gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spin-on tri-layer approaches to high NA 193-nm lithography (2007)

New challenges face ArF bottom antireflection coatings (BARCs) with the implementation of high NA lithography and the concurrent increase use of spin-on hard masks. To achieve superior reflectivity control with high NA at least two semi-transparent ARC layers, with distinct optical indices, are necessary to effectively lower substrate reflectivity through a full range of incident angles. To achieve successful pattern transfer, these layers in conjunction with the organic resist, should be stacked with an alternating elemental composition to amplify vertical resolution during etch. This will circumvent the inherent low etch resistance of ArF resist and the decreasing film thicknesses that accompanies increasing NA. Thus, incorporating hard mask properties and antireflection properties in the same two layer system facilitates pattern transfer as a whole rather than just enhancing lithography. As with any material expected to exhibit multiple roles there is a delicate balance between optimizing materials with respect to one of its roles while not impairing its other roles. We will discuss some of these conflicts and present Si-BARCs and carbon rich underlayers which aim to balance these conflicts. In this paper we will explore simulations aimed at finding the best film thicknesses and optical indices, etch rate selectivity, and lithographic performance of high silicon content and high carbon content BARC materials designed to meet the demands of both high NA lithography and trilayer processing.
Interleaved Coding for Secrecy with a Hidden Key (2015)

We propose a coding scheme based on the combination of interleaving with systematic channel codes for secrecy. The basic idea consists of generating a random interleaving key that is used to shuffle/interleave information at the source. The message and the interleaving key are then both encoded with a systematic code and the part related to the interleaving key is removed/punctured before being sent to the channel, hence operating as a hidden key for any receiver (legitimate or not) that needs to deinterleave the message. Successfully obtaining the original message then depends on determining the interleaving key, which can only be done through the parity bits that result from jointly encoding the interleaving key and the message. We provide a method to determine the necessary signal-to-noise ratio difference that enables successful reception at the legitimate receiver without the eavesdropper having access to the message. In addition, we provide evidence that this scheme may also be used to turn a realistic channel into a discrete memoryless channel, thus providing a first practical implementation of an abstract channel that can be employed with a wiretap code to provide information-theoretic security guarantees.
Use of inertial sensors to support video tracking (2007)

Abstract One of the biggest obstacles to building effective augmented reality (AR) systems is the lack of accurate sensors that report the location of the user in an environment during arbitrary long periods of movements. In this paper, we present an effective hybrid approach that integrates inertial and vision‐based technologies. This work is motivated by the need to explicitly take into account the relatively poor accuracy of inertial sensors and thus to define an efficient strategy for the collaborative process between the vision‐based system and the sensor. The contributions of this papers are threefold: (i) our collaborative strategy fully integrates the sensitivity error of the sensor: the sensitivity is practically studied and is propagated into the collaborative process, especially in the matching stage (ii) we propose an original online synchronization process between the vision‐based system and the sensor. This process allows us to use the sensor only when needed. (iii) an effective AR system using this hybrid tracking is demonstrated through an e‐commerce application in unprepared environments. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From Analog to Digital Television; Strategies to Promote Rapid Adaptation and Awareness (2010)

Europe is currently transitioning to digital terrestrial television and isaimed to replace all analog infrastructures by 2012. Besides replacing all broadcasting networks in Europe, the transition requires updating household televisions andantennas. As with any major change, public administrations must keep citizens informed and provide support, especially when dealing with a communication mediumexpected to support a new portfolio of services and information. State-of-the-art technologies enable universal coverage in locations where television services are currentlyunavailable. This paper evaluates the transition to digital television in several European regions and analyzes novel approaches and solutions to achieving universal accessto digital television and citizen awarenes.
Brief Analysis of the Will and Trust Systems (2008)

There have been more and more middle income groups in our country.In recent years,especially some successful people in enterprise and individual bosses,whose assets are about tens of millions yuan or a billon yuan even.But their children maybe in a low ability,so how to keep up their property and how to hold and increase their valve are really a problem for them now.The best method for solving this problem is no more than to establish a will and trust system,which will keep families assets by way of separating owership and power of operation.This article provides some simple opinions by comparing laws on the inheritance of will in our coutry with other main countries.I hope my idea will have a good effect on putting the new system into inheritance.
Synthesis and characterization of thermally stable dyes with improved optical properties for dye-based LCD color filters (2012)

We have designed and synthesized six phthalocyanine dyes and one benzoperylene dye for dye-based green Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) color filters. The solubility, spectral properties and thermal stability of the prepared six phthalocyanine dyes varied depending on their isomeric structures and core metals. They were dissolved in industrial solvent–binder composites and spin coated with and without yellow compensating benzoperylene dye into dye-based LCD color filters. The prepared color filters exhibited superior optical properties compared to conventional pigment-based ones due to the fluorescence of benzoperylene dye and less light scattering resulting from the smaller particle size of the dyes. The phthalocyanine dyes substituted at the peripheral (β) positions showed enough thermal stability for color filters and the yellow benzoperylene dye effectively compensated the spectra for vivid green colors.
ExoCarta 2012: database of exosomal proteins, RNA and lipids (2011)

Exosomes are membraneous nanovesicles of endocytic origin released by most cell types from diverse organisms; they play a critical role in cell-cell communication. ExoCarta (http://www.exocarta.org) is a manually curated database of exosomal proteins, RNA and lipids. The database catalogs information from both published and unpublished exosomal studies. The mode of exosomal purification and characterization, the biophysical and molecular properties are listed in the database aiding biomedical scientists in assessing the quality of the exosomal preparation and the corresponding data obtained. Currently, ExoCarta (Version 3.1) contains information on 11,261 protein entries, 2375 mRNA entries and 764 miRNA entries that were obtained from 134 exosomal studies. In addition to the data update, as a new feature, lipids identified in exosomes are added to ExoCarta. We believe that this free web-based community resource will aid researchers in identifying molecular signatures (proteins/RNA/lipids) that are specific to certain tissue/cell type derived exosomes and trigger new exosomal studies.
Industrial RB211 Dry Low Emission Combustion (1993)

The inital combustor development of a pre-mix lean burn arrangement for an aero-derivative gas generator is described. The emission targets of the practical system were for the NOx and CO to be less than 25 vppm (15% O2) over a wide range of powers and ambient temperatures. From combustion rig testing of a two stage (in series) system at 1,5 and 20 atmospheres the baseload engine emissions are predicted to be NOx = 17 vppm (15% O2) and CO = 5 vppm with a turn down of 30% power. To achieve a wider power turn down a three stage (in series) system is required.
Resorbable Metallic Implant: Findings from an Animal Model (2008)

Resorbable metallic implant of magnesium and its alloys had been studied since the 1900s. However, the excessive gas production resulted in its unpopularity after CoCr alloys and stainless steel were developed. With the advancement of alloying technologies, its use as a resorbable implant has re-emerged recently. Foreign researchers focused on the use of AZ-series and magnesium-rare earth metal alloys. However, the corrosion property of AZ-series alloys is unsatisfactory, and the effect of rare-earth metals on human is poorly studied. Therefore, we have investigated on the feasibility of using commercially available AM-series magnesium alloys. Previous researchers avoided this alloy series presumably because of the potential health effect of manganese, however our toxicological risk assessment revealed that the exposure level would be lower than the NOAEL (No Observable Adverse Effect Level), thus it is unlikely to cause any observable health effect on healthy individuals. Subcutaneous implantation of AM-series magnesium alloys into a mouse model for six months confirmed that, while all alloys tested showed slow corrosion and no observable in vivo toxicity, pitting corrosion did not occur for AM-series alloys but was frequent for AZ91D. This suggests that AM-series magnesium alloys are good candidates of resorbable metallic implants.
The British Society for Rheumatology guideline for the management of systemic lupus erythematosus in adults (2017)

Background SLE (or lupus for short) is a multisystem, autoimmune disease, involving complex pathogenetic mechanisms that can present at any age. It most commonly presents in women in the reproductive age group, although lupus is increasingly recognized after the age of 40 years, particularly in Europeans Lupus affected nearly 1 in 1000 of the population in the UK in 2012 [4] and was NICE has accredited the process used by the BSR to produce its guidance on the management of systemic lupus erythematosus in adults.
Conclusion (2009)

Abstract This chapter reviews semantics and syntactics in relation to preexisting theories relevant to information retrieval, the labor theoretic approach, and existing and emerging real-world practices. Real-world systems are both constrained and enabled not only by considerations associated with human labor—such as costs, the ability of human semantic labor directly to address the level of meaning, and the possible transfer of syntactic labor to technology—but also by inherited modes of production of meaning from written language as well as the nature of the computational process. The chapter indicates a potential synthesis between Internet cultures and library and information science and concludes by reaffirming the value of selection power, along with the merging possibilities for enhanced selection.
Expert systems & environments (1988)

Anti-CEA-scintigraphy turned out very reliable in detecting primary and recurrent colorectal cancer, its overall accuracy being more than 90 p.c. The intraoperative application of this technology should provide similar results when focussing at extrahepatic tumor deposits, for example in lymph nodes, thus allowing accurate staging of the underlying disease. To test this hypothesis we lauched the following feasibility-study the results of which are compared to those reported in the recent literature. We investigated 20 patients-six with rectum-, 14 with colon cancer, 24 hours before surgery they were intravenously given 1 ml of an fab-fragment-antibody to CEA, labeled with 25mCi of 99mTc (CEA-Scan). During surgery the radioactivity in lymph glands regionary for the tumors was measured and compared to the-much lower-activity in healthy nodes. For this we used a scintillation-probe (C-Trak). All lymph nodes of interest were-then excised and submitted to frozen section pathology. In 7/20 cases scintimetry led to an up-staging of the disease. In addition we found metastatic spread to lymph nodes that were basically not regionary for the primary tumor. Our results are confirmed by those of other investigators. Scintimetry can precisely identify even very small tumor deposits. So it leads to accurate staging when surgery is still on-going. In a next step the concept of sentinel-node-diagnosis, which is right now being clinically evaluated, may be applied is colorectal surgical oncology.
Wellbore integrity analysis of a natural CO2 producer (2009)

The long-term integrity of wellbores in a CO2-rich environment is a complex function of material properties and reservoir conditions including brine and rock compositions, CO2 pressure, and formation pressure and temperature gradients. Laboratory experiments can provide essential information on rates of material reaction with CO2. However, field data are essential for assessing the integrated effect of these factors in subsurface conditions to provide a basis for validation of numerical models of wellbore behavior. We present a comprehensive study and conclusions from an investigation of a 30-year old well from a natural CO2 production reservoir. The wellbore was exposed to a 96% CO2 fluid from the time of cement placement. This site is unique for two reasons: it represents a higher, sustained concentration of CO2 compared to enhanced oil recovery fields and both the reservoir and caprock are clastic rocks that may possess less buffering capacity than carbonate reservoirs. A sampling program resulted in the recovery of 10 side-wall cement cores extending from the reservoir through the caprock. The hydrologic, mineralogical and mechanical properties of these samples were measured and those results were combined with an in-situ pressure-response test to investigate cement integrity over a range of length scales. Fluid sampling was conducted with pressure and temperature measurements for geochemical analysis of the cemented annulus and the adjacent formation. These combined data sets provide an assessment of well integrity including original cement seal and the impacts of CO2. Cement evaluation wireline surveys indicate good coverage and bonding, consistent with observations from sidewall cement core samples that have tight interfaces with the casing and formation. Although alteration of the cement samples is present in all cores in varying degrees, hydraulic isolation has prevented leakage based on the pressure gradient measured between the caprock and CO2 formation as well as lack of corrosion and no casing pressure history. Simulation of a hydraulic isolation test (Vertical Interference Test) indicates the best match for effective permeability of the wellbore system is approximately 1–10 millidarcies which suggests cement interfaces are a more significant potential migration pathway as compared with the cement matrix. Effective placement of the Portland-fly ash cement system was a key element in the observed performance of the barrier system that provides hydraulic isolation. The types of information collected in this survey permit analysis of individual components (casing, cement and reservoir fluid and pressure measurements) for comparison to the larger scale system including the interfaces. The results will be used as part of the CO2 Capture Project’s effort to develop a long-term predictive simulation tool to assess wellbore integrity performance in CO2 storage sites.
<title>Profiles and chemistry effects in polysilicon and tungsten silicide EPROM "stack" etching</title> (1993)

Specialized EPROM cell architectures lead to a host of new difficulties during pattern transfer. Results from patterning stacked gate structure multilayers of WSi<SUB>x</SUB>, polysilicon, SiO<SUB>2</SUB> and Si<SUB>3</SUB>N<SUB>4</SUB> with etching chemistries containing HBr and Cl<SUB>2</SUB> are examined. Strong effects arising from changes in feed composition and wafer temperature are discussed along with some basic mechanisms involved in these interactions.
Genome-Wide Expression Profiling Reveals EBV-Associated Inhibition of MHC Class I Expression in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (2006)

To identify the molecular mechanisms by which EBV-associated epithelial cancers are maintained, we measured the expression of essentially all human genes and all latent EBV genes in a collection of 31 laser-captured, microdissected nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) tissue samples and 10 normal nasopharyngeal tissues. Global gene expression profiles clearly distinguished tumors from normal healthy epithelium. Expression levels of six viral genes (EBNA1, EBNA2, EBNA3A, EBNA3B, LMP1, and LMP2A) were correlated among themselves and strongly inversely correlated with the expression of a large subset of host genes. Among the human genes whose inhibition was most strongly correlated with increased EBV gene expression were multiple MHC class I HLA genes involved in regulating immune response via antigen presentation. The association between EBV gene expression and inhibition of MHC class I HLA expression implies that antigen display is either directly inhibited by EBV, facilitating immune evasion by tumor cells, and/or that tumor cells with inhibited presentation are selected for their ability to sustain higher levels of EBV to take maximum advantage of EBV oncogene-mediated tumor-promoting actions. Our data clearly reflect such tumor promotion, showing that deregulation of key proteins involved in apoptosis (BCL2-related protein A1 and Fas apoptotic inhibitory molecule), cell cycle checkpoints (AKIP, SCYL1, and NIN), and metastasis (matrix metalloproteinase 1) is closely correlated with the levels of EBV gene expression in NPC.
Graphene from Sugar and its Application in Water Purification (2012)

This paper describes a green method for the synthesis of graphenic material from cane sugar, a common disaccharide. A suitable methodology was introduced to immobilize this material on sand without the need of any binder, resulting in a composite, referred to as graphene sand composite (GSC). Raman spectroscopy confirmed that the material is indeed graphenic in nature, having G and D bands at 1597 and 1338 cm(-1), respectively. It effectively removes contaminants from water. Here, we use rhodamine 6G (R6G) as a model dye and chloropyrifos (CP) as a model pesticide to demonstrate this application. The spectroscopic and microscopic analyses coupled with adsorption experiments revealed that physical adsorption plays a dominant role in the adsorption process. Isotherm data in batch experiments show an adsorption capacity of 55 mg/g for R6G and 48 mg/g for CP, which are superior to that of activated carbon. The adsorbent can be easily regenerated using a suitable eluent. This quick and cost-effective technique for the into a commercial water filter with appropriate engineering.
Arbitrary orthogonal tilings of the time-frequency plane (2003)

Expansions which give arbitrarily orthonormal tilings of the time-frequency plane are considered. These differ from the short-time Fourier transform, wavelet transform, and wavelet packets tilings in that they change over time. It is shown how orthonormal tilings can be achieved using time-varying orthogonal tree structures, which preserve orthogonality, even across transitions. One method is based on lapped orthogonal transforms, which makes it possible to change the number of channels in the transform. A second method is based on the construction of boundary filters and gives arbitrary tilings. An algorithm is presented which for a given signal decides on the best binary segmentation and which tree split to use for each segment. It is optimal in a rate-distortion sense. The results of experiments on test signals are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Low-rate image coding with finite-state vector quantization (2005)

Direct space-domain image coding with Vector Quantization (VQ) has been very effective in the range 0.6 to 1.5 bpp. To achieve quality at lower rates, it is necessary to exploit spatial redundancy over a larger region of pixels than is possible with memoryless VQ. One way to do this is to incorporate memory into a VQ-based coder. A finite-state vector quantizer (FSVQ) employs a state variable which summarizes the past to select one of a family of codebooks to encode each vector. As a result, an FSVQ can achieve the same performance as memoryless VQ at lower rates. In this paper we extend the FSVQ technique to image coding, introducing a novel formulation of the state and state-transition rule using a perceptually-based image classifier. A new distortion measure is proposed for image VQ, which appears to be perceptually more effective than the usual MSE-criterion and leads to a modified LBG design algorithm to obtain codebooks which result in improved edge integrity. At 0.375 bpp, the resulting FSVQ coder achieves performance comparable to earlier memoryless VQs at 0.7 bpp.
Core–Shell Nanowire Light‐Emitting Diodes (2005)

Core–shell semiconductor nanowire heterostructures are fabricated using pulsed-laser deposition to coat silicon nanowires with a cadmium sulfide shell. The resulting heterostructures are used to fabricate lithographically defined intrawire p–n junctions via a selective etching process (see Figure). We present structural data and a proof- of-concept construction of intrawire light-emitting diodes.
Identifying redundancies using reduced symbolic simulation [digital VLSI circuits] (1996)

Redundancies are introduced in digital VLSI circuits due to immature synthesis techniques. Test generation algorithms have problems in handling them as well. Redundancy identification becomes important as a result. This paper presents a redundancy identification algorithm that does not rely on branch-and-bound search techniques. It utilizes a reduced form of symbolic simulation and contains several new techniques to aid in this process. Results are presented on the ISCAS circuits.
Myelin basic protein in Alzheimer disease neuronal fractions and mammalian neurofilament preparations (1981)

We previously reported a marked increase of a 20,000 molecular weight (MW) protein, P20, in some neuronal fractions and whole cortical homogenates isolated from affected cortex in Alzheimer disease; P20 comigrated electrophoretically with an unidentified, major 20,000 MW protein present in human neurofilament (NF) fractions. We now report that the 20,000 MW protein is a major constituent of rodent as well as human NF fractions and that it comigrates by one- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis with purified myelin basic protein (MBP). Peptide mapping and staining with amido black confirmed the identity of the 20,000 MW protein of mammalian NF fractions as MBP. One- and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of neuronal perikaryal fractions from human cortex indicated that the increased P20 protein in Alzheimer neuronal fractions comigrates with human MBP. Deliberate contamination of cortical samples with adjacent subcortical white matter (i.e., myelin) prior to neuronal separation did not result in an increase of P20 in the neuronal fraction. On the basis of these and additional experiments, we conclude that the increase of a 20,000 MW protein in neuronal fractions and whole homogenates from affected cortex in Alzheimer disease represents MBP of intracortical origin.