gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Signaling via β1 integrins and mitogen-activated protein kinase determines human epidermal stem cell fate <i>in vitro</i> (1999)

Human epidermal stem cells express higher levels of β1 integrins and are more adhesive than keratinocytes that are destined to differentiate. To investigate whether high β1 integrin expression and adhesiveness are essential for maintaining keratinocytes in the stem cell compartment, we introduced a dominant-negative β1 integrin mutant, CD8β1, into cultured human keratinocytes, thereby interfering with β1 integrin function. Surface β1 integrin levels, adhesiveness, and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase activation on fibronectin were reduced, and exit from the stem cell compartment was stimulated. Adhesiveness and proliferative potential were restored by overexpressing wild-type β1 integrin or by constitutive MAP kinase activation. Conversely, a dominant-negative MAP kinase kinase 1 mutant decreased adhesiveness and stem cell number in the absence of CD8β1. MAP kinase activation by α6β4-mediated adhesion and mitogens was normal in CD8β1 cells, and constitutive MAP kinase activation did not affect adhesion and proliferation of control keratinocytes. We conclude that β1 integrins and MAP kinase cooperate to maintain the epidermal stem cell compartment in vitro .
Atomic spectrometry viewpoint (1988)

B. V. L'vov, J. Anal. At. Spectrom., 1988, 3, 296 DOI: 10.1039/JA9880300296
Correction of systematic errors in the fabrication of fiber Bragg gratings (2002)

We suggest a novel method for significant improvement of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) spectral characteristics based on compensation of repeatable errors during the grating writing process. The method is based on an open loop scheme in which a test grating is written first and then a corrected design is obtained and implemented by writing another (compensated) grating. The results are presented for a FBG dispersion compensator.
Morbidity in epilepsy surgery: an experience based on 2449 epilepsy surgery procedures from a single institution (2009)

Based on the authors' experience, intracranial electrode implantation is an effective method with an extremely low morbidity rate. Moreover, epilepsy surgery is safe, especially in experienced hands.
Design And Performance Of A One-half Mv Rep-rate Pulser (2005)

A rep-rate pulser system is under development for use as an Army user facility. This pulser is entering its final stages of testing prior to delivery. This paper presents results which show the pulser's performance demonstrated to date and describes future upgrades now in progress. The pulser system contains a power supply which energizes a resonant charging circuit which charges a PFN to 1 MV. This power supply can provide up to 300 kW in one second bursts to the pulser. The output of the power unit charges the pulser's 10.5 /spl mu/F primary capacitor bank to 80 kV in 5 ms. This bank is then discharged into the primary of a 1:13.5 iron-core pulse transformer. The transformer's core is reset by the charging current to the 10.2 /spl mu/F capacitor bank. A pair of low inductance, simultaneously triggered gas switches discharges the capacitors into the primary winding of the transformer. The transformer secondary resonant-charges a 5 /spl Omega/ PFN to 1 MV in 7 /spl mu/s. The stored PFN energy is thus 28 kJ. A single self- breaking output switch discharges the PFN into a low inductance 5 /spl Omega/ load resistor. The pulser section, extending from the primary capacitors to the resistive dummy load is contained within an oil tank. The pulser was tested in single pulse and low rep-rates. The specified 500 kV load voltage was achieved without breakdown or corona. A 10 to 90% risetime of approximately 30 ns was obtained. The pulsewidth of the flat-top, a critical parameter for this pulser, was 450 ns (within an amplitude range /spl plusmn/5% of peak) . The pulser and power sections are interfaced to a Macintosh Ilcx computer. This computer accepts commands while operating under the LabVIEW software system which allows the pre-setting of all required pulser settings, including rep-rate, number of shots, burst width and the amplitude and timing of voltages and currents within the power unit. The LabVIEW control program also incorporates fault detection and display routines.
Two-dimensional differential demodulation for OFDM (2003)

The possibility of combining differential demodulators in time direction and frequency direction for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) frames is investigated. The proposed algorithm uses not only the direction in which the information is modulated, but also joins it with other symbols in time or frequency direction of the OFDM frame, resulting in an additional second direction that is differentially demodulated as well. In the special case that is investigated here, the second direction does not carry any modulated information. Nevertheless, it is shown that it can be used for the two-dimensional demodulation process without changing the transmitter. Therefore, the proposed algorithm is applicable for existing digital transmission systems, for example, digital audio broadcasting, as well as new systems.
All-optical analog-to-digital converters, hardlimiters, and logic gates (2001)

The authors propose and analyze the optical signal processing functionality of periodic structures consisting of alternating layers of materials possessing different Kerr nonlinearities. They explore structure-materials-performance relationships in all-optical analog-to-digital converters, hardlimiters, and AND and OR gates. They show that their proposed analog-to-digital converters can extract a binary word from multilevel optical signals in a single bit interval. They also propose a family of optical limiters whose output signal clamps to a set upper logic level for any input value exceeding a chosen threshold. They explore the performance of an all-optical logic gate whose forward-directed output implements a binary AND and whose backward-directed output implements an OR function.
Microbial Source Tracking:  State of the Science (2002)

Although water quality of the Nation's lakes, rivers and streams has been monitored for many decades and especially since the passage of the Clean Water Act in 1972, many still do not meet the Act's goal of "fishable and swimmable". While waterways can be impaired in numerous ways, the protection from pathogenic microbe contamination is most important for waters used for human recreation, drinking water and aquaculture. Typically, monitoring methods used for detecting potential pathogenic microorganisms in environmental waters are based upon cultivation and enumeration of fecal indicator bacteria (i.e. fecal coliforms, E. coli, and fecal enterococci). Currently, there is increasing interest in the potential for molecular fingerprinting methods to be used not only for detection but also for identification of fecal contamination sources. Molecular methods have been applied to study the microbial ecology of environmental systems for years and are now being applied to help improve our waters by identifying problem sources and determining the effect of implemented remedial solutions. Management and remediation of water pollution would be more cost-effective if the correct sources could be identified. This review provides an outline of the main methods that either have been used or have been suggested for use in microbial source tracking and some of the limitations associated with those methods.
Knowledge-based assistance for the development of drugs (1997)

This article describes the development of the Galenical Development System Heidelberg (GSH), which aims at giving knowledge-based assistance in one phase of the pharmaceutical development process, namely, the galenical routine development of dosage forms. Galenical development deals with the development of a recipe for a certain drug and its manufacturing technology. The GSH system can save pharmaceutical companies considerable time, preserves expert knowledge, and is easy to use for people who are not experts in AI. In addition, the GSH can be used as a training tool for disseminating galenical expertise.
Microalgae cultivation in air‐lift reactors: Modeling biomass yield and growth rate as a function of mixing frequency (2003)

The slow development of microalgal biotechnology stems from the failure in the design of large-scale photobioreactors where light energy is efficiently utilized. Due to the light gradient inside the reactor and depending on the mixing properties, algae are subjected to certain light/dark cycles where the light period is characterized by a light gradient. These light/dark cycles will determine productivity and biomass yield on light energy. Air-lift reactors can be used for microalgae cultivation and medium-frequency light/dark cycles will be found in these systems. Light/dark cycles are associated with two basic parameters: first, the light fraction, i.e., the ratio between the light period and the cycle time and second, the frequency of the light/dark cycle. In the present work, light/dark cycles found in air-lift reactors were simulated taking into account the light gradient during the light period. The effect of medium-frequency cycle time (10-100 s) and light fraction (0.1-1) on growth rate and biomass yield on light energy of the microalgae Dunaliella tertiolecta was studied. The biomass yield and growth rates were mainly affected by the light fraction, while cycle time had little influence. Response surface methodology was used and a statistical model describing the effect of light fraction and cycle time on growth rate and biomass yield on light energy was developed. The use of the model as a reactor design criterion is discussed.
Cryopreservation of Spin-Dried Mammalian Cells (2011)

This study reports an alternative approach to achieve vitrification where cells are pre-desiccated prior to cooling to cryogenic temperatures for storage. Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells suspended in a trehalose solution were rapidly and uniformly desiccated to a low moisture content (<0.12 g of water per g of dry weight) using a spin-drying technique. Trehalose was also introduced into the cells using a high-capacity trehalose transporter (TRET1). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to examine the uniformity of water concentration distribution in the spin-dried samples. 62% of the cells were shown to survive spin-drying in the presence of trehalose following immediate rehydration. The spin-dried samples were stored in liquid nitrogen (LN(2)) at a vitrified state. It was shown that following re-warming to room temperature and re-hydration with a fully complemented cell culture medium, 51% of the spin-dried and vitrified cells survived and demonstrated normal growth characteristics. Spin-drying is a novel strategy that can be used to improve cryopreservation outcome by promoting rapid vitrification.
Single-cell RNA-Sequencing in Neuroscience (2019)

Summary Technical innovations in the last decade have allowed to sequence transcriptomes of single cells. Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) has since then opened the window to a deeper understanding of cellular identity and is becoming a widely used method in molecular biology. In neuroscience, scRNA-seq has broad applications, for example in determining cellular diversity in different brain regions and in revealing transcriptomic variations across brain disorders. The method consists of several steps: isolation and lysis of single cells, reverse transcription of RNAs, amplification of cDNAs, and next-generation sequencing. The large datasets can subsequently be analysed using different bioinformatic tools to deduce biological meaning. Current developments aim to integrate scRNA-seq into cellular network analysis through multimodal analysis, spatial localisation and perturbation experiments, in order to understand brain physiology and pathology.
The Stereoscopic Cinema: From Film to Digital Projection (2001)

A noteworthy improvement in the projection of stereoscopic moving images is taking place; the image is clear and easy to view. Moreover, the setup of projection is simplified, and requires no tweaking for continued performance at a high-quality level. The new system of projection relies on the Texas Instruments Digital Micromirror Device (DMD), and the basis for this paper is the Christie Digital Mirage 5000 projector and StereoGraphics selection devices, CrystalEyes and the ZScreen.
Activity Recognition Research: The Good, the Bad, and the Future (2010)

Successfully recognizing people’s activities enables a wide range of pervasive computing applications. Recent research on activity recognition, particularly for elder care and health applications, has demonstrated that it is possible to recognize a
Quantum computation with abelian anyons (2000)

A universal quantum computer can be constructed using abelian anyons. Two qubit quantum logic gates such as controlled-NOT operations are performed using topological effects. Single-anyon operations such as hopping from site to site on a lattice suffice to perform all quantum logic operations. Quantum computation using abelian anyons shares some but not all of the robustness of quantum computation using non-abelian anyons.
Correlated noise estimation and error correction in parallel storage channels (2013)

The evolution of new technologies frequently results to the need of formulating old problems in new way. The design of MEMS-based storage systems that use multiple, simultaneously accessed channels, has to confront, among others, the problem of correlated noise in different channels. This work presents a method that exploits the inherent parallelism found in such communication/storage systems in order to estimate the correlated error vector and to improve the data decoding process. The method uses the parallelism of the multiple channels both to flag symbols as erasures using the error locations revealed by the initial errors-only decoding attempt, and to estimate the introduced channel noise vector and provide soft information to the demodulators of all channels. Numerical results demonstrate the performance improvement that is achieved by the proposed method, thus improving the reliability of such systems/devices.
pH controlled assembly of a polybutadiene–poly(methacrylic acid) copolymer in water: packing considerations and kinetic limitations (2009)

The morphologies formed by a polybutadiene–poly(methacrylic acid) block copolymer when directly rehydrated in aqueous solution were studied as a function of pH. A combination of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and zeta-potential measurements were used to characterize the assemblies. At low pH very large vesicles were formed. As the pH increased, the vesicles became progressively smaller until a transition to worm-like micelles was observed at pH 8. At pH 10, spherical micelles were formed. The initial transformation between vesicles of very low curvature and higher curvature can be directly related to the globule–coil transition which occurred for poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) at between pH 6–8. Subsequent morphological changes were dominated by the increasing repulsion between PMAA chains as the degree of ionisation increased. The phase behaviour of the copolymer in solution can thus be explained in terms of packing factors. It was also observed that the transformation from vesicles to worm-like micelles was rapid as was the change from worm-like micelles to spherical micelles. However, micelles formed at high pH did not readily form worm-like micelles and vesicles on lowering the pH. It was found that the observed behaviour was due to the slow kinetics of the phase transitions from spherical micelle to vesicle but it could be seen that the transformation took place over time i.e.vesicles are the thermodynamically stable species at low pH but ionic repulsion effects between species provide a kinetic barrier to their formation.
Novel Regio- and Stereoselective Synthesis of 6-Substituted Pteridines and Naturally Occurring L-<i>erythro</i>-Biopterin (1992)

Condensation of 2,4,5-triamino-6-butoxypyrimidine with various 2-formyloxiranes followed by oxidation with iodine affords 2-amino-4-butoxy-6-(1-hydroxyalkyl)pteridines regioselectively. Naturally occurring L-erythro-biopterin is synthesized from (1S,2S,3S)-2-formyl-3-(1-hydroxyethyl) oxirane. The reaction proceeds via 5,6-dihydropteridine, and the mechanism is discussed with the help of molecular orbital calculations.
Anti-photoaging and Photoprotective Compounds Derived from Marine Organisms (2010)

Marine organisms form a prominent component of the oceanic population, which significantly contribute in the production of cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical molecules with biologically efficient moieties. In addition to the molecules of various biological activities like anti-bacterial, anti-cancerous, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative etc., these organisms also produce potential photoprotective or anti-photoaging agents, which are attracting present day researchers. Continuous exposure to UV irradiation (both UV-A and UV-B) leads to the skin cancer and other photoaging complications, which are typically mediated by the reactive oxygen species (ROS), generated in the oxidative pathways. Many of the anti-oxidative and anti-photoaging compounds have been identified previously, which work efficiently against photodamage of the skin. Recently, marine originated photoprotective or anti-photoaging behavior was observed in the methanol extracts of Corallina pilulifera (CPM). These extracts were found to exert potent antioxidant activity and protective effect on UV-A-induced oxidative stress in human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells by protecting DNA and also by inhibiting matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), a key component in photoaging of the skin due to exposure to UV-A. The present review depicts various other photoprotective compounds from algae and other marine sources for further elaborative research and their probable use in cosmeceutical and pharmaceutical industries.
A Revised Modified Cholesky Factorization Algorithm (1999)

A modified Cholesky factorization algorithm introduced originally by Gill and Murray and refined by Gill, Murray, and Wright is used extensively in optimization algorithms. Since its introduction in 1990, a different modified Cholesky factorization of Schnabel and Eskow has also gained widespread usage. Compared with the Gill--Murray--Wright algorithm, the Schnabel--Eskow algorithm has a smaller a priori bound on the perturbation, added to ensure positive definiteness, and some computational advantages, especially for large problems. Users of the Schnabel--Eskow algorithm, however, have reported cases from two different contexts where it makes a far larger modification to the original matrix than is necessary and than is made by the Gill--Murray--Wright method. This paper reports on a simple modification to the Schnabel--Eskow algorithm that appears to correct all the known computational difficulties with the method, without harming its theoretical properties or its computational behavior in any other cases. In new computational tests, the modifications to the original matrix made by the new algorithm appear virtually always to be smaller than those made by the Gill--Murray--Wright algorithm, sometimes by significant amounts. The perturbed matrix is allowed to be more ill-conditioned with the new algorithm, but this seems to be appropriate in the known contexts where the underlying problem is ill-conditioned.
Immunogenicity: concepts/issues/concerns. (2002)

A human protein made in cell culture via recombinant DNA technology, theoretically, should not be immunogenic in humans. In practice, however, fully human proteins, partially human proteins and modified human proteins have all been shown to be immunogenic in some patients under some circumstances. The variables that contribute to the immunogenicity of therapeutic proteins and the measurement of antibodies to these proteins are discussed.
Light load efficiency improvement for multi-channel PFC (2008)

With the fast growing information technologies, AC-DC front-end power supply design is facing extremely tough challenges due to the continuously increasing power density and efficiency requirement. For the PFC stage, how to reduce the boost inductor and the EMI filter size without compromising the efficiency is the key to meet the challenges. Lots of techniques has been studied and proposed during the last several years. Among these techniques, multi-channel interleaving is a quite promising one. By staggering the channels at uniform intervals, multi-channel interleaved PFC can reduce the EMI filter size significantly due to the ripple cancellation effect. In addition, the interleaving multi-channel configuration makes it possible to implement the phase-shedding to improve the PFC light load efficiency. Today, the power supply industry is spending tremendous effort on improving the PFC light efficiency due to the economic reasons and environmental concerns. By decreasing the number of active channels according to the load, the PFC light load efficiency can be optimized. In this paper, the phaseshedding control is proposed to improve the PFC light load efficiency and the issues on the EMI filter design are investigated. To improve the light load efficiency without compromising the EMI filter size, the asymmetrical phase angle control strategy is proposed, and is verified and demonstrated by the experimental results.
A testbed based verification of joint communication and computation systems (2017)

Traditional wireless sensor network applications separate the functionalities for communication and computation. However, through simultaneous transmission and superposition property, multiple access wireless channels can enable joint communication and computation. Recent studies successfully highlight the benefit that can be harnessed from the wireless transmission channel in order to improve the network throughput and to reduce the computational load. In this paper, the usage of analog function computation (AFC) strategy is studied to combine communication and computation as a case study targeting a wireless sensor network. The proposed network executes summation, multiplication, maximum and minimum operations on channel with the help of pre-processing and post-processing functions. Mathematical model of the network is supported with computer simulations and the obtained benefits when compared to a time division multiple access (TDMA) based transmission scheme are highlighted. The real-time implementation of the sensor network is achieved by using software defined radio (SDR) nodes and extensive tests are run for summation operation in order to investigate the performance of the network.
Abortion surveillance--United States, 2003. (2006)

Abortion surveillance in the United States continues to provide the data necessary for examining trends in numbers and characteristics of women who obtain legal induced abortions and to increase understanding of this pregnancy outcome. Policymakers and program planners use these data to improve the health and well-being of women and infants.