gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantification of the absorption of nutrients derived from carbohydrate assimilation: model experiment with catheterised pigs fed on wheat- or oat-based rolls (2000)

The main purpose of this study was to quantify the absorption of nutrients derived from carbohydrate assimilation in a model experiment with catheterised pigs. A low-fibre (LF) diet based on wheat flour and two high-fibre diets with added insoluble fibre from wheat bran (HFWB) or soluble fibre from oat bran (HFOB) were used. The diets were offered as baked rolls to three catheterised pigs in a 3 x 3 Latin square design. The pigs were surgically fitted with catheters placed in the portal vein and mesenteric artery and with an ultrasonic flow probe attached to the portal vein to monitor the blood-flow rate. The pigs were fed the diets three times daily and portal and arterial blood samples collected twice weekly up to 8 h after the morning feeding. Glucose, insulin, lactic acid (LA) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) were determined on the samples. The baseline level of glucose in the portal vein was about 6 mmol/l increasing to 10-11 mmol/l 20-30 min post-feeding with no difference among the different diets. Portal and arterial insulin mirrored portal glucose concentration and was also unaffected by the dietary composition. The net absorption of glucose (per 24 h) was: diet LF 4190 mmol; diet HFWB 3050 mmol and diet HFOB 3190 mmol corresponding to a recovery of 0.76-0.92 of ingested starch. The levels of LA and SCFA in the portal vein were relatively constant in the postprandial period. The net absorption of LA and SCFA was in the same order (749 and 720 mmol/d respectively) with diet LF, while LA was lower (384 and 582 mmol/d) and SCFA higher (738 to 891 mmol/d) when feeding the two high-fibre diets. There was a higher molar proportion of butyrate in the portal vein after feeding the high-fibre diet supplemented with oat bran as compared with the wheat-based diets.
Crystal oscillators' jitter measurements and its estimation of phase noise (2004)

It is shown that common method of jitter variance estimating by integrating phase fluctuations spectrum is not correct for sampling oscilloscope jitter measurements have been performed with synchronization to the measured signal. It is obtained that oscillators phase noise transformation depends on the sampling oscilloscope implementation and has many options have not been investigated deep enough. The inconsistence between the phase noise transformation and measurement results interpretation lead to errors in the measurements and specifications of crystal oscillators and other high stability sources, decrease the accuracy and stability of GPS, radar-systems, telemetry systems, etc. It is shown below that jitter variance should be estimated by integrating the spectrum of the frequency fluctuations, but not the spectrum of the phase fluctuations. It is obtained that jitter characterizes the high frequency part of the phase noise spectrum. The results obtained open the way of the phase noise evaluation from jitter measurements at frequency range up to 50 GHz and higher. The new relations between jitter measurements and phase noise are established for different types of oscilloscope synchronization measurements (transition jitter, period jitter, half-period jitter, etc.). It is obtained that famous way calculations jitter thorough Allan variance characterizes the circle-to-circle jitter. The methodology for jitter specification and characterization is discussed.
Intracellular Tat of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Activates Lytic Cycle Replication of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus: Role of JAK/STAT Signaling (2006)

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection significantly increases the risk of Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) occurrence in individuals infected with Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). KSHV infection appears to be necessary but not sufficient for KS development without other cofactors. However, factors that facilitate KSHV to cause KS have not been well defined. Previously, we determined that human herpesvirus 6 was one of the cofactors that activated lytic cycle replication of KSHV. Here, we demonstrate that the Tat protein of HIV-1 is a potentially important factor in the pathogenesis of KS, as determined by production of lytic phase mRNA transcripts and viral proteins in BCBL-1 cells. Mechanistic studies showed ectopic expression of Tat induced the production of human interleukin-6 (huIL-6) and its receptor (huIL-6Ra) and activated STAT3 signaling. Neutralization of huIL-6 or huIL-6R or inhibition of STAT3 signaling enhanced the replication. In addition, IL-4/STAT6 signaling also partially contributed to Tat-induced KSHV replication. These findings suggest that Tat may participate in KS pathogenesis by inducing KSHV replication and increasing KSHV viral load. These data also suggest that JAK/STAT signaling may be of therapeutic value in AIDS-related KS patients.
Genetic Algorithm-Based Wavelength Selection for the Near-Infrared Determination of Glucose in Biological Matrixes:  Initialization Strategies and Effects of Spectral Resolution (1998)

An improved genetic algorithm (GA)-based wavelength selection procedure is developed to optimize both the near-infrared wavelengths used and the number of latent variables employed in building partial least-squares (PLS) calibration models. This GA-based wavelength selection algorithm is applied to the determination of glucose in two different biological matrixes. With random selection of a small number of initial wavelengths, a dramatic reduction in the number of wavelengths required for building the PLS calibration models is observed. The fitness function used to guide the GA, the method of recombination used, and the effect of spectral resolution on the wavelength selection are also studied. In the resolution study, the original data with a point spacing of 2 cm-1 are deresolved to 4-, 8-, and 16-cm-1 point spacings by truncating the collected interferograms before applying the Fourier processing step. The use of lower resolution spectra is found to reduce further the number of final wavelengths selected by the GA, and the performance of the optimal calibration models obtained with the original spectra is maintained with the lower resolution spectra of both 4- and 8-cm-1 point spacing. Degradation in performance is observed with the spectra computed with a point spacing of 16 cm-1, however.
A Task-Specific Approach to Dynamic Device Power Management for Embedded System (2006)

One of the major challenges of dynamic device power management lies in the uncertain length of the idle periods of devices. In this paper, we focus on the problem of the accuracy of prediction when tasks change their request modes, leading the change of the device idle periods. We notice that there are some reasons causing the change of the idle periods. In order to capture these reasons, we first establish a two-level power management mechanism in the operating system. Then we provide a task-specific approach, which is based on the relationship between tasks and devices and takes dynamic weight of predictive value and actual value. Experiments show that our approach could save more than 40% power consumption and was more efficient and accurate than previous predictive policies.
CORRELATION OF EXPERIMENTAL STRUCTURAL AND 11B NMR DATA TO CALCULATIONAL RESULTS FOR THE [2-CH3CN-B10H9]- ION (1996)

Article CORRELATION OF EXPERIMENTAL STRUCTURAL AND 11B NMR DATA TO CALCULATIONAL RESULTS FOR THE [2-CH3CN-B10H9]- ION was published on January 1, 1996 in the journal Main Group Metal Chemistry (volume 19, issue 1).
Current management of treatment-induced bone loss in women with breast cancer treated in the United Kingdom (2005)

New therapeutic options in breast cancer have improved survival but consequently increase the relevance of late complications. Ovarian suppression/ablation and aromatase inhibitors (AI) in the adjuvant setting have improved outcome, but have clinically important adverse effects on bone health. However, investigation and management of cancer treatment-induced bone loss (CTIBL) is poorly defined with no national guidance. In 2004, a questionnaire was sent to over 500 breast surgeons and oncologists who treat breast cancer within the United Kingdom. The questionnaire evaluated access to bone densitometry and specialist expertise as well as attitudes to investigation of CTIBL and anticipated changes in the use of AI for postmenopausal early breast cancer. A total of 354 completed questionnaires were received, 47 from clinicians not currently treating breast cancer. Of the 307 evaluable questionnaires, 164 (53%) were from breast surgeons, 112 (36%) from clinical oncologists and 31 (10%) from medical oncologists. Although most respondents recognised that CTIBL was the responsibility of the treating breast team, investigations for CTIBL are limited even though most had adequate access to bone densitometry; 98 (32%) had not requested a DXA scan in the last 6 months and 224 (73%) had requested fewer than five scans. In all, 235 (76%) were not routinely investigating patients on AI for bone loss. A total of 277 (90%) felt that their practice would benefit from national guidelines to manage these patients, and the majority (59%) had little or no confidence in interpreting DXA results and advising on treatment. This questionnaire has highlighted clear deficiencies in management of CTIBL in early breast cancer. The development of national guidelines for the management of these patients and educational initiatives for breast teams are urgently required.
A Survey of Selected Indoor Positioning Methods for Smartphones (2016)

This paper provides an overview of the most significant existing methods for indoor positioning on a contemporary smartphone. The approaches include Wi-Fi and Bluetooth based positioning, magnetic field fingerprinting, map aided navigation using building floor plans, and aiding from self-contained sensors. Wi-Fi and Bluetooth based positioning methods considered in this survey are fingerprint approaches that determine a user's position using a database of radio signal strength measurements that were collected earlier at known locations. Magnetic field fingerprinting can be used in an information fusion algorithm to improve positioning. The map-matching algorithms include application of wall constraints, topological indoor maps, and building geometry for heading correction. Finally, methods for step counting, step length and direction estimation, orientation tracking, motion classification, transit mode detection, and floor change detection in multi-storey buildings are discussed.
Three-Compton telescope: theory, simulations, and performance (2002)

The advent of highly segmented gamma-ray detectors with good energy resolution has made a new class of gamma-ray detectors possible. These instruments record the positions and energies of each individual gamma-ray interaction with high precision. Analysis of the individual interactions can provide energy and directional information, even for events with only partial energy deposition. Advantages over traditional gamma-ray detectors include enhanced efficiency, background rejection, gamma-ray imaging, and sensitivity to polarization. Consider those gamma-rays that interact three or more times in the detector. The energy of the gamma-ray that initiated one of these events is uniquely determined by measuring the energies of the first two interactions and the scatter angle of the second interaction. The precision of this measurement is limited by the energy and position resolution of the detector, but also from Doppler broadening that results from gamma-ray scattering off-bound electrons in the detector. It is also essential to correctly sequence the first three interactions. The importance of Doppler broadening is greater in higher Z-materials, thus silicon becomes a good choice for the detector material. We discuss performance and simulations of the multiple Compton telescope. Possible applications include an advanced Compton telescope (ACT) for astrophysics, a medical multiple-gamma detector high-energy imaging survey instrument, and a gamma-ray tracking detector for future low-energy nuclear physics experiments.
Ty21a Live Oral Typhoid Vaccine and Prevention of Paratyphoid Fever Caused by Salmonella enterica Serovar Paratyphi B (2007)

In randomized, controlled field trials in Area Norte and Area Occidente of Santiago, Chile, 2 (Norte) or 3 (Occidente) doses of live oral typhoid vaccine Ty21a in enteric-coated capsules conferred protection against confirmed Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi disease (53% efficacy in Norte; 67% efficacy in Occidente) during 3 years of follow-up. There was also a trend in each trial showing protection against S. enterica serovar Paratyphi B disease (56% efficacy in Norte; 42% efficacy in Occidente). To enhance statistical power, an analysis was performed using pooled data from the 2 trials; this pooling of data was justified by the following facts: epidemiologic surveillance and microbiological methods were identical, the trials overlapped during 22 of the 36 months of follow-up in each trial, the estimates of efficacy against paratyphoid B fever in the 2 trials were roughly similar, and the ratio of follow-up of vaccine recipients to control subjects in both trials was ∼1 : 1. In the pooled analysis, Ty21a conferred significant protection against paratyphoid B fever (efficacy, 49%; 95% confidence interval, 8%–73%; P = .019).
Electronically Matching C−H Alkylation Strategies for the Synthesis of α‐Heteroaryl Acetic Acid Derivatives (2015)

Abstract A strategy in which complementary species are paired for the preparation of α‐heteroaryl esters and amides from heteroarenes was developed. Readily available α‐haloacetates and α‐acetamides provided the requisite acetate and acetamide groups via three distinctive reactive species, namely nucleophilic carbanions, alkylpalladium complexes, and photoredox‐generated electrophilic radicals. Based on their electronic properties, these intermediates were matched with various five‐membered heteroarenes, such as pyrazoles, imidazoles, thiophenes, furans, pyrroles, and indoles. These flexible protocols offer easy access to α‐heteroaryl acetic acid derivatives and expand the scope of heteroarenes that can be utilized for C−H alkylation.
Energy Efficient Multi-Object Tracking in Sensor Networks (2010)

The problem of tracking multiple objects moving through a network of wireless sensors is studied. It is assumed that each sensor has a limited range for detecting the presence of the object, and that the network is sufficiently dense so that the sensors cover the area of interest. In order to conserve energy the sensors may be put into a sleep mode with a timer that determines the sleep duration. It is assumed that a sensor that is asleep cannot be communicated with or woken up, and hence the sleep duration needs to be determined at the time the sensor goes to sleep based on all the information available to the sensor. The objective is to track the location of the objects to within the accuracy of the range of the sensor. Having sleeping sensors in the network could result in tracking errors, and therefore there is a tradeoff between the energy savings and the tracking errors that result from the sleeping actions at the sensors. Sleeping policies that optimize this tradeoff are designed, and their performance analyzed. This work is an extension of previous work that considered the tracking of only a single object.
Use Case Driven Object Modeling with UMLTheory and Practice (2008)

Use Case Driven Object Modeling with UML: Theory and Practice shows how to drive an object-oriented software design from use case all the way through coding and testing, based on the minimalist, UML-based ICONIX process. In addition to a comprehensive explanation of the foundations of the approach, the book makes extensive use of examples and provides exercises at the back of each chapter. This book leads by example. It demonstrates common analysis and design errors, shows how to detect and fix them, and suggests how to avoid making the same errors in the future. The book also encourages you to examine its UML examples and to search for specific errors. You'll get clues, then later receive the answers during review sessions toward the end of the book.
Creatine kinase in serum: 5. Effect of thiols on isoenzyme activity during storage at various temperatures. (1978)

We studied changes in the activity of human creatine kinase isoenzymes (native MM in serum, MM, MB, and BB preparations in serum matrix) on storage in the presence of 0, 10, 20, and 50 mmol of N-acetyl cysteine, 2-mercaptoethanol, and 1-thioglycerol per liter of serum at 37, 30, 25, 4, and -20 degrees C. We also assessed the stability of the thiols under the same conditions. We generally confirmed increasing stability in the sequence: BB, MB, and MM isoenzyme. Above 30 degrees C irreversible inactivation is very rapid, even in the presence of thiols. At lower temperatures endogenous MM is sufficiently stable; thus, the use of protective thiols can be restricted to sera expected to contain isoenzymes MB or BB. Our studies lead us to prefer use of 50 mmol of N-acetyl cysteine per liter of serum. The other thiols cause turbidity to develop earlier and their decomposittion products diminish the activity more. The initial activity of the MB and BB preparations increased by as much as 2.3- and 1.8-fold on storage with thiols. This effect was not observed with either endogenous MB and MM or with the MM prepartion.
Narrowcasting: Implementation of Privacy Control in SIP Conferencing (2007)

In traditional conferencing systems, participants' voices might by default be shared with all others. However a VOIP user might want to select a subset of session members to selectively exchange media streams. In this article, we describe an implementation of narrowcasting, a model for limiting such information streams in a multimedia conferences, as a class of policies, prototyping a system using existing standard Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) methods for controlling fine-grained narrowcasting sessions.
Actin Involvement in Exocytosis from PC12 Cells: Studies on the Influence of Botulinum C2 Toxin on Stimulated Noradrenaline Release (1989)

Botulinum C2 toxin is known to ADP-ribosylate actin. The toxin effect was studied on [3H]noradrenaline secretion of PC12 cells. [3H]Noradrenaline release was stimulated five- to 15-fold by carbachol (100 microM) or K+ (50 mM) and 10-30-fold by the ionophore A23187 (5 microM). Pretreatment of PC12 cells with botulinum C2 toxin for 4-8 h at 20 degrees C, increased carbachol-, K+-, and A23187-induced, but not basal, [3H]noradrenaline release maximally 1.5-to three-fold, whereas approximately 75% of the cellular actin pool was ADP-ribosylated. Treatment of PC12 cells with botulinum C2 toxin for up to 1 h at 37 degrees C also increased stimulated [3H]noradrenaline secretion, whereas toxin treatment for greater than 1 h decreased the enhanced [3H]noradrenaline release stimulated by carbachol and K+ but not by A23187. Concomitantly with toxin-induced stimulation of secretion, 20-50% of the cellular actin was ADP-ribosylated, whereas greater than 60% of actin was modified when exocytosis was attenuated. The data indicate that ADP-ribosylation of actin by botulinum C2 toxin largely modulates stimulation of [3H]noradrenaline release. Moreover, the biphasic toxin effects suggest that distinct mechanisms are involved in the role of actin in secretion.
Reconstructions from Restricted Region Scan Data - New Means to Reduce the Patient Dose (1979)

The quality of pictures which are generated by X-ray scanners is limited essentially by the inter-dependence of patient dose, contrast and spatial resolution. When the collection of scan data is restricted to a region of medical interest, the skin dose can be reduced or the resolution can be improved. Two methods are presented which produce excellent pictures of the region from restricted scan data to be collected by a rotation-only scanner. The first method, SVIS, makes use of additional data outside the region, which are scanned at an X-ray intensity which is reduced by means of an absorber in front of the X-ray tube. The second method, SRACS, requires no X-ray data outside the region and replaces the missing data by artificial data which are calculated from the slice outline. This is determined by optical means. Pictures are shown which are reconstructed from true scan data of a body slice, where the data restriction is simulated on a computer and the Convolution method is used as the reconstruction technique.
Exogenous Molecular Probes for Targeted Imaging in Cancer: Focus on Multi-modal Imaging (2010)

Cancer is one of the major causes of mortality and morbidity in our health care system. Molecular imaging is an emerging methodology for the early detection of cancer, and the development of exogenous molecular probes that can be labeled for multi-modality imaging is critical to this process. Today, molecular imaging is at crossroad, and new targeted imaging agents are expected to broadly expand our ability to detect pre-malignant lesions. This integrated imaging strategy will permit clinicians to not only localize lesions within the body, but also to visualize the expression and activity of specific molecules. This information is expected to have a major impact on diagnosis, therapy, drug development and understanding of basic cancer biology. At this time, a number of molecular probes have been developed by conjugating various labels to affinity ligands for targeting in different imaging modalities. This review will describe the current status of exogenous molecular probes for optical, nuclear and MRI imaging platforms. Furthermore, we will also shed light on how these techniques can be used synergistically in multi-modal platforms and how these techniques are being employed in current research.
Simplified Field Preservation of Tissues for Subsequent DNA Analyses* (2011)

Abstract: Successful DNA-based identification of mass disaster victims depends on acquiring tissues that are not highly degraded. In this study, multiple protocols for field preservation of tissues for later DNA analysis were tested. Skin and muscle samples were collected from decaying pig carcasses. Tissues were preserved using cold storage, desiccation, or room temperature storage in preservative solutions for up to 6 months. DNA quality was assessed through amplification of successively larger segments of nuclear DNA. Solution-based storage, including a DMSO/NaCl/EDTA mixture, alcohols, and RNAlater preserved DNA of the highest quality, refrigeration was intermediate, and desiccation was least effective. Tissue type and extent of decomposition significantly affected stored DNA quality. Overall, the results indicate that any tissue preservation attempt is far superior to delaying or forgoing preservation efforts, and that simple, inexpensive methods can be highly effective in preserving DNA, thus should be initiated as quickly as possible.
Hierarchical Subgroup Power and Modulation Coding Adaptation - A New Frequency-Space Link Adaptation Scheme in MIMO-OFDM Eigenmode Adaptive Transmission System - (2005)

The MIMO-OFDM eigenmode adaptive transmission system (EMATS) is considered as one of the candidates for future high speed wireless communication networks. The system performance is evaluated for frequency-space domain power and modulation coding adaptation schemes on the MIMO-OFDM EMATS based on IEEE 802.11a, and a throughput of about 400 Mbps at SNR of 40 dB is achieved. Furthermore, we propose a hierarchical subgroup adaptation (HSA) algorithm which can drastically reduce the amount of overhead signaling and computational complexity with minimal performance loss. The efficiency of the proposed algorithm is validated by computer simulation under the condition of IEEE 802.11n channel models.