gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reversible Fluxon Logic for Future Computing (2019)

Today's industrial digital logic gates are reaching a technological limit and meanwhile, superconducting circuits produce fundamentally different technologies for the future of digital computing. The standard logic is irreversible and yet superconducting circuits allow digital reversible logic with a much higher energy efficiency per gate operation. Previous reversible gate circuits were “adiabatic,” meaning that they used adiabatic-clocking waveforms for their operation power. However, we are studying logic starting from a ballistic model, where ftuxons enable gates using only energy from their inertia. Our ftuxons are defined in Long Josephson Junctions (LJJs) and may travel ballistically, similar to a particle with negligible damping. Once a ftuxon's energy approaches close enough to the gate, a resonance is induced at the gate and the ftuxon loses its definite topology. Gates are comprised of the (few Josephson-penetration-depth long) ends of LJJs and a connecting circuit interface. Only after the resonance does a ftuxon get formed and yield the gate result without external power: a ftuxon for bit-state 0 or an antiftuxon for bit-state 1. Through earlier analysis of the numerically discovered phenomena we find that dynamics can be described with ftuxon- and antiftuxon-like excitations at the ends of LJJs within the gate. The bit-switching action in our gates is resonant indicating fundamentally different dynamics than the classic model of adiabatic reversible circuits. Our ballistic Reversible Fluxon Logic (RFL) gates have no added damping and calculated energy efficiencies of over 97%. Thus in our dynamical process the “bit energy” is preserved. However, irreversible logic completely dissipates this at each operation (e.g., charging energy in CMOS or SFQ energy in irreversible SFQ logic). An RFL gate can achieve a fast gate operation since its resonance is only few JJ plasma periods. We also describe the CNOT in our technology. It is enabled by a couple of vital gates: A IDSN logic gate, similar to our other ballistic gates, and a Store-aNd-Launch (SNL) timing gate to ensure proper synchronization of the bits. The latter allows bit storage followed by launching of a data ftuxon using an adiabatic pulse from a clock ftuxon with lower energy than the data ftuxon for good CNOT efficiency.
Autochthonous hepatitis E in Southwest England: natural history, complications and seasonal variation, and hepatitis E virus IgG seroprevalence in blood donors, the elderly and patients with chronic liver disease (2008)

Autochthonous hepatitis E is more common than previously recognized, and should be considered in the differential diagnosis in patients with hepatitis, whatever their age or travel history. It carries a significant morbidity and when seen in the context of chronic liver disease carries an adverse prognosis.
Effects of inter-crystal cross-talk on multi-element LSO/APD PET detectors (2004)

One of the most promising high resolution PET detector designs comprises an array of small, optically isolated scintillator crystals each coupled to an independent photosensor, such as an avalanche photodiode (APD). However, cross-talk between crystals (due to Compton scatter, photoelectron escape, or incomplete optical isolation) can significantly degrade performance, and is expected to increase as crystals become narrower to improve spatial resolution. Various measures of cross-talk have been determined for different configurations of 4x8 blocks of 2 mm /spl times/ 2 mm lutetium oxyorthosilicate (LSO) crystals coupled to matched Hamamatsu APD arrays. Results indicate that ignoring crosstalk signals could lead to a /spl sim/30% loss in coincidence sensitivity for a tomograph using these detectors, and a decrease in energy resolution of /spl sim/2 percentage points. Spatial and time resolution would not be significantly affected with most practical front-end architectures.
Differentiation of pathogenic Escherichia coli strains in Brazilian children by PCR (1995)

A PCR technique to differentiate pathogenic enteric Escherichia coli strains in a field setting was evaluated. Among 76 children with acute diarrhea, this technique identified 12 children (16%) with enterotoxigenic E. coli, 6 (8%) with enteropathogenic E. coli, and 1 (1%) with enteroinvasive E. coli infection. Compared with the conventional assays, the PCR method proved to be simpler, more rapid, and inexpensive and therefore suitable for application in a developing-country field setting.
Photoluminescence characteristics of AlGaN-GaN-AlGaN quantum wells (1990)

AlxGa1−xN-GaN quantum wells were grown on basal plane sapphire by low-pressure metalorganic vapor deposition. The photoluminescence spectra of samples of different well thicknesses and x values were measured. The experimental data were compared with the calculated solutions of the finite square quantum well and the bound states involved in the optical transition were identified.
Deferoxamine in children with recurrent neuroblastoma. (1995)

We examined the short-term efficacy and toxicity of high doses of intravenous deferoxamine (DFO) in children with recurrent neuroblastoma. Ten children (3 2/12-20 years, median 6 5/12 years) had measurable recurrent disease following 1-3 prior treatment regimens. DFO (120-240 mg/kg/d) was planned as a continuous i.v. infusion for five days every other week. Serum ferritins at the start of this therapy ranged from 133-->5000 ng/ml (median 611 ng/ml). Of eight patients begun at a dose of 120-150 mg/kg/d, a single patient experienced visual disturbances which resolved after DFO was discontinued. Two patients begun at 240 mg/kg/d (with serum ferritins levels of 505 and 717 ng/ml) both experienced dose-limiting toxicity including lethargy, dizziness, blurred vision and leg cramps. Although decreases in serum ferritin levels of a least 10% were noted in 4 patients, there were no partial or complete response. DFO given at a dose of 150 mg/kg/d i.v. according to this schedule appears to be ineffective as a single agent against neuroblastoma. Starting doses of 240 mg/kg/d have unacceptable short-term toxicity.
Computational creativity for culinary recipes (2014)

Computational creativity is an emerging branch of artificial intelligence that places computers in the center of the creative process. This demonstration shows a computational system that creates flavorful, novel, and perhaps healthy culinary recipes by drawing on big data techniques. It brings analytics algorithms together with disparate data sources from culinary science, chemistry, and hedonic psychophysics.
SELECTIVE SUBSTITUTION IN SUCROSE: I. THE SYNTHESIS OF 1′,4,6′-TRI-<i>O</i>-METHYL SUCROSE (1957)

Sucrose was tritylated and acetylated to give a crystalline tri-O-trityl-penta-O-acetyl sucrose derivative, and detritylation of this product by graded hydrolysis with acetic acid followed by methylation and deacetylation yielded 1′,4,6′-tri-O-methyl sucrose. The structure of the tri-O-methyl sucrose was established by periodate oxidation and by hydrolysis to the corresponding O-methyl ethers of glucose and fructose. Acetyl group migration from C 4 to C 6 in the glucose moiety of sucrose probably occurred during the methylation reaction.Some aspects of syntheses involving sucrose are discussed.
Extremely Low Contact Resistance on Graphene through n‐Type Doping and Edge Contact Design (2015)

The effects of graphene n-doping on a metal-graphene contact are studied in combination with 1D edge contacts, presenting a record contact resistance of 23 Ω μm at room temperature (19 Ω μm at 100 K). This contact scheme is applied to a graphene-perovskite hybrid photodetector, significantly improving its performance (0.6 → 1.8 A W(-1) in photoresponsivity and 3.3 × 10(4) → 5.4 × 10(4) Jones in detectivity).
Spore Germination and Microcycle Conidiation of Two Penicillia in Soil (1984)

Laboratory-produced spores of two penicillia isolated from soil were placed onto PVC membrane filters, inserted into microholders and buried in the A horizon of an oak-birch forest. After various intervals of time incubation filters were retrieved, stained, and mounted on glass slides for examination. Characteristics of growth and germination of Penicillium daleae and P. bilaii in the laboratory and in the soil were then compared. Spores of these indigenous soil fungi, reinoculated into the soil, germinated slowly, requiring several days for swelling and germ tube protrusion. The most significant observation was the occurrence of a microcycle in which germ tube volume was reduced, mycelial growth was eliminated, and conidiation consisted of a diminution in complexity of reproductive structures by decreasing the number of phialides in the penicillus and reducing spore volume.
Fluorescence of polymerized diacetylene bilayer films (1983)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFluorescence of polymerized diacetylene bilayer filmsJohn Olmsted III and Margith StrandCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1983, 87, 24, 4790–4792Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1983https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j150642a006https://doi.org/10.1021/j150642a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views390Altmetric-Citations77LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Electric field effect in high <i>T</i> <i>c</i> superconducting ultrathin YBa2Cu3O7−<i>x</i> films (1991)

A multilayer high Tc superconducting field-effect transistor-like structure was made from ultrathin YBa2Cu3O7−x films. An epitaxially grown dielectric SrTiO3 insulation layer, which had a forward bias breakdown voltage of about 20 V, allowed an electric field induced change in the channel layer of 1.25×1013 carrier/cm2 per volt of the gate voltage. A significant modulation of the normal state and superconducting properties was observed in samples with YBa2Cu3O7−x channel layers of a few unit cells thick. By applying gate voltage of different polarities, Tc was both suppressed and enhanced by ∼1 K. The resistance was modulated by as much as 20% in the normal state and by over 1500% near the zero resistance temperature.
Three‐dimensional ultrasound system for guided breast brachytherapy (2009)

Breast-conserving surgery combined with subsequent radiation therapy is a standard procedure in breast cancer treatment. The disadvantage of whole-breast beam irradiation is that it requires 20-25 treatment days, which is inconvenient for patients with limited mobility or who reside far from the treatment center. However, interstitial high-dose-rate (HDR) brachytherapy is an irradiation method requiring only 5 treatment days and that delivers a lower radiation dose to the surrounding healthy tissue. It involves delivering radiation through 192Ir seeds placed inside the catheters, which are inserted into the breast. The catheters are attached to a HDR afterloader, which controls the seed placement within the catheters and irradiation times to deliver the proper radiation dose. One disadvantage of using HDR brachytherapy is that it requires performing at least one CT scan during treatment planning. The procedure at our institution involves the use of two CT scans. Performing CT scans requires moving the patient from the brachytherapy suite with catheters inserted in their breasts. One alternative is using three-dimensional ultrasound (3DUS) to image the patient. In this study, the authors developed a 3DUS translation scanning system for use in breast brachytherapy. The new system was validated using CT, the current clinical standard, to image catheters in a breast phantom. Once the CT and 3DUS images were registered, the catheter trajectories were then compared. The results showed that the average angular separation between catheter trajectories was 2.4 degrees, the average maximum trajectory separation was 1.0 mm, and the average mean trajectory separation was found to be 0.7 mm. In this article, the authors present the 3DUS translation scanning system's capabilities as well as its potential to be used as the primary treatment planning imaging modality in breast brachytherapy.
Imaging Detonations of Explosives (2016)

Abstract : The techniques and instrumentation presented in this report allow for mapping of temperature, pressure, chemical species, and energy deposition during and following detonations of explosives. Developed over the last several years under US Army mission funding, this work has been transitioned from a developmental task to the regular toolkit employed by researchers within the US Army Research Laboratory. This work provides measurement in the explosive near- to far-field (0500 charge diameters) of surface temperatures, peak air-shock pressures, some chemical species signatures, and shock energy deposition. Information on these events is used to evaluate the performance, lethality, and survivability of Army munitions.
Cost efficiency and financial situation of local governments in the Canary Isles during the recession (2019)

This paper examines cost efficiency in the Spanish municipal public sector, in a specific geographic area (the Canary Isles, Spain), with respect to financial condition and different types of municipal debt. The study focuses on municipalities dependent on tourism and on the consequences to them of the Great Recession, doing so via a two-stage analysis. In the first, the order-m method is used to evaluate the cost efficiency of 77 Canary Isles municipalities, for the period 2008-12. In the second stage, we examine the effect produced on cost efficiency by different types of borrowing (long term, short term, financial and commercial) together with other financial, economic, political and quality variables, using the model developed by Simar and Wilson (2007), based on a truncated bootstrap regression with panel data. Empirical analysis shows that in times of crisis there is a significant relationship between the components of financial condition and cost efficiency. In conclusion, municipal cost efficiency increases with commercial debt, but decreases with financial debt. Furthermore, certain socioeconomic variables affect the levels of cost efficiency. Este trabajo examina la eficiencia de costes para el caso particular del sector público municipal español, concretamente, para el caso de los municipios canarios, poniendo especial énfasis en áreas relacionadas con la condición financiera y diferentes tipologías de deuda, teniendo en cuenta las características propias que estos municipios poseen, como un índice turístico elevado. En primer lugar, se utiliza el método de orden m para evaluar la eficiencia de costes de 77 municipios de las Islas Canarias, para el período 2008-12. En la segunda etapa, examinamos el efecto producido en la eficiencia de costes por diferentes tipologías de endeudamiento (largo plazo, corto plazo, financiero y comercial) junto con otras variables financieras, económicas, políticas y de calidad, utilizando el modelo desarrollado por Simar y Wilson (2007), basado en una regresión truncada con datos de panel. Nuestro análisis empírico muestra que en tiempos de crisis existe una relación significativa entre los componentes de la condición financiera y la eficiencia de costes. En particular, concluye que mientras la eficiencia de los costes municipales aumenta con la deuda comercial, disminuye con la deuda financiera. Además, mostramos que ciertas variables socioeconómicas afectan los niveles de eficiencia de costes.
A Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion Needle Break (2015)

### Adverse Event

Our patient was 13 years and 2 months old, a white boy with type 1 diabetes diagnosed 2 years and 5 months before this adverse event (AE). He had no other significant medical history. His A1C was 7.6% 1 month before the insulin infusion needle break event. The patient had started on the t-slim insulin pump (Tandem Diabetes Care, San Diego, Calif.) 1 year and 6 days before the AE occurred. He was using the contact Detach (Unomedical, Inc., Bridgewater, N.J.) infusion set and lispro insulin. The contact Detach infusion set features a very fine, 29-gauge, 90° steel needle. With its additional adhesive pad, contact Detach provides extra security against needle dislodging. Its simplicity and security make it a good choice for active young children, pregnant women, and adults for whom soft cannula sets do not work well. The contact Detach set is available in 6- and 8-mm needle lengths and 23- and 32-inch tubing lengths (1). There were no reported previous pump AEs, emergency department visits, or diabetes ketoacidosis episodes related to continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) therapy. The patient’s BMI was 18.65 kg/m2. The patient’s mother reported changing the pump site, per usual, on 16 July 2014. When she went to remove the infusion set, the needle was not attached to it. The parents could not find the needle. The patient did not feel any pain or discomfort where the infusion set had been placed. At the time the 8-mm needle broke off from the infusion site, it had been placed on the upper left buttock area at a 90° angle with IV3000 1-HAND adhesive dressing (Smith & …
Closure of the Mott gap and formation of a superthermal metal in the Fröhlich-type nonequilibrium polaron Bose-Einstein condensate in <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">U</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> (2017)

Mixed valence O-doped $\mathrm{U}{\mathrm{O}}_{2+x}$ and photoexcited $\mathrm{U}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ containing transitory ${\mathrm{U}}^{3+}$ and ${\mathrm{U}}^{5+}$ host a coherent polaronic quantum phase (CPQP) that exhibits the characteristics of a Fr\"ohlich-type, nonequilibrium, phonon-coupled Bose-Einstein condensate whose stability and coherence are amplified by collective, anharmonic motions of atoms and charges. Complementary to the available, detailed, real space information from scattering and EXAFS, an outstanding question is the electronic structure. Mapping the Mott gap in $\mathrm{U}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{U}}_{4}{\mathrm{O}}_{9}$, and ${\mathrm{U}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ with O XAS and NIXS and $\mathrm{U}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{M}}_{5}$ RIXS shows that O doping raises the peak of the $\mathrm{U}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}5f$ states of the valence band by \ensuremath{\sim}0.4 eV relative to a calculated value of 0.25 eV. However, it lowers the edge of the conduction band by 1.5 eV vs the calculated 0.6 eV, a difference much larger than the experimental error. This 1.9 eV reduction in the gap width constitutes most of the 2--2.2 eV gap measured by optical absorption. In addition, the XAS spectra show a tail that will intersect the occupied $\mathrm{U}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}5f$ states and give a continuous density-of-states that increases rapidly above its constricted intersection. Femtosecond-resolved photoemission measurements of $\mathrm{U}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, coincident with the excitation pulse with 4.7 eV excitation, show the unoccupied $\mathrm{U}\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}5f$ states of $\mathrm{U}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ and no hot electrons. 3.1 eV excitation, however, complements the O-doping results by giving a continuous population of electrons for several eV above the Fermi level. The CPQP in photoexcited $\mathrm{U}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ therefore fulfills the criteria for a nonequilibrium condensate. The electron distributions resulting from both excitations persist for 5--10 ps, indicating that they are the final state that therefore forms without passing through the initial continuous distribution of nonthermal electrons observed for other materials. Three exceptional findings are: (1) the direct formation of both of these long lived (>3--10 ps) excited states without the short lived nonthermal intermediate; (2) the superthermal metallic state is as or more stable than typical photoinduced metallic phases; and (3) the absence of hot electrons accompanying the insulating $\mathrm{U}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ excited state. This heterogeneous, nonequilibrium, Fr\"ohlich BEC stabilized by a Fano-Feshbach resonance therefore continues to exhibit unique properties.
Total synthesis of (.+-.)-lythrancepine II and (.+-.)-lythrancepine III (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTotal synthesis of (.+-.)-lythrancepine II and (.+-.)-lythrancepine IIIDavid J. Hart, Won Pyo Hong, and Leh Yeh HsuCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1987, 52, 21, 4665–4673Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00230a003https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00230a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1139Altmetric-Citations93LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts