gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Current Status of Malaria and Potential for Control (2001)

Malaria remains one of the world's worst health problems with 1.5 to 2.7 million deaths annually; these deaths are primarily among children under 5 years of age and pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa. Of significance, more people are dying from malaria today than 30 years ago. This review considers the factors which have contributed to this gloomy picture, including those which relate to the vector, the female anopheline mosquito; to human activity such as creating new mosquito breeding sites, the impact of increased numbers of people, and how their migratory behavior can increase the incidence and spread of malaria; and the problems of drug resistance by the parasites to almost all currently available antimalarial drugs. In a selective manner, this review describes what is being done to ameliorate this situation both in terms of applying existing methods in a useful or even crucial role in control and prevention and in terms of new additions to the antimalarial armory that are being developed. Topics covered include biological control of mosquitoes, the use of insecticide-impregnated bed nets, transgenic mosquitoes manipulated for resistance to malaria parasites, old and new antimalarial drugs, drug resistance and how best to maintain the useful life of antimalarials, immunity to malaria and the search for antimalarial vaccines, and the malaria genome project and the potential benefits to accrue from it.
Methods to isolate extracellular vesicles for diagnosis (2017)

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane-bound bodies that are released into extracellular space by diverse cells, and are found in body fluids like blood, urine and saliva. EVs contain RNA, DNA and proteins, which can be biomarkers for diagnosis. EVs can be obtained by minimally-invasive biopsy, so they are useful in disease diagnosis. High yield and purity contribute to precise diagnosis of disease, but damaged EVs and impurities can cause confu sed results. However, EV isolation methods have different yields and purities. Furthermore, the isolation method that is most suitable to maximize EV recovery efficiency depends on the experimental conditions. This review focuses on merits and demerits of several types of EV isolation methods, and provides examples of how to diagnose disease by exploiting information obtained by analysis of EVs.
C/sub BC/ reduction in InP heterojunction bipolar transistor with selectively implanted collector pedestal (2004)

The base-collector junction capacitance (C/sub bc/) is a key factor limiting HBT high frequency performance. To reduce C/sub bc/, we report an HBT structure with a collector pedestal under the HBT's intrinsic region by using selective ion implantation and MBE regrowth, the first such structure reported in III-V HBTs. It is designed so that the depleted collector thickness in HBT's extrinsic region is much larger than the depleted collector thickness in HBT's intrinsic region, and therefore substantially reducing the extrinsic base-collector capacitance. Although C/sub bc/ can also be reduced by forming a narrow N+ subcollector stripe lying under the emitter (M. Sokolich et al., 25th IEEE GaAsIC Symp.), such structures can have large collector access resistance Rc arising from long, narrow N+ layer. The collector pedestal structure, however, does not significantly increase collector access resistance relative to a standard mesa structure, and is consequently the approach most widely employed in Si/SiGe technology. We had earlier reported collector pedestal HBTs with low leakage and good DC characteristics (Y. Dong et al., Proc. 2003 Int. Semicond. Dev. Res. Symp., pp. 348-349, 2003); here we report devices with the expected large reduction in C/sub bc/.
Remote detection of methane by infrared spectrometry for airborne pipeline surveillance: first results of ground-based measurements (2004)

The total length of natural gas pipelines in Germany exceeds 350,000 km. Currently, inspections are performed using hand-held sensors such as flame ionization detectors. Moreover, transmission pipelines are inspected visually from helicopters. In this work, remote detection of methane by passive Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometry for pipeline surveillance is investigated. The study focuses on fast measurements in order to enable methane detection from a helicopter during regular inspection flights. Two remote sensing systems are used for the detection of methane: a scanning infrared gas imaging system (SIGIS), which was originally developed for the visualization of pollutant clouds, and a new compact passive scanning remote sensing system. In order to achieve a high spectral rate, which is required due to the movement of the helicopter, measurements are performed at low spectral resolutions. This results in overlapping signatures of methane and other constituents of the atmosphere in the measured spectrum. The spectra are analyzed by a detection algorithm, which includes simultaneous least squares fitting of reference spectra of methane and other atmospheric species. The results of field measurements show that passive remote sensing by FTIR spectrometry is a feasible method for the remote detection of methane.
Surface Modification of Islets With PEG-Lipid for Improvement of Graft Survival in Intraportal Transplantation (2009)

Our approach for the improvement of graft survival will be useful in the clinical setting.
Involvement of a functional NADPH oxidase in neutrophils and macrophages during programmed cell clearance: implications for chronic granulomatous disease (2009)

Resolution of inflammation requires clearance of activated neutrophils by macrophages in a manner that prevents injury to adjacent tissues. Surface changes, including phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure, may target neutrophils for phagocytosis. In this study, we show that externalization of PS is defective in phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-activated neutrophils obtained from chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) patients with mutations in components of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. Moreover, activated neutrophils from CGD patients failed to undergo clearance upon cocultivation with macrophages from normal donors. In line with these results, treatment of donor neutrophils with diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), an inhibitor of NADPH oxidase, blocked PMA-induced PS oxidation and externalization and prevented their engulfment by macrophages. Furthermore, primary macrophages from CGD patients or human gp91(phox)-deficient PLB-985 cells differentiated into macrophage-like cells were defective for engulfment of apoptotic target cells. Pretreatment of normal macrophages with DPI also suppressed the subsequent ingestion of PS-positive target cells. Together, these data demonstrate that NADPH oxidase plays an important role in the process of macrophage disposal of target cells (programmed cell clearance). Thus we speculate that the lack of a functional NADPH oxidase results in impaired neutrophil clearance and the exaggerated inflammation that is characteristic for CGD.
Syngas Fermentation: Quantification of Assay Techniques, Reaction Kinetics, and Pressure Dependencies of the Clostridial P11 Hydrogenase (2010)

Ethanol usage as a transportation fuel is rapidly increasing in the United States. Production of ethanol from cellulose feedstocks via gasification followed by syngas fermentation offers an environmentally friendly approach that mitigates many of the adverse effects associated with production from corn. In the syngas fermentation process, the hydrogenase enzyme of the fermentation bacterium, Clostridium P11 for this work, supplies electrons to the metabolic pathway, facilitating ethanol production. In this thesis, an assay for P11 hydrogenase activity was developed. It was determined that 1) less than 4 minutes of sparging with 50 sccm H2 is needed to reduce O2 levels to below 1 ppm in a 3 mL aqueous solution, while less than 1 minute of purging at the same rate is needed to fill an air-filled 3.5 mL cuvette to 99.9999% H2, 2) 12.5 mM DTT included in the reaction mixture at pH 6 helps scavenge O2, 3) H2 diffusion is slow compared to enzymatic reaction rates, 4) CO2 lowers media pH, 5) 0.084 atm CO causes 90% inhibition of P11 hydrogenase, 6) prolonged Triton X-100 exposure diminishes hydrogenase activity, and 7) variations in H2 pressure and electron acceptor identity and concentration affect measured hydrogenase activities. The assay developed for P11 hydrogenase activity was used to perform kinetic studies. The Okura rapid-equilibrium rate law best described this activity. A constant that regulates the effect of H2 pressure on hydrogenase activity, KH2, was determined to be independent of electron acceptor and to have a value of 0.31 atm, implying that H2 must be supplied to the syngas fermentation at ~3 atm to maximize hydrogenase activity. KBV and KMV, constants that regulate the effect of benzyl viologen and methyl viologen on hydrogenase activity, were determined to be 1.7-2.4 mM and 10.6 mM, respectively. Additionally, hydrogenase activity was temporally correlated with ethanol production in batch cultures of P11 and strongly dependent on pH. The intracellular pH of P11 was determined to be approximately 5.5.
Energy-efficient renaming with register versioning (2009)

We propose an energy-efficient implementation of register renaming mechanism for high-performance superscalar microprocessors. We use version numbers to identify various instances of each architectural register. This enables the use of an unified register file to hold the current instances of an architectural register and its committed value in a shadow bitcells and to simplify register renaming and register management. Across the SPEC 2000 benchmarks, the proposed mechanism comes within 6% of the performance of a traditional out-of-order design. An average savings of 20% on the energy spent in renaming, register management and instruction commitment is realized compared to a traditional design.
Finding Common Ground: An Analysis of Librarians' Expressed Attitudes Towards Faculty (2005)

SUMMARY Information literacy listservs provide opportunities to discuss a range of instruction-related issues. One common theme is librarian-faculty relationships, including positive interactions and complaints. Content analysis is used to investigate librarians' discussions of faculty in BI-L/ILI-L postings from 1995 to 2002. By isolating and anonymizing postings reflecting librarian-faculty relationships and examining these through the authors' experiences as trained librarians and full-time faculty, the paper explores: (1) how librarians frame faculty relationships; and (2) librarians' perceptions of faculty attitudes. The paper concludes with suggestions for transcending unsatisfactory experiences with faculty to forge relationships that benefit those individuals both groups must reach–students.
A Highly Selective and General Palladium Catalyst for the Oxidative Heck Reaction of Electronically Nonbiased Olefins (2010)

A general, highly selective oxidative Heck reaction is reported. The reaction is high-yielding under mild conditions without the need for base or high temperatures, and the selectivity is excellent, without the requirement for electronically biased olefins or other specific directing groups. A preliminary mechanistic investigation suggests that the unusually high selectivity may be due to the catalyst's sensitivity to C-H bond strength in the selectivity-determining β-hydride elimination step.
Heterogeneous catalysis by solid superacids. 4. Methylation of phenols with methyl alcohol and the rearrangement of anisole and methylanisoles over a perfluorinated resinsulfonic acid (Nafion-H) catalyst (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHeterogeneous catalysis by solid superacids. 4. Methylation of phenols with methyl alcohol and the rearrangement of anisole and methylanisoles over a perfluorinated resinsulfonic acid (Nafion-H) catalystJoseph Kaspi and George A. OlahCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43, 16, 3142–3147Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00410a010https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00410a010research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views324Altmetric-Citations46LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Job Aware Scheduling Algorithm for MapReduce Framework (2011)

MapReduce framework has received a wide acclaim over the past few years for large scale computing. It has become a standard paradigm for batch oriented workloads. As the adoption of this paradigm has increased rapidly, scheduling of these MapReduce jobs has become a problem of great interest in research community. We propose an approach which tries to maintain harmony among the jobs running on the cluster, and in turn decrease their runtime. In our model, the scheduler is made aware of different types of jobs running on the cluster. The scheduler tries to allocate a task on a node if the incoming task does not affect the tasks already running on that node. From the list of available pending tasks, our algorithm selects the one that is most compatible with the tasks already running on that node. We bring up heuristic and machine learning based solutions to our approach and try to maintain a resource balance on the cluster by not overloading any of the nodes, thereby reducing the overall runtime of the jobs. The results show a saving of runtime of around 21% in the case of heuristic based approach and around 27% in the case of machine learning based approach when compared to Yahoo's Capacity scheduler.
Phase Transformation in Radially Merged Wurtzite GaAs Nanowires (2015)

III-V Nanowires (NWs) grown with metal-organic chemical vapor deposition commonly show a polytypic crystal structure, allowing growth of structures not found in the bulk counterpart. In this paper we studied the radial overgrowth of pure wurtzite (WZ) GaAs nanowires and characterized the samples with high resolution X-ray diffraction (XRD) to reveal the crystal structure of the grown material. In particular, we investigated what happens when adjacent WZ NWs radially merge with each other by analyzing the evolution of XRD peaks for different amounts of radial overgrowth and merging. By preparing cross-sectional lamella samples we also analyzed the local crystal structure of partly merged NWs by transmission electron microscopy. Once individual NWs start to merge, the crystal structure of the merged segments is transformed progressively from initial pure WZ to a mixed WZ/ZB structure. The merging process is then modeled using a simple combinatorial approach, which predicts that merging of two or more WZ NWs will result in a mixed crystal structure containing WZ, ZB, and 4H. The existence large and relaxed segments of 4H structure within the merged NWs was confirmed by XRD, allowing us to accurately determine the lattice parameters of GaAs 4H. We compare the measured WZ and 4H unit cells with an ideal tetrahedron and find that both the polytypes are elongated in the <i>c</i>-axis and compressed in the <i>a</i>-axis compared to the geometrically converted cubic ZB unit cell.
Geophysical modeling via simultaneous joint inversion of seismic, gravity, and electromagnetic data: Application to prestack depth imaging (2007)

Geophysical modeling of multiple geophysical parameters can take place reliably through the simultaneous joint inversion of the different geophysical domains. The desired objective is the derivation of a model expressing different geophysical properties of the Earth but, at the same time, showing consistency among the parameters. This concept, generally referred to as data integration, is widespread in geophysics but the way of achieving it is not obvious. Several authors have proposed different approaches where data, interpretation, and experience all contributed to the task. The result is that no general workflows could be defined that left ample margins for uncertainties and personal judgment.
Fatigue Life Extension by Crack Repair Using Stop-hole Technique under Pure Mode-I and Pure mode-II Loading Conditions (2014)

Drilling a hole at the crack tip turns the crack into a notch and diminishes the crack tip stress singularity. In this paper, the crack growth retardation is examined using a numerical study on the efficiency of stop holes. Pure mode-I and pure mode-II loading conditions have been generated by using the mixed mode compact tension specimen made of 6061-T651 aluminum alloy. A fatigue crack growth code developed for two-dimensional elastic problems is used to validate the numerical procedure. The numerical results reveal that the presence of stop holes significantly decreases the stress concentration around the crack tip. The fatigue life extensions and the location of fatigue crack initiation from the hole edge are studied under different loading conditions. A comparison between the reported experimental results and the obtained computational results shows that the fatigue life extension caused by the stop-hole method can be well predicted by the numerical model developed in this study.
Reed-Solomon error control coding for Rayleigh fading channels with feedback (1992)

The use of nonbinary block error control codes over Rayleigh fading channels with feedback is examined. It is assumed that the fading is slow with respect to the rate of symbol transmission. Expressions are derived for the probabilities of channel symbol error and erasure, which are in turn used to develop expressions for code symbol error and erasure. Two erasure generation mechanisms are considered, one based on the existence of channel amplitude side information, the other not. This analytical framework is used to evaluate the performance of the Reed-Solomon/hybrid-ARQ protocol (RS/HARQ) over fading channels with feedback. The RS/HARQ system uses erasure decoding in a hybrid-ARQ protocol to provide excellent reliability performance at the expense of a reduction in throughput. The RS/HARQ protocol allows for the variation of the erasure threshold and the effective diameter of the decoding operation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Specific-Ion Effects on the Aggregation Mechanisms and Protein–Protein Interactions for Anti-streptavidin Immunoglobulin Gamma-1 (2015)

Non-native protein aggregation is common in the biopharmaceutical industry and potentially jeopardizes product shelf life, therapeutic efficacy, and patient safety. The present article focuses on the relationship(s) among protein-protein interactions, aggregate growth mechanisms, aggregate morphologies, and specific-ion effects for an anti-streptavidin (AS) immunoglobulin gamma 1 (IgG1). Aggregation mechanisms of AS-IgG1 were determined as a function of pH and NaCl concentration with sodium acetate buffer and compared to previous work with sodium citrate. Aggregate size and shape were determined using a combination of laser light scattering and small-angle neutron or X-ray scattering. Protein-protein interactions were quantified in terms of the protein-protein Kirkwood-Buff integral (G22) determined from static light scattering and in terms of the protein effective charge (Zeff) measured using electrophoretic light scattering. Changing from citrate to acetate resulted in significantly different protein-protein interactions as a function of pH for low NaCl concentrations when the protein displayed positive Zeff. Overall, the results suggest that electrostatic repulsions between proteins were lessened because of preferential accumulation of citrate anions, compared to acetate anions, at the protein surface. The predominant aggregation mechanisms correlated well with G22, indicating that ion-specific effects beyond traditional mean-field descriptions of electrostatic protein-protein interactions are important for predicting qualitative shifts in protein aggregation state diagrams. Interestingly, while solution conditions dictated which mechanisms predominated, aggregate average molecular weight and size displayed a common scaling behavior across both citrate- and acetate-based systems.
Perceptual models of viewpoint preference (2011)

The question of what are good views of a 3D object has been addressed by numerous researchers in perception, computer vision, and computer graphics. This has led to a large variety of measures for the goodness of views as well as some special-case viewpoint selection algorithms. In this article, we leverage the results of a large user study to optimize the parameters of a general model for viewpoint goodness, such that the fitted model can predict people's preferred views for a broad range of objects. Our model is represented as a combination of attributes known to be important for view selection, such as projected model area and silhouette length. Moreover, this framework can easily incorporate new attributes in the future, based on the data from our existing study. We demonstrate our combined goodness measure in a number of applications, such as automatically selecting a good set of representative views, optimizing camera orbits to pass through good views and avoid bad views, and trackball controls that gently guide the viewer towards better views.
Changes in elastin, elastin binding protein and versican in alveoli in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2008)

Patients with mild to moderate COPD show progressively increased immuno-staining for versican and correspondingly decreased immuno-staining for EBP, with decreasing values of FEV1. These findings may explain the lack of repair of elastic fibers in the lungs of patients with moderate COPD. Removal of versican may offer a strategy for effective repair.
Comparison of Kifunensine and 1-Deoxymannojirimycin Binding to Class I and II α-Mannosidases Demonstrates Different Saccharide Distortions in Inverting and Retaining Catalytic Mechanisms<sup>,</sup> (2003)

Mannosidases are key enzymes in the eukaryotic N-glycosylation pathway. These enzymes fall into two broad classes (I and II) and are characteristically different in catalytic mechanism, sequence, and structure. Kifunensine is an alkaloid that is a strong inhibitor against class I alpha-mannosidases but is only a weak inhibitor against class II alpha-mannosidases. In this paper, the 1.80 A resolution crystal structure of kifunensine bound to Drosophila melanogaster Golgi alpha-mannosidase II (dGMII) is presented. Kifunensine adopts a (1,4)B boat conformation in the class II dGMII, which contrasts the (1)C(4) chair conformation seen in class I human endoplasmic reticulum alpha1,2 mannosidase (hERMI, PDB ). The observed conformations are higher in conformational energy than the global minimum (4)C(1) conformation, although the conformation in hERMI is closer to the minimum, as supported by an energy calculation. Differing conformations of 1-deoxymannojirimycin were also observed: a (4)C(1) and (1)C(4) conformation in dGMII and hERMI, respectively. Thus, these two alpha-mannosidase classes distort these inhibitors in distinct manners. This is likely indicative of the binding characteristics of the two different catalytic mechanisms of these enzymes.