gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Distinct mRNA expression of the highly homologous convertases PC5 and PACE4 in the rat brain and pituitary (1995)

Posttranslational endoproteolysis is essential for the production of biologically active peptides from inactive precursors. Six kexin/substilisin-like endoproteases have been characterized in mammalian species. To understand the complex physiological functions of each convertase within a cellular context it is necessary to comprehensively define its tissue distribution and cohabitation with other members of the family. Previous studies demonstrated the distinct distribution of PC1, PC2, and furin mRNAs in the pituitary and brain, suggesting a unique function for each enzyme. In the present study, the mRNA tissue distributions of the two most recent and homologous members, PC5 and PACE4, were analyzed in rat pituitary and brain using in situ hybridization histochemistry. In the pituitary, the anterior lobe exhibited moderate levels of PC5 and high levels of PACE4 mRNAs. The intermediate lobe showed low levels of PC5 expression, while PACE4 mRNA levels were undetectable. PACE4 transcripts were detected throughout cells of the neural lobe suggesting expression in pituicytes. In the brain, PC5 expression was more restricted than PACE4. PC5 mRNA was detected only in neuronal cells, whereas PACE4 mRNA was expressed in both neuronal and glial cells. In areas that are rich in neuropeptides such as cortex, hippocampus, and hypothalamus, mRNA levels of PC5 were high but PACE4 were low or undetectable. In regions, such as the amygdaloid body and thalamus, distinct but complementary distributions of PC5 and PACE4 mRNAs were observed. The medial habenular and cerebellar Purkinje cells expressed very high levels of PACE4 mRNA. The present data strongly suggest unique tissue-specific functions of PC5 and PACE4.
An automated method for detecting architectural distortions on mammograms using direction analysis of linear structures (2015)

Architectural distortion is one of the most important findings when evaluating mammograms for breast cancer. Abnormal breast architecture is characterized by the presence of spicules, which are distorted mammary structures that are not accompanied by an increased density or mass. We have been developing an automated method for detecting spiculated architectural distortions by analyzing linear structures extracted by normal curvature. However, some structures that are possibly related to distorted areas are not extracted using this method. The purpose of this study was to develop a new automated method for direction analysis of linear structures to improve detection performance in mammography. The direction of linear structures in each region of interest (ROI) was first determined using a direction filter and a background filter that can define one of eight directions (0°, 22.5°, 45°, 67.5°, 90°, 112.5°, 135°, and 157.5°). The concentration and isotropic indexes were calculated using the determined direction of the linear structures in order to extract the candidate areas. Discriminant analysis was performed to eliminate false positives results. Our database consisted of 168 abnormal images containing 174 distorted areas and 580 normal images. The sensitivity of the new method was 81%. There were 2.6 and 4.2 false positives per image using the new and previous methods, respectively. These findings show that our new method is effective for detecting spiculated architectural distortions.
Automating testability analysis of analog circuits and systems (2003)

Increasing avionic design complexities and diagnostic requirements have focused attention on the need for performing a testability analysis early in the design cycle. The author describes the general principles underlying the testability analysis of analog circuits and systems performed by the automated testability expert system tool (AutoTEST) which is an artificial intelligence (AI) based CAE tool. The goal is to perform a testability analysis early in the design cycle to ensure conformance with diagnostic requirements. To meet this goal, AutoTEST was designed to perform an analysis with varying levels of component and circuit detail. AutoTEST supports both a top-down and a bottom-up approach. The analog and system level portions of AutoTEST provide test and design engineers with both quantitative measures and qualitative descriptions of the testability of a given design. Quantitative measures are testability figures of merit such as fraction of faults detected, fault isolation resolution, and average ambiguity group size. Qualitative descriptions of testability problems include identifying feedback loops and unique circuit configurations which are difficult to test. The qualitative analysis consists of a set of design rules that are applied to the circuit. At the completion of an AutoTEST session, selected analysis results are written to a set of report files.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Trans-Splicing of Nematode Premessenger RNA (1993)

Human coronavirus (HCoV) infection causes respiratory diseases with mild to severe outcomes. In the last 15 years, we have witnessed the emergence of two zoonotic, highly pathogenic HCoVs: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and ...Read More
Zoapatanol and montanol, novel oxepane diterpenoids, from the Mexican plant zoapatle (Montanoa tomentosa) (1979)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTZoapatanol and montanol, novel oxepane diterpenoids, from the Mexican plant zoapatle (Montanoa tomentosa)Seymour D. Levine, Richard E. Adams, Robert Chen, Mary Lou Cotter, Allen F. Hirsch, Vinayak V. Kane, Ramesh M. Kanojia, Charles Shaw, Michael P. Wachter, and Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1979, 101, 12, 3404–3405Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1979Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1979https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00506a057https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00506a057research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views251Altmetric-Citations58LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Ionic Basis of Hypertension, Insulin Resistance, Vascular Disease, and Related Disorders The Mechanism of “Syndrome X” (1993)

Great pathophysiological significance has recently been placed on the association of metabolic abnormalities, such as hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, obesity, and frank diabetes mellitus, with essential hypertension and coronary artery disease, and the clinical coincidence of these features has been termed "syndrome X." Despite the suggestion that insulin itself mediates this clinical linkage, the specific mechanisms underlying this syndrome remain poorly understood. We have attempted to understand these phenomena at the cellular level, and have investigated the role of cellular mineral ion species such as cytosolic free calcium (Cai), free magnesium (Mgi), and intracellular pH (pHi) in various insulin resistant states, including essential hypertension, obesity, and type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Utilizing nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic techniques to noninvasively assess intracellular concentrations of these ions, we observed that each of these disease states is characterized, in whole or in part, by common abnormalities of cellular ion metabolism, including elevated Cai levels and suppressed levels of Mgi and pHi. Furthermore, despite the predominant use of red cells as a tissue source, the measured levels of Cai, Mgi, and pHi were closely related to the ambient blood pressure, the degree of cardiac hypertrophy, and to the hyperinsulinemic response to oral glucose challenge. Altogether, these data suggest an integrated "ionic hypothesis" in which the frequent clinical coexistence of hypertension and altered insulin metabolism derives from common abnormalities of cellular ion handling, resulting in excess steady-state levels of Cai, reciprocal depletion of Mgi, and lowered pHi. These cellular ion alterations would be expected to have tissue-specific consequences, appearing in vascular tissue as vasoconstriction and elevated blood pressure, in skeletal muscle and fat as insulin resistance, in pancreatic beta-cells as hyperinsulinemia, and in neural tissue as potentiated neurotransmitter release and increased sympathetic nerve activity. Thus, according to this hypothesis, essential hypertension, insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, and NIDDM are in reality different clinical components of what should be better designated as "generalized cardiovascular-metabolic disease" (GCMD).
Organic Photonic Crystal Band Edge Laser Fabricated by Direct Nanoprinting (2004)

A direct nanoprinting technique is used to fabricate a pit arrangement on the surface of an organic amorphous emissive layer. A pit arrangement with a closely packed hexagonal pattern with a 400 nm pitch is successfully fabricated within 60 s. Pit depth is more than 70 nm and depends on press pressure. The fabricated structure is considered to be a photonic crystal band edge laser, and laser oscillation is confirmed by optical excitation. It is also confirmed that the oscillation threshold can be controlled simply by changing the press pressure used in the direct nanoprinting procedure. The results show that the use of the direct nanoprinting technique enables the fabrication of organic nanostructure devices such as photonic crystal band edge lasers with an organic emissive material.
Cross-equalization data processing for time-lapse seismic reservoir monitoring: A case study from the Gulf of Mexico (2001)

Abstract Nonrepeatable noise, caused by differences in vintages of seismic acquisition and processing, can often make comparison and interpretation of time-lapse 3-D seismic data sets for reservoir monitoring misleading or futile. In this Gulf of Mexico case study, the major causes of nonrepeatable noise in the data sets are the result of differences in survey acquisition geometry and binning, temporal and spatial amplitude gain, wavelet bandwidth and phase, differential static time shifts, and relative mispositioning of imaged reflection events. We attenuate these acquisition and processing differences by developing and applying a cross-equalization data processing flow for time-lapse seismic data. The cross-equalization flow consists of regridding the two data sets to a common grid; applying a space and time-variant amplitude envelope balance; applying a first pass of matched filter corrections for global amplitude, bandwidth, phase and static shift corrections, followed by a dynamic warp to align mispositioned events; and, finally, running a second pass of constrained space-variant matched filter operators. Difference sections obtained by subtracting the two data sets after each step of the cross-equalization processing flow show a progressive reduction of nonrepeatable noise and a simultaneous improvement in time-lapse reservoir signal.
Statistical mixture modeling for cell subtype identification in flow cytometry (2008)

Statistical mixture modeling provides an opportunity for automated identification and resolution of cell subtypes in flow cytometric data. The configuration of cells as represented by multiple markers simultaneously can be modeled arbitrarily well as a mixture of Gaussian distributions in the dimension of the number of markers. Cellular subtypes may be related to one or multiple components of such mixtures, and fitted mixture models can be evaluated in the full set of markers as an alternative, or adjunct, to traditional subjective gating methods that rely on choosing one or two dimensions. Four color flow data from human blood cells labeled with FITC-conjugated anti-CD3, PE-conjugated anti-CD8, PE-Cy5-conjugated anti-CD4, and APC-conjugated anti-CD19 Abs was acquired on a FACSCalibur. Cells from four murine cell lines, JAWS II, RAW 264.7, CTLL-2, and A20, were also stained with FITC-conjugated anti-CD11c, PE-conjugated anti-CD11b, PE-Cy5-conjugated anti-CD8a, and PE-Cy7-conjugated-CD45R/B220 Abs, respectively, and single color flow data were collected on an LSRII. The data were fitted with a mixture of multivariate Gaussians using standard Bayesian statistical approaches and Markov chain Monte Carlo computations. Statistical mixture models were able to identify and purify major cell subsets in human peripheral blood, using an automated process that can be generalized to an arbitrary number of markers. Validation against both traditional expert gating and synthetic mixtures of murine cell lines with known mixing proportions was also performed. This article describes the studies of statistical mixture modeling of flow cytometric data, and demonstrates their utility in examples with four-color flow data from human peripheral blood samples and synthetic mixtures of murine cell lines.
Synthesis and Characterization of Donor−Acceptor Chromophores for Unidirectional Electron Transfer (2007)

[reaction: see text] A series of electron-transfer chromophores containing a donor and acceptor linked by an alkyl spacer were synthesized, and their electronic spectra were investigated. By inclusion with amylose, the supramolecularly encapsulated chromophores exhibit enhanced fluorescence quenching with discrete distance dependence and acquire the ability to sustain self-assemblies of a densely packed supramolecular array on a SiOH/Si substrate.
In situ solid-state NMR studies of the catalytic conversion of methanol on the molecular sieve SAPO-34 (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIn situ solid-state NMR studies of the catalytic conversion of methanol on the molecular sieve SAPO-34Michael W. Anderson, Bogdan. Sulikowski, Patrick J. Barrie, and Jacek. KlinowskiCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1990, 94, 7, 2730–2734Publication Date (Print):April 5, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 5 April 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100370a002https://doi.org/10.1021/j100370a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views596Altmetric-Citations63LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Obesity: Genetic, molecular, and environmental aspects (2007)

Abstract Obesity has emerged as one of the most serious public health concerns in the 21st century. Obese children tend to become obese adults. The dramatic rise in pediatric obesity closely parallels the rapid increase in the prevalence of adult obesity. As overweight children become adults they face the multitude of health problems associated with obesity at younger ages. The morbidity and mortality associated with obesity continue to increase. Obesity is one of the leading causes of preventable death. Complications of obesity include cardiovascular risks, hypertension, dyslipidemia, endothelial dysfunction, type 2 diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose tolerance, acanthosis nigricans, hepatic steatosis, premature puberty, hypogonadism and polycystic ovary syndrome, obstructive sleep disorder, orthopedic complications, cholelithiasis and pseudotumor cerebri. Genetic and molecular and environmental factors play an important role in the assessment and management of obesity. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fluorescent Dyes Used in Polymer Carriers as Imaging Agents in Anticancer Therapy (2016)

This review highlights the role of fluorescent dyes as active "molecular photoswiches" focusing on the application in bioimaging and anticancer therapies in the field of therapeutic delivery. The author describes the development of prodrugs targeted to specific cell types and polymeric nanocarriers (capsules, micelles and silica nanoparticles) used as fluorescent probes which offer advantages in the integration of "smart" features of fluorescent dyes into synthetic materials. The incorporation of biologically responsive components that cleave upon changes in pH or light irradiation is fundamental to the successful design of such carriers with capabilities to load and release therapeutics specifically at a target site.
Cellular Responses to Combinations of Hyperthermia and Radiation (1977)

The two principal rationales for applying hyperthermia in cancer therapy are that: (a) the S phase, which is relatively radioresistant, is the most sensitive phase to hyperthermia, and can be selectively radiosensitized by combining hyperthermia with x-irradiation; the cycling tumor cells in S phase which would normally survive an x-ray dose could thus be killed by subjecting these cells to hyperthermia; and (b) the relatively radioresistant hypoxic cells in the tumor may be selectively destroyed by combinations of hyperthermia and x-irradiation. Both of these rationales have been mentioned as reasons for using high LET irradiation in cancer therapy; therefore where such irradiation may be of use, hyperthermia may also be advantageous.
Self-Diffusion of Asymmetric Diblock Copolymers with a Spherical Domain Structure (1998)

The temperature and molecular weight dependence of the self-diffusion coefficient of asymmetric diblock copolymers (polystyrene-b-2-vinylpyridine) (PS−PVP) with a spherical PVP domain structure has been measured by forward recoil spectrometry. The self-diffusion coefficient D is decreased by up to a factor of 10-4 by the existence of the ordered spherical microstructure. The normalized diffusion coefficient D/D0, where D0 is the diffusion coefficient of homopolystyrene with same molecular weight, depends strongly on the product of the interaction parameter χ between PS and PVP and NPVP, the number of segments in the shorter PVP block, scaling approximately as exp(−1.2χNPVP). Our results suggest that the diffusion process is governed by the thermodynamic barrier for moving PVP blocks from one spherical domain to another in contrast to the normal reptation mechanism seen for homopolymer self-diffusion.
Prognostic value of monocarboxylate transporter 4 in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (2018)

Monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4) is a membrane transporter of monocarboxylates that has been reported to play an important role in tumorigenesis and progression in several solid tumor types. The present study aimed to investigate its clinical significance in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC). After obtaining and analyzing MCT4 mRNA expression data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, the prognostic potential of MCT4 was evaluated by IHC analysis. The effect of the knockdown of MCT4 by shRNA was also evaluated using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and clonogenic assays, in order to determine whether MCT4 inhibition affected the proliferation and survival ability of ESCC cells. Flow cytometric analysis was used to evaluate apoptosis. Western blot analysis was performed to detect the expression levels of p-Akt, Bax, Bcl-2, cytoplasmic cytochrome c and cleaved caspase-3. MCT4 expression was associated with T stage (P=0.001), N stage (P=0.020) and formalin‑fixed and paraffin-embedded (TNM) stage (P=0.042). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis indicated that patients in the high-MCT4 group had a lower overall survival (OS) rate (P=0.001) and progression-free survival (PFS) rate (P=0.003). The univariate Cox regression analysis and multivariate Cox regression analysis results indicated that MCT4 is an independent predictor of OS (P=0.001 and 0.014) and PFS (P=0.004 and 0.046). Downregulation of MCT4 inhibited cell proliferation and increased apoptosis in vitro. The proliferation rate and clone numbers were decreased and apoptotic rates were increased in the sh-MCT4 groups (all P<0.05). Furthermore, MCT4 knockdown reduced the activation of Akt and increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratios, cytochrome c release and caspase-3 cleavage (all P<0.05). Consequently, MCT4 could serve as a promising biomarker for ESCC to identify patients with poor prognosis.
Decision Making in Periodontology (1992)

This reference illustrates the thought processes that determine optimal therapy for an individual patient. The approach entails the use of a decision tree for each clinical problem or situation accompanied by a brief explanation of the basis for each decision.
Closed loop hydrogeophysical inversion of time‐lapse GPR data to determine hydraulic properties of a sandy soil (2008)

A closed loop hydrogeophysical inversion procedure has been developed and tested in an outdoor test site facility to investigate its effectiveness in reconstructing hydraulic properties of a sandy soil under controlled conditions. We use global optimization followed by a local routine, which involves a large number of forward models to be computed. Forward model computation speed up was established up to one order of magnitude. The final results show that the parameters describing the water content profile are well estimated, but the obtained hydraulic conductivity seems to correspond to the value excluding macropore flow.
The Future of Theranostic Nanoagents (2009)

diagnosis and treatment of disease
Multi-prism x-ray lens (2002)

Refractive x-ray lenses with a triangular surface profile have been used to focus a synchrotron beam to sub-μm line width. These lenses are free from spherical aberration and work in analogy with one-dimensional focusing parabolic compound refractive lenses. However, the focal length can be easily varied by changing the gap between the two jaws. Silicon lenses were fabricated by wet anisotropic etching, and epoxy replicas were molded from the silicon masters. The lenses provided intensity gains up to a factor of 32 and the smallest focal line width was 0.87 μm. The simplified geometry and associated fabrication technique open possibilities for low-Z materials such as beryllium, which should greatly enhance the performance of refractive x-ray optics.