gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Singlet oxygen- versus nonsinglet oxygen-mediated mechanisms of sensitizer photobleaching and their effects on photodynamic dosimetry. (1998)

We report the effects of singlet oxygen (1O2) and non-1O2-mediated sensitizer photobleaching on oxygen consumption and dosimetry during photodynamic therapy (PDT) of sensitized multicell tumor spheroids. We develop a theoretical model for the description of non-1O2-mediated photobleaching resulting from irreversible reactions of the excited singlet or triplet sensitizer populations with cell substrate. We show that the fluence-dependent simple exponential decay expression of sensitizer degradation is not consistent with these mechanisms and, therefore, with any reasonable mechanism that we consider, because we have shown previously that 1O2-mediated photobleaching cannot be described by a simple exponential with a constant photobleaching coefficient (I. Georgakoudi et al., Photochem. Photobiol. 65, 135-144, 1997). Analysis of oxygen microelectrode measurements performed at the edge of Nile blue selenium (EtNBSe)- and protoporphyrin IX (PpIX)-sensitized spheroids during PDT demonstrates that the former drug photobleaches via a non-1O2-mediated mechanism, while the latter is degraded via a 1O2-mediated mechanism. Comparisons of the cytotoxic effects of EtNBSe with those of Photofrin (a drug that is degraded via a 1O2-mediated mechanism) indicate that the lower threshold 1O2 dose and the higher extinction coefficient and 1O2 yield for EtNBSe do not necessarily result in improved photodynamic effects, thus emphasizing the importance of the sensitizer photobleaching mechanism for dosimetry.
Innovation or a Race to the Bottom? Trust "Modernization" in New Hampshire (2009)

[Excerpt] “Late last summer, Governor Lynch signed into law Senate Bill 465, designed to further update New Hampshire‘s trust law. This bill follows similar legislation in Alaska, Delaware, Nevada, and several other states. It adds major new provisions to the existing statutory framework for irrevocable trusts. The bill allows for the creation of so-called self-settled asset protection trusts or domestic asset protection trusts (DAPTs). DAPTs represent the latest chapter in our State‘s move away from traditional trust and estate principles towards a system of dynastic and (theoretically) creditor-proof trusts. This legislation results from New Hampshire‘s desire to retain and attract trust activity. Effective January 2, 2009, the new Qualified Dispositions in Trust Act allows beneficiaries to ―self settle‖ irrevocable spendthrift trusts—for example, put assets into trust for their own benefit, while placing those assets, in many circumstances, out of the reach of most creditors. This article will attempt to answer some questions about these trusts. Will RSA 564–D succeed in increasing New Hampshire‘s share of the domestic trust business? Will these new trusts prove to be effective against creditors? Finally, what are the policy implications of these new trusts?”
Adaptive Bit Rate capable video caching and scheduling (2013)

Adaptive Bit Rate Streaming (ABR) has become a popular video delivery technique, credited to improving the quality of delivered video on wireless networks. At the same time, recent research has shown video caching in the Radio Access Network (RAN) can be a promising way to increase capacity of the network while reducing video latency and improving video quality of experience. In this work, we investigate the opportunities and challenges of combining the advantages of ABR streaming and RAN caching to maximize the video capacity of wireless networks. Since with ABR, each video is divided into multiple segments, chunks, and each chunk can be requested at different bit rates, the caching requirements are very different and challenging; a cache hit will require not only the presence of a specific video chunk, but also the availability of the desired bit rate. One way to solve this problem is to cache all variants of a video, but this approach may significantly increase storage and backhaul requirements or reduce the number of unique videos that can be cached. In this paper, we introduce a framework consisting of rate adaptation algorithm, video caching and processing within the wireless cloud, with the aim to improve video capacity of the wireless network and satisfy or exceed QoE of each video request. To achieve this goal, we propose a new ABR algorithm, along with an ABR aware Least Recently Used (LRU) caching policy with Processing (ABRLRU-P) to support caching of video chunks with different bit rates. Using our MATLAB statistical simulation framework, we demonstrate a capacity improvement of up to 83% when ABR is used with RAN caching and processing using the ABR-LRU-P policy compared with using no RAN caching and video processing. Further, using ABR along with ABRLRU-P caching policy can improve the capacity by 68% compared with using ABR and a straightforward static LRU caching policy which fetches all video bit rate versions of a video chunk upon a cache miss.
Ten Years of Experience with the Swedish Bone-Anchored Hearing System (1990)

In 1977, a new phase began in hearing rehabilitation of patients with chronic middle and external diseases and atresias. Thus far, these patients have had to rely on conventional bone conduction and air conduction devices that for various reasons give poor rehabilitation. The principle of the new treatment, made possible by the Swedish bone-anchored hearing system, is simple: sound vibrations are directly transmitted to the skull bone via a skin-penetrating titanium implant and then are further transmitted to the cochlea, bypassing the middle ear. The present paper summarizes our results in 147 patients over 10 years, including a total of 6,334 follow-up months. No significant rate of skin infections was observed. In over 93% of the observations, no sign of adverse skin reaction was seen. When herein-suggested indications for treatment with the bone-anchored sound processor HC-200 are followed, the success rate is over 90%. The improved quality of life reported by the patients is a combination of improved quality of sound, improved comfort, and relief from middle ear and ear canal disease occasioned by conventional hearing aids.
Soluble Cytokine Receptor Subunits Modulate Catecholaminergic Cell Activity (2014)

Soluble cytokine receptors (SCR) modulate cytokine signaling and are increased in states of abnormal immune activation. SCR's are also increased in psychiatric and neurological disorders associated with altered brain catecholaminergic activity; although, there is no evidence that any soluble cytokine receptor alone modulates such activity. One such soluble cytokine, soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R) modulates lymphocyte activity. Here, we discovered that soluble IL-2 receptors (sIL-2R, sIL-2R) dose-dependently increase cAMP levels in differentiated PC12 cells. sIL-2R and sIL-6R have produced no effect. Co-treatment of sIL-2Rs with IL-2 alters cAMP levels in a concentrationdependent manner. This is the first evidence that soluble receptors modulate catecholaminergic cell activity. Thus, soluble cytokine receptors, including the and subunits, may represent new therapeutic targets for relevant psychiatric and neurological disorders.
Photoconductivity of ZnS and ZnSe (1990)

ZnS and ZnSe are important materials for laser windows and optical thinfilm coatings. Understanding the laser-induced damage mechanism in optical materials provides the ability to make improved damage-resistant materials. Photoconductivity (PC) techniques have demonstrated the capability to provide information on carrier production that can lead to electron avalanche by single or multiple photon absorption processes produced by a high-intensity laser beam. A study of the linear PC using a monochromated Xe lamp and the nonlinear PC using various lasers as excitation sources will be presented for chemically vapor-deposited ZnS and ZnSe.
The Literature of Cellulose, Pulp, and Paper (1968)

The literature of cellulose, pulp, and paper includes articles relating to the various forms of cellulose (holocellulose, native fibers such as cotton, regenerated celluloses such as acetate and viscose rayons, dissolving-grade and paper pulps), chemical derivatives of cellulose, and wood, bast and bark components, such as hemicelluloses, pentosans, and lignins. These have been published in high-standard chemical or general science journals, applied science and industrial periodicals, major trade journals and institutional publications, as well as the better company magazines and house organs. Abstracting, indexing, and literature-survey services furnish condensed information. Other information can be found in books, bibliographies, and reviews.
Pressure Swing Adsorption for Air Purification. 1. Temperature Cycling and Role of Weakly Adsorbed Carrier Gas (1996)

Nonisothermal effects are known to be generally important in gas-phase adsorption processes. This paper considers the role of a weakly adsorbed carrier gas in pressure swing adsorption for purification. A combination of experimental and mathematical modeling results is presented in order to understand and describe the influence of the carrier gas on the behavior of the bed. Dry air is fed to beds of BPL activated carbon. Variations consider a feed of pure helium and a packing of glass beads or an empty column. The role of the heat capacity of the end regions of the bed is emphasized. For air with activated carbon, which adsorbs weakly with insignificant separation of nitrogen and oxygen, periodic state behavior leads to subcooling of the feed-inlet end of the bed and, for cycles of moderately short duration, to temperature rectification, or the establishment of a permanent oscillating temperature wave in the bed. The effect of the volumetric purge-to-feed ratio on the extent of this region and degree of subcooling is examined.
Design of a multiprocessor DSP chip for flexible information processing (1992)

Architecture and custom circuit design of a multiprocessor chip for digital signal processing (DSP) and digital image processing have been developed. Mappings of digital image processing and neural network algorithms are presented. The processor design supports the execution of key signal processing functions. The processing elements can be connected in a 1D linear ring or 2D systolic mesh array. A microprogrammed controller is used to enhance the processor performance. Each processor occupies 4.1 mm/sup 2/ by using an industrial-scale 0.5- mu m CMOS technology from TRW Inc. Sixty-four processing elements can be implemented in a 1.5-cm*1.8-cm chip and achieve 2.56 billion calculations per second.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Enhanced Proliferative Potential of Hematopoietic Cells Expressing Degradation-resistant c-Myb Mutants (2005)

The c-myb gene encodes a transcription factor required for proliferation, differentiation, and survival of hematopoietic cells. Expression of c-Myb is often increased in hematological malignancies, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We show here that c-Myb has a longer half-life (at least 2-fold) in BCR/ABL-expressing than in normal hematopoietic cells. Such enhanced stability was dependent on a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI-3K)/Akt/GSKIIIbeta pathway(s) as indicated by the suppression of c-Myb expression upon treatment with PI-3K inhibitors or co-expression with dominant negative Akt or constitutively active GSKIIIbeta. Moreover, inhibition of GSKIIIbeta by LiCl enhanced c-Myb expression in parental 32Dcl3 cells. Compared with wild type c-Myb, three mutants (delta(358-452), delta(389-418), and L389A/L396A c-Myb) of the leucine zipper domain had increased stability. However, only expression of delta(358-452) was not affected by inhibition of the PI-3K/Akt pathway and was not enhanced by a proteasome inhibitor, suggesting that leucine zipper-dependent and -independent mechanisms are involved in the regulation of c-Myb stability. Indeed, delta(389-418) carrying four lysine-to-alanine substitutions (delta(389-418) K387A/K428A/K442A/K445A) was as stable as delta(358-452) c-Myb. Compared with full-length c-Myb, constitutive expression of delta(358-452) and delta(389-418) c-Myb in Lin-Sca-1+ mouse marrow cells increased cytokine-dependent primary and secondary colony formation. In K562 cells, expression of delta(358-452), delta(389-418), and L389A/L396A c-Myb led to enhanced proliferation after STI571 treatment. Thus, enhanced stability of c-Myb by activation of PI-3K-dependent pathway(s) might contribute to the higher proliferative potential of BCR/ABL-expressing and, perhaps, other leukemic cells.
Optical Sectioning Fluorescence Spectroscopy in a Programmable Array Microscope (1998)

We report the use of a programmable array microscope (PAM) for the acquisition of spectrally resolved and high-throughput optical sections. The microscope is based on the use of a spatial light modulator for defining patterns of excitation and/or detection of fluorescence. For obtaining optically sectioned spectral images, the entrance slit of an imaging spectrograph and a line illumination pattern defined with a spatial light modulator are placed in conjugate optical positions. Compared to wide-field illumination, optical sectioning led to greater than 3× improvement in the rejection of out-of-focus fluorescence emission and nearly 6× greater peak-to-background ratios in biological specimens, yielding better contrast and spectral characterization. These effects resulted from a reduction in the artifacts arising from spectral contributions of structures outside the region of interest. We used the programmable illumination capability of the spectroscopic system to explore a variety of excitation/detection patterns for increasing the throughput of optical sectioning microscopes. A Sylvester-type Hadamard construction was particularly efficient, performing optical sectioning while maintaining a 50% optical throughput. These results demonstrate the feasibility of full-field highly multiplexed confocal spectral imaging.
Aluminizing of Stainless Steel (2012)

Abstract Aluminide coatings were applied by halide activated pack cementation to austenitic 304 stainless steel substrates. The evolution of coating microstructure as a function of coating process parameters, e.g., temperature, time, etc., was explored. Stainless steel type 304 was chosen as a model substrate to understand the kinetics of aluminizing and for the potential enhancement in high temperature corrosion resistance. The kinetics of the aluminizing process was studied at different temperatures in the 650 – 850°C range and times in the 1 – 25 h range. At 650°C, the coating consisted of a single layer containing two phases tentatively identified as Al5FeNi (Cr) as the matrix with a dispersed aluminide, Al86Fe14. At 850°C, the coatings initially consist of at least two layers containing three phases [with a preliminary identification as Al86Fe14, AlxFey(Ni,Cr) and Al5Fe Ni(Cr) which transitions to a single layer of possibly AlxFey(Ni,Cr) and intermetallic precipitates of undetermined composition.
Magnetostatic energy of paramagnetic particles in magnetic separators (1977)

A general form for the magnetostatic interaction energy of an infinitely long cylinder of arbitrary cross-section, uniformly magnetized in a direction perpendicular to its long axis, and a spherical paramagnetic particle is obtained. For cylindrical and rectangular cross-sections, expressions for this energy are given which involve simple functions only.
The effect of mineral salt addition on mozzarella cheesemaking (1997)

The addition of mineral salts to cheesemilk affected the processing variables as well as the final composition and texture of the mozzarella cheese. These effects were dependent both on the type of salt and the level at which it was added. Addition of Ca (0.05-0.20 mole/kg milk solids non-fat, MSNF) reduced the time for curd formation, lowered the pH of curd at cutting and increased moisture in cheese. The addition of phosphate to cheesemilk at levels up to 0.15 mole-added phosphate/kg MSNF did not affect time for curd formation or pH of curd at cutting but addition of phosphate at a higher level (0.20 mole/kg MSNF) delayed the time for formation of the curd and increased the pH of curd cutting. The addition of citrate (0.05 mole/kg MSNF) had similar effects to the addition of high levels of phosphate (0.2 mole/ kg MSNF). There was no curd formed on addition of a high level of added citrate (0.2 mole/kg MSNF). With the use of Ca plus citrate or Ca plus phosphate, the time for curd formation was generally unchanged or slightly reduced. With use of Ca plus phosphate, the pH of cutting was lower than that for cheesemilk without any added salts whereas the effects of added Ca plus citrate were variable. The effects of added salts on the textural properties of the cheese were variable and dependent on the season of mozzarella cheesemaking.
NACRE novel aircraft concepts (2010)

Abstract Commercial transport aircraft developed today are defined to balance all requirements foreseen for the short or medium term. Best engineering knowledge as much as minimum business risks consistently lead to the so-called ‘classic’ aircraft configuration. This balanced approach is efficient but can also inhibit innovative practices. Ensuring a sustainable growth in the aviation sector may require radical changes in the way we design and operate aircraft. Started in April 2005, NACRE is a four-year European research and technology integrated project, partly funded by the European Community under the Sixth Framework Programme, which aims at integrating and validating technologies that will enable the potential of new aircraft concepts to be assessed. In order to explore the most relevant capabilities and meet the widest range of challenges, the NACRE R&T project has identified a set of concepts tailored to address specific subsets of design drivers: • The Pro-Green aircraft concepts putting a major emphasis on the reduction of environmental impact of air travel; • The Passenger-driven Aircraft concepts aiming at optimised payload and appreciable quality of future aircraft for the end users; • The Simple Flying Bus, which puts the biggest emphasis on low manufacturing costs and minimum cost of ownership. Irrespective of what final future product configurations might ever look like, the NACRE aircraft concepts act as basic vectors, encompassing all the expected capability developments. The general project objectives are thus to use these concepts in order to: • Explore alternative routes for the major aircraft components (fuselage, wing, engine integration) better suited to their specific targets and which would have been rejected in a balanced approach; • Provide better answers to the full range of requirements by developing and, in some cases, validating the associated envelope of innovative component designs and associated technologies. NACRE is by essence a focused multidisciplinary approach. It does not concentrate on one specific aircraft concept, but it is aimed at developing solutions at a generic aircraft component level, which will enable the results to be applicable for a range of new aircraft concepts. For each of the major aircraft components, the multidisciplinary investigations will require an exploration of the different associated aspects of aerodynamics, materials, structure, engines and systems with the goal of setting the standards in future aircraft design, thus ensuring improved quality and affordability, whilst meeting the strengthening environmental constraints (emissions and noise), with a vision towards improving significantly the global efficiency of the air transport system.
Decarbonizing Freight Transport: Mobile Carbon Capture from Heavy Duty Vehicles (2020)

The future of passenger transportation lies in electrification. Freight transportation however has size and weight limitations that make electrification challenging, such that the continued emission of carbon dioxide from the combustion exhaust of heavy-duty vehicles is likely. A carbon capture strategy to intercept CO 2 from mobile emission sources, analogous to stationary capture systems for power plants, is therefore attractive to reduce CO 2 emissions from freight shipping. The economic and environmental implications of a conceptual technology, utilizing a porous adsorbent bed to selectively remove CO 2 from tailpipe exhaust, are examined herein. In the economic evaluation, the hypothetical abatement cost for mobile carbon capture is found to be competitive with stationary capture and with vehicle electrification at about $100 per ton of avoided CO 2 emissions. Based on the market potential of land freight shipping, 0.12 to 0.15 C of avoided warming through the end of the century is achievable by the implementation of mobile carbon capture for long-haul freight vehicles. Collectively, carbon capture from heavy-duty vehicles could provide a practical, cost-competitive, and sustainable contribution to mitigating global greenhouse gas emissions.
Current Multiple Myeloma Treatment Strategies with Novel Agents: A European Perspective (2010)

The treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) has undergone significant developments in recent years. The availability of the novel agents thalidomide, bortezomib, and lenalidomide has expanded treatment options and has improved the outcome of patients with MM. Following the introduction of these agents in the relapsed/refractory setting, they are also undergoing investigation in the initial treatment of MM. A number of phase III trials have demonstrated the efficacy of novel agent combinations in the transplant and nontransplant settings, and based on these results standard induction regimens are being challenged and replaced. In the transplant setting, a number of newer induction regimens are now available that have been shown to be superior to the vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone regimen. Similarly, in the front-line treatment of patients not eligible for transplantation, regimens incorporating novel agents have been found to be superior to the traditional melphalan plus prednisone regimen. Importantly, some of the novel agents appear to be active in patients with high-risk disease, such as adverse cytogenetic features, and certain comorbidities, such as renal impairment. This review presents an overview of the most recent data with these novel agents and summarizes European treatment practices incorporating the novel agents.