gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A New Gas Path Fault Diagnostic Method of Gas Turbine Based on Support Vector Machine (2015)

As a crucial section of gas turbine maintenance decision-making process, to date, gas path fault diagnostic has gained a lot of attention. However, model-based diagnostic methods, like nonlinear gas path analysis (GPA) and genetic algorithms, need an accurate gas turbine model, and diagnostic methods without gas turbine model, like expert system, need a knowledge database. Both are difficult to gain. Thus, data-driven approach for gas path diagnosis, like artificial neural network, is increasingly attractive. Support vector machine (SVM), a novel computational learning method, seems to be a good choice for data-driven gas path fault diagnosis of gas turbine. In this paper, SVM is employed to diagnose a deteriorated gas turbine. The effect of sample number, kernel function, and monitoring parameters on diagnostic accuracy are studied, respectively. Additionally, the diagnostic result of SVM is compared to the result of artificial neural networks. The comparing result confirms that SVM has an obvious advantage over artificial neural networks method based on a small sample of data and can be employed to gas path fault diagnosis of gas turbine. In addition, SVM with radial basis kernel function is the best choice for gas turbine gas path fault diagnosis based on small sample.
Prophylaxis of respiratory distress syndrome by treatment with modified porcine surfactant at birth: a multicentre prospective randomized trial (1996)

The objective of this prospective, multicentre trial, carried out at 18 third level hospitals in Italy, was to evaluate efficacy of modified porcine surfactant (Curosurf), administered at birth to prevent the development of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) in premature infants. 287 babies with a gestational age of 24-30 weeks were randomized to prophylactic treatment with Curosurf (80 mg/ml; dose 20 mg/kg) or to a control group receiving no surfactant treatment in the delivery-room. Babies in both groups were eligible for rescue treatment with surfactant (200 mg/kg) if they developed clinical symptoms of RDS and required mechanical ventilation. The main end-point was to obtain, in the prophylaxis group, a 30% reduction in the incidence of grade 3-4 RDS. Median gestational age was 28 weeks in both groups and mean birth weight 1010 and 1002 g, respectively for prophylaxis and control babies. There was a 32% reduction in the incidence of grade 3-4 RDS in the prophylaxis group (p < 0.05). This was associated with a significant reduction in mean maximum fraction of inspired oxygen (0.57 vs 0.66%; p < 0.01), a decreased incidence of pulmonary interstitial emphysema (7 vs 14%; p < 0.05) and a lowered mortality (21 vs 35%; p < 0.01). Combined unfavourable outcome (mortality + bronchopulmonary dysplasia and/or grade 3-4 intraventricular hemorrhage and/or grade 2-4 retinopathy of prematurity) was significantly lower in the prophylaxis than in the second group (41 vs 58%; p < 0.01). The favourable effects of prophylactic treatment were equally recorded in all the age groups, including the babies with the lowest gestational age (24-25 weeks). Multiple and logistic regression analysis confirmed that high gestational age and surfactant prophylaxis were, independently, associated with a lower degree of RDS (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.0008, respectively) and a lower mortality (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.0045, respectively). We conclude that prophylaxis with modified natural surfactant effectively prevents RDS in newborn babies between 24 and 30 weeks' gestation.
Scaling ablation rates for picosecond lasers using burst micromachining (2010)

High-precision micromachining with picosecond lasers became an established process. Power scaling led to industrial lasers, generating average power levels well above 50 W for applications like structuring turbine blades, micro moulds, and solar cells. In this paper we report, how a smart distribution of energy into groups of pulses can significantly improve ablation rates for some materials, also providing a better surface quality. Machining micro moulds in stainless steel, a net ablation rate of ~1 mm<sup>3</sup>/min is routinely achieved, e.g. using pulse energy of 200 μJ at a repetition rate of 200 kHz. This is industrial standard, and demonstrates an improvement by two orders of magnitude over the recent years. When the energy was distributed to a burst of 10 pulses (25 μJ), repeated with 200 kHz, the ablation rate of stainless steel was 5 times higher with the same 50 W average power. Bursts of 10 pulses repeated with 1 MHz (5 μJ) even resulted in an ablation rate as high as 12 mm<sup>3</sup>/min. In addition, optimized pulse delays achieved a reduction of the surface roughness by one order of magnitude, providing Ra values as low as 200 nm. Similar results were performed machining silicon, scaling the ablation rate from 1.2 mm<sup>3</sup>/min (1 pulse, 250 μJ, 200 kHz) to 15 mm<sup>3</sup>/min (6 pulses, 8 μJ, 1 MHz). Burst machining of ceramics, copper and glass did not change ablation rates, only improved surface quality. For glass machining, we achieved record-high ablation rates of >50 mm<sup>3</sup>/min, using a new state-of-the-art laser which could generate >70 W of average power and repetition rates as high as 2 MHz.
Memantine: update on the current evidence (2003)

Nine years after the initial approval of a cholinergic drug for the treatment of Alzheimer's Disease in the USA, a compound with a different pharmacological approach, namely the NMDA antagonist memantine, has been approved for the first time in Europe in 2002. This event led to an enhanced perception of a decade of basic research work on its mode of action. At the same time, additional preclinical data, e.g. on memantine's effects on the hyperphosphorylation of tau, and clinical trial results, e.g. on the glutamatergic-cholinergic combination therapy, are being reported. The present paper attempts to provide an update on the currently available pharmacological and clinical evidence on memantine, including earlier clincial data, e.g. in vascular dementia. As the clinical database broadens, and various additional conditions are being tested in ongoing controlled clinical trials, we are approaching an ever more precise profile of memantine's spectrum of safety and tolerability, and also varied efficacy-hopefully resulting in another useful tool in the clinician's hands to fight previously untreatable neurodegenerative disease.
Color Range Images Captured by a Four-Phase CMOS Image Sensor (2011)

As 3-D displays become more common, the demand for 3-D-related products is rapidly increased. Three-dimensional image sensors based on the time-of-flight (TOF) technique are one of these products and are applied to many applications. In this paper, a new pixel based on the continuous-wave modulation method was proposed to measure the TOF and was embedded in a test complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor. Compared with other range imagers, no complex control signals, high operating voltage, or multilevel control voltages are needed in this pixel. The chip, with 92 × 30 pixels, was fabricated using the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company's 0.18-μm CMOS standard process, and a time-switched color measurement was applied to this rangeflnder system. A pulse train of red, green, and blue lights is emitted sequentially from a light-emitting diode array. The distance is easily calculated from the phase differences, and the color information is estimated using the difference in reflection coefficients under a different light. The measured distance and color are compared with the actual dis tance and color-corrected images. A color range image with a distance error of 3.56 cm and an L*a*b color difference of 40.23 can be observed. This rangefinder system provides a new perspective to capturing a colored range image.
Study of Tin Diffusion into Silicon by Backscattering Analysis (1974)

Diffusion of tin into Si from tin-doped oxide is studied by the backscattering and channeling analyses. The depth distribution of tin in Si can be fitted to complementary error functions. The diffusion coefficient can be expressed as D=0.054exp (-3.5eV/kT). The solubility limit in Si and the segregation constant between Si and SiO2 are estimated to be 6∼8×1019/cm3 and 0.066 at 1100°C∼1200°C, respectively. The lattice location of tin in Si is also determined by angular scan, and it is found that more than 90% of tin atoms occupy substitutional sites. Uniformity of the concentration over a silicon wafer is also checked with the microanalysis system by using backscattering and is found to be good. Effect of post-diffusion of phosphorous or boron on the depth profile of tin is also studied.
Francisella guangzhouensis sp. nov., isolated from air-conditioning systems (2013)

Four strains (08HL01032(T), 09HG994, 10HP82-6 and 10HL1960) were isolated from water of air-conditioning systems of various cooling towers in Guangzhou city, China. Cells were Gram-stain-negative coccobacilli without flagella, catalase-positive and oxidase-negative, showing no reduction of nitrate, no hydrolysis of urea and no production of H2S. Growth was characteristically enhanced in the presence of l-cysteine, which was consistent with the properties of members of the genus Francisella. The quinone system was composed of ubiquinone Q-8 with minor amounts of Q-9. The polar lipid profile consisted of the predominant lipids phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, two unidentified phospholipids (PL2, PL3), an unidentified aminophospholipid and an unidentified glycolipid (GL2). The polyamine pattern consisted of the major compounds spermidine, cadaverine and spermine. The major cellular fatty acids were C10 : 0, C14 : 0, C16 : 0, C18 : 1ω9c and C18 : 1 3-OH. A draft whole-genome sequence of the proposed type strain 08HL01032(T) was generated. Comparative sequence analysis of the complete 16S and 23S rRNA genes confirmed affiliation to the genus Francisella, with 95 % sequence identity to the closest relatives in the database, the type strains of Francisella philomiragia and Francisella noatunensis subsp. orientalis. Full-length deduced amino acid sequences of various housekeeping genes, recA, gyrB, groEL, dnaK, rpoA, rpoB, rpoD, rpoH, fopA and sdhA, exhibited similarities of 67-92 % to strains of other species of the genus Francisella. Strains 08HL01032(T), 09HG994, 10HP82-6 and 10HL1960 exhibited highly similar pan-genome PCR profiles. Both the phenotypic and molecular data support the conclusion that the four strains belong to the genus Francisella but exhibit considerable divergence from all recognized Francisella species. Therefore, we propose the name Francisella guangzhouensis sp. nov., with the type strain 08HL01032(T) ( = CCUG 60119(T) = NCTC 13503(T)).
Feedforward LF compensation for laser fibre optic transmitter (1998)

Direct intensity modulation of laser optical power is probably the one most often used in practice. Classical circuits for semiconductor laser driving are not suitable for operation with unbalanced codes or data transmitted in the form of bursts. The reason for this is a low-frequency (LF) cut-off caused by the laser stabilising circuit. In the paper a concept is presented, along with practical realisation of the laser driving and stabilising circuit for unbalanced codes or burst-mode transmission. A developed circuit allows modulation of the laser diode from DC up to the maximum modulation frequency of the laser. Experimental data including pulse tests, eye pattern test and thermal properties of proposed solutions are presented.
Sex- and Gonad-Affecting Scent Compounds and 3 Male Pheromones in the Rat (2008)

This study was aimed at identifying sex pheromones of the rat (Rattus norvegicus). We characterized the volatiles and semivolatiles of rat preputial gland and voided urine by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and quantified them by their GC areas (abundances) and percentage of GC areas (relative abundances). Although all the compounds other than 4-heptanone and phenol detected were shared by males and females, the quantities for some of these sex-common compounds exhibited sexual dimorphism and decreased with gonadectomy. Thus, these compounds might be sex pheromones. Among them, squalene from preputial glands and 2-heptanone and 4-ethyl phenol from urine were 3 major compounds. They were richer in males and could be suppressed by castration. Adding any of the 3 compounds (at a concentration higher than its physiological level in male urine) to castrated male urine (CMU) increased the attractiveness of CMU to sex-naive females. Adding the 3 together (at the levels in normal male urine) to CMU significantly increased the attractiveness of CMU to females. However, such combination did not fully restore females' preference for urine from intact males, suggesting that some other trace compounds such as 4-heptanone and phenol might also play some roles in sex attractiveness. Thus, squalene, 2-heptanone, and 4-ethyl phenol were indeed male pheromone molecules in rats. Our study also indicates that E,E-beta-farnesene and E-alpha-farnesene, both richer in females than males, might be putative female pheromones.
Risk Assessment and the Disaster Resistant University (DRU) Program: The University of Louisville Approach (2006)

While state and local governments are required to complete a Hazard Mitigation Plan under the dictates of the Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 (DMA 2000), universities are not required by that law to perform a similar planning and mitigation activity. FEMA's Disaster Resistant University (DRU) program was intended to encourage and promote mitigation among institutions of higher learning. The University of Louisville received a DRU planning grant under the second, and what was to be the last round of grants, of the program, as it was phased out as a designated set-aside of planning and mitigation funding for universities. This paper describes the University of Louisville approach to creating a University Hazard Mitigation Plan and the unique elements of conducting a risk assessment and vulnerability analysis for the campus that mirrors similar efforts in state and local hazards planning. The project has been a collaborative effort on the part of the practitioner unit on campus responsible for day-to-day emergency preparedness and safety (the Department of Environmental and Health Safety) and one of the university's research units, the Center for Hazards Research and Policy Development (CHR), an active research unit performing theoretical and applied hazards research projects at the local, regional and national level. The project has been successful in creating a method of risk assessment and classifying the exposure of structures and population. Key challenges have been access to data from various sources within the university and the ability to assess structural integrity from existing building inventory data. This paper concludes by identifying the need for meaningful risk assessment and more robust exposure models, and further suggests research issues that if addressed, would improve university disaster resilience.
<title>Effects of feature edges on thickness readings of thin oxides</title> (1992)

Measurements of ultra-thin films (<100A) and small geometries (< 1/mm) of IC product wafers require more than simply a smaller measurement spot size. An optical artifact has been discovered when using spectrophotometers to measure ultra-thin films near feature edges. A model of this effect will be presented. This artifact is a subtle effect that produces measurable reflectivity errors tens of microns from a feature edge. While this error is small, it is not negligible for film thickness measurements below 400A. Experiments have been performed on typical spectrophotometers and data from these experiments will be presented. These data will be compared to a newly developed laser-based dielectric film thickness measurement system that significantly reduces this edge effect.
Heparinase I from <i>Flavobacterium heparinum</i>. Identification of a Critical Histidine Residue Essential for Catalysis As Probed by Chemical Modification and Site-Directed Mutagenesis (1996)

We recently identified cysteine-135 as an important amino acid for heparinase I (EC 4.2.2.7) activity. In this study, we have identified a second residue critical for enzymatic activity. We observe concentration-dependent inactivation of heparinase I in the presence of reversible histidine-modifying diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC); 0.3 mM DEPC results in 95% of heparinase I inactivation in less than 3 min, and as low as 10 microM DEPC results in a 85% loss of heparinase I activity in 15 min. Heparinase I activity is restored following hydroxylamine treatment. This, along with other experiments, strongly suggests that the inactivation of heparinase I by DEPC is specific for histidine residues. Chemical modification, under nondenaturing conditions, of the histidines using nonradiolabeled and [14C]DEPC indicates that between one and two histidine residues are modified. Chemical modification of the surface-accessible histidines, in the presence and absence of heparin, suggests that the histidine(s) lie(s) in or near the active site of heparinase I. The wild-type heparinase I has four histidine residues; site-directed mutagenesis of H129A, H165A, and H339A did not affect enzyme activity and the kinetic parameters, suggesting that these residues are not essential for heparinase I activity. However, H203A inactivates heparinase I while a H203D mutant has residual activity, indicating a role of this residue in catalysis. We propose that histidine-203, contained in the heparin binding site, is immediately adjacent to cysteine-135, and these residues together form the catalytic domain of heparinase I.
Molecular Mechanisms of Renal Cellular Nephrotoxicity due to Radiocontrast Media (2014)

Modern iodinated radiocontrast media are all based on the triiodinated benzene ring with various chemical modifications having been made over the last few decades in order to reduce their toxicity. However, CIN remains a problem especially in patients with pre-existing renal failure. In vitro studies have demonstrated that all RCM are cytotoxic. RCM administration in vivo may lead to a decrease in renal medullary oxygenation leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species that may cause harmful effects to renal tissue. In addition, endothelin and adenosine release and decreased nitric oxide levels may worsen the hypoxic milieu. In vitro cell culture studies together with sparse in vivo rat model data have shown that important cell signalling pathways are affected by RCM. In particular, the prosurvival and proproliferative kinases Akt and ERK1/2 have been shown to be dephosphorylated (deactivated), whilst proinflammatory/cell death molecules such as the p38 and JNK kinases and the transcription factor NF- κ B may be activated by RCM, accompanied by activation of apoptotic mediators such as caspases. Increasing our knowledge of the mechanisms of RCM action may help to develop future therapies for CIN.
The Influence of Composition and Properties of Diesel Fuel on Particulate Emissions from Heavy-Duty Engines (1993)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Total aromatics have no influence on particulate emissions. This is an unexpected finding from a comprehensive programme to determine the influence of diesel fuel properties on heavy-duty particulate emissions. 30 fuels and five engines representing a variety of manufacture/technology were tested. To reveal causative influences, key fuel properties were intentionally uncorrelated and had a wide range of values. Engine sensitivities to fuel quality were found to differ considerably. Properties that most influenced emissions were sulphur content, density and cetane number. Some engines were totally insensitive to polyaromatics but in others, small influences are possible. The emissions benefits of specific fuel property changes are quantified.</div>
Experimental Investigations on the Penetration of<sup>198</sup>Au from Nasal Mucous Membrane into Cerebrospinal Fluid (1970)

Determinations of the activity of the cerebrospinal fluid in 32 rabbits were made after administering the isotope 198Au under the mucous membrane of the olfactory region of the nose. Such activity indicates the direct penetration of 198Au from this membrane into the cerebrospinal fluid of the anterior cranial fossa.
Asymmetric Real Adaboost (2008)

A cost-sensitive extension of Real Adaboost denoted as asymmetric Real Adaboost(RAB) is proposed. The two main differences between Asymmetric RAB and the naïve RAB are (1) a Chernoff measurement is used to evaluate the best weak classifier during training, rather than a Bhattacharyya measurement used in naïve RAB, and (2) the weights are updated separately for positives and negatives at each boosting step. The upper bound on training error is also provided. Experiment results are shown to demonstrate its cost-sensitivity when selecting weak classifiers, and also show that it outperforms previously proposed cost-sensitive extensions of Discrete Adaboost(DAB) and several extensions of Real Adaboost. Besides, it also consumes much less time than previously proposed DAB extensions.
Formation of virtual cathodes and microwave generation in relativistic electron beams (1984)

Simulation of the generation of a relativistic electron beam in a foil diode configuration and the subsequent intense microwave generation resulting from the formation of the virtual cathode is presented. The oscillating virtual cathode and the trapped beam electrons between the real and the virtual cathodes were found to generate microwaves at two distinct frequencies. Generation of high-power microwaves with about 10% efficiency might reasonably be expected from such a virtual-cathode configuration.
Post-meiotic transcription in <i>Drosophila</i> testes (2008)

Post-meiotic transcription was accepted to be essentially absent from Drosophila spermatogenesis. We identify 24 Drosophila genes whose mRNAs are most abundant in elongating spermatids. By single-cyst quantitative RT-PCR, we demonstrate post-meiotic transcription of these genes. We conclude that transcription stops in Drosophila late primary spermatocytes, then is reactivated by two pathways for a few loci just before histone-to-transition protein-to-protamine chromatin remodelling in spermiogenesis. These mRNAs localise to a small region at the distal elongating end of the spermatid bundles, thus they represent a new class of sub-cellularly localised mRNAs. Mutants for a post-meiotically transcribed gene (scotti), are male sterile, and show spermatid individualisation defects, indicating a function in late spermiogenesis.
QUAY WALL WITH WAVE ABSORBER "IGLOO" (1976)

This report summarizes the results of the research on a gravity type quay wall comprising several layers of concrete blocks with a special shape called "Igloo" as shown in Photograph- 1.