gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The heterogeneity of anosognosia for memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease: A review of the literature and a proposed model (1998)

Abstract Anosognosia for memory impairment is a phenomenon in Alzheimer's disease that has historically only been noted anecdotally. It is only recently that it has been investigated independently. Varying methodologies have been employed to examine the neuropsychological correlates of anosognosia in AD. There have been markedly discrepant results with severity of disease, extent of memory deficit and dysexecutive syndrome being those correlates most widely reported. A review of this literature is given and previously proposed models discussed critically in terms of three widely accepted phenomena: the variability in degree of anosognosia and the specificity with regard to cognitive domain and personal deficit as opposed to a generalized deficit in judgement. The case for heterogeneity of anosognosia for memory impairment is made and a comprehensive cognitive model is presented.
Down-regulation of Gi sub-types by prolonged incubation of adipocytes with an A1 adenosine receptor agonist. (1990)

We have reported previously that prolonged incubation of adipocytes with (-)-N6-phenylisopropyl adenosine (PIA) (an A1 adenosine receptor agonist) down-regulates A1 adenosine receptors. There was a concomitant decrease in pertussis toxin catalyzed ADP-ribosylation of a 41-kDa peptide thought to be the alpha-subunit of Gi. To determine whether this represents true down-regulation of the G-protein, and if so which of the three known forms of Gi are down-regulated, we have used antipeptide antisera specific for Gi alpha-subunits. Serum SG1 recognizes alpha i1 and -2, I1C recognizes only alpha i1, and I3B recognizes alpha i3. Rat adipocytes were maintained in primary culture for up to 7 days with 0-1000 nM PIA. Crude membrane preparations were analyzed by Western blots. There was almost complete loss of alpha i1 and -3, and about 50% loss of alpha i2 from PIA-treated cells. The loss of each alpha i was detectable after 24 h with 300 nM PIA and maximal by 4 days. After 4 days, down-regulation was detectable with 3 nM and maximal with 100 nM PIA. Antiserum BN2 demonstrated approximately 50% loss of G-protein beta-subunits in cells treated with 300 nM PIA for 4 days. When cells were incubated for 4 days with 300 nM PIA and then washed to remove PIA, alpha i1, -2, and -3 and beta-subunits returned to control levels within 5 days. Antiserum CS1 detected normal amounts of both the 43- and 47-kDa forms of Gs alpha in PIA-treated cells. We conclude that Gi alpha-subunits are down-regulated along with the adenosine receptor in rat adipocytes.
Altered myosin isozyme patterns from pressure-overloaded and thyrotoxic hypertrophied rabbit hearts. (1982)

Cardiac hypertrophy, induced by pressure overload, leads to a depression in the rate of force development, velocity of shortening, tension-dependent heat generation, and myosin ATPase activity, whereas cardiac hypertrophy, induced by thyroxine administration, leads to an increase in these parameters. These changes have been attributed, in part, to structural changes in myosin. In this study, we have investigated changes in the relative content of myosin isozymes and differences in primary structure of the isozymes in pressure-overloaded and thyrotoxic cardiac hypertrophy in the rabbit. Three myosin isozymic forms (V1 = fastest, V2 = intermediate, V3 = slowest mobility) were observed in pyrophosphate polyacrylamide gels from normal hearts with the V3 component being the predominant species. In the pressure-overloaded model, the V1 and V2 components disappeared or were present in reduced amounts leaving the V3 more predominant. The most striking difference was the isozymic profile produced in thyrotoxic hearts where the V1 became the predominant component and V2 and V3 the minor components. alpha-Chymotryptic digestion of myosin heavy chains produced characteristic, reproducible peptide patterns for each of the animal models, as did fluorographic analyses of alpha-chymotryptic digests of 14C-iodoacetamide (IAA)-labeled SH1 peptides of myosin. Our results suggest that altered proportions of myosin isozymes may be responsible for altered cardiac performance.
Symposium 2 Newer aspects of micronutrients in at risk groups (1994)

Adequate supplies of the micronutrient Se are required for normal health in both man and animals. Since the recognition of the essentiality of Se, decreased dietary Se supplies have been associated with a large number of clinical conditions. Additionally, Se supplementation of rodents has a beneficial role in the prevention of certain chemicallyinduced cancers. These findings have been the subject of a number of recent publications and are summarized in Table
Investigation of magnetic frustration in A<sub>2</sub>FeMO<sub>6</sub>(A Ca, Sr, Ba; M Nb, Ta, Sb) by magnetometry and Mössbauer spectroscopy (1995)

Perovskite-related compounds in the series A2FeMO6(A Ca, Sr, Ba; M Nb, Ta, Sb) have been prepared using the standard techniques of solid state chemistry and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, magnetometry and Mössbauer spectroscopy. All but the 6H hexagonal compound Ba2FeSbO6 adopt cubic or pseudo-cubic crystal structures and show a magnetic susceptibility maximum at ca. 25 K. Field cooled and zero-field cooled susceptibility data show a hysteresis below this maximum. The Mössbauer spectra recorded at 4.2 K comprise a single magnetic hyperfine pattern typical of Fe3+, but with a high degree of line broadening. The spectra show a relaxational (nonBrillouin) collapse above 20 K. The data are described in terms of spin-glass behaviour and the factors controlling the magnetic properties are discussed.
'Lethal' Burns (1978)

Sixteen consecutive patients, nine of whom also had inhalation injury, had burns over 72% body surface area or more. The expected death rate was 94%. In fact, all of the eight patients still alive after 48 hours survived. The early deaths were primarily due to inhalation injury, the treatment of which remains an unsolved problem. A mixture of cerium nitrate and silver sulfadiazine was used for topical wound antisepsis. The wound flora was sparse: 447 of 814 wound-surface cultures were sterile; Gram-negative bacteria were recovered in 13%. This efficacious wound bacteriostasis appeared primarily responsible for the absence of late death.
Towards ultrasonic through-silicon vias (UTSV) (2014)

3D interconnects between stacked silicon chips in 3D integrated circuits (3DICs) have been realized with through-silicon vias (TSVs). These call for special processing microfabriation techniques requiring through wafer etching and metal filling, which add to the cost and can lead to lower chip reliability due to thermal expansion mismatch related strain fields. In this paper, we present a novel interconnect for 3DICs - an ultrasonic TSV implemented with piezoelectric aluminum nitride (AlN) thin film transducers on silicon. Whereas TSVs require a physical via through the entire thickness of a wafer, the ultrasonic TSV works by propagating signals from one aluminum nitride (AlN) transducer to another with bulk acoustic waves through the silicon wafer. This technology has the potential to simplify processing in 3DIC manufacturing and integration and increase TSV density.
Metal Amide Chemistry. By Michael F. Lappert, Andrey V. Protchenko, Philip P. Power, and Alexandra L. Seeber. (2010)

John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken 2008. 370 pp., hardcover € 109.00.—ISBN 978-0470721841
4-Phenylpyrrolo[3,4-<i>c</i>]carbazole-1,3(2<i>H</i>,6<i>H</i>)-dione Inhibitors of the Checkpoint Kinase Wee1. Structure−Activity Relationships for Chromophore Modification and Phenyl Ring Substitution (2006)

High-throughput screening has identified a novel class of inhibitors of the checkpoint kinase Wee1, which have potential for use in cancer chemotherapy. These inhibitors are based on a 4-phenylpyrrolo[3,4-c]carbazole-1,3(2H,6H)-dione template and have been shown by X-ray crystallography to bind at the ATP site of the enzyme. An extensive study of the effects of substitution around this template has been carried out, which has identified substituents which lead to improvements in potency and selectivity for Wee1. While retention of the maleimide ring and pendant 4-phenyl group is necessary for potency, replacement of the carbazole nitrogen by oxygen is well tolerated and results in improved Wee1 selectivity against the related checkpoint kinase Chk1. Wee1 potency and selectivity are also enhanced by the incorporation of lipophilic functionality at the 2'-position of the 4-phenyl ring, and Wee1 selectivity against Chk1 is favored by C3-C5 alkyl substitution of the carbazole nitrogen. These studies provide a basis for the design of active analogues of the pyrrolocarbazole lead with improved physical properties.
Effects of Theophylline on Ventilatory Poststimulus Potentiation in Patients with Brain Damage (2003)

Patients with brain damage, in contrast to normal subjects, exhibit a significant ventilatory undershoot when brief hypocapnic hypoxia is terminated abruptly by hyperoxia. This has been attributed to an impairment of activation of short-term potentiation, a brain stem mechanism promoting breathing stability. We hypothesized that in these patients theophylline, a drug that stabilizes breathing, may affect short-term potentiation. Eight stable patients with brain damage and 10 normal adults were studied. Activation of short-term potentiation was examined by brief exposure to hypoxia followed by hyperoxia after pretreatment with placebo or theophylline. Both in patients and normal subjects at the end of hypoxia ventilation increased to a similar magnitude with and without theophylline. In normal subjects independent of pretreatment, when hypoxia was terminated abruptly by hyperoxia, ventilation declined slowly to baseline without an undershoot, indicating activation of short-term potentiation. In patients with placebo, ventilation upon switching to hyperoxia exhibited a significant undershoot. This undershoot was significantly attenuated by theophylline, although compared with normal subjects, a slight hypoventilation was observed. We conclude that in patients with brain damage, theophylline largely prevents the hyperoxic drop of ventilation, presumably by affecting the activation of short-term potentiation. This may underlie the beneficial effect of theophylline on breathing stability.
CLINICAL PREDICTORS OF FAMILIAL DEPRESSION IN HAN CHINESE WOMEN (2011)

The association between family history of MD and the lack of a precipitating stressor, traditionally a characteristic of endogenous or biological depression, may reflect the association seen in other samples between recurrent MD and a positive family history. The symptomatic associations we have seen may reflect a familial predisposition to other dimensions of psychopathology, such as externalizing disorders or anxiety states.
A solid tissue phantom for photon migration studies (1997)

A solid tissue phantom made of agar, Intralipid and black ink is described and characterized. The preparation procedure is fast and easily implemented with standard laboratory equipment. An instrumentation for time-resolved transmittance measurements was used to determine the optical properties of the phantom. The absorption and the reduced scattering coefficients are linear with the ink and Intralipid concentrations, respectively. A systematic decrease of the reduced scattering coefficient dependent on the agar content is observed, but can easily be managed. The phantom is highly homogeneous and shows good repeatability among different preparations. Moreover, agar inclusions can be easily embedded in either solid or liquid matrixes, and no artefacts are caused by the solid-solid or solid-liquid interfaces. This allows one to produce reliable and realistic inhomogeneous phantoms with known optical properties, particularly interesting for studies on optical imaging through turbid media.
Regulation of bile acid synthesis. III. Correlation between biliary bile salt hydrophobicity index and the activities of enzymes regulating cholesterol and bile acid synthesis in the rat. (1989)

Hepatic bile acid synthesis is thought to be under negative feedback control by bile salts in the enterohepatic circulation, acting at the level of cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (C7 alpha H), the initial and rate-limiting step in the bile acid biosynthetic pathway. Bile salts also suppress the activity of the rate-limiting enzyme for cholesterol synthesis, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMG-CoA-R). The mechanisms of these regulatory effects are poorly understood, and one or both may be indirect. Previous data suggest that the hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance of bile salts, a major determinant of their cholesterol solubilizing properties, also determines their potency as regulators of bile acid and cholesterol synthesis. To further evaluate the relationship between the physicochemical and regulatory properties of bile acids, we altered the composition of the bile salt pool of rats by feeding one or more of seven different bile acids (1% w/w for 14 days). We then determined the mean hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance (hydrophobicity index) of the bile salts in bile, and correlated this with the specific activities of C7 alpha H and HMG-CoA-R, and of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT), a third hepatic microsomal enzyme which regulates cholesterol esterification. In all instances following bile acid feeding, conjugates of the fed bile acid(s) became the predominant bile salts in bile. Highly significant negative linear correlations (each P less than 0.0001) were found between the hydrophobicity indices of biliary bile salts and the activities of C7 alpha H (r = 0.79) or HMG-CoA-R (r = 0.63). By contrast, no significant correlation could be demonstrated between ACAT activity and the hydrophobicity index of biliary bile salts. The correlation between activities of HMG-CoA-R and C7 alpha H was also highly significant (r = 0.81; P less than 0.0001). No significant correlation existed between ACAT and either HMG-CoA-R or C7 alpha H. Microsomal free cholesterol was not consistently altered by bile acid feeding. Thus, the potency of circulating bile salts as suppressors of the enzymes regulating bile acid and cholesterol synthesis increases with increasing hydrophobicity. The hydrophobic-hydrophilic balance of the bile salt pool may play an important role in the regulation of cholesterol and bile acid synthesis.
The development of a relational fuzzy model based controller for an industrial process (1994)

A fuzzy logic control system for difficult nonlinear processes has been developed at Strathclyde University. This controller is structured in a very similar manner to the standard internal model control design, differing only from the conventional system in that it uses a relational fuzzy model. The relational fuzzy model-based control system has previously been tested extensively on simulations and lab-scale experiments. The work discussed in this paper describes the preliminary steps for the first industrial application of this control system. The control problem investigated is the control of moisture in the outlet product from a dryer. The dryer is used to process material left over from Whisky distillation into animal feed. The material is dried by contact with a hot 'screw' arrangement which runs through the centre of the dryer. The control is difficult in the dryer both because of the dead-time and also due to the nonlinearity which occurs with changes in the dryer loading.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Travelling Wave Solutions of Nonlinear Dynamical Equations in a Double-Chain Model of DNA (2014)

We consider the nonlinear dynamics in a double-chain model of DNA which consists of two long elastic homogeneous strands connected with each other by an elastic membrane. By using the method of dynamical systems, the bounded traveling wave solutions such as bell-shaped solitary waves and periodic waves for the coupled nonlinear dynamical equations of DNA model are obtained and simulated numerically. For the same wave speed, bell-shaped solitary waves of different heights are found to coexist.
Comparative study of inhibition of mannose-resistant haemagglutination caused by CFA/I, CFA/II, K88 and K99-positive<i>Escherichia coli</i>strains (1985)

We have studied the inhibition of mannose-resistant haemagglutination (MRHA) caused by Escherichia coli strains with CFA/I, CFA/II, K88, K99 and by other faecal E. coli lacking these colonisation antigens, by means of 30 sugar compounds and by enzymatic treatment of erythrocytes with neuraminidase, α-mannosidase, β-galactosidase, trypsin and pronase, and with formaldehyde. Inhibition of MRHA by sugars was effective only in K88-positive strains with d(+)glucosamine, mucic acid and bovine submaxillary mucin. Enzymatic treatment and the formolisation of erythrocytes gave different results on MRHA activity in strains possessing each colonisation antigen type. Results suggest that the erythrocyte receptor for CFA/I and CFA/II may possibly be sialoglycoprotein in which N-acetylneuraminic acid (NANA) plays an important role, because MRHA activity in these strains was inhibited by treatment of erythrocytes with neuraminidase and pronase. On the other hand, erythrocyte receptors for K88 and K99, like receptors for haemagglutinins of faecal E. coli lacking these colonization antigens, may have other glycoconjugate structures in which proteins and NANA are not essential. Our observations also suggest that the nature (or structure) of the receptor for a specific colonisation antigen on diverse erythrocyte types may be different.
Effects of Furosemide Applied Chronically to the Round Window: A Model of Metabolic Presbyacusis (2002)

Hearing thresholds in elderly humans without a history of noise exposure commonly show a profile of a flat loss at low frequencies coupled with a loss that increases with frequency above approximately 2 kHz. This profile and the relatively robust distortion product otoacoustic emissions that are found in elderly subjects challenge the common belief that age-related hearing loss (presbyacusis) is based primarily on sensory-cell disorders. Here, we examine a model of presbyacusis wherein the endocochlear potential (EP) is reduced by means of furosemide applied chronically to one cochlea of a young gerbil. The model results in an EP that is reduced from 90 to approximately 60 mV, a value often seen in quiet-aged gerbils, with no concomitant loss of hair cells. Resulting measures of cochlear and neural function are quantitatively similar to those seen in aging gerbils and humans, e.g., a flat threshold loss at low frequencies with a high-frequency roll-off of approximately -8.4 dB/octave. The effect of the EP on neural thresholds can be parsimoniously explained by the known gain characteristics of the cochlear amplifier as a function of cochlear location: in the apex, amplification is limited to approximately 20 dB, whereas in the base, the gain can be as high as 60 dB. At high frequencies, amplification is directly proportional to the EP on an approximately 1 dB/mV basis. This model suggests that the primary factor in true age-related hearing loss is an energy-starved cochlear amplifier that results in a specific audiogram profile.
Genetics of Parkinson's disease. (2004)

The etiology of most cases of Parkinson's disease (PD) remains unknown. In recent years, however, research has successfully focused on genetic factors contributing to the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons. Causative mutations have been identified in several monogenically inherited forms of the disease. Although these genetic forms of PD are usually rare, the gene discoveries are likely to identify molecular pathways that are also relevant in the sporadic disorder. These studies have led to the identification of (i) the central role of α-synuclein aggregation, secondary to either point mutations or an amplification of the α-synuclein gene; and (ii) the relevance of defects in the proteasomal protein degradation pathway in the molecular pathogenesis of recessive parkin-linked forms of PD. The recent discoveries of two additional recessive forms associated with mutations in the genes DJ-1 and PINK1 have brought the mitochondrial energy metabolism and the cell's defence against toxic free radicals into the focus of research.
A comparison of chronic pain behavior following local application of tumor necrosis factor α to the normal and mechanically compressed lumbar ganglia in the rat (2002)

To study the role of inflammatory cytokines in the initiation and persistence of radiculopathy as seen in humans, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) was administered either to normal, uninjured L5 dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of rats via a hole drilled through the transverse process, or to chronically compressed L5 DRG via a hollow stainless steel rod inserted into the intervertebral foramen. In other experiments, a mixture of soluble TNF receptors (sTNF-Rs: sTNF-RIplus minussTNF-RII) was locally delivered to the chronically or acutely compressed DRG to neutralize the activity of endogenous TNF-alpha. Behavioral tests of mechanical allodynia were performed before and after TNF-alpha administration. Infusion of the normal DRG with TNF-alpha at a rate of 1 microl/h for 7 days induced ipsilateral mechanical allodynia (i.e. decreased mechanical withdrawal threshold) that lasted about 2 weeks. Infusion of the compressed DRG did not alter compression-induced allodynia within the first operative week but substantially enhanced the ipsilateral allodynia after the first postoperative week. Neutralizing the activity of endogenous TNF-alpha of the compressed DRG with sTNF-Rs reduced allodynia for 3 days, but was subsequently without effect. Similar results were obtained when sTNF-Rs were chronically administrated at the acutely compressed ganglion. Results demonstrated that exogenous TNF-alpha causes pain and mechanical allodynia when deposited at the normal DRG, and further enhances the ongoing allodynia when administrated at the compressed DRG. Results also suggest that endogenous TNF-alpha contributes to the early development of mechanical allodynia in rats with chronic DRG compression.
Coli surface antigens 1 and 3 of colonization factor antigen II-positive enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli: morphology, purification, and immune responses in humans (1984)

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) of serotype O6:H16, biotype A, bearing colonization factor antigen II (CFA/II) possesses two distinct coli surface antigens, CS1 and CS3, whereas CFA/II-positive ETEC of serotype O8:H9 manifests only CS3. CS1 has been shown to be fimbrial in nature, but heretofore the morphology of CS3 has not been described. Accordingly, by immune electron microscopy we investigated the morphological characteristics of CS3 on bacterial cells and after purification. CS3 was found to consist of thin (2-nm), flexible, wiry, "fibrillar" fimbriae, visible both on bacteria (O6:H16, biotype A, and O8:H9 strains) and in the pure state. In contrast, CS1 exists as wider (6-nm), rigid fimbriae on the surface of O6:H16, biotype A, strains. By the use of antisera to CS1 and CS3 in immune electron microscopy, immunodiffusion in gel, and immunoblotting techniques, CS1 and CS3 were found to be immunologically as well as morphologically distinct. Six of nine volunteers who developed diarrhea after challenge with an O139:H28 ETEC strain bearing CS1 and CS3 had significant serological rises to purified CS1 and CS3 antigens, suggesting that both antigens are elaborated in vivo, play a role in pathogenesis, and stimulate an immune response.