gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Alterations of Gastrointestinal Motility in Obesity (2004)

All nutrients are absorbed in the gastrointestinal (GI) system, and GI motility plays a very critical role in the consumption of foods, digestion, and absorption of nutrients. Various segments of the GI tract (esophagus, stomach, and intestines) coordinate in a complex yet precise way to control the process of food consumption, digestion, and absorption of nutrients. GI motility not only regulates the rates at which nutrients are processed and absorbed in the gut but also participates in the control of appetite and satiety. Altered GI motility has been associated with various disease conditions (gastroparesis, etc.) and has been frequently observed in obese patients. The significance of these GI motility alterations in obesity is not fully understood, but they have been considered as potential contributing factors in the development and maintenance of obesity and changed eating behavior. Therapies aimed at regulating GI motility are being actively explored and applied clinically for the management of obese patients. To better understand the pathophysiology of obesity, we systematically reviewed GI motility changes observed in obese conditions. The relationship and pathological significance of these findings, as well as the potential therapies by modification of GI motility, are also discussed.
A high-power, low-loss W-band SPDT switch using SiGe PIN diodes (2014)

This paper presents a W-band SPDT switch implemented using PIN diodes in a new 90 nm SiGe BiCMOS technology. The SPDT switch achieves a minimum insertion loss of 1.4 dB and an isolation of 22 dB at 95 GHz, with less than 2 dB insertion loss from 77-134 GHz, and greater than 20 dB isolation from 79-129 GHz. The input and output return losses are greater than 10 dB from 73-133 GHz. By reverse biasing the off-state PIN diodes, the P1dB is larger than +24 dBm. To the authors' best knowledge, these results demonstrate the lowest loss and highest power handling capability achieved by a W-band SPDT switch in any silicon-based technology reported to date.
Comparison between effects of AMP579 and adenosine on Na~+/Ca~(2+) exchanger in isolated rat ventricular myocytes (2005)

AIM To elucidate possible mechanisms underlying the differences between 1S-[1a,2b,3b,4a(S~*)]-4-[7-[[1-(3-chloro-2-thienyl)methylpropyl]propyl-amino]-3H-imidazo[4,5-b]pyridyl-3-yl]-N-ethyl-2,3-dihydroxycyclopentane carboxamide (AMP- 579) and adenosine in pharmacological and clinical effects. METHODS Na~+/Ca~2+ exchange current was recorded by patch-clamp technique in whole-cell configuration. RESULTS AMP579 significantly enhanced both outward and inward Na~+/Ca~2+ exchange currents in a concentration dependent manner. Neither infusion of an adenosine A1 receptor antagonist PD116948 30 μmol·L~-1 or an adenosine A2 receptor antagonist DMPX 10 μmol·L~-1 nor a protein kinase A special blocker KT 5720 0.2 μmol·L~-1 or a protein kinase C special blocker GF 109203X 0.4 μmol·L~-1 had effect on Na~+/Ca~2+ exchange current increased by AMP579, suggesting that AMP579 possess a direct activating effect on Na~+/Ca~2+ exchange current. CONCLUSION AMP579 possibly possesses a direct activating effect on Na~+/Ca~2+ exchange current.
A fast self-optimized LMS algorithm for non-stationary identification: application to underwater equalization (2002)

An adaptive algorithm called FOLMS is proposed. The algorithm has two novel characteristics: it is self-optimized, and it outperforms LMS (least-mean-square) and RLS (recursive-least-squares) algorithms in all the cases when the model to identify is alternatively stationary and nonstationary. Moreover, it requires a small computational cost (4N+3 add, 4N+5 mult). This algorithm is particularly interesting in nonstationary cases when the optimal step-size value has large variations, i.e. mainly when the minimum MSE is not only a function of the noise power but also of the model to identify impulse response, as in underwater equalization and all inverse identification problems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Low-volume resuscitation from traumatic hemorrhagic shock with Na+/H+ exchanger inhibitor* (2009)

NHE-1 inhibition facilitated the hemodynamic response to fluid resuscitation, attenuated tissue inflammatory injury, and organ dysfunction, but most importantly improved survival.
Cytochrome c release from isolated rat liver mitochondria can occur independently of outer-membrane rupture: possible role of contact sites (2000)

Percoll-purified rat liver mitochondria were shown to contain BAX dimer and rapidly (<2 min) release 5-10% of their cytochrome c when incubated in a standard KCl incubation medium under energized conditions. This release was not accompanied by release of adenylate kinase (AK), another intermembrane protein, and was not inhibited by Mg(2+), dATP, inhibitors of the permeability transition or ligands of the peripheral benzodiazepine receptor. However, release was greatly reduced by the presence of 5% (w/v) dextran (40 kDa), which caused a decrease in the light scattering (A(520)) of mitochondrial suspensions. Dextran also inhibited both mitochondrial oxidation of exogenous ferrocytochrome c in the presence of rotenone and antimycin, and respiratory-chain-driven reduction of exogenous ferricytochrome c. Hypo-osmotic medium or digitonin treatment of mitochondria caused a large additional release of both cytochrome c and AK that was not blocked by dextran. Polyaspartate, which stabilizes the low conductance state of the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), increased cytochrome c release. VDAC and BAX are both found at the contact sites between the inner and outer membranes and dextran is known to stabilize these contact sites in isolated mitochondria. Thus our data suggest that regulation of a specific permeability pathway for cytochrome c may be mediated by changes in protein-protein interactions within contact sites. The adenine nucleotide translocase is known to bind to VDAC and thus provides an additional link between the specific cytochrome c release pathway and the permeability transition.
Role of TRPC3 channels in BDNF‐induced plasticity, hippocampal neuronal excitability and memory (2012)

Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) enhances synaptic plasticity, which is a candidate mechanism for improving hippocampus‐dependent memory. Here, we demonstrate that BDNF also modulates intrinsic membrane conductances associated with improved memory function. In doing so, BDNF reduces the intrinsic excitability of regular firing (RF) neurons, yet increases the intrinsic bursting properties of burst firing (BF) neurons in the subiculum ‐ the primary efferent pathway of hippocampus that plays a role in memory, drug abuse relapse and temporal lobe seizures. BDNF reduces RF excitability by activating transient receptor canonical potential (TRPC3) channels, which enhances the fast afterhyperpolarization (fAHP). In contrast, BDNF‐enhances intrinsic bursting of BF neurons via a TRPC3‐ independent pathway. Blocking TRPC3 channels suppresses BF activity yet promotes bursting behavior in RF neurons, likely by suppressing AHP. Manipulations that promote bursting and/or suppress the AHP have been suggested to improve memory function. Here, we show that TRPC3 knockout (KO) mice have enhanced hippocampal‐dependent conditioned fear memory. As BDNF is enhanced during learning, BDNF signaling in TRPC3 knockout mice likely promotes bursting, which may explain the improved memory in TRPC3 KO mice. Modulating TRPC3 channels may provide a novel treatment for memory disorders in aging and Alzheimer's Disease.
InGaAs NIR focal plane arrays for imaging and DWDM applications (2002)

Indigo Systems Corporation has recently developed a line of high performance NIR devices and cameras based upon InGaAs detector arrays. The InGaAs detector arrays are fabricated at Indigo Systems Detector Operations facility and include 640x512 and 320x256 staring focal plane arrays which are utilized in three camera configurations ranging from the miniature alpha camera to the Merlin and Phoenix high performance cameras. The InGaAs detector arrays are very high performance devices with operability routinely exceeding 99.9%. In addition to the staring arrays for imaging applications, two varieties of linear arrays are also being produced at Indigo Systems Detector Operations including a 512 element and 1024 element devices. The linear arrays are intended for use in telecommunications for DWDM applications and are provided in industry standard packages for insertion into DWDM systems. All linear arrays require 100% perfect operability and this is routinely achieved.
Erythropoietin protects the <i>in vitro</i> blood–brain barrier against VEGF‐induced permeability (2003)

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) ensures the homeostasis of the brain microenvironment, mostly through complex tight junctions between brain endothelial cells that prevent the passage of hydrophilic molecules from blood to brain and vice versa. A recent study has shown in vivo that systemic administration of erythropoietin (Epo) protects against brain injury. Using an in vitro model of the bovine BBB, we observed that the expression of the Epo receptor is modulated by its ligand and hypoxic stimuli such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatment. In addition, Epo protects against the VEGF-induced permeability of the BBB, decreases the levels of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and restores junction proteins. The kinetic transport experiments revealed the capacity of Epo to cross the in vitro BBB in a saturable and specific way. Our results suggest a new mechanism for Epo-induced neuroprotection, in which circulating Epo controls and maintains the BBB through an Epo receptor signalling pathway and the re-establishment of cell junctions.
Anticarcinogenic effect of common carotenoids. (1993)

Of the common carotenoids present in food, beta carotene, alpha carotene, lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin as well as canthaxanthin can be considered potential prophylactic agents against carcinogenesis. They are absorbed by the human organism in reasonable amounts, and they have antioxidant properties, immunomodulating effects and may possibly influence gene expression enhancing gap junction communication. Recent suggestions that beta carotene may be metabolized directly to retinoic acid in retinoic acid target tissue and the discovery of retinoic acid nuclear receptors open up new perspectives for research. The best established chain of evidence for a protective effect of carotenoids against cancer development is available for beta carotene. Positive effects were observed in cell culture and experimental animal studies as well as in dietary and blood level studies in humans. More conclusive evidence will be provided by double-blind intervention trials in humans that are in progress. Beta carotene appears to be active in the promotion phase of carcinogenesis stabilizing initiated cells. Canthaxanthin, which has often been included in animal experiments for comparative purposes having little or no provitamin A activity, also exhibits strong protective effects. Of the other carotenoids only limited data are available. Depending on the experimental model used, lycopene, lutein or alpha carotene was particularly active. In preliminary human blood level studies, lycopene was inversely associated with cancers of the pancreas and cervix. Much work remains to be done. Of particular interest is the question of organ specificity of individual carotenoids.
Self-organizing, self-healing wireless networks (2002)

Self-organizing, self-healing networks-also called "ad hoc" networks-are perhaps the most exciting new trend in networking research and development. Every node in such a network has sufficient intelligence to continuously sense and discover other nearby nodes, dynamically determine the optimal path for forwarding data packets from itself hop by hop through the network to any other node in the network, and automatically heal any ruptures in the network fabric that are caused by ongoing movement of the nodes themselves, changes in RF propagation, destruction of nodes, etc. In essence, one need merely launch such radio nodes into some space and they will not only organize themselves into a network but also adapt continuously to changes in the network's connectivity. The field is currently evolving at "Internet speed"-the first large-scale systems are now being fielded into the US military and yet many of the field's research fundamentals are at present only very poorly understood. This paper begins with an example that introduces some of the fundamental issues for ad hoc networks (hidden terminals, channel access, mobility, scalability, and power constraints). It then discusses the two dominant approaches in current ad hoc networking technologies, "proactive" and "on-demand" path discovery, and compares the strengths and weaknesses of each approach. The paper then presents two brief case studies with which the authors were involved-of a 400-node, terrestrial, vehicle-based system and of a high-capacity voice and data network deployed among drone aircraft-and concludes with highlights of the current research topics in the field.
Relationship Between Na <sup>+</sup> -Ca <sup>2+</sup> –Exchanger Protein Levels and Diastolic Function of Failing Human Myocardium (1999)

By discriminating failing human hearts according to their diastolic function, we identified different phenotypes. Disturbed diastolic function occurs in hearts with decreased SR Ca2+-ATPase and unchanged Na+-Ca2+ exchanger, whereas increased expression of the Na+-Ca2+ exchanger is associated with preserved diastolic function.
Hydrogenated amorphous silicon growth by CO2 laser photodissociation of silane (1982)

A new method of hydrogenated amorphous silicon deposition on large areas is reported in which silane is photodissociated by resonant absorption of cw CO2 laser radiation. The free radicals produced interact in a suitable geometrical configuration with the surface of a low-temperature substrate and grow a film having properties similar to the glow-discharge deposited material. The film amorphousness and the hydrogen presence either in monohydride and dihydride groups are evidenced by x-ray patterns and ir spectra.
Wearable Computing from Jewels to Joules [Guest editors' introduction] (2014)

Wearables have been with us for a long time, and they're here to stay. Their capabilities and our expectations change with time, but many of the basic problems remain. This issue touches on designing for unpredictable human behavior, positioning sensors, powering wearables without removing the device from the body, and providing text input on very small displays.
Nanocrystal formulation for poorly soluble drugs (2013)

Poorly soluble drugs are often a challenging problem in drug formulation. Reducing the particle size of the drug to a nano-scale leads to an increased surface area-to-volume ratio, increased dissolution velocity and adhesiveness, and improved in vivo performance of poorly soluble drugs. Wet media milling is one of the most popular techniques to prepare the nanocrystals. The aim of this thesis was to optimize the preparation conditions and characterization methods of nanosuspensions for poorly water-soluble drug compounds, then formulate the nanosuspensions into suitable pharmaceutical dosage forms, and finally test the efficacy in in vivo. \n\nFirstly, basic research on the preparation and characterization of nanosuspensions was done using the wet milling technique and poorly water-soluble drugs as model compounds. The various milling parameters, including the milling time, diameter of milling balls, stabilizer type and concentrations, were investigated. The particle size, size distribution and stability of nanosuspensions were considered as the important parameters to evaluate the milling conditions. The drug nanocrystals manufactured at the optimal milling environment exhibited significantly increased dissolution rates, good stability and kept a crystalline state. \n\nSecondly, the importance of particle size on dissolution was determined. The conventional dissolution method can effectively discriminate the milled and unmilled samples, but it fails to discriminate the dissolution profiles of nanosuspensions with different particle sizes. A novel condition, i.e. the sample concentration in the dissolution medium is close to the apparent saturation solubility of the drug, were found to discriminate the dissolution profiles of nanosuspensions. \n\nThirdly, nanos-in-micros structure for suitable pharmaceutical formulations, e.g. tablet or pulmonary products was set up. The structure is that drug nanocrystals are buried inside microparticle carriers, in which the mannitol and crystalline L-leucine were as matrix and outer layer formers, respectively. Nanos-in-micros structure avoids problems in further formulation of nanopowders, such as poor flowability and aggregation/sinter, meanwhile functionality of individual nanoparticles in microparticles are remained, such as fast dissolution. \n\nFinally, the efficacy of nanocrystal formulations in vivo was tested. Brinzolamide nanosuspensions were prepared in buffers and formulated for ocular administration in order to reduce the intraocular pressure in rats. The nanocrystal formulations exhibited a low cytotoxicity and significant reduction in intraocular pressure compared to the physiologic salt solution and untreated group. \n\nIn conclusion, the nanosuspensions of poorly water-soluble drug can be easily produced by the wet milling technique when the choice of stabilizers and milling parameters are appropriate. The nanosuspensions were successfully formulated and exhibited a good in vivo performance. More efficient formulations based on drug nanosuspensions should be further researched and developed.
CA 15–3: A Prognostic Marker in Breast Cancer (2000)

CA 15-3 (also known as MUC1) is the most widely used serum marker in breast cancer. MUC1 is a large transmembrane glycoprotein which is frequently overexpressed and aberrantly glycosylated in cancer. Physiologically, MUC1 appears to play a role in cell adhesion and the high levels present in cancer may be causally involved in metastasis. At present the main uses of CA 15-3 are in preclinically detecting recurrent breast cancer and monitoring the treatment of patients with advanced breast cancer. In a prospective study of 368 patients we show that patients with high preoperative levels of CA 15-3 (>30.4 U/mL) had a worse outcome than patients with low levels of the marker. In multivariate analysis CA 15-3 as a prognostic marker was independent of both tumor size and nodal status. Furthermore, in multivariate analysis the prognostic impact of CA 15-3 was stronger than that of tumor size and at least as strong as nodal status. CA 15-3 may thus be the first independent prognostic serum marker in breast cancer.
Protruding apparent 3D images in depth-fused 3D display (2008)

A protruding apparent 3D image can be perceived outside the region of two overlapped object images displayed at different depths in depth-fused 3D (DFD) visual perception when those images have opposite signs of luminance difference between the object image and the surroundings, that is, when the object-image luminance in the front image is darker than that of the surrounding area and the object-image luminance in the rear image is brighter than the surrounding area or vice versa. Subjective test results show that (1) a protruding apparent 3D image is perceived and (2) the perceived protrusion depth continuously varies according to the change in luminance difference between the object image and surroundings. This protruding method enables a deeper 3D imaging area in the 3D display using a DFD visual perception.
Factoring image sequences into shape and motion (2002)

Recovery scene geometry and camera motion from a sequence of images is an important problem in computer vision. If the scene geometry is specified by depth measurements, that is, by specifying distances between the camera and feature points in the scene, noise sensitivity worsens rapidly with increasing depth. The authors show hat this difficulty can be overcome by computing scene geometry directly in terms of shape, that is, by computing the coordinates of feature points in the scene with respect to a world-centered system, without recovering camera-centered depth as an intermediate quantity. More specifically, the authors show that a matrix of image measurements can be factored by singular value decomposition into the product of two matrices that represent shape and motion, respectively. The results in this paper extend to three dimensions the solution the authors described in a previous paper for planar camera motion (ICCV, Osaka, Japan, 1990).< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Pathology Correlations with Optical Biopsy Techniques<sup>a</sup> (1998)

Traditional surgical pathology predicts the future course of a patient's disease based on subjective comparison of the biopsy with the outcome of similar biopsies that have been seen previously. Optical techniques are being designed to aid the clinician in evaluating the patients' tissue in vivo. These technologies assess the disease process itself, associated structural alterations or do not have a known physical basis. These techniques will have an almost immediate application in directing the location to biopsy. The true optical biopsy where a definitive diagnosis is made by in vivo optical technology is a laudable goal, but only a few such applications are likely to become available in the near future. In addition to these approaches, the movement towards telemedicine is going to increase the demand for this type of technology for remote monitoring at home as well as in hospital settings.
Whole‐genome analysis of the ammonia‐oxidizing bacterium, <i>Nitrosomonas eutropha</i> C91: implications for niche adaptation (2007)

Analysis of the structure and inventory of the genome of Nitrosomonas eutropha C91 revealed distinctive features that may explain the adaptation of N. eutropha-like bacteria to N-saturated ecosystems. Multiple gene-shuffling events are apparent, including mobilized and replicated transposition, as well as plasmid or phage integration events into the 2.66 Mbp chromosome and two plasmids (65 and 56 kbp) of N. eutropha C91. A 117 kbp genomic island encodes multiple genes for heavy metal resistance, including clusters for copper and mercury transport, which are absent from the genomes of other ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB). Whereas the sequences of the two ammonia monooxygenase and three hydroxylamine oxidoreductase gene clusters in N. eutropha C91 are highly similar to those of Nitrosomonas europaea ATCC 19718, a break of synteny in the regions flanking these clusters in each genome is evident. Nitrosomonas eutropha C91 encodes four gene clusters for distinct classes of haem-copper oxidases, two of which are not found in other aerobic AOB. This diversity of terminal oxidases may explain the adaptation of N. eutropha to environments with variable O(2) concentrations and/or high concentrations of nitrogen oxides. As with N. europaea, the N. eutropha genome lacks genes for urease metabolism, likely disadvantaging nitrosomonads in low-nitrogen or acidic ecosystems. Taken together, this analysis revealed significant genomic variation between N. eutropha C91 and other AOB, even the closely related N. europaea, and several distinctive properties of the N. eutropha genome that are supportive of niche specialization.