gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A treadmill-mounted force platform (1989)

Muscle, bone, and tendon forces; the movement of the center of mass, and the spring properties of the body during terrestrial locomotion can be measured using ground-mounted force platforms. These measurements have been extremely time consuming because of the difficulty in obtaining repeatable constant speed trials (particularly with animals). We have overcome this difficulty by mounting a force platform directly under the belt of a motorized treadmill. With this arrangement, vertical force can be recorded from an unlimited number of successive ground contacts in a much shorter time. With this treadmill-mounted force platform it is possible to accurately make the following measurements over the full range of steady speeds and under various perturbations of normal gait: 1) vertical ground reaction force over the course of the contact phase; 2) peak forces in bone, muscle, and tendon; 3) the vertical displacement of the center of mass; and 4) contact time for the limbs. In our treadmill-force platform design, belt forces and frictional forces cause no measurable cross-talk problem. Natural frequency (160 Hz), nonlinearity (less than 5%), and position independence (less than 2%) are all quite acceptable. Motor-caused vibrations are greater than 150 Hz and thus can be easily filtered.
Critical slicing for software fault localization (1996)

Developing effective debugging strategies to guarantee the reliability of software is important. By analyzing the debugging process used by experienced programmers, we have found that four distinct tasks are consistently performed: (1) determining statements involved in program failures, (2) selecting suspicious statements that might contain faults, (3) making hypotheses about suspicious faults (variables and locations), and (4) restoring program state to a specific statement for verification. This research focuses support for the second task, reducing the search domain for faults, which we refer to as fault localization. We explored a new approach to enhancing the process of fault localization based on dynamic program slicing and mutation-based testing. In this new approach, we have developed the technique of Critical Slicing to enable debuggers to highlight suspicious statements and thus to confine the search domain to a small region. The Critical Slicing technique is partly based on "statement deletion" mutant operator of the mutation-based testing methodology. We have explored properties of Critical Slicing, such as the relationship among Critical Slicing, Dynamic Program Slicing, and Executable Static Program Slicing; the cost to construct critical slices; and the effectiveness of Critical Slicing. Results of experiments support our conjecture as to the effectiveness and feasibility of using Critical Slicing for fault localization.This paper explains our technique and summarizes some of our findings. From these, we conclude that a debugger equipped with our proposed fault localization method can reduce human interaction time significantly and aid in the debugging of complex software.
Exploring the Instructional Strategies of Elementary School Teachers When Developing Technological, Pedagogical, and Content Knowledge via a Collaborative Professional Development Program (2013)

The technological, pedagogical, and content knowledge (TPACK) framework has been regarded as potentially effective in helping teachers integrate technology into the classroom. This study explores the instructional strategies of teachers when developing TPACK. A teacher professional development (TPD) program, in which teaching activities and deep discussions were key processes, was conducted. Instructional observations and focus-group interviews were the primary evaluation methods. Six elementary school teachers participated in this program between September 2011 and January 2012. Analytical findings demonstrate that teachers initially had limited pedagogical knowledge (PK). For intentional use of technology during teaching, the teachers transformed technology operating skills into multiple teaching activities for content learning, and expanding their TPACK base. The teachers then applied PK basis and combined them with subject content and technology through the TPD program, and reorganized their application of TPACK. Moreover, teachers engaged in peer observation and group interviews during TPD, effectively built TPACK. This study provides teacher educators who are interested in examining teachers’ TPACK with an effective TPD program for technology integration. We recommend that teacher educators continually enhance the technological knowledge of teachers and promote TPACK through collaborative TPD programs.
Thermal dephasing in second-harmonic generation of an amplified copper-vapor laser beam in beta barium borate (2005)

The conversion efficiency in second-harmonic generation of an amplified beam in a master-oscillator power amplifier copper-vapor laser (CVL) is lower than that of the oscillator beam alone. This lower efficiency is often vaguely attributed to wave-front degradation in the amplifier. We investigate the role of wave-front degradation and thermal dephasing in the second-harmonic generation of a CVL from a beta-barium borate crystal. Choosing two beams with constant intrapulse divergence, one from a generalized diffraction filtered resonator master oscillator alone and other obtained by amplifying oscillator by use of a power amplifier, we show that at low flux levels the decrease in efficiency is due to wave-front degradation. At a fundamental power above the critical power for thermal dephasing, the decrease is due to increased UV absorption and consequent thermal dephasing. Thermal dephasing is higher for the beam with the lower coherence width.
Modeling, Analysis and Design of Resonant Free Power Distribution Network for Modern Microprocessor Systems (2004)

This paper presents design-oriented analysis of the power distribution network (PDN) for high performance microprocessor systems to realize the resonant free, close to flat output impedance magnitude over a wide frequency range. Based on the frequency domain analysis, closed form design equations and parametric curves relating the system parameters are derived. A systematic method of estimating the optimum parameters of the decoupling capacitors used in a single or multistage PDN is described to realize the output impedance of specified magnitude for the noise-free, and critically damped voltage at the microprocessor core. The design examples and simulation results are discussed to demonstrate the application of the design equations and parametric curves.
Coherent communication link using diode-pumped lasers (1989)

Work toward developing a diffraction limited, single frequency, modulated transmitter suitable for coherent optical communication or direct detection communication is discussed. Diode pumped, monolithic Nd:YAG nonplanar ring oscillators were used as the carrier beam. An external modulation technique which can handle high optical powers, has moderate modulation voltage, and which can reach modulation rates of 1 GHz was invented. Semiconductor laser pumped solid-state lasers which have high output power (0.5 Watt) and which oscillate at a single frequency, in a diffraction limited beam, at the wavelength of 1.06 microns were built. A technique for phase modulating the laser output by 180 degrees with a 40-volt peak to peak driving voltage is demonstrated. This technique can be adapted for amplitude modulation of 100 percent with the same voltage. This technique makes use of a resonant bulk modulator, so it does not have the power handling limitations of guided wave modulators.
Linkage Analysis of Candidate Genes in Autoimmune Thyroid Disease: 1. Selected Immunoregulatory Genes<sup>1</sup> (1998)

Graves' and Hashimoto's diseases are autoimmune thyroid diseases in which the genetic contribution is complex. For this reason, identification of necessary susceptibility genes has been difficult. However, a number of immunoregulatory genes have been implicated by association studies, including: CTLA-4, a recently described protein involved in antigen presentation, located on chromosome 2q33; the T-cell receptor V alpha and V beta gene complexes, located on 14q11 and 7q35, respectively; and the Ig gene complex (IgH), located on 15q11. We used polymorphic microsatellite markers located within these genes, or gene complexes, to test for linkage (rather than association), to each of these candidates. Using markers within the loci allowed us to assume a fixed recombination fraction of 0.01 in the tested model. Three hundred eight subjects from 48 multiplex families were studied, with 142 affected subjects. Using this set of families, we have previously shown evidence of linkage with a major susceptibility locus for Graves' disease (GD-1) on 14q24.3-31, with a maximum lod (logarithm + odds) score of 2.1, at a penetrance of 80% and with a dominant mode of inheritance. In the present study, we obtained consistently negative lod scores for each of the candidate genes, assuming either dominant or recessive modes of inheritance. These data, therefore, showed evidence against linkage with all the candidate genes. Unlike association studies, linkage analyses detect major genetic influences on disease susceptibility exerted by the linked loci. The lack of linkage for the immunoregulatory genes that were studied indicated, therefore, that they were not major contributors to disease etiology.
Impedance element SAW filters (2002)

Over the last few years a new generation of surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices with low loss and operating at high frequency have been invented to meet the demand of mobile communication systems. Besides outstanding electrical characteristics, these filters need to have small size and weight, must be highly reproducible, need no tuning, must be very cheap and if necessary, able to handle power levels up to a few Watts. In this work we introduce a new class of SAW filters-balanced bridge impedance element filters-which have all these advantages: low insertion loss, extremely small size and weight, a wide variety of centre frequencies and passbands, excellent suppression in the stopband and require no external matching circuits.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Photoelectrochemical properties and interfacial charge transfer kinetics of BODIPY-sensitized TiO2 electrodes (2012)

We present studies of the photoelectrochemical characteristics and interfacial charge transfer dynamics of two (4,4′-difluoro-4-bora-3a,4a-diaza-s-indacene) BODIPY dyes (BODIPY-1 and 2) attached to nanostructured TiO2 electrodes. BODIPY-1 bears two carboxylic acid groups at its 2 and 6 positions and BODIPY-2 is modified with two cyanoacetic acid groups at these positions. Photoelectrochemistry measurements show that BODIPY-2 has better photostability and device short-circuit current density than BODIPY-1 because of its broader light absorption and efficient charge injection as shown by ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy and steady-state photoelectrochemical studies. The more efficient photocurrent generation by BODIPY-2 is also attributed to the improved redox reaction kinetics with its hole transport media, I−/I3−, in comparison with BODIPY-1.
Rapid method for thermal dose‐based safety supervision during MR scans (2015)

To maximize diagnostic accuracy and minimize costs, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners expose patients to electromagnetic exposure levels well above the established maximum, but in a well-controlled environment. In this paper, we discuss a novel safety assessment model that offers maximum flexibility while ensuring no local tissue damage due to radiofrequency induced heating occurs. This model is based on the cumulative equivalent minutes at 43 °C (CEM43) thermal dose concept, which naturally considers exposure duration, tissue sensitivity and the transient nature of heating, and permits rapid assessment of exposure safety of a given MRI scan using information about the transient specific absorption rate (SAR). It builds upon theoretical considerations (e.g., relating peak temperatures in the presence and absence of local thermoregulation) as well as data extracted from simulations involving anatomical models (e.g., to determine the characteristic time of temperature changes). The model is capable of predicting CEM43 for patients with either uncompromised thermoregulation or absent thermoregulation. The model predictions approximate detailed simulations well and results illustrate the importance of adequately considering changes in perfusion. The model presented herein offers an MRI safety assessment approach that overcomes problems associated with traditional SAR-based limits. Its limitations and the associated uncertainties are discussed together with remaining open questions.
243. Quinoxalines and related compounds. Part V. Some experiments with 1,2-dihydro-2-oxoquinoxalines (1961)

G. H. W. Cheeseman, J. Chem. Soc., 1961, 1246 DOI: 10.1039/JR9610001246
O USO DA DINÂMICA INVERSA EM SITUAÇÕES ENVOLVENDO CADEIA CINÉTICA ABERTA (2007)

Internal forces in the human body have been estimated through inverse dynamics technique. Due to some redundancy of the musculoskeletal system, the force values obtained by this technique represent the sum of the effects of the muscle groups and joint structures. In situations involving open kinetic chain (OKC) this characteristic of the technique limitates too much the interpretation of the results. The purpose of this study is to present an adopted methodology, that allows the separation of the effect of the joint and muscle structures. Eight healthy subjects performed knee flexion-extension exercise, with a weight fixed near the ankle, in a speed monitored of 45o/s. Kinetic, kinematics and anthropometrical data were used to calculate the internal forces in a traditional model and in the adopted situation proposed in this study. The results showed that the adopted method allows to make inferences about which joint structure is more overloaded during the execution of the exercise, allowing wider comparisons among different exercises.

Keywords: Inverse dynamics. Open kinetic chain.
Power Delivery Network Design for 3D SIP Integrated over Silicon Interposer Platform (2007)

As mobile hand-held devices including mobile phone are required to provide multi-media services more and more, it is necessary that the various hardware including high speed memory, high capacity data storage device, and high performance logic processor are integrated into the limited volume, which results in high density 3D SIP. In this work, power delivery network for 3D SIP integrated on silicon interposer will be discussed. The silicon interposer used in 3D SIP includes integrated decoupling capacitor, which gives good power delivery performance.
Removal and separation of metal ions from aqueous solutions using a silica-gel-bonded macrocycle system (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRemoval and separation of metal ions from aqueous solutions using a silica-gel-bonded macrocycle systemReed M. Izatt, Ronald L. Bruening, Merlin L. Bruening, Bryon J. Tarbet, Krzysztof E. Krakowiak, Jerald S. Bradshaw, and James J. ChristensenCite this: Anal. Chem. 1988, 60, 17, 1825–1826Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00168a035https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00168a035research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views356Altmetric-Citations59LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Empirical solution to the inverse-scattering problem by the optical strip-map technique (1985)

A method for solving the inverse-scattering problem empirically is introduced. The method is called the strip-map technique, and, for now, we restrict its use to the identification of single homogeneous spherical particles First the technique is illustrated in a gedanken experiment with an ideal spherical microparticle Then the technique is applied to the study of four particles from which light-scattering data have been collected. Nonspherical or inhomogeneous spherical particles are immediately distinguished from particles that are homogeneous spheres, the latter being specified to a high degree of precision. The technique can be made extremely rapid: with modest computer means, individual microparticles can be characterized in less than 1 msec.
Upconversion of millimeter waves to visible waves: inexpensive focal plane array MMW imaging and ultra-fast wireless communication (2020)

It is well known that one of the major bottlenecks of MMW and Terahertz system technology is the lack of inexpensive but sensitive and fast detectors. One way of overcoming this problem is the use of commercial neon indicator plasma lamps or glow discharge detectors (GDD) as MMW and THz detectors. Prices are on the order of about half a dollar per lamp. In electronic mode of detection, the incident MMW or THz wave electric field gives rise to an increase in free electron energy above that provided by DC bias, and thus increases ionization collision rate with neutral Ne atoms and increases current. NEP on the order of 10<sup>-10</sup> W/sqrt Hz is easily obtainable, with rise time on the order of a microsecond. Noise is characterized by electron temperature. However, recently we have reported an optical means of detection which is manifested as an increase in light intensity emitted by the lamps caused by the incident MMW/THz wave. The detected signal is thus upconverted to the visible, and is measured using optical detectors such as avalanche photodiodes or CCD or CMOS cameras focused on the GDD to measure change in emitted light intensity. This gives rise to measured improvement in NEP by about 2 orders of magnitude and in speed by at least 3 orders of magnitude. The detection stems from increase in free electron recombination rate with positive Ne ions, especially in the cathode region, according to the increase in ionization collisions caused by the MMW/THz electric field. There, positive ions bombard the cathode and cause secondary emission of free electrons. There are thus high concentrations of positive Ne ions and free electrons in the cathode vicinity, giving rise to recombination rate increase and, thus, light intensity increase. The recombination rate increase there derives primarily from the role of positive Ne ions which also govern the secondary electron emission rate from the cathode. Consequently, noise temperature in upconversion derives primarily from the positive ion temperature, which is several orders of magnitude less than that of free electrons because of the much heavier mass of the positive ions, thus reducing NEP. Response speed in electronic detection is limited by parasitic capacitance and inductance deriving from the electrodes. However, in optical detection or upconversion, we do not use detection current in the GDD. The input is the MMW/THz wave. The output is the visible wave deriving from the change in GDD emitted light intensity. Unlike detection current, both waves propagate at the speed of light. Indeed, we report detected modulation frequencies on the order of 3 GHZ for 100 GHz wireless communication. This is limited not by the GDD but rather by external components such as optical detectors and amplifiers. We report also imaging experiment results with GDD focal plane arrays of 16x16 detectors and various techniques for increasing the number of focal plane array detectors. Super resolution techniques permit surpassing the diffraction resolution limit.
Microvascular imaging: techniques and opportunities for clinical physiological measurements (2014)

The microvasculature presents a particular challenge in physiological measurement because the vessel structure is spatially inhomogeneous and perfusion can exhibit high variability over time. This review describes, with a clinical focus, the wide variety of methods now available for imaging of the microvasculature and their key applications. Laser Doppler perfusion imaging and laser speckle contrast imaging are established, commercially-available techniques for determining microvascular perfusion, with proven clinical utility for applications such as burn-depth assessment. Nailfold capillaroscopy is also commercially available, with significant published literature that supports its use for detecting microangiopathy secondary to specific connective tissue diseases in patients with Raynaud's phenomenon. Infrared thermography measures skin temperature and not perfusion directly, and it has only gained acceptance for some surgical and peripheral microvascular applications. Other emerging technologies including imaging photoplethysmography, optical coherence tomography, photoacoustic tomography, hyperspectral imaging, and tissue viability imaging are also described to show their potential as techniques that could become established tools for clinical microvascular assessment. Growing interest in the microcirculation has helped drive the rapid development in perfusion imaging of the microvessels, bringing exciting opportunities in microvascular research.
Crosstalk: A Scalable Cross-Protocol Monitoring System for Anomaly Detection (2010)

Monitoring is crucial both to the correct operation of a network and to the services that run on it. Operators perform monitoring for various purposes, including traffic engineering, quality of service, security and detection of faults and mis-configurations. However, the relentless growth of IP traffic volume renders real-time monitoring and analysis of data a very challenging problem. In this paper we introduce Crosstalk, a scalable and efficient distributed monitoring architecture that uses cross-protocol correlation to detect network anomalies. While applicable to a wide range of applications such as botnet detection, spam mitigation and mis-configurations, we pick a point in this application space, concentrating on VoIP attacks. We present extensive simulation results based both on generated calls and on millions of Call Data Records (CDRs) from a large VoIP operator to show our approach's performance and effectiveness.