gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of Bardoxolone Methyl on Kidney Function in Patients with T2D and Stage 3b–4 CKD (2011)

<i>Background/Aims:</i> Bardoxolone methyl, a novel synthetic triterpenoid, induces Nrf2, a transcription factor known to play a key role in decreasing oxidative stress and the production of pro-inflammatory molecules. <i>Methods:</i> This exploratory multi-center, open-label study assessed the clinical activity and safety of bardoxolone methyl in 20 patients with moderate to severe chronic kidney disease and type 2 diabetes. Patients received 25 mg of bardoxolone methyl daily for 28 days, followed by 75 mg daily for another 28 days. <i>Results:</i> The study achieved its primary efficacy endpoint, as demonstrated by a significant increase from baseline in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) of 7.2 ml/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup> (p < 0.001). Improvements were seen in approximately 90% of patients and showed a dose- and time-dependent increase in eGFR. The eGFR change paralleled a significant reduction in serum creatinine (–0.3 mg/dl) and blood urea nitrogen (–4.9 mg/dl), along with an increase in creatinine clearance (+14.6 ml/min/1.73 m<sup>2</sup>), without a change in the 24-hour creatinine excretion rate. Markers of vascular injury and inflammation were improved by treatment with bardoxolone. No life-threatening adverse events or drug-related serious adverse events were reported. <i>Conclusions:</i> The results describe an apparent increase in kidney function following relatively short-term treatment with bardoxolone methyl, a promising new agent that warrants placebo-controlled studies to define its long-term effects on renal function.
Contributions of CYP2D6, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 to the biotransformation of E- and Z-doxepin in healthy volunteers. (2002)

In-vitro data indicated a contribution of cytochrome P450 enzymes 1A2, 3A4, 2C9, 2C19 and 2D6 to biotransformation of doxepin. We studied the effects of genetic polymorphisms in CYP2D6, CYP2C9 and CYP2C19 on E- and Z-doxepin pharmacokinetics in humans. Doxepin kinetics was studied after a single oral dose of 75 mg in healthy volunteers genotyped as extensive (EM), intermediate (IM) and poor (PM) metabolizers of substrates of CYP2D6 and of CYP2C19 and as slow metabolizers with the CYP2C9 genotype *3/*3. E-, Z-doxepin and -desmethyldoxepin were quantified in plasma by HPLC. Data were analyzed by non-parametric pharmacokinetics and statistics and by population pharmacokinetic modeling considering effects of genotype on clearance and bioavailability. Mean E-doxepin clearance (95% confidence interval) was 406 (390-445), 247 (241-271), and 127 (124-139) l h(-1) in EMs, IMs and PMs of CYP2D6. In addition, EMs had about 2-fold lower bioavailability compared with PMs indicating significant contribution of CYP2D6 to E-doxepin first-pass metabolism. E-doxepin oral clearance was also significantly lower in carriers of CYP2C9*3/*3 (238 l h(-1) ). CYP2C19 was involved in Z-doxepin metabolism with 2.5-fold differences in oral clearances (73 l h(-1) in CYP2C19 PMs compared with 191 l h(-1) in EMs). The area under the curve (0-48 h) of the active metabolite -desmethyldoxepin was dependent on CYP2D6 genotype with a median of 5.28, 1.35, and 1.28 nmol l h(-1) in PMs, IMs, and EMs of CYP2D6. The genetically polymorphic enzymes exhibited highly stereoselective effects on doxepin biotransformation in humans. The CYP2D6 polymorphism had a major impact on E-doxepin pharmacokinetics and CYP2D6 PMs might be at an elevated risk for adverse drug effects when treated with common recommended doses.
Isolated limb infusion with cytotoxic agents: A simplified approach for venous access (2009)

The ipsilateral popliteal venous approach is a simplified and safe ILI technique with significantly lower overall fluoroscopy procedure times required for catheter placement and no difference in catheter-related adverse events, when compared with the conventional contralateral approach.
Optical properties of Cd1−xMgxTe (x=0.00, 0.23, 0.31, and 0.43) alloy films (2004)

Pseudodielectric functions 〈ε〉 of Cd1−xMgxTe ternary alloy films of compositions x=0.00, 0.23, 0.31, and 0.43 have been determined from 1.5 to 6.0 eV by spectroscopic ellipsometry. We obtain approximations to the bulk dielectric functions ε by performing wet-chemical etching to remove overlayers and using parametric modeling to remove interference oscillations below the fundamental band gap. The values of the E0, E0+Δ0, E1, E1+Δ1, E2, and E0′ critical point energies and their x dependences at room temperature were determined from numerically calculated second energy derivatives of these data.
Racemo-Selective Synthesis of <i>a</i><i>nsa</i>-Zirconocene Derivates from Zirconium Biphenolate Complexes (2001)

Stereoselective reactions of zirconium biphenolate complexes of the general formula (BIP)ZrCl2(THF)2 (1a−c), where BIP = 3,3‘-iPr2-6,6‘-Me2-1,1‘-bi-2-phenolate (a), 3,3‘-tBu2-5,5‘-Me2-1,1‘-bi-2-phenolate (b), or 3,3‘,5,5‘-tBu4-1,1‘-bi-2-phenolate (c), with 1 equiv of the lithium or magnesium salts of various ansa-bis(indenyl) ligands give the ansa-zirconocenes rac-C2H4(Ind)2Zr(BIP) (2b), rac-Me2Si(Ind)2Zr(BIP) (3c), rac-Me2Si(2-Me-Ind)2Zr(BIP) (4c), rac-Me2Si(2-Me-4-Ph-Ind)2Zr(BIP) (5c), and rac-Me2Si(2-Me-Benz[e]Ind)2Zr(BIP) (6c) in isolated yields of 60−75%. Reactions of C2H4(Ind)2Mg(THF)2 with 1a and 1b and of Me2Si(Ind)2Li2 with 1c give directly the pure diastereomers rac-2a, rac-2b, and rac-3c, respectively. More highly substituted indenyl ligands, on the other hand, give initially kinetically controlled mixtures of the rac- and meso-zirconocene BIP derivatives 4c, 5c, and 6c, from which the pure rac-derivatives are obtained as thermodynamically favored products by heating the reaction mixtures to 75 °C for 5−7 h. The meso-to-rac isomerization of 6c is catalyzed by addition of TEMPO and is thus likely to occur by way of radical intermediates. Crystal and molecular structures of 1b and 2b and of 1c and 6c indicate that formation of the racemo diastereomers is favored by repulsive interactions between biphenolate and ansa-bis(indenyl) ligands.
Long-term changes of bacterial and viral compositions in the intestine of a recovered <i>Clostridium difficile</i> patient after fecal microbiota transplantation (2015)

Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an effective treatment for recurrent Clostridium difficile infections (RCDIs). However, long-term effects on the patients' gut microbiota and the role of viruses remain to be elucidated. Here, we characterized bacterial and viral microbiota in the feces of a cured RCDI patient at various time points until 4.5 yr post-FMT compared with the stool donor. Feces were subjected to DNA sequencing to characterize bacteria and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) viruses including phages. The patient's microbial communities varied over time and showed little overall similarity to the donor until 7 mo post-FMT, indicating ongoing gut microbiota adaption in this time period. After 4.5 yr, the patient's bacteria attained donor-like compositions at phylum, class, and order levels with similar bacterial diversity. Differences in the bacterial communities between donor and patient after 4.5 yr were seen at lower taxonomic levels. C. difficile remained undetectable throughout the entire timespan. This demonstrated sustainable donor feces engraftment and verified long-term therapeutic success of FMT on the molecular level. Full engraftment apparently required longer than previously acknowledged, suggesting the implementation of year-long patient follow-up periods into clinical practice. The identified dsDNA viruses were mainly Caudovirales phages. Unexpectedly, sequences related to giant algae-infecting Chlorella viruses were also detected. Our findings indicate that intestinal viruses may be implicated in the establishment of gut microbiota. Therefore, virome analyses should be included in gut microbiota studies to determine the roles of phages and other viruses-such as Chlorella viruses-in human health and disease, particularly during RCDI.
(2<i>E</i>)-5-[3-[(Phenylsulfonyl)amino]phenyl]- pent-2-en-4-ynohydroxamic Acid and Its Derivatives as Novel and Potent Inhibitors of <i>ras</i> Transformation (1996)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUELetterNEXT(2E)-5-[3-[(Phenylsulfonyl)amino]phenyl]- pent-2-en-4-ynohydroxamic Acid and Its Derivatives as Novel and Potent Inhibitors of ras TransformationMitsuaki Ohtani, Takaharu Matsuura, Kazuhiro Shirahase, and Kenji SugitaView Author Information Shionogi Research Laboratories, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Fukushima-ku, Osaka 553, Japan Cite this: J. Med. Chem. 1996, 39, 15, 2871–2873Publication Date (Web):July 19, 1996Publication History Received4 April 1996Published online19 July 1996Published inissue 1 January 1996https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm960174khttps://doi.org/10.1021/jm960174krapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1996 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views351Altmetric-Citations10LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Anions,Aromatic compounds,Inhibition,Inhibitors,Reaction products Get e-Alerts
Adaptive algorithms for set containment joins (2003)

A set containment join is a join between set-valued attributes of two relations, whose join condition is specified using the subset (⊆) operator. Set containment joins are deployed in many database applications, even those that do not support set-valued attributes. In this article, we propose two novel partitioning algorithms, called the Adaptive Pick-and-Sweep Join (APSJ) and the Adaptive Divide-and-Conquer Join (ADCJ), which allow computing set containment joins efficiently. We show that APSJ outperforms previously suggested algorithms for many data sets, often by an order of magnitude. We present a detailed analysis of the algorithms and study their performance on real and synthetic data using an implemented testbed.
Browsing on small displays by transforming Web pages into hierarchically structured subpages (2009)

We propose a new Web page transformation method to facilitate Web browsing on handheld devices such as Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs). In our approach, an original Web page that does not fit on the screen is transformed into a set of subpages, each of which fits on the screen. This transformation is done through slicing the original page into page blocks iteratively, with several factors considered. These factors include the size of the screen, the size of each page block, the number of blocks in each transformed page, the depth of the tree hierarchy that the transformed pages form, as well as the semantic coherence between blocks. We call the tree hierarchy of the transformed pages an SP-tree. In an SP-tree, an internal node consists of a textually enhanced thumbnail image with hyperlinks, and a leaf node is a block extracted from a subpage of the original Web page. We adaptively adjust the fanout and the height of the SP-tree so that each thumbnail image is clear enough for users to read, while at the same time, the number of clicks needed to reach a leaf page is few. Through this transformation algorithm, we preserve the contextual information in the original Web page and reduce scrolling. We have implemented this transformation module on a proxy server and have conducted usability studies on its performance. Our system achieved a shorter task completion time compared with that of transformations from the Opera browser in nine of ten tasks. The average improvement on familiar pages was 44%. The average improvement on unfamiliar pages was 37%. Subjective responses were positive.
Can the backprojection filtering algorithm be as accurate as the filtered backprojection algorithm? (2002)

For many years people have realized that the image reconstructed by the filtered backprojection (FBP) algorithm is more accurate than the image reconstructed by the backprojection filtering (BpjF) algorithm. The FBP algorithm is implemented in two steps: (1) convolve the projections with a kernel function, then (2) backproject the modified projections. The BpjF algorithm is also implemented in two steps: (1) backproject the projections, then (2) filter the backprojected image in the frequency domain with a two-dimensional ramp filter. The major drawback of BpjF is that the mean value of the reconstruction is not correct. This error is caused by the way the two-dimensional discrete ramp-filter is formed by sampling the continuous ramp-filter, which results in zeroing the DC component. The Nyquist Theorem is used to show that this approach of forming a discrete ramp-filter is not accurate and a new method to form the discrete ramp-filter is developed. The newly developed filter is the same as the commonly used discrete ramp-filter except for the DC value and preserves the correct mean value of the image.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
For the record: information on individuals (1991)

Analyse des sources d'information en ligne sur les individus (archives publiques, dossiers de credit, renseignements spontanes): type d'information disponible, processus du recueil d'information, acces et diffusion, restrictions a l'utilisation des renseignements
A Survey on Evaluation Methods for Chatbots (2019)

Nowadays chatbots have been widely adopted in many industries to automatically answer users' questions and requests via chat interfaces. While it has become much easier to develop a chatbot system, the system itself is a complex system in nature. It is a challenge to evaluate and compare various chatbot systems in terms of effectiveness, efficiency, goal achievability, and the ability to satisfy users. This paper presents a survey, starting from literature review, chatbot architecture, evaluation methods/criteria, and comparison of evaluation methods. Focused on the three subprocesses in the chatbot architecture: text processing, semantic understanding, and response generation. Moreover, the survey is conducted with classification of chatbot evaluation methods and their analysis according to chatbot types and three main evaluation schemes; content evaluation, user satisfaction, and chat function.
Analysis of Molecular Interactions in Solid Dosage Forms; Challenge to Molecular Pharmaceutics (2011)

The molecular states of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in pharmaceutical dosage forms strongly affect the properties and quality of a drug. Various important fundamental physicochemical studies were reviewed from the standpoint of molecular pharmaceutics. Mechanochemical effects were evaluated in mixtures of APIs and pharmaceutical additives. Amorphization, complex formation and nanoparticle formation are observed after grinding process depending on the combination of APIs and pharmaceutical additives. Sealed-heating method and mesoporous materials have been used to investigate drug molecular interactions in dosage forms. Molecular states have been investigated using powder X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, IR, solid state fluorometry, and NMR.
Fabrication of Highly Ordered TiO<SUB>2</SUB> Nanotube Arrays via Anodization of Ti–6Al–4V Alloy Sheet (2010)

Uniform and highly ordered TiO2 nanotube arrays were fabricated by the electrochemical anodic oxidation on Ti-6Al-4V surface, using graphite plate as cathode and ethylene glycol (EG) with addition of a certain amount of H2O and NH4F as electrolyte, and the anodization voltage went up to a presetting voltage by stepwise increment. The morphology, structure and composition of TiO2 nanotube arrays were characterized by SEM, EDS, XRD and XPS. The formation process of TiO2 nanotubes was introduced in brief. The experiments were arranged by an orthogonal experiment method and the experimental results showed that the formation of TiO2 nanotube arrays was influenced by not only each factor (F- content, H2O content, external voltage and duration), but also cross correlation among the four factors. The optimal condition was F- content 0.2 wt%, H2O content 4 vol%, external voltage 40 V and duration 1 h in the studied electrochemical system, and the length of obtained nanotubes was 1.5 microm, the outer diameter was approximately 100 nm and the aspect ratio was 15. As-formed nanotube arrays were amorphous and changed to anatase TiO2 after annealed at 500 degrees C for 2 h in air ambience. XPS survey spectra revealed the surface of as-formed nanotube arrays containing Ti, O, C, F and N. The nanotube arrays on Ti-6Al-4V surface with better thermo-stability and crystallinity would have great potential in biomaterials.
Structure-activity studies on the retinal rod outer segment isoprenylated protein methyltransferase (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStructure-activity studies on the retinal rod outer segment isoprenylated protein methyltransferaseBryant A. Gilbert, Eng Wui Tan, Dolores Perez-Sala, and Robert R. RandoCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 10, 3966–3973Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00036a052https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00036a052research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views393Altmetric-Citations21LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Nucleic Acid Polymers with Accelerated Plasma and Tissue Clearance for Chronic Hepatitis B Therapy (2017)

REP 2139 is a nucleic acid polymer (NAP) currently under clinical development for chronic hepatitis B (HBV) therapy. This preclinical study investigated different REP 2139 analogs that would display reduced accumulation in the serum and tissues, while retaining an antiviral effect against HBV infection. REP 2139 analogs were evaluated in human plasma, CD-1 mice, cynomolgus monkeys, and Pekin ducks. Discrete ribose transformation to 2'OH in selected riboadenosines resulted in a slow degradation in acidified human plasma that plateaued after 48 hr. REP 2165, a REP 2139 analog containing three unmodified riboadenosines equally spaced throughout the polymer, showed similar plasma clearance and tissue distribution as REP 2139 in mice and cynomolgus monkeys after a single dose. Interestingly, after repeated administration, accumulation of REP 2165 in plasma and organs was reduced, indicating a dramatically faster rate of clearance from organs after therapy was ended in both species. Both REP 2139 and REP 2165 were well tolerated at clinically relevant doses, with no alterations in liver, kidney, or hematological function. In chronic duck HBV (DHBV) infection, REP 2165 displayed significantly reduced liver accumulation after repeated dosing but retained antiviral activity similar to REP 2139. These results indicate the therapeutic potential of REP 2165 against chronic HBV infection in patients is similar to REP 2139, but with significantly reduced drug accumulation and improved tissue clearance.
Discrete regions of HIV-1 gp41 defined by syncytia-inhibiting affinity-purified human antibodies (1993)

This strategy may be relevant for understanding the contribution of anti-gp41 antibodies in protecting against the pathogenic effects of the virus and in the design of an effective env vaccine.
Dried and Redispersible Cellulose Nanocrystal Pickering Emulsions (2016)

The effect of tannic acid (TA) and water-soluble cellulose derivatives on the properties of Pickering emulsions stabilized by cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) was investigated. The potential to both fully dry CNC-stabilized emulsions and to redisperse the dried emulsions in water is demonstrated. When CNCs are mixed with excess adsorbing polymer, either methyl cellulose or hydroxyethyl cellulose, followed by emulsification with corn oil, oil-in-water emulsions can be transformed without oil leakage into solid dry emulsions via freeze-drying. However, these dry emulsions exhibit droplet coalescence within the solid matrix and thus cannot be redispersed. Addition of TA (after emulsification) imparts dispersibility to the dried emulsions due to complexation between the cellulose derivatives and TA which condenses the "shell" around the oil droplets. When dried emulsions with TA are placed in water, the emulsion droplets redisperse readily without the need for high energy mixing, and minimal change in emulsion droplet size is observed by Mastersizer and confocal microscopy. Therefore, the simple addition of two sustainable components to CNC Pickering emulsions (i.e., TA and methyl cellulose or hydroxyethyl cellulose) has led to the first dried and redispersible CNC-based emulsions with oil content as high as 94 wt %. These processing abilities will likely extend the use of these surfactant-free, "green", and potentially edible emulsions to new food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical applications.
Energy-security tradeoff in a secure cache architecture against buffer overflow attacks (2005)

In this paper, we propose a cache architecture, called SCache , to detect buffer-overflow attacks at run time. Furthermore, the energy-security efficiency of SCache is discussed. SCache generates replica cache lines on each return-address store, and compares the original value loaded from the memory stack to the replica one on the corresponding return-address load. The number and the placement policy of the replica line strongly affect both energy and vulnerability. In our evaluation, it is observed that SCache can protect more than 99.3% of return-address loads from buffer-overflow attacks, while it increases total cache energy consumption by about 23%, compared to a well-known low-power cache.