gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Aldose Reductase Inhibitors as Potential Therapeutic Drugs of Diabetic Complications (2013)

Diabetes mellitus has become a major health threat as a global rise in it has been seen. The chronic disease has afflicted over 171 million people worldwide in 2000 and the incidence is expected to grow steadily to 366 million by 2030. As of May 2008, an estimated 92 million adults in China of the most populous country were living with diabetes and 148 million adults with prediabetes [1]. Diabetes mellitus is one of the leading causes of death across the globe particularly in the developing world. Most diabetic patients suffer from so-called long-term complications such as neuropathy, nephropathy, retinopathy, cataracts and even stroke. These complications arise from chronic hyperglycemia, which causes damage to blood vessels and peripheral nerves, greatly increasing the risk of heart attack. A number of mechanistic explanations for the complications have been proposed (for the reviews, see Refs. [2-5]). First, they include hyperactivity of polyol metabolic pathway that produces elevated accumulation of cellular sorbitol leading to osmotic stresses on cells, and is then implicated mainly in microvascular damage to retina, kidney, and nerve systems. As the second mechanism, increased formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) activates nonenzymatic glycosylation of proteins and lipids, and in turn leads to dysfunctional behaviors of related enzymes and receptors. The third of them is hyperglycemia-induced activation of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms which evokes pathological changes in growth factor expression. The fourth is diverting of excess intracellular glucose into the hexosamine pathway and consequent overmodification of enzymatic proteins by N-acetylglucosamine along with abnormal enzyme behaviors. Finally, the fifth mechanism is recently proposed in which an hyperglycemia-induced impairment of antioxidant defense such as the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) readily initiates inflammation responses.
Mechanism of the Fujiwara Reaction: structural investigation of reaction products from benzotrichloride (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMechanism of the Fujiwara Reaction: structural investigation of reaction products from benzotrichlorideToyozo Uno, Kazuo Okumura, and Yoshihiro KurodaCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1981, 46, 16, 3175–3178Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00329a004https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00329a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views661Altmetric-Citations22LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Microfluidic technologies for MALDI‐MS in proteomics (2006)

The field of microfluidics continues to offer great promise as an enabling technology for advanced analytical tools. For biomolecular analysis, there is often a critical need to couple on-chip microfluidic sample manipulation with back-end MS. Though interfacing microfluidics to MS has been most often reported through the use of direct ESI-MS, there are compelling reasons for coupling microfluidics to MALDI-MS as an alternative to ESI-MS for both online and offline analysis. The intent of this review is to provide a summary of recent developments in the integration of microfluidic systems with MALDI-MS, with an emphasis on applications in proteomics. Key points are summarized, followed by a review of relevant technologies and a discussion of outlook for the field.
Two-photon Absorption Cross-section Measurements in Common Laser Dyes at 1·06 μm (1982)

Using a comparative fluorescence method, two-photon absorption cross-sections at 1·06 w m for seven common laser dyes were measured with a moderate power, Q-switched Nd: YAG laser and an intracavity second harmonic generator. The dyes were Rhodamines (560, 590, 610 and 640), DODCI, DCM and Oxazine 725. Using a new method for a direct determination of the Rayleigh length of the focused incident laser beam, all the parameters needed for the experimental determination of the two-photon absorption cross-section are discussed and independently determined by measurements.
Melanophore Migration and Survival during Zebrafish Adult Pigment Stripe Development Require the Immunoglobulin Superfamily Adhesion Molecule Igsf11 (2012)

The zebrafish adult pigment pattern has emerged as a useful model for understanding the development and evolution of adult form as well as pattern-forming mechanisms more generally. In this species, a series of horizontal melanophore stripes arises during the larval-to-adult transformation, but the genetic and cellular bases for stripe formation remain largely unknown. Here, we show that the seurat mutant phenotype, consisting of an irregular spotted pattern, arises from lesions in the gene encoding Immunoglobulin superfamily member 11 (Igsf11). We find that Igsf11 is expressed by melanophores and their precursors, and we demonstrate by cell transplantation and genetic rescue that igsf11 functions autonomously to this lineage in promoting adult stripe development. Further analyses of cell behaviors in vitro, in vivo, and in explant cultures ex vivo demonstrate that Igsf11 mediates adhesive interactions and that mutants for igsf11 exhibit defects in both the migration and survival of melanophores and their precursors. These findings identify the first in vivo requirements for igsf11 as well as the first instance of an immunoglobulin superfamily member functioning in pigment cell development and patterning. Our results provide new insights into adult pigment pattern morphogenesis and how cellular interactions mediate pattern formation.
Use of Multiple Antennas to Mitigate Carrier Phase Multipath in Reference Stations (1999)

GPS carrier phase multipath is a major source of error in
high precision static and kinematic differential
positioning. It is especially prevalent in static applications
whereby the multipath phase change is due only to
satellite dynamics and can thus cause slowly varying bias
errors. Though some of the currently available correlator-based
techniques reduce high frequency multipath caused
by distant objects, lower frequency multipath due to
nearby objects still poses a problem. In this paper, an
algorithm to estimate carrier phase multipath in a static
environment using measurements from multiple closely-spaced
antennas is developed and demonstrated. It is
shown to significantly remove carrier phase multipath,
especially the longer period effects.
In the proposed technique, the correlated nature of the
multipath error across the antenna array is exploited along
with the known geometry among the antennas. A Kalman
filter was developed to estimate various parameters of the
reflected signals using single difference (between
antennas) carrier phase measurements available from the
antenna array. The total multipath effect for every
measurement at each antenna is then estimated and
removed from the raw data. Carrier phase residual
analysis performed before and after removing the
multipath shows that up to a 60% improvement can be
realized. A baseline test of the antenna assembly with
respect to a second receiver shows that up to a 70% improvement gain can be achieved in terms of position
accuracy which demonstrates that the system is well
suited for a reference station application.
Involvement of phospholipase D in insulin-like growth factor-I-induced activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, but not phosphoinositide 3-kinase or Akt, in Chinese hamster ovary cells (2003)

Available evidence suggests the involvement of phospholipase D (PLD) in cell proliferation and survival. Phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI 3-kinase)/Akt and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) are signalling molecules that have essential roles in cell proliferation and survival. We previously demonstrated that sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P)-induced PLD activation via the G-protein-coupled receptor endothelial differentiation gene (EDG) 3/S1P(3) was involved in S1P-induced stimulation of PI 3-kinase and Akt. In the present study, we examined the involvement of two PLD isozymes, PLD1 and PLD2, in insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I receptor tyrosine kinase-mediated stimulation of PI 3-kinase/Akt and ERKs. IGF-I and to a lesser degree S1P stimulated PI 3-kinase activity in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing EDG3/S1P(3). IGF-I-induced ERK phosphorylation was suppressed by butan-1-ol, but not butan-2-ol, whereas no effect of butanol was observed in IGF-I-induced Akt activation in S1P(3)-overexpressing Chinese hamster ovary cells. Overexpression of wild-type PLD1 and PLD2 substantially potentiated S1P-, but not IGF-I-, induced activation of PI 3-kinase and Akt, whereas overexpression of the catalytically inactive mutant of PLD1 or PLD2 did not affect the responses to either agonist. On the other hand, overexpression of wild-type PLD1 and PLD2 potentiated IGF-I- and, to much smaller extents, S1P-induced ERK stimulation. ERK activation by IGF-I as well as S1P was dependent on Ras, but Akt activation by IGF-I was not dependent on Ras. These results suggest that PLDs are involved in growth factor regulation of at least two signalling pathways, PI 3-kinase/Akt and ERKs, depending on the class of cell-surface receptors.
Rosiglitazone Does Not Improve Cognition or Global Function when Used as Adjunctive Therapy to AChE Inhibitors in Mild-to-Moderate Alzheimers Disease: Two Phase 3 Studies (2011)

No evidence of statistically or clinically significant efficacy in cognition or global function was detected for 2 mg or 8 mg RSG XR as adjunctive therapy to ongoing AChEIs. There was no evidence of an interaction between treatment and APOE status. Safety and tolerability of RSG XR was consistent with the known profile of rosiglitazone.
Optimum design of currugation-pitch-modulated multiple-quantum-well distributed-feedback lasers for narrow spectral linewidth (1991)

Narrowing the spectral linewidth of semiconductor lasers is a key technology for coherent optical communication systems Recently, we ported 170-kHz spectral linewidth1 by introducing a corrugation-pitch-modulated (CPM) grating into 1.2-mm-long multiple-quantum-well distributed-feedback (MQW-DFB) lasers The CPM grating is effective in reducing the spatial hole-burning effect by flattening the light-intensity profile along the laser cavity.
Impact of Milk Protein Type on the Viability and Storage Stability of Microencapsulated Lactobacillus acidophilus NCIMB 701748 Using Spray Drying (2013)

Three different milk proteins — skim milk powder (SMP), sodium caseinate (SC) and whey protein concentrate (WPC) — were tested for their ability to stabilize microencapsulated L. acidophilus produced using spray drying. Maltodextrin (MD) was used as the primary wall material in all samples, milk protein as the secondary wall material (7:3 MD/milk protein ratio) and the simple sugars, d-glucose and trehalose were used as tertiary wall materials (8:2:2 MD/protein/sugar ratio) combinations of all wall materials were tested for their ability to enhance the microbial and techno-functional stability of microencapsulated powders. Of the optional secondary wall materials, WPC improved L. acidophilus viability, up to 70 % during drying; SMP enhanced stability by up to 59 % and SC up to 6 %. Lactose and whey protein content enhanced thermoprotection; this is possibly due to their ability to depress the glass transition and melting temperatures and to release antioxidants. The resultant L. acidophilus powders were stored for 90 days at 4 °C, 25 °C and 35 °C and the loss of viability calculated. The highest survival rates were obtained at 4 °C, inactivation rates for storage were dependent on the carrier wall material and the SMP/d-glucose powders had the lowest inactivation rates (0.013 day−1) whilst the highest was observed for the control containing only MD (0.041 day−1) and the SC-based system (0.030 day−1). Further increase in storage temperature (25 °C and 35 °C) was accompanied by increase of the inactivation rates of L. acidophilus that followed Arrhenius kinetics. In general, SMP-based formulations exhibited the highest temperature dependency whilst WPC the lowest. d-Glucose addition improved the storage stability of the probiotic powders although it was accompanied by an increase of the residual moisture, water activity and hygroscopicity, and a reduction of the glass transition temperature in the tested systems.
Studies in the heterocyclic series. XVIII. Utilization of 4‐aminopyrimidine chemistry in 1,4,7,9‐tetraazabenzo[<i>b</i>]phenothiazine synthesis (1980)

Abstract The synthesis of 1,4,7,9‐tetraazabenzo[ b ]phenothiazine ring system from 4‐aminopyrimidine is reported. This new heterocyclic ring was obtained by converting a 4‐aminopyrimidine to the corresponding 5‐thiocyanato derivative followed by hydrolysis and subsequent treatment with 2,3‐dichloroquinoxaline. Several derivatives were obtained by using suitable substituted starting materials. Nitration with mixed nitric and sulfuric acids gave the corresponding 13‐nitro derivatives. Spectral analyses are in agreement with the assigned structures.
Veichenriechstoffe. 25. Mitteilung. Über die beiden diastereomeren Tetrahydro‐jonane (1948)

Abstract Aus den diastereomeren Tetrahydro‐jononen, yon welchen eines bisher unbekannt war, wurden die beiden theoretisch möglichen Tetrahydro‐jonane (1,1,3‐Trimethyl‐2‐n‐butyl‐cyclohexane) hergestellt.
Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Comparison of Amitriptyline, Duloxetine, and Pregabalin in Patients With Chronic Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathic Pain (2012)

There was no significant difference in analgesic efficacy between amitriptyline, duloxetine, and pregabalin. However, there were significant differences in the secondary parameters, which may be of relevance when deciding the optimal treatment for DPNP.
Experimental Study on the Effect of Coal Particle Size on the Mechanics, Pore Structure, and Permeability of Coal-like Materials for Low-Rank Coalbed Methane Reservoir Simulation (2021)

Coal-like materials have been widely used to simulate low-rank coalbed methane (CBM) reservoirs to develop fracturing stimulation technology since the transportation and preparation of low-rank coal produce easily secondary damages, causing large dispersion of test results. However, the coal particle sizes have a significant effect on the performance of coal-like materials among many factors. Hence, to accurately simulate low-rank CBM reservoirs for promoting the development of reservoir stimulation technologies, cement, gypsum, pulverized coal, and sand were selected as similar materials to make coal-like samples with different coal particle sizes to study the influence law of coal particle size on the mechanics, pore structure, and permeability of samples. The ultrasonic wave velocity, dynamic parameters, uniaxial compressive strength, elastic modulus, and uniaxial tensile strength of samples increased with increasing coal particle size in the range of 0–2 mm. However, these parameters suddenly decreased when the coal particle size increased to 2–3 mm. The porosity and permeability of the samples exhibited an opposite trend compared to the above parameters. The fracture occurred in cementing materials, and the crack extension direction was affected by the coal particle sizes. The fracture complexity of the coal-like samples decreased with increasing particle size under uniaxial compressive testing. The failure mode was mainly a tensile failure, supplemented by shear failure. The coal-like materials can well meet the performance requirements of low-rank CBM reservoirs.
Synthesis and antiinflammatory activity of some aryltetrazolylalkanoic acids (1970)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and antiinflammatory activity of some aryltetrazolylalkanoic acidsRobert T. Buckler, Shin. Hayao, O. J. Lorenzetti, Lawrence F. Sancilio, Harold E. Hartzler, and Wallace G. StryckerCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1970, 13, 4, 725–729Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1970Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1970https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00298a032https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00298a032research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views111Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Activation of Latent HIV Using Drug-Loaded Nanoparticles (2011)

Antiretroviral therapy is currently only capable of controlling HIV replication rather than completely eradicating virus from patients. This is due in part to the establishment of a latent virus reservoir in resting CD4+ T cells, which persists even in the presence of HAART. It is thought that forced activation of latently infected cells could induce virus production, allowing targeting of the cell by the immune response. A variety of molecules are able to stimulate HIV from latency. However no tested purging strategy has proven capable of eliminating the infection completely or preventing viral rebound if therapy is stopped. Hence novel latency activation approaches are required. Nanoparticles can offer several advantages over more traditional drug delivery methods, including improved drug solubility, stability, and the ability to simultaneously target multiple different molecules to particular cell or tissue types. Here we describe the development of a novel lipid nanoparticle with the protein kinase C activator bryostatin-2 incorporated (LNP-Bry). These particles can target and activate primary human CD4+ T-cells and stimulate latent virus production from human T-cell lines in vitro and from latently infected cells in a humanized mouse model ex vivo. This activation was synergistically enhanced by the HDAC inhibitor sodium butyrate. Furthermore, LNP-Bry can also be loaded with the protease inhibitor nelfinavir (LNP-Bry-Nel), producing a particle capable of both activating latent virus and inhibiting viral spread. Taken together these data demonstrate the ability of nanotechnological approaches to provide improved methods for activating latent HIV and provide key proof-of-principle experiments showing how novel delivery systems may enhance future HIV therapy.
Hepatitis C virus NS5A as a potential viral Bcl‐2 homologue interacts with Bax and inhibits apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (2003)

Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells with butyrate can induce apoptosis irrespective of hepatitis B virus integration. No information is available, however, regarding the effect of butyrate on HCC in the presence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) because some HCV proteins can regulate cell survival. By gene transfer, we found that HCV core enhances but HCV NS5A antagonizes sodium phenylbutyrate (NaPB)-induced apoptosis in HCC cells, which is independent of p53. We then chose the p53-negative Hep3B HCC cell to investigate the mechanism of anti-apoptosis mediated by NS5A. In the NaPB-treated Hep3B cells without NS5A expression, induction of apoptosis was associated with Bax redistribution from the cytosol to the nucleus interior and subsequently, to a nuclear membrane-bound form. In the NS5A expressing Hep3B cells, NaPB treatment also triggered relocalization of both Bax and NS5A from the cytosol to the nucleus interior but Bax retained inside the nucleus and did not finally move to the nuclear membrane. Using double immunofluorescence and coimmunoprecipitation, we demonstrated that NS5A co-localizes and interacts with Bax in the nucleus. The HCV NS5A protein was further found to contain Bcl-2 homology domains (BH3, BH1 and BH2). Additional studies using deleted NS5A constructs were carried out to determine whether the BH2 domain or nuclear localization signal (NLS) in NS5A is required for interaction with Bax in the nucleus or inhibition of apoptosis. NS5A with deletion of both BH2 domain and NLS localized in the cytoplasm, dissociated with Bax, and lost anti-apoptosis activity during NaPB treatment. In contrast, NS5A with intact BH domains except NLS still bound directly to Bax in the perinuclear region or the nucleus, but showed less association with Bax in the nucleus and lower effect in apoptosis inhibition than full-length NS5A. These results suggest that HCV NS5A as a Bcl-2 homologue interacts with Bax to protect p53-negative HCC cells from NaPB-induced apoptosis.
Robot-aided therapy on the upper limb of subacute and chronic stroke patients: A biomechanical approach (2011)

The goal of this study is to propose a methodology for evaluating recovery mechanisms in subacute and chronic post-stroke patients after a robot-aided upper-limb therapy, using a set of biomechanical parameters. Fifty-six post-stroke subjects, thirteen subacute and forty-three chronic patients participated in the study. A 2 dof robotic system, implementing an "assist-as-needed" control strategy, was used. Biomechanical parameters related (i) to the speed measured at the robot's end-effector and (ii) to the movement's smoothness were computed. Outcome clinical measures show a decrease in motor impairment after the treatment both in chronic and subacute patients. All the biomechanical parameters show an improvement between admission and discharge. Our results show that the robot-aided training can contribute to reduce the motor impairment in both subacute and chronic patients and identify neurophysiological mechanisms underlying the different stages of motor recovery.