gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A New Method for Measuring Atmospheric Temperature and Aerosol Backscattering Coefficient Using a Pure Rotational Raman Lidar (2012)

Abstract It has been proved to be a high precision method to derive atmospheric temperature with a pure rotational Raman signal of atmospheric molecules and many pure rotational Raman lidars have been established around the world. The sum of all pure rotation Raman spectral lines is independent of temperature. By using this feature, we can determine the aerosol extinction without any assumption. This paper presents a new method for measuring atmospheric temperature and aerosol backscattering coefficient based on the two single lines of pure rotational Raman spectrum ( J = 4 and 14) detected by a pure rotation Raman lidar with an additional Mie channel. The concept and mathematical derivation are given in the paper.
<title>Low-cost 160 x 128 uncooled infrared sensor array</title> (1998)

This paper present a novel low cost, high performance readout integrated circuit (ROIC) for bolometer uncooled detector applications. The array is designed to offer better than 80mK NEdT using f/1.8 optics. The design incorporates advanced on-ROIC signal processing electronics that allows bolometer element non-uniformity control over a wide range of ROIC substrate temperatures. The small format array is ideally suited for high volume low-cost production applications.
FliL is essential for swarming: motor rotation in absence of FliL fractures the flagellar rod in swarmer cells of <i>Salmonella enterica</i> (2008)

fliL is the first gene in a flagellar operon that specifies members of the switch complex and type III export system in Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli, but no function has been ascribed to this gene thus far. Here we report that a fliL mutant is slightly impaired for swimming but completely defective in swarming in both organisms, and have studied this phenotype further in S. enterica. We have found that on swarm agar, mutant cells release or 'eject' their flagellar filaments. The released filaments are attached to the hook and part of the rod structure; we have identified the distal rod protein FlgG but not the proximal rod protein FlgF in these filaments. Rod fracture was not observed if flagellar rotation was prevented by removal of proteins that supply proton flow through the motor. Based on these and other results, we propose that motors experience a higher torque on swarm agar owing to an increased proton motive force, and that FliL allows the rod to withstand the increased torsional stress. The flagella-release phenotype of the S. enterica fliL mutant has a bearing on FliL-dependent flagellar ejection during the swimmer- to stalk-cell transition in the developmental cycle of Caulobacter crescentus.
Lung Function and Glucose Metabolism: An Analysis of Data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2005)

Although people with diabetes have decreased lung function, the dose-response relation between measures of glucose control and lung function in nondiabetic people is not known. The authors used data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988-1994) to investigate the relation between glucose tolerance test response and other measures of glucose homeostasis and lung function in an adult population without a clinical diagnosis of diabetes. Plasma glucose level 2 hours after oral administration of 75 g of glucose was inversely related to forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV(1)), with a difference of -144.7 ml (95% confidence interval: -231.9, -57.4) for persons in the highest quintile of postchallenge glucose compared with the lowest. Similar inverse associations with FEV(1) were found for other measures of glucose autoregulation. Lung function did not appear to be related to fasting glucose level. Similar associations were seen for forced vital capacity (FVC) but not for the FEV(1):FVC ratio. In the total study population, persons with previously diagnosed diabetes had an FEV(1) 119.1 ml (95% confidence interval: -161.5, -76.6) lower than persons without diabetes. This effect was greater in those with poorly controlled diabetes. These findings suggest that impaired glucose autoregulation is associated with impaired lung function.
Lithium-Assisted Electrochemical Welding in Silicon Nanowire Battery Electrodes (2012)

From in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations, we present direct evidence of lithium-assisted welding between physically contacted silicon nanowires (SiNWs) induced by electrochemical lithiation and delithiation. This electrochemical weld between two SiNWs demonstrates facile transport of lithium ions and electrons across the interface. From our in situ observations, we estimate the shear strength of the welded region after delithiation to be approximately 200 MPa, indicating that a strong bond is formed at the junction of two SiNWs. This welding phenomenon could help address the issue of capacity fade in nanostructured silicon battery electrodes, which is typically caused by fracture and detachment of active materials from the current collector. The process could provide for more robust battery performance either through self-healing of fractured components that remain in contact or through the formation of a multiconnected network architecture.
Recessive and dominant mutations in the ethylene biosynthetic gene <i>ACS</i> <i>5</i> of <i>Arabidopsis</i> confer cytokinin insensitivity and ethylene overproduction, respectively (1998)

We identified a set of cytokinin-insensitive mutants by using a screen based on the ethylene-mediated triple response observed after treatment with low levels of cytokinins. One group of these mutants disrupts ACS5, a member of the Arabidopsis gene family that encodes 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase, the first enzyme in ethylene biosynthesis. The ACS5 isoform is mainly responsible for the sustained rise in ethylene biosynthesis observed in response to low levels of cytokinin and appears to be regulated primarily by a posttranscriptional mechanism. Furthermore, the dominant ethylene-overproducing mutant eto2 was found to be the result of an alteration of the carboxy terminus of ACS5, suggesting that this domain acts as a negative regulator of ACS5 function.
Real-time simultaneous assessment of wall distension and wall shear rate in carotid arteries (2005)

A novel ultrasound (US) system has been developed to make possible the real-time assessment of both blood velocity profile and wall displacements in human arteries. The system consists of a modified US machine and a custom PC add-on board based on a high-speed DSP board. The software has been customized to make possible the simultaneous selection of two independent M-lines. In the B-mode display. With respect to the artery of interest, such lines can be set at optimal angles for wall detection and blood velocity detection, respectively. When switched to PW-mode, the system fires the elements of the linear array probe in such a way that US bursts are alternatively transmitted into one of the two selected M-line directions. Quadrature demodulated echo signals produced along both such lines are sent to the DSP board, which allows the corresponding blood velocity profile and wall displacement (or distension) waveforms to be calculated and displayed in real-time. From the velocity profile, the wall shear rate (WSR), i.e. the spatial velocity gradient close to the blood-wall interface, is extracted. The system has been preliminarily tested in the common carotid arteries of 11 healthy volunteers. Results of simultaneous diameter distension and WSR measurements are reported.
Adaptive object code compression (2006)

Previous object code compression schemes have employed static and semiadaptive compression algorithms to reduce the size of instruction memory in embedded systems. The suggestion by a number of researchers that adaptive compression techniques are unlikely to yield satisfactory results for code compression has resulted in virtually no investigation of their application to that domain. This paper presents a new adaptive approach to code compression which operates at the granularity of a program's cache lines, where the context for compression is determined by an analysis of control flow in the code being compressed. We introduce a novel data structure, the compulsory miss tree, that is used to identify a partial order in which compulsory misses will have occurred in an instruction cache whenever a cache miss occurs. This tree is used as a basis for dynamically building and maintaining an LZW dictionary for compression/decompression of individual instruction cache lines. We applied our technique to eight benchmarks taken from the MiBench and MediaBench suites, which were compiled with size optimization and subsequently compacted using a link-time optimizer prior to compression.Results from our experiments demonstrate object code size elimination averaging between 7.7% and 18.3% of the original linked code size, depending on the cache line length under inspection.
Testosterone Receptor Binding Mimic Constructed Using Molecular Imprinting (1997)

The molecular imprinting technique was used in the synthesis of polymers having a high affinity for testosterone. These polymers thus function as receptor binding mimics for the drug. Various polymerization conditions were examined in order to determine their influence on the binding strength and selectivity of the binding mimics. Using a series of similar steroids, we were able to identify features of the molecules which affect their affinity for the polymer matrix. The efficacy of covalent and noncovalent imprinting methods was also compared. As determined by HPLC, the most selective (noncovalently imprinted) polymer bound testosterone over 4 times more strongly than did a nonimprinted polymer and at least 3 times more selectively than steroids of similar structure.
Formulation of MUX/DEMUX Functions for Multiple Input-Output Port Cyclic AWG (2012)

We develop a mathematical formulation of the wavelength routing function of a cyclic AWG that has multiple input and output ports. The target routing device offers a colorless MUX/DEMUX function between wavelength and wavelength group layers. Different application examples of the device are explained.
Role of Corticotropin‐Releasing Factor Receptor‐1 in Opiate Withdrawal (2000)

Previous studies indicate that corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) contributes to the anxiety-like and aversive states associated with drug-induced withdrawal. The present study extends this work by analyzing the CRF receptor subtype involved in withdrawal responses. First, the influence of a selective CRF receptor-1 (CRF-R1) antagonist, CP-154,526, on opiate withdrawal behavior was examined. Pretreatment with the CRF-R1 antagonist significantly attenuated several behavioral signs of naltrexone-induced morphine withdrawal, including writhing, chewing, weight loss, lacrimation, salivation, and irritability, measured during the first hour of withdrawal. Next the expression of CRF-R1 was determined as a second measure of the involvement of this receptor in opiate withdrawal. Naltrexone-induced morphine withdrawal resulted in down-regulation of CRF-R1 mRNA in several brain regions, including the frontal cortex, parietal cortex, striatum, nucleus accumbens, and amygdala, but not in the hypothalamus or periaqueductal gray. Expression of CRF-R2, the other major CRF receptor subtype, was not down-regulated significantly by withdrawal in any of the regions examined, although morphine alone significantly increased levels of this receptor subtype. Taken together, the behavioral and receptor regulation findings indicate that CRF-R1 is the primary mediator of the actions of the CRF system on opiate withdrawal, although it is possible that CRF-R2 contributes to the response.
The Genesis of Torsional Drillstring Vibrations (1992)

Summary Inherent drilling characteristics of polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bits alone can be sufficient to excite severe torsional drillstring vibrations. The work presented here augments previous findings that torsional vibrations can result from the drilling characteristics of the bit itself. Laboratory and field torsional measurements are compared with model results to show that the observed vibrations can be explained by a reduction in PDC bit torque as rotary speed increases. These torsional vibrations are important because they can cause drillpipe fatigue and may be severe enough to damage the bit. The model also is used to pinpoint possible solutions to the problem.
Contribution of hemodynamic variables to the lowering of blood pressure by substance P in the anesthetized rat. (1997)

The radioactive microsphere technique was used to determine the contribution of acute changes in systemic hemodynamic variables to the lowering of blood pressure caused by substance P in rats anesthetized with urethane. Infusion of 0.74 nmol/kg/min of substance P caused a decrease of blood pressure, cardiac output, stroke volume and blood flow to most tissues. Total and regional vascular resistances were not affected. Heart rate was increased. These results suggest that the lowering of blood pressure caused by substance P occurs as a result of the decreased stroke volume and cardiac output. The most likely explanation for the decreased stroke volume is a decreased venous return. Several studies have shown that substance P has a direct effect to dilate peripheral arteries. Since substance P dilates arteries, one would expect a decrease of peripheral vascular resistance. The results of this study suggest, however, that counter-regulatory processes, elicited in response to the vasodilatation and direct effects of substance P on sympathetic ganglia to increase the sympathetic nervous system activity, offset the direct effect of substance P on arteries that would otherwise cause a decrease of peripheral vascular resistance.
Triphenylamine/tetrazine based π-conjugated systems as molecular donors for organic solar cells (2015)

Conjugated systems built by connecting one electron-donor triphenylamine to an electron-withdrawing tetrazine have been prepared using various linkers.
Performance of OCT segmentation procedures to assess morphology and extension in geographic atrophy (2010)

This study showed substantial limitations in identifying zones of GA reliably when using automatic segmentation procedures in current SD-OCT devices. This limitation should be addressed to visualize and document RPE loss realistically in a frequent disease like GA.
Pico-Salax versus polyethylene glycol for bowel cleanout before colonoscopy in children: a randomized controlled trial (2009)

Children tolerate Pico-Salax better than PEG-ELS for bowel cleanout before colonoscopy. This study did not demonstrate superiority of effectiveness or safety for either regimen.
Structurally Defined Catalysts for Enantioselective Oxidative Coupling Reactions (2003)

Copper(II)-based complex catalysts (see crystal structures) were prepared and characterized by X-ray crystallography. They were shown to be active catalysts for asymmetric oxidative coupling of 2-naphthol with high enantioselectivity.
Electro-Rheological-Fluid-Based Articulating Robotic Systems (1987)

Abstract The limitations of the current generation of robotic systems has triggered a new research thrust for predicting the elastodynamic response of assemblages of articulating flexible-bodied systems. This research thrust is extended herein by proposing the fabrication of robotic systems in either monolithic or ultra-advanced composite laminated high-strength, high-stiffness materials in which are incorporated electrorheological fluids. These multi-phase fluid systems, which change their rheological behavior instantaneously when subjected to an externally applied electrical field, provide a potential for tailoring the vibrational characteristics of these hybrid materials from which the structural members of the proposed robotic systems are fabricated. This paper is focused on developing the necessary design tools for predicting the vibrational response of flexible multibodied articulating systems fabricated with this new class of advanced materials. A variational theorem is developed herein as a basis for finite element formulations which can be employed to predict the elastodynamic response of these systems. A coherent combination of experimental and theoretical work on cantilevered beams is presented to demonstrate the viability of the proposed design methodology. In addition, computer simulation results are presented to demonstrate the potential payoffs in terms of superior performance characteristics of a new generation of robotic systems capitalizing on this innovative and revolutionary design philosophy.
Free zinc ions outside a narrow concentration range are toxic to a variety of cells <i>in vitro</i> (2010)

The zinc(II) ion has recently been implicated in a number of novel functions and pathologies in loci as diverse as the brain, retina, small intestine, prostate, heart, pancreas, and immune system. Zinc ions are a required nutrient but elevated concentrations are known to kill cells in vitro. Paradoxical observations regarding zinc's effects have appeared frequently in the literature, and often their physiological relevance is unclear. We found that for PC-12, HeLa and HT-29 cell lines as well as primary cultures of cardiac myocytes and neurons in vitro in differing media, approximately 5 nmol/L free zinc (pZn = 8.3, where pZn is defined as--log(10) [free Zn(2+)]) produced apparently healthy cells, but 20-fold higher or (in one case) lower concentrations were usually harmful as judged by multiple criteria. These results indicate that (1) the free zinc ion levels of media should be controlled with a metal ion buffer; (2) adding zinc or strong zinc ligands to an insufficiently buffered medium may lead to unpredictably low or high free zinc levels that are often harmful to cells; and (3) it is generally desirable to measure free zinc ion levels due to the presence of contaminating zinc in many biochemicals and unknown buffering capacity of many media.
Assessment of Methods for Detection of Infectious <i>Cryptosporidium</i> Oocysts and <i>Giardia</i> Cysts in Reclaimed Effluents (2003)

This study evaluates the occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts in reclaimed effluents if method 1623 with the Envirochek capsule filters (standard and high-volume [HV] filters) and a modified version of the Information Collection Rule method (ICR) with the polypropylene yarn-wound cartridge filter are used. The recovery efficiency of the analytical methods was evaluated with samples of reagent, tap, and reclaimed water by using flow cytometer-sorted spike suspensions. (Oo)cyst recovery efficiency determined filter performance and method reproducibility in the water matrix tested. Method 1623 with the Envirochek HV capsule filter generated significantly higher recovery rates than did the standard Envirochek filter and the modified ICR method. Notwithstanding, large variations in recovery rates (>80%) occurred with samples of reclaimed water, and none of the water quality parameters analyzed in the reclaimed effluents could explain such variability. The highest concentrations of indigenous oocysts were detected by method 1623 with the HV filter, which provided a sufficient number of oocysts for further confirmation of infectious potential. Confirmation of species and potential infectivity for all positive protozoan samples was made by using a nested PCR restriction fragment polymorphism assay and the focus detection method most-probable-number assay, respectively. The methodology and results described in the present investigation provide useful information for the establishment of pathogen numeric standards for reclaimed effluents used for unrestricted irrigation.
Automated system for restoration of low-resolution document and text images (2001)

The <i>Journal of Electronic Imaging</i> (JEI), copublished bimonthly with the Society for Imaging Science and Technology, publishes peer-reviewed papers that cover research and applications in all areas of electronic imaging science and technology.
SMEs Intervention Programmes in Nigeria: Evaluating Challenges Facing Implementation (2021)

To ensure price and economic stability, the central bank of Nigeria has adopted several unconventional monetary policy measure such as MSMEs credit intervention with the aim of boosting credit availability in specific sector of the economy. The intuition is that rise in productive activities/investment will indirectly promotes price stability the core mandate of the bank. Therefore, this study investigated the challenges facing implementation of real sector (MSMEs) intervention programmes of the CBN since year 2000 to 2020. The study employed mixed method using descriptive survey approach to sample 62 intervention programme implementers and 400 Micro, Small and Medium Sized Enterprises (MSMEs). The findings reveal among others that high loan default risks, politicization of programmes, and inadequate infrastructural development are the leading challenges facing programme implementers in Nigeria. Applicants' non-eligibility in programmes applied for, poor business plan or inadequate knowledge in proposed business topped the reasons for failures among applicant MSMEs. Consequently, a need for more public-private partnerships in programme design, monitoring, and evaluation to forestall political interference is advised.
Ion Current Measurement in Diesel Engines (2004)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Contemporary diesel engines are high-tech power plants that provide high torques at very good levels of efficiency. By means of modern injecting-systems such as Common-Rail Injection, combustion noise and emissions could be influenced positively as well. Diesel engine are therefore used increasingly in top-range and sports cars.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Today's production ECUs have no or only very low feedback regarding the process in the combustion chamber. As long as this data is missing, the design of the maps in the ECU can only be a compromise, since production tolerances and aging processes have to be considered in advance. Disturbances in the combustion process may not be detected at all.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">If more knowledge about the course of combustion is provided, especially the start of combustion (SOC), various operating parameters, such as the pilot injection quantity or the beginning of current feed to the injector, could be adjusted more precisely and individually for every cylinder. For the HCCI, which is currently in research, knowledge of the SOC is even of decisive importance.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The ion current measurement technique lends itself to acquiring this information. Compared to cylinder pressure sensors or optical probes, it is much easier to integrate into existing constructions. It promises great reliability and provides meaningful data for monitoring multiple control variables simultaneously.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">In the paper at hand, ion current measurements were carried out on a 2.2 litre diesel engine with common-rail injection. It first deals with the fundamentals and the signal progression of the ion current measurement. It was shown that the ion current signal is suitable as an analysis signal for detecting the correct PI quantity, a disturbance of the intake port deactivation system and the EGR-rate.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Different methods are described of detecting the start of combustion using the ion current signal in steady-state and transient mode. Using this SOC it is possible to control the PI quantity to an optimum where combustion noise and emissions are concerned.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This work thus contributes to making modern diesel engines even more powerful and eco-friendly.</div>