gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Benefits of statistical molecular design, covariance analysis, and reference models in QSAR: a case study on acetylcholinesterase (2014)

Scientific disciplines such as medicinal- and environmental chemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology deal with the questions related to the effects small organic compounds exhort on biological targets and the compounds' physicochemical properties responsible for these effects. A common strategy in this endeavor is to establish structure-activity relationships (SARs). The aim of this work was to illustrate benefits of performing a statistical molecular design (SMD) and proper statistical analysis of the molecules' properties before SAR and quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analysis. Our SMD followed by synthesis yielded a set of inhibitors of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) that had very few inherent dependencies between the substructures in the molecules. If such dependencies exist, they cause severe errors in SAR interpretation and predictions by QSAR-models, and leave a set of molecules less suitable for future decision-making. In our study, SAR- and QSAR models could show which molecular sub-structures and physicochemical features that were advantageous for the AChE inhibition. Finally, the QSAR model was used for the prediction of the inhibition of AChE by an external prediction set of molecules. The accuracy of these predictions was asserted by statistical significance tests and by comparisons to simple but relevant reference models.
Dielectric functions and optical bandgaps of high-K dielectrics for metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors by far ultraviolet spectroscopic ellipsometry (2002)

A far ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopic ellipsometer system working up to 9 eV has been developed, and applied to characterize high-K-dielectric materials. These materials have been gaining greater attention as possible substitutes for SiO2 as gate dielectrics in aggressively scaled silicon devices. The optical properties of four representative high-K bulk crystalline dielectrics, LaAlO3, Y2O3-stabilized HfO2 (Y2O3)0.15–(HfO2)0.85, GdScO3, and SmScO3, were investigated with far UV spectroscopic ellipsometry and visible-near UV optical transmission measurements. Optical dielectric functions and optical band gap energies for these materials are obtained from these studies. The spectroscopic data have been interpreted in terms of a universal electronic structure energy scheme developed form ab initio quantum chemical calculations. The spectroscopic data and results provide information that is needed to select viable alternative dielectric candidate materials with adequate band gaps, and conduction and valence band offset energies for this application, and additionally to provide an optical metrology for gate dielectric films on silicon substrates.
The metabolic syndrome, smoking, and antibodies to oxidized LDL in 58-year-old clinically healthy men. (2001)

High serum titers of IgG antibodies to oxidized LDL and MDA-treated LDL were associated with the metabolic syndrome and smoking. Several of the factors in the metabolic syndrome were related to the IgG antibody titers to modified LDL. The high degree of intercorrelation among these factors makes it difficult to clarify the independent role of any specific factor.
자원의 상대성과 가족 내 노동 분배의 젠더 불평등: 한국 유급노동자 부부를 중심으로 (2017)

본 연구는 경제적 교환론과 젠더수행론을 활용하여 한국 맞벌이 부부의 가용시간, 소득, 직종 그리고 종사상지위의 상대성이 가사와 돌봄 노동 분배의 불평등에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 통계청의 생활시간조사 2014년도 자료에서 17세 이상 유급노동자 남편과 아내 각3,410명을 선정하여 분석한 결과 자원의 상대성은 아내보다 남편의 무급 노동 분배에 더 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 가용시간과 종사상지위의 상대성은 경제적 교환적 행태로 나타난 반면 직종의 상대성은 젠더수행의 주요 요인으로 나타났다. 소득의 상대성은 가사노동 분배에 영향을 미치지 않고 아내의 돌봄 노동 분배에 미비한 수준에서 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 분석 결과를 바탕으로 한국 유급노동자 맞벌이 부부의 심각한 무급노동 분배의 젠더 불평등에 대한 대안과 향후 연구 방향을 논의하였다.
Computer games' influence on scientific and information visualization (2000)

The breakneck pace of consumer graphics development has yielded an unexpected dividend: using commodity graphics boards in high-end scientific applications. Historically, the visualization community has been a driving force in high-end computer graphics innovation, fostering technologies that have gradually filtered down to the consumer market. In recent years, however, the financial growth of the computer games market has made it the driving force in the development of consumer graphics applications and hardware. While scientific and information visualization focus on knowledge, computer games focus on play. Thus, the type of play a game depicts strongly affects the graphics it requires. Popular game environments span many classifications, including fast-paced first-person shooting games, massively multiplayer roleplaying games, computer translations of classic board games like chess and backgammon, and construction simulations that let players create a city or even an entire world. Regardless of their differences, each game type facilitates the development of visual thinking concepts. Thinking visually in three dimensions, benefits the sense of wonder and user interaction connected with the application of scientific and information visualization technologies.
Position summary. DiPS: a unifying approach for developing system software (2005)

In this position paper we unify three essential features for flexible system software: a component oriented approach, self-adaptation and separation of concerns. We propose DiPS (Distrinet Protocol Stack), a component framework, which offers components, an anonymous interaction model and connectors to handle non-functional aspects such as concurrency.
Fourier ptychography: current applications and future promises (2020)

Traditional imaging systems exhibit a well-known trade-off between the resolution and the field of view of their captured images. Typical cameras and microscopes can either "zoom in" and image at high-resolution, or they can "zoom out" to see a larger area at lower resolution, but can rarely achieve both effects simultaneously. In this review, we present details about a relatively new procedure termed Fourier ptychography (FP), which addresses the above trade-off to produce gigapixel-scale images without requiring any moving parts. To accomplish this, FP captures multiple low-resolution, large field-of-view images and computationally combines them in the Fourier domain into a high-resolution, large field-of-view result. Here, we present details about the various implementations of FP and highlight its demonstrated advantages to date, such as aberration recovery, phase imaging, and 3D tomographic reconstruction, to name a few. After providing some basics about FP, we list important details for successful experimental implementation, discuss its relationship with other computational imaging techniques, and point to the latest advances in the field while highlighting persisting challenges.
Transforming growth factors beta 1, beta 2, and beta 3 messenger RNA and protein expression in mouse uterus and vagina during estrogen-induced growth: a comparison to other estrogen-regulated genes. (1994)

Increasing evidence suggests that the differential regulation of multiple peptide growth factors by steroid hormones contributes significantly to the pleiotropic effects elicited in target tissues. We report here an evaluation of the effects of the potent estrogen, diethylstilbestrol, on the expression of the three mammalian transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta) isoforms, TGF beta 1, TGF beta 2, and TGF beta 3, in both the uterus and the vagina of the prepubescent mouse. Immunohistochemical protein detection, in situ hybridization, and Northern RNA analyses demonstrate overlapping but distinct time-dependent and site-specific induction of all three TGF beta genes in the reproductive tract in response to estrogen. Temporal analysis of steady-state levels of the TGF beta mRNAs in the uterus by Northern blotting clearly demonstrates that diethylstilbestrol significantly but transiently up-regulates TGF beta 3 mRNA within 30 min and TGF beta 1 and TGF beta 2 mRNAs by 3 h with decreases to/or below control levels by 6 h. The vagina also responds to diethylstilbestrol with similar kinetics of induction for TGF beta 2 and TGF beta 3 mRNAs as that observed in the uterus; however, TGF beta 1 mRNA levels increase gradually and peak around 16 h after treatment. Investigation of the steroid specificity demonstrates predominant estrogen specificity in the control of TGF beta expression in the immature mouse reproductive tract. In situ hybridization localizes the mRNAs for all three TGF beta isoforms, primarily to the uterine and vaginal epithelium. Unlike the transient nature of TGF beta mRNA induction elicited by estrogen, immunohistochemistry demonstrates that estrogen treatment results in a more prolonged elevation of the proteins for TGF beta 1, TGF beta 2, and TGF beta 3 in the epithelium of both tissues. Investigation of specific binding of 125I-TGF beta 1 by affinity labeling reveals the existence of the receptor/binding proteins (types I, II, and III) in the uterus. Estrogen treatment significantly reduces binding to each of these components in the uterus, which suggests that estrogen may modulate TGF beta responsiveness at the receptor level. A comparison of TGF beta mRNA expression to the induction of other estrogen-regulated genes, TGF alpha, insulin-like growth factor-1, c-myc, progesterone receptor and lactotransferrin reveals that, in general, the TGF beta transcript levels are regulated in a more transient manner by estrogen.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Pre-training Is (Almost) All You Need: An Application to Commonsense Reasoning (2020)

Fine-tuning of pre-trained transformer models has become the standard approach for solving common NLP tasks Most of the existing approaches rely on a randomly initialized classifier on top of such networks. We argue that this fine-tuning procedure is sub-optimal as the pre-trained model has no prior on the specific classifier labels, while it might have already learned an intrinsic textual representation of the task. In this paper, we introduce a new scoring method that casts a plausibility ranking task in a full-text format and leverages the masked language modeling head tuned during the pre-training phase. We study commonsense reasoning tasks where the model must rank a set of hypotheses given a premise, focusing on the COPA By exploiting our scoring method without fine-tuning, we are able to produce strong baselines (e.g. 80% test accuracy on COPA) that are comparable to supervised approaches. Moreover, when fine-tuning directly on the proposed scoring function, we show that our method provides a much more stable training phase across random restarts (e.g 10 standard deviation reduction on COPA test accuracy) and requires less annotated data than the standard classifier approach to reach equivalent performances.
Prevention of catheter sepsis by antibiotic bonding. (1985)

The techniques of antibiotic bonding were applied to the problem of hyperalimentation catheter sepsis. Pretreatment with tridodecylmethylammonium chloride (TDMAC) increased the bonding of 14C-penicillin to polyethylene catheter segments from 3.1 to 212 micrograms/cm and to silicone elastomer catheter segments from 0.09 to 181 micrograms/cm. The elution of the bound ligands from silicone elastomer catheter segments in the presence of plasma was studied. At 2 weeks more than 60% of the bound TDMAC remained adherent to the catheter. The elution of the bonded penicillin from the silicone elastomer catheters was biphasic, initially 95% dissociated after 48 hours of incubation. A bioassay revealed that the dissociated penicillin was bacteriocidal. Polyethylene catheters were placed in the jugular vein of rats and positioned in the right atrium. The catheters were tunneled posteriorly, exited between the forelimb shoulder girdles, and connected to a swivel mechanism. The exit site was inoculated before closure with 1 X 10(8) Staphylococcus aureus. Five days after insertion the catheters were removed via sterile thoracotomy and the tips cultured. Untreated control catheters, catheters treated by antibiotic soaking, and catheters pretreated with TDMAC all had high rates of catheter colonization (60% to 80)%. TDMAC-penicillin-bonded catheters did not become colonized. This difference was significant (p less than 0.005). Antibiotic bonding may prove effective in preventing hyperalimentation catheter sepsis.
Suturing Technique and the Integrity of Dural Closures: An in Vitro Study (2004)

In the experimental model described, an interrupted simple suturing technique affords the most watertight dural closure for linear incisions, whereas no suturing technique proved advantageous for the closure of a duraplasty.
Pulse-Current Electrodeposition for Loading Active Material on Nickel Electrodes for Rechargeable Batteries (2013)

Although the pulse-current electrodeposition method is a commonly used technique, it has not been widely employed in electrode preparation. This method was applied to sintered nickel electrodes in a nickel salt solution containing additives. The active material that was obtained, nickel hydroxide, was studied using different characterization techniques. Electrodes impregnated with pulse current had higher capacity than those impregnated with continuous current. The active material is homogeneous and compact with optimum loading and good performance during discharge. These characteristics would provide a large amount of energy in a short time due to an increase in the electrode kinetic reaction.
Derivatives of Piperazine. XXX. Reactions of 1-Arylpiperazines with Epoxides (1958)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDerivatives of Piperazine. XXX. Reactions of 1-Arylpiperazines with EpoxidesC. B. POLLARD and JOAN B. CHRISTIECite this: J. Org. Chem. 1958, 23, 9, 1333–1335Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1958Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1958https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01103a024https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01103a024research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views116Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Filetype identification using long, summarized n-grams (2011)

Past research into file type identification has employed many different techniques in an attempt to accurately classify files and file fragments including N-gram analysis. However, naive application of n-grams breaks down when handling n-grams that are greater than two bytes, due to the sparseness of the feature. As a result, other researchers have generally ignored long n-grams for filetype identification. This thesis explores the use of long n-grams for whole file and file fragment classification by building feature distributions of commonly occurring n-grams for single filetypes and using those distributions to classify unknown files and file fragments. This thesis also utilizes summarized n-grams in order to "collapse" similar n-grams within a file type into common n-grams. The algorithms developed to both generate and compare unknown files are presented as well as results from an experiment that was conducted using another researcher's data set.
Variation in simian immunodeficiency virus env is confined to V1 and V4 during progression to simian AIDS (1991)

We have monitored changes in the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) envelope (env) gene in two macaques which developed AIDS after inoculation with a molecular clone of SIV. As the animals progressed to AIDS, selection occurred for viruses with variation in two discrete regions (V1 and V4) but not for viruses with changes in the region of SIV env that corresponds to the immunodominant, V3 loop of human immunodeficiency virus. Within the highly variable domains, the vast majority of nucleotide changes encoded an amino acid change (98%), suggesting that these envelope variants had evolved as a result of phenotypic selection. Analysis of the biological properties of these variants, which have been selected for in the host, may be useful in defining the mechanisms underlying viral persistence and progression to simian AIDS.
Tissue engineering of skeletal muscle. Highly dense, highly oriented hybrid muscular tissues biomimicking native tissues. (1998)

A highly dense, highly oriented hybrid muscular tissue was devised using C2C12 cells (skeletal muscle myoblast cell line) and Type I collagen. A cold mixture of C2C12 cells suspended in DMEM (Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium; Gibco Lab Inc., Grand Island, NY) and Type I collagen solution was poured into capillary tube molds of two different sizes (inner diameters: 0.90 mm and 0.53 mm, respectively) sealed at each end. After centrifugation (1000 RPM, 5 min) and subsequent thermal gelation, a rod shaped gel was formed. The resultant gel shrank to become a highly dense tissue after incubation on an agarose gel coated dish. Small diameter rod shaped tissues were composed of numerous multi-nucleated myotubes and a few necrotic cells. On the other hand, a ring shaped tissue fabricated by centrifugation with a specially devised agarose gel mold was subjected to cyclic stretching at 60 RPM. The resultant highly dense, highly oriented hybrid muscular tissue involved both densely accumulated cells and collagen fiber bundles, which tended to be aligned in the direction of stretching. Sequential procedures of a centrifugal cell packing method and a mechanical stress loading method facilitated fabrication of hybrid muscular tissues similar to native muscular tissues in terms of cell density and orientation.
Gettering of Metallic Impurities from Planar Silicon Diodes (1963)

Experimental studies are presented in which reverse leakage currents in diffused silicon planar diodes are reduced by orders of magnitude via an intermediate temperature (800°–1000°C) gettering of metallic impurities which presumably cause excess leakage. Inorganic oxides having melting points below the gettering process temperature have been employed as the getters. Life test data on gettered diodes are also presented. The effectiveness of such gettering processes is further demonstrated by experiments in which radioactive copper is utilized as the diffused contaminant.
Analysis of thymic stromal cell subpopulations grown in vitro on extracellular matrix in defined medium. III. Growth conditions of human thymic epithelial cells and immunomodulatory activities in their culture supernatant. (1991)

We report here on a new approach to the cultivation of human thymic epithelial (HTE) cells, which apparently allows more faithful preservation of cell function. This approach, previously developed by us for mouse thymic epithelial (MTE) cells, is based on the use of culture plates coated with extracellular matrix (ECM), and on the use of serum-free, growth factor-supplemented medium. The nutritional requirements of HTE and MTE are somewhat different. Although both are critically dependent on ECM and insulin, they differ in their dependency on other growth factors: selenium and transferrin are much more important for HTE cells, whereas epidermal growth factor and hydrocortisone play a more essential role in MTE cultures. The epithelial nature of the cultured cells is indicated by positive staining with anti-keratin antibodies and by the presence of desmosomes and tonofilaments. The ultrastructural appearance of the cells further suggests high metabolic and secretory activities, not usually found in corresponding cell lines. The culture supernatant (CS) of HTE cells exhibited a strong enhancing effect on thymocyte response to Con A stimulation, as measured by cell proliferation and lymphokine production. The effect was observed on both human and mouse thymocytes, but was much stronger in the homologous combination. Thymic factors tested in parallel did not have such a differential effect. The dose-effect relationships were in the form of a bell-shaped curve, with fivefold enhancement of response at the peak and a measurable effect even with 1:1000 dilution, when human thymocytes were used. The responding thymocytes were those which do not bind peanut agglutinin and are resistant to hydrocortisone. The culture system described here may have advantages for the in vitro study of thymic stromal cell function.
Electrooptical absorption measurements of phototautomerizing systems: S0 and S1 static polarizabilities of bipyridinediols (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTElectrooptical absorption measurements of phototautomerizing systems: S0 and S1 static polarizabilities of bipyridinediolsRuediger Wortmann, Karsten Elich, Sonja Lebus, Wolfgang Liptay, Pawel Borowicz, and Anna GrabowskaCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1992, 96, 24, 9724–9730Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100203a029https://doi.org/10.1021/j100203a029research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views254Altmetric-Citations98LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts