gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Porosity-Permeability Relationships in Clay-bearing Fault Gouge (2002)

Abstract We have performed a series of coupled deformation and permeability experiments on "synthetic" fault gouge to investigate the influence of "shaliness" on fluid flow properties. Biminerallic gouge layers were sheared between steel sliders under triaxial compression and permeability measured continuously using the pore pressure oscillation technique. Permeability was observed to range over six orders of magnitude depending on clay content and sliding. Measured porosity variations, post-test laser particle sizing and direct observation of thin-section microstructures allows development of a geometrical model for permeability evolution in fault gouge containing varying amounts of clay.
Synthesis of Azides (2009)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Synthesis of Alkyl Azides Synthesis of Aryl Azides Synthesis of Acyl Azides References
IDENTIFICATION OF URINARY 17-KETOSTEROIDS IN RHEUMATIC FEVER (1955)

1. The combined use of chromatographic separation of urinary 17-ketosteroid extracts on alumina columns and infra-red analysis of the fractions has permitted the identification of the major components in 5 mg. of a mixture of α ketosteroids. 2. In 4 non-rheumatic children, 4 rheumatic (inactive) children and 1 patient with active rheumatic carditis, the steroids identified in the urinary extracts were androsterone, Δ androstenolone, etiocholanolone and 11-keto etiocholanolone. Other steroids were present in insufficient quantity to be identified. 3. In 1 patient with active rheumatic carditis, the steroids excreted during an 8-day course of ACTH therapy were Δ androstenolone, etiocholanolone,11-hydroxy androsterone, 3 α, 11 β androstanediol-17-one, and 1 compound of possible clinical significance which has been reported by other investigators, the structural formula for which is not known. 4. There appears to be no inherent difference between the urinary ketosteroids of rheumatic (inactive) and non-rheumatic children.
Immunoelectron microscopic demonstration of insulin-stimulated translocation of glucose transporters to the plasma membrane of isolated rat adipocytes and masking of the carboxyl-terminal epitope of intracellular GLUT4. (1991)

Polyclonal antibodies to the amino- or carboxyl-terminated peptide sequences of the GLUT4 transporter protein were used in immunoelectron microscopic studies to demonstrate the location and insulin-induced translocation of GLUT4 in intact isolated rat adipocytes. Labeling of untreated adipocytes with the amino-terminal antibody revealed 95% of GLUT4 was intracellular, associated with plasma membrane invaginations or vesicles contiguous with or within 75 nm of the cell membrane. Insulin treatment increased plasma membrane labeling approximately 13-fold, to 52% of the total transporters, and decreased intracellular labeling proportionately. In contrast, labeling of untreated adipocytes with the carboxyl-terminal antibody or with a monoclonal antibody (1F8) that binds to the carboxyl terminus of GLUT4 detected fewer transporters, only approximately 40% of which were intracellular. In insulin-treated cells, plasma membrane labeling increased approximately 20-fold, but the total number of labeled transporters also increased approximately 13-fold. The number of intracellular transporters was not changed. The insulin-induced increase in plasma membrane labeling was reversible. Thus, the vast majority of GLUT4 transporters in untreated adipocytes are intracellular in invaginations or vesicles attached or close to the plasma membrane. Insulin treatment causes translocation of transporters to the plasma membrane, which involves flow of transporters from invaginations to the cell surface and possible fusion of subplasma membrane vesicles with the plasma membrane. Differences in the labeling of intracellular transporters by peptide antibodies suggested the carboxyl-terminal epitope of intracellular transporters was masked. The unmasking of the carboxyl terminus during translocation to the plasma membrane may be part of the mechanism by which insulin stimulates glucose transport in rat adipocytes.
Fused combiners for photonic crystal bers (2012)

The work presented in this Ph.D. thesis focuses on the fabrication of fused combiners for high-power fiber lasers and amplifiers. The main focus of the Ph.D. project was to further develop the fused pump combiners for airclad photonic crystal bers (PCFs), and implement a signal feed-through in these combiners. Such a pump/signal combiner enables the fabrication of all spliced fiber amplifier systems based on the PCFs technology. Amplifier systems interfaced only by standard multi-mode (MM) and single-mode (SM) fibers are easy to use, since all-spliced systems can be made and bulk optics are avoided. Pump/signal combiners were realized in two versions; one with a 12 m mode field diameter (MFD) signal feed-through and one with a 15 m MFD feed-through. A signal combiner for combining the SM output from multiple fiber lasers into a single MM fiber was also realized. The component was based on a tapered fiber bundle approach and was tested up to 2.5 kW of combined output power. Two components for the field of astrophotonics have also been developed. The first was a fused fiber bundle, designed to be placed in the focal plane of a telescope. By measuring the spectral content out of the individual fibers in the bundle, more detailed observations of large astronomical objects can be achieved. The second component was a further development of the MM to SM converters or photonic lanterns. These components were developed for the field of astrophotonics, where the transformation of MM starlight into an ensemble of SM fibers enables filtering with advancedfi ber Bragg gratings (FBGs).
Novel physical sensors using evanescent microwave probes (1999)

Local probes, such as electron and photon tunneling, atomic force, and capacitance probes, are excellent sensing means for displacement and other related sensors. Here we introduce applications of a new local probe using evanescent microwave probe (EMP) in displacement sensing with a very high vertical spatial resolution (0.01 μm at 1 GHz), very high bandwidth (100 MHz), and stability. The EMP has been used in the characterization and mapping of the microwave properties of a variety of materials in the past and its application in gas sensing and thermography was recently explored and reported. The interesting feature of the EMP is that its characteristics can be easily altered for a specific sensing application by changing its geometry and frequency of operation.
Light Field Retrieval In Compressed Domain (2014)

In this paper, we present a novel approach for light field retrieval in the transformed domain. The light field data\nset is characterized with low wavelet transform coefficients. Our algorithm first applies a wavelet transform on\n20 key images of the light field structure. The low wavelet transform coefficients are then quadtree decomposed,\ninto a set of homogeneous blocks. Each set of homogeneous blocks represent an object in the considered image.\nWe use texture and color features to characterize the object image; the similarity between two images is\nmeasured by matching their histograms. The experimental results and comparisons show the performance of the\nproposed technique.
Secure Aircraft Maintenance Records Using Blockchain (SAMR) (2018)

We propose to enhance the security and transparency of aircraft maintenance records in the aviation industry through the use of blockchain technology. A physical aircraft maintenance logbook is susceptible to being lost or destroyed. A nonexistent aircraft maintenance logbook hurts the confidence in integrity and reputation of the aircraft. Furthermore, fraud can occur through forgery of FAA personnel signatures and the installation of non-official aircraft parts. The scope of this work is to develop a secure blockchain that can store aircraft service records and information in a digital distributed ledger. By keeping the maintenance logbook on a digital ledger, records can be stored indefinitely in a trusted environment with the integrity of records guaranteed. Additionally, to achieve being a distributed ledger, a consensus algorithm PoET is used to display the global state accurately to all users. The SAMR blockchain uses the Linux Foundations open sourced software “Hyperledger” to facilitate an environment that mimics a real-world implementation. The Python Programming Language was used for SAMR's implementation of the blockchain logic through creation of a permission-based blockchain for holding the maintenance records.
Spin-dependent tunneling through a symmetric semiconductor barrier (2003)

The problem of electron tunneling through a symmetric semiconductor barrier based on zinc-blende-structure material is studied. The ${k}^{3}$ Dresselhaus terms in the effective Hamiltonian of bulk semiconductor of the barrier are shown to result in a dependence of the tunneling transmission on the spin orientation. The difference of the transmission probabilities for opposite spin orientations can achieve several percents for the reasonable width of the barriers.
C-terminal Truncations Destabilize the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator without Impairing Its Biogenesis (1999)

Defective cAMP-stimulated chloride conductance of the plasma membrane of epithelial cell is the hallmark of cystic fibrosis (CF) and results from mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator, CFTR. In the majority of CF patients, mutations in the CFTR lead to its misfolding and premature degradation at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Other mutations impair the cAMP-dependent activation or the ion conductance of CFTR chloride channel. In the present work we identify a novel mechanism leading to reduced expression of CFTR at the cell surface, caused by C-terminal truncations. The phenotype of C-terminally truncated CFTR, representing naturally occurring premature termination and frameshift mutations, were examined in transient and stable heterologous expression systems. Whereas the biosynthesis, processing, and macroscopic chloride channel function of truncated CFTRs are essentially normal, the degradation rate of the mature, complex-glycosylated form is 5- to 6-fold faster than the wild type CFTR. These experiments suggest that the C terminus has a central role in maintaining the metabolic stability of the complex-glycosylated CFTR following its exit from the ER and provide a plausible explanation for the severe phenotype of CF patients harboring C-terminal truncations.
Intensification therapy with anti-parathyroid hormone-related protein antibody plus zoledronic acid for bone metastases of small cell lung cancer cells in severe combined immunodeficient mice (2009)

Bone metastases occur in more than one-third of patients with advanced lung cancer and are difficult to treat. We showed previously the therapeutic effect of a third-generation bisphosphonate, minodronate, and anti-parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) neutralizing antibody on bone metastases induced by the human small cell lung cancer cell line, SBC-5, in natural killer cell-depleted severe combined immunodeficient mice. The purpose of our current study was to examine the effect of the combination of PTHrP antibody and zoledronic acid, which has been approved to treat bone metastases, against bone metastases produced by SBC-5 cells expressing PTHrP. Treatment with PTHrP antibody and/or zoledronic acid did not affect the proliferation of SBC-5 cells in vitro. Repeated treatments with either PTHrP antibody or zoledronic acid inhibited the formation of osteolytic bone metastases of SBC-5 cells but had no effect on metastases to visceral organs. Importantly, combined treatment with PTHrP antibody and zoledronic acid further inhibited the formation of bone metastases. Histologic assays showed that, compared with either PTHrP antibody or zoledronic acid alone, their combination decreased the number of tumor-associated osteoclasts and increased the number of apoptotic tumor cells. These findings suggest that this novel dual-targeting therapy may be useful for controlling bone metastases in a subpopulation of small cell lung cancer patients.
Ovarian hormones induce TGF-β3 and fibronectin mRNAs but exhibit a disparate action on cardiac fibroblast proliferation (2002)

Collectively, these data are the first to highlight the presence of estrogen and progesterone receptor subtypes on the plasma membrane of neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts, and further underscore the ability of ovarian hormones to directly suppress DNA synthesis, and influence putative molecular events associated with extracellular matrix remodeling.
Paper on a disc: balancing the capillary-driven flow with a centrifugal force (2011)

This paper describes the active control of the capillary-driven flow in paper using a centrifugal device.
Determination of Mean Inner Potential and Inelastic Mean Free Path of ZnTe Using Off-Axis Electron Holography and Dynamical Effects Affecting Phase Determination (2015)

The mean inner potential (MIP) and inelastic mean free path (IMFP) of undoped ZnTe are determined using a combination of off-axis electron holography and convergent beam electron diffraction. The ZnTe MIP is measured to be 13.7±0.6 V, agreeing with previously reported simulations, and the IMFP at 200 keV is determined to be 46±2 nm for a collection angle of 0.75 mrad. Dynamical effects affecting holographic phase imaging as a function of incident beam direction for several common semiconductors are systematically studied and compared using Bloch wave simulations. These simulation results emphasize the need for careful choice of specimen orientation when carrying out quantitative electron holography studies in order to avoid erroneous phase measurements.
Non‐Blinking Single‐Photon Generation with Anisotropic Colloidal Nanocrystals: Towards Room‐Temperature, Efficient, Colloidal Quantum Sources (2013)

Blinking and single-photon emission can be tailored in CdSe/CdS core/shell colloidal dot-in-rods. By increasing the shell thickness it is possible to obtain almost non-blinking nanocrystals, while the shell length can be used to control single-photon emission probability.
Feature discovery via neural networks for object recognition in SAR imagery (2003)

A two-stage self-organizing neural network architecture has been applied to object recognition in synthetic aperture radar imagery. The first stage performs feature extraction and implements a two-layer neocognitron. The resulting feature vectors are presented to the second stage, an ART 2-A classifier network, which clusters the features into multiple target categories. Training is performed off-line in two steps. First, the neocognitron self-organizes in response to repeated presentations of an object to recognize. During this training process, discovered features and the mechanisms for their extraction are captured in the excitatory weight patterns. In the second step, neocognitron learning is inhibited and the ART 2-A classifier forms categories in response to the feature vectors generated by additional presentations of the object to recognize. Finally, all training is inhibited and the system tested against a variety of objects and background clutter. The results of the initial experiments are reported.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Chloroquine is effective against influenza A virus <i>in vitro</i> but not <i>in vivo</i> (2007)

Although in vitro results were promising, chloroquine was not effective as preventive therapy in vivo in standard mouse and ferret models of influenza virus infection. This dampens enthusiasm for the potential utility of the drug for humans with influenza.
Isolation and culture of embryonic stem cells from porcine blastocysts (2003)

This study was conducted to establish embryonic stem (ES) cell lines from porcine blastocysts. Blastocysts were collected from China miniature pigs at day 7-9 of pregnancy. Embryos were either directly (intact embryos) cultured on mitomysin C-inactivated murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEF) as feeder layers, or were used to isolate the inner cell masses (ICM) by enzyme digestive method and then cultured. It was found that enzyme digestive method could isolate ICMs without any damages of cells in all blastocysts (28). All ICMs attached to the feeder layers. Primary cell colonies were formed in 68% of ICM culture and 28% of intact blastocyst culture. Two ES cell lines derived from ICM passed six subcultures (passages). These cells morphologically resembled mouse ES cells and consistently expressed alkaline phosphatase activity. When the ES cells were cultured in a medium without feeder layer and leukemin inhibitory factor, they differentiated into several types of cells including neuron-like, smooth muscle-like, and epithelium-like cells. Some cells formed embryoid bodies in a suspension culture. These results indicate that porcine ES cell line can be established under the present experimental conditions and these ES cells are pluripotent.
Modulation of lysosomal protease-esterase and lysozyme in Kupffer cells and peritoneal macrophages infected with Nocardia asteroides (1986)

Virulent Nocardia asteroides reduces lysosomal acid phosphatase activity in murine macrophages. A computer-assisted imaging photometry system was used to quantitate lysozyme and nonspecific esterase-neutral protease levels within individual macrophages following ingestion of nocardiae. In contrast to acid phosphatase, lysozyme and esterase-neutral protease activity was either unchanged or increased following infection by increasing numbers of nocardial cells.
A University Outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 Infections Associated with Roast Beef and an Unusually Benign Clinical Course (1995)

An outbreak of Escherichia coli O157:H7 infections occurred after a graduation banquet at a university in Wisconsin. Sixty-one (32%) of 193 banquet attendees developed a gastrointestinal illness; 2 were hospitalized, none developed hemolytic-uremic syndrome or thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, and none died. The spectrum of illness was unusually mild, with 61% of ill persons reporting nonbloody diarrhea. A strain of E. coli O157:H7, indistinguishable from the outbreak strain by toxin type, plasmid profile, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, was isolated from an unopened package of an uncooked round of beef from the original shipment of meat. An investigation suggested that both undercooked roast beef and salad cross-contaminated with beef were vehicles of transmission. These findings demonstrate that meat from beef cattle may transmit E. coli O157:H7, and such infections among young to middle-aged adults may be mild and may often go undetected.
Importance of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors in Myocardial Infarction and Congestive Heart Failure: Implications for Clinical Practice (1995)

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE inhibitors) have been shown to be effective in improving symptoms and survival in patients with systolic left ventricular dysfunction. Despite their proven benefits the use of ACE inhibitors is still limited in many parts of the western world. In part, the underutilization of ACE inhibitors is due to the occurrence of side effects such as cough, renal dysfunction and first dose hypotension. These side effects are in part due to ACE inhibitor-induced bradykinin formation. Blockade of the effects of angiotensin II can however also be achieved with an angiotensin II type I receptor blocking agent such as losartan. To determine the relative safety and effectiveness of ACE inhibitors compared to an angiotensin II type I receptor blocking agent the evaluation of losartan and the elderly trial (Elite) is comparing the ACE inhibitor captopril to the angiotensin II type I receptor blocking agent losartan in elderly patients. When used ACE inhibitors are often given in doses lower than those shown to be effective in reducing mortality in the major randomized trials. Several trials are currently under way comparing low to high doses of ACE inhibitors which should provide information on the need to achieve the doses used in the major mortality studies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
XIII.—2-Hydroxy-4-methoxy- and 4-hydroxy-2-methoxy-benzaldehydes (1931)

T. E. de Kiewiet and H. Stephen, J. Chem. Soc., 1931, 84 DOI: 10.1039/JR9310000084
Osteoclast Generation and Cytokine Profile at Prosthetic Interfaces: A Study on Tissue of Patients with Aseptic Loosening or Implant-Associated Infections (2014)

Aseptic loosening of implants or loosening due to persistent bacterial infection remains a severe complication in orthopaedic surgery. To investigate underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms, particularly with regard to bone loss, tissue samples of patients requiring surgery were examined. By histological methods and by quantitative RT-PCR, respectively, infiltration of leukocytes, expression of osteoclast-typical genes and of proinflammatory cytokines was determined. Samples were taken directly from osteolytic sites and for comparison from adjacent sites, distant sites and from muscle. At osteolytic sites, cathepsin K and the metalloproteinases MMP1 and MMP9 were found, as was expression of inflammation-related cytokines, particularly of interleukin (IL)-1β, CXCL8, S100A9 and a very moderate expression of receptor activator of NfκB ligand (RANKL) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) a. Of note, expression of these parameters gradually decreased from sites of osteolysis to adjacent tissue, to distant tissue to muscle. In patients with infection and osteolysis, expression of cytokines, notably of CXCL8, was markedly enhanced, especially in adjacent and distant tissues, where expression was 10- to 20-fold higher compared to tissue of aseptic patients. A possible source of CXCL8 could be infiltrated cells, particularly neutrophils, because they were found in infected tissue only. Histological examination of the biopsies revealed an additional CXCL8 source, namely endothelial cells of small blood vessels. In conclusion, aseptic loosening and implant-associated infection are associated with osteoclast generation and a local inflammatory response. The proinflammatory environment could promote the differentiation of precursor cells to osteoclasts, thereby linking inflammation to bone resorption. The higher expression of cytokines, particularly of CXCL8 in tissue of patients with bacterial infection, could explain the accelerated time course of bone resorption as it occurs in infection compared to aseptic loosening.
A Method to Determine the Initial Phosphorus and Boron Concentrations in Float-Zoned Polysilicon Rods (1984)

A simple method to determine the initial dopant concentrations in polycrystalline silicon rods used in the floating-zone process is described in this paper. The technique is to grow a single crystal in the taper region of the first float-zoned pass. The net carrier concentration, the concentration difference between the donor and acceptor, in the taper region is obtained by four-point probe resistivity measurements. From the slope of the net carrier concentration versus the distance plot in the taper region, the initial phosphorus and boron concentration are calculated. Experimental data show that the calculated values are in good agreement with the frozen-end average dopant concentrations measured on the second-pass zero-dislocation crystals.