gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structural Characterization of Lignin from Grape Stalks (<i>Vitis vinifera</i> L.) (2014)

The chemical structure of lignin from grape stalks, an abundant waste of winemaking, has been studied. The dioxane lignin was isolated from extractive- and protein-free grape stalks (Vitis vinifera L.) by modified acidolytic procedure and submitted to a structural analysis by wet chemistry (nitrobenzene and permanganate oxidation (PO)) and spectroscopic techniques. The results obtained suggest that grape stalk lignin is an HGS type with molar proportions of p-hydroxyphenyl (H), guaiacyl (G) and syringyl (S) units of 3:71:26. Structural analysis by (1)H and (13)C NMR spectroscopy and PO indicates the predominance of β-O-4' structures (39% mol) in grape stalk lignin together with moderate amounts of β-5', β-β, β-1', 5-5', and 4-O-5' structures. NMR studies also revealed that grape lignin should be structurally associated with tannins. The condensation degree of grape stalks lignin is higher than that of conventional wood lignins and lignins from other agricultural residues.
Structure and metabolic control of the <i>Yarrowia lipolytica</i> peroxisomal 3‐oxoacyl‐CoA‐thiolase gene (1993)

Using a Yarrowia lipolytica genomic library, several overlapping clones of the peroxisomal 3-oxoacyl-CoA-thiolase gene, POT1, were isolated. The library was prepared in the bacterial expression vector lambda gt11, thus allowing an immunological screening of recombinant bacteriophages with specific antibodies raised against purified peroxisomal thiolase. The isolated POT1 clones hybridized to a 1.4 kb RNA species, which was induced approximately 30-fold when oleate was the carbon source. A 3634-bp segment of the cloned DNA was sequenced. This segment contained, on both strands, three major overlapping open-reading frames of 678, 1122 and 1242 bp. Northern-hybridization analysis showed that only the largest of these reading frames was transcribed. It encodes a protein of 414 amino acids and molecular mass 43.059 kDa. Its deduced amino acid sequence has 30-60% identity and 50-70% sequence similarity when compared to other known thiolases. According to both the amount (68-71%) and location of conserved amino acids, the encoded protein belongs to the peroxisomal rather than the mitochondrial or cytoplasmic class of thiolases. Compared to bacterial and yeast cytosolic thiolases, the POT1 gene product contains a N-terminal extension of 25 amino acids which clearly differs from typical mitochondrial import signals. One of the isolated clones contained, in addition to the POT1 coding sequence, 784 bp of the corresponding 5' flanking region. Nevertheless, it was efficiently expressed in Escherichia coli suggesting the correct recognition of this fungal promoter by the prokaryotic transcriptional and translational machinery. The Y. lipolytica genomic POT1 gene was disrupted by replacing 120 bp of its coding sequence with 2.7 kbp of DNA including the Y. lipolytica LEU2 gene. The resulting delta pot1::LEU2 cells were free of immunologically cross-reacting thiolase. Western-blot analysis showed that the product of the non-disrupted gene had a molecular mass of approximately 42 kDa. This corresponds well to the molecular mass of purified Y. lipolytica peroxisomal thiolase. Disruption of POT1 abolished the ability of Y. lipolytica cells to grow on solid media with oleate as a carbon source. This inability to grow in the presence of oleate suggests both the catabolic function of POT1 and the absence of additional catabolic thiolases in Y. lipolytica. However, the delta pot1::LEU2 cells were unaffected in their ability to elongate externally added tridecanoic acid to its higher-chain-length homologues. Hence, another, POT1-independent and biosynthetic 3-oxoacyl-CoA thiolase must be responsible for this reaction in Y. lipolytica.
The Effect of Oil Ring Geometry on Oil Film Thickness in the Circumferential Direction of the Cylinder (1998)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper describes measurements of oil film thickness of piston ring packages which have different oil control rings. The oil film thickness measurements were taken at three points, namely, the piston thrust side, front side and rear side, by the Laser Induced Fluorescence Method(LIF). One of the main findings is that the oil film thickness on the thrust side varies greatly from cycle to cycle, while cyclic variations are smaller on the front and rear sides. This difference is due to the smaller inclination of the oil control rings on the front and rear sides, compared with that on the thrust side. It is also found that oil consumption has a good correlation with oil film thickness on the thrust side and that the thrust side oil film thickness becomes thinner as the oil ring becomes narrower.</div>
Phase I study of cilostazol. Safety evaluation at increasing single doses in healthy volunteers. (1985)

The safety and blood concentrations of the novel synthetic platelet aggregation inhibitor cilostazol (6-[4-(1-cyclohexyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)butoxy]-3,4-dihydro-2(1H)-qui nolinone, OPC-13013) were determined in eight healthy volunteers. The drug was orally administered to the subjects once at successive dose increments of 25, 50, 75, 100, 150, 200 and 300 mg/body. Subjective complaints were headache at 75 mg/body in 1 of 4 subjects and dull headache at 75 mg/body in 2 of 4. Each of these symptoms was also seen at higher doses in 1 to 2 of 4 subjects. Clinical laboratory values, blood pressure and heart rate were normal. Blood concentrations of the drug peaked after 3 to 4 h, the levels declining with half-lives of 2.6 to 3.2 h in the alpha-phase and 19.5 to 25.5 h in the beta-phase. The decline was generally prompt. The average peak concentrations were 283.7, 663.4, 540, 823.6, 1110.4, 1129.2 and 1623.9 mg/ml at the above doses, respectively. The effect of food on the blood concentration was also studied; however, the areas under the curve did not indicate significant differences between the fed and fasted subjects.
Effect of Clonidine on Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality after Noncardiac Surgery (2004)

Perioperative administration of clonidine for 4 days to patients at risk for coronary artery disease significantly reduces the incidence of perioperative myocardial ischemia and postoperative death.
E3 Ligase Subunit Fbxo15 and PINK1 Kinase Regulate Cardiolipin Synthase 1 Stability and Mitochondrial Function in Pneumonia (2014)

Acute lung injury (ALI) is linked to mitochondrial injury, resulting in impaired cellular oxygen utilization; however, it is unknown how these events are linked on the molecular level. Cardiolipin, a mitochondrial-specific lipid, is generated by cardiolipin synthase (CLS1). Here, we show that S. aureus activates a ubiquitin E3 ligase component, Fbxo15, that is sufficient to mediate proteasomal degradation of CLS1 in epithelia, resulting in decreased cardiolipin availability and disrupted mitochondrial function. CLS1 is destabilized by the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), which binds CLS1 to phosphorylate and regulates CLS1 disposal. Like Fbxo15, PINK1 interacts with and regulates levels of CLS1 through a mechanism dependent upon Thr219. S. aureus infection upregulates this Fbxo15-PINK1 pathway to impair mitochondrial integrity, and Pink1 knockout mice are less prone to S. aureus-induced ALI. Thus, ALI-associated disruption of cellular bioenergetics involves bioeffectors that utilize a phosphodegron to elicit ubiquitin-mediated disposal of a key mitochondrial enzyme.
Experimental determinations of Mueller scattering matrices for nonspherical particles (1978)

Measurements have been made to determine all sixteen elements of the Mueller scattering matrix for two types of nonspherical particles. Rounded particles of ammonium sulfate and nearly cubic particles of sodium chloride in the 0.1-1.0-mum size range have been prepared by nebulizing salt water solutions and drying the droplets. Scanning electron micrographs are used to determine size distributions used in Mie calculations of all matrix elements. The expected symmetry of the scattering matrices across the diagonal was confirmed, and the expected eight of the sixteen elements were found to be zero within measurement accuracy. The rounded particles were found accurately to obey Mie theory, while the cubic particles were poorly described by Mie theory for some matrix elements and some angles. Total intensity and linear polarization measurements are presented also for a series of increasing sizes of rounded and cubic particles. A discussion of the effect of nonsphericity on the various matrix elements is given, and applications of these results are given to analysis of particle properties in the laboratory, the clouds of Venus, reflection nebulae, the zodiacal light, and atmospheric particulates.
Proposal to transfer some members of the genera Haemobartonella and Eperythrozoon to the genus Mycoplasma with descriptions of 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemofelis', 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemomuris', 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemosuis' and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma wenyonii'. (2001)

Cell-wall-less uncultivated parasitic bacteria that attach to the surface of host erythrocytes currently are classified in the order Rickettsiales, family Anaplasmataceae, in the genera Haemobartonella and Eperythrozoon. Recently 16S rRNA gene sequences have been determined for four of these species: Haemobartonella felis and Haemobartonella muris and Eperythrozoon suis and Eperythrozoon wenyonii. Phylogenetic analysis of these sequence data shows that these haemotrophic bacteria are closely related to species in the genus Mycoplasma (class Mollicutes). These haemotrophic bacteria form a new phylogenetic cluster within the so-called pneumoniae group of Mycoplasma and share properties with one another as well as with other members of the pneumoniae group. These studies clearly indicate that the classification of these taxa should be changed to reflect their phylogenetic affiliation and the following is proposed: (i) that Haemobartonella felis and Haemobartonella muris should be transferred to the genus Mycoplasma as 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemofelis' and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemomuris' and (ii) that Eperythrozoon suis and Eperythrozoon wenyonii should be transferred to the genus Mycoplasma as 'Candidatus Mycoplasma haemosuis' and 'Candidatus Mycoplasma wenyonii'. The former Haemobartonella and Eperythrozoon species described here represent a new group of parasitic mycoplasmas that possess a pathogenic capacity previously unrecognized among the mollicutes. These haemotrophic mycoplasmas have been given the trivial name haemoplasmas. These results call into question the affiliation of the remaining officially named species of Haemobartonella and Eperythrozoon which should be considered species of uncertain affiliation pending the resolution of their phylogenetic status.
Why are double network hydrogels so tough? (2010)

Double-network (DN) gels have drawn much attention as an innovative material having both high water content (ca. 90 wt%) and high mechanical strength and toughness. DN gels are characterized by a special network structure consisting of two types of polymer components with opposite physical natures: the minor component is abundantly cross-linked polyelectrolytes (rigid skeleton) and the major component comprises of poorly cross-linked neutral polymers (ductile substance). The former and the latter components are referred to as the first network and the second network, respectively, since the synthesis should be done in this order to realize high mechanical strength. For DN gels synthesized under suitable conditions (choice of polymers, feed compositions, atmosphere for reaction, etc.), they possess hardness (elastic modulus of 0.1–1.0 MPa), strength (failure tensile nominal stress 1–10 MPa, strain 1000–2000%; failure compressive nominal stress 20–60 MPa, strain 90–95%), and toughness (tearing fracture energy of 100∼1000 J m−2). These excellent mechanical performances are comparable to that of rubbers and soft load-bearing bio-tissues. The mechanical behaviors of DN gels are inconsistent with general mechanisms that enhance the toughness of soft polymeric materials. Thus, DN gels present an interesting and challenging problem in polymer mechanics. Extensive experimental and theoretical studies have shown that the toughening of DN gel is based on a local yielding mechanism, which has some common features with other brittle and ductile nano-composite materials, such as bones and dentins.
Reactive Oxygen Species Mediate Cellular Damage in Alzheimer Disease (1998)

The two most striking features of Alzheimer disease are (i) the multitude of abnormalities affecting essentially every system and (ii) the strict age dependence. Recent work suggests that both features are linked to increased oxidative stress that da
Reduced state sequence detection of partial response continuous phase modulation (1991)

A reduced state sequence detector (RSSD) which combines decision feedback with Viterbi decoding is proposed for partial response continuous phase modulation (CPM). This detector can successfully be used for both binary and high-level partial response CPM schemes. This detector is analysed by means of minimum Euclidean distance and by simulations of the symbol error probability. It is shown that the phase states in the receiver trellis of the maximum likelihood detector for partial response CPM can be exchanged by decision feedback in the metric calculations. This can be achieved without sacrificing minimum Euclidean distance of the first error event or symbol error probability. This RSSD is most attractive for narrow-band CPM schemes and at most about 2 dB in increased energy efficiency as compared with MSK is possible. Further reductions in number of states is possible, especially for high-level CPM schemes, by reducing the number of correlative states. For the most frequently used CPM schemes this can be done with a very small degradation in error performance. In this class of schemes, a complexity reduction of at least a factor five to ten is possible.
Performance evaluation using data flow graphs for concurrent processing (2003)

The authors present a systematic procedure to find the exact iteration bound for an arbitrary nonterminating data flow graph (DFG). The complexity of the procedure to identify the critical loop and the iteration bound is O(n/sup 3/ log n), where n is the number of nodes in the DFG. Lookahead is another technique to enhance concurrency. It inserts delays in the critical loop of the DFG, resulting in better performance than the iteration bound. To achieve the maximum degree of improvement it is further necessary to identify the next-critical loop. A method to identify the next-critical loop of a nonterminating DFG is also presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Trefoil factor 2 rapidly induces interleukin 33 to promote type 2 immunity during allergic asthma and hookworm infection (2012)

The molecular mechanisms that drive mucosal T helper type 2 (T(H)2) responses against parasitic helminths and allergens remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrate in mice that TFF2 (trefoil factor 2), an epithelial cell-derived repair molecule, is needed for the control of lung injury caused by the hookworm parasite Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and for type 2 immunity after infection. TFF2 is also necessary for the rapid production of IL-33, a T(H)2-promoting cytokine, by lung epithelia, alveolar macrophages, and inflammatory dendritic cells in infected mice. TFF2 also increases the severity of allergic lung disease caused by house dust mite antigens or IL-13. Moreover, TFF2 messenger RNA expression is significantly increased in nasal mucosal brushings during asthma exacerbations in children. These experiments extend the biological functions of TFF2 from tissue repair to the initiation and maintenance of mucosal T(H)2 responses.
HyperTube: A Framework for Population-Based Online Hyperparameter Optimization with Resource Constraints (2020)

Online data streaming has become one of the most common data forms in the modern world, which imposes a strong demand for developing hyperparameter optimization techniques for online learning algorithms. In fact, processing online streaming data can be considered as a constraint on the training process. Existing studies do not provide a clear framework for modeling appropriate constraints with hyperparameter optimization in this context. In this paper, we propose a framework, called HyperTube, based on a set of assumptions that clearly define the constraints and objective function for online hyperparameter optimization under limited computing resources. We also introduce a “micro-mini-batch training mechanism” to reuse online data mini-batches in an efficient manner. Numerical experiments compare the performances of different training settings under the constraints of HyperTube. The results on stationary data streams without concept drift indicate that training on incremental data samples with model selection efficiently uses computing power and gives satisfactory validation performance compared with training without model selection. Meanwhile, the results on data streams with significant concept drift indicate that parallel updating could lead to relatively good model performance. In both cases, with the best settings, HyperTube with the micro-mini-batch training mechanism significantly outperforms offline random search with the same amount of computational resources. These settings can be further improved by a modified genetic algorithm. Finally, we develop a systematic method for selecting suitable settings based on a set of criteria.
<b>Tertiary Amine Catalysis of The Aldol Condensation</b> (1962)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTertiary Amine Catalysis of The Aldol CondensationC. David. Gutsche, Rudolf S. Buriks, Kurt. Nowotny, and Hans. GrassnerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1962, 84, 19, 3775–3777Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1962Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1962https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00878a040RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views407Altmetric-Citations16LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (365 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
The changing faces of <i>Streptococcus</i> antigen I/II polypeptide family adhesins (2010)

Streptococcus mutans antigen I/II (AgI/II) protein was one of the first cell wall-anchored adhesins identified in Gram-positive bacteria. It mediates attachment of S. mutans to tooth surfaces and has been a focus for immunization studies against dental caries. The AgI/II family polypeptides recognize salivary glycoproteins, and are also involved in biofilm formation, platelet aggregation, tissue invasion and immune modulation. The genes encoding AgI/II family polypeptides are found among Streptococcus species indigenous to the human mouth, as well as in Streptococcus pyogenes, S. agalactiae and S. suis. Evidence of functionalities for different regions of the AgI/II proteins has emerged. A sequence motif within the C-terminal portion of Streptococcus gordonii SspB (AgI/II) is bound by Porphyromonas gingivalis, thus promoting oral colonization by this anaerobic pathogen. The significance of other epitopes is now clearer following resolution of regional crystal structures. A new picture emerges of the central V (variable) region, predicted to contain a carbohydrate-binding trench, being projected from the cell surface by a stalk formed by an unusual association between an N-terminal alpha-helix and a C-terminal polyproline helix. This presentation mode might be important in determining functional conformations of other Gram-positive surface proteins that have adhesin domains flanked by alpha-helical and proline-rich regions.
PUMA regulation and proapoptotic effects in fibroblast‐like synoviocytes (2006)

PUMA can induce apoptosis by FLS and represents a potential target in RA.
Polyaniline–silver composites prepared by the oxidation of aniline with silver nitrate in acetic acid solutions (2009)

Abstract The reaction between two non‐conducting chemicals, aniline and silver nitrate, yields a composite of two conducting components, polyaniline and metallic silver. Such conducting polymer composites combine the electrical properties of metals and the materials properties of polymers. In the present study, aniline was oxidized with silver nitrate in solutions of acetic acid; in this context, aniline oligomers are often a major component of the oxidation products. An insoluble precipitate of silver acetate is also present in the samples. The optimization of reaction conditions with respect to aniline and acetic acid concentrations leads to a conductivity of the composite as high as 8000 S cm −1 at ca 70 wt% ( ca 21 vol%) of silver. A sufficient concentration of acetic acid, as well as a time extending to several weeks, has to be provided for the successful polymerization of aniline. Polyaniline is present as nanotubes or nanobrushes composed of thin nanowires. The average size of the silver nanoparticles is 30–50 nm; silver nanowires are also observed. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the breast: the value of pharmacokinetic parameters derived from fast dynamic imaging during initial enhancement in classifying lesions (2008)

The value of pharmacokinetic parameters derived from fast dynamic imaging during initial enhancement in characterizing breast lesions on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was evaluated. Sixty-eight malignant and 34 benign lesions were included. In the scanning protocol, high temporal resolution imaging was combined with high spatial resolution imaging. The high temporal resolution images were recorded every 4.1 s during initial enhancement (fast dynamic analysis). The high spatial resolution images were recorded at a temporal resolution of 86 s (slow dynamic analysis). In the fast dynamic evaluation pharmacokinetic parameters (K(trans), V(e) and k(ep)) were evaluated. In the slow dynamic analysis, each lesion was scored according to the BI-RADS classification. Two readers evaluated all data prospectively. ROC and multivariate analysis were performed. The slow dynamic analysis resulted in an AUC of 0.85 and 0.83, respectively. The fast dynamic analysis resulted in an AUC of 0.83 in both readers. The combination of both the slow and fast dynamic analyses resulted in a significant improvement of diagnostic performance with an AUC of 0.93 and 0.90 (P = 0.02). The increased diagnostic performance found when combining both methods demonstrates the additional value of our method in further improving the diagnostic performance of breast MRI.