gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interferon-γ acts directly on CD8+ T cells to increase their abundance during virus infection (2005)

Interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) is important in regulating the adaptive immune response, and most current evidence suggests that it exerts a negative (proapoptotic) effect on CD8(+) T cell responses. We have developed a novel technique of dual adoptive transfer, which allowed us to precisely compare, in normal mice, the in vivo antiviral responses of two T cell populations that differ only in their expression of the IFNgamma receptor. We use this technique to show that, contrary to expectations, IFNgamma strongly stimulates the development of CD8(+) T cell responses during an acute viral infection. The stimulatory effect is abrogated in T cells lacking the IFNgamma receptor, indicating that the cytokine acts directly upon CD8(+) T cells to increase their abundance during acute viral infection.
A survey of annual pesticide usage during the control of sheep ectoparasites in Northern Ireland, 1997 (2000)

This is the third survey of control practices for ectoparasites on sheep farms in Northern Ireland, providing data comparative to those recorded in previous surveys in 1981 and 1988. Data relating to all aspects of ectoparasite control were collected from 210 farms representing 4% of the total sheep population. Quantitative data have been adjusted to provide accurate estimates of total pesticide usage. Since the previous survey in 1988, the number of sheep farms in Northern Ireland has increased by 10% to 11 692 with a consequent 39% increase in sheep population to 2.9 million. Despite this level of expansion, the total quantity of organophosphorus compounds used for ectoparasite control has remained approximately constant at 7–8 tonnes. The report considers that compulsory sheep-dipping, prescribed since 1970 and revoked in 1993, impacted significantly on subsequent ectoparasite control practices and consequent pesticide usage. During 1997, approximately 20% of sheep farmers relied on alternative methods to control ectoparasites, including injectable formulations of avermectins and pour-on formulations of insect growth regulators and pyrethroids. Dipping formulations containing pyrethroid compounds, which accounted for <1% of treatments in 1988, increased to 9% in 1997. Previously, regulatory sheep-dipping periods were specified during the autumn months, which tended to increase dipping frequency. The majority of farmers dipping sheep during the summer strictly for blowfly maggot (Diptera: Calliphoridae) control were required to perform additional compulsory sheep-dipping during the autumn. Withdrawal of compulsory sheep-dipping has allowed farmers to synchronise dipping practices to control the major ectoparasites of sheep at a single dipping occasion. An estimated 7.5 × 106 litres of surplus dipwash required disposal and there were approximately equal numbers of farmers disposing dipwash immediately after sheep-dipping or on occasions up to and including subsequent dipping. The decline in the number of farmers who allowed dipwash to run-off into soakaways or surrounding soil observed in 1988 continued in 1997. The majority of farmers used tractor-operated pumps to dispose of dipwash into slurry tanks for subsequent disposal onto permanent pasture. © Crown copyright 2000. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lipper: Synthesizing Thy Speech Using Multi-View Lipreading (2019)

Lipreading has a lot of potential applications such as in the domain of surveillance and video conferencing. Despite this, most of the work in building lipreading systems has been limited to classifying silent videos into classes representing text phrases. However, there are multiple problems associated with making lipreading a text-based classification task like its dependence on a particular language and vocabulary mapping. Thus, in this paper we propose a multi-view lipreading to audio system, namely Lipper, which models it as a regression task. The model takes silent videos as input and produces speech as the output. With multi-view silent videos, we observe an improvement over single-view speech reconstruction results. We show this by presenting an exhaustive set of experiments for speaker-dependent, out-of-vocabulary and speaker-independent settings. Further, we compare the delay values of Lipper with other speechreading systems in order to show the real-time nature of audio produced. We also perform a user study for the audios produced in order to understand the level of comprehensibility of audios produced using Lipper.
Sputum induction as a research tool for sampling the airways of subjects with cystic fibrosis (2001)

SI offers safety advantages over BAL and may be a more representative airway outcome measurement in patients with CF.
Contactless DC connector based on ISOP-IPOS topology for high power density 380 V DC power feeding system (2014)

Contactless DC connector has been proposed for high power density 380 V DC power feeding system. A LLC resonant DC-DC converter topology with GaN power transistors and Si-SBDs has been applied to realize high frequency and high efficiency inductively-coupled contactless DC connector. ISOP (input series and output parallel)-IPOS (input parallel and output series) connection topology has been also employed to develop 380 V DC connector. Prototype of a 1.2 kW 384 V-192 V DC connector to constitute a part of 384 V-384 V connector has been fabricated, and maximum efficiency of 96.5% with the ideal power density of 5.4 W/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> has been confirmed experimentally under 500 kHz operation. Design consideration for the proposed connector has been also conducted, and the approach for achieving higher power density of 10 W/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> has been presented.
Signaling mechanisms underlying metamorphic transitions in animals (2006)

Metamorphosis in many animal groups involves a radical transition from a larval to a juvenile/adult body plan and the challenge of orchestrating 2 overlapping developmental programs simultaneously, that is, larval development and juvenile development. Metamorphic competence directly precedes this radical change in morphology and can be best described as the developmental potential of a larva to undergo the radical transition in response to internal or external signals. Several studies have employed genomic approaches (for example, microarrays or subtractive hybridization methods) to gain insights into the complexity of changes in gene expression associated with metamorphic transitions. Availability of this technology for an increasing number of organisms from diverse taxonomic groups expands the scope of species for which we can gain detailed understanding of the genetic and epigenetic architecture underlying metamorphosis. Here, we review metamorphosis in insects, amphibians, and several marine invertebrate species including the sea hare Aplysia californica and summarize mechanisms underlying the transition. We conclude that all metamorphoses share at least 4 components: (1) the differentiation of juvenile/adult structures, (2) the degeneration of larval structures, (3) metamorphic competence, and (4) change in habitat. While transcription levels detected by microarray or other molecular methods can vary significantly, some similarities can be observed. For example, transcripts related to stress response, immunity, and apoptosis are associated with metamorphosis in all investigated phyla. It also appears that signaling mediated by hormones and by nitric oxide can contribute to these stress-related responses and that these molecules can act as regulators of metamorphic transitions. This might indicate either that all of these distantly related organisms inherited the same basic regulatory machinery that was employed by their most recent common ancestor (RCA) in orchestrating life history transitions. Alternatively, these regulatory modules may have been used by the RCA for other purposes and have been independently co-opted to regulate metamorphic transitions in a variety of distantly related animals. We propose that such instances of independent origin or homoplasy in the evolution of metamorphosis might have resulted from specific constraints in signal transduction pathways. Modern genomic tools can help to further explore homoplastic signaling modules when used in a comparative context.
Layman Analytics System: A Cloud-Enabled System for Data Analytics Workflow Recommendation (2016)

In today's big data era, there is a tremendously huge amount of data available. Layman users lack not only the knowledge and experience in data analytics to make sense of these data but also the computational resources for executing the analytics. In this paper, we propose and develop a layman analytics system (LAS), which provides the layman users with a scalable and ready-to-use analytics tool to automatically generate analytics workflows for classification tasks. The LAS is designed to benefit from existing open-source data analytics tools using generic ontological modeling of analytics operators from these tools as well as adaptive constraint refinement for metadata learning. Moreover, the LAS can be deployed on both public and private clouds to cater to the need of scalable computing and easy maintenance. To demonstrate the performance of the LAS, we conducted experiments with 114 data sets obtained from the University of California Irvine Machine Learning Repository. The workflows generated by the LAS were benchmarked against the OpenML whereby each data set has a range of classification accuracy obtained using classifiers designed and fine-tuned by data experts. The comparisons showed that 87 out of 114 data sets have exceeded the 50th percentile of the benchmark data. Among these 87 data sets, the LAS outperforms the 90th percentile of the benchmarks on 49 data sets.
IgG Anti‐GM1 antibody is associated with reversible conduction failure and axonal degeneration in guillain‐barré syndrome (1998)

To investigate the pathophysiological role of anti-GM1 antibody in Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), we reviewed sequential nerve conduction studies of 345 nerves in 34 GBS patients. Statistically significant correlation between IgG anti-GM1 antibodies and electrodiagnoses was found. Sixteen IgG anti-GM1-positive patients were classified as having acute motor or acute motor sensory axonal neuropathy (AMAN or AMSAN) (12 patients), as having acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP) (3 patients), or as undetermined (1 patient) by electrodiagnostic criteria. Besides axonal features, there was rapid resolution of conduction slowing and block. In 3 patients initially diagnosed as having AIDP, conduction slowing was resolved within days, and 1 of them and 3 AMAN patients showed markedly rapid increases in amplitudes of distal compound muscle action potentials that were not accompanied by prolonged duration and polyphasia. The time courses of conduction abnormalities were distinct from those in IgG anti-GM1-negative AIDP patients. Rapid resolution of conduction slowing and block, and the absence of remyelinating slow components, suggest that conduction failure may be caused by impaired physiological conduction at the nodes of Ranvier. Reversible conduction failure as well as axonal degeneration constitutes the pathophysiological mechanisms in IgG anti-GM1-positive GBS. In both cases, immune-mediated attack probably occurs on the axolemma of motor fibers.
Structured Modeling Language for Automated Modeling in Causal Networks (1999)

The paper presents a structured modeling lan guage (SML) and a relational database frame-work for specification and automated genera tion of causal models. The framework describes a relational database scheme for encoding a li brary of causal network templates modeling the basic components in a modeling domain. SML provides a formal language for specifying mod els as structured components that can be com posed from the basic components. The lan guage enables specification of models as param eterized relational queries that can be instan tiated for specific model instances. The pa per describes an algorithm that, given a library and a specification, computes a causal model in time and space linear in the number of ba sic components. The algorithm enables model reuse by combining model fragments from the template library to compose new models. The present automated modeling approach has been implemented using the structured query lan guage (SQL) and a relational database envi ronment. The approach has been successfully used for modeling an automated work-cell in a real-life digital manufacturing application. 1
Analysis of parallel redundant WLAN with timing diversity (2013)

Redundancy techniques based on the combination of multiple diverse communication channels are an established countermeasure to improve performance characteristics of wireless communication systems. Besides parallel redundancy in the space and frequency domain, serial redundancy in the time domain can be utilized. It is known that the parallel approaches can significantly improve performance characteristics like jitter and reliability, when applied for wireless packet-based data transmission. In this work, an investigation on the performance impact of additional time diversity on top of the parallel redundancy approaches is performed. An OPNET simulation model is created and analysed for its performance characteristics.
Promotion of β-Cell Differentiation by Conophylline in Fetal and Neonatal Rat Pancreas (2004)

Conophylline is a vinca alkaloid extracted from the tropical plant Ervatamia microphylla and has been shown to induce differentiation of pancreatic AR42J cells. In the present study, we investigated the effect of conophylline on the differentiation of pancreatic precursor cells. In the rat pancreatic rudiment in organ culture, conophylline inhibited the formation of cystic structure and increased the number of insulin-positive cells. Conophylline also markedly increased the expression of mRNA for insulin and the number of pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1-positive cells. These effects of conophylline were similar to those of activin A. We also examined the effect of conophylline on neonatal rats treated with streptozotocin, a model of type 2 diabetes. Treatment with conophylline significantly reduced the plasma glucose concentration and improved glucose tolerance in response to glucose loading. The insulin content and the beta-cell mass at 2 months were significantly increased by conophylline. The number of islet-like cell clusters and pancreatic duodenal homeobox-1-positive ductal cells was greater in conophylline-treated rats. These results suggest that conophylline induces differentiation of pancreatic precursor cells and increases the formation of beta-cells.
A syndrome of congenital retinal dystrophy and saccade palsy--a subset of Leber's amaurosis. (1984)

Three children who presented in infancy with a severe visual defect and absent or barely recordable electroretinograms, with relatively well preserved visually evoked cortical potentials, were subsequently found to have vertical and horizontal saccade palsies with head thrusts but relatively good visual acuity. These children, who were clearly different from other infants with congenital retinal dystrophy, were also developmentally delayed and had systemic motor and speech defects, but their visual prognosis was relatively good. The recognition of their saccade palsy was delayed because their poor visual attention in infancy was ascribed purely to the tapetoretinal degeneration. We consider these patients represent a clear subset of those patients who are diagnosed as having congenital retinal dystrophy or Leber's amaurosis.
Physical and functional interactions between Stat5 and the tyrosine- phosphorylated receptors for erythropoietin and interleukin-3 (1996)

Erythropoietin (Epo) and interleukin-3 (IL-3) stimulate activation of the Jak2 tyrosine kinase and induce tyrosine phosphorylation and activation of Stat5. In the present study, we have shown that Epo or IL-3 stimulation induces binding of Stat5 to the tyrosine-phosphorylated Epo receptor (EpoR) or IL-3 receptor beta subunit (betaIL3), respectively, in IL-3-dependent 32D cells expressing the EpoR. The binding of Stat5 to these cytokine receptors was shown to be rapid and transient, occurring within 1 minute of stimulation of cells and significantly decreasing after 5 minutes of cell treatment. In vivo binding experiments in COS cells showed that binding of Stat5 to the EpoR was mediated through the Stat5 Src homology 2 (SH2) domain. In vitro binding studies further showed that Stat5, but not other Stats examined, bound specifically to tyrosine-phosphorylated recombinant EpoR fusion proteins. In these in vivo and in vitro binding studies, Stat5 bound, albeit to a lesser degree, to truncated EpoR mutants in which all the intracellular tyrosines except Y-343 were removed. Furthermore, EpoR-derived synthetic phosphotyrosine peptides corresponding to Y-343, Y-401, Y-431, and Y-479 inhibited the in vitro binding of Stat5. When expressed in 32D cells, a mutant EpoR in which all the intracellular tyrosines were removed by carboxy-terminal truncation showed a significantly impaired ability to induce tyrosine phosphorylation of Stat5, particularly at low concentrations of Epo, but exhibited an increased sensitivity to Epo for growth signaling as compared with the wild-type EpoR. These results indicate that Stat5 specifically and transiently binds to the EpoR through the interaction between the Stat5 SH2 domain and specific phosphorylated tyrosines, including Y-343, in the EpoR cytoplasmic domain. It was implied that betaIL3 may also have similar Stat5 docking sites. The Stat5 docking sites in the EpoR were shown to facilitate specific activation of Stat5, which, however, may not be required for the EpoR-mediated growth signaling.
In Medicago truncatula, water deficit modulates the transcript accumulation of components of small RNA pathways (2011)

Our work demonstrates that in M. truncatula the transcript accumulation of the components of small RNA pathways is being modulated under water deficit. This shows that the transcriptional and post-transcriptional control of gene expression mediated by sRNAs is probably involved in plant adaptation to abiotic environmental changes. In the future this will allow the manipulation of these pathways providing a more efficient response of legumes towards water shortage.
Magnetic susceptibility effects in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of biological objects (2003)

In this article a review is given of the impact of magnetic susceptibility variations in biological objects on the proton NMR metabolite spectra observed in these objects, and of methods to reduce this impact. Susceptibility variations arise near boundaries of inter- and intra-cellular structures, generating local dipolar field gradients. These gradients broaden the 1H NMR lines significantly, seriously hampering a quantitative analysis of the spectra and, henceforth, the utility of this technique for biochemical and biomedical applications. In this paper newly developed methods are discussed to separate the susceptibility-induced line broadening from the isotropic chemical shift information while maintaining the structural integrity of the object. To this end two methods will be considered, which both utilize a slow spinning of the sample about the so-called magic axis (magic angle spinning or MAS), namely phase-adjusted spinning sidebands (PASS) and phase-corrected magic angle turning (PHORMAT). The advantages and disadvantages of these techniques will be discussed. It will be shown that PASS offers the highest NMR sensitivity and the shortest measuring time, but requires spinning speeds of at least 30 Hz, restricting this methodology to small biological samples. PHORMAT has a reduced sensitivity and a relatively long measuring time, but with this techniquemore » spinning speeds as low as 1 Hz can be used. Hence PHORMAT can be used in larger biological objects, including live animals. The utility of PASS and PHORMAT will be illustrated with applications on excised rat liver tissue and, for the latter technique, on a live mouse subjected to 1.5 Hz magic angle spinning. It will be shown that in a 7 Tesla magnet field PASS and PHORMAT reduce the widths of the proton metabolite lines by at least an order of magnitude, and that even in a relatively low 2 Tesla field and in a live mouse these widths are reduced by almost a factor 5. Finally, the impact of molecular diffusion on the isotropic line widths, and the dependence of these line widths upon the spinning frequency in PASS and PHORMAT are discussed, and perspectives of further improving the methods and possible clinical applications of PHORMAT are given.« less
High Content Image Analysis Identifies Novel Regulators of Synaptogenesis in a High-Throughput RNAi Screen of Primary Neurons (2014)

The formation of synapses, the specialized points of chemical communication between neurons, is a highly regulated developmental process fundamental to establishing normal brain circuitry. Perturbations of synapse formation and function causally contribute to human developmental and degenerative neuropsychiatric disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, intellectual disability, and autism spectrum disorders. Many genes controlling synaptogenesis have been identified, but lack of facile experimental systems has made systematic discovery of regulators of synaptogenesis challenging. Thus, we created a high-throughput platform to study excitatory and inhibitory synapse development in primary neuronal cultures and used a lentiviral RNA interference library to identify novel regulators of synapse formation. This methodology is broadly applicable for high-throughput screening of genes and drugs that may rescue or improve synaptic dysfunction associated with cognitive function and neurological disorders.
USA B and W`s IR-CFB coal-fired boiler operating experiences (1998)

This paper updates operating experience of two Babcock and Wilcox (B and W) coal-fired, internal recirculation circulating fluidized-bed (IR-CFB) boilers. The first boiler is located at Southern Illinois University (SIU) in Carbondale, Illinois and is designed for 35 MWt output for cogeneration application, utilizing high sulfur, low ash Illinois coal. The second boiler is located at Kanoria Chemicals and Industries Ltd. (KCIL) in Renukoot, India and is designed for 81 MWt output for captive power requirements, firing high ash, low sulfur coal. This boiler was supplied by Thermax B and W (TBW) Ltd., a joint venture company of B and W and Thermax in India. The CFB technology is selected for these two units based on the fuel and environmental considerations. This paper discusses the various aspects of the two IR-CFB boilers` design features, performance, and operating experience including emissions.
The human touch (2009)

Touch is a sense of communication. It is receptive, expressive, can communicate empathy. It can bring distant objects and people into proximity. It is a carnal world, with its pleasures of feeling and being felt, of tasting and touching the textures of flesh and of food. And equally it is a profound world of philosophical verification, of the communication of presence and empathy with others, of the mutual implication or folding of body, flesh and world.