gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Traveling Ionospheric Disturbance Mitigation for OTH Radar (2007)

Deflection of HF propagation paths by traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) remains a troubling cause of coordinate registration errors for over-the-horizon (OTH) radar. Bandwidth and coverage limitations in ionospheric soundings preclude the ability to model TID structure in real time in most cases. It would be useful if TID-induced ray path deflections could be related to radar-measurable quantities like surface-clutter Doppler shift. In studying this possibility, we have considered the relationship between Doppler shift and range rate for point-to-point HF propagation paths in TID environments. The nature of range-rate/Doppler correlation is exposed in three ways: 1) simple theoretical modeling, 2) ray tracing in simulated TID environments, and 3) analysis of OTH radar measurements of a fixed beacon. It is shown that range rate and Doppler shift for fixed-endpoint propagation paths are usually proportional with a ratio that depends on whether ionospheric motion or density changes predominate in the TID environment. A mutual regression prediction of TID-induced range and azimuth ray path deviations based on ionospheric-induced Doppler shifts (as measured by surface backscatter returns) is shown to be an effective way of mitigating apparent wander of OTH targets due to TIDs.
Extraction, characterization and co2 adsorption studies of Silica from rice husk (2018)

Silica was isolated by pyrolysis and chemical treatment with NaOH from rice husk. Thus obtained silica was calcinated at different temperatures under different atmospheres. Highest surface area was recorded for the sample calcinated at 600oC under nitrogen atmosphere. This sample was labelled as RHSiO2. To increase basic sites on RHSiO2, amine impregnation was done by using MEA, DEA and PEI. On all these samples characterization studies like surface area, Pore size distribution, XRD, FT-IR, SEM were carried out. Infrared spectra of the silica is recorded by FT-IR spectrometer and the major chemical groups of silica are identified. The textural features of the amorphous silica observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) which clearly shows that amorphous silica has porous and multifaceted particle shape and size. CO2 adsorption capacities are increased with increase in wt. % of amines like MEA, DEA and PEI. However 25 wt.% PEI shows more adsorption capacities at high pressures, as it contains more number of basic or nitrogen containing groups on the surface matrix.
“Alexa, Can I Trust You?” (2017)

Security diagnostics expose vulnerabilities and privacy threats that exist in commercial Intelligent Virtual Assistants (IVA) - diagnostics offer the possibility of securer IVA ecosystems.
Functional and Structural Characteristics of the Glycosaminoglycans of the Bladder Luminal Surface (1987)

The glycosaminoglycan layer of bladder has been proposed to play a crucial role in protecting the bladder from harmful substances in urine. Rats were partially cystectomized to determine whether bladder glycosaminoglycans are routinely eluted from the bladder surface in detectable quantities. Cystectomy produced no detectable qualitative or quantitative changes in excreted GAG thereby showing that most urinary glycosaminoglycan originates in the kidney and not from the bladder. Damaging the glycosaminoglycan layer by a dilute acid wash, however, leads to a consistent decrease in the output of urinary GAG which recovers to normal at the same rate as the layer regenerates. This suggests that the newly exposed sites tightly bind urinary GAG. We suggest that such binding may be a component of the normal physiological defense mechanism of the bladder. The bladder glycosaminoglycan layer was isolated, dilute acid being used to elute ionically-bound material and brief trypsinization to elute intercalated proteoglycans from the luminal surface. The GAG from the luminal surface, which was present at a density of one chain per 50 nm.2 of bladder surface, was quite different in composition from that isolated from the whole bladder.
Comparative Investigations between SSMF and Hollow-core NANF for Transmission in the S+C+L-bands (2020)

An experimental study reveals that hollow-core nested anti-resonant-nodeless fibers exhibit a broader bandwidth, lower latency, and offer >20% capacity enhancement in short-reach >100-Gb/s adaptively-loaded DMT transmission, relative to a standard SMF of a similar length.
Identification of a powerful aromatic component of <i>Vitis vinifera</i> L. var. sauvignon wines: 4‐mercapto‐4‐methylpentan‐2‐one (1995)

Abstract p ‐Hydroxymercuribenzoic acid (pHMB), reacts reversibly with thiols. Using this principle, an extraction method of the thiols present in wines has been established. Injecting the extracts from Vitis vinifera L. var. Sauvignon wines on to a gas‐chromatographic column using the purge and trap technique and a flame photometric detector enabled us to discover some sulphur compounds present in wines from this cultivar. On several capillary columns of different polarities, one of the peaks possesses the same retention time as the potent odourant, 4‐mercapto‐4‐methylpentan‐2‐one, which evokes odours of box tree and cat urine. The identification of this compound in Sauvignon wines was confirmed by mass spectrometry. These results confirm previous work obtained by coupling gas chromatography and olfactometry, and show that this thiol is present in Sauvignon wines. The perception threshold of this compound in water and in wine is very low (close to 0.1 ng/1 and 3 ng/1s respectively) and despite its low concentration in Sauvignon wines, 4‐mercapto‐4‐methylpentan‐2‐one seems to play a major role in the varietal aroma of the wines from this cultivar.
GROUND‐PENETRATING RADAR FOR HIGH‐RESOLUTION MAPPING OF SOIL AND ROCK STRATIGRAPHY<sup>1</sup> (1989)

ABSTRACT Ground‐penetrating radar is a technique which offers a new way of viewing shallow soil and rock conditions. The need to better understanding overburden conditions for activities such as geochemical sampling, geotechnical investigations, and placer exploration, as well as the factors controlling groundwater flow, has generated an increasing demand for techniques which can image the subsurface with higher resolution than previously possible. The areas of application for ground‐penetrating radar are diverse. The method has been used successfully to map ice thickness, water depth in lakes, bedrock depth, soil stratigraphy, and water table depth. It is also used to delineate rock fabric, detect voids and identify karst features. The effective application of the radar for the high‐resolution definition of soil stratigraphy and fractures in bedrock is highlighted. The basic principles and practices involved in acquiring high quality radar data in the field are illustrated by selected case histories. One example demonstrates how radar has been used to map the bedrock and delineate soil horizons to a depth of more than 20 m. Two case histories show how radar has been used to map fractures and changes of rock type to 40 m range from inside a mine. Another case history demonstrates how radar has also been used to detect and map the extent of groundwater contamination. The corroboration of the radar results by borehole investigations demonstrates the power and utility of the high‐resolution radar method as an aid for interpolation and extrapolation of the information obtained with conventional coring programmes. With the advent of new instrumentation and field procedures, the routine application of the radar method is becoming economically viable and the method will see expanded use in the future.
Semi-Supervised Learning of Mixture Models and Bayesian Networks (2003)

This paper analyzes the performance of semisupervised learning of mixture models. We show that unlabeled data can lead to an increase in classification error even in situations where additional labeled data would decrease classification error. This behavior contradicts several empirical results reported in the literature. We present a mathematical analysis of this &quot;degradation&quot; phenomenon and show that it is due to the fact that bias may be adversely affected by unlabeled data.
Functionalized Silica Nanoparticles by Nanometallic Ag Decoration for Optical Sensing of Organic Molecule (2010)

Sensing technologies based on metallic nanoparticles, known as Ag, Au, and so on, have raised enormous interest for their extraordinary sensing resolution and sensitivity to analytes of chemical or biological importance under optical detection have received wide attention in recent decades. Currently, a discrete nanoparticle in a free-standing form, either being organically or biologically modified on the nanoparticle surface, on a given substrate surface region has been employed for photosensing purpose. However, metallic nanoparticles suffering from physical and chemical instability such as oxidation, interparticle coupling, agglomeration, and so on during the processing stages may render undesirable outcomes, which further results in poorer performance than the theoretical expectation. Here we propose a facile and elegant concept to prepare an Ag-decorated silica nanoparticle (hereinafter termed core−shell SiO2@Ag nanosphere) based on the modified Stöber method. The Ag nanoparticles with an average size controlled at about 1, 3, and 5 nm deposited over the surface of the silica nanocarrier were well separated, making the resulting SiO2@Ag nanospheres. The nanospheres showed physically and optically stable surface plasmon resonance spectra and also demonstrated a relatively high Ag-sized dependent sensitivity to ppb level for the detection of analyte molecule, that is, melamine. Theoretical model fitting has been well managed to correlate the optical behavior of the nanosensors, and the outcomes strongly indicated a promising potential of the Ag-decorated SiO2 core−shell nanospheres for sensory applications.
High performance MMIC 20 GHz LNA and 44 GHz power amplifier using planar-doped InGaAs HEMTs (2002)

GaAs-based InGaAs pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) have demonstrated superior low-noise and high-power capabilities at microwave and millimeter-wave frequencies. The authors present a pair of 3-stage amplifiers fabricated with the same process demonstrating excellent noise and power performance. A K-band fully monolithic LNA (low-noise amplifier) has been demonstrated greater than 33 dB gain over a 4 GHz bandwidth with a noise figure of less than 2 dB over 2 GHz. A Q-band power amplifier has demonstrated an output power of 13.3 dBm at 1 dB compression with 25.3 dB of gain and a saturated output power of 16.1 dBm at 40 GHz. These amplifiers are designed for insertion into future EHF satellite communication ground terminals.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The adjustment process in Latin America (1981-1986) (1987)

Latin America is entering the sixth year of an adjustment process, the end of which is not yet in sight, notwithstanding the fact that it has entailed the costliest recession since the Great Depression and, in most countries, a strong effort to significantly restructure policy. True, 1986 showed same improvements in domestic economic activity and the control of inflation. Unfortunately their sustainability is in doubt because at the same time external accounts deteriorated markedly. Given the duration and severity of the crisis, adjustment is no longer feasible except it be with growth. Nonetheless, given the rebound in the current account deficit in 1986 and the reluctance of private creditors to renew voluntary lending, the financing of an expansive adjustment will not seem forthcoming. 'Thus the question naturally arises as to whether in order to achieve adjustment with growth, the current strategy is enough or whether new, bolder and more comprehensive initiatives must be introduced.
B(C<sub>6</sub>F<sub>5</sub>)<sub>3</sub>-catalyzed formation of B–P bonds by dehydrocoupling of phosphine–boranes (2002)

Tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane was used as a new catalyst in the formation of P-B bonds by dehydrocoupling of phosphine-boranes.
A synthetic farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist promotes cholesterol lowering in models of dyslipidemia (2009)

The nuclear hormone receptor farnesoid X receptor (FXR) plays a critical role in the regulation of bile acid, triglyceride (TG), and cholesterol homeostasis. WAY-362450 (FXR-450/XL335) is a potent synthetic FXR agonist as characterized in luciferase reporter assays and in mediating FXR target gene regulation in primary human and immortalized mouse hepatocytes. In vivo, WAY-362450 dose dependently decreased serum TG levels after 7 days of oral dosing in western diet-fed low-density lipoprotein receptor-/- mice and in the diabetic mouse strains KK-Ay and db/db comparable to that achieved with the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-alpha agonist, fenofibrate. WAY-362450 treatment also reduced serum cholesterol levels via reductions in LDLc, VLDLc, and HDLc lipoprotein fractions that were not accompanied by hepatic cholesterol accumulation. This cholesterol lowering was dependent on FXR as demonstrated in a hypothyroid-induced hypercholesterolemia setting in FXR-/- mice. In fructose-fed models, WAY-362450 also decreased TG and VLDLc levels in rats and hamsters but significantly increased HDLc levels in rats while reducing HDLc levels in hamsters. The differential effect of WAY-362450 on HDLc is likely due to a murine-specific induction of endothelial lipase and scavenger receptor-BI that does not occur in rats. These studies demonstrate a consistent ability of WAY-362450 to lower both serum TG and cholesterol levels and suggest that synthetic FXR agonists may have clinical utility in the treatment of mixed dyslipidemia.
An optimally designed process for submicrometer MOSFET's (1982)

An n-channel MOS process has been optimized to yield desirable characteristics for submicrometer channel-length, MOSFET's. Process/device simulation is extensively used to find an optimized processing sequence compatible with typical production-line processes. The simulation results show an excellent agreement with experimental data. We have obtained long-channel subthreshold characteristics, saturation drain characteristics up to 5 V, and a minimized substrate bias sensitivity for transistors with channel lengths as small as 0.5 µm. The short-channel effects have been also minimized. A new self-aligned silicidation technology has been developed to reduce the increased resistance of diffused layers with down-scaled junction depths.
Voice Timbre Control Based on Perceived Age in Singing Voice Conversion (2014)

The perceived age of a singing voice is the age of the singer as perceived by the listener, and is one of the notable characteristics that determines perceptions of a song. In this paper, we describe an investigation of acoustic features that have an effect on the perceived age, and a novel voice timbre control technique based on the perceived age for singing voice conversion (SVC). Singers can sing expressively by controlling prosody and voice timbre, but the varieties of voices that singers can produce are limited by physical constraints. Previous work has attempted to overcome this limitation through the use of statistical voice conversion. This technique makes it possible to convert singing voice timbre of an arbitrary source singer into those of an arbitrary target singer. However, it is still difficult to intuitively control singing voice characteristics by manipulating parameters corresponding to specific physical traits, such as gender and age. In this paper, we first perform an investigation of the factors that play a part in the listener's perception of the singer's age at first. Then, we applied a multiple-regression Gaussian mixture models (MR-GMM) to SVC for the purpose of controlling voice timbre based on the perceived age and we propose SVC based on the modified MR-GMM for manipulating the perceived age while maintaining singer's individuality. The experimental results show that 1) the perceived age of singing voices corresponds relatively well to the actual age of the singer, 2) prosodic features have a larger effect on the perceived age than spectral features, 3) the individuality of a singer is influenced more heavily by segmental features than prosodic features 4) the proposed voice timbre control method makes it possible to change the singer's perceived age while not having an adverse effect on the perceived individuality.
Naturally occurring epoxy acids: i. detection and evaluation of epoxy fatty acids by paper, thin-layer, and gas-liquid chromatography (1961)

Chromatographic procedures for the detection and evaluation of oxygenated fatty acids are described. Emphasis has been placed on epoxy acids, but these methods promise to be of great value in studies of all classes of oxygenated acids. Paper chromatography of fatty acids and their esters has been developed for the examination of mixtures containing oxygenated derivatives. The method of adsorption chromatography on thin layers of silicic acid has been shown to be a powerful tool in studies of epoxy acids and hydroxy acids. Gas-liquid chromatography (GLC) of epoxy esters has been studied using both polar and nonpolar columns and has great utility in the detection and analysis of these compounds in mixtures. These methods have been applied to the examination of the epoxy components of six seed oils. Thin-layer and GLC proved particularly useful in this study and together demonstrated the presence of at least three distinct epoxy acids in each of these oils. Some conclusions as to the probable structures of these epoxy components are presented on the basis of their chromatographic characteristics in relation to known substances.
Magnetohydrodynamic Stabilization of Axisymmetric Mirror Systems Using Pulsed ECRH (2010)

This paper, part of a continuing study of means for the stabilization of magnetohydrodynamic interchange modes in axisymmetric mirror-based plasma confinement systems, represents a preliminary look at a technique that would employ a train of plasma pressure pulses produced by electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) to accomplish the stabilization. The use of sequentially pulsed ECRH rather than continuous-wave ECRH facilitates the localization of the heated-electron plasma pulses in regions of the magnetic field with positive field-line curvature, e.g., in the “expander” region of the mirror magnetic field, outside the outermost mirror. The technique proposed relies on the time-averaged effect of plasma pressure pulses generated in regions of positive field-line curvature to overcome the destabilizing effect of plasma pressure in regions of negative field-line curvature within the confinement region. The plasma pulses, when produced in regions of the confining field having a negative gradient, create transient ambipolar electric potentials, an effect studied in 1964 in the PLEIADE experiment in France. These electric fields preserve the localization of the hot-electron plasma pulse for times determined by ion inertia. It may be possible to use this aspect of pulsed ECRH not only to stabilize the plasma but also to plug mirror losses in a manner similar to that employed in the tandem mirror.
Characterization of a novel endo-levanase and its gene from Bacillus sp. L7 (2006)

A novel endo-levanase producing bacterium belonging to the Bacillus family has been isolated from soil. The enzyme was characterized and found to have no exo-beta-fructofuranosidase activity. The endo-levanase gene was cloned and sequenced. Homology searches have shown that the C-terminal domain of the enzyme is homologous to a number of known beta-fructofuranosidases, including exo-levanase from Bacillus subtilis and yeast invertases. The N-terminal region of the endo-levanase which is homologous to the C-terminal sequence of the B. subtilis levanase appears to be a levan-binding domain.
Macrophage ABCA1 reduces MyD88-dependent Toll-like receptor trafficking to lipid rafts by reduction of lipid raft cholesterol (2010)

We previously showed that macrophages from macrophage-specific ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) knockout (Abca1(-M/-M)) mice had an enhanced proinflammatory response to the Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 agonist, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), compared with wild-type (WT) mice. In the present study, we demonstrate a direct association between free cholesterol (FC), lipid raft content, and hyper-responsiveness of macrophages to LPS in WT mice. Abca1(-M/-M) macrophages were also hyper-responsive to specific agonists to TLR2, TLR7, and TLR9, but not TLR3, compared with WT macrophages. We hypothesized that ABCA1 regulates macrophage responsiveness to TLR agonists by modulation of lipid raft cholesterol and TLR mobilization to lipid rafts. We demonstrated that Abca1(-M/-M) vs. WT macrophages contained 23% more FC in isolated lipid rafts. Further, mass spectrometric analysis suggested raft phospholipid composition was unchanged. Although cell surface expression of TLR4 was similar between Abca1(-M/-M) and WT macrophages, significantly more TLR4 was distributed in membrane lipid rafts in Abca1(-M/-M) macrophages. Abca1(-M/-M) macrophages also exhibited increased trafficking of the predominantly intracellular TLR9 into lipid rafts in response to TLR9-specific agonist (CpG). Collectively, our data suggest that macrophage ABCA1 dampens inflammation by reducing MyD88-dependent TLRs trafficking to lipid rafts by selective reduction of FC content in lipid rafts.
Hemoglobin Long Island is caused by a single mutation (adenine to cytosine) resulting in a failure to cleave amino-terminal methionine. (1986)

Hemoglobin Long Island has two separate amino acid abnormalities of beta-globin structure: an extension of the NH2 terminus by a methionine residue and a histidine-to-proline substitution at the normal second position. The NH2-terminal methionine residue, the translation product of an AUG initiation codon, is present only transiently in nascent proteins. Because of the general biological implications of this abnormality, we investigated the nature of the genetic defect of this mutant. We determined the sequence of the relevant portion of the beta-globin mRNA by means of dideoxynucleotide chain termination of the complementary DNA (cDNA) in which an oligonucleotide complementary to codons 10-17 was used as a primer for reverse transcriptase. A histidine-to-proline substitution was confirmed in the mutant mRNA by identifying an adenine-to-cytosine transversion in the second codon. However, we were unable to find any other abnormality at either the AUG initiation codon or in the 56 bases upstream from the adenine-to-cytosine transversion (encompassing most of the 5' untranslated region of the mutant beta-globin mRNA). Thus, it appears that this single lesion probably interferes with the poorly understood methionine-cleaving mechanism that modulates most of prokaryotic and eukaryotic proteins.