gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structural and electronic properties of epitaxial graphene on SiC(0 0 0 1): a review of growth, characterization, transfer doping and hydrogen intercalation (2010)

Graphene, a monoatomic layer of graphite, hosts a two-dimensional electron gas system with large electron mobilities which makes it a prospective candidate for future carbon nanodevices. Grown epitaxially on silicon carbide (SiC) wafers, large area graphene samples appear feasible and integration in existing device technology can be envisioned. This paper reviews the controlled growth of epitaxial graphene layers on SiC(0 0 0 1) and the manipulation of their electronic structure. We show that epitaxial graphene on SiC grows on top of a carbon interface layer that—although it has a graphite-like atomic structure—does not display the linear π-bands typical for graphene due to a strong covalent bonding to the substrate. Only the second carbon layer on top of this interface acts like monolayer graphene. With a further carbon layer, a graphene bilayer system develops. During the growth of epitaxial graphene on SiC(0 0 0 1) the number of graphene layers can be precisely controlled by monitoring the π-band structure. Experimental fingerprints for in situ growth control could be established. However, due to the influence of the interface layer, epitaxial graphene on SiC(0 0 0 1) is intrinsically n-doped and the layers have a long-range corrugation in their density of states. As a result, the Dirac point energy where the π-bands cross is shifted away from the Fermi energy, so that the ambipolar properties of graphene cannot be exploited. We demonstrate methods to compensate and eliminate this structural and electronic influence of the interface. We show that the band structure of epitaxial graphene on SiC(0 0 0 1) can be precisely tailored by functionalizing the graphene surface with tetrafluoro-tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4-TCNQ) molecules. Charge neutrality can be achieved for mono- and bilayer graphene. On epitaxial bilayer graphene, where a band gap opens due to the asymmetric electric field across the layers imposed by the interface, the magnitude of this band gap can be increased up to more than double its initial value. The hole doping allows the Fermi level to shift into the energy band gap. The impact of the interface layer can be completely eliminated by decoupling the graphene from the SiC substrate by a hydrogen intercalation technique. We demonstrate that hydrogen can migrate under the interface layer and passivate the underlying SiC substrate. The interface layer alone transforms into a quasi-free standing monolayer. Epitaxial monolayer graphene turns into a decoupled bilayer. In combination with atmospheric pressure graphitization, the intercalation process allows the production of quasi-free standing epitaxial graphene on large SiC wafers and represents a highly promising route towards epitaxial graphene based nanoelectronics.
Chemical‐shift artifact reduction in hadamard‐encoded MR spectroscopic imaging at high (3T and 7T) magnetic fields (2007)

Proton MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) at higher magnetic fields (B(0)) suffers metabolite localization errors from different chemical-shift displacements (CSDs) if spatially-selective excitation is used. This phenomenon is exacerbated by the decreasing radiofrequency (RF) field strength, B(1), at higher B(0)s, precluding its suppression with stronger gradients. To address this, two new methods are proposed: 1) segmenting the volume-of-interest (VOI) into several slabs, allowing proportionally stronger slice-select gradients; and 2) sequentially cascading rather than superposing the components of the Hadamard selective pulses used for reasons of better point-spread function (PSF) to localize the few slices within each slab. This can reduce the peak B(1) to that of a single slice. Combining these approaches permits us to increase the selective gradient four- to eightfold per given B(1), to 12 or 18mT/m for 4- or 2-cm VOIs. This "brute force" approach reduces the CSD to under 0.05 cm/ppm at 7T, or less than half that at 3T.
Bianisotropic response of microfabricated metamaterials in the terahertz region (2006)

Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy was used to investigate the bianisotropic response of microfabricated split-ring resonators (SRRs) and the in-plane SRR-wire metamaterials. We observed a strong polarization dependence of the transmission with a polarized incident terahertz electromagnetic wave. Two transmission minima, one from the bianisotropic contribution and the other from the anisotropic plasmonic contribution, are discussed. The evolution of the two transmission minima as a function of polarization angle is also demonstrated. The effective-medium theory combined with the dispersion relations in metamaterials is employed to elucidate the experimental data effectively.
Making the most of context-awareness in brain-computer interfaces (2013)

In order for brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) to be used reliably for extended periods of time, they must be able to adapt to the users evolving needs. This adaptation should not only be a function of the environmental (external) context, but should also consider the internal context, such as cognitive states and brain signal reliability. In this work, we propose three different shared control frameworks that have been used for BCI applications: contextual fusion, contextual gating, and contextual regulation. We review recently published results in the light of these three context-awareness frameworks. Then, we discuss important issues to consider when designing a shared controller for BCI.
Identification of autoreactive T cells in Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease. (2001)

The autoreactive T cells against tyrosinase and/or TRP1 may contribute to the development of VKH disease.
Siting, installation, and performance issues for commercial roof-mounted PV systems (2002)

Pacific Gas and Electric Co. (PG&E) is one of eleven electric utilities participating in the first phase of the US Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) photovoltaic demand side management (PV-DSM) program coordinated by Ascension Technology Inc. (ATI). An extensive effort was made by PG&E to install the nominal 10-kW/sub A/C EPA photovoltaic (PV) system on a customer's building. Problems arose related to permitting, code compliance, roofing materials, and solar access. As a result, the design was modified slightly and the system was installed on a PG&E-owned building in December 1993. Viability of roof-mounted PV will require that the system installation be fully code compliant, straightforward and routine. This paper identifies issues and suggests solutions regarding the installation of electric utility-grade PV power systems on customer premises.
<i>The</i>UNIX<i>System</i>: Debugging C Programs With the Blit (1984)

The Blit terminal is changing the way we debug C programs. Using multiple virtual terminals on the Blit, a programmer can interact simultaneously with several of the tools needed when debugging. This makes existing tools more useful and influences the design of new tools. In particular, the Blit cleanly separates the programmer's communication with a debugger from communication with the program being debugged. Moreover, joff, a debugger for C programs that run in the Blit, demonstrates the advantage of operating a debugger asynchronously with the subject process and the effectiveness of a source-level user interface based on pop-up menus. The graphics user interface supports “pointer chasing” through arbitrary data structures and graphical display of graphics data objects.
Diverse antidepressants increase CDP-diacylglycerol production and phosphatidylinositide resynthesis in depression-relevant regions of the rat brain (2008)

Chemically divergent antidepressant agents commonly and significantly enhanced the accumulation of CDP-diacylglycerol. The latter is not only a derived product of phosphoinositide hydrolysis but is also a crucial intermediate in the biosynthesis of several signaling substrates. Hence, altered CDP-diacylglycerol signaling might be implicated in the pathophysiology of depression or the mechanism of action of diverse antidepressant medications.
Synthesis and characterisation of estrogenic carriers for cytotoxic Pt(ii) fragments: biological activity of the resulting complexes (2005)

This paper describes the synthesis and the spectroscopic characterisation of cis-dichloro[N-(4-(17alpha-ethynylestradiolyl)-benzyl)-ethylenediamine]platinum(II) and cis-diamino[2-(4-(17alpha-ethynylestradiolyl)-benzoylamino)-malonato]platinum(II). These complexes were synthesised in good yield according to multi-step procedures based on the classical and non-classical Sonogashira coupling reaction, respectively. These compounds retain an acceptable degree of relative binding affinity (RBA) for the alpha form of estrogen receptor. Combined treatment of breast cancer cell lines, namely hormone-sensitive MCF-7 and hormone-insensitive MDA-MB-231 cell lines, indicates that these compounds maintain agonistic activity so that the potential advantage in vehiculation of the cytotoxic moiety by means of the receptor system is counteracted by the proliferative effect of the estrogenic component of the entire molecule, especially at low concentrations.
Analysis of transient photocurrents in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin film solar cells (1997)

A transient photocurrent measurement with a zero-field time-of-flight configuration was carried out on ITO/ZnO/CdS(n-type)/Cu(In,Ga)Se2(p-type, Eg=1.15 eV)/Mo/glass solar cell to get the information about the minority carrier transport on the Cu(In,Ga)Se2 film. The transient photocurrent was recorded after the incidence of a subnanosecond pulse light (500 nm wavelength) from the back side through the Mo thin film (&lt;0.5 μm). The analysis of the transient photocurrent was conducted by using the time-dependent diffusion current equation. Consequently, the values of 1.0 cm2/s, 100 ns, and 103 cm/s as the diffusion coefficient, the minority carrier lifetime, and the recombination velocity in the Cu(In,Ga)Se2/Mo interface, respectively, were obtained on the Cu(In,Ga)Se2 film. These data corresponded to the electron beam induced current line profile data, and the experimental data of J0, analyzed by current–voltage characteristics.
Studies on Gastritis in the Upper Portion of Stomach by Endoscopic Congo Red Test (1973)

Technique for endoscopic examination of the extent of gastritis in upper portion of the stomach was established with congo red solution. Gastritis in upper portion of the stomach was then examined by this technique and in resected stomachs. The results was as follows: 1. By means of congo red test, it is possible to demonstrate the extent of gastritis in the upper stomach as “non-discolored area” characterized by absence of acid secretion. – 2. Histological characteristics of gastritis in the upper stomach consisted mainly of atrophy of fundic glands and intestinal metaplasia, while epithelial defect, edema, inflammatory cell infiltration and hyperemia were also detected. – 3. Two different modes of gastritic extension were recognized: one in which gastritis spreads from the lower corpus to cardiac side, and the other in which it begins on the cardiac side and spreads to the lower. – 4. Gastritis starting on the cardiac side, grows with aging, and the histological changes were advance of fundic gland's atrophy and intestinal metaplasia.
Use of Dried Plasma Spots in the Determination of Pharmacokinetics in Clinical Studies: Validation of a Quantitative Bioanalytical Method (2010)

A novel approach has been developed for the quantitative determination of circulating drug concentrations in clinical studies using dried plasma spots (DPS) on paper substrates, rather than conventional plasma samples. A quantitative bioanalytical high-pressure liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) assay has been validated using paroxetine as a tool compound (range 0.2-200 ng/mL human plasma). The assay employed simple solvent extraction of a punched disk taken from the DPS sample, followed by reversed phase HPLC separation, combined with multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometric detection. In addition to performing routine experiments to establish the validity of the assay to internationally accepted criteria (precision, accuracy, linearity, sensitivity, selectivity), experiments are included to assess the effect of the volume of plasma spotted and the use of an indicating paper. The validated DPS approach was successfully applied to a clinical study utilizing pooled samples and a direct comparison of DPS and plasma was made (single oral dose of 37.5 mg of paroxetine).
Surface‐modified polysulfone hollow fibers. II. Fibers having CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>3</sub><sup>−</sup> segments and immersed in HCI solution (1990)

Abstract Polysulfone ultrafiltration hollow fibers were chemically modified on the surfaces with propane sultone and SnCI 4 , and immersed in HCI solution subsequently. The immersion of the fibers in HCI solution yielded lower molecular weight cutoff of the fibers than those without the immersion. The fiber, denoted as HP‐SB‐17H, rejected 5% of raffinose at feed concentration = 0.5 wt % and 14% of NaCI at the feed concentration = 0.0025 wt %. The rejection of NaCI for HP‐SB‐17H was found to increase with the decrease of the feed concentration, and showed the tendency of Donnan exclusion. The effective fixed charge density was estimated to be 7.74 × 10 −4 eq/L for the fiber. Absorption of poly(ethylene glycol) and bovine serum albumin at pH 7.0 on nonmodified and modified fibers was estimated from the ratio of J η / J 0η0 , where J is flux, η is viscosity, and the suffix zero shows the values of pure water. The modified fibers with the propane sultone showed better results of antiabsorption than the nonmodified and conventionally sulfonated fibers in this study. This was attributed to the high flexibility of a sulfonated group originating from the existence of a joint segment of (‐CH 2 ‐) 3 in the modified fibers.
StreetStyle: Exploring world-wide clothing styles from millions of photos (2017)

Each day billions of photographs are uploaded to photo-sharing services and social media platforms. These images are packed with information about how people live around the world. In this paper we exploit this rich trove of data to understand fashion and style trends worldwide. We present a framework for visual discovery at scale, analyzing clothing and fashion across millions of images of people around the world and spanning several years. We introduce a large-scale dataset of photos of people annotated with clothing attributes, and use this dataset to train attribute classifiers via deep learning. We also present a method for discovering visually consistent style clusters that capture useful visual correlations in this massive dataset. Using these tools, we analyze millions of photos to derive visual insight, producing a first-of-its-kind analysis of global and per-city fashion choices and spatio-temporal trends.
FILTRATION OF PARTICLES FROM SUSPENSION BY THE AMERICAN OYSTER <i>CRASSOSTREA VIRGINICA</i> (1970)

1. Particle filtration by the oyster Crassostrea virginica was studied in the 1.0 to 12.0 µ size range in relation to naturally occurring particles and to kaolinite suspensions in filtered river water. 2. Oysters were held in troughs of flowing water under conditions similar to their natural environment. Particle number and volumes entering and leaving the troughs were enumerated using a Coulter electronic particle counter. Particle diameter was expressed as that of a sphere having a volume equal to the particle. 3. Results of the study were expressed as per cent of total particles removed in various size increments or in volumes removed over the same size range. 4. Oysters filtered naturally occurring particles in the 1.0 to 3.0 µ range with about one-third the efficiency as larger particles. Above 3.0 µ there was no change in efficiency with increasing particle size. For kaolinite particles, oysters removed particles in the 1.0 to 2.0 µ range with about half the efficiency as larger particles. Above this size there was no change. 5. When results are expressed in terms of per cent removal, the importance of the small sized particles is minimized. In terms of volume, particles in the 1.0 to 3.0 µ range constitute the largest single size fraction over the 1.0 to 12.0 µ range. 6. The consistent presence of an inflection point at a particle size around 2.0- 3.0 µ in the curve for per cent removed vs. particle size is an indication that the distance between adjacent latero-frontal cilia is the factor that determines the smallest particle size that can be completely retained by the oyster gill. 7. Presence of the inflection point is also interpreted as negating the existence of a mucous sheet over the gills, as suggested by MacGinitie (1941). 8. Particles in the 1.0 to 3.0 µ range may play an important role in the nutrition of oysters and other lamellibranchs. Their removal by these organisms may also be an important factor in sedimentary processes.
Software to silicon (2000)

The principles of hardware compilation could be set to rewrite the rule book of silicon design. This article describes Handel-C, a parallel programming language that is providing programmers with a route to FPGA-based VLSI design, not by offering them a familiar programming environment combined with access to the parallel constructs familiar to the hardware designer, but by expressing the parallelism at a totally different level of abstraction; it doesn't describe the hardware like an HDL does - it describes the computation.
Methylation and expression of amplified esterase genes in the aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (2000)

Most populations of the aphid Myzus persicae have amplified genes (up to 80 copies) encoding the insecticide-detoxifying esterase E4. This paper reports the analysis of methylation of the E4 gene and its flanking DNA with the use of methylation-sensitive restriction enzymes, CpG profiling and bisulphite sequencing. In combination these show that E4 has 5-methylcytosine confined to CpG doublets, as previously shown for vertebrate genomes; this is the first such report for an insect gene. The methylation is present within the gene but absent from upstream regions, including the 5' CpG-rich region around the start of transcription, and from 3' flanking DNA. Methylated E4 genes are expressed; loss of the 5-methylcytosine is correlated with a loss of transcription, although this is not accompanied by a global loss of the 5-methylcytosine present in the aphid genome. These results suggest that the methylation of E4 has a positive role in expression, and call into question the widely held view that methylation in invertebrate genomes is confined to regions that do not contain genes and that methylation is always associated with gene silencing.
Immunogenetic associations of scleroderma‐related antinuclear antibodies (1990)

Abstract Patients selected for the presence of sclerodermarelated antibodies (anti‐DNA‐topoisomerase I [antitopo I; n = 43], anticentromere antibody [ACA; n = 63], or anti‐Pm‐Scl [n = 12]) were studied for class I and class II major histocompatibility complex antigens, as well as for Gm and Km allotypes. Anti‐topo I was associated with HLA‐DR5 (70% of patients versus 30.6% of controls; P corr = 0.0018, relative risk [RR] = 5.3). All patients with anti‐Pm‐Scl were positive for HLA‐DR3 (versus 23.5% of controls; P corr < 0.001); 6 of these patients were DR3/4 heterozygous (50% versus 3.5% of controls; P corr < 0.001, RR = 27.3). Patients with ACA were frequently positive for HLA‐DR1, DR4, or DRw8, with 73.7% demonstrating at least 1 of these alleles (versus 41.2% of controls; P corr = 0.0152, RR = 4.0). This group of ACA‐positive patients who had DR1, DR4, and/or DRw8 consisted mainly of a subgroup of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. We conclude that different class II major histocompatibility complex antigens influence the formation of anti‐topo I and anti‐Pm‐Scl. Important clinical differences between these patient groups and the immunogenetic heterogeneity support the notion of different antibody‐defined scleroderma subsets.
Automated Level Crossings – A futuristic solution enabling Smart City Infrastructure (2019)

Around the world, railway tracks pass through villages, towns, cities and metropolises that leads to the problem of ubiquitous Level Crossings (LC) as they transect municipal streets, roads, highways, etc. Real-time train running position, collected through Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites is compared against crossing envelope distance. A PLC based system can be designed, consisting of a receiver, that polls the approaching train data and actuates a motor that closes the gate of an unmanned LC, when train is within the level crossing envelope. This paper presents an integrated solution using existing technologies.
An Efficient Deep Learning Algorithm for Fire and Smoke Detection with Limited Data (2018)

Detecting smoke and fire from visual scenes is a demanding task, due to the high variance of the color and texture. A number of smoke and fire image classification approaches have been proposed to overcome this problem; however, most of them rely on either rule-based methods or on handcrafted features. We propose a novel deep convolutional neural network algorithm to achieve high-accuracy fire and smoke image detection. Instead of using traditional rectified linear units or tangent functions, we use adaptive piecewise linear units in the hidden layers of the network. We also have created a new small dataset of fire and smoke images to train and evaluate our model. To solve the overfitting problem caused by training the network on a limited dataset, we improve the number of available training images using traditional data augmentation techniques and generative adversarial networks. Experimental results show that the proposed approach achieves high accuracy and a high detection rate, as well as a very low rate of false alarms.
Laser-induced chemical vapor deposition of hydrogenated amorphous silicon. II. Film properties (1987)

Properties of hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin films prepared by the laser-induced chemical vapor deposition (LICVD) of silane gas are described. We report the results of measurements of hydrogen concentration, infrared absorption, unpaired-spin density, optical and mechanical properties, electrical conductivity, and photoconductivity experiments. We conclude that the film properties are controlled primarily by the substrate temperature Ts. LICVD films are superior to those produced by conventional CVD because of the permissibly low values of Ts. This results in an increased hydrogen content (up to 30 at. %) and a reduced defect density (∼1016 spins/cm3). The hydrogen concentration is determined by the surface chemistry for Ts&lt;300 °C ([H]&gt;20 at. %) and by H2 evolution for Ts&gt;300 °C([H]&lt;20 at. %). The hydrogen is incorporated primarily in the SiH2 configuration and for Ts&lt;300 °C, the films contain some polysilane (SiH2)n regions. All the physical properties of the films are discussed in conjunction with the LICVD process characteristics and are also compared with the properties of films prepared by the plasma-decomposition and homogeneous chemical vapor deposition (HOMOCVD) techniques. In all cases, the differences can be attributed to variations in the processing conditions.
Single-step ethanol production from lignocellulose using novel extremely thermophilic bacteria (2013)

The newly discovered Caldicellulosiruptor sp. strain DIB 004C was capable of producing unexpectedly large amounts of ethanol from lignocellulose in fermentors. The established co-cultures of new Caldicellulosiruptor strains with new Thermoanaerobacter strains underline the importance of using specific strain combinations for high ethanol yields. These co-cultures provide an efficient CBP pathway for ethanol production and represent an ideal starting point for development of a highly integrated commercial ethanol production process.