gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sequence of cellular events in cerebellar ontogeny relevant to expression of neuronal abnormalities in ataxia-telangiectasia. (1985)

An attempt was made to relate expression of neuronal abnormalities in ataxia-telangiectasia (AT) to the sequence of normal cellular events in the developing human cerebellum. Previous light and electron microscopic analyses indicate that the cerebellar cortex in humans develops during a protracted period that spans 8 fetal and 12 postnatal months. However, the Purkinje cells that comprise the most obvious lesion in the AT disorder are all generated before the end of the fourth fetal month. Correlative Golgi studies in human and [3H]thymidine labeling of DNA in dividing cerebellar cells in rhesus monkey demonstrate that after the last mitotic division Purkinje cells migrate to the cortical plate where they form a well-defined stratum below the embryonic molecular layer. Only thereafter do they begin to differentiate and develop their large dendritic tree. The dendrites grow in coordination and simultaneously with the genesis of parallel fibers in the molecular layer. The parallel fibers--the horizontal portion of granule cell axons--form between the fourth fetal and twelfth postnatal month in a well-defined inside-outside order, the earliest generated fibers being situated near the Purkinje cell layer and the last fibers generated lying closer to the pial surface. The four cases of AT examined in this study showed the usual neuropathological changes, which include a variable degree of Purkinje and granule cell loss. However, we emphasize here an abnormality of dendritic arborization and the presence of displaced Purkinje cells, which are situated in the middle and superficial strata of the molecular layer. Based on the sequence of histogenetic events, we argue that neither abnormal arborization nor aberrant position could be attained after parallel fibers of the deeper strata have been laid down and after Purkinje cells have formed their dendritic tree. Therefore, we suggest that the AT disorder in these cases must affect Purkinje cell differentiation or the interaction of these cells with parallel fibers during the first half of gestation, which is considerably earlier than any other recognized expression of the disorder. The subsequent degeneration of Purkinje cells is apparently not related to the aberrant position of the somas, since many Purkinje cells situated in normal position also die and there is no evidence that displaced cells degenerate at a slower or more rapid rate. The early expression of AT in the central nervous system provides new insight into possible pathogenesis and opens new avenues for research.
Determinants of stroke volume and systolic and diastolic aortic pressure (1996)

We investigated how parameters describing the heart and the arterial system contribute to the systolic and diastolic pressures (Ps and Pd, respectively) and stroke volume (SV). We have described the heart by the varying-elastance model with six parameters and the systemic arterial tree by the three-element windkessel model, leading to a total of nine parameters. Application of dimensional analysis led to a total of six dimensionless parameters describing dimensionless Ps and Pd, i.e., pressures with respect to venous pressure (Ps/Pv and Pd/Pv). SV was normalized with respect to unloaded ventricular volume (Vd). Sensitivity analysis showed that Ps/Pv, Pd/Pv, and SV/Vd could be accurately described by four, three, and three dimensionless parameters, respectively. With this limited number of parameters, it was then possible to obtain empirical analytical expressions for Ps/Pv, Pd/Pv, and SV/Vd. The analytic predictions were tested against the model values and found to be as follows: Ps predicted = (1.0007 +/- 0.0062) Ps, r = 0.987; Pd predicted = (1.016 +/- 0.0085) Pd, r = 0.992; and SV predicted = (0.9987 +/- 0.0028) SV, r = 0.996. We conclude that aortic Ps, Pd, and SV can be accurately described by a limited number of parameters and that, for any condition of the heart and the arterial system, Ps, Pd, and SV can be presented in analytical form.
Comparison of MALDI-TOF-MS and HPLC-ESI-MS/MS for Endopeptidase Activity-Based Quantification of Anthrax Lethal Factor in Serum (2011)

Diagnosing and treating anthrax at the earliest stage of disease is critical. We developed a method to diagnose anthrax at early stages of infection by detecting anthrax lethal factor (LF) at the attomol/mL level in plasma or serum. This method uses antibody capture and quantification of LF endoproteinase activity by isotope dilution matrix-assisted laser-desorption ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS). Many public health laboratories do not use MALDI-TOF-MS; thus, we have adapted the LF method for detection by electrospray ionization (ESI) tandem MS (MS/MS), which allowed comparison of both MS platforms for LF quantification. Calibration curves were linear from 0.05-2.5 ng/mL when measured after 2 h and from 0.005-1.0 ng/mL after 18 h incubation time. The limit of detection was 0.005 ng/mL using a 200 μL sample. The coefficient of variation for quality control samples was 6-12% for both MS platforms. Samples used to perform cross-validation included 158 serum samples from a study in rabbits exposed to anthrax spores by inhalation. Some were treated with anthrax immune globulin before exposure. Concentrations measured by ESI-MS/MS matched those by MALDI-TOF-MS with p = 0.99 (r(2) = 0.997) and -0.25% mean relative difference (±9% standard deviation). This study shows that isotope dilution MALDI-TOF-MS is a robust and precise quantitative MS platform.
Particulate emissions from diesel engines: correlation between engine technology and emissions (2014)

In the last 30 years, diesel engines have made rapid progress to increased efficiency, environmental protection and comfort for both light- and heavy-duty applications. The technical developments include all issues from fuel to combustion process to exhaust gas aftertreatment. This paper provides a comprehensive summary of the available literature regarding technical developments and their impact on the reduction of pollutant emission. This includes emission legislation, fuel quality, diesel engine- and exhaust gas aftertreatment technologies, as well as particulate composition, with a focus on the mass-related particulate emission of on-road vehicle applications. Diesel engine technologies representative of real-world on-road applications will be highlighted.Internal engine modifications now make it possible to minimize particulate and nitrogen oxide emissions with nearly no reduction in power. Among these modifications are cooled exhaust gas recirculation, optimized injections systems, adapted charging systems and optimized combustion processes with high turbulence. With introduction and optimization of exhaust gas aftertreatment systems, such as the diesel oxidation catalyst and the diesel particulate trap, as well as NOx-reduction systems, pollutant emissions have been significantly decreased. Today, sulfur poisoning of diesel oxidation catalysts is no longer considered a problem due to the low-sulfur fuel used in Europe. In the future, there will be an increased use of bio-fuels, which generally have a positive impact on the particulate emissions and do not increase the particle number emissions.Since the introduction of the EU emissions legislation, all emission limits have been reduced by over 90%. Further steps can be expected in the future. Retrospectively, the particulate emissions of modern diesel engines with respect to quality and quantity cannot be compared with those of older engines. Internal engine modifications lead to a clear reduction of the particulate emissions without a negative impact on the particulate-size distribution towards smaller particles. The residual particles can be trapped in a diesel particulate trap independent of their size or the engine operating mode. The usage of a wall-flow diesel particulate filter leads to an extreme reduction of the emitted particulate mass and number, approaching 100%. A reduced particulate mass emission is always connected to a reduced particle number emission.
The design of evanescent-field-coupled waveguide-mode sensors (2008)

An evanescent-field-coupled waveguide-mode sensor with a multilayer structure consisting of a dielectric waveguide, a thin reflecting layer, and a glass substrate illuminated under the Kretschmann configuration operates as a sensor that is capable of detecting modifications in the dielectric environment near the waveguide surface with superior sensitivity by measuring the change in reflectivity. The sensitivity of the sensor is strongly dependent on the optical constants of the reflecting layer. Numerical simulations show that a sensor having a reflecting layer with a small value of the real part of the complex refractive index shows a good sensitivity for both S- and P-polarized light. Materials with values of the real and imaginary parts of the complex refractive index of >4 and ∼0.5, respectively, are suitable for use as reflecting layers when S-polarized light excites only the lowest order waveguide mode. The simulations were experimentally confirmed using sensors with Au, Cu, Cr, W, a-Si, or Ge reflecting layers deposited by radiofrequency magnetron sputtering by observation of specific adsorption of streptavidin on biotinyl groups using an S-polarized laser beam with a wavelength of 632.8 nm. From the results, guidelines are given for the fabrication of preferred sensor configurations.
Survey of long-term quality of life in patients with severe sepsis (2011)

Objective To evaluate the long-term quality of life of patients with severe sepsis after being discharged from hospital for 2 to 5 years.Methods Prospective cohort study and follow-up was conducted in 3 affiliated hospitals of Zhejiang University.Three hundred and sixty two severe sepsis and non-sepsis critical ill patients discharged from intensive care units of the participating hospitals during Jan.1st,2002 to Mar.1st,2007 were enrolled in present study.Fifty one cases were followed up,to the exclusion of those dead,loss to follow-up,refused to consent,younger than 18 years and the duration of stay in ICU was only or less than 1 day.Short form-36 scale(SF-36) was using to evaluate the quality of life of the 51 patients.Results The mean age of the 51 patients was 52.25±19.08 years,of whom 39(76.5%) were males and 12(23.5%) were females.The mean follow-up time was 3.41±1.24 years(1245.3±450.3 days).No significant difference existed in age,gender,severity of disease and mean follow-up time between the patients survived from severe sepsis(n=27) and other critical ill as control group(n=24).However,the length of stay in hospital,time in ICU,the ratio of mechanical ventilation and psychopharmacology therapy and mechanical ventilation(60.2±47.4 days,13.3±10.6 days,74.0%,33.3%,respectively) were higher in the patients survived from severe sepsis compared with those survived from non-sepsis(27.3±12.6 days,4.8±2.1 days,45.8%,8.3%,respectively,P < 0.05 or P < 0.01).The median scores of eight domains in SF-36 were lower in severe sepsis patients compared with those in other critical ill patients,but there was no statistic difference.Conclusion No significant difference has been found by a 5 years follow-up in the long-term quality of life between the patients with severe sepsis and with non-sepsis critical ill.
An Adaptive-Granularity Locking Algorithm and Its Application in Collaborative Authoring System (2007)

Concurrency control strategy is important and necessary to Collaborative Authoring System (CAS) which allows several users to edit a document simultaneously. Locking algorithm adopted in traditional CAS can't achieve excellent concurrency with high performance. In this paper we propose an adaptive-granularity locking algorithm, which determines lock granularity by means of user's operations dynamically. The experiments we have carried out show that our algorithms achieve the concurrency of fine-granularity locking with lower cost.
Factor graph methods for three-dimensional shape reconstruction as applied to LIDAR imaging (2004)

Two methods based on factor graphs for reconstructing the three-dimensional (3D) shape of an object from a series of two-dimensional images are presented. First, a factor graph model is developed for image segmentation to obtain silhouettes from raw images; the shape-from-silhouette technique is then applied to yield the 3D reconstruction of the object. The second method presented is a direct 3D reconstruction of the object using a factor graph model for the voxels of the reconstruction. While both methods should be applicable to a variety of input data types, they will be developed and demonstrated for a particular application involving the LIDAR imaging of a submerged target. Results from simulations and from real LIDAR data are shown that detail the performance of the methods.
Two new cyclopeptides from the co-culture broth of two marine mangrove fungi and their antifungal activity (2014)

Compounds 1 and 2 are new cyclopeptides with moderate antifungal activity being worthy of consideration for the development and research of antifungal agents.
Analysis of astrovirus serotype 1 RNA, identification of the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase motif, and expression of a viral structural protein (1994)

We report the results from sequence analysis and expression studies of the gastroenteritis agent astrovirus serotype 1. We have cloned and sequenced 5,944 nucleotides (nt) of the estimated 7.2-kb RNA genome and have identified three open reading frames (ORFs). ORF-3, at the 3' end, is 2,361 nt in length and is fully encoded in both the genomic and subgenomic viral RNAs. Expression of ORF-3 in vitro yields an 87-kDa protein that is immunoprecipitated with a monoclonal antibody specific for viral capsids. This protein comigrates with an authentic 87-kDa astrovirus protein immunoprecipitated from infected cells, indicating that this region encodes a viral structural protein. The adjacent upstream ORF (ORF-2) is 1,557 nt in length and contains a viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase motif. The viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase motifs from four astrovirus serotypes are compared. Partial sequence (2,018 nt) of the most 5' ORF (ORF-1) reveals a 3C-like serine protease motif. The ORF-1 sequence is incomplete. These results indicate that the astrovirus genome is organized with nonstructural proteins encoded at the 5' end and structural proteins at the 3' end. ORF-2 has no start methionine and is in the -1 frame compared with ORF-1. We present sequence evidence for a ribosomal frameshift mechanism for expression of the viral polymerase.
Estimating pose from depth image streams (2006)

Capturing pose from observation can be an intuitive interface for humanoid robots. In this paper, a method is presented for estimating human pose from a sequence of images taken by a single camera. The method is based on a machine learning technique and it partitions human body into a number of clusters. Body parts are tracked over the image sequence while satisfying body constraints. An active sensing hardware is used in both methods to capture a stream of depth images at video rates, which are consequently analyzed for pose extraction. Experimental results are shown to validate our approach and characteristics of our approach are discussed.
Revisiting the Young’s Double Slit Experiment for Background-Free Nonlinear Raman Spectroscopy and Microscopy (2010)

In the Young's double slit experiment, the spatial shift of the interference pattern projected onto a screen is directly related to the phase difference between the fields diffracted by the two slits. We apply this property to fields emitted by nonlinear processes and thus demonstrate background-free coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy near an axial interface between a resonant and a nonresonant medium. This method is relevant to remove the nonresonant background in other coherent resonant processes.
Montey, A Word Game Hustle (1998)

A mathematical game using words that came about from a Gathering for Gardner.
Post-anaesthetic respiratory complaints following endotracheal anaesthesia in lower abdominal obstetric and gynaecology surgery. (2008)

The use of small endotracheal tube sizes (< 8.5mm) should be preferred in women, particularly in obstetric anesthesia (6.5-7.5mm), to minimize the incidence of postoperative respiratory complications.
Noninfectious Virus-Like Particle Antigen for Detection of Swine Vesicular Disease Virus Antibodies in Pigs by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (2005)

An inactivated SVDV antigen is used in current enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) for the detection of antibodies to swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV). To develop a noninfectious recombinant alternative, we produced SVDV-like particles (VLPs) morphologically and antigenically resembling authentic SVDV particles by using a dual baculovirus recombinant, which expresses simultaneously the P1 and 3CD protein genes of SVDV under different promoters. Antigenic differences between recombinant VLPs and SVDV particles were not statistically significant in results obtained with a 5B7-ELISA kit, indicating that the VLPs could be used in the place of SVDV antigen in ELISA kits. We developed a blocking ELISA using the VLPs and SVDV-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibody 3H10 (VLP-ELISA) for detection of SVDV serum antibodies in pigs. The VLP-ELISA showed a high specificity of 99.9% when tested with pig sera that are negative for SVDV neutralization (n=1,041). When tested using sera (n=186) collected periodically from pigs (n=19) with experimental infection with each of three different strains of SVDV, the VLP-ELISA detected SVDV serum antibodies as early as 3 days postinfection and continued to detect the antibodies from all infected pigs until termination of the experiments (up to 121 days postinfection). This test performance was similar to that of the gold standard virus neutralization test and indicates that the VLP-ELISA is a highly specific and sensitive method for the detection of SVDV serum antibodies in pigs. This is the first report of the production and diagnostic application of recombinant VLPs of SVDV. Further potential uses of the VLPs are discussed.
Indicators of microbial water quality (2001)

Current guidelines in the three water-related areas (drinking water, wastewater and recreational water) assess quality, in microbiological terms, by measuring indicator organisms. This chapter looks at the history and examines some of the methods used to assess the microbiological quality of water, highlighting the current limitations and also possible future developments. Traditionally, indicator micro-organisms have been used to suggest the presence of pathogens (Berg 1978). Today, however, we understand a myriad of possible reasons for indicator presence and pathogen absence, or vice versa. In short, there is no direct correlation between numbers of any indicator and enteric
A Comparison of Single-Buffer and Double-Buffer Design in a Systolic Array Generator (2020)

Abstract In application fields such as face recognition and image recognition using deep learning, more convolution operations are required for the increasing amount of data. Therefore, the use of systolic array acceleration is becoming a key technology trend to accelerate the development of deep learning applications. In previous designs, most of the systolic array used single-buffer or double-buffer structures, but most of them did not compare the difference between the two in detail. This work designs and implements a three-level systolic array generator, which can be configured in single-buffer or double-buffer modes. We also program the generated systolic array accelerator on Nexys-Vedio FPGA to explore the performance and overhead of single-buffer and double-buffer structure modes. The results show that the throughput of the double-buffer structure is increased by nearly 3 × compared to the single-buffer structure while only brings an additional 28% power consumption and 25% area overhead under the SIMC 130nm technology. And compared with the previous work, the proposed systolic array generator reduces power consumption by 75% and area overhead by 34% with almost no loss in performance.
Novel triptycene-derived hosts: synthesis and their applications in supramolecular chemistry (2011)

The development of new classes of macrocyclic hosts has always been one of the most important topics in supramolecular chemistry. During the past several years, based on the triptycene with unique three-dimensional rigid structure, several different kinds of novel triptycene-derived hosts including triptycene-derived cylindrical macrotricyclic polyether, triptycene-derived tris(crown ether)s, triptycene-derived molecular tweezers, triptycene-derived calixarenes, triptycene-derived heterocalixarenes, triptycene-derived tetralactam macrocycles and molecular cage have been designed and synthesized. Then, by exploring the applications of some of the triptycene derived hosts in molecular recognition and molecular assemblies, a series of new supramolecular systems with specific structures and properties have been developed. This feature article highlights our recent advances in the synthesis of triptycene-derived hosts and their applications in supramolecular chemistry.
Physical Characterization of Chemical Mechanical Planarized Surface for Trench Isolation (1995)

Limitations of local oxidation of silicon (LOCOS) technology are cause for concern in submicrometer device technology, mostly because of the lateral encroachment of the field oxide in the active areas of the device. Trench isolation technology appears to offer solutions to this intricate problem. Computer simulations and experiments have been performed to develop a new trench isolation process. Polysilicon‐filled trenches have been planarized using a chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) process. SEM and TEM cross‐sectional analyses of post‐planarized trenches showed complete planarization of the surface. The dishing of the trench area was characterized using surface profilometry and atomic force microscopy (AFM). This was found to be in the range 300–700 Å with an average surface roughness of 38 Å. Defect characterization using TEM, and thermal activation at 900°C for 1 h followed by Schimmel etching showed no visible defects on the wafer surface. Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) of post‐CMP wafers showed that CMP is not at all harmful in trench isolation from a contamination point of view.
Alteration of digital representations in somatosensory cortex in focal hand dystonia (1998)

Focal hand dystonia involves a loss of motor control of one or more digits; it is associated with the repetitive, synchronous movements of the digits made by musicians over periods of many years. Magnetic source imaging revealed that there is a smaller distance (fusion) between the representations of the digits in somatosensory cortex for the affected hand of dystonic musicians than for the hands of non-musician control subjects. The data suggest that use-dependent susceptibility to digital representation fusion in cortex may be involved in the etiology of focal dystonia. A successful therapy for the condition has been developed based on this consideration.