gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Adaptive Carrier-Sensing for Throughput Improvement in IEEE 802.11 Networks (2010)

As a Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) network, the performance of IEEE 802.11 networks highly depends on the accuracy of the carrier sensing procedure. However, conventional carrier sensing approaches suffer from the well known hidden and exposed node problems, adversely affecting aggregate throughput of the IEEE 802.11 networks. In this paper, we propose a novel scheme through which each station can adaptively select its Carrier Sense Threshold (CST) in order to mitigate the hidden/exposed node problems. The basic idea behind our approach is for the Access Point (AP) to periodically transmit a Busy/Idle (BI) signal to all the stations. Individual stations then use the BI signal from the AP together with their own local BI signal in order to adjust their CST. We use NS-2 simulations to show that our approach can enhance the aggregate throughput by as much as 50%.
Binding of monomeric immunoglobulins to Fc receptors of mouse macrophages. (1975)

The binding properties of surface receptors of immunoglobulins on mouse macrophages were studied with mouse myeloma proteins and normal peritoneal macrophages, thioglycollate-stimulated macrophages, and a macrophage cell line, P388D1. Primary cultures of mouse embryo fibroblasts served as controls. IgG2a proteins were bound strongly;IgG2b was bound weakly (one-twentieth as well as IgG2a);IgM, IgA, and IgG1 were not bound significantly. The number of binding sites per cell for IgG2a was 4 X 10(5) for thioglycollate-stimulated cells and 1 X 10(5) for normal and P388D1 cells. Binding was exothermal: with decreasing temperature the equilibrium (association) constants increased and dissociation rate constants decreased (at 37degreesC the respective values were 2 X 10(7) M-1 and 0.26 min-1, the latter value corresponds to a half time for dissociation of 2.6 min). From the rapidity of association and dissociation, it appears that the surface of the macrophage is in a dynamic equilibrium with IgG2a molecules in the cell's immediate microenvironment. The receptors for IgG2a are clearly specific for determinants in the immunoglobulin constant domain: two IgG2a proteins with greatly different isoelectric points (determined by isoelectric focusing) were bound with the same affinity to the same receptors; moreover, the Fc fragment was bound and Fab fragments were not. The Fc receptors for IgG2a proteins were readily eliminated by exposing macrophages briefly to trypsin. The receptors were regenerated during subsequent cultivation in serum-free medium; regeneration was inhibited totally by cycloheximide and partially by actinomycin D.
Faecal microbiota transplant for recurrent<i>Clostridium difficile</i>infection using long-term frozen stool is effective: clinical efficacy and bacterial viability data (2015)

Stool for faecal microbial transplant to treat rCDI can be safely stored frozen in 10% glycerol for at least 6 months without loss of clinical efficacy or viability in the six bacterial groups tested.
The Stability of Aerated Milk Protein Emulsions in the Presence of Small Molecule Surfactants (1997)

The effects of milk proteins and small molecular surfactants on oil droplet surface coverage and emulsion stability were studied in model emulsions, and the results were related to the microstructure and physical properties of ice creams. Emulsions became increasingly more stable during partial coalescence at increased surface coverage as the protein concentration was increased. Model emulsions of 20% (wt/wt) 50:50 palm kernel oil and coconut oil, stabilized by skim milk powder emulsions, were more stable than sodium caseinate or whey protein emulsions, respectively. In ice cream premixes containing 12% butter oil and 13% skimmed milk powder, the water-soluble surfactant Tween 60 was much more effective in displacing protein from the interface than were oilsoluble surfactants, such as monoglycerides. Tween 60 destabilized the emulsions more than did unsaturated monoglyceride. Although saturated monoglyceride also displaced protein from the oil droplet interface, these emulsions were relatively stable at high surfactant concentrations under the shear conditions used in this study. The melting resistance of ice creams containing 12% butter oil was related not only to the amount of extractable fat, but also to the air cell stability, both of which were dependent on the type of surfactant. A better understanding of the functionality of surfactants in ice cream enables optimal ingredient selection, which should improve product properties.
Influence of Substrate Temperature on Deposition Rate and Optical Properties of Aluminum Oxide Thin Films Prepared by Reactive DC Sputtering Technique (2016)

Aluminum oxide films were grown on (100) silicon wafers and glass substrates by pulsed dc reactive magnetron sputtering deposition. In this experiment, substrate temperatures were varied from room temperature to 500°C. Grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD) analysis revealed that the resulting films have amorphous structures. Field-emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) was used to characterize the morphology of the films. The films’ optical properties were determined by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The results demonstrated that the deposition rate, the surface roughness and the transmittance spectra of the aluminum oxide films were strongly influenced by the substrate temperature. The deposition rate and the surface roughness of the films were higher at higher substrate temperatures. In the range between 100°C and 200°C, the transmittance spectra were found to be lower than those of the films deposited at other substrate temperatures. This was due to the sub-aluminum oxide condition in the films. The dependence of films’ optical properties on the substrate temperature might result from the change in chemical compositions during the sputtering process.
Role of microtubule-associated proteins in the control of microtubule assembly (1995)

In eukaryotic cells, microtubules, actin, and intermediate filaments interact to form the cytoskeletal network involved in determination of cell architecture, intracellular transport, modulation of surface receptors, mitosis, cell motility, and differentiation. Cytoskeletal organization and dynamics depend on protein self-associations and interactions with regulatory elements such as microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs). The MAP family includes large proteins like MAP-1A, MAP-1B, MAP-1C, MAP-2, and MAP-4 and smaller components like tau and MAP-2C. This review focuses on relevant aspects of MAP function, with emphasis on their roles in modulating cytoskeletal interactions. In this context, MAP expression mechanisms and posttranslational modifications are also discussed. Microtubule-associated proteins have a rather widespread distribution among cells, but certain MAPs have been identified in specific cell types. Within single neurons, MAP-2 is dendritic while tau is preferentially an axonal protein. Their expression is developmentally regulated. Even though MAPs share a capacity to interact with the COOH-terminal tubulin domain, stabilize microtubules, and link them with other cytoskeletal polymers, they exhibit structural differences. However, MAP-2, MAP-4, and tau have common repetitive microtubule-binding motifs. Microtubule-associated proteins not only control cytoskeletal integrity, but they also appear to interact with highly structural elements of cells. Molecular biological approaches permitted localization of new MAPs in cultured mammalian cells and invertebrate organisms and other microtubule-interacting proteins that exhibit transient interactions with microtubules. The structural/functional aspects of several new MAP-like proteins in centrosomes and the mitotic spindle, functionally implicated in cell cycle events, are also analyzed.
A Study of Eu3+ Fluorescence in Some Silicate Oxyapatites (1973)

Five silicate oxyapatites were activated with Eu3+ and their emission and excitation spectra were determined, as well as their peak emission intensities relative to .
Use of Ionic Liquids in Oil Shale Processing (2005)

Containing sufficient amount of organic matter, oil shale utilization to produce petroleum-like oils and gaseous products could be feasible under certain conditions. Liquid products could be as an alternative synthetic fuel source or as an even more valuable petro-chemical feedstock for the chemical industry. There is a place for utilization of ionic liquids either as solvents for extraction or reaction media with very good properties for catalyst solubilization in the processing of oils and gaseous products. This paper considers the potential for the extraction of shale oil with ionic liquids and anticipated problems of recycling the ionic-fluid extractant.
Experimental Radio-Telephone Service for Train Passengers (1951)

Experimental public radio-telephone service for train passengers was inaugurated by the Bell Telephone System several years ago. Initial installations operated in conjunction with a series of urban mobile base stations. More recently, highway mobile systems have been used for this service, and this paper describes a typical train installation operating through a highway channel. All of these early systems utilized an attendant on the train. The cost of providing an attendant has, in some cases, been found excessive. Consequently, experiments have been initiated in which a coin box is used on the train. The arrangements for this purpose are also described.
A Collections Planning Model for Regional Blood Suppliers: Description and Validation (1976)

A planning model has been developed to assist regional blood suppliers in alleviating seasonal imbalances between supply and demand of blood. A Markovian population model is used to project various performance measures for a blood supply region. These measures are summarized in graphs covering a planning period of several months to one year. The planner improves projected performance by changing collection plans and using the planning model iteratively to evaluate each plan. The data required by the model are generally available: past performance of bloodmobile sponsors, quotas and demand forecasts. In this paper the model is described, projected performance measures are validated against actual measures, sensitivity to errors in inputs is analyzed and the model is evaluated relative to less complex models. The planning model is shown to be sufficiently accurate for its purpose and highly effective for its cost. It has been implemented by two regional blood suppliers using remote computer terminals.
Brain Mechanisms of Propofol-Induced Loss of Consciousness in Humans: a Positron Emission Tomographic Study (1999)

In the present study, we used positron emission tomography to investigate changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) during a general anesthetic infusion set to produce a gradual transition from the awake state to unconsciousness. Five right-handed human volunteers participated in the study. They were given propofol with a computer-controlled infusion pump to achieve three stable levels of plasma concentrations corresponding to mild sedation, deep sedation, and unconsciousness, the latter defined as unresponsiveness to verbal commands. During awake baseline and each of the three levels of sedation, two scans were acquired after injection of an H215O bolus. Global as well as regional CBF were determined and correlated with propofol concentrations. In addition, blood flow changes in the thalamus were correlated with those of the entire scanned volume to determine areas of coordinated changes. In addition to a generalized decrease in global CBF, large regional decreases in CBF occurred bilaterally in the medial thalamus, the cuneus and precuneus, and the posterior cingulate, orbitofrontal, and right angular gyri. Furthermore, a significant covariation between the thalamic and midbrain blood flow changes was observed, suggesting a close functional relationship between the two structures. We suggest that, at the concentrations attained, propofol preferentially decreases rCBF in brain regions previously implicated in the regulation of arousal, performance of associative functions, and autonomic control. Our data support the hypothesis that anesthetics induce behavioral changes via a preferential, concentration-dependent effect on specific neuronal networks rather than through a nonspecific, generalized effect on the brain.
Subversion of cellular functions by <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> (2005)

Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive bacterium that is able to invade and multiply within eukaryotic cells. Its intracellular life-cycle includes pathogen-induced phagocytosis, lysis of the phagocytic vacuole, movement in the cytoplasmic environment, and a cell-to-cell spread mechanism. Many L. monocytogenes virulence factors have been studied in detail, certain of which subvert specific eukaryotic cell functions in order to favour infection. During entry, the invasion protein InlA takes advantage of the adhesion molecule E-cadherin and the adherens junction machinery to adhere to target and invade polarized epithelial cells. Another invasion protein of the internalin family, InlB, subverts the signalling pathway of the hepatocyte growth factor receptor Met to induce endocytosis of the receptor and also to favour internalization of the bacteria in non-polarized epithelial cells. Once inside the cell, the haemolysin of L. monocytogenes--the listeriolysin O or LLO--is secreted to lyse the phagocytic vacuole, and when the bacteria is freed in the cytoplasm, the activity of the LLO is in part regulated by the infected cell itself, taking advantage of the pH sensitivity of the LLO that leads to its inactivation in the neutral eukaryotic cell cytoplasm. Finally, to induce bacterial movement in the cytoplasm, the L. monocytogenes surface protein ActA mimics the activity of the eukaryotic WASP family of proteins to recruit to the bacteria the actin nucleation machinery required for actin polymerization and for the formation of the actin structures (called 'actin comet tails') that propel the parasite in the cytosol and help it to invade neighbouring cells.
Demonstration of multi-degree color/direction-independent waveguide-based transponder-aggregator for flexible optical path networks (2010)

We have demonstrated a novel transponder-aggregator that helps achieve multi-degree add/drop color/direction-independent multiplexing in ROADM/OXC. The aggregator employs a c-AWG and a matrix switch with an aggregation-function. We show 8-degree add/drop operations and a less than 1.6-dB power-penalty resulting from power-crosstalk.
Organic nitrates, thionitrates, peroxynitrites, and nitric oxide: a molecular orbital study of the (X = O, S) rearrangement, a reaction of potential biological significance (1995)

The rearrangement of organic thionitrate to sulfenyl nitrite potentially mediates the release of nitric oxide from organic nitrates, such as nitroglycerin, in the presence of thiol. The biological activity of these nitrovasodilators is proposed to result from release of nitric oxide in vivo. The thionitrate rearrangement bears analogy to the rearrangement of peroxynitrous acid to nitric acid, which has been proposed to mediate the biological toxicity of nitric oxide and superoxide. In this paper, the two concerted rearrangement processes and competing homolytic reactions are explored using molecular orbital calculations at levels up to MP4SDQ/6-31G*//MP2/6-31G*. Examination of structure and energy for all conformers and isomers of RSONO 2 (R = H, Me), models for organic thionitrates and their isomers, demonstrates that structures corresponding to thionitrates and sulfenyl nitrates are of similar energy. Free energies of reaction for homolysis of these compounds are low (ΔG 0 < 19 kcal/mol), whereas the barrier for concerted rearrangement is large (ΔG ≠ (aq.) = 56 kcal/mol). The larger barrier for concerted rearrangement of peroxynitrous acid to nitric acid (ΔG ≠ (aq.) = 60 kcal/mol) again compares unfavourably with homolysis (ΔG 0 < 11 kcal/mol for homolysis to NO 2 or • NO). The transition state structures, confirmed by normal mode and intrinsic reaction coordinate analysis, indicate that considerable structural reorganization is required for concerted rearrangement of the ground state species. These results suggest that concerted rearrangement is not likely to be a viable step in either biological process. However, rearrangement via homolysis and radical recombination may provide an energetically accessible pathway for peroxynitrous acid rearrangement to nitric acid and rearrangement of thionitrate to sulfenyl nitrite. In this case, NO 2 will be a primary product of both reactions. Keywords: thionitrate, nitric oxide, peroxynitrite, nitrovasodilator, nitrate.
A high-speed 64K CMOS RAM with bipolar sense amplifiers (1984)

A TTL-compatible 64K static RAM with CMOS-bipolar circuitry has been developed using a 1.2-/spl mu/m MoSi gate n-well CMOS-bipolar technology. Address access time is typically 28 ns, with 225 mW active power and 100 nW standby power. A CMOS six-transistor memory cell is used. The cell size is 18/spl times/20 /spl mu/m, and the chip size is 5.95/spl times/6.84 mm. The n-p-n transistors are used in the sense amplifiers, voltage regulators, and level clamping circuits. The bipolar sense amplifiers reduce the detectable bit line swing, thus improving the worst-case bit line delay time and the sensing delay time. In order to reduce the word line delay, the MoSi layer, which has 5 /spl Omega//sheet resistivity, was used for the gate material. The n-well CMOS process is based on a scaled CMOS process, and collector-isolated n-p-n transistors and CMOS are integrated simultaneously without adding any extra process steps and without causing any degradation of CMOS characteristics. The n-p-n transistor has a 2-GHz cutoff frequency at 1 mA collector current.
Authorization-Authentication Using XACML and SAML (2005)

The report discusses our experiences of using two OASIS Web service standards; namely eXtensible Access Control Mark-up Language which abbreviates to (XACML) and Security Assertion Mark-up Language or SAML as it is commonly known. Within the domain of the GOLD project we have combined these two standards to offer single login mechanisms, including a simple protocol for enabling the crossing of organizational boundaries. In addition we enable granular access control using the policy semantics defined by XACML. 1.0 Introduction The purpose of this document is to discuss the work we have been doing with two OASIS-standards namely XACML and SAML, used for writing access control policies and carrying out access control and enabling authentication respectively. The report discusses usage of the standards as part of a demonstrator that was created for the GOLD project. The purpose of the report is to show how XACML and SAML can be used together to provide a flexible and at the same time powerful security mechanism. The report is structured as follows. We introduce the 2 standards and give some details as to what they do. Further on we introduce our demonstrator and the scenario we used. We provide a fair amount of detail regarding the XML messages and documents that are exchanged between the various entities of the demo while at the same time we explain the underlying protocols. We conclude the report with some further issues and future work. 2.0 OASIS Standards In this section we introduce the 2 standards we used and some details as to how they are structured and what they can achieve. We have deliberately avoided to show XML in this section as we show XML messages as part of the Demo. 2.1 XACML The first standard (XACML) is an XML based Web service standard for communicating access control policies between services. It provides standard XML
Screen Development to Withstand 4,000-psi Overbalance, Subhydrostatic Completion in Deepwater GOM Subsea Waterflood Injector Wells (2008)

Abstract This paper describes challenges, test equipment, test program and results in the development of a screen product and contingency fluid-loss control (FLC) pill formulation to withstand 4,600-psi burst resistance pressure. In maturing deepwater fields, such as Shell Ursa/Princess where depleted reservoir pressures are significantly below the hydrostatic pressure of a seawater column, a modified screen design was required since screen products currently available were limited to &lt;3,500 psi. FLC pill formulations also required modification because they were only validated to 1,000 psi in the current laboratory test apparatus. A series of burst tests were conducted on a wire-wrap screen design direct wrapped to 4-in. base pipe. The objective was to determine if the screen could withstand at least 4,600 psi without damage. The wire-wrap design selected to improve the pressure rating was substantially heavier than what has been used in traditional sand-control completions. Initial burst tests with available 316L material averaged 4,600 psi. Two sets of additional burst tests were conducted with Alloy 625 screens on 25 Chrome base pipe to meet injector material requirements. The FLC formulation was modified from conventional design to enhance the pressure response. The last test results averaged over 5,100 psi. Comprehensive before and after measurements and slot inspections were done; the data were used in Finite Element Analysis to finalize the detailed screen design. No traditional mechanical burst of the screen occurred. Most influential factors were slot size/geometry and pill formulation.
Fast microwave synthesis of Fe3O4 and Fe3O4/Ag magnetic nanoparticles using Fe2+ as precursor (2010)

A simple and quick microwave method to prepare high performance magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) directly from Fe has been developed. The as-prepared Fe3O4 NPs product was fully characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the as-prepared Fe3O4 NPs are quite monodisperse with an average core size of 80 × 5 nm. The microwave synthesis technique can be easily modified to prepare Fe3O4/Ag NPs and these NPs possess good magnetic properties. The formation mechanisms of the NPs are also discussed. Our proposed synthesis procedure is quick and simple, and shows potential for large-scale production and applications for catalysis and biomedical/biological uses.
Crystallization and preliminary X‐ray diffraction studies of the cartilage link protein from bovine trachea (1995)

Cartilage extracellular matrix link protein, having molecular mass of approximately 40 kDa, is a metalloprotein that binds divalent cations and is only soluble in low ionic strength solutions. The link protein was purified from bovine trachea and has been crystallized by a vapor diffusion method using PEG 3350 as precipitant. The crystal symmetry is P1, and the unit cell dimensions are a = 43.55, b = 53.11, c = 60.10 A, alpha = 90.44, beta = 106.21, gamma = 101.51 degrees. The VM of 1.8 A3/Da is consistent with the presence of two molecules of the link protein in the asymmetric unit. The crystals diffract X-rays from a synchrotron source to 1.7 A resolution.
Molecular pharming (2011)

Molecular Pharming represents an unprecedented opportunity to manufacture affordable modern medicines and make these available at a global scale. The area of greatest potential is in the prevention of infectious diseases, particular in underdeveloped countries where access to medicines and vaccines has historically been limited. This is why, at St. George's, we focus on diseases such as HIV, TB and rabies, and aim to develop production strategies that are simple and potentially easy to transfer to developing countries.