gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Polymer Blend Solar Cells Based on a High‐Mobility Naphthalenediimide‐Based Polymer Acceptor: Device Physics, Photophysics and Morphology (2011)

Abstract A high electron mobility polymer, poly{[ N , N ’‐bis(2‐octyldodecyl)‐naphthalene‐1,4,5,8‐bis(dicarboximide)‐2,6‐diyl]‐alt‐5,5’‐(2,2’‐bithiophene) (P(NDI2OD‐T2)) is investigated for use as an electron acceptor in all‐polymer blends. Despite the high bulk electron mobility, near‐infrared absorption band and compatible energy levels, bulk heterojunction devices fabricated with poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) as the electron donor exhibit power conversion efficiencies of only 0.2%. In order to understand this disappointing photovoltaic performance, systematic investigations of the photophysics, device physics and morphology of this system are performed. Ultra‐fast transient absorption spectroscopy reveals a two‐stage decay process with an initial rapid loss of photoinduced polarons, followed by a second slower decay. This second slower decay is similar to what is observed for efficient P3HT:PCBM ([6,6]‐phenyl C 61 ‐butyric acid methyl ester) blends, however the initial fast decay that is absent in P3HT:PCBM blends suggests rapid, geminate recombination of charge pairs shortly after charge transfer. X‐ray microscopy reveals coarse phase separation of P3HT:P(NDI2OD‐T2) blends with domains of size 0.2 to 1 micrometer. P3HT photoluminescence, however, is still found to be efficiently quenched indicating intermixing within these mesoscale domains. This hierarchy of phase separation is consistent with the transient absorption, whereby localized confinement of charges on isolated chains in the matrix of the other polymer hinders the separation of interfacial electron‐hole pairs. These results indicate that local, interfacial processes are the key factor determining the overall efficiency of this system and highlight the need for improved morphological control in order for the potential benefit of high‐mobility electron accepting polymers to be realized.
Asymptotic airwave modeling for marine controlled-source electromagnetic surveying (2007)

Abstract Marine controlled-source electromagnetic (CSEM) surveying, also called seabed logging, is a technique for finding resistive layers in the subsurface, which can be hydrocarbon-saturated reservoirs. The EM signal from the horizontal electric dipole source induces an airwave along the air/sea surface that interferes with the signal from the subsurface and dominates at larger offsets. The airwave commonly denotes the energy that propagates from the source via the atmosphere to the receiver on the seabed. The airwave component is especially problematic in shallow waters, where it is less attenuated during its up-and-down propagation in the water column than for deeper waters. An asymptotically derived space-domain equation that describes the airwavecomponent in a water half-space bounded by air is well known from the EM literature. We demonstrate that by taking into account the reflections and reverberations of the airwave component in the water column between the seabed and the sea surface at both the source side and the receiver side, this equation can be generalized to a water layer. The new model we present can serve as an integrity check for other modeling schemes. Our airwave model shows how the airwave component depends on water depth, source-receiver range, frequency, and seabed resistivity. The model is verified by extensive numerical testing. Finally, we show how the source-induced airwave may affect the marine CSEM recordings and how the airwave component in principle can be suppressed by a modeling-and-subtraction approach.
High-resolution electro-optic mapping of near-field distributions in integrated microwave circuits (2002)

A field mapping system based on external electrooptic sampling has been developed in order to determine all components of the electric near-field distribution of guided microwaves with high spatial resolution. The capabilities of the setup are demonstrated by 2D-measurements of normal and tangential fields in a microwave distribution network.
Temperature- and pH-Dependence of Hydrogen Peroxide Formation from Molecular Oxygen by Gold Nanoparticle-Loaded Titanium(IV) Oxide Photocatalyst (2015)

Our preceding communication reported that UV-light irradiation (light wavelength λ > 320 nm) of gold nanoparticle-loaded TiO2 (Au/TiO2) in 4% ethanol aqueous solution reduces the oxygen (O2) dissolved from the air to yield hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) at the millimolar level, and the relation between the photocatalytic activity and mean particle size (d) of Au shows a unique inverse volcano-type profile (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2010, 132, 7850.). In this study, Au nanoparticles (d = 3.5 and 7.7 nm) were loaded on anatase TiO2 particles (d = 150 nm) with the loading amount maintained at 0.24 mass% by the heating temperature-varied deposition–precipitation technique. In the reaction, the Au/TiO2-photocatalytic H2O2 generation is accompanied by the Au/TiO2-thermocatalytic decomposition. The time courses for the H2O2 generation under different temperature and pH of the solution are kinetically analyzed. Consequently, it has been revealed that as the temperature and pH of the solution decrease, the H2O2 generation is enhanced, and conversely, the decomposition is suppressed. A photonic efficiency of 22% at λ = 355 ± 23 nm was achieved for the reaction system at 5 °C and pH 2, and the concentration of H2O2 reached 17 mmol dm–3 after 23 h irradiation.
T-Cell Recognition of Mycobacterial GroES Peptides in Thai Leprosy Patients and Contacts (1998)

We report here the mapping of T-cell-stimulatory determinants of the GroES 10-kDa heat shock protein homologues from Mycobacterium leprae and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which are known as major immunogens in mycobacterial infections. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from treated tuberculoid leprosy or lepromatous leprosy patients and from healthy household or hospital staff contacts of the patients were cultured with 20 16-mer peptides covering the entire sequences of both M. leprae and M. tuberculosis GroES. The total number of recognized peptides was found to be the largest in family contacts, while responder frequencies to the individual tested peptides varied (5 to 80%) with specificity between the patient and contact groups. Proliferative responses to some peptides showed positive or negative associations of low statistical significance with DR and DQ alleles, though responses to most GroES peptides were genetically permissive. Notably, the sequence of the 25-40 peptide of M. leprae, but not that of M. tuberculosis, was more frequently stimulatory in tuberculoid leprosy patients than in either group of sensitized healthy contacts. This peptide bound to a number of HLA-DR molecules, of which HLA-DRB5*0101 had the strongest affinity. The epitope core binding to this allele was localized to the 29-to-37 sequence, and its key residue was localized to the M. leprae-specific glutamic acid at position 32. This epitope may be of interest for the development of a blood test- or skin test-based diagnostic reagent for tuberculoid leprosy, subject to further clinical evaluation in untreated patients.
Neurobiology of Seizures and Behavioral Abnormalities (2004)

Seizures are both caused by and induce a complex set of neurobiological alterations and adaptations. The animal model of amygdala kindling provides insight into the spatiotemporal evolution of these changes as a function of seizure development and progression. Intracellular, synaptic, and microstructural changes are revealed as related to both the primary pathophysiology of kindled seizure evolution and compensatory secondary, or endogenous anticonvulsant adaptations. At the level of gene expression, the balance of these pathological and adaptive processes (as augmented by exogenous medications) probably determines whether seizures will be manifest or suppressed and could account for aspects of their intermittency. As anxiety and emotion modulation are subserved by many of the same neuroanatomic substrates involved in the evolution of complex partial seizures, particularly those of the medial temporal lobe, it is readily conceptualized how vulnerability to a range of psychiatric disorders could be related to the primary or secondary neurochemical alterations associated with seizure disorders. The discrete and methodologically controlled elucidation of the cascades and spatiotemporal distributions of neurobiological alterations that accompany seizure evolution in the kindling model may help resolve some of the difficulty and complexity of elucidating these biobehavioral relationships in the clinic.
A Digital Recording System for Tipping Bucket Raingages: Description and Field Testing (1979)

A system for recording data from a large network of tipping bucket raingages on digital tape cassettes has been developed for the Florida Area Cumulus Experiment (FACE). This system is substantially less expensive than those previously available when large members of gages are needed. Field tests during June, July and August 1978 in South Florida showed the system to be accurate and reliable.
Performance of slow-FH/16-QAM system with interference-immunity decoding and transmission power control for land mobile radio (2003)

A method to estimate the interference level for use in a block decoding and carrier-to-interference ratio (CIR)-based closed-loop transmission power control (TPC) in a slow frequency-hopping (slow-FH) radio communication system is described. The reverse-link performance of the system is evaluated. In this interference estimation method, the difference level between the decoded symbol block and the received symbol block is used in the receiver. Even the CIR for damaged slots can be estimated because all the slots are not always affected by the same interference in the slow-FH system. We use computer simulation to determine whether the decoding with estimated interference and CIR-based TPC works well in a slow-FH/16-quadrature amplitude modulation (16-QAM) system. The obtained bit error rate (BER) performance shows that it achieves high-quality transmission.
The Effect of Soaking in Water on the ‘Seeds ’ of Dactylis glomerata L. (1933)

Journal Article The Effect of Soaking in Water on the ‘Seeds ’ of Dactylis glomerata L. Get access H. G. CHIPPINDALE, M.Sc. H. G. CHIPPINDALE, M.Sc. WELSH PLANT BREEDING STATION, ABERYSTWYTH Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Annals of Botany, Volume os-47, Issue 4, October 1933, Pages 841–849, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aob.a090420 Published: 01 October 1933
Identification and culture of olfactory neural progenitors from GFP mice (2003)

The olfactory epithelium (OE) is one of the best sources for obtaining adult stem cells from the nervous system, because it contains neural progenitors that regenerate continuously throughout life. The OE is accessible through the nasal cavity, which facilitates stem cell harvest for examination and transplantation. The mitotic activity of OE progenitors can be stimulated by intranasal irrigation with zinc sulfate (ZnSO4). In the study reported here, we focused on OE from a transgenic mouse line transfected with green fluorescent protein (GFP). Histological examination demonstrated the site of highest yield of OE in the transgenic and wild type littermates. Cultures were established from that site four days in vitro following ZnSO4 exposure. The GFP-derived primary cultures contained a heterogeneous population of fluorescent cells. After 10-12 days, a population of round, mitotically active cells emerged that formed fluorescent neurospheres. The neurosphere forming cells (NSFCs) were collected and subcultured up to four times. The NSFCs were primarily neuronal with only a few cells of glial lineage. Furthermore, the NSFCs were nestin positive and keratin negative, suggesting that they were neural progenitors. The endogenous GFP fluorescence of these cells provides a readily identifiable label that will facilitate their identification following transplantation into nontransfected hosts. They should provide a useful model for evaluating the potential therapeutic utility of OE progenitors in neurodegenerative diseases and neurotrauma repair.
ChemInform Abstract: An Expeditious Synthesis of Epibatidine (V) and Analogues. (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Depletion of antibiotic targets has widely varying effects on growth (2011)

It is often assumed that antibiotics act on the most vulnerable cellular targets, particularly those that require limited inhibition to block growth. To evaluate this assumption, we developed a genetic method that can inducibly deplete targeted proteins and that mimics their chemical inactivation. We applied this system to current antibiotic targets in mycobacteria. Although depleting some antibiotic targets significantly perturbs bacterial growth, surprisingly, we found that reducing the levels of other targets by more than 97% had little or no effect on growth. For one of these targets, dihydrofolate reductase, metabolic analysis suggested that depletion mimics the use of subinhibitory concentrations of the antibiotic trimethroprim. These observations indicate that some drug targets can exist at levels much higher than are needed to support growth. However, protein depletion can be used to identify promising drug targets that are particularly vulnerable to inhibition.
Stratification of lakes (2008)

Many lakes show vertical stratification of their water masses, at least for some extended time periods. Density differences in water bodies facilitate an evolution of chemical differences with many consequences for living organisms in lakes. Temperature and dissolved substances contribute to density differences in water. The atmosphere imposes a temperature signal on the lake surface. As a result, thermal stratification can be established during the warm season if a lake is sufficiently deep. On the contrary, during the cold period, surface cooling forces vertical circulation of water masses and removal of gradients of water properties. However, gradients of dissolved substances may be sustained for periods much longer than one annual cycle. Such lakes do not experience full overturns. Gradients may be a consequence of external inflows or groundwater seepage. In addition, photosynthesis at the lake surface and subsequent decomposition of organic material in the deeper layers of a lake can sustain a gradient of dissolved substances. Three more geochemical cycles, namely, calcite precipitation, iron cycle, and manganese cycle, are known for sustaining meromixis. A limited number of lakes do not experience a complete overturn because of pressure dependence of temperature of maximum density. Such lakes must be sufficiently deep and lie in the appropriate climate zone. Although these lakes are permanently stratified, deep waters are well ventilated, and chemical differences are small. Turbulent mixing and convective deep water renewal must be very effective. As a consequence, these lakes usually are not termed meromictic. Permanent stratification may also be created by episodic partial recharging of the deep water layer. This mechanism resembles the cycling of the ocean: horizontal gradients result from gradients at the surface, such as differential cooling or enhanced evaporation in adjacent shallow side bays. Dense water parcels can be formed which intrude the deep water layer. In the final section, stratification relevant physical properties, such as sound speed, hydrostatic pressure, electrical conductivity, and density, are discussed. The assumptions behind salinity, electrical conductance, potential density, and potential temperature are introduced. Finally, empirical and theoretical approaches for quantitative evaluation from easy to measure properties conclude this contribution.
Room-temperature Ionic Liquid and Its Applications to Environmental Chemistry (2002)

The research in room temperature ionic liquid is reviewed. The present status and development prospect of its applications to environmental chemistry are introduced in detail. As high performance environmental solvents, the room temperature ionic liquids can be applied to treating oil shale, purifying nature gas, and processing nuclear fuel; they can also be used in organic synthesis reactions, such as Diels Alder reaction, Friedel Crafts reaction, transition metal catalyzed reaction, regioselective alkylation. They can be used as the substitutes for traditional strong acid catalysts in alkylation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, esterification of acetic acid with alcohols, Beckmann rearrangement reaction, hydrogenation and polymerization of aromatic compounds.
Origin of ‘‘residual’’ persistent photoconductivity in selectively doped GaAs/Al<i>x</i>Ga1−<i>x</i>As heterojunctions (1986)

We present experimental results which clearly separate the various physical mechanisms which cause persistent photoconductivity in GaAs/AlxGa1−xAs heterojunctions. For high Al mole fraction the major contribution is from the donor-related DX center. This contribution is eliminated by reducing the Al mole fraction x, but we observe a ‘‘residual’’ effect for x≲0.2. We show that this is due to the persistent photovoltage developed between channel and semi-insulating substrate. Charge trapping in the epitaxial GaAs buffer layer contributes negligibly, contrary to the assumptions of other workers. This is demonstrated by fabricating modulation-doped field-effect transistors of low Al mole fraction on conductive substrates. In these devices persistent photoconductivity is eliminated as long as the substrate (back gate) potential is fixed with respect to the channel.
Virtually shared displays and user input devices (2007)

This paper proposes making displays and input devices as first-class citizens in a networked system environment for collaborative applications. The paper describes a virtually shared model that enables users to use remote displays as extensions of their local displays and to allow multiple users to use multiple cursors and keyboards to input and control shared applications and their windows simultaneously. We have implemented a prototype system and deployed it to three DOE Fusion control rooms. The implementation performs well on today’s hardware and our user feedbacks show that such a paradigm can substantially improve information sharing. 1.
The Dynamics of Perceptual Learning: An Incremental Reweighting Model. (2005)

The mechanisms of perceptual learning are analyzed theoretically, probed in an orientation-discrimination experiment involving a novel nonstationary context manipulation, and instantiated in a detailed computational model. Two hypotheses are examined: modification of early cortical representations versus task-specific selective reweighting. Representation modification seems neither functionally necessary nor implied by the available psychophysical and physiological evidence. Computer simulations and mathematical analyses demonstrate the functional and empirical adequacy of selective reweighting as a perceptual learning mechanism. The stimulus images are processed by standard orientation- and frequency-tuned representational units, divisively normalized. Learning occurs only in the "read-out" connections to a decision unit; the stimulus representations never change. An incremental Hebbian rule tracks the task-dependent predictive value of each unit, thereby improving the signal-to-noise ratio of their weighted combination. Each abrupt change in the environmental statistics induces a switch cost in the learning curves as the system temporarily works with suboptimal weights.
Neural BC1 RNA: cDNA clones reveal nonrepetitive sequence content. (1987)

BC1 is a small developmentally regulated RNA that is prevalent in nervous tissue. In order to determine if BC1 RNA represents the transcriptional by-product of various repetitive brain identifier (ID) elements or the independent transcript of a single or a few genes, we compared the sequences of a population of cDNA clones derived from in vitro C-tailed BC1 RNA. Each of 10 randomly selected clones revealed a 5' domain that was identical in sequence to the ID element, followed by an internal region of poly(A). In 8 of the clones, we found an identical, nonrepetitive sequence domain located at the 3' end of each molecule. An oligonucleotide of 30 residues complementary to this section identified only BC1 RNA in blot-hybridization analysis. Our results strongly suggest that BC1 RNA is transcribed specifically from the BC1 gene(s) and is not a highly heterogeneous population of ID-containing RNA polymerase III transcripts. Moreover, the availability of a unique BC1 RNA sequence will facilitate studies on tissue- and stage-specific gene regulation and will help in clarifying the role of this small RNA in the brain.
Improved light olefin yield from methyl bromide coupling over modified SAPO-34 molecular sieves (2011)

As an alternative to the partial oxidation of methane to synthesis gas followed by methanol synthesis and the subsequent generation of olefins, we have studied the production of light olefins (ethylene and propylene) from the reaction of methyl bromide over various modified microporous silico-aluminophosphate molecular-sieve catalysts with an emphasis on SAPO-34. Some comparisons of methyl halides and methanol as reaction intermediates in their conversion to olefins are presented. Increasing the ratio of Si/Al and incorporation of Co into the catalyst framework improved the methyl bromide yield of light olefins over that obtained using standard SAPO-34.
Effect of erythrocytes oscillations on dielectric properties of human diabetic-blood (2011)

It has been demonstrated that the erythrocytes (RBCs) oscillate during their tank-treading motion with high-frequency oscillations. This oscillatory motion drastically affects the dielectric and electrical properties of RBCs. Moreover, the glucose level in blood affects the electrical and dielectric properties of blood. It has been, also, shown that the frequency of these oscillations exponentially decrease from 1.2 MHz down to 0.85 MHz with variation of glucose level from 85 mg/dL up to 346.1 mg/dL. It is expected that these oscillations strongly affect the general physiological properties of blood and would stimulate the curiosity of scientists and bioengineers to present new, more efficient, rapid, safe and viable diagnostic and/or therapeutic methods for blood disorders; in particular diabetes.
Reflective Interferometric Fourier Transform Spectroscopy:  A Self-Compensating Label-Free Immunosensor Using Double-Layers of Porous SiO<sub>2</sub> (2006)

An interferometric biosensor comprised of two layers of porous Si, stacked one on top of the other, is described. A fast Fourier transform (FFT) of the reflectivity spectrum reveals three peaks that correspond to the optical thickness of the top layer, the bottom layer, and both layers together. Binding of immunoglobulin G to a protein A capture probe adsorbed to the surface of the top layer induces changes in reflectivity at the top layer/solution interface. The FFT method allows discrimination of target analyte binding from matrix effects due to nonspecific changes in the analyte solution. The sensor response is shown to be insensitive to the addition of 4000-fold excess sucrose or 80-fold excess bovine serum albumin interferents.
5-Methyltetrahydrofolic Acid as a Mediator in the Formation of Pyridoindoles (1974)

Enzymes from chick and rat tissues catalyze the reaction of N-methyl tryptamine with 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid to form 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-2-methyl-1H-pyrido[3,4b] indole. N,N-Dimethyltryptamine was not formed. With tryptamine as substrate the product is 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido[3,4b] indole and not N-methyltryptamine. These pyridoindoles were not formed when S-adenosylmethionine was cosubstrare.