gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Recent advances in the neurobiology of anxiety disorders: Implications for novel therapeutics (2008)

Anxiety disorders are a highly prevalent and disabling class of psychiatric disorders. This review focuses on new directions in neurobiological research and implications for the development of novel psychopharmacological treatments. Neuroanatomical and neuroimaging research in anxiety disorders has centered on the role of the amygdala, reciprocal connections between the amygdala and the prefrontal cortex, and, most recently, alterations in interoceptive processing by the anterior insula. Anxiety disorders are characterized by alterations in a diverse range of neurochemical systems, suggesting ample novel targets for drug therapies. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) concentrations are elevated in a subset of anxiety disorders, which suggests the potential utility of CRF receptor antagonists. Pharmacological blockade of the memory-enhancing effects of stress hormones such as glucocorticoids and noradrenaline holds promise as a preventative approach for trauma-related anxiety. The glutamatergic system has been largely overlooked as a potential pharmacological target, although convergent preclinical, neuroimaging, and early clinical findings suggest that glutamate receptor antagonists may have potent anxiolytic effects. Glutamatergic receptor agonists (e.g., D-cycloserine) also have an emerging role in the treatment of anxiety as facilitators of fear extinction during concurrent behavioral interventions. The neuropeptides substance P, neuropeptide Y, oxytocin, orexin, and galanin are each implicated in anxiety pathways, and neuropeptide analogs or antagonists show early promise as anxiolytics in preclinical and/or clinical research. Each of these active areas of research holds promise for expanding and improving evidence-based treatment options for individuals suffering with clinical anxiety.
Ultra-high speed optical OFDM transmission technologies (2008)

This paper reviews recent progress in 100-Gb/s-class ultra-high speed optical OFDM transmission technologies. We describe system configuration based on optical multiplexing/demultiplexing and transmission performances.
Polymerization of Tetrahydrofuran by Proton Acids (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPolymerization of Tetrahydrofuran by Proton AcidsG. Pruckmayr and T. K. WuCite this: Macromolecules 1978, 11, 4, 662–668Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma60064a009https://doi.org/10.1021/ma60064a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1549Altmetric-Citations33LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Improvements on speech recognition for fast talkers (1999)

The accuracy of a speech recognition (SR) system depends on many factors, such as the presence of background noise, mismatches in microphone and language models, variations in speaker, accent and even speaking rates. In addition to fast speakers, even normal speakers will tend to speak faster when using a speech recognition system in order to get higher throughput. Unfortunately, state-of-the-art SR systems perform significantly worse on fast speech. In this paper, we present our efforts in making our system more robust to fast speech. We propose cepstrum length normalization, applied to the incoming testing utterances, which results in a 13% word error rate reduction on an independent evaluation corpus. Moreover, this improvement is additive to the contribution of Maximum Likelihood Linear Regression (MLLR) adaptation. Together with MLLR, a 23% error rate reduction was achieved.
The Horizon/sup (R)/ valve-regulated lead acid battery-reengineering the lead acid battery (2002)

This paper reviews progress of one advanced energy storage project launched in Austin, Texas, USA, in 1980 and now entering its commercial phase. Based on the 136 year old Pb-acid battery electrochemistry and a globally deployed recycling capability, the project challenged every traditional design and manufacturing premise in its pursuit of increased performance from this venerable technology. The Horizon/sup (R)/ valve-regulated Pb-acid battery is the only Pb-acid battery classified as an "advanced battery". The paper summarizes the principal technical and design breakthroughs underlying successful development of Horizon/sup (R)/, which today is the most affordable, highest performing rechargeable battery in commercial production.
Role of Interleukin-17A in Cell-Mediated Protection against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Infection in Mice Immunized with the Fibrinogen-Binding Domain of Clumping Factor A (2010)

Clumping factor A (ClfA) is a fibrinogen-binding cell wall-attached protein and an important virulence factor of Staphylococcus aureus. Previous studies reported that an immunization with the fibrinogen-binding domain of ClfA (ClfA(40-559)) protected animals against S. aureus infection. It was reported that some cytokines are involved in the pathogenesis of staphylococcal diseases and in host defense against S. aureus infection. However, the role of cytokines in the protective effect of ClfA(40-559) as a vaccine has not been elucidated. In this study, we demonstrated that the spleen cells of ClfA(40-559)-immunized mice produced a large amount of interleukin-17A (IL-17A). The protective effect of immunization was exerted in wild-type mice but not in IL-17A-deficient mice. IL-17A mRNA expression was increased in the spleens and kidneys of immunized mice after infection. CXCL2 and CCL2 mRNA expression was increased in the spleens and kidneys, respectively. Consistent with upregulation of the mRNA expression, neutrophils infiltrated into the spleens extensively and macrophage infiltration was observed in the kidneys of immunized mice. These results suggest that immunization with ClfA(40-559) induces the IL-17A-producing cells and that IL-17-mediated cellular immunity is involved in the protective effect induced by immunization with ClfA(40-559) against S. aureus infection.
Chitooligosaccharide-2,5-anhydro-D-mannonic Acid (2014)

Chitooligosaccharide with one 2,5-anhydro-D-mannofuranose unit at the reducing end (COSamf) was prepared by nitrous deamination of fully N-deacetylated chitosan. The oxidation of the amf-unit by chlorite sodium was achieved in high yield. The chemical structure of the targeted chitooligosaccharide-2,5-anhydro-D-mannonic acid with a degree of polymerization ~10 was fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy, MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry and size-exclusion chromatography. The success of this synthesis opens the way to a new generation of end-functionalized COS building blocks.
Cationic Phenylene Ethynylene Polymers and Oligomers Exhibit Efficient Antiviral Activity (2011)

The antiviral activities of poly(phenylene ethynylene) (PPE)-based cationic conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPE) and oligo-phenylene ethynylenes (OPE) were investigated using two model viruses, the T4 and MS2 bacteriophages. Under UV/visible light irradiation, significant antiviral activity was observed for all of the CPEs and OPEs; without irradiation, most of these compounds exhibited high inactivation activity against the MS2 phage and moderate inactivation ability against the T4 phage. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) reveal that the CPEs and OPEs exert their antiviral activity by partial disassembly of the phage particle structure in the dark and photochemical damage of the phage capsid protein under UV/visible light irradiation.
Club Cell Secreted Protein CC16: Potential Applications in Prognosis and Therapy for Pulmonary Diseases (2020)

Club cell secretory protein (CC16) is encoded by the <i>SCGB1A1</i> gene. It is also known as CC10, secretoglobin, or uteroglobin. CC16 is a 16 kDa homodimeric protein secreted primarily by the non-ciliated bronchial epithelial cells, which can be detected in the airways, circulation, sputum, nasal fluid, and urine. The biological activities of CC16 and its pathways have not been completely understood, but many studies suggest that CC16 has anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative effects. The human CC16 gene is located on chromosome 11, p12-q13, where several regulatory genes of allergy and inflammation exist. Studies reveal that factors such as gender, age, obesity, renal function, diurnal variation, and exercise regulate CC16 levels in circulation. Current findings indicate CC16 not only may reflect the pathogenesis of pulmonary diseases, but also could serve as a potential biomarker in several lung diseases and a promising treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In this review, we summarize our current understanding of CC16 in pulmonary diseases.
Understanding DC Circuits (1999)

Preface * Course Objectives * Parts List for Experiments * Basics of DC Electronics * Measuring Voltage, Current, and Resistance * Ohm's Law and Electrical Circuits * Magnetism and Electromagnetism * Electronic Instruments * Inductance and Capacitance * Appendices: Electronic Symbols, Electrical Safety, Electronic Equipment and Parts Sales, Soldering Techniques, Electronic Tools, Troubleshooting
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Glucose versus Amylase Resistant Starch Hypo-Osmolar Oral Rehydration Solution for Adult Acute Dehydrating Diarrhea (2008)

Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN72841333.
Reactions in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide (1994)

An efficient method for producing tasty beer: characteristic bittering agents such as trans-isohumulone (1) can be obtained readily by photolysis of the hops extract in supercritical CO2 in an established industrial process without large losses incurred on boiling. Nontoxic, environmentally friendly, cheap, nonflammable, and applicable on a large scale—these assets of supercritical CO2 have long been recognized for extractions; this highlight shows that supercritical CO2 is also advantageous for many reactions.
A Change Detection Method for Image Sequences Based on Physical Models (2005)

Change detection methods are used to detect changes between two frames in an image sequence. Fundamental techniques for detecting changes use a difference image between the two frames. The change of each pixel is detected if difference values exceed a pre-set threshold, which is determined on the basis of the estimated value of the variance of noises on the frames. Not only the noises on the frames but also illumination changes between the frames are critical problems for change detection. A recently proposed approach gives a threshold derived from the average of the difference image over areas which are estimated as non-change parts. However, such a threshold may not be appropriate since the approach uses no physical parameters such as light sources, the reflection of objects. This paper proposes a new change detection method based on a physical model, which describes physical parameters such as light sources and the reflection of objects, known as an illumination model. First, we show the derivation of a new threshold based on the illumination model. The threshold is derived from the angle of the light of sources, the gray level of background objects, and the normal-vector of the background objects. A new change detection algorithm using such a threshold is shown. Next, we show experimental results and comparison, in which the proposed method improves the accuracy of detection results, compared to change detection by using the conventional threshold. We also give discussion on the features of the proposed method.
Oxazolidinone Resistance Mutations in 23S rRNA of <i>Escherichia coli</i> Reveal the Central Region of Domain V as the Primary Site of Drug Action (2000)

Oxazolidinone antibiotics inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by interacting with the large ribosomal subunit. The structure and exact location of the oxazolidinone binding site remain obscure, as does the manner in which these drugs inhibit translation. To investigate the drug-ribosome interaction, we selected Escherichia coli oxazolidinone-resistant mutants, which contained a randomly mutagenized plasmid-borne rRNA operon. The same mutation, G2032 to A, was identified in the 23S rRNA genes of several independent resistant isolates. Engineering of this mutation by site-directed mutagenesis in the wild-type rRNA operon produced an oxazolidinone resistance phenotype, establishing that the G2032A substitution was the determinant of resistance. Engineered U and C substitutions at G2032, as well as a G2447-to-U mutation, also conferred resistance to oxazolidinone. All the characterized resistance mutations were clustered in the vicinity of the central loop of domain V of 23S rRNA, suggesting that this rRNA region plays a major role in the interaction of the drug with the ribosome. Although the central loop of domain V is an essential integral component of the ribosomal peptidyl transferase, oxazolidinones do not inhibit peptide bond formation, and thus these drugs presumably interfere with another activity associated with the peptidyl transferase center.
Micro-Stamp Systems for Batch-Filling, Parallel-Spotting, and Continuously Printing of Multiple Biosample Fluids (2008)

Microarrays simultaneously screen tens to thousands of biosamples to observe biochemical activities in protein—protein, protein—nucleic acid and small molecule interactions. In this high throughput analysis, rapid and reliable printing technologies are highly desired with less deterioration on biosamples during process. This study introduces several micro-contact printing systems to print out multiple proteins simultaneously, uniformly and continuously with batch-filling capability for rapid microarray formation, with very gentle process for biosample preservation. This printing system consists of two chips, including a micro-filling chip and a micro-stamp chip, for rapid/accurate registration and batch operation. The micro-filling chip can simultaneously transfer numerous protein solutions into the micro-stamp chip in seconds by capillary force without cross-contamination, while preserving the functionality of proteins. Different proteins can be dispensed into the corresponding channels and driven into the tips of the micro stamps. The micro stamp can be then brought to contact with the substrate to produce bio-fluid spot arrays. These devices have a potential to be expanded to a high throughput system for simultaneously printing hundreds of bio-fluid spots for hundreds times in minutes, and to form dense bio-microarrays for disease diagnosis or drug screening.
Regulation of the Pro-apoptotic Scaffolding Protein POSH by Akt (2007)

POSH (Plenty of SH3 domains) binds to activated Rac and promotes apoptosis by acting as a scaffold to assemble a signal transduction pathway leading from Rac to JNK activation. Overexpression of POSH induces apoptosis in a variety of cell types, but apoptosis can be prevented by co-expressing the pro-survival protein kinase Akt. We report here that POSH is a direct substrate for phosphorylation by Akt in vivo and in vitro, and we identify a major site of Akt phosphorylation as serine 304 of POSH, which lies within the Rac-binding domain. We further show that phosphorylation of POSH results in a decreased ability to bind activated Rac, as does phosphomimetic S304D and S304E mutation of POSH. S304D mutant POSH also shows a strongly reduced ability to induce apoptosis. These findings identify a novel mechanism by which Akt promotes cell survival.
Novel therapies for coeliac disease (2011)

Coeliac disease is a widespread, lifelong disorder for which dietary control represents the only accepted form of therapy. There is an unmet need for nondietary therapies to treat this condition. Most ongoing and emerging drug-discovery programmes are based on the understanding that coeliac disease is caused by an inappropriate T-cell-mediated immune response to dietary gluten proteins. Recent genome-wide association studies lend further support to this pathogenic model. The central role of human leucocyte antigen genes has been validated, and a number of new risk loci have been identified, most of which are related to the biology of T cells and antigen-presenting cells. Here, we review the status of potential nondietary therapies under consideration for coeliac disease. We conclude that future development of novel therapies will be aided considerably by the identification of new, preferably noninvasive, surrogate markers for coeliac disease activity.
Experiences2Go (2013)

Video communication is moving beyond face-to-face discussions on desktop computers to sharing experiences out in the real world. We explored how mobile video could enable distributed family members to share experiences wherever they occurred - kids' sporting events, birthday parties, etc. We investigated how people used two technology probes to share activities outside the home: an iPad running Skype and our Experiences2Go prototype composed of a networked slate and a camcorder on a tripod. We observed their use in the field with nine families and explored the impact that their mobility, optical zoom, and multiple view features had on sharing the experience. We identified four sets of stakeholders in sharing experiences, the variety of sharing scenarios enabled, and reactions to the features that each probe offered, leading to design considerations for future mobile shared experience systems.
Evaluation of amifostine for protection against cisplatin-induced serious hearing loss in children treated for average-risk or high-risk medulloblastoma (2014)

Although patients in this study were not randomly assigned to amifostine treatment, we found evidence in favor of amifostine administration for protection against cisplatin-induced serious hearing loss in average-risk but not in high-risk, medulloblastoma patients.
Molecular chaperones and heat shock proteins in atherosclerosis (2011)

In response to stress stimuli, mammalian cells activate an ancient signaling pathway leading to the transient expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs). HSPs are a family of proteins serving as molecular chaperones that prevent the formation of nonspecific protein aggregates and assist proteins in the acquisition of their native structures. Physiologically, HSPs play a protective role in the homeostasis of the vessel wall but have an impact on immunoinflammatory processes in pathological conditions involved in the development of atherosclerosis. For instance, some members of HSPs have been shown to have immunoregulatory properties and modification of innate and adaptive response to HSPs, and can protect the vessel wall from the disease. On the other hand, a high degree of sequence homology between microbial and mammalian HSPs, due to evolutionary conservation, carries a risk of misdirected autoimmunity against HSPs expressed on the stressed cells of vascular endothelium. Furthermore, HSPs and anti-HSP antibodies have been shown to elicit production of proinflammatory cytokines. Potential therapeutic use of HSP in prevention of atherosclerosis involves achieving optimal balance between protective and immunogenic effects of HSPs and in the progress of research on vaccination. In this review, we update the progress of studies on HSPs and the integrity of the vessel wall, discuss the mechanism by which HSPs exert their role in the disease development, and highlight the potential clinic translation in the research field.
Comparisons of Oral Devices for Snoring (1998)

A study was performed on 19 types of oral appliances for snoring/obstructive sleep apnea. The appliances were categorized into two groups, mandibular advancers and tongue advancers. A set of limited criteria was developed by which an appliance could be evaluated, and the criteria were weighted. Evaluations were then performed on the appliances, and they were rated according to satisfaction of criteria. The rating table should help a dentist in selecting an appliance that will be accepted by the patient and effective in treating snoring/obstructive sleep apnea.
Glyceryl trinitrate is an effective treatment for anal fissure (1997)

This study shows that most anal fissures can be treated nonsurgically with topically applied 0.2 percent GTN ointment. Prospective, randomized controlled trials are now needed, because nonsurgical treatment of anal fissure avoids permanent division of part of the sphincter and the consequent disturbance of continence mechanisms.
Corticotropin-Releasing Factor Receptors Modulate Oxytocin Release in the Dorsolateral Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis (BNST) in Male Rats (2018)

The neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) plays an important role in the regulation of social and anxiety-like behavior. Our previous studies have shown that OT neurons send projections from the hypothalamus to the dorsolateral bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST<sub>dl</sub>), a forebrain region critically involved in the modulation of anxiety-like behavior. Importantly, these OT terminals in the BNST<sub>dl</sub> express presynaptic corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) receptor type 2 (CRFR2). This suggests that CRFR2 might be involved in the modulation of OT release. To test this hypothesis, we measured OT content in microdialysates collected from the BNST<sub>dl</sub> of freely-moving male Sprague-Dawley rats following the administration of a selective CRFR2 agonist (Urocortin 3) or antagonist (Astressin 2B, As2B). To determine if type 1 CRF receptors (CRFR1) are also involved, we used selective CRFR1 antagonist (NBI35965) as well as CRF, a putative ligand of both CRFR1 and CRFR2. All compounds were delivered directly into the BNST<sub>dl</sub> via reverse dialysis. OT content in the microdialysates was measured with highly sensitive and selective radioimmunoassay. Blocking CRFR2 with As2B caused an increase in OT content in BNST<sub>dl</sub> microdialysates, whereas CRFR2 activation by Urocortin 3 did not have an effect. The As2B-induced increase in OT release was blocked by application of the CRFR1 antagonist demonstrating that the effect was dependent on CRFR1 transmission. Interestingly, CRF alone caused a delayed increase in OT content in BNST<sub>dl</sub> microdialysates, which was dependent on CRF2 but not CRF1 receptors. Our results suggest that members of the CRF peptide family modulate OT release in the BNST<sub>dl</sub> via a fine-tuned mechanism that involves both CRFR1 and CRFR2. Further exploration of mechanisms by which endogenous OT system is modulated by CRF peptide family is needed to better understand the role of these neuropeptides in the regulation of anxiety and the stress response.