gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Usefulness and Limitations of Hand‐held Refractometers in Veterinary Laboratory Medicine: An Historical and Technical Review (2001)

Medical hand-held refractometers have been used in veterinary practice since their development in the 1960s. They have become ubiquitous for the measurement of protein and urine solute concentrations because of their rapidity of analysis, ease of use, and relatively low cost. Refraction of light offers advantages for the determination of solute concentrations because the measurement requires no chemical alteration of the specimen. Numerous authors have reported that the results of protein estimation by refractometry for domestic mammals correlate well with those obtained by the biuret method, although others have reported both higher and lower refractometric results compared with biuret results. Major discrepancies between biuret and refractometric results have been reported for avian samples. Some of the variation in reported results may be due to differences in design by refractometer manufacturers. Another possible source may be variation in the biuret reagent mixture and assay conditions. Refractometers also can be used to calculate serum water concentration. A table that converts index of refraction to serum water concentration can be used to convert electrolyte concentration from mmol/L of serum to mmol/L of serum water, a more accurate indicator of effective electrolyte concentration. Refractometers are especially useful for determining urine specific gravity on veterinary samples because they require relatively small sample volumes. Specific gravity continues to be the most common unit for reporting total solids concentration. Some solutes, such as acetone, may cause false increases in specific gravity by refractometry, as they increase refraction but are less dense than water.
A Dictionary of Chemistry (2004)

"Containing many new entries as well as biographies of key scientists, it covers all aspects of chemistry, including physical chemistry and biochemistry. There are over 4,300 entries, including approximately 100 entries to this new edition. The dictionary also includes single- or double-page feature articles on important topics, such as polymers and crystal defects. Chronologies chart the main discoveries in such fields as atomic theory, biochemistry, explosives, and plastics"--from publisher description.
Variability of resistive switching memories and its impact on crossbar array performance (2011)

Metal oxide based resistive switching memories (also known as RRAM for Resistive Random Access Memory) often show large variability, due to the stochastic nature of the switching process. This paper discusses the variability of key RRAM parameters with the focus on the resistance variation. The dependence of resistance variation on operation conditions is analyzed, using Cu <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> O-based RRAM as an example. The impact of device variability on the sensing margin of crossbar RRAM arrays is studied by statistical modeling. The variability of the selected device contributes more to the signal degradation in crossbar arrays than the variability of unselected devices.
Diversity and equalization in digital cellular radio. (1992)

This thesis analyses and quantifies the performance of a range of important diversity combining receivers operating in a digital cellular radio environment with linear modulation, frequency-selective Rayleigh multipath fading, and co-channel interference (CO). The following three types of diversity receiver are treated: (i) the maximum likelihood receiver (the best-possible receiver); (U) optimum linear receivers; and (iii) memoryless linear combining receivers with and without post-combiner equalization. The frequency-selective multipath fading channels are statistically characterized by a delay spectrum with an associated root-mean-square delay spread. The co-channel interference on each diversity branch is assumed to be composed of (i) a small number (possibly zero) of dominant interferers; and (ii) a large number of weak interferer; the sum of which is modelled as independent gaussian noise, or noise-like CCI. The potential bit-error-rate (BER) performance of the maxim likelihood receiver is analysed in the case of noise-like CCI alone (i.e., no dominant interferers), using the matched filter bound. The thesis presents a general. exact, and totally analytical solution of the matched filter bound on BER performance taken over the ensemble of multipath channel responses. The key to the solution is the application of the Karhunen-Loeve representation of these channel responses. The BER performance of an optimum linear receiver. optimized according to the minimum mean-square error (MMSE) criterion, is estimated using (i) a range of BER computation methods, including Metzger's algorithm and Saltzberg's bound; and (ii) random generation of the channel responses, using the efficient Karhunen-Loeve method. Five sub-classes of the memoryless linear combining receiver, with and without post-combiner equalization, are studied. They include arrangements of the following combining and equalization schemes: maximal ratio combining, maximal power combining, MMSE combining, MMSE linear equalization, and ideal intersymbol interference (lSI) cancellation. The BER performances of the five receiver sub-classes are estimated using similar techniques to those used for the optimum (MMSE) linear receiver. For quaternary phase shift keying (QPSK) and all the above receivers, the thesis presents a set of numerical results that show the influence of the diversity order. the number of dominant interferers (set to zero for matched filter bounds), the delay spectrum shape, the delay spread, and the signal-to-interference ratio. This extensive set of data shows the power of diversity and equalization at combating lSI and eel in frequency-selective fading environments, and important tradeoffs between receiver performance and complexity.
CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF MUCUS (1978)

Journal Article CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF MUCUS Get access J R CLAMP, MD PhD FRIC MRCP, J R CLAMP, MD PhD FRIC MRCP Department of Medicine, University of Bristol Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar A ALLEN, DPhil, A ALLEN, DPhil Department of Physiology, University of Newcastle upon Tyne Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar R A GIBBONS, DSc, R A GIBBONS, DSc Agricultural Research Council Institute for Research on Animal DiseasesCompton, Newbury, Berkshire Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar G P ROBERTS, BSc PhD G P ROBERTS, BSc PhD University Department of Surgery, Welsh National School of MedicineCardiff Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar British Medical Bulletin, Volume 34, Issue 1, January 1978, Pages 25–41, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a071455 Published: 01 January 1978
PHASED ARRAY ANTENNA DEVELOPMENT (1967)

Abstract : The ability to rapidly scan a highly directive antenna beam has been made possible by recent advances in the art of microwave phase shifting. This report describes an experimental C-band phased array antenna. The antenna is composed of eight subarrays which may be arranged in several configurations to investigate the effects of a full array. Each subarray contains a reactive power divider, 48 ferrite phase shifters and their electronic drivers, and a radiating structure. The radiating structure has been designed to provide some compensation for impedance variation with scanning. The design and fabrication of the components are discussed in detail, and test results of the array are presented and analyzed.
Connecting the dots between news articles (2011)

The process of extracting useful knowledge from large datasets has become one of the most pressing problems in today's society. The problem spans entire sectors, from scientists to intelligence analysts and web users, all of whom are constantly struggling to keep up with the larger and larger amounts of content published every day. With this much data, it is often easy to miss the big picture.

In this paper, we investigate methods for automatically connecting the dots - providing a structured, easy way to navigate within a new topic and discover hidden connections. We focus on the news domain: given two news articles, our system automatically finds a coherent chain linking them together. For example, it can recover the chain of events leading from the decline of home prices (2007) to the health-care debate (2009).

We formalize the characteristics of a good chain and provide efficient algorithms to connect two fixed endpoints. We incorporate user feedback into our framework, allowing the stories to be refined and personalized. Finally, we evaluate our algorithm over real news data. Our user studies demonstrate the algorithm's effectiveness in helping users understanding the news.
Purely P2P Crypto-Currency With Finite Mini-Blockchain (2013)

Almost all P2P crypto-currencies prevent double spending and similar such attacks with a bulky “blockchain” scheme, and the ones which do not typically use some sort of pseudo-centralized solution to manage the transactions. Here I propose a purely P2P crypto-currency scheme with a finite blockchain, dubbed the “mini-blockchain”. Each time a new block is solved the oldest block is trimmed from the end of the miniblockchain so that it always has the same number of blocks. It is argued that the loss of security this trimming process incurs can be solved with a small “proof chain” and the loss of coin ownership data is solved with a database which holds the balance of all non-empty addresses, dubbed the “account tree”. The proof chain secures the miniblockchain and the mini-blockchain secures the account tree. This paper will describe the way in which these three mechanisms can work together to form a system which provides a high level of integrity and security, yet is much slimmer than all other purely P2P currencies. It also offers other potential benefits such as faster transactions and lower fees, quicker network synchronization, support for high levels of traffic, more block space for custom messages, and increased anonymity.
CD44 variant expression in cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma (1997)

Expression of the lymphocyte homing receptor CD44 and its splice variants have been linked to tumour dissemination and poor prognosis in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Specifically, the in vitro expression of variant exon V6 confers metastatic potential in rat pancreatic carcinoma cell lines. In this study, we investigated the expression of CD44 splice variants in cutaneous T-cell lymphomas, including patients with mycosis fungoides (MF), Sezary syndrome (SS), large-cell anaplastic lymphoma (LCAL) and HTLV1-associated cutaneous lymphoma. In addition, 4 involved lymph nodes from 2 patients with MF and 1 patient with SS were examined. Inflammatory dermatoses, lichen planus and psoriasis, and normal skin were also studied. Immunohistochemistry was performed using a panel of monoclonal antibodies, including those with specificity for CD44H (standard isoform) and variant exons V3, V6 and V8-9. Normal epidermal keratinocytes were consistently CD44H and CD44 V3, V6 and V8-9 positive. In all the different clinicopathological subtypes and stages of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas, including involved lymph nodes, tumour cells consistently expressed CD44H, but were CD44 V3 and V6 negative. CD44 V8-9 was expressed on a majority of tumour cells in 2/5 LCAL and on occasional tumour cells in 2/5 LCAL. Occasional V8-9 positive tumour cells were also identified in 6/13 MF, 1/4 SS and 3/4 HTLV1. In 2/3 lymph node samples from 2 patients with tumour-stage MF, CD44 V8-9 expression was found on a small percentage of atypical mononuclear cells. Scattered V8-9 positive dermal mononuclear cells were present in sections of lichen planus and psoriasis. We have found no evidence to suggest that the metastasis-associated CD44 variant exon (V6) is expressed in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, or that CD44H expression is associated with an adverse prognostic group. It is not clear whether the strong expression of CD44 V8-9 in 2 patients with CD30 positive LCAL reflects activation status or metastatic potential.
Takayasu's Arteritis and Its Therapy (1985)

Twenty patients with Takayasu's arteritis were followed prospectively for an average of 4.6 years. Sixteen patients with active inflammatory Takayasu's arteritis were treated with glucocorticosteroids; eight responded to therapy. Six patients had clinical or angiographic progression of their vasculitis on daily corticosteroid therapy. These patients were then given cyclophosphamide together with prednisone on alternate days. Four of these 6 patients had no progression of vascular lesions while receiving cyclophosphamide; two had progression of vascular lesions after 30 and 48 months of therapy. Vascular reconstructive surgery was successful in 7 patients who tolerated a total of 13 vascular surgical procedures without major complications. One bypass graft occluded after 13 months and was revised. With corticosteroid therapy, cytotoxic therapy, and surgery, no deaths due to Takayasu's arteritis or its treatment have occurred.
Inhibition of collagen-induced platelet aggregation by normal plasma (1971)

Normal plasma has been found to inhibit the platelet aggregation-inducing effect of collagen in a time consuming reaction independent of temperature. Collagen treated with serum and washed has reduced reactivity which can be restored to normal by treatment with 1.5 M sodium chloride. On the basis of this result, it is suggested that inhibition results from adsorption to collagen of a plasma component. The inhibitory plasma component is destroyed at 56 degrees C, is unstable below pH 7, and migrates with the alpha globulins on starch block electrophoresis at pH 8.6. On the basis of ultrafiltration and sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation studies, a molecular weight in the range of 330,000 is suggested and there may be an additional component of considerably greater size. Partial purification can be achieved by ion exchange chromatography. The purified fraction was completely inactivated by incubation with trypsin. Partially purified fractions inhibit cationic platelet aggregators such as collagen, polylysine, and hexadimethrine but do not affect anionic aggregators such as succinylated collagen and sodium stearate. Normal plasma and serum inhibit succinylated collagen and stearate. Stearate is inhibited by crystalline albumin and Cohn fraction IV-4. It is suggested that plasma proteins may regulate platelet adhesion to collagen and other vessel wall materials.
Genetic Down-regulation of Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase by Bikunin Correlates with Suppression of Invasion and Metastasis in Human Ovarian Cancer HRA Cells (2004)

Using a cDNA microarray analysis, we previously found that exposure of a highly invasive ovarian cancer cell line HRA with bikunin, a Kunitz-type protease inhibitor, or bikunin gene overexpression markedly reduced phosphoinositide kinase (PI3K) p85 gene expression, demonstrating that PI3K may be a candidate bikunin target gene. To clarify how reduced levels of PI3K may confer repressed invasiveness, we transfected HRA cells with PI3K p85 antisense-oligodeoxynucleotide (AS-ODN) and compared the properties of the transfected cells with those of parental cells and sense (S)-ODN cells. We have also demonstrated previously that transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) stimulates urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA)-dependent invasion and metastasis of HRA cells. Here, we show that 1) TGF-beta1 induced a rapid increase of the PI3K activity that was accompanied by increased expression (5-fold) of the uPA mRNA; 2) pharmacological inhibition of PI3K or AS-PI3K ODN transfection inhibited TGF-beta1-stimulated Akt phosphorylation; 3) both PI3K pharmacological inhibitors and forced expression of AS-PI3K ODN reduced TGF-beta1-stimulated uPA mRNA and protein expression by approximately 70% compared with controls; 4) concentrations of PI3K inhibitors, sufficient to inhibit uPA up-regulation, inhibited TGF-beta1-dependent HRA cell invasion; 5) the AS-PI3K ODN cells had a decreased ability to invade the extracellular matrix layer as compared with controls; and 6) when the AS-PI3K ODN cells were injected intraperitoneally into nude mice, the mice developed smaller intraperitoneal tumors and showed longer survival. We conclude that PI3K plays an essential role in promoting uPA-mediated invasive phenotype in HRA cells. Our data identify a novel role for PI3K as a bikunin target gene on uPA up-regulation and invasion.
Bandwidth optimization of an integrated microstrip circulator and antenna assembly. 1 (2006)

A methodology for integrating a wideband circulator with a wideband antenna is considered herein. To accomplish this integration effectively, the conditions for perfect circulation are examined, whereby the port impedances of the circulator are allowed to be complex, treated as part of the design of the circulator, and couched in terms of network-scattering parameters. This approach allows for the design of a single matching network that interfaces between the circulator and the antenna, and effects a complex-to-complex impedance match for maximum power transfer. Simulation and experimental data for a stand-alone circulator and a compact circulator/antenna assembly are presented to validate the design methodology. The data shows that return loss and isolation on the order of 20 dB over a 4 GHz bandwidth about a 14 GHz center frequency was achievable, without the need of any post-fabrication adjustments
Preadministration of High-Dose Salicylates, Suppressors of NF-κB Activation, May Increase the Chemosensitivity of Many Cancers: An Example of Proapoptotic Signal Modulation Therapy (2006)

NF-kappaB activity is elevated in a high proportion of cancers, particularly advanced cancers that have been treated previously. Cytotoxic treatment selects for such up-regulation inasmuch as NF-kappaB promotes transcription of a large number of proteins that inhibit both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of apoptosis; NF-kappaB also boosts expression of mdr1, which expels many drugs from cells. Indeed, high NF-kappaB activity appears to be largely responsible for the chemo- and radioresistance of many cancers. Thus, agents that suppress NF-kappaB activity should be useful as adjuvants to cytotoxic cancer therapy. Of the compounds that are known to be NF-kappaB antagonists, the most practical for current use may be the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs aspirin, salicylic acid, and sulindac, each of which binds to and inhibits Ikappa kinase- beta, a central mediator of NF-kappa activation; the low millimolar plasma concentrations of salicylate required for effective inhibition of this kinase in vivo can be achieved with high-dose regimens traditionally used to manage rheumatic disorders. The gastrointestinal toxicity of such regimens could be minimized by using salsalate or enteric-coated sodium salicy-late or by administering misoprostol in conjunction with aspirin therapy. Presumably, best results would be seen if these agents were administered for several days prior to a course of chemo- or radiotherapy, continuing throughout the course. This concept should first be tested in nude mice bearing xenografts of chemoresistant human tumors known to have elevated NF-kappa activity. Ultimately, more complex adjuvant regimens can be envisioned in which salicylates are used in conjunction with other NF-kappa antagonists and/or agents that target other mediators of down-regulated apoptosis in cancer, such as Stat3; coadministration of salicylate and organic selenium may have intriguing potential in this regard. These strategies may also have potential as adjuvants to metronomic chemotherapy, which seeks to suppress angio-genesis by targeting cycling endothelial cells in tumors.
Size- and charge-dependent non-specific uptake of PEGylated nanoparticles by macrophages (2012)

The assessment of macrophage response to nanoparticles is a central component in the evaluation of new nanoparticle designs for future in vivo application. This work investigates which feature, nanoparticle size or charge, is more predictive of non-specific uptake of nanoparticles by macrophages. This was investigated by synthesizing a library of polymer-coated iron oxide micelles, spanning a range of 30-100 nm in diameter and -23 mV to +9 mV, and measuring internalization into macrophages in vitro. Nanoparticle size and charge both contributed towards non-specific uptake, but within the ranges investigated, size appears to be a more dominant predictor of uptake. Based on these results, a protease-responsive nanoparticle was synthesized, displaying a matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9)-cleavable polymeric corona. These nanoparticles are able to respond to MMP-9 activity through the shedding of 10-20 nm of hydrodynamic diameter. This MMP-9-triggered decrease in nanoparticle size also led to up to a six-fold decrease in nanoparticle internalization by macrophages and is observable by T(2)-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. These findings guide the design of imaging or therapeutic nanoparticles for in vivo targeting of macrophage activity in pathologic states.
Acute Hypoxia Induces HIF-Independent Monocyte Adhesion to Endothelial Cells through Increased Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 Expression: The Role of Hypoxic Inhibition of Prolyl Hydroxylase Activity for the Induction of NF-κB (2010)

Myeloid cells recruited to sites of bacterial inflammation are exposed to low oxygen tension, hypoxia, and high concentrations of inflammatory cytokines that significantly affect myeloid cell function. Therefore, we analyzed the direct consequences of acute and severe hypoxia on monocytic adhesion to the endothelium in coculture experiments. Marked upregulation of monocytic ICAM-1, but no other monocytic adhesion molecule, was responsible for an approximately 50-fold increase in adhesion of the monocytic cells THP-1 to human and rat endothelial cells. ICAM-1 expression was rapidly induced after the onset of severe hypoxia, but it decreased after 4 h. Knockdown of ICAM-1 by siRNA in endothelial and monocytic cells abolished the adhesion, indicating that ICAM-1 expression on both cell types was indispensable for hypoxia-induced adhesion of monocytes to the endothelium. siRNA-mediated knockdown of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1alpha, HIF-2alpha, and the NF-kappaB family member p65 revealed that hypoxic upregulation of ICAM-1 resulted from hypoxic NF-kappaB induction but not from activation of HIFs. Within the leukocyte-adhesion cascade, our results provide evidence for prolyl hydroxylase-dependent but HIF-independent activation of hypoxia-induced monocyte-endothelial adhesion and assign a new function to monocytic ICAM-1 under acute hypoxic conditions.
Can WiFi Estimate Person Pose? (2019)

WiFi human sensing has achieved great progress in indoor localization, activity classification, etc. Retracing the development of these work, we have a natural question: can WiFi devices work like cameras for vision applications? In this paper We try to answer this question by exploring the ability of WiFi on estimating single person pose. We use a 3-antenna WiFi sender and a 3-antenna receiver to generate WiFi data. Meanwhile, we use a synchronized camera to capture person videos for corresponding keypoint annotations. We further propose a fully convolutional network (FCN), termed WiSPPN, to estimate single person pose from the collected data and annotations. Evaluation on over 80k images (16 sites and 8 persons) replies aforesaid question with a positive answer. Codes have been made publicly available at https://github.com/geekfeiw/WiSPPN.