gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Emphysematous Cholecystitis (2016)

Emphysematous cholecystitis (EC) is a rare but deadly variant of acute cholecystitis noted by the presence of gas in the gallbladder lumen or wall. This gas, emitted by bacteria, is thought to result from gallbladder ischemia caused by vascular compromise with subsequent bacterial invasion. The two most common bacteria responsible for EC are Clostridia perfringens and Escherichia coli. Symptoms of EC are similar, although often less overt, compared to those of acute cholecystitis (AC). Sonography and radiography are common methods of diagnosing EC, but computed tomography (CT) carries the highest diagnostic accuracy rate. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the most common method of treating EC, although conservative therapy and hyperbaric oxygen therapy have also been effective in some cases.
Kinetic Studies on a Sulfotransferase from Klebsiella K-36, a Rat Intestinal Bacterium. (1994)

Sulfotransferase purified from Klebsiella K-36, a rat intestinal bacterium, stoichiometrically catalyzed the transfer of a sulfate group of phenylsulfate esters to phenolic compounds. One of the reaction products, p-nitrophenol (PNP), non-competitively inhibited the enzyme as to p-nitrophenylsulfate (PNS), a donor substrate, but competitively inhibited the enzyme as to an acceptor substrate, alpha-naphthol. The other reaction product, alpha-naphthol-O-sulfate, non-competitively inhibited the enzyme with regard to both these substrates. These kinetic data suggest that the sulfotransferase reaction proceeds according to an ordered bi bi reaction mechanism. The natural phenolic substances, gallic acid, quercetin, tannic acid, and serotonin were good substrates of K-36 sulfotransferase.
A Context-Sensitive Generalization of ICA (1996)

Source separation arises in a surprising number of signal processing applications, from speech\nrecognition to EEG analysis. In the square linear blind source separation problem without time delays,\none must find an unmixing matrix which can detangle the result of mixing n unknown independent sources\nthrough an unknown n x n mixing matrix. The recently introduced ICA blind source separation algorithm\n(Baram and Roth 1994; Bell and Sejnowski 1995) is a powerful and surprisingly simple technique for solving\nthis problem. ICA is all the more remarkable for performing so well despite making absolutely no use of the\ntemporal structure of its input! This paper presents a new algorithm, contextual ICA, which derives from a\nmaximum likelihood density estimation formulation of the problem. cICA can incorporate arbitrarily complex\nadaptive history-sensitive source models, and thereby make use of the temporal structure of its input.\nThis allows it to separate in a number of situations where standard ICA cannot, including sources with low\nkurtosis, colored gaussian sources, and sources which have gaussian histograms. Since ICA is a special case\nof cICA, the MLE derivation provides as a corollary a rigorous derivation of classic ICA.
Reactions between 2,5-di-t-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone and certain primary aliphatic amines (1973)

The title quinone reacts with n-propyl- and n-butyl-amine in the absence of air to give benzoxazoles and 3-amino-2,5-di-t-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone. In the presence of air, the formation of aminated quinone epoxides is observed to be a major reaction. No products were detected in the dark reaction of the title quinone with t-butylamine, but in the presence of light, aminated quinones containing a rearranged side-chain are obtained.
Metal–Semiconductor Phase‐Transition in WSe<sub>2(1‐</sub><i><sub>x</sub></i><sub>)</sub>Te<sub>2</sub><i><sub>x</sub></i> Monolayer (2016)

A metal-semiconductor phase transition in a ternary transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) monolayer is achieved by alloying Te into WSe<sub>2</sub> (WSe<sub>2(1-x)</sub> Te<sub>2x</sub> , where x = 0%-100%). The optical bandgaps of the WSe<sub>2(1-x)</sub> Te<sub>2x</sub> monolayer can be tuned from 1.67 to 1.44 eV (2H semiconductor) and drops to 0 eV (1Td metal), which opens up an exciting opportunity in functional electronic/optoelectronic devices.
Glyceryl trinitrate vs. sphincterotomy for treatment of chronic fissure-in-ano (1997)

Local application of glyceryl trinitrate can avoid surgery in more than 80 percent of patients with chronic anal fissure.
Screening and Sequencing of Glycated Proteins by Neutral Loss Scan LC/MS/MS Method (2007)

Nonenzymatic protein glycation is caused by a Schiff's base reaction between the aldehyde groups of reducing sugars and the primary amines of proteins. A reversed-phase liquid chromatography method followed by a neutral loss scan mass spectrometric method was developed for the screening of glycation in proteins. The neutral loss scan was based on a unique sugar moiety neutral loss (-162 Da) that we observed in the fragmentation spectra of glycated peptides on Q-Tof type mass spectrometers. The collision energy was optimized for this neutral loss using a glycated synthetic peptide, and 20 eV was found to be the optimum collision energy. The neutral loss scan experiment was composed of two segments. In the first segment, the glycated peptides were identified based on the signature neutral loss of 162 Da when the collision energy was elevated to 20 eV. In the second segment, the glycated peptides were selected as the parent ions and fragmented at higher collision energy to break the peptide bonds. The fragmentation spectra of the selected glycated peptides revealed both the amino acid sequences and the sites of glycation. This neutral loss scan method was used to study the glycation in human serum albumin (HSA). The glycation sites in HSA were identified based on the retention time shift of glycated peptides, the mass accuracy from the MS scan, the signature neutral loss, and MS/MS information. Using this method, we were able to identify that 31 lysine residues were partially glycated from the glycated HSA sample, which has a total of 59 lysine residues.
Studies on the syntheses of heterocyclic compounds. Part DLXXVII. Synthesis of 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-benzazepine derivatives by phenolic cyclisation (1974)

T. Kametani, K. Kigasawa, M. Hiiragi, H. Ishimaru and S. Haga, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1974, 2602 DOI: 10.1039/P19740002602
Reconfigurable patch-slot reflectarray elements using RF MEMS switches: A subreflector wavefront controller (2007)

Reconfigurable feature offers electronic control of each element which provides for easier implementation of the whole reflectarray system. Several potential reflectarray element designs were investigated with critical importance given to the consideration of MEMS implementation in the final design. The reflectarray element with variable slot on ground plane and fixed patch on top was selected for final characterization. The concept of reconfigurability was tested for this design, unit cell of this reflectarray was fabricated and tested, and reflection phase measurements were performed. Future work includes implementation of the actual switches models (MEMS) in the simulation, characterization of losses and development of an addressing scheme for the switch control.
THE CHOICE OF SAW MILL EQUIPMENT IN SOUTH AFRICA. (1949)

(1949). THE CHOICE OF SAW MILL EQUIPMENT IN SOUTH AFRICA. Journal of the South African Forestry Association: Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 6-19.
Formylation of aromatic compounds with hexamethylenetetramine and trifluoroacetic acid (1972)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFormylation of aromatic compounds with hexamethylenetetramine and trifluoroacetic acidWilliam E. SmithCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1972, 37, 24, 3972–3973Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1972Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1972https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00797a057https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00797a057research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3332Altmetric-Citations88LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Research and Application of Access Control Technique in 3D Virtual Reality System OpenSim (2013)

Access control in 3-D virtual reality systems is a wide and still growing topic. A good access control model is a premise for data security, and makes the whole system play its functions reliably. We compare access control techniques in 3D system OpenSim with that of other virtual reality systems. By using a general extended scheme, we analyze the model and the rule of access control in OpenSim. In this scheme, we provide a method of expanding network services for special proposes. Meanwhile, it verifies the feasibility of developing OpenSim's services on the basis of data security.
Application of Pulsed Neutron Logs for Through-Casing Evaluation of Gas, Oil, and Lithology (1996)

Abstract Modern pulsed neutron capture (PNC) and pulsed neutron spectrometry (PNS) tools provide new information about lithology that can be important in gas and oil reservoir evaluation. New PNC tools, besides the usual capture cross section measurement, also provide useful lithology information and can pass through-tubing. The PNS tools provide highly accurate complex lithology information in addition to the primary oil saturation (carbon-oxygen) measurement. Discrimination between tight limestone and gas-saturated sandstone is enhanced through application of either of these two logging tools. The newest PNC tools also provide several neutron count-rate ratios sensitive to formation gas. A near-far capture ratio, a near-far inelastic ratio, and an inelastic-to-capture ratio provide an array of measurements that have slightly different responses to gas usually allowing for definitive identification of gas saturated reservoirs. Production problems in reservoirs caused by water movement in the casing or cement annulus between zones can often be detected by oxygen activation logging using either tool. Furthermore, flow can often be determined as inside or outside the casing. Field examples illustrate the benefits of using pulsed neutron logging tools for oil or water saturation determination and lithology evaluation in mixed limestone/dolomite carbonates. Additional field examples will demonstrate techniques for gas detection using the numerous PNC measurements. Finally, log examples will illustrate the use of oxygen activation for detecting undesirable water flow both inside and outside the casing. Introduction An early PNC service introduced in 1982 (TMD*) provided a formation capture cross section measurement (FM), the near/far countrate ratio (RTMD) which is sensitive to porosity. and the total near and far detector countrates (NTMD and FMD) which when used together provide a gas indication. Modifications to the original TMD tools have added the total inelastic countrate from the far detector which provides another measurement with gas sensitivity. In 1994 Halliburton introduced the TMD-L,* which provided all the earlier measures plus spectral measurements obtained from the far-spaced detector. In a 1-11/16" (43 mm) diameter tool the detectors are necessarily small, so the total count in the spectrum above 1 MeV is low. Usable results require slow logging speeds and/or merging multiple passes to improve the statistical precision of the answers. Where spectral information is needed, slowing down from the standard logging speed of 20 ft/min. (6.1m/min.) to 10 ft/min. (3.1 m/min.) is required. Best results are obtained if three passes recorded at 10 ft/min. (3.1 m/min.) are merged. These spectral measurements can be used for lithologic identification. Spectral measurements obtained during the background measurement period provide a determination of the oxygen activation. This is a useful measure of upward water flow during normal logging operations. P. 685
Interfacial interactions of a novel mechanochemical composite of cellulose with maleated polypropylene (2004)

Abstract A novel composite was prepared by ball‐milling crystalline cellulose and maleic anhydride (MA) grafted polypropylene (MAPP) and its characteristics compared with a corresponding composite prepared by a conventional melt‐mixing method. The ball‐milling induces the formation of more ester bonds between cellulose and MAPP. The resulting MAPP chains bound to particles of cellulose, which created much stronger interfacial adhesion between the cellulose particles and the MAPP matrix. Accordingly, such enhanced interfacial adhesion substantially differentiates the mechanochemically prepared composite from the melt‐mixed composite. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 94: 1326–1335, 2004
Clinical Experience with a New Solvent Detergent‐Treated Intravenous Immunoglobulin Free of Hypotensive Effects (1999)

Abstract Objective: To see if modifications to the processing of intravenous immunoglobulin to include a virus inactivation stage alter immunoglobulin G (IgG) resulting in hypotension in patients. Methods: Clinical trials were done involving extensive patient monitoring during infusion: in vitro‐testing for markers of hypotension, and in vivo‐an animal model which closely simulates clinical use. Results: No hypotensive response was seen in the animal model or clinical trial. Conclusions: The production process used does not damage IgG or create vaso‐active kinins as the preparation was free of hypotensive effects.
Fostering adolescents’ value beliefs for mathematics with a relevance intervention in the classroom. (2015)

Interventions targeting students' perceived relevance of the learning content have been shown to effectively promote student motivation within science classes (e.g., Hulleman & Harackiewicz, 2009). Yet, further research is warranted to understand better how such interventions should be designed in order to be successfully implemented in the classroom setting. A cluster randomized controlled study was conducted to test whether ninth-grade students' value beliefs for mathematics (i.e., intrinsic value, attainment value, utility value, and cost) could be fostered with relevance interventions in the classroom. Eighty-two classrooms were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 experimental conditions or a waiting control condition. Both experimental groups received a 90-min intervention within the classroom on the relevance of mathematics, consisting of a psychoeducational presentation and relevance-inducing tasks (either writing a text or evaluating interview quotations). Intervention effects were evaluated via self-reports of 1,916 participating students 6 weeks and 5 months after the intervention in the classroom. Both intervention conditions fostered more positive value beliefs among students at both time points. Compared with the control condition, classes in the quotations condition reported higher utility value, attainment value, and intrinsic value, and classes in the text condition reported higher utility value. Thus, stronger effects on students' value beliefs were found for the quotations condition than for the text condition. When assessing intervention effects separately for females and males, some evidence for stronger effects for females than for males was found.
National evaluation of general practitioner commissioning pilots: lessons for primary care groups. (2000)

In their early stages of development, PCGs are likely to focus on issues of structure and process. Prescribing will be an area receiving particular attention, prefiguring some of the challenges of clinical governance in primary care. IM&T will prove to be more problematic than first assumed. The involvement of a wider range of stakeholders will be addressed by primary care groups, particularly in relation to GPs and nurses.
Feasibility of using Lamb waves for corrosion detection in layered aluminium aircraft structures (1993)

Corrosion is one of the major causes for the structural failure of an airframe. Assessment of corrosion in layered aircraft structures is thus an important issue in nondestructive evaluation for the airworthiness of aircraft. Advantage can be taken of the thickness-dependent propagation properties of Lamb waves to detect and characterize material thinning due to corrosion. Amplitude and time-of-flight measurements using Lamb waves were performed on laboratory-fabricated aluminum specimens consisting of: single and double layers of various thickness, 5% to 22% of machine-milled and chemically-induced material loss. Analysis and comparison of the results of these tests have led to further understanding of the wave propagation behavior in corroded areas and allow the estimation of the percentage of corrosion-induced material loss
High Current Induction Accelerators. (1984)

High energy accelerators capable of producing high current electron beams are rapidly becoming an active area of research. The main development effort is currently being focused on induction accelerators. As a result of their inherent low impedance, these devices are ideally suited for generating intense beams. If this high current branch of accelerator technology is successful, it may have some very profound implications, far beyond the research laboratories. (Author)
In vitro activity of sulfonamides and sulfones against Leishmania major promastigotes (1987)

We examined the susceptibility of promastigotes of Leishmania major to sulfonamides and sulfones in vitro. In a completely defined medium only sulfamoxole, sulfaquinoxaline, and dapsone were inhibitory; the concentrations required for 50% inhibition of the rate of growth were 150, 600, and 600 microM, respectively. Eleven other sulfa drugs were ineffective at concentrations up to 2 mM. The growth inhibition was similar to that observed in procaryotes: the cells continued logarithmic growth for several cell doublings before inhibition was observed. Surprisingly, the addition of p-aminobenzoate or folate did not reverse the effects of the active sulfa drugs, the effects of sulfamoxole and methotrexate were additive rather than synergistic, and the addition of thymidine reversed methotrexate but not sulfa-drug inhibition. These results suggest that the mode of action of sulfa drugs on L. major is not by the classical route of inhibition of de novo folate synthesis. Promastigotes could be propagated for more than 40 passages in a completely defined medium in which the only added pterin was biopterin. The folate concentration in this medium was less than 10(-10) to 10(-11) M, as determined by a Leishmania bioassay. Although these data suggest that L. major may be capable of de novo synthesis of folate, the nonclassical mode of action of sulfa drugs, as well as other studies, favors the view that L. major is auxotrophic for folate.
An Intelligent Cavity Layout Design System for Injection Moulds (2002)

This paper presents the development of an Intelligent Cavity Layout Design System (ICLDS) for multiple cavity injection moulds. The system is intended to assist mould designers in cavity layout design at concept design stage. The complexities and principles of cavity layout design as well as various dependencies in injection mould design are introduced. The knowledge in cavity layout design is summarized and classified. The functionality, the overall structure and general process of ICLDS are explained. The paper also discusses such issues as knowledge representation and case-based reasoning used in the development of the system. The functionality of the system is illustrated with an example of cavity layout design problem.
Synchronous I/O Scheduling of Independent Write Caches for an Array of SSDs (2014)

Solid-state drives (SSD) offer a significant performance improvement over the hard disk drives (HDD), however, it can exhibit a significant variance in latency and throughput due to internal garbage collection (GC) process on the SSD. When the SSDs are configured in a RAID, the performance variance of individual SSDs could significantly degrade the overall performance of the RAID of SSDs. The internal cache on the RAID controller can help mitigate the performance variability issues of SSDs in the array; however, the state-of-the-art cache algorithm of the RAID controller does not consider the characteristics of SSDs. In this paper, we examine the most recent write cache algorithm for the array of disks, and propose a synchronous independent write cache (SIW) algorithm. We also present a pre-parity-computation technique for the RAID of SSDs with parity computations, which calculates parities of blocks in advance before they are stored in the write cache. With this new technique, we propose a complete paradigm shift in the design of write cache. In our evaluation study, large write requests dominant workloads show up to about 50 and 20 percent improvements in average response times on RAID-0 and RAID-5 respectively as compared to the state-of-the-art write cache algorithm.
The use of weather data to predict non-recurring traffic congestion (2006)

This project will demonstrate the quantitative relationship between weather patterns and surface traffic conditions. The aviation and maritime industries use weather measurements and predictions as a normal part of operations, and this can be extended to surface transportation. While it is generally asserted that there is a causal relationship between weather and transportation systems delays, this relationship has not been quantified in a way that allows the effect on surface transportation systems to be predicted. This research has the potential to accomplish two very important things: (1) prediction of non-recurring traffic congestion and (2) prediction of conditions under which incidents or accidents can have a significant impact on the freeway system. This linkage of weather to traffic may be one of the only non-recurring congestion phenomena that can be accurately predicted. This work will create algorithms and implementations to correlate weather with traffic congestion. Furthermore, it may provide a means for traffic management to place resources proactively to clear incidents. /Abstract from report summary page/\n
Tourism (2011)

Sydney has been shaped by tourism but in a large metropolis, where tourist experiences so often overlap with everyday activity, its impact often escapes attention. Urban tourism involves not just international visitors, but people from interstate and regional NSW and even day trippers, who all see and use the city differently. Tourist Sydney has never been the same as workaday Sydney – the harbour, beaches, city centre, the Blue Mountains and national parks to the north and south loomed disproportionately large in the tourist gaze, while vast swathes of suburbia were invisible.
Electrical Properties of Ga Ion Beam Implanted GaAs Epilayer (1985)

Resistivity enhancement by 5 orders or more was realized by Ga focused ion beam implantation into n + and p - GaAs epilayers. For originally n + epilayers, this resistivity enhancement is maintained after annealing as high as 800°C. However this enhancement disappears after annealing at above 650°C for p + epilayer. This property makes GaAs high resistive only in a limited area whose minimum dimension is 0.1 µm or less, and is attractive for a device fabrication process to electrically isolate integrated elements.