gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Role of Dehydroascorbate in Disulfide Bond Formation (2009)

Dehydroascorbate (DHA) is a higher oxidation state of ascorbate formed through its action as an intracellular antioxidant. The recycling of DHA back to ascorbate is thought to be catalyzed by a variety of enzymes, including protein disulfide isomerase (PDI), linking ascorbate metabolism to oxidative protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Here we examine the possible role of PDI as a dehydroascorbate reductase. We find the reaction too slow to be the major route for reduction of DHA in the ER, with a second-order rate constant for the reaction of reduced PDI with DHA of only 12.5 M(-1)s(-1). Rates of a similar order of magnitude were obtained for other thioredoxin-superfamily members. However, glutaredoxin was able to catalyze DHA reduction more rapidly through a monothiol mechanism. In addition, DHA can rapidly react with many other dithiol systems, including dithiols in unfolded or partially folded proteins in a PDI-independent manner, with second-order rate constants of up to 186 M(-1)s(-1). Furthermore, we identify borate as a potent inhibitor of catalyzed and noncatalyzed DHA reduction in vitro. This study both provides insights into the link between ascorbate metabolism and oxidative protein folding and suggests a novel link between ascorbate metabolism and borate toxicity.
A new network security evaluation method based on fuzzy math (2009)

This paper summerizes the evaluation standard and the status of estimate,as well as the process and the courses of the network security evaluation.It is comprehensively based on the structure of hardware,software and the network environment.It provides a fuzzy evaluation model and algorithm for the network security.
Fourier Plane Optical Microscopy and Spectroscopy (2019)

Abstract Intensity, wavevector, phase, and polarization are the most important parameters of any light beam. Understanding the wavevector distribution has emerged as a very important problem in recent days, especially at nanoscale. It provides unique information about the light–matter interaction. Back focal plane or Fourier plane imaging and spectroscopy techniques help to measure wavevector distribution not only from single molecules and single nanostructures but also from metasurfaces and metamaterials. This article provides a birds‐eye view on the technique of back focal imaging and spectroscopy, different methodologies used in developing the technique, and applications including angular emission patterns of fluorescence and Raman signals from molecules, elastic scattering, etc. We first discuss on the information one can obtain at the back focal plane of the objective lens according to both imaging and spectroscopy viewpoints and then discuss the possible configurations utilized to project back focal plane of the objective lens onto the imaging camera or to the spectroscope. We also discuss the possible sources of error in such measurements and possible ways to overcome it and then elucidate the possible applications.
The affinity of betaxolol, a β<sub>1</sub>‐adrenoceptor‐selective blocking agent, for β‐adrenoceptors in the bovine trachea and heart (1993)

1. The specificity of betaxolol, a beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, for beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoceptors was compared with that of other beta-antagonists, atenolol, ICI-118551, butoxamine and (+/-)-propranolol, in the bovine trachea and heart by competitive interaction with [3H]-CGP12177 as a radioligand. 2. The radioligand Kd values were 0.75 +/- 0.12 and 1.60 +/- 0.11 nM in the trachea and heart, respectively, and the Bmax values were 34.00 +/- 4.41 and 21.54 +/- 2.94 fmol mg-1 protein, respectively. 3. Using ICI-118551, we determined the ratio of beta 1:beta 2-adrenoceptors in the trachea and heart to be approximately 29:71 and 56:44, respectively. 4. In the trachea, a beta 2-predominant tissue, betaxolol and atenolol were more selective for beta 1-adrenoceptor binding sites than beta 2-adrenoceptor binding sites, whereas ICI-118551 and butoxamine were more selective for beta 2-adrenoceptor binding sites. 5. The beta 1-selectivity of betaxolol was 2.2 and 2.7 fold higher than that of atenolol in the bovine trachea and heart. These findings suggest that betaxolol may be useful in the treatment of hypertension, cardiac arrhythmia and angina pectoris.
The Novel Cyclophilin Inhibitor CPI-431-32 Concurrently Blocks HCV and HIV-1 Infections via a Similar Mechanism of Action (2015)

HCV-related liver disease is the main cause of morbidity and mortality of HCV/HIV-1 co-infected patients. Despite the recent advent of anti-HCV direct acting antivirals (DAAs), the treatment of HCV/HIV-1 co-infected patients remains a challenge, as these patients are refractory to most therapies and develop liver fibrosis, cirrhosis and liver cancer more often than HCV mono-infected patients. Until the present study, there was no suitable in vitro assay to test the inhibitory activity of drugs on HCV/HIV-1 co-infection. Here we developed a novel in vitro "co-infection" model where HCV and HIV-1 concurrently replicate in their respective main host target cells--human hepatocytes and CD4+ T-lymphocytes. Using this co-culture model, we demonstrate that cyclophilin inhibitors (CypI), including a novel cyclosporin A (CsA) analog, CPI-431-32, simultaneously inhibits replication of both HCV and HIV-1 when added pre- and post-infection. In contrast, the HIV-1 protease inhibitor nelfinavir or the HCV NS5A inhibitor daclatasvir only blocks the replication of a single virus in the "co-infection" system. CPI-431-32 efficiently inhibits HCV and HIV-1 variants, which are normally resistant to DAAs. CPI-431-32 is slightly, but consistently more efficacious than the most advanced clinically tested CypI--alisporivir (ALV)--at interrupting an established HCV/HIV-1 co-infection. The superior antiviral efficacy of CPI-431-32 over ALV correlates with its higher potency inhibition of cyclophilin A (CypA) isomerase activity and at preventing HCV NS5A-CypA and HIV-1 capsid-CypA interactions known to be vital for replication of the respective viruses. Moreover, we obtained evidence that CPI-431-32 prevents the cloaking of both the HIV-1 and HCV genomes from cellular sensors. Based on these results, CPI-431-32 has the potential, as a single agent or in combination with DAAs, to inhibit both HCV and HIV-1 infections.
Studies on Antitumor Substances. XII. Synthesis of Bis (2, 3-epoxypropyl) amine Derivatives and the Reaction with Some Nucleophiles (1971)

Several bis (2, 3-epoxypropyl) amine derivatives were successfully synthesized by the modification of Homer's method. N, N'-Bis (2, 3-epoxypropyl) piperazine and p-bis (2, 3-epoxypropoxy) benzene were attempted to react with thiols, amines and phenol, and the corresponding ring opening compounds of the epoxide ring were obtained in good yields, respectively. N, N'-Bis (2, 3-epoxypropyl) piperazine and p-bis (2, 3-epoxypropoxy) benzene also reacted with diethyl malonate to give N, N'-bis (γ-ethoxycarbonyl-γ-butyrolacton-α-yl) methyl piperazine and p-bis (γ-ethoxycarbonyl-γ-butyrolacton-α-yl) methoxy benzene, respectively.
Pcleavage: an SVM based method for prediction of constitutive proteasome and immunoproteasome cleavage sites in antigenic sequences (2005)

This manuscript describes a support vector machine based method for the prediction of constitutive as well as immunoproteasome cleavage sites in antigenic sequences. This method achieved Matthew's correlation coefficents of 0.54 and 0.43 on in vitro and major histocompatibility complex ligand data, respectively. This shows that the performance of our method is comparable to that of the NetChop method, which is currently considered to be the best method for proteasome cleavage site prediction. Based on the method, a web server, Pcleavage, has also been developed. This server accepts protein sequences in any standard format and present results in a user-friendly format. The server is available for free use by all academic users at the URL http://www.imtech.res.in/raghava/pcleavage/ or http://bioinformatics.uams.edu/mirror/pcleavage/.
Measurement of frequency response of overhead power lines to wind (1999)

We have developed a new method which can the measure movement of overhead power lines in the wind. This method uses images from an ITV camera system. The sway of the power line is videotaped and analyzed. Its measured frequency response to wind is compared to a theoretical model and the measurement data obtained from an accelerometer. It is found that the new method yield results which are in good agreement with those obtained form the theoretical model for frequency response less than 0.5 Hz. A tension sensor and an accelerometer have been used to verify the theoretical model results. The accelerometer is used to obtain the eigenfrequency of sway. However, its results are not precise for less than 0.5 Hz. Using both the accelerometer and the new method, a method for measuring the frequency response of overhead power lines to wind, which was not previously possible, is now available.
Histidine-Rich Glycoprotein Binds to Human IgG and C1q and Inhibits the Formation of Insoluble Immune Complexes (1997)

Purification of the complement component C1q from human serum using an established method resulted in the copurification of two 30 kDa proteins with an N-terminal sequence identical to human histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG). Therefore, to explore the possibility that HRG can interact with C1q, we examined the ability of 81 kDa (native) and the 30 kDa proteins (presumably proteolytic N-terminal fragments of HRG) to bind to C1q, using both ELISA and optical biosensor techniques. Both forms of HRG were found to bind to the human complement component C1q and also to purified human and rabbit IgG by ELISA. Kinetic analyses of the HRG-C1q and HRG-IgG interactions using the IAsys biosensor indicate two distinct binding sites with affinities Kd1 0.78 x 10(-8) M and Kd2 3.73 x 10(-8) M for C1q, and one binding site with affinity Kd 8.5 x 10(-8) M for IgG. Moreover, the fact that both native and 30 kDa HRG bind to C1q and to IgG suggests that the IgG and C1q binding regions on HRG are located in the 30 kDa N-terminal region of the HRG molecule. The Fab region of IgG is likely to be involved in the HRG-IgG interaction since HRG also bound to F(ab')2 fragments with an affinity similar to that seen with the complete IgG molecule. Interestingly, the binding between HRG and IgG was significantly potentiated (Kd reduced from 85.0 to 18.9 nM) by the presence of physiological concentrations of Zn2+ (20 microM). Conversely, the presence of Zn2+ weakened the binding of HRG to C1q (Kd increased from 7.80 to 29.3 nM). Modulation of these interactions by other divalent metal cations was less effective with relative potencies being Zn2+ > Ni2+ > Cu2+. An examination of the effect of native and 30 kDa HRG on the formation of insoluble immune complexes (IIC) between ovalbumin and polyclonal rabbit anti-ovalbumin IgG revealed that physiological concentrations of HRG can markedly inhibit IIC formation in vitro. The results show that human HRG binds to C1q and to IgG in a Zn2+-modulated fashion, and that HRG can regulate the formation of IIC in vitro, thus indicating a new functional role for HRG in vivo.
Polymer photodetector with voltage-adjustable photocurrent spectrum (2010)

Polymer photodetectors with voltage-adjustable photoresponse from visible to near infrared range are demonstrated. Poly(3-hexylthiophene) and (6,6)-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) blend is used as the active layer. The photoresponse can be continuously adjusted by the thickness of the active layer as well as the applied voltage bias. The thickness of the active layer is varied from 250 nm to 16.2 μm. The mechanism for the photoresponse adjusted by the thickness can be attributed to the absorption of the photons in the infrared range by thick PCBM layer. The mechanism for the photoresponse adjusted by the applied bias can be attributed to the carrier recombination reduction when the applied bias increases. The adjustable photodetector also has high operating speed up to 10 kHz.
Thermosyphon Cooler Hybrid System for Water Savings in an Energy-Efficient HPC Data Center: Modeling and Installation: Preprint (2017)

The Thermosyphon Cooler Hybrid System (TCHS) integrates the control of a dry heat rejection device, the thermosyphon cooler (TSC), with an open cooling tower. A combination of equipment and controls, this new heat rejection system embraces the 'smart use of water,' using evaporative cooling when it is most advantageous and then saving water and modulating toward increased dry sensible cooling as system operations and ambient weather conditions permit. Innovative fan control strategies ensure the most economical balance between water savings and parasitic fan energy. The unique low-pressure-drop design of the TSC allows water to be cooled directly by the TSC evaporator without risk of bursting tubes in subfreezing ambient conditions. Johnson Controls partnered with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) and Sandia National Laboratories to deploy the TSC as a test bed at NREL's high-performance computing (HPC) data center in the first half of 2016. Located in NREL's Energy Systems Integration Facility (ESIF), this HPC data center has achieved an annualized average power usage effectiveness rating of 1.06 or better since 2012. Warm-water liquid cooling is used to capture heat generated by computer systems direct to water; that waste heat is either reused as the primary heat source in the ESIF building or rejected using evaporative cooling. This data center is the single largest source of water and power demand on the NREL campus, using about 7,600 m3 (2.0 million gal) of water during the past year with an hourly average IT load of nearly 1 MW (3.4 million Btu/h) -- so dramatically reducing water use while continuing efficient data center operations is of significant interest. Because Sandia's climate is similar to NREL's, this new heat rejection system being deployed at NREL has gained interest at Sandia. Sandia's data centers utilize an hourly average of 8.5 MW (29 million Btu/h) and are also one of the largest consumers of water on Sandia's site. In addition to describing the installation of the TSC and its integration into the ESIF, this paper focuses on the full heat rejection system simulation program used for hourly analysis of the energy and water consumption of the complete system under varying operating scenarios. A follow-up paper will detail the test results. The evaluation of the TSC's performance at NREL will also determine a path forward at Sandia for possible deployment in a large-scale system not only for data center use but also possibly site wide.
Weighted Total Variation constrained reconstruction for reduction of metal artifact in CT (2010)

TV constrained reconstruction could obtain perfect results from incomplete data, and has been applied to reduce metal artifact by assuming that the projection contaminated by metal is missing. In TV constrained reconstruction, the selection of a proper step parameter for TV minimization procedure is a key point. However, this parameter is usually selected empirically, and it is a constant for all pixels in the whole image domain, regardless of the difference of missing projection quantity at different pixels. By analyzing the relationship between the missing projections and pixels position, a Weighted Total Variation (WTV) constrained reconstruction method is proposed to reduce metal artifact in this paper. For WTV constrained method, the parameters are no longer the same, but vary over image domain as the introduced information miss rate. The simulation results show that the proposed method is more effective than current TV constraint to reduce metal artifact. Moreover, WTV constrained method is extended to other incomplete projection problems.
Use of Reverse Osmosis Membranes to Remove Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) from Semiconductor Wastewater (2006)

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and related substances are persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic, and thus of substantial environmental concern. PFOS is an essential photolithographic chemical in the semiconductor industry with no substitutes yet identified. The industry seeks effective treatment technologies. The feasibility of using reverse osmosis (RO) membranes for treating semiconductor wastewater containing PFOS has been investigated. Commercial RO membranes were characterized in terms of permeability, salt rejection, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and membrane surface zeta potential (streaming potential measurements). Filtration tests were performed to determine the membrane flux and PFOS rejection. Over a wide range of feed concentrations (0.5 - 1500 ppm), the RO membranes generally rejected 99% or more of the PFOS. Rejection was better for tighter membranes, but was not affected by membrane zeta potential. Flux decreased with increasing PFOS concentration. While the flux reduction was severe for a loose RO membrane probably due to its higher initial flux, very stable flux was maintained for tighter membranes. At a very high feed concentration (about 500 ppm), all the membranes exhibited an identical stable flux. Isopropyl alcohol, present in some semiconductor wastewaters, had a detrimental effect on membrane flux. Where present it needs to be removed from the wastewater prior to using RO membranes.
Influence of hydrogen passivation on the infrared spectra of Hg0.8Cd0.2Te (1991)

Hydrogen passivation has been investigated in Hg0.8Cd0 2Te using infrared transmission measurements. The ability of atomic hydrogen to passivate the activities of residual impurities or defects is demonstrated by the fact that the absorption edge is moved to the short wave direction and the absorption below the energy gap is reduced after the incorporation of atomic hydrogen using an rf glow discharge system. It is also found that Hg vacancies can be effectively passivated after hydrogenation. Hydrogen injection and passivation of residual impurities or defects are also observed in Hg0.8Cd0.2Te boiled in water.
Stabilizing Output of an Electrorheological Gel Linear Actuator (2011)

ER gel is a relatively new type of functional material. The surface of ER gel has a shear stress characteristic, which increases according to the applied electric field. Introducing the gel into interface elements of a force transmission system realizes functional clutches and brakes. This study aims to develop a linear actuator that is safe, can operate in reverse, and can generate a large force using such a functional clutch. Applying an ER gel clutch in a force transmission system decreases inertia and the mechanical limits of the maximum speed while not limiting controllability. Such properties contribute to a high level of safety. This article reports, in particular, on stabilizing the output of the linear actuator.
Systematic review: the role of different types of fibre in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (2004)

The benefits of fibre in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome are marginal for global irritable bowel syndrome symptom improvement and irritable bowel syndrome-related constipation. Soluble and insoluble fibres have different effects on global irritable bowel syndrome symptoms. Indeed, in some cases, insoluble fibres may worsen the clinical outcome. Future clinical studies evaluating the effect and tolerability of fibre therapy are needed in primary care.
<title>Discrete directional wavelet bases for image compression</title> (2003)

The application of the wavelet transform in image processing is most frequently based on a separable construction. Lines and columns in an image are treated independently and the basis functions are simply products of the corresponding one dimensional functions. Such method keeps simplicity in design and computation, but is not capable of capturing properly all the properties of an image. In this paper, a new truly separable discrete multi-directional transform is proposed with a subsampling method based on lattice theory. Alternatively, the subsampling can be omitted and this leads to a multi-directional frame. This transform can be applied in many areas like denoising, non-linear approximation and compression. The results on non-linear approximation and denoising show very interesting gains compared to the standard two-dimensional analysis.
Online multi-label active annotation (2008)

Existing video search engines have not taken the advantages of video content analysis and semantic understanding. Video search in academia uses semantic annotation to approach content-based indexing. We argue this is a promising direction to enable real content-based video search. However, due to the complexity of both video data and semantic concepts, existing techniques on automatic video annotation are still not able to handle large-scale video set and large-scale concept set, in terms of both annotation accuracy and computation cost. To address this problem, in this paper, we propose a scalable framework for annotation-based video search, as well as a novel approach to enable large-scale semantic concept annotation, that is, online multi-label active learning. This framework is scalable to both the video sample dimension and concept label dimension. Large-scale unlabeled video samples are assumed to arrive consecutively in batches with an initial pre-labeled training set, based on which a preliminary multi-label classifier is built. For each arrived batch, a multi-label active learning engine is applied, which automatically selects and manually annotates a set of unlabeled sample-label pairs. And then an online learner updates the original classifier by taking the newly labeled sample-label pairs into consideration. This process repeats until all data are arrived. During the process, new labels, even without any pre-labeled training samples, can be incorporated into the process anytime. Experiments on TRECVID dataset demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed framework.
Dielectric properties of CaNdAlO4 at microwave frequencies (1992)

Dielectric properties of CaNdAlO4 monocrystals, a prospective substrate material for the deposition of high-Tc superconductors, were measured with high accuracy at microwave frequencies from 8 to 40 GHz in the temperature range from 10 to 300 K by measuring the resonant frequencies of a completely filled resonant cavity. The material was found to be highly anisotropic. At 300 K it exhibits the dielectric constant along c axis ε′c = 17.68, while the dielectric constant in the a-b plane is ε′=19.62, and loss tangent tan δc ≂ tan δ ≂ 5.1× 10−4. Both ε′c and ε′ depend strongly on temperature and their thermal coefficients have opposite signs, apparently a unique property of CaNdAlO4. Below 160 K microwave losses caused by electric field perpendicular to the optical c axis increase with decreasing temperature, exhibiting a maximum near 65 K followed by a minimum at 30 K. It is suggested that neodymium ions in CaNdAlO4 at lower temperatures become magnetically ordered, causing an increase of magnetic permeability μ′c ≳ 1 and a significant increase of magnetic losses at microwave frequencies. A crystallographic phase transition below 60 K cannot also be excluded.