gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Professional Ethics of Individualism and Tragedy in Martin Arrowsmith's Expedition to St. Hubert, The (1989)

Sinclair Lewis (1885-1951) was a resolute critic of pretension in American business and in the professions. His only hero story is the story of a physician and research scientist, Arrowsmith (1925).' It is a story that puts up for examination Lewis's prescription for a moral life in the professions in America and, beyond that, it shows what professional life is like. I want to argue here that (1) although the story is useful for lawyers and for legal ethics, Lewis's principal moral prescription, a brief for individualism in professional life, is incoherent. The ethic of individualism, as Lewis grounds it, depends on an anthropology that is not a truthful description of our situation. Lewis's ethic is an argument for individualism as a virtue that rests on this untruthful anthropology, and is therefore incoherent in its description of reality and in its consequent failure to indicate the difference between a good life and an evil life. But then I want to argue (2) that the story of Dr. Arrowsmith's struggle with plague on the island of St. Hubert, which is the heart of the novel, is valuable for ethics in the professions: It shows that life in the professions is tragic, tragic because it is limited. We doctors, lawyers, teachers, and ministers want to help, but—even in moral struggle, and even at our best—we cannot help enough. We are limited, and we find, when we look closely at our limits, that it is our ideals that limit us. Our traditions of helpfulness become obstacles to our being helpful. "It takes a long time before a man gets to understand what his duty is," as Martin Buber's Yehudi put it. "It is the duties that prevent him from doing so." Arrowsmith is, then, useful for the professions, despite Lewis's failure to make a persuasive case for the virtue of individualism.
O modelo GLOBULUS 2.1 (2014)

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Immunization with antigen bound to bispecific antibody induces antibody that is restricted in epitope specificity and contains antiidiotype (1992)

Mice can be efficiently immunized in the absence of adjuvant using chemically cross-linked bispecific antibody (biAb) that bind to both class II MHC molecules and a protein Ag of interest. In our experiments, mice were immunized with the protein Ag hen egg lysozyme (HEL) bound to several different biAb, each of which contained a different mAb specific for a distinct (nonoverlapping) epitope of HEL. Primary and secondary serum antibody responses of the immunized mice were analyzed for their specificity for different epitopes of HEL. The results show that immunization with each HEL-biAb complex produced a bias in the epitope specificity of the primary antibody response. This bias was determined by the individual specificity of the anti-HEL mAb used in each biAb. The primary response was dominated by antibody reacting with epitopes distinct from that bound by the mAb in the immunizing complex, and was deficient in antibody that recognized the epitope bound by the biAb during immunization. This bias in antibody specificity was maintained during the secondary antibody response that followed a single challenge with soluble HEL alone. However, an additional challenge with HEL induced a switch in the specificity pattern, with increased amounts of antibody against the epitope that was previously ignored. In addition, immunization with Ag bound to biAb resulted in a substantial primary anti-Id response, detected by serum antibody specific only for the Fab'2 fragment of the mAb used in the biAb. These studies illustrate two unique features of immunization using biAb that allow for fine manipulation of the epitope specificity and anti-Id repertoires of the antibody response to whole protein Ag.
Up-regulation of Nuclear and Mitochondrial Genes in the Skeletal Muscle of Mice Lacking the Heart/Muscle Isoform of the Adenine Nucleotide Translocator (1999)

Mice deficient in the heart/muscle specific isoform of the adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT1) exhibit many of the hallmarks of human oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) disease, including a dramatic proliferation of skeletal muscle mitochondria. Because many of the genes necessary for mitochondrial biosynthesis, OXPHOS function, and response to OXPHOS disease might be expected to be up-regulated in the Ant1(-/-) mouse, we used differential display reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction techniques in an effort to identify these genes. 17 genes were identified as up-regulated in Ant1-deficient mice, and they fall into four categories: 1) nuclear and mitochondrial genes encoding OXPHOS components, 2) mitochondrial tRNA and rRNA genes, 3) genes involved in intermediary metabolism, and 4) an eclectic group of other genes. Among the latter genes, we identified the gene encoding anti-apoptotic Mcl-1, the Skd3 gene, and the WS-3 gene, which were previously unknown to be related to mitochondrial function. These results indicate that identification of genes up-regulated in the skeletal muscle of the Ant1-deficient mouse provides a novel method for identifying mammalian genes required for mitochondrial biogenesis.
The pathogenesis of bacterial keratitis: studies with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2002)

Bacterial keratitis is a sight-threatening corneal disease that is most commonly associated with the extended wear of soft contact lenses. Over the past decade, we have investigated the pathogenesis of infectious keratitis involving the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Our research has focused on understanding the respective roles of bacteria and host in the establishment of this infection. Here, we provide a current perspective on P. aeruginosa keratitis, reviewing some of the research developments that have helped shape our views on the mechanisms by which pathogen and host response cause corneal disease. P. aeruginosa may provide a model for the pathogenesis of bacterial keratitis and help further elucidate the complex array of host factors that normally protect the cornea from infectious agents.
The use of oscillatory signals in the study of genetic networks (2005)

The structure of a genetic network is uncovered by studying its response to external stimuli (input signals). We present a theory of propagation of an input signal through a linear stochastic genetic network. We found that there are important advantages in using oscillatory signals over step or impulse signals and that the system may enter into a pure fluctuation resonance for a specific input frequency.
Process flow of spray pyrolysis technique (2013)

The chemical spray pyrolysis technique (SPT) has been, throughout last 3 decades, one amongst the most important techniques to deposit a large type of materials in thin film kind.The prime requisite for getting sensible quality thin film is that the optimization of propaedeutic conditions viz.substrate temperature, spray rate, concentration of solution etc.However, in recent years a stress has been given to a range of atomization techniques like supersonic nebulisation, improved spray reaction, corona spray transformation, electricity spray transformation and microchip primarily based spray transformation.This is often the foremost crucial parameter because it permits management over the scale of the droplets and their distribution over the preheated substrates.An intensive review of thin film materials ready throughout the last ten years is given to demonstrate the flexibility of the chemical SPT. the assorted conditions to get thin films of metal compound, metallic mineral oxides, binary, ternary and quaternary chalcogenides and superconducting oxides are given.The consequences of precursor, dopants, substrate temperature, post tempering treatments, answer concentration etc., on the physico-chemical properties of those films are given likewise.It's discovered that the properties of thin films rely significantly on the propaedeutic conditions.The properties of the thin film will be simply tailored by adjusting or optimizing these conditions that successively are appropriate for a specific application.
Evaluation of Alternative Litter Materials for Poultry (1996)

Three studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of alternative litter materials on cockerel performance and litter quality. Soft wheat straw (whole or ground), rice straw (ground), sawdust, wood shavings, and rice hulls were tested as a sole layer and in various combinations. The type of litter used did not affect bird performance, water consumption, or the incidence of leg abnormalities or defects. The effects on litter moisture content, pH, temperature, overall cleanliness scores, and ammonia nitrogen were not consistent. Straw-based litters had the highest moisture contents, pH values, and temperatures and were attributed the lowest quality scores. This study indicates that the alternative materials rice straw, sawdust, wood shavings, and rice hulls solely or in combination can successfully be used as poultry litter without apparent adverse effects on bird performance or overall litter quality.
High-Resolution Analysis of Ethanol-Induced Locomotor Stimulation in<i>Drosophila</i> (2002)

Understanding how ethanol influences behavior is key to deciphering the mechanisms of ethanol action and alcoholism. In mammals, low doses of ethanol stimulate locomotion, whereas high doses depress it. The acute stimulant effect of ethanol has been proposed to be a manifestation of its rewarding effects. In Drosophila, ethanol exposure transiently potentiates locomotor activity in a biphasic dose- and time-dependent manner. An initial short-lived peak of activity corresponds to an olfactory response to ethanol. A second, longer-lasting period of increased activity coincides with rising internal ethanol concentrations; these closely parallel concentrations that stimulate locomotion in mammals. High-resolution analysis of the walking pattern of individual flies revealed that locomotion consists of bouts of activity; bout structure can be quantified by bout frequency, bout length, and the time spent walking at high speeds. Ethanol exposure induces both dramatic and dynamic changes in bout structure. Mutants with increased ethanol sensitivity show distinct changes in ethanol-induced locomotor behavior, as well as genotype-specific changes in activity bout structure. Thus, the overall effect of ethanol on locomotor behavior in Drosophila is caused by changes in discrete quantifiable parameters of walking pattern. The effects of ethanol on locomotion are comparable in flies and mammals, suggesting that Drosophila is a suitable model system to study the underlying mechanisms.
Multi-gigabit/s underwater optical communication link using orbital angular momentum multiplexing (2016)

In this work we experimentally demonstrated an underwater wireless optical communications (UWOC) link over a 2.96 m distance with two 445-nm fiber-pigtailed laser diodes employing Orbital Angular Momentum (OAM) to allow for spatial multiplexing. Using an on-off keying, non-return-to-zero (OOK-NRZ) modulation scheme, a data rate of 3 Gbit/s was achieved in water with an attenuation coefficient of 0.4128 m<sup>-1</sup> at an average bit error rate (BER) of 2.073 × 10<sup>-4</sup>, well beneath the forward error correction (FEC) threshold.
Look at That Trust Deed (2009)

The need for lawyers to scrutinise the trust deed when their client has a dealing with the trust is emphasised. It is essential to know the vesting date of the trust, after which stamp duty and capital gains tax for the assets may have to be paid.
Scaling analysis of diffusion-mediated island growth in surface adsorption processes (1992)

We examine the competition between diffusion-mediated irreversible nucleation and growth of islands during submonolayer deposition on perfect substrates. We provide a detailed scaling theory for the complete distribution of island sizes and separations, both with the ratio of diffusion to deposition rate and with time. Scaling functions and exponents are obtained by simulation. The leading scaling behavior is independent of details of the island structure. These results are supplemented by an analysis of rate equations for the island-size distribution whose unconventional form appropriately describes island nucleation and growth mechanisms. The exponents agree with the simulations and the island-size distribution shows qualitative agreement. We further provide simulation results for the scaling of the island-separation distribution, quantifying, in particular, the depletion in the concentration of pairs of islands at small separations.
Space-Variant Single-Image Blind Deconvolution for Removing Camera Shake (2010)

Modelling camera shake as a space-invariant convolution simplifies the problem of removing camera shake, but often insufficiently models actual motion blur such\nas those due to camera rotation and movements outside the sensor plane or when objects in the scene have different distances to the camera. In an effort to address\nthese limitations, (i) we introduce a taxonomy of camera shakes, (ii) we build on a recently introduced framework for space-variant filtering by Hirsch et al. and a fast\nalgorithm for single image blind deconvolution for space-invariant filters by Cho and Lee to construct a method for blind deconvolution in the case of space-variant\nblur, and (iii), we present an experimental setup for evaluation that allows us to take images with real camera shake while at the same time recording the spacevariant\npoint spread function corresponding to that blur. Finally, we demonstrate that our method is able to deblur images degraded by spatially-varying blur originating\nfrom real camera shake, even without using additionally motion sensor information.
Direct-Current Induced Dynamics in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">o</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mn>90</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">F</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">e</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mn>10</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo>/</mml:mo><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">N</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">i</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mn>80</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">F</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">e</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mn>20</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>Point Contacts (2004)

We have directly measured coherent high-frequency magnetization dynamics in ferromagnetic films induced by a spin-polarized dc current. The precession frequency can be tuned over a range of several gigahertz by varying the applied current. The frequencies of excitation also vary with applied field, resulting in a microwave oscillator that can be tuned from below 5 to above 40 GHz. This novel method of inducing high-frequency dynamics yields oscillations having quality factors from 200 to 800. We compare our results with those from single-domain simulations of current-induced dynamics.
High‐resolution MRI encoding using radiofrequency phase gradients (2013)

Although MRI offers highly diagnostic medical imagery, patient access to this modality worldwide is very limited when compared with X-ray or ultrasound. One reason for this is the expense and complexity of the equipment used to generate the switched magnetic fields necessary for MRI encoding. These field gradients are also responsible for intense acoustic noise and have the potential to induce nerve stimulation. We present results with a new MRI encoding principle which operates entirely without the use of conventional B0 field gradients. This new approach--'Transmit Array Spatial Encoding' (TRASE)--uses only the resonant radiofrequency (RF) field to produce Fourier spatial encoding equivalent to conventional MRI. k-space traversal (image encoding) is achieved by spin refocusing with phase gradient transmit fields in spin echo trains. A transmit coil array, driven by just a single transmitter channel, was constructed to produce four phase gradient fields, which allows the encoding of two orthogonal spatial axes. High-resolution two-dimensional-encoded in vivo MR images of hand and wrist were obtained at 0.2 T. TRASE exploits RF field phase gradients, and offers the possibility of very low-cost diagnostics and novel experiments exploiting unique capabilities, such as imaging without disturbance of the main B0 magnetic field. Lower field imaging (<1 T) and micro-imaging are favorable application domains as, in both cases, it is technically easier to achieve the short RF pulses desirable for long echo trains, and also to limit RF power deposition. As TRASE is simply an alternative mechanism (and technology) of moving through k space, there are many close analogies between it and conventional B0 -encoded techniques. TRASE is compatible with both B0 gradient encoding and parallel imaging, and so hybrid sequences containing all three spatial encoding approaches are possible.
Cracking Proteoform Complexity of Ovalbumin with Anion-Exchange Chromatography–High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry under Native Conditions (2019)

Posttranslational modifications of proteins play fundamental roles in protein function in health and disease. More than 600 different types of posttranslational modifications are known, many of them being of extremely low abundance, causing subtle changes in physicochemical properties and posing an extreme challenge to analytical methods required for their characterization. Here, we report the development of a novel pH gradient-based anion-exchange chromatography method, which can be directly interfaced to Orbitrap-based mass spectrometry for the comprehensive characterization of proteoforms at the intact protein level under native conditions. The analysis of four different proteins demonstrates outstanding chromatographic selectivity, while the mass spectra obtained are of excellent quality enabling the identification of proteoforms, including near isobaric variants, spanning 4 orders of magnitude in abundance. An in-depth analysis of ovalbumin from chicken egg white yields the identification and relative quantification of more than 150 different proteoforms, including fragmented and dimeric forms. More than 20 different ovalbumin charge variants together with their glycoform distributions are identified and quantified, many of which have not been reported previously.
Perceived Level of Late Reverberation in Speech and Music (2011)

This paper presents experimental investigations on the perceived level of running reverberation in various types of monophonic audio signals. The design and results of three listening tests are discussed. The tests focus on the influence of the input material, the direct-to-reverberation ratio, and the reverberation time using artificially generated impulse responses for simulating the late reverberation. Furthermore, a comparison between mono and stereo reverberation is conducted. It can be observed that with equal mixing levels, the input material and the shape of the reverberation tail have a prominent effect on the perceived level. The results suggest that mono and stereo reverberation with identical reverberation times and mixing ratios are perceived as having equal level regardless of the material.
Triple repetition time saturation transfer (TRiST) <sup>31</sup>P spectroscopy for measuring human creatine kinase reaction kinetics (2010)

Human cardiac phosphorus MR saturation transfer experiments to quantify creatine kinase forward rate constants (k(f)) have previously been performed at 1.5 T. Such experiments could benefit from increased signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and spectral resolution at 3 T. At 1.5 T, the four-angle saturation transfer method was applied with low-angle adiabatic pulses and surface coils. However, low-angle adiabatic pulses are potentially problematic above 1.5 T due to bandwidth limitations, power requirements, power deposition, and intrapulse spin-spin relaxation. For localized metabolite spin-lattice relaxation time (T(1)) measurements, a dual repetition time approach with adiabatic half-passage pulses was recently introduced to solve these problems at 3 T. Because the saturation transfer experiment requires a T(1) measurement performed while one reacting moiety is saturated, we adapt the dual repetition time approach to measure k(f) using a triple repetition time saturation transfer (TRiST) method. A new pulsed saturation scheme with reduced sensitivity to static magnetic field inhomogeneity and compatibility with cardiac triggering is also presented. TRiST measurements of k(f) are validated in human calf muscle against conventional saturation transfer and found to agree within 3%. The first 3-T TRiST measurements of creatine kinase k(f) in the human calf (n = 6), chest muscle, and heart (n = 8) are 0.26 +/- 0.04 s(-1), 0.23 +/- 0.03 s(-1), and 0.32 +/- 0.07 s(-1), respectively, consistent with prior 1.5 T values.
Characterization of a heterogeneous camel milk whey non‐casein protein (1987)

A milk protein, occurring in the whey fraction, has been characterized from camel milk. Determination of the primary structure reveals the existence of two related types of chain with residue differences in at least the N-terminal region. A fragment representing an N-terminal part of the protein was also recovered (heterogeneous at the same positions). The absence of cysteine residues in the protein shows that no disulphide bridges are present. The pattern of fragments and a parent protein resembles that for casein and its fragments, showing that fragments and a multiplicity of forms may be typical for different milk proteins.
Controlled/living radical polymerization of vinylcyclicsilazane by RAFT process and their block copolymers (2008)

Abstract High molecular weight poly(vinyl)silazane were synthesized successfully by reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization in toluene at 120 °C, using dithiocarbamate derivatives and 2,2′‐azobis‐isobutyrylnitrile (AIBN) as the RAFT agents and thermal initiator, respectively. The polymerization of a vinylcyclicsilazane oligomer with 82.5% conversion was readily controlled to increase the molecular weight from 1000 to 12,000 g/mol with a narrow polydispersity <1.5. The resulting polymer showed a high ceramic yield of 70 wt % at 1000 °C. Moreover, the approach was extended successfully to the synthesis of poly(vinyl)silazane‐ block ‐polystyrene as an inorganic–organic diblock copolymer. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 4594–4601, 2008
Soap‐based detergent formulations: XIV. Amphoteric derivatives of alkylbenzenesulfonamides (1976)

Abstract Surface active amphoteric derivatives were prepared from alkylbenzenesulfonyl chlorides. Industrial detergent alkylates, as well as benzene and pure 1‐phenylalkanes whose side chains ranged from C 1 to C 12 , were used as starting materials in this study of chemical structure‐physical property relationships. The alkylbenzenes were first converted into the corresponding alkylbenzenesulfonyl chlorides with chlorosulfonic acid, and the sulfonyl chlorides were further treated with N,N‐dimethyl‐1,3‐diaminopropane or N,N‐bis‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐1,3‐diaminopropane. The reaction products were quaternized with propanesultone to produce amphoteric surfactants in high yields. The N,N‐dimethyl herivatives of pure phenylalkanes were white crystalline powders, whereas the N,N‐bis‐(2‐hydroxyethyl) derivatives were light , lime soap dispersing requirement, surface tension, wetting ability, and calcium ion stability were determined. The commercial detergent alkylate derivatives showed good detergency by themselves as well as in formulations with soap or with soap and silicate builder. Good lime soap dispersing properties were observed with compounds possessing a side chain of at least 4 carbon atoms.