gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Functional analysis of the cotton CLE polypeptide signaling gene family in plant growth and development (2021)

The CLAVATA3 (CLV3)/EMBRYO SURROUNDING REGION (ESR)-RELATED (CLE) gene family encodes a large number of polypeptide signaling molecules involved in the regulation of shoot apical meristem division and root and vascular bundle development in a variety of plants. CLE family genes encode important short peptide hormones; however, the functions of these signaling polypeptides in cotton remain largely unknown. In the current work, we studied the effects of the CLE family genes on growth and development in cotton. Based on the presence of a conserved CLE motif of 13 amino acids, 93 genes were characterized as GhCLE gene family members, and these were subcategorized into 7 groups. A preliminary analysis of the cotton CLE gene family indicated that the activity of its members tends to be conserved in terms of both the 13-residue conserved domain at the C-terminus and their subcellular localization pattern. Among the 14 tested genes, the ectopic overexpression of GhCLE5::GFP partially mimicked the phenotype of the clv3 mutant in Arabidopsis. GhCLE5 could affect the endogenous CLV3 in binding to the receptor complex, comprised of CLV1, CLV2, and CRN, in the yeast two-hybrid assay and split-luciferase assay. Silencing GhCLE5 in cotton caused a short seedling phenotype. Therefore, we concluded that the cotton GhCLE gene family is functionally conserved in apical shoot development regulation. These results indicate that CLE also plays roles in cotton development as a short peptide hormone.
Changing the game plan with iPads (2012)

The iPad has been identified as an educational 'game changer'. One of the game changing aspects of the iPad is the opportunity to redefine the notion of the classroom. The immediacy and relative speed of the iPad means that teachers can create flexible learning environments where they can explore different ways to enhance the learning of essential skills and knowledge required by the English curriculum.
Rural electrification in Nepal: new techniques for affordable power (1990)

Deforestation and the consequent soil erosion are making daily life in Nepal even harder for the rural majority. Replacing wood with hydroelectricity as a fuel could help reverse this trend and provide scope for diversifying village economic activities, without further damaging the environment. Experience gained in turn-of-the-century Norway has been applied to building microhydro generators and to making the electricity they generate both economic and affordable
Dielectric Relaxation in Nematic Liquid Crystals (1966)

Abstract In homogeneously ordered liquid crystals of the nematic type, two principal dielectric constants can be measured: ϵ1 parallel and ϵ2 perpendicular to the symmetry axis of the liquid crystal. The two dielectric constants may show a very different relaxation behavior. With alkoxy derivatives of azobenzene, only the normal Debye dispersion region at microwave frequencies has been observed. With alkoxy derivatives of azoxybenzene, ϵ2 shows again only the normal Debye dispersion region at microwave frequencies, but ϵ1 has an additional dispersion at very unusually low frequencies in the radio region. This dispersion is due to the permanent electric dipole momment of the azoxy group, more exactly to its component parallel to the long molecular axis. The reorientation of this component in direction 1 is hindered by a potential barrier due to intermolecular forces. The corresponding relaxation time is increased by a factor g. Starting from a modification of the Debye theory of dielectric relaxation, this retardation factor may be used to calculate the height of the potential barrier. Numerical values are in satisfactory agreement with other values, calculated from the observed long range order.
Styrylmethylsulfonamides: Versatile Base-Solubilizing Components of Photoresist Resins (1995)

A series of styrylmethylsulfonamides have been prepared and used as components of chemically-amplified deep-UV photoresists based upon the acid catalysed removal of t-butoxycarbonyloxy (t-Boc) groups. The sulfonamide group is similar in acidity to the phenolic moiety commonly used in resists, but offers the advantages of much lower optical absorption and substantial resistance to chemical degradation. Reaction of p-chloromethylstyrene with N-acetyl methanesulfonamide, followed by removal of the N-acetyl group, yielded 4-amido- sulfonylmethylstyrene (3). The reaction of 4-bromo-benzylsulfonyl chloride with methylamine, followed by replacement of the bromide with ethylene by means of the Heck reaction, yielded N-[(4-ethenylphenyl)methyl]-sulfonamide (4). Polymerization of 3 or 4 with t-butoxycarbonyloxystyrene (TBS) yielded polymers with low optical density but having low glass transition temperatures (Tg). Polymerization of 3, TBS and SO2 yielded terpolymers of higher Tg (>130 °C) which could be imaged with sub 0.30 μm resolution using a conventional photoacid generator such as 2-nitro-6-trifluoromethyl-benzenesulfonate. The terpolymers have good post-exposure bake stability without the need for a protective overcoat, and are attractive new materials for deep-UV lithography at 248 nm.
Enhancing Fracture Conductivity Through Surface Modification of Proppant (1998)

Society of Petroleum Engineers Abstract A new liquid surface-modification system has been developed for coating proppant, dramatically increasing its surface friction and allowing it to interact instantaneously with surrounding particulates. High surface friction between the coated proppant grains allows them to withstand high flow rate, minimizing their flowback potential after fracture-stimulation treatments. According to field results, when this surface-modification material was used as a flowback-control agent after conventional fracturing treatments, it permitted more aggressive flowback procedures. This treatment did not impair conductivity, and in fact, increased proppant conductivity at closure stresses below 4,000 psi. Better vertical proppant distribution occurred in experiments that demonstrated increased hindered settling of proppant resulting from this surface modification. Fines that already existed within the proppant, fines generated from the formation, or fines derived from crushed proppant upon fracture closure all adhered to the treated proppant, which inhibited them from migrating and blocking the pore throats of the proppant pack. This unique coating technology further enhanced conductivity by improving frac-gel breaker action in certain fluids. This behavior results in faster, more effective well cleanup after stimulation. P. 101
Distributing a visible surface algorithm over multiple processors (1977)

Described is a procedure for executing a visible surface algorithm in a new multi-microprocessor system which utilizes distributed image and depth (“Z”) buffers. It is shown that despite image distribution over a large number of processing and memory units, object coherence can still be maintained and used to reduce the number of calculations needed to generate a continuous-tone visible surface image.
Antioxidants, Cytokines, and Influenza Infection in Aged Mice and Elderly Humans (2000)

The age-associated dysregulation of the immune response contributes to higher incidences of infectious diseases in the aged. Of note, there is dysregulation of cytokines, including a change in T helper (Th) 1/Th2 cytokine balance and an increase in production of proinflammatory cytokines. Synthesis of many cytokines is influenced by changes in the cellular oxidant/antioxidant balance. Because vitamin E supplementation reduces oxidative stress and improves the immune response in the aged, a series of experiments was conducted to determine the effect of supplementation with vitamin E and other antioxidants on resistance to influenza infection in aged mice and the role of cytokines in vitamin E-induced increase in resistance to influenza infection. The results of these studies plus findings by other investigators on the effects of age and antioxidants on production of cytokines in human and animal models are reviewed.
(Non)existence of Pleated Folds: How Paper Folds Between Creases (2009)

We prove that the pleated hyperbolic paraboloid, a familiar origami model known since 1927, in fact cannot be folded with the standard crease pattern in the standard mathematical model of zero-thickness paper. In contrast, we show that the model can be folded with additional creases, suggesting that real paper "folds" into this model via small such creases. We conjecture that the circular version of this model, consisting simply of concentric circular creases, also folds without extra creases. At the heart of our results is a new structural theorem characterizing uncreased intrinsically flat surfaces--the portions of paper between the creases. Differential geometry has much to say about the local behavior of such surfaces when they are sufficiently smooth, e.g., that they are torsal ruled. But this classic result is simply false in the context of the whole surface. Our structural characterization tells the whole story, and even applies to surfaces with discontinuities in the second derivative. We use our theorem to prove fundamental properties about how paper folds, for example, that straight creases on the piece of paper must remain piecewise-straight (polygonal) by folding.
Effective conversion of biomass into bromomethylfurfural, furfural, and depolymerized lignin in lithium bromide molten salt hydrate of a biphasic system (2016)

A biphasic system including acidic lithium bromide trihydrate effectively converted lignocellulosic biomass into bromomethylfurfural (BMF), furfural (FF) and depolymerized lignin.
Recombinaison colonne entre ions positifs et électrons dans l'azote (1959)

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CXCR3 is required for migration to dermal inflammation by normal andin vivo activated T cells: differential requirements by CD4 and CD8 memory subsets (2005)

Lymphocytes in inflamed tissues express numerous chemokine receptors. The relative importance of these receptors for migration in inflammation is unclear. The role of CXCR3 in T cell subset migration was examined using monoclonal antibodies developed to rat CXCR3. CXCR3 was expressed on sixfold more CD8(+) ( approximately 30%) than CD4(+) ( approximately 5%) T cells in spleen, lymph nodes and blood, and on approximately 10% of CD4(+)CD45RC(-) (memory) and approximately 50% of CD8(+)CD45RC(+) spleen T cells. After immunization, CXCR3 increased tenfold on CD4(+) lymph node lymphoblasts ( approximately 55%), and >90% of inflammatory exudate T cells were CXCR3(+). CXCR3(+) T cells migrated significantly better than CXCR3(-) T cells to all dermal inflammatory stimuli tested in vivo, even though these T cells are a minority of the memory T cells. Blocking CXCR3 inhibited recruitment of 60-85% of unstimulated T cells and up to 90% of CD8(+)CD45RC(+) effector T cells, but caused <50% inhibition of CD4(+) and CD8(+) memory (CD45RC(-)) T cells. About 90% of T lymphoblast migration to IFN-gamma, IFN-gamma plus TNF-alpha, polyinosinic polycytidylic acid, lipopolysaccharide, and delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH)-induced inflammation was inhibited. Blockade also reduced DTH-induced induration. Thus, CXCR3 has a non-redundant role in T cell migration to dermal inflammation and is critical for activated T lymphoblast recruitment, but memory T cells are less dependent on CXCR3 for their infiltration.
Messenger RNA expression of target genes in the urinary sediment of patients with chronic kidney diseases (2004)

Amongst the target genes examined, the mRNA expression of TGF-beta in urinary sediment correlated with renal function, the degree of histological damage and intra-renal level in patients with chronic kidney diseases. Measurement of TGF-beta mRNA expression in urine may be a useful non-invasive tool for assessing the severity of renal damage in patients with chronic kidney diseases.
Intrinsic physiological properties of cat retinal ganglion cells (2002)

Retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) are the output neurons of the retina, sending their signals via the optic nerve to many different targets in the thalamus and brainstem. These cells are divisible into more than a dozen types, differing in receptive field properties and morphology. Light responses of individual RGCs are in large part determined by the exact nature of the retinal synaptic network in which they participate. Synaptic inputs, however, are greatly influenced by the intrinsic membrane properties of each cell. While it has been demonstrated clearly that RGCs vary in their intrinsic properties, it remains unclear whether this variation is systematically related to RGC type. To learn whether membrane properties contribute to the functional differentiation of RGC types, we made whole-cell current clamp recordings of RGC responses to injected current of identified cat RGCs. The data collected demonstrated that RGC types clearly differed from one another in their intrinsic properties. One of the most striking differences we observed was that individual cell types had membrane time constants that varied widely from approximately 4 ms (alpha cells) to more than 80 ms (zeta cells). Perhaps not surprisingly, we also observed that RGCs varied greatly in their maximum spike frequencies (kappa cells 48 Hz-alpha cells 262 Hz) and sustained spike frequencies (kappa cells 23 Hz-alpha cells 67 Hz). Interestingly, however, most RGC types exhibited similar amounts of spike frequency adaptation. Finally, RGC types also differed in their responses to injection of hyperpolarizing current. Most cell types exhibited anomalous rectification in response to sufficiently strong hyperpolarization, although alpha and beta RGCs showed only minimal, if any, rectification under similar conditions. The differences we observed in RGC intrinsic properties were striking and robust. Such differences are certain to affect how each type responds to synaptic input and may help tune each cell type appropriately for their individual roles in visual processing.
Hydroquinone bis(diphenyl phosphate) as an Antiwear/Extreme Pressure Additive in Polyalkylene Glycol for Steel/Steel Contacts at Elevated Temperature (2013)

The tribological behaviors of hydroquinone bis(diphenyl phosphate) (HDP) and tricresyl phosphate (TCP) for polyalkylene glycol (PAG) were evaluated at 200 °C. Results showed that HDP could effectively reduce the friction coefficient and prevent wear of sliding pairs during the test. The best tribological properties of HDP achieves at the concentration of 4 wt %. At this level, the wear volume of the lower disk can be reduced by a factor of 2.4 and the load-carrying capacity can increase from 500 N to 930 N, with respect to pure PAG. Furthermore, HDP exhibited better antiwear (AW) and extreme pressure (EP) properties than TCP, despite the fact that their friction-reducing performances were similar. Boundary lubrication films composed of FeOOH, Fe2O3, FePO4, and polyether compounds were formed on the worn surface, which resulted in excellent friction reduction and AW performance.
Current status of methodology for assessment of image quality by human observer studies (2004)

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis is now widely accepted as the best way of assessing image quality in terms of the accuracy with which human observers can perform image-based classification tasks. After a brief look backward, this talk will address the questions of "Where are we?" and "Where are we going?" in the development and use of ROC methodology. Particular emphasis will be placed upon identifying the still-evolving conceptual threads of ROC analysis, clarifying current methodological limitations and controversies, and highlighting areas in which future effort might fruitfully be focused.
A hybrid time synchronization algorithm based on broadcast sequencing for wireless sensor networks (2014)

In recent years, time synchronization has emerged as an essential research topic for wireless sensor networks. Numerous wireless network applications require a common reference time for collaborative data fusion and communications. Other time synchronization protocols have been proposed over the years, but none have eliminated the possibility of collisions associated with wireless packet transmissions while maintaining a precise level of synchronization for any given topology. In this thesis, we present a new hybrid time synchronization scheme that provides a high degree of network-wide synchronization and eliminates the possibility of collisions when transmitting timestamp messages. We propose an algorithm that allows a network to determine a broadcast sequence by which nodes transmit and forward messages and then conducts a network-wide synchronization based on received timestamp information. The proposed hybrid time synchronization scheme utilizes two existing protocols, namely relative referenceless receiver/receiver synchronization and ratio-based synchronization protocol, that provide a high degree of precision. We implement our broadcast sequencing algorithm in simulations and demonstrate its effective performance for a series of network topologies. We also present results demonstrating an improvement in network-wide synchronization using our hybrid scheme over other time synchronization protocols.
VP2000 series dual scalar and quadruple scalar models supercomputer systems-a new concept in vector processing (2002)

The authors describe the dual scalar and quadruple scalar models of Fujitsu VP2000 series supercomputer systems. These models have unique architectural features and can provide higher throughput for a multijob environment, higher performance for multitasked single jobs, and a more flexible system configuration than conventional multiprocessor systems. Architectural features, analytical performance models, and sample timing measurements are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Microcomputer-Controlled Testing System for Digital Integrated Circuits (1980)

This paper describes a low-cost digital integrated circuit (IC) tester designed and implemented using the Intel 8080 microcomputer family. Test patterns are applied to each IC to be tested from a lookup table stored in memory, along with appropriate clock signals if needed. The resulting chip outputs are then examined for errors resulting from stuck-at conditions or other functional errors. The hardware and software structure are presented as well as experimental results obtained in actual system applications.
Back Cover: Scope and Mechanism of the (4+3) Cycloaddition Reaction of Furfuryl Cations (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 50/2011) (2011)

The method of choice for the preparation of six-membered rings is (4 + 2) cycloaddition. The isoelectronic (4 + 3) cycloaddition between a diene and an allyl cation gives seven-membered rings, but the synthesis of suitable cationic reaction partners is challenging. In their Communication on page 11990 ff., J. M. Winne et al. report a novel synthetic method that uses furfuryl alcohols as three-carbon dienophiles for the rapid assembly of cycloheptenes.
A flagellar pocket membrane fraction from Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense: immunogold localization and nonvariant immunoprotection (1988)

In contrast to the abundance of detailed information on variant-specific surface coat antigens of African trypanosomes, data on possible common or nonvariant antigens within these protozoa are surprisingly limited. In this study, the cellular localization and protective potential of a previously characterized flagellar pocket membrane (FPM) fraction were determined. Immunogold staining of live trypanosome suspensions at 0 to 4 degrees C by using anti-FPM hyperimmune serum raised in rabbits as the primary antibody revealed specific staining of the parasite surface at the emergence of the flagellum from the flagellar pocket. The same specificity of immunogold localization was obtained for each of three distinct variable antigenic types (VATs) of a serodeme of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense Wellcome strain. Products of translated mRNA preparations from each of the VATs were precipitated by the FPM antiserum and revealed identical banding patterns when analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, followed by autoradiography. Immunization of mice with FPM fraction protected them against infection by two of the VATs; the third VAT was afforded poor protection. This is the first demonstration of the combined cellular localization, nonvariant nature, and protective potential of a membrane fraction from African trypanosomes.
June 25th, 1861 (1861)

SIR,-I have the honour to inform you that I have this day packed and left at this house two cases of specimens of natural history, which will be forwarded to the Royal Geographical Society, London, through Her Majesty's Secretary of State, as soon as an opportunity offers itself to Her Majesty's Consul.They will probably be forwarded by the next Hamburgh vessel that leaves this port." 1.The specimens are preserved in spirits.All those found in case No. 1 were collected in this island, save one Teal, one Sand-'' I have made this day a grand discovery, which neither you nor others will believe in at the first announcement, but it is true nevcr-
Reducing dairy manure odor and producing energy. (2000)

Holistic manure treatment system developed at University of Florida offers farmers many practical advantages - from controlling odors to maximizing nutrient and water recovery.
Design of an Optimal Standalone Wind Power Generation System (2012)

Generation of electrical energy from the wind can be a suitable proposition for off grid power supply at locations having a favorable wind regime. Proper design of wind power generation system is of utmost importance to assure maximum benefit to the consumer in terms of economic competitiveness as well as power supply reliability. Designing a wind power system involves appropriate sizing of different components based on the availability of wind speeds and the energy demand. Since, wind as a resource is intermittent and variable by nature, the mismatch between the generation and demand can be leveled by provision of a battery bank as a storage medium. A methodology for designing an efficient wind-battery power system is presented in this chapter. The major system design parameters are identified to be the wind rotor diameter, the generator rating and the storage capacity. By considering the energy interactions between the generator, the storage system and the load over a given time horizon, a number of feasible design solutions can be generated. A diagrammatic representation of all feasible solutions enables a system designer to understand the tradeoffs between different system design variables, corresponding maximum and minimum limits, and arrive at an optimum solution system subject to an appropriate design objective as well.