gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Protection of sheep against bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection by vaccination with recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing BLV envelope glycoproteins: correlation of protection with CD4 T-cell response to gp51 peptide 51-70 (1993)

We have previously constructed vaccinia virus (VV) recombinants containing a complete or truncated envelope (env) gene of bovine leukemia virus (BLV). Only recombinants carrying the complete env gene (VV-BLV2 and VV-BLV3) expressed env glycoprotein on the surface of virus-infected cells and produced an antibody response in rabbits. In the present study, these VV recombinants were used to immunize sheep prior to challenge with BLV-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Both humoral and cell-mediated immunity were monitored in infected animals. Sheep inoculated with recombinants containing the complete env gene showed a CD4 response to a defined epitope of gp51, but this response was absent 4 months postchallenge. Anti-gp51 antibodies appeared in animals inoculated with complete env 2 weeks after challenge, reached a peak at 4 weeks, and subsequently declined over 16 months. No CD4 response was recorded in animals inoculated with recombinants containing truncated env gene (VV-BLV1). BLV-infected control animals and those animals receiving VV-BLV1 were slower to develop antibodies postchallenge, and the titers of anti-gp51 antibodies continued to increase over 16 months. Proviral DNA was detected by the polymerase chain reaction in the four groups at 6 weeks after challenge. However, it could not be detected 4 months postinfection in the VV groups inoculated with complete env. Provirus was present in the VV-BLV1 and control groups over the 16-month trial period. These results demonstrate that vaccination with VV recombinants containing the complete env gene of BLV protects sheep against infection and that protection correlated with a CD4 T-cell response to a defined epitope.
Independent control of resonantfrequency and input impedanceof a microstrip patch byindividually biased varactor diodes (1996)

Individually biased varactor diodes fitted to the radiating edges of microstrip patch antennas enable independent control of the resonant frequency and input impedance. The technique has been successfully applied to polarisation-agile patch antennas and it affords a solution to the problem of the change in input impedance when switching between polarisations.
Epidemic venereal disease due to Candida albicans in geese in Israel. (1974)

A disease affecting flocks of crossed Embden and Toulouse geese kept for production of fertile eggs caused loss of body weight and marked decrease in the percent of fertile eggs. The cause, found to be an inflammatory condition of the penis and cloaca in the birds when treading first began, was observed originally in 1968. In early lesions there was swelling redness, and dullness of the mucosa of the penis or cloaca. This was very obvious when compared with normal organs (Fig. 1). Subsequently, the distal 0.5-2 cm of some penises became black and gangrenous and sloughed off, leaving an inadequate organ. Ulcers or granulomas developed on the sides of penises or in cloacae also (Figs. 2, 3, 4). In 1972 nearly all the young flocks in the center of the country were affected. Investigations showed that the disease was caused primarily by Candida albicans, although there was a concomitant mixed bacterial infection. Older geese surviving infections of previous years remained healthy. The geese were kept in groups of 100-1,875. The male-tofemale ratio varied from 1:3 to 1:10. Some farms had pools for swimming and some only had containers for unlimited drinking. Some farms were muddy and others were dry, though all had shaded areas. There was no uniformity in food supplies. All received food concentrate, but obtained from different manufactur-
Photoreactivity of 5-iodouracil-containing DNA-Z  complex (2001)

It is revealed that double-strand RN A adenosine deaminase 1 binds to Z-DNA and NH 2 -terminus Za domain is responsible for the high affinity binding. In order to investigate the structure of Z-DNA induced by Za, the photoreactions of 5-halouracil-containing Z-DNA in the presence and the absence of Za were investigated. It was demonstrated that the C2'a-hydroxylated product was efficiently produced in Z-DNA induced by Za compared to that under high salt concentration.
Natural soil microbes alter flowering phenology and the intensity of selection on flowering time in a wild Arabidopsis relative (2014)

Plant phenology is known to depend on many different environmental variables, but soil microbial communities have rarely been acknowledged as possible drivers of flowering time. Here, we tested separately the effects of four naturally occurring soil microbiomes and their constituent soil chemistries on flowering phenology and reproductive fitness of Boechera stricta, a wild relative of Arabidopsis. Flowering time was sensitive to both microbes and the abiotic properties of different soils; varying soil microbiota also altered patterns of selection on flowering time. Thus, soil microbes potentially contribute to phenotypic plasticity of flowering time and to differential selection observed between habitats. We also describe a method to dissect the microbiome into single axes of variation that can help identify candidate organisms whose abundance in soil correlates with flowering time. This approach is broadly applicable to search for microbial community members that alter biological characteristics of interest.
Comprehensive Antigenic Map of a Cleaved Soluble HIV-1 Envelope Trimer (2015)

The trimeric envelope (Env) spike is the focus of vaccine design efforts aimed at generating broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) to protect against HIV-1 infection. Three recent developments have facilitated a thorough investigation of the antigenic structure of the Env trimer: 1) the isolation of many bNAbs against multiple different epitopes; 2) the generation of a soluble trimer mimic, BG505 SOSIP.664 gp140, that expresses most bNAb epitopes; 3) facile binding assays involving the oriented immobilization of tagged trimers. Using these tools, we generated an antigenic map of the trimer by antibody cross-competition. Our analysis delineates three well-defined epitope clusters (CD4 binding site, quaternary V1V2 and Asn332-centered oligomannose patch) and new epitopes at the gp120-gp41 interface. It also identifies the relationships among these clusters. In addition to epitope overlap, we defined three more ways in which antibodies can cross-compete: steric competition from binding to proximal but non-overlapping epitopes (e.g., PGT151 inhibition of 8ANC195 binding); allosteric inhibition (e.g., PGT145 inhibition of 1NC9, 8ANC195, PGT151 and CD4 binding); and competition by reorientation of glycans (e.g., PGT135 inhibition of CD4bs bNAbs, and CD4bs bNAb inhibition of 8ANC195). We further demonstrate that bNAb binding can be complex, often affecting several other areas of the trimer surface beyond the epitope. This extensive analysis of the antigenic structure and the epitope interrelationships of the Env trimer should aid in design of both bNAb-based therapies and vaccines intended to induce bNAbs.
Interleukin‐2 receptor in peripheral blood lymphocytes of Alzheimer's disease patients (1991)

In this study, we investigated the differences in the incidence rate of human leukocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR) and interleukin 2 receptor (IL-2R) in the peripheral blood lymphocytes of 13 women who were diagnosed clinically as having Alzheimer's disease (AD group), and 13 healthy women with no mental disorders (control group). As a result, the AD group showed a markedly higher rate of lymphocyte subsets of CD4+HLA-DR+, CD4+IL-2R+, CD8+HLA-DR+, CD8-HLA-DR+ and CD8+IL-2R+. This finding indicates a possible immune reaction occurring in the peripheral blood of AD patients. In addition, these higher rates correlate well with the changes in the immune system reported in the postmortem brains of AD patients. Our findings indicate that immunological interactions exist between the central nervous system and the peripheral blood lymphocytes of AD patients, and AD might be induced by an immune reaction occurring in the brain.
Crystalline structure and thermoelectric properties versus growing conditions of sputtering-deposited (Bi/sub 1-x/Sb/sub x/)/sub 2/Te/sub 3/ films with 0≤x≤0.85 (2002)

(Bi/sub 1-x/Sb/sub x/)/sub 2/Te/sub 3/ films of about 1 /spl mu/m thickness were deposited on Kapton substrates by means of DC magnetron sputtering. Four different targets were used with compositions according to (Bi/sub 1-x/Sb/sub x/)/sub 2/Te/sub 3/+20 at% Te and x=0, 0.5, 0.75 and 0.85. The substrate temperature T/sub s/ and of a hot-wall environment T/sub e/ were altered in the range of 220...320/spl deg/C and 150...390/spl deg/C, respectively. Composition and crystalline structure were studied using WDX, SEM and XRD. Films grown at T/sub s/<290/spl deg/C had rough surfaces and weak texture. Above T/sub s/=290/spl deg/C the films were strongly (0 0 n) textured and had smooth surfaces. Annealing at 300 or 350/spl deg/C increased the size of the crystallites but their orientation was unchanged. This behaviour was independent of the composition x. The transport properties depend significantly on Sb-Bi ratio x, substrate and environment temperatures and annealing. High carrier mobilities could only be achieved together with low carrier concentrations and at T/sub s//spl ap/250/spl deg/C after annealing. Films best suited for thermoelectric applications (highest power factor at room temperature) had the composition (Bi/sub 0.15/Sb/sub 0.85/)/sub 2/Te/sub 3/, the conductivity /spl sigma/=1140 /spl Omega//sup -1/ cm/sup -1/, the carrier mobility /spl mu/=360cm/sup 2//Vs and the Seebeck coefficient S=182 /spl mu/V/K.
Effect of surface inhomogeneities on the electrical characteristics of SiC Schottky contacts (1996)

This paper reports analysis of the role of defects on the electrical characteristics of high-voltage 6H-SiC Schottky rectifiers. The measured reverse leakage current of high-voltage Ti and Pt rectifiers was found to be much higher than that predicted by thermionic emission theory and using a barrier height extracted from the C-V measurements. In this paper, a model based upon the presence of defects at the 6H-SiC/metal interface is used to explains this behavior. It is proposed that these defects result in lowering of the barrier height in the localized regions and thus, significantly affect the reverse I-V characteristics of the Schottky contacts. The presence of electrically active defects in the Schottky barrier area has been verified by EBIC studies.
Identification of multiple subclasses of plasma low density lipoproteins in normal humans. (1982)

Density gradient ultracentrifugation of low density lipoproteins (LDL) from 12 normal subjects showed multiple, distinct isopycnic bands. Densitometric scanning of the gradient tubes revealed that each band could be assigned to one of four density intervals and that the boundaries of these intervals were consistent among all the subjects. Analytic ultracentrifuge flotation (S(f)(0)) rates were assigned to the four density intervals, and there was a strong correlation between peak S(f)(0) rate and peak isopycnic banding position (R(f)) of the LDL in the 12 subjects. The S(f)(0) value corresponding to the boundary between the two most buoyant LDL density subgroups was 7.5. This value is close to that previously demonstrated to define two LDL subdivisions (S(f)(0) 0-7 and S(f)(0) 7-12) that were discriminated by differing concentrations in men and women, and differing statistical relationships with levels of HDL and VLDL in a normal population. Further delineation of distinct subspecies of LDL was afforded by electrophoresis in 2-16% gradient polyacrylamide gels. Densitometric scans of protein-stained gels revealed multiple peaks, and particle diameters were assigned to these peaks using calibration markers. Particles of diameter >/= 280 A included both IDL and Lp(a), the latter defined by pre-beta mobility on agarose electrophoresis and density > 1.050 g/ml. LDL particles with diameters 220-272 A could be grouped into seven size intervals defined by modes in the distribution of gradient gel electrophoretic peaks in LDL from a group of 68 healthy men and women. Particle diameters of the major peaks in each of seven density subfractions decreased with increasing density of the fractions. However, particles within each of the size groups were distributed across a range of densities. Use of a lipid-staining procedure allowed identification of electrophoretic bands in whole plasma which corresponded to those seen in isolated LDL, eliminating the possibility that ultracentrifugation was responsible for formation of the subspecies detected by the gradient gel procedure. The application of density gradient ultracentrifugation and gradient gel electrophoresis provides a means of characterizing LDL from normal humans in terms of multiple distinct subpopulations which may also prove to have differing metabolic and pathologic properties.-Krauss, R. M., and D. J. Burke. Identification of multiple subclasses of plasma low density lipoproteins in normal humans.
Growth and Characterization of K<sub>3</sub>Li<sub>2-x</sub>Nb<sub>5+x</sub>O<sub>15+2x</sub> Micro Single Crystals Formed by the µ-Pulling Down Method for Blue SHG Applications (1994)

Potassium lithium niobate ( K 3 Li 2- X Nb 5+ X O 15+2 X : KLN) crystals are difficult to grow by conventional crystal growth methods because of the distinct change of composition. Using the micro pulling down ( µ-PD) method, crack-free and homogeneous KLN crystals with a length of 150 mm and diameters of 150, 300 and 500 µm have been grown successfully. The crystals show good structural quality, single-domain structure and an excellent second harmonic generation property. The red irradiation of a Ti: sapphire laser and semiconductor laser diode was converted by µ-PD crystals to blue laser light with half wavelength.
Immune Suppression by PD-L2 against Spontaneous and Treatment-Related Antitumor Immunity (2019)

We propose that PD-L2 as well as PD-L1 play important roles in evading antitumor immunity, suggesting that PD-1/PD-L2 blockade must be considered for optimal immunotherapy in PD-L2-expressing cancers, such as RCC and LUSC.
Efficient Embedding of MPI Collectives in MXNET DAGs for scaling Deep Learning (2018)

Availability of high performance computing infrastructures such as clusters of GPUs and CPUs have fueled the growth of distributed learning systems. Deep Learning frameworks express neural nets as DAGs and execute these DAGs on computation resources such as GPUs. In this paper, we propose efficient designs of embedding MPI collective operations into data parallel DAGs. Incorrect designs can easily lead to deadlocks or program crashes. In particular, we demonstrate three designs: Funneled, Concurrent communication and Dependency chaining of using MPI collectives with DAGs. These designs automatically enable overlap of computation with communication by allowing for concurrent execution with the other tasks. We directly implement these designs into the KVStore API of the MXNET. This allows us to directly leverage the rest of the infrastructure. Using ImageNet and CIFAR data sets, we show the potential of our designs. In particular, our designs scale to 256 GPUs with as low as 50 seconds of epoch times for ImageNet 1K datasets.
Interleukin-13 is a potent activator of JAK3 and STAT6 in cells expressing interleukin-2 receptor-γ and interleukin-4 receptor-α (1996)

The lymphocyte growth factors interleukin-2 (IL2), IL4, IL7, IL9 and IL15 use the common IL2 receptor-gamma (IL2R gamma) and activate the IL2R gamma-associated tyrosine kinase JAK3 (Janus kinase 3). IL13 is structurally related to IL4, competes with IL4 for binding to cell surface receptors and exhibits many similar biological effects. The molecular basis for this functional overlap between IL4 and IL13 has been attributed mainly to a shared use of the 140 kDa IL4R alpha, since these cytokines appear to be uniquely different in that, according to several recent reports, IL13 does not recruit the IL2R gamma or JAK3. This notion has been supported by the identification of a novel 70 kDa IL13 receptor in certain IL13-responsive cell lines that lack IL2R gamma. The present study sheds new light on the issue of functional overlap between IL13 and IL4, by demonstrating for the first time that, in cells that express both IL2R gamma and IL4R alpha, IL13 can mimic IL4-induced heterodimerization of IL2R gamma and IL4R alpha, with consequent marked activation of JAK3 and the transcription factor STAT6 (IL4-STAT). Reconstitution experiments in BA/F3 cells showed that both cytokines require the simultaneous presence of IL4R alpha and IL2R gamma to mediate JAK3 and proliferative responses, and analysis of 12 IL4R alpha variants showed that IL4 and IL13 signals were equally affected by mutations of the cytoplasmic domain. We conclude that IL13 activates the IL2R gamma-associated JAK3 tyrosine kinase in appropriate cell types, and propose that IL13 is capable of interacting with multiple receptor subunits in a cell-dependent and combinatorial manner. Consequently, we predict that partial disruption of IL13 signal transduction also contributes to the severe combined immuno-deficiency syndromes associated with inactivation of the IL2R gamma or JAK3 genes.
The molecular action of tumor necrosis factor‐α (1991)

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a polypeptide hormone newly synthesized by different cell types upon stimulation with endotoxin, inflammatory mediators (C5a anaphylatoxin), or cytokines such as interleukin-1 and, in an autocrine manner, TNF itself. The net biological effect of TNF-alpha may vary depending on relative concentration, duration of cell exposure and presence of other mediators which may act in synergism with this cytokine. TNF-alpha may be relevant either in pathological events occurring in cachexia and endotoxic shock and inflammation or in beneficial processes such as host defense, immunity and tissue homeostasis. The biological effects of TNF-alpha are triggered by the binding to specific cell surface receptors. The formation of TNF-alpha-receptor complex activates a variety of biochemical pathways that include the transduction of the signal at least in part controlled by guanine-nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins (G proteins), its amplification through activation of adenyl cyclase, phospholipases and protein kinases with the generation of second messenger pathways. The transduction of selected genes in different cell types determines the characteristics of the cell response to TNF-alpha. The full understanding of the molecular mechanisms of TNF-alpha will provide the basis for a pharmacological approach intended to inhibit or potentiate selected biological actions of this cytokine.
Electromigration and its impact on physical design in future technologies (2013)

Electromigration (EM) is one of the key concerns going forward for interconnect reliability in integrated circuit (IC) design. Although analog designers have been aware of the EM problem for some time, digital circuits are also being affected now. This talk addresses basic design issues and their effects on electromigration during interconnect physical design. The intention is to increase current density limits in the interconnect by adopting electromigration-inhibiting measures, such as short-length and reservoir effects. Exploitation of these effects at the layout stage can provide partial relief of EM concerns in IC design flows in future.
A framework for assessing entrepreneurial outcomes: an international perspective (2014)

Purpose – In this paper, the authors aim to develop a framework that provides a holistic approach to the assessment of entrepreneurial performance outcomes (EPOs) incorporating the multitude of factors (such as entrepreneurial goals and cultural norms) that research suggests can impact the entrepreneurial process. Design/methodology/approach – In developing the suggested framework, the authors draw on both the existing literature and the findings provided in the five papers selected for this special issue. Findings – The framework the authors advance suggests that the satisfaction male and female entrepreneurs derive from their ventures is principally determined by a combination of the goals they set for their business and the outcomes/outputs achieved. There is also some evidence to suggest that, other things equal, females may experience higher levels of satisfaction with their ventures than males. Other key issues the authors have incorporated into the framework that are important to a better understanding of the entrepreneurial process include the resources the entrepreneur has available (human, financial and social); various external environmental factors (for example, government support programmes); and gender (for example, to the extent that women are more risk averse than men they may set more modest goals for their ventures). Originality/value – The holistic framework the authors present for assessing (and better understanding) the entrepreneurial process should help direct/focus: future research concerned with assessing, evaluating and understanding EPOs; government policies designed to promote entrepreneurial initiatives; and those providing advice to the sector.
New approach to blind deconvolution of single-input multiple-output linear FIR system (2002)

A new blind deconvolution scheme of a linear single-input multi-output (SIMO) FIR system based on the isomorphism relation between the inputs and the outputs is proposed. The research shows that the system inputs can be identified blindly using only the output measurements under some constraints on the inputs and transfer function of a linear SIMO system. It is seen that the proposed blind deconvolution scheme offers a lower computational complexity, better performance, and is more robust against the over-determination of the system order compared with some conventional schemes.
An alternative method for serum protein depletion/enrichment by precipitation at mildly acidic pH values and low ionic strength (2015)

Serum proteome analysis is severely hampered by the extreme dynamic range of protein concentrations, but tools for the specific depletion of highly abundant serum proteins lack for most farm and companion animals. A well-established alternative strategy to reduce the dynamic range of plasma protein concentrations, treatment with combinatorial peptide ligand libraries (CPLL), is generally applicable but requires large amounts of sample. Therefore, additional depletion/enrichment protocols for plasma and serum samples from animals are desirable. In this respect, we have tested a protein precipitate that formed after withdrawal of salt from human, bovine, or porcine serum at pH 4.2. The bovine sample was composed of over 300 proteins making it a potential source for biomarker discovery. Precipitation was highly reproducible and the concentrations of albumin and other highly abundant serum proteins were strongly reduced. In comparison to the CPLL treatment, precipitation did not introduce any selection bias based on hydrophathy or pI. However, the composition of both preparations was partially complementary. Salt withdrawal at pH 4.2 is suggested as additional depletion/enrichment strategy for serum samples. Also, we point out that the removal of precipitates from serum samples under the described conditions bears the risk of losing a valuable protein fraction.