gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrostatic containerless processing system (1997)

We introduce a materials science tool for investigating refractory solids and melts: the electrostatic containerless processing system (ESCAPES). ESCAPES maintains refractory specimens of materials in a pristine state by levitating and heating them in a vacuum chamber, thereby avoiding the contaminating influences of container walls and ambient gases. ESCAPES is designed for the investigation of thermophysical properties, phase equilibria, metastable phase formation, undercooling and nucleation, time–temperature–transformation diagrams, and other aspects of materials processing. ESCAPES incorporates several design improvements over prior electrostatic levitation technology. It has an informative and responsive computer control system. It has separate light sources for heating and charging, which prevents runaway discharging. Both the heating and charging light sources are narrow band, which allows the use of optical pyrometry and other diagnostics at all times throughout processing. Heat is provided to the levitated specimens by a 50 W Nd:YAG laser operating at 1.064 μm. A deuterium arc lamp charges the specimen through photoelectric emission. ESCAPES can heat metals, ceramics, and semiconductors to temperatures exceeding 2300 K; specimens range in size from 1 to 3 mm diam. This article describes the design, capabilities, and applications of ESCAPES, focusing on improvements over prior electrostatic levitation technology.
High abundance of CD271+ multipotential stromal cells (MSCs) in intramedullary cavities of long bones (2011)

Aspiration of iliac crest bone marrow (ICBM) remains the most frequent technique used in harvesting multipotential stromal cells (MSCs) for bone regeneration. Although this tissue type is easily accessed by a surgeon, it has a low frequency of MSCs, which is significant given the high cell numbers required for bone regeneration strategies. Lipoaspirates possess higher MSC frequencies, albeit cells with a differentiation profile less suited to orthopaedic interventions. Intra-medullary cavities of long bones have previously been shown to harbour MSCs in animals, however evaluation of their frequency, differentiation capacity and phenotype in humans had not previously been performed. Long bone fatty bone marrow (LBFBM) was collected prior to harvesting bone graft. Basic cellular compositions of donor-matched LBFBM and ICBM aspirates, including the numbers of CD34(+) hematopoietic stem cells and CD31(+) endothelial cells, were similar. MSCs were enumerated using colony-forming-unit-fibroblast assays and flow cytometry for the presence of a resident LBFBM CD45(-/low) CD271(+) MSC population and revealed a trend for higher MSC numbers (average 5 fold, n=6) per millilitre of LBFBM compared to donor-matched ICBM. Functional characteristics of resident MSCs, including their growth rates, differentiation potentials and surface phenotypes (CD73(+)CD105(+)CD90(+)) before and after culture-amplification, were similar. Enhanced numbers of MSCs could be recovered following brief enzymatic treatment of solid fragments of LBFBM. Our findings therefore reveal that the intramedullary cavity of the human femur is a depot of MSCs, which, although closely associated with fat, have a differentiation profile equivalent to ICBM. This anatomical site is frequently accessed by the orthopaedic/trauma surgeon and aspiration of the intramedullary cavity represents a 'low-tech' method of harvesting potentially large numbers of MSCs for regenerative therapies and research.
Biological Basis for Syphilis (2006)

Syphilis is a chronic sexually transmitted disease caused by Treponema pallidum subsp. pallidum. Clinical manifestations separate the disease into stages; late stages of disease are now uncommon compared to the preantibiotic era. T. pallidum has an unusually small genome and lacks genes that encode many metabolic functions and classical virulence factors. The organism is extremely sensitive to environmental conditions and has not been continuously cultivated in vitro. Nonetheless, T. pallidum is highly infectious and survives for decades in the untreated host. Early syphilis lesions result from the host's immune response to the treponemes. Bacterial clearance and resolution of early lesions results from a delayed hypersensitivity response, although some organisms escape to cause persistent infection. One factor contributing to T. pallidum's chronicity is the paucity of integral outer membrane proteins, rendering intact organisms virtually invisible to the immune system. Antigenic variation of TprK, a putative surface-exposed protein, is likely to contribute to immune evasion. T. pallidum remains exquisitely sensitive to penicillin, but macrolide resistance has recently been identified in a number of geographic regions. The development of a syphilis vaccine, thus far elusive, would have a significant positive impact on global health.
Peritoneal repairing cells: a type of bone marrow derived progenitor cells involved in mesothelial regeneration (2010)

The peritoneal mesothelium exhibits a high regenerative ability. Peritoneal regeneration is concomitant with the appearance, in the coelomic cavity, of a free-floating population of cells whose origin and functions are still under discussion. We have isolated and characterized this cell population and we have studied the process of mesothelial regeneration through flow cytometry and confocal microscopy in a murine model lethally irradiated and reconstituted with GFP-expressing bone marrow cells. In unoperated control mice, most free cells positive for mesothelin, a mesothelial marker, are green fluorescent protein (GFP). However, 24 hrs after peritoneal damage, free mesothelin(+)/GFP(+) cells appear in peritoneal lavages. Cultured lavage peritoneal cells show colocalization of GFP with mesothelial (mesothelin, cytokeratin) and fibroblastic markers. Immunohistochemical staining of the peritoneal wall also revealed colocalization of GFP with mesothelial markers and with procollagen-1 and smooth muscle α-actin. This was observed in the injured area as well as in the surrounding not-injured peritoneal surfaces. These cells, which we herein call peritoneal repairing cells (PRC), are very abundant 1 week after surgery covering both the damaged peritoneal wall and the surrounding uninjured area. However, they become very scarce 1 month later, when the mesothelium has completely healed. We suggest that PRC constitute a type of monocyte-derived cells, closely related with the tissue-repairing cells known as 'fibrocytes' and specifically involved in peritoneal reparation. Thus, our results constitute a synthesis of the different scenarios hitherto proposed about peritoneal regeneration, particularly recruitment of circulating progenitor cells and adhesion of free-floating coelomic cells.
Window on the Unbanked : Mobile Money in the Philippines (2009)

Earlier this year, Consultative Group to\n Assist the Poorest (CGAP) teamed up with the Global System\n for Mobile Communications (GSM) Association (GSMA) (a global\n trade association for the mobile communications industry)\n and McKinsey (a global management consulting firm) to\n measure the global market for financial services delivered\n via mobile phones (mobile money) in 147 developing\n countries. This is the first study of mobile money and the\n unbanked-those without access to formal financial\n services-estimated to be almost four billion worldwide.
Brain wave based authentication (2008)

NORSK:\nAutentisering har blitt en vesentlig del av vår hverdag gjennom systemer som passord,\nPIN koder, kort lesere, fingeravtrykk-, og netthinne skannere. Alle er utviklet med ´en\nhensikt; å bekrefte identiteten til en person. Hjernebølge autentisering er enda en type\nautentiseringssystem i tillegg til de mange systemene som allerede finnes, men med et\nhelt nytt konsept. Den elektriske aktiviteten i hjernen til et menneske blir brukt til å\nbekrefte identiteten. Istedet for å skrive passordet fysisk, kan man ganske enkelt tenke\npå det. Passordet eller ”pass-tanken” kan være hva som helst en hjerne kan tenke på, for\neksempel en farge, en følelse, et bilde, tekst eller noe annet.\nDet er mange fordeler over andre systemer. Ved bruk av standard passord kan noen\nse eller ”skulder-surfe” hva andre taster, mens ingen kan se andres tanker. Kort og nøkler\nkan mistes, mens hjernen alltid er med. Folk med handikap kan bli ekskludert fra\nsystemer som for eksempel fingeravtrykk- og netthinne skannere, men hjernen fungerer\nfortsatt. Denne masteroppgaven forsker på mulighetene til et hjernebølge basert autentiseringssystem.\nVi utfører et eksperiment med tolv deltakere med et ”head set” utstyrt\nmed en sensor for å ta opp Elektroencefalogram (EEG) signaler (hjernebølger). Deltakerne\nutfører åtte forskjellige oppgaver i tre runder. Vi analyserer signalene for å se om\ndet er nok likheter og forskjeller til å skille oppgaver og deltakere fra hverandre. Vi ser på\nsignalene både i tids domenet og frekvens domenet og finner egenskaper såslik at vi kan\nbruke en algoritme som kalles Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) samt en egenskap-basert\nsammenlignings metode (”distance metric”).\nResultatene viser at likheter er mest fremtredene i de samme rundene, noe som betyr\nat utstyret har en vesentlig betydning på ytelsen, en følge av at signaler tatt opp rett etter\nhverandre er like. Vi ender ikke opp med et ferdig autentiseringssystem, men basert på\nhva vi har sett fra tidligere arbeid og hva vi klarer å få til med en sensor, tror vi det bare\ner et spørsmål om tid før et hjernebølge basert autentiseringssystem ser dagens lys.
<title>Equivalent wavelength interferometry using diffractive optics</title> (1996)

When two beams of an interferometer are directed to the same object at different incident angles, the recombined, reflected beams generate an interference pattern with a large equivalent wavelength. This paper reviews the basic principles of these `desensitized' interferometers, and describes a novel diffractive geometry that is particularly well adapted to manufacturing applications, thanks to its large working distance, achromatism and high accuracy.
Determinants of Preventing Cyber Crime: a Survey Research (2015)

This paper presents the results of research on the determinants of preventing cyber crime among Bumiputeraentrepreneurs involved in the online business. With regards to the cyber crime issues that has been tremendously become a national issue, thus, this research is carried out with the aim of identifyingwhat are the determinants factor for preventing cyber crime to the online business entrepreneur in Malaysia and Perak specifically. The research looks upon the factors such as law enforcement, awareness program, and prevention process in combating cybercrimeissue. A survey was conductedand the questionnaires were distributedto the respondents whowere mainlyonline entrepreneurs. The data was gatheredfrom three groups of online entrepreneurs;in the district of Kinta, Manjungand Larut, Matang & Selama, Perak. The data was analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS).Based on the result of this research, we founda positive relationship between preventing cyber crime against law enforcement, attitude awareness, ethics, and IT Technology. The research objective questions have also beenmetby the results of the analysis made onthe sample of entrepreneurs. At the end of the chapter, there are some recommendations highlighted as a scheme to combat cyber crime issues and future research study for expansion and accuracy of the analysis.
Pharmacokinetic interaction between bedaquiline and clofazimine in patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis (2017)

We did not find a statistically significant PK drug-drug interaction between BDQ and CFZ, but cannot exclude a potentially clinically relevant interaction due to the wide confidence intervals of the estimated interaction effects.
ChemInform Abstract: Primary Cycloadducts of 1,10‐Phenanthrolinium and Phthalazinium Phenacylides with DMAD. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Client-server computing architecture: an efficient paradigm for project management (2002)

There has been a tremendous push for world wide competition in recent years and, as such, the financial and economics sectors are gearing towards globalization for balancing traditional centralized corporate control. This trend has forced the business community to adopt new techniques for increasing productivity at lower operating costs. This has given birth to a new concept of re-engineering where the corporate-wide work-flow processes are redesigned instead of simply automating the processes within their organizations. This is exactly what is proposed in client-server computing. A client, in fact, is an application program which runs using local computing resources and at the some time can make a request for database or other network services from another remote application residing on server. The client is typically a PC workstation connected via a network to more powerful PCs, workstations, even mainframe or minicomputers usually known as servers. These are capable of handling requests from more than one client simultaneously. Here, the authors present the various advantages and disadvantages followed by applications of client-server computing models.
Crack Detection and Analyses using Resonance Ultrasonic Vibrations in Crystalline Silicon Wafers (2006)

An experimental approach for fast crack detection and length determination in full-size solar-grade crystalline silicon (Si) wafers using a resonance ultrasonic vibrations (RUV) technique is presented. The RUV method is based on excitation of the longitudinal resonance vibrations and their real-time frequency response analysis. On a set of identical cast Si wafers with introduced periphery cracks, it was demonstrated that the crack results in a downward frequency shift in a selected RUV peak, increasing the resonance peak band width and a reduction of the peak amplitude. The frequency shift and peak broadening were found to increase with the length of the crack. Finite element analyses modeling supports experimental RUV results and the mechanism of resonance variation
Kinetic and Reaction Mechanism of CO<sub>2</sub> Sorption on Li<sub>4</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub>:  Study of the Particle Size Effect (2007)

Lithium orthosilicate (Li4SiO4) was synthesized by three different techniques: the solid-state reaction, precipitation, and sol−gel (using a microwave oven) methods. The better results were obtained by the two first methods. In the third case, pure Li4SiO4 could not be obtained, because the microwaves produced the lithium sublimation. The samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, N2 adsorption, and thermogravimetric analysis under a flux of CO2. Different particles sizes were obtained as a function of the method of synthesis, and the CO2 sorption analyses gave different results. The particle size modified the stability of the Li4SiO4 during the CO2 sorption/desorption cycles, due to lithium sublimation, as Li2O. Conversely, the isothermal study allowed measuring the kinetic parameters for the chemisorption and diffusion processes, as a function of the particle size. As could be expected, the activation energies obtained, for the small particles, were smaller than those obtained for the large particles. These results were explained in terms of reactivity, for the chemisorption process, and in terms of geometry, for the diffusion process.
Recombination dynamics of excitons and biexcitons in a hexagonal GaN epitaxial layer (1996)

Time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy has been performed at 18 K on excitonic-related emissions in an unintentionally doped hexagonal GaN epitaxial layer grown by two-flow metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (TF-MOCVD). Under low excitation condition, radiative recombination of A free exciton (EXA: 3.4921 eV) and neutral shallow-acceptor bound exciton [(A0s,X): 3.4805 eV] dominated the spectrum. Decay time of (A0s,X) emission is relatively long (585 ps) indicating a small number of non-radiative centers in the layer. At higher excitation densities, new PL peak appeared at 3.4864 eV and grew superlinearly with excitation densities. These features, combined with their transient behavior, suggest that this new emission band is due to the biexciton recombination.
Residual stress characterization of polycrystalline 3C-SiC films on Si(100) deposited from methylsilane (2009)

Polycrystalline 3C-SiC thin films are deposited on 100 mm Si(100) wafers via low pressure chemical vapor deposition from the precursor methylsilane in the temperature range of 700–850 °C. Residual stress, strain, and strain gradient are characterized as functions of deposition pressure, temperature, and dichlorosilane as an additional silicon source. By optimizing the deposition parameters, the residual stress is found to decrease from 1377±10 to 196±19 MPa. The low stress film exhibits a strain of 3.4×10−4, corresponding to Young’s modulus of 455 GPa, and strain gradient of −8×10−4 μm−1. The analysis suggests that the change in stress values is due to a combination of effects, in particular, thermal mismatch, grain size effect, and chemical composition.
Outbreak of gastrointestinal illness during Operation New Horizons in Pisco, Peru, July 2012. (2012)

In July 2012, the U.S. Naval Medical Research Unit No. 6 investigated an outbreak of gastrointestinal illness characterized by diarrhea among U.S. service members participating in Operation New Horizons in Pisco, Peru. Overall, there were 25 cases of self-reported diarrheal illness among 101 respondents to a questionnaire (attack rate: 24.8%). Personnel who consumed food that was prepared at the two hotels where they were lodged were more likely to report diarrhea than those who did not eat at the hotels (40.9% [9/22] versus 20.3% [16/79]; RR=2.1; p=.047). The difference in diarrhea attack rates between lodgers at the two hotels was not statistically significant. Known or putative pathogens were identified in 72.7 percent (8/11) of samples tested: Blastocystis hominis, Shigella sonnei, diffusely adherent Escherichia coli, and norovirus genotypes I and II. The investigation's findings suggested a food-borne etiology from hotel kitchens. Among all personnel, hand-washing hygiene was reinforced; however, food sources were not restricted.
Sequential Karhunen-Loeve basis extraction and its application to images (2000)

The Karhunen-Loeve (KL) transform is an optimal method for approximating a set of vectors or images, which was used in image processing and computer vision for several tasks such as face and object recognition. Its computational demands and its batch calculation nature have limited its application. Here we present a new, sequential algorithm for calculating the KL basis, which is faster in typical applications and is especially advantageous for image sequences: the KL basis calculation is done with much lower delay and allows for dynamic updating of image databases. Systematic tests of the implemented algorithm show that these advantages are indeed obtained with the same accuracy available from batch KL algorithms.
Expression of <i>raf</i> Oncogenes Activates the PEA1 Transcription Factor Motif (1989)

PEA1 (AP1) motif transcription enhancer activity was stimulated by v-raf and more efficiently by activated c-raf-1 or A-raf than by their normal counterparts, in agreement with a role for PEA1 in transformation by raf. Mutations in the ATP-binding site of v-raf prevented activation, suggesting that phosphorylation is somehow required.
Isolation, properties and amino acid sequences of three neurotoxins from the venom of a sea snake, <i>Aipysurus laevis</i> (1976)

Aipysurus laevis venom was chromatographed on CM-cellulose and Bio-Rex 70 columns. Three neurotoxic components, toxins Aipysurus laevis a, b and c, were isolated. The toxins a, b and c corresponded to 22, 33 and 21% respectively of the proteins in the original venom, and accounted for almost all the lethal activity of the venom. The three toxins a, b and c were monodisperse on disc electrophoresis at pH4; toxins a and b moved at the same velocity and c a little faster. They were monodisperse also on sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide-disc-gel electrophoresis, giving a molecular weight of 7600. The molecular weight of toxin b estimated by gel filtration was 7000. The amino acid sequence analyses of these toxins revealed that they consisted of 60 amino acid residues and that Aipysurus laevis b was [25-methionine, 28-arginine] Aipysurus laevis a. Aipysurus laevis c was [28-lysine] Aipysurus laevis a, the tryptic peptide sequence relying on homology. The LD50 values of these toxins for 20g mice were 0.076 mug/g body wt. They inhibited the acetylcholine-induced contracture but did not affect the CKl-induced contracture of the isolated muscle.
Peptides and Aptamers Targeting HSP70: A Novel Approach for Anticancer Chemotherapy (2011)

The inhibition of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) is an emerging strategy in cancer therapy. Unfortunately, no specific inhibitors are clinically available. By yeast two-hybrid screening, we have identified multiple peptide aptamers that bind HSP70. When expressed in human tumor cells, two among these peptide aptamers-A8 and A17-which bind to the peptide-binding and the ATP-binding domains of HSP70, respectively, specifically inhibited the chaperone activity, thereby increasing the cells' sensitivity to apoptosis induced by anticancer drugs. The 13-amino acid peptide from the variable region of A17 (called P17) retained the ability to specifically inhibit HSP70 and induced the regression of subcutaneous tumors in vivo after local or systemic injection. This antitumor effect was associated with an important recruitment of macrophages and T lymphocytes into the tumor bed. Altogether, these data indicate that peptide aptamers or peptides that target HSP70 may be considered as novel lead compounds for cancer therapy.
Mitochondrial membrane potential change induced by Hoechst 33342 in myelogenous leukemia cell line HL-60. (2004)

Abstract. Hoechst 33342's effects on apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential (delta psi) were investigated in a myelogenous leukemia cell line, HL-60. Delta psi was detected with 2 lipophilic cationic fluorochromes: 3,3'-dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide [DiOC6(3)] or 5,5',6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1',3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolylcarbocyanine iodide (JC-1). Mitochondrial mass was measured with nonyl acridine orange (NAO). Protonophore carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) depolarized mitochondria in control experiments. Cell viability was determined by propidium iodide uptake. Hoechst 33342 at 10-20 mg/L decreased fluorescence for DiOC6(3) at 0.5 hr. The fluorescence partially normalized at 3 hr and then progressively decreased at 5-24 hr, resulting in cell shrinkage and death. Mitochondrial mass decreased 40-70% by 1 hr and 70-90% at 24 hr. A lower concentration of Hoechst 33342, 5 mg/L, reduced the delta psi at 0.5 hr, but delta psi returned to control values after 3 hr. Mitochondrial mass decreased 30-40% and then partially normalized, and cell viability was > 92% at 24 hr. Protonophore carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone lowered delta psi with little cell death. Thus, at high concentration, Hoechst 33342 induces depolarization of delta psi and subsequent apoptosis. Lack of apoptosis at low concentration of Hoechst 33342, despite depolarization of delta psi, indicates that mitochondrial membrane depolarization alone is insufficient to induce apoptosis.
<sup>111</sup>In-Labeled Galectin-3–Targeting Peptide as a SPECT Agent for Imaging Breast Tumors (2008)

This study demonstrated the successful use of a new radiolabeled peptide for the noninvasive imaging of galectin-3-positive breast tumors. This peptide may be a promising candidate for future clinical applications.