gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Submerged Robotic Micromanipulation and Dielectrophoretic Micro-object Release (2006)

The development of new hybrid microsystems needs new technologies which are able to perform assembly of small micro-objects. Now, the current micromanipulation technologies are still unreliable for micro-objects which typical size is down to hundred micrometers. Consequently, the study and the development of innovative artificial micro-object manipulation strategies in these dimensions is particularly relevant. As presented in the literature, micromanipulations are perturbed by the adhesion and surface forces which depend on surrounding mediums. We propose to perform micro-assembly tasks in liquid medium, because adhesion and surface forces applied on submerged micro-objects are less important than in air. The comparative analysis of micro-forces in air and in liquid is presented in this paper. Although the micro-forces reduce in liquid, they stay disturbed the micro-objects release. Thus, we propose to extend the dielectrophoresis micromanipulation principles which are currently done in the biological micromanipulation to submerged artificial objects micro-assembly. The negative dielectrophoresis principle is used to release a micro-object grasped with a micro-gripper. Physical principle and first experimentations is presented in this article. Further works will focus on the optimization of the principle, and on the micro-object release modelling and control
Active techniques for real-time video transmission and playback (2002)

There are many different types of video coding standards which can only be played with specific decoders. The lack of a decoder requires a user to download and install the proper decoder in order to decode a particular video stream. This however may not be preferable for real-time applications due to real-time constraint. We propose active techniques to dynamically inject video coding software into the transmitted video packets so that users are capable of playing video encoded in any format without having the decoding software pre-installed. The proposed techniques encapsulate the encoded video stream along with the appropriate video decoding software into active packets, and transmit the active packets to the receiving terminal. The receiver then only needs to extract the code from the active packets to get the software to decode the encoded video. The process of creating and extracting active packets is referred as active activation. Depending upon the nature of the video stream, there are different active techniques to encapsulate and restore the video stream. This paper details these active techniques.
Mixed lineage kinase–c‐jun N‐terminal kinase signaling pathway: A new therapeutic target in Parkinson's disease (2005)

There is growing evidence that the molecular pathways of programmed cell death play a role in neurodegenerative disease, including Parkinson's disease, so there has been increased interest in them as therapeutic targets for the development of neuroprotective strategies. One pathway of cell death that has attracted particular attention is the mixed lineage kinase (MLK) -c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling cascade, which leads to the phosphorylation and activation of the transcription factor c-jun. There is much evidence, from in vitro and in vivo studies, that this cascade can mediate cell death. In addition, there is evidence that it is operative upstream in the death process. It is possible that abrogation of this pathway may forestall death before irreversible cellular injury. One class of compounds that has shown promise for their ability to block cell death by inhibiting this cascade are the inhibitors of the MLKs, which are upstream in the activation of c-jun. One of these compounds, CEP1347, is now in a Phase II/III clinical trial for neuroprotection in PD. Whether this trial is successful or not, this signaling cascade is likely to be a focus of future therapeutic development. This review, therefore, outlines the principles of signaling within this kinase pathway, and the evidence for its role in cell death. We review the evidence that inhibition of the MLKs can prevent dopamine neuron cell death and the degeneration of their axons. These studies suggest important future directions for the development of therapies that will target this important cell death pathway.
Validation of bone marrow fat quantification in the presence of trabecular bone using MRI (2014)

Our implementation of a six-echo chemical-shift based MRI pulse sequence with T2 * correction provided an accurate means of determining fat content in bone marrow in the presence of trabecular bone.
Dynamic Dead-Time Optimization and Phase Skipping Control Techniques for Three-Phase Microinverter Applications (2016)

This paper introduces a combination of two proposed efficiency improvement techniques for a microinverter with current mode control zero-voltage switching output stages. The first technique is dynamic dead-time optimization wherein pulse width modulation dead times are dynamically adjusted as a function of load current. The second method is advanced phase skipping control which maximizes inverter efficiency by controlling power on individual phases depending on the available input power from the photovoltaic source. Neither of the techniques requires any additional circuit components and both can be easily implemented in digital controller firmware. The two techniques were designed and implemented in a 400-W three-phase microinverter prototype. The experimental results validate the theoretical analysis of these techniques and demonstrate that a significant efficiency improvement can be achieved by combining the two proposed control techniques.
Synchronizing genetic relaxation oscillators by intercell signaling (2002)

The ability to design and construct synthetic gene regulatory networks offers the prospect of studying issues related to cellular function in a simplified context; such networks also have many potential applications in biotechnology. A synthetic network exhibiting oscillatory behavior has recently been constructed [Elowitz, M. B. & Leibler, S. (2000) Nature (London) 403, 335-338]. It has also been shown that a natural bacterial quorum-sensing mechanism can be used in a synthetic system to communicate a signal between two populations of cells, such that receipt of the signal causes expression of a target gene [Weiss, R. & Knight, T. F. (2000) in DNA6: Sixth International Meeting on DNA-Based Computers, June 13-17, 2000, Leiden, The Netherlands]. We propose a synthetic gene network in Escherichia coli which combines these two features: the system acts as a relaxation oscillator and uses an intercell signaling mechanism to couple the oscillators and induce synchronous oscillations. We model the system and show that the proposed coupling scheme does lead to synchronous behavior across a population of cells. We provide an analytical treatment of the synchronization process, the dominant mechanism of which is "fast threshold modulation."
Regulation of interleukin-8 expression in human melanoma cells by the organ environment. (1995)

The in vitro expression level of interleukin-8 (IL-8) correlates with the metastatic potential of human melanoma cells. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the expression level of IL-8 in human melanoma cells is influenced by the organ microenvironment. A375P cells, a low metastatic human melanoma, and A375SM cells, a highly metastatic variant, were injected into the subcutis (s.c.), spleen (to produce liver metastases), and lateral tail vein (to produce lung metastases) of athymic nude mice. Northern blot and immunohistochemical analyses determined that s.c. tumors, lung lesions, and liver lesions expressed high, intermediate, and low IL-8, mRNA, and protein, respectively. This differential regulation of IL-8 was not due to the size or density of the lesions or to selection of subpopulations of cells. We based this conclusion on the results of three experiments: (a) melanoma cell lines established in culture from in vivo-growing tumors exhibited similar levels of IL-8 mRNA transcripts; (b) in a crossover experiment, the level of IL-8 mRNA was always high in A375 tumors reestablished in the skin and low in the tumors reestablished in the liver, regardless of whether the melanoma cells had been first harvested from s.c. or liver tumors; and (c) A375 melanoma cells cocultured with human keratinocytes produced high levels of IL-8 protein, whereas A375 cells cocultured with highly differentiated human hepatoma cells produced decreased levels. When A375P cells were then incubated with cytokines associated with keratinocytes (IL-1 and interferon beta) or hepatocytes (transforming growth factor alpha or beta), IL-1 enhanced the production of IL-8 protein, whereas TGF-beta decreased its production. These data show that IL-8 expression in melanoma cells is modulated by local host factors.
Analytic crack solutions for tilt fields around hydraulic fractures (2000)

The recent development of downhole tiltmeter arrays for monitoring hydraulic fractures has provided new information on fracture growth and geometry. These downhole arrays offer the significant advantages of being close to the fracture (large signal) and being unaffected by the free surface. As with surface tiltmeter data, analysis of these measurements requires the inversion of a crack or dislocation model. To supplement the dislocation models of Davis [1983], Okada [1992], and others, this work has extended several elastic crack solutions to provide tilt calculations. The solutions include constant‐pressure two‐dimensional (2‐D), penny‐shaped, and 3‐D‐elliptic cracks and a 2‐D‐variable‐pressure crack. Equations are developed for an arbitrary inclined fracture in an infinite elastic space. Effects of fracture height, fracture length, fracture dip, fracture azimuth, fracture width, and monitoring distance on the tilt distribution are given, as well as comparisons with the dislocation model. The results show that the tilt measurements are very sensitive to the fracture dimensions but also that it is difficult to separate the competing effects of the various parameters.
Using Fracture Mechanics Concepts for a Mechanism-Based Prediction of Thermomechanical Fatigue Life (2003)

An extensive database on the isothermal and thermomechanical fatigue behavior of high-temperature titanium alloy IMI 834 and dispersoid-strengthened aluminum alloy X8019 in SiC particle-reinforced as well as non-reinforced condition was used to evaluate both the adaptability of fracture mechanics approaches to TMF and the resulting predictive capabilities of determining material life by crack propagation consideration. Emphasis was put on the selection of the correct microstructural concepts, then adjusting them using data from independent experiments in order to avoid any sort of fitting. It is shown that the cyclic J-integral (ΔJeff concept) is suitable to predict the cyclic lifetime for conditions where the total crack propagation rate is approximately identical to plain fatigue crack growth velocity. In the case that crack propagation is strongly affected by creep, the creep-fatigue damage parameter DCF introduced by Riedel can successfully be applied. If environmental effects are very pronounced the accelerating influence of corrosion on fatigue crack propagation can no longer implicitly be taken into account in the fatigue crack growth law. Instead, a linear combination of the crack growth rate contributions from plain fatigue (determined in vacuum) and from environmental attack was assumed and found to yield a satisfactory prediction, if the relevant corrosion process is taken into account.
Development and comparison of two competitive ELISAs for estimation of cotinine in human exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (2014)

We simultaneously set up two competitive (direct and indirect) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) based on the same antibody for estimation of cotinine (COT) in pregnant women especially and population generally exposed to environmental tobacco smoke. The results show that the limits of detection (LODs) for direct competitive ELISA and indirect competitive ELISA were 0.04 μgL(-1) and 0.1 μgL(-1), respectively. Direct competitive ELISA was found to be more sensitive than indirect competitive ELISA. Thereafter, we applied our direct competitive ELISA for the detection of COT from urinary samples taken from 450 volunteers from the Zhejiang Province of China. COT was detected in 100% of participants with concentration ranging from LOD to 5358.0 μgL(-1). The GM and 95th percentile concentration of COT in pregnant women were 6.3 μgL(-1) and 57.2 μgL(-1), respectively. Males had statistically higher COT concentrations than females (P < 0.0001), active smokers had statistically higher COT concentrations than non-smokers (P < 0.0001), whereas, non-pregnant women were found to have higher COT concentration than pregnant women. We conclude that our developed direct competitive ELISA is useful for detecting the COT in urinary concentration of human. The human urinary data obtained in this study indicated that common people generally and pregnant women especially were highly exposed to COT. Further studies are needed to focus on the sources of exposure, potential health effects and risk assessment of exposure to COT.
A polymerase chain reaction-based microsatellite typing assay used for tumor cell line identification. (1994)

In this report we describe the application of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based DNA typing assay to the analysis of tumor cell line identity. We have applied the technique to analyze four tumor cell lines purchased from the American Type Culture Collection (SK-OV-3, SK-BR-3, OVCAR, HeLa) and four lines isolated from the ascites fluids of ovarian cancer patients (YAOVBIX1, YAOVBIX3, OC194, and OC346). In this assay, three polymorphic tetranucleotide microsatellite loci (GABARB1, TH01, and HPRTB) were amplified from tumor cell line DNAs in radioactive PCR-reactions. The products were resolved in polyacrylamide gels and exposed to film to produce individual-specific patterns for five of the cell lines (HeLa, SK-BR-3, OVCAR, YAOVBIX3, and OC194). However, three of the cell lines, SK-OV-3, YAOVBIX1, and OC436 had identical "fingerprints" at all three loci. The probability that the observed profile match could occur between three randomly selected heterologous cell lines was calculated to be 1.32 x 10(-13). On the basis of this analysis, we have identified two independent cross-contamination events involving the SK-OV-3 ovarian adenocarcinoma cell line. The PCR-based analysis of tetranucleotide microsatellite loci is technically straightforward and produces discrete allelic bands associated with known population frequencies, allowing for the unequivocal interpretation of typing patterns.
Response to Haart and Gb Virus Type C Coinfection in a Cohort of Antiretroviral-Naive HIV-Infected Individuals (2005)

The prognostic role of GB virus type C (GBV-C) viraemia in HIV-infected subjects treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is still undefined. The aim of this analysis is to assess the relationship between GBV-C infection and response to antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected subjects initiating HAART when antiretroviral-naive. A prospective, observational study of 400 HIV-infected patients with measurements of GBV-C RNA, hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies and HCV RNA determined from plasma stored prior to HAART initiation. Time to virological (achieving HIV RNA < or =500 copies/ml) and immunological success (a CD4+ count increase of > or =200 cells/microl), and the time to virological relapse (confirmed HIV RNA >500 copies/ml) were assessed by Kaplan-Meier methods and Cox proportional hazard regression model. Of the subjects, 117 (29.3%) were GBV-C positive and, overall, 351 (87.8%) patients achieved virological success. After controlling for a number of confounders including HCV RNA, GBV-C viraemic patients experienced a significantly lower risk of HIV rebound than those who were GBV-C negative [relative hazard (RH)=0.56, 95% CI: 0.34-0.93, P=0.03]. Conversely, the probability of achieving initial virological success or CD4+ count response after HAART did not differ between GBV-C-negative and -positive subjects. These results suggest that GBV-C coinfection may play a role in determining the rate of HIV rebound possibly by competing with HIV replication after HIV load has been successfully suppressed by HAART.
Embryonic development and incidence of aneuploidy in two rabbit strains of different fecundity (1991)

Summary. The correlation between strain fecundity and (i) development and (ii) rate of aneuploidy was studied in rabbit preimplantation embryos obtained from 2 strains of different fecundity. Embryos were investigated at Days 3–6 (preimplantation development) or Days 2, 4 and 6 post coitum (aneuploidy). Embryonic size and cell proliferation varied on the days of investigation, but with no consistent tendency in favour of one strain. The incidence of aneuploidy did not differ significantly between embryos from the 2 strains (P&gt;0·05). The multifactorially determined criterion of prolificacy was not selectively correlated with overall differences in embryonic preimplantation growth and rate of aneuploidy. Keywords: preimplantation development; aneuploidy; fecundity; strain differences; rabbit
A new algorithm for faults on double-circuit lines in phase coordinates (2009)

The paper presents a new phase coordinate algorithm for analysis faulted AC double-circuit lines. Different topologies of double-circuit lines are considered. Different types of short circuit faults, inter-circuit faults and open conductor faults are treated in a general fault conditions. The development of the algorithm is based on the matrix transformation and port network theory in phase coordinates. The former is used to improve the efficiency of the new algorithm and the latter is used to describe faulted network since it is suitable to put all kinds of short circuit faults and open conductor faults in AC double-circuit lines into one general form, including faults with various fault impedances. With the new algorithm, the sequence network constitution can be avoid, the sparse technology can still be applied for calculation efficiency, short circuit faults and open conductor of double-circuit lines with different topologies can be simulated easily, and no restriction is imposed on the symmetry of power system parameters. Theoretical analysis and computer test results show the effectiveness and efficiency of the new method clearly.
Bone formation induced in an infant by systemic prostaglandin-E<sub>2</sub>administration (1988)

We report a case of long-term systemic administration of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) to a newborn infant with ductus-dependent congenital heart disease. After 46 days of treatment, radiography showed cortical hyperostosis of the long bones. The child died 62 days after discontinuation of prostaglandin treatment. Histologic examination of tubular bones showed hyperostosis presumably due to prostaglandin-induced rapid formation of primitive bone. The additional finding of extensive resorption of the outer cortical surface and bone formation at the inner surface suggested a reversible phase after discontinuation of treatment.
Sales of Livestock at Homebush, Sydney, June, 1947 (1947)

Agribusiness
Temporal analysis of the developing Chlamydia psittaci inclusion by use of fluorescence and electron microscopy (1996)

The chlamydiae are obligate intracellular parasites that develop and multiply within a vacuole (termed an inclusion) that does not fuse with lysosomes. Inclusion morphology varies dramatically among the different chlamydiae, particularly within the species Chlamydia psittaci. Some strains develop within a single vacuole, while the mature inclusion of other strains consists of several distinct lobes, each filled with chlamydial developmental forms. The development of this lobed structure was investigated in HeLa cells infected with the guinea pig inclusion conjunctivitis (GPIC) strain of C. psittaci. We employed two recently described probes for the chlamydial inclusion to study the development of these unique lobed structures. The novel probes were an antiserum directed at a protein localized to the GPIC inclusion membrane (anti-IncA) and the fluorescent sphingolipid (N-[7-(4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-)]) aminocaproyl sphingosine (NBD-ceramide). Lobed inclusions developed in cells infected at very low multiplicities of infection, suggesting that the structure is not a function of infection by more than one elementary body (EB). Double-label fluorescent-antibody analysis with anti-IncA and an antibody directed at a chlamydial outer membrane protein showed that, prior to 18 h postinfection (p.i.), the inclusion membrane and the chlamydial membrane were tightly associated. After 18 to 20 h p.i., the lobes began to expand and fill with developmental forms and the inclusion membrane and chlamydial membrane became distinct. At times from 8 to 48 h p.i., GPIC inclusions were shown to receive fluorescent derivatives of NBD-ceramide and to be localized to the perinuclear region of the host cell. Labeled lectins with affinity for carbohydrate moieties localized to the Golgi apparatus showed that the lobes of mature inclusions surround the Golgi apparatus. Labeling with NBD-ceramide and the Golgi apparatus-specific lectins therefore demonstrated a functional and physical association of the inclusion with the Golgi apparatus throughout the developmental cycle. Collectively, these results lead to a model for the development of the lobed chlamydial inclusion. We propose that the lobed structure is a result of division of inclusions occurring in parallel with the multiplication of reticulate bodies (RB) early in the developmental cycle. The division of inclusions slows or stops in mid-cycle, and dividing RB accumulate within the enlarging lobes. The RB then differentiate to EBs, the inclusion and cell are lysed, and EBs are freed to infect another cell.
Chemical probing of glycans in cells and organisms (2012)

Among the four major building blocks of life, glycans play essential roles in numerous physiological and pathological processes. Due to their non-templated biosynthesis, advances towards elucidating the molecular details of glycan functions are relatively slow compared with the pace of protein and nucleic acid research. Over the past 30 years, chemical tools have emerged as powerful allies to genetics and molecular biology in the study of glycans in their native environment. This tutorial review will provide an overview of the recent technological developments in the field, as well as the progress in the application of these techniques to probe glycans in cells and organisms.
Fluoride glasses for infra-red optical fibres (1981)

Fluoride glasses in the ZrF4-BaF2-RF3 system (R=Gd, Yb) have been investigated as potential low loss materials for achievement of fibres transmitting wavelengths at about 3–5 μm. Optical measurements confirm the interest in such components and PbF2 doping allows substantial refractive index increases, making for feasible doped core glass preforms.
Acute Epiglottitis (1980)

Acute epiglottitis is a highly lethal disease characterized by acute respiratory distress leading to airway obstruction. Healthy children between the ages of 1 and 5 years are most commonly affected, although the disease may also be seen in adults. For an unknown reason, the disease is more prevalent in males. It is more common during the winter months, but may occur at any time of the year.