gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Impact of CD1d Deficiency on Metabolism (2011)

Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKTs) are innate-like T cells that are highly concentrated in the liver and recognize lipids presented on the MHC-like molecule CD1d. Although capable of a myriad of responses, few essential functions have been described for iNKTs. Among the many cell types of the immune system implicated in metabolic control and disease, iNKTs seem ideally poised for such a role, yet little has been done to elucidate such a possible function. We hypothesized that lipid presentation by CD1d could report on metabolic status and engage iNKTs to regulate cellular lipid content through their various effector mechanisms. To test this hypothesis, we examined CD1d deficient mice in a variety of metabolically stressed paradigms including high fat feeding, choline-deficient feeding, fasting, and acute inflammation. CD1d deficiency led to a mild exacerbation of steatosis during high fat or choline-deficient feeding, accompanied by impaired hepatic glucose tolerance. Surprisingly, however, this phenotype was not observed in Jα18⁻/⁻ mice, which are deficient in iNKTs but express CD1d. Thus, CD1d appears to modulate some metabolic functions through an iNKT-independent mechanism.
Harnessing the wisdom of crowds in wikipedia (2008)

Wikipedia's success is often attributed to the large numbers of contributors who improve the accuracy, completeness and clarity of articles while reducing bias. However, because of the coordination needed to write an article collaboratively, adding contributors is costly. We examined how the number of editors in Wikipedia and the coordination methods they use affect article quality. We distinguish between explicit coordination, in which editors plan the article through communication, and implicit coordination, in which a subset of editors structure the work by doing the majority of it. Adding more editors to an article improved article quality only when they used appropriate coordination techniques and was harmful when they did not. Implicit coordination through concentrating the work was more helpful when many editors contributed, but explicit coordination through communication was not. Both types of coordination improved quality more when an article was in a formative stage. These results demonstrate the critical importance of coordination in effectively harnessing the "wisdom of the crowd" in online production environments.
Synthesis and Characterization of Iron Complexes with Monoanionic and Dianionic <i>N,N‘,N‘ ‘</i>-Trialkylguanidinate Ligands (2002)

Trisubstitued N,N',N' '-tri(alkyl)guanidinate anions have been used in the synthesis of a family of Fe(II) and Fe(III) complexes. Complexes FeCl[((i)PrN)(2)C(HN(i)Pr)](2) (1), [Fe[micro-((i)PrN)(2)C(HN(i)Pr)][((i)PrN)(2)C(HN(i)Pr)]](2) (2), and [Fe[mgr;-(CyN)(2)C(HNCy)][(CyN)(2)C(HNCy)]](2) (3) were prepared from the reaction of the appropriate lithium tri(alkyl)guanidinate and FeCl(3) or FeBr(2). The complex [FeBr[micro-(CyN)(2)C(HNCy)]](2) (4), an apparent intermediate in the formation of 3, has also been isolated and characterized. Complexes 1 and 2 react with alkyllithium reagents to yield products that depend on the identity of the reagent as well as the reaction stoichiometry. Reaction of 2 with MeLi (1:2 ratio) produces Li(2)[Fe[micro-((i)PrN)(2)C=N(i)Pr][((i)PrN)(2)C(HN(i)Pr)]](2) (5). Reaction of 1 with an equimolar amount of LiCH(2)SiMe(3) results in reduction to Fe(II) and generation of 2 while reaction with 4 LiCH(2)SiMe(3) proceeds by a combination of reduction, substitution, and deprotonation of guandinate to yield Li(4)(THF)(2)[Fe[((i)PrN)(2)CN(i)Pr](CH(2)SiMe(3))(2)](2) (7). Both complexes 5 and 7 posssess dianionic guanidinate ligands. The reaction of 2 with 1 equiv of LiCH(2)SiMe(3) generated Fe(2)[micro-((i)PrNCN(i)Pr)(2)(N(i)Pr)][((i)PrN)(2)C(HN(i)Pr)](2) (6). Compound 6 has a dianionic biguanidinate ligand derived from the coupling of the two bridging guanidinate ligands of 2.
Transmit Antenna Selection for Massive MIMO-GSM with Machine Learning (2019)

A dynamic and flexible generalized spatial modulation (GSM) framework is proposed for massive MIMO systems. Our framework is leveraged on the utilization of machine learning methods for GSM in order to improve the error performance in presence of correlated channels and channel estimation errors. Both decision tree and multi-layer perceptrons approaches are adopted for the GSM transmitter. Simulation results indicate that in presence of real-life impairments machine learning based approaches provide a superior performance when compared to the classical Euclidean distance based approach. The observations are validated through measurement results over the designed $16\times 4$ MIMO test-bed using software defined radio nodes.
Electrically small isotropic three-dimensional magnetic resonators for metamaterial design (2006)

The problem of the design of artificial magnetic resonators for isotropic metamaterials is addressed. The internal symmetries that ensure an isotropic behavior of such resonators are analyzed and some specific designs based on the proper arrangement of modified split ring resonators are proposed. These proposals are validated by electromagnetic simulations and experiments. The reported results are likely to have applications in the design of devices such as negative refractive index materials, superlenses, and metasurfaces with isotropic response.
Rift Valley Fever Virus Infection among French Troops in Chad (2003)

To the Editor: During the rainy season every year, outbreaks of selflimiting nonmalarious febrile syndromes have occurred in French military troops on duty in Chad. To determine the cause of these syndromes, the Tropical Medicine Institute of the French Army Medical Corps implemented an arbo-virus surveillance program in Marseille.
Conditional-lethal mutations that suppress genetic defects in morphogenesis by altering structural proteins. (1975)

An analysis of revertants of missense mutants in phage P22 has shown: (i) New temperature-sensitive (TS) and cold-sensitive (CS) phenotypes are often acquired concomitant with reversion. (ii) In many cases, these new phenotypes are due to second-site mutations (suppressors) that correct the original defect. (iii) Sometimes the suppressor mutation is not in the same gene as the original mutation. (iv) Extragenic suppressors are almost always in genes whose products are known to interact physically with the original gene products. (v) The suppressor mutations typically retain their TS or CS phenotypes when crossed into wild-type genetic backgrounds. (vi) Some TS and CS mutants derived by reversion can themselves be reverted to produce additional mutations. We have shown that genetic reversion of missense mutants can be of value in producing new temperature-sensitive and cold-sensitive mutations affecting related functions. We suggest that our approach can be extended to organisms with large genomes.
Complex Orthogonal Spreading Sequences using Mutually Orthogonal Complementary Sets (2006)

This paper presents a new family of complex spreading sequences designed using mutually orthogonal(MO) complementary sets. Based on the technique described in this paper, the correlation properties of sets of sequences are compared to well-known Walsh-Hadamard sequence sets. Further improvement of correlation qualities can be achieved by employing a diagonal modification method. We also present simulation results of an asynchronous multiuser CDMA system using the modified sequences.
Deoxypodophyllotoxin; The Cytotoxic and Antiangiogenic Component from Pulsatilla koreana (2002)

The petroleum ether fraction of Pulsatilla koreana (Ranunculaceae) was found to have an inhibitory effect on the tube-like formation of human umbilical venous endothelial (HUVE) cells and strong cytotoxic activity against five tumor cell lines. The active component isolated from the fraction was deoxypodophyllotoxin (DPT). The cytotoxic activity against the tumor cells comprising the A549, SK-OV-3, SK-MEL-2, HCT15, and B16F10 cell lines, expressed as ED50, ranged from 6 to 18 ng/ml. 3 ng/ml of DPT, a concentration considerably below the cytotoxic concentration, completely inhibited the tube-like formation of HUVE cells. Furthermore, DPT exhibited an inhibition ratio of 60 % on BDF1 mice bearing Lewis lung carcinoma cells. The inhibitory effect on the tube-like formation was suggested to play an important role in antitumor activity.
Field Map Based Automated Shimming for Organs Outside of the Human Brain (2006)

For the brain a variety of automated non-iterative shimming methods using either columnar projections or images of phase evolution to generate B0 maps have been reported. Intrinsic to most of these methods is the assumption that there is only a single chemical species contributing to the image. While this view is valid in brain tissue, this is not necessarily true in tissues outside of the brain. We have developed a method based on B0 mapping using a modified Dixon acquisition to provide fully automated shimming of tissue where lipids dominate. We demonstrate this method in the human calf and liver.
Correlating software modelling and hardware responses for VHDL and Verilog based designs (2003)

Modern digital system designs have been predominantly software driven, using the hardware description languages. While there are many different types of the hardware description languages, the most commonly used are VHDL (very high-speed integrated circuit hardware description language) and the Verilog. Both lend themselves to the successful realizations of the digital systems. However, even the experienced designers are often confused about which one to use and their relative performance characteristics. The authors discuss the general features of both languages from a design standpoint. Also, VHDL and Verilog based coding are discussed and the design realizations and simulations of the results are presented. We present the case studies of fundamental digital units such as full adders, comparators, counters and shift registers and discuss the timing and other important aspects which can be integrated into the actual designs. Also, the authors present a working model for hardware realizations using the CPLD (complex programmable logic device) platforms of the software designs. While it is acceptable to functionally check the designs with simulations, in actual applications, there is a need for hardware realizations as well. There are instances where the program code is sequential and the simulation results are also sequential. However, with the present complexity of CPLDs, and FPGAs where some hardware elements can be synthesized in concurrence, there can be timing problems. The authors also examine such instances and provide an insight into the arbitration schemes for a reliable digital system realization.
Low-aspect-ratio limit of the toroidal reactor: the spheromak (1978)

The ideal and resistive MHD stability properties of a class of toroidal plasma configurations (''spheromaks'') having internal toroidal and poloidal fields, and external poloidal fields are considered. The reactor advantage of the spheromak is twofold: (1) The maximum field strength at the external coils is about half the field at the plasma center, rather than twice, as in a tokamak. (2) A roughly spherical blanket can be used, rather than a blanket that links the plasma topologically. Taylor's criterion, which insures stability against both ideal and resistive modes, has been applied to force-free spheromaks of unity aspect ratio. In the presence of a loosely fitting external conducting shell, oblate spheromaks are stable against all modes except short-wave surface kinks (which are an artifact of the idealized current density profile). The Mercier criterion gives a ..beta..-limit below 1%; however, at aspect ratio approximately > 1 the ..beta..-limit for representative spheromak models rises into the range 2 to 4%. The Mercier analysis has been confirmed by Balloon Code studies. The ideal MHD Pest Code is being applied to spheromaks of various aspect ratios and current density profiles. Ideal MHD stability can be obtained in the presence of a loosely fitting conducting shell.
Combination pharmacotherapies for stimulant use disorder: a review of clinical findings and recommendations for future research (2014)

Despite concerted efforts to identify a pharmacotherapy for managing stimulant use disorders, no widely effective medications have been approved. Innovative strategies are necessary to develop successful pharmacotherapies for stimulant use disorders. This manuscript reviews human laboratory studies and clinical trials to determine whether one such strategy, use of combination pharmacotherapies, holds promise. The extant literature shows that combination pharmacotherapy produced results that were better than placebo treatment, especially with medications shown to have efficacy as monotherapies. However, many studies did not compare individual constituents to the combination treatment, making it impossible to determine whether combination treatment is more effective than monotherapy. Future research should systematically compare combined treatments with individual agents using medications showing some efficacy when tested alone.
Effect of Magnesium Substitution into LaMnAl<sub>11</sub>O<sub>19</sub> Hexaaluminate on the Activity of Methane Catalytic Combustion (2008)

The effect of the substitution of manganese by magnesium on the activity and physicochemical properties of a LaMn1-xMgxAl11O19 hexaaluminate catalyst was investigated. The samples were prepared using a coprecipitation method and characterized by X-ray diffractometry (XRD), hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), oxygen temperature-programmed desorption (TPD), and nitrogen adsorption. The results show that the Mg-substitution enhances the catalytic activity. A sample with a composition of LaMn0.7Mg0.3Al11O19 has a very good activity and T10% = 704 K. XRD analysis suggests that the partial substitution of manganese by magnesium effectively suppresses the crystal growth along the [001] direction, which leads to an improved surface area. Although the increase in activity is partially attributable to the high surface area, TPD and TPR results confirm that the substitution also affects the oxygen adsorption property and the oxidation state of Mn ions in the hexaaluminate lattice. The reducibility, the amount of Mn3+ species, and the lattice oxygen mobility also are improved.
Ecology-inspired cyber risk model for propagation of vulnerability exploitation in tactical edge (2015)

A multitude of cyber vulnerabilities on the tactical edge arise from the mix of network infrastructure, physical hardware and software, and individual user-behavior. Because of the inherent complexity of socio-technical systems, most models of tactical cyber assurance omit the non-physical influence propagation between mobile systems and users. This omission leads to a question: how can the flow of influence across a network act as a proxy for assessing the propagation of risk? Our contribution toward solving this problem is to introduce a dynamic, adaptive ecosystem-inspired model of vulnerability exploitation and risk flow over a tactical network. This model is based on ecological characteristics of the tactical edge, where the heterogeneous characteristics and behaviors of human-machine systems enhance or degrade mission risk in the tactical environment. Our approach provides an in-depth analysis of vulnerability exploitation propagation and risk flow using a multi-agent epidemic model which incorporates user-behavior and mobility as components of the system. This user-behavior component is expressed as a time-varying parameter driving a multi-agent system. We validate this model by conducting a synthetic battlefield simulation, where performance results depend mainly on the level of functionality of the assets and services. The composite risk score is shown to be proportional to infection rates from the Standard Epidemic Model.
Research on Molecular Mechanisms of Engulfment of Apoptotic Cells (2015)

Apoptotic cells generated during development and immune responses in animals are rapidly engulfed by phagocytes, such as macrophages and dendritic cells. When the engulfment process malfunctions, the apoptotic cells undergo secondary necrosis, which results in the release of noxious cellular components into the extracellular space. Thus, the efficient clearance of apoptotic cells is indispensable for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying the engulfment of apoptotic cells remain largely unknown. To identify the molecules that are involved in this process, we developed a functional screening strategy using a retrovirus cDNA library. Using this assay, we isolated cDNA clones encoding RhoG and Rab5 which enhanced the engulfment of apoptotic cells. In addition, we found that Rac1, which is very similar to RhoG, and Rab5 are necessary for engulfment; their activities were successfully visualized by a combination of fluorescence resonance energy transfer technology with time-lapse imaging techniques. We further determined that G protein-coupled receptor kinase 6 (GRK6), originally identified as a kinase responsible for the desensitization and downregulation of G-protein-coupled receptors, activates Rac1 independent of the two known intracellular engulfment pathways in phagocytes. GRK6-deficient macrophages exhibited impaired phagocytosis of apoptotic cells. Consequently, GRK6-deficient mice developed autoimmune phenotypes such as an increase in the amount of anti-dsDNA in serum and the deposition of immune complexes in the kidney. Thus, our findings contributed to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate apoptotic engulfment in phagocytes.
Scalable network distance browsing in spatial databases (2008)

An algorithm is presented for finding the k nearest neighbors in a spatial network in a best-first manner using network distance. The algorithm is based on precomputing the shortest paths between all possible vertices in the network and then making use of an encoding that takes advantage of the fact that the shortest paths from vertex u to all of the remaining vertices can be decomposed into subsets based on the first edges on the shortest paths to them from u. Thus, in the worst case, the amount of work depends on the number of objects that are examined and the number of links on the shortest paths to them from q, rather than depending on the number of vertices in the network. The amount of storage required to keep track of the subsets is reduced by taking advantage of their spatial coherence which is captured by the aid of a shortest path quadtree. In particular, experiments on a number of large road networks as well as a theoretical analysis have shown that the storage has been reduced from O(N3) to O(N1.5) (i.e., by an order of magnitude equal to the square root). The precomputation of the shortest paths along the network essentially decouples the process of computing shortest paths along the network from that of finding the neighbors, and thereby also decouples the domain S of the query objects and that of the objects from which the neighbors are drawn from the domain V of the vertices of the spatial network. This means that as long as the spatial network is unchanged, the algorithm and underlying representation of the shortest paths in the spatial network can be used with different sets of objects.
Improved Load Transfer in Nanotube/Polymer Composites with Increased Polymer Molecular Weight (2007)

Mechanical interactions between amorphous polymers and nanofillers were probed by measuring the tensile moduli of nanocomposite fibers with aligned single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT) and carbon nanofibers (CNF). Polymer chains provide better load transfer and thereby higher tensile moduli when the polymer size is large relative to the diameter of the filler. The specific interfacial area of the filler is not sufficient to explain this observed increase in elastic modulus. The effective modulus of SWNT bundles was ∼250 GPa, as calculated using a short fiber model.
Direct regulation of large speed excursions for variable speed wind turbines (1999)

In above rated wind speed the pitch control system of a pitch regulated variable speed wind turbine\naims to maintain the rotor speed within a permitted range. However, this requirement can be difficult to satisfy\nduring extreme gusts with conventional controllers, particularly for large-scale machines where the pitch actuation\ncapability may be quite limited. This paper investigates the design of a pitch controller for 1 MW variable speed\nturbine which directly responds to a strong gust by pitching the rotor blades at the maximum permissible rate,\nthereby exploiting the maximum capability of the actuation system. The performance assessed and compared to\nthat of a conventional pitch controller by simulation studies.
Wide-band analog-digital photonic link with third-order linearization (2002)

A photonic analog-digital link with third-order distortion suppression is proposed and demonstrated. 1 GSPS photonic sampling and digitization of singleand two-tone signals with digital linearization resulting in >25 dB distortion suppression with a 500 MHz instantaneous bandwidth is achieved.
[Effect of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Interventions on Ethological Changes and 5-HT/5-HIAA Levels in Prefrontal Cortex in Depression Rats]. (2016)

Both acupuncture and moxibustion can increase sucrose consumption (anti-depression) in depression rats, which may be closely associated withheir effects in up-regulating 5-HT/5-HIAA and down-regulating Trp content in the frontal cortex.
Multi‐GPU algorithm for <i>k</i>‐nearest neighbor problem (2011)

SUMMARY The recommendation system is a mechanism which automatically recommends items that are likely to be of interest to the user. In the recommendation system, customers' preferences are encoded into vectors, and finding the nearest vectors to each vector is an essential part. This vector‐searching part of the problem is called a k ‐nearest neighbor problem. We give an effective algorithm to solve this problem on multiple graphics processor units (GPUs). Our algorithm consists of two parts: the N ‐body problem and the partial sort. For an algorithm of the N ‐body problem, we applied the idea of a known algorithm, although another trick is needed to overcome the problem of small‐sized shared memory. For the partial sort, we give a novel GPU algorithm which is effective for small k . In our partial sort algorithm, a heap is accessed in parallel by threads with a low cost of synchronization. We show through an experiment that when the size of the problem is large, an implementation of the algorithm on two GPUs runs more than 330 times faster than a single core implementation on a latest CPU. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Migration of metallic ions from screwposts into dentin and surrounding tissues (1978)

Previous investigations have shown htat corrosion and other electrochemical processes occure when different alloys or metals are found together in the same mouth. In the present report, when teeth were restored using non-noble metallic posts, the metals diffused out to surrounding hard and soft connective tissues. The material consisted of extracted teeth with screw posts and surrounding discolored connective tissues. The screwposts had been cemented to the teeth 3--10 years earlier. The distribution of metal ions was determined by means of energy-dispersive X-ray microanalysis. Copper and zinc were found in both hard and soft tissues. Relatively high concentrations of copper ions were identified in areas of the teeth with blue-green discolorations. Zinc ions were detected in the dentin; they most probably originated from the screwposts and the cement, but zinc is also found in normal human dentin. Copper, zinc, silver and iron were found in the dark discolorations of the gingiva adjacent to the extracted teeth.