gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Neural Network with a Background Level of Excitation in the Cat Hippocampus (1973)

A model based on a limited number of properties of pyramidal cells and interneurons in the CA3 region of the hippocampus has been developed. Elements in this model were selected to correspond to conventional inhibitory and excitatory postsynaptic potentials, neuron thresholds, and conduction delays. Additionally, a signal over pathways making synaptic connections with pyramidal cells was included to provide an ongoing level of excitatory activity. The calculated output of the model was then compared with PST histograms recorded from hippocampal pyramidal cells. The model appeared to account for multiple peaks previously noted in PST histograms recorded over a period of several hundred milliseconds following dorsal fornix stimulation. To test the model, the response of the network was calculated for paired shock stimulation of the fornix and compared with experimental data from the cat. The model was written for CSMP (an IBM program designed to facilitate digital stimulation of continuous processes) and the relation of the model to a state-space representation briefly outlined.
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF<i>INONOTUS OBLIQUUS</i>GROWN ON GERMINATED BROWN RICE EXTRACTS (2012)

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine the antioxidant activity of different extracts from Inonotus obliquus (IO) grown on germinated brown rice by employing several established methods. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were performed by Folin–Ciocalteau and aluminum chloride colorimetric assay, respectively. All the extracts showed strong antioxidant activity. However, the ethanol-based extract showed significantly highest antioxidant activity with the values of the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) for 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS), hydroxyl and superoxide radical scavenging activities were 16, 30, 45, and 100 µg/mL, respectively. In addition, the antioxidant activities of IO extracts were highly correlated with the observed total phenolic and flavonoid contents. Our study successfully demonstrates that the extracts from IO could be a potential source of antioxidant as a medicinal and dietary supplement. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Inonotus obliquus (IO) has been used as a medicine in many Asian countries. IO extracts build up immunity, treat influenza and other viral and bacterial infections, and improves skin elasticity. As a folk remedy, IO was taken in tea or powder form. Japanese scientists reported that topical use of IO helps combat the signs of aging. In Japan, it is used in creams to treat wrinkles. The water extract of IO has antitumor and antimicrobial activities. In addition, hot water extract from IO inhibits the cellular proliferation in cancer cell lines in human stomach. IO is regarded as a “functional food” and believed to promote longevity.
Exploring a Hybrid Control Approach for enhanced User Experience of Interactive Lighting (2013)

Modern lighting systems allow for light settings that are more in tune with users’ activities, by going beyond mere functional illumination. These systems have a large amount of controllable parameters such as intensity and colour of individual light sources. Using an autonomous control system is therefore an attractive option, especially since such control systems may also lead to reduced energy consumption. From a user experience point of view however, there are certain drawbacks to this automation. This paper proposes a hybrid approach towards lighting control to create a dynamic balance between user control and system automation. Such a hybrid system has the ability to autonomously set the lighting according to its knowledge about the current context, while offering users the possibility to manually adapt the light settings. These manual adaptations can in turn be used by the system to learn about user preferences in various situations, and thereby to improve its future lighting suggestions. To explore and evaluate this approach, a smart lighting system was developed as an initial implementation, and installed in a real office environment. The system employs a machine learning algorithm to achieve intelligent behaviour and provides users with an interface to control the lights and give feedback to the system. In a six-week study, the user experience of this initial implementation is evaluated. The results provide an insight in design considerations when adopting this approach for the design of smart lighting control systems. The considerations regard the type of machine learning, the degrees of freedom offered to the user, the insight in the system’s decision making process, and the user interface.
Metal Oxide Thin Film Phototransistor for Remote Touch Interactive Displays (2012)

The photoresponse characteristics of metal-oxide (MeO) semiconductor photosensors have been studied. Compared to the amorphous-Si-based photo-TFT, the MeO photo-TFT demonstrates superior EQE and responsivity. However, due to its inherent slow recovery to the dark state after the illumination is stopped, a unique sensing scheme suitable for the high-speed array operation is used, yet maintaining a simple array architecture as a solution for large-area interactive displays.
A weighted non-negative matrix factorization for local representations (2005)

The paper presents an improvement of the classical Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) approach for dealing with local representations of image objects. NHF, when applied to global data representations such as faces presents a high ability to represent local features of the original data in an unsupervised way. However, when applied to local representations, NMF generates redundant basis. This work implements an improvement on the original NMF approach by incorporating prior knowledge in the form of a weight matrix extracted from the training data. A detailed mathematical description of the inclusion of this weight matrix is provided, and results demonstrating its advantages are included. Furthermore, the original NMF approach lacks a hierarchy of the elements of the estimated basis. A technique to determine an ordered set of discriminant basis is also presented. Finally, the effectiveness of the weighted approach with respect to the classical approach is experimentally compared. This is done by implementing a clustering algorithm that automatically extracts object parts from the NMF representation of an image database corresponding to newspapers.
Evidence based route of administration of vaccines (2008)

Vaccination is a proven public health initiative, however it is imperative in the context of increasing concerns about vaccine induced adverse reactions and a decreasing incidence of diseases they prevent that the optimal route for their administration is defined. Traditionally all vaccines were given by subcutaneous injection until it was recognized that adjuvanted vaccines given via this route induced an unacceptable rate of injection site reaction. Evidence-based medicine has been championed as a way of improving the quality of patient care. Application of this methodology to the route of administration of vaccines demonstrates that vaccines should be given by intramuscular injection in preference to subcutaneous injection as the intramuscular route is associated with better immune response and a lower rate of injection site reaction. The basis of this superiority is discussed.
Transmission and Reflection Properties of Terahertz Fractal Metamaterials (2010)

We use THz time-domain spectroscopy to investigate transmission and reflection properties of metallic fractal metamaterial structures. We observe loss of free-space energy at certain resonance frequencies, indicating excitation of surface modes of the metamaterial.
New dammarane-type glucosides as potential activators of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) from Gynostemma pentaphyllum (2011)

AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a key sensor and regulator of glucose, lipid, and energy metabolism throughout the body. Activation of AMPK improves metabolic abnormalities associated with metabolic diseases including obesity and type-2 diabetes. The oriental traditional medicinal herbal plant, Gynostemma pentaphyllum, has shown a wide range of beneficial effects on glucose and lipid metabolism. In this study, we found that G. pentaphyllum contains two novel dammarane-type saponins designated as damulin A (1), 2α,3β,12β-trihydroxydammar-20(22)-E,24-diene-3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside], and damulin B (2), 2α,3β,12β-trihydroxydammar-20,24-diene-3-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranoside], that strongly activate AMPK in cultured L6 myotube cells. Damulins A and B also increased β-oxidation and glucose uptake with increasing GluT4 translocation to the plasma membrane in L6 myotube cells. Taken together our results indicate that activation of AMPK by damulins A and B may contribute to beneficial effect of G. pentaphyllum on glucose and lipid metabolism.
AnonymousNet: Natural Face De-Identification with Measurable Privacy (2019)

With billions of personal images being generated from social media and cameras of all sorts on a daily basis, security and privacy are unprecedentedly challenged. Although extensive attempts have been made, existing face image de-identification techniques are either insufficient in photo-reality or incapable of balancing privacy and usability qualitatively and quantitatively, i.e., they fail to answer counterfactual questions such as "is it private now?", "how private is it?", and "can it be more private?" In this paper, we propose a novel framework called AnonymousNet, with an effort to address these issues systematically, balance usability, and enhance privacy in a natural and measurable manner. The framework encompasses four stages: facial attribute estimation, privacy-metric-oriented face obfuscation, directed natural image synthesis, and adversarial perturbation. Not only do we achieve the state-of-the-arts in terms of image quality and attribute prediction accuracy, we are also the first to show that facial privacy is measurable, can be factorized, and accordingly be manipulated in a photo-realistic fashion to fulfill different requirements and application scenarios. Experiments further demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework.
A simple switched beamforming network for four‐beam Butler matrix (2009)

Abstract A simple switched beamforming network with one 90° hybrid, two switches, and delay lines is designed. By controlling the switches, the antenna can produce four beams with the phase differences between adjacent radiating elements being ±135° and ±45°. The proposed feed network is simple, provides a tapered amplitude distribution, and has the same phase characteristics as the four‐beam Butler matrix feed network. The measured S11 of the proposed antenna is less than −10 dB at the operating frequency of 11.2 GHz. When switch 1 is in the “on” position and switch 2 is in the “off” position, or when both switches are in the “on” position, the measured radiation pattern shows that the scan angles are −12° and +35°. The proposed array antenna has the advantage of low cost, small volume, and easy fabrication. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 51: 1413–1416, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.24352
d<sup>0</sup> Metal Olefin Complexes. Synthesis, Structures, and Dynamic Properties of (C<sub>5</sub>R<sub>5</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Zr(OCMe<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>CHCH<sub>2</sub>)<sup>+</sup> Complexes:  Models for the Elusive (C<sub>5</sub>R<sub>5</sub>)<sub>2</sub>Zr(R)(Olefin)<sup>+</sup> Intermediates in Metallocene-Based Olefin Polymerization Catalysis (2000)

To model the Zr−olefin interaction in the as-yet unobserved (C5R5)2Zr(R)(olefin)+ intermediates in (C5R5)2Zr(R)+-catalyzed olefin polymerization, the coordination of the tethered vinyl group in (C5R5)2Zr(OCMe2(CH2)nCHCH2)+ species has been investigated. The reaction of (C5H5)2Zr(OCMe2CH2CH2CHCH2)(Me) with B(C6F5)3 or [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] yields the chelated olefin complex (C5H5)2Zr(OCMe2CH2CH2CHCH2)+ as the MeB(C6F5)3- (12a) or B(C6F5)4- (12b) salts. In contrast, the reaction of (C5H5)2Zr(OCMe2CH2CHCH2)(Me) with B(C6F5)3 in CD2Cl2 yields the MeB(C6F5)3- adduct (C5H5)2Zr(+)(OCMe2CH2CHCH2)(μ-Me)B(-)(C6F5)3. The reaction of (C5H5)2Zr(OCMe2CH2CH2CH2CHCH2)(Me) with B(C6F5)3 yields a 1.2/1 mixture (at −90 °C) of the chelated olefin complex (C5H5)2Zr(OCMe2CH2CH2CH2CHCH2)+ and the MeB(C6F5)3- adduct (C5H5)2Zr(+)(OCMe2CH2CH2CHCH2)(μ-Me)B(-)(C6F5)3‘. The reaction of rac-(EBI)Zr(OCMe2CH2CH2CHCH2)(Me) (EBI = ethylene-1,2-bis(1-indenyl)) with B(C6F5)3 or [Ph3C][B(C6F5)4] yields the chelated olefin complex rac-(EBI)Zr(OCMe2CH2CH2CHCH2)+ as the MeB(C6F5)3- (20a) or B(C6F5)4- (20b) salts, each as a 1/1 mixture of diastereomers which differ in the relative configuration of the rac-(EBI)Zr unit and the internal carbon of the coordinated olefin. X-ray diffraction analyses of 12a and the S,S,R/R,R,S isomer of 20a, and NMR data for 12a,b and 20a,b establish that the Zr−olefin bonding in these species is unsymmetrical and consists of a weak Zr−Cterm interaction and minimal Zr−Cint interaction (12a, Zr−Cterm = 2.68(2), Zr−Cint = 2.89(2) Å; 20a, Zr−Cterm = 2.634(5), Zr−Cint = 2.819(4) Å). X-ray (dCC), IR (νCC), and NMR (1H, 13C) data show that the Zr−olefin interaction does not significantly perturb the structure of the coordinated olefin but does polarize the CC bond such that positive charge buildup occurs at Cint. Similar unsymmetrical bonding and polarization effects may contribute to the high insertion reactivity of (C5R5)2Zr(R)(α-olefin)+ species. Dynamic NMR studies show that 12a,b and 20a,b undergo olefin face exchange in solution on the NMR time scale. The free energy barrier for face exchange of 20a (ΔG⧧FE = 15.4(4) kcal/mol at 43 °C) is significantly greater than that for 12a (ΔG⧧FE = 10.7(5) kcal/mol at −55 °C). Possible origins of this difference are discussed. The face exchange of 20a is dissociative, with minimal involvement of anion, solvent, or σ-complex intermediates.
Size Selective Assembly of Colloidal Particles on a Template by Directed Self-Assembly Technique (2006)

We report a simple and effective approach to organize micron- and submicron-sized particles in a size selective manner. This approach utilizes the template assisted directed self-assembly technique. A topographically patterned photoresist surface is fabricated and used to create an ordered array of colloidal particles from their aqueous suspensions. Assembly of particles on this template is then achieved by using a conventional spin coating technique. Feasibility of this technique to form a large area of patterned particle assemblies has been investigated. To arrange the particles on the template, the physical confinement offered by the surface topography must overcome a joint effect of centrifugal force and the hydrophobic nature of the photoresist surface. This concept has been extended to the size selective sorting of colloidal particles. The capability of this technique for sorting and organizing colloidal particles of a particular diameter from a mixture of microspheres is demonstrated.
13C-octanoic acid breath test in functional and organic disease: critical review of literature. (2006)

The 13C-octanoic acid breath test is considered a useful tool to measure gastric emptying both in physiological and pathological conditions. Many studies have concerned functional dyspepsia. Recently, breath test has been used in predicting a delayed gastric emptying in subsets of dyspeptic symptoms. In detail only postprandial fullness and vomiting are resulted significantly correlated with delayed solid emptying. Besides in the patients with dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome associated, intestinal disturbances did not seem to contribute to delay gastric emptying. In diabetic patients octanoate test has confirmed the percentages of delayed emptying obtained by means of scintigraphy. In other organic states (celiac disease, cirrhosis, renal failure, neurological disease, etc) most of reports have proved a delayed emptying of solids. In GERD and ulcer disease gastric function is resulted normal, being accelerated in distal gastrectomy and in hyperemesis gravidarum. From pathophysiological point of view Helicobacter pylori, extrinsic autonomic neuropathy (apart from diabetes) and autoimmunity do not seem to relate with gastric emptying, both in functional and organic disease.
Clinical evaluation of nedocromil sodium in asthma. (1986)

The recognition that inflammatory events in the airways play a key role in the pathogenesis of asthma has led to a relentless search for pharmacological agents which modify these processes. Nedocromil sodium (Tilade) represents one such agent. Nedocromil sodium, when inhaled by patients with asthma (0.05-0.50% nebulized, 0.5-4.0 mg m.d.i.), has been shown to inhibit immediate bronchoconstriction provoked by challenges with allergen (10 studies), exercise (five studies), isocapnic hyperventilation, fog and sulphur dioxide (one study each) and adenosine (two studies). With these challenges, inhibition of bronchoconstriction exhibited dose-dependency up to 4 mg, with nedocromil sodium being up to four times more potent than sodium cromoglycate. When inhaled prior to allergen provocation, nedocromil sodium inhibited the late asthmatic reaction; when taken regularly during the pollen season, it attenuated the allergen-induced increase in non-specific bronchial responsiveness. The efficacy of nedocromil sodium (4 mg q.i.d.) in the treatment of clinical asthma was initially shown in four open studies and subsequently confirmed in nine double-blind, placebo-controlled 4-12 week studies on patients with seasonal and perennial asthma. Further clinical trials (eight studies) identified some difficulty in replacing inhaled corticosteroids with nedocromil sodium, especially if the corticosteroids were reduced rapidly (four studies). However, two studies have shown that nedocromil sodium produced further improvement in asthma symptoms when used in addition to bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids. Treatment with nedocromil sodium (4 mg q.i.d.) for up to 52 weeks demonstrated a progressive reduction in bronchodilator usage throughout the whole treatment period. During clinical assessment, nedocromil sodium was well tolerated, side-effects being unpleasant taste, nausea and headache. In most cases the adverse reactions were mild and transient, although in approximately 3% of patients they resulted in withdrawal from clinical trials. Thus, nedocromil sodium is a novel drug of proven efficacy in the treatment of asthma. Its position in the therapeutic armamentarium is likely to be as an adjunct to bronchodilators and inhaled steroids, to produce improvement in symptoms beyond that achieved with the already established drugs.
SRTM DEM-Aided Mapping Satellite-1 Image Geopositioning Without Ground Control Points (2017)

A Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) digital elevation model (DEM)-aided geopositioning method is proposed to solve the problem of geopositioning without ground control points for Mapping Satellite-1 imagery. The method comprises coarse and accurate correction stages, and it compensates errors gradually. DEM extraction and DEM matching are important steps in both the stages, the objectives of which are to compensate the relative and absolute errors in an image, respectively. The SRTM DEM is integrated into all the processes to take full advantage of its consistent and high accuracy. Experimental results showed that this method could greatly improve geometry accuracy and obtain stable and highly accurate geopositioning for Mapping Satellite-1 images, regardless of the land area proportion (LAP) or the production mode. The planimetric and vertical accuracies were better than 8.1 and 5.2 m, respectively, which could satisfy the accuracy requirements of mapping at 1:50 000 scale. The computational efficiency depends on the LAP and target DEM resolution.
A comparison of spectroscopic techniques for human breath analysis (2012)

The analysis of human breath has been driven to new heights and has great potential to impact our society in the area of medical science. Breath analysis is promising as non-invasive, simple and point-of-care clinical measurements to reduce the medical burden caused by invasive, time-consuming and expensive clinical devices. Spectroscopic techniques for breath analysis can offer information to correlate its signals to exhaled substances for molecular identification and quantification to provide the pathophysiological status of the body. In this review paper, techniques such as mass spectrometry-based (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry, selected ion flow tube-mass spectrometry), laser absorption spectroscopy-based (cavity ring down spectroscopy and tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy) and other spectroscopic techniques for breath analysis applications are compared in terms of its advantages/disadvantages, versatilities and plausibility to be transformed in clinical applications.
Investigations of undeveloped <i>e</i>-beam resist with a scanning tunneling microscope (1991)

A scanning tunneling microscope (STM), operated in vacuum in the field emission mode, has been used to observe the latent image written with a focussed 50 kV e-beam in a polydiacetylene negative resist. The ability to study the latent image in the undeveloped resist allows the resolution degradation caused by the exposure process to be separated from that occurring during the resist development step. The minimum linewidth observed in the resist is close to 80 nm in both the developed and undeveloped resist. This linewidth is significantly greater than that expected on the basis of the 50 kV e-beam probe size, electron scattering, and secondary electrons. The results indicate that the resolution degradation occurs during the exposure process rather than during post-exposure processing. This implies that swelling during development is not the critical problem it is with other negative resists. The quality and accuracy of the STM observations is discussed together with descriptions of related surface modifications created in situ with the STM.
Mast cells suppress murine GVHD in a mechanism independent of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (2013)

To investigate the role of mast cells in hematopoietic cell transplantation, we assessed graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in C57BL/6-Kit(W-sh/W-sh) recipients, which virtually lack mast cells, compared with C57BL/6 WT recipients. GVHD was severely exacerbated in C57BL/6-Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice (median survival time = 13 vs 60 days in wild-type [WT] mice; P < .0001). The increased mortality risk in C57BL/6-Kit(W-sh/W-sh) hosts correlated with increased T-cell numbers in lymph nodes, liver, and gastrointestinal tract sites, as indicated by bioluminescence imaging (P < .001). We did not detect any deficit in the number or function of CD4(+)CD25(+) regulatory T cells (Tregs) in C57BL/6-Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice. Furthermore, Tregs were equally effective at reducing GVHD in C57BL/6-Kit(W-sh/W-sh) recipients compared with WT recipients containing mast cells. Furthermore, we found that survival of C57BL/6-Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice during GVHD was significantly improved if the mice were engrafted with bone marrow-derived cultured mast cells from WT C57BL/6 mice but not from interleukin (IL)-10-deficient C57BL/6 mice. These data indicate that the presence of mast cells can significantly reduce GVHD independently of Tregs, by decreasing conventional T-cell proliferation in a mechanism involving IL-10. These experiments support the conclusion that mast cells can mediate a novel immunoregulatory role during hematopoietic cell transplantation.