gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cytokines and peripheral nerve disorders. (1997)

Peripheral nerve production of cytokines originates from resident and recruited macrophages, lymphocytes, mastocytes, Schwann cells, and probably neurons. Cytokines are involved in nerve lesions and repair. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) injected into nerve induces Wallerian degeneration, whereas, interleukin-1 (IL-1) production promotes detersion by scavenger macrophages, and synthesis of neurotrophic factors (nerve growth factor-NGF- and leukemia inhibitory factor-LIF). After experimental axotomy, other neurotrophic factors, including IL-6, LIF and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1), are overexpressed in nerve and promote axonal growth until axon/Schwann cell contact. Proinflammatory cytokines are instrumental in the course of inflammatory demyelinating neuropathies. They increase vascular permeability and blood nerve barrier breakdown (TNF-alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor/ vascular permeability factor-VEGF/VPF), favor transmigration of leukocytes into nerve, induce activation and proliferation of lymphocytes (IL-1, IL-2) and macrophages (gamma-interferon-IFN-gamma), and have a direct myelinotoxic activity (TNF-alpha and TNF-beta). In addition, downregulation of the immunosuppressive cytokine TGF-beta 1 may favor the nerve inflammatory reactions.
Oligonucleotide Analogues with a Nucleobase-Including Backbone:, Part 6, 2-Deoxy-D-erythrose-Derived Phosphoramidites: Synthesis and Incorporation into 14-Mer DNA Strands (2001)

Two modified DNA 14-mers have been prepared, containing either a 2-deoxy-D-erythrose-derived adenosine analogue carrying a C(8)−CH2O group (deA*), or a 2-deoxy-D-erythrose-derived uridine analogue, possessing a C(6)−CH2O group (deU*). These nucleosides are linked via a phosphinato group between O−C(3′) (deA* and deU*) and O−C(5′) of one neighbouring nucleotide, and between C(8)−CH2O (deA*), or C(6)−CH2O (deU*) and O−C(3′) of the second neighbour. N6-Benzoyl-9-(β-D-erythrofuranosyl)adenine (3) and 1-(β-D-erythrofuranosyl)uracil (4) were prepared from D-glucose, deoxygenated at C(2′), and converted into the required phosphoramidites 1 and 2. The modified tetradecamers 31 and 32 were prepared by solid-phase synthesis. Pairing studies show a decrease in the melting temperature of 7 to 8 degrees for the duplexes 31⋅30 and 32⋅29, as compared to the unmodified DNA duplex 29⋅30. A comparison with the pairing properties of tetradecamers similarly incorporating deoxyribose- instead of the deoxyerythrose-derived nucleotides evidences that the CH2OH substituent at C(4′) has no significant effect on the pairing.
One‐step Synthesis of Water‐soluble Fullerenols Bearing Nitrogen‐containing Substituents (2009)

We found a facile one‐step synthetic method for water‐soluble fullerenols bearing 8–16 nitrogen‐containing substituents as well as more than 16 hydroxyl groups from commercially available C60 as a starting material. The water solubility of one of the products showed the same as the highest one reported (>200 mg/mL). Other fullerenols bearing hydrogen or diethylamino group on the same fullerene cage were also synthesized by the modified method using hydrogen peroxide as a simple hydroxylation reagent.
Rural Macrocell Path Loss Models for Millimeter Wave Wireless Communications (2017)

Little is known about millimeter wave (mmWave) path loss in rural areas with tall base station antennas; yet, as shown here, surprisingly long distances (greater than 10 km) can be achieved in clear weather with less than 1 W of power. This paper studies past rural macrocell (RMa) propagation models and the current third generation partnership project (3GPP) RMa path loss models for frequencies from 0.5 to 30 GHz adopted from the International Telecommunications Union-Radiocommunication Sector (ITU-R). We show that 3GPP and ITU-R RMa path loss models were derived for frequencies below 6 GHz, yet are being asserted for use up to 30 GHz. Until this paper, there has not been published data to support mmWave RMa path loss models. In this paper, 73-GHz measurements in rural Virginia are used to develop a new RMa path loss model that is more accurate and easier to apply for varying transmitter antenna heights than the existing 3GPP/ITU-R RMa path loss models, and may be used for frequencies from 0.5 to 100 GHz. The measurement system used here has a measurement range comparable to a wideband (800-MHz radio frequency bandwidth) channel sounder with 21.7-dBW effective isotropic radiated power. Measured data verify a new path loss model that uses a close-in free space reference distance with a novel height-dependent path loss exponent (CIH model). This work shows that the CIH model is accurate and stable, and is frequency-independent beyond the first meter of propagation, and effectively models the path loss dependence on base station height in rural channels.
Are two ears necessary for localization of sound sources on the median plane? (1974)

Several investigators have shown that monaural localization of sound sources on the median plane (MP) is inferior to binaural MP localization, causing speculation that two ears are necessary for MP localization, and further, that two ears may allow binaural processing of asymmetrical pinna filtering making localization of unfamiliar sounds possible. The purpose of the two experiments reported in this paper is (1) to test the hypothesis that binaural subjects can localize unfamiliar sounds more accurately than monaural subjects, and (2) to evaluate monaural localization accuracy after training. The results show that binaural and monaural subjects have similar difficulty in localizing unfamiliar sounds and show that monaural subjects can easily be trained to localize as well as they normally localize with two ears. The results indicate MP localization is fundamentally a monaural process.
Adsorption and Adsorbed Species of SO<sub>2</sub> during Its Oxidative Removal over Pitch-Based Activated Carbon Fibers (1999)

Adsorption and adsorbed species of SO2 in humid air during its oxidative removal were studied over pitch-based activated carbon fibers (ACFs) to clarify the reaction scheme of continuous removal of SO2, influence of reaction variables, and origin of activity enhancement by the calcination in inert atmosphere. The temperature-programmed desorption of SO2 adsorbed species suggests that when both oxygen and water were present, the main species on ACF was hydrated SO3 (H2SO4), which desorbed in the form of SO2 around 300 °C, and that the presence of both increased the amount of species by oxidizing and hydrating the adsorbed SO2, which desorbed around 60 °C without oxidation and 200 °C with oxidation but without hydration. The amount of adsorbed H2SO4 over ACF stayed at the same level after 25 h of reaction by balancing elution and adsorption of H2SO4 to allow the steady removal of SO2. More water enhanced the adsorption of SO2 at the initial stage but reduced the amount of adsorbed H2SO4 at the steady state, eluting out H2SO4 faster than the adsorption of SO2 to keep more active sites open over ACF at the steady state. Hence, complete removal was achieved. A higher calcination temperature significantly increased the rate and amount of both oxidative and oxidative/hydrating adsorption, explaining the largest activity of ACF calcined at 1100 °C. The amounts of adsorbed SO2 and evolved CO from OG-20As by calcination at 500−1000 °C are well correlated, indicating that the evolved CO creates an adsorption site on the ACF surface. A similar but different correlation was obtained among ACFs of different surface areas calcined at different temperatures.
Mutually exclusive exon splicing of the cardiac calcium channel alpha 1 subunit gene generates developmentally regulated isoforms in the rat heart. (1992)

Several clones were isolated from a rat genomic library in order to further characterize a region of variability within the third membrane-spanning region of the fourth motif (IVS3) of the L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel. We report here that this diversity arises from alternative splicing of a primary transcript containing a single pair of adjacent exons each encoding a unique sequence for the IVS3 region. Definitive proof of a mutually exclusive splicing mechanism was obtained by genomic mapping of flanking upstream and downstream exons and by extensive sequence analysis of the relevant exon/intron boundaries. S1 nuclease protection experiments revealed that both variant forms of the IVS3 were equally expressed in newborn and fetal rat heart, whereas only a single isoform predominated in adult rat heart. The results demonstrate the existence of an important developmentally regulated switch mediated by alternatively spliced exons in cardiac tissue at a time when major changes in excitation occur.
The Effect of Bombesin, Cholecystokinin, Gastrin, and Their Antagonists on Proliferation of Pancreatic Cancer Cell Lines (1999)

CCK-8S and gastrin-17 led to an increased cell number in some cell lines. A blockade of the CCK-A and CCK-B receptors by their antagonists led to an increased, an unaffected, or a decreased cell number of the cell lines. The effect of bombesin on different cell lines also varied. This shows a great heterogenicity among pancreatic cancer cells from different patients.
A perspective on point of care systems. (1994)

Point of care technology is finally being accepted in health care organizations. Portable wireless computers and database interoperability are facilitating this acceptance. Using point of care devices, caregivers can access and input patient data whenever, wherever, and however required. This technology will improve patient data access, improve quality, and reduce costs of health care.
Comparison of Brain Responses Between Frontal and Lateral Impacts by Finite Element Modeling (2001)

This study was conducted to investigate differences in brain response due to frontal and lateral impacts based on a partially validated three-dimensional finite element model with all essential anatomical features of a human head. Identical impact and boundary conditions were used for both the frontal and lateral impact simulations. Intracranial pressure and localized shear stress distributions predicted from these impacts were analyzed. The model predicted higher positive pressures accompanied by a relatively large localized skull deformation at the impact site from a lateral impact when compared to a frontal impact. Lateral impact also induced higher localized shear stress in the core regions of the brain. Preliminary results of the simulation suggest that skull deformation and internal partitions may be responsible for the directional sensitivity of the head in terms of intracranial pressure and shear stress response. In previous experimental studies using subhuman primates, it was found that a lateral impact was more injurious than a frontal impact. In this study, shear stress in the brain predicted by the model was much higher in a lateral impact in comparison with a frontal impact of the same severity. If shear deformation is considered as an injury indicator for diffuse brain injuries, a higher shear stress due to a lateral impact indicate that the head would tend to have a decreased tolerance to shear deformation in lateral impact. More research is needed to further quantify the effect of the skull deformation and dural partitions on brain injury due to impacts from a variety of directions and at different locations.
Human air space shapes, sizes, areas, and volumes (1975)

The geometry of an enlarged reconstructed human acinus (i.e., a terminal bronchiole and distal airways and air spaces) was studied. Alveoli were categorized in six shapes: three-fourths of a spheroid, a slightly truncated cone, one-fourth of a spheroid, a cylindroid with a hemispherical bottom, a shallow cylindroid with a flat bottom, and a truncated deep ellipsoid. Sacs were usually either hemispheroids or shallow truncated cones. Ducts of eight generations were spheroid and gradually decreased in diameter (D) and length (L) as the generation number (z) increased. Considering the terminal bronchiole as the 15th generation and using Weibel's data for the first 10 generations, the dimensions, in mm, for z of 1-10 and 10-26 were reasonably described by D-z = 12e-(0.27-0.005z)z and L-z = 25e-0.187z. The predicted volume of the acinus at three-fourths total lung volume was 182.8 mm3, a volume equivalent to that of a sphere 7.04 mm in diameter. The reconstruction demonstrated a great increase in respiratory bronchiolar and ductal cross-sectional area and alveolar surface area, considerably more rapid than predicted by Weibel's model A.
MAP Kinases and the Regulation of Nuclear Receptors (2000)

The activity of nuclear receptors or ligand-activated transcription factors can be regulated both positively and negatively by signals transduced through mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling cascades. Kyriakis discusses how cross talk between MAPK signaling and nuclear receptor signaling occurs and the effect this cross talk has on nuclear receptor function.
Protect mobile RFID location privacy using dynamic identity (2008)

To protect data and location privacy of an RFID user, the transmitted sensitive information of RIFD tags must be encrypted and unpredictable. The previous approaches to protect user privacy for RFID are classified into authentication-based schemes, encryption-based schemes, and dynamic identity schemes. However, authentication-based schemes are easily broken. Because low-cost RFID tags are not tamper-resistant, the key for the authentication protocol cannot be well protected. Encryption-based schemes can protect data privacy but location privacy is still vulnerable due to fixed cipertext. Although dynamic identity schemes have chance to overcome the previous problems, but dynamic identity schemes are limited by exhaustive search problem. And, the cost of RFID tags is very limited. In this paper, we proposed a lightweight dynamic identity based RFID authentication scheme to protect both data privacy and location privacy. And we use the GNY logic analysis to show the proposed scheme can against threats of replay attacks, spoofing, man-in-the-middle, and message loss.
Split-ring resonators for measuring microwave surface resistance of oxide superconductors (1991)

A cavity perturbation technique using split-ring resonators has been developed for measuring the surface resistance of metals in the frequency range 0.3–5.0 GHz. The system is designed particularly for measurements of films and crystals of high-Tc oxide superconductors. The small size of split-ring resonators in this frequency range makes them useful for measuring crystals with areas as small as 0.1 mm2. The measurement geometry is favorable for the study of films because the sample screens its substrate from the microwave fields. The resonator temperature can be kept fixed at 4.2 or 1.2 K for sample temperatures as high as 120 K and this thermal isolation from the sample allows the use of a superconducting split-ring resonator. An unloaded Q of 1.2×106 has been achieved with a superconducting resonator at 1.78 GHz and this makes it sensitive enough to detect surface resistances of the order of a few μΩ. This resonator has been used to measure the surface resistance (25 μΩ/⧠) of a 1-mm2 crystal of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8.
Doing Things with Words: Analyzing Conversations on Privacy Newsgroups (2000)

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Finding An Optimal Segmentation For Audio Genre Classification. (2005)

[TODO] Add abstract here.
Studies on 5-Bromo-4,7-dimethylindene, an Intermediate in the Synthesis of 6-Bromo-5,8-dimethylisoquinoline (1999)

We report the complete characterisation of all the precursors of 6-bromo-5,8-dimethylisoquinoline via the synthesis of Miller and Moock, and the synthesis of 6-bromo-4,7-dimethyl-2-(5′-Bromo-4’,7′-dimethyl)-2’,3′-dihydro-1' H-inden-1′-yl)-1 H-indene.
Extracellular polysaccharide composition of<i>Azospirillum brasilense</i>and its relation with cell aggregation (2000)

The exopolysaccharide (EPS) and capsular polysaccharide (CPS) composition of four Azospirillum brasilense strains differing in their aggregation capacity was analyzed by high performance anion exchange chromatography. When growing the different strains in an aggregation inducing medium containing a high carbon:nitrogen (C:N) ratio, both EPS and CPS showed a positive correlation between aggregation and the relative amount of arabinose. Arabinose was not detected in polysaccharides from Sp72002, a pleiotrophic Tn5 mutant strain impaired in aggregation. Arabinose was also not detected in extracellular polysaccharides of bacteria grown in a low C:N ratio, non-inducing aggregation medium, with exception for a relatively small amount found in the CPS of FAJ0204, a super-aggregating mutant strain. The only monosaccharides able to significantly inhibit aggregation at low sugar concentration when tested in a bioassay were arabinose (at a higher extent) and galactose. The possibility that residues of arabinose present in the extracellular polysaccharides are involved in the aggregation of A. brasilense is discussed.
Dependence of Vascular Damage on Higher Frequency Components in the Rat-tail Model (2013)

Hand-Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS) is caused by hand-transmitted vibration in industrial workers. Current ISO guidelines (ISO 5349) might underestimate vascular injury associated with range of vibration frequencies near resonance. A rat-tail model was used to investigate the effects of higher frequencies >100 Hz on early vascular damage. 13 Male Sprague-Dawley rats (250 ± 15 gm) were used. Rat-tails were vibrated at 125 Hz and 250 Hz (49 m/s(2)) for 1D, 5D and 10D; D=days (4 h/day). Structural damage of the ventral artery was quantified by vacuole count using Toluidine blue staining whereas biochemical changes were assessed by nitrotyrosine (NT) staining. The results were analyzed using one-way repeated measures mixed-model ANOVA at p<0.05 level of significance. The structural damage increased at 125 Hz causing significant number of vacuoles (40.62 ± 9.8) compared to control group (8.36 ± 2.49) and reduced at 250 Hz (12.33 ± 2.98) compared to control group (8.36 ± 2.49). However, the biochemical alterations (NT-signal) increased significantly for 125 Hz (143.35 ± 5.8 gray scale value, GSV) and for 250 Hz (155.8 ± 7.35 GSV) compared to the control group (101.7 ± 4.18 GSV). Our results demonstrate that vascular damage in the form of structural and bio chemical disruption is significant at 125 Hz and 250 Hz. Hence the current ISO guidelines might underestimate vascular damage at frequencies>100 Hz.
Responsibility in Radiotherapy (1941)

Sometime since, a letter appeared in the British Medical Journal from a well known consulting surgeon to the London Hospital concerning his own history. He had an epithe1ioma of the left tonsillar lingual fold and was treated with x-ray by a well known American radiologist, a total of 3,540 r units being given in fourteen exposures, or about 250 r per treatment. This was supplemented by the insertion of ten radium seeds in the tonsillar pillar and fifteen seeds in the left side of the neck. The radiation produced a first-degree erythema and the tumor disappeared temporarily. The patient's point in making the report was that he suffered severe pain for eight months and even after that time was very uncomfortable. This letter set in motion a long correspondence in the same journal, some of the writers discoursing on the intense suffering which follows the application of heavy therapeutic doses of radiation; others denying unpleasant results if the treatments are properly administered. Some of those writing were physicians who had been treated; some were radiologists who protested that the radiation was given too rapidly; one, the well known surgeon of the Cancer Hospital in London, Mr. Cecil Rowntree, took a conservative position, and pointed out that a certain amount of pain follows radiation as it follows surgery. Finally, Sir Leonard Hill, the head of an institute for physical therapy, suggested that it would be for the good of mankind if the radium which is in possession of the British Government and has been concealed underground to avoid destruction by bombing were left and never again brought to light. This letter was widely publicized by the press in this country. The whole discussion was closed by the death of the original correspondent from his carcinoma of the tonsillar fold. There is a good deal of practical interest in such correspondence. It reveals first the fact that there is a great divergence of opinion as to the technical methods of handling radiation. It also calls attention to the fact that the current method of x-ray therapy with a fairly rapid rate of administration, with or without supplementary radium applications, may give rise to prolonged neuralgic disturbances over a long period, and it raises the question of the proper selection of patients for surgery or radiation. In addition it shows the necessity for frank discussion with the patient who is to be treated by radiation, of the possibilities of prolonged discomfort. The chief significance of this discussion is in connection with tumors of the oropharyngeal region, in which severe discomfort is much more likely to occur than, for example, after treatment of carcinoma of the cervix.
Efficient and Convenient Method for the Synthesis of Poly Functionalised 4H‐Pyrans (2004)

Abstract An efficient single‐pot method for the synthesis of polyfunctionalized 4H‐pyrans using alkaline metal fluoride as a catalyst is described.
AZEP - Development of an Integrated Air Separation Membrane - Gas Turbine (2001)

AZEP (&apos;Advanced Zero Emissions Power Plant&apos;) addresses the development of a specific, zero emissions, gas turbine-based, power generation process to reduce local and global emissions in a cost-effective way. In this innovative cycle 100 % reduction of CO2 emission is made possible, with NOx &lt;&lt; 1 ppm. Cost of CO2 separation (compared to tail-end capture) is reduced by 25-35 % in &lt; 6 years, and by 35-50 % in &lt; 10 years. Conventional, air-based, gas turbine equipment is utilised, allowing retrofitting. Loss in power plant efficiency is less than 2 percentage points, compared with up to a 10 point loss of efficiency when conventional tail-end CO2 capture methods are employed. The key to achieving these targets is the development of an integrated reactor, in which O2 is separated from air, such that combustion occurs in an N2-free environment. To this effect, the following objectives have been set for Phase 1 of the development project: establish the economic/environmental advantages of the proposed process, reflecting emerging CO2 disposal strategies, develop a mixed conducting membrane (MCM) for cost-effective supply of O2, and integrate the components (membrane, combustor, heat exchanger) into a single unit MCM-Reactor, and perform functionality tests. The key deliverables of Phase 1 are test results from the individual and integrated test programme to validate key components and an implementation plan to allow the full-scale demonstration of the AZEP concept in the following Phase 2. It is estimated that AZEP will be available for exploitation some 5-7 years after completion of the first project phase.
Measuring HCV Infectivity Produced in Cell Culture and In Vivo (2009)

Recently described systems for efficiently growing HCV in cell culture provide powerful new tools with which to dissect the life cycle of this important human pathogen. This chapter describes methods for measuring the infectivity of HCV produced in cell culture or recovered from animals experimentally infected with the cell culture-produced virus.