gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
N2H4 and NH3 as precursors for silicon nitride thin film growth (1992)

The thermal decomposition of ammonia (NH3) and hydrazine (N2H4) on the Si(100) surface has been characterized using Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), temperature programmed desorption, and low energy electron diffraction (LEED). Successive cyclic dosing of the Si(100)-(2×1) [E. A. Wood, J. Appl. Phys. 35, 1306 (1964); H. H. Farrell, F. Stucki, J. Anderson, D. J. Frankel, G. J. Lapeyre, and M. Levinson, Phys. Rev. B 30, 721 (1984)] surface with the nitride precursor resulted in the formation of an amorphous nitride layer as indicated by LEED. Hydrazine nitrided the Si(100)-(2×1) surface much more rapidly than ammonia, as shown by a comparison of the AES nitridation curves for NH3 and N2H4. These nitridation curves have very different slopes and clearly have different functional forms. The marked difference in nitride formation rates during cyclic dosing and heating, along with the absence of NH3 desorption during N2H4 decomposition, suggest that NH3 and N2H4 may result in the formation of different types of nitride overlayer and/or have different thermal decomposition mechanisms.
Glioblastoma cells inhibit astrocytic p53-expression favoring cancer malignancy (2014)

The tumor microenvironment has a dynamic and usually cancer-promoting function during all tumorigenic steps. Glioblastoma (GBM) is a fatal tumor of the central nervous system, in which a substantial number of non-tumoral infiltrated cells can be found. Astrocytes neighboring these tumor cells have a particular reactive phenotype and can enhance GBM malignancy by inducing aberrant cell proliferation and invasion. The tumor suppressor p53 has a potential non-cell autonomous function by modulating the expression of secreted proteins that influence neighbor cells. In this work, we investigated the role of p53 on the crosstalk between GBM cells and astrocytes. We show that extracellular matrix (ECM) from p53(+/-) astrocytes is richer in laminin and fibronectin, compared with ECM from p53(+/+) astrocytes. In addition, ECM from p53(+/-) astrocytes increases the survival and the expression of mesenchymal markers in GBM cells, which suggests haploinsufficient phenotype of the p53(+/-) microenvironment. Importantly, conditioned medium from GBM cells blocks the expression of p53 in p53(+/+) astrocytes, even when DNA was damaged. These results suggest that GBM cells create a dysfunctional microenvironment based on the impairment of p53 expression that in turns exacerbates tumor endurance.
Horizontal-Well Pressure Analysis (1989)

Summary This paper presents an analysis of the pressure-transient behavior of a horizontal well or a drainhole. The performances of horizontal wells and fully penetrating vertical fractures are compared. Dimensionless wellbore pressures are computed for two classic boundary conditions: infinite conductivity and uniform flux. Results are presented as pseudoskin factors and as type curves. In addition to conventional pressure-vs.-time type curves, derivative type curves from pressure/time predictions are presented. The derivative approach we discuss is applicable to a broader range of problems than that considered here. Computations suggest that horizontal-well productivity is governed by two parameters: (1) the dimensionless well length, LD[LD=L/(2h)k2/k], and (2) the dimensionless well radius, rwD (the ratio of well radius to well half-length if the formation is assumed to be isotropic). Results indicate that horizontal-well productivity (infinite-conductivity idealization) is almost identical to that of a fully penetrating vertical fracture of infinite conductivity if LD &gt;4.0. This result shows that horizontal wells may perform better than vertically fractured wells if nonideal aspects associated with vertically fractured wells, such as limited conductivity or height, are taken into account. Results have been obtained for the range 0.1≤LD≤100 and for the range 10−4≤rwD ≤10−2; these ranges should encompass expected values of horizontal-well length, reservoir height, and the ratio of vertical and horizontal permeability. Pressure responses and pseudoskin factors are calculated for four different well locations within the productive interval. The pseudoskin factors are insensitive to well location.
Unsteady Simulation of a Landing-Gear Flow Field (2002)

This paper presents results of an unsteady Reynoldsaveraged Navier-Stokes simulation of a landing-gear flow field. The geometry of the four-wheel landinggear assembly consists of several of the fine details including the oleo-strut, two diagonal struts, a door, yokes/pin and a flat-plate simulating the wing surface. The computational results, obtained by using 13.3 million grid points, are presented with an emphasis on the characteristics of the unsteadiness ensuing from different parts of the landing-gear assembly, including vortex shedding patterns and frequencies of dominant oscillations. The results show that the presence of the diagonal struts and the door significantly influence the flow field. Owing to the induced asymmetry, vortices are shed only from one of the rear wheels and not the other. Present computations also capture streamwise vortices originating from the upstream corners of the door.
SPRAY VACCINATION OF CHICKENS USING INFECTIOUS LARYNGOTRACHEITIS VIRUS (1980)

Day-old chickens were vaccinated with the SA2 strain of infectious laryngotracheitis vaccine using a coarse spray and 14-day-old chickens were vaccinated using a coarse or a fine (Turbair Vaccinair 240) spray. The Conjunctiva was the most common site of infection in all cases but this almost invariably led to involvement of the nasolacrimal ducts. Other sites in the nasal cavity were affected less frequently. The clinical consequences of infection in day-old chickens were too severe for field use but the mortality (0 to 1.4% in different experiments) in 14-day-old chickens may be acceptable in some circumstances although about 9% developed infection of the trachea. It is concluded that a less pathogenic vaccine is needed if spray vaccination with ILT is to be recommended as a routine procedure particularly for day-old chickens.
DEVELOPMENT OF AUTOMATED VISION TECHNIQUES FOR IMMEDIATE ANALYSIS AND CONTROL OF BETALAIN-PRODUCING CELL CULTURES (1992)

Natural plant pigments (produced as secondary metabolites in cell culture) can replace controversial synthetic chemical colorants to enhance the appearance of processed foods. Intensive bioreactor-based production systems designed for betalain pigment-producing cultures of Beta vulgaris are still not economically competitive, in part due to the slow, prohibitively expensive, and incomplete conventional methods (HPLC analysis, biomass estimates, cell counts) which must be used to assess culture status. As an alternative, software was written using Semper 6 (a high level programming language for image analysis) for collection of exacting morphometric (spatial) and photometric (spectral) process information from an intense violet cell line. Uniform, crisp images of 1 ml culture samples in multiwell plates were captured macroscopically, and the pattern of pigment production was traced at 3 day intervals over the course of a 15 day growth cycle with monochromatic color filters and image grey level data. Rod-shaped cells and aggregates were automatically sorted and measured using parameters of particle size, density, and circularity. The machine vision method offers greater opportunity to fine-tune cell selection for enhanced pigment content.
The display of characters using gray level sample arrays (1980)

Character fonts on raster scanned display devices are usually represented by arrays of bits that are displayed as a matrix of black and white dots. This paper reviews a filtering and sampling method as applied to characters for building multiple bit per pixel arrays. These arrays can be used as alternative character representations for use on devices with gray scale capability. Discussed in this paper are both the filtering algorithms that are used to generate gray scale fonts and some consequences of using gray levels for the representation of fonts including:
Treatment outcomes for squamous intraepithelial lesions (1999)

There were no substantive differences in outcomes regarding persistence and resolution in the treatment of squamous intraepithelial lesions for subjects receiving cone biopsy, cryotherapy, laser ablation, or LEEP.
Fans, Filters, or Rays? Pros and Cons of the Current Environmental Tuberculosis Control Technologies (1993)

sion of its Guidelines for Preventing the Transmission of Tuberculosis in Health-Care Settings.1 The delay in publication reflects considerable honest disagreement among the various technical experts involved, and among organizations and individuals who have strong interests in the policies, procedures, and engineering interventions ultimately recommended in that document. The purpose of this editorial and of other articles2 in this series is to discuss some of the controversies regarding technologies currently available to reduce the risk of tuberculosis (TB) transmission in institutional environments. Although the revised guidelines will address all aspects of tuberculosis control in institutions, most attention has focused on the sequestering of known or potentially infectious TB cases and high-risk procedures in well-ventilated, negative-pressure TB isolation rooms to protect other building occupants, and the use of effective personal respiratory protection for those who must enter these and other high-risk areas. This issue features articles that discuss room filtration3 and ultraviolet (UV) air disinfection2methods considered supplemental to ventilation in the revised CDC guidelines. In this commentary, I highlight some of the pros and cons of building ventilation, filtration, and UV irradiation as primary as well as supplementary methods of air disinfection. FANS: BUILDING VENTILATION AS AN APPROACH TO AIR DISINFECTION
Abnormalities of Taste and Smell in Sjogren's Syndrome (1972)

Taste and smell thresholds and forced scaling levels were studied in 29 patients with Sjögren's syndrome and in 10 patients with various diseases of the parotid glands, with and without xerostomia and rhinitis sicca. Patients with xerostomia and rhinitis sicca due to Sjögren's syndrome or other causes had significant decreases in taste and smell acuity. Cyclophosphamide or X-ray treatment improved taste or smell function if the xerostomia or rhinitis sicca concomitantly improved. These studies suggest that saliva and nasal mucus are important in maintaining normal taste and smell acuity through their effects on taste bud and olfactory epithelium function.
Glucocorticoid-dependent expression of the albumin gene in adult rat hepatocytes. (1986)

In primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes, transcription of the albumin gene, measured as incorporation of [alpha-32P]UTP into mRNA in isolated nuclei, decreased dramatically during culture without addition of serum and hormone, becoming almost negligible 10 h after plating. Of the hormones tested, dexamethasone (0.1 microM) prevented this decrease and restored the transcription within 2 h to the same level as that before culture. The half-maximum dose of dexamethasone for induction of transcription of the albumin gene was about 30 nM. The in vitro finding that expression of the albumin gene is strictly regulated by glucocorticoid was confirmed by an in vivo experiment in adrenalectomized rats showing that the transcription decreased markedly 14 days after adrenalectomy, but was restored rapidly by administration of hydrocortisone. This finding was also supported by identification of a glucocorticoid regulatory sequence from -50 to -62 base pairs between the TATA box and CAT box upstream of the 5'-end of the albumin gene. Cycloheximide inhibited the induction of transcription of the albumin gene by dexamethasone, suggesting that a rapidly induced mediator protein, which is also regulated by glucocorticoid, is involved in the induction of albumin gene expression by glucocorticoid. The albumin gene was also regulated by various other hormones besides glucocorticoid. Glucagon markedly enhanced the transcription induced by dexamethasone, although glucagon alone had no effect. Conversely, epinephrine suppressed stimulation of expression of the albumin gene by dexamethasone. Insulin and triiodothyronine had no effect on transcription of the albumin gene. From these findings we conclude that expression of the albumin gene depends strictly on glucocorticoid, and this dependence is modulated by other hormones.
Direkte katalytische asymmetrische Aldolreaktionen von Aldehyden mit nicht modifizierten Ketonen (1997)

Mit bis zu 94% ee gelingt die Titelreaktion [Gl. (a)], die bisher nur mit Enzymen möglich war. LaLi 3 ‐Tris(binaphthoxid) LLB imitiert dabei die Funktionsweise der Enzyme und zeigt sowohl Lewis‐Acidität als auch Brønsted‐Basizität. magnified image
Furin‐mediated protein processing in infectious diseases and cancer (2019)

Proteolytic cleavage regulates numerous processes in health and disease. One key player is the ubiquitously expressed serine protease furin, which cleaves a plethora of proteins at polybasic recognition motifs. Mammalian substrates of furin include cytokines, hormones, growth factors and receptors. Thus, it is not surprising that aberrant furin activity is associated with a variety of disorders including cancer. Furthermore, the enzymatic activity of furin is exploited by numerous viral and bacterial pathogens, thereby enhancing their virulence and spread. In this review, we describe the physiological and pathophysiological substrates of furin and discuss how dysregulation of a simple proteolytic cleavage event may promote infectious diseases and cancer. One major focus is the role of furin in viral glycoprotein maturation and pathogenicity. We also outline cellular mechanisms regulating the expression and activation of furin and summarise current approaches that target this protease for therapeutic intervention.
System noise, OS clock ticks, and fine-grained parallel applications (2005)

As parallel jobs get bigger in size and finer in granularity, "system noise" is increasingly becoming a problem. In fact, fine-grained jobs on clusters with thousands of SMP nodes run faster if a processor is intentionally left idle (per node), thus enabling a separation of "system noise" from the computation. Paying a cost in average processing speed at a node for the sake of eliminating occasional processes delays is (unfortunately) beneficial, as such delays are enormously magnified when one late process holds up thousands of peers with which it synchronizes.We provide a probabilistic argument showing that, under certain conditions, the effect of such noise is linearly proportional to the size of the cluster (as is often empirically observed). We then identify a major source of noise to be indirect overhead of periodic OS clock interrupts ("ticks"), that are used by all general-purpose OSs as a means of maintaining control. This is shown for various grain sizes, platforms, tick frequencies, and OSs. To eliminate such noise, we suggest replacing ticks with an alternative mechanism we call "smart timers". This turns out to also be in line with needs of desktop and mobile computing, increasing the chances of the suggested change to be accepted.
Upgrading of Levulinic Acid with Dimethylcarbonate as Solvent/Reagent (2013)

The reactivity of the biobased chemical levulinic acid with dimethylcarbonate as a solvent/reagent under basic conditions is here described. The reaction yields methyl levulinate and dimethyl succinate, along with products that derive from methylation of the aliphatic chain and the dimethylketal of methyl levulinate. A degree of control over selectivity can be achieved by tuning the reaction conditions.
Platelet-derived growth factor promotes human peripheral monocyte activation (1985)

Like in the polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN), the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) purified to homogeneity is capable of inducing monocyte activation responses as evaluated by generation of superoxide anion (O-.2) from membrane-associated oxidase system, release of granule enzymes, and enhanced cell adherence and cell aggregation. Superoxide anion release was maximized at 10 ng/mL PDGF and was comparable to that induced by 10(-7) mol/L formyl-methionyl-leucyl- phenylalanine. The potency of PDGF to induce this response in monocytes was of the same magnitude as that observed in PMNs. Similarly, lysozyme release and monocyte adherence were also increased in a dose-dependent manner and achieved maximal responses at 40 ng/mL concentration of PDGF. The PDGF concentration required to achieve maximal monocyte aggregation was two-fold (60 ng/mL) of that found for PMNs. In contrast to PMNs, a positive correlation (gamma = .93; P less than .01) was observed between the increases of PDGF concentration and beta- glucuronidase release. These findings indicate that PDGF can induce the full sequence of cell activation events in human monocytes similar to human PMNs.
An extended view of mind and cognition (2011)

The results of many medical measurements are directly or indirectly influenced by the autonomic nervous system (ANS). For example pupil size or heart rate may demonstrate striking moment-to-moment variability. This review intends to elucidate the physiology behind this seemingly unpredictable system. The review is split up into: 1. The peripheral ANS, parallel innervation by the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches, their transmitters and co-transmitters. It treats questions like the supposed sympatho/vagal balance, organization in plexuses and the 'little brains' that are active like in the enteric system or around the heart. Part 2 treats ANS-function in some (example-) organs in more detail: the eye, the heart, blood vessels, lungs, respiration and cardiorespiratory coupling. Part 3 poses the question of who is directing what? Is the ANS a strictly top-down directed system or is its organization bottom-up? Finally, it is concluded that the 'noisy numbers' in medical measurements, caused by ANS variability, are part and parcel of how the system works. This topical review is a one-man's undertaking and may possibly give a biased view. The author has explicitly indicated in the text where his views are not (yet) supported by facts, hoping to provoke discussion and instigate new research.
Role of anthocyanins, polyphenol oxidase and phenols in lychee pericarp browning (2000)

Postharvest browning of lychee fruits is investigated in relation to anthocyanins, polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenols, using a purified PPO, anthocyanin extract and phenolic extract. Lychee PPO cannot oxidise the degradation of anthocyanins, but the presence of phenolic extract stimulates pigment degradation by PPO, leading to the development of brown pigments. The absorbance at 410 nm of the reaction solution is correlated well with the peel browning index. Pyrogallol, catechol and 4-methylcatechol are good stimulators, but no action with chlorogenic acid, p-cresol, resorcinol or tyrosine is observed. A decrease in the ascorbic acid content of lychee pericarp is associated with an increase in the peel browning index, and the addition of ascorbic acid to the reaction mixture exerts a preventive action on the anthocyanin degradation. Data here suggest that anthocyanins, PPO and phenols contribute to lychee pericarp browning involved in anthocyanin–PPO–phenol reactions. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry
Structure of electrorheological fluids (1990)

Electrorheological (ER) fluids are colloidal suspensions of highly polarizable particles in a nonpolarizable solvent. In a strong electric field, the behavior of the fluid is dominated by the dipolar interactions between the colloidal particles. We address problems of structure formation and long-time relaxation in an ER fluid. When a high electric field is applied to a fluid, dielectric columns oriented parallel to the field rapidly form. The relaxation of these columns is a much slower process. We calculate the shape of the columns formed and the time scale for the relaxation of the columnar structure.
Numerical study of Dammann array illuminators (1995)

The numerical solutions of binary-phase (0, π) gratings for one-dimensional array illuminators up to 32 are presented. Some fabrication errors, which are due to position-quantization errors, phase errors, dilation (or erosion) errors, and the side-slope error, are calculated and show that even-number array illuminators are superior to odd-number array illuminators when these fabrication errors are considered. One (0, π) binary-phase, 8 × 16 array illuminator made with the wet-chemical-etching method is given in this paper.
Dislocation Etch Pit Formation in Sodium Chloride (1961)

Dislocation etch pits can be formed on (100) surfaces of NalC crystals by etching in a solution of FeCl3 in glacial acetic acid. Observations and arguments are enumerated to illustrate the reliability of the etching technique to reveal dislocations at positions where they intersect the crystal surface. The difference in shape of etch pits at edge and screw dislocations is consistent with that expected due to their different angles of inclination. Etch pit formation depends on variables of the etching solution and procedure. Insufficient FeCl3 in solution results in wide, indistinctly shaped pits, whereas excessive FeCl3 results in small pits with rounded corners. NaCl in the solution decreases the etching rate, while the presence of water increases the etching rate and results in more shallow pits. The added salt in the solution is believed to act as an inhibitor which poisons the dissolution process in the same manner as that proposed by Gilman et al. [J. J. Gilman, W. G. Johnston, and G. W. Sears, J. Appl. Phys. 29, 747 (1958)] for LiF. Agitation increases the size of the pits for a given etching time.
Technology Review of Dynamic Range Compression (2012)

Compressors and limiters are audio hardware / software devices, which fall under the broader category of dynamics processors. In their various forms, they find use in all aspects of sound production and system engineering. They produce at their output a copy of the input with some level dependent gain attenuation applied. The user typically has some control over the amount of attenuation and the manner in which it is applied. This report will cover the various forms and uses of these devices, along with an investigation of the mathematical basis upon which one may emulate an analogue hardware compressor in a programming environment.
Assimilate Unloading from Maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) Pedicel Tissues (1987)

Sugar, amino acid, and (14)C-assimilate release from attached maize (Zea mays L.) pedicels was studied following treatment with several chemical inhibitors. In the absence of these agents, sugar release was nearly linear over a 7-hour period. At least 13 amino acids were released with glutamine comprising over 30% of the total. Release was not affected by potassium concentration, 10-minute pretreatments with p-chloromercuribenzene sulfonic acid (PCMBS) or dithiothreitol, and low concentrations of CaCl(2). Three hours or more exposure to PCMBS, dinitrophenol, N-ethylmaleimide, or 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid strongly inhibited (14)C-assimilate, sugar, and amino acid release from the pedicel. These treatments also reduced (14)C-assimilate movement into the kernel bases. It is, therefore, likely that reduced unloading, caused by these relatively long-term exposures to chemical inhibitors, was related to reduced translocation of assimilates into treated kernels. Whether this effect is due to disruption of kernel metabolism and sieve element function or reduced assimilate unloading and subsequent accumulation of unlabeled assimilates within the pedicel tissues cannot be determined at this time.