gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Extreme-voltage stress vector generation of analog CMOS ICs for gate-oxide reliability enhancement (2002)

Extreme-voltage screening has been successfully implemented to enhance gate-oxide reliability of digital CMOS ICs. However, the success has not yet been extended to its analog counterparts. As a result, almost all the manufacturers employ the digital circuit screening process for the analog modules in mixed-signal CMOS ICs. Our pervious study had addressed the issues on how to properly stress analog circuits to enhance the gate-oxide reliability of mixed-signal CMOS integrated circuits, and the trade-off between the stress coverage and stress time. This paper presents two algorithms that generate a set of stress vectors for an analog circuit (1) to meet the stress coverage requirement and to result in a minimum stress time; and (2) to meet the stress time requirement and to result in a maximum stress coverage.
Construction of cold-cathode counting or stepping tubes (1950)

ELECTRONIC digital counters have satisfactorily solved the problem of counting at speeds which are too great for mechanical or electromagnetic counters. These high-speed counters usually employ chains of trigger devices such as hot-cathode multivibrators <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> or cold-cathode glow discharge tubes. <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> Coupling between elements in the chain is arranged so that the triggering of one element prepares or primes the next succeeding element. This article describes a new principle of construction which permits coupling from one cold cathode to the next within a single common tube envelope, thereby considerably simplifying the counting tube and circuit. Only one load resistor and three tube-connection terminals are required, regardless of the number of counting stages, although additional elements are usually required in order to obtain information by other than visual means. <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup>
Dual-Domain, Dual-Targeting Organellar Protein Presequences in <i>Arabidopsis</i> Can Use Non-AUG Start Codons (2005)

The processes accompanying endosymbiosis have led to a complex network of interorganellar protein traffic that originates from nuclear genes encoding mitochondrial and plastid proteins. A significant proportion of nucleus-encoded organellar proteins are dual targeted, and the process by which a protein acquires the capacity for both mitochondrial and plastid targeting may involve intergenic DNA exchange coupled with the incorporation of sequences residing upstream of the gene. We evaluated targeting and sequence alignment features of two organellar DNA polymerase genes from Arabidopsis thaliana. Within one of these two loci, protein targeting appeared to be plastidic when the 5' untranslated leader region (UTR) was deleted and translation could only initiate at the annotated ATG start codon but dual targeted when the 5' UTR was included. Introduction of stop codons at various sites within the putative UTR demonstrated that this region is translated and influences protein targeting capacity. However, no ATG start codon was found within this upstream, translated region, suggesting that translation initiates at a non-ATG start. We identified a CTG codon that likely accounts for much of this initiation. Investigation of the 5' region of other nucleus-encoded organellar genes suggests that several genes may incorporate upstream sequences to influence targeting capacity. We postulate that a combination of intergenic recombination and some relaxation of constraints on translation initiation has acted in the evolution of protein targeting specificity for those proteins capable of functioning in both plastids and mitochondria.
Compact dispersion-compensating geometry for Kerr-lens mode-locked femtosecond lasers (1994)

We demonstrate a new technique for dispersion compensation in Kerr-lens mode-locked (KLM) lasers that uses a novel resonator design in conjunction with a prismatic end mirror. This approach achieves intracavity dispersion compensation without the need for prism pairs or dispersion-compensating mirrors. A pulse-repetition rate of 1 GHz, to our knowledge the highest repetition rate achieved in a KLM laser to data, is generated with a pulse durations of 111 fs. Pulse durations of 54 fs are achieved at a repetition rate of 385 MHz. We believe that this new dispersion-compensation technique will be useful for the development of compact femtosecond sources.
MDP (Muramyl Dipeptide) Limits Anatomical Damage and Neurological Dysfunction in Rat with Contusive Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) (101.16) (2007)

Abstract MDP is the minimum structural unit responsible for the immunoadjuvancy of bacterial cell wall peptidoglycans. Many properties of MDP manifest potential therapeutic efficacy for SCI. These include stimulation of phagocytosis of immunocompetent cells, thereby facilitating myelin removal with minimal beneficial proinflammatory cytokine alterations, reduced glutamate release, increased intra- and extra-cellular Mg2+, thereby blocking NMDA receptors, and suppressor cytokine expression, such as IL-10. The current experiment delivered MDP by injection, 6 hours post T8 moderate contusive spinal cord injury in adult Fischer rats. At 2 wk after injury, histological examination revealed reductions in lesion volume associated with deposits of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan and more myelinated axons. The activated (ED1+) macrophage/microglia count was higher in the more limited injury site of MDP animals. Concurrently, most were Mac1+, indicating active phagocytosis. Furthermore, MDP treated animals displayed fewer ED1+ cells rostral and caudal to the lesion compared with controls. Behaviorally, MDP animals displayed frequent co-ordination with weight-supported steps (BBB, 13.7 ± 1.6) compared with the occasional stepping in controls (BBB, 10 ± 0.6; n=6, p&lt;0.05). Thus, MDP appears to be a novel therapeutic agent to treat acute SCI. Supported by CRF, Hollfelder Foundation, and Miami Project
Enhanced immunity against crosstalk and EMI using GHz twisted differential line structure on PCB (2002)

There is a growing tendency to adopt a differential signaling scheme for critical signals. To support differential signaling, differential transmission lines are required. The concept of twisted pair on the cable interconnection can be readily applied to differential transmission lines on printed circuit boards (PCBs), which enables enhanced immunity against crosstalk and radiated emission. The new differential transmission line called twisted differential line (TDL) has been introduced. In this paper the enhanced immunity of TDL against crosstalk and radiated emission is clearly demonstrated with both simulation and measurement. TDL is compared with other differential transmission lines showing its superiority. Moreover several ideas to improve the performance of TDL are proposed and verified to be useful. Offset-TDL (O-TDL) improves crosstalk immunity further and vertical-TDL (V-TDL) enables reduced routing area while maintaining performance.
Tailored Synthesis of Structurally Defined Polymers by Organotellurium-Mediated Living Radical Polymerization (TERP):  Synthesis of Poly(meth)acrylate Derivatives and Their Di- and Triblock Copolymers (2002)

The organotellurium-mediated living radical polymerization (TERP) method allows the synthesis of various polyacrylate and polymethacrylate derivatives with precise control of molecular weight and with defined end groups. The method can be applied to the synthesis of AB-diblock and ABA- and ABC-triblock copolymers composed of different families of monomers.
TGF‐β down‐regulates IL‐6 signaling in intestinal epithelial cells: Critical role of SMAD‐2 (2003)

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that plays an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. TGF-beta, a multifunctional cytokine, is a potent negative regulator of mucosal inflammation in the intestine. The aim of the present study is to determine possible cross-talk between IL-6 and TGF-beta signaling pathways. Model intestinal epithelial cell lines, Caco2-BBE were used. We show that TGF-beta receptor Type II is predominantly present in the basolateral membrane of intestinal epithelial cells. TGF-beta1 induces a time-dependent phosphorylation of Smad2 and co-immunoprecipitation of SMAD-2 with Smad-4 and its subsequently translocation to the nucleus. We show that pretreatment of cells with TGF-beta1 is associated with a down-regulation of IL-6 induced tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT1 and STAT3 and suppression of ICAM-1 expression. Furthermore, TGF-beta1 pretreatment resulted in a significant inhibition of IL-6 induced ICAM-1 promoter activity. TGF-beta mediated inhibition of IL-6 induced ICAM-1 expression was reversed by transfection with dominant negative Smad2 constructs. In conclusion, we show that: 1) TGF-beta receptor Type II is predominantly located on basolateral membrane and receptor stimulation activates Smad pathway; 2) TGF-beta1 down-regulates IL-6-induced tyrosine phoshorylation of STAT1 and STAT3 and ICAM-1 expression; and 3) Smad2 is required for the down-regulation of IL-6 signaling by TGF-beta. Collectively, our data demonstrate a cross-talk between TGF-beta and IL-6, and TGF-beta may play a role in the negative regulation of IL-6 signaling in intestinal epithelial cells.
Comparison of the effect of the linseed extract Salinum® and a methyl cellulose preparation on the symptoms of dry mouth (1995)

The effect of a linseed extract Salinum and a sodium carboxymethyl cellulose preparation called MAS-84 was compared with regard to its effect on the symptoms of dry mouth. Twenty patients with xerostomia, who had been treated for cancer in the head and neck by radiation were recruited from the clinic for maxillofacial surgery, Malmo University Hospital. Following radiation treatment the salivation was severely reduced. The symptoms of a general feeling of a dry mouth, difficulties in chewing and swallowing, taste disturbances, problems with speech and mouth burning were registered on a subjective verbal rating scale. In addition plaque index and gingival bleeding were determined. The study design was crossover and performed single blind. The experimental period was 7 weeks. The patients were randomly divided into 2 groups. One group used Salinum and the other MAS-84 for 3 weeks. The fourth week was a wash out period and for the next three weeks the patients shifted preparation. Each of the preparations was used ad libitum. Registrations of the various parameters were undertaken on days 0, 7 and 21 of the respective period. At the initial examination all patients reported considerable disturbances from mouth-dryness. These symptoms were reduced in 15 patients during the Salinum period and in 9 during the MAS-84 period. The relief was significantly more pronounced during the use of Salinum compared to that during the use of the methyl cellulose preparation. On day 21 plaque and gingival bleeding were significantly reduced during the Salinum period but not during the MAS-84 period. The results of the present study confirm those of a previous pilot study and indicate that the linseed mucilage significantly reduced the symptoms of dry mouth. This effect increased with increasing time of saliva substitute use. The linseed mucilage Salinum appeared to be a suitable saliva replacement in mouth dry patients.
Superoxide Dismutase in Epidermis (1) (1987)

Abstract Superoxide dismutase (SOD), which catalytically scavenges superoxide anion (O – 2 ), constitutes an essential defense against the toxicity of oxygen. We investigated the enzyme activity of pig skin epidermis. SOD activity was determined by monitoring the inhibitory effect of SOD on red formazan formation from neotetrazolium, which depends on (O – 2 ) generation. (O – 2 ) was generated by the hypoxanthine‐xanthine oxidase reaction. Pig epidermis contained significant amounts of heat‐labile SOD activity which was proportional to the added epidermal homogenate. The optimal pH of the reaction was between pH 8.2 and 8.5. Metallochelating agents such as cyanide, sodium azide, and diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) inhibited the epidermal SOD activity in a dose‐dependent manner. It has been known that two types of SOD, a Cu, Zn‐type and a Mn‐type, are present in eukaryotes; that the latter is insensitive to cyanide inhibition. Using this property, the main SOD present in the epidermis was hypothesized to be the Cu, Zn‐type (8.6 ±1.1 unit/mg protein; around 75%); the Mn‐type was a minor component (2.8 ± 0.2 unit/mg protein; around 25%). SOD staining following acrylamide disc gel electrophoresis revealed two epidermal SOD bands, one of which was abolished by the addition of cyanide. These results are consistent with the view that pig epidermis contains two types of SOD, a Cu, Zn‐type and a Mn‐type; the former appears to be predominant.
Calibrating process variation at system level with in-situ low-precision transfer learning for analog neural network processors (2018)

Process Variation (PV) may cause accuracy loss of the analog neural network (ANN) processors, and make it hard to be scaled down, as well as feasibility degrading. This paper first analyses the impact of PV on the performance of ANN chips. Then proposes an in-situ transfer learning method at system level to reduce PV's influence with low-precision back-propagation. Simulation results show the proposed method could increase 50% tolerance of operating point drift and 70% ∼ 100% tolerance of mismatch with less than 1% accuracy loss of benchmarks. It also reduces 66.7% memories and has about 50× energy-efficiency improvement of multiplication in the learning stage, compared with the conventional full-precision (32bit float) training system.
Multi-agent Reinforcement Learning for Intrusion Detection. (2007)

Abstract. Intrusion Detection has been investigated for many years and the field has matured. Nevertheless, there are still important challenges, e.g., how an IDS can detect new and complex distributed attacks. To tackle these problems, we propose a distributed Reinforcement Learning (RL) approach in a hierarchical architecture of network sensor agents. Each network sensor agent learns to interpret local state observations, and communicates them to a central agent higher up in the agent hierarchy. These central agents, in turn, learn to send signals up the hierarchy, based on the signals that they receive. Finally, the agent at the top of the hierarchy learns when to signal an intrusion alarm. We evaluate our approach in an abstract network domain. 1
Spontaneous firing patterns and axonal projections of single corticostriatal neurons in the rat medial agranular cortex (1994)

1. Spontaneous fluctuations of membrane potential, patterns of spontaneous firing, dendritic branching patterns, and intracortical and striatal axonal arborizations were compared for two types of corticostriatal neurons in the medial agranular cortex of urethan-anesthetized rats: 1) pyramidal tract (PT) cells identified by antidromic activation from the medullary pyramid and 2) crossed corticostriatal (CST) neurons identified by antidromic activation from the contralateral neostriatum. The ipsilateral corticostriatal projections of intracellularly stained PT neurons as well as contralateral corticostriatal neurons were confirmed after labeling by intracellular injection of biocytin. 2. All well-stained PT neurons had intracortical and intrastriatal collaterals. The more common type (6 of 8) was a large, deep layer V neuron that had an extensive intracortical axon arborization but a limited axon arborization in the neostriatum. The less common type of PT neuron (2 of 8) was a medium-sized, superficial layer V neuron that had a limited intracortical axon arborization but a larger and more dense intrastriatal axonal arborization. Both subclasses of PT neurons had anatomic and physiological properties associated with slow PT cells in cats and monkeys and conduction velocities < 10 m/s. All of the PT cells but one were regular spiking cells. The exception cell fired intrinsic bursts. 3. Intracellularly stained CST neurons were located in the superficial half of layer V and the deep part of layer III. Their layer I apical dendrites were few and sparsely branched. Their axons gave rise to an extensive arbor of local axon collaterals that distributed in the region of the parent neuron, frequently extending throughout the more superficial layers, including layer I. Axon collaterals were also traced to the corpus callosum, as expected from their contralateral projections, and they contributed axon collaterals to the ipsilateral neostriatum. In the neostriatum, these axons formed extended arborizations sparsely occupying a large volume of striatal tissue. All CST neurons were regular spiking cells. 4. Both types of cells displayed spontaneous membrane fluctuations consisting of a polarized state (-60 to -90 mV) that was interrupted by 0.1- to 3.0-s periods of depolarization (-55 to -45 mV) accompanied by action potentials. The membrane potential was relatively constant in each state, and transitions between the depolarized and hyperpolarized states were sometimes periodic with a frequency of 0.3-1.5 Hz. A much faster (30-45 Hz) subthreshold oscillation of the membrane potential was observed only in the depolarized state and triggered action potentials that locked to the depolarizing peaks of this rhythm.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Tidal Area Dispersant Project: Fate of Dispersed and Undispersed Oil in Two Nearshore Test Spills (1984)

In 1981, an oil spill field experiment was done in Maine to assess the effects to the benthos of dispersant used in nearshore oil spills. Three test plots, each 60 by 100 m, were set up, each with an upper and a lower intertidal sampling area. There were also five subtidal sampling stations in water depths from 5 to 20 m. One plot was exposed to 945 L (250 gal) of Murban crude oil released on an ebbing tide within containment booms and cleaned up by conventional mechanical methods 24 h later. A second plot was exposed to 945 L of Murban crude oil premixed with 94 L (25 gal) of a widely available self-mix nonionic dispersant. The dispersant-treated oil was discharged over a 2-h period around high water slack tide. During discharge, mixing gates augmented natural energy to provide a worst-case scenario for exposure of the benthos to the complete dispersal of a nearshore oil spill. During and after discharge, dispersed oil in water was monitored fluorimetrically. Total integrated exposure of dispersed oil to the bottom at both upper and lower sampling areas was 30 to 40 ppm · h. Discrete water samples were also taken for other analyses. Dispersed oil in water reaching the bottom had lost most of the hydrocarbons more volatile than n-C17 compared with dispersed oil in water sampled at the same time near the surface. Petroleum retention by intertidal sediments and bivalves measured one week postspill was less in areas exposed to dispersed oil than in areas exposed to untreated oil.
Overexpression of rice isoflavone reductase-like gene (OsIRL) confers tolerance to reactive oxygen species (2009)

Isoflavone reductase is an enzyme involved in isoflavonoid biosynthesis in plants. However, rice isoflavone reductase-like gene (OsIRL, accession no. AY071920) has not been unraveled so far. Here, we have characterized its behavior in response to oxidizing agents. Using Northern and Western blot analyses, the OsIRL gene and protein were shown to be down-regulated in young seedling roots treated with reduced glutathione (GSH) and diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), known quenchers of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The OsIRL transcript level in rice suspension-cultured cells was also found to be induced by oxidants such as hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), ferric chloride (FeCl(3)), methyl viologen (MV) and glucose/glucose oxidase (G/GO), but down-regulated when co-treated with GSH. Furthermore, to investigate whether overexpression of OsIRL in transgenic rice plants promotes resistance to ROS, we generated transgenic rice lines overexpressing the OsIRL gene under an abscisic acid (ABA) inducible promoter. Results showed that the OsIRL transgenic rice line activated by ABA treatment was tolerant against MV and G/GO-induced stress in rice leave and suspension-cultured cells. Our results strongly suggest the involvement of OsIRL in homeostasis of ROS.
Renewable Production of Methane from Woody Biomass by Catalytic Hydrothermal Gasification (2005)

Production of synthetic natural gas (SNG) from wood by a catalytic hydrothermal process was studied in a laboratory batch reactor suitable for high feed concentrations (10−30 wt %) at 300−410 °C and 12−34 MPa with Raney nickel as the catalyst. A maximum methane yield of 0.33 (g of CH4)/(g of wood) was obtained, corresponding to the thermodynamic equilibrium yield. The carbon gasification efficiency was a function of the reaction time, and for reaction times long enough (∼90 min), complete gasification was achieved. At supercritical conditions, the remaining liquid phase always was tar-free, was colorless, and contained less than 2 wt % of the feed carbon. Analysis of the spent catalyst revealed a slight increase of carbonaceous deposits on the surface (15 atom % vs 10 atom % for the fresh catalyst).
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus E protein causes endoplasmic reticulum stress and up-regulates interleukin-8 expression (2013)

This study shows that the PEDV E protein is localized in the ER and the nucleus and it can cause ER stress. The PEDV E protein had no effect on the IEC growth and cell cycle. In addition, the PEDV E protein is able to up-regulate IL-8 and Bcl-2 expression.
High density reflective type TFT array for high definition liquid crystal projection TV system. (1990)

ハイビジョン用液晶投写型テレビに応用できる高密度TFTアレイを開発した.高密度で高開口率を実現するために反射型構造を提案した.また, 対角約2, 3インチの基板内に約136万画素を集積したTFTアレイを試作し, 画素ピッチ30 (μm) ×35 (μm) で70%の開口率を実現した.同時に, 高密度化に伴って問題となるTFTアレイの寄生容量の画像への影響を抑えるために, TFTアレイ構成と駆動方法を組合わせた新方式を開発した.そして, 今回試作したTFTアレイを用いた液晶投写型テレビの画像評価により, その効果を明らかにした.
Impact of KRAS, BRAF, PIK3CA Mutations, PTEN, AREG, EREG Expression and Skin Rash in ≥2nd Line Cetuximab-Based Therapy of Colorectal Cancer Patients (2011)

These results underscore that KRAS-BRAF mutations and EREG expression can be used as biomarkers to further select patients undergoing anti-EGFR treatment.