gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of a nano-scale gap by selective chemical deposition (2001)

An electrode nanogap of 45 nm has been prepared by a new method in which the initial gap of 1-2 microns obtained by conventional lithography was shortened by selective chemical deposition of copper onto the electrodes.
Bernard-Soulier Syndrome: An Inherited Platelet Disorder (2007)

Bernard-Soulier syndrome is an inherited platelet disorder, which is transmitted in an autosomal recessive manner. This syndrome is characterized by variable thrombocytopenia and large defective platelets. Bernard-Soulier syndrome often presents early with bleeding symptoms, such as epistaxis, ecchymosis, menometrorrhagia, and gingival or gastrointestinal bleeding. Diagnosis can be confirmed by platelet aggregation studies and flow cytometry. The differential diagnosis includes the other inherited giant platelet disorders, as well as von Willebrand disease and immune thrombocytopenia purpura. Treatment is generally supportive with platelet transfusions when absolutely necessary and avoidance of antiplatelet medications. Recombinant activated factor VII and desmopressin have been used in attempts to shorten bleeding times; however, no definitive studies regarding their effectiveness have been reported.
Persistent activation of the zeta isoform of protein kinase C in the maintenance of long-term potentiation. (1993)

Long-term potentiation in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, a model for memory formation in the brain, is divided into two phases. A transient process (induction) is initiated, which then generates a persistent mechanism (maintenance) for enhancing synaptic strength. Protein kinase C (PKC), a gene family of multiple isozymes, may play a role in both induction and maintenance. In region CA1 from rat hippocampal slices, most of the isozymes of PKC translocated to the particulate fraction 15 sec after a tetanus. The increase of PKC in the particulate fraction did not persist into the maintenance phase of long-term potentiation. In contrast, a constitutively active kinase, PKM, a form specific to a single isozyme (zeta), increased in the cytosol during the maintenance phase. The transition from translocation of PKC to formation of PKM may help to explain the molecular mechanisms of induction and maintenance of long-term potentiation.
Compensation for Natural Resource Injury: An Emerging Federal Framework (1987)

This paper provides an overview of the emerging "Superfund" natural resource damage assessment and compensation framework and a review of several economic and legal issues that are likely to affect the ability of the framework to achieve its objectives. The Superfund Act as amended establishes a federal regulatory structure that provides a legal "legitimization" for the use of economic-based nonmarket valuation techniques in judicial proceedings involving natural resource injuries resulting from oil and hazardous waste spills and releases. While the regulations have the potential to foster more appropriate compensation as well as prospective incentives to limit damages to natural resources, several controversial elements, definitions, and assumptions built into the damage assessment regulations appear to have the potential to undermine the efficiency and equity of damage assessments. These issues reflect the difficulty of integrating economic concepts of natural resource value and their estimation into the legal environment.
Studies on Pyrazinoylguanidine (1996)

In isolated rat adipocytes stimulated with theophylline (1 mmol/l), pyrazinoylguanidine (PZG) downregulated both lipolysis and cyclic AMP concentrations, raising the possibility that PZG stimulates adipose insulin-sensitive phosphodiesterase. To investigate this directly, we measured PZG's effects on phosphodiesterase activity in rat adipocytes. PZG (10 mumol/l) as well as insulin (0.1-1 mU) increased adipose phosphodiesterase activity, whereas theophylline reduced it. Also investigated were PZG's effects on gluconeogenesis and cyclic AMP in perfused rat liver where PZG decreased gluconeogenesis and cyclic AMP concentrations.
Virtual Engineering Sciences Learning Lab: Giving STEM Education a Second Life (2015)

Engineering education in the 21st century faces multiple obstacles including limited accessibility of course resources due, in part, to the costs associated with acquiring and maintaining equipment and staffing laboratories. Another continuing challenge is the low level of participation of women and other groups historically underrepresented in STEM disciplines. As a partial remedy for these issues, we established a Virtual Engineering Sciences Learning Lab (VESLL) that provides interactive objects and learning activities, multimedia displays, and instant feedback procedures in a virtual environment to guide students through a series of key quantitative skills and concepts. Developed in the online virtual world Second Life™, VESLL is an interactive environment that supports STEM education, with potential to help reach women and other underrepresented groups. VESLL exposes students to various quantitative skills and concepts through visualization, collaborative games, and problem solving with realistic learning activities. Initial assessments have demonstrated high student interest in VESLL's potential as a supplementary instructional tool and show that student learning experiences were improved by use of VESLL. Ultimately, the VESLL project contributes to the ongoing body of evidence suggesting that online delivery of course content has remarkable potential when properly deployed by STEM educators.
Spherical Shell Sector Acrylic Plastic Windows with 12,000 ft Operational Depth for Submersible Alvin (1976)

It has been found that the 90-deg plane conical frustum windows with t/Di = 0.7 ratio in ALVIN submersible can be replaced with 90-deg t/Di = 1 spherical shell sector windows without any modification of window seat flanges. The 90-deg spherical shell sector windows with t/Di = 1.0 possess not only a higher short term critical pressure but also develop more uniform stress distribution during a typical dive to 12,000 ft than the t/Di = 0.7 acrylic conical frustum windows that they replace. The 90-deg t/Di = 1.0 spherical shell sector windows (1) withstood, without catastrophic failure, 100 hr sustained loading to 20,000 psi, (2) 33 pressure cycles of 7-hr duration to 13,500 ft depth without any signs of fatigue, and (3) experienced less than 15,000 μin. strain during a simulated typical prooftest dive to 13,500 ft depth. The 90-deg t/Di = 1 spherical shell sector window presents a 50 percent larger view in water than a 90-deg t/Di = 0.7 conical frustum window that it replaces. This permits the observer inside the submersible to cover visually more ocean bottom during a single pass along the bottom and thus decreases the cost of a typical bottom search mission for a submersible.
Effects of Commercial Pectolytic and Cellulolytic Enzyme Preparations on the Apple Cell Wall (2001)

The action of three different commercial enzyme combinations on apple cell wall material has been examined in a model system under conditions of mash and pomace treatment by using an alcohol-insoluble substance prepared from apples. A part of the total dietary fiber, for example, galacturonan (pectin), appeared in the soluble fraction after enzymatic mash treatment. The soluble fraction increased intensely during pomace treatment. Furthermore, enzyme actions caused a change in the water-binding capacity of residues as well as changes in the monosaccharide composition and in the molecular weight distribution of saccharides in filtrates (soluble parts). The extent of decomposition of cell wall material and the increase of soluble oligomeric and/or polymeric dietary fiber components are caused by both the composition (pectinases, cellulases, and hemicellulases) and the activities of the enzyme preparations. The model experiments allow an insight into the reactions occurring during enzyme action on the plant cell wall, for example, during apple juice production using pectolytic and cellulolytic enzyme preparations.
Identification of cis-acting signals in the giardiavirus (GLV) genome required for expression of firefly luciferase in Giardia lamblia. (1996)

Giardiavirus (GLV) is a 6,277-bp double-stranded RNA virus of Giardia lamblia, one of the earliest eukaryotic divergents from the prokaryotes. Our previous success in GLV-mediated transfection of G. lamblia has provided an effective way of monitoring the mechanisms underlining GLV gene replication and mRNA translation in this organism. Here we have investigated the cis-acting signals in the GLV genome that regulate replication, transcription, and translation of an inserted firefly luciferase gene in GLV-infected G. lamblia. By modifying the two terminal regions of a full-length GLV cDNA clone used to flank a luciferase gene, various in vitro chimeric transcripts were generated and introduced into GLV-infected G. lamblia via electroporation. Expression of luciferase (+) strand and (-) strand RNAs in the transfected cells was monitored and the luciferase activity assayed. The results indicated that the 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of 366 nt and the 3'-terminal 2,022 nt of the viral transcript are both needed for optimal expression of the two RNA strands. Although the entire 5'-UTR is needed for the chimeric mRNA synthesis, both the primary sequence and the secondary structure at the 3' end of GLV transcript are essential for the synthesis of (-) strand RNA. When the 5' end of GLV transcript was extended 265 nt into the capsid protein open reading frame and fused with that of luciferase, there was no change in the level of luciferase chimeric RNA, but a 5,000-fold increase of luciferase activity was observed that may be attributed to an enhanced translational efficiency of the chimeric mRNA in G. lamblia.
Nonconjugated Carbazoles: A Series of Novel Host Materials for Highly Efficient Blue Electrophosphorescent OLEDs (2009)

A series of carbazole derivatives was synthesized and their electrical and photophysical properties were investigated. It is shown that the triplet energy levels of these hosts are higher than that of the most popular blue phosphorescent material iridium(III) bis[(4,6-difluorophenyl)pyridinato-N,C2′] picolinate (FIrpic) and the most extensively used phosphorescent host material 4,4′-N,N′-dicarbazole-biphenyl (CBP). These new host materials also showed good thermal stability and high glass transition temperatures (Tg) ranging from 78 to 115 °C as the linkage group between the carbazoles was altered. Photophysical measurements indicate that the energy transfer between these new hosts and FIrpic is more efficient than that between CBP and FIrpic. Devices incorporating these novel carbazole derivatives as the host material doped with FIrpic were fabricated with the configurations of ITO/NPB (40 nm)/host:FIrpic (30 nm)/BCP (15 nm)/AlQ (30 nm)/LiF (1 nm)/Al (150 nm). High efficiencies (up to 13.4 cd/A) have been obtained when 1,4-bis (4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl)cyclohexane (CBPCH) and bis(4-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)phenyl) ether (CBPE) were used as the host, respectively. Efficiencies obtained from these devices are significantly higher than the efficiency obtained with CBP as the host. At a bias voltage of ∼20 V the maximum luminances of 20 342 and 17 766 cd/m2 were achieved for CBPCH- and CBPE-based devices, respectively, which demonstrates that CBPCH and CBPE can be excellent host materials for blue electrophosphorescent OLEDs.
Chromatin Remodeling in Dosage Compensation (2005)

In many multicellular organisms, males have one X chromosome and females have two. Dosage compensation refers to a regulatory mechanism that insures the equalization of X-linked gene products in males and females. The mechanism has been studied at the molecular level in model organisms belonging to three distantly related taxa; in these organisms, equalization is achieved by shutting down one of the two X chromosomes in the somatic cells of females, by decreasing the level of transcription of the two doses of X-linked genes in females relative to males, or by increasing the level of transcription of the single dose of X-linked genes in males. The study of dosage compensation in these different forms has revealed the existence of an amazing number of interacting chromatin remodeling mechanisms that affect the function of entire chromosomes.
Liver Natural Killer Cells Play a Role in the Destruction of Islets After Intraportal Transplantation (2011)

Our results clearly show the destructive activity of liver NK cells toward islets, suggesting that NK cells play a role in early islet graft loss after intraportal islet transplantation.
Mild hypothermia can enhance pial arteriolar vasodilation induced by isoflurane and sevoflurane in cats (2002)

These results suggest that pial arteriolar vasodilation induced by isoflurane and sevoflurane can be enhanced by mild hypothermia in cats anesthetized with pentobarbital.
Acidic phospholipids inhibit the phospholipase D activity of rat brain neuronal nuclei (1996)

An oleate dependent form of phospholipase D is present in rat brain neuronal nuclei and both the hydrolytic and transphosphatidylation activities measured. Several acidic phospholipids were found to inhibit this activity in a dose dependent manner. The IC50 values varied from 3.5 microM for PIP2 to 200 microM for phosphatidic acid. The hydrolysis of PIP2 by phospholipase C would be expected to result in the disinhibition of the oleate dependent phospholipase D activity.
Effect of Binding and Conformation on Fluorescence Quenching in New 2‘,7‘-Dichlorofluorescein Derivatives (2004)

[structure: see text] Symmetrical and unsymmetrical 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein (DCF) derivatives have been synthesized by means of Mannich reactions and an aromatic Claisen rearrangement. NMR and fluorescence spectroscopic studies reveal the correlation between the conformations, the photoinduced electron transfer mechanism, and fluorescent intensities of these DCF derivatives. Two quenching nitrogen atoms cooperatively and reversibly suppress the fluorescence of the chromophore.
Tissue preferential expression of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) surface antigen gene in two lines of HBV transgenic mice (1988)

Two transgenic mice were produced by microinjection of the entire hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome as a 3.2-kilobase EcoRI DNA fragment into one-cell embryos. Each animal contained a single, unique locus of HBV sequence. One founder animal, G7, contained a partially deleted HBV genome lacking both putative HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) promoters. The other animal, G26, contained greater-than-genome-length HBV sequences organized as a partial head-to-tail dimer. Both transgenic animals transmitted the HBV sequences in a Mendelian fashion, and all subsequent transgenic animals had detectable HBsAg in the serum. Expression of HBV sequences in tissues from G7- and G26-derived mice showed preferential expression of the 2.1-kilobase HBsAg RNA transcript in liver and kidney tissues by Northern (RNA) blot analysis. These data are consistent with the notion that HBV DNA contains cis-acting regulatory sequences which are responsible for the predominant expression of HBsAg transcripts in the liver and kidney of transgenic mice.
Lysine and Arginine Requirements of Broiler Chickens at Two- to Three-Week Intervals to Eight Weeks of Age (2001)

Four experiments were conducted to determine the arginine and lysine requirements of male chickens for 2- to 3-wk intervals from the time of hatching until 8 wk of age. Weight gain, breast muscle growth, and feed efficiency were used as response for each interval. Dietary requirements for lysine and arginine were estimated by broken-line regression analysis of responses to six or seven dietary levels of each amino acid. Dietary crude protein levels were 22, 21, 20, and 18% in four consecutive experiments from 0 to 2, 2 to 4, 3 to 6, and 5 to 8 wk of age. An occasional estimate of requirement was not determined (ND) because the response did not conform to the regression model. The values for lysine and arginine requirements determined from breast muscle gain (weight gain of pectoralis major plus pectoralis minor) were not significantly higher than those from body weight gain. However, they tended to be higher than for feed efficiency for 0-to-2 and 2-to-4-wk-old broilers. Lysine and arginine requirements, as percentages of total amino acid in the diet, for maximum breast muscle growth were, respectively, 1.32+/-0.01% and 1.27+/-0.00% to 2 wk of age, 1.21+/-0.06% and ND for 2 to 4 wk of age, 0.99+/-0.02% and 0.97+/-0.02% for 3 to 6 wk of age, and 0.81+/-0.01% and 0.83+/-0.02% for 5 to 8 wk of age. Calculated digestible lysine and arginine requirements were, respectively, 1.24 and 1.19% to 2 wk of age, 1.11% and ND for 2 to 4 wk of age, 0.92% and 0.91% for 3 to 6 wk of age, and 0.75 and 0.78% for 5 to 8 wk of age. The requirements for lysine and arginine were similar except for the earliest age group for which the lysine requirement appeared to be slightly higher than that of arginine.
Defining Three Regions of Hydraulic Fracture Connectivity, in Unconventional Reservoirs, Help Designing Completions with Improved Long-term Productivity (2013)

Abstract Using large-scale hydraulic fracturing experiments on tight shale outcrops we identified three dominant regions controlling stage production: (1) the connector between the wellbore and the fracture system, (2) the near-wellbore fracture and (3) the far-wellbore fracture network. The particular nature of these regions may change depending on the play, the reservoir fabric, its relation to the in-situ stress, and the distribution of rock properties. However, these regions are always well differentiated. Understanding the role of each of these components, to hydrocarbon production, is fundamental to identify the dominant sources of loss of fracture conductivity and accelerated production decline. The conditions promoting the loss of fracture conductivity, fracture face permeability and surface area in contact with the reservoir vary significantly along the length of the hydraulic fracture. By separating the induced fractured area into three characteristic regions of reservoir contact, we isolate the dominant drivers of loss of production per region, and obtain the best compromise for sustained stage productivity. We used large-scale hydraulic fracturing experiments to develop and validate the concept. These were integrated with scaled-down measurements of fracture conductivity, proppant embedment and the effect of rock-fluid sensitivity. We find that the critical conditions for productivity for the wellbore-connector depends on mechanical stability considerations and are independent of reservoir quality. The critical conditions for productivity from the near-wellbore fracture are solids retention in the proppant pack, and reduction of fracture face permeability due to proppant embedment. The critical conditions for productivity from the far-wellbore fracture are loss of surface area and retention of fracture conductivity. Results provide a framework for improving fracture design for improved long-term productivity. This is achieved by understanding the conflicting requirements between three regions of flow within the fracture and selecting the optimal compromise between these.
Major Triterpenoid Saponins from <i>Saponaria </i><i>officinalis</i> (1998)

Two major triterpenoid saponins, named saponariosides A and B, were isolated from the whole plants of Saponaria officinalis and were respectively defined to be 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->3)]-be ta-D-glucuronopyranosyl quillaic acid 28-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->3)-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->4)-alpha- L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->3)-beta-D-4-O-ac etylquinovopyranosyl-(1-->4)]-beta-D-fucopyranoside (1); 3-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-->2)-[beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->3)]-be ta-D-glucuronopyranosyl quillaic acid 28-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->3)-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->4)-alpha- L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-[beta-D-4-O-acetylquinovopyranosyl-(1-->4)] -beta-D-fucopyranoside (2). Their structures were established on the basis of extensive NMR (DEPT, DQF-COSY, HOHAHA, HETCOR, HMBC, and NOESY) and MS studies as well as chemical degradation.
The effect of static electric fields on protonic conductivity of ice single crystals (1992)

Abstract We observed a significant depression of the high-frequency conductivity σ∞, of ice under the action of a static electric field. The phenomenon is reversible; that is, σ∞ recovers during time τt which is dependent upon temperature. Experimental results for the dependence of σ∞, and Δσ∞ on temperature, sample thickness, electric field strength, time and electrode type are reported. Possible mechanisms are discussed. A rise in the recombination rate of protonic charge carriers on ice-metal interfaces is most probably responsible for the drop in σ∞, when an external electric field is applied. This rise is governed by diffusion and the drift fluxes of point defects.
The Development of an RFID Solution to Facilitate the Traceability of Patient and Pharmaceutical Data (2017)

One of the principal objectives of hospitals is to increase the quality of care of the patient. This is even more of a priority in Day Hospitals where certain medication requires special attention, from its preparation in the Pharmacy service to its delivery to the patient in the Day Hospital. In the case of expensive medicines, nursing staff have to comply with very detailed instructions in their administration to the patient (name of medicine, route, dosage, schedule, previous medication, conditions of conservation, etc.). This work focuses on the development of a multi-faceted hub application to facilitate the traceability of mixed intravenous medication from the beginning to the end of the process of prescription-validation-dosing-preparation-administration (PVD-PA) and be available to all health professionals involved: doctors, pharmacists, and the nursing staff of the Hospital Pharmacy and Day Hospital.
Modulation of in vitro and in vivo T-cell responses by transferrin- gallium and gallium nitrate (1996)

Gallium is a group IIIa metal that has efficacy in the therapy of malignant disorders such as lymphoma and urothelial tract tumors. Preclinical studies also indicate a role for gallium in autoimmune disorders, suggesting that gallium is able to modulate T-cell immune reactivity. The purpose of this study was to examine the in vitro and in vivo immunomodulatory action of gallium on T-cell function. Since gallium binds to transferrin in vivo, in vitro studies evaluated the effect of transferrin-gallium (Tf-Ga) on human T cells. Tf-Ga inhibited the mitogen-induced proliferative response of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in a dose-dependent fashion. Alloantigen-induced proliferation was also potently suppressed when evaluated in a mixed lymphocyte culture assay. Tf-Ga affected a significant reduction in the density of IL-2 receptors on activated T cells and a slight reduction in the number of CD3+/CD25+ T cells in PHA-stimulated cultures. Neither secretion of interleukin-2 (IL-2) nor the induction of IL-2-stimulated lymphokine-activated killer activity, however, was inhibited by Tf-Ga. Tf-Ga produced significant upregulation of the transferrin receptor (CD71) in T cells as determined by flow cytometric analysis and northern blot assay, but did not affect the percentage of CD3+/ CD71+ T cells after mitogen stimulation. To assess the in vivo effects of gallium on alloreactive T cells, we evaluated the immunosuppressive effect of gallium in a murine model of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Administration of gallium significantly prolonged survival in mice undergoing severe GVHD, suggesting that gallium can ameliorate GVH reactivity. Collectively, these data demonstrate that, at clinically achievable concentrations, Tf-Ga potently inhibits T-cell activation and that this immunosuppressive property of gallium may be of adjunctive therapeutic value in the management of disorders characterized by the presence of autoreactive or alloreactive T-cell populations.