gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Artificial Immunity-Based Feature Extraction for Spam Detection (2007)

Spam is considered a significant security problem for computer users everywhere. Spammers exploit a variety of tricks to conceal parts of messages that can be used to identify spam. This paper presents an email feature extraction technique based on artificial immune systems. The method extracts a relatively small set of features that can be used as inputs to a classification model. A Backpropagation neural network is employed as the spam detection model. The performance evaluation against a standard spam collection and reference systems shows that the proposed approach performs well compared to other systems with large sets of features, rules, or external evidences. The detection rate of the best system in the study is 92.4 %, with 1 % and 13.8 % of false positive and false negative rates, respectively.
Large-Scale Aqueous Synthesis of Fluorescent and Biocompatible Silicon Nanoparticles and Their Use as Highly Photostable Biological Probes (2013)

A large-scale synthetic strategy is developed for facile one-pot aqueous synthesis of silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) yielding ∼0.1 g SiNPs of small sizes (∼2.2 nm) in 10 min. The as-prepared SiNPs feature strong fluorescence (photoluminescence quantum yield of 20-25%), favorable biocompatibility, and robust photo- and pH-stability. Moreover, the SiNPs are naturally water dispersible, requiring no additional post-treatment. Such SiNPs can serve as highly photostable bioprobes and are superbly suitable for long-term immunofluorescent cellular imaging.
Low power via reduced switching activity and its application to PLAs (2002)

In this paper a systematic study of the expected switching activity (ESA) in combinational logic circuits is presented. Based on this study, a technique for reducing the power dissipation in two-level combinational logic is presented. The paper also discusses the switching activity in multilevel circuits.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
New Frame Rate Up-Conversion Algorithms With Low Computational Complexity (2014)

This paper proposes a new frame rate up-conversion (FRUC) algorithm to reduce the computational complexity and to improve the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) performance. The proposed FRUC algorithm includes prediction-based motion vector smoothing (PMOS), partial average-based motion compensation (PAMC), and intrapredicted hole interpolation (IPHI). PMVS can efficiently remove outliers using motion vectors of neighboring blocks and PAMC performs motion compensation with the region-based partial average to reduce blocking artifacts of the interpolated frames. For hole interpolation, IPHI uses intraprediction of H.264/AVC to eliminate blurring and also uses the fixed weights implemented using only shift operations, which result in low computational complexity. Compared to the existing algorithms, which use bilateral motion estimation, the proposed algorithm improves the average PSNR of the interpolated frames by 3.44 dB and lowers PSNR performance only by 0.13 dB than the existing algorithm that employs unilateral ME; however, it can significantly reduce the computational complexity of FRUC about 89.3% based on the absolute difference.
Cellulose acetate as stationary phase in microcolumn LC (1989)

Abstract The retention characteristics of alkylbenzenes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have been examined in liquid chromatography on a microcapillary column packed with cellulose acetate. Particulate and fibrous cellulose acetate were used as the stationary phase. Fibrous cellulose diacetate was found to be of use as an alternative stationary phase for liquid chromatography, although the separation efficiency was low. The retention characteristics for planar PAHs were linearly correlated with the size of the molecules, but the retention behavior for alkylbenzenes and nonplanar PAHs was affected by exclusion. The retention order was strongly influenced by the addition of dimethylformamide or water to methanol in the mobile phase. The results suggested that the retention behavior is influenced by a slight change in the polymer matrix of cellulose acetate.
Cellular Immune Responses of Healthy Individuals to Intradermal Administration of an E1 <sup>-</sup> E3 <sup>-</sup> Adenovirus Gene Transfer Vector (1999)

In animals, Ad-mediated gene transfer initiates anti-Ad host immune responses that vary, depending on vector design, dose, host, and transgene. To begin to understand whether the anti-Ad vector responses in humans simulate those in animals, Ad(GV)CD.10, an E1-E3- Ad5 vector encoding the E. coli cytosine deaminase gene, was administered by the intradermal route to six normal individuals (8 x 10(7) to 8 x 10(9) particle units, each dose administered to two sites; n = 2 per group). No adverse events were observed. Polymerase chain reaction/Southern analysis demonstrated vector genome in the skin through 28 days in all individuals except one of two at the lowest dose. Local induration, independent of vector dose and baseline systemic anti-Ad5 neutralizing antibodies, developed in all subjects (6 to 17 mm, peak by day 3). Biopsies revealed a mild to moderate T cell (CD3+, CD4+, CD8+), B cell, and macrophage infiltrate at day 3, all decreased by day 28. Langerhans cells accumulated primarily in the papillary dermis. The day 3 cellular response was dose independent. On day 28, CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes and macrophages showed dose dependency. There was minimal systemic Ad5-specific lymphocyte proliferation induced by Ad vector administration in three individuals studied, and no Ad5-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (evaluated in two subjects) could be detected. Thus, intradermal administration of an E1-E3- Ad vector to normal subjects induces mild/moderate local cellular responses, even in Ad-immunized individuals. These observations provide a baseline to determine if these human anti-Ad vector host responses can be circumvented by using "stealth" vectors and/or immunosuppression.
Patient’s Estimation of Efficacy of Various Hyperhidrosis Treatments in a Dermatological Clinic (2008)

Hyperhidrosis is a common ailment, which is accompanied by a low quality of life. There are many current treatment options. The aims of this study were to investigate: (i) the characteristics of sweating in patients referred for hyperhidrosis; (ii) their quality of life, using the Dermatology Life Quality Index and the Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Scale; and (iii) their estimation of efficacy of the treatments given, using a patient's global assessment score and the quality of life scores. In 47 of 94 patients (50%) responding to the questionnaires, hyperhidrosis was confined exclusively to the axillae. In 21 (22%) of the patients, sweating in the axillae was combined with sweating of the hands and/or feet, face or other, more widespread, regions. Fifteen patients (16%) had generalized hyperhidrosis. In half of all cases, sweating occurred in attacks. Attacks were mostly triggered by warmth, exercise, emotions, or had no apparent cause. Quality of life was low in all cases. All treatments improved quality of life.
Exploring Historical Location Data for Anonymity Preservation in Location-Based Services (2008)

We present a new approach for if-anonymity protection in Location-Based Services (LBSs). Specifically, we depersonalize location information by ensuring that each location reported for LBSs is a cloaking area that contains K different footprints-historical locations of different mobile nodes. Therefore, the exact identity and location of the service requestor remain anonymous from LBS service providers. Existing techniques, on the other hand, compute the cloaking area using current locations of K neighboring hosts of the service requestor. Because of this difference, our approach significantly reduces the cloaking area, which in turn decreases query processing and communication overhead for returning query results to the requesting host. In addition, existing techniques also require frequent location updates from all nodes, regardless of whether or not these nodes are requesting LBSs. Most importantly, our approach is the first practical solution that provides K-anonymity trajectory protection needed to ensure anonymity when a mobile host requests LBSs continuously as it moves. Our solution depersonalizes a user's trajectory (a time-series of the user's locations) based on the historical trajectories of other users. We evaluate our techniques under various conditions using location data synthetically generated based on real road maps. The results show that our techniques can provide K-anonymity trajectory protection using a minimized cloaking area.
Drug encapsulation in alginate microspheres by emulsification (1992)

A method based on an emulsification process was developed for the production of calcium alginate microspheres. Isopropyl alcohol and acetone, which are strong dehydrating agents, were used to aid in the hardening and drying of the microspheres. However, the amount of drug encapsulated was very low. This was due to the drug being soluble in the dehydrating solvents. In the absence of the solvents a high percentage of drug was encapsulated, and this was further increased by forming the microspheres by phase inversion. It was also found that a suspension of the drug particles was required for effective microencapsulation. The efficiency of drug encapsulation generally increased with the ratio of drug to encapsulating material. The microspheres produced were free-flowing and most of them were smaller than 150 microns.
Copolymerization of a Cationic Double-Charged Monomer and Electrochemical Properties of the Copolymers (2009)

The free radical copolymerization of 1,3-bis(N,N,N-trimethylammonium)-2-propylmethacrylate dichloride (di-M) with acryloyloxyethyltrimethylammonium chloride (Q), diallyldimethylammonium chloride (DADMAC), and acrylamide (A) yielded novel polyelectrolytes and allowed for assessing the inï¬uence of the charge density and charge location on the monomer reactivity. Copolymerizing di-M and Q, two monomers with comparable chemical structure but differing by factor two in the number of charges, the reactivity of Q was higher than the reactivity of di-M. However, the difference diminished with increasing ionic strength. Despite 4-fold less cationic charge per monomer unit length, the reactivity of DADMAC was much lower than the reactivity of di-M. This clearly demonstrates the dominating inï¬uence of the location of the growing radical. The difference of the reactivity ratios for di-M/A was less than for di-M/Q. At low di-M fraction in the di-M/A monomer feed, di-M was even preferred. Decreasing intrinsic viscosity with increasing di-M fraction in the di-M/A monomer feed conï¬rmed the electrostatic inï¬uence on the copolymer chain propagation. The counterion activity correlates well with the linear average charge density. However, deviation from theoretical values suggests the impact of the charge distribution.
On Gallager's low-density parity-check codes (2002)

We show that low-density parity-check codes are random-like (i.e. their weight distribution resembles that obtained in the average density by random coding), and comment on this result.
A low voltage operating flash memory cell with high coupling ratio using horned floating gate with fine HSG (2002)

We achieved a novel low voltage operating flash memory cell with high coupling ratio of 0.9 which has a horned floating gate (FG) with fine HSG. The increase in the coupling ratio can reduce programming and erasing operation voltages by a maximum 4 V. Enlargement of the FG surface area by extending in the vertical direction enables the high coupling ratio without increasing cell area. In addition, the increase in the coupling ratio is significant when cell size is shrunk. We consider the horned FG cell with HSG as the most promising candidate for the flash memory cell in 0.25 and 0.18 /spl mu/m design rules.
The Management of Superficial Bladder Cancer (1980)

Superficial bladder cancer includes tumors confined to the mucosa and lamina propria. They may be papillary or sessile. Tumors confined to the mucosa include papillomas, papillary carcinomas, or carcinoma in situ. Therapy must be individualized for each patient taking into consideration the histologic type, cytologic grade, location, number, prior history, and presence of atypia or carcinoma in situ in other areas of the bladder. Although the five-year survival rates are good (62-88 percent), the 48-70 percent incidence of subsequent tumors requires constant surveillance. This high incidence is primarily due to the multifocal origin of urothelial tumors, but implantation of tumor cells following local resection may be a contributing factor. Current efforts to reduce this recurrence rate emphasize intravesical chemotherapy. Thio-tepa and epodyl are effective in eradicating one-third of tumors when used for definitive therapy. Most studies demonstrate a reduction in the recurrence rate when they are initiated following endoscopic resection of all visible tumor. A number of other drugs are being investigated for both definitive and prophylactic intravesical chemotherapy. Surgical procedures consist of transurethral resection, transvesical radium implantation, segmental cystectomy, and cystoprostatectomy. Each procedure has its own indications, and the surgeon must be discriminating in their use.
Architecture of a high-rate VLSI Viterbi decoder (2002)

The Viterbi algorithm is widely applied to problems of the state estimation of a finite-state discrete-time Markov process, such as convolutional and trellis decoding. Although conventional Viterbi decoders process all states concurrently, the sequential nature of this algorithm limits the decoding throughput for a given integrated circuit technology and thereby restricts its applications. This paper presents the architecture of a single-chip Viterbi decoder combining two methods to speed-up the data rate: the "radix" trellis method and the interleaved method. The resulting architecture is very attractive for applications where high-speed decoding is essential, such as satellite digital communication systems.
Correlation-based burstiness for logo retrieval (2012)

Detecting logos in photos is challenging. A reason is that logos locally resemble patterns frequently seen in random images. We propose to learn a statistical model for the distribution of incorrect detections output by an image matching algorithm. It results in a novel scoring criterion in which the weight of correlated keypoint matches is reduced, penalizing irrelevant logo detections. In experiments on two very different logo retrieval benchmarks, our approach largely improves over the standard matching criterion as well as other state-of-the-art approaches.
Proximity labeling reveals an extensive steady-state stress granule interactome and insights to neurodegeneration (2017)

Stress granules (SGs) are transient ribonucleoprotein (RNP) aggregates that form in response to proteotoxic stress. Although SGs are distinct from aggregates observed in neurodegenerative disorders, they share protein components. We used APEX-mediated proximity labeling combined with quantitative mass spectrometry and high-throughput imaging to identify >100 previously unknown SG proteins in human cells, about 10% of which localize to SGs in a cell type- or stress type-dependent manner. Supporting a link between SG proteins and neurodegeneration, we demonstrate aberrant SG composition and subcellular distribution in iPSC-derived motor neurons from ALS patients, and identify several known and previously unidentified SG proteins that modify toxicity of mutant FUS and TDP-43 overexpression in Drosophila. We show that even in an unstressed steady-state, SG proteins form a densely-connected protein interaction network (PIN) and propose a model in which existing RNPs coalesce rapidly into microscopically visible granules that can act as gateways to pathological protein aggregation.
A Decline in C <sub>6</sub> Antibody Titer Occurs in Successfully Treated Patients with Culture-Confirmed Early Localized or Early Disseminated Lyme Borreliosis (2005)

C(6), a Borrelia burgdorferi-derived peptide, is used as the antigen in the C(6)-Lyme disease diagnostic test. We assessed retrospectively whether a fourfold decrease or a decrease to a negative value in anti-C(6) antibody titer is positively correlated with a positive response to treatment in a sample of culture-confirmed patients with either early localized (single erythema migrans [EM]; n=93) or early disseminated (multiple EM; n=27) disease. All of these patients had been treated with antibiotics and were free of disease within 6 to 12 months of follow-up. Results show that a serum specimen taken at this time was either C(6) negative or had a >or=4-fold decrease in C(6) antibody titer with respect to a specimen taken at baseline (or during the early convalescent period if the baseline specimen was C(6) negative) for all of the multiple-EM patients (P<0.0001) and in 89% of the single-EM patients (P<0.0001). These results indicate that a decline in anti-C(6) antibody titer coincides with effective antimicrobial therapy in patients with early localized or early disseminated Lyme borreliosis.
Competing Technologies, Increasing Returns, and Lock-In by Historical Events (1989)

Journal Article Competing Technologies, Increasing Returns, and Lock-In by Historical Events Get access W. Brian Arthur W. Brian Arthur Stanford University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Economic Journal, Volume 99, Issue 394, 1 March 1989, Pages 116–131, https://doi.org/10.2307/2234208 Published: 01 March 1989
Progress‐report on seismological activities of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey, April 1, 1940, to March 31, 1941 (1941)

Teleselsmic work —The following is a list of the seismological stations whose instrumental data are included in reports issued by the Bureau. Stations operated by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey are: San Juan; Sitka; Tucson; and Ukiah. Stations operated on a cooperative basis with the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey are: Bermuda; Bozeman; Butte; Chicago; College; Columbia; Honolulu; and Salt Lake City. Stations operated independently are: Balboa; Burlington; East Machias; Huancayo; Lincoln; Logan; Montezuma; Philadelphia; and Seattle.
THE QUANTITATIVE HISTOCHEMISTRY OF THE BRAIN (1953)

The general histochemical procedure of Linderstrøm-Lang and Holter has been altered to permit direct histological control and the use of smaller samples. Frozen sections are dried at –30°C. From the dry sections are cut out identified regions as small as 100 x 100 x 20µ (0.2γ wet weight). The chemical analysis of these fragments may be based on either their protein content, their dry weight or their volume. The weight and volume measurements are described and validated. The revised technique is not limited in applicability to the nervous system.
Surface-induced charge state conversion of nitrogen-vacancy defects in nanodiamonds (2010)

We present a study of the charge state conversion of single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defects hosted in nanodiamonds (NDs). We first show that the proportion of negatively charged ${\text{NV}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ defects, with respect to its neutral counterpart ${\text{NV}}^{0}$, decreases with the size of the ND. We then propose a simple model based on a layer of electron traps located at the ND surface which is in good agreement with the recorded statistics. By using thermal oxidation to remove the shell of amorphous carbon around the NDs, we demonstrate a significant increase in the proportion of ${\text{NV}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ defects in 10 nm NDs. These results are invaluable for further understanding, control, and use of the unique properties of negatively charged NV defects in diamond.
Ixtoc No. 1, Blowout and Control Operation (1981)

ABSTRACT The Well IXTOC No. 1 was located 94 km Northwest of Ciudad del Carmen, Campeche in the Gulf of Mexico. The drilling objective was to determine the existence of hydrocarbons in carbonate rocks of the paleocene, cretaceous and jurassic formations; the drilling operation was initiated on December 1st, 1978. On June the 3rd at 2:45 hrs., the Well started to flow out of control. This was the beginning of the IXTOC No. 1 blowout which lasted nine months and twenty-two days. The purpose of this paper is to describe in a summarized form, the well control activities, including: the operations to reduce the flow of the well, the drilling of the directional control wells Ixtoc 1-A and Ixtoc 1-B, the installations used to assist in the operation and the pumping of fluids from the directional Wells to achieve the dynamic control on the Ixtoc No. 1 Well, that brought about the final plug operation.
A Tracking Method of Regional Myocardium on Ultrasonic RF Echo Signal Based on Active Net Model (2007)

The assessment of kinetic performance for a regional myocardium based on quantitative measures is important for disease diagnosis. Previously, we have discussed the use of ultrasonic radio frequency (RF) signals to improve tracking accuracy and proposed the hybrid automatic tracking method (HATM) for regional myocardial motion. However, the tracking accuracy of HATM is not sufficient in the region near endocardium. In this paper, we propose a new tracking method using Active Net model to improve tracking accuracy of HATM. Active Net is generally known as an object extraction method from an image using energy function optimization. Our method utilizes this model in ultrasonic RF echo signal space of M-mode. And, to use Active Net for tracking myocardial motion, it is need that suitable the default position of Active Net control points. To set the default positions and constraint positions, we employ the cardiac cycle and the depth positions of the endocardium in M-mode image, which are extracted by HATM. And we defined two energy functions as Active Net energy, which are the internal energy function and the potential energy function. The internal energy function is that maintains Active Net shape smoothly, and the potential energy function is that minimizes distance between the depth position of maximum value of correlation coefficient and position of Active Net control point. The shape of Active Net is changed by the energy minimization, and final Active Net shape is to be tracking result. Finally, the experimental results with clinical subjects show that the performance of the proposed method is empirically superior to the conventional method.
Foxl1-Cre-marked adult hepatic progenitors have clonogenic and bilineage differentiation potential (2011)

Isolation of hepatic progenitor cells is a promising approach for cell replacement therapy of chronic liver disease. The winged helix transcription factor Foxl1 is a marker for progenitor cells and their descendants in the mouse liver in vivo. Here, we purify progenitor cells from Foxl1-Cre; RosaYFP mice and evaluate their proliferative and differentiation potential in vitro. Treatment of Foxl1-Cre; RosaYFP mice with a 3,5-diethoxycarbonyl-1,4-dihydrocollidine diet led to an increase of the percentage of YFP-labeled Foxl1 + cells. Clonogenic assays demonstrated that up to 3.6% of Foxl1 + cells had proliferative potential. Foxl1 + cells differentiated into cholangiocytes and hepatocytes in vitro, depending on the culture condition employed. Microarray analyses indicated that Foxl1 + cells express stem cell markers such as Prom1 as well as differentiation markers such as Ck19 and Hnf4a . Thus, the Foxl1-Cre; RosaYFP model allows for easy isolation of adult hepatic progenitor cells that can be expanded and differentiated in culture.