gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantitative Comparison of HTLV-1 and HIV-1 Cell-to-Cell Infection with New Replication Dependent Vectors (2010)

We have developed an efficient method to quantify cell-to-cell infection with single-cycle, replication dependent reporter vectors. This system was used to examine the mechanisms of infection with HTLV-1 and HIV-1 vectors in lymphocyte cell lines. Effector cells transfected with reporter vector, packaging vector, and Env expression plasmid produced virus-like particles that transduced reporter gene activity into cocultured target cells with zero background. Reporter gene expression was detected exclusively in target cells and required an Env-expression plasmid and a viral packaging vector, which provided essential structural and enzymatic proteins for virus replication. Cell-cell fusion did not contribute to infection, as reporter protein was rarely detected in syncytia. Coculture of transfected Jurkat T cells and target Raji/CD4 B cells enhanced HIV-1 infection two fold and HTLV-1 infection ten thousand fold in comparison with cell-free infection of Raji/CD4 cells. Agents that interfere with actin and tubulin polymerization strongly inhibited HTLV-1 and modestly decreased HIV-1 cell-to-cell infection, an indication that cytoskeletal remodeling was more important for HTLV-1 transmission. Time course studies showed that HTLV-1 transmission occurred very rapidly after cell mixing, whereas slower kinetics of HIV-1 coculture infection implies a different mechanism of infectious transmission. HTLV-1 Tax was demonstrated to play an important role in altering cell-cell interactions that enhance virus infection and replication. Interestingly, superantigen-induced synapses between Jurkat cells and Raji/CD4 cells did not enhance infection for either HTLV-1 or HIV-1. In general, the dependence on cell-to-cell infection was determined by the virus, the effector and target cell types, and by the nature of the cell-cell interaction.
PRIMARY DYSMENORRHOEA AND VASOPRESSIN (1979)

Summary The circulating concentrations of arginine vasopressin on day 1 and on day 5 to 7 of the menstrual cycle were measured by radioimmunoassay in six women with primary dysmenorrhoea and five controls. All women had ovulated in the previous cycle, as indicated by the mid‐luteal phase plasma progesterone levels and had normal plasma osmolality and sodium concentrations. The plasma concentrations of progesterone and oestradiol on day 1 of the cycle were also measured, and no significant difference between the two groups was seen. In women with dysmenorrhoea the vasopressin concentration on day 1 was 0.400.038 (SE) μU/ml which was significantly higher than the concentration in normal women on the same day of the cycle 0.20±0.063 (SE) μU/ml (p <0.01). The plasma concentration of vasopressin in normal women on day 5 to 7 was 0.68 0.119 (SE) μU/ml which was significantly higher than on day 1 (p <0.01). A significant difference between day 1 and day 5 to 7 was not seen in dysmenorrheic women, possibly because the values were already elevated on day 1. The results suggest that vasopressin could be a factor of aetiological importance in primary dysmenorrhoea, and also indicate that the vasopressin concentration in plasma can vary according to the day of the menstrual cycle.
An /spl alpha/-immune, 2V supply voltage SRAM using polysilicon PMOS load cell (1989)

As the Pate length Of MOSFETs is scaled down to deep sub-micron ~lze~. the supply voltage has to be reduced due to hot OBPPI~P and/or power dissipation Problems. Factors limiting this low~rlng of the supply volta88 in Swude using high rssistor load cell (high-R os111 are a-partiole-induced mft error and eleotriaal instabillties during the reading and writing opsrations. Althoirsh full CWS os118 are stable for low voltage opsrationlll, their large size ItWioe 118 large) is not suitable far high density Swude. Thus, a polysilioon PMOS load(PPL) cslll21.
Design flow management in the NELSIS CAD framework (1991)

In this paper a new approach for design jlow management is presented.
The smart classroom: merging technologies for seamless tele-education (2003)

The smart classroom integrates voice-recognition, computer-vision, and other technologies to provide a tele-education experience similar to a real classroom experience.
Film cameras or digital sensors ? The challenge ahead for aerial imaging (1996)

Cartogmphic aerial cameras continue to play the key role in producing quality products for the aerial photography business, and specifically for the National Aerial Photography Progmm (NAPP). One NAPP photograph taken with cameras capable of 39 Cp/mm system resolution can contain the equivalent of 432 million pixels at 11 pm spot size, and the cost is less than $75 per photograph to scan and output the pixels on a magnetic storage medium. On the digital side, solid state charge coupled device Jinear and area arrays can yield quality resolution (7 to 12 pm detector size) and a broader dynamic range. If linear armys are to compete with film cameras, they will require precise attitude and positioning of the aircraft so that the lines of pixels can be unscrambled and put into a suitable homogeneous scene that is acceptable to an interpreter. Area armys need to be much larger than currently available to image scenes competitive in size with film cameras. Analysis of the relative advantages and disadvantages of the two systems show that the analog approach is more economical at present. However, as arrays become larger, attitude sensors become more refined, global positioning system coordinate readouts becomc commonplace, and storage capacity becomes more affordable, the digital camera may emerge as the imaging system for the future. Several technical challenges must be overcome if digital sensors are to advance to where they can support mapping, charting, and geographic information system applications.
패러글라이딩 참여자의 안전사고 예방활동에 관한 연구 (2013)

The study tried to provide basic materials for prevention of safety accident in paragliding and its development by analyzing preventive activity for safety accident of participants in paragliding. To do this, questionnaire survey was conducted with 215 coaches and members who lived in Seoul, Incheon, Gyeonggi, and Chungcheongdo, and participated in paragliding activity in 2012. Collected data were analyzed in Frequency Analysis, Descriptive Statistics, Independent Samples T-test, and One way ANOVA using SPSS 18.0. The results were as follows. First, For preventive activity for safety accident according to gender of participants in paragliding, male participants showed higher score than female participants. Second, For preventive activity for safety accident according to age of participants in paragliding, a group under 35 years old showed lower score than other groups. Third, For preventive activity for safety accident according to career of participants in paragliding, a group over 5 years old showed higher score than other groups. Fourth, For preventive activity for safety accident according to group of participants in paragliding, coaches showed higher score than general members.
Spontaneous remission in canine myasthenia gravis: Implications for assessing human MG therapies (2001)

The natural course of autoimmune canine MG was determined in 53 dogs with muscular weakness and a positive acetylcholine receptor antibody titer. Dogs were treated with anticholinesterase therapy, without immunosuppression. Spontaneous clinical and immunologic remission occurred in 47 of 53 dogs within an average of 6.4 months. Neoplasia was identified in the six dogs that did not spontaneously remit. This study questions the value of using canine MG in studies designed to assess the effect of immunotherapies.
Vaccine development in<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>: taking the biofilm phenotype into consideration (2010)

Vaccine development against pathogenic bacteria is an imperative initiative as bacteria are gaining resistance to current antimicrobial therapies and few novel antibiotics are being developed. Candidate antigens for vaccine development can be identified by a multitude of high-throughput technologies that were accelerated by access to complete genomes. While considerable success has been achieved in vaccine development against bacterial pathogens, many species with multiple virulence factors and modes of infection have provided reasonable challenges in identifying protective antigens. In particular, vaccine candidates should be evaluated in the context of the complex disease properties, whether planktonic (e.g. sepsis and pneumonia) and/or biofilm associated (e.g. indwelling medical device infections). Because of the phenotypic differences between these modes of growth, those vaccine candidates chosen only for their efficacy in one disease state may fail against other infections. This review will summarize the history and types of bacterial vaccines and adjuvants as well as present an overview of modern antigen discovery and complications brought about by polymicrobial infections. Finally, we will also use one of the better studied microbial species that uses differential, multifactorial protein profiles to mediate an array of diseases, Staphylococcus aureus, to outline some of the more recently identified problematic issues in vaccine development in this biofilm-forming species.
Chipset for Flexible and Scalable High-Performance Gate Drivers for 1200 V-6500 V IGBTs (2008)

The chipset presented here offers an integrated 8A/1W gate driver core, direct driving of external n-type DMOS for easy scaling of the gate power and current, as well as control, monitoring and interfacing for a diversity of applications. It also features a semi-custom array containing preconfigured cells and devices to allow application-specific customization. The DMOS are driven by a regulated gate-source voltage that tracks the process and temperature variations. The chipset includes circuitry to adjust the gate-emitter voltage of the IGBT at turn-on and allow closed-loop control of the collector-emitter voltage of the IGBT at turn-off. The transformer interface transmits command and fault signals via a common channel. In case of a collision, the fault signal dominates both the command signal and noise thanks to a longer pulse duration.
Chemistry of the Lyxose-Containing Mycobacteriophage Receptors of <i>Mycobacterium </i><i>phlei</i>/<i>Mycobacterium smegmatis</i> (1996)

Mycobacterium phlei (strain Timothy) (Mycobacterium smegmatis ATCC 19249) is characterized by the presence of a family of alkali-labile glycolipids, reminiscent of the trehalose-containing lipooligosaccharide class of antigens but lacking the nonreducing trehalose core. Through a combination of methylation analyses, 1H and 13C NMR, two-dimensional 1H/1H and 1H/13C NMR, fast atom bombardment-mass spectrometry, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and other analytical techniques, these new structures were shown to possess three distinct features. Firstly, they contained the pentose D-lyxose (Lyx), rarely found in biology, but an epimer of D-arabinose, a key component of the mycobacterial cell wall arabinogalactan and lipoarabinomannnan. Thus, it was apparent that these glycolipids are the same as those described by Bisso et al. and attributed with phage receptor properties [Bisso, G., Castelnuovo, G., Nardelli, M.-G., Orefici, G., Arancia, G., Lanéelle, G., Asselineau, C., & Asselineau, J. (1976) Biochemie 58, 87-97]. Secondly, the complex oligosaccharides within the glycolipids contain the repeating units Lyxn(6-O-CH3-Glc)m and Lyxn(6-O-CH3-Glc)mMan1, where n+m equal to approximately 16 glycosyl residues. Thirdly, the M. phlei glycolipids were found to be heavily O-acylated, such that every D-Lyx residue invariably possesses an acyl function at position -2 and, in some instances, at both positions -2 and -4. The chemical characterization of these glycolipids, not feasible 20 years ago, clearly demonstrates that they are distinct from the type- and species-specific glycopeptidolipids, lipooligosaccharides, phenolic glycolipids, and the genus-specific phosphatidylinositol-based lipoglycans of mycobacteria. This present and previous studies begin to define the precise structural requirements responsible for the attachment of mycobacteriophage to the host cell wall.
Kinetic Studies of Reaction between Sodium Borohydride and Methanol, Water, and Their Mixtures (2007)

This paper reports the kinetics of hydrogen generation from the reaction between sodium borohydride and methanol, water, and their mixtures over a temperature range between −20 and +50 °C. Hydrogen generation was found to obey a first-order rate law with respect to sodium borohydride concentration for each of the four reacting mixtures of methanol, “nearly dry” methanol (2:1 water to sodium borohydride mole ratio), “wet” methanol (10:1 water to sodium borohydride ratio), and water, with activation energies of 53.0 ± 3.4, 52.3 ± 9.5, 36.1 ± 2.8, and 86.6 ± 8.0 kJ/mol, respectively. Methanolysis of sodium borohydride was shown to be a feasible method for low-temperature hydrogen generation. However, this noncatalytic reaction system exhibited large lag time and slow reaction kinetics at low temperatures. Our study indicates that the reaction system based on sodium borohydride and the nearly dry methanol can be a potential high gravimetric density hydrogen storage system.
Adipose Tissue Macrophages Function As Antigen-Presenting Cells and Regulate Adipose Tissue CD4+ T Cells in Mice (2013)

The proinflammatory activation of leukocytes in adipose tissue contributes to metabolic disease. How crosstalk between immune cells initiates and sustains adipose tissue inflammation remains an unresolved question. We have examined the hypothesis that adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs) interact with and regulate the function of T cells. Dietary obesity was shown to activate the proliferation of effector memory CD4(+) T cells in adipose tissue. Our studies further demonstrate that ATMs are functional antigen-presenting cells that promote the proliferation of interferon-γ-producing CD4(+) T cells in adipose tissue. ATMs from lean and obese visceral fat process and present major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-restricted antigens. ATMs were sufficient to promote proliferation and interferon-γ production from antigen-specific CD4(+) T cells in vitro and in vivo. Diet-induced obesity increased the expression of MHC II and T-cell costimulatory molecules on ATMs in visceral fat, which correlated with an induction of T-cell proliferation in that depot. Collectively, these data indicate that ATMs provide a functional link between the innate and adaptive immune systems within visceral fat in mice.
Review and perspective: Sapphire optical fiber cladding development for harsh environment sensing (2018)

The potential to use single-crystal sapphire optical fiber as an alternative to silica optical fibers for sensing in high-temperature, high-pressure, and chemically aggressive harsh environments has been recognized for several decades. A key technological barrier to the widespread deployment of harsh environment sensors constructed with sapphire optical fibers has been the lack of an optical cladding that is durable under these conditions. However, researchers have not yet succeeded in incorporating a high-temperature cladding process into the typical fabrication process for single-crystal sapphire fibers, which generally involves seed-initiated fiber growth from the molten oxide state. While a number of advances in fabrication of a cladding after fiber-growth have been made over the last four decades, none have successfully transitioned to a commercial manufacturing process. This paper reviews the various strategies and techniques for fabricating an optically clad sapphire fiber which have been proposed and explored in published research. The limitations of current approaches and future prospects for sapphire fiber cladding are discussed, including fabrication methods and materials. The aim is to provide an understanding of the past research into optical cladding of sapphire fibers and to assess possible material systems for future research on this challenging problem for harsh environment sensors.
Analysis of the binding site architecture of monoclonal antibodies to morphine by using competitive ligand binding and molecular modeling (1991)

The structural features of mAb directed against the opiate morphine were analyzed by using competitive ligand analog-binding studies, examination of the V region amino acid sequence, and computer-aided molecular modeling of the fragment V region. The antibody response in BALB/c mice to morphine is relatively restricted, in that all of the mAb examined in this study contained the same lambda L chain and very similar H chain V regions. A three-dimensional model of the antimorphine-binding site was constructed by using computational and graphic display techniques. Each of the six complementary-determining regions was constructed by using fragment replacement methods employing canonical loop conformations of known "parent" structures. Experimental competitive ligand-binding data and theoretical modeling suggest that a charged glutamate residue at position H:50 and aromatic side chains of residues H:33W, H:47W, H:58F, H:95W, H:101iY, and L:91W are key features in ionic and hydrophobic interactions with the ligand. This study represents the first use of theoretical and experimental modeling techniques to describe the Ag-binding site of a mouse fragment V region containing a lambda L chain.
A Murine Model of Cystic Fibrosis (1995)

We have generated a mouse line in which the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene has been mutated by gene targeting. Like human cystic fibrosis (CF) patients, mice lacking a functional CFTR gene, referred to as CFTR(-/-) mice, show increased numbers of goblet cells and obstruction of glands with inspissated eosinophilic secretions. The obstruction of glands often results in the destruction of gland-containing tissues in these animals. However, unlike the case in human CF patients, the most severe pathological changes in these mice were found, on preliminary analysis, to be confined to the intestinal tract and gallbladder. Although respiratory failure is the primary cause of death among humans with CF, we found only minor pathological alterations in the lungs and upper airways of our CFTR(-/-) animals. Possible explanations for the apparent lack of respiratory disease are the young age at which the animals were examined and the pathogen-free environment in which they were housed. In this manuscript, we examine the respiratory and other organ systems of CFTR(-/-) mice that have survived to adulthood. We also report on initial experiments in which CFTR(-/-) mice have been exposed to bacterial pathogens, and we present data on a single animal that displayed severe respiratory disease.
A neural network approach to distributed adaptive routing of LEO intersatellite link traffic (2002)

A neural network (NN) approach to distributed traffic adaptive routing in intersatellite link (ISL) trunk networks of emerging low Earth orbit (LEO) satellite systems is proposed. This approach is basically motivated by the idea that due to the high complexity of the problem it may show a superior performance compared to deterministic algorithm approaches. A good performance is shown for an implementation using classical multilayer perceptrons (MLP) with backpropagation learning (BPA) in a distributed fashion-one MLP being placed in each satellite. A deterministic adaptive routing scheme is used as reference in the learning phase of the MLP. With the learnt "knowledge", the distributed MLPs can perform a source routing in such a manner that the global traffic flows are efficiently shaped to reduce worst case link loads and to increase average link utilization, at the expense of an only slight increase of average transfer delay.
Dynamic vehicle routing with moving demands - Part I: Low speed demands and high arrival rates (2009)

We introduce a dynamic vehicle routing problem in which demands arrive uniformly on a segment and via a temporal Poisson process. Upon arrival, the demands translate perpendicular to the segment in a given direction and with a fixed speed. A service vehicle, with speed greater than that of the demands, seeks to serve these translating demands. For the existence of any stabilizing policy, we determine a necessary condition on the arrival rate of the demands in terms of the problem parameters: (i) the speed ratio between the demand and service vehicle, and (ii) the length of the segment on which demands arrive. Next, we propose a novel policy for the vehicle that involves servicing the outstanding demands as per a translational minimum Hamiltonian path (TMHP) through the moving demands. We derive a sufficient condition on the arrival rate of the demands for stability of the TMHP-based policy, in terms of the problem parameters. We show that in the limiting case in which the demands move much slower than the service vehicle, the necessary and the sufficient conditions on the arrival rate are within a constant factor.
Indexing audiovisual databases through joint audio and video processing (1998)

This work deals with the representation of audiovisual information, to organize its content for future tasks such as retrieval and information browsing. Some indications are provided to demonstrate that a cross-modal analysis of simple visual and audio information is sufficient to organize an audiovisual sequence into semantically meaningful segments. Each segment defines a scene which is coherent from some semantic point of view. Depending on the sophistication of the cross-modal analysis, the scene may represent either a generic story unit or more complex situations such as dialogues or actions. The results shown in this work indicate that audio classification is key in establishing relationships among consecutive shots, allowing us to reach a scene-level description. A higher abstraction level can be reached when a correlation exists among nonconsecutive shots, defining what is called “video idioms.” Accordingly, a generic audio model is proposed: a linear combination of four classes of audio signals. For semantic purposes, it is meaningful to select the classes so that they can serve any subsequent scene characterization. When several audio sources are combined simultaneously, it is assumed that only one is linked to the semantic of the scene, and that it corresponds to the dominant class of audio (in energy terms). The different classes that identify each type of audio are selected to facilitate any decision related to a semantic characterization of the audiovisual information. The problem therefore lies in a source separation task. The proposed scheme classifies the audio signal into the following four component types: speech, music, silence, and miscellaneous other sounds. Its performance are quite satisfactory (∼90%) and were tested extensively using various types of source material. Considering a generic audiovisual sequence, video shots are merged according to this audio classification. Depending on the type of source material (broadcast news, commercials, documentaries, and movies), different types of scenes can be identified, e.g., a single advertisement in the case of commercials; a dialogue situation in a movie. The article describes some experimental simulations in these different fields. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 9, 320–331, 1998
Localization of the replication origin of plasmid pE194 (1989)

The pE194 replication origin was localized to a 265-base-pair interval by analyzing the ability of purified pE194 restriction fragments to direct replication of heterologous plasmids. Replication was dependent upon RepF protein supplied in trans. The origin region contained a GC-rich dyad symmetry which may serve as the RepF target.