gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SegFormer: Simple and Efficient Design for Semantic Segmentation with Transformers (2021)

We present SegFormer, a simple, efficient yet powerful semantic segmentation framework which unifies Transformers with lightweight multilayer perception (MLP) decoders. SegFormer has two appealing features: 1) SegFormer comprises a novel hierarchically structured Transformer encoder which outputs multiscale features. It does not need positional encoding, thereby avoiding the interpolation of positional codes which leads to decreased performance when the testing resolution differs from training. 2) SegFormer avoids complex decoders. The proposed MLP decoder aggregates information from different layers, and thus combining both local attention and global attention to render powerful representations. We show that this simple and lightweight design is the key to efficient segmentation on Transformers. We scale our approach up to obtain a series of models from SegFormer-B0 to SegFormer-B5, reaching significantly better performance and efficiency than previous counterparts. For example, SegFormer-B4 achieves 50.3% mIoU on ADE20K with 64M parameters, being 5x smaller and 2.2% better than the previous best method. Our best model, SegFormer-B5, achieves 84.0% mIoU on Cityscapes validation set and shows excellent zero-shot robustness on Cityscapes-C. Code will be released at: github.com/NVlabs/SegFormer.
Synthesis and Physicochemical Characterization of End-Linked Poly(ethylene glycol)-<i>co</i>-peptide Hydrogels Formed by Michael-Type Addition (2003)

The synthesis of novel hybrid hydrogels by stepwise copolymerization of multiarm vinyl sulfone-terminated poly(ethylene glycol) macromers and alpha-omega cysteine oligopeptides via Michael-type additions is described. Cross-linking kinetics, studied by in situ rheometry, can be controlled by pH and the presence of charged amino acid residues in close proximity to the Cys, which modulates the pK(a) of the thiol group. These end-linked networks were characterized by their equilibrium swelling in water, by their viscoelastic properties in the swollen state, and by their soluble fraction. It was demonstrated that structure and properties are very sensitive to the preparation state including stoichiometry and precursor concentration and less sensitive to the pH during cross-linking. For each network the concentration of elastically active chains (nu) was calculated from experimentally determined sol fractions using Miller-Macosko theory and compared to values obtained from swelling and rheometry studies and by calculation from Flory's classical network models. Hydrogels were also prepared with varying macromer structures, and their properties were shown to respond to both macromer functionality and molecular weight.
Therapy using implanted organic bioelectronics (2015)

Many drugs provide their therapeutic action only at specific sites in the body, but are administered in ways that cause the drug's spread throughout the organism. This can lead to serious side effects. Local delivery from an implanted device may avoid these issues, especially if the delivery rate can be tuned according to the need of the patient. We turned to electronically and ionically conducting polymers to design a device that could be implanted and used for local electrically controlled delivery of therapeutics. The conducting polymers in our device allow electronic pulses to be transduced into biological signals, in the form of ionic and molecular fluxes, which provide a way of interfacing biology with electronics. Devices based on conducting polymers and polyelectrolytes have been demonstrated in controlled substance delivery to neural tissue, biosensing, and neural recording and stimulation. While providing proof of principle of bioelectronic integration, such demonstrations have been performed in vitro or in anesthetized animals. Here, we demonstrate the efficacy of an implantable organic electronic delivery device for the treatment of neuropathic pain in an animal model. Devices were implanted onto the spinal cord of rats, and 2 days after implantation, local delivery of the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was initiated. Highly localized delivery resulted in a significant decrease in pain response with low dosage and no observable side effects. This demonstration of organic bioelectronics-based therapy in awake animals illustrates a viable alternative to existing pain treatments, paving the way for future implantable bioelectronic therapeutics.
Benchmarking Next-Generation Transcriptome Sequencing for Functional and Evolutionary Genomics (2009)

Next-generation sequencing has opened the door to genomic analysis of nonmodel organisms. Technologies generating long-sequence reads (200-400 bp) are increasingly used in evolutionary studies of nonmodel organisms, but the short-sequence reads (30-50 bp) that can be produced at lower cost are thought to be of limited utility for de novo sequencing applications. Here, we tested this assumption by short-read sequencing the transcriptomes of the tropical disease vectors Aedes aegypti and Anopheles gambiae, for which complete genome sequences are available. Comparison of our results to the reference genomes allowed us to accurately evaluate the quantity, quality, and functional and evolutionary information content of our "test" data. We produced more than 0.7 billion nucleotides of sequenced data per species that assembled into more than 21,000 test contigs larger than 100 bp per species and covered approximately 27% of the Aedes reference transcriptome. Remarkably, the substitution error rate in the test contigs was approximately 0.25% per site, with very few indels or assembly errors. Test contigs of both species were enriched for genes involved in energy production and protein synthesis and underrepresented in genes involved in transcription and differentiation. Ortholog prediction using the test contigs was accurate across hundreds of millions of years of evolution. Our results demonstrate the considerable utility of short-read transcriptome sequencing for genomic studies of nonmodel organisms and suggest an approach for assessing the information content of next-generation data for evolutionary studies.
Multi ion-sensor arrays: Towards an “electronic tongue” (2016)

In this work ion-selective arrays based on spray-coated electrolyte-gated carbon-nanotube field-effect transistors will be used in an example application for water quality assessment. Several cations like Na <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> , K <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> , Ca <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2+</sup> and anions like Cl <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-</sup> and NO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-</sup> are detected with the ion-selective sensor arrays in different bottled mineral waters. For the ion-selective arrays the sensing results of two different array configurations will be compared: an array with six transistor structures and one common gate electrode or six different planar gate electrodes with one common read-out CNT-FET. These ion-selective sensor array will have various applications in the fields of biomedical diagnostics, soil-quality testing and water-control measurements.
A fuzzy decision model for conceptual design (2005)

Abstract In conceptual design, there are decision problems wherein the information cannot be assessed precisely in a quantitative manner, but may be assessed in a qualitative manner. This necessitates a linguistic descript on a decision problem in conceptual design. Based on this viewpoint a new fuzzy decision model for selecting the preferred conceptual design from a set of alternatives is presented. The model uses a structured form of linguistic information called “General‐Opinion and Desire,” or GD. The first part of GD is a set of propositions that encode the general opinion about a conceptual design alternative for a criterion using a set of quantifiers. The other part of GD is a special proposition that encodes the desire, or requirement, for a preferred conceptual design alternative. If appropriate truth‐values, taken from the interval [0, 1], are assigned to these propositions, one can determine how clearly the conceptual design alternative under consideration is known (certainty compliance) and how desirable the alternative is (desire compliance). Two functions are developed to measure the certainty and desire compliances. An aggregation function is also developed to aggregate the payoffs of certainty and desire compliances, in case the selection is made by using a set of criteria. Using the case of a real‐life conceptual design problem, it is shown that the proposed decision model is useful in selecting the preferred conceptual design from a given set of alternatives. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 8: 296–308, 2005
Reduction of sebum excretion in man by the antiandrogen, cyproterone acetate (1973)

The effect of systemic cyproterone acetate on sebaceous activity was studied in twenty male patients being tested for sexual offences. In every patient the sebum excretion rate (SER) was below the mean SER of untreated normal male subjects of the same age, and the mean SER for the treated male patients was significantly lower than in a control group of normal females. The degree of reduction in SER produced by cyproterone acetate confirms that androgen is a major sebotrophic factor in the human male.
Transitioning From a Faculty to an Administrative Role (2010)

Many new nursing leaders assuming deanships, assistant, or interim deanships have limited education, experience, or background to prepare them for the job. To assist new deans and those aspiring to be deans, Jana L. Pressler, PhD, RN, and Carole A. Kenner, PhD, RNC-NIC, FAAN, the editors of this department, address common issues, challenges, and opportunities that face academic executive teams, such as negotiating an executive contract, obtaining faculty lines, building effective work teams, managing difficult employees, and creating nimble organizational structure to respond to changing consumer, healthcare delivery, and community needs. In this article, the editors asked guest author, Dr Cesarina Thompson, to discuss the transition process from faculty to administrative role.
A DC-Link Capacitor Voltage Ripple Reduction Method for a Modular Multilevel Cascade Converter With Single Delta Bridge Cells (2019)

This article proposes a capacitor voltage ripple reduction method used for a modular multilevel cascade converter (MMCC) with single delta bridge cells (SDBC), by applying a third harmonic zero-sequence current. A practical case study on an 80 MVar/33 kV MMCC-SDBC-based STATCOM is used to demonstrate the method. The impact of the third harmonic zero-sequence current level of the capacitor ripple reduction and the electrothermal stresses on insulated gate bipolar transistor modules are analyzed. An optimal parameter of the current level is obtained by compromising the above-mentioned performance factors. The obtained result shows that the required capacitance, as well as the capacitor bank volume, is reduced by 20% without increasing the total power semiconductor losses by using the proposed method.
Surgery for Seizures (1996)

Of the approximately 2 million Americans with a diagnosis of epilepsy who are treated with antiepileptic drugs, 20 percent continue to have seizures1; this group of patients accounts for over 75 percent of the cost of epilepsy in the United States.2 For many of those with medically refractory epilepsy, their disability can be completely eliminated by surgical intervention. Only a small percentage of potential surgical candidates, however, are currently referred to epilepsy-surgery centers.3 OverviewThe classic 1886 paper of Victor Horsley4 heralded the modern era of epilepsy surgery, and the introduction of electroencephalography (EEG) in the first half of . . .
Gout: framing and fantasizing disease. (1994)

A la difference des epidemies mortelles vite rationalisees, quelques maladies chroniques telles que les maladies metaboliques ont ete delaissees aussi bien par le corp medical que par les historiens. L'A. nous offre ici l'histoire sociale de la goutte depuis l'Antiquite
A Smart Measurement and Stimulation System to Analyze and Promote Non-Nutritive Sucking of Premature Babies (2011)

This paper presents a complete system that can be used to measure and to stimulate sucking abilities of premature babies. The system integrates measurement and stimulation capabilities that can be used separately or together. The sensing unit includes mainly a pressure sensor, a conditioning circuit and a microcontroller device. The stimulation unit includes a miniature and lowcost pneumatic pump, an electro-valve, and a conditioning circuit. The microcontroller is shared by both units. The system’s software includes a routine that is used to define the waveform parameters of the synthesized pressure signals, a wavelet based routine that is used to process measurement data and a software component to perform fault detection and diagnosis. The system capabilities include self-calibration and self-testing. Throughout the paper several implementation details and experimental results will be presented and discussed.
Experimental study of wave interactions with slotted barriers (2009)

This thesis describes an investigation of the performance of vertical single and double wave barriers. An experimental investigation of the reflection and transmission of regular and irregular waves was carried out. Measurements from three wave probes were used to analyze the reflection coefficient using a least squares method. In the tests, the wave period, wave height, barrier immersion depth, and barrier porosity were varied in order to determine the relationship between the reflection and transmission coefficients and parameters describing incident wave and barrier characteristics, such as the immersion depth, the distance between barriers and the barrier porosity. The results show that the reflection and transmission coefficients are functions of wave length, immersion depth, distance between barriers and porosity. The frequency dependent transmission coefficient obtained from irregular wave tests was compared with those obtained in regular wave tests. Single barrier and double barrier results have also been compared with predictions based on available theoretical methods. The performance characteristics of single and double barriers have been compared, and it is found that there is a significant reduction in wave transmission in the case of double barrier, without a corresponding increase in wave reflection.
Recent trends of syphilis prevalence in normal population in Korea-1986 (1988)

The 6,097 blood donors in Seoul area, the 1,883 pregnant women delivered at Severance Hospital and the 5,136 physical examinees were evaluated for VDRL reactivity. Also, the FTA-ABS and TPHA tests were performed on those who were VDRL-positive, and the 19S (IgM)-FTA test were done on the subjects who were reactive for the FTA-ABS and TPHA tests. All the subjects were over the age of 20 and the study period was conducted from January of 1986 through December of 1986. The results are summarized as follows: 1. VDRL-positive rates were 0.5% in the blood donors, 0.6% in the pregnant women and 0.8% in the physical examinees. 2. The quantitative test of VDRL resulted in low titer below 1:4 in 96% of VDRL-positive pregnant women and physical examinees. 3. The 19S (IgM)-FTA test was reactive in 3 of 12 treated subjects (25%) and 4 of 10 untreated subjects (40%). From the results it is clear that the prevalence of syphilis is continually decreasing compared to the mid 1970's and the early 1980's.
<i>A Monograph of Viscometry</i> (1931)

First Page
Consecutive Chemical Reactions. (1964)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleConsecutive Chemical Reactions.Don M. YostCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1964, 86, 21, 4739–4740Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1964Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1964https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01075a062https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01075a062research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views72Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Thermal Stability of Assemblages in the Cu--Fe--S System (1966)

Journal Article Thermal Stability of Assemblages in the Cu—Fe—S System Get access RICHARD A. YUND, RICHARD A. YUND Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar GUNNAR KULLERUD GUNNAR KULLERUD Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Petrology, Volume 7, Issue 3, October 1966, Pages 454–488, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/7.3.454 Published: 01 October 1966
M<sub>1</sub>and M<sub>3</sub>Muscarinic Receptors Control Physiological Processing of Cellular Prion by Modulating ADAM17 Phosphorylation and Activity (2007)

The cellular prion protein (PrP(c)) undergoes a physiological processing yielding the N-terminal fragment referred to as N1, the production of which can be constitutive or protein kinase C regulated. We show that activation of endogenous muscarinic receptors by carbachol and by the M1-selective agonist AF267B increases N1 recovery in an atropine-sensitive manner, in mouse embryonic primary neurons. To identify the muscarinic receptor subtype involved, we used human embryonic kidney HEK293 (HEK) cells stably overexpressing M1, M2, M3, or M4 receptor subtype. Carbachol and the selective M1 agonist AF267B dose dependently increased N1 release by HEK-M3 and HEK-M1 cells, respectively, whereas carbachol did not modify N1 production by HEK-M2 or HEK-M4 cells. We demonstrate that the increase of N1 was not attributable to modified trafficking to the membrane of either PrP(c) or the disintegrin metalloproteases ADAM10 or ADAM17. Furthermore, we establish that carbachol affects the overall phosphorylation of ADAM17 on its threonine and tyrosine but not serine residues, whereas levels of phosphorylated ADAM9 were not affected. Interestingly, carbachol also increases the hydrolysis of the fluorimetric substrate JMV2770, which mimicked the sequence encompassing the N1 site cleavage and was shown previously to behave as an ADAM protease substrate. Mutations of threonine 735 but not of tyrosine 702 of the ADAM17 cytoplasmic tail abolishes the carbachol-induced increase of N1, ADAM17 phosphorylation, and JMV2770-hydrolyzing activity in M1- and M3-expressing HEK293 cells. Thus, our data provide strong evidence that muscarinic receptor activation increases the physiological processing of PrP(c) by upregulating the phosphorylation state and activity of ADAM17 protease.
Public Health Aspects of Ophthalmic Disease: Introduction (1996)

In recent decades, there has been remarkable growth in scientific research examining the multiple ways in which racism can adversely affect health. This interest has been driven in part by the striking persistence of racial/ethnic inequities in health and ...Read More
Protein kinase superfamily — comparisons of sequence data with three-dimensional structures (1994)

The elucidation of the three-dimensional structures of complexes of the catalytic subunit of mouse recombinant CAMP-dependent protein kinase with bound divalent ion, nucleotide and peptide inhibitor provides new insights into the structural organization of the active site of this enzyme and the probable roles of individual residues in catalysis. Further, the structure of a second member of the eukaryotic kinase superfamily, human cyclin-dependent kinase 2, now provides a first look at both the similarities and the variations in kinase structure.
Consumer Heterogeneity and Strategic Quality Decisions (1996)

Though recent studies show that quality differentiation is an equilibrium outcome, products of similar qualities frequently are observed in the marketplace. This inconsistency may be explained by incorporating consumer heterogeneity along unobservable attributes into a model of competition. In this paper, consumers not only take into account the quality and price of a product but also their heterogeneous tastes along other attributes which are unobservable to firms. We investigate the effect of heterogeneity along the unobservable attributes on both quality and price equilibrium in a two-stage game framework. We show that when consumers are sufficiently heterogeneous along the unobservable attributes, the firms offer products of identical qualities in equilibrium. Under low levels of heterogeneity along the unobservable attributes, however, our results are consistent with past research which argues for quality differentiation.
Development of membrane introduction mass spectrometry for monitoring trace organics in water (2000)

This paper describes the design of membrane inlet systems for detection of trace contaminants in environmental samples by Membrane Introduction Mass Spectrometry. A quadropole mass spectrometer equipped with a pervaporation membrane and a jet separator interface was used. The hollow fibre pervaporation membrane was mounted in a cell with transverse flow. Low-level (ppb-ppm) organic compounds (benzene, chloroform, 1,1,1-trichloroethane) in aqueous solutions in the absence or presence of a surfactant could be detected by this technique. The effect of feed flow rate, feed temperature and concentration on membrane performance including flux and enrichment were studied in both binary and multi-component solutions. Fluxes for organic compound increases with flow rate, temperature and feed concentration. Enrichment decreased with temperature. The presence of a surfactant reduced the flux at very high concentrations (Triton X-100; 18 g/l), but the effect was lower than expected. An example is given of industrial feed analysed using this technique.