gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New solid-phase oligosaccharide synthesis on glycopeptides bound to a solid phase (1997)

A solid-phase oligosaccharide synthesis has been developed which utilises glycopeptides bound to the solid phase. The products are glycopeptides elongated at the saccharide chain. The glycosyl acceptors, which are assembled by simple solid-phase glycopeptide synthesis, contain 2-azido-2-deoxy-α-D-galactose with unsubstituted 3-OH or 6-OH groups, which can be glycosylated. Suitable glycosyl donors are perbenzoylated trichloroacetimidates of D-galactose or 2-amino-2-deoxy-D-glucose, although the 2-amino group must be protected with Teoc. A corresponding additional saccharide unit is added with a β-glycosidic linkage. With disaccharide donors, glycopeptides with linear trisaccharide side chains are obtained. By performing the solid-phase glycosylation synthesis twice in succession glycopeptides with branched trisaccharide chains have been obtained.
Microscopic Observations of the Brain in Rett Syndrome (1995)

Rett syndrome (RS) is a clinically defined disorder which appears to be unique to females and which is associated with apparent loss of cognitive and motor skills early in life. Using the technique of gapless serial section, microscopic analysis of the brains from three cases of RS and identically processed age-matched controls was conducted to determine the nature and extent of cerebral abnormality in this disorder. Small neuronal cell size and increased cell packing density were observed throughout the brain in all three cases, without evidence of gliosis or active degeneration. These findings are consistent with a curtailment of brain development which may begin before birth. Further, the brain abnormalities in RS appear to be more diffuse than previously appreciated and are in accord with the widespread neurological symptoms characteristic of this disorder.
Solving Multiple Objective Programming Problems Using Feed-Forward Artificial Neural Networks: The Interactive FFANN Procedure (1996)

In this paper, we propose a new interactive procedure for solving multiple objective programming problems. Based upon feed-forward artificial neural networks (FFANNs), the method is called the Interactive FFANN Procedure. In the procedure, the decision maker articulates preference information over representative samples from the nondominated set either by assigning preference “values” to the sample solutions or by making pairwise comparisons in a fashion similar to that in the Analytic Hierarchy Process. With this information, a FFANN is trained to represent the decision maker's preference structure. Then, using the FFANN, an optimization problem is solved to search for improved solutions. An example is given to illustrate the Interactive FFANN Procedure. Also, the procedure is compared computationally with the Tchebycheff Method (Steuer and Choo [Steuer, R. E., E.-U. Choo. 1983. An interactive weighted Tchebycheff procedure for multiple objective programming. Math. Programming 26(1) 326–344.]). The computational results indicate that the Interactive FFANN Procedure produces good solutions and is robust with regard to the neural network architecture.
To make our land more beautiful (1951)

(Uploaded by Plazi from the Biodiversity Heritage Library) No abstract provided.
The virtual human: Towards a global systems biology of multiscale, distributed biochemical network models (2007)

There is an emerging recognition of the importance of modelling large-scale biochemical systems, with the 'digital human' an obviously desirable goal. This will then permit researchers to analyse the behaviour of such systems in silico so as to be able to perform 'what-if?' experiments prior to determining whether they are actually worthwhile or not, and for understanding whether a particular model does in fact describe or predict experimental observations. Existing and developing standards such as SBML are beginning to permit the principled storage and exchange of biochemical network models, while environments for effecting distributed workflows (such as Taverna) will allow us to link together these models and their behaviour. This allows the local experts to work on those parts of cellular or organellar biochemistry on which they have most expertise, while making their results available to the community as a whole. This kind of architecture permits the distributed yet integrated goal of an evolving 'digital human' model to be realized.
Comparative study of thermally cured and electron-beam-exposed hydrogen silsesquioxane resists (2008)

A comparative study of the changes in the chemical structure and properties of hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) resists induced by thermal curing and electron-beam exposure has been conducted. Studies using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy suggested similar behavior in the redistribution of bonds for both processes. Quantitative analysis of both spectra revealed the existence of a critical temperature and electron dose for the achievement of development for pattern generation. As a complementary technique, x-ray reflectivity measurements were performed to monitor changes in the film density. Notwithstanding the similar changes in bond redistribution observed from the FTIR spectra for both thermal curing and electron-beam exposure, the film densification processes seem to occur in quite distinctive fashions. This was confirmed through dry etching experiments; the results of which were consistent for both Freon and Cl2∕Ar reactive ion etching. While effective film densification occurred only at curing temperatures above 400°C, insignificant changes in density and etch durability were observed for electron-beam-exposed HSQ resists at electron doses commonly used for pattern generation. Wet etching characteristics engendered by hydrofluoric acid showed that both chemical bond redistribution and densification lead to decreases in etch rates.
Control system for the Neutron Therapy Facility at Fermilab (2003)

A new real-time control and calibration system has been installed at the Fermilab Neutron Therapy Facility. An IBM-PC/AT user console is networked to the VME-bus-based front-end computers using a token-ring local area network. Two 68000-based single-board computers are used in the front-end station to isolate the time-critical dose measurement and accumulation tasks from the network functions. The system is fabricated from commercially available computer, memory, and data acquisition cards. Software in the front-end processors is written in assembly language, but application programs for the IBM-PC/AT are written in Turbo Pascal. Chamber calibration, beam calibration, and patient dose delivery functions are all controlled through the IBM-PC/AT by the radiation therapists. Records of each treatment are printed automatically after the prescribed dose is delivered.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Motility of dendritic spines in visual cortex <i>in vivo</i> : Changes during the critical period and effects of visual deprivation (2003)

Cortical dendritic spines are highly motile postsynaptic structures onto which most excitatory synapses are formed. It has been postulated that spine dynamics might reflect synaptic plasticity of cortical neurons. To test this hypothesis, we have investigated spine dynamics during the critical period in mouse visual cortex in vivo with and without sensory deprivation. The motility of spines on apical dendrites of layer 5 neurons was assayed by time-lapse two-photon microscopy. Spines were motile at the ages examined, postnatal days (P)21-P42, although motility decreased between P21 and P28 and then remained stable through P42. Binocular deprivation from before the time of eye-opening up-regulated spine motility during the peak of the critical period (P28), without affecting average spine length, class distribution, or density. Deprivation at the start of the critical period had no effect on spine motility, whereas continued deprivation through the end of the critical period appeared to reduce spine motility slightly. We conclude that spine motility might be involved in critical-period plasticity and that reduction of activity during the critical period enhances spine dynamics.
Meta Learning-Based MIMO Detectors: Design, Simulation, and Experimental Test (2020)

Deep neural networks (NNs) have exhibited considerable potential for efficiently balancing the performance and complexity of multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) detectors. However, existing NN-based MIMO detectors are difficult to be deployed in practical systems because of their slow convergence speed and low robustness in new environments. To address these issues systematically, we propose a receiver framework that enables efficient online training by leveraging the following simple observation: although NN parameters should adapt to channels, not all of them are channel-sensitive. In particular, we use a deep unfolded NN structure that represents iterative algorithms in signal detection and channel decoding modules as multi layer deep feed forward networks. An expectation propagation (EP) module, called EPNet, is established for signal detection by unfolding the EP algorithm and rendering the damping factors trainable. An unfolded turbo decoding module, called TurboNet, is used for channel decoding. This component decodes the turbo code, where trainable NN units are integrated into the traditional max-log-maximum <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">a posteriori</i> decoding procedure. We demonstrate that TurboNet is robust for channels and requires only one off-line training. Therefore, only a few damping factors in EPNet must be re-optimized online. An online training mechanism based on meta learning is then developed. Here, the optimizer, which is implemented by long short-term memory NNs, is trained to update damping factors efficiently by using a small training set such that they can quickly adapt to new environments. Simulation results indicate that the proposed receiver significantly outperforms traditional receivers and that the online learning mechanism can quickly adapt to new environments. Furthermore, an over-the-air platform is presented to demonstrate the significant robustness of the proposed receiver in practical deployment.
Renewable natural resources as green alternative substrates to obtain bio-based non-isocyanate polyurethanes-review (2019)

Commercially available polyurethanes are synthesized by the polyaddition of diisocyanates with polyols and low molecular weight chain extenders. A new approach to polyurethanes synthesis is realized via non-isocyanate routes. Negative impacts of petroleum-based chemicals on the environment and human health as well as gradual reduction of fuel-based resources, which leads to an increase in their prices, are an incentive to looking for bio-based components derived from renewable resources for the polyurethanes synthesis. The purpose of the presented review is a critical summary of the possibilities of using renewable natural resources as green intermediates to obtain non-isocyanate polyurethanes by polyaddition of bis(cyclic carbonate)s and di- or polyamines. The possibility of using carbon dioxide, plant oils, fatty acids and biomass-derived platform chemicals in non-isocyanate polyurethane synthesis is exhaustively commented.
Regulation, Function, and Dysregulation of Endocannabinoids in Models of Adipose and β-Pancreatic Cells and in Obesity and Hyperglycemia (2006)

Peripheral endocannabinoid overactivity might explain why CB(1) blockers cause weight-loss independent reduction of lipogenesis, of hypoadiponectinemia, and of hyperinsulinemia in obese animals and humans.
A microfabricated ion trap with integrated microwave circuitry (2013)

We describe the design, fabrication, and testing of a surface-electrode ion trap, which incorporates microwave waveguides, resonators, and coupling elements for the manipulation of trapped ion qubits using near-field microwaves. The trap is optimised to give a large microwave field gradient to allow state-dependent manipulation of the ions' motional degrees of freedom, the key to multi-qubit entanglement. The microwave field near the centre of the trap is characterised by driving hyperfine transitions in a single laser-cooled 43Ca+ ion.
Nonequilibrium Rate-Based Simulation of Reactive Systems:  Simulation Model, Heat Transfer, and Influence of Film Discretization (2006)

Distillation and absorption are well-known separation processes that quite often can be designed using the concept of theoretical stages. The distillation of wide boiling systems, as well as absorption accompanied by chemical reactions, are processes in which this concept typically fails. A nonequilibrium model is presented, which takes into account heat and mass transfer including chemical reactions. In the first part of this publication, the capability of the model to describe the heat transfer is discussed. The model is compared with analytical solutions for the heat transfer and experimental data of heat transfer in columns for both aqueous and nonaqueous systems. Furthermore, the predictions of this rigorous model are compared with analytical solutions for well-known problems of absorption accompanied by chemical reaction. The impact of different numbers of film segments and different grid distributions is especially investigated. Furthermore, a method for choosing a meaningful grid distribution to obtain accurate results with a low number of film segments is proposed, which helps to reduce the computational effort of these calculations.
Speaker dependent and independent speech recognition experiments with an auditory model (2003)

The performance of an auditory model has been compared with that of a conventional filterbank mel-cepstrum representation in speaker-dependent and speaker-independent spoken digit recognition tests. The model produces two outputs: one sensitive to voicing and onsets, and the other sensitive to formant structure and showing two-tone suppression. Linear discriminant analysis has been used to combine the outputs into eight coefficients. Undegraded, noisy and spectrally tilted male speech was tested with a quasi-isolated-word system. A subset of the tests were repeated with a connected-word system, and with undegraded female speech. In all cases the model performed better than the conventional representation. With degraded speech the differences were large.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An agile request for proposal (RFP) process (2003)

The request for proposal (RFP) process can be agile and efficient. At a high level, the key to achieving this is to specify requirements just in time and containing just enough detail. We apply the following XP practices and concepts to the RFP process: acceptance tests, business value, iterative and incremental delivery, on-site customer, pair development, planning game, spike, story, velocity, and yesterday's weather. In addition, the following concepts are combined with those from XP to achieve maximal benefit: user-goal use case, context diagram, level of detail, and decision tree. The contributions to the agile community are two-fold: describing a practical application of XP concepts to a nonprogramming project; and making use case style requirements processes more agile.
Data-Driven Tasks and Their Implementation (2011)

Dynamic task parallelism has been identified as a prerequisite for improving productivity and performance on future many-core processors. In dynamic task parallelism, computations are created dynamically and the runtime scheduler is responsible for scheduling the computations across processor cores. The sets of task graphs that can be supported by a dynamic scheduler depend on the underlying task primitives in the parallel programming model, with various classes of fork-join structures used most often in practice. However, many researchers have advocated the benefits of more general task graph structures, and have shown that the use of these task graph structures can lead to improved performance. In this paper, we propose an extension to task parallelism called Data-Driven Tasks (DDTs) that can be used to create arbitrary task graph structures. Unlike a normal task that starts execution upon creation, a DDT specifies its input constraints in an await clause containing a list of Data-Driven Futures (DDFs). A DDF can be viewed as a container with a full/empty state that obeys a dynamic single-assignment rule. The runtime scheduler will then ensure that a task is only scheduled when all the DDFs in its await clause become available (full). There is no constraint on which task performs a put() operation on a DDF. We describe five scheduling algorithms (Coarse-Grain Blocking, Fine-Grain Blocking, Delayed Async, Rollback & Replay, Data-Driven) that can be used to implement DDTs, and include performance evaluations of these five algorithms on a variety of benchmark programs and multi-core platforms. Our results show that the Data-Driven scheduler is the best approach for implementing DDTs, both from the viewpoints of memory efficiency and scalable parallelism.
Evidence for the flexo-electric effect in a nematic liquid crystal cell (1986)

Abstract We present evidence for the flexo-electric effect in a hybrid aligned nematic cell containing 4-methoxybenzylidene-4'-n-butylaniline (MBBA) subject to d.c. excitation, by comparing the theoretical curve derived by including the flexo-electric term in the free energy with the experimental points. The agreement appears to be very good for MBBA doped with a small amount of an additive which shows reversible electrochemical reactions at very low redox potential; this allows us to determine the sum of the flexo-electric coefficients and the anchoring energy on the planar wall. For undoped MBBA the experimental results can be justified only by assuming a low voltage screening of the electric field, due to the presence of ionic impurities in the material.
Use of atypical antipsychotic drugs in patients with dementia. (2003)

Increasingly, atypical antipsychotic drugs are prescribed for elderly patients with symptoms of psychosis and behavioral disturbances. These symptoms often occur in patients with Alzheimer's disease, other dementias, or Parkinson's disease. As the average age of Americans increases, the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease will rise accordingly. Although nonpharmacologic treatments for behavioral disturbances should be tried first, medications often are needed to enable the patient to be adequately cared for. Current guidelines recommend using risperidone and olanzapine to treat psychosis in patients with Alzheimer's dementia. Quetiapine and clozapine are recommended for treatment of psychosis in patients with Parkinson's disease. Additional research is needed for a recently approved agent, ziprasidone. To minimize side effects, these medications should be started at low dosages that are increased incrementally. Drug interactions, especially those involving the cytochrome P450 system, must be considered. Clozapine's potentially lethal side effects limit its use in the primary care setting. Informed use of atypical antipsychotic drugs allows family physicians to greatly improve quality of life in elderly patients with dementia and behavior disturbances.
Reference, Literary History and Bibliography (1993)

Reference, Literary History and Bibliography Get access PAUL BENNETT MORGAN PAUL BENNETT MORGAN Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Year's Work in English Studies, Volume 71, Issue 1, 1993, Pages 1–34, https://doi.org/10.1093/ywes/71.1.1 Published: 01 September 1993
Melanoma, Version 2.2013 (2013)

The NCCN Guidelines for Melanoma provide multidisciplinary recommendations on the clinical management of patients with melanoma. This NCCN Guidelines Insights report highlights notable recent updates. Foremost of these is the exciting addition of the novel agents ipilimumab and vemurafenib for treatment of advanced melanoma. The NCCN panel also included imatinib as a treatment for KIT-mutated tumors and pegylated interferon alfa-2b as an option for adjuvant therapy. Also important are revisions to the initial stratification of early-stage lesions based on the risk of sentinel lymph node metastases, and revised recommendations on the use of sentinel lymph node biopsy for low-risk groups. Finally, the NCCN panel reached clinical consensus on clarifying the role of imaging in the workup of patients with melanoma.
Analysis of neural crest cell lineage and migration. (1992)

In this review, we describe the results of recent experiments designed to investigate various aspects of neural crest cell lineage and migration. We have analyzed the lineage of individual premigratory neural crest cells by injecting a fluorescent lineage tracer dye, lysinated fluorescein dextran, into cells within the dorsal neural tube. Individual clones contained cells that were located in very diverse sites consistent with their being sensory neurons, prepigment cells, Schwann cells, adrenergic cells, and neural tube cells. These results suggest that some neural crest cells in the trunk and cranial regions are multipotent prior to their emigration from the neural tube. The environment through which neural crest cells move influences both the pattern and direction of their migration. We have shown that the sclerotomal portion of the somites are responsible for the rostrocaudal pattern of trunk neural crest cell movement, whereas the neural tube appears to govern the dorsoventral position of neural crest-derived ganglia. In addition, the notochord inhibits the movement of neural crest cells. In order to understand necessary cell-matrix interactions in neural crest migration, we have performed perturbation experiments, in which antibodies directed against cell surface or extracellular matrix molecules were introduced along neural crest pathways. We find that integrins, fibronectin, laminin, and tenascin all play some role in cranial neural crest emigration. Thus, multiple factors may be involved in controlling neural crest cell migration, and different factors may be important for migration in different regions of the embryo.
A New Concept of Bone Conduction (1968)

IT HAS been known for a long time that vibrations in the range of audiofrequencies when transmitted directly to the skull produce the same kind of hearing sensations as airborne sounds. Since at least the early part of the 19th century, this phenomenon, which we call bone conduction, was used diagnostically for the differentiation of conductive hearing losses from sensorineural ones. Although these latter tests became first known empirically, the theory of bone conduction has attracted wide attention ever since. Its explanation, as it turned out, was not easy and presented a number of puzzling aspects. By the middle of the 19th century, two schools of thought, viewed by the majority of writers of that day as incompatible, had emerged. One school thought that energy was transmitted only through the skull bones directly to the inner ear. This was known as the osseous route of transmission. The other one thought