gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Computer-aided three-dimensional reconstruction and measurement of microfissures. (1992)

The spatial anatomy of microfissures in the round and oval window areas was investigated in 24 randomly selected normal human temporal bones by our computer-aided three-dimensional reconstruction and measurement method. Microfissures that communicated with the middle ear surface in the round window area were seen in 21 cases (87%) and were located on the posteromediosuperior aspect of the round window niche; whereas microfissures in the oval window area, seen in seven cases (29%), were located at various sites, but mostly in the area below the oval window. Of the 21 microfissures seen in the round window niche, only four were found to be visible through the aperture of the round window niche when viewed from the lateral direction. The mean lengths of the microfissures seen on the middle ear surface in the round and oval window areas were 0.95 +/- 0.66 mm and 0.74 +/- 0.44 mm, respectively. The microfissures in the round window area were significantly longer in individuals 20 years of age and older, than in those less than 20 years (Wilcoxon test, t = 21.5, p less than 0.01); this tendency for microfissures to be longer in older subjects was also found for microfissures in the oval window area. The possible clinical and pathologic significance of these results is discussed.
Inhibition of arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase triggers massive apoptosis in human prostate cancer cells (1998)

Diets high in fat are associated with an increased risk of prostate cancer, although the molecular mechanism is still unknown. We have previously reported that arachidonic acid, an omega-6 fatty acid common in the Western diet, stimulates proliferation of prostate cancer cells through production of the 5-lipoxygenase metabolite, 5-HETE (5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid). We now show that 5-HETE is also a potent survival factor for human prostate cancer cells. These cells constitutively produce 5-HETE in serum-free medium with no added stimulus. Exogenous arachidonate markedly increases the production of 5-HETE. Inhibition of 5-lipoxygenase by MK886 completely blocks 5-HETE production and induces massive apoptosis in both hormone-responsive (LNCaP) and -nonresponsive (PC3) human prostate cancer cells. This cell death is very rapid: cells treated with MK886 showed mitochondrial permeability transition between 30 and 60 min, externalization of phosphatidylserine within 2 hr, and degradation of DNA to nucleosomal subunits beginning within 2-4 hr posttreatment. Cell death was effectively blocked by the thiol antioxidant, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, but not by androgen, a powerful survival factor for prostate cancer cells. Apoptosis was specific for 5-lipoxygenase-programmed cell death was not observed with inhibitors of 12-lipoxygenase, cyclooxygenase, or cytochrome P450 pathways of arachidonic acid metabolism. Exogenous 5-HETE protects these cells from apoptosis induced by 5-lipoxygenase inhibitors, confirming a critical role of 5-lipoxygenase activity in the survival of these cells. These findings provide a possible molecular mechanism by which dietary fat may influence the progression of prostate cancer.
Cationic Oligo(thiophene ethynylene) with Broad-Spectrum and High Antibacterial Efficiency under White Light and Specific Biocidal Activity against <i>S. aureus</i> in Dark (2015)

We designed and synthesized a novel oligo(thiophene ethynylene) (OTE) to investigate the antibacterial activities against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis) and Gram-negative (Ralstonia solanacearum and Escherichia coli) bacteria in vitro by photodynamic therapy (PDT). Notably, OTE presents broad-spectrum and greatly high antibacterial activities after white light irradiation at nanogram per milliliter concentrations. The half inhibitory concentrations (IC50) values obtained for S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. coli, and R. solanacearum are 8, 13, 24, and 52 ng/mL after illumination for 30 min, respectively, which are lower than that of other PDT agents. Interestingly, OTE shows the specific and very strong dark killing capability against S. aureus at the concentration of 180 ng/mL for 30 min, which is the highest efficiency biocide against S. aureus without the need of irradiation to date. The antibacterial mechanism investigated demonstrated that reactive oxygen species or singlet-oxygen generated by OTE kills bacteria irreversibly upon white light irradiation, and OTE as a v-type oligomer exerts its toxicity directly on destroying bacterial cytoplasmic membrane in the dark. Importantly, the OTE shows no cell cytotoxicity and excellent biocompatibility. The results indicate that it is potential to provide versatile applications in the efficient control of pathogenic organisms and specific application for killing S. aureus.
Role of active-site residues in the catalytic mechanism of ribonuclease A (1979)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRole of active-site residues in the catalytic mechanism of ribonuclease ACarol A. Deakyne and Leland C. AllenCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1979, 101, 14, 3951–3959Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1979Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1979https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00508a039https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00508a039research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views231Altmetric-Citations58LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Active‐matrix cathodes though integration of amorphous silicon thin‐film transistor with triode ‐and diode‐type field emitters (2001)

Abstract Amorphous silicon thin‐film transistors (a‐Si TFTs) were incorporated into Mo‐tip‐based triode‐type field emitters and diode‐type ones of carbon nanotubes for an active‐matrix cathode (AMC) plate of field emission displays. Also, we developed a novel surface‐treatment process for the Mo‐tip fabrication, which gleatly enhanced in the stability of field emission. The field emission currents of AMC plates on glass substrate were well controlled by the gate bias of a‐Si TFTs. Active‐matrix field emission displays (AMFEDs) with these AMC plates were demonstrated in a vacuum chamber, showing low‐voltage matrix addressing, good stability and reliability of field emission, and highly uniform light emissions from the anode plate with phosphors. The optimum design of AMFEDs including a‐Si TFTs and a new light shield/focusing grid is discussed.
Nonobstetrical surgical interventions during pregnancy (2011)

This chapter discusses the treatment of acute and chronic leukemia during pregnancy. Leukemia occurs very rarely during pregnancy. The majority of cases are acute leukemia; of which two-thirds are myeloblastic (AML) and one-third are lymphoblastic (ALL). Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is found in less than 10% of leukemia cases during pregnancy, and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is extremely rare. The treatment of CML has evolved dramatically since the introduction of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). There are several options for the treatment of CLL. When treatment is indicated, cytoreduction may be accomplished mechanically with leukapheresis. The most popular drugs are: chlorambucil, which is contra-indicated during the first trimester of pregnancy because of its teratogenicity; and fludarabine, an anti-metabolite. Corticosteroids may be used for the treatment of autoimmune complications, as in nonpregnant patients. Hairy cell leukemia is very rare during pregnancy. Interferon alpha was historically used in the treatment of this disease.
A Review on Manufacturing of Tablets by Using Various Granulation Techniques (2017)

Tablets are unit, compressed solid dosage form containing an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API) with or without excipients. Tablets are manufactured by using different techniques such as wet granulation, dry granulation, and direct compression. Granulation is the procedure in which particles are held together with the help of linkages between the excipient and API. These links between the excipients and the API are developed both by compression and by employing various types of binding agents. Alternate approach includes using newer directly compressible (DC) grade excipients to prepare stable tablets. The present article mainly focuses on the different granulation techniques used for manufacturing of tablet and their advantages, disadvantages, and limitations and focuses on the technique to be selected for development of a good tablet. Keywords: Tablets, API, Direct compression, Dry granulation, Wet granulation, DC grade and Technique selection.
Robust bearing estimation in the presence of direction-dependent modelling errors: identifiability and treatment (2002)

This paper presents identifiability and treatment relative to bearing estimation in presence of modelling errors. It introduces the general case of direction-dependent modelling errors. The classical direction-independent case is only a particular case which takes into account a prior knowledge. This general case introduces the important issue of simultaneous sources and perturbation identifiability which is analysed. A new self-calibration technique based on MUSIC algorithm and which is able to treat direction-dependent errors is also proposed. For the purpose of regularization, a "cost term" is introduced in this algorithm. It confers good robustness to the algorithm which usually fails in the presence of great gap between the model and reality. After reduction of the new multidimensional "increased function", values of azimuths are easily obtained on a monodimensional spectrum. Some simulations support results and verify the improvements expected from the theory.
Managing and Delivering Context-Dependent User Preferences in Ubiquitous Computing Environments (2007)

We present a user profile management component for ubiquitous computing environments that provides management, inquiry and delivery of context-dependent user preferences. In particular, our approach takes into account that users act differently depending on their current context, and hence, that a user can be described by different submodels that represent the user's preferences within different contexts. Furthermore, our approach takes into account that different applications usually adhere to different semantics.
Inhibition of pitting corrosion of AISI 304 by organic compounds (1987)

Abstract The influence of N‐lauroylsarcosine, laurylaminedicarboxylic acid, Na‐dodecylbenzene sulphonate and Na‐laurylsulphate on the pitting corrosion of AISI 304 stainless steel has been studied in 0.1 N NaCl solutions, buffered in the pH range 2.2 to 7.5, at 50°C. The steel pitting potentials have been determined by potentiostatic measurements and by a scratching electrode technique. The potential value at which active pits could be repassivated has been identified. The pitting incubation times have been determined on the steel electrodes prepassivated for different times at 0.5 V/Ag/AgCl in buffer solutions in the absence or in the presence of inhibitors. The overall results confirmed the inhibiting effect of the mentioned substances against the intiation of pitting, just emphasized by the means of potentiodynamic tests. On the contrary, the examined compounds do not show any effect on the pitting propagation. Some more information on the mechanism of action of the mentioned inhibitors are obtained from the incubation time values: in order to explicate their action they must either find sufficiently stable oxide film or can contribute to the stabilization of the passive film during its formation.
A microfabricated atmospheric-pressure microplasma source operating in air (2005)

An atmospheric-pressure air microplasma is ignited and sustained in a 25 µm wide discharge gap formed between two co-planar gold electrodes. These electrodes are the two ends of a microstrip transmission line that is microfabricated on an Al2O3 substrate in the shape of a split-ring resonator operating with a resonant frequency of 895 MHz. At resonance, the device creates a peak gap voltage of ∼390 V with an input power of 3 W, which is sufficient to initiate a plasma in atmospheric pressure air. Optical emission from the discharge is primarily in the ultraviolet region. In spite of an arc-like appearance, the discharge is not in thermal equilibrium as the N2 rotational temperature is 500–700 K. The intrinsic heating of the Al2O3 substrate (to 100°C) causes a downward shift in the resonant frequency of the device due to thermal expansion. The temperature rise also results in a slight decrease in the quality factor (142 > Q > 134) of the resonator. By decreasing the power supply frequency or using a heat sink, the microplasma is sustained in air. Microscopic inspection of the discharge gap shows no plasma-induced erosion after 50 h of use.
Technetium radiopharmaceuticals: chemical characterization and tissue distribution of Tc-glucoheptonate using Tc-99m and carrier Tc-99. (1981)

The chemical structure of the kidney- and brain-imaging agent Tc-99m glucoheptonate has been established using the Tc-99 isotope. In a comparative study between Tc-99 and Tc-99m glucoheptonates, chromatographic, electrophoretic, and tissue distribution studies showed identical compounds in 0.9% NaCl. Optimal conditions for the formation of the Tc-99 glucoheptonate complex were investigated by uv and visible spectroscopy. The oxidation state of Tc-99 in the compound is V, measured by Sn2+ titration. The complex contains a Tc = O core and two glucoheptonate ligands (oxobis(glucoheptonato)technetate(V) anion (net charge: -1) in aqueous solution). NMR studies demonstrated two five-membered glucoheptonate rings, bidentate bound to Tc by the oxygens of the end carboxyl group and the adjacent hydroxyl group. The compound is stabilized by interaction between Tc-99 and one of the hydroxyloxygens of glucoheptonate at the vacant coordination site trans to the Tc = O core. Experiments with the reducing agent NaBH4 demonstrated the absence of Sn (II or IV) in the complex and a biological behavior independent of the reducing agent used.
Klotho Gets Around (2006)

A remarkable range of biological functions and mechanisms of action have been proposed for the protein Klotho. Klotho is a membrane protein with a large extracellular domain. However, its cytoplasmic domain includes just 11 amino acids, which are thought to be unlikely to mediate its regulatory functions. Lack of Klotho causes shortened life span in mice (but so might lots of deleterious mutations), and overexpression of the protein has been reported to extend life span. This was thought to reflect effects on signaling by insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1. Others have proposed that beta-glucuronidase activity of Klotho modifies the transient receptor potential ion channel 5 (TRPV5), supporting localization and activity of the latter at the plasma membrane. Klotho-deficient mice also share characteristics with mice lacking the fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), such as infertility and decreased bone density; indeed, another proposed action of Klotho is the control of mineral metabolism. FGF23 also regulates mineral metabolism, and the latest action proposed for Klotho is to coordinate with the FGF receptor subtype IIIc [FGFR1 (IIIc)] to create a form of the FGFR that mediates binding of FGF23. Klotho turned up in a screen for molecules that bound in vitro to FGF23. FGF23 is itself unusual in that it functions like a hormone; that is, it is produced in bone but is carried in the circulation to regulate kidney function. Transfection of cells that also expressed FGFR1 (IIIc) with Klotho conferred specific high-affinity binding of FGF23 and allowed activation of associated signaling events. In vitro binding assays showed interaction of the extracellular domains of Klotho with a fusion protein of FGF23 with immunoglobulin Fc region. Injection of mice with a monoclonal antibody to Klotho caused changes reminiscent of those in Klotho knockout animals. Circulating FGF23 appears to act selectively at certain tissues, particularly the kidney, even though most tissues have FGFRs. The authors propose that the presence of Klotho may be the key factor that converts FGFR1(IIIc) to a receptor for FGF23, but they don’t propose a grander scheme to account for the range of reported actions of this intriguing protein. I. Urakawa, Y. Yamazaki, T. Shimada, K. Iijima, H. Hasegawa, K. Okawa, T. Fujita, S. Fukumoto, T. Yamashita, Klotho converts canonical FGF receptor into a specific receptor for FGF23. Nature 444 , 770-774 (2006). [PubMed]
Complete Stenosis of Common Bile Duct: Operative Cure (1941)

MEDIUTRISNAL 229muscularly, intravenously, or by both routes, and the imme- diate institution of intratracheal insufflation with oxygen.No anaesthetist should approach a young and febrile patient unless he has the means and the ability to adopt these measures at a moment's notice.Boumemouth. S.
Newly Born Granule Cells in the Dentate Gyrus Rapidly Extend Axons into the Hippocampal CA3 Region following Experimental Brain Injury (2005)

We investigated whether new neurons generated in the adult rat brain following lateral fluid percussion traumatic brain injury (TBI) are capable of projecting axons along the mossy fiber pathway to the CA3 region of the hippocampus. Dividing cells were labeled by intraperitoneal injection of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) on the day of surgery/injury, and neurons that extended axons to the CA3 region were retrogradely labeled by fluorescent tracers (FluoSpheres), stereotactically injected into the CA3 region of both the ipsi- and contralateral hippocampus at 1 or 12 days following TBI (n = 12) or sham injury (n = 12) in anaesthetized rats. Animals (n = 6 injured and n = 6 sham-injured controls per time point) were sacrificed at either 3 or 14 days post-injury. Another group of animals (n = 3) was subjected to experimental TBI and BrdU administration and sacrificed 3 days after TBI to be processed for BrdU and immunohistochemistry for polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM), a growth-related protein normally observed during CNS development. A fivefold bilateral increase in the number of mitotically active (BrdU+) cells was noted within the dentate gyrus when compared to uninjured controls as early as 3 days following TBI. A subgroup of dividing cells was also immunoreactive for PSA-NCAM at 3 days following TBI. By 2 weeks post-injury the number of BrdU+ cells within the dentate gyrus was increased twofold compared to the uninjured counterparts and a proportion of these newly generated cells showed cytoplasmic staining for the fluorescent tracer. These findings document rapid neurogenesis following TBI and show, for the first time, that newly generated granule neurons are capable of extending projections along the hippocampal mossy fiber pathway in the acute post-traumatic period.
A 0.55V 61dB-SNR 67dB-SFDR 7MHz 4<sup>th</sup>-order Butterworth filter using ring-oscillator-based integrators in 90nm CMOS (2012)

Integrators are key building blocks in many analog signal processing circuits and systems. They are typically implemented using either an opamp-RC or a G <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</sub> -C architecture depending on bandwidth and linearity requirements. The performance of both these topologies depends on the operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) used to implement the integrator. Reduced supply voltage and lower transistor output impedance make it difficult to implement high-gain wide-bandwidth OTAs in a power-efficient manner. Consequently, the DC gain of the integrator is often severely limited when designed in deep-submicron CMOS processes. Conventional integrators employ multi-stage OTAs operating in weak inversion and forward body biasing to achieve large DC gain at low supply voltages [1]. These techniques require automatic biasing to guarantee robust operation under all conditions and the use of frequency compensation combined with large dimensions needed to bias the transistors in weak inversion severely limits the bandwidth and increases power dissipation. In this paper, we propose a ring-oscillator-based integrator (ROI) that seeks to overcome the limitations of conventional OTA-based integrators.
An assessment of methanolysis and other factors used in the analysis of carbohydrate-containing materials (1971)

The stability of monosaccharides in methanolic hydrochloric acid of different strengths and at different temperatures was determined. They are generally stable for 24h in methanolic 1m- and 2m-hydrochloric acid at both 85°C and 100°C, but undergo considerable destruction in methanolic 4m- and 6m-hydrochloric acid at 100°C. Analysis of glycopeptides and oligosaccharides of known composition showed that release of carbohydrate was complete within 3h in methanolic 1m-hydrochloric acid at 85°C. Removal of methanolic hydrochloric acid by rotary evaporation resulted in considerable losses of monosaccharides, which could be prevented by prior neutralization. Methanolysis caused extensive de-N-acetylation of acetamidohexoses, so that a re-N-acetylation step is necessary in the analytical procedure. The addition of acetic anhydride for this purpose also prevented loss of internal standard by adsorption on the insoluble silver salts used in neutralization. Several trimethylsilylating agents were studied and suitable conditions are recommended. The effects on the analytical system of water and some common organic and inorganic contaminants are assessed.
Dissolution Mechanism of Solid Dispersions of Nifedipine with Enteric Coating Agents (1985)

Recrystallization behavior of nifedipine from the supersaturated solution containing various polymers was mainly investigated to clarify the mechanism of the supersaturation phenomena from the solid dispersions of nifedipine with enteric coating agents in JP X 2nd fluid (pH 6.8). The recrystallization of nifedipine was remarkably inhibited in the medium containing non-ionic water soluble cellulose polymers or anionic cellulose polymers (enteric coating agents). However, the inhibitory effect on the recrystallization of nifedipine was little using the other type of polymer, such as polyvinylpyrrolidone or methacrylic acidmethacrylic acid methyl ester copolymer. Microscopic observations of the shape of recrystallized nifedipine suggested that a physico chemical interaction between polymer and nifedipine, such as an adsorption of polymers on the surface of nifedipine nuclei, was a main factor affecting the crystal growth of nifedipine.
3. Democracy Across the Disciplines: Design Your Course for Democracy (2009)

If a liberal arts education should prepare our students to participate in a meaningful way in democracy, what does that mean for how we design our courses across disciplines? In this paper, I first address the question: who should teach democratic skills? Using an upper-level course in Canadian politics, I then illustrate how to explicitly integrate democratic skills and attitudes into course design through learning objectives, classroom activities, assignments, and grading techniques. Finally, I argue that these practices can and should be adapted to other disciplines.