gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Microresonant accelerometer composed of silicon substrate and quartz double‐ended tuning fork with temperature isolator (2014)

A microresonant accelerometer which consists of silicon substrate and a quartz double‐ended tuning fork (DETF) is described. A temperature isolator structure on the silicon substrate is designed to decrease the influence of thermal stress on the DETF's tines. Two stiff ends of the quartz DETF are mounted on the proof mass and temperature isolator, respectively. When acceleration is applied, the proof mass will move, inducing the variation of axial stress on the DETF's tines. The resonance frequency of the DETF's tines will change corresponding to the stress, so acceleration can be measured. The DETF is excited by the inherent piezoelectric property of quartz based on the anti‐phase in‐plane bending model. Both the silicon substrate and the DETF are fabricated by micromachining. The sensor is analysed by finite‐element simulation. According to the simulation, the temperature isolator decreases thermal stress by 30.2%. Experimental results show that the resonance frequency of the sensor is 35.2563 kHz and the sensitivity is 8.55 Hz/ g , which is in good agreement with analytical calculation.
Genetic optimisation of control parameters of a neural network (2002)

One of the shortcomings of artificial neural networks (ANNs) is the difficulty in predicting the best control parameters for a certain application. The number of combinations of parameters is very large. This makes it very inefficient and expensive to search manually by trial and error. Genetic algorithms (GAs) are an excellent and effective search technique suitable for this task. This paper describes an investigation into the use of GAs to automate the choice of parameters in both a standard backpropagation (SBP) and a fuzzy backpropagation (FBP) network for different applications.
A miniaturized dielectric monoblock band-pass filter for 800 MHz band cordless telephone system (2002)

A miniaturized dielectric monoblock band-pass filter is realized by using unique coupling method in a ceramic block of high permittivity. The filter only consists of one dielectric monoblock and electrodes. The RF leakage is suppressed without other shield housing because the whole outside wall of the filter is covered with plated copper electrode except I/O ports useful for surface mount. The dimensions of dielectric monoblock and its electrodes are decided from the elements of an equivalent circuit by 3D-FEM. The volume of the filter made as a trial for 800 MHz cordless telephone is less than 300 mm/sup 3/ for insertion loss of 2.1 dB.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Case study: Numerical Simulation on Formation Damage in Low-permeability Gas Reservoir (2011)

Abstract The study on the formation damage mechanism in low-permeability gas reservoirs is conductive to establish reasonable and effective development policies. The effects that the threshold pressure gradient and stress sensitivity have on productivity during the development. Rock samples of PH group have gone through with threshold pressure gradient measurement and stress sensitivity test. The results show that the average threshold pressure gradient is 0.00011MPa/cm, and stress sensitivity index is 0.04 on average, belonging to low stress sensitivity. In this paper a special method of dealing with seepage law in low permeability gas reservoir is mentioned, including how to process the threshold pressure gradient and converse the experimental data to field application. The formation damages caused by threshold pressure gradient and stress sensitivity are respectively simulated in the numerical simulation software to evaluate their effects on the gas reservoir development. The results of the simulation show that: 1) when the impact of threshold pressure gradient is considered, the stable production period of the gas well is 150 days shorter than that when the impact of threshold pressure gradient is ignored, and the final recovery of stable production is 7.35% lower; 2) when the impact of stress sensitivity is considered, the stable production period of the gas well is 510 days shorter than that when the impact of stress sensitivity is ignored, and the final recovery of stable production is 12.52% lower.
Micro- and Cutting Propagation of Silver Maple. I. Results with Adult and Juvenile Propagules (1991)

Clonal micropropagation studies with silver maple (Acer saccharinum L.) included experiments with various shoot. explant types, cytokinins, and stock plant maturation levels. These trials led to successful explant establishment, axillary shoot proliferation, rooting of microshoots, and establishment of plantlets in the greenhouse. Overall, the best cytokinin tested was the phenylurea derivative TDZ. Shoot proliferation on juvenile explants was poor with kinetin, 2iP, and BA. Only zeatin at 10 μ m was comparable to TDZ. TDZ at 10 n m was optimal for both juvenile and adult nodal explants. Juvenile explants that were held in vitro for 4 months commonly had at least 60 axillary shoots that could be subculture or excised for rooting. Microshoots rooted within 2 weeks. Following rooting, silver maple plantlets could be transplanted into a growing medium and placed directly onto a greenhouse bench. Studies were also conducted on rooting stem cuttings (macropropagation). Single nodes from juvenile plants rooted under intermittent mist, regardless of auxin application; however, shoot-tip cuttings from adult trees rooted best when auxin in ethanol solution was applied. Chemical names used: N- phenyl- N' -1,2,3 -thiadiazol-5-ylurea (thidiazuron, TDZ), N- (2-furanylmethyl)-1H-purin-6-amine (kinetin), isopentenyladenine (2iP), benzyladenine (BA), (E)-2-methyl-4-(1H-purin-6-ylamino)-2-buten-1-ol (zeatin).
Extrusion Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass: A Review (2014)

Bioconversion of lignocellulosic biomass to bioethanol has shown environmental, economic and energetic advantages in comparison to bioethanol produced from sugar or starch. However, the pretreatment process for increasing the enzymatic accessibility and improving the digestibility of cellulose is hindered by many physical-chemical, structural and compositional factors, which make these materials difficult to be used as feedstocks for ethanol production. A wide range of pretreatment methods has been developed to alter or remove structural and compositional impediments to (enzymatic) hydrolysis over the last few decades; however, only a few of them can be used at commercial scale due to economic feasibility. This paper will give an overview of extrusion pretreatment for bioethanol production with a special focus on twin-screw extruders. An economic assessment of this pretreatment is also discussed to determine its feasibility for future industrial cellulosic ethanol plant designs.
Femtosecond soliton pulse delivery at 800nm wavelength in hollow-core photonic bandgap fibers (2004)

We describe delivery of femtosecond solitons at 800nm wavelength over five meters of hollow-core photonic bandgap fiber. The output pulses had a length of less than 300fs and an output pulse energy of around 65nJ, and were almost bandwidth limited. Numerical modeling shows that the nonlinear phase shift is determined by both the nonlinearity of air and by the overlap of the guided mode with the glass.
EPINEPHRINE HYPERTENSION (1937)

PROHASKA, JOHN VAN M.D.; HARMS, HERMAN P. M.D.; DRAGSTEDT, LESTER R. M.D., PH.D. Author Information
Folate antagonists. 6. Synthesis and antimalarial effects of fused 2,4‐diaminothieno[2,3‐<i>d</i>]pyrimidines (1972)

Abstract 2,4‐Diamino‐5,7‐dihydro‐6 H ‐thiopyrano[4′,3′:4,5]thieno[2,3‐ d ]pyrirnidine, 2,4‐diamino‐9 H ‐mdeno[1′,2′:4,5]thieno[2,3‐ d ]pyrimidine, 2,4‐diamino‐5 H ‐indeno[2′,1′:4,5]thieno[2,3‐ d ]pyrimidine, 9,11‐diamino‐5,6‐dihydronaphtho[1′,2′:4,5]thieno[2,3‐ d ]pyrimidine, 7,9‐diamino‐5,6‐dihydronaphtho[2′,1′:4,5]thieno[2,3‐ d ]pyrimidine, 2,4‐diamino‐7‐benzy]‐5,6,7,8‐tetrahydropyrido[4′,3′:4,5]thieno[2,3‐ d ]pyrimidine, and various 2,4‐diamino‐5,6,7,8‐tetrahydro‐[1]benzothieno[2,3‐ d ]pyrimidines were synthesized by cyclization of the requisite fused 2‐aminothio‐phenene‐3‐carbonitriles utilizing chloroformamidine hydrochloride in diglyme. Several compounds exhibited strong inhibitory effects against Streptococcus faecalis (MGH‐2), Staphylococcus aureus (UC‐76), Streptococcus faecium (ATCC 8043), Lactobacillus casei (ATCC 7469), and Pediococcus cerevisiae (ATCC 8081) in vitro , and three compounds displayed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium berghei in mice and P. falciparum (Uganda I) in vitro .
Genetic properties and chromatin structure of the yeast gal regulatory element: an enhancer-like sequence. (1984)

DNA molecules created by fusing a 365-base-pair segment of yeast DNA encoding the galactose-regulated upstream promoter element (gal) to a set of derivatives that systematically delete sequences upstream from the his3 gene are introduced in single copy back into the yeast genome precisely at the his3 locus and then assayed for transcription. Fusions of the gal regulatory element to his3 derivatives containing all normal mRNA coding sequences but lacking essentially the entire promoter region fail to express his3 under any growth conditions. Fusions to derivatives lacking the his3 upstream promoter element but containing the "TATA box" place his3 expression under gal control--i.e., extremely high RNA levels in galactose-containing medium and essentially no his3 RNA in glucose-containing medium. However, of the two normal his3 initiation sites, only the downstream one is activated by the gal element. In fusions of this type, neither the orientation of the gal element nor the distance between the element and the his3 TATA box affects the level or the initiation points of transcription. However, the gal element does not influence transcription when placed 100 or 300 base pairs downstream from the normal mRNA start sites. Fusions to derivatives containing the entire his3 promoter region restore the basal level of his3 transcription in glucose-grown cells, and both transcriptional initiation sites are used. Furthermore, RNA levels in galactose-grown cells, although somewhat higher than in glucose-grown cells, are significantly below the fully induced level. The distance from his3 coding sequences does not affect RNA levels, suggesting that specific sequences, possibly corresponding to the his3 upstream promoter element, reduce the ability of the gal element to activate transcription. Analysis of chromatin from some of these strains indicates a DNase I-hypersensitive site(s) in the middle of the gal element. However, this structural feature is not correlated with transcriptional initiation because it is found when cells are grown in glucose medium and also in derivatives lacking a TATA box. Thus, the gal upstream element possesses most, but not all, of the properties of viral and cellular enhancer sequences of higher eukaryotes. In addition, it appears that the his3 and gal upstream sequences represent two distinct classes of promoter elements, which activate transcription from different initiation sites.
Dynamic stall study of a multi-element airfoil (1992)

Unsteady flow behavior and load characteristics of a VR-7 airfoil with and without a slat were studied in the water tunnel of the Aeroflightdynamics Directorate, NASA Ames Research Center. Both airfoils were oscillated sinusoidally between 5 and 25 degrees at a Reynolds number of 200,000 to obtain the unsteady lift, drag and pitching moment data. A fluorescing dye was released from an orifice located at the leading edge of the airfoil for the purpose of visualizing the boundary layer and wake flow. The flow field and load predictions of an incompressible Navier-Stokes code based on a velocity-vorticity formulation were compared with the test data. The test and predictions both confirm that the slatted VR-7 airfoil delays both static and dynamic stall as compared to the VR-7 airfoil alone.
Enantioselective Transition Metal‐Catalyzed Hydrogenation for the Asymmetric Synthesis of Amines (1993)

The great preparative potential of chiral transition metal complexes is again illustrated by the homogeneous asymmetrical hydrogenation of CN bonds which so far–in contrast to the hydrogenation of functionalized olefins or ketones–could be carried out with only a moderate selectivity. Both with the catalyst system RhI-1 and also with the ansa-titanocene complex 2 optically active amines could be produced in high enantiomeric excesses.
Determination of Optimal Composition of Stabilized Phosphogypsum Composites for Saltwater Application. (1998)

Phosphogypsum (CaSO4 ˙ 2H2O, PG), a solid by-product of phosphoric acid production, has been classified as a "Technologically Enhanced Natural Radioactive Material" (TENR), because it contains radionuclides (eg., radium 226) and some trace toxic metals in concentrations, which may pose a potential hazard to human health and the environment. The current regulated disposal method for PG is on-site stockpiling, which has created a serious environmental management problem. An appealing solution to the problem is the use of stabilized PG for aquatic enhancement activities. This solution can eliminate the airborne vector of transmission for radon 222 and therefore may provide a safe alternative to the current stockpiling practices. The determination of low cement content (<10%) stabilized PG composites has been investigated. Varying combinations of PG:cement, PG:fly ash:lime and PG:fly ash:cement were fabricated for laboratory and field experiments. Field saltwater submergence studies and response surface with process variable analysis shows that only the PG:fly ash:cement composites are able to survive in the Gulf Coast saltwater environment when cement content is less than 10%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) shows that ettringite formation is potentially responsible for degradation of PG stabilized composites. SEM and microprobe analysis showed that conditions necessary for stabilized PG composites to survive in the saltwater environment are: (1) the stabilized PG composites should have a strong sulfate resistant surface and (2) the local pH environments on the stabilized PG composites should be above 11. This higher local pH environment will result in the formation of calcium carbonates, which protect the PG composites and reduce the diffusion of toxic metals and radium. For PG:fly ash:cement composites, the stronger calcium carbonate coating embedded with fly ash particles covers the higher sulfate resistant composite surface and both contribute to the PG:fly ash:cement composites survival in the Gulf Coast seawater environments for more than one year. Dynamic leaching test, field experiments, SEM, and microprobe analysis showed that the calcium diffusion coefficient is a good indicator for PG:cement and PG:fly ash:cement stabilized composites long term dissolution potential but does not apply to the PG:fly ash:lime stabilized composite.
Phase Diagram of Self-assembled Viral Capsid Protein Polymorphs (2009)

We present an experimental study of the self-assembly of capsid proteins of the cowpea chlorotic mosaic virus (CCMV), in the absence of the viral genome, as a function of pH and ionic strength. In accord with previous measurements, a wide range of polymorphs can be identified by electron microscopy, among them single and multiwalled shells and tubes. The images are analyzed with respect to size and shape of aggregates, and evidence is given that equilibrium has been achieved, allowing a phase diagram to be constructed. Some previously unreported structures are also described. The range and stability of the polymorphs can be understood in terms of electrostatic interactions and the way they affect the spontaneous curvature of protein networks and the relative stabilities of pentamers and hexamers.
Variable Bus Voltage Modeling for Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle Simulation (1997)

A growing dependence on foreign oil, along with a heightened concern over the environmental impact of personal transportation, had led the U. S. government to investigate and sponsor research into advanced transportation concepts. One of these future technologies is the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), typically featuring both an internal combustion engine and an electric motor, with the goal of producing fewer emissions while obtaining superior fuel economy. While vehicles such as the Virginia Tech designed and built HEV Lumina have provided a substantial proof of concept for hybrids, there still remains a great deal of research to be done regarding optimization of hybrid vehicle design. This optimization process has been made easier through the use of ADVISOR, a MATLAB simulation program developed by the U. S. Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Lab. ADVISOR allows one to evaluate different drivetrain and subsystem configurations for both fuel economy and emissions levels. However, the present version of ADVISOR uses a constant power model for the auxiliary power unit (APU) that, while effective for cursory simulation efforts, does not provide for a truly accurate simulation. This thesis describes modifications made to the ADVISOR code to allow for the use of a load sharing APU scheme based on models developed from vehicle testing. Results for typical driving cycles are presented, demonstrating that the performance predicted by the load sharing simulation more closely follows the results obtained from actual vehicle testing. This new APU model also allows for easy adaptation for future APU technologies, such as fuel cells. Finally, an example is given to illustrate how the ADVISOR code can be used for optimizing vehicle design. This work was sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy under contract XCG-6-16668-01 for the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.
Cloud Computing in Mobile Applications (2012)

Cloud computing is emerging as one of the most important branch for providing seamless applications on mobile devices. In this paper, cloud computing is introduced as a new and speedily growing and accepted way of providing better and efficient applications for mobile devices. It provides mobile users with data storage and processing services on a cloud computing platform. We are going to discuss two major questions which are basically raised on implementation of any technique. One is we are going to implement it? and second is going to be affected by it? OR challenges have to be resolved for its successful implementation. While considering about cloud computing in mobile devices first question about its implementation is further distributed in two aspects, one is how to build cloud for mobile devices and second how mobile devices will access this cloud for data and application processing. While considering about challenges we have identified/discussed various issues regarding mobile devices, mobile network, mobile applications and some major security concerns. So in a whole main objective of this paper is: 1. To discuss how to implement cloud computing for mobile devices providing data storage and processing outside the device: o How to build cloud for mobile devices. o How mobile devices are going to access applications being offered by these clouds. 2. What are the major challenges in its seamless implementation and what are their possible solutions?
Investigations on Steroids. IV. Syntheses of Androstano[2, 3-c]-furazans and Related Compounds (1965)

Steroids with a furazan ring fused to the 2, 3-positions were synthesized. 2, 3-Dihydroxyiminoandrostanes (III) prepared from androstan-3-ones (I), via 2-hydroxyimino-3-ketones (IV), or 2, 3-diketones (II), were cyclized directly to androstano[2, 3-c]furazans (XVII) by means of alkali, succinic anhydride or thionyl chloride. Alternatively, 2, 3-dihydroxyimino compounds (III) were treated with sodium hypochlorite or lead tetraacetate to afford the corresponding furazan N-oxides (furoxans)(XXI), which were deoxygenated to the furazans (XVII) by heating with triethyl phosphite. Similarly, androst-4-eno and androsta-4, 6-dieno[2, 3-c]furazans (XVII, XIX) were prepared. Syntheses of their derivatives were also described.
Arterial imaging with a new forward-viewing intravascular ultrasound catheter, II. Three-dimensional reconstruction and display of data. (1994)

These preliminary data demonstrate the feasibility of 3DR of forward-viewing IVUS data. This method allows rapid, detailed analysis of diseased arterial segments previously unavailable with standard IVUS and may permit better targeting of interventional techniques.
Effect of <i>l</i> <i>acY</i> Expression on Homogeneity of Induction from the P <sub>t</sub> <sub>ac</sub> and P <sub>trc</sub> Promoters by Natural and Synthetic Inducers (2002)

The role of the Escherichia coli lactose permease (LacY) in the homogeneous induction of the lactose-inducible promoters P(tac) and P(trc) by the natural inducer lactose and the synthetic inducer isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) was investigated. Lactose requires active transport by LacY, whereas IPTG can freely penetrate the cell wall. In E. coli strains lacking a functional LacY, IPTG is required for induction of P(tac) and P(trc). In E. coli strains carrying a functional LacY, induction of P(trc) and P(tac) with intermediate concentrations of lactose gave rise to two subpopulations, one fully induced and one uninduced, whereas a single, fully induced population resulted when high inducer concentrations were used. In contrast, induction with IPTG gave rise to a single population of cells at all inducer concentrations in both lacY and lacY(+) strains.
Expression of cDNA sequences encoding mature and precursor forms of human dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase in Escherichia coli. Differences in kinetic mechanisms (1991)

The cDNA sequences encoding mature and precursor forms of human dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (E3) were expressed in Escherichia coli using a lambda PL promoter-driven prokaryotic expression vector. The expressed proteins in total cell extracts were identified by Western blot analysis using anti-pig heart E3 antibody and also by measurement of E3 activity. Most of the expressed human E3 polypeptides (five bands) were found in the insoluble pellet while primarily full-length mature E3 was found in the soluble fraction. About 2% of the total soluble protein was mature human E3 when expressed in wild type E. coli AR120. Since wild type E. coli has its own endogenous E3 activity, the expression of human E3 was performed in a pyruvate dehydrogenase complex-deficient strain of E. coli, JRG1342. The expressed recombinant human E3s in JRG1342 were purified to near homogeneity. The amino-terminal amino acid sequence analysis revealed that the recombinant mature E3 had an expected sequence while the recombinant precursor E3 lost 19 amino acid residues of its 35-amino acid leader sequence presumably due to a proteolytic cleavage. The recombinant mature E3 displayed comparable kinetic properties to those reported for highly purified mammalian E3s. The truncated precursor E3 showed about half of the mature E3 activity. The double-reciprocal plot for the mature E3 in the direction of NAD+ reduction showed parallel lines (ping-pong mechanism) while that for the truncated precursor E3 displayed intersecting lines (sequential mechanism). In the direction of NADH oxidation, the kinetic mechanisms of both E3s were apparently a ping-pong mechanism. These kinetic results showed that the partial 16-amino acid extension in the leader sequence changed the kinetic mechanism of human E3 so that it resembled that of glutathione reductase.