biochemical changes are consistent with observed aging physiology.
Comparative Sequence and Structural Analyses of G-Protein-Coupled Receptor Crystal Structures and Implications for Molecular Models (2009)

Background: Up until recently the only available experimental (high resolution) structure of a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) was that of bovine rhodopsin. In the past few years the determination of GPCR structures has accelerated with three new receptors, as well as squid rhodopsin, being successfully crystallized. All share a common molecular architecture of seven transmembrane helices and can therefore serve as templates for building molecular models of homologous GPCRs. However, despite the common general architecture of these structures key differences do exist between them. The choice of which experimental GPCR structure(s) to use for building a comparative model of a particular GPCR is unclear and without detailed structural and sequence analyses, could be arbitrary. The aim of this study is therefore to perform a systematic and detailed analysis of sequence-structure relationships of known GPCR structures.