gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SmartLaw (1993)

This report describes research in progress on the development of a computer expert system (SmartLaw) for giving advice on legal research problems. Legal research exhibits many of the characteristics of a suitable domain for expert system development; however, it also poses unique challenges for knowledge-based system design. To meet these challenges, we use a four-level knowledge structure of research STRATEGIES, GOALS, RESOURCES and PLANS, with three processing components: a rule-based backward-chaining reasoning component, a database component, and a hypertext component. This paper explains our evolving model of legal research knowledge and describes the architecture and implementation of a working prototype of the SmartLaw system.
Iterative thresholding for segmentation of cells from noisy images (2000)

We introduce an iterative thresholding algorithm for the segmentation of cells from noisy cell images. The thresholding image, which is initially a constant, changes iteratively with both the previous segmentation and image local activity. Experimental results for both synthesized and real cell images are provided to demonstrate the performance of the algorithm.
Dye Molecules as Bridges for Functional Modifications of Nylon: Antimicrobial Functions (2000)

Dye molecules often contain reactive groups such as sulfonate, amino, and hydroxyl that serve as auxochromes in dyes, but are chemically reactive and potentially useful as linkers for attaching functional moieties to synthetic fibers. Using these reactive groups as a means of functionalizing textile materials is proposed and implemented in this study of modifying chemically stable polymers. As an example of this innovative finishing tech nology, acid dyed nylon 66 and nylon 6 fabrics are finished in a quaternary ammonium salt solution, and durable and refreshable antimicrobial functions are conferred on the fibers. Most acid dyes can be used with this method to incorporate quaternary ammonium salts into nylon fabrics. The add-on levels of the salts on the dyed and undyed fabrics are significantly different, evidence for the occurrence of interactions of dye molecules with salts. Quantitative antimicrobial evaluations of the treated fabrics reveal that there are significant reductions in bacterial populations up on surface contact with the finished fabrics. The bactericidal function of the fabrics survives through ten Launder-Ometer washes, according to AATCC test method 61-1994, equivalent to fifty machine washes.
Line width limitations of flexographic-screen- and inkjet printed RFID antennas (2007)

As RFID tags are now being produced in very large amounts there is a great desire to simplify their construction by printing the antennas using electrically conductive ink. Printed antennas from silver-based inks can provide almost the same efficiency as their corresponding copper antennas and there are several ways to accomplish the printing process. Different printing processes all have their advantages and disadvantages. As silver, when used as a conductive material, is naturally more expensive than copper, this is the reason that it is important to minimize the amount used per antenna. This article presents a study of the limitations in a minimum line width for flexographic-, screen-, and inkjet printed RFID antennas.
A solid-state deuterium NMR study of furanose ring dynamics in [d(CGCGAATTCGCG)]2 (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA solid-state deuterium NMR study of furanose ring dynamics in [d(CGCGAATTCGCG)]2Wen Chang Huang, John Orban, Agustin Kintanar, Brian R. Reid, and Gary P. DrobnyCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 25, 9059–9068Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00181a005https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00181a005research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views164Altmetric-Citations26LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Fiber-coupled vapor cell for a portable Rydberg atom-based radio frequency electric field sensor (2018)

We demonstrate a movable, Rydberg atom-based radio frequency (RF) electric (E) field probe. The technique is based on electromagnetically induced transparency and Autler-Townes splitting. Two fibers attached to a 10 mm cubic Cs133 vapor cell are used to couple counter-propagating probe and control lasers through the cell. This all-dielectric fiber-coupled sensor can be moved from the optics table to locations more suitable for RF (gigahertz to sub-terahertz) E-field measurements and calibrations.
An Optimization Model for Product Placement on Product Listing Pages (2014)

The design of product listing pages is a key component of Website design because it has significant influence on the sales volume on a Website. This study focuses on product placement in designing product listing pages. Product placement concerns how venders of online stores place their products over the product listing pages for maximization of profit. This problem is very similar to the offline shelf management problem. Since product information sources on a Web page are typically communicated through the text and image, visual stimuli such as color, shape, size, and spatial arrangement often have an effect on the visual attention of online shoppers and, in turn, influence their eventual purchase decisions. In view of the above, this study synthesizes the visual attention literature and theory of shelf-space allocation to develop a mathematical programming model with genetic algorithms for finding optimal solutions to the focused issue. The validity of the model is illustrated with example problems.
Power Amplifier Adaptive Linearization Using Predistortion with Polynomial Functions (1992)

Quadrature ampliltude modulation has high spectral efficiency but is highly sensitive to power amplifier nonlinearities. It is shown that an adaptive predistorter usig polynomial amplitude and phase predistortion functions can be used to linearize the power amplifier. The recursive least square algorithm is employed in an estimator which uses demodulated signals to estimate the required predistortion. Computer simulation results are provided and these results show that fast convergence and high spectrum improvement can be obtained using the proposed linearization method. The results are significantly better than those reported before for other linearization techniques.
Cross-Language Parser Adaptation between Related Languages (2008)

The present paper describes an approach to adapting a parser to a new language. Presumably the target language is much poorer in linguistic resources than the source language. The technique has been tested on two European languages due to test data availability; however, it is easily applicable to any pair of sufficiently related languages, including some of the Indic language group. Our adaptation technique using existing annotations in the source language achieves performance equivalent to that obtained by training on 1546 trees in the target language. 1
Learning to efficiently rank (2010)

It has been shown that learning to rank approaches are capable of learning highly effective ranking functions. However, these approaches have mostly ignored the important issue of efficiency. Given that both efficiency and effectiveness are important for real search engines, models that are optimized for effectiveness may not meet the strict efficiency requirements necessary to deploy in a production environment. In this work, we present a unified framework for jointly optimizing effectiveness and efficiency. We propose new metrics that capture the tradeoff between these two competing forces and devise a strategy for automatically learning models that directly optimize the tradeoff metrics. Experiments indicate that models learned in this way provide a good balance between retrieval effectiveness and efficiency. With specific loss functions, learned models converge to familiar existing ones, which demonstrates the generality of our framework. Finally, we show that our approach naturally leads to a reduction in the variance of query execution times, which is important for query load balancing and user satisfaction.
Three‐Dimensionally Ordered Macroporous Polymeric Materials by Colloidal Crystal Templating for Reversible CO<sub>2</sub> Capture (2013)

Abstract The design and preparation of porous materials with controlled structures and functionalities is crucial to a variety of absorption‐ or separation‐relevant applications, including CO 2 capture. Here, novel functional polymeric materials with three‐dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) structures are prepared by using colloidal crystals as templates using relatively simple, rapid, and inexpensive approaches. These ordered structures are used for the reversible CO 2 capture from ambient air by humidity swing. Typically, the colloidal crystal template is synthesized from polymer latex particles of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) or polystyrene (PS). To maintain the functionality of the material, it is important to prevent the porous structure collapsing, which can occur by the hydrolysis of the ester bonds in conventional crosslinkers under basic conditions. This hydrolysis can be prevented by using a water‐soluble crosslinker containing two quaternary ammonium moieties, which can be used to prepare stable porous crosslinked polymers with the monomer (vinylbenzyl)trimethylammonium chloride (VBTMACl) and using a PMMA‐based colloidal crystal template. The hydroxide‐containing monomer and dicationic crosslinker are synthesized from their chloride precursors, avoiding the ion‐exchange step which causes shrinkage of the pores. An analysis of different methods for infiltrating the monomer solution into the colloidal crystal template shows that infiltration using capillary forces leads to fewer defects than infiltration under a partial vacuum. In addition, functional macroporous films with micrometer thickness are prepared from a template of PS‐based colloidal crystals in a thin film. In general, the colloidal crystal templated materials showed improved CO 2 absorption/desorption rates and swing sizes compared to a commercially available material with similar functional groups. This work could easily be extended to create a new generation of ordered macroporous polymeric materials with tunable functionalities for other applications.
Link-State Routing with Hop-by-Hop Forwarding Can Achieve Optimal Traffic Engineering (2008)

Link-state routing with hop-by-hop forwarding is widely used in the Internet today. The current versions of these protocols, like OSPF, split traffic evenly over shortest paths based on link weights. However, optimizing the link weights for OSPF to the offered traffic is an NP-hard problem, and even the best setting of the weights can deviate significantly from an optimal distribution of the traffic. In this paper, we propose a new link-state routing protocol, PEFT, that splits traffic over multiple paths with an exponential penalty on longer paths. Unlike its predecessor, DEFT, our new protocol provably achieves optimal traffic engineering while retaining the simplicity of hop-by-hop forwarding. A gain of 15 % in capacity utilization over OSPF is demonstrated using the Abilene topology and traffic traces. The new protocol also leads to significant reduction in the time needed to compute the best link weights. Both the protocol and the computational methods are developed in a new conceptual framework, called network entropy maximization, which is used to identify the traffic distributions that are not only optimal but also realizable by link-state routing.
LETTERS (1969)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVLetterNEXTLETTERSVERNON R. GUTMANView Author Information Pittsburgh, Pa.Cite this: Chem. Eng. News 1969, 47, 16, 7–9Publication Date (Print):April 14, 1969Publication History Published online7 November 2010Published inissue 14 April 1969https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-v047n016.p007https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v047n016.p007letterACS PublicationsCopyright © 1969 AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views70Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (371 KB) SUBJECTS:Graduate education,Redox reactions Get e-Alerts
Evidence for the role of His-142 of protein 1C in the acid-induced disassembly of foot-and-mouth disease virus capsids (1999)

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) capsids are inherently labile under mildly acidic conditions, dissociating to pentamers at pH values in the region of 6.5, with the release of protein 1A and the viral RNA. This acid-induced disassembly is thought to be required for the entry of the virus genome into the host cell. Previous work has highlighted a histidine-alpha-helix charge-dipole interaction at the twofold axes of symmetry between pentamers and has suggested that this interaction plays a role in acid-induced disassembly. The validity of this theory has now been tested by converting the implicated residue, His-142 of protein 1C, to Arg, Phe and Asp. The effects of such changes were studied by using a previously described vaccinia virus expression system, in which synthesis and processing of FMDV capsid proteins results in the self-assembly of capsids. In agreement with the histidine-alpha-helix charge-dipole theory, assembly in the arginine mutant was found to be greatly reduced, while capsids of the aspartic acid mutant were considerably more stable under acidic conditions than the wild-type. Aberrant but acid-stable complexes were obtained in the phenylalanine mutant.
Marco de planificacion para los pueblos indigenas (2012)

The objectives of the Additional Financing for the Rural Telecommunications Project of Nicaragua are to characterize the households in the communities that benefit from the impact of the Project deployment of telecommunications infrastructure to the Caribbean coast and the Department of Rio San Juan, in social, cultural and demographic terms, and allowing the project to identify likely impacts and the damages on the households. Some of the specific objectives of the project are: 1) to determine the demographic, socio-economic, socio-legal and socio-cultural of all households surveyed, and which includes the categories of strata identified and their specific problems; 2) to examine the characteristics, use, and possession of real property; to set access, types and uses of basic services, and other equipment; 3) Identifying information on the socio-economic and cultural rights on the members of the home; 4) to provide inputs for the design of actions to mitigate the social risks. The community members have a good level of knowledge about the possible impacts that the project would have on them. This perception is expressed as follows: a. the rate of telecommunications is very high both in hardware and air time, and affects the economy of each family. This concern stems from the precarious situation that is economic in most families and communities. b. The lack of a plan, parallel training in the use of this technology for fields of production, education, health and citizen participation can lose much effectiveness and meaning to the Project. c. The absence of a recruitment plan for communities to the realization of the basic works in building works. d. The absence of synergy by the Project with other development actors may reduce the potential impact of the ICT tool in the economies of the community
Comparative genome sequencing of <i>Drosophila pseudoobscura</i> : Chromosomal, gene, and <i>cis</i> -element evolution (2005)

We have sequenced the genome of a second Drosophila species, Drosophila pseudoobscura, and compared this to the genome sequence of Drosophila melanogaster, a primary model organism. Throughout evolution the vast majority of Drosophila genes have remained on the same chromosome arm, but within each arm gene order has been extensively reshuffled, leading to a minimum of 921 syntenic blocks shared between the species. A repetitive sequence is found in the D. pseudoobscura genome at many junctions between adjacent syntenic blocks. Analysis of this novel repetitive element family suggests that recombination between offset elements may have given rise to many paracentric inversions, thereby contributing to the shuffling of gene order in the D. pseudoobscura lineage. Based on sequence similarity and synteny, 10,516 putative orthologs have been identified as a core gene set conserved over 25-55 million years (Myr) since the pseudoobscura/melanogaster divergence. Genes expressed in the testes had higher amino acid sequence divergence than the genome-wide average, consistent with the rapid evolution of sex-specific proteins. Cis-regulatory sequences are more conserved than random and nearby sequences between the species--but the difference is slight, suggesting that the evolution of cis-regulatory elements is flexible. Overall, a pattern of repeat-mediated chromosomal rearrangement, and high coadaptation of both male genes and cis-regulatory sequences emerges as important themes of genome divergence between these species of Drosophila.
Methotrexate analogs. 20. Replacement of glutamate by longer-chain amino diacids: Effects on dihydrofolate reductase inhibition, cytotoxicity, and in vivo antitumor activity (1983)

Chain-extended analogues of methotrexate were synthesized by condensation of 4-amino-4-deoxy-N10-methylpteroic acid with esters of L-alpha-aminoadipic, L-alpha-aminopimelic, and L-alpha-aminosuberic acids, followed by ester hydrolysis with acid or base. Coupling was accomplished in up to 85% yield by the use of the peptide bond forming reagent diethyl phosphorocyanidate at room temperature. The products were found to bind bacterial (Lactobacillus casei) and mammalian (L1210 mouse leukemia) dihydrofolate reductase with an affinity comparable to methotrexate and were also equitoxic to L1210 cells in culture. Cytotoxicity increased up to 3-fold as the number of CH2 groups in the amino acid side chain was extended from two to five. The alpha-aminoadipate and alpha-aminopimelate analogues were poor substrates for carboxypeptidase G1, confirming that this enzyme has a strict requirement for a C-terminal L-glutamic acid residue. The in vivo antitumor activity of the chain-extended analogues against L1210 leukemia in mice was comparable to that of the parent drug on the qd X 9 schedule, but higher doses were required to achieve the same increase in survival. The results were consistent with findings, reported separately, that these compounds are poor substrates for folate polyglutamate synthetase and therefore would not be expected to form gamma-polyglutamates once they enter a cell. This distinctive property has potential therapeutic implications for the treatment of certain MTX-resistant tumors whose resistance may be associated with a lower than normal capacity to form gamma-polyglutamates in comparison with proliferative tissues such as intestinal mucosa or marrow.
Study of<sup>4</sup>the influence of annealing parameters on the optical and compositional properties of ZnS, ZnS:Mn and ZnS:Sm grown by Sol Gel (2009)

Samples with 3 layers of ZnS were prepared on glass substrate by the Sol Gel method. The annealing parameters were varied as follows: each of the 3 constituent layers of sample 1 was annealed at 400 °C for 12 hrs. For sample 2, the 1rst and 2nd layers were annealed at 300 °C for 2hrs each and the 3rd one at 400 °C for 12 hrs. For sample 3, the 1rst and 2nd layers were annealed at 200 °C for 2hrs each and the 3rd at 400 °C for 12 hrs. Furthermore, 2 samples: one with 3 layers of ZnS:Mn and the other with 3 layers of ZnS:Sm were prepared and annealed similarly to sample 2. AES depth profiles show a transversal diffusion of S in sample 1, a sulfur deficiency in sample 2, and a non distributed excess of S in sample 3. The absorption spectra of the 3 ZnS samples are very similar but the absorption edges shift to smaller energy values for the Mn and Sm doped ZnS samples. Sample 1 presents a PL spectrum with 2 bands at 441 and 537 nm while sample 2 presents a similar spectrum but the bands are 16 and 11 nm blue shifted.
Azatripyrrolic and Azatetrapyrrolic Macrocycles from the Mannich Reaction of Pyrrole: Receptors for Anions (2010)

Azatripyrrolic 1 and azatetrapyrrolic 2 macrocycles were synthesized in a single step by the Mannich reaction of pyrrole in the presence of primary amine hydrochloride and were structurally characterized among several other higher analogue azapyrrolic macrocycles. Binding constants for the halide anion complexes are determined by (1)H NMR titrations and they show different binding stoichiometries.
Reversible Data Hiding With Optimal Value Transfer (2012)

In reversible data hiding techniques, the values of host data are modified according to some particular rules and the original host content can be perfectly restored after extraction of the hidden data on receiver side. In this paper, the optimal rule of value modification under a payload-distortion criterion is found by using an iterative procedure, and a practical reversible data hiding scheme is proposed. The secret data, as well as the auxiliary information used for content recovery, are carried by the differences between the original pixel-values and the corresponding values estimated from the neighbors. Here, the estimation errors are modified according to the optimal value transfer rule. Also, the host image is divided into a number of pixel subsets and the auxiliary information of a subset is always embedded into the estimation errors in the next subset. A receiver can successfully extract the embedded secret data and recover the original content in the subsets with an inverse order. This way, a good reversible data hiding performance is achieved.