gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Carbon Dioxide Induced Silk Protein Gelation for Biomedical Applications (2012)

We present a novel method to fabricate silk fibroin hydrogels using high pressure carbon dioxide (CO(2)) as a volatile acid without the need for chemical cross-linking agents or surfactants. The simple and efficient recovery of CO(2) post processing results in a remarkably clean production method offering tremendous benefit toward materials processing for biomedical applications. Further, with this novel technique we reveal that silk protein gelation can be considerably expedited under high pressure CO(2) with the formation of extensive β-sheet structures and stable hydrogels at processing times less than 2 h. We report a significant influence of the high pressure CO(2) processing environment on silk hydrogel physical properties such as porosity, sample homogeneity, swelling behavior and compressive properties. Microstructural analysis revealed improved porosity and homogeneous composition among high pressure CO(2) specimens in comparison to the less porous and heterogeneous structures of the citric acid control gels. The swelling ratios of silk hydrogels prepared under high pressure CO(2) were significantly reduced compared to the citric acid control gels, which we attribute to enhanced physical cross-linking. Mechanical properties were found to increase significantly for the silk hydrogels prepared under high pressure CO(2), with a 2- and 3-fold increase in the compressive modulus of the 2 and 4 wt % silk hydrogels over the control gels, respectively. We adopted a semiempirical theoretical model to elucidate the mechanism of silk protein gelation demonstrated here. Mechanistically, the rate of silk protein gelation is believed to be a function of the kinetics of solution acidification from absorbed CO(2) and potentially accelerated by high pressure effects. The attractive features of the method described here include the acceleration of stable silk hydrogel formation, free of residual mineral acids or chemical cross-linkers, reducing processing complexity, and avoiding adverse biological responses, while providing direct manipulation of hydrogel physical properties for tailoring toward specific biomedical applications.
Coronary Artery Calcification in Type 2 Diabetes and Insulin Resistance (2002)

Individuals with diabetes have an elevated burden of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis. Aggressive clinical atherosclerosis prevention is warranted, especially in diagnosed diabetes.
Acquisition of a beta-adrenergic response by adult rat hepatocytes during primary culture. (1983)

In freshly isolated parenchymal hepatocytes of adult rats, the beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol (Ip) did not stimulate cAMP formation, protein kinase activity, or glycogenolysis, although glucagon markedly stimulated all these activities. However, the beta-adrenergic response appeared when rat hepatocytes were cultured as monolayers. This response had already appeared after 2-h culture and increased during further culture. The appearance of the beta-adrenergic response during culture was blocked by cycloheximide, actinomycin D, or alpha-amanitin. Thus adult rat hepatocytes acquired marked ability to respond to Ip during culture through the syntheses of mRNA and protein. Freshly isolated hepatocytes from postnatal rats showed a high beta-adrenergic response that did not increase further during culture. This response gradually decreased during development and had almost disappeared about 60 days after birth. In plasma membranes prepared from freshly isolated cells of adult rats the basal and NaF-stimulated activities of adenylate cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1) were similar to those of cultured cells and the enzyme activity was also stimulated by guanyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate. However, in plasma membranes of freshly isolated cells Ip scarcely stimulated adenylate cyclase, but glucagon did. The intact cells, whether they were freshly isolated or cultured, accumulated cAMP when exposed to cholera toxin. Moreover, the two subunits of GTP-binding regulatory protein (also named G/F or Ns site) were detected by [32P]ADP ribosylation with cholera toxin and [32P]NAD+ in freshly isolated cells as well as in cultured cells. These results indicate that freshly isolated and cultured hepatocytes of adult rats contain sufficient levels of all the components of the postreceptor-adenylate cyclase system for activity. However, the number of beta-adrenergic receptors measured by binding of [125I]iodocyanopindolol, a potent beta-adrenergic antagonist, was very low in purified plasma membranes of freshly isolated cells (20 fmol/mg of protein), and the number increased about 6-fold without change in the dissociation constant (Kd = 132 pM) when the cells were cultured for 7 h. This increase in beta-adrenergic receptor sites was completely abolished by cycloheximide and alpha-amanitin. Thus it is concluded that the unresponsiveness of adult rat hepatocytes to Ip was due to a very low amount of beta-adrenergic receptor and that the appearance of a beta-adrenergic response during primary culture was due to new synthesis of beta-adrenergic receptor through synthesis of mRNA.
Adaptive Fuzzy Median Filter for Images Corrupted by Impulse Noise (2008)

Median filter was once the most popular nonlinear filter for removing impulse noise because of its good denoising power. In this paper, we present a novel adaptive fuzzy median filter to the restoration of salt & pepper impulse noise-corrupted image, which is particularly effective at removing highly impulsive noise. First we estimate noise level based on fussy set theory, then process the corrupted pixel or extend the size of filtering window, at last get the appropriate median value to replace the noisy pixel. The proposed filter has the benefits that it is simple and it assumes no a priori knowledge of specific input image. To demonstrate the capability of our filtering approach, it was tested on several different image enhancement problems. Experimental results have shown that the proposed algorithm works very well not only for images with lower percentage of impulse noises but also with higher percentage of impulse noise.
Local Positioning Systems: LBS Applications and Services (2006)

The Three L's: Location, Location, Location Application Examples and Use Cases People/Asset Management and Tracking Health Care and Mobile Patient Monitoring Security Emergencies Location-Based Network Access/Security Games Retail and Shopping Retail, Advertisement, and Marketing Retail and Postanalysis of Shopping Behavior Tour Guides Other Preconditions and Frameworks for LBS Development Preconditions (LBS Market and Development) A Framework for Developing Indoor Location-Based Services Four Dimensions of Development Three Steps to Location Service Development Infrastructure The Infrastructure Components The Software Infrastructure Communication Infrastructure Example: Crickets in the MIT Facilities Environment Positioning Infrastructure Sensor Systems for Indoor Position Computation Positioning Systems and Algorithms Positioning Algorithms Position Estimation Algorithms Location Awareness and Navigation in Location-Based Systems Indoor Data Sources for Location Data Two-Dimensional vs. Three-Dimensional Spatial Reference Systems Network Path Planning Geocoding Ontology Referencing Algorithms Expressing World Models Spatial Database Systems Navigation Algorithms Map-Matching Algorithms Conclusion Existing Indoor Location Systems: How They Work Featured Indoor Location Positioning Systems Ekahau Positioning System Intel Place Lab and Skyhook WPS Microsoft Research Radar Rosum TV AeroScout BLIP Systems Modeling Location Mobile Location Protocol OGC Languages: SensorML, GML, Etc. Nexus Augmented World Modeling Language and Augmented World Query Language Navigation Modeling Languages Service Deployment Step 1: Site Survey Step 2: Create a Positioning Model Step 3: Calibrate the Positioning Model/Signal Map (Training) Step 4: Access Point Placement and Configuration Step 5: Tracking Step 6: Maintenance (Periodic Accuracy Test) Using the Ekahau Positioning System Using MIT Cricket Using Place Lab References Privacy Concerns and Methods for Safeguarding Privacy Constraints Connection-Level Privacy: Location-Identifier Split Service-Level Privacy: Identifiers as a Privacy Problem Application-Level Privacy: Visualization of Privacy Development and Deployment of Indoor Location-Based Services Trilateration Location Fingerprinting Potential Issues When Deploying a Wi-Fi-Based Positioning System Integrating Different Systems Developing the Location Database Creating the Software Infrastructure Questions to Ask When Selecting Application Servers The Application Data Flow Personalization Using Filters in Servlets Content Comparison and Equivalence Temporal Context Interval Operators Composite/Sequence Pattern Operators Syntax Examples Interfaces to External Services Standards Interoperability and the Role of Standardization Standards Frameworks OMA Location Working Group The Success of Standards: Adoption Index
Reduction in Surgical Wound Infection Rates Associated with Reporting Data to Surgeons (1994)

Several studies have shown that wound infection (surgical site infection [ ssi ]) rates fall when surgeons are provided with data on their performance. Since 1987, the authors have been performing concurrent surveillance of surgical patients and confidentially reporting surgeon-specific ssi rates to individual surgeons and their clinical directors, and providing surgeons with the mean rates of their peers. The program has been gradually refined and expanded. Data are now collected on wound infection risk and report risk adjusted rates compared with the mean for hospitals in the United States National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (nnis) data bank. Since inception through to December 1993, ssi rates have fallen 68% in clean contaminated general surgery cases (relative risk [rr] 0.36, 95% ci 0.2 to 0.6, P=0.0001), 64% in clean plastic surgery cases (rr 0.35, 95% ci 0.06 to 1.8), 72% in caesarean section cases (rr 0.23, 95% ci 0.03 to 1.96) and 42% in clean cardiovascular surgery cases (rr 0.59, 95% ci 0.34 to 1.0). In clean orthopedic surgery the ssi rate remained stable from 1987 through 1992. In 1993 a marked increase was experienced. Reasons for this are being explored. Overall there was a 32% decrease in ssi rate between the index year and 1993 or, in percentage terms, 2.8% to 1.9% (rr 0.65, 95% ci 0.51 to 0.86, P=0.002). ssi surveillance should become standard in Canadian hospitals interested in improving the quality of surgical care and reducing the clinical impact and cost associated with nosocomial infection.
Life-Cycle Greenhouse Gas and Water Intensity of Cellulosic Biofuel Production Using Cholinium Lysinate Ionic Liquid Pretreatment (2017)

Cellulosic biofuels present an opportunity to meet a significant fraction of liquid transportation fuel demand with renewable, low-carbon alternatives. Certain ionic liquids (ILs) have proven effective at facilitating hydrolysis of lignocellulose to produce fermentable sugars with high yields. Although their negligible vapor pressure and low flammability make ILs attractive solvents at the point of use, their life-cycle environmental impacts have not been investigated in the context of cellulosic biorefineries. This study provides the first life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) and water use inventory for biofuels produced using IL pretreatment. We explore two corn stover-to-ethanol process configurations: the conventional water-wash (WW) route and the more recently developed integrated high gravity (iHG) route, which eliminates washing steps after pretreatment. Our results are based on the use of a representative IL, cholinium lysinate ([Ch][Lys]). We find that the WW process results in unacceptably high GHG emissions. The iHG process has the potential to reduce GHG emissions per megajoule of fuel by ∼45% relative to gasoline if [Ch][Lys] is used. Use of a protic IL with comparable performance to [Ch][Lys] could achieve GHG reductions up to 70–85%. The water intensities of the WW and iHG processes are both comparable to those of other cellulosic biofuel technologies.
Chlorogenic Acid Oxidation and Its Reaction with Sunflower Proteins to Form Green‐Colored Complexes (2016)

Sunflower seeds are used to produce oil for human consumption, but its protein meal by-product has long been used as animal feed. Formation of green-colored complexes through oxidized chlorogenic acid(CGA)-protein interactions is a primary reason why defatted sunflower protein has not been widely utilized by the food industry. Sunflower protein possesses many properties that make it an appealing alternative protein source from both a marketing and formulation perspective, including its low cost, absence of major allergens, low antitrypsin inhibitors, and its status as both vegan and "clean" label friendly. With the global demand for sunflower oil and novel protein sources expected to increase and waste recovery a concern for many, providing uses for the sunflower meal and its fiber and polyphenol components would provide added value to by-products from sunflower oil processing. This review addresses the unique green pigmentation associated with the interaction of sunflower protein and oxidized CGA by outlining the sunflower oil and protein meal market, CGA reactions contributing to greening, methods for CGA extraction, and the effect of processing on sunflower protein quality and the greening reaction. This review also addresses potential food applications of sunflower protein-based ingredients, such as addition of texturized protein to food products; a microencapsulation matrix for antioxidants; edible, flexible biodegradable films; and even use of sunflower butter as an alternative to peanut butter where the green color is not considered undesirable. Continued studies are needed to make sunflower-based products and CGA-extraction processes available across the global marketplace.
Imaging through turbid layers by scanning the phase conjugated second harmonic radiation from a nanoparticle (2010)

We demonstrate imaging through a turbid layer by using digital phase conjugation of the second harmonic field radiated from a beacon nanoparticle. We show that the phase-conjugated focus can be displaced from its initial position by illuminating the same region of the turbid layer with an angular offset. An image is obtained by scanning the phase-conjugated focus through the turbid layer in a region around the nanoparticle. We obtain a clear image of the target by measuring the light transmitted through it when scanning the focused beam.
Selected Reference Books of 1953-1954 (1955)

Entries are annotated, but information is brief and occasionally incomplete or misleading
Impaired TCR-Mediated Apoptosis and Bcl-XL Expression in T Cells Lacking the Stress Kinase Activator SEK1/MKK4 (1998)

The dual specificity kinase SEK1 (MKK4) is a direct activator of stress-activated protein kinases (SAPK/JNK) in response to environmental stresses or mitogenic factors. We show in Sek1(-/-)Rag(-/-) chimeric mice that a Sek1 null mutation augments the susceptibility of peripheral T cells to TCR/CD3 religation-induced apoptosis. Sek1(-/-) T cells failed to induce expression of the death suppressor Bcl-XL in response to Ag receptor activation. The Sek1 mutation did not alter the induction of apoptosis in response to etoposide, cisplatinum, Adriamycin, and gamma-irradiation. Moreover, we show that CD3epsilon activation alone leads to SEK1 activation in Sek1(+/+) T cells. These results suggest that SEK1 transduces cellular survival signals during T cell stimulation.
A versatile efficient one-step approach for carbazole–pyridine hybrid molecules: highly efficient host materials for blue phosphorescent OLEDs (2014)

By using various fluoro-substituted pyridines and carbazole as starting materials, we have synthesized a series of carbazole-pyridine hybrid compounds through an efficient catalyst free C-N coupling reaction with high yields of 85-95%. The bi-, tri- and tetra-carbazole substituted pyridine derivatives exhibit increased thermal stabilities and comparatively high triplet energy levels of ∼3.0 eV. By using them as host materials for blue phosphorescent OLEDs, maximum current efficiencies are achieved ranging from 32-42 cd A(-1).
Endogenous Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Overexpression In Vivo Results in the Long-Term Recruitment of a Distinct Dendritic Cell Population with Enhanced Immunostimulatory Function (2002)

GM-CSF is critical for dendritic cell (DC) survival and differentiation in vitro. To study its effect on DC development and function in vivo, we used a gene transfer vector to transiently overexpress GM-CSF in mice. We found that up to 24% of splenocytes became CD11c+ and the number of DC increased up to 260-fold to 3 x 10(8) cells. DC numbers remained substantially elevated even 75 days after treatment. The DC population was either CD8alpha+CD4- or CD8alpha-CD4- but not CD8alpha+CD4+ or CD8alpha-CD4+. This differs substantially from subsets recruited in normal or Flt3 ligand-treated mice or using GM-CSF protein injections. GM-CSF-recruited DC secreted extremely high levels of TNF-alpha compared with minimal amounts in DC from normal or Flt3 ligand-treated mice. Recruited DC also produced elevated levels of IL-6 but almost no IFN-gamma. GM-CSF DC had robust immune function compared with controls. They had an increased rate of Ag capture and caused greater allogeneic and Ag-specific T cell stimulation. Furthermore, GM-CSF-recruited DC increased NK cell lytic activity after coculture. The enhanced T cell and NK cell immunostimulation by GM-CSF DC was in part dependent on their secretion of TNF-alpha. Our findings show that GM-CSF can have an important role in DC development and recruitment in vivo and has potential application to immunotherapy in recruiting massive numbers of DC with enhanced ability to activate effector cells.
Finishing of cotton fabrics with aqueous nano‐titanium dioxide dispersion and the decomposition of gaseous ammonia by ultraviolet irradiation (2005)

Abstract An aqueous dispersion of nano‐titanium dioxide (nano‐TiO 2 ) was prepared and mixed with a silicone softener to establish a finishing bath. Cotton fabrics were treated with this finishing bath with a pad–dry–cure process and were then characterized by X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The gaseous ammonia was derived from an environmental condition simulated chamber. The specifically designed photocatalytic reactor was used to assess the factors, including the dosage of the aqueous dispersion of nano‐TiO 2 , the nature of the fabric, the direct dye, and the water‐repellent agent, that affected the decomposition efficiency of ammonia in air. In addition, nano‐TiO 2 ‐finished fabrics were evaluated with respect to whiteness and breaking tension properties. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 286–291, 2006
Mechanical Characterization of Cosmetic and Viscoelastic Effects of Firming Polymers (2013)

In personal care products, polymers may be used as emulsifiers, stabilizers, rheology modifiers (e.g. thickening agent), or film formers. When deposited on the skin, polymer usually doesn't penetrate the skin due to its high molecular weight and size. It remains on the skin surface to form a film, which may potentially provide conditioning benefits. One of the conditioning effects is to enhance the tactile stimulus by altering the overall mechanical properties of skin. This mechanical alteration is highly associated with the viscoelastic properties of the polymeric film forming on the skin surface. In order to select a suitable polymer from numerous choices of polymers when designing a product, it is important to have a method to screen polymers and benchmark the performances. In this report, a screening method, a mechanical measurement and its modeling methods to evaluate the mechanical effects of polymers will be presented. A variety of synthetic and natural polymers were tested, and the result suggested that synthetic polymers might provide broader ranges of designs for altering skin mechanical properties. Although most polymers seem to have similar modes of actions in enhancing skin firmness and elasticity, further investigations will be required to completely reveal the design principles and to expand the ranges of mechanical alterations that are delivered by the applications of firming polymers.
The impact of mental capacity legislation on the assessment of people with learning disabilities: a practice note (2007)

Assessment of mental capacity in people with learning disabilities involved in criminal proceedings has been debated, and the introduction of mental capacity legislation in the United Kingdom makes provisions for people who lack the capacity to make decisions about their welfare. However, while the new legislation is designed to protect people who lack the mental capacity to make decisions, it is not clear how this legislation applies in criminal cases where the capacity to consent to sexual relations has been questioned. Until recently there was no clear definition of capacity to consent to sexual relations, and the aim of this paper is to consider the key aspects of this legislation and apply it to a case example. The definitions and assessment procedures involved in assessing ‘mental capacity’ are considered, and practice guidance for mental health professionals working in this field is offered.
Wire Bonding - A Closer Look (1991)

Just like soldering, wire bonding appears to be a simple process and is frequently taken for granted. People tend to think all that is required to have a high quality bonding process is a simple wire pull test to monitor and control the process. But like soldering, this process is complex and requires a thorough understanding of the metallurgy, thermodynamics, and surface chemistry involved. This paper will report on a study of the wire bonding which is representative of the semiconductor industry from the aspect of the materials involved, the metallurgy of the resultant bonds, and techniques of monitoring the bond quality. It will also present information on the ability of a bond to withstand various aging conditions and the most effective manner to monitor bond quality.
Synthesis of Monolayer‐Patched Graphene from Glucose (2012)

Graphene patchwork: A simple synthetic process requiring neither catalyst nor solvent was used to convert glucose directly into polycrystalline carbon sheets having a “patched” multidomain graphene structure with domains 2–15 nm in size. The carbon assemblies exhibit high conductivity, high specific surface area, and an unexpectedly good solution processability. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.