gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structural, Kinetic, and Computational Characterization of the Elusive Arylpalladium(II)boronate Complexes in the Suzuki–Miyaura Reaction (2017)

The existence of the oft-invoked intermediates containing the crucial Pd-O-B subunit, the "missing link", has been established in the Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction. The use of low-temperature, rapid injection NMR spectroscopy (RI-NMR), kinetic studies, and computational analysis has enabled the generation, observation, and characterization of these highly elusive species. The ability to confirm the intermediacy of Pd-O-B-containing species provided the opportunity to clarify mechanistic aspects of the transfer of the organic moiety from boron to palladium in the key transmetalation step. Specifically, these studies establish the identity of two different intermediates containing Pd-O-B linkages, a tri-coordinate (6-B-3) boronic acid complex and a tetra-coordinate (8-B-4) boronate complex, both of which undergo transmetalation leading to the cross-coupling product. Two distinct mechanistic pathways have been elucidated for stoichiometric reactions of these complexes: (1) transmetalation via an unactivated 6-B-3 intermediate that dominates in the presence of an excess of ligand, and (2) transmetalation via an activated 8-B-4 intermediate that takes place with a deficiency of ligand.
An iterative learning design for repeatable runout cancellation in disk drives (2006)

In this paper, we consider the iterative learning control (ILC) framework to design a reference signal that directly cancels periodic disturbances in a feedback measurement. Cancellation of periodic disturbances is useful in reducing undesirable repeatable tracking errors in applications such as the two-stage servo track writing process for disk drives. A general problem description is given for a linear discrete-time periodic system and convergence results for the learning system are derived. A learning filter is designed with the use of a finite-impulse response model approximation for the inverse of the closed-loop sensitivity such that convergence is achieved in learning a reference signal that provides cancellation with periodic perturbations affecting the system measurement. The ILC algorithm is applied to a disk drive system where experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the method in reducing periodic measurement disturbances.
[Effect of losartan on renal and cardiovascular complications of patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy]. (2001)

Losartan conferred significant renal benefits in type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy and was generally well tolerated.
Direct Thickeners for Mobility Control of CO2 Floods (1985)

Abstract This paper describes efforts in an experimental search for polymers that are sufficiently soluble in dense CO2 that they could serve as mobility control agents. The operation of the apparatus designed and built for the measurement of solubility in condensed gases is described. A modified version of this apparatus has been used to measure viscosity by timing the fall of a cylinder in a tube. More than a dozen polymers have been found that are soluble at least in the parts-per-thousand (ppt) range in liquid and in dense supercritical CO2. As pressures and temperatures are varied, the solubilities of these polymers generally are found to increase with increasing CO2 density. Certain generalizations have been made concerning the influence of various polymer properties on their solubility in dense CO2. These properties include structure, stereochemistry, and molecular weight. Although the viscosity enhancements of the solutions measured thus far are insufficient for purposes of mobility control, they provide clues that point toward those features of polymer molecules that yield greater thickening properties. Also discussed are considerations involved in the application of direct thickeners in the mobility control of CO2 floods and the advantages in the use of such CO2-soluble polymers in place of methods that involve the injection of water.
A Photon Counting Array Photometer Using an Intensified Charge Coupled Device (1976)

An array photometer which uses an intensified charge coupled device was developed. This system, the University of Maryland Array Photometer (UMAP), has the ability to discriminate single photoelectron events in real time at a 4 Megahertz rate. The photosensor uses an S-20 photocathode and a Fairchild CCD202 with a 100 by 100 array of separate individual channels. The overall system has demonstrated a noise level which permits single photoelectron discrimination, a scan rate of 400 frames per second, a very linear response, and very low lag. The UMAP system has a very large dynamic range exceeding 10,000 in the photon counting mode. A special technique to extend the dynamic range to 1,000,000 was described. The performance parameters of this system, both in the laboratory and on the telescope were cited. Data from these observations were discussed to illustrate the system sensitivity, which is basically limited by the pixel size in the array, rather than the electrooptics.
The University of Washington Nuclear Physics Data Acquisition System (1981)

During the past several years we have been developing a new data acquisition system based on a PDP-11/60 with an MBD-11 controlled CAMAC crate. The hardware configuration, the acquisition codes involved and the offline analysis system, a VAX-11/780, will be described.
Media noise and signal-to-noise ratio estimates for high areal density recording (1997)

Transition jitter, σjitter, and pulse-width fluctuations, σPW50, limit the attainable signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in a magnetic recording system. We estimate the media noise power for systems with high areal density. The case of a Lorentzian-shaped voltage pulse is worked out in detail. Experiments show that the model reasonably reproduces data. The analysis is applied to areal densities of 10 Gbit/in.2 and beyond. If the ratio of PW50 to bit length B (the so-called channel density U) is kept constant, the ratio σjitter/B is found to depend only on SNR and U, and is about 3% for SNR=26 dB, at any density. Under those assumptions, σjitter≈0.75 nm at 1 Mfci. Otherwise, for constant PW50, σjitter/B decreases monotonically with density, and is about 1% for PW50=120 nm, 1/B=1 Mfci, SNR=27 dB.
Sparse distributed memory: Principles and operation (1989)

Sparse distributed memory is a generalized random access memory (RAM) for long (1000 bit) binary words. Such words can be written into and read from the memory, and they can also be used to address the memory. The main attribute of the memory is sensitivity to similarity, meaning that a word can be read back not only by giving the original write address but also by giving one close to it as measured by the Hamming distance between addresses. Large memories of this kind are expected to have wide use in speech recognition and scene analysis, in signal detection and verification, and in adaptive control of automated equipment, in general, in dealing with real world information in real time. The memory can be realized as a simple, massively parallel computer. Digital technology has reached a point where building large memories is becoming practical. Major design issues were resolved which were faced in building the memories. The design is described of a prototype memory with 256 bit addresses and from 8 to 128 K locations for 256 bit words. A key aspect of the design is extensive use of dynamic RAM and other standard components.
Frequency resolved wavefront retrieval and dynamics of diffractive focused ultrashort pulses (2012)

In this work we demonstrate the ability of the spatiotemporal characterization technique STARFISH to retrieve the wavelength dependent wavefront of focused ultrashort laser pulses.The high resolution achievable with this technique allows measuring the wavefront at the focal spot.In particular, the method is applied to study the effects of focusing with a kinoform diffractive lens.The evolution from converging to diverging wavefronts as the pulse propagates along the focal region is analyzed for each wavelength.The spatiotemporal intensity and spatially resolved spectrum structure of the pulses, as well as their profiles on axis, are also presented.Numerical simulations of the propagation of such pulses confirm the experimental results.
Effects of Surface-Grinding on Mechanical Properties of WC-Co Alloy (1974)

The effects of surface-grinding, i.e., γ→ε′ transformation and residual compressive stress (σr), on the mechanical properties of WC-(6∼30)%Co alloy were investigated in detail. The specimen almost free from the ε′ phase and the residual stress was prepared by sufficiently polishing the ground specimen so as to remove the surface-layer containing ε′ and σr (the thickness is about 30 μ).The results obtained were as follows: (1) The hardness of the alloy and in particular that of the binder phase were increased by grinding. (2) The binder phase contracts by a small amount due to the γ→ε′ transformation, whereas the residual compressive stress was formed in the surface layer by grinding. (3) One set of crack length around Vickers indentation and frequency of crack path in the binder phase were larger in the orientation perpendicular to the grinding direction than in the orientation parallel to it. These were considered to be due to the anisotropy in the formation of a plate-shaped ε′ phase in relation to the grinding direction. (4) The contribution of σr to the transverse-rupture strength appeared to be neglected in common alloys, but it became considerably large in high-strength alloys. The amount of the contribution was considered to depend on the perfection of specimens, the surface state and distribution of σr, etc.
Deglycosylation of glucose oxidase to improve biosensors and biofuel cells (2009)

We demonstrate that a more efficient redox hydrogel structure can be achieved by engineering the size and the surface charge of the bioelectrocatalyst. Deglycosylated glucose oxidase (GOx) modified electrode exhibits higher current density than native GOx, for the same molar composition of the hydrogel. This improvement is very likely due to a more efficient hydrogel structure rather than a better intrinsic electron transfer between the FAD/FADH2 redox center and the redox mediator.
Highly Enantioselective Asymmetric Hydrogenation of α-Phthalimide Ketone:  An Efficient Entry to Enantiomerically Pure Amino Alcohols (2004)

A new type of alpha-phthalimide ketones was hydrogenated in excellent enantioselectivity by using a Ru-(C3-TunePhos) complex as the catalyst. Up to 10 000 turnovers have been achieved in more than 99% ee in the hydrogenation reaction. A dynamic kinetic resolution study for the synthesis of threonine was performed, and high anti selectivity (>97:3) was observed for the first time. An efficient method to synthesize enantiomerically pure amino alcohols has been developed.
Development of a <i>T</i><sub>1</sub> Contrast Agent for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using MnO Nanoparticles (2007)

Kontrastreich: Ein T1-Kontrastmittel für die Kernspintomographie (MRI), das auf MnO-Nanopartikeln beruht, bewirkt eine große Signalverstärkung und macht aufgelöste anatomische Strukturen im T1-gewichteten MR-Bild eines Maushirns sichtbar (siehe Bild; links: MRI, rechts: MnO-verstärkte MRI (MONEMRI)). Mit einem tumorspezifischen Antikörper konjugierte MnO-Nanopartikel wurden zudem genutzt, um Brustkrebszellen in einer Metastase im Hirn selektiv abzubilden. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2001/2007/z604775_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Effects of harvesting systems on yield, persistence, and nutritive value of alfalfa (1992)

The number of annual harvests and the interval between harvests affect DM yield, persistence, and nutritive value of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). The effects of harvesting alfalfa three times annually, with the intervals between harvests varied and with the third harvest taken prior to, during, or after the critical fall rest period, were investigated from 1985 to 1988 on a field of alfalfa established in 1984. Seven harvesting systems, comprising three harvests with varied regrowth intervals and a two-harvest system, were studied along with two rates of potassium fertilization. Harvesting alfalfa three times a year, with the third harvest taken during or after the critical fall rest period, produced the largest yields of DM, digestible DM, and crude protein. Dry matter yield was not reduced in three-harvest systems when the third harvest was taken during the critical fall rest period, provided there was an interval of approximately 500 growing degree-days between second and third harvests. Taking the first harvest at the early bud stage of development instead of the early bloom stage reduced annual DM yields. Increasing annual potassium fertilization from 200 to 400 kg K ha −1 did not affect DM yield or persistence under any harvesting system. Harvesting management of alfalfa in the fall should be based on the duration of the growth period between the second and third harvests instead of a critical fall rest period based on calendar dates.Key words: Medicago sativa L., yield, nutritive value, persistence, harvest management, K fertilization
Rose Scent (2002)

For centuries, rose has been the most important crop in the floriculture industry; its economic importance also lies in the use of its petals as a source of natural fragrances. Here, we used genomics approaches to identify novel scent-related genes, using rose flowers from tetraploid scented and nonscented cultivars. An annotated petal EST database of approximately 2100 unique genes from both cultivars was created, and DNA chips were prepared and used for expression analyses of selected clones. Detailed chemical analysis of volatile composition in the two cultivars, together with the identification of secondary metabolism-related genes whose expression coincides with scent production, led to the discovery of several novel flower scent-related candidate genes. The function of some of these genes, including a germacrene D synthase, was biochemically determined using an Escherichia coli expression system. This work demonstrates the advantages of using the high-throughput approaches of genomics to detail traits of interest expressed in a cultivar-specific manner in nonmodel plants. EST sequences were submitted to the GenBank database (accession numbers BQ 103855 to BQ 106728).
Detection of HIV gp120 in Plasma During Early HIV Infection Is Associated with Increased Proinflammatory and Immunoregulatory Cytokines (2010)

Events that occur during acute HIV infection likely contribute to the immune dysfunction common in HIV-infected individuals. During this early stage, there is high-level viral replication, loss in CD4(+) T cell number and function, and an up-regulation of proinflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokines. The mechanisms responsible for this are not completely understood. We hypothesize that the HIV envelope glycoprotein, gp120, contributes to immune dysfunction during early HIV infection. Using a cohort of subjects enrolled during acute and early HIV infection, we determined the amount of gp120, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-α, and IFN-γ in plasma at baseline and 6 months. At matched time points, we also measured CD4(+) T cell proliferation, T cell activation, and apoptosis. Plasma from 109 subjects was screened for gp120. Thirty-six subjects (33%) had detectable gp120 (0.5-15.6 ng/ml). Subjects with greater than 1 ng/ml of gp120 at baseline had similar levels at all time points tested, even when viral replication was undetectable due to therapy. Subjects with detectable gp120 had higher levels of plasma IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α. There was no difference in the level of T cell activation, proliferation, or apoptosis in subjects with gp120 compared to those without. We conclude that persistent expression of gp120 occurs in a subset of individuals. Furthermore, the presence of gp120 is associated with higher levels of plasma IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α, which may contribute to immune dysfunction during early HIV infection.
JouleSort (2007)

The energy efficiency of computer systems is an important concern in a variety of contexts. In data centers, reducing energy use improves operating cost, scalability, reliability, and other factors. For mobile devices, energy consumption directly affects functionality and usability. We propose and motivate JouleSort, an external sort benchmark, for evaluating the energy efficiency of a wide range of computer systems from clusters to handhelds. We list the criteria, challenges, and pitfalls from our experience in creating a fair energy-efficiency benchmark. Using a commercial sort, we demonstrate a JouleSort system that is over 3.5x as energy-efficient as last year's estimated winner. This system is quite different from those currently used in data centers. It consists of a commodity mobile CPU and 13 laptop drives connected by server-style I/O interfaces.
Thermal error analysis and compensation of a LED-CMOS camera 3D measuring system (2003)

status: Published
Ground‐based measurement of gradients in the “wet” radio refractivity of air (1993)

We have used a ground‐based microwave radiometer, known as a water vapor radiometer, to investigate the local spatial and temporal variation of the wet propagation delay for a site on the west coast of Sweden. The data were obtained from a wide range of azimuths and from elevation angles greater than 23.6° (air mass 2.5). Visual inspection of the data suggested a simple “cosine azimuth” variation, implying that a first‐order gradient model was required. This model was adequate for short time spans up to approximately 15 min, but significant temporal variations in the gradient suggested to us that we include gradient rate terms. The resulting six‐parameter model has proven adequate (rms delay residual ∼1 mm) for up to 30 min of data. Assuming a simple exponential profile for the wet refractivity gradient, the estimated gradient parameters imply average surface wet‐refractivity horizontal gradients of order of 0.1–1 N km −1 . These gradients are larger, by 1–2 orders of magnitude, than gradients determined by others by averaging over long (∼100‐km) distances. This result implies that for applications that are sensitive to local gradients, such as wet propagation‐delay models for radio‐interferometric geodetic studies, the use of meteorological data from widely spread stations may be inadequate. The gradient model presented here is inadequate for times longer than about 30 min, even if no gradients are present, because of the complicated stochastic like temporal behavior of the wet atmosphere. When gradients are present, they can change magnitude by ∼50% over 10–15 min. Nevertheless, our ability to fit the radiometer data implies that on timescales <30 min and for elevation angles >23.6°, the local structure of the wet atmosphere can be described with a simple model. (The model is not limited to this range of elevation angles in principle.) The estimated gradient and gradient rate vectors have preferred directions, which indicates a prevailing structure in the three‐dimensional temperature and humidity fields, possibly related to systematic behavior in large‐scale weather systems and/or the local air‐land‐sea interaction at this site.
Data integration using similarity joins and a word-based information representation language (2000)

The integration of distributed, heterogeneous databases, such as those available on the World Wide Web, poses many problems. Herer we consider the problem of integrating data from sources that lack common object identifiers. A solution to this problem is proposed for databases that contain informal, natural-language “names” for objects; most Web-based databases satisfy this requirement, since they usually present their information to the end-user through a veneer of text. We describe WHIRL, a “soft” database management system which supports “similarity joins,” based on certain robust, general-purpose similarity metrics for text. This enables fragments of text (e.g., informal names of objects) to be used as keys. WHIRL includes textual objects as a built-in type, similarity reasoning as a built-in predicate, and answers every query with a list of answer substitutions that are ranked according to an overall score. Experiments show that WHIRL is much faster than naive inference methods, even for short queries, and efficient on typical queries to real-world databases with tens of thousands of tuples. Inferences made by WHIRL are also surprisingly accurate, equaling the accuracy of hand-coded normalization routines on one benchmark problem, and outerperforming exact matching with a plausible global domain on a second.
Hydrochloric acid‐catalyzed levulinic acid formation from cellulose: data and kinetic model to maximize yields (2011)

Abstract In this study, the kinetics of the acid catalyzed hydrolysis of microcrystalline cellulose (Avicel PH101) to levulinic (LA) and formic (FA) acids was investigated in a batch reactor over the following range of conditions: 160–200°C, hydrochloric acid concentrations of 0.309–0.927 M (11.3–33.8 g/l), cellulose concentrations of 49.8–149 mM (8.06–24.1 g/l), and residence times of 0–50 min. The maximum LA yield of around 60% of theoretical was achieved for an initial cellulose concentration of 99.6 mM, acid concentration 0.927 M, and 180–200°C. A mathematical model and its analytical solution were developed to predict conversion of cellulose to LA and FA through glucose and hydroxymethyl‐2‐furfural based on an irreversible pseudo‐first order reaction. Rate analysis of each reaction indicated that the rate‐controlling step shifted from LA formation initially to HMF formation later. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Antioxidant Supplementation Reduces Skeletal Muscle Mitochondrial Biogenesis (2010)

Vitamin E and α-lipoic acid supplementation suppresses skeletal muscle mitochondrial biogenesis, regardless of training status.
Myoglobin tames tumor growth and spread (2009)

Tumor growth is accompanied by tissue hypoxia, but does this reduced oxygen availability promote further tumor expansion, resulting in a vicious cycle? In this issue of the JCI, Galluzzo et al. report that increasing oxygen tension in tumor cells by ectopically expressing the oxygen-binding hemoprotein myoglobin indeed affects tumorigenesis (see the related article beginning on page 865). Tumors derived from cells transfected with myoglobin grew more slowly, were less hypoxic, and were less metastatic. These results will spur further mechanistic inquiry into the role of hypoxia in tumor expansion.
Adaptive Fraunhofer diffraction particle sizing instrument using a spatial light modulator (1989)

Integration of a magnetooptic spatial light modulator into a Fraunhofer diffraction particle sizing instrument is proposed and demonstrated theoretically and experimentally. The concept gives the instrument the ability to reconfigure a detector array on-line and thereby adapt to the measurement context.