gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Operator Imprecision and Scaling of Shor's Algorithm (2008)

Shor's algorithm (SA) is a quantum algorithm for factoring integers. Since SA has polynomial complexity while the best classical factoring algorithms are sub-exponential, SA is cited as evidence that quantum computers are more powerful than classical computers. SA is critically dependent on the Quantum Fourier Transform (QFT) and it is known that the QFT is sensitive to errors in the quantum state input to it. In this paper, we show that the polynomial scaling of SA is destroyed by input errors to the QFT part of the algorithm. We also show that Quantum Error Correcting Codes (QECC) are not capable of suppressing errors due to operator imprecision and that propagation of operator precision errors is sufficient to severely degrade the effectiveness of SA. Additionally we show that operator imprecision in the error correction circuit for the Calderbank-Shor-Steane QECC is mathematically equivalent to decoherence on every physical qubit in a register. We conclude that, because of the effect of operator precision errors, it is likely that physically realizable quantum computers will be capable of factoring integers no more efficiently than classical computers.
Discovering Object Functionality (2013)

Object functionality refers to the quality of an object that allows humans to perform some specific actions. It has been shown in psychology that functionality (affordance) is at least as essential as appearance in object recognition by humans. In computer vision, most previous work on functionality either assumes exactly one functionality for each object, or requires detailed annotation of human poses and objects. In this paper, we propose a weakly supervised approach to discover all possible object functionalities. Each object functionality is represented by a specific type of human-object interaction. Our method takes any possible human-object interaction into consideration, and evaluates image similarity in 3D rather than 2D in order to cluster human-object interactions more coherently. Experimental results on a dataset of people interacting with musical instruments show the effectiveness of our approach.
Medical marijuana. (1998)

Although many clinical studies suggest the medical utility of marijuana for some conditions, the scientific evidence is weak. Many patients in California are self-medicating with marijuana, and physicians need data to assess the risks and benefits. The only reasonable solution to this problem is to encourage research on the medical effects of marijuana. The current regulatory system should be modified to remove barriers to clinical research with marijuana. The NIH panel has identified several conditions for which there may be therapeutic benefit from marijuana use and that merit further research. Marijuana should be held to the same evaluation standards of safety and efficacy as other drugs (a major flaw in Proposition 215) but should not have to be proved better than current medications for its use to be adopted. The therapeutic window for marijuana and THC between desired effect and unpleasant side effects is narrow and is a major reason for discontinuing use. Although the inhaled route of administration has the benefit of allowing patients to self-titrate the dose, the smoking of crude plant material is problematic. The NIH panel recommended that a high priority be given to the development of a controlled inhaled form of THC. The presence of a naturally occurring cannabinoid-receptor system in the brain suggests that research on selective analogues of THC may be useful to enhance its therapeutic effects and minimize adverse effects.
Biomarkers for assessing reproductive development and health: Part 1--Pubertal development. (2003)

The proposed National Children's Study has helped raise awareness of the issues related to children's health and the importance of monitoring the growth and development of children from preconception through adulthood. Many genetic predispositions can adversely impact the normal development process, and various environmental exposures have been linked to adverse reproductive health in rodent models and a small number of accidental human exposures. To monitor reproductive health and identify adverse effects at the earliest possible juncture, investigators must develop a network of biomarkers covering all stages and aspects of reproductive development and function. Biomarkers are biological indicators that can be measured repeatedly and are informative on one or more aspects of biological development or function. They can range from the anatomical level down to the molecular level and may provide information on the nature of an exposure, the effect of an exposure, or the susceptibility of individuals or populations to the toxic effects of an exposure. In theory, biomarkers can be used to monitor a wide variety of conditions and responses ranging from abnormal development to early indicators of late-onset disease. The main stumbling block with this theory has been finding appropriate biomarkers for particular conditions and exposures. Such biomarkers must be easily accessible, robust, and sensitive. Ideally, they will be expressed across a large section of the population, and can be monitored quickly, easily, conveniently, and with minimal cost. In this review, we discuss some of the current and emerging biomarkers of human pubertal development.
Allelic polymorphism in the T cell receptor and its impact on immune responses (2010)

In comparison to human leukocyte antigen (HLA) polymorphism, the impact of allelic sequence variation within T cell receptor (TCR) loci is much less understood. Particular TCR loci have been associated with autoimmunity, but the molecular basis for this phenomenon is undefined. We examined the T cell response to an HLA-B*3501-restricted epitope (HPVGEADYFEY) from Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which is frequently dominated by a TRBV9*01(+) public TCR (TK3). However, the common allelic variant TRBV9*02, which differs by a single amino acid near the CDR2beta loop (Gln55-->His55), was never used in this response. The structure of the TK3 TCR, its allelic variant, and a nonnaturally occurring mutant (Gln55-->Ala55) in complex with HLA-B*3501(HPVGEADYFEY) revealed that the Gln55-->His55 polymorphism affected the charge complementarity at the TCR-peptide-MHC interface, resulting in reduced functional recognition of the cognate and naturally occurring variants of this EBV peptide. Thus, polymorphism in the TCR loci may contribute toward variability in immune responses and the outcome of infection.
Hierarchical splatting of scattered 4D data (2004)

To let scientists interactively view these data sets at high resolution on desktop workstations or PCs, we want to visualize the scattered data directly without resampling them to a volume density. We propose accelerating the visualization of scattered point data with a hierarchical data structure based on a principal component analysis (PCA) clustering procedure. By traversing this structure from each frame, we can trade off rendering speed verses image quality and use lower hierarchy levels during interaction. Our scheme also lets us interpolate the given point positions using cubic splines.
Case Studies of Separation in Biorefineries—Extraction of Algae Oil from Microalgae (2013)

This chapter on case studies of separation in biorefineries-extraction of algae oil from microalgae focuses mostly on the extraction step. It discusses the most recent activity and proposed technologies, with some commentary on the market for biodiesel. As a recent review extensively covered the academic literature, this chapter focuses heavily on the patent literature. Overall, the extraction processes requires the coordinated integration of multiple unit operations such as: (i) harvesting/isolation of the cells from a growth unit such as a bioreactor or pond, (ii) cell wall lyses/disruption, (iii) fully drying the cells, (iv) extraction of the oil from the cells, and finally (v) recovery and refining of the oil. The presence of water has proven to be one of the most significant hurdles in the extraction of biomass.
Identification of Protective Epitopes by Sequencing of the Major Outer Membrane Protein Gene of a Variant Strain of<i>Chlamydia psittaci</i>Serotype 1 (<i>Chlamydophila abortus</i>) (2001)

Protective monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to the major outer membrane protein (MOMP) of species of the family Chlamydiaceae, which is the primary vaccine candidate antigen, recognize nonlinear epitopes conferred by the oligomeric conformation of the molecule. Protective MAbs failed to recognize oligomeric MOMP of the variant strain LLG, which bears amino acid substitutions in variable segments (VSs) 1, 2, and 4, and competed with monomer-specific MAbs mapping to these VSs in reference strain 577. The results suggest that multiple sites located in the three VSs contribute to the epitope of protective MAbs.
State-of-the-art prostate cancer treatment and research. A report from the Cancer Institute of New Jersey. (2001)

Prostate cancer is a devastating disease that will be diagnosed in approximately 200,000 men in 2001. New methods for screening, prevention, and treatment are being developed. In addition, novel agents for the treatment of resistant prostate cancer are being developed in clinical trials. This review summarizes the recent efforts in diet, screening, novel systemic therapies, and alternative medicine for prostate cancer.
Mixed Reality-Aware Service Architecture for Mobile Environments (2012)

It is a fact that mobile devices have emerged as the core interaction platforms for Human-to-Machine communication. Mixed Reality has reached mobile devices indeed. However, there are still issues regarding its consumption beyond stand-alone applications, such as Layar and Wikitude. This article states the benefits of consuming and integrating Mixed Reality with mobile services through our tailored Service Description Language. Finally, it describes our Mixed Reality-aware architecture for mobile environments and its validation.
Practical beam broadening for space-borne SAR using phase-only pattern synthesis (2011)

This paper describes methods for broadening the beam of space-borne SAR using phase-only element weights. This type of broadening can be valuable for expand either the irradiating swath in elevation or the effectual synthesis aperture length in azimuth of space-borne SAR. Phase-only broadening is required for typical solid-state (active phased) arrays because control of the transmit amplitude suffer to either complex control or energy losing. In this paper, a new array pattern synthesis algorithm using the two-step least-squares method is proposed, this new method utilizes the randomness of the desired pattern phase to design an array pattern. The numerical simulation results are presented to illustrate this algorithm.
Raphasatin Is a More Potent Inducer of the Detoxification Enzymes Than Its Degradation Products (2011)

Glucoraphasatin, the primary glucosinolate in radishes, is metabolized into an isothiocyanate (raphasatin) that has biological activity but is also unstable in an aqueous environment. Despite the instability of raphasatin, dietary exposure to radishes produced significant induction of detoxification enzymes. Understanding the chemical properties of raphasatin, both in terms of biological activity and instability, could help develop processing methods to retain the most activity from radishes, glucoraphasatin, and raphasatin.
On the software virtual machine for the real hardware stack machine (2001)

Several technologies for Java [1] program execution have been reported, e.g., Just-In-Time (JIT) compilation, pre-compilation engine, etc., to improve its running speed. Bytecode engine is another approach by taking advantage of the hardware acceleration.

This paper is concerned with the brief introduction to the picoJava-II core technology and its implementation at Fujitsu. Then, we will present our software mapping approach onto the hardware stack machine, focusing on Fujitsu's picoJava-II implementation, MB86799. Finally, we will report some benchmark results of Java virtual machine execution on the real stack machine and discuss yet unresolved problems.
Component design of retargetable program analysis tools that reuse intermediate representations (2000)

Interactive program analysis tools are often tailored to one particular representation of programs, making adaptation to a new language costly. One way to ease adaptability is to introduce an intermediate abstraction—an adaptation layer—between an existing language representation and the program analysis tool. This adaptation layer translates the tool's queries into queries on the particular representation.
The Effects of Age and Cx<sub>3</sub>cr1 Deficiency on Retinal Microglia in the<i>Ins2<sup>Akita</sup></i>Diabetic Mouse (2013)

These data showed that changes to murine retinal microglia occur in response to systemic diabetic status in the absence of overt retinopathy and inflammation. These changes are exaggerated in mice lacking Cx(3)cr1, suggesting fractalkine- Cx(3)cr1 interactions may have a role in early neuronal changes in preproliferative DR.
Enhancement of quantum confined Stark effect in a graded gap quantum well (1987)

A graded gap quantum well structure, where the band gap is linearly changing along the growth direction, is proposed for the enhancement of quantum confined Stark effect. Theoretical calculations show that the ground-state exciton peak energy shifts by a larger amount than in a usual square-shaped quantum well under an applied electric field. The wave function modifications in this quantum well result in a smaller decrease of the exciton oscillator strength, according to the electric field applied. These effects reveal the possibility of achieving high-performance optical modulators or other devices which utilize the quantum confined Stark effect.
Catalytic and Photochemical Cyclopropanation of Alkenes with Methyl Diazo(trialkylsilyl)acetates:  Steric Effects and Thermodynamic Stabilities of Cyclopropanes (2001)

Diazo esters 1 (N2C(SiR3)COOMe; R = Me (1a), Et (1b), i-Pr (1c)) have been decomposed in styrene, 1-hexene, and cyclohexene under Cu, Rh, or Ru catalysis as well as by photochemical means with the objective to evaluate the effectiveness and diastereoselectivity of the respective cyclopropanation reaction. With styrene and 1-hexene as substrates, the ability of the catalysts followed the order CuOTf > [Ru2(CO)4(μ-OAc)2]n ≈ Rh2(OAc)4, but even CuOTf (copper(I) triflate) did not promote cyclopropanation of 1-hexene with the bulky 1c. Cyclopropanation of cyclohexene with 1a,b succeeded only with the ruthenium catalyst. In all cases, the diastereoisomer having the silyl group anti to the vicinal methyl or phenyl substituent(s) was formed preferentially. In contrast, in the photochemical reactions of 1a,c with styrene and of 1a with 1-hexene the diastereoisomer having the silyl group syn to the vicinal substituent(s) was formed preferentially. The fluoride-induced desilylation of cyclopropanes 2a,c,e was accompanied by a loss of stereochemical integrity. The X-ray crystal structure analysis of the cyclopropane (E)-2f has been determined. The relative thermodynamic stabilities of various 2-R-1-X-cyclopropanecarboxylates (R = Me, Ph; X = Me, t-Bu, SiH3, SiMe3, Si(i-Pr)3) have been calculated by density functional theory methods. These calculations show that for X = SiMe3 and R = Ph the syn−anti energy difference is ca. 0, while for R = Me the anti isomer is more stable.
A Fluorescent Polymeric Heparin Sensor (2007)

Linear copolymers have been developed which carry binding sites tailored for sulfated sugars. All binding monomers are based on the methacrylamide skeleton and ensure statistical radical copolymerization. They are decorated with o-aminomethylphenylboronates for covalent ester formation and/or alkylammonium ions for noncovalent Coulomb attraction. Alcohol sidechains maintain a high water solubility; a dansyl monomer was constructed as a fluorescence label. Statistical copolymerization of comonomer mixtures with optimized ratios was started by AIBN (AIBN=2,2'-azoisobutyronitrile) and furnished water-soluble comonomers with an exceptionally high affinity for glucosaminoglucans. Heparin can be quantitatively detected with an unprecedented 30 nM sensitivity, and a neutral polymer without any ammonium cation is still able to bind the target with almost micromolar affinity. From this unexpected result, we propose a new binding scheme between the boronate and a sulfated ethylene glycol or aminoethanol unit. Although the mechanism of heparin binding involves covalent boronate ester formation, it can be completely reversed by protamine addition, similar to heparin's complex formation with antithrombin III.
Operating system design: the XINU approach (1984)

The book guides readers through the construction of a conventional process-based operating system using practical, straightforward primitives. It gives the implementation details of one set of primitives, usually the most popular set. Once readers understand how primitives can be implemented on conventional hardware, they can then easily implement alternative versions.
[Penicillinase activity of staphylococci and their sensitivity to penicillin G and oxacillin (author's transl)]. (1980)

The penicillinase activities of 169 strains of staphylococci isolated from outpatients were detected by a simple technique that gives the result in 10 minutes on benzylpenicillin and bromocresol purple absorbed Whatman No 1 filter papers. Seventy three out of 100 S. aureus strain and 4 out of 69 S. albus were found to have the enzyme. The ratio of penicillin G resistance among S. aureus and S. albus were found to be 89% and 41% respectively. Six strains (6%) of S. aureus and 5 (7%) S. albus were resistant to both antibiotics. When the findings were compared with those previously reported in Turkey, it was seen that the proportion of the penicillinase + strains and the incidence of resistance in staphylococci to both kinds of penicillins was increased.
A microfluidic-based cell encapsulation platform to achieve high long-term cell viability in photopolymerized PEGNB hydrogel microspheres (2016)

Cell encapsulation within photopolymerized polyethylene glycol (PEG)-based hydrogel scaffolds has been demonstrated as a robust strategy for cell delivery, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, and developing in vitro platforms to study cellular behavior and fate. Strategies to achieve spatial and temporal control over PEG hydrogel mechanical properties, chemical functionalization, and cytocompatibility have advanced considerably in recent years. Recent microfluidic technologies have enabled the miniaturization of PEG hydrogels, thus enabling the fabrication of miniaturized cell-laden vehicles. However, rapid oxygen diffusive transport times on the microscale dramatically inhibit chain growth photopolymerization of polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA), thus decreasing the viability of cells encapsulated within these microstructures. Another promising PEG-based scaffold material, PEG norbornene (PEGNB), is formed by a step-growth photopolymerization and is not inhibited by oxygen. PEGNB has also been shown to be more cytocompatible than PEGDA and allows for orthogonal addition reactions. The step-growth kinetics, however, are slow and therefore challenging to fully polymerize within droplets flowing through microfluidic devices. Here, we describe a microfluidic-based droplet fabrication platform that generates consistently monodisperse cell-laden water-in-oil emulsions. Microfluidically generated PEGNB droplets are collected and photopolymerized under UV exposure in bulk emulsions. In this work, we compare this microfluidic-based cell encapsulation platform with a vortex-based method on the basis of microgel size, uniformity, post-encapsulation cell viability and long-term cell viability. Several factors that influence post-encapsulation cell viability were identified. Finally, long-term cell viability achieved by this platform was compared to a similar cell encapsulation platform using PEGDA. We show that this PEGNB microencapsulation platform is capable of generating cell-laden hydrogel microspheres at high rates with well-controlled size distributions and high long-term cell viability.
Cells Assemble Invadopodia-Like Structures and Invade into Matrigel in a Matrix Metalloprotease Dependent Manner in the Circular Invasion Assay (2012)

The ability of tumor cells to invade is one of the hallmarks of the metastatic phenotype. To elucidate the mechanisms by which tumor cells acquire an invasive phenotype, in vitro assays have been developed that mimic the process of cancer cell invasion through basement membrane or in the stroma. We have extended the characterization of the circular invasion assay and found that it provides a simple and amenable system to study cell invasion in matrix in an environment that closely mimics 3D invasion. Furthermore, it allows detailed microscopic analysis of both live and fixed cells during the invasion process. We find that cells invade in a protease dependent manner in this assay and that they assemble focal adhesions and invadopodia that resemble structures visualized in 3D embedded cells. We propose that this is a useful assay for routine and medium throughput analysis of invasion of cancer cells in vitro and the study of cells migrating in a 3D environment.
Development of an optical tweezer combined with micromanipulation for DNA and protein nanobioscience (2002)

We have constructed an optical tweezer using two lasers (830 nm and 1064 nm) combined with micropipette manipulation having sub-pN force sensitivity. Sample position is controlled within nanometer accuracy using XYZ piezo-electric stage. The position of the bead in the trap is monitored using single particle laser backscattering technique. The instrument is automated to operate in constant force, constant velocity or constant position measurement. We present data on single DNA force-extension, dynamics of DNA integration on membranes and optically trapped bead-cell interactions. A quantitative analysis of single DNA and protein mechanics, assembly and dynamics opens up new possibilities in nanobioscience.
Management of Ankle Syndesmosis Injuries in the Athlete (2009)

Syndesmotic injuries or high ankle sprains in athletes can occur in elite and recreational athletes. They typically require a longer recovery and a significant delay in return to play compared with routine ankle sprains. Avoiding a misdiagnosis is important and is dependent on being aware of the mechanism of injury, a thorough physical examination, and careful interpretation of imaging studies. Management is guided by the severity of injury and the demands of the athlete. Many mild or stable injuries can be treated nonoperatively; however, acute surgical repair or stabilization in high-grade injuries can provide excellent results and an earlier return to play in selected cases.
Freeform lens design for uniform illumination with extended source (2011)

Nonuniform illumination caused by extended source is one of the challenging points for high power Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) especially for LED array applications. A new design method to improve the uniformity of illuminance of extended source is presented. To obtain high uniformity at target plane, a feedback optimization method is introduced including target plane girds, light source girds and target plane and light source girds optimization algorithms. Monte Carlo ray tracing simulation results demonstrate that our feedback optimization algorithms are able to obviously increase the uniformity of illuminance at target plane. The uniformity increases from 0.53 to 0.9, 0.77 and 0.88 by our three different optimization algorithms respectively. This method would be a potential way in improving the uniformity of illuminance at target plane with little light pattern expansion.