gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ocular Findings in COVID-19 Patients: A Review of Direct Manifestations and Indirect Effects on the Eye (2020)

The novel pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has challenged the medical community. While diagnostic and therapeutic efforts have been focused on respiratory complications of the disease, several ocular implications have also emerged. SARS-CoV-2 RNA has been found in tears of the infected patients, and reports suggest that the ocular surface could serve as a portal of entry and a reservoir for viral transmission. Clinically, COVID-19 has been associated with mild conjunctivitis, which can be the first and only symptom of the disease. Subtle retinal changes like hyperreflective lesions in the inner layers on optical coherence tomography (OCT), cotton-wool spots, and microhemorrhages have also been reported. In addition, COVID-19 has been associated with an increased incidence of systemic diseases like diabetes mellitus and Kawasaki disease, which are particularly relevant for ophthalmologists due to their potentially severe ocular manifestations. Several treatment strategies are currently under investigation for COVID-19, but none of them have been proved to be safe and effective to date. Intensive care unit patients, due to risk factors like invasive mechanical ventilation, prone position, and multiresistant bacterial exposure, may develop ocular complications like ocular surface disorders, secondary infections, and less frequently acute ischemic optic neuropathy and intraocular pressure elevation. Among the array of drugs that have shown positive results, the use of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine has raised a concern due to their well-known retinal toxic effects. However, the risk of retinal toxicity with short-term high-dose use of antimalarials is still unknown. Ocular side effects have also been reported with other investigational drugs like lopinavir-ritonavir, interferons, and interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 inhibitors. The aim of this review was to summarize ophthalmological implications of SARS-CoV-2 infection to serve as a reference for eye care and other physicians for prompt diagnosis and management.
Application of Polypyrrole Actuators: Feasibility of Variable Camber Foils (2004)

A decade of research into electroactive polymer actuators is leading to the exploration of applications. These technologies are not ready to compete with the internal combustion engine and electric motors in high power propulsion systems but are suitable for intermittent or aperiodic applications with moderate cycle life requirements, providing an alternative to solenoids and direct drive electric motors. Polypyrrole, an emerging actuator material, is applied to drive hydrodynamic control surfaces and in particular to change the camber of a foil. The foil is intended for use in the propeller blade of an autonomous underwater vehicle. A scaled prototype is constructed which employs polypyrrole actuators imbedded within the blade itself to vary camber. The kinematics required to generate camber change are demonstrated, with >30/spl deg/ deflections of the trailing edge being observed from both bending bilayer and linear actuator designs. Forces developed in still conditions are five times lower than the 3.5 N estimated to be required to implement variable camber. The observed 70 kJ/m/sup 3/ polypyrrole work density however is more than sufficient to produce the desired actuation from within the limited blade volume, enabling an application that is not feasible using direct drive electric motors. A key challenge with the polypyrrole actuators is to increase force without sacrificing speed of actuation.
ACSS2-mediated acetyl-CoA synthesis from acetate is necessary for human cytomegalovirus infection (2017)

Recent studies have shown that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can induce a robust increase in lipid synthesis which is critical for the success of infection. In mammalian cells the central precursor for lipid biosynthesis, cytosolic acetyl CoA (Ac-CoA), is produced by ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) from mitochondria-derived citrate or by acetyl-CoA synthetase short-chain family member 2 (ACSS2) from acetate. It has been reported that ACLY is the primary enzyme involved in making cytosolic Ac-CoA in cells with abundant nutrients. However, using CRISPR/Cas9 technology, we have shown that ACLY is not essential for HCMV growth and virally induced lipogenesis. Instead, we found that in HCMV-infected cells glucose carbon can be used for lipid synthesis by both ACLY and ACSS2 reactions. Further, the ACSS2 reaction can compensate for the loss of ACLY. However, in ACSS2-KO human fibroblasts both HCMV-induced lipogenesis from glucose and viral growth were sharply reduced. This reduction suggests that glucose-derived acetate is being used to synthesize cytosolic Ac-CoA by ACSS2. Previous studies have not established a mechanism for the production of acetate directly from glucose metabolism. Here we show that HCMV-infected cells produce more glucose-derived pyruvate, which can be converted to acetate through a nonenzymatic mechanism.
Randomized Double-Blind 2 × 2 Trial of Low-Dose Tamoxifen and Fenretinide for Breast Cancer Prevention in High-Risk Premenopausal Women (2009)

Despite favorable effects on plasma IGF-I levels and mammographic density, the combination of low-dose tamoxifen plus fenretinide did not reduce breast neoplastic events compared to placebo, whereas both single agents, particularly fenretinide, showed numerical reduction in annual odds of breast neoplasms. Further follow-up is indicated.
Additive Toxicity of β-Amyloid by a Novel Bioactive Peptide In Vitro: Possible Implications for Alzheimer’s Disease (2013)

This is the first study comparing directly the bioactivity of β-amyloid with a peptide derived from acetylcholinesterase: the similarity in action suggests that the sequence homology between the two compounds might have a functional and/or pathological relevance. The subsequent enhanced release of acetylcholinesterase from the extant cells could reflect a primary 'compensatory' response of cells prone to degeneration, paradoxically providing further availability of the toxic C-terminal peptide to modulate the potency of β-amyloid. Such a cycle of events may provide new insights into the mechanism of continuing selective cell loss in Alzheimer's disease and related degenerative disorders.
Optimization of Antivirus Software (2007)

The paper describes the main techniques used in development of computer antivirus software applications. For this particular category of software, are identified and defined optimum criteria that helps determine which solution is better and what are the objectives of the optimization process. From the general viewpoint of software optimization are presented methods and techniques that are applied at code development level. Regarding the particularities of antivirus software, the paper analyzes some of the optimization concepts applied to this category of applications
Metabolic control of recombinant monoclonal antibody <i>N</i>‐glycosylation in GS‐NS0 cells (2001)

Variable N-glycosylation at Asn(297) in the Fc region of recombinant therapeutic immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecules, specifically terminal galactosylation and sialylation, may affect both pharmacokinetic behavior and effector functions of recombinant therapeutic antibodies. We investigated the hypothesis that IgG Fc glycosylation can be controlled by manipulation of cellular nucleotide-sugar metabolism. In control cultures, N-glycans associated with the Fc domain of a recombinant humanized IgG1 produced by GS-NS0 cells in culture were predominantly biantennary, variably beta-galactosylated (average 0.3 mol galactose complex N-glycan(-1)) structures with no bisecting N-acetylglucosamine residues, sialylation, or alpha1,3-linked galactosylation evident. However, a variable proportion (5% to 15%) of high-mannose (Man5 to Man9) oligosaccharides were present. To manipulate the cellular content of the nucleotide sugar precursor required for galactosylation, UDP-Gal, we included either 10 mM glucosamine or 10 mM galactose in the culture medium. In the case of the former, a 17-fold increase in cellular UDP-N-acetylhexosamine content was observed, with a concomitant reduction (33%) in total UDP-hexose, although the ratio of UDP-Glc:UDP-Gal (4:1) was unchanged. Associated with these alterations in cellular UDP-sugar content was a significant reduction (57%) in the galactosylation of Fc-derived oligosaccharides. The proportion of high-mannose-type N-glycans (specifically Man5, the substrate for N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I) at Asn(297) was unaffected. In contrast, inclusion of 10 mM galactose in culture specifically stimulated UDP-Gal content almost five-fold. However, this resulted in only a minimal, insignificant increase (6%) in beta1,4-galactosylation of Fc N-glycans. Sialylation was not improved upon the addition of the CMP-sialic acid (CMP-SA) precursor N-acetylmannosamine (20 mM), even with an associated 44-fold increase in cellular CMP-SA content. Analysis of recombinant IgG1 Fc glycosylation during batch culture showed that beta1,4-linked galactosylation declined slightly during culture, although, in the latter stages of culture, the release of proteases and glycosidases by lysed cells were likely to have contributed to the more dramatic drop in galactosylation. These data demonstrate: (i) the effect of steric hindrance on Fc N-glycan processing; (ii) the extent to which alterations in cellular nucleotide-sugar content may affect Fc N-glycan processing; and (iii) the potential for direct metabolic control of Fc N-glycosylation.
Anti–Placental Growth Factor Reduces Bone Metastasis by Blocking Tumor Cell Engraftment and Osteoclast Differentiation (2010)

Treatment of bone metastases is largely symptomatic and is still an unmet medical need. Current therapies mainly target the late phase of tumor-induced osteoclast activation and hereby inhibit further metastatic growth. This treatment method is, however, less effective in preventing initial tumor engraftment, a process that is supposed to depend on the bone microenvironment. We explored whether bone-derived placental growth factor (PlGF), a homologue of vascular endothelial growth factor-A, regulates osteolytic metastasis. Osteogenic cells secrete PlGF, the expression of which is enhanced by bone-metastasizing breast tumor cells. Selective neutralization of host-derived PlGF by anti-mouse PlGF (alphaPlGF) reduced the incidence, number, and size of bone metastases, and preserved bone mass. alphaPlGF did not affect metastatic tumor angiogenesis but inhibited osteoclast formation by preventing the upregulation of the osteoclastogenic cytokine receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand in osteogenic cells, as well as by blocking the autocrine osteoclastogenic activity of PlGF. alphaPlGF also reduced the engraftment of tumor cells in the bone and inhibited their interaction with matrix components in the metastatic niche. alphaPlGF therefore inhibits not only the progression of metastasis but also the settlement of tumor in the bone. These findings identify novel properties of PlGF and suggest that alphaPlGF might offer opportunities for adjuvant therapy of bone metastasis.
Long-term efficacy of recombinant interferon alpha 2a in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C: a randomized prospective study comparing two dose schedules in Chinese patients. (1999)

IFN-alpha 2a is effective in the treatment of Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis C. The sustained response rates and ADR among two dose schedule groups are similar.
Oral Cobalamin for Treatment of Pernicious Anemia? (1991)

Pernicious anemia is a cobalamin deficiency disease caused by a lack of intrinsic factor (IF), which is necessary for the absorption of this vitamin. Because of the extensive hepatic storage of cobalamin, primary dietary deficiency is uncommon, occurring only in strict vegetarians after avoidance of animal products for many months. The most common cause of IF deficiency is gastric atrophy. Total gastrectomy leads to pernicious anemia, and partial gastrectomy does so occasionally. A rare congenital form of pernicious anemia may be the result of an autosomal recessive failure in IF production. It is possible to treat pernicious anemia with oral IF. This was standard practice at one time, but has lost favor because of the difficulty and expense of obtaining IF. For the last 30 or more years, the usual treatment has been 1000 μg of cobalamin administered intramuscularly once every 1 to 3 months. With a retention efficiency of
Computer Telephony Encyclopedia (2000)

If you want to grasp the full length and breadth of the rapidly developing computer telephony field, this book is the place to start. Author Richard Grigonis thoroughly explains even the most abstruse ideas in a concise manner that is aimed at all kinds of readers -- students, business executives, telecom managers, call center supervisors or entrep
A New Synthesis of Stilbene Natural Product Piceatannol (2008)

Hydroxylated (E)-stilbene natural products are widely present in nature and show a variety of biological activities including anti-inflamatory, antioxidative, lipid-lowering, radical scavenging, neuroprotection, anticarcinogenic and antiviral activities. (E)-3,3',4,5'-tetrahydroxystilbene (piceatannol, 1, Figure 1) was isolated from Rheum undulatum which has been widely used in China and Korea for the treatment of blood platelet aggregation. It was reported that 0.3 g of pure piceatannol was isolated from 1 kg of dry root of Rheum undulatum. The limited supply of piceatannol from nature has prevented the diverse characterization of its biological activities. Several syntheses of (E)-stilbene have been reported by using Wittig-Horner, Heck and Suzuki coupling reactions. However, the polyhydroxy (E)-stilbenes are difficult to prepare due to oxidizing sensitivity of the polyphenolic groups, and due to inherent difficulties of controlling trans-selectivity. We report herein the new total synthesis of piceatannol (1) in 6 steps from vanillin by using Sonogashira coupling reaction. Vanillin (2) in acetone at reflux with benzyl bromide and potassium carbonate produced 95% yield of benzylated vanillin 3 which was then reacted with trimethylsilyl diazomethane and n-buthyllithium in THF at −78 C to give ethynylbenzene 4 in 99% yield by Colvin rearrangement (Scheme 1). Sonogashira coupling of 4 with 1-iodo-3,5dimethoxybenzene by using PdCl2(PPh3)2/CuI/Et3N in DMF yielded 5 in 97% yield. Direct reduction of 5 to give (E)stilbene produced no reaction (entries 1-6) or afforded only (Z)-stilbene 7b in 80% yield by using Zn/HCl in acetonitrile (entry 7) as shown in Table 1. In order to produce (E)stilbene, 5 was reacted with bromine at −78 C and gave only the desired (E)-dibromostilbene 6 in 80% yield through the cyclic bromoniun intermediate (Scheme 2). Reductive debromination of 6 with Zn/KI/HCl in ethanol (entry 3) yielded 80% of (E)-stilbene 7a as shown in Table 2. However, LAH and n-BuLi (entries 4 and 6) in reductive debromination reaction produced only the acethylene 5 back, and t-BuLi (entry 5) gave the 1:1 mixture of 5 and 7a. Finally, dealkylation of 7a by BBr3 in methylene chloride gave piceatannol (1) in 50% yield. Polymethoxy aryl ether has been known to difficult for demethylation by using BBr3 or other reagents probably due to susceptibility for oxidation of polyphenolic substances.
Optimizing XPath queries on streaming XML data (2007)

XML stream processing has recently become popular for many applications such as selective dissemination of information. Several approaches have been proposed and most of them are based on the idea of finite automata. Different from these approaches, this paper presents a novel and efficient method for evaluating XPath with predicates on XML streaming data. For linear XPath expressions, our approach is at least as fast as the best method to date, i.e., with the cost of O(1) for each SAX event. For XPath with predicates, experiments have shown that our approach is efficient and scalable..
A consensus statement on the European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis (ESCEO) algorithm for the management of knee osteoarthritis—From evidence-based medicine to the real-life setting (2015)

The European Society for Clinical and Economic Aspects of Osteoporosis and Osteoarthritis (ESCEO) published a treatment algorithm for the management of knee osteoarthritis (OA) in 2014, which provides practical guidance for the prioritization of interventions. Further analysis of real-world data for OA provides additional evidence in support of pharmacological interventions, in terms of management of OA pain and function, avoidance of adverse events, disease-modifying effects and long-term outcomes, e.g., delay of total joint replacement surgery, and pharmacoeconomic factors such as reduction in healthcare resource utilization. This article provides an updated assessment of the literature for selected interventions in OA, focusing on real-life data, with the aim of providing easy-to-follow advice on how to establish a treatment flow in patients with knee OA in primary care clinical practice, in support of the clinicians' individualized assessment of the patient. In step 1, background maintenance therapy with symptomatic slow-acting drugs for osteoarthritis (SYSADOAs) is recommended, for which high-quality evidence is provided only for the prescription formulations of patented crystalline glucosamine sulfate and chondroitin sulfate. Paracetamol may be added for rescue analgesia only, due to limited efficacy and increasing safety signals. Topical non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) may provide additional symptomatic treatment with the same degree of efficacy as oral NSAIDs without the systemic safety concerns. Oral NSAIDs maintain a central role in step 2 advanced management of persistent symptoms. However, oral NSAIDs are highly heterogeneous in terms of gastrointestinal and cardiovascular safety profile, and patient stratification with careful treatment selection is advocated to maximize the risk:benefit ratio. Intra-articular hyaluronic acid as a next step provides sustained clinical benefit with effects lasting up to 6 months after a short-course of weekly injections. As a last step before surgery, the slow titration of sustained-release tramadol, a weak opioid, affords sustained analgesia with improved tolerability.
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Hydroxy‐ and Carbonyl Compounds with Sulphur Tetrafluoride. (1986)

Abstract The α‐keto esters (I) react with SP 4 in the presence of catalytic amounts of HF ‐ from SF 4 and H 2 O ‐ to form the products (II) by conversion of the ester carbonyl group to a CF; group.
PHALANX (2010)

Unrestricted use of heap pointers makes software systems difficult to understand and to debug. To address this challenge, we developed PHALANX -- a practical framework for dynamically checking expressive heap properties such as ownership, sharing and reachability. PHALANX uses novel parallel algorithms to efficiently check a wide range of heap properties utilizing the available cores. PHALANX runtime is implemented on top of IBM's Java production virtual machine. This has enabled us to apply our new techniques to real world software. We checked expressive heap properties in various scenarios and found the runtime support to be valuable for debugging and program understanding. Further, our experimental results on DaCapo and other benchmarks indicate that evaluating heap queries using parallel algorithms can lead to significant performance improvements, often resulting in linear speedups as the number of cores increases. To encourage adoption by programmers, we extended an existing JML compiler to translate expressive JML assertions about the heap into their efficient implementation provided by PHALANX. To debug her program, a programmer can annotate it with expressive heap assertions in JML, that are efficiently checked by PHALANX.
Identifying buffer overflow vulnerabilities based on binary code (2011)

Buffer overflow attack is the most common and arguably the most dangerous attack method. The buffer overflow detecting will play a significant role in network security filed. Various solutions have been developed to address the buffer overflow vulnerability problem. The paper presents a method that combines static analysis with dynamic test. By using the method we can identify a lot of potential weakness locations. A buffer overflow vulnerabilities testing system was developed. Using the system some PE-format files and dynamic link library files are detected respectively. The experiment results show that the method is feasibility and availability.
Linear Synthesis of The Methyl Glycosides of Tri-, Tetra-, and Pentasaccharide Fragments of The<i>Shigella Flexneri</i>Serotype 5A<i>O</i>-Antigen (2000)

ABSTRACT The stepwise synthesis of methyl α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (EBC-OMe, 1), methyl α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (A(E)BC-OMe, 2), and methyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-[α-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (DA(E)BC-OMe, 3) is described. Compounds 1, 2 and 3 constitute the methyl glycosides of fragments of the O-specific polysaccharide of Shigella flexneri serotype 5a. Methyl 2,4-di-O-benzoyl-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-2,4-di-O-benzoyl-α-L-rhamnopyranoside was an appropriate BC precursor for the synthesis of 1. For the synthesis of the branched targets 2 and 3, a benzyl group was best suited at position 2 of rhamnose C. Thus, methyl 4-O-benzyl-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-2,4-di-O-benzyl-α-L-rhamnopyranoside was the key intermediate to the BC portion. In all cases, 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-benzyl-α-D-glucopyranosyl fluoride was a convenient E precursor, when used in combination with titanium tetrafluoride. All along, attention was paid to steric hindrance as a factor of major impact on the condensation steps outcome. Therefore, based on previous experience, 2-O-acetyl-3,4-di-O-allyl-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate and 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-trichloroacetamido-α-D-glucopyranosyl trichloroacetimidate were used as donors. Both suited all requirements when used as key precursors for residues A and D in the synthesis of 3, respectively.
Dielectric spiral resonators (2010)

The possibility of constructing a resonator with a dielectric spiral inner is discussed. The modelling conducted shows that the mode related to the ceramic quarter-wave resonators also exists within a dielectric spiral, the properties of which are strongly dependent on the thickness and the number of turns of the spiral. The low filling factors associated with the resonant mode explains the high quality factors possessed by some of the spirals studied.
Cockpit integration of uplinked weather radar imagery (2002)

This paper discusses on-going research and development in improving the quality of weather information available to the pilot. Currently, the on-board weather radar is central to the pilot's task of monitoring the tactical weather situation in real-time. However, there has been a growing demand for the presentation of ground-based weather radar (e.g., NEXRAD) in the cockpit. NEXRAD provides an excellent strategic view of the weather situation but suffers (in cockpit applications) from latencies due to acquisition, processing, and uplink. The authors present a method that integrates both of the data sources to provide tactical and strategic weather radar in one display.