gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
T cell repertoire and tolerance after fetal stem cell transplantation. (1992)

We studied the T cell repertoire and the mechanism of tolerance in two patients with severe combined immunodeficiency transplanted with HLA mismatched fetal liver stem cells. They are 17 and 5 years old now, healthy, and show normal immunoresponses to recall antigens. Their T cells are of donor origin, whereas monocytes and B cells remained of the host. The NK cells have different sources since in one patient they derive from the donor and in the other one from the host. Despite the HLA mismatch between donor and host cells, no acute or chronic graft-versus-host disease was observed. In vitro experiments with PBMC showed specific nonresponsiveness for the HLA antigens expressed by the host cells. However, an extensive clonal analysis showed that CD4+ and CD8+ host-reactive T cell clones recognizing class II and class I HLA molecules of the host, respectively, were present in the peripheral blood of both patients. Limiting dilution experiments indicated that the frequency of CD8+ host-reactive cells was in the same range as that observed for alloreactive T cells. In contrast, no donor reactive CD8+ T cells could be isolated. Host-reactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cell clones were normal in their capacity to produce IL-2, IFN-gamma, GM-CSF and IL-5, but they failed completely to synthesize IL-4. In addition, CD4+ T cell clones from patient RV secreted very high levels of IL-10. Interestingly, exogenous IL-10 was able to inhibit the proliferative responses of the CD4+ host-reactive T cell clones. Our data demonstrate that host-reactive cells are not deleted from the donor T cell repertoire following allogenic fetal liver stem cell transplantation. Therefore, in vivo tolerance between the host and the donor is maintained by a peripheral autoregulatory mechanism in which cytokines may play a role.
Oral immunization with recombinant Salmonella typhimurium expressing surface protein antigen A of Streptococcus sobrinus: dose response and induction of protective humoral responses in rats (1995)

An attenuated, recombinant Salmonella typhimurium mutant, chi 4072(pYA2905), expressing the surface protein antigen A (SpaA) of Streptococcus sobrinus was investigated for its effectiveness in inducing protective immune responses against S. sobrinus-induced dental caries in an experimental caries model. Fischer rats were orally immunized with either 10(8) or 10(9) CFU of S. typhimurium chi 4072(pYA2905). Persistence of salmonellae in Peyer's patches and spleens and the induction of immune responses were determined. Maximum numbers of salmonellae were recovered from Peyer's patches of rats within the first week of immunization, with higher numbers recovered from rats given 10(9) CFU than from those given 10(8) CFU. Serum anti-Salmonella and anti-SpaA responses increased more rapidly in rats given 10(9) CFU than in rats given 10(8) CFU. The salivary antibody response to SpaA increased with time, but the response varied in the two groups. In a separate study, rats were orally immunized with the recombinant Salmonella mutant and then challenged with cariogenic S. sobrinus 6715. The levels of serum and salivary antibody and caries activity were assessed at the termination of the experiment. Higher levels of salivary immunoglobulin A antibody to SpaA and Salmonella carrier were detected in rats given 10(9) CFU than in those given 10(8) CFU, and these responses were higher than those in nonimmunized controls. Mandibular molars from immunized rats had lower numbers of recoverable streptococci and less extensive carious lesions than those from nonimmunized, control rats. These data indicate that oral immunization with an attenuated recombinant S. typhimurium expressing SpaA of S. sobrinus induces the production of antigen-specific mucosal antibody and confers protection against dental caries.
Improving the High Voltage Cycling of Li[Ni<sub>0.42</sub>Mn<sub>0.42</sub>Co<sub>0.16</sub>]O<sub>2</sub>(NMC442)/Graphite Pouch Cells Using Electrolyte Additives (2014)

Li[Ni0.42Mn0.42Co0.16]O2 (NMC442)/graphite pouch cells with 1 M LiPF6 in ethylene carbonate (EC): ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC) (3:7 by weight) electrolyte containing 2 wt% vinylene carbonate (VC), 2 wt% prop-1-ene-1,3 sultone (PES), or 2 wt% PES + 1 wt% tris(trimethylsilyl) phosphite (TTSPi) + 1 wt% methylene methanedisulfonate (MMDS) ("PES-211") were subjected to cycling tests at various upper cut-off voltages from 4.2 to 4.7 V. After every 10 cycles, the pouch cells were charged or discharged to 3.8 V and evaluated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). This approach allows the impact of electrolyte additives on the impedance of cells cycled to different cut-off voltages to be studied systematically. The addition of 2% PES or "PES-211" proved to be beneficial in suppressing impedance growth when cells are cycled up to and above 4.4 V. Long-term cycling tests between 3.0 V and 4.4 V at 45°C showed that "PES-211" had the best capacity retention (∼85%) and the least impedance growth after 500 cycles. The results suggest the use of "PES-211" could lead to longer lived and higher power NMC/graphite Li-ion cells with better tolerance to high voltage (4.4 V) which will improve energy density.
The role of the complement system in trauma and infection. (1992)

The complement system is an important immediate host defense mechanism after trauma, extensive burn injury and after invasion by microbial pathogens. Massive complement activation, however, seems to be detrimental and may contribute further to the disease process and eventually to multiple organ failure or the septic state. In clinical situations in which complement is damaging, the logical therapy should be, if at all possible, the removal of the activated complement components from the circulation. However, much of the protein is attached to the membrane and effective locally, so prevention of the enzymatic cascade may be more appropriate. There has been little progress in manipulating the complement system to effectively alter such disease processes caused by the clinical situations and there is an important need for further research in the field.
Cell cycle-independent lysis of Escherichia coli by cefsulodin, an inhibitor of penicillin-binding proteins 1a and 1b (1991)

Cefsulodin lyses actively growing Escherichia coli by binding specifically to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) 1a and 1b. Recent findings (F. García del Portillo, M. A. de Pedro, D. Joseleau-Petit, and R. D'Ari, J. Bacteriol. 171:4217-4221, 1989) have linked cefsulodin-induced lysis to septation during the first division cycle after a nutritional shift-up or chromosome replication realignment. We synchronized cells by membrane filtration to determine whether cefsulodin-induced lysis depended on septation in normally growing cells. Populations of newly divided cells were allowed to grow for variable lengths of time. Cefsulodin was added to these synchronous cultures, which represented points in two to three rounds of the cell cycle. Since the cell numbers were small, a new lysis assay was developed that was based on the release of DNA measured by fluorometry. Lysis occurred at a constant time after addition of the antibiotic, regardless of the time in the cell cycle at which the addition was made. Thus, cefsulodin-induced lysis is not linked to septation or to any other cell cycle-related event.
Self-propulsion of a water droplet in an electric field (2005)

In this paper, we describe electric field driven self-propulsion of a water droplet on a solid surface using co-planer parallel-strip electrodes fabricated on a substrate and covered by a hydrophobic coating. A water droplet dispensed on the electrodes, ranging from about 1 nl to 1 µl in volume, takes a nearly spherical shape owing to surface tension and wetting conditions. When the electrodes are energized by either dc or low-frequency single-phase ac voltage, elongation due to the electrostatic force occurs, but translational motion is not expected because the electrostatic potential energy is constant regardless of the droplet's position. However, under certain conditions we observe that the droplet starts moving along the electrodes at speeds of as high as 10 cm s−1. The initial direction of the motion is unpredictable, but once started, it persists until the droplet reaches the end of the electrodes or the voltage is turned off. The motion is of a self-propelling nature; the water droplet leaves behind a moisture layer on the substrate surface, which shields the electric field on the droplet's trailing edge, thus producing an imbalance in the Maxwell stress, which leads to the driving force. The motion seems to be most controllable and regular when the droplet is driven at its hydrodynamic resonance. The mechanism is experimentally verified by real-time measurements of the conductance of the moisture layer.
Simplified landscapes for optimization of shaken lattice interferometry (2018)

Motivated by recent results using shaken optical lattices to perform atom interferometry, we explore the splitting of an atom cloud trapped in a phase-modulated ('shaken') optical lattice. Using a simple analytic model we are able to show that we can obtain the simplest case of 2k L splitting via single-frequency shaking. This is confirmed both via simulation and experiment. Furthermore, we are able to split with a relative phase between the two split arms of 0 or depending on our shaking frequency. Addressing higher-order splitting, we determine that 6k L splitting is sufficient to be able to accelerate the atoms in counterpropagating lattices. Finally, we show that we can use a genetic algorithm to optimize 4k L and 6k L splitting to within 0.1% by restricting our optimization to the resonance frequencies corresponding to single-and two-photon transitions between Bloch bands. As a proof-of-principle, an experimental demonstration of simplified optimization of 4k L splitting is presented.
Role of the Vaccinia Virus E3L and K3L Gene Products in Rescue of VSV and EMCV from the Effects of IFN-α (1998)

Vaccinia virus (VV) has been shown to be relatively resistant to the antiviral effects of interferon-α (IFN-α) and to rescue replication of IFN-sensitive viruses, such as encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV), from the antiviral effects of IFN. The E3L and K3L gene products have been implicated in the IFN resistance of VV. We have investigated the role that these VV-encoded functions play in the rescue of VSV and EMCV from the effects of IFN. Transient expression of the E3L open reading frame (ORF) was sufficient to rescue VSV but not EMCV from the IFN-induced antiviral state. Rescue of VSV by mutants of E3L correlated with the ability of the mutated E3L gene products to bind dsRNA. Conversely, transient expression of the K3L ORF was sufficient to partially rescue EMCV but not VSV from the effects of IFN. Results with VV deleted of either the K3L or E3L ORFs were consistent with results obtained by transient expression of these genes. These results demonstrate that the VV E3L gene products are likely responsible for the VV-mediated rescue of VSV from the effects of IFN and the K3L gene product is likely at least partly responsible for rescue of EMCV.
Approximate skew normal distribution (2010)

We propose a new approximate skew normal distribution, it is easy to calculate, convenient, mathematically tractable and is in a closed form. It is particularly useful when the probability density function occurs in an expression to be used for further mathematical derivation or in programs for the skew normal distribution. Also, we propose approximate first moment second moment and variance to the skew normal distribution. A numerical comparison between exact and approximate values of pdf and cdf of the skew normal distribution is carried out.
Adverse Effects of Large Tidal Volume and Low PEEP in Canine Acid Aspiration (1990)

When normal lungs are ventilated with large tidal volumes (VT) and end-inspired pressures (Pei), surfactant is depleted and pulmonary edema develops. Both effects are diminished by positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP). We reasoned that ventilatory with large VT-low PEEP would similarly increase edema following acute lung injury. To test this hypothesis, we ventilated dogs 1 h after hydrochloric acid (HCl) induced pulmonary edema with a large VT (30 ml/kg) and low PEEP (3 cm H2O) (large VT-low PEEP) and compared their results with dogs ventilated with a smaller VT (15 ml/kg) and 12 cm H2O PEEP (small VT-high PEEP). The small VT was the smallest that maintained eucapnia in our preparation; the large VT was chosen to match Pei and end-inspired lung volume. Pulmonary capillary wedge transmural pressure (Ppwtm) was kept at 8 mm Hg in both groups. Five hours after injury, the median lung wet weight to body weight ratio (WW/BW) was 25 g/kg higher in the large VT-low PEEP group than in the small VT-high PEEP group (p less than 0.05). Venous admixture (Qva/Qt) was similarly greater in the large VT-low PEEP group (49.8 versus 23.5%) (p less than 0.05). We conclude that small VT-high PEEP is a better mode of ventilating acute lung injury than large VT-low PEEP because edema accumulation is less and venous admixture is less. These advantages did not result from differences in Pei, end-inspiratory lung volume, or preload (Ppwtm).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Introduction (2004)

In the twelfth century the borderlands of the duchy of Normandy enjoyed an importance reaching far beyond the rolling hills and narrow rivers that skirted the duchy. Thanks above all to the astounding achievements of its most famous ruler, William the Conqueror, Normandy had emerged in the previous century as one of the most powerful and important principalities in western Europe. However, its land frontiers were often troubled by warfare between the dukes of Normandy – who were more often than not also kings of England – and their neighbours, especially the Capetian kings of France. These conflicts imbued the province's borders with exceptional political significance. Just as significant, however, was the complex relationship between the duke and the aristocratic élites that dominated the frontier districts, which had far-reaching consequences for the history of the duchy and its neighbours.
Computationally efficient estimation of sinusoidal frequency at low SNR (2002)

We propose a computationally efficient method for estimation of frequency of a single complex sinusoid at low SNR. This method is motivated by the cross-power spectrum method of Nelson (1993) and the weighted phase averager (WPA) methods of Tretter (1985), Kay (1988), and Lovell et al. (1991). We demonstrate that by a simple preprocessing, we can extend the threshold SNR of the WPA significantly. Further, unlike the WPA, the proposed method can be easily extended for estimation of frequencies of multiple sinusoids that are well-separated in frequency. We also derive the variance of the proposed estimator and provide simulation results comparing the proposed method with the WPA.
Charge Transport in Photofunctional Nanoparticles Self-Assembled from Zinc 5,10,15,20-Tetrakis(perylenediimide)porphyrin Building Blocks (2002)

Molecules designed to carry out photochemical energy conversion typically employ several sequential electron transfers, as do photosynthetic proteins. Yet, these molecules typically do not achieve the extensive charge transport characteristic of semiconductor devices. We have prepared a large molecule in which four perylene-3,4:9,10-tetracarboxydiimide (PDI) molecules that both collect photons and accept electrons are attached to a central zinc 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPP) electron donor. This molecule self-assembles into ordered nanoparticles both in solution and in the solid-state, driven by van der Waals stacking of the PDI molecules. Photoexcitation of the nanoparticles results in quantitative charge separation in 3.2 ps to form ZnTPP(+)PDI(-) radical ion pairs, in which the radical anion rapidly migrates to PDI molecules that are, on average, 21 A away, as evidenced by magnetic field effects on the yield of the PDI triplet state that results from radical ion pair recombination. These nanoparticles exhibit charge transport properties that combine important features from both photosynthetic and semiconductor photoconversion systems.
Functional screen identifies regulators of murine hematopoietic stem cell repopulation (2016)

Understanding the molecular regulation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) engraftment is paramount to improving transplant outcomes. To discover novel regulators of HSPC repopulation, we transplanted >1,300 mice with shRNA-transduced HSPCs within 24 h of isolation and transduction to focus on detecting genes regulating repopulation. We identified 17 regulators of HSPC repopulation: Arhgef5, Armcx1, Cadps2, Crispld1, Emcn, Foxa3, Fstl1, Glis2, Gprasp2, Gpr56, Myct1, Nbea, P2ry14, Smarca2, Sox4, Stat4, and Zfp251. Knockdown of each of these genes yielded a loss of function, except in the cases of Armcx1 and Gprasp2, whose loss enhanced hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) repopulation. The discovery of multiple genes regulating vesicular trafficking, cell surface receptor turnover, and secretion of extracellular matrix components suggests active cross talk between HSCs and the niche and that HSCs may actively condition the niche to promote engraftment. We validated that Foxa3 is required for HSC repopulating activity, as Foxa3(-/-) HSC fails to repopulate ablated hosts efficiently, implicating for the first time Foxa genes as regulators of HSPCs. We further show that Foxa3 likely regulates the HSC response to hematologic stress. Each gene discovered here offers a window into the novel processes that regulate stable HSPC engraftment into an ablated host.
LONELINESS AND DEPRESSION IN CAREGIVERS OF PERSONS WITH ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE OR RELATED DISORDERS (2000)

Secondary analysis of data from a sample of 242 husbands, wives, and daughters providing care for Alzheimer's disease family members was conducted to examine the relationships among loneliness and depression and the following variables: quality of the past relationship, relational deprivation, quality of the current relationship, and distance felt due to caregiving. Loneliness was significantly related to depression (r = .66, p < .001), relational deprivation (r = .36, p < .001), and quality of the current relationship (r = .34, p < .001), indicating that the more loneliness reported by the caregivers, the more the caregiver experienced depression, relational deprivation, and a poorer quality of the current relationship. Significant gender differences were found with the caregiving wives and daughters reporting higher mean scores than caregiving husbands on relational deprivation, loneliness, and depression. Loneliness was the only variable significant for predicting depression in caregiving husbands, wives, and daughters. In order for loneliness and depression to be addressed in the Alzheimer's disease caregiver, they must first be recognized by nurses.
Identification and Characterization of Ixodes scapularis Antigens That Elicit Tick Immunity Using Yeast Surface Display (2011)

Repeated exposure of rabbits and other animals to ticks results in acquired resistance or immunity to subsequent tick bites and is partially elicited by antibodies directed against tick antigens. In this study we demonstrate the utility of a yeast surface display approach to identify tick salivary antigens that react with tick-immune serum. We constructed an Ixodes scapularis nymphal salivary gland yeast surface display library and screened the library with nymph-immune rabbit sera and identified five salivary antigens. Four of these proteins, designated P8, P19, P23 and P32, had a predicted signal sequence. We generated recombinant (r) P8, P19 and P23 in a Drosophila expression system for functional and immunization studies. rP8 showed anti-complement activity and rP23 demonstrated anti-coagulant activity. Ixodes scapularis feeding was significantly impaired when nymphs were fed on rabbits immunized with a cocktail of rP8, rP19 and rP23, a hall mark of tick-immunity. These studies also suggest that these antigens may serve as potential vaccine candidates to thwart tick feeding.
Corporate Strategy (1993)

The best way to neutralize a competitor's strategic heart‐beat, said the great General George Smith Patton, is to change the rules of play.
Biological Conversion of Alamo Switchgrass Carbohydrates Following Co-Solvent Pretreatment (2018)

Lignocellulosic biomass is a renewable resource that can be converted to liquid fuels to reduce global dependence on fossil fuels and minimize greenhouse gas emissions. However, plants have evolved to protect their valuable cell wall polysaccharides through various mechanisms altogether termed recalcitrance. Pretreatment can overcome biomass recalcitrance and increase access to cellulose, although technologies require costly enzyme loadings to achieve high sugar yields after pretreatment, making biofuels unable to compete with petroleum-derived fuels. Recently, Co-solvent Enhanced Lignocellulosic Fractionation (CELF) has been developed as an advanced pretreatment technology to achieve high sugar yields from biomass at low enzyme loadings. In this thesis, the reasons behind increased digestibility of Alamo switchgrass after CELF were investigated in comparison to research benchmark dilute sulfuric acid (DSA) pretreatment. CELF was found to solubilize all of the hemicellulose and nearly 80% of lignin from switchgrass. Protein quantification revealed that residual lignin in CELF solids negligible amounts of enzyme than those from DSA pretreatment. Further analysis, in conjunction with scanning electron microscopy, suggested that unlike DSA, CELF prevented lignin redeposition during pretreatment. Molecular dynamics simulations and chemical characterization techniques showed that the tetrahydrofuran (THF):water co-solvent used during CELF was responsible for unraveling of lignin structure during pretreatment and facilitating acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of lignin inter-unit linkages. CELF was also found to be capable of achieving near identical sugar yields from unmilled and milled switchgrass, unlike DSA, thus potentially eliminating an entire processing step. In subsequent work, the liquid hydrolyzate after CELF pretreatment was found to contain fermentable sugars, lignin-derived compounds and a unique sugar-derived surfactant. The surfactant was found to be highly stimulatory to aerobic and anaerobic performance of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Lignin-derived phenolics in CELF hydrolyzate were found to be the major source of inhibition to fermenting microorganisms after removal of THF. Immiscible organic solvents were successful in extracting the majority of lignin-derived phenolics to overcome inhibition. Additionally, Saccharomyces cerevisiae was capable of acclimatizing to CELF hydrolyzate inhibitors by exposure to incremental concentrations of hydrolyzate and whole cell recycle in successive fermentation runs.