gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antimutagenic activity of extracts of natural substances in the Salmonella/microsome assay (2003)

Scientific information regarding plants used in folk medicine in the form of teas and their effect on human health or on genetic material has been the subject of many different types of investigation. The antimutagenic activity of two plants Maytenus ilicifolia and Peltastes peltatus, both rich in compounds of the flavonoid and tannin groups and frequently employed in folk medicine, was studied. Antimutagenicity was determined against known mutagenic substances (4-oxide-1-nitroquinoline, sodium azide, 2-nitrofluorene, aflatoxin B(1), 2-aminofluorene and 2-aminoanthracene), using the Salmonella/microsome assay. Infusions of P.peltatus showed high cytotoxicity and a co-mutagenic effect for induction of base pair substitution mutations with 4-oxide-1-nitroquinoline (-S9 mix). Infusions of M.ilicifolia produced similar effects for frameshift and base pair substitution mutations. With the mutagens 2-nitrofluorene (TA98) and sodium azide (TA100) no significant enhancement effects (co-mutagenic effects) were observed and inhibition of mutagenic activity and cytotoxicity were also diminished. In assays evaluating antimutagenic activity in the presence of metabolic activation utilizing S9 mix, high and significant inhibition of aflatoxin B(1)-, 2-aminofluorene- and 2-aminoanthracene-induced mutagenicity was observed in the presence of the infusions using both TA98 and TA100 and employing doses ranging from 25 to 500 mg/plate. Seventy-five percent of the doses tested exhibited a significant or suggestive decrease in induced mutagenicity with the infusion of M.ilicifolia. With the infusion of P.peltatus significant or suggestive antimutagenic responses were observed with 50% of the doses evaluated. Complexity was clearly noted in the responses observed in the interaction of aqueous extracts of M.ilicifolia and P.peltastes with the genetic material and metabolites generated by the S9 mix played an important role in the protection of DNA.
Separation of Mitochondria from Contaminating Subcellular Structures Utilizing Silica Sol Gradient Centrifugation (1979)

Discontinuous Percoll density gradients have been developed for the purification of mitochondria, permitting rapid separation under isosmotic and low viscosity conditions. Mitochondria from several etiolated tissues have been successfully separated from contaminating subcellular structures by this method. For potato tuber the ratio of washed to purified mitochondrial protein was 2.6, similar to the increase in specific activity of cytochrome c oxidase following separation. The purification of mitochondria from green leaf tissues on Percoll gradients has reduced chlorophyll contamination of spinach mitochondria from about 70 micrograms chlorophyll per milligram protein to approximately 8 micrograms chlorophyll per milligram protein.The ratio of protein content of the washed mitochondria compared to that in the purified preparation was 7 for spinach and respiratory activity was retained. The physiological integrity and oxidative properties of washed and gradient mitochondria are compared.
The effect of phosphate deficiency on mitochondrial activity and adenylate levels in bean roots (1992)

Bean plants ( Phaseolus vulgaris ) were grown for 16–20 days with or without phosphate in Knop nutrient medium. It was found in previous experiments that for roots grown on a P i ‐deficient medium respiration is mainly carried out by the cyanide‐insensitive pathway. Mitochondria isolated from—P i , roots had poor respiratory control and their respiration exhibited 62% inhibition by cyanide and was inhibited (30%) by salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM). In contrast, mitochondria obtained with control (+P i ) roots had respiratory control and ADP/O ratios typical for succinate as the substrate; their respiration was inhibited to 95% by cyanide and insensitive to SHAM. The integrity of mitochondrial membranes was similar in both types of mitochondria. Cytochrome oxidase activity, however, was about 20% lower in ‐P i mitochondria, but the cytochrome composition was the same in both types of mitochondria. The cytochrorae pathway was not operating at full capacity in mitochondria isolated from—P i roots but the alternative oxidation pathway participated in a great part in mitochondrial respiration, similar to in vivo whole roots. The participation of the non‐phosphorylating., alternative pathway decreased the respiratory control ratio in mitochondria and had an effect on the total adenine nucleotide pool and energy charge values which were lower (16 and 13% respectively) in ‐P i roots. About 50% lower ADP and 20% lower ATP levels were observed whereas AMP levels were several times higher.
Temperature Error Modeling Study for Laser Gyro (2006)

This paper points out that the laser gyro scale factor is relevant to temperature, temperature increment and temperature rate. Temperature error models of the laser gyro scale factor are set up by the two ways of BP network identification and of Least-Square approximation. BP network identification can approach the nonlinearity of laser gyro scale factor temperature model arbitrarily, and can earn higher precision. Mean squared deviation of the model using BP network identification is smaller than 6.1×10−7(''/pulse). The Least-Square approximation is simpler, and it is propitious to insure the real-time performance of the system.
A complexity-bounded motion estimation algorithm (2002)

The full search motion estimation algorithm for video coding is a procedure of high computational cost. For this reason, in real-time low-power applications, low-cost motion estimation algorithms are viable solutions. A novel reduced complexity motion estimation algorithm is presented. It conjugates the reduction of computational load with good encoding efficiency. It exploits the past history of the motion field to predict the current motion field. A successive refinement phase gives the final motion field. This approach leads to a sensible reduction in the number of motion vector that have to be tested. The complexity is lower than any other algorithm algorithms known to the authors, in the literature, it is constant as there is no recursivity in the algorithm and independent of any search window area size. Experimental evaluations have shown the robustness of the algorithm when applied on a wide set of video sequences--a good performance compared to other reduced complexity algorithms and negligible loss of efficiency versus the full search algorithm.
Pharmacokinetics of monepantel and its sulfone metabolite, monepantel sulfone, after intravenous and oral administration in sheep (2009)

The pharmacokinetic properties of the developmental Amino‐Acetonitrile Derivative (AAD), monepantel and its sulfone metabolite, monepantel sulfone were investigated in sheep following intravenous (i.v.) and oral administrations. The sulfone metabolite was rapidly formed and predominated over monepantel 4 h after dosing, irrespective of the route of administration. The steady‐state volume of distribution, total body clearance and mean residence time of monepantel were 7.4 L/kg, 1.49 L/(kg·h) and 4.9 h, respectively and 31.2 L/kg, 0.28 L/(kg·h) and 111 h, respectively for monepantel sulfone. The overall bioavailability of monepantel was 31%, but it was demonstrated that approximately the same amount of monepantel sulfone was produced whether monepantel was given intravenously or orally ( AUC (0–∞) oral/ AUC (0–∞) i.v. of 94% for monepantel sulfone), making oral administration a very efficient route of administration for monepantel in terms of the amount of sulfone metabolite generated. Because monepantel sulfone is the main chemical entity present in sheep blood after monepantel administration and because it is also an active metabolite, its pharmacokinetic properties are of primary importance for the interpretation of future residue and efficacy studies. Overall, these pharmacokinetic data aid in the evaluation of monepantel as an oral anthelmintic in sheep.
Differential signaling through the Ig‐α and Ig‐β components of the B cell antigen receptor (1993)

The B cell antigen receptor is a complex containing the antigen-binding immunoglobulin molecules and the Ig-alpha/Ig-beta heterodimer which presumably connects the B cell antigen receptor to intracellular signaling components. To analyze the functional properties of the cytoplasmic parts of the B cell antigen receptor, we used the K46 B lymphoma line (IgG2a, kappa) to express chimeric molecules composed of the extracellular and transmembrane part of the CD8 alpha molecule and the cytoplasmic sequence of either the Ig-alpha (CD8 alpha/Ig-alpha), the Ig-beta (CD8 alpha/Ig-beta) protein or the membrane-bound gamma 2a heavy chain (CD8 alpha/gamma 2a). From these three types of chimeric molecules only (CD8 alpha/Ig-alpha and CD8 alpha/Ig-beta, but not CD8 alpha/gamma 2a, could transduce signals, thus providing the first evidence that the cytoplasmic tail of Ig-alpha and Ig-beta have a signaling capacity. After cross-linking with anti-CD8 alpha antibodies, both molecules induced a similar increase in intracellular free calcium ion and in MAP kinase phosphorylation. Protein tyrosine kinases, however, were strongly activated via the CD8 alpha/Ig-alpha and only marginally via the CD8 alpha/Ig-beta molecule. This suggests that the Ig-alpha and Ig-beta proteins have distinct roles during signal transduction through the B cell antigen receptor.
Dielectric approach to the investigation of erythrocyte aggregation: I. Experimental basis of the method (1999)

A method based on dielectric properties of dispersed systems was developed to investigate red blood cell (RBC) aggregation in blood and RBC suspensions. Measurements of capacitance and resistance were made in a rectangular channel at low (0.2 MHz) and high (14 MHz) frequencies relative to the mid-point of the beta-dispersion range. Compared to capacitance, minimal post-shearing changes of resistance were observed; capacitance changes at 0.2 MHz were two orders of magnitude larger than those at 14 MHz and hence subsequent measurements were carried out at the lower frequency. It is shown that post-shearing changes in the capacitance are affected by the recovery of RBC shape and relaxation processes at the electrode-suspension interface. However, the dominant factor contributing to time-dependent changes in the capacitance is the dynamic process of RBC aggregation. It is experimentally shown that the time record of the capacitance at 0.2 MHz quantitatively reflects the aggregation process in RBC-plasma suspensions with hematocrit up to 0.56 (v/v) and in suspensions of RBCs in artificial aggregating media. It is concluded that a dielectric approach to the study of RBC aggregation in whole blood offers great potential for basic studies and for diagnostic use.
Polymorphonuclear leukocyte cells and elastase in tears (1997)

The main source of caseinolytic activity in C fluid is elastase. This arises from PMNs that undergo recruitment, activation and degranulation in the C environment. In contrast, the elastase recovered in Schirmer strip extracts is derived from intact PMNs that adhere to the strip during sample collection. This would suggest that PMN cells undergo a low level of recruitment into the open eye environment.
Vascular endothelial growth factor messenger ribonucleic acid expression in the primate ovary. (1992)

We studied the distribution of messenger RNA (mRNA) that encodes for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) within the primate ovary by in situ hybridization and Northern analysis to determine if the presence of mRNA for this angiogenic factor is associated with structures within the ovary in which angiogenesis is thought to play a role in development and/or function. In situ hybridization to sections of cynomolgus ovaries with a 35S-labeled antisense RNA probe revealed specific tissue localization within the follicle as well as the corpus luteum, but not stromal tissue. Intense expression of mRNA for VEGF during the late follicular phase was confined to the maturing follicle which, we presume, was destined for ovulation. Hybridization within the corpus luteum exhibited a punctate pattern suggesting that there may be specific cells within the corpus luteum that express mRNA for VEGF. The expression of mRNA for VEGF during the early and late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle was studied by Northern analysis. Messenger RNAs were detectable at approximately 3.7 and 5.0 kb positions in corpora lutea collected during the early luteal phase of the menstrual cycle (days 3-5 postovulation). No hybridization signals were observed with RNA prepared from regressing corpora lutea (1-2 days following the onset of menses). The gonadotropic regulation of the expression of mRNA for VEGF in the corpus luteum was studied by treating monkeys with a potent GnRH antagonist during the midluteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Administration of the antagonist for 1 or 2 days did not alter the expression of mRNA for VEGF in comparison to corresponding controls. However, a 3-day treatment regimen brought about a significant reduction in the levels of mRNA for VEGF (P less than 0.01). These studies demonstrate a development-related expression of mRNA for VEGF in the ovary during the menstrual cycle and are consistent with the hypothesis that VEGF may play important roles in follicle selection and corpus luteum function in primates.
The dielectric constant of a folded protein (1986)

Abstract The goal of this paper is to obtain a theoretical estimate of the dielectric constant of a folded protein. To this end, we develop a form of the Kirkwood–Fröhlich dielectric theory that applies to polar solids and folded proteins. The resulting theory incorporates a factor expressing the degree to which dipolar groups are constrained within the material's structure, as well as a generalized form of Kirkwood's correlation factor. The theory is applied to a hypothetical isotropic protein composed of randomly oriented α‐helices and having a number density of dipolar groups equal to that found in actual proteins. The factor of constraint and the generalized dipole correlation factor are calculated using normal mode analysis. Temperature factors are also computed by normal mode analysis and are in reasonable agreement with those found experimentally. The computed dielectric constant is low; the best estimate is that it falls between 2.5 and 4.
Genomic Analysis of the Vaccinia Virus Strain Variants Found in Dryvax Vaccine (2011)

Smallpox was eradicated using variant forms of vaccinia virus-based vaccines. One of these was Dryvax, a calf lymph vaccine derived from the New York City Board of Health strain. We used genome-sequencing technology to examine the genetic diversity of the population of viruses present in a sample of Dryvax. These studies show that the conserved cores of these viruses exhibit a lower level of sequence variation than do the telomeres. However, even though the ends of orthopoxviruses are more genetically plastic than the cores, there are still many telomeric genes that are conserved as intact open reading frames in the 11 genomes that we, and 4 genomes that others, have sequenced. Most of these genes likely modulate inflammation. Our sequencing also detected an evolving pattern of mutation, with some genes being highly fragmented by randomly assorting mutations (e.g., M1L), while other genes are intact in most viruses but have been disrupted in individual strains (e.g., I4L in strain DPP17). Over 85% of insertion and deletion mutations are associated with repeats, and a rare new isolate bearing a large deletion in the right telomere was identified. All of these strains cluster in dendrograms consistent with their origin but which also surprisingly incorporate horsepox virus. However, these viruses also exhibit a "patchy" pattern of polymorphic sites characteristic of recombinants. There is more genetic diversity detected within a vial of Dryvax than between variola virus major and minor strains, and our study highlights how propagation methods affect the genetics of orthopoxvirus populations.
High-Yield RNA-Extraction Method for Saliva (2013)

Our in-house QIAzol method is robust, is simple, provides RNA at high yields, and can be implemented to allow saliva transcriptomic studies to be translated into a clinical setting.
Activation of human eosinophils through leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor 7 (2003)

Eosinophils are implicated prominently in allergic diseases and the host response to parasitic infections. Eosinophils may be activated in vitro by diverse classes of agonists such as immunoglobulins, lipid mediators, and cytokines. The leukocyte Ig-like receptors (LIRs) comprise a family of inhibitory and activating cell-surface receptors. Inhibitory LIRs down-regulate cellular responses through cytoplasmic immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs. There are limited data on the action of the activating LIRs, which are thought to signal through the Fc receptor gamma chain, which contains an immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif. We now demonstrate the expression of LIR1 (inhibitory), LIR2 (inhibitory), LIR3 (inhibitory), and LIR7 (activating) on eosinophils from 4, 4, 12, and 11, respectively, of 12 healthy donors. Cross-linking of LIR7 with plate-bound antibody elicited the dose- and time-dependent release of eosinophil-derived neurotoxin and leukotriene C(4). Eosinophils activated with antibodies to LIR7 embedded in gel-phase EliCell preparations showed leukotriene C(4) generation at the nuclear envelope and the release of IL-12 but not IL-4 by vesicular transport. Thus, LIR7 is an activating receptor for eosinophils that elicited the release of cytotoxic granule proteins, de novo lipid mediator generation, and cytokine release through vesicular transport.
Example Application Of D_RAMP For Safety Analysis (1970)

This paper summarizes the D_RAMP safety analysis methodology and demonstrates a typical application to a system. The safety is quantified in terms of the Mean Time Between hazardous Event (MTBHE). The summarized safety analysis shown the necessary conditions to prove the MTBHE > 1x10^ years.
What Is An Economics Major? A Multi-State Analysis (2014)

By evaluating a new data set on colleges and universities across six states, this paper characterizes the state of the economics major and identifies institutional characteristics that may influence key features of an economics major. Although majors are similar in terms of credit hour requirements and choice, there are significant differences in course requirements. Variations in requiring calculus, econometrics, international economics, and a capstone course are analyzed. PhD granting public institutions are more likely to require quantitative coursework such as calculus and econometrics, whereas economics departments in the business school are more likely to require international economics. Further, more selective institutions offer a greater share of quantitative and international courses, but relatively fewer microeconomics electives.
A multiresolution hierarchical approach to image segmentation based on intensity extrema (1990)

A computer algorithm which segments gray-scale images into regions of interest (objects) has been developed. These regions can provide the basis for scene analysis (including shape-parameter calculation) or surface-based, shaded-graphics display. The algorithm creates a tree structure for image description by defining a linking relationship between pixels in successively blurred versions of the initial image. The image is described in terms of nested light and dark regions. This algorithm, successfully implemented in one, two, and three dimensions, can theoretically work with any number of dimensions. The interactive postprocessing developed technique selects regions from the descriptive tree for display in several ways: pointing to a branch of the image description tree, specifying by sliders the range of scale and/or intensity of all regions which should be displayed, and pointing (on the original image) to any pixel in the desired region. The algorithm has been applied to approximately 15 computer tomography (CT) images of the abdomen.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Soft-Error Tolerance and Mitigation in Asynchronous Burst-Mode Circuits (2009)

We discuss the problem of soft errors in asynchronous burst-mode machines (ABMMs), and we propose two solutions. The first solution is an error tolerance approach, which leverages the inherent functionality of Muller C-elements, along with a variant of duplication, to suppress all transient errors. The proposed method is more robust and less expensive than the typical triple modular redundancy error tolerance method and often even less expensive than previously proposed concurrent error detection methods, which only provide detection but no correction. The second solution is an error mitigation approach, which leverages a newly devised soft-error susceptibility assessment method for ABMMs, along with partial duplication, to suppress a carefully chosen subset of transient errors. Three progressively more powerful options for partial duplication select among individual gates, complete state/output logic cones, or partial state/output logic cones and enable efficient exploration of the tradeoff between the achieved soft-error susceptibility reduction and the incurred area overhead. Furthermore, a gate-decomposition method is developed to leverage the additional soft-error susceptibility reduction opportunities arising during conversion of a two-level ABMM implementation into a multilevel one. Extensive experimental results on benchmark ABMMs assess the effectiveness of the proposed methods in reducing soft-error susceptibility, and their impact on area, performance, and offline testability.
Quantum Convolutional Neural Networks (2018)

We introduce and analyze a novel quantum machine learning model motivated by convolutional neural networks. Our quantum convolutional neural network (QCNN) makes use of only $O(\log(N))$ variational parameters for input sizes of $N$ qubits, allowing for its efficient training and implementation on realistic, near-term quantum devices. The QCNN architecture combines the multi-scale entanglement renormalization ansatz and quantum error correction. We explicitly illustrate its potential with two examples. First, QCNN is used to accurately recognize quantum states associated with 1D symmetry-protected topological phases. We numerically demonstrate that a QCNN trained on a small set of exactly solvable points can reproduce the phase diagram over the entire parameter regime and also provide an exact, analytical QCNN solution. As a second application, we utilize QCNNs to devise a quantum error correction scheme optimized for a given error model. We provide a generic framework to simultaneously optimize both encoding and decoding procedures and find that the resultant scheme significantly outperforms known quantum codes of comparable complexity. Finally, potential experimental realization and generalizations of QCNNs are discussed.