gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Oligopeptide‐based amide functional initiators for ATRP (2008)

Abstract Polymer–peptide conjugates are receiving significant interest. Here, we show that, under the appropriate conditions, a small family of oligopeptide‐based initiators can be used successfully to initiate the polymerization of methacrylic monomers by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), generating new examples of such materials. However, the use of the peptidic amide‐based initiators results in polymers which have a higher molecular weight than expected and a significantly higher polydispersity than those prepared from ester‐based initiators. In many cases significant initiator remains, suggesting that either not all peptides successfully initiate polymerization or that significant termination reactions occur early in the reaction. This low initiator efficiency agrees with other reports for amino acid‐based initiators. It therefore appears that such amide‐based initiators can be used successfully, but have a significantly lower applicability than the more commonly used ester‐based initiators. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 6082–6090, 2008
An Iterative Load Disaggregation Approach Based on Appliance Consumption Pattern (2018)

Non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM), monitoring single-appliance consumption level by decomposing the aggregated energy consumption, is a novel and economic technology that is beneficial to energy utilities and energy demand management strategies development. Hardware costs of high-frequency sampling and algorithm’s computational complexity hampered NILM large-scale application. However, low sampling data shows poor performance in event detection when multiple appliances are simultaneously turned on. In this paper, we contribute an iterative disaggregation approach that is based on appliance consumption pattern (ILDACP). Our approach combined Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithm, which provide an initial appliance operating status, and sub-sequence searching Dynamic Time Warping, which retrieves single energy consumption based on the typical power consumption pattern. Results show that the proposed approach is effective to accurately disaggregate power consumption, and is suitable for the situation where different appliances are simultaneously operated. Also, the approach has lower computational complexity than Hidden Markov Model method and it is easy to implement in the household without installing special equipment.
Experimental Mouse Lethality of<i>Escherichia coli</i>Isolates, in Relation to Accessory Traits, Phylogenetic Group, and Ecological Source (2006)

Specific group B2-associated accessory traits are more potent predictors of experimental virulence among E. coli isolates than is either phylogenetic background or ecological source. Molecular typing can estimate an E. coli isolate's extraintestinal virulence potential, regardless of source.
Low-Cost Polyester-Tipped Three-Dimensionally Printed Nasopharyngeal Swab for the Detection of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Related Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (2020)

Case identification, isolation, and contact tracing are fundamental strategies used to control the spread of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This has led to widespread testing that interrupted the supply chain for testing materials around the world. A prospective study was conducted to compare inexpensive and easily sourced 3-dimensionally (3D)-printed polylactic acid and polyester nasopharyngeal swabs to commercially manufactured swabs for the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). During the study period, 287 laboratory-confirmed hospitalized COVID-19 patients, at multiple stages of their illness, were enrolled. The median age for the study population was 47.6 years (interquartile range [IQR], 34.4 to 56.6 years), and two-thirds (67.6%) of the subjects were male. The median duration of hospitalization, at the time of sampling, was 13 days (IQR, 10 to 16 days). Overall concordance between the prototype and control swabs was 80.8% (Cohen's kappa coefficient, 0.61). Most discrepant results were due to prototype-positive control-negative results. When considering all positive results to be true positives, the prototype swab had a higher sensitivity (90.6% versus 80.8%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 85.7% to 94.0% and 74.7% to 85.7%, respectively; <i>P < </i>0.015). The cost to produce the prototype swab was estimated to be $0.05 per swab. Polylactic acid 3D-printed polyester-tipped swabs were shown to be effective for nasopharyngeal sample collection. We believe that this design can easily be adopted in countries where commercial swabs are not readily available and can play a vital role in public health efforts for disease control in low-income countries.
Penetration into and elimination from the cerebrospinal fluid of diltiazem, a calcium antagonist, in anesthetized rabbits. (1986)

Penetration into and elimination from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of diltiazem were studied following intravenous (i.v.) or intra-cisternal (i.c.) administration of 14C-diltiazem to anesthetized rabbits. 14C-Diltiazem rapidly penetrated into the CSF through the blood-CSF barrier after i.v. injection (1 mg/kg). A CSF level of the radioactivity attained the peak (0.13 microgram eq./ml) 5 min after i.v. injection and declined bi-exponentially with rapid initial half-life of 3.8 min (5-15 min) and second half-life of 2.7 h (15 min-8 h). A CSF/plasma ratio was 0.05-0.2 throughout the observation period. After i.c. administration (100 micrograms/body), the CSF level of the radioactivity decreased with a half-life of 7.5 min up to 1 h. The CSF level was maintained above 10(-7) mol/l until 2-3 h. Elimination half-life of 14C-diltiazem after i.c. injection was much more similar to that of 3H2O than 14C-inulin, indicating that the main elimination route of this compound from the CSF is diffusion into the brain, followed by rapid diffusion into the cerebral capillary, rather than filtration from the sub-arachnoid villi. An autoradiographic investigation supported the above route of elimination.
THE EFFECTS OF SLOW RELEASE UREA ON NITROGEN METABOLISM IN CATTLE (2012)

The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of slow release urea on N metabolism in cattle. The ruminal behavior of Optigen®II and the effect of basal diet on the in situ degradability of urea and Optigen®II were evaluated. The effect of slow release urea and its interaction with degradable intake protein (DIP) level in the diet on N retention and excretion was evaluated utilizing 8 Holstein steers in a 4 x 4 Latin square experiment. In addition, the effect of slow release urea and DIP level on ruminal and systemic urea kinetics was evaluated using stable isotope techniques with 8 Holstein steers in a 4 x 4 Latin square experiment. Finally, slow release urea was evaluated under a practical beef production setting. The performance of slow release urea was compared to regular feed grade urea in a 42 day receiving study (288 Angus cross steers) as well as a 70 day growing study (240 Angus cross steers). High forage diets increased the ruminal degradation rate of both urea and slow release urea an increased the extent of degradation of slow release urea when compared to high concentrate diets. Lower DIP concentrations in the diet reduced systemic urea production, ruminal ammonia and plasma urea concentrations and urinary urea excretion under most circumstances but also led to a reduction in N retention, reduced diet digestibility, lower feed intake, lower growth rate and decreased feed efficiency. High DIP intakes increased N retention, growth rate, diet digestibility and improved feed efficiency but also lead to increased excretion on urea N in the urine. Slow release urea improved N retention and efficiency of N retention in high DIP diets when compared to urea and generally reduced plasma urea and ruminal ammonia concentrations. Compared to urea, slow release urea did not significantly improve the production of receiving cattle. However Optigen®II improved the feed efficiency when compared to urea on high concentrate diets but reduced feed efficiency on high forage diets.
Topology and Formation of Triple-Stranded H-DNA (1989)

Repeating copolymers of (dT-dC)n.(dA-dG)n sequences (TC.AGn) can assume a hinged DNA structure (H-DNA) which is composed of triple-stranded and single-stranded regions. A model for the formation of H-DNA is proposed, based on two-dimensional gel electrophoretic analysis of DNA's with different lengths of (TC.AG)n copolymers. In this model, H-DNA formation is initiated at a small denaturation bubble in the interior of the copolymer, which allows the duplexes on either side to rotate slightly and to fold back, in order to make the first base triplet. This nucleation establishes which of several nonequivalent H-DNA conformations is to be assumed by any DNA molecule, thereby trapping each molecule in one of several metastable conformers that are not freely interconvertible. Subsequently, the acceptor region spools up single-stranded polypyrimidines as they are released by progressive denaturation of the donor region; both the spooling and the denaturation result in relaxation of negative supercoils in the rest of the DNA molecule. From the model, it can be predicted that the levels of supercoiling of the DNA determine which half of the (dT-dC)n repeat is to become the donated third strand.
Monitoring the Mechanical Properties of Healing Bone (2009)

Fracture healing is normally assessed through an interpretation of radiographs, clinical evaluation, including pain on weight bearing, and a manual assessment of the mobility of the fracture. These assessments are subjective and their accuracy in determining when a fracture has healed has been questioned. Viewed in mechanical terms, fracture healing represents a steady increase in strength and stiffness of a broken bone and it is only when these values are sufficiently high to support unrestricted weight bearing that a fracture can be said to be healed. Information on the rate of increase of the mechanical properties of a healing bone is therefore valuable in determining both the rate at which a fracture will heal and in helping to define an objective and measurable endpoint of healing. A number of techniques have been developed to quantify bone healing in mechanical terms and these are described and discussed in detail. Clinical studies, in which measurements of fracture stiffness have been used to identify a quantifiable end point of healing, compare different treatment methods, predictably determine whether a fracture will heal, and identify factors which most influence healing, are reviewed and discussed.
Polypropylene based carbon nanotubes composites: structure and properties (2008)

Abstract In the field of polymer nanocomposite materials, carbon nanotubes have attracted lots of research interests in the recent past for their potentialities in improving a wide range of polymer properties. We present here a comprehensive study on polypropylene/carbon nanotube composites evaluating the morphology as well as the thermal behaviour of the prepared systems. Pristine as well as -COOH functionalised carbon nanotubes were taken into account and melt mixed at different weight fractions with PP; the crystallisation characteristics of the material were evaluated by means of DSC and XRD and the thermal behaviour was assessed through TGA analyses. The nanotubes appear to affect significantly the properties of the matrix in a way notably dependent on the functionalization and on the filler amount.
Modeling Temporal Effects of Spectral Loudness Summation (2009)

Recent studies have shown that spectral loudness summation depends on duration. Modifications of a current loudness model were investigated with respect to their ability to predict this effect. The original version of the model could not simulate the duration dependence of spectral loudness summation. To reconcile the model with the loudness data, three different mechanisms accentuating temporal onsets of sounds were tested: (i) adaptive compression, (ii) adaptive auditory filters and (iii) bandwidth-dependent integration. A comparison between simulations and experimental data indicated that, in principle, all mechanisms lead to increased spectral loudness summation for short noise bursts, but bandwidth-dependent integration may be the most realistic approach. Such a modified model also predicts the spectral loudness summation of repeated noise bursts as a function of repetition rate.
Dual-fuel propulsion in single-stage Advanced Manned Launch System Vehicle (1995)

Covers advancements in spacecraft and tactical and strategic missile systems, including subsystem design and application, mission design and analysis, materials and structures, developments in space sciences, space processing and manufacturing, space operations, and applications of space technologies to other fields.
Inhibition of tumor‐induced edema by antisense VEGF is mediated by suppressive vesiculo‐vacuolar organelles (VVO) formation (2008)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important regulator of angiogenesis, vasculogenesis and vascular permeability. Edema in glioma tumors is considered one of the most pathological characteristics, but the mechanism of regulating vascular permeability is still unclear. In the present study, tumorigenic mice were generated by subcutaneous injection of glioma cell lines, C6-null cells and stable transfected-C6 cells overexpressing mock vector (C6-mock) and antisense VEGF (C6-VEGF(-/-)). Overexpression of antisense VEGF (C6-VEGF(-/-) mice) significantly suppressed tumor growth, decreased angiogenesis and reduced tumoral edema. Further studies by electron microscope revealed that tumor-induced hyperpermeability was mediated by formation of vesiculo-vacuolar organelles (VVO), specifically reducing the number of vesicle and caveolae in VVO, and this effect was blocked, at least partially, by antisense VEGF. These data show a possible mechanism of tumor-induced hyperpermeability and indicate that blockage of VEGF might contribute to therapeutical strategies for tumor edema.
Blood-brain barrier dysfunction in ischemic stroke: targeting tight junctions and transporters for vascular protection (2018)

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a physical and biochemical barrier that precisely controls cerebral homeostasis. It also plays a central role in the regulation of blood-to-brain flux of endogenous and exogenous xenobiotics and associated metabolites. This is accomplished by molecular characteristics of brain microvessel endothelial cells such as tight junction protein complexes and functional expression of influx and efflux transporters. One of the pathophysiological features of ischemic stroke is disruption of the BBB, which significantly contributes to development of brain injury and subsequent neurological impairment. Biochemical characteristics of BBB damage include decreased expression and altered organization of tight junction constituent proteins as well as modulation of functional expression of endogenous BBB transporters. Therefore, there is a critical need for development of novel therapeutic strategies that can protect against BBB dysfunction (i.e., vascular protection) in the setting of ischemic stroke. Such strategies include targeting tight junctions to ensure that they maintain their correct structure or targeting transporters to control flux of physiological substrates for protection of endothelial homeostasis. In this review, we will describe the pathophysiological mechanisms in cerebral microvascular endothelial cells that lead to BBB dysfunction following onset of stroke. Additionally, we will utilize this state-of-the-art knowledge to provide insights on novel pharmacological strategies that can be developed to confer BBB protection in the setting of ischemic stroke.
Algebraic foundation and optimization for object based query languages (2002)

The Tarski algebra, an algebraic foundation for object-based query languages, is presented. While maintaining physical data independence, the Tarski algebra is shown to be both simple and powerful enough to express all reasonable queries. It is shown how queries expressed in a graph-oriented query language (based on the functional data model) can be translated into the Tarski algebra. The graphical representation of queries in combination with the Tarski algebra is shown to be a convenient mechanism for effective query optimization.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Production of ( <i>R</i> )-3-Chloro-1,2-Propanediol from Prochiral 1,3-Dichloro-2-Propanol by <i>Corynebacterium</i> sp. Strain N-1074 (1993)

The production of (R)-3-chloro-1,2-propanediol [(R)-MCP] from prochiral 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol (DCP) was examined with a bacterial strain identified as a Corynebacterium strain. The addition of glycerol as a carbon source or some chlorinated alcohols to a medium was effective for the induction of activity catalyzing the transformation of DCP into MCP. The optimum pH for (R)-MCP production by the resting cell reaction was around 8.0. The optical purity of (R)-MCP formed was improved by keeping the level of DCP in the reaction mixture at a low concentration. (R)-MCP was obtained from 77.5 mM DCP with a 97.3% molar conversion yield and an 83.8% enantiomeric excess of its optical purity by periodic feeding of the substrate.
A comparison of imputation methods in a longitudinal randomized clinical trial (2005)

It is common for longitudinal clinical trials to face problems of item non-response, unit non-response, and drop-out. In this paper, we compare two alternative methods of handling multivariate incomplete data across a baseline assessment and three follow-up time points in a multi-centre randomized controlled trial of a disease management programme for late-life depression. One approach combines hot-deck (HD) multiple imputation using a predictive mean matching method for item non-response and the approximate Bayesian bootstrap for unit non-response. A second method is based on a multivariate normal (MVN) model using PROC MI in SAS software V8.2. These two methods are contrasted with a last observation carried forward (LOCF) technique and available-case (AC) analysis in a simulation study where replicate analyses are performed on subsets of the originally complete cases. Missing-data patterns were simulated to be consistent with missing-data patterns found in the originally incomplete cases, and observed complete data means were taken to be the targets of estimation. Not surprisingly, the LOCF and AC methods had poor coverage properties for many of the variables evaluated. Multiple imputation under the MVN model performed well for most variables but produced less than nominal coverage for variables with highly skewed distributions. The HD method consistently produced close to nominal coverage, with interval widths that were roughly 7 per cent larger on average than those produced from the MVN model.
5 MHz switching micro DC-DC converter using planar inductor (2002)

The authors describe a high frequency switching DC-DC converter using a novel developed planar inductor. The planar inductor has a sandwich structure, which consists of a 50 /spl mu/m thick copper rectangular spiral coil between upper and lower 6 /spl mu/m thick FeCoBC amorphous magnetic films. The typical specifications of the inductor are as follows: 5.50/spl times/6.55 mm/sup 2/ in size, inductance of 0.30 /spl mu/H constant up to 10 MHz, DC resistance of 0.16 Ohms, a maximum quality factor of 8 at 2 MHz, and a maximum DC current of 1.6 A at -6 dB inductance point. A 5 MHz switching step up converter has been developed, which has the planar inductor, Nch lateral MOSFETs for main switch, a low Vf Schottky barrier diode, multilayered ceramic capacitors and a MHz operation PWM control IC. These components have been surface-mounted on circuit board, and then molded by epoxy resin. The novel developed DC-DC converter has 1.3/spl times/1.4/spl times/0.2 cm/sup 3/ in size, 2 W of rating output power and 80% of typical efficiency, when an input voltage is 3.6 V and an output voltage is 4.7 V.
Applications of Pore-Expanded Mesoporous Silica. 2. Development of a High-Capacity, Water-Tolerant Adsorbent for CO<sub>2</sub> (2005)

A novel high-capacity, water-tolerant adsorbent for CO2 was developed. It consisted of diethanolamine (DEA) loaded pore-expanded MCM-41 silica (PE-MCM-41). Due to its very large pore volume, PE-MCM-41 silica was capable of accommodating a greater quantity of amine resulting in higher CO2 adsorption capacity compared to the other supports including activated carbon, silica gel, and standard MCM-41 silica. Adsorption measurements were conducted by gravimetry using dry CO2 to obtain uptake curves and apparent rate data. The capacity and uptake rate reached maxima with respect to amine content and then declined due to the deposition of excess amine on the particle's external surface and within the interparticle voids. At CO2 partial pressures below 0.15 atm, the current DEA loaded PE-MCM-41 adsorbent was found to be superior to the more conventional zeolite 13X. Adsorption studies with humid CO2 revealed that the adsorption capacity of the PE-MCM-41-based material was insensitive to the presence of moisture, which represents a major advantage over zeolite 13X. Repeated adsorption−desorption cycles revealed that our novel adsorbent exhibited good cyclic stability.