gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Allelopathic Influence of Houndstongue (Cynoglossum officinale) and Its Modification By UV-B Radiation (2008)

Influence of aqueous leaf extracts, leaf residue, and leached-leaf residue of houndstongue, a noxious rangeland weed, on seedling emergence of forage grasses was studied. Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) effects during houndstongue growth on subsequent germination and growth-inhibitory activity of leaf extracts were investigated. Addition of glasshouse-grown houndstongue leaf extract to mineral soil decreased emergence of crested wheatgrass by 13% and prairie junegrass by 20% at 14 d after sowing. Idaho fescue emergence was unaffected. Incorporation of houndstongue leaf- and leached-leaf residue into soil (0.4 g residue : 20 g soil) delayed emergence of forage grasses. At 14 d after sowing, houndstongue leaf residue spread on the soil surface (0.2 g residue : 20 g soil) tended to inhibit seedling emergence more than leaf residues incorporated into soil. In separate experiments, houndstongue plants were grown at 0, 4, 7, and 11 kJ/m2/d biologically effective UV-B radiation for 6 wk, and leaf extracts (0.5, 1, 2, and 4% wt/v) were prepared. Exposure of houndstongue to increasing UV-B dose during plant growth generally increased the inhibitory activity of their leaf extract on prairie junegrass germination. Crested wheatgrass and Idaho fescue seedlings incubated in extracts of houndstongue leaves exposed to UV-B, compared with leaves grown in a UV-B–free environment, had decreased root lengths. Leaf extracts of plants exposed to elevated UV-B levels had higher absorbance at 300 nm, indicating greater concentration of UV-B–absorbing compounds. This study suggests houndstongue leaf extracts and residues inhibit seed germination and seedling emergence and that UV-B may enhance their allelopathic influence on some forage grasses. Field studies are needed to confirm the allelopathic influence of houndstongue under rangeland conditions.Nomenclature: Houndstongue, Cynoglossum officinale L. CYWOF, crested wheatgrass, Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn., alternate binomial, Elymus wawawaiensis J. Carlson & Barkworth var. Secar, Idaho fescue, Festuca idahoensis Elmer var. Joseph, prairie junegrass, Koeleria macrantha (Ledeb.) J.A. Schultes
Effects of Antibiotic Therapy on <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> -Induced Lung Injury in a Rat Model (1999)

The effect of antibiotics on the acute lung injury induced by virulent Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA103 was quantitatively analyzed in a rat model. Lung injury was induced by the instillation of PA103 directly into the right lower lobes of the lungs of anesthetized rats. The alveolar epithelial injury, extravascular lung water, and total plasma equivalents were measured as separate, independent parameters of acute lung injury. Four hours after the instillation of PA103, all the parameters were increased linearly depending on the dose of P. aeruginosa. Next, we examined the effects of intravenously administered antibiotics on the parameters of acute lung injury in D-galactosamine-sensitized rats. One hour after the rats received 10(7) CFU of PA103, an intravenous bolus injection of aztreonam (60 mg/kg) or imipenem-cilastatin (30 mg/kg) was administered. Despite an MIC indicating resistance, imipenem-cilastatin improved all the measurements of lung injury; in contrast, aztreonam, which had an MIC indicating sensitivity, did not improve any of the lung injury parameters. The antibiotics did not generate different quantities of plasma endotoxin; therefore, endotoxin did not appear to explain the differences in lung injury. This in vivo model is useful to quantitatively compare the efficacies of parenteral antibiotic administration on Pseudomonas airspace infections.
Broadband, Mode-Selective 15-Mode Multiplexer Based on Multi-Plane Light Conversion (2017)

We report a 15 spatial mode multiplexer based on Multi-Plane Light Conversion, with high mode selectivity across the full C+L band. The multiplexer shows average 4.4 dB insertion loss and 23 dB mode selectivity.
Instant Notes: Immunology (Second Edition) (2005)

The Instant Notes Study Guides, which now exist for a range of bioscience subjects, seem to have been successful and the format is appreciated by students. The present volume is that for Immunology...
Layered Double Hydroxide−CdSe Quantum Dot Composites through Colloidal Processing:  Effect of Host Matrix−Nanoparticle Interaction on Optical Behavior (2005)

Layered double hydroxide (LDH)-monodispersed 4-nm CdSe nanoparticle composites were prepared through restacking of layers of colloidally dispersed delaminated LDH in the presence of CdSe nanoparticles in 1-butanol. The composites exhibit a blue shift for CdSe absorption, which increases with a decrease in nanoparticle content. The observed blue shift is due to the interaction of the quantum dots with the LDH layers, which leads to surface modification of the nanoparticles.
ChemInform Abstract: Studies in the Synthesis of Helical Naphthoquinone Oligomers. Part 1. 2,2′;3′,2′′‐Ter‐ and 2,2′;3′,2′′;3′′,2′′′‐Quater(1,4‐naphthoquinone). (1990)

Abstract The title compounds (III) and (IV) are obtained by cooxidation of the phenolic precursors (I) and (II).
An Overview of Utilization of Steel Slag (2012)

The current utilization rate of steel slag is only 22% in china, far behind the developed countries. At present, the amount of slag deposited in storage yard adds up to 30Mt, leading to the occupation of farm land and serious pollution to the environment. Improving the slag utilization is an important way to resolve these problems. The physical and chemical characteristics of steel slag were analyzed and then the research progress of steel slag utilization at home and abroad as recycled raw material in steel enterprise interior, aggregate of road and hydraulic construction, cement additive and concrete admixture, materials for waste water or gas treatment, construction materials and fertilizer in agriculture production were introduced respectively. At last, the important routes and critical problems for large-scale utilization of steel slag were proposed.
Smoothing dry-etched microstructure sidewalls using focused ion beam milling for optical applications (2007)

This paper presents a new sidewall smoothing process for Si micro-optical components using focused ion beam (FIB) milling. First, the deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) Bosch process is employed to form a microstructure on a Si substrate. However, scalloping which is induced on the sidewall by the repetition of etching and passivation steps is a major source of light scattering, reducing surface reflectivity in optical applications. In this research, FIB is used to smooth the rough sidewall surface and obtain polished mirror surface. After the DRIE Bosch process, the values of sidewall roughness as measured by atomic force microscopy were 153.0 ± 13.5 nm with an rms value of 28.1 ± 6.4 nm. The FIB smoothing process tremendously improved the surface roughness of etched sidewalls resulting in a maximum peak-to-valley roughness and an rms roughness of 5.7 ± 1.8 nm and 1.6 ± 0.7 nm, respectively. In this paper, the DRIE Bosch process and the FIB smoothing process are described in detail and applications using this technique are discussed.
BEHAVIOR GENETICS OF NEST GLEANING IN HONEY BEES. IV. RESPONSES OF F<sub>1</sub>AND BACKCROSS GENERATIONS TO DISEASE-KILLED BROOD (1964)

animal kingdom lives a more or less soli? tary existence (except for a minimal amount of social life involved in mating activity and reproduction), whereas the honey bee lives in colonies of up to 60,000 individuals. Honey-bee colonies are much more than aggregations, flocks, or herds, for the individuals within one are so dependent upon one another that no individual, nor even a group of a few hundred individuals, can survive and perpetuate the species in nature.
Characterization of an HPr Kinase Mutant of <i>Staphylococcus xylosus</i> (2000)

The Staphylococcus xylosus gene hprK, encoding HPr kinase (HPrK), has been isolated from a genomic library. The HPrK enzyme, purified as a His(6) fusion protein, phosphorylated HPr, the phosphocarrier protein of the bacterial phosphotransferase system, at a serine residue in an ATP-dependent manner, and it also catalyzed the reverse reaction. Therefore, the enzyme constitutes a bifunctional HPr kinase/phosphatase. Insertional inactivation of the gene in the genome of S. xylosus resulted in the concomitant loss of both HPr kinase and His serine-phosphorylated-HPr phosphatase activities in cell extracts, strongly indicating that the HPrK enzyme is also responsible for both reactions in vivo. HPrK deficiency had a profound pleiotropic effect on the physiology of S. xylosus. The hprK mutant strain showed a severe growth defect in complex medium upon addition of glucose. Glucose uptake in glucose-grown cells was strongly enhanced compared with the wild type. Carbon catabolite repression of three tested enzyme activities by glucose, sucrose, and fructose was abolished. These results clearly demonstrate the prominent role of HPr kinase in global control to adjust catabolic capacities of S. xylosus according to the availability of preferred carbon sources.
Clinical and Immunologic Evaluation of Dendritic Cell–Based Immunotherapy in Combination With Gemcitabine and/or S-1 in Patients With Advanced Pancreatic Carcinoma (2011)

Dendritic cell vaccine-based immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy was shown to be safe and possibly effective in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer refractory to standard treatment.
Reactions of the Carbon-Cobalt Bond of Alkylcobalamins (1966)

The carbon-cobalt bond in cyanoethylcobalamin can be reversibly cleaved to give hydridocobalamin and acrylonitrile. Aerobic decomposition in alkali is first order in both hydroxide ion and cyanoethylcobalamin, although the kinetics is somewhat ambiguous below pH 9. This is the first demonstrated example of alkyl-cobalt cleavage in which the cobalt leaves with the bonding electrons.
Heterogeneous catalytic reactions of carbon dioxide (1995)

The most important classes of heterogeneous catalytic reactions involving CO2 are examined: the incorporation of CO2 in the C–C, C–H, and C–N bonds with formation of carbonyl- and carboxyl-containing compounds and oxidation of other compounds by CO2. Reactions of the second class are more promising from the standpoint of the utilisation of carbon dioxide as a chemical raw material and from the standpoint of the solution of the ecological problems involving its utilisation from the gaseous waste discharged into the atmosphere. The reactions involving the oxidation of C1–C7 hydrocarbons and C1–C2 alcohols by carbon dioxide, which have been investigated by the authors of this review, are examined in detail. Catalysts based on manganese oxides are most effective in these reactions. The bibliography includes 231 references.
Thyroid hormones in fibrocystic breast disease (1995)

This study was undertaken to evaluate the role of thyroid hormones in fibrocystic breast disease. The concentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4), free T4 and free triiodothyronine (T3) were determined in serum of 50 women with fibrocystic breast disease without macrocysts (cysts of over 3 mm diameter) and in the serum and breast cyst fluid (BCF) of 60 women with fibrocystic breast disease and macrocysts. Possible relationships between thyroid hormones and estradiol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, testosterone, progesterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone in the BCF also were analyzed. Serum thyroid hormone levels did not differ between the two groups. Free T3 levels were higher in BCF than in serum (p < 0.001), whereas T4, free T4 and TSH concentrations were lower in BCF as compared to serum (p < 0.001). Cysts were divided according to their K+/Na+ ratio because a ratio above 3 represents a predictor of malignant transformation. Free T3 concentrations were higher in BCF than in serum, in both low K+/Na+ cysts and in cysts with a K+/Na+ ratio above 3; those cysts with a high K+/Na+ ratio had the highest free T3 concentration. Free T3 in cysts correlated positively to the K+/Na+ ratio (r = 0.831; p < 0.001). Multiple linear regression analysis demonstrated that the concentration of free T3 in BCF was predicted statistically by the positive regression coefficient for the estradiol concentration. No candidate variable was included in the model to predict concentrations of TSH, free T4 or T4 in BCF. These data suggest an important role of free T3 in the physiology of fibrocystic breast disease.
Thermal Stability of Azole‐Coated Copper Surfaces (1995)

Azole layers, such as benzotriazole and imidazole, on Cu surfaces have long been known to protect the copper surfaces from corrosion. In the fabrication of printed circuit boards, azole layers can protect the solderability of Cu surfaces by limiting the oxidation of the Cu. The thermal stability of imidazole and 5‐methylbenzimidazole layers on Cu surfaces under vacuum, nitrogen, and air have been studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. These films are much more stable under nitrogen and vacuum than under air, and the decomposition mechanisms of the films are different under different atmospheres.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Breast Prior to Biopsy (2004)

ContextBreast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been shown to have high sensitivity for cancer detection and is increasingly used following mammography to evaluate suspicious breast lesions.ObjectiveTo determine the accuracy of breast MRI in conjunction with mammography for the detection of breast cancer in patients with suspicious mammographic or clinical findings.Design, Setting, and PatientsProspective multicenter investigation of the International Breast MR Consortium conducted at 14 university hospitals in North America and Europe from June 2, 1998, through October 31, 2001, of 821 patients referred for breast biopsy for American College of Radiology category 4 or 5 mammographic assessment or suspicious clinical or ultrasound finding.InterventionsMRI examinations performed prior to breast biopsy; MRI results were interpreted at each site, which were blinded to pathological results.Main Outcome MeasuresArea under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity of breast MRI.ResultsAmong the 821 patients, there were 404 malignant index lesions, of which 63 were ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and 341 were invasive carcinoma. Of the 417 nonmalignant index lesions, 366 were benign, 47 showed atypical histology, and 4 were lobular carcinoma in situ. The AUC pooled over all institutions was 0.88 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.86-0.91). MRI correctly detected cancer in 356 of 404 cancer cases (DCIS or invasive cancer), resulting in a sensitivity of 88.1% (95% CI, 84.6%-91.1%), and correctly identified as negative for cancer 281 of 417 cases without cancer, resulting in a specificity of 67.7% (95% CI, 62.7%-71.9%). MRI performance was not significantly affected by mammographic breast density, tumor histology, or menopausal status. The positive predictive values for 356 of 492 patients was 72.4% (95% CI, 68.2%-76.3%) and of mammography for 367 of 695 patients was 52.8% (95% CI, 49.0%-56.6%) (P<.005). Dynamic MRI did not improve the AUC compared with 3-dimensional MRI alone, but the specificity of a washout pattern for 123 of 136 patients without cancer was 90.4% (95% CI, 84%-95%).ConclusionsBreast MRI has high sensitivity but only moderate specificity independent of breast density, tumor type, and menopausal status. Although the positive predictive value of MRI is greater than mammography, MRI does not obviate the need for subsequent tissue sampling in this setting.
Immunological consequences of trauma and shock. (1999)

The immune system is a powerful, complex entity composed of numerous cell types and regulated by autocrine, paracrine, and hormonal mechanisms. Trauma and haemorrhagic shock induce numerous changes within this system which are ultimately deleterious and contribute to the high incidence of organ dysfunction and infectious complications seen following injury. Regional hypoxia and depletion of intracellular energy stores occur in response to diminished microcirculatory blood flow, and these changes alter cellular signalling and result in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and prostanoids which mediate further suppression of immune function. Neutrophil priming serves to induce tissue damage in critical organ systems such as the lungs, heart, liver, and gut, further insulting the injured organism. Depression of antigen presentation and cytokine elaboration by macrophages and other antigen presenting cells effectively prevents a normal response from the acquired immune system, and lymphocyte-monocyte interactions are squelched. The resulting depression in cell mediated and humoral immunity renders the organism susceptible to microbial infection and contributes to the morbidity and mortality associated with nosocomial infections. Hormonal modulation of the immune response is highly evident following trauma and haemorrhage, and the preponderance of male morbidity associated with sepsis can be explained by the depression in immune function seen in males, but not females in the pro-oestrous state. Despite the multitude of changes induced by trauma and haemorrhage, experimental studies have revealed several promising pharmacologic interventions which may serve to blunt the effect of injury on the immune system, and render the host competent to withstand the bacterial and viral challenges responsible for so much of the late mortality following severe injury.
Induction and Direction of Immune Responses by Vaccine Adjuvants (2001)

Successful vaccination against infectious or neoplastic disease programs the host's immune system, in a multistep process, to generate an efficient defense and memory response. Conditioning of immune responses to nonreplicating, poorly immunogenic antigens generally requires the help of an adjuvant. The present review attempts to classify vaccine adjuvants functionally, according to recently proposed, mutually exclusive concepts of immunity induction. These include the geographical concept of immune reactivity and the theory of depot effect. Both emphasize the importance of antigen delivery and localization to the lymph node in time after immunization. Other concepts stress the importance of key signals, such as "infectious nonself" or "danger," which influence the activation state of the antigen-presenting cell (APC) and, hence, its capacity to prime naïve T cells. The nature of adjuvant-induced immune responses is discussed in relation to each concept.
SYNTHETIC, CHEMICAL, AND BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF FR901464 AND STUDIES OF THE SILVER AND ZIRCONIUM PROMOTED ALKYNYL ADDITION REACTION (2008)

The total synthesis of FR901464 was accomplished in at total of 29 steps, which is the shortest synthesis to date. Degradation studies were performed on the fully functionalized right fragment of FR901464 and this insight was used to rationally design a more stable analog, which led to the rational development of meayamycin, an FR901464 analog with enhanced biological properties. Additional analogs were synthesized examining the A-ring, C4' position, and the C3 position of the B-ring. These analogs demonstrated that the A-ring of FR901464 is optimal, the C4' acetate should remain intact for higher potency, and the spiroepoxide is required for antiproliferative properties. The low potency of the desepoxy analogs indicate that FR901464 covalently modifies is target(s) via its epoxide, which led to the synthesis of cold iodide-containing analog, which could be used for target identification experiments. Due to the concern of non-specific reactions of epoxides with endogenous thiols, a method was developed to study the consumption of epoxides with thiols. Experiments of common epoxide motifs showed that these reactions were negligible under biologically relevant conditions. Moreover, a model system for the amide chain of FR901464 demonstrated that its Z-enamide will not react non-specifically with endogenous thiols.There was a need for a general method for the alkynyl addition to epoxides to give propargylic alcohols as products. Towards this end, the Ag/Zr-promoted alkynyl addition methodology discovered in the Koide laboratories was successfully applied. These studies began with the preparation of 11 silver acetylides and examining their safety as reagents for organic synthesis. Subsequently, these silver acetylides were shown to add to epoxides via 1,2-shifts to give propargylic alcohols in the presence of Cp2ZrCl2 and AgOTf. The scope and limitations of both the epoxide and alkyne were realized and was demonstrated in over 20 successful reactions. Moreover, the 11 new silver acetylides used in the epoxide alkynyl addition methodology should be readily applicable to the aldehyde alkynyl addition methodology. Finally, mechanistic studies were undertaken and were crucial in understanding the roles of all additives necessary for this alkynyl addition reaction to be successful, culminating in the generation of a proposed mechanism.
EXPERIMENTS IN ONLINE CHEMISTRY (1999)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNewsNEXTEXPERIMENTS IN ONLINE CHEMISTRYCurrent courses reveal challenges, promise of using the web to teach chemistry at a distanceREBECCA RAWLSView Author Information C&EN WashingtonCite this: Chem. Eng. News 1999, 77, 21, 34–37Publication Date (Print):May 24, 1999Publication History Published online12 November 2010Published inissue 24 May 1999https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v077n021.p034Copyright © 1999 American Chemical SocietyArticle Views15Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (746 KB) SUBJECTS:Post-secondary education Get e-Alerts
Automatic test program generation: a case study (2004)

Design validation is a critical step in the development of present-day microprocessors, and some authors suggest that up to 60% of the design cost is attributable to this activity. Of the numerous activities performed in different stages of the design flow and at different levels of abstraction, we focus on simulation-based design validation performed at the behavioral register-transfer level. Designers typically write assertions inside hardware description language (HDL) models and run extensive simulations to increase confidence in device correctness. Simulation results can also be useful in comparing the HDL model against higher-level references or instruction set simulators. Microprocessor validation has become more difficult since the adoption of pipelined architectures, mainly because you can't evaluate the behavior of a pipelined microprocessor by considering one instruction at a time; a pipeline's behavior depends on a sequence of instructions and all their operands.