gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence of Donor–Acceptor Molecules with Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence (2014)

The electrochemistry and electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) of four kinds of electron donor-acceptor molecules exhibiting thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) is presented. TADF molecules can harvest light energy from the lowest triplet state by spin up-conversion to the lowest singlet state because of small energy gap between these states. Intense green to red ECL is emitted from the TADF molecules by applying a square-wave voltage. Remarkably, it is shown that the efficiency of ECL from one of the TADF molecule could reach about 50%, which is comparable to its photoluminescence quantum yield.
Studies on the pharmacokinetics of hirudin. (1987)

Absorption, distribution and elimination of the naturally occurring thrombin inhibitor hirudin were studied in dogs after intravenous and subcutaneous injection or intraduodenal application using an assay which detects the inhibitor in blood and urine by its antithrombin activity. The plasma concentration time curve after intravenous injection of the pure polypeptide could be best described by an open two-compartment model with first-order kinetics. Dependent on the dose, long-term infusion or subcutaneous injection produced anticoagulantly effective blood levels for a prolonged period of time. The enteral absorption is very low and does not suffice to produce adequate blood levels. Hirudin is distributed into the extracellular space and eliminated through the kidneys by glomerular filtration in active form with a half-time of about 1 h.
Move on up, it’s time for change—mobile signals controlling photoperiod-dependent flowering (2007)

Plants do not bloom randomly--but how do they know when and where to make flowers? Here, we review molecular mechanisms that integrate spatial and temporal information in day-length-dependent flowering. Primarily through genetic analyses in two species, Arabidopsis thaliana and rice, we today understand the essentials of two central issues in plant biology: how the appropriate photoperiod generates an inductive stimulus based on an external coincidence mechanism, and the nature of the mobile flowering signal, florigen, which relays photoperiod-dependent information from the leaf to the growing tip of the plant, the shoot apex.
Fall Injury Episodes Among Noninstitutionalized Older Adults: United States, 2001-2003 (2007)

Fall injuries remain very prevalent among older adults and result in high health care utilization and activity limitations. Rates of fall injuries vary by demographic and health characteristics of older noninstitutionalized adults.
THE USE OF IMMUNOCHEMICAL METHODS FOR THE IDENTIFICATION AND DETERMINATION OF HUMAN SERUM PROTEINS (1938)

I would like to discuss some results obtained by the application of certain immunochemical reactions to the study of the proteins of human serum. The methods used are not new. It is a familiar fact that an experimental animal, preferably the rabbit, when given a series of injections of a protein, forms antibodies in its serum. These antibodies are considered to be serum globulins altered in some mysterious way, so that they have gained the property of reacting with the protein used as antigen. If a small amount of antigen is added to a sample of serum of the immunized animal a precipitate is formed which contains both antigen and antibody. This reaction shows a high degree of specificity. The antiserum will react better with the protein used as antigen than with any other protein. Usually it will also react to some extent with other proteins closely related to the...
Optimizing manufacturing and composition of a TLR4 nanosuspension: physicochemical stability and vaccine adjuvant activity (2013)

Microfluidization, compared to water bath sonication, may be an effective manufacturing process to improve the scalability and reproducibility of GLA-AF as it advances further in the clinical development pathway. Various sources of DPPC are suitable to manufacture GLA-AF, but buffered compositions of GLA-AF do not appear to offer stability advantages over the unbuffered composition.
Protective Effect of Transfection with Secretable Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) (a Signal Sequence-SOD Fusion Protein Coding cDNA) Expression Vector on Superoxide Anion-Induced Cytotoxicity in Vitro. (1997)

For ex vivo gene therapy, superoxide dismutase (SOD) must be secreted into the extracellular space and delivered to damaged cells. Recombinant DNA technique can be used to produce a secretory protein that is fused to a non-secretory protein and a signal peptide of another secretory protein gene. We constructed a secretable SOD eukaryotic expression vector which expresses human SOD cDNA by fusing it to the signal peptide DNA sequence of the human interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene. The ILSOD cDNA constructed by PCR-based gene expression was ligated into the multicloning site of the pRc/CMV plasmid (pRc/CMV-ILSOD). Rat lung epithelial like cells (L2 cells) were transfected with pRc/CMV-ILSOD by lipofection. The extracellular SOD activity of ILSOD-L2 cells (transfected cells with pRc/CMV-ILSOD) was 3 times as high as that of host cells. We used the xanthin (X)/xanthin oxidase (XO) system to produce superoxide anions at the extracellular space. We initially investigated the direct cytotoxicity of superoxide anions upon cells. Host and ILSOD-L2 cells were killed by using X/XO, although the sensitivity of the ILSOD-L2 cells to X/XO induced cytotoxicity was significantly decreased compared with that of host cells. The production of lipid peroxidated substances in the host in the presence of X/XO increased to about twice the control (absence of X/XO) level. However, that of ILSOD-L2 cells did not change in the presence of X/XO. Therefore, ILSOD-L2 cells were resistant to X/XO induced lipid peroxidation. These findings indicated that ILSOD gene transfection protected against direct oxidant stress by X/XO. We then investigated the effect of extracellular SOD secreted from ILSOD-L2 cells on extracellular superoxide anion induced cytotoxicity in normal cells. The conditioned media of host cells had no significant effect upon X/XO induced cytotoxicity. However, the conditioned media of ILSOD-L2 cells protected against X/XO induced cytotoxicity. Furthermore, the conditioned medium of ILSOD-L2 cells was more effective than that of host cells against the production of lipid peroxidated substances by normal cells under conditions of oxidative stress. These results indicated that non-secretable protein could be delivered to target cells by means of DNA engineering. This strategy could thus provide an ex vivo means of applying gene therapy using non-secretable proteins.
Deep Residual Networks With Dynamically Weighted Wavelet Coefficients for Fault Diagnosis of Planetary Gearboxes (2017)

One of the significant tasks in data-driven fault diagnosis methods is to configure a good feature set involving statistical parameters. However, statistical parameters are often incapable of representing the dynamic behavior of planetary gearboxes under variable operating conditions. Although the use of deep learning algorithms to find a good set of features for fault diagnosis has somewhat improved diagnostic performance, the lack of domain knowledge incorporated into deep learning algorithms has limited further improvement. Accordingly, this paper developed a variant of deep residual networks (DRNs), the so-called deep residual networks with dynamically weighted wavelet coefficients (DRN+DWWC) to improve diagnostic performance, which takes a series of sets of wavelet packet coefficients on various frequency bands as an input. Further, the fact that no general consensus has been reached as to which frequency band contains the most intrinsic information about a planetary gearbox's health status calls for “dynamic weighting layers” in the DRN+DWWC and the role of the layers is to dynamically adjust a weight applied to each set of wavelet packet coefficients to find a discriminative set of features that will be further used for planetary gearbox fault diagnosis.
Propagation of Regular HCl Acids in Carbonate Rocks: The Impact of an In-Situ Gelled Acid Stage (2010)

Abstract In-situ gelled acids based on polymer have been used in the field for several years, and were used in the field in stages between the regular acids. Literature survey reveals that certain plugging effects within highly permeable layers may occur and result in the diversion of the injected acid into less permeable zones. Recent studies indicated that sometimes diversion was not achieved with a severe damage that can lead to loss the whole well. There is no agreement on when this system can be successfully applied in the field. Single-stage and multi stage-stages acid test of well performance were conducted using Indiana limestone cores (1.5 in. diameter & 20 in. long) at 250°F. 15 wt% regular HCl and 5 wt% in-situ gelled acid based on Fe(III) as a crosslinker were the acid that used in this study. Propagation of the acid, polymer, and cross-linker inside the long cores was examined for the first time in detail. Stage volume and injection rate, that were the parameters that affect on the propagating of various chemical species, were examined in details. Samples of the core effluent were collected and the concentrations of calcium, cross-linker, and acid were measured. Material balance was conducted to determine the amounts of polymer, and cross-liker that retained in the core. Experimental results show that In-situ gelled acid should be pumped at low shear rates. In-situ gelled acid at low shear rate conditions instantaneously plugged the tip of the wormhole and didn't create additional wormhole inside the core. Therefore, when the final regular acid stage bypassed the gel, it started to propagate from nearly the last point that the first stage ended. This is to endure proper acid diversion. In-site gelled acid stage volume should not exceed 0.5 PV. No benefits were gained by increasing the volume of in-situ gelled acids. Retention of total iron in the core increased in multi stage acid treatments, especially at low injection rates.
Angular acceleration with twisted light (2014)

There is significant interest in tailoring wave packets that transversely accelerate during propagation. The first realisation was in the optical domain, the Airy beam. Valid in the paraxial approximation, such beams were shown to transversely accelerate while following a parabolic caustic, even if the centroid itself travelled along a rectilinear path. Later, non-paraxial optical fields in the form of Weber and Mathieu beams were demonstrated, as well as non-optical wave packets with electrons. Such fields have found a plethora of applications from particle manipulation, spatial-temporal beam control, plasma control to non-linear optics. Here we demonstrate, for the first time, the angular acceleration of light, achieved by non-canonical superpositions of Bessel beams carrying orbital angular momentum. We show that by adjustment of a single parameter the acceleration and deceleration may be tuned continuously. We observe an unexpected energy transfer mechanism between spatial regions of the field which we investigate experimentally and theoretically. Our findings offer a new class of optical field that will enable studies in matter waves and opto-fluidics.
[Pathological roles of oxidative stress in autoimmune diseases]. (2003)

Autoimmune diseases are complex diseases in which both genetic and environmental factors are involved. Excessive oxidative stress is thought to have an important role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases by enhancing the inflammation, inducing apoptotic cell death, and breaking down the immunological tolerance. When the state of oxidative stress was investigated in patients with rheumatoid arthritis(RA), systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE), and Sjögren's syndrome(SS) by oxidative stress profile(OSP), most subjects were in excessive oxidative stress or in defective antioxidant potentials. The thioredoxin(TRX) level in peripheral blood was significantly higher in these patients than in healthy subjects. Urinary excretion of 8-hydroxy-guanosine was also significantly increased in these patients compared with healthy subjects. We have proven that oxidative stress as well as UV irradiation induced the expression of SS-A/Ro52 autoantigen on the cell surface of keratinocytes. Oxidative stress not only injures the cellular components but also induces cellular responses, including apoptosis and gene activation. We also identified that GSTM1 null genotype was a candidate gene for susceptibility to SS and was associated with SS-A/Ro autoantibody production. In the synovial fluid of RA patients, TRX was abundantly detected and was produced in the lining layer of synovial tissue, indicating that TRX might protect synovial tissue from oxidative stress. Infections, UV irradiation, coldness, and emotional stress have been clinically well known as developing and exacerbating factors for autoimmune diseases. These environmental factors are closely related to oxidative stress. It is very important to develop reliable test methods to detect the state of oxidative stress and antioxidants.
Serum Insulin‐Like Growth Factor‐1 Binding Proteins 1 and 2 and Mortality in Older Adults: The Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study (2009)

Higher IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-2 are associated with lower adiposity and decreased glucose tolerance but also with greater all-cause mortality. Higher levels of serum IGF-1 binding protein (IGFBP) may indicate greater IGF-1 activity and thus represent an association between higher IGF-1 activity and mortality in humans.
ProtoMon: Embedded Monitors for Cryptographic Protocol Intrusion Detection and Prevention (2020)

Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are responsible for monitoring and analyzing host or network activity to detect intrusions in order to protect information from unauthorized access or manipulation. There are two main approaches for intrusion detection: signature-based and anomaly-based. Signature_based detection employs pattern matching to match attack signatures with observed data making it ideal for detecting known attacks. However, it cannot detect unknown attacks for which there is no signature available. Anomaly-based detection uses machine-learning techniques to create a profile of normal system behavior and uses this profile to detect deviations from the normal behavior. Although this technique is effective in detecting unknown attacks, it has a drawback of a high false alarm rate. In this paper, we describe our anomaly_based IDS designed for detecting malicious use of cryptographic and application-level protocols. Our system has several unique characteristics and benefits, such as the ability to monitor cryptographic protocols and application-level protocols embedded in encrypted sessions, a very lightweight monitoring process, and the ability to react to protocol misuse by modifying protocol response directly.
Sealing Silicon Nitride Removal in SILO Field Isolation for Submicron Technologies (1991)

Silicon nitride can be oxidized by a Caro's solution (mixture of sulfuric acid and oxygen peroxide) at low temperatures (around 170°C). Optical (ellipsometry) and physical (Auger, x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy) characterization of the oxidized thin films shows that the cold oxidation mechanism is a diffusion‐type mechanism rather than a surface reaction mechanism. This property is used to remove the sealing nitride layer of a sealed interface local oxidation (SILO)/rapid thermal nitridation field isolation process, applied to high‐density submicron CMOS device manufacturing. In this scheme, the sealing nitride removal is one of the most critical steps to achieve high‐quality gate oxide. This process is preferred as a noncontaminating alternative to other possible processes, in terms of surface contamination or gate oxide defectivity.
Desorption induced by femtosecond laser pulses (1990)

The yield and final-state distributions in translational and internal degrees of freedom have been established for NO molecules desorbed from a Pd(111) surface by 200-fs pulses of 2.0-eV photons. Among the significant characteristics of the desorption process are the large cross section and the high vibrational energy content (${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{v}}$>2000 K) of the desorbed molecules. A comparison with the behavior for nanosecond laser pulses indicates that a new desorption mechanism, distinct from either conventional thermal or photochemical processes, is operative in this regime.
Role of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase in health and disease (2015)

IDO1 (indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1) is a member of a unique class of mammalian haem dioxygenases that catalyse the oxidative catabolism of the least-abundant essential amino acid, L-Trp (L-tryptophan), along the kynurenine pathway. Significant increases in knowledge have been recently gained with respect to understanding the fundamental biochemistry of IDO1 including its catalytic reaction mechanism, the scope of enzyme reactions it catalyses, the biochemical mechanisms controlling IDO1 expression and enzyme activity, and the discovery of enzyme inhibitors. Major advances in understanding the roles of IDO1 in physiology and disease have also been realised. IDO1 is recognised as a prominent immune regulatory enzyme capable of modulating immune cell activation status and phenotype via several molecular mechanisms including enzyme-dependent deprivation of L-Trp and its conversion into the aryl hydrocarbon receptor ligand kynurenine and other bioactive kynurenine pathway metabolites, or non-enzymatic cell signalling actions involving tyrosine phosphorylation of IDO1. Through these different modes of biochemical signalling, IDO1 regulates certain physiological functions (e.g. pregnancy) and modulates the pathogenesis and severity of diverse conditions including chronic inflammation, infectious disease, allergic and autoimmune disorders, transplantation, neuropathology and cancer. In the present review, we detail the current understanding of IDO1's catalytic actions and the biochemical mechanisms regulating IDO1 expression and activity. We also discuss the biological functions of IDO1 with a focus on the enzyme's immune-modulatory function, its medical implications in diverse pathological settings and its utility as a therapeutic target.
Investigation of strain induced effects in silicon wafers due to proximity rapid thermal processing using micro-Raman spectroscopy and synchrotron x-ray topography (2002)

Thermal stress induced by rapid thermal oxidation (RTO) and rapid thermal doping (RTD) of ⟨001⟩ silicon wafers was analysed using micro-Raman spectroscopy and synchrotron x-ray topography. The RTO wafers exhibited elevated stress levels as the process time was increased. The maximum magnitude and topographical distribution of the strain was found to agree with theoretical predictions. A maximum compressive strain of 320 MPa was observed after 166 s of RTO. The introduction of boron into the silicon lattice via the RTD process enhanced the rate at which the stress in the wafer exceeded the yield stress. Stress relief was subsequently accomplished through the formation of slip and misfit dislocations. The thermally induced stress and dislocation density increased with the time spent at the process peak temperature.
Molecular Cloning and Expression in<i>Pichia pastoris</i>of a<i>Irpex lacteus</i>Exo-β-(1→3)-galactanase Gene (2009)

A gene encoding exo-beta-(1-->3)-galactanase from Irpex lacteus was cloned by reverse transcriptase-PCR. The deduced amino acid sequence showed high similarity with exo-beta-(1-->3)-galactanases from other sources. The molecular mass of the mature form was calculated to be 45,520 Da. The gene product expressed in Pichia pastoris specifically hydrolyzed beta-(1-->3)-galactooligosaccharides, as did other exo-beta-(1-->3)-galactanases. The recombinant enzyme showed high activity toward arabinogalactan-proteins (AGPs) from radish as well as beta-(1-->3)-galactan. Product analysis revealed that the enzyme released beta-(1-->6)-galactobiose, beta-(1-->6)-galactotriose, and alpha-L-arabinofuranosyl-(1-->3)-beta-galactosyl-(1-->6)-galactose together with Gal from beta-(1-->3)-galactans attached with and without beta-(1-->6)-galactosyl branches prepared from acacia gum. These results indicate that the exo-beta-(1-->3)-galactanase from I. lacteus efficiently hydrolyzes beta-(1-->3)-galactan main chains of AGPs by bypassing beta-(1-->6)-galactosyl side chains.
Status and potential of AlInAs/GaInAs/InP HBT ICs (2003)

The authors review the rapid development of AlInAs/GaInAs/InP IC technology in the US and describe some of the potential payoffs offered by this technology. It is pointed out that AlInAs/GaInAs/InP HBT (heterojunction bipolar transistor) ICs have made significant strides in a short time to demonstrate the feasibility and potential for high-performance ICs based on this technology. While record-setting IC speed has been the predominant measure of success, new benchmarks will probably emerge over the next couple years including device and IC reliability, lower IC power dissipation, higher levels of integration, and improved characteristics through double HBTs. These will enable the technology to establish its own niche within the overall and rapidly improving bipolar IC arena.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
In Vitro Study of Possible Role of Dietary Fiber in Lowering Postprandial Serum Glucose (2001)

There have been many reports concerning the role of dietary fiber in lowering postprandial serum glucose, and the main mechanism was regarded as the viscosity of different dietary fibers in hampering diffusion of glucose and postponing absorption and digestion of carbohydrates. In this paper, two kinds of water-insoluble dietary fibers, water-insoluble dietary fiber of wheat bran and enzyme-resistant starch of maize amylose, and four kinds of water-soluble dietary fibers, water-soluble dietary fiber of wheat bran, carboxymethyl cellulose, guar gum, and xanthan gum, were used to investigate their postprandial serum glucose lowering mechanism in vitro. The results showed that these dietary fibers lowered postprandial serum glucose levels at least by three mechanisms. First, dietary fibers increase the viscosity of small intestine juice and hinder diffusion of glucose; second, they bind glucose and decrease the concentration of available glucose in the small intestine; and, third, they retard alpha-amylase action through capsuling starch and the enzyme and might directly inhibit the enzyme. All of these decreased the absorption rate of glucose and the concentration of postprandial serum glucose.
Hydrophilic acrylic intraocular lens as a drug-delivery system for fourth-generation fluoroquinolones (2006)

Results show the C-flex IOL is a safe and effective drug-delivery system for fourth-generation fluoroquinolones.
[Optimization of hybridization efficiency in cDNA chip technology]. (2002)

The efficient hybridization condition is as follows: 0.50 microgram.microL-1 DNA fragments resolved in 1 x Micro Spotting Solution (ArrayIt) hybridize with purified fluorescent probe in 0.5% SDS/10 x SSC at 42 degrees C.
ICs going on a 3-V diet (1992)

The factors motivating the transition, presently underway, from 5-V to 3-V power supplies for integrated circuits are examined. Such a change would favorably impact the size, weight, and battery life of battery-operated equipment, as well as reduce power consumption and alleviate heat problems in workstations and computers. Standardization issues are considered, and the timing of the transition and the problems that will be encountered are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>