gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In Situ Water Sensing in a Nafion Membrane by Fluorescence Spectroscopy (2005)

The objective of this work is to use fiber-optic fluorescence spectroscopy to detect changes in the Nafion membrane water content in a fuel cell at several operating conditions. The fluorophore Rhodamine 6G was found to be sensitive to the membrane water content. The fluorescence measurement of the membrane water content predicted the dynamic response of the fuel cell during startup, during operating condition changes, and during many small perturbations. A decrease in the membrane water content was observed as the fuel cell current was increased. The decrease in the water content is attributed to mass-transfer limitations at the anode side of the membrane.
Mechanical Properties of Organic Semiconductors for Stretchable, Highly Flexible, and Mechanically Robust Electronics (2017)

Mechanical deformability underpins many of the advantages of organic semiconductors. The mechanical properties of these materials are, however, diverse, and the molecular characteristics that permit charge transport can render the materials stiff and brittle. This review is a comprehensive description of the molecular and morphological parameters that govern the mechanical properties of organic semiconductors. Particular attention is paid to ways in which mechanical deformability and electronic performance can coexist. The review begins with a discussion of flexible and stretchable devices of all types, and in particular the unique characteristics of organic semiconductors. It then discusses the mechanical properties most relevant to deformable devices. In particular, it describes how low modulus, good adhesion, and absolute extensibility prior to fracture enable robust performance, along with mechanical "imperceptibility" if worn on the skin. A description of techniques of metrology precedes a discussion of the mechanical properties of three classes of organic semiconductors: π-conjugated polymers, small molecules, and composites. The discussion of each class of materials focuses on molecular structure and how this structure (and postdeposition processing) influences the solid-state packing structure and thus the mechanical properties. The review concludes with applications of organic semiconductor devices in which every component is intrinsically stretchable or highly flexible.
Dehydration of 2,3-butanediol over zeolite catalysts (2016)

2,3-Butanediol as a product of biomass processing is a cheap alternative raw material for synthesis of methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) and butadiene-1,3. The catalytic activity of Al- and Zr-containing BEA zeolites and an alumina-based catalyst in 2,3-butanediol dehydration has been investigated. It has been shown that the presence of Brönsted (H-BEA) or Lewis (Al2O3) sites leads to the selective formation of MEK and the combination of two types of sites (Zr-BEA) facilitates the formation of heavy products of condensation.
Actions of pentobarbital on rat brain receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes (1986)

Functional receptor channels activated by GABA and other neurotransmitters were "transplanted" from rat brain to Xenopus oocytes by injecting the oocytes with total poly(A)+ mRNA isolated from rat or chick brain. Membrane currents elicited in the oocyte by GABA inverted polarity at about the chloride equilibrium potential (ca. -25 mV). Pentobarbital potentiated the GABA-activated currents, without appreciably changing the reversal potential or form of the current-voltage relationship. At low (less than 10(-5) M) concentrations of GABA, pentobarbital (100 microM) potentiated the responses by a factor of 10 or more, but responses to high (ca. 1 mM) concentrations of GABA were almost unchanged. Half-maximal activation of the response was obtained with about 3 X 10(-5) M GABA when applied alone and with about 4 X 10(-6) M GABA when applied together with 100 microM pentobarbital. At low doses of GABA, the size of the current increased as the 1.4th power of GABA concentration, but this relationship became nearly linear in the presence of pentobarbital. The potentiation of the GABA response increased linearly with concentrations of pentobarbital up to about 300 microM, reaching a maximum of about 50-fold. At higher concentrations of pentobarbital, the response to GABA declined. Relaxations of GABA-activated currents following voltage steps became slower in the presence of pentobarbital, suggesting that the open life-time of the channels was prolonged. In addition to actions on GABA-activated currents, pentobarbital itself elicited a small membrane current that inverted polarity at a potential (-10 mV) more positive than the GABA-activated current.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Developments in Audio File Formats (2000)

Of the many landmarks in the history of digital music and audio, the development of the multimedia-enabled personal computer was significant in establishing the primacy of two file formats for audio sample data. Each is associated with a particular platform – the AIFF format with the Apple Macintosh series based on the Motorola 68K (and, later, the PowerPC), and the WAVE formatwith the IBM PC and the Intel processor series. The two file formats are thus targetted at big-endian and little-endian platforms respectively, a dyad that remains important today. The similarities and differences between these two formats are significant, as not only do they demonstrate the basic requirements of a practical format, they also serve to highlight the difficulties that have arisen in the light of modern requirements. Taking the common features first: both formats are based on the tagged chunk paradigm (derived from the original Electronic Arts “IFF 85 Standard for Interchange Format Files” specification), in which a specific chunk type serves as a container for format-specific sub-chunks. Both formats require chunks to be aligned to 16bit boundaries. Both formats are also globally complete, insofar as only one chunk of each type can appear in a file (this is true also of other optional chunks that can be included), and the relationship between them is well-defined – thus the interpretation of each chunk is completely defined by the format. Global completeness in a file does not necessarily indicate local completeness; two or more chunks may need to be read in order to complete the information required for rendering. Some chunks are mandatory, but a wider range of further optional chunks, for example containing production information, can also be used. One significant difference between the formats is that WAVE requires the rendering information to precede the sample data, whereas this is not mandated in the AIFF format. Thus, strictly speaking, the WAVE format is streamable, whereas AIFF data may or may not be, depending on the ordering of the chunks. In the worst case, the effective latency (defined here as the amount of the file that must be read before rendering can start) is that of the whole SSND chunk. In the case of the WAVE format, the contents of the fmt chunk corresponds directly to the data structure supplied to the soundcard driver under Microsoft Windows, so that the WAVE format as a whole is closely coupled to the expected rendering subsystem. Further differences arise when multi-channel audio data is considered. In the WAVE format, a two channel file is understood to contain data for the left and right speakers, but speaker assign-
Two new entocytherid ostracods from the vicinity of Washington, D. C (1964)

(Uploaded by Plazi from the Biodiversity Heritage Library) No abstract provided.
Modern chemical processes (1951)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVBook and Media Revie...Book and Media ReviewModern chemical processesKenneth A. Kobe Cite this: J. Chem. Educ. 1951, 28, 3, 176Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1951Publication History Received3 August 2009Published online1 March 1951Published inissue 1 March 1951https://doi.org/10.1021/ed028p176.4RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views118Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (870 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Correlation between multidrug resistance and the degree of differentiation of non-small-cell bronchopulmonary carcinoma (NSCLC) in vitro and in vivo. (1998)

The correlation between the degree of expression of the multidrug resistance-1 (MDR-1) gene and the process of differentiation into non-small-cell, bronchopulmonary carcinoma was studied in vitro and in vivo. For this purpose, a technique for the quantitative analysis of MDR-1 gene expression was developed by competitive reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. The study of 9 epidermoid carcinomas with various degrees of differentiation did not enable us to establish a correlation in vivo in the patient. However, an in vitro study performed on a non-small-cell lung carcinoma cell line and two of its clones showed that MDR-1 gene expression increased with the degree of differentiation, which was confirmed in vivo when this line was xenografted into nude mice.
ER stress and development of type 1 diabetes (2015)

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) results from an autoimmune-mediated destruction of pancreatic β cells. The incidence of T1D is on the rise globally around 3% to 5% per year and rapidly increasing incidence in younger children is of the greatest concern. currently, there is no way to cure or prevent T1D; hence, a deeper understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of this disease is essential to the development of new effective therapies. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is an organelle with multiple functions that are essential for cellular homeostasis. Excessive demand on the ER, chronic inflammation, and environmental factors lead to ER stress and to re-establish cellular homeostasis, the adaptive unfolded protein response (UPR) is triggered. However, chronic ER stress leads to a switch from a prosurvival to a proapoptotic UPR, resulting in cell death. Accumulating data have implicated ER stress and defective UPR in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, and ER stress has been implicated in β-cell failure in type 2 diabetes. However, the role of ER stress and the UPR in β-cell pathophysiology and in the initiation and propagation of the autoimmune responses in T1D remains undefined. This review will highlight the current understanding and recent in vivo data on the role of ER stress and adaptive responses in T1D pathogenesis and the potential therapeutic aspect of enhancing β-cell ER function and restoring UPR defects as novel clinical strategies against this disease.
Chronic oedema/lymphoedema: under‐recognised and under‐treated (2014)

Even though it is estimated that at least 300 000 people in Canada may be affected by chronic oedema/lymphoedema, recognition of the seriousness of this chronic disease in health care is scarce. Lymphoedema affects up to 70% of breast and prostate cancer patients, substantially increasing their postoperative medical costs. Adding to this problem are the escalating rates of morbid obesity across North America and the fact that 80% of these individuals are thought to suffer with an element of lymphoedema. The costs related to these patient populations and their consumption of health care resources are alarming. Untreated chronic oedema/lymphoedema is progressive and leads to infection, disfigurement, disability and in some cases even death. Thus, prognosis for the patient is far worse and treatment is more costly when the disease is not identified and treated in the earlier stages. Although the number of individuals coping with chronic oedema/lymphoedema continues to increase, the disparity between diagnosis, treatment and funding across Canada endures. The reasons for this include a lack of public awareness of the condition, insufficient education and knowledge among health care providers regarding aetiology and management and limited financial coverage to support appropriate methods and materials.
Two-dimensional barcodes for mobile phones (2010)

Motivated by a number of potential applications for a high data-density barcode that can be easily photographed and decoded by mobile phones, this paper presents the design of a new colour high data-density two-dimensional barcode symbology. The new symbology is designed to exploit the low-pass characteristic of a camera phone channel, and encodes information in the spatial Discrete Cosine Transform domain. A water-filling process and a noise-shaping algorithm enhance performance, while a new fast acquisition method allows for rotational and size invariance. An outer Accumulate-Repeat-Accumulate code is employed, followed by an inner Reed Muller code with a rate varying according to spatial frequency. The final barcode data-density is 3.5 times greater than the leading symbology and has proven robust to various impairments imposed by camera phones.
Immunophenotyping of acute myeloid leukemia cells. (1990)

This article considers the expression of myeloid cell-associated antigens on both normal and malignant myeloid cells. Progress in the use of monoclonal antibodies to myeloid cell surface antigens for the diagnosis, subclassification, and treatment of acute myeloid leukemia is discussed. The results of bone marrow purging with monoclonal antibodies to remove leukemia cells for the purpose of autologous bone-marrow transplantation are promising.
System Combination for Machine Translation of Spoken and Written Language (2008)

This paper describes an approach for computing a consensus translation from the outputs of multiple machine translation (MT) systems. The consensus translation is computed by weighted majority voting on a confusion network, similarly to the well-established ROVER approach of Fiscus for combining speech recognition hypotheses. To create the confusion network, pairwise word alignments of the original MT hypotheses are learned using an enhanced statistical alignment algorithm that explicitly models word reordering. The context of a whole corpus of automatic translations rather than a single sentence is taken into account in order to achieve high alignment quality. The confusion network is rescored with a special language model, and the consensus translation is extracted as the best path. The proposed system combination approach was evaluated in the framework of the TC-STAR speech translation project. Up to six state-of-the-art statistical phrase-based translation systems from different project partners were combined in the experiments. Significant improvements in translation quality from Spanish to English and from English to Spanish in comparison with the best of the individual MT systems were achieved under official evaluation conditions.
Depolarization and Neurotrophins Converge on the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase–Akt Pathway to Synergistically Regulate Neuronal Survival (1999)

In this report, we have examined the mechanisms whereby neurotrophins and neural activity coordinately regulate neuronal survival, focussing on sympathetic neurons, which require target-derived NGF and neural activity for survival during development. When sympathetic neurons were maintained in suboptimal concentrations of NGF, coincident depolarization with concentrations of KCl that on their own had no survival effect, synergistically enhanced survival. Biochemical analysis revealed that depolarization was sufficient to activate a Ras-phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt pathway (Ras-PI3-kinase-Akt), and function-blocking experiments using recombinant adenovirus indicated that this pathway was essential for approximately 50% of depolarization-mediated neuronal survival. At concentrations of NGF and KCl that promoted synergistic survival, these two stimuli converged to promote increased PI3-kinase-dependent Akt phosphorylation. This convergent PI3-kinase-Akt pathway was essential for synergistic survival. In contrast, inhibition of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II revealed that, while this molecule was essential for depolarization-induced survival, it had no role in KCl- induced Akt phosphorylation, nor was it important for synergistic survival by NGF and KCl. Thus, NGF and depolarization together mediate survival of sympathetic neurons via intracellular convergence on a Ras-PI3-kinase-Akt pathway. This convergent regulation of Akt may provide a general mechanism for coordinating the effects of growth factors and neural activity on neuronal survival throughout the nervous system.
Speaker identification approach based on time domain extracted features (2010)

This paper presents a speaker identification approach based on features extracted by time domain speech analysis. Most features (28) issue from the TESPAR (Time Encoded Signal Processing and Recognition) coding method. The other four features are provided by the time domain analysis of the waveform. The features further employed are: the relative mean square energy, the number of maxima in the energy envelope, the pitch frequency average and the relative number of zero crossings for every utterance. This approach implies low computational requirements for features extraction and provides good recognition rates. For the experiments some classifiers (kNN, Bayes Net, Naive Bayes, RBF and SVM) provided by the WEKA (Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis) environment are employed.
Transistor improvements using an IMPATT collector (1974)

Improvements in the operation of a transistor-like structure with an IMPATT collector are examined. The proposed name for the device is an IMPISTOR. For a given emitter stripewidth in a transistor-like structure, the IMPISTOR should operate at a frequency between five and ten times higher than for a normal transistor.
Assessment of aluminum structural materials for service within the ANS reflector vessel (1995)

Most of the components in the Advanced Neutron Source (ANS) reactor, including the reflector vessel, will be built from the aluminum alloy 6061 (lMg,0.6Si) in its precipitation-hardened T6 and T651 conditions. The microstructural and mechanical characteristics of the alloy are described, and its operating boundaries of stress, temperature, and time in its unirradiated state are defined. The material`s responses to neutron radiation exposure in aqueous environments are reviewed in detail. The particular service conditions of stress, temperature, and radiation exposure expected for individual components in the ANS are listed, and the suitability of each component to meet the demands is assessed. Areas of uncertainties are outlined, and various suggestions and recommendations are made to give improved confidence in the predictions.
Early metabolism evaluation making traditional Chinese medicine effective and safe therapeutics (2006)

Increasing attention is being paid to the scientific evaluation of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). As many TCMs are capable of biotransformation in the gastrointestinal tract, attention to biotransformation of TCM in the gastrointestinal tract may lead to discovery of the active components and active mechanisms. In this article, we review reports that host metabolic enzymes and intestinal bacteria may be responsible for the metabolism of TCM. Good understanding of the in vivo course of TCM will help us to know how to conduct metabolism evaluation of TCM by using in vitro human-derived system. This evaluation system will create new views on TCM as effective and safe therapeutic agents.
Non-linearly induced interference and its mitigation in cognitive wideband receivers (2012)

Software defined radios are widely used as multi-mode and multi-band RF transceivers for modern communication systems, especially in cognitive radio. However, the design of flexible, cheap, and reconfigurable front-ends is a challenging task in terms of the RF transceiver electronics. Many requirements to the analogue components can be met by today's technologies, however, this may not always be practical except for measurements and prototyping. This paper addresses RF impairments in wideband cognitive radios, especially non-linear distortions in the receiver. Receiver non-linearities affect the reliability of spectrum sensing, a key issue in spectrum awareness. Here, the focus is on mitigation of non-linear distortions using “Dirty RF” techniques. We present experimental work studying the effects of non-linear distortions and analysing the performance of a typical wideband soft-ware-defined receiver. A feed-forward mitigation algorithm with an adaptive filter has been implemented and applied to real measurement data for cleaning the baseband spectrum of distortion products. The results obtained show that a significant suppression of distortion products can be achieved.
Genetic Counseling for the Older Pregnant Woman: New Data and Questions (1978)

It has become accepted medical practice to inform pregnant women 35 years of age and older of their increased risk of having a child with chromosome abnormality in comparison to younger women, and to offer prenatal diagnosis to determine whether the fetus is affected. The focus has been on the older pregnant woman because the autosomal trisomies 21 (the Down syndrome), 18 and 13 have been found to be more common in the children of older mothers and because most of the affected infants have been born to women over 35.1 It has therefore been postulated that the extra chromosome . . .
Separation of neutral lipid, free fatty acid and phospholipid classes by normal phase HPLC (1988)

Normal phase high performance liquid chromatography methods are described for the separation of neutral lipid, fatty acid and five phospholipid classes using spectrophotometric detection at 206 nm. Separations were accomplished in less than 10 min for each lipid class. A mobile phase consisting of hexane/methyltertiarybutylether/acetic acid (100:5:0.02) proved effective in separating cholesteryl ester and triglyceride with recoveries of 100% for radiolabeled cholesteryl oleate and 98% for radiolabeled triolein. Free fatty acid and cholesterol were separated by two different mobile phases. The first, hexane/methyltertiarybutylether/acetic acid (70:30:0.02) effectively separated free fatty acids and cholesterol, but did not separate cholesterol from 1,2-diglyceride. A mobile phase consisting of hexane/isopropanol/acetic acid (100:2:0.02) effectively separated free fatty acid, cholesterol, 1,2-diglyceride and 1,3-diglyceride. Recoveries of oleic acid and cholesterol were 100% and 97%, respectively. Five phospholipid classes were separated using methyltertiarybutylether/methanol/aqueous ammonium acetate (pH 8.6) (5:8:2) as the mobile phase. The recoveries of phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin and lysophosphatidylcholine were each greater than 96%.