gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF CALCITE AND DOLOMITE IN PURE CARBONATES AND LIMESTONES (1966)

Summary Calcite and dolomite were differentiated quantitatively from calcite‐dolomite mixtures and limestones by a method based on the quantitative dissolution of calcite in pH 5.85N citrate buffer. The acidity and chelating ability of citrate favoured greatly the dissolution of calcite to that of dolomite. The method consisted of determination of citrate‐soluble Ca and Mg which, in conjunction with a Ca and Mg analysis of the residue, or a determination of total CO 3 in the system, allowed calculation of the calcite and dolomite contents of the sample. Analyses of artificially prepared mixtures and limestone samples gave essentially the same calcite and dolomite contents when determined by the residue and total CO 3 methods. The residue method is to be preferred because error can be reduced by determination of the actual Ca:Mg ratio of the dolomite. However, the total CO 3 method would be superior for heterogeneous systems, such as soils, since dissolution of dolomite in the residue by strong acid treatment may introduce errors from the dissolution of non‐carbonate Ca and Mg minerals.
Physiological changes and alk gene instability in Pseudomonas oleovorans during induction and expression of alk genes (1996)

The alk genes of Pseudomonas oleovorans, which is able to metabolize alkanes and alkenes, are organized in alkST and alkBFGHJKL clusters, in which the expression of alkBFGHJKL is positively regulated by AlkS. Growth of the wild-type strain GPo1 and P. oleovorans GPo12 alk recombinants on octane resulted in changes of cellular physiology and morphology. These changes, which included lower growth rates and a reduction of the number of CFU due to filamentation, were also seen when the cells were grown on aqueous medium, and the alk genes were induced with dicyclopropylketone, a gratuitous inducer of the alk genes. These effects were seen only for recombinants carrying both alkST and alkBFGHJKL operons. Deletion of parts of either alkB or alkJ, which encode two major Alk proteins located in the cytoplasmic membrane, modified but did not eliminate the effects described above, suggesting that they were due to induction and expression of several alk genes. Continuous growth of the cells in the presence of dicyclopropylketone for about 10 generations led to inactivation, but not elimination, of the alk genes. This resulted in a return of the recombinants to normal physiology and growth.
Fluent Speech, Fast Articulatory Rate, and Delayed Auditory Feedback: Creating a Crisis for a Scientific Revolution? (1996)

In 1970 Kuhn argued that science does not progress through a process of accretion. It is typified, rather, by the successive emergence of different paradigms which during their reign dictate the direction of normal science's puzzle-solving activity. Normal science inevitably exposes an anomaly which violates expectations predicted by the reigning paradigm. The “crisis” evoking anomaly may induce a destructive/constructive paradigm change. Transformations from one paradigm to another constitute a scientific revolution and dictate the growth and maturation of a field. This paper suggests the recent finding, that stutterers experience enhancement of fluency while speaking under delayed auditory feedback at a fast articulatory rate, be viewed as an anomaly. By challenging the notion that a slowed speech rate is necessary for amelioration of stuttering, the anomalous finding may be perceived as a crisis in the study of stuttering.
Risk factors for development of de novo neoplasia after liver transplantation (2001)

Liver transplant recipients are at greater risk for de novo neoplasia, especially lymphoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer; however, risk factors for this complication have not been well studied. Clinical and pathological records of 137 consecutive liver transplant recipients who had survived for at least 1 year were reviewed to register de novo neoplasia. Ten variables were analyzed for their association with the development of de novo malignancies by means of a log-rank test and stepwise selection in a multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional hazard model. Thirty de novo neoplasias appeared in 22 of 137 transplant recipients between 12 and 104 months after orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT; median follow-up, 69 months): 14 patients had 21 skin cancers, 6 patients had solid-organ cancer, and 3 patients developed a lymphoproliferative disease. Probabilities of de novo neoplasia were 13% at 5 years post-OLT and 26% at 8 years post-OLT. The only associated risk factor for any neoplasia was age. Age and hepatocarcinoma were independent risk factors associated with skin cancer. That hepatocarcinoma in the explanted liver is an independent risk factor for skin cancer suggests there is individual susceptibility to both neoplasias.
Comparison of ocular tissue weights (volumes) and tissue collection techniques in commonly used preclinical animal species. (2014)

Abstract Purpose Ocular pharmacokinetic and distribution studies are key elements for the development of ophthalmic drugs and are used to correlate drug levels in preclinical species with human dosages and exposures. The purpose of this study was to compare ocular tissue weights for five commonly used preclinical species using two collection techniques. Methods Standard ocular tissues were collected from five males and five females of each species; New Zealand white (NZW) and Dutch Belted (DB) rabbits, beagle dogs, Gottingen minipigs, and Cynomolgus monkeys. Two collection techniques were used; a collection from fresh eyes (OS, immediately following enucleation) or a collection from frozen eyes (OD, following flash freezing). A specific procedure and collection sequence was followed for each technique. Results Aqueous and vitreous humor, cornea, lens, iris‐ciliary body, retina, choroid, and sclera were collected from each species; these tissues represented mean values of 70.0‐82.0% and 84.3‐88.9% of the total eye weight, respectively, for fresh and frozen collection. Tissue recovery levels were consistently higher using the frozen collection technique. Mean combined male & female vitreous humor weights using the frozen collection were 1.41, 1.31, 2.22, 2.34, and 2.04 g for NZW & DB rabbits, dogs, minipigs, and monkeys, respectively. Other tissue weights will be compared. Conclusion Comparative ocular tissue weights are presented for common preclinical species using fresh or frozen collection techniques. Vitreous humor and other tissue weights collected by the frozen technique accurately represent the weight (and volume assuming a VH density of 1) of the total tissue for comparative purposes to human vitreous volumes.
Short-term water level prediction using different artificial intelligent models (2016)

Artificial intelligent models (AIMs) have been successfully adopted in hydrological forecasting in a plenty of literatures. However, the comprehensive comparison of their applicability in particular short-term (i.e. hourly) water level prediction under heavy rainfall events was rarely discussed. Therefore, in this study, the artificial neural networks (ANN), support vector machine (SVM) and adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) were selected for comparison. A study case in Yaojiang watershed, southeast China was selected for demonstration. The forecasting models were compared in terms of (i) using different lags as modeling inputs; (ii) using training datasets of heavy rainfall events only and all years; (iii) performance in multistep ahead (i.e. from 1 hour to 6 hours) forecasting; and (iv) performance in peak values and all values. The results showed that ANN model trained with datasets sampling from the duration of heavy rainfall performed better than that in using all datasets (including baseflow). The 1- to 4-hour ahead forecasting based on previous 2-hour inputs is the suggested modeling scenario. ANFIS showed better ability of avoiding information noise with different lags of inputs. SVM is relatively more robust during peak values under extreme typhoon events. Overall, this study shed some lights on the best practices in using various artificial intelligent methods for prediction of hourly water level with different model settings. Further studies were desired to issue the early warning with the availability of short-term flash flood forecasting.
Free radical formation in isolated murine keratinocytes treated with organic peroxides and its modulation by antioxidants (1993)

Electron paramagnetic resonance spin-trapping has been used to study the production of free radicals from tert-butyl hydroperoxide, tert-butyl peroxybenzoate, cumene hydroperoxide and ethyl hydroperoxide in isolated murine keratinocytes. Free radical species could be trapped from keratinocytes treated with all peroxides, with radicals produced from both one-electron oxidative and reductive pathways. The hindered phenolic antioxidants butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), which are known to inhibit peroxide-induced tumour promotion in vivo, decreased the amount of radical adduct production at a concentration of 10 mM, with BHA being significantly more effective than BHT. That all the peroxides in this study produced free radicals in keratinocytes, and that BHA and BHT decreased the amounts of radicals trapped, suggests that free radical production by organic peroxide compounds is involved in their in vivo tumour-promoting activity.
Detection and tracking of moving objects in a maritime environment using level set with shape priors (2013)

Over the years, maritime surveillance has become increasingly important due to the recurrence of piracy. While surveillance has traditionally been a manual task using crew members in lookout positions on parts of the ship, much work is being done to automate this task using digital cameras coupled with a computer that uses image processing techniques that intelligently track object in the maritime environment. One such technique is level set segmentation which evolves a contour to objects of interest in a given image. This method works well but gives incorrect segmentation results when a target object is corrupted in the image. This paper explores the possibility of factoring in prior knowledge of a ship's shape into level set segmentation to improve results, a concept that is unaddressed in maritime surveillance problem. It is shown that the developed video tracking system outperforms level set-based systems that do not use prior shape knowledge, working well even where these systems fail.
Magnetic Bead Based Immunoassay for Autonomous Detection of Toxins (2008)

We are developing an automated system for the simultaneous, rapid detection of a group of select agents and toxins in the environment. To detect toxins, we modified and automated an antibody-based approach previously developed for manual medical diagnostics that uses fluorescent eTag reporter molecules and is suitable for highly multiplexed assays. Detection is based on two antibodies binding simultaneously to a single antigen, one of which is labeled with biotin while the other is conjugated to a fluorescent eTag through a cleavable linkage. Aqueous samples are incubated with the mixture of antibodies along with streptavidin-coated magnetic beads and a photoactive porphyrin complex. In the presence of antigen, a molecular complex is formed where the cleavable linkage is held in proximity to the photoactive group. Upon excitation at 680 nm, free radicals are generated, which diffuse and cleave the linkage, releasing the eTags. Released eTags are analyzed using capillary gel electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection. Limits of detection for ovalbumin and botulinum toxoid individually were 4 (or 80 pg) and 16 ng/mL (or 320 pg), respectively, using the manual assay. In addition, we demonstrated the use of pairs of antibodies from different sources in a single assay to decrease the rate of false positives. Automation of the assay was demonstrated in a flow-through format with higher LODs of 32 ng/mL (or 640 ng) each of a mixture of ovalbumin and botulinum toxoid. This versatile assay can be easily modified with the appropriate antibodies to detect a wide range of toxins and other proteins.
SEEOF: Smart energy efficient objective function: Adapting RPL objective function to enable an IPv6 meshed topology solution for battery operated smart meters (2017)

In this research, a new Smart Energy Efficient Objective Function (SEEOF) is designed to develop an IPv6 meshed topology for IoT based smart metering applications. IoT protocols offer horizontal scalability, interoperability and multi-service environment versus isolated, proprietary and service based environment of traditional smart metering network solutions. Smart metering is not limited to electricity meters; it comprises gas and/or water meters. In other words, it encompasses battery powered devices with limited computing functionalities and energy resources along with full functional devices powered by main line. The battery consumption of end-points is a major challenge and should be addressed in IoT smart-metering solutions. Among the various techniques to reduce the energy consumption, routing is a key element affecting the network performance and lifetime. IETF in its ROLL working group has considered RPL as the routing protocol for IoT applications in low power and lossy networks (LLN). SEEOF, based on RPL, is designed to use energy efficiently and extend network lifetime. It takes into account both the link quality and node energy. We have implemented SEEOF in ContikiOS and compared the energy consumption in RPL using SEEOF with existing objective function. Simulation results show that up to 27% improvement is attained in the network life time when using the proposed objective function. More importantly, the results show that SEEOF balances the energy consumption more uniformly among the battery powered devices keeping them alive for longer duration.
Logistic Time Constant of Isovolumic Relaxation Pressure–Time Curve in the Canine Left Ventricle (1995)

We conclude that the logistic model better fits LV isovolumic relaxation P(t) than the monoexponential model in the present heart preparation. We therefore propose TL as a better alternative to TE for evaluating LV lusitropism.
Atomic Layer Deposition of NiO Films on Si(100) Using Cyclopentadienyl-Type Compounds and Ozone as Precursors (2008)

NiO films were grown on Si(100) by atomic layer deposition using Ni(Cp)(2) (Cp=cyclopentadienyl, C5H5) or Ni(EtCp)(2) [EtCp=ethylcyclopentadienyl, (C2H5)C5H4)] and ozone in the 150-300 degrees C temperature range. The growth temperature dependence of structure, electronic density, and impurity levels for the prepared NiO films was studied using X-ray reflectivity, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, time of flight-secondary ion mass spectroscopy (ToF-SIMS), and transmission electron microscopy. The behavior of films deposited using Ni(Cp)(2) and Ni(EtCp)(2) is compared and discussed. NiO films with good stoichiometry and low amounts of contaminants are obtained at a growth temperature (T-g) of 250 degrees C or above. At a fixed T-g, the growth rate for NiO films deposited using Ni(Cp)(2) is higher than the one of films deposited using Ni(EtCp)(2). Furthermore, the growth rate for NiO deposited using Ni(Cp)(2) at T-g = 150 degrees C is 0.32 nm/cycle and decreases substantially in films deposited at higher temperatures. The electronic density of NiO films deposited at 300 degrees C is close to the one of bulk NiO (1.83 e(-)/A(3)). According to XRD and FTIR results, films deposited at T-g >= 200 degrees C have a simple cubic polycrystalline structure. Impurities in NiO films decrease with increasing T-g, as detected by ToF-SIMS
Plasma amino acid analysis for diagnosis and amino acid-based metabolic networks (2008)

Amino acid profiling of biological samples could be used to generate indices that could be used for clinical diagnosis and is a useful tool for understanding metabolic implications under various physiological conditions. Although further improvements in analytical methods are needed, amino acids could be useful indicators for facilitating nutritional management of specific physiological and pathological states.
Differential Effects of Aerobic Exercise, Resistance Training and Combined Exercise Modalities on Cholesterol and the Lipid Profile: Review, Synthesis and Recommendations (2013)

There is a direct relationship between chronically elevated cholesterol levels (dyslipidaemia) and coronary heart disease. A reduction in total cholesterol is considered the gold standard in preventative cardiovascular medicine. Exercise has been shown to have positive impacts on the pathogenesis, symptomatology and physical fitness of individuals with dyslipidaemia, and to reduce cholesterol levels. The optimal mode, frequency, intensity and duration of exercise for improvement of cholesterol levels are, however, yet to be identified. This review assesses the evidence from 13 published investigations and two review articles that have addressed the effects of aerobic exercise, resistance training and combined aerobic and resistance training on cholesterol levels and the lipid profile. The data included in this review confirm the beneficial effects of regular activity on cholesterol levels and describe the impacts of differing volumes and intensities of exercise upon different types of cholesterol. Evidence-based exercise recommendations are presented, aimed at facilitating the prescription and delivery of interventions in order to optimize cholesterol levels.
Full-Duplex 60 GHz Vector-Signal Radio-over-Fiber System Using Heterodyne Optical-Carrier Suppression (2012)

To overcome the fundamental limitation of conventional optical-carrier-suppression, we proposed a novel heterodyne optical-carrier-suppression to achieve centralized up/down-conversion in the radio-over-fiber system. Full-duplex 60-GHz BPSK transmission has been achieved after 25-km single-mode fibers.
Telomerase Suppresses Formation of ALT-Associated Single-Stranded Telomeric C-Circles (2013)

Telomere maintenance is an essential characteristic of cancer cells, most commonly achieved by activation of telomerase. Telomeres can also be maintained by a recombination-based mechanism, alternative lengthening of telomeres (ALT). Cells using ALT are characterized by the presence of ALT-associated promyelocytic leukemia (PML) bodies (APB), long, heterogeneously sized telomeres, extrachromosomal telomeric circular DNA, and elevated telomeric recombination. Consistent with other reports, we found that liposarcomas containing APBs, but lacking telomerase expression, always contained C-rich circles (C-circles), and these C-circles were never present in the absence of APBs, indicating a tight link between these features in ALT cells. However, a rare subgroup of tumors showing evidence of telomere maintenance by both telomerase and ALT did not contain C-circles. To test the hypothesis that telomerase expression disrupts the tight link between APBs and C-circles, we used ALT cell lines that were engineered to express telomerase. Introduction of telomerase activity in these ALT cells resulted in, on average, shorter telomeres with retention of APBs. However, at high passage, the level of C-circles was significantly reduced, which was paralleled by a switch from C-strand overhangs to G-strand overhangs. We propose that by extending critically short telomeres in these cells, telomerase is disrupting a key step in the ALT pathway necessary for production and/or maintenance of C-circles.
Synthesis of perfluoroalkylene aromatic diamines (1978)

Analogues of methylene dianilines were synthesized, in which the methylene group between the two aromatic nuclei was replaced by various perfluoroalkylene linkage. The hydrolytic thermal, and thermal oxidative stabilities of PMR Polyimides derived from these diamines were determined. Three types of PMR Polyimide discs were fabricated from the dimethyl ester of 3,3', 4,4'-benzophenonetetracarboxylic acid, the methyl ester of 5-norbornene-2,3-dicarboxylic acid, and one of the following three diamines: methyl dianiline, 1,3-bis(4-aminophenyl)hexafluoropropane, and 2,2-bis(4-aminophenyl)hexafluoropropane. The polyimide based on 2,2-bis(4-aminophenyl)hexafluoropropane exhibited the best hydrolytic, thermal, and thermal oxidative stability as determined by moisture uptake and thermogravimetric analysis.
Bang-bang impact control using hybrid impedance/time-delay control (2003)

For stabilization of a robot manipulator upon collision with a stiff environment, a nonlinear bang-bang impact controller is developed. Under this control, a robot can successfully achieve contact tasks without changing the control algorithm or controller gains throughout all three modes: free space, transition and constrained motion. It uses a robust hybrid impedance/time-delay control algorithm to first absorb impact forces and stabilize the system. This control input alternates with zero when no environment force is sensed due to loss of contact. This alternation of control action repeats until the impact transient subsides and steady state is attained. After impact transient, the hybrid impedance/time-delay control algorithm is again utilized. This bang-bang control method provides stable interaction between a robot with severe nonlinear joint friction and a stiff environment, and achieves rapid response while minimizing force overshoots. During contact transition, we employ one simple control algorithm that switches only to zero and maintains the same gains, while other controllers use more than one control algorithm or different control gains. It is shown via experiments that overall performance is superior or comparable to more complicated existing impact force control techniques.
Functional Efficacy of Dystrophin Expression from Plasmids Delivered to <i>mdx</i> Mice by Hydrodynamic Limb Vein Injection (2009)

In these studies we delivered by hydrodynamic limb vein (HLV) injection plasmid DNA (pDNA) expressing the full-length mouse dystrophin gene to skeletal muscles throughout the hind limbs of the mdx mouse model for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). We evaluated the levels and stability of dystrophin expression and measured the resulting muscle protection, using Evans blue dye (EBD) to mark the damaged myofibers. Plasmid delivery was as efficient in the dystrophic mice as in wild-type mice and equally efficient in young adult and old mice, as long as the dose of pDNA was adjusted for the target muscle weight. The HLV gene delivery procedure was tolerated well by the dystrophic mice and repeat injections could be performed over an extended period of time. Multiple gene deliveries additively increased the amount of dystrophin protein and also increased the percentages of dystrophin-expressing myofibers. Plasmids expressing dystrophin from a cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter construct containing the HMG1 intron provided stable dystrophin expression for the life of the mouse and provided significant benefit to the limbs. EBD staining showed that dystrophin gene delivery preserved myofibers in the CMV-HMGi-mDys-injected leg by 2.5- to 5-fold in large groups of muscles and by 2.5-fold throughout the injected legs, compared with the contralateral control legs injected with a nonexpressing plasmid. A similar degree of protection was measured in young adult mice evaluated soon after the last gene delivery and in aged mice injected over an extended period of time. This degree of protection resulted from 18 to 20% of the normal level of dystrophin protein, with 11-16% dystrophin-expressing myofibers. These studies show promise for the use of HLV injections to deliver therapeutic doses of full-length dystrophin-expressing plasmids for long-lasting protection of skeletal muscles in patients with DMD.