gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Limited Proteolysis of Protein Kinase C Subspecies by Calcium-dependent Neutral Protease (Calpain) (1989)

Limited proteolysis of three distinct subspecies of protein kinase C (Ca2+/phospholipid-dependent enzyme, PKC), types I (gamma), II (beta I and beta II), and III (alpha), with Ca2+-dependent neutral proteases I and II (calpains I and II) was studied. All forms of PKC (82 kDa) were converted to two major fragments: a 45-49-kDa catalytic fragment and a 36-kDa regulatory fragment. The cleavage of these PKC subspecies by calpain I (active in the micromolar range Ca2+/ion concentration), and, to a lesser extent, by calpain II (active in the millimolar range), was enhanced by the simultaneous presence of phospholipid and diacylglycerol or phorbol ester, suggesting that the activated form of PKC is the preferred target for proteolysis. Analysis of the NH2-terminal sequence of the resulting catalytic fragments indicated that both calpains I and II cleave at one or two specific sites in the third variable region (V3) of each PKC molecule. Under comparable conditions with calpains I and II, the relative rates of cleavage of types I, II, and III PKC were approximately 100:16:2 and 100:48:23, respectively. The results imply that within the cell various PKC subspecies may be cleaved at different rates under different physiological conditions.
Caulobacter Lon protease has a critical role in cell-cycle control of DNA methylation. (1996)

CcrM, an adenine DNA methyltransferase, is essential for viability in Caulobacter crescentus. The CcrM protein is present only in the predivisional stage of the cell cycle, resulting in cell-cycle-dependent variation of the DNA methylation state of the chromosome. The availability of CcrM is controlled in two ways: (1) the ccrM gene is transcribed only in the predivisional. cell, and (2) the CcrM protein is rapidly degraded prior to cell division. We demonstrate here that CcrM is an important target of the Lon protease pathway in C. crescentus. In a lon null mutant, ccrM transcription is still temporally regulated, but the CcrM protein is present throughout the cell cycle because of a dramatic increase in its stability that results in a fully methylated chromosome throughout the cell cycle. Because the Lon protease is present throughout the cell cycle, it is likely that the level of CcrM in the cell is controlled by a dynamic balance between temporally varied transcription and constitutive degradation. We have shown previously that restriction of CcrM to the C. crescentus predivisional cell is essential for normal morphogenesis and progression through the cell cycle. Comparison of the lon null mutant strain with a strain whose DNA remains fully methylated as a result of constitutive expression of ccrM suggests that the effect of Lon on DNA methylation contributes to several developmental defects observed in the lon mutant. These defects include a frequent failure to complete cell division and loss of precise cell-cycle control of initiation of DNA replication. Other developmental abnormalities exhibited by the lon null mutant, such as the formation of abnormally long stalks, appear to be unrelated to altered chromosome methylation state. The Lon protease thus exhibits pleiotropic effects in C. crescentus growth and development.
Scanning probe metrology (1992)

The high resolution, three-dimensional data provided by scanning probe microscopes makes them strong candidates for use in metrology. Many technological applications, such as integrated circuit metrology, require measurement precision to better than 10 nm. To achieve this level of performance, the nonlinear behavior of the piezoceramic actuators and of the probe–sample interaction must be carefully controlled. Positioning of the actuators can be addressed in a straightforward manner. The probe–sample interaction is, on the other hand, a difficult problem, which depends on the topography being measured.
Direct synthesis of .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated nitriles from acetonitrile and carbonyl compounds: survey, crown effects, and experimental conditions (1979)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDirect synthesis of .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated nitriles from acetonitrile and carbonyl compounds: survey, crown effects, and experimental conditionsStephen A. DiBiase, Bruce A. Lipisko, Anthony Haag, Raymond A. Wolak, and George W. GokelCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1979, 44, 25, 4640–4649Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1979Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1979https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00393a037https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00393a037research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2334Altmetric-Citations80LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Use of Silica Gel and Alumina in Gas-Adsorption Chromatography (1957)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTUse of Silica Gel and Alumina in Gas-Adsorption ChromatographyS. A. Greene and H. PustCite this: Anal. Chem. 1957, 29, 7, 1055Publication Date (Print):June 21, 1957Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 21 June 1957https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60127a021https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60127a021research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views456Altmetric-Citations34LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
IT outsourcing contracts: practical implications of the incomplete contract theory (2003)

This article deals with IT outsourcing contracts. Contract amendments are often necessary, either because of changing client needs, or because the contracts themselves are incomplete. In some cases, requests for changes give rise to disputes and even litigation. Also market conformity is a hot topic for IT outsourcing contracts. Dissatisfied clients may wish to repatriate the service as a result, which may be very costly or even impossible. This results in the issues that are addressed in this paper: the transition to another supplier. The approach we used includes desk research involving six European IT outsourcing situations, including one that was worldwide in scope. A senior lawyer and contract managers with the IT supplier were interviewed on the basis of this desk research. This paper presents a series of propositions related to the management of IT outsourcing contracts derived from this research.
Combination of automatic HPLC‐RIA method for determination of estrone and estradiol in serum (1999)

We developed a highly sensitive assay for estrone and 17 -estradiol in serum. Estrone and 17 -estradiol, obtained by solid-phase extraction using a Sep pak tC18 cartridge, were purified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Quantitation of estrone and 17 -estradiol were carried out by radioimmunoassay. Not insignificantly, this automatic system of extraction and HPLC succeeded in analyzing 80 samples a week. Intra-assay coefficients of variation (CV) for estrone and 17 -estradiol ranged from 19.5 to 28.7%, and from 8.5 to 13.7%, respectively. The minimum detectable dose for estrone and 17-estradiol were 1.04 pg/ml and 0.64 pg/ml, respectively. The serum levels of 17 -estradiol using our method strongly correlated with those by Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The serum levels of estrone and 17 -estradiol in 154 peri-and postmenopausal women were estimated to be between 15 and 27 pg/ml and between 3.5 and 24.0 pg/ml, respectively, while the serum level of 17 -estradiol in postmenopausal women, in particular, was estimated to be from 3.5 to 6.3 pg/ml. For postmenopausal women who suffered from vasomotor symptoms, the mean levels of estrone and 17 -estradiol at 12 to 18 hours after treatment with daily 0.625 mg conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) and 2.5 mg medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) were 135.0 and 21.3 pg/ml at 12 months, respectively. On the other hand, levels of estrone and 17 -estradiol at 12 to 18 hours after treatment with CEE and MPA every other day, were 73.4 and 15.3 pg/ml, respectively. These highly sensitive assays for estrone and 17 -estradiol are useful in measuring low levels of estrogen in postmenopausal women, and monitoring estrogen levels in women receiving CEE as hormone replacement therapy.
Novel drugs targeting the cell cycle (2000)

Uncontrolled proliferation is a hallmark of cancer cells. Over the past two decades it has become increasingly clear that the molecules, which directly control cell cycle progression, accumulate defects during tumourogenesis. These defects can result in the loss of checkpoint control and/or the inappropriate activation of the ‘drivers’ of cell cycle progression, the cyclin-dependent kinases (cdks). Misregulation of cdk function occurs with high frequency in major solid tumour types (including breast, colon, ovarian, prostate and NSCL carcinomas). Therefore, inhibitors of cdks and cell cycle progression have the potential to fill a large therapeutic need. This review will summarise recent advances in the development of small molecule inhibitors of the cdks and many of the challenges that face the clinical development of this class of therapeutic agents.
Textile Reinforcement Structures (2008)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Definition for the Differentiation of Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Textile Structures Yarn Structures Two-Dimensional Textiles Nonwovens Woven Fabrics Braids Knitted Fabrics Non-crimp Fabrics Three-Dimensional Textiles Three-Dimensional Woven Structures Braids Overbraided Structures Three-Dimensional Braided Structures Three-Dimensional Knits Multilayer Weft-Knits Spacer Warp-Knits Preforming One-Step/Multi-Step Preforming Cutting Handling and Draping Joining Technologies Textile Testing Tensile Strength Bending Stiffness Filament Damage Drapability Quality Management Conclusions Processability of Brittle Fibers Infiltration of the Textile Structure Mechanical Properties of the Final CMC Structure Productivity and Production Process Complexity Summary and Outlook Acknowledgments
Fibre Optics Photoelectric Colorimeter (1970)

A photoelectric colorimeter utilizing fibre optics in the illumination of the sample and the collection of light, is described. At this stage, the instrument is a differential one, but the design offers enough degrees of freedom to correct its response to a very close approximation to the C.I.E. colour matching functions. Repeated measurements over a period of time have shown a high degree of sensitivity and reproducibility. By using the fibre optics it is possible to measure remotely the colour of any surface, or a liquid in bulk. It has been tried with success for controlling a bath coloration process.
Inhibitory and Fungicidal Effects of Antifungal Drugs against Aspergillus Species in the Presence of Serum (2013)

ABSTRACT Given the high protein binding rates of antifungal drugs and the effect of serum proteins on Aspergillus growth, we investigated the in vitro pharmacodynamics of amphotericin B, voriconazole, and three echinocandins in the presence of human serum, assessing both inhibitory and fungicidal effects. In vitro inhibitory (IC) and fungicidal (FC) concentrations against 5 isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus , Aspergillus flavus , and Aspergillus terreus were determined with a CLSI M38-A2-based microdilution method using the XTT methodology after 48 h of incubation at 35°C with a medium supplemented with 50% human serum. In the presence of serum, the IC and FC of amphotericin B and the IC of echinocandins were increased (1.21- to 13.44-fold), whereas voriconazole IC and FC were decreased (0.22- to 0.90-fold). The amphotericin B and voriconazole FC/IC ratios did not change significantly (0.59- to 2.33-fold) in the presence of serum, indicating that the FC increase was due to the IC increase. At echinocandin concentrations above the minimum effective concentration (MEC), fungal growth was reduced by 10 to 50% in the presence of human serum, resulting in complete inhibition of growth for some isolates. Thus, the in vitro activities of amphotericin B and echinocandins were reduced, whereas that of voriconazole was enhanced, in the presence of serum. These changes could not be predicted by the percentage of protein binding, indicating that other factors and/or secondary mechanisms may account for the observed in vitro activities of antifungal drugs against Aspergillus species in the presence of serum.
Genetic control of anti‐idiotypic vaccination against coronavirus infection (1996)

The idiotypic network can be experimentally altered to induce protective immune responses against microbial pathogens. Both internal image and noninternal image anti-idiotypic (anti-Id) antibodies have been shown to trigger antigen (Ag)-specific immune responses. Therefore, mechanisms of anti-Id vaccination appear to go beyond structural mimicry of Ag, but remain undefined. Using the neurotropic murine coronavirus animal model, we have previously shown that a polyclonal noninternal image anti-Id (Ab2) could vaccinate BALB/c mice. To characterize its mode of action, we have examined the immune modulating capability of this Ab2 in vivo in strains of mice with different H-2 haplotypes. Even though only internal image anti-Id are expected to induce non-genetically restricted immunity, this noninternal image Ab2 induced protective immunity in four of eight genetically different strains of mice susceptible to coronavirus infection. These were BALB/c (H-2d), DBA/2 (H-2d), DBA/1 (H-2q), and SWR (H-2q) mice. Protection was generally correlated with the induction of specific antiviral Ab (Ab3) that showed biological properties, such as virus neutralization in vitro, similar to the initial Ab1. To evaluate the genetic implication of the H-2 haplotypes in protection, congenic mice were also tested. Vaccination profiles suggest that cooperation between background gene(s) of the BALB/c mouse with H-2d and H-2q loci is necessary for an optimal protective immune response, although the main genetic element(s) regulating the antiviral response to Ab2 inoculation appeared to be located outside the major histocompatibility complex. These results are consistent with the ability of Ab2 to induce protective antiviral antibodies in genetically different animals by biological mimicry.
On data synchronization for multiprocessors (1989)

As the grain size becomes smaller, more parallelism can be found in most programs. However, to exploit smaller grain parallelism, more efficient synchronization primitives are needed to reduce the increased synchronization overhead. The granularity of parallelism that can be exploited on a multiprocessor system depends heavily on the type and the efficiency of the synchronization supported by the system. For medium-grain parallelism, ordered dependencies such as data dependencies and control dependencies need to be enforced in order to guarantee the correctness of the parallel execution. Hence, data synchronization is one of the major sources of synchronization overhead in the program execution. In this paper, we classify the synchronization schemes based on how synchronization variables are used. A new scheme, the process-oriented scheme, is proposed. This scheme requires a very small number of synchronization variables and can be supported very efficiently by simple hardware in the system.
Basal Joint Arthritis of the Thumb (2008)

The carpometacarpal joint of the thumb is the second most common site of arthritis in the hand. Patients in whom conservative treatment fails benefit from surgical intervention, although no consensus exists as to the best method to provide maximum pain relief and functional outcomes. The pathophysiology of carpometacarpal arthritis is loss of the integrity of the palmar oblique ligament, which allows for dorsal subluxation of the metacarpal on the trapezium. Most treatments revolve around resection or replacement of the arthritic carpometacarpal joint and restoration of the palmar oblique ligament. A critical appraisal of the current evidence-based research offers no guidance in treatment in the early stages of carpometacarpal arthritis; however, several evidence-based studies exist for more advanced stages. Although these studies exhibit limitations in regard to validated outcomes, power analysis, and blinded assessment, their conclusions question the clinical benefits of ligament reconstruction and tendon interposition. Further research is needed to delineate the best treatment of early stages of arthritis as well as the clinical significance of metacarpal subluxation and subsidence. Further, a standardized set of outcome tools is needed for the interpretation and comparison of data in regard to clinical outcomes.
Induction immunosuppression in liver transplantation: a review (2013)

Antibody therapy for induction is seldom used in liver transplantation in the United States, but continues to be used in approximately 10% of patients. The most commonly used antibody at the current time is basiliximab (Simulect, Novartis) and is used in adults with renal dysfunction at the time of liver transplantation with the intention of delaying introduction of calcineurin-inhibitors. In children, the same antibody is commonly used in order to reduce rates of acute rejection. Most patients, adult and pediatric, are treated with initially higher levels of tacrolimus rather than antibody induction.
Mixing in the Pulp and Paper Industry (2003)

Mixing applications in pulp and paper manufacturing operations are reviewed. Selected mixing applications in non-fibrous systems, with examples from liquid–liquid to gas–liquid–solid mixing are given. Pulp fibre suspensions are characterized, including suspension yield stress and the ability to suppress turbulence, and related to mixing issues. Macroscale mixing (blending) of fibre suspensions and mixing applications in pulp bleaching operations are detailed. Mixers used at different fibre mass (suspension) concentrations are described and characterized. Gas mixing into pulp suspensions for oxygen delignification and bleaching operations is examined in detail, with respect to both mass transfer and reaction. Mixing measurement techniques in fibre suspensions are described.
Things that talk: Using sound for device-to-device and device-to-human communication (2000)

Nonlexical sound is explored as both a device-to-device and device-to-human communication medium. Considerations for device-to-device communication include robustness in various environments, potential interference, frequency limitations of conventional and piezoelectric devices, computational complexity, and strategies for ultrasonic and human-audible frequencies. Algorithms include modem protocols, information-hiding techniques, impulse coding, and dual-tone modulation. Considerations for device-to-human communication include the use of sounds that are unobtrusive in public settings and sounds that enable attention to be divided between the performance of complex tasks and real-time feedback.
A system for the design and development of vision-based multi-robot quadrotor swarms (2014)

This paper presents a cost-effective framework for the prototyping of vision-based quadrotor multi-robot systems, which core characteristics are: modularity, compatibility with different platforms and being flight-proven. The framework is fully operative, which is shown in the paper through simulations and real flight tests of up to 5 drones, and was demonstrated with the participation in an international micro-aerial vehicles competition <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> where it was awarded with the First Prize in the Indoors Autonomy Challenge. The motivation of this framework is to allow the developers to focus on their own research by decoupling the development of dependent modules, leading to a more cost-effective progress in the project. The basic instance of the framework that we propose, which is flight-proven with the cost-efficient and reliable platform Parrot AR Drone 2.0 and is open-source, includes several modules that can be reused and modified, such as: a basic sequential mission planner, a basic 2D trajectory planner, an odometry state estimator, localization and mapping modules which obtain absolute position measurements using visual markers, a trajectory controller and a visualization module.
Interim cryo-cooler/detector report (1995)

This report describes development of an electronic system designed to reduce vibration generated by a cryocooler. The diminished vibration makes it practical to use the active cooler to extract heat from a portable gamma ray detector instrument. The system was developed for a Sunpower cryocooler with an integrated counterbalance mass. The overall momentum cancellation approach is also applicable to other similar cryocoolers. The cancellation system is an assembly of several components tailored to accomplish the required vibration reduction with minimum power consumption and volume. It is designed to be powered by a 18--32 Volt battery. Up to ten harmonics of the 58.65 Hz drive frequency are controlled. In addition to the vibration cancellation, the electronic system produces the drive signal for the cryocooler and regulates the cooler temperature. The system employs a sinusoidal drive to reduce the amount of higher harmonic vibration. A digital signal processor (DSP) is used to perform the high speed vibration control. The Texas Instruments TMS320C31 processor is housed on a third-party board. A second board has analog-to-digital (A/D) and digital-to-analog (D/A) converters. The DSP was programmed in C. The physical system consists of two sets of electronics. The first is housed in a case that is separate from the detector unit.
Symptom control in cancer management (2007)

Management of pain and symptoms extends beyond just physical relief. 
Approach requires evaluation, explanation, individualised treatment, supervision and attention to detail. 
Causal factors include cancer, treatment, debility and concurrent disorder. 
Treatment depends on the underlying pathological mechanism. 
Flexibility is key to managing cancer patients. 
Morphine is the opioid of choice. 
Choose drugs carefully as their side-effects can also compromise quality of life.