gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ethanol-Assisted Graphene Oxide-Based Thin Film Formation at Pentane–Water Interface (2011)

Graphene oxide (GO) can be viewed as an amphiphilic soft material, which form thin films at organic solvent-water interfaces. However, organic solvent evaporation provides little driving force, which results in slow GO transfer in aqueous phase, thus dawdling GO film formation processes for various potential applications. We present an ethanol-assisted self-assembly method for the quick formation of GO or GO-based composite thin films with tunable composition, transmittance, and surface resistivity at pentane-water interface. The thickness of pure GO and reduced GO (rGO) films ranging from ~1 nm to more than 10 nm can be controlled by the concentration of GO in bulk solution. The transmittance of rGO films can be tuned from 72% to 97% at 550 nm while the surface resistivity changes from 8.3 to 464.6 kΩ sq(-1). Ethanol is essential for achieving quick formation of GO thin films. When ethanol is injected into GO aqueous dispersion, it serves as a nonsolvent, compromising the stability of GO and providing driving force to allow GO sheets aggregate at the water-pentane interface. On the other hand, neither the evaporation of pentane nor the mixing between ethanol and water provides sufficient driving forces to allow noteworthy amount of GO sheets to migrate from the bulk aqueous phase to the interface. This method can also be extended to prepare GO-based composites thin films with tunable composition, such as GO/single walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) composite thin films investigated in this work. Reduced GO/SWCNT composite films show much lower surface resistivity compared to pure rGO thin films. This ethanol-assisted self-assembly method opens opportunities to design and fabricate new functional GO-based hybrid materials for various potential applications.
Key infection: smart trust for smart dust (2004)

Future distributed systems may include large self-organizing networks of locally communicating sensor nodes, any small number of which may be subvened by an adversary. Providing security for these sensor networks is important, but the problem is complicated by the fact that managing cryptographic key material is hard: low-cost nodes are neither tamper-proof nor capable of performing public key cryptography efficiently. We show how the key distribution problem can be dealt with in environments with a partially present, passive adversary: a node wishing to communicate securely with other nodes simply generates a symmetric key and sends it in the clear to its neighbours. Despite the apparent insecurity of this primitive, we can use mechanisms for key updating, multipath secrecy amplification and multihop key propagation to build up extremely resilient trust networks where at most a fixed proportion of communications links can be eavesdropped. We discuss applications in which this assumption is sensible. Many systems must perforce cope with principals who are authenticated weakly, if at all; the resulting issues have often been left in the 'too hard' tray. One particular interest of sensor networks is that they present a sufficiently compact and tractable version of this problem. We can perform quantitative analyses and simulations of alternative strategies, some of which we present here. We also hope that This work may start to challenge the common belief that authentication is substantially about bootstrapping trust. We argue that, in distributed systems where the opponent can subvert any small proportion of nodes, it is more economic to invest in resilience than in bootstrapping.
Feasibility of displacement monitoring using low-cost GPS receivers (2012)

Many of the available SHM approaches neither readily support displacement monitoring nor work in concert with one another to take advantage of displacement-based SHM for various long-period structures. Although survey-quality GPS technology offers the possibility of measuring such displacements with sub-centimeter precision, the associated cost is too high to allow for routine deployment. Low-cost GPS chips commonly found in mobile phones and automobile navigation equipment are attractive in terms of size, cost, and power consumption; however, the displacement accuracy of these GPS chips is on the order of several meters, which is insufficient for SHM applications. Inspired by sensory information processing strategies of weakly electric fish, this paper investigates the potential for using dense arrays of relatively low-precision GPS sensors to achieve high-precision displacement estimates. Results show that dynamic response resolution as low as 20–30 cm can be achieved and that the resolution improves with the number of sensors used. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dependence of the melting temperature of DNA on salt concentration (1965)

Abstract Data on the decrease of the DNA melting temperature T m with the salt concentration M are reported and discussed. The electrostatic free energy change in the helix–coil transition, Δ F e is related to the potential, ψ, which represents the electrostatic repulsion between the phosphate charges; ψ is calculated as a function of M and of the distances between the charges of the two strands. The Debye‐Hückel approximation is shown to overestimate ψ. It is suggested that the high local concentration of the counterions in the immediate vicinity of the fixed charges screen these charges from interacting with other fixed charges, to the extent that the system behaves as if the fixed ions carry a reduced charge. The notion of a reduced charge represents in a single parameter the deviation of the Debye‐Hückel approximation from the true potential. A plot of T m versus Δ F e gives a straight line as predicted. Δ H 0 is calculated from the slope and found to be consistent with experimentally determined values. Our calculations support the hypothesis that the change of T m with salt concentration is due to changes in the screened interactions between the fixed phosphate charges. In analyzing the results of these calculations, we are able on the one hand to indicate some of the limitations of the theoretical model and, on the other hand, draw some conclusions about the order of magnitude of the nonelectrostatic interaction energy of formation of the double helix.
AUTOMATIC FIXED-POINT BRAKING FOR MULTIPLE-UNIT TRAINS OF THE MILAN UNDERGROUND RAILWAY (1976)

The author describes the automatic fixed-point braking system installed on 90 trains operating on the Milan underground. The very simple and reliable equipment is producing remarkable good results, although the rolling stock is not equipped with particularly quick-acting brakes designed for fixed-point braking.
Nonparametric Methods (2014)

Abstract The motivation behind distribution‐free hypothesis tests and confidence intervals based on signs and ranks is discussed and standard text references are provided. Distribution‐free test and confidence interval procedures for the one‐sample, two‐sample, one‐way analysis of variance, two‐way analysis of variance, and independence settings are presented. Point estimation techniques, including Hodges–Lehmann estimators and contrast estimation, and multiple comparisons procedures are described. Basic references for censored data approaches and bootstrapping are provided.
Preliminary results of a phase II study of oxaliplatin, docetaxel, and bevacizumab as first-line therapy of advanced cancer of the ovary, peritoneum, and fallopian tube (2009)

5546 Background: Objectives are to estimate efficacy and safety of a novel taxane/platinum chemotherapy doublet in combination with bevacizumab (B), as first-line treatment of advanced cancer of the ovary, peritoneum or fallopian tube (FT), after initial debulking surgery. Methods: Eligibility criteria included histological confirmation of primary disease, previous debulking surgery, and normal renal, hepatic, hematological, and neurological function. Subjects were treated with 6 cycles of oxaliplatin (85 mg/m2), docetaxel (75 mg/m2) and B (15 mg/kg) Q3W, followed by maintenance B (15 mg/kg Q3W) to complete one year of therapy. The primary endpoint is progression-free survival (PFS) of pts with measurable disease at 1 year. Results: A total of 110 subjects are included in safety and 95 in efficacy analyses (55 with measurable disease). Median age was 58 years. Tumors were mostly ovary as primary site (84%), poorly differentiated (65%), serous adenocarcinoma pathology (73%) and FIGO stage IIIC (68.2%) or IV (14.6%). 61% of subjects were optimally debulked. 95 (86%) of subjects had completed the chemotherapy cycles with 87 of the 95 having started on the B-only maintenance cycles. 85 (77%) subjects have stopped study treatment [including 33 completed study treatment, 29 disease progression, 15 adverse event (AE), 8 other reasons]. The most common grade 3–4 AEs were: neutropenia (39%), leukopenia (11%), hypertension (9%), and fatigue (7%) Grade 3–4 peripheral sensory neuropathy (PSN) occurred in 2 patients (1.3%). There was one case of colonic perforation associated with B. Investigator-determined best overall confirmed response rates were: complete response 32.8%; partial response, 29.1%; stable disease 32.7%; and progressive disease (PD), 1.8%. The 1-year PFS probability is 70.1% (95% C.I., 56.8%-83.4%) in the 55 patients with measurable disease. Conclusions: This preliminary data supports feasibility of this novel regimen, with an acceptable safety profile and a low incidence of PSN and colonic perforation. Preliminary 1-year PFS is promising. The trial completed accrual to 132 patients in August 2008. Updated results will be presented. [Table: see text]
<scp>d</scp> -Alanyl- <scp>d</scp> -Alanine Ligase as a Broad-Host-Range Counterselection Marker in Vancomycin-Resistant Lactic Acid Bacteria (2018)

The peptidoglycan composition in lactic acid bacteria dictates vancomycin resistance. Vancomycin binds relatively poorly to peptidoglycan ending in d-alanyl-d-lactate and binds with high affinity to peptidoglycan ending in d-alanyl-d-alanine (d-Ala-d-Ala), which results in vancomycin resistance and sensitivity, respectively. The enzyme responsible for generating these peptidoglycan precursors is dipeptide ligase (Ddl). A single amino acid in the Ddl active site, phenylalanine or tyrosine, determines depsipeptide or dipeptide activity, respectively. Here, we established that heterologous expression of dipeptide ligase in vancomycin-resistant lactobacilli increases their sensitivity to vancomycin in a dose-dependent manner and overcomes the effects of the presence of a native d-Ala-d-Ala dipeptidase. We incorporated the dipeptide ligase gene on a suicide vector and demonstrated that it functions as a counterselection marker (CSM) in lactobacilli; vancomycin selection allows only those cells to grow in which the suicide vector has been lost. Subsequently, we developed a liquid-based approach to identify recombinants in only 5 days, which is approximately half the time required by conventional approaches. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that Ddl serves as a marker to predict vancomycin resistance and consequently indicated the broad applicability of the use of Ddl as a counterselection marker in the genus <i>Lactobacillus</i> Finally, our system represents the first "plug and play" counterselection system in lactic acid bacteria that does not require prior genome editing and/or synthetic medium.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> The genus <i>Lactobacillus</i> contains more than 200 species, many of which are exploited in the food and biotechnology industries and in medicine. Prediction of intrinsic vancomycin resistance has thus far been limited to selected <i>Lactobacillus</i> species. Here, we show that heterologous expression of the enzyme Ddl (dipeptide ligase)-an essential enzyme involved in peptidoglycan synthesis-increases sensitivity to vancomycin in a dose-dependent manner. We exploited this to develop a counterselection marker for use in vancomycin-resistant lactobacilli, thereby expanding the poorly developed genome editing toolbox that is currently available for most strains. Also, we showed that Ddl is a phylogenetic marker that can be used to predict vancomycin resistance in <i>Lactobacillus</i>; 81% of <i>Lactobacillus</i> species are intrinsically resistant to vancomycin, which makes our tool broadly applicable.
A Rain Gauge for the Measurement of Finescale Temporal Variations (1998)

A rain gauge is described that quantizes rainwater collected by a funnel into equal-sized drops. Using a funnel of 150-mm diameter, the quantization corresponds to 1/160 mm of rainfall, enabling the measurement of low rainfall rates and the attainment of a fine temporal resolution on the order of 15 s without unduly large sampling errors. Two drop-producing units are compared and an operational rain gauge design is presented. Field comparisons with conventional rain gauges are made, showing excellent correlations for daily rain totals, and intercomparisons between clusters of dropper gauges are also given. Examples of highly resolved rainfall events are shown demonstrating the ability to measure low rainfall accumulations and also coherent high intensity events of short duration, which are not detectable with conventional rain gauges.
Increased tuning range of Pb&lt;inf&gt;1-x&lt;/inf&gt;Sn&lt;inf&gt;x&lt;/inf&gt;Se diode lasers using small magnetic fields (1976)

A Pb <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.96</inf> Sn <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.04</inf> Se laser diode emitting in the 815-835- cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> region with current tuning has been examined with applied magnetic fields at 7 kG and below. With increasing magnetic field the laser gain curve broadens, allowing more laser cavity modes (separated by 1.8 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> ) to oscillate at a given current, and yielding a larger tuning range with current for each cavity mode. Using a combination of current tuning and a constant magnetic field, laser emission was achieved from 800 to 850 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> with 90 percent coverage of the spectral interval.
Magnetic vs Electric Second-Harmonic Generation from AlGaAs Nanoantennas (2017)

We suggest and demonstrate experimentally AlGaAs nanoantennas for efficient second-harmonic generation (SHG). We show that the SHG directionality and efficiency are defined by either electric or magnetic multipoles and controlled by incident polarization and design.
Sequence Analysis of a 101-Kilobase Plasmid Required for Agar Degradation by a<i>Microscilla</i>Isolate (2001)

An agar-degrading marine bacterium identified as a Microscilla species was isolated from coastal California marine sediment. This organism harbored a single 101-kb circular DNA plasmid designated pSD15. The complete nucleotide sequence of pSD15 was obtained, and sequence analysis indicated a number of genes putatively encoding a variety of enzymes involved in polysaccharide utilization. The most striking feature was the occurrence of five putative agarase genes. Loss of the plasmid, which occurred at a surprisingly high frequency, was associated with loss of agarase activity, supporting the sequence analysis results.
A new aluminum pattern formation using substitution reaction of aluminum for polysilicon and its application to MOS device fabrication (1984)

This paper describes a new aluminum pattern formation process using the substitution reaction of aluminum for polysilicon (APSP), and its application to the fabrication of self-aligned aluminum-gate MOSFET's. The APSP method uses the intensive interdiffusion reaction between aluminum and polysilicon observed for contact structure where the aluminum film overlaps polysilicon and is heat treated below the eutectic temperature (577°C). The basic idea in the fabrication of self-aligned aluminum-gate MOSFET's using APSP is to replace the polysilicon gate with an aluminum gate in the final step following fabrication of the self-aligned polysilicon-gate MOSFET. It is shown that the new fabrication process can be followed by almost all of the conventional polysilicon-gate processes. It is also shown that the electrical characteristics of the aluminum-gate MOSFET fabricated using APSP are nearly the same as those of polysilicon-gate MOSFET's fabricated on the same wafer.
Novel proteins for homocysteine biosynthesis in anaerobic microorganisms (2014)

The metabolic network for sulfide assimilation and trafficking in methanogens is largely unknown. To discover novel proteins required for these processes, we used bioinformatics to identify genes co-occurring with the protein biosynthesis enzyme SepCysS, which converts phosphoseryl-tRNA(Cys) to cysteinyl-tRNA(Cys) in nearly all methanogens. Exhaustive analysis revealed three conserved protein families, each containing molecular signatures predicting function in sulfur metabolism. One of these families, classified within clusters of orthologous groups (COG) 1900, possesses two conserved cysteine residues and is often found in genomic contexts together with known sulfur metabolic genes. A second protein family is predicted to bind two 4Fe-4S clusters. All three genes were also identified in more than 50 strictly anaerobic bacterial genera from nine distinct phyla. Gene-deletion and growth experiments in Methanosarcina acetivorans, using sulfide as the sole sulfur source, demonstrate that two of the proteins (MA1821 and MA1822) are essential to homocysteine biosynthesis in a background lacking an additional gene for sulfur insertion into homocysteine. Mutational analysis confirms the importance of several structural elements, including a conserved cysteine residue and the predicted 4Fe-4S cluster-binding domain.
Violence against lesbians and gay men (1991)

Hate crimes against minority groups such as homosexuals present a particular challenge for the criminal justice system. This report discusses the prevalence of anti homosexual violence in Australia, its characteristics, and its impact on the victim. It also examines the cultural climate and social norms which encourage anti homosexual violence. Preventative measures are considered under the following headings: decriminalisation and anti discrimination legislation; education; the media; the criminal justice system; the police; research and statistics; and community prevention and education programs.
Simultaneous measurement of pressure in the interstitium and the terminal lymphatics of the cat mesentery. (1978)

1. Simultaneous measurements of the pressure in terminal lymphatics and interstitial tissue have been made in the exteriorized cat mesentery superfused with either physiological salt solution (Krebs solution) or a water-immiscible fluorocarbon, FC-80. 2. The pressures within individual terminal lymphatics were measured using glass micropipettes attached to a servo pressure-measuring system. Tissue pressures were recorded using saline-filled cotton-wool wicks. 3. Mean pressure recorded in the terminal lymphatics of the Krebs-superfused mesentery were slightly above atmospheric (+0.2 mmHg, n = 45), while those recorded in the FC-80-superfused mesentery were slightly below atmospheric (-0.2 mmHg, n = 46). 4. Tissue pressures were also slightly subatmospheric in the in situ mesentery, and the recently exposed tissue. Continuous superfusion with Krebs solution caused the tissue pressure to rise to atmospheric pressure or above; with FC-80-superfusion the tissue pressure also rose, but never to above atmospheric pressure. 5. Isolated strips of mesentery immersed in Krebs solutions of different concentrations gained weight, but when immersed in FC-80 no change in weight was detected. 6. It was concluded that the interstitial gel of the mesentery is normally unsaturated and that superfusion with Krebs solution leads to tissue oedema. This tendency is less marked in FC-80-superfused preparations. Possible mechanisms for lymph formation and propulsion are discussed.
Dietary ω-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Intake and Risk for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (2014)

Consumption of foods high in ω-3 PUFAs may help prevent or delay the onset of ALS.
Origin and propagation of the slow wave in the canine stomach: the outlines of a gastric conduction system (2009)

Slow waves are known to originate orally in the stomach and to propagate toward the antrum, but the exact location of the pacemaker and the precise pattern of propagation have not yet been studied. Using assemblies of 240 extracellular electrodes, simultaneous recordings of electrical activity were made on the fundus, corpus, and antrum in open abdominal anesthetized dogs. The signals were analyzed off-line, pathways of slow wave propagation were reconstructed, and slow wave velocities and amplitudes were measured. The gastric pacemaker is located in the upper part of the fundus, along the greater curvature. Extracellularly recorded slow waves in the pacemaker area exhibited large amplitudes (1.8 +/- 1.0 mV) and rapid velocities (1.5 +/- 0.9 cm/s), whereas propagation in the remainder of the fundus and in the corpus was slow (0.5 +/- 0.2 cm/s) with low-amplitude waveforms (0.8 +/- 0.5 mV). In the antrum, slow wave propagation was fast (1.5 +/- 0.6 cm/s) with large amplitude deflections (2.0 +/- 1.3 mV). Two areas were identified where slow waves did not propagate, the first in the oral medial fundus and the second distal in the antrum. Finally, recordings from the entire ventral surface revealed the presence of three to five simultaneously propagating slow waves. High resolution mapping of the origin and propagation of the slow wave in the canine stomach revealed areas of high amplitude and rapid velocity, areas with fractionated low amplitude and low velocity, and areas with no propagation; all these components together constitute the elements of a gastric conduction system.
Spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC): nova técnica para avaliação do coração fetal (2006)

As malformações cardíacas são as mais freqüentes anomalias congênitas ao nascimento, entretanto, a sua detecção pré-natal pela ultra-sonografia convencional permanece baixa. As ultra-sonografias de terceira e quarta dimensões surgiram no início da década de 90, apresentando grandes aplicações em obstetrícia, principalmente nos casos de diagnósticos duvidosos à ultra-sonografia bidimensional. O spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC) representa grande avanço na área de ultra-som de quarta dimensão; constitui-se em um software acoplado ao aparelho Voluson 730 Expert, que permite a aquisição volumétrica do coração fetal e suas conexões vasculares. As análises volumétricas são realizadas nos modos multiplanar e de renderização, podendo-se também utilizar o Doppler. Apresenta, como grandes vantagens, a aquisição rápida e a possibilidade de análise posterior por especialistas em ecocardiografia fetal. Pode ser aplicada para a pesquisa de quaisquer cardiopatias congênitas, pois permite a aquisição de qualquer plano, diferentemente do ultra-som bidimensional. Sua principal desvantagem está relacionada aos movimentos fetais. A maior difusão do método pode permitir um aumento na detecção de malformações cardíacas, pois possibilita ao ultra-sonografista geral encaminhar, via Internet, os volumes para a análise por especialistas em ecocardiografia fetal.