gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Introduction (2010)

Abstract This introductory chapter explains the coverage of this book, which is about the election of the Chief Executive (CE) of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR). This book reviews the history and development of both the Election Committee (EC) and its predecessor, the 1996 Selection Committee (SC), and discusses the significance of the EC in both Hong Kong and China. It describes the system of electing the CE and reflects upon the future of the EC system particularly in the context of universal suffrage.
Development of a Method for Evaluating Drug-Likeness and Ease of Synthesis Using a Data Set in Which Compounds Are Assigned Scores Based on Chemists' Intuition (2003)

The concept of drug-likeness, an important characteristic for any compound in a screening library, is nevertheless difficult to pin down. Based on our belief that this concept is implicit within the collective experience of working chemists, we devised a data set to capture an intuitive human understanding of both this characteristic and ease of synthesis, a second key characteristic. Five chemists assigned a pair of scores to each of 3980 diverse compounds, with the component scores of each pair corresponding to drug-likeness and ease of synthesis, respectively. Using this data set, we devised binary classifiers with an artificial neural network and a support vector machine. These models were found to efficiently eliminate compounds that are not drug-like and/or hard-to-synthesize derivatives, demonstrating the suitability of these models for use as compound acquisition filters.
Response of marine bacterioplankton to differential filtration and confinement (1984)

The bacterioplankton community of confined seawater at 25 degrees C changed significantly within 16 h of collection. Confinement increased CFU, total cell number (by epifluorescence microscopy), and average cell volume of bacterioplankton and increased the turnover rate of amino acids in seawater sampled at Frying Pan Shoals, N.C. The bacterioplankton community was characterized by two components: differential doubling times during confinement shifted dominance from bacteria which were nonculturable to bacteria which were culturable on a complex nutrient medium. Culturable cells (especially those of the genera Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes, and Acinetobacter) increased from 0.08% of the total cell number in the seawater immediately after collection to 13% at 16 h and 41% at 32 h of confinement. Differential filtration before confinement indicated that particles passing through a 3.9-microns-, but retained by a 0.2-micron-, pore-size Nuclepore filter may be a major source of primary amines to the confined population. The 3.0-microns filtration increased growth rate and ultimate numbers of culturable cells through the removal of bacterial predators or the release of primary amines from cells damaged during filtration or both.
CRISPR-Cas9: a new and promising player in gene therapy (2015)

First introduced into mammalian organisms in 2013, the RNA-guided genome editing tool CRISPR-Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated nuclease 9) offers several advantages over conventional ones, such as simple-to-design, easy-to-use and multiplexing (capable of editing multiple genes simultaneously). Consequently, it has become a cost-effective and convenient tool for various genome editing purposes including gene therapy studies. In cell lines or animal models, CRISPR-Cas9 can be applied for therapeutic purposes in several ways. It can correct the causal mutations in monogenic disorders and thus rescue the disease phenotypes, which currently represents the most translatable field in CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene therapy. CRISPR-Cas9 can also engineer pathogen genome such as HIV for therapeutic purposes, or induce protective or therapeutic mutations in host tissues. Moreover, CRISPR-Cas9 has shown potentials in cancer gene therapy such as deactivating oncogenic virus and inducing oncosuppressor expressions. Herein, we review the research on CRISPR-mediated gene therapy, discuss its advantages, limitations and possible solutions, and propose directions for future research, with an emphasis on the opportunities and challenges of CRISPR-Cas9 in cancer gene therapy.
Isotope-Tagged Cross-Linking Reagents. A New Tool in Mass Spectrometric Protein Interaction Analysis (2001)

In protein interaction analysis, one promising method to identify the involved proteins and to characterize interacting sites at the same time is the mass spectrometric analysis of enzymatic hydrolysates of covalently cross-linked complexes. While protein identification can be accomplished by the methodology developed for proteome analysis, the unequivocal detection and characterization of cross-linked sites remained involved without selection criteria for linked peptides in addition to mass. To provide such criteria, we incorporated cross-links with a distinct isotope pattern into the microtubule-destabilizing protein Op18/stathmin (Op18) and into complexes formed by Op18 with tubulin. The deuterium-labeled cross-linking reagents bis(sulfosuccinimidyl)-glutarate-d4, -pimelate-d4, and -sebacate-d4 were prepared together with their undeuterated counterparts and applied as a 1:1 mixture of the respective d0 and d4 isotopomers. The resulting d0/d4 isotope tags allowed a straightforward mass spectrometric detection of peptides carrying the linker even in complex enzymatic protein hydrolysates. In the structure elucidation of the linked peptides by MS/MS, the assignment of the linked amino acids was again greatly facilitated by the d0/d4 tag. By applying two cross-linkers with similar reactivity but different spacer length in parallel, even doublets with very low intensity could be assigned with high confidence in MS and MS/MS spectra. Since in the Op18-tubulin complexes only a limited number of peptides carried the linker, the identification of the involved proteins per se was not impeded, thus accomplishing both protein identification and characterization of interacting sites in the same experiment. This novel methodology allowed us to significantly refine the current view of the complex between Op18 and tubulin corroborating the tubulin "capping" activity of the N-terminal domain of Op18.
DAG-Recurrent Neural Networks for Scene Labeling (2016)

In image labeling, local representations for image units are usually generated from their surrounding image patches, thus long-range contextual information is not effectively encoded. In this paper, we introduce recurrent neural networks (RNNs) to address this issue. Specifically, directed acyclic graph RNNs (DAG-RNNs) are proposed to process DAG-structured images, which enables the network to model long-range semantic dependencies among image units. Our DAG-RNNs are capable of tremendously enhancing the discriminative power of local representations, which significantly benefits the local classification. Meanwhile, we propose a novel class weighting function that attends to rare classes, which phenomenally boosts the recognition accuracy for non-frequent classes. Integrating with convolution and deconvolution layers, our DAG-RNNs achieve new state-of-the-art results on the challenging SiftFlow, CamVid and Barcelona benchmarks.
A New Chemical Dry Etching (1976)

A new method for etching by a plasma technique has been developed. Active species with a long lifetime are created by the discharge of CF4-O2 mixture and transported from the discharge region to the reaction region where samples are etched. Consequently, the immersion of the samples in the plasmas can be avoided and the condition of etching process can be easily controlled. An etching characteristics heavily depends on the ratio of flow rate of CF4 and of O2, and the maximum etching rate occurs at the ratio of about 1:1. Activation energies for the etch rate of poly-Si and SiO2 are 1.1 kcal/mol and 4.2 kcal/mol, respectively. Through a mass spectrometric analysis the etching mechanism is hypothesized: (i) COF* creation by CF4-O2 discharge and (ii) F* formation by dissociation of COF* at the surface of samples.
Using integration technology as a strategic advantage. (1993)

The underlying premise of the Managed Competition Act previously cited is that through managed competition providers will be forced to lower care costs while increasing the level of positive care outcomes. Because it may also be that tomorrow's hospitals will find a severe rationing of technology, what can they do to prepare? Most of the systems in place today already have built within them all the necessary potential to address this premise and technology requirement with no change, no conversion, no expense for new equipment and software, and no disruption in day-to-day operations, just a little re-engineering. Today, however, these systems are similar to a 20-mule team pulling in different directions: all the power is there, but the wagon remains motionless and totally unable to reach its objective. It takes a skilled wagonmaster to bring them together, to make the mules work as a cohesive unit, to make the power of 20 mules greater than the sum of 20 mules. So it is and will be for the hospital of tomorrow. System integration is no longer a question of whether but of when. Those hospitals that use it today as a strategic advantage will be in a better position tomorrow to use it as a competitive strategic advantage in an environment that will reward low cost and high positive care outcomes and will penalize those that cannot compete. The technology is already here and economically within reach of nearly every hospital, just waiting to be used. The question that must nag all of us who want to make the health care system of America better is, Why not make the when now? Rich Helppie, president of Superior Consultant Company, summarized the solution well: The old ways will not give way to the new overnight. The re-engineering process in healthcare must evolve. Compared to the last 20 years, however, such evolution may appear to be a massive, forthright, complete, comprehensive, drastic and rapid revolution. Survival is the name of the game, and for healthcare organizations to survive, they must join the re-engineering revolution. When that happens, the "Americanized" health care system might look like the community network shown in Figure 7, which is a networked integration of all the systems used in the community working together and exchanging information, with hospitals exchanging information with other hospitals and sharing it with physicians, clinics, laboratories, radiology centers, universities, employers, payors, and governmental agencies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Nitride-based LEDs with n/sup -/-GaN current spreading layers (2005)

Nitride-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with n/sup -/-GaN current spreading layers were proposed and fabricated. With a 0.1-μm-thick n/sup -/-GaN current spreading layer, it was found that the output power could be enhanced by 35% without increasing the operation voltage of the LEDs at 20 mA. In addition, implementing the n/sup -/-GaN current spreading layer also significantly improved the electrostatic discharge characteristics of nitride-based LEDs.
Light extraction from OLEDs using volumetric light scattering (2004)

One of the limitations on OLED performance is the optical extraction efficiency, η<sub>ex</sub>, which is the ratio of light generated within the device to light emitted into the ambient. Ideally η<sub>ex</sub> is equal to unity. Typical estimates for this efficiency factor in OLEDs range between 0.17-0.5. We present a simple radiative transport model that quantifies the effect of volumetric light scattering on light output in terms of a small set of readily measured parameters. Our methodology is sufficiently general to parameterize and describe many of the light extraction schemes found in the literature. We will present a set of model calculations using parameters typical of many OLEDs, and show that the introduction of light scattering sites within the otherwise transparent substrate can increase light extraction efficiencies by at least a factor of 1.4. We also present experimental data to validate our analysis and demonstrate a high level of agreement between model and experiment.
Binding Specificity of Multiprotein Signaling Complexes Is Determined by Both Cooperative Interactions and Affinity Preferences (2004)

The generation of multiprotein complexes at receptors and adapter proteins is crucial for the activation of intracellular signaling pathways. In this study, we used multiple biochemical and biophysical methods to examine the binding properties of several SH2 and SH3 domain-containing signaling proteins as they interact with the adapter protein linker for activation of T-cells (LAT) to form multiprotein complexes. We observed that the binding specificity of these proteins for various LAT tyrosines appears to be constrained both by the affinity of binding and by cooperative protein-protein interactions. These studies provide quantitative information on how different binding parameters can determine in vivo binding site specificity observed for multiprotein signaling complexes.
ASSIMILATION OF NUTRIENTS BY CULTURED HYBRID LOBSTERS (<i>Homarus</i>sp.) FED EXPERIMENTAL DIETS<sup>1</sup> (1983)

ABSTRACT Indirect calorimetry and the chromic oxide indicator method were employed to investigate the digestibility and assimilation of nutrients by cultured lobsters ( Homarus sp.) growing on experimental diets. Starved and fed lobsters were compared by observing food and oxygen consumption and fecal and urinary excretions in a closed, recirculating metabolic chamber. Apparent digestible and metabolizable energy and nitrogen were determined for 2 diets, which differed in the type and level of protein and carbohydrate. The apparent digestibility of diet 79F, a purified ration containing 46.8% crude protein, was 68.8% on an as‐fed basis, with an apparent digestibility of energy of 88.1%. For diet SM25B, which contained 61.1% crude protein including shrimp meal, apparent digestibility was 66.2% as‐fed and the apparent digestibility of energy was 91.3%. Metabolizable energy values of 4.59 and 4.65 kcal/g dry weight were obtained for diets 79F and SM25B respectively. Growth on the two diets was similar but lobsters fed 79F consumed and excreted significantly more than those fed SM25B. For both diets protein and lipid were better than 90% digested, but the carbohydrate fraction was only about 65% digestible. The apparent higher nutritive value of SM25B for lobsters may be related to protein quality and improved efficiency of utilization.
Better Ventilator Settings Using a Computerized Clinical Tool (2013)

A computerized clinical decision tool with the preferred initial VT settings based on the patients' sex and height is a safe and reliable way to increase low VT strategy compliance across multiple ICUs. Its limitations are similar to those shared by other computer-generated prompts.
Nucleotide binding properties of bovine brain uncoating ATPase. (1993)

Many functions of the 70-kDa heat-shock proteins (hsp70s) appear to be regulated by bound nucleotide. In this study we examined the nucleotide binding properties of purified bovine brain uncoating ATPase, one of the constitutively expressed members of the hsp70 family. We found that uncoating ATPase purified by ATP-agarose column chromatography retained one ADP molecule bound per enzyme molecule which could not be removed by extensive dialysis. Since this bound ADP exchanged rapidly with free ADP or ATP, the inability to remove the bound nucleotide was not due to slow dissociation but rather to strong binding of the nucleotide to the uncoating ATPase. In confirmation of this view, equilibrium dialysis experiments suggested that the dissociation constants for both ADP and ATP were less than 0.1 microM. Schmid et al. (Schmid, S. L., Braell, W. A., and Rothman, J. E. (1985) J. Biol. Chem 260, 10057-10062) suggested that the uncoating ATPase had two sites for bound nucleotide, one specific for ATP and one binding both ATP and ATP analogues but not ADP. In contrast, we found that enzyme with bound ADP did not bind further adenosine 5'-(beta,gamma-imino)triphosphate or dATP, nor did more than one ATP molecule bind per enzyme even in 200 microM free ATP. These results strongly suggest that the enzyme has only one binding site for nucleotide. During steady-state ATP hydrolysis, 85% of the bound nucleotide at this site was determined to be ATP and 15% ADP; this is consistent with the rate of ADP release determined in the exchange experiments noted above, where ADP release was found to be six times faster than the overall rate of ATP hydrolysis.
Identification of a so‐far not characterized human serum protein associated with essential hypertension (1985)

Abstract According to recent observations the plasma of hypertensive humans contains an additional protein which can be detected by one‐dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. A particular function of this protein, called “hypertension associated protein” (HAP), has not yet been defined. In this study the correlation between the appearance of this protein and hypertension was only weak in a group of 100 persons. However, by comparing the presence or absence of this protein as detected by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with the results of haptoglobin typing of the same plasma samples, one finds that this protein is the alpha‐1‐chain of haptoglobin. Persons with HAP in their plasma belong either to the Hp (1) or to the Hp (2–1) type. Thus the determination of haptoglobin phenotype is possible by one‐dimensional SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, which might be of importance for forensic serogenetics. Genetically controlled phenotypes of haptoglobin are known to be associated with a higher risk for different diseases. According to the results of this study hypertension is also among these diseases.
Genome Sequence of Brevibacillus laterosporus Strain GI-9 (2012)

We report the 5.18-Mb genome sequence of Brevibacillus laterosporus strain GI-9, isolated from a subsurface soil sample during a screen for novel strains producing antimicrobial compounds. The draft genome of this strain will aid in biotechnological exploitation and comparative genomics of Brevibacillus laterosporus strains.
Rapid Deactivation of Fresh Cracking Catalyst (1962)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRapid Deactivation of Fresh Cracking CatalystA. Bondi, R. S. Miller, and W. G. SchlafferCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 1962, 1, 3, 196–203Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1962Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1962https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/i260003a007https://doi.org/10.1021/i260003a007research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views87Altmetric-Citations22LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Learning a Mixture of Deep Networks for Single Image Super-Resolution (2017)

Single image super-resolution (SR) is an ill-posed problem which aims to recover high-resolution (HR) images from their low-resolution (LR) observations. The crux of this problem lies in learning the complex mapping between low-resolution patches and the corresponding high-resolution patches. Prior arts have used either a mixture of simple regression models or a single non-linear neural network for this propose. This paper proposes the method of learning a mixture of SR inference modules in a unified framework to tackle this problem. Specifically, a number of SR inference modules specialized in different image local patterns are first independently applied on the LR image to obtain various HR estimates, and the resultant HR estimates are adaptively aggregated to form the final HR image. By selecting neural networks as the SR inference module, the whole procedure can be incorporated into a unified network and be optimized jointly. Extensive experiments are conducted to investigate the relation between restoration performance and different network architectures. Compared with other current image SR approaches, our proposed method achieves state-of-the-arts restoration results on a wide range of images consistently while allowing more flexible design choices. The source codes are available in http://www.ifp.illinois.edu/~dingliu2/accv2016.
Exchange-coupled FePt nanoparticle assembly (2003)

Summary form only given. High-performance permanent magnetic materials for energy-related applications need large energy-products (BH) <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">max</sub> . A permanent magnet with large (BH) <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">max</sub> should exhibit both a high saturation magnetization, M <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">S</sub> , and a large coercive field, H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">C</sub> . L1 <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> ordered FePt has high M <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">S</sub> (~ 1100 emu/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> ) and large magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant K <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">U</sub> (> 5×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">7</sup> erg/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> ), therefore is a suitable candidate for permanent magnetic materials.
Discovery of a Tetrahydroisoquinoline-Based Hydroxamic Acid Derivative (ZYJ-34c) as Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor with Potent Oral Antitumor Activities (2011)

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) has emerged as an attractive target for the development of antitumor agents during the past decade. Previously tetrahydroisoquinoline-bearing hydroxamic acid analogue, ZYJ-25e (1), was identified and validated as a potent histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) with marked in vitro and in vivo antitumor potency. In the present study, further modification of 1 led to another more potent, orally active HDACi, ZYJ-34c (4). Compared to FDA-approved drug suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), compound 4 exhibited higher in vivo antitumor potency in a human breast carcinoma (MDA-MB-231) xenograft model and in a mouse hepatoma-22 (H22) pulmonary metastasis model and similar in vivo antitumor potency in a human colon tumor (HCT116) xenograft model.