gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An introduction to congregating in multi-agent systems (2002)

We present congregating both as a metaphor for describing and modeling multi-agent systems (MAS) and as a means for reducing coordination costs. We show how congregations can be used to explain and predict the behavior of self-interested agents that are searching for other agents to interact with. This framework is integrated with VidaI and Durfee's CLRI framework (1998) for evaluating learning within MAS. We provide experimental and analytical results which describe how the difficulty of the congregating problem increases exponentially with the number of agents, and present a solution to this in the form of labelers, which are agents that assign a description to a congregation, thereby reducing agents' search problem.
Clostridium difficile (2007)

Clostridium difficile is now the most frequent bacterial enteric pathogen in the developed world. This organism has been the recognized agent of 20% to 25% of cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhea since its discovery in 1978. Like enteric pathogens, it causes a wide range of clinical disease ranging from asymptomatic colonization or trivial diarrhea at one end of the spectrum and life threatening pseudomembranous colitis at the other. Effective methods to diagnose this condition with toxin assays and treatment with either vancomycin or metronidazole have been in widespread use for 25 years. During the past 3 to 4 years there has been the recognition of a new strain designated the NAP-1 strain which has been associated with some unique features including epidemics in geographically defined areas, more serious forms of disease and relatively refractoriness to standard therapy. This NAP-1 strain is now found rather frequently in Canada, the United States, and much of Europe. This paper will review much of the current knowledge of C. difficile, current methods of recognition and management, and implication of the newly recognized epidemic strain.
Ultra-wideband ladder filter using SH<sub>0</sub> plate wave in thin LiNbO<sub>3</sub> plate and its application to tunable filter (2015)

A cognitive radio terminal using vacant frequency bands of digital TV (DTV) channels, i.e., TV white space, strongly requires a compact tunable filter covering a wide frequency range of the DTV band (470 to 710 MHz in Japan). In this study, a T-type ladder filter using ultra-wideband shear horizontal mode plate wave resonators was fabricated, and a low peak insertion loss of 0.8 dB and an ultra-large 6 dB bandwidth of 240 MHz (41%) were measured in the DTV band. In addition, bandpass filters with different center frequencies of 502 and 653 MHz at 6 dB attenuation were numerically synthesized based on the same T-type ladder filter in conjunction with band rejection filters with different frequencies. The results suggest that the combination of the wideband T-type ladder filter and the band rejection filters connected with variable capacitors enables a tunable filter with large tunability of frequency and bandwidth as well as large rejection at the adjacent channels of an available TV white space.
Cdc20 protein contains a destruction‐box but, unlike Clb2, its proteolysisis not acutely dependent on the activity of anaphase‐promoting complex (2000)

Both chromosome segregation and the final exit from mitosis require a ubiquitin-protein ligase called anaphase-promoting complex (APC) or cyclosome. This multiprotein complex ubiquitinates various substrates, such as the anaphase inhibitor Pds1 and mitotic cyclins, and thus targets them for proteolysis by the 26S proteasome. The ubiquitination by APC is dependent on the presence of a destruction-box sequence in the N-terminus of target proteins. Recent reports have strongly suggested that Cdc20, a WD40 repeat-containing protein required for nuclear division in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, is essential for the APC-mediated proteolysis. To understand the function of CDC20, we have studied its regulation in some detail. The expression of the CDC20 gene is cell-cycle regulated such that it is transcribed only during late S phase and mitosis. Although the protein is unstable to some extent through out the cell cycle, its degradation is particularly enhanced in G1. Cdc20 contains a destruction box sequence which, when mutated or deleted, stabilizes it considerably in G1. Surprisingly, we find that while the inactivation of APC subunits Cdc16, Cdc23 or Cdc27 results in stabilization of the mitotic cyclin Clb2 in G1, the proteolytic destruction of Cdc20 remains largely unaffected. This suggests the existence of proteolytic mechanisms in G1 that can degrade destruction-box containing proteins, such as Cdc20, in an APC-independent manner.
Method for the Preparation of Nonracemic Bis‐Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complexes (2013)

Abstract A practical strategy for the generation of virtually enantiomerically pure bis‐cyclometalated iridium(III) complexes is reported. Accordingly, the reactions of [Ir(μ‐Cl)(ppy) 2 ] 2 (ppy = cyclometalating 2‐phenylpyridine) with ( S )‐4‐ tert ‐butyl‐2‐(2′‐hydroxyphenyl)‐2‐oxazoline [( S )‐ 1a ], [Ir(μ‐Cl)(pq) 2 ] 2 (pq = cyclometalating 2‐phenylquinoline) with ( S )‐2‐(2′‐hydroxyphenyl)‐4‐isopropyl‐2‐oxazoline [( S )‐ 1b ], and [Ir(μ‐Cl)(pbt) 2 ] 2 (pbt = cyclometalating 2‐phenylbenzothiazole) with ( S )‐2‐(2′‐hydroxyphenyl)‐4‐isopropyl‐2‐thiazoline [( S )‐ 1d ] afforded diastereomeric mixtures of salicyloxazolinato or salicylthiazolinato complexes Λ/Δ‐[Ir(ppy) 2 {( S )‐ 1a –H}]PF 6 , Λ/Δ‐[Ir(pq) 2 {( S )‐ 1b –H}]PF 6 , and Λ/Δ‐[Ir(pbt) 2 {( S )‐ 1d –H}]PF 6 , respectively, which could be resolved by silica gel flash chromatography. With the individual diastereomers in hand, an acid‐induced substitution of the chiral auxiliaries by achiral bidentate ligands with retention of configuration afforded several iridium complexes Λ‐ or Δ‐[Ir(C ∧ N) 2 (N ∧ N)]PF 6 (C ∧ N = cyclometalating ppy, pq, or pbt; N ∧ N = 2,2′‐bipyridine, 1,10‐phenanthroline, or 2,2′‐biquinoline) with enantiomeric ratio ( er ) values of 24:1 to 230:1.
Autophagy-regulating small molecules and their therapeutic applications (2012)

Autophagy or self-eating is a complicated cellular process that is involved in protein and organelle digestion occurring via a lysosome-dependent pathway. This process is of great importance in maintaining normal cellular homeostasis. However, disruption of autophagy is closely associated with various human diseases such as cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, heart disease and pathogen infection. Therefore, small molecules that modulate autophagy can be employed to dissect this complex process and ultimately could have high potential for the treatment of a variety of diseases. This critical review discusses general aspects of autophagy, autophagy-associated diseases and autophagy regulators for biological research and therapeutic applications (207 references).
MICROGRAVITY CULTURE CONDITIONS DECREASE IMMUNOGENICITY BUT MAINTAIN EXCELLENT MORPHOLOGY OF PANCREATIC ISLETS. (2000)

Rutzky, Lynne1; Kloc, Malgosia1; Bilinski, Szczepan1; Phan, T.1; Zhang, H.1; Stepkowski, Stanislaw M.1; Katz, Stephen M.1 Author Information
Bacteriology of experimental gingivitis in young adult humans (1982)

From replicate trials of experimental gingivitis in four periodontally healthy subjects, 166 bacterial species and subspecies were detected among 3,034 randomly selected isolates from 96 samples. Of these bacteria, Actinomyces naeslundii (serotype III and phenotypically similar strains that were unreactive with available antisera), Actinomyces odontolyticus (serotype I and phenotypically similar strains that were unreactive with available antisera), Fusobacterium nucleatum, Lactobacillus species D-2, Streptococcus anginosus, Veillonella parvula, and Treponema species A appeared to be the most likely etiological agents of gingivitis. Statistical interpretations indicated that the greatest source of microbiological variation of the total flora observed was person-to-person differences in the floras. The next greatest source of variation was the inflammatory status of the sample sites. Person-to-person differences were smallest at experimental day 4. The floras became more diverse with time and as gingivitis developed and progressed. Analyses indicated that sequential colonization by certain species was repeatable and therefore probably predictable. Variation was relatively small between replicate trials, between two sites on the same teeth sampled on the same day, and between the same sites sampled at the same relative time in a replicate trial.
Rapid Detection of Salmonella enterica in Food Using a Compact Disc-Shaped Device (2016)

Rapid detection of food-borne pathogens is essential to public health and the food industry. Although the conventional culture method is highly sensitive, it takes at least a few days to detect food-borne pathogens. Even though polymerase chain reaction (PCR) can detect food-borne pathogens in a few hours, it is more expensive and unsatisfactorily sensitive relative to the culture method. We have developed a method to rapidly detect <i>Salmonella enterica</i> by using a compact disc (CD)-shaped device that can reduce reagent consumption in conventional PCR. The detection method, which combines culture and PCR, is more rapid than the conventional culture method and is more sensitive and cheaper than PCR. In this study, we also examined a sample preparation method that involved collecting bacterial cells from food. The bacteria collected from chicken meat spiked with <i>S. enterica</i> were mixed with PCR reagents, and PCR was performed on the device. At a low concentration of <i>S. enterica</i>, the collected <i>S. enterica</i> was cultured before PCR for sensitive detection. After cultivation for 4 h, <i>S. enterica</i> at 1.7 × 10⁴ colony-forming units (CFUs)·g<sup>-1</sup> was detected within 8 h, which included the time needed for sample preparation and detection. Furthermore, the detection of 30 CFUs·g<sup>-1</sup> of <i>S. enterica</i> was possible within 12 h including 8 h for cultivation.
A Low-Voltage Low-Power Fully-Integratable Automatic Gain Control for Hearing Instruments (1993)

A low-voltage low-power bipolar automatic gain control (AGC) for hearing instruments that works in the current domain and operates on a single 1.3-V battery is presented.In this AGC a large time constant (50 ms) is realized on-chip.The AGC consists of a gain cell, a comparator and a voltage follower.The active circuitry of the AGC has been integrated in the DIMES01 process and the total circuit demonstrates operation down to 1 V with only 4 pW power consumption.The compression range amounts to 38 dB.The AGC has a dynamic range (DR) of 62 dB at the output over a bandwidth of 10 kHz.
Application of 2G-Tape for Passive and Controlled Superconducting Levitation (2011)

Second generation (2G) superconductor wires have been used for several applications. This work presents a preliminary study of superconducting magnetic bearings (SMB) using 2G wires. A double pancake superconducting coil (DPSC) was implemented to test the 2G wire in levitation technology. The coil was projected by simulations with the Finite Element Method (FEM). The 2G wire can be used for two types of SMB: linear (for MagLev vehicles), or rotational (for flywheels). In both applications the wire can be connected as a closed loop coil (for passive levitators), or as an opened coil (for applications where a controlled levitation gap is desired). A rotational SMB was made to investigate the levitation force between the DPSC and a permanent magnet cylinder showing promising potential of this application.
Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Superoxide Dismutases: Inhibition of Adriamycin Induced Edema in Rats (1986)

Various superoxide dismutases from different sources, containing Cu, Mn or Fe at the active centre, have been examined with respect to anti-inflammatory activity in a model using adriamycin-induced edema in rats. Very large differences in efficiency are observed, the most active being E. coli Mn-SOD and bovine Cu-SOD. The Fe-SOD from E. coli is active whereas P. leiognathi Fe-SOD is not. Human Mn-SOD shows no significant activity and homologous rat Cu-SOD is totally inactive. Yeast Cu-SOD shows pro-inflammatory properties. Anti-inflammatory activity is not a function of molecular weight or circulation life-time.
Mapping of human microtubule-associated protein 1B in proximity to the spinal muscular atrophy locus at 5q13. (1991)

A polyclonal antiserum directed against the C-terminal domain of dystrophin was used to isolate a cDNA clone encoding an antigenically cross-reactive protein, microtubule-associated protein 1B (MAP-1B). Physical mapping of the human MAP-1B locus places its chromosomal location at 5q13, in proximity to the spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) locus. SMA is a degenerative disorder primarily affecting motor neurons. Genetic linkage analysis of SMA families using a human dinucleotide repeat polymorphism just 3' of the MAP-1B gene has shown tight linkage to SMA mutations. These mapping data together with the postulated role of MAP-1B in neuronal morphogenesis and its localization in anterior horn motor neurons suggest a possible association with SMA.
A Compact Integrated Polarization Splitter/Converter in InGaAsP–InP (2007)

A novel design for an integrated passive polarization splitter/converter combination is presented. The device consists of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with polarization converters in both arms. The device is analyzed using the transfer matrix method and fabricated in InGaAsP-InP. Measurement results show a splitting ratio of approximately 10 dB and a conversion of >90%. This device can be monolithically integrated with passive and active components.
Lambeth Degree Academic Dress (2005)

In the United Kingdom the right of universities and other institutions to confer degrees is strictly controlled by legislation.1 Lambeth degrees, also occasionally and perhaps misleadingly called Canterbury degrees (as in ‘DMus Cantuar’) are still awarded by the archbishop of Canterbury under the general authority of the Ecclesiastical Licences Act 1533–1534,3 although he is not a university nor an educational institution per se. The continued specific authority for the archbishop to grant degrees can however be found in the Education Reform Act 1988,4 and the Education (Recognised Bodies) (England) Order 2003.5 But unlike other degreegranting bodies, the archbishop of Canterbury does not prescribe a distinct set of academical dress for the recipient of his degrees. Instead the academic dress is either that Oxford or Cambridge. This is due, at least in part, to the history and nature of the degrees which he confers. [Excerpt].
A memristive circular buffer for real-time signal processing (2016)

Thanks to their ability to store information in a continuous (analog) form, memristors are termed as well-suited for several real-time signal processing tasks. In this context, here we present a memristive circular buffer, using memristor and its multi-bit storage ability to temporarily store encoded information in a compact form, thus improving the area performance as well as the delay and energy consumption of the circuit, compared to conventional designs. We introduce the arithmetic encoding principles for the proposed circuit, explain the en/decoding mechanisms for the memristors-based data-management operations, and finally present the target application. For our simulation-based study we used a threshold-type device model of a bipolar voltage-controlled memristor.
Force-Clamp Spectroscopy Monitors the Folding Trajectory of a Single Protein (2004)

We used force-clamp atomic force microscopy to measure the end-to-end length of the small protein ubiquitin during its folding reaction at the single-molecule level. Ubiquitin was first unfolded and extended at a high force, then the stretching force was quenched and protein folding was observed. The folding trajectories were continuous and marked by several distinct stages. The time taken to fold was dependent on the contour length of the unfolded protein and the stretching force applied during folding. The folding collapse was marked by large fluctuations in the end-to-end length of the protein, but these fluctuations vanished upon the final folding contraction. These direct observations of the complete folding trajectory of a protein provide a benchmark to determine the physical basis of the folding reaction.
Increased risk of death in African American patients with end-stage renal disease secondary to lupus (2014)

Our study suggests that there is a significant increased risk for mortality in African American children and adults with ESRD secondary to SLE. This suggests that African Americans with ESRD secondary to SLE need aggressive monitoring.
Multifunctional Biodegradable Polyacrylamide Nanocarriers for Cancer Theranostics—A “See and Treat” Strategy (2012)

We describe here the development of multifunctional nanocarriers, based on amine-functionalized biodegradable polyacrylamide nanoparticles (NPs), for cancer theranostics, including active tumor targeting, fluorescence imaging, and photodynamic therapy. The structural design involves adding primary amino groups and biodegradable cross-linkers during the NP polymerization, while incorporating photodynamic and fluorescent imaging agents into the NP matrix, and conjugating PEG and tumor-targeting ligands onto the surface of the NPs. The as-synthesized NPs are spherical, with an average diameter of 44 nm. An accelerated biodegradation study, using sodium hydroxide or porcine liver esterase, indicated a hydrogel polymer matrix chain collapse within several days. By using gel permeation chromatography, small molecules were detected, after the degradation. In vitro targeting studies on human breast cancer cells indicate that the targeted NPs can be transported efficiently into tumor cells. Incubating the multifunctional nanocarriers into cancer cells enabled strong fluorescence imaging. Irradiation of the photosensitizing drug, incorporated within the NPs, with light of a suitable wavelength, causes significant but selective damage to the impregnated tumor cells, but only inside the illuminated areas. Overall, the potential of polymeric-based NPs as biodegradable, multifunctional nanocarriers, for cancer theranostics, is demonstrated here.
Precise determination of refractive-index changes in Ti-diffused LiNbO3 optical waveguides (1978)

A new method for determining refractive-index changes in Ti-diffused LiNbO3 optical waveguides is reported. The measurement process was as follows: (1) Diffusion profiles and Ti concentrations in LiNbO3 optical waveguides were measured by an x-ray microanalyzer. (2) Ti concentrations in the samples were converted into refractive-index changes using calibration curves which gave the relation between Ti concentrations and refractive-index changes. The calibration curves were obtained from highly Ti-diffused LiNbO3 samples, as well as Ti-doped LiNbO3 single crystals. As an example, the maximum refractive-index changes of a Ti-diffused LiNbO3 optical waveguide made at 1000 °C for 10 h were determined to be Δne=1.05×10−2 and Δno=7.7×10−3.
Isolation and Enrichment of Rat Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) and Separation of Single-colony Derived MSCs (2010)

MSCs are a population of adult stem cells that is a promising source for therapeutic applications. These cells can be isolated from the bone marrow and can be easily separated from the hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) due to their plastic adherence. This protocol describes how to isolate MSCs from rat femurs and tibias. The isolated cells were further enriched against two MSCs surface markers CD54 and CD90 by magnetic cell sorting. Expression of surface markers CD54 and CD90 were then confirmed by flow cytometry analysis. HSC marker CD45 was also included to check if the sorted MSCs were depleted of HSCs. MSCs are naturally quite heterogeneous. There are subpopulations of cells that have different shapes, proliferation and differentiation abilities. These subpopulations all express the known MSCs markers and no unique marker has yet been identified for the different subpopulations. Therefore, an alternative approach to separate out the different subpopulations is using cloning cylinders to separate out single-colony derived cells. The cells derived from the single-colonies can then be cultured and evaluated separately.
A Chemical Library Approach to Organic‐Modified Peptide Ligands for PDZ Domain Proteins: A Synthetic, Thermodynamic and Structural Investigation (2008)

Unnatural attachments: While a variety of native peptides can bind PDZ domains, there is a pressing need for small ligands with enhanced affinity, selectivity, and stability to support biological inquiry into this family of signaling proteins. A method, transferable to PDZ domains as a class, has been developed in which a lead peptide template is rapidly modified by nonpeptidic organic acids in a library format to give binding agents of higher affinity.
High Accuracy Low Digital Integrator (1962)

A semiconductor current digital integrator is described for measuring currents as low as 10-9, amps with an accuracy better than 0.02% and a dynamics of 104. This is accomplished by Comparing two currents by means of a two-channel instrument. Using only one of the channels, the accuracy is 0.1% and the dynamic range is 105.
Oxidation of TiN in an oxygen plasma asher (1994)

In previous work we have studied the thermal oxidation of titanium nitride. This involved temperatures of 350 °C and greater, and times of hours. In this work, we study the oxidation of titanium nitride in a downstream plasma asher, where the sample temperature is about 200 °C. For comparison to an older technology, we also include samples oxidized in a barrel asher where the sample temperature was about 100 °C. Oxidation times of 16 min and less were studied. Thickness and optical constants were measured using ellipsometry along with Auger electron spectroscopy with argon ion etching for depth profiles. The growth kinetics are shown to be logarithmic. In the down-stream asher, films form in 90 s which would require 40 min at 450 °C if grown thermally. We show that only the thinner films can be etched off in 50:1 HF.
Effect of Different Stages of Chronic Kidney Disease and Renal Replacement Therapies on Oxidant-Antioxidant Balance in Uremic Patients (2013)

Oxidative stress seems to be involved in the path physiology of cardiovascular complications of chronic kidney disease (CKD). In this study, we determined the effect of different stages of CKD and substitutive therapies on oxidative stress. One hundred sixty-seven patients (age: 44 ± 06 years; male/female: 76/91) with CKD were divided into 6 groups according to the National Kidney Foundation classification. Prooxidant status was assessed by assaying thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, hydroperoxides, and protein carbonyls. Antioxidant defence was performed by analysis of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, vitamin E, Iron, and bilirubin. TBARS and LPO were higher in HD patients compared to other groups (P < 0.001), while protein carbonyls were more increased in PD patients. The antioxidant enzymes were declined already at severe stage of CKD and they were declined notably in HD patients (P < 0.001). Similar observation was found for vitamin E, Fe, and bilirubin where we observed a significant decrease in the majority of study groups, especially in HD patients (P < 0.001). The evolution of CKD was associated with elevated OS. HD accentuates lipid, while PD aggravates protein oxidation. However, the activity of antioxidant enzymes was altered by impaired renal function and by both dialysis treatments.