gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Animal Models for Human Asthma: The Perspective of a Clinician (2008)

The asthma animal model is still the only system that is available for modelling in vivo processes of human disease since for obvious ethical reasons these experiments are not possible in humans. However, there is a marked discrepancy between numerous successful studies in animals and very few rather disappointing clinical trials in patients. The current available models are usually uniform models of an acute asthmatic attack in adult animals, which do not spontaneously develop asthma. Major anatomical differences exist between human and animal airways and comparable lung function measurements are very difficult or impossible. The main reason why simplistic animal models may be inadequate lies probably in the diversity that exists within the different phenotypes of human asthma. Whereas progress is made to develop chronic asthma models with signs of airway remodelling, severe asthma and the role of small airways is still poorly reflected in current animal models.
On the Cross‐sectional Relation between Expected Returns and Betas (1994)

ABSTRACT There is an exact linear relation between expected returns and true “betas” when the market portfolio is on the ex ante mean‐variance efficient frontier, but empirical research has found little relation between sample mean returns and estimated betas. A possible explanation is that market portfolio proxies are mean‐variance inefficient. We categorize proxies that produce particular relations between expected returns and true betas. For the special case of a zero relation, a market portfolio proxy must lie inside the efficient frontier, but it may be close to the frontier.
Stability of low refractive index PECVD silicon oxynitride layers (2003)

Low refractive index Silicon Oxynitride (SiON) layers were deposited by Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (PECVD) using SiH4/N2 and N2O. At an index less than 1.473 the as-deposited layers appeared to be unstable in time and sensitive to moisture as could be observed by a spectroscopic ellipsometer. The stability, probably due to partly open structures, could be improved by deposition at pressures as low as 650 mTorr. Stable very low index layers comparable to thermally grown stoichiometric SiO2 (n=1.457) can be obtained with post deposition heat treatment.
EMI shielding plastics: A review (1995)

Abstract The objective of this article is to review the use of conductive plastics in the shielding of electromagnetic interference (EMI). The theory of EMI shielding and evaluation methods of EMI materials are discussed. Different approaches in achieving high conductivity of plastics are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on filled plastics which are a promising way for shielding and do not require a secondary process. Literature on properties and processing of several common conducting plastics is reviewed. Design and processing requirements of such filled plastics are also given. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A subjective evaluation of noise-shaping quantization for adaptive intra-/interframe DPCM coding of color television signals (1988)

Nonuniform quantizers for just-not-visible reconstruction errors in an adaptive intra-/interframe DPCM (digital pulse-code modulation) scheme for component-coded color television signals are presented, both for conventional and for noise-shaping DPCM. Noise feedback filters that minimize the visibility of reconstruction errors by spectral shaping are designed for Y, R-Y, and B-Y. A closed-form description of the masking function is derived which leads to a one-parameter b-quantizer characteristic. Subjective tests that were carried out to determine visibility thresholds for reconstruction errors for conventional DPCM and for noise shaping DPCM show significant gains by noise shaping. For a transmission rate of around 30 Mb/s, reconstruction errors are almost always below the visibility threshold if variable length encoding of the prediction error is combined with noise shaping within a 3:1:1 system.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Muscle-actuated power generator using cultured cardiomyocytes and pzt fiber (2006)

A novel bio hybrid micro power generator using cardiomyocytes on a polymer wire is proposed. Cultured cardiomyocytes convert chemical energy into kinetic energy efficiently and beat themselves autonomously. PZT fiber was utilized for cell immobilized substrate and electro-mechanical coupling material. In this paper, two preliminary experimental results were shown to prove this principle.
Light Emitting Diode with Charge Asymmetric Resonance Tunneling (2000)

We suggest a system of two wells connected with Charge Asymmetric Resonance Tunneling (CART) as a basic element of light emitting diode (LED) structure for semiconductors with different masses of electrons and holes. The system consists of an emitter of electrons, an emitter of holes and an active layer. The hole emitter is coupled with the active in such a way that holes can be freely supplied into the active layer without a barrier. The electron emitter is coupled to the active layer via a barrier. The barrier design uses the charge asymmetric resonance tunneling phenomenon which allows to make the barrier transparent for electrons and blocking for holes. Advantages of this design are: the increased capture efficiency of the electrons into the active layer due to direct resonance tunneling of the electrons from the electron emitter on bound electron level in the active quantum well, the suppression of electron leakage into the hole emitter, the elimination of the parasitic light generated outside the active layer, and the electron emitter acts also as a good current spreading layer. First results of experimental investigation and theoretical modeling of the CART LED devices are reported.
<inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$v^1$</tex-math></inline-formula> Concept: Designing a Voltage-Mode Control as Current Mode With Near Time-Optimal Response for Buck-Type Converters (2014)

This paper introduces the v <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> concept that explains how by only measuring the output voltage, designers have information about almost every signal of the power stage. Following the v <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> concept, it is explained how to design a traditional type-III voltage-mode control to behave like a current-mode control with near time-optimal response under load transients. This study is validated in simulations and experimentally on a 300-kHz buck converter.
Material requirements for membrane separators in a water-splitting photoelectrochemical cell (2014)

A fully integrated model of a photoelectrochemical cell for water electrolysis is applied to the case of light-absorbing particles embedded in a membrane separator. Composition of the product gases is shown to be one critical measure of device performance. Not only must the composition be kept outside the explosive window for mixtures of H2 and O2, but also product purity is a concern. For the absorber-in-membrane geometry and the model assumptions used here, results show purely water-saturated H2 on the cathode side and water-saturated O2 on the anode side. Since it is possible to design devices that violate these assumptions, it should not be assumed that a polymer separator or an absorber-in-membrane geometry will be effective in preventing explosive mixtures in all cases. Net H2 collected, iH2,net, is the second essential performance metric, and it is shown to differ significantly from the more commonly reported total H2 produced and operating current density. Schemes which co-evolve H2 and O2 violate the first metric and do not provide the second. A composite of triple-junction silicon absorbers in a Nafion membrane is shown to have an optimum thickness of 30 μm, dependent on the properties of the light absorber. Varying membrane properties reveals a tradeoff between conductivity, κm, and gas permeabilities, ψH2 and ψO2, that can potentially be exploited differently than in a fuel cell. Modulating the relative humidity (RH) is insufficient. The maximum iH2,net is calculated to be 6.97 mA cm−2 at RH = 30% relative to a value of 6.92 mA cm−2 at RH = 100%. The model identifies target material properties for new polymers. If ψ is dropped one order of magnitude below that of Nafion (ψ/ψNafion = 0.1), the optimum value for iH2,net increases by 63.5%. For ψ/ψNafion = 0.01, the optimum iH2,net increases by 73.5%, which compares favorably to the 74.5% improvement that would result if Nafion were made impermeable (ψ/ψNafion = 0). Meanwhile, κm can drop to a value of 1.2 × 10−3 S cm−1 (two orders of magnitude below liquid-equilibrated Nafion) with less than a 5% decline in iH2,net.
Multiple Hypotheses Testing with Partial Prior Information (1998)

By modifying the optimal criterion of Kudo (1967), an alternative theory is developed for incorporating prior probabilities into multiple hypotheses testing. Unlike Kudo's theory, an explicit optimal test can be obtained. It is shown that the optimal test is a natural extension of some well-known tests such as the maximum likelihood test.
Gold-Catalyzed 1,2-Difunctionalizations of Aminoalkynes Using Only N- and O-Containing Oxidants (2011)

We report two viable routes for the 1,2-difunctionalization of aminoalkynes using only oxidants. In the presence of a gold catalyst, nitrones enable the oxoamination of aminoalkynes 1 to form 2-aminoamides 2. With a suitable gold catalyst, nitrosobenzenes implement an alkyne/nitroso metathesis of the same substrates to give 2-oxoiminylamides 3. These two novel oxidations also provide 1,2-aminoalcohols with opposite regioselectivity via NaBH(4) reduction in situ.
Transport and catabolism of the sialic acids<i>N-</i>glycolylneuraminic acid and 3-keto-3-deoxy-<scp>d</scp>-glycero-<scp>d</scp>-galactonononic acid by<i>Escherichia coli</i>K-12 (2013)

Escherichia coli can transport and catabolize the common sialic acid, N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), as a sole source of carbon and nitrogen, which is an important mucus-derived carbon source in the mammalian gut. Herein we demonstrate that E. coli can also grow efficiently on the related sialic acids, N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc) and 3-keto-3-deoxy-D-glycero-D-galactonononic acid (KDN), which are transported via the sialic acid transporter NanT and catabolized using the sialic acid aldolase NanA. Catabolism of Neu5Gc uses the same pathway as Neu5Ac, likely producing glycolate instead and acetate during its breakdown and catabolism of KDN requires NanA activity, while other components of the Neu5Ac catabolism pathway are non-essential. We also demonstrate that these two sialic acids can support growth of an E. coli ∆nanT strain expressing sialic acid transporters from two bacterial pathogens, namely the tripartite ATP-independent periplasmic transporter SiaPQM from Haemophilus influenzae and the sodium solute symport transporter STM1128 from Salmonella enterica ssp. Typhimurium, suggesting that the ability to use Neu5Gc and KDN in addition to Neu5Ac is present in a number of human pathogens.
High birefringence bistolane liquid crystals: synthesis and properties (2015)

Twenty both symmetrical and non-symmetrical bistolanes with terminal alkyl, alkoxy and alkylsulfanyl chain and lateral methyl or ethyl group have been synthesized <italic>via</italic> Sonogashira cross-coupling and their mesomorphic properties have been studied.
Burst segmentation: an approach for reducing packet loss in optical burst switched networks (2003)

We address the issue of contention resolution in optical burst switched networks, and we introduce an approach for reducing packet losses which is based on the concept of burst segmentation. In burst segmentation, rather than dropping the entire burst during contention, the burst may be broken into multiple segments, and only the overlapping segments are dropped. The segmentation scheme is investigated by simulation in conjunction with a deflection scheme, and it is shown that segmentation with deflection can achieve a significantly reduced packet loss rate.
A CAPTCHA Implementation Based on 3D Animation (2009)

In order to distinguish between human users and computer programs, CAPTCHA (completely automated public turing test to tell computers and human apart) mechanism is widely applied in Web sites such as accounts application Web site. While the major implementation of CAPTCHA method-2D still image verification code based on OCR technology is threatened by developing artificial intelligence and image recognition technologies. In this paper, we propose a new approach to implement CAPTCHA mechanism based on 3D animation, utilizing the weakness of computer vision, which make it robust to computer attacks and convenient for users to recognize, and implemented this method to generate a 3D animation verification code.
Interleukin-1 Family Member 9 Stimulates Chemokine Production and Neutrophil Influx in Mouse Lungs (2010)

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a proinflammatory cytokine that signals through the Type I IL-1 receptor (IL-1RI). Novel IL-1-like cytokines were recently identified. Their functions in lung disease remain unclear. Interleukin-1 family member-9 (IL-1F9) is one such IL-1-like cytokine, expressed in the lungs of humans and mice. IL-1F9 signals through IL-1 receptor-related protein 2 (IL-1Rrp2/IL-1RL2), which is distinct from IL-1RI. We sought to determine if IL-1F9 acts as a proinflammatory cytokine in lung disease. IL-1F9 protein was increased in lung homogenates of house dust mite-challenged A/J mice compared with controls, and expression was seen in airway epithelial cells. The intratracheal administration of recombinant mouse IL-1F9 increased airway hyperresponsiveness and induced neutrophil influx and mucus production, but not eosinophilic infiltration in the lungs of mice. In addition, IL-1α protein levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, chemokines, and chemokine-receptor mRNA expression in the lungs were increased after the instillation of intratracheal IL-1F9. Consistent with these changes, NF-κB transcription factor activity was increased in the lungs of mice challenged with IL-1F9 and in a macrophage cell line treated with IL-1F9. These data suggest that IL-1F9 is upregulated during inflammation, and acts as a proinflammatory cytokine in the lungs.
GRECS: Graph Encryption for Approximate Shortest Distance Queries. (2015)

We propose graph encryption schemes that efficiently support approximate shortest distance queries on large-scale encrypted graphs. Shortest distance queries are one of the most funda-mental graph operations and have a wide range of applications. Using such graph encryption schemes, a client can outsource large-scale privacy-sensitive graphs to an untrusted server with-out losing the ability to query it. Other applications include encrypted graph databases and controlled disclosure systems. We propose GRECS (stands for GRaph EnCryption for ap-proximate Shortest distance queries) which includes three schemes that are provably secure against any semi-honest server. Our first construction makes use of only symmetric-key op-erations, resulting in a computationally-efficient construction. Our second scheme, makes use of somewhat-homomorphic encryption and is less computationally-efficient but achieves opti-mal communication complexity (i.e., uses a minimal amount of bandwidth). Finally, our third scheme is both computationally-efficient and achieves optimal communication complexity at the cost of a small amount of additional leakage. We implemented and evaluated the efficiency of our constructions experimentally. The experiments demonstrate that our schemes are efficient and can be applied to graphs that scale up to 1.6 million nodes and 11 million edges. 1
Biochemical basis for the difference between normal and atherosclerotic arterial fluorescence. (1989)

The observation that laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectra of atherosclerotic and normal artery are different has been proposed as the basis for guiding a "smart" laser angioplasty system. The purpose of this study was to investigate the causes of this difference in LIF. Helium-cadmium laser-induced (325 nm) fluorescence was recorded from pure samples of known constituents of normal and atherosclerotic artery including collagen, elastin, calcium, cholesterol, and glycosaminoglycans. Similarities between the LIF spectra of atherosclerotic plaque and collagen and normal aorta and elastin were noted. LIF spectroscopy was then performed on specimens of atherosclerotic aortic plaque (n = 9) and normal aorta (n = 13) and on their extracted lipid, collagen, and elastin. Lipid extraction did not significantly alter atherosclerotic plaque or normal aortic LIF, suggesting a minor contribution of lipid to arterial LIF. The LIF spectra of normal aorta wall was similar to the spectra of the extracted elastin, whereas the LIF spectra of atherosclerotic aortic plaque was similar to the spectra of the extracted collagen. These observations are consistent with the reported relative collagen-to-elastin content ratio of 0.5 for normal arterial wall and 7.3 for atherosclerotic plaque. A classification algorithm was developed to discriminate normal and atherosclerotic aortic spectra based on an elastin and collagen spectral decomposition. A discriminant score was formed by the difference of elastin and collagen (E-C) coefficients and used to classify 182 aortic fluorescence spectra. The mean E-C value was +0.83 +/- 0.04 for normal and -0.48 +/- 0.07 for atherosclerotic aorta (p less than 0.001). Classification accuracy was 92%.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
An Integrated Inventory Allocation and Vehicle Routing Problem (1989)

We address the problem of distributing a limited amount of inventory among customers using a fleet of vehicles so as to maximize profit. Both the inventory allocation and the vehicle routing problems are important logistical decisions. In many practical situations, these two decisions are closely interrelated, and therefore, require a systematic approach to take into account both activities jointly. We formulate the integrated problem as a mixed integer program and develop a Lagrangian-based procedure to generate both good upper bounds and heuristic solutions. Computational results show that the procedure is able to generate solutions with small gaps between the upper and lower bounds for a wide range of cost structures.
Evidence for calcium-sensitive structure in platelet thrombospondin. Isolation and partial characterization of thrombospondin in the presence of calcium. (1982)

When thrombospondin, which was purified in the presence of EDTA, was exposed to thrombin, high molecular mass fragments were observed at 175,000, 160,000,145,000, and 135,000 daltons.In contrast, when the supernatant from t h r o m b i n -t ~a ~d platelets was incubated with additional thrombin, only the 160,000dalton fragment of thrombospondin was produced.The results of thrombin digestion of supernatant samples under varying ionic conditions suggested that the addition of EDTA during isolation of thrombospondin disrupted native calcium-sensitive structure in thrombospondin.To preserve these structures, thrombospondin was purified by heparin aflkity chromatography, followed by sucrose density gradient centrifugation in the presence of 2 m~ CaC13.The peptide pattern produced by subsequent thrombin digestion was equivalent to that observed in the supernatant from thrombintreated platelets, indicating that calcium-sensitive structures had been preserved.Some portions of the thrombospondin molecule were significantly.more resistant to limited tryptic digestion in the presence of calcium than in the presence of EDTA.The sedimentation coefficient, intrinsic viscosity, and electron microscopic appearance of thrombospondin were also affected by the presence of calcium.Thrombospondin has a sedimentation coefficient of 9.7 S in the presence of calcium and 8.6 S in the presence of EDTA.The intrinsic viscosity increased from 21 ml/g in the presence of calcium to 40 ml/g after EDTA treatment.These results are consistent with low angle rotary shadowing data, which indicate that thrombospondin is less asymmetric in the presence of calcium.Under these conditions, thrombospondin appeared to be comprised of three to four well defined nodular domains connected by thinner flexible regions.Exposure of human blood platelets to thrombin rapidly initiates secretion of subcellular granular constituents (1).Among the released proteins, there is a ~2 0 , ~-d a l ~n glycoprotein, designated thrombospondin, also termed thrombinsensitive protein (2) and glycoprotein G (3), which is comprised of three polypeptide chains of equivalent molecular weight that are cross-linked by disulfide bonds (4-6).
Formation of polycyclic carbocycles through metal-halogen exchange-initiated intramolecular conjugate addition reactions (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFormation of polycyclic carbocycles through metal-halogen exchange-initiated intramolecular conjugate addition reactionsManning P. Cooke Jr.Cite this: J. Org. Chem. 1993, 58, 10, 2910–2912Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00062a044https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00062a044research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views309Altmetric-Citations21LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A new injection method for AC harmonic elimination by active power filter (1988)

An injection method for an active filter which eliminates the harmonics present in AC lines by injecting PWM harmonic compensating current is proposed. In the proposed method, the active filter produces a pulsewidth modulation (PWM) current that cancels the existing harmonics up to any order completely. To generate such PWM current, both inverter and DC current source is needed. The current source can be replaced by a large inductor without any external power source. This can be achieved by providing the inverter with rectifying capability because the inverter has the same circuit structure as the rectifier. Therefore, the proposed model of PWM injection current includes not only the harmonic components to suppress the existing harmonics up to any order, but also the fundamental one, to raise the inductor current to any desired value. The characteristics of the injection method are investigated through a digital computer simulation. Feasibility is proved by the experimental results.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>