gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>RAS</i>-Mediated Radiation Resistance is not Linked to MAP Kinase Activation in Two Bladder Carcinoma Cell Lines (2000)

The expression of activated RAS oncogenes has been shown to increase radioresistance in a number of cell lines. The pathways by which RAS leads to radioresistance, however, are unknown. RAS activates several signal transduction pathways, with the RAF-MAP2K-MAP kinase pathway perhaps the best studied. MAP kinase has also been shown to be activated by radiation through this pathway. Given the important role of MAP kinase in multiple signaling events, we asked if radioresistance induced by RAS was mediated through the activation of MAPK. Cells of two human bladder carcinoma cell lines were used, one with a mutated oncogenic HRAS (T24) and other with a wild-type HRAS (RT4). The surviving fraction after exposure to 2 Gy of radiation (SF2) for the T24 cell lines was found to be 0.62, whereas that for RT4 cells was 0.40. Treatment with the farnesyl transferase inhibitor (FTI) L744,832, which inhibits RAS processing and activity, decreased the SF2 of T24 cells to 0.29, whereas the SF2 of RT4 cells remained unchanged after FTI treatment, thus demonstrating the importance of RAS activation to the radiosensitivity of cells with mutated RAS. MAP kinase activation was found to be constitutive and dependent on RAS in T24 cells, while it was inducible by radiation and was independent of RAS in RT4 cells. Treatment of both cell lines with the MAP2K inhibitor PD98059 inhibited MAPK activation; however, inhibiting MAPK activation had no effect on radiation survival of T24 or RT4 cells. These data indicate that MAPK activation does not contribute to RAS-induced radioresistance in this system.
States design projects to prevent HIV infection in youths (2006)

AAP chapters in four states are focusing attention on preventing HIV infection in the adolescent population.

Florida, Georgia, Maryland and New York placed a priority on adolescent HIV prevention after a team of professionals attended a workshop in September 2005 as part of the AAP Adolescent HIV
Selenium Suppresses Leukemia through the Action of Endogenous Eicosanoids (2014)

Eradicating cancer stem-like cells (CSC) may be essential to fully eradicate cancer. Metabolic changes in CSC could hold a key to their targeting. Here, we report that the dietary micronutrient selenium can trigger apoptosis of CSC derived from chronic or acute myelogenous leukemias when administered at supraphysiologic but nontoxic doses. In leukemia CSC, selenium treatment activated ATM-p53-dependent apoptosis accompanied by increased intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species. Importantly, the same treatment did not trigger apoptosis in hematopoietic stem cells. Serial transplantation studies with BCR-ABL-expressing CSC revealed that the selenium status in mice was a key determinant of CSC survival. Selenium action relied upon the endogenous production of the cyclooxygenase-derived prostaglandins Δ(12)-PGJ2 and 15d-PGJ2. Accordingly, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and NADPH oxidase inhibitors abrogated the ability of selenium to trigger apoptosis in leukemia CSC. Our results reveal how selenium-dependent modulation of arachidonic acid metabolism can be directed to trigger apoptosis of primary human and murine CSC in leukemia.
Recovery of bitumen from tar sand deposits using the IITRI RF process (1981)

Type 2 diabetes (DB) is an independent risk factor for osteoarthritis (OA). However, the mechanisms underlying the connection between both diseases remain unclear. Synovial macrophages from OA patients with DB present a marked pro-inflammatory phenotype. Since hydrogen sulphide (H<sub>2</sub>S) has been previously described to be involved in macrophage polarization, in this study we examined H<sub>2</sub>S biosynthesis in synovial tissue from OA patients with DB, observing a reduction of H<sub>2</sub>S-synthetizing enzymes in this subset of individuals. To elucidate these findings, we detected that differentiated TPH-1 cells to macrophages exposed to high levels of glucose presented a lower expression of H<sub>2</sub>S-synthetizing enzymes and an increased inflammatory response to LPS, showing upregulated expression of markers associated with M1 phenotype (i.e., CD11c, CD86, iNOS, and IL-6) and reduced levels of those related to M2 fate (CD206 and CD163). The co-treatment of the cells with a slow-releasing H<sub>2</sub>S donor, GYY-4137, attenuated the expression of M1 markers, but failed to modulate the levels of M2 indicators. GYY-4137 also reduced HIF-1α expression and upregulated the protein levels of HO-1, suggesting their involvement in the anti-inflammatory effects of H<sub>2</sub>S induction. In addition, we observed that intraarticular administration of H<sub>2</sub>S donor attenuated synovial abundance of CD68<sup>+</sup> cells, mainly macrophages, in an in vivo model of OA. Taken together, the findings of this study seem to reinforce the key role of H<sub>2</sub>S in the M1-like polarization of synovial macrophages associated to OA and specifically its metabolic phenotype, opening new therapeutic perspectives in the management of this pathology.
Ultrastructure of human retroviruses (1988)

We compared the ultrastructure of the human retroviruses by thin-section electron microscopy of infected lymphocytes. Virus particles form at the plasma membrane without involvement of a cytoplasmic precursor. Budding forms of human T-cell leukemia virus types I and II (HTLV-I and -II) consist of a crescent-shaped nucleoid separated from the envelope by an intermediate layer. Mature forms of these viruses are about 100 nm in diameter. The nucleoid is electron lucent and almost completely fills the virion. There is about a 10-nm space between the envelope and nucleoid. The envelope has fuzzy surface projections. HTLV-I and -II resemble other type C retroviruses in morphology. Budding forms of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV, LAV, HTLV-III) also have a crescent-shaped nucleoid but not an intermediate layer between the core and envelope. The envelope has rod-shaped surface projections. Mature forms of HIV have an electron-dense nucleoid that is eccentric and bar- or cone-shaped. Particles have the same ultrastructure as retroviruses of the Lentivirus genus. HIV is readily distinguishable from HTLV-I and -II by thin-section electron microscopy. HIV is usually found in extracellular spaces by transmission electron microscopy of thin sections, and scanning electron microscopy of HIV-infected T4 lymphocytes also shows many particles on the surface of these cells. Lymphadenopathy-associated virus type II (LAV-II) has the same internal ultrastructure as HIV, but its surface projections are more prominent, being about three times the length of those of HIV. Human T lymphotropic virus type IV (HTLV-IV) has the same morphology as LAV-II.
Carboxy-Terminal Deletion Analysis of Oat Phytochrome A Reveals the Presence of Separate Domains Required for Structure and Biological Activity (1993)

Joel R. Cherry, David Hondred, Joseph M. Walker, Janis M. Keller, Howard P. Hershey, Richard D. Vierstra, Carboxy-Terminal Deletion Analysis of Oat Phytochrome A Reveals the Presence of Separate Domains Required for Structure and Biological Activity, The Plant Cell, Vol. 5, No. 5 (May, 1993), pp. 565-575
Fat‐based surface‐active agents (1954)

Summary A review of the fat‐based anionic, cationic, and nonionic surface‐active agents, primarily those useful in aqueous solution, has shown that the natural fats and fatty acids are particularly suitable raw materials. Because of the presence of the hydrophobic chain and of a carboxyl group by means of which hydrophilic character can be imparted, a greater variety of surface active agents have been made from the fatty acids than from any other single source. The references cited include a text (44) and a symposium (28) on the chemistry and technology of surface‐active agents, and indices of trade names with a brief description of the commercial product (23, 48).
Inhibition of polymerization of methyl methacrylate by an ortho-benzoquinone-amine system (2009)

The kinetic features of the bulk polymerization of MMA in the presence of sterically hindered ortho-benzoquinones and the tertiary amines N,N-dimethylaniline and N,N-dimethylisopropanolamine have been studied. The irradiation of solutions of quinones and amines in MMA with visible light causes inhibition of the thermal polymerization of MMA, with the effects of quinones and amines being synergistic. The effect of inhibition is enhanced as the steric shielding of carbonyl groups of ortho-benzoquinone by substituents becomes weaker. The dependence of the induction period on the redox potentials of quinones passes through a maximum. It is shown that inhibition involves oxyphenoxyl radicals arising from the interaction of the original quinone with the product of its photoreduction in the presence of amines, pyrocatechol. The inhibiting effect depends on the concentration ratio of quinone and pyrocatechol and the nature of amine. When quinone is in excess with respect to pyrocatechol, additional inhibition of polymerization is observed and the rate of quinone consumption during the induction period is increased.
Fast and Reproducible Vascular Neointima Formation in the Hamster Carotid Artery: Effects of Trapidil and Captopril (1995)

Neointima formation was induced in the hamster carotid artery by mechanical intraluminal injury with a catheter covered with roughened dental cement, Neointimal thickening occurred as early as 7 days after denudation and further increased during the next 1 to 2 weeks. Proliferation indices of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) showed the highest proportion of proliferating cells in the media and neointima respectively 1 and 5 days after the vascular injury. Transmission and scanning electron microscopy of damaged carotid artery sections as well as immuno-histochemical stainings of von Willebrand factor (vWF) confirmed that reendothelialization was progressive and already complete on day 14, at which time the neointima formation was almost complete. In order to pharmacologically characterize this model further, the effects on neointima formation of trapidil (triazolopyrimidine), a platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) antagonist, and captopril, an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor, were investigated. Trapidil administered orally twice daily at total doses of 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg/day, started 3 days prior to infliction of injury and up to 7 or 14 days after the catheterization, significantly reduced neointima formation. Captopril administered orally three times daily at a total dose of 100 mg/kg/day, equally reduced neointima formation, with 100 mg/kg/day trapidil being more effective than 100 mg/kg/day captopril 7 days after injury. When the treatment by either one of these drugs was arrested on day 7, neointima formation resumed quickly. The hamster appears to be a small, reproducible and fast model for the study of SMC proliferation, requiring only relatively small amounts of experimental drugs. The model furthermore is sensitive to substances known to reduce neointima formation in other animal models.
Immersion Versus Exposure: An Argument for Student Teaching Abroad (2011)

Does cultural competence in teachers matter? When we consider this answer we must explore the role of teachers in society. Knowing that many teachers do not understand, and in many cases appreciate, the vast cultures of the large number of students they teach, an eye on training teachers to be culturally competent must be considered. To that end, the argument for teaching Social Foundations in teacher preparation stands, since one of the major functions of teaching Social Foundations is to equip students with the notion of tolerance and acceptance. And according to (Butin, 2005), teachers cannot teach what they don’t know in terms of racial and cultural differences. One method of creating this culture of understanding and acceptance is through a Social Foundations lens with a focus on immersion and teaching in a culture unlike the student teacher’s own. — Continued on page 14 1
A COMPARISON OF ANTIHYPERTENSIVE EFFECTS OF ATENOLOL AND PROPRANOLOL IN THE SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE, DOCA/SALINE HYPERTENISVE AND RENAL HYPERTENSIVE RATS (1982)

Antihypertensive effects of a long-term oral regimen of atenolol were studied in SHR, DOCA/saline hypertensive and renal hypertensive rats (one kidney, one clip) in comparison with the effects of propranolol. Both the β-blockers prevented the development of hypertension in SHR but did not affect that in DOCA/saline and renal hypertensive rats. Both of the β-blockers produced no acute hypotensive effects on the established DOCA/saline and renal hypertension of the rat, although they produced a decrease in the heart rate.
Active noise control at a moving location using virtual sensing (2006)

A problem limiting the scope of practical local active noise control applications is that the zone of quiet created at the error sensor tends to be very small. This means that the error sensor generally needs to be positioned close to the location where control is desired, which might not always be a convenient or feasible solution. A number of virtual sensing algorithms have been suggested previously that can effectively move the zone of quiet away from the physical error sensor to a desired location that is spatially fixed. It is, however, very likely that the observer will move their head, which means thai the desired location of maximum attenuation will not be spatially fixed. A local active noise control system incorporating a virtual sensing method thus has to be able to create a moving zone of quiet that tracks the observer's ear. This paper presents a method for creating a moving zone of quiet that tracks a desired location based on a virtual sensing method called the remote microphone technique. The developed algorithm is implemented in an acoustic duct and experimental results are presented.© (2006) by the International Institute of Acoustics & Vibration.
Glucosyltransferase Mutants of <i>Leuconostoc mesenteroides</i> NRRL B-1355 (1994)

Leuconostoc mesenteroides NRRL B-1355 produces dextrans and alternan from sucrose. Alternan is an unusual dextran-like polymer containing alternating α(1→6)/α(1→3) glucosidic bonds. Cultures were mutagenized with UV and ethyl methanesulfonate, and colony morphology mutants were selected on 10% sucrose plates. Colony morphology variants exhibited changes from parent cultures in the production of one or more glucosyltransferases (GTFs) and glucans. Mutants were characterized by measuring resistance of glucan products to dextranase digestion, by electrophoresis, and by high-pressure liquid chromatography of maltose acceptor products generated from sucrose-maltose mixtures. Some mutants produced almost pure fraction L dextran, and cultures exhibited a single principal GTF band on sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gels. Other mutants produced glucans enriched for alternan. Colony morphology characteristics (size, smoothness, and opacity) and liquid culture properties (clumpiness, color, and viscosity in 10% sucrose medium) were explained on the basis of GTF production. Three principal GTF bands were detected.
Development of fluorescent materials for Diffuse Fluorescence Tomography standards and phantoms (2007)

The availability of fluorescence standards is necessary in the development of systems and methods for fluorescence imaging. In this study, two approaches for developing diffuse fluorescence materials to be used as standards or phantoms in diffuse fluorescent tomography applications were investigated. Specifically, silicone rubber and polyester casting resin were used as base materials, and silicone pigments or TiO(2) / India Ink were added respectively to vary the optical properties. Characterization of the optical properties achieved was performed using time-resolved methods. Subsequently, different near-infrared fluorochromes were examined for imparting controlled and stable fluorescence properties. It was determined that hydrophobic fluorophores (IR 676 and IR 780 Iodide) suspended in dichloromethane and hydrophilic fluorophores (Cy5.5 and AF 750) suspended in methanol produced diffusive silicone and resin fluorescent materials, respectively. However only the hydrophobic fluorophores embedded within silicone resulted in the construction of a material with the characteristics of a standard, i.e. stability of fluorescence intensity with time and a linear dependence of normalized fluorescence intensity to fluorophore concentration.
Hygroscopicity and volatility of 4–10 nm particles during summertime atmospheric nucleation events in urban Atlanta (2005)

Continuous measurements of hygroscopicity and volatility of atmospheric aerosol particles of 4–10 nm diameter were conducted with a nanometer tandem differential mobility analyzer (Nano TDMA) during the Aerosol Nucleation and Real‐time Characterization Experiment (ANARChE), which took place in Atlanta in July and August 2002. In the Nano TDMA measurements, particles were exposed to either a high humidity (∼90% RH) or an elevated temperature (∼100°C) downstream of the first differential mobility analyzer (DMA) and were then resized by the second DMA to determine the change in size due to water uptake or evaporation. There were several days when nucleation occurred and high concentrations of sub‐20 nm particles were observed, and during those events, particles of 4–10 nm diameter were very hygroscopic and nonvolatile. These observations, together with parallel Thermal Desorption Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer (TDCIMS) measurements of sub‐20 nm particle composition, suggest that the particles were mostly composed of ammoniated sulfates. This finding strongly supports the hypothesis that the nucleation and subsequent growth of nanoparticles were driven by reactions involving sulfuric acid and ammonia during this study.
NbN tunnel junctions (1985)

All-Niobium Nitride Josephson junctions have been prepared successfully using a new processing called SNOP : Selective Niobium (Nitride) Overlap Process. Such a process involves the "trilayer" deposition on the whole wafer before selective patterning of the electrodes by optically controlled Dry Reactive Ion Etching. Only two photomask levels are need to define an "overlap" or a "cross-type" junction with a good accuracy. The properties of the Niobium Nitride films deposited by DC-Magnetron sputtering and the surface oxide growth are analysed. The most critical point to obtain high quality and high gap value junctions resides in the early stage of the NbN counterelectrode growth. Some possibilities to overcome such a handicap exist even if the fabrication needs substrate temperatures below 250 °C.
Short Term Wind Power Forecasting Using Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Modeling (2012)

Abstract – Wind energy is one of the most promising electricity generating sources as a clean and free alternate compared with the conventional power plants and due to the volatility feature in the wind speeds it will reflect some problems in power systems reliability particularly if the system is deeply penetrated by wind farms. Therefore, Wind power forecasting issue became and is still an important scope that will help in economic dispatch (ED), unit commitment (UC) purposes to get more reliable and economic systems. This paper introduces short term wind power forecasting model, based on autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) which will be applied to hourly wind data from Zaafarana 5 project in Egypt. The proposed model successfully outperforms the persistence model with significant improvement up to 6 hours ahead. Index Terms – Wind forecasting, time series analysis, ARMA,
Who Shops Where? (2004)

Abstract The Food Industry Research and Development Institute conducted a nationwide survey of 1,200 consumers in Taiwan in 1999. We apply stepwise logistic regression to identify significant sociodemographic factors, such as gender, age, and others, which sway the choice of each of six major types of food markets and to identify promotional factors which positively or negatively influence consumers' preferences for that outlet. For the six market types, sociodemographic factors affect consumers' choices of markets differently in each case, but marketing factors also influence choices of which type of marketplace to use most frequently.
Motion Guided Attention for Video Salient Object Detection (2019)

Video salient object detection aims at discovering the most visually distinctive objects in a video. How to effectively take object motion into consideration during video salient object detection is a critical issue. Existing state-of-the-art methods either do not explicitly model and harvest motion cues or ignore spatial contexts within optical flow images. In this paper, we develop a multi-task motion guided video salient object detection network, which learns to accomplish two sub-tasks using two sub-networks, one sub-network for salient object detection in still images and the other for motion saliency detection in optical flow images. We further introduce a series of novel motion guided attention modules, which utilize the motion saliency sub-network to attend and enhance the sub-network for still images. These two sub-networks learn to adapt to each other by end-to-end training. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method significantly outperforms existing state-of-the-art algorithms on a wide range of benchmarks. We hope our simple and effective approach will serve as a solid baseline and help ease future research in video salient object detection. Code and models will be made available.