gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<b>Fourier transform multipixel spectroscopy for quantitative cytology</b> (1996)

A Fourier transform multipixel spectroscopy system was set up and applied to fluorescence microscopy of single living cells. Continuous fluorescence spectra for all pixels of the cell image were recorded simultaneously by the system. Multiple frames of data were first acquired and stored as a set of interferograms for each pixel of the image; they were then Fourier transformed and used as a spatially organized set of fluorescence spectra. Practical spectral resolution of 5 nm was achieved, typically, for 10 4 pixels in a single cell. The net result was I ( x y ,λ), the fluorescence intensity ( I ) for each pixel of the image ( x y ), as function of wavelength (λ). The present study demonstrates that multipixel spectroscopy can reveal dynamic processes of the food‐digestive cycle in the unicellular Paramecium vulgaris fed with algae. Spectral variability of fluorescence intensity at different cytoplasmic sites pinpointed the location of cellular deposits of chlorophyll (630 nm) and of pheophytin (695 nm), a digestive product of the chlorophyll. Localization of compartmental spectral changes was achieved using a ‘similarity mapping’ algorithm, followed by enhanced image construction. Similarity mapping based on the fluorescence spectrum of native chlorophyll revealed a highlighted image of the cell cytopharynx structure where algae were ingested. Phagolysosomes, migrating vacuoles and the cytoproct, each containing different ratios of pheophytin, were similarly imaged.
Effects of Artificial Enclosure of Young Lettuce Leaves on Tipburn Incidence and Leaf Calcium Concentration (1986)

The young developing leaves of 20-day-old lettuce plants (Lactuca sativa L. 'Buttercrunch') were enclosed by aluminized polyethylene sheaths to decrease transpiration and reduce Ca transport. The plants were grown in recirculating solution culture system using a modified half-strength Hoagland's solution under cool-white fluorescent lamps with a photosynthetic photon flux of 350 micromoles s-1 m-2 in a 16:8-hr (light:dark) period. Air temperature and humidity were 20 degrees C and 65%, respectively. After 4 days of enclosure, 53% of the inner leavers (leaves one to 3 cm in length) were tipburned. After the same period, less than 1% of the inner leaves on control plants were tipburned. The concentration of Ca in enclosed inner leaves was 0.63 mg g-1 dry weight, compared to 1.48 mg g-1 dry weight in inner leaves that were not enclosed. The Ca concentration in transpiring outer leaves of all plants was 9.9 mg g-1 dry weight. The Mg concentration in enclosed inner leaves was 2.25 mg g-1 dry weight, compared to 2.34 mg g-1 dry weight in inner leaves that were not enclosed. This research documents that enclosures of leaves at the growing point, as would occur with normal head development, is sufficient to create a limiting concentration of Ca in the enclosed tissue and encourage tipburn development.
Fas (CD95)/Fas ligand interactions regulate antigen‐specific, major histocompatibility complex‐restricted T/B cell proliferative responses (1996)

The effect of Fas ligand (FasL) cytotoxicity on T/B collaboration was examined in vitro using cloned T helper 1 cells and antigen-pulsed, activated B cells. We compared antigen-pulsed B cells that had been activated through different membrane receptors (IgM, CD14 and CD40) for their ability to induce T cell proliferation and to respond to T cell help. We also used a Fas-Ig fusion protein, an inhibitor of FasL-mediated cytotoxicity, to determine the effect of FasL cytotoxicity on the T and B cell proliferative responses. The data show that the extent of both T and B cell proliferative responses correlate with the relative resistance of activated B cell populations to FasL cytotoxicity. Moreover, both T and B cell proliferation could be enhanced by Fas-Ig. Our results demonstrate that FasL cytotoxicity is a negative regulatory mechanism for both T and B cell proliferative responses and that Fas-Ig can be an immunopotentiating agent for both T and B cell immunity.
Assessment and management of adults with asthma during the covid-19 pandemic (2020)

### What you need to know A 35 year old man contacts his general practice reporting a dry cough and increased shortness of breath for the past three days. He has a history of asthma, for which he uses an inhaled corticosteroid twice daily and is now using his salbutamol four times a day. Because of the covid-19 outbreak, he is booked in for a telephone consultation with a general practitioner that morning. Asthma is a condition commonly encountered in primary care, with over five million people in the UK prescribed active treatment.1 While seemingly a routine part of general practice, asthma assessment is a particular challenge in the context of the covid-19 pandemic, given the overlap in respiratory symptoms between the two conditions and the need to minimise face-to-face assessment. Over 1400 people died from asthma in 2018 in England and Wales,2 while analyses of non-covid-19 deaths during the covid-19 outbreak have shown an increase in deaths due to asthma,31 highlighting the need to distinguish the symptoms of acute asthma from those of covid-19 and manage them accordingly. This article outlines how to assess and manage adults with exacerbations of asthma in the context of the covid-19 outbreak (box 1). We focus on the features differentiating acute asthma from covid-19, the challenges of remote assessment, and the importance of corticosteroids in patients with an asthma exacerbation. Box 1 ### Asthma and covid-19: what does the evidence tell us? #### Are patients with asthma at higher risk from covid-19? Some studies, mostly from China, found … RETURN TO TEXT
<i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> Tests with Newer Antibiotics against <i>Endamoeba histolytica</i> (1951)

in vitro and in vivo Tests with Newer Antibiotics against Endamoeba histolytica Oscar Felsenfeld, Elmer R. Kadison, and Sachiko J. Ishihara CopyRight*Presented before the Laboratory Section of the American Public Health Association at the Seventy-eighth Annual Meeting in St. Louis, Mo., November 3, 1950. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.41.9.1078 Published Online: August 29, 2011
Metabolic Products of Fungi. XIII. The Structure of Oxyskyrin. (1957)

The pigment B, isolated from Penicillium islandicum SOPP, N. R. R. L. 1175, and also found in the mycelium of Endothia parasitica ANDERSON ET ANDERSON, was studied. The pigment B which was named oxyskyrin gave a molecular formula, C30H18O11, and yielded heptaacetate and heptabenzoate. On reductive cleavage with alkaline sodium dithionite, oxyskyrin was decomposed to give emodin and ω-hydroxyemodin. On oxidation with chromium trioxide, oxyskyrin heptaacetate was converted into skyric acid hexaacetate. Consequently, oxyskyrin was formulated as 2, 4, 5, 2', 4', 5'-hexahydroxy-7-methyl-7'-hydroxymethyl-bianthraquinone-(1, 1').
Secretin PulD: Association with pilot PulS, structure, and ion-conducting channel formation (1999)

The outer membrane protein PulD (secretin) of Klebsiella oxytoca is required for transport of pullulanase across this membrane. We have purified a multimeric PulD complex from an Escherichia coli strain expressing all the proteins involved in pullulanase secretion. The outer membrane-anchored lipoprotein PulS was found to copurify with PulD. The molar ratio of the two proteins is close to 1:1, and the size of the complex is approximately 1 MDa. Scanning transmission electron and cryo-electron microscopy analyses showed that the purified complex is a cylindrical structure having a central cavity of approximately 7.6 nm and peripheral radial spokes. Fusion of proteoliposomes containing the purified complex with a planar lipid bilayer resulted in the appearance of small, voltage-activated, ion-conducting channels. We conclude that the central cavity seen in the electron microscope is part of a large gated channel and propose that the observed current fluctuations correspond to voltage-induced, relatively minor displacements of domains in the purified complex rather than to a complete opening of the secretin channel.
Embedding gesture recognition into airplane seats for in-flight entertainment (2010)

In order to reduce both psychological and physical stress in air travel, sensors are integrated into airplane seats to detect gestures as input for in-flight entertainment systems. The content provided by the entertainment systems helps to reduce psychological stress, and gesture recognition is used as input for the content. The use of this system thus also stimulates passengers in limited seating space to make movements that would result in the reduction of physical stress. Preliminary user evaluation shows that users of the concept have significantly more active calf muscle pump activity in comparison with current situations and that users feel more active and less fatigued after a long period of sitting in the same position.
One Mouse, Two Cultures: Isolation and Culture of Adult Neural Stem Cells from the Two Neurogenic Zones of Individual Mice (2014)

The neurosphere assay and the adherent monolayer culture system are valuable tools to determine the potential (proliferation or differentiation) of adult neural stem cells in vitro. These assays can be used to compare the precursor potential of cells isolated from genetically different or differentially treated animals to determine the effects of exogenous factors on neural precursor cell proliferation and differentiation and to generate neural precursor cell lines that can be assayed over continuous passages. The neurosphere assay is traditionally used for the post-hoc identification of stem cells, primarily due to the lack of definitive markers with which they can be isolated from primary tissue and has the major advantage of giving a quick estimate of precursor cell numbers in brain tissue derived from individual animals. Adherent monolayer cultures, in contrast, are not traditionally used to compare proliferation between individual animals, as each culture is generally initiated from the combined tissue of between 5-8 animals. However, they have the major advantage that, unlike neurospheres, they consist of a mostly homogeneous population of precursor cells and are useful for following the differentiation process in single cells. Here, we describe, in detail, the generation of neurosphere cultures and, for the first time, adherent cultures from individual animals. This has many important implications including paired analysis of proliferation and/or differentiation potential in both the subventricular zone (SVZ) and dentate gyrus (DG) of treated or genetically different mouse lines, as well as a significant reduction in animal usage.
Effects of restraint and isolation stress and epidural blockade on endocrine and blood metabolite status, muscle glycogen metabolism, and incidence of dark-cutting longissimus muscle of sheep1 (1995)

Crossbred lambs (47.3 kg BW) were used to study the effects of restraint and isolation stress on endocrine status and blood metabolites, antemortem glycogenolysis, and incidence of the dark-cutting condition (DCC) in the longissimus muscle (LM) and to determine the role of muscle contraction in the formation of the DCC in sheep. Lambs were assigned randomly to three treatments: unstressed controls (C); a single 6-h period of restraint and isolation stress (RIS); and a single 6-h period of RIS following epidural blockade (RISEB) with lidocaine. Blood was collected immediately before lambs were subjected to RIS and RISEB and at 12-min intervals during the 6-h period. Serum concentrations of glucose, lactate, and insulin were higher (P < .01) in RIS and RISEB lambs than in C lambs. Serum free fatty acid concentrations were higher (P < .01) in stressed lambs only during the first 4 h of stress. Plasma epinephrine and cortisol concentrations also were higher (P < .01) in RIS and RISEB lambs than in C lambs. Lambs were slaughtered within 30 min after completion of stress. Immediately after stunning and at .75, 3, 6, 12, and 24 h postmortem, samples were removed from the LM in the hindsaddle and foresaddle for glycogen, lactate, and pH determinations. Muscle pH was elevated (P < .01) by RIS and RISEB; ultimate pH exceeded 6.0. The LM from carcasses of RIS and RISEB lambs had lower (P < .01) glycogen and lactate concentrations in both regions than the LM of C lambs. Subjecting sheep to a single 6-h period of RIS was an effective animal model to induce the DCC. Failure of the epidural blockade to inhibit antemortem glycogen metabolism and formation of the DCC indicates that muscle contraction was not requisite to those processes in sheep.
Simultaneous in vivo imaging of melanin and lipofuscin in the retina with photoacoustic ophthalmoscopy and autofluorescence imaging (2011)

We combined photoacoustic ophthalmoscopy (PAOM) with autofluorescence imaging for simultaneous in vivo imaging of dual molecular contrasts in the retina using a single light source. The dual molecular contrasts come from melanin and lipofuscin in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). Melanin and lipofuscin are two types of pigments and are believed to play opposite roles (protective versus exacerbate) in the RPE in the aging process. We have successfully imaged the retina of pigmented and albino rats at different ages. The experimental results showed that multimodal PAOM system can be a potentially powerful tool in the study of age-related degenerative retinal diseases.
The many faces of introspection (1992)

Introspection or the ability to observe one&apos;s own behavior is one of the most powerful capabilities of human intelligence; it is the basis for understanding and improvement of one&apos;s behavior and of human progress. Similarly, introspective computer systems, introduced in this thesis, examine, reason about, and change their own behavior in powerful new ways. Because the complexity of computers is rapidly increasing, yet is restricted by limited human resources, the most attractive quality of introspective computers is their ability to manage this growing complexity themselves. Self-managing computer systems would greatly expand the rational power and complexity of computer systems that can be successfully built. The main difficulty in constructing introspective computer systems is enabling the system to obtain a description of its complete behavior in a dynamic and unobtrusive way. This thesis proposes the partition of the system into two threads of control. The first thread performs the...
Microspheres with Ultrahigh Holmium Content for Radioablation of Malignancies (2009)

HoAcAc microspheres with an ultra-high holmium content were prepared. These microspheres are suitable for radioablation of tumors by intratumoral injections or treatment of liver tumors through transcatheter administration.
Basic Science Review: Nitric Oxide—Releasing Prosthetic Materials (2008)

Prosthetic devices that come into contact with blood ultimately fail secondary to thrombus formation. This limits the utility of a variety of materials used to surgically treat cardiovascular disease, including vascular grafts and stents, as well as sensors and catheters placed within the circulatory system. Moreover, systemic anticoagulation that is used to prevent malfunction of these devices has potential for serious complications. It is known that nitric oxide (NO) produced via the endothelium imparts thromboresistant properties to native blood vessels. Thus, if NO were delivered locally to the site of the prosthetic material, it has the potential to halt thrombus formation while limiting life-threatening side effects. This review serves to examine the variety of NO-releasing materials that have been created with the two different classes of NO donors, the diazeniumdiolates and S-nitrosothiols, and the clinical applications of these prosthetics for potential future use.
The hereditary pancreatitis gene maps to long arm of chromosome 7 (1996)

Hereditary pancreatitis (HP) is an autosomal dominant disorder with incomplete penetrance characterized by recurring episodes of severe abdominal pain often presenting in childhood. Although this disorder has only been recently described, about 100 families have been documented worldwide. The pathophysiology of this disorder is unknown. Here, a large French family of 147 individuals (47 of whom were affected) from a four-generation kindred with HP has been examined and a genome segregation analysis of highly informative microsatellite markers has been performed. Linkage has been found between HP and six chromosome 7q markers. Maximal two point lod scores between HP and D7S 640, D7S 495, D7S 684, D7S 661, D7S 676 and D7S 688 were 4.00 (theta = 0.143), 5.85 (theta = 0.143), 4.91 (theta = 0.156), 8.58 (theta = 0.077), 8.28 (theta = 0.060), 4.40 (theta = 0.169), respectively. Multipoint linkage data combined with recombinant haplotype analysis indicated that the most likely order is: D7S 640-D7S 495-D7S 684-D7S 661-D7S 676-D7S 688, with the HP gene situated in the underlined region. As in all families reported in the literature, the clinical presentation of the disease is identical to the presentation of sporadic cases, one could expect that the knowledge of the HP gene could be a clue to pancreatitis in general. Based on its map position, this is the first step towards the positional cloning of the Hereditary Pancreatitis Gene (HPG).
Actinic review of EUV masks: performance data and status of the AIMS EUV System (2016)

The EUV mask infrastructure is of key importance for the successful introduction of EUV lithography into volume production. In particular, for the production of defect free masks an actinic review of potential defect sites is required. ZEISS and the SUNY POLY SEMATECH EUVL Mask Infrastructure consortium started a development program for such an EUV aerial image metrology system, the AIMS EUV. In this paper, we provide measurement data on the system’s key specifications and discuss its performance and capability status.
Improving scalability in a scientific discovery system by exploiting parallelism (1997)

The large amount of data collected today is quickly overwhelming researchers&apos; abilities to interpret the data and discover interesting patterns. Knowledge discovery and data mining approaches hold the potential to automate the interpretation process, but these approaches frequently utilize computationally expensive algorithms. This research outlines a general approach for scaling KDD systems using parallel and distributed resources and applies the suggested strategies to the Subdue knowledge discovery system. Subdue has been used to discover interesting and repetitive concepts in graph-based databases from a variety of domains, but requires a substantial amount of processing time. Experiments that demonstrate scalability of parallel versions of the Subdue system are performed using CAD circuit databases and artificially-generated databases, and potential achievements and obstacles are discussed. Introduction One of the barriers to the integration of scientific discovery methods into ...
Can an Electrolyte for Lithium-Ion Batteries Be Too Stable? (2002)

A new differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) sample cell has allowed for the analysis of lithium-ion battery electrolytes at high temperatures. These welded stainless-steel sample tubes contain any decomposition gases that typically leak from conventional hermetically sealed DSC sample pans. Electrolytes of in ethylene carbonate, diethyl carbonate at various concentrations were found to be less thermally stable than electrolytes based on lithium imide-type salts. When these electrolytes were added to portions of the samples containing the lithium imide [including and electrolytes were surprisingly less thermally stable than those with the electrolyte. In the electrolyte, polyethylene-oxide-like polymer forms from the reaction between the solvent and HF impurities, which are generated by the reaction of water (from the combustion of solvent by with Polymer is not produced in the imide electrolytes. The polymer deposits on the surface of the particles and hinders the release of oxygen, resulting in a more controlled decomposition and a more thermally stable sample. Therefore, even though the imide electrolytes are more thermally stable than electrolytes, in the presence of they react more strongly, because the polymer is absent. © 2002 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Sulfur amino acid metabolism and requirements (2012)

The sulfur amino acids (SAA) are methionine and cysteine. Methionine is indispensable.1–5 It donates its sulfur atom to cysteine during the process of trans-sulfuration, making cysteine a dispensable amino acid.6 The carbon skeleton of cysteine, however, is donated by serine.6 Methionine is metabolized via three major metabolic pathways: transmethylation, remethylation, and trans-sulfuration. It serves as the major methyl group donor in vivo,7,8 while cysteine is the rate-limiting substrate for the synthesis of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH).9–11 Both amino acids are important for protein synthesis.

The total sulfur amino acid (TSAA) requirement, when fulfilled by the provision of methionine, can be significantly reduced only by adding cysteine to the diet. This phenomenon has been firmly established in animals12–15 and in humans16–18; it is consistent across the lifespan, having been observed in neonates,5–20 children,21 and adults.17,18

In the present issue of this journal, F. Jahoor examines the role the availability of sulfur amino acids plays in severe childhood undernutrition.22 The present editorial complements that work by providing an overview of SAA metabolism and requirements.

### Methionine

In healthy adults, the metabolism of methionine is regulated toward anabolism23 in the fed state, and methionine flux is increased relative to that observed in the fasted state. Feeding results in decreased methionine release from protein breakdown and increased transmethylation, trans-sulfuration, and remethylation. In the fasted state, methionine utilization for protein synthesis is increased relative to transmethylation, resulting in the conservation of methionine when SAA availability is low.

When SAAs are absent from the diet of healthy adults,17 methionine is used preferentially for protein synthesis relative to transmethylation, confirming previous findings that methionine is conserved via protein synthesis when SAA …
Evaluation of Corrosion Resistance of Aluminum-based Alloys in Bioethanol Produced in Misiones (2015)

Nowadays, biofuels represent a large part of renewable energies destined to substitute fossil fuels, and to reduce the negative impact on the environment. Bioethanol is obtained by alcoholic fermentation, and is used pure or mixed with other petroleum derivatives as fuel. Use, manipulation, storage and transport of these substances, at any scale, demand the implementation of materials, such as aluminum, that has excellent mechanical properties, as well as low density. Generally, these characteristics are improved by alloying aluminum with silicon (in order to decrease the thermal expansion coefficient and increase wear resistance) and magnesium (to increase hardness of the material). Potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical spectroscopy impedance techniques were used on this research, in order to determine the corrosion resistance of Al-10 wt.%Si, Al-12 wt.%Si, Al-2%Mg and Al-4 wt.%Mg alloys in an alcoholic electrolyte (bioethanol of Misiones province, Argentina industry). Comparing to pure aluminum, aluminum-silicon alloys presented better corrosion resistance. On the other hand, aluminum-magnesium alloys didn’t have such improvement. By using optical metallographic microscope, no differences were found on the surfaces of alloys after being exposed to the alcoholic electrolyte.