gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CT Perfusion in Oncologic Imaging: A Useful Tool? (2012)

Tumor angiogenesis is essential for cancer growth and provides an attractive target for oncologic therapies. CT perfusion is an emerging imaging tool that provides both qualitative and quantitative information regarding tumor angiogenesis.
Asymmetric 1,2- and 1,3-Inductions and Solvent Dependence Found in Chelate-Controlled Additions of Grignard Reagents and Cuprates to Chiral β-Formyl Esters. Stereoselective Synthesis of γ-Lactones (1989)

The stereoselectivity of cuprate or Grignard reagent additions to chiral β-formyl esters 1, 3, and 5 highly depends on the solvent employed. Also, the substitution pattern of the aldehyde determines whether the cis- or trans-γ-lactone is the major product.
Grafts of microencapsulated pancreatic islet cells for the therapy of diabetes mellitus in non‐immunosuppressed animals (2004)

Pancreatic-islet-cell transplantation may reverse hyperglycaemia in diabetic recipients that undertake general pharmacological immunosuppression. A major challenge that remains is the need to avoid immunosuppression associated with the use of allogeneic or heterologous islet cells. In the present study we demonstrate the use of microencapsulation of cells using artificial biocompatible and permselective membranes prepared with alginic acid derivatives and polyamino acids. While characterization of the microcapsule constituent polymers continues to progress, other technical issues such as definition of the immunobarrier capacity, biocompatibility, size, shape and graft site have come into sharper focus. Assessment of microcapsules properties, in order to establish possible guidelines for fabrication of reproducible membranes, and results from both in vitro functional testing, and in vivo encapsulated-islet-transplant outcome in several animal models of diabetes are reported.
N-Acetylglucosamine-inducible CaGAP1 encodes a general amino acid permease which co-ordinates external nitrogen source response and morphogenesis in Candida albicans (2003)

Candida albicans is able to grow in a variety of reversible morphological forms (yeast, pseudohyphal and hyphal) in response to various environmental signals, noteworthy among them being N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc). The gene CaGAP1, homologous to GAP1, which encodes the general amino acid permease from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was isolated on the basis of its induction by GlcNAc through differential screening of a C. albicans genomic library. The gene could functionally complement an S. cerevisiae gap1 mutant by rendering it susceptible to the toxic amino acid analogue mimosine in minimal proline media. As in S. cerevisiae, mutation of the CaGAP1 gene had an effect on citrulline uptake in C. albicans. Northern analysis showed that GlcNAc-induced expression of CaGAP1 was further enhanced in synthetic minimal media supplemented with single amino acids (glutamate, proline and glutamine) or urea (without amino acids) but repressed in minimal ammonium media. Induction of CaGAP1 expression by GlcNAc was nullified in C. albicans deleted for the transcription factor CPH1 and the hyphal regulator RAS1, indicating the involvement of Cph1p-dependent Ras1p signalling in CaGAP1 expression. A homozygous mutant of this gene showed defective hyphal formation in solid hyphal-inducing media and exhibited less hyphal clumps when induced by GlcNAc. Alteration of morphology and short filamentation under nitrogen-starvation conditions in the heterozygous mutant suggested that CaGAP1 affects morphogenesis in a dose-dependent manner.
Colossal Ultraviolet Photoresponsivity of Few-Layer Black Phosphorus (2015)

Black phosphorus has an orthorhombic layered structure with a layer-dependent direct band gap from monolayer to bulk, making this material an emerging material for photodetection. Inspired by this and the recent excitement over this material, we studied the optoelectronics characteristics of high-quality, few-layer black phosphorus-based photodetectors over a wide spectrum ranging from near-ultraviolet (UV) to near-infrared (NIR). It is demonstrated for the first time that black phosphorus can be configured as an excellent UV photodetector with a specific detectivity ∼3 × 10(13) Jones. More critically, we found that the UV photoresponsivity can be significantly enhanced to ∼9 × 10(4) A W(-1) by applying a source-drain bias (VSD) of 3 V, which is the highest ever measured in any 2D material and 10(7) times higher than the previously reported value for black phosphorus. We attribute such a colossal UV photoresponsivity to the resonant-interband transition between two specially nested valence and conduction bands. These nested bands provide an unusually high density of states for highly efficient UV absorption due to the singularity of their nature.
Expression of Phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) Is Regulated by Both the Cyclic AMP-dependent Protein Kinase and Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathways (2000)

Multiple families of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDE) have been described, and the regulated expression of these genes in cells is complex. Although cAMP is known to control the expression of certain PDE in cells, presumably reflecting a system of feedback on cAMP signaling, relatively little is known about the influence of non-cAMP signaling systems on PDE expression. In this study, we describe a novel mechanism by which activators of the protein kinase C (PKC)-Raf-MEK-ERK cascade regulate phosphodiesterase 4D (PDE4D) expression in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and assess the functional consequences of this effect. Whereas a prolonged elevation of cAMP in VSMC resulted in a protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent induction of expression of two PDE4D variants (PDE4D1 and PDE4D2), simultaneous activation of both the cAMP-PKA and PKC-Raf-MEK-ERK signaling cascades blunted this cAMP-mediated increase in PDE4D expression. By using biochemical, molecular biological, and pharmacological approaches, we demonstrate that this PDE4D-selective effect of activators of the PKC-Raf-MEK-ERK cascade was mediated through a mechanism involving altered PDE4D mRNA stability and markedly attenuated the cAMP-mediated desensitization that results from prolonged activation of the cAMP signaling system in cells. The data are presented in the context of activators of the PKC-Raf-MEK-ERK cascade having both short and long term effects on PDE4D activity and expression in cells that may influence cAMP signaling.
A Reliable von Willebrand Factor: Ristocetin Cofactor Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay to Differentiate between Type 1 and Type 2 von Willebrand Disease (2002)

von Willebrand disease (vWD) is the most common hereditary bleeding disorder due to either a qualitative or a quantitative defect in von Willebrand factor (vWF). vWF is a multimeric plasma protein that plays an important role in (1) primary hemostasis, by sustaining indirect platelet adhesion especially at high shear rates, and in (2) secondary hemostasis, by protecting factor VIIIc (FVIIIc) from degradation. A correct diagnosis of vWD is based on the accurate identification of one of the six different subtypes (type 1, 2A, 2B, 2M, 2N, 3). To do this, different laboratory tests are available. One aspect of the identification is the discrimination between type 1 and type 2 (2A, 2B, and 2M) vWD. In type 1 vWD, both vWF levels (vWF:Ag) and vWF activity (vWF:RCof) are decreased; in type 2, the vWF:Ag level is normal or decreased and vWF:RCof is decreased. Thus, ratios of vWF:Ag to vWF:RiCof above 1 allow identifation of type 2 vWD patients. The currently used vWF:RCof test is an agglutination test in which patients' plasma is added to washed fixed control platelets in the presence of ristocetin and the extent of agglutination is measured. This test suffers from high interlaboratory and intralaboratory variability. We have recently shown that the same vWF:RCof can also be measured in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with a low interassay and intraassay variability and can be used to identify patients suffering from vWD. We here show that our test allows the discrimination between type 1 and type 2 vWD patients.
Thermodynamics of Three-Way Multibranch Loops in RNA (2001)

RNA multibranch loops (junctions) are loops from which three or more helices exit. They are nearly ubiquitous in RNA secondary structures determined by comparative sequence analysis. In this study, systems in which two strands combine to form three-way junctions were used to measure the stabilities of RNA multibranch loops by UV optical melting and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). These data were used to calculate the free energy increment for initiation of a three-way junction on the basis of a nearest neighbor model for secondary structure stability. Imino proton NMR spectra were also measured for two systems and are consistent with the hypothesized helical structures. Incorporation of the experimental data into the mfold and RNA structure computer programs has contributed to an improvement in prediction of RNA secondary structure from sequence.
Proliferative activity in primary breast carcinomas is a salient prognostic factor (2004)

S phase fraction is a valuable predictor of survival and can confidently be assessed in approximately 80% of cases. In conjunction with mitotic activity, SPF should become a prognostic factor that is used in daily practice by oncologists for the management of breast carcinoma.
Induction of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Lipid-Specific T Cell Responses by Pulmonary Delivery of Mycolic Acid-Loaded Polymeric Micellar Nanocarriers (2018)

Mycolic acid (MA), a major lipid component of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (Mtb) cell wall, can be presented by the non-polymorphic antigen presenting molecule CD1b to T cells isolated from Mtb-infected individuals. These MA-specific CD1b-restricted T cells are cytotoxic, produce Th1 cytokines, and form memory populations, suggesting that MA can be explored as a potential subunit vaccine candidate for TB. However, the controlled elicitation of MA-specific T cell responses has been challenging due to difficulties in the targeted delivery of lipid antigens and a lack of suitable animal models. In this study, we generated MA-loaded micellar nanocarriers (MA-Mc) comprised of self-assembled poly(ethylene glycol)-bl-poly(propylene sulfide; PEG-PPS) copolymers conjugated to an acid sensitive fluorophore to enhance intracellular delivery of MA to phagocytic immune cells. Using humanized CD1 transgenic (hCD1Tg) mice, we found these nanobiomaterials to be endocytosed by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) and localized to lysosomal compartments. Additionally, MA-Mc demonstrated superior efficacy over free MA in activating MA-specific TCR transgenic (DN1) T cells <i>in vitro</i>. Following intranasal immunization, MA-Mc were primarily taken up by alveolar macrophages and DCs in the lung and induced activation and proliferation of adoptively transferred DN1 T cells. Furthermore, intranasal immunization with MA-Mc induced MA-specific T cell responses in the lungs of hCD1Tg mice. Collectively, our data demonstrates that pulmonary delivery of MA <i>via</i> PEG-PPS micelles to DCs can elicit potent CD1b-restricted T cell responses both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> and MA-Mc could be explored as subunit vaccines against Mtb infection.
Chemical Control of Graphene Architecture: Tailoring Shape and Properties (2014)

Single layer graphene and graphene oxide feature useful and occasionally unique properties by virtue of their two-dimensional structure. Given that there is a strong correlation between graphene architecture and its conductive, mechanical, chemical, and sorptive properties, which lead to useful technologies, the ability to systematically deform graphene into three-dimensional structures, therefore, provides a controllable, scalable route toward tailoring such properties in the final system. However, the advent of chemical methods to control graphene architecture is still coming to fruition and requires focused attention. The flexibility of the graphene system and the direct and indirect methods available to induce morphology changes of graphene sheets are first discussed in this review. Focus is then given toward chemical reactions that influence the shape of presynthesized graphene and graphene oxide sheets, from which a toolbox can be extrapolated and used in controlling the spatial arrangement of graphene sheets within composite materials and ultimately tailoring graphene-based device performance. Finally, the properties of three-dimensionally controlled graphene-based systems are highlighted for their use as batteries, strengthening additives, gas or liquid sorbents, chemical reactor platforms, and supercapacitors.
Energy‐efficient high‐accuracy switching method for SAR ADCs (2014)

A new tri‐level switching method for successive approximation register (SAR) analogue‐to‐digital converters (ADCs) is presented. The proposed switching method enhances the efficiency of digital‐to‐analogue converter switching energy by 93.7% and achieves a 75% reduction in the total capacitor size, compared with the conventional SAR ADC. In addition, the accuracy of the proposed SAR ADC has no dependency on the accuracy of the mid‐level reference voltage ( V cm ) except in the least significant bit, and the common‐mode voltage at the input of the comparator will remain approximately unchanged. Analytical calculations and behavioural simulation results are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed switching scheme.
Receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) capability for sole-means GPS navigation in the oceanic phase of flight (1992)

Receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM), a GPS integrity monitoring scheme that uses redundant ranging signals to detect a satellite malfunction that results in a large range error, involves two functions: detection of the presence of a malfunctioning satellite and identification of which satellite (or satellites) is malfunctioning. An analysis is presented of GPS RAIM capability for sole-means navigation in the oceanic phase of flight, where the position protection limit requirement for the integrity function is not as stringent as for nonprecision approaches, and yet both detection and identification function may be required if GPS is to be used as a sole-means system. For this purpose, a detection and identification algorithm is developed which takes advantage of the fact that for the oceanic phase of flight, a much larger position error is acceptable than for the nonprecision approach phase of flight. The performance of this algorithm and an algorithm proposed previously by others is estimated via simulation and compared. On the basis of the results, recommendations are made on how RAIM may be used if GPS is to be coupled with an inertial system to provide a sole-means capability in the oceanic phase of flight.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Performance of Reed-Solomon coded type-1 hybrid ARQ scheme on fading channels (2002)

A Reed-Solomon coded type-1 hybrid ARQ scheme based on a selective-repeat (SR) ARQ with multicopy retransmission is proposed for mobile/personal satellite communication systems of a transmitter and a receiver both with finite buffer. The performance of the proposed scheme on fading channels is analyzed. The basic idea of the strategy is the use of two modes; the SR mode and the multicopy mode. In the latter mode, erroneous blocks stored in the /spl nu/N block transmitter buffer are alternatively retransmitted multiple times when /spl nu/ consecutive retransmissions in the SR mode are received in error, where N denotes round-trip-delay in blocks. Numerical and simulation results for /spl nu/=1 show that the proposed scheme presents better performance than the conventional SR+ST scheme 2 of the 2N block buffer by Miller and Lin (1981).
Facile access to poly(NMA-co-VCL) hydrogels via long range laser ignited frontal polymerization (2013)

We report a new method for the facile and fast synthesis of poly(NMA-co-VCL) (NMA = N-methylolacrylamide, VCL = N-vinylcaprolactam) hydrogels via infrared laser ignited frontal polymerization (LIFP). Once LIFP was initiated, no further energy was required for the following polymerization. We investigated the dependence of the frontal velocity and temperature of the LIFP on the NMA : VCL weight ratio in detail, as well as the swelling behavior and morphology properties of the as-prepared hydrogels. The swelling capacity of the hydrogels prepared by LIFP was superior to that obtained by the traditional thermal frontal polymerization (TFP) method. More interestingly, LIFP could be successfully carried out using a long range infrared laser inducer with remote control. With a further increase in the infrared laser energy, longer range LIFP could be also achieved, making it possible to deal with spilled toxic substances without being close to the location of the reaction.
Gaussian Random Number Generation (2016)

Some excellent surveys of the Gaussian random number generators (GRNGs) from the algorithmic perspective exist in the published literature to date (e.g., Thomas et al. [2007]). In the last decade, however, advancements in digital hardware have resulted in an ever-decreasing hardware cost and increased design flexibility. Additionally, recent advances in applications like gaming, weather forecasting, and simulations in physics and astronomy require faster, cheaper, and statistically accurate GRNGs. These two trends have contributed toward the development of a number of novel GRNG architectures optimized for hardware design. A detailed comparative study of these hardware architectures has been somewhat missing in the published literature. This work provides the potential user a capsulization of the published hardware GRNG architectures. We have provided the method and theory, pros and cons, and a comparative summary of the speed, statistical accuracy, and hardware resource utilization of these architectures. Finally, we have complemented this work by describing two novel hardware GRNG architectures, namely, the CLT-inversion and the multihat algorithm, respectively. These new architectures provide high tail accuracy ( 6σ and 8σ , respectively) at a low hardware cost.
Verkronte‐Fullerene (1993)

Crowned Fullerenes C 60 reacts with [15]crown‐5‐substituted diphenylcarbene precursors to give the corresponding benzo‐crowned methano‐fullerenes 7 , which were isolated preparatively and characterized. Two isomers 7a and 7b , which equilibrate to 7a upon heating, were detected by HPCL and separated. The [15]crown‐5‐, [18]crown‐6‐, and bis[15]crown‐5‐substituted hydrazones 3b—d have been prepared. The X‐ray structure analysis of the crowned hydrazone 3b shows distinct hydrogen bonding patterns between NH‐ and crown oxygen atoms in dimer‐type arrangements.
The Preparation of 4-Thiazolidones by the Reaction of Thioglycolic Acid with Schiff Bases (1947)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Preparation of 4-Thiazolidones by the Reaction of Thioglycolic Acid with Schiff BasesAlexander R. SurreyCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1947, 69, 11, 2911–2912Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1947Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1947https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01203a507https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01203a507research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views500Altmetric-Citations57LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Solid-Phase Synthesis of 1,3,4-Oxadiazole and 1,3,4-Thiadiazole Derivatives via Selective, Reagent-Based Cyclization of Acyldithiocarbazate Resins (2005)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReportNEXTSolid-Phase Synthesis of 1,3,4-Oxadiazole and 1,3,4-Thiadiazole Derivatives via Selective, Reagent-Based Cyclization of Acyldithiocarbazate ResinsJong Yeon Hwang, Hyung-Sub Choi, Duck-Hyung Lee, and Young-Dae GongView Author Information Medicinal Science Division, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, P.O. Box 107, Yusung, Daejon 305-600, Korea, and Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul, 121-742, Korea Cite this: J. Comb. Chem. 2005, 7, 6, 816–819Publication Date (Web):October 19, 2005Publication History Received25 July 2005Published online19 October 2005Published inissue 1 November 2005https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cc0500957https://doi.org/10.1021/cc0500957brief-reportACS PublicationsCopyright © 2005 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1081Altmetric-Citations68LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Chemoselectivity,Cyclization,Heterocyclic compounds,Organic polymers,Reaction products Get e-Alerts