gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
EvAlUAtion of fl ExUr Al Str En Gth An D CAn DiDA AlbiCAn S ADhESion of An ACryli C r ESin r EPAir ED with 4 DiffEr Ent r ESin m At Eri AlS (2012)

background and Aim: This study aims to investigate adhesion of Candida albicans and flexural strength of an acrylic resin repaired with 4 different acrylic materials. materials and methods: One hundred heat polymerizing acrylic specimens (60x20x3mm) were prepared from a negative mold of a metal master model. After obtaining silicone indexes the specimens were cut into two equal parts with a saw (Isomet 4000, Buehler Ltd., Lake Bluff, IL). Four different materials light-polymerizing (LP), autopolymerizing (AP), heat polymerizing (HP) or microwave polymerizing (MP) acrylic resins were used to repair the denture material. Fifty of the specimens were then contaminated with Candida albicans culture. Three point bending test was used to determine flexural strengths of materials. The data were analyzed with One-way ANOVA and Tukey statistical tests at 0.05 significance level. r esults: Light polymerizing acrylic resin represented the highest colony number values (49.3±6.2) and this value was significantly higher compared with the colony number values of HP, MP and control groups (p=0.01). MP and HP resins exhibited statistically similar microbial colony numbers (p=0.84). Heat polymerizing acrylic resin exhibited the highest flexural strength value (45.43±3.2) in all test groups Number of adhesive fracture was significantly higher (9/10) in LP group than the other groups Conclusion: The repairing materials tested were highly susceptible to Candida albicans adhesion and flexural strengths of these materials were not satisfactory in prosthodontic practice.
Design of phase shifters for BIST applications (2002)

The paper presents novel systematic design techniques for the automated synthesis of phase shifter circuits used to remove effects of structural dependencies featured by test generators driving parallel scan chains. As shown in the paper, it is possible to synthesize very large and fast phase shifters for BIST applications with guaranteed phaseshifts between scan chains and very small number of gates per channel.
Degradability of Different Phosphorylated Starches and Thermoplastic Films Prepared from Corn Starch Phosphomonoesters (2001)

Different starch types (corn, rice, potato, corn amylose and corn amylopectin) were phosphorylated to varying degrees of substitution (DS) and tested both for acid hydrolysis during 3 h in a boiling bath and for enzymatic hydrolysis with a thermostable bacterial α-amylase (Bacillus licheniformis) for 30 min at 95 °C. Generally, phosphorylated starches showed a reduced degree of acid hydrolysis during the entire time of hydrolysis (3 h) as well as reduced susceptibility to α-amyIase hydrolysis. The enzyme action was inhibited by the presence of phosphate groups in the modified starch molecules and the extent of inhibition increased with increasing degree of phosphate substitution, regardless of the starch type. Thermoplastic films were fabricated by blending modified corn starches of different DS with polyacrylate, urea and water at a ratio of 4:5:1:50, heating for 30 min at 95 °C before casting and allowing to cool, stand and dry at room temperature. The plastic films prepared from phosphorylated corn starch showed both higher disintegration rate and a greater degradability by thermostable bacterial α-amylase than the ones prepared from non-phosphorylated starch. These new acquired properties can meet the increasing demand for biodegradable disposable plastic bags.
Inhibition of brome mosaic virus (BMV) amplification in protoplasts from transgenic tobacco plants expressing replicable BMV RNAs (1995)

Transgenic tobacco plants (V123 plants) expressing a set of full-length brome mosaic virus (BMV) genomic RNAs from the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter were produced. The accumulation level of BMV RNAs in V123 plant cells was approximately 1% of that in nontransgenic tobacco protoplasts inoculated with BMV RNAs. The level of BMV RNA in V123 protoplasts did not increase after inoculating the protoplasts with BMV RNAs, whereas V123 protoplasts supported the accumulation of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) RNAs to a level similar to that in non-transgenic tobacco protoplasts after inoculation with CMV RNA. Such BMV-specific resistance was also observed in protoplasts from V12 plants expressing full-length BMV RNA1 and RNA2, both of which are required and sufficient for BMV RNA replication. On the other hand, protoplasts from M12 plants, expressing truncated BMV RNA1 and RNA2 in which the 3' 200 nucleotides required for BMV RNA replication were deleted, exhibited weaker resistance to infection with BMV RNA than V12 protoplasts, although the accumulation level of truncated BMV RNA1 and RNA2 in M12 protoplasts was higher than that of BMV RNA1 and RNA2 in V12 protoplasts. These results suggest that expression of BMV RNA replicons is involved in the induction of resistance, rather than high-level accumulation of BMV RNAs and/or their encoded proteins.
Exploration of Sub-VT and Near-VT 2T Gain-Cell Memories for Ultra-Low Power Applications under Technology Scaling (2013)

Ultra-low power applications often require several kb of embedded memory and are typically operated at the lowest possible operating voltage (VDD) to minimize both dynamic and static power consumption. Embedded memories can easily dominate the overall silicon area of these systems, and their leakage currents often dominate the total power consumption. Gain-cell based embedded DRAM arrays provide a high-density, low-leakage alternative to SRAM for such systems; however, they are typically designed for operation at nominal or only slightly scaled supply voltages. This paper presents a gain-cell array which, for the first time, targets aggressively scaled supply voltages, down into the subthreshold (sub-VT) domain. Minimum VDD design of gain-cell arrays is evaluated in light of technology scaling, considering both a mature 0.18 μm CMOS node, as well as a scaled 40 nm node. We first analyze the trade-offs that characterize the bitcell design in both nodes, arriving at a best-practice design methodology for both mature and scaled technologies. Following this analysis, we propose full gain-cell arrays for each of the nodes, operated at a minimum VDD. We find that an 0.18 μm gain-cell array can be robustly operated at a sub-VT supply voltage of 400mV, providing read/write availability over 99% of the time, despite refresh cycles. This is demonstrated on a 2 kb array, operated at 1 MHz, exhibiting full functionality under parametric variations. As opposed to sub-VT operation at the mature node, we find that the scaled 40 nm node requires a near-threshold 600mV supply to achieve at least 97% read/write availability due to higher leakage currents that limit the bitcell’s retention time. Monte Carlo simulations show that a 600mV 2 kb 40 nm gain-cell array is fully functional at frequencies higher than 50 MHz.
The integration of InP /InGaAsP ridge waveguide structures with dielectric waveguides on silicon (2006)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, February 2007.
Organic reactions of monolayer-protected metal nanoparticles (2003)

This paper presents a concise review of various organic reactions of monolayer-protected metal nanoparticles, with an emphasis on their current applications. Organic reactions of monolayer-protected nanoparticles lead to the functionalized nanoparticles, which exhibit interesting properties such as catalytic, electrochemical, photoresponsive, chemical sensing, and biocompatible properties.
A Technique for the Concentration ofNucleated Bone Marrow Cells for in vitro Manipulation orCryopreservation Using the IBM 2991 Blood Cell Processor (1983)

27 bone marrow aspirates were processed on the IBM 2991 Blood Cell Processor to achieve a reduction in volume (>80%) and in red blood cell contamination (>75%), without loss (<20%) of nucleated cells. The procedure was used to concentrate nucleated bone marrow cells either prior to cryopreservation for subsequent autologous transplantation, or prior to incubation with a murine monoclonal antibody (OKT3) for allogeneic transplantation. We conclude that the procedures used for the concentration, cryopreservation, thawing and infusion do not adversely affect the viability of cells as assessed by in vitro culture (CFU-GM). Of the marrows processed, 12 have been reinfused and resulted in successful engraftment.
A Study of Molecular Mimicry and Immunological Cross‐reactivity between Hepatitis B Surface Antigen and Myelin Mimics (2005)

On the basis of the reported association between hepatitis B vaccination (HBvacc) and autoimmune demyelinating complications such as multiple sclerosis (MS), we have looked for aminoacid similarities between the small hepatitis B virus surface antigen (SHBsAg), and the MS-autoantigens myelin basic protein (MBP) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) that could serve as targets of immunological cross-reactivity. Twenty-mer peptides spanning 4 SHBsAg/MOG and 1 SHBsAg/MBP mimicking pairs, were constructed and tested by ELISA as targets of cross-reactive responses. A total of 147 samples from 58 adults were collected before HBvacc (58/58), and post-HBvacc (48/58 before the second and 41/58 before the third boost). Eighty-seven sera from anti-SHBsAg antibody negative patients with various diseases were tested as pathological controls. Reactivity to at least one of the SHBsAg peptides was found in 8 (14%) pre-HBvacc subjects; amongst the remaining 50, reactivity to at least one of the SHBsAg peptides appeared in 47 (94%) post-HBvacc. Reactivity to at least one of the MOG mimics was present in 4 (8%) pre-HBvacc and in 30 (60%) post-HBvacc (p < 0.001). Overall 30/50 (60%) vaccinees had SHBsAg/MOG double reactivity on at least one occasion compared to none before-vaccination and in 2 (2%) of the pathological controls (p < 0.001 for both). SHBsAg/MOG double reactivity was cross-reactive as confirmed by inhibition studies. At 6 months post-vaccination, 3 of the 4 anti-MOG reactive cases before vaccination and 7 of the 24 (29%) of the anti-MOG reactive cases at 3 months post-vaccination had lost their reactivity to MOG5-24. There was no reactivity to the SHBsAg/MBP mimics. None of the vaccinees reported symptoms of demyelinating disorders. In view of the observed SHBsAg/MOG cross-reactivity, the vaccine's possible role as an immunomodulator of viral/self cross-reactivity must be further investigated.
Three-dimensional micro-optical components embedded in Foturan glass by a femtosecond laser (2003)

Three-dimensional (3D) microoptical components are embedded in a photosensitive glass Foturan by a femtosecond (fs) laser. This process includes mainly three steps: (1) direct writing of latent images in the sample by the tightly focused fs laser beam; (2) baking of the sample in a programmable furnace for the formation of modified regions; and (3) etching of the sample in a 10% diluted solution of hydrofluoric acid for the selective removal of the modified regions. After this process, hollow internal structures are formed, which act as a mirror and a beam splitter. Furthermore, we find that postannealing smoothes the surfaces of the fabricated hollow structures, resulting in the great improvement of the optical properties. We examine the optical properties of the structured components using a He-Ne laser beam, and measure the optical losses at 1.55 μm wavelength.
Production of CETD transgenic mouse line allowing ablation of any type of specific cell population (2005)

Diphtheria toxin A-chain (DT-A) is a potent inhibitor of protein synthesis. As little as a single molecule of DT-A can result in cell death. DT-A gene driven by a tissue-specific promoter is used to achieve genetic ablation of a particular cell lineage. However, this transgenic approach often results in aberrant depletion of unrelated cells. To avoid this, we established a method for specific depletion of a cell population by controlled expression of the DT-A gene via the Cre-loxP system. We produced five transgenic mice carrying CETD construct containing loxP-flanked enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) cDNA and the DT-A gene. Transfection of primary cultured cells derived from CETD transgenic fetus with Cre expression plasmid resulted in extensive cell loss, as expected. Bigenic (double transgenic) offspring obtained by crossbreeding between CETD and MNCE transgenic mice in which Cre expression is controlled by the myelin basic protein (MBP) promoter exhibited embryonic lethality, suggesting expression of Cre at embryonic stages. Intravenous injection of Cre expression vector to CETD mice led to generation of glomerular lesions, probably due to predominant depletion of glomerular epithelial cells. This Cre-loxP-based cell ablation technology is powerful and convenient method of generating mice lacking any chosen cell population.
Rates of uptake and metabolism of indole‐3‐acetic acid and 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid by cultured leaf segments at different stages of development in wheat (1987)

Immature leaf tissue of Triticum timopheevi Zukh. responded to supplied auxin and showed cell division in culture. The rates of uptake and of metabolism of indole‐3‐acetic acid and 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid by such tissues were measured and compared with those of mature auxin‐unresponsive tissue. The purpose of these experiments was to determine whether or not the concentration of auxin in cultured mature tissue was a factor limiting the cell division response to auxin. The data indicate that neither alterations in rates of uptake nor alterations in rates of metabolism could explain the loss of responsiveness to auxin which apparently occurs during cell differentiation. The results are discussed in the context of the view that changes in cell sensitivity to growth substances and not only the concentration of these compounds, play an important role in plant growth and development.
Synthesis of highly stable folic acid conjugated magnetite nanoparticles for targeting cancer cells (2007)

A new approach towards the design of folic acid conjugated magnetic nanoparticles for enhancing their site specific intracellular uptake against a folate receptor overexpressing cancer cells is reported. Magnetite nanoparticles were prepared by coprecipitation from an Fe3+ and Fe2+ solution followed by surface modification with 2-carboxyethyl phosphonic acid to form carboxyl group terminated nanoparticles. Then folic acid and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) were conjugated with carboxylic acid functionalized magnetite nanoparticles using 2,2'-(ethylenedioxy)-bis-ethylamine. These folate-conjugated nanoparticles were characterized in terms of their size by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Surface functional groups and surface composition were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), respectively. Vibration sample magnetometry (VSM) measurements showed the superparamagnetic nature of the particles at room temperature. Folate-conjugated magnetic nanoparticles are noncytotoxic and receptor mediated internalization by HeLa and B16 melanoma F0 cancer cells was confirmed by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy.
Throughput Measures for Delay-constrained Communications in Fading Channels (2003)

Fading channels, often seen in wireless systems, provide an unfavorable environment for reliable communications.Current methods for evaluating the performance of fading channels include ergodic capacity and -capacity.Ergodic capacity quantifies the ultimate reliable communication limit of the fading channel.It is only achievable with infinite coding delay, making it impossible to achieve in practice.-capacity, achievable with finite coding delay, does not provide a measure of error-free communications performance.Since practical communication systems are delay-constrained, it is possible to retransmit codewords when errors occur.We provide a new analysis framework that accounts for codeword retransmission in the analysis of fading channels.We introduce new measures, maximum zero-outage throughput and maximum -throughput, that predict the performance of practical systems and show that ergodic capacity and -capacity are special cases of our definitions.We also provide a measure that characterizes the performance of a system with more complex receiver design, using "incremental diversity" to improve throughput.
Efficient RNA drug delivery using red blood cell extracellular vesicles (2018)

Most of the current methods for programmable RNA drug therapies are unsuitable for the clinic due to low uptake efficiency and high cytotoxicity. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) could solve these problems because they represent a natural mode of intercellular communication. However, current cellular sources for EV production are limited in availability and safety in terms of horizontal gene transfer. One potentially ideal source could be human red blood cells (RBCs). Group O-RBCs can be used as universal donors for large-scale EV production since they are readily available in blood banks and they are devoid of DNA. Here, we describe and validate a new strategy to generate large-scale amounts of RBC-derived EVs for the delivery of RNA drugs, including antisense oligonucleotides, Cas9 mRNA, and guide RNAs. RNA drug delivery with RBCEVs shows highly robust microRNA inhibition and CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing in both human cells and xenograft mouse models, with no observable cytotoxicity.
Widespread temporo-occipital lobe dysfunction in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (2017)

Recent studies suggest that amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) lie on a single clinical continuum. However, previous neuroimaging studies have found only limited involvement of temporal lobe regions in ALS. To better delineate possible temporal lobe involvement in ALS, the present study aimed to examine changes in functional connectivity across the whole brain, particularly with regard to extra-motor regions, in a group of 64 non-demented ALS patients and 38 healthy controls. To assess between-group differences in connectivity, we computed edge-level statistics across subject-specific graphs derived from resting-state functional MRI data. In addition to expected ALS-related decreases in functional connectivity in motor-related areas, we observed extensive changes in connectivity across the temporo-occipital cortex. Although ALS patients with comorbid FTD were deliberately excluded from this study, the pattern of connectivity alterations closely resembles patterns of cerebral degeneration typically seen in FTD. This evidence for subclinical temporal dysfunction supports the idea of a common pathology in ALS and FTD.
Factors affecting water blocking and gas flow from hydraulically fractured gas wells (1978)

This study presents results which were generated and analyzed over a 2-yr period. Several hundred computer runs were made during this project and an extensive amount of rock property data was reviewed to insure that these data were representative of tight gas reservoirs. The following conclusions reflect the combined information which was generated during the study. The reservoir properties, such as capillary pressure, change of capillary pressure in damaged zones, and relative permeability (in low permeability gas reservoirs) are primary factors in determining the behavior of a fractured well during cleanup. If the reservoir rock permeability is not damaged by frac fluid invasion, no serious water blockage to gas flow will occur when (1) the pressure drawdown is much greater than the capillary pressure in the formation, or (2) the capillary pressure and water mobility are large enough to rapidly imbibe the frac water into the formation. If the reservoir rock permeability is not damaged by frac fluid invasion, a complete water block to gas flow cannot occur; however, gas production can be severely curtailed if the pressure drawdown does not exceed the formation capillary pressure and the water mobility is so low that the frac water remains immobile nextmore » to the fracture face.« less
Integrated Semiconductor Optical Sensors for Chronic, Minimally-Invasive Imaging of Brain Function (2006)

Intrinsic optical signal (IOS) imaging is a widely accepted technique for imaging brain activity. We propose an integrated device consisting of interleaved arrays of gallium arsenide (GaAs) based semiconductor light sources and detectors operating at telecommunications wavelengths in the near-infrared. Such a device will allow for long-term, minimally invasive monitoring of neural activity in freely behaving subjects, and will enable the use of structured illumination patterns to improve system performance. In this work we describe the proposed system and show that near-infrared IOS imaging at wavelengths compatible with semiconductor devices can produce physiologically significant images in mice, even through skull.
Ophthalmology, Second Edition (2004)

Ophthalmology, Second Edition; Myron Yanoff and Jay S. Duker, Editors. Mosby, St. Louis, MO, 2004. ISBN: 0-323-01634-0. $269.00 Scope: This is a multi-authored textbook divided into 12 parts, with section editors overseeing each part. The far right sides of the pages in each section are tagged with a color for quick reference to that section. The sections are: 1) genetics and ocular embryology; 2) optics and refraction; 3) refractive surgery; 4) lens; 5) cornea and external disease; 6) strabismus; 7) orbit and oculoplastics; 8) retina and vitreous; 9) intraocular tumors; 10) uveitis and other intraocular inflammations; 11) neuro-ophthalmology; and 12) glaucoma. The book covers essentially all of ophthalmology. It has many excellent tables, diagrams, and color photographs. Strengths: This textbook is better written than the first edition or any other single volume textbook of ophthalmology. The amount and quality of the illustrations provide needed detail in understanding and evaluating disease. The color coding makes for easy and quick reference to the specific section. The information is up-to-date. Weaknesses: There is an occasional chapter that does not flow with the rest of the section. Some sections rely heavily on a single author, others on many authors with uneven results. The textbook is heavy and awkward to carry. Recommended audience: Ophthalmology residents and general ophthalmologists should find this an excellent resource. Critical appraisal: This is a first-class and up-to-date textbook that would make a useful reference in most personal and departmental libraries. Susan M. Ksiazek, MD The University of Chicago; Chicago, Illinois
Advances in understanding the pathogenetic mechanisms of Alzheimer's disease. (2001)

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterised by irreversible cognitive and physical deterioration. AD is the most common cause of dementia in the elderly population and its incidence doubles every five years between 65 and 85 years of age; it also represents a growing public health problem as life expectancy increases. The first case report of AD was published in 1907 by Alois Alzheimer (1), who described the presence of abnormal nerve cells containing tangles of fibres and neuritic plaques in the cerebral cortex of a woman who died at the age of 55 with progressive dementia. Much work has been done since then to characterise the neuropathological lesions typical of AD, such as neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). Alzheimer’s disease is morphologically characterised by abundant accumulation of βamyloid in the form of senile plaques and abnormally phosphorylated tau protein in the form of NFT, resulting in a loss of neurons and d i ffuse brain atrophy. Neurofibrillary lesions have an intracellular localisation: they are found in the neuronal soma and in the apical dendrites as NFT. Ultrastructurally, these le-