gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modulation of postjunctional α-adrenergic responsiveness by local changes in temperature (1985)

In canine cutaneous veins, local moderate warming (37 degrees-41 degrees C) augments the responsiveness to postjunctional alpha 1-adrenergic stimulation but depresses that to postjunctional alpha 2-adrenergic activation. Moderate cooling (37 degrees-24 degrees C) has the opposite effect. The effects of warming and cooling on alpha 1-adrenergic responses are buffered by a large receptor reserve, allowing for the predominance of alterations in alpha 2-adrenergic responsiveness.
Polyphenols produced during red wine ageing (1997)

Over the past few years, it has been accepted that a moderate red wine consumption is a factor beneficial to human health. Indeed, people of France and Italy, the two major wine-producing European countries, eat a lot of fatty foods but suffer less from fatal heart strokes than people in North-America or in the northern regions of Europe, where wine is not consumed on a regular basis. For a time, ethanol was thought to be the "good" chemical species hiding behind what is known as the "French paradox". Researchers now have turned their investigations towards a family of natural substances called "polyphenols", which are only found in plants and are abundant in grapes. It is well known that these molecules behave as radical scavengers and antioxidants, and it has been demonstrated that they can protect cholesterol in the LDL species from oxidation, a process thought to be at the origin of many fatal heart attacks. However, taken one by one, it remains difficult to demonstrate which are the best polyphenols as far as their antioxidant activities are concerned. The main obstacle in that kind of research is not the design of the chemical and biological tests themselves, but surprisingly enough, the limited access to chemically pure and structurally elucidated polyphenolic compounds. In this article, particular attention will be paid to polyphenols of red wine made from Vitis vinifera cultivars. With respect to the "French paradox", we address the following question: are wine polyphenolic compounds identical to those found in grapes (skin, pulp and seed), or are there biochemical modifications specifically taking place on the native flavonoids when a wine ages? Indeed, structural changes occur during wine conservation, and one of the most studied of those changes concerns red wine colour evolution, called "wine ageing". As a wine ages, it has been demonstrated that the initially present grape pigments slowly turn into new more stable red pigments. That phenomenon goes on for weeks, months and years. Since grape and wine polyphenols are chemically distinct, their antioxidant activities cannot be the same. So, eating grapes might well lead to beneficial effects on human health, due to the variety and sometimes large amounts of their polyphenolic content. However, epidemiological surveys have focused on wines, not on grapes....
Handling OOVWords in Mandarin Spoken Term Detection with an Hierarchical n‐Gram Language Model (2017)

In this paper, an hierarchical n-gram Language model (LM) combining words and characters is explored to improve the detection of Out-of-vocabulary (OOV) words in Mandarin Spoken term detection (STD). The hierarchical LM is based on a word-level LM, with a character-level LM estimating probabilities of OOV words in a class-based way. The region containing OOV words in the sentence to be decoded is detected with the help of the word-level LM and the probabilities of OOV words are derived from the character-level LM. The implementation of the proposed approach is based on a dynamic decoder. The proposed approach is evaluated in terms of Actual term weighted value (ATWV) on two Mandarin data sets. Experiment results show that more than 10% relative improvement for OOV word detection is achieved on both sets. In addition, the detection of In-vocabulary (IV) words is barely influenced as well.
Stabilized High Voltage Power Supply for Electrostatic Analyzer (1949)

An a.c. operated power supply has been developed which furnishes voltage for the electrostatic analyzers for the University of Wisconsin electrostatic generator. Voltage is continuously variable from about 5000 to 50,000 with stability and accuracy of measurement within ±0.01 percent. The stabilizer is of the usual degenerative type, but the error signal is amplified by a phototube galvanometer d.c. amplifier and applied to a series impedance in the high voltage transformer primary circuit. The generator beam energy automatically follows adjustments of a low voltage potentiometer used for voltage measurements in this supply.
Optically Transparent Cathode for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Based on Graphene Nanoplatelets (2010)

Commercial graphene nanoplatelets in the form of optically transparent thin films on F-doped SnO(2) (FTO) exhibited high electrocatalytic activity toward I(3)(-)/I(-) redox couple, particularly in electrolyte based on ionic liquid (Z952). The charge-transfer resistance, R(CT), was smaller by a factor of 5-6 in ionic liquid, compared to values in traditional electrolyte based on methoxypropionitrile solution (Z946). Optical spectra and electrochemical impedance confirm that the film's absorbance scales linearly with R(CT)(-1). Electrocatalytic properties of graphene nanoplatelets for the I(3)(-)/I(-) redox reaction are proportional to the concentration of active sites (edge defects and oxidic groups), independent of the electrolyte medium. Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSC) was assembled with this material as a cathode. Semitransparent (>85%) film of graphene nanoplatelets presented no barrier to drain photocurrents at 1 Sun illumination and potentials between 0 and ca. 0.3 V, but an order of magnitude decrease of R(CT) is still needed to improve the behavior of DSC near the open circuit potential and, consequently, the fill factor. We predict that the graphene composite is a strong candidate for replacing both Pt and FTO in cathodes for DSC.
Gene Expression of Human Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-4E for Protein Synthesis and Study of Its Recognition Mechanism of mRNA Cap Structure (1995)

Being stimulated by the insights from model studies that (i) the intimate combination of hydrogen-bonding pairing and aromatic stacking interactions is important for the specific binding of guanine base by peptide and (ii) the pi-pi stacking force of Trp is significantly strengthened by the guanine N7-methylation (m7G), this research project was started, because (a) the mRNA cap structure is characterized by the existence of m7G and (b) an eukaryotic initiation factor-4E (eIF-4E), a protein which specifically recognizes the mRNA cap structure and opens the protein biosynthesis, contains 8 Trp residues irrespective of its relatively low molecular weight of about 25 kDa. In order to prepare the sufficient amount of sample for carrying out the analysis of the recognition mechanism of mRNA cap structure by eIF-4E at the atomic level, firstly, the expression of human eIF-4E gene in Escherichia coli was attempted. An artificial gene encoding for human eIF-4E was chemically synthesized and succeeded in the expression with two different forms, i.e., as a fusion protein with human growth hormone and a direct expression of soluble protein. The isolation of eIF-4E and its purification procedure using the m7GTP affinity chromatography were accomplished. It was shown by spectroscopic methods that the recombinant eIF-4E exhibits essentially the same tertiary structure as the native one and the binding ability with mRNA cap analog was identical with each other. In order to analyze the functional amino acid residues which are essential for specific recognition of mRNA cap structure, next a series of eIF-4E mutants were prepared by the site-directed mutagenesis, and His37, His200, Trp102 and Glu103 were suggested to be important for binding of mRNA cap structure, as judged from comparison of the binding abilities of respective mutants with a m7GTP affinity column. Since the crystals of recombinant eIF-4E-m7GTP complex suitable for X-ray crystallography are now in preparation, the detailed interaction mode between them will be opened in near future.
Proteomic analysis in giant axonal neuropathy: New insights into disease mechanisms (2012)

Several of the dysregulated proteins play a role in cytoskeletal reorganization. Based on these findings, we speculate that disturbed cytoskeletal regulation is responsible for formation of aggregates of intermediate filaments.
Intussusceptive Angiogenesis: A Biologically Relevant Form of Angiogenesis (2012)

Angiogenesis, i.e. the development and growth of blood vessels, is a major topic of research as it plays an important role in normal development and in various pathologies. Recent evidence revealed the existence of different mechanisms of blood vessel growth, including sprouting and intussusceptive angiogenesis, vascular mimicry, and blood vessel cooption. The latter two have only been observed in tumor growth, but sprouting and intussusceptive angiogenesis also occur in healthy, physiologically growing tissues. Despite this variety of angiogenic mechanisms, most of the current research is focused on the mechanism of sprouting angiogenesis because this mechanism was first described and because most existing experimental models are related to sprouting angiogenesis. Consequently, the mechanism of intussusceptive angiogenesis is often overlooked in angiogenesis research. Here, the mechanism of intussusceptive angiogenesis is reviewed and the current techniques and models for investigating intussusceptive angiogenesis are summarized. In addition, other mechanisms of vascular growth are briefly reviewed.
The Nonviral Episomal Replicating Vector pEPI-1 Allows Long-Term Inhibition of bcr-abl Expression by shRNA (2005)

The inhibition of gene expression by RNA interference harbors a high potential for application in the therapy of human diseases. However, while exogenous application of siRNAs efficiently inhibits gene expression, these effects are only transient in mammalian cells. We designed a short hairpin RNA-expression cassette to target the bcr-abl oncogene that was then introduced into the nonviral vector system pEPI-1, which replicates episomally in the absence of selection in the bcr-abl-positive cell line K562. Forty-two days after transfection the bcr-abl- but not the cytokine-dependent growth rate was found to be drastically reduced in K562 cells. Western analysis revealed a more than 90% reduction in the expression of the fusion protein bcr-abl while the expression of the bcr protein remained unaffected. In addition, we show that the level of bcr-abl mRNA was specifically reduced in these cells for more than 90%. These results demonstrate that the vector system pEPI-1 allows specific and efficient long term gene suppression by using a short hairpin RNA transcription unit.
Estimation of statistical phoneme center considering phonemic environments (2002)

The paper presents a new scheme of acoustic modeling for speech recognition based on an idea of statistical phoneme center. The statistical phoneme center has several properties that are feasible for realizing more reliable phoneme extraction. First, the authors assume that there is a fictitious center point in every phoneme. The center is determined statistically by an iterative procedure to maximize the local likelihood using a large amount of speech data. Next, in order to evaluate the performance of phoneme extraction, phoneme recognition is realized by optimizing the likelihood based on the dynamic time warping technique. As an experimental result, 71.6% recognition accuracy is obtained for speaker independent phoneme recognition. This result demonstrate that the proposed SPC is a new effective concept to obtain more stabilized acoustic model for speaker independent speech recognition.
The β Subunit of Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 2 Binds mRNA through the Lysine Repeats and a Region Comprising the C<sub>2</sub>-C<sub>2</sub> Motif (1999)

Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 (eIF2) has been implicated in the selection of the AUG codon as the start site for eukaryotic translation initiation, since mutations in its three subunits in yeast that allow the recognition of a UUG codon by the anticodon of the initiator Met-tRNAMet have been identified. All such mutations in the beta subunit of eIF2 (eIF2beta) mapped to a region containing a putative zinc finger structure of the C2-C2 type, indicating that these sequences could be involved in RNA recognition. Another feature of eIF2beta that could mediate an interaction with RNA is located in the amino-terminal sequences and is composed of three repeats of seven lysine residues which are highly conserved in other species. We show here the ability of eIF2beta, purified from Escherichia coli as a fusion to glutathione S-transferase, to bind mRNA in vitro. Through a deletion analysis, mRNA binding was found to be dependent on the lysine repeats and a region encompassing the C2-C2 motif. Strong mRNA binding in vitro could be maintained by the presence of only one lysine or one arginine run but not one alanine run. We further show that only one run of lysine residues is sufficient for the in vivo function of eIF2beta, probably through charge interaction, since its replacement by arginines did not impair cell viability, whereas substitution for alanines resulted in inviable cells. mRNA binding, but not GTP-dependent initiator Met-tRNAMet binding, by the eIF2 complex was determined to be dependent on the presence of the lysine runs of the beta subunit.
Abnormalities of Striatal Projection Neurons and<i>N</i>-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptors in Presymptomatic Huntington's Disease (1990)

HUNTINGTON'S disease is an autosomal dominant disease characterized by slowly progressive personality changes, dementia, and movement disorders.1 , 2 The average age at onset is 30 to 40 years, and the disease lasts for an average of 15 to 20 years. Analysis with restriction-fragmentlength polymorphisms (RFLPs) has localized the Huntington's disease gene close to the telomere of the short arm of chromosome 4.1 2 3 Prominent striatal atrophy with loss of striatal neurons and relative sparing of fibers of passage and afferent axons is the pathological hallmark of Huntington's disease.4 Recent studies have demonstrated a distinct pattern of vulnerability of striatal neurons in Huntington's . . .
Distributed/concurrent garbage collection in distributed shared memory systems (2002)

We present a distributed and concurrent garbage collection algorithm that is well suited for distributed shared memory systems. Traversal of objects during garbage collection happens "in place" in the sense that the objects are not moved to any special node for traversal. Thus garbage collection activity does not interfere with the caching and locality inherent to the application. Cyclic garbage is reclaimed without moving objects, physically or logically. Furthermore, cycles are handled naturally by the algorithm and it is not necessary that a special mechanism be introduced for this purpose. Local garbage collection is asynchronous. Global garbage collection is realized by pair-of-nodes communication; no global synchronization is required. In this sense, the algorithm is scalable. Non-ideal communication channel are allowed and no bound on message delivery time is required.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Dual-Mode Power Amplifier With On-Chip Switch Bias Control Circuits for LTE Handsets (2011)

In this brief, we present a dual-mode (high and low) power amplifier (PA) for fourth-generation long-term evolution (LTE) handset applications using a device switching technique to improve the efficiency at low output power. In particular, the effects of the gate voltage variation of the input and output switches on the amplifier performances are described. In addition, a bias control circuit for a dual-mode PA, which can provide the correct voltage to the input and output switches and can be effectively controlled by the mode control voltage, is also proposed. The bias control circuit, the mode switch, and the PA are implemented with the integrated pseudomorphic high-electron mobility transistor (pHEMT) and heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) technology on the same chip (i.e., bipolar field effect transistor process). A dual-mode PA with a gain of 27.2 dB, PAE of 34.5%, a ACLR <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">E-UTRA</sub> value of -31.2 dBc, and error vector magnitude (EVM) of 2.97% has been achieved in high-power mode; whereas a 22 dB of gain, PAE of 19%, a ACLR <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">E-UTRA</sub> value of -31.6 dBc and EVM of 2.84% were measured in the low-power mode with LTE uplink signals.
Tapping the Iceberg (1994)

Looks at the role of the manager in tapping into the potential of the workforce in an organization. The traditional role of the manager has been related to command and control which, it is argued, tends to restrict the potential contribution of the individual. However, if individuals are to be empowered in order to tap into this potential, then it is important that they are aligned with the mission of the organization and competent to undertake their tasks. Furthermore they must be given sufficient freedom to act. Considers the processes of delegation and coaching as part of the development process. Concludes with a ten‐point action plan to enable the empowerment process to be as effective as possible.
Temporal integration of loudness measured using categorical loudness scaling and matching procedures (2011)

Temporal integration of loudness of 1 kHz tones with 5 and 200 ms durations was assessed in four subjects using two loudness measurement procedures: categorical loudness scaling (CLS) and loudness matching. CLS provides a reliable and efficient procedure for collecting data on the temporal integration of loudness and previously reported nonmonotonic behavior observed at mid-sound pressure level levels is replicated with this procedure. Stimuli that are assigned to the same category are effectively matched in loudness, allowing the measurement of temporal integration with CLS without curve-fitting, interpolation, or assumptions concerning the form of the loudness growth function.
Differential response to contact during embryonic nerve‐nonnerve cell interactions (1983)

Abstract The outcome of contact interactions involving neurons and nonneurons varies depending on the cell types involved. When neuronal growth cones from either ciliary (motor) or dorsal root (sensory) ganglia directly contact the lamellipodium of an embryonic heart fibroblast, both neurite elongation and fibroblast locomotion are inhibited. This occurs in spite of the fact that cell‐surface activity in both cells continues unabated. Such contact inhibition is not observed when homologous ganglionic nonneurons are involved in the interaction. In fact, these cells become intimately associated with growth cones and/or neuritic shafts as a result of the contact. The detailed nature of the respose to contact exhibited by nerves and nonnerves varies not only with cell type but also with the portion of the cell involved in the contact. Growth cone filopodia tend to actively palpate the fibroblast surface, whereas spread regions, termed “veils,” form areas of apposition with fibroblast lamellipodia. This latter situation resembles the “typical” contact inhibition of locomotion that occurs following embryonic heart fibroblast‐fibroblast interactions. Growth cones also frequently exhibit contact guidance when interacting with nonruffling lateral surfaces of heart fibroblasts.
Organization of Amino Acids into Layered Supramolecular Secondary Structures (2018)

The unique physiochemical properties and multiscale organization of layered materials draw the attention of researchers across a wide range of scientific disciplines. Layered structures are commonly found in diverse biological systems where they fulfill various functions. A prominent example of layered biological materials is the organization of proteins and polypeptides into the archetypal aggregated amyloidal structures. While the organization of proteins into amyloid structures was initially associated with various degenerative disorders, it was later revealed that proteins not related to any disease could also form identical layered assemblies. Thus, it appears that the ability of peptides and proteins to produce amyloid-like aggregates represents a generic property of polyamides to assemble into higher order fibrillar structures. In the aggregated state, the peptide backbone forms β-sheet structures which are further organized into layered arrangements. We have recently extended the identified amyloidogenic building blocks to include not only peptides or proteins, but also single amino acids and other metabolites. High resolution spectroscopy and crystallography analyses confirm the clear potential of amino acids and other metabolites to form layered amyloid-like aggregates showing biophysical and biochemical properties similar to protein amyloids. Therefore, the generic propensity of peptides and proteins backbones to assemble into layered organizations may emanate from their basic building block, the amino acid. In this Account, we aim to introduce the concept of supramolecular β-sheet organization of single amino acids and to present an analysis of their layered-structure organization based on single crystal structures. We demonstrate that, despite the different side-chains that considerably vary in their chemical properties, all coded amino acids display a layer-like assembly stabilized by α-amine to α-carboxyl H-bonds, resembling supramolecular β-sheet structures, while the side-chains determine the higher order organization of the layers. Our work presents the first analysis of the β-sheet propensity of single amino acids in their unbound form, indicating an evolutionary predisposition. We classify the amino acids β-sheet propensity on the basis of the interlayer separation distance in the crystal packing, which correlates well with previously reported classifications based on various criteria, such as hydrophobicity, steric bulkiness, and folding. In addition, we demonstrate that the relative direction of α-amine to α-carboxyl H-bonding pattern provides critical insights regarding the stabilization of parallel versus antiparallel β-sheet structures by the various amino acids. Taken together, our analysis of amino acid crystals provides substantial information regarding protein folding and dynamics and could serve as basic rules set for the design of potential building blocks for molecular self-assembly to produce functional materials of tunable properties, an important objective of bottom-up nanotechnology.
Optimal Suspension Winding Configuration in a Homo-Polar Bearingless Motor (2012)

The authors have proposed a six-pole homo-polar type bearingless motor intended for a use as a small power and ultra high-speed motor. In a six-pole homo-polar rotor, crucial suspension force interference is caused. Thus, the suspension winding configuration should be carefully designed. In this paper, theoretical calculation is carried out with several structures to find the optimal winding configuration for reduction of the force interference. To verify the theory, finite-element-method (FEM) analysis is carried out. A test machine is also fabricated. FEM analysis and experimental result have demonstrated that the proposed optimal winding configuration can successfully reduce the force interference.