gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Atomic layer deposition of chromium oxide—An interplay between deposition and etching (2021)

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) of chromium oxide (Cr2O3) thin films is investigated in a custom built hot wall viscous flow reactor configuration at 300 °C. Chromium(III) 2,4-pentanedionate [Cr(acac)3] and ozone (O3) are employed as the metal and the oxygen sources, respectively. In situ quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and ex situ x-ray reflectivity studies are utilized as the two complementary techniques to monitor the growth mechanism and self-limiting deposition chemistry during Cr2O3 ALD. In situ QCM studies reveal a negligible nucleation period on the previously grown Al-OH* terminated surface before revealing the perfectly linear growth mechanism at 300 °C. The saturated growth rate is found to be ca. 0.28 Å/cycle. In addition, excessive O3 exposure also reveals an alternative, controlled, and spontaneous etching pathway of the growing film as a result of the partial surface oxidation of Cr2O3. The as-deposited thin films are found to exhibit a polycrystalline rhombohedral structure without any preferential orientation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies reveal uniform distribution of Cr and O throughout the stack of ca. 40 nm film with minimum C impurities. High resolution scans of Cr 2p core level also confirm the presence of Cr in the +3 oxidation state with the corresponding multiplet spectrum.
State Failure - A Rationale for EU Foreign Policy? (2009)

'Estats fallits' ha arribat a ser un lema popular per als acadèmics i els polítics per igual. En opinió dels governs occidentals i les institucions internacionals, els estats fallits no compleixen amb les condicions necessàries per assolir el desenvolupament econòmic i social i alhora proporcionar un terreny fèrtil per als actors violents conflictes i no estatals que participen en la delinqüència internacional. La Unió Europea té una relació de llarga data amb els països de l'Àfrica subsahariana, molts dels quals es caracteritzen per ser fallat. En aquest treball es pretén analitzar si el compromís retòric de la UE per fer front a la insuficiència de l'Estat es tradueix en un enfocament coherent davant les causes profundes de la fragilitat de l'Estat i pregunta pels factors que expliquen el compromís de la UE amb els problemes que enfronten aquests estats. Mitjançant la comparació de les polítiques europees cap a la República Democràtica del Congo, Sierra Leone i la República Centreafricana, s'argumenta que la resposta de la UE als Estats fallits es desenvolupa d'una manera incoherent esbiaixada cap a les situacions de conflicte en lloc de ser guiat per una preocupació més general per fragilitat . L'anàlisi suggereix que la participació de la UE es deu principalment a interessos coincidents en els Estats membres i de la UE.
Distance Based Outlier for Data Streams Using Grid Structure (2009)

(1) Intelligence Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Software, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 4 No., South Fourth Street, Zhong Guan Cun, Beijing, 1001 90, China; (2) Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; (3) COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
Haptic rendering-beyond visual computing - A haptic-rendering technique based on hybrid surface representation (2004)

A novel haptic rendering technique using a hybrid surface representation addresses conventional limitations in haptic displays. A haptic interface lets the user touch, explore, paint, and manipulate virtual 3D models in a natural way using a haptic display device. A haptic rendering algorithm must generate a force field to simulate the presence of these virtual objects and their surface properties (such as friction and texture), or to guide the user along a specific trajectory. We can roughly classify haptic rendering algorithms according to the surface representation they use: geometric haptic algorithms for surface data, and volumetric haptic algorithms based on volumetric data including implicit surface representation. Our algorithm is based on a hybrid surface representation - a combination of geometric (B-rep) and implicit (V-rep) surface representations for a given 3D object, which takes advantage of both surface representations.
Studies on antirheumatic agents. 3-Benzoylpropionic acid derivatives. (1988)

As part of the search for new antirheumatic agents, three types of 3-benzoylpropionic acid derivatives having a mercapto moiety in their structures were prepared, and tested for suppressing activity on adjuvant arthritis in Sprague-Dawley rats. A structure-activity relationship study showed that substitution on the phenyl ring contributed to the activity and the most favorable substituent was different in each type of derivative.
Fiber Optic Doppler Systems For Remote Sensing Of Fluid Flow. (1988)

An experimental study of the use of lasers in measuring flows associated with compressional waves has been undertaken. A prototype differential laser Doppler system amenable to a variety of design modifications has been assembled and tested on single frequency wave fields in a water-filled standing wave tube. The use of polarization preserving fibers in the laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV) can lead to both (1) a very compact design for the optical measuring head, and (2), novel signal processing capabilities. The discussion is illustrated with experimental data obtained with a 1 watt argon-ion laser.
An Interleaved Half-Bridge Three-Port Converter With Enhanced Power Transfer Capability Using Three-Leg Rectifier for Renewable Energy Applications (2015)

In this paper, an interleaved half-bridge (IHB) three-port converter (TPC) is proposed for a renewable power system. The IHB-TPC is used to interface three power ports: 1) one source port; 2) one battery port; and 3) one isolated load port. The proposed IHB-TPC is derived by integrating two half-bridge TPC modules. A parallel configuration is adopted for the primary side of the two half-bridge modules, while a parallel–series configuration is adopted for the secondary side of the two modules. The power can be transferred from the source and the battery to the load within the whole switching cycle with the proposed IHB-TPC. It means there are no additional conduction losses caused by the circulating current or the free-wheeling operation stage. Hence, the voltage gain can be extended, and the output filter can be reduced. Zero-voltage switching is realized for all the four main switches to reduce the switching losses. Two of the three ports can be tightly regulated by adopting pulsewidth modulation plus phase-shift control, while the third port is left unregulated to maintain power balance for the system. The operation principles and the performances of the proposed converter are analyzed in detail. The experimental results are given to verify the feasibility and the effectiveness of the proposed converter.
Aromatic fluorination with N.C.A. F‐18 fluoride: A comparative study (1985)

Abstract Fluorination of aromatic rings with no carrier added (n.c.a.) 18 F‐fluoride was investigated using aryl triazenes and aryl iodides as substrates. Aryl triazenes give low yields of labeled under all conditions, and evidence was obtained to indicate that an inert solvent was unnecessary for the reaction. Nucleophilic substitution of aromatic iodides in DMSO was found to be a superior method of fluorination yielding up to 70% incorporation of label. The scope and limitations of this new labeling reaction are reported.
Antibodies to Neuronal Targets in Neurological and Psychiatric Diseases (2003)

The role of antibodies to specific neuronal and muscle ion channels in the etiology of neuromuscular transmission disorders is now well accepted. In addition, maternal antibodies can cross the placenta and cause neonatal disease or even alter the development of the infant, raising the possibility that some neurodevelopmental conditions could be caused by maternal antibodies. Voltage-gated ion channels are expressed in the brain as well as at the neuromuscular junction, and in recent years it has become clear that antibodies to some central nervous system (CNS) channels can be associated with CNS disease. This review highlights features of these conditions, preliminary investigations into neurodevelopmental disorders, and areas for further study.
Statin use during pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2012)

Statins enjoy widespread acceptance as effective drugs to reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with and without cardiovascular disease, and are considered safe for long-term use. However, these compounds are contraindicated during pregnancy based on their potential teratogenic effects. Owing to the increasing number of young women eligible for statin therapy and the concern that the discontinuation of statin therapy might be harmful for both mother and child with hypercholesterolemia, gestational exposure to statins has increasingly become an issue of significant clinical importance. In this systematic review of both human and animal studies on the teratogenic effects of statins during pregnancy, we found that most of the available data in fact suggests that statins are unlikely to be teratogenic. In humans, the observed congenital anomalies were isolated and no consistent pattern has emerged to suggest that a common mechanism could underlie these observations. Animal studies show conflicting results, but in the reports in which an excess of congenital anomalies was reported in the statin-treated rodents, excessive doses were used compared with the regimens we commonly prescribe to human subjects.
A Conformational Study of Phospha(III)- and Phospha(V)-guanidine Compounds (2006)

Spectroscopic, crystallographic, and computational studies of the substituent distribution about the "NCN" unit in a series of phospha(III)- and phospha(V)-guanidines, R(2)PC{NR'}{NHR'} and R(2)P(E)C{NR'}{NHR'} (R = Ph, Cy; R' = (i)Pr, Cy; E = S, Se), are reported. In the phosphorus(III) systems, the P-diphenyl substituted compounds are observed as only one isomer, shown by NMR spectroscopy to be the E(syn)-(alpha) configuration. In contrast, the corresponding P-dicyclohexyl derivatives exist as a mixture of E(syn)-(alpha) and Z(anti) in solution. Spectroscopic techniques are unable to determine whether the latter isomer exists as the alpha- or beta-conformer relative to rotation about the P-C(amidine)() bond; however, DFT calculations indicate a low-energy structure for the N,N'-dimethyl model complex in the beta-conformation. In their oxidized sulfo and seleno forms, the P-diphenyl compounds are present as an interconverting equilibrium mixture of the E(syn)-(beta) and Z(syn)-(beta) isomers in solution ( approximately 3:2 ratio), whereas for the P-dicyclohexyl analogues, the latter configuration (in which the nitrogen substituents are in a more sterically unfavorably cisoid arrangement about the imine double bond) is the dominant form. Intramolecular E...HN (E = S, Se) interactions are observed in solution for the Z(syn)-(beta) configuration of both P-substituted species, characterized by J(SeH) coupling in the NMR spectrum for the P(V)-seleno compounds and a bathochromic shift of the NH absorption in the infrared spectrum. An X-ray crystallographic analysis of representative Ph(2)P(E)- and Cy(2)P(E)-substituted species shows exclusively the E(syn)-(beta) configuration for the P-diphenyl substituted compounds and the Z(syn)-(beta) form for the P-dicyclohexyl derivatives, independent of the chalcogen and the nitrogen substituents. Results from a DFT analysis of model compounds fail to identify a compelling electronic argument for the observed preferences in substituent orientation, suggesting that steric factors play an important role in determining the subtle energetic differences at work in these systems.
Wettability Alteration and Foam Mobility Control in a Layered 2-D Heterogeneous System (2011)

Abstract In a layered 2-D heterogeneous sandpack with 19:1 permeability contrast that was preferentially oil-wet, the recovery by waterflood was only 49.1% of original oil-in-place (OOIP) due to injected water flowing through high-permeability zone leaving low-permeability zone unswept. In order to enhance oil recovery, an anionic surfactant blend (NI) was injected that altered the wettability and lowered the interfacial tension (IFT) and consequently enabled gravity and capillary pressure driven vertical counter-current flow to occur and exchange fluids between high- and low-permeability zones during a 42-day system shut-in. Cumulative recovery after a subsequent foamflood was 94.6% OOIP even though foam strength was weak. Recovery with chemical flood (incremental-recovered-oil/waterflood-remaining-oil) was 89.4%. An alternative method is to apply foam mobility control as a robust viscous force dominant process with no initial surfactant injection and shut-in. The light crude oil studied in this paper was extremely detrimental for foam generation. However, the addition of lauryl betaine to NI at a weight ratio of 1:2 (NI: lauryl betaine), made the new NIB blend a good foaming agent with and without the presence of the crude oil. NIB by itself as an IFT reducing and foaming agent is shown to be effective in various secondary and tertiary alkaline/surfactant/foam (ASF) processes in water-wet 1-D homogeneous sandpacks, and in an oil-wet, heterogeneous layered system with 34:1 permeability ratio.
A 167-Processor Computational Platform in 65 nm CMOS (2009)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> A 167-processor computational platform consists of an array of simple programmable processors capable of per-processor dynamic supply voltage and clock frequency scaling, three algorithm-specific processors, and three 16 KB shared memories; and is implemented in 65 nm CMOS. All processors and shared memories are clocked by local fully independent, dynamically haltable, digitally-programmable oscillators and are interconnected by a configurable circuit-switched network which supports long-distance communication. Programmable processors occupy 0.17<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\ \hbox{mm}^{2}$</tex></formula> and operate at a maximum clock frequency of 1.2 GHz at 1.3 V. At 1.2 V, they operate at 1.07 GHz and consume 47.5<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$~$</tex></formula>mW when 100% active, resulting in an energy dissipation of 44 pJ per operation. At 0.675 V, they operate at 66 MHz and consume 608<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\ \mu\hbox{W}$</tex></formula> when 100% active, resulting in a total energy dissipation of 9.2 pJ per ALU or MAC operation. </para>
A NOVEL PLANAR STRUCTURE FOR IMPLEMENTING POWER DIVIDER OR BALUN WITH VARIABLE POWER DIVISION (2014)

A simple and analytical design methodology for a novel planar four-port structure to implement power divider (PD) or balun with variable power division is proposed in this paper. It consists of two difierent 3dB branch-line couplers and one coupled-line phase shifter whose length can be changed to implement variable power division. Difierent from the previous designs, the power divider and balun with variable power division can be realized in only one circuit by changing the electrical length µ0 of the coupled line when the impedance ratio g is selected. According to the ABCD parameters and linear algebra calculation, closed-form mathematical equations for the circuit electrical values and scattering parameters can be obtained. A prototype with this proposed circuit, operating at 2GHz, has been designed and fabricated using microstrip technology. Good agreements between the calculated and measured results verify our design.
Predicting HIV-1 coreceptor usage with sequence analysis. (2003)

Bioinformatics approaches are increasingly being used to identify and understand the genetic variation underlying changes in HIV-1 biological phenotype. The variable regions of the viral envelope are the major determinant of virus coreceptor usage and cell tropism. Specifically, amino acids 11 and 25 in the 3rd variable (V3) loop have been found to strongly influence viral syncytium inducing capacity and coreceptor usage. Many additional V3 loop changes, however, as well as changes elsewhere in Env, are thought to contribute to phenotype. In this review we describe several recently developed methods to analyze this variability and their use to predict biological phenotype based on sequence information. These approaches have identified changes in the V3 loop, in addition to the known changes at positions 11 and 25, that affect phenotype and significantly enhance our ability to predict phenotype from genotype. Besides improving phenotype prediction, methods that score V3 sequences on a continuous scale can also assist in the interpretation of evolutionary information about shifts in phenotype, and the relationship between that evolution and pathogenesis. Several examples and potential practical applications of this scoring are discussed. We conclude that advances in computational approaches have enhanced both our ability to predict and to understand HIV-1 biological phenotype evolution. Further development of these methods, by extending analysis to regions outside the V3 loop and to clades beyond subtype B, will extend our understanding of HIV-1 pathogenesis and inform treatment strategies.
Techniques for Interactive Video Cubism (2000)

This paper presents an interactive video visualization technique called video cubism. With this technique, video data is considered to be a block of three dimensional data where frames of video data comprise the third dimension. The user can observe and manipulate a cut plane or cut sphere through the video data. An external real-time video source may also be attached to the video cube. The visualization leads to images that are aesthetically interesting as well as being useful for image analysis.
Ultra-compact universal polarization X-band unit cell for high-performance active phased array radar (2016)

This paper describes the design of a high-performance X-band antenna array for a tileable dual-linear and circularly-polarized active phased array antenna. A 4×4 unit cell prototype was built and integrated with state-of-the-art T/R modules conforming to an active tile array. The use of cross patches as a stacked configuration add polarization purity while maintaining high bandwidth. The antenna is fed with four probes to implement a balanced differential feeding network in order to create a 180° phase delay between the opposing probes. This provides high polarization purity while maintaining the ability to do quadrature feeding for circular polarization. Preliminary results using uncalibrated patterns show promise for the potential implementation of the active array for circular and linear polarization based on an ultra-compact tile architecture.
Enhanced Lattice Oxygen Reactivity over Ni-Modified WO<sub>3</sub>-Based Redox Catalysts for Chemical Looping Partial Oxidation of Methane (2017)

Partially oxidizing methane into syngas via a two-step chemical looping scheme is a promising option for methane transformation. Providing the optimum lattice oxygen to selectively produce syngas represents the major challenge for the development of oxygen carrier materials in chemical looping processes. This paper describes the design of WO3-based oxygen carriers as the primary source of lattice oxygen with high melting points and attractive syngas selectivity. To further enhance the lattice oxygen availability and methane conversion capacity, NiO nanoclusters are introduced, considering the doping effect on chemical bonding disruption in both bulk and surface regions. For Ni0.5WOx/Al2O3, the nickel cations incorporated into the bulk of WO3 can strongly weaken the tungsten–oxygen bond strength and increase the availability of lattice oxygen. The surface-grafted nickel species can effectively activate methane molecules and catalyze the partial oxidation reaction. Total methane conversion and syngas yield can be substantially increased by about 2.7-fold in comparison with unmodified WO3/Al2O3. This work demonstrates that the bulk and surface modifications are feasible to tailor the active lattice oxygen of oxygen-carrying materials in chemical looping processes.
Splitting of calibration data by cluster analysis (1991)

Abstract The topic of the present paper is the splitting of calibration data into subgroups with improved linearity in each group. The method proposed is based on a criterion which is a weighted average of a Mahalanobis distance and a squared regression residual. The algorithm used to find the solution is based on fuzzy clustering. Two examples are given to illustrate the theory.
A novel approach in handover initiation for microcellular systems (2002)

A handover initiation algorithm based on signal level measurements and modelled as a composite binary hypothesis test is presented. The implementation of the algorithm is made by a neural network structure which allows fast response (compared to previous methods based on hysteresis margins) as well as adaptability to traffic conditions. Although traffic measurements performed by the base stations (BS) may, also, facilitate the decision for handover initiation, the final decision is made by the mobile terminal (MT), thus, leading to a mobile controlled handover (MCHO) strategy.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Studies of the Biochemical Background to Differences in Glucosinolate Content in <i>Brassica napus</i> L. II. Administration of Some Sulphur‐35 and Carbon‐14 Compounds and Localization of Metabolic Blocks (1971)

Abstract The aim of the investigation was to study the differences in the metabolism of substances that are utilized in the synthesis of glucosinolates between the Brassica napus cv. Bronowski, which is very low in glucosinolate content, and a cultivar (cv. Regina II) that contains approximately average amounts of these compounds. By experiments in which the plants were grown in nutrient solutions supplied with sulphate‐ 35 S, it was shown that the rate of sulphate uptake was similar in the two cultivars. No accumulation of intermediate metabolites could be demonstrated by autoradiography in Bronowski. Sulphate‐ 35 S, methionine‐ 35 S, methionine‐2‐ 14 C, 2‐amino‐6‐(methylthio)caproic acid‐2‐ 14 C, and S‐(β‐ d ‐glucopyranosyl)‐4‐pentenethiohydroximic acid (desulpho‐3‐butenylglucosinolate) (glucose‐U‐ 14 C or 35 S) were fed to shoots of the two cultivars. After incubation, the plant material was extracted with methanol. The extracts were separated into various fractions, and in some experiments glucosinolates or derivatives of their degradation products were isolated. When measuring the radioactivity of the various fractions or isolated products, the incorporation of radioactivity into glucosinolates was found to be poor in Bronowski from sulphate, methionine, and 2‐amino‐6‐(methylthio)caproic acid. Desulpho‐3‐butenyl‐glucosinolate was an efficient precursor of 3‐butenylglucosinolate in Bronowski, but a poor precursor of 2‐hydroxy‐3‐bute‐nylglucosinolate, which suggests a metabolic block at the hydroxylation step in this cultivar. In Regina II desulpho‐3‐butenylglucosinolate was a good precursor of both 3‐butenylglucosinolate and of 2‐hydroxy‐3‐butenylglucosinolate, which demonstrates that these glucosinolates may be synthesized without prior formation of the corresponding co‐methylthioalkyl glucosinolates and that the hydroxylation can take place after the formation of desulpho‐3‐butenylglucosinolate. The results indicate that the low glucosinolate content of Bronowski is caused by block(s) in the separate pathway leading to the biosynthesis of glucosinolates.