gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanistic Insight to C–C Bond Formation and Predictive Models for Cascade Reactions among Alcohols on Ca- and Sr-Hydroxyapatites (2016)

Biomass-derived light alcohols (e.g., ethanol) may be upgraded via C–C bond formation to form larger alcohols and chemicals. The mechanism for coupling reactions among alcohols (i.e., Guerbet chemistry) is still debated, and the factors that determine the rates of subsequent, and inevitable, reactions among coupling products, and thus the product distributions, are not well understood. Here, the interpretation of the formation rates of products, in situ spectroscopy of surface intermediates, and evidence from isotope labeling experiments are combined to clarify the mechanism of the ethanol coupling over hydroxyapatite (HAP) catalysts. Initial C–C bonds are created by aldol condensation of acetaldehyde, derived in situ from ethanol, and involves a kinetically relevant deprotonation step to form the reactive enolate. In situ infrared spectra show that the coverage of ethanol-derived species far exceeds that of reactive aldehyde intermediates, which is consistent with C–C formation rates that inversely depend on ethanol pressure. Unsaturated aldehyde products are sequentially hydrogenated by the Meerwein–Ponndorf–Verley (MPV) reaction (i.e., C═O bond hydrogenation) and surface-mediated H-transfer (i.e., C═C bond hydrogenation). The MPV reaction simultaneously supplies reactive acetaldehyde needed for the coupling reaction by dehydrogenating ethanol. The rates of self- and cross-coupling reactions among C2–C4 alcohols are similar as are the values of the apparent activation enthalpies, which shows that self- and cross-coupling rates depend weakly on the structure of the reactants on HAP catalysts, with few exceptions. The carbon number distribution of the products from ethanol coupling closely matches predictions from an adapted step-growth model. Together, these findings show the mechanism for C–C bond formation between alcohol reactants on HAP catalysts and provide guidance for the production of higher carbon number species from alcohol coupling reactions.
Fabrication Development for Nanowire GHz-Counting-Rate Single-Photon Detectors (2005)

We have developed a fabrication process for GHz-counting-rate, single-photon, high-detection-efficiency, NbN, nanowire detectors. We have demonstrated two processes for the device patterning, one based on the standard polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) organic positive-tone electron-beam resist, and the other based on the newer hydrogen silsesquioxane (HSQ) negative-tone spin-on-glass resist. The HSQ-based process is simple and robust, providing high resolution and the prospect of high fill-factors. Initial testing results show superconductivity in the films, and suggest that the devices exhibit photosensitivity.
Thin films for micromechanical sensors (1990)

Thin films compatible with integrated circuit and batch processing technologies are utilized in the fabrication of cost-effective, high performance integrated micromechanical sensors. These films are used as structural layers, sacrificial layers, passivation layers, oxidation barriers, masking layers, and for electrical interconnection in the formation of microminiature pressure sensors, accelerometers, and force sensors. Low-pressure chemical vapor deposition (LPCVD) polysilicon, LPCVD silicon nitride, and thin films of single crystal silicon are examples of structural layers. Highly controlled surface preparation, deposition conditions, and post-deposition temperature cycles are required to achieve uniform mechanical and thermal properties, low defect density and high stability. Young’s modulus, Poisson’s ratio, and internal stress are the most important properties to control for micromechanical devices. These properties become increasingly significant as multiple thin film or composite microstructures become important. Control and repeatability of these properties are essential in the design, fabrication and successful performance of micromechanical sensors and microstructures.
X-ray absorption spectroscopy of strongly disordered glasses: Local structure around Ag ions in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>g</mml:mi><mml:mtext>−</mml:mtext><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ag</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi><mml:mo>∙</mml:mo><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">B</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> (2006)

The local structure around Ag ions in silver borate glasses $g\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Ag}}_{2}\mathrm{O}∙n{\mathrm{B}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ $(n=2,4)$ was studied by x-ray absorption spectroscopy at the Ag $K$ edge for temperatures from $77\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{to}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}450\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. Extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) analysis based on cumulant expansion or multishell Gaussian model fails for these systems. Therefore, the radial distribution functions (RDFs) around Ag ions were reconstructed using a method based on the direct inversion of the EXAFS expression. The RDFs consist of about eight atoms (oxygens and borons), exhibit a relatively weak temperature dependence, and indicate the presence of strong static disorder. Two main components can be identified in RDFs, located at about $2.3--2.4\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{\AA{}}$ and $2.5--3.4\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{\AA{}}$, respectively. The chemical types of atoms contributing to the RDF were determined via a simulation of configurationally averaged x-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES) and EXAFS signals. The immediate neighborhood of Ag contains mostly oxygens while borons dominate at larger distances. The combination of EXAFS and XANES techniques allowed us to determine a more complete structural model than would be possible by relying solely on either EXAFS or XANES alone.
Resonant waveguide device with vertical gratings (2007)

Transmission resonant filters in a waveguide with vertical gratings have been realized in silicon on insulator wafers. Experimental studies of fabricated devices show a broad stopband of approximately 19 nm in the center of which exists a narrow transmission band of approximately 0.5 nm with a quality factor of approximately 3000. These resonant cavities are useful for laser cavities, switches, modulators, detectors, and tunable filters.
Antibodies against a 30 Kilodalton Cochlear Protein and Type II and IX Collagens in the Serum of Patients with Inner Ear Diseases (1992)

Collagen molecules are major extracellular matrix proteins involved in the development and support of delicate auditory sensory organs. Type II collagen is widely distributed within inner ear tissues, while type IX is found only within the labyrinthine membrane and dense fibers of the tectorial membrane. Antibody specific for type II collagen has been shown to be elevated in some patients with hearing loss due to several presumably autoimmune illnesses (including Meniere's disease, otosclerosis, chronic progressive sensorineural hearing loss, and relapsing polychondritis). Purified human type II and IX collagens and an extract of human cochlear tissue were subjected to isolation by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and transferred to nitrocellulose. The sera of 21 patients with inner ear disease were examined for the presence of anticollagen and anticochlear antibodies; the sera were used to probe Western blots of purified human collagens II, IX, and XI, and cochlear protein extract with peroxidase-conjugated goat anti human polyvalent immunoglobulin as the second antibody. Anti-type II collagen antibodies were seen in 12 of 21 (57%) patients, while 13 of 21 (62%) had anti-type IX antibodies detectable by Western blot. A previously unreported 30 kd (probably noncollagen) protein was 21 (62%) had anti-type IX antibodies detectable by Western blot. A previously unreported 30 kd (probably noncollagen) protein was found by SDS-PAGE of human cochlear tissue extracts, with 3 patients, all with Meniere's disease, having antibody activity to this protein detected by Western blot.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Reducing write latencies for shared data in a multiprocessor with a multistage network (1992)

Performance of cache coherence protocols can be severely restricted by the consistency model of the architecture. If a packet-switched, cyclic network is used, such as a multistage network, pipelining may violate strict consistency models such as sequential consistency. The paper shows that by meeting a few constraints in the implementation of the cache coherence protocol, store requests can be pipelined. The new requirements are applied to a previously proposed cache coherence protocol for a MIN-based network. The most important constraints are: to augment the protocol with the notion of write-permission; avoiding redundant paths between any two caches, and the use of a distributed cache coherence protocol. It is shown how the ideas can be generalized to a wide class of cache coherence protocols.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Hydroquinone for skin lightening: Safety profile, duration of use and when should we stop? (2010)

Hydroquinone has been marketed in skin-lightening products for almost 50 years and remains as the most frequently used whitening constituent in the category. Issues and concerns have been raised regarding its potential dermatological and systemic side effects. These almost led to it being banned from the US market by the FDA in 2006. This article reviews its safety profile. The author also suggests on the duration of its use and advises on regular assessments by medical physicians.
Azimuth Preserved Trace Binning of 4D Seismic Data for Improved Repeatability (2003)

A-27 AZIMUTH PRESERVED TRACE BINNING OF 4D SEISMIC DATA FOR IMPROVED REPEATABILITY Abstract 1 During the processing of 4D seismic data it is vital to adequately compensate for the nonrepeatability that is a function of acquisition and processing effects. In this paper it is demonstrated that the seismic repeatability can be improved if an azimuth preserved trace binning methodology is implemented between base and monitor survey during the preprocessing stage. This improvement is illustrated using synthetic seismic data generated utilising real navigation data and a model of an isotropic medium. Different types of azimuth based trace binning can be done
Theory and simulations of dendritic morphology (2005)

The principle of least effective volume, which is postulated in this study for the first time, leads to analytical derivation of dendritic branch angles of pyramidal neurons. A whole dendritic tree with the fundamental parameters, for which several formulae rule the global morphology of dendrites, is created graphically in computer simulations. The computer simulations show close agreements between the global characteristics of simulated dendrites and these of real dendrites. The values of diameters and lengths given by the simulations can be used for the morphological data which are the boundary conditions of the cable equations. This theory also reproduces dendritic morphology of spiny-stellate cells using a different value of the daughter branch ratio. It is expected that pyramidal and spiny-stellate cells are included in the same morphological category.
The cold‐induced denaturation of lactate dehydrogenase at sub‐zero temperatures in the absence of perturbants (1989)

The cold-induced denaturation of lactate dehydrogenase has been determined in an unfrozen, cryoprotectant free solution at sub-zero temperatures. The cold-induced denaturation temperature (TL) has been found to be -28 degrees C. The results for the first time clearly establish that temperature alone can induce denaturation in a cooled protein solution. The validity of earlier data, obtained in the presence of perturbants (particularly pH or guanidinium chloride), is discussed.
Hypomelanosis of Ito ("Incontinentia Pigmenti Achromians") (1973)

The so-called incontinentia pigmenti achromians syndrome occurred in three children. A study of these cases together with a review of the 18 previously published cases suggests that this disease is an entity, and although some features are similar to classic incontinentia pigmenti, the differences are sufficient to separate it from this syndrome. The disease frequently involves other parts of the body including the eyes and the musculoskeletal and central nervous systems. A pattern suggestive of autosomal dominant inheritance is sometimes found. The cutaneous component is characteristic and distinguishable from systematized depigmented nevi and piebaldism. Its present name is illogical and hypomelanosis of Ito would appear to be a more suitable appellation, until the cause is better understood.
ChemInform Abstract: Design and Synthesis of 2′,3′‐Dideoxy‐2′,3′‐didehydro‐β‐L‐ cytidine (β‐L‐d4C) and 2′,3′‐Dideoxy‐2′,3′‐didehydro‐β‐L‐5‐ fluorocytidine (β‐L‐Fd4C), Two Exceptionally Potent Inhibitors of Human Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) and Potent Inhibitors of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) in vitro. (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Chemotherapy in 998 unselected childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients. Results and conclusions of the multicenter trial ALL-BFM 86 (1994)

In trial ALL-BFM 86, the largest multicenter trial of the Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster (BFM) study group for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), treatment response was used as an overriding stratification factor for the first time. In the previous trial ALL-BFM 83, the in vivo response to initial prednisone treatment was evaluated prospectively. A blast cell count of > or = 1,000/microL peripheral blood after a 7-day exposure to prednisone and one intrathecal dose of methotrexate (MTX) identified 10% of the patients as having a significantly worse prognosis. In trial ALL-BFM 86 patients with > or = 1,000/microL blood blasts on day 8 were included in an experimental branch EG. Patients with < 1,000/microL blood blasts on day 8 were stratified by their leukemic cell burden into two branches, Standard Risk Group (SRG) and Risk Group (RG). SRG patients received an eight-drug induction followed by consolidation protocol M (6-mercaptopurine, high-dose [HD] MTX 4 x 5 g/m2) and maintenance. RG patients were treated with an additional eight-drug reinduction element. For EG patients protocol M was replaced by protocol E (prednisone, HD-MTX, HD-cytarabine, ifosfamide, mitoxantrone). All patients received intrathecal MTX therapy; only those of branches RG and EG received cranial irradiation. In branch RG, patients were randomized to receive or not to receive late intensification (prednisone, vindesine, teniposide, ifosfamide, HD-cytarabine) in the 13th month. During the trial reinduction therapy was introduced in branch SRG, because in the follow-up of trial ALL-BFM 83 the randomized low-risk patients receiving reinduction did significantly better. Nine hundred ninety-eight evaluable patients were enrolled, 28.6% in SRG, 61.1% in RG, 10.3% in EG. At a median follow-up of 5.0 (range 3.4 to 6.9) years, the estimated 6-year event-free survival was 72% +/- 2% for the study population, 58% +/- 5% in branch SRG for the first 110 patients without reinduction therapy, 87% +/- 3% for the next 175 patients with reinduction therapy, 75% +/- 2% in branch RG, and 48% +/- 5% in branch EG. Late intensification did not significantly affect treatment outcome of RG patients; however, only 23% of the eligible patients were randomized. Prednisone poor response remained a negative prognostic parameter despite intensified therapy. The results confirmed the benefit of intensive reinduction therapy even for low-risk patients. The strategy of induction, consolidation, and intensive reinduction may offer roughly 75% of unselected childhood ALL patients the chance for an event-free survival.
Propagation at 10 μm through smoke produced by atmospheric combustion of diesel fuel (1983)

Absorption and extinction due to the smoke produced by the atmospheric combustion of diesel fuel have been measured using a CO2 laser spectrophone at a wavelength of 10.6 microm. The absorption coefficient normalized to the aerosol mass density is 0.84 +/-0.076 m2/g, and the total scattering coefficient (the difference between the extinction and absorption values) normalized in the same way is 0.15 +/- 0.014 m2/g. The largely fibrous aerosol was found to be 80% carbon, with most of the remainder consisting of hydrocarbons which are comparatively transparent at 10.6 microm and physically resemble the unburned fuel. The normalized coefficients of this study approximate those of diesel automobile effluents. This is not surprising since the aerosol composition and morphology appear to be similar.
Soft Tactile Sensor Embedded Artificial Skin (2017)

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2017-08
Electronic properties of O_{2} on Cs or Na overlayers adsorbed on Si(100)21 from room temperature to 650°C (1987)

Valence-band and core-level photoemission spectroscopy experiments using synchrotron radiation were performed at various temperatures to study the effect of oxygen on cesium or sodium overlayers adsorbed on a Si(100)2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 surface. At room temperature, a large enhancement of the silicon oxidation was observed with formation of high oxidation states such as ${\mathrm{Si}}^{3+}$. Thermal annealing to low temperatures resulted in the formation of a ${\mathrm{SiO}}_{2}$-Si interface with subsequent complete desorption of the alkali metal.
N‐terminal Amino Acid Sequences and C‐terminal Residues of Rat Alpha‐fetoprotein Electrophoretic Variants, ‘Fast’ and ‘Slow’ (1978)

Rat alpha‐fetoproteins ‘fast’ (FRAFP) and ‘slow’ (SRAFP) were prepared to homogeneity from amniotic fluid by preparative polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. Automated Edman degradation revealed that both proteins had the same sequence for residues 1–18. Hydrazinolysis yielded glycine and valine as the C‐termini of FRAFP and SRAFP, respectively. SRAFP was refractile to C‐terminal sequence determination with carboxypeptidases A, B and Y under various enzyme/substrate ratios. S‐carboxyamido methylation and subsequent digestion either in the presence or absence of 6M urea yielded no improvements; these methods work on rat serum albumin. Amino terminal sequences of rat AFP show a high degree of similarity (only seven differences, eight base changes) with the N‐terminal sequence of human AFP. There were few sequence similarities between the N‐termini of rat AFP's and rat or bovine serum albumin or pro‐ or preproalbumin. The C‐terminus of SRAFP is identical to human AFP. The degree of homology between AFP and albumin is discussed.
Practical RDF (2003)

The Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a structure for describing and interchanging metadata on the Web. Practical RDF explains RDF from the ground up, providing real-world examples and descriptions of how the technology is being used in applications like Mozilla, FOAF, and Chandler, as well as infrastructure you can use to build your own applications. This book cuts to the heart of the W3C's often obscure specifications, giving you tools to apply RDF successfully in your own projects.
Load management in distributed video servers (2002)

We define and formulate various policies for load management in distributed video servers. We propose a predictive placement policy that determines the degree of replication necessary for popular videos using a cost based optimization procedure based on a priori predictions of expected subscriber requests. For scheduling requests, we propose an adaptive scheduling policy that compares the relative utilization of resources in a video server to determine an assignment of requests to replicas. To optimize storage utilization, we also devise methods for dereplication of videos based on changes in their popularities and in server usage patterns. Performance evaluations indicate that a load management procedure which uses a judicious combination of the different policies performs best for most server configurations. Advances in storage technologies are making high performance video servers a reality. These video servers are being deployed over emerging broadband networks to deliver a variety of interactive, digital video services to thousands of residential subscribers. To meet the scalability requirements in such large deployments, distributed video server architectures are being considered (M. Buddhikot and G. Parulkar, 1995). We propose various methods for load management that are targeted at improving the cost effectiveness of distributed video servers.
Serological analysis of Melan-A(MART-1), a melanocyte-specific protein homogeneously expressed in human melanomas. (1996)

Recent progress in the structural identification of human melanoma antigens recognized by autologous cytotoxic T cells has led to the recognition of a new melanocyte differentiation antigen, Melan-A(MART-1). To determine the properties of the Melan-A gene product, Melan-A recombinant protein was produced in Escherichia coli and used to generate mouse monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). Two prototype mAbs, A103 and A355, were selected for detailed study. Immunoblotting results with A103 showed a 20-22-kDa doublet In Melan-A mRNA positive melanoma cell lines and no reactivity with Melan-A mRNA-negative cell lines. A355, in addition to the 20-22-kDa doublet, recognized several other protein species in Melan-A mRNA-positive cell lines. Immunocytochemical assays on cultured melanoma cells showed specific and uniform cytoplasmic staining in Melan-A mRNA-positive cell lines. Immunohistochemical analysis of normal human tissues with both mAbs showed staining of adult melanocytes and no reactivity with the other normal tissues tested. Analysis of 21 melanoma specimens showed homogenous staining of tumor cell cytoplasm in 16 of 17 Melan-A mRNA-positive cases and no reactivity with the three Melan-A mRNA-negative cases.
The Properties of Immune Complexes Formed by Human Antibodies to Factor VIII (1977)

A C T Although human antibodies to Factor VIII inactivate its procoagulant activity, they do not form immunoprecipitates when tested with this antigen. To understand this observation, we have examined the interaction of normal human Factor VIII with four high-titer human anti-Factor VIII, two from transfused hemophiliacs and two "spontaneous" anti- bodies from nonhemophilic individuals. An estimate of the size of complexes formed by these antibodies has been obtained by agarose gel filtration of mixtures of anti-Factor VIII with cryoprecipitate. Complexed anti- Factor VIII was detected by the method of Allain and Frommel: acid dissociation of complexes at pH 3.5.
Molecular Screening for Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer: A Prospective, Population-Based Study (2001)

We conclude that the incidence of molecularly confirmed HNPCC (one [0.3%] of 336) in a high-incidence area for CRC is lower than in previous biomolecular and clinical estimates.