gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Precise and high-throughput femtopulse laser mask repair of large defects (2006)

As mask complexity has increased and design rules continued to shrink, the manufacturing cost per mask has steadily increased as well. Studies also show that defects are the number one issue for mask yield. Smaller defects are typically addressed through process development, or through photomask repair. The occurrence of large defects often may only be further reduced through use of expensive clean room improvements, like SMIF handling systems. The impact of each large defect therefore increases while the feasibility in their repair decreases as they can span a large number of adjoining densely packed patterns. The presence of sub-resolution features such as scatter bars and the increasing use of embedded phase-shifting masks also complicates the timely repair of such defects. Existing mask repair techniques such as nanomachining, electron beam, or focused ion beam are challenged to produce high yield repairs on such large defects within a reasonable timeframe. Often very complex repairs may in fact take longer than a rewrite of the mask! Deep UV (DUV) femtosecond pulse laser mask repair provides a unique solution to this defect repair need. Methods and results are discussed for the process optimization for the removal of large (5μm) area repair on both Cr and MoSi absorber films on quartz. Additionally, high repair throughput results are shown for unknown contamination removal, and reproduction of ≥1 μm complex unconnected patterns in a single repair run lasting a matter of minutes. Closed-loop CD feedback in-situ with the iterative repair process for such structures can readily result in an edge placement control within ±15 nm. Prior iterative CD closed-loop repairs on specific structures have reliably yielded results within ±10 nm, as confirmed by AIMS CD error, even after aggressive mask wet clean. The nanometer scale dimensional resolution and repeatability of such repairs is shown with the use of sub-pixel resolution automated pattern reconstruction using integrated high-NA DUV microscope imaging.
Neuropathic pain in a Fabry disease rat model (2018)

Fabry disease, the most common lysosomal storage disease, affects multiple organs and results in a shortened life span. This disease is caused by a deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme α-galactosidase A, which leads to glycosphingolipid accumulation in many cell types. Neuropathic pain is an early and severely debilitating symptom in patients with Fabry disease, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms that cause the pain are unknown. We generated a rat model of Fabry disease, the first nonmouse model to our knowledge. Fabry rats had substantial serum and tissue accumulation of α-galactosyl glycosphingolipids and had pronounced mechanical pain behavior. Additionally, Fabry rat dorsal root ganglia displayed global N-glycan alterations, sensory neurons were laden with inclusions, and sensory neuron somata exhibited prominent sensitization to mechanical force. We found that the cation channel transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) is sensitized in Fabry rat sensory neurons and that TRPA1 antagonism reversed the behavioral mechanical sensitization. This study points toward TRPA1 as a potentially novel target to treat the pain experienced by patients with Fabry disease.
CMOS-compatible silicon nitride spectrometers for lab-on-a-chip spectral sensing (2016)

We report on miniaturized optical spectrometers integrated on a photonic integrated circuit (PIC) platform based on silicon nitride waveguides and fabricated in a CMOS-compatible approach. As compared to a silicon- on-insulator PIC-platform, the usage of silicon nitride allows for operation in the visible and near infrared. Furthermore, the moderately high refractive index contrast in silicon-nitride photonic wire waveguides provides a valuable compromise between compactness, optical loss and sensitivity to phase error. Three generic types of on-chip spectrometers are discussed: the arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) spectrometer, the echelle grating or planar concave grating (PCG) spectrometer and the stationary Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) spectrometer. Both the design as well as experimental results are presented and discussed. For the FTS spectrometer a specific design is described in detail leading to an ultra-small (0.1 mm<sup>2</sup>) footprint device with a resolution of 1 nm and a spectral range of 100nm. Examples are given of the usage of these spectrometers in refractive index biosensing, absorption spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy.
Aluminium-27 nuclear magnetic resonance studies of the hydrolysis of aluminium(III). Part 4. Hydrolysis using sodium carbonate (1981)

Hydrolysis with sodium carbonate carried out in the shortest possible time and without subsequent ageing produces solutions whose composition depends upon the degree of hydrolysis achieved and contain varying proportions of [Al(OH2)6]3+, [(H2O)4Al(OH)2Al(OH2)4]4+, and [AlO4Al12(OH)24(OH2)12]7+ and apparently no other species, although many new ions can form quite quickly as the solutions age. The fundamental hydrolysis reaction of Al3+ seems to involve only these three species and so can be described in surprisingly simple terms. As soon as any ageing is allowed then a variety of reactions can occur leading in general to the production of larger polymers, some of which may have definable structures.
Thin film thermoelectric cooler thermal validation and product thermal performance estimation (2006)

The shrinking transistor feature sizes have resulted broadly in two different packaging thermal challenges; cooling the total thermal design power of the microprocessor, and thermal suppression of the hot spots which have progressively higher heat fluxes through silicon generations. Solid-state thin film thermoelectric coolers offer a possible solution strategy to the hot spot problems by mitigating the thermal non-uniformity of the silicon. However, considerable challenges are present in incorporating the thermoelectric coolers into a test device and thermal characterization of the prototypes. The present work captures the experimental and thermal modeling methodology that was used to characterize the thermal-electrical behavior of the prototypes. This characterization was followed up with a validation of the prototype over a range of uniform and hot spot heating. A temperature variation of less than 1/spl deg/C in T/sub j/ between the experimental and modeling results were seen. In addition, less than 3% variation in electrical current supplied to the TFTEC module was seen between the experimental and modeling results. Based on the validated thermal model, a product use-condition modeling methodology was established in which the non-uniform heating of the product in use-condition was considered. This methodology was demonstrated using a product example and the hot spot temperature suppression was estimated to be 6/spl deg/C, compared to the case when no thermoelectric cooler was used. Several interesting phenomena such as creation of new hot spots around the TFTEC module region were also observed.
Effect of Physical Properties and Composition on Fuels on Autoignition and Cetane Rating (1987)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Diesel engines have to face the prospect of running on heavy and/or low cetane fuels in the future because of the expected changes in base stock and demand. The effect of physical properties and composition of fuels on the ignition delay and cetane rating is examined. The experiments were conducted on fuels having a very wide range of physical properties and C.N., in a CFR engine. The ignition delay is measured under the standard ASTM D-613 procedure and under varying needle opening pressures, and coolant temperatures. The ignition delay of some fuels is found to be dependent on the physical properties and composition of the fuels in addition to the cetane number. The cetane rating according to ASTM-D613 procedure is found to take place under hot engine conditions with a single stage ignition process. At lower compression ratios, a two stage ignition was observed. A correlation between cetane number and fuel composition was derived and found to be in agreement with the experimental results.</div>
Dynamic elastic interpolation for 3D medical image reconstruction from serial cross sections (1988)

An interpolation method is proposed for generating the intermediate contours between a start contour and a goal contour. Coupled with the display method for voxel-based objects, it provides a powerful tool for reconstructing the 3D object from serial cross sections. The method tries to fill in the lost information between two slices, assuming that there is smooth change between them. This is a reasonable assumption provided that the sampling is at least twice the Nyquist rate, in which case the result of the interpolation is expected to be very close to reality. One of the major advantages of this approach is its ability to handle the branching problem. Another major advantage is that after each intermediate contour is generated and sent to display device, there is no need to keep it in the memory unless the solid model will be used for further processing. Thus, the space complexity of this algorithm is relatively low.
Semisynthesis of H‐Ras with a glutamic acid methylester at position 61 (2007)

The mechanism of the guanosine triphosphate (GTP) hydrolysis reaction of small G-proteins such as Ras is generally understood; however, some important molecular details are still missing. One example concerns the role of Gln61 in the catalysis of the GTP hydrolysis reaction. This amino acid is frequently mutated in oncogenic Ras leading to constitutively active variants of the protein. To elucidate the role of Gln61, subtle structural changes were introduced at this position by exchanging the natural occurring glutamine against a glutamic acid methyl ester (GluOme). Thereby the H-bond donor properties of this residue are changed and analysis of the GTP hydrolysis reaction can provide information on the function of the native carboxamide moiety. Using a semisynthetic approach, Ras(1-166)Gln61GluOMe was synthesized by sequential native chemical ligation of three unprotected peptide segments. Peptides Ras(1-50) and Ras(51-79)Gln61GluOMe were synthesized using Boc chemistry. The C-terminal peptide Ras(80-166) was expressed in E. coli. Initial tests of this semisynthetic strategy were performed by synthesis of the N- and C-terminally truncated protein variant Ras(39-101)Gln61GluOMe. The identified optimal reaction conditions were then applied to the synthesis of Ras(1-166)Gln61GluOMe. Refolding of the semisynthetic product in the presence of GTP was successful and revealed intrinsic GTPase activity of Ras(1-166)Gln61GluOMe.
Resource-Aware Adaptive Scheduling for MapReduce Clusters (2011)

We present a resource-aware scheduling technique for MapReduce multi-job workloads that aims at improving resource utilization across machines while observing completion time goals. Existing MapReduce schedulers define a static number of slots to represent the capacity of a cluster, creating a fixed number of execution slots per machine. This abstraction works for homogeneous workloads, but fails to capture the different resource requirements of individual jobs in multi-user environments. Our technique leverages job profiling information to dynamically adjust the number of slots on each machine, as well as workload placement across them, to maximize the resource utilization of the cluster. In addition, our technique is guided by user-provided completion time goals for each job. Source code of our prototype is available at [1].
Transcription initiation sites and nucleotide sequence of a herpes simplex virus 1 gene conserved in the Epstein-Barr virus genome and reported to affect the transport of viral glycoproteins (1986)

Earlier reports have localized mutations which affect the processing and transport of herpes simplex virus 1 glycoproteins to a region located between the genes specifying glycoprotein B and the major viral DNA-binding protein (beta 8). The nucleotide sequence of this region contains a single long open reading frame encoding a 780-amino-acid protein with a predicted molecular weight of 83,845. To confirm the existence of this protein, rabbit polyclonal antibody was made against a synthetic peptide made according to the predicted sequence of a hydrophilic domain near the carboxy terminal of the protein. This antibody reacted with an infected cell protein of an apparent molecular weight of 95,500. We designated this protein infected cell protein 18.5 (ICP18.5). S1 nuclease analysis suggested that the 5.6-kilobase mRNA encoding ICP18.5 is initiated predominantly from one site, but three weaker initiation sites also seemed to occur within a 74-base-pair stretch of DNA. This gene appears to be conserved in the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome, inasmuch as 174 of the 780 amino acids of ICP18.5 align with corresponding amino acids predicted by the EBV open reading frame BALF3. The EBV gene is located adjacent to the gene specifying a homolog of the herpes simplex virus 1 glycoprotein B.
Metastasis to the Bladder: A Rare Site of Recurrence of Renal Cell Carcinoma (2022)

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is considered to be the deadliest urologic cancer with high rates of metastasis and recurrence after nephrectomy. RCC can metastasize to nearly any organ but most commonly metastasizes to the liver, lung, brain, and bone. To date, there are only about 40 reported cases of RCC with solitary bladder metastasis. The following report contributes to this limited data set of patients with RCC who develop solitary metastasis to the bladder. A 69-year-old male presented with occasional gross hematuria and was found to have a left renal mass infiltrating the collecting system. Ureteroscopic biopsy revealed clear cell RCC, and the patient subsequently underwent radical left nephrectomy. Eight months after nephrectomy, the patient presented to the clinic with gross hematuria. In-office cystoscopy demonstrated a nodular lesion in the bladder arising from the left ureteral orifice. The patient underwent transurethral resection of the bladder mass and pathology demonstrated clear cell RCC. Subsequent imaging showed no evidence of metastatic disease. Five months after transurethral resection, the patient was found to have a left distal ureteral mass and underwent left ureterectomy with partial cystectomy. Pathology again demonstrated clear cell RCC. RCC with solitary metastasis to the bladder is rare, and there are no targeted guideline recommendations for management. Per standard of care, patients with painless hematuria and risk factors for malignancy should undergo cystoscopy. In patients with a history of RCC, metastasis to the bladder should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Patients with metastatic RCC to the bladder should undergo a thorough work-up for additional sites of metastasis. In patients with RCC who develop solitary bladder metastasis amenable to resection following nephrectomy, there is a lack of evidence to guide therapy and a multidisciplinary discussion is warranted. However, if the tumor is amenable to resection, metastasectomy is a reasonable therapeutic approach and offers the patient an improved quality of life and an opportunity for remission.
Passionate kissing and microlesions of the oral mucosa: possible role in AIDS transmission (1989)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> Kissing generally is considered protective sex.<sup>1</sup>We do not agree, since the oral mucosa is very fragile. In fact, hepatitis B infection may occur by the oral route through microlesions present in the oral mucosa (inapparent-parenteral route)<sup>2,3</sup>and not by the classic enteric route.<sup>4</sup> Since it is impossible to verify the presence of microlesions in the oral mucosa by inspection, we suggest that the presence of blood in saliva is indirect evidence of them. After encouraging preliminary results,<sup>5</sup>we have verified this phenomenon by carrying out the following experiment. <h3>Study. —</h3> Ninety healthy subjects (mean age, 25 years; range, 17 to 35 years) forming 45 heterosexual couples completed this study. Each subject was given six containers numbered 1 to 6 and was asked to collect saliva after carrying out the following three events in their normal way: immediately before and two or three
High‐temperature continuous bulk copolymerization of styrene and acrylic acid: Thermal behavior of the reactants (1991)

Abstract The behavior of the monomers: styrene (St) and acrylic acid (AA) during the process of thermally initiated bulk copolymerization realized in a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR) is discussed in this work, on the basis of results obtained from experimental work carried out by the authors and data available from literature. GPC, GC, IR, and NMR techniques were used to examine the volatile oligomers released from the raw St–AA polymers. The mechanism of the thermal initiation of polymerization in the system under investigation is also discussed. Polymer degradation reactions in the vicinity of the ceiling temperature T c , chain transfer reactions, and secondary reactions of carboxylic groups in high temperatures have also been considered. The behavior of the St–AA polymers during derivatographic tests in the temperature range: ambient−400°C, conducted in atmospheric air, was also evaluated. Experimental conditions, in which deep destruction of the product during the copolymerization process could be avoided, were established.Knowledge of these conditions is important from a practical point of view.
Simple verifiable elections (2006)

Much work has been done in recent decades to apply sophisticated cryptographic techniques to achieve strong end-to-end verifiability in election protocols. The properties of these protocols are much stronger than in any system in general use; however, the complexity of these systems has retarded their adoption. This paper describes a relatively simple but still effective approach to cryptographic elections. Although not as computationally efficient as previously proposed cryptographic approaches, the work presented herein is intended to be more accessible and therefore more suitable for comparison with other voting systems. 1
Gambling widespread among U.S. youths (2008)

♦ Welte JW et al. J Gambl Stud 2008;24:119-133.[OpenUrl][1][PubMed][2]

An estimated 750,000 U.S. young people are problem gamblers, according to a nationwide survey of 2,274 youths ages 14 to 21.

While many studies have looked at adolescent gambling rates, they have focused on individual states
The blood bank: from provider to partner in treatment of massively bleeding patients (2007)

The initiative from the blood bank has improved the transfusion practice and, hence, survival in massively transfused patients at our hospital.
10.1: <i>Invited Paper:</i> What is Electronic Paper? The Expectations (2004)

Abstract The expectations for Electronic Paper can be summarized as flexibility, readability, and multi‐functionality. This paper focuses on the goal of readability. Paper‐like readability should be accepted as the most important target of Electronic Paper, when we consider that no existing electronic display is as comfortable to read as paper. A concept of readable Electronic Paper is proposed, and its expected properties, style variations, applications, and various candidate technologies are summarized. As an indication of the realization of readability, an evaluation of user comfort when conducting reading tasks on paper and an LCD shows that free handling of the medium is an important factor in achieving excellent readability.
Amination of Halopyridines on Kf-Alumina under Microwave Irradiation (2006)

A convenient and clean synthesis of halopyridine-2-amines has been provided by amination of halopyridines on KF-alumina under microwave irradiation with good yields.
280 GHz f/sub T/ InP DHBT with 1.2 μm/sup2 / base-emitter junction area in MBE regrown-emitter technology (2004)

We report an InP/InGaAs/InP double heterojunction bipolar transistor (DHBT) with a 0.3 /spl mu/m/spl times/4 /spl mu/m regrown base-emitter junction. The HBT exhibits a 280 GHz current gain cutoff frequency (f/sub /spl tau//) and 148 GHz power gain cutoff frequency (f/sub max/). This DHBT was fabricated in a molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) regrown-emitter technology and has the highest f/sub /spl tau// yet reported for a III-V regrown-emitter HBT. The device has V/sub CE.sat/<0.9 V even at J/sub E/=11 mA //spl mu/m/sup 2/, peak AC current gain h/sub 21/=30, and collector breakdown voltage V/sub CEO/=5 V. In this technology, the area of base-emitter junction has been scaled to as small as 1.2 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ while a larger-area extrinsic emitter contact maintains a low 11 /spl Omega/ emitter access resistance.
Selective Reductive Removal of Ester and Amide Groups from Arenes and Heteroarenes through Nickel‐Catalyzed C−O and C−N Bond Activation (2017)

An inexpensive nickel(II) catalyst and a hydrosilane were used for the efficient reductive defunctionalization of aryl and heteroaryl esters through a decarbonylative pathway. This versatile method could be used for the removal of ester and amide functional groups from various organic molecules. Moreover, a scale-up experiment and a synthetic application based on the use of a removable carboxylic acid directing group highlight the usefulness of this reaction.
Cytosolic ratios of free [NADPH]/[NADP+] and [NADH]/[NAD+] in mouse pancreatic islets, and nutrient-induced insulin secretion (1987)

When the extracellular concentration of glucose was raised from 3 mM to 7 mM (the concentration interval in which beta-cell depolarization and the major decrease in K+ permeability occur), the cytosolic free [NADPH]/[NADP+] ratio in mouse pancreatic islets increased by 29.5%. When glucose was increased to 20 mM, a 117% increase was observed. Glucose had no effect on the cytosolic free [NADH]/[NAD+] ratio. Neither the cytosolic free [NADPH]/[NADP+] ratio nor the corresponding [NADH]/[NAD+] ratio was affected when the islets were incubated with 20 mM-fructose or with 3 mM-glucose + 20 mM-fructose, although the last-mentioned condition stimulated insulin release. The insulin secretagogue leucine (10 mM) stimulated insulin secretion, but lowered the cytosolic free [NADPH]/[NADP+] ratio; 10 mM-leucine + 10 mM-glutamine stimulated insulin release and significantly enhanced both the [NADPH]/[NADP+] ratio and the [NADH]/[NAD+] ratio. It is concluded that the cytosolic free [NADPH]/[NADP+] ratio may be involved in coupling beta-cell glucose metabolism to beta-cell depolarization and ensuing insulin secretion, but it may not be the sole or major coupling factor in nutrient-induced stimulation of insulin secretion.
Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck: a review (2004)

Little progress has been made in advancing "curative" treatment of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck. The disease is said to have a fatal outcome. The time is now opportune for a multicenter, randomized, controlled trial to identify patients who would benefit from adjuvant radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy in the control of locoregional recurrences and the prevention of distant metastases.
Kallikreins, kininogens and kinin receptors on circulating and synovial fluid neutrophils: role in kinin generation in rheumatoid arthritis (2008)

Kallikrein-kinin proteins on neutrophils play an important role in kinin generation and the pathophysiology of RA. Specific kallikrein and kinin receptor antagonists may be useful as IA therapies for inflamed joints.