gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On the Real Structure of Gypsum Crystals (2002)

X-ray diffraction patterns of gypsum exhibit different reflection intensities, depending on the conditions under which the gypsum was manufactured. Pole figures and area detector images have shown that these differences in intensity result in large part from the formation of textures during the preparation of the powder. The differences in intensity of integrated area detection images suggest that gypsum crystals can be categorized as mosaic crystals. Weissenberg photographs confirmed this claim. Calculations of lattice energy based on the theory of reciprocal crystals indicated that interpenetration twins form according to known laws through isoepitaxial overgrowth. Crystallite pairs of gypsum were known intergrown at different angles with the (010)/(00) and (010)/(010) faces. This results in six different layer arrangements. Energy was calculated by shifting one layer against another along a grid parallel to (010) and rotating it 360° around each grid point in increments of 10°. In all cases, an energetically favourable angle range was found for nearly every point on the grid.
Hydrosilylation of <i>m</i>‐TMI: New siloxane based aliphatic polyisocynates (1991)

Abstract Well‐characterized polyfunctional aliphatic isocyanates were obtained in high purity and quantitative yield by the hydrosilylation of m ‐isopropenyl‐α,α‐dimethylbenzyl isocyanate ( m ‐TMI) with cyclic and acyclic hydrogementhylsiloxance. The products were characterized by 1 H‐ and 13 C‐NMR, IR, and GPC, and all result exclusively from ß‐addition to m ‐TMI. Polymers with SiH Groups are also effective hydrosilylating agents of m ‐TMI. The isocyanato siloxanes can be used as precursors for star and network polymers as well as other poly‐functional reagents, and examples of reactions with methoxy polyethylene glycol and with amine‐containing compounds are discussed.
AR/ARMA Analysis and Modeling of Modes in Resonant and Reverberant Systems (2002)

Discrete-time analysis and modeling of reverberant and resonating systems has many applications in audio and acoustics. In a recent paper (AES110, Preprint 5290) we formulated techniques for the estimation of modal decay parameters from noisy response measurements, targeting to systems such as room reverberation and modal decay as well as musical instrument modeling. In this paper we extend the methodology to AR and ARMA modeling of measured responses by all-pole and pole-zero filters. In addition to an overview of standard techniques we propose a spectral zooming technique that is useful for resolving very closely positioned modes and high-density modal clusters. Sensitivity to background noise is also studied. Application cases are taken from analysis and modeling of room responses, loudspeaker-room equalization, and estimation of parameters for musical instrument modeling.
Finite sample criteria for autoregressive order selection (2000)

The quality of selected AR models depends on the true process in the finite sample practice, on the number of observations, on the estimation algorithm, and on the order selection criterion. Samples are considered to be finite if the maximum candidate model order for selection is greater than N/10, where N denotes the number of observations. Finite sample formulae give empirical approximations for the statistical average of the residual energy and of the squared error of prediction for several autoregressive estimation algorithms. This leads to finite sample criteria for order selection that depend on the estimation method. The special finite sample information criterion (FSIC) and combined information criterion (CIC) are necessary because of the increase of the variance of the residual energy for higher model orders that has not been accounted for in other criteria. Only the expectation of the logarithm of the residual energy, as a function of the model order, has been the basis for the previous classes of asymptotical and finite sample criteria. However, the behavior of the variance causes an undesirable tendency to select very high model orders without the special precautions of FSIC or CIC.
Surface Area Control and Photocatalytic Activity of Conjugated Microporous Poly(benzothiadiazole) Networks (2012)

Conjugated microporous polymers (CMPs) with controlled specific surface area have been prepared through Sonogashira–Hagihara cross-coupling reactions in the presence of silica nanoparticles as templating agents. The CMPs act as heterogeneous photosensitizers for producing singlet oxygen in a continuous flow synthesis (see picture).
Chebyshev Solution of Differential, Integral and Integro-Differential Equations (1969)

This paper describes a new method for the numerical solution of linear integral equations of Fredholm type and of Volterra type. The method has been extended to the linear integro-differential equations and ordinary differential equations. It can also be applied to non-linear problems. In each case numerical examples are treated and the method compares quite favourably with other known methods.
Spiral coding order of macroblocks with applications to SNR-scalable video compression (2005)

Video sequences are compressed by processing individual macroblocks within frames. Traditional macroblock order of processing is linear from the left to the right, and from the top to the bottom. In this paper, an alternative order of macroblock processing is considered. Proposed is the spiral scan beginning at the centre of an image, or more general, in the centre of interest that is often placed in the centre of an image by a person who shots the video. The paper shows that such a change of processing order does not influence compression performance but it is profitable in scalable video coding where it can be used in the enhancement layers by SNR scalability. The paper provides the respective experimental results for low-complexity efficient SNR scalability with fine granularity.
Designing a runtime reconfigurable processor for general purpose applications (2004)

Summary form only given. A superscalar microprocessor with a variable number of execution units which are dynamically configured during program execution has been modeled. The runtime behaviour of an executed application is determined using a trace cache and the most suitable hardware configuration is loaded dynamically. We discuss major design aspects of the ongoing implementation process based on a partial reconfiguration design flow. Thus, some microarchitectural components are put together to form a fixed module while different sets of execution units build up reconfigurable ones. The communication between fixed and reconfigurable modules is assured by Xilinx bus macros.
StackPool: A High-Performance Scalable Network Architecture on Multi-core Servers (2013)

There are numerous proprietary appliances in operators' networks. These appliances consume a lot of electricity and plenty of space to deploy, which lead to high operating expense (OPEX) for operators. Network Function Virtualisation (NFV) is introduced to solve this problem. NFV consolidates many network devices into network applications, which can be running on industry commodity servers. Those appliances are different from routers, because they have to handle protocol processing above network layer and provide socket APIs to various applications, which need full protocol stack support instead of packet forwarding only. Unfortunately, despite increasingly high speed bandwidth up to 10 Gbps or even 40 Gbps on commodity multi-core servers, network protocol processing bottlenecks are identified, such as throughput does not scale by the number of cores, or stack processing latency is too long for some applications, etc. In this paper, the reasons for poor stack performance (especially performance scalability and stack process latency) in software are systematically analyzed. And based on improving such analysis results, we propose Stack Pool, a novel high-performance scalable network architecture on multi-core servers. Stack Pool is constituted by multiple isolated virtual lanes. Each virtual lane contains an independent protocol stack instance, several pairs of hardware queues in NICs, as well as socket instances located in the stack instance. Each logical CPU core is responsible to process packets in a virtual lane. Flow director in NIC and lane selector in Stack Pool direct packets of different flows to several virtual lanes based on packet headers. We have implemented a Stack Pool prototype to show that the approach is promising. The Stack Pool outperforms standard Linux protocol stack with approximately 7 times throughput of UDP or 3 times that of TCP in a single virtual lane. Moreover, Stack Pool performance accrues linearly when scale to multiple cores, e.g., 10.7 and 17.2 times on 6 cores of UDP transmit and receive respectively, and 6.5 times of TCP throughput on 6 logical cores. At the same time, packet latency on Stack Pool is approximated only 1/4 than that on native Linux stack.
Chromatin remodeling by RSC involves ATP-dependent DNA translocation (2002)

Chromatin-remodeling complexes couple ATP hydrolysis to alterations in histone-DNA interactions and nucleosome mobility, allowing transcription factors access to chromatin. Here, we use triple-helix strand-displacement assays, DNA length-dependent ATPase assays, and DNA-minicircle ATPase assays to establish that RSC, as well as its isolated ATPase subunit Sth1, are DNA translocases. RSC/Sth1 ATPase activity is stimulated by single-stranded DNA, suggesting that Sth1 tracks along one strand of the DNA duplex. Each RSC complex appears to contain a single molecule of Sth1, and isolated Sth1 is capable of nucleosome remodeling. We propose that the remodeling enzyme remains in a fixed position on the octamer and translocates a segment of DNA (with accompanying DNA twist), which breaks histone-DNA contacts and propagates as a wave of DNA around the octamer. The demonstration of DNA translocation presented here provides a mechanistic basis for this DNA wave. To test the relative contribution of twist to remodeling, we use nucleosomes containing nicks in precise locations to uncouple twist and translocation. Nucleosomes bearing nicks are remodeled less efficiently than intact nucleosomes. These results suggest that RSC and Sth1 are DNA translocases that use both DNA translocation and twist to remodel nucleosomes efficiently.
Allelic Variation of Gene Expression in Maize Hybrids[W] (2004)

Allelic expression variation of nonimprinted autosomal genes has recently been uncovered in mouse hybrids and humans. The allelic expression variation is attributed to differences in noncoding DNA sequences and does not involve epigenetic regulation or gene imprinting. This expression variation is suggested to play important roles in determining phenotypic diversity. Virtually nothing is known about such allele-specific expression variation in a hybrid plant where two alleles are compared in the same genetic context. We examined parental transcript accumulation in maize (Zea mays) hybrids using allele-specific RT-PCR analysis. Among 15 genes analyzed, 11 showed differences at the RNA level, ranging from unequal expression of the two alleles (biallelic) to expression of a single allele (monoallelic). Maternal or paternal transmission had little effect on the allele-specific transcript ratio of nearly all genes analyzed, suggesting that parent-of-origin effect was minimal. We analyzed the allelic difference in genetically contrasting hybrids and hybrids under high planting density and drought stress. Whereas a genetically improved modern hybrid expressed both alleles, a less improved old hybrid frequently showed mono-allelic expression. Furthermore, the two alleles in the hybrid responded differentially to abiotic stresses. The results of allele-specific regulation in different tissues in responding to environment and stress suggest an unequivalent function of the parental alleles in the hybrid, which may have an impact on heterosis.
A flexible neural network for ATM cash demand forecasting (2007)

The paper presents an artificial neural network based approach in support of cash demand forecasting for automatic teller machine (ATM). On the start phase a three layer feed-forward neural network was trained using Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm and historical data sets. Then ANN was retuned every week using the last observations from ATM. The generalization properties of the ANN were improved using regularization term which penalizes large values of the ANN weights. Regularization term was adapted online depending on complexity of relationship between input and output variables. Performed simulation and experimental tests have showed good forecasting capacities of ANN. At current stage the proposed procedure is in the implementing phase for cash management tasks in ATM network.
A combined code acquisition and symbol timing recovery method for tds-ofdm (2003)

A novel timing recovery method which combines code acquisition and symbol timing recovery for TDS-OFDM (time domain synchronous OFDM) is developed. The method is based on the searching and tracking of the correlation peaks of the PN sequences embedded in the signals. Simulations show that this algorithm has very good performance for both AWGN and multipath channels, even when a small frequency offset exists in the sampling clock of the receiver.
Self-Assembly Ability of Building Units in Mesocrystal, Structural, and Morphological Transitions in Ag Nanostructures Growth (2008)

Multiple morphologies and structures of Ag nanocrystals have been synthesized at a large-scale within a facile and organic-free replacement reaction system. Different morphologies (including nanoplate, dendrite, and nanosphere) in the Ag nanostructure growth have been observed. A continuous transition from single crystal structures to mesocrystals to polycrystalline aggregates can be achieved by simply adjusting the silver ion concentration. The suggested oriented attachment processes contribute to form different crystallographic structures, and the chemical potential of the reaction system provides a driving force for grain rotation and realignment, and the final fusion of attached grains. The existence of the observed structure sequence provides a unique insight into the mechanism of nanoparticle-aggregated crystallization.
CC-chemokines enhance the replication of T-tropic strains of HIV-1 in CD4<sup>+</sup>T Cells: Role of signal transduction (1998)

This study demonstrates that several CC-chemokines, including those that inhibit entry and replication of macrophage-tropic strains of HIV, increase the replication of T cell (T)-tropic strains in CD4(+) T cells. Enhancement of T-tropic HIV replication is observed at early stages of replication, requires signaling through inhibitory guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory (Gi) proteins, and is associated with increased cell surface colocalization of CD4 and the T-tropic HIV coreceptor CXCR4. These findings may further our understanding of the factors that influence the replication and spread of T-tropic strains of HIV in vivo and suggest that the use of cell signaling CC-chemokines as therapeutic agents for the purpose of limiting HIV replication in vivo should be approached with caution.
Phylogeny-Aware Gap Placement Prevents Errors in Sequence Alignment and Evolutionary Analysis (2008)

Genetic sequence alignment is the basis of many evolutionary and comparative studies, and errors in alignments lead to errors in the interpretation of evolutionary information in genomes. Traditional multiple sequence alignment methods disregard the phylogenetic implications of gap patterns that they create and infer systematically biased alignments with excess deletions and substitutions, too few insertions, and implausible insertion-deletion-event histories. We present a method that prevents these systematic errors by recognizing insertions and deletions as distinct evolutionary events. We show theoretically and practically that this improves the quality of sequence alignments and downstream analyses over a wide range of realistic alignment problems. These results suggest that insertions and sequence turnover are more common than is currently thought and challenge the conventional picture of sequence evolution and mechanisms of functional and structural changes.
In vitro pluripotency of epiblasts derived from bovine blastocysts (1995)

Two experiments were conducted to compare the utility of in vitro- and in vivo-derived bovine blastocysts for the isolation of pluripotent epiblasts. In experiment 1, the inner cell masses (ICMs) of in vivo-collected blastocysts yielded a higher proportion of epiblasts after culture on STO feeder cells than ICMs from in vitro-produced blastocysts (P = .0157). In experiment 2, ICMs of in vivo-collected blastocysts that hatched on day 8 yielded a greater proportion of epiblasts after culture on STO feeder cells than ICMs from in vitro-produced blastocysts that hatched on day 8. The difference was reversed but smaller for blastocysts that hatched on day 9 (Interaction, P = .0125). Epiblasts from blastocysts that hatched on day 8 regardless of their source generated more differentiated cell lines in extended culture than did blastocysts that hatched on day 9. Extended epiblast culture yielded cells identifiable as products of the three embryonic germ layers that included epithelial cells, fibroblasts, neuronal cells, hepatocyte-like cells, and macrophage-like cells. Alkaline phosphatase activity combined with cell morphology identified the bovine epiblast cells and distinguished them from trophectoderm and endoderm that frequently contaminated epiblast cell cultures. In vivo-derived blastocysts, especially from early-hatching blastocysts, were a superior source of pluripotent epiblasts. Epiblast cells in this study all differentiated or senesced indicating that standard conditions for mouse embryonic stem cell culture do not maintain bovine epiblast cells in an undifferentiated state.
Explaining the Atypical Reaction Profiles of Heme Enzymes with a Novel Mechanistic Hypothesis and Kinetic Treatment (2010)

Many heme enzymes show remarkable versatility and atypical kinetics. The fungal extracellular enzyme chloroperoxidase (CPO) characterizes a variety of one and two electron redox reactions in the presence of hydroperoxides. A structural counterpart, found in mammalian microsomal cytochrome P450 (CYP), uses molecular oxygen plus NADPH for the oxidative metabolism (predominantly hydroxylation) of substrate in conjunction with a redox partner enzyme, cytochrome P450 reductase. In this study, we employ the two above-mentioned heme-thiolate proteins to probe the reaction kinetics and mechanism of heme enzymes. Hitherto, a substrate inhibition model based upon non-productive binding of substrate (two-site model) was used to account for the inhibition of reaction at higher substrate concentrations for the CYP reaction systems. Herein, the observation of substrate inhibition is shown for both peroxide and final substrate in CPO catalyzed peroxidations. Further, analogy is drawn in the "steady state kinetics" of CPO and CYP reaction systems. New experimental observations and analyses indicate that a scheme of competing reactions (involving primary product with enzyme or other reaction components/intermediates) is relevant in such complex reaction mixtures. The presence of non-selective reactive intermediate(s) affords alternate reaction routes at various substrate/product concentrations, thereby leading to a lowered detectable concentration of "the product of interest" in the reaction milieu. Occam's razor favors the new hypothesis. With the new hypothesis as foundation, a new biphasic treatment to analyze the kinetics is put forth. We also introduce a key concept of "substrate concentration at maximum observed rate". The new treatment affords a more acceptable fit for observable experimental kinetic data of heme redox enzymes.
The Q-switched neodymium: YAG laser and tattoos: a microscopic analysis of laser-tattoo interactions (1997)

The Nd:YAG laser effectively removes or lightens amateur and professional tattoos. The biomechanics of the removal of tattoo particles at the cellular level are incompletely understood. We examined biopsies obtained from 35 amateur and professional tattoos (including coloured tattoos), treated on three or more occasions with the Nd:YAG laser. Biopsies taken immediately after laser treatment showed vacuolation with complete clearance of tattoo particles in the most superficial layers of the dermis, as assessed by light and electron microscopy. We propose that the 'disappearance' of the tattoo particle arises from the formation of atomic species and gaseous products, which are rapidly dissolved in the extracellular fluid. Residual fragmented particles that are commonly found in the mid- and lower dermis are rephagocytosed. The interaction between the Nd:YAG laser and black tattoo particles at 1064 nm, and red tattoo particles at 532 nm, appears to be specific, as there was little evidence of thermal damage to adjacent cells or stromal collagen.
Light‐Driven Machine Prototypes Based on Dissociative Excited States: Photoinduced Decoordination and Thermal Recoordination of a Ring in a Ruthenium(<scp>II</scp>)‐Containing [2]Catenane (2004)

A marked difference is observed in the photochemistry of [2]catenanes containing a complexed ruthenium(II) center. The photochemical reactions result in a decoordination process and large amplitude motions through the formation of a strongly dissociative ligand-field excited state (see example, L=CH3CN or Cl−), with the rate dependent on the ring size. The back reaction is performed thermally.
Influence of Host Genetics on the Severity of Coccidioidomycosis (1999)

Coccidioidomycosis, a mild flulike illness in approximately 40% of infected persons, progresses to severe pulmonary or disseminated disease in 1% to 10% of symptomatic cases. We examined host genetic influences on disease severity among class II HLA loci and the ABO blood group. Participants included African-American, Caucasian, and Hispanic persons with mild or severe disseminated coccidioidomycosis from Kern County, California. Among Hispanics, predisposition to symptomatic disease and severe disseminated disease is associated with blood types A and B, respectively. The HLA class II DRB1*1301 allele marks a pre-disposition to severe disseminated disease in each of the three groups. Reduced risk for severe disease is associated with DRB1*0301-DQB1*0201 among Caucasians and Hispanics and with DRB1*1501-DQB1*0602 among African-Americans. These data support the hypothesis that host genes, in particular HLA class II and the ABO blood group, influence susceptibility to severe coccidioidomycosis.
Agroinoculation of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV) Overcomes the Virus Resistance of Wild <i>Lycopersicon</i> Species (1994)

Abstract Accessions of the wild tomato species Lycopersicon chilense LA 1969 and L. hirsutum LA 1777 which are resistant to tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) in field‐ and in whitefly‐mediated transmission tests were agroinoculated with a tandem repeat of the TYLCV genome. Large amounts of viral DNA started to accumulate in the agroinoculated L. chilense and L. hirsutum plants about 10 days after the agroinoculation. Yellowing and narrowing of the upper leaves were observed in the L. chilense plants but no curling as in susceptible L. esculentum cultivars. The agroinoculated L. hirsutum plants showed typical yellowing and curling of young leaves. These findings indicate that TYLCV introduced by means of agroinoculation leads to the breakdown of natural resistance mechanisms which prevent the replication, spread and expression of symptoms in resistant tomato genotypes.