gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Handbook of Comparative World Steel Standards (2007)

Get a detailed explanation of how and why one steel is comparable to another—NO OTHER BOOK currently on the market does this. This new edition allows the user to identify comparable steels that are found in standards from around the world, and to eval
Improved networked predictive control with different transmission delays in both forward and feedback channels (2011)

The paper is concerned with an improved predictive control method of NCSs (Networked Control Systems) with random time delay and data dropout. The design of networked control system we proposed is based on Scenario-Based Networked Control (SBNC). Through this method the NCSs' performance is relative with an equivalent data-dropout probability. In this paper, the improved method is applied on the linear systems, and the network is in both forward and feedback channels that is more realistic. The buffer in feedback channel makes the system equivalent to a system with an extra forward delay, and the feedback channel has no delay. The simulation on the ball and beam system verifies the effectiveness and rationality of the proposed control algorithm. Besides, the comparison between a different predictive method and this improved one is achieved, and the latter one shows better tracking properties even when the network is very bad. The effects of the parameters are also considered in the simulation.
Reduction languages for reduction machines (1975)

This paper describes a particular realization of a Lambda-Red language as a machine language. Parts of it resemble the Lambda Calculus or a transposed form of it. A constructor syntax is employed such that a linearized preorder representation of the syntax tree is the information structure on which the machine operates. Instances of reduction rules are recognized by combinations of constructors and atoms. Reduction rules with 1, 2 and 3 constructors and/or atoms have been described.A recursive control structure forms the essential part of the implementation. There is a one to one correspondence between constructor syntax and control structure rather than a simulation of recursive structure by von Neumann type instruction sequencing. Thus the system is easily expandable by new constructors and atoms. Execution, that is the application of reduction rules, is subsumed under editing. Emphasis has been on the following pragmatic concepts: locality of action, directness, and security. There are no error messages, errors appear as irreducible expressions. There is no "RUN" instruction, instead the number of reductions to be performed is specified. Whatever happens - it is restricted to subexpressions. The user has the security that all his actions are limited and predictable.The machine language resembles a higher level programming language, but it is "variable-free": expressions are named, not boxes which contain expressions. There seems to be a concept of late binding. However, this is not made a matter of principle, but a matter of degree. Between a general statement of a problem and the result are many intermediate representations - all in the same language - corresponding to various degrees of binding parameters. The user has complete freedom in the choice of variable names. There is a specially developped protection system which avoids confusion of variables.The efficiency of the system is limited by the rate characters can be processed which is essentially determined by the control store cycletime. Measurements will be performed as soon as a simulation of the system is available. Three other important subjects, namely arithmetic, the definition of constants, and source sink input-output will be reported later.
Lightning Observations from Space by Broadband VHF Digital Interferometer (2006)

The efficacy of global monitoring for our environment from space has been shown since 60's. EMC communities have noticed the necessity of investigation of Electromagnetic environment from space. There are several ongoing projects, and lightning observation by detecting VHF is one of most promising projects. That is SOHLA project, and it is introduced in this report.
Research on the characteristics of H2 Raman conversion pumping by a 1-J XeCl excimer laser (1989)

Detailed results are presented of a high-efficiency Raman conversion of a 1-J XeCl excimer laser with an unstable resonator. We had 90% photon conversion of 18-MW-power XeCl laser radiation with 39% photon efficiency to the third Stokes order at 499 nm. The effects of rare-gas concentration in a H2–rare-gas mixture on the Raman conversion characteristics were investigated. Finally, stimulated Raman scattering between the excited states of H2 at high gas pressure was observed, and conditions for generating these lines are discussed.
Changes in flax (<i>Linum usitatissimum</i> L.) seed lipids during germination (1999)

Abstract Flax ( Linum usitatissimum L.) seeds were germinated for 8 d under laboratory conditions, and changes in their lipid fraction were studied by various chemical and chromatographic methods. Total lipid content of the seeds was reduced fourfold at the end of the 8‐d germination period as compared to ungerminated seeds on a fresh weight basis. The neutral lipids comprised the major fraction of seed lipids, and triacylglycerols predominated over all other lipid components even during the germination period. Both the spectrophotometric and thin‐layer chromatography‐flame‐ionization detection methods of quantification showed a considerable increase in the content of free fatty acids. The glycolipid fraction of lipids increased, but the phospholipid fraction exhibited only minor changes. Lipase activity of flaxseed increased at the beginning of germination and then remained constant until the fifth day. Phosphatidylcholine was the major phospholipid of flaxseed lipids, and its content was reduced during the germination. The contents of lysophosphatidylcholine and phosphatidic acid increased from negligible amounts to 46% of the total phospholipids. Linolenic, linoleic, and oleic acids, respectively, were the predominant fatty acids of all the lipid fractions of flaxseed, and remained unchanged during the germination period. The glycolipid fraction had the lowest content of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Fatty acids C 14:0 , C 20:0 , C 24:0 , C 20:1 , C 22:1 , and C 20:5 appeared after d 2 of germination in neutral, glyco‐ and phospholipid fractions.
Inherited quantitative variations of human phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (1967)

Summary Two families with erythrocyte phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (PGD) deficiency were studied. In one family the deficiency was partial, and affected individuals had about half the usual levels of enzyme in both red and white cells. The deficiency appeared to be determined by a structural gene PGD O , allelic with other PGD genes known to determine electrophoretic character. The evidence suggests that, if indeed the PGD O allele does give rise to the formation of a subunit, this subunit is incapable of combining with other subunits to produce the dimeric PGD enzyme.
Is the irritable bowel really irritable? (1991)

We studied 5 healthy volunteers and 9 patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) during infusion of the colon with saline solution, bile acids, fatty acids and balloon distension. Our results show that the pain threshold was significantly (p less than 0.001) higher in controls than in IBS patients. Bile acids and fatty acids brought on the habitual pain in 5/7 and 7/8 patients respectively, while they did not have any effect in the control group. On the basis of our data we can conclude that the IBS patients are more sensitive to colonic distension and perfusions, thus suggesting a non-specific irritability of the colon which could be a characteristic of these patients.
CW diode-pumped optical parametric oscillator inbulk periodically poled LiNbO <sub>3</sub> (1995)

The authors report a 1.96 µm doubly resonant optical parametric oscillator using bulk periodically poled LiNbO3 directly pumped by a commercial 980 nm CW diode laser.
Cost-Efficient Wafer-Level Capping for MEMS and Imaging Sensors by Adhesive Wafer Bonding (2016)

Device encapsulation and packaging often constitutes a substantial part of the fabrication cost of micro electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) transducers and imaging sensor devices. In this paper, we propose a simple and cost-effective wafer-level capping method that utilizes a limited number of highly standardized process steps as well as low-cost materials. The proposed capping process is based on low-temperature adhesive wafer bonding, which ensures full complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) compatibility. All necessary fabrication steps for the wafer bonding, such as cavity formation and deposition of the adhesive, are performed on the capping substrate. The polymer adhesive is deposited by spray-coating on the capping wafer containing the cavities. Thus, no lithographic patterning of the polymer adhesive is needed, and material waste is minimized. Furthermore, this process does not require any additional fabrication steps on the device wafer, which lowers the process complexity and fabrication costs. We demonstrate the proposed capping method by packaging two different MEMS devices. The two MEMS devices include a vibration sensor and an acceleration switch, which employ two different electrical interconnection schemes. The experimental results show wafer-level capping with excellent bond quality due to the re-flow behavior of the polymer adhesive. No impediment to the functionality of the MEMS devices was observed, which indicates that the encapsulation does not introduce significant tensile nor compressive stresses. Thus, we present a highly versatile, robust, and cost-efficient capping method for components such as MEMS and imaging sensors.
Human head tracking using adaptive appearance models with a fixed-viewpoint pan-tilt-zoom camera (2002)

We propose a method for detecting and tracking a human head in real time from an image sequence. The proposed method has three advantages: (1) we employ a fixed-viewpoint pan-tilt-zoom camera to acquire image sequences; with the camera, we eliminate the variations in the head appearance due to camera rotations with respect to the viewpoint; (2) we prepare a variety of contour models of the head appearances and relate them to the camera parameters; this allows us to adaptively select the model to deal with the variations in the head appearance due to human activities; (3) we use the model parameters obtained by detecting the head in the previous image to estimate those to be fitted in the current image; this estimation facilitates computational time for the head detection. Accordingly, the accuracy of the detection and required computational time are both improved and, at the same time, the robust head detection and tracking are realized in almost real time. Experimental results in the real situation show the effectiveness of our method.
Hematopoietic Mechanism in Diamond-Blackfan Anemia: Late Erythroid Development Is Not Affected by Ribosomal Protein S19 Deficiency. (2004)

Abstract Diamond-Blackfan anemia (DBA) is a congenital red cell aplasia in which 25% of the patients have a mutation in the ribosomal protein S19 (RPS19) gene. It is unknown how the ribosomal protein deficiency leads to anemia. We previously developed three lentiviral vectors expressing siRNA against RPS19 and one scramble control vector. All vectors also express GFP. We have previously shown that transduction of CD34+ bone marrow (BM) cells with the siRNA vectors reduced RPS19 mRNA levels, resulting in formation of fewer erythroid colonies. In the present study, we have demonstrated downregulation of RPS19 protein in siRNA treated cells. RPS19 protein levels decreased over time and were reduced to 40-60% of normal in cells transduced with all three siRNA vectors 5 days after transduction. We asked which stage of erythroid development is most affected by RPS19 deficiency. After 7 days in liquid culture supporting erythroid differentiation Glycophorin A (GlyA) and CD71 expression was examined by FACS. RPS19-silenced as well as DBA patient CD34+ cells exhibited a block in erythroid differentiation seen as an increased fraction of GlyAneg CD71low cells while the fractions of CD71high GlyAintermediate and GlyAhigh cells decreased. We cultured untransduced CD34+ cells in liquid culture for 7 days and isolated CD71high GlyA intermediate cells that are highly enriched in CFU-E and do not contain BFU-E. These cells were transduced with RPS19 siRNA vectors. Further erythroid maturation from CFU-E (CD71high GlyAintermediate) to more mature erythroid cells (GlyAhigh) was not affected by RPS19 silencing suggesting that the main block in erythroid development occurs prior to the CFU-E formation. The failure of erythroid differentiation correlated with the decrease in RPS19 protein levels. Transduction with a lentivirus expressing an siRNA-resistant RPS19 transcript rescued both the erythroid progenitor proliferation and differentiation, showing that the DBA-like phenotype is specific to the RPS19 deficiency. Finally we cultured the cells in liquid medium supporting both erythroid and myeloid differentiation. Proliferation decreased while the ratio of mature myeloid to erythroid cells increased 3 fold in cells transduced with the 2 most efficient siRNA-vectors, meaning that erythroid development is more sensitive to low RPS19 levels than myeloid development. When RPS19 is downregulated to intermediate levels, erythroid differentiation and proliferation of erythroid progenitors is severely reduced. More severe reduction of RPS19 impairs proliferation of myeloid progenitors as well, leading to a reduced output of myeloid progeny. Although our data cannot rule out hypothetical extraribosomal mechanisms we suggest that the major clinical findings in RPS19 deficient DBA can be explained by insufficient protein translation. This study shows for the first time that RPS19 protein downregulation decreases the proliferative capacity of hematopoietic progenitors leading to an early defect in erythroid development.
Harpin-induced expression and transgenic overexpression of the phloem protein gene AtPP2-A1 in Arabidopsis repress phloem feeding of the green peach aphid Myzus persicae (2011)

The repression in phloem-feeding activities of M. persicae as a result of AtPP2-A1 overexpression, and as a deterrent effect of HrpNEa treatment in WT Arabidopsis rather than the atpp2-a1/E/142 mutant suggest that AtPP2-A1 plays a role in plant resistance to the insect, particularly at the phloem-feeding stage. The accompanied change of aphid population in leaf colonies suggests that the function of AtPP2-A1 is related to colonization of the plant.
Direct gene dosage determination in patients with unbalanced chromosomal aberrations using cloned DNA sequences. Application to the regional assignment of the gene for alpha 2(I) procollagen (COLIA2). (1983)

We describe a new method of direct gene dosage determination in patients with unbalanced chromosomal aberrations using cloned DNA sequences: the intensity of the signal obtained by hybridization of the radioactive probe to the corresponding DNA fragments can be compared with the intensity of the DNA fragments that hybridize with a nonsyntenic probe used as an internal control. This has been demonstrated by densitometer tracing of the autoradiogram, using an X-specific DNA sequence, beta globin and alpha 2(I) collagen probes, in normal men and women, in one patient trisomic for 11p, and in one patient trisomic for segment 7q21 leads to 7qter. The ratio men/women for the X-specific sequence (DXS) was close to the expected value 0.5, while the ratio trisomy 11/normal control and trisomy 7/normal control were close to 1.5 for beta globin (HBB) and alpha 2(I) collagen (COLIA2), respectively. The gene coding for COLIA2 can therefore be assigned to 7q21 leads to 7qter. This method should also apply to noncoding sequences: the increasing number of cloned DNA segments that have already been assigned to a specific chromosome represent a new tool for prenatal and premorbid diagnosis of unbalanced chromosomal aberrations.
Resveratrol suppresses cell transformation and induces apoptosis through a p53-dependent pathway (1999)

Resveratrol, a plant constituent enriched in the skin of grapes, is one of the most promising agents for the prevention of cancer. However, the mechanism of the anti-carcinogenic activity of resveratrol is not well understood. Here we offer a possible explanation of its anti-cancer effect. Resveratrol suppresses tumor promoter-induced cell transformation and markedly induces apoptosis, transactivation of p53 activity and expression of p53 protein in the same cell line and at the same dosage. Also, resveratrol-induced apoptosis occurs only in cells expressing wild-type p53 (p53+/+), but not in p53-deficient (p53-/-) cells, while there is no difference in apoptosis induction between normal lymphoblasts and sphingomyelinase-deficient cell lines. These results demonstrate for the first time that resveratrol induces apoptosis through activation of p53 activity, suggesting that its anti-tumor activity may occur through the induction of apoptosis.
Biorecognition and Subcellular Trafficking of HPMA Copolymer−Anti-PSMA Antibody Conjugates by Prostate Cancer Cells (2009)

A new generation of antibodies against the prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) has been proven to bind specifically to PSMA molecules on the surface of living prostate cancer cells. To explore the potential of anti-PSMA antibodies as targeting moieties for macromolecular therapeutics for prostate cancer, fluorescently labeled HPMA (N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide) copolymer-anti-PSMA antibody conjugates (P-anti-PSMA) were synthesized and the mechanisms of their endocytosis and subcellular trafficking in C4-2 prostate cancer cells were studied. Radioimmunoassays showed the dissociation constants of P-anti-PSMA for C4-2 prostate cancer cells in the low nanomolar range, close to values for free anti-PSMA. It indicated that conjugation of anti-PSMA to HPMA copolymers did not compromise their binding affinity. The rate of endocytosis of P-anti-PSMA was much faster than that of control HPMA copolymer conjugates containing nonspecific IgG. Selective pathway inhibitors of clathrin-mediated endocytosis and of macropinocytosis inhibited the internalization of P-anti-PSMA. Inhibition of clathrin-mediated endocytosis was further evidenced by down-regulation of clathrin heavy chain expression by siRNA. Using a dominant-negative mutant of dynamin (Dyn K44A) to abolish the clathrin-, caveolae-independent endocytic pathway, we found that some of P-anti-PSMA adopted this pathway to be endocytosed into C4-2 cells. Thus multiple receptor-mediated endocytic pathways, including clathrin-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and clathrin-, caveolae-independent endocytosis, were involved in the internalization of P-anti-PSMA. The extent of the participation of each pathway in P-anti-PSMA endocytosis was estimated. Membrane vesicles containing P-anti-PSMA rapidly colocalized with membrane vesicles overexpressing Rab7, a late endosome localized protein, demonstrating that a part of P-anti-PSMA was transported to late endosomes.
Barton, John (1789–1852) (2008)

Barton is remembered in the history of economic thought for an early critical discussion of the impact of machinery on employment. A Sussex landowner, he combined an interest in statistical observation with a special concern for the impact of industrial and agrarian change on the condition of the labourer. He was the author of two important books, Observations on the Circumstances which Influence the Condition of the Labouring Classes of Society (1817) and An Inquiry into the Causes of the Progressive Depreciation of Agricultural Labour in Modern Times (1820). Later, in the 1830s, he wrote several tracts on the Corn Laws and on population and colonization. He was elected a fellow of the London Statistical Society in 1847 and read a paper in 1849, ‘The Influence of the Subdivision of the Soil on the Moral and Physical Well-being of the People of England and Wales’. His early manuscript essays show a wide and careful grounding in political economy based on Hume, Smith and Ricardo. His first books were, however, written as interventions in the contemporary debates on the Poor Laws.
Adaptive, non-separable lifting transforms for image compression (2003)

In the context of high performance image compression algorithms, such as that emerging as the JPEG 2000 standard, the wavelet transform has demonstrated excellent compression performance with natural images. Like all waveform coding techniques, however, performance suffers in the neighbourhood of oriented edges clad with artificial imagery such as text and graphics. In this paper, we explore some of the opportunities offered by the framework of lifting for developing adaptive wavelet transforms to improve performance under these conditions.
Anodic Oxidation of Reductants in Electroless Plating (1985)

The anodic oxidation of reductants (hypophosphite, formaldehyde, borohydride, dimethylamine borane, and hydrazine) was studied on different metal electrodes (Au, Pt, Pd, Ag, Cu, Ni, and Co) at various temperatures, with special interest in the catalytic aspect of electroless plating. The rate of the anodic oxidation strongly depended on the pH value, the concentration of reductants, and the nature of the metal electrode. The catalytic activities of the metals for the anodic oxidation of different reductants were evaluated by the potentials at a reference current density. The order of the catalytic activity with metal varied depending on the nature of the reductants. The catalytic activity series thus obtained can be utilized for choosing the reductant suitable for the metal to be deposited. Arrhenius plots of the anodic currents on different metals at a reference potential yielded their respective straight lines. Some correlations were observed between the catalytic activity and the activation energy. The catalytic activity series was discussed in connection with that for hydrogen electrode reaction.
Global regulation in Erwinia species by Erwinia carotovora rsmA, a homologue of Escherichia coli csrA: repression of secondary metabolites, pathogenicity and hypersensitive reaction (1996)

Our previous studies revealed that rsmA of Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora strain 71 suppressed the synthesis of the cell density (quorum) sensing signal N-(3-oxohexanoyl)-L-homoserine lactone, the production of extracellular enzymes and tissue macerating ability in soft-rotting Erwinia species and that homologues of this negative regulator gene were present in other Erwinia species. Northern blot data presented here demonstrate that rsmA and rsmA-like genes are also expressed in soft-rotting and non-soft-rotting Erwinia spp. such as E. amylovora, E. carotovora subsp. atroseptica, E. carotovora subsp. betavasculorum, E. carotovora subsp. carotovora, E. chrysanthemi, E. herbicola and E. stewartii. A low-copy plasmid carrying rsmA of E. carotovora subsp. carotovora strain 71 caused suppression of antibiotic production in E. carotovora subsp. betavasculorum, flagellum formation in E. carotovora subsp. carotovora, carotenoid production in E. herbicola and E. stewartii, and indigoidine production in E. chrysanthemi. In E. amylovora, rsmA of E. carotovora subsp. carotovora suppressed the elicitation of the hypersensitive reaction in tobacco leaves and the production of disease symptoms in apple shoots, in addition to repressing motility and extracellular polysaccharide production. We conclude that rsmA homologues function as global regulators of secondary metabolic pathways as well as factors controlling host interaction of Erwinia species.