gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Unisexual and Heterosexual Meiotic Reproduction Generate Aneuploidy and Phenotypic Diversity De Novo in the Yeast Cryptococcus neoformans (2013)

Aneuploidy is known to be deleterious and underlies several common human diseases, including cancer and genetic disorders such as trisomy 21 in Down's syndrome. In contrast, aneuploidy can also be advantageous and in fungi confers antifungal drug resistance and enables rapid adaptive evolution. We report here that sexual reproduction generates phenotypic and genotypic diversity in the human pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans, which is globally distributed and commonly infects individuals with compromised immunity, such as HIV/AIDS patients, causing life-threatening meningoencephalitis. C. neoformans has a defined a-α opposite sexual cycle; however, >99% of isolates are of the α mating type. Interestingly, α cells can undergo α-α unisexual reproduction, even involving genotypically identical cells. A central question is: Why would cells mate with themselves given that sex is costly and typically serves to admix preexisting genetic diversity from genetically divergent parents? In this study, we demonstrate that α-α unisexual reproduction frequently generates phenotypic diversity, and the majority of these variant progeny are aneuploid. Aneuploidy is responsible for the observed phenotypic changes, as chromosome loss restoring euploidy results in a wild-type phenotype. Other genetic changes, including diploidization, chromosome length polymorphisms, SNPs, and indels, were also generated. Phenotypic/genotypic changes were not observed following asexual mitotic reproduction. Aneuploidy was also detected in progeny from a-α opposite-sex congenic mating; thus, both homothallic and heterothallic sexual reproduction can generate phenotypic diversity de novo. Our study suggests that the ability to undergo unisexual reproduction may be an evolutionary strategy for eukaryotic microbial pathogens, enabling de novo genotypic and phenotypic plasticity and facilitating rapid adaptation to novel environments.
Another member of the cyclic nucleotide-gated channel family, expressed in testis, kidney, and heart. (1994)

Cyclic nucleotide-gated cation channels are essential in visual and olfactory signal transduction. An additional member of the cGMP-gated channel family, termed CNG-3, has been cloned from bovine kidney. Its deduced amino acid sequence is 60% and 62% identical with the CNG-channel proteins from bovine rod outer segment and bovine olfactory epithelium, respectively. Northern analysis and sequences amplified by the PCR showed that the CNG-3 mRNA is present in testis, kidney, and heart. Calcium permeated the expressed channel in the presence of extracellular Mg2+ and Na+ at membrane potentials from -100 to +45 mV. It is likely that CNG-3 protein is responsible for cGMP-induced Ca2+ entry in cells other than sensory cells.
Mangiferin, a natural xanthone, accelerates gastrointestinal transit in mice involving cholinergic mechanism. (2012)

Our data indicate the prokinetic action of mangiferin. It can stimulate the normal GIT and also overcome the drug-induced transit delay, via a cholinergic physiological mechanism.
Study on effect of carbon black on behavior of conductive polymer composites with positive temperature coefficient (2000)

Conductive polymer composites showing large positive temperature coefficient (PTC) are made of semi-crystalline polymer as an insulator and a conducting filler, whose concentration is close to the critical volume fraction. In this study, the resistivity and PTC behavior of high density polyethylene (HDPE) filled with different carbon blacks were studied. Among those composites, N660 carbon black filled PE showed the greatest PTC behavior. Carbon black with large particle size, small surface area and small amount of aggregated structure leads to large amplitude of PTC transition (defined as the ratio of maximum resistivity to the resistivity at 25/spl deg/C). The great PTC behavior is due to some microscopic mechanism under the macroscopic thermal expansion of polymer matrix during melting of polymer crystal.
Cooperative sensing and recognition by a swarm of mobile robots (2012)

We present an approach for distributed real-time recognition tasks using a swarm of mobile robots. We focus on the visual recognition of hand gestures, but the solutions that we provide have general applicability and address a number of challenges common to many distributed sensing and classification problems. In our approach, robots acquire and process hand images from multiple points of view, most of which do not allow for a satisfactory classification. Each robot is equipped with a statistical classifier, which is used to generate an opinion for the sensed gesture. Using a low-bandwidth wireless channel, the robots locally exchange their opinions. They also exploit mobility to adapt their positions to maximize the mutual information collectively gathered by the swarm. A distributed consensus protocol is implemented, to allow to rapidly settle on a decision once enough evidence is available. The system is implemented and demonstrated on real robots. In addition, extensive quantitative results of emulation experiments, based on a real image dataset, are reported. We consider different scenarios and study the scalability and the robustness of the swarm performance for distributed recognition.
Membrane fusion plays an important role in gene transfection mediated by cationic liposomes (1998)

By confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) we have studied the membrane fusion between cationic liposomes and the endosome membranes involved in gene transfection mediated by cationic liposomes. Antisense oligonucleotides were transferred by cationic liposomes with a cationic cholesterol derivative, cholesteryl-3beta-carboxyamidoethylenedimethylamine (I). Cationic liposomes were made by a mixture of the derivative I and DOPE. The intracellular distribution of fluorescein-conjugated antisense oligonucleotides (phosphorothioate) was studied by CLSM. The images showed that the antisense oligonucleotides were preferentially transferred into the nucleus of target cells (NIH3T3, COS-7 and HeLa cells) by the liposomes with derivative I. However, their transfection was completely blocked by nigericin which was able to dissipate the pH gradient across the endosome membranes, although the liposome/DNA complex was found in the cytoplasm of the target cells. This was quite in contrast with the fluorescence images of the target cells treated with wortmannin, an inhibitor of endocytosis. The results suggest that at least two steps are effective for gene transfection mediated by the cationic liposomes with cationic cholesterol derivatives. One is the endocytosis of the liposome/DNA complex into the target cells and the other is the removal of antisense oligonucleotides (plasmid DNAs) from the complex in the endosomes. The latter step was preferentially preceded by the membrane fusion between the cationic liposomes and the endosome membranes at around pH 5.0.
GENERAL BIBLIOGRAPHY (2011)

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A cesium beam atomic clock using laser optical pumping. Preliminary tests (1980)

A passive microwave cesium beam resonator utilizing optical pumping with a C.W. narrowband tunable laser (here, a GaAs laser) has been realized. A population difference between the levels of the ground state hyperfine transition of 133Cs (at 9 192.631... MHz) is achieved by optical pumping with the GaAs laser; the microwave resonance is detected through a change in the intensity of the fluorescence induced by the same laser. Preliminary tests of operation of the apparatus as an atomic clock have been performed.
An integrative framework for knowledge extraction in collaborative virtual environments (2001)

Collaborative virtual environments are becoming an intrinsic part of professional practices. In addition to providing collaboration support, they have the potential to collect vast amounts of data about collaborative activities. The aim of this research is to utilize this data effectively, extract meaningful insights out of it and feeding discovered knowledge back into the environment. The paper presents a framework for integrating knowledge discovery techniques with collaborative virtual environments, starting from early conceptual development. Discovered patterns are deposited in an organizational memory which makes these available within the virtual environment. Two examples of the application of the framework are included.
Joint effect of 21 marker loci and effect of realized inbreeding on growth in pigs (1996)

Abstract Four litters produced by father-daughter matings (back crosses) resulting in 35 animals with a theoretical inbreeding coefficient of 25% were typed with 21 independent informative markers. The differences between the two founder animals were estimated, based on the marker information, and it was found that the founder boar had higher genetic potential for proportion of lean meat and lower genetic potential for groivth than the founder sow. The proportion of the genome of each offspring which was identical by descent was investigated. On the basis of these markers the realized inbreeding was found to vary between 7 and 47%. The linear decrease in weight at days 1, 26 and 136, average daily gain and proportion of lean meat regressed on the realized inbreeding were estimated to 0·6 kg, 2·4 kg, 18 kg, 95 g/day and 15 g/kg, respectively. For weight at day 88 a corresponding linear increase of 11 kg was observed. The joint effect of founder differences and realized inbreeding were as expected negative and statistically significant for all growth traits.
SMS2 deficiency impairs PKCδ-regulated B cell tolerance in the germinal center (2021)

B cell tolerance prevents autoimmunity by deleting or deactivating autoreactive B cells that otherwise may cause autoantibody-driven disorders, including systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus). Lupus is characterized by immunoglobulin Gs carrying a double-stranded (ds)-DNA autospecificity derived mainly from somatic hypermutation in the germinal center (GC), pointing to a checkpoint breach of GC B cell tolerance that leads to lupus. However, tolerance mechanisms in the GC remain poorly understood. Here, we show that upregulated sphingomyelin synthase 2 (SMS2) in anti-dsDNA GC B cells induces apoptosis by directly activating protein kinase C δ (PKCδ)'s pro-apoptotic activity. This tolerance mechanism prevents lupus autoimmunity in C57/BL6 mice and can be stimulated pharmacologically to inhibit lupus pathogenesis in lupus-prone NZBWF1 mice. Patients with lupus consistently have substantially reduced SMS2 expression in B cells and to an even greater extent in autoimmune-prone, age-associated B cells, suggesting that patients with lupus have insufficient SMS2-regulated B cell tolerance.
Structural Requirements for Binding of Myelin Basic Protein (MBP) Peptides to MHC II: Effects on Immune Regulation (2005)

Confronting Multiple Sclerosis requires as an underlying step the manipulation of immune response through modification of Myelin Basic Protein peptides. The aim is to design peptidic or nonpeptidic molecules that compete for recognition of self-antigens at the level of antigen presentation. The rational approach is to substitute residues that serve as anchors for the T-Cell Receptor with others that show no binding at all, and those that serve as Major Histocompatibility Complex II anchors with others that present increased binding affinity. The resulting structure, hence, retains normal or increased MHC II binding properties, but fails to activate disease-inducing T-cells. This rational design can only be achieved by identifying the structural requirements for binding of the natural peptide to MHC II, and the anchor residues with their corresponding specific pockets in the binding groove. The peptide-MHC II complex then interacts with the TCR; thus, an additional way to trigger the desired immune response is to alter secondary anchor residues as well as primary ones. In this review, the structural requirements for binding of MBP peptides to MHC II are presented, as are the mechanism and key features for TCR recognition of the peptide-MHC II complex.
THE CURVILINEAR RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN DEMAND LEVEL AND PERFORMANCE IN AN ORGANIZATIONAL FIELD SETTING (1989)

Summary.-A curvilinear relationship was posited between job demand and job performance and was tested in a two-year organizational field study involving male youth counselon placed in seven different demand levels. Over the course of the study, these on-call counselors worked in most levels. Composite aggregations of individual self-reported racings of variations in che job-demand levels were derived. Support for the hypothesized curvilinear relationship was found. Possible implications of the resulcs are discussed. The theoretical and empirical basis for the proposed curvilinear relationship between job-demand level and various outcome (e.g., performance) measures dates back over 100 years. Initially, interest involved examination of and emotional states. However, neither philosophers nor researchers have succeeded in compiling a satisfactory definition of (Cofer, 1972). At best, there is a relative consensus that emotion refers to some manner or form of arousal of the individual, so arousal now is widely accepted as a substitute for the general emotional state of the individual. Wundt (1904) carried some of the earlier formulations of philosophers into the experimental laboratory. Through the use of introspection, he formulated the optimal level of stimulation as the quantitative relationship now commonly known as the curvilinear or inverted-U relationshp. Yerkes and Dodson (1908) applied Wundt's construct to learning and formulated a law that involved not only the intensity of stimulation (arousal) but also the complexity (demand level) of the learned behavior. The curvilinear relationship has been illustrated regularly (Duffy, 1941, 1962; Stennett, 1957; Anderson, 1776) in laboratory situations. Studies (Duffy, 1962; Lindsley, 1951; Zuckerman, 1979) typically suggest that there is a level of arousal (demand level) which is optimal in terms of various outcome measures (performance). Further, this optimal level is an intermediate one lying between the poles of drowsiness and extreme excitement (Cofer, 1972). For all their success in the laboratory, researchers have provided little empirical evidence of this curvilinear relationship in organizational field settings. It is not, however, unreasonable to expect that this relationship would
Benzoxazole-Linked Ultrastable Covalent Organic Frameworks for Photocatalysis (2018)

The structural uniqueness of covalent organic frameworks (COFs) has brought these new materials great potential for advanced applications. One of the key aspects yet to be developed is how to improve the robustness of covalently linked reticular frameworks. In order to make the best use of π-conjugated structures, we develop herein a "killing two birds with one stone" strategy and construct a series of ultrastable benzoxazole-based COFs (denoted as LZU-190, LZU-191, and LZU-192) as metal-free photocatalysts. Benefiting from the formation of benzoxazole rings through reversible/irreversible cascade reactions, the synthesized COFs exhibit permanent stability in the presence of strong acid (9 M HCl), strong base (9 M NaOH), and sunlight. Meanwhile, reticulation of the benzoxazole moiety into the π-conjugated COF frameworks decreases the optical band gap and therefore increases the capability for visible-light absorption. As a result, the excellent photoactivity and unprecedented recyclability of LZU-190 (for at least 20 catalytic runs, each with a product yield of 99%) have been illustrated in the visible-light-driven oxidative hydroxylation of arylboronic acids to phenols. This contribution represents the first report on the photocatalytic application of benzoxazole-based structures, which not only sheds new light on the exploration of robust organophotocatalysts from small molecules to extended frameworks but also offers in-depth understanding of the structure-activity relationship toward practical applications of COF materials.
Host-Guest Interactions at Self-Assembled Monolayers of Cyclodextrins on Gold (2000)

We have developed synthesis routes for the introduction of short and long dialkylsulfides onto the primary side of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-cyclodextrins. Monolayers of these cyclodextrin adsorbates were characterized by electrochemistry, wettability studies, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The differences in thickness and polarity of the outerface of the monolayers were measured by electro-chemistry and wettability studies. On average about 70% of the sulfide moieties were used for binding to the gold, as measured by XPS. Tof-SIMS measurements showed that the cyclodextrin adsorbates adsorb without any bond breakage. AFM measurements revealed for beta-cyclodextrin monolayers a quasi-hexagonal lattice with a lattice constant of 20.6 A, which matches the geometrical size of the adsorbate. The alpha-cyclodextrin and gamma-cyclodextrin monolayers are less ordered. Interactions of the anionic guests 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonic acid (1,8-ANS) and 2-(p-toluidinyl)naphthalene-6-sulfonic acid (2,6-TNS) and the highly ordered monolayers of heptapodant beta-cyclodextrin adsorbates were studied by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The SPR measurements clearly showed interactions between a beta-cyclodextrin monolayer and 1,8-ANS. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements gave high responses even at low guest concentrations (< or = 5 microM). The association constant for the binding of 1,8-ANS (K = 289,000 +/- 13,000M-1) is considerably higher than the corresponding value in solution. (Partial) methylation of the secondary side of the beta-cyclodextrin strongly decreases the binding.
The Molecular Basis of Optical Activity: Optical Rotatory Dispersion and Circular Dichroism (1979)

Demonstrates how the phenomena of optical activity are treated by spectroscopists and theoreticians. Bridges the gap between chiroptical observations and underlying physical laws. Emphasizes the treatment of optical activity as absorptive processes in which the radiation-molecule interaction results in a transition which carries the molecule from one quantum state to another.
Pad placement and ring routing for custom chip layout (1990)

This paper presents an optimum scheme for interconnecting the chip core and the I/O pads in the final stage of physical design. The pad placement routine, based on linear assignment, determines the dimension of the pad ring and selects the optimum position for each pad with the objective of minimizing the chip area and the total wire length. The router is based on a channel routing algorithm which incorporates additional features to address the special needs of the ring configuration. It attempts to achieve 100% routing completion in a rectangular ring-shaped area with two interconnect layers. The complete package has been implemented as part of the BEAR Layout System for custom chip design.
Motion estimation and compensation in dynamic spiral CT reconstruction (2005)

Respiratory and cardiac motion causes blurring in dynamic X-ray computed tomography (CT). Fast scans reduce this problem, but they require a higher radiation dose per time period to maintain the signal to noise ratio of the resulting images, thereby magnifying the health risk to the patient. As an alternative to increased radiation, our team has already developed a cone-beam reconstruction algorithm based on a dynamic particle model that estimates, predicts, and compensates for respiratory motion in circular X-ray CT. The current paper presents an extension of this method to spiral CT, applicable to modern multi-slice scanners that take advantage of the speed and dose benefits of helical trajectories. We adapted all three main areas of the algorithm: back-projection, prediction, and compensation/accumulation. In back-projection, we changed the longitudinal rebinning technique, filter direction, and the method of enforcing the data sufficiency requirements. For prediction, we had to be careful of objects appearing and disappearing as the scanner bed advanced. For compensation/accumulation, we controlled the reconstruction time and combined images to cover a greater longitudinal extent for each phase in the respiratory or cardiac cycle. Tests with moving numerical phantoms demonstrate that the algorithm successfully improves the temporal resolution of the images while keeping the dose and signal-to-noise benefits of a longer scan
Organic EL cells using alkaline metal compounds as electron injection materials (1997)

Organic electroluminescent (EL) devices with multilayer structure were fabricated using alkaline metal compounds as the electron injection materials. We found that the EL cells using the alkaline metal compounds reduce the driving voltage and increase the quantum EL efficiency. In addition, these cells are made with good reproducibility compared with the cells using aluminum and lithium alloy cathode.
TCT.1, a target molecule for gamma/delta T cells, is encoded by an immunoglobulin superfamily gene (Blast-1) located in the CD1 region of human chromosome 1. (1991)

We have recently generated a series of gamma/delta T cell clones able to kill, after in vitro immunization, an Epstein-Barr Virus-transformed B cell line (designated E418) in a non-major histocompatibility complex-requiring fashion. A monoclonal antibody, termed anti-10H3, produced against E418 was selected by its ability to block these cytotoxic interactions. Further analysis indicated that the inhibitory effects of anti-10H3 were highly selective (i.e., no blocking activity with multiple control clones used as effector cells; no alteration of the natural killer-like function mediated by the relevant gamma/delta clones against 10H3+ tumor cells such as Rex). The molecule immunoprecipitated by anti-10H3, termed TCT.1, was characterized as a 43-kD protein broadly distributed in the hematopoietic system. The TCT.1 molecule has been further studied here by protein microsequencing. Results show that the TCT.1-derived peptide sequences are virtually identical to corresponding regions of Blast-1, a previously described surface protein with unknown function. The likely identity of the two molecules has been strengthened by analyzing the susceptibility of TCT.1 to phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C digestion in light of the known anchorage of Blast-1 to the cell membrane through a glycosyl-phosphatidylinositol-containing lipid. The TCT.1/Blast-1-encoding gene is well characterized; it belongs to the immunoglobulin gene superfamily and it is located in the same band of chromosome 1 as the CD1 gene cluster. Together, these data further support the view that proteins distinct from the conventional class I/II histocompatibility molecules are involved in specific T cell recognition.