gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Day in the Life (2008)

Alan Howard practices in emergency medicine at the Saint Louise Regional Hospital, Gilroy, California. He has indicated no relationships to disclose relating to the content of this article.
First‐Pass Metabolism of Ethanol Is Predominantly Gastric (1993)

Oral consumption of alcohol results in much lower blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) than does the same dose administered intravenously, suggesting significant first-pass metabolism (FPM). The questions remain, however, (1) whether this difference truly represents FPM or simply reflects slower absorption of alcohol, and (2) if there is FPM, is it mainly of gastric or hepatic origin. To study this, rats were given the same dose alcohol (1 g/kg) by either intragastric intubation or by intravenous, intraportal, and intraduodenal infusions at a rate that mimicked the loss of alcohol from the stomach. Higher BAC levels after intravenous than intragastric alcohol indicated true FPM. Higher levels after intraportal or intraduodenal infusions (in fact, comparable to those obtained with the intravenous route) demonstrated negligible FPM when the route of delivery bypassed the stomach, yet included the liver. Furthermore, rats that had developed portosystemic shunts after ligation of the portal ven exhibited blood alcohol curves and FPM equivalent to those of sham-operated controls, indicating that FPM is not dependent on first-pass flow through the liver, but reflects gastric metabolism. The absence of significant hepatic FPM is attributable to the saturation of hepatic alcohol dehydrogenase by recirculating alcohol, resulting in no appreciable increase in metabolism secondary to newly absorbed alcohol. Finally, the in vivo gastric metabolism of alcohol in pylorus-ligated rats was demonstrated by significantly lower BACs when alcohol was administered intragastrically than when an amount identical to that lost from the ligated stomach was given intraportally. Thus, the lower BACs with oral as opposed to intravenous alcohol are not simply a consequence of slow absorption, but result from FPM occurring predominantly in the stomach.
Cell Cycling through Cdc25A: Transducer of Cytokine Proliferative Signals (2006)

A balance between survival and proliferative signals maintains a constant number of T lymphocytes that populate the mammalian immune system, a process termed "homeostasis". Central to this process is the availability of a stromal cell product--the cytokine interleukin-7 (IL-7). We recently showed that IL-7, in addition to protecting cells from apoptosis, drives the cell cycling of lymphocytes through regulation of the stability of the phosphatase, Cdc25A, a key activator of cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks). IL-7 achieves this by controlling the activity of p38 MAP kinase (MAPK), which can phosphorylate Cdc25A, triggering its degradation. Sustained expression of Cdc25A had diverse effects: it promoted cell cycling, even in presence of cell cycle inhibitors such p27Kip1, and prevented cell shrinkage in response to cytokine deprivation. Herein we show a role for Cdc25A as a transducer of cytokine-driven proliferation and discuss novel implications for cell growth from the perspective of the requirements for maintenance of lymphocyte homeostasis.
An efficient observability evaluation algorithm based on Factored Use-Def chains (2003)

Coverage evaluation is indispensable for simulate modern designs. In this paper, we present an efficient algorithm to evaluate observability coverage, which is based on Factored Use-Def chains (FUD chains), a data-flow analysis technique in compilers. With the strategy of enhanced FUD chains and event-driven analysis, this method has three advantages. First, it is significantly more computationally efficient than prior efforts to assess observability information. Secondly, it could be easily integrated into hardware description language (HDL) compilers or simulators. Finally, it is universal, and can be combined with controllability metrics, such as statement coverage metric (SCM).
Neuroactive Neurosteroids as Endogenous Effectors for the Sigma1 (σ1) Receptor: Pharmacological Evidence and Therapeutic Opportunities (1999)

Neuroactive neurosteroids, including progesterone, allopregnanolone, pregnenolone and dehydroepiandrosterone, represent steroid hormones synthesized de novo in the brain and acting locally on nervous cells. Neurosteroids modulate several neurotransmitter systems such as γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA), N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and acetylcholine receptors. As physiologic consequences, they are involved in neuronal plasticity, learning and memory processes, aggression and epilepsy, and they modulate the responses to stress, anxiety and depression. The σ1-receptor protein was recently purified and its cDNA was cloned in several species. The amino-acid sequences are structurally unrelated to known mammalian proteins, but shared homology with a fungal sterol C8-C7 isomerase. The σ1-receptor ligands exert a potent neuromodulation on excitatory neurotransmitter systems, including the glutamate and cholinergic systems. Consequently, selective σ1 agonists show neuroprotective properties and beneficial effects in memory processes, stress and depression. The evidence of a direct interaction between neurosteroids and σ1 receptors was first suggested by the ability of several steroids to inhibit the binding of σ1-receptor radioligands in vitro and in vivo. A crossed pharmacology between neurosteroids and σ1-receptor ligands was described in several physiological tests and behavioral responses. This review will detail the recent evidence for a common mechanism of action between neurosteroids and σ1-receptor ligands and focus on the potential therapeutic interests of such interaction in the physiopathology of learning and memory impairments, stress, depression and neuroprotection.
On-Line Path Generation for Robotic Deburring of Cast Aluminum Wheels (2006)

Cast aluminum wheels must be deburred and polished before chrome plating operation. Manual deburring and polishing is tedious and monotonous. Industrial robots are attracting more and more attention for the deburring applications. However, Each wheel path program was taking eight to ten weeks to create because the position and orientation of the deburring tool must be accurately identified based on the curvature of the wheel. To solve this problem, we developed a practical 6 DOF robot path generation method using hybrid force and visual servoing methodology. The force servoing keeps the robot tool continuously contacting with the wheel surface and the visual servoing controls the robot tool to follow a marked tool path on the wheel while the position and orientation are controlled and recorded. A robot path is then generated from the recorded data. Experiments are performed and the experimental results demonstrate that the developed algorithm can be used to automatically generate accurate 6 DOF robot paths for deburring aluminum wheels in less than an hour. This significantly reduces the robot programming time. The developed technology can also be used for robot path generation in many other manufacturing applications, such as welding and strip painting
Syntheses of Pyridazine Derivatives. I (1954)

The chemistry of pyridazine is still not well known and most of its derivatives have been prepared by nuclear synthesis or by oxidation of phthalazine series. In order to study the substitution reaction in pyridazine series, oxygen-, nitrogen-, or sulfur-containing monosubstituted chloropyridazines and disubstituted derivatives of pyridazine were prepared. Catalytic hydrogenation of 3, 6-dichloropyridazine in aqueous methanolic ammonia solution, at ordinary pressure, gave pyridazine in 67.5% yield. Similarly, monosubstituted pyridazines were obtained by the hydrogenation of monosubstituted chloropyridazines.
Finite-size scaling analysis of localization transition for scalar waves in a three-dimensional ensemble of resonant point scatterers (2016)

We use the random Green's matrix model to study the scaling properties of the localization transition for scalar waves in a three-dimensional (3D) ensemble of resonant point scatterers. We show that the probability density $p(g)$ of normalized decay rates of quasimodes $g$ is very broad at the transition and in the localized regime and that it does not obey a single-parameter scaling law for finite system sizes that we can access. The single-parameter scaling law holds, however, for the small-$g$ part of $p(g)$ which we exploit to estimate the critical exponent $\ensuremath{\nu}$ of the localization transition. Finite-size scaling analysis of small-$q$ percentiles ${g}_{q}$ of $p(g)$ yields an estimate $\ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\simeq}1.55\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07$. This value is consistent with previous results for the Anderson transition in the 3D orthogonal universality class and suggests that the localization transition under study belongs to the same class.
Structure and Electrochemical Properties of LiFe[sub x]Mn[sub 2−x]O[sub 4] (0≤x≤0.5) Spinel as 5 V Electrode Material for Lithium Batteries (2001)

An electroactive spinel solid solution, was prepared and investigated. X-ray Rietveld refinements showed a small amount of transition metal ions in tetrahedral sites in Fe-substituted samples. The Mössbauer spectrum of at 300 K is composed of two doublets and attributed to trivalent Fe. In the voltage range 3.0 and 5.3 V vs. two reversible plateaus appeared at 4.9 and 3.9 V during discharge. Combined data of X-ray diffraction, Mn K-edge X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES), and Mössbauer spectroscopy obtained in situ during charge and discharge demonstrate that the plateau around 4 V on charging is associated with the oxidation of to and the plateau around 5 V with the partial oxidation of to © 2001 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Design of on-chip monitoring circuits for clock delay and temperature (2016)

Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2016.
The distribution of petroleum reserves in basins of the South Atlantic margins (1999)

Abstract The opening of the South Atlantic created a series of passive margin basins on both sides of the new ocean. This paper reviews the distribution of petroleum reserves in these basins in terms of their tectono-stratigraphic position within the framework of the rift-drift succession. Seven megasequences are recognized. Three are in the drift succession, three are in the rift succession and one comprises the pre-rift succession. Ninety-three per cent of the presently discovered recoverable hydrocarbons are reservoired in the drift succession, 6% are located in the rift succession and 1% is associated with the pre-rift units. The basins group geographically into seven sectors within which both margins share some common features. Sixty-five per cent of the reserves are contained in Sector V which is dominated by the Niger Delta, and 28% are positioned in Sector III, which includes the Campos and Lower Congo Basins. The new deepwater giant discoveries of Angola, which are located in Sector III, are the Africa counterparts of the earlier deepwater Campos Basin discoveries. In general sectors III–V, located between the Walvis Ridge and the Equatorial Atlantic transforms, are most favourable as they are characterized by the most prolific source rocks at all horizons.
Recent improvements in the development of A2B adenosine receptor agonists (2008)

Adenosine is known to exert most of its physiological functions by acting as local modulator at four receptor subtypes named A(1), A(2A), A(2B) and A(3) (ARs). Principally as a result of the difficulty in identifying potent and selective agonists, the A(2B) AR is the least extensively characterised of the adenosine receptors family. Despite these limitations, growing understanding of the physiological meaning of this target indicates promising therapeutic perspectives for specific ligands. As A(2B) AR signalling seems to be associated with pre/postconditioning cardioprotective and anti-inflammatory mechanisms, selective agonists may represent a new therapeutic group for patients suffering from coronary artery disease. Herein we present an overview of the recent advancements in identifying potent and selective A(2B) AR agonists reported in scientific and patent literature. These compounds can be classified into adenosine-like and nonadenosine ligands. Nucleoside-based agonists are the result of modifying adenosine by substitution at the N (6)-, C(2)-positions of the purine heterocycle and/or at the 5'-position of the ribose moiety or combinations of these substitutions. Compounds 1-deoxy-1-{6-[N'-(furan-2-carbonyl)-hydrazino]-9H-purin-9-yl}-N-ethyl-beta-D-ribofuranuronamide (19, hA(1) K (i) = 1050 nM, hA(2A) K (i) = 1550 nM, hA(2B) EC(50) = 82 nM, hA(3) K (i) > 5 muM) and its 2-chloro analogue 23 (hA(1) K (i) = 3500 nM, hA(2A) K (i) = 4950 nM, hA(2B) EC(50) = 210 nM, hA(3) K (i) > 5 muM) were confirmed to be potent and selective full agonists in a cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) functional assay in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing hA(2B) AR. Nonribose ligands are represented by conveniently substituted dicarbonitrilepyridines, among which 2-[6-amino-3,5-dicyano-4-[4-(cyclopropylmethoxy)phenyl]pyridin-2-ylsulfanyl]acetamide (BAY-60-6583, hA(1), hA(2A), hA(3) EC(50) > 10 muM; hA(2B) EC(50) = 3 nM) is currently under preclinical-phase investigation for treating coronary artery disorders and atherosclerosis.
Effect of scattered radiation on image noise in cone beam CT (2001)

Cone beam CT has a capability for the 3-dimensional imaging of large volumes with isotropic resolution, and has a potentiality for 4-dimensional imaging (dynamic volume imaging), because cone beam CT acquires data of a large volume with one rotation of an x-ray tube-detector pair. However, one of the potential drawbacks of cone beam CT is a larger amount of scattered x-rays, which may enhance the noise in reconstructed images, and thus affect the low-contrast detectablity. Our aim in this work was to estimate the scatter fractions and effects of scatter on image noise, and to seek methods of improving image quality in cone beam CT. First we derived a relationship between the noise in a reconstructed image and in an x-ray intensity measurement. Then we estimated the scatter to primary ratios in x-ray measurements using a Monte-Carlo simulation. From these we estimated the image noise under relevant clinical conditions. The results showed that the scattered radiation made a substantial contribution to the image noise. However, focused collimators could improve it by decreasing the scattered radiation drastically while keeping the primary radiation at nearly the same level. A conventional grid also improved the image noise, though the improvement was less than that of focused collimators.
Utilization of Polyspecific Antiserum for Specific Radioimmunoassays: Radioimmunoassays for Rat Fetuin and Bikunin Were Developed by Using Antiserum Against Total Rat Serum Proteins (1993)

Polyspecific antiserum against total rat serum proteins was used to develop specific and sensitive radioimmunoassays for fetuin and bikunin, two minor protein components of rat plasma. The radioimmunoassays proved to be highly useful to trace bikunin and fetuin in the course of developing isolation procedures, since neither specific functional assays nor monospecific antisera were available. The two examples demonstrate that, in general, it will be possible to 2587
Some inequalities between latent roots and minimax (maximin) elements of real matrices (1957)

Furthermore, let p and q be defined respectively as ( 2 ) p= max Pi , q= min q 3 .
An FSS-Backed 20/30 GHz Circularly Polarized Reflectarray for a Shared Aperture L- and Ka-Band Satellite Communication Antenna (2014)

A shared aperture antenna for simultaneous operation at L- (1525 to 1661 MHz) and Ka-band (19.7 to 20.2 GHz and 29.5 to 30.0 GHz) is demonstrated. This stacked antenna consists of a Ka-band reflectarray antenna with a frequency selective surface (FSS) ground-plane above an L-band patch array antenna. The reflectarray is based on the concentric dual split-loop element backed by a concentric dual-loop FSS element. The reflectarray comprises 80 × 80 elements and it is printed on a 40 ×40 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> Rogers 5880 substrate, while the L-band antenna is a 2 × 2 patch array. The reflectarray antenna has been manufactured at the Technical University of Denmark (DTU) and measured at the DTU-ESA Spherical Near-Field Antenna Test Facility. The reflectarray provides a maximum directivity of 36.4 and 38.5 dBi at 20.0 and 29.8 GHz, respectively, and an aperture illumination efficiency in the two frequency bands up to 57% and 48%, respectively. There is very little degradation in the L-band patch array performance due to the reflectarray, and it provides a minimum directivity of 11.8 dBi over the L-band.
Diaphanography: Mechanism Responsible for the Images (1982)

Preliminary measurements showed that spectrophotometry of samples of tissue taken at operation from the female breast demonstrated no obvious correlation between transmission coefficient and pathology, except that thicker samples tended to transmit less light than thinner samples. However all the samples had absorption minima corresponding to the bands of oxyhaemoglobin. This simple fact led to the speculation that the density of blood in the tissues, (number of red cells per unit volume) was the factor giving rise to different colours of breast tissues and of breast pathology observed upon transillumination with white light in vivo. Examination by infrared colour photography and by spectrophotometry of transilluminated samples of blood diluted with normal saline confirms that the observed colour is dependent on red cell concentration.
Left atrial roof: an alternative minimal approach for mitral valve surgery. (2013)

The LAR approach is a safe and effective option to perform mitral valve surgery. The limited extension of this incision and the possibility to use a single venous cannula make this approach suitable for minimally invasive isolated mitral valve procedures, whereas the proximity of the LAR to the aortic root makes this approach particularly attractive for combined mitroaortic procedures through a ministernotomy.
Menopause and dry eye. A possible relationship (2005)

The hormonal status and in particular sex steroids play a role in the ocular surface homeostasis and function, during the whole life and in both sexes, accomplished by estrogenic and androgenic receptors located on corneal and conjunctival epithelia and Meibomian gland. The ocular surface is an integrated unit and any dysfunction results in a scarce or unstable preocular tear film which produces dry eye, a chronic inflammatory condition with increasing incidence as people get older but always more frequent among females. In post-menopausal women endocrine changes join the aging effects in the pathogenesis of dry eye, but still it remains controversial whether estrogen or androgen deficiency or their imbalance impair ocular surface function. Another questionable issue concerns the efficacy of hormonal replacement therapy in the amelioration of dry eye symptoms and recovery of tear function, since the scientific literature stands in between a therapeutic or a promoting effect of eye dryness. Therapy of dry eye is usually based upon topical administration of tear substitutes; estrogen or androgen-based eye drops represents a promising innovative treatment based upon important scientific rationale.
Effective Guanidine‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Carbonate and Carbamate Derivatives from Propargyl Alcohols in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (2011)

Abstract The reactions of propargyl alcohols with carbon dioxide in supercritical carbon dioxide or in acetonitrile with gaseous carbon dioxide in the presence of organic bases as catalysts have been examined. Bicyclic guanidines are effective catalysts for the formation of α‐methylene cyclic carbonates under mild reaction conditions. Oxoalkyl carbonates, oxoalkyl carbamates or α‐methyleneoxazolidinones are obtained in high yields and good selectivities in one‐step starting from propargyl alcohols and an external nucleophile (alcohols or amines) using bicyclic guanidines as catalysts in supercritical carbon dioxide. Propargylic diols under the same reaction conditions underwent a rearrangement process instead of carbon dioxide insertion whereas in the presence of an external nucleophile the formation of oxocarbonates, oxocarbamates or cyclic carbamates was achieved in satisfactory yields.
European academy of dermatology and venereology European prurigo project: expert consensus on the definition, classification and terminology of chronic prurigo (2017)

This new definition and terminology of CPG should be implemented in dermatology to harmonize communication in the clinical routine, clinical trials and scientific literature. Acute/subacute forms of prurigo are separated entities, which need to be differentiated from CPG and will be discussed in a next step. In the near future, the cross-sectional EPP will provide relevant clinical data on various aspects of CPG leading to new directions in the scientific investigation of CGP.
Phase measurement for electric field tomography (2008)

The basic principles of electric field tomography (EFT) are briefly explained. EFT system numerical simulation results are given. The comparison of images reconstructed by systems with planar and round electrode arrays is presented. Some aspects of transmitting and measuring stages are discussed. The accuracy of the phase-sensitive demodulator, which is the key element of an EFT measuring system, is evaluated experimentally.
[Application of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in laparoscopic gastrectomy for advanced gastric cancer]. (2009)

Advanced gastric cancer after neoadjuvant chemotherapy can be down-regulated in the stage, increase the rate of R(0)-resection, diminish the infiltration extent of tumor, decrease the metastasis of lymph node, and increase the possibility of laparoscopic radical gastrectomy.
Synthetic Toll-like Receptors 7 and 8 Agonists: Structure–Activity Relationship in the Oxoadenine Series (2019)

Toll-like receptors 7 and 8 (TLR7/8) are broadly expressed on antigen-presenting cells, making TLR7/8 agonists likely candidates for the development of new vaccine adjuvants. We previously reported the synthesis of a new series of 8-oxoadenines substituted at the 9-position with a 4-piperidinylalkyl moiety and demonstrated that TLR7/8 selectivity and potency could be modulated by varying the length of the alkyl linker. In the present study, we broadened our initial structure-activity relationship study to further evaluate the effects of N-heterocycle ring size, chirality, and substitution on TLR7/8 potency, receptor selectivity, and cytokine (IFNα and TNFα) induction from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). TLR7/8 activity correlated primarily to linker length and to a lesser extent to ring size, while ring chirality had little effect on TLR7/8 potency or selectivity. Substitution of the heterocyclic ring with an aminoalkyl or hydroxyalkyl group for subsequent conjugation to phospholipids or antigens was well tolerated with the retention of both TLR7/8 activity and cytokine induction from human PBMCs.