gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dilation of the Eustachian Tube by Electrical Stimulation of the Mandibular Nerve (1979)

The recent studies of the anatomy of the eustachian tube and related structures in the Rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) have shown that the monkey tubal system is similar to the human. This investigation in Rhesus monkeys was an attempt to verify previous studies in other animals that the tensor veli palatini muscle was the only dilator of the eustachian tube. Two unipolar stimulating electrodes were introduced into the foramen ovale, and the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve was electrically stimulated. Simultaneously, pressure-flow recordings through the eustachian tube were monitored. Stimulus-response relationships were obtained for five Rhesus monkeys. The degree of tubal dilation by the tensor veli palatini muscle contraction was shown to be a function of stimulating current levels. Artifically induced dilations were quite similar to the physiological dilations during swallowing when these animals were tested alert. Following complete transection of the tensor muscle, regardless of the stimulus level, no tubal dilations were observed. Stimulation of the nerve to the internal pterygoid and stimulation of the levator veli palatini muscle induced only constrictions of the tube. The tensor veli palatini muscle is the only paratubal muscle responsible for active dilation of the eustachian tube in the Rhesus monkey, and its motor innervation is the mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve.
Quenching of singlet molecular oxygen by carnosine and related antioxidants. Monitoring 1270‐nm phosphorescence in aqueous media (1997)

In order to elucidate the biochemical roles of imidazol-containing dipeptides, we have studied quenching of singlet molecular oxygen (1O2) by carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine), its structural components (L-histidine, imidazole, and beta-alanine), and related natural free-radical scavengers-L-anserine (beta-alanyl-1-methyl-histidine), ergothioneine (2-thiol-L-histidine-betaine), and taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) in aqueous (D2O, pD 7) solutions by using monitoring of 1O2-phosphorescence (1270-nm). The rate constants of 1O2 quenching (Kq) by carnosine, anserine, and ergothioneine were shown to be similar [(3 +/- 1) x 10(7) M-1s-1]. Their values resembled those of free-L-histidine [Kq = (4 +/- 1) x 10(7) M-1s-1] and imidazole [Kq = (2 +/- 1) x 10(7) M-1s-1]. Non-aromatic amino acids-taurine and beta-alanine-showed very low quenching activities (Kq < 3 x 10(3) M-1c-1). The Kq values did not correlate with the literature data on abilities of the tested compounds to stimulate muscle working capacities and inhibit myeloperoxidase-catalyzed oxygenation. Thus, the dipeptides can be used as potent water-soluble protectors against 1O2 attack whereas their natural biochemical functions are most probably determined by the processes of different nature.
Expression of E-cadherin and beta-catenin in human non-small cell lung cancer and the clinical significance. (2000)

E-cadherin, a calcium-dependent cell-cell adhesion molecule, plays a key role in the maintenance of tissue integrity. The function of this molecule is partly mediated by alpha-/beta-/gamma-catenin. Loss or dysfunction of E-cadherin is associated with an invasive phenotype. We analyzed the expression of E-cadherin and beta-catenin in human lung cancer to determine the relationship to clinicopathological factors and prognosis. E-cadherin and beta-catenin expressions were evaluated in 331 lung cancer tissues in a immunohistochemical analysis. Reduced E-cadherin expression was evident in 138 (42%), and reduced beta-catenin expression was noted in 122 (37%). Reduced E-cadherin expression significantly correlated with lymph nodes metastasis (P = 0.0199). E-cadherin expression significantly correlated with increasing histological differentiation (P = 0.0403). Although reduced E-cadherin did not correlate with the prognosis (P = 0.0652), reduced beta-catenin expression did significantly correlate with a poor prognosis (P = 0.0001). When both were reduced, there was a significant unfavorable prognosis compared with either the reduced expression (P = 0.0493) and preserved expression (P = 0.0003). Multivariate analysis showed a significantly lower survival rate for patients with reduced beta-catenin (P < 0.0001). We interpret these data to mean that dysfunction of the cell-cell adhesion molecule has a role in the progression of lung cancer and that analysis of E-cadherin and beta-catenin expression can provide clinically important evidence on which to base treatment.
Virtual honeynets revisited (2005)

A new user-mode Linux based virtual honeynet architecture is presented in this paper. The new architecture has improved functionality that is difficult to realize in the GenII honeynet. Two new honeynet capabilities in particular are introduced. Honeypot controller is a new virtual honeynet component that assists in data control. The honeywall promises to have finer control over the honeypots through signal and system call redirections. The second new capability is the disk imager. The disk imager is capable of making forensic images of the virtual machine's file systems for further analysis. Since security for virtual honeynets is a big concern, the new virtual honeynet architecture utilizes security enhanced Linux to isolate the untrusted honeypots from the completely trusted honeywall. SELinux and other research work done in this field made the new honeynet architecture a viable alternative to GenII honeynets. A file system logging mechanism, FSLog, has been developed for the UML based virtual honeynet. In conjunction with the built-in tty logger, UML based honeynets have logging capabilities that are equivalent to their GenII honeynet counterparts. The current version of FSLog successfully logs eighteen virtual file systems system calls including the common, read(), write(), open() and close() functions. Its current functionality and how it pieces into the new architecture is also discussed. This work provides researchers with an alternative honeynet platform. The new virtual honeynet architecture is more portable, easier to setup, more cost effective and as secure as the GenII honeynet. The addition of the honeypot controller and disk imager components also makes the new virtual honeynet architecture more capable.
Thermal Coatings Seminar Series Training Part 1: Properties of Thermal Coatings (2015)

This course will present an overview of a variety of thermal coatings-related topics, including: coating types and availability, thermal properties measurements, environmental testing (lab and in-flight), environmental impacts, contamination impacts, contamination liabilities, determination of BOLEOL values, and what does specularity mean to the thermal engineer.
Encapsulation of oil in silk fibroin biomaterials (2013)

ABSTRACT Microencapsulation is becoming increasingly important in the food, cosmetics, and medicinal industries due to its potential for stabilization and delivery of volatile and delicate compounds. Novel food‐safe techniques for encapsulating oil in silk biomaterials using emulsion‐based processes that exploit silk's unique properties (including amphiphilicity, biocompatibility, aqueous and ambient processing, and tunable physical crosslinking behavior) are described. The sonication‐induced self‐assembly of silk previously applied to hydrogel fabrication replaced the use of the thermal or chemical suspension crosslinking traditionally used to stabilize the aqueous protein phase in emulsions. Stable, physically crosslinked silk micro‐ and macro‐particles loaded with oil or water‐soluble dye were produced by aliquoting sonicated silk solutions into an oil bath. Oil micro‐droplets emulsified in aqueous silk solutions did not impede the self‐assembly of silk into films or hydrogel networks. In O/W/O emulsions, particle morphology and silk permeability to a model lipophilic dye in the interior phase were controllable via processing. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014 , 131 , 39990.
248-Bit optical data storage in Eu^3+:YAlO_3 by accumulated photon echoes (1990)

The successful storage and retrieval of 248-bit temporal optical data in Eu(3+):YAlO(3) by accumulated photon echoes is reported. Owing to the long storage time of this crystal, the input data can be written bit by bit by quickly varying the separation of two laser pulses, while the stored data are recalled simultaneously after some storage period, which extends up to a few hours. The maximum data length, previously thought to be limited by the optical dephasing time T(2), has been found to be four times shorter than T(2) and attributable to spectral diffusion.
Arterial stenosis murmurs: An analysis of flow and pressure fields (1988)

The flow field distal to an arterial stenosis is simulated by a confined turbulent jet with moderate Reynolds numbers. The wall pressure fluctuations are related to the momentum fluctuations of the jet by the Poisson equation. A Green's function was derived to satisfy the boundary conditions on a cylindrical surface. This allows the solution of the Poisson's equation to include only a volume integral of the fluctuating momentum, weighed by the relative distance between the source and the sensor. The velocity fluctuations on the jet centerline and at the middle of the shear layer were measured using a laser Doppler anemometer. The wall pressure fluctuations were detected simultaneously by an array of nine wall-mounted pressure transducers along the axial direction. Cross correlation performed between the velocity and pressure fluctuations reveals that the pressure fluctuations were mostly imposed by the passage of turbulent eddies with a convective velocity that is a function of the jet exit velocity. The Strouhal number, defined by the frequency of the passing large-scale structure, is a function of the initial conditions only very close to the jet exit. Further downstream, where the effect of the initial conditions is lost, the Strouhal number approaches a constant irrespect of the jet Reynolds number. The contribution of a source near the jet exit to wall pressure fluctuation near the reattachment is rather weak due to the rapidly decaying weighting function in the axial direction. However, for sources located within one nozzle diameter from the sensor, the cross-spectral density function has a high magnitude with maximum coherence where the pressure spectral changes its slope.
[Effect of reduced glutathione as anti-leukemic immune adjuvant]. (2006)

To investigate the reversal effect of reduced glutathione (GSH) on suppression of NK cells by reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM) in K562 cells, interleukin-2 (IL-2) or mononuclear cell (Mo) was added in cultured cell line of K562 cells and NK cells, the yield of ROM and K562 cell suppression rate were observed. Then the histamine dihydrochloride (DHT) or GSH was added in the mixed cultured cell lines, the ROM production and K562 cell suppression rate were observed. The results showed that the ROM yield increased from 33.17 +/- 5.08 U/L to 223.59 +/- 9.41 U/L by IL-2, and K562 cell suppression rate increased from 65.56% to 85.89% by IL-2 (P < 0.01). The ROM yields were 389.79 +/- 43.83 U/ml, 456.74 +/- 42.77 U/ml and 601.42 +/- 21.92 U/ml respectively, and K562 cell suppression rates were 82.36%, 81.36% and 48.09% respectively, when Mo was added in the mixed cultured cell lines under ratios of E/Mo being 10/2, 10/5 and 10/10. When E/Mo was 10/2, DHT or GSH was added in the mixed cultured cell line ROM yield decreased from 389.79 +/- 3.83 U/L to 50.21 +/- 2.4 U/L or -3.58 +/- 9.49 U/L (P < 0.05) respectively. With increase of concentration of DHT or GSH, the ROM yield in the mixed cultured cell line decreased (P < 0.05), the K562 cell suppression rate increased from 82.53% to 94.64% or 96.39% (P < 0.05), the more ROM yield, the less K562 suppression rate (P < 0.05). When E/Mo is 10/5 or 10/10, the ROM yield decreased by the high concentration of DHT or GSH (P < 0.05), but the K562 cell suppression rate not increased by every concentration of DHT or GSH. GSH was as effective as DHT in the reversing ROM and increasing K562 cell suppression rate. It is concluded that GSH may reverse ROM and increase K562 cell suppression rate, and GSH is as effective as DHT, but GSH has less side-effect than DHT. Therefore, GSH would be better antileukemia immune adjuvant.
Weakly Supervised Action Learning with RNN Based Fine-to-Coarse Modeling (2017)

We present an approach for weakly supervised learning of human actions. Given a set of videos and an ordered list of the occurring actions, the goal is to infer start and end frames of the related action classes within the video and to train the respective action classifiers without any need for hand labeled frame boundaries. To address this task, we propose a combination of a discriminative representation of subactions, modeled by a recurrent neural network, and a coarse probabilistic model to allow for a temporal alignment and inference over long sequences. While this system alone already generates good results, we show that the performance can be further improved by approximating the number of subactions to the characteristics of the different action classes. To this end, we adapt the number of subaction classes by iterating realignment and reestimation during training. The proposed system is evaluated on two benchmark datasets, the Breakfast and the Hollywood extended dataset, showing a competitive performance on various weak learning tasks such as temporal action segmentation and action alignment.
Equilibrium properties of mouse-Torpedo acetylcholine receptor hybrids expressed in Xenopus oocytes. (1987)

This study used messenger RNA encoding each subunit (alpha, beta, gamma and delta) of the nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptor from mouse BC3H-1 cells and from Torpedo electric organ. The mRNA was synthesized in vitro by transcription with SP6 polymerase from cDNA clones. All 16 possible combinations that include one mRNA for each of alpha, beta, gamma, and delta were injected into oocytes. After allowing 2-3 d for translation and assembly, we assayed each oocyte for (a) receptor assembly, measured by the binding of [125I]alpha-bungarotoxin to the oocyte surface, and (b) ACh-induced conductance, measured under voltage clamp at various membrane potentials. All combinations yielded detectable assembly (30-fold range among different combinations) and ACh-induced conductances (greater than 1,000-fold range at 1 microM). On double-logarithmic coordinates, the dose-response relations all had a slope near 2 for low concentrations of ACh. Data were corrected for variations in efficiency of translation among identically injected oocytes by expressing ACh-induced conductance per femtomole of alpha-bungarotoxin-binding sites. Five combinations were tested for d-tubocurarine inhibition by the dose-ratio method; the apparent dissociation constant ranged from 0.08 to 0.27 microM. Matched responses and geometric means are used for describing the effects of changing a particular subunit (mouse vs. Torpedo) while maintaining the identity of the other subunits. A dramatic subunit-specific effect is that of the beta subunit on voltage sensitivity of the response: gACh(-90 mV)/gACh(+30 mV) is always at least 1, but this ratio increases by an average of 3.5-fold if beta M replaces beta T. Also, combinations including gamma T or delta M usually produce greater receptor assembly than combinations including the homologous subunit from the other species. Finally, EACh is defined as the concentration of ACh inducing 1 microS/fmol at -60 mV; EACh is consistently lower for alpha M. We conclude that receptor assembly, voltage sensitivity, and EACh are governed by different properties.
Automatic detection of sentence boundaries and disfluencies based on recognized words (1998)

We study the problem of detecting linguistic events at interword boundaries, such as sentence boundaries and disfluency locations, in speech transcribed by an automatic recognizer. Recovering such events is crucial to facilitate speech understanding and other natural language processing tasks. Our approach is based on a combination of prosodic cues modeled by decision trees, and word-based event N-gram language models. Several model combination approaches are investigated. The techniques are evaluated on conversational speech from the Switchboard corpus. Model combination is shown to give a significant win over individual knowledge sources.
Chromosome 16 abnormalities associated with myeloid malignancies (1991)

Twenty-six patients who had cytogenetic analyses performed for myeloid malignancies at St. Vincent's Hospital over a 6-year period were found to have an inversion abnormality of chromosome 16 (25 patients) or t(16;16) (1 patient). Only 16 patients had all the features of M4Eo, while the other 10 patients had diagnoses of M2, M4, M5, RAEB, and RAEB-T; six of these had abnormal eosinophils. Thus, abnormal eosinophils were present in 22 of 26 patients (85%). Thirteen patients had additional cytogenetic abnormalities at diagnosis, the commonest being +8 in 5, del(7q) in 4, and +21 in 3. Twenty-three patients received chemotherapy and 20 (87%) achieved complete remission. The median survival of the treated group was 188 weeks with a 61% 2-year and 45% 5-year survival. No significant difference in survival was observed between those patients with a diagnosis of M4Eo and those with other diagnoses suggesting that it is the abnormality of chromosome 16 which confers an improved prognosis. Additional cytogenetic abnormalities present at diagnosis did not affect prognosis. CNS relapse was observed in only two patients (8%), thus indicating no increased incidence of this complication. This study supports the premise that a chromosome abnormality involving 16p13 and 16q22 defines a good prognosis subset of myeloid leukemia despite morphological variations.
Design of ultrathin plasmonic quarter-wave plate based on period coupling (2013)

Based on an analysis of the surface admittance of a plasmonic film with a substrate, we propose an ultrathin quarter-wave plate consisting of a periodic plane array of symmetrical L-shaped plasmonic antennas. The period, which determines the coupling among L-shaped antennas, is an important parameter for optimizing the performance of the structure. Numerical simulation results show that an Au quarter-wave plate designed in this Letter can efficiently convert a linearly polarized light at normal incidence into circularly polarized light, whose ellipticity is 0.994 at an operating wavelength of 1550 nm. The thickness is only 30 nm, which is nearly 1/50 of the wavelength of incident light.
Proteomic Definition of the Cell Wall of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (2010)

The cell envelope of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is complex and diverse; composed of proteins intermingled in a matrix of peptidoglycan, mycolic acids, lipids, and carbohydrates. Proteomic studies of the Mtb cell wall have been limited; nonetheless, the characterization of resident and secreted proteins associated with the cell wall are critical to understanding bacterial survival and immune modulation in the host. In this study, the cell wall proteome was defined in order to better understand its unique biosynthetic and secretion processes. Mtb cell wall was subjected to extraction with organic solvents to remove noncovalently bound lipids and lipoglycans and remaining proteins were solubilized with either SDS, Guanidine-HCl, or TX-114. These extracts were analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass-spectrometry and resulted in the identification of 234 total proteins. The lipoproteome of Mtb, enriched in the TX-114 extract, was further resolved by multidimensional chromatography and mass spectrometry to identify an additional 294 proteins. A query of the 528 total protein identifications against Neural Network or Hidden Markov model algorithms predicted secretion signals in 87 proteins. Classification of these 528 proteins also demonstrated that 35% are involved in small molecule metabolism and 25% are involved in macromolecule synthesis and degradation building upon evidence that the Mtb cell wall is actively engaged in mycobacterial survival and remodeling.
YC-14 system for leading edge boundary layer control (1974)

A high-lift leading-edge boundary-layer-control (BLC) system is an integral part of the design of the YC-14 prototype airplane. The system is based on the concept of blowing and uses bleed air from the eighth and fourteenth stages of the high-pressure compressor of the main engine. Air from the two sources is mixed in a fixed-geometry ejector to provide the necessary blowing. Automatic control permits the BLC system to select its own operating mode (takeoff or landing) and to accommodate all engine and engine-out maneuvers. This paper discusses the evolution of the YC-14 BLC system.
Influence of polymer morphology on water treeing (1994)

The influence of polymer morphology on water tree propagation is studied using water needle laboratory specimens. For six different thermoplastic materials, the growth kinetics of water trees is measured, the water content of individual water trees is evaluated from the water tree opacity and the water tree morphology is examined by optical microscopy. Results are interpreted by considering the mechanical response of the materials to the penetration of water, induced by dynamic forces of electric origin.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Low temperature water based electrolytes for MnO2/carbon supercapacitors (2013)

Birnessite nanotubes and activated carbon electrodes have been used in supercapacitor cells to assess the performance of new aqueous based electrolyte systems at temperatures as low as -30 °C. The addition of ethylene glycol to aqueous sodium, lithium, potassium and ammonium sulfates has resulted in electrolytes that are still in liquid phase at such low temperatures. Extensive electrochemical testing showed that in such systems, operation of these aqueous based supercapacitors is possible at -30 °C with a specific capacitance of over 30 F g(-1) and good cycleability.
Putranjivain A from Euphorbia jolkini inhibits both virus entry and late stage replication of herpes simplex virus type 2 in vitro (2004)

Putranjivain A possesses antiviral activity, inhibiting viral attachment and penetration, and also interfering with the late stage of viral replication.
Loop-free asynchronous data sharing in multiprocessor real-time systems based on timing properties (2003)

The paper presents a timing based approach to implementing fully asynchronous reader/writer mechanisms which addresses the problems of priority inversion and blocking among tasks within multiprocessor real time systems. The approach associates a sequential circular buffer data sharing algorithm, which, although being lock-free and loop-free, is vulnerable to some timing subtlety, with necessary feasibility conditions and a configuring mechanism. Both the feasibility conditions and the configuring mechanism are constructed through analyzing the timing properties of relevant tasks. The feasibility conditions are employed to verify the safety property against a given implementation of the data sharing algorithm while the configuring mechanism helps configure the buffer holding the shared data objects. Applying this timing based approach to the asynchronous data sharing problem has the advantage that sequential data sharing mechanisms may be adapted to help remove priority inversion and blocking incurred by the commonly used lock based synchronization mechanism. Therefore, it demonstrates an effective alternative to the traditional algorithm based approaches.