gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Aqueous acidic hydrogen peroxide as an efficient medium for tungsten insertion into MCM-41 mesoporous molecular sieves with high metal dispersion (2000)

Two sets of WOx/SiO2-MCM-41 precatalysts (A and B) were prepared and compared. Tungsten-containing MCM-41 mesoporous molecular sieves have been synthesized with tetraethyl orthosilicate and tungsten precursors, tungstic acid, "H2WO4", or sodium tungstate, in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTMACl) micelles as template in aqueous acid solution. In route A, H2O2 was added to avoid the formation of iso- (or hetero-) polyoxometalates in the counter-ion-mediated S+X−I+ pathway with oxo–peroxo species [S+ = quaternary ammonium ion surfactant, in this paper cetyltrimethylammonium (CTMA+), X− = Cl− and/or anionic peroxo species, I+ = inorganic silicate precursor generating silanols or their protonated forms]. This procedure is compared with methods involving or generating polyoxometalates without peroxo moieties (route B) to determine whether the metal loading and/or dispersion is improved by H2O2. The native materials were calcined in air (1 K min−1, isothermal at 920 K for 4 h) in order to decompose the organic template. The resulting molecular sieves have been characterized by chemical analysis, powder X-ray diffraction, UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, nitrogen sorption isotherms, TEM and EDX analysis, and Raman spectrometry. High incorporation levels ((Si∶W)exp molar ratio ≈30∶1) with a nearly homogeneous distribution of the dopants can be obtained only by route A. The spectral differences between the materials are correlated with their catalytic reactivities for cyclooctene epoxidation with an anhydrous H2O2/t-BuOH mixture at room temperature. The results suggest that the novel preparation method (route A) has a marked effect on the dispersion of the WOx species on and into the silica matrix.
Model-Based Test Oracle Generation for Automated Unit Testing of Agent Systems (2013)

Software testing remains the most widely used approach to verification in industry today, consuming between 30-50 percent of the entire development cost. Test input selection for intelligent agents presents a problem due to the very fact that the agents are intended to operate robustly under conditions which developers did not consider and would therefore be unlikely to test. Using methods to automatically generate and execute tests is one way to provide coverage of many conditions without significantly increasing cost. However, one problem using automatic generation and execution of tests is the oracle problem: How can we automatically decide if observed program behavior is correct with respect to its specification? In this paper, we present a model-based oracle generation method for unit testing belief-desire-intention agents. We develop a fault model based on the features of the core units to capture the types of faults that may be encountered and define how to automatically generate a partial, passive oracle from the agent design models. We evaluate both the fault model and the oracle generation by testing 14 agent systems. Over 400 issues were raised, and these were analyzed to ascertain whether they represented genuine faults or were false positives. We found that over 70 percent of issues raised were indicative of problems in either the design or the code. Of the 19 checks performed by our oracle, faults were found by all but 5 of these checks. We also found that 8 out the 11 fault types identified in our fault model exhibited at least one fault. The evaluation indicates that the fault model is a productive conceptualization of the problems to be expected in agent unit testing and that the oracle is able to find a substantial number of such faults with relatively small overhead in terms of false positives.
Human immunodeficiency virus: 25 years of diagnostic and therapeutic strategies and their impact on hepatitis B and C virus (2009)

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) had spread unrecognized in the human population as sexually transmitted disease and was finally identified by its disease AIDS in 1981. Even after the isolation of the causative agent in 1983, the burden and death rate of AIDS accelerated worldwide especially in young people despite the confection of new drugs capable to inhibit virus replication since 1997. However, at least in industrialised countries, this trend could be reversed by the introduction of combination therapy strategies. The design of new drugs is on going; besides the inhibition of the three enzymes of HIV for replication and maturation (reverse transcriptase, integrase and protease), further drugs inhibits fusion of viral and cellular membranes and virus maturation. On the other hand, viral diagnostics had been considerably improved since the emergence of HIV. There was a need to identify infected people correctly, to follow up the course of immune reconstitution of patients by measuring viral load and CD4 cells, and to analyse drug escape mutations leading to drug resistance. Both the development of drugs and the refined diagnostics have been transferred to the treatment of patients infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). This progress is not completed; there are beneficial aspects in the response of the scientific community to the HIV burden for the management of other viral diseases. These aspects are described in this contribution. Further aspects as handling a stigmatising disease, education of self-responsiveness within sexual relationships, and ways for confection of a protective vaccine are not covered.
From Traces to Proofs: Proving Concurrent Programs Safe (2016)

Nondeterminism in scheduling is the cardinal reason for difficulty in proving correctness of concurrent programs. A powerful proof strategy was recently proposed [6] to show the correctness of such programs. The approach captured data-flow dependencies among the instructions of an interleaved and error-free execution of threads. These data-flow dependencies were represented by an inductive data-flow graph (iDFG), which, in a nutshell, denotes a set of executions of the concurrent program that gave rise to the discovered data-flow dependencies. The iDFGs were further transformed in to alternative finite automatons (AFAs) in order to utilize efficient automata-theoretic tools to solve the problem. In this paper, we give a novel and efficient algorithm to directly construct AFAs that capture the data-flow dependencies in a concurrent program execution. We implemented the algorithm in a tool called ProofTraPar to prove the correctness of finite state cyclic programs under the sequentially consistent memory model. Our results are encouraging and compare favorably to existing state-of-the-art tools.
In vitro and in vivo activity of regorafenib (REGO) in drug-resistant gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). (2013)

10510 Background: KIT and PDGFRA mutations (mut) are the crucial transforming events in most GISTs, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) with activity against KIT and PDGFRA, such as imatinib (IM) (front-line therapy) and sunitinib (SU) (second-line therapy), are effective treatments in GIST patients (pts). Resistance to IM and SU is commonly associated with evolution of secondary kinase mut. REGO is a multi-targeted TKI that inhibits KIT, PDGFR, and other oncologic targets and has recently shown benefit in pts with metastatic GIST after progression on standard treatments. We evaluated the in vitro and in vivo activity of REGO compared with IM, SU, and sorafenib (SOR) (a multi-TKI structurally related to REGO). Methods: REGO, IM, SU, and SOR inhibition of viability and KIT phosphorylation was assessed in human GIST cell lines and in Ba/F3 cells transformed by KIT oncoproteins with IM-resistant ATP binding pocket or activation-loop mut. KIT/PDGFRA genotyping was performed in GISTs responding or progressing on REGO in the academic phase II clinical trial. Results: In GISTs with KIT exon 11 mutant oncoproteins, REGO potently inhibited viability, KIT phosphorylation, and downstream effector phosphorylation (AKT, MAPK, S6). IM-resistant activation loop mut were more potently inhibited by REGO than SU, whereas the gatekeeper IM-resistant mut T670I was inhibited by both REGO and SU, and the common ATP-binding pocket mutant V654A was more potently inhibited by SU than REGO. Two GIST metastases progressing in one pt after initial response to REGO contained KIT V654A mut. SOR and REGO demonstrated comparable in vitro overall activity. Representative GIST cell line viability IC50s are shown in the Table (values in bold indicate expected clinical relevance). Conclusions: In vitro studies confirm REGO is a potent inhibitor of KIT exon 11 mut in GIST and appears to have stronger activity than SU against the most common KIT activation-loop mut observed in GIST. Ongoing clinical correlative analyses from REGO-treated study patients will be presented. [Table: see text]
Inactivation of Vaccinia Virus by Natural Sunlight and by Artificial <scp>UVB</scp> Radiation (2012)

This study determined the sensitivity of vaccinia virus, an orthopox virus commonly used as a surrogate for variola virus (etiological agent of smallpox), exposed to UVB radiation emitted by a solar simulator, or to direct natural sunlight. The data obtained indicate that: (1) the virucidal effect of natural sunlight can be mimicked adequately by an artificial light source with similar spectral characteristics in the UVB, (2) viral sensitivity to UVB or to solar radiation can be correlated with experimental data previously obtained with UVC, (3) the correlation factor between virus inactivation by solar radiation (measured at 300 ± 5 nm) and by UVC (254 nm) is between 33 and 60, and (4) the sensitivity of viruses either dry on glass surfaces or in liquid suspension is similar when in the presence of similar amounts of cellular debris and growth media. The findings reported in this study should assist in estimating the threat posed by the persistence of virus during epidemics or after an accidental or intentional release.
Challenges and practices in deploying web acceleration solutions for distributed enterprise systems (2004)

For most Web-based applications, contents are created dynamically based on the current state of a business, such as product prices and inventory, stored in database systems. These applications demand personalized content and track user behavior while maintaining application integrity. Many of such practices are not compatible with Web acceleration solutions. Consequently, although many web acceleration solutions have shown promising performance improvement and scalability, architecting and engineering distributed enterprise Web applications to utilize available content delivery networks remains a challenge. In this paper, we examine the challenge to accelerate J2EE-based enterprise web applications. We list obstacles and recommend some practices to transform typical database-driven J2EE applications to cache friendly Web applications where Web acceleration solutions can be applied. Furthermore, such transformation should be done without modification to the underlying application business logic and without sacrificing functions that are essential to e-commerce. We take the J2EE reference software, the Java PetStore, as a case study. By using the proposed guideline, we are able to cache more than 90% of the content in the PetStore and scale up the Web site more than 20 times.
An interactive planning architecture: the forest fire fighting case (1996)

. This paper describes an interactive planning system that was developed inside an Intelligent Decision Support System aimed at supporting an operator when planning the initial attack to forest fires. The planning architecture rests on the integration of case-based reasoning techniques with constraint reasoning techniques exploited, mainly, for performing temporal reasoning on temporal metric information. Temporal reasoning plays a central role in supporting interactive functions that are provided to the user when performing two basic steps of the planning process: plan adaptation and resource scheduling. A first prototype was integrated with a situation assessment and a resource allocation manager subsystem and is currently being tested. 1 Introduction This paper presents an interactive planning architecture that shall be used for planning the initial attack to forest fires. The system is part of an Intelligent Decision Support System aimed at supporting the user in the whole process...
Differential processing of proenkephalin by prohormone convertases 1(3) and 2 and furin. (1993)

Recombinant vaccinia virus vectors were used to coexpress mouse prohormone convertase 1 (mPC1), mPC2, or human furin together with human proenkephalin in GH4C1 cells (rat pituitary somatomammotrophs) to examine the proteolytic processing of proenkephalin by these enzymes. Radioimmunoassays performed on high pressure gel permeation size-fractionated extracts obtained from GH4C1 cells and corresponding conditioned media revealed distinct profiles of immunoreactivity for products generated by each enzyme. PC1 produced intermediate sized processing products (3-10 kDa); the major immunoreactive enkephalin-containing species observed eluted at the positions of peptide B, the 5.3-kDa fragment, and free Leu5-enkephalin. PC2 exhibited a more complete processing profile. The major immunoreactive enkephalins produced were free Met5-enkephalin-Arg-Phe, free Met5-enkephalin-Arg-Gly-Leu, free Leu5-enkephalin, and free Met5-enkephalin. Thus PC2 appears to be more capable of generating active opioid units from proenkephalin than is PC1. Finally, furin cleaved proenkephalin to generate peptide B, an unidentified peak between the 18- and 5.3-kDa fragments, and a small amount of the 5.3-kDa fragment. Radiosequencing data verified that the production of the 5.3-kDa fragment by PC1 occurred as a result of a Lys-Lys cleavage. The ability of PC1 to cleave proenkephalin (but not proopiomelanocortin) at a Lys-Lys site implies that the structural context of the paired basic cleavage site may be more important in the determination of cleavage specificity than the particular pair of basic residues at the site.
Lipoprotein Lipase (1991)

The objective of this review is to provide an overview of intermittent fasting regimens, summarize the evidence on the health benefits of intermittent fasting, and discuss physiological mechanisms by which intermittent fasting might lead to improved ...Read More
A Hospital Food-Borne Outbreak of Diarrhea Caused by Bacillus cereus: Clinical, Epidemiologic, and Microbiologic Studies (1979)

An outbreak of diarrhea involving 28 patients occurred in two wards of a chronic disease hospital. The illness was characterized by abdominal cramps and watery diarrhea without vomiting or fever. An epidemiologic investigation suggested food-borne intoxication and incriminated turkey loaf served at the preceding evening meal as the source of the outbreak. Bacillus cereus was isolated both from the stool of all 14 symptomatic patients who were cultured and from turkey loaf. No other enteropathogens were found. The isolate of B. cereus was shown to elaborate an enterotoxin that caused fluid secretion in assays in the rabbit ileal loop and suckling mice and that also caused a positive response in the Y-1 adrenal cell assay. B. cereus is an enteropathogen that should be sought in outbreaks of food-related gastroenteritis. This organism affects the gastrointestinal tract probably by the elaboration of enterotoxins.
Movie maps (1999)

This paper presents methods for moving image sequence visualization and browsing based on algorithms from computer vision, information visualization and on a hierarchical model for content semantics. We introduce a new method, OM-Images, for the visualization of temporal changes in a moving image sequence. Together with interactive browsing techniques the visualization methods can be used for the exploration of a at different levels of abstraction. The proposed levels of abstraction are the physical, image, object or discourse level. The visualization is used to generate (1) static descriptions, which printed on paper yield a movie and (2) interactive documents, e.g. Web pages or special browsers. Finally, we give examples of a book of a feature length film.
Pilocarpine in the Presbyope (1973)

High resolution ultrasonic biometry was performed on 25 normal eyes of presbyopic volunteers (60 to 80 years old) prior to and at 15-minute intervals after topical instillation of 2% pilocarpine hydrochloride. Every eye measured demonstrated an axial thickening of the lens (average 0.25 mm) and 85% of the eyes demonstrated a shallowing of the anterior chamber (average 0.19 mm). Pilocarpine has a measureable effect within 15 minutes on the anterior chamber and lens thickness in some patients. Its maximal effect is 45 to 60 minutes after instillation. The elderly presbyopic lens is able to be deformed under pilocarpine stimulation.
Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (1997)

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases. Third edition. Editors RN Allen, JM Rhodes, SB Hanauer, MRB Keighley, J Alexander-Williams, VW Fazio. (Pp 989; illustrated; £125.00.) Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1996. ISBN 0-443-05067-8.

The time will come, one supposes, when all the brain’s mysteries will be disclosed. Then, the combined forces of information technology and neurosciences will come up with methods to introduce and store knowledge—conveniently when we are asleep—so that existing methods of learning will be so inefficient that the lecture, seminar and written word will become redundant.

What will then become a blockbuster textbook such as the present offering? Is it to be replaced by a chip downloaded directly into our brains? Maybe so, but until that time we shall just have to make do with the good, old-fashioned read—and try and retain what …
The “Reactor STM”: A scanning tunneling microscope for investigation of catalytic surfaces at semi-industrial reaction conditions (1998)

An instrument is introduced that combines a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and a small volume (300 μl) flow reactor, for the in situ study of catalytic surfaces at semi-industrial conditions. The tip is led through a gold membrane separating the reactor from the rest of the STM. We show (1) that the scanning through the membrane is possible with no noticeable effect of the membrane; (2) that it is possible to image surfaces in a gas flow of 10 ml/min, and that the imaging is unaffected by moderate changes in the flow conditions during the scanning; and (3) that imaging of atomic steps is possible on a Co(0001) surface in a reactive environment at room temperature and at elevated temperatures. Furthermore, it is observed, that the step mobility on Co(0001) is strongly enhanced in the presence of H2.
Holistic Fracture Diagnostics (2007)

Abstract Since the introduction of the G-function derivative analysis, pre-frac diagnostic injection tests have become a valuable and commonly used technique. Unfortunately, the technique is frequently misapplied or misinterpreted leading to confusion and misdiagnosis of fracturing parameters. This paper presents a consistent method of analysis of the G-function, its derivatives, and its relationship to other diagnostic techniques including square-root(time) and log(Δpwf)-log(Δt) plots and their appropriate diagnostic derivatives. Actual field test examples are given for the most common diagnostic curve signatures.
Liquid Metals and Liquid Semiconductors (1980)

Abstract Numerous liquid systems have electrical properties which resemble those of crystalline and amorphous semiconductors. The existence of “semiconducting” behavior in these liquids is mostly related to a continuous transition from a metallic to a “semiconducting” state when a thermodynamic variable such as temperature, density or concentration is changed. Changes in the nature of the chemical interaction and the associated changes in the structure of the liquid are of fundamental importance for the transition to a “semiconducting” state. This will be demonstrated for the ionic liquid CsAu, for covalent liquid selenium, and for expanded liquid metals.
Selective oxidation of unactivated methylene groups by reagent-substrate orientation in mixed complexes (1971)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSelective oxidation of unactivated methylene groups by reagent-substrate orientation in mixed complexesRonald Breslow and Philip C. SchollCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1971, 93, 9, 2331–2333Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1971Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1971https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00738a049https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00738a049research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views381Altmetric-Citations34LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Wolfe mammographic parenchymal patterns. A study of the masking hypothesis of Egan and Mosteller (1985)

Wolfe defined four different classes of breast parenchymal patterns and claimed that they were associated with different risks for the subsequent development of breast cancer. Egan and Mosteller suggested that these patterns did not constitute a true risk factor, rather the effect was caused by the greater difficulty of detecting breast cancers in the dense (P2, DY) patterns compared with the fatty (N1, P1) patterns. Similarly, Mendell believed that a bias was introduced into Wolfe's work by requiring a negative mammogram before a patient entered the study. This study of 221 prevalent and 706 incident cancers followed for up to 10 years indicates that a masking effect does exist, but that it operates in addition to a difference in risk of breast cancer within the four Wolfe classes. Wolfe's hypothesis is found to be valid.
Acoustic Spectral Analysis for Determining Pump Thrombosis in Rotary Blood Pumps (2014)

Implantation of rotary blood pumps is an established treatment for end-stage heart failure. Anticoagulation is routinely used for reducing pump thrombosis, but this severe complication still occurs in 5-8% of patients. In 105 patients, the sound produced by the left ventricular assist device HeartWare HVAD was prospectively and sequentially recorded. The acoustic spectra calculated by runtime fast Fourier transformation were investigated. Results were compared with respect to patients without thrombotic complications (97 patients) and those with signs of pump thrombosis (8 patients). All eight pumps exchanged were opened and investigated. Thrombus formation was confirmed in all eight exchanged pumps. The existence of a sound peak with the threefold frequency of the pump speed correlated with the presence of thrombi inside the pump (p < 0.001). An increase in the sound amplitude of the rotary frequency of approximately 75% compared to previous measurements also denotes pump thrombosis. Analysis of the acoustic spectrum of the HVAD pump can be used as a reliable method to detect pump thrombosis. The appearance of third harmonics indicates the presence of thrombotic particles independently of previous baseline measurements. The goal of this study is to define and validate such a method.