gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Localized surface plasmon-induced emission enhancement of a green light-emitting diode (2008)

The output enhancement of a green InGaN/GaN quantum-well (QW) light-emitting diode (LED) through the coupling of a QW with localized surface plasmons (LSPs), which are generated on Ag nanostructures on the top of the device, is demonstrated. The suitable Ag nanostructures for generating LSPs of resonance energies around the LED wavelength are formed by controlling the Ag deposition thickness and the post-thermal-annealing condition. With a 20 mA current injected onto the LED, enhancements of up to 150% in electroluminescence peak intensity and of 120% in integrated intensity are observed. By comparing this with a similar result for a blue LED previously published, it is confirmed that surface plasmon coupling for emission enhancement can be more effective for an InGaN/GaN QW of lower crystal quality, which normally corresponds to the emission of a longer wavelength.
p16 gene methylation in colorectal cancers associated with Duke’s staging (2001)

AIM To explore the association of methylation of the CpG island in the promotor of the P16 tumor suppressor gene with the clinicopath ological characteristics of the colorectal cancers.METHODS Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) was used to detect P16 methylation of 62 sporadic colorectal cancer specimens.RESULTS P16 methylation was detected in 42% of the tumors.Dukes' staging was associated with P16 methylation status.p16 methylation occurred more frequently in Dukes' C and D patients (75.9%) than in Dukes' A and B patients (12.1%).CONCLUSION P16 methylation plays a role in the carcinogenes is of a subset of colorectal cancer, and it might be linked to poor prognosis.
XII.—DEVELOPMENTS IN THE TECHNIQUE OF PARTICLE‐SIZE ANALYSIS BY MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION (1951)

SYNOPSIS Developments are described in the technique of particle‐size analysis by microscopical examination. The original method, which consisted of matching the particles against a series of calibrated circles on a graticule was applied to the bench microscope. This method is now applied, with considerable reduction in eyestrain, to the projection microscope using a graticule of improved design incorporated in a matte gelatine projection screen. The actual counting operation is carried out on a statistical basis so that the accuracy of the counting can be predetermined and controlled at the same level throughout the size range of any given sample. The question of errors due to the shape of irregular particles is considered and it is concluded that except for extremes of particle shape the shape factor is generally unimportant for particles below 76μ. Preparation of samples for size analysis is discussed, and the use of phase‐contrast illumination and the extension of the size‐analysis technique to the size range covered by the electron microscope is also dealt with.
Granulocyte phagocytosis and killing virulent and avirulent serotypes of Streptococcus pneumoniae. (1982)

Five commonly isolated Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes (3, 6, 14, 19, and 23) and five rarely found serotypes (31, 35, 36, 42, and 43) were compared to elucidate whether increased resistance against granulocyte phagocytosis and killing could explain the restricted number of pneumococcal serotypes found in infections. There was a great variation in sensitivity among the serotypes to granulocyte killing. No consistent pattern was found when pathogenicity and resistance to granulocytes were compared. The results do not indicate that the increased tendency of pathogenic pneumococcal serotypes to cause infections is due to increased resistance to granulocytes. Monocyte killing of some pneumococal serotypes (6, 19, 23, 35, and 43) was also studied and found very similar to granulocyte killing. Defective granulocyte kiling of encapsulated pneumococci was due to impaired phagocytosis. Moreover, no correlation was found between the sensitivity of the serotypes to isolated intragranulocytic microbial systems (i.e., MPO, hydrogen peroxide, or CCP) and the sensitivity to killing by intact granulocytes or pathogenicity. The significance of both the classical and alternative complement pathways for pneumococcal opsonization was indicated by reduced, the residual phagocytosis in C2-deficient and MgEGTA-chelated serum.
Prediction of Progression or Regression of Type A Aortic Intramural Hematoma by Computed Tomography (1999)

Background —It has been reported that early surgery should be required for patients with type A aortic intramural hematoma (IMH) because it tends to develop classic aortic dissection or rupture. However, the anatomic features of type A IMH that develops dissection or rupture are unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the predictors of progression or regression of type A IMH by computed tomography (CT). Methods and Results —Twenty-two consecutive patients with type A IMH were studied by serial CT images. Aortic diameter and aortic wall thickness of the ascending aorta were estimated in CT images at 3 levels on admission and at follow-up (mean 37 days). We defined patients who showed increased maximum aortic wall thickness in the follow-up CT (n=9) or died of rupture (n=1) as the progression group (n=10). The other 12 patients, who all showed decreased maximum wall thickness, were categorized as the regression group. In the progression group, the maximum aortic diameter in the initial CT was significantly greater than that in the regression group (55±6 vs 47±3 mm, P =0.001). A Cox regression analysis revealed that the maximum aortic diameter was the strongest predictor for progression of type A IMH. We considered the optimal cutoff value to be 50 mm for the maximum aortic diameter to predict progression (positive predictive value 83%, negative predictive value 100%). Conclusions —Maximum aortic diameter estimated by the initial CT images is predictive for progression of type A IMH.
Cancer/testis antigen NY-SAR-35 enhances cell proliferation, migration, and invasion (2015)

The cancer/testis antigen NY-SAR-35 is aberrantly expressed in various cancer tissues and cancer cell lines but not in normal tissues except for the testis. A previous study demonstrated that the expression of NY-SAR-35 is activated by hypomethylation in cancer cells. However, the functions of this antigen remain unexplored. In the present study, we investigated the role of NY-SAR‑35 in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells using exogenous expression system of the gene. NY-SAR‑35 was predominantly expressed at the cytoplasm and was mainly observed in spermatogonia and spermatocytes. Expression of NY-SAR-35 in stable HEK293 transfectant clones was 2-fold higher than the control cells promoting cell growth and proliferation. NY-SAR-35 overexpression also enhanced cell migration and invasion ~2-fold and 4-fold more than the control, respectively. In contrast, small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of NY-SAR-35 suppressed cell proliferation, migration, and invasion in HEK293 stable transfectants. We concluded that NY-SAR-35 as a cancer/testis antigen enhanced cell proliferation and invasion.
Pulsatile Gonadotropin Secretion in Women with Hypothalamic Amenorrhea: Evidence that Reduced Frequency of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Secretion Is the Mechanism of Persistent Anovulation* (1985)

Hypothalamic amenorrhea (HA) is a clinical disorder of unknown etiology. The diagnosis is made by exclusion of known abnormalities of pituitary and ovarian function. To determine if abnormalities of GnRH secretion could account for the anovulation and amenorrhea, we measured plasma gonadotropins every 20 min for 10- to 24-h periods in 19 women with HA. Ovarian steroids and gonadotropin responses to an iv bolus dose of GnRH (25 ng/kg) were also measured. The results were compared to those obtained during the early follicular (EF) and late luteal (LL) phases of ovulatory cycles in normal women. Plasma estradiol was lower (mean +/- SE, 52 +/- 5 pg/ml) than either cycle stage in normal women. Mean plasma LH was lower than EF values and FSH was higher than LL values. The amplitude of LH pulses in HA was similar to that in normal women. LH pulse frequency was the same as that present during the LL, but lower than that during the EF (HA, 4.7 pulses/12 h; EF, 7.7 pulses/12 h; P less than 0.05). In addition to the similar frequency, the patterns of LH secretion in HA resembled that of LL in that the amplitude of LH pulses was highly variable and pulses occurred at irregular intervals. Consistent changes in diurnal gonadotropin secretion were not found, and LH secretion was greater at night in 9 studies and during the day in 5 studies. Repeat studies in three patients (5-13 months later) revealed that LH pulse frequency was variable, being unchanged in 1, increased in 1, and decreased in the third patient. Thus, LH pulse frequency and, by inference, GnRH pulse frequency are similar in HA to those in the normal luteal phase despite a different steroid milieu. GnRH pulse frequency increases from the luteal to the follicular phases of normal cycles and may be important in the initiation of ovarian follicular maturation. These data suggest that the absence of cyclical gonadotropin secretion and anovulation in HA result from a decreased frequency and irregular amplitude of GnRH secretion and consequent absence of ovarian follicular maturation.
Network of Recurrent Neural Networks (2017)

We describe a class of systems theory based neural networks called "Network Of Recurrent neural networks" (NOR), which introduces a new structure level to RNN related models. In NOR, RNNs are viewed as the high-level neurons and are used to build the high-level layers. More specifically, we propose several methodologies to design different NOR topologies according to the theory of system evolution. Then we carry experiments on three different tasks to evaluate our implementations. Experimental results show our models outperform simple RNN remarkably under the same number of parameters, and sometimes achieve even better results than GRU and LSTM.
Synthesis of polyesters having quaternary ammonium groups in the side chains and preparation of their blends with poly(vinyl alcohol) (1994)

Abstract Triethyl‐2,3‐propanediolammonium chloride (TPC) was prepared and used for the preparation of polyester and copolyesters having quaternary ammonium groups in the side chains. The polycondensation of isophthaloyl dichloride with TPC and other dihydroxy compounds was performed by the organic phase/organic phase interfacial polycondensation method using N,N ‐dimethylacetamide/ n ‐heptane or trimethyl phosphate/ n ‐heptane as reaction media in the presence of tetramethyl ethylenediamine. Blend films were prepared from these polyesters and poly(vinyl alcohol) by casting from aqueous or aqueous NaOH solution. The electrical conductivity of the blend films is remarkably affected by the moisture content and in the order of 10 −5 ∼ 10 −8 S/cm in the presence of moisture. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Information Foraging Theory (2007)

Although much of the hubris and hyperbole surrounding the 1990's Internet has softened to a reasonable level, the inexorable momentum of information growth continues unabated. This wealth of information provides resources for adapting to the problems posed by our increasingly complex world, but the simple availability of more information does not guarantee its successful transformation into valuable knowledge that shapes, guides, and improves our activity. When faced with something like the analysis of sense-making behavior on the web, traditional research models tell us a lot about learning and performance with browser operations, but very little about how people will actively navigate and search through information structures, what information they will choose to consume, and what conceptual models they will induce about the landscape of cyberspace. Thus, it is fortunate that a new field of research, Adaptive Information Interaction (AII), is becoming possible. AII centers on the problems of understanding and improving human-information interaction. It is about how people will best shape themselves to their information environments, and how information environments can best be shaped to people. Its roots lie in human-computer interaction (HCI), information retrieval, and the behavioral and social sciences. This book is about Information Foraging Theory (IFT), a new theory in Adaptive Information Interaction that is one example of a recent flourish of theories in adaptationist psychology that draw upon evolutionary-ecological theory in biology. IFT assumes that people (indeed, all organisms) are ecologically rational, and that human information-seeking mechanisms and strategies adapt the structure of the information environments in which they operate. Its main aim is to create technology that is better shaped to users. Information Foraging Theory will be of interest to student and professional researchers in HCI and cognitive psychology.
The Evolution of Microchannel Heat Transfer (1999)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">High-density electronics packaging requires new advancement in thermal management. New efforts to standardize three-dimensional electronics packages provide the opportunity to standardize thermal management systems for the first time. Microchannel cooling, a high heat flux technology, is the leading candidate for standardization of earth- and space- based electronics packages. This paper looks at the developments in microchannel cooling that make it more advantageous than other high heat flux techniques and the work that remains to achieve a standardized thermal management system.</div></div>
Syntheses, structures and physical properties of transition metal–organic frameworks assembled from trigonal heterofunctional ligands (2012)

Six novel metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), {Mn(bpydb)(bpyHdbH)}(n) (1) {[Co(2)(bpydb)(2)](H(2)O)(0.5)}(n) (2), {[Ni(0.5)(bpydbH)(H(2)O)](DMF)(2)}(n) (3), {[Cu(2)(bpydb)(2)](H(2)O)(0.5)}(n) (4), {Zn(bpyHdb)(2)}(n) (5) and {[Cd(0.5)(bpydb)(0.5)(DMF)](H(2)O)}(n) (6), were successfully synthesized by assembling transition metal salts with trigonal heterofunctional ligand 4,4'-(4,4'-bipyridine-2,6-diyl) dibenzoic acid (bpydbH(2)) under hydrothermal and/or solvothermal conditions. Compound 1 features a rare 4-fold interpenetrating (3,5)-connected framework with hms-type topology. Isostructural compounds 2 and 4, constructed by M(2)(COO)(4) secondary building units, exhibit a robust 3D framework with alb topological type in 2-fold interpenetrating mode. Compound 3 consists of 2D (4,4) networks, which are further assembled into the new topological framework with the symbol (5(3)·6(2)·8)(5(3)·6(3))(2) through O-HO interactions. Compound 5 manifests a novel 4-connected interpenetrating framework, constructed by 2D (4,4) layers and interbedded N-HO interactions. Non-interpenetrating honeycomb networks are observed in compound 6, and further packed into a 3D framework featuring 1D channels. The magnetic susceptibility of compound 2 indicates antiferromagnetic interactions between cobalt ions. The photoluminescent properties of 5 and 6 were investigated in the solid state at room temperature.
Three isolation techniques for primary culture of human osteoblast-like cells: A comparison (1999)

The culture of osteoblast-like cells of human origin has become an important experimental model in bone biology. We report here a comparison and evaluation of three of the most widely used systems available today: bone marrow stroma cell cultures (BMSC), human osteoblast explant cultures (hOB) and osteoblast explant cultures from collagenase-treated bone (hOBcol). Cultures from 16 bone specimens obtained from various donors were established and their expression of the osteoblast phenotype were then compared in secondary cultures by use of biochemical markers. BMSC had the highest basal and 1,25-dihydroxyvitaminD3 (1,25(OH)2D3)-induced alkaline phosphatase activities in all cell isolations, with levels approximately twice those in explant cultures. Basal osteocalcin secretion was low-to-undetectable in all cell cultures but was detected in 1,25(OH)2D3-stimulated cultures. BMSC produced half of the amount of osteocalcin synthesized in explant cultures. The BMSC cultures also synthesized the lowest amounts of type I collagen, whereas collagen type III synthesis did not differ significantly among the various cultures. When secondary cultures were treated with 100 nM dexamethasone in the presence of ascorbic acid (50 microg/mL) and beta-glycerophosphate (10 mM), cultures deposited calcium mineral into the cell layer within 2-4 weeks. PTH-induced cAMP formation was detected in only 5 of 15 isolations and no consistent isolation-dependent response pattern was seen. We conclude that BMSC cultures differ significantly from explant cultures obtained from the same bone specimen. However, all cultures represent cells which can differentiate further and induce mineralization of the extracellular matrix in response to osteoinductive drugs.
Mode-dependent dispersion in Raman line shapes: Observation and implications from ultrafast Raman loss spectroscopy (2010)

Ultrafast Raman loss spectroscopy (URLS) enables one to obtain the vibrational structural information of molecular systems including fluorescent materials. URLS, a nonlinear process analog to stimulated Raman gain, involves a narrow bandwidth picosecond Raman pump pulse and a femtosecond broadband white light continuum. Under nonresonant condition, the Raman response appears as a negative (loss) signal, whereas, on resonance with the electronic transition the line shape changes from a negative to a positive through a dispersive form. The intensities observed and thus, the Franck-Condon activity (coordinate dependent), are sensitive to the wavelength of the white light corresponding to a particular Raman frequency with respect to the Raman pump pulse wavelength, i.e., there is a mode-dependent response in URLS.
Macromol. Biosci. 12/2010 (2010)

Front Cover: The image shows liposomes in a macromolecular solution diffusing through a laser focus. The fluorescence correlation signal reveals that the self-diffusion coefficient of the liposomes deviate from the Stokes–Einstein behavior in semi-dilute solutions of collagen and mucine depending on size and charge. Further details can be found in the article by L. Rusu, D. Lumma, and J. O. Rädler* on page 1465.
Replication Slippage between Distant Short Repeats in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> Depends on the Direction of Replication and the <i>RAD50</i> and <i>RAD52</i> Genes (1995)

Small direct repeats, which are frequent in all genomes, are a potential source of genome instability. To study the occurrence and genetic control of repeat-associated deletions, we developed a system in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae that was based on small direct repeats separated by either random sequences or inverted repeats. Deletions were examined in the LYS2 gene, using a set of 31- to 156-bp inserts that included inserts with no apparent potential for secondary structure as well as two quasipalindromes. All inserts were flanked by 6- to 9-bp direct repeats of LYS2 sequence, providing an opportunity for Lys+ reversion via precise excision. Reversions could arise by extended deletions involving either direct repeats or random sequences and by -1-or +2-bp frameshift mutations. The deletion breakpoints were always associated with short (3- to 9-bp) perfect or imperfect direct repeats. Compared with the POL+ strain, deletions between small direct repeats were increased as much as 100-fold, and the spectrum was changed in a temperature-sensitive DNA polymerase delta pol3-t mutant, suggesting a role for replication. The type of deletion depended on orientation relative to the origin of replication. On the basis of these results, we propose (i) that extended deletions between small repeats arise by replication slippage and (ii) that the deletions occur primarily in either the leading or lagging strand. The RAD50 and RAD52 genes, which are required for the recombinational repair of many kinds of DNA double-strand breaks, appeared to be required also for the production of up to 90% of the deletions arising between separated repeats in the pol3-t mutant, suggesting a newly identified role for these genes in genome stability and possibly replication.
Fetal growth parameters and birth weight: their relationship to neonatal body composition (2009)

During the late third trimester of pregnancy %BF is most highly correlated with TVol. Similar to actual birth weight, this soft tissue parameter accounts for a significant improvement in explaining the variation in neonatal %BF compared with fetal AC or EFW alone.
Software design of distributed automatic testing system for UAV flight control system (2003)

A software design of a distributed automatic testing system is introduced in this paper, which is used for the flight control system (FCS) of unmanned air vehicle (UAV). The RS485 network is adopted for testing several FCS at the same time in the distributed structure software. In the software, two programming technologies, "multithread" and "knowledge base (KB)" are used. The implement of such key technologies, the entirety design idea and the actual design results of the software are also shown in the paper.
Patient Age, Race and the Type of Diabetes Have an Impact on the Presenting Symptoms, Latency Before Diagnosis and Laboratory Abnormalities at Time of Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus in Children (2009)

Parents of children with new onset DM might not report polyuria or polydypsia as their main concern when they seek medical attention, so primary care physicians must be alert to the diagnosis of diabetes in any child with significant weight loss. Young children (<5 years old) and African American children with new onset T1DM are more dehydrated and young children (<5 years old) are more acidotic.
<i>Z</i>-scan determination of the third-order optical nonlinearity of gold:silica nanocomposites (2000)

Third-order nonlinear optical properties of Au:SiO2 thin films were studied at the surface plasmon resonance wavelength by the z-scan technique using a nanosecond laser. Films were prepared by a multilayer deposition sputtering technique. They were composed of 2 nm mean diam gold particles, with a metal volume fraction of 20%. Z-scan measurements performed both with and without aperture showed a very large nonlinear absorption masking the nonlinear refraction. The nonlinear absorption coefficient β was found to be negative and equal to −1.1×10−2 cm/W. The different mechanisms contributing to this absorption are discussed and the large value of β is correlated to the duration of the laser pulses. Moreover, it is shown that a mean field theory is not appropriate to evaluate the effective susceptibility at high metal concentrations.