gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Manufacturing Yogurt and Fermented Milks (2006)

Contributors. Preface. Part I Basic Background. 1. History and Consumption Trends. (Ramesh C. Chandan). 2. Milk Composition Physical and Processing Characteristics. (Ramesh C. Chandan). 3. Regulatory Requirements for Milk Production, Transportation, and Processing. (Cary P. Frye). 4. Regulations for Product Standards and Labeling. (Cary P. Frye). 5. Basic Dairy Processing Principles. (Arun Kilara). 6. Starter Cultures for Yogurt and Fermented Milks. (Ebenezer R. Vedamuthu). 7. Laboratory Analysis of Fermented Milks. (Robet T. Marshall). 8. Fermented Dairy Packaging Materials. (Aaron L. Brody). Part II Manufacturing of Yogurt. 9. Yogurt: Fruit Preparations and Flavoring Materials. (Kevin R. O'Reill and Ramesh C. Chandan). 10. Milk and Milk-Based Dairy Ingredients. (Isabelle Sodini and Phillip S. Tong). 11. Ingredients for Yogurt Manufacture. (Ramesh C. Chandan and Kevin R. O'Rell). 12. Principles of Yogurt Processing. (Ramesh C. Chandan and Kevin R. O'Rell). 13. Manufacture of Various Types of Yogurt. (Ramesh C. Chandan and Kevin R. O'Rell). 14. Plant Cleaning and Sanitizing. ( Dennis Bogart). 15. Yogurt Plant: Quality Assurance. (Ramesh C. Chandan and Kevin R. O'Rell). 16. Sensory Analysis of Yogurt. (Yonca Karagul-Yuceer and MaryAnne Drake). Part III Manufacture of Fermented Milks. 17. Cultured Buttermilk. (Charles H. White). 18. Cultured/Sour Cream. (Bill Born). 19. Other Fermented and Culture-Containing Milks. (Ebenezer R. Vedamuthu). Part IV Health Benefits. 20. Functional Foods and Disease Prevention. (Ramesh C. Chandan and Kevin R. O'Rell). 21. Health Benefits of Yogurt and Fermented Milks. (Nagendra P. Shah). 22. Probiotics and Fermented Milks. Nagendra P. Shah). Index.
Injection molded high precision freeform optics for high volume applications (2012)

Abstract Injection molding offers a cost-efficient method for manufacturing high precision plastic optics for high-volume applications. Optical surfaces such as flats, spheres and also aspheres are meanwhile state-of-the-art in the field of plastic optics. The demand for surfaces without symmetric properties, commonly referred to as freeform surfaces, continues to rise. Currently, new mathematical approaches are under consideration which allow for new complex optical designs. Such novel optical designs strongly encourage development of new manufacturing methods. Specifically, new surface descriptions without an axis of symmetry, new ultra precision machining methods and non-symmetrical shrinkage compensation strategies have to be developed to produce freeform optical surfaces with high precision for high-volume applications. This paper will illustrate a deterministic and efficient way for the manufacturing of ultra precision injection molding tool inserts with submicron precision and show the manufacturing of replicated freeform surfaces with micrometer range shape accuracy at diameters up to 40 mm with a surface roughness of approximately 2 nm.
An Enquiry on the Morphological Characteristics and Possible Changes with Age in the Olfactory Region of Man (1971)

Methods used in this enquiry are described; the significance of their combined use in investigational procedure is discussed. Surface studies show the relationship of the peripheral olfactory neurones to a mosaic formed by the free surfaces of the supporting cells. A marginal ring in the olfactory vesicle is identified and it is shown to consist of basal bodies that give rise to olfactory cilia. Pathological alterations of the olfactory cells are observed and their extent may be assessed by these methods. The normal cellular pattern and zonal distribution of the nuclei of the supporting and sensory cells of the olfactory epithelium is demonstrated in man and it is shown to be lost with age. Other characteristics relating to structure, vascularity and pigmentation of the olfactory epithelium are described. Observations on the mucosal changes with age are recorded.
[Beta-adrenergic hypertonia in psychosomatic manifestations of anxiety and the therapeutic effect of a cardioselective beta-blockader: betaxolol]. (1989)

Dans les annees recentes, l'usage des β-bloquants s'est revele benefique pour le traitement de l'hyper-reactivite adrenergique dans l'anxiete. Dans cette etude, on observe l'effet therapeutique du betaxolol sur les troubles fonctionnels de l'anxiete; evaluation des modulations du tonus β-adrenergique, modifications de l'excitabilite neuro-musculaire, variations des constantes biologiques
Kombination aus TUR-P und hochintensiv fokussiertem Ultraschall (HIFU) zur Behandlung des lokoregionären Prostatakarzinoms - Erfahrungen mit 70 Patienten (2004)

Ziel: HIFU ist eine minimal invasive Behandlungsalternative des lokoregionären Prostatakarzinoms. Eine vorgeschaltete TUR-P verkleinert die Drüse, insbesondere die meist karzinomfreie Transitionalzone, so daß sich die Behandlung im Idealfall ganz auf die peripheren Drüsenanteile konzentrieren kann. Zudem sollte durch die Resektion der Zeitraum einer allfälligen ödembedingten postoperativen Blasenauslaßobstruktion verkürzt werden. Patienten und Methoden: Wir haben 70 Patienten mit bioptisch gesichertem, lokoregionärem Prostatakarzinom (T1/T2, N0, M0) mit einer Kombination aus TUR-P und HIFU (Ablatherm-Gerät, EDAP, Lyon, Frankreich) behandelt. Die Einschlußkriterien umfaßten einen PSA-Wert 15 ng/ml und einen Gleason-Score 7. Das mittlere Patientenalter lag bei 66,78 (± 6,3) Jahren, der mittlere PSA-Wert bei 7,25 ± (3,5) ng/ml, und der mittlere Gleason-Score bei 5,1 (± 1,2). Das initiale Prostatavolumen lag bei 32 (± 11,6) cm3 und wurde durch die TUR-P auf 22,8 (± 7,2) cm3 reduziert. Das Nachsorgeintervall betrug durchschnittlich 15 (± 6,8) Monate. Das Follow-up beinhaltete bei allen Patienten PSA-Kontrollen und Biopsien der Restdrüse. Die Daten von allen 70 Patienten konnten ausgewertet werden. Ergebnisse: Der PSA-Nadir lag im Mittel bei 0,14 (± 0,34) ng/ml und wurde nach 3 Monaten erreicht. Der durchschnittliche PSA-Wert der letzten Kontrolle betrug 0,21 (± 0,38) ng/ml. 94 % der Patienten zeigten negative Kontrollbiopsien. Die postoperative Katheterverweildauer lag bei durchschnittlich 7 Tagen (± 4,2). Bei 13,6 % der Patienten trat eine urodynamisch wirksame Blasenauslaßobstruktion auf, bei der konsekutiv endoskopisch interveniert werden mußte. IPS-Score und Quality of Life Index haben sich durch die Behandlung nicht signifikant geändert. Diskussion: Durch die vorgeschaltete TUR-P ist die Drüsengröße kaum noch ein Ausschlußkriterium für eine HIFU. Die postoperative ödembedingte infravesikale Obstruktion läßt sich gegenüber der alleinigen HIFU auf eine Woche verkürzen. Auch konnte die Inzidenz der narbigen Blasenauslaßobstruktion im Vergleich zur alleinigen HIFU-Therapie nahezu halbiert werden.
Comparison of Gini index and Tamura coefficient for holographic autofocusing based on the edge sparsity of the complex optical wavefront (2017)

The Sparsity of the Gradient (SoG) is a robust autofocusing criterion for holography, where the gradient modulus of the complex refocused hologram is calculated, on which a sparsity metric is applied. Here, we compare two different choices of sparsity metrics used in SoG, specifically, the Gini index (GI) and the Tamura coefficient (TC), for holographic autofocusing on dense/connected or sparse samples. We provide a theoretical analysis predicting that for uniformly distributed image data, TC and GI exhibit similar behavior, while for naturally sparse images containing few high-valued signal entries and many low-valued noisy background pixels, TC is more sensitive to distribution changes in the signal and more resistive to background noise. These predictions are also confirmed by experimental results using SoG-based holographic autofocusing on dense and connected samples (such as stained breast tissue sections) as well as highly sparse samples (such as isolated Giardia lamblia cysts). Through these experiments, we found that ToG and GoG offer almost identical autofocusing performance on dense and connected samples, whereas for naturally sparse samples, GoG should be calculated on a relatively small region of interest (ROI) closely surrounding the object, while ToG offers more flexibility in choosing a larger ROI containing more background pixels.
An Error-Prone T7 RNA Polymerase Mutant Generated by Directed Evolution (2001)

Viruses replicate their genomes at exceptionally high mutation rates. Their offspring evolve rapidly and therefore, are able to evade common immunological and chemical antiviral agents. In parallel, virus genomes cannot tolerate a further increase in mutation rate: Experimental evidence exists that even few additional mutations are sufficient for the extinction of a viral population. A future antiviral strategy might therefore aim at increasing the error-producing capacity of viral replication enzymes. We employed the principles of directed evolution and developed a scheme for the stringent positive selection of error-prone polymerase activity. A mutant T7 RNA polymerase with a nucleotide substitution error rate at least 20-fold greater than that of the wild-type was selected. This enzyme synthesized highly heterogeneous RNA products in vitro or in vivo and also decreased the replication efficiency of wild-type bacteriophage T7 during infection.
Conserved extracellular cysteine residues in the inwardly rectifying potassium channel Kir2.3 are required for function but not expression in the membrane (1999)

The mouse potassium channel Kir2.3 possesses conserved extracellular cysteine residues at positions 113 and 145. We have investigated the role of these cysteines in structure/function and membrane trafficking. Cysteine to serine mutations resulted in the absence of potassium currents in oocytes and co-expression of these mutants with wild-type channel showed a dominant negative inhibition of wild-type currents. FLAG-tagged channels expressed in oocytes were detected in the cell membrane by anti-FLAG antibody for wild-type and mutant channels. In vitro translation using the reticulocyte lysate system showed that mutation of these residues did not affect processing nor insertion into membranes. Cysteine residues at 113 and 145 are therefore required for function of the Kir2.3 channel but not for processing into the cell membrane; disulfide bonds between subunits are unlikely.
Controlled positioning of MOFs in interfacially polymerized thin-film nanocomposites (2016)

An advanced synthesis protocol for the preparation of Thin-Film Nanocomposite (TFN) membranes is presented.
CrowdCL: Web-based volunteer computing with WebCL (2013)

We present CrowdCL, an open-source framework for the rapid development of volunteer computing and OpenCL applications on the web. Drawing inspiration from existing GPU libraries like PyCUDA, CrowdCL provides an abstraction layer for WebCL aimed at reducing boilerplate and improving code readability. CrowdCL also provides developers with a framework to easily run computations in the background of a web page, which allows developers to distribute computations across a network of clients and aggregate results on a centralized server. We compare the performance of CrowdCL against serial implementations in Javascript and Java across a variety of platforms. Our benchmark results show strong promise for the web browser as a high-performance distributed computing platform.
A capacitive immunosensor measurement system with a lock-in amplifier and potentiostatic control by software (1999)

We report an elegant small-signal capacitance measurement system for capacitive immunosensors, prototyped around a computer-controlled two-phase lock-in amplifier. Capacitive immunosensors require low-ionic-strength electrolytes for effective antibody-antigen interaction and low dielectric thickness for high sensitivity to phenomena occurring at the insulator-electrolyte interface. The problem of measuring a high intrinsic sensor capacitance in the presence of a modest parasitic cell resistance is overcome by using a potential-sensing electrode close to the electrolyte-dielectric interface for measuring and controlling the stimulus to the intrinsic device. The current phasor through the capacitive sensor is measured after effecting potential control via a software feedback loop and the sensor capacitance calculated. Capacitance can be measured in the range 100 pF to 0.1 mu F with an accuracy of +/-0.5% at 1 kHz. The technique obviates the need for expensive high-speed potentiostats or impedance analysers for such measurements and can also be used for small-signal admittance measurements in other electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor or electrolyte-insulator-metal systems. The suitability of the proposed measurement system for immunodetection is shown by capacitance measurements on fibronectin-sensitive capacitive immunosensors.
Study of Superconductors by Electron Tunneling (1961)

If a small potential difference is applied between two metals separated by a thin insulating film, a current will flow due to the quantum mechanical tunnel effect. For both metals in the normal state the current-voltage characteristic is linear, for one of the metals in the superconducting state the current voltage characteristic becomes nonlinear, and for both metals in the superconductive state even a negative-resistance region is obtained. From these changes in the current voltage characteristics, the change in the electron density of states when a metal goes from its normal to its superconductive state can be inferred. By using this technique we have found the energy gap in metal films 1000-3000 A thick at 1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K to be $2{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{\mathrm{Pb}}=(2.68\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ ev, $2{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{\mathrm{Sn}}=(1.11\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ ev, $2{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{\mathrm{In}}=(1.05\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ ev, and $2{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{\mathrm{Al}}=(0.32\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$ ev.The variation of the gap width with temperature is found to agree closely with the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer theory. Furthermore, the energy gap in these films has been found to depend upon the applied magnetic field, decreasing with increasing field.
Data Fusion and Multicue Data Matching by Diffusion Maps (2006)

Data fusion and multicue data matching are fundamental tasks of high-dimensional data analysis. In this paper, we apply the recently introduced diffusion framework to address these tasks. Our contribution is three-fold: First, we present the Laplace-Beltrami approach for computing density invariant embeddings which are essential for integrating different sources of data. Second, we describe a refinement of the Nyström extension algorithm called "geometric harmonics." We also explain how to use this tool for data assimilation. Finally, we introduce a multicue data matching scheme based on nonlinear spectral graphs alignment. The effectiveness of the presented schemes is validated by applying it to the problems of lipreading and image sequence alignment.
Constitutional genetic variation at the human aromatase gene (Cyp19) and breast cancer risk (1999)

The activity of the aromatase enzyme, which converts androgens into oestrogens and has a major role in regulating oestrogen levels in the breast, is thought to be a contributing factor in the development of breast cancer. We undertook this study to assess the role of constitutional genetic variation in the human aromatase gene (Cyp19) in the development of this disease. Our genotyping of 348 cases with breast cancer and 145 controls (all Caucasian women) for a published tetranucleotide repeat polymorphism at intron 4 of the Cyp19 gene revealed the presence of six common and two rare alleles. Contingency table analysis revealed a significant difference in allelic distribution between cases and controls (chi2 5df = 13.52, P = 0.019). The allele measuring 171 bp was over-represented in cases; of 14 individuals homozygous for this allele, 13 were cases. These individuals had a higher incidence of cancer in family members and an earlier age at diagnosis than other cases. In sequencing Cyp19's coding exons and regulatory regions, we discovered a perfect association between a silent polymorphism (G-->A at Val80) and the high-risk genotype. Our conclusion is that constitutional genetic variation at the Cyp19 locus is associated with the risk of developing breast cancer, with the 171-bp allele serving as the high-risk allele.
Water-Stable Metal–Organic Frameworks for Fast and High Dichromate Trapping via Single-Crystal-to-Single-Crystal Ion Exchange (2014)

Two metal–organic frameworks [Zn2(Tipa)2(OH)]·3NO3·12H2O (FIR-53, FIR denotes Fujian Institute of Research, Tipa = tris(4-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)phenyl)amine)) and [Zn(Tipa)]·2NO3·DMF·4H2O) (FIR-54) with large nanotubular channels were synthesized via Zn(II) ions coordinate the neutral Tipa ligand. The framework of FIR-53 contains 1D channels along the c axis with a cross section of 18 × 13 Å2. FIR-54 also consists of large channels with the 10.5 × 10.5 Å2 open windows. These porous materials efficiently trap Cr2O72– inorganic pollutant ions via the single-crystal-to-single-crystal (SC-SC) approach. The Cr2O72– uptake capacities of FIR-53 and FIR-54 are high to 74.2 and 103 mg/g, respectively. Furthermore, the Cr2O72– trapping–releasing process of FIR-53 displays good regeneration. Meaningfully, the structure of FIR-53 after ion exchange can be accurately obtained by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, which further elaborates the SC-SC transformation.
A scanning electron microscopic study on the peritoneal implantation of ascites hepatoma AH100B cells in rats. (1980)

The process and mechanism of peritoneal metastasis of tumor cells were studied experimentally by means of scanning or transmission electron microscopy, employing rat ascites hepatoma AH100B. Adhesion of tumor cells by microvilli and/or pseudopodia to the mesothelium was observed within 1 approximately 3 days after inoculation when there was no morphological changes of the mesothelial cells. Some changes of the mesothelial cells, such as irregularity, atrophy, and exfoliation, followed tumor cell adhesion 5 or 6 days after inoculation. It was noted that tumor cells adhered to the mesothelium first where no morphological changes were induced, and it is suggested that tumor cells infiltrate into the submesothelial tissue through mesothelial defects.
Can N95 respirators be reused after disinfection? And for how many times? (2020)

Abstract The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has led to a major shortage of N95 respirators, which are essential to protecting healthcare professionals and the general public who may come into contact with the virus. Thus, it is essential to determine how we can reuse respirators and other personal protection in these urgent times. We investigated multiple commonly used and easily deployable, scalable disinfection schemes on media with particle filtration efficiency of 95%. Among these, heating (≤85 °C) under various humidities (≤100% RH) was the most promising, nondestructive method for the preservation of filtration properties in meltblown fabrics as well as N95-grade respirators. Heating can be applied up to 50 cycles (85 °C, 30% RH) without observation in the degradation of meltblown filtration performance. Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation was a secondary choice which was able to withstand 10 cycles of treatment and showed small degradation by 20 cycles. However, UV can also potentially impact the material strength and fit of respirators. Finally, treatments involving liquids and vapors require caution, as steam, alcohol, and household bleach may all lead to degradation of the filtration efficiency, leaving the user vulnerable to the viral aerosols.
Design of a printed spectrum using modified Neugebauer halftone equations (1975)

The method used in the design of a printed reproduction of the spectrum of white light is described. This differs from most previous reproductions in that the relative saturation and darkness of the spectral colors were taken into account. The method was (1) the saturations and darknesses of the spectral colors and of the colors of maximum saturation that can be produced by the printing inks were calculated; (2) the desired darkness and saturation curves, representing a compromise between the spectral colors and the ink colors, were drawn; (3) the dot areas required to produce the desired colors were computed by means of modified Neugebauer halftone equations; (4) the exposure distribution required for the continuous-tone positives was calculated, taking into account the tone-reproduction characteristics of the process; (5) a set of templates was made to produce the required exposure distribution; (6) the positives were exposed by means of these templates; (7) halftone negatives were made from the positives; (8) offset printing plates were made from hard-dot duplicates of these.
Dried Blood Spot Sampling for Hepatitis B Virus Serology and Molecular Testing (2013)

This study shows DBS is a reliable alternative to plasma specimens for quantifying and detecting HBsAg, anti-HBs, HBeAg and genotyping. DBS may increase the opportunities for HBV testing and treatment follow-up in hard-to-reach individuals.
Resistance of mRNA Translation to Acute Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress-Inducing Agents in Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1-Infected Cells Requires Multiple Virus-Encoded Functions (2006)

Via careful control of multiple kinases that inactivate the critical translation initiation factor eIF2 by phosphorylation of its alpha subunit, the cellular translation machinery can rapidly respond to a spectrum of environmental stresses, including viral infection. Indeed, virus replication produces a battery of stresses, such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress resulting from misfolded proteins accumulating within the lumen of this organelle, which could potentially result in eIF2alpha phosphorylation and inhibit translation. While cellular translation is exquisitely sensitive to ER stress-inducing agents, protein synthesis in herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1)-infected cells is notably resistant. Sustained translation in HSV-1-infected cells exposed to acute ER stress does not involve the interferon-induced, double-stranded RNA-responsive eIF2alpha kinase PKR, and it does not require either the PKR inhibitor encoded by the Us11 gene or the eIF2alpha phosphatase component specified by the gamma(1)34.5 gene, the two viral functions known to regulate eIF2alpha phosphorylation. In addition, although ER stress potently induced the GADD34 cellular eIF2alpha phosphatase subunit in uninfected cells, it did not accumulate to detectable levels in HSV-1-infected cells under identical exposure conditions. Significantly, resistance of translation to the acute ER stress observed in infected cells requires HSV-1 gene expression. Whereas blocking entry into the true late phase of the viral developmental program does not abrogate ER stress-resistant translation, the presence of viral immediate-early proteins is sufficient to establish a state permissive of continued polypeptide synthesis in the presence of ER stress-inducing agents. Thus, one or more previously uncharacterized viral functions exist to counteract the accumulation of phosphorylated eIF2alpha in response to ER stress in HSV-1-infected cells.