gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mapping of brain tumor metabolites with proton MR spectroscopic imaging: clinical relevance. (1992)

Brain tumor metabolism was studied with hydrogen-1 magnetic resonance spectroscopy and positron emission tomography with fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose in 50 patients. N-acetylaspartate (NAA) was generally decreased in tumors and radiation necrosis but was somewhat preserved at neoplasm margins. Choline was increased in most solid tumors. Solid high-grade gliomas had higher normalized choline values than did solid low-grade gliomas (P < .02), but the normalized choline value was not a discriminator of tumor grade, since necrotic high-grade lesions had reduced choline values. Serial studies in one case showed an increase in choline as the glioma underwent malignant degeneration. Choline values were lower in chronic radiation necrosis than in solid anaplastic tumors (P < .001). In two cases studied before and after treatment, clinical improvement and a reduction in choline followed therapy. Lactate is more likely to be found in high-grade gliomas, but its presence is not a reliable indicator of malignancy.
Biodegradable pyridinium ionic liquids: design, synthesis and evaluation (2008)

A range of ionic liquids (ILs) with a pyridinium cation were synthesised and their biodegradability was evaluated using the CO2 Headspace test (ISO 14593). ILs bearing an ester side chain moiety were prepared from either pyridine or nicotinic acid and showed high levels of biodegradation under aerobic conditions and can be classified as ‘readily biodegradable’. In contrast, pyridinium ILs with alkyl side chains showed significantly lower levels of biodegradability in the same test. The utility of the biodegradable IL 6c as a reaction solvent for the Diels–Alder reaction was also investigated.
Thinning and broadbanding antenna arrays by unequal spacings (1965)

This paper presents a theory for, and a method of designing a thinned or broad-band antenna array by means of unequal spacings. Using the theory of unequally spaced arrays developed by one of the authors, an antenna array can be designed to produce a desired beamwidth and sidelobe level with the average spacing many wavelengths apart. The patterns are expressed in a series of the Anger functions and its sidelobe level is shown to decrease approximately as <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N^{-0.5}\simN^{-0.4}</tex> where <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</tex> is the total number of elements, and the gain is approximately equal to <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</tex> . It is also shown that the sidelobe level can be improved by varying the amplitude distribution. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the method.
Extracellular ATP and adenosine cause apoptosis of pulmonary artery endothelial cells (1997)

ATP acts as an intracellular energy source and an extracellular signaling molecule. We report that extracellular ATP causes apoptosis in pulmonary artery endothelial cells, as assessed by morphological changes and internucleosomal DNA degradation. We investigated the mechanism of this effect using release of tritiated soluble DNA as a marker for apoptosis. We conclude that the metabolite adenosine is responsible for the apoptotic effect of ATP, since nucleotides that can be degraded to adenosine, as well as adenosine itself, cause DNA damage, whereas nonmetabolizable ATP analogs and uridine 5'-triphosphate are inactive. Furthermore, the ecto-5'-nucleotidase inhibitor alpha, beta-methylene-ADP blocks ATP-induced DNA fragmentation. The adenosine receptor agonist 5'-N-ethylcarboxamide adenosine does not cause DNA fragmentation, and adenosine receptor antagonists do not block adenosine-induced apoptosis. However, the nucleoside transport inhibitor dipyridamole prevents extracellular ATP-induced DNA cleavage. These findings indicate that ATP- and adenosine-mediated apoptosis are mediated via intracellular events rather than through cell surface receptor(s). The adenosine metabolites inosine, hypoxanthine, and xanthine do not cause apoptosis. The adenosine analogs 3-deazaadenosine and MDL-28842, which are not metabolized and are S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase inhibitors, also cause DNA fragmentation. Therefore, we speculate that extracellular ATP and adenosine cause apoptosis of pulmonary artery endothelial cells by altering methylation reactions that require S-adenosylmethionine as the methyl donor. We speculate that ATP released from cells undergoing cytolysis or degranulation may cause endothelial cell death. Endothelial cell apoptosis may be important in acute vascular injury or in limiting angiogenesis.
<title>Multilayer Zr/Si filters for EUV lithography and for radiation source metrology</title> (2008)

The technique for fabrication of thin film filters with high mechanical strength, capable of withstanding the prolonged heat load of 1 W/cm<sup>2</sup>, has been developed. Freestanding multilayer Zr/Si filters of size 20×150 mm<sup>2</sup> with high transparency of 76% at wavelength λ = 13 nm were manufactured for EUV lithography tool. We have also developed and fabricated various designs of filters (freestanding or mesh supported) with lower transparency of 40-50% for experiments with intensive EUV sources. The tests of differential pressure withstandability and heat-resistance of filter samples were fulfilled. In order to model the influence on the filter of intensive radiation of the lithography source we have tested Zr/Si film samples by the Joule heating in vacuum at residual pressure of 10<sup>-8</sup> Torr. The testing consisted in continuous heating of Zr/Si films at the electrical power per area unit from 0.5 W/cm<sup>2</sup> to 6 W/cm<sup>2</sup> during long period of time (up to 2 months). The influence of the long-term heat load on the transparency of samples at λ = 13 nm and within wavelength region 0.3 - 2 μm was investigated.
Real-time decentralized traffic management using a parallel algorithm (2002)

A decentralized, state-dependent access-control and routing strategy for circuit-switched networks is presented. To decentralize the control, the network is partitioned into subnets and a specific traffic controller is assigned to each one. The controllers obtain periodic subnet measurements, and compute the optimal control policy through an iterative and parallel dialog with other controllers. The following objectives for traffic control are considered. First, to allocate the incoming demand, maximizing the predicted minimum trunk group residual capacity over the network. Secondly, when the projected demand cannot be accommodated, optimal strategy should reject fairly the extra demand at source. The mathematical formulation of the above objectives leads to an equilibrium programming problem (EPP). It is shown that the EPP can be decomposed into a number of subproblems solved in parallel by the intercommunicating controllers.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Balanced modulation and the exclusive OR function (1970)

The EXCLUSIVE OR function of two square waves is shown to be identical with the output of a doubly balanced modulator subject to constant input amplitudes and constant output offset.
Analysis and design of SEPIC converter in boundary conduction mode for universal-line power factor correction applications (2002)

In this paper, a SEPIC converter operated in boundary conduction mode for power factor correction applications with arbitrary output voltage is proposed, analyzed and designed. By developing an equivalent circuit model for the coupled inductor structure, a SEPIC converter with or without coupled inductors (and ripple current steering) can be analyzed and designed in a unified framework. Power factor correction under boundary conduction operation mode can be achieved conveniently using a simple commercially available control IC. Experimental results are provided to validate the circuit design.
Use of 5,5-(Dimethyl)-<i>i</i>-Pr-PHOX as a Practical Equivalent to <i>t</i>-Bu-PHOX in Asymmetric Catalysis (2009)

The use of 5,5-(dimethyl)-i-Pr-PHOX as a practical equivalent of t-Bu-PHOX in asymmetric catalysis is reported. This new member of the phosphinooxazoline (PHOX) ligand family behaves similarly in terms of stereoinduction to t-Bu-PHOX with the key advantage of being readily accessible as both enantiomers starting from either (S)- or (R)-valine.
Power spectrum and detrended fluctuation analysis: Application to daily temperatures (2000)

The variability measures of fluctuation analysis (FA) and detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) are expressed in terms of the power spectral density and of the autocovariance of a given process. The diagnostic potential of these methods is tested on several model power spectral densities. In particular we find that both FA and DFA reveal an algebraic singularity of the power spectral density at small frequencies corresponding to an algebraic decay of the autocovariance. A scaling behavior of the power spectral density in an intermediate frequency regime is better reflected by DFA than by FA. We apply FA and DFA to ambient temperature data from the 20th century with the primary goal to resolve the controversy in literature whether the low frequency behavior of the corresponding power spectral densities are better described by a power law or a stretched exponential. As a third possible model we suggest a Weibull distribution. However, it turns out that neither FA nor DFA can reliably distinguish between the proposed models.
Heat signature [data security] (2006)

By looking at heat and electromagnetic radiation, hackers have developed ever more ingenious methods for accessing apparently secure data held within smartcard and other silicon chips. They monitor characteristics such as execution time, power consumption and electromagnetic radiation and then apply advanced statistical analysis techniques. Using these techniques security keys have been successfully extracted from microprocessors, field-programmable gate arrays and custom chips. In fact, this type of non-invasive side-channel attack is now considered a real threat for any device in which the security IC is easily observable.
Antitachycardia pacing therapy to treat spontaneous atrial tachyarrhythmias: the 7250 dual defibrillator Italian Registry (2001)

Conclusion ATP therapies afforded by dual defibrillators were highly effective in treating spontaneous atrial tachyarrhythmias. Early treatment of such arrhythmias should improve success rates and patient benefits.
Highly Selective Nuclide Removal from the R-Reactor Disassembly Basin at SRS (2002)

This paper describes the results of a deployment of highly selective ion-exchange resin technologies for the in-situ removal of Cs-137 and Sr-90 from the Savannah River Site (SRS) R-Reactor Disassembly Basin. The deployment was supported by the DOE Office of Science and Technology's (OST, EM-50) National Engineering Technology Laboratory (NETL), as a part of an Accelerated Site Technology Deployment (ASTD) project. The Facilities Decontamination and Decommissioning (FDD) Program at the SRS conducted this deployment as a part of an overall program to deactivate three of the site's five reactor disassembly basins
Gene Delivery with Novel Poly(l-tartaramidoamine)s (2006)

Gene delivery with polymeric vectors has recently developed as a practical alternative to viral delivery systems. In an effort to create nontoxic and highly effective synthetic transfection reagents, we have polymerized a tartarate comonomer with a series of amine comonomers to yield a new family of copolymers for this purpose. Four new poly(L-tartaramidoamine)s (T1-T4) have been designed and studied. Results of gel shift assays indicate that the polymers can bind plasmid DNA (pDNA) at polymer nitrogen to pDNA phosphate (N/P) ratios higher than one. Dynamic light scattering experiments reveal that each polymer compacts pDNA into nanoparticles (polyplexes) in the approximate size range to be endocytosed by cultured cells. The polyplexes formed with TI-T4 and pDNA, containing the firefly luciferase reporter gene, were also examined for their gene expression and toxicity profiles with BHK-21 cells. The poly(L-tartaramidoamine)s exhibit high delivery efficiency without cytotoxic effects, indicating that these polymers show great promise as new gene delivery vehicles.
Power scalable 30-W mid-infrared fluoride fiber amplifier (2019)

A fluoride-fiber-based master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) for 30-W class continuous-wave (cw) operation at 2.8-μm wavelength has been demonstrated. To overcome the low durability of ZBLAN fibers, various novel technologies for using fluoride glass with a ZBLAN-fiber-based side-pump combiner have been adopted in the system. A maximum cw output power of 33 W and stable operation under 23-W output have been demonstrated. We suggest that such fiber MOPA systems will open up advanced fluoride fiber technology for next-generation high-power mid-IR lasers.
Accelerated stress testing of hydrocarbon-based encapsulants for medium-concentration CPV applications (2009)

Concentrating photovoltaic (CPV) systems have great potential to reduce photovoltaic (PV) electricity costs because of the relatively low cost of optical components as compared to PV cells. A transparent polymeric material is used to optically couple the PV cell to optical components and is thus exposed to the concentrated light source at elevated temperatures. In this work polymeric encapsulant materials are positioned close to a xenon arc lamp to expose them to ultraviolet radiation (UV) that is about 42 times as intense as sunlight. Furthermore, different glass types are used as filters to modify the spectral distribution of light in the UV range. A strong sensitivity of non-silicone-based encapsulants to light below ~350 nm is demonstrated. Of all the materials examined in this study, the polydimethyl silicone samples performed the best. The next best material was an ionomer which maintained optical transmission but became photo-oxidized where exposed to the atmosphere.
Improving outcomes of first‐episode psychosis: an overview (2017)

Outcomes of psychotic disorders are associated with high personal, familiar, societal and clinical burden. There is thus an urgent clinical and societal need for improving those outcomes. Recent advances in research knowledge have opened new opportunities for ameliorating outcomes of psychosis during its early clinical stages. This paper critically reviews these opportunities, summarizing the state‐of‐the‐art knowledge and focusing on recent discoveries and future avenues for first episode research and clinical interventions. Candidate targets for primary universal prevention of psychosis at the population level are discussed. Potentials offered by primary selective prevention in asymptomatic subgroups (stage 0) are presented. Achievements of primary selected prevention in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis (stage 1) are summarized, along with challenges and limitations of its implementation in clinical practice. Early intervention and secondary prevention strategies at the time of a first episode of psychosis (stage 2) are critically discussed, with a particular focus on minimizing the duration of untreated psychosis, improving treatment response, increasing patients’ satisfaction with treatment, reducing illicit substance abuse and preventing relapses. Early intervention and tertiary prevention strategies at the time of an incomplete recovery (stage 3) are further discussed, in particular with respect to addressing treatment resistance, improving well‐being and social skills with reduction of burden on the family, treatment of comorbid substance use, and prevention of multiple relapses and disease progression. In conclusion, to improve outcomes of a complex, heterogeneous syndrome such as psychosis, it is necessary to globally adopt complex models integrating a clinical staging framework and coordinated specialty care programmes that offer pre‐emptive interventions to high‐risk groups identified across the early stages of the disorder. Only a systematic implementation of these models of care in the national health care systems will render these strategies accessible to the 23 million people worldwide suffering from the most severe psychiatric disorders.
Network News Transfer Protocol (1986)

NNTP specifies a protocol for the distribution, inquiry, retrieval,
and posting of news articles using a reliable stream-based
transmission of news among the ARPA-Internet community. NNTP is
designed so that news articles are stored in a central database
allowing a subscriber to select only those items he wishes to read.
Indexing, cross-referencing, and expiration of aged messages are also
provided. This RFC suggests a proposed protocol for the ARPA-Internet
community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements.
The dual effect of a ferredoxin-hydrogenase fusion protein in vivo: successful divergence of the photosynthetic electron flux towards hydrogen production and elevated oxygen tolerance (2016)

The in vivo photosynthetic activity of the Fd-HydA enzyme surpasses that of the native HydA and shows higher oxygen tolerance. Therefore, our results provide a solid platform for further engineering efforts towards efficient hydrogen production in microalgae through the expression of synthetic enzymes.
Enzyme Entrapment in Reprecipitated Polyaniline Nano- and Microparticles (2010)

We introduce a novel method for fabricating nano- and microscale polyaniline particles containing an entrapped oxidoreductase enzyme for use in biosensing applications. This facile process utilizes the reprecipitation of the emeraldine base form of polyaniline from an aqueous−organic suspension, with hydrophobic collapse and subsequent cross-linking of the polymer induced by adjusting the ionic strength beyond a critical threshold. We present UV−vis spectroscopy data, including a quantitative treatment of the spectral line width, along with dynamic light scatting results, to explain the conformation changes in the polyaniline chains that accompany this transition. The resultant aggregated supermolecular polyaniline formations immobilize enzymes via gelation entrapment, augmented by electrostatic attraction, without the need for harsh reaction conditions or additional reagents. Because of its strong optical features at visible wavelengths that can serve as probes for chain conformation, oxidation state, and protonation level, polyaniline may act as a model system for the study of hydrophobic and ion screening effects in proteins and other foldamers.
Purification and characterization of the bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide receptor from Swiss 3T3 cells. (1990)

The bombesin/gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) receptor was solubilized from Swiss mouse 3T3 cell membranes in an active form and was purified about 90,000-fold to near homogeneity by a combination of wheat germ agglutinin-agarose and ligand affinity chromatography. The purified receptor displayed a single diffuse band with a Mr of 75,000-100,000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. After treatment of the receptor with N-glycanase, removing N-linked oligosaccharide moieties, the protein yielded a Mr = 38,000 band. These results agree with the Mr value estimated for the GRP receptor that was labeled on Swiss 3T3 cells by cross-linking to 125I-GRP1-27. GRP1-27 bound to the purified receptor with a Kd of 0.038 +/- 0.019 nM. By comparison, the soluble receptor in unfractionated extracts and intact membranes displayed a Kd for GRP1-27 of 0.036 +/- 0.003 nM and 0.13 +/- 0.04 nM, respectively. The relative potencies of a series of GRP analogs for the soluble receptor and intact membranes indicated that the extraction procedure did not significantly alter the receptor's ligand binding specificity. However coupling of the receptor to its guanyl nucleotide regulatory protein was not maintained in the soluble extract, and a G-protein did not co-purify with the receptor. Physiological concentrations of NaCl greatly inhibited the binding of some GRP analogs to the receptor, while the binding of other analogs was not affected. A domain on the GRP molecule involving Lys-13 or Arg-17 was identified which promoted binding to the GRP receptor under conditions of low ionic strength. These findings aided the development of an effective ligand affinity resin for the purification of the GRP receptor.
Brassinosteroid Homeostasis in Arabidopsis Is Ensured by Feedback Expressions of Multiple Genes Involved in Its Metabolism (2005)

Homeostasis of brassinosteroids (BRs) is essential for normal growth and development in higher plants. We examined responsiveness of 11 BR metabolic gene expressions to the decrease or increase of endogenous BR contents in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) to expand our knowledge of molecular mechanisms underlying BR homeostasis. Five BR-specific biosynthesis genes (DET2, DWF4, CPD, BR6ox1, and ROT3) and two sterol biosynthesis genes (FK and DWF5) were up-regulated in BR-depleted wild-type plants grown under brassinazole, a BR biosynthesis inhibitor. On the other hand, in BR-excessive wild-type plants that were fed with brassinolide, four BR-specific synthesis genes (DWF4, CPD, BR6ox1, and ROT3) and a sterol synthesis gene (DWF7) were down-regulated and a BR inactivation gene (BAS1) was up-regulated. However, their response to fluctuation of BR levels was highly reduced (DWF4) or nullified (the other eight genes) in a bri1 mutant. Taken together, our results imply that BR homeostasis is maintained through feedback expressions of multiple genes, each of which is involved not only in BR-specific biosynthesis and inactivation, but also in sterol biosynthesis. Our results also indicate that their feedback expressions are under the control of a BRI1-mediated signaling pathway. Moreover, a weak response in the mutant suggests that DWF4 alone is likely to be regulated in other way(s) in addition to BRI1 mediation.
A survey of deep learning techniques for autonomous driving (2019)

Abstract The last decade witnessed increasingly rapid progress in self‐driving vehicle technology, mainly backed up by advances in the area of deep learning and artificial intelligence (AI). The objective of this paper is to survey the current state‐of‐the‐art on deep learning technologies used in autonomous driving. We start by presenting AI‐based self‐driving architectures, convolutional and recurrent neural networks, as well as the deep reinforcement learning paradigm. These methodologies form a base for the surveyed driving scene perception, path planning, behavior arbitration, and motion control algorithms. We investigate both the modular perception‐planning‐action pipeline, where each module is built using deep learning methods, as well as End2End systems, which directly map sensory information to steering commands. Additionally, we tackle current challenges encountered in designing AI architectures for autonomous driving, such as their safety, training data sources, and computational hardware. The comparison presented in this survey helps gain insight into the strengths and limitations of deep learning and AI approaches for autonomous driving and assist with design choices.