gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reporter Gene Assays (2009)

Reporter gene assays are versatile and sensitive methods of assaying numerous targets in high-throughput drug-screening programs. A variety of reporter genes allow users a choice of signal that can be tailored to the required sensitivity, the available detection apparatus, the cellular system employed, and the required compatibility with multiplexed assays. Promoters used to drive reporter gene expression can be activated either by a broad range of biochemical pathways or by the selective activation of individual targets. In this chapter, we will introduce some of the considerations behind the choice of reporter gene assays and describe the methods that we have used to establish 96-well format luciferase and aequorin assays for the screening of ligands for G protein-coupled receptors.
Molecular Recognition Imaging and Force Spectroscopy of Single Biomolecules (2005)

In recent years, considerable attention has focused on biological applications of the atomic force microscope (AFM), in particular on high-resolution imaging of individual biological molecules and on the measurement of molecular forces under near-physiological conditions. The detection of intermolecular forces in the piconewton range has paved the way to investigate details on structural parameters of the binding pockets and the energy landscapes of many biomolecular interactions. The capability of AFM to resolve nanometer-sized details, together with its force detection sensitivity, led to the development of molecular recognition imaging. By a combination of topographical imaging with force measurements, receptor sites are localized with nanometer accuracy. Topography and recognition of target molecules are thereby simultaneously mapped. Thus the AFM can identify specific components in a complex biological sample and retain its high resolution in imaging.
The Chemical Identification of Radioisotopes of Neodymium and of Element 61<sup>1</sup> (1947)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Chemical Identification of Radioisotopes of Neodymium and of Element 611J. A. Marinsky, L. E. Glendenin, and C. D. CoryellCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1947, 69, 11, 2781–2785Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1947Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1947https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01203a059https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01203a059research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views347Altmetric-Citations103LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Apochromatic lenses for near-infrared astronomical instruments (1999)

A method based on the Herzberger approach has been in- vestigated for the selection of glasses for the apochromatic correction at near-infrared (NIR) wavelength. The method avoids the algebraic com- plexity and simplifies the glass selection processes. Doublet and triplet glass combinations can be chosen directly from the plot of partial disper- sion versus V number. Good combinations of NIR doublets and triplets are given. Design examples show that the method is practical and effi- cient. © 1999 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. (S0091-3286(99)02103-0)
Synthesis of Novel Well-Defined Chain-End- and In-Chain-Functionalized Polystyrenes with One, Two, Three, and Four Perfluorooctyl Groups and Their Surface Characterization (2002)

Various chain-end and in-chain functionalized polystyrenes with one, two, three, and four perfluorooctyl (C8F17) groups with well-defined structures (Mn = (3.5−29) × 103 g/mol) were synthesized by the addition reaction of polystyryllithiums to phenol-functionalized agents such as 1-(4-bromobutyl)-4-tert-butyldimethylsilyloxybenzene, 1-(4-tert-butyldimethylsilyloxyphenyl)-1-phenylethylene, and 1,1-bis(4-tert-butyldimethylsilyloxyphenyl)ethylene and the subsequent Williamson reaction with C8F17(CH2)3Br to introduce C8F17 groups via the phenol functions regenerated after deprotection. In addition, chain-end-functionalized polystyrene with C8F17 group at both ends and in-chain-functionalized polystyrenes with one and two C8F17 groups introduced at two positions in chains were synthesized in a similar fashion using difunctional living polystyrenes. Surface structures of annealed films prepared from such C8F17-chain-functionalized polystyrenes were characterized by angle-dependent XPS and contact angle measurements using water and dodecane droplets. Both measurements confirmed that the C8F17 group segregated and preferentially enriched at the surfaces in virtually all films. The degree of surface enrichment increased with the number of C8F17 groups and, on the other hand, decreased with the molecular weight of the functionalized polymer. The terminal C8F17 group was usually much more effective for surface enrichment than the internal group in the same number. On the assumption that this moiety is highly ordered and oriented with the chain axis perpendicular to the surface, it can be speculated from the F/C values at 10° TOA by XPS in some polymers that all surface areas of these films are completely covered with the C8F17C3H6OC6H4 moiety.
Communications satellite power conditioning systems (1970)

Power conditioning systems for each of the four INTELSAT series are reviewed. INTELSAT I through INTELSAT III satellites are currently in operation at synchronous orbit. The INTELSAT IV series is to be launched starting in 1971. Silicon solar cells are the prime source of power for all these satellites; Ni-Cd batteries are used to supply power during eclipse operation. Progressing from INTELSAT I through IV, different methods were used for battery charging, charge control, voltage regulation, and power management. The technical advantages and disadvantages of each of these methods are presented. Suggestions for future satellites include third electrode charge control with a current regulator for battery charging and a boost regulator for battery discharge.
Multi-View Image Denoising Using Convolutional Neural Network (2019)

In this paper, we propose a novel multi-view image denoising algorithm based on convolutional neural network (MVCNN). Multi-view images are arranged into 3D focus image stacks (3DFIS) according to different disparities. The MVCNN is trained to process each 3DFIS and generate a denoised image stack that contains the recovered image information for regions of particular disparities. The denoised image stacks are then fused together to produce a denoised target view image using the estimated disparity map. Different from conventional multi-view denoising approaches that group similar patches first and then perform denoising on those patches, our CNN-based algorithm saves the effort of exhaustive patch searching and greatly reduces the computational time. In the proposed MVCNN, residual learning and batch normalization strategies are also used to enhance the denoising performance and accelerate the training process. Compared with the state-of-the-art single image and multi-view denoising algorithms, experiments show that the proposed CNN-based algorithm is a highly effective and efficient method in Gaussian denoising of multi-view images.
Optimize steam cracking with online NIR analysis (1995)

At Lavera, the steam cracker of Naphtachimie (a 50/50 subsidiary of BP Chemicals and Elf Atochem) was the first equipped with online NIR analysis of naphtha feedstock. The 24 furnaces of the plant produce more than 670,000 tpy of ethylene. Since 1991, these furnaces have been controlled by an in-house, online process control model that uses the 13 naphtha properties provided by the online NIR analyzer to adjust the furnaces` operating conditions in real time. The naphtha represents between 70% and 95% of the unit feedstock. With the high level of NIR spectroscopy repeatability and the robustness of in-house models based on more than 15 years of experience, optimization of steam cracker operations allows a substantial induced benefit in the range of $1 million/yr. Other NIR online applications have been installed at BP Lavera on major industrial units such as motor gasoline blending optimization and crude oil distillation monitoring. The paper describes the principle of operation, online NIR analysis, and advantages and benefits.
Models of Concepts* (1984)

Over the last 10 years research on concepts has produced on important new theory known as prototype theory. Despite its empirical successes, prototype theory has been challenged by various arguments purporting to show its descriptive inadequacy for a variety of phenomena, including complex concepts and quantification. These arguments are primarily based on a set theoretic model of concepts. We consider the advantages and disadvantages of the set‐theoretic approach and argue that if we instead model concepts as knowledge representations of a certain kind, it is possible not only to answer prototype theory's critics, but to address more fundamental issues in the theory of concepts. We also consider the implications of these different approaches for psychology, linguistics, and artificial intelligence (AI). To substantiate our claims, a knowledge representation model of prototype theory is outlined, based on work in schema theory and AI knowledge representation.
Passive Immune Neutralization Strategies for Prevention and Control of Influenza A Infections (2012)

Although vaccination significantly reduces influenza severity, seasonal human influenza epidemics still cause more than 250,000 deaths annually. Vaccine efficacy is limited in high-risk populations such as infants, the elderly and immunosuppressed individuals. In the event of an influenza pandemic (such as the 2009 H1N1 pandemic), a significant delay in vaccine availability represents a significant public health concern, particularly in high-risk groups. The increasing emergence of strains resistant to the two major anti-influenza drugs, adamantanes and neuraminidase inhibitors, and the continuous circulation of avian influenza viruses with pandemic potential in poultry, strongly calls for alternative prophylactic and treatment options. In this review, we focus on passive virus neutralization strategies for the prevention and control of influenza type A viruses.
Method for determination of mercury in biological materials by neutron activation analysis (1972)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMethod for determination of mercury in biological materials by neutron activation analysisHarry L. Rook, Thomas E. Gills, and Philip D. LaFleurCite this: Anal. Chem. 1972, 44, 7, 1114–1117Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1972Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1972https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60315a061https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60315a061research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views95Altmetric-Citations43LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Dual channel self-oscillating optical magnetometer (2009)

We report on a two-channel magnetometer based on nonlinear magneto-optical rotation in a Cs glass cell with buffer gas. The Cs atoms are optically pumped and probed by free running diode lasers tuned to the D2 line. A wide frequency modulation of the pump laser is used to produce both synchronous Zeeman optical pumping and hyperfine repumping. The magnetometer works in an unshielded environment, and a spurious signal from distant magnetic sources is rejected by means of differential measurement. In this regime the magnetometer simultaneously gives the magnetic field modulus and the field difference. Rejection of the common-mode noise allows for high-resolution magnetometry with a sensitivity of 2 pT/sqrt Hz. This sensitivity, in conjunction with long-term stability and a large bandwidth, makes it possible to detect water proton magnetization and its free induction decay in a measurement volume of 5 cm3.
Biodegradable polymeric microspheres and nanospheres for drug delivery in the peritoneum (2006)

Drug delivery to the peritoneum is hampered by rapid clearance, and could be improved by application of controlled release technology. We investigated the suitability for peritoneal use of micro- and nanoparticles of poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA), a biodegradable polymer with generally excellent biocompatibility commonly used for controlled drug release. We injected 90 kDa PLGA microparticles, 5-250 microm in diameter, into the murine peritoneum, in dosages of 10-100 mg (n=3-5 per group). We found a high incidence of polymeric residue and adhesions 2 weeks after injection (e.g., 50 mg of 5-microm microparticles caused adhesions in 83% of animals). Histology revealed chronic inflammation, with foreign body giant cells prominent with particles>5 microm in diameter. Five micrometer microspheres made from 54, 57, and 10 kDa PLGA (gamma irradiated) caused fewer adhesions (16.7%) with a similar incidence of residue. Nanoparticles (265 nm) of 90 kDa PLGA also caused much fewer adhesions (6.3% of animals), possibly because they were cleared from the peritoneum within 2 days, and sequestered in the spleen and liver, where foamy macrophages were noted. The effect of sterilization technique on the incidence of adhesion formation is also studied.
The extension of the mechanistic concept of the nucleophilic catalysis in the silicon chemistry to some reactions of the P(III) center: Analogies between silylation and phosphorylation (1991)

Abstract Many observations prove that a number of silylation reactions of a trialkylsilyl halide‐uncharged base system occur with the transient formation of a 1:1 tetrahedral silicon ionic complex of the silyl halide with the base. Some catalytic processes of phosphorylation of protonic substrates with tricoordinate phosphorus halides in mixture with an uncharged base show similar features to these silylation reactions, implying that a similar mechanism may operate. It was demonstrated that Ph 2 PCl phosphorylates t‐BuOH faster under catalysis with 4‐ N , N ‐dimethylamino pyridine or N ‐methylimidazole than in the presence of Et 3 N by a factor of 400 and 33, respectively. The catalytic phosphorylation process exhibits a very low activation energy and a high negative value of entropy of activation. The interaction of the uncharged bases with model tricoordinate phosphorus halides was demonstrated to lead to the formation of ionic 1:1 complexes without changing the coordination number of phosphorus, in full analogy to the silyl halide complex formation. Finally, the interaction of phosphorous tris(dimethylamide) with a silyl iodide and a phosphorous iodide results in both cases in the formation of the ionic 1:1 complex, which also leads to analogous reactions of exchange of the amide group with iodide. These close similarities imply that some phosphorylation reactions with tricoordinate phosphorus halides catalyzed with uncharged bases occur via a tricoordinate phosphorus cation intermediate.
Incorporating simulation into the computer security classroom (2005)

Attacks on Department of Defense computer systems are a serious and growing threat. The cornerstone to the protection of these highly valuable networks is education and training. The U. S. Naval Academy is examining a new tool to teach computer security to determine if the complex concepts relating to computer security can be more effectively taught by including simulations in the classroom. The simulation environment under investigation consists of both an Internet attack simulator and a network simulator. The Internet attack simulator has a menu of attacks that can be launched against the network simulator's virtual network. The system is essentially an interactive virtual cyber world which requires the student defender to implement security measures and respond to attacks. Novice computer science students and information technology professionals benefit from the visualization of cyber behavior afforded in the risk free environment that simulation provides. The simulation reinforces the lecture in both concurrent demonstrations of the principles being taught, and later, in individual practical exercises.
A linear-time probabilistic counting algorithm for database applications (1990)

We present a probabilistic algorithm for counting the number of unique values in the presence of duplicates. This algorithm has O ( q ) time complexity, where q is the number of values including duplicates, and produces an estimation with an arbitrary accuracy prespecified by the user using only a small amount of space. Traditionally, accurate counts of unique values were obtained by sorting, which has O ( q log q ) time complexity. Our technique, called linear counting , is based on hashing. We present a comprehensive theoretical and experimental analysis of linear counting. The analysis reveals an interesting result: A load factor (number of unique values/hash table size) much larger than 1.0 (e.g., 12) can be used for accurate estimation (e.g., 1% of error). We present this technique with two important applications to database problems: namely, (1) obtaining the column cardinality (the number of unique values in a column of a relation) and (2) obtaining the join selectivity (the number of unique values in the join column resulting from an unconditional join divided by the number of unique join column values in the relation to he joined). These two parameters are important statistics that are used in relational query optimization and physical database design.
Mechanism of in vivo iron chelation by pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone and other imino derivatives of pyridoxal. (1981)

The source of iron chelated in vivo by the new iron-chelating agent PIH and its mechanism of excretion have been studied in normal and hypertransfused rats. PIH is able to chelate iron from both parenchymal and RE iron stores. Unlike DF, which promotes both urinary and fecal iron excretion, in this model PIH-induced iron excretion is limited almost entirely to the gut. Response to PIH is directly related to dosage, and oral doses ranging from 125 to 500 mg/kg/day are well tolerated. Six additional imino derivatives of pyridoxal have been studied, but none of these new compounds was as effective as PIH. Our study indicates that oral PIH is comparable in efficiency with parenteral DF and is of potential usefulness in the management of iron overload.
Strychnine therapy in nonketotic hyperglycinemia. (1979)

Nonketotic hyperglycinemia is an inborn error of metabolism resulting from a defect in the glycine cleavage enzyme system. It is characterized biochemically by elevated concentrations of glycine in blood, spinal fluid, and urine. Previous therapies which have been directed toward reducing the glycine concentration in plasma and CSF have not been successful in preventing neurological deterioration, which may be the result of the role of glycine as an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Strychnine treatment was initiated because it is a specific antagonist of glycine at postsynaptic membranes. The patient reported here has shown clinical and EEG improvement while taking strychnine in conjunction with sodium benzoate.
Plastic ablator ignition capsule design for the National Ignition Facility (2010)

This paper describes current efforts to develop a plastic ablator capsule design for the first ignition attempt on the National Ignition Facility. The trade-offs in capsule scale and laser energy that must be made to achieve ignition probabilities comparable to those with other candidate ablators, beryllium and high-density carbon, are emphasized. Large numbers of 1-D simulations, meant to assess the statistical behavior of the target design, as well as 2-D simulations to assess the target's susceptibility to Rayleigh-Taylor growth are discussed.
Dithiothreitol prevents age-associated decrease in oocyte/conceptus viability in vitro (1998)

The present study was designed to ascertain whether the negative effects on reproductive potential of post-ovulatory ageing in vitro of oocytes can be prevented by antioxidant therapy. Mouse metaphase II (MII) oocytes were aged in vitro for 12 h prior to insemination in the presence of varying concentrations of L-ascorbic acid, 6-methoxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchromane-2-carboxylic acid (Trolox), L-cystine dihydrochloride, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), beta-mercaptoethanol and DL-dithiothreitol (DTT). In-vitro ageing of oocytes was associated with lower fertilization rate, higher proportion of concepti exhibiting cellular fragmentation at 24 h post-insemination and lower percentage of concepti reaching the blastocyst stage. Ascorbic acid, Trolox and EDTA had no effect on cellular fragmentation or potential of oocytes for development. However, the probability of an oocyte reaching the blastocyst stage was decreased (P < or = or = 0.05) in oocytes incubated in the presence of L-cystine (50 and 500 microM) and beta-mercaptoethanol (5, 50 and 500 microM) when compared to control aged oocytes. Age-associated cellular fragmentation at 24 h post-insemination was partially prevented (P < or = 0.05) by incubating oocytes in the presence of beta-mercaptoethanol (500 microM). DTT (50 and 500 microM) increased (P < or = 0.05) fertilization rate and number of cells at 81 h post-insemination to levels similar to those exhibited by control oocytes. Furthermore, both age-associated fragmentation at 24 h post-insemination (P < or = 0.05) and decreased potential of oocytes for development to the blastocyst stage (P < or = 0.05) were prevented, at least in part, by culturing oocytes in the presence of DTT (50 microM). Although the mechanism by which DTT exerts its beneficial effects on aged oocytes remains to be elucidated, it may protect oocytes by preventing oxidation of free thiol groups and/or altering a redox-independent signalling pathway that mediates cellular fragmentation and death.