gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Construction and use of a causal model for diagnosis (1988)

Causal models have recently become popular in artificial intelligence. Accompanying this popularity is an extensive use of the term in many different contexts, representing varying techniques in different domains. the aim of this article is threefold. First, to define the term causal model and to give an overview of causal reasoning in AI, in its many guises; second, to illustrate the advantages and limitations of causal model based reasoning by comparing it with the more traditional rule-based reasoning in knowledgebased diagnosis; and finally, to present work I have done in constructing a causal model of a problem-solving system and using it to reason about the system behavior. This discussion will focus on the modeling formalism used to represent the system structure and behavior, the types of reasoning possible using this formalism, and some principles for construction of causal models for software. the modeling formalism uses a state transition network to represent the states the system undergoes and their causal relationships. Each state in the net is attached to an object which represents some object or data structure in the modeled system. the objects' attributes in the uninstantiated model contain constraint expressions representing each attribute's relationship to the attributes of the neighboring objects. the basic reasoning mechanism is bi-directional value propagation through these constraint expressions. This mechanism supports several types of reasoning that make possible the complex diagnosis required to understand the behavior of a problem-solving system. These include backward causal tracing, simulation, comparative reasoning to understand the differences between the behavior of several objects, and reasoning about classes of objects and events in the system.
Encapsulation Methods for Transport of Fibre Channel Traffic over MPLS Networks (2012)

A Fibre Channel pseudowire (PW) is used to carry Fibre Channel traffic over an MPLS network.This enables service providers to take advantage of MPLS to offer "emulated" Fibre Channel services.This document specifies the encapsulation of Fibre Channel traffic within a pseudowire.It also specifies the common procedures for using a PW to provide a Fibre Channel service.
A novel oncoprotein RNF43 functions in an autocrine manner in colorectal cancer (2004)

We previously analyzed expression profiles of 20 colorectal tumors by means of genome-wide cDNA microarray. Among the genes that were commonly up-regulated in the CRCs, we further characterized biological importance of a novel human gene termed RNF43 (RING finger protein 43) in colorectal carcinogenesis. Multiple-tissue northern blot analysis revealed undetectable expression of RNF43 in normal adult tissues examined and low levels of expression in fetal kidney and lung. Its exogenous expression conferred a growth-promoting effect in COS7 and NIH3T3 cells, and suppression of its expression by specific short interfering RNAs retarded the growth of colon cancer cells. Interestingly, RNF43 protein was shown to be a secreted protein, and addition of the conditioned media of the RNF43-transfected cells into culture media of NIH3T3 cells revealed a significant enhancement of cell growth. These data suggest that RNF43 may exert its growth promoting effect in an antocrine manner, and that it may be a novel diagnostic marker for colorectal cancer.
Influence of cationic substitutions on the first charge and reversible capacities of lithium-rich layered oxide cathodes (2013)

The reversible capacity values of lithium-rich layered oxide cathodes depend on the length (capacity) of the plateau region during the first charge. With an aim to understand the factors that control the length of the plateau region and thereby enhance the reversible capacity, the effects of various cationic substitutions in Li1.2Mn0.6Ni0.2O2 have been investigated systematically. Specifically, substitutions of (i) M3+ = Al3+, Cr3+, Fe3+, Co3+, and Ga3+ for equal amounts of Mn4+ and Ni2+ in Li1.2Mn0.6−0.5xNi0.2−0.5xMxO2 with x = 0.06, 0.13, and 0.2, (ii) Ti4+ for Mn4+ in Li1.2Mn0.6−xTixNi0.2O2 with x = 0.025, 0.05, and 0.1, and (iii) Mg2+ for Ni2+ in Li1.2Mn0.6Ni0.2−xMgxO2 with x = 0.025, 0.05, and 0.1 have been investigated. The cationic substitutions affect the first charge capacity values both in the sloping region corresponding to the oxidation of the transition-metal ions to the 4+ state and in the plateau region corresponding to the oxidation of O2− ions to O2 and/or transition-metal ions beyond 4+, which control the reversible capacity values in subsequent cycles. While the changes in the sloping-region capacity could be readily understood by considering the redox activities of the transition-metal ions, the plateau-region capacity is found to depend sensitively on the metal–oxygen covalence, which is dictated by the relative positions of the metal:3d band with respect to the top of the O2−:2p band, and electron delocalization. For instance, an overlap of the Co3+/4+:t2g band with the top of the O2−:2p band along with a partially filled t2g band across the shared octahedral edges makes the oxygen loss from the lattice and/or oxidation beyond 4+ much more facile.
A practical SPUDT design for SAW filters with different-width split-finger interdigital transducers (2002)

A practical SPUDT design for SAW filters with Different-Width Split-Finger (DWSF) interdigital transducers has been developed. A newly developed DWSF-SPUDT has four electrode fingers per a wavelength. The adjacent electrode fingers have different widths respectively. The DWSF-SPUDT needs an adjustment of the electrode positions to obtain the /spl lambda//8 phase-difference. The optimum electrode arrangement is a function of the finger width ratio, which means the width of the wide finger divided by that of the narrow finger. It gives the symmetrical radiation conductance to the DWSF-SPUDT. As for this SPUDT, the electrical 1/Q factor and the directivity of SAW are analyzed as a function of the finger width ratio. The insertion loss of SPUDT depends on both factors. The electrical 1/Q factor and the directivity have a trade-off relation regarding the finger width ratio. The optimum finger width ratio has been obtained to achieve low insertion loss. The insertion loss is improved by 1 dB. Thus it is confirmed by simulation that the DWSF-SPUDT has good performance for an IF stage SAW filter for CDMA cellular phone applications.
An Efficient Solution to Factor Drifting Problem in the pLSA Model (2005)

Probabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis (pLSA) is a powerful statistical technique to analyze relation between factors in dyadic data Although various pLSA-based applications, ranging from information retrieval, information filtering, to text-mining and visualization, have been successfully conducted, they can not afford dynamic revising of model when one of the factors changes constantly. In this paper, we take the advantage of decoupling ability of pLSA thoroughly, and propose a more elegant approach based on maximum likelihood estimation to gain an incremental learning with the drift of a factor. We demonstrate our method in the context of collaborative filtering where single user interests change fast, but the community interests remain almost constant. Experiments against the MovieLens and EachMovie data sets reveal that the proposed method improves the recommending accuracy 10% further beyond the original pLSA at a less computation cost.
Measurement of the Photometric Properties of the Upper Atmosphere (1945)

This paper describes the procedure in and the results of measurements made of the photometric properties of the atmosphere. The data were required for the solutten of a number of visibility and similar problems; the need for data is outlined, and the relevant photometric properties of the atmosphere are described. The experiments fall into two groups: measurements made in clean air, and those made in industrial atmospheres. In both atmospheres the polar distribution of light scattered by an element of the atmosphere was measured by polar nephelometers built for the purpose. In the clean air measurements, a nephelometer was carried on an aeroplane and a series of flights was made, several up to 30,000 ft., over different parts of the country and at different times of the year. A series was also obtained at sea level on a ship. On one series of experiments several other measurements were made in addition, including the brightness of a searchlight beam measured from the air, and the air-ground transmission. Both these formed checks to the nephelometry. In the industrial atmospheres a nephelometer was carried on an observation balloon. In these experiments the air-ground transmission was also measured carefully; and it was possible to deduce from the results the absorption as distinct from the scattering coefficient. Three series of measurements were made over two industrial towns to heights of 3,000 ft. The polar distributions of scattered light obtained varied greatly; there appeared to be little correlation with altitude or with scattering coefficient in most cases, though one type of curve was usual on and near the ground. Some measurements were made in extremely clear air, when distributions not unlike the Rayleigh distribution were obtained. There is a hope that the size of the scattering particles might, in some cases, be deduced from the shapes of the curves. In industrial atmospheres the absorption coefficient seems to be independent of the scatter, and there is a slight indication that it is small away from the vicinity of sources of pollution. Its amount is very variable. The meteorological conditions for each flight are given in an appendix, and another appendix outlines other methods which have been tried for obtaining some of the data.
A Survey of Efficiency Estimation Methods of In-Service Induction Motors with Considerations of Condition Monitoring Requirements (2005)

Condition monitoring of electric motors avoids severe economical losses resulting from unexpected motor failures and greatly improves the system reliability and maintainability. Efficiency estimation, which shares many common requirements with condition monitoring in terms of data collections, is expected to be implemented in an integrated product. This brings more considerations into the selection of the efficiency estimation methods. This paper presents the results of a literature survey on efficiency estimation methods of in-service motors, particularly with considerations of the motor condition monitoring requirements. Over twenty of the most commonly used methods are briefly described and classified into nine categories according to their physical properties. Six categories of these methods are more related to in-service testing, and are compared in a table summarizing the required tests and measurements, intrusion level, and average accuracy. Estimation of the rotor speed and the stator resistance, the two stumbling blocks of various efficiency estimation methods, are also carefully studied; and commonly used methods are summarized in this paper. Finally, three efficiency estimation methods are suggested for in-service motor efficiency estimation and condition monitoring applications
Effects of liposteroid on the hemophagocytic syndrome in systemic lupus erythematosus (2003)

Hemophagocytic syndrome (HPS) is a life-threatening disorder characterized by pancytopenia and activation of macrophages. Recently, corticosteroid incorporated in lipid microspheres (liposteroid) has been reported to be taken up by macrophages and to suppress their functions. Here we present a case of systemic lupus erythematosus complicated by HPS that was successfully treated with liposteroid in addition to an oral corticosteroid and intravenous high-dose cyclophosphamide therapy. The serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and ferritin that have been reported to be associated with activity of macrophages remarkably reduced after liposteroid administration. This case suggests that liposteroid is useful for the treatment of HPS.
Progressive compression of arbitrary textured meshes (2016)

Abstract In this paper, we present a progressive compression algorithm for textured surface meshes, which is able to handle polygonal non‐manifold meshes as well as discontinuities in the texture mapping. Our method applies iterative batched simplifications, which create high quality levels of detail by preserving both the geometry and the texture mapping. The main features of our algorithm are (1) generic edge collapse and vertex split operators suited for polygonal non‐manifold meshes with arbitrary texture seam configurations, and (2) novel geometry‐driven prediction schemes and entropy reduction techniques for efficient encoding of connectivity and texture mapping. To our knowledge, our method is the first progressive algorithm to handle polygonal non‐manifold models. For geometry and connectivity encoding of triangular manifolds and non‐manifolds, our method is competitive with state‐of‐the‐art and even better at low/medium bitrates. Moreover, our method allows progressive encoding of texture coordinates with texture seams; it outperforms state‐of‐the‐art approaches for texture coordinate encoding. We also present a bit‐allocation framework which multiplexes mesh and texture refinement data using a perceptually‐based image metric, in order to optimize the quality of levels of detail.
Degrees of Malignancy in Human Primary Central Nervous System Tumors: Ornithine Decarboxylase Levels as Better Indicators Than Adenosylmethionine Decarboxylase Levels<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2">2</xref>, <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn3">3</xref>, <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn4">4</xref> (1982)

The levels of activity to ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AMD) were measured in various types of primary human tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) and whenever possible were related to the malignancy of the tumor graded according to histopathologic criteria. In astrocytomas ODC levels increased linearly and progressively from infratentorial pilocytic astrocytoma (grade I) to glioblastoma multiforme (grade IV) and corrected well with the degree of histologic malignancy of the tumor. AMD activity levels, however, correlated with tumor malignancy only up to grade III astrocytoma. Medulloblastomas exhibited an unusual dichotomy with regard to the levels of polyamine biosynthetic decarboxylases (PBD): Medulloblastomas had the highest ODC activities of all the CNS tumors tested but had low AMD activities. In tumors of neuroepithelial tissue ODC level increases and, when present, AMD level increases were not due to proliferation of new blood vessels, because CNS hemangioblastomas had very low levels of both PBD activities. No significant differences in either of the PBD levels were observed among the several variants of meningiomas tested, the meningotheliomatous, the transitional, and the fibrous meningiomas. However, atypical forms of meningioma, i.e., those with mitotic figures, whatever the histologic variants, had higher levels of ODC, but not of AMD, than the typical forms, i.e., those without mitotic figures.
Der preußische Landesgesundheitsrat (1921)

Drug Prescribing for Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease in General Practice: a Cross-Sectional Study
Using a Smartphone Application to Support Visually Impaired Pedestrians at Signalized Intersection Crossings (2013)

People with vision impairment rely heavily on walking and public transit for their transportation needs. A major challenge for this population is crossing intersections safely. As a result of the Americans with Disabilities Act, accessible pedestrian signal systems at signalized intersections have improved significantly since 2000. However, these systems still have shortcomings for both users and municipalities, and new approaches are needed to serve pedestrians with low vision adequately. As part of the ongoing effort to develop a prototype mobile accessible pedestrian signals (MAPS) application for the blind and visually impaired, 10 blind and low-vision people were interviewed to understand better what types of information they use at intersection crossings and to identify the types of information that could assist them. With these survey results, a MAPS system was developed to provide signal and intersection geometry information to smartphone users at signalized intersections. User interaction was with simple tactile input (single or double tap) and text-to-speech technology. A field experiment at two signalized intersections was conducted with 18 visually impaired participants to validate the use and functioning of the MAPS system in a real-world application. The purpose was to identify whether the smartphone application could effectively provide geometry and signal timing information and thus provide decision support for visually impaired pedestrians. Objective and subjective measures were developed to evaluate the performance of visually impaired users of MAPS. Participants reported that the MAPS system provided helpful geometry information (82%) and helpful signal information (59%).
Fitting CRISPR-associated Cas3 into the Helicase Family Tree (2014)

Helicases utilize NTPs to modulate their binding to nucleic acids and many of these enzymes also unwind DNA or RNA duplexes in an NTP-dependent fashion. These proteins are phylogenetically related but functionally diverse, with essential roles in virtually all aspects of nucleic acid metabolism. A new class of helicases associated with RNA-guided adaptive immune systems in bacteria and archaea has recently been identified. Prokaryotes acquire resistance to invading genetic parasites by integrating short fragments of foreign nucleic acids into repetitive loci in the host chromosome known as CRISPRs (Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats). CRISPR-associated gene 3 (cas3) encodes a conserved helicase protein that is essential for phage defense. Here we review recent advances in Cas3 biology, and provide a new phylogenetic framework that positions Cas3 in the helicase family tree. We anticipate that this Cas3 phylogeny will guide future biochemical and structural studies.
Cloning and characterization of an acyl‐CoA‐dependent <i>diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1</i> (<i>DGAT1</i>) gene from <i>Tropaeolum majus</i>, and a study of the functional motifs of the DGAT protein using site‐directed mutagenesis to modify enzyme activity and oil content (2008)

A full-length cDNA encoding a putative diacylglycerol acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1, EC 2.3.1.20) was obtained from Tropaeolum majus (garden nasturtium). The 1557-bp open reading frame of this cDNA, designated TmDGAT1, encodes a protein of 518 amino acids showing high homology to other plant DGAT1s. The TmDGAT1 gene was expressed exclusively in developing seeds. Expression of recombinant TmDGAT1 in the yeast H1246MATalpha quadruple mutant (DGA1, LRO1, ARE1, ARE2) restored the capability of the mutant host to produce triacylglycerols (TAGs). The recombinant TmDGAT1 protein was capable of utilizing a range of (14)C-labelled fatty acyl-CoA donors and diacylglycerol acceptors, and could synthesize (14)C-trierucin. Collectively, these findings confirm that the TmDGAT1 gene encodes an acyl-CoA-dependent DGAT1. In plant transformation studies, seed-specific expression of TmDGAT1 was able to complement the low TAG/unusual fatty acid phenotype of the Arabidopsis AS11 (DGAT1) mutant. Over-expression of TmDGAT1 in wild-type Arabidopsis and high-erucic-acid rapeseed (HEAR) and canola Brassica napus resulted in an increase in oil content (3.5%-10% on a dry weight basis, or a net increase of 11%-30%). Site-directed mutagenesis was conducted on six putative functional regions/motifs of the TmDGAT1 enzyme. Mutagenesis of a serine residue in a putative SnRK1 target site resulted in a 38%-80% increase in DGAT1 activity, and over-expression of the mutated TmDGAT1 in Arabidopsis resulted in a 20%-50% increase in oil content on a per seed basis. Thus, alteration of this putative serine/threonine protein kinase site can be exploited to enhance DGAT1 activity, and expression of mutated DGAT1 can be used to enhance oil content.
Differences between adult and foetal fibroblasts in the regulation of hyaluronate synthesis: correlation with migratory activity (1989)

We have previously reported that confluent foetal fibroblasts migrate into three-dimensional collagen gel matrices to a significantly greater extent than do adult cells. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a major constituent of the extracellular matrix deposited by fibroblasts and has been demonstrated to stimulate the migration of a number of different cell types. Previous studies have indicated that the synthesis of HA by normal adult skin fibroblasts declines significantly when the cells achieve confluence. Data presented in this paper indicate that foetal fibroblasts differ from adult cells in this respect, in that they do not show an inverse relationship between cell density and HA synthesis, i.e. confluent foetal fibroblasts continue to produce approximately the same amount of HA as do subconfluent cells. These data suggest that the synthesis of relatively high levels of HA by foetal fibroblasts at confluence may be causally related to the elevated migration displayed by these cells. In this context, a close correlation was observed between the level of HA synthesized by confluent foetal and adult fibroblasts and the differential migratory activity displayed by these cells. Such differences in HA synthesis and migratory behaviour were only apparent at cell confluence, with subconfluent foetal and adult fibroblasts being indistinguishable in terms of these two criteria. Our data further reveal that: (1) cell density affects the size class of HA synthesized by both foetal and adult cells; and that (2) there is a considerable degree of heterogeneity amongst the nine different fibroblast lines examined in this study in terms of the size class of HA that they produce.
Iridium(III) and rhodium(III) mono-and bis(1,10-phenanthroline) complexes and the optical isomers of iridium(III), rhodium(III), chromium(III), and cobalt(III) dihalobis(1-10-phenanthroline) complex cations (1971)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIridium(III) and rhodium(III) mono-and bis(1,10-phenanthroline) complexes and the optical isomers of iridium(III), rhodium(III), chromium(III), and cobalt(III) dihalobis(1-10-phenanthroline) complex cationsJohn A. Broomhead and Willima GrumleyCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1971, 10, 9, 2002–2009Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1971Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1971https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic50103a035https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50103a035research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views500Altmetric-Citations44LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts