gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Different Cell Sizes in Human Limbal and Central Corneal Basal Epithelia Measured by Confocal Microscopy and Flow Cytometry (2003)

The data collectively demonstrate that the smallest cells are located in the limbal basal epithelium. This feature may help isolate corneal SCs located in the limbus.
Lysine Metabolism Is Concurrently Regulated by Synthesis and Catabolism in Both Reproductive and Vegetative Tissues  (2004)

The functional role of Lys catabolism in balancing Lys levels in plants has only been directly demonstrated in developing seeds. Seed-specific expression of a bacterial feedback-insensitive dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHPS) in an Arabidopsis knockout mutant of the AtLKR/SDH gene that regulates Lys catabolism synergistically boosted Lys accumulation in mature seeds, but it also severely reduced the growth of seedlings derived from them. Here we further tested whether the inhibition of seedling growth was due to a negative physiological effect of excess Lys on seed maturation or to defective postgermination catabolism of Lys, which accumulated in the mature seeds. To address these questions, we coexpressed a bacterial DHPS gene with an RNAi construct of AtLKR/SDH, both under control of the same seed-specific promoter, to restrict Lys synthesis and catabolism to the developing seeds. Coexpression of these genes boosted seed Lys content and caused a significant, metabolically unanticipated increase in Met content, similarly to our previous report using plants expressing the bacterial DHPS on an AtLKR/SDH knockout background. However, postgermination seedling growth was significantly improved when the reduction of Lys catabolism was restricted to seed development, suggesting that defective postgermination Lys catabolism was responsible for inhibition of seedling growth in the AtLKR/SDH knockout plants expressing the bacterial DHPS gene in a seed-specific manner. Constitutive expression of the bacterial DHPS in the AtLKR/SDH knockout mutant boosted Lys levels in vegetative tissues in a similar manner to that observed in seeds, further demonstrating that Lys catabolism plays an important regulatory role in balancing Lys levels.
Public health insurance in Japan (2002)

Most health services in Japan are provided through the public health insurance system, which covers the entire population. Although the private sector has established an important infrastructure that delivers health services and maintains public health, its role is relatively small in terms of health service financing. In examining this issue in this paper, the first section deals with the history of the health insurance system and issues Japan has faced throughout the system's development. Subsequent sections describe the present health insurance system, explore Japanese health insurance from a comparative perspective, and present future issues and possible lessons learned from the country's experience so far. This paper was prepared for a project on Local Government Development in Japan. The principal objectives of this Program are to conduct studies on Japanese and East Asian development management experience and to disseminate the lessons of this experience to developing and transition economies.
Dynamic model for pseudomorphic structures grown on compliant substrates: An approach to extend the critical thickness (1993)

We use a dynamic model to analyze the critical thickness for pseudomorphic structures grown on thin membranes considering the strain relaxation process. Our results show that a pseudomorphic structure of arbitrary thickness can be achieved on a semiconductor membrane which works as a compliant substrate. The analysis on GaAs/InGaAs material system shows that the membrane should be thinner than 1200 Å for 1% strain and 1 μm for 0.5% strain. Such thickness can be achieved by existing technology. Using the proposed method, semiconductor lasers of yellow and green colors, among many new devices, can be fabricated with strained InGaP/InAlGaP active and cladding layers on GaAs substrates.
Multiple prediction without prestack data - an efficient tool for interpretive processing (2003)

Multiple-attenuation during data processing does not guarantee a 'multiple-free' final section. Although a great deal of effort has been given to the problem of multiple-suppression (Berryhill and Kim 1986; Wiggins 1988; Verschuur et al. 1992; and others), perfect solutions still do not exist. When the subsurface structure is complex, the remaining multiples will be difficult to recognize, especially after the data have been migrated. In addition, many of the available multiplesuppression techniques are restricted to two-dimensional geometries and do not attempt to handle interbed and complex multiples (which consist of a combination of interbed and surface-related multiples). These restrictions further increase the possibility of obtaining undesired multiple energy in the final sections. Generally speaking, multiple prediction is used as an initial step for multiple suppression. The predicted multiples must be very accurate, both kinematically and dynamically, since the suppression operation involves subtraction of multiple energy from the recorded data. Therefore, standard multiple-prediction algorithms require manipulation of prestack data or an accurate forward-modelling technique based on a given interval velocity model of the subsurface. While interpreting data from areas where significant multiple energy has been recorded, the interpreter must rely on the success of the multiple-suppression operation. When it is suspected that a certain event is a multiple, it is difficult to verify this using standard interpretation tools. We believe that multiple prediction and identification can play an important role in seismic interpretation. The main obstacle preventing multiple-prediction procedures from being routinely used by interpreters is the necessity to access prestack data. Velocity analysis in an interpretive process that may become difficult to carry out in the presence of multiples (Gasparotto and Lau 2000). It is often the analyst's decision to distinguish between primary and multiple energy while picking velocities. If the multiple-prediction procedure can provide information on the velocity that will optimally stack the multiple energy, it could be used as a guideline during velocity analysis to help in avoiding erroneous velocity picks. This study is based on the assumption that if the prediction is not aimed at providing input to multiple-suppression algorithms, then it can become a purely kinematic procedure. Furthermore, without prestack data, interactive algorithms, highly suitable for interpretive work, can be developed on the basis of the proposed procedure. In the following, we briefly describe the concept of the prediction method. We then show how the need to access prestack data is avoided, thus permitting fast interactive prediction after stack and/or migration. Finally, we suggest a practical workflow to promote prediction during interpretation and standard velocity-analysis sessions. All the above procedures will be illustrated using synthetic and field data examples.
Parametric t-Distributed Stochastic Exemplar-centered Embedding (2017)

Parametric embedding methods such as parametric t-SNE (pt-SNE) have been widely adopted for data visualization and out-of-sample data embedding without further computationally expensive optimization or approximation. However, the performance of pt-SNE is highly sensitive to the hyper-parameter batch size due to conflicting optimization goals, and often produces dramatically different embeddings with different choices of user-defined perplexities. To effectively solve these issues, we present parametric t-distributed stochastic exemplar-centered embedding methods. Our strategy learns embedding parameters by comparing given data only with precomputed exemplars, resulting in a cost function with linear computational and memory complexity, which is further reduced by noise contrastive samples. Moreover, we propose a shallow embedding network with high-order feature interactions for data visualization, which is much easier to tune but produces comparable performance in contrast to a deep neural network employed by pt-SNE. We empirically demonstrate, using several benchmark datasets, that our proposed methods significantly outperform pt-SNE in terms of robustness, visual effects, and quantitative evaluations.
Decision time (2010)

By the time you read this the general election will be over and we will know (or perhaps not know) the political direction in which the country will be heading. It is encouraging that two of the three main parties should they be elected have committed themselves publicly to finding ways around the European Working Time Regulations (EWTR). This is in large part due to the campaign waged by the College on behalf of surgeons.
Cocaine and phencyclidine inhibition of the acetylcholine receptor: analysis of the mechanisms of action based on measurements of ion flux in the millisecond-to-minute time region. (1982)

The effects of cocaine and of phencyclidine and procaine on acetylcholine receptor-controlled ion flux were measured in the millisecond-to-minute time region. Chemical kinetic measurements of ion flux were made in membrane vesicles prepared from the electric organ of Electrophorus electricus and in PC-12 cells, a sympathetic neuronal cell line. A quench-flow technique was used to measure ion flux in the millisecond-to-second range in membrane vesicles. Cocaine and phencyclidine both inhibit acetylcholine receptor-controlled ion flux, but by different mechanisms. Both compounds decrease the initial rate of ion flux, an effect observed with the local anesthetic procaine. This inhibition cannot be prevented by saturating concentrations of acetylcholine (1 mM). These results from chemical kinetic experiments are consistent with electrophysiological measurements which indicate that local anesthetics act by interfering with the movement of ions through receptor-formed channels. The chemical kinetic experiments, however, give additional information about the action of phencyclidine. They indicate that phencyclidine also increases the rate of receptor inactivation (desensitization) and changes the equilibrium between active and inactive receptor conformations, effects not observed in the presence of cocaine or procaine.
Highly Durable Direct Methanol Fuel Cell with Double‐Layered Catalyst Cathode (2015)

Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) is one of the key components in direct methanol fuel cells. However, the PEM usually gets attacked by reactive oxygen species during the operation period, resulting in the loss of membrane integrity and formation of defects. Herein, a double‐layered catalyst cathode electrode consisting of Pt/CeO 2 ‐C as inner catalyst and Pt/C as outer catalyst is fabricated to extend the lifetime and minimize the performance loss of DMFC. Although the maximum power density of membrane electrode assembly (MEA) with catalyst cathode is slightly lower than that of the traditional one, its durability is significantly improved. No obvious degradation is evident in the MEA with double‐layered catalyst cathode within durability testing. These results indicated that Pt/CeO 2 ‐C as inner cathode catalyst layer greatly improved the stability of MEA. The significant reason for the improved stability of MEA is the ability of CeO 2 to act as free‐radical scavengers.
Characterization of the Structural, Optical, and Dielectric Properties of Oxynitride Perovskites AMO<sub>2</sub>N (A = Ba, Sr, Ca; M = Ta, Nb) (2004)

The syntheses, crystal structures, electrical properties, and optical absorbance spectra of six perovskite oxynitrides, AMO2N (A = Ba, Sr, Ca; M = Ta, Nb) have been investigated. The average crystal structure of BaTaO2N is a cubic perovskite, with a Ta−O/N distance of 2.056 Å. SrTaO2N and CaTaO2N are distorted by octahedral tilting, showing noticeably smaller Ta−O/N distances of approximately 2.02 Å. Electron diffraction studies of BaTaO2N are consistent with the simple cubic perovskite crystal structure determined using X-ray powder diffraction methods. Each of the niobium oxynitrides is isostructural with its tantalum analogue, though the Nb−O/N distances are observed to be slightly longer. The optical band gaps are estimated from diffuse reflectance spectra as follows: BaTaO2N, 1.8 eV; SrTaO2N, 2.1 eV; CaTaO2N, 2.4 eV; BaNbO2N, 1.8 eV; SrNbO2N, 1.9 eV; CaNbO2N, 2.1 eV. Impedance spectroscopy was carried out on sintered pellets of the ATaO2N and BaNbO2N to investigate the dielectric and electrical transport properties. The BaNbO2N sample shows metallic-type conductivity apparently from a slight reduction that occurs during sintering. In contrast, the tantalum compounds are semiconductors/insulators with conductivities of ∼10-5 S/cm (A = Ba, Sr) and ∼10-8 S/cm (A = Ca). Interpretation of the impedance data for BaTaO2N and SrTaO2N reveals that these two compounds have unexpectedly high bulk dielectric constants, κ ≈ 4900 and 2900, respectively, at room temperature. The dielectric constants of both compounds are frequency dependent and show a relatively weak linear dependence upon temperature with no sign of a phase transition over the temperature range 300−180 K.
Microstructural and Electrical Properties of Thin PtSi Films and Their Relationships to Deposition Parameters (1975)

The intimate relationships among the microstructure, electrical characteristics, and deposition parameters of thin films deposited on {001}, {011}, and {111} Si wafers are discussed. morphology and crystallinity fall into several distinct categories, according to substrate surface preparation, deposition conditions, heat‐treatment, and electrical performance. In situ sputter cleaning before deposition and formation gives better films. Also, the microstructure and sheet resistance of are strongly affected when deposition and formation are followed by heat‐treatment at temperatures from 400° to 950°C.
Efficacy of immunoglobulin M serodiagnostic test for rapid diagnosis of acute babesiosis (1996)

To evaluate the efficacy of an immunoglobulin M indirect immunofluorescent-antibody procedure for diagnosing acute babesiosis, we tested patients with acute babesiosis from a site in New England where the disease is enzootic. The sensitivity of the test was 91%, the specificity was 99%, the positive predictive value was 86%, and the negative predictive value was 99%. This B. microti immunoglobulin M indirect immunofluorescent-antibody procedure is sufficiently sensitive, specific, and reproducible for use in the routine clinical diagnosis of acute babesiosis.
<title>Automated detection and classification of dice</title> (1995)

This paper describes a typical machine vision system in an unusual application, the automated visual inspection of a Casino's playing tables. The SORTE computer vision system was developed at INETI under a contract with the Portuguese Gaming Inspection Authorities IGJ. It aims to automate the tasks of detection and classification of the dice's scores on the playing tables of the game `Banca Francesa' (which means French Banking) in Casinos. The system is based on the on-line analysis of the images captured by a monochrome CCD camera placed over the playing tables, in order to extract relevant information concerning the score indicated by the dice. Image processing algorithms for real time automatic throwing detection and dice classification were developed and implemented.
Genomics and Genetics of Human and Primate Y Chromosomes (2012)

In mammals, the Y chromosome plays the pivotal role in male sex determination and is essential for normal sperm production. Yet only three Y chromosomes have been completely sequenced to date--those of human, chimpanzee, and rhesus macaque. While Y chromosomes are notoriously difficult to sequence owing to their highly repetitive genomic landscapes, these dedicated sequencing efforts have generated tremendous yields in medical, biological, and evolutionary insight. Knowledge of the complex structural organization of the human Y chromosome and a complete catalog of its gene content have provided a deeper understanding of the mechanisms that generate disease-causing mutations and large-scale rearrangements. Variation among human Y-chromosome sequences has been an invaluable tool for understanding relationships among human populations. Comprehensive comparisons of the human Y-chromosome sequence with those of other primates have illuminated aspects of Y-chromosome evolutionary dynamics over much longer timescales (>25 million years compared with 100,000 years). The future sequencing of additional Y chromosomes will provide a basis for a more comprehensive understanding of the evolution of Y chromosomes and their roles in reproductive biology.
Recovery of cobalt from slag in a DC arc furnace at Chambishi, Zambia (2002)

The 20 Mt reverberatory furnace slag dump at Nkana in Zambia contains a substantial quantity of cobalt. A 40 MW DC arc furnace has been built at Chambishi for the purpose of recovering cobalt from the slag. The technology was jointly developed by Mintek and Anglovaal Mining Ltd (Avmin), and the furnace was designed by Bateman Titaco. Testwork at the 150i?½250 kW scale was conducted at AVRL, and larger scale piloting was conducted at Mintek (in partnership with Avmin) in a 3 MW DC arc furnace. Approximately 840 tons of Nkana dump slag (ranging from 0.66% Co) was processed at power levels around 1-2 MW. Good overall cobalt extraction was achieved, and approximately 100 tons of cobalt-bearing alloy was produced (containing 5 to 14% Co). This testwork demonstrated that the Nkana dump slag could be processed in a DC arc furnace of suitable design, to produce a cobalt-bearing alloy suitable for further hydrometallurgical processing. Bateman Titaco were contracted to design and build the furnace, and the design team contained representatives from Avmin and Mintek. The project was conceived as a fast-track exercise, and many activities had to be run in parallel. Notable features of the furnace include an ABB power supply, a Concast conductive hearth, the refractory design, and copper cooling in the sidewalls. Power to the furnace was switched on during January 2001.
Motion without structure (1996)

We propose a new paradigm, motion without structure, for determining the ego-motion between two frames. It is best suited for cases where reliable feature point correspondence is difficult, or for cases where the expected camera motion is large. The problem is posed as a five-dimensional search over the space of possible motions during which the structural information present in the two views is neither implicitly or explicitly used or estimated. To accomplish this search, a cost function is devised that measures the relative likelihood of each hypothesized motion. This cost function is invariant to the structure present in the scene. An analysis of the global scene statistics present in an image, together with the geometry of epipolar misalignment, suggests a measure based on the sum of squared differences between pixels in the first image and their corresponding epipolar line segments in the second image. The measure relies on a simple statistical characteristic of neighboring image intensity levels. Specifically, that the variance of intensity differences between two arbitrary points in an image is a monotonically increasing symmetrical function of the distance between the two points. This assumption is almost always true, though the size of the neighborhood over which the monotonic dependency holds varies from image to image. This range determines the maximum permissible motion between two frames, which can be quite large. Experiments with both outdoor scenes and an indoor calibrated sequence achieve very good accuracy (less then 1 pixel image displacement error) and robustness to noise.
Ischemic extent as a biomarker for characterizing severity of coronary artery stenosis with blood oxygen‐sensitive MRI (2012)

The proposed evaluation of cardiac BOLD magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers marked improvement in sensitivity and specificity for detecting critical coronary stenosis at 1.5T compared to the mean segmental intensity approach. Patient studies are now warranted to determine its clinical utility.
Dimensionality Reduction as a Defense against Evasion Attacks on Machine Learning Classifiers. (2017)

We propose the use of dimensionality reduction as a defense against evasion
attacks on ML classifiers. We present and investigate a strategy for
incorporating dimensionality reduction via Principal Component Analysis to
enhance the resilience of machine learning, targeting both the classification
and the training phase. We empirically evaluate and demonstrate the feasibility
of dimensionality reduction of data as a defense mechanism against evasion
attacks using multiple real-world datasets. Our key findings are that the
defenses are (i) effective against strategic evasion attacks in the literature,
increasing the resources required by an adversary for a successful attack by a
factor of about two, (ii) applicable across a range of ML classifiers,
including Support Vector Machines and Deep Neural Networks, and (iii)
generalizable to multiple application domains, including image classification,
malware classification, and human activity classification.
P2V and V2P communication for Pedestrian warning on the basis of Autonomous Vehicles (2016)

The use of smartphones in a road context by drivers and Vulnerable Road Users (VRU) is rapidly increasing. To reduce the risks related to the influence of smartphone usage in a situation where traffic needs to be considered, a collision prediction algorithm is proposed based on Pedestrian to Vehicle (P2V) and Vehicle to Pedestrian (V2P) communication technologies, which increases the visual situational awareness of VRU regarding the nearby location of both autonomous and manually-controlled vehicles in a user-friendly form. The proposed application broadcasts the device's position to the vehicles nearby, and reciprocally, the vehicles nearby broadcast their position to the device in use, supporting pedestrians and other VRU to minimize potential dangers and increase the acceptance of autonomous vehicles on our roads. Results regarding the evaluation of the proposed approach showed a good performance and high detection rate, as well as a high user satisfaction derived from the interaction with the system.
Phenotypic characterization of alveolar monocyte recruitment in acute respiratory distress syndrome (2000)

In 49 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients, the phenotype of alveolar macrophages (AMs) was analyzed by flow cytometry. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed within 24 h after intubation and on days 3-5, 9-12, and 18-21 of mechanical ventilation. The 27E10(high)/CD11b(high)/CD71(low)/ 25F9(low)/HLA DR(low)/RM3/1(low) AM population in the first BAL indicated extensive monocyte influx into the alveolar compartment. There was no evidence of increased local AM proliferation as assessed by nuclear Ki67 staining. Sequential BAL revealed two distinct patient groups. In one, a decrease in 27E10 and CD11b and an increase in CD71, 25F9, HLA DR, and RM3/1 suggested a reduction in monocyte influx and maturation of recruited cells into AMs, whereas the second group displayed sustained monocyte recruitment. In the first BAL from all patients, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 was increased, and AMs displayed elevated MCP-1 gene expression. In sequential BALs, a decrease in MCP-1 coincided with the disappearance of monocyte-like AMs, whereas persistent upregulation of MCP-1 paralleled ongoing monocyte influx. A highly significant correlation between BAL fluid MCP-1 concentration, the predominance of monocyte-like AMs, and the severity of respiratory failure was noted.
Oxcarbazepine, not its active metabolite, potentiates GABA<sub>A</sub> activation and aggravates absence seizures (2008)

A hydroxyl group at the C-10 position on the CBZ tricyclic structure in MHD reduces GABA(A) receptor potentiation and seizure aggravation. Reports of the aggravation of absence seizures in patients taking OXC may result from circulating unmetabolized OXC rather than MHD.