gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
First Structural Investigation of a Super-Hydrated Zeolite (2001)

Pressure and temperature are basic thermodynamic variables transforming matter from one state to another. Our knowledge of pressure-induced phase transformations of zeolites, however, is very limited compared to the vast number of temperaturedependent studies performed over the past several decades.1-3 This is partly due to the required experimental complexities as well as the analytical ambiguities arising from the porous nature of the materials, which can lead to compositional changes upon interaction with various pressure-transmitting media.4-6 The large variety of zeolite structures is due to the numerous possible linkages of (Al,SiO4)-tetrahedra that bound nanopores of various sizes. The built-in flexibility allows these structures to contract and expand in response to external changes and alters the chemistry occurring in the nanopores. Unusual effects such as negative thermal expansion and cation relocations in zeolite rho have recently been recognized to be driven by temperatureinduced chemical changes.7 Therefore, applying external hydrostatic pressure was also anticipated to alter the chemical environment within the pores. We have reported different phase transitions depending on the type of cations residing inside the pores in zeolite rho.8 Various interaction schemes between cation and pressure-transmitting media have been proposed to drive the observed phase transitions in rho and other zeolites,8-10 but no structural evidence for these pressure-induced chemical changes has been reported to date. We have measured powder diffraction data of natrolite11 as a function of pressure up to 5.0 GPa using a diamond-anvil cell (DAC) and a 200 ím-focused monochromatic synchrotron X-ray beam.12 Upon pressure increase, there is an abrupt volume expansion (ca. 2.5%) between 0.8 and 1.5 GPa. Rietveld refinements using these data showed that this anomalous swelling is due to the selective sorption of water from the alcohol-based pressuretransmitting media into the expanded channels, which gives rise to a “super-hydrated” phase of natrolite, Na16Al16Si24O80â32H2O, distinct from the normal natrolite, Na16Al16Si24O80â16H2O, at ambient conditions.
Direct, High‐Yield Conversion of Cellulose into Biofuel (2008)

Furane für den Motor: Cellulose lässt sich in zuvor unerreichten Ausbeuten in Furanbiokraftstoffe umwandeln. Dabei kommt ein einfaches, billiges Verfahren mit zeitgleicher Hydrolyse, Dehydrierung und Chlorsubstitution in Kombination mit fortlaufender Extraktion in eine organische Phase zum Einsatz (siehe Schema). Furanether, wie sie aus den gezeigten Produkten erhalten werden können, sind bekannte Dieselzusatzstoffe.
Tyrosine-phosphorylated Galectin-3 Protein Is Resistant to Prostate-specific Antigen (PSA) Cleavage (2012)

Galectin-3 is a chimeric carbohydrate-binding protein, which interacts with cell surface carbohydrate-containing molecules and extracellular matrix glycoproteins and has been implicated in various biological processes such as cell growth, angiogenesis, motility, and metastasis. It is expressed in a wide range of tumor cells and is associated with tumor progression. The functions of galectin-3 are dependent on its localization and post-translational modifications such as cleavage and phosphorylation. Recently, we showed that galectin-3 Tyr-107 is phosphorylated by c-Abl; concomitantly, it was also shown that galectin-3 can be cleaved at this site by prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a chymotrypsin-like serine protease, after Tyr-107, resulting in loss of galectin-3 multivalency while preserving its carbohydrate binding activity. Galectin-3 is largely a monomer in solution but may form a homodimer by self-association through its carbohydrate recognition domain, whereas, in the presence of a ligand, galectin-3 polymerizes up to pentamers utilizing its N-terminal domain. Oligomerization is a unique feature of secreted galectin-3, which allows its function by forming ordered galectin-glycan structures, i.e. lattices, on the cell surface or through direct engagement of specific cell surface glycoconjugates by traditional ligand-receptor binding. We questioned whether Tyr-107 phosphorylation by c-Abl affects galectin-3 cleavage by PSA. The data suggest a role for galectin-3 in prostate cells associated with increased activity of c-Abl kinase and loss of phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) activity. In addition, the ratio of phosphorylated/dephosphorylated galectin-3 might be used as a complementary value to that of PSA for prognosis of prostate cancer and a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of prostate cancer.
The protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, pervanadate, is a powerful antidiabetic agent in streptozotocin-treated diabetic rats (1994)

The effect of pervanadate, a potent insulinomimetic agent that inhibits insulin receptor dephosphorylation in vitro, is now assessed in vivo. A single i.p. administration of pervanadate at concentrations as low as 700 micrograms vanadium/kg body wt markedly lowered blood glucose levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats from 430 +/- 28 to 212 +/- 30 mg/100 ml within 3 h. A decrease was already observed half hour after treatment, continued in accelerating fashion to the 3rd h, and persisted for at least 24 h. The initial hyperglycemia reoccurred on the second day and remained thereafter. In comparable fashion, pervanadate decreased the blood glucose levels of control healthy rats, treated identically. Within this period body wt was not significantly altered in either group. This data indicate that rapid and efficient management of glucose homeostasis is achieved via inhibiting receptor dephosphorylation. This observation may lead to a new therapeutic approach of protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibition for future treatment of diabetes in general, and in insulin resistant states in particular.
The fermentation of cellulose <i>in vitro</i> by organisms from the rumen of sheep (1948)

CELLULOSE FERMENTATION BY, RUMEN ORGANISMS that considerable quantities of fatty acids find their way into the blood stream draining the rumen jBarcroft et al.
Synthetic Images of High-Throughput Microscopy for Validation of Image Analysis Methods (2008)

Automated image analysis provides a powerful tool when quantifying various characteristics of cell populations. Previously, the validation of image analysis results has been a task of expert biologist, who has manually analyzed the images and provided the ground truth to which the proposed analysis results have been compared. The traditional validation approach, prone to errors and variation, is unfeasible in the emergence of high-throughput measurement systems which make human-based analysis excessively laborious. The systems biology approach for studying, e.g., cellular activity massively in parallel, often lending on high-throughput microscopy, further increases the need for efficient, validated computational methods. As a solution for the problem, we propose a computational framework for simulating fluorescence microscopy images of cell populations. The simulation framework allows generation of synthetic images with realistic characteristics including the ground truth for validation. Thus, the simulation enables validation and performance analysis for various analysis algorithms. By creating a parameterized model of cells based on a given population, the simulator is able to create different cell types. The proposed modular framework, combined with the ability to create high-throughput measurements, provides a powerful tool for validating image analysis methods in traditional microscopy as well as in high content screening. Moreover, we use experimental data to study the validity of the proposed modeling approach.
Guidance and Control of a Fin-Stabilized Projectile Based on Flight Dynamics with Reduced Sensor and Actuator Requirements (2011)

Abstract : Successfully guiding a projectile launched from a gun is an extremely challenging task. Striking a balance between performance and affordability requires innovative solutions. This effort introduces a unique guidance and control strategy, which enables precision and trajectory shaping with reduced sensor and actuator needs. The derivation of this guidance and control algorithm is based on flight dynamics. Flight experiments were conducted to verify that the algorithm guided the projectile to the target and demonstrate rapid application to different airframes. Features of the algorithm, such as expected precision, maneuver conservation, and trajectory shaping, were investigated through modeling and simulation. Position bias errors drove the precision; errors due to the guidance and control algorithm were on the order of 0.1 m. An analysis was conducted on the lateral acceleration available from the airframe, lateral acceleration required for this algorithm, and lateral acceleration required for classic proportional navigation. For control authority-limited munitions, proportional navigation was unable to intercept the target point while the current guidance algorithm successfully hit the target. Steepening the angle-of-fall to vertical is possible with this algorithm provided the airframe possesses the necessary maneuverability.
Multi‐Year Budgeting: A Review of International Practices and Lessons for Developing and Transitional Economies (2000)

In recent years, many developed countries have moved to develop their annual budget process in a strategic multi‐year framework. While a common feature of multi‐year budgeting approaches is the inclusion of revenue forecasts and expenditures estimates for two or three years beyond the current year, multi‐year budget practices vary substantially between countries. This article reviews multi‐year budgeting practices in six developed countries (Australia, Austria, Germany, New Zealand, Great Britain, and the United States) and attempts to draw lessons from these experiences for the potential application of multi‐year budget techniques by developing and transitional countries. We draw five lessons from the multi‐year budget practices of developed countries that are relevant for developing and transitional economies: (1) a multi‐year dimension could be a valuable fiscal policy and management tool for developing and transitional countries; (2) the approach chosen in each developing or transitional economy should reflect the country's policy objectives, unique budget institutions and traditions, and administrative capabilities; (3) the introduction of a multi‐year budget dimension is a gradual process; (4) the multi‐year budget should be used to encourage the constructive involvement of line ministries in the budget process; and (5) the usefulness of the multi‐year budget approach will crucially depend on the reliability and accuracy of the medium‐term budget estimates.
New reconfigurable ultrasonic enuresis monitoring system (2002)

Nocturnal enuresis (bed-wetting) is a common disorder for children between the ages of 5 and 15. Though the problem usually clears up on its own, nocturnal enuresis sometime leads to serious psychological and social consequences if not dealt with properly. Behavior modification approaches, such as the enuresis alarm system, have been clinically proven to be the only nocturnal enuresis treatment strategy with persistent effectiveness. Available enuresis alarm systems, which condition the child to anticipate micturition, do not prevent bed-wetting during therapy. This paper describes the design of a new reconfigurable miniaturized ultrasonic monitor which wakens the patient a short time before his bladder reaches a critical volume (start of micturition). The detection approach is based on the evaluation of the biggest bladder's depth using an A mode pulse/echo technique. This enuresis alarm system is reconfigurable to adjust the threshold depth according to the child's bladder morphology. A 4/spl times/16 character LCD screen has been implemented to validate measurements performed during the upcoming clinical evaluation of the device.
Real-Time Distributed Vibration Monitoring System Using $\Phi$ -OTDR (2016)

The purpose of this paper is to theoretically analyze and experimentally demonstrate the investigation on a distributed optical fiber sensor based on phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometry (Φ-OTDR) for real-time vibration monitoring with different signal processing methods. The Φ-OTDR system is investigated in two aspects: the hardware parameter and the interrogation scheme. The effect of pulsed light power that enters into the sensing fiber on Φ-OTDR is first discussed. Then, two systems based on the differential method and the Prewitt edge detection method applied for Φ-OTDR are presented for 1-D and 2-D vibration location, respectively. Finally, a highspeed acquisition system based on FPGA is applied to realize the 3-D real-time vibration monitoring. This new distributed vibration sensor can be used as an ideal source for the thirdparty intrusion identification, pipeline monitoring, and ultrasonic wave detection in explosive environment.
THE CONTROL OF HAND MOVEMENTS IN A CASE OF HEMIANAESTHESIA FOLLOWING A PARIETAL LESION (1984)

A 46-year-old patient with a lesion limited to the left retrorolandic area without involvement of the prerolandic motor strip was examined. Anaesthesia to tactile, warm, cold, and painful stimuli was complete for the right hand and wrist. Position sense was abolished for the right wrist and finger joints. Performance of the right hand in motor tasks was severely impaired. Simple visual and auditory reaction times were lengthened. Sustaining a constant level of force was impossible. In the absence of visual feedback, only simple, monoarticular movements could be correctly executed; more complex movements requiring coordination between several joints, such as prehension, were poorly, or not, performed. The role of somatosensory cortex in conveying kinaesthetic input to the motor areas and the importance of vision in substituting for kinaesthetic loss, are discussed.
Pencil Drawn Strain Gauges and Chemiresistors on Paper (2014)

Pencil traces drawn on print papers are shown to function as strain gauges and chemiresistors. Regular graphite/clay pencils can leave traces composed of percolated networks of fine graphite powders, which exhibit reversible resistance changes upon compressive or tensile deflections. Flexible toy pencils can leave traces that are essentially thin films of graphite/polymer composites, which show reversible changes in resistance upon exposure to volatile organic compounds due to absorption/desorption induced swelling/recovery of the polymer binders. Pencil-on-paper devices are low-cost, extremely simple and rapid to fabricate. They are light, flexible, portable, disposable, and do not generate potentially negative environmental impact during processing and device fabrication. One can envision many other types of pencil drawn paper electronic devices that can take on a great variety of form factors. Hand drawn devices could be useful in resource-limited or emergency situations. They could also lead to new applications integrating art and electronics.
Do Surgical Patients Benefit from Perioperative Gabapentin/Pregabalin? A Systematic Review of Efficacy and Safety (2007)

Gabapentinoids effectively reduce postoperative pain, opioid consumption, and opioid-related adverse effects after surgery. Conclusions about the optimal dose and duration of the treatment cannot be made because of the heterogeneity of the trials. Studies are needed to determine the long-term benefits, if any, of perioperative gabapentinoids.
Identification of Mxr1p‐binding sites in the promoters of genes encoding dihydroxyacetone synthase and peroxin 8 of the methylotrophic yeast <i>Pichia pastoris</i> (2010)

Expression of genes involved in methanol metabolism of Pichia pastoris is regulated by Mxr1p, a zinc finger transcription factor. In this study, we studied the target gene specificity of Mxr1p by examining its ability to bind to promoters of genes encoding dihydroxyacetone synthase (DHAS) and peroxin 8 (PEX8), since methanol-inducible expression of these genes is abrogated in mxr1-null mutant strains of P. pastoris. Different regions of DHAS and PEX8 promoter were isolated from P. pastoris genomic DNA and their ability to bind to a recombinant Mxr1p protein containing the N-terminal 150 amino acids, including the zinc finger DNA-binding domain, was examined. These studies reveal that Mxr1p specifically binds to promoter regions containing multiple 5'-CYCC-3' sequences, although all DNA sequences containing the 5'-CYCC-3' motif do not qualify as Mxr1p-binding sites. Key DNA-binding determinants are present outside 5'-CYCC-3' motif and Mxr1p preferably binds to DNA sequences containing 5'-CYCCNY-3' than those containing 5'-CYCCNR-3' sequences. This study provides new insights into the molecular determinants of target gene specificity of Mxr1p, and the methodology described here can be used for mapping Mxr1p-binding sites in other methanol-inducible promoters of P. pastoris.
Neural network implementation of a new fuzzy system (1994)

The architecture and learning scheme of a new fuzzy logic system implemented in the framework of neural network is proposed. The proposed network can construct its rules and optimise its membership functions by training data pairs. Both back error propagation and least squares estimation are applied to the learning scheme. The convergence of training is expected to be faster since the least squares estimation is applied to the estimation of the consequence parameters of the system and backpropagation is applied only to the estimation of premise parameters. Due to new architecture, even a high order fuzzy system can be implemented with this learning scheme. In our simulation, the proposed network is employed to model nonlinear functions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Catalytic conversion of carbon dioxide to carboxylic acid derivatives (2014)

Abstract Chemical utilization of the greenhouse gas, i.e., CO 2 as an abundant, easily available, and renewable carbon feedstock for producing chemicals, materials, and fuels is attractive as an integral part of the carbon cycle. Based on the principle of CO 2 activation and elaborately designed catalysts, various transformation of CO 2 can be realized under mild conditions. In particular, establishing practical methodologies for catalytic carboxylation by CO 2 as carboxylative reagent would be a fascinating dream for synthetic chemists. This review covers the updated advances in the catalytic conversion of CO 2 into carboxylic acid derivatives from alkenes, alkynes, aromatic halides, aromatic C(sp 2 )‐H bonds, etc.
1. The origins of Spain's civil war (2005)

‘The origins of Spain's civil war’ examines what exactly led Spain to a state of civil war. Many forces, both internal and external, were crucial to how events panned out. It started out as a military coup that aimed to stop the mass political democracy set in motion by the effects of the First World War and the Russian Revolution, accelerated in the two decades following the First World War by the economic, social, and cultural changes in Spain and the rest of Europe. Historians have tried to explore where the violence came from and how it related to the pre-war domestic environment.
Protein–Protein Interactions Between Large Proteins: Two-Hybrid Screening Using a Functionally Classified Library Composed of Long cDNAs (2002)

Large proteins have multiple domains that are potentially capable of binding many kinds of partners. It is conceivable, therefore, that such proteins could function as an intricate framework of assembly protein complexes. To comprehensively study protein-protein interactions between large KIAA proteins, we have constructed a library composed of 1087 KIAA cDNA clones based on prior functional classifications done in silico. We were guided by two principles that raise the success rate for detecting interactions per tested combination: we avoided testing low-probability combinations, and reduced the number of potential false negatives that arise from the fact that large proteins cannot reliably be expressed in yeast. The latter was addressed by constructing a cDNA library comprised of random fragments encoding large proteins. Cytoplasmic domains of KIAA transmembrane proteins (>1000 amino acids) were used as bait for yeast two-hybrid screening. Our analyses reveal that several KIAA proteins bearing a transmembrane region have the capability of binding to other KIAA proteins containing domains (e.g., PDZ, SH3, rhoGEF, and spectrin) known to be localized to highly specialized submembranous sites, indicating that they participate in cellular junction formation, receptor or channel clustering, and intracellular signaling events. Our representative library should be a very useful resource for detecting previously unidentified interactions because it complements conventional expression libraries, which seldom contain large cDNAs.
Ip phone in electric power system (2002)

The paper tells us Linan Electric Power how to realize Interphone extending at different areas,using IP voice communication technology in the local area network.
Botulinus Toxin: VI. The Destruction of Botulinus Toxin by Heat (1932)

Journal Article Botulinus Toxin: VI. The Destruction of Botulinus Toxin by Heat Get access Hermann Sommer, Hermann Sommer San Francisco Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Elizabeth Wagner Sommer Elizabeth Wagner Sommer San Francisco Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 51, Issue 2, October 1932, Pages 243–253, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/51.2.243 Published: 01 October 1932 Article history Received: 10 November 1931 Published: 01 October 1932
An Evaluation of Approaches to Classification Rule Selection (2005)

In this paper a number of classification rule evaluation measures are considered. In particular the authors review the use of a variety of selection techniques used to order classification rules contained in a classifier, and a number of mechanisms used to classify unseen data. The authors demonstrate that rule ordering founded on the size of antecedent works well given certain conditions.
Where Is Immunology Taking Us? (1976)

The purpose of this article is to introduce the non-immunologist to our current understanding of the immune system, a system whose primary purpose is to maintain the integrity of the individual. We develop a model of this system and discuss the events in this system that can be modulated. We discuss some of the biological and chemical agents that are capable of modulating an immune response, whether aberrant or normal. Investigators in immunology are primarily concerned with the mechanisms by which the immune system maintains the integrity of self and the consequences of a breakdown in the regulation of this host defense system. Many early investigators, trained as chemists but possessing a flair for biology, addressed themselves to structural studies of the antibody molecule, the first recognized end-product of the host defense mechanism. The specificity and the structure-function relationships of these unique proteins were the primary subjects of immunochemical research. Also studied was the chemical structure of the substances (antigens) which elicit antibody production. The early immunobiologist’s primary contribution was to determine how antibody molecules could best be induced to combat disease (immunization and vaccination). They also made use of the unique specificity of the antibody molecule to aid in the diagnosis of other pathological conditions.