gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Major histocompatibility complex class II gene disruption prevents experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis. (1994)

To analyze the impact of lack of MHC class II gene expression, and to demonstrate the direct genetic evidence for the involvement of the MHC class II gene product in the development of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG), MHC class II gene-disrupted C57BL6 mutant (-/-) and EAMG-susceptible MHC class II wild-type C57BL6 mice (+/+) were evaluated for the clinical and immunopathologic manifestations of EAMG. The deficiency of MHC class II, and therefore, CD4+ T cells, completely prevented the C57BL6 MHC class II mutant (-/-) mice from mounting an autoimmune response to the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Further, the mutant (-/-) mice failed to show any immunopathologic and clinical manifestations of EAMG. The data unequivocally provide direct genetic evidence for the essential role of MHC class II molecules in the induction of EAMG, and rule out any pathogenic effector role for MHC class I-restricted CD8+ T cells, gamma delta TCR-bearing cells, or NK cells, which are intact in the MHC class II mutant mice in the induction of EAMG.
Highly efficient visible and infrared β-BaB2O4 optical parametric oscillator with pump reflection (1991)

We report the successful operation of a highly efficient visible and near-infrared optical parametric oscillator (OPO) that uses β-BaB2O4 as the nonlinear medium and is pumped at 354.7 nm. An energy conversion efficiency of 41% corresponding to a quantum conversion efficiency as high as 57% has been achieved in a 10-mm-long crystal. Pump depletion is estimated to be 70% or so. This OPO can generate an average output power to 507 mW at 490 nm and can be continuously tuned from 415 to 2411 nm. The reverse frequency conversion process has also been observed in the OPO. The reason for its high efficiency is discussed.
A Carboxy-terminal Inter-Helix Linker As the Site of Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate Action on Kv7 (M-type) K+ Channels (2008)

The regulation of M-type (KCNQ [Kv7]) K(+) channels by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP(2)) has perhaps the best correspondence to physiological signaling, but the site of action and structural motif of PIP(2) on these channels have not been established. Using single-channel recordings of chimeras of Kv7.3 and 7.4 channels with highly differential PIP(2) sensitivities, we localized a carboxy-terminal inter-helix linker as the primary site of PIP(2) action. Point mutants within this linker in Kv7.2 and Kv7.3 identified a conserved cluster of basic residues that interact with the lipid using electrostatic and hydrogen bonds. Homology modeling of this putative PIP(2)-binding linker in Kv7.2 and Kv7.3 using the solved structure of Kir2.1 and Kir3.1 channels as templates predicts a structure of Kv7.2 and 7.3 very similar to the Kir channels, and to the seven-beta-sheet barrel motif common to other PIP(2)-binding domains. Phosphoinositide-docking simulations predict affinities and interaction energies in accord with the experimental data, and furthermore indicate that the precise identity of residues in the interacting pocket alter channel-PIP(2) interactions not only by altering electrostatic energies, but also by allosterically shifting the structure of the lipid-binding surface. The results are likely to shed light on the general structural mechanisms of phosphoinositide regulation of ion channels.
Absorption and urinary excretion of the coffee diterpenes cafestol and kahweol in healthy ileostomy volunteers (1998)

About 70% of the ingested cafestol and kahweol is absorbed in ileostomy volunteers. Possibly, undetected metabolites are present in ileostomy effluent, resulting in lower absorption percentages. Only a small part of the diterpenes is excreted as a conjugate of glucuronic acid or sulphate in urine. Therefore, these compounds are extensively metabolized in the human body.
Electrochemical Evaluation of Corrosion Inhibitors in CO2 Containing Brines. an RCE and Flow-Loop Comparison (2010)

Abstract The purpose of this work was to study the effect that turbulent flow has on the electrochemical behaviour of a 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (aminotriazole or 3-AT) based corrosion inhibitor. The experiments were carried out in a rotating cylinder electrode (RCE) and a 4 l laboratory flow-loop. The test environment used in all experiments was a 3% NaCl solution saturated with CO2 at 20°C. Potentiodynamic polarization curves, polarization resistance and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements were used to determine the electrochemical behaviour of the steel in the environment at different flow rates and inhibitor concentrations. The inhibiting effect of the tested substance is strongly dependent on the hydrodynamic conditions of the environment. As the turbulence of the environment increases, the efficiency of the inhibitor also increases. This increment could be associated to an increased migration of the inhibitor, from the bulk of the solution towards the surface of the corroding electrode. This increased migration can generate a better coverage of the surface of the corroding electrode and therefore a decrement of icorr. When the efficiency of this inhibitor is estimated, controlled hydrodynamic conditions must be taken into account. Otherwise the value of efficiency that is calculated can be underestimated.
Segmented Operations for Sparse Matrix Computation on Vector Multiprocessors (1993)

In this paper we present a new technique for sparse matrix multiplication on vector multiprocessors based on the efficient implementation of a segmented sum operation. We describe how the segmented sum can be implemented an vector multiprocessors such that it both fully vectorizes within each processor and parallelizes across processors. Because of our method's insensitivity to relative row size, it is better suited than the Ellpack/Itpack or the Jagged Diagonal algorithms for matrices which have a varying number of non-zero elements in each row. Furthermore, our approach requires less preprocessing (no more time than a single sparse matrix-vector multiplication), less auxiliary storage, and uses a more convenient data representation (an augmented form of the standard compressed sparse row format). We have implemented our algorithm (SEGMV) on the Cray Y-MP C90, and have compared its performance with other methods on a variety of sparse matrices from the Harwell- Boeing collection and industrial application codes. Our performance on the test matrices is up to 3 times faster than the Jagged Diagonal algorithm and up to 5 times faster than Ellpack/Itpack method. Our preprocessing time is an order of magnitude faster than for the Jagged Diagonal algorithm. Also, using an assembly language implementation of SEGMV on a 16 processor C90, the NAS Conjugate Gradient benchmark runs at 3.5 gigaflops.
Minimum control authority plot - A tool for designing thruster systems (1994)

A new performance measure for thruster systems called the minimum control authority is defined. It is one of the most important performance measures since it corresponds to the worst case output of the thruster system. Various thruster system designs can easily be evaluated based on this performance measure. Several techniques are derived to calculate the minimum control authority as a function of the thruster configuration, the way in which the thrusters are controlled, and the physical mechanism that limits the thrusters' outputs. A technique to generate a plot of the worst case moment vs force-generating capability of a thruster system is also derived. This so-called minimum control authority plot can be used to evaluate the worst case output of various thruster system designs against each other and against the worst case disturbance forces they have to overcome. To illustrate the concept and demonstrate its usefulness, the minimum control authority plot is applied to evaluate various thruster system designs for the Gravity Probe B (GP-B) spacecraft. The baseline thruster for GP-B was selected based on the minimum control authority plot. Although the focus of this article is on thruster systems, the techniques developed are applicable in general to any system of actuators of any type, for example, the primary flight control effectors of highly maneuverable aircraft.
An architectural evaluation of Java TPC-W (2002)

The use of the Java programming language for implementing server-side application logic is increasingly in popularity yet there is very little known about the architectural requirements of this emerging commercial workload. We present a detailed characterization of the Transaction Processing Council's TPC-W web benchmark, implemented in Java. The TPC-W benchmark is designed to exercise the web server and transaction processing system of a typical e-commerce web site. We have implemented TPC-W as a collection of Java servlets, and present an architectural study detailing the memory system and branch predictor behavior of the workload. We also evaluate the effectiveness of a coarse-grained multithreaded processor at increasing system throughput using TPC-W and other commercial workloads. We measure system throughput improvements from 8% to 41% for a two context processor, and 12% to 60% for a four context uniprocessor over a single-threaded uniprocessor despite decreased branch prediction accuracy and cache hit rates.
Biomimetic Photocycloaddition of 3‐Hydroxyflavones: Synthesis and Evaluation of Rocaglate Derivatives as Inhibitors of Eukaryotic Translation (2010)

Shedding light on translation: A light-driven, biomimetic [3+2] cycloaddition has been achieved with the synthesis of a series of rocaglate derivatives. Mechanistic data suggest the possibility for donor–acceptor interactions and the involvement of triplet biradicaloids in the photoexcited state. Several new rocaglate derivatives approach the potency of the anticancer agent silvestrol.
Diagnostic potential of polarized surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy technology for colorectal cancer detection (2016)

The purpose of this study was to develop a more powerful blood analysis method based on polarized surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technology for non-invasive and sensitive colorectal cancer (CRC) detection. The efficiency of different polarized scattering signals (non-polarization, parallel polarization and perpendicular polarization) on blood serum SERS was explored for the first time. Results demonstrated that polarized SERS was more sensitive to explore distinctive spectral differences between cancer and normal groups. And higher diagnostic accuracy of 91.6% could be achieved using polarized SERS integrated with PCA-LDA for classification of the two serum groups in comparison to conventional SERS technology. This exploratory study demonstrated that the nanobiosensor based on polarized SERS technique in conjunction with PCA-LDA provided a novel strategy for blood SERS analysis, and had the potential as a clinical complement for CRC screening.
How Aggregation Matters for Measured Wage Growth (2020)

Wage growth is often measured by the change in average hourly earnings (AHE), a gauge of overall wages that aggregates information on earnings and hours worked across individuals. A close look at this aggregation method demonstrates that AHE growth reflects disproportionately the profile of high-earning workers who typically display lower and less cyclically sensitive wage growth. Using data from the Current Population Survey (CPS), we adopt a different aggregation method and compute wage growth as the average of individuals’ wage growth. The analysis indicates that the CPS measure of average wage growth is significantly higher than AHE growth and that it displays a more meaningful nonlinear relationship with the Congressional Budget Office’s unemployment gap. Last, our findings do not support the claim that there is still hidden labor market slack restraining wage growth.
A novel fluorometric oligonucleotide assay to measure O 6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase, methylpurine DNA glycosylase, 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase and abasic endonuclease activities: DNA repair status in human breast carcinoma cells overexpressing methylpurine DNA glycosylase (2001)

DNA repair status plays a major role in mutagenesis, carcinogenesis and resistance to genotoxic agents. Because DNA repair processes involve multiple enzymatic steps, understanding cellular DNA repair status has required several assay procedures. We have developed a novel in vitro assay that allows quantitative measurement of alkylation repair via O(6)-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) and base excision repair (BER) involving methylpurine DNA glycosylase (MPG), human 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (hOGG1) and yeast and human abasic endonuclease (APN1 and APE/ref-1, respectively) from a single cell extract. This approach involves preparation of cell extracts in a common buffer in which all of the DNA repair proteins are active and the use of fluorometrically labeled oligonucleotide substrates containing DNA lesions specific to each repair protein. This method enables methylation and BER capacities to be determined rapidly from a small amount of starting sample. In addition, the stability of the fluorometric oligonucleotides precludes the substrate variability caused by continual radiolabeling. In this report this technique was applied to human breast carcinoma MDA-MB231 cells overexpressing human MPG in order to assess whether up-regulation of the initial step in BER alters the activity of selected other BER (hOGG1 and APE/ref-1) or direct reversal (MGMT) repair activities.
Laser action in photopumped GaAs ribbon whiskers (1980)

We have observed laser action in single-crystal ribbon whiskers of GaAs. The whiskers were grown with various dopants by a vapor transport process and were used, as grown, in an ultrashort cavity composed of high reflectivity dielectric mirrors. The structure was longitudinally photopumped, and it operated in a single mode at room temperature.
5F-3 A Matrix Transducer Design with Improved Image Quality and Acquisition Rate (2007)

Fully sampled 2D arrays present severe and conflicting requirements in element count, interconnect density, impedance, autonomous delay and amplitude control, high bandwidth at high dynamic range, and power consumption. cMUT transducer elements can have arbitrary dimensions machined directly above integrated circuits. We have designed a circuit that fits within the area of a 2D array element and achieves good signal fidelity at practical power dissipation, while limiting interconnect to 1D array complexity. It incorporates several novel techniques that simplify the process of preamplification, time-varying gain, baseband mixing, A/D conversion and beam formation. This achieves the design goals with highly parallel information retrieval. We also describe a novel transmitter that images at high volume rates with similar penetration to a traditional probe. Such performance is useful for visualizing fast-moving anatomical structures, such as heart valves, in 3D. We show how the transmitter and receiver form a bistatic probe suitable for clinical use. Experimental data are presented to evaluate the image quality obtained from the receiver circuit. We analyze its noise, distortion and time-gain control (TGC) performance. The new approach appears competitive with 1D probes in all basic imaging parameters, and permits 3D scanning We also investigate transmitter performance. Finally, we compare two- way signal-to-noise ratio and penetration with the state of the art.
Identification of Naturally Occurring Calmodulin Inhibitors in Plants and their Effects on Calcium- and Calmodulin-promoted Protein Phosphorylation<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>1</sup></xref><xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2"><sup>2</sup></xref> (1985)

While studying the calmodulin activity in post-climacteric apples, a heat stable, dialyzable component that inhibited calmodulin-promoted phosphodiesterase activity was detected. The compound(s) that inhibited calmodulin activity did not bind to Dowex-50, H+ or Dowex-2, Cl- and was exclusively present in the neutral fraction. The inhibitors irreversibly bound to polyvinylpolypyrrolidone indicating their phenolic nature. Fractionation of the neutral fraction on a C18-microbondapak column and analysis for the inhibition of calmodulin-promoted phosphodiesterase activity showed significant inhibitory activity associated with fractions eluted 5 min, 15 min and 18 min after injection. Perdeuteriomethylation and combined gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of the inhibitors showed them to be flavonoids. (+)-Catechin was identified in the fraction eluted 5 min after injection that also showed maximum inhibition. Other flavonoids such as epicatechin, quercetin and naringenin also inhibited calmodulin-promoted phosphodiesterase activity. Among the phenolic compounds commonly encountered in plant tissue only caffeic acid inhibited calmodulin-promoted phosphodiesterase activity. Inhibition by catechin and caffeic acid could be reversed by increasing the calmodulin concentration in the assay mixture. Both catechin and caffeic acid inhibited Ca- and calmodulin-promoted phosphorylation of soluble proteins from corn coleoptiles. The physiological properties of flavonoids are discussed in light of this evidence.
Peptidsynthesen mit Dicyclohexylcarbodiimid unter Zusatz von N-Hydroxysuccinimid (1966)

Die Peptidbildung aus N-Acylpeptiden, die eine optisch aktive Aminosäure carboxylendständig enthalten, verläuft praktisch racemisierungsfrei, wenn zur Peptidbildung Dicyclohexylcarbodiimid unter Zusatz von 2 Äquivalenten N-Hydroxysuccinimid in Tetrahydrofuran oder Dimethylformamid bei —20° verwendet wird. Hierbei bilden sich keine N-Acylharnstoffe. p-Nitrophenol an Stelle von N-Hydroxysuccinimid erniedrigt die mit Dicyclohexylcarbodiimid beobachtete Racemisierung nur minimal.
Ammonia Gas Sensor Using Polypyrrole‐Coated TiO<sub>2</sub>/ZnO Nanofibers (2009)

Abstract Highly porous polypyrrole (PPy)‐coated TiO 2 /ZnO nanofibrous mat has been successfully synthesized. The core TiO 2 /ZnO nanofibers have an average diameter of ca. 100 nm and the shell of ultrathin PPy layer has a thickness of ca. 7 nm. The NH 3 gas sensor using the as‐prepared material exhibited a fast response over a wide dynamic range and high sensitivity with a detection limit of 60 ppb ( S / N =3). Compared to conventional pristine PPy film, the improved performance in NH 3 detection can be attributed to the free access of NH 3 to PPy and a minimized gas diffusion resistance through the ultrathin PPy layer.
PP.14.11 (2015)

Objective: Increasing evidence indicates that the ATP regenerating enzyme creatine kinase (CK) is involved in hypertension. The enzyme catalyzes the reversible transfer of a phosphoryl group of phosphocreatine to ADP, thus rapidly regenerating ATP near ATPases involved in sodium retention and vascular contractility, thereby promoting high blood pressure. Accordingly, plasma CK after rest was reported to be the main predictor of blood pressure and failure of antihypertensive therapy in the general population. Furthermore, human resistance artery contractility was shown to be highly CK-dependent. The CK system is competitively inhibited by the creatine analogue beta-guanidinopropionic acid (GPA). This reduces blood pressure in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR). However, it is unknown whether the mode of action of GPA involves reducing CK. Therefore, we assessed the expression of the CKM and B isoenzyme in tissues of GPA-treated SHR. Design and method: In a 4-week randomized controlled trial, male, 16-weeks-old SHR (N = 16) have been randomly assigned to a standard diet, or a diet supplemented with 3% beta-guanidinopropionic acid. Blood pressure was measured by the tail-cuff method. CKM and CKB mRNA in brain, heart, skeletal muscle, kidney, and mesenteric artery were estimated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, using HRPT1 as the reference gene. Results: Data are mean (SE). Baseline blood pressures (mmHg) were 191.5(4.3) systolic; and 143.1(4.1) diastolic; HR 457(8) bpm. The CK inhibitor GPA greatly reduced blood pressure with respectively 42.7(5.5) systolic and 35.3(4.8) diastolic (p < 0.001). HR was 442(7) after GPA treatment, vs 454(10) bpm in controls. Tissue CKM and CKB expression were not significantly different after GPA treatment, except for reduced CKM mRNA in skeletal muscle, normalized copy number 773(50) vs 1058(60) in controls, (p < 0.05). Conclusions: We found no significant difference in CKM or CKB gene expression, except for skeletal muscle. Therefore, the decrease in blood pressure upon GPA is more likely to depend on the well-known reversible, competitive inhibition of CK, with a decrease in intracellular creatine and phosphocreatine, rather than a modulation of CK proper.
Novel polymer electrolytes containing chemically crosslinked gelators for dye‐sensitized solar cells (2006)

Abstract Novel polymer electrolytes based on ionic liquid with no volatile solvents containing chemically crosslinked gelators were prepared for quasi‐solid dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSCs). The polymer electrolytes can keep over 90% of the ionic liquid electrolyte performance. The two constituents of the chemically crosslinked gelators, polypyridyl‐pendant dendritic derivatives and multifunctional halogen derivatives, respectively, are suitable for solidification of ionic liquid electrolytes in DSCs by in situ polymerization. The ionic conductivity and photoelectrochemical performances of different polymer electrolytes were evaluated and discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sensitization of photocatalytic activity of S- or N-doped TiO2 particles by adsorbing Fe3+ cations (2006)

A new method to dope Fe3+ ions only onto the surface of S- or N-doped TiO2 is proposed. The photocatalytic activities of Fe3+ ions adsorbed on S- or N-doped TiO2 photocatalysts for oxidation of 2-propanol are markedly improved compared to those of S- or N-doped TiO2 without treatment of Fe3+ ions under a wide range of incident light wavelengths, including UV light and visible light. When the amount of Fe3+ ions adsorbed on S-doped TiO2 particles was 0.90 wt.%, photocatalytic activity reached maximum. In the case of N-doped TiO2 with Fe3+ ions, the optimum amount of Fe3+ ions was 0.36 wt.%. The photocatalytic activities of Fe3+ ions adsorbed on S- or N-doped TiO2 photocatalysts decreased gradually when the amount of Fe3+ ions was greater than 1.0 wt.%. In addition, when S- or N-doped TiO2 photocatalysts adsorbed with Fe3+ ions was observed after reduction by NaBH4 followed by air oxidation, further improvement in their photocatalytic activities were observed. In this case, the optimum amounts of Fe3+ adsorbed on the surfaces of S- and N-doped TiO2 photocatalysts were 2.81 and 0.88 wt.%, respectively. During the treatment, Fe3+ ions adsorbed on S- or N-doped TiO2 were reduced to generate metal Fe, and Fe was reoxidized again to form Fe3+ ions under an aerated condition. After the treatment, the crystal structure of Fe3+ ions adsorbed on S-doped TiO2 and adsorbtivity of 2-propanol on the photocatalyst were changed.
The Rate and Molecular Spectrum of Spontaneous Mutations in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> (2009)

To take complete advantage of information on within-species polymorphism and divergence from close relatives, one needs to know the rate and the molecular spectrum of spontaneous mutations. To this end, we have searched for de novo spontaneous mutations in the complete nuclear genomes of five Arabidopsis thaliana mutation accumulation lines that had been maintained by single-seed descent for 30 generations. We identified and validated 99 base substitutions and 17 small and large insertions and deletions. Our results imply a spontaneous mutation rate of 7 x 10(-9) base substitutions per site per generation, the majority of which are G:C-->A:T transitions. We explain this very biased spectrum of base substitution mutations as a result of two main processes: deamination of methylated cytosines and ultraviolet light-induced mutagenesis.