gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Passive input current waveshaping method for three-phase diode rectifiers (1992)

In this paper a passive waveshaping method for a three-phase diode rectifier is presented. It is shown that application of the proposed passive method yields a significantly higher input power factor, a lower input current distortion factor, a lower input RMS current and a lower total volt-ampére (VA) rating of the reactive components than the conventional three-phase diode rectifier. Relevant input and output current waveforms, component ratings, and power factor values are derived. Different modes of operation are investigated as a means of improving performance. Finally, predicted results are verified experimentally on a laboratory prototype unit.
Nonlinear Equalization and Digital Pre-Distortion Techniques for Future Radar and Communications Digital Array Systems (2020)

Modern radar (military, automotive, weather, etc.) and communication systems seek to leverage the spatio-spectral efficiency of phased arrays. Specifically, there is an increasingly large demand for fully-digital arrays, with each antenna element having its own transmitter and receiver. Further, in order to makes these systems realizable, low-cost, low-complexity solutions are required, often sacrificing the system's linearity. Lower linearity paired with the inherent lack of RF spacial filtering can make these highly digital systems vulnerable to high-power interferering signals-- potentially introducing spectral regrowth and/or gain compression, distorting the signal-of-interest. \n\nDigital linearization solutions such as Digital Pre-Distiortion (DPD) and Nonlinear Equalization (NLEQ) have been shown to effectively mitigate nonlinearities for transmitters and receivers, respectively. Further, DPD and NLEQ seek to extend the effective dynamic range of digital arrays, helping the systems reach their designed dynamic range improvement of $10\\log_{10}(N)$~dB, where $N$ is the number of transmitters/receivers. However, the performance of these solutions is ultimately determined by training model and waveform. Further, the nonlinear characteristics of a system can change with temperature, frequency, power, time, etc., requiring a robust calibration technique to maintain a high-level of nonlinear mitigation.\n\nThis dissertation reviews the different types of nonlinear models and the current NLEQ and DPD algorithms for digital array systems. Further, a generalized calibration waveform for both NLEQ and DPD is proposed, allowing a system to maximize its dynamic range over power and frequency. Additionally, an \\textit{in-situ} calibration method, leveraging the inherent mutual coupling in an array, is proposed as a solution to maintaining a high level of performance in a fielded digital array system over the system's lifetime. The combination of the proposed training waveform and \\textit{in-situ} calibration technique prove to be very effective at adaptively creating a generalized solution to extending the dynamic range of future low-cost digital array systems.
Possible Very High Speed Rate Shaping Fuel Injector (2007)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Magnetostrictive and piezoceramic materials combine specific energy with speed, enabling fast and powerful but compact transducers. These materials, used in US Navy sonar for decades, elastically strain under the influence of a magnetic or electric field.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Piezoceramics become active when electrically poled. Poling being artificial, the ceramic loses its piezoelectric properties under overstress, overstrain, overvoltage, or overheating, conditions present in a diesel engine that limit injector performance.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">In contrast, a magnetostrictive alloy of terbium, dysprosium, and iron will not permanently degrade under the same conditions, enabling an injector to be pushed to the highest possible speed. Quantum mechanics dictate that the non-bonding 4f electron cloud of the terbium atom be oblate, not spherical, an inherent property that connects magnetic and elastic influences.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Very high speed injector features include a thin solenoid coil of few turns, a highly compressed magnetostrictive alloy, and a minimized magnetic flux path that suppresses eddy currents. Compression controls size, cost, and electrical needs. Valve speed and displacement are both always proportional. Direct contact fuel cooling of the magnetostrictive alloy and solenoid coil are possible.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The injector speed offers the ability to input an arbitrarily-shaped electrical waveform to maximize control over the formation of NOx and DPM. Electrical flexibility allows state of the art re-programming of performance while the engine is operating, including tuning of each cylinder. With few moving parts and flexible operation, its simple and compact design cuts cost and enables potential cost-effective replacement of existing injectors, increasing equipment life while cutting emissions and maximizing fuel economy.</div>
A randomized phase 2a efficacy and safety trial of the topical <scp>J</scp> anus kinase inhibitor tofacitinib in the treatment of chronic plaque psoriasis (2013)

Tofacitinib ointment 1 was well tolerated and efficacious compared with vehicle for the treatment of plaque psoriasis. Further study of topical tofacitinib for psoriasis treatment is warranted.
A Target Cell–Specific Activatable Fluorescence Probe for <i>In vivo</i> Molecular Imaging of Cancer Based on a Self-Quenched Avidin-Rhodamine Conjugate (2007)

A target cell-specific activation strategy for improved molecular imaging of peritoneal implants has been proposed, in which fluorophores are activated only in living targeted cells. A current example of an activatable fluorophore is one that is normally self-quenched by attachment to a peptide backbone but which can be activated by specific proteases that degrade the peptide resulting in "dequenching." In this study, an alternate fluorescence activation strategy is proposed whereby self-quenching avidin-rhodamine X, which has affinity for lectin on cancer cells, is activated after endocytosis and degradation within the lysosome. Using this approach in a mouse model of peritoneal ovarian metastases, we document target-specific molecular imaging of submillimeter cancer nodules with minimal contamination by background signal. Cellular internalization of receptor-ligand pairs with subsequent activation of fluorescence via dequenching provides a generalizable and highly sensitive method of detecting cancer microfoci in vivo and has practical implications for assisting surgical and endoscopic procedures.
Dislocations, Relaxations, and Anelasticity of Crystal Quartz (1956)

By careful grinding and etching, contouring and mounting in a vacuum, very small internal friction coefficients ${Q}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ are found in $\mathrm{AT}$ shear vibrating crystals. Various tests show that the internal friction corresponds to that of the quartz itself. The internal friction at room temperature increases proportionally to the frequency up to 100 Mc/sec indicating the presence of relaxations. These have been investigated by measuring the internal friction at very low temperatures down to 1.5\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and two relaxations were found. One having a time constant of ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ second appears to be connected with a distorted lattice due to impurities while the other having a time constant of 7.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ second is thought to be connected with dislocation loops. Using equations developed previously for metals the indicated number of dislocations is $\overline{N}\ensuremath{\approx}{10}^{3}/{\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, the average loop length about 1.8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ cm and the ratio of Peierls force to shear modulus about 5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}8}$. Confirmation of these values is given by the time constant 7.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}10}$ second and the change in frequency as a function of amplitude. A long-time aging effect is thought to be due to closer pinning of dislocations by impurity atoms. It is suggested that an improved frequency standard, free from aging, can be obtained by holding the temperature of the crystal at liquid helium temperature.
Differential Contributions of Cognitive and Motor Component Processes to Physical and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living in Parkinson’s Disease (1998)

Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) become dependent upon caregivers because motor and cognitive disabilities interfere with their ability to carry out activities of daily living (ADLs). However, PD patients display diverse motor and cognitive symptoms, and it is not yet known which are most responsible for ADL dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to identify the contributions that specific cognitive and motor functions make to ADLs. Executive functioning, in particular sequencing, was a significant independent predictor of instrumental ADLs whereas simple motor functioning was not. By contrast, simple motor functioning, but not executive functioning, was a significant independent predictor of physical ADLs. Dementia severity, as measured by the Dementia Rating Scale, was significantly correlated with instrumental but not physical ADLs. The identification of selective relationships between motor and cognitive functioning and ADLs may ultimately provide a model for evaluating the benefits and limitations of different treatments for PD.
High-affinity binding sites for histone H1 in plasmid DNA. (1995)

The interaction of histone H1 isolated from chicken erythrocytes with restriction fragments from plasmids pBR322 and pUC19 was studied by gel electrophoresis. Certain restriction fragments exhibited unusually high affinity for the histone, forming high molecular mass complexes at protein to DNA ratios at which the other fragments did not show evidence for binding. The highly preferred fragments are intrinsically curved, as judged by their electrophoretic mobility in polyacrylamide gels, by computer modeling, and by imaging with scanning force microscopy. However, control experiments with either curved portions of the same fragments or highly curved kinetoplast DNA fragments showed that the presence of curvature alone was not sufficient for preferential binding. By using various restriction fragments centered around the highly preferred sequence, it was found that the high-affinity binding required in addition the presence of specific sequences on both sides of the region of curvature. Thus, both curvature and the presence of specific sites seem to be required to generate high affinity.
Plasma amino acid kinetics during acute states of glucagon deficiency and excess in healthy adults (1990)

The effects of glucagon deficiency and excess on plasma leucine, lysine, and alanine were examined in six healthy young adult men, with primed continuous infusions of L-[1-13C]- or L-[5,5,5-2H3]leucine, L-[alpha-15N]-lysine, and L-[3-13C]alanine for 150 min before and during 210 min of either a glucagon-deficient euglycemic state (experiment 1), a basal glucagon state (experiment 2), or a glucagon-excess state (experiment 3). Steady-state plasma hormone levels were achieved by infusion of somatostatin (250 micrograms/h) and insulin (0.07 mU.kg-1.min-1), without (experiment 1) or with an infusion of glucagon at 0.7 ng.kg-1.min-1 (experiment 2) or 2.5 ng.kg-1.min-1 (experiment 3). Plasma branched-chain amino acid (AA) concentrations did not change with altered glucagon status, whereas significant differences were observed for plasma lysine, alanine, glycine, serine, threonine, proline, tyrosine, citrulline, and ornithine levels (0.05 greater than P greater than 0.001). Plasma leucine, lysine, and alanine fluxes and the rate of de novo alanine synthesis showed no significant changes with either glucagon deficiency or excess. These findings lead to the conclusion that glucagon-induced alterations in plasma AA profiles are not due to changes in the rate of appearance of AA from peripheral tissues but rather a consequence of changes in the fate of AA within the splanchnic region.
Distributed snapshots for mobile computing systems (2004)

Accomplishing the distributed snapshots problem in mobile systems is an important issue as well as in distributed systems. This work presents a distributed snapshots protocol for mobile computing systems. In addition, this protocol can be used for achieving an efficient checkpointing protocol in the mobile environment. Specifically, it is a robust adaptation of the classical distributed snapshots protocol, where the mobile hosts can still roam among the different cells within the mobile system. The main benefit of this work is to provide distributed snapshots for a mobile system without adding any restriction to the system, such as FIFO ordering among the application messages as required for a traditional distributed system.
Charge screening by cations affects the conformation of the mitochondrial inner membrane. A study of exogenous NAD(P)H oxidation in plant mitochondria (1981)

Cations caused a decrease in the apparent Km and an increase in the Vmax. for the oxidation of exogenous NADH by both Jerusalem-artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus) and Arum maculatum (cuckoo-pint) mitochondria prepared and suspended in a low-cation medium (approximately or equal to 1 mM-K+). In Arum mitochondria the addition of cations caused a much greater stimulation of the oxidation of NAD(P)H via the cytochrome oxidase pathway than via the alternative, antimycin-insensitive, pathway. This shows that cations affected a rate-limiting step in the electron-transport chain at or beyond ubiquinone, the branch-point of electron transport in plant mitochondria. The effects were only dependent on the valency of the cation (efficiency C3+ greater than C2+ greater than C+) and not on its chemical nature, which is consistent with the theory of the diffuse layer. The results are interpreted to show that the screening of fixed negative membrane changes on lipids and protein complexes causes a conformational change in the mitochondrial inner membrane, leading to a change in a rate-limiting step of NAD(P)H oxidation. More specifically, it is proposed that screening removes electrostatic restrictions on lateral diffusion and thus accelerates diffusion-limited steps in electron transport.
Cooling effect of urban parks and their relationship with urban heat islands (2016)

It is claimed that open spaces in cities, such as parks, have an urban cooling effect. However, the relationship between urban parks and adjacent districts is still not explicit. In order to clarify the interaction between urban parks and their urban surroundings, this paper takes the Temple of Heaven Park (THP) as an example of a park station and focuses on analyzing the differences with a nearby urban station. THP is located in the center of Beijing, and the nearest urban station is Tian An Men. It is interesting that the cooling effect of THP reaches a peak and remains stable when its city background urban heat island (UHI) varies within a given range, but becomes unstable when the UHI goes beyond the range. This is called an enhanced cooling effect in this paper. As a result, the UHI intensities (UHIIs) are calculated in order to comprehend the role of the park cooling effect in the urban heating characteristics of Beijing. By comparison with five other park–district pairs, this paper attempts to identify the causes of the enhanced cooling effect. It is found that six park–district pairs consistently demonstrate a persistently stronger cooling rate during the night, and that the water coverage might be a key factor in enhancing the park cooling effect. Based on further investigation of the influence of surrounding UHIs on the park cooling effect, it is found that the UHII differences in park–district pairs show quasi-linear changes within a given range as the UHII of the surrounding district increases.
A Low-Power, Reconfigurable, Pipelined ADC with Automatic Adaptation for Implantable Bioimpedance Applications (2014)

iv Biomedical monitoring systems that observe various physiological parameters or electrochemical reactions typically cannot expect signals with fixed amplitude or frequency as signal properties can vary greatly even among similar biosignals. Furthermore, advancements in biomedical research have resulted in more elaborate biosignal monitoring schemes which allow the continuous acquisition of important patient information. Conventional ADCs with a fixed resolution and sampling rate are not able to adapt to signals with a wide range of variation. As a result, reconfigurable analog-to-digital converters (ADC) have become increasingly more attractive for implantable biosensor systems. These converters are able to change their operable resolution, sampling rate, or both in order convert changing signals with increased power efficiency. Traditionally, biomedical sensing applications were limited to low frequencies. Therefore, much of the research on ADCs for biomedical applications focused on minimizing power consumption with smaller bias currents resulting in low sampling rates. However, recently bioimpedance monitoring has become more popular because of its healthcare possibilities. Bioimpedance monitoring involves injecting an AC current into a biosample and measuring the corresponding voltage drop. The frequency of the injected current greatly affects the amplitude and phase of the voltage drop as biological tissue is comprised of resistive and capacitive elements. For this reason, a full spectrum of measurements from 100 Hz to 10-100 MHz is required to gain a full understanding of the impedance. For this type of implantable biomedical
RUMEN GAS ANALYSIS BY GAS-SOLID CHROMATOGRAPHY (1961)

Methods are described for sampling and analysing rumen gases. The analysis requires less than 15 minutes for the determination of hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, methane, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulphide, i.e., for all gases occurring in the rumen. The method is sensitive and requires only a small quantity of sample, and the sample volume need not be known. The presence of water or other vapours in the sample does not influence the results. Relative thermal detector responses have been determined for gases which occur in the rumen. These eliminate the necessity for the calibration of gas chromatographs using thermal detection. The first complete analysis of rumen gas is presented.
Fully integrated SONOS flash memory cell array with BT (body tied)-FinFET structure (2006)

Fully integrated SONOS memory cell arrays with BT (body tied)-FinFET structure have been fabricated successfully by using manufacturable NOR flash technology. The uniformity of threshold voltage (V/sub th/) distribution of the fabricated FinFET SONOS cells is fairly better than that of conventional flash cells thanks to both the widening effective channel width of FinFET structure and negligible coupling interference of SONOS device. New two-step channel implantation process has been introduced for the compensation for the boron out-diffusion of a three-dimensional silicon fin structure. The measured FinFET SONOS cells with a two-step channel doping profile show the improved program and erase characteristics. For the improvement of program/erase and retention characteristics all together, we have investigated the modulation of erase bias condition with respect to back tunneling effect.
Efficient Edge-Enhanced Super-resolution (2005)

Salmonella virulence effectors elicit host cell membrane ruffling to facilitate pathogen invasion. The WAVE regulatory complex (WRC) governs the underlying membrane-localized actin polymerization, but how Salmonella manipulates WRC is unknown. We show that Rho GTPase activation by the Salmonella guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) SopE efficiently triggered WRC recruitment but not its activation, which required host Arf GTPase activity. Invading Salmonella recruited and activated Arf1 to facilitate ruffling and uptake. Arf3 and Arf6 could also enhance invasion. RNAi screening of host Arf-family GEFs revealed a key role for ARNO in pathogen invasion and generation of pathogen-containing macropinosomes enriched in Arf1 and WRC. Salmonella recruited ARNO via Arf6 and the phosphoinositide phosphatase effector SopB-induced PIP3 generation. ARNO in turn triggered WRC recruitment and activation, which was dramatically enhanced when SopE and ARNO cooperated. Thus, we uncover a mechanism by which pathogen and host GEFs synergize to regulate WRC and trigger Salmonella invasion.
Man's Nervous System and Disease (1961)

The population of the United States has increased approximately 50% in the last 30 years. During this same period, life expectancy at birth has increased from 60 to 70 years. In terms of the total number of deaths from all causes, it is estimated that the number of those who died from lesions within the nervous system has changed but little in these 30 years, having increased from about 14% to 17%. Striking therapeutic triumphs during this period have been achieved in the reduction in the number of deaths from infections and deficiency diseases involving the nervous system. Thus, deaths from infections primarily involving the nervous system have been reduced by more than half, and deaths from infections secondarily involving the nervous system, such as tuberculosis and syphilis, are an eighth of what they were 30 years ago. However, these gains are small, contrasted with the staggering increase in the
Brillouin-gain spectra for single-mode fibers having various core/cladding material compositions (1988)

Three peaks in Brillouin-gain spectra are clearly observed due to interaction between lightwave and three different kinds of longitudinal acoustic-mode guided in a fiber-core region. Guided acoustic-mode dispersion-characteristics fully explain the behavior for GeO/sub 2/-doped core/pure-silica cladding fibers at the wavelength lambda of 1550 nm.
Analysis of Electrochemical and Thermal Behavior of Li-Ion Cells (2002)

This paper seeks to gain a better understanding of the thermal behavior of Li-ion cells using a previously developed two-dimensional, first principles-based thermal-electrochemical modeling approach. The model incorporates the reversible, irreversible, and ohmic heats in the matrix and solution phases, and the temperature dependence of the various transport, kinetic, and mass-transfer parameters based on Arrhenius expressions. Experimental data on the entropic contribution for the manganese oxide spinal and carbon electrodes, recently published in the literature, are also incorporated into the model in order to gauge the importance of this term in the overall heat generation. Simulations were used to estimate the thermal and electrical energy and the active material utilization at various rates in order to understand the effect of temperature on the electrochemistry and vice versa. In addition, the methodology of using experimental data, instead of an electrochemical model, to determine the heat-generation rate is examined by considering the differences between the local and lumped thermal models, and the assumption of using heat generation rate determined at a particular thermal environment under other conditions. Model simulations are used to gain insight into the appropriateness of various approximations in developing comprehensive thermal models for Li-ion cells. © 2002 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.