gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Polydispersity of Hyperbranched Polyesters Based on 2,2-Bis(hydroxymethyl)propanoic Acid: SEC/MALDI−TOF MS and <sup>13</sup>C NMR/Kinetic-Recursive Probability Analysis (2008)

The absolute average molar masses and polydispersity index of a series of polyesters based on 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)propanoic acid (BMPA, AB2-type monomer), 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol (PE, B4-type monomer), and 1,1,1-tris(hydroxymethyl)propane (TMP, B3-type monomer) were determined by SEC/MALDI−TOF off-line coupling. The M̅w/M̅n values, in the 1.8−3.1 range, were surprisingly very close to those found by SEC using the conventional linear polystyrene calibration method, but dramatically lower than those calculated from conversion and composition of initial monomer mixture assuming equal reactivity of functional groups. The mol ratios of the various monomer units in final polyesters were determined by 13C NMR. The kinetic-recursive probability approach assuming first-shell substitution effects was then applied to calculate the branching factors and the average molar masses of these polyesters from their final composition. The AB- and B-branching factors were significantly lower than expected for random polymerizations, reflecting the existence of both negative A−B and B−B substitution effects, i.e. lower reaction rate of a given A or B group after reaction of the other groups present on the same monomer unit. The calculated values of M̅w and M̅w/M̅n were reasonably close to the experimental ones for all hyperbranched polyesters. Intramolecular esterifications and intermolecular etherifications side reactions were taken into account in the calculations with some simplifying assumptions and found to marginally broaden MW distributions.
Differential Inhibition of TRAIL-Mediated DR5-DISC Formation by Decoy Receptors 1 and 2 (2006)

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a member of the TNF family that induces cancer cell death by apoptosis with some selectivity. TRAIL-induced apoptosis is mediated by the transmembrane receptors death receptor 4 (DR4) (also known as TRAIL-R1) and DR5 (TRAIL-R2). TRAIL can also bind decoy receptor 1 (DcR1) (TRAIL-R3) and DcR2 (TRAIL-R4) that fail to induce apoptosis since they lack and have a truncated cytoplasmic death domain, respectively. In addition, DcR1 and DcR2 inhibit DR4- and DR5-mediated, TRAIL-induced apoptosis and we demonstrate here that this occurs through distinct mechanisms. While DcR1 prevents the assembly of the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) by titrating TRAIL within lipid rafts, DcR2 is corecruited with DR5 within the DISC, where it inhibits initiator caspase activation. In addition, DcR2 prevents DR4 recruitment within the DR5 DISC. The specificity of DcR1- and DcR2-mediated TRAIL inhibition reveals an additional level of complexity for the regulation of TRAIL signaling.
A facile approach to tryptophan derivatives for the total synthesis of argyrin analogues (2014)

A facile route has been established for the synthesis of indole-substituted (S)-tryptophans from corresponding indoles, which utilizes a chiral auxiliary-facilitated Strecker amino acid synthesis strategy. The chiral auxiliary reagents evaluated were (S)-methylbenzylamine and related derivatives. To illustrate the robustness of the method, eight optically pure (S)-tryptophan analogues were synthesized, which were subsequently used for the convergent synthesis of a potent antibacterial agent, argyrin A and its analogues.
Forming‐free resistive switching characteristics and improved reliability in sub‐stoichiometric NbN<i><sub>x</sub></i> films (2015)

In this study, we demonstrate forming‐free and reliable resistive switching (RS) characteristics by controlling the stoichiometry of niobium nitride (NbN x ) films. Compared to a perfect stoichiometric NbN x film, a decrease of 6% nitrogen content and an increase of 5% O 2 content are found in the sub‐stoichiometric NbN x sample (s‐NbN x ), and a structural change for the s‐NbN x film is observed from X‐ray diffraction results, which results in the possibility of abundant defect generation in the s‐NbN x film at virgin state. In the RS test, the s‐NbN x film normally carries out well without initial forming because of the already‐formed conducting filaments; in particular, in the reliability study, the s‐NbN x film shows more stable dc cycling characteristics for 1000 cycles without any degradation and smaller variations in the operating current and voltage characteristics. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH &Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
3459. Anciennes chroniques de Flandre (1904)

3459. Anciennes chroniques de Flandre. In: Molinier Auguste. Les Sources de l'histoire de France - Des origines aux guerres d'Italie (1494). IV. Les Valois, 1328-1461. Paris : A. Picard et fils, 1904. pp. 89-90.
Identification and Inactivation of Genetic Loci Involved with<i>Lactobacillus acidophilus</i>Acid Tolerance (2004)

Amino acid decarboxylation-antiporter reactions are one of the most important systems for maintaining intracellular pH between physiological limits under acid stress. We analyzed the Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM complete genome sequence and selected four open reading frames with similarities to genes involved with decarboxylation reactions involved in acid tolerance in several microorganisms. Putative genes encoding an ornithine decarboxylase, an amino acid permease, a glutamate gamma-aminobutyrate antiporter, and a transcriptional regulator were disrupted by insertional inactivation. The ability of L. acidophilus to survive low-pH conditions, such as those encountered in the stomach or fermented dairy foods, was investigated and compared to the abilities of early- and late-stationary-phase cells of the mutants by challenging them with a variety of acidic conditions. All of the integrants were more sensitive to low pH than the parental strain. Interestingly, each integrant also exhibited an adaptive acid response during logarithmic growth, indicating that multiple mechanisms are present and orchestrated in L. acidophilus in response to acid challenge.
The expression of S100A8 in pancreatic cancer‐associated monocytes is associated with the Smad4 status of pancreatic cancer cells (2007)

The cross-talk between tumour cells and the surrounding supporting host cells (stroma) is a key regulator of cancer growth and progression. By undertaking 2-DE analysis of laser capture microdissected malignant and stromal components of pancreatic tumours and benign ductal elements, we have identified high levels of S100A8 and S100A9 in tumour-associated stroma but not in benign or malignant epithelia. Immunohistochemical analysis (n = 71 patients) revealed strong expression of both proteins in stromal myeloid cells, subsequently identified as CD14(+)/CD68(- )monocytes/macrophages. Co-immunofluorescence revealed that S100A8 was expressed in a subset of S100A9-positive cells. Correlation of the expression of S100A8 and S100A9 to patient parameters revealed that the microenvironments of tumours which lacked expression of the tumour suppressor protein, Smad4, had significantly reduced numbers of S100A8-immunoreactive (p = 0.023) but not S100A9-immunoreactive (p = 0.21) cells. The ratio of S100A8- to S100A9-positive cells within individual tumours was significantly lower in Smad4-negative tumours than in Smad4-positive tumours (p<0.003). Pancreatitic specimens also contained S100A8- and S100A9-expressing cells, although this was not observed in regions displaying extensive fibrosis. In conclusion, our study provides an extensive analysis of S100A8 and S100A9 in pancreatic disease and highlights a potentially important relationship between pancreatic cancer cells and their surrounding microenvironment.
Janus: an Approach for Confinement of Untrusted Applications (1999)

Security is a serious concern on today&apos;s computer networks. Many applications are not very good at resisting attack, and our operating systems are not very good at preventing the spread of any intrusions that may result. In this thesis, we propose to manage the risk of a security breach by confining these untrusted (and untrustworthy) applications in a carefully sanitized space. We design a secure environment for confinement of untrusted applications by restricting the program&apos;s access to the operating system. In our prototype implementation, we intercept and filter dangerous system calls via the Solaris process tracing facility. This enables us to build a simple, clean, user-mode mechanism for con ning untrusted applications. Our implementation has negligible performance impact, and can protect pre-existing legacy code.
A DNA module encoding bph genes for the degradation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (1993)

In this report we describe the development and construction of a DNA module which encodes bph genes for the metabolism of PCBs and which is capable of stable integration into the chromosome of Gram negative bacteria. Introduction of the bph-module into Pseudomonas putida KT2442, Pseudomonas sp. strain B13 and its genetically engineered derivative B13FR1 expanded the biodegradative ability of these strains to include biphenyl and 4-chlorobiphenyl. The bph operon was stably inherited under laboratory conditions. Behavior of the genetically engineered strains was evaluated under simulated natural habitat conditions in lake sediment microcosms with respect to survival and removal of 4-chlorobiphenyl. The genetically engineered strains persisted under these conditions and were effective in degrading 4-chlorobiphenyl over a five day incubation period.
Normal Human Fibroblasts Express Pattern Recognition Receptors for Fungal (1→3)-β-<scp>d</scp>-Glucans (2001)

Fungal cell wall glucans nonspecifically stimulate various aspects of innate immunity. Glucans are thought to mediate their effects via interaction with membrane receptors on macrophages, neutrophils, and NK cells. There have been no reports of glucan receptors on nonimmune cells. We investigated the binding of a water-soluble glucan in primary cultures of normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF). Membranes from NHDF exhibited saturable binding with an apparent dissociation constant (K(D)) of 8.9 +/- 1.9 microg of protein per ml and a maximum binding of 100 +/- 8 resonance units. Competition studies demonstrated the presence of at least two glucan binding sites on NHDF. Glucan phosphate competed for all binding sites, with a K(D) of 5.6 microM (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.0 to 11 microM), while laminarin competed for 69% +/- 6% of binding sites, with a K(D) of 3.7 microM (95% CI, 1.9 to 7.3 microM). Glucan (1 microg/ml) stimulated fibroblast NF-kappaB nuclear binding activity and interleukin 6 (IL-6) gene expression in a time-dependent manner. NF-kappaB was activated at 4, 8, and 12 h, while IL-6 mRNA levels were increased by 48% at 8 h. This is the first report of pattern recognition receptors for glucan on human fibroblasts and the first demonstration of glucan binding sites on cells other than leukocytes. It also provides the first evidence that glucans can directly modulate the functional activity of NHDF. These results provide new insights into the mechanisms by which the host recognizes and responds to fungal (1-->3)-beta-D-glucans and suggests that the response to glucans may not be confined to cells of the immune system.
Purification of 5‐hydroxytryptamine<sub>3</sub> receptors from porcine brain (1997)

1. We demonstrate, for the first time, the purification of the 5-hydroxytryptamine3 (5-HT3) receptor from a native tissue source, pig cerebral cortex. 2. From a range of detergents, the non-ionic detergent Triton X-100 was demonstrated to exhibit the least inhibition of [3H]-(S)-zacopride binding to membrane bound 5-HT3 receptors from pig cerebral cortex at concentrations above its critical micellular concentration (CMC). This detergent was therefore selected to solubilize 5-HT3 binding sites from homogenates of pig cerebral cortex. Maximum yield (43.8 +/- 3.7%, mean +/- s.e.mean, n = 13) was obtained with Triton X-100 at 0.4% (22.1 x CMC). Radioligand binding studies with [3H]-(S)-zacopride indicated that the solubilized 5-HT3 receptor displayed near identical pharmacology to the membrane bound receptor (the correlation coefficient (r) between the pKi values of structurally unrelated compounds competing for [3H]-(S)-zacopride binding in the membrane bound and solubilized 5-HT3 receptor preparations was 0.99, Bmax = 20.7 +/- 4.2 fmol mg(-1) protein, Kd = 1.57 +/- 0.53 nM, mean +/- s.e.mean, n = 6). 3. Solubilized (0.4% Triton X-100) 5-HT3 receptors were affinity purified using Affi-Gel 15 coupled to the high affinity 5-HT3 receptor ligand GR119566X. Radioligand binding studies indicated that the pharmacological profile of the affinity purified 5-HT3 receptor, assessed using ligands with a range of affinities spanning 3 orders of magnitude, was similar to that in both crude homogenates (r = 0.85) and solubilized 5-HT3 receptor sites (r = 0.85) from pig brain. The specific activity for the purified 5-HT3 receptor overlapped the theoretical specific activity of the receptor (Bmax = 3.27 +/- 1.41 and 5.35 +/- 2.33 nmol mg(-1) protein, assessed by saturation and competition studies respectively, mean +/- s.e.mean, n = 3-4), which indicated a 60000-100000 fold purification of the membrane bound receptor. 4. Under non-reducing conditions, samples of the affinity purified protein failed to enter a 10% separating gel in SDS-PAGE analysis, indicating a molecular mass for the receptor complex of > 200 kDa. Further investigation of the non-reduced purified protein with a 7.5% separating gel gave a mass for the complex of approximately 279 kDa. Under reducing conditions, SDS-PAGE analysis of the affinity purified 5-HT3 receptor resulted in 3-6 silver stained bands at apparent molecular masses of 37, 44-50, 52, 57-61, 63 and 65-71 kDa (n = 12). Unlike protein bands at 45, 50, 60 and 66 kDa, the bands corresponding to proteins of 52, 57, 63 and 71 kDa consistently gave no reaction with an antiserum specific for the cloned A subunit of the 5-HT3 receptor in both a modified dot blot procedure and a Western blot procedure (n = 2-5). 5. We conclude that we have purified the 5-HT3 receptor from pig brain to homogeneity and suggest this may contain non-5-HT3-A receptor subunit(s).
A 25 ns 8K x 8 static MTL/I/sup 2/L RAM (1983)

An experimental 8K /spl times/ 8-bit static MTL RAM has been successfully fabricated in a standard bipolar manufacturing process with 2-/spl mu/m epitaxy and junction isolation, using design rules of 2.2 /spl mu/m minimum dimensions. Despite conservative processing and less aggressive photolithography compared to the most advanced static FET RAMs, a significantly better performance of 25-ns access has been achieved at a comparable bit density of 1730 bits/mm/SUP 2/. Another outstanding feature is the very low power dissipation of only 8 mW in standby and 270 mW at 50-ns or 150 mW at 100 ns-cycle operation. A holding power below 1/spl mu/W has been measured to retain the information in the complete cell array. A further significant advantage is the insensitivity to /spl alpha/-particle radiation which is a characteristic of the MTL structure.
TinyFlow: Breaking elephants down into mice in data center networks (2014)

Current multipath routing solution in data centers relies on ECMP to distribute traffic among all equal-cost paths. It is well known that ECMP suffers from two deficiencies. ECMP does not differentiate between elephant and mice flows, creates head-of-line blocking for mice flows in the egress port buffer, and results in long tail latency. Further it does not fully utilize available bandwidth due to hash collision among elephant flows. We propose TinyFlow, a simple yet effective approach that remedies both problems. TinyFlow changes the traffic characteristics of data center networks to be amenable to ECMP by breaking elephants into mice. In a network with a large number of mice flows only, ECMP naturally balances load and performance is improved. We conduct NS-3 simulations and show that TinyFlow provides 20%-40% speedup in both mean and 99-th percentile FCT for mice, and about 40% throughput improvement for elephants.
The Functional Interaction of 14-3-3 Proteins with the ERK1/2 Scaffold KSR1 Occurs in an Isoform-specific Manner (2008)

Identifying 14-3-3 isoform-specific substrates and functions may be of broad relevance to cell signaling research because of the key role played by this family of proteins in many vital processes. A multitude of ligands have been identified, but the extent to which they are isoform-specific is a matter of debate. Herein we demonstrate, both in vitro and in vivo, a specific, functionally relevant interaction of human 14-3-3gamma with the molecular scaffold KSR1, which is mediated by the C-terminal stretch of 14-3-3gamma. Specific binding to 14-3-3gamma protected KSR1 from epidermal growth factor-induced dephosphorylation and impaired its ability to activate ERK2 and facilitate Ras signaling in Xenopus oocytes. Furthermore, RNA interference-mediated inhibition of 14-3-3gamma resulted in the accumulation of KSR1 in the plasma membrane, all in accordance with 14-3-3gamma being the cytosolic anchor that keeps KSR1 inactive. We also provide evidence that KSR1-bound 14-3-3gamma heterodimerized preferentially with selected isoforms and that KSR1 bound monomeric 14-3-3gamma. In sum, we have demonstrated ligand discrimination among 14-3-3 isoforms and shed light on molecular mechanisms of 14-3-3 functional specificity and KSR1 regulation.
WNT/β-catenin signaling mediates human neural crest induction via a pre-neural border intermediate (2016)

Neural crest (NC) cells arise early in vertebrate development, migrate extensively and contribute to a diverse array of ectodermal and mesenchymal derivatives. Previous models of NC formation suggested derivation from neuralized ectoderm, via meso-ectodermal, or neural-non-neural ectoderm interactions. Recent studies using bird and amphibian embryos suggest an earlier origin of NC, independent of neural and mesodermal tissues. Here, we set out to generate a model in which to decipher signaling and tissue interactions involved in human NC induction. Our novel human embryonic stem cell (ESC)-based model yields high proportions of multipotent NC cells (expressing SOX10, PAX7 and TFAP2A) in 5 days. We demonstrate a crucial role for WNT/β-catenin signaling in launching NC development, while blocking placodal and surface ectoderm fates. We provide evidence of the delicate temporal effects of BMP and FGF signaling, and find that NC development is separable from neural and/or mesodermal contributions. We further substantiate the notion of a neural-independent origin of NC through PAX6 expression and knockdown studies. Finally, we identify a novel pre-neural border state characterized by early WNT/β-catenin signaling targets that displays distinct responses to BMP and FGF signaling from the traditional neural border genes. In summary, our work provides a fast and efficient protocol for human NC differentiation under signaling constraints similar to those identified in vivo in model organisms, and strengthens a framework for neural crest ontogeny that is separable from neural and mesodermal fates.
Using the search conference for planning a merger participatively (1998)

This paper presents the theory and practice of search conferences, illustrated with the case study of a recent merger. Increasingly, business leaders want to engage with their workforces and stakeholders in together deciding what they want to achieve and how to get there. Leaders see participative strategic planning as a significant opportunity, although hitherto the lack of techniques for large group involvement has been a blockage. Search conferences ‐ whether with staff, managers, suppliers or customers ‐ offer a tried and tested process for co‐operating together effectively. They enable the maximum use of human resources, commitment, learning and flexibility so that innovation is unlocked. Originally invented by Eric Trist and Fred Emery of the Tavistock Institute in the 1960s, the basis of the search conference is in open systems theory and active, adaptive planning.
A Glutathione-Dependent Detoxification System Is Required for Formaldehyde Resistance and Optimal Survival of <i>Neisseria meningitidis</i> in Biofilms (2012)

The adhc-estD system protects against formaldehyde produced during endogenous metabolism.
Iron-oxo clusters biomineralizing on protein surfaces: Structural analysis of <i>Halobacterium salinarum</i> DpsA in its low- and high-iron states (2004)

The crystal structure of the Dps-like (Dps, DNA-protecting protein during starvation) ferritin protein DpsA from the halophile Halobacterium salinarum was determined with low endogenous iron content at 1.6-A resolution. The mechanism of iron uptake and storage was analyzed in this noncanonical ferritin by three high-resolution structures at successively increasing iron contents. In the high-iron state of the DpsA protein, up to 110 iron atoms were localized in the dodecameric protein complex. For ultimate iron storage, the archaeal ferritin shell comprises iron-binding sites for iron translocation, oxidation, and nucleation. Initial iron-protein interactions occur through acidic residues exposed along the outer surface in proximity to the iron entry pore. This narrow pore permits translocation of ions toward the ferroxidase centers via two discrete steps. Iron oxidation proceeds by transient formation of tri-iron ferroxidase centers. Iron storage by biomineralization inside the ferritin shell occurs at two iron nucleation centers. Here, a single iron atom provides a structural seed for iron-oxide cluster formation. The clusters with up to five iron atoms adopt a geometry that is different from natural biominerals like magnetite but resembles iron clusters so far known only from bioinorganic model compounds.
Asynchronous control of orientation and displacement in a robot vehicle (2003)

The design of a general-purpose vehicle controller is presented. The controller organization is presented as a three-layer structure. The top layer is an interpreter which assures a control protocol based on asynchronous commands and independent control of orientation and forward displacement. The middle layer is control loop which maintains an estimate of the vehicle's position and orientation, as well as their uncertainties. This control loop generates commands for vehicle displacements in terms of a 'virtual vehicle'. The bottom layer is a translator between the 'virtual vehicle' and the physical vehicle on which the controller is implemented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>