gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Determination of Arylglycerol-β-aryl Ethers and Other Linkages in Lignins Using DFRC/<sup>31</sup>P NMR (2000)

An analytical method for lignins has been developed that involves derivatization followed by reductive cleavage (DFRC), depolymerization, and quantitative (31)P NMR spectroscopy. This technique detects and quantifies the various ether linkages present in softwood residual kraft lignins (RKL) and milled wood lignins (MWL). In addition, the technique supplies new quantitative information about beta-aryl ethers linked to condensed and noncondensed aromatic moieties, including dibenzodioxocins. Within RKL, beta-aryl ether bonds connected to condensed phenolic moieties predominated over those connected to noncondensed phenolic moieties. In addition, the amount of DFRC monomers determined by gas chromatography was minute in the RKL but large in the MWL. This indicates that almost all noncondensed beta-aryl ether linkages were cleaved during kraft pulping. The method offers new avenues for the detailed investigation of the bonding patterns of native and technical lignins.
Speech recognition for spontaneously spoken German dialogues (2002)

The paper presents a HMM speech recognition system for spontaneously spoken dialogues. It has been developed as part of the German Verbmobil project whose aim is the development of a translation support system for face-to-face conversations. The HTK based decoder deals successfully with some of the hard problems of recognizing fluent speech and reaches quite competitive recognition results.
Enduring consequences of neonatal treatment with antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to estrogen receptor messenger ribonucleic acid on sexual differentiation of rat brain. (1993)

Sexual differentiation of the mammalian brain is regulated by steroids during a critical developmental period, particularly by estradiol, which is believed to be aromatized in brain from gonadally derived testosterone. To ascertain the importance of neuronal estrogen receptor expression during sexual differentiation, we infused a 15-mer oligodeoxynucleotide antisense to the region of the translation start codon of estrogen receptor messenger RNA (mRNA), into the hypothalamus of 3-day-old rat pups. Two separate control treatments consisted of either a scrambled nucleotide sequence oligodeoxynucleotide, which had little homology to known mRNAs, or vehicle. Female pups either received a lightly androgenizing dose of testosterone 6 h after oligo infusion or were not hormone treated. Infusion of antisense oligo to estrogen receptor mRNA protected against many of the androgenizing effects of testosterone. Androgenized females infused with antisense oligo were significantly more likely to exhibit female sexual behavior in adulthood after treatment with estrogen plus progesterone and remained sensitive to the induction of wheel-running behavior by estrogen treatment seen in normal females, whereas the control androgenized females did not. Normal females did not exhibit any effects of antisense oligo treatment on sexual or locomotor behavior, but antisense oligo-treated normal females showed a trend (P = 0.09) toward disrupted estrous cyclicity and behaved differently in tests of open field behavior compared to controls. After killing, brains were processed for histology. Morphometric analysis of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area demonstrated a significantly smaller volume in antisense oligo-infused androgenized females compared with vehicle and scrambled oligo-infused controls. The sexually dimorphic nucleus volume was smaller still in normal females infused with antisense oligo, consistent with estrogen receptor activation playing an active role in sexual differentiation of the female brain. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of antisense oligodeoxynucleotides in permanently altering a developmental process if administered during a critical period.
Agarose Gel Electrophoresis (1972)

A simple technique for agarose gel electrophoresis allowing the simultaneous separation of 15 samples in less than one hour is described. The method is very suitable for clinical routine analyses of proteins in plasma and other body fluids since a good resolution is obtained with patterns which are easy to interpret. It is also useful for lipoprotein analyses in a slightly modified form. Besides the routine use the technique -could serve as a valuable analytical tool in protein chemistry. The method is easily adapted for preparative work on 5–100 mg scale. The use of purified agarose for separation of proteins not separated in ordinary agarose is also described.
Detection of homogeneous regions by structural analysis (1973)

A method is proposed for partitioning input scenes into regions in which selected picture properties are regarded as uniform. In this procedure, usual statistical methods of inspecting average gray levels are not used, but the uniformity of complex picture properties such as shapes, sizes or arrangements of subpatterns in the pictures is examined by a structural analysis. The analyzing process is controlled by a supervisor which gives the order of changing the depth of interest in each picture property, and successive partitioning of the pictures is made toward an interpretable goal partition.
Antihypertensive Drug Therapy and the Initiation of Treatment for Diabetes Mellitus (1993)

The association between antihypertensive therapy and the initiation of treatment for diabetes mellitus is more closely related to the intensity of therapy than to the individual agent used. Our data do not support the hypothesis that thiazide diuretics are more strongly associated with the initiation of hypoglycemic therapy than are other antihypertensive agents.
Mechanical analysis of hard pellicles for 157-nm lithography (2001)

Potential transmission problems for polymeric pellicle membranes at 157 nm have led to alternative designs incorporating ultra-thin modified fused silica, i.e., so-called 'hard pellicles.' The mechanical characteristics of hard pellicles are unique. Forces can be generated between the pellicle frame and the patterned reticle during bonding because of misalignment and warpage. These forces create out-of-plane distortions of the reticle, which can subsequently induce in-plane distortions. Also, since the hard pellicle is an optical element, its deflection can be a source of error. In addition, because the reticle is rapidly repositioned during exposure, vibration of the pellicle could be excited by stage motion. It is important, therefore to understand the structural and modal response of the composite pellicle / reticle system. Experimental analyses were conducted to determine changes in the reticle and hard pellicle profiles (out-of-plane) due to bonding. Finite element modeling was used to support the experimental study, as well as identify the gravitational distortions of the pellicle. A modal analysis was also performed on the hard pellicle after bonding. The experimental measurements and finite element results were in excellent agreement, both for mode shapes and vibration frequencies.
Biphasic modulation of NMDA‐induced responses in pyramidal cells of the medial prefrontal cortex by Y‐931, a potential atypical antipsychotic drug (2001)

Similar to the effects produced by the atypical antipsychotic drugs (APDs) clozapine and olanzapine, Y-931 [8-fluoro-12-(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-6H-[1]benzothieno[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine maleate, a purported atypical APD] effectively facilitated N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-induced, but not (+/-)-alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA)-evoked, responses in pyramidal cells of the rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Similar to olanzapine and clozapine, the concentration-response curve of Y-931 in these experiments was biphasic. At present, the mechanisms behind the biphasic modulatory actions of Y-931 and olanzapine on NMDA-induced currents in the mPFC are not clear. In addition to augmenting NMDA responses, Y-931 prevented the phencyclidine (PCP)-induced block of the NMDA responses and increased the amplitudes and durations of excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) evoked by electrical stimulation of the forceps minor. Overall, our findings suggest that APDs, particularly the atypical ones, share a common property in that they facilitate NMDA receptor-mediated transmission in the mPFC and perhaps other functionally related limbic structures as well, which could be the cellular basis for their ability to alleviate some schizophrenic negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunctions.
Calcineurin inhibitors and sirolimus: mechanisms of action and applications in dermatology (2002)

Controlled trials and clinical experience indicate that systemic cyclosporin A and tacrolimus are effective treatments for psoriasis, and that cyclosporin A also improves atopic eczema. A variety of other inflammatory and non-inflammatory skin diseases are probably also responsive to these drugs. However, the widespread and longer-term use of cyclosporin A and tacrolimus are limited by side effects. The molecular mechanisms of action of cyclosporin A, tacrolimus and a related drug, sirolimus, have been well defined in T cells and involve inhibition of critical signalling pathways that regulate T cell activation. For example cyclosporin and tacrolimus inhibit calcineurin phosphatase activity and thereby inhibit activation of the transcription factor NFAT. The therapeutic efficacy of topical calcineurin inhibitors in atopic eczema have restimulated interest in the mechanism of action of these drugs in skin disease. Recently the expression pattern of calcineurin and NFAT has been defined in non-immune tissues including the akin. The relevance of this to the mechanism of action of systemic and topical calcineurin inhibitors and sirolimus in skin disorders is discussed.
Effect of retention time and organic loading rate on anaerobic acidification and biogasification of dairy manure (2004)

Abstract Vast amounts of animal manure produced from concentrated animal feeding operations have the potential to be converted into economic gain if the proper processing technology is employed. Anaerobic digestion (AD) is an effective way to convert organic wastes including animal manure into profitable by‐products as well as to reduce the pollution of water, air, and soil caused by these wastes. Two‐phase AD of manure offers several advantages over conventional one‐phase AD. Solids reduction through hydrolysis/acidification might be very significant for animal manure which contains high amounts of solids. However, to date, studies of two‐phase AD of animal manure have been limited to screened manure. Therefore, this study investigated the two‐phase AD of dairy manure with particular emphasis on the effects of retention time and organic loading rate (OLR) on anaerobic acidification and biogasification of unscreened dairy manure. The results indicated that pre‐acidification of dairy manure in daily‐fed continuously‐mixed reactors with no recycle led to significantly high reduction efficiencies of volatile solids and, thus, biogas production in the subsequent methanogenic reactor especially at OLRs of 4–10 g VS dm −3 day −1 . However, the extent of the stimulation in the biogas production relative to corresponding feed samples was quite variable (between 6.9 and 64.7%) for different solids retention times and OLR combinations. A relatively lower performance was observed for the high OLRs (20–30 g VS dm −3 day −1 ) used which was attributed to the possible wash‐out of the acidifiers at the considerably low retention times (1.25–4 days) used. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
High temperature/high performance composites; Proceedings of the Symposium, Reno, NV, Apr. 5-7, 1988 (1988)

The present conference on composite materials suitable for high service-temperature applications discusses topics in novel processing methods for metallic composites, deformation mechanisms in metal-matrix composites, ceramic-composite microstructural development, ceramic-composite mechanical performance, and composite interfacial effects. Attention is given to high temperature intermetallic composites, polymeric-precursor processing for ceramic-matrix composites, the impact behavior of fiber-reinforced glass-matrix composites, the internal friction of cast graphite-magnesium composites, 'XD' titanium aluminide composites, and a theoretical analysis of chemical vapor infiltration in ceramic/ceramic composites.
High Structural Resolution Hydroxyl Radical Protein Footprinting Reveals an Extended Robo1-Heparin Binding Interface (2015)

Interaction of transmembrane receptors of the Robo family and the secreted protein Slit provides important signals in the development of the central nervous system and regulation of axonal midline crossing. Heparan sulfate, a sulfated linear polysaccharide modified in a complex variety of ways, serves as an essential co-receptor in Slit-Robo signaling. Previous studies have shown that closely related heparin octasaccharides bind to Drosophila Robo directly, and surface plasmon resonance analysis revealed that Robo1 binds more tightly to full-length unfractionated heparin. For the first time, we utilized electron transfer dissociation-based high spatial resolution hydroxyl radical protein footprinting to identify two separate binding sites for heparin interaction with Robo1: one binding site at the previously identified site for heparin dp8 and a second binding site at the N terminus of Robo1 that is disordered in the x-ray crystal structure. Mutagenesis of the identified N-terminal binding site exhibited a decrease in binding affinity as measured by surface plasmon resonance and heparin affinity chromatography. Footprinting also indicated that heparin binding induces a minor change in the conformation and/or dynamics of the Ig2 domain, but no major conformational changes were detected. These results indicate a second low affinity binding site in the Robo-Slit complex as well as suggesting the role of the Ig2 domain of Robo1 in heparin-mediated signal transduction. This study also marks the first use of electron transfer dissociation-based high spatial resolution hydroxyl radical protein footprinting, which shows great utility for the characterization of protein-carbohydrate complexes.
THE CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS AND CHALLENGES IN E-PROCUREMENT ADOPTION AMONG LARGE SCALE MANUFACTURING FIRMS IN NAIROBI, KENYA (2013)

E-Procurement is more than just a system for making purchases online. Some companies implement e-procurement and succeed while others fail. This study was carried out on the adoption of e-procurement among large scale manufacturers in Nairobi, Kenya. The study had three objectives: To ascertain the extent to which large scale manufacturers in Nairobi have adopted e-procurement; to determine the critical success factors influencing the success of e-procurement in large manufacturing firms in Nairobi and to establish the challenges that face e-procurement adoption in large scale manufacturing firms in Nairobi. The research involved a cross-sectional survey of the large manufacturing companies operating in Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive approach in trying to establish the factors that influence the success of e-procurement projects. A sample size of 46 respondents was selected from a list of 455 large manufacturing companies. Data was collected from the respondents through a questionnaire. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS and presented in tables. The study revealed that majority of the large scale manufacturers in Nairobi, Kenya has adopted e-procurement with the following e-procurement practices: online advertisement of tenders, receiving online submission of proposals for the tenders, and short listing suppliers online among others. The five critical success factors identified were: employees and management commitment to success of adoption; reliability of information technology and supplier performance; monitoring the performance of e-procurement systems;
The Impact of Amino Acid Side Chain Mutations in Conformational Design of Peptides and Proteins (2010)

Local energetic effects of amino acid replacements are often considered to have only a moderate influence on the backbone conformation of proteins or peptides. As these effects are difficult to determine experimentally, no comparison has yet been performed. However, knowledge of the influence of side chain mutations is essential in protein homology modeling and in optimizing biologically active peptide ligands in medicinal chemistry. Furthermore, the tool of N-methylation of peptides is of increasing importance for the design of peptidic drugs to gain oral availability or receptor selectivity. However, N-methylation is often accompanied by considerable population of cis-peptide bond structures, resulting in completely different conformations compared with the parent peptide. To retain a favored structure, it might be important to understand the effect of different side chains on the backbone conformation and to enable the introduction of an N-methylation at the right position without disturbing a biologically active conformation. In order to detect even small energetic effects due to side chain mutations, we employed a trick to investigate the structural equilibrium of a selected cyclic pentapeptide in which two conformations are equally populated. Very small energetic differences between both conformations could easily be determined experimentally by identifying shifts in the population of both isomers.
A modified chaotic associative memory system for gray-scale images. (1999)

Globally coupled map (GCM) model can evolve through chaotic searching into several stable periodic orbits under properly controlled parameters. This can be exploited in information processing such as associative memory and optimization. In this paper, we propose a novel covariance learning rule for multivalue patterns and apply it in memorization of gray-scale images based on modified GCM model (S-GCM). Analysis of the retrieval results are given finally. 1.
Characterization of Stromelysin 1 (MMP-3), Matrilysin (MMP-7), and Membrane Type 1 Matrix Metalloproteinase (MT1-MMP) Derived Fibrin(ogen) Fragments D-Dimer and D-like Monomer:  NH<sub>2</sub>-Terminal Sequences of Late-Stage Digest Fragments (1999)

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) participate in physiological remodeling of the extracellular matrix. Recently we determined that both fibrinogen (Fg) and cross-linked fibrin (XL-Fb) are substrates for selected MMPs. Specifically, XL-Fb clots were solubilized by MMP-3 (stromelysin 1) by cleavage at gamma Gly 404-Ala 405, resulting in a D-like monomer fragment. Similarly, MMP-7 (matrilysin) and MT1-MMP (membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase) solubilized XL-Fb clots. However, the molecular mass of fragment D-dimer, obtained after MMP-7 and MT1-MMP degradation of XL-Fb, is similar to that of fragment D-dimer from plasmin degradation ( approximately 186 kDa). In contrast, fragment D-like monomer, from MMP-3 degradation of both fibrinogen (Fg) and XL-Fb, is similar to fragment D from plasmin degradation of Fg ( approximately 94 kDa). Reduced chains from MMP-3, MMP-7, and MT1-MMP digests of Fg and XL-Fb were subjected to direct sequence analyses and D/D-dimer alpha-chain showed cleavage at both alpha Asp 97-Phe 98 and alpha Asn 102-Asn 103. Degradation of the beta-chain resulted in microheterogeneity of cleavage sites at beta Asp 123-Leu 124, beta Asn 137-Val 138, and beta Glu 141-Tyr 142, whereas all three enzymes cleaved the gamma-chain at gamma Thr 83-Leu 84. In both Fg and XL-Fb, several cleavage sites obtained by proteolysis with MMP-3, MMP-7, and MT1-MMP were found to be in very close proximity to those obtained by plasmin on these same substrates. That does not occur with other MMPs such as MMP-1, -2, and -9 and MT2-MMP. The degradation of XL-Fb by MMPs suggests both plasmin-dependent and independent mechanisms of fibrinolysis that might be relevant in inflammation, angiogenesis, arthritis, and atherosclerosis.
Collision‐induced dissociation of multiply charged peptides in an ion‐trap storage/reflectron time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer (1995)

Single-frequency collisional activation of multiply charged peptides has been studied via electrospray ionization in an ion trap storage/reflectron time-of-flight device (IT/reTOF). Several peptides with molecular weights ranging from 600 to 1700 were used to demonstrate that sequence information can be obtained with this hybrid instrument with a sensitivity in the low picomole level. Further, a resolution of nearly 1000 can be obtained for the fragment products, due to the cooling effects of the buffer gas in the trap before analysis by the reTOF. The influence of the primary structure of the peptides on the observed collision-induced fragmentation patterns is discussed. Although the current study is limited by the electronics, in terms of its ion isolation capabilities, it is demonstrated that the device has the potential for obtaining sequence information for peptides with excellent sensitivity and relatively high resolution.
A 250 kHz/560 W phase modulated converter (2002)

Phase modulated full bridge topology has emerged as the most suitable choice for high power, high voltage SMPS applications requiring high power densities. Its distinguishing features are zero voltage switching (ZVS) and constant frequency operation. In this paper, the various factors affecting the ZVS characteristics of this new topology are discussed in detail and design procedures for each of these components are developed. The concept of ZVS LIMIT is introduced. The various trade-offs involved in the design are brought out. A full-fledged 560 W/250 kHz off-line SMPS, using the phase modulation concept is designed and developed. The simulated and experimental results are presented in detail.
FEASIBILITY OF AN IMPLANTED, CLOSED-LOOP, BLOOD-GLUCOSE CONTROL DEVICE (2001)

3 Current Technology: 5 Actuators: the delivery device 9 Oral Delivery 9 Transdermal Delivery 10 Pulmonary Delivery 11 Controlled Release 12 Control: 18 Control Algorithm product: 23 MIMO: 23 H∞ Characterization: 23 References 27 Appendix A: “Blood Glucose Sensor” Patent Search Results 30
Absolute metastable atom-atom collision cross section measurements using a magneto-optical trap (2007)

We present a new technique to measure absolute total collision cross sections from metastable neon atoms. The technique is based on the observation of the decay rate of trapped atoms as they collide with room temperature atoms. We present the first measurement of this kind using trapped neon atoms in the (3)P(2) metastable state colliding with thermal ground state argon. The measured cross section has a value of 556+/-26 A(2).
Advanced RF MEMS (2010)

An up-to-date guide to the theory and applications of RF MEMS. With detailed information about RF MEMS technology as well as its reliability and applications, this is a comprehensive resource for professionals, researchers, and students alike. • Reviews RF MEMS technologies • Illustrates new techniques that solve long-standing problems associated with reliability and packaging • Provides the information needed to incorporate RF MEMS into commercial products • Describes current and future trends in RF MEMS, providing perspective on industry growth • Ideal for those studying or working in RF and microwave circuits, systems, microfabrication and manufacturing, production management and metrology, and performance evaluation