gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Solvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. V. Molecules, Ions, and Transition States in Aqueous Ethanol<sup>1</sup> (1965)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSolvent Effects in Organic Chemistry. V. Molecules, Ions, and Transition States in Aqueous Ethanol1Edward M. Arnett, W. G. Bentrude, John J. Burke, and Peter McC. DugglebyCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1965, 87, 7, 1541–1553Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1965Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1965https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01085a024https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01085a024research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views616Altmetric-Citations161LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Studies of a familial platelet disorder (1985)

Abstract At least 22 members of a large kindred have a bleeding tendency resulting from an autosomal dominant disorder of platelet production and function. Phenotypic manifestations include mild to moderate thrombocytopenia, bleeding time prolongation, and abnormal platelet aggregation. Platelet survival time is normal. The platelet disorder in this family appears to differ from known hereditary thrombocytopenic or thrombocytopathic syndromes and may represent a new genetic disease. Six family members reportedly developed hematologic neoplasms: acute monocytic leukemia nine years after treatment for congenital neuroblastoma; lymphosarcoma at age 10 years; myeloid leukemia at age 23 years; acute myelocytic leukemia at age 62 years; leukemia of unknown type at age 48 years; and lymphocytic lymphoma at age 52 years.
Mutational analysis of the GPC3/GPC4 glypican gene cluster on Xq26 in patients with Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome: identification of loss-of-function mutations in the GPC3 gene (2000)

Simpson-Golabi-Behmel syndrome (SGBS) is an X-linked syndrome characterized by pre- and postnatal overgrowth (gigantism), which clinically resembles the autosomal Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS). Deletions and translocations involving the glypican-3 gene ( GPC3 ) have been shown to be associated with SGBS. Occasionally, these deletions also include the glypican-4 gene ( GPC4 ). Glypicans are heparan sulfate proteoglycans which have a role in the control of cell growth and cell division. We have examined the mutational status of the GPC3 and GPC4 genes in one patient with Perlman syndrome, three patients with overgrowth without syndrome diagnosis, ten unrelated SGBS-patients and 11 BWS patients. We identified one SGBS patient with a deletion of a GPC3 exon. Six SGBS patients showed point mutations in GPC3. One frameshift, three nonsense, and one splice mutation predict a loss-of-function of the glypican-3 protein. One missense mutation, W296R, changes an amino acid that is conserved in all glypicans identified so far. A GPC3 protein that reproduces this mutation is poorly processed and fails to increase the cell surface expression of heparan sulfate, suggesting that this missense mutation is also a loss-of-function mutation. In three SGBS patients and in all non-SGBS patients, no mutations could be identified. We found three single nucleotide polymorphisms in the GPC4 gene but no evidence for loss-of-function mutations in GPC4 associated with SGBS.
Solid-State Mesostructured Perovskite CH<sub>3</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>PbI<sub>3</sub> Solar Cells: Charge Transport, Recombination, and Diffusion Length (2014)

We report on the effect of TiO2 film thickness on charge transport and recombination in solid-state mesostructured perovskite CH3NH3PbI3 (via one-step coating) solar cells using spiro-MeOTAD as the hole conductor. Intensity-modulated photocurrent/photovoltage spectroscopies show that the transport and recombination properties of solid-state mesostructured perovskite solar cells are similar to those of solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells. Charge transport in perovskite cells is dominated by electron conduction within the mesoporous TiO2 network rather than from the perovskite layer. Although no significant film-thickness dependence is found for transport and recombination, the efficiency of perovskite cells increases with TiO2 film thickness from 240 nm to about 650-850 nm owing primarily to the enhanced light harvesting. Further increasing film thickness reduces cell efficiency associated with decreased fill factor or photocurrent density. The electron diffusion length in mesostructured perovskite cells is longer than 1 μm for over four orders of magnitude of light intensity.
Effective Production of Levulinic Acid from Biomass through Pretreatment Using Phosphoric Acid, Hydrochloric Acid, or Ionic Liquid (2014)

Levulinic acid is one of the top value-added chemicals. It can be obtained through the hydrolysis of some types of saccharides such as glucose, the constituent unit of cellulose. Cellulose is the most abundant natural resource on this planet; however, its rigid structure prevents the easy utilization of cellulose. In this study, an efficient method for the conversion of cellulose to levulinic acid was sought by reforming the structure of cellulose through several types of pretreatment. Pretreatment with highly concentrated acid was found to enhance the conversion efficiency of the subsequent acidic hydrothermal treatment. Through pretreatment with highly concentrated acid at 50 °C and acidic hydrothermal treatment in the range of 200–210 °C, cellulose was converted into levulinic acid by 40.1 C-% (48.2 mol %) and 49.2 C-% (59.1 mol %) when phosphoric acid and hydrochloric acid, respectively, were used as the reagent. When ionic liquid was used as the reagent for pretreatment, 60.7 C-% (72.9 mol %) of cellulose was successfully converted into levulinic acid. In addition, the key factors for the conversion were clarified to be the decrease of crystallinity; the solubilization of cellulose; and in the case of treatment using ionic liquid, an appropriate interaction between the ionic liquid and cellulose.
A comprehensive constitutive law for waxy crude oil: a thixotropic yield stress fluid (2014)

Guided by a series of discriminating rheometric tests, we develop a new constitutive model that can quantitatively predict the key rheological features of waxy crude oils. We first develop a series of model crude oils, which are characterized by a complex thixotropic and yielding behavior that strongly depends on the shear history of the sample. We then outline the development of an appropriate preparation protocol for carrying out rheological measurements, to ensure consistent and reproducible initial conditions. We use RheoPIV measurements of the local kinematics within the fluid under imposed deformations in order to validate the selection of a particular protocol. Velocimetric measurements are also used to document the presence of material instabilities within the model crude oil under conditions of imposed steady shearing. These instabilities are a result of the underlying non-monotonic steady flow curve of the material. Three distinct deformation histories are then used to probe the material's constitutive response. These deformations are steady shear, transient response to startup of steady shear with different aging times, and large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS). The material response to these three different flows is used to motivate the development of an appropriate constitutive model. This model (termed the IKH model) is based on a framework adopted from plasticity theory and implements an additive strain decomposition into characteristic reversible (elastic) and irreversible (plastic) contributions, coupled with the physical processes of isotropic and kinematic hardening. Comparisons of experimental to simulated response for all three flows show good quantitative agreement, validating the chosen approach for developing constitutive models for this class of materials.
Ethanol and signal transduction in the liver. (1992)

The liver is a major target for both short- and long-term actions of ethanol. The mechanisms that mediate the response of cells and tissues to chronic intake of ethanol are unknown, but it is likely that both adaptive and deleterious responses are triggered by short-term interactions of the cell with ethanol. Cellular signaling processes are candidates to mediate the connection between short- and long-term actions of ethanol. Receptor-coupled signal transduction systems in the plasma membrane of many different cell types are affected by ethanol. In the liver, the signaling processes associated with phospholipases C and D are particularly responsive to ethanol. In this review, we investigate the direct and indirect short-term effects of ethanol on the signal transduction systems in liver and discuss the possible implications for the responses of the liver to chronic ethanol exposure.
Left ventricular unloading decreases rate of isovolumic right ventricular pressure decline (1993)

To determine whether direct ventricular interaction affects right ventricular (RV) relaxation, we compared the minimum rate of change of RV pressure (dP/dtmin) and the time constant, tau, of isovolumic RV pressure decline in open-chest, anesthetized pigs following a normal left ventricular (LV) contraction and an acutely unloaded LV contraction. Rapid removal of blood via the LV apex into a prosthetic ventricle during a single systole decreased the LV pressure-time integral 68.3% and peak systolic pressure 49.9% without changing RV end-diastolic conditions. Micromanometers measured ventricular chamber pressures during single RV isovolumic beats, which were produced by transient pulmonary artery occlusion in both the control and the LV-unloaded states. When the LV was unloaded, RV tau rose significantly from 41.7 +/- (SD) 7.1 to 49.8 +/- 9.4 ms, P < 0.005 (pericardium intact) and 42.9 +/- 10.8 to 51.8 +/- 13.9 ms, P < 0.005 (pericardium opened). Simultaneously, RV dP/dtmin decreased from -400.5 +/- 136.6 to -288.3 +/- 46.8 mmHg/s, P = 0.14 (pericardium intact), and -342.4 +/- 104.2 to -241.2 +/- 118.9 mmHg/s, P < 0.01 (pericardium opened). These data indicate that LV systolic unloading decreases the rate of RV relaxation. We conclude that RV relaxation is influenced by direct anatomic ventricular interaction.
Regulation of cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium transport by calcium-calmodulin-dependent phosphorylation. (1983)

Cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum contains an endogenous calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase and a 22,000-Da substrate, phospholamban. This kinase is half-maximally activated (EC50) by 3.8 +/- 0.3 microM calcium and is absolutely dependent on exogenous calmodulin (EC50 = 49 nM). To determine the effect of this phosphorylation on calcium transport, sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles (0.5 mg/ml) were preincubated under conditions for optimal phosphorylation (50 mM potassium phosphate, pH 7.0, 10 mM MgCl2, 0.5 mM EGTA, 0.478 mM CACl2, 0.1 microM calmodulin, 0.5 mM ATP). Control sarcoplasmic reticulum was preincubated under identical conditions but in the absence of ATP to avoid phosphorylation. Both control and phosphorylated vesicles were centrifuged and resuspended in 0.3 M sucrose, 20 mM Tris-HCl, 100 mM KCl, pH 7.0, to remove calmodulin and subsequently assayed for calcium (45Ca) transport in the presence of 2.5 mM Tris-oxalate. Phosphorylation of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles by calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase resulted in a significant increase (2- to 4-fold) in the rate of calcium transport at low calcium concentrations (less than 3 microM), while calcium transport was minimally affected at higher calcium. Hill coefficients (n) derived from Hill plots of transport data showed no difference between control and phosphorylated sarcoplasmic reticulum (n = 2.0), indicating that phosphorylation does not alter the cooperativity between calcium sites on the calcium pump. The EC50 for calcium activation of calcium transport by control vesicles was 0.86 +/- 0.1 microM calcium, and phosphorylation of phospholamban decreased this value to 0.61 +/- 0.07 microM calcium (n = 7, p less than 0.028), indicating an increase in the apparent affinity for calcium upon phosphorylation. These results were found to be specific for calcium-calmodulin-dependent phosphorylation of phospholamban. Control experiments on the effects of the reactants used in the phosphorylation assay and subsequent centrifugation of sarcoplasmic reticulum showed no alteration of the rate of calcium transport. Therefore, the calcium pump in cardiac sarcoplasmic reticulum appears to be regulated by an endogenous calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, and this may provide an important regulatory mechanism for the myocardium.
Evidence-based practice guidelines for interventional techniques in the management of chronic spinal pain. (2003)

Evidence-based practice guidelines for interventional techniques in the management of chronic spinal pain are systematically developed and professionally derived statements and recommendations that assist both physicians and patients in making decisions about appropriate health care in the diagnosis and treatment of chronic or persistent pain. The guidelines were developed utilizing an evidence-based approach to increase patient access to treatment, to improve outcomes and appropriateness of care, and to optimize cost-effectiveness. All types of relevant and published evidence and consensus were utilized. The guidelines include a discussion of their purpose, rationale, and importance, including descriptions of the patient population served, the methodology, and the pathophysiologic basis for intervention. Multiple diagnostic and therapeutic interventional techniques are included in this document. Strong evidence was shown for diagnostic facet joint blocks for the diagnosis of facet joint pain, and lumbar provocative discography for discogenic pain. Moderate evidence was shown for sacroiliac joint blocks in the diagnosis of sacroiliac joint pain, and for transforaminal epidural injections in the preoperative evaluation of patients with negative or inconclusive imaging studies, but with clinical findings of nerve root irritation. Moderate to strong evidence was shown for multiple therapeutic interventional techniques including medial branch blocks and medial branch neurotomy; caudal epidural steroid injections and transforaminal epidural steroid injections; lumbar percutaneous adhesiolysis; and implantable therapies. These guidelines do not constitute inflexible treatment recommendations. It is expected that a provider will establish a plan of care on a case-by-case basis, taking into account an individual patient's medical condition, personal needs, and preferences, and the physician's experience. Based on an individual patient's needs, treatment different from that outlined here could be warranted. These guidelines do not represent "standard of care."
Tepidimonas fonticaldi sp. nov., a slightly thermophilic betaproteobacterium isolated from a hot spring (2012)

A slightly thermophilic bacterial strain, designated AT-A2(T), was isolated from a hot spring water sample taken from the Antun hot spring in Taiwan and characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Cells of strain AT-A2(T) were aerobic, Gram-negative, motile by a single polar flagellum and formed non-pigmented colonies. Growth occurred at 35-60 °C (optimum, 55 °C), with 0-1.0 % NaCl (optimum, 0.2 %) and at pH 7.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain AT-A2(T) belonged to the genus Tepidimonas and its closest neighbour was Tepidimonas thermarum AA-1(T) with a sequence similarity of 97.5 %. The predominant cellular fatty acids were C16 : 0 (40.2 %), summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c; 20.1 %) and C17 : 0 cyclo (11.5 %). The major respiratory quinone was Q-8. The polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, an uncharacterized aminolipid and several uncharacterized phospholipids. The DNA G+C content of strain AT-A2(T) was 70.1 mol%. The mean level of DNA-DNA relatedness between strain AT-A2(T) and Tepidimonas thermarum AA-1(T) was 23.9 %. On the basis of the phylogenetic and phenotypic data, strain AT-A2(T) should be classified as representing a novel species, for which the name Tepidimonas fonticaldi sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is AT-A2(T) ( = LMG 26746(T) = KCTC 23862(T) = BCRC 80391(T)).
Mechanism and Controlling Factors of Infrared-to-Visible Conversion Process in Er<sup>3+</sup> and Yb<sup>3+</sup>-Doped Phosphors (1972)

Luminescence and related optical properties of Er 3+ and Yb 3+ -doped YF 3 , Y 3 OC 7 and YOCl phosphors are precisely and extensively measured in the range from 4.2 K to room temperature, in order to investigate the mechanism and controlling factors of infrared-to-visible conversion. It is concluded that the red luminescence emitted from Er: 4 F 9/2 is produced by two energy transfers from Yb 3+ to Er 3+ ions, and that 4 F 9/2 is directly populated from Er: 4 I 13/2 by the second energy transfer. The cutoff phonon energy and electron-phonon coupling constant of the hosts, which dominate the probabilities of internal relaxation and phonon-assisted energy transfer, are indicated to be important controlling factors for the conversion process, in addition to the relative energy positions of Yb: 2 F 5/2 and Er: 4 I 11/2 . The hosts having larger values of these factors, such as Y 3 OCl 7 , are advantageous to the red luminescence, while those with the opposite tendency, such as YF 3 , are favorable to the green luminescence.
Spinal muscular atrophy: Recent advances and future prospects (2002)

Spinal muscular atrophies (SMA) are characterized by degeneration of lower motor neurons associated with muscle paralysis and atrophy. Childhood SMA is a frequent recessive autosomal disorder and represents one of the most common genetic causes of death in childhood. Mutations of the SMN1 gene are responsible for SMA. The knowledge of the genetic basis of SMA, a better understanding of SMN function, and the recent generation of SMA mouse models represent major advances in the field of SMA. These are starting points towards understanding the pathophysiology of SMA and developing therapeutic strategies for this devastating neurodegenerative disease, for which no curative treatment is known so far.
Physical and Chemical Considerations of the Role of Firmly and Loosely Bound Fluoride in Caries Prevention (1990)

Historically, there has been considerable debate concerning the roles of loosely bound (calcium fluoride) and firmly bound (fluorapatite) fluoride for caries prevention. Research now shows that fluorapatite (FAP) is a finite reaction product of enamel/apatite fluoridation with or without CaF2 formation, suggesting that CaF2 always be considered as a supplement to, rather than a substitute for, FAP formation. In the presence of low levels of fluoride in the solution phase, the crystallization of hydroxyapatite is enhanced, while the corresponding dissolution is retarded. Fluoride in the bulk FAP or CaF2 solid phase, in contrast, has limited impact on crystal growth or dissolution kinetics. Both FAP and CaF2 can provide F to the solution phase to enhance remineralization and retard demineralization of enamel HAP crystallites. The FAP provides most of this F under low pH conditions, while CaF2 provides F at neutral or lower pH. The reactivity of fluoride on sound and carious enamel differs significantly. Carious enamel acquires more fluoride, acquires it more quickly, and itself acts as a source of retained fluoride in comparison with the more limited reactivity of sound enamel. Overall, the most important question concerning fluoride reactivity relates to its efficiency in enhancing remineralization or retarding demineralization processes. This is influenced not only by the reaction products, e.g., loosely or firmly bound fluoride, but also by the nature of the enamel substrate and frequency of application of the topical fluoridating agent. Inasmuch as the reactivity of bulk HAP is dominated by surface layers of FAP material, the debate over usefulness of various fluoride reaction products solely on a chemical level is no longer critical. Instead, all factors influencing the efficiency of a fluoridating regimen must be considered in the development of improved systems for caries prevention.
1,8-octanedithiol as a processing additive for bulk heterojunction materials: Enhanced photoconductive response (2008)

We present measurements of steady state and transient (τ&lt;70ps) photoconductivity of the low bandgap polymer poly[2,6-(4,4-bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b;3,4-b′]-dithiophene)-alt-4,7-(2,1,3-benzothiadiazole)] mixed with [6,6]-phenyl C71-butyric acid methyl ester films processed with and without the 1,8-octanedithiol additive. The data demonstrate enhanced photoconductive response in the bulk heterojunction material processed with the additive. The increase results primarily from enhanced carrier mobility and to a lesser extent from a more efficient photogeneration of mobile carriers and longer mobile carrier lifetimes. The enhanced photoresponse is consistent with the increase in power conversion efficiency obtained from solar cells in which the bulk heterojunction film is processed using 1,8-octanedithiol.
Dissociation behavior of poly(itaconic acid) by potentiometric titration and intrinsic viscosity (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDissociation behavior of poly(itaconic acid) by potentiometric titration and intrinsic viscositySeigou Kawaguchi, Yasuo Nishikawa, Toshiaki Kitano, Koichi Ito, and Akira MinakataCite this: Macromolecules 1990, 23, 10, 2710–2714Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00212a020https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00212a020research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views590Altmetric-Citations35LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts