gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Xây dựng và thẩm định phương pháp phân tích hàm lượng một số oligosaccharide từ sữa mẹ (HMOs) trong thực phẩm bổ sung bằng kỹ thuật sắc ký lỏng khối phổ (LC-MS/MS) (2021)

Kỹ thuật sắc ký lỏng khối phổ hai lần đã được ứng dụng nhằm nghiên cứu xây dựng và thẩm định phương pháp xác định hàm lượng một số oligosaccharide chính từ sữa mẹ (Human Milk Oligosaccharides - HMOs) gồm 2&rsquo;-Fucosyllactose (2&rsquo;-FL), Lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT), Lacto-N-tetraose (LNT), 3&rsquo;-Siallylactose (3&rsquo;-SL) và 6&rsquo;-Siallylactose (6&rsquo;-SL) trong thực phẩm bổ sung dạng bột và dạng lỏng. Phương pháp đã được thẩm định cho thấy độ chính xác cao, nhanh, hiệu quả và đã được áp dụng vào phân tích các mẫu trên thị trường cho thấy khả năng ứng dụng cao trong thực tế. Hệ pha động sử dụng gồm 2 kênh: kênh A (dung dịch acid formic 0,1%) và kênh B (acetonitril) kết nối với cột phân tích HILIC (1,7 &mu;m; 2,1&nbsp;&times;&nbsp;150 mm) thông qua detector khối phổ cho thời gian phân tích ngắn, trong 10 phút có thể xác định đồng thời được cả 5 chất thuộc nhóm HMOs. Giới hạn phát hiện và giới hạn định lượng cho cả 5 chất 2&rsquo;-FL, LNnT,&nbsp; LNT, 3&rsquo;-SL, 6&rsquo;-SL tương ứng là 4,0 mg/kg và 10,0 mg/kg. Khoảng tuyến tính của phương pháp nằm trong khoảng từ 0,4 &micro;g/mL đến 40 &micro;g/mL. Các thông số thẩm định khác bao gồm độ đúng (R% 98,8 - 103 %); độ chính xác (RSD% 1,69 - 5,54 %) đều đáp ứng được theo yêu cầu của AOAC. Quy trình được áp dụng vào thực tế phân tích 25 mẫu thực phẩm bổ sung (TPBS) trên thị trường cho kết quả tổng các HMOs trong mẫu TPBS dạng bột khoảng 0,1 - 0,3 g/100g và đối với TPBS dạng lỏng khoảng 0,01 - 0,03 g/100mL.
Temperature and lettuce losses: Variables of time and temperature as they affect deterioration of harvested lettuce investigated (1954)

Lettuce–like most leafy vegetables– deteriorates rapidly and steadily after harvest. Loss of quality is inevitable and can only be minimized by rapid handling and with the best possible storage conditions.
Fault tolerance technology for autonomous decentralized database systems (2004)

The Autonomous Decentralized Database System (ADDS) has been proposed in the background of e-business in respect to the dynamic and heterogeneous requirements of the users. With the rapid development of information technology, different companies in the field of e-business are supposed to cooperate in order to cope with the continuous changing demands of services in a dynamic market. In a diversified environment of service provision and service access, the ADDS provides flexibility to integrate heterogeneous and autonomous systems while assuring timeliness and high availability. A loosely-consistency management technology confers autonomy to each site for updating while maintaining the consistency of the whole system. Moreover, a background coordination technology, by utilizing a mobile agent, has been devised to permit the sites to coordinate and cooperate with each other while conferring the online property. The use of mobile agent, however, is critical and requires reliability with regard to mobile agent failures that may lead to bad response times and hence the availability of the system may lost. A fault tolerance technology is proposed in order that the system autonomously detect and recover the fault of the mobile agent due to a failure in a transmission link, site or bug in the software. The effectiveness of the proposition is shown by simulation.
High Throughput Ion-Channel Pharmacology: Planar-Array-Based Voltage Clamp (2003)

Technological advances often drive major breakthroughs in biology. Examples include PCR, automated DNA sequencing, confocal/single photon microscopy, AFM, and voltage/patch-clamp methods. The patch-clamp method, first described nearly 30 years ago, was a major technical achievement that permitted voltage-clamp analysis (membrane potential control) of ion channels in most cells and revealed a role for channels in unimagined areas. Because of the high information content, voltage clamp is the best way to study ion-channel function; however, throughput is too low for drug screening. Here we describe a novel breakthrough planar-array-based HT patch-clamp technology developed by Essen Instruments capable of voltage-clamping thousands of cells per day. This technology provides greater than two orders of magnitude increase in throughput compared with the traditional voltage-clamp techniques. We have applied this method to study the hERG K(+) channel and to determine the pharmacological profile of QT prolonging drugs.
Exploratory Process Development of Lorlatinib (2018)

The original synthesis of lorlatinib (1) was applied and improved in the first GMP campaign. In this approach, a slow addition of the boronate ester was critical in suppressing the formation of a homocoupled impurity in the Suzuki–Miyaura coupling, and the chemoselective hydrolysis of methyl ester was accomplished by potassium trimethylsilanoate. The synthesis was completed with macrocyclic amidation followed by deprotection of the Boc groups. A thorough process safety evaluation of HATU enabled its use as the coupling reagent for the macrocylic amidation, which improved the yield and eliminated the only chromatographic operation in the synthetic sequence.
Animal and cellular models of Friedreich ataxia (2013)

The development and use of animal and cellular models of Friedreich ataxia (FRDA) are essential requirements for the understanding of FRDA disease mechanisms and the investigation of potential FRDA therapeutic strategies. Although animal and cellular models of lower organisms have provided valuable information on certain aspects of FRDA disease and therapy, it is intuitive that the most useful models are those of mammals and mammalian cells, which are the closest in physiological terms to FRDA patients. To date, there have been considerable efforts put into the development of several different FRDA mouse models and relevant FRDA mouse and human cell line systems. We summarize the principal mammalian FRDA models, discuss the pros and cons of each system, and describe the ways in which such models have been used to address two of the fundamental, as yet unanswered, questions regarding FRDA. Namely, what is the exact pathophysiology of FRDA and what is the detailed genetic and epigenetic basis of FRDA?
Two-Level Cache for Distributed System in RAID 5 Disk Controller (2006)

We proposed a two-level disk cache model to achieve higher hit ratios and relieve 'small write problem' in RAID 5 disk controller and to enhance reliability of disk cache using non-volatile memory device for stable data. Especially this model improved utilization of first level cache. The proposed cache system consists of two-level caches with different associativities and different block sizes. The first level cache is a set-mapped cache with small block size that uses a set-associative mapping scheme. A set-mapped cache is reduces conflict miss ratios as compared with conventional direct-mapped cache. And the second level cache is a fully-mapped cache with large block size that uses a fully-associative mapping scheme. The large block sizes as a multiple of small blocks. The aim is to show, in terms of hit ratio and service time, that the two-level cache structure presented in this paper is in fact much improved.
Experimental and computational results on direct energy conversion for mirror fusion reactors (1977)

This paper presents the results of measurements of space-charge effects on the efficiency of a direct converter. The device consists of a 22-stage, electrostatic periodic-focusing, direct energy converter, a magnetic expander, and a hydrogen plasma source. At low beam density, the measured average efficiency is 86.5 ± 1.5% as compared with the predicted one of 88.6 ± 1.5%. At higher beam density, the measured efficiency decreases with increasing space charge in agreement with predictions. The effect of space charge is increased if the ion energy is decreased or if the energy distribution is made narrower. Design criteria for scaling the recovery system for a reactor show that this direct converter is probably economical only if the mean ion energy is greater than 500 keV. – In addition to presenting the space-charge measurements, this paper is intended to serve as a final summary of the authors' work on this type of direct converter.
Laser cooling of trapped ytterbium ions using a four-level optical-excitation scheme (1991)

We demonstrate laser cooling of $^{172}\mathrm{Yb}^{+}$ ions in a rf quadrupole trap using an alternative optical-excitation scheme. The metastable 4${\mathit{f}}^{14}$5${\mathit{d}}^{2}$${\mathit{D}}_{3/2}$ state of ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{+}$, to which ions decay if the resonance (cooling) transition is driven, is depleted by driving an optical transition at a wavelength of 935 nm, which is much more attractive than the 2.438 \ensuremath{\mu}m radiation used previously. This couples the metastable state to a fourth energy level from which the ions decay rapidly to the ground state. Fluorescence line shapes of the cooling transition indicate that small numbers of ${\mathrm{Yb}}^{+}$ ions were cooled in this way to kinetic temperatures below 1 K.
MRI of the liver: Can true FISP replace HASTE? (2003)

Neither HASTE nor TrueFISP alone are sufficient for the detection and characterization of hepatic lesions.
A rapid and highly sensitive method for simultaneous determination of bioactive constituents in leaf extracts of six Ocimum species using ultra high performance liquid chromatography-hybrid linear ion trap triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (2015)

<italic>Ocimum</italic> species have tremendous value in pharmaceutical, perfumery, food processing and cosmetic industries, also in traditional rituals and medicines.
A Modular Lymphographic Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agent:  Contrast Enhancement with DNA Transfection Potential (1997)

A gadolinium-chelated liposomal contrast agent has been prepared, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) efficacy has been examined by indirect magnetic resonance lymphography. A lipidic N,N'-dimethylethylenediamine derivative (4) containing a 10,12-diyne-diacyl domain was treated with DTPA anhydride followed by GdCl3 complexation. The complex was confirmed using MALDI spectrometry. An equimolar mixture of the Gd-chelate lipid and a commercially available diyne-PE was formulated as a liposome suspension and irradiated with UV light prior to imaging experiments. Subcutaneous injection of the liposomal gadolinium agent and subsequent MRI of rabbit axillary and popliteal lymph nodes revealed significant contrast enhancement up to 4 h postinjection. To explore the possibility of imaging a DNA transfection event, the gadolinium contrast mixture was formulated with the cationic transfection lipid DOTAP and complexed with the reporter gene encoding luciferase. DNA transfection studies on the NIH3T3 cell line confirmed the transfection activity of the dual-purpose contrast agent and exemplified the potential toward development of an imaging and DNA delivery vehicle.
Identification of novel keloid biomarkers through profiling of tissue biopsies versus cell cultures in keloid margin specimens compared to adjacent normal skin. (2010)

The transcriptomic data generated from cultures did not consistently correlate to the biopsy equivalents. This study has demonstrated 10 genes that are significantly upregulated in biopsy samples of keloid margin, 5 of which have a fold change higher than 10-fold. Importantly these genes may serve as a potential biomarker for KD.
Developmental control via GATA factor interplay at chromatin domains (2005)

Despite the extraordinary task of packaging mammalian DNA within the constraints of a cell nucleus, individual genes assemble into cell type-specific chromatin structures with high fidelity. This chromatin architecture is a crucial determinant of gene expression signatures that distinguish specific cell types. Whereas extensive progress has been made on defining biochemical and molecular mechanisms of chromatin modification and remodeling, many questions remain unanswered about how cell type-specific chromatin domains assemble and are regulated. This mini-review will discuss emerging studies on how interplay among members of the GATA family of transcription factors establishes and regulates chromatin domains. Dissecting mechanisms underlying the function of hematopoietic GATA factors has revealed fundamental insights into the control of blood cell development from hematopoietic stem cells and the etiology of pathological states in which hematopoiesis is perturbed.
Self-assembly-based batch fabrication of nickel–iron nanowires by electroplating (2006)

The reason behind the majority of difficulties encountered in the integration of nanoscale objects with microelectromechanical systems can almost always be traced back to the lack of batch-compatible fabrication techniques at the nanoscale. On the one hand, self-assembly products do not allow a high level of control on their orientation and numbers, and hence, their attachment to a micro device is problematic. On the other hand, top-down approaches, such as e-beam lithography, are far from satisfying the needs of mass fabrication due to their expensive and serial working principle. To overcome the difficulties in micro–nano integration, a batch-compatible nanowire fabrication technique is presented, which is based on fabricating nanowires using simple lithographic techniques and relying on guided self-assembly. The technique is based on creating cracks with a predetermined number and orientation in a thin SiO2 coating on Si substrate, and then filling the cracks with an appropriate material of choice. After the SiO2 coating is removed, nanowires remain on the Si surface as a replica of the crack network. The technique, previously confined to electroless deposition, is now extended to include electroplating, enabling the fabrication of nanowires of various alloys. As an example, arrays of NiFe nanowires are introduced and their magnetic behaviour is verified.
Development of a practical continuous on-line partial discharge monitor for generators and motors (2002)

An automatic partial discharge monitoring system has been developed to continuously measure the PD activity in operating motor and generator stator windings. The system is intended for long term use by electric utility and industrial plant personnel, rather than researchers. The system is resistant to false indications of high PD activity caused by noise, since noise is eliminated on a pulse-by-pulse basis, using specialized sensors permanently installed on the stator winding. The control software enables recording of PD data under machine operating conditions and at a frequency that the user specifies, thus reducing the amount of data stored to realistic quantifies. In the past year, the system has been installed on 19 generators, in 4 plants and 2 utilities. The operating principles of the system are described, and some preliminary results are presented.
Raw 파일의 노출 과다, 부족에 따른 어도비 카메라 로우를 이용한 톤 확장에 관한 연구 (2009)

In the case of photography`s black and white, there is a standard such as Zone System that a photographer can adjust exposure, development and tones of print, whereas in the case of digital image, there is not an accurate standard as well as any standard related to how the change of exposure can influence on the image. Because the way that digital camera records RAW is to record the amount of light at image sensor as pixel value of gray and each pixel has only luminance value, it cannot retouch almost all data recorded by the use of converting software; therefore, the way that digital camera records RAW can be considered the process of `Development` in the photography. This study carried out an experiment that converts the image photographed by overexposure into the image of underexposure in the concept of digital `Development` and converts the image photographed by underexposure into the image of overexposure. According to the result of such experiment, the case of converting the image photographed by overexposure into the image of underexposure did not influence on tones of the dark part and showed expansion of the bright part. Add to it, the case of converting the image photographed by underexposure into the image of overexposure did not influence on tones of the bright part and showed expansion of the dark part. Finally, the change of tones depending on such exposure will be useful as a theoretical basis when a photographer attempt to seek highlight and tones of shadow that he/she desires using a digital camera.
Single Nucleotide Primer Extension (SNuPE) analysis of the <i>G6PD</i> gene in somatic cells and oocytes of a kangaroo (<i>Macropus robustus</i>) (2000)

cDNA sequence analysis of the X-linked glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) gene has shown a base difference between two subspecies of the kangaroo, Macropus robustus robustus (wallaroo) and M. r. erubescens (euro). A thymine residue in the wallaroo at position 358 in exon 5 has been replaced by a cytosine residue in the euro, which accounts for the previously reported electrophoretic difference between the two subspecies. This base difference allowed use of the Single Nucleotide Primer Extension (SNuPE) technique to study allele-specific expression of G6PD at the transcriptional level. We began by examining G6PD expression in somatic cells and observed complete paternal X inactivation in all somatic tissues of adult female heterozygotes, whereas we found partial paternal allele activity in cultured fibroblasts, thus confirming previous allozyme electrophoresis studies. In late dictyate oocytes from an adult heterozygote, the assay also detected expression of both the maternal and paternal alleles at the G6PD locus, with the maternal allele showing preferential expression. Thus reactivation of the inactive paternally derived X chromosome occurs during oogenesis in M. robustus, although the exact timing of reactivation remains to be determined.
Rhythmic variation in β<sub>1</sub>‐adrenergic receptor mRNA levels in the rat pineal gland: circadian and developmental regulation (1998)

In the rat pineal gland noradrenaline is released in large quantities from sympathetic nerve endings at the onset of darkness, thereby driving rhythmic melatonin synthesis with elevated levels at night-time. Upon release, noradrenaline interacts with postsynaptic beta1-adrenergic receptors to activate the cyclic AMP signalling pathway. Well characterized third messengers of this signalling cascade affect cyclic AMP-inducible genes that are crucially involved in initiation, maintenance and termination of hormone production. Among these third messengers are CREB (cyclic AMP responsive element binding protein) as an activating and ICER (inducible cyclic AMP early repressor) as an inhibitory transcription factor. Because a cyclic AMP-inducible promoter element is present on the beta1-adrenergic receptor gene, the expression of the receptor itself may be under control of the cyclic AMP-signalling pathway. By in situ hybridization, Northern blot analysis and RT-PCR we demonstrate a day/night rhythm in beta1-adrenergic receptor mRNA in the rat pineal gland with elevated levels during the dark period. As this rhythm persists, under constant darkness but is abolished upon removal of the sympathetic innervation, it is truly circadian. A marked day/night difference in the levels of beta1-adrenergic receptor mRNA becomes evident only after postnatal day 10, coinciding with the appearance of a functional cyclic AMP signalling pathway in the rat pineal gland. Furthermore, targeting ICER expression by transfection of pinealocytes with an antisense ICER construct, clearly indicates that the levels of the beta1-adrenergic receptor mRNA are regulated by the cyclic AMP-signalling pathway in a feedback mechanism.
Loss of Lipoprotein Lipase-derived Fatty Acids Leads to Increased Cardiac Glucose Metabolism and Heart Dysfunction (2006)

Long-chain fatty acids (FAs) are the predominant energy substrate utilized by the adult heart. The heart can utilize unesterified FA bound to albumin or FA obtained from lipolysis of lipoprotein-bound triglyceride (TG). We used heart-specific lipoprotein lipase knock-out mice (hLpL0) to test whether these two sources of FA are interchangeable and necessary for optimal heart function. Hearts unable to obtain FA from lipoprotein TG were able to compensate by increasing glucose uptake, glycolysis, and glucose oxidation. HLpL0 hearts had decreased expression of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 and increased cardiomyocyte expression of glucose transporter 4. Conversely, FA oxidation rates were reduced in isolated perfused hLpL0 hearts. Following abdominal aortic constriction expression levels of genes regulating FA and glucose metabolism were acutely up-regulated in control and hLpL0 mice, yet all hLpL0 mice died within 48 h of abdominal aortic constriction. Older hLpL0 mice developed cardiac dysfunction characterized by decreased fractional shortening and interstitial and perivascular fibrosis. HLpL0 hearts had increased expression of several genes associated with transforming growth factor-beta signaling. Thus, long term reduction of lipoprotein FA uptake is associated with impaired cardiac function despite a compensatory increase in glucose utilization.
Structural Influences on Adsorbate Binding Energy. I. Carbon Monoxide on (100) Palladium (1969)

The structural arrangement and binding energy of CO adsorbed on a (100) surface of palladium have been determined and related to each other over the submonolayer coverage range. There are four distinct equilibrium structural arrangements of CO: (1) At low coverages (&lt; 0.4 monolayers) a random lattice gas configuration is observed in which each CO molecule is localized on a specific adsorption site. (2) Just below 0.5 monolayers a liquidlike short-range order arrangement is found. (3) At exactly 0.5 monolayers a c(4 × 2) − 45° overlayer structure forms which is in complete registry with the substrate. (4) For coverages greater than 0.5 monolayers, the c(4 × 2) − 45° structure is uniaxially compressed to form an overlayer which is out of registry with the palladium substrate. The observed linear decrease in binding energy with coverage up to 0.5 monolayers suggests that the only important CO–CO interaction occurs between nearest neighbors. Near 0.5 monolayers an almost discontinuous decrease in the binding energy of 0.35 eV is attributed to loss of registry between the overlayer and substrate. As the coverage increased above 0.6 monolayers the binding energy again decreased sharply as a consequence of neighboring CO orbital overlap.