gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
BMP-2 Enhances TGF-β3–Mediated Chondrogenic Differentiation of Human Bone Marrow Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Alginate Bead Culture (2008)

This study addresses synergistic effects of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and transforming growth factor-beta3 (TGF-beta3) in the induction of chondrocytic differentiation of bone marrow multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (BM MSCs) in vitro for potential use in intervertebral disc (IVD) repair. Human BM MSCs encapsulated in alginate beads were induced to differentiate in serum-free medium containing BMP-2 and TGF-beta3. The expression of chondrocytic genes and proteins was analyzed by real-time PCR, western blot, histological, and immunohistochemical assays. This differentiation system showed a potent induction of chondrocytic phenotypes. The expression of chondrocytic markers, such as aggrecan (ACAN) and type II collagen (COL2A1), was upregulated at higher levels than using TGF-beta3 alone. Blocking BMP-2 by noggin completely suppressed BMP-2-enhanced gene and protein expression, confirming a crucial input of BMP-2 signaling in this differentiation process. Inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 signaling resulted in an increase in ACAN and COL2A1 gene expression, suggesting a negative regulatory role of this pathway. In conclusion, BMP-2 enhances TGF-beta3-mediated chondrogenesis of MSCs. The combination of BMP-2 and TGF-beta3 in alginate culture is superior to the standard differentiation method using TGF-beta alone. This potent induction system may provide an alternative cell source for IVD and cartilage regeneration in clinical practice.
Prospects for compact high-intensity laser synchrotron x-ray and gamma sources (1997)

A laser interacting with a relativistic electron beam behaves like a virtual wiggler of an extremely short period equal to half of the laser wavelength. This approach opens a route to relatively compact, high-brightness x-ray sources alternative or complementary to conventional synchrotron light sources. Although not new, the laser synchrotron source (LSS) concept is still waiting for a convincing demonstration. Available at the BNL Accelerator Test Facility (ATF), a high-brightness electron beam and the high-power CO2 laser may be used for prototype LSS demonstration. In a feasible demonstration experiment, 10-GW, 100-ps CO2 laser beam will be brought to a head-on collision with a 10-ps, 0.5-nC, 50 MeV electron bunch. Flashes of collimated 4.7 keV (2.6 Å) x-rays of 10-ps pulse duration, with a flux of ∼1019 photons/sec, will be produced via linear Compton backscattering. The x-ray spectrum is tunable proportionally to the e-beam energy. A rational short-term extension of the proposed experiment would be further enhancement of the x-ray flux to the 1022 photons/sec level, after the ongoing ATF CO2 laser upgrade to 5 TW peak power and electron bunch shortening to 3 ps is realized. In the future, exploiting the promising approach of a high-gradient laser wake field accelerator, a compact “table-top” LSS of monochromatic gamma radiation may become feasible.
PP-trust-X (2007)

Trust negotiation is a promising approach for establishing trust in open systems, in which sensitive interactions may often occur between entities with no prior knowledge of each other. Although, to date several trust negotiation systems have been proposed, none of them fully address the problem of privacy preservation. Today, privacy is one of the major concerns of users when exchanging information through the Web and thus we believe that trust negotiation systems must effectively address privacy issues in order to be widely applicable. For these reasons, in this paper, we investigate privacy in the context of trust negotiations. We propose a set of privacy-preserving features for inclusion in any trust negotiation system, such as the support for the P3P standard, as well as a number of innovative features, such as a novel format for encoding digital credentials specifically designed for preserving privacy. Further, we present a variety of interoperable strategies to carry on the negotiation with the aim of improving both privacy and efficiency.
Sparse projections for high-dimensional binary codes (2015)

This paper addresses the problem of learning long binary codes from high-dimensional data. We observe that two key challenges arise while learning and using long binary codes: (1) lack of an effective regularizer for the learned high-dimensional mapping and (2) high computational cost for computing long codes. In this paper, we overcome both these problems by introducing a sparsity encouraging regularizer that reduces the effective number of parameters involved in the learned projection operator. This regularizer not only reduces overfitting but, due to the sparse nature of the projection matrix, also leads to a dramatic reduction in the computational cost. To evaluate the effectiveness of our method, we analyze its performance on the problems of nearest neighbour search, image retrieval and image classification. Experiments on a number of challenging datasets show that our method leads to better accuracy than dense projections (ITQ [11] and LSH [16]) with the same code lengths, and meanwhile is over an order of magnitude faster. Furthermore, our method is also more accurate and faster than other recently proposed methods for speeding up high-dimensional binary encoding.
Superconducting millimeter-wave E-plane filters (1991)

The authors report on the measured performance of a three-pole E-plane filter constructed from high-T/sub c/ superconducting bulk materials at 34.5 GHz. Experimental results are presented for the insertion loss and return loss of the filter at 77 K. The problems associated with the use of bulk materials at the millimeter-wave range are addressed. Other possible superconducting waveguide filter configurations are proposed. While the experimental results are taken at low input power level, the current distribution inside the filter structure is calculated, and the power handling capability of the superconducting filter is discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Partial Texture Analysis (1990)

The texture is the orientation distribution function of the crystallites of a polycrystalline sample. Being a continuous function of three variables, it requires a large number of values for its complete description. The texture can be expressed in terms of a series expansion. It then requires a large number of coefficients for its complete description. When all functional values or all coefficients are determined from experimental measurements we speak of complete texture analysis. The most important methods for complete texture analysis are individual orientation measurements of a large number of crystals and pole figure measurement followed by pole figure inversion. If only a limited number of values of the texture function or a few of its coefficients are being determined we speak of “partial texture analysis”. The most important methods of partial texture analysis are the fixed angle texture analyzer and the measurement of the anisotropy of physical properties such as Young′s modulus magnetic properties, thermal expansion and others.
Iron Bound‐Siderophores, Cyanic Acid, and Antibiotics Involved in Suppression of <i>Thielaviopsis basicola</i> by a <i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i> Strain (1986)

Abstract A Pseudomonas fluorescens strain (CHAo) involved in suppression of black root rot caused by Thielaviopsis basicola in the field, inhibited T. basicola when colonizing roots grown under sterile conditions or when grown on culture, media. Under these conditions it produced siderophores (iron chelating compounds), cyanic acid, and several antibiotics. Iron‐free siderophores inhibited neither the germination of endoconidia or chlamydospores nor the mycelial growth of T. basicola , but reduced the production of endoconidia. On the contrary, siderophores complexed with Fe 3+ strongly inhibited mycelium growth and spore germination; free iron was less toxic than iron‐bound siderophores. Therefore, contrary to what was believed to date, siderophores seem to be toxic not because they deplete iron but because they increase its concentration to the point where it becomes highly toxic. Cyanic acid and the antibiotics also inhibited the growth of T. basicola. Whetherall these compounds are involved in disease control in the soil remains, however, to be determined.
Scalable application-aware data freshening (2004)

Distributed databases and other networked information systems use copies or mirrors to reduce latency and to increase availability. Copies need to be refreshed. In a loosely coupled system, the copy sites are typically responsible for synchronizing their own copies. This involves polling and can be quite expensive if not done in a disciplined way. We explore the topic of how to determine a refresh schedule given knowledge of the update frequencies and limited bandwidth. The emphasis here is on how to use additional information about the aggregate interest of the user community in each of the copies in order to maximize the perceived freshness of the copies. We develop a model and an optimal solution for small cases, presents several heuristic algorithms that work for large cases, then explores the impact of object size on the refresh schedule. It also presents experimental evidence that our algorithms perform quite well.
MPLS using LDP and ATM VC Switching (2001)

The Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) Architecture [1] discusses a way in which Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) switches may be used as Label Switching Routers. The ATM switches run network layer routing algorithms (such as Open Shortest Path First (OSPF), Intermediate System to Intermediate System (IS-IS), etc.), and their data forwarding is based on the results of these routing algorithms. No ATM-specific routing or addressing is needed. ATM switches used in this way are known as ATM-LSRs (Label Switching Routers).
Human Primary CD4 <sup>+</sup> T Cells Activated in the Presence of IFN- <i>α</i> 2b Express Functional Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (2001)

Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is the rate-limiting enzyme in the catabolism of tryptophan. By creating a local microenvironment in which levels of tryptophan are low, IDO-expressing antigen-presenting cells (APC) could regulate T cell activation. This may be relevant to control both viral and bacterial replication as well as neoplastic cell growth. Interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) is an antiviral cytokine affecting cellular differentiation. In addition, it reduces proliferation of CD4(+) T cells by several molecular mechanisms. To dissect the molecular steps responsible for the INF-mediated antiproliferative activity, we sought to determine whether activated primary CD4(+) T cells in the presence of IFN-alpha would produce IDO. We demonstrate here that IDO mRNA is not present in resting CD4(+) T cells. Stimulation with anti-CD3 plus interleukin-2 (IL-2) induces expression of IDO mRNA (about 2000 copies/150,000 cells), as determined by semiquantitative RT-PCR. When cells were stimulated in the presence of IFN-alpha, expression of IDO mRNA was significantly increased (more than 12,000 copies/150,000 cells). Functional analysis of IDO activity paralleled the results obtained with RT-PCR, demonstrating increased production of active enzyme in CD4(+) T cells stimulated in the presence of IFN-alpha. Our results indicate that IFN-alpha modulates levels of IDO produced by activated CD4(+) T cells. This would likely affect bystander cells by modifying levels of tryptophan in the local microenvironment.
Identification and absolute configuration of dihydroxy-arachidonic acids formed by oxygenation of 5S-HETE by native and aspirin-acetylated COX-2 (2009)

Biosynthesis of the prostaglandin endoperoxide by the cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes is accompanied by formation of a small amount of 11R-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HETE), 15R-HETE, and 15S-HETE as by-products. Acetylation of COX-2 by aspirin abrogates prostaglandin synthesis and triggers formation of 15R-HETE as the sole product of oxygenation of arachidonic acid. Here, we investigated the formation of by-products of the transformation of 5S-HETE by native COX-2 and by aspirin-acetylated COX-2 using HPLC-ultraviolet, GC-MS, and LC-MS analysis. 5S,15S- dihydroxy (di)HETE, 5S,15R-diHETE, and 5S,11R-diHETE were identified as by-products of native COX-2, in addition to the previously described di-endoperoxide (5S,15S-dihydroxy-9S,11R,8S,12S-diperoxy-6E,13E-eicosadienoic acid) as the major oxygenation product. 5S,15R-diHETE was the only product formed by aspirin-acetylated COX-2. Both 5,15-diHETE and 5,11-diHETE were detected in CT26 mouse colon carcinoma cells as well as in lipopolysaccharide-activated RAW264.7 cells incubated with 5S-HETE, and their formation was attenuated in the presence of the COX-2 specific inhibitor, NS-398. Aspirin-treated CT26 cells gave 5,15-diHETE as the most prominent product formed from 5S-HETE. 5S,15S-diHETE has been described as a product of the cross-over of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) and 15-LOX activities in elicited rat mononuclear cells and human leukocytes, and our studies implicate cross-over of the 5-LOX and COX-2 pathways as an additional biosynthetic route.
The cardiovascular, metabolic and hormonal changes accompanying acute starvation in men and women (1994)

The effect of fasting for 12, 36 and 72 h was studied in twenty-nine healthy subjects (seventeen women and twelve men). Measurements were made of cardiovascular variables, metabolic rate, respiratory exchange ratio, plasma metabolites, insulin, thyroid hormones and catecholamines. During starvation there were no significant changes in blood pressure, whilst heart rate (beats/min) increased at 36 h and remained elevated after 72 h (12 h 62.5 (SE 1.8), 36 h 68.0 (SE 1.9), 72 h 69.2 (SE 1.8); P < 0.001). Forearm blood flow (FBF) increased progressively from 3.32 (SE 0.20) to 6.21 (SE 0.46) ml/100 ml per min (P < 0.001). Resting metabolic rate (kJ/min) was significantly increased after 36 h of starvation (12 h 4.60 (SE 0.14), 36 h 4.88 (SE 0.13), P < 0.001), but was not significantly different from the 12 h value after 72 h (72 h 4.72 (SE 0.15) P = 0.06). The respiratory exchange ratio fell progressively from 0.80 to 0.76 to 0.72 (P < 0.001). Blood glucose fell, whilst plasma glycerol and beta-hydroxybutyrate rose and plasma lactate did not change. Plasma insulin and free triiodothyronine fell during starvation. Plasma adrenaline and noradrenaline were unchanged at 36 h, but were significantly increased after 72 h. Both sexes showed a similar pattern of response to starvation, although absolute values of blood pressure, forearm blood flow, metabolic rate and plasma catecholamines were higher in men than women. Acute starvation produces profound cardiovascular and metabolic changes which are not explained by the accompanying hormonal changes.
Generating correlated QPSK waveforms by exploiting real gaussian random variables (2012)

The design of waveforms with specified auto- and cross-correlation properties has a number of applications in multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar, one of them is the desired transmit beampattern design. In this work, an algorithm is proposed to generate quadrature phase shift-keying (QPSK) waveforms with required cross-correlation properties using real Gaussian random-variables (RV's). This work can be considered as the extension of what was presented in [1] to generate BPSK waveforms. This work will be extended for the generation of correlated higher-order phase shift-keying (PSK) and quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) modulation schemes that can better approximate the desired beampattern.
The use of polyimide-modified aluminum nitride fillers in AlN@PI/Epoxy composites with enhanced thermal conductivity for electronic encapsulation (2014)

Polymer modified fillers in composites has attracted the attention of numerous researchers. These fillers are composed of core-shell structures that exhibit enhanced physical and chemical properties that are associated with shell surface control and encapsulated core materials. In this study, we have described an apt method to prepare polyimide (PI)-modified aluminum nitride (AlN) fillers, AlN@PI. These fillers are used for electronic encapsulation in high performance polymer composites. Compared with that of untreated AlN composite, these AlN@PI/epoxy composites exhibit better thermal and dielectric properties. At 40 wt% of filler loading, the highest thermal conductivity of AlN@PI/epoxy composite reached 2.03 W/mK. In this way, the thermal conductivity is approximately enhanced by 10.6 times than that of the used epoxy matrix. The experimental results exhibiting the thermal conductivity of AlN@PI/epoxy composites were in good agreement with the values calculated from the parallel conduction model. This research work describes an effective pathway that modifies the surface of fillers with polymer coating. Furthermore, this novel technique improves the thermal and dielectric properties of fillers and these can be used extensively for electronic packaging applications.
A new microprocessor-based relay for transmission line protection (2002)

The authors describe the design and implementation of a novel microprocessor-based relay for transmission line protection. The design incorporates two digital relaying techniques which operate in parallel. Their outputs are fed to a voter logic which is programmed to achieve a high level of dependability. The performance of the relay was evaluated using fault data generated by the Electro-Magnetic Transient Program. The results of the tests show that the proposed relay provides reasonable outputs for all types of fault. The profile of the trip counter also shows that the relay performs satisfactorily. With a threshold of five, the voter logic module issued a trip command in less than one cycle.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Carbides Reinforced Nickel Matrix Alloy Prepared by Selective Laser Melting (2021)

Selective laser melting was used to prepare the ceramic particles reinforced nickel alloy owing to its high designability, high working flexibility and high efficiency. In this paper, a carbides particles reinforced Haynes 230 alloy was prepared using SLM technology to further strengthen the alloy. Microstructures of the carbide particles reinforced Haynes 230 alloy were investigated using electron microscopy (SEM), electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Meanwhile, the tensile tests were carried out to determine the strengths of the composite. The results show that the microstructure of the composite consisted of uniformly distributed M<sub>23</sub>C<sub>6</sub> and M<sub>6</sub>C type carbides and the strengths of the alloy were higher than the matrix alloy Haynes 230. The increased strengths of the carbide reinforced Haynes 230 alloy (room temperature yield strength 113 MPa increased, ~ 33.2%) can be attributed to the synergy strengthening including refined grain strengthening, Orowan strengthening and dislocation strengthening.
Analysis of Epipolar Geometry in Linear Array Scanner Scenes (2005)

Abstract Resampled imagery according to epipolar geometry, usually denoted as normalised imagery, is characterised by having conjugate points along the same row (or column). Such a characteristic makes normalised imagery an important prerequisite for many photogrammetric activities such as image matching, automatic aerial triangulation, automatic digital elevation model and orthophoto generation, and stereo viewing. The normalisation process requires having the input imagery in a digital format, which can be obtained by scanning analogue photographs or by direct use of digital cameras. To reduce the time gap between the data acquisition and product delivery, many small‐scale mapping projects now rely on digital cameras. Digital frame cameras still, in general, provide imagery with geometric resolution and ground coverage inferior to scanned images from analogue cameras. Linear array scanners (line cameras) have therefore emerged as a possible alternative to digital frame cameras, especially for high‐resolution space‐borne imaging, with performance comparable to that of analogue frame cameras. The normalisation process of frame images is a well‐established and straight forward procedure. On the other hand, the normalisation process of linear array scanner scenes is not as straightforward and is sometimes mysterious. For example, providers of space‐borne imagery furnish normalised line scanner imagery while the user community is not aware of the underlying process. This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the epipolar geometry in linear array scanner scenes. Special emphasis is directed towards scanners moving with constant velocity and attitude since such a trajectory closely resembles the imaging geometry of the majority of current space‐borne scanners. The research presented highlights the factors affecting the shape of the resulting epipolar lines such as the stereo coverage configuration and the geometric specifications of the imaging system. In addition, the paper outlines a comparative analysis of the normalisation process for frame and line cameras. The presented concepts are verified through experimental results with synthetic data.
A novel high resolution delay locked loop (2009)

With the rapid advances in semiconductor technology, modern digital systems operated at GHz frequency have been successfully developed for many years. As the chip size gets progressively bigger, and the number of logic gates and chip operating frequencies increase, the clock skew becomes increasingly more important in ensuring the proper functioning of VLSI chips. With a synchronous methodology, it is impossible to increase the clock speed further without reducing the clock skew on the chip. The Phase Locked Loops (PLLs) and Delay Locked Loops (DLLs) have been widely adopted to solve the clock skew problem. In recent years, Delay Locked Loops (DLL's) have been widely used for clock alignment due to their lower phase-error accumulation and faster locking time. In this thesis a novel high resolution DLL with less than 10 ps is proposed which combines the coarse and fine delay line into an efficient hybrid delay line. Consequently, it saves power and area.