gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Distance and Orientation Dependence of Heterogeneous Electron Transfer:  A Surface-Enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering Study of Cytochrome <i>c</i> Bound to Carboxylic Acid Terminated Alkanethiols Adsorbed on Silver Electrodes (2000)

The distance and orientation dependence of the heterogeneous electron-transfer reaction between ferrocytochrome c (Fe2+Cc) and a silver film over nanosphere (AgFON) electrode is examined in detail using electrochemical surface-enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy (SERRS) as a molecularly specific and structurally sensitive probe. The distance between the Fe2+ redox center and the electrode surface is controlled by varying the chain length x of an intervening carboxylic acid terminated alkanethiol, HS(CH2)xCOOH, self-assembled monolayer (SAM). The orientation of the heme in Fe2+Cc with respect to the AgFON/S(CH2)xCOOH electrode surface is controlled by its binding motif. Electrostatic binding of Fe2+Cc to AgFON/S(CH2)xCOOH yields a highly oriented redox system with the heme edge directed toward the electrode surface. The binding constants were determined to be K = 5.0 × 106 M-1 and 1.1 × 106 M-1, respectively, for the x = 5 and x = 10 SAMs. In contrast, covalent binding of Fe2+Cc yields a randomly oriented redox system with no preferred direction between the heme edge and the electrode surface. SERRS detected electrochemistry demonstrates that Fe2+Cc electrostatically bound to the x = 5 AgFON/S(CH2)xCOOH surface exhibits reversible oxidation to ferricytochrome c, whereas Fe2+Cc electrostatically bound to the x = 10 surface exhibits irreversible oxidation. In comparison, Fe2+Cc covalently bound to the x = 5 and x = 10 surfaces both exhibit oxidation with an intermediate degree of reversibility. In addition to these primary results, the work presented here shows that AgFON/S(CH2)xCOOH surfaces (1) are biocompatible − Fe2+Cc is observed in its native state and (2) are stable to supporting electrolyte changes spanning a wide range of ionic strength and pH thus enabling, for the first time, SERRS studies of these variables in a manner not accessible with either the widely used colloid or electrochemically roughened SERS-active surfaces.
Adaptive Caching for Beneficial Content Distribution in Information-Centric Networking (2020)

Currently, little attention has been carried out to address the feasibility of in-network caching in Information-Centric Networking (ICN) for the design and real-world deployment of future networks. Towards this line, in this paper, we propose a beneficial caching scheme in ICN by storing no more than a specific number of replicas for each content. Particularly, to realize an optimal content distribution for deploying caches in ICN, a content can be cached either partially or as a full-object corresponding to its request arrival rate and data traffic. Also, we employ a utility-based replacement in each content node to keep the most recent and popular content items in the ICN interconnections. The evaluation results show that the proposal improves the cache hit rate and cache diversity considerably, and acts as a beneficial caching approach for network and service providers in ICN. Specifically, the proposed caching mechanism is easy to deploy, robust, and relevant for the content-based providers by enabling them to offer users high Quality of Service (QoS) and gain benefits at the same time.
Effect of surface passivation on breakdown of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs (2004)

We have investigated the effect of surface passivation on breakdown by electrical characterization and electroluminescence (EL) measurements of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs.
Real-Time 3D City Generation Using Shape Grammars With Lod Variations (2012)

Creating3D environments, including characters and cities, is a significantly time consuming process due to a large amount of workinvolved in designing and modelling.There have been a number of attempts to automatically generate 3D objects employing shape grammars. However it is still too early to apply the mechanism to real problems such as real-time computer games.The purpose of this research is to introduce a time efficient and cost effective method to automatically generatevarious 3D objects for real-time 3D games. This Shape grammar-based real-time City Generation (RCG) model is a conceptual model for generating 3Denvironments in real-time and can be applied to 3D gamesoranimations. The RCG system can generate even a large cityby applying fundamental principles of shape grammars to building elementsin various levels of detailin real-time.
5′-Triphosphate-RNA-independent activation of RIG-I via RNA aptamer with enhanced antiviral activity (2011)

RIG-I is a cytosolic receptor for non-self RNA that mediates immune responses against viral infections through IFNα/β production. In an attempt to identify novel tools that modulate IFNα/β production, we used SELEX technology to screen RNA aptamers that specifically target RIG-I protein. Most of the selected RIG-I aptamers contained polyU motifs in the second half regions that played critical roles in the activation of RIG-I-mediated IFNβ production. Unlike other known ligands, RIG-I aptamer bound and activated RIG-I in a 5'-triphosphate-independent manner. The helicase and RD domain of RIG-I were used for aptamer binding, but intact RIG-I protein was required to exert aptamer-mediated signaling activation. Furthermore, replication of NDV, VSV and influenza virus in infected host cells was efficiently blocked by pre- or post-treatment with RIG-I aptamer. Based on these data, we propose that RIG-I aptamer has strong potential to be an antiviral agent that specifically boosts the RIG-I-dependent signaling cascade.
Insights into the Pathogenesis of Autism (2008)

Genetic analysis of inbred families reveals genes associated with susceptibility to autism.
Proton-Conductive Electrolyte Consisting of NH[sub 4]PO[sub 3]/TiP[sub 2]O[sub 7] for Intermediate-Temperature Fuel Cells (2004)

A new proton-conductive electrolyte consisting of was synthesized for use in intermediate-temperature fuel cells, and its electrochemical properties were studied in the temperature range 150-300°C. For each composite electrolyte, the X-ray diffraction pattern was identical to that for and was not detected due to a change to an amorphous state at sintering temperature. The proton conductivity of the composite electrolyte was improved by increasing the molar ratio of under both dry and wet atmospheres. These results indicate that is responsible for high proton conductivity and that serves as a supporting matrix. However, under each atmosphere, the temperature dependence of proton conductivity showed non-Arrhenius-type behavior and was almost reversible. Higher proton conductivities were observed at 200-250°C and 150-200°C under dry and wet atmospheres, respectively. For the highest proton conductivity was determined to be at 250°C and at 200°C under dry and wet atmospheres, respectively. Fuel cells that used (electrolyte thickness 2.5 mm) as an electrolyte were fabricated and showed good performance at 250°C. The maximum power density was when dry hydrogen and dry oxygen were used as the fuel and oxidant, respectively. © 2004 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Neutron porosity measurement while drilling (1988)

A measurement-while-drilling (MWD) neutron porosity tool has been designed that is superior to wireline porosity tools in several respects. Longer sample periods and greater porosity sensitivity reduce the statistical uncertainty in the MWD porosity measurement. Most of the borehole effects that perturb the measurement (salinity, mud weight, and borehole size) are reduced or nonexistent because the drill stem virtually fills the hole during drilling. Formation effects, lithology, and salinity changes, are comparable to or less than those for the wireline measurement. A sophisticated computer model was used to develop the initial design for this instrument and to estimate its response characteristics. Simulated response data are compared with experimental data to demonstrate the validity of the model. The response characteristics are superior to those of the wireline device.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Transfer zone behaviour of As(III), Co(II) and Mn(II) ions on sulphur-hydryl infused cellulose surface (2007)

Penetrant transport phenomenon was applied to determine the strive of As(III), Co(II) and Mn(II) ions across the adsorbate/cellulose interface. Penetrant-n and K values calculated for the metals on differentially thiolated (mercaptoacetic acid treated) cellulose surfaces were highest for As(III) at UCF-n, K (3.1278, 0.3064), 0.5MF-n, K (2.4248, 0.4716) and 1.0MF-n, K (1.9136, 0.4885). For Co(II), n and K values were UCF (2.8608, 0.3220), 0.5MF (1.6791, 0.5351), 1.0MF (0.9348, 0.6952). For Mn(II), n and K values were UCF (1.2717, 0.6268), 0.5MF (1.1114, 0.6639), 1.0MF (0.5833, 0.7707). As(III) strive depicts 30% adsorption against the non-cationic moieties it generates in a partially electrical double layered adsorption system.
[<sup>99m</sup>Tc]Oxotechnetium(V) Complexes of Amine-Amide-Dithiol Chelates with Dialkylaminoalkyl Substituents as Potential Diagnostic Probes for Malignant Melanoma (2001)

[99mTc]oxotechnetium(V) complexes of amine-amide-dithiol (AADT) chelates containing tertiary amine substituents were synthesized and shown to have affinity for melanoma. For complexation the AADT-CH2[CH2]nNR2 (n = 1, 2; R = Et, n-Bu) ligand was mixed with a [99mTc]oxotechnetium(V)-glucoheptonate precursor to make the AADT-[99mTc]oxotechnetium(V) complexes in nearly quantitative yield. Structurally analogous nonradioactive oxorhenium(V) complexes were also synthesized and characterized. In vitro sigma-receptor affinity measurements indicate these complexes to possess sigma-affinity in the low micromolar range with K(i) values in the 7.8-26.1 and 0.18-2.3 microM range for the sigma1- and sigma2-receptors, respectively. In vitro cell uptake of the 99mTc complexes in intact B16 murine melanoma cells at 37 degrees C after a 60-min incubation ranged from 12% for complex 2 (n = 1, R = n-Bu) to 68% for complex 4 (n = 2, R = n-Bu). In vivo evaluation of complexes 1-Tc-4-Tc in the C57Bl/B16 mouse melanoma model demonstrated significant tumor localization. Complex 1-Tc (n = 1, R = Et) displayed an in vivo tumor uptake of 7.6% ID/g at 1 h after administration with initial melanoma/blood (M/B), melanoma/spleen (M/S), and melanoma/lung (M/L) ratios >4; these ratios increased to 10.8, 10.1, and 7.3, respectively, at 6 h. While complex 3-Tc (n = 3, R = Et) had an initial tumor uptake of 3.7% ID/g 1 h after administration with M/B, M/S, and M/L ratios >2, a greater tumor retention and slightly faster clearance from nontumor-containing organs resulted in M/B, M/S, and M/L ratios of 19.1, 19.1, and 12.7, respectively, at 6 h. The high tumor uptake and significant tumor/nontumor ratios indicate that such small technetium-99m-based molecular probes can be developed as in vivo diagnostic agents for melanoma and its metastases.
Interaction of cytokinin, auxin, and gibberellin on peroxidase isoenzymes in tobacco tissues cultured in vitro (1972)

Peroxidase in tobacco callus tissue (Nicotiana tabacum, cv. White Gold) was resolved into three groups of isoenzymes by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and a combined action of cytokinin, auxin, and gibberellin in their formation was clearly demonstrated. The most significant change was in a group of fast-migrating isoperoxidases, the development of which required both kinetin and indoleacetic acid. Kinetin was most stimulatory at 0.2 μM but became inhibitory with increasing concentrations. Indole acetic acid was effective at concentrations from 0.1 to 100 μM with an optimum at 10 μM. With both kinetin and indoleacetic acid at optimal concentrations, addition of gibberellic acid further increased the contents of the fast migrating isoperoxidases, but it was inactive in the absence of indoleacetic acid or in the presence of kinetin in 5 μM or higher concentrations. Cycloheximide, actinomycin D, and abscisic acid inhibited the formation of the fast-migrating peroxidases. Formation of the fast-migrating isoperoxidase in the tissue was associated with tumor-type growth.2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid had a dual effect on peroxidase; at low concentrations (0.1 to 1 μM) it promoted a fast-migrating isoperoxidase; at high concentrations (10 to 100 μM) it inhibited the fast-migrating isoperoxidase but caused a significant increase in other isoperoxidases of lower electrophoretic mobilities.
Direct fast Fourier transform of bivariate functions (1977)

A mathematical development is presented for a direct computation of a two-dimensional fast Fourier transform (FFT). A generalized mathematical theory of holor algebra is used to manipulate coefficient arrays needed to generate computational equations. The result is a set of equations which involve elements from throughout the two-dimensional array rather than operating on individual rows and columns. Preliminary digital computer calculations verify the accuracy of the technique and demonstrate a modest saving of computation time as well.
SLC26A9-mediated chloride secretion prevents mucus obstruction in airway inflammation (2012)

Asthma is a chronic condition with unknown pathogenesis, and recent evidence suggests that enhanced airway epithelial chloride (Cl-) secretion plays a role in the disease. However, the molecular mechanism underlying Cl- secretion and its relevance in asthma pathophysiology remain unknown. To determine the role of the solute carrier family 26, member 9 (SLC26A9) Cl- channel in asthma, we induced Th2-mediated inflammation via IL-13 treatment in wild-type and Slc26a9-deficient mice and compared the effects on airway ion transport, morphology, and mucus content. We found that IL-13 treatment increased Cl- secretion in the airways of wild-type but not Slc26a9-deficient mice. While IL-13-induced mucus overproduction was similar in both strains, treated Slc26a9-deficient mice exhibited airway mucus obstruction, which did not occur in wild-type controls. In a study involving healthy children and asthmatics, a polymorphism in the 3' UTR of SLC26A9 that reduced protein expression in vitro was associated with asthma. Our data demonstrate that the SLC26A9 Cl- channel is activated in airway inflammation and suggest that SLC26A9-mediated Cl- secretion is essential for preventing airway obstruction in allergic airway disease. These results indicate that SLC26A9 may serve as a therapeutic target for airway diseases associated with mucus plugging.
Multi-channel measurement of photo-plethysmography and evaluation for the optimal site of a thigh in a toilet (2005)

It is hard to obtain the physiological signals from the thigh. In this study, we used multi-channel photo-plethysmography systems and monitored the signals to know the optimal sites. For the reliability, 8 subjects were participated in the study, and the estimations of probability about their obtained signals were done. With bluetooth technique, we made a remote monitoring don Finally, we chose the candidate sites for the optimal sites and our study will be continued to monitoring the noninvasive and nonconscious physiological signals with this information.
Crushed Post-Consumer Glass as Partial Replacement of Sand in Concrete (2001)

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Standards of Care for Area Mental Health Services (1989)

A provisional set of standards of care was derived from a quality assurance strand of a wider research project, which reported the development of evaluation strategies for area integrated mental health services (AIMHS). In contrast to most published standards, they apply to all facets of care in a comprehensive catchment area mental health service, whether clinical or functional, community or hospital based, urban or rural, or managed by the public, private or voluntary sectors. We review briefly existing sets of standards of mental health services and report the process of development of standards of care, each with sub-sets of performance indicators and examples. While the AIMHS standards and a companion quality assurance manual are still undergoing refinement, they offer a guide for mental health professionals to the provision of services, and a checklist to service-users of services that should be available to them at every stage of care in a mental health system.
Effects of geometry and injection‐molding parameters on weld‐line strength (2005)

Abstract Polymeric flows in microchannels are found to differ significantly from those in macrogeometries. Increasing the mechanical properties of microstructures is one of the most important issues in injection‐molding processes. Weld‐line characteristics of structures with different cross‐sections are investigated in this study. The effects of process parameters and cross‐sectional dimensions on the tensile strength of a weld line are discussed. A mold was designed in such a way that specimens with and without weld lines can be developed separately. Five specimens, with different cross‐sections, are injection‐molded simultaneously. Both polypropylene (PP) and high density polyethylene (HDPE) are used in this study. With the Taguchi method, four process variables: melt temperature, mold temperature, injection speed, and packing pressure were found to be the most influential. Experimental results show that the weld‐line strength from a standard test is not applicable in microinjection molding. The microstructure of weld lines is clearly observed from the micrographs. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 45:1021–1030, 2005. © 2005 Society of Plastics Engineers
A Multi-Band Multi-Mode CMOS DirectConversion DVB-H Tuner (2006)

A direct-conversion tuner is fabricated in a 0.18μm CMOS process. The vertical BJT is adopted to minimize the effects of 1/f noise. The tuner has a NF of 4.5dB (5dB), IIP3 of -5dBm (-6dBm), IIP2 of >40dBm, sensitivity of -89dBm (-88.5dBm) for 16-QAM CR frac12, and draws 66mA (74mA) from a 2.8V for UHF (USA L-band)
Fluid Mechanics of Vascular Systems, Diseases, and Thrombosis (1999)

The cardiovascular system is an internal flow loop with multiple branches circulating a complex liquid. The hallmarks of blood flow in arteries are pulsatility and branches, which cause wall stresses to be cyclical and nonuniform. Normal arterial flow is laminar, with secondary flows generated at curves and branches. Arteries can adapt to and modify hemodynamic conditions, and unusual hemodynamic conditions may cause an abnormal biological response. Velocity profile skewing can create pockets in which the wall shear stress is low and oscillates in direction. Atherosclerosis tends to localize to these sites and creates a narrowing of the artery lumen--a stenosis. Plaque rupture or endothelial injury can stimulate thrombosis, which can block blood flow to heart or brain tissues, causing a heart attack or stroke. This small lumen and elevated shear rate in a stenosis create conditions that accelerate platelet accumulation and occlusion. The relationship between thrombosis and fluid mechanics is complex, especially in the post-stenotic flow field. New convection models have been developed to predict clinical from platelet thrombosis in diseased arteries. Future hemodynamic studies should address the complex mechanics of flow-induced, large-scale wall motion and convection of semisolid particles and cells in flowing blood.
Surface Modification of Upconversion Nanophosphors with Poly(acrylic acid) (2007)

The upconversion bioimaging using infrared excitation is expected to solve the problems caused by an ultraviolet or visible excitation light, which damages the organic items in the system and limits the observation time in the conventional fluorescence bioimaging. Yttrium oxide particle doped with erbium are known to show the upconversion and be useful for the upconversion bioimaging. In this study, poly(acrylic acid) (sodium salt) (PAAcNa) was used for both the precursor preparation before calsination and the surface-modification of yttrium oxide nanophosphors doped with 2 mol% of erbium after the calcination. It was found that the use of PAAcNa resulted in a small particle size of 33 nm. The surface modification with PAAcNa increased the dispersion stability and chemical durability of the nanophoshpors in aqueous solution with the pH = 5-10.
A Genomic Distance Based on MUM Indicates Discontinuity between Most Bacterial Species and Genera (2008)

The fundamental unit of biological diversity is the species. However, a remarkable extent of intraspecies diversity in bacteria was discovered by genome sequencing, and it reveals the need to develop clear criteria to group strains within a species. Two main types of analyses used to quantify intraspecies variation at the genome level are the average nucleotide identity (ANI), which detects the DNA conservation of the core genome, and the DNA content, which calculates the proportion of DNA shared by two genomes. Both estimates are based on BLAST alignments for the definition of DNA sequences common to the genome pair. Interestingly, however, results using these methods on intraspecies pairs are not well correlated. This prompted us to develop a genomic-distance index taking into account both criteria of diversity, which are based on DNA maximal unique matches (MUM) shared by two genomes. The values, called MUMi, for MUM index, correlate better with the ANI than with the DNA content. Moreover, the MUMi groups strains in a way that is congruent with routinely used multilocus sequence-typing trees, as well as with ANI-based trees. We used the MUMi to determine the relatedness of all available genome pairs at the species and genus levels. Our analysis reveals a certain consistency in the current notion of bacterial species, in that the bulk of intraspecies and intragenus values are clearly separable. It also confirms that some species are much more diverse than most. As the MUMi is fast to calculate, it offers the possibility of measuring genome distances on the whole database of available genomes.
A clamped through silicon via (TSV) interconnection for stacked chip bonding using metal cap on pad and metal column forming in via (2008)

To prevent potential yield loss, achieve TSV with higher aspect ratio, improve the bonding reliability, and reduce the process cost, a clamped through silicon via (C-TSV) interconnection for stacked chip bonding is proposed and developed in this paper. The metal cap on pad design can not only be a bonding layer for other stacked die on it, but also performs as a protection stopper for blind vias drilled from the wafer backside..
Twisted Inductor VCO for Supressing On-chip Interferences (2007)

Fully-symmetrical on-chip twisted inductor VCO has been studied to suppress interferences from on-chip driver amplifier in transmitter chain of integrated ETC transceivers and compared with conventional inductor VCO. Similar transceiver chips with either conventional inductor VCO or twisted inductor VCO are fabricated and are measured and the transmitter spectra of ASK modulated signals are measured. The ASK modulated 5.8 GHz transmission spectrum of the transceiver chip with the conventional inductor VCO shows USB/ LSB asymmetry of 2.8 dB however, that of the transceiver chip with the twisted inductor VCO is perfectly balanced. This result shows that the twisted inductor VCO has a significant advantage in suppressing interference of integrated transceiver chip. The phase noise of 1 MHz offset from 5.8 GHz carrier, after frequency doublers, is -117 dBc/Hz, the current consumption is 4.1 mA, and FOM is 183 dB.