gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Shrinking microwave filters (2008)

An adaptive predistortion technique has been presented and verified through the design and fabrication of practical filters in both the C and Ku bands. The method allows the realization of microwave filters at a lower cost, lighter mass, smaller volume, and better performance with minimum insertion loss penalties.The concept of lossy filters has been presented from a practical perspective. A simple lossy synthesis technique using any synthesized lossless (nontransversal) filter was shown, which can be used with hyperbolic rotations for loss distribution. Moreover, the limitation on the minimum Q of lossy resonators has been studied using a one-pole filter as a fundamental building block. Lossy four-pole Chebyshev and quasi-elliptic synthesis examples were presented. A four- pole Chebyshev lossy filter in the Ku band has been synthesized, modeled, and fabricated successfully using mixed combline and microstrip technologies. The design has the advantage of having all input-output paths going through more than one resonator, which minimizes unwanted source-to-load coupling, especially at high frequencies. The lossy approach is still at its early stages of development and needs more research and development effort to become as mature as the predistorted filters.
Androgens in serum and the risk of prostate cancer: a nested case-control study from the Janus serum bank in Norway. (1997)

We tested the hypothesis that serum levels of testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and the DHT metabolite 3 alpha,17 beta-androstanediol glucuronide are positively associated with the risk of prostate cancer. This nested case-control study was based on the cohort of men who donated blood to the Janus serum bank at Oslo University Hospital (Oslo, Norway) between 1973 and 1994. Cancer incidence was ascertained through linkage with the Norwegian Cancer Registry. The study included sera from 59 men who developed prostate cancer (cases) subsequent to blood donation and 180 men who were free of any diagnosed cancer (controls) in 1994 and were of similar age (+/- 1 year) and had similar blood storage time (+/- 6 months) to the cases. Neither T, DHT, nor the ratio T:DHT was associated with risk of developing prostate cancer. Compared to the bottom quartile, the odds ratio (OR) associated with the top quartile of T was 0.83 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.36-1.93]; the OR for the top (compared to the bottom) quartile of DHT was 0.83 (95% CI, 0.36-1.94), and the equivalent OR for T:DHT was 1.31 (95% CI, 0.58-2.97). Similarly, 3 alpha,17 beta-androstanediol glucuronide showed no association with prostate cancer risk; the OR for the top (compared to the bottom) quartile was 1.10 (95% CI, 0.41-2.90). These results showed no association, positive or negative, between androgens measured in serum and the subsequent risk of developing prostate cancer.
Band structure and photoemission studies of SnS<sub>2</sub>and SnSe<sub>2</sub>. II. Theoretical (1973)

For pt.I see ibid., vol.6, no.24, 3631 (1973). The energy band structures of SnS2 and SnSe2 are calculated by a semi-empirical tight-binding method. The band structures are discussed in relation to the optical properties of the materials and to previous calculations which have used the pseudopotential technique. Computation of the valence band density of states and of the energy distribution of the joint density of states for various photon energies is described for the case of SnSe2. These results are used to interpret the X-ray and ultraviolet excited photoemission data.
Aerobic biological activated carbon (BAC) treatment of a phenolic wastewater (1992)

Abstract Organic removal rates achieved in the aerobic BAC process were comparable to rates typically reported for traditional aerobic fixed‐film systems. When operated at organic loading rates lower than 0.03 g COD/g GAC‐d and air as the oxygen source, greater than 90 percent COD removal and 99 percent phenol removal was achieved. At higher organic loading rates, oxygen limitations resulted in less than optimal performance. Observed oxygen limitations were mitigated by the use of pure oxygen. Long‐term stability of operation of the BAC process was excellent with one aerobic BAC column operated under the same conditions in excess of 260 days. During that time, consistent column performance was achieved without the need to provide supplemental carbon or carbon regeneration. System biomass yields ranged from 0.05 to 0.30 g VSS/g COD removed and increased with effluent COD concentration.
Direkte Magnesierung funktionalisierter Arene und Heteroarene mit (tmp)<sub>2</sub>Mg⋅2 LiCl (2007)

Wertvolle Zwischenstufen: Zahlreiche funktionalisierte Aryl- und Heteroarylmagnesiumreagentien wurden in THF durch eine direkte Magnesierung mit der aktiven Base (tmp)2Mg⋅2 LiCl erhalten. Folgereaktionen können zur Synthese von Naturstoffen genutzt werden, wie die abgebildete palladiumkatalysierte Kreuzkupplung zeigt. tmp=2,2,6,6-Tetramethylpiperamid.
Identification and characterization of cancer initiating cells from BRCA1 related mammary tumors using markers for normal mammary stem cells (2008)

It is hypothesized that cancer stem cells arise either from normal stem cells or from progenitor cells that have gained the ability to self-renew. Here we determine whether mammary cancer stem cells can be isolated by using antibodies that have been used for the isolation of normal mammary stem cells. We show that BRCA1 mutant cancer cell lines contained a subpopulation of CD24+CD29+ or CD24+CD49f+ cells that exhibited increased proliferation and colony forming ability in vitro, and enhanced tumor-forming ability in vivo. The purified CD24+CD29+ cells could differentiate and reconstitute the heterogeneity found in parental cells when plated as a monolayer. Under low-attachment conditions, we detected "tumorspheres" only in the presence of double positive cells, which maintained their ability to self-renew. Furthermore, CD24+CD29+ cells could form tubular structures reminiscent of the mammary ductal tree when grown in three-dimensional cultures, implying that these cancer cells maintain some of the characteristics of the normal stem cells. Nevertheless, they could still drive tumor formation since as low as 500 double positive cells immediately after sorting from BRCA1 mutant primary tumors were able to form tumors with the same heterogeneity found in the original tumors. These data provide evidence that breast cancer stem cells originate from normal stem cells and advance our understanding of BRCA1-associated tumorigenesis with possible implications for future cancer treatment.
Conservation of the human telomere sequence (TTAGGG)n among vertebrates. (1989)

To determine the evolutionary origin of the human telomere sequence (TTAGGG)n, biotinylated oligodeoxynucleotides of this sequence were hybridized to metaphase spreads from 91 different species, including representative orders of bony fish, reptiles, amphibians, birds, and mammals. Under stringent hybridization conditions, fluorescent signals were detected at the telomeres of all chromosomes, in all 91 species. The conservation of the (TTAGGG)n sequence and its telomeric location, in species thought to share a common ancestor over 400 million years ago, strongly suggest that this sequence is the functional vertebrate telomere.
The type I IFN system in rheumatoid arthritis (2010)

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorder characterized by joint inflammation, immune cell infiltration of the synovia, and cartilage/bone destruction. Despite noteworthy progress in the treatment of RA in recent years, many patients remain refractory to current therapeutic strategies that target either the adaptive immune system or mediators of the innate system. Type I interferons (IFNs) play a significant role in regulation of the innate immune system, originally being discovered as part of intracellular immune defence against viral infection. IFNs are pleiotropic cytokines, mediating both immunostimulatory and immunosuppressive effects. IFN-alpha and beta have been detected in RA synovial fluid and tissue and subsequent therapeutic approaches using type I IFN in murine models of arthritis and in human RA have produced different and controversial results. Great interest has been directed toward principally plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), although also toward myeloid dendritic cells, as sources of type I IFN. Furthermore, manipulation of DC populations in murine RA models demonstrated that pDCs could suppress the development of arthritis and autoimmunity and may offer an attractive therapy for T-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases. Finally, dendritic cells (DCs) are vehicles for the delivery of therapeutic vaccines, and clinical trials are ongoing in RA with "tolerogenic" DC populations. Further, studies on animal models of RA will elucidate how IFN and DCs contribute to the establishment of autoimmune arthritis and the potential for manipulation of these cell populations and products to re-establish the immune tolerance.
Generation of topologically diverse acoustic vortex beams using a compact metamaterial aperture (2016)

Here, we present a class of metamaterial-based acoustic vortex generators which are both geometrically simple and broadly tunable. The aperture overcomes the significant limitations of both active phasing systems and existing passive coded apertures. The metamaterial approach generates topologically diverse acoustic vortex waves motivated by recent advances in leaky wave antennas by wrapping the antenna back upon itself to produce an acoustic vortex wave antenna. We demonstrate both experimentally and analytically that this single analog structure is capable of creating multiple orthogonal orbital angular momentum modes using only a single transducer. The metamaterial design makes the aperture compact, with a diameter nearly equal to the excitation wavelength and can thus be easily integrated into high-density systems. Applications range from acoustic communications for high bit-rate multiplexing to biomedical devices such as microfluidic mixers.
New treatment options for mycosis fungoides (2016)

The article discusses imiquimod treatment for refractory early stage mycosis fungoides, with a review of the literature and three case studies.
Symmetric separate confinement heterostructure lasers with low threshold and narrow beam divergence by m.b.e. (1980)

By optimising the layer structure in a symmetric separate confinement heterostructure laser, and by using molecular beam epitaxy to grow the very thin active layer (~500 Å) needed, very low current threshold densities of ~600 Å/cm2 without reflectance mirror coatings and very stable narrow beam divergence of θ⟂~30° and θ∥~4° were reproducibly obtained.
A 2.7mW 1MSps 10b analog-to-digital converter with built-in reference buffer and 1LSB accuracy programmable input ranges (2004)

A CMOS 1 MSps 10 bit charge-redistribution SAR ADC processes single-ended signals with 1 LSB accuracy selectable input ranges up to supply voltage. A new DAC architecture presents the benefits of a differential approach while sampling single-ended signals. Thanks to new low power design solutions in the ADC comparator and the built-in reference buffer, the total ADC power consumption is only 2.7 mW at 2.4 V supply and 1 MSps. The active area is 0.4 mm/sup 2/ in a 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS process.
FPGA partitioning for critical paths (2002)

FPGA packages have maximum size constraints much larger than the number of IO pins. The resulting IO bottleneck during circuit partitioning means more required packages and more ordinary signal wires crossing between the packages. This cuts more critical timing paths between packages and drastically decreases the circuit operational frequency. In this paper, a bottom-up circuit partitioning method with cone structures is presented. The solution can minimize the delay of critical paths that slow down the circuit without changing the number of partitioned packages.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Review of Methods for Sensing the Nitrogen Status in Plants: Advantages, Disadvantages and Recent Advances (2013)

Nitrogen (N) plays a key role in the plant life cycle. It is the main plant mineral nutrient needed for chlorophyll production and other plant cell components (proteins, nucleic acids, amino acids). Crop yield is affected by plant N status. Thus, the optimization of nitrogen fertilization has become the object of intense research due to its environmental and economic impact. This article focuses on reviewing current methods and techniques used to determine plant N status. Kjeldahl digestion and Dumas combustion have been used as reference methods for N determination in plants, but they are destructive and time consuming. By using spectroradiometers, reflectometers, imagery from satellite sensors and digital cameras, optical properties have been measured to estimate N in plants, such as crop canopy reflectance, leaf transmittance, chlorophyll and polyphenol fluorescence. High correlation has been found between optical parameters and plant N status, and those techniques are not destructive. However, some drawbacks include chlorophyll saturation, atmospheric and soil interference, and the high cost of instruments. Electrical properties of plant tissue have been used to estimate quality in fruits, and water content in plants, as well as nutrient deficiency, which suggests that they have potential for use in plant N determination.
Electroporation as a tool for biotechnology and medicine with specific emphasize on its application for drug and gene delivery review (2004)

It is known that short and sufficiently strong electric field pulses may temporary increase permeability of the cell membranes providing facilitated access of exogenous molecules into the cells and tissues. The phenomenon is known as electroporation or electropermeabilization. Because of its physical nature and easiness to use, electroporation has gained wide application in cell biology, biotechnology, human and veterinary medicine. In the first part of this review the main in vitro applications of electroporation: electrosterilization, electroloading, electrofusion, electroinsertion are presented. Recently electroporation was applied to the tumor tissues to introduce nonpermeant cytotoxic drugs (like bleomycin) into tumor cells in vivo. Such electrochemotherapy allows one to obtain very high responses of the tumor treatment with highly reduced bleomycin doses. The most recent application of in vivo electroporation is delivery of genes to various tissues. The method has been shown to be effective to electrotransfer plasmid DNA to muscles, liver, skin, tumors, mouse testis, arteries and nervous tissues. It is believed that such method of DNA electrotransfer to tissues can be applied in the gene therapy to treat various acquired and congenital diseases. Thus, in the second part of this review, current status of the electroporation for drug and gene delivery into tissues is discussed.
Intestinal Uptake of Uridine in Suckling Rats: Mechanism and Ontogeny (1994)

Nucleosides, essential substrates for a variety of intracellular metabolic reactions, are obtained from dietary and endogenous sources. Nucleotides (which dephosphorylate to nucleosides prior to intestinal absorption) are present in milk and have trophic effects on the developing gastrointestinal tract. The mechanism of transport of nucleosides in the developing intestine of suckling rats is unknown. To address this issue, we therefore examined uridine uptake in rat everted intestinal sacs. In suckling rats (15-17 days old), tissue uptake of low (5-microM) and high (60 microM) concentrations of [3H]-uridine was linear for up to 2 min of incubation. Initial rate of uptake of [3H]-uridine was (i) not significantly different in the jejunum and the ileum; (ii) greater in the presence of Na+, than other cations; (iii) saturable as a function of concentration with a Vmax of 21,044 +/- 2,302 pmol/g tissue wet wt/30 sec and an apparent Km of 33.8 +/- 10.1 microM; (iv) inhibited by high concentration (500 microM) of unlabeled uridine and other nucleosides; (v) temperature-dependent; (vi) energy-dependent; and (vii) pH-sensitive. Developmental maturation was associated with a progressive decrease in the Vmax of the uridine transport process (21,044 +/- 2,302, 14,651 +/- 1,679, and 8,461 +/- 1,369 pmol/g tissue wet wt/30 sec for suckling, weanling, and adult rats, respectively) and a progressive increase in the apparent Km of the uptake system (33.8 +/- 10.1, 55.6 +/- 13.1, and 61.7 +/- 14.5 microM for suckling, weanling, and adult rats, respectively). We concluded that uptake of uridine by the developing intestine of suckling rats involves a carrier-mediated system, which is energy- and temperature-dependent, and requires extracellular sodium. Furthermore, the uptake process was found to undergo clear ontogenic changes with maturation.
Anti‐apoptotic genes Aven and E1B‐19K enhance performance of BHK cells engineered to express recombinant factor VIII in batch and low perfusion cell culture (2007)

The engineering of production cell lines to express anti-apoptotic genes has been pursued in recent years due to potential process benefits, including enhanced cell survival, increased protein expression, and improved product quality. In this study, a baby hamster kidney cell line secreting recombinant factor VIII (BHK-FVIII) was engineered to express the anti-apoptotic genes Aven and E1B-19K. In high cell density shake flask culture evaluation, 11 clonal cell lines expressing either E1B-19K or a combination of Aven and E1B-19K showed improved survival compared to both parental and blank vector cell line controls. These cell lines exhibited lower caspase-3 activation and reduced Annexin-V binding compared to the controls. Parental and blank vector cell lines were less than 50% viable after 48 h of exposure to thapsigargin while cell lines expressing E1B-19K with or without Aven maintained viabilities approaching 90%. Subsequently, the best Aven-E1B-19K candidate cell line was compared to the parental cell line in 12-L perfusion bioreactor studies. Choosing the appropriate perfusion rates in bioreactors is a bioprocess optimization issue, so the bioreactors were operated at sequentially lower specific perfusion rates, while maintaining a cell density of 2 x 10(7) viable cells/mL. The viability of the parental cell line declined from nearly 100% at a perfusion rate of 0.5 nL/cell/day to below 80% viability, with caspase-3 activity exceeding 15%, at its lower perfusion limit of 0.15 nL/cell/day. In contrast, the Aven-E1B-19K cell line maintained an average viability of 94% and a maximum caspase-3 activity of 2.5% even when subjected to a lower perfusion minimum of 0.1 nL/cell/day. Factor VIII productivity, specific growth rate, and cell size decreased for both cell lines at lower perfusion rates, but the drop in all cases was larger for the parental cell line. Specific consumption of glucose and glutamine and production of lactate were consistently lower for the Aven-E1B-19K culture. Furthermore, the yield of ammonia from glutamine increased for the Aven-E1B-19K cell line relative to the parent to suggest altered metabolic pathways following anti-apoptosis engineering. These results demonstrate that expression of anti-apoptotic genes Aven and E1B-19K can increase the stability and robustness of an industrially relevant BHK-FVIII mammalian cell line over a wide range of perfusion rates.
Protein Isolation by Solution‐Controlled Gel Sorption (1991)

Illustrated are the principles for isolating proteins from solution by sorption into a polymer gel phase, driven by the addition of a water-soluble polymer to the protein solution. The separation is shown to be analogous to conventional two-phase aqueous extraction. However, the use of a gel phase rather than a solution for absorbing the protein makes separation of the protein from the polymer and the recycling of the gel phase much simpler. The model system used was linear poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and dextran gel. Increasing the molecular weight and concentration of the PEG favored sorption by the gel of ovalbumin, bovine serum albumin, cytochrome c, and hemoglobin. The proteins could be quantitatively recovered by immersing the gel in PEG-free solution.
Calorespirometric Determination of the Effects of Temperature on Metabolism of<i>Harmonia axyridis</i>(Col: Coccinellidae) from Second Instars to Adults (2004)

Abstract The multicolored Asian lady beetle, Harmonia axyridis (Pallas), is displacing native coccinellid species in North America. To elucidate the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon, it is important to understand its physiological ecology. Hence, this study examined the temperature dependence of the respiratory physiology of this species. Calorespirometry was used to measure metabolic heat and CO2 production rates from second, third, and fourth instars; pupae; and adult beetles at temperatures from 0 to 40°C at 5°C intervals. Mass-specific respiration rates, in terms of either CO2 or heat production, increased with temperature, and, with the exception of pupae, decreased with increasing development. For all developmental stages, the results showed that below 10°C, CO2 was produced primarily from nonoxygen-consuming reactions. CO2 production gradually shifts more to oxygen-consuming reactions with increasing temperature, the fraction of CO2 from oxygen-consuming reactions reaching 0.5–0.7 at 40°C. Adults and second instars were stressed at 35°C and showed high mortality at 40°C, but these conditions were tolerated by all other stages studied. These data agree with field observations of the success of the multicolored Asian lady beetle in the temperature range from 15 to 25°C.
Non-covalent ruthenium polypyridyl complexes–carbon nanotubes composites: an alternative for functional dissolution of carbon nanotubes in solution (2011)

The dispersion of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) in the presence of water soluble polypyridyl complexes of the general formula [Ru(x)(bpy)(y)L](2+) (L = dppz, dppn, tpphz) is reported. These ligands have extended planar π systems, which aid in the solubilization of SWCNTs via π-π interactions.
Retroviral reverse transcriptase inhibitory activity in Thai herbs and spices: screening with Moloney murine leukemia viral enzyme. (1993)

Fifty-seven Thai herbs and spices were examined for their retroviral reverse transcriptase inhibitory activity. All herbs and spices were extracted with hot-water and methanol. Reverse transcriptase inhibitory activity of the extracts was determined by using Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus reverse transcriptase (M-MuLV-RT) reacted with 3H-dTTP and radioactivity measured with a scintillation counter. Eighty-one per cent (46/57) of hot-water extracts and 54% (31/57) of methanol extracts showed inhibitory activities. At a concentration of 125 micrograms/ml, 13% (6/46) of hot-water extracts, namely Eugenia caryophyllus Bullock et Harrison, Phyllanthus urinaria Linn., Terminalia belerica Roxb., Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn., Psidium guajava Linn. and Lawsonia inermis Linn., had a relative inhibitory ratio (IR) over 50%. They showed ratios of 100%, 91%, 75%, 74%, 61% and 60%, respectively. For methanol extracts, only 10% (3/31) had IR values over 50%. They were T. belerica, E. caryophyllus and N. nucifera which exhibited IR values of 83%, 54% and 54%, respectively.