gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Carbon Migration with Post Weld Heat Treatment in Dissimilar Metal Weld. (1991)

Pressurized Water Reactor (PWR) pressure vessels are made of forged low alloy steel plates internally clad with an austenitic stainless steel by welding to improve anti-corrosion properties. They display a characteristic behavior of dissimilar metal weld interface during post weld heat treatment (PWHT) and service at high temperature and pressure. In this Study, Metallugical structure of weld interface of SA 508 Class 3 forged steel clad with 309L, Austenitic stainless steel after PWHT was investigated. To estimate the width of the carburized/decarburized bands quantitatively, a model for carbon diffusion was proposed and a theoretical equation was derived.
Bandgap voltage references with 1V supply (2006)

The structure, operation principle and set of circuit implementations of the low output voltage (~200 mV) bandgap voltage references are presented. References are capable for operating with a supply below 1V, while having accuracy and noise parameters comparable with the traditional 1.2 V bandgap reference. Reference's core can use substrate, lateral or vertical PNP or NPN transistors, which allows implementation on almost any process. A test reference fabricated with the 50HPA07 BiCMOS process from Texas Instruments shows untrimmed output voltages with less than 1% production scattering (3sigma). The temperature coefficient is below 20 ppm/degC while minimum supply voltage is 1 V at -40 to 125degC range
Acamprosate (Calcium Acetylhomotaurinate) Enhances the <i>N</i>‐Methyl‐<scp>d</scp>‐Aspartate Component of Excitatory Neurotransmission in Rat Hippocampal CA1 Neurons In Vitro (1996)

The taurinate analog acamprosate (calcium acetylhomotaurinate) has received considerable attention in Europe for its ability to prevent relapse in abstained alcoholics. To determine the mechanism of acamprosate actions in the CNS, we superfused acamprosate onto rat hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons using an in vitro slice preparation. In current-and voltage-clamp recordings, acamprosate (100 to 100 microM) superfusion had little effect on resting membrane potential or input slope resistance. Acamprosate had no effect on Ca(2+)-dependent action potentials when tetrodotoxin was used to block Na+ spikes. In whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings, and in the presence of tetraethylammonium and Cs+ to block K+ channels, acamprosate had little effect on a Cd(2+)-sensitive inward current likely to be a high voltage-activated Ca2+ current. However, in both current- and voltage-clamp recordings, acamprosate significantly increased the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) component of excitatory postsynaptic potentials evoked by stimulation of Schaffer collaterals in the stratum radiatum, in the presence of the selective non-NMDA (R,S)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-proprionic acid kainate) glutamate receptor antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitro-quinoxaline-2,3-dione and the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline. Acamprosate had inconsistent or no effects on the stratum radiatum-evoked non-NMDA component of the excitatory postsynaptic potentials, in the presence of bicuculline and the NMDA antagonist DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate. Acamprosate, on average, had little effect on the late inhibitory postsynaptic potentials thought to be mediated by GABAB receptors. In the presence of tetrodotoxin to block synaptic transmission, acamprosate dramatically increased inward current responses in most CA1 neurons to exogenous NMDA applied by pressure or superfusion, with reversal on washout of acamprosate. These data suggest that acamprosate may act postsynaptically to increase the NMDA component of excitatory transmission to hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons. Considering the known interaction of ethanol with NMDA receptors, this acamprosate modulation of NMDA receptor-mediated neurotransmission could provide a mechanism of action underlying the clinical efficacy of acamprosate.
Ketocarotenoids in halobacteria: 3‐hydroxy‐echinenone and <i>trans‐astaxanthin</i> (1995)

HPLC testing of the carotenoid content of the halobacteria Halobacterium salinarium, Haloarcula hispanica and Haloferax mediterranei showed that all contained high amounts of ketocarotenoids. Halobacterium salinarium produced 2400 μg of total carotenoids per gram of dried bacteria, including 265 μg of trans ‐astaxanthin (11%), and 588 μg of 3‐hydroxy‐echinenone (24%). The biotechnological properties of Halobacterium salinarium as a natural pigment source are also presented. The results are compared with those from the yeast Phaffia rhodozyma currently used in the industry as a source of trans ‐astaxanthin.
Erythropoietin attenuates cardiac dysfunction by increasing myocardial angiogenesis and inhibiting interstitial fibrosis in diabetic rats (2012)

Treatment with EPO protects cardiac tissue in diabetic animals by increasing VEGF and EPOR expression levels, leading to improved revascularization and the inhibition of cardiac fibrosis.
Effects of PPARγ and PPARα Agonists on Serum Leptin Levels in Diet-induced Obese Rats (2004)

Leptin and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors are two important adipose tissue factors involved in energy metabolism regulation. It has been shown that PPARgamma agonists decrease leptin levels. However, the effects of PPARalpha agonists on leptin have not been investigated much. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of a PPARgamma agonist rosiglitazone (RSG) and PPARalpha agonist gemfibrozil (G) on body weight and serum insulin and leptin levels in diet-induced obese rats. Male Wistar rats were divided into six groups according to diet and drug therapy. After four weeks, serum glucose, triglyceride, insulin and leptin levels were significantly decreased in the high-fat-fed and RSG-treated groups compared to the group fed a high-fat diet only (162 +/- 19 vs. 207 +/- 34 mg/dl, 58 +/- 20 vs. 112 +/- 23 mg/dl, 3.1 +/- 1.0 vs. 15.2 +/- 4.0 ng/ml, 1.6 +/- 0.5 vs. 3.6 +/- 1.6 ng/ml, respectively). However, these parameters were not statistically different in RSG animals treated with a standard diet compared to the standard diet group. The high fat+RSG group gained much more weight compared to high-fat and high-fat+G groups (p > 0.05). Additionally, serum glucose, insulin and leptin levels were significantly decreased in the high-fat-fed and G-treated group compared to high-fat group (149 +/- 19 vs. 207 +/- 34 mg/dl, 57 +/- 16 vs. 112 +/- 23 mg/dl, 4.3 +/- 2.1 vs. 15.2 +/- 4.0 ng/ml, 1.6 +/- 0.4 vs. 3.6 +/- 1.6 ng/ml, respectively). These results suggest that PPARalpha agonists may decrease serum glucose, insulin and leptin levels as PPARgamma agonists do in diet-induced obese rats.
Multiple Lyapunov function based reaching condition analyses of switching power converters (2006)

We present a technique to analyze the period-1 reaching conditions of power electronics systems (PESs) using multiple Lyapunov functions. A piecewise linear model of the PES is used, which can accurately analyze a wide range of PES dynamics because of its close resemblance to the actual system. By formulating a convex optimization problem based on a composite Lyapunov function and solving this problem using well-known numerical algorithms, we predict the reaching conditions of the PES. The analyses techniques presented in this paper can be used to predict whether the converter dynamics approach a switching surface or not during transient/start-up conditions.
Fundamental signals that regulate eosinophil homing to the gastrointestinal tract (1999)

The histological identification of increased eosinophils in the gastrointestinal tract occurs in numerous clinical disorders; however, there is a limited understanding of the mechanisms regulating eosinophil trafficking into this mucosal surface. The results presented in this study characterize the processes regulating eosinophil homing into the gastrointestinal tract at baseline. Eosinophils were found to be present in the lamina propria of 19-day-old embryos and germ-free adult mice at concentrations comparable to those present in non-germ-free adult mice. Furthermore, eosinophil gastrointestinal levels were not altered by increasing circulating eosinophils after pulmonary allergen challenge. Gastrointestinal eosinophil levels were partially reduced in mice deficient in recombinase activating gene-1 (RAG-1), IL-5, or the beta common chain (betac), but these reductions paralleled reductions in circulating eosinophils. In contrast, mice deficient in eotaxin had a marked reduction in gastrointestinal eosinophils but normal levels of eosinophils in the hematopoietic compartments. Furthermore, eotaxin was important for regulating eosinophil levels, even in the presence of high levels of IL-5. These investigations demonstrate eosinophil homing into the gastrointestinal tract during embryonic development occurring independently of viable intestinal flora. Furthermore, eotaxin is identified as the primary regulator of eosinophil gastrointestinal homing under homeostatic states, and may therefore have a fundamental role in innate immune responses.
<i>In vitro</i> investigation of shear bond strength of a phosphate based dentinal bonding agent (1989)

The objective with this study was to investigate how the shear bond strength of a phosphate based dentinal bonding agent is influenced by storage in saline at 37 degrees C up to 6 months. The effect of dentin bonding agent on the leachability of calcium from dentin was also determined. The results showed that the shear bond strength decreased after saline storage. After half a year, the strength was ca. 60% of the initial dry strength. The bonding agent also accelerated the leaching of calcium from the dentin discs, a finding which was explained as being a result of acidic reactions occurring at the dentin-bonding agent interface. In addition to the increased calcium leachability, the dentin bonding agent peeled off with time from the dentin discs. SEM investigation of the dentin surfaces after either shear strength determination or the film had peeled off due to water storage showed that a residual film was left on the dentin. This film, based on morphologic appearance, is most likely composed of the bonding agent but may also contain residuals of the smear layer.
High resolution crystallographic studies of α‐hemolysin–phospholipid complexes define heptamer–lipid head group interactions: Implication for understanding protein–lipid interactions (2004)

The alpha-hemolysin is an archetypal pore-forming protein that is secreted from Staphylococcus aureus as a water-soluble monomer. When the monomer binds to the membrane of a susceptible cell, the membrane-bound molecules assemble into the lytic heptamer. Although a bilayer or a bilayer-like environment are essential to toxin assembly, there is no high resolution information on toxin-phospholipid complexes. We have determined the structures of detergent-solubilized alpha-hemolysin heptamer bound to glycerophosphocholine or dipropanoyl glycerophosphocholine at 1.75-1.80 A resolution and 110 K. The phosphocholine head group binds to each subunit in a crevice between the rim and the stem domains. The quaternary ammonium group interacts primarily with aromatic residues, whereas the phosphodiester moiety interacts with a conserved arginine residue. These structures provide a molecular basis for understanding why alpha-hemolysin preferentially assembles on membranes comprised of phosphocholine lipids.
The World Health Organisation (1997)

The constitution of the World Health Organisation was signed on 22 July 1946 by representatives of 61 governments and came into force on 7 April 1948. This is commemorated as World Health Day and since …
A review of irritable bowel syndrome and an update on therapeutic approaches (2008)

The therapeutic options for irritable bowel syndrome are rapidly evolving beyond traditional symptom-based therapies, such as fiber, antispasmodics, antidiarrheals and laxatives and are moving towards agents with organ-specific receptor selectivity directed, in many cases, at specific gastrointestinal functions.
Analysis of 3-D rotation fitting (1994)

Computational techniques for fitting a 3-D rotation to 3-D data are recapitulated in a refined form as minimization over proper rotations, extending three existing methods-the method of singular value decomposition, the method of polar decomposition, and the method of quaternion representation. Then, we describe the problem of 3-D motion estimation in this new light. Finally, we define the covariance matrix of a rotation and analyze the statistical behavior of errors in 3-D rotation fitting.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Enhanced Detection of Spitzoid Melanomas Using Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization With 9p21 as an Adjunctive Probe (2011)

The use of molecular diagnostic methods such as fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for challenging melanocytic neoplasms is becoming more widespread. In light of the diagnostic difficulty they pose, spitzoid melanocytic neoplasms constitute an area of greatest potential utilization. In this study we wished to evaluate the sensitivity of the currently used melanoma FISH probe assay in a group of unambiguous spitzoid melanomas. On the basis of comparative genomic hybridization data, copy number losses at chromosome 9 have long been recognized as a frequent event in melanoma. In this study we wished to evaluate the efficacy of 9p21 as a potential FISH target and then evaluate the added benefit of reflexing the standard melanoma FISH assay, with FISH targeting 9p21 and the centromere of chromosome 9 (Cep9). Cep9 was included as a control to exclude inadequate hybridization or truncation as a source of homozygous deletions. We first studied a training set of 85 melanomas and 58 nevi with FISH targeting 9p21 and Cep9. As per previous methodology, 30 cells were enumerated. In the training set, the nevi had a mean number of cells with homozygous 9p21 loss of 0.97, with a standard deviation of 1.26. The melanomas had a mean of 7.1 and a standard deviation of 6.76. This difference was significant (P=2×10(-12)). On the basis of the training set, we identified a cutoff of 10 homozygous deletions to distinguish between melanoma and nevi. In a subsequent validation set consisting of 76 melanomas and 88 nevi, we found this cutoff to have a sensitivity of 33% and a specificity of 100%. Finally, in our group of 43 unequivocal spitzoid melanomas, standard FISH against chromosomes 6 and 11 was 70% sensitive. Homozygous 9p21 loss was present in 11 of 27 (41%) cases tested. By combining the standard melanoma FISH assay with the 9p21 FISH assay, a combined sensitivity of 85% was found. Among these 27 cases tested with 9p21, there were 7 cases that were negative by the standard melanoma FISH assay but that were positive by 9p21, suggesting that the 9p21 assay may be highly complementary to the standard melanoma FISH assay. Hence, in this study, we validated the efficacy of 9p21/Cep9 as a diagnostic FISH assay in melanoma, and demonstrated its complementary effect to the standard FISH assay. 9p21 may be particularly helpful in lesions with spitzoid morphology.
Recent progress on switchable rotaxanes (2006)

Switchable rotaxanes are currently attracting considerable attention from chemists, physicists and materials scientists because of their potential to perform relative inter-component positional changes in response to external stimuli and the potential applications in the fields such as molecular machines, molecular switches, molecular logic gates and memory devices. This tutorial review summarizes recent work on switchable rotaxanes and their potential applications.
Oncolysis of vascular malignant human melanoma tumors by Coxsackievirus A21 (2005)

Cultured melanoma cell lines despite exhibiting similar in vitro morphology, display significant phenotypic and growth rate differences when propagated as in vivo xenografts. Previously we have shown that Coxsackievirus A21 (CVA21) lytically infects in vitro cultures of malignant melanoma cells and is efficient at reducing the tumor burden of mice bearing slow-growing SK-Mel-28 melanoma xenografts. The oncolytic activity of CVA21 against in vivo melanoma xenografts, which possess rapid growth rates and more extensive vascular structure than SK-Mel-28 xenografts warrants further investigation. In the present study we evaluated the oncolytic action of CVA21 against rapidly growing melanoma xenografts (ME4405) which exhibit a highly vascular phenotype. Flow cytometric analysis indicated that in vitro cultures of ME4405 cells expressed comparable levels of the CVA21 cellular receptors, ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecules-1) and DAF (decay accelerating factor) to SK-Mel-28 cells. Despite similar levels of CVA21 receptor expression, SK-Mel-28 cells appear to be more susceptible to viral lysis than ME4405 cells, even though the kinetics of virus replication in both lines was comparable. Intratumoral, intraperitoneal or intravenous administration of CVA21 were equally effective in reducing the tumor volume of ME4405 xenografts in immunodeficient mice, and provides further evidence for the use of CVA21 as a novel oncolytic agent against varying phenotypes of malignant melanoma.
Pd complex of an NNN pincer ligand supported on γ-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>@SiO<sub>2</sub> magnetic nanoparticles: a new catalyst for Heck, Suzuki and Sonogashira coupling reactions (2015)

Pd-BIP-γ-Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>@SiO<sub>2</sub> was used successfully as an air- and moisture-stable magnetically recyclable catalyst for Heck, Suzuki and Sonogashira coupling reactions.
Evolution at a Crossroads: The New Biology and the New Philosophy of Science (1985)

The 10 original essays in Evolution at a Crossroads explore post-Kuhnian approaches to conceptual problems in contemporary evolutionary and developmental theory. They focus in particular on effect that current, rapid developments in molecular biology are having on our understanding of evolution and philosophy of science.Philosophy of science has swung widely between dogmas of logical empiricism and relativism. Evolution at a Crossroads seeks to forge a new synthesis of two trends to search for a more solid framework for evolutionary biology as well as a more solid philosophy of science. Complementing and extending such anthologies as Elliot Sober's Conceptual Issues in Evolutionary Biology, Robert Brandon's and Richard Burrian's Genes, Organisms, Populations, and Marjorie Grene's Dimensions of Darwinism, this book adds substantially to emerging and rapidly developing discipline known as the philosophy of biology.David J. Depew is Professor of Philosophy, and Bruce H. Weber is Professor of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, at California State University, Fullerton. A Bradford Book
An Improved Miller Effect Model for High-Frequency Behavior (1985)

The Miller effect model of a common emitter (and common source) amplifier is presented to students in beginning analog circuits courses [1]-[5] to help model the high-frequency characteristics of the amplifier. The standard Miller effect circuit is used to determine the dominant pole of the amplifier, but is inaccurate and not useful at higher frequencies. Presented here is an improved Miller effect model. Differing from the standard model only in the capacitor values, this model accurately reflects the amplifier frequency response with regard to the poles over all frequencies. The accuracy allows the Miller effect model to be useful in the classroom description of a number of important aspects. These aspects can include the second pole location, pole splitting using a compensation capacitor, and determination of the unity gain frequency. None of these can be addressed by the standard Miller effect model. Furthermore, depending on the background of the students, the improved Miller effect model is easier or no more difficult for the students to understand than the standard model. Inaccurate approximations used to "derive" the standard model are no longer necessary.
Chapter 24: Anemias (2017)

PharmacyLibrary® provides the most current resources for a changing profession, featuring APhA’s authoritative textbooks, PharmacotherapyFirst, interactive self-assessments, over 250 Active Learning Exercises easily adaptable for a variety of educational settings, case studies, and more.
Supramolecular Structures Generated by Spherical Polyelectrolyte Brushes and their Application in Catalysis (2009)

We survey recent studies on composite particles made from spherical polyelectrolyte brushes (SPB) and catalytically active nanoparticles or enzymes. SPB consist of a solid core (diameter: ca. 100 nm) onto which long chains of anionic or cationic polyelectrolyte (PE) are densely grafted ("PE brush"). Immersed in water the PE layer affixed to the colloidal core will swell due to the enormous osmotic pressure of the confined counterions ("osmotic brush"). This confinement of the counterions can be used to generate metal nanoparticles on the surface of the SPB. Moreover, enzymes can be immobilized within the PE layer. In both cases, the resulting composite particles are stable against coagulation and can be easily handled and filtered off. The catalytic activity of both systems is largely preserved in case of the enzymes, in case of the metal nanoparticles it is even enhanced. Thus, the SPB present an excellent carrier system for applications in catalysis.
Inhibition of Hypoxia Inducible Factor-2 Transcription: Isolation of Active Modulators from Marine Sponges (2012)

Renal or kidney cancer accounts for about 3% of all cancer cases reported each year in the U.S. Molecular signatures that define the cancer, such as the loss of functional VHL, are found in both sporadic and familial cases of cancer. In clear cell renal cancer, the transcription factor HIF-2α has been shown to have a distinct role in tumorigenesis. Our laboratories developed a cell-based screen to identify modulators of HIF-2α. Screening of the NCI's Natural Product Extract Repository resulted in the identification of 10 sponge extracts, from which 12 compounds were isolated. The biological evaluation of these compounds will be discussed including evaluation of HIF-1α vs HIF-2α selectivity and the isolated compounds' effects on mRNA from several pathways regulated by HIF.
Size Controlled Synthesis of Blue Emitting Core/Shell Nanocrystals via Microreaction (2010)

Quantum dots emitted from 450 to 480 nm are considered as promising materials for the fabrication of blue and white light-emitting diodes, where core/shell structured CdS/ZnS nanocrystals (NCs) are among the ideal candidates. In this work, highly luminescent blue emission CdS/ZnS NCs were first synthesized in an accelerated fashion via capillary microreactor. The addition of oleylamine in the source solution was demonstrated as an efficient way to realize the size controlled synthesis of bare CdS NCs, while the application of zinc diethyldithiocarbamate as a single molecular precursor of shell material displayed a facile method to overcoat the bare CdS NCs and enhance the quantum efficiency. With the control of grain size and the optimization of capping reaction parameters, CdS/ZnS NCs emitted from 424 to 483 nm with a quantum yield as high as 80% were obtained, while maintaining narrow full width at half-maximum of photoluminescence from 21 to 24 nm. Furthermore, the continuous ultraviolet irradiation observation proved the excellent photochemical stability of CdS/ZnS NCs.
Reduced expression of regulator of G-protein signaling 2 (RGS2) in hypertensive patients increases calcium mobilization and ERK1/2 phosphorylation induced by angiotensin II (2006)

Low expression of RGS2 contributes to increased G-protein-coupled signaling in hypertensive patients. The allele G is associated with low RGS2 expression and blood pressure increase in humans.