gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Psychophysics of Brain Rhythms (2011)

It is becoming increasingly apparent that brain oscillations in various frequency bands play important roles in perceptual and attentional processes. Understandably, most of the associated experimental evidence comes from human or animal electrophysiological studies, allowing direct access to the oscillatory activities. However, such periodicities in perception and attention should, in theory, also be observable using the proper psychophysical tools. Here, we review a number of psychophysical techniques that have been used by us and other authors, in successful and sometimes unsuccessful attempts, to reveal the rhythmic nature of perceptual and attentional processes. We argue that the two existing and largely distinct debates about discrete vs. continuous perception and parallel vs. sequential attention should in fact be regarded as two facets of the same question: how do brain rhythms shape the psychological operations of perception and attention?
Carbon Nanotubes with Temperature-Invariant Viscoelasticity from –196° to 1000°C (2010)

Viscoelasticity describes the ability of a material to possess both elasticity and viscosity. Viscoelastic materials, such as rubbers, possess a limited operational temperature range (for example, for silicone rubber it is -55° to 300°C), above which the material breaks down and below which the material undergoes a glass transition and hardens. We created a viscoelastic material composed from a random network of long interconnected carbon nanotubes that exhibited an operational temperature range from -196° to 1000°C. The storage and loss moduli, frequency stability, reversible deformation level, and fatigue resistance were invariant from -140° to 600°C. We interpret that the thermal stability stems from energy dissipation through the zipping and unzipping of carbon nanotubes at contacts.
A Dynamic Light Scattering Study of β‐Galactosidase: Environmental Effects on Protein Conformation and Enzyme Activity (1994)

Dynamic light scattering (DLS) is a useful technique for analyzing the size, shape, and other structural characteristics of protein molecules in solution. The effects of various environmental conditions on the structure and activity of Aspergillus oryzae beta-galactosidase were studied. DLS was used to determine protein particle size under various salt, pH, and temperature conditions. Changes in the activity and stability of this enzyme caused by different environmental conditions were found to correlate well with the size changes of the protein particles. This change in protein size can be attributed to protein unfolding and aggregation under extreme conditions. The presence of the enzyme substrate, lactose, in the protein solution greatly enhanced enzyme stability by inhibiting aggregation.
The economics of zero population growth (2016)

In the dystopian 2013 film 'Elysium', written and directed by Neill Blomkamp, the earth is badly overpopulated. The society that results is deeply unequal. The haves flee to a luxurious space station orbiting the earth. The have-nots remain on an increasingly polluted and decaying planet, subject to the robotic oppression of the haves in space above them.
A fully-self-aligned joint-gate CMOS technology (1983)

A six-mask process that provides joint-gate CMOS structures with the source and drain of both transistors self-aligned to the joint-gate electrode has been developed. The features that permit the full self-alignment are an edge-defined silicon nitride "filament" (used as an oxidation mask) and overlapping polysilicon "handles" used to form the top transistor source and drain regions. The structures have been characterized as individual nMOS and pMOS transistors and are functional as joint-gate CMOS inverters.
A High Precision Standard of Frequency (1929)

A new standard of frequency is described in which three 100,000-cycle quartz crystal-controlled oscillators of very high constancy are employed. These are interchecked automatically and continuously with a precision of about one part in one hundred million. They are checked daily in terms of radio time signals by the usual method employing a clock controlled by current maintained at a sub-multiple of the crystal frequency. Specially shaped crystals are used which have been adjusted to have temperature coefficients less than 0.0001 per cent per degree C.
Immunity to Brucella abortus induced in mice by popliteal lymph node restricted strain 19 vaccination. (1989)

Living vaccines induce immunity by lymphoid organs colonization that persists for a while before subsiding. Brucella abortus 19 vaccine injected into the footpad of mice was shown to colonize the popliteal lymph node and the spleen for at least 15 days before progressive disappearance. Administration of an immune serum before footpad vaccination restricted the colonization to the popliteal lymph node. The serum did not interfere with immunity when this immunity was measured by the virulent challenge spleen count method at least 90 days after vaccination. Immunity induced by lymph node restricted vaccination was very efficient 90 or 180 days after vaccination and was not boosted by a second injection administered 90 days after the first. This immunity was however about 20% lower, expressed in log10 spleen counts, than immunity induced by a non-restricted systemic vaccination which in addition was boosted by a recall. Restricted vaccination may mainly trigger the T-cell limb of immunity, whereas systemic vaccination triggers both humoral and cellular effectors.
CD4+ count and risk of non-AIDS diseases following initial treatment for HIV infection (2008)

Higher CD4+ counts on antiretroviral therapy are associated with lower rates of non-AIDS diseases and AIDS. These findings expand our understanding of the implications of HIV-related immunodeficiency and motivate randomized studies to evaluate the effects of antiretroviral therapy on a broad set of clinical outcomes at CD4+ counts greater than 350 cells/microl.
Commercial impact of silicon carbide (2008)

Evolutionary improvements in silicon (Si) power devices through better device designs, processing techniques, and material quality have led to great advancements in power systems. However, many commercial power devices are now approaching the theoretical performance limits offered by the Si material in terms of the capability to block high voltage, provide low on-state voltage drop, and switch at a high frequency. This article presents the opportunities and challenges in realizing the full potential of SiC power devices.
A method for detecting human face region based on generation and selection of kernel features (2005)

Recent researches for detecting face regions from images have paid attention to high dimensional kernel features (KFs), which are obtained by a non-linear transformation of original features extracted from images. A support vector machine (SVM) is one of the most prominent learning algorithms for KFs. However, SVM is time-consuming because of needing a large number of KFs to improve the accuracy of the classification. This paper proposes a new method that constructs a classifier between face and non-face regions by generating and choosing KFs based on Kullback-Leibler divergence (KLD). The KLD means a distance between two distributions of face and non-face data under a given KF, and some KFs of large KLDs are selected for the face detection. Moreover, the use of KLD enables us to generate new KFs. and to deal with different kinds of KFs concurrently. Some experiments show that our method can reduce the number of KFs much more than SVM, and achieve almost equal or better detection rate than that of SVM.
Clinical Management of Gene Expression (1982)

The art of the molecular geneticist is no longer confined to the elegant but arcane domain of simple microbial genomes. Recombinant-DNA technology has rendered equally susceptible to his wizardry the several billion base pairs of DNA present in each human cell.Recent events have demonstrated the rapidity with which molecular genetics is achieving clinical relevance. For example, direct molecular analysis of DNA is now used as a diagnostic tool for the definitive antenatal detection of hemoglobinopathies,1 , 2 for investigating infections,3 , 4 and for classifying leukemias.5 Ley et al., in this issue of the Journal,6 and Dover et al., in a recent . . .
Retention of trypsin activity in spermine alginate microcapsules (1997)

We have previously shown virus particles encapsulated in aqueous spermine alginate constructs retain immunogenicity and infectivity both in vitro and in vivo. However, because virions are complex structures with multiple reinforcing components, it was uncertain if isolated single proteins would retain functional integrity when similarly encapsulated. To examine this question trypsin, used as a model protein, was blended with aqueous sodium alginate and the blend was dispersed as fine droplets in aqueous spermine hydrochloride to generate self-assembling, trypsin-containing microcapsules. Trypsin was assayed spectrophotometrically for retention of enzymatic activity using N-alpha-p-tosyl-L-arginine methyl ester as substrate. Neither of the encapsulating reagents alone inhibited enzyme activity. Enzyme that escaped capture was assayed directly in the manufacturing supernatant. In mass balance studies we found that about 20-30% of activity was retained in intact capsules with the remainder resident in the aqueous manufacturing supernatant and washes. However, we found that the capsule wall appeared to inhibit enzyme activity by retarding substrate diffusion into and product diffusion out from the capsules, as evidenced by an increase in activity on lysis. Thus, it is clear that a single protein, as represented by trypsin, can retain functional integrity when encapsulated in this all aqueous system.
Requirement for p56lck tyrosine kinase activation in T cell receptor-mediated thymic selection. (1996)

The nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase p56lck (Lck) serves as a fundamental regulator of thymocyte development by delivering signals from the pre-T cell receptor (pre-TCR) that permit subsequent maturation. However, considerable evidence supports the view that Lck also participates in signal transduction from the mature TCR. We have tested this conjecture by expressing a dominant-negative form of Lck under the control of a promoter element (the distal lck promoter) that directs high expression in CD4+CD8+ thymocytes, mature thymocytes, and peripheral T cells, thereby avoiding, complications that result from the well-documented ability of dominant-negative Lck to block very early events in thymocyte maturation. Here we report that expression of the catalytically inactive Lck protein at twice normal concentrations inhibits thymocyte positive selection by as much as 80%, while leaving other aspects of cell maturation intact. This effect was studied in more detail in mice simultaneously bearing the male-specific H-Y alpha/beta TCR transgene and ovalbumin-specific DO10 alpha/beta TCR transgene, where even equimolar expression of the dominant-negative Lck protein substantially vitiated the positive selection process. Although deletion of H-Y alpha/beta thymocytes proceeded normally in male mice despite the presence of catalytically inactive Lck, modest inhibition of superantigen-mediated deletion was in some cases observed. These data further implicate Lck in the propagation of all TCR-derived signals, and indicate that even very modest deficiencies in the representation of functional Lck molecules could in humans, profoundly alter the character of the peripheral TCR repertoire.
A Novel Control Strategy of DFIG Wind Turbines in Complex Power Systems for Enhancement of Primary Frequency Response and LFOD (2017)

In this paper, we propose a novel control strategy for doubly fed wind turbine generators (DFWTG) in complex power systems to improve the primary frequency response and enhance low-frequency oscillation (LFO) damping of power systems. The main innovation in the new control scheme dwells in the novel control schemes for rotor side controller (RSC) of DFWTG. Weighted frequency deviations of local synchronous generator (SG) bus bars are utilized as input signals to a dedicated power system stabilizer, specifically designed for the RSC of DFWTG, with parameters optimized by particle swarm optimization. The newly devised RSC with conventional DFWTG control structure is capable of ameliorating primary frequency response of the power system. To eliminate the area control error, a secondary control scheme is incorporated, which makes use of the spinning reserve of selected SGs through automatic generation control. Tie-line power deviations are employed as control signals in both primary and secondary control schemes, on the purpose of further enhancing the primary and secondary frequency regulations and also maintaining the obligation of power transmissions among adjoining areas. Simulation results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed DFWTG control methods in enhancing primary frequency response and also suppressing LFOs of the power system over the conventional strategy.
High-performance fully digital switched reluctance motor controller for vehicle propulsion (2002)

A high-performance fully digital controller has been designed for the control of a switched reluctance (SR) motor built for vehicle propulsion. The SR machine is specifically designed and built to have high density and low noise. The controller is designed to maximize the machine efficiency, the peak overload capability, and to minimize torque ripple at low speed. Lookup tables are stored in a digital-signal-processor-based controller to calculate the control parameters online. Three interpolations, between torque command, motor speed, and battery voltage, are performed to obtain the control parameters. Difficulties associated with the interpolation scheme are addressed. A high-bandwidth fully digital proportional plus integral current regulator has been designed for the control of the phase current. Advantages as well as the difficulties with the operation of the SR machine and its control have been addressed. A complete characterization of the controller for the entire torque-speed plane has been made through extensive dyno testing. Simulation and dyno test results have been presented to demonstrate the performance of this controller.
The Use of Prostate Specific Antigen, Clinical Stage and Gleason Score to Predict Pathological Stage in Men with Localized Prostate Cancer (1993)

Clinical stage, Gleason score and serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels are used separately to predict pathological stage in patients with localized prostate cancer. Because the degree of tumor differentiation has a profound influence on the expression of serum PSA, serum PSA levels alone do not reflect tumor burden accurately. To overcome this obstacle we tested these 3 variables alone and in combinations as predictors of final pathological stage in 703 men with clinically localized prostate cancer at our institution. All patients were assigned a clinical stage by 1 urologist. The Gleason score was determined from preoperative needle biopsy and serum PSA levels were measured on an ambulatory basis. Final pathological stage was determined to be either organ confined, established capsular penetration, seminal vesicle involvement or lymph node involvement. Logistic regression analysis with the likelihood ratio chi-square test determined that serum PSA, Gleason score and clinical stage all predicted final pathological stage well. The results were improved with combinations of the 3 variables (serum PSA, Gleason score and clinical stage) and the combination provided the best separation. From these analyses probability plots and nomograms have been constructed to assist urologists in the preoperative prediction of final pathological stage for patients with clinically localized prostate cancer.
Nickel silicide for interconnects (2015)

Nickel silicide is an attractive option for interconnects at small dimensions because of its short electron mean free path and good electromigration behavior. Nickel silicide interconnects can be integrated using either a subtractive or damascene process. Precise control of final metal composition ratio is important for obtaining low resistivity, as shown in thin-film and patterned structure measurements.
Human mononuclear cells express 12-LX: coordinated mRNA regulation with 5-LX and FLAP genes (1996)

Lipoxygenases (LXs) catalyze formation of leukotrienes and hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs), proinflammatory, and spasmogenic autacoids that are critical for host defense systems. We studied the expression and regulation of LX genes (12-LX, 5-LX, and 15-LX) and the 5-lipoxygenase activating protein (FLAP) in human mononuclear cells (MNC) and granulocytes using a quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technique. We show that 12-LX mRNA is constitutively expressed in resting platelet-free MNC. 12-LX gene expression was upregulated by activation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The formation of 12-HETE was inducible with ionophore in MNC, as assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography, and increased after LPS pretreatment. In addition to 12- LX, resting MNC expressed the genes for 5-LX and FLAP constitutively. Quantitative time course analyses of 12-LX, 5-LX, and FLAP gene expression suggested coregulation of 12-LX and FLAP mRNAs, and reciprocal regulation of 5-LX and FLAP mRNAs. During cell stimulation with LPS 5-LX mRNA levels remained unchanged, whereas FLAP gene expression increased. No 15-LX mRNA expression or 15-HETE formation was detectable in unstimulated and activated MNC. In contrast to MNC, quantitative RT-PCR mRNA analysis showed intermittent intraindividual expression of the 5-LX and FLAP genes in resting granulocytes. mRNAs for 12-LX and 15-LX were not expressed. On stimulation of granulocytes ex vivo, mRNA expression of 5-LX and FLAP was upregulated. Stimulation by LPS differed from that by ionophore A23187. Neither LPS nor ionophore induced gene expression of 12-LX or 15-LX in granulocytes. Our data indicate that resting human MNC and granulocytes express LX and FLAP genes in a cell-specific manner. Cell activation induces coordinated upregulation of 12-LX and FLAP genes in MNC, and 5-LX and FLAP genes in granulocytes, respectively. The constitutive expression of 12-LX mRNA, its upregulation on cell activation, and the formation of 12-HETE clearly indicate the presence of a functional 12-LX in human MNC.
Apoptotic Cells and Innate Immune Stimuli Combine to Regulate Macrophage Cytokine Secretion (2003)

Abstract Macrophage interactions with apoptotic cells can suppress inflammatory responses, but cell death by apoptosis may also trigger inflammation. We now report that murine macrophages exposed to the combination of apoptotic cells and archetypal ligands for Toll-like receptors (TLRs) 2, 4, and 9 mount cytokine responses that differ importantly from those elicited by either class of stimulus alone. TLR ligands induced early and sustained secretion of TNF-α, macrophage-inflammatory protein (MIP) 1α and MIP-2 with later secretion of IL-10, IL-12, and TGF-β1; apoptotic cells alone stimulated late TGF-β1 secretion only. The combination of apoptotic cells and TLR ligands enhanced early secretion of TNF-α, MIP-1α, and MIP-2 and increased late TGF-β1 secretion, while suppressing late TNF-α, IL-10, and Il-12 by mechanisms which could nevertheless be overridden by IFN-γ. We propose that this combinatorial macrophage cytokine response to apoptotic cells and TLR ligands may contribute to recruitment and activation of innate immune defense when cell death occurs at infected inflamed sites while promoting later resolution with diminished engagement of adaptive immunity.
Array address translation for SDRAM-based video processing applications (2000)

To increase memory bandwidth of Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) that is commonly employed as external memory in video applications, a memory address translation method is proposed for minimizing the number of overhead cycles needed for row-activations and precharges. The features of SDRAM and memory access patterns of video processing applications are considered to find a suitable address translation. Experimental results show that the proposed method increases the memory bandwidth by 42% over that of the conventional linear translation.
Negative Nonlocal Resistance in Mesoscopic Gold Hall Bars: Absence of the Giant Spin Hall Effect (2009)

We report the observation of negative nonlocal resistances in multiterminal mesoscopic gold Hall bar structures whose characteristic dimensions are larger than the electron mean-free path. Our results can only be partially explained by a classical diffusive model of the nonlocal transport, and are not consistent with a recently proposed model based on spin Hall effects. Instead, our analysis suggests that a quasiballistic transport mechanism is responsible for the observed negative nonlocal resistance. Based on the sensitivity of our measurements and the spin Hall effect model, we find an upper limit for the spin Hall angle in gold of 0.023 at 4.5 K.
Hippocampal BDNF Expression in a Tau Transgenic Mouse Model (2012)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by extracellular accumulation of amyloid deposits and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) composed of hyperphosphorylated Tau proteins. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is a neurotrophic factor playing a critical role in hippocampal synaptic plasticity and memory and whose levels have been shown reduced in AD brains. While recent data support a pivotal role of β-amyloid peptides towards BDNF decrease, whether Tau pathology impacts on BDNF expression remains unknown so far. In the present study, we have evaluated this relationship using quantitative PCR, Western blot and ELISA in the THY-Tau22 transgenic strain, known to display a progressive development of both hippocampal AD-like Tau pathology and memory impairments. We observed that Tau pathology was not associated with down-regulation of BDNF at the protein and mRNA levels in this model, suggesting that the alteration of BDNF homeostasis observed in AD patients' brains might rather be ascribed to amyloid pathology.
Novel fully human anti‐CD47 antibodies stimulate phagocytosis and promote elimination of AML cells (2020)

Although most patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) enter remission after induction chemotherapy, the risk of relapse remains considerable. Therefore, some novel therapeutic strategies are still required. This study found that the overexpression of CD47 on AML cells was at least twofold more than that on normal bone marrow (NBM) cells in 81% (17/21) of the investigated patients; no patients had lower expression level of CD47 compared with healthy donors. The study also demonstrated that blocking the CD47/SIRPα (signal regulatory protein α) signal with the established novel fully human anti-CD47 monoclonal antibodies increased the phagocytosis of AML cells by macrophages in vitro. Furthermore, in vivo experiments showed that the novel fully human anti-CD47 monoclonal antibodies could significantly prolong the survival time of mice. Overall, the novel fully human anti-CD47 antibodies could block CD47/SIRPα interaction, increase macrophage-mediated phagocytosis, and enhance the elimination of AML cells.
Simple method of fabricating polarisation-insensitiveand very low crosstalkAWG grating devices (1998)

A simple method of fabricating polarisation insensitive and very low crosstalk dense-WDM devices has been developed. The matching of the thermal coefficient of expansion (TCE) of the overcladding layer to the silicon substrate, for a 16 channel arrayed-waveguide demultiplexer, resulted in very low polarisation sensitivity (0.03 nm). The TCE of the undercladding and the core layers, on the other hand, were found to have negligible effect on the polarisation sensitivity. PECVD was used for depositing all the oxide layers.