gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cyanobacterial evolution: results of 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid sequence analyses (1979)

We report here the sequences of oligonucleotides released by T1-ribonuclease digestion of the 16S ribosomal RNA's (rRNA's) of unicellular cyanobacteria Agmenellum quadruplicatum (strain BG-1) and Synechococcus 7502. We compare them with sequences previously obtained for the 16S RNA's of six other cyanobacteria and two chloroplasts, and conclude that: (i) Synechocystis-like unicells form a discrete cluster which also (and surprisingly) includes Agmenelium quadruplicatum, usually considered to be a Synechococcus; (ii) filamentous cyanobacteria of the genera Nostoc and Fischerella arose from within the Synechocystis group; (iii) phylogenetic diversity (and hence presumably evolutionary antiquity) within the Synechococcus group is very great; and (iv) red algal chloroplasts are of definite cyanobacterial origin, while Euglena chloroplasts are of separate and quite possibly noncyanobacterial origin. We also present the results of a computer-aided search among the 10 oligonucleotide 'catalogues' for families of related but nonidentical sequences. Examination of these families reinforces the above conclusions.
Food (2004)

HERNALINDA: I have to make a lot of food, so that there will be some if they come home. And I am not accustomed to making a little, not even beans. Because when I make beans, company will arrive. Then I make eggs with salsa and we begin to eat. And plenty of tortillas always.
A 0&#x2013;1 control mechanism with partial information for periodic tumour motion classification (2010)

In this paper, online treatment control mechanism for a stream of image classification is proposed. The developed two-layer mechanism controls the treatment window through a series of images acquisition. The paper contributes two findings for designing tumour treatment processes. Firstly, a theoretical foundation is established with numerical support in selecting an adaptive region for computation (RFC) with updated breathing pattern which is aimed to minimize the classification error. Secondly, the simulated results show that regardless image quality the proposed 0-1 treatment control mechanism could achieve comparable false positive rate ( <; 3.0%) and false negative rate ( <; 8.0%) to the best literature results which is based on fluoroscopic X-ray technology by classifying the tumour either inside or outside the treatment window.
Influence of impact-ionization-induced instabilities on the maximum usable output voltage of Si-bipolar transistors (2001)

The onset of impact-ionization-induced instabilities limits the operating range of Si-bipolar transistors, especially in power stages. Therefore, analytical relations which characterize the onset of instabilities are derived for different driving conditions (mainly V/sub BE/=const. and I/sub E/=const.) and arbitrary transistor geometries. They allow the designer and technologist to calculate the maximum usable dc output voltage in dependence on transistor dimensions and technological parameters. As a consequence, the voltage range above BV/sub CE0/ can now be more intensively and reliably used and thus the performance potential of a given technology can be better exploited. However, the reduction of the maximum tolerable output voltage with increasing emitter (or collector) current must be carefully considered. The presented theory and analytical results are verified by three-dimensional (3-D) transistor simulations and by measurements.
Immunosuppression for neural xenografts: a comparison of cyclosporin and anti-CD25 monoclonal antibody (1999)

A short course of anti-CD25 mAb-induced immunosuppression was as effective as a long course of cyclosporin-induced immunosuppression in this model.
Retroreflector with acute dihedral angles (1994)

An acute-angle retroreflector having three dihedral angles of 45, 60, and 90 deg was studied by use of the ray-trace method. Incident rays are reflected nine times in the retroreflector, and there are 26 different sequences for reflections. Errors in the dihedral angles will cause the directions of the reflected rays to diverge. A possible application of the acute-angle retroreflector is in target design for laser ranging.
Putting wasted clock cycles to use: Enhancing fortuitous cell-aware fault detection with scan shift capture (2016)

Probabilistic approaches to the detection of untargeted defects, such as n-detect and standard LBIST (logic built-in-self-test), generally suffer from the need to apply very long test sets to achieve good coverage. However, more targeted approaches that attempt to explicitly model new types of defects, such as cell-aware faults, so that they can be deterministically detected may also lead to unacceptably long test sets. Generally, when tests are applied to circuits that contain scan chains, test results are only captured once the entire pattern has been shifted in and the desired deterministic pattern has been applied. Intervening shift cycles serve only as overhead. This is done because capturing data in the circuit's scan flip-flops during scan shift would destroy the pattern being shifted in. However, if data is captured in shadow flops in a MISR instead, those shift cycles could be used to obtain additional fault coverage. In this paper, we investigate the ability of the intervening shift cycles to achieve high static cell-aware fault coverage using only the test patterns generated to detect stuck-at faults. We also investigate reducing the number of shadow flops required. Our results show that high cell-aware coverage is achievable even when only a stuck-at test set is applied — in some cases equal to the coverage obtained by a dedicated cell-aware test set.
Extending occupancy grid mapping for dynamic environments (2018)

In this paper, the commonly used filtering technique occupancy grid mapping for static environments is extended for dynamic environments. The proposed method is able to estimate velocities indirectly. We apply a distribution model of the respective state variable to estimate the cell dynamics by means of prediction and update cycle, as known by standard tracking filters. Therefore, we present a straight forward derivation of the prediction and update rule. Furthermore, we validate our approach by simple one dimensional simulations, and show how it can be extended into a two dimensional world, including the resulting consequences, e.g. in terms of memory requirements.
Video Captioning via Hierarchical Reinforcement Learning (2017)

Video captioning is the task of automatically generating a textual description of the actions in a video. Although previous work (e.g. sequence-to-sequence model) has shown promising results in abstracting a coarse description of a short video, it is still very challenging to caption a video containing multiple fine-grained actions with a detailed description. This paper aims to address the challenge by proposing a novel hierarchical reinforcement learning framework for video captioning, where a high-level Manager module learns to design sub-goals and a low-level Worker module recognizes the primitive actions to fulfill the sub-goal. With this compositional framework to reinforce video captioning at different levels, our approach significantly outperforms all the baseline methods on a newly introduced large-scale dataset for fine-grained video captioning. Furthermore, our non-ensemble model has already achieved the state-of-the-art results on the widely-used MSR-VTT dataset.
Cellular dynamics of tRNAs and their genes (2009)

This discussion focuses on the cellular dynamics of tRNA transcription, processing, and turnover. Early tRNA biosynthesis steps are shared among most tRNAs, while later ones are often individualized for specific tRNAs. In yeast, tRNA transcription and early processing occur coordinately in the nucleolus, requiring topological arrangement of approximately 300 tRNA genes and early processing enzymes to this site; later processing events occur in the nucleoplasm or cytoplasm. tRNA nuclear export requires multiple exporters which function in parallel and the export process is coupled with other cellular events. Nuclear-cytoplasmic tRNA subcellular movement is not unidirectional as a retrograde pathway delivers mature cytoplasmic tRNAs to the nucleus. Despite the long half-lives, there are multiple pathways to turnover damaged tRNAs or normal tRNAs upon cellular stress.
Immunosuppression by succinylacetone. II. Prevention of graft-vs-host disease. (1987)

Succinylacetone is a seven-carbon organic ketoacid that we have previously shown to inhibit tumor allograft rejection as well as the primary antibody response to sheep erythrocytes in rats. Because it appeared to be such a potent immunosuppressive agent in our initial studies, we evaluated succinylacetone for its ability to block graft-vs-host disease (GVHD) in adult F1 rats injected with parental strain spleen cells. Untreated ACE X Lewis F1 rats given Lewis strain spleen cells died of GVHD, with a mean survival of 24 days. By contrast, 62% of F1 rats in the group treated with succinylacetone survived, and the deaths that occurred in this group occurred significantly later. To confirm this observation and determine whether succinylacetone would interfere with bone marrow engraftment, lethally irradiated adult Wistar-Furth rats were reconstituted with syngeneic or totally allogeneic Fisher 344 lymphohemopoietic cells consisting of equal numbers of bone marrow and spleen cells. All animals given allogeneic cells without additional immunosuppressive treatment developed severe GVHD and died by day 42. By contrast 92% of the allogeneic cell recipients that had been treated with succinylacetone were long term survivors. Cytotoxicity typing of peripheral lymphocytes demonstrated greater than 90% donor-type lymphocytes persisting in the succinylacetone-treated recipients as long as 255 days post-transplantation. No chronic or late developing acute GVHD was observed even though the animals received succinylacetone as the sole immunosuppressant for only 28 days after transplantation. Furthermore, hemopoietic reconstitution in recipients of syngeneic cells was essentially identical between the control group and the group treated with succinylacetone. In addition, no gross or histologic evidence for renal, hepatic, cardiovascular, endocrine, or neurologic toxicity was observed in the long term transplant survivors treated with succinylacetone. These data indicate that succinylacetone treatment is effective in preventing lethal GVHD in this allogeneic bone marrow transplantation system while permitting normal hemopoietic reconstitution in the absence of significant chronic toxicity to other major organ systems.
Identification of two scyllo-inositol dehydrogenases in Bacillus subtilis (2010)

scyllo-Inositol (SI) is a stereoisomer of inositol whose catabolism has not been characterized in bacteria. We found that Bacillus subtilis 168 was able to grow using SI as its sole carbon source and that this growth was dependent on a functional iol operon for catabolism of myo-inositol (MI; another inositol isomer, which is abundant in nature). Previous studies elucidated the MI catabolic pathway in B. subtilis as comprising multiple stepwise reactions catalysed by a series of Iol enzymes. The first step of the pathway converts MI to scyllo-inosose (SIS) and involves the MI dehydrogenase IolG. Since IolG does not act on SI, we suspected that there could be another enzyme converting SI into SIS, namely an SI dehydrogenase. Within the whole genome, seven genes paralogous to iolG have been identified and two of these, iolX and iolW (formerly known as yisS and yvaA, respectively), were selected as candidate genes for the putative SI dehydrogenase since they were both prominently expressed when B. subtilis was grown on medium containing SI. iolX and iolW were cloned in Escherichia coli and both were shown to encode a functional enzyme, revealing the two distinct SI dehydrogenases in B. subtilis. Since inactivation of iolX impaired growth with SI as the carbon source, IolX was identified as a catabolic enzyme required for SI catabolism and it was shown to be NAD(+) dependent. The physiological role of IolW remains unclear, but it may be capable of producing SI from SIS with NADPH oxidation.
Some biological and physical properties of molluscum contagiosum virus propagated in cell culture (1976)

Molluscum contagiosum virus propagated in FL cells of human amnion origin has a one-step growth cycle time of 12 to 14 h. The appearance and exponential increase of intracellular virus preceded the release of extracellular virus by approximately 2 h. Demonstration of comparable titers of extracellular and intracellular virus at the end of the replication cycle indicated that a substantial amount of virus remained associated with cells exhibiting cytopathogenic changes. Mean buoyant density values of virus in sucrose ranged from 1.275 to 1.278 g/cm3, but in CsCl the virus banded at densities at 1.325 to 1.340 and 1.261 to 1.281 g/cm3. Although virus infectivity was not affected by high concentrations of CsCl, it was found by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis that the salt removed several nonglycosylated polypeptides with estimated molecular weights of 15,000 to 60,000. This suggested that the high-density band (1.325 to 1.340) may reflect the loss of these structural components. The half-life of virus infectivity was approximately 26.5 h at 26 degrees C and 11.2 h at 37 degrees C. Although the virus was rapidly inactivated at 50 degrees C, it could be stabilized at this temperature by the presence of 1.0 M MgCl2. Virus did not agglutinate newborn chick, adult chicken, or type "0" human erythrocytes. Virus infectivity was found to be sensitive to acid pH but resistant to treatment with diethyl ether or chloroform. The replication of molluscum virus in FL cells was not inhibited by 5-iodo-2'-deoxyuridine, 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine, or cytosine arabinonucleoside in noncytotoxic concentrations of 200 to 400 mug/ml, but greater than 99% reduction in the yield of herpes simplex virus or vaccinia virus in FL cells was obtained with 200 mug of these compounds per ml. Guanidinium chloride in concentrations of 100 to 200 mug/ml reduced molluscum virus yields by more than 99.9%.
Isolation of <i>Stachybotrys</i>From the Lung of a Child With Pulmonary Hemosiderosis (1999)

Recently, Stachybotrys atra, a toxigenic fungus, has been implicated as a potential cause of pulmonary hemorrhage/hemosiderosis in infants living in water-damaged homes. Although epidemiologic evidence supports this association, neither the organism nor its toxic products has ever been recovered from humans. We report the first case in which Stachybotrys was isolated from the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of a child with pulmonary hemorrhage. Stachybotrys was also recovered from his water-damaged home. The patient recovered completely after his immediate removal from the environment and subsequent cleaning of his home. This case provides further evidence that this fungus is capable of causing pulmonary hemorrhage in children.
Task-based measures of image quality and their relation to radiation dose and patient risk (2015)

The theory of task-based assessment of image quality is reviewed in the context of imaging with ionizing radiation, and objective figures of merit (FOMs) for image quality are summarized. The variation of the FOMs with the task, the observer and especially with the mean number of photons recorded in the image is discussed. Then various standard methods for specifying radiation dose are reviewed and related to the mean number of photons in the image and hence to image quality. Current knowledge of the relation between local radiation dose and the risk of various adverse effects is summarized, and some graphical depictions of the tradeoffs between image quality and risk are introduced. Then various dose-reduction strategies are discussed in terms of their effect on task-based measures of image quality.
NT2-les zonder grammatica (2006)

Alied Blom stelt dat grammaticale instructie niet wezenlijk bijdraagt aan het verwerven van een vreemde/tweede taal en dus zoveel mogelijk vermeden dient te worden. Om het praten over de doeltaal in te ruilen voor het praten in de doeltaal komt Blom met een lesvorm waarbij alles draait om teksten. Het doel is uiteindelijk dat de cursisten zich verstaanbaar (leren) maken in de doeltaal. Aan de docent onder meer de taak een conversatie over de tekst te openen, op gang te houden en iedereen bij het gesprek te betrekken, zodat een levendige gesprek ontstaat waaraan de cursisten als volwaardige gesprekspartners deelnemen. Ook wie voorstander is van grammaticale instructie kan via dit artikel ideeen opdoen voor het groepsgesprek als werkvorm.
Challenges Confronting the Social Sciences and Humanities in University Research Libraries (1992)

Trends in the humanities and social sciences present librarians with a wide and complex array of challenges many of which are driven by social and economic forces to which the library community must respond but over which it has little influence. Librarians must not be intimidated by this environment but rather must be knowledgeable about it. Well-informed librarians, with excellent communications skills, are the ones best equippcd to prepare their constituents for the numerous changes lying ahead and to educate their users about how to exploit the resources of an increasingly complex mechanism. While a number of challenges are unique to these disciplines, others are common to higher education generally in the United States.
Determination of Bacterial Protein Profiles by Matrix-assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Mass Spectrometry with High-performance Liquid Chromatography (1996)

A rapid method for profiling bacterial and cellular proteins has been developed using a combination of capillary high-performance liquid chromatography separation followed by (MALDI-MS) matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric analysis. In this method, bacteria are sonicated, the cell walls broken, and the water-soluble proteins precipitated for analysis. The proteins are separated by capillary liquid chromatography and detected on-line by a UV absorption detector. The eluents are then collected for off-line analysis by MALDI-MS. Using this method, it is demonstrated that bacteria can be discriminated based upon their protein profiles to the species level with only pmol level detection of proteins. It has also proved to be a fast and accurate means for monitoring the expression of Hsp27 in an insect cell system.
The E8 Domain Confers a Novel Long-Distance Transcriptional Repression Activity on the E8^E2C Protein of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Type 31 (2001)

Infections with high-risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are the major risk factor for the development of anogenital cancers. Viral E2 proteins are involved in viral DNA replication and regulation of transcription. Repression of the viral P97 promoter by E2 proteins has been implicated in the modulation of the immortalization capacity and DNA replication properties of high-risk HPVs. Analysis of the cis and trans requirements for repression of the HPV type 31 (HPV31) P97 promoter, however, revealed striking differences between the full-length E2 and the E8E2C fusion protein which were due to conserved residues W6 and K7 of the E8 domain. In contrast to E2, E8E2C completely inhibited the P97 promoter from a single promoter-distal E2 binding site. This novel long-distance repression activity of the E8 domain also enabled E8E2C to inhibit the HPV6a P2 promoter and minimal-promoter constructs containing E2 binding sites. Thus, E8E2C may represent the master repressor of viral gene expression during a high-risk HPV infection, and changes in the activity of E8E2C might contribute to the progression of high-risk HPV-induced lesions.
A Comparison of Tools for Detecting Fake Websites (2009)

As fake Website developers become more innovative, so too must the tools used to protect Internet users. A proposed system combines a support vector machine classifier and a rich feature set derived from Website text, linkage, and images to better detect fraudulent sites.
Stages of Development in Rhizomorphic Thalli of Armillaria mellea (1959)

SUMMARYThe rhizomorphs of Armillaria mellea are grown easily in pure culture and lend themselves readily to precise experimentation as well as to classroom use. This paper contains a description of the general aspects of development in a rhizomorphic thallus and is based upon the study of many monosporous isolates from several sources. Thallus development has been divided into 5 stages (summarized in Fig. 5): pre-emergence of rhizomorphs, emergence, lag phase of rhizomorph growth, linear phase, and terminal phase. Some details of growth and anatomy are also described and illustrated. The paper is intended primarily as the foundation for several future experimental papers about specific aspects of rhizomorph development, but it will also be useful to anyone desiring to grow rhizomorphs of A. mellea in pure culture. This species is particularly suitable for laboratory demonstrations of growing rhizomorphs and of fungal bioluminescence, and the methods described here for isolating and culturing the fungus may be considerably simplified for such purposes.
Overview of Bariatric Surgery (2002)

aDepartment of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA FACS *Correspondence address: Henry Buchwald, MD, PhD, FACS, University of Minnesota, 420 Delaware St SE, MMC 290, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA Received October 10, 2001; Accepted November 9, 2001. Presented at the American College of Surgeons Committee on Emerging Surgical Technology and Education Symposium, American College of Surgeons, 87th Annual Clinical Congress, New Orleans, LA, October 2001.
The therapeutic potential of cannabinoids for movement disorders (2015)

There is growing interest in the therapeutic potential of marijuana (cannabis) and cannabinoid-based chemicals within the medical community and, particularly, for neurological conditions. This interest is driven both by changes in the legal status of cannabis in many areas and increasing research into the roles of endocannabinoids within the central nervous system and their potential as symptomatic and/or neuroprotective therapies. We review basic science as well as preclinical and clinical studies on the therapeutic potential of cannabinoids specifically as it relates to movement disorders. The pharmacology of cannabis is complex, with over 60 neuroactive chemicals identified to date. The endocannabinoid system modulates neurotransmission involved in motor function, particularly within the basal ganglia. Preclinical research in animal models of several movement disorders have shown variable evidence for symptomatic benefits, but more consistently suggest potential neuroprotective effects in several animal models of Parkinson's (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD). Clinical observations and clinical trials of cannabinoid-based therapies suggests a possible benefit of cannabinoids for tics and probably no benefit for tremor in multiple sclerosis or dyskinesias or motor symptoms in PD. Data are insufficient to draw conclusions regarding HD, dystonia, or ataxia and nonexistent for myoclonus or RLS. Despite the widespread publicity about the medical benefits of cannabinoids, further preclinical and clinical research is needed to better characterize the pharmacological, physiological, and therapeutic effects of this class of drugs in movement disorders.