gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fast Inter Mode Selection Algorithm for Motion Estimation in MPEG-4 AVC/JVT/H.264 (2006)

The newest video coding standard H.264/AVC utilizes flexible block sizes and multiple reference frames to do motion estimation. Totally, there are seven possible types of block sizes to be selected in motion estimation. The exhaustive cost calculation for possible modes is required to find the motion vector. In order to reduce the computational complexity, this paper proposes a fast algorithm to select the block mode. The algorithm uses fuzzy inference with motion vector tightness and the variance of image intensity to determine whether it is necessary to do motion estimation with smaller size block mode. From the simulation result, the proposed fast algorithm can save at least 30% encoding time without sacrificing the picture quality and the bite rate efficiency.
Investigation of the Electric Field in TiO<sub>2</sub>/FTO Junctions Used in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells by Photocurrent Transients (2005)

We have investigated the electrostatic potential distribution in compact and nanoporous TiO2 films, deposited on conducting F-doped SnO2 substrate (FTO), which are used in dye-sensitized solar cells. The TiO2 films were immersed into aqueous electrolyte and excited from the FTO side by light pulses of a N2 laser while the current response was measured as a function of time. The measurements were carried out as a function of the pH value of the electrolyte and at different electrostatic potentials. For compact TiO2 films, the sign of the transient current at short response times changed when the applied electrostatic potential or the pH value was decreased. This was not observed for mesoporous TiO2 films directly deposited onto the FTO substrate without a compact TiO2 layer. We interpret the results in terms of a macroscopic electric field across the compact layer which is changed by the applied potential or the pH of the electrolyte. In contrast, measurements on mesoporous TiO2 films indicate that the contact region is mainly field-free, and we explain our results by a very sharp electrostatic potential drop within the first layer of particles at the TiO2/FTO interface.
Reducing bit flipping problems in SRAM physical unclonable functions for chip identification (2012)

Physical Unclonable functions (PUFs) have appeared as a promising solution to provide security in hardware. SRAM PUFs offer the advantage, over other PUF constructions, of reusing resources (memories) that already exist in many designs. However, their intrinsic noisy nature produces the so called bit flipping effect, which is a problem in circuit identification and secret key generation. The approaches reported to reduce this effect usually resort to the use of pre- and post-processing steps (such as Fuzzy Extractor structures combined with Error Correcting Codes), which increase the complexity of the system. This paper proposes a pre-processing step that reduces bit flipping problems without increasing the hardware complexity. The proposal has been verified experimentally with 90-nm SRAMs included in digital application specific integrated circuits (ASICs).
Curll and the westminster scholars (1856)

Journal Article Curll and the westminster scholars Get access M. N. S. M. N. S. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume s2-II, Issue 28, 12 July 1856, Pages 21–22, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s2-II.28.21c Published: 12 July 1856
Formal Languages and Their Relation to Automata (1969)

From the Preface (See Front Matter for full Preface)

The study of formal languages constitutes an important subarea of computer science. This area sprang to life around 1956 when Noam Chomsky gave a mathematical model of a grammar in connection with his study of natural languages. Shortly afterwards, the concept of a grammar was found to be of great importance to the programmer when the syntax of the programming language ALGOL was defined by a context-free grammar. This development led naturally to syntax-directed compiling and the concept of a compiler compiler. Since then a considerable flurry of activity has taken place, the results of which have related formal languages and automata theory to such an extent that it is impossible to treat the areas separately. By now, no serious study of computer science would be complete without a knowledge of the techniques and results from language and automata theory.

This book presents the theory of formal languages as a coherent theory and makes explicit its relationship to automata. The book begins with an explanation of the notion of a finite description of a language. The fundamental descriptive device--the grammar--is explained, as well as its three major subclasses--regular, context-free, and context-sensitive grammars. The context-free grammars are treated in detail, and such topics as normal forms, derivation trees, and ambiguity are covered. Four types of automata equivalent to the four types of grammars are described. These automata are the finite automaton, the pushdown automaton, the linear bounded automaton, and the Turing machine. The Turing machine is covered in detail, and unsolvability of the halting problem shown. The book concludes with certain advanced topics in language theory--closure properties, computational complexity, deterministic pushdown automata, LR(k) grammars, stack automata, and decidability.
Behavior of Trifluoroacetohydrazonoyl Bromide in Basic Media (1985)

Abstract The bromide 1 was treated with sodium methoxide or phenoxide to give exclusively the corresponding substituted product. The predominant formation of the substituted products was also recognized with regard to various amines. However, the reaction with triethylamine proceeded more complicatedly to give the products via reduction process together with a trace amount of the dimer of N-phenyl-C-(trifluoromethyl)nitrilimine.
Cyanide Toxicokinetics: The Behavior of Cyanide, Thiocyanate and 2-Amino-2-Thiazoline-4-Carboxylic Acid in Multiple Animal Models (2014)

Cyanide causes toxic effects by inhibiting cytochrome c oxidase, resulting in cellular hypoxia and cytotoxic anoxia, and can eventually lead to death. Cyanide exposure can be verified by direct analysis of cyanide concentrations or analyzing its metabolites, including thiocyanate (SCN(-)) and 2-amino-2-thiazoline-4-carboxylic acid (ATCA) in blood. To determine the behavior of these markers following cyanide exposure, a toxicokinetics study was performed in three animal models: (i) rats (250-300 g), (ii) rabbits (3.5-4.2 kg) and (iii) swine (47-54 kg). Cyanide reached a maximum in blood and declined rapidly in each animal model as it was absorbed, distributed, metabolized and eliminated. Thiocyanate concentrations rose more slowly as cyanide was enzymatically converted to SCN(-). Concentrations of ATCA did not rise significantly above the baseline in the rat model, but rose quickly in rabbits (up to a 40-fold increase) and swine (up to a 3-fold increase) and then fell rapidly, generally following the relative behavior of cyanide. Rats were administered cyanide subcutaneously and the apparent half-life (t1/2) was determined to be 1,510 min. Rabbits were administered cyanide intravenously and the t1/2 was determined to be 177 min. Swine were administered cyanide intravenously and the t1/2 was determined to be 26.9 min. The SCN(-) t1/2 in rats was 3,010 min, but was not calculated in rabbits and swine because SCN(-) concentrations did not reach a maximum. The t1/2 of ATCA was 40.7 and 13.9 min in rabbits and swine, respectively, while it could not be determined in rats with confidence. The current study suggests that cyanide exposure may be verified shortly after exposure by determining significantly elevated cyanide and SCN(-) in each animal model and ATCA may be used when the ATCA detoxification pathway is significant.
Nanofabrication technology by gas cluster ion beams (1996)

Reactive gas cluster ion beam etching, which has many advantages for plasma etching, is proposed. The anisotropic etching of Si is realized with a reactive cluster ion beam. Various kinds of cluster ion beams, from gaseous materials such as Ar, O2, N2, SF6, N2O, and CO2, can be generated by expanding them through a Laval nozzle into a high vacuum. The etching rate of W and Si bombarded by SF6 cluster ions was quite high as the result of reactive sputtering. Surprisingly, the sputtering yield reaches 2200 Si atoms/ion, when Si is sputtered by SF6 cluster ions, with an average size of 2000. This yield is two orders of magnitude larger than the value reported for reactive sputtering using monomer ions. 2.2 μm of Si was etched by SF6 cluster ions, with an energy of 25 keV, at a dose of 5×1015 ions/cm2. Due to the low ion dose, the charge induced damage is reduced. The selectivity of Si to SiO2 increases with decreasing incident energy of cluster ions and finally infinite selectivity can be achieved at 5 keV. This energy corresponds to 2.5 eV per SF6 molecule, when the cluster size is 2000. A 0.5 μm hole was etched by a SF6 ion cluster ion beam and anisotropic etching was demonstrated.
ESWT und Sonographie der Stütz- und Bewegungsorgane (1999)

Die Exkorporale Stoßwellentherapie (ESWT) stellt eine neue Behandlungsmethode bei verschiedenen Erkrankungen im Bereich der Stütz- und Bewegungsorgane dar: - Tendinosis calcarea des Schultergelenkes - Epicondylopathien des Ellenbogengelenkes - Fasziitis plantaris - Pseudarthrosen Weitere Indikationen für Krankheitbilder wie Ligamentosen und Tendopathien befinden sich derzeit in der klinischen Erprobungsphase. Dieses Buch vermittelt in übersichtlicher und anschaulicher Weise den aktuellen Stand der ESWT und der Sonographie der Stütz- und Bewegungsorgane: - Die definierbaren Indiaktionen für ESWT - Die Applikation des ESWT-Therapiekopfes unter sonographischer Kontrolle - Die Standard-Schnittebenen für die sonographische Untersuchung der großen Gelenke (Schulter-Ellenbgen-, Knie- und Sprunggelenk einschließlich Fuß) des Arbeitskreises "Stütz- und Bewegungsorgane" der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Ultraschall in der Medizin e.V. (DEGUM) - Die Sonoanatomie, die Applikation des Ultraschallkopfes und weitere Indikationen für die sonographische Untersuchung
Reducing myocardial infarct size: challenges and future opportunities (2015)

Despite prompt reperfusion by primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI), the mortality and morbidity of patients presenting with an acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) remain significant with 9% death and 10% heart failure at 1 year. In these patients, one important neglected therapeutic target is 'myocardial reperfusion injury', a term given to the cardiomyocyte death and microvascular dysfunction which occurs on reperfusing ischaemic myocardium. A number of cardioprotective therapies (both mechanical and pharmacological), which are known to target myocardial reperfusion injury, have been shown to reduce myocardial infarct (MI) size in small proof-of-concept clinical studies-however, being able to demonstrate improved clinical outcomes has been elusive. In this article, we review the challenges facing clinical cardioprotection research, and highlight future therapies for reducing MI size and preventing heart failure in patients presenting with STEMI at risk of myocardial reperfusion injury.
Substrate specificity and kinetic mechanism of human placental insulin receptor/kinase (1987)

The insulin receptor has been shown to be a protein kinase which phosphorylates its substrates on tyrosine residues. To examine the acceptor specificity of affinity-purified insulin receptor/kinase, hydroxyamino acid containing analogues of the synthetic peptide substrate Arg-Arg-Leu-Ile-Glu-Asp-Ala-Glu-Tyr-Ala-Ala-Arg-Gly were prepared. Substitution of serine, threonine, or D-tyrosine for L-tyrosine completely ablated the acceptor activity of the synthetic peptides. These peptides, along with a phenylalanine-containing analogue, did serve as competitive inhibitors of the insulin receptor/kinase with apparent Ki values in the range of 2-4 mM. These data suggest that the insulin receptor/kinase is specific for tyrosine residues in its acceptor substrate and imply that serine phosphate or threonine phosphate present in receptor is due to phosphorylation by other protein kinases. The kinetics of the phosphorylation of the L-tyrosine-containing peptide were examined by using prephosphorylated insulin receptor/kinase. Prephosphorylation of the receptor was necessary to maximally activate the kinase and to linearize the initial velocity of the peptide phosphorylation reaction. The data obtained rule out a ping-pong mechanism and are consistent with a random-order rapid-equilibrium mechanism for the phosphorylation of this peptide substrate. Additional experiments demonstrated that the autophosphorylated insulin receptor was not able to transfer the preincorporated phosphate to the synthetic peptide substrate. Thus, the insulin receptor/kinase catalyzes the reaction via a mechanism that does not involve transfer of phosphate from a phosphotyrosine-containing enzyme intermediate.
A 3D SoC design for H.264 application with on-chip DRAM stacking (2010)

Three-dimensional (3D) on-chip memory stacking has been proposed as a promising solution to the “memory wall” challenge with the benefits of low access latency, high data bandwidth, and low power consumption. The stacked memory tiers leverage through-silicon-vias (TSVs) to communicate with logic tiers, and thus dramatically reduce the access latency and improve the data bandwidth without the constraint of I/O pin count. To demonstrate the feasibility of 3D memory stacking, this paper introduces a 3D System-on-Chip (SoC) for H.264 applications that can make use of multiple memory channels offered by 3D integration. Two logic tiers are stacked together with each having an area of 2.5×5.0mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , with a 3-layer 8-channel 3D DRAM stacked on the top. The design flow for this 3D SoC is also presented. The prototype chip has been fabricated with GlobalFoundries' 130nm low-power process and Tezzaron's 3D TSV technology. The 3D implementation shows that the 3D ICs can alleviate the pressure from I/O pin count and allow parallel memory accesses through multiple channels.
Cell proliferation, extracellular matrix mineralization, and ovotransferrin transient expression during in vitro differentiation of chick hypertrophic chondrocytes into osteoblast-like cells (1993)

Differentiation of hypertrophic chondrocytes toward an osteoblast-like phenotype occurs in vitro when cells are transferred to anchorage-dependent culture conditions in the presence of ascorbic acid (Descalzi Cancedda, F., C. Gentili, P. Manduca, and R. Cancedda. 1992. J. Cell Biol. 117:427-435). This process is enhanced by retinoic acid addition to the culture medium. Here we compare the growth of hypertrophic chondrocytes undergoing this differentiation process to the growth of hypertrophic chondrocytes maintained in suspension culture as such. The proliferation rate is significantly higher in the adherent hypertrophic chondrocytes differentiating to osteoblast-like cells. In cultures supplemented with retinoic acid the proliferation rate is further increased. In both cases cells stop proliferating when mineralization of the extracellular matrix begins. We also report on the ultrastructural organization of the osteoblast-like cell cultures and we show virtual identity with cultures of osteoblasts grown from bone chips. Cells are embedded in a dense meshwork of type I collagen fibers and mineral is observed in the extracellular matrix associated with collagen fibrils. Differentiating hypertrophic chondrocytes secrete large amounts of an 82-kD glycoprotein. The protein has been purified from conditioned medium and identified as ovotransferrin. It is transiently expressed during the in vitro differentiation of hypertrophic chondrocytes into osteoblast-like cells. In cultured hypertrophic chondrocytes treated with 500 nM retinoic acid, ovotransferrin is maximally expressed 3 d after retinoic acid addition, when the cartilage-bone-specific collagen shift occurs, and decays between the 5th and the 10th day, when cells have fully acquired the osteoblast-like phenotype. Similar results were obtained when retinoic acid was added to the culture at the 50 nM "physiological" concentration. Cells expressing ovotransferrin also coexpress ovotransferrin receptors. This suggests an autocrine mechanism in the control of chondrocyte differentiation to osteoblast-like cells.
Combination therapy with interferon and JAK1-2 inhibitor is feasible: Proof of concept with rapid reduction in JAK2V617F-allele burden in polycythemia vera (2014)

We report a 55 year old woman with post-ET PV for 12 years, who experienced resolution of severe constitutional symptoms within 3 days, a marked reduction in splenomegaly and a rapid decline in the JAK2V617F allele burden during combination therapy with interferon-alpha2a and ruxolitinib. Within 4 weeks the patient achieved complete hematological remission with normalization of peripheral blood counts and within 10 months the JAK2V617F-allele burden was reduced from 90% to 28%. Such a rapid decline in the JAK2V617F allele burden is highly unusual in PV-patients during low-dose IFN-alpha2 monotherapy and this finding warrants a prospective study with combination therapy.
SYNTHESIS OF (±) BINAPHTHOLS VIA OXIDATIVE COUPLING OF NAPHTHOLS BY CERIUM AMMONIUM NITRATE (CAN) (2001)

2-Naphthol and methyl 3-hydroxy-2-naphthoate were oxidized to give the corresponding (±) binaphthols by cerium ammonium nitrate (CAN) in good yields.
Type II p21-activated kinases (PAKs) are regulated by an autoinhibitory pseudosubstrate (2012)

The type II p21-activated kinases (PAKs) are key effectors of RHO-family GTPases involved in cell motility, survival, and proliferation. Using a structure-guided approach, we discovered that type II PAKs are regulated by an N-terminal autoinhibitory pseudosubstrate motif centered on a critical proline residue, and that this regulation occurs independently of activation loop phosphorylation. We determined six X-ray crystal structures of either full-length PAK4 or its catalytic domain, that demonstrate the molecular basis for pseudosubstrate binding to the active state with phosphorylated activation loop. We show that full-length PAK4 is constitutively autoinhibited, but mutation of the pseudosubstrate releases this inhibition and causes increased phosphorylation of the apoptotic regulation protein Bcl-2/Bcl-X(L) antagonist causing cell death and cellular morphological changes. We also find that PAK6 is regulated by the pseudosubstrate region, indicating a common type II PAK autoregulatory mechanism. Finally, we find Src SH3, but not β-PIX SH3, can activate PAK4. We provide a unique understanding for type II PAK regulation.
Origin of the superior adhesive performance of mushroom-shaped microstructured surfaces (2011)

The superlative adhesive properties of some biological attachment systems, such as those of geckos, spiders, and insects, have inspired researchers from different fields (e.g. biology, physics and engineering) to conceive and design man-made microstructured surfaces that might mimic their performance. Among the several proposed designs, very recently mushroom-shaped adhesive microstructures have drawn the interest of scientists and engineers, because experiments have proved their superiority compared to other micro- and nano-structures. In this article, we explain theoretically the physical mechanism behind the enhanced adhesion of such microstructures, and provide for the first time a useful tool to predict adhesive performance depending on the geometry, mechanical properties of the material, and energy of adhesion. Our theoretical predictions are strongly supported by the available experimental data. The present study can streamline the optimisation of adhesive microstructures for industrial applications.
Solid photonic bandgap fiber assisted by an extra air-clad structure for low-loss operation around 15 µm (2007)

We demonstrate that our previous loss results [1] in an all-solid photonic bandgap fiber were in fact limited by bend loss. A new design, based on the addition of an extra ring of air holes on the outside of the all solid photonic bandgap structure, is then proposed, realized and characterized. We demonstrate that it significantly reduces both the fiber diameter and its sensitivity to bend loss.
Cranioplasty with autogenous bone flaps cryopreserved in povidone iodine: a long-term follow-up study (2017)

OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the long-term therapeutic efficacy of cranioplasty with autogenous bone flaps cryopreserved in povidone iodine and explore the risk factors for bone resorption. METHODS Clinical data and follow-up results of 188 patients (with 211 bone flaps) who underwent cranioplasty with autogenous bone flaps cryopreserved in povidone-iodine were retrospectively analyzed. Bone flap resorption was classified into 3 types according to CT features, including bone flap thinning (Type I), reduced bone density (Type II), and osteolysis within the flaps (Type III). The extent of bone flap resorption was graded as mild, moderate, or severe. RESULTS Short-term postoperative complications included subcutaneous or extradural seroma collection in 19 flaps (9.0%), epidural hematoma in 16 flaps (7.6%), and infection in 8 flaps (3.8%). Eight patients whose flaps became infected and had to be removed and 2 patients who died within 2 years were excluded from the follow-up analysis. For the remaining 178 patients and 201 flaps, the follow-up duration was 24-122 months (mean 63.1 months). In 93 (46.3%) of these 201 flaps, CT demonstrated bone resorption, which was classified as Type I in 55 flaps (59.1%), Type II in 11 (11.8%), and Type III in 27 (29.0%). The severity of bone resorption was graded as follows: no bone resorption in 108 (53.7%) of 201 flaps, mild resorption in 66 (32.8%), moderate resorption in 15 (7.5%), and severe resorption in 12 (6.0%). The incidence of moderate or severe resorption was higher in Type III than in Type I (p = 0.0008). The grading of bone flap resorption was associated with the locations of bone flaps (p = 0.0210) and fragmentation (flaps broken into 2 or 3 fragments) (p = 0.0009). The incidence of bone flap collapse due to bone resorption was higher in patients who underwent ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt implantation than in those who did not (p = 0.0091). CONCLUSIONS Because of the low incidence rates of infection and severe bone resorption, the authors conclude that cranioplasty with autogenous bone flaps cryopreserved in povidone-iodine solution is safe and effective. The changes characteristic of bone flap resorption became visible on CT scans about 2 months after cranioplasty and tended to stabilize at about 18 months postoperatively. The bone resorption of autogenous bone flap may be classified into 3 types. The rates of moderate and severe resorption were much higher in Type III than in Type I. The grade of bone flap resorption was associated with bone flap locations. Fragmented bone flaps or those implanted in patients treated with VP shunts may have a higher incidence of bone flap collapse due to bone resorption.