gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Receptor Recognition Mechanisms of Coronaviruses: a Decade of Structural Studies (2014)

Receptor recognition by viruses is the first and essential step of viral infections of host cells. It is an important determinant of viral host range and cross-species infection and a primary target for antiviral intervention. Coronaviruses recognize a variety of host receptors, infect many hosts, and are health threats to humans and animals. The receptor-binding S1 subunit of coronavirus spike proteins contains two distinctive domains, the N-terminal domain (S1-NTD) and the C-terminal domain (S1-CTD), both of which can function as receptor-binding domains (RBDs). S1-NTDs and S1-CTDs from three major coronavirus genera recognize at least four protein receptors and three sugar receptors and demonstrate a complex receptor recognition pattern. For example, highly similar coronavirus S1-CTDs within the same genus can recognize different receptors, whereas very different coronavirus S1-CTDs from different genera can recognize the same receptor. Moreover, coronavirus S1-NTDs can recognize either protein or sugar receptors. Structural studies in the past decade have elucidated many of the puzzles associated with coronavirus-receptor interactions. This article reviews the latest knowledge on the receptor recognition mechanisms of coronaviruses and discusses how coronaviruses have evolved their complex receptor recognition pattern. It also summarizes important principles that govern receptor recognition by viruses in general.
Hydrogen Formation during Wet Grinding of Alumina and Silicon Carbide (1994)

Abstract Alumina and silicon carbide powders were ground in water, butanol, benzene and hexane using planetary ball mill, and the gas phase inside the mill pot was analyzed by a gas chromatograph. The effect of liquid media on the grindability varied with the kind of feed powders, and the main product in the gas phase was hydrogen. The amount of it was in the order of benzene ≤ butanol &lt; hexane for alumina and no gas product was detected for water. However, that for silicon carbide was considerable in water and in butanol, and was very small in benzene and in hexane. The mechanism of these mechanochemical reactions was discussed.
Circulating Adipocyte–Fatty Acid Binding Protein Levels Predict the Development of the Metabolic Syndrome (2007)

Circulating A-FABP predicts the development of the MetS independently of adiposity and insulin resistance.
Efficient adaptive frequency partitioning in OFDMA downlink with fractional frequency reuse (2011)

This paper investigates an adaptive frequency and transmission power partitioning method between cell-interior and cell-edge users in the downlink orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) with fractional frequency reuse (FFR). In the conventional FFR method, the frequency and transmission power partitioning between cell-interior and cell-edge users is fixed and this results in limited system-level performance in terms of the average and cell-edge user throughput. This paper presents enhancements to a previously proposed partitioning algorithm to improve the system-level performance. The computer simulation results show that the enhanced method increases both the average and cell-edge user throughput compared to the conventional FFR and the previous method.
Monoacetates of Hydroquinone and Catechol (1937)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMonoacetates of Hydroquinone and CatecholH. S. OlcottCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1937, 59, 2, 392–393Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1937Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1937https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01281a051https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01281a051research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views304Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Analysis of parallel implementations of an artificial neural network on SIMD systems (1992)

Implementation of an artificial neural network to solve a character recognition problem on highly parallel, single-instruction-multiple-data (SIMD) machines is described. A SIMD simulator workbench developed to evaluate performance of various 1, 4, 8, and 16-bit processor architectures is used for experimentation. A feed-forward neural network with 25, 25, and 3 nodes at the input, hidden, and output layers is trained by error back-propagation to classify characters represented in a pixel grid in the presence of randomly introduced pixel-flip noise. Each node in the neural network is assigned to a processor, with weights distributed across the array. Outputs of each layer are broadcast to the inputs of the next layer via the array's interprocessor communication network. The available number of processors for the network is limited to an array of size 25 X 25. Experimental results from each of the architectures supported in the simulator workbench are presented and analyzed.
Preparation and characterization of nanoscale Al_2O_3 by Sol-Gel method (2007)

The nanoscale alumina powders were prepared by sol-gel technology with aluminium-iso-propoxide as the raw material.The TGA-DTA analysis reveals the transformation process of alumina dry gel.The XRD analysis indicates that the dry gel can completely transform into α-Al2O3 at 1 200 ℃.The fabricated nanoscale alumina is polycrystalline and isotropic,and no other phases and impurity are found in the alumina powders.The TEM observation reveals that the particle size of Al2O3 subjected to heat treatment at 450 ℃ is below 10 nm,while that of α-Al2O3 subjected to heat treatment at 1 200 ℃ is about 15～35 nm.Then the reason for the particle conglomeration resulting from the change of crystal structure has been given.
THE OUTPUT OF CELLS IN LYMPH FROM THE POPLITEAL NODE OF SHEEP (1962)

A technique for collecting lymph for long periods of time from the hind limbs of conscious sheep is described. Spontaneously flowing lymphatic fistulhæ have been established in fifteen sheep and the number and type of the cells coming from the popliteal lymph node have been studied. Following the operation the output of cells in the lymph was severely depressed for a period of about 24 hr. Under basal conditions the rate of lymph flow varied between 2 and 10 ml./hr. and the output of cells between 30 and 100 millions/hr. When the popliteal node was stimulated by the subcutaneous injection of human serum globulin into the lower leg, the cell output increased and different types of cell appeared in the lymph. Large, primitive transitional cells, and cells of the plasma series were present in considerable numbers during the response. Some observations on the cell content of peripheral lymph, collected from chronic afferent lymphatic fistulæ, are also presented. The significance of the cell types seen in the lymph collected during these experiments is discussed.
The <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> Ca2+-ATPase PfATP6: insensitive to artemisinin, but a potential drug target (2011)

The disease malaria, caused by the parasite Plasmodium falciparum, remains one of the most important causes of morbidity and mortality in sub-Saharan Africa. In the absence of an efficient vaccine, the medical treatment of malaria is dependent on the use of drugs. Since artemisinin is a powerful anti-malarial drug which has been proposed to target a particular Ca2+-ATPase (PfATP6) in the parasite, it has been important to characterize the molecular properties of this enzyme. PfATP6 is a 139 kDa protein composed of 1228 amino acids with a 39% overall identity with rabbit SERCA1a (sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase 1a). PfATP6 conserves all sequences and motifs that are important for the function and/or structure of a SERCA, such as two high-affinity Ca2+-binding sites, a nucleotide-binding site and a phosphorylation site. We have been successful in isolating PfATP6 after heterologous expression in yeast and affinity chromatography in a pure, active and stable detergent-solubilized form. With this preparation, we have characterized and compared with the eukaryotic SERCA1a isoform the substrate (Ca2+ and ATP) -dependency for PfATP6 activity as well as the specific inhibition/interaction of the protein with drugs. Our data fully confirm that PfATP6 is a SERCA, but with a distinct pharmacological profile: compared with SERCA1a, it has a lower affinity for thapsigargin and much higher affinity for cyclopiazonic acid. On the other hand, we were not able to demonstrate any inhibition by artemisinin and were also not able to monitor any binding of the drug to the isolated enzyme. Thus it is unlikely that PfATP6 plays an important role as a target for artemisinin in the parasite P. falciparum.
Aurora kinase inhibitors synergize with paclitaxel to induce apoptosis in ovarian cancer cells (2008)

Our results show that VE-465 is a potent killer of taxane resistant ovarian cancer cells and can synergize with paclitaxel at low doses. These data suggest patients whose tumors exhibit high Aurora-A expression may benefit from a combination therapy of taxanes and Aurora-A inhibition.
Smoking Increases Inflammation and Metalloproteinase Expression in Human Carotid Atherosclerotic Plaques (2004)

This study demonstrates that cigarette smoking increases markers of inflammation and tissue destruction in atherosclerotic plaques. This change in plaque composition may at least in part explain the effect of smoking on the instability of human atherosclerotic plaques.
Nebenwirkungen von Clonidin (1983)

ZusammenfassungDie Qualität antihypertensiver Substanzen, die häufig jahrelang verabreicht werden, ist neben ihrer antihypertensiven Potenz in besonders hohem Maße von der Anzahl und Intensität ihrer Nebenwirkungen abhängig.
Nitrogen in germanium (1998)

The known properties of nitrogen as an impurity in, and as an alloy element of, the germanium network are reviewed in this article. Amorphous and crystalline germanium–nitrogen alloys are interesting materials with potential applications for protective coatings and window layers for solar conversion devices. They may also act as effective diffusion masks for III-V electronic devices. The existing data are compared with similar properties of other group IV nitrides, in particular with silicon nitride. To a certain extent, the general picture mirrors the one found in Si–N systems, as expected from the similar valence structure of both elemental semiconductors. However, important differences appear in the deposition methods and alloy composition, the optical properties of as grown films, and the electrical behavior of nitrogen-doped amorphous layers. Structural studies are reviewed, including band structure calculations and the energies of nitrogen-related defects, which are compared with experimental data. Many important aspects of the electronic structure of Ge–N alloys are not yet completely understood and deserve a more careful investigation, in particular the structure of defects associated with N inclusion. The N doping of the a-Ge:H network appears to be very effective, the activation energy of the most effectively doped samples becoming around 120 meV. This is not the case with N-doped a-Si:H, the reasons for the difference remaining an open question. The lack of data on stoichiometric β-Ge3N4 prevents any reasonable assessment on the possible uses of the alloy in electronic and ceramic applications.
Chimeras of the Homing Endonuclease PI‐SceI and the Homologous <i>Candida tropicalis</i> Intein: A Study to Explore the Possibility of Exchanging DNA‐Binding Modules to Obtain Highly Specific Endonucleases with Altered Specificity (2004)

Homing endonucleases are extremely specific endodeoxyribonucleases. In vivo, these enzymes confer mobility on their genes by inducing a very specific double-strand cut in cognate alleles that lack the cooling sequence for the homing endonuclease; the cellular repair of the double-strand break with the endonuclease-containing allele as a template leads to integration of the endonuclease gene, completing the homing process. As a result of their extreme sequence specificity, homing endonucleases are promising tools for genome engineering. For this purpose, it is desirable to design enzymes with defined new specificities. To analyse which DNA-binding elements are potential candidates for use in the design of enzymes with modified or even new specificity, we produced several chimeric proteins derived from the Saccharomyces cerevisiae VMA1 intein (PI-SceI) and the related Candida tropicalis VMA1 intein. Although the mature Candida intein is devoid of endonucleolytic activity, the exchange of two DNA-binding modules of PI-SceI with the homologous elements from the Candida intein results in an active endonuclease. The low sequence homology in these modules indicates that different protein-DNA contacts are responsible for the recognition of related DNA sequences. This flexibility in DNA recognition should, in principle, allow endonucleases to be produced with new specificities useful for genome engineering.
Global mapping of meiotic recombination hotspots and coldspots in the yeast <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (2000)

In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, meiotic recombination is initiated by double-strand DNA breaks (DSBs). Meiotic DSBs occur at relatively high frequencies in some genomic regions (hotspots) and relatively low frequencies in others (coldspots). We used DNA microarrays to estimate variation in the level of nearby meiotic DSBs for all 6,200 yeast genes. Hotspots were nonrandomly associated with regions of high G + C base composition and certain transcriptional profiles. Coldspots were nonrandomly associated with the centromeres and telomeres.
Photochemical preparation of cyclopropanes from cyclobutanones (2001)

A general method for the preparation of cyclopropanes is reported. Triplet-photosensitized reactions of a series of cyclobutanones give cyclopropanes as the major product. Part 1 describes the synthesis of substituted cyclobutanones used in this study. In Part 2, the photo-reactions of cyclobutanones are reported. Triplet-sensitized reactions of cyclobutanones using acetone as a sensitizer give cyclopropanes as the major non-polar products. The extent of photodecarbonylation seems to be dependent on α-substitution. Electron-donating groups promote decarbonylation while electron-withdrawing groups favour cycloelimination.Key words: photodecarbonylation, cyclobutanones, cyclopropanes, triplet-sensitization.
Characterization of the DT ice layer in a fusion capsule using a two-dimensional x-ray shearing interferometer (2010)

This article presents the design and simulated performance of a two-dimensional x-ray shearing interferometer wavefront sensor. In particular, this phase sensitive x-ray wavefront sensor is evaluated for its ability to perform metrology on the DT ice layer in an inertial confinement fusion capsule. The interferometer uses crossed phase gratings in a single plane and is capable of operation over a wide range of x-ray energies by varying the grating material and thickness. The wave-front sensor is insensitive to vibrations and, unlike X-RayTalbot interferometers, recovers the full two-dimensional phase profile of the x-ray beam rather than the gradient in only one dimension.
An Evaluation of Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs (2006)

This research examines the effects of Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs (PDMPs) on the supply and abuse of prescription drugs. Information from the Automation of Reports and Consolidated Orders System (ARCOS) is used to develop measures of supply, and information from the Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS) is used to develop measures of abuse. Practical considerations lead us to focus on Schedule II pain relievers and stimulants, and composite measures for these two classes of drugs are developed. We estimate both aggregate and individual response models. The aggregate model suggests that PDMPs reduce the per capita supply of prescription pain relievers and stimulants and in so doing reduce the probability of abuse for these drugs. The evidence also suggests that states which are proactive in their approach to regulation are more effective in reducing the per capita supply of prescription pain relievers and stimulants than states which are reactive in their approach to regulation. The individual response model confirms these findings. It is important to note that the probability of pain reliever abuse is actually higher in states that have PDMPs than in states that do not. But our analysis demonstrates that in the absence of such programs the probability of abuse would be higher still.
Application of the Goldilocks Effect to the Design of Potent and Selective Inhibitors of Phenylethanolamine<i>N</i>-Methyltransferase:  Balancing p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub>and Steric Effects in the Optimization of 3-Methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline Inhibitors by β-Fluorination (2006)

3-Methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines (3-methyl-THIQs) are potent inhibitors of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT), but are not selective due to significant affinity for the alpha(2)-adrenoceptor. Fluorination of the methyl group lowers the pK(a) of the THIQ amine from 9.53 (CH(3)) to 7.88 (CH(2)F), 6.42 (CHF(2)), and 4.88 (CF(3)). This decrease in pK(a) results in a reduction in affinity for the alpha(2)-adrenoceptor. However, increased fluorination also results in a reduction in PNMT inhibitory potency, apparently due to steric and electrostatic factors. Biochemical evaluation of a series of 3-fluoromethyl-THIQs and 3-trifluoromethyl-THIQs showed that the former were highly potent inhibitors of PNMT, but were often nonselective due to significant affinity for the alpha(2)-adrenoceptor, while the latter were devoid of alpha(2)-adrenoceptor affinity, but also lost potency at PNMT. 3-Difluoromethyl-7-substituted-THIQs have the proper balance of both steric and pK(a) properties and thus have enhanced selectivity versus the corresponding 3-fluoromethyl-7-substituted-THIQs and enhanced PNMT inhibitory potency versus the corresponding 3-trifluoromethyl-7-substituted-THIQs. Using the "Goldilocks Effect" analogy, the 3-fluoromethyl-THIQs are too potent (too hot) at the alpha(2)-adrenoceptor and the 3-trifluoromethyl-THIQs are not potent enough (too cold) at PNMT, but the 3-difluoromethyl-THIQs are just right. They are both potent inhibitors of PNMT and highly selective due to low affinity for the alpha(2)-adrenoceptor. This seems to be the first successful use of the beta-fluorination of aliphatic amines to impart selectivity to a pharmacological agent while maintaining potency at the site of interest.
Production of Indole from<scp>l</scp>-Tryptophan and Effects of These Compounds on Biofilm Formation by<i>Fusobacterium nucleatum</i>ATCC 25586 (2010)

The l-tryptophan degradation product indole is a purported extracellular signaling molecule that influences biofilm formation in various bacteria. Here we analyzed the mechanisms of indole production in Fusobacterium nucleatum and the effects of tryptophan and indole on F. nucleatum planktonic and biofilm cells. The amino acid sequence deduced from the fn1943 gene in F. nucleatum ATCC 25586 was 28% identical to that deduced from tnaA in Escherichia coli, which encodes tryptophanase catalyzing the beta-elimination of l-tryptophan to produce indole. The fn1943 gene was cotranscribed with the downstream gene fn1944, which is a homolog of tnaB encoding low-affinity tryptophan permease. The transcript started at position -68 or -153 from the first nucleotide of the fn1943 translation initiation codon. Real-time quantitative PCR showed that much more F. nucleatum fn1943 transcripts were obtained from log-phase cells than from stationary-phase cells. Indole production by the purified recombinant protein encoded by fn1943 was examined using high-performance liquid chromatography. The K(m) and k(cat) of the enzyme were 0.26 +/- 0.03 mM and 0.74 +/- 0.04 s(-1), respectively. F. nucleatum biofilm formation and the biofilm supernatant concentration of indole increased dose dependently with increasing tryptophan concentrations. Exogenous indole also increased F. nucleatum biofilm formation in a dose-dependent manner. Even at very high concentrations, tryptophan did not affect fn1943 expression, whereas similar indole concentrations decreased expression. Thus, exogenous tryptophan and indole were suggested to increase F. nucleatum biofilms.
A proxy-based adaptive flow control scheme for media streaming (2002)

Based on the layered video streaming technique, we proposed a proxy-based traffic flow control scheme that adjusts the presentation quality according to the currently available bandwidth, i.e., dropping/adding some video layers when the network situation gets congested/smooth. Additionally, the proposed traffic flow control provides layered video stream buffering control to smoothen video playout. A re-transmission technique is also adopted to reduce the lost possibility of some important video frames. With the proposed traffic flow control scheme, the coming server-proxy-client multimedia presentation systems can have a better bandwidth utilization and presentation quality.
A Biocompatible Method of Decorporation:  Bisphosphonate-Modified Magnetite Nanoparticles to Remove Uranyl Ions from Blood (2006)

We report on the use of bisphosphonate to functionalize Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles via dopamine (DA) linkage. Using tetraethyl-3-aminopropane-1,1-bisphosphonate (BP) as the functional molecule, we created a system with an Fe3O4-DA-BP nanostructure, which possesses high specificity for removing uranyl ions from water or blood. This work demonstrates that magnetic nanoparticles, combined with specific receptor-ligand interactions, promise a sensitive and rapid platform for the detection, recovery, and decorporation of metal toxins from biological environment.
Impact of Age on Perioperative Complications and Length of Stay in Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery (2001)

Elderly patients had a higher rate of major perioperative complications and mortality after noncardiac surgery and a longer length of stay, but even in patients 80 years of age or older, mortality was low.