gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Translation initiation in <i>Escherichia coli</i>: sequences within the ribosome‐binding site (1992)

The translational roles of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence, the initiation codon, the space between them, and the second codon have been studied. The Shine-Dalgarno sequence UAAGGAGG initiated translation roughly four times more efficiently than did the shorter AAGGA sequence. Each Shine-Dalgarno sequence required a minimum distance to the initiation codon in order to drive translation; spacing, however, could be rather long. Initiation at AUG was more efficient than at GUG or UUG at each spacing examined; initiation at GUG was only slightly better than UUG. Translation was also affected by residues 3' to the initiation codon. The second codon can influence the rate of initiation, with the magnitude depending on the initiation codon. The data are consistent with a simple kinetic model in which a variety of rate constants contribute to the process of translation initiation.
Cluster growth and core-electron binding energies in supported metal clusters (1988)

Examination of the coverage dependence of the core-electron photoemission intensity and binding energy for simple, noble, and transition-metal clusters supported on amorphous carbon reveals three distinct, cluster-size-dependent regimes. In very small clusters, containing fewer than \ensuremath{\sim}30 atoms, the final-state hole is screened by the polarization of the neighboring atoms, and the binding energy depends only weakly on cluster size. In larger, metallic clusters the hole is screened by conduction electrons, with the missing charge appearing at the surface of the cluster. In this regime, the core-electron binding-energy shifts vary inversely with the one-third power of the coverage, confirming that they are dominated by the Coulomb energy of the charged final-state cluster. In the third regime the clusters begin to coalesce, forming a contiguous metallic layer in which the binding energy rapidly approaches that of the bulk metal.
ACTIVATION OF KUPFFER CELLS AND NEUTROPHILS FOR REACTIVE OXYGEN FORMATION IS RESPONSIBLE FOR ENDOTOXIN-ENHANCED LIVER INJURY AFTER HEPATIC ISCHEMIA (1995)

The potential role of reactive oxygen species generated by Kupffer cells and neutrophils was investigated in a model of endotoxin-enhanced liver injury after hepatic ischemia. Male Fischer rats were subjected to 20 min ischemia and reperfusion of up to 24 h; .5 mg/kg Salmonella enteritidis endotoxin was injected at 30 min of reperfusion. The animals developed severe liver injury resulting in 50% hepatocellular necrosis at 24 h. Isolated Kupffer cells and neutrophils from the postischemic liver generated 10-fold more superoxide than cells from control livers. Treatment with gadolinium chloride (GdCl3) selectively reduced the capacity of Kupffer cells to generate superoxide by 65% and attenuated liver injury by 73% at 4 h and 58-69% at 24 h. Monoclonal antibodies against neutrophil adhesion molecules (CD11/CD18) had no effect on the early injury but reduced hepatocellular necrosis by 90-95% at 24 h. The antioxidant Trolox and the iron-chelator deferoxamine attenuated liver injury by 71 and 80%, respectively. It is concluded that Kupffer cells are mainly responsible for the initial injury, and neutrophils are the dominant cytotoxic cell type during the later phase. Reactive oxygen generated by both cell types is critical for this pathogenesis.
Generation of transform limited optical pulses using all-optical gate (1992)

Transform limited optical pulses have been generated using an all-optical gate based on an optical fibre Sagnac loop in which optically amplified, spectrally chirped, gain switched pulses from a DFB laser diode were used to ‘gate’ a DFB laser diode driven CW. The resulting pulses were measured to be transform limited and are therefore suitable for transmission as solitons.
An aperiodic storage scheme to reduce memory conflicts in vector processors (1989)

One of the most noticeable differences between the CRAY-2 and its predecessors, the CRAY-1 and the CRAY X-MP, is a significantly longer memory path. This is a consequence of increasing the size of the memory at the expense of the bank access time. With a longer memory path, the impact of bank conflicts becomes more apparent. In this paper we study a storage strategy for vector processors that has the following properties: (1) it is aperiodic, (2) it tends to distribute references more uniformly over the memory banks, (3) the implementation of the addressing hardware is straightforward, and (4) the delay added to the memory path is minimal. The first two properties help in reducing the frequency of bank conflicts.
Analog analogue of a digital quantum computation (1998)

We solve a problem, which while not fitting into the usual paradigm, can be viewed as a quantum computation. Suppose we are given a quantum system with a Hamiltonian of the form $E|w〉〈w|$ where $|w〉$ is an unknown (normalized) state. The problem is to produce $|w〉$ by adding a Hamiltonian (independent of $|w〉)$ and evolving the system. If $|w〉$ is chosen uniformly at random we can (with high probability) produce $|w〉$ in a time proportional to ${N}^{1/2}/E$. If $|w〉$ is instead chosen from a fixed, known orthonormal basis we can also produce $|w〉$ in a time proportional to ${N}^{1/2}/E$ and we show that this time is optimally short. This restricted problem is an analog analogue to Grover's algorithm, a computation on a conventional (!) quantum computer that locates a marked item from an unsorted list of $N$ items in a number of steps proportional to ${N}^{1/2}$.
Use of Surfactants in Polylactic Acid Protein Microspheres (1995)

This paper describes the effect on the in vitro release profile of poly(D,L-lactic) acid (DL-PLA), and poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic) acid (D,L-PLGA), microspheres containing BSA as a model protein prepared by the double emulsion technique, due to the addition of surfactant agents in the first emulsion (W/O) made using two type of homogenizer. In the first stage D,L-PLA microspheres were prepared with a mixture of Span-40® and Tween-80® to get HLB 6 and 7, W/O ratio in the first emulsion 1:3 and two types of homogenizers (High pressure homogenizer and Sonicator) against microspheres without surfactants. The microspheres made with high pressure homogenizer presented less BSA trapping efficiency and higher burst effect than those made with sonicator which showed a very slow release rate. In the second stage D,L-PLA and D,L-PLGA microspheres with and without surfactant agents and using sonicator were compared. The BSA release from D,L-PLGA microspheres was continuous, but batches with HLB 6 and without surfactant presented a initial release of 55% of the incorporated BSA while batch with HLB 7 showed less burst effect and slower release rate. The D,L-PLA microspheres released a percentage of incorporated drug at the beginning of the in vitro assay and then stopped.
A Compact Experimental Planar Antenna with a USB Connector for Mobile Phone Application (2015)

A practical antenna design combined with a universal serial bus (USB) connector in close vicinity is proposed. In the proposed arrangement, the antenna unit consisted of two planar inverted F antennas (PIFAs) placed on the two sides of the USB connector. The antenna is located at the bottom of the mobile phone to avoid the crowded space on the top side of the phone where various mobile phone accessories are usually assigned. A diplexer is incorporated in the unit to alleviate the adverse effect of the metal USB connector on the radiating efficiency of the antenna. A prototype antenna was fabricated and tested and showed good coverage for GSM850/900/1800/1900, UMTS2100, and LTE700/2500 multibands operation. The overall performances demonstrated the good design of the proposed unit for mobile phone application.
What's in a semantic network? (1982)

Ever since Wood's "What's in a Link" paper, there has been a growing concern for formalization in the study of knowledge representation. Several arguments have been made that frame representation languages and semantic-network languages are syntactic variants of the first-order predicate calculus (FOPC). The typical argument proceeds by showing how any given frame or network representation can be mapped to a logically isomorphic FOPC representation. For the past two years we have been studying the formalization of knowledge retrievers as well as the representation languages that they operate on. This paper presents a representation language in the notation of FOPC whose form facilitates the design of a semantic-network-like retriever.
Nonmalignancy of Hybrids Derived From Two Mouse Malignant Cells. I. Hybrids Between L1210 Leukemia Cells and Malignant L Cells 2 (1973)

Cl 1D cells, a subclone of L cells, derived from a C3H mouse, produced tumors in 17% of compatible mice. L1210 leukemia cells, derived from a DBA/2 mouse, were highly malignant and killed 100% of hosts. Four independent hybrid clones (YC), derived from the fusion of Cl 1D and L1210 cells, failed to induce any tumor in (DBA/2 × C3H)F1 compatible mice. These observations suggest that malignancy was suppressed in hybrid cells by complementation. However, although YC hybrids did not produce tumors, they nevertheless had in vitro characteristics of malignant cells and parental tumor antigens. Histocompatibility factors between somatic hybrids and F1 mice are discussed.
Finding value from IT investments: exploring the elusive ROI in healthcare. (2003)

This article explores the historical IT value research, discusses its applicability to IT investments in healthcare, and highlights how it is challenged by several factors unique to the healthcare industry. The integration of historical IT value research with healthcare industry attributes provides an important context for understanding why the IT value proposition in healthcare has been so elusive. The article also poses a set of guidelines, which, based on the IT value research outside of healthcare, may assist in alleviating some of the current frustration with determining the value of healthcare IT investments.
Assessment of knee joint abnormality using Acoustic Emission sensors (2014)

The aim of this project is to distinguish the knee joint condition between normal and osteoarthritis subject by using acoustic signals. There were 17 subjects participated in this study and 8 of them are normal subject, while others are osteoarthritis subject. Acoustic Emission (AE) wave was produced, when the stress bone is subjected to external forces and cause the friction between the cartilages. A data acquisition protocol was developed to obtain the AE signal from subjects. Sit-stand-sit and swing the leg movements were used to record AE signals. The recorded signals were decomposed up to level 4 using Wavelet Packet Transform (WPT) with mother wavelet function of Daubechies (db) 44. Skewness and kurtosis were extracted from the each decomposed signal. The dimension of extracted features was reduced using Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The features before and after PCA were classified using Feed Forward Neural Network (FFNN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) and obtain the highest mean accuracy of 83.6% (sit-stand-sit) and 85.76% (swing the leg) using FFNN for dataset after PCA.
Anwendung von <i>N</i>‐Tritylmethionin zur Darstellung von biologisch und synthetisch interessanten Heterocyclen (1988)

Abstract N ‐Tritylmethionin‐Derivate liefern durch Überführung in Methylsulfonium‐Salze und anschließende Einwirkung von Natriumhydrid oder Kalium‐ tert ‐butylat die Heterocyclen N ‐(Trityl‐ L ‐homoserinlacton ( 3 ), ( S )‐ bzw. ( R )‐3‐( N ‐Tritylamino)tetrahydrofuran ( 7a, 7b ), ( S )‐1‐Hydroxy‐3‐( N ‐tritylamino)‐2‐pyrrolidinon ( 14 ), ( S )‐4‐( N ‐Tritylamino)‐1,2‐oxazinan‐3‐on ( 15 ), ( S )‐3‐( N ‐Tritylamino)‐2‐pyrrolidon ( 23 ), ( S )‐1‐ tert ‐Butyloxycarbonylamino‐3‐( N ‐tritylamino)‐2‐pyrrolidon ( 27 ) und ( S )‐2‐Methyl‐4‐( N ‐tritylamino)‐1,2‐oxazinan‐3‐on ( 18 ). Durch Methylierung von 14 und 15 erhält man ( S )‐1‐Methoxy‐3‐( N ‐tritylamino)‐2‐pyrrolidon ( 17 ) bzw. 18 . Die Stereochemie der Verbindungen 3, 7a und 17 wird durch Röntgenstrukturanalyse ermittelt.
Contemporary Italian Painting in Baltimore (1931)

PARTLY from a desire to isolate whatever may be purely national in contemporary painting, partly perhaps from appreciation of the efforts of Italian artists of today to free themselves from the traditions of their nineteenth century past, the Baltimore Museum of Art has brought to this country some seventy canvases exhibited previously this year in the Prima Quadriennale in Rome. Will there be a Modigliani, asks the visitor? No, for these are the works of living artists. Nor has Giorgio di Chirico contributed to the group, perhaps because he has allied himself too completley with Paris. In the absence of these two the visitor may look about comfortably for that flavor of nationality which the title of the show implies.
A new floating gate cell structure with a silicon-nitride cap layer for sub-20 nm NAND flash memory (2010)

A new cell structure of NAND memory devices, which employs an additional nitride layer between the top of a floating gate (FG) and inter-poly dielectrics (IPD), is devised to lesson a high electric field on the FG top edges during program. The cell structure is proved to be promising in sub-20 nm NAND generation in terms of larger program window, better endurance, and more robust data retention, which are obtained by decreasing a leakage current of IPD relating with the electric field on the FG top edges.
Selective Interactions of Ethidiums with G-Quadruplex DNA Revealed by Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (2003)

Complexes formed between G-quadruplex (G4)-conformed oligonucleotides and four ethidium derivatives were studied by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to detail the topology of complexes that support a G4 stabilization. Ethidium bromide (EB), which presents a weak ability to stabilize oligonucleotides in G4 conformation, displayed no SERS intensity modification when bound to G4, as compared with the free EB. Three ethidium derivatives have been selected due to their higher ability to stabilize G4 than EB. Bound with G4-conformed oligonucleotides, SERS intensity of these three ethidiums decreased by factors of about 6, 3.5, and 15. The high SERS quenching was interpreted as a loss of accessibility of silver colloids for G4-bound ethidiums. This could represent a new selective parameter useful to identify G4-stabilizing molecules. To apraise the role of the oligonucleotide sequence on the interaction mode, complexes were formed with eight G4-conformed oligonucleotides in which the three loops were either 5'-TTA-3' or 5'-AAA-3'. Spectra of ethidiums were sensitive to both lateral loops, opposite to the 3' and 5' G4 ends. The sequence of these loops are believed to be selective in the interaction mode of ethidiums for G4.
Environmental management plan implementation in Indonesia : a review of selected urban projects (2000)

As political and economic changes continue to dominate the Indonesian landscape, this review assesses the extent to which environmental management plans (EMPs) have been implemented in the execution and daily operations of large World Bank-funded urban development projects over the last two to five years. This note, which evaluates the effectiveness of EMPs in mitigating adverse environmental impacts and improving environmental management, is largely based on discussions and field visits to selected urban project sites in Indonesia in March and April 1999. Albeit limited, the sample yields valuable insights into environmental management and supervision of Bank-financed urban projects in Indonesia, and general trends in environmental management.
The global pipeline of new medicines for the control and elimination of malaria (2012)

Over the past decade, there has been a transformation in the portfolio of medicines to combat malaria. New fixed-dose artemisinin combination therapy is available, with four different types having received approval from Stringent Regulatory Authorities or the World Health Organization (WHO). However, there is still scope for improvement. The Malaria Eradication Research agenda identified several gaps in the current portfolio. Simpler regimens, such as a single-dose cure are needed, compared with the current three-day treatment. In addition, new medicines that prevent transmission and also relapse are needed, but with better safety profiles than current medicines. There is also a big opportunity for new medicines to prevent reinfection and to provide chemoprotection. This study reviews the global portfolio of new medicines in development against malaria, as of the summer of 2012. Cell-based phenotypic screening, and 'fast followers' of clinically validated classes, mean that there are now many new classes of molecules starting in clinical development, especially for the blood stages of malaria. There remain significant gaps for medicines blocking transmission, preventing relapse, and long-duration molecules for chemoprotection. The nascent pipeline of new medicines is significantly stronger than five years ago. However, there are still risks ahead in clinical development and sustainable funding of clinical studies is vital if this early promise is going to be delivered.
Genetic Algorithm based Vehicle Detection in Surveillance system (2016)

Durg Abstract— Traffic surveillance is used by private company, government and public organization for efficient management of transport network road safety, public safety in highways and busy street. A static camera observing a scene is an ordinary case of a surveillance system. Traffic surveillance is used by private company, government and public organization for efficient management of transport network road safety, public safety in highways and busy street. A static camera observing a scene is an ordinary case of a surveillance system. Vehicle classification is an inherently difficult problem. The tracked vehicles are classified into two categories: cars and non-cars. The accuracy of the system was impressive, but they only used lateral views of the vehicles for testing. Their results are very good, but they also limited their testing to lateral views. They have produced impressive results, but the question of retrieving the ―linearity‖ feature in frontal view remains unanswered. The Proposed Vehicle Detection technique using Genetic Algorithm performed the Cross over with the help of 1 point crossover and 2 Point crossover with random variables, which increased the speed of detection of the vehicles and accuracy whereas the previous works included tournament method. This method is very useful in detecting a large number of vehicles, and it also decreased the processing time, which was a major issue in the previous works. Keywords - Traffic surveillance, Vehicle Classification, Genetic algorithm, 1 point crossover, 2 point crossover and tournament method.
Interaction with amylopectin influences the ability of granule-bound starch synthase I to elongate malto-oligosaccharides (1999)

This paper examines the properties in soluble form of two isoforms of starch synthase. One of these, granule-bound starch synthase I (GBSSI), is responsible for the synthesis of amylose inside the amylopectin matrix of the starch granule in vivo. The other, starch synthase II (SSII), is involved in amylopectin synthesis. Both isoforms can use amylopectin and malto-oligosaccharide as substrates in vitro. As well as acting as a substrate for GBSSI, amylopectin acts as an effector of this isoform, increasing the rate at which it elongates malto-oligosaccharides and promoting a processive rather than distributive mode of elongation of these compounds. The affinity of GBSSI for amylopectin as an effector is greater than its affinity for amylopectin as a substrate. The rate and mode of elongation of malto-oligosaccharides by SSII are not influenced by amylopectin. These results suggest that specific interaction with amylopectin in the matrix of the starch granule is a unique property of GBSSI and is critical in determining the nature of its products.
Photochemotherapy in the Treatment of Cancer (2001)

The development of therapies which are selective for tumor tissues is one of the most important goals in anticancer research. Within this framework photochemotherapy can be considered a very promising approach. Its therapeutic effectiveness depends on two connected factors: drug and light. The drug (photosensitizer) is able to exert an antiproliferative effect only after interaction with suitable light. Both the photosensitizing drug and light alone are ineffective at doses used for these treatments. Nowadays, photochemotherapy is used in the treatment of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma and cavitary tumors. In the first case the photosensitizer is a psoralen derivative (P) and long-wavelength ultraviolet radiation (UVA) is used (PUVA therapy). In the second case, the treatment with porphyrins, porphyrin-based and non porphyrin-based photosensitizers is followed by irradiation with 600-1000 nm light (photodynamic therapy, PDT). This review is concerned with PUVA and PDT treatments of cancer. The molecular mechanisms considered accountable for the photochemotherapeutic effects are discussed, the development of new chemical structures aimed at improving the effectiveness and/or overcoming some undesired side effects will also be reported. Moreover, some clinical applications will be described.
Artemisinin Resistance in <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> Malaria (2009)

P. falciparum has reduced in vivo susceptibility to artesunate in western Cambodia as compared with northwestern Thailand. Resistance is characterized by slow parasite clearance in vivo without corresponding reductions on conventional in vitro susceptibility testing. Containment measures are urgently needed. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00493363, and Current Controlled Trials number, ISRCTN64835265.)
Science and technology studies: its relevance to medical education and the practice of medicine. (2006)

MEDICINE & HEALTH/RHODE ISLAND Combine a quick glance at the front page of the New York Times or the Boston Globe with two minutes of advertising on the nightly news. It becomes clear that medicine is simultaneously big business, a cultural practice, and a healing profession. Headlines, such as “Big Study Finds No Clear Benefit of Calcium Pills,” 1 “Women’s Health: State of Confusion,” “Drug Industry Braces for New Suits Over Even More of Its Products,” 3 seemingly report on straightforward analyses of scientific studies. Behind these headlines, however, are central questions of values and knowing. What social and cultural values inform the scientific questions we ask? Why are certain questions asked and not others? How do scientists, physicians and their patients mediate the fraught, often contradictory terrain of their own political perspectives and sociocultural values to provide the best possible health care? Scholars in Science and Technology Studies, an interdisciplinary endeavor that brings together anthropologists, philosophers, historians, art historians, literary theorists, sociologists, scientists, and physicians, concern themselves with how scientific knowledge is produced, accepted by scientists, transmitted in popular culture, and incorporated into scientific and medical practice. There are many medical controversies for which a science studies analysis is relevant. Two case studies, one on hormone replacement therapy in menopausal women and the other on race and genomics, illustrate our claim that the scientific and the social are inextricably linked. Viewed in this way, many of the apparent contradictions that characterize the daily experience of clinical practitioners can be clarified. We conclude by offering some ideas on the importance of integrating a science and technology studies approach into the medical curriculum.