gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Teoría de opciones y estructura óptima de capital: una aplicación a la inversión y financiación inmobiliaria (2004)

Los modelos de estructura de capital con formulas cerradas como los de Kane, Marcus y McDonald (1984 y 1985), Leland (1994), Leland y Toft (1996) Goldstein, Ju y Leland (2001) y Brennan y Schwartz (1978) si valora la deuda con el modelo de Merton (1974), tienen dificultades para incorporar elementos de los contratos de financiacion que son muy frecuentes en la practica: amortizaciones periodicas, clausulas restrictivas de la relacion prestamo valor y opciones de amortizacion anticipada de la deuda. En esta tesis desarrollamos un modelo con base en la teoria de valoracion de opciones y teoria del equilibrio estatico de la estructura de capital que permite superar estas deficiencias. Al conceptuar las opciones de incumplimiento y de amortizacion anticipada, el ahorro fiscal de los intereses y los costes de quiebra como opciones con barrera, aplicamos para su valoracion el modelo binomial (CRR 1979) y diversas versiones del trinomial adaptadas a la eficiente valoracion de dicho tipo de opciones. Los resultados que se obtienen para el supuesto de la financiacion de un inmueble en arrendamiento son coincidentes con los que se observan en la practica respecto al nivel de deuda optima (alrededor del 65-70%) y su riesgo de credito (entre 60 y 100 pb dependiendo de los supuestos concretos).
 Estructura de capital, teoria de valoracion de opciones, opciones con barrera, inversion y financiacion inmobiliaria.
Epitaxial Chemical Vapor Deposition Growth of Single-Layer Graphene over Cobalt Film Crystallized on Sapphire (2010)

Epitaxial chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth of uniform single-layer graphene is demonstrated over Co film crystallized on c-plane sapphire. The single crystalline Co film is realized on the sapphire substrate by optimized high-temperature sputtering and successive H(2) annealing. This crystalline Co film enables the formation of uniform single-layer graphene, while a polycrystalline Co film deposited on a SiO(2)/Si substrate gives a number of graphene flakes with various thicknesses. Moreover, an epitaxial relationship between the as-grown graphene and Co lattice is observed when synthesis occurs at 1000 °C; the direction of the hexagonal lattice of the single-layer graphene completely matches with that of the underneath Co/sapphire substrate. The orientation of graphene depends on the growth temperature and, at 900 °C, the graphene lattice is rotated at 22 ± 8° with respect to the Co lattice direction. Our work expands a possibility of synthesizing single-layer graphene over various metal catalysts. Moreover, our CVD growth gives a graphene film with predefined orientation, and thus can be applied to graphene engineering, such as cutting along a specific crystallographic direction, for future electronics applications.
Long‐lasting oral analgesic effects of<i>N</i>‐protected aminophosphinic dual<scp>ENK</scp>ephalinase inhibitors (<scp>DENKI</scp>s) in peripherally controlled pain (2015)

The peripheral endogenous opioid system is critically involved in neuropathic and inflammatory pain generation as suggested by the modulation of opioid receptors expression and enkephalins (ENKs) release observed in these painful conditions. Accordingly, an innovative approach in the treatment of these nocifensive events is to increase and maintain high local concentrations of extracellular pain-evoked ENKs, by preventing their physiological enzymatic inactivation by two Zn metallopeptidases, the neutral endopeptidase (NEP, neprilysin, EC 3.4.24.11) and the neutral aminopeptidase (APN, EC 3.4.11.2). With this aim, new orally active dual ENKephalinase inhibitors (DENKIs) were designed as soluble prodrugs by introducing a N-terminal cleavable carbamate in the previously described aminophosphinic inhibitors. This induces long-lasting antinociceptive responses after oral administration, in various rodent models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. These responses are mediated through stimulation of peripheral opioid receptors by DENKIs-protected ENKs as demonstrated by naloxone methiodide reversion. In all tested models, the most efficient prodrug 2a (PL265) was active, at least during 150-180 min, after single oral administration of 25-50 mg/kg in mice and of 100-200 mg/kg in rats. In models of neuropathic pain, both hyperalgesia and allodynia were markedly reduced. Interestingly, combination of inactive doses of 2a (PL265) and of the anti-epileptic drug gabapentin had synergistic effect on neuropathic pain. Pharmacokinetic studies of 2a (PL265) in rats show that the active drug is the only generated metabolite produced. These encouraging results have made 2a (PL265) a suitable candidate for clinical development.
Developing for interactive services in digital TV (1996)

This paper describes the development process of interactive services for digital TV. As the term `interactive services' is only recently introduced, it proposes a definition and description. This include all interactive applications on a digital integrated receiver decoder: electronic program guide, impulse-pay-per-view, home shopping, home banking, betting, information services etc. It describes the functionality and defects of the first generation of digital set-top-boxes now available, and proposes new standards for next generation set-top boxes. The paper also highlights the problems that the first group of interactive service developers will encounter in the design and development process. As interactive services for digital TV will be a complete new concept into the living room, it is very hard to predict the consumers behaviour to such application. It is therefore unlikely that `crisp and clear' user requirements will be drawn up for the development team. It might therefore be necessary to apply an `unconventional' project methodology, such as rapid application development or fast prototyping. What this means for the parties involved, and how much can be learned from the early developments in the PC-multimedia industry are discussed.
Learning Intrinsic Image Decomposition from Watching the World (2018)

Single-view intrinsic image decomposition is a highly ill-posed problem, and so a promising approach is to learn from large amounts of data. However, it is difficult to collect ground truth training data at scale for intrinsic images. In this paper, we explore a different approach to learning intrinsic images: observing image sequences over time depicting the same scene under changing illumination, and learning single-view decompositions that are consistent with these changes. This approach allows us to learn without ground truth decompositions, and to instead exploit information available from multiple images when training. Our trained model can then be applied at test time to single views. We describe a new learning framework based on this idea, including new loss functions that can be efficiently evaluated over entire sequences. While prior learning-based methods achieve good performance on specific benchmarks, we show that our approach generalizes well to several diverse datasets, including MIT intrinsic images, Intrinsic Images in the Wild and Shading Annotations in the Wild.
Gramicidin A: A New Mission for an Old Antibiotic (2015)

Gramicidin A (GA) is a channel-forming ionophore that renders biological membranes permeable to specific cations which disrupts cellular ionic homeostasis. It is a well-known antibiotic, however it's potential as a therapeutic agent for cancer has not been widely evaluated. In two recently published studies, we showed that GA treatment is toxic to cell lines and tumor xenografts derived from renal cell carcinoma (RCC), a devastating disease that is highly resistant to conventional therapy. GA was found to possess the qualities of both a cytotoxic drug and a targeted angiogenesis inhibitor, and this combination significantly compromised RCC growth in vitro and in vivo. In this review, we summarize our recent research on GA, discuss the possible mechanisms whereby it exerts its anti-tumor effects, and share our perspectives on the future opportunities and challenges to the use of GA as a new anticancer agent.
Advanced thin wafer IGBTs with new thermal management solution (2004)

This paper presents the new design concepts for improving the short-circuit capability of thin wafer power devices, such as field-stop (FS) IGBTs, by thermal management techniques. The experimental results of thin wafer IGBTs, with lead-frame connection via solid copper emitter electrode, have achieved approximately 34% increase in the critical short circuit energy. In addition, compared to the conventional assembling techniques, the new techniques make it possible to keep the lower device temperature during the normal switching operation. It has been found out that 30% reduction in die size can be expected under the conditions of having the same junction temperature increase (/spl Delta/Tj).
Pullulanase synthesis in <i>Klebsiella</i> (<i>Aerobacter</i>) <i>aerogenes</i> strains growing in continuous culture (1974)

1. Pullulanase synthesis was studied in 16 classified (N.C.I.B.) strains and in an industrial strain (R) of Klebsiella aerogenes grown in chemostats containing maltose as inducer and sole carbon source. 2. Maximum synthesis was associated with carbon-limited growth at a low dilution rate (about 0.2h(-1)). The enzyme remained firmly cell-bound and seemed to be located on the cell surface. 3. Three strains had high activity (R, N.C.I.B. 5938, 8017), twelve were intermediate, and two (N.C.I.B. 8153, 9146) had negligible activity but were inducible with pullulan. 4. Pullulan similarly induced low, but adequate, activity in the other strains in conditions (nutrient limitation other than carbon-limitation) in which pullulanase was otherwise very seriously repressed. Nevertheless, in carbon limitation pullulan induced no more enzyme than did maltose, maltotriose or oligosaccharide mixtures, and ;hyperactivity' never developed on protracted culture. 5. Cyclic AMP relieved the transient repression produced by adding glucose to maltose-limited cultures and a further change to glucose-limited conditions led to constitutive pullulanase synthesis. 6. Amylomaltase and alpha-glucosidase activities were also examined but in less detail. 7. The presence of pullulanase in maltose-limited growth is discussed, but no clear function can be assigned to it at present. The molar growth yields for all the strains were very similar, and no correlation was found between the overgrowth of one strain by another and pullulanase activity. Further, any function as a general branching enzyme in polysaccharide synthesis seems unlikely.
Fibroblast growth factor 21 as a biomarker for long‐term complications in organic acidemias (2018)

This study demonstrates the potential role of FGF-21 as a biomarker for long-term complications in classical organic acidemias, attributed to mitochondrial dysfunction.
Element and Trace Element Content of Baby Foods Including Effect of Ageing (1979)

Bloom, H. Lewis I. C., Noller, B. N. (1979) Aust. Paediatr. J. , 15 , 16–19. Element and trace element content of baby foods, including effect of ageing . The element and trace element contents of canned and bottled baby foods have been analysed and no excessive concentrations were discovered. In a small sample of over age cans metal contamination did occur but was not a health hazard except possibly in one sample where the lead content was high.
Internet-Savviness of Iraqi Undergraduate Students (2012)

This exploratory study investigated the construct of Internet-Savviness (IS) exhibited by undergraduate Iraqi students at a four-year university in Iraq. Internet-Savviness is a new construct based on six dimensions: 1) social collaboration, 2) Internet fluency, 3) creative expression, 4) Internet self-efficacy, 5) information gathering, and 6) computer mediated communication. The IS scale, developed in 2007, was used to collect data from two hundred ninety six undergraduate students during the fall and spring semesters, 2008 through 2012. The instrument was re-evaluated and modified slightly to accommodate the new population of Iraqi undergraduate students. A subset of the results showed that although there were significant differences between males and females regarding Internet self-efficacy and self-report assessments of their own expertise in using the Internet, females’ overall scores on the Internet-Savviness scale was comparable to males’.
The structure and inhibition of a GGDEF diguanylate cyclase complexed with (c-di-GMP)<sub>2</sub>at the active site (2011)

Cyclic diguanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) is a key signalling molecule involved in regulating many important biological functions in bacteria. The synthesis of c-di-GMP is catalyzed by the GGDEF-domain-containing diguanylate cyclase (DGC), the activity of which is regulated by the binding of product at the allosteric inhibitory (I) site. However, a significant number of GGDEF domains lack the RxxD motif characteristic of the allosteric I site. Here, the structure of XCC4471(GGDEF), the GGDEF domain of a DGC from Xanthomonas campestris, in complex with c-di-GMP has been solved. Unexpectedly, the structure of the complex revealed a GGDEF-domain dimer cross-linked by two molecules of c-di-GMP at the strongly conserved active sites. In the complex (c-di-GMP)(2) adopts a novel partially intercalated form, with the peripheral guanine bases bound to the guanine-binding pockets and the two central bases stacked upon each other. Alteration of the residues involved in specific binding to c-di-GMP led to dramatically reduced K(d) values between XCC4471(GGDEF) and c-di-GMP. In addition, these key residues are strongly conserved among the many thousands of GGDEF-domain sequences identified to date. These results indicate a new product-bound form for GGDEF-domain-containing proteins obtained via (c-di-GMP)(2) binding at the active site. This novel XCC4471(GGDEF)-c-di-GMP complex structure may serve as a general model for the design of lead compounds to block the DGC activity of GGDEF-domain-containing proteins in X. campestris or other microorganisms that contain multiple GGDEF-domain proteins.
Philosophical and Theological Historiography in Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn’s The Red Wheel (2014)

This article provides an overview of Solzhenitsyn’s historical novel, The Red Wheel, in the context of a philosophy and theology of history. For his philosophical categories used in analysing the novel, Purcell draws upon philosopher of history Eric Voegelin’s understanding of Homer and Greek tragedy, along with his diagnosis of Nazism. Purcell then turns to the Italian theologian Piero Coda’s reading of Sergei Bulgakov for a theological interpretation of the Russian tragedy in the light of the forsakenness of the Crucified Christ.
Isolation and characterization of multiple isoforms of the rat urokinase receptor in osteoblasts (1994)

A rat urokinase receptor (uPAR) cDNA fragment was amplified by RT-PCR from RNA of the rat osteoblastic cell line CFK-1. Using this DNA species as a hybridization probe two rat uPAR cDNAs were isolated from a CFK-1 cDNA library. These two cDNAs encode an identical uPAR protein except for a single base mutation which results in the substitution of cysteine to serine at amino acid 71 in one variant. PCR analysis of rat genomic DNA revealed the presence of an additional uPAR arising from alternate splicing which is expressed in a variety of tissues. These studies provide the tools for examining uPAR function in fibrinolysis, tumor invasion and metastasis in the rat and for identifying the mechanism of species specificity in uPA actions.
HaTen2: Billion-scale tensor decompositions (2015)

How can we find useful patterns and anomalies in large scale real-world data with multiple attributes? For example, network intrusion logs, with (source-ip, target-ip, port-number, timestamp)? Tensors are suitable for modeling these multi-dimensional data, and widely used for the analysis of social networks, web data, network traffic, and in many other settings. However, current tensor decomposition methods do not scale for tensors with millions and billions of rows, columns and `fibers', that often appear in real datasets. In this paper, we propose HaTen2, a scalable distributed suite of tensor decomposition algorithms running on the MapReduce platform. By carefully reordering the operations, and exploiting the sparsity of real world tensors, HaTen2 dramatically reduces the intermediate data, and the number of jobs. As a result, using HaTen2, we analyze big real-world tensors that can not be handled by the current state of the art, and discover hidden concepts.
Quantitative Analysis of Gentamicin, Azithromycin, Telithromycin, Ciprofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, and Oritavancin (LY333328) Activities against Intracellular <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> in Mouse J774 Macrophages (2003)

Using J774 macrophages, the intracellular activities of gentamicin, azithromycin, telithromycin, ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, and oritavancin (LY333328) against Staphylococcus aureus (strain ATCC 25923) have been quantitatively assessed in a 24-h model. S. aureus was positively localized in phagolysosomes by confocal and electron microscopy, and extracellular growth was prevented with 0.5 mg of gentamicin/liter (1x MIC) in controls. When tested at extracellular concentrations equivalent to their maximum concentrations in human serum, all antibiotics except azithromycin caused a significant reduction of the postphagocytosis inoculum within 24 h, albeit to markedly different extents (telithromycin [2 mg/liter], 0.60 log; ciprofloxacin [4.3 mg/liter], 0.81 log; gentamicin [18 mg/liter], 1.21 log; moxifloxacin [4 mg/liter], 1.51 log; oritavancin [25 mg/liter], 3.49 log). Intracellular activities were not systematically related to drug accumulation (apparent cellular-to-extracellular concentration ratios in infected cells: ciprofloxacin, 3.2; gentamicin, 6.8; telithromycin, 8.7; moxifloxacin, 13.4; azithromycin, 50; oritavancin, 348). Intracellular activity was not directly correlated to extracellular activity as measured in broth. Conditions of pH 5 (i.e., mimicking that of phagolysosomes) markedly reduced the activity of gentamicin, azithromycin, and telithromycin (>or=32 x) and fairly extensively reduced that of ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin (>or=4 x) but did not affect oritavancin activity. We conclude that the cellular accumulation of antibiotics is not the only parameter to take into account for intracellular activity but that local environmental conditions (such as pH) and other factors can also prove critical.
RUBBER RECYCLING: CHEMISTRY, PROCESSING, AND APPLICATIONS (2012)

ABSTRACT For both environmental and economic reasons, there is broad interest in recycling rubber and in the continued development of recycling technologies. The use of postindustrial materials is a fairly well-established and documented business. Much effort over the past decade has been put into dealing with of end-of-life tires from landfills and vacant fields. It is only in the last few years that more business opportunities for recycled rubber have come to the forefront. Reclaiming rubber has gained increasing interest, more so in Europe than in North America. In those areas, much work has been done to refine the processes used. The major form of recycled rubber is still ground rubber. This is produced either by cryogenic, ambient, or wet grinding. The material is then used neat with sulfur/curatives, binders, or cements. The binders are normally moisture curable urethanes, liquid polybutadienes, or latex to produce items such as mats, floor tiles, and carpet undercushion. Recycled rubber is still used as tire derived fuel, but less so than 10 years ago. Another outlet is as an additive to asphalt. Recycled rubber can be used in the plastics industry, for which much development is being done. Large particle size ground rubber or chips are used in civil engineering applications, landscaping, or artificial turf. In terms of applications, most use is outside of the conventional rubber industry. Cost factors are still addressed in the tire industry. As of 2012, approximately 8–10% recycled material is used in tires. The biggest obstacles to further adaption are safety factors and property loss. Better methods are needed for treating or modifying the rubber surface and for regenerating the rubber through devulcanization. Devulcanization gives the highest quality recycled material in terms of processing and properties. However, shortcomings to devulcanization are reduced process safety and odorous chemicals that are required at present.
Fast High-Impedance Spectroscopy Method Using Sinc Signal Excitation (2013)

Abstract In this paper the method of fast impedance spectroscopy of technical objects with high impedance (|Zx| ≥1 GΩ) is evaluated by means of simulation and a practical experiment. The method is based on excitation of an object with a sinc signal and sampling the response signals proportional to current flowing through and voltage across the measured impedance. The object’s impedance spectrum is obtained with the use of continuous Fourier transform on the basis of linear approximations between samples in two acquisition sections, connected with the duration of the sinc signal. The method is first evaluated in MATLAB by means of simulation. An influence of the sinc signal duration and the number of samples on impedance modulus and argument measurement errors is explored. The method is then practically verified in a constructed laboratory impedance spectroscopy measurement system. The obtained acceleration of impedance spectroscopy in the low frequency range (below 1 Hz) and the decrease of the number of acquired samples enable to recommend the worked out method for implementation in portable impedance analyzers destined for operation in the field.
In Situ Analysis of Dopant Incorporation, Activation, and Film Growth during Thin Film ZnO and ZnO:Al Atomic Layer Deposition (2009)

In situ characterization of low temperature atomic layer deposition (ALD) of ZnO and aluminum-doped ZnO (ZnO:Al) establishes a relationship between species adsorption, mass uptake, and surface electrical conductance during deposition and dopant atom incorporation. Conductance measured in situ during ZnO ALD oscillates with species surface adsorption, consistent with surface potential modulation and charge transfer during surface reaction. Dopant introduction using trimethylaluminum impedes both surface potential modulation and film growth, and a reaction scheme involving surface proton exchange complexes is presented to understand the observed results. Electronically active doping is achieved only after Al species transition four to five monolayers into the film bulk, consistent with a nonuniform dopant atom distribution in the direction of film growth. Results have important implications in understanding relations between dopant incorporation, activation, and film growth mechanisms in atomic layer deposition and other vapor-phase chemical processes.
IRRADIATION OF AQUEOUS CHLORAL HYDRATE SOLUTIONS WITH Co<sup>60</sup> GAMMA-RAYS: AVERAGE LIFETIME OF THE FREE RADICAL CHAINS (1954)

When aqueous one molar chloral hydrate solutions are irradiated with X rays or gamma-rays, hydrochloric acid is produced. The reaction appears to be a chain reaction. The average free radical chain lifetime, as determined using a rotating sector, is approximately 0.1 sec.
A new technology for fast switching circuits on glass (1987)

A low-temperature self-aligned photolithographic process is described to fabricate fast switching digital poly-CdSe thin-film transistors (TFT's) on glass, The use of sintered CdSe-In <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> Se <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> mixtures as an evaporation source for the semiconductor resulted in TFT's with attractive static and dynamic characteristics. The measured inverter delay for a 20-µm technology was 75 ns.