gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chain Structure of Cobra Venom Factor from <i>Naja naja</i> and <i>Naja haje</i> venom (1982)

The chain structure of cobra venom factor, whether isolated from Naja naja venom (CVFn) or from Naja Haje (CVFh) is similar. Both homologous proteins are composed of three disulphide-linked chains (A, B, and C) with apparent molecular weights of 72,000, 54,000, and 27,000-35,000 for CVFn and 68,000, 51,000 and 30,000-32,000 CVFh. That all three polypeptides are integral parts of CVF was demonstrated by investigation of the chain pattern after partial reduction. Reduction with 1-2 mM dithiothreitol under non-denaturing conditions yielded free B-chain, together with an intermediate product composed of disulphide-linked A- and C-chains. The C-chain was heterogenous when investigated by electrophoresis in polyacrylamide slab gels in the presence of SDS. Similarly, isoelectric focusing of CVFn and CVFh showed a multiplicity of bands in the pH range 5.2-6.4. Limited tryptic digestion resulted primarily in the fragmentation of the B-chain. CVFh is much more sensitive to tryptic attack than CVFn. In all our preparations of CVFh a partial, trypsin-like fragmentation of the B-chain was detectable to various extents.
Synthesis of 2,3‐dichloroquinoxalines <i>via</i> Vilsmeier reagent chlorination (2009)

Abstract magnified image A convenient and high‐yielding synthesis of 2,3‐dichloroquinoxalines from the corresponding 2,3‐dihydroxyquinoxalines has been developed. Treatment of a slurry of the 2,3‐dihydroxyquinoxaline 1a , 1b , 1c , 1d , 1e , 1f , 1g , 1h , 1i , 1j with N , N ‐dimethylformamide in the presence of excess thionylchloride in 1,2‐dichloroethane results in the rapid and high‐yielding formation of the 2,3‐dichloroquinoxaline derivatives 2a , 2b , 2c , 2d , 2e , 2f , 2g , 2h , 2i , 2j . Simplified workup and purification procedures for these compounds are also described. J. Heterocyclic Chem., 46 , 317 (2009).
Adaptive Software Defined Multicast (2015)

Internet Service Providers (ISPs) need to cope with a growing amount of over-the-top (OTT) traffic, often without a share in the high revenues of the content providers. To achieve an efficient global delivery of content, today content providers usually employ content delivery networks (CDNs) located at the edge of ISP networks from where content is delivered to end users via IP unicast. Many OTT services could benefit from a better support within the ISP's network, e.g. by packet duplication to deliver OTT video streams. While traditional solutions like IP multicast did not prevail, SDN-based alternatives have started to gain attention recently. In contrast to traditional approaches, SDN enables ISPs to support network services in a more manageable and flexible manner. However, the approaches proposed so far are quite rigid and keep state at every network device, independent of the multicast group size. To alleviate this problem, this paper proposes a new approach termed ASDM enabling ISPs to dynamically adjust the tradeoff between bandwidth and state for any multicast service. It is shown that, given ISP-defined bandwidth and state cost functions, the optimal parameter for ASDM can be derived and applied for a transparent multicast-to-unicast conversion achieving the desired characteristics. The proposed approach results in up to 30% bandwidth reduction compared to unicast while using only a seventh of the network state compared to traditional multicast.
Story understanding through multi-representation model construction (2003)

We present an implemented model of story understanding and apply it to the understanding of a children's story. We argue that understanding a story consists of building multirepresentation models of the story and that story models are efficiently constructed using a satisfiability solver. We present a computer program that contains multiple representations of commonsense knowledge, takes a narrative as input, transforms the narrative and representations of commonsense knowledge into a satisfiability problem, runs a satisfiability solver, and produces models of the story as output. The narrative, models, and representations are expressed in the language of Shanahan's event calculus.
Evidence for Widespread Epithelial Damage and Coincident Production of Monocyte Chemotactic Protein 1 in a Murine Model of Intestinal Ricin Intoxication (2007)

The development of small-animal models is necessary to understand host responses and immunity to emerging infectious diseases and potential bioterrorism agents. In this report we have characterized a murine model of intestinal ricin intoxication. Ricin administered intragastrically (i.g.) to BALB/c mice at doses ranging from 1 to 10 mg/kg of body weight induced dose-dependent morphological changes in the proximal small intestine (i.e., duodenum), including widespread villus atrophy and epithelial damage. Coincident with epithelial damage was a localized increase in monocyte chemotactic protein 1, a chemokine known to be associated with inflammation of the intestinal mucosa. Immunity to intestinal ricin intoxication was achieved by immunizing mice i.g. with ricin toxoid and correlated with elevated levels of antitoxin mucosal immunoglobulin A (IgA) and serum IgG antibodies. We expect that this model will serve as a valuable tool in identifying the inflammatory pathways and protective immune responses that are elicited in the intestinal mucosa following ricin exposure and will prove useful in the evaluation of antitoxin vaccines and therapeutics.
Increasing the Sensitivity of Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging (2011)

Nuclear magnetic resonance and magnetic resonance imaging are two of the most important techniques in analytical chemistry and noninvasive medical imaging, respectively. They share a common physical basis, one aspect of which is a low intrinsic sensitivity relative to complementary techniques. Encouragingly, recent advances in physics, chemistry, engineering, and data processing have enabled significant increases in sensitivity, as measured by both increased signal-to-noise and reduced data acquisition times, allowing previously unattainable data to be acquired and also new types of experiments to be designed.
Glycerol and neutral lipid production in the oleaginous marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum promoted by overexpression of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (2014)

Microalgae are ideal raw materials for biodiesel and bioactive compounds. Glycerol-3-phosphate is formed from dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) through the glycolytic pathway catalyzed by glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH). GPDH was characterized in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. In the GPDH-overexpressing P. tricornutum cells, the glycerol concentration per cell in the transformed diatom increased by 6.8-fold compared with the wild type, indicating that the overexpression of GPDH promoted the conversion of DHAP to glycerol-3-phosphate. There was a 60% increase in neutral lipid content, reaching 39.7% of dry cell weight in transgenic cells in the stationary phase, despite a 20% decrease in cell concentration. Fatty acid profiling showed that the levels of 16- and 18-carbon monounsaturated fatty acids significantly increased. GPDH had a significant impact on numerous metabolic processes in diatom cells, including the biosynthesis of glycerol and neutral lipids. These findings are instructive for the metabolic engineering of microalgae for biofuel production.
Fully Automated Radioligand Binding Filtration Assay for Membrane-Bound Receptors (2002)

Here we describe a fully automated, hands-free radioligand filtration binding assay for dopamine D3 receptors. Three separate instruments were linked in tandem to perform the following operations: The Genmate and Genesis were linked to perform liquid handling, incubation, and the scheduling operations, while an automated harvester was used to perform rapid filtration. To minimize carryover of compounds, disposable tips were used for diluting and dispensing the compounds. A custom-designed tip holder was used to handle loading and pipetting by the Genmate 96-well pipettor. The assay for 84 compounds with six concentrations that spans six logs can be completed within 4 h. The reproducibility of the individual data point (cv < 10% between duplicates) and Ki (cv < 20%) is superior to that determined by manual procedures. Ki values of various dopamine ligands determined by the hands-free procedure are similar to published values. This technology reduces hands-on time (at least 70%), minimizes exposure to radioligands (up to 95%), and improves the reproducibility of results. The technology is applicablefor high-throughput screening and rapid determination of structure-activity relationship of compounds for many other membrane-bound receptors.
A comparison of optoelectronic properties of lattice-matched and strained quantum-well and quantum-wire structures (1994)

The k/spl middot/p formalism is used to study the absorption spectra, material and differential gain in quantum wires as a function of orientation, built-in strain, and wire dimensions. The results for material and differential gain are compared with those for an optimized quantum-well structure. We find that for quantum wires at 300 K, the gain becomes positive at a carrier density of 1.27/spl middot/10/sup 18/ cm/sup /spl minus/3/, while in quantum wells this density is calculated to be 1.82/spl middot/10/sup 18/ cm/sup /spl minus/3/. Incorporating tensile strain in the wires reduces the transparency carrier concentration to 0.96/spl middot/10/sup 18/ cm/sup /spl minus/3/ while compressive strain allows one to obtain positive gain for densities greater than 1.08/spl middot/10/sup 18/ cm/sup /spl minus/3/. Orienting the wire along the /spl lsqb/111/spl rsqb/ direction reduces the transparency carrier density to 0.60/spl middot/10/sup 18/ cm/sup /spl minus/3/. The differential gain in quantum-well structures for injections near the threshold is on the order of 10/sup /spl minus/14/ cm/sup /spl minus/4/, while for 50 /spl Aring//spl middot/100-/spl Aring/ quantum wires the differential gain near the threshold is found to be on the order of 10/sup /spl minus/13/ cm/sup /spl minus/4/. The differential gain in wires whose wire axis is parallel to the /spl lsqb/111/spl rsqb/ direction has also been found to be on the order of 10/sup /spl minus/13/ cm/sup /spl minus/4/ for carrier injections close to the threshold.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
<title>1-GHz CMOS VCO design for wireless application using MEMS technology</title> (2000)

In this work, the design of RF VCO circuit, in which the oscillation frequency is controlled by a tunable capacitor based on microelectromechanical system (MEMS) technology is presented. The design of high Q-MEMS tunable capacitor has been accomplished through bulk micro machining with all metal micro structure. A standard CMOS process is used to carry out the fabrication of the VCO circuit with the MEMS tunable capacitor on the same chip. The main features of this design, is the enabling of a complete monolithic fabrication RF VCOs using on-chip IC compatible high-Q MEMS tunable capacitor. The performance of the MEMS capacitor is modeled with emphasis on the tunability range with the tuning voltage. The simulation results are presented to show the performance of RF VCO circuit with the MEMS tunable capacitor, which has a high-Q of about 60 at 1 GHZ and low insertion loss of -1dB at 40 GHz.
Voltammetric determination of free sulfur dioxide in wines using platinum and gold disc microelectrodes (1994)

A voltammetric method is described for the determination of free SO2 in untreated wine samples by using platinum and gold disc microelectrodes, based on the oxidation of SO2 at the solid electrodes. The effects on this process caused by some natural components of wine, such as ethanol, tartaric acid, potassium chloride, anthocyanins, acetaldehyde and pH, were examined. Calibration graphs were obtained under the weakly acidic conditions characteristic of wine (pH = 3–3.2) and were linear for concentrations of SO2 in the range 1–100 and 10–100 mg 1–1 at gold and platinum electrodes, respectively. Correlation coefficients of 0.9998 and 0.9995 and detection limits of 0.58 and 2.35 mg l–1 were found for gold and platinum electrodes, respectively. The free SO2 contents of several Italian red and white wines at their natural pH values were evaluated by interpolating the current recorded directly in the wine on the calibration graphs obtained with synthetic standards. Free SO2 was determined at a level as low as 2.8 mg l–1, with a relative standard deviation of about 5%, by using gold electrodes; platinum electrodes were suitable for determining concentrations of free SO2 above 10 mg l–1, with a relative standard deviation of <5%. The results obtained with the proposed method were compared with those given by classical iodimetric titration, and the differences between the data from the two methods were <10 and <25% for white and red wines, respectively.
Implementing advanced timing and synchronization architectures in PXI systems (2006)

Mixed-signal and high-channel-count test systems typically require tight synchronization between instrument components. The PXI backplane contains system reference clock, PXI trigger bus, and star trigger bus resources designed for precise and flexible timing and synchronization. Engineers can take advantage of these resources to synchronize instruments across the PXI backplane using numerous synchronization schemes. Additionally, the PXI platform can be used to implement advanced timing and synchronization architectures such as the synchronization of instruments to external timebases such as GPS
Active Power Device Selection in High- and Very-High-Frequency Power Converters (2018)

This paper aims to provide a road map for selecting power devices in soft-switched, megahertz (MHz) frequency power converters. Minimizing C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OSS</sub> losses, which occur when charging and discharging the parasitic output capacitor of power semiconductors, is critical to efficient operation. These losses are excluded from manufacturer-provided information, and measurements are either sparse or not reported at all in the existing literature. We report the first high-frequency C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OSS</sub> loss data from silicon carbide (SiC) power MOSFETs, with a range of devices tested from 1 to 35 MHz and up to 800 V. In contrast to GaN HEMTs, C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OSS</sub> losses in SiC MOSFETs do not increase with dV/dt at these frequencies. A total of 3%-10% of the stored energy is dissipated in the measured SiC MOSFETs. We report new C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OSS</sub> loss measurements for vertical silicon MOSFETs and expand on existing measurements for superjunctions, finding high variance in C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OSS</sub> losses between devices for both constructions. High C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OSS</sub> losses preclude the tested silicon MOSFETs from efficient operation at MHz frequencies. Lastly, we compare devices in soft-switched applications using a loss calculation that includes these COSS losses, and demonstrate a 100 W, 17 MHz dc-RF inverter using a custom-packaged SiC MOSFET.
High-intensity dynamic human muscle performance enhanced by a metabolic intervention (2000)

Compared with isocaloric carbohydrate, oral GAKIC treatment increased muscle torque and work sustained during intense acute anaerobic dynamic exercise; additionally, it increased overall muscle performance by delaying muscle fatigue during the early phases of anaerobic dynamic exercise.
Investigation of cross-linking poly(methyl methacrylate) as a guiding material in block copolymer directed self-assembly (2014)

Directed self-assembly (DDSA) of block copolymers ((BCP) is attracting a growing amount of interest as a techhnique to expand traditional lithography beyond its current limits. It has reecently been demonstrated that chemoepitaxy can be used to successfully ddirect BCP assembly to form large arrays off high-density features. The imec DSA LiNe flow uses lithography and trim-etch to produce a “prepattern” of cross-linked polystyrene (PS) stripes, which in turn guide the formation of assembled BCPP structures. Thhe entire process is predicated on the preferential interaction of the respective BCP domains with particular regionss of the underlying prepattern. The use of polystyrene as the guiding material is not uniquely required, however, and in fact may not even be preferable. This study investigates an alternate chemistry –– crosslinked poly(methyl methacrylate), X-PMMA, –– as the underlying polymer mat, providing a route to higher auto-affinity and therefore a stronger guiding ability. In addition to tthe advantages of the chemistry under investigation, this study explores the broader theme of extending BCP DSA to other materials.
Buccal Mucosal Irritation Studies of Sublingual Apomorphine Film (APL-130277) in Syrian Golden Hamsters (2016)

In all the studies, APL-130277 produced no irritation of the cheek pouch buccal mucosa.
MMPs and TIMPs: An Historical Perspective (2003)

The matrix metalloproteinase field has a clearly defined starting point, the seminal study of Jerome Gross and Charles Lapière in 1962 (1) in which fragments of resorbing tadpole tail were cultured on reconstituted collagen gels. A collagenolytic enzyme was recovered from the culture medium which could attack native collagen fibrils. Within a short time these studies were extended to show a similar activity in a wide variety of tissues, that the collagen molecule was cut into 3/4- and 1/4-length fragments, and that the enzyme activity was dependent on metal ions. The tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases were discovered in the following decade in tissue culture (2) and serum (3). It was soon recognized that the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are involved in a great many processes of normal development and growth and in pathological processes such as arthritis and cancer metastasis as tabulated in Woessner, 1998 (4). This has resulted in a tremendous outpouring of studies now numbering about 10,000 references with 1,000 appearing each year. There have been many recent reviews of the MMPs, including an entire book—Matrix Metalloproteinases —edited by Parks and Mecham (5) (1998) and detailed chapters in The Handbook of Proteolytic Enzymes (6) and Methods of Enzymology Vol. 248 (7). These will be cited at appropriate points below.
[New method of canal preparation and new instruments: The Canal Master]. (1991)

The Canal Master is a new instrument for root canal preparation. Its working portion measures 2 mm and this instrument presents a non aggressive tip. This technique uses mechanical instruments for the straight portion of the canal and manual instruments for the curved portion. Clinically this technique gives good results but is more longer than others.
Comparison of ciclopirox olamine 1% cream with ciclopirox 1%-hydrocortisone acetate 1% cream in the treatment of inflamed superficial mycoses. (1988)

The hydroxypyridone antifungal agent ciclopirox olamine cream 1% has been shown to be as effective in the treatment of inflamed, superficial fungal infections as a formulation in which ciclopirox 1% and hydrocortisone acetate 1% were combined. In a randomized, double-blind, parallel group comparison study, 138 patients with culture-confirmed superficial fungal diseases applied their assigned medication twice daily for 21 days. Clinical assessments were made at the baseline visit; at visits on days 4, 7, 14, and 21 during treatment; and on day 28 (one week posttreatment). Specimens for cultures were taken at baseline and on day 28. There were no differences for the 69 patients in either treatment group at any visit with respect to improvement in the signs/symptoms evaluated; mycological cures in the two treatment groups also were not significantly different.
Studies in the (+)-Morphinan Series I. An Alternative Conversion of (+)-Dihydrocodeinone into (+)-Codeine (1977)

A novel four-step transformation o f (+)-dihydrocodeinone (1) t o unnatural (+)-codeine (5) a!-carbethoxy-7-phenylselenonordihydrocodeinone (3) (40% o v e r a l l y i e l d ) i s described.The s t r u c t u r e and absolute c o n f i g u r a t i o n of 3 were confirmed by s i n g l e c r y s t a l X-ray analysis.
评《社会主义自治生产方式II》一书 (1982)

科拉奇在《社会主义自治生产方式Ⅱ》一书中主要对商品交换和货币流通问题进行了理论分析。全书共分5章,是已在第一部中开始的理论分析在逻辑上的继续。书中章节目次的安排以及作者对头一部书中某些立场的引用,都可以说明这一点。各章主要采用资本主义生产方式与社会主义生产方式相比较的方法。
Efficient Preference-based Reinforcement Learning (2017)

Common reinforcement learning algorithms assume access to a numeric feedback signal. The numeric feedback contains a high amount of information and can be maximized efficiently. However, the definition of a numeric feedback signal can be difficult in practise due to several limitations and badly defined values may lead to an unintended outcome. For humans, it is usually easier to define qualitative feedback signals than quantitative. Hence, we want to solve reinforcement learning problems with a qualitative signal, potentially capable of overcoming several of the limitations of numeric feedback. Preferences have several advantages over other qualitative settings, like ordinal feedback or advice. Preferences are scale-free and do not require assumptions over the optimal outcome. However, preferences are difficult to use for solving sequential decision problems, because it is unknown which decisions are responsible for the observed preference. Hence, we analyze different approaches for learning from preferences and show the design principles that can be used, as well as the advantages and problems that occur. We also survey the field of preference-based reinforcement learning and categorize the algorithms according to the design principles. Efficiency is of special interest in this setting, as it is important to keep the amount of required preferences low, because they depend on human evaluation. Hence, our focus is on efficient use of the preferences. It can be stated that it is important to be able to generalize the obtained preferences, as this keeps the amount of required preferences low. Therefore, we consider methods that are able to generalize the obtained preferences to models not yet evaluated. However, this introduces uncertain feedback and the exploration/exploitation problem already known from classical reinforcement learning has to be considered with the preferences in mind. We show how to efficiently solve this dual exploration problem by interleaving both tasks, in an undirected manner. We use undirected exploration methods, because they scale better to high-dimensional spaces. Furthermore, human feedback has to be assumed to be error-prone and we analyze the problems that arise when using human evaluation. We show that noise is the most substantial problem when dealing with human preferences and present a solution to this problem.
Linking e-mails and source code artifacts (2010)

E-mails concerning the development issues of a system constitute an important source of information about high-level design decisions, low-level implementation concerns, and the social structure of developers.