gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On the scattering of electrons by polar optical phonons in quasi-2D quantum wells (1983)

Numerical calculations have been made of the rates of scattering and momentum relaxation of electrons caused by unscreened polar optical phonons in quasi-two-dimensional layers, using a simple infinite-depth square-well model. The results are compared with approximate analytic formulae, and with the situation in the bulk. Some of the major differences from scattering in the bulk are (i) an abrupt threshold for phonon emission appears, (ii) rates just above threshold are enhanced and (iii) the scattering just above the threshold of emission is more isotropic. These differences are intimately related to the energy dependence of the density of states and to the polar interaction, and are expected to be largely independent of the model. The form of the polar interaction strongly favours intra-sub-band scattering over inter-sub-band scattering and this effect has consequences for the luminescent spectrum expected from hot injected carriers. The large increase of the momentum relaxation rate at the emission threshold has consequences for transport phenomena.
A comparison of methods for focusing the field of a HIFU array transducer through human ribs (2014)

A forward model, which predicts the scattering by human ribs of a multi-element high-intensity focused ultrasound transducer, was used to investigate the efficacy of a range of focusing approaches described in the literature. This forward model is based on the boundary element method and was described by Gélat et al (2011 Phys. Med. Biol. 56 5553-81; 2012 Phys. Med. Biol. 57 8471-97). The model has since been improved and features a complex surface impedance condition at the surface of the ribs. The inverse problem of focusing through the ribs was implemented on six transducer array-rib topologies and five methods of focusing were investigated, including spherical focusing, binarized apodization based on geometric ray tracing, phase conjugation and the decomposition of the time-reversal operator method. The excitation frequency was 1 MHz and the array was of spherical-section type. Both human and idealized rib topologies were considered. The merit of each method of focusing was examined. It was concluded that the constrained optimization approach offers greater potential than the other focusing methods in terms of maximizing the ratio of acoustic pressure magnitudes at the focus to those on the surface of the ribs whilst taking full advantage of the dynamic range of the phased array.
A Frequency Divider Implemented With a Subharmonic Mixer and a Divide-by-Two Divider (2006)

This letter proposes a divide-by-four injection-locked frequency divider (ILFD) with the use of a subharmonic mixer and a divide-by-two frequency divider (D2FD). The D2FD circuit consists of a two-stage differential CMOS ring oscillator with n-MOS switches directly coupled to its differential outputs, the measured phase noise of the D2FD is -97 dBc/Hz at 1-MHz offset from the free running frequency of 1.08GHz. The low-voltage CMOS divide-by-four FD (D4FD) has been implemented with the UMC 0.18-mum 1P6M CMOS technology and the power consumption is 9 mW at the supply voltage of 1.2 V. At the input power of 0 dBm, the D4FD can function properly with about 330-MHz locking range from 4.15 to 4.48GHz
Activation of intestinal tuft cell-expressed Sucnr1 triggers type 2 immunity in the mouse small intestine (2018)

The hallmark features of type 2 mucosal immunity include intestinal tuft and goblet cell expansion initiated by tuft cell activation. How infectious agents that induce type 2 mucosal immunity are detected by tuft cells is unknown. Published microarray analysis suggested that succinate receptor 1 (<i>Sucnr1</i>) is specifically expressed in tuft cells. Thus, we hypothesized that the succinate-Sucnr1 axis may be utilized by tuft cells to detect certain infectious agents. Here we confirmed that <i>Sucnr1</i> is specifically expressed in intestinal tuft cells but not in other types of intestinal epithelial cells, and demonstrated that dietary succinate induces tuft and goblet cell hyperplasia via Sucnr1 and the tuft cell-expressed chemosensory signaling elements gustducin and Trpm5. Conventional mice with a genetic Sucnr1 deficiency (<i>Sucnr1</i><sup>-/-</sup>) showed diminished immune responses to treatment with polyethylene glycol and streptomycin, which are known to enhance microbiota-derived succinate, but responded normally to inoculation with the parasitic worm <i>Nippostrongylus brasiliensis</i> that also produces succinate. Thus, Sucnr1 is required for microbiota-induced but not for a generalized worm-induced type 2 immunity.
Structural characterization of gangliosides from murine T lymphocytes (1987)

Mouse spleen cells were prepared from CBA/J mice, and T lymphocytes were selectively stimulated with the T cell mitogen concanavalin A and further propagated in the presence of the T cell growth factor interleukin-2. The T cells were metabolically labeled with D-[1-14C]galactose and D[1-14C]glucosamine, and the gangliosides were extracted and purified by DEAE-Sepharose column chromatography. Carbohydrate backbone structures of the asialogangliosides, prepared by mild acid hydrolysis, were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, treatment with exoglycosidases and immunostaining. Monosialylated gangliosides were isolated by gradient elution from DEAE-Sepharose and further separated by preparative high-performance thin-layer chromatography in two solvent systems. Isolated fractions were characterized by preparation of asialogangliosides by mild acid hydrolysis, the action of Vibrio cholerae neuraminidase, and fast-atombombardment mass spectrometry. The following structures were identified: IVNeuAc-GgOse4Cer; IVNeuGc-GgOse4Cer; IVNeuAc-GgOse5Cer; and IVNeu-Gc-GgOse5Cer. The latter two gangliosides were not detected on B lymphoblasts and may be T-cell-specific structures. All gangliosides were heterogeneous in their ceramide moieties, being substituted with C16:0, C24:0, and C24:1 fatty acids. A preliminary study of several other mouse strains showed no strain-specific genetic variations in the T cell gangliosides. The possible role of these gangliosides is discussed.
Investigation of the broadening of absorption lines of molecular gases by methods of pulsed laser diode spectroscopy (1984)

A study was made of the use of middle-infrared pulsed laser diodes in investigations of the width and profile of absorption lines of molecular gases. Broadening of the absorption lines of CF2Cl2 and SF6 located in the region of 930 cm-1 was studied by correlation processing of the laser diode spectra. The coefficient representing the broadening of the CF2Cl2 lines in air depended on the buffer gas pressure and it increased from 5.7 to 12.9 MHz/Torr when this pressure was increased from 0 to 100 Torr. The broadening coefficient of the 32SF6 lines by helium was independent of the He pressure in the range 5-100 Torr and amounted to 6 MHz/Torr. The self-broadening coefficients of NH3 and CF2Cl2 were found to be 28.5 and 31.2 MHz/Torr.
Low-Power Switching of Nonvolatile Resistive Memory Using Hafnium Oxide (2007)

Nonstoichiometric hafnium oxide (HfOx) resistive-switching memory devices with low-power operation have been demonstrated. Polycrystalline HfOx (O:Hf=1.5:1) films with a thickness of 20 nm are grown on a titanium nitride (TiN) bottom electrode by commercial atomic layer deposition. Platinum (Pt) as a top electrode is used in the memory device. Voltage-induced resistance switching is repeatedly observed in the Pt/HfOx/TiN/Si memory device with resistance ratio is greater than 10. During the switching cycles, the power consumptions for high- and low-resistance states are found to be 0.25 and 0.15 mW, respectively. At 85 °C, the memory device shows stable resistance switching and superior data retention with resistance ratio is greater than 100. In addition, our memory device shows little area dependence of resistance-switching behavior. The anodic electrode containing noble metal Pt serves an important role in maintaining stable resistance switching. The resistance switching in the HfOx films is thought to be due to the defects that are generated by the applied bias. The nonstoichiometric HfOx films are responsible for the low SET and RESET currents during switching. Our study shows that the HfOx resistive-switching memory is a promising candidate for next-generation nonvolatile memory device applications.
Yeast Strain Development for Enhanced Production of Desirable Alcohols/Esters in Beer (1995)

Bottom-fermenting brewing yeast, Saccharomyces uvarum, was induced to produce higher levels of desirable alcohols and esters (isoamyl acetate and phenylethyl acetate) in beer by selection on media containing amino acid analogues 5,5,5,-trifluoro-DL-leucine and fluoro-dl-phenylalanine, respectively. The isolated mutants have apparently lost their ability to regulate amino acid biosynthesis by means of feedback repression of the key enzymes in these pathways, which resulted in over-production of the corresponding keto acids. After decarboxylation and reduction, the resulting alcohols were esterified by alcohol acetyltransferase. Three- and nine-liter laboratory fermentations showed that selected mutants produced substantially greater amounts of alcohols, as well as their corresponding esters, in beer when compared with the parental strain. It is suggested that changing the regulation of key enzymes in amino acid synthesis can be used for the enhancement of desirable alcohols and esters in beer.
A 3 V, 2.8 mW CMOS ΔΣ-modulator for GSM applications (2002)

A 3V, 2.8 mW /spl Delta//spl Sigma/-modulator for mobile radio applications has been implemented in a 0.5 /spl mu/m CMOS technology. The circuit has a dynamic range of 86 dB for a 100 kHz input signal bandwidth and achieves a maximum signal to noise and distortion ratio of 81 dB. Power consumption has been minimized by optimal OTA design for just the required speed, and by striking a careful balance between quantization and circuit noise.
Effective Expansion of the Subporphyrin Chromophore Through Conjugation with <i>meso</i>‐Oligo(1,4‐phenyleneethynylene) Substituents: Octupolar Effect on Two‐Photon Absorption (2008)

Immer heller: Die Absorptionskoeffizienten und Fluoreszenzquantenausbeuten einer Reihe von meso-Oligo(1,4-phenylenethinylen)-substituierten Subporphyrinen werden erheblich größer, wenn die Kettenlänge der Substituenten zunimmt (siehe Bild). Bei den Zweiphotonenabsorptionseigenschaften innerhalb der Reihe konnte die Zunahme mit einem oktupolaren Effekt statt einem Einfluss der Konjugation erklärt werden.
Octant: a comprehensive framework for the geolocalization of internet hosts (2007)

Determining the physical location of Internet hosts is a critical enabler for many new location-aware services. In this paper, we present Octant, a novel, comprehen-sive framework for determining the location of Internet hosts in the real world based solely on network mea-surements. The key insight behind this framework is to pose the geolocalization problem formally as one of error-minimizing constraint satisfaction, to create a sys-tem of constraints by deriving them aggressively from network measurements, and to solve the system geomet-rically to yield the estimated region in which the target resides. This approach gains its accuracy and precision by taking advantage of both positive and negative con-straints, that is, constraints on where the node can and cannot be, respectively. The constraints are represented using regions bounded by Bézier curves, allowing pre-cise constraint representation and low-cost geometric op-erations. The framework can reason in the presence of uncertainty, enabling it to gracefully cope with aggres-sively derived constraints that may contain errors. An evaluation of Octant using PlanetLab nodes and public traceroute servers shows that Octant can localize the me-dian node to within 22 mi., a factor of three better than other evaluated approaches. 1
Endoscopic endonasal transclival approach to a ventral pontine pediatric ependymoma (2013)

The authors report a case of a recurrent pediatric ventral pontine ependymoma that they resected through an endonasal endoscopic transclival approach. Regarding the options for a surgical approach to ventral pontine tumors, traditional far-lateral approaches are associated with considerable morbidity due to the required muscle mobilization, brain retraction, and in-line obstruction of cranial nerves before reaching the target. The endoscopic endonasal transclival approach was made appealing by eliminating all of these concerns. The patient's fully pneumatized sphenoid sinus, laterally displaced basilar artery, and the direct ventral location of the bulky disease all further supported this unconventional choice of surgical corridor to achieve a palliative brainstem decompression of an incurable recurrence.
Lane guidance warning system (2012)

In Malaysia, the rate of fatality due to accidents cases increases year by year. This problem becomes more serious and need all concerns to immediately take the following urgent actions in order to save precious human life. Therefore, this paper attempts to present a technique based on video and image processing for lane guidance warning system as an alternative way to reduce the accident rate due to lane departure. This system is capable to identify two lane markings from the video captured through a webcam. Warning system will automatically `switch on' once lane departure occurs either to the right or to the left side of the road. The input video will first undergo threshold process and binary conversion. Then, lane marking detection is done using Hough transform, Hough line detection and local maxima finder. Finally, a decision-making algorithm is applied in the system to detect lane departure. It is found that, this system is able to identify straight lane markers, highlighting both markers with colour lines and able to give appropriate warning when lane crossing happen. For future enhancement, distance measuring function should be applied in the system so that the distance from one vehicle in front with another one at the back can be measured automatically.
Sequence-specific cleavage of DNA via nucleophilic attack of hydrogen peroxide, assisted by flp recombinase (1993)

Hydrogen peroxide is capable of effecting the cleavage of a specific phosphodiester bond in DNA, when used in concert with the recombinase enzyme Flp from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This cleavage is not caused by oxidative damage of the DNA backbone but instead is the result of nucleophilic attack by peroxide. A single phosphorus-oxygen bond is broken in the reaction. Cleavage of DNA by peroxide also occurs with an inactive mutant of Flp in which the active site nucleophile tyrosine has been replaced by phenylalanine. Besides providing information on the mechanism of strand cleavage by Flp, these results may contribute to the development of new synthetic DNA cleavage reagents that act by hydrolytic and not radical chemistry.
A Simple Method for Estimating and Testing Minimum-Evolution Trees (1992)

A simple method for estimating and testing phylogenetic trees under the principle of minimum evolution (ME) is presented. The basic procedure of this method is first to obtain the neighbor-joining (NJ) tree by Saitou and Nei’s method and then to search for a tree with the minimum value of the sum (S) of branch lengths by examining all trees that are closely related to the NJ tree. Once the ME tree is identified, a statistical test is conducted for the difference in S between this tree and other closely related trees. The mathematical method required for conducting this test is developed by using the least-squares approach. Computer simulation has shown that this method identifies the correct tree with a high probability, as long as the number of nucleotides examined is sufficiently large. It has also been shown that the topology of the NJ tree is almost always identical with that of the ME tree. A method for obtaining least-squares estimates (and their standard errors) of branch lengths for a given topology is also presented. This method can be used for testing the reliability of the branching pattern of the ME tree. However, the statistical test of S values is more powerful in rejecting incorrect trees than is the branch-length test or bootstrapping. Furthermore, both a mathematical method for computing the number of trees with a given value of topological difference from the NJ tree and a computer algorithm for identifying all the topologies are developed.
Comparison of transthoracic electrical impedance and thermodilution methods for measuring cardiac output (1986)

Cardiac output was measured 120 times in 27 critically ill patients using the thermodilution and transthoracic electrical impedance methods. Both the minimum and mean values for the distance between the inner electrodes, and a variety of values for the resistivity of blood (p) were substituted in the Kubicek's empiric formula for calculating cardiac output by transthoracic electrical impedance. Using the mean distance between the inner electrodes and a p-value of 150 ohmċcm gave the best agreement between the methods (mean difference 0.17 ± 2.4 L/min). Ventilation alone or with positive end-expiratory pressure did not significantly affect the bias of the estimate, but both affected its precision when compared with measurements in spontaneously breathing patients (SD of mean difference 2.4 and 3.2 L/min, respectively, vs. 1.5 L/min). The pulmonary artery wedge pressure was significantly higher in patients with an abnormal diastolic impedance waveform (zero-wave), but there was no relationship between wedge pressure and base impedance per unit length between the measuring electrodes.
Molecular Approaches for Control of Tomato Bushy Stunt Virus (1993)

I N this overview strategies are discussed that are currently being tested in our laboratory in an effort to engineer resistance against tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) in plants. TBSV is chosen as a model-system since this is an economically important RNA virus that is well characterized at the molecular level and the virus has some interesting and potentially useful features that can be exploited to produce resistant plants. Moreover, we anticipate that the information derived from our studies with TBSV will be applicable in developing resistance to other plant viruses. Some approaches that we are attempting to apply to TBSV have been described previously for other virus-systems, whereas other strategies represent novel tactics. This overview will also illustrate that some methods are in an advanced stage of implementation, whereas others are still being tested at a very elementary model-system level. The effectiveness of most strategies remains to be evaluated but we will present our progress to date, consider the implications of certain findings for future developments, and point out directions we intend to take with the TBSV program.
SiGe Nanowire Field Effect Transistors (2008)

Si0.5Geo0.5 nanowires have been utilized to fabricate source-drain channels of p-type field effect transistors (p-FETs). These transistors were fabricated using two methods, focused ion beam (FIB) and electron beam lithography (EBL). The electrical analyses of these devices show field effect transistor characteristics. The boron-doped SiGe p-FETs with a high-k (HfO2) insulator and Pt electrodes, made via FIB produced devices with effective hole mobilities of about 50 cm2V(-1)s(-1). Similar transistors with Ti/Au electrodes made via EBL had effective hole mobilities of about 350 cm2V(-1)s(-1).
Content of bioactive compounds in pungent spice red pepper (paprika) as affected by ripening and genotype (2001)

Abstract This work was conducted to investigate changes in the bioactive nutrient content of hot (pungent) paprika as a function of ripening in four of the most important varieties cultivated in Hungary. For the quantitative determination, recent liquid chromatographic (HPLC) methods were applied. Forty carotenoids were separated, with β‐carotene and lutein of interest from the biological point of view. The major component of vitamin E was α‐tocopherol. Capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin and nordihydrocapsaicin were the dominant pungency principles. As for vitamin C components, only ascorbic acid could be detected and determined. The results indicated that all the examined compounds were at low level in the mature green fruits, and the onset of climacteric ripening caused their content to grow. In accord with the advance in ripening, carotenoids were being formed even at the overripening stage, while tocopherols, capsaicinoids and ascorbic acid reached their maximum level at the colour break or red stage and then declined. The highest values with regard to carotenoids were estimated in SZ‐178 and F0‐3 cultivars. The best retention of ascorbic acid was found in SZ‐178, which contained 4.86 mg g −1 dry matter in the dry pods. On the other hand, retention of α‐tocopherol during ripening and natural drying was found to depend on variety. The highest value for vitamin E was recorded in SZ‐178 followed by K‐V 2 , which contained the highest level of α‐tocopherol at the red stage of ripening. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of Sample Surface Condition on Chemical Analysis Using Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (1997)

The influence of sample surface condition on chemical analysis was investigated when using laser ablation sampling with inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES). The ablated mass quantity and composition were found to be significantly different from original vs. pre-ablated surfaces. The ablated mass quantity from original surfaces was much greater than that from pre-ablated surfaces, and the ablation rate (mass per unit area and time) was constant or independent of power density below 0.3 GW/cm 2 . For pre-ablated surfaces, the mass ablation rate follows exponential behavior in the same power density region. The measured composition of the ablated mass was found to be dependent on the surface condition and laser power density, for both original and pre-ablated surfaces. Understanding the influence of laser energy and surface conditions on mass ablation is essential for accurate and precise chemical analysis.
Protective Effect of Monascus-Fermented Red Mold Rice against Alcoholic Liver Disease by Attenuating Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Response (2011)

Monascus purpureus NTU 568 fermented rice is reported to exhibit a wide variety of biological effects, including antitumor, antihypertriglyceridemia, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities. However, its role in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease remains obscure. In this study, the hepatoprotective effects of Monascus-fermented red mold rice (RMR) was evaluated in vivo using chronic alcohol-induced mice as an experimental model. The alcohol-induced mice were orally treated with RMR at 307.5 mg/kg (1-fold), 615 mg/kg (2-fold), and 1537.5 mg/kg (5-fold) for 5 weeks, whereas controls received vehicle only. Treatment with RMR significantly attenuated the increased level of serum transaminases (aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase) and hepatic triglyceride and total cholesterol accumulation. Furthermore, RMR elevates hepatic antioxidant ability that reduced hepatic cell damage (steatosis) and decreased tissue inflammatory cytokine levels. These findings suggest that Monascus-fermented RMR may represent a novel, protective strategy against alcoholic liver disease by attenuating oxidative stress, inflammatory response, and steatosis.