gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Advanced metal barrier free Cu damascene interconnects with PECVD silicon carbide barriers for 90/65-nm BEOL technology (2003)

Advanced metal barrier free (MBF) Cu dual damascene interconnects (DDIs) have been successfully fabricated using a low-k CVD OSG (k=2.5) and PECVD silicon carbides for the first time. With PECVD silicon carbides replacing TaN, the Cu DDIs thus built showed 8% better in interconnect RC delay, 36% lower in via resistance and three orders of magnitude lower in line-line leakage at 200/spl deg/C. The newly developed technology also enhanced Cu TDDB lifetime by more than three orders of magnitude. On the MBF DDIs, 15%-faster 90-nm CMOS device operation has been achieved, which makes the newly developed MBF Cu DDI technology promising for high performance sub-90 nm CMOS devices and beyond.
Age-related changes of glutathione content, glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase activity of human erythrocytes. (1991)

1. In order to investigate the effect of aging on the erythrocyte glutathione system, total glutathione (GSH), glutathione reductase (GSH-red) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-px) levels were measured in erythrocytes from 33 young (mean age = 30.5 +/- 9.7 years) and 28 aged (mean age = 68.9 +/- 11.4 years) healthy individuals. 2. GSH was 3.5 +/- 1.8 microM/g Hb for the young group, a value significantly greater (P less than 0.01) than 2.3 +/- 0.9 microM/g Hb found for the aged group. Similarly, GSH-red activity, 5.5 +/- 1.8 IU/g Hb, was higher (P less than 0.05) for the young group than 3.4 +/- 0.9 IU/g Hb found for the aged group. The GSH-px activity levels for the young group, 21.1 +/- 5.9 IU/g Hb, were significantly greater (P less than 0.01) than 12.0 +/- 3.3 IU/g Hb for the aged group. The lower activity detected in the aged group for all of these parameters of the glutathione redox system was not related to low levels of hematocrit or hemoglobin. 3. There was no statistical difference in the activation coefficient (AC) of reductase (+FAD/-FAD) between groups, which seems to indicate that the lower activity of glutathione reductase observed in the aged group was not due to riboflavin deficiency. 4. Additional information is required to determine the mechanisms controlling the glutathione redox system and its role in the aging process.
DCT-Based Television Codec for DS3 Digital Transmission (1989)

An intrafield codec based on discrete cosine transform (DCT), and foreseen for transmission of NTSC video signals at DS3 line bit rate, is described. The codec is provided at the input (encoder) and output (decoder) with an interchangeable interface so that it can be used also for the 4:2:2 studio standard transmission. In the case of the NTSC video signal, after the analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion, the signal is split into three component-like signals, to which a two-dimensional 8 × 8 DCT is applied. The DCT-processed samples are then coded for transmission using a variable-length coding. A line buffer adapts the variable data rate, coming from the encoding procedure, to the line bit rate. To implement the more complex parts of the codec, several very large-scale integrated (VLSI) semicustom circuits have been designed.
Analysis of photomask distortion caused by blank materials and open ratios (2001)

As optical lithography error budgets on pattern displacement become more and more stringent for features as small as <180 nm, overlay control will be one of the top challenges facing lithography in the future. However, mask induced error budgets are less considered than uniformity of a mask. In this paper, we demonstrate a pattern displacement caused by stress induced distortion, in-plane distortion(IPD) values of chrome-on-glass (COG) and phase-shift-mask (PSM) blanks, and overlay errors. The magnification after AR/Cr layer removal for a COG is 0.37 ppm, which corresponds to an IPD of 33 nm across 100 x 100 mm2 area. The IPD for PSM corresponds to 43 nm across 100 x 100 mm2 area with 0.48 ppm. The IPD for PSM increases dramatically with increasing open ratios, while that for COG only slightly increases. It is found that mix-match between steppers and scanners should be avoided as long as COG mask and PSM are mixed because errors such as skew and scan direction magnification are uncorrectable with steppers.
Ultra-small, self-holding, optical gate switch using Ge_2Sb_2Te_5 with a multi-mode Si waveguide (2012)

We report a multi-mode interference-based optical gate switch using a Ge(2)Sb(2)Te(5) thin film with a diameter of only 1 µm. The switching operation was demonstrated by laser pulse irradiation. This switch had a very wide operating wavelength range of 100 nm at around 1575 nm, with an average extinction ratio of 12.6 dB. Repetitive switching over 2,000 irradiation cycles was also successfully demonstrated. In addition, self-holding characteristics were confirmed by observing the dynamic responses, and the rise and fall times were 130 ns and 400 ns, respectively.
Acoustic-wave based monolithic microsensors (1994)

Acoustic-wave based oscillators are used for several sensor applications. In addition to crystalline piezoelectric materials, silicon has gained interest as a substrate material for acoustic devices. Silicon implemented acoustic devices profit from the excellent properties of the silicon integrated circuit (IC) technology: high reliability, high reproducibility, small size and low cost. The monolithic integration of electronic circuitry and acoustic devices allows the development of highly-reliable small-size acoustic oscillators for sensor applications. In this paper the design and fabrication of monolithic Lamb wave oscillators is presented. In addition to bipolar IC-technology extra processing is required to obtain the Lamb wave oscillator system: thin film piezoelectric zinc oxide technology, and micromachining technology. The technologies used are completely IC-compatible which is an important feature for commercial production. The system forms the basis for several measurement instruments, e.g. liquid process-control equipment (control of composition of mixtures, determination of density and viscosity) and biosensors
Dynamics of Package Cushioning (1945)

Mechanical damage is a common occurrence in the transportation of packaged articles. The causes of failures are generally inadequate protective cushioning, lack of ruggedness of the outer packing container, or occasional abnormal weakness of the packaged article. The first of these difficulties is the subject of this paper.
Time lag and permeation in multilayer polymer coatings (1993)

The concept of time lag and its use in the design of multilayer polymer coatings for packaging are discussed. Calculations for several variations of hypothetical two- and three-layer systems are included to illustrate the time-lag approach. The time-lag variations in a silicone(gel)-poly(imide) and epoxy-silicone(gel)-poly(imide) system are calculated to demonstrate the applicability in real systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
CD83: a regulatory molecule of the immune system with great potential for therapeutic application. (2006)

CD83 has been known for a decade to be one of the best markers for mature dendritic cells (DCs). The recognition of CD83 was greatly changed since CD83 in thymus was unveiled to be essential for the generation of CD4+ T cells by the study using CD83-deficient mice. It was recently shown that both activated DCs and B cells release soluble form of CD83 and that low levels of soluble CD83 are present in normal human sera. Both in vivo and in vitro studies demonstrated that soluble CD83 has immunosuppressive roles such as the inhibition of DC-mediated T cell stimulation and the maturation of DCs. CD83 appears to have regulatory functions for immune response in light of observations that the soluble form of CD83 can inhibits immune reactions while being strongly up-regulated during DC maturation and activation. In addition, the fact that various cell types including thymic epithelial cells, activated T and B cells and activated DCs express CD83 suggests the universal role in immune function. Because of these immuno-regulatory functions, the therapeutic application of CD83 is highly anticipated in many pathological states including malignancy and autoimmune disease.
14C-choline transport into red blood cells in Down's syndrome. (1979)

<p>In a new work in which conceptual elaboration, storytelling, and poetics are fused in the infernal heat of the desert, the cycle of Omnicide is closed with a philosophy of doom, deception, and the game, plunging headlong into the inevitable, the fatal, and the infinite.</p>\n<p>A series of controlled combustions fuelled by fragments drawn from the poetry and literature of the Middle-East, Omnicide II introduces us to a new cast of manic visionaries, from the Selemaniac to the Crystallomaniac, the Bibliomaniac to the Aeromaniac. In his relentless cataloguing of the myriad figures and portents of omnicidal doom, Jason Bahbak Mohaghegh resumes the offensive of those writers, artists, and thinkers for whom the fiercest creative incandescence is only kindled in the shadow of certain doom.</p>\n<p>Amid war-cries and lullabies, mages, wolves and pelicans, sabres and crystals, drones and soul-stealers, in settings ranging from the opium den to the Qatari luxury hotels, with his unique style and methodology, his dizzying breadth of references, and his implacable will to follow the most deranging lines of thought and evoke the most startling images, Mohaghegh draws the reader into territories disturbing and unfamiliar, atmospheres delicate and grotesque, moods morbid yet life-affirming, in a book that evokes fever and exudes dead calm.</p>\n<p>The utterly absorbing music of this writing both lulls and disquiets—a contemporary Necronomicon, an inexhaustible treasury of recipes for disaster, catastrophe, ruination and destruction, all in the name of the most intense creation.</p>\n
Transplantation of Retroviral Producer Cells for <i>In Vivo</i> Gene Transfer into Mouse Skeletal Muscle (1996)

We describe a new strategy for efficient in vivo gene transfer into skeletal muscle using retroviral vectors. Recombinant retroviral producer cells, previously treated with the cytostatic drug mitomycin C, were injected into regenerating muscle of adult nude, nude/mdx, and C57BL/10 mice. Using LacZ reporter gene activity, we detected efficient transduction in all mouse strains (Nude, mean 11%, range 4.2-21%; C57BL/10, mean 12%, range 3.4-20%; Nude mdx, mean 4.3%, range 2.1-7% at 4 weeks post-injection and 6.6%, range 1.3-12% at 12 weeks post-injection). Foreign gene expression was sustained at high levels for at least 3 months. This strategy allows muscle satellite cells to be transfected in vivo, forming a reservoir of the transgene for incorporation into new myofibers in subsequent rounds of degeneration and regeneration. Because of its efficiency and potentially broad application, this procedure represents a new strategy for in vivo genetic transfer in skeletal muscle and potentially in other tissues.
Investigation of road accident severity per vehicle type (2017)

The aim of the present study is the investigation of road accident severity per vehicle type. For that reason, a dataset consisting of 59,316 recorded accidents in Greece was analyzed and mathematical models were developed by applying lognormal regression. Three expressions of accident severity were examined: i) the number of fatalities divided by the total number of involved vehicles, ii) the number of severe injuries divided by the total number of involved vehicles and iii) the number of slight injuries divided by the total number of involved vehicles. Furthermore, separate accident severity models were developed for each type of vehicle. The effect of various parameters, such as crash type and weather conditions on accident severity was identified for each type of vehicle (car, moped, motorcycle, bus and truck). Cars involve both private vehicles as well as vehicles used for commercial purposes (like taxis). In general, good weather conditions and night accidents increase severity. Moreover, crash types are consistently affecting accident severity.
Environmental fate of sulfometuron methyl in aerobic soils (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEnvironmental fate of sulfometuron methyl in aerobic soilsJeffrey J. Anderson and Joseph J. DulkaCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1985, 33, 4, 596–602Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf00064a010https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00064a010research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views156Altmetric-Citations66LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Cyclometalation and coupling of a rigid 4,5-bis(imino)acridanide pincer ligand on yttrium (2015)

An extremely rigid NNN-donor proligand, 4,5-bis{(diphenylmethylene)amino}-2,7,9,9-tetramethylacridan, H[AIm2] was prepared in five steps starting from 5-methyl-2-aminobenzoic acid and 4-bromotoluene. Reaction of intensely orange H[AIm2] with LiCH2SiMe3 formed deep blue Li(x)[AIm2]x (x = 2 in the solid state), while reaction with [Y(CH2SiMe3)3(THF)2] (0.5 equiv.) afforded deep blue [Y(AIm2)(AIm)] (1; AIm = an AIm2 ligand cyclometalated at the ortho-position of one of the phenyl rings). Compound 1 slowly isomerizes to form green-brown 2, which contains a single trianionic, hexadentate ligand that features one amine, two imine, and three amido donors. The acridanide backbone and one imine group in each of the original AIm2 ligands is intact, but the two acridanide backbones are now linked by an isoindoline heterocycle. Yttrium in 2 is coordinated to six nitrogen donors and the ortho carbon of an isoindoline phenyl substituent. The intense colours of H[AIm2], Li(x)[AIm2]x and 1 were shown by TD-DFT calculations to arise from charge transfer transitions from the HOMO, which is localized on the acridanide ligand backbone, to the LUMO and LUMO+1, which are localized on the imine substituents. The conversion of 1 to 2 was studied by UV-Visible absorption spectroscopy and is first-order with a half-life of 7.8 hours at room temperature.
Absolutely stable learning of recognition codes by a self-organizing neural network (1986)

A neural network which self‐organizes and self‐stabilizes its recognition codes in response to arbitrary orderings of arbitrarily many and arbitrarily complex binary input patterns is here outlined. Top‐down attentional and matching mechanisms are critical in self‐stabilizing the code learning process. The architecture embodies a parallel search scheme which updates itself adaptively as the learning process unfolds. After learning self‐stabilizes, the search process is automatically disengaged. Thereafter input patterns directly access their recognition codes, or categories, without any search. Thus recognition time does not grow as a function of code complexity. A novel input pattern can directly access a category if its shares invariant properties with the set of familiar exemplars of that category. These invariant properties emerge in the form of learned critical feature patterns, or prototypes. The architecture possesses a context‐sensitive self‐scaling property which enables its emergent critical feature patterns to form. They detect and remember statistically predictive configurations of featural elements which are derived from the set of all input patterns that are ever experinced. Four types of attentional process—priming, gain control, vigilance, and intermodal competition—are mechanistically characterized. Top‐down priming and gain control are needed for code matching and self‐stabilization. Attentional vigilance determines how fine the learned categories will be. If vigilance increases due to an environment disconfirmation, then the system automatically searches for and learns finer recognition categories. A new nonlinear matching law (the 2/3 Rule) and new nonlinear associative laws (the Weber Law Rule, the Associative Decay Rule, and the Template Learning Rule) are needed to achieve these properties. All the rules describe emergent properties of parallel network interactions. The achitecture circumvents the staturation, capacity, orthogonality, and linear predictability constraints that limit the codes which can be stably learned by alternative recognition models.
Comparison of Spectrophotometric Methods for Measuring Chlorine Dioxide in Drinking Water (1998)

Abstract The recognition that chlorine disinfection of drinking water may not be effective in controlling pathogens such as Cryptosporidium may lead to the greater use of stronger alternative disinfectants, such as chlorine dioxide. Typical chlorine dioxide residual concentration requirements for disinfection may extend to less than 0.1 mg l−1, thus requiring very good quantitation methods for optimal process control. Traditional methods have been cumbersome and sometimes inaccurate. This study examined three spectrophotometric methods for measuring chlorine dioxide in the <0.1 mg l−1 to 2 mg l−1 range, using acid chrome violet k (ACVK), lissamine green B, and amaranth reagents. Each method was assessed using both laboratory reagent water and various natural waters to identify the respective linear range, method precision, and the possible interference from natural colour due to aqueous organic matter. Interferences arising from the presence of chlorine, chloramines, chlorite, chlorate, and permanganate were also evaluated, along with the potential need to correct for temperature changes. Keywords: Chlorine dioxidedisinfectionACVKlissamineamaranth
Identification of Small Molecule Inhibitors of Human As(III) <i>S</i>-Adenosylmethionine Methyltransferase (AS3MT) (2015)

Arsenic is the most ubiquitous environmental toxin and carcinogen. Long-term exposure to arsenic is associated with human diseases including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes. Human As(III) S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) methyltransferases (hAS3MT) methylates As(III) to trivalent mono- and dimethyl species that are more toxic and potentially more carcinogenic than inorganic arsenic. Modulators of hAS3MT activity may be useful for the prevention or treatment of arsenic-related diseases. Using a newly developed high-throughput assay for hAS3MT activity, we identified 10 novel noncompetitive small molecule inhibitors. In silico docking analysis with the crystal structure of an AS3MT orthologue suggests that the inhibitors bind in a cleft between domains that is distant from either the As(III) or SAM binding sites. This suggests the presence of a possible allosteric and regulatory site in the enzyme. These inhibitors may be useful tools for future research in arsenic metabolism and are the starting-point for the development of drugs against hAS3MT.
Basing Acceptable Error-Tolerant Performance on Significance-Based Error-rate (SBER) (2008)

As CMOS scaling continues to decrease and new technologies emerge, feature sizes approach molecular sizes. Due to high defect rates, process variations and quantum effects, manufacturing yields have decreased. To increase the effective yield, error-tolerance, which allows for some defective chips to be employed in systems that can tolerate errors, has been proposed. To support error-tolerance, the acceptability of defective chips must be quantified according to certain measures. A new measure is proposed in this paper, namely significance-based error-rate (SBER). SBER combines two previously studied error-tolerance measures, namely error-significance and error-rate. In this paper we introduce three different ways to quantify the SBER value(s) of a defective chip using built-in self-test (BIST). These techniques cover the following scenarios: (1) multiple copies of a target circuit where at least one copy is non-defective; (2) multiple copies of a target circuit where none are defect free; and (3) single copy of a defective target circuit. For each scenario, the statistical characteristics of the estimation of the SBER value are discussed.
Inhibition of TNF by a TNF receptor immunoadhesin. Comparison to an anti-TNF monoclonal antibody. (1994)

TNF is an important mediator of inflammation, which can have deleterious effects when produced inappropriately. We have described a recombinant inhibitor of TNF, termed TNFR-IgG, or TNFR immunoadhesin, composed of the extracellular portion of the type 1 (p55) TNF receptor (TNFR) linked to the hinge and Fc regions of IgG heavy chain. This bivalent, Ab-like molecule is a potent inhibitor of TNF, exhibiting significantly higher affinity for the cytokine than soluble TNFR. Here, we compare the TNF-neutralizing capacity of TNFR-IgG to that of an anti-TNF mAb. In vitro, TNFR-IgG was 10- to 50-fold more potent than anti-TNF mAb at blocking the cytotoxic effect of exogenous TNF on actinomycin D-treated murine L-M cells. In vivo, the plasma half-life of TNFR-IgG in mice was approximately 6 days, similar to that reported for the anti-TNF mAb. However, the immunoadhesin was approximately 10-fold more effective than the Ab at neutralizing the activity of endogenous TNF, as assessed in a model for murine listeriosis. These results demonstrate a markedly greater potency of the TNFR immunoadhesin compared with the anti-TNF mAb at inhibiting TNF activity in vitro and in vivo.
Dynamics of the Genome during Early <i>Xenopus laevis</i> Development: Karyomeres As Independent Units of Replication (1998)

During Xenopus laevis early development, the genome is replicated in less than 15 min every 30 min. We show that during this period, DNA replication proceeds in an atypical manner. Chromosomes become surrounded by a nuclear membrane lamina forming micronuclei or karyomeres. This genomic organization permits that prereplication centers gather on condensed chromosomes during anaphase and that DNA replication initiates autonomously in karyomeres at early telophase before nuclear reconstruction and mitosis completion. The formation of karyomeres is not dependent on DNA replication but requires mitotic spindle formation and the normal segregation of chromosomes. Thus, during early development, chromosomes behave as structurally and functionally independent units. The formation of a nuclear envelope around each chromosome provides an in vivo validation of its role in regulating initiation of DNA replication, enabling the rate of replication to accelerate and S phase to overlap M phase without illegitimate reinitiation. The abrupt disappearance of this atypical organization within one cell cycle after thirteen divisions defines a novel developmental transition at the blastula stage, which may affect both the replication and the transcription programs of development.
Effects of Long-term Vitamin E Supplementation on Cardiovascular Events and Cancer (2005)

In patients with vascular disease or diabetes mellitus, long-term vitamin E supplementation does not prevent cancer or major cardiovascular events and may increase the risk for heart failure.