gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Role of sulfate conjugation in estrogen metabolism and activity (1978)

There has been an increasing interest in the sulfate conjugates of estrogens as important metabolites in steroid hormone homeostasis and activity. In women estrogen sulfates have been known as major components of plasma originating from ovarian secretion and hepatic metabolism. However, only recently has the capacity to sulfurylate estrogens been demonstrated in estrogen target tissues. Porcine uterus estrogen sulfotransferase appears only after the first complete estrous cycle. Following puberty, gilt uterine sulfurylation of estrogens is extremely active during diestrus, whereas estrogen sulfotransferase is not present during estrus. This cycling of estrogen sulfurylation in porcine and human uteri can be related directly to plasma progesterone levels. Rodent and human mammary tumors are also highly active in both steroid alcohol and estrogen sulfotransferases. Unlike uterine sulfotransferases, these enzymes are apparently stimulated by factors that appear following ovariectomy. The function of estrogen sulfurylation by target tissues remains obscure. However, recent investigations have indicated that the cyclic variation in endometrial estrogen sulfurylation may control the availability of 17 beta-estradiol to the cytoplasmic receptor. This premise is supported by the continued high estrogen sulfurylation activity and low nuclear receptor levels during implantation in fertilized gilts and sows. Utilizing purified bovine adrenal sulfotransferase, the substrate and inhibitor requirements were determined for this enzymes. It was also possible to design a specific inhibitor that will block estrogen sulfurylation without interfering with the receptor binding and nuclear migration of physiological levels of 17 beta-estradiol. This inhibitor, 3-methoxy-4-nitroestrone, will help in establishing the role of uterine and mammary estrogen sulfurylation.
Dopamine and Serotonin Receptors: Amino Acid Sequences, and Clinical Role in Neuroleptic Parkinsonism (1996)

This review summarizes the amino acid sequences of the human dopamine and serotonin receptors and their human variants. The review also examines the receptor basis of the atypical antipsychotic drugs that elicit less parkinsonism than the typical antipsychotics. Because the dissociation constant of a drug varies with the radioligand, the dissociation constants of many neuroleptics are here summarized for the dopamine D2-, D4- and serotonin S2A-receptors using different radioligands. Radioligands of low solubility in the membrane (having low tissue/buffer partition) result in lower values for the neuroleptic dissociation constants, compared to radioligands of high membrane solubility. Such studies yield the intrinsic K value for a neuroleptic in the absence of a competing ligand. Clozapine, for example, has an intrinsic K value of 1.6 nM at the D4-receptor, in agreement with the value of 1.6 nM when directly measured with [3H]clozapine at D4. However, because clozapine competes with endogenous dopamine, the in vivo clozapine concentration to occupy 75% of the dopamine D4-receptors is derived to be approximately 13 nM. This agrees with the value of 12 to 20 nM in the plasma water (or spinal fluid) observed in treated patients. Moreover, in L-DOPA psychosis (in Parkinson's disease), the clozapine concentration for 75% blockade of D4 is predicted to be approximately 3 nM. This agrees with the value of approximately 1.2 nM observed by Meltzer et al. in plasma water (Neuropsychopharmacology, 12, 39-45 (1995)). This analysis supports the concept and practical value of the intrinsic K values. Some atypical neuroleptics (remoxipride, clozapine, perlapine, seroquel and melperone) have high intrinsic K values (ranging from 30 to 88 nM) at the D2-receptor, making them displaceable by high levels of endogenous dopamine in the caudate/putamen. In contrast, however, typical neuroleptics (i.e., those that typically cause parkinsonism) have intrinsic K values of 0.3 to 6 nM, making them less displaceable by endogenous dopamine. A relationship exists between the neuroleptic doses for rat catalepsy and the D2/D4 ratio of the intrinsic K values. Thus, the atypical neuroleptics appear to fall into two groups, those that bind loosely to D2 and those that are selective at D4.
Serotonin 5-HT2A receptors are expressed on pyramidal cells and interneurons in the rat cortex (1997)

The distribution of 5-HT2A receptors in rat cortex was evaluated using newly developed antibodies. Each of three antibodies tested identified an identical pattern of 5-HT2A-like immunoreactivity (5-HT2A-li) in rat cortex with 5-HT2A-li showing a widespread distribution. The majority of 5-HT2A-li cells displayed a pyramidal morphology. While a minority, some cortical neurons with a bipolar morphology displayed 5-HT2A-li as well. Dual-label fluorescence confocal microscopic studies with a 5-HT2A antibody and a mouse monoclonal antibody to parvalbumin, a marker of a subset of gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic interneurons in the cortex, demonstrated that although some cells expressing 5-HT2A-li were interneurons, most were not.
Vicryl carrier for I-125 seeds: percutaneous transperineal insertion. (1986)

The use of vicryl carriers for permanent iodine-125 implantation in the prostate with the percutaneous transperineal template technique improves the symmetry of the implant and prevents seed loss into the pelvis. The procedure is accomplished quickly with the administration of spinal or general anesthesia. Implantation into the prostate is accomplished without celiotomy and does not require the use of an iodine seed gun.
Concentration of Indole-3-acetic Acid and Its Derivatives in Plants (1977)

Seeds of oat, coconut, soybean, sunflower, rice, millet, kidney bean, buckwheat, wheat, and corn and vegetative tissue of oat, pea, and corn were assayed for free indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), esterified IAA, and peptidyl IAA. Three conclusions were drawn: (a) all plant tissues examined contained most of their IAA as derivatives, either esterified or as a peptide; (b) the cereal grains examined contained mainly ester IAA; (c) the legume seeds examined contained mainly peptidyl IAA. Errors in analysis of free and bound IAA are discussed.
FTSite: high accuracy detection of ligand binding sites on unbound protein structures (2011)

FTSite is freely available as a web-based server at http://ftsite.bu.edu.
Interferons and cell growth control. (2000)

Cytokines modulate cell growth, differentiation, and immune defenses in the vertebrates. Interferons (IFNs) are a unique class of cytokines that stimulate antiviral, antitumor and antigen presentation by inducing the expression of several cellular genes. Recent studies have identified a novel gene regulatory pathway activated by IFNs, which serves as a paradigm for most cytokine signal transduction pathways. A number of genes induced by IFNs participate in cell growth regulation and apoptosis. These include novel tumor suppressor genes. Although discovered as IFN-regulated factors, deletions of these genes cause leukemias in experimental models and in human patients. Genetic approaches have identified several novel regulators of apoptosis. Studies on the mechanism of action of these growth regulatory molecules are not only useful in identifying novel targets for the development of therapeutics but also help understand the molecular basis for loss of cell growth control and resistance to IFNs. This review focuses on the functions and roles of IFN regulated factors in cell growth control and mechanisms of disruption of IFN action in cancer cells.
Nicotinamide N -methyltransferase induces cellular invasion through activating matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression in clear cell renal cell carcinoma cells (2010)

Nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT) was recently identified as one clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC)-associated gene by analyzing full-length complementary DNA-enriched libraries of ccRCC tissues. The aim of this study is to investigate the potential role of NNMT in cellular invasion. A strong NNMT expression is accompanied with a high invasive activity in ccRCC cell lines, and small interfering RNA-mediated NNMT knockdown effectively suppressed the invasive capacity of ccRCC cells, whereas NNMT overexpression markedly enhanced that of human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells. A positive correlation between the expression of NNMT and matrix metallopeptidase (MMP)-2 was found in ccRCC cell lines and clinical tissues. The treatment of blocking antibody or inhibitor specific to MMP-2 significantly suppressed NNMT-dependent cellular invasion in HEK293 cells. Furthermore, SP-1-binding region of MMP-2 promoter was found to be essential in NNMT-induced MMP-2 expression. The specific inhibitors of PI3K/Akt signaling markedly decreased the binding of SP1 to MMP-2 promoter as shown by chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. We also demonstrated that PI3K/Akt pathway plays a role in NNMT-dependent cellular invasion and MMP-2 activation. Moreover, short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of NNMT expression efficiently inhibited the growth and metastasis of ccRCC cells in non-obese diabetic severe combined immunodeficiency mice. Taken together, the present study suggests that NNMT has a crucial role in cellular invasion via activating PI3K/Akt/SP1/MMP-2 pathway in ccRCC.
Sulfurization Growth of SnS Thin Films and Experimental Determination of Valence Band Discontinuity for SnS-Related Solar Cells (2011)

Tin sulphide is considered to be a potential candidate for the development of low cost polycrystalline thin film solar cells. The advantages of using sulfurization process to grow SnS films were demonstrated. Polycrystalline p-type SnS films were obtained by a simple dry process at 300 °C for 90 min. The sulfurization condition depends on the deposition method of the Sn precursor. Using single-phase SnS films, band discontinuities at SnS/CdS and SnO 2 /SnS heterointerfaces were measured by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The valence band offsets were determined to be approximately 1.5 eV for SnS/CdS and 3.5 eV for SnO 2 /SnS interfaces. Using these values and the energy band gaps of the corresponding layers, the energy band diagram was developed. It indicated that the SnS/CdS heterojunction is of TYPE-II form of heterostructure. This result indicated that SnS-related solar cells with CdS as window layer do not have an ideal band structure that could give high conversion efficiency.
Natural Killer Cells for Cancer Immunotherapy: Pluripotent Stem Cells-Derived NK Cells as an Immunotherapeutic Perspective (2014)

Natural killer (NK) cells play an essential role in the fight against tumor development. Over the last years, the progress made in the NK-cell biology field and in deciphering how NK-cell function is regulated, is driving efforts to utilize NK-cell-based immunotherapy as a promising approach for the treatment of malignant diseases. Therapies involving NK cells may be accomplished by activating and expanding endogenous NK cells by means of cytokine treatment or by transferring exogenous cells by adoptive cell therapy and/or by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. NK cells that are suitable for adoptive cell therapy can be derived from different sources, including ex vivo expansion of autologous NK cells, unstimulated or expanded allogeneic NK cells from peripheral blood, derived from CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors from peripheral blood and umbilical cord blood, and NK-cell lines. Besides, genetically modified NK cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors or cytokines genes may also have a relevant future as therapeutic tools. Recently, it has been described the derivation of large numbers of functional and mature NK cells from pluripotent stem cells, both embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, which adds another tool to the expanding NK-cell-based cancer immunotherapy arsenal.
ACOG Committee Opinion No. 378: Vaginal “Rejuvenation” and Cosmetic Vaginal Procedures (2007)

So-called "vaginal rejuvenation", "designer vaginoplasty", "revirgination", and "G-spot amplification" are vaginal surgical procedures being offered by some practitioners. These procedures are not medically indicated, and the safety and effectiveness of these procedures have not been documented. Clinicians who receive requests from patients for such procedures should discuss with the patient the reason for her request and perform an evaluation for any physical signs or symptoms that may indicate the need for surgical intervention. Women should be informed about the lack of data supporting the efficacy of these procedures and their potential complications, including infection, altered sensation, dyspareunia, adhesions, and scarring.
Reductive coupling of benzyl bromide catalyzed by a novel dicobalt complex having two salen units (2001)

A novel dicobalt complex [CoII2L] has been synthesized, where (L)4− is a dinucleating ligand derived by the 2 ∶ 2 ∶ 1 condensation of ethylenediamine, salicylaldehyde, and 5,5′-methylenebis(salicylaldehyde), and it has two N2O2 metal-binding sites which are linked to each other with a methylene spacer. This complex was characterized by UV-VIS, IR, and NMR as well as mass spectroscopy. Its redox behavior was investigated in dmf using cyclic voltammetry in comparison with that for the corresponding mononuclear complex [Co(salen)]. The redox couples to CoIII–CoII and CoII–CoI for [CoII2L] were observed at +0.09 and −1.20 V vs. Ag–AgCl, respectively. These potentials are quite similar to those for [Co(salen)]. The electro-generated [CoI2L]2− reacts with alkyl halide at each metal center to give an organocobalt complex. A further one-electron reduction of the compound yields an unstable intermediate that undergoes rapid decomposition by cleavage of the cobalt–carbon bond. The electrolysis of benzyl bromide at −1.40 V vs. Ag–AgCl in the presence of the dicobalt complex yields bibenzyl as the major product. On the other hand, when [Co(salen)] was used as a catalyst, toluene was obtained as the major product. The difference in the product distribution is due to the structural properties of the catalysts.
The architecture of cancellous bone. (1978)

The architecture of cancellous bone has been studied in macerated human bones. A number of distinct types of architecture can be recognized as follows: Type I consists of a very delicate meshwork of fine rods. Type II is made up of both rods and plates. Sub-type IIa is a meshwork similar to Type I, but a varying proportion of rad are replaced by delicate plates. Sub-type IIb shows the presence of thin but large fenestrated plates with a well marked orientation in preferred planes; these are interconnected by smaller plates and rods. Sub-type IIc is made up of relatively thick and extensive arranged for the most part parallel to one another, the plates being connected to each other by fine rods. Type III is made up entirely of plates. Delicate plates may form a meshwork in which a directional orientation may or may not be apparent (Sub-type IIIa). Elsewhere better defined, larger plates may enclose tubular spaces (Sub-type IIIb). In some areas (where cancellous bone is very dense) small relatively thick plates enclose irregular spaces; the appearance may closely resemble that of a honeycomb when the spaces are small, but elsewhere the spaces may show a definite directional orientation. The wall of the marrow cavity of long bones is seldom smooth. It is characterized by the presence of plates and rods in various configurations. A distinct marrow cavity is seen in the majority of clavicles examined.
Expression of the intermediate filament nestin during rodent tooth development (1995)

The developing tooth represents a suitable model for understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in induction, morphogenesis and differentiation of organs. It is conceivable that the developmental changes could be reflected in the distribution of different cytoskeletal components and in this report we analyze the expression of the intermediate filament nestin during rodent tooth development at the protein and mRNA levels (by immuno light and electron microscopy, and by in situ hybridization). Nestin is expressed at all stages of tooth development, but the expression levels increase after birth in both ectodermal and ectomesenchymal derivatives. The shift in nestin distribution, from the proliferating dental lamina to the dental mesenchyme, indicates that nestin may be involved in inductive phenomena. At early stages of mineralization, nestin is seen within the apical parts of the presecretory ameloblasts. Nestin is also expressed in odontoblasts, both during odontogenesis and after tooth eruption. The increase in nestin expression from early to late developmental stages and sustained expression in a differentiated cell type contrasts with previously observed patterns of nestin expression during nerve and muscle development. This suggests that nestin could be used as a specific marker for the odontoblast.
Effects of ions on the motility of fresh and demembranated paddlefish (Polyodon spathula) spermatozoa (2002)

This study investigated the effects of different environmental conditions on the motility parameters of paddlefish (Polyodon spathula) spermatozoa. Paddlefish spermatozoa demonstrated the following characteristics: (i) all spermatozoa were motile 10 s after activation with a velocity of 130-160 microm s(-1); (ii) after 2 min, velocity decreased to 80-130 microm s(-1); and (iii) motility was maintained for up to 9 min. Concentrations of 0.5-5.0 mmol KCl l(-1) prevented activation of spermatozoa. After transfer into a swimming medium (20 mmol Tris l(-1), pH 8.2 and 1 mg BSA ml(-1)) containing 0.5 mmol KCl l(-1) (combined with 5 mmol NaCl or MgCl(2) l(-1)), 80-100% of cells were motile with a velocity of about 120-150 microm s(-1). MgCl(2) significantly improved the velocity of spermatozoa at 10, 40, 50 and 60 s after activation and the stable velocity of spermatozoa was about 140 microm s(-1). Very low concentrations of CaCl(2) (0.125 mmol l(-1)) combined with 0.5 mmol KCl l(-1) initiated motility in 20% of spermatozoa, whereas all spermatozoa were activated after 2 min with 0.25 mmol CaCl(2) l(-1) in similar medium for the full period of swimming with velocity of about 120 microm s(-1). This study demonstrated that potassium (5-15 mmol l(-1)) inhibits demembranated spermatozoa. Thus, initiation of movement in paddlefish spermatozoa is under the reciprocal control of potassium and calcium ion concentrations.
Perceived Teacher Self‐Efficacy as a Predictor of Job Stress and Burnout: Mediation Analyses (2008)

Teacher self‐efficacy is studied as a personal resource factor that may protect from the experience of job strain and, thus, make the escalation of burnout less likely. The article examines the relationships between self‐efficacy, job stress, and burnout, focusing on mediation (self‐efficacy → job stress → burnout). Moreover, it questions whether such a mediation, if found, would be dependent on the levels of other variables (moderated mediation). Study I, with two samples of teachers ( N = 1,203), examined this putative mechanism cross‐sectionally and found such an effect, in particular for younger teachers and those with low general self‐efficacy. Study II, with 458 teachers, replicated the results longitudinally over a period of one year by employing structural equation models. In a cross‐lagged panel design, low self‐efficacy preceded burnout. Further research should study these mechanisms by interventions that aim at strengthening teacher self‐efficacy as a protective resource factor. L’auto‐efficacité des enseignants est étudiée comme une ressource personnelle pouvant les protéger de l’expérience de la contrainte professionnelle et rendre l’escalade dans le burnout moins probable. Cet article examine les liens entre l’auto‐efficacité, le stress au travail et le burnout, en se focalisant sur la médiation (auto‐efficacité→ stress au travail → burnout). En outre, il questionne la façon dont une telle médiation, si elle est avérée, pourrait être dépendante du niveau des autres variables (médiation modérée). La recherche 1 comprend deux échantillons d’enseignants ( N = 1,203). Elle examine ce mécanisme croisé supposé et révèle un tel effet, en particulier pour les enseignants les plus jeunes et ceux ayant une auto‐efficacité générale basse. L’étude 2 effectuée auprès de 458 enseignants confirme ces résultats, obtenus cette fois de façon longitudinale sur une période d’un an en employant des modèles àéquation structurale. Ainsi, une auto‐efficacité basse précède le burnout. Des recherches plus poussées pourraient étudier les mécanismes par lesquels des interventions renforcent ou non l’auto‐efficacité des enseignants comme source de protection.
Comparative analysis of colonic gene expression of three experimental colitis models mimicking inflammatory bowel disease (2006)

The pattern of gene expression in the CD45RB transfer model most closely reflects altered gene expression in IBD.
Synthesis of YBa<sub>2</sub>SbO<sub>6</sub>: a possible new substrate for YBa<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>7- delta</sub>thin films (1992)

The addition of Sb2O3 to YBa2Cu3O7- delta resulted in the formation of a second phase during high-temperature sintering at 950 degrees C. This phase is identified as YBa2SbO6, having a cubic structure with a lattice constant a=8.403 AA. This compound has been synthesized as a single-phase material by solid-state reaction for the first time. Sintering conditions and its dielectric properties are discussed. No chemical reaction was observed between YBa2Cu3O7- delta and YBa2SbO6 even after annealing a 1:1 molar mixture at 950 degrees C for 15 h. Addition of YBa2SbO6 up to 10 wt.% to YBa2Cu3O7-x did not have any detrimental effect on the superconducting properties of YBa2Cu3O7- delta , YBa2SbO6 is proposed as an ideal substrate material for the deposition of YBa2Cu3O7 thin films.
Sickle Cell Haemoglobin and G-6-PD Deficiency in Manne Dora Tribe of Andhra Pradesh (1992)

Samples of 190 (99 males and 91 females) indvidual of Manne Dors tribe was screened for haemoglobin and G-6-PD deficiency. Among diem eight cases of sickle cell trait and five males were found to show G-6-PD deficiency.
One-Step Synthesis of a Highly Active, Mesoporous, Titanium-Containing Silica by Using Bifunctional Templating (2001)

A highly active, three-dimensional, mesoporous titanosilica, Ti-TUD-1, with comparable properties to Ti-grafted mesoporous silica MCM-41, has been prepared in a one-step synthesis. A non-surfactant chemical, triethanolamine, was used as a template molecule. Triethanolamine easily forms complexes with titanium alkoxides, yielding titanatrane complexes, which together with free triethanolamine form meso-sized aggregates that template mesopores upon increasing the temperature of the synthesis mixture. Triethanolamine served as both mesopore template and ligand for the titanium complexes, which represent the majority of the catalytic-site precursors. The formation of the silica network and the titanium insertion were followed by a combination of diffuse reflectance UV/Vis/NIR and FTIR spectroscopy. A titanium-rich phase was obtained on the mesopore surfaces during calcination, allowing for easy accessibility of the reactants to the catalytic sites. Ti-TUD-1 is about six times more active than framework-substituted Ti-MCM-41 and has similar activity to Ti-grafted MCM-41.