gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preparation of large-sized graphene from needle coke and the adsorption for malachite green with its graphene oxide (2018)

With needle coke (NC) as an initial material, large-sized graphene was successfully prepared through an oxidation–exfoliation–thermal reduction process. The prepared graphene was characterized by SEM, TEM, AFM, FTIR, XRD, Raman, and XPS, respectively. Results showed that the morphology of graphene from NC was different from that of natural graphite although the spectroscopic properties of graphene from NC are very similar to those from natural graphite. The lateral size of the prepared graphene is concentrated in 3–8 µm, which was considerably larger than that of natural graphite, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and stacked graphene nanofibers (SGNFs). In addition, the adsorption capacity of graphene oxide from NC for malachite green was investigated to confirm the size of graphene indirectly. The equilibrium adsorption capacity of 437.7 mg/g for malachite green was considerably higher than that from natural graphite whose adsorption capacity was 209.5 mg/g under identical conditions. All results confirm that NC is a better alternative for the preparation of graphene than natural graphite.
Characterization of the 5′ Ends for Polyadenylated RNAs Synthesized during the Replication of Hepatitis Delta Virus (1999)

The genome of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a 1,679-nucleotide (nt) single-stranded circular RNA that is predicted to fold into an unbranched rodlike structure. During replication, two complementary RNAs are also detected: an exact complement, referred to as the antigenome, and an 800-nt polyadenylated RNA that could act as the mRNA for the delta antigen. We used a 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends procedure, followed by cloning and sequencing, to determine the 5' ends of the polyadenylated RNAs produced during HDV genome replication following initiation under different experimental conditions. The analyzed RNAs were from the liver of an infected woodchuck and from a liver cell line at 6 days after transfection with either an HDV cDNA or ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes assembled in vitro with HDV genomic RNA and purified recombinant small delta protein. In all three situations the 5' ends mapped specifically to nt 1630. In relationship to what is called the top end of the unbranched rodlike structure predicted for the genomic RNA template, this site is located 10 nt from the top, and in the middle of a 3-nt external bulge. Following transfection with RNP, such specific 5' ends could be detected as early as 24 h. We next constructed a series of mutants of this predicted bulge region and of an adjacent 6-bp stem and the top 5-nt loop. Some of these mutations decreased the ability of the genome to undergo antigenomic RNA synthesis and accumulation and/or altered the location of the detected 5' ends. The observed end located at nt 1630, and most of the novel 5' ends, were consistent with transcription initiation events that preferentially used a purine. The present studies do not prove that the detected 5' ends correspond to initiation sites and do not establish the hypothesis that there is a promoter element in the vicinity, but they do show that the location of the observed 5' ends could be controlled by nucleotide sequences at and around nt 1630.
High efficiency drive system with 3-level T-type inverter (2011)

In this paper an efficiency optimized variable speed drive is presented. It consists of the alternative 3-level T-type converter topology which is very efficient for low switching frequencies and a standard induction machine. The total system efficiency is optimized concerning the converter losses as well as fundamental and harmonic induction machine losses.
Development of a shutterless continuous rotation method using an X-ray CMOS detector for protein crystallography (2009)

A new shutterless continuous rotation method using an X-ray complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) detector has been developed for high-speed, precise data collection in protein crystallography. The principle of operation and the basic performance of the X-ray CMOS detector (Hamamatsu Photonics KK C10158DK) have been shown to be appropriate to the shutterless continuous rotation method. The data quality of the continuous rotation method is comparable to that of the conventional oscillation method using a CCD detector and, furthermore, the combination with fine ϕ slicing improves the data accuracy without increasing the data-collection time. The new method is more sensitive to diffraction intensity because of the narrow dynamic range of the CMOS detector. However, the strong diffraction spots were found to be precisely measured by recording them on successive multiple images by selecting an adequate rotation step. The new method has been used to successfully determine three protein structures by multi- and single-wavelength anomalous diffraction phasing and has thereby been proved applicable in protein crystallography. The apparatus and method may become a powerful tool at synchrotron protein crystallography beamlines with important potential across a wide range of X-ray wavelengths.
The effects of carbon dioxide on exercise‐induced asthma: an unlikely explanation for the effects of Buteyko breathing training (2001)

Breathing 3% CO2 during exercise does not prevent EIA. The shape of the FEV1 response curve after 3% CO2 suggests that a greater degree of EIA (because of increased minute ventilation during exercise) was opposed by a direct relaxant effect of CO2 on the airway. Increased airway CO2 alone is an unlikely mechanism for the reported benefits of BBT; nevertheless, further study of the effects of voluntary hypoventilation in asthma is warranted.
Theory of anisotropic donor states in quantum-well structures (1989)

The s-, ${p}_{0}$-, and ${p}_{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}$-like ground and excited states of anisotropic donors in quantum wells are calculated with a linear combination of Gaussian orbitals with different exponents in the z direction and xy plane. The energies and wave functions of the ground and excited states can be obtained simultaneously by this method. In the case of anisotropic donors in the bulk materials and isotropic donors in the quantum wells our results are in agreement with previous theoretical results. In some cases our results are better. Using this method we calculate the variation of the anisotropic donor energies with well widths, anisotropic factors \ensuremath{\gamma}, and impurity positions in the quantum well. The energies of s-like donor states related to the second subband are also calculated. Finally, the donors of the X band edge in Si/Si-Ge quantum wells are discussed.
Basic Aspects of Electrochemical Impedance Application for the Life Prediction of Organic Coatings on Metals (1990)

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) applies well to surfaces having a high electrical or electrochemical impedance. The method is, therefore, particularly suitable for the early detection of the degradation of highly resistive protective organic coatings on metals. Initial application of electrical methods for evaluating organic coatings on steel involved measurement of DC resistance or determination of an equivalent capacitance measured at a single frequency. Changes in the capacitance relate to the uptake of water while changes in the resistance of the coating have been analyzed in terms of penetration by ionic species from the environment. In recent years the measurement of the frequency-dependent impedance of a coating has allowed a more detailed evaluation based on the deviation of the coating impedance from a capacitive response. Several models specify readily determined parameters that correlate with long-term behavior. This paper reviews the fundamental concepts and models used to predict long-term coating behavior from electrochemical impedance spectra.
Pasting and rheologic properties of potato starch and maize starch mixtures (2010)

Abstract This study characterized the pasting and rheologic behavior of potato/maize starch mixtures of various ratios. Pasting analysis using a Brabender Viscograph indicated that most important pasting parameters did not show a linear change that reflected the ratio of starches. A significant effect on final viscosities and setback was evident. The diameter distribution of starch granules that were heated to 70°C was determined by a laser particle size analyzer. The result suggested that the swelling of starch granules in the mixtures was reduced at the onset of gelatinization. Measurement of dynamic viscoelasticity measurement demonstrated that the mixtures showed slightly higher loss modulus than those seen for the control at small measuring frequencies. The mixture pastes with a high proportion of potato starch exhibited more pseudoplasticity and had a more significant thickening effect than either control paste. Nonadditive behavior was found by mixing potato and maize starch. This suggests that an appropriate blend of starches from diverse botanical origins may provide a simple practical avenue for manipulation.
Multiple vehicle detection and tracking in hard real-time (2002)

A vision system is developed that recognizes and tracks multiple cars from sequences of gray-scale images taken from a moving car in hard real-time. The recognition method is based on feature detection, online deformable template matching, and temporal differencing. The vision system utilizes the hard real-time operating system Maruti which guarantees that the timing constraints on the various processes of the vision system are satisfied. The dynamic creation and termination of tracking processes optimizes the amount of computation resources spent and allows fast real-time recognition and tracking of multiple cars as demonstrated over a large number of image frames.
Submucosal secretomotor and vasodilator reflexes (2004)

The presence of neuronal reflexes within the intestine that modulate mucosal ion secretion and blood flow have been recognized for many years, but the organization of these reflexes was unclear. This review highlights important findings from recent in vitro guinea-pig studies which have shown that both intrinsic primary afferent neurones (IPANs) and extrinsic primary afferent neurones (EPANs) can respond to chemical and/or mechanical stimuli to activate pathways, the afferent and efferent elements of which are confined to the walls of the intestine. Enteric neuronal pathways involve both myenteric and submucosal plexus neurones whereas capsaicin-sensitive afferent nerves evoke secretion by stimulating submucosal secretomotor neurones and vasodilation by direct actions on the submucosal arterioles. In this review, the cellular mechanisms involved in these pathways are described and the implications of these findings are discussed.
Fingerprint Feature Processing Techniques and Poroscopy (2022)

This chapter explores several techniques which may be considered intelligent techniques in fingerprint authentication. Reliability and uniqueness of features are the two dominant parameters which contribute to false reject rates and false accept rates in automated fingerprint authentication. Features are extracted in both the enrollment process and in the matching process of fingerprint authentication. Many of the feature extraction techniques which are discussed in the following sections can be considered preprocessing routines of the enrollment or matching process. Pore detection can be facilitated by first determining and storing the location of all skeleton end and branch points. Wrinkles, scars, and excessively worn prints result in images containing many “false minutia” structures. Also, non-ideal characteristics of an individual’s finger, such as relatively oily or dry skin, can interfere with prism-based image acquisition and produce false minutia or significant “cloud-like” noise.
Electromechanical Impedance Sensor for In Vivo Monitoring the Body Reaction to Implants (2004)

A novel sensor for in situ monitoring of the body reaction to implants has been developed. A piezoelectric wafer active sensor was adapted for biomedical applications (bio-PWAS). A number of bio-PWAS sensors have been implanted in rats and left in place up to 64 days. The bio-PWAS were able to oscillate in several resonance modes, radial-wise (in-plane) and thickness-wise (out-of-plane). The electromechanical impedance was measured over a wide frequency band, covering several radial vibration modes and the first thickness mode. The recorded data was processed with impedance spectroscopy methods. Preliminary results indicate a correlation between the electromechanical impedance spectrum of the bio-PWAS and the state of implantation. Quantitative studies have shown that the first radial mode amplitude seems to correlate with the short-time inflammatory and immune response, while the thickness mode amplitude seems to correlate with both the short-term inflammatory response and long-term encapsulation and fibrosis response. Since radial vibrations generate shear waves in the surrounding tissue, while thickness vibrations generate pressure waves, it seems that the shear and pressure wave interactions have specificity in detecting the different stages of the body's reaction response to implants. These observations were supported by histological examinations of the tissue surrounding the bio-PWAS. Though these initial results are encouraging, further experiments need to be conducted and more data needs to be collected in correlation with histological determinations. In-depth impedance spectroscopy studies should be conducted on this extensive data and closely correlated with extensive histological studies.
Hydrochlorothiazide is not additive to verapamil in treating essential hypertension (1989)

Calcium channel blockers, a newer class of antihypertensive medications, have gained considerable acceptance as monotherapeutic agents, particularly in low renin hypertension where diuretics are also most effective. To study whether thiazide diuretics exert an additional antihypertensive effect in the setting of calcium channel blockade, we gave verapamil hydrochloride (360 mg/d) or hydrochlorothiazide (25 mg/d) alone and in combination in an open study to 13 hypertensive patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. Both verapamil and hydrochlorothiazide lowered blood pressure (170 +/- 17/109 +/- 6 mm Hg pretreatment to 150 +/- 25/95 +/- 8 mm Hg with verapamil; 170 +/- 5/109 +/- 2 mm Hg pretreatment to 164 +/- 25/103 +/- 10 mm Hg with hydrochlorothiazide), but addition of hydrochlorothiazide to verapamil resulted in no added benefit (150 +/- 25/95 +/- 8 mm Hg vs 150 +/- 20/95 +/- 6 mm Hg). Furthermore, while hydrochlorothiazide lowered serum potassium values (4.2 +/- 0.25 mmol/L to 3.7 +/- 0.35 mmol/L) and stimulated plasma renin activity (1.5 +/- 1.3 ng/mL/h) pretreatment to 3.3 +/- 2.7 ng/mL/h with verapamil), verapamil only modestly elevated renin activity (1.5 +/- 1.3 ng/mL/h pretreatment to 2.7 +/- 2.5 ng/mL/h with verapamil) and did not lower potassium values. Altogether, the data suggest that in essential hypertension, at least for verapamil, concurrent diuretic therapy may not be helpful or warranted.
Mixed element trees: a generalization of modified octrees for the generation of meshes for the simulation of complex 3-D semiconductor device structures (1993)

This paper addresses the problem of the allocation of spatial grids for complex nonplanar three-dimensional (3-D) semiconductor device structures. We have characterized the class of meshes suitable for the integration of the device equations with the usual numerical schemes as being a subclass of the class of Delaunay meshes. We propose an algorithm for the efficient generation of such admissible meshes based on the iterative refinement of coarse elements. The generated meshes permit an exact geometrical modeling of rather general domain boundaries of modern silicon devices avoiding the "obtuse angle problem" by construction.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Media Streams: an iconic visual language for video annotation (2002)

In order to enable the search and retrieval of video from large archives, we need a representation of video content. Although some aspects of video can be automatically parsed, a detailed representation requires that video be annotated. We discuss the design criteria for a video annotation language with special attention to the issue of creating a global, reusable video archive. Our prototype system, Media Streams, enables users to create multi-layered, iconic annotations of streams video data. Within Media Streams, the organization and categories of the Director's Workshop allow users to browse and compound over 2200 iconic primitives by means of a cascading hierarchical structure which supports compounding icons across branches of the hierarchy. The problems of creating a representation of action for video are given special attention, as well as describing transitions in video.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A PON system suitable for internetworking optical network units using a fiber Bragg grating on the feeder fiber (1999)

We propose a simple method for interconnecting a group of optical network units (ONUs) dispersed throughout the customer premises, yet retaining the features of the conventional passive optical network (PON) system. A fiber Bragg grating on the feeder fiber near the star coupler reflects the light from an ONU and broadcasts it to all ONUs through the coupler. We experimentally demonstrated its feasibility using two wavelengths: one for the conventional PON and the other for internetworking ONUs.
A new Mallows distance based metric for comparing clusterings (2005)

Despite of the large number of algorithms developed for clustering, the study on comparing clustering results is limited. In this paper, we propose a measure for comparing clustering results to tackle two issues insufficiently addressed or even overlooked by existing methods: (a) taking into account the distance between cluster representatives when assessing the similarity of clustering results; (b) constructing a unified framework for defining a distance based on either hard or soft clustering and ensuring the triangle inequality under the definition. Our measure is derived from a complete and globally optimal matching between clusters in two clustering results. It is shown that the distance is an instance of the Mallows distance---a metric between probability distributions in statistics. As a result, the defined distance inherits desirable properties from the Mallows distance. Experiments show that our clustering distance measure successfully handles cases difficult for other measures.
Overview of the Vaccinia Virus Expression System (2002)

The vaccinia virus expression system differs from others in that transcription occurs in the cytoplasm of mammalian cells rather than in the nucleus. As a vector, vaccinia virus has a number of useful characteristics, including a capacity that permits cloning large fragments of foreign DNA (20+ kbp) with retention of infectivity, a wide host range, a relatively high level of protein synthesis, and "appropriate" transport, secretion, processing, and posttranslational modifications as dictated by the primary structure of the expressed protein and the cell type used. This overview discusses the life cycle of the vaccinia virus along with effects of vaccinia infection. The vaccinia vector expression system is described along with specific steps for expressing genes using these vectors. Important safety considerations are also presented.
Model optical transmitters with a circuit simulator (2005)

A circuit simulation tool nominally created for RF modeling call also be applied to analysis and simulation of optical components and circuits by substituting device parameter values.
Theoretical performance of 10 Gb/s lightwave systems using a III-V semiconductor Mach-Zehnder modulator (1994)

The system performance is assessed for 10 Gb/s lightwave systems that use a III-V semiconductor Mach-Zehnder intensity modulator and operate at a wavelength of 1.55 μm with standard single-mode optical fiber. The modulator is modeled by an equivalent circuit and an experimentally derived functional dependence of the attenuation and phase constants on applied voltage. The influence of the format of the modulating signal and the splitting ratio of the input Y-branch waveguide on the chirp characteristics of the modulator is examined based upon calculation of the receiver sensitivity. Optimum system performance is obtained for an asymmetric splitting ratio.
Active and passive forces of isolated myofibrils from cardiac and fast skeletal muscle of the frog. (1997)

1. Force measurements in isolated myofibrils (15 degrees C; sarcomere length, 2.10 microns) were used in this study to determine whether sarcomeric proteins are responsible for the large differences in the amounts of active and passive tension of cardiac versus skeletal muscle. Single myofibrils and bundles of two to four myofibrils were prepared from glycerinated tibialis anterior and sartorius muscles of the frog. Skinned frog atrial myocytes were used as a model for cardiac myofibrils. 2. Electron microscope analysis of the preparations showed that: (i) frog atrial myocytes contained a small and variable number of individual myofibrils (from 1 to 7); (ii) the mean cross-sectional area and mean number of myosin filaments of individual cardiac myofibrils did not differ significantly from those of single skeletal myofibrils; and (iii) the total myofibril cross-sectional area of atrial myocytes was on average comparable to that of bundles of two to four skeletal myofibrils. 3. In maximally activated skeletal preparations, values of active force ranged from 0.45 +/- 0.03 microN for the single myofibrils (mean +/- S.E.M.; n = 16) to 1.44 +/- 0.24 microN for the bundles of two to four myofibrils (n = 9). Maximum active force values of forty-five cardiac myocytes averaged 1.47 +/- 0.10 microN and exhibited a non-continuous distribution with peaks at intervals of about 0.5 microN. The results suggest that variation in active force among cardiac preparations mainly reflects variability in the number of myofibrils inside the myocytes and that individual cardiac myofibrils develop the same average amount of force as single skeletal myofibrils. 4. The mean sarcomere length-resting force relation of atrial myocytes could be superimposed on that of bundles of two to four skeletal myofibrils. This suggests that, for any given amount of strain, individual cardiac and skeletal sarcomeres bear essentially the same passive force. 5. The length-passive tension data of all preparations could be fitted by an exponential equation. Equation parameters obtained for both types of myofibrils were in reasonable agreement with those reported for larger preparations of frog skeletal muscle but were very different from those estimated for multicellular frog atrial preparations. It is concluded that myofibrils are the major determinant of resting tension in skeletal muscle; structures other than the myofibrils are responsible for the high passive stiffness of frog cardiac muscle.