gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tolerance Bounds and Cpk Confidence Bounds Under Batch Effects (1998)

The capability index C pk for a process, that produces parts with normally distributed characteristic X, is defined as C pk = min(U − µ, µ − L)/(3σ) = (T - ∣µ − v∣)/(3σ), where U and L are upper and lower specification limits for X, µ and σ are process mean and standard deviation, and v = (U + L)/2, T = (U − L)/2. Using a sample X 1,…, X n of independent observations from N(µ, σ 2) Chou et al. (1990) [with clarification by Kushler and Hurley (1992)] showed how to get lower confidence bounds for C pk . Here we extend this methodology to cover the situation where samples come in batches and the intra batch correlation reduces the amount of independent information. In parallel we also apply this extension to the closely related tolerance bounds or confidence bounds for quantiles. Introducing the simple trick of effective sample size these problems are linked quite successfully to existing tables for tolerance bounds or C pk confidence bounds. The basic idea is to “approximate” the complicated data situation with an i.i.d. scenario with reduced overall sample size. The approximation is anchored by analysis to the two extreme situations where the within batch correlation is zero or one. For the in-between cases the effective sample size is chosen on a simple heuristic basis, namely by matching the variances of the sample mean under the batch effect model and its i.i.d. approximation. The coverage properties of the resulting method, examined by simulation, were found to be reasonably accurate near the extreme cases and mildly conservative in-between.
In vitro activation of the transcription factor gamma interferon activation factor by gamma interferon: evidence for a tyrosine phosphatase/kinase signaling cascade. (1993)

Although it has been well documented that the biological activities of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) are initiated through interaction with its cell surface receptor, the signal transduction mechanisms which mediate the effects of this cytokine have remained unclear. In order to facilitate a better understanding of IFN-gamma signaling, we have designed an assay using human fibroblast cell homogenates in which IFN-gamma activates the formation of the IFN-gamma activation factor (GAF) transcription complex. GAF mediates the rapid transcriptional activation of the guanylate-binding protein gene by IFN-gamma. Activation of GAF in homogenates required ATP, but not Ca2+ or GTP. Fractionation of homogenates indicated that both the pellet (18,000 x g) and the remaining cytoplasmic fraction were required for GAF activation by IFN-gamma. In intact cells and cell homogenates, the activation of GAF was prevented by the specific tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein. Treatment of GAF-containing nuclear extracts with either monoclonal antiphosphotyrosine antibody or protein tyrosine phosphatase prevented the assembly of the transcription complex, indicating that its formation required phosphorylation of tyrosine residues. Furthermore, the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitors phenylarsine oxide and zinc chloride also inhibited GAF formation in vitro, but only if these agents were added to cell homogenates before IFN-gamma was added. The addition of either agent 5 min after IFN-gamma had no effect. These results provide the first evidence for an IFN-gamma-regulated tyrosine phosphatase/kinase signaling cascade that permits this cytokine to activate the transcription of an early-response gene.
Pearl: A Mobile Robotic Assistant for the Elderly (2002)

The Nursebot project is a multi-disciplinary, multi-university effort aimed at developing mobile robotic assistants for the elderly.
<scp>X</scp>‐Ray Powder Diffraction (2005)

Abstract Crystalline solids may be described as containing a unit of matter that when repeated in three‐dimensional space reproduces the crystal. Because of the periodic nature of crystals and the fact that the distances between the atoms, that is, bond distances, are of the same order of magnitude as X‐ray wavelengths, the crystals act as diffraction gratings toward X‐ray beams. Diffraction from a small single crystal produces a three‐dimensional array of spots whose geometry can be related to the geometry of the unit cell and the three noncoplanar vectors that describe the periodic arrangement of the unit cells. Knowledge of the intensities of the diffracted radiation allows the determination of the atoms within the unit cell. Many compounds occur as polycrystalline solids or powders. Most solids in nature are present as mixtures of two or more crystalline phases. Such materials still diffract X‐rays but the three‐dimensional array of spots is condensed into a one‐dimensional array of diffraction lines or near Gaussian peaks. Because of this low dimensionality much less data are obtained; however, a great deal of information may still be derived from the powder pattern referred to as X‐ray powder diffraction (XRPD) for XRPD pattern. In its simplest form the XRPD may be used as a fingerprint to identify a particular phase or mixture of phases. The amount of each phase may be determined quantitatively. As the crystallite size decreases, the X‐ray peaks broaden, so it is possible to obtain a measure of the crystallite size. Lattice strain also contributes to peak broadening, requiring that the two effects be separated for accuracy in interpretation of the data. The advent of high speed computers and highly engineered diffractometers allows for rapid accurate analysis of powder mixtures or the study of solid solutions, defects and other complexities of crystalline material. It is, in many cases, possible to determine the crystal structure of compounds from their X‐ray powder data and this aspect of powder diffractometry is included here. Diffraction does not occur from amorphous solids, but X‐rays are scattered and much information on particle size and short range order can be obtained from small angle X‐ray and neutron scattering studies. Furthermore, EXAFS and Atomic Pair Distribution functions provide a means of probing the structures of amorphous and semicrystalline materials.
Enhancing the Outcome of Cell Therapy for Cardiac Repair (2010)

C ell therapy has emerged as a promising option to treat myocardial infarction or heart failure; more than 1500 patients with cardiovascular diseases are treated with adult progenitor cells worldwide. The treatment of acute and chronic myocardial infarction with adult bone marrowderived cells provided a modest benefit in most but not all studies. A number of plausible reasons have been discussed to explain the modest effects, sending researchers back to the bench to elucidate strategies to overcome the limitations of cell therapy and to develop more efficient approaches. Such strategies include the use of other sources to isolate adult progenitor cells (eg, adipose or cardiac tissue) or the generation of pluripotent cells by the reprogramming of somatic cell types. Successful cardiac cell therapy in clinical practice also depends on the efficient delivery and the appropriate integration and alignment of injected or infused cells. The pretreatment of cells with activators to augment cell homing and survival or the improvement of cell delivery tools may provide an opportunity to increase the number of active cells in ischemic or diseased tissues, thereby increasing their therapeutic potential. Finally, the identification of molecules guiding cardiac differentiation provides novel tools to enforce the formation of new functionally active cardiomyocytes to augment cardiac regeneration in its pure sense.
Crosstalk between the Ras2p-controlled Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase and cAMP Pathways during Invasive Growth of<i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (1999)

The two highly conserved RAS genes of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are redundant for viability. Here we show that haploid invasive growth development depends on RAS2 but not RAS1. Ras1p is not sufficiently expressed to induce invasive growth. Ras2p activates invasive growth using either of two downstream signaling pathways, the filamentation MAPK (Cdc42p/Ste20p/MAPK) cascade or the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (Cyr1p/cAMP/PKA) pathway. This signal branch point can be uncoupled in cells expressing Ras2p mutant proteins that carry amino acid substitutions in the adenylyl cyclase interaction domain and therefore activate invasive growth solely dependent on the MAPK cascade. Both Ras2p-controlled signaling pathways stimulate expression of the filamentation response element-driven reporter gene depending on the transcription factors Ste12p and Tec1p, indicating a crosstalk between the MAPK and the cAMP signaling pathways in haploid cells during invasive growth.
CRISPR-Mediated Activation of Endogenous Gene Expression in the Postnatal Heart (2019)

The developed mouse model permits enhancement of gene expression by using endogenous regulatory genomic elements. Proof-of-concept in 2 independent genomic loci suggests versatile applications in controlling transcription in cardiomyocytes of the postnatal heart.
Dissection of serological and cytolytic T lymphocyte epitopes on murine major histocompatibility antigens by a recombinant H-2 gene separating the first two external domains. (1984)

A novel H-2 gene in which the first external (N) domain of the H-2Ld antigen was replaced with that of the H-2Dd antigen was constructed and introduced into L cells. A transformant expressing the products of the hybrid gene was studied for binding to monoclonal antibodies specific for H-2Ld and H-2Dd antigens. It was found that serological determinants are distributed both in the N (Dd) and Cl (Ld) domains. Determinants recognized by allospecific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and virus-specific CTLs also mapped to the N and Cl domains. Determinants recognized by vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-specific effect cells, however, were not present on the recombinant molecule. These results show that a recombinant gene of two H-2 antigens in which the first external domain has been reshuffled can express a functional H-2 antigen that can then be used to map serological and CTL determinants to specific domains.
Tissue-Specific Differences in the Development of Insulin Resistance in a Mouse Model for Type 1 Diabetes (2014)

Although insulin resistance is known to underlie type 2 diabetes, its role in the development of type 1 diabetes has been gaining increasing interest. In a model of type 1 diabetes, the nonobese diabetic (NOD) mouse, we found that insulin resistance driven by lipid- and glucose-independent mechanisms is already present in the liver of prediabetic mice. Hepatic insulin resistance is associated with a transient rise in mitochondrial respiration followed by increased production of lipid peroxides and c-Jun N-terminal kinase activity. At the onset of diabetes, increased adipose tissue lipolysis promotes myocellular diacylglycerol accumulation. This is paralleled by increased myocellular protein kinase C θ activity and serum fetuin A levels. Muscle mitochondrial oxidative capacity is unchanged at the onset but decreases at later stages of diabetes. In conclusion, hepatic and muscle insulin resistance manifest at different stages and involve distinct cellular mechanisms during the development of diabetes in the NOD mouse.
Point defects in GaAs studied by correlated positron lifetime, optical, and electrical measurements (1988)

Positron lifetime measurements are used in combination with optical (infrared absorption, photo-luminescence, and photoreflexion) and electrical (Hall and resistivity) investigations to study native point defects and their complexes in as-grown GaAs crystals. In undoped n-type GaAs which contains 2 × 1016 cm−3 EL2° centres strong positron trapping by a vacancy-type defect is detected. The point defect is discussed as a vacancy in the As sublattice appearing in a neutral or negative charge state, V. In heavily doped GaAs dopant-vacancy complexes of the type AV and DV are identified from optical measurements in p-type and n-type crystals, respectively. Positrons which are repelled by AV are evidently trapped by acceptor-type donor-Ga vacancy complexes in n-type GaAs. The decomposition of the lifetime spectra provides characteristic positron lifetimes of 295 ps and 260 ps for the V and DV defects, respectively. A specific positron trapping rate of 6 × 10−8 cm3 s−1 (3 × 1014 s−1) is estimated from the comparison of electrical and positron lifetime parameters and by identifying the compensating centres in heavily doped n-type GaAs with DV defects. The number of grown-in vacancies is discussed. Temperature dependent studies indicate a change in the nature of the dominating positron trap at low temperatures. Annealing experiments are discussed as a compensation of vacancies around 500 °C probably by in-diffusion of acceptor-type impurities. Positronen lebensdauermessungen werden in Kombination mit optischen (Infrarotabsorption, Photolumineszenz und Photoreflexion) und elektrischen (Hall-Effekt und Widerstand) Untersuchungen benutzt, um atomare Eigendefekte und ihre Komplexe in gewachsenen GaAs-Kristallen zu untersuchen. Im undotierten, n-leitenden GaAs, welches 2 × 1016 cm−3 EL2°-Zentren enthält, wird ein starker Positroneneinfang durch leerstellenartige Defekte nachgewiesen. Der Punktdefekt wird als Leerstelle im As-Untergitter diskutiert, welche im neutralen oder negativen Ladungszustand auftritt, V. In stark dotiertem GaAs werden mit optischen Untersuchungen Dotierungsleerstellenkomplexe des Types AV und DV in p-leitenden bzw. n-leitenden Kristallen identifiziert. Positronen, welche durch AV abgestoßen werden, werden offensichtlich durch akzeptorartige Donator-Ga-Leerstellen-Komplexe im n-leitenden GaAs eingefangen. Die Zerlegung des Positronenlebensdauerspektrums liefert charakteristische Positronenlebensdauerwerte von 295 ps und 260 ps für V bzw. DV-Defekte. Eine spezifische Positroneneinfangrate von 6 × 10 cm3 s−1 (3 × 1014 s−1) wird abgeschätzt aus dem Vergleich von elektrischen und Posi-
Generic Entity Resolution in the SERF Project (2006)

The SERF project at Stanford deals with the Entity Resolution (ER) problem, in which records determined to represent the same real-life “entities ” (such as people or products) are successively located and combined. The approach we pursue is “generic”, in the sense that the specific functions used to match and merge records are viewed as black boxes, which permits efficient, expressive and extensible ER solutions. This paper motivates and introduces the principles of generic ER, and gives an overview of the research directions we have been exploring in the SERF project over the past two years. 1
Similarities and discrepancies between exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (1998)

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways which causes recurrent episodes of wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, and cough, symptoms which are usually associated with reversible airflow limitation.1 2 This definition includes the recurrence of respiratory symptoms which might be otherwise classified as asthma exacerbations. However, the term asthma exacerbation is usually reserved for more severe and/or more persistent respiratory symptoms requiring a prolonged increase of current antiasthma medication.1 2 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is defined as a progressive airflow limitation, mostly irreversible.3 4 The term COPD includes patients with obstructive chronic bronchitis and/or pulmonary emphysema.3 4 Patients with moderate or severe persistent asthma may also have an irreversible component of airflow limitation, and thus they may also be included in the definition of COPD.3 The definition of COPD does not include exacerbations,3-5 even if exacerbations are the main cause of medical intervention and admission to hospital in these patients.

Recent guidelines provide classifications of exacerbations of asthma and COPD based on clinical parameters.1-4 6Although these classifications may provide a useful tool for clinical studies, they are not standardised and they are rather cumbersome and difficult to use in clinical practice. The definitions derived from the literature are operational and vary with investigators.7-14 In this article we will try to provide some definitions to be subsequently used to discuss the pathogenesis and treatment of the two diseases.

Mild exacerbations of asthma may be defined as increased intensity or frequency of symptoms and/or worsened lung function—that is, decreased forced expiratory flows or increased variability of peak expiratory flow—that force the patient either to change prescribed treatment and/or to seek medical attention.13 14 The borderline between ongoing symptoms with frequent use of rescue medication and mild exacerbations may be difficult …
Thermal reduction of molybdenum trioxide (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThermal reduction of molybdenum trioxideP. A. Spevack and N. S. McIntyreCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1992, 96, 22, 9029–9035Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100201a062https://doi.org/10.1021/j100201a062research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2374Altmetric-Citations190LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Effect of Zr Addition on Dynamic Recrystallization during Hot Extrusion in Al Alloys (2005)

The presence of Al3Zr precipitates promotes continuous dynamic recrystallization in Al-Zn-Mg alloys during hot extrusion, resulting in a fine-grained structure. The mechanism for this phenomenon was investigated by observing the change in microstructure under hot extrusion using high resolution EBSP. In the rear of the extrusion die mouth, grain boundary mobility is low since the flow stress is comparatively low and grain boundary migration is inhibited by Al3Zr particles. Thus, in order to reduce the deformation-induced high dislocation density, continuous dynamic recrystallization occurs, which does not involve long-range grain boundary migration, resulting in a finer-grained structure. The flow stress, and hence, the mobility of the grain boundary increase near the die mouth. This promotes long-range grain boundary migration, which reduces the dislocation density. Continuous dynamic recrystallization is not observed under these conditions. Since Al3Zr precipitates inhibit long-range grain boundary migration, increase of the Al3Zr precipitate content expands the region where continuous dynamic recrystallization occurs towards the die mouth, resulting in a finer-grained structure.
Temperature dependence of the radiative recombination coefficient in crystalline silicon from spectral photoluminescence (2014)

The radiative recombination coefficient B(T) in crystalline silicon is determined for the temperature range 90–363 K, and in particular from 270 to 350 K with an interval of 10 K, where only sparse data are available at present. The band-band absorption coefficient established recently by Nguyen et al. [J. Appl. Phys. 115, 043710 (2014)] via photoluminescence spectrum measurements is employed to compute the values of B(T) at various temperatures. The results agree very well with literature data from Trupke et al. [J. Appl. Phys. 94, 4930 (2003).] We present a polynomial parameterization describing the temperature dependence of the product of B(T) and the square of the intrinsic carrier density. We also find that B(T) saturates at a near constant value at room temperature and above for silicon samples with relatively low free carrier densities.
Potential worldwide distribution of Fusarium dry root rot in common beans based on the optimal environment for disease occurrence (2017)

Root rots are a constraint for staple food crops and a long-lasting food security problem worldwide. In common beans, yield losses originating from root damage are frequently attributed to dry root rot, a disease caused by the Fusarium solani species complex. The aim of this study was to model the current potential distribution of common bean dry root rot on a global scale and to project changes based on future expectations of climate change. Our approach used a spatial proxy of the field disease occurrence, instead of solely the pathogen distribution. We modeled the pathogen environmental requirements in locations where in-situ inoculum density seems ideal for disease manifestation. A dataset of 2,311 soil samples from commercial farms assessed from 2002 to 2015 allowed us to evaluate the environmental conditions associated with the pathogen's optimum inoculum density for disease occurrence, using a lower threshold as a spatial proxy. We encompassed not only the optimal conditions for disease occurrence but also the optimal pathogen's density required for host infection. An intermediate inoculum density of the pathogen was the best disease proxy, suggesting density-dependent mechanisms on host infection. We found a strong convergence on the environmental requirements of both the host and the disease development in tropical areas, mostly in Brazil, Central America, and African countries. Precipitation and temperature variables were important for explaining the disease occurrence (from 17.63% to 43.84%). Climate change will probably move the disease toward cooler regions, which in Brazil are more representative of small-scale farming, although an overall shrink in total area (from 48% to 49% in 2050 and 26% to 41% in 2070) was also predicted. Understanding pathogen distribution and disease risks in an evolutionary context will therefore support breeding for resistance programs and strategies for dry root rot management in common beans.