gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design of a Digitalized Microgyroscope System Using <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Sigma \Delta $ </tex-math></inline-formula> Modulation Technology (2015)

This paper presents a digitalized gyroscope system using ΣΔ modulation on ADC (Analog to Digital Converter) and DAC (Digital to Analog Converter) sections. Both discrete ADC and DAC chips are replaced with these ΣΔ sections. The ΣΔ ADC technology can convert signals between analog and digital domain using analog modulators on the printed circuit board circuit with different amplifiers and matched capacity couples and digital backend processing in field programmable gate array (FPGA). While the ΣΔ ADC technology are easily realized in FPGA by signal processing algorithms the major sections of the digital system, such as auto gain control and phase-lock loop are also implemented in FPGA, which have provided the programmable flexibility of the whole system. The signal-to-noise ratio of power spectrum density (PSD) and stability in both ΣΔ ADC and ΣΔ DAC are analyzed, respectively. Considering the sections of the ΣΔ ADC and DAC works in different clock domain, the frequency characteristics of each section should be analyzed. In the drive mode of the gyroscope, the force feedback is applied through the direct bitstream of the modulator. To evaluate the gyroscope vibration stability of the ΣΔ modulation-based system, the Leeson-model phase noise characteristics of the drive mode detection signal are in-depth theoretically calculated with different parameters, including the noise models and the circuit components, which has been experimentally validated by the measured PSD analysis. Finally, the performance evaluation of the whole gyroscope system is demonstrated by time-domain sampling and Allan variance analysis. The digitalized system achieved a scale factor of 94LSB/°/s, with a linearity of 83.1 ppm, noise of 00054°/s/√Hz, bandwidth of 75 Hz, and the bias instability of 2.94°/h.
Injection Molding Nanoscale Features with the Aid of Induction Heating (2007)

During injection molding of micron or submicron scale features, incomplete filling frequently occurs, resulting from premature freezing of the polymer melt in contact with a cold mold. In order to overcome the filling difficulty without increasing the total cycle time, the mold surface temperature was raised rapidly by induction heating. A prototype mold insert with cooling channels was fabricated and integrated with a nickel stamp having nanoscale-grating structures. The nickel stamp surface was successfully heated from 25 to 258°C in 2.7 sec. Four different mold surface temperatures, 100, 150, 200 and 250°C, were tested to determine if the nanograting structures can be replicated with an optical quality cyclic olefin copolymer. Experimental results indicate that the nanocavities were successfully filled when the surface temperature reached 250°C, but mold release caused drag damages on the nanogratings. Further, coupled thermoelectromagnetic analyses were carried out to simulate the induction heating process of the nanostructured mold insert. The predicted surface temperature responses in general agree with the experimental ones and the simulation model can be used in the further development of process control and mold design in micro/nano molding.
β-Galactosidases in Ripening Tomatoes (1983)

Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) contained a high level of beta-galactosidase activity which was due to three forms of the enzyme. During tomato ripening, the sum of their activities remained relatively constant, but the levels of the individual forms of beta-galactosidase changed markedly. The three enzymes were separated by a combination of chromatography of DEAE-Sephadex A-50 and Sephadex G-100. During ripening of tomatoes, beta-galactosidases I and III levels decreased but the beta-galactosidase II level increased more than 3-fold. The three enzymes were optimally active near pH 4, and all were inhibited by galactose and galactonolactone. However, the enzymes differed in molecular weight, K(m) value with p-nitrophenyl-beta-galactoside, and stability with respect to pH and temperature. beta-Galactosidase II was the only enzyme capable of hydrolyzing a polysaccharide that was isolated from tomatoes and that consisted primarily of beta-1, 4-linked galactose. The ability of beta-galactosidase II to degrade the galactan and the increase in its activity during tomato ripening suggest a possible role for this enzyme in tomato softening.
Fuel cell high-power applications (2009)

Fuel cells (FCs) hold great promise as a clean energy conversion technology. A large research effort is underway to develop the FC for applications ranging from small portable electronic devices to automotive transport, as well as residential combined heat and power supplies. These applications have a large emerging market and widespread adoption should lead to a reduced dependence on fossil fuels as well as encourage the development of a hydrogen economy. FCs produce low DC voltage, so that it is most often connected to electric networks through a step-up DC/DC converter. This article first introduces electrical characteristics, power electronic requirements, and different types of FCs and is then followed by a discussion of the various topologies of step-up DC/DC converters used for FCs' power-conditioning system. The examinations of several different approaches to power-conditioning systems for single and multiple FC combinations have been reviewed. High-power DC distributed power systems supplied by FC invokes the need to parallel power modules with interleaving technique. By method of the parallel converter modules with interleaving algorithm for an FC generatorfor high-power applications, inductor size (ferrite core and Litzwire) are simple to design and fabricate, and the FC ripple current can be virtually reduced to zero. As a result, the FC mean current is nearly equal to the FC rms current. The main drawback of the multiphase approach is added circuit complexity, requiring measurement and balancing of each phase current as the larger number of control components illustrates.
Stereoselective synthesis of (.+-.)-cyanocycline (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStereoselective synthesis of (.+-.)-cyanocyclineDavid A. Evans, Carl R. Illig, and John C. SaddlerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1986, 108, 9, 2478–2479Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00269a074https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00269a074research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views971Altmetric-Citations38LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Efficient non-greedy optimization of decision trees (2015)

Decision trees and randomized forests are widely used in computer vision and machine learning. Standard algorithms for decision tree induction optimize the split functions one node at a time according to some splitting criteria. This greedy procedure often leads to suboptimal trees. In this paper, we present an algorithm for optimizing the split functions at all levels of the tree jointly with the leaf parameters, based on a global objective. We show that the problem of finding optimal linear-combination (oblique) splits for decision trees is related to structured prediction with latent variables, and we formulate a convex-concave upper bound on the tree's empirical loss. The run-time of computing the gradient of the proposed surrogate objective with respect to each training exemplar is quadratic in the the tree depth, and thus training deep trees is feasible. The use of stochastic gradient descent for optimization enables effective training with large datasets. Experiments on several classification benchmarks demonstrate that the resulting non-greedy decision trees outperform greedy decision tree baselines.
Spatiomotor cueing in unilateral left neglect: three case studies of its therapeutic effects. (1992)

Limb activation contralateral to a cerebral lesion seems to reduce visual neglect, though whether this is due to perceptual cueing or hemispheric activation is controversial. Three case studies are presented which attempt to use this experimental finding therapeutically in the rehabilitation of unilateral left neglect. The first study used a combination of perceptual anchoring training with left arm activation procedures and produced improvements. The second used the same method, but stimulated left arm activation using an avoidance conditioning procedure, again with positive results. The third case treatment focused on cueing for left arm activation without explicit instructions for perceptual anchoring, with positive results.
Protease-activated Receptor-1 Signaling by Activated Protein C in Cytokine-perturbed Endothelial Cells Is Distinct from Thrombin Signaling (2005)

Activated protein C (APC) has anti-inflammatory and vascular protective effects independent of anticoagulation. We previously identified the prototypical thrombin receptor, protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR1), as part of a novel APC-endothelial cell protein C receptor (EPCR) signaling pathway in endothelial cells. Experiments in wild-type and PAR1(-/-) mice demonstrated that intravenous injection of APC leads to PAR1-dependent gene induction in the lung. The vascular endothelium undergoes profound changes in severe sepsis, the approved therapeutic indication for APC. Similar to PAR1, APC activated PAR2 through canonical cleavage. Although PAR2 was up-regulated in cytokine-stimulated endothelial cells, APC signaling remained PAR1-dependent. Large scale gene expression profiling documented marked differences in both up- and down-regulated genes between APC and thrombin signaling in cytokine-stimulated cells. APC down-regulated transcripts for proapoptotic proteins including p53 and thrombospondin-1, but p53 was unchanged, and thrombospondin was even up-regulated by thrombin. Concordant PAR1-dependent effects on protein levels were found. Thus, by signaling through the same receptor PAR1, APC, and thrombin can exert distinct biological effects in perturbed endothelium. These data may explain how APC can be therapeutically protective through the EPCR-PAR1 signaling despite ongoing thrombin generation due to disseminated intravascular coagulopathy.
Electrochemistry of methylviologen in the presence of sodium decyl sulfate (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTElectrochemistry of methylviologen in the presence of sodium decyl sulfatePablo A. Quintela and Angel E. KaiferCite this: Langmuir 1987, 3, 5, 769–773Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/la00077a034https://doi.org/10.1021/la00077a034research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views326Altmetric-Citations32LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Demonstration of Error-Free 32-Gb/s Operation From Monolithic CMOS Nanophotonic Transmitters (2016)

We present a monolithic CMOS-integrated nanophotonic transmitter with a link sensitivity comparable with a 25-Gb/s commercial reference transmitter. Our CMOS transmitter shows error-free operation up to 32 Gb/s, and exhibits a 4.8-dB extinction ratio and 4.9-dB insertion loss at 25 Gb/s.
<i>Estimation of Arterial CO<sub>2</sub> Tension by Rebreathing Technique</i> (1958)

It has been shown that the mixed venous CO2 tension can be determined by a rebreathing technique, using rapid infrared CO2 analysis. Theoretical analysis by Suskind and Rahn indicates that the arteriovenous CO2 tension difference is reasonably constant regardless of the cardiac output. Therefore it should be possible to estimate the arterial CO2 tension once the mixed venous tension is determined. This hypothesis was investigated in a group of 60 consecutive patients with heart or lung disease. Many of the patients had severe pulmonary emphysema with CO2 retention. The end-tidal and mixed venous CO2 tensions were determined. A constant arteriovenous CO2 tension difference of 6 mm Hg was assumed in all cases and the arterial Pco2 calculated. The deviation by this method, from directly measured arterial CO2 tension averaged +0.2 mm Hg with a standard deviation of 2.9 mm Hg (maximum errors observed ±5.3 mm Hg). Submitted on November 14, 1957
A 224-bit One-way Hash Function: SHA-224 (2004)

This document specifies a 224-bit one-way hash function, called SHA-224. SHA-224 is based on SHA-256, but it uses a different initial value and the result is truncated to 224 bits.
Why there is a need for pharmacovigilance (1999)

Not everything is known about a medicine when it receives its licence for marketing. The merits of a new drug, balancing its beneficial and its untoward effects, become only established after sufficient experience has been gained from its use in real practice. Part of the reason for this is that our extensive phase III clinical trials fail to detect some side-effects. Why is this so? Three groups of reasons may be envisaged, namely (1) our trials lack the power to detect rare side-effects; (2) some side-effects do not occur in the context of clinical trials; (3) some side-effects, though common enough, fully or partly escape detection due to lack of suitable detection techniques. The following presents a closer look at these three mechanisms.
Pharmacological Preconditioning by Low Dose Cobalt Protoporphyrin Induces Heme Oxygenase-1 Overexpression and Alleviates Retinal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Rats (2011)

In this study, we demonstrated that induction of HO-1 expression by low dose CoPP ameliorated retinal damage from IR injury. The favorable effect appears to be related with modulations of the apoptotic pathway.
Polyvalent immunoglobulins: challenges and perspectives. (2013)

Polyvalent immunoglobulins exert an effect more than mere substitution of antibodies against pathogenic microbes; it rectifies the defective cellular compartment signalling thus re-establishing immune homeostasis. Only knowing these multiple and sometimes opposite effects exerted at different dosages it will be possible to introduce a rationale use of IVIGs.
Antinuclear antibodies in rosacea patients (2013)

Elevated ANA titers are commonly found in rosacea patients, what with simultaneously existing facial erythema and photosensitivity might lead to misdiagnosis of lupus erythematosus. Clinicians should beware of these findings to avoid misdiagnosing lupus erythematosus in rosacea patients with elevated ANA titers.
The Treatment of Hallux Valgus (2012)

The clinical outcome of present treatments seems to be good in most cases, but large-scale randomized trials are still needed to verify the efficacy of the wide variety of operations and fixation techniques that are currently being offered.
Depot drug delivery system for 5-fluorouracil after filtration surgery in the rabbit. (1994)

We investigated the potential value of 50:50 poly (DL glycolic acid-lactic acid) (PGLA) copolymer as a degradable depot delivery system for 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) after filtration surgery. Analysis of retrieved discs after implantation in 22 eyes of 22 pigmented rabbits showed a dual drug release profile and polymer mass loss characteristics. In a second group of pigmented rabbits implantation of PGLA discs impregnated with 5-FU (22 eyes) significantly lengthened the survival time of filtration fistulae compared with discs without 5-FU (18 eyes) or no disc (10 eyes) (p < 0.0001). Use of PGLA copolymer impregnated with 5-FU could prove valuable for patients undergoing glaucoma filtering surgery.
Pain Drawing as an Investigative Tool in Hand Surgery (1992)

Fifty consecutive patients referred to the departments of hand surgery in Malmö and Lund were asked to chart their pain on a diagram of the body before their first visit to the clinic. Three patients never answered the questionnaire and were excluded. The drawings were evaluated separately by a senior hand surgeon without access to the case records. In 19 of 47 cases (40%) the evaluation of the pain drawings agreed with the clinical diagnosis. In another 17% (8 of 47), in which the pain drawings had indicated a condition not related to hand surgery, clinical examination failed to establish a diagnosis. The evaluation of the drawings had a false negative rate of 4% (2 of 47). In the remaining 18 cases pain drawings did not give enough information for diagnosis because of the variety of symptoms. Pain drawing seems to be valuable in the evaluation of patients with chronic pain in the upper extremity.
Garment Motion Capture Using Color‐Coded Patterns (2005)

We present a new image-based algorithm for surface reconstruction of moving garment from multiple calibrated video cameras. Using a color-coded cloth texture, we reliably match circular features between different camera views. As surface model we use an a priori known triangle mesh. By identifying the mesh vertices with texture elements we obtain a coherent parameterization of the surface over time without further processing. Missing data points resulting from self-shadowing are plausibly interpolated by minimizing a thin-plate functional. The deforming geometry can be used for different graphics applications, e.g. for realistic retexturing. We show results for real garments demonstrating the accuracy of the recovered flexible shape.
Nd(CO<sub>3</sub>)(OH) from single-crystal data (2007)

The title compound, poly[μ-hydroxido-μ-carbonato-neo­dymium], [Nd(CO3)(OH)]n, has a three-dimensional framework structure assembled from NdO10 polyhedra and CO32− groups. The Nd atom is coordinated by eight O atoms from CO32− groups and two OH anions, while the C atom is coordinated by three O atoms. Nd, two O atoms and C are located on mirror planes.
<title>Model-based sensor fusion for minefield detection</title> (1995)

Minefields have become an increasing threat in modern warfare due to new developments in electronic and explosive technologies. Therefore the planning and realization of troop movements need a far-reaching, fast running detection of minefields and a determination of their precise extension and location. For this task, an airborne reconnaissance system (AAMIS) will be realized by German industry. The technical concept of AAMIS comprises the multisensorial equipment, the carrier, the data transmission, the ground station, and the data processing. Within the scope of AAMIS, the problem of higher, sophisticated data processing will be addressed by FIM. Based on the long experience in image processing, our task hereby is focusing on the following main topics: (1) detection of individual (buried or unburied) mines as cues to minefields using iconic data processing, model-based data analysis, and sensor fusion; (2) determination of minefields and their outlines by methods of structure analysis and grouping based on the detected individual mines; and (3) extraction of background structures and environmental objects to support the detection of individual mines and the determination of minefields.
Statistical theory of angular momentum polarization in chemical reactions (2002)

A general statistical treatment applicable to any vector property of reactive scattering is derived from angular correlation theory. This pertains to the usual experimental situation in which two or three vector directions are observed but numerous other vectors are random or unobserved, particularly various angular momentum vectors. The dependence of the cross section on the angles relating the observed vectors is expanded as a Legendre polynomial series, with coefficients which represent averages of angular momentum functions over the unobserved vectors. An algorithm for calculating these angular correlation coefficients is provided by the statistical theory. All non-vanishing terms involve only even-order Legendre polynomials. In many experiments, one or two terms are predominant. Classical and quantal versions give the same algorithm in the correspondence principle limit, which often holds for chemical reactions. The angular correlations involving the initial and final relative velocity vector directions [kcirc] and [kcirc]′ and the product rotational angular momentum j′ are treated in detail, including both pairwise and triple correlations. Explicit formulae are given for three choices of the quantization axis: along [kcirc], along [kcirc]′, and along [kcirc] × [kcirc]′. Coefficients for the ([kcirc], [kcirc]′, j′) correlations are tabulated for seven reactions as examples and comparison made with recent experimental measurements of the spatial orientation or polarization of j′ in reactions of alkali atoms with hydrogen halides and with methyl iodide.
Controller design issues in the feedback control of radio frequency plasma processing reactors (1999)

Feedback control has the potential for improving the reliability and performance of radio frequency (rf) plasma processing reactors for microelectronics etching, deposition, and cleaning applications. Implementation of real-time-control strategies has been slowed by lack of analytic or computational tools to design or optimize systems. To address this need, the virtual plasma equipment model (VPEM) has recently been developed for investigating issues related to feedback control in rf plasma processing equipment. The VPEM has been employed to investigate feedback control of inductively coupled plasma processing reactors for polysilicon etching and, in this article, results from these studies are used in a discussion of controller design, control strategies, and validation of the VPEM. It is demonstrated that response surface based controllers best operate in combination with corrections from an unstructured controller such as a proportional-integral derivative, which relaxes the inherent rigidity of the model-based controller. Since the behavior of plasma processing reactors generally changes over time due to, for example, coatings of the walls, it was found advantageous to make the controllers adaptive.