gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
TU‐B‐ValA‐01: Digital Fluoroscopic Imaging: Acquisition, Processing and Display (2006)

The modern digital fluoroscopic imaging system has evolved to levels of complexity and automation that, when properly applied, can provide enhanced clinical performance and flexibility over a wide range of clinical applications in a user‐friendly manner. However, achieving maximum performance from such complex systems may be best achieved through cooperative efforts between manufacturers and clinical users, in which the well‐informed clinical team can utilize the degrees of freedom available in these systems to achieve the best clinical results for each medical application of interest. The medical physicist plays an important role in this process as the person who understands the relationships between physical imaging parameters, dose, and clinical imaging performance. Therefore, an understanding of system architectures, design philosophies, image processing capabilities, and degrees of freedom in procedure programming allow the medical physicist to play a more effective role. To this end, an overview of modern digital fluoroscopic imaging system will be presented, with particular attention given to the range of fluoroscopic and record imaging modes provided, automatic exposure control systems, common image processing algorithms, and procedure protocol selections. Recommendations for minimizing pitfalls in equipment testing will also be presented, along with some of the unique considerations for flat panel detectors versus image intensifier‐based imaging systems. Research sponsored by GE Healthcare. Educational Objectives: 1. Understand the architecture of modern fluoroscopic systems, including major image and data communication pathways, control systems, and image processing from acquisition to display. 2. Gain familiarity with the flexibility in control and processing afforded by new technologies and architectures, and how manufacturers use these. 3. Be aware of the various fluoroscopic imaging modes and the related image quality and dose considerations, including dose monitoring and reporting. 4. Understand common image processing techniques, such as edge enhancement, multiband filtering, and temporal filtering, and their impact on image quality. 5. Recognize the unique aspects of Digital Flat Panel Detectors and the related implications for fluoroscopic system behavior and performance. 6. Be able to identify the types of automation implemented in systems, and know how to avoid related pitfalls in testing. 7. Recognize the various procedure protocol programming capabilities available, and how they may be customized to meet clinical objectives.
Characterizing fraud and its ramifications in affiliate marketing networks (2016)

Cookie stuffing is an activity which allows unscrupulous actors online to defraud affiliate marketing programs by causing themselves to receive credit for purchases made by web users, even if the affiliate marketer did not actively perform any marketing for the affiliate program. Using 2 months of HTTP request logs from a large public university, we present an empirical study of fraud in affiliate marketing programs. First, we develop an efficient, decision-tree based technique for detecting cookie-stuffing in HTTP request logs. Our technique replicates domain-informed human labeling of the same data with 93.3% accuracy. Second, we find that over one-third of publishers in affiliate marketing programs use fraudulent cookie-stuffing techniques in an attempt to claim credit from online retailers for illicit referrals. However, most realized conversions are credited to honest publishers. Finally, we present a stake holder analysis of affiliate marketing fraud and find that the costs and rewards of affiliate marketing program are spread across all parties involved in affiliate marketing programs.
Sustained<i>In Vivo</i>Inhibition of Protein Domains Using Single-Chain Fv Recombinant Antibodies and Its Application to Dissect RGMa Activity on Axonal Outgrowth (2009)

Antibodies are powerful tools for delineating the specific function of protein domains, yet several limitations restrict their in vivo applicability. Here we present a new method to obtain sustained in vivo inhibition of specific protein domains using recombinant antibodies. We show that long term in vivo expression of single-chain Fv (scFv) fragments in the developing CNS can be achieved through retroviral transduction. Moreover, specific scFvs generated against the N- and C-terminal domains of the repulsive guidance molecule, RGMa, prevent proper axon targeting in the visual system. This work reveals a previously unappreciated role for the RGMa N-terminal domain in axon guidance, and provides a novel, broadly applicable and rapid procedure to functionally antagonize any protein domain in vivo.
Control of CD4 effector fate: transforming growth factor beta 1 and interleukin 2 synergize to prevent apoptosis and promote effector expansion. (1995)

The signals that determine the size and duration of the primary T cell immune response are not well defined. We studied CD4 T cells at an important checkpoint in their development: when they have become effectors and are ready to rapidly mediate effector functions, both via direct interaction with antigen (Ag)-presenting cells and via cytokine production. We determined the effects of specific Ag and the cytokines interleukin (IL) 2 and transforming growth factor (TGF) beta 1 on T helper cell type 2 (Th2) effector apoptosis versus expansion. Th2-polarized effector cells were generated in vitro from naive CD4 T of T cell receptor transgenic mice, and then restimulated with or without peptide Ag plus Ag-presenting cells and cytokines. In the absence of added cytokines, effector cells cultured without Ag died of apoptosis after 4-7 d. Paradoxically, Ag both induced proliferation and high levels of cytokine synthesis and accelerated effector cell death. IL-2 directly induced proliferation of effectors, supported and prolonged Ag-induced proliferation, and partially blocked apoptosis. TGF-beta did not effect proliferation or influence cytokine secretion, but it also partially blocked apoptosis. Together, IL-2 and TGF-beta synergized to almost completely block apoptosis, resulting in prolonged effector expansion and leading to the accumulation of a large pool of specific effectors. When Ag and both cytokines were present, the effector population increased 10(4)-10(5) fold over 20 d of culture. The synergy of IL-2 and TGF-beta suggests that they interfere with programmed cell death by distinct mechanisms. Since Th2 effectors are specialized to help B cells develop into antibody-secreting plasma cells, these results suggest that the availability of Ag and of the cytokines IL-2 and TGF-beta is a key factor influencing the fate of Th2 effector cells and thus the size and duration of the primary antibody response.
Brief communication: clinical experience with high branched-chain parenteral nutrition. (1992)

Patients who appear to respond best to high branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) solutions have been previously described by objective measurements such as total urinary nitrogen (TUN) excretion, oxygen consumption index (O2Cl), plasma lactate, plasma pyruvate, plasma glucose (PG) and urinary 3-methylhistidine. Use of these measurements in assessing possible candidates for high BCAA solutions may not be convenient for some institutions. The purpose of this study is to describe our clinical practice experience with patients receiving high BCAA parenteral nutrition (PN) and how we apply the criteria previously developed. Forty critically ill adult patients (19 males, 21 females; 50 +/- 19 years) who received BCAA-enriched PN were prospectively monitored for demographic information as well as objective biochemical measurements and current clinical status within a time window of 72 hours before or after beginning the high BCAA solution. Patients demonstrated marked elevations in O2Cl (168 +/- 44 ml/min/m2), TUN (18 +/- 6 g/day), and PG (157 +/- 63 mg/dl), and decreased serum albumin (2.4 +/- 0.6 g/dl) and transferrin (123 +/- 50 mg/dl). Patients were categorized according to primary diagnosis: malignant tumor (n = 10), organ transplant (n = 12), trauma (n = 1), chronic or acute disease (n = 1, n = 3), and chronic or acute disease requiring surgery (n = 7, n = 6). Clinical statuses within the 72-hour time window were as follows: infection (n = 26), renal dysfunction (n = 15), pulmonary dysfunction (n = 22), liver dysfunction (n = 14), and multiple organ failures (n = 14).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Efficacy and tolerance of diclofenac sodium 0.1%, flurbiprofen 0.03%, and indomethacin 1.0% in controlling postoperative inflammation (1996)

Diclofenac sodium appeared to be more potent than flurbiprofen in controlling intraocular inflammation after cataract surgery and appeared to be locally tolerated better than flurbiprofen and indomethacin.
Origins and Clinical Relevance of Sarcopenia (2001)

Sarcopenia is the loss of muscle mass and strength that occurs with normal aging. Because sarcopenia is not the result of a disease, it is seen in all aged adults. Sarcopenia markedly increases the risk of disability and loss of functional capacity in the elderly. The mechanisms underlying sarcopenia are complex and are reviewed here. It is not clear at this time which factors are most important in determining the severity or rate of development of sarcopenia. While progressive resistance training clearly can reverse and prevent sarcopenia, little is known about the mechanisms by which aged muscle adapts to training, or whether these adaptations reflect reversal of direct pathophysiological processes or compensation by activation of separate pathways from those leading to the deterioration in the first place. As populations in developed countries continue to age, diagnosing, treating, and preventing sarcopenia will be progressively more important to the health and well-being of modern societies.
Imbalance Between Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-4 and Matrix Metalloproteinases During Acute Myoctardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury (2003)

Loss of TIMP-4 from the cardiac myocyte leads to an increase in net myocardial MMP activity that contributes to acute myocardial stunning injury.
Volume holographic spectral imaging (2005)

We report on a volume holographic imaging spectrometer (VHIS) system which allows retrieval of a scene's two-dimensional spatial information as well as its spectral information. This is performed using a transmission volume hologram and a simple rotary scanning mechanism. The system has the advantages of high spectral and spatial resolutions and the potential of single-shot, four-dimensional (3D spatial plus 1D spectral) imaging by recording multiple volume holograms in the same material. Also, due to the transmission diffraction geometry, the system automatically eliminates the stray excitation light from the captured signal. We give theoretical analysis of the performance and experimental demonstration using fluorescent CdSe/ZeS quantum dots. The measured quantum dots spectra agree well with the spectra obtained using a conventional spectrometer.
GaN‐based vertical cavities with crack‐free high‐reflectivity patterned AlGaN/GaN distributed Bragg reflectors (2008)

Abstract We report on GaN‐based vertical cavities using crack‐free 40.5 pair of AlGaN/GaN distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) by employing a selective growth method to avoid wafer cracking that has been commonly observed in conventional planar Al(Ga)N/GaN DBRs. An Al 0.46 Ga 0.54 N/GaN DBR with ∼98% reflectivity was selectively grown with square patterns of up to 150 × 150 μm 2 in size, which were separated from each other by 10 μm wide SiO 2 mask stripes. Vertical cavity structures employing InGaN multiple quantum wells were grown on these crack‐free DBRs and capped with 8 pair dielectric SiO 2 /SiN x DBRs. Cavity mode centered at ∼400 nm was observed to have a quality factor of ∼100. The selective DBR and vertical cavity growth to eliminate crack formation appears very promising for the fabrication of nitride‐based vertical‐cavity surface emitting laser devices. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
IL-13 Is a Susceptibility Factor for <i>Leishmania major</i> Infection (2000)

Leishmania major infection is useful as an experimental model to define factors responsible for the development and maintenance of Th cell immune responses. Studies using inbred mouse strains have identified that the Th1 response characteristic of C57BL/6 mice results in healing, whereas BALB/c mice fail to control the infection due to the generation of an inappropriate Th2 response. We now demonstrate that IL-13 is a key factor in determining susceptibility to L. major infection. Overexpression of IL-13 in transgenic mice makes the normally resistant C57BL/6 mouse strain susceptible to L. major infection even in the absence of IL-4 expression. This susceptibility correlates with a suppression of IL-12 and IFN-gamma expression. Furthermore, using BALB/c mice deficient in the expression of IL-4, IL-13, or both IL-13 and IL-4, we demonstrate that IL-13-deficient mice are resistant to infection and that there is an additive effect of deleting both IL-4 and IL-13.
Chemiluminescent determination of hydrogen peroxide with 9-acridinecarbonylimidazole and use in measurement of glucose oxidase and alkaline phosphatase activity (2000)

Several activated derivatives of 9-acridinecarboxylic acid were prepared in order to investigate their utility for detection of hydrogen peroxide. One of these derivatives, 9-acridinecarbonylimidazole (I), is especially stable and is a useful reagent for measuring, by chemiluminescence, the activity of a number of enzymes that directly produce peroxide, including glucose oxidase. Other enzymes can also be assayed if an appropriate intermediate substrate exists that ultimately produces hydrogen peroxide after being acted upon by the enzyme. 5-Bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate (BCIP) and 3-indolyl phosphate (3-IP) are such substrates for alkaline phosphatase. The detection limits for both of these enzymes are in the 1-10 amol range. Other enzymes that can potentially be assayed using I include oxidases, hydrolases and dehydrogenases. Negative assays for compounds that consume or bind peroxide such as reducing agents, antioxidants, catalases and peroxidases are also feasible.
Interference-term real-time measurement for self-stabilized two-wave mixing in photorefractive crystals (1988)

We report the real-time direct interference-term measurement for a two-wave-mixing experiment in photorefractive crystals. Knowledge of the interference term may provide information concerning diffraction efficiency, interference pattern-to-recorded hologram phase shift, and optical activity and anisotropic diffraction properties of these materials. This method comprises phase modulation of one of the interfering beams and synchronous detection of the first and second harmonics in the resulting output irradiance modulation. Simultaneous detection of both harmonics enables the measurement to be made even in strongly perturbed conditions, since one harmonic is used for measuring and the other is used for operating Bi(12)TiO(20) are reported.
Proposal to Reform the Like Kind and Involuntary Conversion Rules in Light of Fundamental Tax Policies: A Simpler, More Rational, and More Unified Approach (2002)

Almost from the beginning of the federal income tax, the law has contained two nonrecognition provisions that have undergone relatively little change: the like kind rule and the involuntary conversion rule. Commentators have questioned the policy grounds for the like kind rule in general, and for some of its particular features, such as the exchange requirement. Congress and its staffers have also noted the complexity caused by certain aspects of the rule and have enacted or proposed remedial changes in this regard. The involuntary conversion rule also contributes to the complexity of the tax system given the fact-intensive analysis that it requires. Perhaps more fundamentally, the two nonrecognition rules generally use different standards for determining eligible replacement property, an apparent inconsistency that occasionally catches the attention of both Congress and commentators. This article seeks to improve the like kind and involuntary conversion rules, that is, make the provisions more rational and less complex, by analyzing them in light of the fundamental tax policies of efficiency, equity, and administrability. The product of this effort is a simpler, more rational and more unified approach for granting nonrecognition treatment to voluntary and involuntary dispositions of property. The article's recommendations include (i) the use of the like kind standard to determine eligible replacement property under both the like kind and involuntary conversion rules, along with narrowing the like kind standard for real property by employing a categorization approach modeled on the real property classifications used for depreciation purposes; (ii) the use of an express rollover mechanism under the like kind rule; and (iii) the use of a single, rather than bifurcated, period for replacing assets under the like kind rule.
Preparation of Hierarchical ZSM-5 from Indonesian Kaolin by Adding Silica (2016)

Hierarchical ZSM-5 was prepared using Bangka kaolin-Indonesia in the absence of structure directing agent. The effect of hydrothermal time and temperature was investigated. The prepared samples were characterized by XRD, XRF, FT-IR, and N 2 adsorption/desorption. The results show that hierarchical ZSM-5 can be obtained at hydrothermal temperature of 393-448 K. Moreover, this method also produces mordenite and quartz as by-products.
Fabrication of air-stable n-type carbon nanotube thin-film transistors on flexible substrates using bilayer dielectrics (2015)

Single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) thin-film transistors hold great potential for flexible electronics. However, fabrication of air-stable n-type devices by methods compatible with standard photolithography on flexible substrates is challenging. Here, we demonstrated that by using a bilayer dielectric structure of MgO and atomic layer deposited (ALD) Al2O3 or HfO2, air-stable n-type devices can be obtained. The mechanism for conduction type conversion was elucidated and attributed to the hole depletion in SWNT, the decrease of the trap state density by MgO assimilating adsorbed water molecules in the vicinity of SWNT, and the energy band bending because of the positive fixed charges in the ALD layer. The key advantage of the method is the relatively low temperature (120 or 90 °C) required here for the ALD process because we need not employ this step to totally remove the absorbates on the SWNTs. This advantage facilitates the integration of both p-type and n-type transistors through a simple lift off process and compact CMOS inverters were demonstrated. We also demonstrated that the doping of SWNTs in the channel plays a more important role than the Schottky barriers at the metal contacts in carbon nanotube thin-film transistors, unlike the situation in individual SWNT-based transistors.
A Benchmark and Evaluation for Text Extraction from PDF (2017)

Extracting the body text from a PDF document is an important but surprisingly difficult task. The reason is that PDF is a layout-based format which specifies the fonts and positions of the individual characters rather than the semantic units of the text (e.g., words or paragraphs) and their role in the document (e.g., body text or caption). There is an abundance of extraction tools, but their quality and the range of their functionality are hard to determine. In this paper, we show how to construct a high-quality benchmark of principally arbitrary size from parallel TeX and PDF data. We construct such a benchmark of 12,098 scientific articles from arXiv.org and make it publicly available. We establish a set of criteria for a clean and independent assessment of the semantic abilities of a given extraction tool. We provide an extensive evaluation of 14 state-of-the-art tools for text extraction from PDF on our benchmark according to our criteria. We include our own method, Icecite, which significantly outperforms all other tools, but is still not perfect. We outline the remaining steps necessary to finally make text extraction from PDF a "solved problem".
Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists for the Treatment of Hypertension and Diabetic Nephropathy (2012)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVPerspectiveNEXTMineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists for the Treatment of Hypertension and Diabetic NephropathyMiniperspectiveDavid W. Piotrowski*View Author Information Pfizer Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States*Phone: (860) 686-0271. E-mail: [email protected]Cite this: J. Med. Chem. 2012, 55, 18, 7957–7966Publication Date (Web):August 6, 2012Publication History Received7 June 2012Published online15 August 2012Published inissue 27 September 2012https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm300806chttps://doi.org/10.1021/jm300806creview-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2012 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2352Altmetric-Citations28LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Antagonists,Crystal structure,Receptors,Selectivity,Steroids Get e-Alerts
Teicoplanin therapy for Staphylococcus aureus septicaemia: relationship between pre-dose serum concentrations and outcome (2000)

Logistic regression analysis was performed on data drawn from a clinical trials database for Staphylococcus aureus septicaemia treated with teicoplanin. Variables analysed were age, body weight, mean pre-dose and post-dose serum teicoplanin concentrations, mean dose (mg or mg/kg body weight) and combination versus monotherapy. Only two variables correlated with clinical outcome at a significance level better than 0.05: age (P = 0.012) and mean pre-dose serum concentration (P = 0.010). The probability of successful treatment declined with age and increased with mean pre-dose serum concentration.