gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Chemistry of Sultams. II.<sup>1</sup> Chloromethylation and Bromination of Substituted 1,8-Naphthosultam. Reaction of 1,8-Naphthosultam with Organic Halides (1957)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Chemistry of Sultams. II.1 Chloromethylation and Bromination of Substituted 1,8-Naphthosultam. Reaction of 1,8-Naphthosultam with Organic HalidesAhmed Mustafa and Mohamed Ibrahim AliCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 8, 1945–1949Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1957Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1957https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01565a048https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01565a048research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views109Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Mutational Analyses of the Recombinant Globular Regions of Human C1q A, B, and C Chains Suggest an Essential Role for Arginine and Histidine Residues in the C1q-IgG Interaction (2004)

The first step in the activation of the classical complement pathway by immune complexes involves the binding of the globular domain (gC1q) of C1q to the Fc regions of aggregated IgG or IgM. Each gC1q domain is a heterotrimer of the C-terminal halves of one A (ghA), one B (ghB), and one C (ghC) chain. Our recent studies have suggested a modular organization of gC1q, consistent with the view that ghA, ghB, and ghC are functionally autonomous modules and have distinct and differential ligand-binding properties. Although C1q binding sites on IgG have been previously identified, the complementary interacting sites on the gC1q domain have not been precisely defined. The availability of the recombinant constructs expressing ghA, ghB, and ghC has allowed us, for the first time, to engineer single-residue substitution mutations and identify residues on the gC1q domain, which are involved in the interaction between C1q and IgG. Because C1q is a charge pattern recognition molecule, we have sequentially targeted arginine and histidine residues in each chain. Consistent with previous chemical modification studies and the recent crystal structure of gC1q, our results support a central role for arginine and histidine residues, especially Arg(114) and Arg(129) of the ghB module, in the C1q-IgG interaction.
Multimerization of Staufen1 in live cells (2010)

Transport of mRNA is an efficient mechanism to target proteins to specific regions of a cell. Although it is well documented that mRNAs are transported in ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes, several of the mechanisms involved in complex formation and localization are poorly understood. Staufen (Stau) 1, a double-stranded RNA-binding protein, is a well accepted marker of mRNA transport complexes. In this manuscript, we provide evidence that Stau1 self-associates in live cells using immunoprecipitation and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) assays. The double-stranded RNA-binding domains dsRBD3 and dsRBD4 contributed about half of the signal, suggesting that Stau1 RNA-binding activity is involved in Stau1 self-association. Protein-protein interaction also occurred, via dsRBD5 and dsRBD2, as shown by in vitro pull-down, yeast two-hybrid, and BRET assays in live cells. Interestingly, Stau1 self-association contributes to the formation of oligomeric complexes as evidenced by the coexpression of split Renilla luciferase halves covalently linked to Stau1 in a protein complementation assay (PCA) combined with a BRET assay with Stau1-YFP. Moreover, we showed that these higher-order Stau1-containing complexes carry RNAs when the RNA stain SYTO 14 was used as the energy acceptor in the PCA/BRET assay. The oligomeric composition of Stau1-containing complexes and the presence of specific mRNAs have been confirmed by biochemical approaches involving two successive immunoprecipitations of Stau1-tagged molecules followed by qRT-PCR amplification. Altogether, these results indicate that Stau1 self-associates in mRNPs via its multiple functional domains that can select mRNAs to be transported and establish protein-protein interaction.
A performance-driven layer assignment algorithm for multiple interconnect trees (1998)

With the advent of DSM technologies, interconnect delays increasingly overshadow the transistor delays. Furthermore, since the electrical characteristics of different layers in multilayer routing technologies vary widely, the assignment of the interconnect tree edges to specific routing layers has a large impact on the interconnect delays. Traditionally, critical global interconnect trees were routed greedily, one at a time. This caused the good layers to be used up largely for the first few trees, yielding poor routings for the remaining trees. Multiple passes with different tree orderings were usually used to remedy the situation, although with limited success. We propose the use of dynamically adjusted area quotas to prevent the first few trees from monopolizing the good layers. Our approach is independent of the routing model or the router employed, and reduces the maximum tree delays by around 15% as compared to traditional algorithms.
Cuprous oxide photovoltaic cells (1976)

Cuprous oxide, with a band gap of 2.0 eV, is an attractive material for solar cells because of low cost and great availability. The current conversion efficiency is 1%, but theoretical estimates are >13%. For various Schottky barriers, e.g., Al/Cu/sub 2/O, it is proposed that the V/sub oc/ is limited by chemical conversion of the junctions to Cu/Cu/sub 2/O junctions, and the model is supported by Auger and ESCA results. It is proposed to avoid the reaction by use of an oxide interlayer as in Al/Al/sub 2/O/sub 3//Cu/sub 2/O, which also gives an MIS structure, but only minimal success has yet been achieved with the methods tried. Sb/sub 2/O/sub 3/ and SiO/sub x/ layers were explored. Another approach could be to use oxide heterojunctions on Cu/sub 2/O. Several were explored and ZnO/Cu/sub 2/O was best. In and Cd are effective dopants for Cu/sub 2/O. With samples annealed at 500/sup 0/C, diffusion lengths of approximately 4 ..mu..m were measured by an SPV method. The spectral sensitivity of Cu/Cu/sub 2/O cells has a threshold at 630 nm and a maximum at 500 nm.
Sensitive Troponin I Assay in Early Diagnosis of Acute Myocardial Infarction (2009)

The use of a sensitive assay for troponin I improves early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction and risk stratification, regardless of the time of chest-pain onset.
Effective Teaching and Learning in Accounting Education: Examining the linkages between students' perceptions of the teaching context, students' approaches to learning and students' outcomes (2002)

Research in accounting education has almost neglected both student perceptions of the learning context and their approaches to learning. Instead, studies have focused on either the teaching context or the outcomes of learning. This omission has meant that accounting educators often experience difficulty in understanding students conceive learning to be, how they perceive the learning task, or how they approach learning. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between the perceptions, the approaches and the outcomes of students in a business subject in order to discover how these students learn and thus to provide some strategies which could be adopted to enhance their learning. The methodology has been to adopt a survey approach which combines two published surveys. One is the Course Experience Questionnaire which was designed to measure five key areas of a positive learning environment: good teaching, clear goals and standards, appropriate workload, appropriate assessment, and emphasis on independence. The other survey is the Study Process Questionnaire in which approaches to studying have been identified as either surface, deep or achieving. It is believed that this paper will promote the dissemination of research into effective teaching and learning by considering the implication of the approaches of accounting students to learning and the adaptation of teaching styles.
Polymerized Complex Route to Synthesis of Pure Y <sub>2</sub> Ti <sub>2</sub> O <sub>7</sub> at 750°C Using Yttrium‐Titanium Mixed‐Metal Citric Acid Complex (1996)

A polymerized complex technique was used to prepare high‐purity pyrochlore Y 2 Ti 2 O 7 powders at 750°C. Heating of a mixed solution of citric acid (CA), ethylene glycol (EG), and yttrium and titanium ions, with a molar ratio of CA:EG:Y:Ti = 5:20:1:1, at 130°C produced a yellowish transparent polymeric gel without any precipitation; this material was used subsequently as a precursor for Y 2 Ti 2 O 7 . Based on the results of 13 C‐NMR spectroscopy, it was suggested that a mixed‐metal (Y,Ti)‐CA 3 chelate complex formed in a starting CA/EG solution. The formation of pure pyrochlore Y 2 Ti 2 O 7 occurred when the precursor was heat‐treated in a furnace set at 750°C in static air for 4 h.
QUESTO: Interactive Construction of Objective Functions for Classification Tasks (2020)

Abstract Building effective classifiers requires providing the modeling algorithms with information about the training data and modeling goals in order to create a model that makes proper tradeoffs. Machine learning algorithms allow for flexible specification of such meta‐information through the design of the objective functions that they solve. However, such objective functions are hard for users to specify as they are a specific mathematical formulation of their intents. In this paper, we present an approach that allows users to generate objective functions for classification problems through an interactive visual interface. Our approach adopts a semantic interaction design in that user interactions over data elements in the visualization are translated into objective function terms. The generated objective functions are solved by a machine learning solver that provides candidate models, which can be inspected by the user, and used to suggest refinements to the specifications. We demonstrate a visual analytics system QUESTO for users to manipulate objective functions to define domain‐specific constraints. Through a user study we show that QUESTO helps users create various objective functions that satisfy their goals.
Confocal microscopy provides visual evidence and confirms the feasibility of dsRNA delivery to emerald ash borer through plant tissues (2020)

Abstract Double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-mediated gene silencing, or RNA interference (RNAi), is an emerging biotechnology that has been a breakthrough tool for crop protection. Exogenous dsRNA triggers the RNAi pathway, silences genes, disrupts protein function, and can cause insect mortality. However, effective delivery of the dsRNA is problematic, particularly in systems with long-lived, endophagous insects such as the emerald ash borer (EAB), Agrilus planipennis , a tree-killing nonnative invader that attacks ash, Fraxinus spp. Larvae feed on cambial tissue causing rapid tree death. EAB is susceptible to RNAi, but we lack a practical means of delivery. Here we evaluated delivery of dsRNA to green, F. pennsylvanica , and tropical ash, F. uhdei , through root and/or petiole absorption, and also demonstrated dsRNA absorption through the EAB egg chorion. We labeled exogenous dsRNA using a fluorescing label and then used confocal microscopy and RT-qPCR to evaluate its distribution in plant and insect tissues. Labeled dsRNAs are detectable in root, stem, and leaf tissues 48-h postapplication. In excised ash branches, labeled dsRNA is detectable in the inner bark and in recovered EAB neonates 8-day postapplication. Eggs and larvae emerging from treated eggs also presented fluorescing dsRNA under confocal imaging. Adult EAB-fed tropical ash leaves treated with in vitro synthesized EAB-specific dsSHI through petiole absorption experience a significant knockdown of the shi gene and a significant mortality. Our findings provide a proof of concept that delivery of dsRNAs through topical or systemic application methods is a feasible means of suppressing EAB, providing hope for future tree protection.
Gametes with the somatic chromosome number: mechanisms of their formation and role in the evolution of autopolyploid plants (1995)

The production of 2n gametes in plants, i.e. gametes with a somatic chromosome number, is considered to be the dominant process involved in the origin of polyploid plants. In this review, we provide a synthesis of current knowledge concerning the production of 2n gametes. Firstly, we describe the different methods used to detect and quantify the production of 2n gametes in plants, which include morphological and flow cytometry screening of the occurrence of 2n pollen, the analysis of crosses among diploid and tetraploid parents and the instigation of micro-and mega-sporogenesis. Secondly, the high level of inter- and infra-specific variation in 2n gametes production is described. Thirdly, the various cytological anomalies responsible for the production of 2n gametes are reviewed, with particular reference to the relative genetic consequences of the first and second restitution divisions that give rise to 2n gametes. Fourthly, the significance of 2n gametes in crop plant improvement is discussed, in relation to somatic chromosome doubling to obtain new polyploid varieties. In particular, we compare the genetic and yield consequences of methods based on unilateral and bilateral sexual polyploidization. Finally, we outline how knowledge of the variety of mechanisms involved in 2n gamete production have increased our understanding of the evolutionary significance of polyploidy and the population biology of polyploid plants. Contents Summary 1 I. Introduction 2 II. Methods used to detect the presence and frequency of 2n gametes 3 III. Frequency of 2n gamete production 5 IV. Mechanisms of formation and the influence of external factors 6 V. The genetic consequences of First Division Restitution (FDR) and Second Division Restitution (SDR) 12 VI. 2n gametes and the unilateral and bilateral sexual polyploidization of crop plants 13 VII. The evolutionary significance of 2n gamete production 15 Acknowledgements 18 References 18.
Evaluation of a laser scanner for surface topography. (2002)

A Minolta VIVID 700 portable non-contact 3D laser scanner was evaluated on 15 subjects with idiopathic scoliosis. The 3D map was compared to two structured light pattern (lines and dots) techniques to determine the reliability, ease of use, speed, and quality. The parameters used for the clinical assessment of scoliosis were measured twice for the Minolta and light projection systems. The edges of the image and areas where occlusion typically occur were examined. The absolute distance in calculated depth between adjacent points was examined to determine errors. The Minolta system and the dot pattern produced regular grids of points. The light projection pattern produced an irregular grid, with more resolution along the video line and less resolution between projected lines, resulted in a somewhat jagged appearance of the surface map. The Minolta system was less sensitive to edge effects, occlusion, and sharp transitions of depth. The comparison of clinical parameters showed good results between repetitions but moderate results between techniques.
Homo- and heterodimeric interactions between the gene products of <i>PKD1</i> and  <i>PKD</i> <i>2</i> (1997)

PKD1 and PKD2 are two recently identified genes that are responsible for the vast majority of autosomal polycystic kidney disease, a common inherited disease that causes progressive renal failure. PKD1 encodes polycystin, a large glycoprotein that contains several extracellular motifs indicative of a role in cell-cell or cell-matrix interactions, and the PKD2 encodes a protein with homology to a voltage-activated calcium channel and to PKD1. It is currently unknown how mutations of either protein functionally cause autosomal polycystic kidney disease. We show that PKD1 and PKD2 interact through their C-terminal cytoplasmic tails. This interaction resulted in an up-regulation of PKD1 but not PKD2. Furthermore, the cytoplasmic tail of PKD2 but not PKD1 formed homodimers through a coiled-coil domain distinct from the region required for interaction with PKD1. These interactions suggest that PKD1 and PKD2 may function through a common signaling pathway that is necessary for normal tubulogenesis and that PKD1 may require the presence of PKD2 for stable expression.
DNA sequences of the tail fiber genes of bacteriophage P2: evidence for horizontal transfer of tail fiber genes among unrelated bacteriophages (1992)

We have determined the DNA sequence of the bacteriophage P2 tail genes G and H, which code for polypeptides of 175 and 669 residues, respectively. Gene H probably codes for the distal part of the P2 tail fiber, since the deduced sequence of its product contains regions similar to tail fiber proteins from phages Mu, P1, lambda, K3, and T2. The similarities of the carboxy-terminal portions of the P2, Mu, ann P1 tail fiber proteins may explain the observation that these phages in general have the same host range. The P2 H gene product is similar to the products of both lambda open reading frame (ORF) 401 (stf, side tail fiber) and its downstream ORF, ORF 314. If 1 bp is inserted near the end of ORF 401, this reading frame becomes fused with ORF 314, creating an ORF that may represent the complete stf gene that encodes a 774-amino-acid-long side tail fiber protein. Thus, a frameshift mutation seems to be present in the common laboratory strain of lambda. Gene G of P2 probably codes for a protein required for assembly of the tail fibers of the virion. The entire G gene product is very similar to the products of genes U and U' of phage Mu; a region of these proteins is also found in the tail fiber assembly proteins of phages TuIa, TuIb, T4, and lambda. The similarities in the tail fiber genes of phages of different families provide evidence that illegitimate recombination occurs at previously unappreciated levels and that phages are taking advantage of the gene pool available to them to alter their host ranges under selective pressures.
Creating Research-Based Videos That Can Affect Behavior (2013)

To engage recipients of Extension science-based video programming involves understanding what behaviors and decisions the recipients may be considering that can be affected by the programming. Such understanding may be developed through interviews, focus groups, and surveys, which should provide guidance for elements of the style and content of the video production. The success of the video in assisting viewers' decision-making should then be evaluated, for example through a survey, as described here. The approach presented draws upon and twines models from two different strands of communication research: nonpersuasive communication (Fischoff, 2007) and behavioral prediction (Fishbein & Yzer, 2003).
Affinity capture-polymerase chain reaction for quantitation of hepatitis B virus DNA (1994)

Journal Article Affinity capture-polymerase chain reaction for quantitation of hepatitis B virus DNA Get access Chwan-Hang Wang, Chwan-Hang Wang * * To whom correpsondence should be addressed Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Shu-Yuan Tschen Shu-Yuan Tschen 1Institute für Mikrobiologie I der Eberhard-Karls Universität TübingenAuf der Morgenstelle 28, D–72076 Tübingen, Germany Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nucleic Acids Research, Volume 22, Issue 22, 11 November 1994, Pages 4837–4839, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/22.22.4837 Published: 11 November 1994 Article history Received: 30 September 1994 Accepted: 06 October 1994 Published: 11 November 1994
Assolo, a New Method for Available Bandwidth Estimation (2009)

End-to-end available bandwidth estimation is very important for bandwidth dependent applications, quality of service verification and traffic engineering. Although several techniques and tools have been developed in the past, producing reliable estimations in real-time still remains challenging -- it is necessary to ensure that the measurement process is accurate, non-intrusive and robust to non-deterministic delays or traffic bursts. This paper presents ASSOLO, a new active probing tool for estimating available bandwidth based on the concept of ``self-induced congestion''. ASSOLO features a new probing traffic profile called reach (Reflected ExponentiAl Chirp), which tests a wide range of rates being more accurate in the center of the probing interval. Moreover, the tool runs inside a real-time operating system and uses some de-noising techniques to improve the measurement process. Experimental results show that ASSOLO outperforms pathChirp, a state-of-the-art measurement tool, estimating available bandwidth with greater accuracy and stability.
Using Building Information Modeling to Improve the Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing Coordination Process for Buildings (2008)

The coordination of mechanical, electrical, and plumbing (MEP) systems has become a major challenge for building contractors. Specialty design firms and trade contractors, working independently, provide these systems. The coordination of these systems involves locating equipment and routing Heating, Ventilating, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) duct, pipe, and electrical raceway in a manner that satisfies many different types of constraints. For the past several years MEP coordination has involved sequentially comparing and overlaying drawings from multiple trades, in which representatives from each MEP trade work together to detect, and eliminate spatial and functional interferences between MEP systems. This multi-discipline effort is time-consuming and expensive. With the recent development of Building Information Modeling (BIM) this process is now able to evolve with the software technology. Using examples from several case studies, this paper demonstrates how BIM can improve the MEP coordination process in buildings. The results of this research provide a foundation for a revised work process utilizing modeling software and information technology.