gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mesoporous Nitrogen-Doped Carbon for the Electrocatalytic Synthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide (2012)

Mesoporous nitrogen-doped carbon derived from the ionic liquid N-butyl-3-methylpyridinium dicyanamide is a highly active, cheap, and selective metal-free catalyst for the electrochemical synthesis of hydrogen peroxide that has the potential for use in a safe, sustainable, and cheap flow-reactor-based method for H(2)O(2) production.
Structural and Electrochemical Characterization of Binary, Ternary, and Quaternary Platinum Alloy Catalysts for Methanol Electro-oxidation (1998)

The bifunctional model for methanol electro-oxidation suggests that competent catalysts should contain at least two types of surface elements: those that bind methanol and activate its C−H bonds and those that adsorb and activate water. Our previous work considered phase equilibria and relative Pt−C and M−O (M = Ru, Os) bond strengths in predicting improved activity among single-phase Pt−Ru−Os ternary alloys. By addition of a correlation with M−C bond strengths (M = Pt, Ir), it is possible to rationalize the recent combinatorial discovery of further improved Pt−Ru−Os−Ir quaternaries. X-ray diffraction experiments show that these quaternary catalysts are composed primarily of a nanocrystalline face-centered cubic (fcc) phase, in combination with an amorphous minor component. For catalysts of relatively high Ru content, the lattice parameter deviates positively from that of the corresponding arc-melted fcc alloy, suggesting that the nanocrystalline fcc phase is Pt-rich. Anode catalyst polarization curves in direct methanol fuel cells (DMFC's) at 60 °C show that the best Pt−Ru−Os−Ir compositions are markedly superior to Pt−Ru, despite the higher specific surface area of the latter. A remarkable difference between these catalysts is revealed by the methanol concentration dependence of the current density. Although the rate of oxidation is zero order in [CH3OH] at potentials relevant to DMFC operation (250−325 mV vs RHE) at Pt−Ru, it is approximately first order at Pt−Ru−Os−Ir electrodes. This finding implies that the quaternary catalysts will be far superior to Pt−Ru in DMFC's constructed from electrolyte membranes that resist methanol crossover, in which higher concentrations of methanol can be used.
Resilience for the Scalability of Dependability (2005)

The current state-of-knowledge and state-of-the-art reasonably enable the construction and operation of critical systems, be they safety-critical or availability-critical. The situation drastically worsens when considering large, networked, evolving, systems either fixed or mobile, with demanding requirements driven by their domain of application. There is statistical evidence that these emerging systems suffer from a significant drop in dependability and security in comparison with the former systems. The cost of failures in service is growing rapidly, as a consequence of the degree of dependence placed on computing systems, up to several million euros per hour of downtime for some businesses
Web Spambot Detection Based on Web Navigation Behaviour (2010)

Web robots have been widely used for various beneficial and malicious activities. Web spambots are a type of web robot that spreads spam content throughout the web by typically targeting Web 2.0 applications. They are intelligently designed to replicate human behaviour in order to bypass system checks. Spam content not only wastes valuable resources but can also mislead users to unsolicited websites and award undeserved search engine rankings to spammers' campaign websites. While most of the research in anti-spam filtering focuses on the identification of spam content on the web, only a few have investigated the origin of spam content, hence identification and detection of web spambots still remains an open area of research. In this paper, we describe an automated supervised machine learning solution which utilises web navigation behaviour to detect web spambots. We propose a new feature set (referred to as an action set) as a representation of user behaviour to differentiate web spambots from human users. Our experimental results show that our solution achieves a 96.24% accuracy in classifying web spambots.
Measuring the Hydrodynamic Size of Nanoparticles in Aqueous Media Using Batch-Mode Dynamic Light Scattering (2010)

Particle size characterization is of particular importance to nanomedicine. The size similarity of nanoparticles to biological moieties is believed to impart many of their unique medical properties. Here we present a method for sample preparation and the determination of mean nanoparticle size (hydrodynamic diameter) using batch-mode dynamic light scattering (DLS) in dilute aqueous suspensions. We then demonstrate this method for 30 nm colloidal gold.
C-Peptide Replacement Therapy and Sensory Nerve Function in Type 1 Diabetic Neuropathy (2006)

C-peptide treatment for 6 months improves sensory nerve function in early-stage type 1 diabetic neuropathy.
The Rise of PSMA Ligands for Diagnosis and Therapy of Prostate Cancer (2016)

The prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) has received increased consideration during the past few years as an excellent target for both imaging and therapy of prostate cancer. After many years of outstanding preclinical research, the first significant step forward in clinical use was achieved in 2008 with the first human experience with the small-molecule PSMA inhibitors <sup>123</sup>I-MIP-1972 and <sup>123</sup>I-MIP-1095. A clinical breakthrough followed in 2011 with <sup>68</sup>Ga-PSMA-11 for PET imaging and <sup>131</sup>I-MIP-1095 for endoradiotherapy of metastatic prostate cancer. Since then, PET/CT with <sup>68</sup>Ga-PSMA-11 has rapidly spread worldwide, and endoradiotherapy with PSMA ligands has been conducted at increasing numbers of centers. <sup>68</sup>Ga-PSMA-11 is currently the subject of multicenter studies in different countries. Since 2013, <sup>131</sup>I-related PSMA therapy has been replaced by <sup>177</sup>Lu-labeled ligands, such as PSMA-617, which is also the subject of multicenter studies. Alternative PSMA ligands for both imaging and therapy are available. Among them is <sup>99m</sup>Tc-MIP-1404, which has recently entered a phase 3 clinical trial. This article focuses on the highlights of the development and clinical application of PSMA ligands.
.BETA.-Tricalcium Phosphate Combined With Recombinant Human Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2: A Substitute for Autograft, Used for Packing Interbody Fusion Cages in the Canine Lumbar Spine (2004)

Beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP) combined with recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) was examined as a substitute for autograft for packing into interbody fusion cages in the canine lumbar spine model. Discectomy and interbody cage fusion were performed at three disc spaces in eight dogs. Examination of microradiographs and histological sections of the lumbar spine at 16 weeks postsurgery revealed three fusions in the autograft cages (Group A), three in the beta-TCP cages (Group B), and five in the beta-TCP-BMP-2 cages (Group C). The mean percentage of trabecular bone area in the cages was 51.9% in Group A, 48.8% in Group B, and 65.6% in Group C. Mean percentage of trabecular bone formation and mechanical stiffness were highest in the cages filled with beta-TCP and BMP-2. Combination of BMP to beta-TCP may act as an osteoconductive and osteoinductive bone graft substitute in clinical spine surgery.
Liver pathology in morbidly obese patients with and without diabetes. (1990)

The contribution of obesity and/or diabetes to liver pathology in the morbidly obese patient is controversial. We studied the liver biopsies of 100 consecutive patients undergoing gastric bypass surgery for morbid obesity. Multiple morphologic parameters were analyzed and graded independently, without knowledge of the clinical history, liver function tests, and oral glucose tolerance results of the patients. Six percent of the entire group demonstrated no fat, 42% mild fat, 20% moderate fat, and 24% severe fatty metamorphosis of the liver. Twenty-three percent of the patients had central vein fibrosis, 23% sinusoidal fibrosis, 19% bridging fibrosis, and 4% cirrhosis. Thirty-six percent of the patients had some degree of steatohepatitis, 66% possessed so-called glycogen nuclei of hepatocytes, 6% had PAS-positive thickening of blood vessels in the portal tracts, and 1% had lipogranulomas. The degree of fatty metamorphosis and fibrosis was analyzed in three separate groups, categorized by the glycemic status of the patient: 46 patients with normal glucose tolerance (NGT), 23 patients with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and 31 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Increasing severity of fatty metamorphosis from the normoglycemic obese to the diabetic obese patients was found, which was statistically significant by chi 2 analysis. Four of the six patients showing no fatty metamorphosis were normoglycemic. Glycogen nuclei and PAS-positive blood vessels were significantly more prevalent in the diabetic obese than in the normal obese. In conclusion, the distribution of significant liver histopathology in the morbidly obese patient correlates in severity with the degree of impaired glycemic status.
Cord blood stem cells (1997)

Use of bone marrow transplant therapy has been limited both by the availability of suitable stem cell donors as well as the various immunologic complications, namely graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and profound immunosuppression resulting in opportunistic infection. As of March 1997, more than 450 patients with various malignant and nonmalignant diseases have been transplanted with umbilical cord blood from related and unrelated donors. Preliminary results suggest that rate of engraftment is high and risk of severe GVHD is low, regardless of donor type. For recipients of HLA-matched or HLA-1 antigen-mismatched sibling donor umbilical cord blood grafts (n = 62) as reported to the International Cord Blood Transplant Registry, the probabilities of engraftment and grade III-IV GVHD are 0.91 +/- 0.02 and 0.01 +/- 0.01, respectively. For recipients of HLA-matched or HLA 1-3 antigen-mismatched unrelated donor umbilical cord blood grafts (n = 85) transplanted at Duke University and University of Minnesota, the probabilities of engraftment and grade III-IV GVHD are 0.94 +/- 0.08 and 0.10 +/- 0.03, respectively. Notably, extensive chronic GVHD has yet to be reported in either series. The overall survival in recipients of unrelated donor umbilical cord blood grafts is 0.40 +/- 0.12 at 2 years after transplantation. Notably, no risk factor predicted higher risk of GVHD and only cell dose (P = 0.04) and possibly, degree of HLA mismatch (P = 0.06) impacted survival in multiple regression analysis. Although these data verify earlier reports that sufficient numbers of hematopoietic stem cells exist in umbilical cord blood for most recipients and that risks of acute and chronic GVHD are low despite increased HLA disparity, these data also provide us with a statistical analysis indicating which demographic, graft, and treatment factors possibly influence various outcomes after transplantation.
Diagnostic Ultrasound: Principles and Instruments (1981)

PART 1 SONOGRAPHIC PRINCIPLES CHAPTER 1 Introduction Sonography Doppler Ultrasound Review Exercises CHAPTER 2 Ultrasound Sound Pulsed Ultrasound Attenuation Echoes Review Exercises CHAPTER 3 Transducers Construction and Operation Beams and Focusing Automatic Scanning Detail Resolution Review Exercises CHAPTER 4 Imaging Instruments Beam Former Signal Processor Image Processor Display Review Exercises PART 2 DOPPLER PRINCIPLES CHAPTER 5 Doppler Effect Flow Stenoses Doppler Equation Doppler Angle Review Exercises CHAPTER 6 Color-Doppler Instruments Color-Doppler Principle Instruments Doppler-Shift Displays Doppler-Power Displays Review Exercises CHAPTER 7 Spectral-Doppler Instruments Continuous-Wave Instruments Pulsed-Wave Instruments Spectral Analysis Spectral Displays Review Exercises PART 3 MISCELLANEOUS TOPICS CHAPTER 8 Artifacts Propagation Attenuation Spectral Doppler Color Doppler Review Exercises CHAPTER 9 Performance and Safety Performance Measurements Output Measurements Bioeffects Safety Review Exercises CHAPTER 10 Review Comprehensive Exam Glossary Answers to Exercises Appendix A: Compilation of Key Points Appendix B: List of Symbols Appendix C: Compilation of Equations Appendix D: Compilation of Boxes and Tables Appendix E: Mathematics Review Appendix F: Physics Review Appendix G: Additional Material for Exam Preparation Appendix H: Compilation of Advanced Topics Appendix I: Doppler Principles (condensed) References Index
Carbon nanotube bumps for LSI interconnect (2008)

We demonstrate, for the first time, carbon nanotube (CNT) flip chip bumps for LSI modules. The CNT bump is composed of a bundle of multi-walled CNTs. Resilient and flexible CNT bumps make flip chip LSI modules resistant to thermal stress. Furthermore, CNT bumps have a low electrical resistance and robustness over electromigration. In the experiment, the CNT bumps were used to connect a test evaluation group (TEG) chip and a host substrate, and their electrical resistance was evaluated. We found that the electrical contacts of CNT bumps with the chip and the substrate are important. For a good electrical contact, the CNT bumps were coated with gold and fixed to the chip and substrate. The resultant CNT bump with a diameter of 170 mum and a height of 100 mum exhibited a low resistance of 2.3 Omega. We then evaluated the flexibility of CNT bumps by pressing the TEG chip and measuring the displacement. The displacement between the TEG chip and host substrate was 10-20% of the bump height, demonstrating an excellent flexibility.
Produção enzimática de xilitol utilizando sistema de regeneração de coenzima como alternativa às vias química e microbiológica de obtenção (2010)

\n Xilitol é um açúcar-álcool com propriedades de interesse para as indústrias alimentícia, odontológica e farmacêutica. É tradicionalmente produzido em processo químico, sendo que a via fermentativa é a forma mais extensivamente estudada, entretanto, ainda possui limitações técnicas. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar condições de obtenção de xilitol por via enzimática utilizando a enzima xilose redutase de Candida guilliermondii FTI 20037. Numa primeira etapa, esta enzima foi produzida e pré-purificada e em seguida foi realizada a seleção do sistema de regeneração enzimática in situ de coenzima NADPH. Foram considerados sistemas hipotéticos com formato desidrogenase, glicose desidrogenase e álcool desidrogenase, sendo determinado o efeito dos possíveis substratos e produtos sobre a xilose redutase pré-purificada. O sistema de regeneração escolhido foi o que utilizou a enzima glicose desidrogenase, sendo o substrato glicose e o produto gluconato. Em seguida, foi realizada a avaliação e seleção de variáveis do processo enzimático segundo planejamento fatorial fracionado 25-1. Foi avaliada a influência da concentração de xilose, de NADPH e de glicose, a carga de xilose redutase e de glicose desidrogenase sendo que a variável resposta foi considerada a produtividade volumétrica em xilitol. As duas variáveis selecionadas para otimização foram a concentração de xilose e de NADPH. Para a otimização do processo de produção de xilitol em meio sintético sob regime de batelada empregou-se um planejamento composto central rotacional (estrela) 22. A partir dos resultados pode-se construir um modelo quadrático que relacionou a produtividade com os fatores na região de estudo. De acordo com este modelo, a melhor condição operacional resulta em alto valor de produtividade e eficiência em xilitol, 1,68 g.l-1.h-1 e 100 %, respectivamente. Visando a viabilidade econômica do processo foram avaliadas membranas de ultra e nanofiltração para retenção das enzimas e coenzimas no sistema reacional. Foi constatado que a membrana de tamanho de poro de 1 kDa permitiu a retenção de 99 % da coenzima. Adicionalmente, foi avaliado o desempenho da enzima obtida a partir de hidrolisado hemicelulósico de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar, comparando-se os resultados obtidos com aquela obtida pelo cultivo da levedura em meio baseado em xilose comercial. Foi comprovado que a fonte de carbono não teve efeito sob a produção enzimática de xilitol. Finalmente, foram realizados testes preliminares com a produção enzimática de xilitol em meio de hidrolisado de bagaço de canade- açúcar. Foi observado que a produção de xilitol não se alterou com meio contendo 20 e 40 % v.v-1 de hidrolisado. Em função dos resultados, foi concluído que a produção enzimática de xilitol é tecnicamente viável e que possui grande potencial como bioprocesso para aproveitamento de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar.\n
Innovative Uses of Milk Protein Concentrates in Product Development (2015)

Milk protein concentrates (MPCs) are complete dairy proteins (containing both caseins and whey proteins) that are available in protein concentrations ranging from 42% to 85%. As the protein content of MPCs increases, the lactose levels decrease. MPCs are produced by ultrafiltration or by blending different dairy ingredients. Although ultrafiltration is the preferred method for producing MPCs, they also can be produced by precipitating the proteins out of milk or by dry-blending the milk proteins with other milk components. MPCs are used for their nutritional and functional properties. For example, MPC is high in protein content and averages approximately 365 kcal/100 g. Higher-protein MPCs provide protein enhancement and a clean dairy flavor without adding significant amounts of lactose to food and beverage formulations. MPCs also contribute valuable minerals, such as calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus, to formulations, which may reduce the need for additional sources of these minerals. MPCs are multifunctional ingredients and provide benefits, such as water binding, gelling, foaming, emulsification, and heat stability. This article will review the development of MPCs and milk protein isolates including their composition, production, development, functional benefits, and ongoing research. The nutritional and functional attributes of MPCs are discussed in some detail in relation to their application as ingredients in major food categories.
Energy Storage Materials from Nature through Nanotechnology: A Sustainable Route from Reed Plants to a Silicon Anode for Lithium‐Ion Batteries (2015)

Silicon is an attractive anode material in energy storage devices, as it has a ten times higher theoretical capacity than its state-of-art carbonaceous counterpart. However, the common process to synthesize silicon nanostructured electrodes is complex, costly, and energy-intensive. Three-dimensional (3D) porous silicon-based anode materials have been fabricated from natural reed leaves by calcination and magnesiothermic reduction. This sustainable and highly abundant silica source allows for facile production of 3D porous silicon with very good electrochemical performance. The obtained silicon anode retains the 3D hierarchical architecture of the reed leaf. Impurity leaching and gas release during the fabrication process leads to an interconnected porosity and the reductive treatment to an inside carbon coating. Such anodes show a remarkable Li-ion storage performance: even after 4000 cycles and at a rate of 10 C, a specific capacity of 420 mA h g(-1) is achieved.
Detection of unknown moving objects by reciprocation of observed information between mobile robot (2002)

Described here is a method for navigating multiple mobile robots which estimate locations and motions of unknown moving objects. Each robot with conic projection image sensor COPIS can observe an omnidirectional view around the robot in real-time with use of a conic mirror. First, each robot communicates and exchanges information of sensory data. Then, unknown moving objects and a reciprocating robot are discriminated, and motions and locations of unknown moving objects are estimated by cooperative observation of azimuth changes between the two reciprocating robots. >
Direct Field Effect of Neighboring Cell Transistor on Cell-to-Cell Interference of nand Flash Cell Arrays (2009)

We introduce the concept of the direct field effect of a neighboring cell transistor on the cell-to-cell interference of NAND Flash cell memory. As the cell size reduces to below 50 nm, the electric field of the adjacent cell transistor directly influences the shallow-trench isolation corner of a selected cell transistor, provoking a significant cell <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">V</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">TH</sub> shift. In a way different from how conventional parasitic capacitance-coupling effect alters only the floating gate voltage, the direct field effect changes the cell <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">V</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">TH</sub> intrinsically and provokes an intense <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">V</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">TH</sub> shift, particularly in word-line direction ( <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</i> -direction), due to severe boron segregation on a channel edge. In a 45-nm design-rule nand Flash cell, this effect provokes 0.67 V of the <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">V</i> <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">TH</sub> shift in the <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</i> -direction, while a conventional capacitance-coupling effect yields 0.28 V.
Activities and response to DNA damage of latent and active sequence-specific DNA binding forms of mouse p53 (1997)

The mouse p53 protein generated by alternative splicing (p53as) has amino acid substitutions at its C terminus that result in constitutively active sequence-specific DNA binding (active form), whereas p53 protein itself binds inefficiently (latent form) unless activated by C-terminal modification. Exogenous p53as expression activated transcription of reporter plasmids containing p53 binding sequences and inhibited growth of mouse and human cells lacking functional endogenous p53. Inducible p53as in stably transfected p53 null fibroblasts increased p21(WAF1/Cip-1/Sdi) and decreased bcl-2 protein steady-state levels. Endogenous p53as and p53 proteins differed in response to cellular DNA damage. p53 protein was induced transiently in normal keratinocytes and fibroblasts whereas p53as protein accumulation was sustained in parallel with induction of p21(WAF1/Cip-1/Sdi) protein and mRNA, in support of p53as transcriptional activity. Endogenous p53 and p53as proteins in epidermal tumor cells responded to DNA damage with different kinetics of nuclear accumulation and efficiencies of binding to a p53 consensus DNA sequence. A model is proposed in which C-terminally distinct p53 protein forms specialize in functions, with latent p53 forms primarily for rapid non-sequence-specific binding to sites of DNA damage and active p53 forms for sustained regulation of transcription and growth.