gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Integrated simulation of line-edge roughness (LER) effects on sub-65nm transistor operation: From lithography simulation, to LER metrology, to device operation (2006)

Understanding how CD metrology, lithographic material and processing, affect linewidth roughness (LWR), and finally device operation is of immense importance in future scaled MOS transistors. The goal of this work is to determine the impact of spatial LWR parameters as well as the relative importance of LWR and CD variation on device operation and to connect material and process parameters with these effects. To this end, we examine first the impact of LWR on threshold voltage shifts by using model lines with fractal self-affine characteristics for the simulation of transistor gate morphology. It is found that for resist lines or transistor gates with constant sigma LWR σ<sub>LWR</sub>, the decrease of spatial LWR parameters (correlation length ξ and roughness exponent α) leads to smaller deviations from the designed electrical transistor performance. Second, the effects of photoresist polymer length and acid diffusion length on LWR parameters and transistor performance are investigated. Through the application of a homemade simulator of the lithographic process, it is shown that photoresists with small polymer chains and small acid diffusion lengths form lines with low LWR parameters (r.m.s. LWR σ<sub>LWR</sub>, ξ ,α) and thus lead to transistors with more reliable electrical performance. Furthermore, the related problem of the relative importance of CD variation and LWR on device operation is addressed. We confirm and generalize the findings of previous works according to which CD variation has more drastic effects on threshold voltage shift than LWR.
NOTES ON THE SOLUTION OF ALGEBRAIC LINEAR SIMULTANEOUS EQUATIONS (1948)

In this paper four methods of solving simultaneous equations and inverting matrices are described from the viewpoint of the practical computer. The first three methods can be performed on ordinary desk calculating machines; the fourth uses Hollerith punched card equipment. The desk methods considered are the method of elimination or ‘pivotal condensation’, the method of ‘orthogonal vectors’, and the method of Choleski. The elimination method is, with slight variants, the simple method taught at school, used in such a way that solutions are obtained with the maximum possible speed and accuracy. In the method of orthogonal vectors, applicable only to symmetric matrices, a new set of variables is chosen in such a way that the matrix is transformed to a diagonal form, from which the solution of equations or the inverse of the matrix is immediately obtainable. The Choleski method, applied here again only to symmetric matrices, expresses the square matrix as the product of two triangular matrices, the reciprocation of which is a relatively simple operation. This method is quicker and more accurate than the others and can be used, with slight modifications, in the case of unsymmetric matrices. The procedure used with punched card equipment is essentially a mechanization of the elimination method, with a considerable advantage in speed over the corresponding desk method.
Attenuation of Chikungunya Virus Vaccine Strain 181/Clone 25 Is Determined by Two Amino Acid Substitutions in the E2 Envelope Glycoprotein (2012)

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is the mosquito-borne alphavirus that is the etiologic agent of massive outbreaks of arthralgic febrile illness that recently affected millions of people in Africa and Asia. The only CHIKV vaccine that has been tested in humans, strain 181/clone 25, is a live-attenuated derivative of Southeast Asian human isolate strain AF15561. The vaccine was immunogenic in phase I and II clinical trials; however, it induced transient arthralgia in 8% of the vaccinees. There are five amino acid differences between the vaccine and its parent, as well as five synonymous mutations, none of which involves cis-acting genome regions known to be responsible for replication or packaging. To identify the determinants of attenuation, we therefore tested the five nonsynonymous mutations by cloning them individually or in different combinations into infectious clones derived from two wild-type (WT) CHIKV strains, La Reunion and AF15561. Levels of virulence were compared with those of the WT strains and the vaccine strain in two different murine models: infant CD1 and adult A129 mice. An attenuated phenotype indistinguishable from that of the 181/clone 25 vaccine strain was obtained by the simultaneous expression of two E2 glycoprotein substitutions, with intermediate levels of attenuation obtained with the single E2 mutations. The other three amino acid mutations, in nsP1, 6K, and E1, did not have a detectable effect on CHIKV virulence. These results indicate that the attenuation of strain 181/clone 25 is mediated by two point mutations, explaining the phenotypic instability observed in human vaccinees and also in our studies.
Poly(<scp>L</scp>‐lysine) Brush–Mesoporous Silica Hybrid Material as a Biomolecule‐Based Adsorbent for CO<sub>2</sub> Capture from Simulated Flue Gas and Air (2011)

Peptides capture CO2: Poly(L-lysine) brush–mesoporous silica hybrids were prepared and evaluated as biomolecule-based CO2 adsorbents using simulated flue gas (10 % CO2) and simulated ambient air (400 ppm CO2). Compared to representative amine-based adsorbents, the hybrids show higher or comparable capture capacity and outperform other materials in terms of amine efficiency. The hybrids are suggested to be promising new materials for CO2 capture, especially, from ultra-dilute gas streams.
Optical slow-wave resonant modulationin electro-optic GaAs/AlGaAs modulators. (1999)

A new type of resonant optical intensity modulator has been developed by incorporating an optical slow-wave structure into a GaAs/AlGaAs Mach-Zehnder waveguide modulator. The first experimental results demonstrate improvements in the efficiency by factors of up to 2.9 at the resonant wavelength. The lowest switching voltage, Vπ, is 4.5 V.
C++ Plus Data Structures (1998)

Written By Renowned Author And Educator Nell Dale, C++ Plus Data Structures, Fifth Edition Explores The Specifications, Applications, And Implementations Of Abstract Data Types With Unmatched Accessibility. Updated With New Case Studies And Exercises Throughout, This Edition Provides Intuitive Explanations That Clarify Abstract Concepts, And Approaches The Study Of Data Structures With Emphasis On Computer Science Theory And Software Engineering Principles. Topics Such As Modularization, Data Encapsulation, Information Hiding, Object-Oriented Decomposition, Algorithm Analysis, Life-Cycle Software Verification Models, And Data Abstraction Are Carefully Presented To Foster Solid Software Engineering Techniques. In Addition To Real-World Exercises And Case Studies That Define Nell Dale S Teaching Philosophy, This Fifth Edition Provides An Increased Emphasis On Object-Oriented Design And An Early Introduction Of Object-Oriented Concepts. New And Key Features: Object-Oriented Terminology Now Dominates Computing Vocabulary. Dale Was Careful To Update All ADT Names To Reflect This Terminology. Additional Exercises Have Been Added To Most Chapters. The Fifth Edition Features The Trademark Dale Pedagogy And Highlights Numerous Real-World, Updated Case Studies. Each Broad Case Study Includes A Description Of The Problem, An Analysis Of The Problems Input And Required Output, And A Discussion Of The Appropriate Data Types To Use. Each Chapter Contains An Average Of 35 Engaging Exercises That Span Varying Levels Of Difficulty. These Exercises Test Students Understanding Of Key Concepts Through Various Means, Including Programming Problems And Analysis Of Algorithm Problems. Downloadable Instructor Resources Are Available At Go.Jblearning.Com/Ndale. These Include Powerpoint Lecture Presentations, Answers To End Of Chapter Questions, A Test Bank, And An Instructor S Manual Containing Goals, Teaching Notes, Suggested In-Class Activities, And Programming Assignments For Each Chapter. Students And Instructors Can Also Access Program Source Code To Work Out All The Examples And Exercises From The Text.
RHEOLOGICAL DISCUSSIONS OF VARIOUS CONSISTENCY TESTS 0F FRESH CONCRETE (1987)

In this paper, various consistency tests of fresh concrete or mortar such as slump test, flow test, solid-sphere-lifting viscometer and parallel・plates plastometer are simulated by using the visco-plastic finite element method, which has been proposed by the authors for simulating the deformation of fresh concrete. The relationship between rheological constants and measured values by these tests are clarified theoretically, and then some problems in measuring rheological constants of fresh concrete are discussed. The method for estimating rheological constants from slump value and flow value is proposed, and the adequacy of the analytical method and the estimating method proposed is examined by comparison with experimental results.
An "edge-on" silicon strip detector for X-ray imaging (1997)

A silicon strip detector for the SYRMEP (SYncrotron Radiation for MEdical Physics) experiment has been designed and realised. The main features of this detector are AC-coupling through integrated coupling capacitors, DC biasing by means of a gated punch-through structure, bulk contact on the junction side through a forward-biased p/sup +/ implant and integrated fan-in on active silicon. Results of laboratory tests of the detector parameters, allowing a thorough evaluation of the technological solutions employed, are presented. The functionality of the detectors and the charge collection linearity have been tested with different /spl gamma/ sources, using hybrid, low-noise front-end electronics.
New cytotoxic agents for the treatment of metastatic malignant melanoma: temozolomide and related alkylating agents in combination with guanine analogues to abrogate drug resistance. (2001)

The chloroethylating nitrosoureas (lomustine, fotemustine, cystemustine (BCNU) and methylating agents temozolomide (TMZ), dacarbazine (DTIC), procarbazine) have documented activity in metastatic malignant melanoma with single agent response rates of 15-25%. Chloroethylating agents form chloroethyl adducts at the O6 position of guanine, resulting in N1-guanine, N3-cytosine interstrand crosslinks which are cytotoxic. Methylating agents attack DNA at multiple sites, although most of their cytotoxic activity is due to the formation of methyl adducts at the O6 position of guanine. The presence of these adducts results in a futile recycling of the mismatch repair pathway resulting in DNA strand breaks and apoptotic cell death. An intact mismatch repair system is required to achieve their cytotoxic effect. Repair of adducts by the DNA repair protein O6-alkylguanine DNA alkyltransferase (AGT) impairs the cytotoxic action of both methylating and chloroethylating agents, and mediates a major resistance pathway to these drugs. During DNA repair, irreversible inactivation of AGT occurs. To regenerate AGT activity, synthesis of new molecules is required. Increased but variable AGT activity is found in malignant melanoma, is higher in metastatic lesions than in primary tumours, and is higher in tumours than normal skin. Expression of AGT activity, is higher in melanoma metastases after DTIC chemotherapy compared to expression prior to therapy. TMZ alone depletes human AGT in tumour tissue and peripheral blood progenitor cells. As the t1/2 of TMZ via the oral route is short (approximately 1.8 hours), and the anti-tumour activity of the drug is known to be schedule-dependent, twice daily or prolonged administration schedules of TMZ prevent regeneration of AGT, and render tumour cells more sensitive to the drug. O6-benzylguanine (BG) is a potent AGT inactivating agent. BG and its analogues reduce AGT activity, and increase the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of both methylating and chloroethylating agents. In clinical trials, non-toxic doses of BG deplete AGT to undetectable levels. AGT depleting agents in combination with methylating and chloroethylating agents are now in clinical testing, and may result in greater clinical efficacy in metastatic malignant melanoma.
A multi-input, multi-output power management unit using dickson charge pump for energy harvesting applications (2016)

This paper presents a multi-input, multi-output, frequency modulated Dickson charge pump targeting power management unit in energy harvesting applications. Four stages Dickson charge pump is designed and simulated using 65nm CMOS. The design has an input voltage range from 0.4V-0.6V and generates a regulated output voltage of 0.6V, 0.8V and 1V using pulse frequency modulation (PFM). SPICE simulations show that a maximum end-to-end efficiency of 33% at 200 μW at an input of 0.6V is achieved. The proposed charge pump supports a current range from 1uA to 200μA with a maximum operating frequency of 2.4 MHz. The proposed design could help in reducing the complexity of power management unit in energy harvesting applications.
High coercive force films of cobalt-nickel with additions of group VA and VIB elements (1970)

This paper describes some of the structure-property relations for Co and CoNi films containing Group VIB additions, i.e., chromium, molybdenum, and tungsten and Group VA additions, i.e., phosphorus, arsenic, antimony, and bismuth. All films were prepared by electrodeposition. The magnetic properties and metallurgical structure of the films with tungsten cover the same range of parameters as produced with the phosphorus films. The quantity of the elements required to achieve the maximum in coercive force increases substantially in the sequence P, As, Sb, and Bi; and in the sequence W, Mo, and Cr. The saturation moment and coercive force both decrease with increase of the concentration of added element required to attain the maximum coercive force. The quantity of the elements required is believed to be related to the ability of the electrolyte to produce a refinement of the grain size of the deposit, and the ability of the element added to segregate to the grain boundaries. The saturation moments of Co with W and P agree with the results expected for solid solutions except at high concentrations. The structure sensitive magnetic properties obtained with CoNiW films are qualitatively interpreted in the same way as for the CoNiP films, i.e., on the basis of a strongly interacting array of fine particles. The alloys containing Cr, Mo, or W possess improved resistance to aging at elevated temperatures and in corrosive environments.
Characterization of the human gene for microfibril-associated glycoprotein (MFAP2), assignment to chromosome 1p36.1–p35, and linkage to D1S170 (1995)

Microfibril-associated glycoprotein, MAGP (gene symbol MFAP2), is a component of connective tissue microfibrils and a candidate for involvement in the etiology of inherited connective tissue diseases. We have cloned a human MAGP cDNA that is highly homologous to the previously characterized bovine and murine genes. Like the bovine and murine loci, the human gene has eight coding exons, but it contains two alternatively used 5' untranslated exons, whereas only one untranslated exon was described in the bovine and murine Magp genes. By using rodent x human somatic cell hybrid panels and fluorescence chromosomal in situ hybridization, we have assigned the locus to human chromosome 1p36.1-p35. An insertion/deletion polymorphism has been identified within intron 7. Linkage analysis between this polymorphism and markers on distal chromosome 1 revealed that MAGP is tightly linked to the anonymous marker D1S170. Physical mapping revealed a distance of < 100 kb between the two markers. This information can be used to screen for linkage in families with microfibrillar abnormalities that are not linked to the fibrillin genes on chromosomes 15 or 5.
Study on Laser Beam Welding Technology for Nuclear Power Plants (2012)

Laser beam welding is one of the jointing processes by irradiating laser beam on the material surface locally and widely used at various industrial fields. Toshiba has developed various laser-based maintenance and repair technologies and already applied them to several existing nuclear power plants. Laser cladding is a technique to weld the corrosion resistant metal onto a substrate surface by feeding filler wire to improve the corrosion resistance. Temper-bead welding is the heat input process to provide the desired microstructure properties of welded low alloy steels without post weld heat treatment, by inducing proper heat cycle during laser welding. Both laser welding technologies would be performed underwater by blowing the shielding gas for creating the local dry area. In this report, some evaluation results of material characteristics by temper-bead welding to target at Reactor Coolant System nozzle of PWR are presented.
Rheumatoid factors and circulating immune complexes in HIV-infected individuals (1991)

We studied serological aspects of autoimmunity in patients with AIDS, AIDS-related complex (ARC) and in individuals at risk for AIDS. Immunoglobulin (Ig) M, IgG and IgA rheumatoid factors (RF) were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Ig by radial immunodiffusion, and circulating immune complexes (CIC) by the CIC-conglutinin and CIC-complement 1q (C1q) assays. Mean IgM RF levels were normal in AIDS patients, but those of ARC patients were higher and more frequent than the levels defined by agglutination methods. Similar observations were made for intravenous drug users (IVDU) and for both HIV-seropositive and HIV-seronegative homosexual men. Mean IgG RF levels were normal in AIDS and ARC patients but high in homosexual men and, to a lesser degree, in IVDU. IgA RF levels were high in many AIDS and ARC patients, in homosexual men, and in haemophiliac and control groups. The selective increase of the IgA isotype in AIDS was confirmed by the Ig results, which also showed an IgG increase in all groups. IgM were mainly high in people with ARC. CIC were detected in 68% of ARC patients by both methods, and in 55% of AIDS patients by CIC-Clq. A high incidence of positive samples in all at-risk populations, but particularly in seronegative individuals, was observed using CIC-conglutinin. CIC-C1q also revealed larger amounts of CIC in HIV-seronegative individuals, mainly in homosexual men. The study of these humoral aspects of autoimmunity provides useful information on the impairment of B-cells in patients with AIDS and ARC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
SAW-based radioisotope-powered wireless RFID/RF transponder (2010)

We demonstrate a microfabricated <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">63</sup> Ni radioisotope-powered RFID transponder realized with a SAW (surface acoustic wave) device as the transmission frequency selector. The transponder is powered by a 1.5 milli-Ci <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">63</sup> Ni source which has a half-life of 100 years. We have achieved a 5mW, 10-μs long, 100MHz carrier envelope, RF pulses which occur every 3 minutes, across a 50Ω load. The optimization of conversion efficiency of the system is studied, and with fingers placed between input and output ports, the mass-loading effects of the devices are also investigated for RFID/RF sensor applications. The transponder can potentially work autonomously for decades, enabling long term reliable sensing and monitoring eliminating the need for battery changing.
N.M.R. studies of water proton relaxation in Sephadex bead suspensions (1989)

Abstract The effects of morphology and diffusive exchange on N.M.R. water proton transverse relaxation times in a model heterogeneous system consisting of packed Sephadex beads are interpreted within a unified theoretical framework based on the Bloch-Torrey equations. The relaxation depends on the radii of the Sephadex beads, the cross-linking density of the dextran and varies with the C.P.M.G. interpulse spacing. The larger beads show multiexponential relaxation with up to three components. Without recourse to concepts such as ‘bound-water’ or ‘multiple site occupancy’ we show how the data can be simply understood as arising from diffusive exchange between regions having different relaxation times and resonance frequencies.
Tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus can overcome transgene-mediated RNA silencing of two essential viral genes (2004)

To evaluate RNA silencing for the control of geminivirus infection, two classes of post-transcriptionally silenced (PTS) plants were tested using Tomato yellow leaf curl Sardinia virus (TYLCSV) Rep-210-transgenic plants, a sensexantisense hybrid and two multicopy sense lines. In both classes, PTS plants accumulated low or undetectable amounts of Rep-210 protein and mRNA but high amounts of Rep-210 small interfering RNAs. PTS plants were susceptible to TYLCSV when challenged by agroinoculation or using high viruliferous whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) pressure, although some plants were resistant at low whitefly pressure. Delayed infections were also observed, indicating that TYLCSV could overcome transgene silencing of rep and of the nested C4 gene. TYLCSV infection boosted transgene silencing but this did not lead to recovery. The data suggest that if the virus reaches a threshold level of expression/replication in the initially infected cells then virus spreading can no longer be prevented.
Development and applications of a Si nanophotodiode with a surface plasmon antenna (2006)

We developed a nano-photodiode that confines and absorbs the sub-wavelength-size optical near field in small-scale silicon. A surface plasmon resonance antenna is used to enhance the near field in silicon. The response time of the nanophotodiodes is shorter than that of conventional photodiodes because the separation between anode and cathode and the size of the electrodes can be as small as one thousandth of that for conventional photodiodes. The full-width at halfmaximum of the impulse response of the silicon nano-photodiode was as fast as ~20 ps even when the bias voltage was less than 1 V. This nano-photodiode technology can be applied to other semiconductor materials such as germanium and ternary compound semiconductors.
Expression of angiopoietin-like 4 and tenascin C but not cathepsin C mRNA predicts prognosis of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (2010)

Analysis of gene expression using RNA from the paraffin-embedded tissues is becoming an important way to study cancer pathogenesis. In this article, total RNA was extracted from tissue of 158 cases of paraffin-embedded tongue cancer, and expression of angiopoietin-like 4, tenascin-C and cathepsin-C were detected by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Our results demonstrated that high expression level of angiopoietin-like 4 or tenascin-C was predictive of poor prognosis of tongue cancer patients (p = 0.024 and p = 0.011, respectively), especially when expression levels of both genes were concomitantly high (p = 0.001). Additionally, high expression of angiopoietin-like 4 and tenascin-C, or concomitant high expression of angiopoietin-like 4 and tenascin-C were independent prognostic factors of poor survival in patients with tongue cancer. These results suggest that the improved method of RNA extraction is suitable for analysing gene expression of paraffin-embedded solid tumours. Angiopoietin-like and tenascin-C, especially the combination of angiopoietin-like 4 and tenascin-C, are useful for predicting the prognosis of the patients with tongue cancer, independent of lymph node metastasis status.