gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Viruses of Fungi and Simple Eukaryotes (1988)

Foreword Preface Contributors Discovery of a Mycovirus: An Indirect Route Walter J. Kleinschmidt Yeast Ty Elements as Retroviruses Jef D. Boeke and David J. Garfinkel Transcriptional Regulation of Ty Elements in Saccharomyces cerevisiae Fred Winston Recombination Associated with Yeast Retrotransposons Susan W. Liebman and Susan Picologlou Double-Stranded RNA Replication in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Genetic Control and In Vitro Replication Tsutomu Fujimura, Rosa Esteban, and Reed B. Wickner Structure, Transcription, and Replication of Killer Virus dsRNAs J.A. Bruenn, M.E. Nemeroff, M. Lee, D.F. Pietras, J.J. Dowhanick, and L.J. Field Transcription and Translation of the Yeast Killer Virus Genome Michael J. Liebowitz, Iffat Hussain, and Teresa L. Williams Secretion and Action of Yeast K1 Killer Toxin Howard Bussey, Charles Boone, Aleksandra Dmochowska, Deirdre Greene, Hong Zhu, Susan J. Lolle, Thierry Vernet, Daniel Dignard, and David Y. Thomas Acquisition and Expression of the Killer Character in Yeast S.L. Sturley, M. El-Sherbeini, S.-H. Kho, J.L. LeVitre, and K.A. Bostian The Killer System of Ustilago maydis: Secreted Polypeptides Encoded by Viruses Yigal Koltin Killer Systems and Pathogenic Yeast Judith S. Kandel Kluyveromyces Linear DNA Plasmids Norio Gunge Structural Properties of dsRNA: Genetic Elements Associated with Plants and Plant Pathogenic Fungi James Tartaglia and Donald L. Nuss Detection and Interpretation of dsRNA J.A. Dodds, R.A. Valverde, and D.M. Mathews dsRNA and Disease Factors of the Aggressive Subgroup of Ophiostoma ulmi H.J. Rogers, K.W. Buck, and C.M. Brasier Viruses of Helminthosporium victoriae Said A. Ghabrial Viruses of Endothia parasitica Neal K. Van Alfen dsRNA Virus of Rhizoctonia solani Aliza Finkler, Bat-Sheva Ben-Zvi, and Yigal Koltin Viruses of Eukaryotic Chlorella-like Algae James L. Van Etten, Anne M. Schuster, and Russel H. Meints Index
Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Activities of Three<i>Mentha</i>Species Essential Oils (2003)

The present study describes the antimicrobial activity and free radical scavenging capacity (RSC) of essential oils from Mentha aquatica L., Mentha longifolia L., and Mentha piperita L. The chemical profile of each essential oil was determined by GC-MS and TLC. All essential oils exhibited very strong antibacterial activity, in particularly against Esherichia coli strains. The most powerful was M. piperita essential oil, especially towards multiresistant strain of Shigella sonei and Micrococcus flavus ATTC 10,240. All tested oils showed significant fungistatic and fungicidal activity [expressed as minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal fungicidal concentration (MFC) values, respectively], that were considerably higher than those of the commercial fungicide bifonazole. The essential oils of M. piperita and M. longifolia were found to be more active than the essential oil of M. aquatica. Especially low MIC (4 microL/mL) and MFC (4 microL/mL) were found with M. piperita oil against Trichophyton tonsurans and Candida albicans (both 8 microL/mL). The RSC was evaluated by measuring the scavenging activity of the essential oils on the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and OH radicals. All examined essential oils were able to reduce DPPH radicals into the neutral DPPH-H form, and this activity was dose-dependent. However, only the M. piperita oil reduced DPPH to 50 % (IC50 = 2.53 microg/mL). The M. piperita essential oil also exhibited the highest OH radical scavenging activity, reducing OH radical generation in the Fenton reaction by 24 % (pure oil). According to GC-MS and TLC (dot-blot techniques), the most powerful scavenging compounds were monoterpene ketones (menthone and isomenthone) in the essential oils of M. longifolia and M. piperita and 1,8-cineole in the oil of M. aquatica.
Ultrafine tin nanocrystallites encapsulated in mesoporous carbon nanowires: scalable synthesis and excellent electrochemical properties for rechargeable lithium ion batteries (2010)

A morphology-conserved transformation yields Sn@C nanowires (UTP@CW, ∼21 wt% carbon and ∼77 wt% tin) with a high encapsulation density of ultrafine tin nanoparticles in porous carbon nanowires, which exhibit excellent reversible capacities and cycling performance for lithium ion batteries, especially at high current rates.
Discovery of <i>N</i>-(2,6-Dimethylphenyl)-Substituted Semicarbazones as Anticonvulsants: Hybrid Pharmacophore-Based Design (2005)

Epilepsy is the most common primary neurological disorder known. In the past decade, various aryl semicarbazones have been designed that were structurally dissimilar from many common anticonvulsants containing the dicarboximide function (CONRCO), which may contribute to toxic side effects. In the present work various N4-(2,6-dimethylphenyl) semicarbazones were designed as pharmacophore hybrids between the aryl semicarbazones and ameltolide. A three-dimensional four-point pharmacophore model was developed for anticonvulsants, and the title compounds were found to match with ralitoline. All of the compounds exhibited anticonvulsant activity in the maximal electroshock test when administered by both intraperitoneal and oral routes. Compound N1-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-N4-(2-hydroxybenzaldehyde) semicarbazone (9) emerged as a prototype with wide spectrum anticonvulsant agent active in five models of seizure with no neurotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. Compound 9 increased the 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA) level by 118% and inhibited the GABA transaminase enzyme both in vitro and ex vivo.
Bayesian Checking for Topic Models (2011)

Real document collections do not fit the independence assumptions asserted by most statistical topic models, but how badly do they violate them? We present a Bayesian method for measuring how well a topic model fits a corpus. Our approach is based on posterior predictive checking, a method for diagnosing Bayesian models in user-defined ways. Our method can identify where a topic model fits the data, where it falls short, and in which directions it might be improved. 1
Hybrid MEMS inductor for miniaturized autonomous power converter (2003)

We propose a hybrid technology to realize three-dimensional (3D) MEMS power inductors for use in a new type of miniaturized power converter. The inductors are composed of high-resolution coils made in a Cu/polyimide technology and miniature ferrite cores made by a powder blasting micro-erosion process. The converter transforms voltages as low as 0.4 V, originating from a single solar cell, to an output voltage in the range of 1-20 V and is located inside a tetrahedral-shaped parallel assembly of solar cells. Thereby, solar energy is transformed into exploitable electrical power for use in industrial or space applications, where ubiquitous and autonomous electrical energy is required.
High-power/low-threshold type-II interband cascade mid-IR laser-design and modeling (1997)

We present an optimized design and detailed numerical simulations for a mid-IR type-II interband InGaSb QW cascade laser (T2ICL) with InAs-In/sub 0.3/Ga/sub 0.7/Sb active quantum wells. It is shown that a 15-period T2ICL operating at 300 K and emitting at 3.15 μm should achieve a much higher differential quantum efficiency (maximum of 0.9 W/A per facet at 300 K) than conventional mid-IR bipolar injection lasers, and a threshold current density much lower than for the intersubband quantum cascade laser.
Stimulus relatedness in equivalence classes, perceptual categories, and semantic memory networks (2015)

Perceptual categories, also called resemblance-based classes, contain stimuli that resemble each other. Other classes called equivalence classes contain stimuli that do not resemble each other. The membership of a stimulus in each type of class is defined by the generalization of responding trained by one stimulus to the other class members. Alternatively, class membership is defined by the selection of any member of the potential class in the presence of other class members. These performances indicate the interchangeability or equal relatedness of the stimuli in a class. In addition, the stimuli in a resemblance-based class can be rank ordered in terms of perceived similarity to a prototypical class member. Thus, the stimuli are differentially related to each other. In addition, this article will present post class formation steady state test results that document differential relatedness of the stimuli in an equivalence class, where relatedness is determined by the number of nodes that separate the stimuli in a class, and by the type of relation that defines the stimulus pairs in the class. Thus, stimuli in both resemblance-based categories, equivalence classes, and semantic memory networks have the coexisting properties of equal and differential relatedness.
CASTLE: A Framework for Integrating Cognitive Models into Virtual Environments. (2008)

CASTLE is a software framework that links various types of cognitive models to various virtual environment simulators, such as those used for military training. It supplies cognitive models with perceptual information about the virtual environment, and simulates the effects in the virtual environment of actions invoked by cognitive models, while imposing human-like limitations on perception and action.
Antiviral activity of cationic amphiphilic drugs (2017)

Emerging and reemerging viral infections represent a major concern for human and veterinary public health and there is an urgent need for the development of broad-spectrum antivirals. Areas covered: A recent strategy in antiviral research is based on the identification of molecules targeting host functions required for infection of multiple viruses. A number of FDA-approved drugs used to treat several human diseases are cationic amphiphilic drugs (CADs) that have the ability to accumulate inside cells affecting several structures/functions hijacked by viruses during infection. In this review we summarized the CADs' chemical properties and effects on the cells and reported the main FDA-approved CADs that have been identified so far as potential antivirals in drug repurposing studies. Expert commentary: Although there have been concerns regarding the efficacy and the possible side effects of the off-label use of CADs as antivirals, they seem to represent a promising starting point for the development of broad-spectrum antiviral strategies. Further knowledge about their mechanism of action is required to improve their antiviral activity and to reduce the risk of side effects.
Induced pluripotent stem cells: applications in regenerative medicine, disease modeling, and drug discovery (2015)

Recent progresses in the field of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) have opened up many gateways for the research in therapeutics. iPSCs are the cells which are reprogrammed from somatic cells using different transcription factors. iPSCs possess unique properties of self renewal and differentiation to many types of cell lineage. Hence could replace the use of embryonic stem cells (ESC), and may overcome the various ethical issues regarding the use of embryos in research and clinics. Overwhelming responses prompted worldwide by a large number of researchers about the use of iPSCs evoked a large number of peple to establish more authentic methods for iPSC generation. This would require understanding the underlying mechanism in a detailed manner. There have been a large number of reports showing potential role of different molecules as putative regulators of iPSC generating methods. The molecular mechanisms that play role in reprogramming to generate iPSCs from different types of somatic cell sources involves a plethora of molecules including miRNAs, DNA modifying agents (viz. DNA methyl transferases), NANOG, etc. While promising a number of important roles in various clinical/research studies, iPSCs could also be of great use in studying molecular mechanism of many diseases. There are various diseases that have been modeled by uing iPSCs for better understanding of their etiology which maybe further utilized for developing putative treatments for these diseases. In addition, iPSCs are used for the production of patient-specific cells which can be transplanted to the site of injury or the site of tissue degeneration due to various disease conditions. The use of iPSCs may eliminate the chances of immune rejection as patient specific cells may be used for transplantation in various engraftment processes. Moreover, iPSC technology has been employed in various diseases for disease modeling and gene therapy. The technique offers benefits over other similar techniques such as animal models. Many toxic compounds (different chemical compounds, pharmaceutical drugs, other hazardous chemicals, or environmental conditions) which are encountered by humans and newly designed drugs may be evaluated for toxicity and effects by using iPSCs. Thus, the applications of iPSCs in regenerative medicine, disease modeling, and drug discovery are enormous and should be explored in a more comprehensive manner.
Heat Transfer in Internal Combustion Engines (1992)

There are two aspects to heat transfer within internal combustion engines. Firstly there is heat transfer from within the combustion chamber to its boundaries (discussed in chapter 10, section 10.2.4), and secondly there is heat transfer from the combustion chamber to its cooling media — this aspect is discussed here.
Elasticity of cardiac cells on the polymer substrates with different stiffness: an atomic force microscopy study (2011)

Influences of substrate stiffness on mechanical properties of cardiac myocytes and fibroblasts were investigated by cell elasticity measurement with atomic force microscopy. The cells were cultured on collagen-coated polyacrylamide substrates with gradient rigidity. While cardiac myocytes showed no evident change in cell elasticity on different substrates, cardiac fibroblasts displayed the non-monotonic dependence on substrate stiffness with a maximum elastic modulus. Moreover, the elasticity change of cardiac fibroblasts with substrates stiffness was found to be regulated by actin filaments. Study of the effect of substrate stiffness on cell elasticity for different cardiac cells provides new information for the better understanding of cardiac physiology and pathology.
Perspective to Bi-CMOS VLSIs (1987)

The era of application specific ICs is stirring demand for that mixed analog and digital functions. At the same time, modern EDPs from personal computers to main frame computers are requiring faster, denser but less power consumped ICs.
Analysis of optical directional couplers that include gain or loss and their application to semiconductor slab dielectric guides (1986)

The effect of gain or loss in one arm of a pair of parallel coupled optical guides has been investigated theoretically. The general transfer characteristics have been derived for the weakly coupled case in terms of the individual waveguide characteristics and the coupling coefficient. Examples of strongly coupled dielectric slab guides, appropriate for embodiment in the form of semiconductor heterostructures, have also been examined. Only small deviations from the weakly coupled behavior are found, even at maximum coupling when the core layers come into contact. In particular the interesting and useful condition where the two composite modes of the system become degenerate, with identical phase, attenuation, and field distribution characteristics, still occurs. Applications for integrated optics are discussed.
PROTOPLAST FUSION: A NOVEL APPROACH TO ORGANELLE GENETICS IN HIGHER PLANTS (1987)

In the majority of higher plants there is maternal inheritance of cytoplasmic organelles and, as a consequence, there are few opportunities for the study of the effects on plant phenotype of having cytoplasm initially containing organelles of both parents. Now the availability of somatic plant protoplasts, which can be fused together and suitably cultured to produce somatic hybrid plants, is enabling the effects of such hybrid cytoplasms to be investigated in higher plants exhibiting maternal inheritance. A very wide range of cytoplasmic genetic diversity, including mitochondrial and chloroplast recombinants, can be produced by such somatic hybridizations, and a theoretical model is presented to show the origins of this wide range of cytoplasmic diversity. Cybrids produced by such protoplast fusions have been shown to be of importance in plant breeding especially in relation to transfer of cytoplasmic male sterility and herbicide resistance. Protoplast fusion, including the fusion of gametic and somatic protoplasts, is also enabling the study of the inheritance of cytoplasmic controlled traits in higher plants.
Efficient TB-NEGF simulations of ultra-thin body tunnel FETs (2016)

InAs ultra-thin-body (UTB) tunnel FETs (TFETs) are investigated by the sp <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> d <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sup> s* spin-on tight-binding (TB) method. We have successively implemented the reduced transformation for the TB Hamiltonian and thus highly efficient quantum-mechanical calculations based on the non-equilibrium Green's function method are made possible. Simulations of the UTB devices with body thickness up to 10nm are performed. Full quantum transport calculations by using the full TB Hamiltonian and reduced-sized mode-space Hamiltonian agree very well, while the agreement between the two depends on both the energy range for extracting the basis set and the band-to-band tunneling energy range of TFETs.
Insulin resistance and pathological brain ageing (2011)

Sir Harold Himsworth's prescient observations 75 years ago have recently been expanded to include a clear relationship between insulin resistance and central nervous system function. Insulin is a master regulator of corporeal ageing in all known species, determining the rate and expression of ageing in multiple body systems. Thus, it is not surprising that insulin also plays an important role in brain ageing and cognitive decline that is associated with pathological brain ageing. Brain ageing is accompanied by reduced insulin effectiveness, either by an inadequate cellular response to insulin or by insulin deficiency attributable to reduced insulin transport across the blood-brain barrier. Age-associated brain insulin abnormalities may contribute to cognitive decline in ageing, as have been documented in older adults with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and hypertension. With more extreme pathology, brain insulin resistance may be associated with neurogenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, and the condition which precedes Alzheimer's disease, known as amnestic mild cognitive impairment. In the following review, we discuss the mechanisms through which insulin resistance may induce or potentiate pathological brain ageing and thereby create a neurobiological environment that promotes neurodegeneration and associated cognitive decline. This topic is timely, given that insulin resistance-associated conditions such as diabetes and obesity have reached epidemic proportions. The prevalence of such chronic conditions, in combination with a rapidly ageing population, may result in a corresponding increase in the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease and other cognitive disorders. Fortunately, insulin resistance-associated conditions are amenable to both pharmacologic and lifestyle interventions that may reduce the deleterious impact of insulin resistance on the ageing brain.
Peptide‐YY Is Released by the Intestinal Cell Line STC‐1 (2009)

ABSTRACT: Dietary modulation of the response of gut satiety hormones, which partly regulate food intake, provides a promising treatment for overweight and obesity. Gut‐derived cell lines such as STC‐1 are widely used to investigate these hormonal responses to nutrients. To date, no peptide‐YY (PYY) secreting cell line has been identified. The aim of this study was to investigate whether STC‐1 cells are able to secrete PYY and if so, whether dietary compounds can modulate PYY secretion. The effects of fatty acid types C4:0, C12:0, C14:0, C16:0, and C18:0 on PYY release were investigated by measuring PYY in the supernatant after 30, 60, 90, and 120 min of incubation, respectively, using RIA assays. The STC‐1 cells were able to secrete PYY in a time‐dependent manner. It was shown that after 30 min, C4:0, C12:0, C16:0, and C18:0 caused increased PYY levels compared to the control. At time points 60 and 90 min, C4:0 and C18:0 induced elevated PYY levels compared to the control. After 120 min, C4:0, C14:0, and C18:0 caused elevated levels compared to the control. We are the first to show that the STC‐1 cells are also able to secrete PYY next to cholecystokinin (CCK) and glucagon‐like peptide 1 (GLP‐1). Addition of fatty acids resulted in increased levels of PYY, which is consistent with the literature describing human studies. We conclude that the STC‐1 cell line provides an appropriate cell line for screening the effects of ingredients on the release of the satiety‐related gut hormones CCK, GLP‐1, and PYY.
Corrosion Resistance Through the Application of Anti- Corrosion Coatings (2014)

is the surface disintegration of metals/alloys within specific environment. Some metals basically exhibit high resistance than others and this can be attributed to several factors like their chemical constituents, the nature of electrochemical reactions itself and others. The resistance of metals can be defined in terms of its ability to withstand aggressive conditions. This determines to a large extent the operational lifetime of components in service. However, there are several definitions of and according to International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) Corrosion is an irreversible interfacial reaction of a material (metal, ceramic, and polymer) with its environment which results in consumption of the material or in dissolution into the material of a component of the envi‐ ronment. Often, but not necessarily, results in effects detrimental to the usage of the material considered. Exclusively physical or mechanical processes such as melting or evapo‐ ration, abrasion or mechanical fracture are not included in the term corrosion (Heusler et al., 1989). It is realized that this definition virtually include all engineering materials and it is considered as a wide definition. Hence, another definition is given by ISO 8044-1986 which states inter-alia: Physicochemical interaction between a metal and its environment which results in changes in the properties of the metal and which may often lead to impairment of the function of the metal, the environment, or the technical system of which these form a part. (EFC Working Party 7: Education, 2012).
Protein supplementation in elderly and malnourished patients : clinical nutrition CPD (2016)

The effect of disease related malnutrition can be detrimental on both physical and clinical health, leading to an increased length of hospital stay, morbidity, mortality and increased cost.
High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Airborne Isophorone Diisocyanate and the Authentication of Analytical Standards (1986)

Determination of airborne isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) has been achieved by drawing air through solutions of l-(o-methoxyphenyl) piperazine, p-nitrobenzyl-N-n-propylamine and dibenzylamine. With each of the three solutions, IPDI yielded a stable derivative suitable for reverse-phase HPLC-U V detection. In situ derivatization of IPDI during sampling conferred stability to the samples collected. The structures of the derivatives were authenticated by IR, NMR and elemental analysis. All derivatives were purified. Their use is proposed for calibration purposes in preference to that of extremely unstable IPDI.