gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A 3-ns range, 8-ps resolution, timing generator LSI utilizing Si bipolar gate array (1991)

A 3-ns-range, 8-ps-resolution timing generator LSI has been realized by using Si bipolar gate arrays. By adopting a redundant weighted delay-unit matrix based on a process-insensitive polynomial formulation, +or-2-ps linearity error has been attained at input clock rates of up to 700 MHz. Thermal noise and interconnection crosstalk have been quantitatively investigated as critical factors causing timing error. By adopting the results to the circuit and layout design, thermal jitter and systematic timing error due to crosstalk were successfully suppressed to less than 8 and +or-5 ps. respectively.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Zur fragwürdigen Existenz von thioxo‐indigoiden Verbindungen, (1994)

Weder in Substanz noch in Lösung scheinen indigoide Verbindungen wie 1 mit Thioxo‐ anstatt Oxogruppen zu existieren. Die Oxidation leukoindigoider Vorstufen führt in keinem Falle zu 1 , sondern in Abhängigkeit von den Heteroatomen X (S, NCH 3 , NH, O)zu den valenzisomeren 1,2‐Dithiinen 2 oder zu makrocyclischen Bisdisulfiden. magnified image
Optical gain in GaN based semiconductors (1997)

Since successful lasing has been reported for wurtzite (WZ) GaN and related materials, researchers are now interested in exploring the possibility of reducing the threshold current density (Jth). In this paper, we focus on this point by calculating the optical gain. We discuss the reduction in Jth on the c-plane, and we investigate the anisotropic strain effect on the (11~00) plane.
Simulation of the Undiseased Human Cardiac Ventricular Action Potential: Model Formulation and Experimental Validation (2011)

Cellular electrophysiology experiments, important for understanding cardiac arrhythmia mechanisms, are usually performed with channels expressed in non myocytes, or with non-human myocytes. Differences between cell types and species affect results. Thus, an accurate model for the undiseased human ventricular action potential (AP) which reproduces a broad range of physiological behaviors is needed. Such a model requires extensive experimental data, but essential elements have been unavailable. Here, we develop a human ventricular AP model using new undiseased human ventricular data: Ca(2+) versus voltage dependent inactivation of L-type Ca(2+) current (I(CaL)); kinetics for the transient outward, rapid delayed rectifier (I(Kr)), Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchange (I(NaCa)), and inward rectifier currents; AP recordings at all physiological cycle lengths; and rate dependence and restitution of AP duration (APD) with and without a variety of specific channel blockers. Simulated APs reproduced the experimental AP morphology, APD rate dependence, and restitution. Using undiseased human mRNA and protein data, models for different transmural cell types were developed. Experiments for rate dependence of Ca(2+) (including peak and decay) and intracellular sodium ([Na(+)](i)) in undiseased human myocytes were quantitatively reproduced by the model. Early afterdepolarizations were induced by I(Kr) block during slow pacing, and AP and Ca(2+) alternans appeared at rates >200 bpm, as observed in the nonfailing human ventricle. Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMK) modulated rate dependence of Ca(2+) cycling. I(NaCa) linked Ca(2+) alternation to AP alternans. CaMK suppression or SERCA upregulation eliminated alternans. Steady state APD rate dependence was caused primarily by changes in [Na(+)](i), via its modulation of the electrogenic Na(+)/K(+) ATPase current. At fast pacing rates, late Na(+) current and I(CaL) were also contributors. APD shortening during restitution was primarily dependent on reduced late Na(+) and I(CaL) currents due to inactivation at short diastolic intervals, with additional contribution from elevated I(Kr) due to incomplete deactivation.
Analysis of reactive distillation using the esterification of acetic acid as an example (1997)

Abstract The uncatalyzed esterification of acetic acid is described in the literature as a typical example of reactive distillation. Many rigorous models were validated using this esterification as an example. Process proposals for the production of pure ethyl acetate from ethanol and acetic acid have been determined using short‐cut methods with the assumption of chemical equilibrium only. In this publication, the limitations of this esterification are clarified, using a rigorous model that was developed. The reasons why reactive distillation appears to be unfavorable for this esterification are explained. It is, however, theoretically possible to obtain ethyl acetate in high purity with different variants of the process. Different process variants are examined in this work. Construction variables that are important for the design of reactive columns, such as the number of reactive separation stages and the holdup in the column, are analyzed. Furthermore, the influence of variables dependent on the component system, such as the phase equilibrium of the reactive system and the reaction kinetics on the conversion in the column, are described. It can be shown that the short‐cut methods published so far for reactive distillation, which assume chemical equilibrium, are inadequate.
Amplitude optimization and pitch prediction in multipulse coders (1989)

Although the multipulse model is conceptually simple, the problem of locating the pulses is computationally complex. The authors discuss the basic multipulse model and describe a procedure to compute the excitation with optimally adjusted amplitudes. The algorithm provides a framework for computing multipulse excitation with varying degrees of optimization and computational complexity. The authors find that speech quality depends on the pulse rate. They also find that for the same quality, female speech requires a higher pulse rate than male speech. The pitch dependence can be reduced and speech quality improved for high-pitched speakers by incorporating long delay prediction in the multipulse model.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An Exact Method for Computing Delay Margin for Stability of Load Frequency Control Systems With Constant Communication Delays (2015)

The extensive usage of open communication networks in power system control causes inevitable time delays. This paper studies impacts of such delays on the stability of one-area and two-area load frequency control (LFC) systems and proposes an analytical method to determine delay margins, the upper bound on the delay for stability. The proposed method first eliminates transcendental terms in characteristic equation of LFC systems without making any approximation and transforms the transcendental characteristic equation into a regular polynomial. The key result of the elimination process is that real roots of the new polynomial correspond to imaginary roots of the transcendental characteristic equation. With the help of new polynomial, it is also possible to determine the delay-dependency of system stability and root tendency with respect to the time delay. An analytical formula is then developed to compute delay margins in terms of system parameters. For a large set of controller gains, delay margins of LFC systems are computed to investigate the qualitative effect of controller gains on the delay margin. Finally, simulations studies are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
On뀀Ƞ chip뀀Ƞ droplet뀀Ƞ characterization:뀀Ƞ A뀀Ƞ practical,뀀Ƞ high-sensitivity뀀Ƞ measurement뀀Ƞof뀀Ƞdroplet뀀Ƞimpedance뀀Ƞin뀀Ƞdigital뀀Ƞmicrofluidics뀀Ƞ (2012)

Ƞ We demonstrate a new approach to impedance measurement on digital microfluidics chips for the purpose of simple, sensitive and accurate volume and liquid composition measurement. Adding only a single series resistor to existing AC droplet actuation circuits, the platform is simple to implement and has negligible effect on actuation voltage. To accurately measure the complex voltage across the resistor (and hence current through the device and droplet), the designed system is based on software-implemented lock-in amplification detection of the voltage drop across the resistor which filters out noise, enabling high-resolution and low-limit signal recovery. We observe picoliter sensitivity with linear correlation of voltage to volume extending to the microliter volumes that can be handled by digital microfluidic devices. Due to the minimal hardware, the system is robust and measurements highly repeatable. The detection technique provides both phase and magnitude information of the real-time current flowing through the droplet for a full impedance measurement. The sensitivity and resolution of this platform enables it to distinguish between various liquids which, as demonstrated in this paper, could potentially be extended to quantify solute concentrations, liquid mixtures and presence of analytes.
Lexical Changes in the Korean Residential Culture Corpus: Focused on Semantic Classification of Nouns. (2020)

This study aims to examine Korean Residential Culture through the methodological procedures of corpus analysis for cultural studies. For this purpose, I used the corpus constructed from articles related to the residential space in five different women’s magazines(1970-2015): Chubusaenghwal(Housewives Living(STYLER)), Yŏsŏngdonga(Women’s Dong-A), yŏsŏngjungang (Women’s JoongAng), yŏwŏn(Yeowon), and Haengbogi kadŭk’an chip(A Home Full of Happiness). I built a serial analysis process for analyzing this diachronic corpus; extracting the list of words to focus on, classifying the words list using a thesaurus, restructuring the list by a cultural framework, and analyzing the changing trends of each classified lexical group in a sociocultural context. This research is meaningful in that it is an empirical result that can be applied for both cultural studies and corpus linguistic analysis in cultural aspects. (Ewha Womans University)
Total Network Base Station Energy Cost vs. Deployment (2011)

Energy efficient radio networks, i.e. radio base stations and transport network mainly, are something that becomes more and more important with the increase of installed base stations globally. This study evaluates the total base station energy consumption per area (W/km <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) for different cell sizes (deployments). This is done by theoretical calculations assuming a certain minimum received power at the cell edge regardless of cell size and channel model. This study shows that with just a minimal fixed power consumption overhead factor for each cell (e.g. 0.1 W per cell), it is never optimal to build a cellular network as dense as possible from an energy consumption per area point of view. Only when there is no fixed overhead at all, the optimal cell size from an energy per area perspective, is as small as possible. With a rather low fixed overhead (1-5 W), the optimal inter-site-distance is around 300-700 m. With the current (high) fixed power consumption overhead, as large inter-site-distances as possible are the most energy efficient.
Penetrating 3-D Imaging at 4- and 25-m Range Using a Submillimeter-Wave Radar (2008)

We show experimentally that a high-resolution imaging radar operating at 576-605 GHz is capable of detecting weapons concealed by clothing at standoff ranges of 4-25 m. We also demonstrate the critical advantage of 3-D image reconstruction for visualizing hidden objects using active-illumination coherent terahertz imaging. The present system can image a torso with <1 cm resolution at 4 m standoff in about five minutes. Greater standoff distances and much higher frame rates should be achievable by capitalizing on the bandwidth, output power, and compactness of solid state Schottky-diode based terahertz mixers and multiplied sources.
Superconductivity Seen Above the Boiling Point of Nitrogen (1987)

Since the observation by Karl Alex Müller and Johannes Georg Bednorz (IBM Zurich) in January 1986 that an oxide of barium, lanthanum and copper might be superconducting at temperatures up to 35 K, several groups around the world have reported seeing superconductivity above 90 K in a number of ternary oxides containing rare earth elements. Many laboratories are already exploring applications for these materials. Why they are superconducting at such high temperatures is one of many questions that theorists are trying to answer.
Dynamic Surface Tension and Adhesion Detection for the Rapid Analysis of Surfactants in Flowing Aqueous Liquids (1997)

A multidimensional dynamic surface tension detector (DSTD) for flowing liquid samples is reported. The DSTD is based on measuring the pressure with time of a repeating drop formed by the flow of liquid out the end of a pointed stainless steel capillary. This pressure-based DSTD provides information on dynamic surface tension at the air-liquid interface and adhesion at the solid-liquid interface on the side of the pointed capillary tip for each drop of surfactant solution, resulting in rapid characterization of complex samples. The signal obtained with the pressure-based DSTD is characterized, and a method is developed for extraction of the desired analytical information from the pressure signal. The DSTD was calibrated with 2-propanol over the range of 0-0.30 in relative surface tension lowering, Δγ/γ. The experimentally obtained Δγ/γ was in agreement with a theoretical model and published data for Δγ/γ over this range. A data analysis method was developed to adapt the DSTD to applications such as liquid chromatography and flow injection analysis, where the concentration of surfactant changes as a function of time. The DSTD signal yields a pressure-based Δγ/γ that is due to surface tension alone and a time-based Δγ/γ that is a combination of both surface tension and adhesion, providing essentially a contact angle measurement on a flowing sample. The data analysis method involves plotting the pressure-based and time-based surface tension measurements against each other at the same surfactant concentration for each pair of measurements, yet over a range of concentrations to establish a slope. This is referred to as a dynamic analysis plot and is applied in the characterization of various surfactants such as dodecyl sulfate ion-paired with tetrabutylammonium, industrial surfactant solutions FC-171 and FC-129, and biological surfactants tetradecyl maltoside, benzyldimethyldodecylammonium bromide, and 3-(N-decyl-N,N-dimethylammonio)-1-propanesulfonate. The slopes of the dynamic analysis plots for these surfactants were found to be unique, generally independent of concentration, and useful for understanding the type and degree of operating surface interactions. The FC-171 solution was found to exhibit considerable adhesion at the capillary tip, while dodecyl sulfate was found to have a small adhesion effect. Adhesion for dodecyl sulfate solutions was significantly enhanced by coating the stainless steel capillary tip with a hydrophobic polymer. Thus, there is potential for tuning the extent of the surface tension and adhesion effects for selective chemical analysis. The detection limit for dodecyl sulfate ion-paired with tetrabutylammonium is 0.9 ppm. Application of the DSTD for liquid chromatography is demonstrated, and the multidimensional data are shown to be useful in identifying and characterizing the poly(ethylene glycol)s separated from 2-propanol.
Classification of benign and malignant breast tumors on the basis of 36 radiographic properties (1973)

Using a semiquantitative question sheet, a radiologist estimated 36 radiographic properties upon each of 102 pathologically proven cases of benign and malignant disease of the breast. From these properties, a probability of malignancy was assigned to each case using an automatic clustering algorithm. The algorithm examined the properties of half the cases and evolved parameters with which to assign probabilities of malignancy to unseen cases. Then the validity of these parameters was tested using the other half of cases. Every mammogram used in this study had a pathologic diagnosis indicating that the surgeon was suspicious enough of malignant disease to operate. Using the properties and decision method described in the paper, the false-positive rate was lowered 45% while keeping a false-negative rate of zero in the same set of mammograms.
Reduced order model monitoring and control of a membrane bioreactor system via delayed measurements (2011)

Activated sludge treatment is one of the most widely used processes for wastewater treatment (WWT). These systems are built with sufficient design margin to allow changes in loading and process conditions. This is necessary and prudent to overcome limitations in measurement, monitoring and controlling of WWT process parameters at the desired frequency. Online sensors for mixed liquor suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand (COD), nitrogen, phosphorus, and other parameters available today are limited in application due to high cost and low reliability. Hence, many of the parameters are measured off-line when needed. This paper provides a framework to estimate parameters on-line using limited and delayed measurements. The proposed approach is based on the design of a Bayesian filter such as an extended Kalman filter (EKF), which measures and controls membrane bioreactor system using limited and delayed measurements. The objective is to estimate the states and parameters with limited and delayed measurements. Simulations show the efficacy of the proposed approach.
Long-Term Risk of Breast Cancer in Women with Fibroadenoma (1994)

Fibroadenoma is a long-term risk factor for breast cancer. The risk is increased in women with complex fibroadenomas, proliferative disease, or a family history of breast cancer.
Error Detection and Correction in Communication Channels Using Inverse Gray RSNS Codes (2011)

A novel number theoretic transform called Inverse Gray Robust Symmetrical Number System (IGRSNS) is proposed for error control coding in this paper. IGRSNS is obtained by modifying Robust Symmetrical Number System (RSNS) that was proposed earlier, using Inverse Gray code property. Due to ambiguities present in each residue, RSNS has a short dynamic range (DR) compared to that in other number systems. The short DR of RSNS enables it to be effectively used for error detection without the addition of any redundant modulus as in Redundant Residue Number System. Although RSNS has a large redundant range, its detection ability is not optimal due to the Gray code property associated with it. In an attempt to overcome this limitation, we have proposed Inverse Gray coding to be combined with RSNS in increasing its effectiveness in error detection. The resulting IGRSNS thus inherits properties of both RSNS and Gray code. Analysis and simulations show that IGRSNS has a near-optimal error detection ability. The potential of IGRSNS for error correction is also investigated. Further, a novel error correction algorithm using one redundant modulus is proposed. Simulations show that the proposed algorithm performs well under all cases of single bit errors.
Brutons Tyrosine Kinase as a New Therapeutic Target (2007)

Targeting Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) with a small molecule inhibitor may be useful in treatment of BTK-expressing malignancies because of the anti-apoptotic function of BTK in cancer cells. Furthermore, BTK inhibitors also exhibit anti-thrombotic properties that may be desirable in the context of the increased risk of thromboembolic complications in cancer patients. This review will focus on the role of BTK in drug resistance in cancer, thromboembolism, and various pathologic immune responses, such as graft versus host disease. The therapeutic potential of targeting BTK is illustrated by discussion of the biologic activity profile of the rationally designed BTK inhibitor LFM-A13.
Heteropolymetalate Clusters of the Subvalent Main Group Elements Bi<sup>III</sup> and Sb<sup>III</sup> (1999)

The heteropolyanions [Bi2W22O74(OH)2]12- (1) and [X2W20M2O70(H2O)6](14-2n)- (X = Sb3+, Bi3+; Mn+ = Fe3+, Co2+, Zn2+) (2−7) have been synthesized as alkali metal and ammonium salts, respectively, and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography. These tungsto bismutates and antimonates reveal one common feature: the trivacant β-B−XW9O33 Keggin fragment as the structural building unit. Formally, the unit can be derived from the Keggin structure by removing one trimetalate fragment, W3O13, and a 60° rotation of one of the remaining W3O13 subunits around the X−OW3X bond vector (the subscript indicates the element(s) bonded). The unshared pair of electrons of the respective central, pyramidally coordinated heteroatom SbIII or BiIII prevents formation of the complete spherical structure. In the presented heteropolyanions 1−7, two β-B-XW9O33 units are connected by two WO2 groups. Further stabilization of this hitherto unknown bis-decatungsto ion [X2W20O70]14- is reached either by addition of two formal fac-WO3 anti-Lipscomb's rule units to give the bis-undecatungsto bismutate [Bi2W22O74(OH)2]12- (1) or by addition of two Mn+(H2O)3 groups (Mn+ = Fe3+, Co2+, Zn2+) forming the large, transition-metal-substituted heteropolyanion clusters [X2W20M2O70(H2O)6](14-2n)- (X = Sb3+, Bi3+; Mn+ = Fe3+, Co2+, Zn2+) (2−7).
2-D Silicon/PLZT Spatial Light Modulators: Technology (1986)

This paper presents a description and design considerations for silicon/PLZT Spatial Light Modulators (Si/PLZT SLMs) which provide high parallel processing power, dynamic range, cellular resolution, sensitivity and the potential for implementation of "smart" optical devices. Following an overview of Si/PLZT SLMs, we discuss two current technologies related to the development of these devices to meet the highest performance goals. Finally, we predict performance in specific applications.
Optical slicing of human retinal tissue in vivo with the adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope (2005)

We present imaging results in human retinal tissue in vivo that allowed us to determine the axial resolution of the adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope (AOSLO). The instrument is briefly described, and the imaging results from human subjects are compared with (a) the estimated axial resolution values for a diffraction-limited, double-pass instrument and (b) the measured one for a calibrated diffuse retinal model. The comparison showed that the measured axial resolution, as obtained from optical sectioning of human retinas in vivo, can be as low as 71 microm for a 50 microm confocal pinhole after focusing a 3.5 mm beam with a 100 mm focal-length lens. The axial resolution values typically fall between the predictions from numerical models for diffuse and specular reflectors. This suggests that the reflection from the retinal blood vessel combines diffuse and specular components. This conclusion is supported by the almost universal interpretation that the image of a cylindrical blood vessel exhibits a bright reflection along its apex that is considered specular. The enhanced axial resolution achieved through use of adaptive optics leads to an improvement in the volume resolution of almost 2 orders of magnitude when compared with a conventional scanning laser ophthalmoscope and almost a factor of 3 better than commercially available optical coherence tomographic instruments.