gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Carbon Black and Soot: Two Different Substances (2001)

Carbon blacks are manufactured under controlled conditions for commercial use primarily in the rubber, painting, and printing industries. In contrast, soots are unwanted byproducts from the combustion of carbon-based materials for the generation of energy or heat, or for the disposal of waste. Unfortunately, the terms carbon black and soot often have been used interchangeably; however, carbon black is physically and chemically distinct from soot. Greater than 97% of carbon black consists of elemental carbon arranged as aciniform particulate. Depending on the type of soot, the relative amount of carbon (< 60% of the total particle mass), the type of particulate carbon, and particle characteristics (size, shape, and heterogeneity) can vary considerably. For both carbon black and soot, other elements and chemical compounds are associated with the particulate carbon. Total inorganics (ash) represent < 1% of the carbon black particle mass. Organic compounds can be extracted from particle surfaces (solvent extractable fraction [SOF]), and for carbon black, also are < 1% of the particle mass. Soots have much greater percentages of ash, SOF, or both, than carbon black. There has been concern about the adsorbed organic compounds because of potential biologic activity. For carbon black, the SOF is strongly adherent to carbon surfaces and is not released by biological fluids. The types of organic compounds consist primarily of unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and are not as biologically potent as those compounds present in soot. Thus, carbon black is distinctly different from soot, and when discussing potential health effects, care must be taken to differentiate between the two types of carbon-based particles.
Integrated atomic force microscopy array probe with metal–oxide–semiconductor field effect transistor stress sensor, thermal bimorph actuator, and on-chip complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor electronics (2000)

A microfabricated 2×1 array of active and self-detecting cantilevers is presented for applications in atomic force microscopy (AFM). The integrated deflection sensor is based on a stress sensing metal–oxide–semiconductor transistor. Full custom complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor amplifiers for signal readout are combined on the same chip. A sensor sensitivity of 2.25 mV/nm, or a change in current ΔId/Id=2.8×10−6/nm, was obtained at the final output stage. Three Al–Si thermal bimorph actuators are integrated on each cantilever for self-excitation and feedback actuation. The efficiencies of the heaters are 2.4–4.7 K/mW. In the experimental setup, a maximum displacement of 8 μm was achieved at 45 mW input. A pair of parallel AFM images in the constant height mode, a typical tapping mode image, and a constant force image with 1.3 μm high features have been successfully taken with the array probe.
Functional interaction of mammalian target of rapamycin complexes in regulating mammalian cell size and cell cycle (2009)

Dysregulation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) kinase pathway is centrally involved in a wide variety of cancers and human genetic diseases. In mammalian cells, mTOR is part of two different kinase complexes: mTORC1 composed of mTOR, raptor and mLST8, and mTORC2 containing mTOR, rictor, sin1 and mLST8. Whereas, mTORC1 is known to be a pivotal regulator of cell size and cell cycle control, the question whether the recently discovered mTORC2 complex is involved in these processes remains elusive. We report here that the mTORC1-mediated consequences on cell cycle and cell size are separable and do not involve effects on mTORC2 activity. However, we show that mTORC2 itself is a potent regulator of mammalian cell size and cell cycle via a mechanism involving the Akt/TSC2/Rheb cascade. Our data are of relevance for the understanding of the molecular development of the many human diseases caused by deregulation of upstream and downstream effectors of mTOR.
Muscarinic receptor subtypes and signalling involved in the attenuation of isoprenaline-induced rat urinary bladder relaxation (2011)

β-Adrenoceptors are important mediators of smooth muscle relaxation in the urinary bladder, but the concomitant presence of a muscarinic agonist, e.g., carbachol, can attenuate relaxation responses by reducing potency and/or efficacy of β-adrenoceptor agonists such as isoprenaline. Therefore, the present study was designed to explore the subtypes and signalling pathways of muscarinic receptors involved in the attenuation of isoprenaline-induced isolated rat detrusor preparations using novel subtype-selective receptor ligands. In radioligand binding studies, we characterized BZI to be a M(3)-sparing muscarinic agonist, providing selective M(2) stimulation in rat bladder, and THRX-182087 as a highly M(2)-selective antagonist. The use of BZI and of THRX-182087 in the presence of carbachol enabled experimental conditions with a selective stimulation of only M(2) or M(3) receptors, respectively. Confirming previous findings, carbachol attenuated isoprenaline-induced detrusor relaxation. M(2)-selective stimulation partly mimicked this attenuation, indicating that both M(2) and M(3) receptors are involved. During M(3)-selective stimulation, the attenuation of isoprenaline responses was reduced by the phospholipase C inhibitor U 73,122 but not by the protein kinase C inhibitor chelerythrine. We conclude that both M(2) and M(3) receptors contribute to attenuation of β-adrenoceptor-mediated relaxation of rat urinary bladder; the signal transduction pathway involved in the M(3) component of this attenuation differs from that mediating direct contractile effects of M(3) receptors.
Isobaric Study of the Elastic Properties for Alkaline Earth Oxides under High Temperature (2011)

A simple and straightforward theoretical model is developed to investigate the elastic properties of alkaline earth oxides under the effect of temperature as well as pressure. The calculation is performed with the help of high pressure-high temperature equation of state based on thermodynamic analysis. The anharmonic term arising due to thermal expansion has been taken into account in the expansion of logarithmic series of the thermodynamic data. The results obtained for alkaline earth oxides are discussed and compared with experimental data under the combined effect of high temperature and high pressure. The results are found to be in good agreement with available experimental results.
Detecting DDoS Attacks in Software-Defined Networks Through Feature Selection Methods and Machine Learning Models (2020)

Software Defined Networking (SDN) offers several advantages such as manageability, scaling, and improved performance. However, SDN involves specific security problems, especially if its controller is defenseless against Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks. The process and communication capacity of the controller is overloaded when DDoS attacks occur against the SDN controller. Consequently, as a result of the unnecessary flow produced by the controller for the attack packets, the capacity of the switch flow table becomes full, leading the network performance to decline to a critical threshold. In this study, DDoS attacks in SDN were detected using machine learning-based models. First, specific features were obtained from SDN for the dataset in normal conditions and under DDoS attack traffic. Then, a new dataset was created using feature selection methods on the existing dataset. Feature selection methods were preferred to simplify the models, facilitate their interpretation, and provide a shorter training time. Both datasets, created with and without feature selection methods, were trained and tested with Support Vector Machine (SVM), Naive Bayes (NB), Artificial Neural Network (ANN), and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) classification models. The test results showed that the use of the wrapper feature selection with a KNN classifier achieved the highest accuracy rate (98.3%) in DDoS attack detection. The results suggest that machine learning and feature selection algorithms can achieve better results in the detection of DDoS attacks in SDN with promising reductions in processing loads and times.
Induction of heat shock protein 70 protects intestinal epithelial IEC-18 cells from oxidant and thermal injury (1996)

The potential importance of inducible heat shock proteins (HSPs) in conferring protection to intestinal epithelial cells was investigated using IEC-18 cells. To establish optimal HSP induction, [35S]methionine and [35S]cysteine incorporation was assessed. Two 35S-labeled proteins of 70 and 90 kDa were preferentially synthesized. Western and Northern blot analyses confirmed induction of HSP70. This induction provided significant protection to the cells treated with the oxidant monochloramine or lethal heat (49 degrees C). To better establish the protective role of HSP70, cells were stably transfected with human HSP70 under control of the lac operator. When these cells were subjected to injury, they were protected by isopropylthiogalactoside-stimulated HSP70 induction under nonstress conditions. Additionally, the rate of protein synthesis (assessed by [3H]leucine incorporation) was protected. These results demonstrate that HSPs are preferentially and rapidly induced in IEC-18 cells and that induction of inducible HSP70 is important in promoting protection against cellular injury.
Effect of an epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor on actin remodeling in an<i>in vitro</i>bladder cancer carcinogenesis model (2006)

Alteration of actin remodeling is a marker of malignant-associated field defect and a potential surrogate biomarker for chemoprevention trials. We tested erlotinib, a specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), on actin remodeling in a bladder carcinogenic model consisting of untransformed HUC-PC cells and transformed MC-T11 cells, both derived from the same normal human urothelial clone immortalized by SV40. Erlotinib had a selective growth inhibitory and actin remodeling effect on MC-T11 cells over HUC-PC cells, as examined by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and immunofluorescence labeling with laser scan cytometer analysis, respectively. The IC(50) of untransformed HUC-PC cells was significantly higher than that of transformed MC-T11 cells (P < 0.05, t test). The actin remodeling effect was more prominent at lower dosage levels (1/8-1/4 of IC(50)), which was accompanied by an increased cell adhesion and decreased motility. At higher dosage levels (1/2 of IC(50)), erlotinib induced a decreased adhesion and anoikis (detachment-associated apoptosis). The transformed MC-T11, but not HUC-PC, showed a weak constitutive EGFR phosphorylation activity, which was inhibited by erlotinib in a dose-response manner. However, on epidermal growth factor stimulation, both cell lines showed a similar dose-response inhibitory effect on phosphorylated EGFR and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK; P44/P42) activities, and MAPK inhibitor PD98059 showed no specific effect on erlotinib-induced actin remodeling, suggesting that pathways other than MAPK (P44/P42) may be responsible for erlotinib-induced actin remodeling. The findings provide evidence to support erlotinib-based bladder cancer chemoprevention and using actin remodeling as a marker for erlotinib-based intervention trials.
Sublethal concentrations of 17-AAG suppress homologous recombination DNA repair and enhance sensitivity to carboplatin and olaparib in HR proficient ovarian cancer cells (2014)

The promise of PARP-inhibitors(PARPis) in the management of epithelial ovarian cancer(EOC) is tempered by the fact that approximately 50% of patients with homologous recombination (HR)-proficient tumors do not respond well to these agents. Combination of PARPis with agents that inhibit HR may represent an effective strategy to enhance their activity in HR-proficient tumors. Using a bioinformatics approach, we identified that heat shock protein 90 inhibitors(HSP90i) may suppress HR and thus revert HR-proficient to HR-deficient tumors. Analysis of publicly available gene expression data showed that exposure of HR-proficient breast cancer cell lines to HSP90i 17-AAG(17-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin) downregulated HR, ATM and Fanconi Anemia pathways. In HR-proficient EOC cells, 17-AAG suppressed HR as assessed using the RAD51 foci formation assay and this was further confirmed using the Direct Repeat-GFP reporter assay. Furthermore, 17-AAG downregulated BRCA1 and/or RAD51 protein levels, and induced significantly more γH2AX activation in combination with olaparib compared to olaparib alone. Finally, sublethal concentrations of 17-AAG sensitized HR-proficient EOC lines to olaparib and carboplatin but did not affect sensitivity of the HR-deficient OVCAR8 line arguing that the 17-AAG mediated sensitization is dependent on suppression of HR. These results provide a preclinical rationale for using a combination of olaparib/17-AAG in HR-proficient EOC.
Thermal decomposition processes in aromatic polythiocarbonates (1989)

Abstract The thermal degradation of some polythiocarbonates obtained from bisphenol A bischloroformate and dithiols have been investigated by thermogravimetry and by direct pyrolysis in the mass spectrometer operating both in electron and chemical ionization. Poly(bisphenol A‐co‐tri‐methylenedithiocarbonate) decomposes by an intramolecular exchange process (back‐biting) producing trimethylene‐1,3‐dithiocarbonate and bisphenol A polycarbonate. The latter undergoes further thermal degradation at higher temperature yielding cyclic oligomers. Polymers containing tetramethylene‐1,4‐dithiocarbonate and hexamethylene‐1,6‐dithiocarbonate units decompose by the same mechanism, but the elimination of the dithiocarbonate units is not as fast and selective as the previous case. Some bisphenol A units are eliminated in the first thermal degradation stage and a rearrangement reaction producing ether linkage also occurs. Poly(phenylene‐1,3‐dithiocarbonate) decomposes by CO and COS loss with formation of sulfide and disulfide bridges along the polymer chains, which undergo further thermal degradation by a back‐biting process yielding a series of cyclic compounds. The thermal degradation of Poly(bisphenol A‐co‐phenylenedithiocarbonate) takes place through an interchange reaction producing phenylene‐1,3‐dithiocarbonate sequences which further decompose as the corresponding polymer. The remaining bisphenol A polycarbonate decomposes at higher temperature producing cyclic carbonates.
Activation of the weakly regulated PHO8 promoter in<i>S.cerevisiae:</i>chromatin transition and binding sites for the positive regulatory protein PHO4 (1992)

PHO8 encodes an alkaline phosphatase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae whose transcription is regulated by the phosphate concentration in the medium. This occurs through the action of several positive and negative regulatory proteins, also involved in the regulation of other members of the phosphatase gene family. A central role is played by PHO4, the gene encoding a DNA binding regulatory protein. Digestion experiments with DNasel, micrococcal nuclease and 20 different restriction nucleases show that under conditions of PHO8 repression, there is a highly ordered chromatin structure at the promoter consisting of three hypersensitive regions, approximately 820 to 690, 540 to 510, and 230 to 160 bp upstream of the initiation codon. These hypersensitive sites are surrounded by DNA organized in nucleosomes. Gel shift analysis and in vitro footprinting revealed the presence of two PHO4 binding sites at the PHO8 promoter: a low affinity site at -728 and a high affinity site at -532. Each one is located within a hypersensitive site. Upon derepression of PHO8, the chromatin structure changes significantly: The two upstream hypersensitive sites containing the PHO4 binding sites merge, resulting in a long region of hypersensitivity. This transition is PHO4 dependent. However, not all of the promoter becomes nucleosome free. Instead, as a novel feature, regions of intermediate accessibility are generated upstream and downstream of the third hypersensitive site, the latter region encompassing the TATA-box. The available data fit best into a concept that these regions are organized in unstable or partly unfolded nucleosomes.
Impact of intracoronary cell therapy on left ventricular function in the setting of acute myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled clinical trials (2012)

Intracoronary BMC treatment leads to a moderate improvement of LVEF and reduction of LVESV at 6 months that sustained at 12 months follow-up, without a clear significant effect on LVEDV, or infarct size. Furthermore, we found that intracoronary cell therapy is significantly associated with a reduction in recurrent AMI and readmission for heart failure, unstable angina or chest pain.
Structure of the sodium and potassium ion activated adenosine triphosphatase inhibitor L-681,110 (1983)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStructure of the sodium and potassium ion activated adenosine triphosphatase inhibitor L-681,110Otto D. Hensens, Richard L. Monaghan, Leeyuan Huang, and George Albers-SchonbergCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1983, 105, 11, 3672–3679Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1983https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00349a054https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00349a054research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views108Altmetric-Citations29LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Relative Resistance of Transgenic Tomato Tissues Expressing High Levels of Tobacco Anionic Peroxidase to Different Insect Species (1998)

Different parts of genetically transformed tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) plants that express the tobacco anionic peroxidase were compared for insect resistance with corresponding wild type plants. Leaf feeding by first instar Helicoverpa zea and Manduca sexta was often significantly reduced on intact transgenic plants and/or leaf disks compared to wild type plants, but the effect could depend on leaf age. Leaves of transgenic plants were generally as susceptible to feeding damage by third instar Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) and Manduca sexta (L.) as wild type plants. Green fruit was equally susceptible to third instar larvae of H. zea in both type plants, but fruit of transgenic plants were more resistant to first instar larvae as indicated by significantly greater mortality. Basal stem sections were more resistant to neonate larvae of H. zea and adults of Carpophilus lugubris Murray compared to wild type plants as indicated by significantly greater mortality and/or reduced feeding damage. Thus, tobacco anionic peroxidase activity can increase plant resistance to insects in tomato, a plant species closely related to the original source plant species, when expressed at sufficiently high levels. However, the degree of resistance is dependent on the size of insect and plant tissue involved.
Landing on the Roof: CVN Noise (1999)

ABSTRACT There has been renewed interest in the human effects of excessive intermittent airborne noise occurring on the 03 Level (Gallery Deck) and on the Flight Deck during aircraft launch and recovery operations (“Flight Ops”) aboard U.S. Navy aircraft carriers. High noise levels cause crew fatigue, lost work hours, high crew turnover, safety problems, and worst case, hearing damage or loss of life. The cost of this problem can be quantified as part of the Total Ownership Cost of the ship by taking into account such factors as the cost of veterans' hearing compensation, crew retention bonuses, and crew turnover. This interest has lead to at‐sea measurements of intermittent noise levels during flight operations on two operational aircraft carriers. This data provides the first detailed, systematic quantification of sound pressure levels, noise frequency content, noise time duration and frequency of events. The classic acoustic source/path/receiver approach was used to investigate noise sources and paths associated with the transmission of aircraft and machinery noise. Solutions take a total ship engineering approach, combining Total Ownership Cost, Human Engineering, and industrial partnerships to develop cost effective solutions to mitigate noise associated with flight operations.
A New Objective Method of Measuring Fabric Wrinkles Using a 3-D Projecting Grid Technique (1999)

A new objective method for evaluating fabric wrinkles involves a 3-D projecting grid technique based on image processing. The uniform grid is projected on the AATCC replica surface, and then the gridded image of each replica is captured by the image capturing system. Noise reduction and extraction of the horizontal features of the image by enhancement and horizontal filters follow, and finally the projected grid phase is analyzed. The 3-D shape of the wrinkling of each replica is reconstructed with the data calculated from the deformation of grid lines obtained from the image capturing system. Based on the reconstructed 3-D information of each replicate, the degree of wrinkling is quantified using parameters that describe the quantity of fabric wrinkling: roughness ratio, surface area ratio, wrinkle density, and power spectrum density of the fast Fourier transform. Results indicate that the grades of AATCC wrinkle recovery replicas show a good logarithmic relationship with the parameters defined in this study. The precise and reliable wrinkle grades of four colored and complicated fabric patterns are obtained by usmg the wrinkle grading equation through multiple regression of four parameters.
Space efficient parallel buddy memory management (2003)

Shared memory multiprocessor systems need efficient dynamic storage allocators, both for system purposes and to support parallel programs. Memory managers are often based on the buddy system, which provides fast allocation and release. Previous parallel buddy memory managers made no attempt to coordinate the allocation, splitting and release of blocks, and as a result needlessly fragment memory. The authors present fast, and simple parallel buddy memory manager that is also as space efficient as a serial buddy memory manager. They test their algorithms using memory allocation/deallocation traces their collected from a parallel sparse matrix algorithm.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An Electrically Alterable Nondestructive Twistor Memory (1960)

The twistor is a relatively new memory device which may be operated either in a conventional destructive read-out mode, or, by the method explained in this paper, in a nondestructive mode. This paper discusses the basic principles of twistor operation and shows how the twistor may be fabricated into a memory. A non-destructive method of reading a twistor memory by the use of multiple solenoids is described. A typical configuration of a twistor memory which, by the use of this nondestructive reading method, may be operated either in a destructive mode or in a nondestructive mode, is shown.