gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chemical-Looping Combustion of Biomass in a 10 kW<sub>th</sub>Reactor with Iron Oxide As an Oxygen Carrier (2009)

Chemical-looping combustion of biomass was carried out in a 10 kWth reactor with iron oxide as an oxygen carrier. A total 30 h of test was achieved with the same batch of iron oxide oxygen carrier. The effect of the fuel reactor temperature on gas composition of the fuel reactor and the air reactor, the proportion of biomass carbon reacting in the fuel reactor, and the conversion of biomass carbon to CO2 in the fuel reactor was experimentally investigated. The results showed that the CO production from biomass gasification with CO2 was more temperature dependent than the CO oxidation with iron oxide in the fuel reactor, and an increase in the fuel reactor temperature produced a higher increase for the CO production from biomass gasification than for the oxidation of CO by iron oxide. Although the conversion of biomass carbon to CO2 in the fuel reactor decreased with the increase of the fuel reactor temperature, there was a substantial increase in the proportion of biomass carbon reacting in the fuel reactor. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were utilized to characterize fresh and reacted oxygen carrier particles. The results showed that the transformation of Fe2O3 to Fe3O4 is the favored step in the process of iron oxide reduction with biomass syngas. The low reactivity of reacted oxygen carrier was mainly ascribed to the sintering grains on the particle surface. To restrain the surface sintering of oxygen carrier particles, an intensive oxidization of reduced oxygen carrier with air in the air reactor should be avoided in the process of oxygen carrier regeneration, and air staging should be adopted for the oxidization of reduced oxygen carrier with air in the air reactor.
Hydrogen peroxide and glucose biosensor based on silver nanowires synthesized by polyol process (2012)

Silver nanowires synthesized through a polyol process using polyvinylpyrrolidone as protection (PVP-AgNWs) were used as a new electrode material for constructing a sensor. Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) and glucose were used as analytes to demonstrate the sensor performance of the PVP-AgNWs. It is found that the PVP-AgNWs-modified glassy carbon electrode (PVP-AgNWs/GCE) exhibits remarkable catalytic performance toward H(2)O(2) reduction. This sensor has a fast amperometric response time of less than 2 s and the catalytic current is linear over the concentration of H(2)O(2) ranging from 20 μM to 3.62 mM (R = 0.998) with a detection limit of 2.3 μM estimated on a signal-to-noise ratio of 3. A glucose biosensor was constructed by immobilizing glucose oxidase (GOD) onto the surface of the PVP-AgNWs/GCE. The resultant glucose biosensor can be used for glucose detection in human blood serum with a sensitivity of 15.86 μA mM(-1) cm(-2) and good selectivity and stability.
Don't Adjust to Apartheid (1984)

Following is the transcript of an address delivered at the opening meeting of the North American Regional Conference for Action Against Apartheid held at United Nations Headquarters, New York, June 18–21, 1984.
Ytterbium‐169: Calculated physical properties of a new radiation source for brachytherapy (1992)

Seeds containing radioactive Ytterbium-169 (169Yb) have recently been manufactured for possible application to brachytherapy. Ytterbium-169 emits photons with an average energy of 93 keV (excluding energies less than 10 keV), and decays with a half-life of 32 days. Analytic and Monte Carlo computations have been used to predict physical quantities useful in treatment planning and radiation protection. Analytic calculations based on the primary photon spectrum of 169Yb (excluding energies less than 10 keV) yield an air-kerma rate constant of 0.0427 cGy cm2 h-1 MBq-1, and an exposure rate constant of 1.80 R cm2 mCi-1 h-1 for this radionuclide. Calculated fmed factors are 0.922 cGy/R for soft tissue and 2.12 cGy/R for bone. The first half-value layer in lead is 0.2 mm; the first tenth-value layer is 1.6 mm. Using Monte Carlo simulations, the relative dose distributions around 169Yb seeds (Amersham, prototypes 4 and 5) are provided, and are then compared with those around an 125I seed (3M model 6702). The 169Yb seeds produce more isotropic dose distributions, and for permanent implants, can deliver it at a greater initial dose rate. A value of 1.19 cm-2 was also calculated for the specific dose constant D0, a value which is applicable to both seed types. Radiation protection is not as easily achieved for permanent implants with 169Yb because of the higher energy emissions (vs 125I). However, for temporary implants, Ytterbium-169 may prove to be a useful substitute for 192Ir or 137Cs because of its relatively lower energy emissions. It is concluded that 169Yb merits further investigation, including dosimetry, radiobiological, and clinical studies.
Engaging Deweyan Ethics in Health Care: Leonard Fleck’s Rational Democratic Deliberation (2013)

While the U.S. health care system is failing to serve many of its citizens, agreeing on what is wrong as well as on how to fix the system seems impossibly optimistic. Leonard Fleck attempts to do just this—to diagnose the problems and to address these problems through dialogue. Dewey’s philosophy supports the direction of Fleck’s work, but it also highlights serious problems with this argument. And when far less rich countries are able to provide better care to all their citizens for far less, we have a system in need of a deliberative process that works.
Night cough counts and diary card scores in asthma. (1985)

A tape recording system for recording night cough in asthmatics at home is described. Objective cough counts and half hour periods containing cough did not correlate with diary card scores awarded to eight children on seven nights each. Night cough diary scores may mislead in the assessment of symptom severity.
Polymerization Kinetics and Technology (1973)

Studies of the influence of solvents on polymerization processes by stationary and nonstationary methods give the following results. In radical polymerizations, solvent viscosity mainly influences diffusion-controlled elementary reactions. The effect on efficiency demands new considerations of the cage effect. The influence on chain termination provides interesting information on segment diffusion, mutual penetration of polymer coils, and internal viscosity. In anionic polymerizations, the polarity of solvents strongly influences equilibria between three forms the active end groups—the two kinds of ion pairs and the free carbanion. The equilibria between these forms and the corresponding enthalpy and entropy differences were determined by kinetic and conductance measurements. The influence of solvents on the rate constants of the monomer addition to each form of the active chain ends is relatively small. Analysis of molecular weight distributions gives, in addition the activation enthalpies and entropies of the transitions between these forms.
OPC technology road map to 0.14-μm design rules (1997)

We devised an OPC technology roadmap (Table 1) embodied in a corresponding test reticle (code named RTP4) as a benchmark for the reticle manufacturing industry. This reticle includes the polysilicon gate layer of four large ASIC-style microprocessor chips, representing four design rule generations: 0.25 micrometer, 0.20 micrometer, 0.18 micrometer, and 0.14 micrometer. In this report we summarize the challenges experienced during the building of this reticle, beginning with the scaling of scattering bar and serif OPC features according to exposure wavelength and numerical aperture. CAD data handling issues such as overall pattern complexity and choice of grid size are discussed. Three out of four RTP4 reticles made by Photronics (all written by a MEBES 4500 tool) were shown to have acceptable pattern quality. Successful die-to-database inspections for all four primary chips on one of the RTP4 reticles were performed by Applied-Orbot using their RT-8000 and RT-8000-ES systems. We also offer an initial look at the performance of this OPC technology on printed wafers with 0.18 micrometer and 0.14 micrometer line features.
Estética, comunicación y estudios de la cultura Apuntes para una teoría crítica (2000)

Esta investigación se propone pensar las afinidades entre el campo de una teoría crítica del arte, la comunicación y una teoría de la cultura desde un hacer que tiene múltiples puntos en común: no ya los textos artísticos en sí mismos o relaciones entre ellos, sino particularmente el modo de articulación de estos objetos con el campo cultural, las formas de aprehensión del mundo como una configuración sensible cargada de sentidos y marcada históricamente. Hay preguntas claves a las que pensamos que es posible responder desde una teoría crítica del arte, a saber: ¿Es adecuado hablar solo de "teoría estética" aislada del campo de lo comunicacional?; ¿de qué teoría hablamos si la necesaria historicidad cultural de nuestro objeto de estudio ha de ser dejada de lado?; ¿cómo inscribimos disciplinariamente el estudio de los textos estéticos si no observamos que el campo cultural es una galaxia en expansión que conecta pasado y presente sin someterse a continuismos y linealidades?
Variability in the upper limit of normal for serum alanine aminotransferase levels (2009)

Wide variability in ALT ULN across different labs is more likely due to variable reference intervals of different chemical analyzers. It may be possible to minimize variability in ALT ULN by (1) each lab solely following the manufacturers' recommendations and (2) manufacturers of different analyzers following consistent and rigorous methodology in establishing the reference range. Alternatively, studies should be undertaken to identify outcome-based reference intervals for ALT.
Netlets: The Future of Networking? 1 (1998)

This paper describes research being conducted in the Broadband Switching &amp; Systems Laboratory at Dublin City University into new approaches to networking. It describes our perspective on the crisis in networking, and our work on a new direction for implementing networking protocols in the future
How aneuploidy may cause cancer and genetic instability. (2000)

It has been difficult to find a common cause for the many and complex phenotypes of cancer such as dedifferentiation, invasiveness, abnormal morphology, growth rate and metabolism, genetic instability, progression to malignancy, cellular heterogeneity of phenotypes and karyotypes, and clonal origin despite heterogeneity. Over 100 years ago aneuploidy, an abnormal balance of chromosomes, was proposed to cause cancer. However, the aneuploidy hypothesis has since been abandoned, in favor of the gene mutation hypothesis, because it could not offer conventional explanations for cancer-specific phenotypes. For example, the aneuploidy hypothesis seemed unable to (i) explain the genesis of abnormal, cancer-specific phenotypes, (ii) reconcile the heterogeneous karyotypes with the clonal origin of cancers, (iii) explain aneuploidy in non-cancerous cells, and (iv) explain how carcinogens would cause aneuploidy. Here we introduce new evidence that aneuploidy offers a simple, coherent explanation of all cancer-specific phenotypes: (i) Congenital and experimental aneuploidy is now known to generate abnormal phenotypes, such as Down syndrome in humans and cancer in animals. (ii) Based on metabolic control analysis, we have derived equations that correlate degrees of aneuploidy with the resulting phenotype abnormalities. These equations suggest that aneuploidy must exceed a certain threshold to generate cancer-specific phenotypes. Therefore, we propose that multistep carcinogenesis corresponds to multiple steps of aneuploidization. (iii) Aneuploidy is also sufficient to explain cancer-specific, karyotypic instability. Since aneuploidy imbalances the highly balance-sensitive components of the spindle apparatus it destabilizes symmetrical chromosome segregation. This autocatalytic instability is the reason why cancers have heterogeneous karyotypes, but are clonal for aneuploidy. Progression to malignancy corresponds to selection of ever more aggressive karyotypic variants. (iv) Both non-genotoxic and genotoxic carcinogens can cause aneuploidy by physical or chemical interaction with mitosis proteins. We conclude that aneuploidy offers a mechanism of phenotype alteration which--above a certain threshold--is sufficient to cause all cancer-specific phenotypes, and is independent of gene mutation.
Acute Alcohol Intake Decreases Short-Term Heart Rate Variability in Healthy Subjects (1994)

1. The acute effects of a moderate dose of ethanol (1g/kg body weight) on heart rate and blood pressure variability and baroreflex sensitivity were studied in 12 healthy male subjects in a juice-controlled experiment. Electrocardiographic and finger blood pressure data were recorded and stored in a minicomputer during 5 min of controlled breathing (15 cycles/min) and during deep breathing (5 s inspiration, 5 s expiration, four cycles) before drinking and hourly thereafter for 3 h. 2. Mean breath alcohol concentration rose to 18.9 mg/100 ml. In the time domain analysis, the root mean square difference of successive R-R interval decreased significantly with ethanol as compared with the juice experiment. The difference remained statistically significant even after adjustment for the shorter R-R interval after alcohol. In the frequency domain analysis the high-frequency (0.15-0.5 Hz) spectral power showed a significant decrease after alcohol intake. Also, the index of sensitivity of the baroreceptor reflex (square root of R-R interval power/systolic blood pressure power) decreased significantly in the high-frequency component. Ethanol did not change finger systolic blood pressure, and power spectral analysis did not show significant variability in blood pressure. 3. These data indicate that acute intake of moderate amounts of alcohol causes a significant decrease in heart rate variability owing to diminished vagal modulation of the heart rate.
Na-Montmorillonite-Dispersed Sustainable Polymer Nanocomposite Hydrogel Films for Anticancer Drug Delivery (2018)

Nanocomposite hydrogels have found a wide scope in regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, and smart drug delivery applications. The present study reports the formulations of biocompatible nanocomposite hydrogel films using carboxymethyl cellulose-hydroxyethyl cellulose-acrylonitrile-linseed oil polyol (CHAP) plain hydrogel and Na-montmorillonite (NaMMT) dispersed CHAP nanocomposite hydrogel films (NaCHAP) using solution blending technique. The structural, morphological, and mechanical properties of resultant nanocomposite hydrogel films were further investigated to analyze the effects of polyol and NaMMT on the characteristic properties. The synergistic effect of polyol and nanofillers on the mechanical strength and sustained drug-release behavior of the resultant hydrogel films was studied, which revealed that the increased cross-link density of hydrogels enhanced the elastic modulus (up to 99%) and improved the drug retention time (up to 72 h at both pHs 7.4 and 4.0). The release rate of cisplatin in nanocomposite hydrogel films was found to be higher in CHAP-1 (83 and 69%) and CHAP-3 (79 and 64%) than NaCHAP-3 (77 and 57%) and NaCHAP-4 (73 and 54%) at both pHs 4.0 and 7.4, respectively. These data confirmed that the release rate of cisplatin in nanocomposite hydrogel films was pH-responsive and increased with decrease of pH. All nanocomposite hydrogel films have exhibited excellent pH sensitivity under buffer solution of various pHs (1.0, 4.0, 7.4, and 9.0). The in vitro biocompatibility and cytotoxicity tests of these films were also conducted using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazole-2-yl-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assay of human embryonic kidney (HEK-293) and human breast cancer (MCF-7) cell lines up to 48 h, which shows their biocompatible nature. However, cisplatin-loaded nanocomposite hydrogel films effectively inhibited the growth of human breast MCF-7 cancer cells. These studies suggested that the proposed nanocomposite hydrogel films have shown promising application in therapeutics, especially for anticancer-targeted drug delivery.
Anhydrides as antimycotic agents added to polyethylene films for food packaging (1993)

Abstract Incorporation of free acids or salts of antimycotic food additives, including propionic acid, benzoic acid or sorbic acid, into low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) films failed to inhibit mould growth when the films contacted inoculated media. However, LDPE films into which benzoic anhydride was incorporated exhibited antimycotic activity when in contact with media and cheese. Benzoic anhydride, which had been added to LDPE film, was hydrolysed within 5h and detected as benzoic acid in potato dextrose agar (PDA) and cheese after contact with the film. LDPE films, into which 1% benzoic anhydride was incorporated, completely inhibited Rhizopus stolonifer. Penicillium spp., and Aspergillus toxicarius growth on PDA. Lower amounts of anhydride partially inhibited growth by increasing the lag phase and reducing the rate of growth in most cases. LDPE films incorporated with 0.5–2% benzoic anhydride delayed mould growth on cheese. These data suggest that addition of antimycotic agents to LDPE during film manufacture may be a feasible way of controlling surface mould growth in foods such as cheese.
Improving withstand voltage by roughening the surface of an insulating spacer used in vacuum (2003)

This paper describes a simple and reliable method of improving the surface insulation strength of a spacer used in vacuum. The method is to roughen the spacer surface to an average roughness R/sub a/ higher than 1 or 2 /spl mu/m. The material of the spacer examined is SiO/sub 2/, PMMA, PTFE or Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ and their shape is a right cylinder with 10 mm in height and 54 mm in diameter. The spacer is subjected to a ramped DC voltage and its surface charging is observed by using an electrostatic probe embedded in the cathode. It has been found that R/sub a/ decisively affects the charging, which decreases as R/sub a/ increases. Increasing R/sub a/ larger than about 2 /spl mu/m suppresses the charging until a higher applied voltage is reached, thus improving the insulation property.
Spectral Mixing Models of S-type Asteroids (1993)

This paper presents the results of an attempt to determine S-Type asteroid mineralogies with the use of Hapke theory spectral mixing modelling. Previous attempts to understand the spectral variations present in this single class of asteroids have concentrated on spectral parameters such as absorption band center wavelengths, band area ratios, and geometric albedos. The procedure taken here is to utilize the Hapke spectral reflectance model to calculate single scatter albedo as a function of wavelength for a suite of candidate end-member materials. These materials are then mixed linearly in single scatter albedo space, and the mixture is converted, assuming intimate particle mixing, back to reflectance for the spectrum matching routine. A total of 39 S-Type asteroids selected from the Bell et al. survey have been matched with mixture model spectra.
Table top, pulsed, relativistic electron gun with GV/m gradient (1997)

We present the design and performance characteristics of a compact, high voltage pulser with 150 ps rise time, 0.2 to 2 ns adjustable flat top and up to 1 MV amplitude on a 80 Ohm load or up to 0.5 MV on a 20 Ohm load, at 1 Hz repetition rate. Combination of a laser triggered SF6 and a liquid gap is used to form the fast rising pulse and maintain a low jitter between the laser, external trigger, and the high voltage pulsed output. The dark current and breakdown studies with this pulse applied between the electrodes of a diode indicate that fields up to 1 GV/m could be supported by stainless steel and copper cathodes without breaking down. The dark current from a conditioned cathode in a background pressure of 10−7 Torr is below the detection limit of 0.5 mA of our system. Photoemission studies had been conducted with 300 kV applied between copper cathode and stainless steel anode seperated by 2 mm. KrF laser of 5 eV photon energy and 20 ns FWHM was used to irradiate the cathode. In these preliminary measurements, 3 nC charge and corresponding quantum efficiency of 3.5×10−4 have been obtained. Future plans include increasing the gradient to GV/m range, decreasing the laser pulse duration to ps and subps range and increasing the electron energy to a few MeV.
Primate motor cortex and free arm movements to visual targets in three- dimensional space. II. Coding of the direction of movement by a neuronal population (1988)

We describe a code by which a population of motor cortical neurons could determine uniquely the direction of reaching movements in three-dimensional space. The population consisted of 475 directionally tuned cells whose functional properties are described in the preceding paper (Schwartz et al., 1988). Each cell discharged at the highest rate with movements in its "preferred direction" and at progressively lower rates with movements in directions away from the preferred one. The neuronal population code assumes that for a particular movement direction each cell makes a vectorial contribution ("votes") with direction in the cell's preferred direction and magnitude proportional to the change in the cell's discharge rate associated with the particular direction of movement. The vector sum of these contributions is the outcome of the population code (the "neuronal population vector") and points in the direction of movement in space well before the movement begins.
White Blood Cell Counts and Malaria (2005)

White blood cells (WBCs) were counted in 4697 individuals who presented to outpatient malaria clinics in Maesod, Tak Province, Thailand, and Iquitos, Peru, between 28 May and 28 August 1998 and between 17 May and 9 July 1999. At each site and in each year, WBC counts in the Plasmodium falciparum-infected patients were lower than those in the Plasmodium vivax-infected patients, which, in turn, were lower than those in the uninfected patients. In Thailand, one-sixth of the P. falciparum-infected patients had WBC counts of <4000 cells/microL. Leukopenia may confound population studies that estimate parasite densities on the basis of an assumed WBC count of 8000 cells/microL. For instance, in the present study, use of this conventional approach would have overestimated average asexual parasite densities in the P. falciparum-infected patients in Thailand by nearly one-third.
A linearly expanding universe (1979)

The question of the relation between radial velocity or apparent redshift and distance is examined to determine if there is any possibility of gross departures from the Hubble Law which relates redshift (Z) linearly to distance (d). Formulating alternative possibilities of the form d varies as Z/sup beta /, it is found that beta =0.987+or-0.015 for the sample studied. This clearly argues strongly that redshift is directly proportional to distance. (15 refs) .
The Proteus Effect: The Effect of Transformed Self-Representation on Behavior (2007)

Virtual environments, such as online games and web-based chat rooms, increasingly allow us to alter our digital self-representations dramatically and easily. But as we change our self-representations, do our self-representations change our behavior in turn? In 2 experimental studies, we explore the hypothesis that an individual’s behavior conforms to their digital self-representation independent of how others perceive them—a process we term the Proteus Effect. In the first study, participants assigned to more attractive avatars in immersive virtual environments were more intimate with confederates in a self-disclosure and interpersonal distance task than participants assigned to less attractive avatars. In our second study, participants assigned taller avatars behaved more confidently in a negotiation task than participants assigned shorter avatars. We discuss the implications of the Proteus Effect with regards to social interactions in online environments.