gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Knowledge Organization and Distribution for Medical Diagnosis (1981)

A diagnostician, when he arrives at a diagnosis or diagnoses, has invoked some concepts. They can be diseases, causes of them, or other notions that are relevant to the diagnosis. These concepts form a hierarchical structure similar to a botanical or zoological classification. The diagnostician's knowledge is distributed through this hierarchy. The concepts in the hierarchy provide the criteria to organize under them small pieces of knowledge represented in the form of production rules. Thus concepts may be viewed as clusters of production rules. They extend the capabilities of production rules to more complex problem solving situations. The rules under each concept are further organized into three subgroups: exclusionary, confirmatory, and recommendation rules. During the problem solving process, the concepts are taken as specialists. They interact and communicate among themselves by means of a blackboard.
JOHN TEMPLETON BOWEN, M.D. 1857-1940 (1941)

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Stereo Image Coding: Effects of Stereo Mismatches on Image-Quality (1996)

The present research sought to understand how the human visual system responds to stereo image sequences where the image-quality of the left-and right-eye views differ. Viewers received the left-eye view at a higher quality than the right-eye view, and rated the combined overall subjective quality of the sequence. Three stereo image sequences were used for assessment. Each sequence, in the ITU-601 format, was 10-sec in duration and the images for the left-and right-eye views were coded independently at bit-rates of 6, 3, 2 and 1 Mbits/sec. These were combined in a partial-factorial manner (i.e. left:right, 6:6, 6:3, 6:2, 6:1, 3:3, 3:2, and 3:1). The resulting stereo sequences were viewed by 26 subjects, and rated in terms of subjective image-quality. The rating methodology was based on the double-stimulus continuous-quality scale method described in ITU-R Recommendation 500. The results showed that the subjective quality of a stereo image fell approximately midway between the quality of the left-and right-eye views. For video coding this implies that the human visual system can tolerate discrepancies in the quality of left-and right-eye views in a stereo display. The results are consistent with known properties of binocular vision, in particular with the averaging of brightness of stimuli presented to the two eyes.
Purification and Buoyant Density of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Virus (1976)

A purification scheme for infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus utilizing rate-zonal centrifugation in a 10-40% potassium tartrate gradient was described. The density of IBRV in the potassium tartrate gradient was found to be 1.22 g/cm3. Electron microscopic examination of purified virus preparations revealed homogeneous populations of enveloped virions with minute projections on the envelope surface.
Leakage Field Changes of an Induction Motor as Indication of Nonsymmetric Supply (1971)

An analysis of harmonics of leakage fields which appear in the vicinity of the motor at its symmetric and nonsymmetric supply is presented. The wave at the frequency (2 -s)·f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> , which appears in the second case, may be utilized to protect the motor against single-phase operation.
<title>Quantitative Characterization Of Tumors And Other Lesions In VIVO Using Ultrasonic Impediography</title> (1978)

Present medical ultrasound systems are based on energy detection methods and therefore only utilize echo intensity information. Phase information is recorded by the transducer, which is a pressure sensitive device, but is not utilized in present display or measurement schemes. This investigator has developed one approach for utilizing both the phase and amplitude information available in an ultrasound waveform. The approach is based on a time-domain characterization of system dynamics in terms of an impulse response function and has been termed impediography. This paper describes preliminary in vivo results obtained with an impediographic measurement system applied to the human eye. A conventional ophthalmic B-scan unit was modified so that any single A-scan line of interest could be digitized by a fast A/D converter. The resulting signals were recorded on magnetic media and subjected to impediographic processing using an off-line computer. Although the study was limited to several types of intraocular and orbital lesions, unique and distinctive ultrasonic signatures (in terms of impedograms) could be associated with each lesion type. The study suggests that impediography can be applied to other body regions and that the method can differentiate between a wide range of pathologies.
<title>Haptic hologram</title> (1995)

Computer controlled tactile gloves (CCTG) can recreate the sensation of touching objects that are not really there. This technology is already used in Virtual Reality (VR) with many successful applications. Holography is another science that is still finding many new applications. The combination of holograms and CCTG allows new possibilities to become feasible. Some possible uses of the haptic hologram are: The calibration of tactile gloves, psychological experiments (vision and dexterity, etc.), educational displays (museums), new artistic media, etc. This report looks at the possible use of CCTG with holograms.
Activation of D1/D5 Dopamine Receptors Protects Neurons from Synapse Dysfunction Induced by Amyloid-β Oligomers (2010)

Soluble oligomers of the amyloid-β peptide (AβOs) accumulate in the brains of Alzheimer disease (AD) patients and are implicated in synapse failure and early memory loss in AD. AβOs have been shown to impact synapse function by inhibiting long term potentiation, facilitating the induction of long term depression and inducing internalization of both AMPA and NMDA glutamate receptors, critical players in plasticity mechanisms. Because activation of dopamine D1/D5 receptors plays important roles in memory circuits by increasing the insertion of AMPA and NMDA receptors at synapses, we hypothesized that selective activation of D1/D5 receptors could protect synapses from the deleterious action of AβOs. We show that SKF81297, a selective D1/D5 receptor agonist, prevented the reduction in surface levels of AMPA and NMDA receptors induced by AβOs in hippocampal neurons in culture. Protection by SKF81297 was abrogated by the specific D1/D5 antagonist, SCH23390. Levels of AMPA receptor subunit GluR1 phosphorylated at Ser(845), which regulates AMPA receptor association with the plasma membrane, were reduced in a calcineurin-dependent manner in the presence of AβOs, and treatment with SKF81297 prevented this reduction. Establishing the functional relevance of these findings, SKF81297 blocked the impairment of long term potentiation induced by AβOs in hippocampal slices. Results suggest that D1/D5 receptors may be relevant targets for development of novel pharmacological approaches to prevent synapse failure in AD.
Mechanism of Nanoparticle Deposition on Polystyrene Latex Particles (2014)

The deposition of positive amidine latex particles (98 nm in diameter) on negative polystyrene latex particles (820 nm in diameter) was studied by SEM imaging, microelectrophoretic and concentration depletion methods involving AFM. The role of ionic strength varied between 10–4 and 10–2 M and was systematically studied. The number of deposited positive latex particles (surface coverage) was evaluated by a direct counting procedure exploiting the SEM images. This allowed one to calibrate the results obtained from measurements of the electrophoretic mobility of larger latex particles covered by a controlled amount of the positive latex. These dependencies were quantitatively interpreted in terms of the 3D electrokinetic model previously used for planar interfaces. This allowed us to determine the coverage of nanoparticles on latex carriers under in situ conditions. Additionally, the maximum coverage of the positive latex was determined via AFM where the kinetics of the residual amidine latex deposition on mica was measured. The maximum coverage monotonically increased with ionic strength, attaining 0.52 for 10–2 M NaCl. This effect was interpreted in terms of reduced electrostatic repulsion among positive latex particles and theoretically accounted for by the random sequential adsorption model. The obtained results have significance for basic science, indicating that the results obtained for curved interfaces (polymeric carrier particles) by the microelectrophoretic method can be exploited to interpret the deposition of nanoparticles and proteins on planar interfaces and vice versa.
Recent Synthetic Methods for Polyfluoroaromatic Compounds (1976)

This review describes processes for introducing fluorine atoms on to the aromatic nucleus. Methods for the preparation of a great number of polyfluorinated aromatic compounds involving the action of nucleophilic, electrophilic, and radical agents on polyfluoroaromatic compounds are discussed. The synthetic uses of the anomalous behaviour of functional groups adjacent to the fluorinated aromatic nuclei are also discussed. 1. Methods for the Fluorination of Aromatic Compounds 2. Reactions of Polyfluoroaromatic Compounds 2.1. Action of Nucleophilic Agents 2.2. Action of Electrophilic Agents 2.3. Action of Radicals and Carbenes 3. Transformations of Functional Groups Adjacent to the Polyfluorinated Aromatic Nucleus 3.1. Reactions of Hydrogen Atoms 3.2. Reactions of Halogen Atoms (other than Fluorine) 3.3. Reactions of Alkyl Groups 3.4. Reactions of Carbonyl-Containing Compounds 3.5. Reactions of Carboxyl Groups 3.6. Reactions of Nitrogen-Containing Compounds 3.7. Reactions of Hydroxy- and Sulphur-Containing Groups
Solid Culturing of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens for α-Amylase Production (2006)

Fourteen different agroresidues were screened for alpha amylase production using Bacillus amyloliquefaciens ATCC 23842. Among them, wheat bran (WB) and groundnut oil cake (GOC) in mass ratio of 1:1 was proved as the best substrate source. Supplementation with 0.01 M KH2PO4 and 1 % soluble starch enhanced the enzyme yield considerably. Maximum enzyme recovery from the solid mass was obtained when extracted with 0.1 M acetate buffer, pH=5.0. Maximum enzyme titer expressed as units per mass of dry substrate obtained was 62 470 U/g after 72 hours of fermentation at 37 °C by using the above solid substrate mixture (5 g) with the initial moisture of 85 % and inoculated with Bacillus amyloliquefaciens of 2·109 CFU/mL.
Biasing circuits for voltage controlled GSM power amplifiers (2004)

In GSM phones, voltage controlled power amplifiers are used to vary the output power. Inaccuracies in output power levels are predominantly caused by drift in PA gain over temperature and input power. In this paper, we present biasing circuits that implement an inherently accurate gain control curve. These circuits are based on temperature stabilised V/I-converters and current mirrors. Applying current driven biasing of the first RF-stage reduces the input power dependency of the gain. Measurements show an order of magnitude less drift in PA gain over temperature variations and about a factor five smaller drift over input power variations. The proposed circuits relax the dynamic range and stability requirements on the power control loop and they help make phone output power calibrations redundant.
MUTANTS OF THE BIOLOGICAL CLOCK IN <i>CHLAMYDOMONAS REINHARDI</i> (1972)

A genetic analysis of the biological clock in Chlamydomonas reinhardi has been initiated. Of six wild-type strains tested (3 mt(+) and 3 mt(-)), five had periods close to 24 hr whereas one had a 21-hr period. Mutants with altered clock period have been isolated. The periods of 3 of these variant strains are temperature compensated. Genetic crosses involving a long-period mutant suggest that a single gene confers the long-period character, and in general clock-period length seems to be a useful phenotypic measure of alterations in the clock due to genetic differences. One phase mutant was found but its behavior was variable and the phase of the rhythm, relative to a light-dark transition which initiates the rhythm, does not seem to be reliable as a parameter of clock differences. No markers have yet been mapped.
Diagnosing drilling problems using visual analytics of sensors measurements (2012)

One of the major challenges in the drilling industry is the quick detection of problems that can occur during drilling a deep well due to high cost implications. These problems can occur for various reasons and can exhibit varying symptoms, which make them difficult to identify or prevent automatically. Visual Analytics has emerged as an alternative approach for data analysis. It combines both the computational power of computers and the experience of domain experts to analyze and gain insights into large data. This paper describes a procedure for analyzing and identifying drilling problem using Visual Analytics techniques. It provides results of an elaborated analysis of sensor measurement datasets that contain “Stuck Pipes” situations - one of the most common drilling problems. Statistical features are calculated from the dataset using the sliding window method. We show how visual analysis by means of linked scatter plots enable relating the problem patterns to the computed features and can hence help in identifying “Stuck Pipes” problems.
Packet level access control scheme for internetwork security (1992)

Increasing user demands to access resources, such as databases and application programmes, beyond those available in a single network has resulted in the introduction of teleprocessing systems and communication services between networks supported by different organisations. Consequently, the sharing of network resources introduces security threats such as unauthorised reading, modifying, adding or deleting of the contents of resources. It is therefore necessary to implement certain access control mechanisms to protect these resources from unauthorised access. In the paper, an internet access control scheme which operates at the network level (or the packet level) is presented. This scheme allows controlled access to the internal resources of a network, and only trusted systems can gain access to external networks. In this scheme, a secure communication link is established between a requesting machine and the requested remote resource at the initiation of an external session. All the entities, the network gateways and the machines at the end points, along this communication path are authenticated during the initiation process. Any subsequent packets transmitted along this path are also authenticated throughout the session to ensure that they originated from the machine initiating the session. The scheme uses the RSA and the DES security algorithms to implement session initiation and packet origin authentication, respectively. A major issue in internet access control is the distribution of packet keys (which are used for packet authentication purposes) to network entities for each communication session. This problem has been overcome in the scheme by deriving the packet authentication key from the RSA private key of each network entity, using a reference key number concept, and allowing a different packet authentication key for each external session between communicating entities. This eliminates the need to distribute the packet authentication keys, which otherwise could be a major threat to the integrity of an access control scheme. The overheads incurred due to the extra access control procedures have been quantified and are presented in the paper. It was found that the overheads of this scheme are smaller in comparison with the visa scheme [1].
Person-Specific Heart Rate Estimation With Ultra-Wideband Radar Using Convolutional Neural Networks (2019)

Vital-sign estimation using ultra-wideband (UWB) radar is preferable because it is contactless and less privacy-invasive. Recently, many approaches have been proposed for estimating heart rate from UWB radar data. However, their performance is still not reliable enough for practical applications. To improve the accuracy, this study employs convolutional neural networks to learn the special patterns of the heartbeats. In the proposed system, skin displacements of the target person are measured using UWB radar, and the radar signal is converted to a two-dimensional matrix, which is used as the input of the designed neural networks. Meanwhile, two triangular waves corresponding to the peaks and valleys in an electrocardiogram are adopted as the output of the networks. The proposed system then identifies each individual and estimates the heart rate automatically based on the already trained neural networks. The estimation error of the interbeat interval computed using our approach was reduced to 4.5 ms in the best case; and 48.5 ms in the worst case. Experiment results show that the proposed approach significantly outperforms a conventional method. The proposed machine learning approach achieves both personal identification and heart rate estimation simultaneously using UWB radar data for the first time. Moreover, this study found that using the respiration and heartbeat components together may enhance the accuracy of heart rate estimation, which is counter-intuitive, because the respiration is usually believed to interfere with the heartbeat.
Molecular cloning and amplification of the adenylate cyclase gene. (1981)

A segment of DNA containing cya, the gene for adenylate cyclase [ATP pyrophosphate-lyase (cyclizing), EC 4.6.1.1], has been isolated from Salmonella typhimurium. The phage lambda gt4 was used as a cloning vector and adenylate cyclase-positive hybrid phages were isolated that complemented adenylate cyclase-negative bacteria. The cloned DNA fragment encodes a polypeptide of molecular weight 81,000 that gives rise to adenylate cyclase activity. This protein represents a functional mutant of the bacterial adenylate cyclase. When the cya gene was amplified by inserting into a multicopy plasmid, the enzyme activity was overproduced 20-fold, but the cyclic AMP level increased only 60%, suggesting several probable regulatory mechanisms. Overproduction of enzymes by recombinant DNA techniques can be a useful probe of relationships in the metabolizing organism in vivo.
Dendritic cell vaccination with a toll-like receptor agonist derived from mycobacteria enhances anti-tumor immunity (2015)

Dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines are considered useful in cancer immunotherapy, and the interaction of DC and adjuvants is important in the design of the next generation vaccines. In this study, whether DC combined with Rv2299c derived from mycobacteria could improve anti-tumor immune responses in a colon cancer mouse model was evaluated. MC38 cell lines were injected subcutaneously to establish colon-cancer-bearing mice and the following four groups were evaluated: PBS control, tumor antigen (TA) loaded-DC, Rv2299c, and a combination of TA-loaded-DC and Rv2299c. The combination treatment with TA-loaded-DC and Rv2299c exhibited greater inhibition of tumor growth compared to other groups. These effects were associated with the reduction of suppressor cells, such as myeloid-derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells, and the induction of effector cells, such as CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells, in spleen, and with the activation of cytotoxic T Lymphocytes and NK cells. These results suggest that TA-loaded-DC vaccination with Rv2299c derived from mycobacteria enhanced anti-tumor immunity in a mouse colon cancer model by inhibiting the generation of immune-suppressive cells and recovering numbers of effector cells, and demonstrated superior polarization of the Th1/Th2 balance in favor of the Th1 immune response.
Synthesis of Isomeric N-(3-Fluoro-2-hydroxypropyl) and N-(2-Fluoro-3-hydroxypropyl) Derivatives of Purine and Pyrimidine Bases (1992)

Reaction of fluoromethyloxirane ( III ) with heterocyclic bases in the presence of potassium carbonate afforded N -(3-fluoro-2-hydroxypropyl) derivatives of adenine ( VI ), 3-deazaadenine ( VII ), 2-amino-6-chloropurine ( XII ), 6-nitro-1-deazapurine ( IX ), 4-methoxy-2-pyrimidone ( XVIII ) and its 5-methyl derivative ( XIX ). Acid hydrolysis of compounds XII , XVIII , and XIX gave 9-(3-fluoro-2-hydroxypropyl)guanine ( XIII ), 1-(3-fluoro-2-hydroxypropyl)uracil ( XX ) and -thymine ( XXI ). The intermediates XVIII and XIX were ammonolyzed to give 1-(3-fluoro-2-hydroxypropyl)cytosine ( XXII ) and -5-methylcytosine ( XXIII ). Reaction of chloro derivative XII with sodium azide followed by hydrogenation of the formed 2-amino-6-azidopurine ( XIV ) led to 9-(3-fluoro-2-hydroxypropyl)-2,6-diaminopurine ( XV ). 9-(3-Fluoro-2-hydroxypropyl)-1-deazaadenine ( X ) was obtained by hydrogenation of compound IX . Benzyloxymethyloxirane ( XXIV ) was reacted with pyridine-hydrogen fluoride adduct to give 3-benzyloxy-2-fluoropropanol ( XXV ) whose tosylate XXVI on reaction with sodium salt of adenine and subsequent hydrogenolysis of the intermediate XXVII afforded 9-(2-fluoro-3-hydroxypropyl)adenine ( XXVIII ). The same compound was obtained by reaction of 3-benzyloxy-1-bromo-2-fluoropropanol ( XXX ) with sodium salt of adenine followed by methanolysis. Condensation of sodium salt of XI , XVI , and XVII with synthon XXX and subsequent acid deblocking gave 9-(2-fluoro-3-hydroxypropyl)guanine ( XXXIII ), 1-(2-fluoro-3-hydroxypropyl)uracil ( XXXVI ), and 1-(2-fluoro-3-hydroxypropyl)thymine ( XXXVII ). 1-(2-Fluoro-3-hydroxypropyl) derivatives of cytosine ( XXXVIII ) and 5-methylcytosine ( XXXIX ) were obtained by ammonolysis of the corresponding 4-methoxypyrimidine intermediates XXXIV and XXXV .
Solid-State Power Systems for Pulsed Electric Field (PEF) Processing (2005)

Pulsed electric field (PEF) processing disinfects liquid foods and water. The process kills pathogenic cells by rupturing their cell membranes with short, high voltage pulses. PEF processing can also improve the performance of industrial processes such as the removal of water from sludge, or the extraction of sugars and starches from plants, because the ruptured cells release their intracellular liquids more easily into their surroundings. Though PEF systems are based on conventional pulsed power technology, they present a very different set of challenges in meeting the requirements of specific biological applications. For example, while most pulsed power specifications are based on voltage, current, and power requirements, PEF systems typically start with a desired field strength, flow rate, and range of fluid conductivities. Translating these parameters into a pulsed power system design can be a challenging process. In this paper, DTI will discuss the interrelationships between pulsed power and PEF processing, and present examples of system designs and configurations.
Cavity structures for low loss oxide-confined VCSELs (1997)

The authors examine the threshold characteristics of selectively oxidized VCSELs as a function of the number, thickness, and placement of the buried oxide apertures. The threshold current density for small area VCSELs is shown to increase with the number of oxide apertures in the cavity due to increased optical loss, while the threshold current density for broad area VCSELs decreases with increasing number of apertures due to more uniform current injection. Reductions of the threshold gain and optical loss are achieved for small area VCSELs using thin oxide apertures which are displaced longitudinally away from te optical cavity. They show that the optical loss can be sufficiently reduced to allow lasing in VCSELs with aperture area as small as 0.25 {micro}m{sup 2}.