gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sublinear scaling of fracture aperture versus length: An exception or the rule? (2003)

Observations of natural fracture dimensions have sparked a continuing debate as to the nature of the fundamental relationship between fracture aperture (maximum opening) and length. On the basis of theoretical fracture mechanics, some have argued aperture‐to‐length scaling should be linear. This relationship implies that all fractures in a given population have the same driving stress regardless of fracture length, arguably a state that is difficult to reconcile with fracture propagation criteria. Also, some field observations indicate sublinear aperture‐to‐length scaling that is apparently inconsistent with the linear elastic fracture mechanics theory. In this work, a nonlinear aperture‐to‐length relationship is derived, still based on linear elastic fracture mechanics in a homogeneous body, but incorporating subcritical and critical (equilibrium law) fracture propagation criteria. The new hypothesis postulates that fractures of different lengths preserved in a body of rock are all in the same condition with respect to propagation (i.e., they all have the same stress intensity factor). This requires that fractures have driving stresses that vary inversely with the square root of fracture length, producing fracture apertures that scale with length to the 1/2 power. Under these conditions, fracture aspect ratio (aperture/length) decreases with increasing fracture length to the negative 1/2 power. Linear aperture‐to‐length scaling is still considered a possibility but is attributed to a relaxed, postpropagation mechanical state. Deviations in fracture aperture‐to‐length relationships from these idealized models can result from mechanical fracture interaction, fracture segmentation into en echelon arrays, and three dimensional effects in stratabound fractures.
Photodynamic therapy: shedding light on the biochemical pathways regulating porphyrin-mediated cell death. (2001)

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a clinically approved treatment for the ocular condition age-related macular degeneration, and certain types of cancer. PDT is also under investigation for other ocular, as well as, immune-mediated and cardiovascular indications. PDT is a two step procedure. In the first step, the photosensitizer, usually a porphyrin derivative, is administered and taken up by cells. The second step involves activation of the photosensitizer with a specific wavelength of visible light. Exposure to light of an activating wavelength generates reactive oxygen species within cells containing photosensitizer. PDT with porphyrin photosensitizers induces rapid apoptotic cell death, an event which may be attributed to the close association of these compounds with mitochondria. Thus, PDT is an attractive method to treat ailments such as cancer, viral infections, autoimmune disorders and certain cardiovascular diseases in which the apoptotic program may be compromised. The present review examines the cellular events triggered at lethal and sublethal PDT doses and their relationship to the subsequent effects exerted upon cells.
Distingushing Fact and Fiction: Data Mining Online Identities (2009)

As social technologies mature more people leave traces of their identity on online social networking sites. Such traces can be used as evidence in deciding the level of trust with which to imbue individuals in making access control decisions. However the online profile may not represent their true self. It is non-trivial to formalize an approach to differentiate the fact from fiction in self-described identities online. This study aims to investigate how people present themselves through their online social space by analyzing their selfreported information and through their network of friends and interactions. We propose a novel classifier model and evaluate its performance to predict the personality and validity of user’s identity. We tested our algorithm on a large set of profiles ’ features collected from the popular social site MySpace. Using several data mining algorithms we trained a set of profiles with known identities (real or fake) to evaluate the accuracy of the classifier. Other approaches such as principal component analysis (PCA) and social network analysis (SNA) have been employed to extract a significant pattern in data and network structure and improve the classifier in the cycle of development. Keywords:
Laser‐initiated polymerization of epoxies in the presence of maleic anhydride (1985)

Abstract Laser‐initiated polymerization of cyclohexene oxide in the presence of maleic anhydride was investigated. The influences of solvents laser irradiation time and the monomer feed ratio on the polymer yield and composition were evaluated. The rate of polymerization increased with an increase in the molar concentration of maleic anhydride in the monomer feed. Short irradiation times of 1–3 min duration gave very high yield of epoxy polymer (>80% conversion). Infrared spectral studies of the polymer product indicated the formation of polyether linkage at lower levels of conversion and an adduct of polyether and maleic anhydride at higher polymer conversions. The quantitative chemical analyses results also showed similar results. The results indicated that the polymerization was initiated by the excited charge transfer complex between the electron donor, cyclohexane oxide, and the electron acceptor–maleic anhydride. In the initial stages of polymerization, cyclohexene oxide undergoes a cationic polymerization in the presence of the radical anion of maleic anhydride. Laser‐initiated polymerization of cyclohexene oxide/maleic anhydride is several hundred times more efficient than UV‐initiated polymerization, as measured by the energy absorbed by the polymer system.
Tyrosyl Phosphorylation of Shp2 Is Required for Normal ERK Activation in Response to Some, but Not All, Growth Factors (2003)

The protein-tyrosine phosphatase Shp2 is required for normal activation of the ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase in multiple receptor tyrosine kinase signaling pathways. In fibroblasts, Shp2 undergoes phosphorylation at two C-terminal tyrosyl residues in response to some (fibroblast growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)) but not all (epidermal growth factor and insulin-like growth factor) growth factors. Whereas the catalytic activity of Shp2 is required for all Shp2 actions, the effect of tyrosyl phosphorylation on Shp2 function has been controversial. To clarify the role of Shp2 tyrosyl phosphorylation, we infected Shp2-mutant fibroblasts with retroviruses expressing wild type Shp2 or mutants of either (Y542F or Y580F) or both (Y542F,Y580F) C-terminal tyrosines. Compared with wild type cells, ERK activation was decreased in Y542F- or Y580F-infected cells in response to fibroblast growth factor and PDGF but not the epidermal growth factor. Mutation of both phosphorylation sites resulted in a further decrease in growth factor-evoked ERK activation, although not to the level of the vector control. Immunoblot analyses confirm that Tyr-542 and Tyr-580 are the major sites of Shp2 tyrosyl phosphorylation and that Tyr-542 is the major Grb2 binding site. However, studies with antibodies specific for individual Shp2 phosphorylation sites reveal unexpected complexity in the mechanism of Shp2 tyrosyl phosphorylation by different receptor tyrosine kinases. Moreover, because Y580F mutants retain nearly wild type Grb2-binding ability, yet exhibit defective PDGF-evoked ERK activation, our results show that the association of Grb2 with Shp2 is not sufficient for promoting full ERK activation in response to these growth factors, thereby arguing strongly against the "Grb2-adapter" model of Shp2 action.
Electromagnetic propagation between antennas submerged in the ocean (1973)

Experiments are described for determining the distributions of current, the driving-point impedance, and the electromagnetic fields characteristic of dipole antennas immersed in the sea near the surface. Measured and theoretical results are compared at two frequencies with good agreement.
Über die Eigenschaften von (Arylmercapto)acethydroxamsäuren (1967)

Abstract Die Darstellung einiger gegen phytopathogene Pilze wirksamer, substituierter Mercaptoacethydroxamsäuren sowie (Phenylmercapto)butyr‐ und (Phenylmercapto)valerylhydroxamsäuren wird beschrieben, die IR‐Spektren einiger (Phenylmercapto)acet‐und (Phenylsulfonyl)acethydroxamsäuren werden diskutiert.
A tesselated probabilistic representation for spatial robot perception and navigation (1989)

The ability to recover robust spatial descriptions from sensory information and to efficiently utilize these descriptions in appropriate planning and problem-solving activities are crucial requirements for the development of more powerful robotic systems. Traditional approaches to sensor interpretation, with their emphasis on geometric models, are of limited use for autonomous mobile robots operating in and exploring unknown and unstructured environments. Here, researchers present a new approach to robot perception that addresses such scenarios using a probabilistic tesselated representation of spatial information called the Occupancy Grid. The Occupancy Grid is a multi-dimensional random field that maintains stochastic estimates of the occupancy state of each cell in the grid. The cell estimates are obtained by interpreting incoming range readings using probabilistic models that capture the uncertainty in the spatial information provided by the sensor. A Bayesian estimation procedure allows the incremental updating of the map using readings taken from several sensors over multiple points of view. An overview of the Occupancy Grid framework is given, and its application to a number of problems in mobile robot mapping and navigation are illustrated. It is argued that a number of robotic problem-solving activities can be performed directly on the Occupancy Grid representation. Some parallels are drawn between operations on Occupancy Grids and related image processing operations.
INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR STIMULATION OF ARTICULAR CHONDROCYTE PROTEOGLYCAN SYNTHESIS. AVAILABILITY AND RESPONSES AT DIFFERENT AGES (1993)

It was found that recovery of articular chondrocyte proteoglycan (PG) synthesis was retarded in old mice after in vivo exposure to both IL-1 or hydrogen peroxide. We examined whether this could be related to diminished serum levels of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), the main anabolic factor, or to changes in cartilage IGF responsiveness with age. A small decline of IGF-1 concentration was observed in serum of old mice, but the level still appeared to be supra-optimal to maintain normal cartilage PG synthesis over a culture period of 1 to 3 days. Moreover, PG synthesis was at least equally stimulated in patellar cartilage from 18-month-old mice compared to 3-month-old mice over a wide range of IGF-1 concentrations, and similar findings were obtained after stimulation with serum. In addition, we studied the capacity of IGF-1 or serum to induce recovery of PG synthesis in vitro after IL-1 exposure in vivo. In a 3-day culture period normal cartilage PG synthesis was stimulated to the same extent with serum or IGF-1, but recovery from IL-1 mediated suppression of PG synthesis was more pronounced with serum. This latter capacity was similar for serum of mice aged 3 or 18 months and was noted for both young and old cartilage. Our data show that retarded recovery of chondrocyte PG synthesis in old mice cannot be explained by age-related changes in IGF-1 availability and cartilage responses to IGF. They also indicate that serum factors other than IGF-1 are important for recovery, either alone or in combination with IGF-1.
Characterization of low density lipoprotein receptor ligand interactions by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (2006)

The low density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) is the prototype of a family of cell surface receptors involved in a wide range of biological processes. A soluble low density lipoprotein receptor (sLDLR) and a tryptophan (Trp)-deficient variant human apolipoprotein E3 (apoE3) N-terminal domain (NT) were used in binding studies. The sole cysteine in apoE3-NT was covalently modified with an extrinsic fluorescence probe, N-(iodoacetyl)-N'-(5-sulfo-1-napthyl)ethylenediamine (AEDANS), and the protein was complexed with lipid. Incubation of sLDLR with AEDANS-Trp-null apoE3-NT dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine (DMPC) disks, but not lipid-free AEDANS-apoE, induced an enhancement in AEDANS fluorescence emission intensity (excitation, 280 nm) consistent with intermolecular energy transfer from excited Trp in sLDLR to receptor-bound apoE. Ligand binding to sLDLR required calcium and was saturable. In competition binding assays, unlabeled apoE3-NT DMPC inhibited AEDANS-apoE DMPC binding to sLDLR more effectively than low density lipoprotein. Fluorescence changes in this system reflected pH-dependent ligand binding and release from sLDLR consistent with models derived from the X-ray crystal structure of the receptor at endosomal pH. Intermolecular energy transfer from excited Trp in LDLR family members to fluorescently tagged ligands represents a sensitive and convenient assay for the characterization of the myriad molecular interactions ascribed to this family of receptor.
Accelerated Generative Models for 3D Point Cloud Data (2016)

Finding meaningful, structured representations of 3D point cloud data (PCD) has become a core task for spatial perception applications. In this paper we introduce a method for constructing compact generative representations of PCD at multiple levels of detail. As opposed to deterministic structures such as voxel grids or octrees, we propose probabilistic subdivisions of the data through local mixture modeling, and show how these subdivisions can provide a maximum likelihood segmentation of the data. The final representation is hierarchical, compact, parametric, and statistically derived, facilitating run-time occupancy calculations through stochastic sampling. Unlike traditional deterministic spatial subdivision methods, our technique enables dynamic creation of voxel grids according the application's best needs. In contrast to other generative models for PCD, we explicitly enforce sparsity among points and mixtures, a technique which we call expectation sparsification. This leads to a highly parallel hierarchical Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm well-suited for the GPU and real-time execution. We explore the trade-offs between model fidelity and model size at various levels of detail, our tests showing favorable performance when compared to octree and NDT-based methods.
Wireless mosaic eyes based robot path planning and control. Autonomous robot navigation using environment intelligence with distributed vision sensors. (2010)

As an attempt to steer away from developing an autonomous robot with complex centralised intelligence, this thesis proposes an intelligent environment infrastructure where intelligences are distributed in the environment through collaborative vision sensors mounted in a physical architecture, forming a wireless sensor network, to enable the navigation of unintelligent robots within that physical architecture. The aim is to avoid the bottleneck of centralised robot intelligence that hinders the application and exploitation of autonomous robot. A bio-mimetic snake algorithm is proposed to coordinate the distributed vision sensors for the generation of a collision free Reference-snake (R-snake) path during the path planning process. By following the R-snake path, a novel Accompanied snake (A-snake) method that complies with the robot's nonholonomic constraints for trajectory generation and motion control is introduced to generate real time robot motion commands to navigate the robot from its current position to the target position. A rolling window optimisation mechanism subject to control input saturation constraints is carried out for time-optimal control along the A-snake. A comprehensive simulation software and a practical distributed intelligent environment with vision sensors mounted on a building ceiling are developed. All the algorithms proposed in this thesis are first verified by the simulation and then implemented in the practical intelligent environment. A model car with less on-board intelligence is successfully controlled by the distributed vision sensors and demonstrated superior mobility.
Phase and amplitude tracking for seismic event separation (2015)

ABSTRACT We have developed a method to decompose seismic records into atomic events, each defined by a smooth phase function and a smooth amplitude function. This decomposition is intrinsically nonlinear and calls for a nonconvex least-squares optimization formulation, along the lines of full-waveform inversion. To overcome the lack of convexity, we have developed an iterative refinement-expansion scheme to initialize and track the phase and amplitude for each atomic event. For short, we called the method phase tracking. The initialization is carried out by applying multiple signal classification to a few seed traces in which events can be separated and identified by their arrival times and amplitudes. We then construct the initial solution at the seed traces using linear phase functions from the arrival times and constant amplitude functions, assuming the medium is mostly dispersion free. We refine this initial solution to account for dispersion and imperfect knowledge of the wavelet at the seed traces by fitting the observed data using a gradient descent method. The resulting phase and amplitude functions are then carefully expanded across the traces in an adequately smooth way to match the whole data record. We have evaluated the proposed method on two synthetic records and a field record. Because the parametrization of the seismic events is physically meaningful, it also enables a simple form of bandwidth extension of the observed shot record to unobserved low and high frequencies. We tested this procedure on the same shot records. Bandwidth extension is in principle helpful to initialize full-waveform inversion with frequency sweeps and enhanced its resolution.
PHYTOCHROME PHOTOTRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS (1994)

We have made rapid progress in recent years in identifying the genetic causes of many human diseases. However, despite this recent progress, our mechanistic understanding of these diseases is often incomplete. This is a problem because it limits our ...Read More
Clinical and Microbiologic Characteristics of Cephalosporin-Resistant Escherichia coli at Three Centers in the United States (2012)

We investigated the clinical and microbiologic features of 300 cases of cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli producing extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) or plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamase (pAmpC) at three medical centers in the United States. Solid-organ malignancy, connective tissue disease, and a recent history of surgery were more common among pAmpC-producing cases (n = 49), whereas urinary catheter at enrollment, diabetes, and hospitalization in the past year were more common among ESBL-producing cases (n = 233). The factors independently associated with clinical outcome were the following: the presence of cardiovascular disease (odds ratio [OR], 2.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.29 to 6.43), intra-abdominal infection (OR, 6.35; 95% CI, 1.51 to 26.7), other or multiples sources of infection (OR, 8.12; 95% CI, 2.3 to 28.6), age of 65 years or greater (OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.2 to 0.95), favorable baseline health status (OR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.16 to 0.95), and appropriate empirical antimicrobial therapy given in the first 72 h (OR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.20 to 0.88). β-Lactamase genes responsible for cephalosporin resistance were identified in 291 cases. CTX-M-type ESBLs accounted for 72.0%. Of those, 88.0% were CTX-M-15. The next most common type was CMY-type pAmpC (16.7%), followed by SHV- and TEM-type ESBLs (6.3 and 1.3%, respectively). Seven cases (2.3%) had KPC-type β-lactamase. Ertapenem, imipenem, meropenem, doripenem, piperacillin-tazobactam, amikacin, nitrofurantoin, and tigecycline were highly active, with greater than 90% of the isolates being susceptible. Cefepime was less active, with only 74.2% being susceptible due to the predominance of CTX-M-15. These findings have implications in the selection of appropriate empirical therapy when infection due to cephalosporin-resistant E. coli is suspected.
Reverse Transcriptase-PCR Analysis of Bacterial rRNA for Detection and Characterization of Bacterial Species in Arthritis Synovial Tissue (2000)

Onset of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is widely believed to be preceded by exposure to some environmental trigger such as bacterial infectious agents. The influence of bacteria on RA disease onset or pathology has to date been controversial, due to inconsistencies between groups in the report of bacterial species isolated from RA disease tissue. Using a modified technique of reverse transcriptase-PCR amplification, we have detected bacterial rRNA in the synovial tissue of late-stage RA and non-RA arthritis controls. This may be suggestive of the presence of live bacteria. Sequencing of cloned complementary rDNA (crDNA) products revealed a number of bacterial sequences in joint tissue from each patient, and from these analyses a comprehensive profile of the organisms present was compiled. This revealed a number of different organisms in each patient, some of which are common to both RA and non-RA controls and are probably opportunistic colonizers of previously diseased tissue and others which are unique species. These latter organisms may be candidates for a specific role in disease pathology and require further investigation to exclude them as causative agents in the complex bacterial millieu. In addition, many of the detected bacterial species have not been identified previously from synovial tissue or fluid from arthritis patients. These may not be easily cultivable, since they were not revealed in previous studies using conventional in vitro bacterial culture methods. In situ hybridization analyses have revealed the joint-associated bacterial rRNA to be both intra- and extracellular. The role of viable bacteria or their nucleic acids as triggers in disease onset or pathology in either RA or non-RA arthritis controls is unclear and requires further investigation.
0320 Generation system for high-speed jets of high-viscous liquids (2015)

A liquid jet is used in ink-jet printers, needle-free injections and other important devices. However, it is difficult to generate high-viscous jets using present methods. We propose a generation system for high-viscous liquid jets. We verify the performance of this system and find that this system can generate a high-viscous (1,000 mm^2/s) jets. We present a physical model based on pressure impulse, which can describe all experimental results. In this paper, we reproduce a liquid jet using numerical calculation. The calculated jet velocity agrees with experimental results and the proposed model. The pressure field in a liquid using numerical calculation also agrees with the physical model.