gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of tolerance induction in allergic disease: integrating current and emerging concepts (2012)

The prevalence of atopy and allergic disease continues to escalate worldwide. Defining immune mechanisms that suppress the underlying Th2-driven inflammatory process is critical for the rational design of new treatments to prevent or attenuate disease. Allergen immunotherapy has provided a useful framework for evaluating changes in the immune response that occur during the development of tolerance. Despite this, elucidating the phenotypic and functional properties of regulatory cells, has proven challenging in humans with allergic disease. This article provides an overview of our current understanding of the immune pathways that orchestrate allergen tolerance, with an emphasis on emerging concepts related to human disease. A variety of regulatory cell types, including IL-10-secreting T and B cells, play a pivotal role in suppressing allergic responses to inhaled, ingested and injected allergens. These cells may inhibit Th2 effectors directly, or else indirectly, through other cell types and mediators. Protective antibodies, including IgG4, Fc sialylated IgG, and IgA, have the capacity to modulate the response by preventing allergen binding to surface-bound IgE, or inhibiting dendritic cell maturation. Immune cell plasticity may augment suppression of Th2 cells by T regulatory cells, through mechanisms that involve T cell conversion, or else unconventional roles of classical effector cells. These actions depend upon external cues provided by the in vivo milieu. As such, specific anatomical sites may preferentially favour tolerance induction. Recent scientific advances now allow a global analysis of immune parameters that capture novel markers of tolerance induction in allergic patients. Such markers could provide new molecular targets for assessing tolerance, and for designing treatments that confer long-lasting protection in a safe and efficacious fashion.
Tourette syndrome and procedures related to dental treatment: a systematic review (2014)

The literature on TS is scarce and the evidence level is low. Therefore, guidelines regarding the dental treatment of patients with TS cannot be formulated at the present time.
Development of a sublingual allergy vaccine for grass pollinosis (2010)

Grass pollen is a very common cause of allergic rhinitis and asthma. The only treatment targeting the underlying causes of allergy is immunotherapy (IT). Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) has been introduced to solve the problem of systemic reactions to subcutaneous IT (SCIT). This article evaluates the characteristics of the allergen extract, Staloral, in terms of practical administration, effectiveness, safety, and mechanism of action. Efficacy data were obtained from double-blind, placebo-controlled studies using Staloral in patients sensitized to grass pollen, while practical administration, cost-effectiveness, and mechanism of action data were provided by well designed studies. The efficacy and safety of Staloral, as demonstrated by review of published studies which used doses up to 1125 times those administered with SCIT, shows that this allergen extract has optimal characteristics for treating patients with seasonal allergies due to grass pollens. The main mechanism of action is the interaction between dendritic cells of the oral mucosa and the subsequent tolerance induced in T-cells.
Pupillary Response of the Screech Owl, <i>Otus asio</i> (1965)

The latent period of constriction in the owl is only half that in the human, and the latent period of dilatation is about equal to that in the human. Similarly, the rise time of constriction in the owl is much faster than that in the human. The owl system has the characteristics of a low-band-pass filter. The owl's frequency response is over an octave lower than that of the human, but its phase lags are shorter.
Totalsynthese von Leucin‐ und Methonin‐Enkephalin (1977)

Abstract Die in ihren Strukturen aufgeklärten „endogenen Opiate”︁ wurden nach „klassischen Methoden”︁ der Peptidchemie synthetisiert. An das zunächst erhaltene geschützte Tripeptidderivat Boc‐Gly‐Gly‐ L ‐Phe‐OMe wurden geschütztes Tyrosin und Leucin oder Methionin mit DCC/HOBt gekuppelt. Die so dargestellten Enkephaline besitzen die biologischen Aktivitäten der Naturstoffe.
A multiple-site-specific heteroduplex tracking assay as a tool for the study of viral population dynamics (2000)

Rapidly evolving entities, such as viruses, can undergo complex genetic changes in the face of strong selective pressure. We have developed a modified heteroduplex tracking assay (HTA) capable of detecting the presence of single, specific mutations or sets of linked mutations. The initial application of this approach, termed multiple-site-specific (MSS) HTA, was directed toward the detection of mutations in the HIV-1 pro gene at positions 46, 48, 54, 82, 84, and 90, which are associated with resistance to multiple protease inhibitors. We demonstrate that MSS HTA is sensitive and largely specific to all targeted mutations. The assay allows the accurate and reproducible quantitation of viral subpopulations comprising 3% or more of the total population. Furthermore, we used MSS HTA in longitudinal studies of pro gene evolution in vitro and in vivo. In the examples shown here, populations turned over rapidly and more than one population was present frequently. To demonstrate the versatility of MSS HTA, we also constructed a probe sensitive to changes at positions 181 and 184 of the RT coding domain. Changes at these positions are involved in resistance to nevirapine and 2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine (3TC), respectively. This assay easily detected the evolution of resistance to 3TC. MSS HTA provides a rapid and sensitive approach for detecting the presence of and quantifying complex mixtures of distinct genotypes, including genetically linked mutations, and, as one example, represents a useful tool for following the evolution of drug resistance during failure of HIV-1 antiviral therapy.
SemHe: A Generalised Two-Level System (1996)

This paper presents a generalised two-level implementation which can handle linear and non-linear morphological operations. An algorithm for the interpretation of multi-tape two-level rules is described. In addition, a number of issues which arise when developing non-linear grammars are discussed with examples from Syriac.
Simulation of coupling capacitances using matrix partitioning (1998)

a matrLrpartitioning scheme for the simulation of coupling capacitances in timing and noise analysis.
Inactivation of a Synechocystis sp Strain PCC 6803 Gene with Homology to Conserved Chloroplast Open Reading Frame 184 Increases the Photosystem II-to-Photosystem I Ratio (1995)

Annegret Wilde, , , Paul Hoffmann, Sergey V. Shestakov, , Inactivation of a Synechocystis sp Strain PCC 6803 Gene with Homology to Conserved Chloroplast Open Reading Frame 184 Increases the Photosystem II-to-Photosystem I Ratio, The Plant Cell, Vol. 7, No. 5 (May, 1995), pp. 649-658
Affinity propagation enhanced by estimation of distribution algorithms (2011)

Tumor classification based on gene expression data can be applied to set appropriate medical treatment according to the specific tumor characteristics. In this paper we propose the use of estimation of distribution algorithms (EDAs) to enhance the performance of affinity propagation (AP) in classification problems. AP is an efficient clustering algorithm based on message-passing methods and which automatically identifies exemplars of each cluster. We introduce an EDA-based procedure to compute the preferences used by the AP algorithm. Our results show that AP performance can be notably improved by using the introduced approach. Furthermore, we present evidence that classification of new data is improved by employing previously identified exemplars with only minor decrease in classification accuracy.
4. Myth and ritual (2004)

Abstract ‘Myth and ritual’ explores the myth-ritualist theory, according to which myth does not stand by itself but is tied to ritual. Myth is not just a statement but an action. Whatever the tie between myth and ritual, the myth-ritualist theory differs from other theories of myth and from other theories of ritual in focusing on the tie. The arguments for and against this theory are examined, as is its application to literature. For literary myth-ritualists, myth becomes literature when myth is severed from ritual. Myth tied to ritual is religious literature; myth cut off from ritual is secular literature, or plain literature. Literary myth-ritualism is a theory not of myth and ritual themselves but of their impact on literature.
Management of acute pancreatitis (2010)

The medical management of acute pancreatitis focuses on supportive care, according to the American College of Gastroenterology clinical practice guidelines. Aggressive intravenous fluid resuscitation to correct initial and ongoing third-space fluid loss is essential, with adequacy of replacement assessed by monitoring vital signs, urine output, and alterations in serum creatinine and hematocrit at 12 and 24 hours.
Graph Learning From Data Under Laplacian and Structural Constraints (2017)

Graphs are fundamental mathematical structures used in various fields to represent data, signals, and processes. In this paper, we propose a novel framework for learning/estimating graphs from data. The proposed framework includes (i) formulation of various graph learning problems, (ii) their probabilistic interpretations, and (iii) associated algorithms. Specifically, graph learning problems are posed as the estimation of graph Laplacian matrices from some observed data under given structural constraints (e.g., graph connectivity and sparsity level). From a probabilistic perspective, the problems of interest correspond to maximum a posteriori parameter estimation of Gaussian-Markov random field models, whose precision (inverse covariance) is a graph Laplacian matrix. For the proposed graph learning problems, specialized algorithms are developed by incorporating the graph Laplacian and structural constraints. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithms outperform the current state-of-the-art methods in terms of accuracy and computational efficiency.
Effect of pH, Concentration, and Treatment Time of Aluminum Solutions on Acid Dissolution of Enamel (1986)

Dissolution tests were conducted with human enamel following treatment with aqueous aluminum (Al) solutions under conditions of varying pH, concentration, and treatment time. Al reduced enamel dissolution in a pH 4 acetate buffer most effectively when used in the pH range of 3 to 4, at concentrations above 0.005 mol/L, and for treatment times of more than four minutes. However, significant activity was observed with concentrations as low as 0.0005 mol/L Al and treatment times as short as 15 seconds. The effects of Al solution pH and concentration on enamel dissolution were related to the hydrolysis of Al above pH 4 and to the accelerated dissolution of apatite below pH 3.
Benzodithiophene and Imide-Based Copolymers for Photovoltaic Applications (2012)

Conjugated alternating copolymers were designed with low optical band gaps for organic photovoltaic (OPV) applications by considering quinoid resonance stabilization. Copolymers of thienoisoindoledione (TID) and benzodithiophene (BDT) had appreciably lower band gaps (by ∼0.4 eV) than copolymers of thienopyrroledione (TPD) and BDT. In addition to intramolecular charge transfer stabilization (i.e., the “push-pull” effect), the former copolymer’s quinoid resonance structure is stabilized by a gain in aromatic resonance energy in the isoindole unit. Additionally, the HOMO levels of the copolymers could be tuned with chemical modifications to the BDT monomer, resulting in open circuit voltages of greater than 1 V in photovoltaic devices. Despite the optimized band gap, TID containing polymers displayed lower photoconductance, as determined by time-resolved microwave conductivity, and decreased device efficiency (2.1% vs 4.8%) as compared with TPD analogues. These results were partially attributed to morphology, as computational modeling suggests TID copolymers have a twisted backbone, and X-ray diffraction data indicate the polymer films do not form ordered domains, whereas TPD copolymers are considerably more planar and are shown to form partially ordered domains.
Nonlinear Electrical Properties of Grain Boundaries in an Oxygen‐Ion Conductor (CeO <sub>2</sub> · Y <sub>2</sub> O <sub>3</sub> ) (1987)

The ceria‐yttria solid solution is a good anionic conductor. In polycrystalline ceramics, the complex impedance spectroscopy shows clearly the existence of a significant additional resistance associated with the grain boundaries. In this paper a theoretical analysis of the ac response in the nonlinear regime is developed. In particular the current‐voltage and capacitance‐voltage characteristics of the grain boundaries are derived. For the material investigated the former is well fitted by the Poole‐Frenkel law while the capacitance is voltage independent. These results are in agreement with microscopic STEM observations of a silica‐rich second phase.
Photocleavage of the Corona Chains of Rigid-Rod Block Copolymer Micelles (2015)

A polyferrocenyldimethylsilane-block-poly(2-vinylpyridine) sample with a photocleavable o-nitrobenzyl ester (ONB) group at the junction (PFS35-hv-P2VP400) was synthesized by copper-catalyzed coupling of a P2VP-ONB-alkyne with a PFS-azide. Rodlike core-crystalline micelles of uniform length and uniform width were prepared in 2-propanol, a selective solvent for P2VP. Samples of these micelles were photoirradiated with UV-A light (peak emission 360 nm), which induced cleavage at the core–corona junction. Prolonged irradiation (24 h) led to aggregation and precipitation of the corona-cleaved micelles. One could see by TEM that the width of the micelles in the aggregates was significantly reduced (from 49 to 21 nm) because of the loss of the P2VP block, while the PFS core length (L) remained unchanged. For one micelle sample with Lw = 320 nm (650 polymer molecules per micelle), the time course of the irradiation was monitored by GPC, TEM, and multiangle light scattering. After 1 h irradiation, 60% of the corona chains were cleaved, but only small amounts of aggregates had formed. Most of the rodlike micelles maintained their colloidal stability even after 70% of the corona chains had been cleaved. By GPC, we detected formation of an unexpected PFS dimer that became more prominent as the irradiation continued. Dimer formation could be explained by a photoredox coupling of o-nitrosobenzaldehyde groups at the ends of adjacent PFS chains embedded in the micelle core.
POSSIBILITIES OF SAVING FUEL BY SWITCHING OFF CYLINDERS (OTTO ENGINE) (1980)

Porsche's eight-cylinder Otto engine with cylinder switch-off is designed to provide a high maximum output with low partial-load fuel consumption by switching off four cylinders during partial-load operation. The engine operation is described, including the arrangement of the switched-off cylinders, functioning of the fuel injection system, engine performance control, and performance characteristics of the two engine segments. Exhaust decontamination for Porsche switch-off engines is explained and the fuel savings at partial-load are indicated by results of bench tests. Fuel consumption was reduced up to 25% at speeds between 24 mph and 36 mph and a 40% reduction was achieved during idling. In constant volume sampler city and highway tests, fuel consumption was reduced 23% and 15%, respectively. In the Economic Commission for Europe city test, fuel consumption was reduced by 20%; 10% and 7% reductions were achieved at constant highway speeds of 90 kph and 120 kph.
Direct Methods for Stability Analysis: An Introduction (2010)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction A Simple System Closest UEP Method Controlling UEP Method PEBS Method Concluding Remarks
Unequal Error Protection Nonbinary LDPC Codes for Bandwidth Efficient Transmission (2011)

A two-level unequal error protection scheme of nonbinary low-density parity-check(LDPC)codes for bandwidth-efficient coded modulation systems is proposed in order to allow bandwidth efficient transmissions.These two unequal error protection levels are originated from codeword characteristics and high order constellation,which make full use of different degrees of variable node and bit reliabilities of high order modulation.The information transformation is not needed if nonbinary LDPC code and high order modulation are matched in coded modulation systems.The systems can provide different reliabilities at symbol and bit levels to meet the requirement of symbol error rate and bit error rate for real-life system implementations.Simulation results show that the 16QAM modulation is always superior to the 16PSK modulation over an AWGN channel.The distinct unequal error protection is achieved considering the variable node degrees and high order modulation.The transmitted bits have different sensitivities to errors,and the important bits are protected strongly.
Full-Length Influenza Hemagglutinin HA<sub>2</sub> Refolds into the Trimeric Low-pH-Induced Conformation (2004)

The influenza virus uses hemagglutinin (HA) to fuse the viral and cellular membranes. As part of an effort to study the membrane-interacting elements of HA, the fusion peptide, and the C-terminal transmembrane anchor, we have expressed in Escherichia coli the full-length HA2 chain with maltose-binding protein fused at its N-terminus. The chimeric protein can be refolded in vitro in the presence of specific detergents to yield stable, homogeneous trimers, as determined by analytical ultracentrifugation. The trimers have the so-called “low pH” conformationthe rearranged HA2 conformation obtained when intact HA1/HA2 is induced to refold by exposure to low pHas detected by electron microscopy and monoclonalantibody reactivity. These results provide further evidence for the notion that the neutral-pH structure of intact HA is metastable and that binding of protons lowers the kinetic barriers that prevent rearrangement to the minimum-free-energy conformation. The refolded chimeric protein described here is a suitable species for undertaking studies of how the fusion peptide inserts into membranes and assessing the nature of possible intermediates in the fusion process.
Substituent effects on the volatility of metal ?-diketonates (2000)

Volatile trends are established for a series of MU(β-diketonate)n complexes, where MU = Cu (n = 2); Al, Sc, Cr, Fe, Co, Ga (n = 3); Zr (n = 4) and β-diketonate = acetylacetonate (acac), trifluoroacetylacetonate (tfac), hexafluoroacetylacetonate (hfac) and 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate (tmhd). Sublimation enthalpies (ΔHsub) were calculated from thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) data, which show that the dependence of ΔHsub on the number and type of intermolecular interactions appears to be more substantial than molecular mass effects. Irrespective of the metal, the ΔHsub values for the MU(tmhd)3 derivative have a ΔHsub value of between 93 and 99% of that of the MU(acac)3 derivative. In contrast, the MU(tfac)3 and MU(hfac)3 derivatives have ΔHsub values of ca. 82% and 54% of the values for the corresponding MU(acac)3. Similar trends are observed for MU(β-diketonate)2 and MU(β-diketonate)4 derivatives. The relationship between the ΔHsub and (Tsub) of the substituted β-diketonate derivatives as compared with the values for parent MU(acac)n may be used to predict either quantity for a range of MU(β-diketonate)n complexes where the values for MU(acac)n are known. Using the TGA sublimation data, vapour pressures have been calculated for each of the MU(β-diketonate)n complexes. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Artificial hair cell sensors using liquid metal alloy as piezoresistors (2013)

In this paper, we present the design, fabrication process, and testing results of an artificial hair cell sensor made by liquid metal encapsulated in a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate. Previously, a flexible force sensor was reported from our group, which can detect both normal and shear forces by using liquid metal alloy (Ga-In-Sn) as piezoresistive gauge material encapsulated in a PDMS substrate. Based on this method, we propose an artificial hair cell sensor which can detect two-axis tactile force with a standing artificial hair shaft. Since the liquid-metal piezoresistors deform with the elastomeric substrate, normal and shear force can be detected with resistance changes of the piezoresistors. Each force sensor comprises a pair of symmetric piezoresistors, which is screen-printed on a suspended PDMS membrane with opposite direction to be sensitive to shear forces. The testing results demonstrate the sensitivity of the force sensor in two-axis directions.
Boundary integral equation analysis for radiation and scattering of elastic waves in three dimensions (1989)

Abstract In this paper, the boundary integral equation (BIE) method is employed to investigate the radiation and scattering of time‐harmonic elastic waves by obstacles of arbitrary shape embedded in an infinite medium. Based on the vector BIE, entirely free of Cauchy principal value integrals, an efficient numerical scheme using quadratic isoparametric boundary elements is proposed. Furthermore, the difficulty of non‐uniquess of a solution inherent with BIE formulations for exterior elastodynamic problems is studied numerically and analytically. The counterparts of the combined Helmholtz integral formulation method for elastodynamics together with the least‐square or Lagrange‐multiplier technique are derived and applied to overcome this difficulty successfully. In addition, the elastic‐wave fields radiated or scattered by either a spherical cavity or a rigid sphere in an infinite medium are calculated and the results are compared with the analytical solutions to demonstrate the accuracy and versatility of the proposed numerical scheme.
Controlled Coordinate Anionic Polymerization of Oxetane by Novel Initiating Systems:  Onium Salts/Bulky Organoaluminum Diphenolates (1996)

Onium salts such as quaternary ammonium and phosphonium halides in conjunction with sterically hindered methylaluminum diphenolates (1) brought about living coordinate anionic polymerization of oxetane, giving a narrow molecular weight distribution (MWD) polyether. In contrast, use of a simple trialkylaluminum such as trimethylaluminum in the place of 1 resulted in no polymerization. X-ray crystallographic studies demonstrated the formation of an ate complex (2bCl) from 1b and Et4NCl. 2 in the presence of 1 was capable of initiating the controlled polymerization of oxetane, whereas 2 alone was not. 1H NMR studies on a mixture of 2bCl and 1b indicated the occurrence of a rapid, reversible migration of the halide group from 2bCl to 1b.