gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
NOMAD: A printed wiring board layout system (1975)

The NOMAD (Nonmodular Or Modular Automated Design) system provides computer-aided support for the layout of a wide range of printed wiring board designs. The system may be used to design both highly irregular nonmodular and more uniform modular printed wiring boards. The nonmodular boards usually contain numerous discrete and some digital components, whereas the modular varieties are almost entirely digital in nature. In order to guarantee flexibility and control of the layout process, the NOMAD system was implemented on a minicomputer-based interactive graphics terminal. The interactive graphics environment permits the NOMAD user to guide the PWB layout process through steps such as component placement and interconnection routing. Through the use of interactive display techniques and both heuristic and algorithmic computational aids, the user can complete the layout with NOMAD in a considerably shorter time than with alternative methods. Although the focal point of the NOMAD system is at the graphics terminal, telecommunication facilities are utilized to access large compute-bound component placement programs. Aside from the placement, all other design activities, including automatic routing aids, occur at the graphics computer. Once a printed wiring board layout is complete, facilities are available through NOMAD to obtain a full array of design documentation. This documentation includes artmasters for printed wiring board fabrication, an assembly drawing, a stocklist, schematic drawings, and a drill table.The NOMAD system has been operational since April, 1974. Improvements and enhancements are being made continually in an effort to further increase the cost effectiveness of the system.
Robust Downlink Beamforming in Multiuser MISO Cognitive Radio Networks With Imperfect Channel-State Information (2010)

This paper studies the problem of robust downlink beamforming design in a multiuser multiple-input-single-output (MISO) cognitive radio network (CR-Net) in which multiple secondary users (SUs) coexist with multiple primary users (PUs) of a single-cell primary radio network (PR-Net). It is assumed that the channel-state information (CSI) for all relevant channels is imperfectly known, and the imperfectness of the CSI is modeled using a Euclidean ball-shaped uncertainty set. Our design objective is to minimize the transmit power of the SU-Transmitter (SU-Tx) while simultaneously achieving a lower bound on the received signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) for the SUs and imposing an upper limit on the interference power (IP) at the PUs. The design parameters at the SU-Tx are the beamforming weights, and the proposed methodology to solve the problem is based on the worst-case design scenario through which the performance metrics of the design are immune to variations in the channels. The original problem is a separable homogeneous quadratically constrained quadratic problem (QCQP), which is an NP-hard problem, even for uncertain CSI. We reformulate our original design problem to a relaxed semidefinite program (SDP) and then investigate three different approaches based on convex programming. Finally, simulation results are provided to validate the robustness of the proposed methods.
Synthesis of Narrow Molecular Weight Distribution Norbornene-Lactone Functionalized Polymers by Nitroxide-Mediated Polymerization: Candidates for 193-nm Photoresist Materials (2014)

One hundred ninety three-nanometer candidate photoresist materials were synthesized by nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP). Statistical copolymerizations of 5-methacryloyloxy-2,6-norboranecarbolactone (NLAM) with 5–10 mol% of controlling co-monomers (which are necessary for controlled polymerizations of methacrylates by NMP with the initiator used) in the feed, such as styrene (ST), p-acetoxystyrene (AcOST), 2-vinyl naphthalene (VN) and pentafluorostyrene (PFS), using the unimolecular BlocBuilder® initiator in 35 wt% dioxane solution at 90 °C were performed. As little as 5 mol% controlling comonomer in the feed was demonstrated to be sufficient to lead to linear evolution of number average molecular weight with respect to conversion up to 50%, and the resulting copolymers had dispersities of ~1.3 in most cases, an attractive feature for reducing line width roughness (LWR) in photoresists. The copolymers generally showed relatively low absorbance at 193 nm, comparable to other 193-nm candidate photoresists reported previously, despite the inclusion of a small amount of the styrenic co-monomers in the copolymer.
Thermally Driven Unidirectional Crystallization of Charged Colloidal Silica (2007)

Dilute charged colloidal silica (particle diameter = 110 nm) containing pyridine exhibits a novel directed crystallization under a temperature gradient. The crystal growth can be explained in terms of a combination of heat conduction and thermally induced crystallization. Well-oriented and large (1 mm × 10 mm × ∼30 mm) single-domain crystals are formed in a short time (<10 min). Moreover, they have sharp and deep transmission dips as well as good spatial uniformity in the Bragg wavelength (∼0.1%).
ENERGY EFFECTIVENESS OF SIMULTANEOUS HEAT AND MASS EXCHANGE DEVICES (2010)

A premiere free-access and peer-reviewed frontier journal site, serving the needs of the thermal-fluids community. See the latest research or submit an article. Quickly share your research with the global thermal-fluids community, for increased citations and impact at no cost.
Comparison of Adaptive Behavior in Children With Heavy Prenatal Alcohol Exposure or Attention‐Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (2009)

This study suggests that both children with prenatal alcohol exposure and children with ADHD show impairments in adaptive function relative to controls, but that the pattern of impairment differs between these clinical groups. Adaptive ability in children with prenatal alcohol exposure is characterized by an arrest in development, as evidenced by a lack of improvement with age in socialization and communication scores. In contrast, children with ADHD exhibit a developmental delay in adaptive ability as their scores continued to improve with age, albeit not to the level of control children. Continued research focused on elucidating the patterns of deficits that exist in alcohol-exposed children ultimately will lead to improved differential diagnosis and effective interventions.
Low noise avalanche photodiodes by channeling of 800-keV boron into 〈110〉 silicon (1978)

Low noise avalanche photodiodes, which have an n+-p-π-p+ structure, are reported. Channeled boron ions (800 keV) in the 〈110〉 of Si are used for forming the p layer. The characteristics of this diode are compared with those fabricated by 800-keV random implantation. Low excess noise factors F=4–5 at a gain of 100 are obtained by using 〈110〉 channeled implantation, whereas F=6–7 for random implantation. By using parallel implantation, the uniformity of channeled distributions of boron ions are found to be fairly good at different locations in a wafer.
USE OF AN ORGANIC BASE IN THE ZIMMERMANN REACTION* (1957)

Journal Article USE OF AN ORGANIC BASE IN THE ZIMMERMANN REACTION Get access ALFRED M. BONGIOVANNI, M.D., ALFRED M. BONGIOVANNI, M.D. 1Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pa. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar WALTER R. EBERLEIN, M.D., WALTER R. EBERLEIN, M.D. 1Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pa. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar PATRICIA Z. THOMAS, M.D. PATRICIA Z. THOMAS, M.D. 1Department of Endocrinology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pa. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Volume 17, Issue 2, 1 February 1957, Pages 331–332, https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-17-2-331 Published: 01 February 1957
The Conceptual Coupling Metrics for Object-Oriented Systems (2006)

Coupling in software has been linked with maintainability and existing metrics are used as predictors of external software quality attributes such as fault-proneness, impact analysis, ripple effects of changes, changeability, etc. Many coupling measures for object-oriented (OO) software have been proposed, each of them capturing specific dimensions of coupling. This paper presents a new set of coupling measures for OO systems - named conceptual coupling, based on the semantic information obtained from the source code, encoded in identifiers and comments. A case study on open source software systems is performed to compare the new measures with existing structural coupling measures. The case study shows that the conceptual coupling captures new dimensions of coupling, which are not captured by existing coupling measures; hence it can be used to complement the existing metrics
Rhizobial exopolysaccharides: genetic control and symbiotic functions (2006)

Specific complex interactions between soil bacteria belonging to Rhizobium, Sinorhizobium, Mesorhizobium, Phylorhizobium, Bradyrhizobium and Azorhizobium commonly known as rhizobia, and their host leguminous plants result in development of root nodules. Nodules are new organs that consist mainly of plant cells infected with bacteroids that provide the host plant with fixed nitrogen. Proper nodule development requires the synthesis and perception of signal molecules such as lipochitooligosaccharides, called Nod factors that are important for induction of nodule development. Bacterial surface polysaccharides are also crucial for establishment of successful symbiosis with legumes. Sugar polymers of rhizobia are composed of a number of different polysaccharides, such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS), capsular polysaccharides (CPS or K-antigens), neutral beta-1, 2-glucans and acidic extracellular polysaccharides (EPS). Despite extensive research, the molecular function of the surface polysaccharides in symbiosis remains unclear. This review focuses on exopolysaccharides that are especially important for the invasion that leads to formation of indetermined (with persistent meristem) type of nodules on legumes such as clover, vetch, peas or alfalfa. The significance of EPS synthesis in symbiotic interactions of Rhizobium leguminosarum with clover is especially noticed. Accumulating data suggest that exopolysaccharides may be involved in invasion and nodule development, bacterial release from infection threads, bacteroid development, suppression of plant defense response and protection against plant antimicrobial compounds. Rhizobial exopolysaccharides are species-specific heteropolysaccharide polymers composed of common sugars that are substituted with non-carbohydrate residues. Synthesis of repeating units of exopolysaccharide, their modification, polymerization and export to the cell surface is controlled by clusters of genes, named exo/exs, exp or pss that are localized on rhizobial megaplasmids or chromosome. The function of these genes was identified by isolation and characterization of several mutants disabled in exopolysaccharide synthesis. The effect of exopolysaccharide deficiency on nodule development has been extensively studied. Production of exopolysaccharides is influenced by a complex network of environmental factors such as phosphate, nitrogen or sulphur. There is a strong suggestion that production of a variety of symbiotically active polysaccharides may allow rhizobial strains to adapt to changing environmental conditions and interact efficiently with legumes.
High-sensitivity fiber optic planar ultrasonic microphone (1994)

We describe the design and performance of a novel planar ultrasonic fiber sensor for detection of air acoustic signals. The sensor is formed from a potted single layer of spirally wound optical fiber, and configured such that the static backing pressure can be varied. Experimentally we demonstrate normalized sensitivities (?Ø /Ø?P) of-295 to .265dB re. 1 µPa1.
<title>Deep-ultraviolet lithography simulator tuning by resist profile matching</title> (1999)

TCAD simulation is very important for DUV lithography process development and control. Traditional lithography process engineering has relied on short-loop and pilot-lot experiments to understand the effects of particular process control factors. However, experiments are very expensive, and the complexity of lithographic patterns and processes is such that we must often resort to computational simulation. The availability, accuracy, and ease of use of lithography simulation are essential to the semiconductor industry. In this paper we present a methodology for DUV lithography simulator tuning by resists profile matching. A global optimization procedure is used to efficiently extract the correct values of the important fitting parameters by matching the simulated resist profiles to measured data. Results for a DUV lithography process are presented.
X-ray tubes. (1997)

The x-ray tube serves the function of creating x-ray photons from electric energy supplied by the x-ray generator. The process of creating the x-ray beam is very inefficient, with only 1% of the electric energy converted to x-ray photons and the remaining 99% converted to heat in the x-ray tube assembly. Thus, to produce sufficient x-ray output for diagnostic imaging, the x-ray tube must withstand and dissipate a substantial heat load, a requirement that affects the design and composition of the x-ray tube. The major x-ray tube components are the cathode and anode assemblies, the tube envelope, the rotor and stator (for rotating anode systems), and the tube housing. The design of the x-ray tube determines the basic characteristics of the x-ray beam such as focal spot size, x-ray field uniformity, and the x-ray energy spectrum. These x-ray beam characteristics are important because they affect radiologic parameters such as spatial resolution, image contrast, and patient dose.
Fatal agranulocytosis resulting from a procaine derivative. (1951)

Abstract A case history of fatal agranulocytosis believed due to a procaine derivative, procaine amide, is presented. Para-aminobenzoic acid, a breakdown product of procaine and procaine amide, has been demonstrated to be an etiological factor in leucopenia. Aminobenzene derivatives, of which para-aminobenzoic acid is a member, have been repeatedly implicated in fatal and nonfatal agranulocytosis. It is necessary to presuppose the existence of a previously weakened, damaged, or idiosyncratic bone marrow which may be congenital or acquired in the development of agranulocytosis.
Proof of concept of a security based on lifetime of communication's pseudonyms for the VANETs (2012)

To make Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) applications useful to the users, the security problem must be solved. Recent researches have suggested the use of a set of anonymous keys certified by the issuing CA (Central authority) to preserve privacy, authentication, and confidentiality of the communicating entities. But how to determine the right time for the vehicles to exchange their communication pseudonyms and what would be the impacts on the network resources such as time processing and memory. In this paper, we propose a protocol that preserves authentication, non repudiation, and location privacy and helps vehicles to exchange their pseudonyms at roughly the same time. It is based on calculating the Euclidean distance and the average of the speed permitted on the path to evaluate the lifetime of the communication's pseudonyms. The exchange of the information is based on asymmetric and symmetric cryptography scheme and it uses hash function. The protocol permits to determine the expiration time of pseudonyms and how to make the distribution of all the road side units along the road in order to establish a good communication between them and the vehicles.
Nonlinear transmission and light localization in photonic-crystal waveguides (2002)

We study the light transmission in two-dimensional photonic crystal waveguides with embedded nonlinear defects. First, we derive the effective discrete equations with long-range interaction for describing the waveguide modes, and demonstrate that they provide a highly accurate generalization of the familiar tight-binding models which are employed, e.g., for the study of the coupled-resonator optical waveguides. Using these equations, we investigate the properties of straight waveguides and waveguide bends with embedded nonlinear defects and demonstrate the possibility of the nonlinearity-induced bistable transmission. Additionally, we study localized modes in the waveguide bends and (linear and nonlinear) transmission of the bent waveguides and emphasize the role of evanescent modes in these phenomena.
Ultimate intra-wafer critical dimension uniformity control by using lithography and etch tool corrections (2016)

With shrinking design rules, the overall patterning requirements are getting aggressively tighter. For the 7-nm node and below, allowable CD uniformity variations are entering the Angstrom region (ref [1]). Optimizing inter- and intra-field CD uniformity of the final pattern requires a holistic tuning of all process steps. In previous work, CD control with either litho cluster or etch tool corrections has been discussed. Today, we present a holistic CD control approach, combining the correction capability of the etch tool with the correction capability of the exposure tool. The study is done on 10-nm logic node wafers, processed with a test vehicle stack patterning sequence. We include wafer-to-wafer and lot-to-lot variation and apply optical scatterometry to characterize the fingerprints. Making use of all available correction capabilities (lithography and etch), we investigated single application of exposure tool corrections and of etch tool corrections as well as combinations of both to reach the lowest CD uniformity. Results of the final pattern uniformity based on single and combined corrections are shown. We conclude on the application of this holistic lithography and etch optimization to 7nm High-Volume manufacturing, paving the way to ultimate within-wafer CD uniformity control.
Quantitative contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging: a review of sources of variability (2011)

Ultrasound provides a valuable tool for medical diagnosis offering real-time imaging with excellent spatial resolution and low cost. The advent of microbubble contrast agents has provided the additional ability to obtain essential quantitative information relating to tissue vascularity, tissue perfusion and even endothelial wall function. This technique has shown great promise for diagnosis and monitoring in a wide range of clinical conditions such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer, with considerable potential benefits in terms of patient care. A key challenge of this technique, however, is the existence of significant variations in the imaging results, and the lack of understanding regarding their origin. The aim of this paper is to review the potential sources of variability in the quantification of tissue perfusion based on microbubble contrast-enhanced ultrasound images. These are divided into the following three categories: (i) factors relating to the scanner setting, which include transmission power, transmission focal depth, dynamic range, signal gain and transmission frequency, (ii) factors relating to the patient, which include body physical differences, physiological interaction of body with bubbles, propagation and attenuation through tissue, and tissue motion, and (iii) factors relating to the microbubbles, which include the type of bubbles and their stability, preparation and injection and dosage. It has been shown that the factors in all the three categories can significantly affect the imaging results and contribute to the variations observed. How these factors influence quantitative imaging is explained and possible methods for reducing such variations are discussed.
Differential Inhibition of Cytosolic PEPCK by Substrate Analogues. Kinetic and Structural Characterization of Inhibitor Recognition (2008)

The mechanisms of molecular recognition of phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) and oxaloacetate (OAA) by cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (cPEPCK) were investigated by the systematic evaluation of a variety of PEP and OAA analogues as potential reversible inhibitors of the enzyme against PEP. The molecules that inhibit the enzyme in a competitive fashion were found to fall into two general classes. Those molecules that mimic the binding geometry of PEP, namely phosphoglycolate and 3-phosphonopropionate, are found to bind weakly (millimolar Ki values). In contrast, those competitive inhibitors that mimic the binding of OAA (oxalate and phosphonoformate) coordinate directly to the active site manganese ion and bind an order of magnitude more tightly (micromolar Ki values). The competitive inhibitor sulfoacetate is found to be an outlier of these two classes, binding in a hybrid fashion utilizing modes of recognition of both PEP and OAA in order to achieve a micromolar inhibition constant in the absence of direct coordination to the active site metal. The kinetic studies in combination with the structural characterization of the five aforementioned competitive inhibitors demonstrate the molecular requirements for high affinity binding of molecules to the active site of the enzyme. These features include cis-planar carbonyl groups that are required for coordination to the active site metal, a bridging electron rich atom at the position corresponding to the C2 methylene group of OAA to facilitate interactions with R405, a carboxylate or sulfonate moiety at a position corresponding to the C1 carboxylate of OAA, and the edge-on aromatic interaction between a carboxylate and Y235.