gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Liquid Sheet Breakup in Gas-Centered Swirl Coaxial Atomizers (2010)

The study deals with the breakup behavior of swirling liquid sheets discharging from gas-centered swirl coaxial atomizers with attention focused toward the understanding of the role of central gas jet on the liquid sheet breakup. Cold flow experiments on the liquid sheet breakup were carried out by employing custom fabricated gas-centered swirl coaxial atomizers using water and air as experimental fluids. Photographic techniques were employed to capture the flow behavior of liquid sheets at different flow conditions. Quantitative variation on the breakup length of the liquid sheet and spray width were obtained from the measurements deduced from the images of liquid sheets. The sheet breakup process is significantly influenced by the central air jet. It is observed that low inertia liquid sheets are more vulnerable to the presence of the central air jet and develop shorter breakup lengths at smaller values of the air jet Reynolds number Reg. High inertia liquid sheets ignore the presence of the central air jet at smaller values of Reg and eventually develop shorter breakup lengths at higher values of Reg. The experimental evidences suggest that the central air jet causes corrugations on the liquid sheet surface, which may be promoting the production of thick liquid ligaments from the sheet surface. The level of surface corrugations on the liquid sheet increases with increasing Reg. Qualitative analysis of experimental observations reveals that the entrainment process of air established between the inner surface of the liquid sheet and the central air jet is the primary trigger for the sheet breakup.
Structure of the Intermediate State in Superconducting Lead (1957)

The Faraday effect in a cerous nitrate-gl\ifmmode \grave{}\else \`{}\fi{}ycerol mixture has been employed to study the structure of the intermediate state. A lead alloy containing antimony and tin was used as a specimen, and behavior characteristic of the hard superconductors was observed. Photographs were taken showing the distribution of normal and superconducting material at various magnetic fields. The configurations observed are briefly discussed in terms of current theories of the intermediate state.
Wavelet packet transform-based compression for teleoperation (2015)

This paper introduces a codec scheme for compressing the control and feedback signals in networked control and teleoperation systems. The method makes use of Wavelet Packet Transform (WPT) and Inverse Wavelet Packet Transform (IWPT) for coding and decoding operations, respectively. Data compression is carried out in low-pass filter output by reducing the sampling rate, and in high-pass filter output by truncating the wavelet coefficients. The proposed codec works on both directions of signal transmission between a master robot and a slave robot over a networked motion control architecture. Following the formulation of the compression/decompression methodology, experimental validation is conducted on a single-degree-of-freedom motion control system. In the experiments, responses from different Wavelet structures are analyzed and a comparative study is carried out considering the factors of compression rate, reconstruction power error and real-time computational complexity. It is confirmed that the controller using the proposed compression algorithm performs very close to the uncompressed one while enabling transmission of much less data over the network.
Protein S enhances C4b binding protein interaction with neutrophils (1993)

Protein S, an inhibitor of coagulation, interacts reversibly with C4b binding protein (C4bBP). The physiologic role of this complex formation remains unknown. In this study we examined the possibility that protein S would facilitate C4bBP binding to the surface of neutrophils where, in turn, this complex could help protect the cell from complement-mediated damage at the site of inflammation. Neutrophils bind approximately 60,000 protein S molecules per cell (kd = 140 nmol/L) in a Ca(2+)-dependent fashion. C4bBP also binds to neutrophils (23,000 sites per cell at physiologic C4bBP concentration), but this binding is not Ca2+ dependent. Protein S approximately doubled C4bBP binding, but protein S only influenced C4bBP binding in the presence of Ca2+. Protein S binding to neutrophils decreased approximately twofold in the presence of saturating concentrations of C4bBP. Neutrophil activation had only minor effects on the affinity and number of sites for protein S or the protein S-C4bBP complex. These results indicate that the protein S-C4bBP complex binds to the neutrophil surface where it can presumably modulate complement assembly on the cell surface.
Detailed representation of irregular LDPC code ensembles and density evolution (2003)

We construct new families of low-density parity-check (LDPC) code ensembles which are subensembles of conventional irregular LDPC code ensembles and develop density evolution for those ensembles. Further, we find an ensemble which has a better threshold than that of its super ensemble.
Treatment of rosacea with 1% metronidazole cream. A double-blind study (1983)

Eighty-one patients with rosacea were treated with either I% metronidazole cream or the cream base as a placebo for two months. The trial was performed double-blind, and the patients were assessed once each month. The variates studied were: (I) overall clinical assessment, (2) lesion counts, (3) degree of erythema, (4) independent photographic evaluation, and (5) patient's opinion. Four patients dropped out of the trial (one treated with metronidazole, three with placebo). In all the variates, I% metronidazole cream proved to be significantly more effective than placebo.
Selective Alterations in GABA<sub>A</sub>Receptor Subtypes in Human Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (2000)

Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is associated with impaired inhibitory neurotransmission. Studies in animal models suggest that GABA(A) receptor dysfunction contributes to epileptogenesis. To understand the mechanisms underlying TLE in humans, it is fundamental to determine whether and how GABA(A) receptor subtypes are altered. Furthermore, identifying novel receptor targets is a prerequisite for developing selective antiepileptic drugs. We have therefore analyzed subunit composition and distribution of the three major GABA(A) receptor subtypes immunohistochemically with subunit-specific antibodies (alpha1, alpha2, alpha3, beta2,3, and gamma2) in surgical specimens from TLE patients with hippocampal sclerosis (n = 16). Profound alterations in GABA(A) receptor subtype expression were observed when compared with control hippocampi (n = 10). Although decreased GABA(A) receptor subunit staining, reflecting cell loss, was observed in CA1, CA3, and hilus, the distinct neuron-specific expression pattern of the alpha-subunit variants observed in controls was markedly changed in surviving neurons. In granule cells, prominent upregulation mainly of the alpha2-subunit was seen on somata and apical dendrites with reduced labeling on basal dendrites. In CA2, differential rearrangement of all three alpha-subunits occurred. Moreover, there was layer-specific loss of alpha1-subunit-immunoreactive interneurons in hippocampus proper, whereas surviving interneurons exhibited extensive changes in dendritic morphology. Throughout, expression patterns of beta2,3- and gamma2-subunits largely followed those of alpha-subunit variants. These results demonstrate unique subtype-specific expression of GABA(A) receptors in human hippocampus. The significant reorganization of distinct receptor subtypes in surviving hippocampal neurons of TLE patients with hippocampal sclerosis underlines the potential for synaptic plasticity in the human GABA system.
Intranasal vaccination of humans with recombinant cholera toxin B subunit induces systemic and local antibody responses in the upper respiratory tract and the vagina (1997)

Forty-five volunteers were vaccinated twice intranasally with 10, 100, or 1,000 microg of cholera toxin B subunit (CTB). Blood and nasal and vaginal secretions were collected before and 1 week after the second vaccination from all volunteers, and the specific and total immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG titers were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Samples were also taken 6 months (n = 16) and 1 year (n = 14) after the vaccination. The 10- and 100-microg doses were well tolerated by the volunteers, but the 1,000-microg dose induced increased secretions from the nose and repetitive sneezings for several hours. The CTB-specific serum IgA and IgG increased 21- and 7-fold, respectively, 1 week after vaccination with the medium dose and increased 61- and 37-fold, respectively, after the high dose. In nasal secretions the specific IgA and IgG increased 2- and 6-fold after the medium dose and 2- and 20-fold after the high dose, respectively. In vaginal secretions the specific IgA and IgG increased 3- and 5-fold after the medium dose and 56- and 74-fold after the high dose, respectively. The lowest dose did not induce any significant antibody titer increases in serum or in secretions. The specific IgA and IgG levels in secretions were still elevated after 6 months but were decreasing 1 year after the vaccination. These results show that intranasal vaccination of humans with CTB induces strong systemic and mucosal antibody responses and suggest that CTB may be used as a carrier for antigens that induce protective immunity against systemic as well as respiratory and genital infections.
Polypeptide Motions Are Dominated by Peptide Group Oscillations Resulting from Dihedral Angle Correlations between Nearest Neighbors (2006)

To identify basic local backbone motions in unfolded chains, simulations are performed for a variety of peptide systems using three popular force fields and for implicit and explicit solvent models. A dominant "crankshaft-like" motion is found that involves only a localized oscillation of the plane of the peptide group. This motion results in a strong anticorrelated motion of the phi angle of the ith residue (phi(i)) and the psi angle of the residue i - 1 (psi(i-1)) on the 0.1 ps time scale. Only a slight correlation is found between the motions of the two backbone dihedral angles of the same residue. Aside from the special cases of glycine and proline, no correlations are found between backbone dihedral angles that are separated by more than one torsion angle. These short time, correlated motions are found both in equilibrium fluctuations and during the transit process between Ramachandran basins, e.g., from the beta to the alpha region. A residue's complete transit from one Ramachandran basin to another, however, occurs in a manner independent of its neighbors' conformational transitions. These properties appear to be intrinsic because they are robust across different force fields, solvent models, nonbonded interaction routines, and most amino acids.
JADE-Based A-Team as a Tool for Implementing Population-Based Algorithms (2006)

The paper proposes a JADE-based A-Team environment as a middleware supporting the implementation and execution of population-based algorithms. The paper includes an overview of the JADE-based A-Team components and presents examples of the population-based architectures designed to obtain solutions to example combinatorial optimization problems including traveling salesman, resource-constrained project scheduling, vehicle routing and clustering problems. Conclusions focus on advantages of the JADE-based A-Team and on suggestions for further research
Food use and health effects of soybean and sunflower oils. (1991)

This review provides a scientific assessment of current knowledge of health effects of soybean oil (SBO) and sunflower oil (SFO). SBO and SFO both contain high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (60.8 and 69%, respectively), with a PUFA:saturated fat ratio of 4.0 for SBO and 6.4 for SFO. SFO contains 69% C18:2n-6 and less than 0.1% C18:3n-3, while SBO contains 54% C18:2n-6 and 7.2% C18:3n-3. Thus, SFO and SBO each provide adequate amounts of C18:2n-6, but of the two, SBO provides C18:3n-3 with a C18:2n-6:C18:3n-3 ratio of 7.1. Epidemiological evidence has suggested an inverse relationship between the consumption of diets high in vegetable fat and blood pressure, although clinical findings have been inconclusive. Recent dietary guidelines suggest the desirability of decreasing consumption of total and saturated fat and cholesterol, an objective that can be achieved by substituting such oils as SFO and SBO for animal fats. Such changes have consistently resulted in decreased total and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol, which is thought to be favorable with respect to decreasing risk of cardiovascular disease. Also, decreases in high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol have raised some concern. Use of vegetable oils such as SFO and SBO increases C18:2n-6, decreases C20:4n-6, and slightly elevated C20:5n-3 and C22:6n-3 in platelets, changes that slightly inhibit platelet generation of thromboxane and ex vivo aggregation. Whether chronic use of these oils will effectively block thrombosis at sites of vascular injury, inhibit pathologic platelet vascular interactions associated with atherosclerosis, or reduce the incidence of acute vascular occlusion in the coronary or cerebral circulation is uncertain. Linoleic acid is needed for normal immune response, and essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency impairs B and T cell-mediated responses. SBO and SFO can provide adequate linoleic acid for maintenance of the immune response. Excess linoleic acid has supported tumor growth in animals, an effect not verified by data from diverse human studies of risk, incidence, or progression of cancers of the breast and colon. Areas yet to be investigated include the differential effects of n-6- and n-3-containing oil on tumor development in humans and whether shorter-chain n-3 PUFA of plant origin such as found in SBO will modulate these actions of linoleic acid, as has been shown for the longer-chain n-3 PUFA of marine oils.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
On the injection of helicity by shearing motion of fluxes in relation to Flares and CMEs (2012)

An investigation of helicity injection by photospheric shear motions is carried out for two active regions(ARs), NOAA 11158 and 11166, using line-of-sight magnetic field observations obtained from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager on-board Solar Dynamics Observatory. We derived the horizontal velocities in the active regions from the Differential Affine Velocity Estimator(DAVE) technique. Persistent strong shear motions at the maximum velocities in the range of 0.6--0.9km/s along the magnetic polarity inversion line and outward flows from the peripheral regions of the sunspots were observed in the two active regions. The helicities injected in NOAA 11158 and 11166 during their six days' evolution period were estimated as $14.16\times10^{42}$Mx$^2$ and $9.5\times10^{42}$Mx$^2$, respectively. The estimated injection rates decreased up to 13% by increasing the time interval between the magnetograms from 12 min to 36 min, and increased up to 9% by decreasing the DAVE window size from $21\times18$ to $9\times6$ pixel$^2$, resulting in 10% variation in the accumulated helicity. In both ARs, the flare prone regions (R2) had inhomogeneous helicity flux distribution with mixed helicities of both signs and that of CME prone regions had almost homogeneous distribution of helicity flux dominated by single sign. The temporal profiles of helicity injection showed impulsive variations during some flares/CMEs due to negative helicity injection into the dominant region of positive helicity flux. A quantitative analysis reveals a marginally significant association of helicity flux with CMEs but not flares in AR 11158, while for the AR 11166, we found marginally significant association of helicity flux with flares but not CMEs, providing evidences of the role of helicity injection at localized sites of the events.
Eager handlers - communication optimization in java-based distributed applications with reconfigurable fine-grained code migration (2005)

Java’s platform independence presents an opportunity for using function shipping to optimize communications in distributed applications. This paper introduces the concept of ‘eager handlers’, where handlers are functions that are tightly linked with certain communications performed by Java programs. Their ‘eagerness’ refers to fine-grained, transparent, and efficient function shipping performed for such handlers, with the intent of optimizing communications. The paper describes the design and implementation of eager handlers and also presents results evaluating this concept. It also includes a design for automatically generating eager handlers through static program analysis and online sampling and reconfiguration. Although we have been applying our work to stream-based peer-to-peer communication systems, it is also applicable to client-server applications.
Positive and Negative Regulation of Myogenic Differentiation of C2C12 Cells by Isoforms of the Multiple Homeodomain Zinc Finger Transcription Factor ATBF1 (2001)

The ATBF1 gene encodes two protein isoforms, the 404-kDa ATBF1-A, possessing four homeodomains and 23 zinc fingers, and the 306-kDa ATBF1-B, lacking a 920-amino acid N-terminal region of ATBF1-A which contains 5 zinc fingers. In vitro, ATBF1-A was expressed in proliferating C2C12 myoblasts, but its expression levels decreased upon induction of myogenic differentiation in low serum medium. Forced expression of ATBF1-A in C2C12 cells resulted in repression of MyoD and myogenin expression and elevation of Id3 and cyclin D1 expression, leading to inhibition of myogenic differentiation in low serum. In contrast, transfection of C2C12 cells with the ATBF1-B isoform led to an acceleration of myogenic differentiation, as indicated by an earlier onset of myosin heavy chain expression and formation of a higher percentage of multinucleated myotubes. The fourth homeodomain of ATBF1-A bound to an AT-rich element adjacent to the E1 E-box of the muscle regulatory factor 4 promoter mediating transcriptional repression. The ATBF1-A-specific N-terminal region possesses general transcription repressor activity. These results suggest that ATBF1-A plays a role in the maintenance of the undifferentiated myoblast state, and its down-regulation is a prerequisite to initiate terminal differentiation of C2C12 cells.
Laser Acoustic Imaging of Film Bulk Acoustic Resonator (FBAR) Lateral Mode Dispersion (2005)

A laser acoustic imaging microscope has been developed that measures acoustic motion with high spatial resolution without scanning. Images are recorded at normal video frame rates and heterodyne principles are used to allow operation at any frequency from Hz to GHz. Fourier transformation of the acoustic amplitude and phase displacement images provides a direct quantitative determination of excited mode wavenumbers at any frequency. Results are presented at frequencies near the first longitudinal thickness mode (∼ 900 MHz) demonstrating simultaneous excitation of lateral modes with nonzero wavenumbers in an electrically driven AlN thin film acoustic resonator. Images combined at several frequencies form a direct visualization of lateral mode dispersion relations for the device under test allowing mode identification and a direct measure of specific lateral mode properties. Discussion and analysis of the results are presented in comparison with plate wave modeling of these devices taking account for material anisotropy and multilayer films.
Final best demonstrated available technology (BDAT) background document for K061 (Addendum). Volume 9 (1990)

The background document presents the technical support and rationale for the promulgation of treatment standards for K061 wastewaters. Treatment standards for nonwastewater forms of K061 were promulgated in the First Third final rule (53 FR 31138, August 17, 1988). The background document is issued as an addendum to the August 1988 background document for K061 (USEPA 1988a), which accompanied the rulemaking for nonwastewater forms of K061. The document presents information specific to the treatment of K061 wastewaters and the technologies that were evaluated in the determination of best demonstrated available technology (BDAT) for K061 wastewaters. The Agency is promulgating standards for the same four BDAT list metal constituents that are regulated in K061 nonwastewaters--cadmium, chromium, lead, and nickel.
Endogenous hormones as a major factor in human cancer. (1982)

Hormone-related cancers account for almost 30% of all cancer cases in the United States. Data from animal experiments and from epidemiological and endocrinological studies in humans support the hypothesis that the individual hormones which control normal growth of target organs can also create the proper conditions for neoplastic transformation. The concept that hormones can cause, i.e., increase the incidence of, human cancer is most developed for the four hormone-related cancers which are numerically the most important, namely, breast, prostate, endometrium, and ovary. Even for these sites, large gaps remain in our knowledge of the responsible hormones and the conditions which create the optimal opportunity for carcinogenesis. Although scanty, the available epidemiological evidence also suggests a hormonal role in the pathogenesis of testis cancer, thyroid cancer, and osteosarcoma. We believe that the primary prevention of all these cancers will probably depend on modification of the factors which affect the secretion and metabolism of the responsible hormones rather than on control of exposure to classical exogenous initiators.
Highly selective dry etching of III nitrides using an inductively coupled Cl2/Ar/O2 plasma (2000)

The selective etch characteristics of GaN, AlxGa1−xN, and InxGa1−xN have been examined in an inductively coupled plasma reactor using Cl2/Ar/O2 as the etchant gas. Etch rates and selectivities were strongly influenced by the flow rate of oxygen as well as the plasma parameters. Etch rates as high as 5500 Å/min were obtained for GaN, 1850 Å/min for Al0.05Ga0.95N, 420 Å/min for Al0.1Ga0.9N, and 2589 Å/min for In0.12Ga0.88N. Moreover, the etch selectivities of GaN and the In0.12Ga0.88N over the Al0.1Ga0.9N were as high as 24 and 32, respectively. These are the highest values ever reported for an AlGaN film with a relatively low Al composition (x=0.1). An x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis of the etched surface showed that an Al–O bond was formed on the AlGaN surface during the Cl2/Ar/O2 plasma etching and the high selectivity thus obtained could be attributed to the etch-resistant aluminum oxide layer. This oxide layer could be easily etched off by a HF-based solution during the mask removal process.
An Evaluation of Air Injection as a Follow-Up Process to Cyclic Steam Stimulation in a Heavy Oil Reservoir (2012)

Abstract The majority of bitumen and extra heavy oil is produced by steam-based recovery processes yet these methods are energy intensive and emit large amounts of greenhouse gas to the atmosphere. Not only is the emissions intensity high due to steam generation, but also the water handling and treating facilities required for these recovery methods is expensive both to purchase and install but also to operate. A lot of focus of research has been on reduced steam processes, such as thermal-solvent techniques, as well as in situ combustion technologies such as Air Injection. Here, air injection is evaluated as a follow-up process to Cyclic Steam Stimulation in a deep thick heavy oil reservoir. The reservoir simulation model is obtained from a history-match to existing cyclic steam stimulation (CSS) field data. The results demonstrate that an additional 33% oil recovery is reached by using an air injection follow-up process. This gives a total recovery factor equal to about 55%. Based on incremental cumulative energy-to-oil ratio, the results suggest that air injection follow-up processes should be considered for post-CSS operations but that further improvement of the energy intensity is needed.