gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Composite phase-shifting algorithm for three-dimensional shape compression (2010)

With recent advancements in 3-D imaging and computational technologies, acquiring 3-D data is unprecedentedly simple. However, the use of 3-D data is still limited due to the size of 3-D data, especially 3-D video data. Therefore, the study of how to store and transmit the 3-D data in real time is vital. We address a technique that encodes a 3-D surface shape into a single 24-bit color image. In particular, this image is generated by advanced computer graphics tools with two primary color channels encoded as sine and cosine fringe images, and the third channel encoded as a stair image to unwrap the phase obtained from the two fringe images. An arbitrary 3-D shape can then be recovered from a single image. We test 3-D shapes with differing levels of complexity along with various image formats. Experiments demonstrate that, without significantly losing the shape quality, the compression ratio can go up to 1:36.86, compared with the native smallest possible 3-D data representation method.
An Outphasing Transmitter Using Class-E PAs and Asym- metric Combining: Part 2 (2011)

Second Harmonic Class-E PA Design The selected active device for the transmission-line class-E2 PA is the SD57030 transistor provided by STMicroelectronics. It has a maximum drain voltage of 65 V. In an ideal class-E PA in the optimum operating mode with 50% duty cycle and a slope of zero [5], the peak drain voltage is vDmax =3.56 VDD. Since the peak varies with load impedance, a design for vDmax =4 VDD or slightly more is prudent, which suggests VDD = 15 V. For a 10-W output power the fundamental load resistance is [5]:
An Analytical Approach for Load Sharing Analysis of Planetary Gear Drives (2011)

An analytical approach is proposed for load sharing analysis among the planet gears of a planetary gear set without floating mechanism. A formula for the tooth gap between the planet and the sun gear in presentence of the manufacturing errors is derived. The calculation of the shared loads is based on the stiffness method under consideration of the linearized tooth stiffness and the tooth gap. The results calculated by the proposed approach have a good agreement with those by using FEM. The influences of the errors on load sharing are further analyzed. In addition, it is also approved that uneven load sharing due to the pin hole position error can be compensated by a combined tooth thickness deviation. Keywords: analytical approach, load sharing, planetary gear set, manufacturing error, stiffness method
Application of 13C NMR spectroscopy to chemistry of plant glycosides: Rebaudiosides-D and -E, new sweet diterpene-glucosides of Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni. (1977)

From the leaves of Stevia rebaudiana BERTONI, additional two sweet glucosides, named rebaudiosides-D (4) and -E (5) were isolated. On the basis of 13C NMR evidences as well as the results of chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis, the structures of 4 and 5 were assigned to be β-sophorosyl ester of steviol-13-O-[β-D-glucopyranosyl (1-2)] [β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-3)]-β-D-glucopyranoside and β-sophorosyl ester of steviol-13-O-β-sophoroside, respectively. In connection with the structure determination, β-sophorosyl ester of ent-kaur-16-en-19-oic acid was prepared and the 13C chemical shift and the coupling constant of its ester anomeric carbon were discussed. The formulation of 4 and 5 was finally substantiated by their preparation from the known compounds.
Synthesis of Galactofuranose-Containing Acceptor Substrates for Mycobacterial Galactofuranosyltransferases (2008)

The major structural component of the cell wall in Mycobacterium tuberculosis, infection by which causes tuberculosis, is the mycolyl-arabinogalactan (mAG) complex. This large glycoconjugates has at its core a backbone of approximately 30 D-galactofuranose (Gal(f)) residues that are linked to peptidoglycan by way of a linker disaccharide containing L-rhamnose and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose. Recent studies have supported a model of galactan biosynthesis in which the entire structure is assembled by the action of two bifunctional galactofuranosyltransferases. These biochemical investigations were made possible, in part, by access to a panel of oligosaccharide fragments of the mAG complex (1-12), the synthesis of which we describe here. An early key finding in this study was that the iodine-promoted cyclization of galactose diethyl dithioacetal (19) in the presence of an alcohol solvent led to the formation Gal(f) glycosides contaminated with no pyranoside isomer, thus allowing the efficient preparation of furanoside derivatives of this monosaccharide. The synthesis of disaccharide targets 1, 2, 11 and 12 proceeded without difficulty through the use of thioglycoside donors and octyl glycoside acceptors, both carrying benzoyl protection. In the synthesis of the tri- and tetrasaccharides 3-6, we explored routes in which the molecule was assembled from the reducing to nonreducing end, and the reverse. The latter approach was found to be preferable for the preparation of 6, and in the case of 3 and 4, this strategy allowed the development of efficient one-pot methods for their synthesis. We have also carried out the first synthesis of three mAG fragments (8-10) consisting of the linker disaccharide further elaborated with one, two or three Gal(f) residues. A key step in the synthesis of these target compounds was the coupling of a protected linker disaccharide derivative (58) with a mono-, di-, or trigalactofuranosyl thioglycoside (17, 54, or 53, respectively).
Localization of vagal preganglionics that stimulate insulin and glucagon secretion (1990)

Although it is generally acknowledged that pancreatic islets are under powerful vagal control, specifics of vagal pathways and their central representation in the brain stem are unclear. To define this circuitry, we combined a protocol measuring electrical vagal stimulation-induced insulin and glucagon secretion with a retrograde tracer strategy that delineated the pool of spared motoneurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (dmnX) following selective abdominal branch vagotomies. Three of the five branches mediated both insulin and glucagon release: posterior gastric (+198 and +117% increase from basal for insulin and glucagon, respectively), anterior gastric (+177 and +104%), and hepatic branch (+103 and +60%). In contrast, unreliable and nonsignificant hormonal responses were produced by stimulation of fibers projecting through either the posterior celiac (+12% insulin and +12% glucagon) or accessory celiac (+15% insulin and +31% glucagon) branches. Since hexamethonium almost completely blocked both insulin and glucagon responses to stimulation, the effects are not likely to have resulted from inadvertent antidromic excitation of vagal afferents. Cell bodies of stimulated motoneurons, which were responsible for insulin and glucagon secretion, were found to occupy the medial two-thirds of the right (projecting through the posterior gastric branch) and left (projecting through the anterior gastric and hepatic branches) dmnX. These medial, longitudinal dmnX columns and their associated abdominal vagal branches are likely to play the predominant role in vagal control of the endocrine pancreas.
A half-micron super self-aligned BiCMOS technology for high speed applications (1992)

We report the process design, device characteristics and circuit performance of a new ultra high speed, high density, half-micron super self-aligned BiCMOS technology. The minimum CMOS gate delay was measured to be 38 psec on 0.5 mu m gate and 50 psec on 0.6 mu M gate ring oscillators at 5 volt. Bipolar gate delay was measured to be 31 psec on a 0.6 mu m emitter ECL ring oscillator. A single phase decision circuit operating error free at 8 Gb/sec and a static frequency divider operating above 10 Gb/sec were demonstrated in our BiCMOS technology.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
DISPLACEMENT OF METALS FROM SOLUTIONS OF THEIR SALTS BY LESS ELECTROPOSITIVE ELEMENTS I. THE REPLACEMENT OF SODIUM AND POTASSIUM BY MAGNESIUM AND ALUMINUM (1923)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDISPLACEMENT OF METALS FROM SOLUTIONS OF THEIR SALTS BY LESS ELECTROPOSITIVE ELEMENTS I. THE REPLACEMENT OF SODIUM AND POTASSIUM BY MAGNESIUM AND ALUMINUMF. W. BergstromCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1923, 45, 12, 2788–2794Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1923Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1923https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01665a003https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01665a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views70Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells with Anatase TiO<sub><b>2</b></sub>Nanorods Prepared by Hydrothermal Method (2013)

The hydrothermal method provides an effective reaction environment for the synthesis of nanocrystalline materials with high purity and well-controlled crystallinity. In this work, we started with various sizes of commercial TiO 2 powders and used the hydrothermal method to prepare TiO 2 thin films. We found that the synthesized TiO 2 nanorods were thin and long when smaller TiO 2 particles were used, while larger TiO 2 particles produced thicker and shorter nanorods. We also found that TiO 2 films prepared by TiO 2 nanorods exhibited larger surface roughness than those prepared by the commercial TiO 2 particles. It was found that a pure anatase phase of TiO 2 nanorods can be obtained from the hydrothermal method. The dye-sensitized solar cells fabricated with TiO 2 nanorods exhibited a higher solar efficiency than those fabricated with commercial TiO 2 nanoparticles directly. Further, triple-layer structures of TiO 2 thin films with different particle sizes were investigated to improve the solar efficiency.
Evaluating the Robustness of MarketAnomaly Evidence (2008)

AbstractThis study investigates two ways that sample selection can impact inferences about market efficiency: (1) unintentional, nonrandom exclusion of observations because of lack of available data for some firm-years (“passive deletion”); and (2) the effects of extreme return observations. The analysis proposes and illustrates a set of simple diagnostic tests designed to assess the sensitivity of estimated hedge portfolio returns to sample composition. These diagnostics are applied to the accrual anomaly and the forecast-to-price anomaly and the results indicate that the forecast-to-price anomaly is not robust to the effects of passive deletion. Moreover, extreme returns — as few as 100 firm-year observations — appear to generate the observed abnormal returns to both strategies.
Late Fetal Heart Decelerations and Changes in Cerebral Oxygenation During the First Stage of Labour (1995)

Aldrich, C. J.; D'Antona, D.; Spencer, J. A. D.; Wyatt, J. S.; Peebles, D. M.; Delpy, D. T.; Reynolds, E. O. R. Author Information
Reinforcement structure/parameter learning for neural-network-based fuzzy logic control systems (1994)

This paper proposes a reinforcement neural-network-based fuzzy logic control system (RNN-FLCS) for solving various reinforcement learning problems. The proposed RNN-FLCS is constructed by integrating two neural-network-based fuzzy logic controllers (NN-FLC's), each of which is a connectionist model with a feedforward multilayered network developed for the realization of a fuzzy logic controller. One NN-FLC performs as a fuzzy predictor, and the other as a fuzzy controller. Using the temporal difference prediction method, the fuzzy predictor can predict the external reinforcement signal and provide a more informative internal reinforcement signal to the fuzzy controller. The fuzzy controller performs a stochastic exploratory algorithm to adapt itself according to the internal reinforcement signal. During the learning process, both structure learning and parameter learning are performed simultaneously in the two NN-FLC's using the fuzzy similarity measure. The proposed RNN-FLCS can construct a fuzzy logic control and decision-making system automatically and dynamically through a reward/penalty signal or through very simple fuzzy information feedback such as "high," "too high," "low," and "too low." The proposed RNN-FLCS is best applied to the learning environment, where obtaining exact training data is expensive. It also preserves the advantages of the original NN-FLC, such as the ability to find proper network structure and parameters simultaneously and dynamically and to avoid the rule-matching time of the inference engine. Computer simulations were conducted to illustrate its performance and applicability.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Nutzung inhärenter Messeffekte von Aktoren und Methoden zur sensorlosen Positionsmessung im Betrieb (2006)

Article Nutzung inhärenter Messeffekte von Aktoren und Methoden zur sensorlosen Positionsmessung im Betrieb was published on January 1, 2006 in the journal at - Automatisierungstechnik (volume 54, issue 1).
The role of the third β strand in gp120 conformation and neutralization sensitivity of the HIV-1 primary isolate DH012 (2001)

Neutralization of HIV-1 primary isolates has been a tremendous challenge for AIDS vaccine development. Here, we identify a single amino acid change (T198P) in gp120 that alters the neutralization sensitivity of the primary isolate DH012 to antibodies against multiple neutralization epitopes that include the V3, CD4-induced, and CD4 binding sites in gp120. This mutation is located in the V1/V2 stem region that forms the third beta strand (beta3) of the bridging sheet of gp120. The conformation of variable loops, especially V1/V2 and V3, was proposed to regulate the accessibility of these neutralization epitopes. The results of this study indicate a direct association between the V1/V2 and V3 loops of DH012 gp120. The single amino acid mutation T198P in the beta3 severely compromises the interaction between the V1/V2 and V3 loops. These results suggest that interaction of V1/V2 and V3 can mask the neutralization epitopes and that the beta3 plays a critical role in determining the neutralization sensitivity by modulating the interaction. This study provides an insight into why primary isolates are relatively resistant to antibody neutralization and might facilitate the development of anti-HIV strategies against HIV-1 infection.
Normal Acute Behavioral Responses to Moderate/High Dose Ethanol in GABA<sub>A</sub>Receptor α4 Subunit Knockout Mice (2007)

We conclude that GABA(A)-Rs containing the alpha 4 subunit are not absolutely required for the acute behavioral responses to moderate/high dose EtOH that were assessed with the elevated plus maze, screen test, hypothermia, fixed speed rotarod, open field, radiant tail flick, and loss of right reflex assays. We further suggest that these findings are complicated by the demonstrated compensatory alterations in synaptic GABA(A)-R EtOH sensitivity and function in alpha 4 knockout mice.
Direct sequence spread spectrum parallel acquisition in a nonselective Rician fast fading channel (2003)

The authors investigate the performance of the direct sequence spread spectrum (DS-SS) parallel acquisition system, previously proposed by the authors (1989) for a nonselective Rician fading channel. The acquisition system utilizes a bank of parallel I-Q noncoherent matched filters for the search mode, and a coincidence detector for the verification mode. The probabilities of detection, false alarm, and missing are derived for the channel under consideration, from which the mean and variance of the acquisition time are evaluated as a measure of the system performance. It is shown that both the mean and variance decrease when the specular component is stronger. The variance decreases rapidly as the signal-to-noise ratio increases while the mean acquisition time reaches its minimum. It is also shown that the effect of the parameters of the fading process is very small.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Forest Inventory Using Forest Canopy Profiles (2005)

A helicopter-borne 8-channel ranging scatterometer HUTSCAT (Helsinki University of Technology Scatterometer) was used to measure forest canopy profiles (FCP). The FCP data were used in order to determinate the mean and dominant tree height and total volume per hectare.
Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of 4-Halo Progesterone Derivatives as Antiandrogen. (1999)

The pharmacological activity of eight pregnane derivatives 17-alpha acetoxyprogesterone 9, 17-alpha acetoxy-4, 5-epoxypregnan-3, 20-dione 10, 17-alpha acetoxy-4-chloro-4-pregnene-3, 20-dione 11, 17-alpha acetoxy-4-bromo-4-pregnene-3, 20-dione 12, 17-alpha hydroxy-4-bromo-4-pregnene-3, 20-dione 13, 4-chloro-17-alpha hydroxy-4-pregnene-3, 20-dione 14, 17-alpha benzoyloxy-4-bromo-4-pregnene-3, 20-dione 15 and 17-alpha benzoyloxy-4-chloro-4-pregnene-3, 20-dione 16 was determined. These compounds were evaluated as antiandrogens on gonadectomized hamster seminal vesicles. The pharmacological data in this study indicate that compounds 15 and 16 having a C-17 benzoyloxy moiety showed the highest antiandrogenic activity as measured by the reduction of the weight of the seminal vesicles, followed by the steroids 11 and 12 (17-alpha acetoxy group). The free alcohols 13 and 14 exhibited a lower antiandrogenic activity. Apparently, the ester moiety at C-17 is a necessary requirement for the presence of high antiandrogenic activity. Shows the inhibitory effect on the conversion of testosterone (T) to DHT, of the above described steroids as measured by the amount of produced DHT 2 expressed as pmoles of DHT/g of protein/h. Steroids 11, 12 and 16 showed a much higher inhibitory activity on the conversion of testosterone (T) to dihydrotestosterone (DHT) than presently used finasteride 3.
Metastatic Dissemination of Human Ovarian Epithelial Carcinoma Is Promoted by α2β1-Integrin-Mediated Interaction with Type I Collagen (1998)

Metastatic dissemination of epithelial ovarian carcinoma is thought to be mediated via tumor cell exfoliation into the peritoneal cavity, followed by adhesion to and invasion through the mesothelium which overlies the contents of the peritoneal cavity. In this study, we have utilized short-term primary cultures to analyze the effect of specific extracellular matrix proteins on properties of human ovarian epithelial carcinoma cells which contribute to the invasive phenotype. Analysis of cell:matrix adhesive profiles indicated that ovarian carcinoma cells adhere preferentially to type I collagen. Immunoprecipitation analyses demonstrated the presence of the collagen-binding alpha2beta1 integrin in biotin-labeled ovarian carcinoma cell membranes, and cellular adhesion was inhibited by blocking antibodies directed against the alpha2 and beta1 integrin subunits. The alpha2beta1-binding peptide Asp-Gly-Glu-Ala (DGEA) was also moderately effective at blocking adhesion to collagen relative to the control peptide Ala-Gly-Glu-Ala (AGEA). Analysis of cell motility on protein-coated colloidal gold coverslips demonstrated that ovarian carcinoma cells migrate preferentially on type I collagen coated surfaces. Type I collagen promoted migration in a concentration-dependent, saturable manner, with maximal migration observed at a collagen-coating concentration of 50 microg/ml. Migration on collagen was inhibited by antibodies directed against the alpha2 and beta1 integrin subunits and by DGEA peptide, providing evidence for the role of the alpha2beta1 integrin in ovarian carcinoma cell motility. Culturing ovarian carcinoma cells on type I collagen gels led to a significant increase in conversion of the matrix metalloproteinase 2 zymogen to the 66-kD form, suggesting that adhesion to collagen also influences matrix-degrading proteinases. These data suggest that alpha2beta1-integrin-mediated interaction of ovarian carcinoma cells with type I collagen, a protein prevalent both in the mesothelial extracellular matrix and in the peritoneal cavity of ovarian carcinoma patients, may function on multiple levels to promote metastatic dissemination of ovarian carcinoma cells.
Investigations into ultraviolet matrix-assisted laser desorption (1993)

Matrix-assisted laser desorption (MALD) is a technique for converting large biomolecules into gas phase ions. Some characteristics of the commonly used uv matrices are determined. Solubilities in methanol range from 0.1 to 0.5 M. Solid phase absorption spectra are found to be similar to solution, but slightly red-shifted. Acoustic and quartz crystal microbalance signals are investigated as possible means of uv-MALD quantitation. Evidence for the existence of desorption thresholds is presented. Threshold values are determined to be in the range of 2 to 3 MW/cm2. A transient imaging technique based on laser-excited fluorescence for monitoring MALD plumes is described. Sensitivity is well within the levels required for studying matrix-assisted laser desorption, where analyte concentrations are significantly lower than those in conventional laser desorption. Results showing the effect of film morphology, particularly film thickness, on plume dynamics are presented. In particular, MALD plumes from thicker films tend to exhibit higher axial velocities. Fluorescent labeling of protein and of DNA is used to allow imaging of their uv-MALD generated plumes. Integrated concentrations are available with respect to time, making it possible to assess the rate of fragmentation. The spatial and temporal distributions are important for the design of secondary ionization schemes to enhance ion yields and for the optimization of ion collection in time-of-flight MS instruments to maximize resolution. Such information could also provide insight into whether ionization is closely associated with the desorption step or whether it is a result of subsequent collisions with the matrix gas (e.g., proton transfer). Although the present study involves plumes in a normal atmosphere, adaptation to measurements in vacuum (e.g., inside a mass spectrometer) should be straightforward.
PM-Huber: PatchMatch with Huber Regularization for Stereo Matching (2013)

Most stereo correspondence algorithms match support windows at integer-valued disparities and assume a constant disparity value within the support window. The recently proposed Patch Match stereo algorithm by Bleyer et al. overcomes this limitation of previous algorithms by directly estimating planes. This work presents a method that integrates the Patch Match stereo algorithm into a variational smoothing formulation using quadratic relaxation. The resulting algorithm allows the explicit regularization of the disparity and normal gradients using the estimated plane parameters. Evaluation of our method in the Middlebury benchmark shows that our method outperforms the traditional integer-valued disparity strategy as well as the original algorithm and its variants in sub-pixel accurate disparity estimation.