gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fungi and animals may share a common ancestor to nuclear receptors (2006)

Nuclear receptors (NRs) are a large family of transcription factors. One hallmark of this family is the ligand-binding domain (LBD), for its primary sequence, structure, and regulatory function. To date, NRs have been found exclusively in animals and sponges, which has led to the generally accepted notion that they arose with them. We have overcome the limitations of primary sequence searches by combining sequence profile searches with structural predictions at a genomic scale, and have discovered that the heterodimeric transcription factors Oaf1/Pip2 of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae contain putative LBDs resembling those of animal NRs. Although the Oaf1/Pip2 LBDs are embedded in an entirely different architecture, the regulation and function of these transcription factors are strikingly similar to those of the mammalian NR heterodimer peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha/retinoid X receptor (PPAR alpha/RXR). We demonstrate that the induction of Oaf1/Pip2 activity by the fatty acid oleate depends on oleate's direct binding to the Oaf1 LBD. The alteration of two amino acids in the predicted ligand-binding pocket of Oaf1 abolishes both ligand binding and the transcriptional response. Hence, LBDs may have arisen as allosteric switches, for example, to respond to nutritional and metabolic ligands, before the animal and fungal lineages diverged.
A Study on the Fatigue Characteristics of Bonded Parts of the Carbon Fiber Reinforced Dental P.M.M.A. (1979)

In this paper we describe an experimental study. Reported in\nthis article are results of tensile fatigue test under constant\nstress amplitude applied to bonded section of carbon fiber reinforced\ndental P.M.M.A., which tensile fatigue test was conducted in\ncomparison with that of the parent material in order to find out\nfatigue characteristics of the bonded section of the dental P.M.M.A.\nAs a result of the research of test and experiments, it is found\nthat;\n1) It is noted that fatigue characteristics of composite material\nof C.F. 1 wt.%/P.M.M.A. are good.\n2) For adhesion of composite material of C.F. 1 wt.%/P.M.M.A., a\nscarf joint should be adopted.\n3) Adhesion by heat-cured type acrylic resin is effective.
Optical Techniques for Studying Stray Light in Spectrophotometers (1978)

In spectrophotometers the term ‘stray light’ is used to refer to the minute amount of unwanted light having wavelengths outside the narrow band isolated by the optical system. The effect of stray light is to reduce the accuracy of the instrument and in some cases to restrict the wavelength range over which the instrument may be used. The paper describes an optical method by which the stray light transmission of a monochromator may be determined for various wavelengths. If the particular instrument studied is found to show stray light behaviour of a type which varies continuously with wavelength, a simple technique can be applied for assessing the errors that will occur with any given sample. The relative importance of near-stray and far-stray light is discussed.
Inhibition of Growth of a Murine Squamous Cell Carcinoma by a Cyclooxygenase Inhibitor Increases Leukotriene B4 Production (1995)

Cyclooxygenase inhibitors may be effective in the treatment of some squamous cell carcinomas. The therapeutic effect of cyclooxygenase inhibitors may result from shunting into the lipoxygenase pathway of arachidonic acid metabolism.
ARPA-BUREAU OF MINES ROCK MECHANICS AND RAPID EXCAVATION PROGRAM, A RESEARCH PROJECT SUMMARY (1975)

This Bureau of Mines publication reviews the research conducted under a three-year, $6.6 million program in rock mechanics and rapid excavation. The program was sponsored by the Defense Department's Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) and was managed by the Bureau. In addition to the rock mechanics investigations, projects were funded in the following general areas of rapid excavation: Systems analysis, geologic prediction, rock disintegration, ground support, and materials handling. This report briefly summarizes the significant technical accomplishments of the individual research projects and references the contract reports and other publications where more detailed descriptions of the research can be obtained.
THE BRITISH LIBRARY AND THE FUTURE OF INTERLIBRARY LENDING (1975)

An account of developments in the BLLD's services in the last two or three years, with a review of the present situation. BLLD is now handling an estimated three‐quarters of all inter/ending requests originating in the UK, and an increasing volume of overseas demand. The acquisition policy of the BLLD, the rationale behind a central loan collection, and the satisfaction rate achieved by it (currently 84%) are stated. The main recent improvements have been in dealing with items not in BLLD's stock. These include microfilming of catalogues of selected libraries; special arrangements with several major libraries (including the copyright libraries) and important special libraries to serve as immediate back‐ups; photocopying of serials in the BL Reference Division; ISBN recording by the regions; and the rationalisation of author‐title union catalogues. A comprehensive acquisition programme has just been initiated for individual music scores. Matters to be further studied include the loan provision of fiction and non‐book materials, international lending, methods of transmitting requests, the possibility of a national van network, and the effect of BLLD photocopying on journal sales. A continued rapid growth in demand on the BLLD can be expected. The implications of recent developments for the regions will need to be kept under review.
In vivo optical neural recording using fiber-based surface plasmon resonance (2012)

We propose an intrinsic optical method for in vivo neural recording using optic fiber-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) phenomena. The fiber-based SPR method is electrical artifact free, labeling free, and feasible for a portable system compared with conventional in vivo neural recording systems. We simultaneously detected SPR signals and electrical neural activity from the rat somatosensory cortex evoked by electrical stimulation on the forepaw. Pharmacological analysis using a voltage-gated sodium channel blocker confirmed the neural origins of the optical signals. This fiber-based SPR system promises the enhanced ability to record in vivo neural activity for the investigation of neurons and their networks.
Screening of plasmids in non-pathogenic corynebacteria (1985)

A screening of plasmids in 25 nonpathogenic coryneform bacteria was carried out. 11 Strains showed at least one plasmid, ranging in size from 4.2 to 55 kb. These plasmids did not encode bacteriocin production or resistance to a number of antibiotics or to ions such as arsenite, mercury(II) and cobalt(II). A detailed study of plasmid pBL100 from Brevibacterium linens is presented. pBL100 has a size of 7.75 kb, and contains single sites for the endonucleases: Hin dIII; Pst I, Bgl II, Eco RI and Bam HI. B. linens is easily and efficiently transformed with vectors derived from pBL1 isolated from Brevibacterium lactofermentum.
Influence of S‐adenosyl‐<scp>L</scp>‐methionine on chronic mild stress‐induced anhedonia in castrated rats (1999)

1. S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) is the most important methyl donor in the brain and is essential for polyamine synthesis. Methyl group deficiency in the brain has been implicated in depression; on the other hand, polyamines enhance phosphorylation processes, and phosphorylation of functional proteins in neurons in involved in the therapeutic mechanisms of antidepressants. 2. The effect of SAMe in an animal model of 'depression', the chronic mild stress-induced anhedonia, was studied using long-term castrated male and female Lister hooded rats. 3. Chronic daily exposure to an unpredictable sequence of mild stressors produced, within 3 weeks, a significant reduction of the consumption of a sucrose solution. SAMe (100, 200 or 300 mg kg-1 daily i.m.) while having no influence on sucrose intake in non-stressed animals, dose-dependently reinstated sucrose consumption within the first week of treatment, both in male and in female stressed rats. Imipramine (10 mg kg-1 daily i.p.) produced a similar effect after a 3 week treatment. 4. Similarly, a palatable food reward-induced place preference conditioning was developed in SAMe (200 or 300 mg kg-1 daily i.m.)--and in imipramine (10 mg kg-1 daily i.p.)--treated chronically stressed animals (males and females), whilst it could not be obtained in vehicle-treated rats. 5. Moreover, the same doses of SAMe (but not of imipramine) restored the exploratory activity and curiosity for the environment (rearing), in the open-field test. 6. While imipramine caused a blockade of the growth throughout the treatment, SAMe produced only a transient growth arrest during the first week of treatment. 7. These results show that SAMe reverses an experimental condition of 'depression-like' behaviour in rats, the effect being more rapid and complete than that of imipramine, and without apparent side effects.
Modulation of Antitumor Immunity with Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors (2017)

Histone deacetylase inhibitors possess a broad array of antitumor activities; however, their net impact on the evolving antitumor immune response is highly dependent on the inhibitors used and the histone deacetylases they target. Herein, we sequentially focus on each stage of the antitumor immune response - from dendritic cell activation and migration, antigen uptake and presentation, T-cell activation and differentiation and the enactment of antitumor effector functions within the tumor microenvironment. In particular, we will discuss how various inhibitors have different effects depending on cellular activation, experimental design and specific histone deacetylases being targeted - and how these changes impact the outcome of an antitumor immune response. At last, we consider the impact these inhibitors may have on T-cell exhaustion and implications for combination with other immunomodulating therapies.
Source optimization and mask design to minimize MEEF in low k 1 lithography (2008)

Mask Error Enhancement Factor (MEEF) plays an increasingly important role in the DFM flow required to continue shrinking designs in the low-k<sub>1</sub> lithography regime. The ability to understand and minimize MEEF during design optimization and RET application is essential to obtain a usable process window. The traditional limited-cutline approach to analyzing and characterizing MEEF is no longer sufficient to accommodate increasing design complexity. In this paper, we present a new method of edge-based MEEF for analyzing and characterizing MEEF-based hot spots that overcomes the limitations of the traditional cutline approach. Application of the technique to analyze full-field pixel-based two dimensional (2D) MEEF color maps of several different design clips is explained. Process window (PW) is the most important metric in lithography simulations for evaluating the performance of a given RET solution. Traditionally, process window calculation assumes a perfect mask, with no mask errors or corner rounding. In a low k<sub>1</sub> regime, MEEF increases enough that mask errors can no longer be ignored in PW evaluation. A method of calculating "MEEF-aware" common process windows and creating a MEEF-aware process variation (PV) band, including mask bias, is presented, and wafer image variability is examined under several process variations, including dose, defocus and mask error. Results of MEEF-aware source-mask optimization (SMO) and design rule exploration using inverse lithography technology (ILT) are also presented.
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (2001)

Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency -1 antitrypsin is synthesised in the liver and protects lung alveolar tissues from destruction by neutrophil elastase. 1 antitrypsin deficiency is a common autosomal recessive condition (1:1600 to 1:1800) in which liver disease results from retention of abnormal polymerised -1 antitrypsin in the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes, and emphysema results from alveolar wall damage. The clinical consequences of -1 antitrypsin deficiency in childhood are haemorrhagic disease in infancy, cholestasis in infancy, or chronic liver disease. Lung disease attributable to -1 antitrypsin deficiency does not occur in childhood, but is closely linked to smoking in adults. 3]
True stabilization: A mechanism for the behavior of lead compounds and other primary stabilizers against PVC thermal dehydrochlorination (1986)

Abstract A free‐radical mechanism by which lead compounds are thought to inhibit thermal dehydrochlorination of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is described. This mechanism is called “true stabilization” in order to distinguish it from simple hydrogen chloride (HCl) scavenging, which is a well‐known and sometimes important function of all primary stabilizers used in PVC. In true stabilization, it is thought that stearate or other aliphatic carboxylate groups (initially from lubricants) react with reservoirs of basic lead compound such as the carbonates, dibasic lead phosphite, the phthalates, or the sulfates, to give mobile carboxylates of lead. These latter salts then react with chlorine atoms released by the hot PVC, giving chlorides of lead and aliphatic carboxylate free‐radicals. Hence the chlorine atoms are trapped and unable to propagate free‐radical dehydrochlorination. Also it is thought that the aliphatic carboxylate free‐radicals esterify PVC molecules at methylenic carbon atoms (from which hydrogen atoms have been removed by chlorine atoms giving HCl and free‐radical sites in the polymer chain). Thus, unpaired electrons on the carboxylate free‐radicals and on these methylenic carbon atoms in the PVC molecules are paired, so that the neighboring chlorine atoms in polymer chloromethylenic groups are stabilized. Hence loss of chlorine atoms in the free‐radical dehydrochlorination of PVC is prevented. The pendant aliphatic carboxylate groups dissociate from the PVC molecules taking chloromethylenic hydrogen atoms to form acid molecules, and leaving chlorine atoms in relatively stable vinyl type groups. The aliphatic carboxylic acids react with more of the basic lead compound reservoir, giving mobile carboxylates of lead which can enter further reactions as just described. Thus, the true stabilizing mechanism is continuous and cyclic, while the reservoir of basic lead is available, and the PVC thermal dehydrochlorination will be retarded to almost negligible rates in favorable circumstances. It is thought that the behaviors of metal soaps and of organo‐tin stabilizers may be encompassed within the general true stabilization concepts of free‐radical exchanges and PVC esterifications described above. In these ways they also would retard PVC thermal dehydrochlorination. However, they are neutral compounds and have no basic reservoir which can react with carboxylic acids in the manner described above for lead stabilizers. Hence they are not able to confer long term stability on PVC in the way that basic lead stabilizing regimes do.
The Use of Peel Ply as a Method to Create Reproduceable But Contaminated Surfaces for Structural Adhesive Bonding of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics (2012)

In the fabrication of fiber-reinforced plastics materials peel plies are commonly used as an additional layer on top of the laminates to sponge up the surplus resin and to create an activated surface for adhesive bonding or coating by peel ply removal. In theory, the peel ply removal results in a new and uncontaminated fracture surface that is activated by polymer chain scission. The peel ply method is often presented as being a good surface treatment for structural bonding. In this study carbon fiber-reinforced plastics (Hexcel® 8552/ IM7) were produced by the use of five different peel plies and a release foil made of polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE). The peel plies themselves and the surfaces on the CFRP created by peeling were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray photo electron spectroscopy (XPS), energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX), infrared (IR) spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and contact angle measurements to characterize the surfaces produced. Furthermore, the bond strength of lap shear and floating roller peel samples was determined with and without additional plasma treatment. For bonding, a room temperature-curing two-component-epoxy adhesive (Hysol® 9395) was used to prove the applicability of different peel plies for structural adhesive bonding under repair conditions.
Immunolocalization of IFN-gamma in the lesions of resistant and susceptible mice to Paracoccidioides brasiliensis infection (2011)

The important role of interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) in protective immunity in mycosis is well established, except for its participation in fungal granulomas. Herein, we employ immunohistochemical reactions to describe the in situ localization of IFN-γ in granulomas of susceptible (B10.A) and resistant (A/J) mice to infection with Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Pb). After infection with the highly virulent Pb18, IFN-γ-positive lymphomononuclear cells were localized mainly at the periphery of granulomas in both mouse strains. The numbers of positive cells found in compact granulomas of A/J mice increased significantly from 15 to 120 days postinfection. At this time, significantly more positive cells were detected in the compact granulomas of resistant mice than in the loose, multifocal lesions of the susceptible ones. In infection with the slightly virulent Pb265, the same pattern of IFN-γ localization was found as in Pb18 infection, but there was decreased staining at 120 days due to the presence of only residual lesions in both mouse strains. The marked IFN-γ staining observed in the granulomas of resistant mice at the later stage of Pb infection confirms its importance in fungal dissemination control, and suggests a contribution to the development of paracoccidioidal granuloma.
Tropical Cyclone Kinematic Structure Retrieved from Single-Doppler Radar Observations. Part III: Evolution and Structures of Typhoon Alex (1987) (2000)

This paper is the third of a series that focuses on the applications of the ground-based velocity track display (GBVTD) technique and the GBVTD-simplex center finding algorithm developed in the previous two papers to a real tropical cyclone (TC). The evolution and structure of Typhoon Alex (1987), including full tangential winds, mean radial winds, one component of the mean flow, and their derived axisymmetric angular momentum and perturbation pressure fields are reconstructed from 16 volume scans (6.5 h of data with a 2-h gap) from the Civil Aeronautic Administration (CAA) Doppler radar while Typhoon Alex moved across the mountainous area in northern Taiwan. This analysis retrieves a plausible and physically consistent three-dimensional primary circulation of a landfalling TC using a single ground-based Doppler radar. Highly asymmetric wind structures were resolved by the GBVTD technique where the maximum relative tangential wind at z = 2 km evolved from 52 m s−1 (before landfall), to less than 40 m s−1 (after landfall), to less than 35 m s−1 (entering the East China Sea). Alex’s eye began to fill with precipitation while its intensity decreased rapidly after landfall, a characteristic of circulations disrupted by terrain. The mean radial wind field revealed a layer of low-level inflow in agreement with past TC observations. The outward slope of the eyewall reflectivity maximum was consistent with the constant angular momentum contours within the eyewall. After Alex entered the East China Sea, its circulation became more axisymmetric. The axisymmetric perturbation pressure field was retrieved using the gradient wind approximation, which, when used in conjunction with one or more surface pressure measurements within the analysis domain, can estimate the central pressure. The retrieved perturbation pressure fields at two time periods were compared with surface pressures reported in northern Taiwan. Considering the assumptions involved and the influence of terrain, good agreement (only 1–2-mb deviation) was found between them. This agreement indicates the relative quality of the GBVTD-retrieved axisymmetric circulation and suggests GBVTD-retrieved quantities can be useful in operational and research applications.
The High Mobility Group Transcription Factor, SOX4, Transactivates the Human CD2 Enhancer (1995)

A strong T cell-specific enhancer is located 3' to the human CD2 gene. Six sequences within this enhancer are bound by proteins present in T cell nuclear extracts. These sequences share homology with sequences bound by several transcription factors involved in T cell- and lymphoid-specific transcription. The results presented here demonstrate that the human T cell-specific transcription factor, SOX4, is able to bind to one of these regions; further, SOX4 transactivates transcription of a reporter gene via three tandem copies of this sequence. The binding of SOX4 to this site is not via a canonical HMG protein binding sequence, identifying a novel class of binding site for this protein. A second sequence within the CD2 enhancer closely resembles the IL-2 NF-AT site. We show that it is bound by the ets-related factor, Elf1. However, unlike the IL-2 NF-AT sequence, the CD2 NF-AT-like sequence is unable to confer transcriptional inducibility on a reporter gene. Consistent with this result, we show that the observed increase in expression of CD2 protein on the cell surface following T cell activation is a post-transcriptional event.
Localization of stx, a determinant essential for high-level production of shiga toxin by Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1, near pyrF and generation of stx transposon mutants (1987)

Hfr strains of Shigella dysenteriae serotype 1 were constructed by transient integration of an RP4 plasmid derivative carrying transposon Tn501 into the Shigella chromosome through Tn501-mediated cointegration. The Hfr strains were mated with Escherichia coli K-12 recipients carrying various auxotrophic markers, and E. coli recombinants which had received prototrophic Shigella genes were selected. Some of the E. coli transconjugants produced high levels of a cytotoxin which was neutralized by both polyclonal and monoclonal anti-Shiga toxin sera. The determinant for Shiga toxin production, designated stx, was first transferred to E. coli K-12 and then mapped by Hfr crosses to the trp-pyrF region located at 30 min on the E. coli chromosome. Bacteriophage P1-mediated transduction analysis of stx gave the following gene order: trp-pyrF-stx. The level of Shiga toxin production in E. coli Stx+ transconjugants and transductants was as high as that of the parental S. dysenteriae 1 strain. Stx- mutants of an Stx+ E. coli transductant were generated by random in vivo insertion mutagenesis with a Tn10 derivative transposon, Tn-mini-kan, followed by P1 cotransduction of the kanamycin resistance and PyrF+ markers into a pyrF Stx+ E. coli K-12 recipient. One stx::Tn-mini-kan transposon mutation was transferred by P1 transduction from this E. coli Stx- mutant to an E. coli K-12 Hfr strain and in turn transferred by conjugation to the original S. dysenteriae 1 strain plus two others. All kanamycin-resistant recombinants of S. dysenteriae 1 had lost their ability to produce high levels of Shiga toxin. A gene that specifies high-level Shiga toxin production is thus located near pyrF on the chromosome of S. dysenteriae 1. Stx- mutants of S. dysenteriae 1 exhibited full virulence in the Serény test.