gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fractionating recalcitrant lignocellulose at modest reaction conditions (2007)

Effectively releasing the locked polysaccharides from recalcitrant lignocellulose to fermentable sugars is among the greatest technical and economic barriers to the realization of lignocellulose biorefineries because leading lignocellulose pre-treatment technologies suffer from low sugar yields, and/or severe reaction conditions, and/or high cellulase use, narrow substrate applicability, and high capital investment, etc. A new lignocellulose pre-treatment featuring modest reaction conditions (50 degrees C and atmospheric pressure) was demonstrated to fractionate lignocellulose to amorphous cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and acetic acid by using a non-volatile cellulose solvent (concentrated phosphoric acid), a highly volatile organic solvent (acetone), and water. The highest sugar yields after enzymatic hydrolysis were attributed to no sugar degradation during the fractionation and the highest enzymatic cellulose digestibility ( approximately 97% in 24 h) during the hydrolysis step at the enzyme loading of 15 filter paper units of cellulase and 60 IU of beta-glucosidase per gram of glucan. Isolation of high-value lignocellulose components (lignin, acetic acid, and hemicellulose) would greatly increase potential revenues of a lignocellulose biorefinery.
Peptidal Sex Hormones Inducing Conjugation Tube Formation in Compatible Mating-Type Cells of <i>Tremella mesenterica</i> (1981)

The pair of peptidal sex hormones (tremerogen A-10 and tremerogen a-13) that induce conjugation tube formation in compatible type cells (A and a types) of Tremella mesenterica were isolated. Tremerogen A-10 is a dodecapeptide and tremerogen a-13, a tridecapeptide. In both peptides, the sulfiydryl group of the cysteines at the carboxyl terminus was blocked by farnesyl moieties.
Thermoelectric Properties of High-Conductivity Solid Electrolytes (1972)

Abstract The thermoelectric powers of the solid high-conductivity phases of the salts: Agi, KAg 4 I 5 , RbAg 4 I 5 , NH 4 Ag 4 I 5 , (CH 3 ) 4 NI·6.5 AgI, Ag 2 HgI 4 and Ag 3 SI have been measured by means of a silver-electrode thermocell. On the basis of the data the transport entropies of the silver ion have been calculated. Moreover the possibility to obtain heats of transport from thermoelectric measurements has been briefly discussed.
Two Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF)-Binding Proteins Are Responsible for the Selective Affinity for IGF-II of Cerebrospinal Fluid Binding Proteins* (1991)

We have studied the relationships between the structure and affinity of two insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs) purified from human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Competitive binding studies were performed using preparations of human recombinant IGF (rhIGF-I, rhIGF-II, and their labeled homologs) and the truncated variant form of IGF-I, rh-Des-(1-3)-IGF-I. One of these BPs, which is the most consistently detected in CSF, corresponds to IGFBP-2. The other is a new form whose N-terminal sequence we reported earlier, which we call the 32-30K BP on the basis of its electrophoretic migration. Comparisons were made with an IGFBP-1 preparation purified from amniotic fluid and with two BPs purified from human serum, which are homologous to the CSF BPs. The CSF BPs have particularly strong affinities for IGF-II. The estimated affinity constants (Ka) were 2 X 10(10) M-1 for IGFBP-2 and 10(11) M-1 for the 32-30K BP. These affinities were 15-20 and 70 times stronger than the respective affinities for IGF-I. The affinity of the 32-30K BP is the strongest among the BPs identified to date. The two BPs isolated from serum, which correspond to the 32-30K CSF BP and IGFBP-2, had affinities for IGF-II and IGF-I similar to those of the CSF BPs. IGFBP-1 had nearly identical affinities for the two IGFs of approximately 10(10) M-1. Des-(1-3)-IGF-I failed to bind to the CSF BPs, but bound to IGFBP-1, although with a 40-fold weaker affinity than IGF-I. From our data it would seem that IGFBP-1 has two classes of IGF-binding site, one of high and one of low (less than 10(9) M-1) affinity for both IGFs. The other two BPs, by contrast, each possess a predominant class of high affinity binding site for IGF-II. A second class of lower affinity (greater than 10(9) M-1) sites bind both IGF-I and IGF-II. In the case of the 32-30K BP, these preferentially bind IGF-II; in the case of IGFBP-2, their binding of the two IGFs is similar. These different types of binding site may play an important role in controlling the bioavailability of IGF-I and IGF-II.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
The mechanism of catalytic cracking of <i>n</i>‐alkenes on ZSM‐5 zeolite (1985)

Abstract The catalytic cracking of n ‐alkenes on ZSM‐5 zeolite at 405°C can occur both by a monomolecular mechanism and a bimolecular process. In the latter, cracking is preceeded by dimerization. We show that pentenes are cracked exclusively by the bimolecular process. The dominant cracking mechanism for n ‐hexenes also requires initial dimerization, although a small proportion (<19%) of the total cracking may proceed by a monomolecular process. Cracking of n ‐heptenes is predominantly monomolecular, with only 13% of the total occurring via an initial dimer formation. The cracking of n ‐octenes and n ‐nonenes can be interpreted by assuming a monomolecular mechanism only. Thus it appears that at 405°C olefins smaller than C 6 are stable with respect to direct cracking and must dimerize before a species is formed which is unstable enough to crack. No molecular hydrogen was produced in any of the cracking reactions reported here in the range of conversions studied.
Theory of an ultra-broad-band optical dielectric waveguide coupler system (1971)

A technique is described for operating a prism to dielectric thin-film waveguide system over a wide frequency band from a conventional broad-band source of the dye-laser type. The continuous coupling bandwidth can extend, typically, over a frequency range of twice to three times the center frequency. The experimental tolerances have been established and are shown to be within the capability of present-day technology.
Prevention of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis by rat Crry-Ig: A model agent for long-term complement inhibition in vivo (2007)

Despite its vital role in innate immunity, complement is involved in a number of inflammatory pathologies and has therefore become a therapeutic target. Most agents generated for anti-complement therapy have short half-lives in plasma, or have been of mouse or human origin, thereby limiting their use either to murine models of disease or to short-term therapy. Here we describe the generation of a long-acting rat therapeutic agent based on the rat complement inhibitor, Crry. Characterisation of various soluble forms of Crry demonstrated that the amino-terminal four short-consensus repeat domains were required for full regulatory and C3b-binding activities. Fusion of these domains to rat IgG2a Fc generated an effective complement inhibitor (rCrry-Ig) with a circulating half-life prolonged from 7 min for Crry alone to 53 h for rCrry-Ig. Systemic administration of rCrry-Ig over 5 weeks generated a weak immune response to the recombinant agent, however this was predominantly IgM in nature and did not neutralise Crry function or cause clearance of the agent from plasma. Administration of rCrry-Ig completely abrogated clinical disease in a rat model of myasthenia gravis whereas soluble Crry lacking the immunoglobulin Fc domain caused a partial response. rCrry-Ig not only ablated clinical disease, but also prevented C3 and C9 deposition at the neuromuscular junction and inhibited cellular infiltration at this site. The long half-life and low immunogenicity of this agent will be useful for therapy in chronic models of inflammatory disease in the rat.
Bordetella type III secretion induces caspase 1-independent necrosis (2003)

The Bordetella bronchiseptica type III (TIII) secretion system induces cytotoxicity in infected macrophages and epithelial cells. In this report we characterize the cell death phenotype and compare it to the TIII-dependent cytotoxicity induced by Yersinia enterocolitica and Shigella flexneri. Bordetella bronchiseptica strain RB58 was able to induce cell death in J774A.1 macrophages with the same efficiency as Shigella and Yersinia, but only B. bronchiseptica was able to kill epithelial cells in a TIII-dependent manner. Primary macrophages from caspase 1-/- mice were susceptible to RB58-mediated killing, suggesting that unlike Shigella and Salmonella, caspase 1 does not mediate cell death. RB58-induced cytotoxicity was not inhibited by addition of the pan-caspase inhibitor zVAD, and Western blot analyses of RB58-infected HeLa cells indicated that neither caspase 3 nor 7 was cleaved and PARP remained in its full-length active form. Morphologically the RB58-infected HeLa cells resembled necrotic rather than apoptotic cells, exhibiting cytoplasmic swelling and extensive membrane blebbing in the absence of nuclear changes. The addition of exogenous glycine, which has been shown to prevent necrotic cell death by blocking non-specific ion fluxes across the plasma membrane, blocked RB58-induced cytotoxicity. Addition of cyclosporin A which prevents the opening of the mitochondrial permeability pore, had no effect on RB58-infected cells. We conclude that the B. bronchiseptica TIII secretion system induces a mode of cell death consistent with necrosis that is distinct from that of Yersinia and Shigella.
Can such Long Time Steps Really be used in Dissipative Particle Dynamics Simulations? (2004)

Abstract Commonly used time steps in dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations are too large and lead to systematic errors in the computed properties. The main source of errors is the inaccurate integration of the conservative force. This error can be reduced to some extent by constructing a smoother force without any abrupt change at the cut-off distance, but the improvement is marginal. Alternatively, we tried smooth forces that also lead to the same conclusion. It is possible to find combinations of parameters for the random and dissipative forces that make errors cancel, but the combinations will depend on the system's thermodynamic state and on the particular force model. The only safe procedure is to use small time steps, i.e. comparable with those used in MD simulations. Alternatively, an improved integration algorithm should be used for the conservative force. Keywords: Dissipative particle dynamicsIntegration algorithmsTime stepMesoscale simulationWater02.70. -C02.70. Ns05.10. -a Acknowledgements BH is grateful for financial support from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science. This work was supported in part by NAREGI (National Research Grid Initiative) Nanoscience Project, Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan. Notes Email: w.shinoda@aist.go.jp Currently at Polymer Physics, BASF Aktiengesellschaft, GKP/M - G200, D-67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany.E-mail:cheechin.liew@basf-ag.de Currently at Polymer Physics, BASF Aktiengesellschaft, GKP/M - G200, D-67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany.E-mail:cheechin.liew@basf-ag.de ¶Introducing a smooth truncation will change the equation of state. The change is small, and we have used the same a*-values, determined from EquationEq. (7) for both models. Additional informationNotes on contributorsWataru Shinoda Footnote‡ Email: w.shinoda@aist.go.jp Currently at Polymer Physics, BASF Aktiengesellschaft, GKP/M - G200, D-67056 Ludwigshafen, Germany.E-mail:cheechin.liew@basf-ag.de
On hybrid trellis-coded 8/4-PSK modulation systems (2003)

The authors discuss how a more robust performance can be achieved by using rate 2/3 trellis-coded 8-phase-shift-keying (PSK) signals and 4-PSK signals in a time-varying manner. It is assumed that the data are transmitted in blocks (packets) with a unique word in the packet header. Simulation results of bit error rate (BER) and performance of the recovery loop (S-curve) are presented. Several options are presented for designing the decision-directed carrier recovery and for shaping the S-curve. The cycle slip rate of the conventional system at 7.5 degrees RMS jitter is about 25% but less than 0.1% in the new schemes. This is achieved with almost no penalty in bandwidth or in BER in blocks received without cycle slips.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Pacemaking the Ice Ages by Frequency Modulation of Earth's Orbital Eccentricity (1999)

Evidence from power spectra of deep-sea oxygen isotope time series suggests that the climate system of Earth responds nonlinearly to astronomical forcing by frequency modulating eccentricity-related variations in insolation. With the help of a simple model, it is shown that frequency modulation of the approximate 100,000-year eccentricity cycles by the 413,000-year component accounts for the variable duration of the ice ages, the multiple-peak character of the time series spectra, and the notorious absence of significant spectral amplitude at the 413,000-year period. The observed spectra are consistent with the classic Milankovitch theories of insolation, so that climate forcing by 100,000-year variations in orbital inclination that cause periodic dust accretion appear unnecessary.
On Monolayer ${\rm MoS}_{2}$ Field-Effect Transistors at the Scaling Limit (2013)

The ultimate scaling limit of double-gate molybdenum disulfide (MoS <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> ) field-effect transistors (FETs) with a monolayer thin body is examined and compared with ultrathin-body Si FETs by self-consistent quantum transport simulation in the presence of phonon scattering. Modeling of phonon scattering, quantum mechanical effects, and self-consistent electrostatics allows us to accurately assess the performance potential of monolayer MoS <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> FETs. The results revealed that monolayer MoS <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> FETs show 52% smaller drain-induced barrier lowering (DIBL) and 13% smaller subthreshold swing (SS) than 3-nm-thick-body Si FETs at a channel length of 10 nm with the same gating. With a requirement of DIBL , the scaling limit of monolayer MoS <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> FETs is assessed to be 8 nm, comparing with 10 nm of the ultrathin-body Si counterparts due to the monolayer thin body and higher effective mass, which reduces direct source-to-drain tunneling. By comparing with the international technology roadmap for semiconductor (ITRS) target for high performance logic devices of 2023; double-gate monolayer MoS <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> FETs can fulfill the ITRS requirements.
Traffic descriptors for VBR video teleconferencing over ATM networks (1995)

This paper examines the problem of video transport over ATM networks using knowledge of both video system design and broadband networks. The following issues are addressed: video system delay caused by internal buffering, traffic descriptors (TD) for video, and call admission. We find that while different video sequences require different TD parameters, the following trends hold for all sequences examined. First, increasing the delay in the video system decreases the necessary peak rate and significantly increases the number of calls that can be carried by the network. Second, as an operational traffic descriptor for video, the leaky-bucket algorithm appears to be superior to the sliding-window algorithm. And finally, with a delay in the video system, the statistical multiplexing gain from VBR over CBR video is upper bounded by roughly a factor of four, and to obtain a gain of about 2.0 can require the operational traffic descriptor to have a window or bucket size on the order of a thousand cells. We briefly discuss how increasing the complexity of the video system may enable the size of the bucket or window to be reduced.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Notice of Retraction: Study on the Bioreactor for Removal of Nitrogen and Phosphorus in Wastewater (2011)

This article has been retracted by the publisher.
Bis-qtpy (qtpy = 2,2‘:6‘,2‘ ‘:6‘ ‘,2‘ ‘‘-quaterpyridine) Metal Complexes, [M(qtpy)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>2+</sup> (2004)

Reactions of perchlorates of iron(II), nickel(II), and zinc(II) with 2,2':6',2'':6'',2'"-quaterpyridine (qtpy) gave the first crystallographically established bis-qtpy metal complexes of formula [M(qtpy)(2)][ClO(4)](2) (M = Fe, Ni, Zn). Coordination of two terdentate quaterpyridines to the same center produces a distorted octahedron of six nitrogen atoms around the metal, leaving two pendant pyridyl groups, one for each quaterpyridine. For the diamagnetic zinc system, an NMR investigation has been carried out in order to establish the conditions to obtain the intermediate mono-qtpy complex, of formula [Zn(qtpy)(H(2)O)(2)][ClO(4)](2), which has also been crystallographically established. The corresponding hexafluorophosphate derivatives [M(qtpy)(2)][PF(6)](2) (M = Ni and Zn) were prepared in DMF at room temperature.
Effects of thermal environment on sleep and circadian rhythm (2012)

The thermal environment is one of the most important factors that can affect human sleep. The stereotypical effects of heat or cold exposure are increased wakefulness and decreased rapid eye movement sleep and slow wave sleep. These effects of the thermal environment on sleep stages are strongly linked to thermoregulation, which affects the mechanism regulating sleep. The effects on sleep stages also differ depending on the use of bedding and/or clothing. In semi-nude subjects, sleep stages are more affected by cold exposure than heat exposure. In real-life situations where bedding and clothing are used, heat exposure increases wakefulness and decreases slow wave sleep and rapid eye movement sleep. Humid heat exposure further increases thermal load during sleep and affects sleep stages and thermoregulation. On the other hand, cold exposure does not affect sleep stages, though the use of beddings and clothing during sleep is critical in supporting thermoregulation and sleep in cold exposure. However, cold exposure affects cardiac autonomic response during sleep without affecting sleep stages and subjective sensations. These results indicate that the impact of cold exposure may be greater than that of heat exposure in real-life situations; thus, further studies are warranted that consider the effect of cold exposure on sleep and other physiological parameters.
A Newly Identified Leptospiral Adhesin Mediates Attachment to Laminin (2006)

Pathogenic leptospires have the ability to survive and disseminate to multiple organs after penetrating the host. Several pathogens, including spirochetes, have been shown to express surface proteins that interact with the extracellular matrix (ECM). This adhesin-mediated binding process seems to be a crucial step in the colonization of host tissues. This study examined the interaction of putative leptospiral outer membrane proteins with laminin, collagen type I, collagen type IV, cellular fibronectin, and plasma fibronectin. Six predicted coding sequences selected from the Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni genome were cloned, and proteins were expressed, purified by metal affinity chromatography, and characterized by circular dichroism spectroscopy. Their capacity to mediate attachment to ECM components was evaluated by binding assays. We have identified a leptospiral protein encoded by LIC12906, named Lsa24 (leptospiral surface adhesin; 24 kDa) that binds strongly to laminin. Attachment of Lsa24 to laminin was specific, dose dependent, and saturable. Laminin oxidation by sodium metaperiodate reduced the protein-laminin interaction in a concentration-dependent manner, indicating that laminin sugar moieties are crucial for this interaction. Triton X-114-solubilized extract of L. interrogans and phase partitioning showed that Lsa24 was exclusively in the detergent phase, indicating that it is a component of the leptospiral membrane. Moreover, Lsa24 partially inhibited leptospiral adherence to immobilized laminin. This newly identified membrane protein may play a role in mediating adhesion of L. interrogans to the host. To our knowledge, this is the first leptospiral adhesin with laminin-binding properties reported to date.
A Traditional Tibetan Medical Response to Advancements in Basic Longevity Research (2009)

This paper is intended to serve as a traditional Tibetan medical response to advancements in basic longevity research, with particular attention to current models of caloric restriction. This is a complicated task, as Tibetan medicine traditionally approaches dietary modification from a radically different perspective, and relies upon a complex model of health and balance in the treatment and prevention of disease. This paper offers a brief overview of the traditional Tibetan medicine (TTM) model and suggests potential areas for collaborative research on dietary modification.
Preparation of Lyophilized Cells to Preserve Enzyme Activities and High Molecular Weight Nucleic Acids (2003)

This procedure yields thin flakes of freeze-dried material from tissue culture cells. Up to 0.5 g of wet cells can be processed at one time. Dried cells, stored indefinitely at -20°C, have full lactate dehydrogenase activity (1) and DNA polymerase activity (2). The dried cells stored for a few days at room temperature also have apparently undegraded nucleic acids (3).
Reconstitution of Leishmania immunity in severe combined immunodeficient mice using Th1- and Th2-like cell lines (1991)

Leishmania major disseminates in genetically susceptible BALB/c mice to cause fatal disease. Progressive infection has been linked to the failure of parasite-specific Th1, IFN-gamma-producing, CD4+ T lymphocytes to expand and direct macrophage activation and control of intracellular parasitism. In contrast, Th2 CD4+ cell expansion accompanies disease progression. Immunomodulation using CD4 cell depletion at the time of infection results in control of infection and Th1 CD4+ cell expansion. A Th1-like cell line, H1A, was established from the draining lymph nodes of an anti-CD4-pretreated BALB/c mouse infected with L. major, H1A was CD4, TCR(+)-alpha/beta, and released IL-2 and IFN-gamma in response to parasite Ag. A Th2-like cell line, U1A, was established from the lymph node cells of an infected BALB/c mouse that was also CD4, TCR(+)-alpha/beta but released IL-4 and IL-5 after stimulation. Mice with severe combined immunodeficiency were reconstituted with H1A and U1A before infection with L. major. Non-reconstituted mice were unable to restrict parasite growth. Mice reconstituted with H1A healed infection, whereas mice reconstituted with U1A suffered exacerbation of disease. Analysis of spleen cells by flow cytometry confirmed the reconstitution of CD4+ cells in both instances, and stimulation with mitogen established that the lymphokine profile of the donor cells had been maintained during 6 to 8 wk of infection. Histologic analysis of the lesions confirmed migration of donated cells to sites of infection. Neutralization of IFN-gamma in H1A-reconstituted mice and IL-4 in U1A-reconstituted mice reversed the disease phenotype mediated by the two cell lines. These data demonstrate the capacity of CD4+ T cells alone to modulate both positively and negatively the course of leishmaniasis in a lymphokine-dependent manner.