gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Duplication of a well-conserved homeodomain-leucine zipper transcription factor gene in barley generates a copy with more specific functions (2009)

Three spikelets are formed at each rachis node of the cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare ssp. vulgare) spike. In two-rowed barley, the central one is fertile and the two lateral ones are sterile, whereas in the six-rowed type, all three are fertile. This characteristic is determined by the allelic constitution at the six-rowed spike 1 (vrs1) locus on the long arm of chromosome 2H, with the recessive allele (vrs1) being responsible for the six-rowed phenotype. The Vrs1 (HvHox1) gene encodes a homeodomain-leucine zipper (HD-Zip) transcription factor. Here, we show that the Vrs1 gene evolved in the Poaceae via a duplication, with a second copy of the gene, HvHox2, present on the short arm of chromosome 2H. Micro-collinearity and polypeptide sequences were both well conserved between HvHox2 and its Poaceae orthologs, but Vrs1 is unique to the barley tribe. The Vrs1 gene product lacks a motif which is conserved among the HvHox2 orthologs. A phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that Vrs1 and HvHox2 must have diverged after the separation of Brachypodium distachyon from the Pooideae and suggests that Vrs1 arose following the duplication of HvHox2, and acquired its new function during the evolution of the barley tribe. HvHox2 was expressed in all organs examined but Vrs1 was predominantly expressed in immature inflorescence.
Environment effects on surface-plasmon spectra in gold-island films potential for sensing applications (1998)

The effects of the local dielectric environment on the surface-plasmon resonances of annealed gold-island films as a potential for sensing applications are studied experimentally and modeled theoretically. Gold-island films were annealed at 600 degrees C to produce spheroidal shape particles that exhibit well-resolved resonances in polarized, angle-resolved, absorption spectra. These resonances are shifted in different amounts by the depolarization effect of the surrounding medium (liquids with various refraction indices). Cross-section calculations based on nonretarded, single-particle, dielectric interaction for these various configurations are presented and are found to be in good agreement with the experimental observations. The results show an interesting potential for biosensing or environmental monitoring applications.
Calculation of Relative Permeability from Displacement Experiments (1959)

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Vol. 216, 1959, pages 370–372. A method is presented for calculating individual gas and oil or water and oil relative permeabilities from data obtained during a gas drive or a waterflood experiment performed on a linear porous body. The method has been tested and found both rapid and reliable for normal-sized core samples. Introduction Individual oil and gas or oil and water relative permeabilities are required for a number of reservoir engineering applications. Chief among these is the evaluation of oil displacement under conditions where gravitational effects are significant, such as a water drive or crestal gas injection in a steeply dipping oil reservoir. Numerous proposed methods of obtaining relative permeability data on reservoir core samples have been too tedious and time consuming for practical use, or have yielded questionable and sometimes inconsistent results. A method bas been developed by which the individual relative permeability curves can be calculated from data collected during a displacement test. The method is based on sound. Using this method, with a properly designed experimental procedure, relative permeability curves can be obtained using core samples of normal size (i.e., 2 to 3 in. in length and 1 to 2 in. in diameter) within a few days after receipt of the core. In a recent publication D. A. Efros describes an approach to the calculation of individual relative permeabilities that is based on the same theoretical considerations. We believe the approach described in the present paper is more adaptable to practical application than the method implied by Efros. In addition, comparisons with independently determined relative permeabilities are furnished to substantiate the reliability of the new method.
Anatomic Study of Anterior Frontal Cortical Bridging Veins with Special Reference to the Frontopolar Vein (1996)

Anatomic variations of the frontopolar vein were investigated in 21 cadaver brains to improve the preservation rate of this vein in interhemispheric surgery for anterior communicating aneurysms. Most of the frontopolar vein has been considered to drain the outer convex side of the frontal lobe, but in reality, the area of its venous drainage was found to cover a large part of the frontal lobe, including its medial and basal surfaces. This observation suggests that sacrifice of the vein during surgery carries a risk of venous infarction. Therefore, care must be taken to not injure the vein during surgery. The mean distance between the frontopolar vein and the most anterior point of the frontal lobe was 31.1 mm. Although the vein became smaller close to the frontal tip, the mean diameter of the vein was 1.9 mm. Morphologically, approximately two-thirds of the frontopolar veins was found to have a "main trunk." The frontopolar vein can be spared during surgery by using a flexible surgical technique incorporating vein dissection or additional craniotomy.
Using Utterance and Semantic Level Confidence for Interactive Spoken Dialog Clarification (2008)

Spoken dialog tasks incur many errors including speech recognition errors, understanding errors, and even dialog management errors. These errors create a big gap between the user's intention and the system's understanding, which eventually results in a misinterpretation. To fill in the gap, people in human-to-human dialogs try to clarify the major causes of the misunderstanding to selectively correct them. This paper presents a method of clarification techniques to human-to-machine spoken dialog systems. We viewed the clarification dialog as a two-step problem-Belief confirmation and Clarification strategy establishment. To confirm the belief, we organized the clarification process into three systematic phases. In the belief confirmation phase, we consider the overall dialog system's processes including speech recognition, language understanding and semantic slot and value pairs for clarification dialog management. A clarification expert is developed for establishing clarification dialog strategy. In addition, we proposed a new design of plugging clarification dialog module in a given expert based dialog system. The experiment results demonstrate that the error verifiers effectively catch the word and utterance-level semantic errors and the clarification experts actually increase the dialog success rate and the dialog efficiency.
Formulation Strategies to Improve Oral Peptide Delivery (2014)

Delivery of peptides by the oral route greatly appeals due to commercial, patient convenience and scientific arguments. While there are over 60 injectable peptides marketed worldwide, and many more in development, most delivery strategies do not yet adequately overcome the barriers to oral delivery. Peptides are sensitive to chemical and enzymatic degradation in the intestine, and are poorly permeable across the intestinal epithelium due to sub-optimal physicochemical properties. A successful oral peptide delivery technology should protect potent peptides from presystemic degradation and improve epithelial permeation to achieve a target oral bioavailability with acceptable intra-subject variability. This review provides a comprehensive up-to-date overview of the current status of oral peptide delivery with an emphasis on patented formulations that are yielding promising clinical data.
Impact of microstructure on stability of permanent magnet biased magnetoresistive heads (1996)

This work pertains to output voltage stability of soft adjacent layer biased magnetoresistive heads with abutted permanent magnetic films for domain stabilization. A micromagnetic model has been developed to study the effect of the permanent magnet film microstructure and the micromagnetic properties of the abutted junction interface on head stability. The impact on head stability is analyzed with respect to interfacial ferromagnetic coupling across the junction interface and intergranular exchange coupling in the permanent magnet films among other film properties.
Self-assembly of a group I intron active site from its component tertiary structural domains. (1995)

The catalytic core of Group I self-splicing introns has been proposed to consist of two structural domains, P4-P6 and P3-P9. Each contains helical segments and conserved unpaired nucleotides, and the isolated P4-P6 domain has been shown to have substantial native tertiary structure. The proposed tertiary structure domains of the Tetrahymena intron were synthesized separately and shown to self-assemble into a catalytically active complex. Surprisingly, the concentration dependence of these reactions revealed that the domains interact with nanomolar apparent dissociation constants, even though there is no known base pairing between P4-P6 and P3-P9. This suggests that the domains interact through multiple tertiary contacts, the nature of which can now be explored in this system. For example, a circularly permuted version of the P4-P6 domain, which folds similarly to the native P4-P6 molecule, formed a stable but inactive complex. Interestingly, activity was demonstrated with the permuted molecule when nucleotides proposed to form a triple-strand interaction with P4 and P6 were restored as part of the P1-P3 substrate or as part of the P3-P9 RNA. Thus, beyond stabilization of the P4-P6 domain, the triple-strand region may facilitate correct orientation of the RNA domains or participate more directly in catalysis.
Characterization of the<scp>L</scp>-Lysine Biosynthetic Pathway in the Obligate Methylotroph<i>Methylophilus methylotrophus</i> (2004)

The L-lysine biosynthetic pathway of the gram-negative obligate methylotroph Methylophilus methylotrophus AS1 was examined through characterization of the enzymes aspartokinase (AK), aspartsemialdehyde dehydrogenase, dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DDPS), dihydrodipicolinate reductase, and diaminopimelate decarboxylase. The AK was inhibited by L-threonine and by a combination of L-threonine and L-lysine, but not by L-lysine alone, and the activity of DDPS was moderately reduced by L-lysine. In an L-lysine producing mutant (G49), isolated as an S-(2-aminoethyl)-L-cysteine (lysine analog) resistant strain, both AK and DDPS were partially resistant to feedback inhibition. The ask and dapA genes encoding AK and DDPS respectively were isolated from the parental strain, AS1, and its G49 derivative. Comparison of the sequences revealed a point mutation in each of these genes in G49. The mutation in the ask gene altered aspartic acid in a key region involved in the allosteric regulation common to AKs, while a novel mutation in the dapA gene altered tyrosine-106, which was assumed to be involved in the binding of L-lysine to DDPS.
Loss of Trans-epithelial Impermeability of a Confluent Monolayer of Madin-Darby Canine Kidney (MDCK) Cells as a Determinant of Ocular Irritancy Potential (1990)

The short-term exposure of a confluent layer of MDCK cells to a series of test agents of varying ocular irritancy potential demonstrated that the tight junctions between these cells were affected in such a way that fluorescein could leak through in a dose-related manner. Rankings of test agents in order of potency to promote “fluorescein leakage” correlated well with neutral red release results (r=0.98) and ranked toxicity closely with in vivo eye irritancy data. However, the neutral red release assay produced negative results for three inorganic irritants, whereas these were detected using the fluorescein leakage assay.
Probing Contacts to the DNA Backbone in the <i>trp</i> Repressor−Operator Sequence-Specific Protein−Nucleic Acid Complex Using Diastereomeric Methylphosphonate Analogues (1997)

Fourteen analogue DNA sequences containing the trp operator sequence and a single diastereomeric methylphosphonate linkage are each prepared from the stereochemically pure nucleoside methylphosphonate dimer building block, prepared as a phosphoramidite. The analogue sequences are shown to be single diastereomers on the basis of HPLC analysis of the digestion mixture; in each case, only a single diastereomeric dimer is present. These analogue sequences can be used effectively to probe for interactions to either of the prochiral phosphate oxygens as illustrated by their use to identify critical interactions in the trp repressor-operator complex. In a number of cases, the pairs of diastereomeric analogue sequences exhibit variable binding affinities that can be used to identify one of the prochiral phosphate oxygens as a critical site for complex-stabilizing interactions. Upon the basis of dissociation constants, apparent incremental binding energies are assigned to specific interactions. In all but one example, these identified sites for interactions to the phosphate backbone can be correlated with contacts implicated by the crystal structure analysis of the trp repressor-operator complex.
[Studies on the chemical constituents from Asarum Chinese Franch. f. fargesii (Franch.) C. Y. Cheng (II)]. (2006)

Three compounds were isolated from the roots and stems of Asarum chinese Franch. f. fargesii (Franch.) C. Y. Cheng with column chromatography methods. Their structures were identified as kakuol (I), 2-methoxy-4,5-methylenedioxypropiophenone (II) and pluviatilol (III) on the basis of physicochemical and spectroscopic analysis. The compound II and III were isolated from the genus of Asarum for the first time.
Survey of DCA for Abnormal Detection (2013)

As a latest immune algorithm, dendritic cell algorithm (DCA) has been successfully applied into the abnormal detection. First, this paper reviewed the research progress of DCA from the following aspects: signal extraction technology, DCA signal processing technology, the decision method for load anomaly judgment, and the application research of DCA. Next, the corresponding solving thoughts for the main problems existing in the DCA were proposed in this paper. Finally, the future research trends of DCA were presented in this paper.
Pulsed laser deposition of Pr<sup>3+</sup>- doped chalcogenide thin films for optical applications (2003)

Thin films of Praseodymium-doped chalcogenide glasses [GeS<sub>2</sub>-Ga<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>-CsI] were prepared by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique. The targets were ablated using XeCl (308 nm) and KrF (248 nm) excimer lasers. The films were deposited on microscope glass slides, SiO<sub>2</sub> plates and lithium niobate (LiNbO<sub>3</sub>) substrates at room temperature and at 300 °C. Morphological, compositional and structural characteristics of deposited films were investigated by different techniques. (Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction). Optical transmission of films and target, at normal incidence, were recorded in the 200-3500 nm spectral region. The optical constants (refractive index n and extinction coefficient k) vs wavelength, as well as the film thickness, were calculated from these spectra with the aid of a computer code. The presence of praseodymium in the doped chalcogenide thin film was analysed by exciting the electrons to the <sup>1</sup>G<sub>4</sub> level and collecting the photoluminescence spectrum in the 1.335 µm region. The waveguiding properties of the deposited films were investigated by the prism coupling technique (m-lines spectroscopy).
Performance Analysis of OFDM Systems for Broadband Power Line Communications Under Impulsive Noise and Multipath Effects (2005)

The impulsive noise and multipath effects are the main reasons to cause bit errors in power line communications. In this paper, the bit error rate (BER) performance of the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) system under the impulsive noise and multipath effects are theoretically analyzed in terms of closed form formulas. Through the analysis, it is shown that OFDM can mitigate the adverse effect of the impulsive noise and only the heavily disturbed impulsive noise will interfere the BER performance of the OFDM system. It is also shown that the adverse effect of multipath is more serious than that of impulsive noise. In this paper, the guard interval is used to improve the BER performance of the OFDM system. As the longer guard interval is inefficient in using the signal power, the optimum guard interval that can achieve the best BER performance is studied.
Dynamic ventilatory response to CO<sub>2</sub>in congestive heart failure patients with and without central sleep apnea (2001)

Nonobstructive (i.e., central) sleep apnea is a major cause of sleep-disordered breathing in patients with stable congestive heart failure (CHF). Although central sleep apnea (CSA) is prevalent in this population, occurring in 40-50% of patients, its pathogenesis is poorly understood. Dynamic loop gain and delay of the chemoreflex response to CO(2) was measured during wakefulness in CHF patients with and without CSA by use of a pseudorandom binary CO(2) stimulus method. Use of a hyperoxic background minimized responses derived from peripheral chemoreceptors. The closed-loop and open-loop gain, estimated from the impulse response, was three times greater in patients with nocturnal CSA (n = 9) than in non-CSA patients (n = 9). Loop dynamics, estimated by the 95% response duration time, did not differ between the two groups of patients. We speculate that an increase in dynamic gain of the central chemoreflex response to CO(2) contributes to the genesis of CSA in patients with CHF.
Naming of suburban villas (1933)

Journal Article Naming of suburban villas Get access P. McP P. McP Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume CLXIV, Issue feb11, 11 February 1933, Page 105, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/CLXIV.feb11.105b Published: 11 February 1933
Protozoa and Human Disease (2010)

Protozoa and Human Disease is a textbook on medically important protozoa and the diseases they cause for advanced undergraduate students, graduate students, and professionals.  It combines a taxonomic and medical approach and is therefore suitable for a parasitology, microbiology, medical, and public health readership.  In addition to the basics such as morphological features, life cycles, and the clinical manifestations of the diseases, topics like the molecular and immunological basis of pathogenesis, metabolic pathways, specialized subcellular structures, ecology of disease transmission, antigenic variation, and molecular epidemiology are discussed for many of the protozoan pathogens. At the end of the book is an extensive glos
A Quantitative Analysis of Factors Affecting PELs and TLVs for Carcinogens (1999)

For carcinogens, this paper provides a quantitative examination of the roles of potency and weight‐of‐evidence (WOE) in setting permissible exposure limits (PELs) at the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and threshold limit values (TLVs) at the private American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). On normative grounds, both of these factors should influence choices about the acceptable level of exposures. Our major objective is to examine whether and in what ways these factors have been considered by these organizations. A lesser objective is to identify outliers, which might be candidates for further regulatory scrutiny. Our sample (N=48) includes chemicals for which EPA has estimated a unit risk as a measure of carcinogenic potency and for which OSHA or the ACGIH has a PEL or TLV. Different assessments of the strength of the evidence of carcinogenicity were obtained from EPA, ACGIH, and the International Agency for Research on Cancer. We found that potency alone explains 49% of the variation in PELs and 62% of the variation in TLVs. For the ACGIH, WOE plays a much smaller role than potency. TLVs set by the ACGIH since 1989 appear to be stricter than earlier TLVs. We suggest that this change represents evidence that the ACGIH had responded to criticisms leveled at it in the late 1980s for failing to adopt sufficiently protective standards. The models developed here identify 2‐nitropropane, ethylene dibromide, and chromium as having OSHA PELs significantly higher than predicted on the basis of potency and WOE.
Target structures for HIV‐1 inactivation by methylene blue and light (1995)

In a photodynamic virus inactivation procedure for human fresh frozen plasma the plasma is exposed to visible light in the presence of 1 microM methylene blue. This procedure is known to inactivate HIV-1 by at least 10(6.32) TCID50/ml within 10 minutes. To elucidate the mechanism of photodynamic inactivation of HIV-1 by methylene blue/light treatment, reverse transcriptase (RT), the HIV-1 associated protein p24, and viral RNA were examined. In the dark, methylene blue up to 10 microM has no inhibitory effect on recombinant RT. In the presence of light, recombinant RT inactivation was dependent on illumination time and the concentration of methylene blue. After photoinactivation of the whole virus by methylene blue/light treatment, RT activity was also almost completely inhibited. Simultaneously, it was found by Western blotting that HIV-1 p24 and gp120 are altered in size, possibly due to protein cross-linking. In addition, it was shown by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) inhibition assay that HIV-1 inactivation leads to destruction of its RNA. In summary, methylene blue/light treatment acts on HIV-1 at different target sites: the envelope and core proteins, and the inner core structures RNA and RT.
Hemin: a possible physiological mediator of low density lipoprotein oxidation and endothelial injury. (1991)

Oxidized low density lipoprotein (LDL), formed in vivo from presently unknown reactions, may play a role in atherogenesis. In vitro, transition metals such as iron and copper will facilitate LDL oxidation, but these metals are unlikely to exist in free form in normal body fluids. We have explored the possibility that LDL oxidation may be promoted by heme, a physiologically ubiquitous, hydrophobic, iron-containing compound. Indeed, during several-hour incubation, heme caused extensive oxidative modification of LDL; however, such modification requires only minutes in the presence of small amounts of H2O2 or preformed lipid hydroperoxides within the LDL. Oxidative interactions between heme, LDL, and peroxides lead to degradation of the heme ring and consequent release of heme iron, which further accelerates heme degradation. Coupled (evidently iron-catalyzed) heme degradation and LDL oxidation are both effectively inhibited by hydrophobic antioxidants and iron chelators. That such hemin-induced LDL oxidation may be involved in atherogenesis is supported by the finding that LDL oxidized by hemin is extremely cytotoxic to cultured aortic endothelial cells. Overall, these investigations not only lend support to the idea that LDL oxidation by physiological substances such as heme may play a role in the process of atherogenesis but also may have broader implications, as similar oxidative reactions between heme and unsaturated fatty acids may occur consequent to hemorrhagic injury.
ChemInform Abstract: New Pyrrole Derivatives. Part 9. Formation and Cyclization of 2‐ Acylamino‐1H‐pyrrolo‐3,4‐dicarbonitriles. (1994)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.