gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>Ab initio</i>defect energetics of perovskite (001) surfaces for solid oxide fuel cells: A comparative study of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>LaMn</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>versus<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>SrTi</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>and<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>LaAl</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> (2015)

In this paper, we perform a comparative study based on ab initio modeling for perovskite $AB{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ (001) surfaces and surface defect energetics in order to understand the influence of polarity and redox active Mn in the $\mathrm{LaMn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ system. We consider $\mathrm{LaMn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3},\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{LaAl}{\mathrm{O}}_{3},\phantom{\rule{0.16em}{0ex}}\mathrm{SrTi}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, and briefly $\mathrm{LaFe}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ systems for comparison, which illustrate the interplay between properties of polar surfaces and the varying $d$-electron shell of transition metals. We are motivated by the need to understand the surfaces of mixed electronic and ionic conductors typically used in solid oxide fuel cell cathodes and other ion conducting technologies, which are represented here by the $\mathrm{LaMn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ system. We focus on the influence of the metal character and surface polarity on the surface and surface defect chemistry in these selected systems. We demonstrate that the facile redox of the TM $(3{d}^{4})$ in $\mathrm{LaMn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ with partial ${e}_{g}$ orbital occupation (or specifically ${e}_{g}$ occupancy close to 1) allows the polar surfaces to be compensated by changes in charge density over relatively short length scales (3 to 4 unit cells or \ensuremath{\sim}1.5 nm) near the surface as compared to $\mathrm{LaAl}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. In contrast to $\mathrm{LaAl}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, this low-energy and short-range screening mechanism leads to low surface energies without any additional reconstruction, rapidly converging surface properties with film thickness (by \ensuremath{\sim}8 unit cells), bulklike defect chemistry more than \ensuremath{\sim}1.5 nm from the surface, and surface defect energetics that are primarily governed by the local charge doping or the created electric field near the polar surfaces. We show that $\mathrm{LaMn}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ exhibits very different surface properties from $\mathrm{LaAl}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and $\mathrm{SrTi}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, thereby demonstrating that these properties are due to the presence of the redox active transition metal with partial ${e}_{g}$ orbital occupation and a polar surface, respectively. These understandings can help guide qualitative analysis, computational study, and design of surfaces of mixed electronic and ionic conductors.
M protein gene typing of Streptococcus pyogenes by nonradioactively labeled oligonucleotide probes (1992)

A new approach for the typing of Streptococcus pyogenes is described. Oligonucleotide probes of 30 nucleotides in length were derived from currently known sequences of the N-terminal regions of M protein genes (emm genes). The oligonucleotides were labeled with digoxigenin-dUTP and hybridized to dot-blotted genomic DNA from 116 group A streptococcal strains of serotypes M-1, M-2, M-3, M-5, M-6, M-12, M-18, M-19, M-24, and M-49. Hybridization reactions were visualized with a chemiluminescent substrate. In comparison with conventional serological typing of expressed M proteins, the binding of the probes to the corresponding emm genes exhibited 100% sensitivity and specificity. The results emphasize the high degree of type-specific conservation of the N-terminal regions of emm genes from reference strains and epidemiologically unrelated U.S. and European clinical isolates. The existence of two distinct genetic subgroups among eight investigated M-49 strains was unequivocally shown by hybridization assays and further confirmed by nucleotide sequence data obtained from four selected M-49 strains. Because oligonucleotide probes are relatively easy to prepare, easy to handle, and known to give consistent interlaboratory results, the "oligotyping" technique appears to offer potential advantages over conventional serological typing methods.
Increased Expression of Interleukin-16 in Bronchial Mucosa of Subjects with Atopic Asthma (1997)

Asthma is characterized by the presence of activated CD4+ cells in the airways. We hypothesized that the newly characterized cytokine interleukin (IL)-16 is involved in the pathogenesis of asthma through its ability to selectively induce CD4+ cell recruitment within the inflamed bronchial wall. We investigated the expression of IL-16 in bronchial biopsies obtained from subjects with mild asthma (n = 10), atopic nonasthmatic individuals (n = 6), and normal control subjects (n = 10). Cryostat sections from 4% paraformaldehyde-fixed fiberoptic bronchial biopsies were immunostained using a specific antibody that recognizes human IL-16. IL-16 mRNA expression was determined by in situ hybridization. IL-16 immunoreactivity and mRNA were demonstrated mainly in bronchial epithelial cells in all subjects. IL-16 immunoreactivity and IL-16 mRNA expression within the epithelium were significantly higher in bronchial biopsies obtained from asthmatic subjects as compared to both atopic nonasthmatic and normal controls (P < 0.001). The numbers of subepithelial IL-16 immunoreactive cells and IL-16 mRNA-positive cells were also greater in the bronchial biopsies obtained from asthmatic subjects as compared to both atopic nonasthmatic and normal controls (P < 0.001). Epithelial expression of IL-16 immunoreactivity and mRNA correlated with the CD4+ cell infiltration (r2 = 0.70, P < 0.001). There were significant associations between epithelial and subepithelial IL-16 immunoreactivity and airway responsiveness to methacholine. This study demonstates that IL-16 is expressed in airway tissues, particularly in the epithelial cells, and that up-regulation of its expression is a feature of allergic asthma. These results suggest an in vivo role for IL-16 in the pathogenesis of asthma, possibly through the recruitment of CD4+ cells, and support the increasing evidence for the participation of epithelial cells in regulating inflammatory responses.
Route oscillations in I-BGP with route reflection (2002)

We study the route oscillation problem [16, 19] in the Internal Border Gateway Protocol (I-BGP)[18] when route reflection is used. We propose a formal model of I-BGP and use it to show that even deciding whether an I-BGP configuration with route reflection can converge is an NP-Complete problem. We then propose a modification to I-BGP and show that route reflection cannot cause the modified protocol to diverge. Moreover, we show that the modified protocol converges to the same stable routing configuration regardless of the order in which messages are sent or received.
Mammalian protein glycosylation – structure versus function (2014)

Carbohydrates fulfil many common as well as extremely important functions in nature. They show a variety of molecular displays--e.g., free mono-, oligo-, and polysaccharides, glycolipids, proteoglycans, glycoproteins, etc.--with particular roles and localizations in living organisms. Structure-specific peculiarities are so many and diverse that it becomes virtually impossible to cover them all from an analytical perspective. Hence this manuscript, focused on mammalian glycosylation, rather than a complete list of analytical descriptors or recognized functions for carbohydrate structures, comprehensively reviews three central issues in current glycoscience, namely (i) structural analysis of glycoprotein glycans, covering both classical and novel approaches for teasing out the structural puzzle as well as potential pitfalls of these processes; (ii) an overview of functions attributed to carbohydrates, covering from monosaccharide to complex, well-defined epitopes and full glycans, including post-glycosylational modifications, and (iii) recent technical advances allowing structural identification of glycoprotein glycans with simultaneous assignation of biological functions.
Automated extraction of blood vessel networks from 3D microscopy image stacks via multi-scale principal curve tracing (2011)

Blood vessel segmentation, that is, extraction of the center lines and corresponding local cylinder radii are important for the study of vascular diseases, and in the brain also important for the modeling and understanding of relationships between hemodynamics and electrical neural activity. Several image processing methods have been proposed for vessel extraction in many domains including those that explore the use of pattern recognition techniques, model-based approaches, tracking based approaches, artificial based approaches, neural network based approaches, and miscellaneous tube-like object detection approaches. In this paper, we propose a ridge tracing approach based on recently developed principal curve (PC) projection and tracing algorithms for the extraction of vasculature networks in the brain from 3D microscopy image stacks. Results on mice brain imagery obtained for the purpose of studying hemodynamic effects on neural activity are promising.
Kinetics of Liquid Phase Selective Hydrogenation of Methylacetylene and Propadiene in C3 Streams. (1998)

A study was made of kinetic parameters of methylacetylene (MA) and propadiene (PD) selective hydrogenation in liquid phase. C3 cut, produced by naphtha steam cracking, contains 93.5 wt% propylene, 3.5 wt% propane, 2.5 wt% MAPD and lighter hydrocarbons. MA and PD are unwanted for the propylene conversion processes in the downstream plants and are removed by converting them to propylene itself. For this purpose, a palladium based commercial catalyst was used in a lab scale trickle-bed reactor, in the temperature range of 20–50°C and in the WHSV range of 70–110 h–1, at 2.53 MPa. It was found that MAPD conversion to propylene decreases as temperature and WHSV increase. In the reaction mixture, propylene itself also reacts to give propane. However, propylene conversion remains nearly constant in different WHSV and temperature values. Rate equations for MA, PD and propylene conversions were obtained by using experimental results. Kinetic parameters were calculated by taking into consideration external and internal mass transfer resistances.
The Cutaneous Epidermal Growth Factor Network: Can it be Translated Clinically to Stimulate Hair Growth? (2009)

The influences exerted by the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) on the skin act at multiple levels, which involve compartments that normally express EGFR. These include the basal and suprabasal layers of the epidermis, sebaceous glands, and the outer root sheath of the hair follicles. The physiological roles of EGFR ensure epidermal renewal and integrity, along with a gatekeeping and function and hair growth stimulation functions. Important cellular functions that are altered during EGF receptor blocking therapy consist of epidermal differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and migration, with an overall dominating effect of inducing growth arrest and terminal differentiation of the keratinocytes in the basal layers. The effects of EGFR blockage on the hair cycle include terminal differentiation of the hair follicle, which in certain cases may be associated with trichomegaly. Trichomegaly of the eyelashes may occur as an isolated occurrence or, frequently, as part of a generalized phenomenon that may be associated with the use of the EGFR inhibitors. Molecular changes associated with EGFR blockage are discussed, relevant to their association with hair growth. Modulation of Akt, AP2alpha, CDK4, Notch-1, p27KIP1, and Hedgehog expression are involved in the initiation of the hair cycle and inducement of the anagen phase, followed by proliferation and differentiation of the hair follicles. Epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors have been developed as therapeutic molecules directed against cancer; in these regimens the knowledge of EGF receptor signaling functions has been translated into significant clinical results. However, among their various collateral effects on the skin, hair growth is observed to occur in certain patients. A particular "wavy" hair phenotype is observed during the pharmacological EGFR receptor blockade, just as in murine transgenic models that carry loss of function of TGF-alpha or EGFR genes. A better characterization of the individual roles pertaining to the EGF family ligands and receptors, has the potential provide new strategies for the management of hair loss.
Interpretation of transient currents in amorphous-silicon hydride p-i-n and n-i-n devices (1989)

Transient current experiments on amorphous silicon hydride p-i-n and n-i-n devices were performed by M. Silver et al. (1986) as a means of studying the effects of localized states on charge transport in this material. However, some of the features of the observed current transients were not thoroughly understood. Here, simulations of these experiments are used to explain the experimental results and evaluate the parameter set used in the simulation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
审计判断研究：问题的提出、研究方法和未来方向（一） (2004)

五、假设生成、信息搜寻和信息选择 (一)主要的研究问题 第三和第四部分讨论了审计师的信息处理问题,在这些研究中,向实验者提供了明确、可靠的数据,供他们在一个设计完善的任务环境中进行判断.20多年前,就有学者(Ein-horn,1976;Libby,1981)提出,许多真正的决策任务涉及意义不明确的任务、信息搜寻的必要性、可靠数据的缺乏、假设设定的必要性及假设的确证或否证.作为分析性复核判断的一部分,审计师一经发现公司财务报表中的异常波动,就要推断产生波动的原因,然后在采取行动之前搜寻与这些假设相关的信息并作出评价(见Koonce,1993).与这一领域相关的研究问题有:第一,哪些因素会影响审计师的搜寻模式,哪个模式是最佳搜寻模式?第二,检验审计师对财务比率的波动建立假设的能力,以及哪些因素会影响审计师在完成这一任务上的绩效?第三,问题的表达方式是否会影响对特定假设证据选择的评价?第四,当模型的设计超出了实验者的能力时,导致绩效差异的原因是信息选择还是信息处理?
<i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> Engineered for Xylose Metabolism Exhibits a Respiratory Response (2004)

Native strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae do not assimilate xylose. S. cerevisiae engineered for d-xylose utilization through the heterologous expression of genes for aldose reductase (XYL1), xylitol dehydrogenase (XYL2), and d-xylulokinase (XYL3 or XKS1) produce only limited amounts of ethanol in xylose medium. In recombinant S. cerevisiae expressing XYL1, XYL2, and XYL3, mRNA transcript levels for glycolytic, fermentative, and pentose phosphate enzymes did not change significantly on glucose or xylose under aeration or oxygen limitation. However, expression of genes encoding the tricarboxylic acid cycle, respiration enzymes (HXK1, ADH2, COX13, NDI1, and NDE1), and regulatory proteins (HAP4 and MTH1) increased significantly when cells were cultivated on xylose, and the genes for respiration were even more elevated under oxygen limitation. These results suggest that recombinant S. cerevisiae does not recognize xylose as a fermentable carbon source and that respiratory proteins are induced in response to cytosolic redox imbalance; however, lower sugar uptake and growth rates on xylose might also induce transcripts for respiration. A petite respiration-deficient mutant (rho degrees ) of the engineered strain produced more ethanol and accumulated less xylitol from xylose. It formed characteristic colonies on glucose, but it did not grow on xylose. These results are consistent with the higher respiratory activity of recombinant S. cerevisiae when growing on xylose and with its inability to grow on xylose under anaerobic conditions.
Level of β-Adrenergic Receptor Kinase 1 Inhibition Determines Degree of Cardiac Dysfunction After Chronic Pressure Overload–Induced Heart Failure (2005)

These data show that the level of betaARK1 inhibition determines the degree to which cardiac function can be preserved in response to pressure overload and has important therapeutic implications when betaARK1 inhibition is considered as a molecular target.
Joint Optimization of Sampling Patterns and Deep Priors for Improved Parallel MRI (2020)

Multichannel imaging techniques are widely used in MRI to reduce the scan time. These schemes typically perform undersampled acquisition and utilize compressed-sensing based regularized reconstruction algorithms. Model-based deep learning (MoDL) frameworks are now emerging as powerful alternatives to compressed sensing, with significantly improved image quality. In this work, we investigate the impact of sampling patterns on the quality of the image recovered using the MoDL algorithm. We introduce a scheme to jointly optimize the sampling pattern and the reconstruction network parameters in MoDL for parallel MRI. The improved decoupling of the network parameters from the sampling patterns offered by the MoDL scheme translates to improved optimization and thus improved performance. Preliminary experimental results demonstrate that the proposed joint opti-mization framework significantly improves the image quality.
Software Defined Radio architecture using a multicasting Network-on-Chip (2009)

Software Defined Radio (SDR) allows dynamically changing protocols and functions in order to provide flexible, multiple-standard services to users. A reconfigurable baseband architecture having a set of coarse-grained, heterogeneous execution units is one strategy which can meet this requirement. However, while we can integrate a large number of execution units onto a chip, conventional bus structures may not be able to support the amount of traffic between the functional units due to the shared nature of the bus. In this paper, an SDR baseband platform is mapped onto two different types of on-chip networks, a multicasting CDMA-based network and a conventional 2D-mesh network. Synthesis is performed for both cases using a 0.13 micron CMOS technology library and comparative results for performance and area are provided.
Caching Policies for In-Network Caching (2012)

Recent works on Information Centric Networking enable the exploitation of the caching resources in the new generation of routers (Content Routers or CR). So far, only a basic Least Recently Used (LRU) strategy implemented on every CR has been proposed. More generally, the research community lacks methods for analyzing and evaluating caching policies (other than LRU) in generic multi-cache topologies. In this paper, we provide a model that approximates the hit-ratios of any multi-cache topology for the Least Recently/Frequently Used (LRFU) caching policies, which consist of a spectrum of policies based on a trade-off between recency and frequency. We also present a way to approximate the performances of the network of caches when the input traffic changes. The approximation results can be used to decide suitable policy for CR at different positions in the network topology. With appropriate policy for each single CR, we are able to improve the performance of the whole in-network caching system.
Neuroimmunodegeneration: do neurons and T cells use common pathways for cell death? (1995)

In syndromes of pediatric neuroimmunodegeneration (NID), certain neurons and T cells degenerate and disappear during early development at an accelerated rate without alerting the peripheral immune cells. Current studies of some of these NID syndromes suggest that the primary cause of neuronal and T cell death is an imbalanced cytokine signaling system with a dysfunctional redox status, and that the loss of T cells and neurons may be secondary to impaired functions of their accessory supportive cells. These dysfunctions include inappropriate production of developmental cytokines, inadequate secretion of reductants, and disregulation of excitotoxic amino acid metabolism. Two examples of pediatric NID in humans are ataxia telangiectasia and pediatric human immunodeficiency virus infection. An animal model is retrovirus-induced T and neuronal cell loss in neonatal mice infected with a neuroimmunopathogenic mutant, ts1, of the Moloney murine leukemia virus. Because both thymic and neuronal components share many growth factors and developmental signals, it is likely that disregulation of these signals would lead to concomitant dysfunction of neuronal and thymic cells. In this review, we focus on the pathogenic mechanisms involved in these developmental NID syndromes with the objective of identifying common pathogenic factors and pathways responsible for the concurrent losses of both neurons and T cells.
Not to wake a sleeping giant: new insights into host-pathogen interactions identify new targets for vaccination against latent<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>infection (2008)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis is one of the worlds' most successful and sophisticated pathogens. It is estimated that over 2 billion people today harbour latent M. tuberculosis infection without any clinical symptoms. As most new cases of active tuberculosis (TB) arise from this (growing) number of latently infected individuals, urgent measures to control TB reactivation are required, including post-exposure/therapeutic vaccines. The current bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine and all new generation TB vaccines being developed and tested are essentially designed as prophylactic vaccines. Unfortunately, these vaccines are unlikely to be effective in individuals already latently infected with M. tuberculosis. Here, we argue that detailed analysis of M. tuberculosis genes that are switched on predominantly during latent stage infection may lead to the identification of new antigenic targets for anti-TB strategies. We will describe essential host-pathogen interactions in TB with particular emphasis on TB latency and persistent infection. Subsequently, we will focus on novel groups of late-stage specific genes, encoded amongst others by the M. tuberculosis dormancy (dosR) regulon, and summarise recent studies describing human T-cell recognition of these dormancy antigens in relation to (latent) M. tuberculosis infection. We will discuss the possible relevance of these new classes of antigens for vaccine development against TB.
Failure of Iniparib to Inhibit Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase <i>In Vitro</i> (2012)

While iniparib kills normal and neoplastic cells at high (>40 μmol/L) concentrations, its effects are unlikely to reflect PARP inhibition and should not be used to guide decisions about other PARP inhibitors.
Hypertext challenges in the auditing domain (1989)

Auditing is the process by which an opinion is formed on the financial statements of a company by a group of outside professional accountants. Large numbers of documents pertaining to the company's business are examined and many more are produced during an audit in order to arrive at and provide a basis for this opinion. These documents contain a wide variety of interrelated information. Capturing these interrelationships is essential to performing an effective audit. Currently, this is accomplished by using a highly-structured, manual hypertext system. While quite effective, the system is difficult and time-consuming to maintain, and can become unwieldy when conducting an audit for a very large company.
Analysis of traveling-wave coplanar waveguide MQW electroabsorption modulator using the 3D finite-difference time-domain method (1999)

Transmission characteristics are numerically analyzed for ridge-type traveling-wave coplanar waveguide MQW electro-absorption modulators and N - -I-N microstrip traveling-wave electro-absorption modulators. We investigate the bandwidth limitation factors such as the phase velocity mismatching and microwave loss, and achieve structural optimization changing the conductivity and thickness of N + layer in the traveling wave electro-absorption modulators.
LE SURRÉALISME EN AMÉRIQUE HISPANIQUE: HÉRITAGE ET MUTATION (2013)

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Variable-flip-angle single-slab 3D GRASE imaging with phase-independent image reconstruction (2014)

We successfully demonstrated that the proposed variable-flip-angle gradient- and spin-echo can be a highly promising energy- or encoding-efficient alternative for high resolution isotropic imaging.