gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Evaluation of 11β-Substituted 21-Chloro/Iodo-(17α,20<i>E</i>/<i>Z</i>)-19-norpregna-1,3,5(10),20-tetraene-3,17β-diols:  High-Affinity Ligands for the Estrogen Receptor (1998)

We have synthesized six new estrogens substituted at the 11beta-position with a methoxy or vinyl group and at the 17alpha-position with an (E)- or (Z)-chloro/iodovinyl moiety. The products were obtained in good overall yields from the corresponding tri-n-butylstannylvinyl intermediates using the electrophilic halodestannylation methodology. The six new ligands were compared to the 11beta-unsubstituted chloro/iodovinyl derivatives and the 11beta-methoxy (E)- and (Z)-iodovinyl estrogens to evaluate the effects of 11beta-substitution and 20E/Z-stereochemistry. While all the compounds exhibited high affinity for the estrogen receptor, the 20Z-isomers demonstrated higher affinity than the corresponding 20E-isomers. In addition, the presence of the lipophilic 11beta-substituent was favored over either no substituent or a polar (methoxy) group. Within each isomeric series, the presence of the 21-halo substituent had different effects. For the 20E-series, the 21-chloro products had a higher affinity than the 21-iodo analogue, whereas for the 20Z-series the effect was reversed. These results provide additional insights into the interaction of substituted estradiols with the hormone binding domain of the estrogen receptor.
Experimental observation of the switching transients resulting from single flux quantum transitions in superconducting Josephson devices (1974)

We have made what we believe is the first experimental observation of the switching transients resulting from single flux quantum transitions in superconducting devices. For that purpose, we used ``long'' Josephson junctions or interferometers which exhibit overlapping vortex modes. By applying a magnetic field to such devices, vortex-mode transitions are induced. The resulting transients are detected by a small Josephson junction located nearby. The experimental results show unambiguously that the points where a signal is detected by the sense junction correspond to the vortex-mode boundaries of the device. These results have important implications for memory applications.
Imaging of passive seismic sources by reverse modelling (2005)

The passive seismic method for reservoir monitoring and characterisation and monitoring of hydraulically induced fractures is developing into a main stream technology in the oil business. Current techniques rely on the fact that the recorded event is detectable at most of the stations of the recording array. Weak events, not visible in the individual seismogram of the array, are missed out. We present a new approach, where no picking of events in the seismograms of the recording array is required. The observed wave eld of the array is reversed in time and then considered as the boundary value for the reverse modelling. Assuming the correct velocity model, the reversely modelled wave eld focusses on the hypocenter of the seismic event. The origin time of the event is given by the time where maximum focussing is observed. The spatial extent of the focus resembles the resolution power of the recorded wave eld and the acquisition.
Color image enhancement based on the discrete cosine transform coefficient histogram (2012)

This paper presents a new technique for contrast enhancement for color images called histogram shifting with alpha rooting. The novelty in the presented method consists in adapting spatial domain techniques into the transform domain. The benefits of operating in the transform domain include low complexity of computations, ease of viewing, and manipulation of the frequency composition of the image and preservation of the phase information. The combination of the alpha-rooting algorithm, coupled with histogram shifting shows the method's effectiveness for enhancing overexposed images. The contrast enhancement parameter of the algorithm is established automatically based on the entropy of the images. A comprehensive comparative study on image-enhancement algorithms based on discrete cosine transform coefficients is provided. Computer simulations and analysis are provided to compare the enhancement performance of the proposed technique to state of the art approaches. We perform a statistical analysis on the results and quantitatively show that the proposed approach performs well for color image enhancement, which is also validated by ratings from human observers.
Tree-structured ranking rules and approximation of the optimal ROC curve (2008)

We consider the extension of standard decision tree methods to the bipartite ranking problem. In ranking, the goal pursued is global: define an order on the whole input space in order to have positive instances on top with maximum probability. The most natural way of ordering all instances consists in projecting the input data x onto the real line using a real-valued scoring function s and the accuracy of the ordering induced by a candidate s is classically measured in terms of the AUC. In the paper, we discuss the design of tree-structured scoring functions obtained by maximizing the AUC criterion. In particular, the connection with recursive piecewise linear approximation of the optimal ROC curve both in the L_1 and in the L_{\infty}-sense is discussed.
An excitation-pattern model for intensity discrimination (1981)

This paper evaluates two different versions of Zwicker [Acustica 6, 365–381 (1956)] and Maiwald’s [Acustica 18, 193–207 (1967)] excitation-pattern model for intensity discrimination. The single-band version is that originally used by Zwicker and Maiwald. They assumed that performance was determined by the critical band in which the excitation grows most rapidly with increasing level of the stimulus. The multiband version forms an optimum decision based on information in all critical bands. Predictions from the two versions of the model are compared to data for intensity discrimination of tones as a function of level and frequency, for partially masked tones and for white noise. In general, the single-band version yields predictions in qualitative agreement, but not in quantitative agreement with the intensity-resolution data for pulsed tones. The multiband version yields predictions in good qualitative as well as quantitative agreement with the data, except at high frequencies.
Rapid Determination of Listeria monocytogenes in Foods Using a Resuscitation/Selection/Kit System Detection (1993)

A resuscitation medium consisting of a trypticase soy broth base supplemented with 0.5% yeast extract, 0.25% sodium pyruvate, 0.01% sodium thioglycollate, and 0.1% chicken fat was used in the resuscitation of heat-injured and freeze-injured cells of Listeria monocytogenes. After a resuscitation period of 4-h, the medium was made selective through the addition of nalidixic acid, acriflavin, and cycloheximide. The organisms were incubated in the selectivized medium at 35 degrees C for an additional 16 h. The numbers of resuscitated Listeria monocytogenes cells rose from 10(1) to 10(7) cells/mL in 20 h. Similar numbers of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Salmonella bonn were grown together with Listeria monocytogenes; these organisms did not inhibit the growth of Listeria monocytogenes nor interfere with its detection by the Listeria-Tek kit system. The resuscitation/selection/kit system (RSK) was compared with the methodology in the Bacteriological Analytical Manual (BAM) for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes in 22 naturally contaminated cheese samples: 8 of these were positive by the BAM system and 12 were positive by the RSK system. The 8 Listeria positives found by the BAM system were positive by the RSK system. All 12 Listeria-presumptive positive samples by the RSK system were confirmed to be Listeria monocytogenes. The use of the RSK system enhanced the recovery of the pathogen, and detection was accomplished within 24 h.
Basic properties and results of clinical trials of ultrasound contrast agents based on galactose. (1993)

The development of reproducible echogenic contrast agents, which contain physiologically degradable acoustic strays in micrometre dimensions, has been under way for several years; all currently known industrial echocontrast agents are based on microbubbles, due to their special acoustic properties. The currently known echogenic contrast agents can be divided into three physically different types: microbubble-containing liquids, gas-filled microspheres and microbubble-containing suspensions (e.g. SH U 454-Echovist and SH U 508 A). The agents SH U 454 and SH U 508 A are based on galactose microparticles, which are suspended shortly before use. After intravenous injection, SH U 454 dissolves after leaving the right heart before the left heart is reached. SH U 508 A displays greater intravascular stability than SH U 454 and leads to an increase of the echogenicity in the blood which, after intravenous injection, survives pulmonary transit and reaches the arterial vascular bed. This indicates that the microbubbles are stable under physiological pressures. After intravascular dissolution of the microstructures, the remaining galactose (a monosaccharide with no known allergenic potential) is degraded physiologically. To date, a total of more than 2,500 patients has been examined in clinical trials with SH U 454 (Echovist). The intravenous administration of this contrast agent was well tolerated; in particular, no substance-induced severe adverse events were observed, and no clinically relevant changes of cardiovascular function or of laboratory parameters occurred. Extensive clinical experience has been gained in the main indications echocardiography (> 1,850 patients), venous vessels (> 200 patients) and hysterosalpingocontrast sonography (> 500 patients).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Restriction fragment length polymorphism among Israeli Holstein‐Friesian dairy bulls* (1986)

Israeli Holstein-Friesian dairy bulls were screened for restriction fragment length polymorphisms by hybridizing cloned DNA probes for bovine growth hormone, for chymosin, and for rat muscle beta-actin to restriction endonuclease-digested DNA immobilized on nitrocellulose filters. The population proved to be polymorphic at the growth hormone locus, with evidence consistent with the phenotypes being inherited in allelic fashion. A low level of polymorphism was also observed at one of the beta-actin gene family loci. The chymosin locus was monomorphic with the restriction enzymes utilized. The results illustrate the power of restriction fragment length polymorphism methodology in visualizing genetic variability in dairy cattle populations.
Mapping Virtual Machines onto Physical Machines in Cloud Computing (2016)

Cloud computing enables users to provision resources on demand and execute applications in a way that meets their requirements by choosing virtual resources that fit their application resource needs. Then, it becomes the task of cloud resource providers to accommodate these virtual resources onto physical resources. This problem is a fundamental challenge in cloud computing as resource providers need to map virtual resources onto physical resources in a way that takes into account the providers’ optimization objectives. This article surveys the relevant body of literature that deals with this mapping problem and how it can be addressed in different scenarios and through different objectives and optimization techniques. The evaluation aspects of different solutions are also considered. The article aims at both identifying and classifying research done in the area adopting a categorization that can enhance understanding of the problem.
Transcription of the Influenza Ribonucleic Acid Genome by a Virion Polymerase I. Optimal Conditions for In Vitro Activity of the Ribonucleic Acid-Dependent Ribonucleic Acid Polymerase (1971)

In vitro reaction conditions have been determined for the maximal synthesis of product ribonucleic acid by the influenza (WSN) virion ribonucleic acid polymerase. The reaction requires the presence of all four triphosphates, Mg(2+) and Mn(2+) ions, monovalent cations, nonionic detergent, and ribonucleoside triphosphates at concentrations above certain threshold values. The optimum pH for the reaction is around 8.0 to 8.2 and the kinetics of product synthesis are linear through at least 6 hr when incubated at 31 to 33 C.
Google advertising tools (2006)

Preface Part I. Making Money with Your Web Site 1. Build It and They Will Come: Creating Popular Web Sites The Taxonomy of Success Popular Sites: Using Alexa How Much Content Is Enough? Presenting Content Content Architecture Action Items 2. Driving Traffic to Your Site Creating a Plan and a Story Submitting Your Sites to Search Engines Working with Directories Becoming Popular Publishing Press Releases Syndication Feeds Using Email Lists Action Items 3. Optimizing Sites for Search Engine Placement How Your Site Appears to a Bot Excluding the Bot Meta Information Creating a Site with SEO in Mind Avoiding Overly Aggressive SEO Practices Action Items 4. Making Money with Affiliate Programs Kinds of Ad Understanding Affiliate Programs Working with an Affiliate Program Action Items 5. CPC Advertising CPC Terminology Understanding Contextual Relevance CPC Program Vendors Placing CPC Ads on Your Site Action Items 6. Profiting from Adult Sites Creating Adult Sites Making Money with Advertising Publicizing Your Site Action Items Part II. Getting the Most from AdSense 7. Understanding Google, AdSense, and AdWords The Syntax of a Google Query Google's Parts Automated Ad Brokering: AdSense and AdWords Action Items 8. Working with AdSense Applying for an AdSense Account Setting Account Options AdSense Content and AdSense Search AdSense Ad Settings AdSense Search Settings Action Items 9. Making Sense of AdSense Ad Performance Search Performance Your Earnings Tools Beyond AdSense for Tracking Action Items Part III. Working with AdWords 10. Using AdWords Signing up for an Account Creating and Editing Ad Campaigns Ad Groups Site Targeting Getting a Client Manager Account Action Items 11. Improving Campaign and Ad Group Performance Monitoring Your AdWords Activity Optimizing Your Ads Modifying Your Campaigns Action Items 12. AdWords Reporting and Conversion Tracking Using AdWords Reports Working with Conversion Tracking Action Items Part IV. Using the AdWords APIs 13. Understanding the AdWords API Introducing the AdWords API Working with the AdWords API Web Service The AdWords API Services Signing up for a Developer Token Action Items 14. Programming the AdWords API Using the AdWords API with PHP Creating the Campaign Web Service Client Creating a Campaign Creating an AdGroup Adding an Ad Adding Keywords Verifying Your Creation Action Items 15. Navigating the AdWords Objects Hierarchy Working with the AdWords API Web Services Creating Authentication Information Iterating Through the AdWords Hierarchy Action Items 16. Keyword Estimation KeywordEstimatorService Messages and Responses Keyword Requests and Estimates Getting User Information Returning the Keyword Estimate Action Items Glossary Index
The design and implementation of a version server for computer‐aided design data (1989)

Abstract The Version Server is a system for managing the versions and configurations of design descriptions as they change over time. In this paper we focus on the design and implementation of such a system, which we have built at U.C. Berkeley. The data model supported and the browser application are introduced to illustrate the system's user and application interface. The design decisions and details of the internal architecture are described and the system's performance is evaluated. For structure‐oriented queries, such as ‘traverse an entire chip's design hierarchy’, the Version Server is about five times as fast as comparable design management systems that store their design objects as files in a hierarchical file system.
Some Realism about Facial Invalidation of Statutes (2002)

In Roe v. Wade, the United States Supreme Court invalidated the Texas abortion statute in its entirety even though the statute was not invalid in all its applications. The dissenters contended that, in the circumstances, the statute should have been invalidated only as applied. A question to be considered here is whether an as-applied disposition would have been disadvantageous to other women seeking abortions. That this indeed would have been the result is widely believed. It will be argued that this view is unfounded. This Article will further consider whether, as has been claimed, Roe is representative of an increasing practice on the part of the Supreme Court to invalidate in their entirety statutes having both valid and invalid components (hereinafter called hybrid statutes). Some Supreme Court justices have vigorously opposed such a development, and there has been much confusion on the subject. It is submitted that, when one looks behind the rhetoric and examines the actual holdings, it becomes apparent that nothing is really happening. The traditional rule of facial
The cephalic neural crest provides pericytes and smooth muscle cells to all blood vessels of the face and forebrain (2001)

Most connective tissues in the head develop from neural crest cells (NCCs), an embryonic cell population present only in vertebrates. We show that NCC-derived pericytes and smooth muscle cells are distributed in a sharply circumscribed sector of the vasculature of the avian embryo. As NCCs detach from the neural folds that correspond to the future posterior diencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon, they migrate between the ectoderm and the neuroepithelium into the anterior/ventral head, encountering mesoderm-derived endothelial precursors. Together, these two cell populations build a vascular tree rooted at the departure of the aorta from the heart and ramified into the capillary plexi that irrigate the forebrain meninges, retinal choroids and all facial structures, before returning to the heart. NCCs ensheath each aortic arch-derived vessel, providing every component except the endothelial cells. Within the meninges, capillaries with pericytes of diencephalic and mesencephalic neural fold origin supply the forebrain, while capillaries with pericytes of mesodermal origin supply the rest of the central nervous system, in a mutually exclusive manner. The two types of head vasculature contact at a few defined points, including the anastomotic vessels of the circle of Willis, immediately ventral to the forebrain/midbrain boundary. Over the course of evolution, the vertebrate subphylum may have exploited the exceptionally broad range of developmental potentialities and the plasticity of NCCs in head remodelling that resulted in the growth of the forebrain.
Cyanine dyes as contrast agents for near-infrared imaging in vivo: acute tolerance, pharmacokinetics, and fluorescence imaging (2011)

We compare pharmacokinetic, tolerance, and imaging properties of two near-IR contrast agents, indocyanine green (ICG) and 1,1(')-bis-(4-sulfobutyl) indotricarbocyanine-5,5(')-dicarboxylic acid diglucamide monosodium salt (SIDAG). ICG is a clinically approved imaging agent, and its derivative SIDAG is a more hydrophilic counterpart that has recently shown promising imaging properties in preclinical studies. The rather lipophilic ICG has a very short plasma half-life, thus limiting the time available to image body regions during its vascular circulation (e.g., the breast in optical mammography where scanning over several minutes is required). In order to change the physicochemical properties of the indotricarbocyanine dye backbone, several derivatives were synthesized with increasing hydrophilicity. The most hydrophilic dye SIDAG is selected for further biological characterization. The acute tolerance of SIDAG in mice is increased up to 60-fold compared to ICG. Contrary to ICG, the pharmacokinetic properties of SIDAG are shifted toward renal elimination, caused by the high hydrophilicity of the molecule. N-Nitrosomethylurea (NMU)-induced rat breast carcinomas are clearly demarcated, both immediately and 24 h after intravenous administration of SIDAG, whereas ICG shows a weak tumor contrast under the same conditions. Our findings demonstrate that SIDAG is a high potential contrast agent for optical imaging, which could increase the sensitivity for detection of inflamed regions and tumors.
Structure of Human SMYD2 Protein Reveals the Basis of p53 Tumor Suppressor Methylation (2011)

SMYD2 belongs to a subfamily of histone lysine methyltransferase and was recently identified to methylate tumor suppressor p53 and Rb. Here we report that SMYD2 prefers to methylate p53 Lys-370 over histone substrates in vitro. Consistently, the level of endogenous p53 Lys-370 monomethylation is significantly elevated when SMYD2 is overexpressed in vivo. We have solved the high resolution crystal structures of the full-length SMYD2 protein in binary complex with its cofactor S-adenosylmethionine and in ternary complex with cofactor product S-adenosylhomocysteine and p53 substrate peptide (residues 368-375), respectively. p53 peptide binds to a deep pocket of the interface between catalytic SET(1-282) and C-terminal domain (CTD) with an unprecedented U-shaped conformation. Subtle conformational change exists around the p53 binding site between the binary and ternary structures, in particular the tetratricopeptide repeat motif of the CTD. In addition, a unique EDEE motif between the loop of anti-parallel β7 and β8 sheets of the SET core not only interacts with p53 substrate but also forms a hydrogen bond network with residues from CTD. These observations suggest that the tetratricopeptide repeat and EDEE motif may play an important role in determining p53 substrate binding specificity. This is further verified by the findings that deletion of the CTD domain drastically reduces the methylation activity of SMYD2 to p53 protein. Meanwhile, mutation of EDEE residues impairs both the binding and the enzymatic activity of SMYD2 to p53 Lys-370. These data together reveal the molecular basis of SMYD2 in specifically recognizing and regulating functions of p53 tumor suppressor through Lys-370 monomethylation.
Tunable terahertz-wave generation from DAST crystal by dual signal-wave parametric oscillation of periodically poled lithium niobate (2000)

The first known demonstration of tunable terahertz-wave generation by difference-frequency generation of dual signal-wave quasi-phase-matched optical parametric oscillation was performed with periodically poled LiNbO(3) (PPLN) with a series of gratings. An organic ionic salt, 4-dimethylamino-N-methyl-4-stilbazolium-tosylate (DAST), was used as a nonlinear crystal. A compact terahertz-wave source resulted, and changing the temperature of the PPLN permitted the wavelength to be varied from 120 to 160 microm. The wavelength could be tuned from 100 to 700 microm by proper selection of combinations of periodically poled gratings.