gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lessons Learnt From Root Cause Analysis of Gulf of Mexico Oil Spill 2010 (2012)

Abstract Root cause analysis (RCA) is a class of problem solving methods aimed at identifying the root causes of problems/ incidents. By directing corrective measures at core causes, it is hoped that the chances of problem recurrence will be minimized. Thus, RCA is frequently considered to be an iterative process, and is frequently viewed as a tool of continuous improvement. RCA, initially is a reactive method of problem detection & solving. This means that, the analysis is done after an incident has occurred. By gaining proficiency in RCA it becomes a pro-active method. This means that RCA is able to estimate the possibility of an incident even before it could occur. Root cause analysis mainly consists of three steps A): Define the problem. B): Analyze the problem. C): Find the solutions for the problem. In view of the accident which took place recently i.e. Gulf of Mexico oil spill 2010, there were eight catastrophic failures which led to the explosion that destroyed the Deepwater Horizon drilling rig in the Gulf of Mexico. These failures included the sending of unofficial cement by specialist cementing services, no indications of testing done on the surface by drilling rig provider company before deploying it, pressure test which would have revealed problems in the drill was incorrectly deemed as a success by operator company and drilling rig provider company rig personnel. A complex and interlinked succession of mechanical failures, human judgments, engineering design, operational implementation and team interfaces caused this tragedy. Consequences of these plain errors were quite hazardous. It affected the humanity, environment, economy and also the settlements. The core objective of the paper is to bring about a detailed analysis so as to throw light on new techniques and how they can be utilised to prevent such disasters. To achieve this objective we acknowledged all the possible solutions for this issue so that the most excellent solutions can be selected and the challenges that are to be faced are studied thoroughly and examined to prevent future errors. However, it is recognized that complete prevention of reappearance by a single intrusion is not always possible. On the belief that problems are best solved by attempting to correct or eliminate root causes, as opposed to merely addressing the immediately obvious symptoms.
High Density of Octaarginine Stimulates Macropinocytosis Leading to Efficient Intracellular Trafficking for Gene Expression (2005)

The mechanism of the arginine-rich peptide-mediated cellular uptake is currently a controversial issue. Several factors, including the type of peptide, the nature of the cargo, and the linker between them, appear to affect uptake. One of the less studied factors, which may affect the uptake mechanism, is the effect of peptide density on the surface of the cargo. Here, we examined the mechanism of cellular uptake and intracellular trafficking of liposomes modified with different densities of the octaarginine (R8) peptide. Liposomes modified with a low R8 density were taken up mainly through clathrin-mediated endocytosis, leading to extensive lysosomal degradation, whereas those modified with a high R8 density were taken up mainly through macropinocytosis and were less subject to lysosomal degradation. Furthermore, the high density R8-liposomes were able to stimulate the macropinocytosis-mediated uptake of other particles. When plasmid DNA was condensed and encapsulated in R8-liposomes, the levels of gene expression were three orders of magnitude higher for the high density liposomes. The enhanced gene expression by the high density R8-liposomes was highly impaired by blocking uptake through macropinocytosis. The different extents of gene expression from different densities of the R8 peptide on the liposomes could be explained principally by the existence of an intracellular trafficking route, but not by the uptake amount, of internalized liposomes. These results show that the density of the R8 peptide on liposomes determines the uptake mechanism and that this is directly linked to intracellular trafficking, resulting in different levels of gene expression.
Efficiency analysis for multi‐view spatially multiplexed autostereoscopic 2‐D/3‐D displays (2007)

Abstract— The wide‐viewing freedom often requested by users of autostereoscopic displays can be delivered by spatial multiplexing of multiple views in which a sequence of images is directed into respective directions by a suitable autostereoscopic optical system. This gives rise to two important design considerations — the optical efficiency and the resolution efficiency of the device. Optical efficiency is particularly important in portable devices such as cell phones. A comparison is given between lens and barrier systems for various spatial multiplexing arrangements. Parallax‐barrier displays suffer from reduced optical efficiency as the number of views presented increases whereas throughput efficiency is independent of the number of views for lens displays. An autostereoscopic optical system is presented for the emerging class of highly efficient polarizer‐free displays. Resolution efficiency can be evaluated by investigating quantitative and subjective comparisons of resolution losses and pixel appearance in each 3‐D image. Specifically, 2.2‐in.‐diagonal 2‐D/3‐D panel performance has been assessed using Nyquist boundaries, human‐visual contrast‐sensitivity models, and autostereoscopic‐display optical output simulations. Four‐view vertical Polarization‐Activated Microlens technology with either QVGA mosaic or VGA striped pixel arrangements is a strong candidate for an optimum compromise between display brightness, viewing angle, and 3‐D pixel appearance.
What Else Can ‘Heparin’ Do? (1999)

This review article begins by discussing the molecular basis of the blood anticoagulant effect of heparin and some species of heparan sulphate (HS). A highly specific pentasaccharide sequence, containing a glucosamine 3-O-sulphate group, is a key structural element for this action. The biosynthesis of heparin and HS is outlined. Different types of HS proteoglycans exist. Analysis of HS preparations from different mammalian organs has indicated that the structural variability of the polysaccharide is due to regulated polymer modification. In addition to antithrombin, HS chains bind a very large number of other proteins in vivo. Such binding often appears to depend on the presence of specific sequences of different monosaccharide building-blocks and has diverse implications. Many physiological and pathological processes in the mammalian body appear to be influenced or regulated by HS proteoglycans. For example, the proper assembly of HS chains is believed to play an important role in normal embryonic and mammalian development. Diseases such as diabetes, amyloidosis and Alzheimer’s may be associated with changes in HS structure. Finally, the possibilities and strategies for developing drugs based on HS chemistry are discussed.
Using an in vivo phagemid system to identify non‐compatible <i>loxP</i> sequences (2001)

The site‐specific recombination system of bacteriophage P1 is composed of the Cre recombinase that recognizes a 34‐bp loxP site. The Cre/ loxP system has been extensively used to manipulate eukaryotic genomes for functional genomic investigations. The creation of additional heterologous loxP sequences potentially expands the utility of this system, but only if these loxP sequences do not recombine with one another. We have developed a stringent in vivo assay to examine the degree of recombination between all combinations of each previously published heterologous loxP sequence. As expected, homologous loxP sequences efficiently underwent Cre‐mediated recombination. However, many of the heterologous loxP pairs were able to support recombination with rates varying from 5 to 100%. Some of these loxP sequences have previously been reported to be non‐compatible with one another. Our study also confirmed other heterologous loxP pairs that had previously been shown to be non‐compatible, as well as defined additional combinations that could be used in designing new recombination vectors.
Annealing Induced Re-crystallization in CH3NH3PbI3−xClx for High Performance Perovskite Solar Cells (2017)

Using poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) as hole conductor, a series of inverted planar CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbI<sub>3-x</sub>Cl<sub>x</sub> perovskite solar cells (PSCs) were fabricated based on perovskite annealed by an improved time-temperature dependent (TTD) procedure in a flowing nitrogen atmosphere for different time. Only after an optimum annealing time, an optimized power conversion efficiency of 14.36% could be achieved. To understand their performance dependence on annealing time, an in situ real-time synchrotron-based grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) was used to monitor a step-by-step gradual structure transformation from distinct mainly organic-inorganic hybrid materials into highly ordered CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub> crystal during annealing. However, a re-crystallization process of perovskite crystal was observed for the first time during such an annealing procedure, which helps to enhance the perovskite crystallization and preferential orientations. The present GIXRD findings could well explain the drops of the open circuit voltage (V<sub>oc</sub>) and the fill factor (FF) during the ramping of temperature as well as the optimized power conversion efficiency achieved after an optimum annealing time. Thus, the present study not only illustrates clearly the decisive roles of post-annealing in the formation of solution-processed perovskite to better understand its formation mechanism, but also demonstrates the crucial dependences of device performance on the perovskite microstructure in PSCs.
Mergers and the history of collusion : competition law (2008)

So, the Competition Commission says that major competitors in the steel sector met, exchanged information and fixed prices in the steel reinforcement market. This was what came out of a press statement released on September 8, when the Commission made known its findings following investigations of various intermediate mergers in the steel sector (involving Aveng and Cape Gate as acquirers).
Prognostic biomarkers of renal cell carcinoma: Recent advances (2008)

Recent advances in understanding the characteristics of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) have brought to our attention many prognostic markers that affect and predict the survival outcome of patients with the disease. For the moment, however, patients with RCC have not received any benefit from such markers. If a patient is diagnosed as high risk by using such prognostic markers, there is no promising systemic therapy available. In this review we mainly focus on biomarkers of RCC that can be applied for therapeutic use reported in recent publications. Several issues and limitations in the reported studies are also highlighted and discussed. Developing biomarkers from the viewpoint of therapeutic application will lead to improvement of the prognosis of RCC patients.
Inhibition of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase gene expression by hemin and protoporphyrin IX. Identification of a hemin-responsive inhibitor of transcription (1996)

Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) is an iron-containing protein encoded by the same gene that codes for uteroferrin, a placental iron transport protein. In human peripheral mononuclear cells, TRAP expression is inhibited by both hemin (ferric protoporphyrin IX) and protoporphyrin IX. Nuclear run-on assays confirmed that this inhibition occurs at the level of gene transcription. Previous studies with mTRAP deletion mutants showed that the hemin effect was dependent on repressor activity in the mTRAP 5'-flanking region at -1846 bp to -1240 bp relative to ATG (Reddy et al, J Bone Mineral Res 10:601, 1995). We now report that gel shift assays showed a DNA binding protein in nuclear extracts of hemin-treated cells termed hemin response element binding protein (HREBP). Additional studies have localized the HREBP binding region in the mTRAP 5'-flanking DNA to a 27-bp sequence at -1815 to -1789 bp relative to ATG. A tandem repeat sequence, GAGGC;GAGGC, contained within this DNA segment, was shown to be involved in binding of HREBP. Highly homologous sequences are present in the 5'-flanking region of the hTRAP gene. Binding of HREBP to the mTRAP DNA sequence was inhibited by anti-HAP1 antibodies, indicating homology between the hemin-responsive factor and the yeast heme-dependent transcription factor, HAP1. A 607-bp segment of the mTRAP 5'-flanking region containing the candidate hemin response element and surrounding sequences conferred hemin regulation on the viral SV40 promoter. Southwestern blotting experiments probing nuclear extracts of hemin-treated U937 cells with the 27-bp binding sequence showed two protein bands at 37 and 133 kD representing candidate HREBPs. A GENINFO search showed several other mammalian genes with tandem GAGGC motifs in noncoding regions, providing the possibility that additional genes may also be regulated by hemin at the level of transcription. These studies provide the first description of a novel iron/hemin-responsive transcriptional regulatory mechanism in mammalian cells.
Radiation-induced cognitive impairment-from bench to bedside (2012)

Approximately 100,000 patients per year in the United States with primary and metastatic brain tumor survive long enough (>6 months) to develop radiation-induced brain injury. Before 1970, the human brain was thought to be radioresistant; the acute central nervous system (CNS) syndrome occurs after single doses of ≥ 30 Gy, and white matter necrosis can occur at fractionated doses of ≥ 60 Gy. Although white matter necrosis is uncommon with modern radiation therapy techniques, functional deficits, including progressive impairments in memory, attention, and executive function have become increasingly important, having profound effects on quality of life. Preclinical studies have provided valuable insights into the pathogenic mechanisms involved in radiation-induced cognitive impairment. Although reductions in hippocampal neurogenesis and hippocampal-dependent cognitive function have been observed in rodent models, it is important to recognize that other brain regions are affected; non-hippocampal-dependent reductions in cognitive function occur. Neuroinflammation is viewed as playing a major role in radiation-induced cognitive impairment. During the past 5 years, several preclinical studies have demonstrated that interventional therapies aimed at modulating neuroinflammation can prevent/ameliorate radiation-induced cognitive impairment independent of changes in neurogenesis. Translating these exciting preclinical findings to the clinic offers the promise of improving the quality of life in patients with brain tumors who receive radiation therapy.
Immobilization of poly(ethylene imine) onto polymer films pretreated with plasma (2000)

Poly(ethylene imine) (PEI)-immobilized surfaces have attracted much attention as interesting biomaterials in relation to cell culture, selective adsorption of endotoxins, and so on. In this study, we found that PEI could be effectively immobilized on various polymers pretreated by oxygen plasma. Surface analyses using an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer and contents of peroxide groups determined by iodide method indicate that the hydroxy peroxides were the main functional groups that contributed to PEI immobilization covalently on the polymer surfaces treated with oxygen plasma. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 75: 576–582, 2000
Assessment of airframe-subsystems synergy on overall aircraft performance in a Collaborative Design Environment. (2016)

A Collaborative Multidisciplinary Design Optimization (MDO) methodology is presented, which uses physics based analysis to evaluate the correlations between the airframe design and its sub-systems integration from the early design process, and to exploit the synergies within a simultaneous optimization process. Further, the disciplinary analysis modules involved in the optimization task are located in different organization. Hence, the Airframe and Subsystem design tools are integrated within a distributed overall aircraft synthesis process. The collaborative design process is implemented by making use of DLR’s engineering framework RCE. XML based central data format CPACS is the basis of communication to exchange model information between the analysis modules and between the partner organizations involved in the research activity. As a use case to evaluate the presented collaborative design method, an unmanned Medium Altitude Long Endurance (MALE) configuration is selected. More electric sub-systems combinations based on the mission requirements are considered. The deployed framework simultaneously optimizes the airframe along with the sub-systems. DLR’s preliminary aircraft design environment is used for the airframe synthesis, and the Sub-systems design is performed by the ASTRID tool developed by Politecnico di Torino. The resulting aircraft and systems characteristics are used to assess the mission performance and optimization.
In order to evaluate the physics based framework and system-airframe synergies, three case studies are considered:
a) Subsystem Architecture’s effect on overall aircraft performance for a given mission and fixed airframe.
b) Effects of variation of mission scenario on aircraft performance for a chosen subsystem architecture and fixed airframe.
c) Optimization involving wing planform variables and subsystem architecture for a given mission.
Rotational 3D Printing of Sensor Devices using Reactive Ink Chemistries (2008)

This paper charts progress in three key areas of a project supported by both UK government and UK industry to manufacture novel sensor devices using rotary 3D printing technology and innovative ink chemistries; (1) the development of an STL file slicing algorithm that returns constant Z height 2D contour data at a resolution that matches the given print head setup, allowing digital images to be generated of the correct size without the need for scaling; (2) the development of image transformation algorithms which allow images to be printed at higher resolutions using tilted print heads and; (3) the formulation of multi part reaction inks which combine and react on the substrate to form solid material layers with a finite thickness. A Direct Light Projection (DLP) technique demonstrated the robustness of the slice data by constructing fine detailed three dimensional test pieces which were comparable to identical parts built in an identical way from slice data obtained using commercial software. Material systems currently under investigation include plaster, stiff polyamides and epoxy polymers and conductive metallic’s. Early experimental results show conductivities of silver approaching 1.42x105 Siemens/m.
A Lorentz Force Actuated Continuous Deformable Polymer Mirror for Wavefront Control (2017)

This paper describes MEMS deformable polymer mirror system for adaptive optics application. This system employs a 4 µm thick SU-8 membrane with a stress balanced double side aluminum coating as a mirror element. Underlying Lorentz actuators are used to control the surface topography of the mirror, enabling optical wavefront correction. Compared to electrostatic, piezoelectric, and thermal actuators, the Lorentz actuators offer low voltage drive (<1 V), high deflection, and bi-directional motion. Mirror deflection of up to 45 µm was demonstrated, with lower deflections of 10 µm achieved with actuator heating below 10 °C.
Is N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine a good ligand for lithium? (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIs N,N,N',N'-tetramethylethylenediamine a good ligand for lithium?David B. CollumCite this: Acc. Chem. Res. 1992, 25, 10, 448–454Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1992https://doi.org/10.1021/ar00022a003RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views2395Altmetric-Citations267LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (975 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Unrepeatered 40 Gbit/s RZ single channel transmissionover 150 km of standard singlemode fibre at 1.55 µm (1997)

Unrepeatered 40 Gbit/s RZ single channel transmission over 150 km of standard singlemode fibre at 1.55 µm is reported using passive dispersion compensation. The authors investigate the influence of signal power, the compensation scheme, and the word length. Error-free transmission (BER = 10–9) is achieved with a receiver sensitivity of –27 dBm. Post-compensation allows for higher input powers and therefore for a higher system margin.
Content sharing using P2PSIP protocol in Wi-Fi direct networks (2012)

Efficient sharing of content among users in a close area is a challenging problem remaining in smart devices. This paper presents an architecture which allows users in a group to experience the ubiquitous and real -time sharing service of resource like image, video and website address. Our approach is motivated by taking advantage of the novel industrial standard Wi-Fi Direct which allows Wi-Fi terminals to establish a Wi-Fi network without a real Access Point (AP) and P2PSIP protocol which enables real-time communication using Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) in a Peer-to-Peer (P2P) fashion. Accordingly, with instant ad-hoc peer-to-peer connectivity, content sharing among users is conducted more easily and quickly. We describe a prototype application and discuss major practical requirements of the proposed system.