gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Catlinks - a category clustering algorithm based on multi-class regression (2014)

This paper proposed CatLinks, a category clustering algorithm based on multi-class regression. In recommender systems for e-commerce web sites, users' experience of recommendations highly relies on the diversity of purchase suggestions. Taking inexpensive training data as products' literal information and their categories, CatLinks extracts latent features of categories and construct presentation of them as vectors. With vector presentation categories can be clustered by similarity measure and aggregation methods such as KNN or K-Means. Algorithm of CatLinks is based on training of a multi-class category predictor of products. After the predictor is trained, its weight matrix is taken as feature vectors of categories. With similarity of categories, recommender system can suggest users to purchase products from extended categories, when their interest on a certain category is discovered. Through our experiments on Alibaba's product and order dataset, CatLinks is proved a novel method to predict category co-occurrence of user's joint orders.
Energy models for photovoltaic systems under partial shading conditions: a comprehensive review (2014)

The partial shading phenomenon and its implications on the electrical response and energy yield of photovoltaic (PV) systems have received increased attention in the last years. In order to study, foresee and mitigate such effects, several energy models are proposed in the bibliography, presenting different degrees of complexity, accuracy and applicability. This study presents an overview of the state of the art in the development of models for PV systems under partial shading conditions. Alternative modelling approaches are analysed, highlighting their advantages and shortcomings and models available in the literature are reviewed and classified according to important attributes, related to their accuracy and implementability. Current research trends, as well as topics that warrant further investigation, are identified and discussed.
Measurement of regional cerebral plasma pool and hematocrit with copper-62-labeled HSA-DTS. (1996)

These results suggest that 62Cu-HSA-DTS can be used for measurement of plasma volume and that regional cerebral hematocrit may provide valuable information regarding the microcirculation in the brain.
Discovery of a Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Compound That Inhibits Pyrimidine Biosynthesis and Establishes a Type 1 Interferon-Independent Antiviral State (2016)

Viral emergence and reemergence underscore the importance of developing efficacious, broad-spectrum antivirals. Here, we report the discovery of tetrahydrobenzothiazole-based compound 1, a novel, broad-spectrum antiviral lead that was optimized from a hit compound derived from a cytopathic effect (CPE)-based antiviral screen using Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus. Compound 1 showed antiviral activity against a broad range of RNA viruses, including alphaviruses, flaviviruses, influenza virus, and ebolavirus. Mechanism-of-action studies with metabolomics and molecular approaches revealed that the compound inhibits host pyrimidine synthesis and establishes an antiviral state by inducing a variety of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). Notably, the induction of the ISGs by compound 1 was independent of the production of type 1 interferons. The antiviral activity of compound 1 was cell type dependent with a robust effect observed in human cell lines and no observed antiviral effect in mouse cell lines. Herein, we disclose tetrahydrobenzothiazole compound 1 as a novel lead for the development of a broad-spectrum, antiviral therapeutic and as a molecular probe to study the mechanism of the induction of ISGs that are independent of type 1 interferons.
Identification and quantitative evaluation of the lysine-arginine crosslinks GODIC, MODIC, DODIC, and glucosepan in foods (2001)

The presence of the various protein crosslinks GOLD 2, MOLD 3, GODIC 4, MODIC 5, DODIC 6, and glucosepan 7 in foods has been established for the first time by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) with electrospray ionization (ESI). In compounds 2 and 3 two lysine moieties, in 4-7 a lysine and an arginine side chain are joined by the crosslink. Unequivocal identification of 2-7 was achieved with independently synthesized reference material. The quantitative results for the investigated foodstuffs show MODIC 5 to be the most important Maillard crosslink. The concentrations of 5 and GODIC 4 are 5-10 fold higher than those of the corresponding imidazolium compounds 3 and 2, establishing 5 and 4 as the major food protein crosslinks derived from methylglyoxal and glyoxal, respectively. The maximum value of 151 mg MODIC 5/kg protein (equivalent to 0.42 mmol/kg protein) was found in a butter biscuit sample which also shows the highest overall Maillard crosslink content with 0.71 mmol 47/kg protein. These first quantitative results suggest that compounds 4-7 can be jointly responsible for protein polymerization in the course of food processing.
The Evolution of Multiple Isotypic IgM Heavy Chain Genes in the Shark (2008)

The IgM H chain gene organization of cartilaginous fishes consists of 15-200 miniloci, each with a few gene segments (V(H)-D1-D2-J(H)) and one C gene. This is a gene arrangement ancestral to the complex IgH locus that exists in all other vertebrate classes. To understand the molecular evolution of this system, we studied the nurse shark, which has relatively fewer loci, and characterized the IgH isotypes for organization, functionality, and the somatic diversification mechanisms that act upon them. Gene numbers differ slightly between individuals ( approximately 15), but five active IgM subclasses are always present. Each gene undergoes rearrangement that is strictly confined within the minilocus; in B cells there is no interaction between adjacent loci located > or =120 kb apart. Without combinatorial events, the shark IgM H chain repertoire is based on junctional diversity and, subsequently, somatic hypermutation. We suggest that the significant contribution by junctional diversification reflects the selected novelty introduced by RAG in the early vertebrate ancestor, whereas combinatorial diversity coevolved with the complex translocon organization. Moreover, unlike other cartilaginous fishes, there are no germline-joined VDJ at any nurse shark mu locus, and we suggest that such genes, when functional, are species-specific and may have specialized roles. With an entire complement of IgM genes available for the first time, phylogenetic analyses were performed to examine how the multiple Ig loci evolved. We found that all domains changed at comparable rates, but V(H) appears to be under strong positive selection for increased amino acid sequence diversity, and surprisingly, so does Cmicro2.
Purification of Human Lymphotoxin (1972)

Abstract This paper describes the first preparation of highly purified lymphotoxin, a soluble cytotoxin produced by lymphocytes. Lymphotoxin was produced in vitro by phytohemagglutinin-stimulation of human lymphocytes and was then purified greater than 2000-fold by a sequence of column chromatography (Sephadex G-150 followed by DEAE-cellulose) and preparatory acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Ten per cent of the cytotoxic activity was recovered in the final product. The results of the purification steps were evaluated by a new quantitative assay for cytotoxic activity.
Review: Effects of Ractopamine Hydrochloride (Paylean) on welfare indicators for market weight pigs1 (2017)

This review summarizes the effects of ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC) dose (5, 7.5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) on market weight pig welfare indicators. Ractopamine hydrochloride (trade name Paylean) is a β-adrenergic agonist that was initially approved in the U.S. in 1999 at doses of 5 to 20 mg/kg to improve feed efficiency and carcass leanness. However, anecdotal reports suggested that RAC increased the rate of non-ambulatory (fatigued and injured) pigs at U.S. packing plants. This led to the addition of a caution statement to the Paylean label, and a series of research studies investigating the effects of RAC on pig welfare. Early research indicated that: (1) regardless of RAC administration, fatigued (non-ambulatory, non-injured) pigs are in a state of metabolic acidosis; (2) aggressive handling increases stress responsiveness at 20 mg/kg RAC, while 5 mg/kg reduces stress responsiveness to aggressive handling. Given this information, dosage range for Paylean was changed in 2006 to 5 to 10 mg/kg in market weight pigs. Subsequent research on RAC demonstrated that: (1) RAC has minimal effects on mortality, lameness, and home pen behavior; (2) RAC fed pigs demonstrated inconsistent prevalence and intensity of aggressive behaviors; (3) RAC fed pigs may be more difficult to handle at doses above 5 mg/kg; and (4) RAC fed pigs may have increased stress responsiveness and higher rates of non-ambulatory pigs when subjected to aggressive handling, especially when 20 mg/kg of RAC is fed.
Organic mixed-order photonic crystal lasers with ultrasmall footprint (2007)

The lasing properties of an optimized two-dimensional photonic crystal structure with an organic gain material are investigated. The feedback structure which is fabricated in a thin film of Ta2O5 increases both the index contrast from the gain material as well as the optical confinement. By combining first-order and second-order photonic crystal structures, losses occuring at the edge of the second order structure are dramatically reduced leading to a lower laser threshold and/or to a much smaller footprint of the laser.
Generalized Wideband Harmonic Imaging of Nonlinearly Loaded Scatterers (2015)

Wideband electromagnetic sensing and imaging of nonlinearly loaded scatterers is considered. Harmonic scattering theory is first presented, and then a generalized near-field, direct imaging functional is proposed for free-space and near-ground target localization within the context of forward-looking radar standoff detection exploiting sequential single-tone excitation. The developed scattering and imaging analysis framework is illustrated for point-like and extended targets through numerical experiments performed with a hybrid method-of-moments solver, in conjunction with a harmonic balance approach and an asymptotic field propagation technique. The steady-state harmonic scattering responses are examined in the time, frequency, and image domains for scatterers in free-space and half-space environments, and accurate target localization is demonstrated in all cases for each harmonic order considered.
Measuring path MTU discovery behaviour (2010)

Path MTU Discovery (PMTUD) is widely believed to be unreliable because of firewalls that discard ICMP "Packet Too Big" messages. This paper measures PMTUD behaviour for 50,000 popular websites and finds the failure rate in IPv4 is much less than previous studies. We measure the overall failure rate between 5% and 18%, depending on the MTU of the constraining link. We explore methods webserver operators are using to reduce their dependence on PMTUD, and find 11% limit themselves to sending packets no larger than 1380 bytes. We identify a number of common behaviours that seem to be software bugs rather than filtering by firewalls. If these are corrected PMTUD failures could be reduced by 63%. We further find the IPv6 failure rate is less than the IPv4 rate even with more scope for failure in IPv6.
The involvement of the major surface glycoprotein (gp63) of <i>Leishmania</i> promastigotes in attachment to macrophages. (1986)

The interaction between the macrophage and the parasite plays a central role in the continued success of Leishmania infection. The promastigote surface ligand, and its complementary macrophage membrane receptor, involved in attachment and phagocytosis are likely to exert considerable influence over the outcome of a new infection. In this study, we report experiments pertaining to one such parasite membrane protein. Initial examination of promastigote surface proteins by radiolabeling and two-dimensional-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed an abundant polypeptide with an apparent m.w. of 63,000. Lectin-binding studies indicated that it was a glycoprotein containing mannose, N-acetyl glucosamine, and N-acetyl galactosamine residues. Monospecific antiserum raised against this glycoprotein, gp63, decorated the entire promastigote plasmalemma. Univalent antibody fragments from this antiserum blocked the interaction between promastigotes and macrophages by inhibiting attachment. Anti-gp63-inhibition reduced parasite/macrophage binding to 30 to 35% of the control binding level. Additional evidence of the involvement of gp63 in attachment to macrophages was provided by studies that made use of gp63-containing proteoliposomes. These vesicles were avidly phagocytosed by macrophages. Uptake of the gp63-containing liposomes was suppressed by greater than 90% by both anti-gp63 F(ab) fragments and the oligosaccharide mannan, indicating that their phagocytosis was receptor dependent. These results demonstrate that the abundant glycoprotein gp63 plays an important role in attachment of promastigotes to macrophages, and attachment via this parasite ligand is sufficient to trigger phagocytosis.
Carcinoembryonic antigen regulation in human colorectal tumor cells by a site‐selective cyclic amp analogue: A comparison with interferon‐gamma (1991)

Treatment of human colorectal tumor cells (LS174T, HT-29, and WiDr) with analogues of cyclic AMP (cAMP) (dibutyryl-cAMP and 8-Cl-cAMP) selectively enhances the expression of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Dose and temporal kinetics results revealed that 8-Cl-cAMP was approximately 100-fold more potent than dibutyryl-cAMP for increasing CEA expression. Results demonstrated that 8-Cl-cAMP treatment of LS174T quantitatively increased CEA levels in cell extracts 2-fold, increased anti-CEA monoclonal antibody (MAb) binding to the tumor cell surface, and induced the appearance of CEA-related mRNA transcripts. The findings suggest that 8-Cl-cAMP is capable of regulating CEA expression at transcriptional and/or post-transcriptional levels. Other human tumor cells, as well as normal cell types which do not constitutively express CEA, remained CEA-negative following 8-Cl-cAMP treatment. Moreover, the level of expression of other human tumor antigens as well as antigens of the major histocompatibility complex were not changed by 8-Cl-cAMP treatment, suggesting some selectivity for CEA regulation by this cAMP analogue. In vivo administration of 8-Cl-cAMP to athymic mice bearing LS174T tumor xenografts increased the amount of anti-CEA MAb bound to tumor extracts as well as the tumor localization of a radionuclide-conjugated anti-CEA MAb. The results indicate that 8-Cl-cAMP can selectively upregulate CEA expression on human colorectal tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, IFN-gamma treatment of the LS174T cells fails to enhance or induce expression of CEA or any of the histocompatibility leukocyte antigens. Thus, 8-Cl-cAMP treatment regulates CEA expression through another cellular pathway which may involve cAMP-dependent protein kinase.
An Ising Computer Based on Simulated Quantum Annealing by Path Integral Monte Carlo Method (2017)

In the near future, one of the main processes is solving large combinatorial optimization problems. However, the performance growth of von Neumann architecture will slow due to the end of semiconductor scaling. To resolve this problem, we propose an Ising computer that maps the optimization problems to the ground state search of Ising models. We previously proposed a computer that finds the ground state of Ising models by simulated annealing (SA) approximately. Though the solution quality of the previous prototype is comparable to that of SA, enhancing the solution quality will be required to solve real-world applications. In this paper, we present our FPGA-based Ising computer that executes simulated quantum annealing by using a path integral quantum Monte Carlo method for Ising models on a 48-by-48 king graph with 8-bit couplings. We also propose a shared random number supply, which contributes to decrease the number of random number generators to two. Experimental results indicate that the proposed Ising computer is more than 15 times faster to obtain 99.9%-solution with a probability of 99% than SA running on a state-of-the-art CPU.
Background Modeling using Mixture of Gaussians for Foreground Detection - A Survey (2010)

Mixture of Gaussians is a widely used approach for background modeling to detect moving objects from static cameras. Numerous improvements of the original method developed by Stauffer and Grimson [1] have been proposed over the recent years and the purpose of this paper is to provide a survey and an original classification of these improvements. We also discuss relevant issues to reduce the computation time. Firstly, the original MOG are reminded and discussed following the challenges met in video sequences. Then, we categorize the different improvements found in the literature. We have classified them in term of strategies used to improve the original MOG and we have discussed them in term of the critical situations they claim to handle. After analyzing the strategies and identifying their limitations, we conclude with several promising directions for future research.
Systolic arrays-warp speed ahead for compute-bound problems using systolic arrays (1991)

The nature of parallel processing and the operation of high-speed parallel computing structures highly suited for implementation in VLSI are explained. As an example, a systolic array configuration for matrix vector multiplication is considered. Practical implementation issues that need to be resolved are discussed. These concern solving problems larger than array size, mapping of algorithms to arrays, lack of programmability, clock skew, reliability, and design for large systolic arrays.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Asymmetric Synthesis of Sulindac by Iron-Catalyzed Sulfoxidation (2004)

An iron-catalyzed asymmetric sulfide oxidation is the key step in the synthesis of the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug Sulindac. Both enantiomers of the chiral product can be prepared with 92% ee in good yield.
Progress on atomic gyroscope (2017)

Atomic gyroscopes can be used to measure carrier's rotation information by atomic spin or Sagnac interference effect, which have the characteristics of high precision, small volume, and so on. In the first part, atomic gyroscopes are discussed with their principles, and recent research statues. In the second part, it is presented that the progress of nuclear magnetic resonance gyro (NMRG), spin-exchange relaxation free gyro (SERFG) and cold atomic interferometer gyro (CAIG) have been achieved in Beijing institute of control devices (BICD). For the NMRG, the key technologies are introduced, which include long relaxation time of small sized vapor cell manufacture, non-magnetic electronic heating system, static magnetic field stabling with double working materials, and the frequency of the laser stabling. The research achievements of NMRG in BICD are presented that, the Earth's Rotary Rate (ERR) has been sensed, the bias drift is better than 3°/h(1 σ). For the SERFG, the key technologies are introduced about high pressure vapor cell manufacture, and nuclear magnetic field compensation. The SERFG prototype in BICD is shown. For the CAIG, the key technologies are introduced about cold atoms maintaining in free space, chip for atoms manufacture, Raman pulse preparation, and cold atoms interference. The research achievements of CAIG in BICD are presented that the temperature of the cold atomic cluster achieved to 3 μ K, the number of the atoms in the cluster reaches 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">7</sup> . At last, the future applications and the development trends of atomic inertial systems are prospected with the remarkable performance of NMRG, SERFG, and CAIG.
Expression of ZIC family genes in meningiomas and other brain tumors (2010)

ZIC1, ZIC2, and ZIC5 are novel molecular markers for meningiomas whereas ZIC4 expression is highly selective for medulloblastomas. The pattern of ZIC expression in both of these tumor types may reflect the properties of the tissues from which the tumors are derived.
Application of bone marrow and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells for testing the biocompatibility of metal-based biomaterials functionalized with ascorbic acid (2013)

In this study, metal-based biomaterials were functionalized with ascorbic acid (LAA). Two types of substrates were used: austenitic steel 316L and titanium Ti6Al4V. Coatings were prepared with the sol-gel method and applied on metal surfaces using the dip-coating technique. Ascorbic acid was delivered with SiO2-coating at concentrations of 0.1 and 0.4 M. The morphology of the surfaces and coatings was determined using scanning electron microscope (SEM), whereas their elemental composition by SEM-EDX. Immobilization of ascorbic acid in the coatings was confirmed with Raman spectroscopy. The biocompatibility of the materials obtained was tested in vitro using both bone marrow- and adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSC and ADMSC, respectively). Proliferation rate and morphology of cells cultured in the presence of designed biomaterials were monitored after 24, 48, 120 and 168 h of propagation. The results obtained indicated that silica coatings doped with 0.4 M LAA had a positive effect on the proliferation rate of investigated cells, and in some cases on the growth pattern of culture.
Carbon nanotube–nanocrystal heterostructures (2009)

The importance of generating carbon nanotube-nanoparticle heterostructures is that these composites ought to take advantage of and combine the unique physical and chemical properties of both carbon nanotubes and nanoparticles in one discrete structure. These materials have potential applicability in a range of diverse fields spanning heterogeneous catalysis to optoelectronic device development, of importance to chemists, physicists, materials scientists, and engineers. In this critical review, we present a host of diverse, complementary strategies for the reliable synthesis of carbon nanotube-nanoparticle heterostructures using both covalent as well as non-covalent protocols, incorporating not only single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes but also diverse classes of metallic and semiconducting nanoparticles (221 references).
A human gene family with sequence homology to Drosophila melanogaster Hsp70 heat shock genes. (1986)

A growing literature describes the structure and regulation of prokaryotic and eukaryotic heat shock genes. We here report the isolation of several members of a human heat shock protein 70 (hsp 70) multigene family which contains at least 10 different genes and/or pseudogenes exhibiting sequence homology to the hsp70 gene of Drosophila melanogaster. Eight nonoverlapping recombinant lambda phages from a lambda-Charon4A human genomic library were studied by restriction mapping. One lambda clone was sequenced and characterized as a hsp70 pseudogene inserted into a rearranged human HindIII 1.9-kilobase repeated DNA sequence. This pseudogene is probably located on the X chromosome. Its predicted amino acid sequence shows extensive homology to those of Drosophila hsp70, trout hsp70, Xenopus hsp70, yeast hsp70, and some homology to the heat-inducible dnaK gene product of Escherichia coli. Amino acid homology is clustered, suggesting evolutionary conservation of domains critical to the function of this protein in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.