gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Transforming growth factor-β and breast cancer: Transforming growth factor-β/SMAD signaling defects and cancer (2000)

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) is a tumor suppressor, the function of which is compromised in many types of human cancer, including breast cancer. The tumor suppressive effects of TGF-beta are caused by potent inhibition of cell proliferation due to cell cycle arrest in the G1 phase. Such antiproliferative responses are mediated by a signaling system that includes two types of cell surface receptors and intracellular signal transducers, the SMAD proteins. Different molecular mechanisms can lead to loss of antiproliferative TGF-beta responses in tumor cells, including mutations in components of the signaling system and inhibition of the SMAD signaling pathway by aberrant activities of various regulatory molecules. Some of these mechanisms will be discussed, with emphasis on their potential involvement in breast tumorigenesis.
Impact of the solvent capacity constraint on E. coli metabolism (2008)

These results implicate the solvent capacity as an important physiological constraint acting on E. coli cells operating at high metabolic rates and for the activation of a metabolic switch when they are shifted from low to high growth rates. The relevance of this constraint in the context of both the aerobic ethanol excretion seen in fast growing yeast cells (Crabtree effect) and the aerobic glycolysis observed in rapidly dividing cancer cells (Warburg effect) should be addressed in the future.
Synthesis, Biochemical Evaluation, and Classical and Three-Dimensional Quantitative Structure−Activity Relationship Studies of 7-Substituted-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines and Their Relative Affinities toward Phenylethanolamine <i>N</i>-Methyltransferase and the α<sub>2</sub>-Adrenoceptor<sup>,1</sup> (1998)

7-Substituted-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines (7-substituted-THIQs) are potent inhibitors of phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PNMT, EC 2.1.1.28), the enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of epinephrine. Unfortunately, most of these compounds also exhibit strong affinity for the alpha2-adrenoceptor. To design a selective (PNMT vs alpha2-adrenoceptor affinity) inhibitor of PNMT, the steric and electrostatic factors responsible for PNMT inhibitory activity and alpha2-adrenoceptor affinity were investigated by evaluating a number of 7-substituted-THIQs. A classical quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) study resulted in a three-parameter equation for PNMT (PNMT pKi = 0.599pi - 0.0725MR + 1. 55sigmam + 5.80; n = 27, r = 0.885, s = 0.573) and a three-parameter equation for the alpha2-adrenoceptor (alpha2 pKi = 0.599pi - 0. 0542MR - 0.951sigmam + 6.45; n = 27, r = 0.917, s = 0.397). These equations indicated that steric effects and lipophilicity play a similar role at either active site but that electronic effects play opposite roles at either active site. Two binding orientations for the THIQs were postulated such that lipophilic and hydrophilic 7-substituents would not occupy the same region of space at either binding site. Using these two binding orientations, based on the lipophilicity of the 7-substituent, comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) models were developed that showed that the steric and electrostatic interactions at both sites were similar to those previously elaborated in the QSAR analyses. Both the QSAR and the CoMFA analyses showed that the steric interactions are similar at the PNMT active site and at the alpha2-adrenoceptor and that the electrostatic interactions were different at the two sites. This difference in electrostatic interactions might be responsible for the selectivity of THIQs bearing a nonlipophilic electron-withdrawing group at the 7-position. These QSAR and CoMFA results will be useful in the design of potent and selective (PNMT vs alpha2-adrenoceptor affinity) inhibitors of PNMT.
Fast multipole boundary element method to calculate head-related transfer functions for a wide frequency range (2009)

Head-related transfer functions (HRTFs) play an important role in spatial sound localization. The boundary element method (BEM) can be applied to calculate HRTFs from non-contact visual scans. Because of high computational complexity, HRTF simulations with BEM for the whole head and pinnae have only been performed for frequencies below 10 kHz. In this study, the fast multipole method (FMM) is coupled with BEM to simulate HRTFs for a wide frequency range. The basic approach of the FMM and its implementation are described. A mesh with over 70 000 elements was used to calculate HRTFs for one subject. With this mesh, the method allowed to calculate HRTFs for frequencies up to 35 kHz. Comparison to acoustically-measured HRTFs has been performed for frequencies up to 16 kHz, showing a good congruence below 7 kHz. Simulations with an additional shoulder mesh improved the congruence in the vertical direction. Reduction in the mesh size by 5% resulted in a substantially-worse representation of spectral cues. The effects of temperature and mesh perturbation were negligible. The FMM appears to be a promising approach for HRTF simulations. Further limitations and potential advantages of the FMM-coupled BEM are discussed.
HER-2/neu oncogene expression and DNA ploidy analysis in breast cancer. (1990)

This study was performed to evaluate the correlation between HER-2/neu gene expression and DNA ploidy patterns. Forty-five cases of breast-cancer were analyzed. Immunohistochemical staining of HER-2/neu protein on frozen sections was used to detect the HER-2/neu protein, and the Feulgen DNA staining method was used to assess DNA amounts in the same tumor cells. Positive HER-2/neu overexpression was evaluated visually, and quantitation of the HER-2/neu protein was measured by image analysis. Twenty-two of the 45 cases were visually scored to be positive for the overexpression of the HER-2/neu protein, and these cases also contained above 10% HER-2/neu protein compared with a standard control cell line. All 22 of these cases had near-tetraploid DNA content. In contrast, cells, derived from the 23 cases that did not overexpress the HER-2/neu protein, contained DNA amounts that ranged from euploid (diploid) to varying degrees of aneuploid. The results of this study indicated that tumors that overexpress the HER-2/neu protein have tetraploid or near-tetraploid DNA content. This pattern could relate to the biological behavior of these tumors.
Cross-bridge phosphorylation and regulation of latch state in smooth muscle (1988)

We have developed a minimum kinetic model for cross-bridge interactions with the thin filament in smooth muscle. The model hypothesizes two types of cross-bridge interactions: 1) cycling phosphorylated cross bridges and 2) noncycling dephosphorylated cross bridges ("latch bridges"). The major assumptions are that 1) Ca2+-dependent myosin phosphorylation is the only postulated regulatory mechanism, 2) each myosin head acts independently, and 3) latch bridges are formed by dephosphorylation of an attached cross bridge. Rate constants were resolved by fitting data on the time courses of myosin phosphorylation and stress development. Comparison of the rate constants indicates that latch-bridge detachment is the rate-limiting step. Model simulations predicted a hyperbolic dependence of steady-state stress on myosin phosphorylation, which corresponded with the experimental observation of high values of stress with low levels of phosphorylation in intact tissues. Model simulations also predicted the experimental observation that an initial phosphorylation transient only accelerates stress development, with no effect on the final steady-state levels of stress. Because the only Ca2+-dependent regulatory mechanism in this model was activation of myosin light chain kinase, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that myosin phosphorylation is both necessary and sufficient for the development of the latch state.
Über die Darstellung von Imidazol‐ und Oxazol‐derivaten durch Oximkondensationen (1965)

Abstract An mehreren Beispielen wird gezeigt, daß die Kondensation von Isonitrosoketonen mit Aldoximen zu Imidazolderivaten mit N‐Oxid‐Struktur (I–V) führt. Mit aromatischen Aldehyden geben Isonitrosoketone Oxazol‐N‐Oxide (VI). Die N‐Oxid‐Struktur wird auf verschiedene Art bewiesen.
An overview of H.264/MPEG-4 Part 10 (2004)

The video coding standards to date have not been able to address all the needs required by varying bit rates of different applications and the at the same time meeting the quality requirements. An emerging video coding standard named H.264 or MPEG-4 part 10 aims at coding video sequences at approximately half the bit rate compared to MPEG-2 at the same quality. It also aims at having significant improvements in coding efficiency, error robustness and network friendliness. It makes use of better prediction methods for Intra (I), Predictive (P) and Bi-predictive (B) frames. All these features along with others such as CABAC (Context Based Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding) have resulted in having a 2:1 coding gain over MPEG-2 at the cost of increased complexity.
Adaptive congestion control schemes for ATM LANs (2002)

New congestion control schemes using the adaptive rate control for ATM LANs are presented. It is preferable for hosts in LANs to be able to send bursts at the same speed as the interface link speed in a lightly loaded condition, and as the network load increases, to reduce their traffic rate adaptively in order to avoid network congestion. The authors propose to apply such a rate control concept for two different traffic classes in the ATM LANs. For the first traffic class requiring no bandwidth reservation, i.e. a best effort service class, a combination of the end-to-end adaptive peak rate control with the link-by-link backpressure control is proposed. For the second traffic class, requiring the bandwidth reservation for the burst transmission, i.e. a guaranteed burst service class, a combination of the adaptive peak rate control with the fast bandwidth reservation (FRP) is proposed. It is shown through simulations that, in the first class traffic, cell loss is avoided by the backpressure, while the unfairness problems caused by the backpressure in a heavy load situation are resolved with the adaptive rate control. In the second class traffic, the network throughput characteristics are shown to be improved in the heavily loaded situations, owing to the fact that the adaptive rate control reduces the bandwidth reservation blocking probability.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A high performance solid state modulator for radar applications (2002)

The author describes a multi-module solid state modulator for cathode pulsing a traveling wave tube (TWT) which is used in a military/ATC E/F-band ground-based surveillance radar application. When a relatively simple system waveform is specified together with modest RF power requirements, a low voltage modular PSU/modulator, utilizing FETs in conjunction with a high ratio step-up transformer with a cathode modulated TWT, can be designed that will given an entirely satisfactory performance. The TWT will not require a complex control electrode, and the use of FET switches will allow rapid turn-off under fault conditions, avoiding the need for a high-voltage crowbar protection system. The pulse transformer also acts as a protection mechanism since, under conditions of gross malfunction, the maximum pulse duration obtainable will be limited by the volt-time integral of the pulse transformer.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Specific interactions, structure and properties in segmented polyurethane elastomers (2011)

Two sets of segmented polyurethane (PU) elastomers were prepared from 4,4!-methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate) (MDI), 1,4-butanediol (BD) and a polyester or a polyether polyol, respectively. The molecular mass of both polyols was 1000 g/mol. The stoichiometric ratio of isocyanate and hydroxyl groups was 1 and the polyol/total diol ratio changed from 0 to 1 in 0.1 steps. One step bulk polymerization was carried out in an internal mixer and the samples were compression molded for testing. The results proved that specific interactions determine the phase structure and properties of these materials. Crystallinity was approximately the same in the two types of polyurethanes and the amount of relaxing soft segments was also similar. The determination of interaction parameters from solvent absorption and differences in glass transition temperatures indicated stronger interaction between hard and soft segments in the polyester than in the polyether polyurethane. Larger transparency of the polyester PU indicated the formation of smaller dispersed particles of the hard phase. The larger number of smaller hard phase units led to the formation of more physical cross-links distributed more evenly in the polymer. These differences in the phase structure of the polymers resulted in stronger strain hardening tendency, larger strength and smaller deformations for the polyester than for the polyether polyurethane.
Concurrent query analytics on distributed graph systems (2017)

Large-scale graph problems, such as shortest path finding or social media graph evaluations, are an important area in computer science. In recent years, important graph applications such as PowerGraph or PowerLyra lead to a shift of paradigms of distributed graph processing systems towards processing of multiple parallel queries rather than a single global graph algorithm. Queries usually have locality in graphs, i.e. involve only a subset of the graphs vertices. Suitable partitioning and query synchronization approaches can minimize communication overhead and query latency by exploiting this locality. Additionally, partitioning algorithms must be dynamic as the number and locality of queries can change over time. Existing graph processing systems are not optimized to exploit query locality or to adapt graph partitioning at runtime. In this thesis we present Q-Graph, an open source, multitenant graph analytics system with dynamic graph repartitioning. Q-Graph's query-aware partitioning algorithm Q-Cut performs adaptive graph partitioning at runtime. Compared to static partitioning strategies, Q-Cut can exploit runtime knowledge about query locality and workload to improve partitioning dynamically. Furthermore a case study with an implementation for the shortest path problem and point search queries is presented. We present evaluations showing the performance of Q-Graph and the effectiveness of Q-Cut. Measurements show that Q-Cut improves query processing performance by up to 60% and automatically adapts partitioning on changing query workload and locality, outperforming partitioning methods using domain knowledge.
Virtual Reality Augmentation in Skull Base Surgery (2006)

Supported by sound anatomical knowledge, creation of a virtual operating field for a surgical approach in an individual patient offers a déjà vu experience that can enhance the capabilities of a surgical team in skull base approaches. In addition, application of this technique in image-guided procedures assists in targeting or avoiding hidden anatomical structures.
Acute bacterial infection negatively impacts cancer specific survival of colorectal cancer patients (2014)

Infection and high neutrophil counts are associated with a poorer cancer-specific survival in colorectal cancer patients.
Clock partitioning for testability (2002)

An implementation of a design for testability model for sequential circuits is presented. The flip-flops in a sequential circuit are partitioned to reduce the number of cycles and the path lengths in each partition, thereby reducing the complexity of test generation. The implementation includes a Podem-based test generator. Preliminary results using the Contest sequential test generator are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The calculator puzzle book, by Claude Birtwistle. Pp 126. 50p. 1978. SBN 7160 0636 7 (Elliot Right Way Books) (1979)

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Nanometre electrode fabrication technology usinganodic oxidation resistfilms and applications to 10 GHz surface acoustic wave devices (1994)

New lithography techniques for electrode widths of less than 60 nm are proposed. The electrodes are fabricated by using extremely thin anodic oxidation films (AOFs) as resists. 60 nm-wide electrodes were obtained by using a wet etching technique and 100 nm-wide electrodes by using a dry etching technique. The experimental results of a 10 GHz surface acoustic wave filter with an insertion loss of 15 dB are also presented for an 80 nm-wide electrode.
Inverted index based multi-keyword public-key searchable encryption with strong privacy guarantee (2015)

With the growing awareness of data privacy, more and more cloud users choose to encrypt their sensitive data before outsourcing them to the cloud. Search over encrypted data is therefore a critical function facilitating efficient cloud data access given the high data volume that each user has to handle nowadays. Inverted index is one of the most efficient searchable index structures and has been widely adopted in plaintext search. However, securing an inverted index and its associated search schemes is not a trivial task. A major challenge exposed from the existing efforts is the difficulty to protect user's query privacy. The challenge roots on two facts: 1) the existing solutions use a deterministic trapdoor generation function for queries; and 2) once a keyword is searched, the encrypted inverted list for this keyword is revealed to the cloud server. We denote this second property in the existing solutions as one-time-only search limitation. Additionally, conjunctive multi-keyword search, which is the most common form of query nowadays, is not supported in those works. In this paper, we propose a public-key searchable encryption scheme based on the inverted index. Our scheme preserves the high search efficiency inherited from the inverted index while lifting the one-time-only search limitation of the previous solutions. Our scheme features a probabilistic trapdoor generation algorithm and protects the search pattern. In addition, our scheme supports conjunctive multi-keyword search. Compared with the existing public key based schemes that heavily rely on expensive pairing operations, our scheme is more efficient by using only multiplications and exponentiations. To meet stronger security requirements, we strengthen our scheme with an efficient oblivious transfer protocol that hides the access pattern from the cloud. The simulation results demonstrate that our scheme is suitable for practical usage with moderate overhead.
A Perspective on Polylactic Acid-Based Polymers Use for Nanoparticles Synthesis and Applications (2019)

Polylactic acid (PLA)-based polymers are ubiquitous in the biomedical field thanks to their combination of attractive peculiarities: biocompatibility (degradation products do not elicit critical responses and are easily metabolized by the body), hydrolytic degradation <i>in situ</i>, tailorable properties, and well-established processing technologies. This led to the development of several applications, such as bone fixation screws, bioresorbable suture threads, and stent coating, just to name a few. Nanomedicine could not be unconcerned by PLA-based materials as well, where their use for the synthesis of nanocarriers for the targeted delivery of hydrophobic drugs emerged as a new promising application. The purpose of the here presented review is two-fold: on one side, it aims at providing a broad overview of PLA-based materials and their properties, which allow them gaining a leading role in the biomedical field; on the other side, it offers a specific focus on their recent use in nanomedicine, highlighting opportunities and perspectives.
Lidar-measured atmospheric N_2 vibrational-rotational Raman spectra and consequent temperature retrieval (2014)

We have built a spectrally resolved Raman lidar to measure atmospheric N₂ Stokes vibrational-rotational Raman spectra. The lidar applies a double-grating polychromator with a reciprocal linear dispersion of ~0.12 nm mm(-1) for the wavelength separation and a 32-channel linear-array photomultiplier tube for sampling the spectral signals. The lidar can together measure the individual S- and O-branch line signals from J = 0 (2) through 14 (16). A comparison shows an excellent agreement between the lidar-measured and theoretically-calculated spectra. Based on the signal ratio of two individual lines (e.g., S-branch J = 6 and 12), the atmospheric temperature profiles are derived without requiring a calibration from another reference temperature. In terms of the envelope shape of an even-J section of the measured S-branch lines, we have also developed a new temperature retrieval approach without needing a calibration from reference temperature data. Both the approaches can give rise to reasonable temperature profiles comparable to that from local radiosonde.
Capacitation of Bovine Spermatozoa by Oviduct Fluid1 (1989)

Oviduct fluid collected from chronically cannulated oviducts of heifers was evaluated for its effect on capacitation of bovine sperm in vitro. Capacitation was determined by the ability of sperm to fertilize bovine oocytes in vitro and to undergo an acrosome reaction (AR) upon exposure to lysophosphatidylcholine (LC). After incubation of sperm with 0-25% (v/v) estrual oviduct fluid (collected +/- 1 day from estrus) for 4 h, addition of LC (100 micrograms/ml) for an additional 0.25 h resulted in an increasing percentage of acrosome-reacted sperm as the concentration of oviduct fluid increased. Sperm incubated 4 h with 25% estrual oviduct fluid fertilized more oocytes than sperm incubated in medium alone (p less than 0.05) but was not different from sperm incubated with 10 micrograms/ml heparin (p greater than 0.05). Glucose inhibited the ability of LC to induce ARs in sperm incubated 4 h with heparin or estrual oviduct fluid. Incubation of sperm with 25% oviduct fluid collected at various days over the estrous cycle demonstrated that peak capacitating activity was found at estrus but was also present +/- 1 day from estrus. The active capacitating factor in oviduct fluid was found to be heat stable. In addition, when extraction procedures were applied in sequential order, oviduct fluid capacitating activity was resistant to protease digestion, precipitable by ethanol, size-excluded by Sephadex G-25, and destroyed by nitrous acid. These results suggest that a heparin-like glycosaminoglycan from the oviduct is a potential in vivo capacitating agent in the bovine.
Novel Feed Network for Circular Polarization Antenna Diversity (2014)

In this letter, we propose a novel feed network for circular polarization (CP) diversity antennas to enhance communications performances. The previous CP diversity systems adopted dual polarization diversity using right-hand circular polarization (RHCP) and left-hand circular polarization (LHCP) within a small space. However, the same rotational CPs need further antenna distance. To overcome the space limitation for the same CP diversity antenna, we propose a feed network for CP antenna using conventional CP with orthogonal polarization radiation characteristics of a linear polarization (LP) diversity system without additional antennas. The port isolation characteristics and impedance matching conditions are numerically verified for the diversity system and antenna characteristics. The proposed feed network with CP patch antennas is fabricated and measured in a reverberation chamber for diversity performances, and their validity is verified.