gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Host Defense at the Ocular Surface (2013)

Microbial infections of the cornea frequently cause painful, blinding and debilitating disease that is often difficult to treat and may require corneal transplantation. In addition, sterile corneal infiltrates that are associated with contact lens wear cause pain, visual impairment and photophobia. In this article, we review the role of Toll-Like Receptors (TLR) in bacterial keratitis and sterile corneal infiltrates, and describe the role of MD-2 regulation in LPS responsiveness by corneal epithelial cells. We conclude that both live bacteria and bacterial products activate Toll-Like Receptors in the cornea, which leads to chemokine production and neutrophil recruitment to the corneal stroma. While neutrophils are essential for bacterial killing, they also cause tissue damage that results in loss of corneal clarity. These disparate outcomes, therefore, represent a spectrum of disease severity based on this pathway, and further indicate that targeting the TLR pathway is a feasible approach to treating inflammation caused by live bacteria and microbial products. Further, as the P. aeruginosa type III secretion system (T3SS) also plays a critical role in disease pathogenesis by inducing neutrophil apoptosis and facilitating bacterial growth in the cornea, T3SS exotoxins are additional targets for therapy for P. aeruginosa keratitis.
LDPC coded modulation schemes with largely unequal error protection (2015)

Coding and modulation schemes able to achieve unequal error protection are of interest for many applications in which parts of the payload must be differently protected against the noise. They are also useful for physical layer security of transmissions over the broadcast channel with confidential messages. Classical design approaches aim at optimizing the performance over all the protection classes, independently of the separation between them. We instead propose a solution to improve the performance over the most protected bits, at the expense of performance over the least protected ones. This allows to design coded modulation schemes with largely unequal error protection. We also consider the use of high order modulations, and propose a technique to study the performance over each protection class in the asymptotic regime of infinite code length.
Photoresponse properties of large-area MoS2 atomic layer synthesized by vapor phase deposition (2014)

Photoresponse properties of a large area MoS2 atomic layer synthesized by vapor phase deposition method without any catalyst are studied. Scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, Raman spectrum, and photoluminescence spectrum characterizations confirm that the two-dimensional microstructures of MoS2 atomic layer are of high quality. Photoelectrical results indicate that the as-prepared MoS2 devices have an excellent sensitivity and a good reproducibility as a photodetector, which is proposed to be ascribed to the potential-assisted charge separation mechanism.
Stable three-dimensional spinning optical solitons supported by competing quadratic and cubic nonlinearities (2002)

We show that the quadratic interaction of fundamental and second harmonics in a bulk dispersive medium, combined with self-defocusing cubic nonlinearity, gives rise to completely localized spatiotemporal solitons (vortex tori) with vorticity s=1. There is no threshold necessary for the existence of these solitons. They are found to be stable if their energy exceeds a certain critical value, so that the stability domain occupies about 10% of the existence region of the solitons. On the contrary to spatial vortex solitons in the same model, the spatiotemporal ones with s=2 are never stable. These results might open the way for experimental observation of spinning three-dimensional solitons in optical media.
A method of pedestrian dead reckoning using action recognition (2010)

We present a method of estimating the location and orientation of a pedestrian which simultaneously recognizing his/her actions with a single low-cost inertial measurement unit (IMU) mounted at the waist of the user. Some of the actions other than walking locomotion, such as standing up from/sitting down on a chair, and bending over to slip through obstacles, taken by the pedestrians can be mostly seen at the particular locations where the objects and building facilities to induce the actions are placed. Conversely, by knowing the current location and its attribute about possibly taken actions, the action recognition process can be improved with the contextual information since prior knowledge about occurrence of actions is given as the attribute in the map. Additionally, when the posture (such as sitting, standing and getting to one knee) of the pedestrians is known, falsely recognized actions can be rejected. Experimental results show that accuracy of the action recognition on six types of the action (forward walking, backward walking, side stepping, sitting down on/standing up from a chair, going downstairs/upstairs and bending over) is more than 95% by cross validation test on the training data set, and the results also show that error rate of the PDR localization is reduced from 4% of the walking distance to 2% in the total scenario within the office environment by using the results of action recognition to adjust the estimated location.
Optimization of file migration in distributed systems (1988)

This dissertation presents and evaluates several new algorithms that improve the performance of distributed file systems by migrating or copying files as necessary between system nodes. The results are based on analysis of file reference patterns from three commercial installations, modeling, and trace driven simulation. <p>The first part of the dissertation is an exploratory analysis of how shared user files are referenced. We find that although few files are shared, they are opened frequently, and account for a large fraction of the I/O traffic to user files. The reference pattern to shared files is not easily characterized, and varies widely among files. A batch Poisson process with geometric batch size is determined to be the most appropriate model. <p>Based on the exploratory analysis, we developed several algorithms for file migration and replication. The algorithms evaluated include those based on our file reference pattern analysis, as well as simple strategies such as static placement and movement on reference, and optimal look-ahead migration and placement. We found that only a few files should be migrated or replicated, but replication or migration can substantially reduce the network traffic (up to 63% for replication and 36% for migration, relative to static placement). <p>A policy based on a batch Poisson process with geometric batch size has the best performance when replication is not allowed. It uses as decision variables the fraction of a file accessed per open, the number of references from a user, and the number of changes in locality. <p>By replicating files, the network traffic can be reduced further compared to migration alone (up to 42%). Whether the additional copies should be invalidated or updated when the file is updated depends on the installation and the rules for placing users at nodes. The algorithms with the best performance use the average reference rate, the number of consecutive opens in update mode, and the time since the node started using the file as the decision variables. By comparing our realizable algorithms with optimal unrealizable algorithms, we show that it is unlikely that other migration or replication algorithms can achieve a substantially better performance
Comparison of three methods for detection of group A streptococci in throat swabs (1992)

Group A streptococci are generally detected in throat swabs by (i) rapid antigen tests, (ii) conventional culture, or (iii) combinations of both. Direct fluorescent-antibody testing of a 2-h enrichment broth (FA/EN) was an accepted method for same-day results before the advent of rapid antigen tests. We compared FA/EN in Todd-Hewitt Broth (THB) with conventional culture and a rapid antigen test, TestPack Strep A (TPS). Nine hundred seventy specimens were evaluated in this study. Cultures were performed for 48 h on sheep blood agar (SBA) incubated aerobically and on a selective agar for group A streptococci (SSA) incubated in 5 to 10% CO2. Following a 2-h incubation, the fluorescent-antibody test was performed. A subculture of the centrifuged sediment from the THB enrichment was also done. In comparison with a positive culture on SBA or SSA or subculture of the THB pellet, the sensitivities and specificities of the different methods were as follows: SBA, 92 and 100%; SSA, 92 and 100%; TPS, 68 and 99%; FA/EN, 88 and 98%. The FA/EN method offers the potential for definitive finalized reports on the same day as specimen collection with greater sensitivity than TPS. This study included sequential plating and rapid antigen testing of a single swab. In a separate set of experiments to validate this study design, it was shown that recovery of streptococci from swabs plated sequentially on five plates did not vary with the order of plating and the actual proportion of organisms recovered from a swab on a single plate was only 1%.
Head pose-free appearance-based gaze sensing via eye image synthesis (2012)

This paper addresses the problem of estimating hu-man gaze from eye appearance under free head mo-tion. Allowing head motion remains challenging be-cause eye appearance changes significantly for differ-ent head poses, and thus new head poses require new training images. To avoid repetitive training, we pro-pose to produce synthetic training images for varying head poses. First, we model pixel displacements be-tween head-moving eye images as 1D pixel flows, and then produce such flows to synthesize new training im-ages from the original training images captured under a fixed default head pose. Specifically, we produce all the required 1D flows by using only four additionally cap-tured images. Our method was successfully tested with extensive experiments to demonstrate its effectiveness. 1.
Influence of Dopant Distribution on the Plasmonic Properties of Indium Tin Oxide Nanocrystals (2014)

Doped metal oxide nanocrystals represent an exciting frontier for colloidal synthesis of plasmonic materials, displaying unique optoelectronic properties and showing promise for a variety of applications. However, fundamental questions about the nature of doping in these materials remain. In this article, the strong influence of radial dopant distribution on the optoelectronic properties of colloidal indium tin oxide nanocrystals is reported. Comparing elemental depth-profiling by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) with detailed modeling and simulation of the optical extinction of these nanocrystals using the Drude model for free electrons, a correlation between surface segregation of tin ions and the average activation of dopants is observed. A strong influence of surface segregation of tin on the line shape of the localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) is also reported. Samples with tin segregated near the surface show a symmetric line shape that suggests weak or no damping of the plasmon by ionized impurities. It is suggested that segregation of tin near the surface facilitates compensation of the dopant ions by electronic defects and oxygen interstitials, thus reducing activation. A core-shell model is proposed to explain the observed differences in line shape. These results demonstrate the nuanced role of dopant distribution in determining the optoelectronic properties of semiconductor nanocrystals and suggest that more detailed study of the distribution and structure of defects in plasmonic colloidal nanocrystals is warranted.
Sperm Creatine Kinase Activity in Fertile and Infertile Oligospermic Men (1990)

The authors examined the value of sperm creatine-kinase (CK) activity parameters to predict sperm fertilizing potential of oligospermic men. Two patient groups from our intrauterine insemination program were studied: fertile oligospermic (32 men/46 specimens) and infertile oligospermic (19 men/82 specimens). In the initial specimens, the CK activities were (mean + SEM IU CK/10(8) sperm): 0.53 +/- 0.09 and 1.17 +/- 0.19 (P less than 0.001). The corresponding values in the swim-up fractions were 0.32 +/- 0.06 and 0.67 +/- 0.08 (P less than 0.001). In a subset of samples by fertile (N = 33) and infertile (N = 66) oligospermic men who had close to identical sperm concentrations (11.9 +/- 0.9 vs. 11.9 +/- 0.5 million sperm/ml) and motility values (23.7 +/- 1.7 vs. 23.0 +/- 1.3%), the CK activities were significantly lower in the fertile group in both the initial (P = 0.02) and in the swim-up (P = 0.002) samples. A logistic regression analysis of all 160 study samples (including 21 normal men/32 samples) further demonstrated that CK activities were predictive of fertilizing potential, whereas sperm concentrations of the samples provided no additional contribution. Sperm CK and similar biochemical markers will facilitate selection of men for various approaches in assisted reproduction.
Chiral biointerface materials (2011)

Chiral phenomena are ubiquitous in nature from macroscopic to microscopic, including the high chirality preference of small biomolecules, special steric conformations of biomacromolecules induced by it, as well as chirality-triggered biological and physiological processes. The introduction of chirality into the study of interface interactions between materials and biological systems leads to the generation of chiral biointerface materials, which provides a new platform for understanding the chiral phenomena in biological system, as well as the development of novel biomaterials and devices. This critical review gives a brief introduction to the recent advances in this field. We start from the fabrication of chiral biointerface materials, and further investigate the stereo-selective interaction between biological systems and chiral interface materials to find out key factors governing the performance of such materials in given conditions, then introduce some special functionalities and potential applications of chiral biointerface materials, and finally present our own thinking about the future development of this area (108 references).
Continuous-wave total-internal-reflection optical parametric oscillator pumped at 1064 nm (1994)

We report what is to our knowledge the first cw 1064-nm-pumped optical parametric oscillator (OPO), using a critically phase-matched (theta(pm) = 45.5 degrees ), monolithic total-internal-reflection, doubly resonant OPO fabricated from congruent LiNbO(3). Frustrated total-internal-reflection provides variable output coupling for the signal and the idler. The measured finesse of 6000 at 2014 nm implies a round-trip power loss of 0.1%. The low round-trip power losses compensate the 2 degrees Poynting vector walk-off and give a threshold of 130 mW. A passive thermal feedback mechanism causes the OPO to oscillate stably in a single axial-mode pair for more than 30 min. The OPO output tunes in 0.1-nm steps from 2040 to 2225 nm by tuning the pump frequency.
The Braden Scale (2004)

This review of recent research was undertaken to answer questions about the predictive performance of the Braden Scale for Predicting Pressure Ulcer Risk. The data are varied across settings, conditions, and populations. Although the predictive values of an at-risk classification are consistently modest, they may be understated because of the confounding influence of effective care administered to patients during the studies. In contrast, the predictive values of a not-at-risk classification are consistently quite high. The reviewer concludes that the Braden Scale for Predicting Pressure Ulcer Risk is a useful risk prediction tool that should be used in conjunction with clinical nursing judgment and as part of a comprehensive pressure ulcer prevention program.
Production of recombinant human hemoglobin by genetic engineering (1998)

This review summarized the advances, problems and solutions in the research course of recombinant human hemoglobin (rhHb). It also described the strategies of high expression of rhHb in E. coli system as well as the enlightenment drawn from evolution of hemoglobin of various vertebrates.
An overview of network-aware applications for mobile multimedia delivery (2004)

Network-aware applications are a promising new concept in which applications are aware of network conditions and thus can adapt to the varying environment to achieve acceptable and predictable performance. This paper reviews the current research on network-aware applications, with a focus on their appliance on mobile multimedia applications. First, different frameworks or architectures of network-aware applications are introduced. Research issues and activities are then discussed in detail from two basic aspects of network-aware applications: network awareness and network adaptation. After the discussion about network-aware applications in general network environments, special problems and requirements of mobile multimedia applications are summarized, and different network-aware application approaches for mobile multimedia delivery are compared with respect to these requirements. Finally, we provide some suggestions to network-aware mobile multimedia application developers and identify current challenges in this area.
Old time gold strategy for ABM (2012)

Gold projects such as ABM Resources NL's high-grade Old Pirate deposit were the stuff of Australia's colonial gold rush days, but bringing the Northern Territory desert project into the modern mining age will have its challenges.
An architecture for hybrid coding of NTSC TV signals (1981)

Abstract A hardware feasible architecture for DCT/DPCM hybrid coding of color television (TV) signals has been developed. The coding system is based on formatting four horizontal scan lines into blocks of the same subcarrier phase elements. The samples in each block are rearranged and transformed by a FDCT processor. Based on its average energy, a given transform block is compared with its adjacent blocks and the nearest block is selected as its estimate. The difference between the actual and the estimated values of the (DCT) coefficients are then quantized and encoded using nonuniform quantizers and a variable length coder. Furthermore, the maximum number of different wordlengths is assumed to be five. Therefore, five sets of 256-byte encoding ROMs are used to store the quantization tables. To reduce the redundancy in the code words, an adaptive coding scheme is used. The coding scheme is based on setting two threshold levels.
Low‐Energy Impedance‐Compensating Biphasic Waveforms Terminate Ventricular Fibrillation at High Rates in Victims of Out‐of‐Hospital Cardiac Arrest (1997)

Low-energy impedance-compensating biphasic waveforms terminate long-duration VF at high rates in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Use of this waveform allows AED device characteristics consistent with widespread AED deployment and early defibrillation.
A Liquid‐Ga‐Filled Carbon Nanotube: A Miniaturized Temperature Sensor and Electrical Switch (2005)

Temperature control on the nanometer scale is a challenging task in many physical, chemical, and material science applications where small experimental volumes with high temperature gradients are used. The crucial difficulty is reducing the size of temperature sensors while keeping their sensitivity, working temperature range, and, most importantly, their simplicity and accuracy of temperature reading. In this work, we demonstrate the ultimate miniaturization of the classic thermometer using an expanding column of liquid gallium inside a multi-walled C nanotube for precise temperature measurements. We report that electrical conductivity through unfilled nanotube regions is diffusive with a resistance per unit length of approximately 10 kOmega microm(-1), whereas Ga-filled segments of the nanotube show metallic behavior with a low resistance of approximately 100 Omega microm(-1). No noticeable Schottky barrier exists between the nanotube carbon shell and the inner Ga filling. Based on these findings, an individual carbon nanotube partially filled with liquid Ga is used as a temperature sensor and/or switch. The nanotube's electrical resistance decreases linearly with increasing temperature as the metallic Ga column expands inside the tube channel. In addition, the tube resistance drops sharply when two encapsulated Ga columns approaching each other meet inside the nanotube, producing a switching action that can occur at any predetermined temperature, as the Ga column position inside the nanotube can be effectively pre-adjusted by nanoindentation using an atomic force microscope.
Fluorometric Assay for the Determination of Glutathione Reductase Activity (2007)

The determination of free sulfhydryl groups is important in many aspects of biotechnology, such as measuring the coupling efficiency of thiol-reactive probes, assaying cysteine-containing haptens, and assaying reductase/thiol transferase activity, as well as in various aspects of the food industry. This is generally achieved colorimetrically using Ellman's reagent, although the assay is relatively insensitive and Ellman's reagent is unstable. In this paper, we describe a highly sensitive fluorometric assay for free sulfhydryl groups based on FRET, which we have used to develop a sensitive assay for glutathione reductase activity. The assay exploits the specific increase in fluorescence intensity that occurs at 520 nm when a probe containing two molecules of fluorescein linked via a disulfide group is cleaved by glutathione. The assay is 2 orders of magnitude more sensitive than the commonly used colorimetric glutathione reductase assay and has a greater dynamic range.
Clonidine Ameliorates Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome (1980)

Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (TS) is a severe, familial neuropsychiatric disorder of childhood onset that is characterized by multiform motor, phonic, behavioral, and psychological symptoms. Clonidine hydrochloride, a centrally active alpha-adrenergic agonist, was observed to ameliorate the disorder in the majority of 25 patients who could not tolerate or did not benefit from treatment with haloperidol. Clonidine had a gradual onset of action. Compulsive behavior, frustration intolerance, speech difficulties, behavioral blocking, attentional problems, and tics were responsive to treatment. The noradrenergic system may be involved, primarily or secondarily, in the expression of the genetic predisposition to TS. These observations will require testing by suitably controlled efficacy studies.
High-speed source-synchronous interface for the IBM System z9 processor (2007)

As mainframes evolve and deliver higher performance, technologists are focusing less on processor speed and more on overall system performance to create optimized systems. One important area of focus for performance improvement involves chip-to-chip interconnects, with their associated bandwidths and latencies. IBM and related computer manufacturers are optimizing the characteristics of interconnects between processors as well as between processors and their supporting chip sets (local cache, memory, I/O bridge). This paper describes the IBM proprietary high-speed interface known as Elastic Interface (EI), which is used for nearly all chip-to-chip communication in the IBM System z9™. In particular, EI is a generic high-speed, source-synchronous interface used to transfer addresses, controls, and data between CPUs, L2 caches, memory subsystems, switches, and I/O hubs. The EI has single-ended data lines, resulting in twice the performance (bandwidth per pin) of similar buses operating with two differential lines per signal.