gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Underwater Sensor Nodes and Networks (2013)

Sensor technology has matured enough to be used in any type of environment. The appearance of new physical sensors has increased the range of environmental parameters for gathering data. Because of the huge amount of unexploited resources in the ocean environment, there is a need of new research in the field of sensors and sensor networks. This special issue is focused on collecting recent advances on underwater sensors and underwater sensor networks in order to measure, monitor, surveillance of and control of underwater environments. On the one hand, from the sensor node perspective, we will see works related with the deployment of physical sensors, development of sensor nodes and transceivers for sensor nodes, sensor measurement analysis and several issues such as layer 1 and 2 protocols for underwater communication and sensor localization and positioning systems. On the other hand, from the sensor network perspective, we will see several architectures and protocols for underwater environments and analysis concerning sensor network measurements. Both sides will provide us a complete view of last scientific advances in this research field.
Einleitung (2010)

Bemerkenswert an dieser Szene auf der A26, die der Autor bei einer seiner Beobachtungen für die vorliegende Arbeit erlebte, sind zwei Dinge: Erstens die Selbstverständlichkeit, mit der ein Zeitungsmitarbeiter heutzutage eine Videokamera im Auto hat. Zweitens aber auch die Zögerlichkeit beim Einsatz derselben. Ein TV-Team hätte vermutlich keine Sekunde gewartet, um die starken Bilder nicht zu verpassen. Beim Printreporter dominierte die Konzentration auf Fotos und der Gedanke, dass Unfälle noch nicht zum Bewegtbildkonzept des Blatts gehörten, diese Sparte noch in der Planungsphase steckte (siehe Kapitel 7). Ein Verhalten, symptomatisch für die Zeitungsbranche, die in ein neues Abenteuer namens Videoproduktion aufgebrochen ist, diesen Weg inzwischen selbstbewusst geht und sich doch über das Ziel noch nicht endgültig im Klaren ist.
Integrating GIS's and remote sensing image analysis systems by unifying knowledge representation schemes (1991)

The major barriers to the integration of remote sensing image analysis and geographical information system (GIS) technologies include the problems with data format, data accuracy, and system communication. This research explores a new path for achieving the integration. The three problems, which at first may seem to be independent of each other, are considered as different aspects of a problem with knowledge (information) representation and are tackled by unifying the systems on a common knowledge representation framework. Three new techniques-relational-linear quadtree, fuzzy representation method, and communication subschema-have been developed to provide such a framework.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Effect of Material Parameters on Steady State Creep in a Thick Composite Cylinder Subjected to Internal Pressure (2009)

The steady state creep in Al- SiCP composite cylinder subjected to internal pressure was investigated. The creep behavior of the material were described by threshold stress based creep law by assuming a stress exponent of 5. The effect of size and content of the reinforcement (SiCP ), and operating temperature on the stresses and strain rates in the composite cylinder were investigated. The stresses in the cylinder did not have significant variation with varying size and content of the reinforcement, and operating temperature. However, the tangential as well as radial strain rates in the cylinder could be reduced to a significant extent by decreasing size of SiCP, increasing the content of SiCP and decreasing operating temperature.
Mode-locked Nd:YAG laser with passive negative feedback using multiple quantum well saturable absorber (2005)

Using of single semiconductor element containing multiple quantum well saturable absorber both for mode-locking and as passive negative feedback element in the resonator of flashlamp pumped Nd:YAG laser is reported. In the Q-switched and mode locked regime of generation, 40 ns long trains containing 5 pulses (at FWHM) were generated; the energy of the whole train was 1.5 mJ, single pulse duration was 50 ps. In the regime of passive negative feedback the pulse trains were stretched to 160-280 ns, and effective pulse shortening along the train from 50 ps to 25 ps was observed.
List-mode SPECT reconstruction using empirical likelihood (2005)

This dissertation investigates three topics related to imagereconstruction from list-mode Anger camera data. Our mainfocus is the processing of photomultiplier-tube (PMT)signals directly into images. First we look at the use of list-mode calibration data toreconstruct a non-parametric likelihood model relating theobject to the data list. The reconstructed model can thenbe combined with list-mode object data to produce amaximum-likelihood (ML) reconstruction, an approach we calldouble list-mode reconstruction. This trades off reducedprior assumptions about the properties of the imaging systemfor greatly increased processing time and increaseduncertainty in the reconstruction. Second we use the list-mode expectation-maximization (EM)algorithm to reconstruct planar projection images directlyfrom PMT data. Images reconstructed by EM are compared withimages produced using the faster and more common techniqueof first producing ML position estimates, then histogramingto form an image. A mathematical model of the human visualsystem, the channelized Hotelling observer, is used tocompare the reconstructions by performing the Rayleigh task,a traditional measure of resolution. EM is found to producehigher resolution images than the histogram approach,suggesting that information is lost during the positionestimation step. Finally we investigate which linear parameters of an objectare estimable, in other words may be estimated without biasfrom list-mode data. We extend the notion of a linearsystem operator, familiar from binned-mode systems, tolist-mode systems, and show the estimable parameters aredetermined by the range of the adjoint of the systemoperator. As in the binned-mode case, the list-modesensitivity functions define ``natural pixels'' with whichto reconstruct the object.
Validation of localised corrosion model using real time corrosion monitoring in a chemical plant (2005)

AbstractAbstractA mechanistic model was developed and applied to predict the localised corrosion of a number of alloys in a plant process stream. In order to validate the model, multi-electrode array sensors (MAS) made from type 316L stainless steel and from two Fe–Ni–Cr–Mo–W alloys, AL6XN and alloy C–276, were installed in a side loop of a process stream in the chemical plant. The pitting corrosion rates measured from the probes were consistent with the plant equipment experience. The pitting rates obtained from the long term measurements were in good agreement with the actual corrosion rates obtained from post-test surface examination of the probes. The model successfully predicted the relative ranking of the alloys in this process environment. The pitting rates measured by the probes were consistent with model predictions.Keywords: CHEMICAL PLANTMONITORINGLOCALISED CORROSIONMODELSTAINLESS STEELNICKEL BASE ALLOYSSENSOR
Oligogalacturonic Acid and Chitosan Reduce Stomatal Aperture by Inducing the Evolution of Reactive Oxygen Species from Guard Cells of Tomato and <i>Commelina communis</i>  (1999)

Abstract Stomatal opening provides access to inner leaf tissues for many plant pathogens, so narrowing stomatal apertures may be advantageous for plant defense. We investigated how guard cells respond to elicitors that can be generated from cell walls of plants or pathogens during pathogen infection. The effect of oligogalacturonic acid (OGA), a degradation product of the plant cell wall, and chitosan (β-1,4-linked glucosamine), a component of the fungal cell wall, on stomatal movements were examined in leaf epidermis of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) andCommelina communis L. These elicitors reduced the size of the stomatal aperture. OGA not only inhibited light-induced stomatal opening, but also accelerated stomatal closing in both species; chitosan inhibited light-induced stomatal opening in tomato epidermis. The effects of OGA and chitosan were suppressed when EGTA, catalase, or ascorbic acid was present in the medium, suggesting that Ca2+ and H2O2 mediate the elicitor-induced decrease of stomatal apertures. We show that the H2O2 that is involved in this process is produced by guard cells in response to elicitors. Our results suggest that guard cells infected by pathogens may close their stomata via a pathway involving H2O2 production, thus interfering with the continuous invasion of pathogens through the stomatal pores.
Constructing a media server architecture for the needs of the video industry (1995)

The video industry has been using tape as a storage medium for many years, but several technologies which have been growing in use and declining in cost during the past decade have begun to allow a shift away from tape. These technologies are computer hard drives, high speed data networks, and real time operating systems. Now systems can be constructed consisting of the above components and video, audio, and data I/O which duplicate many of the functions of conventional VTRs, audio decks, and cart machines. These systems can expand to bring together support for multiple applications that meet the current and emerging needs of the video industry. Such systems are called video servers or media servers. The goal of such systems is to do some of the functions performed at broadcast facilities and television networks in a way which enhances currently available functionality while giving new functionality, increasing reliability, and reducing operating costs. Some of these functions include commercial insertion, time delay, program playback, and news editing and playback.
Synthesis and Antitubercular Activity of Heteroaromatic Isonicotinoyl and 7-Chloro-4-Quinolinyl Hydrazone Derivatives (2010)

Two series of N'-(E)-heteroaromatic-isonicotinohydrazide derivatives (3a-f and 4a-b) and 1-(7-chloroquinolin-4-yl)-2-[(heteroaromatic)methylene]hydrazone derivatives (5a-f and 6a-b) have been synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro antibacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv. Several compounds were noncytotoxic and exhibited significant minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) activity (3.12, 2.50, 1.25, or 0.60 microg/mL), which can be compared to that of the first-line drugs ethambutol (3.12 microg/mL) and rifampicin (2.0 microg/ml). These results can be considered an important starting point for the rational design of new leads for anti-TB compounds.
Cytokine Response in Multiple Lymphoid Tissues during the Primary Phase of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Infection (1998)

ABSTRACT Type 1 and 2 cytokine mRNA responses were measured at various time periods and in various lymphoid compartments during the acute stage (first 4 months) of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection in laboratory cats. Cytokine responses were correlated with virus replication. Virus was detected in plasma and tissue from day 14 postinfection (p.i.) onward, peaked at 56 to 70 days, and declined greatly by 70 days. Virus replication was highest in the thymus, followed by spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, and cervical lymph nodes. Baseline cytokine levels were highest in the mesenteric lymph nodes and lowest in the cervical lymph nodes. Cytokine upregulation after FIV infection was most dramatic in the cervical lymph nodes, with the greatest increase in interleukin-10 (IL-10) and gamma interferon (IFN-γ). Cytokine transcription in the mesenteric lymph node increased above baseline by day 14 p.i. for IFN-γ, IL-12p40, IL-4, and IL-10, while elevations in the spleen were mainly for IFN-γ, IL-12p40 and IL-10. An increase in IFN-γ, IL-10, and IL-12p40 occurred in the thymus at day 56 p.i., concomitant with the onset of thymitis. In general, type 2 cytokines (IL-4 and IL-10) were increased greater than 1 log over baseline, while the elevations in type 1 cytokines were less than 1 log. In the tissues tested, CD4 + cells were the primary source of IL-2, IL-4, and IL-10. Both CD4 + and CD8 + cells produced IFN-γ, while no cytokine mRNA was detected in B cells. These results demonstrate the presence of a heterogeneous cytokine response in lymphoid tissues during the primary stage of FIV infection. The nature and intensity of the response differed from one compartment to the other and, in the case of the thymus, also with inflammatory changes. Although limited in scope, the present study confirms the usefulness of the FIV infection model in studying early cytokine events that lead to the secondary subclinical carrier state typical of most lentivirus infections.
INTRACELLULAR SURFACTANT REMOVAL FROM PHAGOCYTIZED MINERALS: Development of a Fluorescent Method Using a BODIPY-Labeled Phospholipid (2000)

Lung surfactant serves as a protective coating when adsorbed on particle surfaces, so its removal or rate of removal in vivo may affect expression of mineral cytotoxicity. Removal of phospholipid surfactant components from the surface of mineral particles ingested by alveolar macrophages (AM) was measured using fluorescence microscopy. Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine with a fluorescent label (BODIPY(trade mark)) substituted for C1-C4 on the second acyl chain (DPPC*), was mixed with dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC) to coat respirable quartz and kaolin particles. Fluorescence from quartz or kaolin particles of 3-4, 5-6 and 8-9 microm size decreased in intensity with increasing ratios of DOPC/DPPC* for the same DOPC concentration of 0.4 mg/ml. There was a direct correlation between fluorescence and residual phospholipid surfactant remaining on particles using phospholipase A2 (PLA(2)) digestion in a cell-free system, indicating that the presence of the fluorophore on DPPC did not hinder enzymatic recognition. Lavaged primary AM obtained from male Fischer rats were challenged in vitro with DOPC/DPPC* (10:1 mol:mol) coated particles at 50 microg particles/10(6) cells. In contrast to the biexponential response seen in cell-free experiments, the rate of fluorescence decay from ingested coated quartz or kaolin particles over 7 days was monoexponential, with the same t(1/2) (41 h) for each dust. This study suggests that the rate of phagolysosomal digestion and removal of the adsorbed surfactant is not a determinant of the different mineral-specific pathogenicities or toxicities of quartz and kaolin, although residual fluorescence remained on particles even after 7-8 days.
Toward highly efficient NLO chromophores: Synthesis and properties of heterocycle-based electronically gradient dipolar NLO chromophores (2010)

To realize organic nonlinear optical (NLO) chromophores with optimized ground-state polarization and very large molecular optical nonlinearities, a novel series of heterocycle-based electronically gradient dipolar chromophores were designed and synthesized. These chromophores are featured by their same strong electron acceptor (i.e., 2-dicyanomethylene-3-cyano-4,5,5-trimethyl-2,5-dihydrofuran, TCF) and the same length of π-conjugation, but different electron donors (e.g., dialkylamine and dianisylamine), different (hetero)aromatics with varying electron densities (i.e., pyrrole, thiophene, and benzene) as the auxiliary donor, and electron-poor 1,3-heteroaromatic thiazole with different regiostructures (e.g., either electron-poor C2, “matched”, or electron-rich C5, “un-matched”, is connected to the acceptor) as the auxiliary acceptor, which allows for a systematic fine-tuning of the ground-state polarization. The gradient electronic structures and optical properties of these NLO chromophores were carefully characterized by 1H NMR, CV, UV-vis, and Hyper-Rayleigh scattering experiments. All the NLO chromophores exhibited very large static molecular first hyperpolarizabilities (β0) in the range of 450–960 × 10−30 esu, which showed significant dependence on the gradient electronic structures. Upon using electron-rich heteroaromatic cycle as the auxiliary donor, “matched” thiazole as the auxiliary acceptor, and/or dianisylamine as the electron donor, substantially enhanced β were obtained. Theoretical studies were carried out to understand the structure-property relationships, which showed that multiple states excitations contributed to the β values of this series of NLO chromophores. TGA investigations showed excellent thermal stability for most of the resulting NLO chromophores, with on-set temperatures for thermal decomposition higher than 250 °C. The very large β0 values coupled with the high thermal stability indicates good application potential of this series of NLO chromophores.
Characterization of Hematopoietic Stem Cells (1995)

On the basis of density-separated mononuclear cells isolated from bone marrow, peripheral blood, and cord blood, we have repeatedly shown good correlation between two-color flow cytometric (FACS) CD34 analysis and colony formation in the clonogenic assay. We have analyzed the distributions of CD34 subpopulations in these three stem cell sources using patients' and donors' bone marrow biopsies (n = 196), cord blood samples from full-term deliveries (n = 14), and peripheral blood from patients mobilized by chemotherapy and/or cytokine treatment (n = 258). Irrespective of absolute cell counts, the mean (+/- SD) proportions of CD34+ cells were clearly higher in bone marrow (5.6 +/- 4.6% of mononuclear cells) than in peripheral blood (1.9 +/- 2.6) and cord blood (1.7 +/- 2.6). However, two-color FACS analyses revealed significant differences among these cell sources with regard to their distribution of CD34 subpopulations: B-cell progenitors coexpressing CD34 and CD19, at considerable concentrations of > 0.5%, were only found in bone marrow (mean 30 +/- 24.3% of CD34+ mononuclear cells, median 28.7%, minimum 0%, maximum 83.3%). In addition, CD34+ cells in S/G2M phase were never detected in peripheral blood or cord blood, but only in bone marrow at a concentration of 10-15% of CD34+ mononuclear cells. On the other hand, the proportions of relatively immature myeloid progenitors, as characterized by not expressing CD45RA and by higher clonogenic capacity, were significantly higher in cord blood (76.7 +/- 17.2) and peripheral blood (58.2 +/- 17.5) than in bone marrow (26.4 +/- 16.7). These data were confirmed by analysis of apheresis products and of progenitors positively selected from different cell sources, and they may explain why, in autologous transplantations of analogous amounts of CD34+ cells, peripheral blood is superior to bone marrow. We conclude from our results that if successful transplantation and timely recovery depend on the number of CD34+ cells transplanted, the mean amount of stem cells required is 1.4- (for myeloid cells) or 2.2-fold (for early myeloid cells) higher for bone marrow than for peripheral blood.
Effectiveness of Foot Orthotic Devices Used to Modify Pronation in Runners (1982)

Foot orthotic devices (FOD) are often used to treat excessive pronation and related problems of runners. In order to assess the effectiveness of FOD, 29 runners who used FOD were filmed on an outdoor track during three conditions: 1 ) barefoot, 2) running shoe, and 3) running shoe plus FOD. The barefoot data were not used because of marked variability. Comparison between the shoe and FOD conditions showed that only two of the six variables were statistically significant at the 0.05 level. Both the maximum angle of pronation and percentage of support time in pronation on the left foot were significantly decreased in the FOD trial. No significant differences were found between the shoe and FOD conditions for the other four variables (pronation velocity on both feet, maximum angle of pronation on the right foot, and percentage of support time spent in pronation on the right foot). The variability of these results support the conclusion that the type of FOD used in this study have questionable effectiveness in the treatment of excessive pronation. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 1982;4(2):86-90.
Membrane-active drugs potentiate the killing of tumor cells by D-glucosamine (1980)

D-Glucosamine is toxic to several malignant cell lines and in vivo tumors at concentrations that have little effect upon normal host tissues. Evidence is presented to support the hypothesis that cellular membranes may be the primary targets of glucosamine's tumoricidal activity. Treatment of rat C6 glioma cells with a cytotoxic concentration of glucosamine (20 mM) caused fragmentation of rough endoplasmic reticulum, proliferation of Golgi complexes, evagination of outer nuclear and mitochondrial membranes, and the accumulation of membranous vacuoles and lipid droplets in the cytoplasm. These changes were detected within the first 3 hr after treatment of cultures with glucosamine and became increasingly severe until cell lysis occurred between 24 and 48 hr of treatment. The cytotoxicity of glucosamine was potentiated by the local anesthetic lidocaine, and by other membrane-active drugs, at concentrations that were growth inhibitory but nonlytic. Most of these drugs possessed local anesthetic activity and inhibited glioma sterol synthesis. Within the same period of time required for ultrastructural changes in cellular membranes, glucosamine inhibited the incorporation of [2-(14)C]acetate into sterols and into an unidentified 400-dalton lipid that migrated close to sterols on thin-layer chromatograms. This inhibition was potentiated by lidocaine and increased over the same range of D-glucosamine concentrations that led to increased cell toxicity after a 48-hr treatment. These findings suggest that the effects of glucosamine upon cellular membranes may be central to its tumoricidal activity and that glucosamine, in combination with membrane-active drugs, may be useful in the treatment of certain types of tumors, particularly those of the central nervous system.
The Design of Boronic Acid Spectroscopic Reporter Compounds by Taking Advantage of the p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub>-Lowering Effect of Diol Binding:  Nitrophenol-Based Color Reporters for Diols (2004)

The complex that forms between a boronic acid and a diol is often much more acidic than the starting boronic acid. In conditions where the solution pH is between the two pK(a) values, the boron atom will convert from a neutral trigonal form to an anionic tetrahedral form upon complexation. Such a change is likely to dramatically alter the electron density of neighboring groups. Utilizing this effect, we have designed and synthesized two nitrophenol-based boronic acid reporter compounds that change ionization states and therefore spectroscopic properties upon diol binding. Both compounds show significant UV changes upon addition of saccharides. For example, a blue shift of the absorption max from 373 to 332 nm was observed with the addition of D-fructose to 2-hydroxy-5-nitrophenylboronic acid at neutral pH. Such a reporter compound can be used as a recognition and signaling unit for the construction of polyboronic acid sensors for the selective and specific recognitions of saccharides of biological significance.