gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A grouser spacing equation for determining appropriate geometry of planetary rover wheels (2012)

Grousers, sometimes called lugs, are recognized as a way to improve wheel performance and traction, but there have been, to date, no comprehensive guidelines for choosing grouser patterns. This work presents a quantitative expression for determining appropriate grouser spacing for rigid wheels. Past empirical studies have shown that increasing grouser height and number can improve performance, to a point. The newly proposed grouser spacing equation is based on observations that wheels with an inadequate number of grousers induce forward soil flow ahead of the wheel, and thus rolling resistance. The equation relates geometric wheel parameters (wheel radius, grouser height and spacing) and operating parameters (slip and sinkage), and predicts a maximum allowable grouser spacing (or, equivalently, a minimum number of grousers). Experiments with various grouser heights and numbers demonstrate good correspondence to the proposed equation, as increases in number of grousers beyond the predicted minimum number stop improving performance. A grouser spacing equation is particularly useful for designing efficient wheels. The proposed relation includes slip and sinkage, parameters that cannot be assumed constant or known a priori, but this work shows that wheels designed using the proposed equation are robust to changing operating scenarios even if they degrade beyond estimated nominal conditions.
Conjugated Polymer Fluorescence Probe for Intracellular Imaging of Magnetic Nanoparticles (2010)

Bifunctional composite nanoparticles with simultaneous response toward light excitation and external magnetic field are fabricated by electrostatic adsorption of a single layer of conjugated polyelectrolytes on the magnetic nanoparticle surfaces. Cell imaging is realized through incubation of the composite nanoparticles with human hepatoma cell Bel-7402. Both fluorescence microscopy imaging and flow cytometry analysis verify that the bifunctional nanoparticles efficiently penetrate the cell membranes. Transmission electron microscopy reveals that the nanoparticles are confined in the endosome and show clear signs of particle aggregation. The cellular uptake efficiencies of the magnetic-fluorescent nanoparticles can be enhanced greatly by a magnetic field. In vitro cell viability results indicate low cytotoxicity of the nanoparticles even after 72 h incubation. The current method of fluorescence labeling of nanomaterials by electrostatic adsorption is applicable to a variety of charged nanomaterials that exist with great diversity in chemistry and morphology, which is necessary for estimation of cell toxicity and fundamental understanding of phenomena related to the development of nanomaterial based diagnostics and therapeutics.
Photoreceptor Specificity in the Light-Induced and COP1-Mediated Rapid Degradation of the Repressor of Photomorphogenesis SPA2 in Arabidopsis (2015)

The Arabidopsis COP1/SPA E3 ubiquitin ligase is a key negative regulator that represses light signaling in darkness by targeting transcription factors involved in the light response for degradation. The COP1/SPA complex consists of COP1 and members of the four-member SPA protein family (SPA1-SPA4). Genetic analysis indicated that COP1/SPA2 function is particularly strongly repressed by light when compared to complexes carrying the other three SPAs, thereby promoting a light response after exposure of plants to extremely low light. Here, we show that the SPA2 protein is degraded within 5-15 min after exposure of dark-grown seedlings to a pulse of light. Phytochrome photoreceptors are required for the rapid degradation of SPA2 in red, far-red and also in blue light, whereas cryptochromes are not involved in the rapid, blue light-induced reduction in SPA2 protein levels. These results uncover a photoreceptor-specific mechanism of light-induced inhibition of COP1/SPA2 function. Phytochrome A (phyA) is required for the severe blue light responsiveness of spa triple mutants expressing only SPA2, thus confirming the important role of phyA in downregulating SPA2 function in blue light. In blue light, SPA2 forms a complex with cryptochrome 1 (cry1), but not with cryptochrome 2 (cry2) in vivo, indicating that the lack of a rapid blue light response of the SPA2 protein is only in part caused by a failure to interact with cryptochromes. Since SPA1 interacts with both cry1 and cry2, these results provide first molecular evidence that the light-regulation of different SPA proteins diverged during evolution. SPA2 degradation in the light requires COP1 and the COP1-interacting coiled-coil domain of SPA2, supporting that SPA2 is ubiquitinated by COP1. We propose that light perceived by phytochromes causes a switch in the ubiquitination activity of COP1/SPA2 from ubiquitinating downstream substrates to ubiquitinating SPA2, which subsequently causes a repression of COP1/SPA2 function.
Workflow control-flow patterns : a revised view (2006)

The Workflow Patterns Initiative was established with the aim of delineating\nthe fundamental requirements that arise during business process modelling on a\nrecurring basis and describe them in an imperative way. The first deliverable of\nthis research project was a set of twenty patterns describing the control-flow perspective of workflow systems. Since their release, these patterns have been widely\nused by practitioners, vendors and academics alike in the selection, design and\ndevelopment of workflow systems [vdAtHKB03]. This paper presents the first\nsystematic review of the original twenty control-flow patterns and provides a\nformal description of each of them in the form of a Coloured Petri-Net (CPN)\nmodel. It also identifies twenty three new patterns relevant to the control-flow\nperspective. Detailed context conditions and evaluation criteria are presented for\neach pattern and their implementation is assessed in fourteen commercial offerings including workflow and case handling systems, business process modelling\nformalisms and business process execution languages.
Very Early Administration of Progesterone for Acute Traumatic Brain Injury (2014)

This clinical trial did not show a benefit of progesterone over placebo in the improvement of outcomes in patients with acute TBI. (Funded by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and others; PROTECT III ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00822900.).
Bifunctional Chelators in the Design and Application of Radiopharmaceuticals for Oncological Diseases (2012)

Radiopharmaceuticals constitute diagnostic and therapeutic tools for both clinical and preclinical applications. They are a blend of a tracer moiety that mediates a site specific accumulation and an effector: a radioisotope whose decay enables either molecular imaging or exhibits cytotoxic effects. Radioactive halogens and lanthanides are the most commonly used isotopes for radiopharmaceuticals. Due to their ready availability and the facile labeling metallic radionuclides offer ideal characteristics for applications in nuclear medicine. A stable link between the radionuclide and the carrier molecule is the primary prerequisite for in vivo applications. The radionuclide is selected according to its physical and chemical properties i.e. half-life, the type of decay, the energy emitted and its availability. Bifunctional chelating agents are used to stably link the radiometal to the carrier moiety of the radiopharmaceutical. The design of the bifunctional chelator has to consider the impact of the radiometal chelate on the biological properties of the target-specific pharmaceutical. Here, with an emphasis on oncology, we review applications of radiopharmaceuticals that contain bifunctional chelators, while highlighting successes and identifying the key challenges that need to be addressed for the successful translation of target binding molecules into tracers for molecular imaging and endoradiotherapy.
Substrate-integrated coaxial-cavity filter with tunable center frequency and reconfigurable bandwidth (2014)

This paper presents a substrate-integrated coaxial-cavity bandpass filter with both continuous center frequency tuning and continuous bandwidth (BW) tuning. A surface mount varactor connects the center conductors of the coaxial resonators. Tuning this varactor's capacitance changes the inter-resonator coupling between the resonators and tunes the BW. Another surface mount varactor on the coplanar waveguide feed line adjusts the external coupling at different BWs. Lumped varactors are also used to capacitively load the coaxial transmission line to tune the center frequency. Measured results show a BW range of 20–100 MHz from 0.8 GHz to 1.13 GHz and a BW range of 34–40 MHz from 0.55 GHz to 1.13 GHz with return loss better than 10 dB. Peak insertion loss of 1.07 dB is measured at 1.13 GHz with 100 MHz BW. Due to dispersive inter-resonator coupling, a transmission zero occurs above the passband that sharpens skirt selectivity. Fabrication is compatible with standard PCB technology with single-layer surface-mount lumped elements as tuners.
Cavitation in Two-Dimensional Asymmetric Nozzles (1999)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Diesel fuel spray characteristics are thought to depend on cavitation inside the fuel injector nozzles. These nozzles are very small and the fuel flow is very fast, making experimental observation very difficult. Numerical simulation of the two-phase flow is hindered by the severe density difference between the liquid and vapor as well as the existence of complex free surfaces. Recent experimental and numerical advances are now permitting visual observation of real-scale cavitating flow and two-dimensional simulation of the cavitating flow. In contrast to past work, we have chosen to study asymmetric nozzle flow. Asymmetry is more representative of real injector geometry than symmetric nozzles and may yield more reproducible results.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Experimental runs of 1 mm long nozzles were made at upstream pressures up to 120 bar with downstream pressures from 1 to 50 bar. Photographs of planar asymmetric nozzles revealed complex transient structures on the fuel-vapor interface. The nature of these structures depended on both the upstream and downstream pressure. Numerical simulation of selected experimental cases predicted nearly identical vapor location. The numerical simulation also provided predictions of the velocity and pressure field. Numerical simulations of a different geometry with an upstream pressure of 1000 bar predicted a strong, chaotic cavity oscillation with a frequency of about 26 to 33 kHz.</div>
The film boiling reactor: A new environment for chemical processing (2006)

Abstract A new platform, based on film boiling, is described for chemical processing by catalytic decomposition of organic liquids. A model for conversion of pure methanol to hydrogen and carbon monoxide is used to illustrate the operational and performance characteristics of the reactor. The model extends film boiling theory to include catalytic reactions at the surface. The results show that wall temperature exerts a dominant influence on product yields, with tube diameter a secondary effect. The yields of hydrogen increase as tube diameter and wall temperature increase, with the variation being nonlinear. At temperatures > 1200 K, the wall conversion rates reach an asymptote with wall concentrations of hydrogen and carbon monoxide being lower and higher than stoichiometric, respectively, because of the higher diffusion rate of hydrogen compared to carbon monoxide. A dimensional “performance factor,” defined as the ratio of hydrogen yield to the total energy required to maintain the vapor film and drive the reaction, is used to cast the performance of the film boiling reactor in terms of the variables of the problem. For the range of tube diameters examined (1.5 mm to 1.5 cm), the analysis shows the existence of wall temperatures that optimize performance. The advantages of the new reactor system are its simplicity and potentially large product yields, making it ideal for portable applications. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Finding failure-inducing changes in java programs using change classification (2006)

Testing and code editing are interleaved activities during program development. When tests fail unexpectedly, the changes that caused the failure(s) are not always easy to find. We explore how change classification can focus programmer attention on failure-inducing changes by automatically labeling changes Red, Yellow, or Green, indicating the likelihood that they have contributed to a test failure. We implemented our change classification tool JUnit/CIA as an ex-tension to the JUnit component within Eclipse, and evaluated its effectiveness in two case studies. Our results indicate that change classification is an effective technique for finding failure-inducing changes.
<title>Experimental Studies Of Endoscopic Local Hyperthermia With Contact Nd-YAG Laser</title> (1987)

We have been studying experimentally and clinically to evaluate the histological effects and safety of the therapeutic Nd-YAG laser endoscopy by the contact method with new ceramic endoprobes comparing wit Li those by the non-contact method with single quartz fiber. In this paper, we would like to discuss possibilities of clinical application of endoscopic local hyperthermia using Nd-YAG laser (Laserthermia) with computer control system. Newly developed computer controlled Laserthermia may possible to apply for the treatment of the malignant tumor in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
Enzymatic fructose removal from D‐psicose bioproduction model solution and the system modeling and simulation (2017)

Abstract BACKGROUND The rare sugar D‐psicose has important physiological functions, and has been used as an ingredient in foods and dietary supplements. It can be mass produced from D‐fructose in industry. However, separation of D‐psicose from D‐fructose is difficult. RESULTS In this research, a reaction purification system consisting of two continuous stirred tank reactors (CSTR) containing immobilized glucose isomerase (GI) and glucose oxidase (GOD), respectively, for D‐fructose removal was constructed. Using this system D‐fructose was transformed into gluconic acid and separated from D‐psicose easily using anion exchange resin. Modeling and simulation was carried out for this system and the model was verified by experiments and used in process predictions. CONCLUSION D‐Psicose can be efficiently purified using the proposed reaction purification system. The final purity of the D‐psicose is 91.2%, which meets the need for crystallization to obtain highly purified product. The mathematical model developed for this system can simulate and predict the process well, which is useful in process analysis, prediction, and optimization to save time and costs compared with laboratory experiments. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Linking Issue Tracker with Q&amp;A Sites for Knowledge Sharing across Communities (2015)

Collaborative development communities and knowledge sharing communities are highly correlated and mutually complementary. The knowledge sharing between these two types of open source communities can be very beneficial to both of them. However, it is a great challenge to automate this process. Current studies mainly focus on knowledge acquisition in one type of community, and few of them have tackle this problem efficiently. In this paper we take Android Issue Tracker and Stack Overflow as a case to study the mutual knowledge sharing between them. We propose an automatic approach by integrating semantic similarity with temporal locality between Android issues and Stack Overflow posts based on the internal citation-graph to reveal the potential associations between them. Our approach explores the internal citations in communities for closely related posts or issues clustering, exploits the rich semantics in fine-grained information of issues and posts for associations building, and leverages the temporal correlations between issues and posts in-depth for associations ranking. Extensive experiments show that the precision of our approach reaches 62.51 percent for top 10 recommendations when recommending Stack Overflow posts to Android issues, and 66.83 percent in reverse.
Usefulness of Ceramic Implants in Neurosurgery (1987)

The authors have designed various implants made of alumina ceramic for neurosurgical use. They were used for reconstruction of the sellar floor and orbital wall and for cranioplasty to repair bone defects in both the convexity and the suboccipital region. Burr hole and sphenoid buttons were made to prevent postoperative dents in the skin. A ceramic-silicon sponge was developed as a marker prosthesis for neurovascular decompression. There were no untoward side effects such as infection or rejection by recipient tissue in humans or dogs. The advantages and disadvantages of the material are discussed.
Brain Organization for Music Processing (2004)

Research on how the brain processes music is emerging as a rich and stimulating area of investigation of perception, memory, emotion, and performance. Results emanating from both lesion studies and neuroimaging techniques are reviewed and integrated for each of these musical functions. We focus our attention on the common core of musical abilities shared by musicians and nonmusicians alike. Hence, the effect of musical training on brain plasticity is examined in a separate section, after a review of the available data regarding music playing and reading skills that are typically cultivated by musicians. Finally, we address a currently debated issue regarding the putative existence of music-specific neural networks. Unfortunately, due to scarcity of research on the macrostructure of music organization and on cultural differences, the musical material under focus is at the level of the musical phrase, as typically used in Western popular music.
Discussion of `Bayesian Treed Generalized Linear Models' by H. A. Chipman, E. I. George and R. E. McCulloch (2002)

In this stimulating paper, the authors have successfully exploited Markov chain Monte Carlo methods to explore the space of graphs for CART-like trees in which the terminal nodes represent generalized linear models (GLMs). Integration over the parameters of the terminal GLMs, in order to compute the marginal likelihood (probability of data given the model) for the MCMC search, is accomplished using the Laplace approximation. Hyper-parameters (such as those governing the GLM parameters) are either set by hand or ﬁxed after a brief empirical search.
Even- and Odd-Mode Waves for Nonsymmetrical Coupled Lines in Nonhomogeneous Media (1975)

A simple analysis of the eigenvectors, representing the fundamental uncoupled wave modes of a pair of nonsymmetrical coupled lines in nonhomogeneous medium, proves that these two modes reduce, under a given condition, to an even mode with equal voltage magnitudes and an odd mode with equal current magnitudes and opposite polarities. The condition, which may be cast in many representative forms, is called "congruence condition" and may be formulated simply, for a nonhomogeneous dielectric medium, by saying that the ratio of the per-unit-length conductor-to-ground capacitances must be the same in the empty and in the filled structure. The essential interest of congruence lies in the drastic simplification it introduces in the expressions of the eigenvalues and of the mode velocities and in the expressions of the mode admittances and impedances for the two coupled lines. Because of this simplification, a straight forward matrix derivation may be written to obtain closed-form expressions of the entries of the 4 x 4 Y-, Z-, and S-parameter matrices of the coupled-line 4-port. The simplicity of the definition of the fundamental modes in congruent structures introduces great conceptual clarity in the description of coupled-wave propagation. Experimental evidence is presented which proves the physical existence of the even-mode wave and of the redefined odd-mode wave in suspended-substrate broadside-coupled striplines. Practical structures of this type are very closely congruent.
Special seating considerations for the child with a spinal cord injury (2005)

Although wheelchair and seating set-up for the paediatric population is a specialty itself, the child who has sustained a spinal cord injury has several distinct orthopaedic needs that must be addressed; specifically, the issues of neuromuscular scoliosis and hip subluxation. These two factors, as well as the biomechanics and kinematics of wheelchair propulsion, will be discussed. This article reviews current published research regarding orthopaedic needs in paediatric spinal cord injury, wheelchair pushrim biomechanics in adults with spinal cord injury and clinical experience. It concludes that preventative measures such as proper seating, positioning and wheelchair set-up should be taken early on to decrease the chance of, or at least slow the rate of development of a scoliotic curve, hip subluxation or an upper extremity over-use injury.
Air interdiction mission planning using dynamic programming (1981)

A simple algorithm to aid air interdiction mission planning is described. Threats are modeled by circles, and routes are described by a sequence of turnpoints. Dynamic programming finds the minimum-risk route to a specified target. The minimum-risk route depends on the distribution of threat-avoidance weight or risk odds assigned by the user. A computer program based on this algorithm complements current manual planning methods by providing preliminary route options which avoid known threats and take advantage of favorable terrain. Final detailed planning must still be performed manually.
A protein secondary structure database (PSS). (1991)

A protein secondary structure database (PSS) has been designed to correlate the Protein Sequence Database of the PIR-International with the atomic coordinates and bond connectivities database of the Protein Data Bank in the Brookhaven National Laboratory. The present database includes secondary structures determined by X-ray diffraction analysis, but not predicted structures. The database currently contains data from both the Protein Sequence Database and the Protein Data Bank Database, and will encompass the NMR database in the future. The main characteristics of the database are as follows: (1) the secondary structures, sites, regions and domains of structural interest are displayed together with protein primary structures; and (2) the secondary structure of a desired length of peptide fragment is displayed upon request, as are the peptide fragment(s) that correspond to a defined secondary structure. This database also has software to indicate amino acid pairs having hydrogen bonds and to count the occurrence frequency of each pair as well as the conformational parameters widely used in semi-empirical methods of secondary structure prediction.