gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Performance of cache coherence in stackable filing (1995)

Stackable design of filing systems constructs sophisticated services from mukiple, independently developed layers.This approach has been advocated to address development problems from code re-use, to extensibility, to version management.Individual layers of such a system often need to cache data to improve performance orprovide desired functionality.Whenaccessto different layers isallowed, cache incoherencies can occur.Without a cache coherence solution, layer designers must either restrict layer access and flexibility or compromise the layered structure to avoid potential data corruption.Thevalue of modular designs such as stacking can be questioned without a suitable solution to this problem.This paper presents a general cache coherence architecture for stackable tiling, including a standard approach to data identifications a key component tolayered coherence protocols.We also present a detailed performance analysis of one implementation of stack cache-coherence, which suggests that very low overheads can be achieved in practice.1 Introduction Stackable filing:Filing services are one of the most user-visible parts of the operating system, so it is not surprising that there are both many filing services suggested by operating systems researchers and a variety of third parties interested in providing these solutions.Of the many innovations which have appeared recently, very few of them have become widely available in a timely fashion.We believe this delay results from two deficiencies in the practice of current file system development.First, file systems are large and difficult to implement, and new filing systems often cannot take advantage of exmting services.Second, file systems today are built around a few fixed interfaces which fail to accommodate change and evolution inherent in modern operating systems.Today's filing interfaces vary from system to system, and even between point releases of a single operating system.These differences imply that third parties cannot adapt filing interfaces to suit their own needs, nor can they expect their software to function as the base system evolves.Stackable filing [7, 22, 8] presents a new approach to the construction of filing services to address these problems.
A suboptimal approach to channel equalization based on the nearest neighbor rule (1998)

Applications of clustering and neural network techniques to channel equalization have revealed the classification nature of this problem. This paper illustrates an implementation of a global system for mobile communications (GSM) receiver in which channel equalization and demodulation are realized by means of the nearest neighbor (NN) classifier algorithm. The most important advantage in using such techniques is the significant reduction in terms of the computational complexity compared with the maximum likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE) equalizer. The proposed approach involves symbol-by-symbol interpretation and the knowledge of the channel is embedded in the mapping process of the received symbols over the symbols of the training sequence. This means that no explicit channel estimation need be carried out, either with correlative blocks or using neural networks thus speeding up the entire process. The performance of the proposed receiver, evaluated through a channel simulator for mobile radio communications, is compared with the results obtained by means of a 16-state Viterbi algorithm and other suboptimal receivers. It is shown that the presented algorithm increases the bit error rate (BER) compared with the MLSE demodulator, but the performance degradation, despite the simplicity of the receiver, is kept within the limits imposed by the GSM specifications.
Frequency synthesis of forced opto-electronic oscillators at the X-band (2017)

Ultra-low phase noise performance is required for frequency agile local oscillators, which are the core for high resolution imagers, spectrum analyzers, and high speed data communications. A forced opto-electronic oscillator (OEO) benefits from frequency stabilization techniques for realizing a clean and low phase noise source at microwave and millimeter wave frequencies. Forced oscillation techniques of self-injection locking and self-phase lock loop are combined to provide an ultra-low oscillator phase noise both close-in and far-away from the carrier frequency, while a tunable yttrium iron garnet microwave filter combined with a wavelength tuned transversal filter are employed to implement both coarse and fine frequency tuning for a tunable X-band OEO. A phase noise of −137 dBc/Hz at an offset frequency of 10 kHz is achieved covering the frequencies of 9 to 11 GHz with a fine frequency tuning resolution of 44 Hz/pm and coarse tuning of 25 MHz/mA. Moreover, the long term stability of the output signal is tested, and a maximum frequency drift of 2 kHz is measured within 60 min for the X-band synthesizer.
Safety and Effects of the Vector for the Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy Gene Therapy Clinical Trial (2014)

IMPORTANCE We developed a novel strategy for treatment of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) caused by a mutation in the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase subunit IV (ND4) mitochondrial gene. OBJECTIVE To demonstrate the safety and effects of the gene therapy vector to be used in a proposed gene therapy clinical trial. DESIGN AND SETTING In a series of laboratory experiments, we modified the mitochondrial ND4 subunit of complex I in the nuclear genetic code for import into mitochondria. The protein was targeted into the organelle by agency of a targeting sequence (allotopic expression). The gene was packaged into adeno-associated viral vectors and then vitreally injected into rodent, nonhuman primate, and ex vivo human eyes that underwent testing for expression and integration by immunohistochemical analysis and blue native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. During serial follow-up, the animal eyes underwent fundus photography, optical coherence tomography, and multifocal or pattern electroretinography. We tested for rescue of visual loss in rodent eyes also injected with a mutant G11778A ND4 homologue responsible for most cases of LHON. EXPOSURE Ocular infection with recombinant adeno-associated viral vectors containing a wild-type allotopic human ND4 gene. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Expression of human ND4 and rescue of optic neuropathy induced by mutant human ND4. RESULTS We found human ND4 expressed in almost all mouse retinal ganglion cells by 1 week after injection and ND4 integrated into the mouse complex I. In rodent eyes also injected with a mutant allotopic ND4, wild-type allotopic ND4 prevented defective adenosine triphosphate synthesis, suppressed visual loss, reduced apoptosis of retinal ganglion cells, and prevented demise of axons in the optic nerve. Injection of ND4 in the ex vivo human eye resulted in expression in most retinal ganglion cells. Primates undergoing vitreal injection with the ND4 test article and followed up for 3 months had no serious adverse reactions. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Expression of our allotopic ND4 vector in the ex vivo human eye, safety of the test article, rescue of the LHON mouse model, and the severe irreversible loss of visual function in LHON support clinical testing with mutated G11778A mitochondrial DNA in our patients.
The Frequency Dependence of Resistance in Foil‐Wound Inductors (1978)

Foil wound air‐cored inductors are widely used in power electronics applications, and often exhibit power dissipation much greater than can be accounted for by the d.c. resistance. This is shown to be due to non‐uniform current flow. A scaling rule, relating the effects to turns and frequency, is demonstrated. The general principle of equal current sharing can be satisfied in a toroidal system.
Substituent effects on carbon-13 chemical shifts in 1-substituted camphenilones and some derived N-nitro-imines (1977)

In a series of 1-substituted camphenilones (1)–(11) the carbonyl C(2) is markedly shielded by electron-withdrawing substituents. With respect to these camphenilones the corresponding C(2) in a limited series of derived N-nitro-imines (12)–(14) is shielded by ca. 30 p.p.m. The 13C behaviour of fenchone N-nitro-imine is consistent with the existence of configurational isomerism about the C(2)N bond.
Structural insights into the catalytic mechanism of aldehyde-deformylating oxygenases (2014)

The fatty alk(a/e)ne biosynthesis pathway found in cyanobacteria gained tremendous attention in recent years as a promising alternative approach for biofuel production. Cyanobacterial aldehyde-deformylating oxygenase (cADO), which catalyzes the conversion of Cn fatty aldehyde to its corresponding Cn-1 alk(a/e)ne, is a key enzyme in that pathway. Due to its low activity, alk(a/e)ne production by cADO is an inefficient process. Previous biochemical and structural investigations of cADO have provided some information on its catalytic reaction. However, the details of its catalytic processes remain unclear. Here we report five crystal structures of cADO from the Synechococcus elongates strain PCC7942 in both its iron-free and iron-bound forms, representing different states during its catalytic process. Structural comparisons and functional enzyme assays indicate that Glu144, one of the iron-coordinating residues, plays a vital role in the catalytic reaction of cADO. Moreover, the helix where Glu144 resides exhibits two distinct conformations that correlates with the different binding states of the di-iron center in cADO structures. Therefore, our results provide a structural explanation for the highly labile feature of cADO di-iron center, which we proposed to be related to its low enzymatic activity. On the basis of our structural and biochemical data, a possible catalytic process of cADO was proposed, which could aid the design of cADO with improved activity.
Treatment of microbial biofilms in the post-antibiotic era: prophylactic and therapeutic use of antimicrobial peptides and their design by bioinformatics tools (2014)

The treatment for biofilm infections is particularly challenging because bacteria in these conditions become refractory to antibiotic drugs. The reduced effectiveness of current therapies spurs research for the identification of novel molecules endowed with antimicrobial activities and new mechanisms of antibiofilm action. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have been receiving increasing attention as potential therapeutic agents, because they represent a novel class of antibiotics with a wide spectrum of activity and a low rate in inducing bacterial resistance. Over the past decades, a large number of naturally occurring AMPs have been identified or predicted from various organisms as effector molecules of the innate immune system playing a crucial role in the first line of defense. Recent studies have shown the ability of some AMPs to act against microbial biofilms, in particular during early phases of biofilm development. Here, we provide a review of the antimicrobial peptides tested on biofilms, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages for prophylactic and therapeutic applications. In addition, we describe the strategies and methods for de novo design of potentially active AMPs and discuss how informatics and computational tools may be exploited to improve antibiofilm effectiveness.
A Wideband Supply Modulator for 20 MHz RF Bandwidth Polar PAs in 65 nm CMOS (2009)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> Polar modulated RF amplifiers have the potential to enhance efficiency while achieving sufficient linearity for a signal having non-constant envelope. However, switching modulators used in such architectures to generate the envelope signal are difficult to implement because of the high bandwidth and low switching ripple requirement, while achieving high efficiency even at large power back-off. This paper presents a wideband supply modulator for a 20 MHz RF bandwidth polar modulated PA. Realized in 65 nm CMOS, it consists of a cascoded nested Miller compensated linear amplifier and a class D switching amplifier. The class-AB linear amplifier with cascoded Miller compensation in the modulator reduces the output switching ripple to 4.3 mVrms at a switching frequency of 118 MHz. With an optimized design the modulator achieves a maximum efficiency of 87.5% and a small signal <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$-$</tex> </formula>3 dB bandwidth of 285 MHz. At 10 dB back-off the efficiency is more than 40%. The modulator can deliver 22.7 dBm output power to a 5.3 <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\Omega$</tex></formula> load. It satisfies the linearity requirement of IEEE 802.11g WLAN signal when tested in a real polar modulated amplifier. </para>
Surface Treatment of Carbon Fibers - A Review (2014)

Carbon Fibers (CFs) are widely used as reinforcement material in polymer composites. However, they are having inert surface and do not allow matrix material to make bonding with it. Surface treatment of fibers is one of the suggested methods to improve adhesion between the two. Present paper concentrates on various methods used to surface treat the CF and gives details on physical, chemical and morphological changes occur in fiber properties. These changes due to treatment lead to improved composite properties due to improved surface area on fiber surface, chemical bonding and adhesion between fiber and matrix. Mainly used surface treatment methods are acid oxidation, plasma treatment, rare earth treatment, gamma irradiation etc. comparative study of these methods help in selection of appropriate treatment method as per requirement.
Photogeneration of two metastable NO linkage isomers with high populations of up to 76% in trans-[RuCl(py)<sub>4</sub>(NO)][PF<sub>6</sub>]<sub>2</sub>·½H<sub>2</sub>O (2007)

Two light-induced metastable NO linkage isomers with oxygen-bound (SI) and side-on configuration (SII) of NO are generated in trans-[RuCl(py)(4)(NO)][PF(6)](2).(1/2)H(2)O. Irradiation by light in the blue-green spectral range (450-530 nm) leads to the population of SI. A further irradiation by near infrared light (920-1100 nm) transfers SI into SII at temperatures below 150 K. The heat release during the thermal decay of the linkage isomers shows that SI and SII are separated from the ground state (GS) by potential barriers of E(A)(SI) = 0.70(3) eV and E(A)(SII) = 0.38(3) eV, and are energetically situated at 1.42(6) eV and 1.07(7) eV above the ground state, respectively. Maximum populations of 76% for SI and of 56% for SII can be generated, as determined by the decrease of the nu(NO) stretching absorption band of the ground state. The nu(NO) stretching vibration shifts to lower energies by 143 cm(-1) in SI and by 300 cm(-1) in SII, indicating that the linkage isomers are of the same type as found in other octahedrally coordinated transition-metal nitrosyl complexes. The experimental observations are in agreement with results from calculations by the density functional theory, which predict that the metastable states correspond to a side-on bonded (SII) and an isonitrosyl (SI) configuration of the NO ligand. The calculations provide the energy minima of the ground state and the metastable states SI and SII as well as the saddle points along the reaction coordinate Q. This reaction coordinate corresponds to a rotation of the NO ligand by about 90 degrees (SII) and 180 degrees (SI), and therefore allows the comparison between observed and calculated activation energies.
Preventive effects of amino acids and glutathione on the formaldehyde-induced denaturation of myofibrillar proteins (2003)

Formaldehyde (FA)-induced denaturation of myofibrillar proteins and its prevention were investigated by means of measuring the solubility, adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) activity, and thermal gel formability of myofibrils and surimi proteins in the presence and absence of free amino acids and glutathione, reduced form. The addition of FA decreased the solubility of myofibrils in 0.5 M NaCl at pH 7.0 and 0°C depending on its concentration and incubation time. The solubility decrease was completely inhibited by the presence of equal, twofold, and threefold amounts of cysteine (Cys), glutathione, and histidine (His) to the amount of FA, respectively. Myofibrillar Ca-ATPase was markedly activated at the initial phase and then decreased later by the addition of FA. The K-ATPase was inactivated with an increase in the amount of FA. The FA-induced changes in both ATPase activities were inhibited in the presence of Cys and His. Thermal gel formability of surimi paste increased only in a short period after the addition of a low concentration of FA. Practically, FA inhibited the thermal gelation and setting effect through the inactivation of transglutaminase. In the presence of Cys, His or glutathione, a strong elastic surimi gel was produced because FA-induced detrimental effects were inhibited.
Evaluating Safety Benefits of the Insurance Corporation of British Columbia Road Improvement Program Using a Full Bayes Approach (2016)

The objective of this study was to conduct a time-series (before-to-after) evaluation of the safety performance of a sample of locations that have been improved under the Insurance Corporation of British Columbia (ICBC) Road Improvement Program. The program started in 1989 when ICBC established partnerships with local road authorities in British Columbia, Canada, and works cooperatively to make sound investments in road safety improvements. The overall effectiveness of the road improvement program was assessed by determining whether the frequency or severity of collisions at the improvement sites has been reduced after implementation of the improvement, and by quantifying the program costs versus the economic safety benefits to determine the return on ICBC’s road safety investment. Seventy-two urban intersections were included in the evaluation. The methodology adopted for estimating the safety benefits was a before–after study with the full Bayesian method, while the benefit–cost analysis was carried out by using two indicators: net present value and benefit–cost ratio (B/C) with a payback period of 5 years. Overall, the total reductions of severe (fatal plus injury) and nonsevere (property damage only) collision frequency for intersections with new pedestrian signal installations were found equal to −24.54% and −6.21%, respectively; −22.95% and −10.78%, respectively, for intersections with geometric design improvements; and −13.76% and −5.04%, respectively, for intersections with traffic signal upgrades. Finally, an overall B/C ratio of 4.32:1 was achieved.
Mechanical Ventilation Affects Local and Systemic Cytokines in an Animal Model of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (1999)

We examined the hypothesis that injurious ventilatory strategies (large tidal volume [VT] and/or low positive end-expiratory pressure [PEEP]) would increase release of inflammatory mediators into the lung and into the systemic circulation in a lung injury model. Lung injury was induced in 40 anesthetized paralyzed Sprague-Dawley rats (350 +/- 2 g) by hydrochloric acid instillation (pH 1.5, 2.5 ml/kg). Rats were then randomized into five groups (n = 8): (1) high-volume zero PEEP (HVZP): VT, 16 ml/ kg; (2) high-volume PEEP (HVP): VT, 16 ml/kg, PEEP, 5 cm H2O; (3) low-volume zero PEEP (LVZP): VT, 9 ml/kg; (4) low-volume PEEP (LVP): VT, 9 ml/kg, PEEP, 5 cm H2O; (5) same settings as (4) plus a recruitment maneuver performed every hour (LVPR). Respiratory rate was adjusted to maintain normocapnia and fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2) was 1. Cytokine concentrations (tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-alpha] and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 [MIP-2]) were measured by ELISA. All animals in the LVZP group died before the end of the experiment. After 4 h of ventilation, the HVZP group had similar lung fluid TNF-alpha concentrations compared with the HVP group: 1,861 +/- 333 pg/ml versus 1,259 +/- 189 pg/ml; and much higher serum concentrations: 692 +/- 74 pg/ml versus 102 +/- 31 pg/ml (p < 0.05). An identical pattern was found for MIP-2. These results suggest that the particular ventilatory strategy can affect the release of cytokines into the systemic circulation, a finding that may have relevance for the development of multisystem organ failure.
The next generation of target capture technologies - large DNA fragment enrichment and sequencing determines regional genomic variation of high complexity (2016)

RSE represents a cost-effective target enrichment method capable of producing sequencing templates in excess of 20 kbp in length. The utility of our method has been proven to generate superior coverage across the MHC as compared to other commercially available methodologies, with the added advantage of producing longer sequencing templates amenable to DNA sequencing on recently developed platforms. Although our demonstration of the method does not utilize these DNA sequencing platforms directly, our results indicate that the capture of long DNA fragments produce superior coverage of the targeted region.
Human gait parameter estimation based on micro-doppler signatures using particle filters (2011)

Monitoring and tracking human activities around restricted areas is an important issue in security and surveillance applications. The movement of different parts of the human body generates unique micro-Doppler features which can be extracted effectively using joint time-frequency analysis. In this paper, we describe the simultaneous tracking of both location and micro-Doppler features of a human using particle filters (PF). The results obtained using the data from a 77 GHz radar prove the successful usage of particle filters in tracking micro-Doppler features of the human gait.
Continuous monitoring of blood volume changes in humans (1987)

The mass density of antecubital venous blood was measured continuously for 80 min/session with 0.1 g/l precision at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min in six male subjects. Each person participated in two different sessions with the same protocol. To induce transvascular fluid shifts, the subjects changed from sitting to standing and from standing to supine positions. There was transient blood density shifts immediately after postural changes, followed by an asymptotic approach to a new steady-state blood density level. Additional deviations from a simple time course were regularly observed. Blood density increased by 3.5 +/- 1.4 (SD) g/l when standing after sitting and decreased by 5.0 +/- 1.2 g/l while supine after standing. The corresponding half time of the blood density increase was 5.6 +/- 1.4 min (standing after sitting) and 6.9 +/- 3.1 min (supine after standing) of the blood density decrease. Erythrocyte density was calculated and did not change with body position. Whole-body blood density was calculated from plasma density, hematocrit, and erythrocyte density, assuming an F-cell ratio of 0.91. Volume shifts were computed from the density data; the subject's blood volume density decreased by 6.2 +/- 1.2% from sitting to standing and increased by 8.5 +/- 2.1% from standing to supine. Additional discrete plasma density and hematocrit measurements gave linear relations (P less than 0.001) between all possible combinations of blood density, plasma density, and hematocrit.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)