gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Immune modulation effects of concomitant temozolomide and radiation therapy on peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with glioblastoma multiforme (2011)

Concomitant radiation therapy (RT) and temozolomide (TMZ) therapy after surgery is the standard treatment for glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). Radiation and chemotherapy can affect the immune system with implications on subsequent immune therapy. Therefore, we examined the phenotype and function of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in 25 patients with GBM prior to and 4 weeks after treatment with RT-TMZ using multicolor flow cytometry, as well as in vitro CD4(+) regulatory T cell (T(reg)) suppressor and dendritic cell maturation assays. RT-TMZ induced significant lymphopenia, with a decrease in total CD4(+) T cells, but did not significantly change monocyte counts. The proportion of functional T(reg) cells increased after treatment, whereas their absolute numbers remained stable. There was also a measurable decrease in the proportion of CD8(+)CD56(+) and absolute number of CD3(-)CD56(+) effector cells. Posttherapy monocytes retained the ability to mature into dendritic cells. Treatment with RT-TMZ is associated with changes in regulatory and effector peripheral blood mononuclear cells that tilt the balance towards an immune suppressive state. This shift can affect the outcome of immune therapy following RT-TMZ treatment and should be considered in the design of future combination therapy regimens.
30 to 50 ns liquid-crystal optical switches (2010)

The optical switching times of liquid-crystal cells using 5CB, 5OCB and PCH5 liquid crystal materials have been characterized as a function of applied voltage, V, and temperature, T. The transition time from 90 to 10 % transmission scales as V<sup>-2</sup> and is limited to 50 to 30 ns by the breakdown electric field, ~ 10<sup>6</sup> V cm<sup>-1</sup> of the liquid crystal. The time from the initial voltage step to 90 % transmission, delay time, decreases with increasing voltage and approaches a constant value at higher electric fields, >10<sup>5</sup> V cm<sup>-1</sup>. Both the transition and delay times decrease with increasing temperature. The minimum transition times at temperatures a few degrees below the nematic-isotropic temperature are 32, 32, and 44 ns and delay times are 44, 25 and 8 ns for 5CB, 5OCB, and PCH5 respectively.
Analysis of the Polar Flagellar Gene System of <i>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</i> (2000)

Vibrio parahaemolyticus has dual flagellar systems adapted for locomotion under different circumstances. A single, sheathed polar flagellum propels the swimmer cell in liquid environments. Numerous unsheathed lateral flagella move the swarmer cell over surfaces. The polar flagellum is produced continuously, whereas the synthesis of lateral flagella is induced under conditions that impede the function of the polar flagellum, e.g., in viscous environments or on surfaces. Thus, the organism possesses two large gene networks that orchestrate polar and lateral flagellar gene expression and assembly. In addition, the polar flagellum functions as a mechanosensor controlling lateral gene expression. In order to gain insight into the genetic circuitry controlling motility and surface sensing, we have sought to define the polar flagellar gene system. The hierarchy of regulation appears to be different from the polar system of Caulobacter crescentus or the peritrichous system of enteric bacteria but is pertinent to many Vibrio and Pseudomonas species. The gene identity and organization of 60 potential flagellar and chemotaxis genes are described. Conserved sequences are defined for two classes of polar flagellar promoters. Phenotypic and genotypic analysis of mutant strains with defects in swimming motility coupled with primer extension analysis of flagellar and chemotaxis transcription provides insight into the polar flagellar organelle, its assembly, and regulation of gene expression.
Radicals from one-electron reduction of nitro compounds, aromatic <i>N</i>-oxides and quinones: the kinetic basis for hypoxia-selective, bioreductive drugs (1995)

Drugs based on nitroarene, aromatic N-oxide or quinone structures are frequently reduced by cellular reductases to toxic products. Reduction often involves free radicals as intermediates which react rapidly with oxygen to form superoxide radicals, inhibiting drug reduction. The elevation of cellular oxidative stress accompanying oxygen inhibition of reduction is generally less damaging than drug reduction to toxic products, so the drugs offer selective toxicity to hypoxic cells. Since such cells are resistant to radiotherapy, these bioreductive drugs offer potential in tumour therapy. The basis for the selectivity of action entails kinetic competition involving the contesting reaction pathways. The reduction potential of the drug, radical pKa and nature of radical/radical decay kinetics all influence drug activity and selectivity, including the range of oxygen tensions over which the drug offers selective toxicity. These properties may be quantified using generation of radicals by pulse radiolysis, presenting a physicochemical basis for rational drug design.
Developing the political citizen: How teachers are navigating the statutory demands of the Counter-Terrorism and Security Act 205 and the Prevent Duty (2017)

The ‘Revised Prevent Duty Guidance for England and Wales’ presents statutory guidance under section 29 of the Counter-Terrorism and Security Act 2015. This guidance states that ‘Schools should be safe spaces in which children and young people can understand and discuss sensitive topics, including terrorism and the extremist ideas that are part of terrorist ideology, and learn how to challenge these ideas. The Prevent Duty is not intended to limit discussion of these issues’. The Prevent Duty also requires schools to identify pupils at risk of radicalisation and have in place ‘robust safeguarding policies’. Schools that are unable to satisfy Office for Standards in Education will be subject to ‘intervention’ (maintained schools) or ‘termination of funding’ (academies and free schools). This article explores the interplay between the statutory requirement to provide opportunity for pupils to debate and explore issues relating to citizenship in the public sphere in the light of religious and political discourses and the statutory requirement to monitor and report potential ‘vulnerable’ pupils. It asks what measures are employed to judge ‘vulnerability’ and ‘risk’ when they are encouraged to promote debate and active political engagement. The article argues that in discharging their Prevent Duty, teachers become self-regulating, ‘governmentable subjects’ themselves.
Stack zooming for multi-focus interaction in time-series data visualization (2010)

Information visualization shows tremendous potential for helping both expert and casual users alike make sense of temporal data, but current time series visualization tools provide poor support for comparing several foci in a temporal dataset while retaining context and distance awareness. We introduce a method for supporting this kind of multi-focus interaction that we call stack zooming. The approach is based on the user interactively building hierarchies of 1D strips stacked on top of each other, where each subsequent stack represents a higher zoom level, and sibling strips represent branches in the visual exploration. Correlation graphics show the relation between stacks and strips of different levels, providing context and distance awareness among the focus points. The zoom hierarchies can also be used as graphical histories and for communicating insights to stakeholders. We also discuss how visual spaces that support stack zooming can be extended with annotation and local statistics computations that fit the hierarchical stacking metaphor.
Yeast Rad54 Promotes Rad51-dependent Homologous DNA Pairing via ATP Hydrolysis-driven Change in DNA Double Helix Conformation (1999)

Saccharomyces cerevisiae RAD54 gene functions in the formation of heteroduplex DNA, a key intermediate in recombination processes. Rad54 is monomeric in solution, but forms a dimer/oligomer on DNA. Rad54 dimer/oligomer alters the conformation of the DNA double helix in an ATP-dependent manner, as revealed by a change in the DNA linking number in a topoisomerase I-linked reaction. DNA conformational alteration does not occur in the presence of non-hydrolyzable ATP analogues, nor when mutant rad54 proteins defective in ATP hydrolysis replace Rad54. Accordingly, the Rad54 ATPase activity is shown to be required for biological function in vivo and for promoting Rad51-mediated homologous DNA pairing in vitro. Taken together, the results are consistent with a model in which a Rad54 dimer/oligomer promotes nascent heteroduplex joint formation via a specific interaction with Rad51 protein and an ability to transiently unwind duplex DNA.
Using the telephone. (1995)

We have all heard stories of the three-year-old who dialed 9-1-1 and saved his parent's or sibling's life. Learning to use the telephone is not only fun for children, but an important daily living skill as well.
These days, the telephone is used for everything from shopping to banking. However, a child with a hearing impairment or an inability to speak clearly may not be able to use the standard telephone.
EVALUATION OF CHILI ROOTSTOCKS FOR GRAFTED SWEET PEPPER PRODUCTION DURING THE HOT-WET AND HOT-DRY SEASONS IN TAIWAN (2008)

ISHS XXVII International Horticultural Congress - IHC2006: International Symposium on Sustainability through Integrated and Organic Horticulture EVALUATION OF CHILI ROOTSTOCKS FOR GRAFTED SWEET PEPPER PRODUCTION DURING THE HOT-WET AND HOT-DRY SEASONS IN TAIWAN
Metal complexation by α-mercapto- β-aryl acrylic acids (1977)

Protonation constants of several α-mercapto-β-aryl acrylic acids and constants for formation of complexes between these ligands and bivalent metal cations were determined by computer-assisted analysis of pH-titration data. Ligand–metal ion mixtures in 50% (v/v) dioxane–water and in water, I = 0.1 M (NaClO 4 ) were titrated at 25 °C with sodium hydroxide. Initial estimates of complex formation constants were refined with the SCOGS program. The ligands were shown to complex zinc(II) and nickel(II) metal ions avidly. These ligands potently inhibited the metal-dependent enzymes alkaline phosphatase, carboxypeptidase A, coeruloplasmin, and thermolysin. Partition of zinc(II) between aqueous and n-butanol or n-octanol phases was enhanced in favor of the organic phase by several of these complexants.
The CO2 concentrating mechanism in cyanobacteria and microalgae (1992)

Over the past 10 years it has become clear that cyanobacteria and microalgae possess mechanisms for actively acquiring inorganic carbon from the external medium and are able to use this to elevate the CO 2 concentration around the active site of the primary photosynthetic carboxylating enzyme, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (Rubisco)
Introducing Transformational Grammar : From Principles and Parameters to Minimalism (1999)

Language and linguistics theory phrase structure grammar the lexicon transformations X-bar theory theta theory case theory binding theory and control movement theory language variation and parameters the pro-drop parameter and null arguments some word order parameters incorporating phenomena clitics and clitic-placement raising versus lowering - the spilt infintive hypothesis the Minimalist Programme.
Re-membering the body: applications of computational neuroscience to the top-down control of regeneration of limbs and other complex organs (2015)

A major goal of regenerative medicine and bioengineering is the regeneration of complex organs, such as limbs, and the capability to create artificial constructs (so-called biobots) with defined morphologies and robust self-repair capabilities. Developmental biology presents remarkable examples of systems that self-assemble and regenerate complex structures toward their correct shape despite significant perturbations. A fundamental challenge is to translate progress in molecular genetics into control of large-scale organismal anatomy, and the field is still searching for an appropriate theoretical paradigm for facilitating control of pattern homeostasis. However, computational neuroscience provides many examples in which cell networks - brains - store memories (e.g., of geometric configurations, rules, and patterns) and coordinate their activity towards proximal and distant goals. In this Perspective, we propose that programming large-scale morphogenesis requires exploiting the information processing by which cellular structures work toward specific shapes. In non-neural cells, as in the brain, bioelectric signaling implements information processing, decision-making, and memory in regulating pattern and its remodeling. Thus, approaches used in computational neuroscience to understand goal-seeking neural systems offer a toolbox of techniques to model and control regenerative pattern formation. Here, we review recent data on developmental bioelectricity as a regulator of patterning, and propose that target morphology could be encoded within tissues as a kind of memory, using the same molecular mechanisms and algorithms so successfully exploited by the brain. We highlight the next steps of an unconventional research program, which may allow top-down control of growth and form for numerous applications in regenerative medicine and synthetic bioengineering.
Self-organizing classification and identification of miscellaneous electric loads (2012)

Miscellaneous electric loads (MELs) represent a large portion of the electricity consumption. Economic and environmental impacts of energy consumption lead to needs and opportunities in energy management and saving. This paper proposes an intelligent classification and identification of MELs by extending the Self-Organizing Map (SOM) framework to a supervised manner. The SOM can classify a large amount of MELs data into several clusters by inherent similarities. The self-organizing identifier thus has the advantages of being accurate, robust, and applicable.
Validation of the Aerodynamic Loading on Basic Flying Disc Geometries Derived from CFD Simulations (2015)

The present study in spin stabilised disc aerodynamics builds on previous experimental wind tunnel work to broaden the knowledge base through CFD simulation without the necessity for high facility or time cost. The current experimental database from previous studies is extensive enough for sufficient validation to be conducted on known geometries. From there, the limitations of CFD studies for this application on such complex highly separated bluff body flows can be understood. All of the results are for non-spinning discs to reduce computational time, this step is justifiable as the spinning case has previously been shown to have minimal effect on the aerodynamic loads at typical throw release spin rates. The work builds CFD simulation cases carefully and systematically starting with cylindrical discs with thickness to chord (diameter) ratio of 0.01 and 0.1, then to introduce a cavity to one flat side analogous to the Frisbee disc, before moving to look at a generic discus geometry from field athletics. The aerodynamic loading results compare very well to experimental data for the low angle of attack range, however, at higher angles of attack the CFD curves are divergent. It is possible that the generated mesh, for each geometry, does not capture the wake with enough resolution at high angles of attack, note that for sports disc applications the high angle of attack range is very important towards the end of the flight from a human throw. Therefore, further investigations are required to extend this initial study to a modified meshing regime with further refinement, prior to moving forward with any parametric design studies.
Grain boundaries in CdTe thin film solar cells: a review (2016)

The current state of knowledge on the impact of grain boundaries in CdTe solar cells is reviewed with emphasis being placed on working cell structures. The role of the chemical composition of grain boundaries as well as growth processes are discussed, along with characterisation techniques such as electron beam induced current and cathodoluminescence, which are capable of extracting information on a level of resolution comparable to the size of the grain boundaries. Work which attempts to relate grain boundaries to device efficiency is also assessed and gaps in the current knowledge are highlighted.
Therapeutic efficacy of recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha in an experimental model of human prostatic carcinoma. (1990)

Prostatic carcinoma represents the second leading cause of cancer mortality in men and is responsible for over 25,000 deaths each year. Currently, no curative therapy is available for metastatic carcinoma of the prostate. The present studies were undertaken to assess the efficacy of recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF) in the therapy of experimental prostatic carcinoma. TNF was cytotoxic to the prostate cancer cell lines PC3, DU145, and LNCAP but not benign prostatic epithelial and stromal cells in vitro. The sensitivity of the prostatic carcinoma lines to TNF-mediated cytotoxicity was enhanced by the presence of actinomycin D. Intravenous administration of TNF (50-100 micrograms/kg) to nude mice bearing subcutaneous PC3 tumors resulted in significant inhibition of primary tumor growth compared to control. TNF was also effective in reducing the growth of intraabdominal PC3 tumors induced by intrasplenic injection of PC3. Furthermore, the incidence of microscopic PC3 foci in the spleen, liver, lung, and diaphragm was diminished in mice receiving TNF therapy. These studies demonstrate the potential of TNF in the therapy of human prostatic carcinoma.
Rapid Self‐Integrating, Injectable Hydrogel for Tissue Complex Regeneration (2015)

A novel rapid self-integrating, injectable, and bioerodible hydrogel is developed for bone-cartilage tissue complex regeneration. The hydrogels are able to self-integrate to form various structures, as can be seen after dying some hydrogel disks pink with rodamine. This hydrogel is demonstrated to engineer cartilage-bone complex.
Corticosteroid Replacement Therapy: Twice Or Thrice Daily? (1988)

Although glucocorticoid replacement is conventionally administered twice daily, the pharmacokinetics of hydrocortisone would predict very low levels of plasma cortisol by mid-afternoon. This study compared plasma cortisol day profiles in 7 hypoadrenal patients while on twice daily and thrice daily hydrocortisone replacement. The twice daily regimen was associated with very low levels of cortisol at 16.00 and 18.00 h. This was eliminated by administering the same total dose in a thrice daily regimen. Furthermore, estimates of 'well-being' by visual analogue scale correlated significantly with simultaneous plasma cortisol levels and 5 of the patients expressed a preference for the thrice daily regimen. The findings suggest that thrice daily glucocorticoid replacement therapy should be adopted routinely.
Forward scatter pulse width signals resolve multiple populations of endosomes (1993)

The technique of pulse width analysis, developed to optimize cell size resolution in cell cycle kinetics, has not previously been applied to small particles such as endosomes. Offset is used to subtract a portion of the beam diameter from forward scatter pulse width signals to optimize visualization and discrimination of small particles. We identify multiple endosomal populations by offset pulse width of light scatter parameters. Specifically, linear forward scatter pulse width measurements reveal at least two populations of endosomes in the rat renal cortex, the rat renal papilla, and the luminal endothelium of the toad urinary bladder. Logarithmically amplified forward scatter pulse width measurements display the full dynamic range of these signals, resolving additional populations not manifest with linear amplification. To confirm that the endosomes observed were resolved from optical and electronic noise, we examined physiological function. The endosomes acidified after supplying ATP to the intrinsic membrane H(+)-ATPase present. Further, electron microscopy of sorted endosomal populations from the toad urinary bladder confirmed identity and homogeneity of the fraction. Flow cytometric analysis of endosomal populations by multiparametric techniques including pulse width analysis of structural parameters and pulse height analysis of fluorescence from entrapped fluorophores allows identification, isolation, and quantification of multiple endosomal populations.
Boron Neutron Capture Therapy of Malignant Melanoma Using 10 B-Paraboronophenylalanine with Special Reference to Evaluation of Radiation Dose and Damage to the Normal Skin (1994)

A treatment regimen for boron neutron capture therapy of malignant melanomas is described using 10B-paraboronophenylalanine as the tumor-targeting compound. As a therapeutic dose, we adopted the maximum tolerable dose for the skin regardless of tumor 10B concentration. In practice, the maximum neutron fluence should be decided prior to starting irradiation. For this purpose, the kinetics of the concentration of 10B in the blood and skin and the skin-to-blood ratios were analyzed in the six patients who received 170 mg/kg of the compound intravenously, and skin concentrations during irradiation were predicted using a standard skin factor curve. This yields a skin concentration at time T based on the blood concentration at time 0. We calculated the maximum tolerable fluence yielding but not exceeding 18 RBE-Gy by assuming that the RBE of 14N(n,p)14C and 10B(n, alpha)7Li reaction for skin damage is 2.5. Actual skin reactions in three of five patients treated with the therapy were, as predicted, within tolerable limits, and we were able to obtain complete tumor regression in four cases. The results indicate that application of our logical approach will be useful for subsequent cases and further development of this therapy.
The Cyclical Adjustment of the Austrian Budget Balance by the European Central Bank (2001)

The European Central Bank will introduce a new estimator of the cyclical component of the general Austrian budget balance which modifies and extends the method recently developed by the OECD. The estimation extracts the cyclical component from direct taxes on households, direct taxes on enterprises, indirect taxes, social security contributions, unemployment expenditures, and pension benefits. In a first step revenue and expenditure elasticities with respect to macroeconomic indicators are estimated. The second step combines elasticities with Hodrick-Prescott filtered macroeconomic indicators to compute the cyclical component of each revenue and expenditure category. The resulting cyclically adjusted budget balance for Austria compares well with figures published by other international organisations.
Towards Fine-grained Citation Function Classification (2013)

We look into the problem of recogniz-ing citation functions in scientific liter-ature, trying to reveal authors ’ rationale for citing a particular article. We intro-duce an annotation scheme to annotate ci-tation functions in scientific papers with coarse-to-fine-grained categories, where the coarse-grained annotation roughly cor-responds to citation sentiment and the fine-grained annotation reveals more about ci-tation functions. We implement a Maxi-mum Entropy-based system trained on an-notated data under this scheme to auto-matically classify citation functions in sci-entific literature. Using combined lex-ical and syntactic features, our system achieves the F-measure of 67%. 1