gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Surface Silanization of Polyethylene for Enhanced Adhesion (1993)

Abstract Low density polyethylene has been treated using a novel surface treatment process “SICOR” (“SIIane-on-CORona” treated polymer) in order to enhance adhesion with a range of adhesives including polyure-thane, methacrylate and cyanoacrylate. The process comprises two steps, i.e corona discharge followed by application of an organo-functional silane. The incorporation of surface hydroxyl groups onto the polymer surface enables organo-silane to create the hydrogen or covalent bonds with the oxidized polymer surface. The possibility of the creation of these bonds has been investigated using FTIR, XPS and wettability studies. The adhesion enhancement due to the new process is significant. Frequently, the strength increase exceeds 200% compared with the corona discharge treatment and more than 300% compared with LDPE priming using the “Loctite 770” polyolefin primer. The process is shown to be as good as, or better than, plasma treatment in terms of the strength increase following substrate treatment prior to adhesive bonding.
Towards new sources of resistance to the currant-lettuce aphid (Nasonovia ribisnigri) (2017)

Domesticated lettuce varieties encompass much morphological variation across a range of crop type groups, with large collections of cultivars and landrace accessions maintained in genebanks. Additional variation not captured during domestication, present in ancestral wild relatives, represents a potentially rich source of alleles that can deliver to sustainable crop production. However, these large collections are difficult and costly to screen for many agronomically important traits. In this paper, we describe the generation of a diversity collection of 96 lettuce and wild species accessions that are amenable to routine phenotypic analysis and their genotypic characterization with a panel of 682 newly developed expressed sequence tag (EST)-linked KASP™ single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers that are anchored to the draft <i>Lactuca sativa</i> genome assembly. To exemplify the utility of these resources, we screened the collection for putative sources of resistance to currant-lettuce aphid (<i>Nasonovia ribisnigri</i>) and carried out association analyses to look for potential SNPs linked to resistance.
Enhancing Pix2Pix for Remote Sensing Image Classification (2018)

Remote sensing image classification is challenging due to low separation between different classes and difficulty in learning discriminative features. GAN (Generative Adversarial Model) is promising for this task due to the generator in reproducing samples and the discriminator for improving the generator. Among GANs variants for image translation and image classification tasks, Pix2Pix performs best. However, Pix2Pix is limited in explicitly capturing the relationship between the source domain and the reconstructed ones from the target domain. To address the above problem, an improved Pix2Pix is proposed in this paper, where a controller is added to Pix2Pix whose role is to improve classification performance and enhance training stability. Experiments demonstrate the effectiveness and advantages of the proposed approach.
An Integrated High-Throughput Screening Approach for Purification of Solid Organic Compounds by Trituration and Crystallization in Solvents (2007)

Trituration and crystallization are essential techniques for purification of intermediates and drug substances in pharmaceutical process development. Traditionally, identifying the optimal solvent conditions for impurity rejection adopts an empirical approach that can be a time and material consuming process. On the basis of thermodynamic considerations for optimizing the purity and the yield of the crystal product, it is necessary to conduct screening experiments with the crude product in different solvents including mixtures of solvents. In this report, we describe the development and the implementation of a high-throughput screening workflow in a 96-well array format for identifying the optimal purification conditions. The impure samples were first triturated at room temperature and subsequently subjected to a thermal cycle in 96 unique solvents or solvent mixtures at a volume of 0.6 mL per well. The compound solubility and the impurity profiles of both supernatant and recovered solid were analyzed by HPLC. Using a mixture of acetylsalicylic acid containing salicylic acid as the impurity, we investigated the effects of material loading per sample and impurity level on product purity/solubility under both screening and scale-up conditions and evaluated the thermodynamic behavior of product−impurity−solvent interactions based on an isothermal ternary phase diagram. During a further case study, a binary solvent system was identified, and the synergistic effect of binary components was demonstrated for purification of an Amgen compound containing three impurities. This high-throughput screening approach is valuable as an integrated part of process development to identify the thermodynamically favored solvent conditions for purification of pharmaceutical compounds.
Specific insertion and deletion of insertion sequence 1-like DNA element causes the reversible expression of the virulence capsular antigen Vi of Citrobacter freundii in Escherichia coli. (1988)

Citrobacter freundii strain WR7004 reversibly expresses the virulence capsular antigen Vi, whose production is controlled by two distinct chromosomal loci, viaA and viaB. The rate of oscillation between the Vi-producing (Vi+) state and the Vi-nonproducing (Vi-) state in strain WR7004 ranges from 2 X 10(-4) to 7 X 10(-3) transitions per bacterium per generation. A similarly high conversion rate from Vi+ to Vi- occurs in Escherichia coli HB101 harboring pWR127, a plasmid that contains the 18-kilobase-pair (kb) viaB region cloned from WR7004. However, the Vi- state in HB101 harboring pWR127 was so stable that transition to the Vi+ state was not detected (less than 10(-10) per bacterium per generation). When pWR127 DNA derived from Vi- strains of HB101 harboring pWR127 was transformed in HB101 recipient, a small number of Vi+ transformants were seen among the transformants, which were predominantly Vi-. The viaB region consists of two EcoRI digestion fragments, A (8.6 kb) and B (9.4 kb). A discrete 700- to 800-base-pair DNA element was found to be inserted in the EcoRI B fragment of the viaB region of pWR127 when derived from Vi- strains. However, no such DNA element was found in the pWR127 DNA isolated from Vi+ strains. This discrete DNA element inserts into a recombinational hot spot 1.1 kb from the end of the EcoRI B fragment and behaves as an insertion sequence 1 (IS1)-like element. The insertion of this IS1-like element in the viaB region thus disrupts expression of the Vi antigen. Restoration of Vi expression results when this element is excised.
스코틀랜드 왕가의 “신성한” 혈통 만들기 -알렉산더 2세와 성 마가렛 숭배- (2014)

본고는 알렉산더 2세의 치세 후반기에 왕실 성인 숭배 의식 공간으로서의 던펌린의 의미가 재인식되는 배경에 주목하고자 한다. 이를 통해 왕실 성인 숭배 의식을 부각시키고 왕실 성인 숭배 의식 공간을 신성화함으로써 알렉산더 2세가 획득하고자 했던 것, 그리고 그 동기에 대해 살펴보고자 한다. 성 마가렛 숭배 의식과 던펌린에 대한 알렉산더 2세의 태도는 1240년대, 특히 1245년 성 마가렛의 시성을 위한 검증 청원이 상징적으로 보여주듯 변화가 있었다. 그 이유를 몇 가지 측면에서 설명할 수 있다. 왕권 강화와 정통성 확립의 필요성을 자각하게 된 정치적 차원, 성 마가렛의 신성한 도움으로 왕위를 계승할 후계자를 출산하고자 했던 개인적 욕망, 알렉산더와 던펌린 수도원장 로버트와의 친밀한 관계가 바로 그것들이다. 하지만 가장 큰 자극제는 잉글랜드 왕 헨리 3세가 웨스트민스터 사원의 재건을 함으로써 참회왕 에드워드 숭배 의식을 번성시키고, 동시에 자신의 왕권을 강화하고자했던 시도였다. 알렉산더 2세가 왕실 성인 숭배 의식을 강조하고 왕실 성인 숭배 의식 공간을 번성시킴으로써 얻고자 한 것은 차별화였다. 성인의 혈통을 타고 난 신성 혈통임을 강조함으로써 영적인 우월성과 도덕적 정통성을 동시에 확보하고자 했던 것이다. 이는 곧 왕권을 강화시키는 수단이기도 했고 대립관계에 있던 외국에 활용할 정치적 선전수단으로 활용되기도 했다.
Catalytically Active Borohydride-Reduced Nickel and Cobalt Systems (1976)

Abstract Catalytic systems based upon nickel or cobalt compounds and sodium borohydride give a remarkable variety of products of wide application depending upon the reaction conditions. However, the information on these systems is widely scattered throughout the technical inorganic and organic literature. The object of this review, therefore, is to summarize and correlate what has been written about these catalytic systems and to stimulate practical industrial applications of them. Until recently, these studies were somewhat empirical in nature and we will therefore review in addition recent studies concerning the complex mechanism of Ni11 and CO11 reductions with borohydride ion. Particular attention will be given to recently published organoruckel and organocobalt complex compound structures (of as yet unexamined catalytic activity) prepared from the appropriate M11 salts and sodium borohydride in the presence of a variety of ligands.
Time-varying encoders for constrained systems: an approach to limiting error propagation (2000)

Time-varying encoders for constrained systems are introduced. The approach generalizes the state-splitting (ACH) algorithm in a way that yields encoders consisting of multiple phases, with encoding proceeding cyclically from one phase to the next. The framework is useful for design of high-rate codes with reduced decoder error propagation and reduced complexity.
NLPwin – an introduction (2015)

Since we knew that we were developing NLPwin in part to support a grammar checker, the NLPwin grammar is designed to be broad-coverage (i.e., not domain-specific) and robust, in particular, robust to grammar errors. While most grammars are learned from data annotated on the PennTreeBank (Marcus et al., 1993), it is interesting to consider that such grammars may not be able to parse ungrammatical or fragmented grammar, since those grammars have no training data for such input. The NLPwin grammar produces a parse for any input and if no spanning parse can be assigned, it creates a “fitted” parse, combining the largest constituents that it was able to construct.
The microprocessor based modified space vector control of the matrix converter (2002)

In recent years, PWM matrix power converters have been studied for eliminating the DC links of conventional power converter and inverter systems. A new method, based on space vector modulation, has been proposed which is more effective than the traditional PWM. In this paper, the development of this method is investigated. The forming of the required averaged space voltage vector is obtained without using zero vectors. It enables the reduction of the number of commutations and the increase of the output/input voltage ratio. A microprocessor based control system is also presented.
Accurate Mass Determinations in Decay Chains with Missing Energy (2008)

Many beyond the standard model theories include a stable dark matter candidate that yields missing or invisible energy in collider detectors. If observed at the CERN Large Hadron Collider, we must determine if its mass and other properties (and those of its partners) predict the correct dark matter relic density. We give a new procedure for determining its mass with small error.
Relationship between plasma concentration and effect of midazolam after oral and intravenous administration. (1983)

In a double-blind, cross-over study in six healthy volunteers, the effects of different oral doses of midazolam (10, 20 and 40 mg), or 0.15 mg kg-1 midazolam administered intravenously and of placebo were investigated. Plasma concentrations of midazolam and of its active alpha-hydroxy metabolite were measured at the same time. The effect was assessed using objective and subjective methods (reaction time, tracing test, subjects' self-assessment and investigator's subjective assessment). The respective time courses of the plasma concentration and of the effect (reaction time, number of errors in the tracing test) were almost identical. Peak plasma levels and maximum effects were attained within 30 min. In general, the effect after intravenous injection of 0.15 mg kg-1 and after an oral dose of 10 mg midazolam lasted for 2 h following administration and its duration was doubled (i.e. to 4 h) after the 20 mg oral dose. Between the logarithm of the plasma concentration and the effect, there is a sigmoidal relationship that is virtually time independent. Particularly in the first few hours after oral administration the effect is intensified by the alpha-hydroxy metabolite of midazolam which is formed by first-pass metabolism. At identical plasma concentrations of midazolam, the oral dose produced more marked effects than did the intravenous administration. Correlation of the measured effects with the total (midazolam + alpha-hydroxy midazolam) plasma concentration reveals a closer sigmoidal relationship.
Synthesis of Schiff's bases in aqueous medium: a green alternative approach with effective mass yield and high reaction rates (2010)

Abstract Schiff's bases constitute a class of pharmaceutical and medicinally important molecules. The conventional methods for the synthesis of Schiff's bases require long reaction times and use of organic solvents. We report a novel and eco-friendly condensation reaction method permitting the “green synthesis” of various Schiff's bases by stirring 1,2-diaminobenzene with various aromatic aldehydes in water as solvent. This method is experimentally simple, clean, high yielding, green, and with reduced reaction times. The product is purified by simple filtration followed by washing with water and drying processes.
The Vapor Phase Reaction between Phosgene and Alcohols (1951)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Vapor Phase Reaction between Phosgene and AlcoholsJ. H. Saunders, R. J. Slocombe, and Edgar E. HardyCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951, 73, 8, 3796–3797Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1951Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1951https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01152a069https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01152a069research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views520Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Do experts and novices evaluate movies the same way? (2009)

Abstract Do experts and novices evaluate creativity the same way? This question is particularly relevant to the study of critical and public response to movies. How do public opinions differ from movie critic opinions? This study assessed college student (i.e., novice) ratings on movies released from 2001 to 2005 and compared them to expert opinions and those of self‐declared novices on major movie rating Web sites. Results suggest that the student ratings overlapped considerably—but not overwhelmingly—with the self‐described novices, student ratings correlated at a lower magnitude with critic ratings, and the ratings of students who saw the most movies correlated more highly with both critics and self‐described novices than those of students who saw the least movies. The results suggest a continuum of creative evaluation in which the distinctions between categories such as “novice,” “amateur,” and “expert” are blurry and often overlap—yet the categories of expertise are not without importance. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
PD-1 and PD-L1 Expression in Renal Cell Carcinoma with Sarcomatoid Differentiation (2015)

Monoclonal antibodies that target the programmed death-1 (PD-1)-programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) axis have antitumor activity against multiple cancers. The presence of sarcomatoid differentiation in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is associated with resistance to targeted therapy and poor responses to IL2 immunotherapy. Given the aggressive nature of RCC with sarcomatoid differentiation and the exclusion of sarcomatoid histology from metastatic RCC clinical trials, less is understood regarding selection of therapies. Here, we characterized the PD-1/PD-L1 axis in RCC with sarcomatoid differentiation. We directly compared two PD-L1 antibodies and found concordance of PD-L1 positivity in 89% of tested RCCs with sarcomatoid differentiation. Coexpression of PD-L1 on neoplastic cells and the presence of PD-1-positive tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes were identified in 50% (13 of 26) of RCCs with sarcomatoid differentiation. In contrast, only 1 of 29 clear cell RCCs (3%) had concurrent expression of PD-L1 and PD-1 (P = 0.002). Our study suggests that RCC with sarcomatoid differentiation may express PD-1/PD-L1 at a higher percentage than RCC without sarcomatoid differentiation, and patients with these tumors may be good candidates for treatment with anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapies.
<i>In Situ</i> Analysis of Mutant EGFRs Prevalent in Glioblastoma Multiforme Reveals Aberrant Dimerization, Activation, and Differential Response to Anti-EGFR Targeted Therapy (2012)

Aberrations in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR/ErbB1) are the most common oncogenic alterations in glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common primary brain tumor. Interactions between wild-type (wt) and mutant EGFRs and their subsequent activation are of biologic and potential therapeutic importance in GBMs. We recently showed that in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA) allows for quantitative evaluation of EGFR dimerization and activation in intact cells. Using this in situ platform, we show the aberrant homo-/heterodimeric properties of EGFRvIII and EGFRc958 mutants, the two most common EGFR mutants in GBMs. In addition, dimer phosphoactivation status could be detected by PLA with superior signal-noise ratio (>17-fold) and sensitivity (>16-fold) than immunofluorescence-based phospho-EGFR measurements. Dimer activation analysis indicated quantitative activation differences of mutant dimers. These aberrant features were not overexpression dependent but appeared independent of cellular expression levels, suggesting inherent properties of the mutant receptors. Moreover, we observed in situ detection of EGFRwt-EGFRvIII heterodimerization in GBM specimens, supporting our cell line observations. Notably, currently used anti-EGFR therapeutics, such as cetuximab, matuzumab, and panitumumab, could effectively block EGFRwt dimerization and activation but did not equally impair EGFRvIII homodimers, EGFRwt-EGFRvIII, or EGFRvIII-EGFRc958 heterodimers. EGFRvIII appears to have intrinsic phosphoactivation independent of dimerization as matuzumab blockade of homodimerization had no effect on receptor phosphorylation levels. These data suggest differences in the dimerization-blocking efficacy of EGFR monoclonal antibodies as mutant EGFR dimer configurations prevalent in GBMs can evade blockade by anti-EGFR treatments. Further studies are warranted to evaluate whether this evasion contributes to poor therapeutic response or resistance.
Kinematic Control With Singularity Avoidance for Teaching-Playback Robot Manipulator System (2015)

A teaching-playback robot manipulator system whereby the user controls the manipulator through a teaching pendant has been used widely in industrial applications. Kinematic singularity issue becomes an important problem in the control of robot with a teaching-playback system. In this paper, we propose and investigate three singularity avoidance methods for a teaching-playback robot manipulator system. Nonredundancy singularity avoidance (NRSA) attempts to reduce both the position and orientation errors of the end-effector with the same priority. Redundancy singularity avoidance (RSA) attempts to reduce the position error of the end-effector with the first priority and reduce the orientation error of the end-effector with the second priority; Both NRSA and RSA are based on a modification of a Jacobian matrix. Point-to-point singularity avoidance (PTPSA) makes the end-effector pass through a singular region based on joint-interpolated control without maintaining the position and orientation of the end-effector. Experimental case studies are developed to investigate the manipulator performance when the end-effector approaches the wrist and shoulder singularity. The maximal end-effector trajectory error and users' feelings are statistically evaluated and analyzed in the experiment. The results of the experiment show the effectiveness and practice of the proposed methods.
Integrin-Associated Protein (IAP, Also Termed CD47) Is Involved in Stroma-Supported Erythropoiesis (1998)

Erythropoiesis is regulated by the hematopoietic microenvironment of the spleen, fetal liver, and bone marrow in mice. We previously showed that established stromal cells from these organs selectively support erythropoiesis in vitro. To identify the cell surface molecule(s) on the stromal cells involved in erythropoiesis, we raised monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to MSS62 stromal cells derived from newborn spleen and obtained MAb100.1, which partially inhibited the stroma-supported erythropoiesis in vitro. Using an expression cDNA library of MSS62 cells, we cloned a gene encoding the protein recognized by MAb100.1 and identified it as integrin-associated protein (IAP, also termed CD47), which may play a general role in integrin-mediated signal transduction. IAP/CD47 is expressed in the stromal cells of spleen, fetal liver, and bone marrow, and in a variety of hematopoietic cells including erythroblasts. Thus, IAP may be partly involved in the erythropoietic supporting ability of the stromal cells.
Thinner‐film plastic photovoltaic cells based on different C<sub>60</sub> derivatives (2006)

Abstract In order to fabricate tandem‐structured polymer photovoltaic cells, thinner‐film photocells with different soluble C 60 derivatives as the acceptors are fabricated and characterized in detail. It is shown that the aggregation, derived from the compatibility and the dispersion, of the acceptors in the polymer matrix (the donor) determines the film forming properties, the optimized content of the acceptors, the best thickness of the blend film for devices, and the apparent power conversion efficiency of the corresponding photocells. In the photocells with MEH‐PPV [poly(2‐methoxyl‐5‐2′‐ethylhexyoxyl‐1,4‐phenylene vinylene)] as the donor, the device with a film thickness of only 60 nm, HN‐C 60 as the acceptor exhibits the better power conversion efficiency of 1.6% than that of PCBM as the electron acceptor which is employed widely in the investigation of high‐efficiency polymer photovoltaic cells. The series resistance and the shunt resistance of the different photocells are also extracted and analyzed as a result of the aggregation of polymer and C 60 molecules in the active layer to explain the performance of the photocells based on the distribution of acceptors in the active blend films. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.