gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Network Technology Supporting an Intelligent Society: WisReed (2011)

Fujitsu intends to help achieve an intelligent society by providing cloud-based solutions to social issues, such as energy-saving measures to counter global warming and safety-improvement measures to guard against disasters. To that end, it is necessary to densely and widely deploy different types of sensors to collect data on such things as energy usage, river levels, and structural deterioration in an accurate and timely manner and then aggregate that data in a cloud. One problem with this is the cost of constructing and operating an infrastructure for the required enormous number of sensors, and this has hindered the implementation of a sensor network. Accordingly, Fujitsu has developed “WisReed” technology for autonomously forming a network to facilitate the collection of sensor data. This paper describes the background of WisReed’s development and its technological features, presents a case example of its adoption for smart metering, and discusses potential applications, which are expected to expand.
ChemInform Abstract: Some Properties of Fluorinated α,β‐Unsaturated Sulphones. (1986)

Abstract The title compounds (I) react smoothly with carbon acids in the presence of bases to form the monoalkylation products (II)‐(IV).
Endonuclease-independent insertion provides an alternative pathway for L1 retrotransposition in the human genome (2007)

LINE-1 elements (L1s) are a family of highly successful retrotransposons comprising approximately 17% of the human genome, the majority of which have inserted through an endonuclease-dependent mechanism termed target-primed reverse transcription. Recent in vitro analyses suggest that in the absence of non-homologous end joining proteins, L1 elements may utilize an alternative, endonuclease-independent pathway for insertion. However, it remains unknown whether this pathway operates in vivo or in cell lines where all DNA repair mechanisms are functional. Here, we have analyzed the human genome to demonstrate that this alternative pathway for L1 insertion has been active in recent human evolution and characterized 21 loci where L1 elements have integrated without signs of endonuclease-related activity. The structural features of these loci suggest a role for this process in DNA double-strand break repair. We show that endonuclease-independent L1 insertions are structurally distinguishable from classical L1 insertion loci, and that they are associated with inter-chromosomal translocations and deletions of target genomic DNA.
Iron Carbonate Scale Growth and the Effect of Inhibition in CO2 Corrosion of Mild Steel (2005)

Abstract Investigations were conducted to investigate iron carbonate scale precipitation, the interaction between a corrosion inhibition and the precipitating iron carbonate scale, and their effects on the corrosion rate. Both the effects of iron carbonate precipitation on inhibited and uninhibited surfaces and the effects of inhibition on surfaces with iron carbonate scale were studied. The experiments were done in glass cells at 80 °C and a iron carbonate supersaturation range of 7 – 150. A generic imidazoline based inhibitor was added at various points in the iron carbonate scale formation process. Both corrosion rates and precipitation rates were measured using electrochemical and weight gain/loss methods. The scale was later analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that the dissolved ferrous ion concentration method, used previously, overestimates the rate of iron carbonate precipitation. Although no antagonism was found under any of other conditions tested, it was seen that the addition of the inhibitor retarded the growth of the iron carbonate scale.
Synthesis of an organosilicon hyperbranched oligomer containing alkenyl and silyl hydride groups (1999)

A new organosilicon hyperbranched oligomer has been prepared that contains both double bonds and silyl hydride groups. The monomer is prepared via the hydrosilylation of propargyl chloride with methyldichlorosilane in the presence of a platinum catalyst. The product is a mixture resulting from both α- and β-addition. Treatment of the monomer mixture with magnesium results in the formation of a hyperbranched oligomer, which is then treated with LiAlH4. Control of monomer addition speed to the magnesium is critical in order to keep head-head coupling low. The resulting oligomer is air- and water-stable, and has an average degree of polymerization of 8. This material gives a char yield of 24% but after crosslinking with platinum catalyst, the char yield increases to 69%. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 37: 3778–3784, 1999
23 GHz ferroelectric electron gun based gyrotron (2011)

Ferroelectric cathodes have been explored as an alternative electron source for microwave tubes. Past experiments have demonstrated operation at frequencies of 2–10 GHz. Since the ferroelectric cathode is based on surface plasma, the relatively high energy spread limits the tube operation frequency. Hence, the possibility to obtain higher frequencies remained questionable. In this experimental work a gyrotron oscillator was designed with the operation frequency increased toward that of millimeter waves. A cylindrical tube with a cutoff frequency of ∼22 GHz was integrated to a ferroelectric electron gun. Pulses of ∼0.5 μs duration with a frequency of 23 GHz were obtained.
Nuremberg in the Sixteenth Century. By Gerald Strauss. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1966. 305 pp. $5.95. (1967)

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Hysteretic and Elastic Properties of Rubberlike Materials Under Dynamic Shear Stresses (1944)

The nature of hysteresis in products such as pneumatic tires, solid tires, and transmission belts is analyzed and the requirements of a laboratory test for evaluating the relative hysteretic characteristics of natural and synthetic rubber stocks are developed. The significance of various definitions of the ``hysteresis defect'' in rubberlike materials is discussed. A forced resonance vibrator in which rubber samples are deformed in shear at frequencies of 20 to 300 cycles/sec., shear strains of 0.05 to 0.35, and temperatures of −20 to +120°C is described. Experimental results obtained with natural rubber and GR-S gum and tread stocks are presented. The hysteresis index ωη is found to be nearly independent of dynamic shear strain while the dynamic modulus G decreases moderately with increasing dynamic strain. Neither ωη nor G depends upon the height to diameter ratio of cylindrical samples. These results are at variance with those obtained by previous investigators who, employing compressive vibrations, have reported marked dependences of both modulus and friction upon dynamic strain and the ``shape factor'' of tread type stocks. In agreement with previously reported work, G is found to be independent of frequency and ωη only slightly dependent upon frequency, for treated type stocks. Results are presented for stocks based on Buna S type copolymers with varying monomer ratio and on N-type Butaprenes, Neoprene, and butyl rubbers.
Characterization of Randomly-Obtained Matrix Attachment Regions (MARs) from Higher Plants<sup>,</sup> (1999)

Matrix attachment regions (MARs) can be operationally defined as DNA fragments that bind to the nuclear matrix. We have created a library of randomly obtained MARs from tobacco (Nicotiana tobacum) by cloning DNA fragments that co-isolate with nuclear matrixes prepared by a method involving lithium diiodosalicylate. The interactions of several of the cloned MARs with nuclear matrixes were tested by an in vitro binding assay in which genomic DNA was used as competitor. Based on this assay, the MARs were classified as strong, medium, and weak binders. Examples of each of the binding classes were further studied by in vitro binding using self- and cross-competition. Estimates of dissociation constants for several MARs ranged from 6 to 11 nM and correlated inversely with binding strength. The number of binding sites per matrix for several MARs ranged from 4 x 10(5) to 9 x 10(5) and correlated directly with binding strength. We conclude that binding strength, as we have measured it, is a function of both numbers of binding sites and affinity for the sites. The tobacco MARs were sequenced and analyzed for overall AT content, for distribution of AT-rich regions, and for the abundance of several MAR-related motifs. Previously identified MAR motifs correlate to various degrees with binding strength. Notably, the Drosophila topoisomerase II motif does not correlate with binding strength of the tobacco MARs. A newly identified motif, the "90%AT Box," correlates better with binding strength than any of the previously identified motifs we investigated.
Effects of chromium on the immune system (2002)

Chromium is a naturally occurring heavy metal found commonly in the environment in trivalent, Cr(III), and hexavalent, Cr(VI), forms. Cr(VI) compounds have been declared as a potent occupational carcinogen among workers in chrome plating, stainless steel, and pigment industries. The reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) results in the formation of reactive intermediates that together with oxidative stress oxidative tissue damage and a cascade of cellular events including modulation of apoptosis regulatory gene p53, contribute to the cytotoxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity of Cr(VI)-containing compounds. On the other hand, chromium is an essential nutrient required to promote the action of insulin in body tissues so that the body can use sugars, proteins and fats. Chromium is of significant importance in altering the immune response by immunostimulatory or immunosuppressive processes as shown by its effects on T and B lymphocytes, macrophages, cytokine production and the immune response that may induce hypersensitivity reactions. This review gives an overview of the effects of chromium on the immune system of the body.
Autotransported Serine Protease A of <i>Neisseria meningitidis</i> : an Immunogenic, Surface-Exposed Outer Membrane, and Secreted Protein (2002)

Several autotransporter proteins have previously been identified in Neisseria meningitidis. Using molecular features common to most members of the autotransporter family of proteins, we have identified an additional novel ca. 112-kDa autotransporter protein in the meningococcal genomic sequence data. This protein, designated autotransported serine protease A (AspA), has significant N-terminal homology to the secreted serine proteases (subtilases) from several organisms and contains a serine protease catalytic triad. The amino acid sequence of AspA is well-conserved in serogroup A, B, and C meningococci. In Neisseria gonorrhoeae, the AspA homologue appears to be a pseudogene. The gene encoding AspA was cloned and expressed from meningococcal strain MC58 (B15:P1.16b). Anti-AspA antibodies were detected in patients' convalescent-phase sera, suggesting that AspA is expressed in vivo during infection and is immunogenic and cross-reactive. Rabbit polyclonal monospecific anti-AspA serum was used to probe whole-cell proteins from a panel of wild-type meningococcal strains and two AspA mutant strains. Expression of the ca. 112-kDa precursor polypeptide was detected in 12 of 20 wild-type meningococcal strains examined, suggesting that AspA expression is phase variable. Immunogold electron microscopy and cellular fractionation studies showed that the AspA precursor is transported to the outer membrane and remains surface exposed. Western blot experiments confirmed that smaller, ca. 68- or 70-kDa components of AspA (AspA68 and AspA70, respectively) are then secreted into the meningococcal culture supernatant. Site-directed mutagenesis of S426 abolished secretion of both rAspA68 and rAspA70 in Escherichia coli, confirming that AspA is an autocleaved autotransporter protein. In conclusion, we characterized a novel, surface-exposed and secreted, immunogenic, meningococcal autotransporter protein.
Open data kit sensors (2012)

Sensing data is important to a variety of data collection and monitoring applications. This paper presents the ODK Sensors framework designed to simplify the process of integrating sensors into mobile data collection tasks for both programmers and data collectors. Current mobile platforms (e.g., smartphones, tablets) can connect to a variety of external sensors over wired (USB) and wireless (Bluetooth) channels. However, the proper implementation can be burdensome, especially when a single application needs to support a variety of sensors with different communication channels and data formats. Our goal is to provide a high level framework that allows for customization and flexibility of applications that interface with external sensors, and thus support a variety of information services that rely on sensordata. We use four application examples to highlight the range of usage models and the ease with which the applications can be developed.
Charge injection and transport properties of an organic light-emitting diode (2016)

The charge behavior of organic light emitting diode (OLED) is investigated by steady-state current-voltage technique and impedance spectroscopy at various temperatures to obtain activation energies of charge injection and transport processes. Good agreement of activation energies obtained by steady-state and frequency-domain was used to analyze their contributions to the charge injection and transport. We concluded that charge is injected into the OLED device mostly through the interfacial states at low voltage region, whereas the thermionic injection dominates in the high voltage region. This comparison of experimental techniques demonstrates their capabilities of identification of major bottleneck of charge injection and transport.
Software Cost Estimation With Cocomo II (2000)

Follow-on book to Dr. Barry Boehm's classic Software Cost Estimation, this book will show professional developers how to use the COCOMO (Cost Comparison Model) II model developed by Dr. Boehm at USC to generate end-to-end cost analysis figures for software development projects.
Decoding Transcriptional Programs Regulated by PPARs and LXRs in the Macrophage (2003)

Macrophages play essential roles in immunity and homeostasis. As professional scavengers, macrophages phagocytose microbes and apoptotic and necrotic cells and take up modified lipoprotein particles. These functions require tightly regulated mechanisms for the processing and disposal of cellular lipids. Under pathological conditions, arterial wall macrophages become foam cells by accumulating large amounts of cholesterol, contributing to the development of atherosclerosis. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and liver X receptors (LXRs) are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors that have emerged as key regulators of macrophage homeostasis. PPARs and LXRs control transcriptional programs involved in processes of lipid uptake and efflux, lipogenesis, and lipoprotein metabolism. In addition, PPARs and LXRs negatively regulate transcriptional programs involved in the development of inflammatory responses. This review summarizes recent efforts to decode the differential and overlapping roles of PPARs and LXRs in the context of macrophage lipid homeostasis and the control of inflammation.
Towards an Autonomous Walking Robot for Planetary Surfaces (2010)

In this paper, recent progress in the development of the DLR Crawler - a six-legged, actively compliant walking robot prototype - is presented. The robot implements a walking layer with a simple tripod and a more complex biologically inspired gait. Using a variety of proprioceptive sensors, different reflexes for reactively crossing obstacles within the walking height are realised. On top of the walking layer, a navigation layer provides the ability to autonomously navigate to a predefined goal point in unknown rough terrain using a stereo camera. A model of the environment is created, the terrain traversability is estimated and an optimal path is planned. The difficulty of the path can be influenced by behavioral parameters. Motion commands are sent to the walking layer and the gait pattern is switched according to the estimated terrain difficulty. The interaction between walking layer and navigation layer was tested in different experimental setups.
Recurrent Varicose Veins (1992)

Treatment options following duplex evaluation of recurrent varicose veins are discussed and a method of injecting incompetent perforating veins using ultrasound guidance is described. The results of duplex evaluation 6 months postinjection using this technique are presented. These early results indicate that sclerosant injection employing ultrasound guidance is an effective and safe method of treating incompetent perforating veins.
The Role of Cytokines during the Pathogenesis of Ventilator-Associated and Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury (2006)

Mortality rates from acute lung injury (ALI)/acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) range from 30 to 65%. Although mechanical ventilation (MV) may delay mortality in critically ill patients with ALI/ARDS, it may also cause a lung injury that further promotes and perpetuates ALI/ARDS and multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS). Recent studies have demonstrated that lung protective strategies of MV, as compared with the injurious strategy of conventional MV (CMV) can reduce absolute mortality rates during ALI/ARDS. The protective strategies limit tidal volumes and peak/plateau pressures while maximizing positive end-expiratory pressure. The injury to the lung by CMV is characterized histologically by edema, leukocyte extravasation, and endothelial and epithelial damage. Both human and animal studies suggest that alveolar cell deformation from CMV leads to the release of cytokines/chemokines which orchestrate the extravasation, activation, and recruitment of leukocytes, causing ventilator-associated lung injury (VALI) and ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI). Moreover, VALI/VILI can perpetuate the chronic inflammatory response during ALI/ARDS and MODS. This article explores the role of cytokines/chemokines during the pathogenesis of VALI/VILI.
Simulation of transcatheter aortic valve implantation: a patient-specific finite element approach (2013)

Until recently, heart valve failure has been treated adopting open-heart surgical techniques and cardiopulmonary bypass. However, over the last decade, minimally invasive procedures have been developed to avoid high risks associated with conventional open-chest valve replacement techniques. Such a recent and innovative procedure represents an optimal field for conducting investigations through virtual computer-based simulations: in fact, nowadays, computational engineering is widely used to unravel many problems in the biomedical field of cardiovascular mechanics and specifically, minimally invasive procedures. In this study, we investigate a balloon-expandable valve and we propose a novel simulation strategy to reproduce its implantation using computational tools. Focusing on the Edwards SAPIEN valve in particular, we simulate both stent crimping and deployment through balloon inflation. The developed procedure enabled us to obtain the entire prosthetic device virtually implanted in a patient-specific aortic root created by processing medical images; hence, it allows evaluation of postoperative prosthesis performance depending on different factors (e.g. device size and prosthesis placement site). Notably, prosthesis positioning in two different cases (distal and proximal) has been examined in terms of coaptation area, average stress on valve leaflets as well as impact on the aortic root wall. The coaptation area is significantly affected by the positioning strategy (- 24%, moving from the proximal to distal) as well as the stress distribution on both the leaflets (+13.5%, from proximal to distal) and the aortic wall (- 22%, from proximal to distal). No remarkable variations of the stress state on the stent struts have been obtained in the two investigated cases.
Chloroplast Research in Arabidopsis (2011)

Chloroplasts are essential for the survival and flourishing of life on Earth. Over the years, chloroplast biology has been studied in a variety of different organisms, leading to the significant disad
A soft, transparent, freely accessible cranial window for chronic imaging and electrophysiology (2016)

Chronic in vivo imaging and electrophysiology are important for better understanding of neural functions and circuits. We introduce the new cranial window using soft, penetrable, elastic, and transparent, silicone-based polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as a substitute for the skull and dura in both rats and mice. The PDMS can be readily tailored to any size and shape to cover large brain area. Clear and healthy cortical vasculatures were observed up to 15 weeks post-implantation. Real-time hemodynamic responses were successfully monitored during sensory stimulation. Furthermore, the PDMS window allowed for easy insertion of microelectrodes and micropipettes into the cortical tissue for electrophysiological recording and chemical injection at any location without causing any fluid leakage. Longitudinal two-photon microscopic imaging of Cx3Cr1(+/- GFP) transgenic mice was comparable with imaging via a conventional glass-type cranial window, even immediately following direct intracortical injection. This cranial window will facilitate direct probing and mapping for long-term brain studies.
153. Phenol oxidation and biosynthesis. Part V. The synthesis of galanthamine (1962)

D. H. R. Barton and G. W. Kirby, J. Chem. Soc., 1962, 806 DOI: 10.1039/JR9620000806
The Bacterial Amyloid Curli Is Associated with Urinary Source Bloodstream Infection (2014)

Urinary tract infections are the most common cause of E. coli bloodstream infections (BSI) but the mechanism of bloodstream invasion is poorly understood. Some clinical isolates have been observed to shield themselves with extracellular amyloid fibers called curli at physiologic temperature. We hypothesize that curli fiber assembly at 37 °C promotes bacteremic progression by urinary E. coli strains. Curli expression by cultured E. coli isolates from bacteriuric patients in the presence and absence of bacteremia were compared using Western blotting following amyloid fiber disruption with hexafluoroisopropanol. At 37 °C, urinary isolates from bacteremic patients were more likely to express curli than those from non-bacteremic patients [16/22 (73%) vs. 7/21 (33%); p = 0.01]. No significant difference in curli expression was observed at 30 °C [86% (19/22) vs. 76% (16/21); p = 0.5]. Isolates were clonally diverse between patients, indicating that this phenotype is distributed across multiple lineages. Most same-patient urine and blood isolates were highly related, consistent with direct invasion of urinary bacteria into the bloodstream. 37 °C curli expression was associated with bacteremic progression of urinary E. coli isolates in this population. These findings suggest new future diagnostic and virulence-targeting therapeutic approaches.