gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Regulation of leptin by agouti (2000)

Dominant mutations at the mouse Agouti locus lead to ectopic expression of the Agouti gene and exhibit diabetes, obesity, and yellow coat color. Obese yellow mice are hyperinsulinemic and hyperleptinemic, and we hypothesized that Agouti directly induces leptin secretion. Accordingly, we used transgenic mice expressing agouti in adipocytes (under the control of aP2 promoter, aP212) to examine changes in leptin levels. Agouti expression in adipose tissue did not significantly alter food intake, weight gain, fat pad weight, or insulinemia; however, the transgenic mice were hyperglycemic. We demonstrated that plasma leptin levels are approximately twofold higher in aP212 transgenic mice compared with their respective controls, whereas ubiquitous expression of agouti (under the control of beta-actin promoter, BAP20) led to a sixfold increase in leptin. Insulin treatment of aP212 mice increased adipocyte leptin content without affecting plasma leptin levels. These findings were further confirmed in vitro in 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with recombinant Agouti protein and/or insulin. Agouti but not insulin significantly increased leptin secretion, indicating that insulin enhances leptin synthesis but not secretion while Agouti increases both leptin synthesis and secretion. This increased leptin synthesis and secretion was due to increased leptin mRNA levels by Agouti. Interestingly, agouti regulation of leptin was not mediated by melanocortin receptor 4, previously implicated in agouti regulation of food intake. These results suggest that increased leptin secretion by agouti may serve to limit agouti-induced obesity, independent of melanocortin receptor antagonism, and indicate that interaction between obesity genes may play a key role in obesity.
Non‐Canonical Amino Acids in Protein Polymer Design (2007)

Protein polymers can be prepared with essentially absolute control of chain length, sequence, and stereochemistry through biological synthesis in microbial hosts. But for the polymer chemist, the twenty “canonical” amino acids provide an unacceptably small set of starting materials for macromolecular design. In the past several years, powerful techniques have been developed to introduce non‐natural (non‐canonical) amino acids containing a wide variety of functional groups into recombinant proteins. This review presents the methods currently available for the introduction of non‐natural amino acids into engineered proteins both in vitro and in vivo. Methods for multiple‐ and single‐site introduction are described. Recent applications of these methods are also addressed, particularly the development of biosensors, novel surfaces, and materials.
Liquid-nitrogen-cooled servo-stabilized Fabry-Perot interferometer for the infrared (1992)

A cooled Fabry-Pérot etalon has been constructed for which the parallelism and mirror spacing can be servo-controlled and tuned using an existing commercially available etalon control system. Capacitance sensors monitor the mirror spacing and parallelism, and error signals produced as a consequence of changes in these values are used to stabilize the cavity with piezoelectric actuators. The etalon operates at liquid nitrogen temperature, has a free aperture of 50 mm and a nominal mirror spacing of 60 μm, and is coated for the 3- to 5-μm spectral region. Under servo-control at operating temperature, the response time of the etalon is 30 ms and the cavity tuning range is 6 μm, corresponding to ~ 3 orders of interference at the midrange wavelength of 4 μm.
Design and test of torque adjustment system of five-phase fault-tolerant permanent-magnet machine (2014)

Multiphase fault-tolerant machines have many advantages, such as low torque pulsation, high reliability, highpower transmission under low voltage and so on. Therefore, they are attracting more and more attention in recent research. As the phase number of the machine becomes larger, its control degree of freedom increases. It is necessary to extend the Clark transformation to realize the decoupling control of the machine. Generally, there is a certain amount of the third harmonic in the permanent magnet flux linkage, and more third harmonic will be included with particular consideration. Injecting the third harmonic in the phase current, it is able to cooperate with the third harmonic in the permanent magnet flux linkage to improve the output torque, and the magnetic saturation degree of the machine can be decreased. The design of the torque adjustment system of a five-phase fault-tolerant permanentmagnet machine is investigated in this paper. An optimal apportionment of the fundamental harmonic and the third harmonic in the phase current is proposed, which is aimed at the application when the amplitude of the phase current is confined. The effectiveness of the designed system has been verified by the experimental results.
Modelling of a high-frequency operatedfluorescent lamp in an electronic ballastenvironment (1998)

The authors describe the dynamic modelling of a high-frequency operated fluorescent lamp in an electronic ballast environment. The model inherently includes the negative resistive characteristic, allows the study of electronic ballast design using series resonant converters, and can provide useful information for the optimisation of the electronic ballast design. The fluorescent lamp model for high-frequency operation has been developed and implemented. Predictions for the lamp system operation generally agree very well with measurements obtained from a 33 kHz electronic ballast – fluorescent lamp system. The use of the model for the designing the ballast components is illustrated. This model is simple and can be employed in existing simulation packages for computer-aided electronic ballast designs.
Synthesis and antihistaminic activity of some thiazolidin-4-ones (1992)

A new series of 2-(4- and 3-substituted phenyl)-3-[3-(N,N-dimethylamino) propyl]-1,3-thiazolidin-4-ones were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for their ability to inhibit the contractions induced by histamine on guinea pig ileum. The measurement of pA2 values suggested that the reported compounds showed H1-antagonism. The more active compounds 5, 9, and 13 exhibited activity close to that of mepyramine.
Active site of mu-conotoxin GIIIA, a peptide blocker of muscle sodium channels. (1991)

The amino acid sequence of mu-conotoxin GIIIA (otherwise called geographutoxin I), a peptide having 22 amino acid residues with three disulfide bridges, was modified by replacing each residue with Ala or Lys to elucidate its active center for blocking sodium channels of skeletal muscle. NMR and CD spectra were virtually identical between native and modified toxins, indicating the similarity of their conformation including disulfide bridges. The inhibitory effect of these modified peptides on twitch contractions of the rat diaphragm showed that Arg at the 13th position and the basicity of the molecule are crucial for the biological action. The segment Lys11-Asp12-Arg13 has been reported to be flexible (Lancelin, J.-M., Kohda, D., Tate, S., Yanagawa, Y., Abe, T., Satake, M., and Inagaki, F. (1991) Biochemistry, in press), and this may represent a clue for the subtle fit of Arg13 to the specific site of sodium channels. Since known ligands to sodium channels, such as tetrodotoxin, anthopleulin-A, etc., contain guanidino groups as a putative binding moiety, Arg may be a general residue for peptide toxins to interact with the receptor site on sodium channels.
HIV Type 1 Tat Protein Induces Immunoglobulin and Interleukin 6 Synthesis by Uninfected Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (1994)

Tat is a potent trans-activating protein encoded by the HIV genome. It is essential for viral replication, but has pleiotropic effects on host cells as well. We demonstrated that exogenous recombinant Tat increases immunoglobulin (Ig) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) production in vitro by normal uninfected peripheral blood mononuclear cells by 100-500%. The optimal Tat concentration was 100 ng/ml, but even a low concentration of 1 ng/ml induced a response in most subjects. The observed induction was inhibited by monoclonal anti-Tat antibodies and 2,3-dimercapto-1-propanol. Both anti-IL-6 antibodies and IL-6 antisense oligonucleotides inhibited Tat-induced IgG and IgA synthesis to some degree, whereas induction of IgM appeared to be independent of IL-6. We conclude that Tat can function in vitro in the absence of any other viral structures and induce Ig and IL-6 production; the clinical significance of these findings remains as yet undetermined.
Bacillus thuringiensis: fermentation process and risk assessment: a short review (1995)

Several factors make the local production of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) highly appropriate for pest control in developing nations. Bt can be cheaply produced on a wide variety of low cost, organic substrates. Local production results in considerable savings in hard currency which otherwise would be spent on importation of chemical and biological insecticides. The use of Bt in Brazil has been limited in comparison with chemical insecticides. Although Bt is imported, some Brazilian researchers have been working on its development and production. Fermentation processes (submerged and semi-solid) were applied, using by-products from agro-industries. As the semi-solid fermentation process demonstrated to be interesting for Bt endotoxins production, it could be adopted for small scale local production. Although promising results had been achieved, national products have not been registered due to the absence of a specific legislation for biological products. Effective actions are being developed in order to solve this gap. Regardless of the biocontrol agents being considered atoxic and harmless to the environment, information related to direct and indirect effects of microbials are still insufficient in many cases. The risk analysis of the use of microbial control agents is of upmost importance nowadays, and is also discussed.
[Evaluation of blocking and activation response of focal EEG abnormalities by opening and closing the eyes (author's transl)]. (1978)

Blocking and activation of constant focal EEG abnormalities by opening and closing the eyes were assessed by visual analysis in 173 EEG recordings of 173 patients. Correlations between single variable were weak in general and did not gain statistical significance in any case. The blocking response had similar extent on both hemispheres. There was no sign of direct dependence from extra- or intracerebral localisation of the causal process. However, the biplot method of computing the results discovered several constellations of variables responsible for blocking and activation. Two of them are reported here. 1) Both responses were more prominent at frontal than at occipital areas. 2) A prodominant slowing localized in mainly frontal regions on the left hemisphere and caused by a process extending from extracerebral or cortical to subcortical showed the greatest tendency to be blocked by opening the eyes while the cause of the focus had no influence.
Building for Life: Designing and Understanding the Human-Nature Connection (2005)

This is a definitive examination of how the inter-relationship between nature, architecture, and is essential to human well-being. Sustainable design has made great strides in recent years; unfortunately, it still falls short of fully integrating nature into our built environment. Through a groundbreaking new paradigm of restorative environmental design, award-winning author, Stephen R. Kellert proposes a new architectural model of sustainability. In Building for Life, Kellert examines the fundamental interconnectedness of people and nature, and how the loss of this connection results in a diminished quality of life. This thoughtful new work illustrates how architects and designers can use simple methods to address our innate needs for contact with nature. Through the use of natural lighting, ventilation, and materials, as well as more unexpected methodologies - the use of metaphor, perspective, enticement, and symbol - architects can greatly enhance our daily lives. These techniques foster intellectual development, relaxation, and physical and emotional well-being. In the works of architects like Frank Lloyd Wright, Eero Saarinen, Cesar Pelli, Norman Foster, and Michael Hopkins, Kellert sees the success of these strategies and presents models for moving forward. Ultimately, Kellert views our fractured relationship with nature as a problem rather than an unavoidable aspect of modern life, and he proposes many practical and creative solutions for cultivating a more rewarding experience of nature in our built environment.
Identification of improved IL28B SNPs and haplotypes for prediction of drug response in treatment of hepatitis C using massively parallel sequencing in a cross-sectional European cohort (2011)

Massively parallel sequencing allowed identification and comparison of the best common SNPs for identifying treatment failure in therapy for HCV. SNPs tagging a single haplotype have the highest PPV, especially in combination with HLA-C. The functional basis for the association may be due to altered regulation of the gene. These approaches have utility in improving diagnostic testing and identifying causal haplotypes or SNPs.
Solid Phase DNA Extraction with a Flexible Bead-Packed Microfluidic Device to Detect Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> in Nasal Swabs (2012)

We have developed a bead-packed microfluidic device with a built-in flexible wall to automate extraction of nucleic acids from methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in nasal swabs. The flexible polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane was designed to manipulate the surface-to-volume ratio (SVR) of bead-packed chambers in the range of 0.05 to 0.15 (μm(-1)) for a typical solid phase extraction protocol composed of binding, washing, and eluting. In particular, the pneumatically assisted close packing of beads led to an invariant SVR (0.15 μm(-1)) even with different bead amounts (10-16 mg), which allowed for consistent operation of the device and improved capture efficiency for bacteria cells. Furthermore, vigorous mixing by asynchronous membrane vibration enabled ca. 90% DNA recovery with ca. 10 μL of liquid solution from the captured cells on the bead surfaces. The full processes to detect MRSA in nasal swabs, i.e., nasal swab collection, prefiltration, on-chip DNA extraction, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, were successfully constructed and carried out to validate the capability to detect MRSA in nasal swab samples. This flexible microdevice provided an excellent analytical PCR detection sensitivity of ca. 61 CFU/swab with 95% confidence interval, which turned out to be higher than or similar to that of the commercial DNA-based MRSA detection techniques. This excellent performance would be attributed to the capability of the flexible bead-packed microdevice to enrich the analyte from a large initial sample (e.g., 1 mL) into a microscale volume of eluate (e.g., 10 μL). The proposed microdevice will find many applications as a solid phase extraction method toward various sample-to-answer systems.
Mast cells and cellularity of the colonic mucosa correlated with fatigue and depression in irritable bowel syndrome (2008)

Elevated MCs counts are a key feature of the low-grade inflammatory infiltrate in the caecal mucosa of IBS. Fatigue and depression are associated with mucosal cell counts, in particular MCs, suggesting that psychological factors are associated with the low-grade inflammatory infiltrate in IBS.
19 Heat Shock Proteins as Antigens in Immunity against Infection and Self (1994)

I. INTRODUCTION A major driving force for the evolution of the immune system is the continuous encounter with an almost infinite variety of invading pathogens. The immune system deals with this extreme diversity by generating an equally high number of receptors capable of specifically discriminating between these structures (Nossal 1993). The following are the two types of receptors: (1) antibodies that are produced by B lymphocytes and recognize their counterparts directly and (2) T-cell receptors that are expressed on the surface of T lymphocytes and recognize their counterparts indirectly. The diversity of both types of receptors is generated by similar mechanisms, in particular genetic recombination. The molecular entities recognized by these receptors are termed antigens. Antibodies recognize “their” antigens directly, comprising a stretch of six to seven amino acids or five to six carbohydrate residues on proteins or carbohydrates, respectively. Antibodies are therefore particularly suited to contest microbes and microbial secretory products present in the extracellular space. T cells recognize their antigens indirectly, i.e., they interact with oligopeptides of about nine amino acids in length that are presented by self-structures. Hence, antigen recognition by T cells requires intracellular processing of microbial components and subsequent presentation on the cell surface by specialized molecules that are the products of the major histocompatibility gene complex (MHC) (Janeway 1993). T cells are therefore particularly equipped for opposing microbes living inside host cells. In a given setting, the immune system will contact certain invaders more frequently than others. To focus the immune response to these...
The Effect of Delta-Phase on Crack Propagation Under Creep and Fatigue Conditions in Alloy 718 (1994)

behaviour has important effect on mechanical properties in Alloy718.
Augmented reality for substation automation by utilizing IEC 61850 communication (2016)

IEC 61850 standard represents the most commonly used communication technology for new substation automation projects. Despite the fact that IEC 61850 provides a semantic data model and a standardized configuration description, these facts are underutilized in substation automation management today. This is specifically illustrated in the data visualization domain where new technologies such as virtual and augmented reality have reached significant maturity levels and have not been used for IEC 61850 system visualization so far. In this paper IEC 61850 features have been combined with augmented reality technologies for providing added value visualization capabilities in substation automation domain. The developed prototype demonstrates proof-of-concept solution for regular substation automation checks and maintenance activities.
High Resolution EB Lithography on Organic Resists: Molecular Size Effect. (1997)

The resolution of organic resists has been investigated as a function of base resin structure and molecular weight. Calixarene, which has a ring structure, and polystyrene, which has a chain structure, were used for the investigation. The polystyrene had different molecular weights. We show that a high-resolution lithography can be achieved using a organic resist with a low molecular weight, that is, a smaller molecular size. A 10-nmter level negative resist pattern is demonstrated.
Very High Speed Static Induction Thyristor (1986)

Characteristics of a newly developed static induction thyristor (SIThy) are described. The SIThy is irradiated by 2-MeV protons to improve the switching speed as a result of local carrier lifetime control. The characteristics of the proton irradiated SIThy are controlled by annealing conditions to obtain devices for various applications. The switching speed of the SIThy is very high; for example, at an anode current of 50 A, its rise time, storage time, and fall time are 100 ns, 60 ns, and 50 ns, respectively. Thus the newly developed SIThy is suitable for high-speed switching devices.
Extrapolation of sonic boom pressure signatures by the waveform parameter method (1972)

The waveform parameter method of sonic boom extrapolation is derived and shown to be equivalent to the F-function method. A computer program based on the waveform parameter method is presented and discussed, with a sample case demonstrating program input and output.
Synthesis of Two Allergenic Constituents of Propolis and Poplar Bud Excretion (1988)

The prenyl ester and the phenylethyl ester of caffeic acid, formed in the bud excretion of poplar species, were shown recently to be the major contact allergens in bee-glue. An unambiguous synthesis of these compounds, based on the reaction of caffeic acid with 1-bromo-3-methyl-2-butene and with beta-bromoethylbenzene, respectively, is reported. The synthetic products confirm the previously described structures of the natural products and allow further testing of their allergenic properties.
Herpes simplex virus type 1 recombination: role of DNA replication and viral a sequences (1992)

During the course of infection, elements of the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) genome undergo inversion, a process that is believed to occur through the viral a sequences. To investigate the mechanism of this recombinational event, we have developed an assay that detects the deletion of DNA segments flanked by directly repeated a sequences in plasmids transiently maintained in Vero cells. With this assay, we have observed a high frequency of recombination (approximately 8%) in plasmids that undergo replication in HSV-1-infected cells. We also found a low level of recombination between a sequences in plasmids introduced into uninfected cells and in unreplicated plasmids in HSV-1-infected cells. In replicating plasmids, recombination between a sequences occurs at twice the frequency seen with directly repeated copies of a different sequence of similar size. Recombination between a sequences appears to occur at approximately the same time as replication, suggesting that the processes of replication and recombination are closely linked.
Syk Is Downstream of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 and Mediates Human Rhinovirus Activation of p38 MAPK in Airway Epithelial Cells (2006)

The airway epithelium is the primary target of inhaled pathogens such as human rhinovirus (HRV). Airway epithelial cells express ICAM-1, the major receptor for HRV. HRV binding to ICAM-1 mediates not only viral entry and replication but also a signaling cascade that leads to enhanced inflammatory mediator production. The specific signaling molecules and pathways activated by HRV-ICAM-1 interactions are not well characterized, although studies in human airway epithelia implicate a role for the p38 MAPK in HRV-induced cytokine production. In the current study, we report that Syk, an important immunoregulatory protein tyrosine kinase, is highly expressed by primary and cultured human airway epithelial cells and is activated in response to infection with HRV16. Biochemical studies revealed that ICAM-1 engagement by HRV and cross-linking Abs enhanced the coassociation of Syk with ICAM-1 and ezrin, a cytoskeletal linker protein. In polarized airway epithelial cells, Syk is diffusely distributed in the cytosol under basal conditions but, following engagement of ICAM-1 by cross-linking Abs, is recruited to the plasma membrane. The enhanced Syk-ICAM-1 association following HRV exposure is accompanied by Syk phosphorylation. ICAM-1 engagement by HRV and cross-linking Abs also induced phosphorylation of p38 in a Syk-dependent manner, and conversely, knockdown of Syk by short interfering (si)RNA substantially diminished p38 activation and IL-8 gene expression. Taken together, these observations identify Syk as an important mediator of the airway epithelial cell inflammatory response by modulating p38 phosphorylation and IL-8 gene expression following ICAM-1 engagement by HRV.