gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Processing of chimeric mammalian cytochrome <i>b</i>5 precursors in <i>Escherichia coli</i>: reaction specificity of signal peptidase and identification of an aminopeptidase in post-translocational processing (1993)

A chimeric precursor interlinked by an arginine residue between the full-length signal sequence of alkaline phosphatase and the eukaryotic cytoplasmic cytochrome b5 was constructed. Expression of the chimeric precursor protein in Escherichia coli resulted in efficient export of spectrally authentic cytochrome b5 into the periplasm [Karim, Harding, Evans, Kaderbhai and Kaderbhai (1993) Bio/Technology 11, 612-618]. On sequencing, the apparent absence of arginine at the N-terminus of the secreted cytochrome b5 implied that the chimera was either miscleaved by signal peptidase or further processed following signal excision by an uncharacterized peptidase. The influence of the N-terminal region of cytochrome b5 on the unusual processing of the chimeric precursor was investigated by engineering a number of variant forms in which the region between Arg+1 and the mature portion of cytochrome b5 was extended and varied. Observations of the in vivo processed patterns of these variant cytochrome b5 forms exported into the periplasm revealed that the absence of arginine was due to neither miscleavage of the translocated precursor by the signal peptidase nor the nature of the early region of cytochrome b5. In fact, the selective excision of the arginine residue occurred subsequent to signal sequence deletion by an aminopeptidase which was sensitive to the metal chelator o-phenanthroline. We show that this aminopeptidase also participates in the trimming of the N-terminal arginine residue of the bacterial alkaline phosphatase to generate the three isoenzymes in the periplasm.
Minerals: their functions and animal requirements. (2008)

This chapter describes mineral and trace element (sulfur, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, cobalt, copper, iodine, iron, selenium and zinc) sources, metabolism, requirements and imbalances (deficiency or excess) in animals.
Photothermal Spectroscopy of Polyaniline Films (2002)

In this work, we obtained photoacoustic spectra (PAS) of undoped and doped poly(o-methoxyaniline) (POMA). The fittings for the PAS spectra are obtained from equation for the photoacoustic signal. For these curves, the thermal parameters obtained from the Photopyroelectric Spectroscopy (PPES) were used. [1] Two Gaussian curves, which fit well the UV-Vis absorption spectrum of undoped POMA, plus a third Gaussian centered at 820 nm, which fit well the UV-Vis absorption spectrum of doped POMA, were used for these fittings. The PAS signal was used to obtain the optical characteristics of the POMA films, like the optical absorption coefficient β and the optical gap between the valence and the molecular exciton band of the undoped POMA. The values of β in the maximum of the absorption bands agree very well with the intensities of the Gaussian curves used for the PPES fittings. The optical gap obtained here agrees with the value of the literature obtained from the UV-Vis optical absorption.
External memory bist for system-in-package (2006)

This paper presents the design and implementation of an external memory built-in self-test (BIST) in system-on-chip (SoC) designed for system-in-package (SiP). We implemented the BIST handshaking with the internal bus in the microcontroller core for the purpose of enabling the BIST to access the CPU address space. This implementation allows to reduce the area overhead of the BIST and vary the test conditions flexibly according to each phase of debugging, reliability evaluation and mass-production test. For testing SDRAM and flash, we also designed a microcode based algorithmic pattern generator with enough loop-counters, an infinite looping function and a multiple command sequence generator. This BIST method was applied to consumer products with the IEEE 1149.1 JTAG TAP controller, and enabled multi-test for mass-production on a burn-in tester
Development of verification process for on-wafer measurement at millimeter-wave frequency (2016)

The paper demonstrates useful devices for verification process of on-wafer measurement. Prior to evaluation of the devices, uncertainty analysis was conducted. Positional repeatability of probing was considered as a dominant uncertainty factor in the measurement. Based on the analysis, precise measurement systems with automatic probing system were developed to improve the measurement accuracy by reducing operator-derived error. Consequently, the verification devices were evaluated with lower uncertainty owing to automatic probing. The verification devices provided stable values independent from calibration techniques.
Methodologies for tolerating cell and interconnect faults in FPGAs (1998)

The very high levels of integration and submicron device sizes used in current and emerging VLSI technologies for FPGAs lead to higher occurrences of defects and operational faults. Thus, there is a critical need for fault tolerance and reconfiguration techniques for FPGAs to increase chip yields (with factory reconfiguration) and/or system reliability (with field reconfiguration). We first propose techniques utilizing the principle of node-covering to tolerate logic or cell faults in SRAM-based FPGAs. A routing discipline is developed that allows each cell to cover-to be able to replace-its neighbor in a row. Techniques are also proposed for tolerating wiring faults by means of replacement with spare portions. The replaceable portions can be individual segments, or else sets of segments, called "grids". Fault detection in the FPGAs is accomplished by separate testing, either at the factory or by the user. If reconfiguration around faulty cells and wiring is performed at the factory (with laser-burned fuses, for example), it is completely transparent to the user. In other words, user configuration data loaded into the SRAM remains the same, independent of whether the chip is detect-free or whether it has been reconfigured around defective cells or wiring-a major advantage for hardware vendors who design and sell FPGA-based logic (e.g., glue logic in microcontrollers, video cards, DSP cards) in production-scale quantities. Compared to other techniques for fault tolerance in FPGAs, our methods are shown to provide significantly greater yield improvement, and a 35 percent non-FT chip yield for a 16/spl times/16 FPGA is more than doubled.
Not All Missed Doses Are the Same: Sustained NNRTI Treatment Interruptions Predict HIV Rebound at Low-to-Moderate Adherence Levels (2008)

Sustained treatment interruption may pose a greater risk of virologic rebound on NNRTI therapy than the same number of interspersed missed doses at low-to-moderate adherence.
Detection of <i>Bifidobacterium</i> species by enzymatic methods* (1990)

The properties of Bifidobacterium strains of human origin were examined by three enzymic tests and the amounts of acetic and lactic acids produced were also quantified. It was evident that two strains of the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) did not belong to the genus. Moreover, at least one strain of Bifidobacterium added to some milk preparations did not show distinctive characteristics of the genus. It was also shown that most of bifidobacteria studied produced alpha-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.22) and alpha-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20). The presence of alpha-galactosidase could afford a rapid differentiation of bifidobacteria used in some dairy products since this enzyme was not detected in Lactobacillus strains studied.
<i>In vivo</i> quantification of amyloid burden in TTR-related cardiac amyloidosis (2017)

Cardiac transthyretin-related (ATTR) amyloidosis is a severe cardiomyopathy for which therapeutic approaches are currently under development. Because non-invasive imaging techniques such as cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and echocardiography are non-specific, the diagnosis of ATTR amyloidosis is still based on myocardial biopsy. Thus, diagnosis of ATTR amyloidosis is difficult in patients refusing myocardial biopsy. Furthermore, myocardial biopsy does not allow 3D-mapping and quantification of myocardial ATTR amyloid. In this report we describe a <sup>99m</sup>Tc-DPD-based molecular imaging technique for non-invasive single-step diagnosis, three-dimensional mapping and semiquantification of cardiac ATTR amyloidosis in a patient with suspected amyloid heart disease who initially rejected myocardial biopsy. This report underlines the clinical value of SPECT-based nuclear medicine imaging to enable non-invasive diagnosis of cardiac ATTR amyloidosis, particularly in patients rejecting biopsy.
不同的日粮豆油水平对团头鲂幼鱼生长、脂质沉积、组织脂肪酸组成和肝脂质代谢相关基因的表达的影响 (2015)

豆油（SO）在我国淡水水产饲料中应用广泛。然而，关于日粮豆油水平对鱼脂质沉积和肝脂质代谢的影响的研究很少。试验评估了不同日粮豆油水平对团头鲂幼鱼生长、脂质沉积、组织脂肪酸组成和肝脂质代谢相关基因的表达的影响。选取平均体重0．34±0．01g团头鲂幼鱼，试验组分别饲喂含SO0、20％、32％、56％和100％的5种试验日粮和含有100％鱼油（FO）的对照日粮。试验表明，SO20％和FO100％日粮组鱼的体增重显著高于其他组。肝脂质含量随日粮SO水平的增加而增加。肝脏和肌肉中18：2n-6的比例随日粮SO水平的增加而显著增加。SO56％和SO100％日粮组鱼的肝脏和肌肉中20：4n-6含量的显著增加暗示了团头鲂将C18脂肪酸（多不饱和脂肪酸）转换为C20／22脂肪酸的能力增加。增加日粮SO水平上调酰基CoA6δ-9脱氢酶和下调过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体-α和β，这可能是由于高18：2n-6含量所致。所以建议补充20％豆油（日粮含8％脂肪）可以改善团头鲂幼鱼的生长。补充SO日粮中过量的18：2n-6比例会改变诱导脂质沉积的脂代谢相关基因的表达。
A Pocketful of Angles: F. Scott Fitzgerald's Pat Hobby Stories (2006)

At the Hollywood Chamber of Commerce a petition has been lodged to rename the junction of North Hayworth Avenue and Sunset Boulevard after novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald. F. Scott Fitzgerald is an American icon,' writes petitioner Rodger Jacobs. Fitzgerald spent his last years here in Los Angeles. I don't think a lot of Angelenos know or appreciate that fact' (Jacobs n.d.)
Phosphonic Acid‐Modified Barium Titanate Polymer Nanocomposites with High Permittivity and Dielectric Strength (2007)

Phosphonic acids act as robust surface modifiers on barium titanate (BT) nanoparticles (NPs) (see figure), affording homogeneous, high-volume-fraction composites of such NPs in polymeric hosts by simple solution processing. Pentafluorobenzyl phosphonic acid-modified BT nanocomposite films in poly(vinylidenefluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) show large relative permittivities and unusually high dielectric breakdown strengths. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2089/2007/c2422_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
RIN13 Is a Positive Regulator of the Plant Disease Resistance Protein RPM1 (2005)

The RPM1 protein confers resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato DC3000 expressing either of the Type III effector proteins AvrRpm1 or AvrB. Here, we describe the isolation and functional characterization of RPM1 Interacting Protein 13 (RIN13), a resistance protein interactor shown to positively enhance resistance function. Ectopic expression of RIN13 (RIN13s) enhanced bacterial restriction mechanisms but paradoxically abolished the normally rapid hypersensitive response (HR) controlled by RPM1. In contrast with wild-type plants, leaves expressing RIN13s did not undergo electrolyte leakage or accumulate H2O2 after bacterial delivery of AvrRpm1. Overexpression of RIN13 also altered the transcription profile observed during a normal HR. By contrast, RIN13 knockout plants had the same ion leakage signatures and HR timing of wild-type plants in response to DC3000(avrRpm1) but failed to suppress bacterial growth. The modified phenotypes seen in the RIN13s/as plants were specific to recognition of AvrRpm1 or AvrB, and wild-type responses were observed after challenge with other incompatible pathogens or the virulent DC3000 isolate. Our results suggest that cell death is not necessary to confer resistance, and engineering enhanced resistance without activation of programmed cell death is a real possibility.
The effect of mixing methods on the dispersion of carbon nanotubes during the solvent‐free processing of multiwalled carbon nanotube/epoxy composites (2012)

Abstract Several solvent‐free processing methods to disperse multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in bisphenol F‐based epoxy resin were investigated, including the use of a microfluidizer (MF), planetary shear mixer (PSM), ultrasonication (US) and combinations. The processed mixture was cured with diethyl toluene diamine. Three complimentary techniques were used to characterize the dispersion of the MWCNTs in cured composite samples: optical microscopy, micro Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). For sample MF + PSM, optical micrographs and Raman images showed reduced agglomeration and a homogeneous distribution of MWCNTs in the epoxy matrix. SEM analysis of fractured specimen after tensile testing revealed breakage of nanotubes along the fracture surface of the composite. A comparison of the MWCNT dispersion in the epoxy samples processed using different methods showed that a combination of MF and PSM processing yields a more homogeneous sample than the PSM or US + PSM processed samples. Mechanical testing of the composites showed about 15% improvement in the tensile strength of samples processed by the MF + PSM method over other methods. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results showed a small decrease in the onset degradation temperature for poorly dispersed samples produced by PSM compared with the well‐mixed samples (MF + PSM). These results strongly suggest that the MF + PSM processing method yield better‐dispersed and stronger MWCNT/epoxy composites. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2013
Simulating Process Limitations in Microbial Cultivation: A Parallel Two-Compartment Scale-Down Approach (2016)

In large-scale industrial bioprocesses, the presence of gradients in critical process parameters, such as dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, and substrate concentration, can be observed. They result in inhomogeneous growth conditions within the bioreactor/fermentor and can affect cell yield and/or productivity. Scale-down approaches at the laboratory scale are a tool to analyze the effects of the inhomogeneity. Scientists at the Forschungszentrum Julich have been using a cultivation set-up consisting of two connected stirred-tank reactors (STRs) to simulate inhomogeneous cultivation conditions as they can occur in production scale. In this application note, we describe the effects of oscillating DO and substrate concentation. This study exemplifies the benefits of flexible benchscale bioreactor solutions and advanced bioprocess control software. Individual control of parallel operated bioreactors allowed different vessel sizes, individual parameter set-points, and multiple cultivation phases to be implemented easily.
Generation and Detection of Reactive Oxygen Species in Photocatalysis (2017)

The detection methods and generation mechanisms of the intrinsic reactive oxygen species (ROS), i.e., superoxide anion radical (<sup>•</sup>O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup>), hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>), singlet oxygen (<sup>1</sup>O<sub>2</sub>), and hydroxyl radical (<sup>•</sup>OH) in photocatalysis, were surveyed comprehensively. Consequently, the major photocatalyst used in heterogeneous photocatalytic systems was found to be TiO<sub>2</sub>. However, besides TiO<sub>2</sub> some representative photocatalysts were also involved in the discussion. Among the various issues we focused on the detection methods and generation reactions of ROS in the aqueous suspensions of photocatalysts. On the careful account of the experimental results presented so far, we proposed the following apprehension: adsorbed <sup>•</sup>OH could be regarded as trapped holes, which are involved in a rapid adsorption-desorption equilibrium at the TiO<sub>2</sub>-solution interface. Because the equilibrium shifts to the adsorption side, trapped holes must be actually the dominant oxidation species whereas <sup>•</sup>OH in solution would exert the reactivity mainly for nonadsorbed reactants. The most probable routes of generating intrinsic ROS at the surfaces of two polymorphs of TiO<sub>2</sub>, anatase and rutile, were discussed along with some plausible rational reaction processes. In addition to the four major ROS, three ROS, that is organic peroxides, ozone, and nitric oxide, which are less common in photocatalysis are also briefly reviewed.
Low-temperature-GaAs device used simultaneously as a mode-locking device and as a photoconductive switch (2002)

We present a low-temperature-grown GaAs device that combines the features of mode locking and photoconductive switching. The mode-locking mechanism is based on intensity-dependent defocusing. Additionally, the generated carriers produce an electrical signal in the biased switch geometry. This technique allows for simultaneous generation of synchronized optical and electrical pulse trains with a single device.
Hydrolysis of Nitriles in Supercritical Water (1999)

In many chemical reactions water plays an important role as a solvent, a reaction partner or a catalyst. At high temperatures water tends to be an extremely reactive partner. In order to investigate the synthesis potential of hot water in near- and supercritical conditions, the conversion of acetonitrile and benzonitrile (representing aliphatic and aromatic nitriles, respectively) was examined in near- and supercritical water in the temperature and pressure ranges of 300 to 450 °C and 23 to 32 Mpa. The investigations showed that nitriles convert selectively to the corresponding amides and carboxylic acids in hot water without any additives, such as mineral acids and salts.
Free-standing sub-10 nm nanostencils for the definition of gaps in plasmonic antennas (2013)

Nanogaps between metal nanostructures are useful in localizing optical energy in plasmonic antennas, but are challenging to directly pattern. Patterning with the positive-tone polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) resist causes an undesirable spread in nanogap dimensions. On the other hand, the negative-tone hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) resist possesses the high resolution suited for the definition of nanogaps. However, it requires a hydrofluoric acid solution for liftoff, making it incompatible with the quartz or glass substrates used in optical devices. In this work, we created free-standing nanostencils in HSQ with sub-10 nm dimensions onto PMMA supports, which allow liftoff in organic solvents, thus extending this method to a broad range of substrate materials. The cross-sectional profiles of the nanogaps formed between the gold nanostructures were imaged in a transmission electron microscope and measured to be ~8 nm. We demonstrated the utility of this process in fabricating entire arrays of dimer nanostructures with sub-10 nm gaps. Using a surface enhanced Raman scattering setup, an order of magnitude increase in peak intensity was observed when the fields in the gap were resonantly excited compared to when the fields were localized at the corners of the nanostructures.
The YNT1 gene encoding the nitrate transporter in the yeast Hansenula polymorpha is clustered with genes YNI1 and YNR1 encoding nitrite reductase and nitrate reductase, and its disruption causes inability to grow in nitrate (1997)

DNA sequencing in the phage lambda JA13 isolated from a lambda EMBL3 Hansenula polymorpha genomic DNA library containing the nitrate reductase-(YNR1) and nitrite reductase-(YNI1) encoding genes revealed an open reading frame (YNT1) of 1524 nucleotides encoding a putative protein of 508 amino acids with great similarity to the nitrate transporters from Aspergillus nidulans and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Disruption of the chromosomal YNT1 copy resulted in incapacity to grow in nitrate and a significant reduction in rate of nitrate uptake. The disrupted strain is still sensitive to chlorate, and, in the presence of 0.1 mM nitrate, the expression of YNR1 and YNI1 and the activity of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase are significantly reduced compared with the wild-type. Northern-blot analysis showed that YNT1 is expressed when the yeast is grown in nitrate and nitrite but not in ammonium solution.
Crystal structure of AcrB complexed with linezolid at 3.5 Å resolution (2013)

AcrB is an inner membrane resistance-nodulation-cell division efflux pump and is part of the AcrAB-TolC tripartite efflux system. We have determined the crystal structure of AcrB with bound Linezolid at a resolution of 3.5 Å. The structure shows that Linezolid binds to the A385/F386 loops of the symmetric trimer of AcrB. A conformational change of a loop in the bottom of the periplasmic cleft is also observed.
Dual wavelength laser diode excitation source for 2D photoacoustic imaging (2007)

Photoacoustic methods can be used to make spatially resolved spectroscopic measurements of blood oxygenation when using a multiwavelength excitation source, such as an OPO system. Since these excitation sources are usually expensive and bulky, an alternative is to use laser diodes. A fibre coupled laser diode excitation system has been developed, providing two wavelengths, 850 and 905nm, each composed of 6 high peak power pulsed laser diodes. The system provided variable pulse durations (65-500ns) and repetition rates of up to 5KHz. The pulse energies delivered by the excitation system at 905nm and 850nm were measured to be 120&mgr;J and 80&mgr;J respectively for a 200ns pulse duration. To demonstrate the utility of the system, the excitation source was combined with an ultrasound detector to form a probe for in vivo single point measurements of superficial blood vessels. Changes in blood oxygenation and volume in the finger tip were monitored while making venous and arterial occlusions. To demonstrate the imaging capability of the excitation system, 2D photoacoustic images of a physiologically realistic phantom were obtained for a range of pulse durations using a cylindrical scanning system. The phantom was composed of cylindrical absorbing elements (&mgr;a=1mm^{-1}) of 2.7mm diameter, immersed in a 1% intralipid solution (&mgr;s=1mm^{-1}). This study demonstrated the potential use of laser diodes as an excitation source for photoacoustic imaging of superficial vascular structures.
A protection circuit for HBT RF Power Amplifier under load mismatch conditions (2008)

This paper investigates the radiofrequency failure mechanisms of power amplifier (PA) integrated in an HBT technology, and proposes a circuit solution for PA protection against impedance mismatches. It exposes the failure mechanisms that occur when a PA under extreme conditions (high battery voltage and high input power) is exposed to impedance mismatches at its output. Protection against high voltage operation is addressed by integrating a parallel base resistor which increases significantly emitter collector breakdown. A current sensor is then associated to a feedback loop on the PA biasing circuit that operates when the PA is in high dissipated power conditions by limiting the collector current. These protections are easily implemented on the PA die without any extra area. Experiments confirm the effectiveness of these principles: the protection is indexed on the collector supply voltage and acts for all output loads leading to VSWR up to 1 0:1, whereas output power and power efficiency on a 50 Omega load are not affected.
High‐Density Stretchable Electronics: Toward an Integrated Multilayer Composite (2010)

High-density stretchable electronics are achieved using multilayer interconnects on an elastomeric substrate. Two major challenges associated with stretchable electronics—increasing integration density and improving electrical bonding—have been addressed by our innovative multilayer via-bonding technology. The resulting multichip-module architecture provides an elastic, high-density solution for numerous potential applications.