gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Acetal Concept: Regioselective Access to <i>ortho</i>,<i>ortho</i>‐Diphenols via Dibenzo‐1,3‐dioxepines (2012)

Traditional methods are ill-suited for the synthesis of ortho,ortho-biphenols, a structural motif found in many polyphenolic natural products, as well as synthetically useful compounds such as the chiral ligands binol, vapol, and vanol. The new route consists of a radical-based reaction of an acetal-tethered biphenyl ether substrate and subsequent hydrolytic cleavage of the dibenzo-1,3-dioxepine intermediate. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Fabrication of a fiber probe with a nanometric protrusion for near-field optical microscopy by a novel technique of three-dimensional nanophotolithography (1996)

A new technique based on photolithography has been developed to fabricate a fiber probe with a nanometric protruding tip for near field optical microscopy. As a first step, an optical fiber is sharpened by chemical etching and coated with metallic film. Next, it is coated with photoresist and its apex region is selectively exposed to an evanescent wave. Finally, the metallic film at the apex region is etched away. The foot diameter of the protrusion fabricated by this method is about 30 nm.
Vitamin D and Inflammation: Potential Implications for Severity of Covid-19. (2020)

Background Recent research has indicated that vitamin D may have immune supporting properties through modulation of both the adaptive and innate immune system through cytokines and regulation of cell signalling pathways. We hypothesize that vitamin D status may influence the severity of responses to Covid-19 and that the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Europe will be closely aligned to Covid-19 mortality. Methods We conducted a literature search on PubMed (no language restriction) of vitamin D status (for older adults) in countries/areas of Europe affected by Covid-19 infection. Countries were selected by severity of infection (high and low) and were limited to national surveys or where not available, to geographic areas within the country affected by infection. Covid-19 infection and mortality data was gathered from the World Health Organisation. Results Counter-intuitively, lower latitude and typically 'sunny' countries such as Spain and Italy (particularly Northern Italy), had low mean concentrations of 25(OH)D and high rates of vitamin D deficiency. These countries have also been experiencing the highest infection and death rates in Europe. The northern latitude countries (Norway, Finland, Sweden) which receive less UVB sunlight than Southern Europe, actually had much higher mean 25(OH)D concentrations, low levels of deficiency and for Norway and Finland, lower infection and death rates. The correlation between 25(OH)D concentration and mortality rate reached conventional significance (P=0.046) by Spearman's Rank Correlation. Conclusions Optimising vitamin D status to recommendations by national and international public health agencies will certainly have benefits for bone health and potential benefits for Covid-19. There is a strong plausible biological hypothesis and evolving epidemiological data supporting a role for vitamin D in Covid-19.
Distillable Acid–Base Conjugate Ionic Liquids for Cellulose Dissolution and Processing (2011)

Heating up: Improved recyclability is necessary for ionic liquids destined for wood-based bioprocessing platforms. New “distillable” molten acid–base conjugates efficiently dissolve cellulose at temperatures of 100 °C. Increased temperature induces a shift of the acid–base equilibrium toward the neutral species (see picture, TMG=1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine), thus affording a vapor pressure and allowing for distillation of the mixture. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
CEPaaS: Complex Event Processing as a Service (2017)

Complex Event Processing (CEP) is a technology for performing continuous operations on fast and distributed streams of data. By using CEP, companies can obtain real-time insights, create competitive advantage, and, ultimately unlock the potential of Big Data. Nevertheless, despite this recent surge of interest, the CEP market is still dominated by solutions that are costly and inflexible or too low-level and hard to operate. To overcome these adoption barriers, this research proposes the creation of a CEP as a Service (CEPaaS) system to provide CEP functionalities to users together with the advantages of the Software as a Service (SaaS) model, such as no up-front investment and low maintenance cost. To ensure the success of such a system, however, many complex requirements must be satisfied, such as low latency processing, fault tolerance, and query execution isolation. To satisfy these requirements, this paper also presents an architecture and implementation for this CEPaaS system based on three main pillars: multi-cloud architecture, container management systems, and extensible multi-tenant design. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system achieves the goal of offering CEP functionalities as a scalable and fault-tolerant service.
Methane Hydrate Equilibrium and Formation Kinetics in the Presence of an Anionic Surfactant (2007)

This paper presents a new thermodynamic calculation procedure to predict gas hydrate equilibria in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles. This calculation procedure employs the Poisson−Boltzmann equation to determine the electrical potential and the water chemical potential change due to the presence of micelles. This water chemical potential change is incorporated into the Zele−Lee−Holder and Lee−Holder distortion model to predict equilibrium conditions of gas hydrates in the micelle solution. The prediction results agree with experimental results within an error of 5−20%. Both results show that the equilibrium dissociation pressures of methane hydrates at SDS concentrations ranging from 250 to 10 000 ppm are not much different from those in the absence of SDS. However, the initial formation rate of methane hydrates is greatly affected by SDS. One useful finding is that there is an optimal SDS concentration for the maximum initial formation rate.
(Gas‐)liquid‐solid circulating fluidized beds and their potential applications to bioreactor engineering (2000)

Abstract Compared with conventional fluidized beds, circulating fluidized beds have many advantages including better interfacial contacting and reduced backmixing (Lim et al., 1995). While there are many reports on the gas—solid circulating fluidized systems, liquid—solid and gas—liquid—solid circulating fluidized bed systems have been scantily studied. However, extending current knowledge obtained in gas—solid systems to liquid—solids and gas—liquid—solid three‐phase systems is shown to open new horizons for applications of circulating fluidized bed technology and expected to lead to the development of highly efficient liquid—solid and gas—liquid—solid reactors, especially for the ever growing field of biotechnology. In order to fully appreciate the potential of those two types of liquid phase circulating fluidized beds, recent progress is reviewed in this article. Their potential applications to biochemical processes are also discussed.
Antisense RNA to the putative tumor suppressor gene BRCA1 transforms mouse fibroblasts. (1996)

Recently, BRCA1, a familial breast and ovarian cancer susceptible gene has been cloned and shown to be either lost or mutated in families with breast and ovarian cancers. BRCA1 has been postulated to encode a tumor suppressor, a protein that acts as a negative regulator of tumor growth. We have characterized the BRCA1 gene products by Western blot and immunoprecipitation analysis in mouse and tumor cells. Multiple BRCA1 polypeptides of approximately 225, 185, 160, 145, 100, 52 and 38 kD were identified in these cells. BRCA1 proteins were found to be localized mainly in the nucleus of normal Rat1 cells and human breast cancer cells. In order to understand the role of BRCA1 in cell transformation, we have established a stable NIH3T3 cell line expressing BRCA1 antisense RNA. The inhibition of expression of endogenous BRCA1 protein was detected in NIH3T3 transfectants by Western blot analysis. The antisense BRCA1 expressing NIH3T3 cells showed accelerated growth rate, anchorage independent growth and tumorigenicity in nude mice unlike the parental and sense transfectants. These results provide the first direct biological evidence for the possible function of BRCA1 as a tumor suppressor gene.
Modulated Dialysis: A New Strategy for the Treatment of Intradialytic Intolerance (1990)

Journal Article Modulated Dialysis: A New Strategy for the Treatment of Intradialytic Intolerance Get access S. Stefoni, S. Stefoni 1Institute of Nephrology, St Orsola University Hospital, Bologna, Italy Institute of Nephrology. St Orsola University Hospital, Bologna. Italy Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar L. Coli, L. Coli 1Institute of Nephrology, St Orsola University Hospital, Bologna, Italy Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar F. Zacă, F. Zacă 1Institute of Nephrology, St Orsola University Hospital, Bologna, Italy Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar T. Bombardini, T. Bombardini 2Institute of Medical Pathology, St Orsola University Hospital, Bologna, Italy Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar G. Puddu, G. Puddu 2Institute of Medical Pathology, St Orsola University Hospital, Bologna, Italy Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar G. Feliciangeli, G. Feliciangeli 1Institute of Nephrology, St Orsola University Hospital, Bologna, Italy Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar G. Cianciolo, G. Cianciolo 1Institute of Nephrology, St Orsola University Hospital, Bologna, Italy Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar M. G. Facchini M. G. Facchini 1Institute of Nephrology, St Orsola University Hospital, Bologna, Italy Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, Volume 5, Issue suppl_1, April 1990, Pages 154–157, https://doi.org/10.1093/ndt/5.suppl_1.154 Published: 01 April 1990
Graphene-Based Long-Period Fiber Grating Surface Plasmon Resonance Sensor for High-Sensitivity Gas Sensing (2016)

A graphene-based long-period fiber grating (LPFG) surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor is proposed. A monolayer of graphene is coated onto the Ag film surface of the LPFG SPR sensor, which increases the intensity of the evanescent field on the surface of the fiber and thereby enhances the interaction between the SPR wave and molecules. Such features significantly improve the sensitivity of the sensor. The experimental results demonstrate that the sensitivity of the graphene-based LPFG SPR sensor can reach 0.344 nm%<sup>-1</sup> for methane, which is improved 2.96 and 1.31 times with respect to the traditional LPFG sensor and Ag-coated LPFG SPR sensor, respectively. Meanwhile, the graphene-based LPFG SPR sensor exhibits excellent response characteristics and repeatability. Such a SPR sensing scheme offers a promising platform to achieve high sensitivity for gas-sensing applications.
BASIC regenerating code: Binary addition and shift for exact repair (2013)

Regenerating code is a class of storage codes that achieve the optimal trade-off between storage capacity and repair bandwidth, which are two important performance metrics in data storage systems. However, existing constructions of regenerating codes rely on expensive computational operations such as finite field multiplication. The high coding and repair complexity limit their applications in large-scale practical storage systems. In this paper, we show that it is possible to achieve the full potential of regenerating codes with low computational complexity. In particular, we propose a new class of regenerating codes, called BASIC codes, that can achieve two specific points (i.e., minimum-bandwidth and minimum-storage regenerating points) on the storage and repair bandwidth trade-off curve, using only binary addition and shift operations in the coding and repair processes. Although in this paper we focus on constructing and analyzing BASIC codes for two specific exact-repair settings, our framework can be generalized to develop BASIC codes for more general exact- and functional-repair regenerating codes.
An Enhanced Data-Reduction Algorithm for Event-Triggered Networks (2009)

As functionality of vehicles increases in complexity, the demand on the in-vehicle networks increases as well. Maximum bus utilization often becomes the communication bottleneck. One way to satisfy the high bandwidth requirement for future vehicles is to use a higher bandwidth bus or multiple buses. However, the use of a higher bandwidth bus increases the cost of the network. Similarly, the use of multiple buses increases the cost as well as the complexity of wiring and network handling. Both options are becoming solutions to high bandwidth demand. An alternative option is the development of a higher layer protocol that uses data-reduction (DR) techniques to reduce the amount of data to be transferred. Its goal is to communicate the same amount of information using less bus bandwidth. It would be acceptable, provided that it does not increase the message latencies significantly so that the safety of the vehicle is not compromised. The cost of the protocol is expected to be marginal because it consists of one-time changes to software. Various DR algorithms are available in the literature, but DR technology has not been introduced in in-vehicle protocol standards. This paper presents a unique DR methodology, along with its comparison with other proposed methodologies. The performance of this new DR algorithm is found to be better than that of the existing DR algorithms for a wide range of signal dynamics. The cost, as well as the impact of this protocol on the end-to-end message latency, has been found to be very marginal.
Application of computational fluid dynamic simulations on the virtual Fontan operations for the patients with the functional single ventricle (2009)

Objective To perform the virtual Fontan operations on patients who had undergone the bilateral bidirectional Glenn procedure, and to simulate the blood flow in different types of opera-tive strategies by the method of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Methods Three-dimensional re-construction was performed with Mimics 12. 0(R) according to the results of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Virtual operations were performed by changing the virtual anastomotic sites of bilateral supe-rior vena cava (SVC) and pulmonary arteries (PAs), and by connecting the inferior vena cava (IVC) to different sites of PAs. Numerical simulations were established to analyze the CFD of blood flows in patients undergoing 4 different types of virtual operative strategies at different predetermined flow split distribution ratios of left pulmonary artery (LPA) to right pulmonary artery (RPA) (at 30: 70,40 : 60, 50:50,60:40 and 70:30, respectively). Results When the distance between the anastomotic sites of the bilateral SVCs to the PAs was relatively long and the anastomotic site of IVC and PAs was in the middle of the SVC-PA anastomotic sites, the control volume power loss (CVPL) was lower than any other three operative strategies at all predetermined LPA/RPA flow split distribution ratios. The CV-PL achieved a minimal value of 23.60 mW at the ratio of 50/50. Conclusions For Fontan operations, it may be the optimal operative strategy to anastomose bilateral SVCs to the homolateral PA separately and to connect the IVC in the middle of the SVC-PA anastomotic sites.

Key words: 
Computational fluid dynamics;  Fontan procedure;  Virtual operation;  Energy me-tabolism
The Influence of TCNQ<sup>0</sup>Content in TCNQ Salts on Polycations with Sulfonium Groups in the Main Chain (1991)

Abstract The influence of the TCNQ0 content defined as x = [TCNQ0]/[TCNQ−] on the properties of TCNQ complex salts containing S+ in the main chains are presented and discussed. Both the specific resistivity and the thermal activation energy of the conductivity had a minimum for x close to 0.9. The decrease of resistivity with an increase in the x ratio is explained by a decrease in the dimer concentration. The increase of resistivity for x increasing above 0.9 is explained by the formation of crystalline TCNQ0 domains. The discussion is based on ESR, optic absorption, and crystallinity data.
Characteristics of Metal Additive Manufacturing Method Using Electron Beam and the Future Possibility (2014)

The present study was undertaken to investigate the mechanical properties, surface toughness, accuracy of dimension and corrosion resistance of Ti–6Al–4V alloy prepared by additive manufacturing method using electron beam as the energy sauce. A product having good internal quality, surface quality is provided by choosing current conditions of the electron beam appropriately. The mechanical properties are a rolling product level without heat treatment. If there are even metal powder and 3D data by using the additive manufacturing method, this method can produce complicated products and the superior characteristics like statement above without a mold. However, the manufacturing cost is higher by from 10 times to 100 times than the conventional manufacturing processes. Therefore, the mechanical property, physical property, shape and product cost has to be taken into consideration for a product enough when we choose this additive manufacturing method.
Trinucleotide repeat expansions and human genetic disease (1994)

Trinucleotide repeat expansions are now a well-established mutational mechanism in human genetic disease. An unstable CAG repeat is known to be responsible for three neurodegenerative disorders: Huntington's disease, spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy and spinocerebellar ataxia type 1. Similarities in the genetics of these diseases, the size of the repeat expansions and the position of the unstable repeat within the gene (when known) suggest a common basis to the observed phenotypes. The cloning of two regions at which chromosome breakage can be induced (FRAXA and FRAXE) has in each case uncovered an unstable CG-rich triplet repeat which becomes methylated when fully expanded. In addition to these two classes of mutation, the presence of an expanded CTG repeat in the 3' untranslated region of a protein kinase causes myotonic dystrophy. The size of the respective expansions, repeat stability, mutational origins and possible mechanisms of action are discussed.
Deletions in the Third Intracellular Loop of the Thyrotropin Receptor (1998)

Gain-of-function mutations of the thyrotropin receptor (TSHR) gene have been invoked as one of the major causes of toxic thyroid adenomas. In a toxic thyroid nodule, we recently identified a 9-amino acid deletion (amino acid positions 613-621) within the third intracellular (i3) loop of the TSHR resulting in constitutive receptor activity. This finding exemplifies a new mechanism of TSHR activation and raises new questions concerning the function of the i3 loop. Because the i3 loop is thought to be critical for receptor/G protein interaction in many receptors, we systematically reexamined the role of the TSHR's i3 loop for G protein coupling. Thus, various deletion mutants were generated and functionally characterized. We identified an optimal deletion length responsible for constitutive activity. If the number of deleted amino acids was reduced, elevated basal cAMP accumulation was found to be concomitantly diminished. Expansion of the deletion dramatically impaired cell surface expression of the receptor. Shifting the deletion toward the N terminus of the i3 loop resulted in unaltered strong constitutive receptor activity. In contrast, translocation of the deletion toward the C terminus led to significantly reduced basal cAMP formation, most probably due to destruction of a conserved cluster of amino acids. In this study, we show for the first time that amino acid deletions within the i3 loop of a G protein-coupled receptor result in constitutive receptor activity. In the TSHR, 75% of the i3 loop generally assumed to play an essential role in G protein coupling can be deleted without rendering the mutant receptor unresponsive to thyrotropin. These findings support a novel model explaining the molecular events accompanying receptor activation by agonist.
Superconducting gravity gradiometer for space and terrestrial applications (1986)

A three-axis superconducting gravity gradiometer with a potential sensitivity better than 10−3 Eötvös Hz−1/2 is currently under development for applications in space. Although such a high sensitivity may be needed for only a limited number of terrestrial applications, superconductivity offers many extraordinary effects which can be used to obtain a gravity gradiometer with other characteristics necessary for operation in a hostile moving-base environment. Utilizing a number of recently devised techniques which rely on certain properties of superconductors, we have produced a design for a sensitive yet rugged gravity gradiometer with a high degree of stability and a common-mode rejection ratio greater than 109. With a base line of 0.11 m, a sensitivity of 0.1 Eötvös Hz−1/2 is expected in an environment monitored to a level of 10−2 m s−2 Hz−1/2 for linear vibration and 7×10−6 rad s−1 Hz−1/2 for angular vibration. A conventional stabilized platform can be used at this level. The intrinsic noise level, which is two orders of magnitude lower, could be achieved by monitoring the attitude with a superconducting angular accelerometer which is under development. In addition, the new gradiometer design has the versatility of adapting the instrument to different gravity biases by adjusting stored dc currents.
Study on magnetic field-assisted polishing. Application to a spherical surface. (1989)

Recently, several types of new polishing methods using a magnetic fluid have been developed and fundamental studies have been carried out. This paper describes an application of the magnetic field-assisted polishing to a spherical surface. This method is devised on the basis of the electro-magnetic behavior of the magnetic fluid. As a polishing test material, single crystal LiNbO3 is examined. It is a man-made and hard-brittle material, and it is machined previously to a spherical surface 50mm in radius of curvature by diamond turning. The experimental results show that a surface roughness of 0.01 μm Rmax can be easily obtained when colloidal silica is used as a polishing abrasive. And it is clarified that the magnetic field strength is closely related to the pressure and the removal rate. Therefore, in the case of finishing curved surfaces precisely, the magnetic field distribution must be uniform.