gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fluorescence Excitation−Emission Matrix Characterization of Some Sewage-Impacted Rivers (2001)

Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectrophotometry was applied to 10 sample sites in six rivers in northeastern England, some of which were adversely impacted by sewage treatment works (STW) discharges, with the aim to investigate whether STW discharge has a significantly distinct fluorescence signature. Upstream, downstream, and STW discharge samples for two STWs demonstrated that treated sewage has a distinct fluorescence EEM, with high tryptophan and fulvic-like fluorescence intensities that are of approximately equal ratio. This signature could be seen in downstream samples. When all 10 sample locations were compared, two trend lines were apparent where STW impacted rivers plotted separately from the other sample locations. Fluorescence EEM signatures were compared to absorption at 254 nm and demonstrated to provide a better fingerprint of sewage-impacted water. It is suggested that fluorescence EEM spectrophotometry can provide a useful tool for the analysis of grab samples taken for both routine and investigative monitoring and has the potential for on-line monitoring of STW impacts on river systems.
Recycling and Imaging of Nuclear Singlet Hyperpolarization (2013)

The strong enhancement of NMR signals achieved by hyperpolarization decays, at best, with a time constant of a few minutes. Here, we show that a combination of long-lived singlet states, molecular design, magnetic field cycling, and specific radiofrequency pulse sequences allows repeated observation of the same batch of polarized nuclei over a period of 30 min and more. We report a recycling protocol in which the enhanced nuclear polarization achieved by dissolution-DNP is observed with full intensity and then returned to singlet order. MRI experiments may be run on a portion of the available spin polarization, while the remaining is preserved and made available for a later use. An analogy is drawn with a "spin bank" or "resealable container" in which highly polarized spin order may be deposited and retrieved.
Effects of pH Value of the Electrolyte and Glycine Additive on Formation and Properties of Electrodeposited Zn‐Fe Coatings (2013)

Environmentally friendly and cyanide-free sulfate bath under continuous current and the corrosion behavior of electrodeposits of zinc-iron alloys were studied by means of electrochemical tests in a solution of 3.5% NaCl in presence and absence of glycine. The effects of pH on the quality of Zn-Fe coatings were investigated in order to improve uniformity and corrosion protection performance of the coating films. The deposit morphology was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to determine the preferred crystallographic orientations of the deposits. It was found that the uniformity and corrosion resistance of Zn-Fe coating films were strongly associated with pH of the coating electrolyte. To obtain the effect of pH on the film quality and corrosion performances of the films, the corrosion test was performed with potentiodynamic anodic polarization method. It was also observed that uniformity and corrosion resistivity of the coating films were decreased towards pH = 5 and then improved with increasing pH value of the electrolyte. The presence of glycine in the plating bath decreases the corrosion resistance of Zn-Fe coatings.
A framework for Level Set segmentation of volumetric datasets (2001)

This paper presents a framework for extracting surface models from a broad variety of volumetric datasets. These datasets are produced from standard 3D imaging devices, and are all noisy samplings of complex biological structures with boundaries that have low and often varying contrasts. The level set segmentation method, which is well documented in the literature, creates a new volume from the input data by solving an initial-value partial differential equation (PDE) with user-defined feature-extracting terms. Given the local/global nature of these terms, proper initialization of the level set algorithm is extremely important. Thus, level set deformations alone are not sufficient, they must be combined with powerful initialization techniques in order to produce successful segmentations. Our level set segmentation approach consists of defining a set of suitable pre-processing techniques for initialization and selecting /tuning different feature-extracting terms in the level set algorithm. This collection of techniques forms a toolkit that can be applied, under the guidance of a user, to segment a variety of volumetric data. Users can combine these methods in different ways and thereby access a wide range of functionalities, several of which are described in this paper and demonstrated on noisy volume data.
A Review of the State of the Art of Power Electronics for Wind Turbines (2009)

This paper reviews the power electronic applications for wind energy systems. Various wind turbine systems with different generators and power electronic converters are described, and different technical features are compared. The electrical topologies of wind farms with different wind turbines are summarized and the possible uses of power electronic converters with wind farms are shown. Finally, the possible methods of using the power electronic technology for improving wind turbine performance in power systems to meet the main grid connection requirements are discussed.
Techniques to Enhance Solubility of Hydrophobic Drugs: An Overview (2016)

The solubility enhancement process of hydrophobic drugs plays a key role in the formulation development to achieve the bioavailability and therapeutic action of the drug at the target site. About 40% of the new chemical entities identified by pharmaceutical industry screening programs face numerous problems in the formulation and development stage because of poor water solubility and low bioavailability. Drug solubility and bioavailability enhancement are the important challenges in the field of formulation of pharmaceuticals. The Biopharmaceutics Classification System reflects that Class II and IV drugs have low water solubility, poor dissolution, and low bioavailability. This review article explores the various techniques to enhance solubility of hydrophobic drugs such as complexation of drugs, use of cosolvents, emulsion formation, microemulsions, micelles, polymeric micelles, pharmaceutical salts, pro-drugs, particle size reduction technologies, solid state alternation, soft gel technology, solid dispersion techniques, drug nanocrystals, nanomorph technology, and crystal engineering techniques.
Formation of inter- and intramolecular disulfide bonds can activate cardiac troponin C. (1993)

Troponin C regulates contraction in striated muscle by alternating between the Ca(2+)-bound and apo conformations. We report here that spontaneous formation of an intramolecular disulfide bond between Cys-35 and Cys-84, or dimerization via an intermolecular disulfide bond between Cys-84 in cardiac troponin C, renders the protein Ca(2+)-independent when assayed in fast skeletal muscle myofibrils but to a much lesser extent in cardiac myofibrils. Formation of the intramolecular disulfide bond appears to expose hydrophobic surfaces, as indicated by an increase in fluorescence from hydrophobic fluorescent dyes, but does not alter the affinity of Ca(2+)-binding site II. These disulfide bonds constrain the protein into a conformation that either resembles or can substitute for the Ca(2+)-bound form of cardiac troponin C in fast skeletal muscle myofibrils.
Longitudinal monitoring of the levodopa concentration‐effect relationship in Parkinson's disease (1994)

We prospectively evaluated over 4 years the intrasubject relationship between levodopa plasma concentration and the tapping effect after a standard oral levodopa test in 28 patients with mild-to-moderate idiopathic Parkinson's disease. The onset and duration of the tapping effect significantly shortened over years; response amplitude did not vary. Levodopa plasma kinetics remained unchanged. Pharmacodynamic modeling indicated a progressive decrease in the equilibration half-life between plasma drug concentration and effect, which correlated with the shorter motor response. No clear-cut change in maximum response (Emax) emerged, but levodopa concentration needed to yield 50% of maximum effect (EC50) significantly increased. These data indicate that the duration of motor response becomes a major determinant of drug efficacy over years. The modifications in levodopa effect-compartment equilibration half-life and EC50 further support the suggestion that alterations in cerebral levodopa kinetics have an important role in the development of response fluctuations.
Fecal Microbiota Signatures Are Associated with Response to Ustekinumab Therapy among Crohn’s Disease Patients (2018)

The fecal microbiota is a rich source of biomarkers that have previously been shown to be predictive of numerous disease states. Less well studied is the effect of immunomodulatory therapy on the microbiota and its role in response to therapy. This study explored associations between the fecal microbiota and therapeutic response of Crohn's disease (CD) patients treated with ustekinumab (UST; Stelara) in the phase 2 CERTIFI study. Using stool samples collected over the course of 22 weeks, the composition of these subjects' fecal bacterial communities was characterized by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. Subjects in remission could be distinguished from those with active disease 6 weeks after treatment using random forest models trained on subjects' baseline microbiota and clinical data (area under the curve [AUC] of 0.844, specificity of 0.831, sensitivity of 0.774). The most predictive operational taxonomic units (OTUs) that were ubiquitous among subjects were affiliated with <i>Faecalibacterium</i> and <i>Escherichia</i> or <i>Shigella</i> The median baseline community diversity in subjects in remission 6 weeks after treatment was 1.7 times higher than that in treated subjects with active disease (<i>P</i> = 0.020). Their baseline community structures were also significantly different (<i>P</i> = 0.017). Two OTUs affiliated with <i>Faecalibacterium</i> (<i>P</i> = 0.003) and <i>Bacteroides</i> (<i>P</i> = 0.022) were significantly more abundant at baseline in subjects who were in remission 6 weeks after treatment than those with active CD. The microbiota diversity of UST-treated clinical responders increased over the 22 weeks of the study, in contrast to nonresponsive subjects (<i>P</i> = 0.012). The observed baseline differences in fecal microbiota and changes due to therapeutic response support the potential for the microbiota as a response biomarker.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> CD is a global health concern, with increasing incidence and prevalence, causing large economic and health care impacts. Finding prognostic biomarkers that give clinicians the ability to identify patients more likely to respond to CD treatment at diagnosis will reduce the time subjects receive drugs that are unlikely to be beneficial. OTUs associated with remission after treatment induction, especially <i>Faecalibacterium</i>, could be biomarkers for successful UST treatment of anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha (anti-TNF-α) refractory CD patients. More broadly, these results suggest that the fecal microbiota could be a useful noninvasive biomarker for directing or monitoring the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases.
The Impact of Attendance, Instructor Contact, and Homework Completion on Achievement in a Developmental Logic Course (2004)

Abstract The impact of attendance and other factors upon student achievement in a developmental logic course was examined. Participants were 51 at-risk college students. Achievement was correlated with attendance, total contact hours between instructor and student, homework, mini-quiz, ACT-mathematics, and ACT-composite scores. Average differences between male and female students were also compared for all variables. Significant correlations were found between achievement and attendance, homework, and mini-quizzes. The author concludes that although attendance does play a role in achievement, other factors need to be considered and that a more fine-grained analysis is needed to understand achievement in populations of at-risk students. Regular attendance appears to be such an obvious condition for success in college as to hardly warrant further discussion. Based on the author's experience teaching at-risk students for six years in the same institutional setting, students who miss too many classes end up doing poorly, withdrawing, or requiring significant help in the form of one-on-one meetings or tutoring in order to catch up. Of course, there are students who do attend regularly and still struggle, just as there are students who regularly miss class and succeed, but overall, anecdotal evidence strongly suggests that attendance matters. A different set of observations, again anecdotal, complicates this tidy commonsensical view. Based on the author's experience, today's students are busier than ever: whether they are parents, working 20 to 30 hours per week, volunteering, taking additional credit hours to graduate on time, or struggling to overcome a learning or behavioral disability, students know they are going to miss class occasionally and they plan ahead. Taking advantage of office hours, tutoring, e-mail correspondence, web sites, and their ubiquitous cell phones, students manage to create a meaningful educational experience outside of the regular classroom. Given this distribution of meaningful learning over different modes of interacting with the instructor or the course material, what goes on outside of the classroom may be just as important as what goes on inside the classroom. Therefore, a wider range of factors may need to be considered to adequately understand what affects student achievement. In fact, a review of recent work on the relationship between attendance and achievement reveals a range of conclusions. For example, Jones (1984) studied 496 introductory psychology students and found that absences correlated with final course grade (r= -.33, p Review of the literature produced three studies dealing with at-risk populations. Immerman (1982) worked with 23 American Indian adults enrolled in a developmental mathematics course and reported an r=.49 between attendance and final course grade (p
Rational engineering of type II restriction endonuclease DNA binding and cleavage specificity (2009)

The type II restriction endonucleases are indispensible tools for molecular biology. Although enzymes recognizing nearly 300 unique sequences are known, the ability to engineer enzymes to recognize any sequence of choice would be valuable. However, previous attempts to engineer new recognition specificity have met limited success. Here we report the rational engineering of multiple new type II specificities. We recently identified a family of MmeI-like type II endonucleases that have highly similar protein sequences but different recognition specificity. We identified the amino-acid positions within these enzymes that determine position specific DNA base recognition at three positions within their recognition sequences through correlations between their aligned amino-acid residues and aligned recognition sequences. We then altered the amino acids at the identified positions to those correlated with recognition of a desired new base to create enzymes that recognize and cut at predictable new DNA sequences. The enzymes so altered have similar levels of endonuclease activity compared to the wild-type enzymes. Using simple and predictable mutagenesis in this family it is now possible to create hundreds of unique new type II restriction endonuclease specificities. The findings suggest a simple mechanism for the evolution of new DNA specificity in Nature.
A high-density low on-resistance trench lateral power MOSFET with a trench bottom source contact (2002)

A novel trench lateral power MOSFET with a trench bottom source contact (TLPM/S) is proposed, fabricated, characterized, and compared with the equivalent TLPM with a trench bottom drain contact (TLPM/D). The TLPM/S is formed along the sidewalls of the trenches so as to reduce the device pitch and realize very small on-resistance per unit area. A total of eight masks are used for fabricating the device. Since the gate electrode and the trench bottom source contact are formed by self-aligning to the trench sidewalls, the device pitch is reduced. Using a line width of 0.6 /spl mu/m, the fabricated TLPM/S, whose device pitch is 3.0 /spl mu/m, exhibits a specific on-resistance of 60 m/spl Omega/-mm/sup 2/ for a breakdown voltage of 73 V, which is close to the estimated silicon limit for this voltage class of devices. Due to reduced Miller capacitance, the TLPM/S exhibits excellent switching performance, and is approximately 50% faster than the equivalent TLPM/D.
Spin-polarized photoemission from AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction: A convenient highly polarized electron source (1989)

We analyze the operation of a spin-polarized electron source, consisting of a 100 Å GaAs cap on top of Al0.3Ga0.7As, excited at 300 or 120 K by a He-Ne laser. The cap allows easy activation to negative electron affinity while the alloy permits gap matching to the light source, and thus large electron spin polarization (30% at 300 K, 36% at 120 K). We compare yield curves, energy distribution curves, and polarized energy distribution curves obtained on samples with 100 and 1000 Å caps and on bulk GaAs. The X conduction minimum position in the alloy is also determined.
Gamma-Ray Emissions of AGN and Cosmological Standard Candles (2005)

In this work, we compile a sample which contains 71 Gev Gamma-ray-loud Active Galactic Nuclei (AGNs) (14 BL Lacs and 57 FSRQs), 53 FRⅠ radio galaxies and 63 FRⅡ radio galaxies. We make a nonlinear least-square fit to this sample, and find that the best fit value of the Hubble constant is H0=71.5±3.8km s^(-1) Mpc^(-1) with a reduced (The equation is abbreviated) by assuming M(subscript υ)=-23.0 and accepting q0=1.0, and the corresponding regression line has a correlation index (The equation is abbreviated). The best fit value of H0=71.5±3.8kms^(-1) Mpc^(-1) is in well agreement with H 0=72±8 km s^(-1) obtained by the Hubble Space Telescope Key Project. Our results show that the Gev Gamma-ray emissions of AGNs can be used as cosmological standard candles indeed.
Effects of Staphylococcus aureus Toxins on the Growth of Bovine Mammary Epithelial Cells (MAC-T) in Culture (1995)

The effects of Staphylococcus aureus M60 culture supernatant on growth of mammary epithelial cells were tested in vitro. Exposure of MAC-T cells to S. aureus culture supernatant reduced cell proliferation and colony-forming ability because of reduced ability to adhere to plastic. Growth-inhibiting effects of S. aureus culture supernatant were abolished by pretreatment with trypsin. Lysis of S. aureus cells with lysostaphin demonstrated that the inhibition was also present in cell lysates. Treatment of MAC-T cells with culture supernatant from isogeneic mutants of S. aureus M60 that produced either alpha or beta toxins implicated alpha toxin as the main factor inhibiting cell proliferation.
Principles of velocity modulation (1946)

Just before the war a number of papers were published on the subject of velocity modulation. Since then very many advances, both theoretical and practical, have taken place, but publication has been impossible. The present paper is a comprehensive treatment of the subject in which improved methods are given for dealing with one group of velocity-modulated devices.The theory presented has been developed by a team of workers in the valve laboratories of Messrs. Standard Telephones and Cables, namely J. H. Fremlin, A. W. Gent, D. P. R. Petrie, C. Strachey, S. G. Tomlin and P. J. Wallis. It is divided into five parts. The first, by Dr. Fremlin, is of an introductory character. Detailed discussion then follows on specific aspects of the problem, as under:Part 2 Small-amplitude theory and starting current, by A. W. Gent.3 Gap efficiency factors, by D. P. R. Petrie.4 Power output and efficiency, by P. J. Wallis.5 Electronic frequency control, by S. G. Tomlin.For the sake of consistency a uniform series of symbols has been adopted, A list of these symbols appears on page 916.
BMP-6 Is an Autocrine Stimulator of Chondrocyte Differentiation (1999)

While parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) has been characterized as an important negative regulator of chondrocyte maturation in the growth plate, the autocrine or paracrine factors that stimulate chondrocyte maturation are not well characterized. Cephalic sternal chondrocytes were isolated from 13-day embryos, and the role of bone morphogenetic protein-6 (BMP-6) as a positive regulator of chondrocyte maturation was examined in monolayer cultures. Progressive maturation, which was accelerated in the presence of ascorbate, occurred in the cultures. During maturation, the cultures expressed high levels of BMP-6 mRNA which preceded the induction of type X collagen mRNA. Treatment of the cultures with PTHrP (10(-7) M) at the time of plating completely abolished BMP-6 and type X collagen mRNA expression. Removal of PTHrP after 6 days was followed by the rapid (within 24 h) expression of BMP-6 and type X collagen mRNA, with BMP-6 again preceding type X collagen expression. The addition of exogenous BMP-6 (100 ng/ml) to the cultures accelerated the maturation process both in the presence and absence of ascorbate and resulted in the highest levels of type X collagen. When exogenous BMP-6 was added to PTHrP containing cultures, maturation occurred with the expression of high levels of type X collagen, despite the presence of PTHrP in the cultures. Furthermore, BMP-6 did not stimulate expression of its own mRNA in the PTHrP treated cultures, but it did stimulate the expression of Indian hedgehog (Ihh) mRNA. These latter findings suggest that while PTHrP directly inhibits BMP-6, it indirectly regulates Ihh expression through BMP-6. Other phenotypic changes associated with chondrocyte differentiation were also stimulated by BMP-6, including increased alkaline phosphatase activity and decreased proliferation. The results suggest that BMP-6 is an autocrine factor that initiates chondrocyte maturation and that PTHrP may prevent maturation by inhibiting the expression of BMP-6.
Efficient on-line identification of hot data for flash-memory management (2005)

Hot-data identification for flash-memory storage systems not only imposes great impacts on flash-memory garbage collection but also strongly affects the performance of flashmemory access and its life time (due to wear-levelling). In this research, we propose a highly efficient method for online hot-data identification with limited space requirements. Different from the past work, multiple independent hash functions are adopted to reduce the chance of false identification of hot data and provide predictable and excellent performance for hot-data identification. We not only propose an efficient implementation of the proposed framework but also conduct a series of experiments to verify the performance of the proposed method, in which very encouraging results are presented.
Design and Implementation of a Smart Lithium-Ion Battery System with Real-Time Fault Diagnosis Capability for Electric Vehicles (2017)

Lithium-ion battery (LIB) power systems have been commonly used for energy storage in electric vehicles. However, it is quite challenging to implement a robust real-time fault diagnosis and protection scheme to ensure battery safety and performance. This paper presents a resilient framework for real-time fault diagnosis and protection in a battery-power system. Based on the proposed system structure, the self-initialization scheme for state-of-charge (SOC) estimation and the fault-diagnosis scheme were tested and implemented in an actual 12-cell series battery-pack prototype. The experimental results validated that the proposed system can estimate the SOC, diagnose the fault and provide necessary protection and self-recovery actions under the load profile for an electric vehicle.