gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Investigation of magnetic resonances for different split-ring resonator parameters and designs (2005)

We investigate the magnetic resonance of split-ring resonators (SRR) experimentally and numerically. The dependence of the geometrical parameters on the magnetic resonance frequency of SRR is studied. We further investigate the effect of lumped capacitors integrated to the SRR on the magnetic resonance frequency for tunable SRR designs. Different resonator structures are shown to exhibit magnetic resonances at various frequencies depending on the number of rings and splits used in the resonators.
Chemically Modified Soy Protein Films (1995)

Glycerin-plasticized soy protein films were produced by casting heated alkaline (pH 8.5) protein solutions. Acetic anhydride, succinic anhydride, calcium cations, and formaldehyde were added to the film-forming solutions and their effects on film water solubility (WS), tensile strength (TS), puncture strength (PS), water vapor permeability (WVP), and oxygen permeability (OP) were determined. Acylation with acetic and succinic anhydrides increased film WS without affecting other film properties. Treatment with calcium cations increased TS and PS by 96 and 43%, respectively, but did not change film barrier properties. Formaldehyde resulted in larger than two-fold increases in TS and PS, while reducing WS and WVP. As a trade-off, formaldehyde treated films were more permeable to oxygen.
Draft Genome Sequences of Geobacillus stearothermophilus Strains 22 and 53, Isolated from the Garga Hot Spring in the Barguzin River Valley of the Russian Federation (2014)

Geobacillus stearothermophilus strains 22 and 53 were isolated from sediment samples isolated from the Garga hot spring (72°C) located in the valley of the river Barguzin (the Baikal region, Russian Federation) (54°19'3.72″N, 110°59'38.4″E).
Depth-first-search and dynamic programming algorithms for efficient CMOS cell generation (1989)

An algorithmic framework is presented for mapping CMOS circuit diagrams into area-efficient, high-performance layouts in the style of one-dimensional transistor arrays. Using efficient search techniques and accurate evaluation methods, the huge solution space that is typical to such problems is transversed extremely fast, yielding designs of hand-layout quality. In addition to generating circuits that meet prespecified layout constraints in the context of a fixed target image, on-the-fly optimizations are performed to meet secondary optimization criteria. A practical dynamic programming routing algorithm is utilized to accommodate the special conditions that arise in this context. This algorithm has been implemented and is currently used at IBM for cell-library generation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Modeling and compensation of nonlinearities and friction in a micro hard disk drive servo system with nonlinear feedback control (2005)

Friction and nonlinearities result in large residual errors and deteriorate the performance of head positioning of hard disk drive (HDD) servo systems and other mechanical servo systems. Thus, it is highly desirable to characterize the behaviors of nonlinearities and friction in the servo systems. This paper presents a fairly comprehensive modeling and compensation of friction and nonlinearities of a typical voice-coil-motor (VCM) actuator used in commercial HDDs, and the design of an HDD servo system using an enhanced nonlinear control technique. Our contributions are two-fold: We will first obtain a complete model of the VCM actuator including friction and nonlinear characteristics through a careful examination of the configuration and structure of the actual system and through a thorough analysis of its physical effects together with its time-domain and frequency-domain responses. We will then proceed to design a servo system for the hard drive using an enhanced composite nonlinear feedback (CNF) control technique with a simple friction and nonlinearity compensation scheme. The enhanced CNF technique has a feature of removing the uncompensated portion of friction and nonlinearities without sacrificing the overall tracking performance. Simulation and experimental results for both the modeling and the servo design show that our approach is very effective and successful. In particular, our experimental results show that the enhanced CNF control has outperformed the conventional proportional-integral-derivative (PID) control in settling time by 76%. We believe that this approach can be adopted to solve other servomechanism problems.
An in-line contact and via hole inspection method using electron beam compensation current (2003)

In-line contact and via hole inspection technology will play a vital role in ensuring accelerated yield ramps and quickly identifying and resolving yield excursions in the SOC era. We have developed an in-line contact and via hole inspection method using electron beam compensation current. This method will provide a nondestructive contact and via hole inspection tool with a thickness measurement capability for the hole bottom nm order SiO/sub 2/ film and the hole diameter measurement capability as well as performing a super high inspection speed at over 1000 times faster than a SEM-based method.
A 20-Hz-to-200-kHz magnetic flux probe for EMI surveys (1990)

A small magnetic flux probe is described. It exhibits a magnetometer-like response over the frequency range of 20 Hz to 200 kHz with an effective antenna height of 1 m. The E-field equivalent noise floor of this device is approximately 10 mu V/m square root Hz at 10 kHz. A switchable high-pass filter is included to allow the measurement of very low frequency fields in the presence of strong 50-400-Hz power-line fields. The distinguishing features of this probe are its method of winding and shielding. Both the theory of operation and practical construction are described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Legionella pneumophila hel locus encodes intracellularly induced homologs of heavy-metal ion transporters of Alcaligenes spp (1996)

We continued characterization of the Legionella pneumophila hel locus. Mutagenesis and DNA sequencing identified three genes similar to the czc and cnr loci of Alcaligenes eutrophus and the ncc locus of Alcaligenes xylosoxidans. On the basis of their similarity to these loci, we designated the L. pneumophila genes helC, helB, and helA. Mutations in the hel genes led to reduced cytopathicity towards U937 cells, although the mutant strains did not appear defective in other assays of virulence. Transcription of the hel locus was induced by the intracellular environment but was not induced by any of a variety of in vitro stress conditions. The function of the hel gene products remains to be determined.
Nuclear management in manual small incision cataract surgery by snare technique (2009)

Manual small incision cataract surgery has evolved into a popular method of cataract surgery in India. However, in supra hard cataract, bringing out the whole nucleus through the sclerocorneal flap valve incision becomes difficult. A bigger incision required in such cataracts loses its value action, as the internal incision and corneal valve slips beyond the limbus into sclera. Struggling with the supra hard cataracts through a regular small incision. Phacofracture in the anterior chamber becomes a useful option in these cases. In the snare technique, a stainless steel wire loop when lassoed around the nucleus in the anterior chamber constricts from the equator, easily dividing the hardest of the nuclei into two halves. The wire loop constricts in a controlled way when the second cannula of snare is pulled. The divided halves can easily be brought out by serrated crocodile forceps. This nuclear management can be safely performed through a smaller sclerocorneal flap valve incision where the corneal valve action is retained within the limbus without sutures, and the endothelium or the incision is not disturbed. However, the technique requires space in the anterior chamber to maneuver the wire loop and anterior chamber depth more than 2.5 mm is recommended. Much evidence to this wonderful technique is not available in literature, as its popularity grew through live surgical workshops and small interactive conferences.
Sensorimotor Encoding by Synchronous Neural Ensemble Activity at Multiple Levels of the Somatosensory System (1995)

Neural ensemble processing of sensorimotor information during behavior was investigated by simultaneously recording up to 48 single neurons at multiple relays of the rat trigeminal somatosensory system. Cortical, thalamic, and brainstem neurons exhibited widespread 7- to 12-hertz synchronous oscillations, which began during attentive immobility and reliably predicted the imminent onset of rhythmic whisker twitching. Each oscillatory cycle began as a traveling wave of neural activity in the cortex that then spread to the thalamus. Just before the onset of rhythmic whisker twitching, the oscillations spread to the spinal trigeminal brainstem complex. Thereafter, the oscillations at all levels were synchronous with whisker protraction. Neural structures manifesting these rhythms also exhibited distributed spatiotemporal patterns of neuronal ensemble activity in response to tactile stimulation. Thus, multilevel synchronous activity in this system may encode not only sensory information but also the onset and temporal domain of tactile exploratory movements.
Quantitative Hyperspectral Reflectance Imaging (2008)

Hyperspectral imaging is a non-destructive optical analysis technique that can for instance be used to obtain information from cultural heritage objects unavailable with conventional colour or multi-spectral photography. This technique can be used to distinguish and recognize materials, to enhance the visibility of faint or obscured features, to detect signs of degradation and study the effect of environmental conditions on the object. We describe the basic concept, working principles, construction and performance of a laboratory instrument specifically developed for the analysis of historical documents. The instrument measures calibrated spectral reflectance images at 70 wavelengths ranging from 365 to 1100 nm (near-ultraviolet, visible and near-infrared). By using a wavelength tunable narrow-bandwidth light-source, the light energy used to illuminate the measured object is minimal, so that any light-induced degradation can be excluded. Basic analysis of the hyperspectral data includes a qualitative comparison of the spectral images and the extraction of quantitative data such as mean spectral reflectance curves and statistical information from user-defined regions-of-interest. More sophisticated mathematical feature extraction and classification techniques can be used to map areas on the document, where different types of ink had been applied or where one ink shows various degrees of degradation. The developed quantitative hyperspectral imager is currently in use by the Nationaal Archief (National Archives of The Netherlands) to study degradation effects of artificial samples and original documents, exposed in their permanent exhibition area or stored in their deposit rooms.
Neural Stem Cells Differentiated From iPS Cells Spontaneously Regain Pluripotency (2014)

Differentiated somatic cells can be reprogrammed into pluripotent stem cells by transduction of exogenous reprogramming factors. After induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells are established, exogenous genes are silenced. In the pluripotent state, retroviral genes integrated in the host genome are kept inactive through epigenetic transcriptional regulation. In this study, we tried to determine whether exogenous genes remain silenced or are reactivated upon loss of pluripotency or on differentiation using an in vitro system. We induced differentiation of iPS cells into neural stem cells (NSCs) in vitro; the NSCs appeared morphologically indistinguishable from brain-derived NSCs and stained positive for the NSC markers Nestin and Sox2. These iPS cell-derived NSCs (iPS-NSCs) were also capable of differentiating into all three neural subtypes. Interestingly, iPS-NSCs spontaneously formed aggregates on long-term culture and showed reactivation of the Oct4-GFP marker, which was followed by the formation of embryonic stem cell-like colonies. The spontaneously reverted green fluorescent protein (GFP)-positive (iPS-NSC-GFP(+) ) cells expressed high levels of pluripotency markers (Oct4 and Nanog) and formed germline chimeras, indicating that iPS-NSC-GFP(+) cells had the same pluripotency as the original iPS cells. The reactivation of silenced exogenous genes was tightly correlated with the downregulation of DNA methyltransferases (Dnmts) during differentiation of iPS cells. This phenomenon was not observed in doxycycline-inducible iPS cells, where the reactivation of exogenous genes could be induced only by doxycycline treatment. These results indicate that pluripotency can be regained through reactivation of exogenous genes, which is associated with dynamic change of Dnmt levels during differentiation of iPS cells.
Reliable Fiber-Optic Triggering of a 50-kV Switch Using 532-nm Laser Light (2014)

A robust fiber-optic beam transport system is described for laser triggering of moderate-pressure and moderate-voltage plasma closure switches. A plug-and-play topology is developed that requires no realignment following routine switch disassembly and maintenance. The required laser energy is minimized commensurate with consistent and reliable triggering. Beam launch, transport, collimation, and focusing criteria are defined in an effort to minimize switch runtime and jitter both individually, and in a large pulsed-power system with multiple switches firing in parallel.
Chiral Liquid Crystal Trimer Exhibiting an Optically Uniaxial Smectic Phase with a Double-Peak Polarization (2012)

We prepared a chiral liquid crystal trimer consisting of three different mesogenic units connected via flexible spacers with different parity. We then investigated its liquid crystalline properties using polarized optical microscopy (POM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). A POM study revealed that the trimer has a phase sequence of isotropic liquid–optically uniaxial smectic A (SmA*)–helical smectic C (SmC*) on cooling. However, XRD measurements revealed a discontinuous decrease in layer spacing occurring at T – TIA* = −4 K in the SmA* phase. Double-peak polarization in the current response and tristable switching were observed in the low-temperature SmA* phase below T = TIA* – 4 °C. In a binary phase diagram of the trimer and its enantiomer, the transition temperature from the low-temperature SmA* phase to the SmC* phase increased continuously with decreasing optical purity. The results indicate that the low-temperature SmA* phase forms an optically uniaxial structure in which the molecules tilt to the same direction in each layer, as they do in the SmC phase. We discuss the organization of the supermolecules in the unusual smectic phase.
Synthesis and characterization of size-controlled vanadium dioxide nanocrystals in a fused silica matrix (2002)

Vanadium dioxide single-crystal precipitates with controlled particle sizes were produced in an amorphous, fused SiO2 host by the stoichiometric coimplantation of vanadium and oxygen ions and subsequent thermal processing. The effects of the vanadium dioxide nanocrystal size, nanocrystal morphology, and particle/host interactions on the VO2 semiconductor-to-metal phase transition were characterized. VO2 nanoparticles embedded in amorphous SiO2 exhibit a sharp phase transition with a hysteresis that is up to 50 °C in width—one of the largest values ever reported for this transition. The relative decrease in the optical transmission in the near-infrared region in going from the semiconducting to the metallic phase of VO2 ranges from 20% to 35%. Both the hysteresis width and the transition temperature are correlated with the size of the precipitates. Doping the embedded VO2 particles with ions such as titanium alters the characteristics of the phase transition, pointing the way to control the hysteresis behavior over a wide range of values and providing insight into the operative physical mechanisms.
Asphalt flocculation and deposition: I. The onset of precipitation (1996)

Abstract Formation of asphalt aggregates and their deposition on the pore surfaces of a porous medium, which alter the structure of the medium and its effective properties, is a critical problem to catalytic and oil recovery and refinery processes. Extensive new experimental data for the amount of precipitated asphalt formed with crude oil and various solvents are presented. Results indicate that, contrary to the previous assumptions, asphalt formation is at best partially reversible. A thermodynamic model based on the Flory–Huggins theory of polymer solutions is used, together with the Soave equation of state, to predict the data. Critical evaluation of the model shows that its predictions do not agree well with our data. As an alternative, we propose a new model that employs a scaling equation, somewhat similar to those encountered in aggregation and gelation phenomena. The scaling function takes on a very simple form, and its predictions are in very good agreement with the data. It also predicts that the onset of precipitation may obey a simple universal equation.
Switching State-Space Degradation Model With Recursive Filter/Smoother for Prognostics of Remaining Useful Life (2018)

Remaining useful life (RUL) is a critical metric in prognostics and health management (PHM) because it reflects the future health status and fault progression of products. Most RUL estimation methods are based on degradation data. In practice, due to changing degradation mechanisms during products' whole life cycle, the degradation data may consist of two or more distinct phases, and the time points of these mechanisms switching are usually nondeterministic. This property makes RUL estimation a difficult task. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a switchable state-space degradation model to characterize degradation paths with nondeterministic switching manner dynamically. To update the model parameters by newly available data, a novel statistical procedure based on Rao-Blackwellized filter/smoother and an expectation maximization algorithm is derived. To improve the robustness and efficiency of the RUL prediction, a semianalytic prediction model is developed, which can avoid significant fluctuation in RUL estimation. The developed methodologies can automatically track different degradation phases and adaptively update parameters related to prior distributions. Two real products degradation cases are used to verify our methodologies.
The Same Region of Human Growth Hormone Is Involved in Its Binding to Various Receptors* (1982)

The Fab fragments of three monoclonal antihuman GH (anti-hGH) antibodies, among five tested, inhibited the binding of the hormone to the receptors of the human lymphoid cell line IM-9 and liver membranes of the pregnant rabbit. The results were similar for the receptors of human lymphocytes and rabbit liver, suggesting that both receptors reacted with the same region of the hormone. The Fab fragments of the most inhibitory antibody also inhibited the down-regulation by the hormone of the receptors on human lymphocytes. The fragments of this antibody completely blocked the binding of the hormone to the receptors of the rabbit liver, despite the fact that this carries two or more classes of receptors. Therefore, all of these various receptors apparently interact with the same region of the hormone. Three synthetic peptides extending from residues 19-128, 73-128, and 98-128 failed to inhibit the binding of hGH to its lymphocyte or liver receptors however, these peptides reacted significantly with the monoclonal antibody, which was the strongest inhibitor of the interaction of hGH with the cellular receptor, confirming that the receptor-binding site of the hormone is in the amino-terminal part of the molecule and suggesting indirectly that the short sequences 98-128 participates in the constitution of the receptor-binding site of the hormone.
The Tetragonal‐Monoclinic Transformation in Zirconia: Lessons Learned and Future Trends (2009)

Zirconia ceramics have found broad applications in a variety of energy and biomedical applications because of their unusual combination of strength, fracture toughness, ionic conductivity, and low thermal conductivity. These attractive characteristics are largely associated with the stabilization of the tetragonal and cubic phases through alloying with aliovalent ions. The large concentration of vacancies introduced to charge compensate of the aliovalent alloying is responsible for both the exceptionally high ionic conductivity and the unusually low, and temperature independent, thermal conductivity. The high fracture toughness exhibited by many of zirconia ceramics is attributed to the constraint of the tetragonal‐to‐monoclinic phase transformation and its release during crack propagation. In other zirconia ceramics containing the tetragonal phase, the high fracture toughness is associated with ferroelastic domain switching. However, many of these attractive features of zirconia, especially fracture toughness and strength, are compromised after prolonged exposure to water vapor at intermediate temperatures (∼30°–300°C) in a process referred to as low‐temperature degradation (LTD), and initially identified over two decades ago. This is particularly so for zirconia in biomedical applications, such as hip implants and dental restorations. Less well substantiated is the possibility that the same process can also occur in zirconia used in other applications, for instance, zirconia thermal barrier coatings after long exposure at high temperature. Based on experience with the failure of zirconia femoral heads, as well as studies of LTD, it is shown that many of the problems of LTD can be mitigated by the appropriate choice of alloying and/or process control.
GRP78 as potential predictor for breast cancer response to adjuvant taxane therapy (2010)

Few predictive markers exist for response to adjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer. The 78-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP78) is a potent antiapoptotic factor, conferring drug resistance. Recently, we reported that high GRP78 expression in breast cancer specimens predicts a shorter recurrence-free survival in patients who received doxorubicin-based adjuvant chemotherapy. Interestingly, the opposite effect was observed in 25 patients who additionally received a taxane. To confirm this potentially paradigm shifting finding, we investigated whether GRP78 is associated with recurrence-free survival in an independent cohort of taxane-treated breast cancer patients. Immunohistochemical staining of GRP78 was performed on archival paraffin-embedded formalin-fixed tumor specimens obtained from 48 female breast cancer patients before chemotherapy treatment. These patients received doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide, followed by paclitaxel or docetaxel on a clinical trial. GRP78 expression level was evaluated by a pathologist, masked to all clinical and outcome data. Association between GRP78 expression and recurrence-free survival was evaluated. GRP78 positivity predicts a better recurrence-free survival, independent of other prognostic factors [hazard ratio (HR) for moderate positivity: 0.40 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.087-1.83); HR for strong positivity: 0.16 (95% CI: 0.018-1.50); p(trend) = 0.053]. In a pooled analysis with the previous 25 patients, almost identical HRs were obtained with p(trend) = 0.024. This provides further evidence that GRP78 is a potential independent predictor for response to taxane-based adjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer.