gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optical fiber hydrophone (1977)

Recent studies [J.A. Bucaro, H.D. Dardy, and E.F. Carome, Appl. Opt. 16, 1761 (1977); J.H. Cole, R.L. Johnson, and P.G. Bhuta, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. to be published] have shown the viability of obtaining sensitive, versatile acoustic sensors utilizing long, low-loss optical fibers. In such devices an optical beam propagating in a length of optical fiber which is immersed in a fluid is modulated by the presence of a sound field in that fluid. We have studied such effects in a variety of fiber systems and have quantified various coupling mechanisms which lead to the optical modulation. Examples include phase retardation, acoustically induced birefringence, and intermode beating effects. These results will be discussed and future directions will be indicated. [This work has been supported in part by the Office of Naval Research.]
Macrolide resistance in Helicobacter pylori: rapid detection of point mutations and assays of macrolide binding to ribosomes (1997)

Resistance of Helicobacter pylori to macrolides is a major cause of failure of eradication therapies. Single base substitutions in the H. pylori 23S rRNA genes have been associated with macrolide resistance in the United States. Our goal was to extend this work to European strains, to determine the consequence of this mutation on erythromycin binding to H. pylori ribosomes, and to find a quick method to detect the mutation. Seven pairs of H. pylori strains were used, the parent strain being naturally susceptible to macrolides and the second strain having acquired an in vivo resistance during a treatment regimen that included clarithromycin. The identity of the strains was confirmed by random amplified polymorphic DNA testing with two different primers, indicating that resistance was the result of the selection of variants of the infecting strain. All resistant strains were found to have point mutations at position 2143 (three cases) or 2144 (four cases) but never on the opposite DNA fragment of domain V of the 23S rRNA gene. The mutation was A-->G in all cases except one (A-->C) at position 2143. Using BsaI and BbsI restriction enzymes on the amplified products, we confirmed the mutations of A-->G at positions 2144 and 2143, respectively. Macrolide binding was tested on purified ribosomes isolated from four pairs of strains with [14C]erythromycin. Erythromycin binding increased in a dose-dependent manner for the susceptible strain but not for the resistant one. In conclusion we suggest that the limited disruption of the peptidyltransferase loop conformation, caused by a point mutation, reduces drug binding and consequently confers resistance to macrolides. Finally, the macrolide resistance could be detected without sequencing by performing restriction fragment length polymorphism with appropriate restriction enzymes.
THE TEMPERATURE OF ACUTELY INFLAMED PERIPHERAL TISSUE (1919)

The experiments set forth here establish the fact that the heat of the inflamed part has its origin primarily in the local biochemical activity of the cellular elements which participate in the inflammatory process. The inflammatory hyperemia, instead of being the necessary and constant source of the inflammation must be considered a natural physiological compensation for the abnormal local calorification. The rapid circulation of the blood in the inflamed part tends to moderate the increase in local temperature and to equalize the temperature with that of other parts of the body.
Hydrogenation of palm oil in near-critical and supercritical propane (2001)

Palm oil was hydrogenated in a single-phase mixture with propane and hydrogen. This was done in a small (0.5 ml), continuous fixed-bed reactor, using a 1% Pd/C catalyst. Temperature (65—135 °C), H2/TG ratio (4—50 mol/mol) and residence time (0.2—2.0 s) were varied systematically to assess the iodine value (IV) as a function of these three variables. The substrate concentration was 1 wt-%. The IV was dependent mainly on temperature and residence time. At 120 °C and a residence time of 2.0 s, full hydrogenation was achieved. The trends observed indicate that this is possible even at lower temperatures, if the residence time is increased further. Unexpectedly, the hydrogen concentration (i.e. the H2/TG ratio) was of minor importance, which can be a sign of either H2-saturation of the catalyst or a phase-split of the reaction mixture with resulting mass transport limitations for the hydrogen. Unfortunately, the catalyst showed strong signs of deactivation very early in the experiments, possibly due to impurities in the feedstock and/or to coke formation.
Coherent light emission from a nanosystem embedded within a polaritonic band-gap medium (2012)

This paper demonstrates how we can generate coherent light of lasing characteristics from a system made of a two-level system and a nanoparticle. The lasing is achieved by embedding the whole system in a polaritonic band-gap material. The study is conducted on silver nanoparticles embedded within silicon carbide.
A simulation model for performance evaluation of ISDN user part basic call control procedures (2002)

A preliminary integrated services digital network (ISDN) model is developed that incorporates basic features such as voice and data call generation, call setup for circuit-switched calls, packet-switched signaling, transmission of low-rate data on the signaling channel, and selectable number of nodes, link capacities, and connectivities. The model concentrates mainly on the basic call control procedures of the ISDN user part of the CCITT Signaling System No.7 in conjunction with D-channel protocols. The primary objective of the ISDN simulation model is to aid in understanding the performance of the ISDN protocols. In the design mode, it may be used to evaluate a number of potential architectures consisting of various message traffic/workload scenarios with different mix of voice and data traffic, resource additions and expansions and congestion handling. The model produces statistical measures of network utilization and call blockage that can be used to evaluate the effect of changes in network topology. routing algorithms, and traffic. The architecture and input/output formats of the model are described. Some numerical results from sample runs are given.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Logarithmic time cost optimal parallel sorting is not yet fast in practice (1990)

When looking for new and faster parallel sorting algorithms for use in massively parallel systems it is tempting to investigate promising alternatives from the large body of research done on parallel sorting in the field of theoretical computer science. Such “theoretical” algorithms are mainly described for the PRAM (Parallel Random Access Machine) model of computation [13,26]. This paper shows how this kind of investigation can be done on a simple but versatile environment for programming and measuring of PRAM algorithms [19,20]. The practical value of Cole's Parallel Merge Sort algorithm [10,11] have been investigated by comparing it with Batcher's bitonic sorting [5]. The O(log n) time consumption of Cole's algorithm implies that it must be faster than bitonic sorting which is O(log2n) time-if n is large enough. However, we have found that bitonic sorting is faster as long as n is less than 1.2 x 1021, i.e. more than 1 Giga Tera items!. Consequently, Cole's logarithmic time algorithm is not fast in practice.
The impact of transmitted drug resistance on the natural history of HIV infection and response to first-line therapy (2005)

The impact of transmitted HIV-1 drug resistance on CD4 cell decline is time dependent, with greater rates of decline in the first year following infection. We found no evidence of a longer term effect of TDR on natural history of HIV-1 infection.
The Effect of Competition Expansion on Volume and Distribution of Travel for Super Rugby Teams (2017)

This article examines the effect of the expansion of an international sporting competition on the volume and distribution of travel required by competing teams. The Super Rugby competition has involved various incremental iterations, starting with 10 teams from Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. In 2016, three new teams were added to the competition, one each from South Africa, Argentina and Japan. Even prior to this expansion, the competition was unique in world sport, comprising teams from three widely dispersed countries competing in weekly, high intensity matches over a playing season lasting up to five months. The article provides evidence of the change in travel demands, both in terms of overall volume of travel for the season, as well as the distribution of travel within season, following this recent expansion. Not unexpectedly, the expansion of the competition has substantially increased the overall volume teams are required to travel, although this increase was not uniform across the competition. Despite some teams travelling more, the distribution of travel has become more even and consistent throughout the season.
Comparison of Volunteer and Paid EMS Professionals in the United States (2020)

Emergency medical response is provided by volunteer emergency medical services (EMS) professionals in many parts of the United States. However, little is known about those who serve as volunteer EMS professionals, especially as their main EMS job. Our objective was to compare the characteristics of nationally-certified volunteer versus paid EMS professionals in the U.S. <b>Methods:</b> We conducted a cross-sectional evaluation of EMS professionals who recertified their National EMS Certification between October 1, 2017-March 31, 2018 or October 1, 2018-March 31, 2019. Data were obtained from 2 cycles of the biennial National EMS Certification recertification application. We included currently working, nonmilitary EMS professionals aged 18-85 years at the emergency medical technician (EMT) or higher certification level. Volunteer was defined as receiving nominal or no compensation for the provision of EMS services at an agency as the main EMS job. Comparisons were made, accounting for the large sample size, to determine notable differences between volunteer and paid EMS professionals. <b>Results:</b> Of the 154,229 EMS professionals that met inclusion criteria (response rate = 86%), 13% volunteered at their main EMS job. More volunteer than paid EMS professionals were female (38% vs. 22%). There was also a significant difference in certification level between volunteer and paid (EMT: 82% vs. 46%). Three-quarters (74%) of volunteer EMS professionals reported working in rural communities compared to 30% of paid. The states with the largest proportion of volunteers to any currently working EMS professionals who recertified were Vermont (47%) and North Dakota (45%). <b>Conclusion:</b> Approximately 13% of the EMS workforce held a primary job in EMS as a volunteer, and these volunteer EMS professionals differed from their paid counterparts - e.g., volunteers were more likely to be women, have EMT certification, and work in rural areas. We encourage further research to understand motivations for volunteering in EMS.
Hepatotoxicity due to troglitazone: report of two cases and review of adverse events reported to the United States Food and Drug Administration (2000)

Two patients (a 48-year-old woman and a 62-year-old man) developed clinical and laboratory signs of hepatotoxicity due to troglitazone (Rezulin), a thiazolidinedione used in treatment of diabetes mellitus. There was no clear clinical evidence of drug allergy, although the woman experienced colitis before the onset of recognized hepatotoxicity. Liver biopsies showed bridging necrosis and fibrosis in the woman and hepatitis with granuloma formation in the man. The abnormalities in liver chemistries resolved promptly upon cessation of the drug. Cases involving 46 patients reported to the United States Food and Drug Administration are also reviewed. Troglitazone is a useful new oral antihyperglycemic agent, but in about 1.9% of patients hepatotoxicity has occurred, which may be severe and even fatal. Frequent monitoring of serum liver chemistries in patients taking the drug is essential.
Rapid Summarisation and Browsing of Video Sequences (2002)

This paper presents a strategy for rapid summarisation and browsing of video sequences. The input video is first transformed into a sequence of representative feature vectors. Using this representation a utility function is designed that assigns high reward to subsequences of keyframes that are maximally distinct and individually carry the most information. For a specified level of detail and endpoints the keyframe sequence that maximises this utility function can be obtained by a non-iterative Dynamic Programming procedure, thus allowing the user to efficiently zoom in on any part or all of the video sequence. For the sake of compactness and clarity the working of the algorithm is illustrated on a television commercial.
Human transgenerational responses to early-life experience: potential impact on development, health and biomedical research (2014)

Mammalian experiments provide clear evidence of male line transgenerational effects on health and development from paternal or ancestral early-life exposures such as diet or stress. The few human observational studies to date suggest (male line) transgenerational effects exist that cannot easily be attributed to cultural and/or genetic inheritance. Here we summarise relevant studies, drawing attention to exposure sensitive periods in early life and sex differences in transmission and offspring outcomes. Thus, variation, or changes, in the parental/ancestral environment may influence phenotypic variation for better or worse in the next generation(s), and so contribute to common, non-communicable disease risk including sex differences. We argue that life-course epidemiology should be reframed to include exposures from previous generations, keeping an open mind as to the mechanisms that transmit this information to offspring. Finally, we discuss animal experiments, including the role of epigenetic inheritance and non-coding RNAs, in terms of what lessons can be learnt for designing and interpreting human studies. This review was developed initially as a position paper by the multidisciplinary Network in Epigenetic Epidemiology to encourage transgenerational research in human cohorts.
Effects of dietary supplementation of lipid‐encapsulated zinc oxide on colibacillosis, growth and intestinal morphology in weaned piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic<i><scp>E</scp>scherichia coli</i> (2014)

This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of lipid-encapsulated (coated) zinc oxide ZnO on post-weaning diarrhea (colibacillosis) in weaned piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Thirty-two 35-day-old weaned piglets were orally challenged with 3 × 10(10) colony forming units of ETEC K88 while eight piglets received no challenge (control). Each eight challenged piglets received a diet containing 100 ppm ZnO (low ZnO), 2500 ppm ZnO (high ZnO) or 100 ppm of lipid (10%)-coated ZnO (coated ZnO) for 7 days; control pigs received the low ZnO diet. Daily gain, goblet cell density in the villi of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, and villus height in the jejunum and ileum, which decreased due to the challenge, were equally greater in the coated ZnO and high ZnO groups versus low ZnO group. Fecal consistency score, serum interleukin-8 concentration, subjective score of fecal E. coli shedding, and digesta pH in the stomach, jejunum and ileum, which increased due to the challenge, were equally low in the coated ZnO and high ZnO groups versus low ZnO. Results suggest that a low level of coated ZnO might well substitute for a pharmacological level of native ZnO in dietary supplementation to alleviate colibacillosis of weaned piglets.
Modulation and codification of ultrasonic signals with EMFI transducers (2009)

The electromechanical film (EMFi) is a thin polypropylene film with electret properties, high flexibility and large bandwidth. Ultrasonic transducers built with EMFi film can overcome the limited bandwidth of currently available transducers for air applications, and permit the use of spread spectrum CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) signal processing techniques, with potential benefits in many ultrasonic applications. In this communication we report the use of CDMA techniques with custom built EMFi transducers, applying signal modulation and codification and processing gain for enhanced signal detection and ranging.
Instruction Scheduling Across Control Flow (1993)

Instruction scheduling algorithms are used in compilers to reduce run‐time delays for the compiled code by the reordering or transformation of program statements, usually at the intermediate language or assembly code level. Considerable research has been carried out on scheduling code within the scope of basic blocks, i.e., straight line sections of code, and very effective basic block schedulers are now included in most modern compilers and especially for pipeline processors. In previous work Golumbic and Rainis: IBM J. Res. Dev., Vol. 34, pp.93–97, 1990, we presented code replication techniques for scheduling beyond the scope of basic blocks that provide reasonable improvements of running time of the compiled code, but which still leaves room for further improvement. In this article we present a new method for scheduling beyond basic blocks called SHACOOF. This new technique takes advantage of a conventional, high quality basic block scheduler by first suppressing selected subsequences of instructions and then scheduling the modified sequence of instructions using the basic block scheduler. A candidate subsequence for suppression can be found by identifying a region of a program control flow graph, called an S‐region, which has a unique entry and a unique exit and meets predetermined criteria. This enables scheduling of a sequence of instructions beyond basic block boundaries, with only minimal changes to an existing compiler, by identifying beneficial opportunities to cover delays that would otherwise have been beyond its scope.
An empirical model for changes in the leaf area of maize (2014)

Chen, G., Zhang, J., Liu, P. and Dong, S. 2014. An empirical model for changes in the leaf area of maize. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 749-757. Accurate predictions of the leaf area index (LAI) are critical for many crop growth simulation models and essential for simulating crop growth and yield. In this paper, we present a new empirical leaf area model that simulates LAI for different maize (Zea mays L.) varieties under different cultivation conditions. Based on leaf morphological development, the model describes the two processes of leaf growth: expansion and senescence. The effect of planting density and nitrogen on LAI was also simulated in the model. A nitrogen sensitivity parameter was used to distinguish the different varieties. The model predictions were compared with field measurements of LAI for four varieties under different conditions. The results showed that the new model can correctly simulate LAI for maize under different cultivation conditions. The sensitivity analyses revealed that the new LAI model was very sensitive to lle (the length of the ear leaf) and VN (fertilizer sensitivity parameters of cultivars). The new model facilitates the simulation of maize leaf growth and senescence at the population level.
Building blocks of an artificial kagome spin ice: Photoemission electron microscopy of arrays of ferromagnetic islands (2008)

Arrays of dipolar coupled ferromagnetic islands arranged in specific geometries provide ideal systems to directly study frustration. We have examined with photoemission electron microscopy the magnetic configurations in three basic building blocks of an artificial kagome spin ice consisting of one, two, and three rings. The kagome spin ice arrangement is particularly interesting because it is highly frustrated and the three interactions at a vertex are equivalent. Employing dipolar energy calculations, we are able to make a full characterization of the magnetic states and therefore identify the lowest energy states. Experimentally we find that the ice rule is always obeyed even at low dipolar coupling strengths. However, as the number of rings increases there is a drastic decrease in the ability to achieve the low-energy states via demagnetization, a behavior also identified in the magnetization reversal. This carries the implication that the ground state will never be achieved in the infinite system. Finally, we show that at low coupling, the applied field direction governs the resulting states. This work opens the door to a novel class of systems for future spintronic applications.
Reaction Profiles during Exhaust-Assisted Reforming of Diesel Engine Fuels (2005)

On-board hydrogen production by exhaust-assisted fuel reforming offers a potential route to diesel emission control. In this study, different reformer configurations with the same catalyst composition were tested, as well as three types of diesel engine fuel, under conditions designed to simulate low- and high-load engine operating modes. The reforming efficiency was dependent on the fuel type and followed the general trend of bioethanol > rapeseed methyl ester > low-sulfur diesel fuel. In each case, a characteristic axial temperature profile was established in the catalyst. The profile can be deconvoluted into three phases, corresponding to the consecutive occurrence of combustion, steam reforming, and water-gas shift. The relative contribution of each process not only responds to changes in the inlet conditions but also to the aspect ratio and form of the catalyst bed. The heat produced in the first phase must be effectively transferred to the endothermic and much-slower steam-reforming reaction, whereas in the final phase, heat must be lost to ensure that the thermodynamically limited water-gas shift reaction is favored.
Characteristics of Bone Marrow–Derived Microglia in the Normal and Injured Retina (2008)

In response to retinal damage, numerous BM-derived cells migrated to the retina from the ciliary body, optic nerve, and retinal vessels and differentiated into microglia. The higher rate of immunologic activation and the increased specificity to the damaged site appeared to be the characteristic features of BM-derived microglia.