gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Introduction to dual composition for inference (2011)

Many inference problems with discrete variables result in a difficult combinatorial optimization problem. In recent years, the technique of dual decomposition, also called Lagrangian relaxation, has proven to be a powerful means of solving these inference problems by decomposing them into simpler components that are repeatedly solved independently and combined into a global solution. In this chapter, we introduce the general technique of dual decomposition through its application to the problem of finding the most likely (MAP) assignment in Markov random fields. We discuss both subgradient and block coordinate descent approaches to solving the dual problem. The resulting message-passing algorithms are similar to max-product, but can be shown to solve a linear programming relaxation of the MAP problem. We show how many of the MAP algorithms are related to each other, and also quantify when the MAP solution can and cannot be decoded directly from the dual solution.
Studies on linseed oil. II.—Partial separation of the unsaturated acids of linseed oil by counter‐current distribution between pairs of immiscible solvents (1951)

Abstract The separation of linseed oil fatty acids by counter‐current distribution between pairs of solvents has been investigated and a linolenic acid concentrate, containing linoleic acid only as impurity, has been obtained.
A distributed multipurpose mail guard (2003)

We describe a mechanism for incorporating a mail guard mechanism together with automatic, mandatory, and fully transparent digital signatures and encryption for message traffic embedded into the operating system of individual network nodes. By intercepting all inbound and outbound network traffic and analyzing for pertinent information using generalized Buchi automata, the guard mechanism can enforce the application of (centralized) mail security policies without requiring any support from mail clients. An implementation based on modular modifications to the Microsoft Windows NT/2000/XP family of operating systems and OpenPGP-based messaging is described.
Structure-Preserving Parametric Deformation of Legacy Geometry (2008)

We develop a CAD-free geometry engine for shape optimization of complex, threedimensional geometries represented by surface discretizations. This method permits shape optimization of geometries for which no a-priori parametric CAD representation exists. The geometry engine consists of three parts: geometric preprocessing to improve discretization quality, parametric definition of deformation modes, and a physics-based deformation engine. The deformation engine proceeds by analogy to the elastic behavior of thin plates and shells, mimicking the natural behavior of engineering materials under applied loads and strains. The parametric definition of the deformation modes is performed automatically by decomposing the initial geometry into patches upon which loads, strains, and constraints may be applied. These parameters are created hierarchically in order to allow both flexibility and eciency during shape optimization. We provide example deformations using this geometry engine in conjunction with surfaces represented by tens and hundreds of thousands of triangles and timings on the order of several minutes using commodity hardware.
Adding the Voices of Jewish Girls to Developmental Theory (2000)

Abstract Feminist psychologists do not often include Jewish representation when they discuss issues of difference and diversity. Jewish female adolescents have not been included in the current research on teen-age girls and voice. The author finds that Jewish female adolescents do experience themselves as different from the majority culture. This difference is associated with respondents emerging from early adolescence while maintaining relational competence.
RPD3 Encodes a Second Factor Required To Achieve Maximum Positive and Negative Transcriptional States in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1991)

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, TRK1 and TRK2 encode the high- and low-affinity K+ transporters, respectively. In cells containing a deletion of TRK1, transcription levels of TRK2 are extremely low and are limiting for growth in media containing low levels of K+ (Trk- phenotype). Recessive mutations in RPD1 and RPD3 suppress the TRK2, conferring an approximately fourfold increase in transcription. rpd3 mutations confer pleiotropic phenotypes, including (i) mating defects, (ii) hypersensitivity to cycloheximide, (iii) inability to sporulate as homozygous diploids, and (iv) constitutive derepression of acid phosphatase. RPD3 was cloned and is predicted to encode a 48-kDa protein with no extensive similarity to proteins contained in current data bases. Deletion of RPD3 is not lethal but confers phenotypes identical to those caused by spontaneous mutations. RPD3 is required for both full repression and full activation of transcription of target genes including PHO5, STE6, and TY2. RPD3 is the second gene required for this function, since RPD1 is also required. The effects of mutations in RPD1 and RPD3 are not additive, suggesting that these genes are involved in the same transcriptional regulatory function or pathway.
On-line removal of volatile fatty acids from CELSS anaerobic bioreactor via nanofiltration. (2001)

The CELSS resource recovery system, which is a waste-processing system, uses aerobic and anaerobic bioreactors to recover plants nutrients and secondary foods from the inedible biomass. The anaerobic degradation of the inedible biomass, by means of culture of rumen bacteria, generates organic compounds such as volatile fatty acids (VFA) (acetic, propionic, butyric) and ammonia. The presence of VFA in the bioreactor medium at fairly low concentrations decreases the microbial population's metabolic reactions due to end-product inhibition. Technologies to remove VFA continuously from the bioreactor are of high interest. Several candidate technologies were analyzed, such as organic solvent liquid-liquid extraction, adsorption and/or ion exchange, dialysis, electrodialysis, and pressure-driven membrane separation processes. The proposed technique for the on-line removal of VFA from the anaerobic bioreactor was a nanofiltration membrane recycle bioreactor. In order to establish the nanofiltration process performance variables before coupling it to the bioreactor, a series of experiments was carried out using a 10,000 molecular weight cutoff (MWCO) tubular ceramic membrane module. The variables studied were the bioreactor slurry permeation characteristics, such as: the permeate flux, VFA and nutrient removal rates as a function of applied transmembrane pressure, fluid recirculation velocity, suspended matter concentration, and process operating time. Results indicated that the permeate flux, VFA, and nutrients removal rates are directly proportional to the fluid recirculation velocity in the range between 0.6 and 1.0 m/s, applied pressure when these are lower than 1.5 bar, and inversely proportional to the total suspended solids concentration in the range between 23,466 and 34,880 mg/L. At applied pressure higher than 1.5 bar the flux is not more linearly dependent due to concentration polarization and fouling effects over the membrane surface. It was also found that the permeate flux declines rapidly during the first 5-8 h, and then levels off with a diminishing rate of flux decay.
The Effects of Inflow, Overflow and Valve Placement on Economy of the Circle System (1968)

Several arrangements of inspiratory and expiratory valves and of overflow location in a circle absorber system were tested to determine which arrangement best conserved fresh gas and preferentially eliminated alveolar gas. The influences of inflow rate, deadspace, tidal volume and alveolar ventilation were also examined. During spontaneous ventilation, the most economical arrangements (most alveolar gas eliminated at a given inflow rate) were those with the overflow close to the patient However, with one exception, when ventilation was controlled, the arrangements with overflow near the patient became least economical. The exception was the arrangement with both inspiratory and expiratory valves close to the patient and the overflow valve immediately downstream from the expiratory valve. This proved to be the most economical of all the arrangements tested. Economy was directly related to inflow rate and indirectly related to alveolar ventilation in all cases. When the overflow valve was distant from the patient, concomitant increases in deadspace and tidal volume (alveolar ventilation unchanged) reduced economy. However, these increases of deadspace and tidal volume had no effect on economy when the overflow was close to the patient.
Western blot analysis of serological responses following immunization with vaccinia viral lysates of melanoma cells (1990)

Western blot analysis was used to characterize the antibody response of melanoma patients during immunization with vaccinia-virus-induced melanoma cell lysates (VMCL). Strong antibody responses were detectable within 4 weeks from commencement of immunization against different fractions (from 3 to 10) in blots of VMCL. The approximate MW of the main fractions identified were 100, 91, 85, 77, 64-66, 49, 46, 43 and 34-36 kDa. Comparison of the reactivity of the sera with extracts of vaccinia virus suggested that the reactivity against VMCL was not against viral antigens in the lysates. Studies on autologous extracts from 7 patients immunized with VMCL indicated that the majority of the fractions identified in extracts of VMCL were also identified in autologous extracts of melanoma cells. This indicated vaccine-induced responses against the patients' tumor cells and not merely against alloantigens in the vaccine. Sera from the immunized patients appeared to identify a number of fractions of similar MW in extracts of colon and glioma cells, suggesting that the responses were not specific for melanoma. Possible exceptions were reactivity against melanoma fractions of 85, 64-66 and 36 kDa. Our studies provide evidence for the effectiveness of VMCL in inducing antibody responses against autologous melanoma cells and form a basis for subsequent biochemical and genetic analysis of the antigens identified by antibody responses in immunized patients.
Stromal Cell Expression of Components ofMatrix-Degrading Protease Systems inHuman Cancer (1996)

Components of matrix-degrading protease systems are in human cancer often expressed by tumour-infiltrating stromal cells. The cellular pattern of expression of these molecules appears to be unique for each type of cancer. In several cases there are similarities with patterns observed in nonmalignant remodelling processes in the same tissue. These findings indicate that the stromal cells actively participate in the process of cancer invasion. The implications of this new paradigm for cancer biology and cancer treatment are discussed.
A Low Complexity Packet Loss Recovery Method for Audio Transmission (2013)

A packet loss recovery technique based on interleaving is proposed for uncompressed high-fidelity audio transmission. The audio samples are interleaved for transmission to avoid burst errors. The lost samples in the receiver are estimated by using quadratic fit interpolation (QFI). Finally a low pass filter (LPF) is applied to the estimated data for suppressing high-frequency aliasing caused by data loss. Objective evaluation of the performance is given by the peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR). Simulation results show that the proposed method reconstructs the lost data effectively, and has good performance with respect to the PSNR.
Fractionation and characterization of satellite DNAs of the kangaroo rat (Dipodomys ordii) (1974)

Nuclear DNA from liver cells of the kangaroo rat species Dipodomysordii was fractionated and characterized with the aid of buoyant density gradients in neutral and alkaline CsCl and in Ag(+)-Cs(2)SO(4). More than one-half of the DNA was present in three density satellites, a greater proportion than in any other species yet reported; the purified satellite DNAs were denser than principal DNA. All satellite fractions revealed sharp isopycnic bands and narrow denaturation profiles. Two had identical buoyant densities but differed substantially in T(m), base composition, and reassociation kinetics. In alkaline CsCl all three satellites, as well as a shoulder of intermediate repetitive DNA on the heavy side of the principal band, revealed unique strand densities. The most highly repetitive satellite was unusually rich in (G + C) and contained 6.7% of 5-methylcytosine. A survey of internal organs and spermatozoa of an adult male revealed no significant differences in distribution of the satellites among tissues.
Genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) reveals high chromosome pairing affinity between <i>Lolium perenne</i> and <i>Festuca mairei</i> (2000)

Intergeneric hybridizations have been made between species of Lolium and Festuca. It has been demonstrated, largely through conventional cytogenetic analysis, that the genomes of the two genera are related, however, much information is lacking on exactly how closely related the genomes are between the two species. We applied genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) techniques to the F 1 hybrids of tetraploid Festuca mairei with a genomic constitution of M 1 M 1 M 2 M 2 and diploid Lolium perenne with a genomic constitution of LL. It was shown in the triploid hybrids (LM 1 M 2 ) that the chromosomes of M 1 and M 2 from F. mairei could pair with each other, and it was further discovered that L chromosomes of L. perenne paired with M 1 and M 2 chromosomes. Our results showed that meiocytes of Lolium-Festuca are amenable to GISH analysis, and provided direct evidence for the hypothesis that the chromosomes of Lolium and Festuca may be genetically equivalent and that reciprocal mixing of the genomes may be possible. Key words: Lolium, Festuca, in situ hybridization, meiosis.
Scalable Load and Store Processing in Latency Tolerant Processors (2005)

Memory latency tolerant architectures support thousands of in-flight instructions without scaling cycle-critical processor resources, and thousands of useful instructions can complete in parallel with a miss to memory. These architectures however require large queues to track all loads and stores executed while a miss is pending. Hierarchical designs alleviate cycle time impact of these structures but the CAM and search functions required to enforce memory ordering and provide data forwarding place high demand on area and power. We present new load-store processing algorithms for latency tolerant architectures. We augment primary load and store queues with secondary buffers. The secondary load buffer is a set associative structure, similar to a cache. The secondary store buffer, the Store Redo Log, is a first-in first-out structure recording the program order of all stores completed in parallel with a miss, and has no CAM and search functions. Instead of the secondary store queue, a cache provides temporary forwarding. The SRL enforces memory ordering by ensuring memory updates occur in program order once the miss returns. The new algorithms eliminate the CAM and search functions in the secondary load and store buffers, and remove fundamental sources of complexity, power, and area inefficiency in load/store processing. The new organization, while being area and power efficient, is competitive in performance compared to hierarchical designs.
A galinstan-based inkjet printing system for highly stretchable electronics with self-healing capability (2016)

We report a galinstan-based inkjet printing system to realize highly stretchable electronics with self-healing capability. The printing head made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) consists of a main microfluidic channel and a coplanar channel. The main channel containing the oxidized galinstan is surrounded by the coplanar channel, which is filled with HCl. The HCl vapor effectively permeates the channel wall due to the high gas permeability of PDMS. The oxide skin of galinstan is consistently removed by chemical reaction with the HCl vapor. This allows one to maintain galinstan in a true liquid phase in the main channel. After the fabrication of the printing head with PDMS, the sizes of droplets ejected from the printing head with various flow rates have been characterized. The fabricated inkjet printing system is also utilized to generate complex galinstan patterns on various substrates. An LED-integrated circuit with self-healing capability shows excellent electrical and mechanical performance even after it is twisted more than 180° or stretched up to ∼60% more than 2000 times. The experimental results reveal that the proposed system has tremendous potential for stretchable electronic applications in the future.
The digitization and analysis of thermographic images (in medicine) (1977)

Using a standard minicomputer and its analogue to digital convertor, thermograms from a Bofors IR camera have been digitised, stored on digital magnetic tape and displayed on an electrostatic plotter. Simple programs are available to enhance this display and to calculate average temperatures in selected rectangular areas.
Heterogeneity of tetracycline resistance determinants in Streptococcus (1982)

We found that naturally occurring tetracycline resistance in streptococci is encoded by more than one genetic determinant. Two of these distinct determinants were cloned, and the regions that are necessary and sufficient for expression of tetracycline resistance were defined by deletion analysis. These cloned determinants were further characterized by DNA-DNA hybridization experiments which also identified a third genetically unrelated tetracycline resistance determinant. Some of these genetic differences appear to represent mechanistic differences. The tetL determinant was associated with small nonconjugative plasmids and mediated resistance to tetracycline. The tetM determinant was most often "nonplasmid" associated and mediated resistance to minocycline as well as tetracycline. The tetN determinant was represented on a large conjugative plasmid and was genetically distinct from tetL and tetM, although phenotypically it resembled tetM.
A novel MOS device structure with S/D contacts over oxide (COO) (1985)

A novel MOS device structure with S/D Contacts Over Oxide (COO) has been developed where the channel region is in a thin high-quality epitaxial Si layer while the S/D diffusion regions extend on top of thick insulating oxide to minimize S/D diffusion to substrate capacitance. All contacts to S/D diffusion are over insulating oxide thereby reducing contact area and eliminating any spiking problems associated with contacting shallow junctions. Processing details and results of electrical characterization of fabricated COO MOSFETs will be presented.
Lipid Oxidation: Theoretical Aspects (2005)

Abstract Lipid oxidation has long been accepted as a classic free radical chain reaction mechanism with initiation, propagation, and termination stages. This view is not inaccurate, but it is incomplete. Initiation is generally treated as if it was spontaneous or random, but in reality, radical initiation is quite specific and varies with the source. Similarly, propagation is considered to involve only hydrogen abstraction where as internal cyclization, addition, scission, and disproportionation reactions are competitive or even dominant under some conditions, leading to variations in oxidation kinetics and, in particular, product mixes. Alternative reaction paths have been recognized for some time, but remain largely ignored in measurements of lipid oxidation. This chapter reviews initiation processes with a focus on differentiating rates, mechanisms, and specificity of radical formation; and it presents evidence for multiple propagation mechanisms that lead to different product mixes. Finally, a new integrated view of lipid oxidation is proposed to account for multiple propagation pathways. Practical application of this information should enable development of analyses that more accurately reflect the true extent of lipid oxidation and also antioxidant approaches that more effectively extend shelf life and preserve desirable food qualities.
Elucidating the Role of Interfacial Materials Properties in Microfluidic Packages (2013)

The purpose of this work was to discover a method to investigate the properties of interfaces as described by a numerical physical model. The model used was adopted from literature and applied to a commercially available multiphysics software package. By doing this the internal properties of simple structures could be elucidated and then readily applied to more complex structures such as valves and pumps in laminate microfluidic structures. A numerical finite element multi-scale model of a cohesive interface comprised of heterogeneous material properties was used to elucidate irreversible damage from applied strain energy. An unknown internal state variable was applied to characterize the damage process. Using a constrained blister test, this unknown internal state variable could be determined for an adherend/adhesive/adherend body. This is particularly interesting for laminate systems with microfluidic and microstructures contained within the body. A laminate structure was designed and fabricated that could accommodate a variety of binary systems joined using nearly any technique such as adhesive, welding (solvent, laser, ultrasonic, RF, etc.), or thermal. The adhesive method was the most successful and easy to implement but also one of the more difficult to understand, especially over long periods of time. Welding methods are meant to achieve a bond that is similar to bulk properties and so are easier to predict. However, methods of welding often produce defects in the bonds.. Examples of the test structures used to elucidate the internal properties of the model were shown and demonstrated. The real life examples used this research to improve upon current designs and aided in creating complex structures for sensor and other applications.
Catalyst Distribution Strategies in Fixed-Bed Reactors for Bromine Production (2014)

The gas-phase oxidation of hydrogen halides to the corresponding halogens has gained industrial relevance following the recent discovery of active and stable heterogeneous catalysts based on RuO2 and CeO2. These developments originated from the need of polyurethane and polycarbonate producers to recycle the large amounts of byproduct HCl to Cl2 for further use in the phosgenation step. More recently, the catalyzed HBr oxidation to Br2 has been regarded as an enabling technology for bromine-mediated alkane functionalization processes. The highly exothermic and corrosive character of these reactions, especially HBr oxidation, requires particular precautions regarding temperature control to guarantee stable and safe operation in connection with the catalyst, the reactor, and ultimately the plant. Adopting experimental data available in the literature and considering model simplifications, we rationalize effective strategies to recover bromine, which involve simulations of staged RuO2/TiO2 and CeO2/ZrO2 catalyst beds of variable activity in fixed-bed reactors. A cooled tubular and an adiabatic cascade configuration are considered. Options to optimize process economics by minimizing catalyst cost and number of unit operations are discussed.