gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer Disease: Role of Amyloid Precursor Protein and Presenilin 1 Intracellular Signaling (2012)

Alzheimer disease (AD) is a heterogeneous neurodegenerative disorder characterized by (1) progressive loss of synapses and neurons, (2) intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, composed of hyperphosphorylated Tau protein, and (3) amyloid plaques. Genetically, AD is linked to mutations in few proteins amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin 1 and 2 (PS1 and PS2). The molecular mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration in AD as well as the physiological function of APP are not yet known. A recent theory has proposed that APP and PS1 modulate intracellular signals to induce cell-cycle abnormalities responsible for neuronal death and possibly amyloid deposition. This hypothesis is supported by the presence of a complex network of proteins, clearly involved in the regulation of signal transduction mechanisms that interact with both APP and PS1. In this review we discuss the significance of novel finding related to cell-signaling events modulated by APP and PS1 in the development of neurodegeneration.
Video CMOS power buffer with extended linearity (1993)

A CMOS power buffer suitable for video applications is discussed. The use of a high-speed push-pull output stage and a highly linear high-speed driver allows good linearity to be maintained even with very high input frequencies. Indeed, total harmonic distortions (THDs) as good as -66 and -58 dB are achieved at 0.5 and 1 MHz, respectively, with a load resistance of 75 Omega . The integrated prototype, realized using a 1.2- mu m CMOS process, occupies a silicon area of 280 mils/sup 2/.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Liver metastases from colorectal cancer: drug delivery with liposome-encapsulated doxorubicin. (1997)

Liposomal doxorubicin can be reliably delivered to liver metastases via the hepatic artery, eliminating need for tumor embolization. Further evaluation is warranted, and the drug may be useful for treating patients with unresectable liver metastases.
An Official American Thoracic Society Policy Statement: Pay-for-Performance in Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine (2010)

Pay-for-performance programs will expand in the coming years. Pulmonary, critical care and sleep practitioners can use these programs as an opportunity to partner with purchasers to improve health care quality.
Supression of drain conductance transients, drain current oscillations, and low-frequency generation&#8212;Recombination noise in GaAs FET's using buried channels (1986)

The drain conductance transients of buried-channel MESFET's fabricated on GaAs are compared with conductance transients of regular MESFET's. The buried-channel MESFET's are shown to be essentially free of drain transients in comparison to the regularly fabricated MESFET's. In addition, the buried-channel FET's are shown to be free of oscillations in the drain current, which have been found in FET's manufactured by common techniques.
Hysteresis in hydrogen permeation through palladium membranes (1996)

A literature survey of hydrogen permeation through Pd-based membranes has shown some deviations from classical rules such as Sieverts' law. Controversial observations often occur with thin Pd-based membranes at elevated temperatures. An ultrathin palladium membrane (ca. 2 µm) has been prepared on the inner surface of a mesoporous ceramic tube by electroless plating. The membrane was permselective to hydrogen, allowing us to examine the hydrogen permeation behaviour. The measured hydrogen permeability was found to be proportional to the difference in permeation pressures, by a power larger than 0.5, at elevated temperatures. Evidence of hysteresis was discovered in hydrogen permeation through the ultrathin, dense Pd membrane under varying pressure conditions. The permeation hysteresis at elevated temperatures seems not to be associated with the solubility hysteresis. An atomic–molecular permeation mechanism has been proposed to explain the permeation hysteresis at elevated temperatures. The atomic hydrogen dissolved in cavities or microcracks within the membrane may combine to form molecular-hydrogen species. The dilatation of the palladium lattice resulting from the motion of molecular-hydrogen species is believed to be the cause of permeation hysteresis. The higher power dependence of the permeability on pressure is also understandable from the atomic–molecular permeation mechanism.
Exploratory Research on Population Inversions in Gaseous Explosions (1965)

The infrared and ultraviolet radiation emitted by excited species in low-pressure gaseous oxygen-acetylene explosions is studied with a view toward establishing the population distribution of selected energy levels. In the ultraviolet, cavity techniques are employed, and a relative enhancement of several electronic transitions in CH and OH radicals is observed. In the infrared, the emission from excited CO2 molecules is studied immediately following the passage of a fast chemical detonation wave and evidence is found for an enhanced population of the high vibrational levels of CO2 molecules in the 1∑ state. It is suggested that this technique may be widely applicable as a tool for determining initial vibrational population distributions of newly formed molecules.
Effect of Quantitative Nuclear Image Features on Recurrence of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ (DCIS) of the Breast (2008)

Background: Nuclear grade has been associated with breast DCIS recurrence and progression to invasive carcinoma; however, our previous study of a cohort of patients with breast DCIS did not find such an association with outcome. Fifty percent of patients had heterogeneous DCIS with more than one nuclear grade. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of quantitative nuclear features assessed with digital image analysis on ipsilateral DCIS recurrence.Methods: Hematoxylin and eosin stained slides for a cohort of 80 patients with primary breast DCIS were reviewed and two fields with representative grade (or grades) were identified by a Pathologist and simultaneously used for acquisition of digital images for each field. Van Nuys worst nuclear grade was assigned, as was predominant grade, and heterogeneous grading when present. Patients were grouped by heterogeneity of their nuclear grade: Group A: nuclear grade 1 only, nuclear grades 1 and 2, or nuclear grade 2 only (32 patients), Group B: nuclear grades 1, 2 and 3, or nuclear grades 2 and 3 (31 patients), Group 3: nuclear grade 3 only (17 patients). Nuclear fi ne structure was assessed by software which captured thirty-nine nuclear feature values describing nuclear morphometry, densitometry, and texture. Step-wise forward Cox regressions were performed with previous clinical and pathologic factors, and the new image analysis features.Results: Duplicate measurements were similar for 89.7% to 97.4% of assessed image features. The rate of correct classification of nuclear grading with digital image analysis features was similar in the two fields, and pooled assessment across both fields. In the pooled assessment, a discriminant function with one nuclear morphometric and one texture feature was significantly (p = 0.001) associated with nuclear grading, and provided correct jackknifed classification of a patient’s nuclear grade for Group A (78.1%), Group B (48.4%), and Group C (70.6%). The factors significantly associated with DCIS recurrence were those previously found, type of initial presentation (p = 0.03) and amount of parenchymal involvement (p = 0.05), along with the morphometry image feature of ellipticity (p = 0.04).Conclusion: Analysis of nuclear features measured by image cytometry may contribute to the classification and prognosis of breast DCIS patients with more than one nuclear grade.
Buying the Big Jets: Fleet planning for airlines (2018)

This article was first published in 2001. This is an examination of practices in aircraft evaluation and selection. It clarifies the fleet planning methodologies and defines decision-making processes that are relevant to the environment, offering insights into how selections are being made for a range of airlines and market conditions.
Fast iterative five point relative pose estimation (2013)

Robust estimation of the relative pose between two cameras is a fundamental part of Structure and Motion methods. For calibrated cameras, the five point method together with a robust estimator such as RANSAC gives the best result in most cases. The current state-of-the-art method for solving the relative pose problem from five points is due to Nistér [9], because it is faster than other methods and in the RANSAC scheme one can improve precision by increasing the number of iterations. In this paper, we propose a new iterative method, which is based on Powell's Dog Leg algorithm. The new method has the same precision and is approximately twice as fast as Nister's algorithm. The proposed method is easily extended to more than five points while retaining a efficient error metrics. This makes it also very suitable as an refinement step. The proposed algorithm is systematically evaluated on three types of datasets with known ground truth.
Methods developed for the fabrication of a thermally-induced polypyrrole bilayer micro/nanoactuator (2010)

This paper presents preliminary results on the development of methods for the fabrication of a thermally-induced polypyrrole bilayer microactuator using a combination of electropolymerisation and focused ion beam techniques. A thin polypyrrole film doped with trifluoromethanesulfonimide (TFSI) featuring high thermal and environmental stability, laminated with a thin gold layer is used as an active structure for the electrothermal actuator. A cantilever-shaped polypyrrole actuator of micrometer-sized was successfully fabricated by focused ion beam (FIB) milling and deposition with high dimensional precision, minimal damage and a short processing time. The feasibility of FIB in the fabrication of this actuator marks its potential as a micro/nanofabrication tool to produce micro/nanodevices and prototypes that require no mask, resist or multi-step etching.
Rituximab plus cladribine with or without cyclophosphamide in patients with relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia (2007)

These data indicate that both RC and RCC regimens are feasible in heavily pretreated patients with CLL, showing also distinct therapeutic activity and relatively low toxicity, even in patients previously treated with cladribine-based protocols.
Aedes aegypti Control Strategies in Brazil: Incorporation of New Technologies to Overcome the Persistence of Dengue Epidemics (2015)

Dengue is considered to be the most important mosquito-borne viral disease in the world. The Aedes aegypti mosquito, its vector, is highly anthropophilic and is very well adapted to urban environments. Although several vaccine candidates are in advanced stages of development no licensed dengue vaccine is yet available. As a result, controlling the spread of dengue still requires that mosquitoes be targeted directly. We review the current methods of dengue vector control focusing on recent technical advances. We first examine the history of Brazil's National Dengue Control Plan in effect since 2002, and we describe its establishment and operation. With the persistent recurrence of dengue epidemics, current strategies should be reassessed to bring to the forefront a discussion of the possible implementation of new technologies in Brazil's mosquito control program.
Development of an SPME/ATR-IR chemical sensor for detection of phenol type compounds in aqueous solutions (2001)

A new method, based on a combination of solid phase micro-extraction (SPME) and attenuated total reflection infrared (ATR-IR) spectroscopy, was developed for the detection of phenols in aqueous solutions. Several types of phenols were studied including phenols attached to methyl, hydroxyl, chlorine and nitro groups, which are environmentally toxic. Because of the polarity of the phenol-type compounds, the performance of six polymers in attracting phenols was investigated. Results indicated that poly(acrylonitrile-co-butadiene) was the most suitable SPME phase among the investigated polymers. To further increase the sensitivity in phenol detection, factors, such as the pH effect, salt effect and thickness of the SPME phase, were investigated. Results indicated that pH values affected the neutral form percentage of the analytes strongly and, hence, affected the detected signals. Due to the acid nature of phenols, phenol detection occurs best in solutions with a low pH value. A two- to three-fold increase in signals was observed after the addition of salt into the solution. The results on the examination of standard curve linearity indicated that the regression coefficients (R2) were higher than 0.996 for four types of phenols. The obtained detection limits for phenols were lower than 200 micrograms L-1 for most of the compounds.
A Long Term Study of the Tooth Replacement Phenomenon in the Young Green Iguana, Iguana iguana (1984)

A study using 11 young green iguanas, Iguana iguana examined the growth of the animals, changes in the wave replacement of teeth, the increasing size of the teeth, and the posterior migration of tooth positions over a period of 2.7 years. The results supported the view that tooth replacement is closely related to growth. The teeth were measured regularly and demonstrated a smooth increase in width as the lizards grew. The tooth positions were found to migrate posteriorly thereby providing adequate space for the ever larger teeth replacing their smaller predecessors. These observations suggested that the wave replacement of teeth allows for adequate growth of the dentition in length and height to maintain teeth of a size in proportion to the overall size of the individual. The teeth of most non-mammalian vertebrates are continuously replaced throughout life. Each new tooth is ini- tiated on the lingual side of the jaw. As it grows it passes toward the oral cavity where it functions for a few months be-
Encapsulation of Concentrated Hemoglobin Solution in Phospholipid Vesicles Retards the Reaction with NO, but Not CO, by Intracellular Diffusion Barrier (2007)

One physiological significance of the red blood cell (RBC) structure is that NO binding of Hb is retarded by encapsulation with the cell membrane. To clarify the mechanism, we analyzed Hb-vesicles (HbVs) with different intracellular Hb concentrations, [Hb](in), and different particle sizes using stopped-flow spectrophotometry. The apparent NO binding rate constant, k(on)('(NO)), of HbV at [Hb](in) = 1 g/dl was 2.6 x 10(7) m(-1) s(-1), which was almost equal to k(on)((NO)) of molecular Hb, indicating that the lipid membrane presents no obstacle for NO binding. With increasing [Hb](in) to 35 g/dl, k(on)('(NO)) decreased to 0.9 x 10(7) m(-1) s(-1), which was further decreased to 0.5 x 10(7) m(-1) s(-1) with enlarging particle diameter from 265 to 452 nm. For CO binding, which is intrinsically much slower than NO binding, k(on)('(CO)) did not change greatly with [Hb](in) and the particle diameter. Results obtained using diffusion simulations coupled with elementary binding reactions concur with these tendencies and clarify that NO is trapped rapidly by Hb from the interior surface region to the core of HbV at a high [Hb](in), retarding NO diffusion toward the core of HbV. In contrast, slow CO binding allows time for further CO-diffusion to the core. Simulations extrapolated to larger particles (8 mum) showing retardation even for CO binding. The obtained k(on)('(NO)) and k(on)('(NO)) yield values similar to those reported for RBCs. In summary, the intracellular, not extracellular, diffusion barrier is predominant due to the rapid NO binding that induces a rapid sink of NO from the interior surface to the core, retarding further NO diffusion and binding.
Role of thyroid hormones in apolipoprotein A-I gene expression in rat liver. (1990)

To study the regulation of hepatic apo A-I gene expression, we measured synthesis and abundance of cellular apo A-I mRNA and its nuclear precursors in livers of hypothyroid and hyperthyroid rats. In hypothyroid animals, both synthesis and abundance of apo A-I mRNA was reduced to half of control values. After injection of a receptor-saturating dose of triiodothyronine into euthyroid rats, apo A-I gene transcription increased at 20 min, reached a maximum of 179% of control (P less than 0.01) at 3.5 h, and remained elevated for up to 48 h. The abundance of nuclear and total cellular apo A-I mRNA increased at 1 and 2 h, respectively, and exceeded the levels expected from enhanced transcription more than two fold at 24 h after hormone injection. Upon chronic administration of thyroid hormones, levels of nuclear and cytoplasmic apo A-I mRNA remained elevated but transcription of the apo A-I gene fell to 42% of control (P less than 0.01). Thus, thyroid hormones rapidly stimulate apo A-I gene transcription. Posttranscriptional events leading to increased stability of nuclear apo A-I RNA precursors become the principal mechanism for enhanced gene expression in chronic hyperthyroidism and may cause feedback inhibition of apo A-I gene transcription. Our results furthermore imply that the majority of hepatic nuclear apo A-I RNA precursors are degraded in euthyroid animals.
Food Ingredient Extracts of Cyclopia subternata (Honeybush): Variation in Phenolic Composition and Antioxidant Capacity (2012)

Cyclopia subternata plants are traditionally used for the production of the South African herbal tea, honeybush, and recently as aqueous extracts for the food industry. A C. subternata aqueous extract and mangiferin (a major constituent) are known to have anti-diabetic properties. Variation in phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity is expected due to cultivation largely from seedlings, having implications for extract standardization and quality control. Aqueous extracts from 64 seedlings of the same age, cultivated under the same environmental conditions, were analyzed for individual compound content, total polyphenol (TP) content and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in a number of assays. An HPLC method was developed and validated to allow quantification of xanthones (mangiferin, isomangiferin), flavanones (hesperidin, eriocitrin), a flavone (scolymoside), a benzophenone (iriflophenone-3-C-β-glucoside) and dihydrochalcones (phloretin-3',5'-di-C-β-glucoside, 3-hydroxyphloretin-3',5'-di-C-hexoside). Additional compounds were tentatively identified using mass spectrometric detection, with the presence of the 3-hydroxyphloretin-glycoside, an iriflophenone-di-O,C-hexoside, an eriodictyol-di-C-hexoside and vicenin-2 being demonstrated for the first time. Variability of the individual phenolic compound contents was generally higher than that of the TP content and TAC values. Among the phenolic compounds, scolymoside, hesperidin and iriflophenone-3-C-β-glucoside contents were the most variable. A combination of the measured parameters could be useful in product standardization by providing a basis for specifying minimum levels.
Tumor Targeting for Lung Cancer Radiotherapy Using Machine Learning Techniques (2008)

Accurate lung tumor targeting in real time plays a fundamental role in image-guide radiotherapy of lung cancers. Precise tumor targeting is required for both respiratory gating and tracking. Gating is considered as the current state of the art for precise lung cancer radiotherapy, which irradiates the tumor when it moves into a predefined gating window. Tracking seems to be a next-generation technique, and it operates in a more aggressive fashion by following the tumor position with radiation beam in real time. Existing methods for gating and tracking often rely on observed motion patterns of external surrogates or implanted fiducial markers. However, external surrogates suffer from certain degrees of inaccuracy, and implanted fiducial markers are in limited uses due to the risk of pneumothorax. Therefore, direct tumor targeting techniques without implanting fiducial markers are desired. Previous studies in fluoroscopic markerless targeting are mainly based on template matching methods, which may fail when tumor boundary is unclear in fluoroscopic images. In this paper, we propose a novel framework of markerless gating and tracking based on machine learning algorithms. Specifically, gating is treated as a two-class classification problem, which is solved by principal component analysis (PCA) and artificial neural network (ANN). Further, we formulate the tracking problem as a regression task, which employs the correlation between the tumor position and nearby surrogate anatomic features in the image. Four regression methods were tested in this study: 1-degree and 2-degree linear regression, artificial neural network (ANN), and support vector machine (SVM). Finally, we demonstrate the superb performance of the proposed markerless gating and tracking algorithms on 10 fluoroscopic image sequences of 9 patients. For gating, the target coverage (the precision) ranges from 90% to 99%, with mean of 96.5%. For tracking, the mean localization error is about 2.1 pixels and the maximum error at 95% confidence level is about 4.6 pixels (pixel size is about 0.5 mm).
Optical investigation of a new type of valence-band configuration in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">In</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ga</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">−</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>As-GaAs strained superlattices (1985)

We present optical absorption experiments in strained ${\mathrm{In}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$As-GaAs superlattices grown by molecular-beam epitaxy. From our data, we show that ground heavy- and light-hole states are confined in the ${\mathrm{In}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$As and in the GaAs layers, respectively. We also use a new method to observe the optical selection rules in such two-dimensional structures.
<i>In vitro</i>approaches to pharmacological screening in the field of atopic dermatitis (2014)

In vitro models are valuable for evaluating potential active ingredients and other molecules used in medications for atopic dermatitis (AD). However, finding appropriate in vitro models can be problematic. Our strategy was to set up different in vitro models that would mimic the pathomechanisms of AD. We describe five such models - the AD keratinocyte model, the AD reconstructed human epidermis model, the adaptive immunity model, the innate immunity model and the pruritus model - which we have used to evaluate a new ingredient for emollients derived from a biological extract. The models chosen provide useful data for the pharmacological characterization of active ingredients in adjunctive treatments for AD.