gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The importance of the viable but non-culturable state in human bacterial pathogens (2014)

Many bacterial species have been found to exist in a viable but non-culturable (VBNC) state since its discovery in 1982. VBNC cells are characterized by a loss of culturability on routine agar, which impairs their detection by conventional plate count techniques. This leads to an underestimation of total viable cells in environmental or clinical samples, and thus poses a risk to public health. In this review, we present recent findings on the VBNC state of human bacterial pathogens. The characteristics of VBNC cells, including the similarities and differences to viable, culturable cells and dead cells, and different detection methods are discussed. Exposure to various stresses can induce the VBNC state, and VBNC cells may be resuscitated back to culturable cells under suitable stimuli. The conditions that trigger the induction of the VBNC state and resuscitation from it are summarized and the mechanisms underlying these two processes are discussed. Last but not least, the significance of VBNC cells and their potential influence on human health are also reviewed.
Expression of <scp>IL</scp>‐24 and <scp>IL</scp>‐24 receptors in human wound tissues and the biological implications of <scp>IL</scp>‐24 on keratinocytes (2012)

Interleukin (IL)-24, also known as melanoma differentiation-associated gene-7, is a cytokine initially identified from cancerous cells and expressed in a range of cell types. It is a regulator of cell differentiation, growth, and apoptosis, and a promising anticancer agent. IL-24 acts via its heterodimic receptors: the IL-20R1 and IL-20R2 complex and the IL-22R1 and IL-20R2 complex. There is limited information on the effect of IL-24 in wound healing. Human acute and chronic wound tissues were used to analyze the transcript levels and histological staining of IL-24 and the IL-24 receptors. The biological response of human keratinocytes to recombinant human IL-24 was evaluated using electric cell-substrate impedance sensing-based methods in conjunction with inhibitors to candidate signaling pathways. IL-24 significantly slowed the migration of keratinocytes (p = 0.01), with only a marginal effect on cellular adhesion. The inhibitory effect of IL-24 on migration was completed reversed following addition of an AKT inhibitor (p = 0.004) but not an SMAD3 pathway inhibitor. Human chronic wound tissues showed raised levels of both IL-24 (p = 0.003) and its receptor (p = 0.0305) compared with acute wound tissues. We conclude that IL-24 appears to promote wound chronicity via its inhibitory effect on the migratory behavior of human keratinocytes, mediated through an AKT-dependent pathway.
A 0.5-V 0.4–2.24-GHz Inductorless Phase-Locked Loop in a System-on-Chip (2010)

A phase-locked loop (PLL) is proposed for low-voltage applications. A new charge pump (CP) circuit, using gate switches affords low leakage current and high speed operation. A low-voltage voltage-controlled oscillator (LV-VCO) composed of 4-stage delay cells and a low-voltage segmented current mirror (LV-SCM) achieves low voltage-controlled oscillator gain ( <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">K</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">VCO</sub> ), a wide tuning range, and good linearity. A LV-SCM generates more current with small area by switching the body rather than the gate. The PLL is implemented in standard 90-nm CMOS with regular <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">VT</i> (RVT) devices. Its output jitter is 2.22 ps (rms), which is less than 0.5% of the output period. The phase noise is - 87 dBc/Hz at 1-MHz offset from a 2.24-GHz center frequency. Total power dissipation at 2.24-GHz output frequency, and with 0.5-V power supply is 2.08 mW (excluding the buffers). The core area is 0.074 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
Malware detection using machine learning (2009)

We propose a versatile framework in which one can employ different machine learning algorithms to successfully distinguish between malware files and clean files, while aiming to minimise the number of false positives. In this paper we present the ideas behind our framework by working firstly with cascade one-sided perceptrons and secondly with cascade kernelized one-sided perceptrons. After having been successfully tested on medium-size datasets of malware and clean files, the ideas behind this framework were submitted to a scaling-up process that enable us to work with very large datasets of malware and clean files.
Failure of anti‐GM<sub>1</sub> IgG OR IgM to induce conduction block following intraneural transfer (1995)

In order to confirm the reported pathogenicity of human antibodies to monosialoganglioside GM1, immunoglobulin fractions with high anti-GM1 IgG or IgM titers were prepared from patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome and multifocal motor neuropathy respectively. These fractions were injected intraneurally into rat tibial nerves with fresh human complement. Neither the anti-GM1 IgG nor the anti-GM1 IgM fraction induced significant focal conduction block or slowing compared to a pooled fraction prepared from 5 normal individuals. In contrast, rabbit experimental allergic neuritis serum included as a positive control was highly active. Transverse sections of injected nerve failed to show evidence of demyelination. Staining for human immunoglobulin in cryostat sections showed the presence of injected anti-GM1 antibody bound to nodes of Ranvier up to 6 days following intraneural transfer. These data fail to confirm previous reports of conduction block from intraneural transfer of anti-GM1 serum and suggest that such electrophysiological effects may be the result of factors other than or in addition to anti-GM1 antibodies.
MMP-11 promoted the oral cancer migration and FAK/Src activation (2017)

Matrix metalloproteinase-11 (MMP-11) has been observed in most invasive human carcinomas. The current study investigated the association between the clinicopathological characteristics and MMP-11 expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining was performed to assess MMP-11 expression in 279 patients with OSCC. In addition, the metastatic effects of the MMP-11 overexpression on the OSCC cells were also investigated. We found that MMP-11 expression was present in 118/279 (42.3%) cases and expression of MMP-11 was associated with higher incidence of lymph node metastasis and worse grade of tumor differentiation. Importantly, OSCC patients with strong expression of MMP-11 had a significantly lower survival rate (p=0.010). Furthermore, MMP-11 overexpression in OSCC cells increased in vitro cell migration. Mechanistically, MMP-11 increased the cell motility of OSCC cells through focal adhesion kinase/Src kinase (FAK/Src) pathway. In conclusion, our results revealed that the MMP-11 expression in OSCC samples can predict the progression, especially lymph node metastasis, and the survival of OSCC patients in Taiwan.
Spiral (helical) CT. (1993)

Spiral (helical) computed tomography (CT) involves continuous patient translation during x-ray source rotation and data acquisition. As a result, a volume data set is obtained in a relatively short period of time. For chest or abdominal scanning, an entire examination can be completed in a single breath hold of the patient or in several successive short breath holds. The data volume may be viewed as conventional transaxial images or with multiplanar and three-dimensional methods. The authors review the technologic aspects of spiral CT, as well as its advantages, limitations, and current clinical applications.
Optical microsphere resonators and laser frequency stabilization (2002)

Following the extensive study of the physics of Mie resonances in microdroplets, high-Q whispering-gallery (WG) modes in solid-state microspheres since first demonstrations in the eighties have become a hot subject of research stimulated by the interest of quantum optics, cavity QED and photonics. This report focuses on the properties of microspheres relevant to their possible application for laser frequency stabilization; presented are preliminary experimental results on using optical feedback from high-Q microspheres for frequency locking in semiconductor lasers.
Hydrodealkenylative C(sp <sup>3</sup> )–C(sp <sup>2</sup> ) bond fragmentation (2019)

Chemical synthesis typically relies on reactions that generate complexity through elaboration of simple starting materials. Less common are deconstructive strategies toward complexity-particularly those involving carbon-carbon bond scission. Here, we introduce one such transformation: the hydrodealkenylative cleavage of C(sp<sup>3</sup>)-C(sp<sup>2</sup>) bonds, conducted below room temperature, using ozone, an iron salt, and a hydrogen atom donor. These reactions are performed in nonanhydrous solvents and open to the air; reach completion within 30 minutes; and deliver their products in high yields, even on decagram scales. We have used this broadly functionality tolerant transformation to produce desirable synthetic intermediates, many of which are optically active, from abundantly available terpenes and terpenoid-derived precursors. We have also applied it in the formal total syntheses of complex molecules.
A framework for 3D vessel analysis using whole slide images of liver tissue sections (2016)

Three-dimensional (3D) high resolution microscopic images have high potential for improving the understanding of both normal and disease processes where structural changes or spatial relationship of disease features are significant. In this paper, we develop a complete framework applicable to 3D pathology analytical imaging, with an application to whole slide images of sequential liver slices for 3D vessel structure analysis. The analysis workflow consists of image registration, segmentation, vessel cross-section association, interpolation, and volumetric rendering. To identify biologically-meaningful correspondence across adjacent slides, we formulate a similarity function for four association cases. The optimal solution is then obtained by constrained Integer Programming. We quantitatively and qualitatively compare our vessel reconstruction results with human annotations. Validation results indicate a satisfactory concordance as measured both by region-based and distance-based metrics. These results demonstrate a promising 3D vessel analysis framework for whole slide images of liver tissue sections.
Particulate Silicone for Use in Periurethral Injections: Local Tissue Effects and Search for Migration (1995)

We examined the histologic behavior and migratory tendencies of a silicone-based injectable paste (Macroplastique) with potential application in treating urinary incontinence. Thirteen female dogs were studied. Six received 2 periurethral injections of large-particle paste, with a median diameter of 110 microns, and 7 received similar injections with small-particle paste (median diameter, 73 microns). The paste was radiolabeled with cobalt-57. Histologic analysis was performed at 4 or 9 months. The pathologic appearance revealed intact large-particle injection sites. The small-particle sites had dissipated significantly. This was confirmed by nuclear imaging. Large particles produced an encapsulated fibrous sheath without local migration. There was a histiocytic reaction within the injection site but no granuloma formation. Distant migration was observed in 1 dog (short term, large particle), without an inflammatory response. Migration of silicone occurred locally and distantly in animals that received small particles. X-ray microanalysis confirmed the presence of silicone particles.
Light-Generated Effects on Power Switches Used in a Planar PV Power System With Monolithically Embedded Power Converters (2012)

The reliability, efficiency, and controllability of photovoltaic (PV) power systems can be increased by embedding the components of a typical power converter on the same Si substrate of a PV cell. In order to achieve more insight into the macro or surface electronics, a novel fabrication process along with experimental results have been presented in this paper, demonstrating the integration of PV cells and major components needed to build a power converter on the same substrate/wafer. Because of the cell level power conversion, PV panels constructed from these cells are likely to be immune to partial shading and hot-spot effects. Several critical applications such as a portable power station in a battlefield or scientific expedition can greatly benefit from an “all in one” PV system featuring several key attributes such as modularity, high reliability, and quick setup time. In this paper, the effect of light exposure on converter switches embedded on the PV substrate has been analyzed to understand the converter behavior at various illumination conditions. Simulation and experimental results have been provided to support the concept presented in this paper. To the knowledge of the authors, surface or macro electronics have not been implemented to PV power systems yet, and therefore, the effect of light on the surface switches needs to be studied greater depth.
Thinking through Nationalism (2006)

The chapter begins by taking stock of two decades of sophisticated intellectual debate by sociologists, political scientists, and philosophers about the nature and significance of nationalism. It then examines how nationalism may or may not be compatible with contemporary currents in liberal political theory, following in the footsteps of Will Kymlicka, Yael Tamir, David Miller, Jacob Levy, and others. It ends with an appendix evaluating Rogers Brubaker’s argument on why political theorists should avoid legitimizing the vocabulary of nationalists — including the category of ‘nation’ — when explaining nationalist movements.
Separation and quantification of flavonoid compounds in<i>Rhododendron anthopogonoides</i>Maxim by high-performance liquid chromatography (2008)

A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method has been developed for separation and quantitative analysis of flavonoid aglycones in Rhododendron anthropogonosides Maxim. Flavonoids in their bound forms were hydrolyzed with acid before HPLC analysis. Analytical samples were pretreated by solid-phase extraction on C18 reversed-phase cartridges. Optimum separation on a 4.6 mm × 250 mm i.d. C18 column was achieved by use of a 52:48 (v/v) mixture of methanol and an aqueous solution of 10 mm citric acid and 1 mm sodium dodecyl sulfate as mobile phase. The flow rate was 1.0 mL min–1 and the detection wavelength 360 nm. Five flavonoids, myricetin, quercetin, luteolin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin, were separated with high resolution without use of gradient elution. The method was successfully used for efficient quality-control analysis by quantifying flavonoids in R. anthopogonosides. Repeatability tests showed that intra-day and inter-day RSD was <10%. LOD of the five flavonoids were <0.85 μg mL–1. Recovery ranged from 90.2 to 112.5%, with RSD <11.1%.
Using the wild bootstrap to quantify uncertainty in diffusion tensor imaging (2007)

Estimation of noise-induced variability in diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is needed to objectively follow disease progression in therapeutic monitoring and to provide consistent readouts of pathophysiology. The noise variability of nonlinear quantities of the diffusion tensor (e.g., fractional anisotropy, fiber orientation, etc.) have been quantified using the bootstrap, in which the data are resampled from the experimental averages, yet this approach is only applicable to DTI scans that contain multiple averages from the same sampling direction. It has been shown that DTI acquisitions with a modest to large number of directions, in which each direction is only sampled once, outperform the multiple averages approach. These acquisitions resist the traditional (regular) bootstrap analysis though. In contrast to the regular bootstrap, the wild bootstrap method can be applied to such protocols in which there is only one observation per direction. Here, we compare and contrast the wild bootstrap with the regular bootstrap using Monte Carlo numerical simulations for a number of diffusion scenarios. The regular and wild bootstrap methods are applied to human DTI data and empirical distributions are obtained for fractional anisotropy and the diffusion tensor eigensystem. Spatial maps of the estimated variability in the diffusion tensor principal eigenvector are provided. The wild bootstrap method can provide empirical distributions for tensor-derived quantities, such as fractional anisotropy and principal eigenvector direction, even when the exact distributions are not easily derived.
Arabidopsis <scp>EF</scp>‐Tu receptor enhances bacterial disease resistance in transgenic wheat (2015)

Perception of pathogen (or microbe)-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs/MAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is a key component of plant innate immunity. The Arabidopsis PRR EF-Tu receptor (EFR) recognizes the bacterial PAMP elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) and its derived peptide elf18. Previous work revealed that transgenic expression of AtEFR in Solanaceae confers elf18 responsiveness and broad-spectrum bacterial disease resistance. In this study, we developed a set of bioassays to study the activation of PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) in wheat. We generated transgenic wheat (Triticum aestivum) plants expressing AtEFR driven by the constitutive rice actin promoter and tested their response to elf18. We show that transgenic expression of AtEFR in wheat confers recognition of elf18, as measured by the induction of immune marker genes and callose deposition. When challenged with the cereal bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. oryzae, transgenic EFR wheat lines had reduced lesion size and bacterial multiplication. These results demonstrate that AtEFR can be transferred successfully from dicot to monocot species, further revealing that immune signalling pathways are conserved across these distant phyla. As novel PRRs are identified, their transfer between plant families represents a useful strategy for enhancing resistance to pathogens in crops.
Mobile Commerce Systems (2011)

The emergence of wireless and mobile networks has made possible the introduction of electronic commerce to a new application and research subject: mobile commerce. Understanding or constructing a mobile commerce system is an arduous task because the system involves a wide variety of disciplines and technologies. To facilitate understanding and constructing such a system, this chapter divides a mobile commerce system into six components: (i) mobile commerce applications, (ii) mobile stations, (iii) mobile middleware, (iv) wireless networks, (v) wired networks, and (vi) host computers. Elements in these components specifically related to the subject are described in detail and lists of technologies for component construction are given. Other important issues, such as mobile security, are also discussed.
Towards modular average-case timing in real-time languages: an application to real-time Java (2006)

In certain real-time systems worst-case execution time estimates often lead to a waste of resources. In hard real-time systems these types of estimates are essential to guarantee temporal requirements are met. However in soft-real time systems using other measurements, such as average-case timing, to complement the worst-case estimates can lead to better utilisation of resources while ensuring most, if not all, deadlines are met. We propose a methodology to integrate modular average-case timing in Real-Time languages. Previously statically determining average-case time, if possible, required rigorous mathematical techniques. Our approach, which is based on a new programming paradigm called MOQA and is built on Real-Time Java, simplifies the process and allows for automation.
The Significance of Elevated Beta 2-Microglobulin (b2-m) in B-CLL: Evidence of in Vitro b2-m Secretion Following Activation of B-CLL Cells. (2009)

Abstract Abstract 4380 Beta 2-microglobulin (b2-m) is an 11-kDa protein recognized as the light-chain component of the MHC-I molecule. It is produced by nucleated cells membranes and is detectable in the serum and other body fluids. The link between the b2-m/ MHC-1 molecules and membrane structure has been associated with lymphocyte activation. Serum b2-m is elevated in a variety of disorders and has a prognostic value in lymphoprolifera! tive diseases such as multiple myeloma and CLL. High b2-m in CLL, has been found to correlate mainly with the advanced stage of the disease and high lymphocyte count and is routinely used as a bad prognostic factor (Keating, 1995, Montillo, 2005). Previous studies from our Institute have shown significantly higher level of b2-m in CLL/PL and PLL and in cases associated with autoimmune disorders close to levels found in active myeloma (Shvidel, 1996, Duek, 2006). We suggested that b2-m levels are increased during B-cell activation which not necessarily correlates with aggravation of CLL. In an attempt to further evaluate the correlation of bm-2 and B-cells activation we stimulated B-CLL cells in vitro with pokeweed mitogen (PWM) and compared the results with CLL controls after 3 and 7 days of culture. Level of b2-m in supernatants was tested using a microparticle enzyme immunoassay. B-CLL cells from 8 patients (4 in stage Binet A, 3 B and 1 C) were studied. Except for stage A, the serum b2-m was mildly increased. The results showed a significant in vitro secretion of b2-m after three and seven days in supernatants of PWM-activated cells compared to unstimulated controls: mean values after 3 days were: 188 ng/ml (range 96-279) in activated B-cells versus 57ng/ml (25-103) in controls; and after 7 days 599 ng/ml (401-914) versus 164 (67-267) in controls. Interestingly, CD8+ T-cells from a T-large granular leukemia patient stimulated with PHA do not secrete significant amount of b2-m in vitro (156 ng/ml versus 87 at day 7). Our results demonstrate that activation of B-CLL cells in vitro induced a marked secretion of b2-m. Thus, the significance of b2-m in CLL may correlate with degree of activation of B-CLL cells. This hypothesis is supported by the increase of CD38 (an activation marker) in CLL cases with high b2-m serum level. Moreover, the results of our study suggest that progression of disease may be the results of in-vivo activation of the cells and lends support to previous studies showing that CLL cells are G0 cells with a potential to progress in the cell cycle after stimulation. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Effect of <i>inhA</i> and <i>katG</i> on isoniazid resistance and virulence of <i>Mycobacterium bovis</i> (1995)

Isoniazid (INH) resistance of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex (MtbC) is associated with both loss of catalase activity and mutation of the inhA gene. However, the relative contributions of these changes to resistance and to the loss of virulence for guinea-pigs is unknown. In this study, a virulent strain of Mycobacterium bovis, a member of the MtbC, was exposed to increasing concentrations of INH. Two INH-resistant strains were produced which had lost catalase activity. Strain WAg405, which had a higher resistance to INH, also had a mutation in the inhA gene. This demonstrated that loss of catalase activity and mutation of inhA had a cumulative effect on INH resistance. When a functional katG gene was integrated into the genome of WAg405 the INH resistance was greatly reduced. This indicated that most of the resistance had been caused by loss of catalase activity. While the parent INH-sensitive strain was virulent for guinea-pigs, the INH-resistant strains were significantly less virulent. Integration of a functional katG gene into the most resistant strain restored full virulence. This clearly established that katG is a virulence factor for M. bovis and that mutation of the inhA gene has no effect on virulence.