gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lipoxygenase Trypsin Inhibitor, and Lectin from Soybeans: Effects on Larval Growth of Manduca sexta (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)1 (1983)

The effects of lipoxygenase, lectin, and trypsin inhibitor proteins from soybean seed on larval growth of Manduca sexta have been investigated. Soybean lipoxygenase retarded larval growth when incorporated into an artificial diet at a concentration of 4% (wt/vol). In addtiOn, larvae fed the lipoxygenase diet showed increased levels of midgut cytochrome P-450 protem as compared with controls. Linoleic acid hydroperoxide, a product of lipoxygenase activity, also reduced larval growth at the 0.3% level in the diet, and was lethal to all larvae tested at the 1% level. A highly purified preparation of soybean lectin inhibited larval growth when added at the 1% level in the diet, and trypsin inhibitor (Kunitz inhibitor) retarded larval growth when added at the 5% level. These results represent the first evidence that lipoxygenases could function as plant defenses against insect attack, and also demonstrate that a highly purified lectin can inhibit the growth of a phytophagous insect.
Decreasing the Rate of Metabolic Ketone Reduction in the Discovery of a Clinical Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Inhibitor for the Treatment of Diabetes (2014)

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) inhibitors offer significant potential for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), hepatic steatosis, and cancer. However, the identification of tool compounds suitable to test the hypothesis in human trials has been challenging. An advanced series of spirocyclic ketone-containing ACC inhibitors recently reported by Pfizer were metabolized in vivo by ketone reduction, which complicated human pharmacology projections. We disclose that this metabolic reduction can be greatly attenuated through introduction of steric hindrance adjacent to the ketone carbonyl. Incorporation of weakly basic functionality improved solubility and led to the identification of 9 as a clinical candidate for the treatment of T2DM. Phase I clinical studies demonstrated dose-proportional increases in exposure, single-dose inhibition of de novo lipogenesis (DNL), and changes in indirect calorimetry consistent with increased whole-body fatty acid oxidation. This demonstration of target engagement validates the use of compound 9 to evaluate the role of DNL in human disease.
An investigation of PLP and IMELDA acoustic representations and of their potential for combination (1991)

Two acoustic representations, integrated Mel-scale representation with LDA (IMELDA) and perceptual linear prediction-root power sums (PLP-RPS), both of which have given good results in speech recognition tests, are explored. IMELDA is examined in the context of some related representations. Results of speaker-dependent and independent tests with digits and the alphabet suggest that the optimum PLP order is high and that the effectiveness of PLP-RPS stems not from its modeling of perceptual properties but from its approximation to a desirable statistical property attained exactly by IMELDA. A combined PLP-IMELDA representation is found to be generally more effective than PLP-RPS, but an IMELDA representation derived directly from a filter-bank provides similar results to PLP-IMELDA at a lower computational cost.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Bringing Semantics to Web Services with OWL-S (2007)

Current industry standards for describing Web Services focus on ensuring interoperability across diverse platforms, but do not provide a good foundation for automating the use of Web Services. Representational techniques being developed for the Semantic Web can be used to augment these standards. The resulting Web Service specifications enable the development of software programs that can interpret descriptions of unfamiliar Web Services and then employ those services to satisfy user goals. OWL-S (“OWL for Services”) is a set of notations for expressing such specifications, based on the Semantic Web ontology language OWL. It consists of three interrelated parts: a profile ontology, used to describe what the service does; a process ontology and corresponding presentation syntax, used to describe how the service is used; and a grounding ontology, used to describe how to interact with the service. OWL-S can be used to automate a variety of service-related activities involving service discovery, interoperation, and composition. A large body of research on OWL-S has led to the creation of many open-source tools for developing, reasoning about, and dynamically utilizing Web Services.
Quantitative Computed Tomography in COPD: Possibilities and Limitations (2011)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous disease that is characterized by chronic airflow limitation. Unraveling of this heterogeneity is challenging but important, because it might enable more accurate diagnosis and treatment. Because spirometry cannot distinguish between the different contributing pathways of airflow limitation, and visual scoring is time-consuming and prone to observer variability, other techniques are sought to start this phenotyping process. Quantitative computed tomography (CT) is a promising technique, because current CT technology is able to quantify emphysema, air trapping, and large airway wall dimensions. This review focuses on CT quantification techniques of COPD disease components and their current status and role in phenotyping COPD.
Chemical reduction of an aqueous suspension of graphene oxide by nascent hydrogen (2012)

One of the major challenges in the chemical reduction of graphene oxide is increasing the C/O atomic ratio of the chemically converted graphene. In this paper, we report a simple and effective method to reduce aqueous suspensions of graphene oxide using nascent hydrogen generated in situ by the reaction between Al foil and HCl, Al foil and NaOH and Zn powder and NaOH. The nascent hydrogen-reduced graphene oxides (nHRGOs) were characterized by elemental analysis, UV-vis spectra, Raman spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and electrical conductivity measurements. The reduction efficiency of graphene oxide strongly depended on the reaction medium and the rate of nascent hydrogen generation. The best nHRGO achieved a C/O atomic ratio greater than 21 and a bulk electrical conductivity as high as 12 500 S m−1, corresponding to the nascent hydrogen generated from the reaction between Al foil and HCl. Since nascent hydrogen could be produced on a metal surface upon oxidation in solution, other metals with low standard reduction potentials, such as Mg, Mn, and Fe, can be applied to reduce graphene oxide.
Utilization of <i>m</i>‐Phenylenediamine‐Furfural Resin for Removal of Cu(II) from Aqueous Solution‐A Thermodynamic Study (2009)

m ‐Phenylenediamine was condensed with furfural in absence of catalyst at room temperature. The produced m ‐phenylenediamine‐furfural resin was used for the removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solution. The pH for the optimum removal of Cu(II) was 6. The negative values of Gibbs free energy at low concentration of Cu(II) (20, 30 ppm) indicative of the spontaneous adsorption process, while, at higher Cu(II) concentration (40,50 ppm) the positive and weak values of ∆G° indicate that the process is feasible but non spontaneous. The values of ∆H° were positive indicating that the sorption process is endothermic. On the other hand, the values of activation energy (Ea) were inconsistent with the values of ∆H° both are positive and lie in the range of physisorption. The entropy ∆S° of the process was positive indicative of the randomness of the Cu(II) ions at the solid / liquid interface. The values of sticking probability S* were less than one which indicate a preferable adsorption process and the mechanism is physisorption.
Oxidative damage and repair in the developing nervous system. (1994)

Excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a recognized cause of cell injury. In contrast to such well recognized cell injury, oxidative stress plays a role in cell proliferation, differentiation and tumor promotion. This review examines the role of oxidative stress in initiating and promoting the establishment of normal or abnormal neuronal patterns and subsequent neurogenesis within the central and peripheral nervous system. In particular, the role of apoptosis in both normal and abnormal neuronal development and maturation will be examined with special reference to the induction of apoptotic cell death following abusive ligand-induced ion movements. The interaction of oxidant stress and immediate-early response gene activation is discussed with further reference to the induction of apoptosis. While glutamate receptor activation appears mandatory for coordinate maturation and neuritogenesis, such neuronal survival and differentiation is intimately dependent upon the intracellular glutathione redox potential, maintained by cystine uptake. Selected examples of reactive oxygen species induced injury pertaining to developmental neurotoxicology are presented and include starvation, irradiation injury and glutamate excitotoxicity.
Surface Control of Planarization Layer on Embossed Glass for Light Extraction in OLEDs (2014)

We developed a highly refractive index planarization layer showing a very smooth surface for organic light-emitting diode (OLED) light extraction, and we successfully prepared a highly efficient white OLED device with an embossed nano-structure and highly refractive index planarization layers. White OLEDs act as an internal out-coupling layer. We used a spin-coating method and two types of TiO2 solutions for a planarization of the embossed nano-structure on a glass substrate. The first TiO2 solution was TiO2 sol, which consists of TiO2 colloidal particles in an acidic aqueous solution and several organic additives. The second solution was an organic and inorganic hybrid solution of TiO2. The surface roughness (Ra) and refractive index of the TiO2 planarization films on a flat glass were 0.4 nm and 2.0 at 550 nm, respectively. The J–V characteristics of the OLED including the embossed nano-structure and the TiO2 planarization film were almost the same as those of an OLED with a flat glass, and the luminous efficacy of the aforementioned OLED was enhanced by 34% compared to that of an OLED with a flat glass.
Chlorination of Low-Band-Gap Polymers: Toward High-Performance Polymer Solar Cells (2017)

Halogenation is an effective way to tune the energy levels of organic semiconducting materials. To date, fluorination of organic semiconducting materials to fabricate polymer solar cells (PSCs) has been used far more than chlorination; however, fluorine exchange reactions suffer from low yields and the resulting fluorinated polymer always comes with a higher price, which will greatly hinder their commercial applications. Herein, we designed and synthesized a series of chlorinated donor–acceptor (D-A) type polymers, in which benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b]dithiophene and chlorinated benzothiadiazole units are connected by thiophene π-bridges with an asymmetric alkyl chain. These chlorinated polymers showed deep highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy levels, which promoted the efficiency of their corresponding PSCs by increasing the device open circuit voltage. The asymmetric alkyl chain on the thiophene moieties gave the final polymer sufficient solubility for solution processing and strong π–π stacking in films allowed for high mobility. Although the introduction of a large Cl atom increased the torsion angle of the polymer backbone, the chlorinated polymers maintained a favorable backbone orientation in blend films for efficient PSC application. These factors contributed to respectable device performances from thick-film devices, which showed PCEs as high as 9.11% for a 250-nm-thick active layer. These results demonstrate that chlorination is a promising method to fine-tune the energy levels of conjugated polymers, and chlorinated benzothiadiazole may be a versatile building block in materials for efficient solar energy conversion.
Dynamic Thread Count Adaptation for Multiple Services in SMP Environments (2008)

We propose a dynamic mechanism, thread count adaptation, that adjusts the thread counts that are allocated to services for adapting to CPU requirement variations in SMP environments. Our goal is to increase the maximum throughput available on a system that has multiple dynamic content services while meeting different service time criteria for these services in dynamic workloads. Our challenge is to significantly improve response times for dynamic content on a busy well-tuned thread-pool-based system without prioritizing any specific services. Our experiments demonstrate that a prototype using our approach on J2EE middleware quickly (around every 20 ms) adjusted the thread counts for the services and that it improved the average 90th-percentile response times by up to 27% (and 22% on average) for the SPECjAppServer2004 benchmark.
Surface passivation techniques for GaAs power Schottky diodes (2002)

In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the use of GaAs as a material for high voltage power Schottky diodes. Such devices have been shown to have much lower reverse recovery charge than Si junction diodes and thus to have many potential applications in high-speed switching circuits. However, most Schottky diodes suffer from reverse leakage currents significantly greater than predicted by simple consideration of the Schottky Barrier Height (SBH)-largely as a result of surface leakage. Such problems can be controlled in silicon devices, for which surface passivation methods utilising field oxide and/or electron irradiation are available. By comparison, surface passivation techniques for GaAs devices are relatively undeveloped, although attempts have been made using sulphur and/or selenium coating solutions for low power devices. In this work, we have applied such techniques to power Schottky diodes with the aim of engineering the metal/semiconductor interface to control the forward and reverse characteristics of the device.
An introduction to error analysis: the study of uncertainties in physical measurements (1997)

The need for error analysis is captured in the book's arresting cover shot - of the 1895 Paris train disaster (also available as a wall poster). The early chapters teach elementary techniques of error propagation and statistical analysis to enable students to produce successful lab reports. Later chapters treat a number of more advanced mathematical topics, with many examples from mechanics and optics. End-of-chapter problems include many that call for use of calculators or computers, and numerous figures help readers visualize uncertainties using error bars. Score a hit! ...the book reveals the exceptional skill of the author as lecturer and teacher...a valuable reference work for any student (or instructor) in the sciences and engineering. The Physics Teacher This is a well written book with good illustrations, index and general bibliography...The book is well suited for engineering and science courses at universities and as a basic reference text for those engineers and scientists in practice. Strain, Journal of the British Society for Strain Measurement
Precipitation of Phases in Al-Mg-Si-Cu Alloy with Sc and Zr Additions during Heat Treatment (2007)

This DOI is not currently attached to any metadata records. DOIs can’t actually ever be deleted (they’re persistent), but sometimes our members create DOIs in error. We do have a process to approximate deletion which we follow only in rare cases where the DOI has been genuinely created in error, and most crucially, if the DOI has never been published anywhere online or in print and never otherwise distributed to or communicated with anyone (authors, readers, reviewers, etc.
Lignification and tension wood (2004)

Hardwood trees are able to reorient their axes owing to tension wood differentiation. Tension wood is characterised by important ultrastructural modifications, such as the occurrence in a number of species, of an extra secondary wall layer, named gelatinous layer or G-layer, mainly constituted of cellulose microfibrils oriented nearly parallel to the fibre axis. This G-layer appears directly involved in the definition of tension wood mechanical properties. This review gathers the data available in the literature about lignification during tension wood formation. Potential roles for lignin in tension wood formation are inferred from biochemical, anatomical and mechanical studies, from the hypotheses proposed to describe tension wood function and from data coming from new research areas such as functional genomics.
Interoperability mechanism of ABR/ABT capability in ATM public networks (2002)

Available bit rate and ATM block transfer capabilities are the essential ATM transfer capabilities to be implemented in the public network in respect of the traffic characteristics and bandwidth utilization. Therefore, one of two ATM transfer capabilities is implemented in the public switching system and the other ATM transfer capability can be accommodated using the interoperability mechanism. In this paper, we propose the interworking and emulation methods for the interoperability of available bit rate/ATM block transfer capability depending on the closed-loop range of each ATM transfer capability and also propose the block cell rate re-negotiation with state dependent mechanism based on the common buffer with two thresholds when the public switching system has the ATM block transfer capability. We analyze the performance of the block cell rate re-negotiation with state dependent mechanism from the view points of the maximum queue length and bandwidth utilization.
Management of Nonulcer Dyspepsia (1998)

The term “dyspepsia,” derived from the Greek words dys (bad) and pepsis (digestion), refers to symptoms thought to originate in the upper gastrointestinal tract.1,2 Dyspepsia is often used to refer to upper abdominal pain or discomfort but may also encompass symptoms of early satiety, postprandial abdominal bloating or distention, nausea, and vomiting.2,3 Dyspepsia can be episodic or persistent and is often exacerbated by eating. The prevalence of dyspepsia ranges from 26 percent in the United States to 41 percent in England.4,5 Although only 20 to 25 percent of persons with dyspepsia seek medical care, the problem is . . .
Transformation of Iron and Manganese in Coastal Saline Soil (1984)

The changes in the forms of iron and manganese and the redox potential of soil were studied under submerged condition of coastal saline soil of West Bengal. There was a very sharp fall in redox potential of soil from +555mV to +210 mV within 4 days of submergence. The submergence of the soil also caused significant increase in both soluble and exchangeable forms of iron and manganese. An increase in soluble and exchangeable Fe and Mn with decrease in the redox potential in the beginning followed by a reversal of these processes after about 20 days were noticed. Addition of organic matter enhanced the initial decrease in redox potential and the increase in soluble and exchangeable Fe2+ and Mn2+ in soil. This effect was more prominent when undecomposed organic matter (powdered rice straw) was added instead of well decomposed material like farmyard manure.
New drug targets and research methods for androgenetic alopecia (2009)

男性型脱毛症（Androgenetic alopecia, AGA）は，遺伝的背景および男性ホルモンによって主に男性に生ずる病態で，頭頂部や前頭部の毛髪が細く短くなり，外観上，薄毛と認識されるようになる．AGAは生死に関わる疾患ではないが，薄毛に悩むヒトは多く，AGA治療薬の開発に注目が集まっている．AGA治療薬開発のターゲットとしては，STAT3，BMP，WNTおよびSHHなど毛周期の休止期から成長期への移行，すなわち発毛促進作用に関係する分子と，男性ホルモン受容体およびTGF-βなど，短縮した成長期を本来の長さに戻し，太い毛を育てる作用に関係する分子が考えられる．治療効果を有する化合物は，in vitroの系で毛乳頭，毛包上皮あるいはそれらの共存培養系，毛包の器官培養によりスクリーニング可能である．in vivoではマウスで休止期から成長期への誘導あるいは成長期の延長が評価でき，ヒトに酷似したAGAの病態を発症するベニガオザルを用いた評価も行われる．
Formation of 5-(Hydroxymethyl)furfural by Stepwise Dehydration over TiO<sub>2</sub> with Water-Tolerant Lewis Acid Sites (2015)

The reaction mechanism for the formation of 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) from glucose in water over TiO2 and phosphate-immobilized TiO2 (phosphate/TiO2) with water-tolerant Lewis acid sites was studied using isotopically labeled molecules and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance measurements for glucose adsorbed on TiO2. Scandium trifluoromethanesulfonate (Sc(OTf)3), a highly active homogeneous Lewis acid catalyst workable in water, converts glucose into HMF through aldose–ketose isomerization between glucose and fructose involving a hydrogen transfer step and subsequent dehydration of fructose. In contrast to Sc(OTf)3, Lewis acid sites on bare TiO2 and phosphate/TiO2 do not form HMF through the isomerization–dehydration route but through the stepwise dehydration of glucose via 3-deoxyglucosone as an intermediate. Continuous extraction of the evolved HMF with 2-sec-butylphenol results in the increase in the HMF selectivity for phosphate/TiO2, even in highly concentrated glucose solution. These results suggest that limiting the reactions between HMF and the surface intermediates improves the efficiency of HMF production.
The coding of roughness. (2007)

This review examines the way information about textures is captured, encoded, and processed by the somatosensory system to produce sensations of roughness/smoothness. Textures with spatial periods exceeding about 200 microm are encoded spatially, so roughness is nearly independent of the speed and direction of their movement across the skin. The information consists of spatial variations in activity among slowly adapting (SA1) mechanoreceptors, and appears to be extracted by specialized cortical neurons. Perception of the roughness of finer surfaces is mediated by detection, primarily by Pacinian afferents, of cutaneous vibrations generated when textures move across the skin. Movement is necessary to the perception of these textures, and vibrotactile adaptation interferes with it. The code is an intensitive one (i.e., the amount of activity in Pacinian afferents).
General conditions for the decomposition of state holding elements (2002)

A fundamental problem in the design of speed-independent asynchronous circuits is the decomposition or splitting up of high-fanin operators into two or more lower-fanin operators. In this paper, we develop general techniques to decided whether a particular decomposition of an arbitrary state-holding or combinational element into two elements with an belated internal signal is correct. These techniques are extended to determine efficiently all legal decompositions in a parameterized family.