gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Glycated chitosan as a new non-toxic immunological stimulant (2009)

Chitosan is capable of stimulating immune responses. However, because chitosan is not water soluble, it has limited biological applications. By attaching galactose molecules to the chitosan molecules, a new water-soluble compound, glycated chitosan (GC), was synthesized. GC was designed for immune stimulations in combination with phototherapies in the treatment of metastatic tumors. To investigate the possible toxicity of GC, cultures of normal and tumor cells were incubated with GC of different concentrations and the cell viabilities were determined. For in vivo studies, GC solution was fed or injected to animals and its toxicity was determined through observations of animals and histological examinations of vital organs. No toxic effects of GC were observed in cultured cells or in animal studies. In addition, the immunological effect of GC was investigated through its stimulation of TNFα secretion by macrophages in vitro. In vivo studies showed enhancement of the survival of laser immunotherapy-treated rats bearing metastatic mammary tumors. Our in vitro and in vivo results indicated that GC was a strong immunological stimulant. Its non-toxic nature and immunological activity make GC a potential immunoadjuvant for treatment of metastatic tumors.
Cystometrical Evaluation of Bladder Instability in Rats with Infravesical Outflow Obstruction (1987)

Cystometries were performed in normal rats and in rats with bladder hypertrophy due to infravesical outflow obstruction. Investigations were performed in the presence and absence of anesthesia. pentobarbital anesthesia depressed spontaneous contractile activity in the bladder and the micturition reflex, thereby making measurements of other variables, such as bladder capacity and residual volume, impossible. In conscious animals infravesical outflow obstruction led to development of increased bladder capacity, marked residual volume, and unstable detrusor contractions. The model seems to be well suited for further evaluation of the mechanisms involved in the development of detrusor instability and the responses to pharmacological treatment.
<i>Melaleuca alternifolia</i>(Tea Tree) Oil: a Review of Antimicrobial and Other Medicinal Properties (2006)

Complementary and alternative medicines such as tea tree (melaleuca) oil have become increasingly popular in recent decades. This essential oil has been used for almost 100 years in Australia but is now available worldwide both as neat oil and as an active component in an array of products. The primary uses of tea tree oil have historically capitalized on the antiseptic and anti-inflammatory actions of the oil. This review summarizes recent developments in our understanding of the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities of the oil and its components, as well as clinical efficacy. Specific mechanisms of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory action are reviewed, and the toxicity of the oil is briefly discussed.
Allylic Chlorides. XVIII. Preparation and Properties of 1,1,3-Trichloro-2-fluoro-1-propene and 1,1,2,3-Tetrachloro-1-propene<sup>1</sup> (1952)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAllylic Chlorides. XVIII. Preparation and Properties of 1,1,3-Trichloro-2-fluoro-1-propene and 1,1,2,3-Tetrachloro-1-propene1Lewis F. Hatch and David W. McDonaldCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1952, 74, 13, 3328–3330Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1952Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1952https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01133a033https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01133a033research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views163Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Assembly principles and structure of a 6.5-MDa bacterial microcompartment shell (2017)

Many bacteria contain primitive organelles composed entirely of protein. These bacterial microcompartments share a common architecture of an enzymatic core encapsulated in a selectively permeable protein shell; prominent examples include the carboxysome for CO<sub>2</sub> fixation and catabolic microcompartments found in many pathogenic microbes. The shell sequesters enzymatic reactions from the cytosol, analogous to the lipid-based membrane of eukaryotic organelles. Despite available structural information for single building blocks, the principles of shell assembly have remained elusive. We present the crystal structure of an intact shell from <i>Haliangium ochraceum</i>, revealing the basic principles of bacterial microcompartment shell construction. Given the conservation among shell proteins of all bacterial microcompartments, these principles apply to functionally diverse organelles and can inform the design and engineering of shells with new functionalities.
Fissile Materials in South Asia and the Implications of the U.S.-India Nuclear Deal (2006)

The July 2005 U.S.–India joint statement represents a fundamental transformation of U.S.–India relations and at the same time a challenge to the disarmament and non-proliferation regimes. There is concern that the March 2006 separation plan proposed by India for demarcating its military and civilian nuclear facilities may allow a potentially rapid expansion of its capacity for fissile material production for weapons. In this analysis, we have assessed fissile material production capabilities in India and how they might change as a result of the U.S.–India deal. We look at current stockpiles of fissile materials in India and Pakistan and estimate the changing capacity for future fissile material production as India progressively places some of its heavy water reactors under safeguards. We assess India's uranium resource constraints and the additional weapons grade plutonium production in its unsafeguarded heavy water power reactors that would be made possible by imports of uranium allowed by the deal. We also estimate the weapons plutonium production from India's fast breeder reactor that is under construction and is to be unsafeguarded.
Whole transcriptome analysis and gene deletion to understand the chloramphenicol resistance mechanism and develop a screening method for homologous recombination in Myxococcus xanthus (2019)

This study provides a new antibiotic-based selection system, and will help to understand antibiotic resistance mechanisms in M. xanthus DK1622.
Study on Traditional Chinese Medicine for Treating COVID-19 (2020)

COVID-19, new coronavirus pneumonia, refers to viral pneumonia caused by new coronavirus (named as 2019-nCoV), with fever, cough, headache, fatigue, difficulty breathing and other symptoms as the main clinical manifestations. The earliest COVID-19 patients in our country were found in Wuhan. The virus is highly infectious and the infection is usually in 14 days from infection to onset. The clinical characteristics of COVID-19 infection is complex and can be roughly classified into mild, moderate, severe and critically ill patients. To get the infection controlled, China has carried out the combination therapy of Chinese and western medicine. In the aspect of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) therapy, the body has been regarded as a organic whole. In different cases or stages, TCM therapy has been modified according to the details of patients. TCM therapy emphasizes the balance of vital qi and pathogenic factors. In this review, we discussed the effective Chinese medicines included in "New Coronavirus Pneumonia Diagnosis and Treatment Program" and potential mechanisms of TCM therapy when treating COVID-19.
A monolithic common-collector front-end optical preamplifier (1985)

A monolithic transimpedance preamplifier has been developed having a common-collector cascode configuration with shunt feedback, using an advanced bipolar IC process. The measured sensitivity was -35.0 dBm at 140 Mbit/s for an error rate of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-9</sup> and a p-in photodiode responsivity of 0.5 A/W.
Light triggered 8 kV thyristors with a new type of integrated breakover diode (2002)

Light triggered 8 kV thyristors with a new type of integrated breakover diode were fabricated. This breakover diode is realized by a well-defined curvature of the junction between the p-base and the n-base. For this purpose, a "masked" Al diffusion is used. Five amplifying gate stages guarantee a safe turn-on behavior also in the case of overvoltage triggering. Additionally, a novel resistor structure, which is also controlled by the masked Al diffusion, was integrated between the amplifying gate stages.
A Generalization of a Theorem due to MacNeish (1952)

In 1922 MacNeish [1] considered the problem of orthogonal Latin squares and showed that if the number $s$ is written in standard form: $s = p^{n_0}_0p^{n_1}_1 \cdots p^{n_k}_k,$ where $p_0, p_1, \cdots, p_k$ are primes, and if $r = \min(p^{n_0}_0, p^{n_1}_1, \cdots, p^{n_k}_k),$ then we can construct $r - 1$ orthogonal Latin squares of side $s$. An alternative proof was also given by Mann [2]. At the April, 1950 meeting of the Institute of Mathematical Statistics at Chapel Hill, North Carolina, R. C. Bose announced an interesting generalization of this result [3] which is stated as a theorem in the next section. The proof given here is simpler than Bose's original proof and is published at his suggestion.
Mast cells induce autoantibody-mediated vasculitis syndrome through tumor necrosis factor production upon triggering Fcgamma receptors. (1999)

The generation of autoantibodies and deposition of immune complexes (ICs) in tissue play a primary role in autoimmune diseases. However, the IC-triggered response consists of complex mechanisms that make it difficult to identify the pathogenesis and develop specific therapy. We clarified here a sequential mechanism for the induction of hypersensitivity angiitis by analyzing the responsible Fc receptor (FcR), effector cells, and mediators in an animal model using FcR-deficient mice. In this model, rheumatoid factor-mediated skin vasculitis was induced in wild-type mice, whereas FcRgamma-deficient mice did not develop the vasculitis. Adoptive transfer of various FcR(+) cells into FcRgamma-deficient mice showed that mast cells but not macrophages derived from wild-type mice triggered skin vasculitis. Mast cells derived from either FcgammaRIII-deficient or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-deficient mice did not possess the inducibility of skin vasculitis. These results indicate that triggering of vascular inflammation was induced by mast cells through IC binding on FcgammaRIII. TNF produced by such activated mast cells was mainly responsible for the pathogenesis of autoantibody-mediated vasculitis. These findings illustrate the clinical significance of mast cells, Fcgamma receptors, and TNF in IC-induced vasculitis syndrome.
TiO<sub>2</sub>/LiCl-Based Nanostructured Thin Film for Humidity Sensor Applications (2011)

A simple and straightforward method of depositing nanostructured thin films, based on LiCl-doped TiO(2), on glass and LiNbO(3) sensor substrates is demonstrated. A spin-coating technique is employed to transfer a polymer-assisted precursor solution onto substrate surfaces, followed by annealing at 520°C to remove organic components and drive nanostructure formation. The sensor material obtained consists of coin-shaped nanoparticles several hundred nanometers in diameter and less than 50 nm thick. The average thickness of the film was estimated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) to be 140 nm. Humidity sensing properties of the nanostructured material and sensor response times were studied using conductometric and surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor techniques, revealing reversible signals with good reproducibility and fast response times of about 0.75 s. The applicability of this nanostructured film for construction of rapid humidity sensors was demonstrated. Compared with known complex and expensive methods of synthesizing sophisticated nanostructures for sensor applications, such as physical vapor deposition (PVD) and chemical vapor deposition (CVD), this work presents a relatively simple and inexpensive technique to produce SAW humidity sensor devices with competitive performance characteristics.
Diaphragm Pacing in Infants and Children: A Life-table Analysis of Implanted Components (1989)

Since 1976, we have implanted bilateral phrenic nerve electrodes for diaphragm pacing in 33 infants and children. This population includes 23 patients with congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CHS), two with late onset CHS and hypothalamic dysfunction, three with hypoventilation associated with Chiari II malformation and myelomeningocele, and five with quadriplegia. Our experience, totalling 192 system-years and 96 patient-years of pacing, has enabled us to document the nature and frequency of problems related to the implanted components of the Avery Laboratories (S-232-1) pacemaker system when used in a pediatric population. By life table analysis, the mean time to need for replacement of any implanted component was 56.3 months. A total of 26 failures requiring component replacement occurred and were classified into four types: (1) receiver failure (15 cases), (2) electrode wire or wire insulation breakage (six cases), (3) infection requiring diaphragm pacer system removal (three cases), and (4) mechanical nerve injury (two cases). We conclude that the present diaphragm pacing system is effective but not without risk of biomedical component failure. The present system might be substantially improved by (1) a modified receiver design with a hermetic seal to prevent fluid penetration, (2) stronger, better insulated electrode wires, and (3) modifications of surgical technique and electrode type to prevent phrenic nerve damage.
Cooperative Interactions of p53 Mutation, Telomere Dysfunction, and Chronic Liver Damage in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Progression (2006)

Hepatocellular carcinoma is among the most common and lethal cancers in humans. Hepatocellular carcinoma is commonly associated with physical or functional inactivation of the p53 tumor suppressor, high levels of chromosomal instability, and disease conditions causing chronic cycles of hepatocyte death and regeneration. Mounting evidence has implicated regeneration-induced telomere erosion as a potential mechanism fueling genome instability. In mouse models of hepatocellular carcinoma, telomere dysfunction has been shown to enhance initiation of hepatic neoplasias yet constrain full malignant progression of these neoplasms possibly due to activation of a p53-dependent checkpoint and/or intolerable levels of genomic instability. Here, in a hepatocellular carcinoma-prone model brought about through toxin-induced hepatocyte injury and regeneration, we sought to determine the cooperative interactions of germ line p53 mutation and telomere dysfunction [produced by telomerase reverse transcriptase (mTERT) gene knockout]. In the setting of intact telomeres, p53 mutation had no effect on hepatocarcinogenesis, whereas in the setting of telomere dysfunction, p53 mutation enabled advanced hepatocellular carcinoma disease. Notably, there was no evidence of deletion or mutation of the wild-type p53 allele in the late generation mTert(-/-)p53(+/-) mice, suggesting that reduced levels of p53 potently enable hepatocellular carcinoma progression in the setting of telomere dysfunction. Thus, this study supports a model that, in the face of chronic liver damage, attenuated p53 function and telomere-induced chromosomal instability play critical and cooperative roles in the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Asymmetric Acylation of <i>s</i><i>ec</i>-Alcohols with Twisted Amides Possessing Axial Chirality Induced by the Adjacent Asymmetric Center (1999)

This paper reports that axially chiral twisted amides serve as asymmetric acylating agents for sec-alcohols under neutral conditions. Kinetic resolution of various racemic sec-alcohols and desymmetrization of 1,2-, 1,3-, and 1,4-meso-diols were performed by using the twisted amides. The utility of this desymmetrization method was shown by the preparation of the synthetic intermediate 28 for macrolide antibiotic nodusmicin and 18-deoxynargenicin. The stereoselectivity of the acylation reactions is significantly dependent on the bulkiness of both the acyl group and the C-4 substituent of the chiral auxiliary. When an amide possessing an imidazolyl group at C-4 was employed, the stereoselectivity was reversed to give R esters. A possible working model of the acylation reaction is also described on the basis of the structural studies of the twisted amides by IR and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopies and AM1 calculations. These studies suggested that rotamer II is thermodynamically more stable than the others. The rotamer II has an axial chirality about its C(O)−N linkage that is induced by the adjacent chiral center. This would enable discrimination of the two enantiomeric hydroxy groups of the racemic alcohols or meso-diols.
A comparative study of arbitration algorithms for the Alpha 21364 pipelined router (2002)

Interconnection networks usually consist of a fabric of interconnected routers, which receive packets arriving at their input ports and forward them to appropriate output ports. Unfortunately, network packets moving through these routers are often delayed due to conflicting demand for resources, such as output ports or buffer space. Hence, routers typically employ arbiters that resolve conflicting resource demands to maximize the number of matches between packets waiting at input ports and free output ports. Efficient design and implementation of the algorithm running on these arbiters is critical to maximize network performance.This paper proposes a new arbitration algorithm called SPAA (Simple Pipelined Arbitration Algorithm), which is implemented in the Alpha 21364 processor's on-chip router pipeline. Simulation results show that SPAA significantly outperforms two earlier well-known arbitration algorithms: PIM (Parallel Iterative Matching) and WFA (Wave-Front Arbiter) implemented in the SGI Spider switch. SPAA outperforms PIM and WFA because SPAA exhibits matching capabilities similar to PIM and WFA under realistic conditions when many output ports are busy, incurs fewer clock cycles to perform the arbitration, and can be pipelined effectively. Additionally, we propose a new prioritization policy called the Rotary Rule, which prevents the network's adverse performance degradation from saturation at high network loads by prioritizing packets already in the network over new packets generated by caches or memory.
Involvement of Cathenamine in the Formation of N–Analogues of Indole Alkaloids (1979)

Cathenamine (12), vallesiachotamine (14a), isovallesiachotamine (14b), 22–N–tetrahydroalstonine (17), (19–α–methyl)–(16b) and (19–β–methyl)–18–deoxy–15,22–dihydro–3–iso–cadamine(16a) were isolated from incubations of cell–free extracts from Rauwolfia verticillata cell suspension cultures. The formation of the–N–analogues (16a), (16b) and (17) in the presence of (NH4)2SO4 in these incubations indicated that the isolation of alkaloids containing additional N–atoms should be suspected of being artifacts and not necessarily biosynthetic intermediates or products. However, the formation of (16a) and (16b) both from tryptamine (1) and secologanin (2) as well as cathenamine (12) showed that the pathway of cathenamine (12) formation is reversible and gave indirect evidence for the presence in the pathway of the „open” aglycone (5) obtained upon hydrolysis of the glucoside strictosidine (3).
The effect of plasma‐sprayed calcium phosphate ceramic coatings on the metal ion release from porous titanium and cobalt‐chromium alloys (1988)

Bone tissue ingrowth in porous materials is enhanced by the deposition of bioactive calcium phosphate ceramic linings onto the pore walls. These bioactive coatings can be deposited using several methods which yield a variety of coating efficiencies and thereby influence the mechanisms and kinetics of ion release from the metal. We analyzed the effect of plasma-spraying hydroxyapatite onto titanium and cobalt-chromium alloys by measuring the release of Ti, Al, V, Co, and Cr in vitro. Plasma-sprayed coatings significantly reduced the Ti and Al release from titanium-based alloy specimens. The tendencies of release from the cobalt-based specimens are less pronounced. The data substantiate that neither localized enhanced passive dissolution of metal ions nor ceramic shielding of the metal occurs. The Scanning Auger Electron Microprobe Spectroscopic data suggest that the dissipation of thermal and kinetic energy of the ceramic particle at the time of impact can produce compositional and structural changes in the metal surfaces. The resulting effects are significant for the titanium alloy but less significant for the Co-Cr alloy system.
Recruitment of Enzymes as Lens Structural Proteins (1987)

Crystallins, the principal components of the lens, have been regarded simply as soluble, structural proteins. It now appears that the major taxon-specific crystallins of vertebrates and invertebrates are either enzymes or closely related to enzymes. In terms of sequence similarity, size, and other physical characteristics delta-crystallin is closely related to argininosuccinate lyase, tau-crystallin to enolase, and SIII-crystallin to glutathione S-transferase; moreover, it has recently been demonstrated that epsilon-crystallin is an active lactate dehydrogenase. Enzymes may have been recruited several times as lens proteins, perhaps because of the developmental history of the tissue or simply because of evolutionary pragmatism (the selection of existing stable structures for a new structural role).
161. A convenient method of preparation of certain primary amines (1946)

R. Brown and W. E. Jones, J. Chem. Soc., 1946, 781 DOI: 10.1039/JR9460000781