gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Epidermal Growth Factor-Binding Sites, Present in Normal Human and Rat Pituitaries, Are Absent in Human Pituitary Adenomas<sup>*</sup> (1987)

To investigate the involvement of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and its receptor in the pathogenesis of human pituitary adenomas, we examined the presence of EGF-binding sites in normal rat and human pituitaries and in human PRL- and GH-secreting and nonsecreting pituitary adenomas. Using crude membrane preparations, specific binding for [125I] EGF was found in normal rat and human pituitaries. Equilibrium was reached at 25 C in 40 min. There was no change in the Kd values between male rats [Kd, 0.65 +/- 0.35 nM (mean +/- SD)] and female rats (Kd, 0.51 +/- 0.15 nM), while the maximum capacity was significantly higher (P less than 0.05) in male rats (21 +/- 8 fmol/mg protein) than in female rats (10 +/- 2 fmol/mg protein). Scatchard analysis of the data suggested the presence of a single class of binding sites. In the three normal human pituitaries tested, specific [125I]EGF binding was also demonstrated. However, both the Kd and the maximum capacity varied widely. Twenty-two human pituitary adenomas were tested, but no specific binding was detected in any of them. In addition to the binding experiments, a radioreceptor assay using rat liver membranes was developed to detect EGF or EGF-like material in extracts of six human pituitary adenomas (two of each type). No EGF activity was detected in any of the extracts. From these results, we conclude that EGF-binding sites are present in normal pituitary tissue, suggesting a physiological role for EGF in this tissue. Consequently, the reason(s) for the lack of EGF binding in pituitary adenoma membranes is not known.
Numerical Study on Skin Burn Injury due to Flash Flame Exposure (2012)

매년 많은 소방공무원들이 화재나 고온 조건 등에 노출되어 화상으로 고통 받고 있어, 화상 예측에 대한 연구를 통해 화상을 방지할 수 있는 방법의 개발이 매우 중요하다. 그러나 피부조직의 비선형성, 혈류에 의한 열전달 분석의 불확실성 등 인체 내부의 복잡한 물리현상으로 인해 화상에 대한 연구는 매우 부족한 것이 실정이며, 특히 국내의 경우는 이에 대한 연구가 전무한 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 특히 심각한 화상을 유발할 수 있는 돌발화염(80 kW/<TEX>$m^2$</TEX> 이상의 고열 유속 조건)하에서의 2도 화상 발생에 대한 예측을 수행하였다. 생체 열전달 방정식(Bio-heat transfer)을 이용하여 지배방정식을 유도하였으며, 유한차분법(Finite Difference Method)을 활용하여 화상에 대한 예측을 수행하는 수치해석 접근법을 사용하였다. 기존의 여러 연구결과로부터 인체 피부의 열물성치를 정리하였고, 그것을 바탕으로 계산을 수행하였다. 기존의 낮은 열유속에 대한 화상 실험 결과와 예측 결과를 비교하여 가장 오차가 적은 열물성치 모델을 파악하였고, 그 결과를 바탕으로 고열유속의 돌발화염에서의 2도 화상발생 노출시간을 예측하여 제시하였다. Many fire-fighters suffer from the burn injuries, and the severe burns are the most catastrophic injury a person can survive, resulting in pain, emotional stress, and tremendous economic costs. It is important to understand the physiology of burns for prevention from skin burns and a successful treatment of a burn patient. But a few researches have been presented because the complex physical phenomena of our inside body like non-linearity characteristics of human skin make them difficult. Thus in this study, thermal analyses of biological tissues exposed to a flash fire causing severe tissue damage were studied by using a finite difference method based on the Pennes bio-heat equation. The several previous models for skin thermo-physical properties were summarized, and the calculated values with those models of tissue injury were compared with the results obtained by the previous experiment for low heat flux conditions. The skin models with good agreement could be found. Also, the skin burn injury prediction results with the best model for high heat flux conditions by flash flame were suggested.
Wetting Behavior of Plasma Etch Residue Removal Solutions on Plasma Damaged and Repaired Porous ULK Dielectrics (2014)

Porous ultra low constant materials (ULK) for isolation within the interconnect system of integrated circuits are a promising approach to reduce crosstalk and RC-delays due to shrinking feature sizes [1]. Due to their porosity and the integration of carbon rich species like methyl groups into the Si-O-Si backbone of currently fabricated PECVD SiCOH dielectrics those materials are highly sensible towards plasma processing, e.g. dry etching or resist stripping [2]. Metal hard mask approaches, e.g. using TiN hard masks are widely used to prevent the resist stripping plasma directly attacking the low-k material [3]. To reduce further plasma damage like carbon depletion and formation of polar silanol groups the development of less aggressive etching processes is in the focus of research and development activities. Nevertheless dry etching will attack the sidewalls and cause a material degradation. That is why repair processes, mainly based on silylation, are considered to follow the patterning step to reintegrate carbon rich species and to recover the dielectric’s properties [3]. Subsequently to dry etching and repairing the dielectric the wet chemical plasma etch residue removal process is performed. Besides material compatibility and effectiveness in residue removal the wetting behavior of the applied cleaning solutions towards the surface which has to be cleaned is crucial, especially looking on wetting issues like the incomplete wetting of very small via holes or pattern collapse. In this study we investigate in which way different silylation based repair processing regimes are affecting the wettability of the dielectric by water based cleaning solutions using contact angle based surface energy calculations.
The impact of two-dimensional pulsed-field gel electrophoresis techniques for the consistent and complete mapping of bacterial genomes: refined physical map of<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>PAO (1991)

The SpeI/DpnI map of the 5.9 Mb Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO (DSM 1707) genome was refined by two-dimensional (2D) pulsed-field gel electrophoresis techniques (PFGE) which allow the complete and consistent physical mapping of any bacterial genome of interest. Single restriction digests were repetitively separated by PFGE employing different pulse times and ramps in order to detect all bands with optimum resolution. Fragment order was evaluated from the pattern of 2D PFGE gels: 1. Partial-complete digestion. A partial restriction digest was separated in the first dimension, redigested to completion, and subsequently perpendicularly resolved in the second dimension. 2D-gel comparisons of the ethidium bromide stain of all fragments and of the autoradiogram of end-labeled partial digestion fragments was nearly sufficient for the construction of the macrorestriction map. 2. Reciprocal gels. A complete restriction digest with enzyme A was run in the first dimension, redigested with enzyme B, and separated in the second orthogonal direction. The order of restriction digests was reverse on the second gel. In case of two rare-cutters, fragments were visualized by ethidium bromide staining or hybridization with genomic DNA. If a frequent and a rare cutter were employed, linking fragments were identified by end-labeling of the first digest. 3. A few small fragments were isolated by preparative PFGE and used as a probe for Southern analysis.--38 SpeI and 15 DpnI fragments were positioned on the map. The zero point was relocated to the 'origin of replication'. The anonymous mapping techniques described herein are unbiased by repetitive DNA, unclonable genomic regions, unfavourable location of restriction sites, or cloning artifacts as frequently encountered in other top-down or bottom-up approaches.
A continuous fuzzy Petri net tool for intelligent process monitoring and control (1995)

This paper outlines the structure and implementational features of a new methodology for intelligent process control called continuous fuzzy Petri net (CFPN). This methodology integrates Petri nets, fuzzy logic, and real-time expert systems to produce a powerful tool for real-time process control. This tool has been applied to the monitoring of an oil refinery processing unit. The developed system can relieve the operator from monitoring sensor data information and allow him to concentrate on the higher level interpretation of the occurrence of events. Based on an object-oriented programming style, the paper discusses how the CFPN is constructed to provide a software support environment to aid process control engineering activities such as: system modeling, operational analysis, process monitoring, and control.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Kinetic studies on the enzyme S‐hydroxynitrile lyase from Hevea brasiliensis using initial rate methods and progress curve analysis (1999)

(S)-Hydroxynitrile lyase (EC 4.1.2.39) from Hevea brasiliensis(rubber tree) catalyzes the reversible cleavage of cyanohydrins to aldehydes or ketones and prussic acid (HCN). Enzyme kinetics in both directions was studied on a model system with mandelonitrile, benzaldehyde, and HCN using two different methods—initial rate measurements and progress curve analysis. To discriminate between possible mechanisms with the initial rate method, product inhibition was studied. Benzaldehyde acts as a linear competitive inhibitor against mandelonitrile whereas HCN shows S-linear I-parabolic mixed-type inhibition. These results indicate an Ordered Uni Bi mechanism with the formation of a dead-end complex of enzyme, (S)-mandelonitrile and HCN. Prussic acid is the first product released from the enzyme followed by benzaldehyde. For progress curve analysis, a kinetic model of an Ordered Uni Bi mechanism including a dead-end complex, enzyme inactivation, and the chemical parallel reaction was set up, which described the experimental values very well. From the reaction rates obtained the kinetic constants were calculated and compared with the ones obtained from the initial rate method. Good agreement could be achieved between the two methods supporting the suggested mechanism. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biotechnol Bioeng 62: 20–29, 1999.
The Priesthood of All Believers and its Implications for the Seventh-day Adventist Church (2018)

thinkstock 50 oz./1.48 liters (6-7 glasses) 65 oz./1.92 liters (8-9 glasses) 75 oz./2.21 liters (9-10 glasses) 90 oz./2.66 liters (11-12 glasses) 100 oz./2.95 liters (12+ glasses) How Much Water Should I Drink?** **Calculated based on 8 fl.oz.(237 ml.) glasses -continued, next
Magnetoresistance peaks in the neighborhood of coercivity in magneto-optical recording media (1992)

Perpendicular magnetoresistance data performed on magneto-optical samples with uniaxial magnetic anisotropy (perpendicular to the film plane) show a change of the resistance ΔR/R when the applied field reaches the coercive field. The various mechanisms that can lead to this phenomenon are investigated based on different magneto-optical films. In particular, the interaction of magnetic domains and domain walls with the electric current is interesting. Separating the two effects is important to understanding of the various galvanomagnetic and magnetic processes in these films. Three different mechanisms are considered in order to explain the data: The first mechanism is associated with the Hall effect, the second mechanism involves the anisotropic resistivity, and the third mechanism is related to the s-d scattering effect. Some of the experimental results are explained by modeling the current and electric-field distribution in these films. In the simulations the film is modeled by a two- or three-dimensional lattice with each branch in the lattice having its own resistivity tensor in order to simulate magnetic domains and domain walls in the film.
Mandatory minute volume (1977)

The new concept of mandatory minute volume (MMV) is described. The system provides a preset minute volume to the patient, who breathes spontaneously from it as much as he is able, the remainder being delivered to him via a ventilator. The necessary apparatus has been constructed and has the additional facility of PEEP and/or CPAP up to a level of 15 cmH2O pressure. With possible exceptions, the apparatus allows simpler and more direct control over the patient's PaCO2 than with the IMV system and it ensures, without adjustment, a constant minute volume of fresh gas breathed by the patient, despite minute-to-minute changes in his ability to breathe. Use of the system in conjunction with two commonly used ventilators is described. It should not be difficult to build the facility for MMV into new versions of artificial ventilators.
Fixed point sets of Peano continua (1978)

1* Introduction* A subset A of a topological space X is called a fixed point set of X if there is a (continuous) map /: X—>X such that f(x) = x iff x 6 A. If X is Hausdorff, then A is closed, and, clearly, every retract of X is a fixed point set of X. It is possible that a space X may have the property that each of its nonempty closed subsets is a fixed point set of X. The problem of determining which spaces have this property, called the complete invariance property by L. E. Ward, Jr. in [5], has been investigated by H. Bobbins, Helga Schirmer, and L. E. Ward, Jr. Some spaces known to have the complete invariance property include w-cells [1], dendrites [2], convex subsets of Banach spaces [5], compact manifolds without boundary [3], and all compact triangulable manifolds with or without boundary [4]. The general question as to what properties a space must satisfy to insure that it has the complete invariance property has not been resolved. In fact, in [5, p. 553] L. E. Ward, Jr. asks the following question. Does every Peano continuum have the complete invariance property*! The purpose of this note is to show that even acyclic Peano continua which possess higher order local connectedness need not have the complete invariance property. Indeed, for each positive integer n = 1, 2, , we give an example of an (n + l)-dimensional acyclic LC~ continuum Xn which fails to have the complete invariance property. Moreover, Xn contains an ^-dimensional sphere which is not a fixed point set of Xn.
Beyond Limits: Exploring Motivation and the Lack of Women in Ultramarathoning (2014)

An ultramarathon extends beyond the traditional 26.2-mile marathon (Tharion, Strowman, & Rauch, 1988) and includes 50 kilometers (31 miles), 100 kilometers (62.1 miles) and 135 miles. Participants must train for substantial periods of time and oftentimes in rough off-road terrain while dealing with dramatic changes in elevation and weather. Despite these challenges, participation rates are increasing; yet, most of these participants are men. For instance, for every woman participant, five men participated in the Western States 100 (Soderland, 2011). Very few researchers have examined the motives to participate in this unique sport or investigated the gender barriers of ultramarathons. This qualitative study was conducted to further explore and understand what motivates women to run ultramarathons and the gender barriers that may prevent or make it difficult for them to participate in ultramarathons. Telephone interviews were conducted with fifteen women who completed at least one ultramarathon. The interviews were recorded and transcribed verbatim. The transcripts were read in-depth and organized into common themes across all interviews using Creswell’s (2000) framework. Gender barriers in ultramarathons were identified as: 1) child-care and household responsibilities, 2) job-related obstacles, 3) lack of support, and 4) safety concerns. To overcome gender barriers, these women commonly stated they used the following as motivation to continue ultramarathoning: 1) the ultra-running community, 2) the challenge of the ultra, 3) the scenic nature of the ultramarathon, and 4) personal growth. Specific results and implications of our findings will be discussed in this paper.
Inferring driver's turning direction through detection of error related brain activity (2013)

This work presents EEG-based Brain-computer interface (BCI) that uses error related brain activity to improve the prediction of driver's intended turning direction. In experiments while subjects drive in a realistic car simulator, we show a directional cue before reaching intersection, and analyze error related EEG potential to infer if the presented direction coincides with the driver's intention. In this protocol, the directional cue provides an initial estimation of the driving direction (based on EEG, environmental or previous driving habits), and we focus on the recognition of error-potentials it may elicit. Experiments with 7 healthy human subjects yield an average classification 0.69 ± 0.16, which confirms the feasibility of decoding these signals to help estimating driver's turning direction. This study can be further exploited by intelligent cars to tune their driving assistant systems to improve their performance and enhance the driving experience.
New Japanese encephalitis vaccines: alternatives to production in mouse brain (2011)

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), a flavivirus maintained in a zoonotic cycle and transmitted by the mosquito Culex tritaeniorhynchus, causes epidemics of encephalitis throughout much of Asia. Resident populations, including short- or long-term visitors to enzootic regions, are at risk of infection and disease. For the past several decades, killed viral vaccines prepared in tissue culture or mouse brain have been used effectively to immunize travelers and residents of enzootic countries. Cost, efficacy and safety concerns led to the development of a live-attenuated virus vaccine (SA14-14-2) and more recently, to the licensure in the USA, Europe, Canada, and Australia of a purified inactivated, tissue culture-based Japanese encephalitis vaccine (IXIARO(®), referred to as IC51; Intercell AG, Vienna, Austria). In addition, a live-attenuated yellow fever-Japanese encephalitis chimeric vaccine (IMOJEV™, referred to as Japanese encephalitis-CV; Sanofi Pasteur, Lyon, France) was recently licensed in Australia and is under review in Thailand. A broad portfolio of safe and effective Japanese encephalitis vaccines has become available to meet the needs of at-risk populations; when appropriately delivered, these new vaccines should greatly diminish the burden of disease.
Green Chemistry and Proteomics (2004)

Proteomics is a field in which the concepts and practices of green chemistry are expected to have a substantial impact at the interface between chemistry and biology. This article examines one such area of application currently under development within the ARC Special Research Centre for Green Chemistry.
Utilization of high‐melting palm stearin in lipase‐catalyzed interesterification with liquid oils (1997)

Abstract Palm stearin with a melting point (m.p.) of 49.8°C was fractionated from acetone to produce a low‐melting palm stearin (m.p.=35°C) and a higher‐melting palm stearin (HMPS, m.p.=58°C) fraction. HMPS was modified by interesterification with 60% (by weight) of individual liquid oils from sunflower, soybean, and rice bran by means of Mucor miehei lipase. The interesterified products were evaluated for m.p., solid fat content, and carbon number glyceride composition. When HMPS was interesterified individually with sunflower, soybean or rice bran at the 60% level, the m.p. of the interesterified products were 37.5, 38.9, and 39.6°C, respectively. The solid fat content of the interesterified products were 30–35 at 10°C, 17–19 at 20°C, and 6–10 at 30°C, respectively. The carbon number glyceride compositions also changed significantly. C 48 and C 54 glycerides decreased remarkably with a corresponding increase of the C 50 and C 52 glycerides. All these interesterified products were suitable for use as trans acid‐free and polyunsaturated fatty acid‐rich shortening and margarine fat bases.
Self-powered ultra-low power DC-DC converter for RF energy harvesting (2012)

In this paper, an autonomous low voltage and ultra-low power DC-DC converter is presented. This novel topology is inspired from the classical Armstrong oscillator structure. In addition to be self-powered and autonomous, this converter is suitable for high-impedance sources. Theoretical and simulation-based optimizations are used in order to design the converter. A fabricated prototype is tested. It harvests RF energy from a low power rectenna (rectifying antenna). High output voltage and good performances are achieved in the range of 4μW to 1mW of input power.
Limitations of the New York Heart Association functional classification system and self-reported walking distances in chronic heart failure (2006)

Background: Two ways to evaluate the symptoms of heart failure are the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classification and asking patients how far they can walk (walk distance). The NYHA system is commonly used, although it is not clear how individual clinicians apply it. Aim: To investigate how useful these measures are to assess heart failure and whether other questions might be more helpful. Methods: 30 cardiologists were asked what questions they used when assessing patients with heart failure. To assess interoperator variability, two cardiologists assessed a series of 50 patients in classes II and III using the NYHA classification. 45 patients who had undergone cardiopulmonary testing were interviewed using a specially formulated questionnaire. They were also asked how far they could walk before being stopped by symptoms, and then tested on their ability to estimate distance. Results: The survey of cardiologists showed no consistent method for assessing NYHA class and a literature survey showed that 99% of research papers do not reference or describe their methods for assigning NYHA classes. The interoperator variability study showed only 54% concordance between the two cardiologists. 70% of cardiologists asked patients for their walk distance; however, this walk distance correlated poorly with actual exercise capacity measured by cardiopulmonary testing (ρ = 0.04, p = 0.82). Conclusion: No consistent method of assessing NYHA class is in use and the interoperator study on class II and class III patients gave a result little better than chance. Some potential questions are offered for use in assessment. Walking distance, although frequently asked, does not correlate with formally measured exercise capacity, even after correction for patient perception of distance, and has never been found to have prognostic relevance. Its value is therefore doubtful.