gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Human tissue-type plasminogen activator: from the laboratory to the bedside. (1985)

was anticipated from biochemical observations and physiologic results in experimen- tal animals that human tissue-type plasminogen activa- tor (t-PA) held considerable promise as a clot-specific, coronary thrombolytic agent for patients with acute myocardial infarction.' This anticipation has been ful- filled remarkably promptly by clinical research.2-1 Re- cently reported results from several randomized clini- cal trials3-1 punctuate a long series of antecedent laboratory, preclinical, and clinical investigations. Ac- cordingly, research focused on t-PA serves as a par- ticularly good example of productive, sequential de- velopments and collaborations involving investigators from disparate disciplines in academe and industry. This report summarizes some of the seminal studies in the development and characterization of native t-PA and the recombinant DNA-produced t-PA used in multicenter trials reported recently.3-5
Synthesis and Characterization of Cross‐linked Carboxymethyl Potato Starch Ether Gels (2004)

Abstract Hydrogels were synthesized by cross‐linking of potato starch (PS) with dichloroacetic acid (DCA) in the presence of monochloroacetic acid (MCA) to form etherified carboxymethyl starch (CMS) gels, to be used for ultrasonic medical examinations. By etherification cross‐linked CMS‐hydrogels can be produced, that are stable in contrast to the in the long‐term unstable esterified gels, that were presented in the last paper. The rheological benchmarks for the CMS‐hydrogels were set in comparison with synthetic ultrasonic gels. Gels with potato starch contents in the reaction batch ranging from 12.5% to 20% showed the best compliance with the benchmark parameters. The DS values of these CMS‐hydrogels vary from 0.42 to 0.49, increasing with decreasing amount of starch in the reaction mixture. The free swelling capacities (FSC) vary between 77 g/g for the 12.5% PS‐gel and 34 g/g for 20% PS‐gel, the turbidities of the samples being in the range from 14.5 NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Units) (12.5% PS) up to 20.5 NTU (20% PS). The variation of the PS fraction in the reaction mixture showed that with an increased amount of PS in the reaction batch the number of cross‐links of the CMS‐gels increases, too. At a higher number of cross‐links the swelling capacity is reduced and the concentration needed to form stable hydrogels is greatly increased. Thus a hydrogel of a polymer concentration of 5 mass‐% from a 12.5% PS batch was produced, that showed the best accordance with the rheological benchmark parameters such as gelatinization time, visco‐elastic and pseudoplastic properties and long‐term stability. The ultrasonic pictures taken with this CMS‐gel were not different from those taken with the synthetic gels. This hydrogel was then subjected to long‐term‐stability measurements performed over one year and to rheological temperature cycle tests. The tests showed that the long‐term stability of the gels is sufficient for their use as ultrasonic gel.
Two Commentaries: Managed Care for Children: Effect on Access to Care and Utilization of Health Services (1998)

The rapid trend toward enrolling children in managed care has occurred largely without conclusive evidence about the effects of these arrangements on two important aspects of care: access and utilization. Although the effect of managed care on these measures has been studied more widely in the adult population, the results may not be applicable to children, who have unique health care needs centering around prevention and early treatment of acute illnesses to avoid long-term health problems. Moreover, several methodological challenges make it difficult to evaluate the impact of managed care on health care access and utilization in general. This article reviews what is known about the effect of managed care on access to health services, as well as utilization of hospital care, emergency department (ED) visits, primary care services, and specialty services for the pediatric population. In each area, findings from privately insured children and Medicaid enrollees are considered separately. There is little conclusive evidence on the effect of managed care on access to and utilization of pediatric health services. A recurring theme is that the effect of managed care is dependent on several factors, including whether providers assume financial risk through capitated reimbursements or retain fee-for-service payments; the comprehensiveness of benefits offered by health plans; and the level of cost sharing required of families. Among privately insured children, for example, managed care usually has been associated with higher primary care visit rates, though the benefit of managed care is reduced when fee-for-service plans cover preventive care and require minimal or no cost sharing for these services. Among Medicaid recipients, studies suggest that managed care is more likely to be associated with a decrease in preventive visits when provider payments are capitated. Attempts to decipher effects by health plan type are made more difficult by the rapid evolution of both managed care and fee-for-service plans, which often blurs the distinction between these two entities. Nonetheless, in some areas, managed care does appear to have an identifiable effect on pediatric health services. For Medicaid recipients, managed care has been associated with decreased emergency department use and decreased access to specialty care for chronically ill children. As enrollment of children in managed care plans increases, the need continues for methodologically sound studies evaluating the effect of these arrangements on the delivery of pediatric health services and on health outcomes.
2D-plus-depth based resolution and frame-rate up-conversion technique for depth video (2010)

We propose a novel framework for upconversion of depth video resolution in both spatial and time domains considering spatial and temporal coherences. Although the Time-of-Flight (TOF) sensor which is widely used in computer vision fields provides depth video in realtime, it also provides a low resolution and a low frame-rate depth video. We propose a cheaper solution that enhances depth video obtained from a TOF sensor by combining it with a Charge-coupled Device (CCD) camera in 3D contents which consist of 2D-plus-depth. Temporal fluctuation problems are also considered for temporally consistent framerate up-conversion. It is important to maintain temporal coherence in depth video, because temporal fluctuation problems may cause eye fatigue and increase bit rates on video coding. We propose a Motion Compensated Frame Interpolation (MCFI) using reliable and rich motion information from a CCD camera and 3-dimensional Joint Bilateral Up-sampling (3D JBU) extended into the temporal domain of depth video. Experimental results show that depth video obtained by the proposed method provides satisfactory quality.
Cloning and expression in Escherichia coli of a xylanase gene from Bacteroides ruminicola 23 (1989)

A gene coding for xylanase activity in the ruminal bacterial strain 23, the type strain of Bacteroides ruminicola, was cloned into Escherichia coli JM83 by using plasmid pUC18. AB. ruminicola 23 genomic library was prepared in E. coli by using BamHI-digested DNA, and transformants were screened for xylanase activity on the basis of clearing areas around colonies grown on Remazol brilliant blue R-xylan plates. Six clones were identified as being xylanase positive, and all six contained the same 5.7-kilobase genomic insert. The gene was reduced to a 2.7-kilobase DNA fragment. Xylanase activity produced by the E. coli clone was found to be greater than that produced by the original B. ruminicola strain. Southern hybridization analysis of genomic DNA from the related B. ruminicola strains, D31d and H15a, by using the strain 23 xylanase gene demonstrated one hybridizing band in each DNA.
Emergence during development of the white-adipocyte cell phenotype is independent of the brown-adipocyte cell phenotype (2001)

In mammals, two types of adipose tissue are present, brown and white. They develop sequentially, as brown fat occurs during late gestation whereas white fat grows mainly after birth. However, both tissues have been shown to have great plasticity. Thus an apparent transformation of brown fat into white fat takes place during post-natal development. This observation raises questions about a possible conversion of brown into white adipocytes during development, although indirect data argue against this hypothesis. To investigate such questions in vivo, we generated two types of transgenic line. The first carried a transgene expressing Cre recombinase specifically in brown adipocytes under the control of the rat UCP1 promoter. The second corresponded to an inactive lacZ gene under the control of the human cytomegalovirus promoter. This dormant gene is inducible by Cre because it contains a Stop sequence between two loxP sequences, separating the promoter from the coding sequence. Adipose tissues of progeny derived by crossing independent lines established from both constructs were investigated. LacZ mRNA corresponding to the activated reporter gene was easily detected in brown fat and not typically in white fat, even by reverse transcriptase PCR experiments. These data represent the first direct experimental proof that, during normal development, most white adipocytes do not derive from brown adipocytes.
Gain-of-Function Phenotypes of Chemically Synthetic CLAVATA3/ESR-Related (CLE) Peptides in Arabidopsis thaliana and Oryza sativa (2007)

Using 26 chemically synthetic CLAVATA3/ESR (CLE) peptides, which correspond to the predicted products of the 31 Arabidopsis CLE genes, we investigated the CLE peptide function in Arabidopsis and rice. Treatment with some CLE peptides inhibited root elongation in rice as well as in Arabidopsis. It also reduced the size of the shoot apical meristem in Arabidopsis but not in rice. Database searches revealed 47 putative CLE genes in the rice genome and multiple CLE domains in some CLE genes, indicating diverse CLE function in these plants.
Geometrical Characteristics of Regular Polyhedra: Application to EXAFS Studies of Nanoclusters (2007)

EXAFS data modeling of nanoparticles can be done at a very high level of detail if regular polyhedral geometries are considered as possible structural models. Such geometries can be characterized by unique sequence of indices (coordination numbers) of the first few coordination shells that serve as a signature of a shape, size, morphology and packing model of atoms in the cluster. We wrote a suite of programs for cluster geometry generation and its pair radial distribution function analysis. The programs generate x,y,z coordinates and calculate the coordination numbers of the corresponding clusters for any order of a large number of regular polyhedra. We present the results for the first few nearest neighboring shells in the icosahedral, cuboctahedral, hcp structures for the small, 10–1000 atom clusters.
Advances in smart antennas - Industrial embrace of smart antennas and MIMO (2006)

In this article we provide a practical standardization related viewpoint on beamforming and MIMO technologies. In particular, we address the status in different industry-driven standardization for a (3GPP and IEEE 802) and discuss the rationale for possible adoption or use of such technologies in current or future wireless systems. We draw attention to some practical system-level and implementation aspects that need to be resolved before a successful application of beamforming or MIMO in real systems.
A computational memory and processing model for prosody (1998)

This thesis links processing in working memory to prosody in speech, and links different working memory capacities to different prosodic styles.It provides a causal account of prosodic differences and an architecture for reproducing them in synthesized speech.The implemented system mediates text-based information through a model of attention and working memory.The main simulation parameter of the memory model quantifies recall.Changing its value changes what counts as given and new information in a text, and therefore determines the intonation with which the text is uttered.Other aspects of search and storage in the memory model are mapped to the remainder of the continuous and categorical features of pitch and timing, producing prosody in three different styles: for small recall values, the exaggerated and sing-song melodies of children's speech; for mid-range values, an adult expressive style; for the largest values, the prosody of a speaker who is familiar with the text, and at times sounds bored or irritated.In addition, because the storage procedure is stochastic, the prosody from simulation to simulation varies, even for identical control parameters.As with with human speech, no two renditions are alike.Informal feedback indicates that the stylistic differences are recognizable and that the prosody is improved over current offerings.A comparison with natural data shows clear and predictable trends although not at significance.However, a comparison within the natural data also did not produce results at significance.One practical contribution of this work is a text mark-up schema consisting of relational annotations to grammatical structures.Another is the product -varied and plausible prosody in synthesized speech.The main theoretical contribution is to show that resourcebound cognitive activity has prosodic correlates, thus providing a rationale for the individual and stylistic differences in melody and rhythm that are ubiquitous in human speech.
Limiting access to internal documents : competition law (2013)

As one of the public guardians of the South African economy, may the Competition Commission restrict a respondent's access to its internal documents? Would the restriction result in any unfairness to a respondent or would the disclosure have a chilling effect on the investigative function of the Commission?
Impact of coexpression and coamplification of sICAM and antiapoptosis determinants <i>bcl‐2</i>/<i>bcl‐x<sub>L</sub></i> on productivity, cell survival, and mitochondria number in CHO‐DG44 grown in suspension and serum‐free media (2002)

We have engineered dihydrofolate reductase-negative (dhfr-/-) Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) DG44 cells adapted for growth in serum-free suspension cultures for simultaneous expression of the common cold therapeutic, the soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (sICAM), and the antiapoptosis determinants bcl-2 or bcl-x(L). Detailed analyses of titer and antiapoptosis characteristics of these production cell lines included an independent (sICAM; bcl-2/bcl-x(L)) as well as a cocistronic (sICAM-(bcl-2/bcl-x(L))) expression set-up in which translation-initiation of the survival cistron is driven by an internal ribosome entry site (IRES) of the encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV). In transient transfections or stable mixed populations and in comparison to isogenic sICAM-only control vectors, both bcl-x(L)-encoding configurations achieved higher sICAM yields while bcl-2 over-expression resulted in decreased product levels. Overall, the death-protective impact of bcl-2 and bcl-x(L) in engineered CHO-DG44 was not significant under typical batch-mode operation, an observation that was confirmed by clonal analysis. bcl-2 and bcl-x(L) displayed their antiapoptosis potential only following dhfr-based amplification in sICAM-producing CHO-DG44 cell lines. In all cases, bcl-x(L) outperformed bcl-2 in its cell death-protective capacity. Amplification-dependent high-level expression of mitochondria-localized bcl-2 family members required for successful antiapoptosis engineering may be essential to compensate for increased mitochondria numbers found to be associated with production cell lines grown in serum-free medium.
Using problem-solving methods to impose structure on knowledge (2003)

The author outlines a taxonomy of methods that identifies some of the discriminating characteristics of the kinds of methods expert systems use and that suggests how methods can be mapped onto tasks. It is suggested that half-weak methods are an important class of methods because they can have a quite broad scope of applicability, but provide substantially more help than the weak methods do in specifying what task-implementation knowledge needs to be collected to perform a particular task and how that knowledge is appropriately represented. It is claimed that it should be possible to devise a set of inference engines (half-weak methods), each of which defines the roles that the task-implementation knowledge it requires must play and the form in which that knowledge is to be encoded. Two half-weak methods, MOLE and SALT, are considered in support of these points.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Oxidative stress and immunosenescence (2017)

Immunosenescence is a process characterized by alterations and progressive deterioration of the structure and function of the immune system.Manifestations of immunosenescence include damage to both innate and adaptive immunity, reduction of immune responses to antigen stimulation, quantitative and functional changes of immune cells and alterations of cytokine activities, all of which may result in attenuated responses to vaccines, enhanced chronic inflammatory reactions, an elevated risk of infections and an increased susceptibility to cancer among old individuals.In recent years, it has been increasingly recognized that oxidative stress plays a vital role in immunosenescence.This review is focused on the influences of oxidative stress on the structure, function and generation of immunecells and the major mechanisms underlying immunosenescence.


Key words: 
Aging; Immunity; Oxidative stress
Mechanism of Photoinitiated Free Radical Polymerization by Thioxanthone−Anthracene in the Presence of Air (2011)

The mechanism of formation of initiating radicals for free radical polymerization by the thioxanthone−anthracene (TX-A) photoinitiator was investigated by laser flash photolysis, fluorescence and phosphorescence spectroscopy, and polymerization studies. The proposed mechanism of photoinitiation involves photoexcitation of TX-A and quenching of triplet excited states of TX-A by molecular oxygen to generate singlet oxygen. Singlet oxygen reacts with the anthracene moiety of TX-A to form an endoperoxide. The endoperoxide intermediate was isolated and characterized by MS and 1H NMR. The endoperoxide undergoes photochemical or thermal decomposition to generate radicals which are able to initiate free radical polymerization. A significant deuterium effect on the polymerization rates using CDCl3 and CHCl3 as solvents confirmed the involvement of singlet oxygen in the initiation process.
Myelin-associated Glycoprotein Inhibits Microtubule Assembly by a Rho-kinase-dependent Mechanism (2006)

Myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and Nogo are potent inhibitors of neurite outgrowth from a variety of neurons, and they have been identified as possible components of the central nervous system myelin that prevents axonal regeneration in the adult vertebrate central nervous system. The activation of RhoA and Rho-kinase is reported to be an essential part of the signaling mechanism of these proteins. Here, we report that the collapsing response mediator protein-2 (CRMP-2) is phosphorylated by a Rho-kinase-dependent mechanism downstream of MAG or Nogo-66. The overexpression of the nonphosphorylated form of CRMP-2 at threonine 555, which is the phosphorylation site for Rho-kinase, counteracts the inhibitory effect of MAG on the postnatal cerebellar neurons. Additionally, the expression of the dominant negative form of CRMP-2 or knockdown of the gene using small interference RNA (siRNA) mimics the effect of MAG in vitro. Consistent with the function of CRMP-2, which promotes microtubule assembly, microtubule levels are down-regulated in the cerebellar neurons that are stimulated with MAG in vitro. Reduction in the density of microtubules is also observed in the injured axons following the spinal cord injury, and this effect depends on the Rho-kinase activity. Our data suggest the important roles of CRMP-2 and microtubules in the inhibition of the axon regeneration by the myelin-derived inhibitors.
All-Digital Transmitter With a Mixed-Domain Combination Filter (2015)

In this brief, we present a new reconfigurable filtering technique for all-digital transmitters using signal interference and cancellation. The proposed method allows the change of some filtering characteristics digitally. This technique is used to reduce the quantization noise from the all-digital transmitter's output, reducing the analog output filter requirements. Without a narrow band filter, a greater degree of flexibility for the transmitter's carrier frequency and bandwidth is attained, improving its suitability for multiband and multistandard operation. The results show the quantization noise reduction without an output analog filter, contributing to an increase of the transmitter's coding efficiency up to more than 95%.
Thin-Layer Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry Coupled Using Desorption Electrospray Ionization (2005)

Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) was demonstrated as a means to couple thin-layer chromatography (TLC) with mass spectrometry. The experimental setup and its optimization are described. Development lanes were scanned by moving the TLC plate under computer control while directing the stationary DESI emitter charged droplet plume at the TLC plate surface. Mass spectral data were recorded in either selected reaction monitoring mode or in full scan ion trap mode using a hybrid triple quadrupole linear ion trap mass spectrometer. Fundamentals and practical applications of the technique were demonstrated in positive ion mode using selected reaction monitoring detection of rhodamine dyes separated on hydrophobic reversed-phase C8 plates and reversed-phase C2 plates, in negative ion full scan mode using a selection of FD&C dyes separated on a wettable reversed-phase C18 plate, and in positive ion full scan mode using a mixture of aspirin, acetaminophen, and caffeine from an over-the-counter pain medication separated on a normal-phase silica gel plate.
Connexin 43 gene therapy prevents persistent atrial fibrillation in a porcine model (2011)

Our results highlight the contribution of Cx43 to the pathophysiology of AF and demonstrate the viability of gene therapy for prevention of atrial arrhythmias.
Distinct increased outliers among 136 rectal cancer patients assessed by γH2AX (2015)

The γH2AX assay has the capability to identify a group of outliers which are most probably patients with increased radiosensitivity having the highest risk of suffering radiotherapy-related late sequelae.