gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Asymmetrische Hydrierungen (Nobel-Vortrag) Copyright© The Nobel Foundation 2002. – Wir danken der Nobel-Stiftung, Stockholm, für die Genehmigung zum Druck einer deutschen Fassung des Vortrags. (2002)

Den Auftakt zur Entwicklung von Katalysatoren für die asymmetrische Hydrierung bildete die Idee, den Triphenylphosphanliganden des Wilkinson-Katalysators durch einen chiralen Liganden zu ersetzen. Mit dem neuen Katalysator sollten prochirale Olefine hydriert werden. Knowles und seine Mitarbeiter waren davon überzeugt, dass das Phosphoratom dabei eine zentrale Rolle spielte, denn nur chirale Phosphanliganden wie (R,R)-DIPAMP, deren stereogenes Zentrum direkt am Phosphoratom sitzt, führten bei ihren Katalyse-Experimenten zur asymmetrischen Hydrierung zu einem hohen Enantiomerenüberschuss. Diese Hypothese wurde jedoch durch die Entwicklung von Liganden mit einem chiralen Kohlenstoffgerüst widerlegt. Auch wenn die genaue Funktionsweise der Phosphanliganden bis heute nicht zweifelsfrei geklärt ist, haben sie einen einfachen Zugang zu einer großen Zahl von chiralen Verbindungen ermöglicht.
Relay-Assisted SFBC Single Carrier Transmission Over Uplink Fast Fading Channels (2007)

This paper proposes a relay-assisted space- frequency block code (SFBC) for single carrier frequency-domain equalization (SC-FDE) in a distributed fashion. The proposed scheme achieves spatial diversity over uplink fast fading channels without the complexity of multiple antennas. The source (mobile equipment) of the proposed system has a very simple transmitter structure with constant amplitude transmit sequences. In order to obtain spatial diversity, the transmit sequence of relay is efficiently generated in the time domain, which is equivalent to the SFBC. The corresponding destination structure and frequency domain equalization are also presented. Simulation results show that the proposed system considerably outperforms the distributed space-time block code (D-STBC) SC-FDE over fast fading channels.
Development of Stereocomplex Crystal of Polylactide in High-Speed Melt Spinning and Subsequent Drawing and Annealing Processes (2003)

High-speed melt spinning of racemate polylactide (r-PLA), which is a blend of equal amounts of poly(l-lactide) and poly(d-lactide) molecules, was performed up to the take-up velocity of 7.5 km/min. In the fiber structure analysis, particular attention was paid to the formation of stereocomplex crystals, because this crystal form has a melting temperature about 60° higher than the homocrystals. It was found that highly oriented and highly crystallized fibers containing the α-form and stereocomplex crystals were obtained when the take-up velocity exceeded about 4 km/min. The amount of stereocomplex crystal was higher under the spinning conditions of higher take-up velocity, lower throughput rate, and lower extrusion temperature. Under these conditions, higher tensile stress can be applied to the spinning line, and therefore, the orientation-induced crystallization is promoted. Annealing of the fibers obtained at high-take-up velocities, such as 6 km/min, which already have the crystalline structure with a certain amount of stereocomplex crystal, at a temperature between the melting temperatures of α-form and stereocomplex crystals, yielded the fiber structure mainly consisting of highly oriented stereocomplex crystal. The annealed fibers showed fairly high mechanical properties and good thermal stability.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae GATA Sequences Function as TATA Elements during Nitrogen Catabolite Repression and When Gln3p Is Excluded from the Nucleus by Overproduction of Ure2p (2000)

Saccharomyces cerevisiae selectively uses good nitrogen sources (glutamine) in preference to poor ones (proline) by repressing GATA factor-dependent transcription of the genes needed to transport and catabolize poor nitrogen sources, a physiological process designated nitrogen catabolite repression (NCR). We show that some NCR-sensitive genes (CAN1, DAL5, DUR1,2, and DUR3) produce two transcripts of slightly different sizes. Synthesis of the shorter transcript is NCR-sensitive and that of the longer transcript is not. The longer transcript also predominates in gln3Delta mutants irrespective of the nitrogen source provided. We demonstrate that the longer mRNA species arises through the use of an alternative transcription start site generated by Gln3p-binding sites (GATAAs) being able to act as surrogate TATA elements. The ability of GATAAs to serve as surrogate TATAs, i.e. when synthesis of the shorter, NCR-sensitive transcripts are inhibited, correlates with sequestration of enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-Gln3p in the cytoplasm in a way that is indistinguishable from that seen with EGFP-Ure2p. However, when the shorter, NCR-sensitive DAL5 transcript predominates, EGFP-Gln3p is nuclear. These data suggest that the mechanism underlying NCR involves the cytoplasmic association of Ure2p with Gln3p, an interaction that prevents Gln3p from reaching it is binding sites upstream of NCR-sensitive genes.
The Gattini Cameras for Optical Sky Brightness Measurements at Dome C, Antarctica (2007)

The Gattini cameras are two site testing instruments for the measurement of optical sky brightness, large area cloud cover and auroral detection of the night sky above the high altitude Dome C site in Antarctica. The cameras have been operating since installation in January 2006 and are currently at the end of the first Antarctic winter season. The cameras are transit in nature and are virtually identical, both adopting Apogee Alta CCD detectors. By taking frequent images of the night sky we obtain long term cloud cover statistics, measure the sky background intensity as a function of solar and lunar altitude and phase and directly measure the spatial extent of bright aurora if present and when they occur. The full data set will return in December 2006 however a limited amount of data has been transferred via the Iridium network enabling preliminary data reduction and system evaluation. An update of the project is presented together with preliminary results from data taken since commencement of the winter season.
SkinCure: An Innovative Smart Phone Based Application to Assist in Melanoma Early Detection and Prevention (2014)

Melanoma spreads through metastasis, and therefore it has been proven to be very fatal. Statistical evidence has revealed that the majority of deaths resulting from skin cancer are as a result of melanoma. Further investigations have shown that the survival rates in patients depend on the stage of the infection; early detection and intervention of melanoma implicates higher chances of cure. Clinical diagnosis and prognosis of melanoma is challenging since the processes are prone to misdiagnosis and inaccuracies due to doctors' subjectivity. This paper proposes an innovative and fully functional smart-phone based application to assist in melanoma early detection and prevention. The application has two major components; the first component is a real-time alert to help users prevent skin burn caused by sunlight; a novel equation to compute the time for skin to burn is thereby introduced. The second component is an automated image analysis module which contains image acquisition, hair detection and exclusion, lesion segmentation, feature extraction, and classification. The proposed system exploits PH2 Dermoscopy image database from Pedro Hispano Hospital for development and testing purposes. The image database contains a total of 200 dermoscopy images of lesions, including normal, atypical, and melanoma cases. The experimental results show that the proposed system is efficient, achieving classification of the normal, atypical and melanoma images with accuracy of 96.3%, 95.7% and 97.5%, respectively.
Dehydroalkylative Activation of CNN- and PNN-Pincer Ruthenium Catalysts for Ester Hydrogenation (2019)

Ruthenium-pincer complexes bearing CNN- and PNN-pincer ligands with diethyl- or diisopropylamino side groups, which have previously been reported to be active precatalysts for ester hydrogenation, undergo dehydroalkylation on heating in the presence of tricyclohexylphosphine to release ethane or propane, giving five-coordinate ruthenium(0) complexes containing a nascent imine functional group. Ethane or propane is also released under the conditions of catalytic ester hydrogenation, and time-course studies show that this release is concomitant with the onset of catalysis. A new PNN-pincer ruthenium(0)-imine complex is a highly active catalyst for ester hydrogenation at room temperature, giving up to 15 500 turnovers with no added base. This complex was shown to react reversibly at room temperature with two equivalents of hydrogen to give a ruthenium(II)-dihydride complex, where the imine functionality has been hydrogenated to give a protic amine side group. These observations have potentially broad implications for the identities of catalytic intermediates in ester hydrogenation and related transformations.
Peurs urbaines et engagements politico-religieux au XVIe siècle : l'exemple de la Ligue grenobloise (2001)

Résumé La peur joua un rôle déterminant dans les engagements politico-religieux des cités françaises au cours des guerres de religion. C'est sous son influence que la ville de Grenoble décida de ne pas accorder son allégeance à Henri IV, le 29 septembre 1589. Peur de perdre son âme, peur eschatologique liée à un châtiment divin, peur de perdre ses privilèges municipaux et sa prospérité furent en effet les principaux aiguillons qui motivèrent l'engagement de la cité en faveur de la Ligue. Rassurés par leur choix et par le patronage de l'archange saint Michel, les bourgeois de Grenoble crurent ainsi régler d'un seul coup tous leurs problèmes. Une attitude radicalement différente de celle des royaux.
Electroreflectance and Band Structure of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ga</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">In</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">P</mml:mi></mml:math>Alloys (1972)

The electroreflectance spectra of solution-grown ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{x}{\mathrm{In}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}\mathrm{P}$ alloys were measured at room temperature in the whole range of composition. The variation of the ${E}_{0}$, ${E}_{1}$, ${E}_{0}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, and ${E}_{2}$ energies with concentration is reported: It is parabolic for ${E}_{0}$ and ${E}_{1}$, and approximately linear for ${E}_{0}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ and ${E}_{2}$. Except for ${E}_{1}$ these results agree with the calculation of the band structure by the dielectric two-band method in the virtual-crystal approximation including the effect of disorder. The latter effect is found small. For ${E}_{1}$ the deviation from a linear variation is larger than calculated. ${E}_{1}$ exhibits another interesting anomaly: Its spin-orbit splitting is maximum for $x=0.5$. The $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{k}}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{\mathrm{p}}$ method is used to calculate some band parameters from our data. The $\ensuremath{\Gamma}\ensuremath{-}X$ conduction-band crossover energy ${E}_{c}$ and composition ${x}_{c}$ are accurately determined using the ${E}_{0}$ vs $x$ curve and the indirect gaps obtained from optical absorption. ${x}_{c}=0.63\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.015$, ${E}_{c}=2.14\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.01$ eV.
Analysis pipelines and packages for Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip (450k) data (2014)

The Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip has become a popular platform for interrogating DNA methylation in epigenome-wide association studies (EWAS) and related projects as well as resource efforts such as the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC) and the International Human Epigenome Consortium (IHEC). This has resulted in an exponential increase of 450k data in recent years and triggered the development of numerous integrated analysis pipelines and stand-alone packages. This review will introduce and discuss the currently most popular pipelines and packages and is particularly aimed at new 450k users.
Rhodopsin Sees the Light (2000)

Members of the seven transmembrane receptor superfamily bind a remarkable variety of ligands, from neurotransmitters to odorants, and activate a spectacular array of G protein signaling molecules. These G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are important in many cellular functions and so there has been great interest in elucidating how they transmit their signals to the interior of the cell after activation by ligand. As Bourne and Meng explain in their Perspective, the molecular movements of activated GPCRs are becoming clear now that the first crystal structure of a GPCR (rhodopsin, the light-trapping receptor found in the retina of the eye) has been reported (Palczweski et al.).
High sensitivity knitted fabric strain sensors (2016)

Wearable sensors are increasingly used in smart garments for detecting and transferring vital signals and body posture, movement and respiration. Existing fabric strain sensors made from metallized yarns have low sensitivity, poor comfort and low durability to washing. Here we report a knitted fabric strain sensor made from a cotton/stainless steel (SS) fibre blended yarn which shows much higher sensitivity than sensors knitted from metallized yarns. The fabric feels softer than pure cotton textiles owing to the ultrafine stainless steel fibres and does not lose its electrical property after washing. The reason for the high sensitivity of the cotton/SS knitted fabric sensor was explored by comparing its sensing mechanism with the knitted fabric sensor made from metallized yarns. The results show that the cotton/SS yarn-to-yarn contact resistance is highly sensitive to strain applied to hooked yarn loops.
Mutations at the Transit Peptide-Mature Protein Junction Separate Two Cleavage Events during Chloroplast Import of the Chlorophyll a/b-binding Protein (1989)

We have shown previously that during in vitro import into chloroplasts, the precursor of the major light-harvesting chlorphyll a/b-binding protein (LHCP) generated from a wheat gene gives rise to two mature forms (25 and approximately 26 kDa) which are inserted into the thylakoids. However, during incubation of the LHCP precursor with a chloroplast-soluble extract in an organelle-free processing reaction, the NH2 terminus is cleaved, yielding only a 25-kDa peptide. In the present study, mutations at the transit peptide-mature protein junction were introduced in the LHCP precursor to investigate the relationship between the two peptides and the determinants of proteolytic processing. Mutant p delta 3 lacks 3 amino acids including Met34 at the primary cleavage site thought to give rise to the 26-kDa peptide. It is still processed during import and in the organelle-free reaction yielding in both assays only a 25-kDa peptide. Mutant p + 4 has 4 amino acids inserted immediately after Met34 and a proline that disrupts the alpha-helix predicted by the Garnier-Osguthorpe-Robson method (Garnier, J., Osguthorpe, D. J., and Robson, B. (1978) J. Mol. Biol. 120, 97-120) to extend through this region. Although p + 4 is imported, it is inefficiently processed; both a 25- and 26-kDa peptide are found, but at least 60% of the imported precursor remains uncleaved. Less than 5% is processed in the organelle-free assay. Replacement of the predicted alpha-helix in the mutant p + 4 alpha restores processing upon import into the chloroplast, but this mutant, which also has a 4-amino acid insert, yields only a 26-kDa peptide. p + 4 alpha is not processed in the organelle-free reaction. These results provide evidence that the two forms of LHCP obtained during import are the result of independent processing at two cleavage sites: the first site at Met34, and a second approximately 10 amino acids downstream within what has been designated the NH2 terminus of the mature protein. Whereas p delta 3 has the first site removed but retains a functional second site, in p + 4 alpha only the first site, or one very near it, is accessible to the processing enzyme during import. The conditions of the organelle-free reaction are specific for processing at only the secondary site. We discuss the implications of these findings in terms of the heterogeneity of LHCP in vivo.
Using artificial neural network to predict power plant turbine hall key cost drivers (2007)

The wave of sudden electricity shortage owing to the economic booms worldwide recently had resulted the tremendous time cut in power plant project development. The usual steps in project life cycle, like bidding time in the procurement process is one of them that have not been spared. Despite it has been recognised that the current traditional practice in cost estimation of power plant project is reliable but it is also very time consuming. As such, it is clearly imperative need to find alternate approach in preparation of bids, to meet the odds against time pressure. The study has been formulated to address such issue. The main aim of the study is to use Artificial Neural Network (ANN) as the faster alternative method in predicting key quantities for power plant project. However, the study will only focus on the construction of turbine hall section only. These key quantities normally will be priced by vendors in supply chain, subsequently compiled as latest price at bidding time. The 15 years old historical databases of photographs, drawings, as-built bill of quantities, and bids bill of quantities, from renown power plant constructors, have been used to enable the identification of key cost drivers and key parameters in estimating turbine hall and used to train ANN models. As a validation process, the results from the ANN model has been compared with the statistical method of Multi Level Regression (MLR). The result of the study has determined the ANN regression model is reliable and expected can be used by the contractor in the estimating process of turbine hall construction
Mobile IPv4 Regional Registration (2007)

Using Mobile IP, a mobile node registers with its home agent each time it changes care-of address.This document describes a new kind of "regional registrations", i.e., registrations local to the visited domain.The regional registrations are performed via a new network entity called a Gateway Foreign Agent (GFA) and introduce a layer of hierarchy in the visited domain.Regional registrations reduce the number of signaling messages to the home network, and reduce the signaling delay when a mobile node moves from one foreign agent to another within the same visited domain.
Practice guideline update summary: Mild cognitive impairment [RETIRED] (2017)

Clinicians should assess for MCI with validated tools in appropriate scenarios (Level B). Clinicians should evaluate patients with MCI for modifiable risk factors, assess for functional impairment, and assess for and treat behavioral/neuropsychiatric symptoms (Level B). Clinicians should monitor cognitive status of patients with MCI over time (Level B). Cognitively impairing medications should be discontinued where possible and behavioral symptoms treated (Level B). Clinicians may choose not to offer cholinesterase inhibitors (Level B); if offering, they must first discuss lack of evidence (Level A). Clinicians should recommend regular exercise (Level B). Clinicians may recommend cognitive training (Level C). Clinicians should discuss diagnosis, prognosis, long-term planning, and the lack of effective medicine options (Level B), and may discuss biomarker research with patients with MCI and families (Level C).
Regional differences in olfactory epithelial homeostasis in the adult mouse (2009)

The olfactory sensory neurons in the nasal cavity of the adult mouse are organized into a few regions that differ in their molecular properties, as several classes of genes show regional expression. Most renowned is the fact that expression of each of hundreds of different odorant receptor genes is limited to one such region, or zone, of the olfactory neuroepithelial sheet. Zone differences are in place at birth, as exemplified here by the expression of neuronal progenitor marker Foxg1. We herein describe that an adult pattern showing regional differences in neurogenesis develops during the first few weeks of postnatal life which, e.g., is reflected in the temporal and regional regulation of the neuronal progenitor marker Ascl1. The most dorsomedial zone shows significantly fewer cells in S-phase in the adult but not in newborn mice by two different measures. Moreover, we show that there are regional differences in the relative differentiation, cell survival, and thickness of the olfactory epithelium. These findings are compatible with the view that zones are inherently distinct and that such differences contribute to generate regional differences in cellular homeostasis that in turn may modulate the capacity of a region to adjust to extrinsic influence.
The miR-302-367 cluster as a potential stemness regulator in ESCs (2009)

Increasing experimental evidence suggests an important role of miRNAs in embryonic stem cell (ESC) biology. The miR-302-367 cluster is exclusively expressed at high levels in ESCs but not in either somatic stem cells or adult/embryonic differentiated cells. The human miR-302-367 gene structure has been recently described and its promoter has been identified, characterized and functionally validated in human stem cells. The miR-302-367 promoter activity depends on the ontogeny and hierarchical cellular stage. The miR-302-367 promoter is transcriptionally regulated by the ESC-specific transcription factors Oct3/4, Sox2 and Nanog and, its activity restricted to the ESC compartment. Functionally, this cluster regulates cell cycle in ESCs promoting self-renewal and pluripotency, therefore representing a master regulator in the maintenance of hESC stemness. We envision this data may open up new avenues to investigate the transcriptional regulators upstream miR-302-367 cluster and to dissect the complex interplay by which this miR-302-367 cluster integrates in the molecular network conferring pluripotency to ESCs. In this perspective, we summarize recent progress in the genomic and functional characterization of the miR-302-367 cluster and discuss its potential as a stemness determinant.
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for the management of painful conditions: focus on neuropathic pain (2011)

The management of neuropathic pain is challenging, with medication being the first-line treatment. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) is an inexpensive, noninvasive, self-administered technique that is used as an adjunct to medication. Clinical experience suggests that TENS is beneficial providing it is administered at a sufficiently strong intensity, close to the site of pain. At present, there are too few randomized controlled trials on TENS for neuropathic pain to judge effectiveness. The findings of systematic reviews of TENS for other pain syndromes are inconclusive because trials have a low fidelity associated with inadequate TENS technique and infrequent treatments of insufficient duration. The use of electrode arrays to spatially target stimulation more precisely may improve the efficacy of TENS in the future.