gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison Studies of Anionic Polymerization of Caprolactam in Different Twin Screw Extruders (2001)

Abstract There is a study on the comparison of twin screw extruders and a batch mixer in the polymerization of caproiactam. A sodium metal initiator and 4–4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI) as the activator were used. Our attention is given to (i) a modular intermeshing co-rotating twin screw extruder, (ii) a modular intermeshing counter-rotating twin screw extruder and (Hi) a modular tangential counter-rotating twin screw extruder. We consider the variables of screw configuration, temperature profile, screw speed, and throughput on polymer characteristics. It was found that the conversion of twin screw extruders with proper mixing segments is much higher than the internal mixer at low mixing times. This was seen as higher conversion in twin screw extruders than an internal mixer for the same mean residence time considered.
Evaluation of a recombinant human gelatin as a substitute for a hydrolyzed porcine gelatin in a refrigerator-stable Oka/Merck live varicella vaccine. (2007)

The recombinant human gelatin demonstrated similar ability to stabilize the live attenuated VZV (Oka/Merck) in an experimental, refrigerator-stable varicella vaccine when compared to the vaccine preparation formulated with hydrolyzed porcine gelatin used in currently marketed varicella vaccine.
Silicon photodiodes for high-efficiency low-energy electron detection (2010)

Solid-state electron detectors have been fabricated using a p <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> n silicon photodiode where the p <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> region is created by a chemical-vapor deposition (CVD) surface doping from diborane B <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sub> . The as-obtained nm-deep p-type layer is resistant to conventional metal etchants, which allows elimination of both entrance contacts and protection layers from the photosensitive surface. This approach lowers the dead layer energy loss, while keeping near theoretical efficiency at high electron energies. The photodiodes have outstanding performance in terms of electron signal gain at low energies achieving 60% and 74% of the theoretical gain value at 500 eV and 1 keV, respectively. The ideal I-V characteristics and the small over-the-wafer spread of the dark current indicate a defect-free p <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> n junction, as well as a reliable and reproducible process.
Correlation of phenotype with genotype in inherited retinal degeneration (1995)

Abstract Diseases causing inherited retinal degeneration in humans, such as retinitis pigmentosa and macular dystrophy, are genetically heterogeneous and clinically diverse. More than 40 genes causing retinal degeneration have been mapped to specific chromosomal sites; of these, at least 10 have been cloned and characterized. Mutations in two proteins, rhodopsin and peripherin/RDS, account for approximately 35% of all cases of autosomal dominant retinitis pigmentosa and a lesser fraction of other retinal conditions. This target article reviews the genes and mutations causing retinal degeneration and proposes mechanisms whereby specific mutations lead to particular clinical consequences, that is, the relationship between genotype and phenotype. Retinitis pigmentosa and macular dystrophy are genetically heterogeneous diseases that cause retinal degeneration in humans and often result in severe visual impairment or blindness. Although many of the genes causing these diseases have not been identified, three photoreceptor-specific proteins have been implicated: rhodopsin, peripherin/RDS, and the P-subunit of rod phosphodiesterase. Mutations in the genes for these three proteins can cause either dominant retinitis pigmentosa, recessive retinitis pigmentosa, dominant congenital stationary night blindness, or dominant macular degeneration. Why this multiplicity of clinical phenotypes? Our target article summarizes the genetic and biochemical background to this question and proposes a number of possible explanations. Discussion focuses mainly on 73 distinct disease-causing mutations of rhodopsin. We feel that rhodopsin and other photoreceptor proteins can serve as model systems for unraveling the connection between genotype and phenotype, not only for inherited retinal diseases but for other degenerative disorders as well.
Biochemical maturation of human central nervous system myelin. (1975)

—A developmental study of the lipid and protein composition of human CNS myelin was undertaken. The relative concentrations of the major lipid classes, cholesterol, glycolipids and phospholipids exhibited little change except for a modest decrease in the concentration of the phospholipids. In contrast to the total phospholipids, marked variations in the relative concentrations of individual phospholipids were found. Sphingomyelin increased over two-fold, and phosphatidyl choline decreased to almost half its original concentration.



While the concentration of total myelin protein remained constant during maturation, variations in the concentrations of individual proteins were observed. Basic protein constituted 8·5 per cent of the total myelin proteins in the newborn brain and increased to about 30 per cent of the protein in the older ages. The concentrations of proteolipid protein and DM-20 seemed to increase with age, while the relative amounts of high molecular weight proteins decreased.



The presence of myelin basic protein in newborn human brain was confirmed by electrophoretic studies involving several different polyacrylamide gel systems and by immunodiffusion experiments which showed a reaction of identity between a constituent present in the fraction containing the presumptive myelin basic protein and authentic myelin basic protein isolated from adult human brain.
Image Analysis-Based Automatic Utility Pole Detection for Remote Surveillance (2015)

In case of disasters such as cyclones, earthquakes, severe floods etc., widespread damages to infrastructures such as power grid, communication infrastructure etc. is commonplace. Especially to power grid, the damages to various structures are typically spread out in wide areas. Usage of drones to do fast remote survey of damage area is gaining popularity. From the remote surveillance video of any wide disaster area that is fairly long, it is important to extract keyframes that contain specific component structures of the power grid. The keyframes can then be analyzed for possible damage to the specific structure. In this context, we present an algorithm for automated detection of utility poles. Specifically, we show robust detection of poles in frames of videos available from various sources. The detection is performed by first extracting 2D shapes of poles as analytically defined geometric shape, quadrilateral, whose edges exhibit noise corruption. A pole is then detected as a shape-based template, where one long rectangular trapezium, is perpendicularly intersected by at least one trapezium representing a crossarm that suspends the conductors. Via testing and comparison, our algorithm is shown to be more robust as compared to other approaches, especially against highly variable background. We believe such detection, with limited false negatives, will form stepping stone towards future detection of damages in utility poles.
Coinage-Metal-Based Cyclic Trinuclear Complexes with Metal–Metal Interactions: Theories to Experiments and Structures to Functions (2020)

Among the d<sup>10</sup> coinage metal complexes, cyclic trinuclear complexes (CTCs) or trinuclear metallocycles with intratrimer metal-metal interactions are fascinating and important metal-organic or organometallic π-acids/bases. Each CTC of characteristic planar or near-planar trimetal nine-membered rings consists of Au(I)/Ag(I)/Cu(I) cations that linearly coordinate with N and/or C atoms in ditopic anionic bridging ligands. Since the first discovery of Au(I) CTC in the 1970s, research of CTCs has involved several fundamental areas, including noncovalent and metallophilic interaction, excimer/exciplex, acid-base chemistry, metalloaromaticity, supramolecular assemblies, and host/guest chemistry. These allow CTCs to be embraced in a wide range of innovative potential applications that include chemical sensing, semiconducting, gas and liquid adsorption/separation, catalysis, full-color display, and solid-state lighting. This review aims to provide a historic and comprehensive summary on CTCs and their extension to higher nuclearity complexes and coordination polymers from the perspectives of synthesis, structure, theoretical insight, and potential applications.
Biosynthesis of Auxin-Induced Ethylene. Effects of Indole-3-Acetic Acid, Benzyladenine and Abscisic Acid on Endogenous Levels of 1-Aminocyclopropane-l-Carboxylic Acid (ACC) and ACC Synthase (1981)

Journal Article Biosynthesis of Auxin-Induced Ethylene. Effects of Indole-3-Acetic Acid, Benzyladenine and Abscisic Acid on Endogenous Levels of 1-Aminocyclopropane-l-Carboxylic Acid (ACC) and ACC Synthase Get access Hiroshi Yoshii, Hiroshi Yoshii Research Institute for Biochemical Regulation, Faculty of Agriculture, Nagoya UniversityChikusa, Nagoya 464, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Hidemasa Imaseki Hidemasa Imaseki Research Institute for Biochemical Regulation, Faculty of Agriculture, Nagoya UniversityChikusa, Nagoya 464, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Plant and Cell Physiology, Volume 22, Issue 3, May 1981, Pages 369–379, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a076180 Published: 01 May 1981 Article history Received: 03 December 1980 Accepted: 22 January 1981 Published: 01 May 1981
Carbon Slurry Fuels for Volume Limited Missiles (1979)

The Air Force has contracted with ER&E to develop a carbon slurry fuel with a minimum of 180,000 BTU/gal. This report provides results of the first year's effort of this twenty-seven month program. Initial results indicate that a dispersion of carbon black in JP-10 with select dispersing agents can be made that meets the BTU requirements. Preliminary results look promising. Combustion tests using a specially developed Liquid Fuel Jet Stirred Combustor (LFJSC) have demonstrated that carbon burnout efficiencies greater than 90% are achievable with 300 nm particles in residence times down to 4 ms. Homogeneous iron, lead, manganese, and zirconium catalysts at concentrations up to 1000 ppm proved ineffective as accelerators of carbon burnout. Further tests are in progress to optimize the composition of the most promising formulations and to test these materials under more vigorous conditions in order to determine their suitability for missile applications.
A REPORT ON THE ACTION PLAN FOR GREENING GOVERNMENT OPERATIONS (1998)

The government is an important economic actor, i. e., the government is a large land holder, facility owner and big consumer of goods and services. Government action shold be a powerful agent of establishing the sustainable society. Implementation of the Action Plan for Greening Government Operations is expected to significantly reduce the environmental load from government operations and to enhance voluntary actions by local governments, enterprises and citizens.
All-optical subnanosecond coherent spin switching in thin ferromagnetic layers (2011)

The need for faster magnetic recording devices has driven researchers to seek more efficient ways to reverse the magnetization. A large variety of methods and materials has been investigated to accomplish the most rapid spin reorientation, ranging from magnetic field pulses in ferromagnetic compounds to ultrashort optical excitations in ferrimagnetic and antiferromagnetic materials. To date, the precessional motion in an external field is the most effective route to control the magnetization in ferromagnets. Reversible switching under simple experimental conditions, i.e., in air and at room temperature, with a moderate optical excitation is a goal that has not been reached so far. Here we demonstrate that, using short laser pulses, the magnetization of a thin biaxial ferromagnetic layer can be optically and repeatedly commuted between well-defined directions on a time scale of 100 ps.
<i>S</i>-Alkenyl Cysteine Sulfoxide and Its Antioxidant Properties from <i>Allium cepa</i> var. <i>tropeana</i> (Red Onion) Seeds (2008)

A new cysteine sulfoxide, (S(S)R(C))-S-(3-pentenyl)-L-cysteine sulfoxide (1), was identified from the seeds of Allium cepa var. tropeana, together with the known methiin, etiin, alliin, isoalliin, propiin, and butiin. The structure of compound 1 was established by analysis of its physical and spectroscopic data. The antioxidant activity of an extract containing cysteine sulfoxides and compound 1 was evaluated using the FRAP and DPPH tests.
Proline-Dependent Regulation of Clostridium difficile Stickland Metabolism (2012)

Clostridium difficile, a proteolytic Gram-positive anaerobe, has emerged as a significant nosocomial pathogen. Stickland fermentation reactions are thought to be important for growth of C. difficile and appear to influence toxin production. In Stickland reactions, pairs of amino acids donate and accept electrons, generating ATP and reducing power in the process. Reduction of the electron acceptors proline and glycine requires the d-proline reductase (PR) and the glycine reductase (GR) enzyme complexes, respectively. Addition of proline in the medium increases the level of PR protein but decreases the level of GR. We report the identification of PrdR, a protein that activates transcription of the PR-encoding genes in the presence of proline and negatively regulates the GR-encoding genes. The results suggest that PrdR is a central metabolism regulator that controls preferential utilization of proline and glycine to produce energy via the Stickland reactions.
<i>In vivo</i> effects of insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) on prenatal and early postnatal development of the central nervous system (2004)

The in vivo actions of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) on prenatal and early postnatal brain development were investigated in transgenic (Tg) mice that overexpress IGF-I prenatally under the control of regulatory sequences from the nestin gene. Tg mice demonstrated increases in brain weight of 6% by embryonic day (E) 18 and 27% by postnatal day (P) 12. In Tg embryos at E16, the volume of the cortical plate was significantly increased by 52% and total cell number was increased by 54%. S-phase labeling with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine revealed a 13-15% increase in the proportion of labeled neuroepithelial cells in Tg embryos at E14. In Tg mice at P12, significant increases in regional tissue volumes were detected in the cerebral cortex (29%), subcortical white matter (52%), caudate-putamen (37%), hippocampus (49%), dentate gyrus (71%) and habenular complex (48%). Tg mice exhibited significant increases in the total number of neurons in the cerebral cortex (27%), caudate-putamen (27%), dentate gyrus (69%), medial habenular nucleus (61%) and lateral habenular nucleus (36%). In the cerebral cortex and subcortical white matter of Tg mice, the total numbers of glial cells were significantly increased by 37% and 42%, respectively. The numerical density of apoptotic cells in the cerebral cortex, labeled by antibodies against active caspase-3, was reduced by 26% in Tg mice at P7. Our results demonstrate that IGF-I can both promote proliferation of neural cells in the embryonic central nervous system in vivo and inhibit their apoptosis during postnatal life.
Performance and Decoding Complexity of Nonbinary LDPC Codes for Magnetic Recording (2007)

We consider a group of high-performance q-ary low-density parity-check (LDPC) coded perpendicular magnetic recording channels (PMRCs) with optimized targets and codes over various field sizes. We show that the nonbinary LDPC-coded PMRCs provide 1-dB coding gain over a practical implementation of a good binary LDPC-coded PMRC at user density of 1.22, and evaluate the decoding complexities of these systems in terms of both the number of floating-point (FLP) operations and the computational time. Decoding complexity ratios of nonbinary LDPC-coded PMRCs to the binary LDPC-coded system are presented. After careful analysis, we conclude that the time complexity ratios are always smaller than the ratios obtained by the number of FLP operations, which do not exceed 7.42. Furthermore, experimental results show that the size of the Galois field does not affect the decoding complexity.
Cognitive Compliance for Financial Regulations (2017)

Regulations are rules and directives published by authorities to safeguard consumer interest in an industry. Compliance with such regulations is getting increasingly hard due both to the complexity of these documents, which require experts to read, understand, and interpret them manually, and to the sheer volume of regulatory change. Many CFOs rate this as their top challenge. The authors' Cogpliance platform uses a cognitive approach to achieve regulatory compliance. Here, they describe key compliance-related tasks and demonstrate how Cogpliance helps compliance officers to handle those tasks effectively.
Resonance Raman Analysis of Chromophore Structure in the Lumi-R Photoproduct of Phytochrome (1996)

Resonance Raman vibrational spectra of the Pr, lumi-R, and Pfr forms of phytochrome have been obtained using low-temperature trapping and room temperature flow techniques in conjunction with shifted-excitation Raman difference spectroscopy (SERDS). The Pr to lumi-R photoconversion exhibits a thermal barrier and is completely blocked at 30 K, indicating that thermally assisted protein relaxation is necessary for the primary photochemistry. When Pr is converted to lumi-R, new bands appear in the C = C and C = N stretching regions at 1651, 1636, 1590, and 1569 cm-1, indicating that a significant structural change of the chromophore has occurred. The photoconversion also results in an 18 cm-1 decrease in the N-H rocking band in lumi-R. Normal mode calculations correlate this frequency drop with a change in the geometry of the C15 methine bridge of the phytochromobilin chromophore. Additionally, a C = N stretching mode marker band shifts from 1576 cm-1 in Pr to 1569 cm-1 in lumi-R and to 1552 cm-1 in Pfr. Normal mode calculations show that the frequency drop of this band in the lumi-R-->Pfr interconversion is an indication of a C14-C15 syn-->anti conformational change. Moderately intense hydrogen out-of-plane modes that occur at 805 cm-1 in Pr shift to 829 and 847 cm-1 upon photoconversion to lumi-R and are replaced by a very intense mode at 814 cm-1 in Pfr. These observations indicate that the C and D rings of the chromophore in Pr and lumi-R are moderately planar but that they become highly distorted in Pfr. This information suggests that the primary photochemistry in phytochrome is a Z-->E isomerization of the C15 = C16 bond of Pr giving lumi-R. This is followed by a thermal syn-->anti C14-C15 conformational relaxation to form Pfr. A four-state model is presented to explain the chromophore structural changes in Pr, lumi-R, and Pfr that uses hydrogen bonding to the surrounding protein to stabilize the high-energy Pfr C15 = C16, C14-C15, E,anti chromophore structure. This implicates an anchor and release mechanism between the chromophore and protein that might lead to altered biological signaling in the plant.
The treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia with COP chemotherapy (1978)

Since single drug therapy of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) has not resulted in prolonged remissions of advanced disease, we initiated a program of combination chemotherapy, COP (cycloposphamide, vincristine sulfate, prednisone) for CLL patients with increasing adenopathy, spenomegaly, and/or signs of marrow failure defined as either anemia or thrombocytopenia. Thirty-six patients received COP either as initial therapy or following progression of disease on single agent therapy. The response rate was 72% with 26 patients responding (16 complete remissions, and 10 good partial remissions). The responses lasted from 8 to 50+ months. Sixteen of the responding patients remain in remission, 2 have active disease and 8 have died. Median survival has not yet been reached but the two-year survival from initiation of COP of the responding patients (complete and good partial response) is 90%. Ten patients had either poor partial or no response with median survival of 18 months. The median survival of the entire group of 36 patients is 35 months. COP is an effective and well tolerated therapy for advanced chronic lymphocytic leukemia.
HAMMER: hierarchical attribute matching mechanism for elastic registration (2002)

A new approach is presented for elastic registration of medical images, and is applied to magnetic resonance images of the brain. Experimental results demonstrate remarkably high accuracy in superposition of images from different subjects, thus enabling very precise localization of morphological characteristics in population studies. There are two major novelties in the proposed algorithm. First, it uses an attribute vector, i.e. a set of geometric moment invariants that is defined on each voxel in an image, to reflect the underlying anatomy at different scales. The attribute vector, if rich enough, can distinguish between different parts of an image, which helps establish anatomical correspondences in the deformation procedure. This is a fundamental deviation of our method, referred to as HAMMER, from other volumetric deformation methods, which are typically based on maximizing image similarity. Second, in order to avoid being trapped by local minima, i.e. suboptimal poor matches, HAMMER uses a successive approximation of the energy function being optimized by lower dimensional energy functions, which are constructed to have significantly fewer local minima. This is achieved by hierarchically selecting features that have distinct attribute vectors, thus drastically reducing ambiguity in finding correspondence. A number of experiments in this paper have demonstrated excellent performance.
Charge distribution and screening in layered graphene systems (2007)

The charge distribution induced by external fields in finite stacks of graphene planes, or in semi-infinite graphite is considered. The interlayer electronic hybridization is described by a nearest-neighbor hopping term, and the charge induced by the self-consistent electrostatic potential is calculated within the linear response theory (random phase approximation). The screening properties are determined by contributions from interband and intraband electronic transitions. In neutral systems, only interband transitions contribute to the charge polarizability, leading to insulatinglike screening properties, and to oscillations in the induced charge, with a period equal to the interlayer spacing. In doped systems, we find a screening length that is equivalent to two-to-three graphene layers, superimposed to significant charge oscillations.
Pharmacokinetics of Lamisil® in humans (1990)

The pharmacokinetics of terbinafine (Lamisil) have been studied in humans using both unlabelled and radiolabelled drug. Lamisil is well absorbed (> 70%) while maximal plasma concentrations of parent drug are reached within 2 hours following oral administration. Lamisil is extensively distributed to all tissues in the body with a total volume of distribution of approximately 1000 I (Vd). The half-life of elimination (β-phase) of Lamisil in man is approximately 16 hours. Lamisil is not excreted as an unchanged drug but is completely metabolized in the liver; 15 metabolites have been identified. Lamisil does not affect the metabolism of antipyrine, but its own metabolism is modified by the coadministration of either cimetidine or rifampicin.