gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Review on Modified TiO<sub>2</sub>Photocatalysis under UV/Visible Light: Selected Results and Related Mechanisms on Interfacial Charge Carrier Transfer Dynamics (2011)

Titania is one of the most widely used benchmark standard photocatalysts in the field of environmental applications. However, the large band gap of titania and massive recombination of photogenerated charge carriers limit its overall photocatalytic efficiency. The former can be overcome by modifying the electronic band structure of titania including various strategies like coupling with a narrow band gap semiconductor, metal ion/nonmetal ion doping, codoping with two or more foreign ions, surface sensitization by organic dyes or metal complexes, and noble metal deposition. The latter can be corrected by changing the surface properties of titania by fluorination or sulfation or by the addition of suitable electron acceptors besides molecular oxygen in the reaction medium. This review encompasses several advancements made in these aspects, and also some of the new physical insights related to the charge transfer events like charge carrier generation, trapping, detrapping, and their transfer to surface are discussed for each strategy of the modified titania to support the conclusions derived. The synergistic effects in the mixed polymorphs of titania and also the theories proposed for their enhanced activity are reported. A recent venture on the synthesis and applications of anatase titania with a large percentage of reactive {001} facets and their band gap extension to the visible region via nonmetal ion doping which is a current hot topic is briefly outlined.
In vivo formation of allosteric aspartate transcarbamoylase containing circularly permuted catalytic polypeptide chains: Implications for protein folding and assembly (1996)

Because the N- and C-terminal amino acids of the catalytic (c) polypeptide chains of Escherichia coli aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase) are in close proximity to each other, it has been possible to form in vivo five different active ATCase variants in which the terminal regions of the wild-type c chains are linked in a continuous polypeptide chain and new termini are introduced elsewhere in either of the two structural domains of the c chain. These circularly permuted (cp) chains were produced by constructing tandem pyrB genes, which encode the c chain of ATCase, followed by application of PCR. Chains expressed in this way assemble efficiently in vivo to form active, stable ATCase variants. Three such variants have been purified and shown to have the kinetic and physical properties characteristic of wild-type ATCase composed of two catalytic (C) trimers and three regulatory (R) dimers. The values of Vmax for cpATCase122, cpATCase222, and cpATCase281 ranged from 16-21 mumol carbamoylaspartate per microgram per h, compared with 15 for wild-type ATCase, and the values for K0.5 for the variants were 4-17 mM aspartate, whereas wild-type ATCase exhibited a value of 6 mM. Hill coefficients for the three variants varied from 1.8 to 2.1, compared with 1.4 for the wild-type enzyme. As observed with wild-type ATCase, ATP activated the variants containing the circularly permuted chains, as shown by the lowering of K0.5 for aspartate and a decrease in the Hill coefficient (nH). In contrast, CTP caused both an increase in K0.5 and nH for the variants, just as observed with wild-type ATCase. Thus, the enzyme containing the permuted chains with widely diverse N- and C-termini exhibited the homotropic and heterotropic effects characteristic of wild-type ATCase. The decrease in the sedimentation coefficient of the variants caused by the binding of the bisubstrate ligand N-(phosphonacetyl)-L-aspartate (PALA) was also virtually identical to that obtained with wild-type ATCase, thereby indicating that these altered ATCase molecules undergo the analogous ligand-promoted allosteric transition from the taut (T) state to the relaxed (R) conformation. These ATCase molecules with new N- and C-termini widely dispersed throughout the c chains are valuable models for studying in vivo and in vitro folding of polypeptide chains.
Relay assisted uplink communication over frequency-selective channels (2003)

Based on block-orthogonal frequency division multiple access (block-OFDMA) and distributed space-time coding, we provide a novel design for a multi-user uplink communication system with fixed wireless relay stations. The relays can decode the information symbols received from the mobile users in the system and forward this information to the base station. We do not favor a system that enforces cooperation between users and relays at all times. We propose an adaptive scheme for a Rayleigh fading environment in which users and relays cooperate depending on the average power of the channels in the network. The proposed adaptive cooperative scheme increases the performance and the flexibility of the OFDMA uplink cellular system.
Alterations in biological properties of different lines of cytomegalorivus-transformed human embryo lung cells following in vitro cultivation. (1978)

Diverse alterations in biological properties of CMV-transformed cell lines were observed during prolonged in vitro cultivation. In the CMV-Mj-HEL-2 parent line there was a gradual decrease in the number of cells expressing CMV-related antigens; at the same time, an increase in oncogenicity was observed. One tumour line, designated CMV-Mj-HEL-2,T-1, however, retained the original ratio of cells expressing CMV-related antigens for over 100 in vitro passages. The cells lost their original moderate oncogenicity during this period. A later increase in the ratio of cells without CMV antigenic markers was accompanied by the return of moderate tumorigenicity and karyotypic changes. Both cell lines were studied to determine sensitivity to superinfection with herpesviruses, induction of immune response in nude mice, and release of infectious virus.
Dopamine has no Effect on Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Mobilization of Calcium from Intracellular Stores in Rat Anterior Pituitary Cells (1988)

To investigate whether dopaminergic reduction of PRL secretion is caused by an inhibition of release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores, we used a perifusion system to monitor simultaneously changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]c) and changes in PRL secretion from rat anterior pituitary cells, and from enriched populations of lactotrophs. We eliminated influx of extracellular Ca2+ by using medium with no added Ca2+ and 0.2 mM EGTA, conditions which abolished the increase in [Ca2+]c caused by 56 mM KCl. In this low Ca2+-containing medium, 100 nM TRH induced a burst of [Ca2+]c; the magnitude of the peak was the same whether the cells were perifused with low Ca2+-containing medium for 2 or 20 min before adding TRH, indicating the source of intracellular Ca2+ was stable under these conditions. After 2 min in this medium, TRH was still able to stimulate almost as much PRL release as in medium containing 1.8 mM Ca2+, and 1 microM dopamine inhibited this release, but did not affect the magnitude of the TRH-induced increase in [Ca2+]c. Preincubation for 5 min with dopamine did not affect the ability of a 30-sec incubation with TRH to stimulate the accumulation of inositol phosphate, inositol bisphosphate, and inositol trisphosphate, either in medium containing 1.8 mM Ca2+, or in low Ca2+-containing medium. Preincubation with dopamine for 5 min had no effect on TRH-induced mobilization of intracellular calcium. A source of Ca2+ is needed to refill internal Ca2+-stores discharged by TRH, and as dopamine lowered [Ca2+]c which might fill these stores, we tested to see if dopamine prevented.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Solitary fibrous tumor of the larynx (2012)

Solitary fibrous tumors of the larynx are extremely rare. To date only occasional cases have been reported in the literature. We present this case report as an additional case to existing literature. This report presents a patient with progressive dysphonia for two years. Examination revealed a bulging mass in the left paraglottic space. A CT scan was performed which demonstrated a well delineated, submucosal mass. The mass was firm and non-mobile and due to this fact obtaining material for biopsy was technically impossible. A surgical excision of the mass via a cervical approach was performed. The mass was completely removed and there was an immediate improvement in the patient's voice quality. Histological examination and immunohistochemical studies revealed a solitary fibrous tumor. This is a rare presentation of a solitary fibrous tumor in the larynx. Management options are discussed and the literature on this uncommon entity is reviewed.
Quantum Confined Luminescence in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>Si</mml:mi><mml:mi>/</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>SiO</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>Superlattices (1996)

Superlattices of $\mathrm{Si}/{\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ have been grown at room temperature with atomic layer precision using state of the art molecular beam epitaxy and ultraviolet ozone treatment. Photoluminescence was observed at wavelengths across the visible range for Si layer thicknesses $1<d<3\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$. The fitted peak emission energy $E(\mathrm{eV}){\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}1.60+0.72d}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ is in accordance with effective mass theory for quantum confinement by the wide-gap ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$ barriers and also with the bulk amorphous Si band gap. Measurements of the conduction and valence band shifts by x-ray techniques correlate with $E(d)$, confirming the role of quantum confinement and indicating a direct band-to-band recombination mechanism.
A Comparative Study of Lossless Audio Coding Schemes (2006)

In this paper, we present a comparative study of different lossless audio coding schemes, which are implemented using different integer transforms. The audio signal under consideration, which is assumed to be integer-valued, as in the case of fixed-point implementation, is first decorrelated using the appropriate integer transform. The resulting integer coefficients are then entropy-coded to produce the output stream. Several integer transforms have been considered, such as the integer wavelet transform (IntWT) with different decomposition levels as well as different filters, the integer discrete cosine transform (IntDCT), and the integer Walsh Hadamard transform (IntWHT). Arithmetic and Huffman coding have been used for entropy coding. The performed simulation provides insight on the performance of the different integer transforms in the lossless audio coding context
Effects of beta-glucans on the immune system. (2007)

Beta-glucans are naturally occurring polysaccharides. These glucose polymers are constituents of the cell wall of certain pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The healing and immunostimulating properties of mushrooms have been known for thousands of years in the Eastern countries. These mushrooms contain biologically active polysaccharides that mostly belong to group of beta-glucans. These substances increase host immune defense by activating complement system, enhancing macrophages and natural killer cell function. The induction of cellular responses by mushroom and other beta-glucans is likely to involve their specific interaction with several cell surface receptors, as complement receptor 3 (CR3; CD11b/CD18), lactosylceramide, selected scavenger receptors, and dectin-1 (betaGR). beta-Glucans also show anticarcinogenic activity. They can prevent oncogenesis due to the protective effect against potent genotoxic carcinogens. As immunostimulating agent, which acts through the activation of macrophages and NK cell cytotoxicity, beta-glucan can inhibit tumor growth in promotion stage too. Anti-angiogenesis can be one of the pathways through which beta-glucans can reduce tumor proliferation, prevent tumor metastasis. beta-Glucan as adjuvant to cancer chemotherapy and radiotherapy demonstrated the positive role in the restoration of hematopiesis following by bone marrow injury. Immunotherapy using monoclonal antibodies is a novel strategy of cancer treatment. These antibodies activate complement system and opsonize tumor cells with iC3b fragment. In contrast to microorganisms, tumor cells, as well as other host cells, lack beta-glucan as a surface component and cannot trigger complement receptor 3-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and initiate tumor-killing activity. This mechanism could be induced in the presence of beta-glucans.
Quantitative performance modeling of scientific computations and creating locality in numerical algorithms (1995)

... you design an efficient out-of-core iterative algorithm? These are the two questions answered in this thesis. The first
Oncolytic poliovirus directs tumor antigen presentation and T cell activation in vitro (2015)

Meeting abstracts Our group has developed an oncolytic poliovirus, PVSRIPO, capable of lysing malignant cells while generating inflammation at the site of the tumor. PVSRIPO is a recombinant polio:rhinovirus chimera, engineered to eliminate neuropathogenicity, that has cancer tropism due to ectopic
Preparation, properties, and characterization of methanesulfonato complexes of arsenic(III), antimony (III), and bismuth(III) (1987)

Arsenic(III), antimony (III), and bismuth(III) oxides, sodium arsenite and bismuthate react with methanesulfonic anhydride, (CH 3 ) 2 S 2 O 5 , to yield M(SO 3 CH 3 ) 3 (M = As(III), Sb(III), and Bi(III)), Na[AsO(SO 3 CH 3 ) 2 ], and Na[Bi(SO 3 CH 3 ) 4 ], respectively, in quantitative yield. Reaction of arsenic(III) oxide with pure methanesulfonic acid yields oxo(methanesulfonato)arsenic(III), AsO(SO 3 CH 3 ), which behaves as a non-electrolyte in 100% methanesulfonic acid. The compounds have been characterized by elemental analysis, conductance, infrared, 1 H nmr and thermal measurements. Their properties have been studied by ligand substitution and complex formation reactions. The M(SO 3 CH 3 ) 3 (M = As(III), Sb(III), and Bi(III)) compounds are capable of functioning both as Lewis acids and bases. These compounds exhibit basic behaviour in 100% methanesulfonic acid. The synthesis of complex mathanesulfonates Cs[M(SO 3 CH 3 ) 4 ] (M = As(III), Sb(III), and Bi(III)) is also described.
The design of a lockup-free cache for high-performance multiprocessors (1988)

High-performance multiprocessors must incorporate a high-bandwidth, short-latency memory aggregate to support maximal processor utilization. Cache memories are often used to meet this requirement. The performance of cache-based, shared-memory multiprocessors can suffer greatly from moderate cache miss rates because of the usually high ratio between memory-access and cache-access times. In this paper we propose a lockup-free cache design in which the handling of one or several cache misses is overlapped with processor activity. In multiprocessors, lockup-free caches aggravate the memory coherence problem. Three different cache architectures relying on different compiler interventions are introduced. A performance model demonstrates the usefulness of lockup-free caches for high-performance processors. The merits and disadvantages of the three schemes are discussed and compiler techniques, to take advantage of the proposed designs, are illustrated at the end of the paper.
Self-Assembly of Novel [3]- and [2]Rotaxanes with Two Different Ring Components:  Donor−Acceptor and Hydrogen Bonding Interactions and Molecular-Shuttling Behavior (2001)

Three of the first kind of hetero[3]rotaxanes, which comprise one linear component and one neutral and one tetracationic ring component, have been assembled by using the intermolecular hydrogen bonding and donor-acceptor interactions. Three neutral [2]rotaxanes and three tetracationic [2]rotaxanes have also been synthesized as intermediate products or for the sake of property comparison. The linear molecules are incorporated with two glycine subunits, for templating the formation of the neutral tetraamide cyclophane, and one or two hydroquinone subunits, for inducing the formation of the tetracationic cyclophane. Variable-temperature (1)H NMR investigation reveals that the shuttling behavior of the tetracationic ring component along the linear component is substantially influenced by the existence of the neutral ring component. The spatial repelling interaction of the neutral ring on the electron-deficient tetracationic ring simultaneously weakens the latter's "positioning" tendency at both electron-rich hydroquinone sites of the linear component. As a result, the activation energy associated with the shuttling process of the tetracationic ring between the two hydroquinone sites is remarkably reduced in comparison to that of the shuttling process of the corresponding neutral ring-free [2]rotaxanes. For the first time, the rotation of the dipyridinium subunit around the axis formed by the two methylene groups connecting them within the tetracationic cyclophane has been investigated by variable-temperature (1)H NMR spectroscopy and the associated kinetic data have also been successfully obtained. Furthermore, the UV-vis and fluorescent properties of the new [2]- and [3]rotaxanes have been studied. The results demonstrate that [3]rotaxanes with different ring components possess unique kinetic features that are not available in [3]rotaxanes with identical ring components.
Characterization of immunogenic properties of haptenated liposomal model membranes in mice. IV. induction of IgM memory. (1981)

This paper describes the induction of IgM immune memory to haptenated liposomes in mice. The tripeptide-enlarged haptens 3-(p-azo-benzenearsonate)-N-acetyl-L-tyrosylglycylglycine (A) and N-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-β-alanylglycylglycine (J) were coupled to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and the conjugates A-PE and J-PE were incorporated into separate liposomal membranes (monofunctional A-PE-liposomes or J-PE-liposomes) or into the same liposomal membranes [bifunctional (A,J)-PE-liposomes]. The magnitude of the humoral response was measured by the appearance of direct and indirect plaque-forming cells in the spleens of immunized mice. Intracutaneous priming of mice with A-PE-liposomes mixed with the adjuvant dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide (DDA) and secondary immunization with bifunctional (A,J)-PE-liposomes resulted in enhanced hapten A- and J-specific IgM responses. However, no switch from IgM to IgG antibodies was observed in these mice. The J-specific IgM response was enhanced only when hapten J was incorporated into a bifunctional liposome which also contained A-epitopes. In mice primed with A-PE-liposomes in the absence of DDA, a greatly diminished memory to both hapten A and J was observed. This finding indicates a crucial role for the adjuvant in the induction of memory. J-PE-liposomes and DDA were not able to induce memory to monofunctional J-PE-liposomes or bifunctional (A,J)-PE-liposomes. The possibility that hapten A-specific B lymphocytes were responsible for the induction of memory was excluded by hapten-specific blockade of these cells with a B-cell tolerogen. These data, in addition to the observation that no IgM memory could be induced in congenitally athymic nude mice, suggest that the observed memory can be ascribed to priming of hapten A-specific T lymphocytes.
Comprehending module dependencies and sharing (2010)

Software often lives in a complex software eco-system with complex interactions and dependencies between different modules or components. In Windows, this problem is exacerbated both by the overall system complexity and its closed source nature. Even when source is available, there are still interactions with modules which are only in binary form.
Protective Effects of CGS 30440, a Combined Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor and Neutral Endopeptidase Inhibitor, in a Model of Chronic Renal Failure (1998)

The purpose of these studies was to compare the effects of CGS 30440 (CGS), a dual angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI)/neutral endopeptidase inhibitor (NEPI) to benazepril (BZ), an ACEI, in a model of five-sixths nephrectomy. The doses of BZ and CGS 30440 tested were 6.5 micromol/kg/day and 2.2 micromol/kg/day. Drugs or vehicle (V) were administered subcutaneously for 6 weeks with dosing initiated 1 week after renal mass reduction. At 6 weeks of receiving drug (7 weeks after five-sixths nephrectomy), CGS/6.5 and BZ/6.5 and CGS/2.2 maintained systolic blood pressures (SBP) at presurgical values. BZ/2.2 did not reduce SBP and was similar to the V group. Urinary protein excretion increased >10-fold in the V-treated group. BZ, at either dose, reduced the proteinuria slightly. CGS/6.5 and CGS/2.2 caused significant (p < 0.05) reductions in proteinuria. Creatinine clearance (Cr(cl)), was reduced by 82% in V, 65 and 61% in the CGS/6.5 and CGS/2.2 groups, and by 69 and 74% in the BZ/6.5 and BZ/2.2 groups, respectively. Both CGS treatments improved the fractional excretion of Na+ (%FE(Na)) significantly from the BZ and V groups. The %FE(Na) for BZ at either dose did not differ from that of V. Elevated urinary cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), an indicator suggesting increased intrarenal levels of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), was observed only in the CGS groups. Histologic examination indicated that BZ/6.5 reduced glomerular sclerosis and the extent of tubular dilation, whereas BZ/2.2 had little effect. CGS, especially at the high dose, virtually normalized the glomerular and tubular pathology. Compared with BZ, CGS 30440 treatment further diminished tubular dilation and proteinaceous cast formation. These tubular effects are consistent with some of the renal actions of ANP. The results from these studies indicate that CGS 30440, a combined ACEI/NEPI, conferred a greater renal protective effect than did ACE inhibition alone.
The clinical and physiological spectrum of interferon‐alpha induced thyroiditis (2006)

Interferon-alpha (IFNalpha) is a major treatment modality for several malignant and nonmalignant diseases, especially hepatitis C. Prospective studies have shown that up to 15% of patients with hepatitis C receiving IFNalpha develop clinical thyroid disease, and up to 40% were reported to develop thyroid antibodies. Some of these complications may result in discontinuation of interferon therapy. Thus, interferon induced thyroiditis (IIT) is a major clinical problem for patients receiving interferon therapy. IIT can be classified as autoimmune type and non-autoimmune type. Autoimmune IIT may manifest by the development of thyroid antibodies without clinical disease, or by clinical disease which includes both autoimmune hypothyroidism (Hashimoto's thyroiditis) and autoimmune thyrotoxicosis (Graves' disease). Non-autoimmune IIT can manifest as destructive thyroiditis or as hypothyroidism with negative thyroid antibodies. Early detection and therapy of these conditions is important in order to avoid complications of thyroid disease such as cardiac arrhythmias. While it is not clear which factors contribute to the susceptibility to IIT, recent evidence suggests that genetic factors, gender, and hepatitis C virus infection may play a role. In contrast, viral genotype and therapeutic regimen do not influence susceptibility to IIT. The etiology of IIT is unknown and may be secondary to immune modulation by IFNalpha and/or direct effects of interferon on the thyroid. In this review we discuss the clinical and pathophysiological aspects of IIT, and we are proposing a new, etiology-based classification of IIT, as well as an algorithm for diagnosis and treatment of IIT.