gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Increased affinity of dopamine for D<sub>2</sub>‐like versus D<sub>1</sub>‐like receptors. Relevance for volume transmission in interpreting PET findings (2011)

Evidence indicates that dopamine (DA) mainly acts as a volume transmission (VT) transmitter through its release into the extracellular fluid where the D(1) -like and D(2) -like receptors are predominantly extrasynaptic. It was therefore of interest to compare the affinities of the two major families of DA receptors. [(3)H] raclopride /DA and [(3)H] SCH23390/DA competition assays compared the affinity of DA at D(2) -like and D(1) -like receptors in rat dorsal striatal membrane preparations as well as in membrane preparations from CHO cell lines stably transfected with human D(2L) and D(1) receptors. The IC(50) values of DA at D(2) -like receptors in dorsal striatal membranes and CHO cell membranes were markedly and significantly reduced compared with the IC(50) values of DA at D(1) -like receptors. These IC(50) values reflect differences in both the high and low affinity states. The K(iH) value for DA at [(3)H] raclopride-labeled D(2) -like receptors in dorsal striatum was 12 nM, and this can help explain PET findings that amphetamine-induced increases in DA release can produce an up to 50% decrease of [(11)C] raclopride binding in the dorsal striatum in vivo. These combined results give indications for the existence of striatal D(2) -like receptor-mediated DA VT at the local circuit level in vivo. The demonstration of a K(iH) value of 183 nM for DA at D(1) antagonist-labeled D(1) -like receptors instead gives a likely explanation for the failure of a reduction of D(1) -like receptor binding after amphetamine-induced DA release in PET studies using the D(1) -like antagonist radioligands [(11)C] SCH23390 and [(11)C] NNC. It seems difficult to evaluate the role of the extrasynaptic D(1) receptors in VT in vivo with the PET radioligands available for this receptor.
Unexpected conversion of a hexacyanometallate to a homoleptic nitrile complex with triphenylborane substituents (2005)

The homoleptic, triphenylborane adduct of the hexacyanochromate anion was structurally characterized and found to be a product in which all six cyanide ligands have undergone isomerization to nitrile groups.
The determination of phases formed in AlSiCu/TiN/Ti contact metallization structure of integrated circuits by x-ray diffraction (1998)

X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis was performed in order to determine the crystallographic phases formed in AlSiCu/TiN/Ti contact metallization multilayers of very large scale integration/ultralarge scale integration devices deposited over SiO2 and Si substrates as a function of the annealing temperatures, the oxidation treatment of the TiN diffusion barrier, the presence of a TiN antireflective coating (ARC) and the barrier thickness. The most striking results of this study are the formation of the Ti7Al5Si12 phase and the recrystallization of Al after a 550 °C annealing for a nonoxidized 50 nm TiN barrier deposited on Si substrate. This Ti7Al5Si12 phase formation and the Al recrystallization tend to be blocked when an oxidized TiN barrier is used. It is also suggested that an air break process tends to lower the junction spiking problems since Ti7Al5Si12 is believed to be detrimental to the contact metallization layers. These effects were very weak for the 95-nm-thick TiN barrier. In addition, a TiN-ARC layer reduces the Al recrystallization on SiO2 substrate. Even after an important Ti7Al5Si12 formation, the transmission electron microscopy results showed that a TiN layer is still present but probably ineffective from an electrical point of view. Although the 550 °C anneal produced important changes, no significant difference was observed between the XRD spectra after a 450 and a 500 °C anneal. The identified phases by the XRD analysis were in agreement with a calculated Al-Ti-O-N quaternary isotherm diagram.
Optimal D2D Cooperative Caching System In SDN Based Wireless Network (2019)

The prosperity of data-enabled mobile devices and wireless-enabled data applications in today’s mobile ecosystem has fostered the rapid development of wireless content caching, which has recently been considered as an efficient way to mitigate the contradiction between huge amount of multimedia data traffic and limited wireless communication rate. In this paper, a software-defined network (SDN) caching system is proposed where the cache of every mobile device (MD) is divided into two partitions for caching files in different levels of popularity by different cache manners. The requested files of MDs can be obtained locally, through device to device (D2D) cooperation or cellular network. The proposed D2D cooperative caching strategy is optimized by maximizing the cache hit probability (CHPro) and we analyze the effect of the power consumption expectation (PCExp) on the strategy in the SDN based network. Simulation about the influence of cache splitting coefficient on CHPro and PCExp under different conditions, as well as the impact of file popularity order on caching probability when the cache splitting coefficient gets the optimal value reminds us to optimize CHPro and PCExp comprehensively, and we propose a method to solve the comprehensive optimization.
Small Molecules Targeting Hepatitis C Virus-Encoded NS5A Cause Subcellular Redistribution of Their Target: Insights into Compound Modes of Action (2011)

The current standard of care for hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infected patients consists of lengthy treatment with interferon and ribavirin. To increase the effectiveness of HCV therapy, future regimens will incorporate multiple direct-acting antiviral (DAA) drugs. Recently, the HCV-encoded NS5A protein has emerged as a promising DAA target. Compounds targeting NS5A exhibit remarkable potency in vitro and demonstrate early clinical promise, suggesting that NS5A inhibitors could feature in future DAA combination therapies. Since the mechanisms through which these molecules operate are unknown, we have used NS5A inhibitors as tools to investigate their modes of action. Analysis of replicon-containing cells revealed dramatic phenotypic alterations in NS5A localization following treatment with NS5A inhibitors; NS5A was redistributed from the endoplasmic reticulum to lipid droplets. The NS5A relocalization did not occur in cells treated with other classes of HCV inhibitors, and NS5A-targeting molecules did not cause similar alterations in the localization of other HCV-encoded proteins. Time course analysis of the redistribution of NS5A revealed that the transfer of protein to lipid droplets was concomitant with the onset of inhibition, as judged by the kinetic profiles for these compounds. Furthermore, analysis of the kinetic profile of inhibition for a panel of test molecules permitted the separation of compounds into different kinetic classes based on their modes of action. Results from this approach suggested that NS5A inhibitors perturbed the function of new replication complexes, rather than acting on preformed complexes. Taken together, our data reveal novel biological consequences of NS5A inhibition, which may help enable the development of future assay platforms for the identification of new and/or different NS5A inhibitors.
Fast edge splitting and Edmonds' arborescence construction for unweighted graphs (2008)

Given an unweighted undirected or directed graph with n vertices, m edges and edge connectivity c, we present a new deterministic algorithm for edge splitting. Our algorithm splits-off any specified subset S of vertices satisfying standard conditions (even degree for the undirected case and in-degree ≥ out-degree for the directed case) while maintaining connectivity c for vertices outside S in Õ(m+nc2) time for an undirected graph and Õ(mc) time for a directed graph. This improves the current best deterministic time bounds due to Gabow [8], who splits-off a single vertex in Õ(nc2+m) time for an undirected graph and Õ(mc) time for a directed graph. Further, for appropriate ranges of n, c, |S| it improves the current best randomized bounds due to Benczúr and Karger [2], who split-off a single vertex in an undirected graph in Õ(n2) Monte Carlo time.\nWe give two applications of our edge splitting algorithms. Our first application is a sub-quadratic (in n) algorithm to construct Edmonds' arborescences. A classical result of Edmonds [5] shows that an unweighted directed graph with c edge-disjoint paths from any particular vertex r to every other vertex has exactly c edge-disjoint arborescences rooted at r. For a c edge connected unweighted undirected graph, the same theorem holds on the digraph obtained by replacing each undirected edge by two directed edges, one in each direction. The current fastest construction of these arborescences by Gabow [7] takes Õ(n2c2) time. Our algorithm takes Õ(nc3+m) time for the undirected case and Õ(nc4+mc) time for the directed case. The second application of our splitting algorithm is a new Steiner edge connectivity algorithm for undirected graphs which matches the best known bound of Õ(nc2 + m) time due to Bhalgat et al [3]. Finally, our algorithm can also be viewed as an alternative proof for existential edge splitting theorems due to Lovász [9] and Mader [11].
A real-time simulator for industrial electrical power systems (1992)

Design criteria and an implementation for a power generation and delivery system simulator are presented. The system is implemented on a PC-based, graphics-intensive, operator-interactive workstation. The simulator provides the operator with the opportunity to practice possible operating conditions. The graphics interface permits realistic simulation and accelerates operator training. By unifying all control elements of the power control board and electrical system at a single location, the simulator provides a single comprehensive view of the entire electrical system. By incorporating the monitoring, logging and alarming features into the simulator, the simulator becomes an integral part of the electrical power delivery system.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Myosin II transport, organization, and phosphorylation: evidence for cortical flow/solation-contraction coupling during cytokinesis and cell locomotion. (1996)

The mechanism of cytokinesis has been difficult to define because of the short duration and the temporal-spatial dynamics involved in the formation, activation, force production, and disappearance of the cleavage furrow. We have investigated the structural and chemical dynamics of myosin II in living Swiss 3T3 cells from prometaphase through the separation and migration of daughter cells. The structural and chemical dynamics of myosin II have been defined using the semiautomated, multimode light microscope, together with a fluorescent analogue of myosin II and a fluorescent biosensor of myosin II regulatory light chain (RLC) phosphorylation at serine 19. The correlation of image data from live cells using different modes of light microscopy allowed interpretations not possible from single-mode investigations. Myosin II transported toward the equatorial plane from adjacent regions, forming three-dimensional fibers that spanned the volume of the equator during anaphase and telophase. A global phosphorylation of myosin II at serine 19 of the RLC was initiated at anaphase when cortical myosin II transport started. The phosphorylation of myosin II remained high near the equatorial plane through telophase and into cytokinesis, whereas the phosphorylation of myosin II at serine 19 of the RLC decreased at the poles. The timing and pattern of phosphorylation was the same as the shortening of myosin II-based fibers in the cleavage furrow. Myosin II-based fibers shortened and transported out of the cleavage furrow into the tails of the two daughter cells late in cytokinesis. The patterns of myosin II transport, phosphorylation, and shortening of fibers in the migrating daughter cells were similar to that previously defined for cells migrating in a wound in vitro. The temporal-spatial patterns and dynamics of myosin II transport, phosphorylation at serine 19 of the RLC, and the shortening and disappearance of myosin II-based fibers support the proposal that a combination of the cortical flow hypothesis and the solation-contraction coupling hypothesis explain key aspects of cytokinesis and polarized cell locomotion.
A comparison of dry rolled and steam rolled sorghum grain (2011)

Good to choice quality yearling Hereford heifers originating near Fort Davis, Texas, were used in the trial. They had been on bluestem pasture prior to the test and were allotted to treatments on the basis of prior treatment and weight. The two lots were fed in an identical manner except one lot received dry rolled sorghum grain (resembling cracked grain, as rollers were set to crack rather than roll the grain) and the other lot received steam rolled grain. Some difficulty was encountered in removing sufficient moisture from the steam rolled grain after rolling to prevent it from heating.
Fast approximation algorithms on maxcut, k-coloring, and k-color ordering for VLSI applications (1998)

There are a number of VLSI problems that have a common structure. We investigate such a structure that leads to a unified approach for three independent VLSI layout problems: partitioning, placement, and via minimization. Along the line, we first propose a linear-time approximation algorithm on maxcut and two closely related problems: k-coloring and maximal k-color ordering problem. The k-coloring is a generalization of the maxcut and the maximal k-color ordering is a generalization of the k-coloring. For a graph G with e edges and n vertices, our maxcut approximation algorithm runs in O(e+n) sequential time yielding a nodebalanced maxcut with size at least (w(E)+w(E)/n)/2, improving the time complexity of O(e log e) known before. Building on the proposed maxcut technique and employing a height-balanced binary decomposition, we devise an O((e+n)log k) time algorithm for the k-coloring problem which always finds a k-partition of vertices such that the number of bad (or "defected") edges does not exceed (w(E)/k)((n-1)/n)/sup log k/, thus improving both the time complexity O(enk) and the bound e/k known before. The other related problem is the maximal k-color ordering problem that has been an open problem. We show the problem is NP-complete, then present an approximation algorithm building on our k-coloring structure. A performance bound on maximal k-color ordering cost, 2kw(E)/3 is attained in O(ek) time. The solution quality of this algorithm is also tested experimentally and found to be effective.
The Rate Problem of a Thermally Regenerable Ion-Exchange System (1970)

Abstract Earlier equilibrium studies have established the thermal dependence of the equilibrium between salt solution and a mixed bed of weakly basic and weakly acidic ion-exchange resins. High resin utilization can be achieved if the resin properties and equilibrium conditions are optimized; the equilibrium characteristics of polyacrylic acid and polyvinylbenzyldiethylamine resins are quite suited for the practical desalination of brackish waters. However, the adsorption rates exhibited by normal-sized resin beads of this type are much too slow for satisfactory operation of the process because of the low concentration of protons available for transfer between the resins. It is shown that increasing the porosity of the resins improves amine resin kinetics 10-fold and carboxylic acid resin kinetics 6-fold. Nevertheless such improvements are still inadequate for practical purposes, and it is concluded that for satisfactory rates to be achieved systems having much shorter diffusion paths are necessary. Two further approaches to the rate problem are discussed, both involving the synthesis of novel resin systems. A mixed bed of microbeads (10-20 p) reacts at acceptable rates but presents mechanical problems; the magnetic flocculation of finely divided magnetic resins is reported as one possible solution to this problem. Another avenue is the synthesis of normal-sized beads of the amphoteric and snake-cage variety. Resins of this type that exchange at suitable rates are described.
Biomass derived tar decomposition over coal char bed (2013)

The effect of coal char on the decomposition of rice straw derived tar was investigated in a two-stage fixed bed reactor. The reactor was divided into a pyrolysis zone (upper part) and a volatile-char contacting zone (lower part). Rice straw was pyrolysed at different temperatures in the upper part. Coal char, prepared by the pyrolysis of Indonesian coal at either 600 C (char600) or 800 C (char800), was located in the lower part. Volatiles from the rice straw (upper part) were produced and then came in contact with the coal char at the lower part under the N 2 (pyrolysis) or steam/N 2 (steam reforming) gas flow. Under pyrolysis, both char600 and char800 exhibited a catalytic effect on the thermal tar decomposition. The coal chars also played a significant catalytic activity on the decomposition of the heavy aromatic hydrocarbons that were generated at a high pyrolysis temperature. In the presence of steam, char600 also exhibited a catalytic role in tar steam reforming, while char800 did not reveal any such significant catalytic activity because of the predominant coke/carbon formation.
Ferulic acid and diferulic acids as components of sugar-beet pectins and maize bran heteroxylans (1999)

Enzymatic hydrolysis of sugar-beet pulp, and subsequent isolation of feruloylated oligosaccharides, has shown that ferulic acid groups are ester-linked mainly on O-2 of arabinose residues and on O-6 of galactose residues in the pectin side-chains. After saponification of sugar-beet pulp enzymatic digests, dehydrodiferulic acids (0.14%, w/w) have also been identified and characterised as 8-5′, 5-5′, 8-8′ and 8-O-4′ isomers, suggesting that covalent cross-linking of pectic polysaccharides through diferulic bridges occurs in sugar-beet pulp. Feruloylated oligosaccharides from the side-chains of heteroxylans have been isolated from maize bran by acid hydrolysis. Ferulic acid is esterified on O-5 of arabinofuranose residues. 8-8′, 8-5′, 8-O-4′ and 5-5′ coupled dimers, which represent 2.5% (w/w) of the bran, have also been detected. It has been calculated that, in the cell wall, each heteroxylan macromolecule bore ∽75 esterified ferulic acid groups and could be cross-linked through ∽30 diferulic bridges. This result suggests a high degree of cross-linking of heteroxylans chains through ferulic acid in maize bran cell walls. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of temperature on the transient response of twisted nematic liquid-crystal films (1975)

The measured rise and decay times of biphenyl twisted nematic devices fall by factors greater than 10 over the range −10°C to +60°C. This is attributed to viscosity changes. The slow response at low temperatures is not improved by using eutectic mixtures with wider nematic ranges.
Letters to a President (1962)

IV LONDON, 6 December 1960 DEAR BARNABY, We are a little stale after two and a half months, even though there has been much variety in them. We have seen eight universities, talked with unnumbered faculty, four vice-chancellors, a fair number of students, and several librarians. I have a file of clippings from the Times, Observer, Guardian, and other papers, and a collection of books, offprints, and pamphlets. This part of the academic sabbatical is now ending, and we shall, after the New Year, be pursuing the scholarly ends for which I have mostly come abroad. Southampton was excellent, and we have pressing invitations to come back, to talk to students, and perhaps to give a lecture or take a class. At dinner on our last night there, I met two historians, the professors of English Literature, Classics, German, and French, and the Bursar; with J. and myself we had a table where conversation was possible. I was asked to give my impressions of British Universities, which need not be repeated here; I was interested to see the variety of reactions to suggestions about the danger of too much stuffing as opposed to the stimulating of inquiry and research. The thought that expansion might be handled by the creation of new departments, Anthropology, History of Art, History of Science, Russian Studies, and so on, was strange also, and not exactly liked. J. is anxious to see the autonomy of departments broken down, more interchange between disciplines, the development of wider studies as opposed to the traditional pattern of Honours courses. Quite recently, Southampton has abandoned the general course; one comment we picked up was that it had not been much liked by students because the work was as hard as in the Honours fields, and asked for a scattering of effort, while in Honours one could concentrate and get better marks more easily. But I do not think the teaching staff quite appreciate the significance of the comment. On the way back to London we had about five hours in Reading, small but dynamic, a place to return to when I can. This University
Preparing for Chemical Terrorism: A Study of the Stability of Expired Pralidoxime (2-PAM) (2011)

When properly stored, lyophylized 2-PAM appears to be chemically stable well beyond its expiration date. Although the relative amount of degradation product found in solubilized (autoinjector) 2-PAM was small, it is unclear whether this may be toxic and therefore is of concern. Further studies performed with lots of drug stored under varied conditions would be required to fully determine the stability of expired 2-PAM.
Conformational similarities between one-chain and two-chain tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA): implications to the activation mechanism on one-chain t-PA (1992)

Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) is an exceptional serine protease, because unlike most other serine protease zymogens single-chain tissue plasminogen activator (sct-PA) possesses a substantial amount of proteolytic activity. The unusual reaction of sct-PA afforded the opportunity to directly compare the active site environment of sct-PA and two-chain tissue plasminogen activator (tct-PA) in solution through the application of a series of nitroxide spin labels and fluorophores. These labels, which have been previously shown to covalently label the catalytic serine of other serine proteases, inactivated both sct-PA and tct-PA. The labels can be divided into two classes: those which form tetrahedral complexes (sulfonates) and those which form trigonal complexes (anthranilates). Those which formed tetrahedral complexes were found to be insensitive to structural differences between sct-PA and tct-PA at the active site. In contrast, those which formed trigonal complexes could differentiate and monitor the sct-PA to tct-PA conversion by fluorescence spectroscopy. Models of the structure of sct-PA and tct-PA were constructed on the basis of the known X-ray structures of other serine protease zymogen and active enzyme forms. One of the nitroxide spin labels was modeled into the sct-PA and tct-PA structures in two possible orientations, both of which could be sensitive to structural differences between sct-PA and tct-PA. These models formed the structural rationale used to explain the results obtained with the "tetrahedral" and "trigonal" probes, as well as to offer a possible explanation for the unique reactivity of sct-PA.