gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Plant Morphological and Biochemical Responses to Field Water Deficits (1987)

Activity of glutathione reductase has been related to stress tolerance; however, these enzyme assays are generally conducted at 25 degrees C. Foliage temperature varies greatly in the field in response to soil water availability and ambient conditions and this may affect enzyme response. This study was conducted to determine the effect of changing foliage temperature on glutathione reductase activity of wheat under field conditions. Wheat leaf glutathione reductase was purified and the temperature response of the enzyme was determined at 2.5 degrees C intervals between 12.5 and 45 degrees C. These data, in conjunction with continuous measurements of field-grown wheat foliage temperatures, were used to compare the temperature-related changes in potential glutathione reductase activities in water stressed and control plants. Assuming saturating substrate levels, the results indicate that early in the season the daily potential enzyme activity of the irrigated and stressed plants could never have reached the daily activity predicted from the 25 degrees C (room temperature) measurements. Later in the season, the daily potential activity of the irrigated plants was lower, and the daily potential activity of the stressed plants was higher, than the activities predicted from the 25 degrees C determinations. These results suggest that a better understanding of the regulation of plant metabolism will be obtained by linking continuous temperature measurements of plant foliage with enzyme responses to temperature.
ESTIMATING PROBABILITIES* (1967)

Probability prediction is defined as the estimate of the conditional probability distribution of the future given the past and present. Of principal interest are probability predictions for dichotomous random variables, i.e., variables assuming the value 1 (success) or 0 (failure), in which case the prediction is simply an estimate of the probability of success. Given certain assumptions on the distribution of the independent variables, the probability of a success is shown to be a logit curve, a type of sigmoid. The maximum likelihood estimators of the parameters of the logit are obtained and compared with estimators obtained by non-linear regression techniques—both classical and a newer recursive method. A comparison is also made with a linear regression line, showing the conditions under which it provides an acceptable predictor. The comparisons are made by analysis of several types of simulated data, as well as by analysis of meteorological data. Binary events with continuous underlying variables (e.g., daily temperature exceeding its mean by k degrees) are also considered. The probability prediction is made by estimating the conditional distribution of the continuous variable and integrating over the region of interest.
Optimization of low-frequency properties of eight-to-fourteen modulation (1983)

A description is given of the eight to fourteen modulation system (EFM) designed for the Compact Disc Digital Audio System with optical read-out. EFM combines high information density and immunity to tolerances in the light path with low power at the low-frequency end of the modulation bit stream spectrum. In this modulation scheme, blocks of eight data input bits are transformed into fourteen channel bits, which follow certain minimum and maximum run-length constraints by using a code book. To prevent violation of the minimum and maximum run-length constraints a certain number of merging bits are needed to concatenate the blocks. There are cases where the merging bits are not uniquely determined by the concatenation rules. This freedom of choice thus created is used for minimizing the power of the modulated bit sequence at low frequencies. The paper presents the results of algorithms that were used to minimize this low frequency content.
Charles H. Feinstein. An Economic History of South Africa: Conquest, Discrimination and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. xxiii + 302 pp. Footnotes. Bibliography. Index. $32.99. Paper. $75.00. Cloth. (2006)

Charles H. Feinstein. An Economic History of South Africa: Conquest, Discrimination and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. xxiii + 302 pp. Footnotes. Bibliography. Index. 75.00. Cloth. - Volume 49 Issue 3
“Clustering by Composition”—Unsupervised Discovery of Image Categories (2014)

We define a "good image cluster" as one in which images can be easily composed (like a puzzle) using pieces from each other, while are difficult to compose from images outside the cluster. The larger and more statistically significant the pieces are, the stronger the affinity between the images. This gives rise to unsupervised discovery of very challenging image categories. We further show how multiple images can be composed from each other simultaneously and efficiently using a collaborative randomized search algorithm. This collaborative process exploits the "wisdom of crowds of images", to obtain a sparse yet meaningful set of image affinities, and in time which is almost linear in the size of the image collection. "Clustering-by-Composition" yields state-of-the-art results on current benchmark data sets. It further yields promising results on new challenging data sets, such as data sets with very few images (where a `cluster model' cannot be `learned' by current methods), and a subset of the PASCAL VOC data set (with huge variability in scale and appearance).
Syndecan-1 and syndecan-2 play key roles in herpes simplex virus type-1 infection (2010)

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is an important human pathogen and a leading cause of infectious blindness in the developed world. HSV-1 exploits heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPG) for attachment to cells. While the significance of heparan sulphate (HS) moieties in HSV-1 infection is well established, the role of specific proteoglycan core proteins in the infection process remains poorly understood. The objective of this study was to assess the roles of syndecan-1 and syndecan-2 core proteins in HSV-1 infection, both of which are expressed by many HSV-1 target cell types. Our results demonstrate that syndecan-1 and syndecan-2 gene silencing by RNA interference reduces HSV-1 entry, plaque formation and facilitates cell survival. Furthermore, HSV-1 infection increases syndecan-1 and syndecan-2 protein synthesis and a resultant increase in cell surface expression of HS. Our observations suggest that changes in syndecan-1 and syndecan-2 expression levels may be related to active viral infection. Taken together, our findings provide new insights into HSPG functions during HSV-1 entry and spread.
Analysis of single mode laser with chirped gratings (1998)

Using the wavetheoretical analysis, this paper investigates the lasing characteristics of three sectioned single-mode DFB semiconductor lasers with chirped gratings. Analytical expressions are derived for the threshold gain and lasing wavelength of chirped DFB lasers. Numerical results show the sectioned chirped gratings have significant effects on the fine tuning of lasing wavelength and the improvement of the singlemode gain margin to the DFB lasers.
Redefiniciones identitarias. Sacrificio de toro e intervención institucional entre los Wixaritari (Huicholes) (2003)

Se presentan los grandes pasos del proceso de construccion de la identidad wixarika (Huichola), haciendo enfasis en las relaciones de los Wixaritari con el Estado mexicano en el marco de la politica indigenista. Se analizan los cambios sociales suscitados por su desarrollo durante las decadas pasadas, en especial, la creacion de un cuerpo de funcionarios indigenas y los conflictos de poder que atraviesan las comunidades a raiz de esta. Por medio de un estudio de caso, se muestra que el ambito ritual es un espacio politico donde se negocia la participacion de actores indigenas en las dependencias del Estado. Asi, lejos de ser una practica desvinculada de las esferas del Estado, del mercado y de la sociedad mexicana, el sacrificio de toro mawarixa es un recurso cultural que bien puede favorecer la apropiacion de roles interetnicos. La identidad etnica, entendida como una forma de organizacion social, se negocia y redefine en la arena ritual, siendo esta el lugar donde se legitiman los cargos de diversa indole.
[Hormones and antihormones. The steroidal model]. (1991)

Antiglucocorticoids despite very limited clinical application (in contrast with other antisteroids) are extensively studied, since the glucocorticoid receptor, present in numerous target cells, constitute a very convenient experimental model. Structure activity relationships of a series of 17 beta-carboxamide derivatives of dexamethasone are described. The affinity of these compounds for the glucocorticoid receptor depends on the nature of the 17 beta-side chain substituent. An effect is observed at a rather large distance from the steroid nucleus. Maximal affinity is obtained with aromatic substituents. Antiglucocorticoid activity seems to be correlated with a high dissociation rate constant of the steroid receptor complexes and probably exclude the existence of a very active antiglucocorticoid in these series. Dexamethasone 17 beta-carboxamide derivates share with all other antiglucocorticoids tested the same ability to stabilize a high molecular form of the receptor associated to HSP90, a heat shock protein, in intact cells.
Synthesis of 2,4-dialkoxy-6-(trifluoromethyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylates via a novel cyclocondensation of dialkyl 3-oxopentanedioates with trifluoroacetonitrile (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of 2,4-dialkoxy-6-(trifluoromethyl)-3,5-pyridinedicarboxylates via a novel cyclocondensation of dialkyl 3-oxopentanedioates with trifluoroacetonitrileLen F. Lee and Jean E. NormansellCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 9, 2964–2967Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00296a077https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00296a077research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views317Altmetric-Citations27LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Covert channels in TCP/IP protocol stack - extended version- (2014)

Abstract We give a survey of different techniques for hiding data in several protocols from the TCP/IP protocol stack. Techniques are organized according to affected layer and protocol. For most of the covert channels its data bandwidth is given.
Metal complexes as photochemical nitric oxide precursors: Potential applications in the treatment of tumors (2009)

The bioregulatory molecule NO plays key roles in cancer biology and has been implicated in both tumor growth and suppression. Furthermore, it is a gamma-radiation sensitizer that may enhance selective killing of neoplastic tissues. For these reasons, there is considerable interest in developing methods for NO delivery to specific physiological targets. In this Perspective, we describe ongoing investigations focused on photochemical methodologies to deliver therapeutic doses of NO to such targets utilizing transition metal complexes that are nitric oxide precursors. The photochemical strategy has the advantages that it allows for precise control of the timing, location, and dosage for the targeted delivery of a bioactive agent.
Disruption of RB/E2F-1 interaction by single point mutations in E2F-1 enhances S-phase entry and apoptosis. (1996)

The retinoblastoma protein (RB) has been proposed to function as a negative regulator of cell proliferation by complexing with cellular proteins such as the transcription factor E2F. To study the biological consequences of the RB/E2F-1 interaction, point mutants of E2F-1 which fail to bind to RB were isolated by using the yeast two-hybrid system. Sequence analysis revealed that within the minimal 18-amino acid peptide of E2F-1 required for RB binding, five residues, Tyr (position 411), Glu (419), and Asp-Leu-Phe (423-425), are critical. These amino acids are conserved among the known E2F family members. While mutation of any of these five amino acids abolished binding to RB, all mutants retained their full transactivation potential. Expression of mutated E2F-1, when compared with that of wild-type, significantly accelerated entry into S phase and subsequent apoptosis. These results provide direct genetic evidence for the biological significance of the RB/E2F interaction and strongly suggest that the interplay between RB and E2F is critical for proper cell cycle progression.
Fluorometric Determination of Glucose Utilization in Neurons <i>in Vitro</i> and <i>in Vivo</i> (2004)

Glucose is the major energy source the adult brain utilizes under physiologic conditions. Recent findings, however, have suggested that neurons obtain most of their energy from the oxidation of extracellular lactate derived from astroglial metabolism of glucose transported into the brain from the blood. In the present studies we have used 2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]-2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-NBDG), a fluorescent analogue of 2-deoxyglucose, which is often used to trace glucose utilization in neural tissues, to examine glucose metabolism in neurons in vitro and in vivo. Cultured neurons and astroglia were incubated with 2-NBDG for up to 15 minutes, and nonmetabolized 2-NBDG was washed out. We found that fluorescence intensity increased linearly with incubation time in both neurons and astroglia, indicating that both types of brain cells could utilize glucose as their energy source in vitro. To determine if the same were true in vivo, Sprague-Dawley rats were injected intravenously with a pulse bolus of 2-NBDG and decapitated 45 minutes later. Examination of brain sections demonstrated that phosphorylated 2-NBDG accumulated in hippocampal neurons and cerebellar Purkinje cells, indicating that neurons can utilize glucose in vivo as energy source.
Cryptic coloration and mirrored sides as camouflage strategies in near‐surface pelagic habitats: Implications for foraging and predator avoidance (2003)

Mirrored and colored surfaces are common adaptations for crypsis in pelagic habitats. Although highly successful when optimized for a particular situation, either may become less successful if it is then viewed in a different situation. In this study we examine the relative robustness of these two strategies by determining how visible an organism becomes when viewed under optical conditions different from those under which the camouflage is optimal. Underwater radiance distributions were calculated using inherent optical properties measured in coastal waters 80 km off the coast of New Hampshire. These radiance distributions were then used to calculate optimally cryptic diffuse and specular reflectance spectra as a function of depth, solar elevation, viewing angle, and azimuth. Then the visibilities of organisms cryptic in one situation viewed in a different situation were calculated, using the Atlantic Cod, Gadus morhua , as the viewer. In contrast to benthic organisms, pelagic organisms cryptic under one set of optical conditions were quite visible under a different set, particularly when viewed from a different azimuth. The crypsis afforded by mirrored surfaces was generally more robust than that resulting from colored surfaces. However, because mirrored surfaces could never be perfectly cryptic when viewed in the azimuth of the sun, neither strategy clearly outperformed the other. In general, crypsis by colored or mirrored surfaces was not robust in nearsurface water, which may help explain both the predominance of transparent species in near‐surface pelagic habitats and the vertical migration of many colored and mirrored species. The results also show that three common foraging strategies—circling, crepuscular activity, and driving prey toward the surface—all increase the visibility of cryptically colored or mirrored prey.
Scheduling Jobs on Several Machines with the Job Splitting Property (1996)

This scheduling model is derived from the real problem of scheduling looms in a textile industry. Jobs may be independently split over several specified machines, and preemption is allowed. Deadlines are specified for each job, and jobs are assumed to be available. It is shown that minimizing maximum weighted tardiness can be done in polynomial time. The case of uniform machines (as in the considered application) can be modeled as a network flow, and minimization of maximum tardiness can be done in strongly polynomial time. The case of unrelated machines can be solved either by generalized flow techniques or by Linear Programming. Attention is also focused on the problem of finding so-called Unordered Lexico Optima, in order to schedule nonbinding jobs as early as possible.
An evaluation of an alternating magnetic field device for monitoring tongue movements (1990)

Alternating magnetic field devices hold much promise for tracking movements of multiple articulators, including the tongue, in the midsagittal plane. Here, the accuracy, repeatability, and linearity of one such device, the Articulograph AG-100 (Carstens Medizinelektronik GmbH, Göttingen, West Germany), are evaluated. The results indicate that with proper precautions in transducer calibration and placement, the Articulograph can be a useful tool in speech production research.
Experimental Aspects of Reverse Combustion in Tar Sands (1960)

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 219, 1960, pages 99–108. Abstract Laboratory experiments on the reverse combustion of tar sands in a linear adiabatic system have shown that a highly upgraded oil can be produced from an exceedingly viscous, immobile oil. The dependence on the air-injection rate of peak temperature, combustion-zone velocity, oil recovery, air-oil ratio, residual coke and oil, fuel burned and distribution of product gases is shown graphically. Effects of initial temperature, oxygen concentration, oil saturation and heat loss are discussed. Experiments bearing on the coking properties of heavy oils are mentioned and some results exhibited. Field application of the process hinges on the existence of adequate air permeability and the rate of reaction under reservoir conditions. Introduction It has been established that oil can be recovered from underground reservoirs by means of at least two fundamentally distinct methods involving in situ combustion of a certain fraction of the oil. Characteristic of both of these known methods is the production of oil from one or more wells by means of hot gases formed when a high-temperature reaction zone is advanced through the reservoir. In both cases, the reaction zone is created by heating certain of the wells to a sufficiently high temperature prior to the introduction of air, and the zone is maintained and advanced through the reservoir by appropriate control of the air-injection rate. In the first of these methods, which is called "forward combustion", the combustion zone advances in a direction which is generally the same as that of the air flow; whereas in the second method, "reverse combustion", the combustion zone moves in a direction generally opposite to that of the air flow. Forward combustion, on the one hand, is an ideal combustion process in the sense that a minimum of the most undesirable fraction of the oil is consumed as fuel in the form of coke, a clean sand is left behind and generated heat is used as efficiently as possible. However, the applicability of forward combustion is limited. Since the products of combustion, vaporized oil and connate water must flow into relatively cold regions of the reservoir, there is an upper limit on the viscosity of oil which can be moved by this process in a practical and economical fashion.
Creation and evaluation of a single‐chain antibody tetramer that targets brain endothelial cells (2014)

Antibodies that target and internalize into blood-brain barrier (BBB) endothelial cells offer promise as drug delivery agents. Previously, we identified a single-chain antibody (scFvA) capable of binding to the BBB. In an attempt to improve the binding and internalization properties of the single chain antibody (scFvA), a biotinylation tag (Avitag) was fused to scFvA and the protein secreted by yeast. The scFvA-Avitag could be biotinylated by yeast-displayed BirA enzyme and biotinylated scFvA-Avitag could be used to create scFv tetramers. Tetramerization of scFvA improved the internalization of scFvA into BBB endothelial cells, and biotinylated scFvA-Avitag could also be used to target streptavidin-coated quantum dots for BBB endothelial cell internalization. Perfusing the rat brain with scFvA-tetramer confirmed that the antigen targeted by scFvA is distributed on blood side of the BBB, suggesting the potential for downstream application of scFvA in brain-targeted drug delivery.
Annexin A1 Regulates Intestinal Mucosal Injury, Inflammation, and Repair (2008)

During mucosal inflammation, a complex array of proinflammatory and protective mechanisms regulates inflammation and severity of injury. Secretion of anti-inflammatory mediators is a mechanism that is critical in controlling inflammatory responses and promoting epithelial restitution and barrier recovery. AnxA1 is a potent anti-inflammatory protein that has been implicated to play a critical immune regulatory role in models of inflammation. Although AnxA1 has been shown to be secreted in intestinal mucosal tissues during inflammation, its potential role in modulating the injury/inflammatory response is not understood. In this study, we demonstrate that AnxA1-deficient animals exhibit increased susceptibility to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis with greater clinical morbidity and histopathologic mucosal injury. Furthermore, impaired recovery following withdrawal of DSS administration was observed in AnxA1 (-/-) animals compared with wild-type (WT) control mice that was independent of inflammatory cell infiltration. Since AnxA1 exerts its anti-inflammatory properties through stimulation of ALX/FPRL-1, we explored the role of this receptor-ligand interaction in regulating DSS-induced colitis. Interestingly, treatment with an ALX/FPRL-1 agonist, 15-epi-lipoxin A4 reversed the enhanced sensitivity of AnxA1 (-/-) mice to DSS colitis. In contrast, 15-epi-lipoxin A4 did not significantly improve the severity of disease in WT animals. Additionally, differential expression of ALX/FPLR-1 in control and DSS-treated WT and AnxA1-deficient animals suggested a potential role for AnxA1 in regulating ALX/FPRL-1 expression under pathophysiological conditions. Together, these results support a role of endogenous AnxA1 in the protective and reparative properties of the intestinal mucosal epithelium.
Asymmetric Substitution at the Tetrasubstituted Chiral Carbon: Catalytic Ring-Opening Alkylation of Racemic 2,2-Disubstituted Aziridines with 3-Substituted Oxindoles (2013)

A highly diastereo- and enantioselective ring-opening alkylation of racemic 2,2-disubstituted aziridines with 3-substituted oxindoles is achieved under the catalysis of a chiral 1,2,3-triazolium salt. This reaction represents a hitherto unknown, catalytic stereoselective carbon-carbon bond formation through direct substitution at the tetrasubstituted chiral carbon.