gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Diblock copolymers, micelles, and shell‐crosslinked nanoparticles containing poly(4‐fluorostyrene): Tools for detailed analyses of nanostructured materials (2001)

Abstract Amphiphilic core–shell nanostructures containing 19 F stable isotopic labels located regioselectively within the core domain were prepared by a combination of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), supramolecular assembly, and condensation‐based crosslinking. Homopolymers and diblock copolymers containing 4‐fluorostyrene and methyl acrylate were prepared by ATRP, hydrolyzed, assembled into micelles, and converted into shell‐crosslinked nanoparticles (SCKs) by covalent stabilization of the acrylic acid residues in the shell. The ATRP‐based polymerizations, producing the homopolymers and diblock copolymers, were initiated by (1‐bromoethyl)benzene in the presence of CuBr metal and employed N,N,N ′ ,N ″ ,N ″‐pentamethyldiethylenetriamine as the coordinating ligand for controlled polymerizations at 75–90 °C for 1–3 h. Number‐average molecular weights ranged from 2000 to 60,000 Da, and molecular weight distributions, generally less than 1.1 and 1.2, were achieved for the homopolymers and diblock copolymers, respectively. Methyl acrylate conversions as high as 70% were possible, without observable chain–chain coupling reactions or molecular weight distribution broadening, when bromoalkyl‐terminated poly(4‐fluorostyrene) was used as the macroinitiator. Poly(4‐fluorostyrene), incorporated as the second segment in the diblock copolymer synthesis, was initiated from a bromoalkyl‐terminated poly(methyl acrylate) macroinitiator. After hydrolysis of the poly(methyl acrylate) block segments, micelles were formed from the resulting amphiphilic block copolymers in aqueous solutions and were then stabilized by covalent intramicellar crosslinking throughout the poly(acrylic acid) shells to yield SCKs. The SCK nanostructures on solid substrates were visualized by atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Dynamic light scattering was used to probe the effects of crosslinking on the resulting hydrodynamic diameters of nanoparticles in aqueous and buffered solutions. The presence of fluorine atoms in the diblock copolymers and resulting SCK nanostructures allowed for characterization by 19 F NMR in addition to 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, and IR spectroscopy. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 4152–4166, 2001
Novel approaches to the measurement of arterial blood flow from dynamic digital X-ray images (2005)

We have developed two new algorithms for the measurement of blood flow from dynamic X-ray angiographic images. Both algorithms aim to improve on existing techniques. First, a model-based (MB) algorithm is used to constrain the concentration-distance curve matching approach. Second, a weighted optical flow algorithm (OP) is used to improve on point-based optical flow methods by averaging velocity estimates along a vessel with weighting based on the magnitude of the spatial derivative. The OP algorithm was validated using a computer simulation of pulsatile blood flow. Both the OP and the MB algorithms were validated using a physiological blood flow circuit. Dynamic biplane digital X-ray images were acquired following injection of iodine contrast medium into a variety of simulated arterial vessels. The image data were analyzed using our integrated angiographic analysis software SARA to give blood flow waveforms using the MB and OP algorithms. These waveforms were compared to flow measured using an electromagnetic flow meter (EMF). In total 4935 instantaneous measurements of flow were made and compared to the EMF recordings. It was found that the new algorithms showed low measurement bias and narrow limits of agreement and also out-performed the concentration-distance curve matching algorithm (ORG) and a modification of this algorithm (PA) in all studies.
MOLECULAR BASIS FOR MEMBRANE PHOSPHOLIPID DIVERSITY: Why Are There So Many Lipids? (1997)

Phospholipids play multiple roles in cells by establishing the permeability barrier for cells and cell organelles, by providing the matrix for the assembly and function of a wide variety of catalytic processes, by acting as donors in the synthesis of macromolecules, and by actively influencing the functional properties of membrane-associated processes. The function, at the molecular level, of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and cardiolipin in specific cellular processes is reviewed, with a focus on the results of combined molecular genetic and biochemical studies in Escherichia coli. These results are compared with primarily biochemical data supporting similar functions for these phospholipids in eukaryotic organisms. The wide range of processes in which specific involvement of phospholipids has been documented explains the need for diversity in phospholipid structure and why there are so many membrane lipids.
An efficient 14.5 W diamond Raman laser at high pulse repetition rate with first (1240 nm) and second (1485 nm) Stokes output (2013)

Efficient operation of a pulsed diamond Raman laser at output powers up to 14.5 W is reported. An external-cavity Raman resonator 2.5 cm long employing a low-loss CVD diamond 9.5 mm long generated first (1240 nm) and second (1485 nm) Stokes output powers of up to 3 W and 13 W respectively when pumped with a 30 W q-switched Nd:YVO4 laser with approximately 22 ns pulses at a 36.5 kHz pulse repetition frequency. We show that this approach to efficient wavelength conversion is promising for a range of practical pulsed laser systems with high average power at first and cascaded Stokes orders in the near-infrared and including eye-safe laser output.
Semiinterpenetrating polymer network latexes via concentrated emulsion polymerization (1995)

Abstract Latexes of semiinterpenetrating polymer networks (SIPN) of polyurethane (PU) and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were prepared via the concentrated emulsion polymerization. In this procedure, a partially cross‐linked PU was first prepared in a low polarity solvent from the appropriate precursors. Subsequently, MMA and an initiator were introduced into the solution, and the solution was used as the dispersed phase of a concentrated emulsion in water. Finally, SIPN latexes were obtained via the polymerization of the concentrated emulsion. For comparison purposes, SIPN materials have been also prepared via bulk polymerization. The studies with differential scanning calorimetry and transmission electronic microscopy showed that partial interpenetration was achieved in the SIPN latexes. The tensile behavior and particle morphology of the SIPN materials were investigated by changing the proportion of PU, the molar ratio of NCO/OH, the theoretical cross‐link density, and the concentration of the initiator. The SIPN latexes prepared possess a high toughness. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
An Efficient Context Modeling Algorithm for Motion Vectors in CABAC (2007)

Context modeling algorithm for motion vectors presented in this paper is an improvement of the current one used in context-based adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC). In our algorithm for coding the vertical motion vector difference (MVD) components, we take advantage of the coded data of the horizontal MVD components as one of the references for context modeling. Moreover, we adopt different schemes according to the encoding partition sizes. For small block sizes, we only consider the correlation among the neighboring blocks. Whereas for large block sizes, we also employ the inter-correlation between the two MVD components in the current block to improve the probability estimation of symbols. These strategies enhance the accuracy of the context model selection in motion vector coding, thus elevate the efficiency of the context-based arithmetic coder. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm improves compression performance compared to the original CABAC scheme.
A System for Sialic Acid Transfer by Colominic Acid and a Sialidase that Preferentially Hydrolyzes Sialyl<i>α</i>-2,8 Linkages (1995)

A partially purified sialidase that preferentially hydrolyzes colominic acid, which is a homopolymer of N-Acetylneuraminic acid linked by α-2,8 linkages, was prepared from Bacteroides fragilis SBT3182. This enzyme had a Km of 0.63 mM for α-2,3-sialyllactose, 0.97 mM for α-2,6-sialyllactose, and 0.01 mM for colominic acid. Colominic acid was a good substrate of this enzyme. By using this kinetic property of the enzyme, we transferred sialic acid from colominic acid to lactose by the transferase activity of the sialidase. Both α-2,3-sialyllactose and α-2,6-sialyllactose were synthesized with a total yield of 0.14%. We also observed that the ratio of synthesized sialyllactose isomers changed with the reaction time while the yield was constant.
Symptoms of Acetaldehyde Injury on Head Lettuce1 (1980)

Abstract Acetaldehyde (Aa), a volatile produced in small quantities by plants, is a potential fumigant for killing the green peach aphid, Myzus periscae (Sulzer), on harvested head lettuce, ( Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata ). Concentrations of 3.0 to 6.0% Aa killed 100% of the green peach aphids on harvested head lettuce, but induced dark-green, water-soaked, necrotic areas on the outer leaves of the heads and occasionally caused a type of injury, similar to russet spotting, which we call tan flecking. Concentrations of 1.5 to 2.0% Aa, which killed all of the aphids, did not injure the lettuce.
Small RNA Silencing Pathways (2007)

RNA silencing pathways use small RNA guides to destroy a complementary mRNA, inhibit its translation, or reduce its rate of transcription. RNA silencing was first discovered by plant scientists in 1990 during an attempt to engineer transgenic petunias overexpressing enzymes that limit flower pigment production [1,2]. Remarkably, the introduction of transgenes expressing either of the flower pigmentation pathway enzymes chalcone synthase or dihydroflavonol-4-reductase failed to produce more intensely pigmented flowers. Instead, the transgenes repressed-that is, “silenced”— expression of both the endogenous and transgenic copies, causing partial or complete loss of flower pigmentation. The phenomenon was therefore dubbed “cosuppression” to reflect the coordinate silencing of the transgene and the endogenous gene.
Recognition of 3D textured objects by mixing view-based and model-based representations (2002)

A strategy combining advantages of view-based and model-based object recognition approaches has been developed. Textured 3D models are used to produce local appearances of object key-points. Correspondences between 3D points and local appearances are also established during this learning stage. The recognition consists first in matching these local appearances and those extracted from the image. A robust 3D pose estimation is then carried out, discarding spurious correspondences. This algorithm is computationally very efficient. It can analyse images including several objects and can also handle partial object occultations as well as important changes of brightness and contrast.
Multilevel coding in free-space optical MIMO transmission with Q-ary PPM over the atmospheric turbulence channel (2006)

We propose an efficient coded modulation scheme for multiple input/multiple output free-space optical systems with Q-ary pulse-position modulation. It is based on multilevel coding and low-density parity-check codes as component codes. The proposed scheme provides excellent coding gain in the regime of strong atmospheric turbulence.
Very High Force Hydraulic McKibben Artificial Muscle with a p-Phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole Cord Sleeve (2010)

Small and lightweight actuators that generate high force and high energy are strongly required for realizing powerful robots and tools. By applying ultra-high-strength p-phenylene-2,6-benzobisoxazole fiber sleeves to McKibben artificial muscles, new hydraulic artificial muscles have been developed. While conventional McKibben muscles are driven by a maximum pneumatic pressure of 0.7 MPa, the newly developed muscles are driven by a maximum water hydraulic of pressure of 4 MPa, resulting in very high force capability. This paper presents the materials and structure of the new artificial muscle and the experimental results. The developed muscles are evaluated by four parameters — force density per volume (FDV), force density per mass (FDM), energy density per volume (EDV) and energy density per mass (EDM) — for comparisons with other conventional linear actuators. The prototype artificial muscle, which is 40 mm in diameter and 700 mm in length, can achieve a maximum contracting force of 28 kN, FDV of 32.3 × 10–3 N/mm3, FDM of 9.44 × 103 N/kg, EDV of 2600 × 10–3 J/mm3 and EDM of 762 × 103 J/kg. These values are 1.7 to 33 times larger than those of the typical conventional actuators. As the result, a high force artificial muscle of 40 mm in diameter that generates 28-kN contracting force has been developed successfully.
DollarTarget - Optimize Trade-Off between Risk and Return in Well Planning and Drilling Operations (2008)

Abstract A new cross disciplinary workflow and methodology for optimizing the hydrocarbon recovery of a well with respect to well placement, positional uncertainties, the net present value and risk assessment is presented. The methodology has been applied in integrated operations by well planning teams to identify the optimal well design, and was used as a base for decisions during drilling operations. It is implemented in a new internal StatoilHydro software tool called DollarTarget. Focusing on a geological target of the well path, the methodology integrates geophysical and seismic pick uncertainty, uncertainty in the well trajectory and net present value variation in such a way that multiple drilling scenarios and different realizations of the reservoir model are considered when balancing risk and return of the planned well. Using the methodology in planning and operation for several wells in the Norwegian Sea, a pilot project concluded that the methodology improved cross-disciplinary collaboration within the well planning team. In addition the well planning teams reported that the net present value risk analysis lead to a significant increase in the expected net present value and adjustments of the well path for several wells in the project. Moreover, improved risk evaluation was reported as a result. Use of the methodology made the well planning groups able to evaluate the economical consequence of increasing the risk with the purpose of maximizing the hydrocarbon production. This required input from the entire well planning team. With 3D visualization of input data and results, the new software tool worked as a facilitator for discussions and common understanding. In this work application of the methodology in well planning and drilling operations for three wells in the Heidrun and Smørbukk fields in the Norwegian Sea is presented. The examples show the significant benefit and business value of using DollarTarget for net present value risk analyses, and support the conclusions from the pilot project. DollarTarget introduces an integrated operations workflow and methodology which has proven to be highly beneficial in well planning and drilling operations. The technology is currently being implemented in the well planning and drilling operation work processes in StatoilHydro.
Experimental Infection of NOD/SCID Mice Reconstituted with Human CD34 <sup>+</sup> Cells with Epstein-Barr Virus (2004)

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-induced lymphoproliferative disease is an important complication in the context of immune deficiency. Impaired T-cell immunity allows the outgrowth of transformed cells with the subsequent production of predominantly B-cell lymphomas. Currently there is no in vivo model that can adequately recapitulate EBV infection and its association with B-cell lymphomas. NOD/SCID mice engrafted with human CD34(+) cells and reconstituted mainly with human B lymphocytes may serve as a useful xenograft model to study EBV infection and pathogenesis. We therefore infected reconstituted mice with EBV. High levels of viral DNA were detected in the peripheral blood of all infected mice. All infected mice lost weight and showed decreased activity levels. Infected mice presented large visible tumors in multiple organs, most prominently in the spleen. These tumors stained positive for human CD79a, CD20, CD30, and EBV-encoded RNAs and were light chain restricted. Their characterization is consistent with that of large cell immunoblastic lymphoma. In addition, tumor cells expressed EBNA1, LMP1, and LMP2a mRNAs, which is consistent with a type II latency program. EBV(+) lymphoblastoid cell lines expressing human CD45, CD19, CD21, CD23, CD5, and CD30 were readily established from the bone marrow and spleens of infected animals. Finally, we also demonstrate that infection with an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-tagged virus can be monitored by the detection of infected EGFP(+) cells and EGFP(+) tumors. These data demonstrate that NOD/SCID mice that are reconstituted with human CD34(+) cells are susceptible to infection by EBV and accurately recapitulate important aspects of EBV pathogenesis.
Cdk1 and Okadaic Acid-sensitive Phosphatases Control Assembly of Nuclear Pore Complexes in<i>Drosophila</i>Embryos (2005)

Disassembly and reassembly of the nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) is one of the major events during open mitosis in higher eukaryotes. However, how this process is controlled by the mitotic machinery is not clear. To investigate this we developed a novel in vivo model system based on syncytial Drosophila embryos. We microinjected different mitotic effectors into the embryonic cytoplasm and monitored the dynamics of disassembly/reassembly of NPCs in live embryos using fluorescently labeled wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) or in fixed embryos using electron microscopy and immunostaining techniques. We found that in live embryos Cdk1 activity was necessary and sufficient to induce disassembly of NPCs as well as their cytoplasmic mimics: annulate lamellae pore complexes (ALPCs). Cdk1 activity was also required for keeping NPCs and ALPCs disassembled during mitosis. In agreement recombinant Cdk1/cyclin B was able to induce phosphorylation and dissociation of nucleoporins from the NPCs in vitro. Conversely, reassembly of NPCs and ALPCs was dependent on the activity of protein phosphatases, sensitive to okadaic acid (OA). Our findings suggest a model where mitotic disassembly/reassembly of the NPCs is regulated by a dynamic equilibrium of Cdk1 and OA-sensitive phosphatase activities and provide evidence that mitotic phosphorylation mediates disassembly of the NPC.
Intensely Fluorescent Azobenzenes: Synthesis, Crystal Structures, Effects of Substituents, and Application to Fluorescent Vital Stain (2010)

2-[Bis(pentafluorophenyl)boryl]azobenzenes bearing hydrogen, methoxy, dimethylamino, trifluoromethyl, fluoro, n-butyl, and tert-butyldimethylsiloxy groups at the 4'-position or methoxy and bromo groups at the 4-position have been synthesized. The 4-bromo group of the 2-boryl-4-bromoazobenzene derivative was converted to phenyl and diphenylamino groups by palladium-catalyzed reactions. The absorption and fluorescence properties have been investigated using UV/Vis and fluorescence spectroscopy. The 2-borylazobenzenes emitted an intense green, yellow, and orange fluorescence, in marked contrast to the usual azobenzene fluorescence. The 4'-siloxy derivative showed the highest fluorescence quantum yield (0.90) among those reported for azobenzenes to date. The correlation between the substituent and the fluorescence properties was elucidated by studying the effect of the substituent on the relaxation process and from DFT and TD-DFT calculations. An electron-donating group at the 4'-position was found to be important for an intense emission. Application of fluorescent azobenzenes as a fluorescent vital stain for the visualization of living tissues was also investigated by microinjection into Xenopus embryos, suggesting these compounds are nontoxic towards embryos.
Research Engine for Evaluating the Effects of Variable Compression Ratio (VCR) and/or Variable Valve Timing (VVT) (1991)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The design of a single-cylinder Otto-cycle test engine is described in which the timing of both intake- and exhaust valves, as well as the volume of the compression space can be independently varied within wide limits during operation.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The proposed engine is of all-welded construction and uses stock engine components where practical to minimize production cost. Valve opening and closing is by positive cam action (desmodromic) with a differential gearset providing the phase shift between these functions.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The upper portion of the engine, comprising the cylinder head and block, is connected to the crankcase through a hinge parallel with the crankshaft axis and a pre-loaded hydraulic actuator. This arrangement allows variations of the minimum distance between the top of the piston and the cylinder head without affecting the valve timing significantly.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">An oscillating counterweight, in line with, and 180 deg. out-of-phase with the piston, eliminates vibration due to first and second order inertia forces, thus allowing the 0.72 liter displacement engine to be run at high speeds without requiring a heavy test bed foundation.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">A simplified form of the valve mechanism, offering a reduced range of adjustment, as well as the “hinged-block” construction which enables VCR, are readily incorporated in production-type engines.</div>
Expression and functional analysis of the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (<i>ALK</i>) gene in tumor cell lines (2002)

The initial identification of the ALK gene, expressed as C-terminal part of the transforming fusion protein NPM-ALK in the t(2;5)(p23;q35) lymphoma-associated chromosomal translocation, revealed a novel receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK). In order to expand the knowledge on ALK expression in the human system, we examined a panel of human cell lines for ALK expression and found that transcription is completely repressed in cell lines of entodermal origin (0/21). Furthermore, full length receptor expression is absent in cell lines of the hematopoietic system with the exception of t(2;5)-associated anaplastic large cell lymphomas lines (ALCL), which are known to express chimeric NPM-ALK mRNA. Cell lines established from solid tumors of ectodermal origin, including melanoma and breast carcinoma, exhibited widespread mRNA expression of the ALK receptor at a broad range (53/64), an association which was found to be strongest in cell lines derived from neuroblastoma (6/6), glioblastoma (8/8) as well as in cell lines established from Ewing sarcoma (4/4) and retinoblastomas (2/2). Because of the reported involvement of neutrophin tyrosine kinase receptors in autocrine differentiation in neuroblastomas, we analyzed cell lines positive for full length or chimeric ALK protein for the presence of phoshotyrosine residues within the intracellular region of ALK. While the constitutive activation of chimeric NPM-ALK molecules could be shown, no evidence was found for induced or constitutively activated ALK receptors in neuroblastoma, melanoma or breast carcinoma cell lines. Although the receptor could be shown to be consistently expressed with exclusive specificity in tissues developed from the ectoderm, our results do not support any involvement of ALK in the stimulation of tumorigenic cell growth or differentiation so far, indicating that ALK expression is a physiologic rather than a pathologic phenomenon.
The Small Business Investment Act of 1958 (1959)

It is also sometimes referred to as the "Macmillan Gap," after the present Prime Minister of England who pointed out the same problem in regard to British Industry some years ago.Senate Hearings 54.[Vol.47The chrartering process SBI companies will normally be incorporated under state law, 2 2 but SBA may grant federal charters in particular states where it determines that state chartered 0 Senate Hearings 55.1 0