gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Detecting asynchrony and dephase change patterns by mining software repositories (2013)

SUMMARY Software maintenance accounts for the largest part of the costs of any program. During maintenance activities, developers implement changes (sometimes simultaneously) on artifacts in order to fix bugs and to implement new requirements. To reduce this part of the costs, previous work proposed approaches to identify the artifacts of programs that change together. These approaches analyze historical data, mined from version control systems, and report change patterns, which lead at the causes, consequences, and actors of the changes to source code files. They also introduce so‐called change patterns that describe some typical change dependencies among files. In this paper, we introduce two novel change patterns: the asynchrony change pattern, corresponding to macro co‐changes (MC), that is, of files that co‐change within a large time interval (change periods) and the dephase change pattern, corresponding to dephase macro co‐changes (DC), that is, MC that always happens with the same shifts in time. We present our approach, that we named Macocha, to identify these two change patterns in large programs. We use the k‐nearest neighbor algorithm to group changes into change periods. We also use the Hamming distance to detect approximate occurrences of MC and DC. We apply Macocha and compare its performance in terms of precision and recall with UMLDiff (file stability) and association rules (co‐changing files) on seven systems: ArgoUML, FreeBSD, JFreeChart, Openser, SIP, XalanC, and XercesC developed with three different languages (C, C++, and Java). These systems have a size ranging from 532 to 1693 files, and during the study period, they have undergone 1555 to 23,944 change commits. We use external information and static analysis to validate (approximate) MC and DC found by Macocha. Through our case study, we show the existence and usefulness of these novel change patterns to ease software maintenance and, potentially, reduce related costs. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Narrow-band optical transmission of metallic nanoslit arrays (2012)

Metallic nanoslit arrays usually demonstrate wide transmission bands for transverse-magnetic-polarized incidence light. Here, we show that by introducing multi-dielectric layers underneath the metallic structure layer on the substrate, a narrow peak is formed, whose bandwidth can be down to a few nanometers. Three types of resonance modes in the region under the metal layer are identified responsible for the formation of the peak, i.e., a two-dimensional cavity resonance mode, which supports optical transmission, and two in-plane hybrid surface plasmon resonance modes locating on both sides of the peak that suppresses the transmission. Such structures can be applied in advanced photonic devices.
Facile On-Site Detection of Substituted Aromatic Pollutants in Water Using Thin Layer Chromatography Combined with Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (2011)

A novel facile method for on-site detection of substituted aromatic pollutants in water using thin layer chromatography (TLC) combined with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) was explored. Various substituted aromatics in polluted water were separated by a convenient TLC protocol and then detected using a portable Raman spectrometer with the prepared silver colloids serving as SERS-active substrates. The effects of operating conditions on detection efficacy were evaluated, and the application of TLC-SERS to on-site detection of artificial and real-life samples of aromatics/polluted water was systematically investigated. It was shown that commercially available Si 60-F(254) TLC plates were suitable for separation and displayed low SERS background and good separation efficiency, 2 mM silver colloids, 20 mM NaCl (working as aggregating agent), 40 mW laser power, and 50 s intergration time were appropriate for the detection regime. Furthermore, qualitative and quantitative detection of most of substituted aromatic pollutants was found to be readily accomplished using the developed TLC-SERS technique, which compared well with GC-MS in terms of identification ability and detection accuracy, and a limit of detection (LOD) less than 0.2 ppm (even at ppb level for some analytes) could be achieved under optimal conditions. The results reveal that the presented convenient method could be used for the effective separation and detection of the substituted aromatic pollutants of water on site, thus reducing possible influences of sample transportation and contamination while shortening the overall analysis time for emergency and routine monitoring of the substituted aromatics/polluted water.
Enabling distributed context entity discovery for an Internet-of-Things platform (2015)

Use of context has been prevailing in distributed computing with the emergence of mobile computing. An entity is said to be context-aware if it responds to context changes. These distributed context-aware entities share context information in order to make intelligent decisions or carry out important tasks. MediaSense, an Internet-of-Things (IoT) platform, offers such intelligent provision of context information to any host-anywhere. However, such an IoT platform is facing challenge of discovering context entities. In view of this, this paper particularly addresses the challenge of discovering distributed context entities by extending the distributed protocol, Distributed Context eXchange Protocol (DCXP), for MediaSense platform. In response, an artefact based on publish/subscribe model has been explored to overcome the challenge which enables fast context entity discovery.
QUANTIFYING AND MANAGING THE INFLUENCE OF MAINTENANCE ACTIONS ON THE SURVIVABILITY OF MESH- RESTORABLE NETWORKS (2001)

of &quot;roll to protection&quot; in rings. The basic methods can be adapted for other maintenance models or models of the restoration process or adapted to handle multiple maintenance scenarios. The work is aimed at understanding and managing the effects of maintenance in a mesh-restorable network and ultimately providing new operational and design capabilities for future mesh-based network planning and operations systems. I. Motivation and Background One of the motivations for mesh-restorable networking is the greater capacity efficiency of mesh networks relative to ring-based transport networks. The capacity efficiency comes from the more direct routing of working paths, the need for less spare capacity for restoration, and the avoidance of &quot;stranded capacity&quot; effects in rings where one or more ring spans may exhaust while other spans of the ring have valuable but unusable remaining working capacity. Of course capacity efficiency is not the only consideration in a choice of n
Kinetics of all‐<i>trans</i>‐β‐carotene degradation on heating with and without phenylalanine (1994)

Abstract All‐ trans ‐β‐carotene was heated in liquid paraffin at 210°C for 15 min in the presence and the absence of phenylalanine to assess the effect of the amino acid on the rate of degradation of all‐ trans ‐β‐carotene. The curve that represents all‐ trans ‐β‐carotene degradation in both model systems is formed of two distinct parts that correspond, respectively, to the propagation and termination phases of an autocatalytic reaction. The reaction over 1–15 min followed first‐order reaction kinetics in both systems, and the rate constant obtained was 2.8 times lower in the presence of phenylalanine. The kinetic behavior and the rate constant for color loss were similar to those for all‐ trans ‐β‐carotene degradation for each model system.
gamma-Interferon produced by CD8+ T cells infiltrating Kaposi's sarcoma induces spindle cells with angiogenic phenotype and synergy with human immunodeficiency virus-1 Tat protein: an immune response to human herpesvirus-8 infection? (1998)

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is an angioproliferative disease associated with infection by the human herpesvirus-8 (HHV-8). HHV-8 possesses genes including homologs of interleukin-8 (IL-8) receptor, Bcl-2, and cyclin D, which can potentially transform the host cell. However, the expression of these genes in KS tissues is very low or undetectable and HHV-8 does not seem to transform human cells in vitro. In addition, KS may not be a true cancer at least in the early stage. This indicated that besides its transforming potential, HHV-8 may act in KS pathogenesis also through indirect mechanisms. Evidence suggests that KS may start as an inflammatory-angiogenic lesion mediated by cytokines. However, little is known on the nature of the inflammatory cell infiltration present in KS, on the type of cytokines produced and on their role in KS, and whether this correlates with the presence of HHV-8. Here we show that both acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-KS and classical KS (C-KS) lesions are infiltrated by CD8+ T cells and CD14+/CD68+ monocytes-macrophages producing high levels of gamma-interferon (gamma IFN) which, in turn, promotes the formation of KS spindle cells with angiogenic phenotype. gamma IFN, in fact, induces endothelial cells to acquire the same features of KS cells, including the spindle morphology and the pattern of cell marker expression. In addition, endothelial cells activated by gamma IFN induce angiogenic lesions in nude mice closely resembling early KS. These KS-like lesions are accompanied by production of basic fibroblast growth factor, an angiogenic factor highly expressed in primary lesions that mediates angiogenesis and spindle cell growth. The formation of KS-like lesions is upregulated by the human immunodeficiency virus Tat protein demonstrating its role as a progression factor in AIDS-KS. Finally, gamma IFN and HLA-DR expression correlate with the presence of HHV-8 in lesional and uninvolved tissues from the same patients. As HHV-8 infects both mononuclear cells infiltrating KS lesions and KS spindle cells, these results suggest that HHV-8 may elicit or participate in a local immune response characterized by infiltration of CD8+ T cells and intense production of gamma IFN which, in turn, plays a key role in KS development.
The Roles of MicroRNAs in Heart Diseases: A Novel Important Regulator (2010)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding single-stranded RNAs with about 21~23 nucleotides in length, which originate from encoding genes in nucleus. miRNAs play an inhibitory role in gene expression in a post-transcriptional level by partially complementary binding to the 3' unstranlated region (UTR) of target mRNAs. Large bodies of evidence have shown that miRNAs were involved in various diseases, such as cancer, infectious diseases, diabetes etc, and rising as critical modulators of pathological processes. Lately, some highlight articles revealed that the altered expression of miRNAs such as miR-1, miR-133, miR-21, miR-208 etc in hearts also contributed to cardiovascular diseases, such as heart ischemia, cardiac hypertrophy, and arrhythmias. Moreover, miRNAs were also identified to regulate heart development. These exciting findings not only improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of heart diseases, but also provide a new class of potential molecular targets. miRNAs, for the development of novel agents to treat heart diseases. Here, we summarized the recent discoveries about the role of miRNAs in cardiac physiological and pathological functions, and then discussed about their therapeutic potentials for heart diseases.
Scalp thickness in the temporal region: its relevance to the development of cochlear implants (2001)

The thickness of the scalp in the temporal region was measured at two representative points: point 1, over the most laterally prominent part of the mastoid process: and point 2, at the horizontal level of the upper border of the orbit, vertically in line with point 1. Measurements were made directly at autopsy in four patients, then in 50 live patients by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The relevance of the methodology and of these measurements to cochlear implant development is discussed. As the term 'scalp' usually includes the periosteum of the skull, the authors have used the term 'scalp' to include the range from the surface of the scalp to the bone shadow as seen on MRI, and the term 'skin' where, at autopsy, the skin is lifted leaving the periosteum intact.
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling of the three‐step metabolism of pyrimidine using<sup>13</sup>C‐uracil as an<i>in vivo</i>probe (2005)

A PBPK model to describe (13)CO2 exhalation after orally administered [2-(13)C]uracil was successfully developed. Using [2-(13)C]uracil as a probe, this model could be useful in identifying DPD-deficient patients at risk of 5-fluorouracil toxicity.
Effect of Succinylation on the Rennet Coagulation of Milk (1998)

The effects of succinylation on the rennet coagulation of milk were investigated to find a relationship between the level of chemical modification and the ability of milk protein to coagulate. The strengthening rate and the final firmness of the gel decreased as the extent of succinylation increased, which could be related to the microstructural differences caused by milk succinylation. The kinetics of nonprotein N release were not affected by milk succinylation, but the rennet clotting time increased as the extent of chemical modification increased. These results suggest that milk succinylation affected the secondary or aggregation phase of enzymatic coagulation by increasing the electrostatic repulsions between paracasein micelles and, more indirectly, by dissociating casein from micelles and preventing them from participating in network formation of the gel.
Nondestructive characterization of texture and plastic strain ratio of metal sheets with electromagnetic acoustic transducers (1990)

All the lowest-order independent CODF (crystallite orientation distribution function) coefficients W400, W420, and W440 of rolled steel sheets, with thickness less than 1 mm, have been obtained nondestructively by using the known single-crystal elastic constants and the relative ultrasonic velocities measured with EMATs (electromagnetic acoustic transducers). The ultrasonic velocities of all the waves, longitudinal waves, shear waves propagating in the through thickness direction, and SH0 (shear horizontal) plate waves, were measured by the EMATs. No acoustic coupling medium was necessary, making possible quick, accurate, and reproducible measurements. It is shown that the CODF coefficients can be obtained as the solutions of three linear equations in which the measured relative ultrasonic velocities are included. There was an overall correspondence between the ultrasonic pole figures drawn using the obtained CODF coefficients and x-ray pole figures. All nine elastic constants of a steel sheet were also calculated. Average Young’s modulus Ē and planar variation in Young’s modulus dE calculated using the nine elastic constants were consistent with average plastic strain ratio r̄ and planar variation in plastic strain ratio dr, respectively, showing that the ultrasonic method here is well adapted for practical use.
Larvicidal effect of flubendazole on <i>Angiostrongylus cantonensis</i> in mice with various worm burdens (1985)

Flubendazole given orally at 50 mg/kg to mice inoculated with 50, 250 or 500 larvae of Angiostrongylus cantonensis showed almost complete larvicidal effect, irrespective of the worm burden.
Homodyne In-Phase and Quadrature Detection of Weak Coherent States With Carrier Phase Tracking (2009)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> We present a homodyne receiver structure for the detection of weak coherent states that uses sequential in-phase and quadrature measurements on the received optical signal. This receiver performs the optical carrier phase tracking requiring only a single balanced homodyne detector, by including a postdetection Costas-loop-type feedback, which additionally allows the use of suppressed carrier modulations in the received field, for efficient transmission. We report an experimental interferometric self-homodyne setup for the sequential detection of low photon number, binary phase-modulated optical signals that consist of strongly attenuated laser pulses by using a reference field as the local oscillator with an alternatively switched phase. A Costas loop postdetection subsystem is implemented in discrete time to perform fast real-time optical phase tracking. We also present the experimental results of the homodyne postdetection statistics for received BPSK signals with very low photon numbers, and compare them with the theoretical uncertainty limit. Finally, we conduct bit error rate measurements over a wide range of signal level, as well as a comparison with the standard quantum limit. </para>
Vibration-RF Control of Superconducting-Helix Resonators for Heavy-Ion Acceleration (1973)

An electronic system for the control of the effects of RF frequency oscillations caused by mechanical vibrations in a superconducting helix are described. A combination of frequency modulation and amplitude modulation is used to lock the phase of a self-excited accelerating structure to that of a controlling master oscillator. The system has been used successfully during beam acceleration with a superconducting helix.
Political inputs to the aid allocation process: evidence from Spain (2009)

Rich countries spend about $100 billion a year on poor countries.\nBut details about how this money is spent-and why-is usually unavailable. Even the aggregate figures reported to the public are often of pledges of aid rather than actual amounts spent. Using a detailed data set from Spain, 1999-2003, we explore how at least one rich country has chosen to spend its foreign aid budget,\nincluding a closer look at actual projects funded. Moreover, we will attempt to examine the political forces that shaped the allocation of that aid. In particular, we divide political factors into three groups: domestic, regional, and strategic, and find that all three play a role in how much money a poor country receives\nfrom donors.
Integrating retransmission diversity with real-time scheduling over wireless links (2009)

In this paper, cross-layer combining of an adaptive modulation-coding (AMC) scheme at the physical layer and the use of automatic repeat request (ARQ) retransmissions at the medium access control (MAC) layer is integrated into the design of scheduling for multi-user wireless networks. A class of scheduling algorithms capable of jointly collecting retransmission diversity and multi-user diversity are developed for delay sensitive real-time network traffic. Numerical computer simulations are provided to examine the merits of our novel schemes for multiple real-time transmissions over Nakagami block fading channels. Analytical and simulation results show that the proposed scheduling schemes can asymptotically guarantee the prescribed fairness and average delay requirements for real-time traffic, even when the underlying fading channel distribution is unknown a priori.
The working brain : an introduction to neuropsychology (1973)

A genetic study of 119 correlative cases of patent ductus arteriosus has been performed. The isolated cases showed female predominance, but there was a three times higher risk for the sibs of male cases, suggesting a multifactorial causative mechanism. Dermatoglyphs presented an excess of arches in male, and a tendency to distal axial triradius in female. There were 15 cases belonging to polymalformative syndromes, such as mongolism, Turner, Noonan, Holt-Oram, Lewis and rubella embryopathy.
Leveraging access port positions to accelerate page table walk in DWM-based main memory (2017)

Domain Wall Memory (DWM) with ultra-high density and comparable read/write latency to DRAM is an attractive replacement for CMOS-based devices. Unlike DRAM, DWM has non-uniform data access latency that is proportional to the number of shift operations. While previous works have demonstrated the feasibility of using DWM as main memory and have proposed different ways to alleviate the impact of shift operations, none of them have addressed the performance-critical metadata accesses, in particular page table accesses. To bridge this gap, this paper aims at accelerating page table walk in DWM-based main memory from two innovative aspects. First of all, we propose a new page table layout and leverage the positions of access ports in DWM to differentiate the state of page table entries. In addition, we propose a technique to pre-align the access ports to the positions to be accessed in the near future, thus hiding shift latency to the maximum extent. Since both address translation and context switching are affected by page table access latency, the proposed technique can effectively improve system performance and user experience.
SafeShareRide: Edge-Based Attack Detection in Ridesharing Services (2018)

Ridesharing services, such as Uber and Didi, are enjoying great popularity; however, a big challenge remains in guaranteeing the safety of passenger and driver. State-of-the-art work has primarily adopted the cloud model, where data collected through end devices on vehicles are uploaded to and processed in the cloud. However, data such as video can be too large to be uploaded onto the cloud in real time. When a vehicle is moving, the network communication can become unstable, leading to high latency for data uploading. In addition, the cost of huge data transfer and storage is a big concern from a business point of view. As edge computing enables more powerful computing end devices, it is possible to design a latency-guaranteed framework to ensure in-vehicle safety. In this paper, we propose an edge-based attack detection in ridesharing services, namely SafeShareRide, which can detect dangerous events happening in the vehicle in near real time. SafeShareRide is implemented on both drivers' and passengers' smartphones. The detection of SafeShareRide consists of three stages: speech recognition, driving behavior detection, and video capture and analysis. Abnormal events detected during the stages of speech recognition or driving behavior detection will trigger the video capture and analysis in the third stage. The video data processing is also redesigned: video compression is conducted at the edge to save upload bandwidth while video analysis is conducted in the cloud. We implement the SafeShareRide system by leveraging open source algorithms. Our experiments include a performance comparison between SafeShareRide and other edge-based and cloud-based approaches, CPU usage and memory usage of each detection stage, and a performance comparison between stationary and moving scenarios. Finally, we summarize several insights into smartphone based edge computing systems.
Electroacoustic characterization of hearing aids: a system identification approach (2002)

The accurate electroacoustic characterization of hearing aids is important for the design, assessment and fitting of these devices. With the prevalence of modern adaptive processing strategies (e.g., level-dependent frequency response, multi-band compression etc.) it has become increasingly important to evaluate hearing aids using test stimuli that are representative of the signals a hearing aid will be expected to process (e.g., speech). Nearly all current hearing aid tests use stationary test signals that can characterize only the steady-state performance of a hearing aid. The present research examines the characteristics of automatic signal processing hearing aids with natural-speech input signals that may cause the hearing aid response to time-vary. They have investigated a number of linear system identification techniques that can be used to develop time-varying models of hearing aids. Using these models, one can begin to characterize performance of hearing aids with real-world signals and explore speech-based transient distortion measures.