gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Novel and Current Treatment Concepts Using Pulmonary Drug Delivery (2010)

The novel technologies in pulmonary drug delivery propelled the development of new strategies for pharmacological intervention in human diseases. In particular, this review will focus on pulmonary parameters which influence the delivery of inhaled therapeutics and summarize novel applications and recent innovations. The central issues of pulmonary drug application are optimal effectiveness under conditions of greatest safety. They not only depend on the properties of the drug but also feature the application vehicle and drug formulation. The optimization of the whole system (drug, formulation and vehicle) is therefore a necessary prerequisite for reliable inhaling medicines. Depending on the desired locus of drug action, the inhaled medicine has to be adjusted to particle size, concentration and chemical composition to guarantee a local or systemic drug action. Local asthma therapy represents the established concept for inhalation therapy. Due to the disease status, deposition of drugs is therefore often seen in central rather than peripheral airways. Recent developments in ultrafine therapeutic particles should therefore provide enough drug deposition even in the deeper airways. Recent approvals and interesting new therapy concepts will be discussed. Beside a pulmonary drug action there is an accumulating number of applications also for systemic drug action after pulmonary drug delivery. These involve among others inhaled insulin, glucagon-like-peptide 1 or growth hormone. But also novel therapeutic systems for gene therapy and vaccination are currently under investigation. Successful feasibility of these novel concepts will be expected in the near future.
Merozoite Surface Protein 4/5 Provides Protection against Lethal Challenge with a Heterologous Malaria Parasite Strain (2004)

Immunization with merozoite surface protein 4/5 (MSP4/5), the murine malaria homologue of Plasmodium falciparum MSP4 and MSP5, has been shown to protect mice against challenge by parasites expressing the homologous form of the protein. The gene encoding MSP4/5 was sequenced from a number of Plasmodium yoelii isolates in order to assess the level of polymorphism in the protein. The gene was found to be highly conserved among the 13 P. yoelii isolates sequenced, even though many of the same isolates showed pronounced variability in their MSP1(19) sequences. Nonsynonymous mutations were detected only for the isolates Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis N67 and Plasmodium yoelii killicki 193L and 194ZZ. Immunization and challenge of BALB/c mice showed that the heterologous MSP4/5 proteins were able to confer a level of protection against lethal Plasmodium yoelii yoelii YM challenge infection similar to that induced by immunization with the homologous MSP4/5 protein. To explore the limits of heterologous protection, mice were immunized with recombinant MSP4/5 protein from Plasmodium berghei ANKA and Plasmodium chabaudi adami DS and challenged with P. y. yoelii YM. Interestingly, significant protection was afforded by P. berghei ANKA MSP4/5, which shows 81% sequence identity with P. y. yoelii YM MSP4/5, but it was abolished upon reduction and alkylation. Significant protection was not observed for mice immunized with recombinant P. c. adami DS MSP4/5, which shows 55.7% sequence identity with P. y. yoelii YM MSP4/5. This study demonstrates the robustness of MSP4/5 in conferring protection against variant forms of the protein in a murine challenge system, in contrast to the situation found for other asexual-stage proteins, such as MSP1(19) and AMA1.
Hydrogen Combustion in a Novel Rotary DI-HCRI Engine with Low Heat Rejection (2007)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper examines the use of radial ignition (RI) at much lower than normal diesel compression ratios (CR's) in a novel direct-injection (DI) diesel rotary-combustion engine (RCE). Unique to this engine are periphery mounted secondary radical generation chambers (mini-chambers) capable of controlling the rates of radical generation. For this preliminary study the engine is operated on hydrogen under conditions conducive to <i>homogeneous combustion</i> RI (HCRI). One goal at the lower CR's normally needed in rotary-engine operations (&lt;10:1) is to see whether HCRI alone can substantially extend the lean burn region of this rotary diesel engine with hydrogen as fuel. The ultimate aim is to enable high-power density operations with both low NO<sub>x</sub> emissions and low heat rejection. With these ends in mind a detailed examination is made (via simulation) of the effects of internally generated “radicals” on the combustion chemical-kinetics of this engine. The simulation is based on a formulation that is exceptionally capable of following the combustion, the mass-species transfer and the heat transfer occurring simultaneously in the various main chambers and in the secondary radical generation chambers of the engine.</div>
Synthesis and broad-spectrum antiviral activity of 7,8-dihydro-7-methyl-8-thioxoguanosine (1990)

2,6,8-Trichloro-7-methylpurine (3) was converted to 2-chloro-8,9-dihydro-7-methyl-8-thioxopurin-6(1H)-one (5) by utilizing the difference in reactivity of the 2-, 6-, and 8-positions in the trichloropurine ring system to nucleophilic displacement. Compound 5 was subsequently glycosylated with 1-O-acetyl-2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-D-ribofuranose according to the Vorbrüggen procedure to yield 2-chloro-8,9-dihydro-7-methyl-9-(2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-beta-D-ribofuranosy l)-8- thioxopurin-6(1H)-one (6). Removal of the benzoyl protecting groups, followed by amination of 7 with liquid ammonia at 150 degrees C, gave 7,8-dihydro-7-methyl-8-thioxoguanosine (2). The structure of compound 2 was confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. Compounds 1 (7,8-dihydro-7-methyl-8-oxoguanosine) and 2 were evaluated for activity in various animal virus infection models. Against banzi, Semliki Forest, and San Angelo viruses in mice, 2 was highly active when administered before virus inoculation.
A Bayesian estimation approach for speech enhancement using hidden Markov models (1992)

A Bayesian estimation approach for enhancing speech signals which have been degraded by statistically independent additive noise is motivated and developed. In particular, minimum mean square error (MMSE) and maximum a posteriori (MAP) signal estimators are developed using hidden Markov models (HMMs) for the clean signal and the noise process. It is shown that the MMSE estimator comprises a weighted sum of conditional mean estimators for the composite states of the noisy signal, where the weights equal the posterior probabilities of the composite states given the noisy signal. The estimation of several spectral functionals of the clean signal such as the sample spectrum and the complex exponential of the phase is also considered. A gain-adapted MAP estimator is developed using the expectation-maximization algorithm. The theoretical performance of the MMSE estimator is discussed, and convergence of the MAP estimator is proved. Both the MMSE and MAP estimators are tested in enhancing speech signals degraded by white Gaussian noise at input signal-to-noise ratios of from 5 to 20 dB.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Extended-range linear magnetostrictive motor with double-sided three-phase stators (2003)

We have developed a novel extended-range linear magnetostrictive motor using the peristaltic motion of a laminated Terfenol-D (Tb/sub 0.3/Dy/sub 0.7/Fe/sub 2/) element. This element migrates in the opposite direction of the traveling magnetic field generated by conventional three-phase armature commutation. The actuator mechanical design is in an open structure in order to allow easy assembly and access to internal actuator components. Eight sets of Belleville washers guarantee uniform squeeze pre-load in spite of wear, thermal expansion, or motion of the moving element. We incorporated a laminated Terfenol-D slab in this actuator to reduce the skin effect, leading to high-frequency, high-speed operation. We have also designed and constructed the power electronics and control units for the magnetostrictive actuator's open-loop and closed-loop operations. With a series resonant capacitor, we were able to achieve a near-unity power factor and decrease the reactive power requirement by a factor of 20. The magnetostrictive motor has demonstrated 12 mm/s speed at excitation frequency of 1600 Hz, and shown 140 N load capacity. The effective travel range of the present motor is 25 mm, and can be extended further. This linear magnetostrictive motor shows great potential in high-force precision positioning applications such as automotive actuators, robotics, and flight control surface actuators.
Cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying LPS-associated myocyte impairment (2005)

Recently we reported that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-positive immune cells of unknown identity were responsible for the LPS-induced depression of cardiac myocyte shortening. The aim of this study is to identify the TLR4-positive cell type that is responsible for the LPS-induced cardiac dysfunction. Neither neutrophil depletion alone nor mast cell deficiency had any impact on the impairment of myocyte shortening during LPS treatment. In contrast, LPS-treated, macrophage-deficient mice demonstrated a partial reduction in shortening compared with saline-treated, macrophage-deficient mice. Because the removal of macrophages could only partially restore myocyte shortening, we also investigated the effects of removing both neutrophils and macrophages on myocyte shortening. Interestingly, endotoxemic, neutrophil-depleted, and macrophage-deficient mice had completely restored myocyte shortening. Because both macrophages and neutrophils can produce nitric oxide (NO) and TNF-alpha, we examined LPS-treated inducible NO synthase knockout (iNOSKO) mice and TNF receptor (TNFR)-deficient mice. Eliminating both TNFR1 and TNFR2 was required to restore myocyte shortening during LPS treatment, whereas iNOS deficiency had no effect. These data suggest that macrophages and to a lesser degree neutrophils cause cardiac impairment, presumably via TNF-alpha.
Preparation of 5-X-2-(2-nitrovinyl)furans and their reactions with nucleophiles (1984)

The title compounds were prepared by condensation of 5-X-2-furaldehydes (X = H, Br, C 6 H 5 S, C 6 H 5 SO 2 , 4-CH 3 -C 6 H 4 SO 2 , 3-O 2 N-C 6 H 4 O) with nitromethane in methanol. 5-Trimethylammonium-2-(2-nitrovinyl)furan bromide ( Ii ) was obtained from 5-bromo-2-(2-nitrovinyl)furan ( Ib ) and trimethylamine in benzene; its thermal decomposition in methanol furnished 5-dimethylamino-2-(2-nitrovinyl)furan ( Ih ). Reactions of 5-X-2-(2-nitrovinyl)furans with nitrogen-containing nucleophiles were investigated.
Recent Advances in the Development of Amyloid Imaging Agents (2007)

Excessive amyloid-beta (Abeta) deposition in the brain is one of the most crucial events in the early pathological stage of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Therefore, Abeta deposits have enough potential to become a useful biomarker for not only an early diagnosis of AD, but also for the assessment of the clinical efficacy of anti-Abeta therapies, if they can be measured non-invasively and reliably in living patients. As a potent candidate technique to measure this biomarker, PET amyloid imaging using a radioligand for Abeta deposits has received much attention. A large number of Abeta ligands have been synthesized and evaluated as candidates for amyloid imaging agents. These can be classified into six categories of derivatives: Congo-red, Thioflavine T, stilbene, vinylbenzoxazole, DDNP, and miscellaneous. Many of these derivatives exhibit high binding affinities to Abeta fibrils (below 20 nM) and some of them also show excellent brain pharmacokinetic profiles. The concept of amyloid imaging is currently being tested in human PET studies using optimized amyloid imaging agents. Despite the small number of subjects, these studies have demonstrated sufficiently promising results. This review article provides an overview of recent advances in the development of amyloid imaging agents, and includes: a summary of the fundamental basis and clinical significance of amyloid imaging; lists of binding affinity data for 135 compounds classified into 12 molecular frameworks; a comprehensive discussion of the in vitro and in vivo features of representative Abeta ligands; and a discussion of the current state of clinical evaluation of these amyloid imaging agents (PIB, SB-13, BF-227, and FDDNP).
The effectiveness of adding pharmacologic treatment with clonazepam or cyclobenzaprine to patient education and self-care for the treatment of jaw pain upon awakening: a randomized clinical trial. (2002)

This study suggests that cyclobenzaprine is statistically superior to either placebo or clonazepam when added to self-care and education for the management of jaw pain upon awakening. Based on the subjects' report of sleep quality, these medications failed to significantly improve sleep in the short term.
Breaking the silos (2008)

Conventional network services operate like silos in that a specific set of services are offered over a specific type of access network. As access networks evolve to provide IP-based packet access, it becomes attractive to break these "service silos" by offering a converged set of IP-based services to users who may access these services using a number of alternative access networks. This trend has started with 3rd generation cellular mobile networks, which have standardized on the use of the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) to manage user access to a wide variety of multimedia services over the mobile Internet, while facilitating interworking of heterogeneous wireless and landline access networks. This paper reviews the function of the IMS, and presents the use of the Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) above IMS to further enable service convergence. Examples of converged services are presented. Technical challenges in network and service convergence are discussed and some recent results are presented.
Chemistry of nitrenium ions. XXI. Nucleophilic aromatic substitution of anilines via aryl nitrenium ions (anilenium ions) (1972)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTChemistry of nitrenium ions. XXI. Nucleophilic aromatic substitution of anilines via aryl nitrenium ions (anilenium ions)Paul G. Gassman, Gerald A. Campbell, and Ronald C. FrederickCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972, 94, 11, 3884–3891Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1972Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1972https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00766a037https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00766a037research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views675Altmetric-Citations56LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Training a convolutional neural network for multi-class object detection using solely virtual world data (2016)

Convolutional neural networks are a popular choice for current object detection and classification systems. Their performance improves constantly but for effective training, large, hand-labeled datasets are required. We address the problem of obtaining customized, yet large enough datasets for CNN training by synthesizing them in a virtual world, thus eliminating the need for tedious human interaction for ground truth creation. We developed a CNN-based multi-class detection system that was trained solely on virtual world data and achieves competitive results compared to state-of-the-art detection systems.
Synthetic dielectric material for broadband-selective absorption and reflection (2002)

This invention relates to material for broadband-selected absorption and reflection of electromagnetic waves for all frequencies below optical (hereinafter referred to as RF) using dilute concentrations of metallic particles suspended in a lightweight dielectric for such applications as radar cross section suppressors, microwave heat exchangers, plasma generators, transformation of RF energy into thermal optical energy, shields for RF discharge devices, etc., and lightweight RF broadband reflecting material for such applications as radar reflectors, broadband antennas with prescribed or variable gain pattern, optically transparent RF shields, EMI shields and RF filters. Such absorptive material is useful in antenna-communication links (low elevation angles), RF microwave laboratory insulation, EMI absorptive shields. Such reflective material is useful for satellite antennas, communication links, cable television, shielding electronic computers, computer games, microwave ovens commercial RF microwave laboratory shielding and in high RF energy discharge technology in industrial research and development.
Recombinant Expression of Two Bacteriophage Proteins That Lyse Clostridium perfringens and Share Identical Sequences in the C-Terminal Cell Wall Binding Domain of the Molecules but Are Dissimilar in Their N-Terminal Active Domains (2010)

Clostridium perfringens is a Gram-positive anaerobic spore-forming bacterium capable of producing four major toxins that are responsible for disease symptoms and pathogenesis in a variety of animals, humans, and poultry. The organism is the third leading cause of human foodborne bacterial disease, and C. perfringens is the presumptive etiologic agent of necrotic enteritis among chickens, which in the acute form can cause increased mortality among broiler flocks. Countries that have complied with the ban on antimicrobial growth promoters (AGP) in feeds have had increased incidences of C. perfringens-associated necrotic enteritis in poultry. To address this issue, new antimicrobial agents, putative lysins from the genomes of bacteriophages, are identified. Two putative phage lysin genes (ply) from the clostridial phages phiCP39O and phiCP26F were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli , and the resultant proteins were purified to near homogeneity. Gene and protein sequencing revealed that the predicted and chemically determined amino acid sequences of the two recombinant proteins were homologous to N-acetylmuramoyl-l-alanine amidases. The proteins were identical in the C-terminal putative cell-wall binding domain, but only 55% identical to each other in the presumptive N-terminal catalytic domain. Both recombinant lysins were capable of lysing both parental phage host strains of C. perfringens as well as other strains of the bacterium in spot and turbidity reduction assays. The observed reduction in turbidity was correlated with up to a 3 log cfu/mL reduction in viable C. perfringens on brain-heart infusion agar plates. However, other member species of the clostridia were resistant to the lytic activity by both assays.
Feasibility of Inspecting Defects in Printed Circuit Boards by Using Eddy-Current Testing Techniques. (1999)

The inspection of etching defects in an as-made printed circuit boards (PCBs) is an attractive application of eddy-current testing (ECT) technology, since ECT inspection has various advantages such as non-contact, low stress, conductive testing, and fast scanning. When the technique is applied to high-density PCBs, the difference from conventional approaches becomes more remarkable. This paper describes the relationship between the shape of the inductive sensor and the width of printed wiring. The evaluation of signal-to-noise ratio results obtained by experiment clarifies the limits of detection. To improve inspection for higher-density PCBs requires a finer ECT sensor, but it was confirmed the defects in the printed wiring with a width less than one third of the sensor pitch can be detected.
Whitened matched filter for attenuating frequency selectively faded interferers in GSM (2005)

For GSM/EDGE, the effect of a whitened matched filter (WMF) is analyzed in the frequency domain. It is illustrated how, by aliasing, the WMF improves the signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) compared with pure whitening. Simulation results show that, for independent frequency selective fading of wanted signal and interferers in particular, there is also an SINR improvement compared with ideal low-pass filtering. This improvement amounts to about 2 dB for a single cochannel interferer and is lower in more complex interference scenarios. The potential of the WMF, which is suitable for both GMSK and 8-PSK, is compared with that of dedicated interference suppression methods.
In-Use Measurement of Activity, Energy Use, and Emissions of a Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle (2011)

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) could reduce transportation air emissions and energy use. However, a method is needed for estimating on-road emissions of PHEVs. To develop a framework for quantifying microscale energy use and emissions (EU&E), measurements were conducted on a Toyota Prius retrofitted with a plug-in battery system on eight routes. Measurements were made using the following: (1) a data logger for the hybrid control system; (2) a portable emissions measurement system; and (3) a global positioning system with barometric altimeter. Trends in EU&E are estimated based on vehicle specific power. Energy economy is quantified based on gasoline consumed by the engine and grid energy consumed by the plug-in battery. Emissions from electricity consumption are estimated based on the power generation mix. Fuel use is approximately 30% lower during plug-in battery use. Grid emissions were higher for CO₂, NO(x), SO₂, and PM compared to tailpipe emissions but lower for CO and hydrocarbons. EU&E depends on engine and plug-in battery operation. The use of two energy sources must be addressed in characterizing fuel economy; overall energy economy is 11% lower if including grid energy use than accounting only for fuel consumption.
Private financing for the road sector (1999)

Based on a series of presentations on private financing in the roads sector, the report reproduces slides presented at the International Conference on the Financing of Road Investments, organized by the Russia Federal Highway Administration, and the Bank. Though mainly addressed to officials and businessmen in Russia, it covers nonetheless, wider interest, addressing four of the subjects, as follows: 1) Potential private sources of finance for the road sector, World Bank; 2) Western private investors' approach to road projects, CA-IB, Vienna, Austria; 3) Financing inter-urban toll roads - international experience, European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD); and, 4) World Bank assistance in securing private financing for roads, World Bank.