gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Sulfones (2016)

Sulfones are versatile intermediates in organic synthesis and important building blocks in the construction of biological active molecules or functional materials. This review provides a summary of recent developments in the synthesis of sulfones. 1 Introduction 2 Classical Methods and Variants 2.1 Oxidation of Sulfides 2.2 Aromatic Sulfonylation 2.3 Alkylation/Arylation of Sulfinates 2.4 Addition to Alkenes and Alkynes 2.5 Miscellaneous Methods 3 Metal-Catalyzed Coupling Reactions 4 Sulfone Synthesis by C–H Functionalization 5 Sulfur Dioxide Based Three-Component Approaches 6 Biological Synthesis of Sulfones 7 Conclusion
Somatic deletion of the imprinted 11p15 region in sporadic persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy is specific of focal adenomatous hyperplasia and endorses partial pancreatectomy. (1997)

Sporadic persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia of infancy (PHHI) or nesidioblastosis is a heterogeneous disorder characterized by profound hypoglycemia due to inappropriate hypersecretion of insulin. An important diagnostic goal is to distinguish patients with a focal hyperplasia of islet cells of the pancreas (FoPHHI) from those with a diffuse abnormality of islets (DiPHHI) because management strategies differ significantly. 16 infants with sporadic PHHI resistant to diazoxide and who underwent pancreatectomy were investigated. Selective pancreatic venous sampling coupled with peroperative surgical examination and analysis of extemporaneous frozen sections allowed us to identify 10 cases with FoPHHI and 6 cases with DiPHHI. We show here that in cases of FoPHHI, but not those of DiPHHI, there was specific loss of maternal alleles of the imprinted chromosome region 11p15 in cells of the hyperplastic area of the pancreas but not in normal pancreatic cells. This somatic event is consistent with a proliferative monoclonal lesion. It involves disruption of the balance between monoallelic expression of several maternally and paternally expressed genes. Thus, we provide the first molecular explanation of the heterogeneity of sporadic forms of PHHI such that it is possible to perform only partial pancreatectomy, limited to the focal somatic lesion, so as to avoid iatrogenic diabetes in patients with focal adenomatous hyperplasia.
[Measurement of oxygen concentration in tumor cells by fluorescent probe (nitrocompound)]. (1990)

The hypoxic cell fraction in tumors is considered to be responsible for radioresistance. Estimating the population of the hypoxic cell fraction in tumor could develop the effective means to predict radiosensitivity. In this study, nitroacridine (fluorescent dye) was tested to estimate hypoxic status in single cells and in spheroids. The oxygen concentration in the medium was measured by oxygen electrodes utilizing polarography method, mean while that in cells was calculated from the fluorescence intensity of the dye. The fluorescent spectra from cells showed the same pattern in spite of the changed oxygen concentration in medium, on the other hand its intensity was dependent upon the oxygen concentration. Using a fixed nitroacridine concentration and a fixed staining time, oxygen concentration of cells could be determined within range from 0.1 to 1.0% values. These values are almost the same as the oxygen concentration of the radioresistant tumor cells. Thus, the fluorescent method we used in this study is considered to be useful to estimate radioresistance of tumor. However, fluorescent intensity would alter when used different cell lines, because of different cellular activity of nitroreductase.
Untersuchungen am System Spiropyran + Säure ⇄ Farbsalz / Investigations on the System Spiropyran + Acid ⇄ Pyrylium Salt (1970)

We could prove that the system spiropyran/acid/pyrylium salt follows the equilibrium relation Spiropyran+acid ⇄ pyrylium salt. This color reaction can be used as an indicatory system. In this case the acid has to be produced instandaneously within the system. For this the spiropyran is mixed with a HX-donor which splits off a hydrogen halide HX by uv-irradiation. The coloration mechanism of layers consisting of spiropyran + HX-donor+matric forming polymer depends on the wavelength of the actinic radiation. Long wavelength uv-irradiation shows energy transfer, while only short wavelength uv-irradiation causes the primary process in the HX-donor
Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus. A perspective in 1998. (1998)

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was originally defined using statistics. It is appropriate to examine the current state of screening for gestational diabetes using a similar approach. This article reviews data supporting current recommendations for universal screening of pregnant women for GDM at 24-28 weeks using the 50-g 1-h oral glucose challenge. The advantages and disadvantages of several thresholds for abnormality are discussed, as are possible alternatives to the 50-g 1-h oral glucose challenge. Finally, recent improvements in the precision of portable blood glucose meters are reviewed, and recommendations for their use are advanced.
Acoustical imaging of a model of a human hand using pulsed microwave irradiation (1983)

Pulsed 5.66-GHz microwave energy irradiated a model of a human hand that was positioned above a submerged planar array of 400 hydrophones. Hydrophone response data were analyzed by a computer that graphically reproduced the image.
Distributed Video Coding for Illumination Compensation of Multi-view Video (2010)

In this paper, we propose an improved distributed multi-view video coding method that is robust to illumination changes among different views. The use of view dependency is not effective for multi-view video because each view has different intrinsic and extrinsic camera parameters. In this paper, a modified distributed multi-view coding method is presented that applies illumination compensation when generating side information. The proposed encoder codes DC values of discrete cosine transform (DCT) coefficients separately by entropy coding. The proposed decoder can generate more accurate side information by using the transmitted DC coefficients to compensate for illumination changes. Furthermore, AC coefficients are coded with conventional entropy or channel coders depending on the frequency band. We found that the proposed algorithm is about 0.1~0.5 dB better than conventional algorithms.
100 km single mode VAD fibres (1981)

100 km single mode fibres with low loss values of 0.3 dB/km at 1.55 μm and 0.5 dB/km at 1.3 μm have been made by the VAD method. Swept frequency 6 dB down bandwidths at the two wavelengths were 40 MHz for 100 km length and 800 MHz for 50 km length, respectively.
Chemoenzymatic Synthesis of a Novel Borneol‐Based Polyester (2017)

Terpenes are a class of natural compounds that have recently moved into the focus as a bio-based resource for chemical production, owing to their abundance, their mostly cyclic structures, and the presence of olefin or single hydroxy groups. To apply this raw material in new industrial fields, a second hydroxy group is inserted into borneol by cytochrome P450cam (CYP101) enzymes in a whole-cell catalytic biotransformation with Pseudomonas putida KT2440. Next, a semi-continuous batch system was developed to produce 5-exo-hydroxyborneol with a final concentration of 0.54 g L<sup>-1</sup> . The bifunctional terpene was then used for the synthesis of a bio-based polyester by a solvent-free polycondensation reaction. The resulting polymer showed a glass transition temperature of around 70 °C and a molecular weight in the range of 2000-4000 g mol<sup>-1</sup> (M<sub>w</sub> ). These results show that whole-cell catalytic biotransformation of terpenes could lead to bio-based, higher-functionalized monomers, which might be basic raw materials for different fields of application, such as biopolymers.
Exploitation and exploration in a performance based contextual advertising system (2010)

The dynamic marketplace in online advertising calls for ranking systems that are optimized to consistently promote and capitalize better performing ads. The streaming nature of online data inevitably makes an advertising system choose between maximizing its expected revenue according to its current knowledge in short term (exploitation) and trying to learn more about the unknown to improve its knowledge (exploration), since the latter might increase its revenue in the future. The exploitation and exploration (EE) tradeoff has been extensively studied in the reinforcement learning community, however, not been paid much attention in online advertising until recently. In this paper, we develop two novel EE strategies for online advertising. Specifically, our methods can adaptively balance the two aspects of EE by automatically learning the optimal tradeoff and incorporating confidence metrics of historical performance. Within a deliberately designed offline simulation framework we apply our algorithms to an industry leading performance based contextual advertising system and conduct extensive evaluations with real online event log data. The experimental results and detailed analysis reveal several important findings of EE behaviors in online advertising and demonstrate that our algorithms perform superiorly in terms of ad reach and click-through-rate (CTR).
DTPL push down list memory (1967)

Push down lists (PUDL) or First In Last Out memories have been described for use in multiprocessors. However, in most of these applications, the system's fast access memory is divided in stacks, each program being run in a given stack on a first stack available basis. The push down list is then used to store the program instructions. Very seldom has such a system been described using more than two to six fast access lists. These applications might not justify the use of a special device for the PUDL, making use, instead, of a random access memory section addressed by a pointer address register or counter to keep track of the upper word in the PUDL. There the PUDL storage is only a small fraction of the total fast access storage, and software implementation is more economical than special hardware would be. However, in more sophisticated data processing applications such that language translation, pattern recognition, high speed data acquisition and retrieval, etc., an efficient system organization would result from the use of a central processor working on a multiplicity of programs on a fast interrupt and logic priority basis. The next active program location would depend upon the output from the presently processed instruction. Then the program storage is an important part or even the largest part of the total fast access storage of the system. In this situation, a large number of lists could be required with an access time of the order of one microsecond. If the program instruction lists are stored in a conventional random access memory one pointer register per list would be required and result in an expensive hardware. The pointer could be stored in memory, however, this would result in much increased access time and additional software. A more economical and more efficient implementation of such a multiprogram organization may result from the use a specialized hardware such as a DTPL magnetic thin film Push Down List Memory. The system described here has as an objective the development of a DDPL push down list memory consisting of a set of 128 lists. Each list is 100 words deep with 38 bits per word and thus is implemented by 38 shift registers of 100 bits each. An additional shift register of the same length stores a bottom-of-list (BOL) flag that can be sensed at both ends of the register to deliver an empty or filled list warning signal. Only one magnetic thin film of approximately one inch square area is required for the 38 shift registers constituting one list. The system makes use of a stack of 100 magnetic thin films. Every list is controlled by a conductor that can be selected in a manner similar to that of a word line of a conventional random access memory. The DTPL Push Down List Memory makes use of the controlled propagation of elongated domains of reversed magnetization contained within low coercive force channels imbedded in a magnetic thin film of higher coercive force. This technique of implementation is particularly suited to the construction of bi-directional shift registers with nonvolatile storage and are operable with shifting rates above one megacycle.
Determination of cyanide in whole blood, erythrocytes, and plasma. (1985)

Abstract We describe a method for determination of cyanide in whole blood, erythrocytes, and plasma after stabilization of cyanide by addition of silver ions. The cyanide is then transferred from the acidified sample, by aeration, into sodium hydroxide and quantified by the König reaction, with sodium hypochlorite as the chlorinating agent. A rapid loss of measurable cyanide found when cyanide was added to plasma in the absence of silver ions was attributed to a reaction with serum albumin. Cyanide added to whole blood was bound to a saturable component in erythrocytes, which we identified as methemoglobin.
Integrated exhaust gas analysis system for aircraft turbine engine component testing (1985)

An integrated exhaust gas analysis system was designed and installed in the hot-section facility at the Lewis Research Center. The system is designed to operate either manually or automatically and also to be operated from a remote station. The system measures oxygen, water vapor, total hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and oxides of nitrogen. Two microprocessors control the system and the analyzers, collect data and process them into engineering units, and present the data to the facility computers and the system operator. Within the design of this system there are innovative concepts and procedures that are of general interest and application to other gas analysis tasks.
Living Carbocationic Polymerization of Isobutylene with Blocked Bifunctional Initiators in the Presence of Di-<i>tert</i>-butylpyridine as a Proton Trap (1992)

Abstract The polymerization of isobutylene (IB) has been studied using 5-tert-butyl-1,3-dicumyl-chloride, 5-tert-butyl-1,3-dicumyl-methyl ether, and 5-tert-butyl-1,3-dicumyl-acetate initiators in the absence and presence of 2,6-di-tert-butylpyridine (DTBP) as a proton trap. It is demonstrated that living polymerization can be achieved in the IB/initiator/TiCl4/methylchloride-n-hexane (40:60 v:v)/DTBP/-80°C system, and that polymers with close to a Poisson molecular weight distribution can be obtained in the presence of a proton trap in concentrations only slightly higher than the concentration of protic impurities in the system. The polymerization rate is a first-order function of the monomer concentration and is not affected by the excess amount of DTBP added, which indicates that the living nature of the polymerization is not due to carbocation stabilization.
Perceptual stability during head movement in virtual reality (2003)

Virtual reality displays introduce spatial distortions that are very hard to correct because of the difficulty of precisely modelling the camera from the nodal point of each eye. How significant are these distortions for spatial perception in virtual reality? In this study, we used a helmet-mounted display and a mechanical head tracker to investigate the tolerance to errors between head motions and the resulting visual display. The relationship between the head movement and the associated updating of the visual display was adjusted by subjects until the image was judged as stable relative to the world. Both rotational and translational movements were tested, and the relationship between the movements and the direction of gravity was varied systematically. Typically, for the display to be judged as stable, subjects needed the visual world to be moved in the opposite direction to the head movement by an amount greater than the head movement itself, during both rotational and translational head movements, although a large range of movement was tolerated and judged as appearing stable. These results suggest that it not necessary to model the visual geometry accurately and suggest circumstances when tracker drift can be corrected by jumps in the display which will pass unnoticed by the user.
PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS OF CYLINDRICAL HEAT PIPES FOR NUCLEAR ELECTRIC SPACE AND UNDERSEA POWER PLANTS. (1971)

was therefore developed and is presented in the form of proposed changes to the ASME Code. The new rule is based on a comprehensive collection of finite-element stress-analysis studies and experimental data that span the range of dimensional parameters permitted for the design of nozzles in cylindrical vessels. These include data for both isolated and closely spaced nozzles. The proposed rule was also examined by comparison with a detailed finite-element analysis study for the placement of an emergency core-cooling system nozzle in a prototypical four-loop pressurized-water-reactor pressure vessel. The proposed rule would permit placing the nozzle in the vessel approximately at its optimum design location, whereas the current rules could not be used without performance of a detailed stress analysis. The comparison study also showed that the proposed rule is conservative, as it should be, but less conservative than the current rules.
SYNTHESIS AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF SOME NEW PYRAZOLES AND THIEN0[2,3-c]PYRAZOLES (2000)

Abstract Starting with 5-chloro-1,3-diphenyl- 1H-pyrazole-4-carboxaldehyde (1), both of (4-cyano-1,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrazol-5-ylthio) acethydrazide (6) and 1,3-diphenyl- 1H-thieno[2,3-c] pyrazole-5-carbohydrazide (15) were synthesized. These hydrazides (6 and 15) were used as key intermediates in the synthesis of other new pyrazoles 7–12 and thieno[2,3-c]pyrazoles 16–30 respectively. Some of the prepared compounds were screened in vitro for their antibacterial and antifungal activity. Key Words: Pyrazolethieno [2,3-c] pyrazoleoxadiazoles-triazoleantimicrobial activity
ULTRAFAST LOW-TEMPERATURE-GROWN-GaAs PHOTOMIXERS* (1995)

Various ultrafast electronic and optoelectronic devices have been developed as sources for the terahertz spectral region. Most of these sources exhibit relatively low power spectral density. This can be due to their inherently broadband nature, as with ultrafast switches pumped with subpicosecond optical pulses [1], or to their low conversion efficiencies, as with optical three-wave mixing [2]. Optical heterodyne conversion, or photomixing, has recently been explored as a technique for the production of coherent radiation at terahertz frequencies [3]. In order to produce useful levels of power in this frequency range a photomixer must exhibit high responsivities, be robust under optical pumping, and be capable of ultrafast operation. Low-temperature-grown (LTG) GaAs photomixers have demonstrated all of these properties and should be useful for applications such as ultra-wideband sweep oscillators and tunable local oscillators. This paper will discuss the latest LTG-GaAs photomixer devices, showing twenty times more output power at 3 THz than earlier devices [4].
Wafer Scale Solventless Adhesive Bonding with iCVD Polyglycidylmethacrylate: Effects of Bonding Parameters on Adhesion Energies (2015)

Initiated chemical vapor deposition (iCVD) polyglycidylmethacrylate (PGMA) thin films are investigated as adhesives for wafer‐scale bonding of 300 mm silicon substrates and demonstrated to form highly uniform, void‐free bond interfaces. The effects of bonding temperature and pressure on critical adhesion energy ( G c ) between iCVD PGMA and silicon are studied using the four‐point bend technique. G c values can be varied over an order of magnitude (0.59–41.6 J m −2 ) by controlling the bonding temperature and the observed dependence is attributed to changes in the physical (diffusion) and chemical (crosslinking) properties of the film. Thermal degradation studies using spectroscopic ellipsometry reveal that the iCVD PGMA films can crosslink when annealed above 120 °C in air. Further, changes in polymer behavior associated with annealing temperature are demonstrated to influence the crack propagation interface between the bonded substrates. These findings demonstrate the feasibility of iCVD polymer films for both temporary “thermoplastic,” and permanent “thermoset” bonding with potential applications in 3D integrated circuit technologies.
Carry-Free Radix-2 Subtractive Division Algorithm and Implementation of the Divider (2000)

A carry-free subtractive division algorithm is proposed in this paper. In the conventional subtractive divider, adders are used to find both quotient bit and partial remainder. Carries are usually generated in the addition operation, and it may take time to finish the operation, therefore, the carry propagation delay usually is a bottleneck of the conventional subtractive divider. In this paper, a carry-free scheme is proposed by using signed bit representation to represent both quotient and partial remainder. During the arithmetic operation, a special technique is used to decide the quotient bit, and the new partial remainder can be found further by a table lookup-like method. The signed bit format of the quotient can be converted by on-the-fly conversion to the binary representation. Based on this algorithm a 32-b/32-b divider is designed and implemented, and the simulation shows that the divider works well.
A Model Transformation Method in Service-Oriented Domain Modeling (2010)

As an important phase in software development, domain modeling can be used to construct reusable domain assets based on common domain requirements. In service-oriented software development, domain modeling is essential to satisfy users' personalized requirements in a short time and at a low cost. We have proposed a method named O-RGPS for service-oriented domain modeling. In O-RGPS, goal models and process models are two kinds of important domain models that have tight relations. However, process modeling is not an easy task in domain modeling since the process models are usually very complicated, and some properties and relations have the risk of being missed. Towards this problem, this paper proposes an automatic process model generation approach by transforming the goal model. Algorithms for generating process models are designed by sufficiently analyzing decomposition and dependence relations in the goal model and transforming these relations into the process model. Furthermore, the method has been realized in a domain modeling prototype, which aims at helping domain experts in domain modeling. The experiments show that this method can help to reduce modeling time and improve the quality of models during creating process models.
Treatment of external nasal valve (alar rim) collapse with an alar strut (2001)

Alar (external valve) collapse may be iatrogenic or can occur as a consequence of ageing or trauma. We have utilized an autogenous cartilage graft inserted as an underlay graft to the alar rim to treat 17 patients who have presented with nasal obstruction due to alar collapse. We report the short- and medium-term functional results and the cosmetic sequelae of our approach and conclude that this procedure offers an improvement in nasal airway performance in patients with external valve collapse without producing serious adverse cosmetic sequelae.
Pump-regulated Lumbar Subarachnoid Drainage (2000)

Pump-regulated lumbar subarachnoid drainage is safe and effective in the treatment of CSF fistulae, as reported elsewhere in the literature. The advantage of this method is that the drainage of CSF can be carefully controlled and titrated in a predictable fashion. Because the system is independent of gravity to produce drainage of CSF, patients are not confined to bed and serious complications of overdrainage can be avoided.