gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reverse-blocking AlGaN/GaN normally-off MIS-HEMT with double-recessed gated Schottky drain (2018)

A reverse blocking AlGaN/GaN normally-Off MIS-HEMT featuring double-recessed gated Schottky drain was demonstrated on a double-channel HEMT platform. Two recess steps with robust recess depth tolerance are performed to form the MIS-gated Schottky drain. The shallow recess stops at the upper GaN channel layer where a MIS-gated section (i.e. MIS field plate) is formed to suppress the reverse leakage current. The deep recess cuts through the lower 2DEG channel where a metal-2DEG Schottky contact with low turn-on voltage is formed along the sidewall. Since the lower channel is separated from the surface of the shallow recess, the MIS-gated section in the drain maintains a high mobility channel to yield a sheet resistance of 806 Ω/Square. The device exhibits a threshold voltage of +0.6 V at a drain leakage current of 10 μA/mm and +1.9 V from linear extrapolation, and a low differential ON-resistance of ~11 Ω/mm. Owing to the presence of the metal-2DEG Schottky contact and the leakage-suppression MIS field plate in the drain, a low forward turn-on voltage of 0.5 V and a low reverse leakage current of 20 nA/mm (at -100 V) are achieved simultaneously. The device also exhibits a high forward and reverse breakdown voltage of 700 V and -600 V.
Biochemistry, histology and clinical uses of chitins and chitosans in wound healing (1999)

Biodegradability, biocompatibility and capacity to promote the synthesis of hyaluronan are main characteristics of chitin-derived wound healing materials, whose biological significance in the human body depends largely on the actions that certain hydrolases exert on them. The resulting chitooligomers stimulate various cells, while the released monomers are phosphorylated and incorporated into hyaluronan, keratan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate, components of the intracellular matrix and connective tissue. The healing process favoured by these materials is examined in terms of macrophage activation, cytokine production by macrophages and fibroblasts, antiinflammatory action, angiogenesis stimulation, granulation and scar formation. Current biomedical applications are illustrated by the treatment of leg ulcers, the use of skin substitutes, and the regeneration of bone, nerve and meniscus tissues.
Power spectra of channel codes for digital magnetic recording (1978)

The power spectral density (PSD) is the average power per unit frequency of encoded random data transmitted over a perfect channel. The one-sided PSDs of a number of channel codes of recent interest in digital magnetic recording are calculated from codeword dictionaries and state diagrams. Given here are:
Overcoming stroma-mediated treatment resistance in chronic lymphocytic leukemia through BCL-2 inhibition (2013)

Despite recent advances in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) with chemoimmunotherapy, many patients with CLL are older or frail and cannot tolerate aggressive chemotherapy. Even those who can inevitably develop resistance due to factors such as deletion of pro-apoptotic factors like TP53 or the support of pro-survival signals from the stromal microenvironment. Using BH3 profiling, we found that CLL cells co-cultured with stroma are less primed to undergo apoptosis in response to BCL-2 inhibition. Currently, several approaches to BCL-2 inhibition with well-tolerated oral agents are in development in the clinic. Dosing of navitoclax (ABT-263) was complicated by thrombocytopenia due to BCL-XL inhibition, but the BCL-2 specific inhibitor ABT-199 (GDC-0199) should avoid this issue, and may overcome stroma-mediated resistance to apoptosis. We are developing BH3 profiling as a biomarker to predict response to novel therapies such as ABT-199, and to identify resistance mechanisms to new agents being studied in CLL.
HYPERTENSION MECHANISMS CAUSING STROKE (1999)

1. Although it is well established that hypertension is the main risk factor for stroke, the complexity of cerebrovascular problems related to hypertension is not generally appreciated. 2. Hypertension can cause stroke through many mechanisms. A high intraluminal pressure will lead to extensive alteration in endothelium and smooth muscle function in intracerebral arteries. The increased stress on the endothelium can increase permeability over the blood-brain barrier and local or multifocal brain oedema. Endothelial damage and altered blood cell-endothelium interaction can lead to local thrombi formation and ischaemic lesions. Fibrinoid necrosis can cause lacunar infarcts through focal stenosis and occlusions. Degenerative changes in smooth muscle cells and endothelium predisposes for intracerebral haemorrhages. Furthermore, hypertension accelerates the arteriosclerotic process, thus increasing the likelihood for cerebral lesions related to stenosis and embolism originating from large extracranial vessels, the aortic arch and from the heart. 3. Adaptive structural changes in the resistance vessels, while having the positive effect of reducing the vessel wall tension, have the negative consequence of increased peripheral vascular resistance that may compromise the collateral circulation and enhance the risk for ischaemic events in connection with episodes of hypotension or distal to a stenosis. 4. Hypertension is clearly a risk factor for vascular dementia. All the mechanisms referred to above may be important.
Organ maintenance of human sebaceous glands: <i>in vitro</i> effects of 13-<i>cis</i> retinoic acid and testosterone (1990)

Human sebaceous glands were isolated by shearing, and maintained for 7 days either on defined medium, on medium supplemented with 3 microM-testosterone or on medium supplemented with both 3 microM-testosterone and 1 microM-13-cis retinoic acid. Freshly isolated glands retained their in vivo morphology. On maintenance, the glands retained their freshly isolated rates of cell division, but the sebocytes showed increased keratinization and there was multilayering of the peripheral undifferentiated cells. However, glands maintained in the presence of 1 microM-13-cis retinoic acid showed very little luminal keratinization and only a small degree of multilayering. On autoradiography, freshly isolated glands retained their in vivo pattern of [methyl-3H]thymidine incorporation. Similar patterns were seen when glands were maintained for 7 days with or without testosterone. However, in the presence of both testosterone and 13-cis retinoic acid there was only slight graining. Following 7 days maintenance the rate of lipogenesis fell significantly. This was partially reversed by testosterone, but further inhibited by 13-cis retinoic acid. The patterns of lipids that are synthesised after a week's maintenance are very similar to those seen in freshly isolated glands, except that the squalene:cholesterol ratio is reversibly regulated by 3 microM-testosterone and 1 microM-retinoic acid. Protein synthesis was maintained at the same rates as for freshly isolated glands under all conditions of maintenance. Whereas DNA synthetic rates were maintained in the presence of testosterone, they were significantly inhibited by 13-cis retinoic acid. Glandular wet weights were retained under all conditions of maintenance, except that they were significantly reduced by 13-cis retinoic acid. This study shows that human sebocytes continue to divide on organ maintenance, but that they do not differentiate fully. However, this provides the first demonstration that 13-cis retinoic acid acts on human sebaceous glands directly, reducing the rate of cell division and the rate of lipogenesis, which shows that the maintained human sebaceous gland might provide a useful model for studying the effect of 13-cis retinoic acid on human sebocytes.
Hg absorption in aqueous permanganate (1996)

Aqueous acidic permanganate is known to be an effective solvent for elemental Hg vapor. EPA method 29 specifies permanganate as the scrubbing solution for determination of elemental mercury in gas streams. Permanganate has been used to collect mercury in flue-gas field sampling procedures. Even though permanganate is an expensive reagent, it is effective at low concentration for mercury removal, so it may be commercially useful for air-pollution control or removal of mercury from other gases. No previous work was found giving the rate of reaction of permanganate with mercury. Therefore, the objective of this study was to quantify the kinetics in a well-characterized gas-liquid contactor.
Intrastrand base pairing in single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid from ColE1-derived plasmid pCR1 (1981)

Single strands of EcoRI-cleaved pCR1 deoxyribonucleic acid were examined by electron microscopy for intrastrand base pairing by using partial denaturing conditions. The locations of three stem and loop structures were mapped relative to the inverted repeat of Tn903. Potential roles and origins of these loops are discussed.
Structures and phase transitions of trigonal ZrMo<sub>2</sub>O<sub>8</sub> and HfMo<sub>2</sub>O<sub>8</sub> (2004)

This paper describes the structures, thermal-expansion properties and phase transitions of the trigonal forms of ZrMo(2)O(8) and HfMo(2)O(8). Both phases adopt a P(-)3m structure at room temperature and show positive thermal expansion. Both phases also undergo a displacive phase transition at high temperature (ZrMo(2)O(8) at 487 K and HfMo(2)O(8) at 463 K) to a higher-symmetry structure that has lower thermal expansion. The structure of the high-temperature alpha'-AMo(2)O(8) form (A = Zr and Hf) has been refined from powder diffraction data in space group P(-)3m1.
IgA deficiency: what we should—or should not—be doing (2001)

IgA deficiency: what we should-or should not-be doing Although IgA deficiency (IgAD) is currently recognised as the most frequent immunodeficiency in humans, 1 individuals with IgAD are largely considered to be healthy and when discovered are usually not investigated further or followed up. On these occasions it is also often, but not always, practice to check for the presence of anti-IgA antibodies, the importance of which is still frequently disputed (vide infra 3 ).
Wood Identification of the Veneer Species that grow in Korea - II. Wood Characteristics and Identification by the Microscopic Features - (1987)

This study was executed to offer the basical data needed to the plywood industry as examining on the wood characteristics of veneer species that grow in Korea. According to the aggravation of log import from foreign countries caused by the gradual exhaustion of wood resources in recent years, the study on wood characteristics of veneer species growing in Korea should be carried out preferentially in promotion of the domestic timber utilization and development of it's processing technique for plywood industry. 50 commercial veneer species in this study were selected from 33 genuses, and general macroseopical wood characteristics for them were examined and described by the species. And also keys for the identification based on gross features were briefly prepared and presented by gymnosperm and angiosperm respectively.
An experimental study of parametric amplification (2006)

We report observation of enhanced correlation, wavelength shifting, and spectral broadening of the twin beams in a parametric amplification with a gain greater than 30 dB in a 1.7 m microstructure fiber.
Identification of proteases with shared functions to the proprotein processing protease Krp1 in the fission yeast <i>Schizosaccharomyces pombe</i> (2000)

Many secretory proteins are synthesized as inactive proproteins that undergo proteolytic activation as they travel through the eukaryotic secretory pathway. The best characterized family of processing enzymes are the prohormone convertases or kexins, and these are responsible for the processing of a wide variety of prohormones and other precursors. Recent work has identified other proteases that appear to be involved in proprotein processing, but characterization of these enzymes is at an early stage. Krp1 is the only kexin identified in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, in which it is essential for cell viability. We have used a genetic screen to identify four proteases with specificities that overlap Krp1. Two are serine proteases, one is a zinc metalloprotease (glycoprotease) and one is an aspartyl protease that belongs to the recently described yapsin family of processing enzymes. All four proteases support the growth of a yeast strain lacking Krp1, and each is able to process the P-factor precursor, the only substrate currently known to be processed by Krp1.
Susceptibility to high altitude pulmonary oedema: role of ACE and ET-1 polymorphisms (2006)

High altitude pulmonary oedema (HAPE) is a severe form of altitude illness that develops in travellers on rapid ascent to or physical exertion at altitudes of >2500 m.1 The disease is characterised by pulmonary hypertension, uneven vasoconstriction, and overperfusion which is thought to cause stress failure of pulmonary capillaries leading to alveolar flooding.1 Since uneven pulmonary vasoconstriction appears to play an important part in the development of HAPE, the genes involved in maintaining pulmonary vascular tone—for example, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and endothelin-1 (ET-1)—could be possible candidates for HAPE.

Earlier studies showed that the selective pressure of hypobaric hypoxia acted in favour of those alleles of ACE and ET-1 which were beneficial in maintaining a healthy state at high altitude.2,3 On the other hand, unfavourable alleles are likely to contribute to the susceptibility to HAPE. This hypothesis lends support to an earlier report on the allelic variants of endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene.4

We therefore investigated ACE insertion/deletion (I/D) (GenBank accession no X62855) and ET-1 5′-untranslated region (UTR) microsatellite …
Precursors of Collagen Secreted by Cultured Human Fibroblasts (1972)

Soluble precursors of collagen ("procollagens") in the culture medium of human diploid fibroblasts were characterized by molecular sieve chromatography on 6% agarose and by sodium dodecyl sulfate-acrylamide gel electrophoresis. Under the denaturing conditions for gels, the following molecular species were identified: a major species of three procollagen chains, a procollagen dimer, and free procollagen chains. Reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol completely dissociated the trimer and dimer, releasing procollagen alpha1 and procollagen alpha2 chains with molecular weights of about 120,000. Both pro alpha1 and pro alpha2 chains could be labeled with [(35)S]cystine. In addition, free procollagen chains with molecular weights of less than 120,000, but heavier than native alpha chains, were identified in gels. Radioactivity in all of the above molecules could be chased into native alpha chains extracted from extracellular fibers of the cell layers. The data indicate that: (i) collagen is secreted as a disulfidestabilized procollagen trimer with the composition, (pro alpha1)(2).pro alpha2; (ii) noncovalent interactions maintain the three-chain assembly during stepwise enzymatic excisions of N-terminal, cysteine-containing procellagen peptides; and (iii) after such excisions, native helical molecules, (alpha1)(2).alpha2, precipitate as fibers in the cell layers.
<title>New pulsed YAG laser performances in cutting thick metallic materials for nuclear applications</title> (1996)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the capacities of the pulsed YAG laser thick cutting on metallic material and to compare with the CO<SUB>2</SUB> laser capacities. Stainless steel cutting tests were made in air and underwater using CO<SUB>2</SUB> and YAG lasers. A performance assessment was made for each laser and the wastes produced in the cutting operation were measured and the gases and the aerosols analyzed. The results showed that the pulsed YAG laser is high performance tool for thick cutting and particularly attractive for nuclear applications.
Virological response and safety of BI 201335 protease inhibitor, peginterferon alfa 2a and ribavirin treatment of HCV genotype-1 patients with compensated liver cirrhosis and non-response to previous peginterferon/ribavirin (2009)

Background: BI 201335 is a highly potent and specific HCV NS3/4A protease inhibitor. A phase 1 trial in treatmentexperienced HCV GT-1 patients demonstrated a mean viral load (VL) reduction of 5.3 log 10 (IU/mL) for BI 201335 given once daily after 28 days in combination with peginterferon alfa (PegIFN) 2a and ribavirin (RBV). We now describe a phase 1b trial which has assessed safety, short-term efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of BI 201335 in GT-1 patients with compensated liver cirrhosis and non-response to previous PegIFN/RBV, a difficult-to-treat HCV population with a high unmet medical need. Methods: In this open-label, sequential group comparison, HCV GT-1 patients with compensated liver cirrhosis who have never achieved undetectable VL under previous PegIFN/RBV were treated with 240 mg once (QD; n=6) or twice daily (BID; n=7) in combination with PegIFNa2a (180 mcg/week) and RBV (1000/1200mg/d) for 28 days. All patients received a single loading dose of 480mg of BI 201335 as the first dose. Plasma HCV RNA was measured by Roche COBAS TaqMan assay. Results: Mean age was 54 years, BMI 26 kg/m 2 . Mean VL at baseline was 6.0 and 6.6 log 10 (IU/mL) in both groups. All patients showed a rapid and continuous decline in VL. Mean VL declines on day 28 in the 240mg QD and BID groups were -4.9 and -5.0 log 10 , respectively. No breakthrough (>0.8 log 10 rebound from VL nadir) was observed during treatment. At day 28, 5/6 and 5/7 patients achieved VL below level of quantification (< 25 IU/ml) in the QD and BID group. Furthermore, 4/6 and 1/7 patients had VL below level of detection (<10 IU/ml) in the 240mg QD and BID groups. There were no SAE in the 240mg QD group and 2 SAE in the 240mg BID group. Both were cases of mild to moderate hepatic decompensation attributed to PegIFN/RBV by the investigators. Two patients in the BID group discontinued treatment early, one due to nausea, one due to hepatic decompensation (SAE). Jaundice due to isolated unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia was reported in 2/6 and 1/7 patients at 240mg QD and BID, respectively. Other AE were mainly mild to moderate and typical of PegIFN/RBV. Lab analyses showed decreases of ALT / AST as well as blood cell counts typical of PegIFN/RBV. Conclusions: BI 201335 once or twice daily combined with PegIFN/RBV exhibited potent antiviral activity in nonresponder patients with liver cirrhosis. BI 201335 also exhibited a good safety and tolerability profile in these patients, allowing for their inclusion into the ongoing phase 2 program. These data also confirm that IFN nonresponsiveness in previous non-responders can be overcome by rapid and profound inhibition of viral replication by BI 201335.
rab GTP-binding proteins implicated in vesicular transport are isoprenylated in vitro at cysteines within a novel carboxyl-terminal motif (1991)

Low molecular mass GTP-binding proteins encoded by the mammalian rab genes are found in membranes of the Golgi complex and endosomes, suggesting that they play a role in the movement of exocytic and endocytic vesicles. The basis for the membrane association of these proteins has not been defined. Herein, we demonstrate that terminal cysteine residues in the rab1B, rab2, and rab5 proteins undergo thioether modification by isoprenyl groups when these proteins are translated in vitro in the presence of a radiolabeled isoprenoid precursor, [3H]mevalonate. Results of gel permeation chromatography of the radiolabeled hydrocarbons suggest that these proteins are modified specifically by isoprenyl groups of the 20-carbon diterpene class, rather than the 15-carbon farnesyl class known to be involved in modification of ras proteins. The rab1 and rab2 proteins lack the carboxyl-terminal amino acid motif common to all previously identified isoprenylated proteins, i.e. CXXX, where X is an unspecified amino acid. Analysis of altered translation products generated by site-directed mutagenesis indicates that modification of rab1B protein requires an intact carboxyl-terminal sequence consisting of GGCC. This represents a new amino acid motif for isoprenylation.
Architecture, performance, and implementation of the tandem banyan fast packet switch (1991)

The authors propose a new space-division fast packet switch architecture based on banyan interconnection networks, called the tandem banyan switching fabric (TBSF). It consists of placing banyan networks in tandem, offering multiple paths from each input to each output, thus overcoming in a very simple way the effect of conflicts among packets (to which banyan networks are prone) and achieving output buffering. From a hardware implementation perspective, this architecture is simple in that it consists of several instances of only two VLSI chips, one implementing the banyan network and the other implementing the output buffer function. The basic structure and operation of the tandem banyan switching fabric are described, and its performance is discussed. The authors propose a modification to the basic structure which decreases the hardware complexity of the switch while maintaining its performance. An implementation of the banyan network using a high-performance BiCMOS sea-of-gates on 0.8- mu m technology is reported.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Quantitative Analysis of the Effect of CD16 Ligation on Human NK Cell Proliferation (1999)

CD16 (Fc gammaRIIIA), the low affinity receptor for IgG, is expressed on the majority of human peripheral blood NK cells. Ligation of CD16 with mAb or immune complexes activates NK cell cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion, and stimulates death of activated NK cells by apoptosis. This study uses NK cells labeled with the stable intracytoplasmic fluorescent dye 5- and 6-carboxyfluorescein diacetate succinimidyl ester to provide quantitative data on the effect of CD16 ligation on NK cell division and NK cell survival. When NK cells are cultured with rIL-2 and CD16 is ligated, NK cell division is stimulated, but there also is a substantial loss of NK progenitor cells. When NK cell proliferation is stimulated by coculture with gamma-irradiated MM-170 malignant melanoma cells and rIL-2, CD16 ligation enhances entry of NK cells into division. In some cases, CD16 ligation is essential for NK cell proliferation stimulated by MM-170 cells. In these cultures, there is no loss of NK progenitor cells. This study demonstrates that CD16 is an activation receptor for NK cell proliferation, and suggests that cellular costimulation alters the balance between NK cell death and NK cell proliferation stimulated by CD16 ligation.
Predicting User Satisfaction with Intelligent Assistants (2016)

There is a rapid growth in the use of voice-controlled intelligent personal assistants on mobile devices, such as Microsoft's Cortana, Google Now, and Apple's Siri. They significantly change the way users interact with search systems, not only because of the voice control use and touch gestures, but also due to the dialogue-style nature of the interactions and their ability to preserve context across different queries. Predicting success and failure of such search dialogues is a new problem, and an important one for evaluating and further improving intelligent assistants. While clicks in web search have been extensively used to infer user satisfaction, their significance in search dialogues is lower due to the partial replacement of clicks with voice control, direct and voice answers, and touch gestures.