gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Physical characteristics in the new model of the cerebrospinal fluid system. (2011)

It is unknown which factors determine the changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure inside the craniospinal system during the changes of the body position. To test this, we have developed a new model of the CSF system, which by its biophysical characteristics and dimensions imitates the CSF system in cats. The results obtained on a model were compared to those in animals observed during changes of body position. A new model was constructed from two parts with different physical characteristics. The "cranial" part is developed from a plastic tube with unchangeable volume, while the "spinal" part is made of a rubber baloon, with modulus of elasticity similar to that of animal spinal dura. In upright position, in the "cranial" part of the model the negative pressure appears without any measurable changes in the fluid volume, while in "spinal" part the fluid pressure is positive. All of the observed changes are in accordance to the law of the fluid mechanics. Alterations of the CSF pressure in cats during the changes of the body position are not significantly different compared to those observed on our new model. This suggests that the CSF pressure changes are related to the fluid mechanics, and do not depend on CSF secretion and circulation. It seems that in all body positions the cranial volume of blood and CSF remains constant, which enables a good blood brain perfusion.
Measure of the diffraction efficiency of a holographic grating created by two Gaussian beams (1992)

We present a methodology for analyzing the characteristics of a photosensitive material for holography. When two Gaussian beams of equal intensities are exactly superimposed on the recording material, the modulation of the interference pattern is equal to unity. When they are no longer exactly superimposed, this modulation varies from one to zero depending on the analyzed point. On the other hand, the modulation is constant in a direction that is perpendicular to the incident plane. Therefore it is possible to consider a complete analysis (point by point) of only one holographic grating to measure the diffraction efficiency eta at a given modulation versus exposure or for varying modulation (or beam ratio K) for a given exposure. We present the results that are obtained with an experimental setup that was devised for that purpose. From these measurements it was possible to extract various parameters such as refractive-index modulation of the photosensitive support. The tested recording materials consist of film of dichromated gelatin and films of dichromate polyvinyl alcohol.
Production of Alcohols via Syngas Fermentation Using Alkalibaculum Bacchi Monoculture and a Mixed Culture (2014)

Gasification-syngas fermentation is a hybrid conversion technology. In this process, feedstocks such as biomass or municipal solid waste are gasified to syngas (CO, H2 and CO2), which is then converted into biofuels and chemicals using biocatalysts. Recently isolated Alkalibaculum bacchi strains CP11T, CP13 and CP15 were found to convert CO and H2) into ethanol and acetic acid at initial pH 8.0. Bottle fermentations showed that CP15 was the most promising strain for ethanol production because of its higher growth and ethanol production rates and yield than CP11T and CP13. The cost of CP15 medium was reduced by 27% by removing TAPS buffer and replacing yeast extract (YE), minerals and vitamins with corn steep liquor (CSL). The use of CSL resulted in a twofold increase in ethanol production in bottle fermentations. Fermentations were scaled up to 3-L and 7-L fermentors in semi-continuous and continuous modes with and without cell recycle. Results of the continuous syngas fermentation with cell recycle showed a maximum of 5.5 g/L cell mass concentration at a dilution rate of 0.033 h-1 in the YE medium. Cell mass and ethanol concentrations were 2.2 g/L and 6.5 g/L, respectively, at a dilution rate of 0.011 h-1. When CSL medium was used in continuous syngas fermentation, the maximum produced concentrations of ethanol, n-propanol and n-butanol were 8 g/L, 6 g/L and 1 g/L, respectively. n-Propanol and n-butanol were not typical products of strain CP15. A 16S rRNA gene-based survey revealed a mixed culture in the fermentor dominated by A. bacchi strain CP15 (56%) and Clostridium propionicum (34%). The mixed culture presents an opportunity for higher alcohols production from syngas. Semi-continuous fermentations in a 3-L fermentor with the mixed culture and CSL medium resulted in a twofold more total alcohol production than in the YE medium. The synergy between strain CP15 and C. propionicum in the mixed culture in bottle fermentations resulted in 50% higher efficiency in converting propionic acid, butyric acid and hexanoic acid to their respective alcohol.
Effects of Centrally Administered Losartan on Deoxycorticosterone-salt Hypertension Rats (2001)

To investigate whether brain AT1 receptor stimulation contributes as a hypertensive mechanism to deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertension, losartan (1 mg/4 microL) or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) was injected into the lateral cerebral ventricle in conscious control uninephrectomized Wistar rats or rats with DOCA-salt for 2 or 4 weeks, and mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rates (HR) were recorded. In rats with DOCA-salt treatment, resting MAP increased to 144+/-6 mmHg after 2 weeks and to 170+/-5 mmHg after 4 weeks versus 115- 120 mmHg in controls. In rats with 2 week DOCA-salt treatment, MAP started declining at 4 hr after intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of losartan, and significant decreases in MAP were found at 18 and 24 hr. In rats with 4 week DOCA-salt treatment, MAP was significantly decreased at 4, 18 and 24 hr. In both groups MAP decreased to that of control rats. In control rats, icv losartan had no effect on MAP and HR. Icv aCSF did not significantly change MAP and HR in either DOCA-salt hypertensive rats or control rats. Normalization of MAP after icv administration of the AT1 receptor antagonist suggests a significant role for brain AT1 receptor stimulation in the development and maintenance of hypertension in the DOCA-salt hypertensive rat model.
Identification, characterization of two NADPH-dependent erythrose reductases in the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica and improvement of erythritol productivity using metabolic engineering (2018)

Our results highlight that in the Y. lipolytica genome several genes encode enzymes able to reduce erythrose into erythritol. The catalytic properties of these enzymes and their cofactor dependency are different from that of already known erythrose reductase of Y. lipolytica. Constitutive expression of the newly isolated genes and engineering of NADPH cofactor metabolism led to an increase in erythritol titer. Development of fermentation strategies will allow further improvement of this productivity in the future.
[Antiviral agents. 28. Aliphatic substituted chlordihexylamino-1,3,5-triazine]. (1986)

The nucleophilic substitution of one chlorine atom in 2,4-dichloro-6-(dihexylamino)-1,3,5-triazine (1) by primary (2a-b) or secondary (2c) amines leads to the aliphatically substituted chloro-dihexylamino-1,3,5-triazines (3a-c) Structures of type 3 may be characterized by the spectroscopic data. In the mass spectra, the complete degradation of the alkyl groupings is striking and manifested in a series of consecutive peaks with differences of 14 between each other. Antiviral activity is exhibited by 3a through an inhibitory effect towards vaccinia virus and by 3b as interferon inductor towards encephalomyocarditis virus. Moreover, 3a and 3b exhibit a strong activity towards Trichomonas vaginalis. Additionally, 3a is capable of exerting temperature lowering and anthelminthic effects.
Laser-induced cooling of a Yb:YAG crystal in air at atmospheric pressure (2013)

We report for the first time the experimental demonstration of optical cooling of a bulk crystal at atmospheric pressure. The use of a fiber Bragg grating (FBG) sensor to measure laser-induced cooling in real time is also demonstrated for the first time. A temperature drop of 8.8 K from the chamber temperature was observed in a Yb:YAG crystal in air when pumped with 4.2 W at 1029 nm. A background absorption of 2.9 × 10⁻⁴ cm⁻¹ was estimated with a pump wavelength at 1550 nm. Simulations predict further cooling if the pump power is optimized for the sample's dimensions.
The application of mucoadhesive polymers in nasal drug delivery. (2010)

The mucoadhesive polymers have enormous potential for the delivery of therapeutic macromolecules, genes, and vaccines through the nasal cavity with high drug bioavailability.
Characterization of a Novel Modification to Monoclonal Antibodies:  Thioether Cross-link of Heavy and Light Chains (2005)

A novel, nonreducible thioether bridge between the light and heavy chains of different IgG1 monoclonal antibodies has been characterized. An additional band with an apparent molecular weight of 92 kDa was detected when monoclonal antibodies were analyzed by reducing capillary gel electrophoresis (rCGE) and reducing SDS-PAGE. To further investigate this observation, an early-eluting peak in the size exclusion chromatogram of a reduced and alkylated monoclonal antibody was collected and characterized by liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, and gel electrophoresis. The reduced and alkylated Mab was shown to be a cross-linked adduct with a molecular weight of 75 kDa. In the adduct, the heavy and light chains of the antibody were cross-linked by a nonreducible thioether bond between Cys-223 of the heavy chain and the C-terminal Cys residue of the light chain. The thioether bond modification was confirmed in the Fab fragment of a monoclonal antibody by LC-MS and nonreduced Lys-C peptide mapping with tandem mass spectrometry. The data show that the disulfide bond modification occurred under nonreducing conditions and was not an artifact of sample preparation for the rCGE analysis. The thioether bond modification was observed in several IgG1 monoclonal antibody products. Structural characterization of this novel modification is important in understanding the mechanism of thioether bond formation.
New developments in the endoscopic surveillance of Barrett’s oesophagus (2005)

Patients with a Barrett's oesophagus are at risk for developing an adenocarcinoma of the distal oesophagus. Therefore, many patients undergo endoscopic surveillance to detect dysplasia and/or cancer at an early and curable stage. However, early neoplastic lesions are difficult to identify with standard endoscopy. In addition, the low incidence of these lesions, currently estimated at 0.5% per year, reduces the cost effectiveness of the surveillance strategy. New developments, aimed at improving the efficacy of Barrett's surveillance, focus on two areas: 1) improvement of the endoscopic detection of early neoplastic lesions; and 2) the use of alternative techniques for tissue sampling combined with molecular markers to identify patients at risk for malignant degeneration.
Combining transmit beamforming and orthogonal space-time block codes by utilizing side information (2002)

Efficient space-time codes have been developed that achieve a large portion of the capacity available in communication systems employing multiple transmit and receive antennas. These codes are designed under the assumption that the transmitter has no knowledge about the channel. In this work, on the other hand, we consider the case when the transmitter has partial, but not perfect, knowledge about the channel and how to improve the code so that this fact is taken into account. A transmit scheme is proposed that combines the benefits of conventional beamforming with those given by orthogonal space-time block codes. Simulation results using four transmit antennas demonstrate significant gains.
HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN-LIKE SUBSTANCE IN NONENDOCRINE TISSUES OF NORMAL SUBJECTS (1978)

Departments of Medicine and Physiology, Harbor General Hospital, University of California School of Medicine, Torrance 90509
Analyzing Power Consumption in Optical Cross-connect Equipment for Future Large-Capacity Optical Networks (2010)

We describe a comparative analysis of the power consumption of optical cross-connect (OXC) equipment based on electrical and /or photonic matrix switching, which will be used for future large-capacity optical networks. The switch configurations used for both types of OXCs are also comprehensively discussed. For optical networks that accommodate traffic with a capacity of several Tb/s, the power consumption of the OXC equipment based on electrical switching could reach more than 50 kW; this can be reduced to 8 – 30 kW if photonic switching is used instead . In photonic switching-based OXC equipment, the power consumption of transponders becomes the most significant, and its reduction is the key issue for power-efficient large-capacity OXC equipment.
Modular Scanning Confocal Microscope with Digital Image Processing (2016)

In conventional confocal microscopy, a physical pinhole is placed at the image plane prior to the detector to limit the observation volume. In this work, we present a modular design of a scanning confocal microscope which uses a CCD camera to replace the physical pinhole for materials science applications. Experimental scans were performed on a microscope resolution target, a semiconductor chip carrier, and a piece of etched silicon wafer. The data collected by the CCD were processed to yield images of the specimen. By selecting effective pixels in the recorded CCD images, a virtual pinhole is created. By analyzing the image moments of the imaging data, a lateral resolution enhancement is achieved by using a 20 × / NA = 0.4 microscope objective at 532 nm laser wavelength.
Integrated micro-electro-mechanical sensor development for inertial applications (2002)

Electronic sensing circuitry and micro-electromechanical sense elements can be integrated to produce inertial instruments for applications unheard of a few years ago. This paper describes the Sandia M/sup 3/EMS fabrication process, inertial instruments that have been fabricated, and the results of initial characterization tests of micro-machined accelerometers.
Identification of parametric models for ultrasonic wave propagation in the presence of absorption and dispersion (1993)

Acoustic wave propagation in an absorptive and dispersive medium is usually described using models derived from a nearly local form of the Kramers-Kronig relationship, e.g., Q- and relaxation models. A modeling approach based on rational transfer function models for the generalized Hooke's law is presented. The assumptions and restrictions of models based on the nearly local absorption-dispersion relations and rational transfer function models are discussed. Using identification techniques, it is experimentally shown that the rational transfer function models explain the ultrasonic wave propagation in an absorptive-dispersive medium much better than the classical Q-models.
Method of Forensic Analysis for Compromising Carrier-lock Algorithm on 3G Modem Firmware (2019)

In this paper, a new method of usage forensics memory analysis for compromising the carrier-lock algorithm was proposed. The firmware of one popular 3G modem for security issues is investigated. A binary file is reverse engineered using IDA Pro Disassembler and the carrier-lock code algorithm is found. The reproduction of arithmetic and bitwise ARM commands under the IMEI to obtain the unlock code by way of just reverse engineering become impossible because of the algorithm complexity. Therefore the existed ARM code was used to generate the unlock codes on the fly via memory forensics technique and JTAG debugger. A new method was successfully tested on a set of different modem versions.
Enzymatic mechanism of an RNA ligase from wheat germ. (1983)

We have characterized the mechanism of action of a wheat germ RNA ligase which has been partially purified on the basis of its ability to participate in in vitro splicing of yeast tRNA precursors (Gegenheimer, P., Gabius, H-J., Peebles, C.L., and Abelson, J. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 8365-8373). The preparation catalyzes the ligation of oligoribonucleotide substrates forming a 2'-phosphomonoester, 3',5'-phosphodiester linkage. The 5' terminus of an RNA substrate can have either a 5'-hydroxyl or a 5'-phosphate. The 5'-phosphate, which for a 5'-hydroxyl substrate can be introduced by a polynucleotide kinase activity in the preparation, is incorporated into the ligated junction. The 3' terminus can have either a 2',3'-cyclic phosphate or a 2'-phosphate. 2',3'-Cyclic phosphates can be converted into 2'-phosphates by a 2',3'-cyclic phosphate, 3'-phosphodiesterase activity in the preparation. The 2'-phosphate of the ligated product is derived from the phosphate at the 3' terminus of the substrate. Ligation proceeds with the adenylylation of the 5'-phosphorylated terminus to form an intermediate with a 5',5'-phosphoanhydride bond.
Gate oxide reliability of 4H-SiC MOS devices (2005)

The paper presents the reliability of MOS-based 4H-SiC devices. Recent high temperature gate oxide breakdown measurements on MOS capacitors reveal that the gate oxides on an as-grown epi surface are more reliable than those grown on ion-implanted and activated surfaces. The reduction in the oxide reliability on implanted surfaces is primarily due to the deterioration of surface morphology as a result of implant damage. In addition, preliminary measurements on forward I-V characteristics and threshold voltage of power MOSFETs under a constant applied gate voltage of +20 V show the devices to be stable up to 88 hrs of operation at room temperature.
A new methodology for measurement of semi-solid constitutive behavior and its application to examination of as-cast porosity and hot tearing in aluminum alloys (2008)

Hot tearing and as-cast porosity are the two defects which impede the performance of cast products. The effect of porosity on hot tearing was investigated using a novel semi-solid tensile deformation methodology combined with X-ray micro-tomography. Semi-solid deformation tests were conducted on the commercial aluminium–magnesium alloy AA5182 in the as-cast state. This material was tested in two forms: as-received and hot isostatically pressed. In all cases, processing via hot isostatic pressing was found to increase the semi-solid tensile strength and ductility by reducing the number of pre-existing nucleation sites for strain accommodation. Further, it was shown that the failure in this material is localized to the fracture surface with very little internal damage occurring in other areas. These results support the hypothesis that as-cast porosity is intimately linked to the hot tearing susceptibility of aluminum alloys.
Development of outdoor luminescence imaging for drone-based PV array inspection (2017)

In this work we investigate and present preliminary results for two methods for luminescence imaging of photovoltaic (PV) modules in outdoor conditions, with the aim of choosing the most suitable method for implementation on a drone PV plant inspection system. We examined experimentally both electroluminescence (EL) and photoluminescence (PL) PV module imaging methods under natural light conditions, and determined that fast pulsed EL imaging with InGaAs detector cameras can yield reasonably accurate results under daylight conditions. Moreover, we formulated the necessary requirement for a PL light source, which would allow PL imaging of modules under daylight conditions.
The AMP-Foot 2.1 : actuator design, control and experiments with an amputee (2014)

SUMMARY The Ankle Mimicking Prosthetic (AMP-) Foot 2 is a new energy efficient, powered transtibial prosthesis mimicking intact ankle behavior. The author's research is focused on the use of a low power actuator which stores energy in springs during the complete stance phase. At push-off, this energy can be released hereby providing propulsion forces and torques to the amputee. With the use of the so-called catapult actuator, the size and weight of the drive can be decreased compared to state-of-the-art powered prostheses, while still providing the full power necessary for walking. In this article, the authors present a detailed description of the catapult actuator followed by a comparison with existing actuator technology in powered prosthetic feet with regard to torque and power requirements. The implication on the actuator's design will then be outlined. Further, a description of the control strategy behind the AMP-Foot 2 and 2.1 will be given. In the last section of the article, the actuation principle and control are illustrated by experimental validation with a transfemoral amputee. Conclusions and future work complete the paper.
Role of variations within microRNA-binding sites in cancer (2012)

Over 2000 microRNA (miRNA) sequences from different species have been submitted to the miRBase, the central online repository for miRNAs, making a total of 5071 miRNA loci, expressing 5922 distinct mature miRNA sequences. In this review, we have addressed the importance of the genetic variations in humans affecting miRNAs, their target genes and the genes involved in miRNA processing for individual risk of cancer, with particular emphasis on colorectal cancer. In fact, the number of studies suggesting that individual predisposition to cancer is modulated by genetic polymorphisms affecting the biogenesis of miRNA and the interaction between miRNAs and targets has risen steeply in the last few years. We also report the first evidence that variant alleles of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within miRNA genes and miRNA targets, previously associated with the risk of cancer, behave differently when tested in functional studies. The SNPs belonging to the miRNA world are certainly contributing to new insights in the field of the genetic predisposition to disease.
Use of site-directed mutagenesis to identify an upstream regulatory sequence of sodA gene of Escherichia coli K-12. (1990)

Mn-containing superoxide dismutase (SodA; superoxide:superoxide oxidoreductase, EC 1.15.1.1) biosynthesis in Escherichia coli is regulated by several environmental stimuli. The DNA sequence of sodA shows the presence of a potential binding site for a regulatory protein(s) at the -35 region. To explore the possible role of this region in the regulation of sodA, we used oligonucleotide-directed site-specific mutagenesis to change the sequence of nucleotides -48 through -44 from 5'-GGCAT-3' to 5'-TTACG-3'. We studied the effect of this altered sequence on the expression of sodA. The data showed that the altered sequence resulted in the constitutive expression of the gene. Thus, E. coli harboring a plasmid containing the mutated sodA gene (pSNM6) were uninducible by paraquat in aerobiosis or by 2,2'-dipyridyl in aerobiosis or anaerobiosis. Furthermore, a multicopy plasmid containing the mutated sodA failed to titrate the repressor molecules present in an E. coli strain carrying the sodA-lacZ fusion. In contrast, multicopy plasmids containing the wild-type sodA gene were able to titrate the repressor protein and to cause the anaerobic induction of beta-galactosidase in this sodA-lacZ fusion strain. These results indicate that the region within and around the mutated sequence probably plays an important role in sodA regulation and that the mutation disrupts a sequence that interacts with the repressor.