gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Minimizing Eavesdropping Risk by Transmission Power Control in Multihop Wireless Networks (2007)

To defend against reconnaissance activity in ad hoc wireless networks, we propose transmission power control as an effective mechanism for minimizing the eavesdropping risk. Our main contributions are given as follows. First, we cast the wth-order eavesdropping risk as the maximum probability of packets being eavesdropped when there are w adversarial nodes in the network. Second, we derive the closed-form solution of the first-order eavesdropping risk as a polynomial function of the normalized transmission radius. This derivation assumes a uniform distribution of user nodes. Then, we generalize the model to allow arbitrary user nodes distribution and prove that the uniform user distribution minimizes the first-order eavesdropping risk. This result plays an essential role in deriving analytical bounds for the eavesdropping risk given arbitrary user distributions. Our simulation results show that, for a wide range of nonuniform traffic patterns, the difference in their eavesdropping risk values from the corresponding lower bounds is 3 dB or less.
A motion compensated frame interpolation scheme for high-definition videos (2011)

This paper presents a motion compensated frame interpolation (MCFI) scheme for high-definition (HD) video applications. The proposed algorithm uses only two successive frames, and the motion candidates are selected from the spatial and temporal domains. The scheme includes the following four steps. Firstly, forward and backward motion fields are estimated. Secondly, the motion vector fields are projected to the interpolated frames by our new retiming method based on median filter. Thirdly, a geometric based occlusion detection algorithm is applied to find the covered and uncovered regions in the interpolated frame for unidirectional interpolation. Finally, new frames are generated by unidirectional and bi-directional interpolation to reduce the halo artifacts. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm achieves much better visual quality than the traditional methods.
The influence of tissue hydrostatic pressure and protein concentration on fluid and protein uptake by diaphragmatic initial lymphatics; effect of calcium dobesilate. (1985)

Net uptake of fluid and protein by rat diaphragmatic initial lymphatics was observed, at various tissue hydrostatic pressures (-5 to 25 cm water)--using the peritoneal cavity as a huge tissue space. Between -5 and +5 cms, the amount of fluid uptake was much increased as the protein concentration in the tissue fluid rose. This is as predicted by the colloidal osmotic pressure hypothesis of initial lymphatic filling; it is completely contrary to the hydrostatic pressure gradient hypothesis. However at 15 and 25 cm, the protein concentration had no effect on the fluid uptake. The initial lymphatics were acting as simple conduits, rather than as force-pumps. Fluid flowed down a hydrostatic pressure gradient, from the tissues to the collecting lymphatics. Fluid uptake was not directly proportional to the hydrostatic pressure gradient; it increased disproportionately at higher pressures--probably because of the dilatation of the initial lymphatics or their open junctions. Calcium dobesilate had no effect on fluid or protein uptake at the lower pressures, but significantly increased both of these at 25 cm of water. Probably it caused the collecting lymphatics to pump more, removing excess lymph which otherwise accumulated in them. This reduced the intralymphatic pressures in the initial lymphatics so that more fluid entered them.
Lateral inferior prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate cortex are engaged at different stages in the solution of insight problems (2009)

Two studies used puzzles that required participants to find a word that satisfied a set of constraints. The first study used a remote-association task, where participants had to find a word that would form compound words with 3 other words. The second study required participants to complete a word fragment with an associate of another word. Both studies produced distinct patterns of activity in the lateral inferior prefrontal cortex (LIPFC) and the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). Activation in the LIPFC rose only as long as the participants were trying to retrieve the solution and dropped off as soon as the solution was obtained. However, activation in the ACC increased upon the retrieval of a solution, reflecting the need to process that solution. The data of the second experiment are fit by an information-processing model that interprets the activity in the LIPFC as reflecting retrieval operations and the activity in the ACC as reflecting subgoal setting.
The use of synthetic hydrocalcite as a chloride-ion getter for a barrier aluminum anodization process (1995)

Chloride ion contamination at parts per billion concentrations plaques electrochemists studying barrier anodic aluminum oxide film growth and anodic aluminum oxide capacitor manufacturers. Chloride ion contamination slows film growth and reduces film quality. We have demonstrated that synthetic hydrocalcite substantially reduces the detrimental effects of chloride ion contamination in an aqueous electrolyte commonly used to grow barrier anodic aluminum oxide. We have determined that problems arise if precautions are not taken when using synthetic hydrocalcite as a chloride-ion getter in an aqueous electrolyte. Synthetic hydrocalcite is somewhat hydrophobic. If this powder is added directly to an aqueous electrolyte, some powder disperses; some floats to the top of the bath and forms scum that locally impedes anodic film formation. Commercially available powder contains a wide range of particle sizes including submicrometer-sized particles that can escape through filters into the electrolyte and cause processing problems. These problems can be over come if (1) the getter is placed in filter bags, (2) a piece of filter paper is used to skim trace amounts of getter floating on the top of the bath, (3) dummy runs are performed to scavenge chloride-ion loaded getter micelles dispersed in the bath, and (4) substrates are rinsed with a strong stream of deionized water to remove trace amounts of powder after anodization.
The ClC-3 chloride channel promotes acidification of lysosomes in CHO-K1 and Huh-7 cells (2002)

ClC-3 is a voltage-gated Cl- channel that is highly conserved and widely expressed, although its function, localization, and properties remain a matter of considerable debate. In this study, we have shown that heterologous expression of ClC-3 in either Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) or human hepatoma (Huh-7) cells results in the formation of large, acidic vesicular structures within cells. Vesicle formation is prevented by bafilomycin, an inhibitor of the vacuolar ATPase, and is not induced by an E224A mutant of ClC-3 with altered channel activity. This demonstrates that vesicle formation requires both proton pumping and Cl- channel activity. Manipulation of the intracellular Cl- concentration demonstrated that the ClC-3-associated vesicles shrink and swell consistent with a highly Cl--permeable membrane. The ClC-3 vesicles were identified as lysosomes based on their colocalization with the lysosome-associated proteins lamp-1, lamp-2, and cathepsin D and on their failure to colocalize with fluorescently labeled endosomes. We conclude that ClC-3 is an intracellular channel that conducts Cl- when it is present in intracellular vesicles. Its overexpression results in its appearance in enlarged lysosome-like structures where it contributes to acidification by charge neutralization.
Cyclopropanation and Diels–Alder reactions catalyzed by the first heterobimetallic complexes with bridging phosphinooxazoline ligandsDedicated to Prof. R. Ugo on the occasion of his 65th birthday, with our congratulations and best wishes. (2002)

The bimetallic complex trans-[(OC)3Fe(μ-LP,N)2Cu]BF4 (2), which contains two bridging phosphinooxazoline ligands, is the first metal–metal bonded six-membered ring system with P,N donors and its crystal structure shows a unique bimetallic cradle conformation. This complex is an efficient catalyst for the cyclopropanation of styrene by ethyl diazoacetate and for the Diels–Alder reaction between cyclopentadiene and methacrolein, these reactions being catalyzed for the first time by heterometallic complexes.
Friction Pressure Performance of Commonly Used Viscous Gravel-Packing Fluids (2011)

Summary Gravel packing is increasingly used in long horizontal wells and challenging environments. Key to executing the gravel-pack job successfully is selecting an appropriate gravel-carrier fluid. Frictional pressure loss exhibited by gravel-packing fluids is an important consideration in their selection. This paper discusses the friction pressure performance of commonly used gravel-packing fluids in the industry today, which include the viscoelastic surfactant (VES) types of fluids, xanthan, and hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC). In wells with a long horizontal section or narrow margin between pore pressure and fracture gradients, the frictional pressure loss exhibited by these fluids in the wash pipe and wash-pipe/base-pipe annulus governs whether these wells can be gravel packed without fracturing the formation. In gravel packs with alternative-path configuration (shunts), the frictional pressure loss through the shunts controls the maximum length that can be gravel packed. This paper discusses in detail the fluid friction pressure performance while pumping these fluids through various conduits including circular pipe, eccentric annuli, and rectangular tubes (shunts). These data were generated in field-scale yard tests under controlled conditions, for both ambient and elevated temperatures. The paper also discusses the rheological properties of these fluids at ambient and elevated temperatures. The effect of factors such as surfactant/polymer concentration, addition of gravel, and temperature on the frictional pressure loss of these fluids is presented, which will help in fluid selection/optimization under different scenarios.
Deep Mean-Shift Priors for Image Restoration (2017)

In this paper we introduce a natural image prior that directly represents a Gaussian-smoothed version of the natural image distribution. We include our prior in a formulation of image restoration as a Bayes estimator that also allows us to solve noise-blind image restoration problems. We show that the gradient of our prior corresponds to the mean-shift vector on the natural image distribution. In addition, we learn the mean-shift vector field using denoising autoencoders, and use it in a gradient descent approach to perform Bayes risk minimization. We demonstrate competitive results for noise-blind deblurring, super-resolution, and demosaicing.
Low energy H atom analyzer using a cesium heat pipe (1980)

The efficiency of detecting H and D atoms (E&lt;1 keV) escaping a plasma has been increased by use of a cesium vapor cell to form negative ions by electron attachment collisions. A 30 cm long heat pipe confines the cesium to a localized region. The resulting negative ions are energy analyzed with a single-channel, parabolic parallel-plate analyzer and detected by a channel multiplier. The H0 conversion efficiency was 10−2 at 100 eV, increasing to 3.8×10−2 at 500 eV. For a H0 energy of 100 eV, the analyzer is 2.5 orders of magnitude more efficient than a comparable N2 stripping cell analyzer. The analyzer has been used to measure ion temperatures as low as 30 eV on the EBT Plasma experiment.
Studies of dopant effects in poly(3,4‐ethylenedi‐oxythiophene) using Raman spectroscopy (2006)

Abstract Raman spectroscopy has been used to study the doping processes in poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) PEDOT prepared via conventional electrochemical methods. The initially doped PEDOT films resulting from the polymerization process were first dedoped before being further oxidized in different electrolyte solutions at a number of different potentials to generate polymer films doped with a variety of dopants with different doping levels. Raman spectra of these re‐doped PEDOT films were recorded ex‐situ in order to monitor the progress of the re‐doping processes by observing the shifts in the positions of CC stretching vibrations. This has provided an understanding of the extent of conversion between PEDOT structures from the dedoped state to the highly doped state during electrochemical re‐doping. It was discovered that the extent of conversion varies with the type of dopant incorporated in the polymer films, which suggests that the doping process depends also on the nature of the dopant. Factors such as the size, the structural complexity and the charge on the dopant are believed to have significant effects on the efficiency of the doping processes in PEDOT. A curve‐fitting method was also applied to fit the symmetric C α C β stretching band and its neighboring bands, in order to calculate the ratio of the band intensities due to the neutral and the oxidized structures in PEDOT. The doping level can then be approximately estimated by substituting this ratio into a previously determined correlation equation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
RAGE is a nucleic acid receptor that promotes inflammatory responses to DNA (2013)

Recognition of DNA and RNA molecules derived from pathogens or self-antigen is one way the mammalian immune system senses infection and tissue damage. Activation of immune signaling receptors by nucleic acids is controlled by limiting the access of DNA and RNA to intracellular receptors, but the mechanisms by which endosome-resident receptors encounter nucleic acids from the extracellular space are largely undefined. In this study, we show that the receptor for advanced glycation end-products (RAGE) promoted DNA uptake into endosomes and lowered the immune recognition threshold for the activation of Toll-like receptor 9, the principal DNA-recognizing transmembrane signaling receptor. Structural analysis of RAGE-DNA complexes indicated that DNA interacted with dimers of the outermost RAGE extracellular domains, and could induce formation of higher-order receptor complexes. Furthermore, mice deficient in RAGE were unable to mount a typical inflammatory response to DNA in the lung, indicating that RAGE is important for the detection of nucleic acids in vivo.
DNA breakage by tallysomycin. (1978)

Abstract Tallysomycin, a third generation bleomycin analog was found to be more potent than bleomycin in the Walker 256 carcinosarcoma and the P-388 leukemia tumor systems and against a variety of bacteria and fungl. The mechanism of action of tallysomycin appears to be similar to that of bleomycin. Both drugs induced strand scission of isolated purified DNA and intracellular DNA. Breakage of DNA was determined by using three systems: PM-2 DNA fluorescence assay, agarose gel electrophoresis of PM-2 DNA, and alkaline sucrose density gradient sedimentation of Novikoff hepatoma cellular DNA. The optimum pH (9.5), the reducing agent concentration (25 mm 2-mercaptoethanol), and the incubation temperature (30–37°) were equivalent for both drugs for degradation of PM-2 DNA. Moreover, agarose gel electrophoresis demonstrated that both drugs induced both single- and double-strand breaks. However, tallysomycin had significantly less DNA breakage activity than had bleomycin. Treatment of Novikoff hepatoma ascites cells in vitro with bleomycin or tallysomycin resulted in degradation of intracellular DNA demonstrated by alkaline sucrose density gradient centrifugation. However, tallysomycin was less potent in this system than was bleomycin. Since the difference in DNA breakage activity cannot be explained on the basis of trace metal (iron) contamination because tallysomycin had a greater iron concentration than had bleomycin, other factors are probably involved in the increased antitumor potency of tallysomycin than intrinsic DNA breakage activity.
Toward Understanding the Measurement of Market Efficiency (1996)

A variety of measures have been proposed in the literature to assess market efficiency and resulting losses to consumers. The authors provide an integrated review and summary of the findings in this body of literature. They critically examine properties of different measures of efficiency and discuss strengths and weaknesses of each measure. They also assess the theoretical linkage of each of the measures with the concept of market efficiency, and empirically study the relationships between measures. The authors conclude with guidelines regarding the appropriate use of these measures and suggest several areas for further research.
The First Peptide-Gated Ion Channel (1997)

ABSTRACT Patch-clamp experiments on the C2 neurone of Helix aspersa have shown that the neuropeptide Phe-Met-Arg-Phe-NH2 (FMRFamide) directly gates a Na+ channel. The channel is amiloride-sensitive. Activation of this channel is responsible for the fast excitatory action of the peptide. Using primers based on amiloride-sensitive epithelial Na+ channels, a complete cDNA sequence (FaNaCh) was cloned and sequenced from a Helix library. The sequence is predicted to have just two membrane-spanning regions and a large extracellular loop. When expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes, the channel responded to FMRFamide. Taken together, these data provide the first evidence for a peptide-gated ion channel. Comparison of the properties of the expressed FaNaCh with the native neuronal channel show small differences in the sensitivities to some drugs and in channel conductance. It is not yet clear whether the native channel is a homo-oligomer or comprises other subunits. The peptide FKRFamide is an effective antagonist of FMRFamide on the expressed and neuronal channels. Nucleotide sequences encoding similar channel proteins occur in neurones of species as dissimilar as man and Caenorhabditis elegans. Some channels are thought to be associated with mechano-sensation, at least one is a proton-gated channel and others may also be ligand-gated channels.
An Ultra-Low-Power Injection Locked Transmitter for Wireless Sensor Networks (2006)

This paper presents the principles for designing low-power transmitters for wireless sensor networks. Based on these principles, an injection-locked transmitter is implemented in a standard 0.13-mum CMOS process and packaged using chip-on-board assembly. The transmitter utilizes a film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR) to obtain a stable carrier at 1.9 GHz. At 0 dBm output power, the transmitter achieves an efficiency of 32% at 50 kb/s and 28% at 156 kb/s. With 50% on-off keying, the transmitter consumes 1.6 and 1.8 mW, respectively
R Peak Detection Method Using Wavelet Transform and Modified Shannon Energy Envelope (2017)

Rapid automatic detection of the fiducial points-namely, the P wave, QRS complex, and T wave-is necessary for early detection of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). In this paper, we present an R peak detection method using the wavelet transform (WT) and a modified Shannon energy envelope (SEE) for rapid ECG analysis. The proposed WTSEE algorithm performs a wavelet transform to reduce the size and noise of ECG signals and creates SEE after first-order differentiation and amplitude normalization. Subsequently, the peak energy envelope (PEE) is extracted from the SEE. Then, R peaks are estimated from the PEE, and the estimated peaks are adjusted from the input ECG. Finally, the algorithm generates the final R features by validating R-R intervals and updating the extracted R peaks. The proposed R peak detection method was validated using 48 first-channel ECG records of the MIT-BIH arrhythmia database with a sensitivity of 99.93%, positive predictability of 99.91%, detection error rate of 0.16%, and accuracy of 99.84%. Considering the high detection accuracy and fast processing speed due to the wavelet transform applied before calculating SEE, the proposed method is highly effective for real-time applications in early detection of CVDs.
Deficiency of the NR4A Orphan Nuclear Receptor NOR1 Decreases Monocyte Adhesion and Atherosclerosis (2010)

In concert, these studies identify a novel pathway underlying monocyte adhesion and establish that NOR1 serves a previously unrecognized atherogenic role in mice by positively regulating monocyte recruitment to the vascular wall.
WHIM, the Window Handler and Input Manager (1986)

This article describes WHIM, the Window Handler and Input Manager, a window management system being developed as part of the QuickSilver operating system project at IBM's Almaden Research Center. Another version of WHIM runs under AIX on the IBM PC RT. This article contrasts and compares the overlapped window scheme used in WHIM with the tiled window scheme used in other systems. The advantages of the window management scheme used in WHIM are detailed, and the effect of display interfaces on the window manager is described.
Understanding the molecular mechanism of drug resistance of anti-HIV nucleosides by molecular modeling (2004)

Nucleoside-resistant isolates have been identified in patients receiving antiretroviral nucleoside drugs. The different resistance phenotypes seem to correlate with different sets of mutations in reverse transcriptase (RT), and the effect of individual set of mutations on resistance to a specific NRTI can only be presumed by kinetic studies and building up the enzyme active site by molecular modeling studies. However, the understanding how mutations affect RT structure and function, and the ensuing loss of potent antiviral activities of certain NRTIs have not been demonstrated in conjunction with their binding modes, which would provide invaluable insight into the design of more effective NRTIs active against the mutant RTs. This review discusses our recent efforts to assess the structural adjustment resulting from mutations and the accompanying energetic consequences based on the assumption that mutation may either deform the active site conformation through structural realignment or destabilize inhibitor binding.
HPV-16 E6/7 Immortalization Sensitizes Human Keratinocytes to Ultraviolet B by Altering the Pathway from Caspase-8 to Caspase-9-dependent Apoptosis (2002)

UVB from solar radiation is both an initiating and promoting agent for skin cancer. We have found that primary human keratinocytes undergo an apoptotic response to UVB. To determine whether these responses are altered during the course of immortalization, we examined markers of apoptosis in primary human foreskin keratinocytes (HFK) transduced with either a retroviral vector expressing the E6 and E7 genes of HPV-16 or with empty vector alone (LXSN-HFK). Whereas LXSN-HFK as well as early passage keratinocytes expressing HPV-16 E6 and E7 (p7 E6/7-HFK) were both moderately responsive to UVB irradiation, late passage-immortalized keratinocytes (p27 E6/7-HFK) were exquisitely sensitive to UVB-induced apoptosis. After exposure to UVB, enhanced annexin V-positivity and internucleosomal DNA fragmentation were observed in p27 E6/7-HFK compared with either LXSN- or p7 E6/7-HFK. Caspase-3 fluorometric activity assays as well as immunoblot analysis with antibodies to caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase revealed elevated caspase-3 activity and processing at lower UVB doses in p27 E6/7-HFK compared with LXSN- or p7 E6/7-HFK. In addition, the caspase inhibitor DEVD-CHO reduced the apoptotic response and increased survival of all three HFK types. Immunoblot analysis revealed that caspase-8 was activated in all three cell types, but caspase-9 was only activated in p27 E6/7-HFK. Cell cycle analysis further showed that only p27 E6/7-HFK exhibit G(2)/M accumulation that is enhanced by UVB treatment. This accumulation was associated with a rapid down-regulation of Bcl-2 in these cells. The immortalization process subsequent to the expression of HPV E6 and E7 may therefore determine UVB sensitivity by switching the mode of apoptosis from a caspase-8 to a Bcl-2-caspase-9-mediated pathway of apoptosis.