gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Down‐regulation of Notch‐1 and Jagged‐1 inhibits prostate cancer cell growth, migration and invasion, and induces apoptosis via inactivation of Akt, mTOR, and NF‐κB signaling pathways (2010)

Notch signaling is involved in a variety of cellular processes, such as cell fate specification, differentiation, proliferation, and survival. Notch-1 over-expression has been reported in prostate cancer metastases. Likewise, Notch ligand Jagged-1 was found to be over-expressed in metastatic prostate cancer compared to localized prostate cancer or benign prostatic tissues, suggesting the biological significance of Notch signaling in prostate cancer progression. However, the mechanistic role of Notch signaling and the consequence of its down-regulation in prostate cancer have not been fully elucidated. Using multiple cellular and molecular approaches such as MTT assay, apoptosis assay, gene transfection, real-time RT-PCR, Western blotting, migration, invasion assay and ELISA, we found that down-regulation of Notch-1 or Jagged-1 was mechanistically associated with inhibition of cell growth, migration, invasion and induction of apoptosis in prostate cancer cells, which was mediated via inactivation of Akt, mTOR, and NF-kappaB signaling. Consistent with these results, we found that the down-regulation of Notch-1 or Jagged-1 led to decreased expression and the activity of NF-kappaB downstream genes such as MMP-9, VEGF, and uPA, contributing to the inhibition of cell migration and invasion. Taken together, we conclude that the down-regulation of Notch-1 or Jagged-1 mediated inhibition of cell growth, migration and invasion, and the induction of apoptosis was in part due to inactivation of Akt, mTOR, and NF-kappaB signaling pathways. Our results further suggest that inactivation of Notch signaling pathways by innovative strategies could be a potential targeted approach for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer.
Optimizing optical pre-dispersion using transmit DSP for mitigation of Kerr nonlinearities in dispersion managed cables (2013)

With the advent of digital signal processing (DSP) in optical transmitters and receivers, the ability to finely tune the ratio of pre and post dispersion compensation can be exploited to best mitigate the nonlinear penalties caused by the Kerr effect. A portion of the nonlinear penalty in optical communication channels has been explained by an increase in peak to average power ratio (PAPR) inherent in highly dispersed signals. The standard approach for minimizing these impairments applies 50% pre dispersion compensation and 50% post dispersion compensation, thereby decreasing average PAPR along the length of the cable, as compared with either 100% pre or post dispersion compensation. In this paper we demonstrate that simply considering the net accumulated dispersion, and applying 50/50 pre/post dispersion is not necessarily the best way to minimize PAPR and subsequent Kerr nonlinearities. Instead, we consider the cumulative dispersion along the entire length of the cable, and, taking into account this additional information, derive an analytic formula for the minimization of PAPR. Alignment with simulation and experimental measurements is presented using a commercially available 100Gb/s dual-polarization binary phase-shift-keying (DP-BPSK) coherent modem, with transmitter and receiver DSP. Measurements are provided from two different 5000km dispersion managed Submarine test-beds, as well as a 3800km terrestrial test-bed with a mixture of SMF-28 and TWRS optical fiber. This method is shown to deviate significantly from the conventional 50/50 method described above, in dispersion managed communications systems, and more closely aligns with results obtained from simulation and data collected from laboratory test-beds.
Side Effects of Virtual Environments: A Review of the Literature (2004)

Cybersickness symptoms are the unintended psychophysiological side effects of participation in virtual environments. Symptoms can occur both during and after participation, thus having implications for health and safety, user acceptance, and overall system effectiveness. Just as for other visually induced motion sickness, cybersickness is believed to result from sensory and perceptual mismatches between the visual and vestibular systems, and can be considered as a problem of adaptation to altered environments. Symptoms can be grouped into three dimensions: nausea, disorientation or postural instability, and visual symptoms. Numerous factors relating to the individual participants, the virtual reality system and virtual environment used, and the task carried out, can affect either incidence or severity of cybersickness. Taking account of these factors may avoid or minimize symptoms. This report reviews the literature on cybersickness, simulator sickness, and the relevant research on motion sickness, considers measures that have been proposed to manage and treat cybersickness, and identifies areas where more research is needed.
Growth of InN and InGaN on Si substrate for solar cell applications (2004)

Epitaxial growth of InN and InGaN films by radio-frequency plasma-excited molecular beam epitaxy was studied as a key technology for the realization of a new high-efficiency tandem solar cell. Much improvement of InN and InGaN films on Si, which is necessary for the realization of a high-efficiency solar cell, was realized by brief substrate nitridation for 3 min prior to growth by MBE. Photoluminescence peaks at less than 0.8 eV were observed for all samples independent of the crystallinity of InN, which supports the recent reports of band-gap energy of InN being 0.7-0.8 eV. Rectifying characteristics and photovoltaic characteristics were also observed in our n-InN/p-Si heterojunctions.
Electron Transfer Ion/Ion Reactions in a Three-Dimensional Quadrupole Ion Trap:  Reactions of Doubly and Triply Protonated Peptides with SO<sub>2</sub><sup>•</sup><sup>-</sup> (2005)

Ion-ion reactions between a variety of peptide cations (doubly and triply charged) and SO2 anions have been studied in a 3-D quadrupole ion trap, resulting in proton and electron transfer. Electron transfer dissociation (ETD) gives many c- and z-type fragments, resulting in extensive sequence coverage in the case of triply protonated peptides with SO2*-. For triply charged neurotensin, in which a direct comparison can be made between 3-D and linear ion trap results, abundances of ETD fragments relative to one another appear to be similar. Reactions of doubly protonated peptides with SO2*- give much less structural information from ETD than triply protonated peptides. Collision-induced dissociation (CID) of singly charged ions formed in reactions with SO2*- shows a combination of proton and electron transfer products. CID of the singly charged species gives more structural information than ETD of the doubly protonated peptide, but not as much information as ETD of the triply protonated peptide.
Organisational Learning Agents for Task Scheduling in Space Crew and Robot Operations (1999)

l'l~is paper explores rescheduling antl reorganizatio~l ahilit,ies of our organizational learning motlel in t.hc following two import,ant. applications in spa.ce: crew task scheduling in a space shuttle/station and task planning for truss construction with multiple spacc rohot,s. Through int,ensive simulat.ions of the above t,wo t,asks, the following experiniental results 1la.vr. Im11 obthiued: (1) Our model provides good feasible sched~llrs quickly in the case of reschedlding, arltl it keeps t,he computational cost for rescheduling low; (2) Plans generated by our nlotlel keep or rc,covt,r efficiency in ta.sks when rohot,s are added, rernovetl, or exchanged among robot. groups; and (3) flrf- integrat,ion of (a) learning mcchanisms, (h) rule Ijastd syst,ems with evolutiona.ry approachrs, antl (c) mult~iagt~l~t approaches is effective in rescl~ecluling/replail~iii~g problems.
Control approach to achieve burst mode operation with DC-link voltage protection in single-phase two-stage PV inverters (2014)

In grid-tied photovoltaic (PV) power systems, the significant power variation that is caused by solar irradiation intermittency is one challenge for consistent efficiency and power quality. In particular, the system suffers from low system efficiency and poor power quality under low solar irradiation condition. Burst mode operation is a possible solution to the above issues and helps maintain a quality injection of PV energy. However, over/under voltage fault may happen by adopting the conventional burst mode operation. In this paper, a comprehensive control strategy is proposed to achieve high performance of the burst mode operation and prevent the violation of DC-link voltage limits. Simulation and experimental results are presented to support the recommended operations.
REJECTION OF SKIN GRAFTS AND GENERATION OF CYTOTOXIC T CELLS BY MICE DEPLETED OF L3T4+ CELLS (1986)

In mice, "helper/inducer" T cells can be depleted by treatment with a rat monoclonal antibody to the cell surface antigen, L3T4, which is homologous to the human antigen T4 (CD4). In order to examine the contribution of "helper/inducer" T cells to cellular immunity, C57BL/6 (H-2b) mice were treated weekly with 1 mg i.v. of a monoclonal antibody to L3T4. Three days after the first injection, the mice received skin grafts from BALB/c (H-2d) mice. The mice were then examined for skin graft rejection and for the development of cytotoxic cells. Treatment with anti-L3T4 prolonged skin graft survival from 9 to 18 days. Graft rejection was associated with the development of cellular cytotoxicity against H-2d targets. Cytotoxicity developed despite greater than or equal to 90% depletion of splenic L3T4+ cells. Allospecific cytotoxic T cells could also be generated in vitro from C57BL/6 spleen cells depleted of L3T4+ cells, when these were exposed in a mixed leukocyte culture to irradiated, T-cell-depleted, BALB/c spleen cells. In a mixed leukocyte culture using responder spleen cells from untreated C57BL/6 mice, both proliferation and interleukin 2 production were inhibited in the presence of antibody to L3T4 and, to a lesser extent, by antibody to Lyt-2. Complete inhibition was achieved by the presence of both antibodies. In a mixed leukocyte culture using responder spleen cells from C57BL/6 mice that had been treated with anti-L3T4, both proliferation and interleukin 2 production were inhibited largely by antibody to Lyt-2, although the presence of both anti-Lyt-2 and anti-L3T4 was most inhibitory. These findings indicate that graft rejection and cellular cytotoxicity can be generated in mice depleted of L3T4+ cells by methods that have previously been shown to abrogate humoral immunity. Cellular immunity appears to require few, if any, L3T4+ cells. These findings have implications for the clinical use of antibodies to "helper/inducer" T cells.
An interactive robot control environment for rehabilitation applications (1993)

Interactive robot systems are under active investigation as aids for people with impaired manipulating ability. Under the direction of a disabled operator, a robot can manipulate objects, thereby increasing the independence of the operator in home, school and work activities. This paper describes a high-level control language CURL developed to facilitate communication between a disabled operator and the task environment. CURL is a Windows-based application. Interactive robotics requires a different approach from mainstream robotics where humans are kept out of the robot's work area.
Important differences in cationic amino acid transport by lysosomal system c and system y+ of the human fibroblast. (1987)

Superficial similarities led us to extend our designation for the transport of the plasma membrane for cationic amino acids, y+, to the lysosomal system also serving for such amino acids. Further study on the purified lysosomes of human skin fibroblasts leads us now to redesignate the lysosomal system as c (for cationic), rather than y+, to emphasize important contrasts. Lysosomal uptake of arginine at pH 7.0 was linear during the first 2 min, but attained a steady state in 6 min. This arginine uptake was Na+-independent and was tripled in rate when the lysosomes had first been loaded with the cationic amino acid analog, S-2-aminoethyl-L-cysteine. Uptake was slowed to one-third when 2 mM MgATP was added to the incubation mixture. The following differences in cationic amino acid influx between lysosomal System c and the plasma membrane System y+ became apparent: 1) arginine influx is increased 10-fold by raising the external pH from 5.0 to 7.0. This effect favors net entry of cationic amino acids under the H+ gradient prevailing in vivo. In contrast, arginine uptake across the plasma membrane is insensitive to pH changes in this range. 2) The Km of arginine uptake by lysosomal System c, 0.32 mM, is eight times that for System y+ arginine uptake by the fibroblast. 3) Certain neutral amino acids in the presence of Na+ are accepted as surrogate substrates by System y+, but not by lysosomal system c. 4) Cationic amino acids in which the alpha-amino group is monomethylated or the distal amino group is quaternary, also D-arginine, are recognized by lysosomal System c, whereas System y+ has little affinity for these analogs. This broader substrate specificity of lysosomal system c led us to discover that thiocholine serves to deplete accumulated cystine from cystinotic fibroblasts as effectively as does the therapeutic agent, cysteamine. The quaternary nitrogen of thiocholine renders the mixed disulfide formed when it reacts with cystine unsatisfactory as a substrate for System y+.
Immunohistochemical Study of Islet Amyloid in Diabetes Mellitus (1986)

Amyloid was isolated from islets of amyloidotic pancreata of monkey and human beings by solubilization of non-amyloid materials from the pancreas and digestion of contaminating collagen and elastin. The resulting pellet was estimated to be greater than 90% pure islet amyloid. Antibodies specific for monkey islet amyloid and for monkey and human liver amyloid A (AA) were raised in rabbits. Immunohistochemical reaction using the peroxidase antiperoxidase method demonstrated that amyloidotic pancreas reacted with both anti-AA and anti-islet amyloid antibodies. Although the antibodies are specific toward antigens, they cross-react with tissues from human and monkeys. The immunochemical results suggest the possibility that more than one kind of amyloid is associated with islet amyloidosis, but that a significant portion of the islet amyloid is related to AA. Preliminary chemical analysis indicated that islet amyloid is enriched with hexosamines while AA contains both hexosamines and hexoses. Establishment of the islet amyloid composition(s) can give insight into its source and its role in diabetes in Macaca nigra and human beings.
Encyclopedia of food and color additives (1996)

FDA or PAFA name: Listed in bold is the name by which the FDA classifies the substance. List of Synonyms: From the Chemical Abstract, the IUPAC name, and the common or folklore name for natural products are listed. Standardized names are provided for each substances. The most commonly used names are in bold type. Current CAS Number: The current FDA number for the substance. Other CAS Numbers: Numbers used previously or that are used by TSCA or EINICS to identify the substance. Empirical Formula: Indicates the relative proportion of elements in a molecule. Specifications: Includes melting point, boiling point, optical rotation, specific gravity, and more. Description: Where the substance is grown how it is cultivated, gathered, and brought to market how it gets into food species and subspecies producing this commodity differences in geographical origin and how it impacts the quality of the product. Natural Occurrence: Lists family, genus, and species. Explains variances between the same substance grown and cultivated in different geographies. Natural Sources: For synthetic or nature-identical substances the Encyclopedia provides a list of foods in which a substance is naturally found. GRAS status: Generally Recognized as Safe status as established by the Flavor and Extract Manufacturer's Association (FEMA) or other GRAS panels. Regulatory Notes: This citation gives information about restrictions of amount, use, or processing of substances. Table of Regulatory Citations: Lists CFR numbers and description of permitted use categories. Purity: For some substances there are no purity standards. Here, current good manufacturing practices are reported as gathered from various manufacturers. Allows you as the consumer to know what is available and standard in the industry. Functional Use in Food: The FDA has 32 functions for foods, such as, processing aids, antioxidants, stabilizers, texturizers, etc. Lists the use of the particular substance as it functions in food products.
Evolution of instrumentation for the study of gas-phase ion/ion chemistry via mass spectrometry (2007)

The scope of gas-phase ion/ion chemistry accessible to mass spectrometry is largely defined by the available tools. Due to the development of novel instrumentation, a wide range of reaction phenomenologies has been noted, many of which have been studied extensively and exploited for analytical applications. This perspective presents the development of mass spectrometry-based instrumentation for the study of the gas-phase ion/ion chemistry in which at least one of the reactants is multiply charged. The instrument evolution is presented within the context of three essential elements required for any ion/ion reaction study: the ionization source(s), the reaction vessel or environment, and the mass analyzer. Ionization source arrangements have included source combinations that allow for reactions between multiply charged ions of one polarity and singly charged ions of opposite polarity, arrangements that enable the study of reactions of multiply charged ions of opposite polarity and, most recently, arrangements that allow for ion formation from more than two ion sources. Gas-phase ion/ion reaction studies have been performed at near atmospheric pressure in flow reactor designs and within electrodynamic ion traps operated in the mTorr range. With ion trap as a reaction vessel, ionization and reaction processes can be independently optimized and ion/ion reactions can be implemented within the context of MSn experiments. Spatial separation of the reaction vessel from the mass analyzer allows for the use of any form of mass analysis in conjunction with ion/ion reactions. Time-of-flight mass analysis, for example, has provided significant improvements in mass analysis figures of merit relative to mass filters and ion traps.
Development of Megasonic cleaning for silicon wafers. Final report (1980)

The major goals to develop a cleaning and drying system for processing at least 2500 three-in.-diameter wafers per hour and to reduce the process cost were achieved. The new system consists of an ammonia-hydrogen peroxide bath in which both surfaces of 3/32-in.-spaced, ion-implanted wafers are cleaned in quartz carriers moved on a belt past two pairs of Megasonic transducers. The wafers are dried in the novel room-temperature, high-velocity air dryer in the same carriers used for annealing. A new laser scanner was used effectively to monitor the cleaning ability on a sampling basis. The following factors contribute to the improved effectiveness of the process: (1) recirculation and filtration of the cleaning solution permit it to be used for at least 100,000 wafers with only a relatively small amount of chemical make-up before discarding; (2) uniform cleanliness is achieved because both sides of the wafer are Megasonically scrubbed to remove particulate impurities; (3) the novel dryer permits wafers to be dried in a high-velocity room-temperature air stream on a moving belt in their quartz carriers; and (4) the personnel safety of such a system is excellent and waste disposal has no adverse ecological impact. With the addition of mechanical transfer arms, two systems like the one developed will produce enough cleaned wafers for a 30-MW/year production facility. A projected scale-up well within the existing technology would permit a system to be assembled that produces about 12,745 wafers per hour; about 11 such systems, each occupying about 110 square feet, would be needed for each cleaning stage of a 500-MW/year production facility.
Numerical Investigation of the Interaction of Counterflowing Jets and Supersonic Capsule Flows (2011)

Use of counterflowing jets ejected into supersonic freestreams as a flow control concept to modify the external flowfield has gained renewed interest with regards to potential retropropulsion applications pertinent to entry, descent, and landing investigations. This study describes numerical computations of such a concept for a scaled wind-tunnel capsule model by employing the space-time conservation element solution element viscous flow solver with unstructured meshes. Both steady-state and time-accurate computations are performed for several configurations with different counterflowing jet Mach numbers. Axisymmetric computations exploring the effect of the jet flow rate and jet Mach number on the flow stability, jet interaction with the bow shock and its subsequent impact on the aerodynamic and aerothermal loads on the capsule body are carried out. Similar to previous experimental findings, both long and short penetration modes exist at a windtunnel Mach number of 3.48. It was found that both modes exhibit non-stationary behavior and the former is much more unstable than the latter. It was also found that the unstable long penetration mode only exists in a relatively small range of the jet mass flow rate. Solution-based mesh refinement procedures are used to improve solution accuracy and provide guidelines for a more effective mesh generation procedure for parametric studies. Details of the computed flowfields also serve as a means to broaden the knowledge base for future retropropulsion design studies.
A simple affinity spin tube filter method for removing high‐abundant common proteins or enriching low‐abundant biomarkers for serum proteomic analysis (2003)

Although it is possible to identify new proteins from crude cell extracts using proteomics technology, it is often difficult to elucidate low-abundant biomarkers in the presence of a large amount of high-abundant proteins in serum. We have developed a simple and rapid method using an affinity spin tube filter to remove high-abundant common proteins and enrich the low-abundant biomarkers. The affinity spin tube filter contains protein G, coupled with antibodies against either high-abundant proteins or specific proteins of interest. After incubating with serum, the flow-through or the elute was collected and analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. By using this affinity spin tube filter, the possibilities of identifying new biomarkers are shown. This technique could be used for large-scale sample preparation for high-throughput proteomic analysis.
Interferometric measurements used in chemical and biochemical sensors (1992)

Mesures interferometriques appliquees aux capteurs chimiques et biochimiques. Le principe de l'interferometrie est applique aux films polymeres minces dont l'epaisseur est midifiee par absorption d'un gaz ou par interaction avec un materiau biochimique. L'utilisation de matrices de photodiodes permet d'enregister les variations de chemins optiques aussi faibles que quelques fractions de nanometre