gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) in Human Caries (2006)

The objective of this review is to summarize our understanding of the role of host matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the caries process and to discuss new therapeutic avenues. MMPs hydrolyze components of the extracellular matrix and play a central role in many biological and pathological processes. MMPs have been suggested to play an important role in the destruction of dentin organic matrix following demineralization by bacterial acids and, therefore, in the control or progression of carious decay. Host-derived MMPs can originate both from saliva and from dentin. They may be activated by an acidic pH brought about by lactate release from cariogenic bacteria. Once activated, they are able to digest demineralized dentin matrix after pH neutralization by salivary buffers. Furthermore, the degradation of SIBLINGs (Small Integrin-binding Ligand N-linked Glycoproteins) by the caries process may potentially enhance the release of MMPs and their activation. This review also explores the different available MMP inhibitors, natural or synthetic, and suggests that MMP inhibition by several inhibitors, particularly by natural substances, could provide a potential therapeutic pathway to limit caries progression in dentin.
New directions for Medicare payment systems. (1994)

This overview discusses articles published in this issue of the Health Care Financing Review, entitled "Medicare Payment Systems: Moving Toward the Future." These articles focus on the ongoing development of Medicare payment methodologies, their adoption by non-Medicare payers, and issues to be addressed in the development of all-payer systems based on these methodologies.
Notch regulates IL-10 production by T helper 1 cells (2008)

T helper 1 (Th1) cells mediate powerful cellular immune responses. However, if unbalanced, Th1 immunity eventually may cause pathology. Recently, it has been shown that IL-10, an antiinflammatory cytokine strongly antagonizing Th1-mediated effects, can be produced by Th1 cells and is indeed essential for self-regulation of Th1 immunity. Here, we show that Notch induces IL-10 production in newly developing and already established Th1 cells via a signal transducer and activator of transcription 4 (STAT4)-dependent process. Notch signaling in the presence of the cytokines IL-12 or IL-27 induces Th1 cells to produce large amounts of IL-10 without diminishing IFN-γ production. Notch-modified Th1 cells completely lose their inflammatory capacity and instead are able to actively suppress a Th1 cell-induced delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction in an IL-10-dependent fashion. IL-10 production can be elicited by active forms of all four mammalian Notch receptors but was found to be specific for the Delta-like family of Notch ligands. Dendritic cells (DC) selectively acquire Delta-like 4 expression upon stimulation with various Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands and concomitantly induce IL-10 production by Th1 cells in vitro and in vivo . This effect can be selectively reversed by pharmacological inhibitors of Notch signaling (γ-secretase inhibitor). Our data suggest that Notch regulates IL-10 production in Th1 cells by a STAT4-dependent process that converts proinflammatory Th1 cells into T cells with regulatory activity. This pathway may provide unique opportunities for therapeutic intervention in Th1-driven immune diseases and for Th1-associated vaccination strategies.
Urinary and Biliary Metabolites of Daidzin and Daidzein in Rats. (1994)

Examination was made of the urinary and biliary excretion of metabolites of daidzin and daidzein, the major components of roots of Pueraria lobata Ohwi (Leguminosae) in rats. The urine of rats administered daidzin orally contained four major metabolites, daidzein 7,4'-di-O-sulfate (M-1), daidzein 7-O-beta-D-glucuronide (M-2), daidzein 4'-O-sulfate (M-3), daidzein (M-4), as determined from spectroscopic and chemical data. The urine of rats treated with daidzein contained M-2--M-4 in the above metabolites. Total cumulative amounts of the four metabolites excreted in the urine at 48 h following the oral administration of daidzin and daidzein were approximately 4.8% and 4.6% of the doses administered, respectively. The bile of rats administered daidzin orally contained M-1--M-4. Daidzein 7-O-beta-D-glucuronide 4'-O-sulfate (M-5), a major biliary metabolite, was identified by the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. At least daidzin appeared to be hydrolyzed to aglycone after absorption in the body, and as a part of metabolites, M-1--M-4 having free hydroxyl, glucuronided or sulfated hydroxyls at the C-7 position, may then be excreted in the urine and bile.
Start Selective and Rigidify: The Discovery Path toward a Next Generation of EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors (2019)

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), when carrying an activating mutation like del19 or L858R, acts as an oncogenic driver in a subset of lung tumors. While tumor responses to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are accompanied by marked tumor shrinkage, the response is usually not durable. Most patients relapse within two years of therapy often due to acquisition of an additional mutation in EGFR kinase domain that confers resistance to TKIs. Crucially, oncogenic EGFR harboring both resistance mutations, T790M and C797S, can no longer be inhibited by currently approved EGFR TKIs. Here, we describe the discovery of <b>BI-4020</b>, which is a noncovalent, wild-type EGFR sparing, macrocyclic TKI. <b>BI-4020</b> potently inhibits the above-described EGFR variants and induces tumor regressions in a cross-resistant EGFR<sup>del19 T790M C797S</sup> xenograft model. Key was the identification of a highly selective but moderately potent benzimidazole followed by complete rigidification of the molecule through macrocyclization.
A Three-Dimensional Model-Based Approach to the Estimation of the Tree Top Height by Fusing Low-Density LiDAR Data and Very High Resolution Optical Images (2014)

Light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technology has been extensively used for estimating forest attributes. Although high-spatial-density LiDAR data can be used to accurately derive attributes at single tree level, low-density LiDAR data are usually acquired for reducing the cost. However, a low density strongly affects the estimation accuracy due to the underestimation of the tree top and the possible loss of crowns that are not hit by any LiDAR point. In this paper, we propose a 3-D model-based approach to the estimation of the tree top height based on the fusion between low-density LiDAR data and high-resolution optical images. In the proposed approach, the integration of the two remotely sensed data sources is first exploited to accurately detect and delineate the single tree crowns. Then, the LiDAR vertical measures are associated to those crowns hit by at least one LiDAR point and used together with the radius of the crown and the tree apex location derived from the optical image for reconstructing the tree top height by a properly defined parametric model. For the remaining crowns detected only in the optical image, we reconstruct the tree top height by proposing a k-nearest neighbor trees technique that estimates the height of the missed trees as the average of the k reconstructed height values of the trees having most similar crown properties. The proposed technique has been tested on a coniferous forest located in the Italian Alps. The experimental results confirmed the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Pulmonary immune memory: localized production of antibody in the lung after antigen challenge (1996)

In comparison to primary immune responses after lung immunization, the level of antigen-specific antibody and the number of cells producing specific antibody are significantly increased after challenging the lungs with antigen. The response of immune memory cells in the lung to an antigen challenge could be responsible for this elevated immune response. However, increased numbers of antibody-producing cells, possibly produced in the lung-associated lymph nodes, are also found in the blood after an antigen challenge. Therefore, it is possible that both the response of immune memory cells in the lung, and the recruitment of antibody-producing cells from the blood, contribute to the elevated levels of antibody in the lung after an antigen challenge. This study compared the level of antibody produced in the lung by the response of pulmonary immune memory cells with the level of antibody produced by antibody-forming cells that enter the lung from blood after an antigen challenge. This comparison was made possible by immunizing and challenging two lung lobes of dogs with two antigens. The immune responses to both antigens were then evaluated in both lung lobes after primary immunization and challenge. Data from these evaluations showed that most antibody in the lung after an antigen challenge is produced by a localized anamnestic response of pulmonary immune memory cells. A significantly lower level of antibody entered the lung from the vasculature and/or was produced by antibody-forming cells that entered the lung from blood after an antigen challenge.
On a high-speed Reed-Solomon Codec architecture for 43 Gb/s optical transmission systems (2004)

Modern high-speed optical transmission systems rely heavily on forward error control (FEC) codes to provide quasi error-free transmission over optical channels. The ITU recommendations G.709 and G.975 that underly current optical systems prescribe the use of an FEC code of length 32640 that consists of 16 interleaved 8-error correcting [255,239] Reed-Solomon (RS) codes with 8-bit symbols. The objective is to replace this standard FEC code by a powerful RS code. An obvious candidate is a single 85-error correcting [2720,2550] RS code of length 32 640 with 12-bit symbols, that is shown to have superior random and burst error correction capabilities and to achieve a 2 dB gain relative to the standard FEC code. To implement such a code, a general high-speed parallelized and pipelined encoder and decoder (codec) architecture is developed. It is then shown that the [2720,2550] RS encoder and decoder can be realized in 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS technology at 1.8 V for a 43 Gb/s optical transmission system with 475 k gates and 1.6 M gates, respectively. The proposed [2720,2550] RS code thus proves to be a good candidate to replace the standard FEC code.
Intratympanic Steroid Treatment in Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss: A Control Study (2006)

IT steroid administration after failed intravenous steroids is a safe and effective treatment in sudden sensorineural hearing loss.
The study on the effectiveness for the handoff of WLAN and RFID (2010)

The handoff, that is when the user move, quickly, and from within the large scope of the WLAN into smaller and shorter range of RFID range of services, then leave the RFID range of services to another WLAN range of services. At this time the vertical short period of time will cause a number of frequently handoff times, resulting in decreased system efficiency, service quality also followed in case of fall. In the study that this is the main interest of using NS2 tool for future situations handoff, the final simulation results will advise the client mobile executive should be an opportunity to avoid the repeated. Because RFID is increasingly common situation, the costs borne by the user, or not need to cost less. If the number of times within a short time the vertical handoff frequently, it will affect the entire service, number of handoff more times greater the impact.
Architectures of flexible symmetric key crypto engines—a survey (2013)

Throughput, flexibility, and security form the design trilogy of reconfigurable crypto engines; they must be carefully considered without reducing the major role of classical design constraints, such as surface, power consumption, dependability, and cost. Applications such as network security, Virtual Private Networks (VPN), Digital Rights Management (DRM), and pay per view have drawn attention to these three constraints. For more than ten years, many studies in the field of cryptographic engineering have focused on the design of optimized high-throughput hardware cryptographic cores (e.g., symmetric and asymmetric key block ciphers, stream ciphers, and hash functions). The flexibility of cryptographic systems plays a very important role in their practical application. Reconfigurable hardware systems can evolve with algorithms, face up to new types of attacks, and guarantee interoperability between countries and institutions. The flexibility of reconfigurable crypto processors and crypto coprocessors has reached new levels with the emergence of dynamically reconfigurable hardware architectures and tools. Last but not least, the security of systems that handle confidential information needs to be thoroughly evaluated at the design stage in order to meet security objectives that depend on the importance of the information to be protected and on the cost of protection. Usually, designers tackle security problems at the same time as other design constraints and in many cases target only one security objective, for example, a side-channel attack countermeasures, fault tolerance capability, or the monitoring of the device environment. Only a few authors have addressed all three design constraints at the same time. In particular, key management security (e.g., secure key generation and transmission, the use of a hierarchical key structure composed of session keys and master keys) has frequently been neglected to the benefit of performance and/or flexibility. Nevertheless, a few authors propose original processor architectures based on multi-crypto-processor structures and reconfigurable cryptographic arrays. In this article, we review published works on symmetric key crypto engines and present current trends and design challenges.
Indium tin oxide contacts to gallium nitride optoelectronic devices (1999)

We have fabricated GaN-based light-emitting diodes using transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) p contacts. ITO-contacted devices required an additional 2 V to drive 10 mA, as compared to similar devices with metal contacts. However, ITO has lower optical absorption at 420 nm (α=664 cm−1) than commonly used thin metal films (α=3×105 cm−1). Uniform luminescence was observed in ITO-contacted devices, indicating effective hole injection and current spreading.
I/O Behavior Characterizing and Predicting of Virtualization Workloads (2012)

In virtual machine system, different workloads are consolidated into a single platform to fully utilize the hardware resources. However, the diversity and strong variation of applications always make it difficult to optimize the resource allocation and thus reduce the system performance and efficiency. Therefore, how to accurately analyze and predict the runtime behavior of applications has become an important basement for virtual machine system optimization. In order to study the characteristic and predictability of virtualization applications, this paper proposes a dynamic behavior characterizing and predicting methodology under Xen virtual machine. We analyze the characteristics of several typical virtualization workloads with fine temporal granularity and apply several online predictors to predict application's runtime I/O behavior. Experiment results demonstrate that the I/O behavior of virtualization workloads can be efficiently predicted by using proper predicting model and configuration. With this result, we further investigate the possibility of virtual machine scheduler optimizing based on I/O behavior characterizing. Several important issues are discussed including I/O computing jobs isolation through asymmetric scheduling, VM dynamic migration based on execution phase tracking and co-scheduling of multiple cooperative virtual machines. Preliminary test results demonstrate that this approach could efficiently reduce the performance degradation caused by scheduling competition in virtual machine system.
What does O(n) mean (1986)

In "Crusade for Better Notation" "bad, irrational and confusing notation" . He promotes the following alternative that seems t o him better and more natural : define 0(t(n)), Q(t(n)), etc . as sets and "us e them as such, in accordance with set theory" . However, the new notatio n
FIVE-FOLD INCREASE IN PEDIATRIC PARAPNEUMONIC EMPYEMA SINCE INTRODUCTION OF PNEUMOCOCCAL CONJUGATE VACCINE (2008)

A retrospective review of medical records for all pediatric parapneumonic empyema (PPE) patients admitted to our hospital from 1996 to 2006 revealed that PPE increased 5-fold in the post-heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) period (2001-2005) relative to the pre-PCV7 period (1996-2000), from 13 cases to 65. Most of this increase was associated with culture-negative empyema, which accounted for 61% of all post-2000 cases; 19% was culture-positive pneumococcal empyema. Our analysis indicates that non-PCV7 serotypes became more prevalent at our institution after introduction of the vaccine.
The Yeast Glutaredoxins Are Active as Glutathione Peroxidases (2002)

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains two glutaredoxins, encoded by GRX1 and GRX2, which are active as glutathione-dependent oxidoreductases. Our studies show that changes in the levels of glutaredoxins affect the resistance of yeast cells to oxidative stress induced by hydroperoxides. Elevating the gene dosage of GRX1 or GRX2 increases resistance to hydroperoxides including hydrogen peroxide, tert-butyl hydroperoxide and cumene hydroperoxide. The glutaredoxin-mediated resistance to hydroperoxides is dependent on the presence of an intact glutathione system, but does not require the activity of phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidases (GPX1-3). Rather, the mechanism appears to be mediated via glutathione conjugation and removal from the cell because it is absent in strains lacking glutathione-S-transferases (GTT1, GTT2) or the GS-X pump (YCF1). We show that the yeast glutaredoxins can directly reduce hydroperoxides in a catalytic manner, using reducing power provided by NADPH, GSH, and glutathione reductase. With cumene hydroperoxide, high pressure liquid chromatography analysis confirmed the formation of the corresponding cumyl alcohol. We propose a model in which the glutathione peroxidase activity of glutaredoxins converts hydroperoxides to their corresponding alcohols; these can then be conjugated to GSH by glutathione-S-transferases and transported into the vacuole by Ycf1.
Analysis and Prediction of Sieving Curves for Ultrafiltration Membranes: A Universal Correlation? (1980)

Abstract Sieving curves [variations in sieving coefficient (θ) with Einstein-Stokes radius (α) of the permeating macromolecule] of a number of synthetic ultrafiltration membranes, and of a variety of mammalian glomerular membranes studied in vivo, conform surprisingly closely to a log-normal-probability relationship between θ and α which allows determination of the complete sieving curve from experimental measurement of only two sieving coefficients for two macrosolutes of differing ESR. Even more striking is the finding that, for all membranes examined, the value of α corresponding to θ = 0.5 (the inflection point in the sieving curve) varies only between 17 and 34 Å, and geometric standard deviation about the mean macrosolute radius ([sgrave]α), which is inversely related to the “sharpness” of the sieving curve, lies between 1.2 and 1.7. It is concluded that not only is the log-probability correlation a reasonable and convenient means for interpreting and predicting membrane sieving data, but that most natural and synthetic ultrafiltration membranes have very closely related matrix morphologies.
Simple yet Versatile Synthesis of CuInSe<sub><i>x</i></sub>S<sub>2–<i>x</i></sub> Quantum Dots for Sunlight Harvesting (2014)

Common approaches to synthesizing alloyed CuInSexS2–x quantum dots (QDs) employ high-cost, air-sensitive phosphine complexes as the selenium precursor. Such methods typically offer low chemical yields and only moderate emission efficiencies, particularly for selenium-rich compositions. Here we demonstrate that such hazardous and air-sensitive selenium precursors can be completely avoided by utilizing a combination of thiols and amines that is very effective at reducing and then complexing with elemental selenium to form a highly reactive selenium precursor at room temperature. The optical properties of the CuInSexS2–x QDs synthesized by this new approach can be finely tuned for optimal sunlight harvesting through control of QD size and composition. In order to demonstrate the importance of such material tunability, we incorporate QDs into liquid-junction Grätzel solar cells and study correlations between varied QD size and composition and the resulting device performance. We also investigate charge transport in films of CuInSexS2–x QDs by incorporating them into bottom-gate field effect transistors. Such films exhibit measurable p-type conductance even without exchange of the long native surface ligands, and the film’s conductance can be improved by more than 3 orders of magnitude by replacing native ligands with shorter ethanedithiol molecules. The results of this study indicate the significant promise of CuInSexS2–x QDs synthesized by this method for applications in photovoltaics utilizing both sensitized and p–n junction architectures.
Li<sub>4</sub>C<sub>60</sub>:  A Polymeric Fulleride with a Two-Dimensional Architecture and Mixed Interfullerene Bonding Motifs (2004)

All known fullerene polymers have interfullerene connections via either [2 + 2] cycloaddition or single C-C bonds. The high-resolution synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction technique was employed here to determine the crystal structure of the Li4C60 fulleride. We find that the ground state of Li4C60 is a two-dimensional polymer with monoclinic crystal symmetry and an unprecedented architecture, combining both the [2 + 2] cycloaddition and the single C-C bridging motifs. The small size of the Li+ cations is crucial in stabilizing the resulting tightly packed polymeric structure.
Interactive Data Integration through Smart Copy & Paste (2009)

In many scenarios, such as emergency response or ad hoc collaboration, it is critical to reduce the overhead in integrating data. Ideally, one could perform the entire process interactively under one unified interface: defining extractors and wrappers for sources, creating a mediated schema, and adding schema mappings ? while seeing how these impact the integrated view of the data, and refining the design accordingly. We propose a novel smart copy and paste (SCP) model and architecture for seamlessly combining the design-time and run-time aspects of data integration, and we describe an initial prototype, the CopyCat system. In CopyCat, the user does not need special tools for the different stages of integration: instead, the system watches as the user copies data from applications (including the Web browser) and pastes them into CopyCat?s spreadsheet-like workspace. CopyCat generalizes these actions and presents proposed auto-completions, each with an explanation in the form of provenance. The user provides feedback on these suggestions ? through either direct interactions or further copy-and-paste operations ? and the system learns from this feedback. This paper provides an overview of our prototype system, and identifies key research challenges in achieving SCP in its full generality.