gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
PRODIAG: A Process-Independent Transient Diagnostic System—I: Theoretical Concepts (1999)

A novel first-principles-based diagnostic system called PRODIAG is proposed for on-line detection and identification of faulty components during incipient off-normal process conditions. The concepts of qualitative physics reasoning and function-oriented diagnostics are employed in the design of PRODIAG and result in two unique capabilities not found in other plant-level diagnostic systems. First, PRODIAG is fully portable as it requires only modification of the input files containing the appropriate process schematics information to be able to diagnose single-component failures in different processes/plants. Second, PRODIAG detects unanticipated faults. Hence, it does not require the prespecification and formulation of rules to cover every conceivable fault scenario, and unlike traditional approaches, it is not likely to misdiagnose unforeseen events. PRODIAG’s approach is to map process symptoms into component faults through a three-step mapping procedure with a knowledge base containing three distinct types of information: qualitative macroscopic balance equation rules, functional classification of process components, and the process piping and instrumentation diagram. The concepts introduced in the proposed diagnostic system are described, and an illustrative example shows how they are used in plant-level diagnostics.
Investigation of enhanced condensate recovery potential in shale gas condensate reservoir by cyclic gas injection (2016)

When a shale gas condensate reservoir is produced, the pressure in the reservoir falls below the dew point pressure, and liquid condensate is formed in the pore space. The condensate can accumulate near the wellbore. This condensate blocking reduces the gas relative permeability and decreases gas production. Since the condensate is formed by the heavy components, it has great value in industry. \nIn this dissertation both laboratory study and reservoir scale simulation work were performed to investigate the potential of huff-n-puff gas injection method to enhance condensate recovery in shale gas condensate reservoirs. \nThe laboratory study examines the potential of the huff-n-puff gas injection method to recover condensate in shale gas condensate reservoir by conducting experiments on shale cores. Numerical models of the experiments were developed to verify the experiment results. Our laboratory study shows that condensate recovery was increased by applying huff-n-puff gas injection on a shale core. We also compared the efficiency of huff-n-puff gas injection with the gas flooding method, and experiment results show that huff-n-puff was more effective than gas flooding. During the experiments, condensate accumulated near the production end region. Since the only well in the huff-n-puff process was located where the gas was injected into the core from the same end face that means the condensate region was located near the injection end. The pressure in the condensate region built up faster than the pressure in the flooding experiment. Also, due to the ultra-low permeability, the pressure propagation was much slower in shale cores than in conventional reservoir cores such as a sand core, and the efficiency of gas flooding is much lower in shale cores. \nAn experiment was also conducted to investigate the mechanism of huff-n-puff gas injection. The results show that the main mechanism of huff-n-puff gas injection to enhance the condensate recovery is re-vaporization. When pressure is increased in the huff process, condensate is re-vaporized into a gas state and produced from the reservoir. \n\n\nThe results of reservoir scale simulation work also show the effectiveness of huff-n-puff gas injection to enhance condensate recovery in shale gas condensate reservoirs. The optimization work of the application of huff-n-puff is also discussed in the dissertation. It shows that by applying the optimized huff-n-puff gas injection, profits can be highly increased compared to that of primary depletion.
Power split e-CVT ship propulsion system (2009)

This paper investigates the possibility to use a power split e-CVT as the core of a vessel power management unit which is able to produce both mechanical power for driving the propeller shaft, and electrical energy for the onboard electric power system. The proposed power split e-CVT transmission for ship propulsion must guarantee all the features given by traditional drivelines based on pure mechanical systems. In addition, extra features are expected from the new system: saving in weight, volume and cost of the overall driveline, increasing the speed-power range regulation capability of the system, introducing new operating mode (i.e. pure electric operation of a ship), increasing the efficiency of the overall conversion system.
Smithsonian stratospheric far‐infrared spectrometer and data reduction system (1995)

The Smithsonian far‐infrared spectrometer is a remote sensing Fourier transform spectrometer that measures the mid‐ and far‐infrared thermal emission spectrum of the stratosphere from balloon and aircraft platforms. The spectrometer has had nine successful balloon flights from 1987 to 1994, flying at float altitudes of 36–39 km and collecting 131 hours of midlatitude stratospheric limb spectra. The spectrometer also flew on a NASA DC‐8 aircraft, as part of the second Airborne Arctic Stratospheric Expedition (AASE‐II), collecting 140 hours of overhead spectra at latitudes ranging from the equator to the north pole. We present here a brief description of the instrument, a discussion of data reduction procedures, an estimation of both random and systematic errors, an outline of the procedure for retrieving mixing ratio profiles, and an explanation of the method of deriving temperature and pressure from the far‐ and mid‐infrared spectra.
Excitatory amino acid receptors in glial progenitor cells: Molecular and functional properties (1994)

We have analyzed the molecular and biophysical properties of glutamate-gated channels in cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage, using both the CG-4 primary cell line (Louis et al: J. Neurosci. Res. 31:193-204, 1992a) and oligodendrocyte progenitors purified from the rat cerebral cortex. CG-4 progenitor cells, as well as primary progenitors, were stained with a specific anti-GABA antibody. In whole-cell patch-clamp recordings, rapid perfusion of the agonists L-glutamate, kainate, and AMPA produced rapidly desensitizing currents in CG-4 cells. NMDA was ineffective. Both rapidly desensitizing and steady-state components of responses to kainate were inhibited by the kainate/AMPA receptor antagonist CNQX. Northern blot analysis of total mRNA isolated from CG-4 cells revealed co-expression of both AMPA- and kainate-preferring glutamate receptor subunits. The activation of glutamate receptors in CG-4 cells caused a rapid and transient elevation of mRNAs for the immediate early gene NGFI-A.
Providing multicast short message services over self-routing mobile cellular backbone network (2002)

The short message service (SMS), a bidirectional service for short alphanumeric (up to 160 bytes) messages, is a unique feature of GSM, not found in older analog systems. We propose a multicast short message service architecture over a backbone network. We demonstrate some approaches to maintain the location information of the short message service center consistent to the home location register and illustrate our scheme for mobile-terminated short message transfer. Finally, we simulate and evaluate this architecture. Our simulation indicates that the proposed strong consistency approach has optimal efficiency by adjusting parameters. Also, the proposed architecture efficiently provides a self-routing capability and multicast functionality in the cellular backbone network. This study also provides a further insight on the issues of a multicast wireless cellular backbone network and demonstrates a referable methodology to propose and analyze a multicast cellular backbone network, which can promote the technology of personal communication networks.
Synthesis, Resolution, and Determination of Absolute Configuration of a Vaulted 2,2‘-Binaphthol and a Vaulted 3,3‘-Biphenanthrol (VAPOL) (1996)

Two methods for the synthesis of vaulted biaryls were developed involving the reactions of carbene complexes with alkynes and the [2 + 2] cycloaddition of ketenes. The final step in the synthesis of 3,3‘-diphenyl-[2,2‘-binaphthalene]-1,1‘-diol (39) and 2,2‘-diphenyl-[3,3‘-biphenanthrene]-4,4‘-diol (47) (VAPOL) was phenol coupling of the 3-phenyl-1-naphthol (14) and the 2-phenyl-4-phenanthrol (28), respectively. The naphthol 14 could be prepared from the thermolysis of phenylacetyl chloride in the presence of phenylacetylene or from the benzannulation of the pentacarbonyl(phenylmethoxymethylene)chromium(0) (15) with phenylacetylene which upon an acetylative workup gives O-acetyl-4-methoxy-2-phenyl-1-naphthol (16). The reductive cleavage of the acetoxy group in 16 was unexpectedly affected by aluminum chloride and ethanethiol which were used to cleave the methyl ether. In a similar manner, the phenanthrol 28 could either be prepared from the 1-naphthylacetyl chloride (30) or pentacarbonyl(1-naphthylmethoxymethylene)chromium(0) (21). A new procedure for the preparation of carbene complexes was developed utilizing dimethyl sulfate as methylating agent. Unlike the benzannulation of the phenyl complex 15, the benzannulation of the naphthylcarbene complex 21 with phenylacetylene gave a side product which resulted from the incorporation of 2 equiv of the alkyne. This side product could be minimized by the proper control of the concentration of the alkyne. The phenol coupling of the 3-phenyl-1-naphthol with ferric chloride gave 2,2‘-diphenyl-[2,2‘-binaphthalene]-4,4‘-diol (38) and with air as oxidant gave the of 3,3‘-diphenyl-[2,2‘-binaphthalene]-1,1‘-diol (39). Oxidative coupling of the 2-phenyl-4-phenanthrol (28) with air gave 2,2‘-diphenyl-[3,3‘-biphenanthrene]-4,4‘-diol (47) (VAPOL), but the same coupling with 2-tert-butyl-4-phenanthrol (34) failed. The 2,2‘-binaphthol 39 was resolved via its cyclic diester with phosphoric acid by salt formation with (−)-brucine, and the 3,3‘-biphenanthrol 47 was resolved via its cyclic deiester with phosphoric acid (49) by salt formation with (−)-cinchonidine. The configuration of (−)-39 was shown to be S from an X-ray analysis of the brucine salt, and the configuration of (+)-47 was shown to be S from an X-ray analysis the amide (S,S)-54 derived from 49 and (S)-α-methylbenzylamine.
Miniaturization of the Ion Trap Mass Spectrometer (2010)

The development of miniature ion trap mass spectrometers has been an active area, fueled by the promising analytical capabilities and the convenience of fast in situ analysis with portable instruments. The objective is to miniaturize mass spectrometers in weight, size, and power consumption while retaining the advantages and analytical capabilities of mass spectrometry at the same time. The thesis focuses on the instrumentation of miniature ion trap mass spectrometers, including ionization, ion transfer, mass analyzer, ion detection and related vacuum and electronic techniques. The work presented represents recent progress achieved in miniature ion trap mass spectrometers. The development of two miniature mass spectrometers, a 10 kg Mini 10 mass spectrometer with electron impact ionization source, developed in 2005 and a 5 kg Mini 11 mass spectrometer with multiple ionization sources, developed in 2008, is introduced. The momentum and reasons driving the development from the Mini 10 to the Mini 11 are depicted, and the technical details of key components are discussed. Special focus is given to a glow discharge electron impact ionization source, which is an ideal substitute for the filament electron source used in the electron impact ionization, and a discontinuous atmospheric pressure interface, which enables the implementation of atmospheric pressure ionization sources in miniature ion trap mass spectrometers with limited pumping capabilities.
Zum Mechanismus der Substitution am Cyclopropanring (1981)

Abstract Ausgehend von 2a wird über 3a und 11a das bicyclische Chlorlacton 14a erhalten. Dessen Reaktion mit KOtBu ergibt das Lacton 17b , das auch aus 14b gebildet wird. Diese Ergebnisse werden mit einem Mechanismus über die Zwischenstufe E erklärt. Zusätzliche Beweise sind das Ausbleiben einer Reaktion von 15a und b mit KOtBu sowie die Produktverteilung bei der Reaktion der deuterierten Verbindung 16a .
Continuous Wave Second Harmonic Generation Enabled by Quasi-Bound-States in the Continuum on Gallium Phosphide Metasurfaces (2020)

Resonant metasurfaces are an attractive platform for enhancing the nonlinear optical processes, such as second harmonic generation (SHG), since they can generate large local electromagnetic fields while relaxing the phase-matching requirements. Here, we demonstrate visible range, continuous wave (CW) SHG by combining the attractive material properties of gallium phosphide with high quality-factor photonic modes enabled by bound states in the continuum. We obtain efficiencies around 5e-5% W<sup>-1</sup> when the system is pumped at 1200 nm wavelength with CW intensities of 1 kW/cm<sup>2</sup>. Moreover, we measure external efficiencies of 0.1% W<sup>-1</sup> with pump intensities of only 10 MW/cm<sup>2</sup> for pulsed irradiation. This efficiency is higher than the values previously reported for dielectric metasurfaces, but achieved here with pump intensities that are two orders of magnitude lower. These results take metasurface-based SHG a step closer to practical applications.
Modeling and Compensation of Nonlinear Distortion in Horn Loudspeakers (1994)

Horn loaded compression drivers are widely used in the area where high sound pressure levels together with good directivity characteristics are needed. Major disadvantage of this kind of drivers is the considerable amount of nonlinear distortion. Due to the quite high air pressures in the driver the air is driven into its nonlinear range. This paper describes a technique to reduce the distortion caused by this phenomenon. Using a Digital Signal Processor (DSP), a feedforward compensation technique, based on an equivalent lumped parameter circuit, is implemented and tested in real–time in series with the loudspeaker. Measurement and simulation results are given. The overall conclusion is that a distortion reduction is obtained in the frequency span from 600 to 1050 Hz.
New Classification of Moricizine and Propafenone Based on Electrophysiologic and Electrocardiographic Data from Isolated Rabbit Heart (1994)

Because the classification of propafenone and moricizine is not clear, we measured in 20 specifically equipped isolated rabbit hearts QRS duration, QT interval, action potential duration at 90% of repolarization (APD90), effective refractory period (ERP), conduction time (CT), and rise velocity (Rv) of the monophasic action potentials (AP) during exposure to moricizine and propafenone in comparison with procainamide. Propafenone and procainamide prolonged APD90 and JT. All drugs increased ERP. Propafenone demonstrated marked tonic sodium channel block. Onset of use-dependent kinetics (tau on), defined as change in Rv as fraction per beat at 300 ms cycle length (CL), were 0.047 +/- 0.004/beat for procainamide, 0.050 +/- 0.004/beat for propafenone, and 0.022 +/- 0.003/beat for miricizine. Recovery kinetics, defined as recovery of Rv after cessation of pacing, had a time constant of 5.3 +/- 0.7 s for procainamide, 6.3 +/- 0.8 s for propafenone, and 25.0 +/- 1.3 s for moricizine. Based on these data, moricizine must be classified as a Ic agent, whereas propafenone demonstrates pronounced tonic sodium channel block, in addition to its phasic block, which is similar to class Ia kinetics.
Evidence for HIV-1 cure after CCR5Δ32/Δ32 allogeneic haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation 30 months post analytical treatment interruption: a case report (2020)

Wellcome Trust and amfAR (American Foundation for AIDS Research).
MICRO-PIXE EVALUATION OF <font>Fe</font> DISTRIBUTION IN BARLEY ROOTS (1999)

High Fe concentrations were reported from roots of plants grown in soil. This has been discussed as a possible Fe source for plants, since the concentrations shown in the roots were much higher than in the shoots. There are, however, also some indications that soil contamination at the root surface of soil grown plants could have led to an overestimation of the Fe concentration in roots. Fe distribution in root cross sections of barley (Hordeum vulgare L. cv. Alexis) has been studied to investigate this hypothesis. Micro-PIXE analyses in point and mapping mode were complemented by the STIM technique. Based on the correlation between Fe and soil-related elements ( Ti , Al and Si ), most of Fe located at the root surface could be attributed to soil contamination. It could also be shown that this soil contamination leads to an overestimation of Fe concentration in roots.
Research of Diagnosis Technique on PEFC Running Condition (Over Voltage Analysis and Diagnosis of PEFC by FFT) (2006)

Real time analysis on impedance spectroscopy in PEFC (Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell) was tried using FFT (Fast Fourier Transform) method to diagnose its running conditions. PEFC is simulated to equivalent circuit model with four resistances and three capacitances, and effects of running conditions on those were analyzed by the experiments. Results show that the voltage drops at each resistance correspond to over voltage calculated by conventional method and indicate distinctive characteristics according to deterioration of running condition. The logic is established to real time diagnosis of PEFC running conditions by classifying these voltage drops and to trace the flow chart. This method has capability of on-board diagnosis and control of fuel cell system vehicle.
俄罗斯在建“现代”级驱逐舰发生火灾 (2005)

今年4月27日9点33分，俄圣被得堡市北方造船厂1艘建造中的导弹驱逐舰突然发生火灾。据俄罗斯媒体称，这艘驱逐舰是为中国建造的两艘956EM型现代级驱运舰的第2艘。9点38分．火势蔓延．达到3级火情。经过俄方25个消防单位近40辆消防车和消防船110名船厂工作人员的奋力抢救，大火终于在当地时间11点48分得到控制。事件发生后．俄罗斯国家电视台和THB电视台都在第一时间进行了报道。
Nucleophosmin, a Critical Bax Cofactor in Ischemia-Induced Cell Death (2013)

We hypothesized that nucleophosmin (NPM), a nucleolar phosphoprotein, is critical for Bax-mediated cell death. To test this hypothesis, Bax activation was induced by metabolic stress. During stress, nucleolar NPM translocated into the cytosol, NPM-Bax complexes formed, and both NPM and Bax accumulated in mitochondria. Expression of a cytosol-restricted NPM mutant (NPM-ΔNLS), but not a nucleus-restricted NPM mutant, increased NPM-Bax complex formation, mitochondrial NPM and Bax accumulation, mitochondrial membrane injury, caspase 3 activation, and ischemia-induced cell death. Coexpression of NPM-ΔNLS with constitutively active Bax mutants caused nearly universal cell death in the absence of metabolic stress, whereas expression of active Bax or NPM-ΔNLS alone did not. A Bax peptide that disrupts NPM-Bax interaction significantly reduced cell death caused by exposure to metabolic inhibitors in vitro and preserved kidney function after ischemia in vivo. Thus, NPM-Bax interaction enhances mitochondrial Bax accumulation, organelle injury, and cell death. NPM-Bax complex formation is a novel target for preventing ischemic tissue injury.
Investigation of factors involved in the uptake velocity of fluorescein diacetate and intracellular fluorescence polarization value. I. Physiological aspects in lymphoblastoid cells. (1982)

Measurement of cellular fluidity by the fluorescence polarization method with a fluorogenic dye, fluorescein diacetate (FDA), is used widely. But values obtained with this method may be affected greatly by unknown factors. To determine the various factors that affect fluorescence polarization (FP-) measurements and intrinsic cellular fluidity, we investigated the uptake of FDA into cells, cellular esterases, fluorescein-binding protein, microtubules and osmolarity. Our results show that some reagents inhibit FDA-uptake without affecting esterases and that several types of esterases are involved in FDA-hydrolysis.The dye-binding experiment indicated that dye-binding protein is absent from the cells. In addition, to determine whether there is involvement of microtubules in cellular fluidity, we treated cells with Ca2+ antagonists, calmodulin inhibitors and low temperature, and verified that there is little evidence for that hypothesis. In other experiments, cells were brought into a hypertonic condition, which resulted in osmolysis and higher intracellular concentrations, primarily of biopolymers, and higher viscosity. The effect of this viscosity on the FP value was investigated. Results showed a parallel relationship between osmolarity and therefore, intracellular viscosity and FP value.In conclusion, the concentrations of intracellular proteins and other biopolymers appear to be a major factor that determines cellular fluidity, but the role of microtubules which undergo assembly-disassembly appears to be insignificant.
Performance driven placement with global routing for macro cells (2003)

The authors present an effective performance driven placement with global routing algorithm for macro cells. Their algorithm is a hierarchical, divide and conquer, quad-partitioning approach. The quad-partitioning routine uses the Tabu search technique. Their algorithm uses the concept of proximity of regions to approximate the interconnection delays during the placement process. In addition, their algorithm can handle modules whose positions are fixed or are restricted to a particular subregion on the layout frame. The experimental results indicate the superiority of their placement in terms of quality of solutions and run times when compared to those by I. Lin and D. Du (1990).< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Cadmium telluride, grown from tellurium solution, as a material for nuclear radiation detectors (1970)

Crystal growth of CdTe from Te solution at about 700 °C is described. The technique used is the travelling heater method (THM). This technique leads to highly perfect and pure single crystals with net carrier concentrations below 1011 cm−3 and frequently as low as 5 × 109 cm−3. This material, therefore, is useful for the fabrication of γ-ray detectors without further treatment. Initial results achieved with detectors are described and it is found that they operate between −150 and +125 °C if made from high quality material. With selected detectors energy resolution for various types of γ-ray sources has also been achieved. These results allow the conclusion that the CdTe crystals obtained are free of large trap concentrations and therefore the low carrier concentrations do not arise from compensation. It may be assumed that CdTe grown by the THM not only possesses extraordinarily high purity but is also crystallographically of high quality, especially free of Cd vacancies. Kadmiumtellurid-Ein- und -Bi-Kristalle von 1 bis 1,5 cm ⊘ und 8 bis 15 cm Länge konnten aus Lösungen in Tellur bei etwa 700 °C mit der „Travelling Heater”︁-Methode (THM) hergestellt werden. Elektrische Messungen an dem erzeugten Material ergaben Ladungsträgerkonzentrationen um 1011 cm−3, in einzelnen Fällen sogar nur 5 × 109 cm−3. Das Material weist daher den zur Herstellung von Gamma-Detektoren grundsätzlich geforderten hohen Widerstand auf. Messungen an Detektoren zeigten ferner, daß Gammaspektren im Temperaturbereich zwischen −150 und +125 °C registriert werden konnten. Energetische Auflösung der Spektren konnte mit einigen Detektoren bei Zimmertemperatur ebenfalls erzielt werden. Diese Ergebnisse lassen den Schluß zu, daß das hergestellte Kadmiumtellurid keine hohen Konzentrationen von „Traps”︁ enthält und daher die niedrigen Trägerkonzentrationen nicht durch Kompensation erhalten wurden. Es ist daher anzunehmen, daß Kadmiumtellurid, welches im THM-Verfahren hergestellt wird, nicht nur eine außergewöhnlich hohe Reinheit aufweist, sondern auch kristallographisch von hoher Qualität ist, insbesondere keine Kadmiumleerstellen enthält.