gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Microbiological Transformations of Steroids. VI. Preparation of 11α-Hydroxy-6-dehydroprogesterone (1953)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMicrobiological Transformations of Steroids. VI. Preparation of 11α-Hydroxy-6-dehydroprogesteroneD. H. Peterson, A. H. Nathan, P. D. Meister, S. H. Eppstein, H. C. Murray, A. Weintraub, L. M. Reineke, and H. Marian LeighCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1953, 75, 2, 419–421Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1953Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1953https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01098a047https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01098a047research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views102Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
공학 / 가공 / 관능검사 : 915 MHz Microwave 를 이용한 동결 돈육의 급속 해동 (1999)

본 연구는 해동중 발생하는 drip 손실, 미생물의 오염, 표면의 과열 등을 방지하면서 급속 해동 방법을 찾기 위해 동결 돈육에 여러 가지 해동 방법을 적용하였다. 4, 28, 50℃에서의 해동과 2,450, 915 MHz의 microwave를 이용하여 해동을 실시하였고, 915 MHz microwave 해동은 출력을 5, 10, 15 kW로 변화시키면서 단일 조사와 120℃의 열풍을 함께 조사한 경우를 해동시간, 온도분포, drip 손실, 보수력, 표면색도, 총세균수를 측정하였다. 915 MHz microwave를 이용한 해동은 열전도에 의한 해동보다 2백배 이상 시간이 단축되었고, 2,450 MHz microwave를 이용한 해동 방법의 침투깊이의 제한에서 발생되는 문제를 개선시킬 수 있었으며 drip 손실, 보수력, 총세균수에 있어서 효과가 컸다. 저주파수(915 MHz), 저출력(5 kW)의 microwave와 대류 가열을 병용하여 품질 저하를 최소한으로 방지하면서 급속해동을 위한 산업적 이용이 가능한 것으로 기대할 수 있었다.
Vaccination against hepatitis A and B: developments, deployment and delusions (2006)

This review describes further evidence to support the introduction of universal immunization against hepatitis B in those countries where this has yet to be implemented. Immunization programmes will continue to evolve to include the administration of polyvalent vaccines in order to best protect populations against infectious diseases.
Deracemization of Amino Acids by Coupling Transaminases of Opposite Stereoselectivity (2014)

Abstract Biocatalytic deracemization of amino acids without relying on oxidase‐based deamination of an unwanted enantiomer was demonstrated by coupling α‐ and ω‐transaminases displaying opposite stereoselectivity. This strategy employs isopropylamine and a keto acid as cosubstrates and is free of generation of hydrogen peroxide which is troublesome in the conventional oxidase‐based methods. magnified image
MiRNAs in skeletal muscle differentiation (2007)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) represent an important class of short natural RNAs that act as post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression. Genetic studies in Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila revealed that miRNAs are involved in fine tuning the spatial and temporal regulation of developmental events, including precursor cell proliferation, differentiation and programmed death (Ambros, 2003; Brennecke et al., 2003; Sempere et al., 2003, Xu et al., 2003; Biemar et al., 2005). MiRNAs have been found essentially in every cell type analyzed to date. A recent systematic analysis of spatial expression of miRNA in developing zebrafish embryos showed that most tissues have a unique time-dependent pattern of miRNA expression (Wienholds et al., 2005). In silico methods predicted that the individual miRNAs have, on average, hundreds of target mRNAs, suggesting that miRNAs have enormous regulatory roles in different genetic programs (Lewis et al., 2003; Brennecke et al., 2005; Krek et al., 2005; Xie et al., 2005). However, the number of functional miRNA/target pairs experimentally characterized to date is minimal.
Comment on “ALK is a therapeutic target for lethal sepsis” (2018)

Physiologically relevant ALK (anaplastic lymphoma kinase) expression was not detected in human and mouse monocytes and macrophages, suggesting that the effects of bioactive compounds on stimulator of interferon genes (STING) activation may not depend on ALK.
Experiments (2017)

With the rise in attention to randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in educational research, experimentation has considerable prominence, particularly in its claim to address causality. This chapter sets out features of, advantages and disadvantages, claims and counter-claims in RCTs and its variants, and other kinds of experimental designs, and identifies a range of different types of experiment and quality criteria in experimentation (e.g. how we know if an experiment has ‘worked’ and that the results are valid and reliable). It identifies the characteristics of, and requirements for, a ‘true’ experiment, with special attention to randomization, controls and controlled interventions, and distinguishes ‘true’ RCTs from field experiments, natural experiments, quasi-experiments, single-case experiments and retrospective (ex post facto) experiments. The chapter provides advice on how to select an experimental design; how to plan, conduct and report experiments; and how to address threats to validity and reliability. The chapter also addresses issues in design experiments and Internet-based experiments.
Recovery of Ca2+ Pools and Growth in Ca2+Pool-depleted Cells Is Mediated by Specific Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acids Derived from Arachidonic Acid (1997)

Depletion of Ca2+ pools using the irreversible Ca2+ pump blocker, thapsigargin, induces DDT1MF-2 smooth muscle cells to enter a stable nonproliferative state. Reversal of this state can be mediated by high (20%) serum treatment, which induces new Ca2+ pump protein, return of Ca2+ pools, and reentry of cells into the cell cycle; the effect of serum can be mimicked by the essential fatty acids (EFA), arachidonic, linoleic, and alpha-linolenic acids (Graber, M.N., Alfonso, A., and Gill, D.L., (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 883-888). The possible requirement for EFA metabolism in inducing recovery of Ca2+ pool-depleted growth-arrested cells was investigated. Neither cyclooxygenase or lipoxygenase inhibitors had any effect on arachidonic acid-induced growth recovery of thapsigargin-treated cells. In contrast, the cytochrome P-450 epoxygenase inhibitors, SKF525A and metyrapone, substantially reduced arachidonic acid-induced recovery of growth while having minimal effects on control cell growth. Both epoxygenase inhibitors completely prevented the arachidonic acid-induced recovery of bradykinin-releasable Ca2+-pumping pools, whereas cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibitors had no effect. The effectiveness of the four cytochrome P-450 metabolites of arachidonic acid on recovery of Ca2+ pools were compared; 8,9- and 11,12-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) at 1.5 microM were completely effective in recovering agonist-sensitive Ca2+ pools, whereas the 5,6- and 14,15-EETs were without effect. SKF525A did not block the action of 8,9- or 11, 12-EET indicating further P-450 metabolism was not required. Hydration of the active EET molecules prevented Ca2+ pool recovery since the dihydroxy-derivatives of both 8,9- and 11,12-EET were ineffective. The specificity of effectiveness among EET molecules for subsequent resumption of growth of thapsigargin-treated cells was the same as for Ca2+ pool recovery. Significantly, the P-450 inhibitors, SKF525A and metyrapone, both prevented the action of 20% serum in inducing recovery of thapsigargin-treated cells, whereas cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibitors were ineffective, indicating that EFAs are the active component within serum that is responsible for recovery of Ca2+ pool-depleted cells. The specific action of EETs in mediating recovery of Ca2+ pools and growth of thapsigargin-treated cells represents not only a novel action of epoxygenase products from EFAs, but also a potentially significant new signaling pathway that may effect translational control and regulate transition from a stationary to proliferative growth state.
Effects of Gibberellic Acid on Primary Terpenoids and Δ<sup>9</sup>‐Tetrahydrocannabinol in <i>Cannabis sativa</i> at Flowering Stage (2009)

Plants synthesize an astonishing diversity of isoprenoids, some of which play essential roles in photosynthesis, respiration, and the regulation of growth and development. Two independent pathways for the biosynthesis of isoprenoid precursors coexist within the plant cell: the cytosolic mevalonic acid (MVA) pathway and the plastidial methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway. However, little is known about the effects of plant hormones on the regulation of these pathways. In the present study we investigated the effect of gibberellic acid (GA(3)) on changes in the amounts of many produced terpenoids and the activity of the key enzymes, 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS) and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGR), in these pathways. Our results showed GA(3) caused a decrease in DXS activity in both sexes that it was accompanied by a decrease in chlorophylls, carotenoids and Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) contents and an increase in alpha-tocopherol content. The treated plants with GA(3) showed an increase in HMGR activity. This increase in HMGR activity was followed by accumulation of stigmasterol and beta-sitosterol in male and female plants and campestrol in male plants. The pattern of the changes in the amounts of sterols was exactly similar to the changes in the HMGR activity. These data suggest that GA(3) can probably influence the MEP and MVA pathways oppositely, with stimulatory and inhibitory effects on the produced primary terpenoids in MVA and DXS pathways, respectively.
Organ-Specific Transcription of Putative Flavonol Synthase Genes of Grapevine and Effects of Plant Hormones and Shading on Flavonol Biosynthesis in Grape Berry Skins (2006)

In order to investigate the control mechanism of flavonol biosynthesis of grapevine, we obtained five genomic sequences (FLS1 to FLS5) of putative flavonol synthase genes from Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon. The mRNA of five FLSs accumulated in flower buds and flowers, while the mRNA of FLS2, FLS4, and FLS5 accumulated in small berry skins and then decreased toward veraison. At the ripening stage, the mRNA of only FLS4 and FLS5 accumulated again. This change in mRNA accumulation did not contradict the flavonol accumulation in the berry skins. Shading of the berries completely inhibited the increase in flavonol content and mRNA accumulation of FLS4, but did not affect the mRNA accumulation of FLS5. The effects of light and plant hormones on flavonol accumulation were different from those on anthocyanin accumulation. Thus flavonol biosynthesis appears to be under a different control system from that of anthocyanin biosynthesis.
Implementing an application for communication and quality measurements over UMTS networks (2003)

The interest for various multimedia services accessed via the Internet has been growing immensely along with the bandwidth available. A similar development has emerged in the 3G mobile network. The focus of this master thesis is on the speech/audio part of a 3G multimedia application. The purpose has been to implement a traffic generating tool that can measure QoS (Quality of Service) in 3G networks. The application is compliant to the 3G standards, i.e. it uses AMR (Adaptive Multi Rate), SIP (Session Initiation Protocol) and RTP (Real Time Transport Protocol). AMR is a speech compression algorithm with the special feature that it can compress speech into several different bitrates. SIP signalling is used so that different applications can agree on how to communicate. RTP carries the speech frames over the network, in order to provide features that are necessary for media/multimedia applications. Issues like perception of audio and QoS related parameters is also discussed, from the perspective of users and developers.
Fast music information retrieval using PAT tree based dynamic time warping (2011)

Recently, music retrieval is getting more and more attentions, especially for the query by humming (QBH), which is straightforward and convenient for usage. However, the difference between humming phrase matching and the precision of singer humming increase the difficulty of retrieval. Apart from retrieval precision, retrieval time is another issue should be taken into consideration. In this paper, we use two-stage searching approach for music retrieval. Since PAT tree (variant of Patricia tree, practical algorithm to retrieve information coded in alphanumeric) shows an excellent performance in matching partial sequence, in the first stage, the simply reduced note interval is adopted as a key phrase of PAT tree for fast indexing the candidate regions from the feature sequences in the database. In addition, the searching of partial sequences suffering from the insertion, deletion and transposition errors works well in the indexing of reduced note interval. The resulting diversity of candidates may be further reduced via a more complicated dynamic time warping (DTW) comparison in the second step. Our approach not only avoids the exhausted computation in the simple DTW approach, but preservers the fault-tolerance capability in the matching process.
Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of Mytilus galloprovincialis differences in protein expression between intertidal and cultured mussels (2001)

MEPS Marine Ecology Progress Series Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections MEPS 224:149-156 (2001) - doi:10.3354/meps224149 Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of Mytilus galloprovincialis: differences in protein expression between intertidal and cultured mussels J. L. López1,*, E. Mosquera1, J. Fuentes2, A. Marina3, J. Vázquez3, G. Alvarez1 1Departamento de Biología Fundamental, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain 2Centro de Investigaciones Mariñas, Consellería de Pesca, Xunta de Galicia, 36620 Pontevedra, Spain 3Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain *E-mail: jllopez@usc.es ABSTRACT: Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) is a unique method of large-scale protein characterisation, and is a powerful approach in the study of protein expression. In the present work, the experimental conditions for 2-DE of foot proteins from the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis Lmk were established; the technique was performed with intertidal and cultured mussels using Melanie 3 software for data analysis. This powerful technique enabled the visualisation of a total of 750 protein spots consistently expressed in the foot. The intensity of 92 selected spots was compared between intertidal and cultured mussels, and statistically significant differences were detected in the expression of 45 (48.9%) of the 92 proteins analysed. In 31 of these proteins, intensity was higher in the cultured stock than in the intertidal mussels, while in 14 proteins spot intensity was higher in the latter. Using mass spectrometry (MS) combined with sequence database searching, 6 of the most prominent differentially expressed proteins were analysed. Of these, 1 was identified as being Heat-shock Protein 70, and 2 were shown to be cytoskeleton-associated proteins, myosin and actin. Heat-shock Protein 70, which is known to be involved in cellular transport and chaperoning and associated with stress situations, was more highly expressed in intertidal mussels living in littoral areas than in cultured mussels. These findings are discussed in connection with the molecular changes involved in the adaptation of mussels to different ecological conditions. KEY WORDS: Mytilus galloprovincialis · Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis · Proteome · Foot proteins Full text in pdf format PreviousNextExport citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in MEPS Vol. 224. Online publication date: December 18, 2001 Print ISSN: 0171-8630; Online ISSN: 1616-1599 Copyright © 2001 Inter-Research.
Abnormal glycometabolism in tumor cells (2013)

The abnormal glucose metabolism of tumor cells is associated with a variety of mechanisms.Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) is able to activate the glycolytic enzymes,which is conducive to getting energy through glycolysis.The dysfunction or the depletion in numbers of mitochondria can inhibit the oxidative phosphorylation pathway of glucose to some extent.The activation of oncogenes and the inactivation of tumor suppressor genes are also involved in the regulation of mitochondrial respiratory chain and glycolytic enzymes,thus affecting the process of glucose metabolism.Compared with normal cells,the synthesis of oxidative phosphorylation enzymes is inhibited in cancer cells.In addition,the abnormal glucose metabolism plays an important role in the growth,invasion and metastasis of tumor cells.

Key words: 
Glycolysis;  Mitochondria;  Neoplasms;  Hypoxia inducible factor
4‐Methylpyrazole: A Controlled Study of Safety in Healthy Human Subjects after Single, Ascending Doses (1988)

4-Methylpyrazole (4-MP), an inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase, is a possible future drug for the treatment of methanol and ethylene glycol intoxications and the severe ethanol-disulfiram reaction. Therefore a placebo-controlled, double-blind, single-dose, randomized, sequential, ascending-dose "Phase I study" was performed in healthy volunteers in order to determine the tolerance of 4-MP at dose levels of 10 (n = 4), 20 (n = 4), 50 (n = 4), and 100 mg/kg (n = 3). Along with each dose group, there were two placebos except with the 100 mg/kg group where there was only one placebo. In the 10 and 20 mg/kg group there were no side-effects in any subject. At the 50 mg/kg level, three out of four subjects experienced slight to moderate nausea and dizziness from 0 to 2.5 h after dosing. In the 100 mg/kg group all three subjects reported side-effects like nausea, dizziness, and vertigo, that were short-lived in two subjects, but lasted up to 30 h in one subject. The study was stopped after evaluation of the latter subject, so fewer subjects were completed in this last group. Despite these subjective side-effects, there were no significant changes in objective clinical parameters like pulse, blood pressure, body temperature, or blood and urine chemistries. We conclude that at a single dose of 4-MP (10-20 mg/kg) producing plasma levels within a probable therapeutic range, no side-effects were attributed to 4-MP.
General practitioners' beliefs, attitudes and reported actions towards chronic fatigue syndrome. (2000)

There is considerable diversity of opinion between practitioners about CFS. The diversity extends from questioning whether the syndrome even exists to different strategies for diagnosis and management.
Recent developments in vasectomy (2005)

Vasectomy is one of the safest and most effective permanent contraceptive methods available. Compared with tubal ligation, which is usually done under general anaesthesia and entails surgery within a woman's peritoneal cavity, vasectomy is safer and men recover more quickly from the procedure. Vasectomies are usually done under local anaesthesia in outpatient settings, and men usually go home within an hour of the surgery. None the less, for various reasons, vasectomy procedures are less common than tubal ligation procedures in most countries.

Surgical techniques used for vasectomy vary widely throughout the world. The two main components of vasectomy are isolation of the vas deferens from the scrotum and subsequent vas occlusion. However, more than 30 different combinations of vas occlusion techniques probably exist,1 and poor quality studies, heterogeneous study designs, and conflicting results have made it difficult to determine which are the most effective.2

The most common technique, especially in low resource settings, is suture ligation with excision of a small segment of the vas.3 Few data are available on exact rates of use, but recent observations and interviews with surgeons in Asia suggest that at least 95% of all vasectomies in India, Nepal, and Bangladesh are done using ligation and excision (Michel Labrecque, Laval University, written communication, 28 May 2004). In contrast, data from 1995 indicate that only about 18% of vasectomies in the United States are done using this technique.4 Although vasectomy has traditionally been thought to have overall failure rates of 1-3% or lower,5–7 recent research indicates higher failure rates for ligation and excision.8–10

Because of a concern that vasectomy failure rates with ligation and excision could be higher than generally acknowledged, Family Health International and EngenderHealth convened a meeting of vasectomy experts in April 2001 in …
N-cadherin increases after androgen deprivation and is associated with metastasis in prostate cancer (2010)

Androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) is the standard treatment for metastatic prostate cancer. One factor that has been implicated in the metastatic process is the cell adhesion molecule N-cadherin. In this study, we investigated if the expression of N-cadherin was influenced by androgen deprivation and was associated with metastasis in prostate cancer. The effect of androgen deprivation on N-cadherin expression was initially studied in androgen-dependent (AD) LNCaP and androgen-independent (AI) LNCaP-19 and PC-3 prostate cancer cell lines. Expression of N-cadherin increased in the absence of androgens in AI LNCaP-19 primary tumors and metastases and also in vitro, but not in AI PC-3 tumors, indicating a possible involvement of the androgen receptor in the regulation of N-cadherin. N-cadherin was absent in AD LNCaP tumors. No clear associations between N-cadherin and factors related with epithelial-mesenchymal transition or neuroendocrine differentiation could be established. In addition, N-cadherin was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in human prostate tumors. Expression of N-cadherin was more frequently found in tumors from patients treated with ADT than in tumors from patients with no prior hormonal treatment. N-cadherin expression was also associated with metastasis and Gleason score. Furthermore, increased N-cadherin was detected in prostate cancer biopsies already 3 months after initiation of ADT when tumors were in a regressed state. In summary the results indicate that androgen deprivation induces N-cadherin in prostate tumors. Moreover, N-cadherin was increased in castration-resistant tumors in patients with established metastases. This might indicate that castration induces molecular alterations in the tumor cells, resulting in a more invasive and metastatic phenotype.