gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On-Line Hemodiafiltration with Pre- and Postdilution: A Comparison of Efficacy (1997)

Since the introduction of on-line substituate preparation, high substituate rates (Qs) in pre- and postdilution for hemodiafiltration (HDF) procedures can be realized. During postdilution HDF (POD-HDF) and additional convective removal is possible, but in vivo Qs is limited to approx. 1/3Qb (bloodflow). With predilution HDF (PRD-HDF) higher Qs and therefore high convective transport rates by ultrafiltration can be reached. On the other hand the blood concentration is diminished by predilution. Further decrease of the diffusive transport is caused by reduced dialysate flow Qd due to separation of the substituate from the dialysate (Fresenius 4008 On-Line HDF, Gambro AK100 Ultra). The theoretical description of the combined diffusive-convective transport is limited to 1-dimensional models and small UF-rates. Therefore for practical and theoretical purposes the assessment of the efficacy of on-line PRD-HDF and POD-HDF in different molecular weight ranges is desirable. By means of in vitro experiments the effective clearances Keff of hemodialysis (HD, dialyzer: Fresenius F60) for urea, creatinine, vitamin B12 and inulin were compared with measured and theoretical Keff of POD- and PRD-HDF. The theoretical expectation is confirmed that Keff for small molecular weight substances decreases slightly with PRD-HDF and increases for larger molecules. In the case of POD-HDF Keff for small molecular weight substances increases slightly and strongly for larger molecules. In vivo experiments were performed to measure the real substance removal from patient's blood and to figure out the impact of dialysate flow (collection of the used dialysate during the 1. treatment hour and concentration measurements for urea, creatinine, phosphate, beta 2-MG). The results show that the subtraction of Qs from Qd reduces Keff for urea, creatinine and phosphate but not for beta 2-MG. PRD-HDF with Qd = 500 ml/min is significantly less effective for small molecules than HD. There is no significant difference of Keff for urea, creatinine, phosphate during HD and PRD-HDF with Qd = 800 ml/min, but a significant increase of 10-15% for POD-HDF. Keff for beta 2-MG increases by 75% for PRD-HDF and 95% for POD-HDF compared with HD (Qd = 500 ml/min).
A Single Amino Acid Substitution (Cys249Trp) in Crb1 Causes Retinal Degeneration and Deregulates Expression of Pituitary Tumor Transforming Gene<i>Pttg1</i> (2007)

Different mutations in the human Crumbs homolog-1 (CRB1) gene cause a variety of retinal dystrophies, such as Leber congenital amaurosis, early onset retinitis pigmentosa (e.g., RP12), RP with Coats-like exudative vasculopathy, and pigmented paravenous retinochoroidal atrophy. Loss of Crb1 leads to displaced photoreceptors and focal degeneration of all neural layers attributable to loss of adhesion between photoreceptors and Müller glia cells. To gain insight into genotype-phenotype relationship, we generated Crb1(C249W) mice that harbor an amino acid substitution (Cys249Trp) in the extracellular sixth calcium-binding epidermal growth factor domain of Crb1. Our analysis showed that Crb1(C249W) as wild-type protein trafficked to the subapical region adjacent to adherens junctions at the outer limiting membrane (OLM). Hence, these data suggest correct trafficking of the corresponding mutant CRB1 in RP12 patients. Crb1(C249W) mice showed loss of photoreceptors in the retina, relatively late compared with mice lacking Crb1. Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy revealed autofluorescent dots that presumably represent layer abnormalities after OLM disturbance. Gene expression analyses revealed lower levels of pituitary tumor transforming gene 1 (Pttg1) transcripts in Crb1(C249W/-) knock-in and Crb1(-/-) knock-out compared with control retinas. Exposure to white light decreased levels of Pttg1 in Crb1 mutant retinas. We hypothesize deregulation of Pttg1 expression attributable to a C249W substitution in the extracellular domain of Crb1.
[Comparison of the efficiency of 2 culture media in the recovery of heterotrophic bacteria damaged with chlorine]. (1988)

In this study, culture mediums R2A and m-HPC were compared with respect to their efficiency in the recuperation of injured heterotrophic bacteria present in water, which previously was treated with chlorine. The results of total counts obtained by membrane filtration, show that medium R2A was better than m-HPC. These two culture mediums are indicated by the 16th edition of Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste-water. The results obtained may be due to the low concentration of organic matter, or to the presence of yeast extract in the R2A medium.
Deposition of high-durability protective layers with a composite structure of DLC and GLC by facing-targets sputtering (1998)

An amorphous carbon film is currently used for the protective layer for overcoating the surface of the recording layer of a hard disk. In this study, the film was deposited by faring-targets sputtering (FTS), which can discharge at a lower argon gas pressure than other sputtering, such as dc magnetron sputtering, because the plasma is sufficiently confined by a magnetic field applied perpendicular to both of the target planes. As a result, the layers can be deposited without plasma damage. Thus, very smooth and uniform thin films can be obtained. The dependence of the structure and properties of carbon layers on various sputtering conditions such as the argon gas pressure, dc and rf bias voltages, and substrate temperature at room temperature, compared with the previous report, was investigated when layers with a thickness of 500 /spl Aring/ were deposited by FTS on glass and Al/Ni-P substrates. The surface appearances of the layers were observed by FE-SEM, and their structures were characterized by Raman spectroscopy. All the carbon films in this study revealed both diamondlike carbon (DLC: D) and graphitelike carbon (GLC: G) structures. The ratio of the integral intensity of the D peak to that of the G peak, I(D)/I(G), was measured by Raman spectroscopy. As a result, it was found that the ratio I(D)/I(G) was significantly dependent on the sputtering conditions and was well correlated with the surface appearance. The films with very low surface roughness had I(D)/I(G) ratios in the range of 196-1.99. This seems to indicate that the fine DLC grains are isolated and distributed with almost equal spacing in the homogeneous GLC matrix, occupying twice the area of the GLC structure. The films appear to have a composite structure of strong DLC and GLC.
A hybrid model to extend vehicular intercommunication V2V through D2D architecture (2015)

In the recent years, many solutions for Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) communication were proposed to overcome failure problems (also known as `dead-ends'). This paper proposes a novel framework for V2V failure recovery using Device-to-Device (D2D) communications. Based on the unified Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) architecture, LTE-based D2D mechanisms can improve V2V `dead-ends' failure recovery delays. This new paradigm of hybrid V2V-D2D communications overcomes the limitations of traditional V2V routing techniques. According to NS2 simulation results, the proposed hybrid model decreases the end to end delay (E2E) of messages delivery. A complete comparison of different D2D use cases (best & worst scenarios) is presented to show the enhancements brought by our solution compared to traditional V2V techniques.
Load balancing in modern network infrastructures &#x2014; A simulation model (2014)

This paper presents a critical review of load balancing policies of network traffic loads composed of TCP/IP application protocols and applications and discusses the performance improvements sustained by such policies. The review introduces principles of network design of cost efficient networking infrastructures in an economy of scale suitable for global internet network traffic loads. Discrete event simulation modeling of a linear network architecture is used to study the effects of five network load balancing policies (Server Load, Round Robin, Number of Connections, Random, and Weighted Fair Queuing) against a baseline scenario of no-load balancing (NLB). The simulation study presented in this paper, clearly demonstrates that load balancing can lead to a reduction of application response times, improved CPU utilization for Server performance, and higher application throughput, thus improving network availability to the end user and the overall network resiliency.
Weakly supervised user intent detection for multi-domain dialogues (2016)

Users interact with mobile apps with certain intents such as finding a restaurant. Some intents and their corresponding activities are complex and may involve multiple apps; for example, a restaurant app, a messenger app and a calendar app may be needed to plan a dinner with friends. However, activities may be quite personal and third-party developers would not be building apps to specifically handle complex intents (e.g., a DinnerPlanner). Instead we want our intelligent agent to actively learn to understand these intents and provide assistance when needed. This paper proposes a framework to enable the agent to learn an inventory of intents from a small set of task-oriented user utterances. The experiments show that on previously unseen user activities, the agent is able to reliably recognize user intents using graph-based semi-supervised learning methods. The dataset, models, and the system outputs are available to research community.
Structural Colors from Fano Resonances (2014)

Structural coloration is an interference phenomenon where colors emerge when visible light interacts with nanoscopically structured material and has recently become a most interesting scientific and engineering topic. However, current structural color generation mechanisms either require thick (compared to the wavelength) structures or lack dynamic tunability. This report proposes a new structural color generation mechanism that produces colors by the Fano resonance effect on thin photonic crystal slab. We experimentally realize the proposed idea by fabricating the samples that show resonance-induced colors with weak dependence on the viewing angle. Finally, we show that the resonance-induced colors can be dynamically tuned by stretching the photonic crystal slab fabricated on an elastic substrate.
Inflammatory bowel disease pathogenesis (2012)

New therapies will emerge from the concept of a multidirectional interplay between environment and microbiome on one hand and defense mechanisms on the other.
Levels and molecular forms of MMP‐7 (matrilysin‐1) and MMP‐8 (collagenase‐2) in diseased human peri‐implant sulcular fluid (2003)

The elevated levels of MMP-8 and matrilysin-1/MMP-7 were identified in active forms in diseased PISF, but MMP-7 was less prominent. MMP inhibitors, potential future tissue protective drugs, seemingly do not interfere with the defensive antibacterial action of MMP-7.
EML4-ALK is a new oncogene in non-small cell lung carcinoma showing wild-type EGFR and K-RAS from non-smokers (2008)

LB-62 Lung cancers that develop in chronic smokers result from tobacco carcinogenesis but the etiology of those in non-smokers remain unclear. Although environmental tobacco smoke from passive smoking is recognized to be a causative factor, genetic evidences suggest distinct carcinogenic pathways in the two cancer populations. Mutations involving the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) prevail in non-smokers, particularly those of East Asian descent, while various genes, e.g. K-RAS, are involved in lung cancers of smokers. Genetic translocation with gene fusion is mainly found in lympho-haematological and connective tissue malignancies, but in recent years, its role in epithelial cancers such as prostate carcinoma is beginning to be recognized. The echinoderm microtubule-associated protein-like 4 (2p21) - anaplastic lymphoma kinase (2p23) (EML4-ALK) fusion gene that results from chromosome 2 inversion has been identified recently in non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) from Japan. Its transforming power has been demonstrated in cultured mouse fibroblasts and its oncogenic potential in nude mice. We investigated the frequency, genetics and clinicopathological profile of EML4-ALK in 240 resected primary NSCLC (192 adenocarcinomas [AD], 30 squamous cell carcinoma [SCC], 18 other types) from 117 men, 123 women. Using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, 13 (5.42%) cases were found involving 4 variants of fusion transcripts in which a variable length of EML4 is fused to exon 20 of ALK. This included 2 cases of variant 1 (V1) (EML4 exon 13), 2 of V2 (exon 20), 8 of V3 (exon 6) and 1 of V4 (exon 18). The genomic breakpoints of all the variants were identified by direct DNA sequencing and were consistent with the results of the fusion transcripts. The cases showing EML4-ALK included 11 AD and 2 SCC. There were statistically significant association with never (10/115) and passive (2/17) smokers together, compared to current smokers (1/74) (Chi square test, P = 0.013). Patients with EML4-ALK were apparently younger (mean 56.8±10.9 years) compared to those without the fusion gene(mean 62.8±10.2 years) (t test, P = 0.039). No significant association was found between the fusion gene and patient gender, tumour size, grade, lymph node or pathological stages. All patients harboring the fusion gene showed wild-type EGFR (13/123) and K-RAS (13/216). The association between EML4-ALK and wild-type EGFR was statistically significant (Chi square test, P
Tackling the Generative Learning Trilemma with Denoising Diffusion GANs (2021)

A wide variety of deep generative models has been developed in the past decade. Yet, these models often struggle with simultaneously addressing three key requirements including: high sample quality, mode coverage, and fast sampling. We call the challenge imposed by these requirements the generative learning trilemma, as the existing models often trade some of them for others. Particularly, denoising diffusion models have shown impressive sample quality and diversity, but their expensive sampling does not yet allow them to be applied in many real-world applications. In this paper, we argue that slow sampling in these models is fundamentally attributed to the Gaussian assumption in the denoising step which is justified only for small step sizes. To enable denoising with large steps, and hence, to reduce the total number of denoising steps, we propose to model the denoising distribution using a complex multimodal distribution. We introduce denoising diffusion generative adversarial networks (denoising diffusion GANs) that model each denoising step using a multimodal conditional GAN. Through extensive evaluations, we show that denoising diffusion GANs obtain sample quality and diversity competitive with original diffusion models while being 2000$\times$ faster on the CIFAR-10 dataset. Compared to traditional GANs, our model exhibits better mode coverage and sample diversity. To the best of our knowledge, denoising diffusion GAN is the first model that reduces sampling cost in diffusion models to an extent that allows them to be applied to real-world applications inexpensively. Project page and code can be found at https://nvlabs.github.io/denoising-diffusion-gan
Activity Based Sector Synchronisation: Efficient Transfer of Disk-State for WAN Live Migration (2011)

Live migration of virtual machines is now commonplace but the issue of synchronising storage remains an obstacle to wide-area migration between datacentres. We discuss the range of possible designs for synchronising disk images and argue that we have to be adaptive at the sector level to efficiently transfer disk-state to the destination. We show, using a number of production workloads, that delaying the transmission of "hot"sectors can achieve considerable bandwidth reduction over a naive eager strategy. We introduce the Activity Based Sector Synchronisation (ABSS) algorithm and show by trace-driven simulations that ABSS is able to deliver a useful trade-off with a data transmission overhead between 0.3% and 2.4% of a gigabit link whilst incurring in the majority of cases a migration latency of less than 1.1 s.
Active Learning Based Constrained Clustering For Speaker Diarization (2017)

Most speaker diarization research has focused on unsupervised scenarios, where no human supervision is available. However, in many real-world applications, a certain amount of human input could be expected, especially when minimal human supervision brings significant performance improvement. In this study, we propose an active learning based bottom-up speaker clustering algorithm to effectively improve speaker diarization performance with limited human input. Specifically, the proposed active learning based speaker clustering has two different stages: explore and constrained clustering. The explore stage is to quickly discover at least one sample for each speaker for boosting speaker clustering process with reliable initial speaker clusters. After discovering all, or a majority, of the involved speakers during explore stage, the constrained clustering is performed. Constrained clustering is similar to traditional bottom-up clustering process with an important difference that the clusters created during explore stage are restricted from merging with each other. Constrained clustering continues until only the clusters generated from the explore stage are left. Since the objective of active learning based speaker clustering algorithm is to provide good initial speaker models, performance saturates as soon as sufficient examples are ensured for each cluster. To further improve diarization performance with increasing human input, we propose a second method which actively select speech segments that account for the largest expected speaker error from existing cluster assignments for human evaluation and reassignment. The algorithms are evaluated on our recently created Apollo Mission Control Center dataset as well as augmented multiparty interaction meeting corpus. The results indicate that the proposed active learning algorithms are able to reduce diarization error rate significantly with a relatively small amount of human supervision.
Rumen methanogens and mitigation of methane emission by anti-methanogenic compounds and substances (2017)

Methanogenic archaea reside primarily in the rumen and the lower segments of the intestines of ruminants, where they utilize the reducing equivalents derived from rumen fermentation to reduce carbon dioxide, formic acid, or methylamines to methane (CH<sub>4</sub>). Research on methanogens in the rumen has attracted great interest in the last decade because CH<sub>4</sub> emission from ruminants contributes to global greenhouse gas emission and represents a loss of feed energy. Some DNA-based phylogenetic studies have depicted a diverse and dynamic community of methanogens in the rumen. In the past decade, researchers have focused on elucidating the underpinning that determines and affects the diversity, composition, structure, and dynamics of methanogen community of the rumen. Concurrently, many researchers have attempted to develop and evaluate interventions to mitigate enteric CH<sub>4</sub> emission. Although much work has been done using plant secondary metabolites, other approaches such as using nitrate and 3-nitrooxy propanol have also yielded promising results. Most of these antimethanogenic compounds or substances often show inconsistent results among studies and also lead to adverse effects on feed intake and digestion and other aspects of rumen fermentation when fed at doses high enough to achieve effective mitigation. This review provides a brief overview of the rumen methanogens and then an appraisal of most of the antimethanogenic compounds and substances that have been evaluated both in vitro and in vivo. Knowledge gaps and future research needs are also discussed with a focus on methanogens and methane mitigation.
Cartoon blur: nonphotorealistic motion blur (2004)

Motion blur is a well-established technique which prevents strobing by making fast moving objects appear blurred. In cel animation however, different methods are used and we present a new technique to emphasise the motion of cartoon objects through the application of geometry. We term the involved nonphotorealistic motion blur as 'cartoon blur'. In order to express cartoon blur, we have classified the expressions used in cel animation and analysed the diversity of each expression to establish parameters that allow animators to control the expression.
In Vitro  Hemostatic Properties of French Lyophilized Plasma (2012)

The study results account for a significant decrease of factors V and VIII in FLyP. However, the global capacity to induce clot formation in vitro seems to be preserved. The clinical relevance of these decreased factors is not known.
Fluorecence Studies of Nucleotides and Polynucleotides (1972)

Abstract Deazanebularin, a cytotoxic nucleoside, is fluorescent at ambient temperature and at neutral pH. Some of its fluorescence properties and those of its phosphorylated derivatives are reported here. Deazanebularin nucleotides are substrates for Escherichia coli polynucleotide phosphorylase and RNA polymerase. With RNA polymerase deazanebularin triphosphate acts as an ambiguous substrate in that it functions, with almost equal efficiency, as an analogue of either ATP or GTP. The relevance of this observation to the mechanism of base selection by RNA polymerase is discussed. The synthesis, characterization, and properties of polymers containing deazanebularin are also described. Some of these polymers form unique ordered structures with base pairs possessing only a single hydrogen bond; these permit an assessment of the contribution of hydrogen bonding to helix stability. These polymers also exhibit some unusual fluorescence properties, including excited state energy transfer.
Demosaicing by successive approximation (2005)

In this paper, we present a fast and high-performance algorithm for color filter array (CFA) demosaicing. CFA demosaicing is formulated as a problem of reconstructing correlated signals from their downsampled versions with an opposite phase. The major contributions of this work include (1) a new iterative demosaicing algorithm in the color difference domain and (2) a spatially adaptive stopping criterion for suppressing color misregistration and zipper artifacts in the demosaiced images. We have compared the proposed demosaicing algorithm with two current state-of-the-art techniques reported in the literature. Ours outperforms both of them on demosaicing performance and computational cost.
L-DACS1 air-to-air data-link protocol design and performance (2011)

All advanced concepts of operation in future Air Traffic Management (ATM) assume that digital air/ground and air/air links are available. Seeking to define a future communication system suitable for planned air-to-air and air-to-ground ATM operations, the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) and EUROCONTROL initiated a joint study in the frame of Action Plan 17 (AP17) to investigate suitable technologies and provide recommendations to the ICAO ACP Working Group T. Two proposals for the L-band Digital Aeronautical Communication System (L-DACS) were elaborated. This paper discusses the L-DACS1 proposal, a multi-application broadband system capable of simultaneously supporting various kinds of air-to-air and air-to-ground Air Traffic Services (ATS) and Airline Operational Communications (AOC) data link services. This paper presents the research towards the design and the performance evaluation of the proposed medium access control sub-layer and logical link control sublayer of the L-DACS1 air-to-air protocol stack. The L-DACS1 air-to-air protocol has been designed for the periodic transmission of air-to-air surveillance data while supporting the transmission of a low volume of non-periodic addressed air-to-air messages. It tries to achieve this objective via a self-adaptive slotted TDMA protocol.