gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Human-Like Decision Making for Autonomous Driving: A Noncooperative Game Theoretic Approach (2020)

Considering that human-driven vehicles and autonomous vehicles (AVs) will coexist on roads in the future for a long time, how to merge AVs into human drivers traffic ecology and minimize the effect of AVs and their misfit with human drivers, are issues worthy of consideration. Moreover, different passengers have different needs for AVs, thus, how to provide personalized choices for different passengers is another issue for AVs. Therefore, a human-like decision making framework is designed for AVs in this paper. Different driving styles and social interaction characteristics are formulated for AVs regarding driving safety, ride comfort and travel efficiency, which are considered in the modeling process of decision making. Then, Nash equilibrium and Stackelberg game theory are applied to the noncooperative decision making. In addition, potential field method and model predictive control (MPC) are combined to deal with the motion prediction and planning for AVs, which provides predicted motion information for the decision-making module. Finally, two typical testing scenarios of lane change, i.e., merging and overtaking, are carried out to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed decision-making framework considering different human-like behaviors. Testing results indicate that both the two game theoretic approaches can provide reasonable human-like decision making for AVs. Compared with the Nash equilibrium approach, under the normal driving style, the cost value of decision making using the Stackelberg game theoretic approach is reduced by over 20%.
Smartphones power flying robots (2015)

Consumer grade technology seen in cameras and phones has led to the price/performance ratio of sensors and processors falling dramatically over the last decade. In particular, most devices are packaged with a camera, a gyroscope, and an accelerometer, important sensors for aerial robotics. The low mass and small form factor make them particularly well suited for autonomous flight with small flying robots, especially in GPS-denied environments. In this work, we present the first fully autonomous smartphone-based quadrotor. All the computation, sensing and control runs on an off-the-shelf smartphone, with all the software functionality in a smartphone app.We show how quadrotors can be stabilized and controlled to achieve autonomous flight in indoor buildings with application to smart homes, search and rescue, construction and architecture. The work allows any consumer with a smartphone to autonomously drive a quadrotor robot platform, even without GPS, by downloading an app, and concurrently build 3-D maps.
The Animal Cap Assay (2003)

Over the last 10 years, the animal cap of the Xenopus laevis embryo has proved to be a versatile test tissue for a variety of molecules involved not only in animal development but also vertebrate cell regulation in general. These molecules include growth factors (, , ), cell surface receptors (, , ), signal transduction molecules (,), transcription factors (), and extracellular matrix molecules (). The “animal cap assay” provides a simple, quick, inexpensive, and quantitative bioassay for biological activity of both cloned genes and purified or unpurified proteins.
[The histological characteristics of human lung tumor transplants growing under the renal capsule of mice in an immunodepressed state]. (1991)

In order to determine the prognostic value of a "subcapsular test" in assessment of individual sensitivity of lung tumors to antitumor action, research was conducted into the histological structure of 18 human lung tumors and 110 grafts of these tumors, which had grown within 6 days under the renal capsule in mice under the immunosuppressed condition, caused by whole-body irradiation. The presence of necrosis in an original tumor led to connective tissue growth in grafts. The stroma/parenchyma ratio in grafts was increased as compared to original tumors. Lymphoid infiltration in 6-day grafts was, as a rule, unmarked. In 2 of 18 cases histotypes of a primary tumor and its grafts differed, i. e. the "subcapsular test" could be used to detect latent polymorphism of lung tumors. Correct prognosis of an individual response of human lung tumors to antitumor action with the "subcapsular test" also necessitated histological verification of the results.
The Eye in History (2013)

Section 1: Descriptive * Famous Ophthalmologists * Anatomy of the Human Eye * Accommodation * Daltonism Color Blindness * How We See? * Animal Eyes: The Evolution of the Eye Section 2: The History * Nature of Light * Anatomy and Function of the Eye * Anatomy of the Central Visual System * The Collyria Eye Drops * Ophthalmoviscosurgical Devices: From Simple Liquids to Surgical Instruments * Invention of Spectacles * Visual Aids-From Reading Stones, Glasses, Contact Lenses, Intraocular Lenses, and Ophthalmic Lasers * Contact Lenses * Glass-spectacles-Spectacle Optics Section 3: Biometry of the Eye * Growth of the Eye * Refractive Errors Section 4: Varied Eyes * Do Women See Differently from Men? * Beauty is in the Eye of the Beholder * Windows on the World: The Powerful Symbolism of Light Section 5: Blindness * Blindness-The Problem in Ancient and Modern Times Section 6: The Art of Painting and the Eye * The Artist and the Eye * The Influence of Eye Diseases on the Works of Painters * Ametropia and Painting * Accommodation and Painting * William Turner * Claude Monet Section 7: Eye Diseases * Famous Historical Persons * Bach: When the Angels Play for God, They Play Bach * Gustav Adolf * Saint Odilia * Saint Lucia and Other Patron Saints of the Blind * The Eye of the Sovereign * Arthur Conan Doyle * Myopia of the Rulers of Nations Section 8: Major Important Steps by a Single Person in the Improvement of the Function of the Eye * Abu Ali al-Hasan ibn al-Hasan ibn al-Haytham: Madman or Brilliant Physicist? * Antonie van Leeuwenhoek * Louis Braille * John Dalton * Otto Wichterle * Gerhard Meyer Schwickerath and His Story of the Trapped Sun S Section 9: Eye Surgery * Cataract * Corneal Surgery * Refractive Surgery * Posterior Eye Segment Surgery Vitreous Retinal Surgery Section 10: The Future * The Bionic Eye, Where are the Limits? * The Future of Nanotechnology in Ophthalmology * Gene Therapy in Ophthalmology * Future Trends of Anterior Eye Segment Surgery * Future Trends of Posterior Eye Segment Surgery
ECG frame classification using dynamic time warping (2003)

Presents an electrocardiogram (ECG) frame classification technique realized by a dynamic time warping (DTW) matching technique, which has been used successfully in speech recognition. We use the DTW to classify ECG frames because ECG and speech signals have similar nonstationary characteristics. The DTW mapping function is obtained by searching the frame from its end to start. A threshold is setup for DWT matching residual either to classify an ECG frame or to add a new class. Classification and establishment of a template set are carried out simultaneously. A frame is classified into a category with a minimal residual and satisfying a threshold requirement. A classification residual of 1.33% is achieved by the DTW for a 10-minute ECG recording.
Monitoring the Solid-State Electrochemistry of Cu(2,7-AQDC) (AQDC = Anthraquinone Dicarboxylate) in a Lithium Battery: Coexistence of Metal and Ligand Redox Activities in a Metal–Organic Framework (2014)

By adopting a facile synthetic strategy, we obtained a microporous redox-active metal-organic framework (MOF), namely, Cu(2,7-AQDC) (2,7-H2AQDC = 2,7-anthraquinonedicarboxylic acid) (1), and utilized it as a cathode active material in lithium batteries. With a voltage window of 4.0-1.7 V, both metal clusters and anthraquinone groups in the ligands exhibited reversible redox activity. The valence change of copper cations was clearly evidenced by in situ XANES analysis. By controlling the voltage window of operation, extremely high recyclability of batteries was achieved, suggesting the framework was robust. This MOF is the first example of a porous material showing independent redox activity on both metal cluster nodes and ligand sites.
An Approach To Data Distributions in Chapel (2007)

A key characteristic of today's high performance computing systems is a physically distributed memory, which makes the efficient management of locality essential for taking advantage of the performance enhancements offered by these architectures. Currently, the standard technique for programming such systems involves the extension of traditional sequential programming languages with explicit message-passing libraries, in a processor-centric model for programming and execution. It is commonly understood that this programming paradigm results in complex, brittle, and error-prone programs, because of the way in which algorithms and communication are inextricably interwoven. This paper describes a new approach to locality awareness, which focuses on data distributions in high-productivity languages. Data distributions provide an abstract specification of the partitioning of large-scale data collections across memory units, supporting coarse-grain parallel computation and locality of access at a high level of abstraction. Our design, which is based on a new programming language called Chapel, is motivated by the need to provide a high-productivity paradigm for the development of efficient and reusable parallel code. We present an object-oriented framework that allows the explicit specification of the mapping of elements in a collection to memory units, the control of the arrangement of elements within such units, the definition of sequential and parallel iteration over collections, and the formulation of specialized allocation policies as required for advanced applications. The result is a concise high-productivity programming model that separates algorithms from data representation and enables reuse of distributions, allocation policies, and data structures.
“Annexinopathies” — A New Class of Diseases (1999)

The annexins were first described as a family of proteins in 1990,1 and they have since been extensively reviewed.2 Individual members of the family had previously been isolated, characterized, and assigned a variety of names. The nomenclature depended on the particular scientific discipline of the investigators or on the tissue from which the proteins had been isolated. The proteins included the placental anticoagulant proteins, placental proteins, vascular anticoagulant proteins, lipocortins, and endonexins. With amino acid and nucleotide sequencing came the recognition that these various proteins were highly homologous and shared the property of binding calcium and phospholipids. So far, over . . .
Highly Volatile Alkaline Earth Metal Fluoroalkoxides (2010)

The synthetic strategies, structural comparison, and thermal gravimetric analyses for a novel family of alkaline earth metal perfluoro-tert-butoxides (PFTB) are presented. The isolated complexes follow the general formula, [Ae(PFTB)2(d)x]; (1a, Ae = Mg, d = THF, x = 2; 1b, Ae = Ca, d = THF, x = 4; 1c, Ae = Sr, d = THF, x = 4; 1d, Ae = Ba, d = THF, x = 4; 2a, Ae = Mg, d = DME, x = 1; 2b, Ae = Ca, d = DME, x = 2; 2c, Ae = Sr, d = DME, x = 2; 2d, Ae = Ba, d = DME, x = 3; 3a, Ae = Mg, d = diglyme, x = 1; 3b, Ae = Ca, d = diglyme, x = 2; 3c, Ae = Sr, d = diglyme, x = 2; 3d, Ae = Ba, d = diglyme, x = 2; THF = tetrahydrofuran, DME = 1,2-dimethoxyethane) where the crystallographically characterized compounds display either a cis or trans conformations in octahedral or pseudo-octahedral environments. Alkane elimination (Mg), direct metalation via ammonia activation (Ca, Sr, Ba), and transamination (Ca, Sr, Ba) methods yielded the target compounds in moderate to good yields. Structural studies of select compounds showed all compounds to be monomeric with varying degrees of co-ligand coordination, possibly explaining some of the observed physical properties. Thermal gravimetric analyses of the compounds shows sublimation at low temperatures, associated with minimal residue, making this family of fluoroalkoxides promising candidates for metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD).
Microstructures of Hydrogen Absorbing Zr<SUB>0.5</SUB>Ti<SUB>0.5</SUB>MnV Multiphase Alloys (1995)

AB2 type Laves phase and BCC solid solution have been investigated as the next generation hydrogen absorbing alloys with high capacity. We have proposed a new concept of alloy design named “Laves-phase related BCC solid solution” in the previous work.The observations of microstructure show that Zr0.5Ti0.5VMn consisted of three phases; matrix C14, gray colony BCC and black particle Zr in the previous report. In this work we investigated each phase in detail by the combination of transmission electron microscopy and X-ray Rietveld analysis.The composition of the matrix Laves phase is found to be Zr0.6Ti0.4V1.1Mn0.9 by TEM-EDX. The bright field image of this region is homogeneous and the electron diffraction pattern shows only the C14 structure. We consider that this phase is the Laves phase in which the A site is occupied by Zr and Ti and the B site is occupied by Mn and V. This atomic ratio of matrix is a stable composition of the phase which is contained in Zr-Ti-Mn-V alloys and is made by arc melt casting process.The gray colony BCC phase in Zr0.5Ti0.5MnV decomposes into two nano scale phases that are Mn solute Ti-rich and V-rich phases. The lattice strain of two coherent phases show the satellite spots in electron diffraction and asymmetric peak broadening in X-ray diffraction patterns.Black particle Zr phase is found to be α-ZrO2 by analysis of the electron diffraction. This oxide particle consists of two regions which have the same zone axis.
Unified stochastic engine (USE) for speech recognition (1993)

A unified stochastic engine (USE) that jointly optimizes both acoustic and language models is presented. In the USE, not only can one iteratively adjust language probabilities to fit the given acoustic representations, but one can also adjust acoustic models (including feature representation) guided by language constraints. From the language modeling point of view, the USE makes it possible to encode acoustically confusable words in the language probabilities. From the acoustic modeling point of view, the language-constraint approach makes it possible to focus on acoustic words for which language models lack enough discrimination capacity. The authors report preliminary experimental results for Wall Street Journal continuous 5000-word speaker-independent dictation. The error rate is reduced from 7.3% to 6.9% with the proposed method.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
170 Gbit/s transmission in an erbium-doped waveguide amplifier on silicon (2009)

Signal transmission experiments were performed at 170 Gbit/s in an integrated Al(2)O(3):Er(3+) waveguide amplifier to investigate its potential application in high-speed photonic integrated circuits. Net internal gain of up to 11 dB was measured for a continuous-wave 1532 nm signal under 1480 nm pumping, with a threshold pump power of 4 mW. A differential group delay of 2 ps between the TE and TM fundamental modes of the 5.7-cm-long amplifier was measured. When selecting a single polarization open eye diagrams and bit error rates equal to those of the transmission system without the amplifier were observed for a 1550 nm signal encoded with a 170 Gbit/s return-to-zero pseudo-random 2(7)-1 bit sequence.
Soft Lithographic Printing of Patterns of Stretched DNA and DNA/Electronic Polymer Wires by Surface‐Energy Modification and Transfer (2006)

Aligned and stretched lambda DNA is directed to specific locations on solid substrates. Surface-energy modification of glass substrates by using patterned polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamps is used to direct DNA onto the surface-energy-modified micrometer-scale pattern through molecular combing. As an alternative, patterned and nonpatterned PDMS stamps modified with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) are utilized to direct the stretched DNA to the desired location and the results are compared. The DNA is elongated through molecular combing on the stamp and transfer printed onto the surfaces. PMMA-modified stamps show a more defined length of the stretched DNA, as compared to bare PDMS stamps. A combination of these two methods is also demonstrated. As an application example, transfer printing of DNA decorated with a semiconducting conjugated polyelectrolyte is shown. The resulting patterned localization of stretched DNA can be utilized for functional nanodevice structures, as well as for biological applications.
Structural and Functional Alterations in Amyloid-β Precursor Protein Induced by Amyloid-β Peptides (2011)

Alzheimer's disease-associated amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide is neurotoxic as an oligomer, but not as a monomer, by an unknown mechanism. We showed previously that Aβ interacts with the amyloid-β precursor protein (AβPP), leading to caspase cleavage and cell death induction. To characterize this structure and interaction further, we purified the extracellular domain of AβPP695 (eAβPP) and its complex with Aβ oligomers (AβOs) of varying sizes, and then performed small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). In the absence of any Aβ, eAβPP was a compact homodimer with a tight association between the E1 and E2 domains. Dimeric Aβ oligomers induced monomerization of eAβPP while larger oligomers also bound eAβPP but preserved the homodimer. Efficient binding of the larger oligomers correlated with the presence of prefibrillar oligomers, suggesting that the eAβPP binding is limited to a conformational subset of Aβ oligomers. Both forms of Aβ bound to eAβPP at the Aβ-cognate region and induced dissociation of the E1 and E2 domains. Our data provide the first structural evidence for Aβ-AβPP binding and suggest a mechanism for differential modulation of AβPP processing and cell death signaling by Aβ dimers versus conformationally-specific larger oligomers.
Molecular evolution of the CMT1A-REP region: a human- and chimpanzee- specific repeat (1999)

The CMT1A-REP repeat consists of two copies of a 24-kb sequence on human chromosome 17p11.2-12 that flank a 1.5-Mb region containing a dosage-sensitive gene, peripheral nerve protein-22 (PMP22). Unequal meiotic crossover mediated by misalignment of proximal and distal copies of the CMT1A-REP in humans leads to a 1.5-Mb duplication or deletion associated with two common peripheral nerve diseases, Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A) and hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies (HNPP). Previous molecular hybridization studies with CMT1A-REP sequences suggested that two copies of the repeat are also found in the chimpanzee, raising the possibility that this unique repeat arose during primate evolution. To further characterize the structure and evolutionary synthesis of the CMT1A-REP repeat, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis and heterologous PCR-based assays were carried out for a series of primates. Genomic DNA was analyzed with primers selected to differentially amplify the centromeric and telomeric ends of the human proximal and distal CMT1A-REP elements and an associated mariner (MLE) sequence. All primate species examined (common chimpanzee, pygmy chimpanzee, gorilla, orangutan, gibbon, baboon, rhesus monkey, green monkey, owl monkey, and galago) tested positive for a copy of the distal element. In addition to humans, only the chimpanzee was found to have a copy of the proximal CMT1A-REP element. All but one primate species (galago) tested positive for the MLE located within the CMT1A-REP sequence. These observations confirm the hypothesis that the distal CMT1A-REP element is the ancestral sequence which was duplicated during primate evolution, provide support for a human-chimpanzee clade, and suggest that insertion of the MLE into the CMT1A-REP sequence occurred in the ancestor of anthropoid primates.
Tolerating a faulty edge in a multi-dimensional mesh (2002)

The author examines the problem of tolerating faulty edges in the multidimensional mesh architecture. This problem can be briefly defined as follows. Given a mesh M, find a mesh G which satisfies the following conditions: (1) G and M have the same number of nodes, (2) for any subset of k edges in G, there is a submesh in G isomorphic to M which excludes these k edges, and (3) G has the least possible number of edges. The mesh G which satisfies these conditions is called a symmetrically optimal k-edge-fault-tolerant (k-EFT) extension of M. It is shown that, even when k=1, finding such a mesh G is a very difficult problem. A necessary and sufficient condition is developed for characterizing the class of symmetrically optimal 1-EFT extensions of any given mesh. Two new methods are proposed based on this characterization for finding symmetrically optimal, or symmetrically near-optimal, 1-EFT extensions. The first method finds an optimal solution, but is useful only for meshes whose number of dimensions is relatively small. The second method finds only a near optimal solution by decomposing a mesh with a large number of dimensions into several meshes with a smaller number of dimensions that can be solved by the first method.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Highly Conserved Mechanism of Regulated Ribosome Stalling Mediated by Fungal Arginine Attenuator Peptides That Appears Independent of the Charging Status of Arginyl-tRNAs (1999)

The Arg attenuator peptide (AAP) is an evolutionarily conserved peptide involved in Arg-specific negative translational control. It is encoded as an upstream open reading frame (uORF) in fungal mRNAs specifying the small subunit of Arg-specific carbamoyl phosphate synthetase. We examined the functions of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae CPA1 and Neurospora crassa arg-2 AAPs using translation extracts from S. cerevisiae, N. crassa, and wheat germ. Synthetic RNA containing AAP and firefly luciferase (LUC) sequences were used to program translation; analyses of LUC activity indicated that the AAPs conferred Arg-specific negative regulation in each system. The AAPs functioned either as uORFs or fused in-frame at the N terminus of LUC. Mutant AAPs lacking function in vivo did not function in vitro. Therefore, trans-acting factors conferring AAP-mediated regulation are in both fungal and plant systems. Analyses of ribosome stalling in the fungal extracts by primer extension inhibition (toeprint) assays showed that these AAPs acted similarly to stall ribosomes in the region immediately distal to the AAP coding region in response to Arg. The regulatory effect increased as the Arg concentration increased; all of the arginyl-tRNAs examined appeared maximally charged at low Arg concentrations. Therefore, AAP-mediated Arg-specific regulation appeared independent of the charging status of arginyl-tRNA.
High-aspect-ratio via-hole filling with aluminum melting by excimer laser irradiation for multilevel interconnection (1987)

This letter presents a technique for filling via holes on integrated circuits. The filling is achieved by momentarily melting an aluminum film with an optical pulse from an ArF excimer laser. This technique has been shown to allow excellent via filling without damaging lower levels of interconnect, and is applicable to filling submicrometer-diameter vias having a diameter of 0.6 µm with 0.7 µm depth (aspect ratio ∼1.2). The resulting surface was found to be planarized.