gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optical glass compatibility for the design of apochromatic systems (2008)

The design of apochromatic systems is difficult because of two problems: the glass sorts compatibility and the c1/ca arbitrary input ratio. The optical glass manufacturers offer a wide range of sorts, so that the choice of triplet compatible glasses becomes itself an important separate problem. The paper provides a solution of mathematical modeling for the glass compatibility and, practically, analyses the sorts presented by Schott GmbH. The original software provided 22 compatible glass triplets. The authors explored the possibilities of enlarging the c1/ca ratio from the value 0.6 indicated in the literature to a range of [0.5?0.8]. Therefore, they designed and analyzed a set of 88 triplets. A correct glass choice can insure twice-larger apertures than the traditional ones for best quality apochromats (diffraction-limited).
A Novel Gene Inactivation System Reveals Altered Periplasmic Flagellar Orientation in a<i>Borrelia burgdorferi fliL</i>Mutant (2011)

Motility and chemotaxis are essential components of pathogenesis for many infectious bacteria, including Borrelia burgdorferi, the causative agent of Lyme disease. Motility and chemotaxis genes comprise 5 to 6% of the genome of B. burgdorferi, yet the functions of most of those genes remain uncharacterized, mainly due to the paucity of a nonpolar gene inactivation system. In this communication, we describe the development of a novel gene inactivation methodology to target B. burgdorferi fliL, a putative periplasmic flagellar gene located in a large motility operon and transcribed by RNA polymerase containing σ(70). Although the morphology of nonpolar fliL mutant cells was indistinguishable from that of wild-type cells, the mutant exhibited a defective-motility phenotype. Cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET) of intact organisms revealed that the periplasmic flagella in the fliL mutant were frequently tilted toward the cell pole instead of their normal orientation toward the cell body. These defects were corrected when the mutant was complemented in cis. Moreover, a comparative analysis of flagellar motors from the wild type and the mutant provides the first structural evidence that FliL is localized between the stator and rotor. Our results suggest that FliL is likely involved in coordinating or regulating the orientation of periplasmic flagella in B. burgdorferi.
Broadening of the phase-matching bandwidth in quasi-phase-matched second-harmonic generation (1994)

We report on theoretical analysis and experiments for bandwidth broadening in quasi-phase-matched (QPM) second-harmonic generation (SHG) in LiTaO/sub 3/. QPM waveguides consisting of segments, where each segment has a phase-matching condition different from the others, are proposed to obtain a broad bandwidth and simultaneously, a high SHG efficiency. The waveguides were fabricated by adjusting the phase-matching condition either by changing the grating period of the SHG coefficient or by controlling the width of the waveguide. Consequently, the bandwidth of QPM-SHG was broadened to 0.35 nm with an SHG efficiency of 57 percent/W by modulation of the waveguide width and to 1.12 nm with an SHG efficiency of 29 percent/W by modulation of the grating period. The SHG efficiency and phase-matching characteristics in both types of waveguides showed good agreement with theoretical results.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Detection of Breast Abnormalities on Teleradiology Transmitted Mammograms (1990)

The authors conducted an observer performance study to compare breast lesion detection of conventional mammography (CM) with teleradiology (TE) transmitted mammograms. One hundred four abnormal, single-projection mammographic images were transmitted by teleradiology. Abnormalities included 11 cases with skin thickening or retraction, 48 cases with microcalcifications, and 52 with parenchymal masses. The CM and TE images were reviewed by four mammographers who indicated the type and location of abnormalities and a level of confidence for their diagnostic decisions. For each of three detection tasks--skin and nipple abnormalities, microcalcifications, and masses--receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed for individual readers and all readers as a group. For detecting skin and nipple abnormalities, readers performed significantly better with CM than with TE (z = 2.05, P = less than 0.04). However, no significant differences were found among readers for detection of either microcalcifications or masses. Further improvements in hardware and imaging parameters may improve detection of soft tissue abnormalities. Further evaluation is necessary to determine whether teleradiology might be applicable to breast cancer screening.
A high-speed integrated circuit scratchpad memory (1966)

Computer systems are presently being designed and fabricated using one- to two-nanosecond current-mode logic gates. High-speed scratchpad memories are required in order to utilize this circuit speed effectively.
Integrated waveguide sensor utilizing organic photodiodes (2011)

Abstract We present a novel optical sensor platform, combining monolithically integrated ring‐like sensor waveguides together with ring‐shaped thin‐film organic photodiodes (OPDs) on one substrate. The OPDs serve as integrated light detectors, simplifying the detection system by minimizing the number of required optical components. The waveguide structures, including a means of coupling light in and out of the waveguides, serve as sensing elements. The functionality of the concept is demonstrated by an integrated carbon dioxide sensor, utilizing absorbance as sensing principle. The integrated optical sensor platform is suitable for the parallel detection of multiple parameters in a single sensor chip using sensor arrays. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
NEW DOMAIN DECOMPOSITION METHOD FOR QUALITY-AWARE PARALLEL H.264 VIDEO CODING (2014)

In this paper, we present a new parallel granularity called â€œtilingâ€ to parallelize the H.264 codec. The new parallel granularity, which has the same granularity level as the parallel slice-level H.264 codec, is based on decomposing the entire video frame into tiles by utilizing a new inherently parallel 2D domain decomposition method. To assess the proposed approach, its parallel scalability, bit rate, and parallel impact on visual quality (peak signal-to-noise ratio) are compared with those of other approaches. Empirical results show significant improvements in encoding time as compared to the serial and the parallel slice-level approaches. In terms of peak signal-to-noise ratio and bit rate, certain results improved, a few were comparable, while a few were discouraging, when compared to the results of the other approaches. However, addressing the limitations of the proposed method is highlighted as future work.
Experimental Investigation and Thermodynamic Modeling of Phase Transition and Equilibria in a Biphasic Solvent System for CO<sub>2</sub> Capture (2018)

A comprehensive thermodynamic model was developed to describe the dual liquid phase transition and vapor–liquid–liquid equilibria in biphasic solvent systems composed of aqueous diethylenetriamine and N,N,N′,N″,N″-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine for CO2 capture. The liquid–liquid phase separation with respect to volumetric fraction of either phase and partition of amines between the dual phases was predicted accurately. The model was also able to provide detailed speciation information for each liquid phase as a function of CO2 loading and temperature, and the predictions were consistent with the results from our prior nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic study. The predicted partial pressures of CO2 agreed with the experimental data; specifically, the model was used to predict the desorption pressures of CO2 and the heat of desorption reaction for the separated CO2 rich phase. The modeling approach developed in this study could be applied to other generic biphasic solvent systems.
Valaciclovir compared with acyclovir for improved therapy for herpes zoster in immunocompetent adults (1995)

Acyclovir treatment of acute herpes zoster speeds rash healing and decreases pain and ocular complications. The limited oral bioavailability of acyclovir necessitates frequent dosing. Valaciclovir, the l-valyl ester of acyclovir, is rapidly and almost completely converted to acyclovir in vivo and gives three- to fivefold increases in acyclovir bioavailability. In a randomized, double-blind, multicenter study, the safety and efficacy of oral valaciclovir given at a dosage of 1,000 mg three times daily for 7 or 14 days and oral acyclovir given at a dosage of 800 mg five times daily for 7 days were compared in immunocompetent adults aged > or = 50 years with herpes zoster. Patients were evaluated for 6 months. The intent-to-treat analysis (1,141 patients) showed that valaciclovir for 7 or 14 days significantly accelerated the resolution of herpes zoster-associated pain (P = 0.001 and P = 0.03, respectively) compared with acyclovir; median pain durations were 38 and 44 days, respectively, versus 51 days for acyclovir. Treatment with valaciclovir also significantly reduced the duration of postherpetic neuralgia and decreased the proportion of patients with pain persisting for 6 months (19.3 versus 25.7%). However, there were no differences between treatments in pain intensity or quality-of-life measures. Cutaneous manifestations resolved at similar rates in all groups. Adverse events were similar in nature and prevalence among groups, and no clinically important changes occurred in hematology or clinical chemistry parameters. Thus, in the management of immunocompetent patients > or = 50 years of age with localized herpes zoster, valaciclovir given at 1,000 mg three times daily for 7 days accelerates the resolution of pain and offers simpler dosing, while it maintains the favorable safety profile of acyclovir.
Hammerhead Six: How Green Berets Waged an Unconventional War against the Taliban to Win in Afghanistan's Deadly Pech Valley (2017)

Captain Ronald Fry, with Tad Tuleja. Hammerhead Six: How Green Berets Waged on Unconventional War against the Taliban to Win in Afghanistan's Deadly Pech Valley. New York: Hachette Books, 2016.
Optical switching architecture to realize "moveable cells" in a radio-over-fiber network (2004)

When today's commuters in the train want to access the Internet, they see themselves restricted to simple Web surfing and e-mail. Interactive multimedia services, such as online gaming or video conferencing, are still unavailable to them, even with promising new technologies like UMTS or WLAN. Thanks to the use of a radio-over-fiber network in combination with "moveable cells", we want to offer a cost-efficient solution for providing broadband multimedia services to fast moving users. We present an all-optical switching architecture, integrated in the central control station of our radio-over-fiber network, to realize the moveable cell concept.
Role of Peripheral-Type Benzodiazepine Receptors in Steroidogenesis (1997)

Peripheral-type benzodiazepine (BZ) receptors (PBRs) have been identified in various peripheral tissues as well as in glial cells in in the brain. PBRs are located mainly on the outer mitochondrial membrane and bind with high affinity the BZ Ro 5-4864 (4'-cholorodiazepam) and the non-BZ PK 11195 (an isoquinoline carboxamide derivative), but bind with very low affinity the BZ clonazepam. PBRs have been cloned from various species. PBRs are multimeric receptors composed of the 18-kDa binding site for isoquinolines, the 32-kDa voltage-dependent anion channel, and the 30-kDa adenine nucleotide carrier (which binds BZs). The expression of PBRs is especially high in steroidogenic organs. Steroid administration affects PBR density, whereas depletion of hormones by hypophysectomy in female rats, or castration (surgical or chemical) in male rats, decreases PBR density in endocrine organs, which can be elevated to normal values after administration of the appropriate hormone. PBRs are probably involved in several functions, including cell proliferation, respiration, and steroidogenesis. It has been suggested that PBRs are involved in the translocation of cholesterol from the outer to the inner membrane of the mitochondria and have an effect on the biosynthesis of steroids.
Mitochondria-mediated apoptosis in mammals (2014)

The mitochondria-mediated caspase activation pathway is a major apoptotic pathway characterized by mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) and subsequent release of cytochrome c into the cytoplasm to activate caspases. MOMP is regulated by the Bcl-2 family of proteins. This pathway plays important roles not only in normal development, maintenance of tissue homeostasis and the regulation of immune system, but also in human diseases such as immune disorders, neurodegeneration and cancer. In the past decades the molecular basis of this pathway and the regulatory mechanism have been comprehensively studied, yet a great deal of new evidence indicates that cytochrome c release from mitochondria does not always lead to irreversible cell death, and that caspase activation can also have non-death functions. Thus, many unsolved questions and new challenges are still remaining. Furthermore, the dysfunction of this pathway involved in cancer development is obvious, and targeting the pathway as a therapeutic strategy has been extensively explored, but the efficacy of the targeted therapies is still under development. In this review we will discuss the mitochondria-mediated apoptosis pathway and its physiological roles and therapeutic implications.
Simulation based planning of surgical interventions in pediatric cardiology (2013)

Hemodynamics plays an essential role in the progression and treatment of cardiovascular disease. However, while medical imaging provides increasingly detailed anatomical information, clinicians often have limited access to hemodynamic data that may be crucial to patient risk assessment and treatment planning. Computational simulations can now provide detailed hemodynamic data to augment clinical knowledge in both adult and pediatric applications. There is a particular need for simulation tools in pediatric cardiology, due to the wide variation in anatomy and physiology in congenital heart disease patients, necessitating individualized treatment plans. Despite great strides in medical imaging, enabling extraction of flow information from magnetic resonance and ultrasound imaging, simulations offer predictive capabilities that imaging alone cannot provide. Patient specific simulations can be used for <i>in silico</i> testing of new surgical designs, treatment planning, device testing, and patient risk stratification. Furthermore, simulations can be performed at no direct risk to the patient. In this paper, we outline the current state of the art in methods for cardiovascular blood flow simulation and virtual surgery. We then step through pressing challenges in the field, including multiscale modeling, boundary condition selection, optimization, and uncertainty quantification. Finally, we summarize simulation results of two representative examples from pediatric cardiology: single ventricle physiology, and coronary aneurysms caused by Kawasaki disease. These examples illustrate the potential impact of computational modeling tools in the clinical setting.
Structural and stereochemical relationships between Langmuir monolayers and calcium carbonate nucleation (1991)

The structural and stereochemical factors involved in the oriented nucleation of CaCO<sub>3</sub> under compressed Langmuir monolayers have been studied by optical and electron microscopy, and X-ray and electron diffraction. The effect of headgroup charge, stereochemistry and changes in supersaturation have been investigated. At total (Ca)=9 mM, monolayers with carboxylate headgroups induce the oriented nucleation of calcite with the (11.0) axis perpendicular to the organic surface. At (Ca)=4.5 mM, oriented vaterite with the (00.1) axis normal to the monolayer, is deposited. The common features of these interactions are: Ca accumulation at the stearate headgroups, geometric matching of lattice distances (calcite only) and stereochemical correspondence between carboxylate and carbonate groups at the monolayer/crystal interface. In contrast, nucleation under positively charged octadecylamine monolayers was independent of (Ca) and gave vaterite aligned either along the (00.1) or (11.0) crystallographic axes. Although Ca binding is absent on these films, there is the possibility of stereochemical matching between bidentate binding of bicarbonate and the corresponding anions in the (00.1) and (11.0) crystal surfaces. Crystals (calcite and vaterite) grown under liquid-phase stearate monolayers were of increased size and uniformity in particle size distribution compared with those nucleated under fully compressed films. CaCO<sub>3</sub> crystallization under octadecanol monolayers was inhibited and crystals grown in the presence of cholesterol films were the same as in the control experiments.
Secret key and private key constructions for simple multiterminal source models (2005)

This work is motivated by recent results of Csiszar and Narayan (IEEE Trans, on Inform. Theory, Dec. 2004), which highlight innate connections between secrecy generation by multiple terminals and multiterminal Slepian-Wolf near-lossless data compression (sans secrecy restrictions). We propose a new approach for constructing secret and private keys based on the long-known Slepian-Wolf code for sources connected by a virtual additive noise channel, due to Wyner (IEEE Trans, on Inform. Theory, Jan. 1974). Explicit procedures for such constructions, and their substantiation, are provided
ConfDTree: Improving Decision Trees Using Confidence Intervals (2012)

Decision trees have three main disadvantages: reduced performance when the training set is small, rigid decision criteria and the fact that a single "uncharacteristic" attribute might "derail" the classification process. In this paper we present ConfDTree - a post-processing method which enables decision trees to better classify outlier instances. This method, which can be applied on any decision trees algorithm, uses confidence intervals in order to identify these hard-to-classify instances and proposes alternative routes. The experimental study indicates that the proposed post-processing method consistently and significantly improves the predictive performance of decision trees, particularly for small, imbalanced or multi-class datasets in which an average improvement of 5%-9% in the AUC performance is reported.
Lo político, la política y el acontecimiento (2007)

This paper proposes a categorization of political action that entails three key elements. The first involves the tension between politics and the political sphere, and deals with the conflictive tendency of practices and logics that seek to establish an order in contrast with others that seek to undermine it. The second element refers to changes in the borders that define the sphere of that which is social-naturalized and that which is political-controversial. The third element, the political event, refers to the moment of political production in which these two extremes are simultaneously intertwined and subverted. Finally, we offer some implications of the recognition of the “impossibility of fullness” as an essential aspect of all that is political, including politics itself.
<i>IRAK-4</i> Mutation (Q293X): Rapid Detection and Characterization of Defective Post-Transcriptional TLR/IL-1R Responses in Human Myeloid and Non-Myeloid Cells (2006)

Innate immunodeficiency has recently been reported as resulting from the Q293X IRAK-4 mutation with consequent defective TLR/IL-1R signaling. In this study we report a method for the rapid allele-specific detection of this mutation and demonstrate both cell type specificity and ligand specificity in defective IL-1R-associated kinase (IRAK)-4-deficient cellular responses, indicating differential roles for this protein in human PBMCs and primary dermal fibroblasts and in LPS, IL-1beta, and TNF-alpha signaling. We demonstrate transcriptional and post-transcriptional defects despite NF-kappaB signaling and intact MyD88-independent signaling and propose that dysfunctional complex 1 (IRAK1/TRAF6/TAK1) signaling, as a consequence of IRAK-4 deficiency, generates specific defects in MAPK activation that could underpin this patient's innate immunodeficiency. These studies demonstrate the importance of studying primary human cells bearing a clinically relevant mutation; they underscore the complexity of innate immune signaling and illuminate novel roles for IRAK-4 and the fundamental importance of accessory proinflammatory signaling to normal human innate immune responses and immunodeficiencies.
A simple mathematical model for the functional peptide/MHC/TCR interactions. (1995)

T cell-specific activation requires ligation of TCRs with peptide-MHC complexes on the APC. On the basis of simple chemical and statistical laws, we have constructed a mathematical model to describe this trimolecular interaction between effector and target cells, and we demonstrate its predictive value in the case of in vitro peptide Ag titration. Moreover, this model can generate mechanistic explanations for cellular immunity phenomena like anergy, peripheral tolerance, cell-mediated suppression, TCR antagonism, and thymic selection events.
Molecular Aspects of Mucoadhesive Carrier Development for Drug Delivery and Improved Absorption (2008)

Although the oral route remains the most favored route of drug administration, major scientific obstacles prevent the effective and efficient delivery of low-molecular-mass drugs, peptides and proteins that exhibit poor solubility and permeability. Mucoadhesive dosage forms and the associated drug carriers have the ability to interact at a molecular level with the mucus gel layer that lines the epithelial surfaces of the major absorptive regions of the body. This interaction provides an increased residence time of the therapeutic formulation while localizing the drug at the site of administration. Such local, non-specific targeting leads to an increase in both oral absorption and bioavailability. Fundamental understanding of the biological processes encountered along the gastrointestinal tract can provide a sufficient engineer of carriers that are capable to provide this increase in residence time. Here we discuss the theoretical framework for achieving mucoadhesive systems as related to biomaterials science and the structure of the biomaterials used.
Lateral In-Plane Displacement Microactuators with Combined Thermal and Electrostatic Drive (1996)

Electrostatic actuation using a bimorph structure has been combined with thennal actuation in cantilever devices. The combined electrostatic and electrothennal excitation increases the efficiency of the actuation mechanism and permit a 12 volt voltage supply and 40 mW power. In this work we have optimize the design to create a horizontal movement of me = 60 m for cantilever of overall initial length L = 1000 m. The actuation characteristics of cantilevers with only electrostatic actuation, only thermal actuation, and combined actuation are separately presented for comparison. These actuators are designed for direct interface to CMOS driver circuits.
Novel bonding geometry and valence tautomerism of 4-(N,N-dimethyldithiocarbamato)-2-dimethyliminio-1,3-dithietane tetraphenylborate, [Me<sub>2</sub>NCS<sub>2</sub>·CH·S<sub>2</sub>CNMe<sub>2</sub>]<sup>+</sup>Ph<sub>4</sub>B<sup>–</sup> (1991)

A ring-opening/ring-closing tautomerism in solution of the title compound is deduced from the temperature dependence of the 1H NMR spectra; the molecular structure found by X-ray crystal analysis is favourably oriented for this tautomerism.