gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Measuring the web crawler ethics (2010)

Web crawlers are highly automated and seldom regulated manually. The diversity of crawler activities often leads to ethical problems such as spam and service attacks. In this research, quantitative models are proposed to measure the web crawler ethics based on their behaviors on web servers. We investigate and define rules to measure crawler ethics, referring to the extent to which web crawlers respect the regulations set forth in robots.txt configuration files. We propose a vector space model to represent crawler behavior and measure the ethics of web crawlers based on the behavior vectors. The results show that ethicality scores vary significantly among crawlers. Most commercial web crawlers' behaviors are ethical. However, many commercial crawlers still consistently violate or misinterpret certain robots.txt rules. We also measure the ethics of big search engine crawlers in terms of return on investment. The results show that Google has a higher score than other search engines for a US website but has a lower score than Baidu for Chinese websites.
HYDROGEOLOGY OF SOUTH BISON HILL (2006)

Oil sands mining in northern Alberta involve the stripping away of a saline-sodic overburden to gain access to the oil-bearing McMurray Formation. Once removed, the pyritic, saline, sodic, overburden is deposited into mined out pits or deposited as large surface fills. South Bison Hill is just one of these overburden structures. The long-term hydrogeologic system that develops within the South Bison Hill is unknown, both in terms of its final state and the time to reach this state. This newly developing groundwater flow system and its interaction with surface soils and water bodies with respect to water and salt fluxes must be defined. The primary objective of this study is to define the hydrogeologic features of South Bison Hill by documenting the hydraulic and geochemical factors controlling the evolution of the hydrogeologic system and then using these factors to develop an interpretative model of this system.
Anxiety, relaxation and anaesthesia for day‐case surgery (1993)

It is recognized that pre-operative anxiety can have adverse effects on the course and outcome of surgery and there is a considerable amount of research into the influences of interventions for pre-operative anxiety on a number of post-operative variables. However, little attention has been paid to the potential influences of treatments on intra-operative variables, most notably on the facilitation of anaesthesia. The present study examined the impact of a brief relaxation procedure on anaesthesia in comparison to attention-control and no-treatment control procedures. A sample of 21 patients about to undergo anaesthesia for day-case surgery were randomly assigned to one of the three conditions. It was found that the relaxation treatment significantly reduced pre-operative anxiety as measured by the state scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (Spielberger, 1983). This reduction was reflected in physiological indicators of anxiety. Both the relaxation group and the attention-control group required significantly less time to induce anaesthesia and less of the anaesthetic agent used to maintain anaesthesia. The relaxation group also scored significantly lower than the no-treatment control group on an anaesthetist's rating of difficulty of maintenance of anaesthesia. Whilst the relaxation treatment appeared to have no advantages over the attention-control procedure in terms of anaesthetic requirements, the latter treatment did not reduce anxiety and showed no benefit over the no-treatment control condition in terms of an anaesthetist's rating of difficulty of maintenance of anaesthesia. In addition, following recovery the relaxation subjects reported more favourable perceptions of their treatment than the attention-control subjects.
High-mode resonant piezoresistive cantilever sensors for tens-femtogram resoluble mass sensing in air (2006)

According to the demand for an ultrasensitive mass sensor for bio/chemical molecular detection, resonant cantilever sensors are developed for detection in an air environment. Both a piezoresistive bridge and a metal coil are integrated in the cantilever for signal sensing and Lorentz-force resonance excitation, respectively. Compared with conventional first flexure mode resonance, measurement results for the second mode resonance show an improved mass-sensing resolution from 0.17 pg to 0.06 pg due to the higher quality factor. For further improving the resolution, an optimized electromagnetic excitation method specifically for the second resonant mode is proposed and developed. The optimized method provides a two-point excitation that matches the second mode shape function of the cantilever deflection and excites the second mode more efficiently. Compared to a cantilever with a conventional excitation method, the optimally excited cantilever improves the quality factor from 307 to 857. Based on the experimental results for the optimally excited second mode resonant sensor, 29 × 10−15 g resolution for in-air mass sensing is achieved. The developed second mode resonant cantilever sensor with piezoresistive sensing element integrated on-chip is promising for use in high-performance portable biological/chemical sensing applications.
The induced vibration touch sensor – a new dynamic touch sensing concept (1986)

SUMMARY This report describes a new touch sensing concept in which active, exploratory touching resembles the manner in which humans use their fingertips. The concept utilizes the vibrations produced during sliding motion of the sensor to provide information for characterizing objects and features. The sensing system consists of a textured compliant artificial “skin”, a transduction element, and means for recognizing items of interest. A relatively simple prototype was fabricated and tested for a range of potentially useful tactile tasks. Results from these experiments demonstrate the promise of the concept. The prototype sensor is shown to be effective at recognizing feature size and shape, patterns of features, feature orientation, feature position, and surface texture.
Earth Mover's Distance Pooling over Siamese LSTMs for Automatic Short Answer Grading (2017)

Automatic short answer grading (ASAG) can reduce tedium for instructors, but is complicated by free-form student inputs. An important ASAG task is to assign ordinal scores to student answers, given some “model” or ideal answers. Here we introduce a novel framework for ASAG by cascading three neural building blocks: Siamese bidirectional LSTMs applied to a model and a student answer, a novel pooling layer based on earth-mover distance (EMD) across all hidden states from both LSTMs, and a flexible final regression layer to output scores. On standard ASAG data sets, our system shows substantial reduction in grade estimation error compared to competitive baselines. We demonstrate that EMD pooling results in substantial accuracy gains, and that a support vector ordinal regression (SVOR) output layer helps outperform softmax. Our system also outperforms recent attention mechanisms on LSTM states.
Distributed Resource Management for Wireless Mesh Networks. (2011)

Wireless mesh networking is expected to play an important role in the future Internet. It can facilitate network coverage at less expense, making it a fitting candidate for multi-hop communications in distributed wireless environments. However, Wireless Mesh Networks (WMNs) still suffer from many problems such as channel contention, interference, low efficiency of bandwidth utilization, etc. Therefore, guaranteeing Quality of Service (QoS) for multimedia applications while ensuring high bandwidth efficiency is a challenging task in WMNs. In this context, this thesis aims at solving these problems from a resource management at Medium Access Control (MAC) layer point of view. The thesis first surveys the existing protocol designs for Resource Reservation (RR) in IEEE 802.11-based wireless networks. It advises the necessity of MAC layer protocol design for guaranteeing the QoS for Real-Time Sessions (RTSNs) while optimizing bandwidth efficiency. Following the outcomes of the investigation, the thesis proposes an analytical framework to evaluate the guaranteed QoS performance of distributed hybrid MAC RR schemes in distributed single-hop wireless networks. After that, the thesis devises a comprehensive hybrid MAC RR scheme that consists of a distributed hybrid MAC scheduling mechanism and a distributed Admission Control (AC) algorithm. The hybrid MAC scheduling mechanism can provide contention-free channel access for RTSNs and reserve dedicated and periodic resources for them to ensure their QoS guaranteeing. In addition, the mechanism can implement concurrent transmission in the Contention-Free Period (CFP) in order to enhance the bandwidth usage for the reserved resources. The distributed Admission Control Algorithm (ACA), on the other hand, can cooperate with the distributed hybrid MAC scheduling mechanism in order to make optimized RR for RTSNs with specific QoS requirements. Furthermore, the proposed distributed ACA can help MAC scheduler to implement resource sharing. It can permit several RTSNs to share an identical Transmission Opportunity (TXOP) in the CFP provided that each of the resource sharer can obtain guaranteed QoS. This can directly improve the efficiency of bandwidth utilization.
Introduction (2003)

A simple hydrologic cycle interfacing the land, atmosphere, and ocean is shown inFigure 1.1. Evaporated ocean water condenses in the atmosphere and falls as precipitationon the land surface. The portion of the precipitation that infiltrates through the land surfacecan either be lost to the atmosphere via evapotranspiration or be transported downwardunder the influence of gravity, becoming deep percolate. The deep percolate eventuallybecomes ground water that finds its way to the subsurface aquifer system. In humid areas aportion of the ground water from aquifers is discharged to rivers, lakes, or wetlands, whereasin arid areas ground water in general does not discharge to surface-water bodies. Groundwater is partially recharged due to leakage from surface sources. The hydrologic cycleexemplifies the natural processes of ground water.
Self-Heating Driven V>inf<th>/inf<Shifts in Integrated VDMOS Transistors (2006)

Large threshold voltage shifts are observed in n-type integrated VDMOS transistors upon hot carrier stress. The effect is enhanced by the total internal temperature (ambient temperature + temperature increase due to power dissipation) of the device as well as by the gate oxide electric field. A model is presented and is used to extract the safe operating area (SOA) of the transistors. This is especially important as smart power technologies are often used in high temperature environments (up to 150-175degC), e.g. in automotive
An adaptive feedforward artificial neural network with the applications to multiple criteria decision making (2002)

An adaptive feedforward artificial neural network (FANN) is presented and used to and solve multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) problems. Given a FANN topology, an adaptive learning algorithm to adjust its parameters is presented. The algorithm consists of two steps: generating a direction, and performing a one-dimensional search along that direction. A methodology to obtain the most appropriate topology and assess its parameters, using the adaptive learning algorithm as a subroutine, is developed. When the set of training patterns changes, the FANN model can adapt itself to the changes by retraining or expanding the existing model. The theoretical basis for the adaptive FANN and some examples are included. How to formulate MCDM problems and use the adaptive FANN to select the best alternative when each alternative is associated with a set of conflicting and noncommensurate criteria is shown. It is demonstrated how to incorporate basic MCDM definitions and properties into FANN.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Review and Meta Analysis of Vibrotactile and Visual Information Displays (2009)

Abstract : Many studies have investigated the impact of vibrotactile cues on task performance, but the wide range of cue and task types have made findings difficult to interpret without a quantitative synthesis. We provide a systematic review of studies on vibrotactile cue effectiveness with regard to task performance, organized by types of comparisons and cue complexity. Forty-five studies met the criteria for meta-analytic comparisons. Three types of comparisons were made: (1) the addition of a new tactile cue to a condition, (2) the comparison of tactile cues to visual cues representing the same information, and (3) the comparison of visual cues compared to a multimodal combination of tactile and visual cues representing the same information. The level of cue information complexity was also examined as a moderator. When added to a baseline task or existing visual cues, tactile cues enhanced task performance. When tactile cues replaced visual cues, however, effects are attenuated and moderated by cue information complexity. Tactile alerts are effective when replacing visual alerts, but tactile direction cues do not improve performance when replacing visual direction cues. This meta-analysis of tactile applications underscores the benefits of vibrotactile and multimodal displays, highlights conditions in which tactile cues are particularly effective, and identifies areas in need of further investigation.
Unsymmetrically Substituted Dimethyldiaminosilanes as Ligands towards Zirconium(<scp>IV</scp>) (2004)

Abstract Unsymmetrically substituted dimethyldiaminosilanes of the general formula SiMe 2 (NR 2 )(NR′ 2 ) have been prepared by treating LiNR 2 with SiMe 2 Cl(NR′ 2 ) (NR 2 , NR′ 2 = NMe 2 , NC 4 H 8 , NH i Pr, NH t Bu, NHCH 2 CH 2 NMe 2 or NHCH 2 CH 2 OMe). Their ligating properties towards zirconium( IV ) have been investigated as a function of the nitrogen substituents and the syntheses of the binary compound Zr[SiMe 2 (N i Pr)(N t Bu)] 2 and of the zirconium derivatives ZrX 3 (L) [X = Cl, NMe 2 ; L = SiMe(NR)(NR′ 2 ), NR = N i Pr, N t Bu, NCH 2 CH 2 NMe 2 , NCH 2 CH 2 OMe; NR′ 2 = NMe 2 , NC 4 H 8 , NH i Pr, NH t Bu] are also reported. The solution structures and dynamics of the compounds have been elucidated by 1D/2D multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Function and Regulation of Collecting Duct Intercalated Cells (1993)

Macrophage polarization refers to how macrophages have been activated at a given point in space and time. Polarization is not fixed, as macrophages are sufficiently plastic to integrate multiple signals, such as those from microbes, damaged tissues, and ...Read More
Effect of filler properties on the modulus of oriented polypropylene filled with flake-like fillers (1987)

Abstract Flake-like fillers with various particle sizes (talc: 0.8, 3.3, 10.0, 25.5 μm; mica: 15, 32, 98, 320, 730 μm) were mixed with polypropylene (PP). The effect of flake-like filler properties such as filler aspect ratio, filler size, and filler content on the modulus of oriented PP composites was investigated. The relative modulus (Ec d /Er d, where Ec d and Er d are the modulus of oriented PP composites and the modulus of oriented PP, respectively) is shown to be determined by the following factors: (1) orientation factor of the PP matrix, (2) filler properties (filler content, aspect ratio, modulus), and (3) void properties (void volume, void length). The filler size dependence can be clearly recognized, showing an increase in Ec d /Er d as filler size decreased for PP/talc and PP/mica systems. In addition Ec d /Er d is dependent primarily on void volume, irrespective of filler size, aspect ratio, filler content, or orientation of PP matrix for PP filled with flake-like fillers.
Investigations on the Stability of Stevioside and Rebaudioside A in Soft Drinks (2010)

The stability of the two steviol glycosides stevioside and rebaudioside A and the possible formation of the aglycon steviol in different soft drinks were analyzed in samples spiked with stevioside or rebaudioside A after 24, 48, and 72 h storage times at 80 °C. Degradation of up to 70% was observed, and stevioside was less stable than rebaudioside A. Stevioside and rebaudioside A and their degradation products were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (UV-HPLC) on a HILIC analytical column, and the identity of the degradation products was confirmed by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS(n)) in negative mode. A UV-HPLC method was developed using a C18 analytical column to exclude the presence of the aglycon steviol, which gave a positive response in the forward mutation assay using the sensitive Salmonella typhimurium TM677 strain. The recoveries of steviol with this method ranged from 95.9 to 109.2%, and the calibration curves were linear from 1 to 100 μg/mL with R(2) = 0.9999. The limit of detection was 1 μg/mL. Confirmation by LC-ESI-MS(n) resulted in a LOD of 6 ng/mL. The absence of steviol in the degraded samples could be unambiguously confirmed by UV-HPLC and by LC-ESI-MS(n).
Self-organizing network interference coordination for future LTE-advanced networks (2013)

The Improvement of the cellular network evolution requires new features to enhance responding to the clients' demands and therefore the quality of service on the network. Self-Organizing Network (SON) policy is recently planned and introduced as an approach to reduce the network hardware (e.g. supportive macro base stations, etc.), transmission complexity, implementation costs, etc., and therefore growth in quality of reception and transmission within the new releases of cellular networks, such as LTE-Advanced. On the other hand, the interference mitigation plays a precarious role towards the appropriate bandwidth allocation to various classes of the network users, specifically when the bandwidth is shared within the network platform. Applying of the SON strategy to have a smooth transmission platform by mitigating the inter-cell interference in existing releases of LTE is a new strategy to escalation the network satisfaction by using the internal communicative coordination among the macro and neighboring base stations, inside the cellular LTE-Advanced network. From a general view, the newly released LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) is currently being introduced as a further step to LTE and as the real 4G cellular standard on cellular networks evolution. Alongside the increasing demands in mobile networks, the customers' satisfaction with a ubiquitous heterogeneous network (HetNet) is going to be the main challenge for the network operators, and therefore planning a multi-layer network with different ranges of base stations seems to be an appropriate solution for this deficiency [1]. This paper proposes a novel approach and strategy to plan, design, simulate, analysis and implement the SON solution over the LTE-A networks, focusing on interference coordination objectives and solutions.
Convolutional Neural Networks for Steady Flow Approximation (2016)

In aerodynamics related design, analysis and optimization problems, flow fields are simulated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solvers. However, CFD simulation is usually a computationally expensive, memory demanding and time consuming iterative process. These drawbacks of CFD limit opportunities for design space exploration and forbid interactive design. We propose a general and flexible approximation model for real-time prediction of non-uniform steady laminar flow in a 2D or 3D domain based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs). We explored alternatives for the geometry representation and the network architecture of CNNs. We show that convolutional neural networks can estimate the velocity field two orders of magnitude faster than a GPU-accelerated CFD solver and four orders of magnitude faster than a CPU-based CFD solver at a cost of a low error rate. This approach can provide immediate feedback for real-time design iterations at the early stage of design. Compared with existing approximation models in the aerodynamics domain, CNNs enable an efficient estimation for the entire velocity field. Furthermore, designers and engineers can directly apply the CNN approximation model in their design space exploration algorithms without training extra lower-dimensional surrogate models.
Acaricidal activity of Cymbopogon citratus and Azadirachta indica against house dust mites (2011)

Generally, topical mortalities of D. farinae due to lemongrass are higher than that due to neem. Contact mortalities of lemongrass are always higher that neem against both species of mites.
5:20:20:5 EFFICIENCY (2018)

Some researchers claim that the typical student's attention span is about 10 to 15 minutes, but most classes last 50 to 90 minutes. In addition, some educators argue that technology can distract students more than it can help them, which makes it harder for teachers to capture student’s attention while teaching them. How a language teacher captures students’ attention and efficiently utilizes the entire 50 minutes is a challenge. The goals of this presentation are to demonstrate how to make the best use of the 50 minutes and to show how technology can be applied to get students engaged.The 50 minutes are divided into 4 phases: 5:20:20:5. The first 5 minutes aims to warm up students’ background knowledge or review related materials. The first 20 minutes focuses on leading students into the core materials for that learning period. The following 20 minutes centers on assessing what students have or have not learned in the previous 20 minutes. The last 5 minutes summarizes the core materials and clarifies any questions. Within each learning period, teachers can use visual and audio applications, such as Power Point slides, Kahoot games, SMART Board and Linoit.com activities, to keep students interested and motivated and make both teaching and learning fun.
Oligosaccharide-receptor interaction of the Gal alpha 1-4Gal binding adhesin of Streptococcus suis. Combining site architecture and characterization of two variant adhesin specificities. (1994)

The sugar binding specificities of two groups of Streptococcus suis, a pig pathogen that causes meningitis also in man, were determined. Both the group represented by a recently characterized strain inhibitable by galactose and N-acetylgalactosamine (type PN) and the group inhibitable by galactose (type PO) were found by hemagglutination and solid-phase binding inhibition experiments to recognize the disaccharide Gal alpha 1-4Gal of the P1 and Pk blood group antigens. Both types preferred the disaccharide in terminal position. PN showed some, whereas PO showed almost no, binding to the globoside oligosaccharide containing an additional GalNAc beta 1-3 residue. The complete hydrogen bonding patterns were determined by using deoxy and other synthetic derivatives of the receptor disaccharide, and the constructed models of the interactions were compared with that of Escherichia coli PapG396 adhesin. The essential hydroxyls for binding were the HO-4', HO-6', HO-2, and HO-3 hydroxyls on the beta' alpha-side of the Gal alpha 1-4Gal molecule. Type PO adhesin also formed weak interactions with the hydroxyls HO-6 and HO-3'. The mechanism differed from that of E. coli, which binds to a cluster of five hydroxyls (HO-6, HO-2', HO-3', HO-4', and HO-6') and thus to a different part of the receptor disaccharide. These results represent the first example of the comparison of the saccharide receptor hydrogen bonding patterns of two bacterial organisms of different origin and show that the same saccharide may be recognized by two different binding mechanisms.