gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Carcinoembryonic antigen. Clinical application (1976)

Carcinoembryionic antigen (CEA) a glycoprotein extracted from colonic cancer tissue (beta-globulin electrophoretic mobility, sedimentation coefficient 7 to 8S, and mol wt approximately 200,000) can be detected and measured by radioimmunoassay. Clinical evaluations of CEA determination have given the following results: In health: (1) Serum CEA level is not influenced by sex, age, blood type, time of blood sampling, or family history of cancer; (2) serum CEA level is influenced by a history of smoking or inflammatory disease of the bowel, lung, pancreas, and other organs (occasionally, a CEA level as high as 10 ng/ml is noted); and (3) currently, CEA positivity is defined as greater than 2.5 ng/ml, however, 5 ng/ml may be more realistic. In cancer: (1) CEA level may be increased in primary cancer of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract as well as in non-GI neoplasia; (2) the CEA test is not recommended for screening to detect early cancer; (3) serum CEA level depends on the stage of the neoplasia and usually is not influenced by the grade of differentiation; and (4) markedly increased (greater than 25 ng/ml serum CEA values are highly suggestive of metastatic cancer, particularly hepatic metastasis. In biological fluid: The CEA or CEA-like activity can be measured in gastrointestinal secretions. Quantitative studies of CEA levels in such fluids may yield more information than is obtainable from studies of serum. However, this possibility needs more study at present. Therefore, the currently available CEA tests cannot replace any of the now standard diagnostic methods for cancer detection. This use for assessment of therapy in selected patients or for following those known to be a high risk for cancer appears promising in preliminary studies, but clinical value, if any, remains to be determined.
Synthesis of new soluble triphenodithiazines and investigation of their donor properties (1992)

Abstract The syntheses of 6 and 7 , starting from 3,6‐dichloro‐2,5‐bis(2‐thioanisido)‐1,4‐benzoquinone ( 4 ), are reported. The solid‐state conformations of 6 and 7 are elucidated by X‐ray structure analysis, and the cyclovoltammetric investigation of 6 and 7 in solution shows low and reversible oxidation half‐waves for both compounds. The relatively high oxidation potentials of 7 compared to 6 are related to their conformational features. EPR measurements on the radical cations derived from 6 and 7 both suggest a planarized conformation of these species. Oxidation of 6 with strong oxidants leads quantitatively to the quinoid triphenodithiazine 8 , whereas the charge‐transfer complex formed between 7 and DDQ exhibits semiconducting properties.
Cell Type- and Region-specific Expression of Neurogranin mRNA in the Cerebral Cortex of the Macaque Monkey (2004)

Neurogranin is a postsynaptic substrate for protein kinase C (PKC). It has been identified in the central nervous system, and the expression has been related to postsynaptic plasticity. Using non-radioactive in situ hybridization histochemistry, we investigated whether mRNA expression of neurogranin varied among the cerebral region and cell types. In most areas of the neocortex excluding area OC (the primary visual area), intense signals were observed in the pyramidal cells in layers III, V and VI. In area OC, intense signals were observed in layers IV as well as layers III and VI. We previously showed that intense signals for GAP-43, a presynaptic PKC substrate, were observed in relay neurons of the lateral geniculate nucleus. From this result and the present result in area OC, we conclude that both pre- and postsynaptic PKC substrates (GAP-43 and neurogranin) are abundant in the geniculocortical synapses. In the hippocampus, intense signals were observed in the pyramidal cells in the subiculum. Taken together with our previous study showing intense signals for GAP-43 in Ammon's horn, the result indicates that both PKC substrates are abundant in the connections between neurons in Ammon's horn and in the subiculum.
Treponemycin, a nitrile antibiotic active against Treponema hyodysenteriae (1985)

Two strains of Streptomyces sp. (isolates 275 and 124) were isolated from soil samples collected from the fields around Lewiston, Idaho. Based on their cellular morphology and physiology, the two isolates were identified as Streptomyces albovinaceous. Both isolates produced an antibiotic when grown in liquid culture medium containing homogenized oats. The antibiotic (treponemycin) was isolated from the culture broth by solvent extraction and purified by silica gel column and preparative thin-layer chromatographies. Treponemycin is a crystalline light-yellow compound with an mp of 93 to 95 degrees C, levorotatory, and soluble in most organic solvents. It is sparingly soluble in water but insoluble in petroleum ether. On the basis of elemental analysis and mass spectral data, the molecular formula of the antibiotic was deduced to be C28H43O6N. The infrared spectrum of the antibiotic indicated the presence of unsaturation, nitrile, lactone, or ester or all three functions, and carbonyl functions in the molecule. A sharp infrared absorption band for nitrile at 2,220 cm-1 and the presence of an unsaturated group indicated that the nitrile function may be attached to an unsaturated carbon atom. The presence of dienenitrile functions was further supported by the UV absorption spectrum of the antibiotic, which gave a UVmax at 257 nm. The proton magnetic resonance spectrum of the antibiotic did not give any peak which could be exchanged with deuterated water, which is an indication of the absence of carboxylic and hydroxyl functions in the molecule. All of the functional groupings indicated by the infrared and UV spectra of the molecule were further confirmed by the 13C-magnetic resonance spectrum of the compound. A brief hydrogenation of the antibiotic yielded a biologically active tetrahydro derivative, whereas extended hydrogenation produced an inactive primary amine. Mild alkaline hydrolysis and subsequent esterification of the antibiotic with diazomethane produced an inactive dimethyl ester. Apparently both the nitrile and the lactone functions are essential for the treponomycin molecule to show antimicrobial activity. The antibiotic showed inhibitory activity against several species of bacteria, especially Treponema hyodysenteriae, the causative agent of swine dysentery. In view of the oral 50% lethal dose of 400 mg/g and its low MIC against four stains of T.hyodysenteriae, the antibiotic may have value as a swine dysentery therapeutic.
New adduct of abietane-type diterpene from <i>Salvia leriifolia</i> Benth. (2016)

A new adduct of abietane-type diterpene, salvialeriicone (1), was isolated from Salvia leriifolia Benth., along with a new chemical entity nor-abietane diterpene, 2-isopropyl-8,8-dimethyl-7,8-dihydrophenanthrene-1,4,5(6H)-trione (2). Their structures were determined using mass spectrometry, and 1D- and 2D-NMR spectroscopy.
Styryl-Telechelic Polyisobutylenes. II. Amphiphilic Sequential Copolymers of Styryl-Telechelic Polyisobutylenes with Vinyl Acetate or N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (1984)

Abstract Styryl-telechelic polyisobutylenes (i.e., linear and three-arm star polyisobutylenes capped with polymerizable p-styryl endgroups St-PIB-St and St-PIB-St) have been copolymerized with vinyl ace State VAc or N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone VP by conventional free radical techniques. The products obtained with St-PIB-St/VAc systems were soluble, most likely branched block copolymers of isobutylene IB and VAc, whereas those prepared with St-PIB-St/VP or St-PIB-St/VP Stcombinations were networks consisting of PIB and poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) PVP sequences. That the copolymerization of St-PIB-St with VAc results in soluble products and that with VP yields networks is due to the very different reactivities of styrene with VAc and with VP. Hydrolysis of VAc units in PID-PV Ac block copolymers gave vinyl alcohol V A units, i.e., these products are branched block copolymers consistion of random VAc/VA composition of these soluble aphiphilic materials was determined from conversion and molecular weight data and by 1H-NMR soectroscopy; their mechanical properties were examined by stress - strain measurements. The composition of amphiphilic PVP-PIB networks was calculated from conversion and elemental analysis data. These gels were founds to bind both water -soludle dyes (methyl orange) and hydrocarbons (benzene). The first binding constant K1 that characterizes the binding of methyl orange by these PVP-PIB networks is one order of magnitude larger than that characteristic of the binding of this dye by cross - linked PVP or by serum albumin.
BCR-ABL: An Anti-Apoptosis Gene in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (1995)

The expression of bcr-abl in chronic myelogenous leukemia leads to a large increase in the generation of mature myeloid cells. The key biochemical alteration in this disease is an increased Abl kinase activity. This up-regulation in activity is mediated through the binding of a portion of the Bcr molecule to the SH2 regulatory domain of the Abl protein. One effect of this alteration is a marked increase in resistance to drug induced cell death by apoptosis. This resistance can be overcome with the use of appropriate antisense oligonucleotides to the bcr-abl gene. The role and contribution of apoptosis to the development of the disease and the prospect of using antisense oligonucleotides as therapeutic agents is discussed.
Pulsed Laser Deposition of Metals (2006)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Deposition Technique Energetic Particles Deposition in Ultrahigh Vacuum Deposition in Inert Gas Atmosphere Potential for Applications Conclusions References
Constitutively active human Notch1 binds to the transcription factor CBF1 and stimulates transcription through a promoter containing a CBF1-responsive element. (1996)

Notch is a transmembrane receptor that plays a critical role in cell fate determination. In Drosophila, Notch binds to and signals through Suppressor of Hairless. A mammalian homologue of Suppressor of Hairless, named CBF1 (or RBPJk), is a ubiquitous transcription factor whose function in mammalian Notch signaling is unknown. To determine whether mammalian Notch can stimulate transcription through a CBF1-responsive element (RE), we cotransfected a CBF1-RE-containing chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter and N1(deltaEC), a constitutively active form of human Notch1 lacking the extracellular domain, into DG75, COS-1, HeLa, and 293T cells, which all contain endogenous CBF1. N1(deltaEC) dramatically increased chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity in these cells, indicating functional coupling of Notch1 and CBF1. The activity was comparable to that produced by the Epstein-Barr virus protein EBNA2, a well-characterized, potent transactivator of CBF1. To test whether CBF1 and Notch1 interact physically, we tagged CBF1 with an epitope from the influenza virus hemagglutinin or with the N-terminal domain of gal4, and transfected the tagged CBF1 plus N1(deltaEC) into COS-1 cells. Cell lysates were immunoprecipitated and immunoblotted with several anti-Notch1 antibodies [to detect N1(deltaEC)] or with antibodies to hemagglutinin or gal4 (to detect CBF1). Each immunoprecipitate contained a complex of N1(deltaEC) and CBF1. In summary, we find that the truncated, active form of human Notch1, N1(deltaEC), binds CBF1 and activates transcription through a CBF1-RE-containing promoter. We conclude that CBF1 is a critical downstream protein in the human Notch1 signaling pathway.
Application of Chromogenic and Fluorogenic Reactands in the Optical Sensing of Dissolved Aliphatic Amines (1998)

A new class of dyes has been investigated that reversibly interacts with aliphatic amines, resulting in changes in absorbance or fluorescence. These dyes, which combine the properties of both a chemical reagent and a ligand, are termed “reactands”. When embedded in plasticized PVC membranes, the reactand 4-(N,N-dioctylamino)-4‘-trifluoroacetylazobenzene (ETHT 4001) shows a significant signal change on exposure to aqueous amine solutions, with a decrease in absorbance around 490 nm and an increase in absorbance around 420 nm wavelength. This change in absorbance is caused by a conversion of the trifluoroacetyl group of the reactand into a hemiaminal or a zwitterion. Upon interaction with 1-butylamine, the sensor layer exhibits a dynamic range from 1 to 100 mM 1-butylamine, with maximum relative signal changes of 90%. The limit of detection with this approach is 0.3 mM.The forward response time (t95) for a decade change in activity is 10 min, and the reverse response time is 5 min. The selectivity of ETHT 4001 toward amines correlates with the lipophilicity of the amines in plasticized PVC. Sterical factors additionally affect selectivity in that the reactions of secondary, tertiary, and bulky primary amines with the trifluoroacetyl group are hindered. A similar response is observed for the fluorescent reactand 4-(N,N-dioctylamino)-4‘-trifluoroacetylstilbene (ETHT 4004). When this reactand is exposed to 1-butylamine, a decrease in fluorescence around 580 nm is observed, which can be as high as 90% of the total fluorescence intensity. To prevent interferences from ions and ambient light, the sensor layer is coated with a protective layer of microporous white PTFE.
Therapy of experimental tuberculosis in guinea pigs with mycobacterial phages DS-6A, GR-21 T, My-327. (1981)

Guinea pigs, weighing 250-350 g, were infected with approximately 5,000 of live germs M- tuberculosis H 37 Rv grown 10 days in deep culture of liquid semisynthetic medium according to Sula. The infection was performed subcutaneously in inquinal region. For the therapy following phages were used: DS-6A, GR-21/T, My-327 injected twice a week subcutaneously in the dose of 10(6)/1 ml of live particles for 10 weeks. The therapeutic effect was expressed by spleen and hilus index. Out of the phages used, phage DS-6A had the highest therapeutic effect with mean spleen index of 0.19, corresponding approximately to the spleen index reached with the most effective tuberculostaticum INH. The exact explanation of the phage therapeutic effect in given experimental conditions, when the phages are not applied locally in order to gain the direct contact with infectious antigens, is not known. It is suggested that there presumably exists an interaction between the released phage nucleic acid and the nucleic acid synthesis needed for the growth of mycobacteria in vivo.
Division and Square Root: Digit-Recurrence Algorithms and Implementations (1994)

1.General Comments. 2. Division by Digit Recurrence. 3. Theory of Digit-Recurrence Division. 4. Division with Scaling and Prediction. 5. Higher Radix Division. 6. On-the-Fly Conversion and Rounding. 7. Square Root by Digit Recurrence. 8. Implementations of Square Root. Appendices: Restoring and Non-Restoring Division Evaluation of Some Implementations.
Top-down fabrication of single crystal silicon nanowire using optical lithography (2012)

A method for fabricating single crystal silicon nanowires is presented using top-down optical lithography and anisotropic etching. Wire diameters as small as 10 nm are demonstrated using silicon on insulator substrates. Structural characterization confirms that wires are straight, have a triangular cross section and are without breakages over lengths of tens of microns. Electrical characterization indicates bulk like mobility values, not strongly influenced by surface scattering or quantum confinement. Processing is compatible with conventional silicon technology having much larger critical dimensions. Integrating such nanowires with a mature CMOS technology offers an inexpensive route to their exploitation as sensors.
User-driven sampling strategies in image exploitation (2013)

Visual analytics and interactive machine learning both try to leverage the complementary strengths of humans and machines to solve complex data exploitation tasks. These fields overlap most significantly when training is involved: the visualization or machine learning tool improves over time by exploiting observations of the human-computer interaction. This paper focuses on one aspect of the human-computer interaction that we call user-driven sampling strategies. Unlike relevance feedback and active learning sampling strategies, where the computer selects which data to label at each iteration, we investigate situations where the user selects which data is to be labeled at each iteration. User-driven sampling strategies can emerge in many visual analytics applications but they have not been fully developed in machine learning. User-driven sampling strategies suggest new theoretical and practical research questions for both visualization science and machine learning. In this paper we identify and quantify the potential benefits of these strategies in a practical image analysis application. We find user-driven sampling strategies can sometimes provide significant performance gains by steering tools towards local minima that have lower error than tools trained with all of the data. In preliminary experiments we find these performance gains are particularly pronounced when the user is experienced with the tool and application domain.
Fabrication of CH3NH3PbI3/PVP Composite Fibers via Electrospinning and Deposition (2015)

In our study, one-dimensional PbI₂/polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) composition fibers have been prepared by using PbI₂ and PVP as precursors dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide via a electrospinning process. Dipping the fibers into CH₃NH₃I solution changed its color, indicating the formation of CH₃NH₃PbI₃, to obtain CH₃NH₃PbI₃/PVP composite fibers. The structure, morphology and composition of the all as-prepared fibers were characterized by using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy.
Micromachined three-dimensional tunable Fabry-Perot etalons (1995)

We report on novel 3D tunable Fabry-Perot etalons fabricated by surface micromachining technique. The Fabry-Perot etalons are tuned by rotation or translation movements. For the Fabry-Perot etalon tuned by rotational movement, the Fabry-Perot etalon is integrated with a rotational stage and the effective light path distance is adjusted by rotating the stage. The transmission peak wavelength shift (Delta) (lambda) <SUB>p</SUB> of 32 nm has been observed for tuning angle (Delta) (Theta) equal to 70 degrees. For the Fabry-Perot etalon tuned by linear translation, two mirrors consitituting the etalon are integrated with translational stages. The stage consists of a slider constrained by flanges along the two edges so that only translational movement along the optical axis is allowed. By changing the distance between two mirrors for 2.25 micrometers , a transmission peak wavelength shift (Delta) (lambda) <SUB>p</SUB> of 103 nm has been achieved. The 3D Fabry-Perot etalons can be easily extended to integrate with other micro- optical elements fabricated in a similar way. Furthermore, fiber-to-fiber coupling will be easy with this 3D approach. The 3D tunable Fabry-Perot etalon is another successful demonstration of the free-space micro-optical bench (FS-MOB) technology we have proposed previously.
Design of a Superhydrophobic Surface Using Woven Structures (2007)

The relationship between surface tension and roughness is reviewed. The Cassie-Baxter model is restated in its original form, which better describes the most general cases of surface roughness. Using mechanical and chemical surface modification of nylon 6,6 woven fabric, an artificial superhydrophobic surface was prepared. A plain woven fabric mimicking the Lotus leaf was created by further grafting 1H,1H-perfluorooctylamine or octadecylamine to poly(acrylic acid) chains which had previously been grafted onto a nylon 6,6 woven fabric surface. Water contact angles as high as 168 degrees were achieved. Good agreement between the predictions based on the original Cassie-Baxter model and experiments was obtained. The version of the Cassie-Baxter model in current use could not be applied to this problem since the surface area fractions in this form is valid only when the liquid is in contact with a flat, porous surface. The angle at which a water droplet rolls off the surface has also been used to define a superhydrophobic surface. It is shown that the roll-off angle is highly dependent on droplet size. The roll-off angles of these superhydrophobic surfaces were less than 5 degrees when a 0.5 mL water droplet was applied.
Molecular mechanisms of secondary hyperparathyroidism (2000)

Secondary hyperparathyroidism is a frequent complication of chronic renal failure (CRF) and a major factor in the pathogenesis of renal osteodystrophy. A high serum phosphate, decreased levels of serum 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 and the subsequently low serum calcium are the major metabolic abnormalities in CRF, which lead to the secondary hyperparathyroidism. At the level of parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion there is insensi- tivity to the ambient serum calcium. PTH mRNA levels are increased by a post-transcriptional mechanism that involves the binding of PT cytosolic proteins to the PTH mRNA 3'-untranslated region (UTR). In a dietary model of secondary hyperparathyroidism due to hypocalcemia there is increased binding of parathyroid proteins to the 3'-UTR and decreased degradation as determined by an in vitro degradation assay. Changes in serum phosphate also dramatically regulate PTH mRNA stability. There is also regulation at the level of PT cell proliferation. PT cell proliferation is increased by experimental hypocal- cemia or hyperphosphatemia and decreased by hypo- phosphatemia and administered 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 . The un- derstanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in the genesis of secondary hyperparathyroidism will allow the design of new effective strategies in the management of this troubling condition.
Virtual Software Execution Environments for Distributed Embedded Control Systems (2011)

The size and complexity of large-scale distributed embedded systems such as automotive and process controls have increased recently. Sophisticated systems that are safe and environmentally friendly require numerous types of sensor data, which are collected from various devices and sent to computers through networks. To develop such large-scale distributed embedded systems with high dependability and productivity, we have developed a virtual execution environment platform. This platform integrates numerous CPU simulators and various device simulators through the network and provides network-wide simulation functionalities. In this paper, we describe a fast CPU simulator and controlled object simulation for testing control software in a virtual software execution environment. The virtual environment integrates a CPU simulator and a controlled object simulator in order to test functional behaviors of embedded control software. The environment enables the developer to test control software at the same execution rate as a real system without the source codes. This is very helpful because in this industry, not all of the source codes are provided.
Randomised trial of intranasal versus intramuscular naloxone in prehospital treatment for suspected opioid overdose (2005)

IN naloxone is effective in treating opiate-induced respiratory depression, but is not as effective as IM naloxone. IN delivery of naxolone could reduce the risk of needlestick injury to ambulance officers and, being relatively safe to make more widely available, could increase access to life-saving treatment in the community.