gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gutta-Percha. Effect of Vulcanization on Its X-Ray Diagram (1937)

Abstract EARLY x-ray investigations by Clark ( 2 ) and Ott ( 13 ) on gutta-percha and balata established the fact that these materials were crystalline in nature even in the unstretched condition. In 1927 Hauser and his co-workers ( 5 ) pointed out the similarity of the diagrams obtained on gutta-percha and balata, but it remained for Hopff and Susich ( 7 ) to establish definitely the identity of the x-ray diagrams of the two substances. In addition they brought out the interesting fact that, on heating above 60° C., a characteristic change took place in the gutta-percha diagram. Hauser and Susich ( 6 ) made a detailed study of this change. They showed that gutta-percha (and hence also balata) underwent a change in crystalline structure at about 68° C. The beta modification, obtained above this temperature, did not transform back into the low-temperature or alpha form, but remained unchanged unless the cooling took place very slowly through the transition point. The last-named authors gave much attention to the securing of well-oriented fiber patterns of both crystalline forms in order to calculate their respective identity periods along the fiber axis. Their results, which are probably the most reliable published to date, give the. alpha form of the hydrocarbon an identity period of 8.78 ± 0.12 A˚. and the beta form an identity period of 4.87 ± 0.07 A˚. More recently Bruni and Natta ( 1 ) have examined gutta-percha by means of electron rays and have given a solution for the alpha form in which they find the unit cells to be orthorhombic and to have the axes: a=6.53 A., b=7.68 A˚., and c=9.60 or 4.80 A˚. (fiber period). They find the number of isoprene units (C 5 H 8 ) per cell to be four.
3-D shape from a shaded and textural surface image (1991)

A new 3D texture model is developed by considering the scene image as the superposition of a random texture image on a smooth shaded image. The whole image is analyzed using a patch-by-patch process. Each patch is assumed to be a tilted and slanted texture plane. A modified reflectance map function is applied to describe the deterministic part, and the fractional differencing periodic model is chosen to describe the random texture because of its good performance in texture synthesis and its ability to represent the coarseness and the pattern of the surface at the same time. An orthographical projection technique is developed to deal with this particular random model, which has a nonisotropically distributed texture pattern. For estimating the parameter, a hybrid method that uses both the least square and the maximum-likelihood estimates is applied directly to the given intensity function. By using these parameters, the synthesized image is obtained and used to reconstruct the original image.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 as a potential player in diabetes-associated atherosclerosis (2015)

Despite the well-documented association between insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease, the key targets of insulin relevant to the development of cardiovascular disease are not known. Here, using non-biased profiling methods, we identify the enzyme flavin-containing monooxygenase 3 (Fmo3) to be a target of insulin. FMO3 produces trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), which has recently been suggested to promote atherosclerosis in mice and humans. We show that FMO3 is suppressed by insulin in vitro, increased in obese/insulin resistant male mice and increased in obese/insulin-resistant humans. Knockdown of FMO3 in insulin-resistant mice suppresses FoxO1, a central node for metabolic control, and entirely prevents the development of hyperglycaemia, hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis. Taken together, these data indicate that FMO3 is required for FoxO1 expression and the development of metabolic dysfunction.
Influence of anti‐washout agents on the rheological properties and injectability of a calcium phosphate cement (2006)

Anti-washout-type calcium phosphate cement (aw-CPC) was prepared by introducing chitosan, sodium alginate, or modified starch into the powder phase of CPC, respectively. The results showed that these cements cannot be washed out and set within approximately 10-30 min even if the pastes were immersed in distilled water immediately and were shaken in a shaker after mixing and moulding. To our knowledge, it is the first report about the influence of the content of these anti-washout additives on the rheological properties and injectability of the cement. Moreover, novel approach of yield stress measurement was used to evaluate the injectability of the pastes. A modified starch was originally used as anti-washout agent for CPC. This study provided a convenient way to use the injectable CPC with good anti-washout performance when the paste was exposed to blood. The aw-CPC had potential prospects for the wider applications in surgery such as orthopaedics, oral, and maxillofacial surgery.
A targeted contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging of thrombus: Implications of spatial resolution (2001)

A preparation of ultra-small superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) particles coupled to an RGD peptide (RGD-USPIO) was investigated as an MR contrast agent, targeted to activated platelets, in both ex vivo and in vivo thrombus models. Thrombus visualization ex vivo was compared using RGD-USPIO and a non-targeted UPSIO. The influence of thrombus visualization on thrombus exposure time to RGD-USPIO (ex vivo) and on the spatial resolution of the MR image (ex vivo and in vivo) was assessed. RGD-USPIO resulted in better thrombus visualization than non-targeted USPIO ex vivo, and maximum enhancement was achieved after approximately one hour exposure time of the thrombus to RGD-USPIO. The ability to visualize the clots was highly dependent on the spatial resolution of the image. In vivo, an in-plane resolution of less than 0.2 x 0.2 mm(2) was required for good clot visualization after contrast enhancement. It is concluded that the achievable resolution and sensitivity is a potential limitation to the usefulness of active vascular targeting in MRI.
Novel Potentiometric Sensors for Determination of Melatonin and Oxomemazine in Biological Samples and in Pharmaceutical Formulations (2010)

Abstract Simple, selective and accurate sensors were developed for the determination of melatonin and oxomemazine in biological samples (urine) and in pharmaceutical preparations. Potentiometric measurements were based on bismus tetraiodate‐drug ion‐pair as novel electroactive materials incorporating a plasticized PVC membrane with o ‐nitrophenyl octyl ether or dioctyl phthalate. Each sensor was conditioned for at least two days in 0.1 M drug solution before use. It exhibited fast and stable Nernstian response for melatonin and oxomemazine over the concentration range of 1.0×10 −6 –1.0×10 −2 M and 1.0×10 −5 –1.0×10 −2 M, pH range of 3.0–6.5 and 3.5–6.0 for melatonin and oxomemazine sensors, respectively. Results with an average recovery not more than 101 % and a mean standard deviation less than 1.0 % of the nominal were obtained for the four sensors. The sensors showed reasonable selectivity towards investigated drugs in presence of many cations.
Low-Complexity Linear Zero-Forcing for the MIMO Broadcast Channel (2009)

Maximizing the sum capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) broadcast channel requires the use of dirty paper coding (DPC). However, practical implementations of DPC which are nearly optimum exhibit high computational complexity. As an alternative to DPC linear zero-forcing can be used where the multiuser interference is completely canceled by linear beamforming. Determining the optimum user allocation, transmit and receive filters thereby constitutes a combinatorial and nonconvex optimization problem. To circumvent its direct solution and therefore reduce complexity, we propose an algorithm that successively allocates data streams to users and, in contrast to state-of-the-art approaches, includes the receive filters into the optimization. We then show several steps that reduce the complexity of the algorithm at marginal performance losses. Thus, performance of state-of-the-art approaches can be maintained while the computational complexity is reduced considerably, as it is shown by a detailed complexity analysis and simulation results.
Preflowering Abortion Reduces Spikelet Number in Upland Rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) under Water Stress (2008)

Spikelet number per panicle is a major target trait for improving rice ( Oryza sativa L.) yield in upland fields and is strongly affected by water stress. The rice panicle consists of rachis branches and spikelets, in which preflowering spikelet abortion often occurs. We investigated the effect of timing and intensity of water stress at the early reproductive stage on the morphology of rice panicles in field and pot experiments. In the field experiment, water stress caused high rates of preflowering spikelet abortion, and spikelet number was reduced by 48% on average. Pot experiments revealed the effects of water stress on panicle morphology were dependent on the developmental stage, and water stress at the meiosis stage (10–20 d before heading) induced the highest frequency of preflowering spikelet abortion. At the meiosis stage, a mild water stress (no visible effect and less than 20% reduction in biomass production) was sufficient to cause a considerable increase in secondary rachis branch abortion (70%) and resulted in a 40 to 45% reduction in spikelet number per panicle. Reduction in plant water status under drought conditions was related to preflowering spikelet abortion, suggesting that the drought avoidance mechanism is effective for maintaining spikelet number in upland rice.
The collaborative lipid research clinics program family study: Detection of major genes influencing lipid levels by examination of heterogeneity of familial variances (1984)

Age, sex-adjusted, and transformed lipid and lipoprotein data on over 1,200 white North American sibships in the Collaborative Lipid Research Clinics Family Study were analyzed for possible major genes causing high or low levels of these traits. The sibships were stratified on the basis of parents' trait values, and within-sibship variance in the high (or low) families was compared to that in the normal families via an F-test. The null hypothesis of multifactorial transmission was strongly rejected for low LDL, low total cholesterol, and high HDL families. An analysis of spouse-pair variance gave similar results. This may reflect the presence of dominant genes for hyperalpha- and hypobetalipoproteinemia. There was weaker evidence for single genes causing hyperbetalipoproteinemia. There was no evidence for major genes influencing triglyceride levels. Methodological issues with significant bearing on these results and those of other studies are discussed.
Biological variability in lignification of maize: Expression of the brown midrib bm3 mutation in three maize cultivars (1994)

Abstract Cell wall‐linked phenolics were investigated in maize internodes located at three positions of the stem (top‐middle‐bottom). While the lignin content did not change drastically with position, the amount of cell wall‐ester linked p ‐coumaric acid sharply increased from the top to the bottom internodes of the stem. Conversely, the saponified ferulic acid content remained relatively unchanged along the stem. Moreover, the highest syringyl content of the β‐ O ‐4‐lignin structures was found in the basal (most mature) internode. Therefore, enhanced p ‐coumaric esterification of the cell wall and preferential deposition of syringyl units in the lignin polymer might indicate an extended maturity stage of the cell wall of maize internodes. The bm3 mutation in the three maize hybrids is expressed by lignin reduction and ester‐bound p ‐coumaric decrease in the mutant lines. Furthermore, all bm3 hybrids synthesised lignin polymers which were characterised by a very low S/G molar ratio (0.16‐0.43). This ratio originates from the substantial reduction of the syringyl unit content in β‐ O ‐4‐lignin structures compared with the normal lignin. The occurrence in the same range of the 5‐hydroxyguaiacyl unit in bm3 lignin from each type of hybrids was noteworthy, demonstrating the high heritability of the bm3 mutation at the molecular level. The alkaline solubility of lignin was greater for the three mutant lines compared to the normal cultivars. Furthermore, the alkali‐labile fraction of lignin of both normal and mutant lines had a monomeric composition which was consistent with the non‐condensed structures of in‐situ lignin.
Design of leaky bucket access control schemes in ATM networks (2002)

Depending on what enforcement action is taken and whether or not there is a 'shaping' buffer, four versions of the leaky bucket scheme are considered, and their cell loss performance is compared in conjunction with a statistical multiplexer. Based on the best-performing version, three architectures are proposed. Among them, a novel algorithm and its implementation method are proposed to accommodate a large number of virtual channel connections on each incoming STS-3c channel. A VLSI chip (called a sequencer), containing about 200 K CMOS transistors, has been designed to implement the architecture.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Homodimerization of Interleukin-4 Receptor α Chain Can Induce Intracellular Signaling (1996)

The possible role of homodimerization events in intracellular signal transduction triggered by the bipartite human interleukin-4 receptor was addressed. We generated cell lines functionally expressing derivatives of the two receptor subunits alpha and gamma, which allow for a specific and background-free experimental induction of intracellular homo- and heterodimers. A heterodimer of alpha and gamma released an intracellular signal, whereas a gamma-gamma homodimer did not. Unexpectedly, we found the intracellular domain of interleukin-4 receptor alpha chain to evoke cell proliferation and activation of tyrosine kinase Jak1 as well as of transcription factor Stat6 upon homodimerization. Both recruitment of the common gamma chain and activation of kinase Jak3 were shown to be dispensible for these processes.
Impact of post processing damage on the performance of high dielectric constant PLZT thin film capacitors for ULSI DRAM applications (2002)

The exposure of PLZT thin films to post deposition processes may have a detrimental effect on the properties of the films. Hence for the proper integration of these films into CMOS technology, these effects need to be studied and improved upon. Fresh devices have been exposed to x-rays, plasma and forming gas anneals. Each of these processes is seen to cause a significant change in the DRAM polarization, leakage current and the reliability properties. An annealing technique has been proposed for a complete recovery in these properties.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Use of acridine orange for histologic analysis of the central nervous system. (1984)

The application of the fluorescent dye acridine orange (AO) to the staining of histologic sections of the brain, and its use for automatic cyto- and histophotometric evaluation are described and compared with the results obtained using cresyl violet. The most suitable procedure for aldehyde-fixed brain tissue, embedded in paraffin and sectioned at 5 micron, proved to be treatment of the sections with an aqueous solution of AO (1:50,000) at pH 1.2 for 30 min, followed by rinsing in distilled water for 10 min. This procedure revealed the morphology in a highly acceptable manner, clearly differentiating various cell components; its characteristics included exact reproducibility and high contrast. The degree of fading was calculable, with a very gradual decrease in fluorescent intensity. The AO procedure appears to be compatible with most other staining procedures that do not rely on the same binding mechanisms. Thus, AO staining has two advantages over the classical cytoarchitectural staining methods: first, it is more suitable for automated morphometric analysis, and second, it can be used in conjunction with immunologic and other techniques.
The liposome‐incorporating cell wall skeleton of <i>Mycobacterium bovis</i> bacillus Calmette‐Guéin can directly enhance the susceptibility of cancer cells to lymphokine‐activated killer cells through up‐regulation of natural‐killer group 2, member D ligands (2011)

• In the present study, the induction of surface NKG2D ligands by R8-liposome-BCG-CWS rendered cancer cells more susceptible to cytolysis by LAK cells. • T24 cells and RT-112 cells, even when cultured singly in the absence of immune cells, can directly respond to R8-liposome-BCG-CWS. • The results obtained in the present study may therefore indicate a novel adoptive immunotherapy against bladder cancers.
A perfusion bioreactor system efficiently generates cell‐loaded bone substitute materials for addressing critical size bone defects (2015)

Critical size bone defects and non-union fractions are still challenging to treat. Cell-loaded bone substitutes have shown improved bone ingrowth and bone formation. However, a lack of methods for homogenously colonizing scaffolds limits the maximum volume of bone grafts. Additionally, therapy robustness is impaired by heterogeneous cell populations after graft generation. Our aim was to establish a technology for generating grafts with a size of 10.5 mm in diameter and 25 mm of height, and thus for grafts suited for treatment of critical size bone defects. Therefore, a novel tailor-made bioreactor system was developed, allowing standardized flow conditions in a porous poly(L-lactide-co-caprolactone) material. Scaffolds were seeded with primary human mesenchymal stem cells derived from four different donors. In contrast to static experimental conditions, homogenous cell distributions were accomplished under dynamic culture. Additionally, culture in the bioreactor system allowed the induction of osteogenic lineage commitment after one week of culture without addition of soluble factors. This was demonstrated by quantitative analysis of calcification and gene expression markers related to osteogenic lineage. In conclusion, the novel bioreactor technology allows efficient and standardized conditions for generating bone substitutes that are suitable for the treatment of critical size defects in humans.
Present Situation and Development Countermeasures of Mixed forest in Shanxi Province (2003)

Present situation and Development of mixed forest in shanxi was analyzed in the paper.The types of mixed forest was summarized.The problems existed in mixed forest constructing and study,and countermeasures and thinkings to develop mixedforest in future were put forward.
Ethylene: Role in Fruit Abscission and Dehiscence Processes (1972)

Two peaks of ethylene production occur during the development of cotton fruitz (Gossypium hirsutum L.). These periods precede the occurrence of young fruit shedding and mature fruit dehiscence, both of which are abscission phenomena and the latter is generally assumed to be part of the total ripening process. Detailed study of the dehiscence process revealed that ethylene production of individual, attached cotton fruits goes through a rising, cyclic pattern which reaches a maximum prior to dehiscence. With detached pecan fruits (Carya illinoensis [Wang.] K. Koch), ethylene production measured on alternate days rose above 1 microliter per kilogram fresh weight per hour before dehiscence began and reached a peak several days prior to complete dehiscence. Ethylene production by cotton and pecan fruits was measured just prior to dehiscence and then the internal concentration of the gas near the center of the fruit was determined. From these data a ratio of production rate to internal concentration was determined which allowed calculation of the approximate ethylene concentration in the intact fruit prior to dehiscence and selection of appropriate levels to apply to fruits. Ethylene at 10 microliters per liter of air appears to saturate dehiscence of cotton, pecan, and okra (Hibiscus esculentus L.) fruits and the process is completed in 3 to 4 days. In all cases some hastening of dehiscence was observed with as little as 0.1 microliter of exogenous ethylene per liter of air. The time required for response to different levels of ethylene was determined and compared to the time course of ethylene production and dehiscence. We concluded that internal levels of ethylene rose to dehiscence-stimulating levels a sufficience time before dehiscence for the gas to have initiated the process. Since our data and calculations indicate that enough ethylene is made a sufficient time before dehiscence, to account for the process, we propose that ethylene is one of the regulators of natural fruit dehiscence, an important component of ripening in some fruits. Our data also suggest a possible involvement of ethylene in young fruit abscission.
SPOT: A System for Detecting Projected Outliers From High-dimensional Data Streams (2008)

In this paper, we present a new technique, called stream projected ouliter detector (SPOT), to deal with outlier detection problem in high-dimensional data streams. SPOT is unique in a number of aspects. First, SPOT employs a novel window-based time model and decaying cell summaries to capture statistics from the data stream. Second, sparse subspace template (SST), a set of top sparse subspaces obtained by unsupervised and/or supervised learning processes, is constructed in SPOT to detect projected outliers effectively. Multi-Objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) is employed as an effective search method in unsupervised learning for finding outlying subspaces from training data. Finally, SST is able to carry out online self- evolution to cope with dynamics of data streams. This paper provides details on the motivation and technical challenges of detecting outliers from high-dimensional data streams, present an overview of SPOT, and give the plans for system demonstration of SPOT.
Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Folic Acid Investigated by Ultrafast Infrared Spectroscopy (2012)

Conformational control of excited-state intramolecular electron transfer (ET) in folic acid (FA) has been investigated using femtosecond time-resolved infrared (TRIR) spectroscopy. Ultrafast excited-state ET between the pterin and the 4-aminobenzoyl subunits of FA is observed for the anionic form (at pH 10.0). An ET lifetime of 2.5 ps is estimated from Marcus theory for FA in the "U" conformation, in close agreement with the observed lifetime of 2.0 ps. Return to the ground state through the reverse ET reaction happens almost as rapidly, within 5 ps, resulting in rapid quenching of the singlet excited state. In mixed water:dimethyl sulfoxide solvent, ET becomes more unfavorable as FA adopts a more open conformation, thereby increasing the effective donor-acceptor distance and reducing the coupling energy. In contrast, no ET is observed for the cationic form of FA at low pH (6.0). In this case, the initial singlet excited state is localized on the pterin moiety of FA, and the excited-state charge distribution evolves with time. The charge redistribution in the pterin that occurs with intersystem crossing to the triplet state is characterized by changes in the transient IR spectrum. The excited-state lifetime is much longer in the absence of an ET quenching pathway. These results provide new insight into the mechanism of photodegradation and toxicity of FA. Ultrafast intramolecular ET in closed conformations of FA rapidly quenches the excited state and prevents efficient triplet state formation. Thus, conformations of FA that allow ultrafast intra-ET and rapid quenching of the singlet excited state play a key role in inhibiting pathological pathways following photoexcitation of FA.