gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Carboxylic acid functionalized imidazolium salts: sequential formation of ionic, zwitterionic, acid-zwitterionic and lithium salt-zwitterionic liquid crystals (2011)

Carboxylic acid functionalized imidazolium salts, their deprotonated carboxylate zwitterions and acid-zwitterion adducts have been studied, and are denoted as [N-Cn,N′-CO2H-Im][X] (Cn = CnH2n+1; X = Cl−, Br−, BF4− and PF6−), [N-Cn,N′-CO2-Im] and [(N-Cn,N′-CO2-Im)2H][anion] (anion = NO3− and Br−), respectively. Crystal structures of [N-C10,N′-CO2-Im]Br and [N-Cn,N′-CO2-Im]·2H2O studied by single-crystal X-ray diffraction indicate that carboxylic acid and carboxylate groups provide rich C–H⋯Br and/or C–H⋯O hydrogen bonding interactions in the construction of helical architecture. Except the PF6− salts, all the other types of compounds with long alkyl chains exhibit wide range SmA mesophase. Zwitterions and adducts represent two new classes of imidazolium based liquid crystals. The adducts [(N-Cn,N′-CO2-Im)2H]Br display wider mesophase range than the other series of compounds. Mixtures of lithium salts with zwitterion of [N-C10,N′-CO2-Im] form lithium containing liquid crystals at or near room temperature. A preliminary study of the mixtures of [N-C10,N′-CO2-Im]/[LiClO4] (3 : 1) and [N-C10,N′-CO2-Im]/[LiBF4] (3 : 1) placed between two ITO glasses shows that lithium ion conductivities increase upon increasing the temperature in the mesophase, yet decrease beyond the clearing temperature.
Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 in Oncogenic Osteomalacia and X-Linked Hypophosphatemia (2003)

FGF-23 is readily detectable in the plasma or serum of healthy persons and can be markedly elevated in those with oncogenic osteomalacia or X-linked hypophosphatemia, suggesting that this growth factor has a role in phosphate homeostasis. FGF-23 measurements might improve the management of phosphate-wasting disorders.
Traffic lights detection and state estimation using Hidden Markov Models (2014)

The detection of a traffic light on the road is important for the safety of persons who occupy a vehicle, in a normal vehicles or an autonomous land vehicle. In normal vehicle, a system that helps a driver to perceive the details of traffic signals, necessary to drive, could be critical in a delicate driving manoeuvre (i.e crossing an intersection of roads). Furthermore, traffic lights detection by an autonomous vehicle is a special case of perception, because it is important for the control that the autonomous vehicle must take. Multiples authors have used image processing as a base for achieving traffic light detection. However, the image processing presents a problem regarding conditions for capturing scenes, and therefore, the traffic light detection is affected. For this reason, this paper proposes a method that links the image processing with an estimation state routine formed by Hidden Markov Models (HMM). This method helps to determine the current state of the traffic light detected, based on the obtained states by image processing, aiming to obtain the best performance in the determination of the traffic light states. With the proposed method in this paper, we obtained 90.55% of accuracy in the detection of the traffic light state, versus a 78.54% obtained using solely image processing. The recognition of traffic lights using image processing still has a large dependence on the capture conditions of each frame from the video camera. In this context, the addition of a pre-processing stage before image processing could contribute to improve this aspect, and could provide a better results in determining the traffic light state.
Competing in the dark: An efficient algorithm for bandit linear optimization (2008)

We introduce an efficient algorithm for the problem of online linear optimization in the bandit setting which achieves the optimal O*(√T)regret. The setting is a natural generalization of the nonstochastic multiarmed bandit problem, and the existence of an efficient optimal algorithm has been posed as an open problem in a number of recent papers. We show how the difficulties encountered by previous approaches are overcome by the use of a self-concordant potential function. Our approach presents a novel connection between online learning and interior point methods.
Study of the D⇄Sb (D = O, S) Transannular Interaction in Sb‐Monohalogenated Dibenzostibocines − An Experimental and Theoretical Study (2003)

Abstract In order to gain a greater insight in the nature of the D⇄Sb transannular interaction in dibenzostibocines, a series of D(C 6 H 4 S) 2 SbHal complexes (D = S; Hal = Cl 1 , Br 2 , I 3 ; D = O, Hal = Cl 4 ) has been synthesised. X‐ray structure determinations of complexes 1 − 4 reveal that the antimony atom is in a distorted ψ‐bipyramidal geometry, acting as an acceptor atom. The eight‐membered ring conformation in 1 , 2 and 4 can be described as a twist‐boat, while in 3 it is approaching C s symmetry. DFT calculations were carried out on 1 and 4 . Topological analysis of the electron density in 1 and 4 showed the presence of critical points in the D⇄Sb direction (D = O, S). The electron localisation function showed the presence of a lone pair located in an equatorial position on the antimony, and a lone pair of the donor along the D⇄Sb direction, confirming the presence of a dative bond in the system. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Quantitative analysis of chlorine in air by gas chromatography (1996)

A GC method was developed for the separation of gaseous chlorine in air using a dual column switching system eluting to a thermal conductivity detector. The limit of detection was found to be 3 ppm; the linear range up to 300 ppm. Initial separation was achieved with a PoraPLOT Q (25 m × 0.53 mm id), column with the separation of the permanent gases being achieved with a Molecular sieve 5A PLOT column (25 m × 0.53 mm id). The resolution of oxygen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide in gaseous samples provides an indication of chromatographic performance.
Effects of Pituitary-Testicular Axis Suppression<i>in Utero</i>and during the Early Neonatal Period with a Long-Acting Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone Analog on Genital Development, Somatic Growth, and Bone Density in Male Cynomolgus Monkeys in the First 6 Months of Life (1991)

The specific role of late fetal and early neonatal gonadotropins and/or sex steroids on genital development, linear growth, and bone mass accretion remains unclear. To investigate this, we attempted to selectively suppress pituitary-testicular activation from midgestation through early infancy with a long-acting LHRH agonist (LHRHA), D-Trp6,Pro9-NEt-LHRH, in microspheres. The agonist was injected sc on days 72-81 in utero, on day 1 of life, and 3 months postnatally in male cynomolgus monkeys. Control animals were treated with placebo. We then examined the consequences of such an intervention in the first 6 months of life. In the LHRHA-treated animals, marked suppression of plasma testosterone and gonadotropin levels were evident in the first 3 months of life compared to control values. The mean testicular volumes of the LHRHA group were significantly lower at birth and in the first 2 months of life than those of the placebo group (P less than 0.05). However, by 4 months of age, the mean testicular volumes of the two groups were comparable. Similarly, the mean stretched phallic lengths of the LHRH approximately A group were significantly lower than those of the placebo group throughout the first 6 months of life (P less than 0.05). By contrast, LHRHA treatment had no effect on somatic growth, as mean body weights, total body lengths, and trunk lengths of the two groups were similar over the first 6 months of life. Mean bone widths and densities of the distal third of the left radius and the left midfemur were similar in the two groups at 1 and 6 months of life. We conclude that pituitary-testicular axis suppression with a long-acting LHRHA in utero and during early infancy results in markedly stunted penile and testicular growth without affecting general somatic growth and bone density of appendicular cortical bone in the cynomolgus monkey in the first 6 months of life. Thus, an intact fetal and neonatal pituitary-testicular axis is critical for normal genital growth. However, the sex steroid requirement for maintenance of bone mineral content of appendicular cortical bone may be lower than that necessary for normal genital development.
Anti-Complement Activity of Norlignans and Terpenes from the Stem Bark of<i>Styrax japonica</i> (2004)

A new norlignan, styraxlignolide A (1), and two new terpenes, styraxosides A (2) and B (3), were isolated from the MeOH-soluble fraction of Styrax japonica Sieb. et Zucc. (Styracaceae) stem bark, together with two known compounds, egonol (4) and masutakeside I (5). The new compounds were determined as 5-(3''-hydroxypropyl)-7-methoxy-2-(3',4'-dimethoxyphenyl)-benzofuran 3''- O-[beta-D-xylopyranoside-(1-->6)-beta- D-glucopyranoside] (1), 3beta,7beta-dihydroxy-4alpha,4beta,8beta,10beta,14alpha-pentamethyl-5alpha-gon-16-en-2-one 3-O-[beta-D-glucopyranoside-(1-->2)-beta-D-glucopyranoside] (2), and 3beta,17beta-dihydroxy-28-norolean-12-en-16-one 3-O-[alpha-L-rhamopyranoside-(1-->2)-beta-D-glucuronopyranoside] (3) by spectroscopic means including 2D-NMR. The five compounds were tested in vitro for anti-complement activity against the complement system. Compounds 1, 3, 4, and 5 displayed inhibitory activity in the anti-complement assay, with IC50 values of 123, 65, 33, and 166 microM, respectively. Compound 1a and camellenodiol (3a), obtained from acid hydrolysis of 1 and 3, respectively, did not affect the hemolytic activity of human serum against sensitized erythrocytes. This shows that a sugar seems to play a role of enhancing significantly anti-complement activity.
Fabrication and characterization of transparent conductive Sn‐doped β‐Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> single crystal (2007)

Abstract Transparent conductive Sn‐doped β‐Ga 2 O 3 single crystal with high crystallinity was successfully fabricated as a substrate for the growth of GaN‐based compounds. Sn‐doped β‐Ga 2 O 3 single crystals were grown using a floating zone (FZ) method, and the properties of electrical conductivity, optical transmittance, and crystallinity were characterized to optimize the growth condition. It was found that these properties are controlled by the Sn doping concentration, and the specimen for 32 ppm Sn‐doped β‐Ga 2 O 3 single crystal was optimized to satisfy these properties simultaneously, i.e. the substrate with the internal optical transmittance of above ∼85% in the visible region, the electrical resistivity of 4.27×10 –2 Ωcm, the carrier density of 2.26×10 18 cm –3 , and the FWHM of X‐ray rocking curve of 43 arcsec was obtained. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Piecewise-circular curves for geometric modeling (1987)

Modern solid modelers must be able to represent a wide class of objects, and must support Boolean operations on solids. These operations are very useful for defining solids, detecting interferences, and modeling fabrication processes. Computing the boundaries of solids defined through Boolean operations requires algorithms for surface/surface and curve/surface intersection. Many of the currently available modelers use closed-form parametric expressions for the curves of intersection of quadric surfaces, and compute intersections of these curves with other surfaces by finding the roots of low-degree polynomials. Because the curves that result from intersections involving tori or more complex surfaces generally cannot be expressed in closed form, modelers typically approximate these curves by cubic splines that interpolate points lying on the true intersections. Cubic splines exhibit second-degree continuity, but they are expensive to process in solid modeling computations. In this paper, we trade second-degree continuity for computational simplicity, and present a method for interpolating three-dimensional points and associated unit tangent vectors by smooth space curves composed of straight line segments and circular arcs. These curves are designated as PCCs (for piecewise-circular curves) and have continuous unit tangents. PCCs can be used in efficient algorithms for performing fundamental geometric computations, such as the evaluation of the minimal distance from a point to a curve or the intersection of a curve and a surface. Formulae and algorithms are presented for generating and processing PCCs in solid modelers. We also show that PCCs are useful for incorporating toroidal primitives, as well as sweeping, growing, shrinking, and blending operations in systems that model solids bounded by the natural quadric surfaces—planes, cylinders, cones, and spheres.
Recent advancement on optical integrated circuits (2002)

Recent examples of optical integrated circuit (OIC) devices are reviewed together with important direction of future research activities. An OIC is a thin-film-type optical circuit designed to have a certain function by integrating a source (laser diode), functional components (switches, modulators), interconnection waveguides and detectors (photodiodes) on a single substrate. Examples of OIC devices described are matrix switches; high-speed modulators; integrated optics disk pickup devices; integrated optics detection devices for magneto-optical disk pickups; optical computing devices; integrated optics sensors; optical fiber gyroscopes; optoelectronic ICs; and nonlinear optical devices.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Timing and frequency synchronization for orthogonal frequency division multiple-access systems (2014)

Reliable timing and frequency synchronization is a major requirement in orthogonal frequency division multiple-access (OFDMA) systems as synchronization errors can result in inter-symbol-interference (ISI) and inter-carrier-interference (ICI) in the received signal, which severely degrade system performance. Thus, the objective of the proposed research is to develop, analyze, and prototype timing and frequency synchronization techniques for downlink (DL) and uplink (UL) OFDMA transmissions. For synchronization in DL OFDMA transmissions, we have developed conditions to select appropriate Zadoff-Chu sequences as training symbols that allow timing synchronization in the presence of large carrier frequency offsets (CFO). Using the proposed training block, we have designed training signal detection, timing synchronization, and integer CFO estimation algorithms. We have further proposed the training signal design for frequency synchronization in DL coordinated multi-point (COMP) transmissions, in which a user has to synchronize to multiple base-stations at the same time. In this respect, a frequency synchronization algorithm for DL COMP receiver has been designed using the proposed training signal along with its hardware implementation to analyze real-time performance. For frequency synchronization in UL OFDMA transmissions, we have proposed a null sub-carrier-based CFO estimation algorithm, and carried out its identifiability and acquisition range analysis. The proposed algorithm supports both sub-band and generalized sub-carrier allocations. We have also designed a CFO estimation and compensation algorithm for UL single-carrier frequency division multiple-access (SC-FDMA) transmissions. The proposed algorithm is based on parallel factor analysis and supports interleaved sub-carrier allocation. In addition, it guarantees the identifiability of CFO estimation and allows the system to operate on full load. Detailed simulations results have been provided along with discussions on computational requirements, which reveal that the proposed algorithms provide significant improvements in performance and efficiency compared to state of the art schemes in the literature.
Recent Advances in Diaper Dermatitis: Etiology and Treatment (2009)

Diaper dermatitis is a highly prevalent condition that causes discomfort and stress for patients and frustration for healthcare staff. Diaper technology has evolved to substantially lessen the severity of diaper dermatitis, but additional improvements are needed. Premature infants and incontinent adults are particularly at risk for developing diaper dermatitis and its potential consequences. Contributing factors include overhydration, irritants, friction, increased skin pH, diet, gestational age, antibiotic use, diarrhea and medical condition. Treatments aim to reduce hydration, provide a semipermeable 'layer' to facilitate skin barrier repair, shield the skin from irritants, deactivate specific fecal components and maintain skin surface contact. The published research on the effects of diaper dermatitis treatments is especially sparse. Controlled clinical trials are needed to provide definitive evidence for selection of effective treatments. This article discusses the incidence and etiology of diaper dermatitis in infants and adults. It provides the scientific basis for repair of diaper skin barrier damage and describes recent developments that will be available in the future.
Surface production of CF, CF2, and C2 radicals in high-density CF4/H2 plasmas (2000)

Surface production of CF, CF2, and C2 radicals in high-density CF4/H2 plasmas was examined using laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy. No significant amount of surface production was observed in pure CF4 plasmas. The addition of H2 into CF4 plasmas enhanced the surface production of CFx and C2 from fluorocarbon film deposited on the chamber wall. The characteristics of the surface production in cw discharges are reported, in comparison with surface production in pulsed discharges. In addition, it has been found that the surface production rates are determined not by the partial pressure but by the flow rate of H2, suggesting the significant consumption of feedstock H2 in discharges. The surface production of CFx and C2 indicates that these radicals are not the precursors for the deposition of fluorocarbon film in the CF4/H2 plasma. The deposition mechanism of fluorocarbon film in the CF4/H2 plasma is discussed, taking into account the surface production of CFx and C2.
Replacement of Trifluoroacetic Acid with HCl in the Hydrophobic Purification Steps of Pediocin PA-1: a Structural Effect (2002)

Trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) is a purification contaminant associated with pediocin PA-1 that interferes with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy structural analysis. As revealed by circular dichroism, its presence affects the structural folding of pediocin. Consequently, we propose a new pediocin PA-1 purification procedure using HCl instead of TFA in all of the hydrophobic steps. This procedural change does not affect the purification yield or the amount of pediocin PA-1 purified. Furthermore, removing HCl, as opposed to TFA, after purification is an easier procedure to carry out. In fact, the removal of TFA requires more experimentation and results in protein loss. Thus, HCl is a good alternative to TFA in pediocin PA-1 purification and can be extended to the purification of other proteins. We also show that TFA-induced structural modifications do not significantly affect the antimicrobial activity of pediocin PA-1.
Simultaneous and Independent Determination of the Refractive Index and the Thickness of Thin Films by Ellipsometry* (1968)

In ellipsometry, the interesting case of light incident from a dense medium such as an inert liquid onto a film over an absorbing substrate has been considered theoretically for the two cases (i) when the angle of incidence ϕ0 is less than the critical angle ϕc and (ii) when ϕ0 > ϕc. Detailed calculations indicate that the sensitivity with which the thickness of the film can be measured is nearly the same, whatever the first medium, for case (i) but that in case (ii) the sensitivity is very poor. Further, by combining the measurements of the ellipticity parameters with first air and then a liquid as the immersion medium, it is possible to evaluate independently by a self-consistency procedure both the thickness and the refractive index of the film. Measurements of oxide films on a substrate of silicon indicate that the refractive index is 1.484±0.004 in the thickness range 80–300 Å for λ 5461 Å and not 1.460 as has been assumed by previous workers.
Effect of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> chaperonins on bronchial eosinophilia and hyper‐responsiveness in a murine model of allergic inflammation (2004)

These data show that bacterial Cpns can suppress eosinophil recruitment and bronchial hyper-responsiveness in a murine model of allergic inflammation.
In-house setup for laboratory-based x-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy measurements (2019)

We report on a laboratory-based facility for in-house x-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurements. The device consists of a conventional x-ray source for the production of the incident polychromatic radiation and a von Hamos bent crystal spectrometer for the analysis of the incoming and transmitted radiation. The reliability of the laboratory-based setup was evaluated by comparing the Cu K-edge and Ta L<sub>3</sub>-edge XAFS spectra obtained in-house with the corresponding spectra measured at a synchrotron radiation facility. To check the accuracy of the device, the K- and L-edge energies and the attenuation coefficients below and above the edges of several 3d, 4d, and 5d elements were determined and compared with the existing experimental and theoretical data. The dependence of the XAFS spectrum shape on the oxidation state of the sample was also probed by measuring inhouse the absorption spectra of metallic Fe and two Fe oxides (Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> and Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>).
Miniature integrated-optical wavelength analyzer chip (1995)

A novel integrated-optical chip suitable for realizing compact miniature wavelength analyzers with high linear dispersion is presented. The chip performs the complete task of converting the spectrum of an input beam into a corresponding spatial irradiance distribution without the need for an imaging function. We demonstrate the feasibility of this approach experimentally by monitoring the changes in the mode spectrum of a laser diode on varying its case temperature. Comparing the results with simultaneous measurements by a commercial spectrometer yielded a rms wavelength deviation of 0.01 nm.
Kinetic Intermediates of Holo- and Apo-Myoglobin Studied Using HDX-TIMS-MS and Molecular Dynamic Simulations (2015)

In the present work, the kinetic intermediates of holo- and apo-myoglobin were studied by correlating the ion-neutral collision cross section and time resolved H/D back exchange rate simultaneously in a trapped ion mobility spectrometer coupled to a mass spectrometer (HDX-TIMS-MS). The high mobility resolution of the TIMS cell permitted the observation of multiple IMS bands and complementary molecular dynamics simulations resulted in the assignment of candidate structures for each experimental condition studied (e.g., holo [M + 8H](+8)-[M + 9H](+9) and apo [M + 9H](+9)-[M + 19H](+19)). Inspection of the kinetic intermediates suggests that the tertiary structure of apomyoglobin unfolds quickly upon the loss of the Fe protoporphyrin IX that stabilizes the interactions between the A, G, and H helices. In the absence of the porphyrin heme, the apomyoglobin unfolds to Xn kinetic intermediates that vary in the extent of unfolding as a result of the observed charge state.