gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantum SDP Solvers: Large Speed-Ups, Optimality, and Applications to Quantum Learning (2019)

We give two new quantum algorithms for solving semidefinite programs (SDPs) providing quantum speed-ups. We consider SDP instances with m constraint matrices, each of dimension n, rank at most r, and sparsity s. The first algorithm assumes an input model where one is given access to an oracle to the entries of the matrices at unit cost. We show that it has run time O~(s^2 (sqrt{m} epsilon^{-10} + sqrt{n} epsilon^{-12})), with epsilon the error of the solution. This gives an optimal dependence in terms of m, n and quadratic improvement over previous quantum algorithms (when m ~~ n). The second algorithm assumes a fully quantum input model in which the input matrices are given as quantum states. We show that its run time is O~(sqrt{m}+poly(r))*poly(log m,log n,B,epsilon^{-1}), with B an upper bound on the trace-norm of all input matrices. In particular the complexity depends only polylogarithmically in n and polynomially in r.\nWe apply the second SDP solver to learn a good description of a quantum state with respect to a set of measurements: Given m measurements and a supply of copies of an unknown state rho with rank at most r, we show we can find in time sqrt{m}*poly(log m,log n,r,epsilon^{-1}) a description of the state as a quantum circuit preparing a density matrix which has the same expectation values as rho on the m measurements, up to error epsilon. The density matrix obtained is an approximation to the maximum entropy state consistent with the measurement data considered in Jaynes' principle from statistical mechanics.\nAs in previous work, we obtain our algorithm by "quantizing" classical SDP solvers based on the matrix multiplicative weight update method. One of our main technical contributions is a quantum Gibbs state sampler for low-rank Hamiltonians, given quantum states encoding these Hamiltonians, with a poly-logarithmic dependence on its dimension, which is based on ideas developed in quantum principal component analysis. We also develop a "fast" quantum OR lemma with a quadratic improvement in gate complexity over the construction of Harrow et al. [Harrow et al., 2017]. We believe both techniques might be of independent interest.
Large Scale Fine-Grained Categorization and Domain-Specific Transfer Learning (2018)

Transferring the knowledge learned from large scale datasets (e.g., ImageNet) via fine-tuning offers an effective solution for domain-specific fine-grained visual categorization (FGVC) tasks (e.g., recognizing bird species or car make and model). In such scenarios, data annotation often calls for specialized domain knowledge and thus is difficult to scale. In this work, we first tackle a problem in large scale FGVC. Our method won first place in iNaturalist 2017 large scale species classification challenge. Central to the success of our approach is a training scheme that uses higher image resolution and deals with the long-tailed distribution of training data. Next, we study transfer learning via fine-tuning from large scale datasets to small scale, domain-specific FGVC datasets. We propose a measure to estimate domain similarity via Earth Mover's Distance and demonstrate that transfer learning benefits from pre-training on a source domain that is similar to the target domain by this measure. Our proposed transfer learning outperforms ImageNet pre-training and obtains state-of-the-art results on multiple commonly used FGVC datasets.
Hybrid optimization/heuristic instruction scheduling for programmable accelerator codesign (2018)

Recent programmable accelerators are faster and more energy efficient than general purpose processors, but expose complex hardware/software abstractions for compilers. A key problem is instruction scheduling, which requires sophisticated algorithms for mapping instructions to distributed processing elements, routing of operand dependences, and timing the arrival of operands to enable high throughput.
Use of helium gas to reduce acoustic transmission (1985)

Payload enclosures subjected to high energy acoustical environments may have high transmissability due to coupling between structural and acoustical modes. Reducing transmissability by mass attenuation, increased absorption or damping causes undesirable weight increases. Decoupling of the dynamic modes can be achieved without increasing weight by introducing a different gas (helium [HP] inside the enclosure from the ambient gas (air) outside the enclosure. For a certain frequency range, analytical studies of the External Tank Aft Cargo Carrier (ET/ACC) show nearly zero sound reduction through the structure. Various means were investigated to decrease sound transmission into the ACC compartment. Due to the large attenuation required, the only system that would work with air or nitrogen was a complicated, double wall acoustic liner with a limp mass barrier and absorption material. This system was heavy on the order of 2 lb/sq ft and expensive. Analysis showed that using He as a purge gas would only require a simple absorption layer to obtain the desired acoustical reduction. This system would be much lighter and cheaper than the double walled barrier. The sound attenuation capability of He was verified by testing a 4 ft x 6 ft panel. This test panel was designed to represent the anticipated structural characteristics of the ACC payload shroud. Transmission losses in the chamber were determined for air and various percentages of He. Test data verified that He would decouple structural and acoustical effects and decrease transtransmissibility of the panel.
Dietary folate is associated with <i>p16<sup>INK4A</sup></i> methylation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (2006)

Inactivation of the p16(INK4A) (CDKN2A) gene in the Rb pathway is among the most common somatic alterations observed in tobacco-related solid tumors, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). In addition, a low folate diet is an important risk factor for HNSCC. Decreased dietary folate in an animal model of hepatocellular carcinoma has been associated with the induction of epigenetic silencing of the p16(INK4A) gene. In an ongoing population-based study of HNSCC, we sought to extend this observation to human disease testing the hypothesis that p16(INK4A) methylation is associated with decreased dietary folate. We also investigated the association of methylation silencing with functional polymorphisms in the folate metabolism enzyme methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR). In 169 HNSCCs, the odds ratio for p16(INK4A) methylation among those with low dietary folate intake was 2.3 (95% CI = 1.1-4.8) when compared with those with high folate intake. Furthermore, this increased risk for epigenetic silencing at p16(INK4A) was modified by the MTHFR alleles previously associated with diminished serum folate levels. Hence, in HNSCC low dietary intake of folate is associated with p16(INK4A) methylation, and this relationship is modified by the MTHFR genotype. Our data provides important evidence for a mechanism of action of folate deficiency in cancer.
Optimum Form of Capacitive Transducer for Displacement Measurement (1984)

A comb-shaped capacitive transducer for displacement measurement is used as a manufacturing machine controller, a step-and-repeat camera, and an electrical micrometer. In this transducer one of the comb-shaped electrodes is fixed and the other is moved parallel to it. For an accurate measurement it is desirable to increase the difference between the maximum and the minimum values of the capacitance. It has been reported that putting dielectric protective layers on the surfaces of the electrodes effectively increases that difference. To find the optimum form of the transducer, a simulation based on the finite-element method is introduced, and the simulation is experimentally verified. To achieve the optimum form, the distance between the electrode must be made as narrow as possible, and the width of the tooth should be 20 ~ 30 percent of one pitch. The effect of dielectrics put in the capacitor is also discussed.
Combined X-Ray/Beta Sensor Advances Nuclear Gauging Technology (1984)

A combination sensor utilizing two isotopes, one of which emits low-energy X-rays and the other mid-energy beta particles, has been developed to gauge foil laminates and magnetic films (floppy disks, tapes, etc.). The measurement technique takes advantage of the preferential X-ray absorption of metallic coatings and provides automatic compensation for substrate thickness variation. The sensor is designed for on-line monitoring and functions under microprocessor control.
Essential Ca <sup>2+</sup> -Binding Motif for Ca <sup>2+</sup> -Sensitive Inactivation of L-Type Ca <sup>2+</sup> Channels (1995)

Intracellular calcium (Ca2+) inhibits the opening of L-type (alpha 1C) Ca2+ channels, providing physiological control of Ca2+ entry into a wide variety of cells. A structural determinant of this Ca(2+)-sensitive inactivation was revealed by chimeric Ca2+ channels derived from parental alpha 1C and alpha 1E channels, the latter of which is a neuronal channel lacking Ca2+ inactivation. A consensus Ca(2+)-binding motif (an EF hand), located on the alpha 1C subunit, was required for Ca2+ inactivation. Donation of the alpha 1C EF-hand region to the alpha 1E channel conferred the Ca(2+)-inactivating phenotype. These results strongly suggest that Ca2+ binding to the alpha 1C subunit initiates Ca2+ inactivation.
Economic model predictive control for building energy systems (2011)

The objective of this study is to demonstrate the effectiveness of model predictive control (MPC) in reducing the energy and demand costs for buildings in an electricity grid with time-of-use pricing and demand charges. A virtual model for a single floor, multi-zone commercial building equipped with a variable air volume (VAV) cooling system is built by Energyplus. Real-time data exchange between Energyplus and Matlab controller is realized by introducing the building controls virtual test bed (BCVTB) as a middleware. System identification technique is implemented to obtain the zone temperature and power model, which are to be used in the MPC framework. MPC with an economic objective function is formulated as a linear programming problem and solved. Pre-cooling effect during off-peak period and autonomous cooling discharging from the building thermal mass during on-peak period can be observed in a continuous weekly simulation. Cost savings brought by MPC are given by comparing with the baseline and other pre-programmed control strategies.
Algorithms for discrete denoising under channel uncertainty (2006)

The goal of a denoising algorithm is to reconstruct a signal from its noise-corrupted observations. Perfect reconstruction is seldom possible and performance is measured under a given fidelity criterion. In a recent work, the authors addressed the problem of denoising unknown discrete signals corrupted by a discrete memoryless channel when the channel, rather than being completely known, is only known to lie in some uncertainty set of possible channels. A sequence of denoisers was derived for this case and shown to be asymptotically optimal with respect to a worst-case criterion argued most relevant to this setting. In the present paper, we address the implementation and complexity of this denoiser for channels parametrized by a scalar, establishing its practicality. We show that for symmetric channels, the problem can be mapped into a convex optimization problem, which can be solved efficiently. We also present empirical results suggesting the potential of these schemes to do well in practice. A key component of our schemes is an estimator of the subset of channels in the uncertainty set that are feasible in the sense of being able to give rise to the noise-corrupted signal statistics for some channel input distribution. We establish the efficiency of this estimator, both algorithmically and experimentally. We also present a modification of the recently developed discrete universal denoiser (DUDE) that assumes a channel based on the said estimator, and show that, in practice, the resulting scheme performs well. For concreteness, we focus on the binary alphabet case and binary symmetric channels, but also discuss the extensions of the algorithms to general finite alphabets and to general channels parameterized by a scalar.
Transcatheter Mitral Valve Repair for Functional Mitral Regurgitation: Coronary Sinus Approach (2007)

Mitral regurgitation has become recognized as an important health problem. More specifically, functional mitral regurgitation is associated with worse outcomes in heart failure, postmyocardial infarction, and perioperative coronary artery bypass surgery patients. Many patients with severe mitral regurgitation are denied or refused mitral valve surgery. A less invasive procedure with possibly fewer potential complications may thus be attractive for patients with severe mitral regurgitation. Devices used for coronary sinus (CS) mitral annuloplasty are directed toward patients with functional mitral regurgitation. Because of its easy accessibility and close relationship to the posterior mitral annulus (MA), alterations of the CS geometry with percutaneous devices may translate to displacement of the posterior annulus and correct mitral leaflet coaptation. This review will focus on the contemporary CS annuloplasty devices: (1) Edwards MONARC system; (2) Cardiac Dimensions CARILLON; and (3) Viacor Shape Changing Rods system. In addition, important information obtained from recent imaging studies describing the relationship between the CS, MA, and coronary arteries will be reviewed.
Electrically conductive aerogels composed of cellulose and carbon nanotubes (2013)

Aerogels composed of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and cellulose were fabricated by the flash freezing/lyophilization process using wet-gel precursors, which were regenerated from a homogeneous dispersion of CNTs and cellulose in alkaline–urea aqueous solution. The morphology and textural properties of the resultant composite aerogels were investigated by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and nitrogen adsorption–desorption tests. All the prepared materials exhibited both a nanostructured solid network (specific surface areas between 140 and 160 m2 g−1) and a nanoporous network (including macropores, mesopores and micropores). The results from thermogravimetric analysis and tensile tests revealed that the composite aerogels have good thermal stability and excellent mechanical properties, respectively. The Young's modulus of the composite aerogels could be tuned to reach about 90 MPa. And composite aerogels with 3–10 wt% CNTs have a conductivity of about 2.3 × 10−4 to 2.2 × 10−2 S cm−1, with the conductivity threshold at MWCNT volume fractions being as low as 3 × 10−3. Furthermore, these cellulose–CNT composite aerogels showed good sensitivity to ambient pressure.
Immune Responses to Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus During the Acute and Convalescent Phases of Human Infection (2018)

Our findings show an association between the early CD8+ T-cell response and the severity of the infection, and also provide basic information that may help to prepare effective control strategies for MERS in humans.
The relationship of thermal expansion to magnetocrystalline anisotropy, spontaneous magnetization, and Tc for permanent magnets (1999)

The materials studied here include SmCo5, GdCo5, Sm2TM17, Gd2TM17, Nd9.4Pr4.6Fe80B6, Alnico, SrFe12O19, and PtCo (TM=transition metal). For the first time, the thermal expansion data α(⊥) and α(∥) for the eight materials from as low as −180 °C to as high as 1250 °C have been reported. α(⊥) is the thermal expansion coefficient in the base plane and α(∥) is the coefficient in the c axis. All anisotropic materials tested show thermal expansion anisotropy (TEA). The degree of TEA is defined as γ=α(⊥)/α(∥). The γ has been observed to be related to the degree of magnetocrystalline anisotropy field HA. SmCo5 has the highest HA (350 kOe) and the highest γ (2.5). All the materials show thermal anomaly with a changing slope for α(∥) near Tc and near phase transformation temperatures. The magnitude of thermal anomaly has been observed to be related to the magnitude of spontaneous magnetization (SMZ). The most distinct thermal anomalies are observed for Nd9.4Pr4.6Fe80B6, in which both α(⊥) and α(∥) show a deep valley near Tc, and a peak at around the spin-tilt temperature. Nd–Fe–B type material has the highest SMZ and the largest thermal anomaly of all the permanent magnets. Spontaneous magnetostriction occurs mainly in the c axis for RE–Co alloys (RE=rare earth), and in all directions for Nd–Fe–B type alloys. A rubber band model is used to describe the spontaneous magnetostriction force.
Influence of temperature on diffractive lens performance (1993)

The thermal properties of lenses play an important role in the performance of optical systems. We discuss the effects of uniform temperature changes and thermal gradients on diffractive lens performance. Comparisons are made between the thermal sensitivity of refractive and diffractive lenses. Useful design equations are presented that describe focal length, phase coefficients, and diffraction efficiency as functions of temperature. We present important thermal data for a number of lens materials. The optothermal expansion coefficient is used to design athermalized lenses that combine refractive and diffractive surfaces.
Palladium-Catalyzed Reduction of <i>N</i>-(<i>tert</i>-Butoxycarbonyl)indoles by Polymethylhydrosiloxane (2007)

The palladium-catalyzed [10% Pd(OH)2/C] reduction of N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)indoles to the corresponding N-(tert-butoxy­carbonyl)indolines is described. Polymethylhydrosiloxane was used as reducing agent and the reaction proceeded smoothly at room temperature in short reaction times giving the products in good yields.
TissueInfo: high-throughput identification of tissue expression profiles and specificity (2001)

We describe TissueInfo, a knowledge-based method for the high-throughput identification of tissue expression profiles and tissue specificity. TissueInfo defines a set of tissue information calculations that can be computed for large numbers of genes, expressed sequence tags (ESTs) or proteins. Tissue information records that result from the TissueInfo calculations are used to generate tables suitable for data mining and for the selection of genes according to a given expression profile or specificity. When benchmarked against a test set of 116 proteins and literature information, TissueInfo was found to be accurate for 69% of identified tissue specificities and for 80% of expression profiles. The accuracy of the identifications can be increased if query sequences for which little information is available from dbEST are ignored. Thus, with 80% coverage, TissueInfo achieves an accuracy of 76% for specificity and 89% for expression. For the same set of proteins, the curated tissue specificity offered in SWISS-PROT was accurate in 78% of cases. TissueInfo can be useful for the selection of clones for custom microarrays, selection of training sets for ab initio identification of tissue information, gene discovery and genome-wide predictions. Further information about the program can be found at http://icb.mssm.edu/tissueinfo.
New method for the detection of intraperitoneal free air by sonography: Scissors maneuver (2004)

Sonography is an effective tool in the diagnosis of pneumoperitoneum, with sensitivity and specificity equal to those of radiography. The scissors maneuver may be a useful adjunct for improving the diagnostic yield of sonography.
Expression and Participation of Eotaxin During Mycobacterial (Type 1) and Schistosomal (Type 2) Antigen-Elicited Granuloma Formation (1998)

Eotaxin participation was analyzed during types 1 and 2 lung granuloma formation induced by embolizing Sepharose beads coupled to purified protein derivative (PPD) of Mycobacterium bovis or soluble Ags derived from Schistosoma mansoni eggs. Eotaxin was monitored by protein ELISA and semiquantitative reverse-transcriptase PCR mRNA analysis. Both types 1 and 2 granulomas released eotaxin, but levels were sixfold greater (on day 4) in the type 2 than for the type 1 or foreign body granulomas. Transcripts for eotaxin, IL-4, and CCR3 (eotaxin receptor) were also enhanced during type 2 granuloma formation. Anti-IL-4 treatment impaired eotaxin mRNA in lungs with type 2 granulomas, indicating that IL-4 promoted local eotaxin expression. In vivo, anti-eotaxin treatment caused modest reductions in the size of both types 1 and 2 lesions, with negligible effect on eosinophil recruitment. Surprisingly, anti-eotaxin treatment abrogated IFN-gamma-producing cells in regional lymph nodes during the type 1 PPD response. Lymph nodes draining both types 1 and 2 lesions showed enhanced CCR3 mRNA, but this followed the time of maximum eotaxin protein and mRNA expression. Correlative, in vitro studies revealed that graded doses of eotaxin increased IFN-gamma production from PPD-sensitive regional lymph node cultures, while monocyte-chemotactic protein-1, an important macrophage chemoattractant, had the opposite effect. These findings indicate that eotaxin expression is not limited to type 2 hypersensitivity granulomas, but also promotes IFN-gamma production during mycobacterial responses.
Folded Structured Graphene Paper for High Performance Electrode Materials (2012)

A novel method to fabricate graphene paper with folded structured graphene sheets is described. When used as an electrode for LIBs and supercapacitors, the as-prepared graphene paper can show much higher performances compared to conventional graphene paper fabricated by a flow-directed assembly method. The unique graphene paper obtained here is promising to act as a new kind of flexible electrode for wearable or rolling-up devices.