gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Conceptual Synthesis in Community Ecology (2010)

Community ecology is often perceived as a "mess, "given the seemingly vast number of processes that can underlie the many patterns of interest, and the apparent uniqueness of each study system. However, at the most general level, patterns in the composition and diversity of species--the subject matter of community ecology--are influenced by only four classes of process: selection, drift, speciation, and dispersal. Selection represents deterministic fitness differences among species, drift represents stochastic changes in species abundance, speciation creates new species, and dispersal is the movement of organisms across space. All theoretical and conceptual models in community ecology can be understood with respect to their emphasis on these four processes. Empirical evidence exists for all of these processes and many of their interactions, with a predominance of studies on selection. Organizing the material of community ecology according to this framework can clarify the essential similarities and differences among the many conceptual and theoretical approaches to the discipline, and it can also allow for the articulation of a very general theory of community dynamics: species are added to communities via speciation and dispersal, and the relative abundances of these species are then shaped by drift and selection, as well as ongoing dispersal to drive community dynamics.
Study on the application of an AMR speech codec to VoIP (2002)

Degradation of speech quality caused by packet loss of voice traffic is still one of critical technical barriers of the VoIP system. We propose a new VoIP system that can adapt transmission bit rate flexibly to network conditions to reduce packet loss. In order to determine the transmission bit rate depending upon the network conditions on a frame basis, we use the time-stamp parameter in the RTP of the H.323 protocol. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system is very promising to reduce packet loss that leads to improvement of speech quality.
'The Cream,' The 'Clear,' BALCO and Baseball: An Analysis of MLB Players Image (2008)

In 2003, the FBI raided BALCO laboratory. The client list of the "nutritional supplement lab" included Major League Baseball players Barry Bonds and Jason Giambi. They were accused of using performance-enhancing drugs manufactured by BALCO. A content analysis examined newspaper coverage for three years. Results revealed articles had a negative tone toward the baseball industry, and sources were depicted as knowledgeable but lacking character. The players repaired their image by shifting the blame, evading responsibility, and apologizing.
Cellular DNA Polymerases (1996)

During the past decade, five DNA polymerases (pol) have been characterized in eukaryotic cells. These enzymes are called a, p, y, 6, and E (Wang 1991). Their enzymatic properties, protein composition and structure, effectors, genetic relationships, genomic locations, expression during cell growth and proliferation, and their roles in DNA replication and repair have been described in previous reviews (Challberg and Kelly 1989; Stillman 1989, 1994; Hurwitz et al. 1990; Bambara and Jessee 1991; Wang 1991; So and Downey 1992). This chapter is an updated version of these reviews. DNA pols a , p, 6, and E are located in the nucleus, and DNA pol-y is localized in the mitochondria. Therefore, pol-y is thought to be the enzyme that replicates the mitochondria1 DNA. The general enzymatic properties and characteristics that distinguish each DNA pol are summarized in Table 1, and the optimal assay conditions for each enzyme, such as pH, preferred primer template, and metal activators, are summarized in Table 2. The K , values of their substrates and Ki values of their inhibitors vary widely depending on the purity of the enzyme, the integrity of the catalytic polypeptide, and the associated subunit components of the enzyme fraction used for the assay. Nonetheless, inhibitors can be used to distinguish one polymerase from another. Pols a, 6, and E are sensitive to aphidicolin, but pols p and y are not. Pols a , 6, and y are sensitive to N-ethylmaleimide. Pol-a is particularly sensitive to butylphenyl-dGTP and butylphenyl-dATP. Pol-@ and pol-y are sensitive to dideoxynucleoside triphosphate (ddNTPs) (Edenberg et al. 1978; Krokan et al. 1979; Kaguni and Lehman 1988). Although carbonyldiphosphonate is a potent inhibitor of pol-6, this compound does not inhibit pol-a and only moderately inhibits pol-&. In addition, pol-6 is stimulated by 10% dimethylsulfoxide, whereas pol+ is inhibited by it (Syvaoja et al. 1990).
Salmonella typhimurium synthesizes cobalamin (vitamin B12) de novo under anaerobic growth conditions (1984)

In this paper, we report that the enteric bacterium Salmonella typhimurium synthesized cobalamin de novo under anaerobic culture conditions. Aerobically, metE mutants of S. typhimurium need either methionine or cobalamin as a nutritional supplement for growth. The growth response to cobalamin depends upon a cobalamin-requiring enzyme, encoded by the gene metH, that catalyzes the same reaction as the metE enzyme. Anaerobically, metE mutants grew without any nutritional supplements; the metH enzyme functioned under these conditions due to the endogenous biosynthesis of cobalamin. This conclusion was confirmed by using a radiochemical assay to measure cobalamin production. Insertion mutants defective in cobalamin biosynthesis (designated cob) were isolated in the three major branches of the cobalamin biosynthetic pathway. Type I mutations blocked the synthesis of cobinamide, type II mutations blocked the synthesis of 5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole, and type III mutations blocked the synthesis of cobalamin from cobinamide and 5,6-dimethylbanzimidazole. Mutants that did not synthesize siroheme (cysG) were blocked in cobalamin synthesis. Genetic mapping experiments showed that the cob mutations are clustered in the region of the S. typhimurium chromosome between supD (40 map units) and his (42 map units). The discovery that S. typhimurium synthesizes cobalamin de novo only under anaerobic conditions raises the possibility that anaerobically grown cells possess a variety of enzymes which are dependent upon cobalamin as a cofactor.
Carnitine supplementation to obese Zucker rats prevents obesity-induced type I to type II muscle fiber transition and favors an oxidative phenotype of skeletal muscle (2013)

The results demonstrate that carnitine supplementation to obese Zucker a rat counteracts the obesity-induced muscle fiber transition and restores the muscle oxidative metabolic phenotype. Carnitine supplementation is supposed to be beneficial for the treatment of elevated levels of plasma lipids during obesity or diabetes.
The Effect of Including Incomplete Series in the Statistical Analysis of Longitudinal Measurements of Children's Dental Arches (1939)

John E. Anderson, Joseph T. Cohen, The Effect of Including Incomplete Series in the Statistical Analysis of Longitudinal Measurements of Children's Dental Arches, Child Development, Vol. 10, No. 2 (Jun., 1939), pp. 145-149
Automated Discovery of Credit Card Data Flow for PCI DSS Compliance (2011)

Credit cards are key instruments in personal financial transactions. Credit card payment systems used in these transactions and operated by merchants are often targeted by hackers to steal the card data. To address this threat, the payment card industry establishes a mandatory security compliance standard for businesses that process credit cards. A central pre-requisite for this compliance procedure is to identify the credit card data flow, specifically, the stages of the card transaction processing and the server nodes that touch credit card data as they travel through the organization. In practice, this pre-requisite poses a challenge to merchants. As the payment infrastructure is implemented and later maintained, it often deviates from the original documented design. Without consistent tracking and auditing of changes, such deviations in many cases remain undocumented. Therefore building the credit card data flow for a given payment card processing infrastructure is considered a daunting task that at this point requires significant manual efforts. This paper describes a tool that is designed to automate the task of identifying the credit card data flow in commercial payment systems running on virtualized servers hosted in private cloud environments. This tool leverages virtual machine introspection technology to keep track of credit card data flows across multiple machines in real time without requiring intrusive instrumentation of the hyper visor, virtual machines, middleware or application source code. Effectiveness of this tool is demonstrated through its successful discovery of the credit card data flow of several open and closed source payment applications.
Generalized square and hexagonal constellations for intersymbol-interference channels with generalized Tomlinson-Harashima precoders (1994)

For channels with severe amplitude distortion such as high-speed digital subscriber loops, using a Tomlinson-Harashima (TH) precoder in the transmitter has the same intersymbol-interference-elimination and noise-suppression advantages as using a decision feedback equalizer in the receiver, but without its disadvantage of error propagation. TH precoders have a further advantage of interworking easily with coded modulation techniques. Square constellations are generally preferred in systems using conventional TH precoders. The choice for the size of square constellations is, however, limited. The authors widen that choice by designing new families of generalized square and hexagonal constellations together with their matched generalized TH precoders. The design of the constellation and TH precoder is closely related to the design. Using a generalized TH precoder also results in a smaller peak-to-average power ratio of the transmitted signal than that for conventional TH precoders. Simple modifications of Viterbi decoders required by the use of TH precoders are also discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A method for measuring skin tension. (1987)

A simple device for measuring skin tension across a surgical incision was developed and tested. The device consists of a semicircular stainless steel stress member fitted with strain gauges in a wheatstone bridge configuration. The stress member transforms the external strain to a level that allows the strain gauges to function within their full dynamic range of five percent. A strain gauge reader was used to digitize the strain. Forces ranging from 0.5 grams to 500 grams were reliably measured with the device. A calibration curve was constructed, relating force to strain. The data acquired from three surgical tests of the device indicate that it is extremely easy to use, takes very little time to operate, and is compact. The tensiometer may aid in the development of a more quantitative description of in vivo skin tension. It is also possible to indicate suture strength required for a particular incision or the direction of the incision to minimize scarring.
Analog circuit development system (2004)

An analog circuit development system as a support in analog circuits design procedure is described. Analog circuit can be designed on a personal computer, uploaded to the board via a USB interface and immediately evaluated. The development board is based on Anadigm AN10E40 Field Programmable Analog Array (FPAA), which is controlled by a MC68HC908GP32 microcontroller, connected to the USB interface. The board features 4 analog inputs, 4 outputs and 5 selectable input/output lines. The whole system is powered from personal computer over USB 5V power lines by means of a DC-DC converter, so that it does not require any additional power supply. Analog circuit design is supported by Anadigm Designer software which also features time domain simulation and filter design tools.
Glucosides from the Roots of <i>Capparis tenera</i> (2007)

Two new lignan glucosides, compounds 2 and 3, two new 1H-indole-alkaloid glucosides, 5 and 6, as well as two new phenolic glucosides, 7 and 10, were isolated from the roots of Capparis tenera, together with five known compounds. Their structures were characterized by chemical and spectroscopic methods. Most of these isolates were obtained for the first time from Capparidaceae. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of the new compounds were investigated.
Rapid Accessible Fabrication and Engineering of Bilayered Hydrogels: Revisiting the Cross-Linking Effect on Superabsorbent Poly(acrylic acid) (2018)

Superabsorbent hydrogels are significant not only in materials science but also in industries and daily life, being used in diapers or soil conditioners as typical examples. The main feature of these materials is their capacity to hold considerable amount of water, which is strongly dependent on the cross-linking density. This study focuses on the preparation of hydrogels by reweighing the effect of cross-linking density on physical properties, which provides green fabrication of bilayered hydrogels that consist of homogeneous structural motifs but show programmed responses via sequential radical polymerization. In particular, when two hydrogel layers containing different cross-linking densities are joined together, an integrated linear bilayer shows heterogeneous deformation triggered by water. We monitor the linear hydrogel bilayer bending into a circle and engineer it by incorporating disperse dyes, changing colors as well as physical properties. In addition, we demonstrate an electric circuit switch using a patterned hydrogel. Anisotropic shape change of the polyelectrolyte switch closes an open circuit and lights a light-emitting diode in red. This proposed fabrication and engineering can be expanded to other superabsorbent systems and create smart responses in cross-linked systems for biomedical or environmental applications.
Predicting Film Permeability Needs for Modified-atmosphere Packaging of Lightly Processed Fruits and Vegetables (1995)

Mention of a trademark, proprietary product, or vendor does not constitute a guarantee or warranty of the product by Michigan State Univ. and does not imply its
Failure of Pyridoxine to Improve Glucose Tolerance in Diabetics (1980)

A study was undertaken to test the effect of pyridoxine supplementation on glucose tolerance in diabetes mellitus. Thirteen adult maturity-onset diabetics were studied. Seven were vitamin B6 deficient, as assessed by the stimulation of erythrocyte glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase in vitro by pyridoxal phosphate. All patients received pyridoxine hydrochloride (40 mg twice daily) for 3 weeks. Pyridoxine supplmentation did not bring about any significant alterations in either the oral glucose tolerance or the insulin response to glucose.
Synchronous Fluorescence Spectroscopy for the Detection and Characterization of Cervical Cancers <i>In Vitro</i> (2009)

The objective of this study was to assess the diagnostic potential of synchronous fluorescence (SF) spectroscopy (SFS) technique for the detection and characterization of normal and different malignancy stages of moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (MDSCC), poorly differentiated squamous cell carcinoma (PDSCC) cervical tissues. SF spectra were measured from 45 biopsies from 30 patients in vitro. Characteristic, highly resolved peaks and significant spectral differences between normal and MDSCC, PDSCC cervical tissues were obtained. Nine potential ratios were calculated and used as input variables for a discriminant analysis across different groups. The potentiality of the SFS technique was estimated by two discriminant analyses. Discriminant analysis I performed across normal and abnormal (including MDSCC and PDSCC) cervical tissues classified as 100% both original and the cross-validated grouped cases. In discriminant analysis II performed across the three groups, normal, MDSCC and PDSCC, 100% of both original and the cross-validated grouped cases were correctly classified. Using the SFS technique, one can obtain all the key biochemical markers such as tryptophan, collagen, hemoglobin, reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide in a single scan and hence they can be targeted as tumor markers in the detection of normal from abnormal cervical tissues.
Software reliability growth models: assumptions vs. reality (2002)

Software reliability growth models are often differentiated by assumptions regarding testing and defect repair. In this paper, these model assumptions are compared to Tandem's software development and test environment. The key differences between our environment and the standard model assumptions are that (1) the total number of defects can increase due to new code being introduced during system test, but the models normally assume a constant total number of defects, and (2) the defect-finding efficiency of tests can vary but is assumed constant by the models. In spite of the model assumption violations, we (and other practitioners) continue to use the models because they are easy to apply and because the results seem reasonable. However, we are concerned about the potential inaccuracy of the models and would like to determine the effect of the assumption violations. This paper contains suggestions for research to quantify the model inaccuracy and help practitioners make accuracy vs. model complexity tradeoffs.
Model Studies Towards Stephaoxocanes: Construction of the 2‐Oxa‐4‐aza‐ phenalene Core of Stephaoxocanidine and Eletefine (2003)

Abstract The construction of the polysubstituted 1 H ,3 H ‐2‐oxa‐4‐azaphenalene 4 by means of consecutive oxa‐Pictet−Spengler and Jackson cyclizations is reported. This compound contains the ABC ring system of the novel isoquinoline alkaloids stephaoxocanidine and eletefine, found in Stephania cepharantha and Cissampelos glaberrima . Both these species are Menispermaceæ used in folk medicine in the Far East and Brazil. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003
Neuronal selectivities to complex object features in the ventral visual pathway of the macaque cerebral cortex (1994)

1. To infer relative roles of cortical areas at different stages of the ventral visual pathway, we quantitatively examined visual responses of cells in V2, V4, the posterior part of the inferotemporal cortex (posterior IT), and the anterior part of the inferotemporal cortex (anterior IT), using anesthetized macaque monkeys. 2. The critical feature for the activation was first determined for each recorded cell by using a reduction method. We started from images of three-dimensional complex objects and simplified the image of effective stimuli step by step by eliminating a part of the features present in the image. The simplest feature that maximally activated the cell was determined as the critical feature. The response to the critical feature was then compared with responses of the same cell to a routine set of 32 simple stimuli, which included white and black bars of four different orientations and squares or spots of four different colors. 3. Cells that responded maximally to particular complex object features were found in posterior IT and V4 as well as in anterior IT. The cells in posterior IT and V4 were, however, different from the cells in anterior IT in that many of them responded to some extent to some simple features, that the size of the receptive field was small, and that they intermingled in single penetrations with cells that responded maximally to some simple features. The complex critical features in posterior IT and V4 varied; they consisted of complex shapes, combinations of a shape and texture, and combinations of a shape and color. 4. We suggest that local neuronal networks in V4 and posterior IT play an essential role in the formation of selective responses to complex object features.
Engineering interface-type resistance switching based on forming current compliance in ITO/Ga2O3:ITO/TiN resistance random access memory: Conduction mechanisms, temperature effects, and electrode influence (2016)

In this paper, an ITO/Ga2O3:ITO/TiN structured resistance random access memory is introduced. Either interface or filament conduction mechanism can be induced depending on the forming compliance current, which has not been investigated before. Material analyses and electrical I–V measurements on this ITO/Ga2O3:ITO/TiN have also been carried out. The interface conduction mechanism was confirmed by a size-effect experiment, where resistance varied inversely to via size. In addition, the current fitting results show that Schottky emission dominates the on- and off-state currents. All physical mechanisms of device resistive switching behaviors are explained by our models and also confirmed by I–V characteristics.
Target tracking and localization using infrared video imagery (2006)

One of the significant problems in visual tracking of objects is the requirement for a human analyst to post-process and interpret the data. For instance, consider the task of tracking a target, in this case a moving person, using video imagery. When this person hides behind an obstruction, and is therefore no longer visible by the camera, conventional tracking systems quickly lose track of the target and are no longer able to indicate where the target is or where it was headed. A human interpreter is then needed to conclude that the person is hiding, and probably (with certain probability) is still there. A Process Query System (PQS) is able to track and predict the path of arbitrary objects, based only on a description of their dynamic behavior, thus eliminating the need for precise identification of each object in every frame. The PQS is therefore able to draw human-like conclusions, allowing the system to track the person even when he/she is out of view. Additionally, using dynamic descriptions of tracked objects allows for low-quality video signals, or even infrared video, to be used for tracking. In this paper we introduce a novel way of implementing a video-based tracking system using a Process Query System to predict the position of objects in the environment, even after they have disappeared from view. Although the image processing pipeline is trivial, tracking accuracy is remarkably high, suggesting that overall performance can be improved even further with the use of more sophisticated video processing and image recognition technology.
Preparative gas chromatography with glass capillary columns (1979)

Abstract The present paper describes an automated system for preparative gas chromatography with glass capillary columns, controlled by a microprocessor. The effluent from the capillary column is divided by a pneumatically controlled splitter and any desired split ratio between traps and detector can be obtained. Moreover, a second pneumatic control allows instantaneous change‐over to a different split ratio, thus minimizing loss of material during collection. The effluent containing the compounds of interest is passed through a multiple manifold and collected in coiled glass capillary traps. To ensure maximum trapping efficiency even for very small amounts of material, the inner walls of the capillary traps are wetted with a suitable solvent, which gives a quantitative recovery of micro‐ and nanogram amounts of material. After repetitive sampling, sufficient amounts of material can be obtained for NMR spectroscopy and possibilities exist to enrich trace components with the aid of a double column system. Two examples of such applications are given, employing mixtures of both synthetic and natural origin.