gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Two-dimensional phase unwrapping using a minimum spanning tree algorithm (1992)

Phase unwrapping refers to the determination of phase from modulo 2pi data, some of which may not be reliable. In 2D, this is equivalent to confining the support of the phase function to one or more arbitrarily shaped regions. A phase unwrapping algorithm is presented which works for 2D data known only within a set of nonconnected regions with possibly nonconvex boundaries. The algorithm includes the following steps: segmentation to identify connectivity, phase unwrapping within each segment using a Taylor series expansion, phase unwrapping between disconnected segments along an optimum path, and filling of phase information voids. The optimum path for intersegment unwrapping is determined by a minimum spanning tree algorithm. Although the algorithm is applicable to any 2D data, the main application addressed is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) where phase maps are useful.
Intraluminal Diameters of Middle Cerebral Branches for Microanastomoses (1979)

Intraluminal diameter measurements of the branches of the middle cerebral artery were taken from 50 adult human cerebral hemispheres of a routine autopsy service. The measurements were confined to the cortical branches found on the surface of the brain located over the lateral hemisphere, with the center at the transverse gyrus of Heschl and extending over the circular portion of the brain, with a diameter of approximation 6 cm. It was hoped that these measurements would assist in the appropriate choice of artery for microanastomosis in the superficial temporal artery bypass procedure, now being done for enhancement of cortical perfusion.
IL-23–responsive innate lymphoid cells are increased in inflammatory bowel disease (2011)

Results of experimental and genetic studies have highlighted the role of the IL-23/IL-17 axis in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). IL-23-driven inflammation has been primarily linked to Th17 cells; however, we have recently identified a novel population of innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) in mice that produces IL-17, IL-22, and IFN-γ in response to IL-23 and mediates innate colitis. The relevance of ILC populations in human health and disease is currently poorly understood. In this study, we have analyzed the role of IL-23-responsive ILCs in the human intestine in control and IBD patients. Our results show increased expression of the Th17-associated cytokine genes IL17A and IL17F among intestinal CD3⁻ cells in IBD. IL17A and IL17F expression is restricted to CD56⁻ ILCs, whereas IL-23 induces IL22 and IL26 in the CD56⁺ ILC compartment. Furthermore, we observed a significant and selective increase in CD127⁺CD56⁻ ILCs in the inflamed intestine in Crohn's disease (CD) patients but not in ulcerative colitis patients. These results indicate that IL-23-responsive ILCs are present in the human intestine and that intestinal inflammation in CD is associated with the selective accumulation of a phenotypically distinct ILC population characterized by inflammatory cytokine expression. ILCs may contribute to intestinal inflammation through cytokine production, lymphocyte recruitment, and organization of the inflammatory tissue and may represent a novel tissue-specific target for subtypes of IBD.
Lipodystrophy, Metabolic Disorders, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection: Aquitaine Cohort, France, 1999 (2000)

The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of and risk factors for clinical lipodystrophy (LD) and metabolic disorders in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) type 1-infected patients. A cross-sectional survey of the Aquitaine Cohort was performed in January 1999. The clinical diagnosis of LD was categorized as fat wasting (FW), peripheral fat accumulation (FA), and mixed syndromes (MS). Of the 581 patients studied, 61% were treated with protease inhibitors. The overall prevalence of LD was 38% (95% confidence interval [CI], 32-42): prevalence of FW was 16% (95% CI, 13-18); of FA, 12% (95% CI, 10-15); and of MS, 10% (95% CI, 8-13). The prevalences of metabolic abnormalities were 49% (95% CI, 44-53) for lipid disorders and 20% (95% CI, 17-23), for glucose disorders. Factors associated with LD were age (for FW and MS), male sex (for FW), AIDS stage (for MS), body mass index (for FW and FA), waist-to-hip ratio (for FA and MS), and duration of antiretroviral treatment (for FW).
Structure of the mouse gene encoding peripherin: a neuronal intermediate filament protein (1992)

The gene encoding mouse peripherin, a neuronal intermediate filament protein, has been cloned. Its sequence, through 1021 nucleotides composing the 5'-flanking region, nine exons, eight introns and 547 nucleotides of the 3'-flanking region, as well as its transcription initiation site have been determined. The amino acid coding sequence differs from that of the rat peripherin gene. The mouse gene has an additional histidine near the N-terminal end, and shows three conservative and two non-conservative changes. The promoter sequence, containing the binding sites for transcription factors as well as other sequences is homologous to promoter regions of other type III intermediate filament protein genes and other neuronal-specific genes.
Investigation of an outbreak of velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease in pet birds in Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, and Texas (1992)

An outbreak of velogenic viscerotropic Newcastle disease in exotic pet birds in the United States from April through July 1991 was investigated. More than 2,000 pet birds in 5 states (Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, Texas, and Maryland) were tested. Infected birds were found in Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, and Texas. This disease was eradicated without spread to domestic poultry. Epidemiologic investigations revealed the source of infection to be double yellow-headed Amazon parrots suspected to be illegally imported into Texas.
Matrix metalloproteinases in peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid in patients with Alzheimer's disease (2010)

These findings constitute further evidence for the important role of MMPs in the pathogenesis of AD.
The Development of E-commerce Practice Teaching Software Based on Online Payment and Settlement (2014)

Development of the enterprise e-commerce gives birth to the development of e-commerce professional. The e-commerce teaching, which is with the practical teaching as the core needs to rely on the e-commerce practical teaching software. The development of e-commerce practical teaching software is based on online payments and settlements, in the light of software designâ??s principles of sharing, scalability and reliability, with the processes WEB system process design thinking, adopts SQL2005 database and B/S architecture, based on JAVA, EJB , J2EE, XML open technical interfaces, from the five functional modules of systems management, information management, B2C transactions, B2B transactions as well as certificates and payment to simulate the payment clearing system, the commercial banking system and the front-end payment instrument system. The students can understand the systems, structures and processes of online payment and settlement systems, building intuitive e-commerce operational mode to enhance the practical operational ability and comprehensive quality through the intuitive feelings of e-commerce online payment and settlement systems.
Lack of standards hampers hospitals' attempts to size up fund-raising efficiency. (1990)

Though hospitals are depending more on charitable donations, there's no standardized method of determining the overhead of fund-raising activities. That makes it difficult to establish when and whether fund raising is worth the cost.
H<sub>2</sub>/N<sub>2</sub> Plasma Etching Rate of Carbon Films Deposited by H-Assisted Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition (2013)

Etching resistance of carbon films deposited by plasma chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is one of the concerns to fabricate nanostructures using such carbon films as protective coating films and dummy films. We have carried out H 2 /N 2 plasma etching of carbon films deposited by using an H-assisted plasma CVD method. The etching rate of carbon films decreases exponentially with increasing the mass density of carbon films from 1.51 to 2.27 g/cm 3 . The mass density of carbon films is the key parameter to tune the etching resistance.
Seehunde unterscheiden Freund und Feind (2003)

Abstract Dass sich Wale über große Distanzen unter Wasser verständigen können, ist durch eindrucksvolle Tondokumente belegt. Besonders interessant ist, dass einige Meeressäuger diese Laute offenbar durchaus interpretieren können, was nun zumindest für Seehunde ( Phoca vitulina ) nachgewiesen wurde.
Application of a multi-channel system for continuous monitoring and an early warning system (2006)

A multi-channel continuous toxicity monitoring system developed in our laboratory, based on two-stage mini-bioreactors, was successfully implemented in the form of computer-based data acquisition. The multi-channel system consists of a series of a two-stage minibioreactor systems connected by a fiber optic probe to a luminometer, and uses genetically engineered bioluminescent bacteria for the detection of the potential toxicity from the soluble chemicals. This system can be stably and continuously operated due to the separation of the culture reactor from the test reactor and accomplish easy and long-term monitoring without system shut down by abrupt inflows of severe polluting chemicals. Four different recombinant bioluminescent bacteria were used in different channels so that the modes of the samples toxicities can be reasonably identified and evaluated based upon the response signature of each channel. The bioluminescent signatures were delivered from four channels by switching one at once, while the data is automatically logged to an IBM compatible computer. We also achieved the enhancement of the system through the manipulation of the dilution rate and the use of thermo-lux fusion strains. Finally, this system is now being implemented to a drinking water reservoir and river for remote sensing as an early warning system.
Integrated estimator and L<inf>1</inf> adaptive controller for well drilling systems (2009)

This paper presents an integrated adaptive estimator-controller scheme for a class of systems with only partially measured states. To estimate the non-measured states, a fast adaptive estimator is applied. The estimation is used in the L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> adaptive controller, which adapts to time-varying unknown parameters and time-varying bounded disturbances in the system without restricting their rate of variation. The results demonstrate that the L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> adaptive controller has guaranteed performance bounds for system's both input and output, while using the estimation of the regulated outputs. The approach is used to control the bottom hole pressure of a well drilling system, in which the measurement of the pressure is updated at a low rate. Simulations verify the theoretical findings.
Phosphorylation of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylic Acid Synthase by MPK6, a Stress-Responsive Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase, Induces Ethylene Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis[W] (2004)

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are implicated in regulating plant growth, development, and response to the environment. However, the underlying mechanisms are unknown because of the lack of information about their substrates. Using a conditional gain-of-function transgenic system, we demonstrated that the activation of SIPK, a tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) stress-responsive MAPK, induces the biosynthesis of ethylene. Here, we report that MPK6, the Arabidopsis thaliana ortholog of tobacco SIPK, is required for ethylene induction in this transgenic system. Furthermore, we found that selected isoforms of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase (ACS), the rate-limiting enzyme of ethylene biosynthesis, are substrates of MPK6. Phosphorylation of ACS2 and ACS6 by MPK6 leads to the accumulation of ACS protein and, thus, elevated levels of cellular ACS activity and ethylene production. Expression of ACS6(DDD), a gain-of-function ACS6 mutant that mimics the phosphorylated form of ACS6, confers constitutive ethylene production and ethylene-induced phenotypes. Increasing numbers of stress stimuli have been shown to activate Arabidopsis MPK6 or its orthologs in other plant species. The identification of the first plant MAPK substrate in this report reveals one mechanism by which MPK6/SIPK regulates plant stress responses. Equally important, this study uncovers a signaling pathway that modulates the biosynthesis of ethylene, an important plant hormone, in plants under stress.
Computational Experiments on Filled Rubber Viscoelasticity:  What Is the Role of Particle−Particle Interactions? (2006)

We present the results of computer simulations of model polymer networks containing stiff and roughly spherical colloidal particles at 20% volume fraction. We employ the coarse-grained “dissipative particle dynamics” model (DPD). The filler particles may be either well dispersed or aggregated, and the strength of their interaction can be tuned by changing the parameters of the polymer−filler nonbonded potentials. By performing nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations, we are able to probe directly the viscoelastic behavior of the composites under oscillatory shear deformations of variable amplitude and frequency. The strength of the particle−particle interactions and sample morphology has a certain effect on the small-strain moduli. In some cases, we also observe a nonlinear viscoelastic behavior as a function of increasing shear amplitude. However, the characteristics of this nonlinearity are different from the experimentally observed “Payne effect”. Therefore, the origin of this effect does not seem to be entirely and directly related to particle−particle interactions, as is frequently assumed.
Amplification and modification of dihydrofolate reductase in Escherichia coli. Nucleotide sequence of fol genes from mutationally altered plasmids. (1982)

Recombinant plasmids carrying the structural gene for Escherichia coli dihydrofolate reductase (fol) were mutagenized in vitro and in vivo and were used to transform a suitable recipient strain. Twenty-three transformants were isolated that were able to grow in the presence of high levels of the folate analog trimethoprim, and, in each strain, the resistance determinant was shown to be carried on the plasmid. Three of the strains produced dihydrofolate reductase with an increased Ki value for trimethoprim. DNA sequence analysis showed that the plasmids in these strains had mutations in fol which altered a conserved region of the polypeptide that forms part of the dihydrofolate-binding site. Two other strains had approximately 3-fold elevated dihydrofolate reductase levels, apparently resulting from plasmid copy number mutations. The remaining 18 strains had dihydrofolate reductase levels that were 10-30 times higher than those of the starting strain. Surprisingly, three of these strains had no discernible changes either in plasmid copy number or in the nucleotide sequence of the plasmid fol gene. Sequence analysis of the plasmids in 12 more of the strains revealed mutations in the promoter region adjacent to the fol gene. Most of these mutations occurred in the conserved sequences known as the Pribnow box and the -35 region and increased the homology of these sequences with the consensus E. coli promoter sequence. Strains carrying these plasmids produced a significant fraction of their total cell protein as wild type dihydrofolate reductase and should therefore be useful as sources of the purified enzyme.
Mechanistic Role of <i>I</i> <sub>f</sub> Revealed by Induction of Ventricular Automaticity by Somatic Gene Transfer of Gating-Engineered Pacemaker (HCN) Channels (2007)

Our results not only contribute to a better understanding of cardiac pacing but also may advance current efforts that focus primarily on automaticity induction to the next level by enabling bioengineering of central and peripheral cells that make up the native sinoatrial node.
An experimental and computational investigation of rotating flexible shaft system dynamics in rotary drilling assemblies for down hole drilling vibration mitigation (2013)

Rotary drilling system vibration has long been associated with damaging the bit, the bottom hole assembly (BHA) and drill string. Vibration has been traditionally measured in the bottom hole assembly, and been closely associated with the resonant behaviors. This research study proposes an improved physical laboratory model to explore the dynamic behaviors associated with vibration. This model includes contact with the borehole wall allowing a range of stabilization geometries while removing bit-formation interaction effects. The results of exercising the model help develop new insights into both vibration measurement diagnostics and mitigation strategy execution. Presented here is a review of other physical bottom hole assembly and drilling concepts, and a new novel model. Experimental investigation using the new model for a range of geometries is presented with recorded conditions, annotated video stills and analysis using regression and response surface methods. The analysis when compared to existing industry mitigation methods allows unique insight to the possible effectiveness of such methods. A numerical simulation of the system was also performed and its results compared to the laboratory tests. Results show that a shaft system alone can generate stick-slip and whirl behaviors. Such behaviors occur in distinct regions. Another conclusion of this work is that a popular method for inferring stick-slip from acceleration measures is not reliable for the system used in this study.
14N nuclear quadrupole resonance and relaxation measurements of sodium nitrite (1976)

Measurements of the quadrupole coupling constant, asymmetry parameter, inverse linewidth parameter T*2, spin–spin relaxation time T2, and spin–lattice relaxation times T1s and T1l are reported for sodium nitrite in the temperature region from 77–467 °K. The relations between the spin–lattice relaxation times and the transition probabilities W+, WΔ, and W− are derived for a spin one system, and the transition probabilities are calculated from the T1 data. The results are compared with other NaNO2 studies and support the work of Avagadro et al. in the temperature region near the ferroelectric phase transition. They also indicate the existence of short-range order above this transition.
Assessment of Pharmacodynamic Vascular Response in a Phase I Trial of Combretastatin A4 Phosphate (2003)

CA4P produces rapid changes in the vasculature of human tumors that can be assessed using PET measurements of tumor perfusion.
Distributed source-destination synchronization (2002)

This paper presents a new distributed methodology for source-destination synchronization for interactive teleconferencing. The method is based on a reference clock, which is synthesized from a distributed global clock. The global clock is generated by periodically exchanging inband synchronization signals with neighbouring nodes. The timing jitter achieved with this method can be arbitrarily close to the jitter obtained by the centralized synchronous methods which usually use an out-of-band, hard-wired reference clock. The global clock synchronization algorithm guarantees frequency locking of all the network nodes to the slowest clock in the system. As a result, the slowest clock can be used as an implicit reference clock for source-destination synchronization protocols, such as, the synchronous frequency encoding technique (SFET) and the synchronous residual time stamp (SRTS). This inband synchronization method does not require the explicit knowledge of which clock is actually the slowest in the system. Therefore, if the slowest clock fails, then another clock on a different node will be the slowest, and the nodes will use it as a reference clock for the source-destination synchronization protocol. The existing out-of-band reference clock techniques do not have this strong fault tolerant property. The main context of this work is circuit emulation in ATM networks.
Design and Implementation of Bipolar Bidirectional High Voltage Flyback Converter for Capacitive Loads (2018)

This paper presents a modular circuit structure to generate bipolar high voltage pulses from a low voltage battery source. Smart material based actuators and ion analysers require bipolar high voltage output in the range of ± 1 kV to 3 kV for their effective operation. In this paper, two bidirectional flyback converter modules are connected in differential manner to achieve pulses of opposite polarities respectively. Dedicated CPLD control cards are designed to govern the operation of individual module. Each module operate with a two loop control scheme where inner loop detects Minimum Voltage Point (MVP turn on) and output loop controls the peak charging current. The modules operate in a phase shifted manner with control signals communicated between the individual controllers to ensure module level coordination. An experimental prototype fed from 12 V input is designed and control scheme is implemented to obtain ± 2.5 kV bipolar output voltage. The experimental results observed are in good concordance with the simulation results.
Molecular Assembly of Superquenchers in Signaling Molecular Interactions (2005)

We have designed a novel molecular assembly of quencher molecules to form superquenchers with excellent quenching efficiency. The superquencher can be engineered as desired by assembling different types and different numbers of quencher molecules. By labeling a superquencher to a molecular beacon, a 320-fold enhancement of fluorescent signal was achieved, compared to about 14-fold from a molecular beacon prepared with the same monomer quencher. Our molecular assembly approach can effectively improve the sensitivity of a variety of fluorescent assays and can be widely useful for molecular interaction studies.
Sexual reproduction in flowering plants (1992)

Part 1 Pollen grain and tube: pollen gene expression - molecular evidence, J.P. Mascarenhas identification and in situ localization of pollen-specific genes, S.P. Davies, et al pollen wall and sporopollenin, R. Wiermann and S. Gubatz pollen germination, pollen tube growth and cytoskeletal organization, E.S. Pierson. Part 2 Gametes: the male germ unit - concept, composition and significance, H.L. Mogensen organization, composition and function of the generative cell and sperm cytoskeleton, B.A. Palevitz and A. Tiezzi freeze fracture of male reproductive cells, D. Southworth sperm and generative cells - isolation, physiology and biochemistry, A. Chaboud female germ unit - organization, isolation and function, B.-Q. Huang. Part 3 Programic phase and fertilization: a dynamic role for the stylar matrix in pollen tube extension, L.C. Sanders and E.M. Lord origin of double fertilization, W.E. Friedman double fertilization, S.D. Russell. Part 4 Manipulations in pollination and fertilization mechanisms: in vitro pollination - a new tool for analyzing evnironmental stress, I. Dupuis in vitro fusion of gametes and production of zygotes, E. Kranz, et al plant transformation using the sexual route, P. Roeckel, et al. Part 5 Self-incompatibility between pollen and stigma: gametophytic self-incompatibility - biochemical, molecular, genetic and evolutionary aspects, A. Singh and T.-H. Kao sporophytic self-incompatibility systems - brassica S-gene family, M. Trick and P. Heizmann sporophytic self-incompatibility systems - S-gene products, H.G. Dickinson, et al. Part 6 Postscript: plant reproductive biology - trends, C. Dumas and S.D. Russell.