gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Polymorphism of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD) Cys29Arg and risk of six malignancies in Japanese. (2005)

Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) is the enzyme catalyzing the first step of pyrimidine metabolism. To date, genetic polymorphisms of pyrimidine-synthesizing enzymes have been reported to be associated with the risk of malignant lymphoma or colon cancer. Accordingly, there may be associations between dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPYD) polymorphism and the risk of malignancies. We conducted a prevalent case-control study to investigate the associations between a functional polymorphism of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase, DPYD T85C, and the risk of six malignancies. Controls were 445 Nagoya City inhabitants without a history of malignancy who had participated in a health check-up between August and September 2000. Case subjects were 901 patients with malignancies (99 esophageal, 131 gastric, 143 colon, 179 lung, 243 breast, and 106 malignant lymphomas) who had visited Aichi Cancer Center Hospital between March 1999 and December 2000. No DPYD CC individuals were found in either cases or controls. The frequency of DPYD TC genotype was 6.3% in control subjects and 5.9% in all case subjects (not significant). In a subgroup analysis, the frequency of TC genotype was highest in patients with gastric cancer (9.1%), followed by those with lung cancer (8.3%), with the lowest frequency in those with malignant lymphoma (1.9%). The gender- and age- adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the TC genotype of gastric cancer and malignant lymphoma were 1.52 (0.71-3.28) and 0.31 (0.71-1.34), respectively. Although prevalent cases were used, this study suggested that the influence of DPYD T85C posed only a limited risk for the six malignancies.
Simulation of Three-dimensional Convection Patterns in a Rayleigh-Benard System Using the MPS Method (2006)

The moving particle semi-implicit (MPS) method, which is a fully Lagrangian particle method, was applied to simulate the three-dimensional Rayleigh-Benard convection. The present MPS simulation reproduced typical flow patterns observed in the Rayleigh-Benard convection successfully. The results are in good agreement with those obtained by the method in the frame of the Euler system. The present results demonstrate the applicability of the MPS method to three-dimensional convective heat transfer problems.
Going Out with a Bang: Shaking It up with Im Sang-Soo (2005)

Imagine John Howard remaining in office as the leader of Australia until 2014, stretching his time in power to eighteen years. Such a scenario would equate to the reign of General Park Chung-hee as chief military commander (1961-1963) then President (1963-1979) of South Korea.
Is Lactobacillus GG Helpful in Children With Crohn’s Disease? Results of a Preliminary, Open-Label Study (2000)

Findings in this pilot study show that Lactobacillus GG may improve gut barrier function and clinical status in children with mildly to moderately active, stable Crohn's disease. Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials are warranted for a final assessment of the efficacy of Lactobacillus GG in Crohn's disease.
The Vernacular Remodelling of National and International Languages1 (1982)

https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/29679
Robust Federated Training via Collaborative Machine Teaching using Trusted Instances (2019)

Federated learning performs distributed model training using local data hosted by agents. It shares only model parameter updates for iterative aggregation at the server. Although it is privacy-preserving by design, federated learning is vulnerable to noise corruption of local agents, as demonstrated in the previous study on adversarial data poisoning threat against federated learning systems. Even a single noise-corrupted agent can bias the model training. In our work, we propose a collaborative and privacy-preserving machine teaching paradigm with multiple distributed teachers, to improve robustness of the federated training process against local data corruption. We assume that each local agent (teacher) have the resources to verify a small portions of trusted instances, which may not by itself be adequate for learning. In the proposed collaborative machine teaching method, these trusted instances guide the distributed agents to jointly select a compact while informative training subset from data hosted by their own. Simultaneously, the agents learn to add changes of limited magnitudes into the selected data instances, in order to improve the testing performances of the federally trained model despite of the training data corruption. Experiments on toy and real data demonstrate that our approach can identify training set bugs effectively and suggest appropriate changes to the labels. Our algorithm is a step toward trustworthy machine learning.
Feature Selection for Classification (1997)

Feature selection has been the focus of interest for quite some time and much work has been done. With the creation of huge databases and the consequent requirements for good machine learning techniques, new problems arise and novel approaches to fea
The Economics of Treasury Securities Markets (1993)

The market for Treasury securities attracted considerable attention recently, after alleged infringements by Salomon Brothers. Several questions have been raised about the best way of selling U.S. government debt. One issue is whether altering the auction format would yield greater revenues for the Treasury. Another related question is how susceptible the existing mechanism for selling Treasury securities is to manipulation by buyers. In this paper, we describe what economists' analyses of auctions imply about the market for Treasury securities.
Deletions of <i>NF1</i> gene and exons detected by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (2007)

To estimate the contribution of single and multi-exon NF1 gene copy-number changes to the NF1 mutation spectrum, we analysed a series of 201 Italian patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Of these, 138 had previously been found, using denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography or protein truncation test, to be heterozygous for intragenic NF1 point mutations/deletions/insertions, and were excluded from this analysis. The remaining 63 patients were analysed using multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA), which allows detection of deletions or duplications encompassing >or=1 NF1 exons, as well as entire gene deletions. MLPA results were validated using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) or fluorescent in situ hybridisation. MLPA screening followed by real-time qPCR detected a total of 23 deletions. Of these deletions, six were single exon, eight were multi-exon, and nine were of the entire NF1 gene. In our series, deletions encompassing >or=1 NF1 exons accounted for approximately 7% (14/201) of the NF1 gene mutation spectrum, suggesting that screening for these should now be systematically included in genetic testing of patients with NF1.
Rheometry of fermentation liquids (1986)

This article is concerned with the measurements of rheological properties of nonhomogeneous fermentation liquids. In order to determine the flow curves of such liquids, an impeller measuring system of own design was used, and the method of calibration of the system is presented. The experimental verification was carried out using samples of fermentation broth of Aureobasidium pullulans and it has been shown that the applied measuring technique gives internally consistent results. The sensitivity of the technique proves its applicability for monitoring and control purposes in fermentation technology.
Simple dynamical model for<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>γ</mml:mi><mml:mi>N</mml:mi><mml:mo>→</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>π</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>±</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow><mml:mi>Δ</mml:mi></mml:math> (1978)

An elementary phenomenological extension of the gauge-invariance-constrained dynamical amplitudes for $\ensuremath{\gamma}N\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}}\ensuremath{\Delta}$ is considered. The extended amplitudes are parameterized with a real MPE (minimal gauge-invariant extension of one-pion exchange) background term and simple Regge-pole forms. The two free parameters which both appear in the unnatural-parity-exchange component are determined by comparison with $\frac{d{\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{\ensuremath{\parallel}}}{\mathrm{dt}}$ data for $\ensuremath{\gamma}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}^{++}$. The remainder of the natural-parity exchange is represented by $\ensuremath{\rho}$ and ${A}_{2}$ exchange. Predictions are made for $\frac{d\ensuremath{\sigma}}{\mathrm{dt}}$ and $\ensuremath{\Sigma}$, for the various charge states, and the unnatural-parity-exchange components are well described in each case.
Photochemistry of benzotriazoles (1969)

We have studied the photolysis of benzotriazoles with the following 1-substituents: 2-pyridyl, 3-methyl-2-pyridyl, isoquinolin-1-yl, thiazol-2-yl, and benzothiazol-2-yl. Condensed heterocycles are obtained by elimination of nitrogen from the benzotriazolyl group and selective ring closure on the nitrogen of the heterocyclic substituent. Benzimidazo[2,1-a] isoquinoline and pyrido[1,2-a]- and thiazolo[3,2-a]-benzimidazoles are formed. The reaction is different from the classical acid-catalysed decomposition of benzotriazoles in which the cyclization does take place on the nitrogen atom of the heterocycle except when the other position is blocked by a substituent: this steric requirement is necessary to obtain the same product by photolysis as by thermoiysis but the yields are lower.
The Role of Cyclic-ADP-Ribose-Signaling Pathway in Oxytocin-Induced Ca2+ Transients in Human Myometrium Cells (2003)

Human myometrial contraction plays a fundamental role in labor. Dysfunction of uterine contraction is an important cause of labor progression failure. Although the mechanisms controlling uterine contraction are not completely understood, intracellular Ca2+ mobilization plays an important role during uterine contraction. Several mechanisms of intracellular Ca2+ mobilization are present in smooth muscle, but in the human uterus, only 1,4,5-trisphosphate-induced Ca2+ release has been studied extensively. Ryanodine receptor channels are present in myometrium. We determined the role of the cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR)-signaling pathway in oxytocin-induced intracellular Ca2+ [(Ca2+)i] transients in human myometrial cells. We found that oxytocin-induced Ca2+ transient is dependent on several sources of Ca2+, including extracellular Ca2+ and intracellular Ca2+ stores. In addition, we found that both the 1,4,5-trisphosphate- and the cADPR-induced Ca2+ releasing systems are important for the induction of [Ca2+]i transients by oxytocin in human myometrial cells. Furthermore, we investigated TNFalpha regulation of oxytocin-induced [Ca2+]i transients, CD38 cyclase activity, and CD38 expression in human myometrial cells. We found that oxytocin-induced [Ca2+]i transients were significantly increased by 50 ng/ml TNF. Similarly, CD38 mRNA levels, CD38 expression, and cyclase activity were increased by TNFalpha, thus increasing cADPR levels. We propose that a complex interaction between multiple signaling pathways is important for the development of intracellular Ca2+ transients induced by oxytocin and that TNFalpha may contribute for the myometrium preparation for labor by regulating the cADPR-signaling pathway. The observation that the cADPR-signaling pathway is important for the development of intracellular Ca2+ transients in human myometrial cells raises the possibility that this signaling pathway could serve as a target for the development of new therapeutic strategies for abnormal myometrial contraction observed during pregnancy.
A structural and functional ground plan for neurons in the hindbrain of zebrafish (2011)

The vertebrate hindbrain contains various sensory-motor networks controlling movements of the eyes, jaw, head, and body. Here we show that stripes of neurons with shared neurotransmitter phenotype that extend throughout the hindbrain of young zebrafish reflect a broad underlying structural and functional patterning. The neurotransmitter stripes contain cell types with shared gross morphologies and transcription factor markers. Neurons within a stripe are stacked systematically by extent and location of axonal projections, input resistance, and age, and are recruited along the axis of the stripe during behavior. The implication of this pattern is that the many networks in hindbrain are constructed from a series of neuronal components organized into stripes that are ordered from top to bottom according to a neuron's age, structural and functional properties, and behavioral roles. This simple organization probably forms a foundation for the construction of the networks underlying the many behaviors produced by the hindbrain.
Particle size and morphology control of the negative thermal expansion material cubic zirconium tungstate (2009)

Cubic ZrW2O8 is a negative thermal expansion (NTE) material that is of interest as filler in controlled thermal expansion composites. It is easily accessible from a hydrated precursor, ZrW2O7(OH)2·2H2O, which can be obtained by hydrothermal synthesis. Different reaction conditions were investigated to gain control over the morphology, and to minimize the particle size. Optimized procedures resulted in rod-shaped particles with widths of 10–30 nm and lengths of 200–500 nm, which showed little agglomeration. The particle size and morphology of the precursor are preserved during conversion to the NTE phase at 600–650 °C.
Improved Left Ventricular Mass Quantification With Partial Voxel Interpolation (2011)

Automated segmentation of myocardial partial voxels yields a 14-17% increase in LVM versus full voxel segmentation, with increased differences correlated with lower spatial resolution. Partial voxel segmentation yields improved CMR agreement with echo and necropsy-verified LVM.
A new method of measuring and monitoring light pollution in the night sky (2014)

This paper describes a method of measuring and monitoring light pollution in the night sky. This method is capable of instantly quantifying the levels of artificial radiance and monochromatic luminance of the sky glow by means of a system that includes an all-sky camera as well as several interference filters. The calibration is done with an integrating sphere where the measurement pattern used is obtained from the light reflected from the inner wall of the sphere which comes from radiation emitted by a calibration lamp with a known luminous flux. The inner wall of this sphere is a Lambertian surface, which ensures that the light reflected or falling on it is uniformly dispersed in all directions (i.e. the surface luminance is isotropic).
Conversational coherency (1978)

A major goal of this work is to specify some steps of the process by which participants maintain coherency in their conversations. The underlying element of the analysis is a construct called a “context space.” Roughly, a group of utterances that refers to a single issue or episode forms the basis for a context space. Superficially, a conversation is a sequence of utterances; at a deeper level it is a structured entity whose utterances can be parsed into hierarchically related context spaces. As a conversation proceeds, each conversant builds a discourse model that includes the conversation's context space structure, a notion of the present discourse topic, and a list of items being focused upon. Conversational coherency depends upon a lack of conflict between the respective models of the participants. Conflicts are prevented by speakers following high level syntactic and semantic relational rules that enable listeners to identify their discourse models. These rules, given in the study, are highly integrated with the view of conversation presented here—a hierarchy of related context spaces.
Applied geography antecedents: Marketing geography (1997)

There is a tradition of interaction between academic and practitioner, and the benefits of this tradition are well exemplified by the development of the body of knowledge of marketing geography. Marketing geography has existed as a subdiscipline longer than most other areas of applied geography; it then offers an example to the larger discipline. An historical overview reveals that the interaction has not always been appreciated or welcome, but has still generally brought benefits for both sides. The academic has benefited from the practitioner's sense of problem. The practitioner has benefited from the academic's advancement in methodology. But today the origin of the diffusion of the geographer's technology has shifted from the university to the larger commercial marketplace. Therefore, in the world of marketing geography, the gap between the academic and the practitioner shall become quite narrow. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Designing and building-in reliability in advanced microelectronic assemblies and structures (2002)

New technologies in electronics require that product development embrace the paradigms of design for reliability and built-in reliability. These paradigms require effective measures to create robust designs and manufacturing processes. This objective must be achieved through modeling failure processes and taking proactive steps early in the development. Following an assessment of material properties, finite element models are built of key structures in the system. A statistical experimental design is then developed. This statistically designed experiment will include the geometrical and materials variables comprising the system and a damage model such as a fatigue prediction model. Information for process development or improvement is derived from the virtual experiment. The statistical model is then embedded in a Monte Carlo simulation to assess the impact of uncertainty and variability. This process of stochastic physics of failure is the subject of this paper. The process will be described and an application of this systems engineering based approach to micro-via interconnect reliability, in a complex multi-chip module, will be presented.
A Unique Case of Primary Ewing’s Sarcoma of the Cervical Spine in a 53-Year-Old Male: A Case Report and Review of the Literature (2015)

Extraskeletal Ewing's sarcoma (EES) is a rare presentation, representing only 15% of all primary Ewing's sarcoma cases. Even more uncommon is EES presenting as a primary focus in the spinal canal. These rapidly growing tumors often present with focal neurological symptoms of myelopathy or radiculopathy. There are no classic characteristic imaging findings and thus the physician must keep a high index of clinical suspicion. Diagnosis can only be definitively made by histopathological studies. In this report, we discuss a primary cervical spine EES in a 53-year-old man who presented with a two-month history of left upper extremity pain and acute onset of weakness. Imaging revealed a cervical spinal canal mass. After undergoing cervical decompression, histopathological examination confirmed a diagnosis of Ewing's sarcoma. A literature search revealed fewer than 25 reported cases of primary cervical spine EES published in the past 15 years and only one report demonstrating this pathology in a patient older than 30 years of age (age = 38). Given the low incidence of this pathology presenting in this age group and the lack of treatment guidelines, each patient's plan should be considered on a case-by-case basis until further studies are performed to determine optimal evidence based treatment.
New proposal for response‐guided peg‐interferon‐plus‐ribavirin combination therapy for chronic hepatitis C virus genotype 2 infection (2013)

Abstract This study aimed to determine the most suitable duration of pegylated‐interferon (Peg‐IFN)‐plus‐ribavirin combination therapy in patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 2 who had not achieved rapid virological response (serum HCV RNA disappearance after 4 weeks of therapy). HCV genotype 2 patients (n = 182) with a high viral load received >80% of the standard Peg‐IFN‐plus‐ribavirin dose for at least 24 weeks, and their final virological responses were studied. Patients were classified into “rapid virological response” and “non‐rapid virological response” groups. The non‐rapid virological response group was further divided into a “virological response at 8 weeks” (serum HCV RNA disappearance after 8 weeks of therapy) and a “non‐virological response at 8 weeks” group. Factors related to rapid virological response and optimal therapy duration in the non‐rapid virological response group were evaluated. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that subtype HCV genotype 2a ( P = 0.0015) and low concentration of pretreatment serum HCV RNA ( P = 0.0058) were independent factors in a rapid virological response. In the virological response at 8 weeks group, the sustained virological response rate after 24 weeks of therapy was significantly lower than after 36 weeks ( P = 0.044) or after 48 weeks ( P = 0.006), and was similar for 36‐ and 48‐weeks. The cost for achieving (CAS) one sustained virological response was lowest with 36‐week therapy. Prolongation of Peg‐IFN‐plus‐ribavirin combination therapy to 36 weeks is suitable for achieving virological response at 8 weeks, given the high, sustained virological response rate and cost benefit. J. Med. Virol. 85:1523–1533, 2013 . © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Augmented reality based tools for echocardiographic acquisitions (2014)

It is envisioned that tablet based ultrasound systems will be targeting non-expert users in the near future. However ultrasound is operator dependent and requires an extensive training process. The aim of this work is to provide visual guidance during scanning and as such improve the understanding of the anatomy that is currently being imaged.
Breast cancer risk in relation to amount of tissue removed during breast reduction operations in Sweden (2001)

BACKGROUND Women who undergo breast reduction operations have substantially lowered risks of breast cancer, and the reasons remain unclear. The current investigation attempted to assess whether the reduction in breast cancer risk was related directly to the amount of breast tissue removed. METHODS Medical record retrieval was attempted for 161 breast cancer patients in a Swedish cohort of 31,910 women who had had breast reduction surgery and for 483 women who had not developed breast cancer. Information on amount of breast tissue removed was abstracted along with other factors that influence breast cancer risk. Odds ratios of developing breast cancer were calculated based on amount of breast tissue removed. RESULTS The amount of tissue removed was a significant predictor of risk, as subjects in the highest quartile of tissue removal had a significantly lower risk than those in the lowest quartile. Considering the total amount of tissue removed (both breasts), subjects with ≥ 1600 versus < 800 grams removed had an odds ratio (OR) of 0.24 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.1–0.5]. This relation persisted after adjustment for other breast cancer risk factors and was apparent within every subgroup examined. CONCLUSIONS The finding that breast cancer risk was reduced in proportion to the amount of tissue removed should be reassuring to women who are considering breast reduction procedures and to women who are electing to have bilateral total prophylactic mastectomies because of a strong genetic predisposition. Cancer 2001;91:478–83. © 2001 American Cancer Society.