gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Influence of the Dielectric Property on Microwave Oven Heating Patterns: Application to Food Materials (1997)

Patterns of power absorption in a microwave oven for a range of dielectric properties of relevance to food processing were investigated. The governing Maxwell's equations with boundary conditions and a TE10 excitation were solved using a finite element method. Food properties were varied from values at their frozen state to values at high temperatures, as would be typical in a thawing process. For low-loss materials such as frozen foods, the high quality factor makes the heating significantly higher only when the size and shape of the load permit a dielectric cavity resonance in the load. Otherwise, the heating pattern will follow the modal electric field pattern of the oven. For moderate loss materials, the patterns will come from the modes of the dielectric cavity. The bandwidths of these modes are larger than the low-loss situation and their overlap results in a heating pattern that is somewhat more uniform. For high-loss materials, the concept of modes is no longer useful as the very large number of modes strongly overlap. The rapidly decaying field and power loss in the high-loss material can probably be characterized as an exponential decay.
Orotidylate-metabolizing enzymes of the human malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, differ from host cell enzymes. (1983)

Orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and orotidylate decarboxylase from mammalian sources reside on a bifunctional protein. In such a system, orotidylate, the product of orotate phosphoribosyltransferase is preferentially channeled to orotidylate decarboxylase and does not equilibrate with the assay medium. In contrast, we found that orotidylate was released into the medium during the conversion of orotate to uridylate by cell-free extract of Plasmodium falciparum. Furthermore, orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and orotidylate decarboxylase from this parasite were resolved from each other by biospecific elution from blue Sepharose, indicating that the parasite enzymes do not exist as a bifunctional protein. Finally, orotate phosphoribosyltransferase from P. falciparum was found to be much more sensitive to inhibition by mercurial reagents than the red blood cell enzyme. These biochemical differences between host and parasite enzymes offer a possible basis for the design of novel antimalarial agents.
Precise estimation of high-dimensional distribution and its application to face recognition (2004)

In statistical pattern recognition, it is important to estimate true distribution of patterns precisely to obtain high recognition accuracy. Normal mixtures are sometimes used for representing distributions. However, precise estimation of the parameters of normal mixtures requires a great number of sample patterns, especially for high dimensional vectors. For some pattern recognition problems, such as face recognition, very high dimensional feature vectors are necessary and there are always not enough training samples compared with the dimensionality. We present a method to estimate the distributions based on normal mixtures with small number of samples. The proposed algorithm is applied to face recognition problem which requires high dimensional feature vectors. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Evidence for Separatrix Formation and Sustainment with Steady Inductive Helicity Injection (2011)

The first sustainment of toroidal plasma current of 50 kA at up to 3 times the injected currents, added in quadrature, using steady inductive helicity injection is described. Separatrix currents-currents not linking the helicity injectors-are sustained up to 40 kA. Decreases in the n=1 toroidal mode of the poloidal magnetic field at higher current amplifications indicate more quiescent, direct toroidal current drive. Results are achieved in HIT-SI (with a spheromak of major radius 0.3 m) during deuterium operations immediately after helium operation. These results represent a breakthrough in the development of this new current drive method for magnetic confinement fusion.
Improving Fairness of Quantized Congestion Notification for Data Center Ethernet Networks (2011)

In large-scale data centers, two types of network are implemented: local area networks (LANs) and storage area networks (SANs). To achieve simple network management, integration of these two networks by Ethernet technology is of great interest. A SAN requires a significantly low frame loss rate. To integrate LANs and SANs, a multi-hop Ethernet configuration is generally used, and congestion may occur in traffic hot spots. Therefore, layer-2 congestion control that prevents frame loss in multi-hop Ethernet, Quantized Congestion Notification (QCN), is now discussed in IEEE 802.1Qau. In this paper, we evaluate QCN's throughput performance and reveal a technical problem with fairness among active flows. We also propose an enhancement of QCN's rate increase principle and demonstrate that it improves fairness.
Implementation and performance of time stamping techniques (2004)

There exist applications where independence of special hardware is more important than accuracy. But it must be known what level of accuracy can be achieved. The Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW) has evaluated the capability and performance of software based time stamping methods under various conditions. The test setup consists of ZHAW’s IEEE 1588 evaluation kit. This IEEE 1588 implementation is capable to deliver two time stamps per transmission/reception of Precision Time Protocol (PTP) event messages simultaneously: The first time stamp is taken by hardware at the MII, the second one at the entry point of the network interface driver's interrupt service routine. A comparison of the time stamps enables evaluation of the performance of the different methods. The PTP protocol engine is able to select one of the available time stamp points as the source to calculate offset and delay. The synchronization behaviour and accuracy of different configurations can be analyzed. The conclusion is, that Hardware time stamping is the only way to go for high accuracy. Software time stamping is problematic in many cases. But if cost reasons prevent the use of hardware time stamping on every PTP node in a network, NIC driver time stamping is the next best thing. Software time stamping may deliver acceptable results for a certain range of applications.
Fusion splicing between deposited silica waveguides and optical fibers (1984)

Abstract Along with the development of optical circuit elements, the problem of coupling these elements to optical fibers, light sources and detectors is very important in the further realization of highly efficient malfunction optical transmissions systems. In conjunction with the coupling of optical circuit elements to fiber, this paper reports on fusion splicing using the heat of a CO 2 gas laser. the circuit elements employ deposited silica waveguide (DS guide), which is excellent with regard to loss, fabrication precision, stability, etc. For coupling of multimode graded‐index fiber to multimode DS guide the average loss of fusion splices was 0.18 dB. Measurement of the reflected light from the splices confirmed that fusion caused the disappearance of reflections. the average loss of fusion splices between single‐mode fiber and single‐mode DS guide was 0.19 dB. A multiple splice of 10 fibers to 10 multimode DS guides spaced 200 μm apart shows the prospect of realizing high‐density multiple fusion splices.
Content-aware resource allocation and packet scheduling for video transmission over wireless networks (2007)

A cross-layer packet scheduling scheme that streams pre-encoded video over wireless downlink packet access networks to multiple users is presented. The scheme can be used with the emerging wireless standards such as HSDPA and IEEE 802.16. A gradient based scheduling scheme is used in which user data rates are dynamically adjusted based on channel quality as well as the gradients of a utility function. The user utilities are designed as a function of the distortion of the received video. This enables distortion-aware packet scheduling both within and across multiple users. The utility takes into account decoder error concealment, an important component in deciding the received quality of the video. We consider both simple and complex error concealment techniques. Simulation results show that the gradient based scheduling framework combined with the content-aware utility functions provides a viable method for downlink packet scheduling as it can significantly outperform current content-independent techniques. Further tests determine the sensitivity of the system to the initial video encoding schemes, as well as to non-real-time packet ordering techniques.
Diffusion layers and the Schottky-barrier height in nickel silicide—silicon interfaces (1983)

New experimental results are presented which suggest that a diffusion layer is always present after forming nickel silicide interfaces at Si surfaces. This layer is a distinct ordered metallic phase having a silicon-rich (Ni${\mathrm{Si}}_{2}$) stoichiometry which occurs when Ni atoms occupy alternate tetrahedral interstitial voids in the Si lattice. Evidence of this layer is obtained with the use of low-energy electron diffraction, transmission-electron microscopy, and photoelectron emission from interfaces produced at room temperature and higher temperatures at which ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{2}$Si and NiSi compounds form by selective growth. The invariance of the Schottky-barrier height for Ni silicide interfaces is attributed to this ordered stoichiometric layer. In addition, this interfacial structure appears to have important bearing on planar selective growth processes which occur during the formation of nickel silicide interfaces.
Design and Synthesis of Metal Ion-Recognition-Induced Conjugated Polymers:  An Approach to Metal Ion Sensory Materials (1997)

The synthesis and metal ion responsive properties of two 2,2‘-bipyridyl-phenylene-vinylene-based polymers is reported. These polymers are designed to be partially conjugated in their metal-free state and fully conjugated when exposed to metal ions so that the ion-induced conjugation enhancement can be transduced into a measurable signal. It is found that these polymers exhibit highly ionochromic effects with a wide variety of transition and main group metal ions excluding metal ions of the alkali and alkaline earth groups. For instance, both absorption and fluorescence emission bands of the polymers upon exposure to metal ions can be red-shifted up to 120 nm, depending on the metal ions present and the polymers used.
Using Smartphone Sensors for Improving Energy Expenditure Estimation (2015)

Energy expenditure (EE) estimation is an important factor in tracking personal activity and preventing chronic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes. Accurate and real-time EE estimation utilizing small wearable sensors is a difficult task, primarily because the most existing schemes work offline or use heuristics. In this paper, we focus on accurate EE estimation for tracking ambulatory activities (walking, standing, climbing upstairs, or downstairs) of a typical smartphone user. We used built-in smartphone sensors (accelerometer and barometer sensor), sampled at low frequency, to accurately estimate EE. Using a barometer sensor, in addition to an accelerometer sensor, greatly increases the accuracy of EE estimation. Using bagged regression trees, a machine learning technique, we developed a generic regression model for EE estimation that yields upto 96% correlation with actual EE. We compare our results against the state-of-the-art calorimetry equations and consumer electronics devices (Fitbit and Nike+ FuelBand). The newly developed EE estimation algorithm demonstrated superior accuracy compared with currently available methods. The results were calibrated against COSMED K4b2 calorimeter readings.
State management in web services (2004)

In the paper, we identify a problem for certain applications wishing to use the Web service paradigm to enhance interoperability: rapid, robust state maintenance. While many features are available to support session data, special mechanisms for application state maintenance are less well developed. We discuss three different models to solve the problem and compare the advantages and disadvantages of each. Experimental results show that which model to use depends on application requirements. D-Stampede.NET is a platform supporting the development of applications that involve large time-sequenced data communication among heterogeneous clients. We describe our Web service implementation along with our state server solution to the application state management problem. A simple demonstration application is described and measured to validate performance.
Eight years experience with neutron radiotherapy in the treatment of stages C and D prostate cancer: Updated results of the RTOG 7704 randomized clinical trial (1987)

The records of 91 patients enrolled between June 1977 and April 1983 in the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) randomized study investigating fast neutron radiation therapy in the treatment of locally advanced prostate cancer were reviewed. Patients with stages C and D1 adenocarcinoma were randomized to receive either combined fast neutron and photon irradiation (mixed-beam) or conventional photon irradiation alone. Survival (actuarial) at eight years for the mixed-beam cohort was 63% vs 13% for the patients receiving photons alone (P = .01). Corresponding "determinental" survival rates, adjusted by exclusion of intercurrent deaths, were 82% and 54%, respectively (P = .02). Freedom from locally recurrent prostate cancer was 77% for mixed-beam patients and 31% for patients receiving photons alone (P less than .01). Analyses of outcomes accounting for all major prognostic determinants confirm the greater efficacy of mixed beam treatment with P less than .05 for survival, determinental survival, and local control.
Conical diffraction from an<i>N</i>-crystal cascade (2010)

The transmitted field is calculated for a cascade of N biaxial crystals, with their optic axes parallel but with arbitrary orientations about this axis, and arbitrary strengths. The focused pattern is the superposition of 2N − 1 single-crystal concentric conical diffraction patterns, whose ring radii are combinations of those from the individual crystals in the cascade. Explicit expressions are given for the general case of arbitrary incident polarization and for N = 1–4, and for the mean intensity for a cascade with random orientations and strengths and arbitrary N. For circular incident polarization, the ring pattern is rotationally symmetric for all N, but for N > 1 and away from focus the patterns for left and right circular incident polarizations are different.
Locally Applied Mononuclear Bone Marrow Cells Restore Angiogenesis and Promote Wound Healing in a Type 2 Diabetic Patient (2005)

We treated a patient with type 2 diabetes suffering from chronic venous and neuro-ischemic wounds not healing under standard care with local application of autologous bone marrow cells (mBMC) isolated from bone marrow aspirate. This procedure led to a reduction of wound size, a markedly increased vascularization and infiltration of mononuclear cells, 7 days after treatment, without any signs of a systemic reaction to treatment. Locally applied mBMC could, therefore, provide a treatment option in end stage diabetic wound healing disorders.
Network of 12 optical sensors using code-division multiplexing (1992)

Spatial light modulators (SLM) have been used recently to multiplex optical sensors. They have a number of advantages that allow a large number of sensors to be networked together with good SNR, low crosstalk levels and without stringent restrictions on the network topology. This letter describes the use of code-division multiplexing (CDM) and reports the results obtained with a 12-sensor network.
Heart failure : scientific principles and clinical practice (1997)

Introduction: Heart Failure as a Public Problem SECTION 1 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY of the MYOCARDIUM: Cellular Physiology of the Myocyte Contraction. Cardiac Interstitium. Biological Determinents of Myocardial Function. Cellular and Molecular Biology of the Myocardium, Growth & Hypertrophy. Molecular Genetics of Cardiomyopathies. ATP Synthesis in the Normal and Failing Heart. Myocardial Mechanics. Remodelling, Hibernation and Stunning. Neurohormonal Receptors in the Failing Heart. SECTION II PATHOPHYSIOLOGY of the CIRCULATION: Humoral Control of the Kidney During Congestive Heart Failure: Role of Cardiac Natriuretic Peptides and Angiotensin II. Pathogenesis of Salt and Water Retention in the Congestive Heart Failure Syndrome. Endothelial Factors. Regional Vascular Control. Sympathetic Nervous System. Vasoactive Hormone Systems. Skeletal Muscle Abnormalities. Involvement of the Lungs. Syndrome of Cardiac Cachexia. SECTION III CLINICAL ASPECTS of HEART FAILURE: History, Definition and Classification of Heart Failures. Epidemiology of Heart Failure in the United States. Epidemiology of Heart Failure in Europe . Syndrome of Chronic Heart Failure: Origin of Symptoms. Valvular Heart Disease. Hypertension and Cardiac Hypertrophy. Diastolic Heart Failure. Heart Failure During Pregnancy. Hyperactive Cardiomyopathy. Dilated Cardiomyopathy. Cardiomyopathies and Specific Heart Muscle Diseases SECTION IV DIAGNOSIS, EVALUATION and PROGNOSIS: Prognostic Factors. Roleof Exercise Testing. Role of Echocardiography in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Cardiomyopathies. Radionuclide Methods. Endomyocardial Biopsy. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Computed Tomogrpahy and Positron Emission Tomography. SECTION V THERAPY: Acute Ischemic Heart Failure. Chronic Heart Failure: Diagnosis and Management. Pediatric Heart Failure: Pathophysiology, Clinical Presentation, And Treatment. Heart Failure in Elderly Patients: Focus on Diastolic Dysfunction. Large Trials an D Meta-Analysis. Nonpharmacologic Interventions. Diuretic Therapy. Cardiac Glycosides
<title>Light Scattering In Polycrystalline Materials</title> (1982)

This study represents the first attempts at a systematic study of light scattering in polycrystalline materials both in the visible and infra-red region where all parameters responsible for scattering are independently varied. Light is scattered by voids and second phase particles. Light is also reflected and refracted by grain interfaces of random crystal orientations. With sufficient optical density of the sample, multiple scattering from voids, grain boundaries or second phase particles becomes the significant scattering mechanism in polycrystalline material. The diffuse scattering envelope width is measured and various scattering mechanisms are identified with respect to the way they influence this scattering width. Existing theories are reviewed and it is shown how these theories can qualitatively account for the observed behavior.
Quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis reveals involvement of PD-1 in multiple T cell functions (2020)

Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) is a critical inhibitory receptor that limits excessive T cell responses. Cancer cells have evolved to evade these immunoregulatory mechanisms by upregulating PD-1 ligands and preventing T cell-mediated anti-tumor responses. Consequently, therapeutic blockade of PD-1 enhances T cell-mediated anti-tumor immunity, but many patients do not respond and a significant proportion develop inflammatory toxicities. To improve anti-cancer therapy, it is critical to reveal the mechanisms by which PD-1 regulates T cell responses. We performed global quantitative phosphoproteomic interrogation of PD-1 signaling in T cells. By complementing our analysis with functional validation assays, we show that PD-1 targets tyrosine phosphosites that mediate proximal T cell receptor signaling, cytoskeletal organization, and immune synapse formation. PD-1 ligation also led to differential phosphorylation of serine and threonine sites within proteins regulating T cell activation, gene expression, and protein translation. <i>In silico</i> predictions revealed that kinase/substrate relationships engaged downstream of PD-1 ligation. These insights uncover the phosphoproteomic landscape of PD-1-triggered pathways and reveal novel PD-1 substrates that modulate diverse T cell functions and may serve as future therapeutic targets. These data are a useful resource in the design of future PD-1-targeting therapeutic approaches.
Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensor for Organic Vapor Detection Based on Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (2003)

Molecularly imprinted polymers on quartz crystal microbalances (QCM) are examined for their ability to detect vapors of small organic molecules with greater sensitivity and selectivity than the traditional amorphous polymer coatings. Hydroquinone and phenol serve as noncovalently bound templates that generate shape-selective cavities in a poly(acrylic) or poly(methacrylic) polymer matrix. The imprinted polymers are immobilized on the piezoelectric crystal surface via a precoated poly(isobutylene) layer. The behavior of the imprinted polymer films is characterized by the dynamic and steady-state response of the QCM frequency to pulses of organic vapors in dry air. The apparent partition coefficients are determined for imprinted and nonimprinted polymers prepared by two synthetic methods and for varying mole ratios of template to monomer. The hydroquinone-imprinted polymers and, to a lesser extent, the phenol-imprinted polymers exhibit greater sensitivity and higher selectivity than the nonimprinted polymers toward organic vapors that are structurally related to the templates. These results indicate that molecularly imprinted polymers are promising for the development of selective piezoelectric sensors for organic vapor detection.
Emotion Recognition for hHman-Machine Communication (2008)

The ability to recognize emotion is one of the hallmarks of emotion intelligence. This paper proposed to recognize emotion using physiological signals obtained from multiple subjects. IAPS images were used to elicit target emotions. Five physiological signals: Blood volume pulse (BVP), Electromyography (EMG), Skin Conductance (SC), Skin Temperature (SKT) and Respiration (RESP) were selected to extract 30 features for recognition. Two pattern classification methods, Fisher discriminant and SVM method are used and compared for emotional state classification. The experimental results indicate that the proposed method provides very stable and successful emotional classification performance as 92% over six emotional states.
Layer tungsten and its applications for VLSI interconnects (2003)

The authors report a novel method of fabricating chemical-vapor-deposited (CVD) small-grain tungsten films and its application to multilevel metal interconnects. By interrupting the tungsten grain growth using a layer of thin silicon and by consuming the silicon layer during subsequent tungsten deposition, tungsten films with fine grains can be obtained. The fine-grained tungsten shows a significant improvement in film roughness and offer an advantage for plug formation. Grain size and interface silicon thickness effects on film resistivity are characterized. Good device characteristics have been obtained using this layered tungsten for metal wiring or window plug applications.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>