gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Properties of nanoporous silica thin films determined by high-resolution x-ray reflectivity and small-angle neutron scattering (2000)

A new methodology based on a novel combination of a high-resolution specular x-ray reflectivity and small-angle neutron scattering has been developed to evaluate the structural properties of low-dielectric-constant porous silica thin films about one micrometer thick supported on silicon wafer substrates. To complement these results, film composition was determined by high-energy ion scattering techniques. For the example thin film presented here, the overall film density was found to be (0.55±0.01) g/cm3 with a pore wall density of (1.16±0.05) g/cm3 and a porosity of (53±1)%. The characteristic average dimension for the pores was found to be (65±1) Å. It was determined that (22.1±0.5)% of the pores had connective paths to the free surface. The mass fraction of water absorption was (3.0±0.5)% and the coefficient of thermal expansion was (60±20)×10−6/°C from room temperature to 175 °C. Lastly, model fitting of the specular x-ray reflectivity data indicated the presence of a thin surface layer with an increased electron density compared to the bulk of the film as well as an interfacial layer with a reduced electron density.
Three-dimensional printing of freeform helical microstructures: a review (2014)

Three-dimensional (3D) printing is a fabrication method that enables creation of structures from digital models. Among the different structures fabricated by 3D printing methods, helical microstructures attracted the attention of the researchers due to their potential in different fields such as MEMS, lab-on-a-chip systems, microelectronics and telecommunications. Here we review different types of 3D printing methods capable of fabricating 3D freeform helical microstructures. The techniques including two more common microfabrication methods (i.e., focused ion beam chemical vapour deposition and microstereolithography) and also five methods based on computer-controlled robotic direct deposition of ink filament (i.e., fused deposition modeling, meniscus-confined electrodeposition, conformal printing on a rotating mandrel, UV-assisted and solvent-cast 3D printings) and their advantages and disadvantages regarding their utilization for the fabrication of helical microstructures are discussed. Focused ion beam chemical vapour deposition and microstereolithography techniques enable the fabrication of very precise shapes with a resolution down to ∼100 nm. However, these techniques may have material constraints (e.g., low viscosity) and/or may need special process conditions (e.g., vacuum chamber) and expensive equipment. The five other techniques based on robotic extrusion of materials through a nozzle are relatively cost-effective, however show lower resolution and less precise features. The popular fused deposition modeling method offers a wide variety of printable materials but the helical microstructures manufactured featured a less precise geometry compared to the other printing methods discussed in this review. The UV-assisted and the solvent-cast 3D printing methods both demonstrated high performance for the printing of 3D freeform structures such as the helix shape. However, the compatible materials used in these methods were limited to UV-curable polymers and polylactic acid (PLA), respectively. Meniscus-confined electrodeposition is a flexible, low cost technique that is capable of fabricating 3D structures both in nano- and microscales including freeform helical microstructures (down to few microns) under room conditions using metals. However, the metals suitable for this technique are limited to those that can be electrochemically deposited with the use of an electrolyte solution. The highest precision on the helix geometry was achieved using the conformal printing on a rotating mandrel. This method offers the lowest shape deformation after printing but requires more tools (e.g., mandrel, motor) and the printed structure must be separated from the mandrel. Helical microstructures made of multifunctional materials (e.g., carbon nanotube nanocomposites, metallic coated polymer template) were used in different technological applications such as strain/load sensors, cell separators and micro-antennas. These innovative 3D microsystems exploiting the unique helix shape demonstrated their potential for better performance and more compact microsystems.
Optimization of type-2 fuzzy logic controllers for mobile robots using evolutionary methods (2009)

We describe in this paper the application of evolutionary methods for the optimization of type-2 fuzzy logic controllers. These optimal type-2 fuzzy logic controllers are used for the trajectory tracking control of autonomous mobile robots. The evolutionary method to consider is the genetic algorithm, presenting simulations results in Simulink <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">©</sup> of Matlab.
Irinotecan Combined With Bolus Fluorouracil, Continuous Infusion Fluorouracil, and High-Dose Leucovorin Every Two Weeks (LV5FU2 Regimen): A Clinical Dose-Finding and Pharmacokinetic Study in Patients With Pretreated Metastatic Colorectal Cancer (1999)

The biweekly CPT-11/LV5FU2 combination is feasible and safe, without overlapping toxicity. CPT-11 at 180 to 200 mg/m(2) in combination with LV5FU2 has been selected as the recommended dose for further studies.
Co-occurrence of FLT3-TKD and NPM1 mutations defines a highly favorable prognostic AML group (2017)

Although <i>FLT3</i> internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutations in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) confer an adverse prognosis, co-occurrence with a nucleophosphomin (<i>NPM1</i>) mutation partially improves response and survival outcomes. In contrast, simultaneous <i>NPM1</i> and <i>FLT3</i> tyrosine kinase domain (TKD) mutations were reported to improve response over that of an isolated <i>NPM1</i> mutation in one as yet unverified report. To validate this, we explored the impact of the co-occurrence of <i>FLT3</i>-TKD and <i>NPM1</i> mutations on clinical outcomes. Study populations included 21 patients (8%) with <i>FLT3</i>-TKD<sup>+</sup><i>NPM1</i><sup><i>+</i></sup> mutated, 18 patients (7%) with <i>FLT3</i>-TKD-only-mutated, 117 patients (44%) with <i>NPM1</i>-only-mutated, and 107 patients (41%) with <i>FLT3</i>-ITD<sup>+</sup><i>NPM1</i>-mutated AML. Compared with <i>NPM1</i><sup><i>+</i></sup> -only-mutated AML, <i>FLT3</i>-TKD/<i>NPM1</i> double mutation status was associated with a significantly superior relapse-free survival (median, not reached vs 18.3 months; <i>P</i> = .03) and a trend toward improved overall survival (OS). The presence of <i>FLT3</i>-TKD/<i>NPM1</i> double mutation status was an independent positive predictor in multivariable analysis. Allogeneic stem cell transplant did not improve outcomes in the <i>FLT3</i>-TKD/<i>NPM1</i> cohort. Consistent with historical data, the co-mutation status defined a highly favorable prognostic group characterized by high response rates and prolonged disease-free and OS. These study findings substantiate previous data describing this intriguing paradoxical cooperative effect. Our results emphasize the need for elucidating the mechanistic links between <i>FLT3</i>-TKD and <i>NPM1</i> in future molecular and murine model studies.
The FOX hunting system: an alternative gain‐of‐function gene hunting technique (2006)

We have developed a novel gain-of-function system that we have named the FOX hunting system (Full-length cDNA Over-eXpressing gene hunting system). We used normalized full-length cDNA and introduced each cDNA into Arabidopsis by in planta transformation. About 10 000 independent full-length Arabidopsis cDNAs were expressed independently under the CaMV 35S promoter in Arabidopsis. Each transgenic Arabidopsis contained on average 2.6 cDNA clones and was monitored under various categories such as morphological changes, fertility and leaf color. We found 1487 possible morphological mutants from 15 547 transformants. When 115 pale green T(1) mutants were analyzed, 59 lines represented the mutant phenotypes in more than 50% of the T(2) progeny. Characterization of two leaf color mutants revealed the significance of this approach. We also document mutants from several categories and their corresponding full-length cDNAs.
Sarcopenia, Dynapenia, and the Impact of Advancing Age on Human Skeletal Muscle Size and Strength; a Quantitative Review (2012)

Changing demographics make it ever more important to understand the modifiable risk factors for disability and loss of independence with advancing age. For more than two decades there has been increasing interest in the role of sarcopenia, the age-related loss of muscle or lean mass, in curtailing active and healthy aging. There is now evidence to suggest that lack of strength, or dynapenia, is a more constant factor in compromised wellbeing in old age and it is apparent that the decline in muscle mass and the decline in strength can take quite different trajectories. This demands recognition of the concept of muscle quality; that is the force generating per capacity per unit cross-sectional area (CSA). An understanding of the impact of aging on skeletal muscle will require attention to both the changes in muscle size and the changes in muscle quality. The aim of this review is to present current knowledge of the decline in human muscle mass and strength with advancing age and the associated risk to health and survival and to review the underlying changes in muscle characteristics and the etiology of sarcopenia. Cross-sectional studies comparing young (18-45 years) and old (>65 years) samples show dramatic variation based on the technique used and population studied. The median of values of rate of loss reported across studies is 0.47% per year in men and 0.37% per year in women. Longitudinal studies show that in people aged 75 years, muscle mass is lost at a rate of 0.64-0.70% per year in women and 0.80-00.98% per year in men. Strength is lost more rapidly. Longitudinal studies show that at age 75 years, strength is lost at a rate of 3-4% per year in men and 2.5-3% per year in women. Studies that assessed changes in mass and strength in the same sample report a loss of strength 2-5 times faster than loss of mass. Loss of strength is a more consistent risk for disability and death than is loss of muscle mass.
Diagnosing pneumonia in rural Thailand: Digital cameras versus film digitizers for chest radiograph teleradiology (2005)

Detection of pneumonia was not measurably compromised by using digital cameras compared with film digitizers. The 3-fold lower cost of the digital camera makes this technology an affordable and widely accessible alternative for surveillance systems, vaccine trials, and perhaps clinical use.
High-Resolution Dual-Trap Optical Tweezers with Differential Detection: An Introduction: Figure 1. (2009)

Optical traps or "optical tweezers" have become an indispensable tool in understanding fundamental biological processes. The ability to manipulate and probe individual molecules or molecular complexes has led to a new, more refined understanding of the mechanical properties of the fundamental building blocks of the cell, and of the mechanism by which molecular machines function. The field has seen a steady stream of technological advances that have greatly refined the technique. One major effort has been in developing methods to resolve motions at the angstrom level--the fundamental length scale for many biological processes. This drive has only recently come to fruition with the advent of high-resolution optical trapping techniques that can now detect movements on the scale of a single base pair of DNA, 3.4 A. Here we briefly review the basic concepts and components of optical traps and the single-molecule experiments in which they are used.
SENSITIZED PHOTOOXYGENATION REACTIONS AND THE ROLE OF SINGLET OXYGEN†,‡ (1969)

Abstract— In this paper we discuss various theoretical and experimental aspects of the role of singlet oxygen in sensitized photooxygenation reactions. New spectroscopic observations on the photosensitized production of singlet oxygen molecules are presented. The various factors which control the generation and reactions of singlet oxygen molecules are considered in detail. A relatively simple theoretical procedure is developed to predict the relative reactivities of 1 σ, 1 δ and 3 σ oxygen toward various organic acceptors, and is used to discuss the chemical and photochemical properties of some of the oxygenation products. Finally, the properties of dioxetanes are examined in connection with the role which they may play in chemi‐ and bioluminescence. While we have said rather little about photodynamic reactions per se , the results presented in this paper strongly support the suggestion that many of the observed photodynamic effects could be due to reactions of singlet oxygen. Clearly a careful reexamination of various photodynamic effects at the molecular level to establish whether or not reactions of singlet oxygen are involved is now in order.
Physical properties of egg shells (1967)

Synopsis A method of recording the stress distribution in egg shells about an applied force is described. Results indicate that the axes of stress can be predicted by a theoretical analysis, assuming the shell is spherical. The force required to fracture a shell was not predictable. From a theoretical approach, shell thickness, ultimate tensile strength and curvature were the important factors in shell strength. An external force produced tension at the inner shell surface and compression at the outer surface at the point of contact. The maximum tensile stress was at the point of application of force and diminished radially from this point. Because the shell material is brittle and therefore weaker in tension than in compression, the shell must fracture initially at the inner surface under the point of contact. It was concluded that shell behaviour in tension is a major factor contributing to shell strength.
Targeted treatment for sonic hedgehog-dependent medulloblastoma (2014)

Novel treatment options, including targeted therapies, are needed for patients with medulloblastoma (MB), especially for those with high-risk or recurrent/relapsed disease. Four major molecular subgroups of MB have been identified, one of which is characterized by activation of the sonic hedgehog (SHH) pathway. Preclinical data suggest that inhibitors of the hedgehog (Hh) pathway could become valuable treatment options for patients with this subgroup of MB. Indeed, agents targeting the positive regulator of the pathway, smoothened (SMO), have demonstrated efficacy in a subset of patients with SHH MB. However, because of resistance and the presence of mutations downstream of SMO, not all patients with SHH MB respond to SMO inhibitors. The development of agents that target these resistance mechanisms and the potential for their combination with traditional chemotherapy and SHH inhibitors will be discussed. Due to its extensive molecular heterogeneity, the future of MB treatment is in personalized therapy, which may lead to improved efficacy and reduced toxicity. This will include the development of clinically available tests that can efficiently discern the SHH subgroup. The preliminary use of these tests in clinical trials is also discussed herein.
Emergent Polymyxin Resistance: End of an Era? (2019)

Until recently, the polymyxin antibiotics were sparingly used due to dose limiting toxicities. However, the lack of therapeutic alternatives for infections caused by highly resistant Gram-negative bacteria has led to the increased use of the polymyxins. Unfortunately, in the last decade the world has witnessed increased rates of polymyxin resistance, which is likely in part due to its irrational use in human and veterinary medicine. The spread of polymyxin-resistance has been aided by the dissemination of the transferable polymyxin-resistance gene, mcr, in humans and the environment. The mortality of colistin-resistant bacteria infections varies in different reports. However, poor clinical outcome was associated with prior colistin treatment, illness severity, complications and multidrug resistance. Detection of polymyxin-resistance in the clinic is possible through multiple robust and practical tests including broth microdilution susceptibility testing, chromogenic agar testing, and molecular biology assays. There are multiple risk factors that increase a person's risk for infection with a polymyxin-resistant bacteria including age, prior colistin treatment, hospitalization and ventilator support. For patients that are determined to be infected by polymyxin-resistant bacteria, various antibiotic treatment options currently exist. The rising trend of polymyxin-resistance threatens patient care and warrants an effective control.
Click Dimers To Target HIV TAR RNA Conformation (2012)

A series of neomycin dimers have been synthesized using “click chemistry” with varying functionality and length in the linker region to target the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) TAR RNA region of the HIV virus. The TAR (Trans-Activation Responsive) RNA region, a 59 bp stem–loop structure located at the 5′-end of all nascent viral transcripts, interacts with its target, a key regulatory protein, Tat, and necessitates the replication of HIV-1. Neomycin, an aminosugar, has been shown to exhibit multiple binding sites on TAR RNA. This observation prompted us to design and synthesize a library of triazole-linked neomycin dimers using click chemistry. The binding between neomycin dimers and TAR RNA was characterized using spectroscopic techniques, including FID (fluorescent intercalator displacement), a FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer) competitive assay, circular dichroism (CD), and UV thermal denaturation. UV thermal denaturation studies demonstrate that binding of neomycin dimers increases the melting temperature (Tm) of the HIV TAR RNA up to 10 °C. Ethidium bromide displacement (FID) and a FRET competition assay revealed nanomolar binding affinity between neomycin dimers and HIV TAR RNA, while in case of neomycin, only weak binding was detected. More importantly, most of the dimers exhibited lower IC50 values toward HIV TAR RNA, when compared to the fluorescent Tat peptide, and show increased selectivity over mutant TAR RNA. Cytopathic effects investigated using MT-2 cells indicate a number of the dimers with high affinity toward TAR show promising anti-HIV activity.
ALD based Metal-insulator-metal (MIM) Nanocapacitors for Energy Storage (2009)

In this paper, we demonstrate the feasibility of using metal-insulator-metal (MIM) capacitors for energy storage. Using an all-ALD approach we deposit TiN, Al2O3 and TiN as the three constitutive films for the MIM stack, inside high aspect ratio (upto 200:1), self assembled, nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) templates. A 10µm deep porous template yields a planar capacitance density of ~100µF/cm2. The high capacitance values ensure the energy densities in these capacitors approach values close to electrochemical capacitors. Furthermore, the fast charge-discharge rates due to the electrostatic nature of these capacitors ensure that we achieve these energy densities without sacrificing high power densities. The MIM capacitors therefore have the potential to contribute to a broad range of electrical energy storage applications requiring high energy and power.
Lymphatic transport and organ uptake of gelatin and hyaluronan injected into the rat mesentery (1995)

The metabolic pathways of denatured collagen (gelatin) and hyaluronan were studied by injecting labelled macromolecules into the mesentery of rats. The label, [125]tyramine-cellobiose is trapped intracellularly after endocytosis, allowing localization of the site of uptake. Mesenteric and thoracic lymph was sampled for 6 h in anaesthetized rats. Separate rats were investigated after an awake period of 6 or 24 h. About 30% of the gelatin remained at the site of injection and of the remaining activity 1.7% was recovered in lymph, 11% in the liver and 15% in the kidneys, whereas 3 h after an intravenous injection of gelatin > 70% was recovered in the liver. The change in preferable site of uptake from the liver to the kidney was attributed to local degradation in the mesentery as confirmed by chromatography of tissue extracts and lymph. Following hyaluronan injection and 6 h lymph sampling approximately 30% was left at the site of injection and of the remaining activity 5.7% was recovered in lymph. After an awake period of 6 or 24 h, 30% was regained in the liver. The recoveries in other organs were negligible and mesenteric lymph nodes seem quantitatively unimportant in the uptake of hyaluronan or gelatin from lymph or blood. The liver has a central role in intestinal hyaluronan metabolism, while denatured collagen is more prone to local degradation with remote uptake shared between the liver and the kidney.
A universal fracture criterion for high-strength materials (2013)

Recently developed advanced high-strength materials like metallic glasses, nanocrystalline metallic materials and advanced ceramics usually fracture in a catastrophic brittle manner, which makes it quite essential to find a reasonable fracture criterion to predict their brittle failure behaviors. Based on the analysis of substantial experimental observations of fracture behaviors of metallic glasses and other high-strength materials, here we developed a new fracture criterion and proved it effective in predicting the critical fracture conditions under complex stress states. The new criterion is not only a unified one which unifies the three classical failure criteria, i.e., the maximum normal stress criterion, the Tresca criterion and the Mohr-Coulomb criterion, but also a universal criterion which has the ability to describe the fracture mechanisms of a variety of different high-strength materials under various external loading conditions.
OXIDATIVE CAPACITY DETERMINED BY DEOXYGENATION RATE AT THE ONSET OF EXERCISE USING NIRS (2003)

Previous studies have shown that the changes in blood volume are minimal during isometric exercise. Therefore, it is assumed that during local isometric exercise, the rate of muscle deoxygenation at the onset of exercise may be chiefly influenced by the muscle oxygen uptake rather than O2 supply. As a result, this deoxygenation rate may be used as an indicator of oxidative metabolism. PURPOSE To examine the relationship between muscle deoxygenation rate at the onset of exercise, and oxidative capacity determined by gas analysis in resistance trained athletes. METHODS Eleven experienced male weightlifters (20.8±1.3 yrs; 96.2±14.4 kg; 182.4± 7.3 cm) performed 4 sets of squat exercise using 60% of their pre-determined one repetition maximum (1RM). A 16-Channel continuous wave near infrared spectroscopy (cwNIRS) was used to measure relative changes in Hb/Mb deoxygenation rates in the vastus lateralis during exercise. Peak running VO2 was determined on all athletes using open circuit spirometry (Sensor Medics 2900, Yorba Linda, CA). RESULTS A significant relationship (r = 0.72, p < 0.05) was observed between the rate of deoxygenation at the onset of exercise and oxidative capacity determined by peak running VO2. Furthermore, the time to reach the steady state deoxygenation from onset of exercise showed a strong correlation to their oxidative capacity (r=−0.96, p < 0.05) CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that the onset of muscle deoxygenation rate and kinetics determined by the NIRS, during dynamic resistance exercise, is related to and can be used to determine oxidative capacity. Sponsored by NIH HL 44125