gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antimitochondrial autoantibodies in primary biliary cirrhosis recognize cross-reactive epitope(s) on protein X and dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (1989)

Antimitochondrial autoantibodies are characteristically present in sera of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis. The antimitochondrial autoantibodies recognize four major antigens from beef heart mitochondria at relative molecular weights of 74, 56, 52 and 48 kD. In the present study, we report that the 56 kD antigen is the protein X of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and that it possesses cross-reactive antimitochondrial autoantibody epitope(s) with the 74 kD antigen, the acetyltransferase (E2) of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. This was demonstrated by comparing the specificities of primary biliary cirrhosis sera with a protein X-specific rabbit antiserum and by absorbing primary biliary cirrhosis sera with recombinant pyruvate dehydrogenase-E2 fusion protein. In the two-dimensional gel analysis, primary biliary cirrhosis sera and protein X-specific rabbit antiserum reacted to the same two isoelectric point polypeptides at 56 kD molecular weight. The absorption of primary biliary cirrhosis sera with the human recombinant pyruvate dehydrogenase-E2 removed reactivity toward both the 74 and 56 kD antigens. Furthermore, analysis of 82 antimitochondrial autoantibody-positive primary biliary cirrhosis sera by immunoblotting did not reveal any sera which reacted solely against either the 74 or 56 kD antigen. Finally, primary biliary cirrhosis sera recognized protein X from human, bovine and porcine sources but not protein X from rat or mouse origin. The identification of protein X as another major target of the autoimmune response in primary biliary cirrhosis suggests that the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex may have a central role in the induction of this enigmatic disease.
Optimal Inapproximability Results for MAX‐CUT and Other 2‐Variable CSPs? (2007)

In this paper we show a reduction from the Unique Games problem to the problem of approximating MAX‐CUT to within a factor of $\alpha_{\text{\tiny{GW}}} + \epsilon$ for all $\epsilon > 0$; here $\alpha_{\text{\tiny{GW}}} \approx .878567$ denotes the approximation ratio achieved by the algorithm of Goemans and Williamson in [J. Assoc. Comput. Mach., 42 (1995), pp. 1115–1145]. This implies that if the Unique Games Conjecture of Khot in [Proceedings of the 34th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, 2002, pp. 767–775] holds, then the Goemans–Williamson approximation algorithm is optimal. Our result indicates that the geometric nature of the Goemans–Williamson algorithm might be intrinsic to the MAX‐CUT problem. Our reduction relies on a theorem we call Majority Is Stablest. This was introduced as a conjecture in the original version of this paper, and was subsequently confirmed in [E. Mossel, R. O’Donnell, and K. Oleszkiewicz, Proceedings of the 46th Annual IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, 2005, pp. 21–30]. A stronger version of this conjecture called Plurality Is Stablest is still open, although [E. Mossel, R. O’Donnell, and K. Oleszkiewicz, Proceedings of the 46th Annual IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science, 2005, pp. 21–30] contains a proof of an asymptotic version of it. Our techniques extend to several other two‐variable constraint satisfaction problems. In particular, subject to the Unique Games Conjecture, we show tight or nearly tight hardness results for MAX‐2SAT, MAX‐q‐CUT, and MAX‐2LIN(q). For MAX‐2SAT we show approximation hardness up to a factor of roughly $.943$. This nearly matches the $.940$ approximation algorithm of Lewin, Livnat, and Zwick in [Proceedings of the 9th Annual Conference on Integer Programming and Combinatorial Optimization, Springer‐Verlag, Berlin, 2002, pp. 67–82]. Furthermore, we show that our .943... factor is actually tight for a slightly restricted version of MAX‐2SAT. For MAX‐q‐CUT we show a hardness factor which asymptotically (for large q) matches the approximation factor achieved by Frieze and Jerrum [Improved approximation algorithms for MAX k‐CUT and MAX BISECTION, in Integer Programming and Combinatorial Optimization, Springer‐Verlag, Berlin, pp. 1–13], namely $1 - 1/q + 2({\rm ln}\,q)/q^2$. For MAX‐2LIN(q) we show hardness of distinguishing between instances which are $(1-\epsilon)$‐satisfiable and those which are not even, roughly, $(q^{-\epsilon/2})$‐satisfiable. These parameters almost match those achieved by the recent algorithm of Charikar, Makarychev, and Makarychev [Proceedings of the 38th Annual ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, 2006, pp. 205–214]. The hardness result holds even for instances in which all equations are of the form $x_i - x_j = c$. At a more qualitative level, this result also implies that $1-\epsilon$ vs. ε hardness for MAX‐2LIN(q) is equivalent to the Unique Games Conjecture.
Correlation coefficient expression by S-parameters for two omni-directional MIMO antennas (2011)

This paper derives a new expression of the correlation coefficient for two omni-directional antennas in terms of the easy-to-measure S-parameters. The omni-directional antennas can be monopole or dipole antennas and they are aimed for use in MIMO communication systems whose capacity performance is significantly affected by signal correlation. With this new expression, it can greatly reduce the computational complexity of antenna correlation calculations since the embedded radiation patterns of the antennas are no longer necessary. Numerical calculations demonstrate the accuracy and efficiency of the new formula.
A Method for Installing Miniature Multilevel Sampling Wells (1991)

Abstract. A method has been developed to install miniature multilevel ground‐water sampling wells in shallow, unconsoli‐dated aquifers at sites without truck access. An advantage of these wells over the traditional bundle‐type multilevel is that this type of installation causes minimal aquifer disturbance. Thus, miniature multilevels can be installed while a tracer test is in progress. Furthermore, only hand tools are needed in the field, and equipment and materials are easily obtained and inexpensive. The time required for installation is comparable to other methods.
The Relations of Economic Integration in The Making of Canadian Defence Policy (1997)

The North American Air Defence Agreement (NORAD), signed by Canada and the United States in May of 1958, has given rise to considerable tensions between Canada's arms control interests and its defence policy interests, particularly in terms of Canada's relationship to the ballistic missile defence, and active space-based defence programs of the United States. Throughout the cold war, Canada maintained arms control positions of non-involvement in these programs, as it successively made NORAD and NORAD-related defence policy decisions which compromised those positions. In the signing of a rewritten NORAD Agreement in March of 1996 - the vehicle for Canadian participation in US post-cold war missile defence programs - Canada has all but discarded its antipathies to these programs, as it simultaneously retains its support for the 1972 ABM Treaty.
Physical design with multiple on-chip voltages (2002)

Supply voltage is one of the dominant factors that determine the timing performance and power consumption of VLSI chips. For digital systems with a single supply voltage, some logic devices typically operate faster or more frequently than necessary, consuming extra power. This motivates the need for multiple-voltage design for an aggressive power optimization as slow operation allows a reduced voltage level. While the past few years have seen some successful examples from behavioral- and logic-level synthesis, physical designers are facing the challenges under such a new design environment. This talk discusses the physical aspects of multiple-voltage design, including the latest approaches to emerging problems such as voltage interface, clock distribution, power/ground network, and place-and-route (for more info, visit the web site at: http://www.vlsi.uwindsor.ca/~cchen). The goal is to enable designers to deal with key issues in implementation of multiple-voltage chips.
A Block Matching Technique Using Unit Gradient Vectors. (2009)

Irregular lighting causes temporal variations of image intensities, which makes most existing block matching techniques ineffective. For this, we propose a novel matching technique based on gradient orientation that is known to be insensitive to variations of intensities. We show that gradient orientation information can be effectively utilized by means of two intensity patterns that are obtained as the x and y components of unit gradient vectors. Simulation results show the proposed technique is remarkably robust to both spatially uniform and non-uniform changes of image intensities. 1.
Voice controlled wheelchair. (1977)

A voice recognition and control system for use by quadriplegics and other severely physically disabled individuals in controlling a wheelchair has been developed and tested. Several wheelchair compatible features are included in the design--low power consumption (approximately 20 watts), small size (10"x11"x14"), low weight (approximately 22 lb), and no need for wheelchair modification (existing joystick control cable plugs directly into this system). The current system uses an eight word vocabulary (e.g., "forward," "slower," "right,") and a feedback control system to maintain the chair speed and direction. A recognition rate of more than 90% has been attained in laboratory tests with experienced speakers. Future system improvements are planned to increase the recognition rate and practical utility of the chair. The results of laboratory tests with normal and quadriplegic subjects indicate that voice commands are potentially a useful and practical means of wheelchair control. The effects of environmental noise are investigated and found to be minimally deleterious.
Effect of Supplementation of Two Different Sources of Phytase on Egg Production Parameters in Laying Hens and Nutrient Digestiblity (2001)

Hens were fed corn-soybean meal diets containing 0.35, 0.25, 0.15, or 0.10% nonphytate phosphorus (NPP) (40 to 60 wk). Phytases A and B were added at 0.25, 0.15, and 0.10% at 250 to 300 units of phytase (FTU)/kg feed in a 3 x 3 factorial; 0.35% was a control diet. Treatments were replicated with eight cages per treatment (five hens per cage) in a randomized complete block design. Phytase supplementation had a significant effect on several production parameters: feed intake, feed conversion, and egg mass. Results showed nonsignificant effects (P < 0.06) on feed intake when hens were supplemented with phytase A or B and consumed more feed compared to the basal diet at 0.10% NPP. The feed conversion of birds fed 0.10% NPP without phytase was the least efficient compared to the other nine treatments (P < 0.05). Egg mass was significantly greater for hens supplemented with phytases A and B than for hens fed the basal diet at low (0.10%) NPP (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in egg production, egg weight, specific gravity, Haugh units, wet shell, or dry yolk percentages. Dry shell percentage was higher among basal diets at 0.15 and 0.25% NPP in contrast to phytase, whereas albumen and dry yolk percentages were significantly higher for diets with phytase than for the basal diet at 0.10% NPP. Bone ash percentage was uncharacteristically high in hens fed 0.10% NPP without phytase; however, mortality was 22% in this group. Phytase supplementation improved Ca and P digestibilities to varying degrees. Supplementation of phytase in normal, corn-soybean meal diets improved feed intake, feed conversion, and egg mass and elicited a response in shell quality and egg components at the low (0.10%) NPP.
The Psychology of Thinking. (1974)

Book Reviews Get access The Psychology of Thinking. By N. Bolton. (Manuals of Modern Psychology.) (London : Methuen. 1972. Pp. ix+291. Price £3.20) Ian G. Wallace Ian G. Wallace Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Philosophical Quarterly, Volume 24, Issue 94, January 1974, Pages 86–87, https://doi.org/10.2307/2218297 Published: 01 January 1974
Autonomous coverage operations in semi-structured outdoor environments (2003)

This paper presents a comprehensive navigation system capable of extended coverage operations in semi-structured environments. By semi-structured, we mean pre-mapped terrain that although locally smooth has potentially large changes in elevation and that is generally free of obstacles. The system has three key capabilities: it is able to track specified paths with high accuracy, detect small obstacles reliably, and plan coverage patterns to completely cover a specified area. These technologies have been combined and implemented on a mobile robot, which has accumulated over 90km of autonomous operation to date. Here we report on the components, the architecture, and experimental results.
The Influence of Reduced Friction on Head Injury Metrics in Helmeted Head Impacts (2008)

The relationship between rotational acceleration and surface friction is sensitive to the impact scenario. A single oblique impact test may be misleading when assessing the overall performance of a low friction helmet. The implications of these findings for helmet design are discussed.
Syllogistic reasoning in fuzzy logic and its application to usuality and reasoning with dispositions (1985)

A fuzzy syllogism in fuzzy logic is defined as an inference schema in which the major premise, the minor premise, and the conclusion are propositions containing fuzzy quantifiers. A basic fuzzy syllogism in fuzzy logic is the intersection/product syllogism. Several other basic syllogisms are developed that may be used as rules of combination of evidence in expert systems. Among these is the consequent conjunction syllogism. Furthermore, it is shown that syllogistic reasoning in fuzzy logic provides a basis for reasoning with dispositions, that is, with propositions that are preponderantly but not necessarily always true. It is also shown that the concept of dispositionality is closely related to the notion of usuality and serves as a gateway to what might be called a theory of usuality, a theory that may eventually provide a computational framework for commonsense reasoning.
A major mechanism of human immunodeficiency virus-induced cell killing does not involve cell fusion (1987)

In vitro studies indicate that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections are cytopathic for T4+ peripheral blood lymphocytes and for most continuous lines of T4+ lymphocytes. These cytopathic effects have been largely attributed to the formation of syncytia by HIV-infected cells. We report that HIV infections killed cultured peripheral blood lymphocytes and a line of T4+-lymphoid cells (CEM cells) without causing cell fusion. We also report that the occurrence of syncytia is an early and transitory phenomenon following infection of a fusion-susceptible line of T4+-cells (H9 cells). Mixing experiments and flow cytometry have been used to demonstrate that susceptibility to HIV-induced fusion is not determined by differences in presentation of viral envelope antigens or the surface levels of T4 receptor antigens on fusion-susceptible and -resistant cells. We conclude that a major mechanism of HIV-induced cell killing does not involve cell fusion and that HIV-induced cell fusion, when it does occur, requires factors in addition to viral envelope antigens and host T4 receptors.
Expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor family in prostate carcinoma before and during androgen-independence (2004)

Novel palliative strategies for patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC) include targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family. The aim of the present study was to investigate intrapatient changes of EGFRs during the development of AIPC. In total, 106 symptomatic AIPC patients were identified in whom prostatic biopsies (adenocarcinoma) were available both before the start of androgen deprivation (PRTR biopsy) and after the development of AIPC (AIPC biopsy). All four known subgroups of the EGFR family were determined by immunohistochemistry (IHC): c-erbB-1 (EGFR), c-erbB-2 (HER2/neu), c-erbB-3 (HER3) and c-erbB-4 (HER4). Moderate to strong membrane-specific staining was recorded semiquantitatively (<10% vs >/=10%=IHC stained tumour cells: 'negative' vs 'positive' staining). The medical records were reviewed for clinical variables. During the development of AIPC, intrapatient changes occurred in two opposite directions for each of the four EGFRs: negativity changed to positivity, and vice versa, statistically significant only for the increase of c-erbB-1 expression (P=0.001). The c-erbB-2 expression in the AIPC biopsy was associated with a significantly shorter survival from the time of the AIPC biopsy (P=0.029). Our results support ongoing therapeutic attempts of EGFR inhibition in subgroups of patients with prostate cancer. Further research is needed to understand the function of EGFRs in this malignancy.
Diode-pumped continuous-wave, quasi-continuous-wave, and <i>Q</i>-switched laser operation of Yb3+,Tm3+: YLiF4 at 1.5 and 2.3 μm (1998)

We report continuous-wave (cw), quasi-cw and Q-switched laser oscillation of Yb3+,Tm3+-doped YLiF4 at 1.5 and 2.3 μm. Maximum cw output powers of 300 mW at 1.5 μm and 450 mW at 2.3 μm have been obtained. Quasi-cw excitation revealed 20 mJ pulses at 1.5 μm. The cw pumped 1.5 μm laser was passively Q-switched using a U:CaF2 crystal as saturable absorber with a repetition rate of 65 kHz and a pulsewidth of 800 ns. An average output power of 19 mW was achieved. The dynamics of the system was simulated using a rate equation model.
An Efficient Plant Regeneration and Transformation System of Ma Bamboo (Dendrocalamus latiflorus Munro) Started from Young Shoot as Explant (2017)

Genetic engineering technology has been successfully used in many plant species, but is limited in woody plants, especially in bamboos. Ma bamboo (<i>Dendrocalamus latiflorus</i> Munro) is one of the most important bamboo species in Asia, and its genetic improvement was largely restricted by the lack of an efficient regeneration and transformation method. Here we reported a plantlet regeneration and <i>Agrobacterium</i>-mediated transformation protocol by using Ma bamboo young shoots as explants. Under our optimized conditions, embryogenic calluses were successfully induced from the excised young shoots on callus induction medium and rapidly grew on callus multiplication medium. Shoots and roots were regenerated on shoot induction medium and root induction medium, respectively, with high efficiency. An <i>Agrobacterium</i>-mediated genetic transformation protocol of Ma bamboo was established, verified by PCR and GUS staining. Furthermore, the maize <i>Lc</i> gene under the control of the ubiquitin promoter was successfully introduced into Ma bamboo genome and generated an anthocyanin over-accumulation phenotype. Our methods established here will facilitate the basic research as well as genetic breeding of this important bamboo species. <b>Key achievements</b>: A stable and high efficiency regeneration and <i>Agrobacterium</i>-mediated transformation protocol for Ma bamboo from vegetative organ is established.
The simple sequence contingency loci of Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria meningitidis (2001)

Many pathogens have evolved the ability to alter surface-exposed molecules, most often in response to selective pressures associated with the host immune system (1). Pathogenic bacteria exhibit numerous examples of this adaptive strategy, and a range of molecular mechanisms has evolved in these bacteria for generating genetic variation at individual loci termed “contingency loci” (2). Many contingency genes are controlled by simple sequence DNA repeats that accumulate reversible, rec-independent mutations at high frequency. A striking feature of the complete genome sequences of the human pathogens Haemophilus influenzae and Neisseria meningitidis is the abundance of loci containing simple sequences (3, 4). Intriguingly, both of these bacteria are obligate commensals of the upper respiratory tract of humans but can, in some hosts, cause life-threatening invasive disease. In this Perspective we provide a synthesis of our current understanding of how polymorphisms in simple sequence contingency loci produce phenotypic variation. We also evaluate the role of this variation in pathogenesis and the evolution of virulent bacterial strains.
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>D</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>4</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo></mml:math>type IIA orientifolds (1999)

We study a $D=4,$ $N=1,$ type IIA orientifold with an orbifold group ${Z}_{N}$ and ${Z}_{N}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{Z}_{M}.$ We calculate the one-loop vacuum amplitudes for the Klein bottle, cylinder, and M\"obius strip and extract the tadpole divergences. We find that the tadpole cancellation conditions thus obtained are satisfied by the ${Z}_{4},$ ${Z}_{8},$ ${Z}_{8}^{\ensuremath{'}},$ ${Z}_{12}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ orientifolds while there is no solution for ${Z}_{3},$ ${Z}_{7},$ ${Z}_{6},$ ${Z}_{6}^{\ensuremath{'}},$ ${Z}_{12}.$ The ${Z}_{4}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{Z}_{4}$ type IIA orientifold is also constructed by introducing four different configurations of 6-branes. We argue about perturbative versus nonperturbative orientifold vacua under T duality between the type IIA and the type IIB ${Z}_{N}$ orientifolds in four dimensions.
An unbiased integrated microstrip circulator based on magnetic nanowired substrate (2005)

A very compact planar fully integrated circulator operating at millimeter wavelength has been designed using a magnetic substrate combining a polymer membrane with an array of ferromagnetic nanowires. The original feature of this substrate, called magnetic nanowired substrate (MNWS), relies on the fact that the circulation effect is obtained without requiring any biasing dc magnetic field. This leads to a significant reduction of device dimensions since no magnetic field source is needed, and a realistic ability for integration with monolithic microwave integrated circuits. The circulator design is performed by an efficient analytical model including a self design of the impedance matching network. This model also allows a physical understanding of the circulation mechanism through the access to the electromagnetic field patterns inside the circulator substrate. Based on the excellent agreement between the theoretical and experimental results, the model is used to predict the improvement of circulator performances resulting from a reduction of dielectric and conductor losses. Insertion losses lower than 2 dB with an isolation higher than 45 dB are expected for MNWS circulators with a low-loss substrate and thick metallic layers.