gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Silicon Active Microvalves Using Buckled Membranes For Actuation (2005)

Design considerations and experiments have been made for obtaining a new type of active microvalves using silicon buckled membranes. The properties of the buckled membranes permitting to obtain high deflections and to actuate them more convenient are demonstrated. A thermal actuation using an aluminium ring layer heated with a polysilicon resistor is analysed. The polysilicon and the aluminium ring layers have been deposited In the region of the membrane having the minimum internal stress. The fabrication process consist of photolithography, LPCVD depositions, diffusion, Al sputtering. isotropic, anisotropic etching and anodic bonding. The design and experiments show a convenient low temperature range necessary to actuate the microvalve.
A breakdown voltage doubler for high voltage swing drivers (2004)

A novel breakdown voltage (BV) doubler is introduced that makes it possible to generate high output voltage swings using transistors with low breakdown voltages. The timing analysis of the stage is used to optimize its dynamic response. A 10 Gb/s optical modulator driver with a differential output voltage swing of 8 V on a 50 /spl Omega/ load was implemented in a SiGe BiCMOS process. It uses the BV-doubler topology to achieve output swings twice the collector-emitter breakdown voltage without stressing any single transistor.
The effects of the histone deacetylase inhibitor 4-phenylbutyrate on gap junction conductance and permeability (2013)

Longitudinal resistance is a key factor in determining cardiac action potential propagation. Action potential conduction velocity has been shown to be proportional to the square root of longitudinal resistance. A major determinant of longitudinal resistance in myocardium is the gap junction channel, comprised of connexin proteins. Within the ventricular myocardium connexin 43 (Cx43) is the dominantly expressed connexin. Reduced numbers of gap junction channels will result in an increase in longitudinal resistance creating the possibility of slowed conduction velocity while increased numbers of channels would potentially result in an increase in conduction velocity. We sought to determine if inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC) by 4-phenylbutyrate (4-PB), a known inhibitor of HDAC resulted in an increase in junctional conductance and permeability, which is not the result of changes in single channel unitary conductance. These experiments were performed using HEK-293 cells and HeLa cells stably transfected with Cx43. Following treatment with increasing concentrations of 4-PB up-regulation of Cx43 was observed via Western blot analysis. Junctional (gj) conductance and unitary single channel conductance were measured via whole-cell patch clamp. In addition intercellular transfer of Lucifer Yellow (LY) was determined by fluorescence microscopy. The data in this study indicates that 4-PB is able to enhance functional Cx43 gap junction coupling as indicated by LY dye transfer and multichannel and single channel data along with Western blot analysis. As a corollary, pharmacological agents such as 4-PB have the potential, by increasing intercellular coupling, to reduce the effect of ischemia. It remains to be seen whether drugs like 4-PB will be effective in preventing cardiac maladies.
Measuring spatial chirp in ultrashort pulses using single-shot Frequency-Resolved Optical Gating (2003)

We show that the spatio-temporal distortion, spatial chirp, is naturally and easily measured by single-shot versions of second-harmonic generation frequency-resolved optical gating (SHG FROG) (including the extremely simple version, GRENOUILLE);. While SHG FROG traces are ordinarily symmetrical, a pulse with spatial chirp yields a trace with a shear that is approximately twice the pulse spatial chirp. As a result, the trace shear unambiguously reveals both the magnitude and sign of the pulse spatial chirp. The effects of spatial chirp can then be removed from the trace and the intensity and phase vs. time also retrieved, yielding a full description of the spatially chirped pulse in space and time.
RNA interference: a chemist's perspective (2010)

Since the first unequivocal description of RNA interference (RNAi) in 1998, it has remained one of the hottest topics under investigation, culminating in the award of a Nobel Prize to its discoverers in 2006. Excitement over this technique derives from the ease with which it can be used to switch-off a specific gene in almost any organism, thereby allowing the role of that gene to be identified. More importantly, it offers the potential to treat certain diseases by switching-off the causative genes. Key to the RNAi pathway are the small-interfering RNAs (siRNAs), which at 21–23 nucleotides in length are very amenable to analogue development by chemists. However in comparison to the use of oligonucleotides as antisense agents, an area where many chemists first developed an interest in nucleic acids, the RNAi pathway is exceedingly complex. The literature is also complicated by the fact that the phenomenon has been studied in a wide range of organisms. In this tutorial review we have presented the subject from a more chemical perspective, incorporating a glossary to give a clear explanation of the specialist terms. However, the coverage of the biology remains sufficiently detailed to give the reader the necessary insight that we believe will be essential for the successful design of chemically modified siRNA.
The role of amino acids in the autoxidation of milk fat (1991)

The effects of amino acids and their analogs on milk fat oxidation were examined under various conditions by measuring oxygen consumption and total unsaturated fatty acids. All the amino acids tested acted as antioxidants, characteristically extending the induction period (IP). Not only primary amino groups are responsible for the antioxidative activities of amino acids, but also the side‐chain groups contribute, at least partially, to the protective effects of L‐cysteine, L‐tryptophan and L‐tyrosine. In aqueous and HCL solutions, the antioxidative effects of L‐alanine were significantly reduced. The freeze‐dried L‐lysine‐HCL and L‐alanine‐HCL accelerated, while the corresponding control amino acids inhibited, milk fat oxidation.
Space-coiling metamaterials with double negativity and conical dispersion (2013)

Metamaterials are effectively homogeneous materials that display extraordinary dispersion. Negative index metamaterials, zero index metamaterials and extremely anisotropic metamaterials are just a few examples. Instead of using locally resonating elements that may cause undesirable absorption, there are huge efforts to seek alternative routes to obtain these unusual properties. Here, we demonstrate an alternative approach for constructing metamaterials with extreme dispersion by simply coiling up space with curled channels. Such a geometric approach also has an advantage that the ratio between the wavelength and the lattice constant in achieving a negative or zero index can be changed in principle. It allows us to construct for the first time an acoustic metamaterial with conical dispersion, leading to a clear demonstration of negative refraction from an acoustic metamaterial with airborne sound. We also design and realize a double-negative metamaterial for microwaves under the same principle.
A Chinese text-to-speech system with text preprocessing and confidence measure for practical usage (2002)

Modern Chinese text contains not only Chinese characters but also non-Chinese characters, like figures, abbreviation, marks, etc. Therefore, a proper design of text preprocessing is required for a Chinese text-to-speech (TTS) system in practical usage. In this paper, a Chinese TTS system with a text preprocessor for markup command processing, text normalization, and sentence segmentation is presented. A novel idea, confidence measures for TTS system, was also proposed.
Exchange reactions of organic halides and organo-silicon compounds with boron tribromide and boron triiodide (1977)

Reactions of the boron halides with organic halides\nand organo-silicon compounds have been investigated. The\nresults show exchange of halogens between the BX3 (X = Br# 1)\nand the organic halidef exchange of the halogen of the C-X\nbond being proved. The rates of halogen exchange vary.\nReaction of the heavier halides with organo-silicon compounds\nindicated that the silicon-carbon bonds ruptured in the\nabsence of electronegative atom attached to the silicon. The\npresence of an electronegative atom (halogen or oxygen)\nattached to the silicon causes the bond between the silicon\nand the electronegative atom to be preferentially broken.\nProducts of exchange reactions of the boron halides and the\norganic halides or the organo-silicon compounds were studied\nby use of 1H NMR and GC/MS. From these results some possible\nmechanisms for the exchange reactions are postulated, but\nfurther work is indicated to prove the real courses of the\nreactions
A novel method to avoid sticking of surface micromachined structures (2005)

We have fabricated surface micromachined cantilevers and bridges of 500 nm polysilicon on 900 nat thermal oxide as the sacrificial layer. It is well known that the released structures tend to stick to the substrate during the drying period after the oxide etching in HF and the rinse process. In general it is necessary to solidify the liquid between the polysilicon and the substrate. Thus we have substituted the HF in successive exchange steps by the monomer divinylbenzene. The monomer was polymerized under ultraviolet light at room temperature. Finally the polymer was released in an oxygen plasma. To prevent the fabricated structures from sticking to the substrate after an accidental touch during operation we have built bumps under the polysilicon-structures to keep them in distance from the substrate.
cDNA characterization and chromosomal mapping of two human homologues of the Drosophila dishevelled polarity gene (1996)

The Drosophila dishevelled gene (dsh) encodes a secreted glycoprotein, which regulates cell proliferation, acting as a transducer molecule for developmental processes, including segmentation and neuroblast specification. We have isolated and characterized cDNA clones from two different human dsh-homologous genes, designated as DVL-1 and DVL-3. DVL-1 and DVL-3 putative protein products show 64% amino acid identity. The DVL-1 product is 50% identical to dsh and 92% to a murine dsh homologue (Dvl-1). Both human DVL genes are widely expressed in fetal and adult tissues, including brain, lung, kidney, skeletal muscle and heart. DVL-1 locus maps to chromosome 1p36 and DVL-3 to chromosome 3q27. DVL-1 locus on chromosome 1 corresponds to the murine syntenic region where Dvl-1 is located. DVL-1 and DVL-3 are members of a human dsh-like gene family, which is probably involved in human development. Although the precise role of these genes in embryogenesis is only conjectural at present, the structural and evolutionary characteristics suggest that mutations at their loci may be involved in neural and heart developmental defects.
Solvent vapour annealing of organic thin films: controlling the self-assembly of functional systems across multiple length scales (2010)

Solvent vapour annealing allows macroscopic healing of molecular assemblies at surfaces to form suprastructures featuring a higher degree of order, and significant improvement of the performance of organic electronic devices.
A wideband radiometer module for an unamplified direct detection scalable W-band imaging array (2008)

A W-band unamplified direct detection radiometer module is described that provides a wideband response and is scalable to large arrays. The radiometer design is intended to provide sufficient sensitivity for millimeter wave imaging applications with a goal of 2K noise equivalent temperature difference (NETD) at a 30 Hz frame rate. This effort leverages previously reported device scaling to increase sensitivity. We present a radiometer module designed for 60 GHz RF bandwidth that utilizes HRL's antimonide-based backward tunnel diode. An impedance matching circuit with on- and off-chip elements, as well as ridged waveguide, provides a wideband match to the detectors. Modules were designed with two different microwave substrates: 125 micron thick quartz and 100 micron thick alumina. flip-chip bonding of the detectors is amenable to automated pick-and-place for high volume manufacturing. The modular nature of the array approach allows large arrays to be manufactured in a straightforward manner. We present the design approach along with both electromagnetic simulations and measured performance of the modules. This work was supported by phase II of DARPA's MIATA program.
Further Development of a Recombinant Feline Herpesvirus Type 1 Vector Expressing Feline Calicivirus Immunogenic Antigen. (1998)

We previously reported the attenuation of thymidine kinase (TK) deficient mutant (C7301dlTK) of feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1) in cats and the construction of a recombinant FHV-1 (C7301dlTK-Cap) inserted a precursor capsid gene of feline calcivirus (FCV) into the TK deletion locus of the C7301dlTK. In this study, we constructed a further improved recombinant FHV-1 (dlTK(gCp)-Cap) carrying a putative FHV-1 gC promoter sequence upstream of the FCV precursor capsid gene of the C7301dlTK-Cap. Growth kinetics of the dlTK(gCp)-Cap in cell cultures was similar to those of C7301dlTK and C7301dlTK-Cap. A strong expression of FCV immunogenic antigen by dlTK(gCp)-Cap was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. In addition, one vaccination with dlTK(gCp)-Cap protected cats more effective against subsequent virulent FCV challenge than that with C7301dlTK-Cap.
Privacy-preserving Image Processing with Binocular Thermal Cameras (2018)

Today, cameras and digital image processing are transforming industries and the human environment with rich, informative sensing. However, image processing is not utilized nearly as much in homes where concerns about image privacy dominate. In a preliminary study with 200 participants, we found 21% would reject a camera based system even if the system was designed to not report images as they could still be collected if the camera system was hacked. In this paper, we demonstrate a hardware-based approach for privacy-preserving image processing: the ability to automatically extract information from imaging sensors without the risk of compromising image privacy, even if the system is hacked. The basic idea is to limit both the memory available on board the camera and the data rate of camera communication to prevent a full image from ever being extracted. As a proof of concept, we prototype a system, called Lethe, that tracks and identifies individuals by height with a thermal camera as they move from room to room. Our results show that Lethe can detect the presence of individuals with 96.9% accuracy and determine their direction of travel with 99.7% accuracy. Additionally, Lethe can identify individuals 96.0% of the time with a 5cm (~2in) or greater difference in walking height and 92.9% with a 2.5cm (~1in) or greater difference. Finally, Lethe performs this processing with only 33 bytes of memory (or 0.69% of the full thermal image).
Synthesis and properties of fluorine‐containing heterocyclic compounds. I. trifluoromethyl quinolines (1965)

Abstract The condensation of ethyl trifluoroacetoacetate with various aromatic amines, in polyphosphoric acid at 150°, gave substituted 2‐trifluoromethyl‐4‐quinolinols. The structure of these compounds was established from a study of their infrared and ultraviolet spectra and, in some cases, by independent synthesis and cyclization of the intermediate 3‐arylaminocrotonates. The 2‐trifluoromethyl‐4‐quinolinols were converted to 2‐trifluoromethyl‐4‐chloroquinolines which were subjected to hydrogenolysis with Raney nickel to yield 2‐trifluoromethylquinolines and to treatment with an excess of hydrazine to give the corresponding hydrazino derivatives. The diazotization of 2 ‐ trifluoromethyl ‐4‐hydrazinoquinolines yielded azides which were unusually stable. The infrared and ultraviolet spectra of some of the compounds prepared are discussed.
A Double Blind Trial with Cartilage and Bone Marrow Extract in Degenerative Gonarthrosis (1970)

SummaryA double-blind trial with cartilage and bone-marrow extract (Rumalon A) and placebo (Rumalon B) was carried out on 106 patients with degenerative bilateral gonarthrosis. Favorable results were obtained in 64 % of the patients treated with Rumalon A and in only 29 % of the placebo group. This difference is statistically significant (p <0.05). The slight influence of placebo can be related to the psychosomatic effect of injections and/or coincident spontaneous improvement of the gonarthrosis. Cartilage and bone marrow extract increases the therapeutic possibilities in degenerative joint disease. It is easy to administer and practically without side effects.
Andrology: Polycystic ovary syndrome: the spectrum of the disorder in 1741 patients (1995)

The criteria for the diagnosis of the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) have still not been agreed universally. A population of 1741 women with PCOS were studied, all of whom had polycystic ovaries seen by ultrasound scan. The frequency distributions of the serum concentrations of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), testosterone and prolactin and the body mass index, ovarian volume, uterine cross-sectional area and endometrial thickness were determined and compared with the symptoms and signs of PCOS. Obesity was associated with hirsutism and an elevated serum testosterone concentration and was also correlated with increased rates of infertility and cycle disturbance. The rates of infertility and cycle disturbance also increased with serum LH concentrations > 10 IU/l. A rising serum concentration of testosterone [mean and 95th percentiles 2.6 (1.1-4.8) nmol/l] was associated with an increased risk of hirsutism, infertility and cycle disturbance. The ovarian volume was correlated with serum concentrations of testosterone, LH and the body mass index, which was also correlated with the uterine area. This descriptive data from the largest reported series of women with PCOS enables the development of a management-orientated approach to the syndrome. Women who are overweight can expect an improvement in their symptoms if they lose weight. An elevated concentration of LH (> 10 IU/l) is associated with infertility and treatment should be chosen accordingly. If the serum testosterone concentration is > 4.8 nmol/l, other causes of hyperandrogenism should be excluded.
Electron spin coherence of phosphorus donors in silicon: Effect of environmental nuclei (2010)

We report electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) experiments of phosphorus donors in isotopically controlled silicon single crystals. By varying the concentration of the $^{29}\text{S}\text{i}$ isotope, $f$, from 0.075% to 99.2%, we systematically study the effect of the environmental nuclear spins on the donor-electron spin. We find excellent agreement between experiment and theory for decoherence times due to nuclear-induced spectral diffusion, clarifying that the nuclear-induced decoherence is dominant in the range of $f$ studied. We also observe that the EPR linewidth shows a transition from the square-root dependence to the linear dependence on $f$, in agreement with theoretical predictions.
Change detection and classification in brain MR images using change vector analysis (2011)

The automatic detection of longitudinal changes in brain images is valuable in the assessment of disease evolution and treatment efficacy. Most existing change detection methods that are currently used in clinical research to monitor patients suffering from neurodegenerative diseases--such as Alzheimer's--focus on large-scale brain deformations. However, such patients often have other brain impairments, such as infarcts, white matter lesions and hemorrhages, which are typically overlooked by the deformation-based methods. Other unsupervised change detection algorithms have been proposed to detect tissue intensity changes. The outcome of these methods is typically a binary change map, which identifies changed brain regions. However, understanding what types of changes these regions underwent is likely to provide equally important information about lesion evolution. In this paper, we present an unsupervised 3D change detection method based on Change Vector Analysis. We compute and automatically threshold the Generalized Likelihood Ratio map to obtain a binary change map. Subsequently, we perform histogram-based clustering to classify the change vectors. We obtain a Kappa Index of 0.82 using various types of simulated lesions. The classification error is 2%. Finally, we are able to detect and discriminate both small changes and ventricle expansions in datasets from Mild Cognitive Impairment patients.
On the Safety of 193-Nanometer Excimer Laser Refractive Corneal Surgery (1992)

Current literature on the potential hazards of 193-nanometer excimer laser corneal surgery is reviewed. The healing process of the different layers involved in the procedure is examined. The epithelium regenerates without delay or abnormal adhesion. A certain loss of corneal transparency seems to be only a short-term complication. The phototoxic risk for the endothelium and the lens has not yet been fully investigated. This risk is presently thought to be minimal. Factors such as improper corneal centering could lead to degradation of best corrected visual acuity or to loss of contrast sensitivity. Results of the first clinical trials indicate that vision quality does not appear to be adversely affected. The last section reviews studies designed to investigate the mutagenicity and cytotoxicity of 193-nanometer UV radiation. In vivo experiments could find no evidence of cellular transformation.