gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of diltiazem and its metabolites in healthy adults after a single oral dose (1989)

A potential complicating factor in the characterization of the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of diltiazem after an oral dose in the presence of two metabolites, N-demethyldiltiazem and desacetyldiltiazem, in plasma. Both N-demethyldiltiazem and desacetylditiazem have been shown to have pharmacologic activity in animal tissues. It is therefore possible that these metabolites contribute to the pharmacologic effect of diltiazem, but this possibility has not been explored. The purpose of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of diltiazem, N-demethyldiltiazem, and desacetyldiltiazem. Particular attention was paid to the effect of diltiazem on atrioventricular conduction. Six healthy men received a 120 mg oral dose of diltiazem. Concentrations of diltiazem, N-demethyldiltiazem, and desacetyldiltiazem in plasma and urine were measured by a sensitive HPLC method. Measures of pharmacologic response (heart rate, blood pressure, and PR interval) were obtained at each blood sampling time. Mean (+/- SD) peak plasma concentrations of diltiazem, N-demethyldiltiazem, and desacetyldiltiazem were 174.3 +/- 72.7, 42.6 +/- 10.0, and 14.9 +/- 3.3 ng/ml, respectively. The apparent half-lives of diltiazem, N-demethyldiltiazem, and desacetyldiltiazem were 6.5 +/- 1.4 hours, 9.4 +/- 2.2 hours, and 18 +/- 6.2 hours, respectively. Both N-demethyldiltiazem and diltiazem were eliminated by net secretion, whereas the renal clearance of desacetyldiltiazem did not exceed clearance by filtration. Both N-demethyldiltiazem and desacetyldiltiazem are bound to plasma proteins, with unbound fractions of 0.323 +/- 0.035 and 0.230 +/- 0.021. These values are similar to the unbound fraction of diltiazem (0.254 +/- 0.027). No significant effect of diltiazem on blood pressure or heart rate was noted. However, a prolongation of the PR interval was observed in all six subjects. Furthermore, an apparent clockwise hysteresis in the concentration-effect relationship was found in four of the six subjects. These findings suggest that some form of acute tolerance to the electrophysiologic effect of diltiazem develops, but the results of pharmacodynamic modeling suggest that this is not caused by the antagonistic effects the metabolites.
A Study on Problem Drinking and Spending Leisure by CAGE and AUDIT in a Rural Area (2004)

Objectives: There are many habitual drinking in rural area. So it is the key point of drinking control policy in rural community to understand the drinking behavior in leisure time and to have an appropriate screening method for problem drinking. CAGE and AUDIT are famous screening tools for problem drinking and alcoholics. Even though there are some studies to validate CAGE and AUDIT which translated in Korean, they were not studied with community based population but with hospital based patients. In this study we assessed the usefulness of CAGE and AUDIT for selecting problem drinking in a rural population, and compared problem drinkers with normal group about spending leisure, Methods: The study subjects were 120 residents over 20 years old who lived in 3 districts in Dong-San Myun near Chun-chon city. We made up questionnaire by interview from Feb. 13 to 19, 2004. Results: The mean age of study population was 66.01 .26 years old. Defining the problem drinking as more than 12 score in AUDIT and more than 2 score in CAGE, the proportion of problem drinker was 30.600 and 28.9% respectively. This proportions were higher than those of other national wide studies. There were significant difference in drinking frequency per week and amount per one episode between problem drinker and normal group. Experience about driving, accident, injury, disturbance in working and quarrel after drinking were also significantly different. Problem drinker were more tolerable to the bad social culture about drinking (eg. force to drink, bad drunken habit. overdrinking, drinking relay etc.) than normal group. Watching TV and playing with neighborhood were most frequent method of spending leisure in this study population, normal male group exercised more frequently in leisure time than problem drinker. Conclusions: It may be useful to use CAGE and AUDIT score for screening problem drinking in rural community. Appropriate utilization of leisure time may he important for control of problem drinking in rural area.
Sepsis, Kidney and Multiple Organ Dysfunction (2004)

Severe sepsis is among the most common causes of death in the United States and the most common cause of death in the Intensive Care Units worldwide, and its recognition and treatment remain the most important challenges of critical care medicine. Severe sepsis and septic shock have a profound effect on kidney function and the function of other org
ChemInform Abstract: THE SYNTHESIS OF 6,9‐DIOXO‐ AND 6,9‐ AND 7,9‐DIHYDROXYCHLORPROMAZINES, POSSIBLE METABOLITES OF CHLORPROMAZINE (1980)

Abstract Bei der Kondensation des Thiophenols (I) mit 2,5‐Dichlornitrobenzol (II) entsteht das Sulfid (III), aus dem mit Triethylphosphit das Cyclisierungsprodukt (IVa) erhalten wird.
Nephroprotective effect of antihypertensive drugs in essential hypertension (1998)

Results of a number of studies evaluating nephroprotective effects of various drugs and regimens have indicated that certain agents, most notably angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and their combination with calcium antagonists, afford more protection than do others at similar levels of reduction of arterial pressure. Results of still other studies suggest that certain agents that exert greater nephroprotection are more efficient at controlling arterial pressure. Therefore, further data are needed before any final conclusion can be drawn. However, it is clear that, in order to establish nephroprotection in patients with essential hypertension, the problem should not be further complicated by additional comorbid diseases such as diabetes mellitus.
Sequence and expression pattern of the <i>Stra7</i> (<i>Gbx‐2</i>) homeobox‐containing gene induced by retinoic acid in P19 embryonal carcinoma cells (1995)

The cDNA sequence of Stra7, a retinoic acid (RA)-inducible gene in P19 embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells, was determined. The deduced Stra7 protein contains a homeodomain highly similar to that of the previously described chicken CHox7 gene product, and is highly conserved during evolution, from hemichordates to vertebrates. The mouse Stra7 cDNA corresponds to the full-length form of the 77 bp homeodomain-encoding cDNA fragment which was previously cloned and termed MMoxA or Gbx-2. Reverse-transcriptase-PCR analysis revealed the presence of Stra7/Gbx-2 transcripts in the adult brain, spleen, and female genital tract, whereas no expression could be observed in heart, liver, lung, kidney, or testes. In situ hybridization analysis showed a restricted expression pattern of Stra7/Gbx-2 in the three primitive germ layers during gastrulation. Restricted expression was also detected in the pharyngeal arches. Subsequently, there were specific expression domains in the developing central nervous system, at the midbrain/hindbrain boundary and later in the cerebellum anlage, in certain rhombomeres, in dorsal regions of the spinal cord, and in the developing dorsal thalamus and corpus striatum.
Accuracy Evaluation of a 3D Ultrasound-Based Neuronavigation System (2002)

We have investigated the 3D navigation accuracy of a fixmelessultrasound-based neuronavigation system (Sonowando) for surgical planning and intraoperative image guidance.In addition, we present a detailed description and review of the error sources associated with surgical neuronavigation based on preoperative MRI data and intraoperative ultrasound.A phantom with 27 precisely defined points was scanned with ultrasound by various a-anslation and tilt movements of the ultrasound probe (180 3D scans in total), and the 27 image points in each volume were located using an automatic detection algorithm.These locations were compared to the physically measured locations of the same 27 points.The accuracy of the neuronavigation system and the efFect of varying acquisition conditions were found through a thorough statistical analysis of the differences between the two point sets.The accuracy was found to be 1.40 2 0.45 mm (arithmetic mean) for the ultrasound-based neuronavigation system in our laboratory setting.Improper probe calibration was the major contributor to this figure.Based on our extensive data set and thorough evaluation, the accuracy found in the laboratory setting is expected to be close to the overall clinical accuracy for ultrasound-based neuronavigation.Our analysis indicates that the overall clinical accuracy may be as low as 2 mm when using intraoperatk imaging to compensate for brain shift.
Impact of social capital and guanxi orientation on interfirm communication in marketing channels (2008)

Based on the concepts and theories of communication in marketing channels,social capital in sociology,and guanxi in the context of Chinese culture,this paper investigates the impact of social capital and guanxi orientation on modes and strategies of interfirm commutation in the dyads of Chinese marketing channels.It is found that,firstly,a firm's social capital and guanxi orientation positively affect the firm's uses of informal communication but do not have significant influence on the firm's uses of formal communication.Secondly,a firm's mode or strategy of interfirm commutation would lead its partner to respond in kind,but as an exception,the firm's formal and coercive communication strategy not only stimulates its partner more likely to use formal and coercive communication,but also more likely to use informal communication.Thirdly,the variance of a firm's commutation modes and strategies would lead to the differences in its partner's perception of their dyadic relation,which in turn would have an impact on its partner's choices of commutation modes and strategies.Theoretically,this paper fills a gap in the stream of literature by proposing and testing the impact of social capital and guanxi orientation on modes and strategies of interfirm commutation in marketing channels,and practically,its findings may help the managers to better communicate in Chinese marketing channels.
Adsorption and Chlorination of Mutual Solvents Used in Acidizing (1988)

Summary Loss of mutual solvents during acidizing can be severe, depending on the type of product. Results showed that some mutual solvents can penetrate deeply into a test formation. Chlorination of mutual solvents by HCl was also considered and was found to be minimal when the treatments were designed properly.
Single dose escalation studies with inhaled POL6014, a potent novel selective reversible inhibitor of human neutrophil elastase, in healthy volunteers and subjects with cystic fibrosis (2019)

European Medicines Agency EudraCT-Nr. 2015-001618-83 and 2016-000493-38.
A Review of Digital Terrain Modeling (2019)

Abstract Terrains are a crucial component of three‐dimensional scenes and are present in many Computer Graphics applications. Terrain modeling methods focus on capturing landforms in all their intricate detail, including eroded valleys arising from the interplay of varied phenomena, dendritic mountain ranges, and complex river networks. Set against this visual complexity is the need for user control over terrain features, without which designers are unable to adequately express their artistic intent. This article provides an overview of current terrain modeling and authoring techniques, organized according to three categories: procedural modeling, physically‐based simulation of erosion and land formation processes, and example‐based methods driven by scanned terrain data. We compare and contrast these techniques according to several criteria, specifically: the variety of achievable landforms; realism from both a perceptual and geomorphological perspective; issues of scale in terms of terrain extent and sampling precision; the different interaction metaphors and attendant forms of user‐control, and computation and memory performance. We conclude with an in‐depth discussion of possible research directions and outstanding technical and scientific challenges.
Ultrasonic Modulation of Scattered Light in Turbid Media and a Potential Novel Tomography in Biomedicine (1998)

Ultrasonic modulation of scattered laser light was used to image objects buried in tissue-simulating turbid media. The ultrasonic wave focused into the turbid media modulated the laser light passing through the ultrasonic field. The modulated laser light collected by a photomultiplier tube reflected primarily the local mechanical and optical properties in the zone of ultrasonic modulation. A raster scanning over a heterogeneous turbid medium yielded an image of the medium based on the ultrasound-modulated optical signal. The detectability of modulated signal was estimated using diffusion theory. The dependence of the modulated signal on the off-axis distance of the detector from the optic axis and on the amplitude of ultrasound was studied. The mechanisms of ultrasonic modulation of scattered light are discussed. A theory based on the field autocorrelation function is reviewed as well.
Performance modeling of heterogeneous distributed applications (2002)

Heterogeneous network computing allows the development of a single complex application using a distributed network of machines; these machines may differ in terms of CPU and memory capacity and/or architecture and specialized functions. We present a modeling technique, based on generalized stochastic Petri nets (GSPNs), for the performance analysis of applications targeted to this class of systems (heterogeneous applications). We illustrate the use of the proposed technique by modeling and analyzing the CASA 3D-REACT heterogeneous application.
Self-powered optimized synchronous electric charge extraction circuit for piezoelectric energy harvesting (2014)

This article presents a self-powered interface circuit for the optimized synchronous electric charge extraction technique applied to piezoelectric vibration energy harvesting. A peak detector circuit is developed to detect the maximum and minimum vibration displacements and drive the electronic switches synchronously. This approach does not require additional piezoelectric elements to power the electronic interface itself for which a detailed analysis and a simple model are proposed to give a better understanding on the working principle. Finally, the influence of the switching phase lag and the peak detector power consumption on the harvested power is studied. Experimental studies are conducted and successfully compared with the theoretical approach.
Cystic fibrosis carriers are at increased risk for a wide range of cystic fibrosis-related conditions (2019)

Autosomal recessive diseases, such as cystic fibrosis (CF), require inheritance of 2 mutated genes. However, some studies indicate that CF carriers are at increased risk for some conditions associated with CF. These investigations focused on single conditions and included small numbers of subjects. Our goal was to determine whether CF carriers are at increased risk for a range of CF-related conditions. Using the Truven Health MarketScan Commercial Claims database (2001-2017), we performed a population-based retrospective matched-cohort study. We identified 19,802 CF carriers and matched each carrier with 5 controls. The prevalence of 59 CF-related diagnostic conditions was evaluated in each cohort. Odds ratios for each condition were computed for CF carriers relative to controls. All 59 CF-related conditions were more prevalent among carriers compared with controls, with significantly increased risk (<i>P</i> < 0.05) for 57 conditions. Risk was increased for some conditions previously linked to CF carriers (e.g., pancreatitis, male infertility, bronchiectasis), as well as some conditions not previously reported (e.g., diabetes, constipation, cholelithiasis, short stature, failure to thrive). We compared our results with 23,557 subjects with CF, who were also matched with controls; as the relative odds of a given condition increased among subjects with CF, so did the corresponding relative odds for carriers (<i>P</i> < 0.001). Although individual-level risk remained low for most conditions, because there are more than 10 million carriers in the US, population-level morbidity attributable to the CF carrier state is likely substantial. Genetic testing may inform prevention, diagnosis, and treatment for a broad range of CF carrier-related conditions.
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF OLIGOPOLISTIC BEHAVIOR IN THE U.S. AIRLINE INDUSTRY (1994)

The recent history of the airline industry has exhibited relentless price wars of national proportion begun by failing airlines desperate to fill their planes. However, price reductions and sporadic discounting are often observed intermittently on scattered routes from time to time. If substantial discounts are offered, these episodes may also be classified as less publicized (or covert) price wars. An arbitrary rule is described that classifies the most traveled routes between the second quarter of 1990 and the third quarter of 1992 as experiencing or not experiencing a price war on the basis of distribution of prices. The classification scheme is helpful in characterizing market behavior during price wars and normal periods. The causes and effects of price wars are assessed, and special attention is given to the relationship between price wars and concentration. The analyses are conducted in the context of an economic theory that depicts price wars as a normal reaction to changing market conditions when a specific type of equilibrium characterizes as industry. The most profound result is that price wars do not increase market concentration as successfully as more cautious price reductions taken during normal periods.
Sugar-Integrated Gelators of Organic Solvents—Their Remarkable Diversity in Gelation Ability and Aggregate Structure (1999)

A drastic change in the solubility and gelation properties of 1-O-methyl-4,6-O-benzylidene derivatives of monosaccharides (see figure) results from the change in the configuration of only one carbon atom.
Comparison of protection from homologous cell‐free vs cell‐associated SIV challenge afforded by inactivated whole SIV vaccines (1992)

This study attempted to determine if SIV vaccines could protect against challenge with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from an SIV infected rhesus monkey. Mature Macaca mulatta were vaccinated four times with formalin inactivated SIVmac32H administered in MDP adjuvant (n = 8) or SIVmac32H ISCOM vaccine (n = 8). Controls included animals vaccinated with measles virus in MDP adjuvant (n = 4) or ISCOM (n = 4) preparations. Of each group, half were challenged intravenously (IV) with ten MID50 of the cell-free SIVmac32H (11-88) SIV stock and half were challenged with ten MID50 of PBMCs from the SIVmac32H infected macaque 1XC. All SIV vaccinated animals challenged with the 11-88 cell free stock of SIVmac32H were protected, whereas only half of the SIV vaccinated monkeys receiving the same infectious dose of the 1XC cell stock were protected.
Representation theorems and Green’s function retrieval for scattering in acoustic media (2009)

Reciprocity theorems for perturbed acoustic media are provided in the form of convolution- and correlation-type theorems. These reciprocity relations are particularly useful in the general treatment of both forward and inverse-scattering problems. Using Green's functions to describe perturbed and unperturbed waves in two distinct wave states, representation theorems for scattered waves are derived from the reciprocity relations. While the convolution-type theorems can be manipulated to obtain scattering integrals that are analogous to the Lippmann-Schwinger equation, the correlation-type theorems can be used to retrieve the scattering response of the medium by cross correlations. Unlike previous formulations of Green's function retrieval, the extraction of scattered-wave responses by cross correlations does not require energy equipartitioning. Allowing for uneven energy radiation brings experimental advantages to the retrieval of fields scattered by remote lossless and/or attenuative scatterers. These concepts are illustrated with a number of examples, including analytic solutions to a one-dimensional scattering problem, and a numerical example in the context of seismic waves recorded on the ocean bottom.
Excavations at High Street and Winetavern Street, Dublin (1971)

(1971). Excavations at High Street and Winetavern Street, Dublin. Medieval Archaeology: Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 73-85.
Epidemiologic aspects of renal cell cancer. (2000)

Renal cell cancer accounts for about 2% of cancers worldwide. It has been increasing in incidence in North America and northern Europe, but not in other areas of the world. In the United States the rate of increase has been about 3% per year, with the highest rates now seen among blacks. Survival has improved, with the 5-year relative survival rate increasing from 30% to 40% in the 1960s to between 50% and 60% in the 1990s. A large number of epidemiologic studies, particularly case-control investigations, have searched for clues to the etiology. Cigarette smoking is a causal factor in the development of renal cell cancer. Virtually every study has identified obesity or high relative weight as another major determinant, particularly among women. High blood pressure or its medications may also play a role, although the mechanism is unknown. Occupational exposures such as asbestos, coke oven emissions, gasoline, and solvents have been related to an excess risk, but no convincing evidence exists regarding these or any other occupational factor. An inverse association between risk and intake of fruits and vegetables has been seen in a number of studies and remains one of the few consistent dietary findings. A relation with coffee, alcohol, or any other beverage has not been demonstrated for renal cell cancer and is unlikely to exist. Genetic susceptibility plays a significant role in an unknown portion of cases, likely through a number of mechanisms. Future etiologic studies should focus on the mechanism by which obesity increases risk, the role of high blood pressure and its medications, and the reasons for the remarkedly rapid increase in incidence among blacks in the United States.
Evidence for the amino acid sequence of porcine pancreatic elastase (1973)

The preparation and purification of tryptic peptides from aminoethylated Dip-elastase and [(14)C]carboxymethylated Dip-elastase, and of peptic peptides from native elastase is described. A summary of the results of chemical studies used to elucidate the amino acid sequence of these peptides is presented. Full details are given in a supplementary paper that has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50016 at the National Lending Library for Science and Technology, Boston Spa, Yorks. LS23 7BQ, U.K., from whom copies can be obtained on the terms indicated in Biochem. J. (1973), 131, 1-20. These results, together with those from previously published papers, are used to establish the complete amino acid sequence of elastase, which is a single polypeptide chain of 240 residues, molecular weight 25900, containing four disulphide bridges.