gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Density gradient minimization with coupling-constrained dummy fill for CMP control (2010)

In the nanometer IC design, dummy fill is often performed to improve layout pattern uniformity and the post-CMP quality. However, filling dummies might greatly increase interconnect coupling capacitance and thus circuit delay, and might also lead to explosion of mask data due to the extra layout patterns. Traditional dummy-fill algorithms try to make each tile (window) density satisfy foundry's density upper and lower bounds under the coupling constraint. As technology advances, however, it is not sufficient to just keep the pattern density variation of each layer within density bounds. The density gradient, besides the density variation, plays a pivotal role in determining the post-CMP thickness of modern circuit designs. In this paper, we present the first gradient-driven dummy-fill algorithm to address the density gradient and other classical objectives (such as density variation, coupling constraints, dummy count) as well. Our dummy-fill algorithm has the two distinguished features: (1) Gaussian smoothing based gradient-driven multilevel dummy density analysis to minimize density gradient level by level, and (2) ILP-based fill synthesis to insert the fewest dummies within the coupling-violation-free feasible regions while satisfying the density constraints. Experimental results show that our algorithm can achieve promising results by inserting minimal dummies to reduce the density gradient and variation under the coupling constraints with a reasonable runtime overhead.
An experimental 256 Mb non-volatile DRAM with cell plate boosted programming technique (2004)

A 256 Mb NVDRAM is fabricated with a modified 0.115 /spl mu/m DRAM process. The cell transistor has a scaled polysilicon-oxide-nitride-oxide-silicon (SONOS) structure that traps electrons or holes at a relatively low voltage stress. NVDRAM utilizes DRAM storage node boost from the cell plate for programming to ensure more reliable operation.
Exercise-induced immunodepression– plasma glutamine is not the link (2002)

The amino acid glutamine is known to be important for the function of some immune cells in vitro. It has been proposed that the decrease in plasma glutamine concentration in relation to catabolic conditions, including prolonged, exhaustive exercise, results in a lack of glutamine for these cells and may be responsible for the transient immunodepression commonly observed after acute, exhaustive exercise. It has been unclear, however, whether the magnitude of the observed decrease in plasma glutamine concentration would be great enough to compromise the function of immune cells. In fact, intracellular glutamine concentration may not be compromised when plasma levels are decreased postexercise. In addition, a number of recent intervention studies with glutamine feeding demonstrate that, although the plasma concentration of glutamine is kept constant during and after acute, strenuous exercise, glutamine supplementation does not abolish the postexercise decrease in in vitro cellular immunity, including low lymphocyte number, impaired lymphocyte proliferation, impaired natural killer and lymphokine-activated killer cell activity, as well as low production rate and concentration of salivary IgA. It is concluded that, although the glutamine hypothesis may explain immunodepression related to other stressful conditions such as trauma and burn, plasma glutamine concentration is not likely to play a mechanistic role in exercise-induced immunodepression.
Classroom Seating Location, Student Grades, and Attitudes: Environment or Self-Selection?. (1980)

A previous study by Becker et al. demonstrated that students who sit near the front and center of a classroom get better grades and like the instructor better than students who sit in the back or a...
Who fans the flames of Alzheimer's disease brains? Misfolded tau on the crossroad of neurodegenerative and inflammatory pathways (2012)

Neurodegeneration, induced by misfolded tau protein, and neuroinflammation, driven by glial cells, represent the salient features of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and related human tauopathies. While tau neurodegeneration significantly correlates with disease progression, brain inflammation seems to be an important factor in regulating the resistance or susceptibility to AD neurodegeneration. Previously, it has been shown that there is a reciprocal relationship between the local inflammatory response and neurofibrillary lesions. Numerous independent studies have reported that inflammatory responses may contribute to the development of tau pathology and thus accelerate the course of disease. It has been shown that various cytokines can significantly affect the functional and structural properties of intracellular tau. Notwithstanding, anti-inflammatory approaches have not unequivocally demonstrated that inhibition of the brain immune response can lead to reduction of neurofibrillary lesions. On the other hand, our recent data show that misfolded tau could represent a trigger for microglial activation, suggesting the dual role of misfolded tau in the Alzheimer's disease inflammatory cascade. On the basis of current knowledge, we can conclude that misfolded tau is located at the crossroad of the neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory pathways. Thus disease-modified tau represents an important target for potential therapeutic strategies for patients with Alzheimer's disease.
Integrated Access to Metabolic and Genomic Data (1996)

The EcoCyc system consists of a knowledge base (KB) that describes the genes and intermediary metabolism of Escherichia coli, and a graphical user interface (GUI) for accessing that knowledge. This paper addresses two problems: How can we create a GUI that provides integrated access to metabolic and genomic data? We describe the design and implementation of visual presentations that closely mimic those found in the biology literature, and that offer hypertext navigation among related entities, and multiple views of the same entity. We employ a frame knowledge representation system (FRS) called HyperTHEO to manage the EcoCyc knowledge base. Among the advantages of FRSs are an expressive data model for capturing the complexities of biological information, and schema-evolution capabilities that facilitate the constant schema changes that biological databases tend to undergo. HyperTHEO also includes rule-based inference facilities that are the foundation of expert systems, a constraint language for maintaining data integrity, and a declarative query language. A graphic KB editor and browser allow the EcoCyc developers to interactively inspect and modify this evolving KB.
Molecular Plant Development (1988)

A graduate-level textbook/reference on recent studies in which the techniques of molecular biology have been applied to classical problems in plant development.
Straight Line Defect Detection With Feed Forward Neural Network (2012)

Nowadays, hard disk is one of the most popular storage components. In hard disk industry, the hard disk drive must pass various complex processes and tested systems. In each step, there are some failures. To reduce waste from these failures, we must find the root cause of those failures. Conventionall data analysis method is not effective enough to analyze the large capacity of data. In this paper, we proposed the Hough method for straight line detection that helps to detect straight line defect patterns that occurs in hard disk drive. The proposed method will help to increase more speed and accuracy in failure analysis.
Carbon Foam: New Generation of Enhanced Surface Compact Recuperators for Gas Turbines (2005)

The potential of porous carbon foam is explored in the context of compact recuperators for microturbine applications. Porous carbon foam has an open, interconnected pore structure and an extremely high solid-phase conductivity, which render the material a viable alternative in compact heat exchanger design. The material is also mechanically stable, non-corrosive and relatively inert to temperatures up to approximately 500°C, which make it particularly attractive for high-temperature non-oxydizing and moderate temperature oxidizing applications. Hydrodynamic and thermal engineering models are proposed based on recent work applied to air-water heat exchangers. The models are developed based on a unit-cube geometric model for carbon foam, a heat transfer model and well-established convective correlations that are extended to account for the effects of the carbon foam. The present calculations suggest that the use of carbon foam in a relatively simple configuration results in a significant reduction in thermal resistance accompanied by a rise in the hydrodynamic resistance. These preliminary results suggest that very compact heat transfer devices could be developed. With further investigation it is felt that the hydrodynamic resistance could be reduced while preserving the heat transfer performance resulting in very high-performance, compact heat transfer devices.
How to Forge DES-Encrypted Messages in $2^{28}$ Steps (1996)

In this paper we suggest key-collision attacks, and show that the theoretic strength of a cipher cannot exceed the square root of the size of the key space. As a result, in some circumstances, some DES keys can be recovered while they are still in use, and these keys can then be used to forge messages: in particular, one key of DES can be recovered with complexity 2^28 , and one key of (three-key) triple-DES can be recovered with complexity 2^84. Keywords: Cryptanalysis, Data Encryption Standard (DES), Triple-DES, Multiple Encryption, Birthday Paradox, Key-Collision Attacks.
Case Study: Value in Drilling Derived From Application-Specific Technology (2004)

Case Study - No abstract available.
Computational Study of Body Force Production Process and Performance Improvement in Dielectric-Barrier-Discharge Plasma Actuator (2018)

The discharge process in a dielectric-barrier-discharge (DBD) plasma actuator was numerically investigated in order to understand the EHD force production process and seek the key factors to enhance the performance for flow control applications. In this study, a sinusoidal, triangle, and square voltage waveforms were applied with the same amplitude and frequency. The streamer discharges were repetitively observed in the positive-going phase in a voltage cycle, whereas the diffusive structures are obtained in the negative-going phase as reported in previous experimental studies for the three waveforms. The time-averaged EHD force for the sinusoidal waveform case was the smallest in our simulation condition, and the forces for the triangle and square waveform cases were almost the same value. However, the distribution of the EHD force for the square waveform was quite different from the triangle waveform because of the discharge regime difference. For the square waveform case, a lot of streamers propagate in a short time in the positive-going phase, and no discharge is obtained in the plateau phase. The applied voltage waveform has impacts on not only the time-averaged EHD force but also the EHD force distribution. These differences will also affect on the induced-flow structure and the control performance of the DBD plasma actuator.
Perylenediimide derivatives in new donor–acceptor dyads (2005)

Novel donor–acceptor dyads were synthesized with tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) or perylene-3,4-mono(carboximide) (PMI) as the donor and perylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide) (PDI) as the acceptor. These two units were covalently attached using an esterification reaction through a short and flexible linker. Thus, an original synthetic strategy for the electron-accepting dissymmetrical PDI derivative bearing an alcohol group was developed. On the other hand, donors TTF and PMI were functionalized by a carboxylic acid group. These dyads exhibited good solubilities in usual organic solvents (toluene, dichloromethane, THF…) which allowed electrochemical and spectroscopic characterizations. In particular, it was demonstrated that the TTF–PDI dyad can be assimilated as a new photo-redox switch. .
Compromised Hemodynamic Response in Amyloid Precursor Protein Transgenic Mice (2002)

APP23 transgenic mice overexpressing amyloid precursor protein (APP751) reproduce neuropathological changes associated with Alzheimer's disease such as high levels of amyloid plaques, cerebral amyloid angiopathy, and associated vascular pathologies. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was applied to characterize brain functionality in these mice through global pharmacological stimulation. The cerebral hemodynamic response to infusion of the GABA(A) antagonist bicuculline was significantly reduced in aged APP23 mice compared with age-matched wild-type littermates. This is in part attributable to a compromised cerebrovascular reactivity, as revealed by the reduced responsiveness to vasodilatory stimulation by acetazolamide. The study shows that fMRI is a sensitive tool to phenotype genetically engineered animals modeling neuropathologies.
New multi-level codes over GF(q) (1990)

Set partitioning to multi-dimensional signal spaces over GF(q), particularly GF sup q-1(q) and GF sup q (q), and show how to construct both multi-level block codes and multi-level trellis codes over GF(q). Two classes of multi-level (n, k, d) block codes over GF(q) with block length n, number of information symbols k, and minimum distance d sub min greater than or = d, are presented. These two classes of codes use Reed-Solomon codes as component codes. They can be easily decoded as block length q-1 Reed-Solomon codes or block length q or q + 1 extended Reed-Solomon codes using multi-stage decoding. Many of these codes have larger distances than comparable q-ary block codes, as component codes. Low rate q-ary convolutional codes, work error correcting convolutional codes, and binary-to-q-ary convolutional codes can also be used to construct multi-level trellis codes over GF(q) or binary-to-q-ary trellis codes, some of which have better performance than the above block codes. All of the new codes have simple decoding algorithms based on hard decision multi-stage decoding.
Identification of Pseudo-nitzschia australis (Bacillariophyceae) using rRNA-targeted probes in whole cell and sandwich hybridization formats (1996)

Large-subunit ribosomal RNA (LSU rRNA)-targeted oligonucleotides specific for Pseudo-nitzschia australis Frenguelli were used to discriminate that species from cultured isolates of P. pungens (Grunow) Hasle, P. multiseries (Hasle) Hasle, P. delicatissima (P.T. Cleve) Heiden, P. pseudodelicatissima (Hasle) Hasle, P. fraudulenta (P.T.Cleve) Heiden, P. heimii Manguin, and P. americana (Hasle) Fryxell using whole cell (in situ) and sandwich hybridization. Whole cell hybridization involved application of fluorescently labelled probes to chemically preserved (intact) cells. Cells that retained the probe were visualized using epifluorescence microscopy. In contrast, sandwich hybridization was initiated by homogenizing live cells to liberate their contents. Detection of P. australis was accomplished by capturing LSU rRNA from unpurified cell lysates using a species-specific oligonucleotide attached to a solid support. Captured molecules were washed free of other lysate and hybridized to a biotinylated signal probe that bound more conserved regions of the molecule. The signal probe served as a platform for an enzyme-driven colourimetric reaction; presence of P. australis in the sample resulted in a macroscopic colour change of the solid support.Both whole cell and sandwich hybridization methods are useful techniques for discriminating P. australis from its closely related congeners. The relative advantages and disadvantages of each technique are discussed. With respect to future applications, choice of one method over another will likely depend on the particular question at hand and the type of data one wishes to obtain. At present, sandwich hybridization appears faster, easier, and more amenable to automation. For these reasons, it may be a more appropriate technique for routine, rapid enumeration of potentially toxic microalgal species in large numbers of environmental samples.
Systemic Delivery of γ134.5-Deleted Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Selectively Targets and Treats Distant Human Xenograft Tumors That Express High MEK Activity (2007)

Deltagamma(1)34.5 mutant herpes simplex type 1 viruses are under active clinical investigation as oncolytic therapy for cancer. Mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK) activity has been shown to suppress protein kinase R and thereby confer oncolytic susceptibility to some human tumors by R3616, a virus deleted for both copies of gamma(1)34.5. We report that systemic delivery of R3616 can selectively target and destroy human xenograft tumors that overexpress MEK activity compared with tumors that express lower MEK activity. These results suggest systemic delivery of R3616 may be effective in the treatment of some human tumors.
Regulation of liver carnitine palmitoyltransferase I gene expression by hormones and fatty acids (2001)

This brief review focuses on the transcriptional regulation of liver carnitine palmitoyltransferase I (L-CPT I) by pancreatic and thyroid hormones and by long-chain fatty acids (LCFA). Both glucagon and 3,3′,5-tri-iodothyronine (T3) enhanced the transcription of the gene encoding L-CPT I, whereas insulin had the opposite effect. Interestingly, the transcriptional effect of T3 required, in addition to the thyroid-responsive element, the co-operation of a sequence located in the first intron of L-CPT I gene. Non-esterified fatty acids rather than acyl-CoA ester or intramitochondrial metabolite were responsible for the transcriptional effect on the gene encoding LCPT I. It was shown that LCFA and peroxisome proliferators stimulated L-CPT I gene transcription by distinct mechanisms. Peroxisome proliferator stimulated L-CPT I gene transcription through a peroxisome-proliferator-responsive element (PPRE) located at -2846 bp, whereas LCFA induced L-CPT I gene transcription through a peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα)-independent mechanism owing to a sequence located in the first intron of the gene.
The pepATTRACT web server for blind, large-scale peptide–protein docking (2017)

Peptide–protein interactions are ubiquitous in the cell and form an important part of the interactome. Computational docking methods can complement experimental characterization of these complexes, but current protocols are not applicable on the proteome scale. pepATTRACT is a novel docking protocol that is fully blind, i.e. it does not require any information about the binding site. In various stages of its development, pepATTRACT has participated in CAPRI, making successful predictions for five out of seven protein–peptide targets. Its performance is similar or better than state-of-the-art local docking protocols that do require binding site information. Here we present a novel web server that carries out the rigid-body stage of pepATTRACT. On the peptiDB benchmark, the web server generates a correct model in the top 50 in 34% of the cases. Compared to the full pepATTRACT protocol, this leads to some loss of performance, but the computation time is reduced from ∼18 h to ∼10 min. Combined with the fact that it is fully blind, this makes the web server well-suited for large-scale in silico protein–peptide docking experiments. The rigid-body pepATTRACT server is freely available at http://bioserv.rpbs.univ-paris-diderot.fr/services/pepATTRACT.
Reduced-complexity extended Min-sum check node processing for non-binary LDPC decoding (2010)

Non-binary low-density parity-check (NB-LDPC) codes can achieve higher coding gain than binary LDPC codes when the code length is moderate at the cost of higher complexity. One major step of NB-LDPC decoding is check node processing. Previously, iterative forward-backward approaches are employed to implement this step. However, the storage of the intermediate results of the forward and backward computations requires large memory. In this paper, a novel check node processing scheme and corresponding VLSI architectures are proposed for the extended Min-sum NB-LDPC decoding. The proposed scheme only stores a limited number of sorted variable-to-check messages. Then the check-to-variable messages for different variable node are generated independently. For a (837, 726) NB-LDPC code over GF(2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sup> ), the proposed architecture only requires 64% of the area of the previous design with the same throughput and error-correcting performance.
Power Supply Pads Assignment for Maximum Timing Yield (2011)

The design of power distribution networks significantly impacts the timing of very large scale integrated chips. Process variations induce uncertainty in the current drawn off the network and, therefore, impose statistical measures on the supply voltage. This brief presents an optimization methodology for assigning power supply pads across the chip for maximizing the timing yield. A mixed-integer nonlinear programming optimization problem subject to the voltage drop and current constraints is efficiently solved to find the optimum number and location of the pads. The experimental results for ISCAS89 benchmark circuits demonstrate as much as a 30% improvement in the timing yield.
Detection of Neisseria meningitidis in Cerebrospinal Fluid Using a Multiplex PCR and the Luminex Detection Technology (2011)

Rapid clinical and laboratory diagnoses are the foundation for a successful management of serious infections with Neisseria meningitidis. A species-specific multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) coupled with fluidic microarrays using microbeads (the Luminex xMAP™ Technology) can detect pathogens most frequently found in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients. The Luminex suspension array system uniquely combines flow cytometry, microspheres, laser technology, digital signal processing, and traditional chemistry. In this method, the reaction is carried out in one vessel, in which distinctly color-coded bead sets, each conjugated with a different specific nucleic acid reactant, are hybridized with the PCR products, and a reporter molecule is used to quantify the interaction. The flow-based Luminex array reader identifies each reaction (bead set) after excitation by a red classification laser. Reporter signals from each reaction are simultaneously quantified by fluorescence generated by a green reporter laser. This nonculture, multiplex assay may prove to be an important tool for optimal laboratory diagnosis, not only of meningococcal meningitis, but also of meningitis caused by other bacterial or viral pathogens.