gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Management of Severe Sepsis of Abdominal Origin (2007)

Severe sepsis is a life-threatening condition that may occur as a sequela of intra-abdominal infections (IAIs) of all types. Diagnosis of IAIs is predicated upon the combination of physical examination and imaging techniques. Diffuse peritonitis usually requires urgent surgical intervention. In the absence of diffuse peritonitis, abdominal computed tomography remains the most useful test for the diagnosis of IAIs, and is essential to both guide therapeutic interventions and evaluate suspected treatment failure in the critically ill patient. Parameters most consistently associated with poor outcomes in patients with IAIs include increased illness severity, failed source control, inadequate empiric antimicrobial therapy, and healthcare-acquired, as opposed to community-acquired infection. Whereas community-acquired IAI is characterized predominantly by enteric gram-negative bacilli and anaerobes that are susceptible to narrow-spectrum agents, healthcare-acquired IAI (e.g., anastomotic dehiscence, postoperative organ-space surgical site infection) frequently involves at least one multi-drug resistant pathogen, necessitating broad-spectrum therapy guided by both culture results and local antibiograms. The cornerstone of effective treatment for abdominal sepsis is early and adequate source control, which is supplemented by antibiotic therapy, restoration of a functional gastrointestinal tract (if possible), and support of organ dysfunction. Furthermore, mitigation of deranged immune and coagulation responses via therapy with recombinant human activated protein C may improve survival significantly in severe cases complicated by septic shock and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome.
Drug interaction with intraocular lenses of different materials (1992)

The uptake and washout kinetics of four drugs representing different classes of ophthalmic medications were measured in intraocular lenses of different materials. The materials ranged from hydrogel lenses to poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), Acrysof (acrylic/methacrylic), and two types of silicone lenses (Chiroflex and AMO SI-18NB). Uptake was determined after seven days of immersion in a large volume of Ringer's solution containing drug concentrations that equaled those found in aqueous humor 30 minutes to one hour after topical administration. Washout was determined after placing lenses in 1 ml of 0.9% saline for 24 hours. Only hydrogel lenses could be digested in acid to measure lens uptake directly. The PMMA, Acrysof, and silicone lenses behaved similarly toward gentamicin and dexamethasone--low uptake (less than 3.5 ng/mg lens) and low washout (less than 4.0%). Their uptake of norepinephrine was lower (less than 0.7 ng/mg lens) but the washout varied from 29% (AMO silicone) to 100% (PMMA and Acrysof). The pilocarpine uptake was the lowest of drugs tested (less than 0.03 ng/mg lens) and the washout varied from 1.5% (acrylic) to 100% (PMMA and Chiroflex silicone). Hydrogel lenses took up the most drug in the following order: dexamethasone greater than pilocarpine greater than gentamicin greater than norepinephrine. Washout was high, ranging from 83% to 98%. Despite the greater uptake and washout, the maximum drug uptake would only provide one-tenth of the greatest aqueous humor concentration that occurs after topical drug administration. Intraocular lenses of the materials tested did not interfere with the intraocular drug pharmacokinetics, nor did the data indicate that presoaking intraocular lenses of these materials in drugs would enhance post-surgical intraocular drug concentrations.
Study on Heat Transfer Performance of Micro Heat Pipe with Trapezium-grooved Wick (2010)

As the result of infinite yearning for product performance in microelectronics and chemicals, increasing integration level of microelectronic products has brought about the fatal problem of heat dissipation. In order to meet the challenge of high-power chips' heat dissipation, micro heat pipe with trapezium-grooved wick was first described digitally in this paper, then mathematical models were set up for theoretical analysis, and finally some experiments were carried out on micro heat-pipes of different groove structures manufactured by high speed spinning. The results shows that, first, micro heat-pipe with trapezium-grooved wick has fairly good warm start performance; second, inclination angle has a big influence on its heat transfer performance; third, better heat transfer performances can be obtained when the ratio of the groove's width to its wall thickness is 1:1 and the ratio of the groove's depth to its width is 1.5:1; fourth, thermal conductivity of micro heat-pipes with trapezium-grooved wick can be 100 times that of red copper.
M Effect in the Gas-Phase Recombination of O with O2 (1967)

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Pericardial patch augmentation for repair of incompetent bicuspid aortic valves at midterm☆ (2008)

The pericardial patch augmentation technique increases coaptation surface, and thus provides reliable early and midterm competence of reconstructed bicuspid aortic valves.
Contribution à l’analyse théorique et expérimentale de radargrammes GPR : performances des antennes : apports d’une configuration multistatique (2005)

Le travail presente dans ce manuscrit propose une etude des radars GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar). En premier lieu, une campagne de mesures a ete organise sur le site test du LCPC (Laboratoire Central des Ponts et Chaussees) de Nantes. A la suite de ces experimentations, nous avons souhaite retrouver les resultats en utilisant le logiciel TRIDIMO developpe par l’equipe D. E. M (Diffraction ElectroMagnetique). Ce logiciel s’appuie sur la methode des differences finies dans le domaine temporel (FDTD). Cette etude aborde les configurations multistatiques afin d’ameliorer la localisation des cibles.
Review : Osteonecrosis in systemic lupus erythematosus, steroid-induced or a lupus-dependent manifestation? (1996)

Osteonecrosis (ON) is a well-known complication in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) often associated with steroid therapy. In a cohort of 280 SLE patients followed over the last 10 years, seven patients developed symptomatic ON, one of them after septic arthritis of the hip. Two other patients developed ON several years after discontinuing steroids. One patient developed ON of both humeral and femoral heads within a few months after the diagnosis of SLE. When we compared the cumulative steroid doses taken by our patients with those described in other reports (43,700 mg and 45,300 mg, respectively), our patients received less steroids (38,834 mg). We found no increased frequency of Raynaud's phenomenon, leukopenia, anti-phospholipid antibodies, or a flare of SLE activity in our patients with ON, factors which have been reported to be associated with ON. Various pathogenic mechanisms, which could lead to ON in SLE patients are discussed.
Multivalent Peptoid Conjugates Which Overcome Enzalutamide Resistance in Prostate Cancer Cells (2016)

Development of resistance to antiandrogens for treating advanced prostate cancer is a growing concern and extends to recently developed therapeutics, including enzalutamide. Therefore, new strategies to block androgen receptor (AR) function in prostate cancer are required. Here, we report the characterization of a multivalent conjugate presenting two bioactive ethisterone ligands arrayed as spatially defined pendant groups on a peptoid oligomer. The conjugate, named Multivalent Peptoid Conjugate 6 (MPC6), suppressed the proliferation of multiple AR-expressing prostate cancer cell lines including those that failed to respond to enzalutamide and ARN509. The structure-activity relationships of MPC6 variants were evaluated, revealing that increased spacing between ethisterone moieties and changes in peptoid topology eliminated its antiproliferative effect, suggesting that both ethisterone ligand presentation and scaffold characteristics contribute to MPC6 activity. Mechanistically, MPC6 blocked AR coactivator-peptide interaction and prevented AR intermolecular interactions. Protease sensitivity assays suggested that the MPC6-bound AR induced a receptor conformation distinct from that of dihydrotestosterone- or enzalutamide-bound AR. Pharmacologic studies revealed that MPC6 was metabolically stable and displayed a low plasma clearance rate. Notably, MPC6 treatment reduced tumor growth and decreased Ki67 and AR expression in mouse xenograft models of enzalutamide-resistant LNCaP-abl cells. Thus, MPC6 represents a new class of compounds with the potential to combat treatment-resistant prostate cancer. Cancer Res; 76(17); 5124-32. ©2016 AACR.
Percutaneous Epidural Stimulation of the Spinal Cord for Relief of Pain. Long Term Results (1979)

Department of Anesthesiology and Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
Dual Energy Film Subtraction Technique For Bone Contrast Suppression In Chest Radiography (1988)

Researchers have long realized that radiographic images can be decomposed into two "component images," because there exist two predominant interactions that account for x-ray attenuation in the diapostic range of x-ray energies - Compton scattering and photoelectric absorption. Decomposition into component images is achieved through linear (or higher order) combination of radiographic images recorded using x-ray beams with differing effective energies. The component images usually chosen by researchers are those in which either soft tissue or bone is suppressed. The motivation for creating radiographic images free from either bone or soft tissue image contrast is to simplify the task of interpreting radiographic image information. By removing irrelevant structures unrelated to the likely disease being diagnosed, it is argued, detection accuracy may increase. Correspondingly, the efficiency with which soft tissue nodules (tumors) are detected from chest radiographs may be increased by removing image contrast that results from bony structures such as the ribs, whose presence may "mask" the presence of a tumor. This study focuses on dual energy subtraction techniques that produce images in which bone contrast is suppressed.
An Optimized Hybrid-MMC for HVDC (2016)

The Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) is a well suited converter topology for high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission. The converter performance is often discussed for a MMC consisting of only one cell type, such as full bridge or half bridge cells. This paper investigates the combined use of these basic cell types in order to achieve an improved MMC performance. Thereby the possible advantages and limiting factors of this hybrid MMC topology are demonstrated. Finally a possible modulation method for the different cell types is presented.
Patient Peer Orientation Groups: An Innovative Approach (2009)

Both clients and staff can benefit from a patient orientation program conducted at a state psychiatric facility by a psychologist and a registered nurse. The program cited by the authors utilized a group format to decrease the stress experienced by clients when transferred from a closed to an open ward, and to increase the social skills of clients residing on an open unit. Informal observation and verbal feedback from clients and staff indicated positive reactions to the program and noticeable behavior changes. Recommendations include replication of this program on a large scale with control group comparisons, formal assessment, and statistical analysis of the results.
Precipitation and Condensation of Organic Particles (2001)

The precipitation and condensation of submicron organic particles are reviewed. The importance of physical state effects is discussed, and the role of compartmentalization in controlling particle size is introduced. The thermodynamic driving forces for precipitation and phase transformation are briefly reviewed. The use of emulsification as a primary step in producing small particle dispersions is described and illustrated with photographic and pharmaceutical applications. Precipitation driven by solvent shifting is illustrated and applications in preparing organic–inorganic composites and protein coacervation are described. Miscible solvent–nonsolvent induced precipitation is outlined, and followed by related applications using supercritical fluid technology. The special case of solvent shifting, pH shifting, is reviewed at length and illustrated to be effective for preparing nanoparticles of organics having weak acid functional groups. The first applications of organic particle precipitation in reverse microemulsion systems are described. The applicability of gas condensation methods is illustrated. Exciting new applications of precipitation in submicron hollow spheres and dye entrapment in submicron polymer gel networks are discussed.
Study on the Extraction Process of Total RNA from Dioscorea opposita Leaves (2010)

[Object] To extract high quality total RNA from Dioscorea opposita leaves. [Methods] Leaves of Dioscorea opposite as tested materials, the guanidinium isothiocyanate method and modified CTAB method were introduced for extracting total RNA from Dioscorea opposita leaves, the integrity and purity of total RNA were analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis and UV-spectrophotometer respectively. [Result] The 28S and 18 SrRNA bands of total RNA extracted by modified CTAB method were clear and visible, A260/A280 was in the range of 1.7-2.0. [Conclusion] Modified CTAB method was suitable for extracting total RNA from Dioscorea opposita Leaves.
Eliciting programming challenges faced by developers with visual impairments (2016)

Without understanding the programming difficulties faced by developers with visual impairments, the research community cannot begin to work on effective solutions to overcome these potential problems. This paper will describe our initial empirically based study to identify the problems blind software developers face. We analyzed 69 survey responses with blind developers in an effort to identify the aspects that are indeed a challenge to software development. The results indicate a number of difficulties, workarounds, and basis requirements that will serve as domain and stakeholder understand.
Radioimmunoassay of prostaglandins in the semen of fertile men (1981)

Specific antisera and iodinated tracers, as well as strict conditions of sample storage PG extraction and purification, were used to estimate prostaglandins (microgram/ml) in the semen of fertile men: 19-OH-PGE (1 + 2) (350), 19-OH-PGF-alpha (22), PGE-2 (15), PGE-1 (6.2), PGF-2 alpha (2.3), PGF-1 alpha (1.3), 6-keto-PGF-1 alpha (less than 1), PGD-2, 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF alpha and TXB-2 (less than 0.1). Only PGE-2 (50 pg/ml) was detectable in rat seminal fluid.
Dye-Encapsulating Liposomes as Fluorescence-Based Oxygen Nanosensors (1998)

Nanometer-sized liposomes containing the oxygen-sensitive indicator tris(1,10-phenanthroline)ruthenium chloride (Ru(phen)3) in their internal compartment have been prepared and tested for their oxygen-sensing capabilities in aqueous solution. A standard injection technique, where a lipid mixture consisting of dimyristoylphospatidylcholine, cholesterol, and dihexadecyl phosphate (molar ratio 5:4:1) all dissolved in dry 2-propanol injected into an aqueous solution of 10 mM Ru(phen)3 under vortexing, is used to prepare the liposomes. A high uniformity of the liposomes is realized by extruding them back and forth through a 100-nm pore size polycarbonate membrane. TEM images of the liposomes, stained with uranyl acetate, show that the liposomes are unilamellar, round in shape, maintain high structural integrity, and average 70 nm in diameter. Dynamic light-scattering measurements support this observation. Under our experimental conditions, the entrapment efficiency of Ru(phen)3, defined as the ratio between the concentration of dye molecules encapsulated in the liposomes and the dye concentration in the solution used for liposome formation, is ∼1%. The liposomes show high stability with respect to dye leaking at room temperature for 8 days and high photostability when exposed to the excitation light. Individual liposomes are used to monitor the enzymatic oxidation of glucose by glucose oxidase in their vicinity. The newly prepared oxygen-sensitive liposomes can be applied for noninvasive oxygen analysis in tissues and single biological cells.
Switched-capacitor algorithmic digital-to-analog converters (1986)

Novel switched-capacitor circuits for algorithmic digital-to-analog conversion are described. The conversion process is insensitive both to the offset voltages of op-amps and to parasitic capacitances. The capacitance mismatch errors are also minimized because only a small number of unit capacitors are used. An error analysis is presented that shows an accuracy greater than 10-bits can be obtained using present MOS technologies. Besides being very accurate, the new converters possess the important feature of being integrable using only a minimal amount of chip area.
Polyurethanes with Pendant Hydroxyl Groups: Synthesis and Characterization (2004)

Abstract Communication: Phenoxycarbonyloxymethyl ethylene carbonate 4 was synthesized from glycerol carbonate and phenyl chloroformate. Polyurethanes with pendant hydroxyl groups were obtained from polycondensation reactions of this AA* monomer with diamines. These polymers contain primary as well as secondary hydroxyl groups. The obtained polyurethanes are amorphous materials. The glass transition temperature decreases with increasing number of methylene groups between the urethane groups. As the number of methylene groups increases between the urethane groups, the glass transition temperature of the polymer decreases. magnified image As the number of methylene groups increases between the urethane groups, the glass transition temperature of the polymer decreases.
Design features of D-GNSS reference stations (1996)

Differential GPS (DGPS) navigation systems have been in use for several years now in order to improve upon the stand-alone GPS navigation accuracy capability and, to a limited extent, integrity. Such systems became even more important with the introduction of the US DoD's selective availability (SA) policy, whereby unauthorised users are denied access to the full GPS accuracy. Since the emergence of conventional or local DGPS, further concepts, covering larger areas, have evolved. Networked differential augmentation systems (NDASs) have been employed to provide improvements in navigation accuracy over areas as large as the North Sea. The wide area differential (WAD) augmentation concept represents further improvement and is capable of providing both integrity and correction information over an entire continental region, or even globally. A fundamental part of any differential system is the reference station (RS), upon which all the integrity and differential correction information is based. In general, the RS architecture should take into account various important points relating to requirements for site location, hardware and software, potential for self-monitoring, data archiving and checking, availability and continuity of operation, etc. There is a fundamental need for a generic design capable of being used in any situation. There is a need to develop an expandable and inter-operable RS architecture. This paper discusses some of the issues which should be considered in order to realise such an architecture.
Mitochondrial autophagy and injury in the liver in α<sub>1</sub>-antitrypsin deficiency (2004)

Homozygous, PIZZ alpha(1)-antitrypsin (alpha(1)-AT) deficiency is associated with chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma resulting from the toxic effects of mutant alpha(1)-anti-trypsin Z (alpha(1)-ATZ) protein retained in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of hepatocytes. However, the exact mechanism(s) by which retention of this aggregated mutant protein leads to cellular injury are still unknown. Previous studies have shown that retention of mutant alpha(1)-ATZ in the ER induces an intense autophagic response in hepatocytes. In this study, we present evidence that the autophagic response induced by ER retention of alpha(1)-ATZ also involves the mitochondria, with specific patterns of both mitochondrial autophagy and mitochondrial injury seen in cell culture models of alpha(1)-AT deficiency, in PiZ transgenic mouse liver, and in liver from alpha(1)-AT-deficient patients. Evidence for a unique pattern of caspase activation was also detected. Administration of cyclosporin A, an inhibitor of mitochondrial permeability transition, to PiZ mice was associated with a reduction in mitochondrial autophagy and injury and reduced mortality during experimental stress. These results provide evidence for the novel concept that mitochondrial damage and caspase activation play a role in the mechanism of liver cell injury in alpha(1)-AT deficiency and suggest the possibility of mechanism-based therapeutic interventions.
Oxytocin Antagonists: Clinical and Scientific Considerations (2001)

Preterm delivery is the largest cause of perinatal mortality and morbidity, yet the treatment of preterm labour has not been demonstrated to improve outcome. The reasons are numerous and complex, but they include a failure to understand the mechanism(s) of preterm labour, the multitude of different causes, the difficulty in diagnosis and the problems of outcome measurement in clinical trials. Recently, an oxytocin antagonist (atosiban) has been introduced into clinical practice in Europe. Although it may be an effective tocolytic, a beneficial effect on perinatal outcome has not been demonstrated. Atosiban has an effect at both oxytocin and vasopressin (V(1a)) receptors, which (assuming efficacy) raises the question as to whether oxytocin or vasopressin V(1a) antagonism is required for tocolysis. This review examines the rationale for tocolysis in preterm labour, the evidence for administration of atosiban and the role for oxytocin, vasopressin and their receptors in the onset of labour. Experimental Physiology (2001) 86.2, 297-302.
Antimicrobial activities of rosin-based gemini cationic surfactants. (2010)

Using standard serial 2-fold agar dilution method, the antimicrobial activities of N, N, N', N'-tetramethyl N, N'-diethanolamine dehydroabietate diamine dibromide (TDDDD) and N, N, N', N'-tetramethyl N, N'-didehydroabietate diamine dibromide (TDDD), which were synthesized from dehydroabietic acid and dehydroabietylamine respectively, were determined. The bioactivity test showed that these compounds possessed good antimicrobial activities toward 7 tested bacteria. Among them ,the minimal bacteriostatic concentration of 4 compounds of TDDDD against Staphylococcus epidermidis were all 16mg/L. Gemini cationic surfactants have excellent antimicrobial activity because of their higher surface activites and special structures.