gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The optimization of gesture recognition techniques for resource-constrained devices (2008)

Gesture recognition is becoming increasingly popular as an input mechanism for human-computer interfaces. The availability of MEMS (Micro-Electromechanical System) 3-axis linear accelerometers allows for the design of an inexpensive mobile gesture recognition system. Wearable inertial sensors are a low-cost, low-power solution to recognize gestures and, more generally, track the movements of a person. Gesture recognition algorithms have traditionally only been implemented in cases where ample system resources are available, i.e. on desktop computers with fast processors and large amounts of memory. In the cases where a gesture recognition algorithm has been implemented on a resource-constrained device, only the simplest algorithms were implemented to recognize only a small set of gestures. Current gesture recognition technology can be improved by making algorithms faster, more robust, and more accurate. The most dramatic results in optimization are obtained by completely changing an algorithm to decrease the number of computations. Algorithms can also be optimized by profiling or timing the different sections of the algorithm to identify problem areas. Gestures have two aspects of signal characteristics that make them difficult to recognize: segmentation ambiguity and spatio-temporal variability. Segmentation ambiguity refers to not knowing the gesture boundaries, and therefore reference patterns have to be matched with all possible segments of input signals. Spatio-temporal variability refers to the fact that each repetition of the same gesture varies dynamically in shape and duration, even for the same gesturer. The objective of this study was to evaluate the various gesture recognition algorithms currently in use, after which the most suitable algorithm was optimized in order to implement it on a mobile device. Gesture recognition techniques studied include hidden Markov models, artificial neural networks and dynamic time warping. A dataset for evaluating the gesture recognition algorithms was gathered using a mobile device’s embedded accelerometer. The algorithms were evaluated based on computational efficiency, recognition accuracy and storage efficiency. The optimized algorithm was implemented in a user application on the mobile device to test the empirical validity of the study.
Functional characterization of two cold shock domain proteins from <i>Oryza sativa</i> (2008)

Two novel rice cold shock domain (CSD) proteins were cloned and characterized under different stress treatments and during various stages of development. OsCSP1 and OsCSP2 (Oryza sativa CSD protein) encode putative proteins consisting of an N-terminal CSD and glycine-rich regions that are interspersed by 4 and 2 CX(2)CX(4)HX(4)C (CCHC) retroviral-like zinc fingers, respectively. In vivo functional analysis confirmed that OsCSPs can complement a cold-sensitive bacterial strain which lacks four endogenous cold shock proteins. In vitro ssDNA binding assays determined that recombinant OsCSPs are capable of functioning as nucleic acid-binding proteins. Both OsCSP transcripts are transiently up-regulated in response to low-temperature stress and rapidly return to a basal level of gene expression. Protein blot analysis determined that OsCSPs are maintained at a constant level subsequent to a cold treatment lasting over a period of several days. Both the transcript and protein data are in sharp contrast to those previously obtained for winter wheat WCSP1. A time-coursed study through various stages of rice development confirmed that both OsCSP proteins and transcripts are highly accumulated in reproductive tissues and tissues which exhibit meristematic activity.
Tungsten Oxide Nanowires on Tungsten Substrates (2002)

A simple method was discovered to prepare tungsten oxide nanowires directly from tungsten metal. The structure and composition of the nanowires were characterized by high resolution tunneling electron microscopy (HRTEM) and energy dispersive X-ray scattering (EDX), respectively. The growth mechanism and potential applications of this material are discussed.
On False Alarm Mitigation (2006)

Condition-based maintenance (CBM) of complex military vehicles or industrial machines presumes the capability to correctly detect faults in components or subsystems. Faults are malfunctions that are observed in the monitoring system. Two types of errors can occur during automated fault detection: (1) missed detections or (2) false alarms. The practical consequence of either type of error is that a failed component may not be replaced when necessary, or alternatively, may be unnecessarily serviced due to a false alarm. In the most catastrophic cases of incorrect fault detection, the outcome may include the loss of an expensive military asset, or human life. The false alarm problem is particularly troublesome for condition based maintenance and prognostics problems where fault signatures necessarily need to be detected at lower levels. Here, we present an overview of some of the vagaries of fault and anomaly detection in the framework of reducing false alarms. New algorithmic approaches to user-controllable false alarm rates are presented, followed by a dose of pragmatism, as real-world false alarm mitigation on a currently-deployed military aircraft is described
Non-preemptive Multitasking on FPGAs: Task Placement and Footprint Transform (2002)

Partial reconfiguration allows for mapping and executing several tasks on an FPGA during runtime. Multitasking on FPGAs rises a number of questions on the management of the reconfigurable resource, which leads to concepts of reconfigurable operating systems.
Acoustic method to quantitatively assess the position and patency of infant endotracheal tubes: preliminary results in rabbits (1998)

In this preliminary laboratory study, an acoustical method was evaluated to quantitatively assess the position and patency of an infant-size endotracheal tube (ETT) by in vivo and in vitro measurements. The method consists of emitting an audible sound pulse into the ETT and the airways, and deriving position and patency information from the timing and characteristics of the returning echoes. The method's capacity to measure ETT changes of position in the tracheae of five anesthetized New Zealand white rabbits (weight, 4.3-4.9 kg; age, 1.5-3 years) was found to be accurate to 0.7 +/- 3.6 mm (mean +/- 95% CI) over a distance of 5 cm. The method was also shown to reliably differentiate between tracheal, bronchial, and esophageal intubations by means of an acoustically inferred diameter of the passageway just beyond the ETT tip. To assess the accuracy of estimating lumen obstruction, in vitro acoustical measurements were performed in different size ETTs (2.5, 3.0, 3.5, and 4.0 mm inner diameter), with obstructions ranging from 5-100% reduction in cross-sectional area. The system identified the sizes of these obstructions to within +/-7%. This technology has the potential for continuous, computer-based monitoring of breathing-tube function through instantaneous detection of ETT malposition or obstruction before it leads to a serious medical condition.
A data structure for approximate string searching (1994)

Summary form only given. The problem of searching for approximate occurrences of a pattern in a set of strings is called the approximate string searching problem. The recent interest in this problem comes from DNA sequence analysis: whenever a sequence investigator determines a new sequence, one of the first things he must do is to compare it with all available sequences to see if it resembles something already known. The authors provide a data structure for approximate string searching and discuss the searching algorithm.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Re-evaluation of the near infrared spectra of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase: Implications for non invasive in vivo monitoring of tissues (2014)

We re-determined the near infrared (NIR) spectral signatures (650-980nm) of the different cytochrome c oxidase redox centres, in the process separating them into their component species. We confirm that the primary contributor to the oxidase NIR spectrum between 700 and 980nm is cupric CuA, which in the beef heart enzyme has a maximum at 835nm. The 655nm band characterises the fully oxidised haem a3/CuB binuclear centre; it is bleached either when one or more electrons are added to the binuclear centre or when the latter is modified by ligands. The resulting 'perturbed' binuclear centre is also characterised by a previously unreported broad 715-920nm band. The NIR spectra of certain stable liganded species (formate and CO), and the unstable oxygen reaction compounds P and F, are similar, suggesting that the latter may resemble the stable species electronically. Oxidoreduction of haem a makes no contribution either to the 835nm maximum or the 715nm band. Our results confirm the ability of NIRS to monitor the CuA centre of cytochrome oxidase activity in vivo, although noting some difficulties in precise quantitative interpretations in the presence of perturbations of the haem a3/CuB binuclear centre.
Entity Resolution and Federated Learning get a Federated Resolution (2018)

Consider two data providers, each maintaining records of different feature sets about common entities. They aim to learn a linear model over the whole set of features. This problem of federated learning over vertically partitioned data includes a crucial upstream issue: entity resolution, i.e. finding the correspondence between the rows of the datasets. It is well known that entity resolution, just like learning, is mistake-prone in the real world. Despite the importance of the problem, there has been no formal assessment of how errors in entity resolution impact learning. In this paper, we provide a thorough answer to this question, answering how optimal classifiers, empirical losses, margins and generalisation abilities are affected. While our answer spans a wide set of losses --- going beyond proper, convex, or classification calibrated ---, it brings simple practical arguments to upgrade entity resolution as a preprocessing step to learning. One of these suggests that entity resolution should be aimed at controlling or minimizing the number of matching errors between examples of distinct classes. In our experiments, we modify a simple token-based entity resolution algorithm so that it indeed aims at avoiding matching rows belonging to different classes, and perform experiments in the setting where entity resolution relies on noisy data, which is very relevant to real world domains. Notably, our approach covers the case where one peer \textit{does not} have classes, or a noisy record of classes. Experiments display that using the class information during entity resolution can buy significant uplift for learning at little expense from the complexity standpoint.
Synthesis of the 3‐methyl and 4‐methyl derivatives of 3‐amino‐3,4‐dihydro‐1‐hydroxycarbostyril and related compounds (1980)

Abstract The 3‐methyl and 4‐methyl derivatives of 3‐amino‐3,4‐dihydro‐1‐hydroxycarbostyril were synthesized by the reductive cyclization of α‐methyl‐β‐( o ‐nitrophenyl)alanine and α‐amino‐β‐( o ‐nitrophenyl)butyric acid hydrohalides, respectively, under conditions of catalytic hydrogenation in acidic solution. The free bases of the latter two o ‐nitroaromatic amino acids were also catalytically hydrogenated under neutral conditions to yield the respective α‐methyl‐β‐( o ‐aminophenyl)alanine and α‐amino‐β‐( o ‐aminophenyl)butyric acid which were converted to the corresponding lactams, 3‐methyl‐ and 4‐methyl‐3‐amino‐3,4‐dihydrocarbostyrils. α‐Methyl‐β‐( o ‐nitrophenyl)alanine was obtained by acid hydrolysis of 5‐methy)‐5‐( o ‐nitrobenzyl)hydantoin which was prepared by treatment of o ‐nitrophenylacetone with potassium cyanide and ammonium carbonate. α‐Amino‐β‐( o ‐nitrophenyl)butyric acid was synthesized by condensation of α‐bromo‐ o ‐nitroethylbenzene with diethyl acetamidomalonate, followed by acid hydrolysis of the condensation product. The 4‐methylated compounds were obtained as synthetic mixtures of two diasteromeric racemates in nearly the same amounts as shown by nmr spectral analysis. Unlike the demethylated parent compound, 3‐amino‐3,4‐dihydro‐1‐hydroxycarbostyril, neither the 3‐methyl nor 4‐methyl analog was found to possess any antibacterial activity.
Learning Map as Omniscient View for Learning Interaction in Educational Games (2011)

게임세대를 위한 효과적인 교육방법으로 게임을 통한 학습이 주목을 받고 있다. 교육용 게임은 학습 스토리 전달을 위해, 게임화면에서 객관적 시점인 전지적인 뷰가 추가적으로 필요하다. 이 전지적인 뷰는 우수한 실시간 가독성과 학습내용에 대한 전체적이고 자세한 정보들을 체계적으로 제공하는 것이 필요하다. 본 논문에서는 학습스토리텔링을 위해 필요한 전지적인 뷰로서 학습맵을 제안하였다. 제안하는 학습맵은 학습내용을 전지적으로 보여주기 위해, 지역별 학습맵, 주제별 학습맵, 그리고 진행별 학습맵으로 구성되어 있다. 우수한 실시간 가독성을 위하여, 제안하는 학습맵은 비주얼 다이어그램들로 표시된다. 제안한 학습맵은 게임미니맵을 사용하는 모든 교육용게임에 적용할 수 있다.
InGaAsP/InP d.h. l.e.d.s for fibre-optical communications (1978)

InGaAsP l.e.d.s emitting at 1.24 μm are fabricated. Their characteristics at 100 mA are as follows: output power coupled into the fibre of 77 μW, a spectral halfwidth of 0.1 μm and a cutoff frequency of 70 MHz. The cutoff frequencies are proportional to the square root of the bias current. The recombination coefficient is estimated to be 5 × 10−10cm3/s
Preparation of Active Layers in Polymer Solar Cells by Aerosol Jet Printing (2011)

Active layers of polymer solar cells were prepared by aerosol jet printing of organic inks. Various solvents and additives with high boiling points were screened for the preparation of high-quality polymer films. The effects on device performance of treating the films by thermal and solvent vapor annealing were also investigated. The components of the solvent were important for controlling the drying rate of the liquid films, reducing the number of particle-like protrusions on the film surface, and realizing high molecular ordering in the polymer phases. The optimized solar cell device with poly(3-hexylthiophene) and a C(60) derivative showed a high fill factor of 67% and power conversion efficiency of 2.53% without thermal annealing. The combination of poly[N-9-heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-3,6-bis(thiophen-5-yl)-2,5-diethylhexyl-2,5-dihydropyrrolo-[3,4-]pyrrole-1,4-dione] and a C(70) derivative led to power conversion efficiency of 3.92 and 3.14% for device areas of 0.03 and 1 cm(2), respectively.
Non-toxic sensitization of cancer chemotherapy by combined vitamin C and K3 pretreatment in a mouse tumor resistant to oncovin. (1992)

The effects of combined vitamin C and K3 i.p. injected 3 hours before i.p. administration of single dose of oncovin, to which the ascites liver tumor in mouse (T.L.T.) was completely resistant, were investigated. This pretreatment sensitized the tumor resistant to oncovin, whereas a separate pretreatment with vitamin C or K3 alone was without any effect. This tumor sensitization to the chemotherapy was completely suppressed by catalase pretreatment, thus indicating that hydrogen peroxide generation with subsequent oxidative stress and its consequences may be involved here. Since this sensitization was without any increased general and organ toxicity, its possible introduction into classical protocols of human cancer treatment would be without any supplementary risk.
Ultracapacitors equipped hybrid electric MicroCar (2010)

The main purpose of the study is to describe a small size hybrid vehicle having ultracapacitors (UCs) as on-board storage unit. The vehicle on-board main power supply is achieved by a genset being formed of a 250 cc internal combustion engine and a permanent magnet (PM) synchronous electric generator, whereas four 16 V–500 F UCs modules are connected in series in order to supply as well to store the power peaks during, respectively, acceleration and braking vehicle modes of operation. The traction power is provided by a PM synchronous electric motor, whereas a distributed power electronic interface is in charge of all the required electronic conversions as well of controlling the operating conditions for each power unit. The study discusses the implemented control strategy and shows experimental results on the modes of operation of both generation unit and storage unit.
Phase Formation and Crystal‐Structure Determination in the Bi <sub>2</sub> O <sub>3</sub> –TiO <sub>2</sub> –TeO <sub>2</sub> System Prepared in an Oxygen Atmosphere (2006)

Using X‐ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy it was revealed that in an atmosphere of flowing oxygen in the temperature range 700°–800°C, three new compounds are formed in the Bi 2 O 3 –TiO 2 –TeO 2 pseudoternary system. These compounds are Bi 2 Ti 3 TeO 12 , Bi 2 TiTeO 8 , and Bi 6 Ti 5 TeO 22 , and all the compounds include Te 6+ . All three crystal structures were solved and refined using X‐ray powder diffraction data. Based on the results of the phase formation, a solid‐state compatibility diagram is proposed.
Precisely Aligned Monolayer MoS<sub>2</sub> Epitaxially Grown on h‐BN basal Plane (2016)

Control of the precise lattice alignment of monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS<sub>2</sub> ) on hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) is important for both fundamental and applied studies of this heterostructure but remains elusive. The growth of precisely aligned MoS<sub>2</sub> domains on the basal plane of h-BN by a low-pressure chemical vapor deposition technique is reported. Only relative rotation angles of 0° or 60° between MoS<sub>2</sub> and h-BN basal plane are present. Domains with same orientation stitch and form single-crystal, domains with different orientations stitch and from mirror grain boundaries. In this way, the grain boundary is minimized and a continuous film stitched by these two types of domains with only mirror grain boundaries is obtained. This growth strategy is also applicable to other 2D materials growth.
Anti‐inflammatory effects of tetrahydrobiopterin on early rejection in renal allografts: modulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (2002)

Oxidative stress contributes to the development of early transplant failure. As nitric oxide synthases (NOS) can act as sources of superoxide, we investigated the effect of the NOS cofactor tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) on oxyradical production and early rejection in a rat kidney transplantation model. Allograft transplantation (Brown Norway to Lewis) showed more renal superoxide production and monocyte infiltration when compared with isografts (Lewis to Lewis). Administration of the stable BH4 precursor sepiapterin had no effect on superoxide production in the isografts (51+/-10 vs. 69+/-17 cps/10 mg protein), but led to a marked decrease in superoxide production in the allografts (116+/-11 vs. 60+/-6 cps/10 mg protein; P<0.05) and was accompanied by a reduction in periarterial macrophage infiltration (3.3+/-0.7 vs. 1.3+/-0.3 cells/vessel; P<0.05) and an increase in NO production (78+/-22 vs. 173+/-12 AU/g kidney) (P<0.01). In vitro experiments confirm that iNOS can produce superoxide mainly from the heme domain, whereas BH4 administration can reverse this superoxide production in the presence of adequate anti-oxidant defense. Our findings support the hypothesis that BH4 can be used to modulate the function of the inflammatory iNOS isoform and suggest a potential therapeutic role for sepiapterin in early allograft rejection.
Statistical methods for the analysis of tumor multiplicity data. (1981)

The fit of tumor multiplicity data from 93 mouse skin, lung, and liver carcinogenicity experiments to Poisson, negative binomial, and normal distributions was studied. The data were fitted well by the negative binomial distribution. This distribution has two parameters, the mean tumor multiplicity and an exponent determined by the interanimal homogeneity of tumor response. The value of the latter parameter was related to animal strain and the target tissue studied in the carcinogenicity experiments. The null distribution of the two-sample likelihood ratio test based on the negative binomial with common exponent model for tumor multiplicity data was shown by simulation studies to be approximately chi 2 with 1 d.f. Simulation also indicated that the likelihood ratio test has sufficiently better performance when the negative binomial model is valid to make its use more attractive than the more commonly used Wilcoxon test or Student t test. Charts for estimating the number of animals per group that are required to detect specified differences in tumor multiplicities are provided for several commonly used assays.
Electronic 'neural' net algorithm for maximum entropy solutions of ill-posed problems (1989)

An ill-posed problem does not provide sufficient information to obtain a unique solution. In such cases, a predetermined strategy must be used to choose a particular solution. A powerful and widely used technique is to select the solution with the maximum informational entropy. Here an algorithm suitable for solving ill-posed problems using the entropy of the solution as a regularizer is described. The algorithm has been simulated on a microcomputer as if implemented in a 'neural', i.e. multiply connected, net-type electronic circuit. Two types of problem are considered. First, where the constraints on the solution are hard, as in the loaded-dice problem, the maximum-entropy solution is shown to be achieved in the high gain limit of the net. Second, where the constraints are soft, as in the deconvolution of data corrupted by noise, a maximum-entropy solution is obtained directly. Prior knowledge of the solution is not required but can be introduced to the net so that the cross entropy is used as the regularizer. Finally, issues pertinent to the building of an actual circuit are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Relative Contribution of Intrinsic vs Extrinsic Factors to Skin Aging as Determined by a Validated Skin Age Score (2002)

An SAS can be generated from multiple discrete signs evaluated on facial skin and is an informative tool for quantifying skin aging. The SAS is influenced by factors already recognized to affect the aging phenotypes; however, factors related to the rate of intrinsic aging, presumably genetic in character, seem to play a larger role than previously suspected.
Suits Brought by Foreign States with Unrecognized Governments (1923)

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Direct detection of<i>mecA</i>,<i>bla</i><sub>SHV</sub><i>, bla</i><sub>CTX</sub><sub>-M</sub>,<i>bla</i><sub>TEM</sub>and<i>bla</i><sub>OXA</sub>genes from positive blood culture bottles by multiplex-touchdown PCR assay (2016)

Many studies on the development of PCR for the detection of resistance genes have already been published, including multiplex PCR methods. However, cross-amplification reactions can be a major concern in multiplex PCR methods. In this study, we developed a highly sensitive and specific multiplex-touchdown PCR assay for simultaneous detection of mecA, bla<sub>SHV</sub> , bla<sub>CTX</sub><sub>-M</sub> , bla<sub>TEM</sub> and bla<sub>OXA</sub> genes from positive blood culture bottles, cross-amplification was absent and false-positive results were not obtained.