gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The role of diffusible molecules in regulating the cellular differentiation of<i>Dictyostelium discoideum</i> (1988)

A central problem in developmental biology is to understand how morphogenetic fields are created and how they act to direct regionalized cellular differentiation. This goal is being pursued in organisms as diverse as moulds, worms, flies, frogs and mice. Each organism has evolved its own solution to the challenge of multicellularity but there appear to be common underlying principles and, once pattern formation is fully understood in any system, some general truths seem certain to be revealed. As a non-obligate metazoan, Dictyostelium discoideum has proven a particularly tractable system in which to identify and characterize cellular morphogens. Cyclic AMP and ammonia stimulate prespore cell differentiation and ammonia plays an additional role in repressing terminal cellular differentiation. Differentiation Inducing Factor (DIF) acts to direct prestalk cell differentiation and adenosine may play a synergistic role in repressing prespore cell differentiation. This review summarizes the evidence for these interactions and describes a number of models which show how this small repertoire of diffusible molecules, acting in concert, may direct the formation of a differentiated structure.
Downhole Vibration Analysis: Fishing Agitation Tool Efficiency in Stuck Pipe Recovery (2013)

Abstract A challenging and costly situation to overcome in modern day directional drilling applications is stuck pipe in open hole due to differential and/or mechanical sticking forces. Chances of recovery decay with time and conventional fishing with a bottomhole assembly (BHA) is frequently unsuccessful. By incorporating downhole axial-oscillation technology, the fishing reliability and effectiveness improve exponentially. The Fishing Agitation Tool (FAT) is an excitation component of the fishing BHA used to deliver low impact, high energy oscillation to the engaged fish. The FAT keeps the string in motion, breaking static sticking friction. The FAT was used in Saudi Arabia for the first time to recover differentially stuck BHAs from a 6 1/8 in. hole in deep, high angle wells. The initial application involved pipe that was stuck in hole for more than 12 days without any movement, during which several conventional fishing BHAs failed. FAT was run in the final fishing BHA, getting the fish free after an hour of axially agitating and stroking the fish. After the pilot field trials in Saudi Arabia, and several successes in recovering mechanical and differential stuck BHAs, downhole vibration analysis proved the FAT effectiveness in assisting fishing BHAs in recovering stuck pipe more efficiently. The FAT offers a new level of fishing technology that maximizes the effect and reliability of fishing BHAs in challenging wellbore environments, where conventional fishing techniques are deemed insufficient. This increased efficiency offers substantial reduction in fishing lost time, and an increased potential for fish and well recovery. This paper investigates the effectiveness of the Fishing Agitation Tool through a study of the impact forces, impulse and drag forces generated by the FAT compared to conventional jarring operations, utilizing drag modeling as well as jarring analysis software. Successful cases histories are reviewed to highlight the benefit of this technology.
Disrupting CD47-SIRPα axis alone or combined with autophagy depletion for the therapy of glioblastoma (2018)

CD47-targeting immune checkpoint inhibitors have been investigated for immunotherapy of several cancers, glioblastoma, one of the most common tumors in brain, was still a challenge for CD47-targeting therapy. Herein, we reported novel strategies for glioblastoma therapy via blocking CD47-signal regulatory protein-α (SIRPα) by SIRPα-Fc alone or in combination with autophagy inhibition. Our results showed that SIRPα-Fc increased macrophages-triggered cytotoxicity and phagocytosis of glioblastoma cells then elicited potent anti-tumor efficacy. During the treatment, SIRPα-Fc induced autophagy and autophagic flux in glioblastoma cells and Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inactivation was participated in the autophagy activation. Inhibition of autophagy by pharmacological agents or small-interfering RNA increased SIRPα-Fc-triggered macrophage phagocytosis and cytotoxicity. Importantly, when compared with SIRPα-Fc treatment, blocking both CD47/SIRPα and autophagy significantly increased infiltration of macrophages and apoptosis of tumor cells, triggering potentiated anti-glioblastoma effect and extended median survival. Further experiments showed that adaptive immune response, including CD8+ T-cell subsets, was also played a crucial role in SIRPα-Fc-induced glioblastoma rejection. Our results indicated that SIRPα-Fc alone or combined with autophagy inhibitors elicited potent anti-glioblastoma effect, highlighting potential therapeutic strategies of glioblastoma via blocking CD47/SIRPα alone or in combination with autophagy inhibitor.
Elastic memory: Buddy systems interface (1988)

Abstract To implement single‐ended flexible arrays (‘elastic memory’) a class of underlying dynamic storage allocation methods called buddy systems may be used to allocate fixed blocks of memory of restricted choices of size. Arrays are implemented in one approach as contiguous blocks of memory and in another as two‐level structures. Each approach is combined with three buddy methods for allocating blocks of memory, making six methods in all. This paper illustrates the general ideas of implementing elastic memory mechanisms in terms of the buddy system interface.
The Wife of the Alcoholic; Sexist Stereotypes in the Alcoholism Literature (1983)

Current alcoholism literature, alcoholism education, and alcoholism treatment suggests that the wife of the alcoholic is every bit as sick (physically, mentally, and spiritually) as her practicing alcoholic husband. How did we come to this view of the wife of the alcoholic? This paper will review 1) how the wife of the alcoholic has been regarded over the years; 2) how these portraits of the wife of the alcoholic that appeared in the scholarly literature have influenced current thinking and treatment, and 3) how this body of literature and the popular concepts of the wife of the alcoholic that evolved from it, carry sexual biases and stereotyping that can potentially interfere with optimum treatment, full recovery, and effective marital and family functioning.
Structural and Architectural Evaluation of Bimetallic Nanoparticles: A Case Study of Pt−Ru Core−Shell and Alloy Nanoparticles (2009)

A comprehensive structural/architectural evaluation of the PtRu (1:1) alloy and Ru@Pt core-shell nanoparticles (NPs) provides spatially resolved structural information on sub-5 nm NPs. A combination of extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), pair distribution function (PDF) analyses, Debye function simulations of X-ray diffraction (XRD), and field emission transmission electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy (FE-TEM/EDS) analyses provides complementary information used to construct a detailed picture of the core/shell and alloy nanostructures. The 4.4 nm PtRu (1:1) alloys are crystalline homogeneous random alloys with little twinning in a typical face-centered cubic (fcc) cell. The Pt atoms are predominantly metallic, whereas the Ru atoms are partially oxidized and are presumably located on the NP surface. The 4.0 nm Ru@Pt NPs have highly distorted hcp Ru cores that are primarily in the metallic state but show little order beyond 8 A. In contrast, the 1-2 monolayer thick Pt shells are relatively crystalline but are slightly distorted (compressed) relative to bulk fcc Pt. The homo- and heterometallic coordination numbers and bond lengths are equal to those predicted by the model cluster structure, showing that the Ru and Pt metals remain phase-separated in the core and shell components and that the interface between the core and shell is quite normal.
ROTULAR TAPPET™ Valve Trains for Hemispherical Combustion Chambers (1996)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper reviews historically-significant valve train developments and their combustion system/engine installation implications. It describes the ROTULAR TAPPET™, a simple invention which allows angularity between the valve stem axis and the operational plane of the valve actuator to produce hemispherical chambers with four radial valves. It compares modem conventional gasoline and diesel engines to upgrades utilizing this device. It concludes that a new prechamber on an advanced IDI engine, with DOHC, hemispherical chamber, four radial valves and variable effective compression ratio could provide the optimum solution for small automotive diesels. The new tappets can make these engines possible.</div>
Structure‐Activity Relationships of Synthetic Coumarins as HIV‐1 Inhibitors (2006)

HIV/AIDS pandemics is a serious threat to health and development of mankind, and searching for effective anti-HIV agents remains actual. Considerable progress has been made in recent years in the field of drug development against HIV. A lot of structurally different coumarins were found to display potent anti-HIV activity. The current review demonstrates the variety of synthetic coumarins having unique mechanism of action referring to the different stages of HIV replication. Recent studies based on the account of various synthetic coumarins seem to indicate that some of them serve as potent non-nucleoside RT-inhibitors, another as inhibitors of HIV-integrase or HIV-protease. The merits of selecting potential anti-HIV agents to be used in rational combination drugs design and structure-activity relationships are discussed.The scientific community is looking actively for new drugs and combinations for treatment of HIV infection effective for first-line treatment, as well as against resistant mutants. The investigation on chemical anti-HIV agents gives hope and optimism about it. This review article describes recent progress in the discovery, structure modification, and structure-activity relationship studies of potent anti-HIV coumarin derivatives.
NG-monomethyl-L-arginine improves survival in a pig model of abdominal sepsis (1998)

In this porcine model of peritoneal sepsis, infusion of L-NMMA increased survival rate and maintained mean arterial pressure without worsening tissue oxygenation. Coronary blood flow, cardiac index, systemic vascular resistance, and urine production were well maintained during L-NMMA treatment.
<sup>29</sup>Si MAS‐N.M.R. spectra of lamellar silicic acid H‐magadiite and its trimethylsilyl derivative (1986)

Abstract Two distinct types of silica tetrahedra have been identified in the silicic acid H‐magadiite, those within the layers which share the four corners with neighbouring tetrahedra and those which point out of the layers and bear one OH group. The relative proportion of both types of silica tetrahedra has been Determined from the 29 Si‐MAS‐NMR spectra which reveal also the course of dehydroxylation and the formation of organic Derivatives through the reaction of Si–OH groups with trimethylsilylating reagents.
Sequence Finishing and Mapping of <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> Heterochromatin (2007)

Genome sequences for most metazoans and plants are incomplete because of the presence of repeated DNA in the heterochromatin. The heterochromatic regions of Drosophila melanogaster contain 20 million bases (Mb) of sequence amenable to mapping, sequence assembly, and finishing. We describe the generation of 15 Mb of finished or improved heterochromatic sequence with the use of available clone resources and assembly methods. We also constructed a bacterial artificial chromosome–based physical map that spans 13 Mb of the pericentromeric heterochromatin and a cytogenetic map that positions 11 Mb in specific chromosomal locations. We have approached a complete assembly and mapping of the nonsatellite component of Drosophila heterochromatin. The strategy we describe is also applicable to generating substantially more information about heterochromatin in other species, including humans.
Bicalutamide as Immediate Therapy Either Alone or as Adjuvant to Standard Care of Patients with Localized or Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer: First Analysis of the Early Prostate Cancer Program (2002)

Immediate treatment with 150 mg. bicalutamide daily, either alone or as adjuvant to treatment of curative intent, significantly reduces the risk of disease progression in patients with localized or locally advanced prostate cancer. This benefit must be balanced with the morbidity associated with long-term hormonal therapy. Followup is ongoing to determine potential survival benefits of this treatment approach.
CRISPR/Cas9 screening using unique molecular identifiers (2017)

Loss-of-function screening by CRISPR/Cas9 gene knockout with pooled, lentiviral guide libraries is a widely applicable method for systematic identification of genes contributing to diverse cellular phenotypes. Here, Random Sequence Labels (RSLs) are incorporated into the guide library, which act as unique molecular identifiers (UMIs) to allow massively parallel lineage tracing and lineage dropout screening. RSLs greatly improve the reproducibility of results by increasing both the precision and the accuracy of screens. They reduce the number of cells needed to reach a set statistical power, or allow a more robust screen using the same number of cells.
Differential regulation of skeletal muscle myosin‐II and brush border myosin‐I enzymology and mechanochemistry by bacterially produced tropomyosin isoforms (1994)

In this report, we have compared the physical properties and actin-binding characteristics of several bacterially produced nonmuscle and striated muscle tropomyosins, and we have examined the effects of these isoforms on the interactions of actin with two structurally distinct classes of myosin: striated muscle myosin-II and brush border (BB) myosin-I. All of the bacterially produced nonmuscle tropomyosins bind to F-actin with the expected stoichiometry and with affinities comparable to that of a tissue produced alpha-tropomyosin, although the striated muscle tropomyosin CTm7 has a lower affinity for F-actin than a tissue-purified striated muscle alpha tropomyosin. The bacterially produced isoforms also protect F-actin from severing by villin as effectively as tissue-purified striated muscle alpha-tropomyosin. The bacterially produced 284 amino acid striated muscle tropomyosin isoform CTm7, the 284 amino acid nonmuscle tropomyosin isoform CTm4, and two chimeric tropomyosins (CTm47 and CTm74) all inhibit the actin-activated MgATPase activity of muscle myosin S1 by approximately 70-85%, comparable to the inhibition seen with tissue-purified striated muscle alpha tropomyosin. The 248 amino acid tropomyosin XTm4 stimulated the actin-activated MgATPase activity of muscle myosin S1 approximately two- to threefold. The in vitro sliding of actin filaments translocated by muscle myosin-II (2.4 microns/sec at 19 degrees C, 5.0 microns/s at 24 degrees C) increased 25-65% in the presence of XTm4. Tropomyosins CTm4, CTm7, CTm47, and CTm74 had no detectable effect on myosin-II motility. The actin-activated MgATPase activity of BB myosin-I was inhibited 75-90% by all of the tropomyosin isoforms tested, including the 248 amino acid tropomyosin XTm4. BB myosin-I motility (50 nm/s) was completely inhibited by both the 248 and 284 amino acid tropomyosins. These results demonstrate that bacterially produced tropomyosins can differentially regulate myosin enzymology and mechanochemistry, and suggest a role for tropomyosin in the coordinated regulation of myosin isoforms in vivo.
Synthesis of novel fluorine-containing poly(aryl ether ketone)s (2000)

The high-performance fluorinated polymers have been receiving considerable attention as interesting advanced materials. The incorporation of fluorine atoms into polymer chains leads to polymers with increased solubility, flame resistance, thermal stability and glass transition temperature while also leading to decreased color, crystallinity, dielectric constant and moisture absorption. 2,3,4,5,6-Pentafluorobenzoic acid (PFBA) is a valuable intermediate for pharmaceuticals, pesticides, perfumes, cosmetics and so on, and it is available as a commercial product. However, the polymers derived from PFBA have not been reported so far. In this paper, we report the synthesis and characterization of novel fluorinated poly(aryl ether ketone)s (PEKs) containing 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-1,4-phenylene moieties derived from PFBA. Novel fluorinated PEKs are prepared from PFBA by aromatic nucleophilic substitution reaction, of which M n values range from 2.28 × 104 to 1.04 × 105. They have all para connected linear structures. The aromatic fluorine of the para position to the carbonyl groups of monomers is preferentially substituted by phenoxide and this para orientation is mainly attributed to the steric effect rather than π-electron density. The obtained PEKs except 8F-PEKEK (BP) show excellent solubilities in common solvents and can be cast into tough transparent films. They also exhibit high glass transition temperatures depending on the structures and outstanding thermal stabilities. Furthermore, these fluorine-containing PEKs exhibit low dielectric constants from 2.87 to 3.52 at 1 MHz. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bugs Used to Treat FGD Wastewater (2009)

Tough regulation of heavy metals may justify a bioreactor approach in addition to chemical treatment of FGD wastewater. Two of Duke Energy' coal-fired plants, Belews Creek and Allen (in North Carolina) have installed new biological reactor systems to increase selenium removal to levels not achievable by existing scrubber waste water systems. The ABMet system removes nitrate and selenium in a single step. Progress Energy has installed the system at Roxboro and Mayo Stations, also in North Carolina. 1 fig., 2 photos.
Prokineticin receptor 2 (Prokr2) is essential for the regulation of circadian behavior by the suprachiasmatic nuclei (2007)

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the brain's principal circadian pacemaker, coordinates adaptive daily cycles of behavior and physiology, including the rhythm of sleep and wakefulness. The cellular mechanism sustaining SCN circadian timing is well characterized, but the neurochemical pathways by which SCN neurons coordinate circadian behaviors remain unknown. SCN transplant studies suggest a role for (unidentified) secreted factors, and one potential candidate is the SCN neuropeptide prokineticin 2 (Prok2). Prok2 and its cognate prokineticin receptor 2 (Prokr2/Gpcr73l1) are widely expressed in both the SCN and its neural targets, and Prok2 is light-regulated. Hence, they may contribute to cellular timing within the SCN, entrainment of the clock, and/or they may mediate circadian output. We show that a targeted null mutation of Prokr2 disrupts circadian coordination of the activity cycle and thermoregulation. Specifically, mice lacking Prokr2 lost precision in timing the onset of nocturnal locomotor activity; and under both a light/dark cycle and continuous darkness, there was a pronounced temporal redistribution of activity away from early to late circadian night. Moreover, the coherence of circadian behavior was significantly reduced, and nocturnal body temperature was depressed. Entrainment by light is not, however, dependent on Prokr2, and bioluminescence real-time imaging of organotypical SCN slices showed that the mutant SCN is fully competent as a circadian oscillator. We conclude that Prokr2 is not necessary for SCN cellular timekeeping or entrainment, but it is an essential link for coordination of circadian behavior and physiology by the SCN, especially in defining the onset and maintenance of circadian night.
EFFICACY OF POLYHERBAL OINTMENT IN THE MANAGEMENT OFARTHRITIS AND OTHER MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS (2011)

Local application of medicated oils (bahya snehana) is among the general procedures
recommended in Ayurveda for the management of arthritis and conditions like frozen shoulder,
synovitis and sprains to reduce pain, stiffness and swelling. Polyherbal ointment is prepared with
Ayurvedic drugs indicated for local application in above conditions. This study evaluates the
efficacy and safety of ointment in the management of these conditions. It is an open, noncomparative,
prospective study conducted on 51 patients of both sex aged between 18 to 75 years.
The ointment was applied over the affected part followed by hot fomentation, thrice in a day for
15 days. The effect was assessed on day 5, 10, 15 on pain, swelling, tenderness, morning stiffness,
range of motion, grip power, walking time, and need of analgesics. After 15 days the complete relief
was observed in pain (63.6 % of joints), swelling (73.5% of joints), morning stiffness (65.6% of
joints) and tenderness (86.2% of joints). The range of motion (in 47.8% of joints) and grip power
(in 35.7% of joints) came to normal in 15 days of therapy. Need of analgesic is reduced in 83%
of patients taking analgesics. No significant side effects were observed. The study shows that
Polyherbal ointment is effective and safe in the management of arthritis and musculoskeletal
disorders like sprain, frozen shoulder and muscular pain.
Status Offenders: Which Side of the Road (1976)

The definition of a "status offender," and the proper way to handle those children labelled as "status offenders," has become a great concern in recent years. Those who oppose placing children accused of status offenses in "detention" centers argue that the child's constitutional right of due process is being violated; that the juvenile court's intervention is both ineffective and inappropriate; and that a private agency would be better able to deal with the child's problems. Others argue that the government does have a right to control the behavior of juveniles and that these children are only brought before the court after all other alternatives have failed. This article offers a new definition of a status offenders definition which looks at how the child came to be confined, not who he is-and discusses the usefulness of this new definition.
Effect of Creatine Supplementation and Resistance-Exercise Training on Muscle Insulin-Like Growth Factor in Young Adults (2008)

The purpose of this study was to compare changes in muscle insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) content resulting from resistance-exercise training (RET) and creatine supplementation (CR). Male (n=24) and female (n=18) participants with minimal resistance-exercise-training experience (=1 year) who were participating in at least 30 min of structured physical activity (i.e., walking, jogging, cycling) 3-5 x/wk volunteered for the study. Participants were randomly assigned in blocks (gender) to supplement with creatine (CR: 0.25 g/kg lean-tissue mass for 7 days; 0.06 g/kg lean-tissue mass for 49 days; n=22, 12 males, 10 female) or isocaloric placebo (PL: n=20, 12 male, 8 female) and engage in a whole-body RET program for 8 wk. Eighteen participants were classified as vegetarian (lacto-ovo or vegan; CR: 5 male, 5 female; PL: 3 male, 5 female). Muscle biopsies (vastus lateralis) were taken before and after the intervention and analyzed for IGF-I using standard immunohistochemical procedures. Stained muscle cross-sections were examined microscopically and IGF-I content quantified using image-analysis software. Results showed that RET increased intramuscular IGF-I content by 67%, with greater accumulation from CR (+78%) than PL (+54%; p=.06). There were no differences in IGF-I between vegetarians and nonvegetarians. These findings indicate that creatine supplementation during resistance-exercise training increases intramuscular IGF-I concentration in healthy men and women, independent of habitual dietary routine.