gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantitation of the Minor Tobacco Alkaloids Nornicotine, Anatabine, and Anabasine in Smokers’ Urine by High Throughput Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (2016)

Nicotine is the most abundant alkaloid in tobacco accounting for 95% of the alkaloid content. There are also several minor tobacco alkaloids; among these are nornicotine, anatabine, and anabasine. We developed and applied a 96 well plate-based capillary LC-tandem mass spectrometry method for the analysis of nornicotine, anatabine, and anabasine in urine. The method was validated with regard to accuracy and precision. Anabasine was quantifiable to low levels with a limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 0.2 ng/mL even when nicotine, which is isobaric, is present at concentrations >2500-fold higher than anabasine. This attribute of the method is important since anatabine and anabasine in urine have been proposed as biomarkers of tobacco use for individuals using nicotine replacement therapies. In the present study, we analyzed the three minor tobacco alkaloids in urine from 827 smokers with a wide range of tobacco exposures. Nornicotine (LOQ 0.6 ng/mL) was detected in all samples, and anatabine (LOQ, 0.15 ng/mL) and anabasine were detected in 97.7% of the samples. The median urinary concentrations of nornicotine, anatabine, and anabasine were 98.9, 4.02, and 5.53 ng/mL. Total nicotine equivalents (TNE) were well correlated with anatabine (r(2) = 0.714) and anabasine (r(2) = 0.760). TNE was most highly correlated with nornicotine, which is also a metabolite of nicotine. Urine samples from a subset of subjects (n = 110) were analyzed for the presence of glucuronide conjugates by quantifying any increase in anatabine and anabasine concentrations after β-glucuronidase treatment. The median ratio of the glucuronidated to free anatabine was 0.74 (range, 0.1 to 10.9), and the median ratio of glucuronidated to free anabasine was 0.3 (range, 0.1 to 2.9). To our knowledge, this is the largest population of smokers for whom the urinary concentrations of these three tobacco alkaloids has been reported.
Group delay locking of coherently combined broadband lasers (2012)

We demonstrate a method for single-detector coherent sensing and automated coalignment of group delays in a coherently combined laser array, enabling robust coherent combining of broadband sources despite initial path mismatches exceeding the laser coherence length. The method is based on Fourier-domain filtering of the coherently combined laser beam to extract error signals, and it is equally applicable to controlling both spatial and temporal misalignments.
A strictly convergent real‐time solution for inverse kinematics of robot manipulators (1987)

Abstract Inverse Kinematics has been recognized as an important problem in robotics applications. A robot independent solution can only be obtained through numerical methods, but most solutions which use this approach have problems with convergence especially near singularity points. This article develops a strictly convergent algorithm and a special‐purpose Inverse Kinematics Processor (IKP) to obtain the solution in real time. While the algorithm is based on open‐loop integration of rates, the absolute position deviation is used as a criterion to control the iteration, and a feedback mechanism has been especially designed to eliminate problems with long‐term drift or with initial errors in the solution. The architecture of the IKP is based on a high‐speed floating‐point arithmetic processor and is designed to perform the common matrix‐vector operations efficiently with a minimum processor cycle time. The algorithm has been simulated on the proposed architecture, and the results show its robustness and real‐time capability. For a six degree‐of‐freedom robot manipulator (for which no closed‐form solution exist), the Inverse Kinematics solution may be obtained at an approximate 2 khz rate with an error which is within standard repeatability limits.
Road geometry classification using ANN (2014)

An autonomous car must have a robust perception system to navigate safely in urban streets. An important issue of environment perception is the road (navigable area) detection and the identification of the road geometry. The road geometry information can be used to determine the vehicle control according to the street and also for topological localization. Existing road geometry identifiers only work with a limited number of classes and, due to the use of cameras, some solutions depend on filters to deal with shadows and light variations. This paper presents a road detector that extracts curb and navigable surface information from a multilayer laser sensor data. The road data was trained with an artificial neural network (ANN) and classified into eight road geometries: straight road, left turn, right turn, left side road, right side road, T intersection, Y intersection and crossroad. The main advantage of our method is its robustness to light variations for detecting distinct roads even in the presence of noisy data thanks to the ANN. In order to determine which road information has the best features for ANN training, three approaches were explored: ANN trained with curb data, ANN trained with surface data and ANN trained with both curb and surface data. Performed experiments resulted in the superiority of the network trained with both curb and surface data, with an accuracy of 0.91799. The trained ANN was validated in different urban scenarios and, evaluating a 1 Km track, we obtained a 94.48% of correct classifications. These results are superior than other works that detect fewer number of road shapes.
Involvement of filamentous hemagglutinin in the adherence of Bordetella pertussis to human WiDr cell cultures. (1985)

Attachment of 35S-methionine-labelled Bordetella pertussis to monolayers of WiDr cells, an epithelium-like cell line from a human intestinal carcinoma, was examined. The amount of adherence was proportional to the density of the WiDr cells and to the concentration of B. pertussis in the assay. The amount of attachment of virulent strains Tohama phase I, 114 and 338 was much greater than the attachment of avirulent strains, Tohama phase III and 423 phase IV. Attachment of strain Tohama 325, a spontaneous mutant of Tohama I, and strains 353 and 354, Tn5 insertion mutants of 338 was also examined. These mutants have phenotypic properties similar to the parent strain, except the mutants are deficient in the production of the filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA). The FHA deficient mutants adhered to WiDr cells much less efficiently than the parent strains. Goat antibody to FHA inhibited, in a dose dependent manner, the attachment of Tohama I, but not of strain 325. At the same protein concentrations, normal goat antibody or goat antibody to the lymphocytosis-promoting factor had no effect on attachment. Preincubation of bacteria with FHA enhanced the attachment of Tohama I, Tohama 325, and Tohama III. These data support the involvement of FHA in the adherence of B. pertussis to human WiDr cell cultures.
Creating personalized memories from social events (2011)

The wide availability of relatively high-quality cameras makes it easy for many users to capture video fragments of social events such as concerts, sports events or community gatherings. The wide availability of simple sharing tools makes it nearly as easy to upload individual fragments to on-line video sites. Current work on video mashups focuses on the creation of a video summary based on the characteristics of individual media fragments, but it fails to address the interpersonal relationships and time-variant social context within a community of diverse (but related) users. The aim of this paper is to reformulate the research problem of video authoring, by investigating the social relationships of the media 'authors' relative to the performers. Based on a 10-month evaluation process, we specify a set of guidelines for the design and implementation of socially-aware video editing and sharing tools. Our contributions have been realized and evaluated in a prototype software that enables community-based users to navigate through a large common content space and to generate highly personalized video compilations of targeted interest within a social circle. According to the results, a system like ours is a valid alternative for social interactions when apart. We hope that our insights can stimulate future research on socially-aware multimedia tools and applications.
The <i>Agrobacterium</i> Ti Plasmids (2014)

This chapter summarizes the latest information about Ti-encoded functions, with emphasis on the mechanistic studies of proteins associated with pathogenesis and intercellular signaling. The ability to transfer T-DNA across kingdom boundaries is a hallmark feature of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens infection process. Moreover, the presence of overdrive is correlated with increased production of single-stranded T-DNA, the T-strand, which corresponds to the translocation-competent form of the T-DNA. A. tumefaciens strains in the vicinity of the transformed plant cells can then import the opines by mechanisms described for use as sources of carbon and energy and, in some cases, nitrogen. The converse model, that VirA interacts directly with phenolic signals, is supported by two genetic lines of study. First, virA genes from different strains of A. tumefaciens, when introduced into an isogenic background, encode VirA proteins that sense different types of inducers. Second, a recent study reported the reconstitution of the VirA/VirG two-component system in Escherichia coli. VirE1 interacts with an N-terminal domain and at least one internal domain of VirE2. Finally, VirD4 recently was shown to assemble at the poles of A. tumefaciens. One of the most striking features of the Ti plasmids is the evolution of an extensive regulatory network that serves to link the activities of the five conserved gene sets. Studies on the regulatory circuitries governing Ti plasmid gene expression will lead to a refined, mechanistic understanding of the paradigmatic regulatory factors VirA and VirG, OccR and AccR, and TraR.
Nano-Dispersed Liquid Crystal with Tunable Negative-Zero-Positive Refractive Indices (2006)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text I.C. Khoo, D.H. Werner, and A. Diaz, "Nano-Dispersed Liquid Crystal with Tunable Negative-Zero-Positive Refractive Indices," Optics & Photonics News 17(12), 33-33 (2006) Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article
Label Consistent K-SVD: Learning a Discriminative Dictionary for Recognition (2013)

A label consistent K-SVD (LC-KSVD) algorithm to learn a discriminative dictionary for sparse coding is presented. In addition to using class labels of training data, we also associate label information with each dictionary item (columns of the dictionary matrix) to enforce discriminability in sparse codes during the dictionary learning process. More specifically, we introduce a new label consistency constraint called "discriminative sparse-code error" and combine it with the reconstruction error and the classification error to form a unified objective function. The optimal solution is efficiently obtained using the K-SVD algorithm. Our algorithm learns a single overcomplete dictionary and an optimal linear classifier jointly. The incremental dictionary learning algorithm is presented for the situation of limited memory resources. It yields dictionaries so that feature points with the same class labels have similar sparse codes. Experimental results demonstrate that our algorithm outperforms many recently proposed sparse-coding techniques for face, action, scene, and object category recognition under the same learning conditions.
Inhibition of TLR2 signaling by small molecule inhibitors targeting a pocket within the TLR2 TIR domain (2015)

Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling is initiated by dimerization of intracellular Toll/IL-1 receptor resistance (TIR) domains. For all TLRs except TLR3, recruitment of the adapter, myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 (MyD88), to TLR TIR domains results in downstream signaling culminating in proinflammatory cytokine production. Therefore, blocking TLR TIR dimerization may ameliorate TLR2-mediated hyperinflammatory states. The BB loop within the TLR TIR domain is critical for mediating certain protein-protein interactions. Examination of the human TLR2 TIR domain crystal structure revealed a pocket adjacent to the highly conserved P681 and G682 BB loop residues. Using computer-aided drug design (CADD), we sought to identify a small molecule inhibitor(s) that would fit within this pocket and potentially disrupt TLR2 signaling. In silico screening identified 149 compounds and 20 US Food and Drug Administration-approved drugs based on their predicted ability to bind in the BB loop pocket. These compounds were screened in HEK293T-TLR2 transfectants for the ability to inhibit TLR2-mediated IL-8 mRNA. C16H15NO4 (C29) was identified as a potential TLR2 inhibitor. C29, and its derivative, ortho-vanillin (o-vanillin), inhibited TLR2/1 and TLR2/6 signaling induced by synthetic and bacterial TLR2 agonists in human HEK-TLR2 and THP-1 cells, but only TLR2/1 signaling in murine macrophages. C29 failed to inhibit signaling induced by other TLR agonists and TNF-α. Mutagenesis of BB loop pocket residues revealed an indispensable role for TLR2/1, but not TLR2/6, signaling, suggesting divergent roles. Mice treated with o-vanillin exhibited reduced TLR2-induced inflammation. Our data provide proof of principle that targeting the BB loop pocket is an effective approach for identification of TLR2 signaling inhibitors.
Antimicrobial and Physicochemical Properties of Chitosan−HPMC-Based Films (2004)

To prepare composite films from biopolymers with anti-listerial activity and moisture barrier properties, the antimicrobial efficiency of chitosan-hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC) films, chitosan-HPMC films associated with lipid, and chitosan-HPMC films chemically modified by cross-linking were evaluated. In addition, the physicochemical properties of composite films were evaluated to determine their potential for food applications. The incorporation of stearic acid into the composite chitosan-HPMC film formulation decreased water sensitivity such as initial solubility in water and water drop angle. Thus, cross-linking of composite chitosan-HPMC, using citric acid as the cross-linking agent, led to a 40% reduction in solubility in water. The water vapor transfer rate of HPMC film, approximately 270 g x m(-2) x day(-1) x atm(-1), was improved by incorporating chitosan and was further reduced 40% by the addition of stearic acid and/or cross-linking. Anti-listerial activity of films was determined on solid medium by a numeration technique. Chitosan-HPMC-based films, with and without stearic acid, inhibited the growth of Listeria monocytogenes completely. On the other hand, a loss of antimicrobial activity after chemical cross-linking modification was observed. FTIR and 13C NMR analyses were then conducted in order to study a potential chemical modification of biopolymers such as a chemical reaction with the amino group of chitosan. To complete the study, the mechanical properties of composite films were determined from tensile strength assays.
<i>Chlamydia pneumoniae</i> and Atherosclerosis (2002)

Chlamydia pneumoniae, a human respiratory pathogen, has been linked to atherosclerotic disease based on sero-epidemiologic studies, direct detection of the organism in atherosclerotic lesions, animal experiments and tissue culture. In this review paper we propose to interpret results in line with the biology of Chlamydia with persistence of Chlamydia pneumoniae antigens in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis rather than viable bacteriae.
Distributed Lumped Loads and Lossy Transmission Line Model for Wideband Spiral Antenna Miniaturization and Characterization (2007)

A lossy transmission-line model that incorporates the radiation resistance of small loop antennas is introduced to characterize the input impedance of a spiral antenna over a large frequency range. This model also leads to a concept of controlling the current velocity and impedance on a spiral antenna by introducing distributed reactive loading along the spiral arms. An important application of the concept is to reduce antenna size and this is demonstrated by numerical simulation examples.
All-Silicon Waveguide Avalanche Photodetectors With Ultrahigh Gain-Bandwidth Product and Low Breakdown Voltage (2014)

We investigate the avalanche effect in 250 μm long silicon waveguides integrated with periodically interleaved p-n junctions. The surface state absorption is enhanced by reducing the waveguide width. Upon a bias voltage of -5.9 V, the measured responsivity is 2.33 A/W with a dark current of 0.78 μA. The avalanche gain is 284 and the 3-dB bandwidth is 3.6 GHz, leading to an ultrahigh gain-bandwidth product of 1.02 THz. The avalanche photocurrent is stable with time below -6 V when ~1 mW on-chip optical power is launched. The photodetector has a linear response to optical power and can be readily integrated with other silicon photonic devices.
Scattering of Rayleigh-Lamb waves by a surface breaking crack in an elastic plate (2006)

This work studies the problem of scattering of Rayleigh-Lamb waves by a thin surface-breaking crack. The problem is solved by the projection method, which exploits some orthogonality relations deduced from the reciprocal theorem. Numerical results obtained by the projection method are compared with the results obtained using a finite element method reported by other authors for the case of a flat crack, finding good agreement. From the numerical results it is observed that, as the wave number of the incident wave, so for instance, is smaller, the reflected and transmitted energy corresponding to the converted mode, A0 in this case, are almost equal to each other. An explanation for this result is given, based on the asymptotic nature of the modes S0 and A0 for small wave numbers.
Changes in mechanical fragility and free hemoglobin levels after processing salvaged cardiopulmonary bypass circuit blood with a modified ultrafiltration device. (2012)

Modified ultrafiltration (MUF) is available for the salvage of post-cardiopulmonary bypass circuit blood. This study evaluated the extent of hemolysis, the mechanical fragility index (MFI), and the amount of plasma free hemoglobin (PFHb) created after processing with the MUF device. Several RBC parameters were measured on pre- and post-MUF device processed samples of blood from 12 patients undergoing cardiac surgery. The MFI and total amount of PFHb did not change significantly between the pre- and post-processing samples: MFI, pre: .19 +/- .06 versus post: .19 +/- .06, p = .76; total amount of PFHb, pre: .24 +/- .21 g versus post: .20 +/- .12 g, p = .42. There was significantly more hemolysis in the post-processing samples compared with the pre-processing samples, .33 +/- .24% versus .96 +/- .48%, respectively, p < .001. Although percent hemolysis was increased following processing with the MUF device, the total amount of PFHb and RBC sublethal injury were not increased. The clinical significance of these findings needs to be determined.
Irrational Exuberance Ed. 2 (2005)

In this timely and prescient update of his celebrated 2000 bestseller Irrational Exuberance, Robert J. Shiller returns to the topic that gained him international fame: market volatility. Shiller breaks new ground in this second edition by laying out in even clearer and starker terms the market excesses that continue to destabilize the economy and disrupt our lives. Having predicted the stock market collapse that began just one month after the first edition was published, he now expands the book to cover other markets that have become volatile, particularly the recently red-hot housing market. He includes a full chapter on domestic and international housing prices in historical perspective. Shiller amasses impressive evidence to support his argument that the recent housing market boom bears many similarities to the stock market bubble of the late 1990s, and may eventually be followed by declining home prices for years to come. After stocks plummeted when the bubble burst in 2000, investors moved their money into housing. This precipitated the inflated real estate prices not only in America, but around the world, Shiller maintains. Hence, exuberance did not disappear-it merely reappeared in other settings. Building on the original edition, Shiller draws out the psychological origins of volatility in financial markets, this time folding real estate into his analysis. He broadens the evidence that investing in capital markets of all kinds in the modern free-market economy is inherently unstable-subject to the profoundly human influences captured in Alan Greenspan's now-famous phrase, irrational exuberance. The ultimate solution to this troubling condition, he maintains, would involve better-designed public institutions such as a revamped social security system, new forms of insurance to protect people's incomes and homes, and a broader array of investment options. As was true of its predecessor, the second edition of Irrational Exuberance is destined to be widely read, discussed, and debated.
Studies in Thiazoles. V. Synthesis of Some 2-Chloro- and 2-Hydroxythiazoles (1962)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStudies in Thiazoles. V. Synthesis of Some 2-Chloro- and 2-HydroxythiazolesK. S. Dhami, S. S. Arora, and K. S. NarangCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1962, 27, 6, 2147–2149Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1962Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1962https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01053a059https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01053a059research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views135Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Large-scale imputation of epigenomic datasets for systematic annotation of diverse human tissues (2015)

With hundreds of epigenomic maps, the opportunity arises to exploit the correlated nature of epigenetic signals, across both marks and samples, for large-scale prediction of additional datasets. Here, we undertake epigenome imputation by leveraging such correlations through an ensemble of regression trees. We impute 4,315 high-resolution signal maps, of which 26% are also experimentally observed. Imputed signal tracks show overall similarity to observed signals and surpass experimental datasets in consistency, recovery of gene annotations and enrichment for disease-associated variants. We use the imputed data to detect low-quality experimental datasets, to find genomic sites with unexpected epigenomic signals, to define high-priority marks for new experiments and to delineate chromatin states in 127 reference epigenomes spanning diverse tissues and cell types. Our imputed datasets provide the most comprehensive human regulatory region annotation to date, and our approach and the ChromImpute software constitute a useful complement to large-scale experimental mapping of epigenomic information.