gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interleukin-2 Causes an Increase in Saturated/Monounsaturated Phosphatidic Acid Derived from 1,2-Diacylglycerol and 1-O-Alkyl-2-acylglycerol (1999)

Phosphatidic acid generation through activation of diacylglycerol kinase alpha has been implicated in interleukin-2-dependent T-lymphocyte proliferation. To investigate this lipid signaling in more detail, we characterized the molecular structures of the diradylglycerols and phosphatidic acids in the murine CTLL-2 T-cell line under both basal and stimulated conditions. In resting cells, 1,2-diacylglycerol and 1-O-alkyl-2-acylglycerol subtypes represented 44 and 55% of total diradylglycerol, respectively, and both showed a highly saturated profile containing primarily 16:0 and 18:1 fatty acids. 1-O-Alk-1'-enyl-2-acylglycerol represented 1-2% of total diradylglycerol. Interleukin-2 stimulation did not alter the molecular species profiles, however, it did selectively reduce total 1-O-alkyl-2-acylglycerol by over 50% at 15 min while only causing a 10% drop in 1,2-diacylglycerol. When radiolabeled CTLL-2 cells were challenged with interleukin-2, no change in the cellular content of phosphatidylcholine nor phosphatidylethanolamine was observed thereby ruling out phospholipase C activity as the source of diradylglycerol. In addition, interleukin-2 failed to stimulate de novo synthesis of diradylglycerol. Structural analysis revealed approximately equal amounts of 1,2-diacyl phosphatidic acid and 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl phosphatidic acid under resting conditions, both containing only saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. After acute (2 and 15 min) interleukin-2 stimulation the total phosphatidic acid mass increased, almost entirely through the formation of 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl species. In vitro assays revealed that both 1,2-diacylglycerol and 1-O-alkyl-2-acylglycerol were substrates for 1,2-diacylglycerol kinase alpha, the major isoform in CTLL-2 cells, and that the lipid kinase activity was almost totally inhibited by R59949. In conclusion, this investigation shows that, in CTLL-2 cells, 1,2-diacylglycerol kinase alpha specifically phosphorylates a pre-existing pool of 1-O-alkyl-2-acylglycerol to form the intracellular messenger 1-O-alkyl-2-acyl phosphatidic acid.
X-ray nanotomography in a SEM (2010)

We have developed an x-ray computer tomography (CT) add-on to perform X-ray micro- and nanotomography in any scanning electron microscope (SEM). The electron beam inside the SEM is focused on a metal target to generate x-rays. Part of the X-rays pass through the object that is installed on a rotation stage. Shadow X-ray images are collected by a CCD camera with direct photon detection mounted on the external wall of the SEM specimen chamber. An extensive description on the working principles of this micro/nano-CT add-on together with some examples of CT-scans will be given in this paper. The resolution that can be obtained with this set-up and the influence of the shape of the electron beam are discussed. Furthermore, possible improvements on this SEM-CT set-up will be discussed: replacing the backilluminated CCD with a fully depleted CCD with improved quantum efficiency (QE) for higher energies, reduces the exposure time by 6 when using metal targets with x-ray characteristic lines around 10 keV.
Retrovirus-mediated gene transfer of a human c-fos cDNA into mouse bone marrow stromal cells. (1991)

A cDNA encoding a complete human c-fos protein was isolated and inserted into two different murine MoMuLV-derived recombinant retroviruses allowing expression of c-fos protein in different cell types. One c-fos-expressing retrovirus, chosen for its ability to express high levels of proteins in fibroblast-like cells, was shown to potentiate long-term cultures of mouse bone marrow stromal cells in vitro and therefore constitutes a potential tool for immortalizing such cells. Moreover, when tested in an in vitro differentiation assay, stromal cells constitutively expressing c-fos favor the granulocyte differentiation of hematopoietic precursors. Interestingly, retroviruses expressing v-src and v-abl oncogenes, included as controls in our experiments, do not produce any detectable effects, whereas those expressing polyoma virus middle T antigen facilitate long-term growth in vitro of stromal cells that favor the macrophage differentiation pathway of bone marrow stem cells. Our observation supports the idea that constitutive expression of some oncogenes, including c-fos and polyoma virus middle T antigen, may influence cytokine production by bone marrow stromal cells.
Boron carbon nitride based metal-insulator-metal UV detectors for harsh environment applications (2016)

A metal-insulator-metal (MIM) structure using boron carbon nitride (BCN) was tested for its UV detection capability. Since BCN is one of the hardest and chemically robust materials, it is expected to be a potential choice for a UV detector in extreme and harsh conditions. The BCN thin films were deposited using a dual target RF magnetron sputtering process. The optoelectronic performance of the BCN MIM devices were examined through UV photocurrent measurements. A UV photocurrent of two orders of magnitude higher with respect to dark current was achieved in the range of -3 to 3 V.
Quantitative gene monitoring of microbial tetracycline resistance using magnetic luminescent nanoparticles (2010)

A magnetic/luminescent nanoparticles (MLNPs) based DNA hybridization method was developed for quantitative monitoring of antibiotic resistance genes and gene-expression in environmental samples. Manipulation of magnetic field enabled the separation of the MLNPs-DNA hybrids from the solution and the fluorescence of MLNPs normalized the quantity of target DNA. In our newly developed MLNPs-DNA assay, linear standard curves (R(2) = 0.99) of target gene was determined with the detection limit of 620 gene copies. The potential risk of increased bacterial antibiotic resistance was assessed by quantitative monitoring of tetracycline resistance (i.e., tetQ gene) in wastewater microcosms. The gene abundance and its expression showed a significant increase of tetQ gene copies with the addition of tetracycline, triclosan (TCS), or triclocarban (TCC). A real-time PCR assay was employed to verify the quantification capability of the MLNPs-DNA assay and accordingly both assays have shown strong correlation (R(2) = 0.93). This non-PCR based MLNPs-DNA assay has demonstrated its potential for gene quantification via a rapid, simple, and high throughput platform and its novel use of internal calibration standards.
Unconstitutional Legislation in Indiana (1941)

Includes "an extensive appendix" listing all the Indiana Statutes (1916-1935) Held Unconstitutional, p.115-127.
Brillouin-scattering-induced transparency and non-reciprocal light storage (2015)

Stimulated Brillouin scattering is a fundamental interaction between light and travelling acoustic waves and arises primarily from electrostriction and photoelastic effects, with an interaction strength several orders of magnitude greater than that of other relevant non-linear optical processes. Here we report an experimental demonstration of Brillouin-scattering-induced transparency in a high-quality whispering-gallery-mode optical microresonantor. The triply resonant Stimulated Brillouin scattering process underlying the Brillouin-scattering-induced transparency greatly enhances the light-acoustic interaction, enabling the storage of light as a coherent, circulating acoustic wave with a lifetime up to 10 μs. Furthermore, because of the phase-matching requirement, a circulating acoustic wave can only couple to light with a given propagation direction, leading to non-reciprocal light storage and retrieval. These unique features establish a new avenue towards integrated all-optical switching with low-power consumption, optical isolators and circulators.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Spectral Characterization of γ‐Hydroxy‐δαβ‐butenolides Possessing a Conjugated Substituent at the β‐Position. (1987)

Abstract The title compounds (VI) are prepared by aldol condensation of the aldehydes (I) with the ketone (II), followed by Emmons‐Horner olefination and subsequent lactonization of the intermediates (V) with sulfuric acid.
Selectivity in the Catalytic Hydrogenation of D-Xylo-5-hexulosonate by Metals (1970)

Catalytic hydrogenation of sodium D-xylo-5-hexulosonate (sodium 5-keto-D-gluconate) and its acid has been investigated on nickel, ruthenium, rhodium and palladium with or without boron-modification. It was found that nickel and palladium catalysts produce more L-idonate than D-gluconate especially when the metals are prepared by treating their salts with sodium borohydride. Two adsorbed models for the substrate were presented to account for the observed hydrogenation selectivity, and the role of boron at the surface was discussed in terms of complexing with two hydroxyls of L-idonate.
Plasmodium prevalence and artemisinin-resistant falciparum malaria in Preah Vihear Province, Cambodia: a cross-sectional population-based study (2014)

The overall prevalence of P. falciparum was low in both districts but parasites presenting mutations in the K13-propeller domain gene, strongly associated with artemisinin-resistance, are circulating in Chey Saen.The prevalence might be underestimated because of the absentees - mainly forest workers - and the workers of private companies who were not included in the study. These results confirm the need to urgently develop and implement targeted interventions to contain and eliminate P. falciparum malaria in this district before it spreads to other areas.
Reconstruction of 6 MV photon spectra from measured transmission including maximum energy estimation (1997)

Photon spectra from a nominally 6 MV beam under standard clinical conditions and at higher and lower beam qualities have been derived from narrow-beam transmission measurements using a previously published three-parameter reconstruction model. Estimates of the maximum photon energy present in each spectrum were derived using a reduced number of model parameters. An estimate of the maximum contribution of background, or room, scatter to transmission measurements has been made for this study and is shown to be negligible in terms of the quality index and percentage depth-dose of the derived spectra. Percentage depth-dose data for standard beam conditions derived from the reconstructed spectrum were found to agree with direct measurements to within approximately 1% for depths of up to 25 cm in water. Quality indices expressed in terms of TPR10(20) for all spectra were found to agree with directly measured values to within 1%. The experimental procedure and reconstruction model are therefore shown to produce photon spectra whose derived quality indices and percentage depth-dose values agree with direct measurement to within expected experimental uncertainty.
New Method of Surgical Treatment of Blood Vessel Lesions (1956)

It was established during the Second World War that the operation to be preferred in field conditions is that of ligating vessels in the wound; vascular sutures were used in 0.8% of cases only. Ligating large vessels may lead to necrosis of the extremity and, as a rule, always results in its reduced function because of inadequate blood supply. This had been stated long ago by A. P. Krynov: "In a number of cases I had the occasion of ligating large arteries, such as the subclavian, iliac, femoral arteries, etc., and I should like to note that even if no necrosis of the extremity was observed after ligation, such patients subsequently exhibited all kinds of trophic disturbances on these extremities." From the papers published during the Second World War, I have collected the following data regarding the occurrence of gangrene after ligation of the femoral and popliteal arteries: The ligation
The Definition of Standard ML (1997)

Standard ML is a general-purpose programming language designed for large projects. This book provides a formal definition of Standard ML for the benefit of all concerned with the language, including users and implementers. Because computer programs are increasingly required to withstand rigorous analysis, it is all the more important that the language in which they are written be defined with full rigor. One purpose of a language definition is to establish a theory of meanings upon which the understanding of particular programs may rest. To properly define a programming language, it is necessary to use some form of notation other than a programming language. Given a concern for rigor, mathematical notation is an obvious choice. The authors have defined their semantic objects in mathematical notation that is completely independent of Standard ML. In defining a language one must also define the rules of evaluation precisely—that is, define what meaning results from evaluating any phrase of the language. The definition thus constitutes a formal specification for an implementation. The authors have developed enough of their theory to give sense to their rules of evaluation. The Definition of Standard ML is the essential point of reference for Standard ML. Since its publication in 1990, the implementation technology of the language has advanced enormously and the number of users has grown. The revised edition includes a number of new features, omits little-used features, and corrects mistakes of definition.
Mutations in the a3 subunit of the vacuolar H+-ATPase cause infantile malignant osteopetrosis (2000)

Although the gene defects for several mouse mutants with severe osteopetrosis are known, the genes underlying human infantile malignant recessive osteopetrosis remain elusive. Osteopetrosis is thought to be caused by a defect in osteoclast function. These cells degrade bone material in a tightly sealed extracellular compartment that is acidified by a vacuolar (V)-type H(+)-ATPase. Genes encoding components of the acidification machinery are candidate genes for osteopetrosis. In five of ten patients with infantile malignant osteopetrosis, we now demonstrate five different mutations in OC116, the gene encoding the a3 subunit of the V-ATPase from osteoclasts. Two independent patients were homozygous for mutations that predict a total loss of function by severely truncating the protein. By affecting a splice site, another homozygous mutation deletes 14 amino acids within the N-terminus, which interacts with other subunits of the proton pump. On the other hand, in four patients no mutations were found, and one patient from a consanguineous family did not show homozygosity at the OC116 locus, suggesting that mutations in at least one different gene may underlie osteopetrosis. Our work shows that mutations in the gene encoding the a3 subunit of the proton pump are a rather common cause of infantile osteopetrosis and suggests that this disease is genetically heterogeneous.
Quality evaluation of processing potatoes by near infrared reflectance (1999)

The percentage dry matter and reducing sugar content are prime quality parameters for assessing the potential of potato tubers to produce acceptable yields of processed products possessing good textural and colour quality attributes. A study was conducted to develop a near infrared (NIR) calibration for dry matter which would be unaffected by storage time and crop year, and to assess whether NIR could be used to screen tubers with high reducing sugar content from tubers with more acceptable levels. Tubers from commercial growers of French fry processing potatoes were sampled over two years for dry matter and one year for sugars. Tubers used for development of the NIR calibration were stored at 8°C, while those for sugars were stored at 8, 5 and 2°C. A small coin of potato flesh was excised from each tuber, its NIR spectrum obtained on a scanning spectrophotometer and its specific gravity and dry matter, or its reducing sugar content, determined. Correlation plots indicated that wavelengths that correlated well for specific gravity correlated well for dry matter. The standard error of performance for NIR determination of percentage dry matter varied from 1.3 to 1.5%. Calibrations for dry matter were robust and were not affected by time or conditions of storage nor by changeover from one crop year to another. It appears, however, that adjustments to the NIR calibration would be required at harvest time. Coefficients of variation (CV) in determining dry matter by NIR were 5–6%. Spectral averaging appears to have potential for improving on this CV. NIR in reflectance mode was unable to act as a screening tool for unacceptable sugar content in tubers. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry
An ambulatory system to quantify bradykinesia and tremor in Parkinson's disease (2003)

Two groups of 10 Parkinson's disease (PD) patients and 10 age-matched normal subjects performing normal life activities were recorded using a portable recorder and 3D gyroscopes. PD patients had sub-thalamic stimulation implantation for 20/spl plusmn/3 months. The PD patients performed the test twice: with and without stimulation. Bradykinesia and tremor of hands in PD patients was quantified and strong correlation between this objective method and unified Parkinson's disease rating scale (UPDRS) clinical score was found.
Use of Yellow Pigment Extracted from Turmeric (Curcuma Longa) Rhizomes Powder as Natural Food Preservative (2014)

The objective of this study was to extract yellow pigment from powder turmeric (Curcuma longa) rhizomes and to evaluate the preservative/antioxidant activity of oil-soluble yellow pigment at concentrations 0.5, 0.1 and 0.2% (w/w) in soybean oil after accelerated oxidation at for 7 days. Soy bean oil free from antioxidant (control) and with 0.02% butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) (synthetic antioxidant) were used to control. In addition, the effects of combined treatment of water-soluble yellow pigment at ratio 3% (w/w) and gamma irradiation at dose levels of 1, 3 and 5 kGy on the microbiological, chemical and sensory characteristics of chicken breast fillet samples during cold storage (4 ± ) to extend the shelf-life of chicken breast fillets were investigated. The results revealed that the addition of 0.2% oil-soluble yellow pigment caused detectable increments in the oxidative stability of soy bean oil compared with control and other treatments under investigation. The results showed that the ratio of 3% of water-soluble yellow pigment reduced the total bacterial count, Psychrophilic bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, enterobacteriaceae, total molds and yeasts, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, Enterococccus faecalis and Salmonella spp, was not detected in all treated samples. Also, shelf-life periods were increased up to 39 days for chicken breast fillet samples treated by 3% water-soluble yellow pigment and gamma radiation at dose level of 5 kGy. Thus, these results illustrate that yellow pigment extracted from turmeric rhizomes exhibit strong antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Therefore the use of these yellow pigment extracts in food is recommended to suppress lipid oxidation and may be useful as natural food colorant and preservative and an alternative to synthetic dyes that are harmful to health.
Applications of games to propositional proof complexity (2008)

In this thesis we explore a number of ways in which combinatorial games can be used to help prove results in the area of propositional proof complexity. The results in this thesis can be divided into two sets, the first being dedicated to the study of Resolution space (memory) requirements, whereas the second is centered on formalizing the notion of `dangerous' reductions. The first group of results investigate Resolution space measures by asking questions of the form, `Given a formula F and integer k, does F have a [Type of Resolution] proof with [Type of Resource] at most k?'. We refer to this as a proof complexity resource problem, and provide comprehensive results for several forms of Resolution as well as various resources. These results include the PSPACE-Completeness of Tree Resolution clause space (and the Prover/Delayer game), the PSPACE-Completeness of Input Resolution derivation total space, and the PSPACE-Hardness of Resolution variable space. This research has theoretical as well as practical motivations: Proof complexity research has focused on the size of proofs, and Resolution space requirements are an interesting new theoretical area of study. In more practical terms, the Resolution proof system forms the underpinnings of all modern SAT-solving algorithms, including clause learning. In practice, the limiting factor on these algorithms is memory space, so there is a strong motivation for better understanding it as a resource. With the second group of results in this thesis we investigate and formalize what it means for a reduction to be `dangerous'. The area of SAT-solving necessarily employs reductions in order to translate from other domains to SAT, where the power of highly-optimized algorithms can be brought to bear. Researchers have empirically observed that it is unfortunately possible for reductions to map easy instances from the input domain to hard SAT instances. We develop a non-Hamiltonicity proof system and combine it with additional results concerning the Prover/Delayer game from the first part of this thesis as well as proof complexity results for intuitionistic logic in order to provide the first formal examples of harmful and beneficial reductions, ultimately leading to the development of a framework for studying and comparing translations from one language to another.
Enhancing the Rate of Energy Release from NanoEnergetic Materials by Electrostatically Enhanced Assembly (2004)

Electrostatically enhanced nanocomposite particle assembly as a viable method of enhancing the reactivity of energetic nanocomposites is reported. The kinetics of the burning process can be be tailored, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) results demonstrate that bipolar- assembly synthesized aluminum/iron oxide nanocomposite aerosol materials have burning rates an order of magnitude higher than those produced via random Brownian coagulation.
Host-phage interaction on Agrobacterium tumefaciens. IV. Phage-directed protein synthesis (1975)

Gel electrophoretic and autoradiographic techniques were used to detect the temporal sequence of protein synthesis after infection of the sensitive strain Agrobacterium tumefaciens with phage LV-1. Three classes of protein were detected: early proteins, class I, which include a protein capable of shutting off host protein synthesis; class II, proteins which are detected after 30 min; and late proteins, class III, which include the phage-directed endolysin and five additional proteins that appear 45 min after infection.