gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Homoisocitrate Dehydrogenase Involved in Lysine Biosynthesis of an Extremely Thermophilic Bacterium,Thermus thermophilus HB27, and Evolutionary Implication of β-Decarboxylating Dehydrogenase (2003)

Although the presence of an enzyme that catalyzes beta-decarboxylating dehydrogenation of homoisocitrate to synthesize 2-oxoadipate has been postulated in the lysine biosynthesis pathway through alpha-aminoadipate (AAA), the enzyme has not yet been analyzed at all, because no gene encoding the enzyme has been identified until recently. A gene encoding a protein with a significant amino acid sequence identity to both isocitrate dehydrogenase and 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase was cloned from Thermus thermophilus HB27. The gene product produced in recombinant Escherichia coli cells demonstrated homoisocitrate dehydrogenase (HICDH) activity. A knockout mutant of the gene showed an AAA-auxotrophic phenotype, indicating that the gene product is involved in lysine biosynthesis through AAA. We therefore named this gene hicdh. HICDH, the gene product, did not catalyze the conversion of 3-isopropylmalate to 2-oxoisocaproate, a leucine biosynthetic reaction, but it did recognize isocitrate, a related compound in the tricarboxylic acid cycle, as well as homoisocitrate as a substrate. It is of interest that HICDH catalyzes the reaction with isocitrate about 20 times more efficiently than the reaction with the putative native substrate, homoisocitrate. The broad specificity and possible dual function suggest that this enzyme represents a key link in the evolution of the pathways utilizing citrate derivatives. Site-directed mutagenesis study reveals that replacement of Arg(85) with Val in HICDH causes complete loss of activity with isocitrate but significant activity with 3-isopropylmalate and retains activity with homoisocitrate. These results indicate that Arg(85) is a key residue for both substrate specificity and evolution of beta-decarboxylating dehydrogenases.
A controlled clinical trial of alprazolam for the treatment of anxiety (1983)

The authors report the results of a large-scale double-blind study comparing the anxiolytic effects of alprazolam, a triazolobenzodiazepine; diazepam, a 1,4-benzodiazepine; and placebo in 151 anxious outpatients. Alprazolam and diazepam produced similar clinical improvement, which was significantly larger than improvement produced by placebo and was clearly evident after only 1 week of treatment. The incidence of sedation was lower with alprazolam than with diazepam.
Existence of two D-alanine:D-alanine ligases in Escherichia coli: cloning and sequencing of the ddlA gene and purification and characterization of the DdlA and DdlB enzymes (1991)

Two distinct genes encoding D-alanine:D-alanine (D-Ala-D-Ala) ligase (ADP forming) activity in Escherichia coli have been cloned by complementation of E. coli strain ST640(lambda 112) deficient in D-Ala-D-Ala ligase activity with a lambda library of E. coli DNA. One of the two genes, designated as ddlB, is identical with the ddl gene already sequenced [Robinson, A.C., Kenan, D.L., Sweeney, J., & Donachie, W.D. (1986) J. Bacteriol. 167, 809-817]. We describe the subcloning and DNA sequencing of the other gene, designated as ddlA on the basis of similarities with the Salmonella typhimurium ddlA gene [Daub, E., Zawadzke, L.E., Botstein, D., & Walsh, C.T. (1988) Biochemistry 27, 3701-3708]. The predicted amino acid sequence of the E. coli DdlA enzyme shows 90% homology with the S. typhimurium DdlA sequence. The ddlB gene was subcloned by use of the polymerase chain reaction into an expression vector containing an optimized ribosome binding site, which expressed the DdlB enzyme to greater than 50% soluble cell protein. Both DdlA and DdlB enzymes were purified to greater than 90% homogeneity and characterized kinetically.
Polyimides derived from diels‐alder polymerization of furfuryl‐substituted maleamic acids or from the reaction of bismaleamic with bisfurfurylpyromellitamic acids (1992)

Abstract Certain AB or AA and BB Diels‐Alder polymer precursors bearing maleimide and furan segments were synthesized, characterized, and polymerized. Particularly, the monomaleamic acid derived from 4,4'‐diaminodiphenylmethane, reacted with the monofurfurylpyromellitamic acid to yield a triamic acid which was cyclodehydrated to the corresponding triimide. A polyimide was obtained upon heat‐curing of triimide or the intermediate triamic acid. In addition, equimolar amounts of N , N '‐bismaleimido‐4,4'‐diphenylmethane (BMDM) and bisfurfurylpyromellitimide or their intermediate diamic acids were cured to afford a polyimide. The polymer precursors were characterized by IR and 1 H‐NMR spectroscopy and their curing behavior was investigated by DTA. It was shown that the Diels‐Alder polymerization of monomers took place at lower temperature than that required for crosslinking of BMDM. The thermal stabilities of polymers were ascertained by TGA and isothermal gravimetric analysis (IGA). The synthesized Diels‐Alder polymers were remarkably more heat‐resistant than the crosslinked polymer obtained from BMDM or its intermediate bismaleamic acid. They were stable up to about 360°C in N 2 or air and afforded anaerobic char yield of 58% at 800°C. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Lubrication of Electrical Contacts (1978)

The objectives of lubricant compounding for industrial uses involving the possibility of metallic contact, and those of lubricant compounding for electrical contacts are almost mutually exclusive. In the former case surfaces must be separated and in the latter, metallic contact must be maintained. The modern principles of lubrication are therefore simply explained and those which may be applicable to electrical contacts in field field of boundary lubrication are stressed. Types of contacts are then defined and the appropriate lubricant properties applicable to each type are discussed; some (like creep, prevention of oxide formation, and resistance to arcing) in more detail than others. Methods of application are discussed. The aim is to suggest directions for much needed research in the lubrication of electrical contacts.
Large-sample and deterministic confidence intervals for online aggregation (2002)

The online aggregation system recently proposed by J.M. Hellerstein, et al. (1997) permits interactive exploration of large, complex datasets stored in relational database management systems. Running confidence intervals are an important component of an online aggregation system and indicate to the user the estimated proximity of each running aggregate to the corresponding final result. Large sample confidence intervals contain the final result with a prespecified probability and rest on central limit theorems, while deterministic confidence intervals contain the final query result with probability 1. We show how new and existing central limit theorems, simple bounding arguments, and the delta method can be used to derive formulas for both large sample and deterministic confidence intervals. To illustrate these techniques, we obtain formulas for running confidence intervals in the case of single table and multi table AVG, COUNT, SUM, VARIANCE, and STDEV queries with join and selection predicates. Duplicate elimination and GROUP-BY operations are also considered. We then provide numerically stable algorithms for computing the confidence intervals and analyzing the complexity of these algorithms.
An Analysis of Cause of Death from the Reported Death Certificates in Korea (1981)

Recent changes in the cause of death among the Korean population seem to be systematic and significant. Data on cause of death from the medically certified death certificates provide at least four types of evidence: a sudden increase in recent years in the numbers of death due to cerebrovascular disease or circulatory diseases including rheumatic fever and chronic heart diseases and atherosclerosis; increasing steadily in the numbers of death due to malignant neoplasm of various sites, and death due to accident; decreasing steadily in the numbers of death due to communicable diseases or parasite diseases; and a large number of deaths with unspecified symptoms and ill-defined conditions. The lack of complete registration of the deads occurred or the incomplete description on the cause of death reported suggests that statistical information of cause of death from the medically certified death records is meaningful in interpreting changing patterns.
Clinical analysis of 230 cases of drug-induced liver injury (2013)

Objective
To review the clinical features of acute drug-induced liver injury.


Methods
The clinical data of 230 patients with acute drug-induced liver injury admitted to Beijing Ditan Hospital from October 2005 to May 2011 were retrospectively analyzed.


Results
In 230 patients, more than 60% had symptoms of fatigue, anorexia, jaundice and liver damage presenting LT, AST, ALP and TBIL changes. The hepatocellular injury type accounted for 80.4% (185/230), cholestatic type accounted 11.7% (27/230) and mixed type accounted for 7.8% (18/230). Chinese herbal medicine or Chinese patent medicine was the most common cause of drug-induced liver injury (55.2%), followed by anti-TB drugs (9.6%) and other anti-bacterial drugs (5.2%). There were 218 cases (94.7%) with favorable prognosis and 12 cases (5.3%) with poor prognosis, including 4 aggravating cases discharged against medical advance and 8 deaths.


Conclusion
The lack of gold standard for the diagnosis of drug-induced liver injury may easily lead to misdiagnosis. Chinese Traditional medicine, anti-TB drugs and other anti-microbial drugs are main causes of drug-induced liver injury. Early detection and timely treatment are important for the management of drug-induced liver injury.


Key words: 
Retrospective studies; Drug-induced liver injury; Clinical features
Experimental In-Vivo Models Used in Fat Grafting Research for Volume Augmentation in Soft Tissue Reconstruction (2017)

As the popularity of fat grafting research increases, animal models are being used as the source of pre-clinical experimental information for discovery and to enhance techniques. To date, animal models used in this research have not been compared to provide a standardized model. We analyzed publications from 1968-2015 to compare published accounts of animal models in fat grafting research. Data collected included: species used, graft characteristics (donor tissue, recipient area, amount injected, injection technique), time of sacrifice and quantification methods. Mice were most commonly used (56% of studies), with the "athymic nude" strain utilized most frequently (44%). Autologous fat was the most common source of grafted tissue (52%). Subcutaneous dorsum was the most common recipient site (51%). On average, 0.80±0.60 mL of fat was grafted. A single bolus technique was used in 57% of studies. Fat volume assessment was typically completed at the end of the study, occurring at less than 1 week to one year. Graft volume was quantified by weight (63%), usually in conjunction with another analysis. The results demonstrate the current heterogeneity of animal models in this research. We propose that the research community reach a consensus to allow better comparison of techniques and results. One example is the model used in our laboratory and others; this model is described in detail. Eventually, larger animal models may better translate to the human condition but, given increased financial costs and animal facility capability, should be explored when data obtained from small animal studies is exhausted or inconclusive.
Direct screening of solution phase combinatorial libraries encoded with externally sensitized photolabile tags (2006)

Solution phase combinatorial chemistry holds an enormous promise for modern drug discovery. Much needed are direct methods to assay such libraries for binding of biological targets. An approach to encoding and screening of solution phase libraries has been developed based on the conditional photorelease of externally sensitized photolabile tags. The encoding tags are released into solution only when a sought-for binding event occurs between the ligand and the receptor, outfitted with an electron-transfer sensitizer. The released tags are analyzed in solution revealing the identity of the lead ligand or narrowing the range of potential leads.
Impacts of Hurricane Damage on Southern Highbush Blueberries (2019)

Florida has been affected by eight hurricanes since 2000. This new 3-page publication discusses the types of hurricane damage that occur in blueberry production operations, the impacts of these damages, and some recommendations on best management practices in the aftermath of a storm. Written by Douglas A. Phillips, Jeffrey G. Williamson, and Philip F. Harmon and published by the UF/IFAS Horticultural Sciences Department. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/hs1342
Clinical use of circulating nucleosomes (2009)

Nucleosomes, complexes of DNA and histone proteins, are released from dying and stressed cells into the blood circulation. Concentrations of circulating nucleosomes in plasma and serum are frequently found to be elevated in various cancers, and also in such acute conditions as stroke, trauma, and sepsis as well as in autoimmune diseases. The first part of this review focuses on the structural and functional properties of nucleosomes, the potential sources of nucleosome release into the circulation, the metabolism of circulating nucleosomes, and their pathophysiological role in disease. It goes on to describe the relevance of circulating nucleosomes in the diagnosis and prognosis of non-malignant conditions such as sepsis, stroke, and autoimmune disease. Finally, it describes the clinical value of nucleosomes in the diagnosis, staging, prognosis, and monitoring of therapy in cancer; in particular, their potential as a new diagnostic tool for the early estimation of response to cytotoxic cancer therapy is emphasized.
Cerebral metabolic and hemodynamic activities of l-eburnamonine in the anesthetized dog. A comparison with vincamine. (1979)

1. The cerebral metabolic and hemodynamic activities of l-eburnamonine (l-E) were investigated in anesthetized dogs and compared with those of vincamine (Vi). 2. The injection of l-E (2 mg/kg i.v.) increased vertebral, carotid and femoral blood flows (VBF, CBF, FBF) while corresponding resistances decreased. aortic blood flow (A0 BF) and systolic ejection volume (SEV) increased. Cerebral O2 and glucose consumption (CMRO2, CMRG) increased as did the O2 extraction coefficient and the O2 supply. This last increase was due to the simultaneous increase of VBF, hemoglobin (Hb) and arterial pO2.
<title>Unified framework for IR target detection and tracking</title> (1992)

Infrared target detection and tracking has received considerable attention in recent years because of the emerging importance of infrared search and track (IRST) systems as a passive sensing modality. Various forms of advanced multi-frame signal processing algorithms have been developed to address the problem of detecting low contrast targets in clutter backgrounds. Advanced tracking algorithms such as multiple hypothesis tracking and track-before-detect are also being studied to improve overall system performance. While different algorithms have been derived in different contexts, they may be profitably examined within a common framework. This paper examines the problem of JR detection and tracking within the general framework of Bayesian hypothesis testing, and develops different detection and tracking algorithms as solutions when various simplifying assumptions are made. This exercise lends insight into the inter-relationships among different algorithms, and facilitates comparison of their strengths and weaknesses.
Water precipitation and diffusion in wet quartz and wet berlinite AIPO4 (1988)

Annealing wet crystals of quartz and berlinite AlPO4 induces water precipitation. The evolution of precipitation has been studied by transmission electron microscopy on samples annealed in various conditions of temperature, pressure and duration. At the beginning one observes unresolved small contrast features, then tiny bubbles connected to sessile dislocation loops become visible. These dislocations are nucleated to relax the fluid pressure in the bubbles. To minimize the corresponding nucleation energy a partial dislocation loop is first nucleated, then a second partial with a complementary Burgers vector rapidly grows in the same plane and joins the first one. By measuring the mean distance X between precipitates for various annealing conditions one deduces the diffusion coefficient D of the water point defects with the help of the relation X/2 = (2D.t)1/2 where t is the duration of the annealing. One finds in the temperature range (350-1000 °C) for quartz D(m2s-1) = 10-12 exp (—95 kJ mole-1/RT). There is no visible effect of the confining pressure, at least between atmospheric pressure and 700 MPa. The α-β transition slightly affects the D values between 500 and 600 °C but except for this temperature range all the other experimental data fit well the above equation. Two theoretical models of water precipitation are developed. They are based on two contrasted hypotheses about the initial mode of water incorporation. In the first case all the water content is assumed to be initially dissolved as a highly supersaturated concentration of substitutional (4H)Si point defects. Water precipitation would thus occur by homogeneous nucleation of critical embryos, this first stage being followed by a stage of growth while new critical embryos would be continuously nucleated. In contrast, in the second case one assumes that the concentration of point defects is initially the equilibrium concentration at the growth conditions which is very low. Almost all the water would thus be incorporated as tiny clusters of water molecules too small to be detected and precipitation would occur by intercluster diffusion, the bigger clusters growing at the expense of the smaller ones which would progressively redissolve. In fact none of these models fully renders account of the experimental results. These results can only be interpreted by an intermediate situation. Water is incorporated during growth as tiny clusters and as a supersaturated concentration of point defects as well. In the quartz studied extensively in this article this concentration of point defects becomes approximately equal to the equilibrium one only at P ⋍ 700 MPa, T ⋍ 550 °C.
The spontaneous acrosome reaction of human spermatozoa incubated in vitro (1989)

Motile human sperm populations were prepared from liquefied semen (10 donors x 3 replicates) using Percoll density gradients at 30-60 min post-ejaculation. Sperm suspensions were incubated in a complex 'synthetic tubal fluid' culture medium (STF) at 37 degrees C under 5% CO2 in air for up to 36 h. Parallel aliquots were incubated with 50 microM A23187 to induce maximum acrosome loss (ARMAX). Acrosome reactions were assessed using both the triple-stain (TS) technique and fluorescent peanut agglutinin (PNA) lectin-labelling. During incubation, the proportion of TS acrosome reacted spermatozoa increased from 9.1 to 54.3% with ARMAX being 68.3%. Spermatozoa showing intact acrosomes by PNA labelling decreased from 68.4 to 26.1% over 36 h of incubation (ARMAX = 13.8%). Simultaneously, spermatozoa showing complete acrosomal loss (no PNA labelling) increased from 8.1 to 27.0% (ARMAX = 46.3%). Therefore, while only 23.5% of cells were actually undergoing acrosomal changes at the start of incubation, this had increased to 46.9% after 36 h (ARMAX = 40.7%). These experiments clearly show that even in selected populations, not all human spermatozoa are capable of undergoing an acrosome reaction. However, the incidence of acrosomal changes after 36 h of incubation did approach the ARMAX. These levels of spontaneous occurrence of the human sperm acrosome reaction were higher than those reported in many other in-vitro incubation studies: an improvement that may be attributable to the more physiological nature of the STF culture medium.
A comparison of practical gain and transient control techniques for erbium doped fiber amplifiers (2006)

System providers are progressively implementing wavelength division multiplex (WDM) networks in the move to the all optical network. In such systems, it is important to maintain the EDFAs at a constant gain level, in order to maintain the flatness of the output spectrum.
The Glycan Microarray Story from Construction to Applications (2017)

Not only are glycan-mediated binding processes in cells and organisms essential for a wide range of physiological processes, but they are also implicated in various pathological processes. As a result, elucidation of glycan-associated biomolecular interactions and their consequences is of great importance in basic biological research and biomedical applications. In 2002, we and others were the first to utilize glycan microarrays in efforts aimed at the rapid analysis of glycan-associated recognition events. Because they contain a number of glycans immobilized in a dense and orderly manner on a solid surface, glycan microarrays enable multiple parallel analyses of glycan-protein binding events while utilizing only small amounts of glycan samples. Therefore, this microarray technology has become a leading edge tool in studies aimed at elucidating roles played by glycans and glycan binding proteins in biological systems. In this Account, we summarize our efforts on the construction of glycan microarrays and their applications in studies of glycan-associated interactions. Immobilization strategies of functionalized and unmodified glycans on derivatized glass surfaces are described. Although others have developed immobilization techniques, our efforts have focused on improving the efficiencies and operational simplicity of microarray construction. The microarray-based technology has been most extensively used for rapid analysis of the glycan binding properties of proteins. In addition, glycan microarrays have been employed to determine glycan-protein interactions quantitatively, detect pathogens, and rapidly assess substrate specificities of carbohydrate-processing enzymes. More recently, the microarrays have been employed to identify functional glycans that elicit cell surface lectin-mediated cellular responses. Owing to these efforts, it is now possible to use glycan microarrays to expand the understanding of roles played by glycans and glycan binding proteins in biological systems.
A bulky phosphite‐modified rhodium catalyst for the hydroformylation of unsaturated fatty acid esters (1997)

Abstract A series of hydroformylation experiments was performed with a high‐grade and a technical‐grade‐derived methyl oleate (MO) and a rhodium catalyst modified by the bulky tris(2‐ tert ‐butyl‐4‐methylphenyl)phosphite. In the hydroformylation of pure methyl oleate, relatively high turnover numbers were obtained (400–500 mol/mol/h) under mild conditions (molar ratio MO/Rh=910, 80–100°C and 20 bar; CO/H 2 =1:1, solvent toluene), leading to about 95% conversion in 3 h. Fast isomerization occurs under these conditions to produce the trans oleate. Trans oleate reacts more slowly than cis oleate. At temperatures below 50°C, isomerization does not occur. The use of technical‐grade methyl oleate, containing 14% 9,12 diene, methyl linoleate (ML), results in lower reaction rates because dienes form stable π‐allylic intermediates, which slowly undergo hydroformylation. More severe conditions were applied to obtain higher rates. The rate varied from 50 to 400 mol/mol/h, depending on conditions (molar ratio MO/Rh=910, T=50–120°C, P = 50–80 bar; CO/H 2 =1:1–1:6, solvent, toluene). Several isomers of ML were formed during the reaction. Subsequent hydroformylation of these isomers results in a complicated mixture of products. The product mixture consists predominantly of methyl formylstearate, methyl formyloleate, methyl diformylstearate, and some yet unidentified side products. A comparison of the classic triphenylphosphine‐modified catalyst and the bulky phosphite‐modified catalyst has shown that the latter is several times more active.