gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Single-Isomer Tetrasubstituted Olefins from Regioselective and Stereospecific Palladium-Catalyzed Coupling of β-Chloro-α-iodo-α,β-unsaturated Esters (2006)

The efficient regioselective and stereospecific synthesis of tetrasubstituted olefins using a mild and convenient method is disclosed. 2-Alkynyl esters are selectively converted to E-β-chloro-α-iodo-α,β-unsaturated esters by exposure to Bu4NI in refluxing dichloroethane. These products are produced cleanly, regio- and stereoselectively, and in high yields. Single-isomer tetrasubstituted olefins bearing four different carbon substituents are then synthesized by sequential palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions. Selectivity results from reactivity differences in the intermediate substrates.
Synthesis of biphenyls by acid-catalyzed condensation reactions of 1-oxaspiro[4.5]deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione with phenols or phenol-ethers. (1987)

Acid catalyzed condensation reactions of 1-oxaspiro [4.5] deca-6, 9-diene-2, 8-dion (1) (quinollactone) with phenols and phenol-ethers 2a-i to yield biphenyls 3a-i and 4a-f were found to proceed by an elimination-addition mechanism.
Effect of Obesity on Breast Cancer Development (2010)

In recent years, obesity has been identified as a risk factor for the development of breast cancer in postmenopausal women, and it has been associated with a poor outcome. Many factors appear to be important in the mechanism of this increased risk, including estrogen, estrogen receptors, and the adipokines leptin and adiponectin. Estrogen, a potent mitogen for mammary cells, has long been implicated in the development of mammary tumors. Because adipose-associated aromatase activity increases the conversion of androgen to estrogen, mammary adipose tissue is thought to be an important source of local estrogen production. Leptin, which increases in the circulation in proportion to body fat stores, has been demonstrated in vitro to promote breast cancer cell growth. Animal models have also identified leptin as an important factor for the development of mammary tumors. In contrast to leptin, serum adiponectin concentrations are inversely related to body fat stores, and the addition of adiponectin to human breast cancer cells reduces cell proliferation and enhances apoptosis. This review explores the relationship between these factors and the development of mammary cancer in humans and mouse models.
Establishment and Properties of Neural Stem Cell Clones: Plasticity <i>In Vitro</i> and <i>In Vivo</i> (1999)

The study of the basic physiology of the neural precursors generated during brain development is driven by two inextricably linked goals. First, such knowledge is instrumental to our understanding of how the high degree of cellular complexity of the mature central nervous system (CNS) is generated, and how to dissect the steps of proliferation, fate commitment, and differentiation that lead early pluripotent neural progenitors to give rise to mature CNS cells. Second, it is hoped that the isolation, propagation, and manipulation of brain precursors and, particularly, of multipotent neural stem cells (NSCs), will lead to therapeutic applications in neurological disorders. The debate is still open concerning the most appropriate definition of a stem cell and on how it is best identified, characterized, and manipulated. By adopting an operational definition of NSCs, we review some of the basic findings in this area and elaborate on their potential therapeutic applications. Further, we discuss recent evidence from our two groups that describe, based on that rigorous definition, the isolation and propagation of clones of NSCs from the human fetal brain and illustrate how they have begun to show promise for neural cell replacement and molecular support therapy in models of degenerative CNS diseases. The extensive propagation and engraftment potential of human CNS stem cells may, in the not-too-distant-future, be directed towards genuine clinical therapeutic ends, and may open novel and multifaceted strategies for redressing a variety of heretofore untreatable CNS dysfunctions.
High thoracic disc prolapse in a rugby player: the first reported case. (1993)

Traumatic disc prolapse in the thoracic region is not common, and is rare above the T3 level. A case of a T1-T2 disc prolapse as a result of rugby injury is described.
Shape from texture using the Wigner distribution (2003)

A method is presented for estimating the orientation of a textured surface as a descriptor of surface shape. It is based on the analysis of local spectrum information of the texture in an image. The local spectrum representation is computed by the two-dimensional Wigner distribution, which gives the spatial-frequency information as a function of location. The change in texture density, or the so-called texture gradient, caused by the perspective projection of a surface in the three dimensional world onto the two-dimensional image plane, is computed from this space-frequency representation by measuring the high-frequency energy distribution at each location of the image. The surface orientation is then estimated from the texture gradient. This method was implemented for the limited case of planar surfaces. Simulations were performed and results were analyzed to address issues related to the method's estimation accuracy, implementation, and limitations.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Caustic Ingestions: A Rational Look at Diluents (1977)

Treatment of lye ingestions by antidotes recommended on product labels includes the use of acid neutralizers. The possibility that heat produced by this exothermic reaction increased tissue damage was examined in vitro. Although Drano produced heat with all diluents including water and milk, acid antidotes prolonged the duration of high temperature. Clinitest tablets neutralized with milk produced no temperatures above 40 degrees C. The ready availability of milk or water, their acceptance by the child, and lack of toxic side effects make them diluents of choice for alkaline corrosive agents.
Computer support for interpreting family histories of breast and ovarian cancer in primary care: comparative study with simulated cases (2000)

RAGs could enable general practitioners to be more effective gatekeepers to genetics services, empowering them to reassure the majority of patients with a family history of breast and ovarian cancer who are not at increased genetic risk.
Microcirculation: its significance in clinical and molecular medicine (1997)

Microcirculation represents the smallest functional unit of the cardiovascular system, where the interaction between blood and tissue creates the environment necessary for cell function. Analysis of physiology and pathophysiology of this system gives a unique perspective to the disease process, and provides the link between clinical and molecular medicine. The present status and future directions of this medical and scientific frontier were assessed and projected by experts in the field at a meeting in Italy in 1995, and the conclusions are presented in this article.
Miniature Fabry–Perot Fiber Optic Sensor for Intravascular Blood Temperature Measurements (2013)

This paper presents a miniature fiber optic sensor for intravascular blood temperature measurements. Based on the Fabry–Perot interferometric principle, the sensor is fabricated by using chemical etching and thermal deposition. Before the animal test, static temperature calibration experiments are performed to characterize the sensor's sensitivity, linearity, and hysteresis. A swine model is selected to perform the in-vivo experiment. During the in-vivo experiment, the swine intravascular blood temperature is measured at different locations in coronary arteries to demonstrate the sensor's performance. The sensor's usage in the thermal angioplasty application is successfully presented by capturing the rise and drop of local intravascular blood temperature variations.
New runlength-limited and DC-free line code of minimum bandwidth (1982)

A new pseudoternary code suitable for data transmission over AC-coupled channels is proposed. It is a new variation of the modified duobinary code. The basic properties of eye width and power spectrum are shown to be better than those of the previous code of similar characteristics.
Electron multiplication in liquid cyclohexane and propane (1991)

Previous studies of prebreakdown phenomena in very pure liquid cyclohexane have shown that, in a point-plane electrode assembly and for negative polarity of the point, a regular current pulse regime can be observed. This pulse regime, very similar to Trichel pulses found in air, corresponds to a mechanism of electron avalanche in the liquid phase of cyclohexane. Experimental and semiempirical investigations lead to the conclusion that the electrical discharge in the liquid phase of cyclohexane (N=5.57*10/sup 21/ cm/sup -3/) is similar to that in the vapor phase at a number density of only approximately 2.5*10/sup 21/ cm/sup -3/. The same results are obtained in propane. From known values of the multiplication coefficient alpha in gaseous propane and cyclohexane, values of alpha in the liquid phases are estimated according to the electric field.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Excellent effects of hydrogen postoxidation annealing on inversion channel mobility of 4H-SiC MOSFET fabricated on (11 2 0) face (2002)

Effects of hydrogen postoxidation annealing (H/sub 2/ POA) on 4H-silicon carbide (SiC) MOSFETs with wet gate oxide on the (112~0) face have been investigated. As a result, an inversion channel mobility of 110 cm/sup 2//Vs was successfully achieved using H/sub 2/ POA at 800/spl deg/C for 30 min. H/sub 2/ POA reduces the interface trap density by about one order of magnitude compared with that without H/sub 2/ POA, resulting in considerable improvement of the inversion channel mobility to 3.5 times higher than that without H/sub 2/ POA. In addition, 4H-SiC MOSFET with H/sub 2/ POA has a lower threshold voltage of 3.1 V and a wide gate voltage operation range in which the inversion channel mobility is more than 100 cm/sup 2//Vs.
Evaluation of a New Sandwich Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Detection of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Unprocessed Fetal Bovine Serum (2001)

A new sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (S-ELISA) kit that uses raw (unprocessed) fetal bovine serum (FBS) as the testing sample was evaluated for upstream bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) testing. Pooled FBS samples (n = 84) were tested using the S-ELISA. Thirty serum samples originating from persistently infected (PI) calves that had been confirmed by virus isolation (VI) as BVDV positive and another 30 samples previously confirmed by VI as BVDV negative were also evaluated. Of the 84 field samples, the S-ELISA detected 13 (15.5%) BVDV-positive specimens. When these 13 positive samples were tested by VI and immunofluorescent assay, 11 (84.6%) were positive and 2 (15.4%) were negative. The S-ELISA was positive for all 30 PI samples (100%) and negative for all 30 negative samples (100%). These data indicate that the new kit is a relatively reliable diagnostic tool and can be considered for upstream detection of BVDV-contaminated raw FBS pools.
Hiding Amongst the Clouds: A Proposal for Cloud-based Onion Routing (2011)

Internet censorship and surveillance have made anonymity tools increasingly critical for free and open Internet access. Tor, and its associated ecosystem of vol-unteer traffic relays, provides one of the most secure and widely-available means for achieving Internet anonymity today. Unfortunately, Tor has limitations, including poor performance, inadequate capacity, and a susceptibility to wholesale blocking. Rather than utilizing a large number of volunteers (as Tor does), we propose mov-ing onion-routing services to the “cloud ” to leverage the large capacities, robust connectivity, and economies of scale inherent to commercial datacenters. This paper de-scribes Cloud-based Onion Routing (COR), which builds onion-routed tunnels over multiple anonymity service providers and through multiple cloud hosting providers, dividing trust while forcing censors to incur large collat-eral damage. We discuss the new security policies and mechanisms needed for such a provider-based ecosys-tem, and present some preliminary benchmarks. At to-day’s prices, a user could gain fast, anonymous network access through COR for only pennies per day. 1
Analysis of Protein Interaction and Function with a 3-Dimensional MALDI-MS Protein Array (2005)

Protein profiling and characterization of protein interactions in biological samples ultimately require indicator-free methods of signal detection, which likewise offer an opportunity to distinguish specific interactions from nonspecific protein binding. Here we describe a new 3-dimensional protein microchip for detecting biomolecular interactions with matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS); the microchip comprises a high-density array of methacrylate polymer elements containing immobilized proteins as capture molecules and directly interfaces with a commercially available mass spectrometer. We demonstrated the performance of the chip in three types of experiments by detecting antibody-antigen interactions, enzymatic activity, and enzyme-inhibitor interactions. MALDI-MS biochip-based tumor necrosisfactor alpha (TNF-alpha) immunoassays demonstrated the feasibility of detecting antigens in complex biological samples by identifying molecular masses of bound proteins even at high nonspecific protein binding. By detecting model interactions of trypsin with trypsin inhibitors, we showed that the protein binding capacity of methacrylate polymer elements and the sensitivity of MALDI-MS detection of proteins bound to these elements surpassed that of other 2- and 3-dimensional substrates tested Immobilized trypsin retained functional (enzymatic) activity within the protein microchip and the specificity of macromolecular interactions even in complex biological samples. We believe that the underlying technology should therefore be extensible to whole-proteome protein expression profiling and interaction mapping.
A Web Service Adapter with Contract-Oriented Methodology (2009)

Loose coupling is a cornerstone for service-oriented architecture (SOA). Service contracts enable loose coupling, because they conceal internal details of services from the outside world behind the facade. However, current works on service oriented analysis and design (SOAD) largely focus on defining processes for developing business processes and services without considering variability in details. In this paper, a Web service adapter of service-contract oriented is presented in order to enhance the applicability and reusability of such services. We also introduce some critical issues about service contract analysis engine, skeleton code generate engine and Web-based WSDL editor in the Web service adapter. Additionally, the Web service adapter designed in this paper is compared with related tools, and the results indicate that our methods demonstrate a more desirable interactivity and stability.
Surface Plasmon Resonance Biosensor Based on Smart Phone Platforms (2015)

We demonstrate a fiber optic surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor based on smart phone platforms. The light-weight optical components and sensing element are connected by optical fibers on a phone case. This SPR adaptor can be conveniently installed or removed from smart phones. The measurement, control and reference channels are illuminated by the light entering the lead-in fibers from the phone's LED flash, while the light from the end faces of the lead-out fibers is detected by the phone's camera. The SPR-sensing element is fabricated by a light-guiding silica capillary that is stripped off its cladding and coated with 50-nm gold film. Utilizing a smart application to extract the light intensity information from the camera images, the light intensities of each channel are recorded every 0.5 s with refractive index (RI) changes. The performance of the smart phone-based SPR platform for accurate and repeatable measurements was evaluated by detecting different concentrations of antibody binding to a functionalized sensing element, and the experiment results were validated through contrast experiments with a commercial SPR instrument. This cost-effective and portable SPR biosensor based on smart phones has many applications, such as medicine, health and environmental monitoring.
Recruiting and Motivating Individual Employees (1991)

It was argued in chapter 7 that the employment contract is basically between the employer and the individual employee, even when many of the terms and conditions of employment are settled by collective bargaining. The example of IBM as a non-union firm was discussed, and mention was made of particular groups of employees who had improved their terms and conditions by moving from collective bargaining to individual negotiation. But how does this approach fit with the emphasis on teamwork which is to be found in many Japanese companies? Does an organisation have to choose between an individualist and a collectivist approach to its human resources?
Adaptive approach to functional electrical stimulation (2003)

The authors develop a simple, linear (in the parameters) human muscle action model for large-amplitude forearm movement to target. The inputs to the model are approximately the biceps and triceps electromyogram signal envelopes over a single movement. The model's output gives the corresponding displacement angle of the forearm about a fixed elbow position as a function of time. Based on this model, an adaptive control algorithm is designed to adjust the stimulation pattern so that the desired movement of the paralyzed arm can be achieved.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
El turismo científico y los servicios complementario, una experiencia en la residencia universitaria del CIPCA-UEA (2018)

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo presentar las actividades de la Residencia Universitaria del Centro de Investigación Posgrado y Conservación Amazónica (CIPCA) de la Universidad Estatal Amazónica UEA, en relacional turismo científico, como un mecanismo complementario importante en la divulgación de la ciencia y la transferencia de conocimientos que se diagnostican, analizan y evalúan dentro del Centro, brindando servicios turísticos complementarios como el servicio de hospedaje, como una ayuda insitu al investigador, sin la necesidad de salir del Centro para mejorar y optimizar el tiempo de estadía; el turismo y la trasferencia de conocimientos que desarrolla el CIPCA ha generado un espacio de capacitación, guianza, talleres e investigaciones que son realizadas por los técnicos e investigadores dentro de sus instalaciones, dicha actividades son realizadas mediante programas didácticos y líneas de investigación, aplicando una metodología de enseñanza practica-directa en el campo; con la ayuda de los registros de hospedaje de 371 huéspedes en 3 años, indicaremos que es necesario la existencia de servicios turísticos complementarios para optimizar la investigación , capacitaciones entre otros, e indicar el motivo de viaje de cada uno de ellos. Un caso de la Residencia Universitaria de la Universidad Estatal amazónica y la incidencia de huéspedes y sus motivos específicos en ayuda al desarrollo y progreso de la comunidad nacional y específicamente a la comunidad amazónica. En el periodo 2014 al 2016, se han recibido y hospedado 371 personas entre nacionales y extranjeras con fines de adquirir nuevos conocimientos a través de pasantías e investigación, teniendo mayor actividad e importancia el área agropecuaria, lo que concluye que la prestación de servicios turísticos complementarios es inherente a la investigación o cualquier tipo de actividad relacionada a la ciencia en estudios de medio y largo plazo.
Requirements for 5G fronthaul (2016)

This paper first overviews possible evolved NodeB (eNB) functional splits. Then it illustrates which requirements the Radio Access Network (RAN) shall satisfy to effectively transport 5G protocol data units (PDUs) as a function of the considered functional split.
Poly(I:C) used for human dendritic cell maturation preserves their ability to secondarily secrete bioactive IL-12 (2004)

Dendritic cells (DC) are professional antigen-presenting cells that play a central role in the control of immunity. Mature DC are characterized by high expression levels of MHC and co-stimulatory molecules, and by the secretion of IL-12, a key cytokine for the priming of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Here, we have compared different maturation stimuli to reproducibly generate stable mature DC secreting high amounts of bioactive IL-12p70. We have compared soluble human trimeric CD40 ligand (sCD40L) combined with IFN-gamma, poly(I:C), a cocktail of cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha) with prostaglandin E(2) and lipopolysaccharide. A major concern, however, is whether DC, that have already produced high amounts of IL-12p70 during the maturation step, are still capable of secreting IL-12p70 after in vivo administration at the time of interaction with the targeted T cells. To mimic that situation, mature DC generated by those methods were compared for their ability to secrete IL-12p70 in the absence of IFN-gamma, using sCD40L. We observed a second consistent secretion of bioactive IL-12p70 upon subsequent sCD40L stimulation only when poly(I:C) was used as the maturating agent. Our data suggest that, for clinical use, poly(I:C) may be one of the most appropriate agents to generate stable mature DC. These mature DC might generate in vivo effective immune responses after injection, because they retain the ability to secrete bioactive IL-12 after CD40 ligation.
Beneficial Effects of Hippophae rhamnoides L. on Nicotine Induced Oxidative Stress in Rat Blood Compared with Vitamin E. (2002)

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of Hippophae rhamnoides L. extract (HRe-1) and also vitamin E as a positive control on nicotine-induced oxidative stress in rat blood, specifically alterations in erythrocyte malondialdehyde (MDA) level, activities of some erythrocyte antioxidant enzymes, and plasma vitamin E and A levels. The groups were: nicotine (0.5 mg/kg/d, intraperitoneal, i.p.); nicotine+vitamin E (75 mg/kg/d, intragastric, i.g.); nicotine+HRe-1 (1 ml/kg/d, i.g.); and control group (receiving only vehicles). There were 8 rats per group and the supplementation period was 3 weeks. Nicotine-induced increase in erythrocyte MDA level was prevented by both HRe-1 and vitamin E. Nicotine-induced decrease in erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was prevented by HRe-1, but not vitamin E. HRe-1 increased the erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity compared with nicotine and the vitamin E groups. Catalase activity was not affected. Vitamin E supplementation increased plasma vitamin E level. Plasma vitamin A level was higher in both vitamin E and HRe-1 supplemented groups compared with nicotine and control groups. The results suggest that HRe-1 extract can be used as a dietary supplement, especially by people who smoke, in order to prevent nicotine-induced oxidative stress.