gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Line-of-Sight Path Following for Dubins Paths With Adaptive Sideslip Compensation of Drift Forces (2014)

We present a nonlinear adaptive path following controller that compensates for drift forces through vehicle sideslip. Vehicle sideslip arises during path following when the vehicle is subject to drift forces caused by ocean currents, wind, and waves. The proposed algorithm is motivated by a line-of-sight (LOS) guidance principle used by ancient navigators, which is here extended to path following of Dubins paths. The unknown sideslip angle is treated as a constant parameter, which is estimated using an adaptation law. The equilibrium points of the cross-track and parameter estimation errors are proven to be uniformly semiglobally exponentially stable. This guarantees that the estimated sideslip angle converges to its true value exponentially. The adaptive control law is in fact an integral LOS controller for path following since the parameter adaptation law provides integral action. The proposed guidance law is intended for maneuvering in the horizontal-plane at given speeds and typical applications are marine craft, autonomous underwater vehicles, unmanned aerial vehicles as well as other vehicles and crafts, where the goal is to follow a predefined parametrized curve without time constraints. Two vehicle cases studies are included to verify the theoretical results.
Implementing a Class of Permutation Tests: The<b>coin</b>Package (2008)

The R package coin implements a unified approach to permutation tests providing a huge class of independence tests for nominal, ordered, numeric, and censored data as well as multivariate data at mixed scales. Based on a rich and flexible conceptual framework that embeds different permutation test procedures into a common theory, a computational framework is established in coin that likewise embeds the corresponding R functionality in a common S4 class structure with associated generic functions. As a consequence, the computational tools in coin inherit the flexibility of the underlying theory and conditional inference functions for important special cases can be set up easily. Conditional versions of classical tests---such as tests for location and scale problems in two or more samples, independence in two- or three-way contingency tables, or association problems for censored, ordered categorical or multivariate data---can easily be implemented as special cases using this computational toolbox by choosing appropriate transformations of the observations. The paper gives a detailed exposition of both the internal structure of the package and the provided user interfaces along with examples on how to extend the implemented functionality.
Evaluation of Fish Models of Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibition (2001)

Substituted ureas and carbamates are mechanistic inhibitors of the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). We screened a set of chemicals containing these functionalities in larval fathead minnow (Pimphales promelas) and embryo/larval golden medaka (Oryzias latipes) models to evaluate the utility of these systems for investigating sEH inhibition in vivo. Both fathead minnow and medaka sEHs were functionally similar to the tested mammalian orthologs (murine and human) with respect to substrate hydrolysis and inhibitor susceptibility. Low lethality was observed in either larval or embryonic fish exposed to diuron [N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl), N'-dimethyl urea], desmethyl diuron [N-(3,4-dichlorophenyl), N'-methyl urea], or siduron [N-(1-methylcyclohexyl), N'-phenyl urea]. Dose-dependent inhibition of sEH was a sublethal effect of substituted urea exposure with the potency of siduron < desmethyl diuron = diuron, differing from the observed in vitro sEH inhibition potency of siduron > desmethyl diuron > diuron. Further, siduron exposure synergized the toxicity of trans-stilbene oxide in fathead minnows. Medaka embryos exposed to diuron, desmethyl diuron, or siduron displayed dose-dependent delays in hatch, and elevated concentrations of diuron and desmethyl diuron produced developmental toxicity. The dose-dependent toxicity and in vivo sEH inhibition correlated, suggesting a potential, albeit undefined, relationship between these factors. Additionally, the observed inversion of in vitro to in vivo potency suggests that these fish models may provide tools for investigating the in vivo stability of in vitro inhibitors while screening for untoward effects.
Dosimetric Comparison of Robotic and Conventional Linac-Based Stereotactic Lung Irradiation in Early-Stage Lung Cancer (2012)

We aimed to compare dosimetric characteristics of conventional linear accerator-based treatment plans to those created using the robotic CyberKnife® (CK) treatment planning system for patients with early-stage lung cancer. Eight early-stage lung cancer patients treated with stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) using a conventional linac-based (LIN) system were included in this study. New treatment plans were created for the patients with the CK treatment planning system in order to compare the two platforms' dosimetric characteristics. Planning computed tomographies (CT) were obtained in three phases: free-breathing, full exhalation and inhalation. The three GTVs were then added together for internal target volume (ITV) with LIN, whereas no ITV was used for CK. Planning target volumes (PTV) were constituted by adding 5-mm margin to GTV and ITV. Treatment plan was 54 Gy in three fractions. Five-field, seven-field, and dynamic-conformal arc planning techniques were used in LIN plans. Plans were compared according to dose heterogenity (D(max)-maximum dose), volume of 54 Gy (V54) and 27 Gy isodose (V27), conformity index (CI(54) and CI(27)) and lung volumes. PTVs were significantly smaller in CK plans (p=0.012). D(max) was significantly lower in ARC plans (p=0.01). Among all plans, CK had significantly tightest isodose shell received 54 Gy and 27 Gy (p=0.0001). Among LIN plans, V54 was significantly (p=0.03) smaller in ARC plans; but no difference was observed for V27 values. LIN plans have better plan quality (CI(27) and CI(54)) than CK. No statistically significant difference was observed for lung volumes. CK plans had superior V54 and V27 values compared to LIN plans due to smaller PTV. LIN plans had better CI(27) and CI(54) values. Advantages of LIN treatment were no neccessity for fiducial marker use, which may cause pneumothorax, and significantly shorter beam-on treatment times. Both CK and LIN methods are suitable for lung SBRT.
A Novel Localized Authentication Protocol in 3G-WLAN Integrated Networks (2010)

3G-WLAN interworking introduces new security challenges and problems. Designing and deploying a scalable and efficient authentication protocol for various network providers and millions of users is quite challenging. In this paper we propose a novel protocol that enables flexible and efficient authentication while respecting the characteristics of 3G-WLAN integrated networks. It realizes a localized authentication to mobile users by means of roaming tickets authorized by 3G home network previously. The proposed procedure combines the merits of shared key based and certificate based authentication. It requires minimum changes in 3G core network elements and signaling, which makes it very easily used in current 3G and WLAN network environments.
Natural product mode of action (MOA) studies: a link between natural and synthetic worlds (2010)

In our understanding of matter, natural products deliver plots that would stun even the best productions of the legendary filmmaker, Sergio Leone. While every decade heralds a new genre of film (as well as avenues of small-molecule discovery), natural products and their "untamed prehistoric" plots continue to dazzle the fields of biotechnology, drug discovery, fragrances, food additives and agrochemistry. This review provides an abridged synopsis of the modes of natural product action discovered within the last decade and the tools and methods used in their discovery. Their stories are united in a common theme that unveils one of the more vital aspects of chemical biological research:understanding the global activity of Nature's arsenal of secondary metabolites.
ChemInform Abstract: Model Compounds for the Study of Spectroscopic Properties of Visual Pigments and Bacteriorhodopsin. (1986)

Abstract Using well known procedures, a series of retinals has been prepared with different lengths and structures of the polyene chains bearing nonconjugated positive charges in different positions.
Fracture Risk Reduction with Alendronate in Women with Osteoporosis: The Fracture Intervention Trial (2000)

We examined the effect of alendronate treatment for 3-4 yr on risk of new fracture among 3658 women with osteoporosis enrolled in the Fracture Intervention Trial. This cohort included women with existing vertebral fracture and those with osteoporosis as defined by T score of less than -2.5 at the femoral neck but without vertebral fracture. All analyses were prespecified in the data analysis plan. The magnitudes of reduction of fracture incidence with alendronate were similar in both groups. The two groups were, therefore, pooled to obtain a more precise estimate of the effect of alendronate on relative risk of fracture (relative risk, 95% confidence interval): hip (0.47, 0.26-0.79), radiographic vertebral (0.52, 0.42-0.66), clinical vertebral (0.55, 0.36-0.82), and all clinical fractures (0.70, 0.59-0.82). Reductions in risk of clinical fracture were statistically significant by 12 months into the trial. We conclude that reductions in fracture risk during treatment with alendronate are consistent in women with existing vertebral fractures and those without such fractures but with bone mineral density in the osteoporotic range. Furthermore, reduction in risk is evident early in the course of treatment. This pooled analysis provides a more precise estimate of the antifracture efficacy of alendronate in women with osteoporosis than that in prior reports.
Hybrid Lead Halide Iodide and Lead Halide Bromide in Efficient Hole Conductor Free Perovskite Solar Cell (2014)

In this work we used CH3NH3PbInBr3–n (where 0 ≤ n ≤ 3) as hole conductor and light harvester in the solar cell. Various concentrations of methylammonium iodide and methylammonium bromide were studied which reveal that any composition of the hybrid CH3NH3PbInBr3–n can conduct holes. The hybrid perovskite was deposited in two steps, separating it to two precursors to allow better control of the perovskite composition and efficient tuning of its band gap. The X-ray diffraction reveals the change in the lattice parameter due to the introducing of the Br– ions. The hybrid iodide/bromide perovskite hole conductor free solar cells show very good stability, their power conversion efficiency achieved 8.54% under 1 sun illumination with current density of 16.2 mA/cm2. The results of this work open the possibility for graded structure of perovskite solar cells without the need for hole conductor.
"Real Gas Pseudo-Time" - A New Function For Pressure Buildup Analysis Of MHF Gas Wells (1979)

Abstract A new time function has been defined which considers variations of gas viscosity and compressibility as a function of pressure, which in turn is a function of time. This function appears to be similar to the real gas pseudo-pressure, m(p) of Al-Hussainy et al., which takes into account the variations of gas viscosity and z-factor as a function of pressure. However, this is an approximate function as opposed to m(p). This time function will be referred to in this paper as the real gas pseudo-time, t a(p). This function has aided in pseudo-time, t a(p). This function has aided in post-treatment-pressure buildup analysis of post-treatment-pressure buildup analysis of fractured (including MHF) gas wells by type curve analysis. Results of computer simulated pressure buildup analysis indicate that the use of t a(p) provides satisfactory values of computed fracture provides satisfactory values of computed fracture lengths in fractured gas wells. In this paper the real gas pseudo-time is described and its application is demonstrated by means of example problems. Although the discussion in this paper is limited to pressure buildup analysis of vertically fractured gas wells, the utility of this function is not meant to be restricted to such wells only. Introduction In recent years, type curve analysis methods' have become well known in the petroleum industry for analyzing both pressure drawdown and buildup data in oil and gas wells. These methods are meant to be used in conjunction with the conventional methods whenever possible. Exceptions appear to be MHF gas wells with finite flow capacity fractures where conventional methods are not readily applicable and, at least to date, only type curve methods appear practical to determine fracture length and fracture flow practical to determine fracture length and fracture flow capacity. Although the majority of published type curves, including those for MHF wells, are based on the pressure drawdown solutions for liquid systems, they can be used in an approximate fashion to analyze pressure data from real gas wells. The first requirement is that the dimensionless pressure and time variables are appropriately defined for gas wells. For example, to use the liquid system type curves for an MET gas well, dimensionless variables are defined as follows: Dimensionless pressure, (1) (In SI units, the numerical constant is 128 × 10(-3)) Dimensionless pressure, for a gas well, may also be expressed in terms of Delta (p) or Delta p. Dimensionless time, (2) (In SI units, the numerical constant is 3.6 × 10(-9)) The definition of dimensionless fracture capacity remains the same. (3) Note that in Eq. (1), the real gas pseudo-pressure, m(p) of Al-Hussainy et al. has been used to take into account the variations of gas viscosity and z-factor as a function of pressure. In Eq. (2), viscosity-compressibility (mu c t)i is shown to be evaluated at the initial reservoir pressure. pressure.
Source width insensitive optical position sensor (1994)

Several position sensors that achieve high-resolution position sensing based on moment calculation of the detected photocurrents from a sensing array have recently been described in the literature. These sensors generally have transfer functions that are independent of source intensity, but are dependent on source shape and size relative to the sensing arrays. This is detrimental in astronomical sensing applications where the sensing array may not be able to completely capture the diffuse source under observation, or where the source may be fluctuating with time. This paper describes a modified sensor system which decreases the errors due to source size variations by subtracting a normalizing current from each photocurrent before processing. The concept is verified using a commercial 1.2 /spl mu/m CMOS process.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Photochemical Bromination of 2-Fluoroacrolein: Synthesis of Phenyl 2-Fluoroacrylate (1985)

Phenyl 2-fluoroacrylate (1) is prepared by debromination of the dibromo compound 7, obtained in turn by the photobromination of 2-fluoroacrolein (2) followed by treatment with phenol.
Ocean Power Generator Using Flexible Piezoelectric Device (2013)

We have developed a way of harvesting electrical energy from ocean power, e.g. tide, current wave, breaking wave and vortex, using a Flexible PiezoElectric Device (FPED) consisting of polyvinyledene fluoride (PVDF) and elastic material such as rubber, silicon and resin. The proposed FPED has a multi-layered structure with a distance δ between FPEDs located away from centerline of the FPED. When the FPED can be easily deformed by ocean power, the PVDF laminated in the FPED can be expanded and compressed and then the internal strain energy can be stored in the FPED. The electric power is generated when the electric polarization occurs in the PVDF. In this study, we have proposed an ocean power generator of EFHAS (Elastic Floating unit with HAnging Structures) consisting of floating unit and hanging unit using the FPEDs to obtain electric power from ocean energy. We investigated a structure of the EFHAS and also examined characteristics of motion and electric performance of the EFHAS (1/50–1/75 scale model. We made clear that the EFHAS could be useful as ocean power generator.
Content Mismanagement Systems (2006)

Today's content management systems produce Web pages on the fly that look just like ones handcrafted by humans. However, many CMSs' URLs are extremely long and undiscipherable, so you might not be able to tell what's on that page by just looking at the URL. While those systems' designers seem to know little about how users will use that content, other CMSs are more user-friendly. This essay explores differing CMS requirements and goals.
Cell wall‐degrading enzymes and pectin solubility and depolymerization in immature and ripe watermelon (<i>Citrullus lanatus</i>) fruit in response to exogenous ethylene (2002)

Watermelon fruit have been shown to be extremely sensitive to exogenous ethylene, exhibiting acute symptoms of whole‐fruit softening and placental‐tissue water‐soaking following short periods of exposure to the gas. This study addressed the firmness, specific activities of cell wall hydrolases, and solubility and molecular mass properties of polyuronides in placental tissue in response to treatment of intact fruit with ethylene. Watermelon fruit were harvested at the immature and full‐ripe stages and exposed to 50 µl l −1 ethylene for 6 days at 20°C. The firmness of placental tissue from ethylene‐treated ripe and immature fruit decreased nearly 80% during 6 days of ethylene exposure, whereas the firmness of placental tissue from fruit maintained in air remained relatively constant up to day 3 and then decreased slightly (12%) during the following 3 days of storage. Although ethylene treatment in some cases influenced the levels of extractable placental‐tissue polygalacturonase (EC 3.2.1.15), pectinmethylesterase (EC 3.2.1.11), and α ‐(EC 3.2.1.22) and β ‐galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) specific activities, these effects were not observed for fruit of both developmental stages and appeared not to be directly involved in the water–soaking syndrome. Symptoms of water‐soaking were accompanied by increases in the levels of water‐ and CDTA ( trans ‐1,2‐cyclohexanediamine‐ N,N,N',N′ ‐tetraacetic acid)‐soluble polyuronides and significant molecular mass downshifts in polyuronides in both immature and ripe watermelon fruit. Polyuronide depolymerization in ethylene‐treated ripe fruit was extensive. The parallel trends of enzyme changes in ethylene‐ compared with air‐treated fruit indicate that extractable enzyme levels are not associated with development of the water‐soaking disorder. The potential involvement of membrane dysfunction in the water‐soaking phenomenon is discussed.
Female and Male Motives for Using Obscenity (1984)

Female and male college students completed a questionnaire designed to determine their beliefs about the common motives for using obscenity. Using a sample of obscene words generated by the participants, the study was designed to compare responses of females and males as well as beliefs about why females and males use obscenity. For all participants, the most important motives cited for using obscenity were 'psychological'. In addition, females were judged to use sexual anatomy words because of so-called 'sociological' motives. The results are discussed in relation to the methods used to gather the data and to sociolinguistic issues that arise from the relation of gender to obscenity.
Disfluency Detection for Spoken Learner English (2019)

One of the challenges for computer aided language learn-ing (CALL) is providing high quality feedback to learners. Anobstacle to improving feedback is the lack of labelled trainingdata for tasks such as spoken ”grammatical” error detection andcorrection, both of which provide important features that canbe used in downstream feedback systems One approach to ad-dressing this lack of data is to convert the output of an auto-matic speech recognition (ASR) system into a form that is closerto text data, for which there is significantly more labelled dataavailable. Disfluency detection, locating regions of the speechwhere for example false starts and repetitions occur, and subse-quent removal of the associated words, helps to make speechtranscriptions more text-like. Additionally, ASR systems donot usually generate sentence-like units, the output is simplya sequence of words associated with the particular speech seg-mentation used for coding. This motivates the need for auto-mated systems for sentence segmentation. By combining theseapproaches, advanced text processing techniques should per-form significantly better on the output from spoken languageprocessing systems. Unfortunately there is not enough labelleddata available to train these systems on spoken learner English.In this work disfluency detection and ”sentence” segmentationsystems trained on data from native speakers are applied to spo-ken grammatical error detection and correction tasks for learn-ers of English. Performance gains using these approaches areshown on a free speaking test.
Blood pressure variation in response to changing arm cuff height cannot be explained solely by the hydrostatic effect (2011)

This study assesses for the first time the inappropriateness of the hydrostatic theory as the sole explanation for the effect of gravity on BP. The phenomenon may be associated with mechanical properties of arteries in individuals known to have prognostic significance. The potential of the change in systolic and diastolic pressure with cuff height to be used as a novel type of clinical variable and vascular marker that can be determined by a simple test remains to be explored.
Engineering the Human Thyrotropin Receptor Ectodomain from a Non-secreted Form to a Secreted, Highly Immunoreactive Glycoprotein That Neutralizes Autoantibodies in Graves' Patients' Sera (1997)

Previous attempts to generate autoantibody-reactive, secreted thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) ectodomain in mammalian cells have failed because of retention within the cell of material with immature carbohydrate. We have overcome this difficulty by performing progressive carboxyl-terminal truncations of the human TSHR ectodomain (418 amino acid residues including signal peptide). Three ectodomain variants (TSHR-261, TSHR-289, and TSHR-309) were truncated at residues 261, 289, and 309, respectively. Unlike the full ectodomain, ectodomain variants were secreted with an efficiency inversely proportional to their size. Secreted ectodomain variants contained approximately 20 kDa of complex carbohydrate. TSHR-261 was chosen for further study because it was secreted very efficiently and neutralized autoantibodies in Graves' patients' sera. This ectodomain variant was partially purified using sequential lectin and nickel-chelate chromatography, permitting the first direct visualization and quantitation of the mammalian TSHR. Most important, very small (nanogram) quantities of this material neutralized 70-100% of TSHR autoantibody activity in all 18 Graves' sera studied. In summary, carboxyl-terminal truncation of the human TSHR ectodomain generates a secreted protein with complex carbohydrate that neutralizes autoantibodies in Graves' patients' sera. Antigenically active TSHR will be valuable for future studies on the diagnosis, pathogenesis, and immunotherapy of Graves' disease.
Oxygen Ion Mobility in Cubic Zr <sub>0.85</sub> Ca <sub>0.15</sub> O <sub>1.85</sub> (1959)

Oxygen ion mobility in the cubic fluorite‐structure phase having the composition Zr 0.85 Ca 0.15 O 1.85 has been directly determined by exchange measurements employing the stable isotope O 18 and mass spectrometer analysis. Measurements of electrical conductivity have been carried out as a function of both temperature and oxygen pressure. Results indicate that the conductivity is wholly ionic with a transfer number near unity for the oxygen ion.