gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low Molecular Weight Spandex as a Promising Polymeric Binder for LiFePO<sub>4</sub> Electrodes (2016)

Low molecular weight spandex is reported as a binder of olivine-LiFePO4 cathodes with improved rate and cycling performance. The hard segments of spandex form hydrogen bonding with LiFePO4 and aluminum current collector, enhancing the cohesion and adhesion of the electrode film. Also, the low molecular weights require a smaller amount of solvent, saving cost and the environment in manufacturing. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
ATM and the Catalytic Subunit of DNA-Dependent Protein Kinase Activate NF-κB through a Common MEK/Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase/p90<sup><i>rsk</i></sup> Signaling Pathway in Response to Distinct Forms of DNA Damage (2004)

We have identified a novel pathway of ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) and DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) signaling that results in nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation and chemoresistance in response to DNA damage. We show that the anthracycline doxorubicin (DOX) and its congener N-benzyladriamycin (AD 288) selectively activate ATM and DNA-PK, respectively. Both ATM and DNA-PK promote sequential activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/p90(rsk) signaling cascade in a p53-independent fashion. In turn, p90(rsk) interacts with the IkappaB kinase 2 (IKK-2) catalytic subunit of IKK, thereby inducing NF-kappaB activity and cell survival. Collectively, our findings suggest that distinct members of the phosphatidylinositol kinase family activate a common prosurvival MAPK/IKK/NF-kappaB pathway that opposes the apoptotic response following DNA damage.
Palladium-Catalyzed Aminosulfonylation of Aryl Halides (2010)

The palladium-catalyzed three-component coupling of aryl iodides, sulfur dioxide, and hydrazines to deliver aryl N-aminosulfonamides is described. The colorless crystalline solid DABCO·(SO(2))(2) was used as a convenient source of sulfur dioxide. The reaction tolerates significant variation of both the aryl iodide and hydrazine coupling partners.
Post-synthesis modification of a metal–organic framework to construct a bifunctional photocatalyst for hydrogen production (2013)

To construct photocatalytically active MOFs, various strategies have recently been developed. We have synthesized and characterized a new metal–organic framework (MOF-253-Pt) material through immobilizing a platinum complex in 2,2′-bipyridine-based microporous MOF (MOF-253) using a post-synthesis modification strategy. The functionalized MOF-253-Pt serves both as a photosensitizer and a photocatalyst for hydrogen evolution under visible-light irradiation. The photocatalytic activity of MOF-253-Pt is approximately five times higher than that of the corresponding complex. The presence of the short Pt⋯Pt interactions in the framework was revealed with extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy and low temperature luminescence. These interactions play an important role in improving the photocatalytic activity of the resulting MOF.
Memory Impairment and Neuronal Dysfunction Induced by .BETA.-Amyloid Protein in Rats. (1994)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by the presence of senile plaques. The core of the plaque consists of beta-amyloid protein. In AD patients, learning and memory are impaired with a concomitant loss of the cholinergic marker enzyme, choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). However, direct evidence that beta-amyloid protein is related to the impairment of learning and memory has not been demonstrated. In this study, we investigated whether memory impairment and neuronal dysfunction were produced after 2 weeks continuous infusion of beta-amyloid protein (3, 30 and 300 pmol/day) into the cerebral ventricles in adult rats. To investigate the ability of learning and memory in beta-amyloid protein-treated rats, water maze and passive avoidance tasks were carried out. The performance of both tasks in beta-amyloid protein-treated rats was impaired. ChAT activity in the frontal cortex (3 and 30 pmol/day) and hippocampus (300 pmol/day) significantly decreased. These results suggest that beta-amyloid protein is related to the impairment of learning and memory, and neurodegeneration, and that beta-amyloid protein-treated rats could be used as an animal model for AD.
Protein profiling by capillary isoelectric focusing, reversed‐phase liquid chromatography, and mass spectrometry (2005)

An automated system for intact protein analysis is described that combines capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF), reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC), and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Performance is demonstrated with a complex yeast enzyme concentrate. CIEF is performed with a microdialysis membrane-based cathodic cell that permits pI fractions to be sampled and stored for subsequent LC-MS analysis. A total of 50 microg protein is loaded onto the capillary. Ten fractions are stored which span the pI range 3-10. Each fraction is subsequently cleaned on a reversed-phase trap column and then characterized by LC-MS. MaxEnt1 is used to deconvolute the raw mass spectra to obtain the molecular weight (MW) of intact proteins/peptides in the sample. A two-dimensional display of pI vs. MW is illustrated for the 500 most prevalent species as identified by MaxEnt1.
The ontogenesis of sleep states, thermogenesis, and thermoregulation in the virginia opossum (1980)

Polygraphic recordings of sleep and wakefulness were obtained over 4-hr periods from infant opossums, aged 48-79 days, while they were in the mothers' pouches. Concurrent body temperature measurements were obtained from littermates held at ambient temperatures of 25 and 30 degrees C. The ontogenesis of sleep was similar to that of placental mammals: quiet sleep increased from 13% sleep time at 48 days to 55% at 79 days; conversely, active sleep decreased from 87% to 45%, respectively. the amplitude of the electroencephalogram (EEG) during quiet sleep increased with age and quiet sleep could be categorized as slow wave sleep at 75 days. Active sleep could be identified as rapid eye movement sleep at the same age. Temperature measurements revealed that thermogenesis appeared at approximately 55 days and the 1st signs of thermoregulation were apparent at 67 days. Near-adult thermoregulatory capabilities were present by 79 days. Increases in percent time spent in quiet sleep corresponded with increases in percent adult thermogenesis. The appearance of slow wave EEG activity coincided with the onset of thermoregulatory capabilities. We suggest that lowered metabolism associated with slow wave sleep is adaptive in offsetting the increased energy demands of thermogenesis.
Growth factors modulate clonal growth and differentiation of cultured rabbit limbal and corneal epithelium. (1993)

There exist potential dynamic interactions among various growth-modifying cytokines in controlling epithelial growth and differentiation. The lack of specific activation of limbal stem cells in this culture assay also suggests that other unidentified factor(s) might be regulating stem cell functions.
Prefetch-Aware Memory Controllers (2011)

Existing DRAM controllers employ rigid, nonadaptive scheduling and buffer management policies when servicing prefetch requests. Some controllers treat prefetches the same as demand requests, and others always prioritize demands over prefetches. However, none of these rigid policies result in the best performance because they do not take into account the usefulness of prefetches. If prefetches are useless, treating prefetches and demands equally can lead to significant performance loss and extra bandwidth consumption. In contrast, if prefetches are useful, prioritizing demands over prefetches can hurt performance by reducing DRAM throughput and delaying the service of useful requests. This paper proposes a new low hardware cost memory controller, called as Prefetch-Aware DRAM Controller (PADC), that aims to maximize the benefit of useful prefetches and minimize the harm caused by useless prefetches. The key idea is to 1) adaptively prioritize between demands and prefetches, and 2) drop useless prefetches to free up memory system resources, based on prefetch accuracy. Our evaluation shows that PADC significantly outperforms previous memory controllers with rigid prefetch handling policies. Across a wide range of multiprogrammed SPEC CPU 2000/2006 workloads, it improves system performance by 8.2 and 9.9 percent on four and eight-core systems while reducing DRAM bandwidth consumption by 10.7 and 9.4 percent, respectively.
Zinc deficiency dermatitis accompanying parenteral nutrition supplemented with trace elements. (1983)

Zinc deficiency dermatitis in a patient on long-term total parenteral nutrition (TPN) with trace-element supplementation is reported, and the therapeutic aspects of zinc deficiency are reviewed. A 36-year-old white man was hospitalized and found to have a small-bowel perforation secondary to internal herniation. Small-bowel resection with end-to-end anastomosis was performed, and TPN supplemented with folic acid, multivitamins, trace elements (including elemental zinc 2 mg/day), and fat was begun. Four months later, the patient developed a moist, erythematous, painful groin rash that did not respond to one month of topical antifungal and topical and intravenous antibacterial treatment. At five months after admission, zinc deficiency was suspected; serum zinc concentration was 85 micrograms/dl (normal = 55-150 micrograms/dl). The total daily zinc dose was increased to 60 mg, and within two days the patient's lesions began to improve. The rash healed within two weeks. Six days after increased zinc therapy was begun, lab tests showed: hair zinc content, 185 micrograms/g (normal = 163 micrograms/g); serum zinc content, 90 micrograms/dl; and erythrocyte zinc content, 1058 micrograms/dl (normal = 1100-1400 micrograms/dl). Signs and symptoms of zinc deficiency, zinc disposition in man, predisposing factors to zinc deficiency, laboratory analysis of zinc nutriture, zinc therapy, and zinc toxicity are discussed. Knowledge of drug use, diet, geographic location, underlying disease, and other patient-specific factors is important in recognizing the patient at risk of developing zinc deficiency. Several tests should be performed to document zinc deficiency. Zinc replacement guidelines are outlined.
An Enzyme Cascade for Selective Modification of Tyrosine Residues in Structurally Diverse Peptides and Proteins (2016)

Bioorthogonal chemistry enables a specific moiety in a complex biomolecule to be selectively modified in the presence of many reactive functional groups and other cellular entities. Such selectivity has become indispensable in biology, enabling biomolecules to be derivatized, conjugated, labeled, or immobilized for imaging, biochemical assays, or therapeutic applications. Methyltransferase enzymes (MTase) that accept analogues of the cofactor S-adenosyl methionine have been widely deployed for alkyl-diversification and bioorthogonal labeling. However, MTases typically possess tight substrate specificity. Here we introduce a more flexible methodology for selective derivatization of phenolic moieties in complex biomolecules. Our approach relies on the tandem enzymatic reaction of a fungal tyrosinase and the mammalian catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), which can effect the sequential hydroxylation of the phenolic group to give an intermediate catechol moiety that is subsequently O-alkylated. When used in this combination, the alkoxylation is highly selective for tyrosine residues in peptides and proteins, yet remarkably tolerant to changes in the peptide sequence. Tyrosinase-COMT are shown to provide highly versatile and regioselective modification of a diverse range of substrates including peptide antitumor agents, hormones, cyclic peptide antibiotics, and model proteins.
Thermoviscoplastic Modeling and Testing of Shape Memory Polymer Based Self-Healing Syntactic Foam Programmed at Glassy Temperature (2011)

Traditionally, programming of shape memory polymer (SMP) material requires initial heating above the glass transition temperature (Tg), subsequent cooling below Tg and removal of the applied load. Therefore, the shape fixity process is inconvenient for some applications. Most recently, a new and effective approach, which programs glass transition activated SMPs directly at temperatures well below Tg,was introduced by Li and Xu [2011, “Thermomechanical Behavior of Shape Memory Polymer Programmed at Glassy Temperature: Testing and Constitutive Modeling,” J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 59(6), pp. 1231–1250. The 1D compression programming below Tg and free shape recovery were extensively investigated both experimentally and analytically. The current work extends this study into a shape memory polymer based self-healing syntactic foam, which was found to be capable of self-sealing structural scale damage repeatedly, efficiently, and almost autonomously [Li and John, 2008, “A Self-Healing Smart Syntactic Foam Under Multiple Impacts,” Compos. Sci. Technol., 68(15–16), pp. 3337–3343.]. A structural-relaxation constitutive model featuring damage-allowable thermoviscoplasticity was then developed to predict the nonlinear shape memory behavior of the SMP based syntactic foam programmed at glassy temperatures. After validated by both 1D (compression) and 2D (compression in longitudinal direction and tension in transverse direction) tests, the constitutive model was used to evaluate the effects of several design parameters on the thermomechanical behavior of the SMP based syntactic foam. It is concluded that the model is a useful tool for designing and training this novel self-healing composite.
Translational control by the Epstein‐Barr virus small RNA EBER‐1 (1990)

A role for the Epstein-Barr virus small RNA species EBER-1 in the regulation of protein synthesis has been investigated in the reticulocyte-lysate cell-free translation system. Recombinant EBER-1 was synthesized by in vitro transcription of a plasmid containing the viral gene and purified by CF11-cellulose chromatography and ribonuclease III treatment. When added to the reticulocyte lysate at 10-20 micrograms/ml or more, EBER-1 prevents the inhibition of protein synthesis caused by low concentrations of synthetic double-stranded RNA, poly(I).poly(C). This effect is eliminated by treatment of the recombinant EBER-1 with ribonuclease T1. Disruption of the secondary structure of EBER-1 by substitution of inosine for guanosine in the in-vitro-synthesized RNA impairs the ability of EBER-1 to prevent the poly(I).poly(C)-mediated inhibition of protein synthesis. These results suggest that high concentrations of EBER-1 regulate protein synthesis by blocking the activation of the double-stranded RNA-dependent eukaryotic initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF-2 alpha) protein kinase DAI (p68), and that this property is dependent on the secondary structure of the small RNA molecule.
Efficient access of compressed data (1980)

A compression technique is presented that allows a high degree of compression but requires only logarithmic access time. The technique is a constant suppression scheme, and is most applicable to stable databases whose distribution of constants is fairly clustered. Furthermore, the repeated use of the technique permits the suppression of a multiple number of different constants. Of particular interest is the application of the constant suppression technique to databases the composite key of which is made up of an incomplete cross product of several attribute domains. The scheme for compressing the full cross product composite key is well known. This paper, however, also handles the general, incomplete case by applying the constant suppression technique in conjunction with a composite key suppression scheme.
Exopolysaccharides from lactic acid bacteria: structure, production and technological applications. (2000)

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are used in food fermentations because of their ability to improve the flavour, aroma, texture and safety of perishable raw materials (milk, meat, vegetables). Among the products of their metabolism, extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) have received increasing attention in recent years because of their immunogenic properties, their role in the texture of fermented milks and their potential utility as thickening agents in place of EPS produced by non-food grade organisms (xanthan, gellan, pullulan, etc.). This review focuses on the characteristics, production and applications of EPS produced by lactic acid bacteria.
CrossingGuard (2012)

Visually impaired pedestrians experience unique challenges when navigating an urban environment because many cues about orientation and traffic patterns are difficult to ascertain without the use of vision. Technological aids such as customized GPS navigation tools offer the chance to augment visually impaired pedestrians' sensory information with a richer depiction of an environment, but care must be taken to balance the need for more information with other demands on the senses. In this paper, we focus on the information needs of visually impaired pedestrians at intersections, which present a specific cause of stress when navigating in unfamiliar locations. We present a navigation application prototype called CrossingGuard that provides rich information to a user such as details about intersection geometry that are not available to visually impaired pedestrians today. A user study comparing content-rich information to a baseline condition shows that content-rich information raises the level of comfort that visually impaired pedestrians feel at unfamiliar intersections. In addition, we discuss the categories of information that are most useful. Finally, we introduce a micro-task approach to gather intersection data via Street View annotations that achieves 85.5% accuracy over the 9 categories of information used by CrossingGuard.
Modeling duration in a hidden Markov model with the exponential family (1993)

A procedure for modeling duration with some PDF (probability density function) or PMF (probability mass function) in the exponential family is presented. A means of selecting an appropriate member of the exponential family is suggested. The parameter estimation procedure presented here offers several advantages over other methods of duration modeling. First, the duration PMF can be found directly, rather than sampling and truncating the optimum density. Secondly, the optimum duration parameters are found from Ferguson's nonparametric PMF. This simplifies reestimation because the operation of casting a nonparametric PMF to the desired parametric family can be completely separated from the forward and backward algorithms. Thirdly, several competing members of the exponential family can be evaluated quickly for each state in the HMM. This makes it possible to model each state's duration with the best member from a set of parametric PMFs in the exponential family. Finally, the solution holds for an PDF or PMF in the exponential family, which includes a large number of promising candidates.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The diffusion of pairs of gases with molecules of equal mass (1937)

Abstract The problem of the self-diffusion of a gas has received considerable attention, and it is of special importance in the kinetic theory because of the similarity of the diffusing molecules. Chapman's exact classical kinetic theory (Chapman 1916, 1918) gives the expression: D11 = kη/ρ, where D11 = coefficient of self-diffusion, η = coefficient of viscosity, ρ = density, k = a constant. The value of k varies from 1⋅504 to 1⋅200 for Maxwellian molecules (index of repulsive force 5 ) and rigid elastic spheres respectively. Massey and Mohr (1933), however, applying the quantum theory to collision processes in gases have deduced that for self-diffusion the factor given by the classical theory must be reduced by nearly ½. From the point of view of this theory the molecules in true self-diffusion must be identical and indistinguishable, so that the prediction in that case cannot be experimentally verified. Although the conditions of these experiments do not correspond to the case of self-diffusion of the quantum theory, it is a matter of considerable interest to examine the behaviour in diffusion of these pairs of gases which have in many respects a striking physical similarity.
The origins of apicomplexan sequence innovation (2009)

The Apicomplexa are a group of phylogenetically related parasitic protists that include Plasmodium, Cryptosporidium, and Toxoplasma. Together they are a major global burden on human health and economics. To meet this challenge, several international consortia have generated vast amounts of sequence data for many of these parasites. Here, we exploit these data to perform a systematic analysis of protein family and domain incidence across the phylum. A total of 87,736 protein sequences were collected from 15 apicomplexan species. These were compared with three protein databases, including the partial genome database, PartiGeneDB, which increases the breadth of taxonomic coverage. From these searches we constructed taxonomic profiles that reveal the extent of apicomplexan sequence diversity. Sequences without a significant match outside the phylum were denoted as apicomplexan specialized. These were collated into 9134 discrete protein families and placed in the context of the apicomplexan phylogeny, identifying the putative origin of each family. Most apicomplexan families were associated with an individual genus or species. Interestingly, many genera-specific innovations were associated with specialized host cell invasion and/or parasite survival processes. Contrastingly, those families reflecting more ancestral relationships were enriched in generalized housekeeping functions such as translation and transcription, which have diverged within the apicomplexan lineage. Protein domain searches revealed 192 domains not previously reported in apicomplexans together with a number of novel domain combinations. We highlight domains that may be important to parasite survival.
Risk in Capital Investment Proposals: Three Viewpoints (1986)

In the last twenty years or so there have been many developments in Finance Theory which have increased our understanding of the nature of the risk in a capital investment project. In order to understand these developments it is important to realise that risk can be defined from a number of different viewpoints. This paper will discuss three of these viewpoints. First, it will consider the total risk of a project. This can be thought of as the risk from the viewpoint of a project manager whose career progress depends entirely on the performance of the project. It will then consider risk from the viewpoint of the company and, finally, move on to consider risk from the viewpoint of a well diversified shareholder in the company.