gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Novel Laboratory Method for Evaluating Induction System Deposits in Gasoline Engines (1979)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">This report covers work undertaken at the U.S. Army Fuels and Lubricants Research Laboratory to develop a laboratory bench procedure for the evaluation of dispersant-detergent gasoline additive effectiveness used for the control and/or inhibition of carburetor and engine intake system deposition. The development of the synthetic crankcase off-gas liquid in Phase I of this project has made it possible to develop a bench procedure that correlates to actual engine results in:</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph"> <ol class="list nostyle"> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">1.</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The carburetor throttle plate and throat area,</div> </li> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">2.</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The induction system (port and valve areas), and</div> </li> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">3.</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Additive effectiveness.</div> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The apparatus is simple in design and operation, and provides the advantage of evaluating both carburetor and intake deposits simultaneously.</div>
Phylogenetic analysis of peat bog methanogen populations (1999)

Peat bog samples from two upland sites in the UK were analysed for the diversity of methanogens using DNA sequence analysis of approximately 300 bp of the MCR I operon contained in 42 cloned amplimers. The clones could be represented as up to five clusters, the largest of which (designated A) contained DNA sequences from a site in the Upper Pennine Hills, UK (called the Moorhouse site), whilst clones from two of the other clusters were from the other site in Galway, South West Scotland (called the Ellergower Moss site). 10 clones were selected as representatives of each cluster and a phylogenetic analysis was performed using 628-bp fragments of the MCR I operon. This phylogenetic analysis supported the phylogenies generated from the shorter sequence analysis, suggested that they represented hitherto uncharacterised mcr genes and that the closest relative of these clones was Methanosarcina barkeri.
METHYLATION OF THE E-CADHERIN GENE PROMOTER CORRELATES WITH PROGRESSION OF PROSTATE CANCER (2001)

Methylation of the E-cadherin gene is common in prostate cancer and the severity of E-cadherin methylation correlates with tumor progression. This study implies that the invasion and metastasis suppressor function of E-cadherin may often be compromised in human prostate cancer by epigenetic rather than by mutational events.
Robust, self-healing hydrogels synthesised from catechol rich polymers (2014)

Coordinative interactions between polymer-bound catechols and metal ions are the basis for numerous bio-inspired soft materials. Here, we demonstrate rapid access to catechol rich polymers through reductive amination (RA) strategy. We employed chitosan to exemplify the utility of this protocol. Controlled grafting of catechol pendants (from as low as 18 mol% to as high as 80 mol%) onto chitosan was readily achieved in aqueous medium under ambient conditions by RA protocol. Because of the high density of catechol units grafted onto chitosan, we could accomplish the gelation of water even in acidic medium in the presence of transition metal ions, or on addition of chemical oxidant such as NaIO<sub>4</sub>. Increasing the mol% of catechol in polymer decreased the amounts of Fe(iii) or NaIO<sub>4</sub> required to yield gels. UV-vis and Raman studies indicated the presence of mono-complex between Fe(iii) and catechol in the gels formed through coordinative crosslinking. Highly ductile hydrogels exhibiting excellent load bearing ability were obtained under these conditions. Electrostatic repulsions between the cationic polymer chains presumably prevented the gel to collapse upon the application of load. These gels were also completely self-healing due to the reversible nature of their coordinative interactions. Gels formed at higher pH are brittle and less resilient compared to those formed at lower pH. Ductility and self-healing ability of coordinative cross-linked gels are superior to those formed by oxidative crosslinking. We conclude that RA strategy offers rapid and easy access to catechol-rich systems, and retention of basic amine functionalities allows the preparation of robust bio inspired soft materials.
Measurements of the Hydroxyl Radical in a Manipulated but Realistic Indoor Environment (1997)

Using an indirect technique to obtain a time-integrated signal, we have detected and quantified the hydroxyl radical (OH) in a commercial building. For the purpose of the measurements, the conditions in the office setting were manipulated, but they were representative of conditions that occur naturally. During monitoring periods when the concentrations of both ozone (O3) and d-limonene were elevated and the air exchange rate moderate, we found the average indoor OH concentration to be approximately 7 × 105 molecule/cm3. This value is lower than typical outdoor midday values (∼5 × 106 molecule/cm3) but larger than outdoor nighttime values. The results confirm that reactions among O3 and olefins can generate meaningful quantities of OH under conditions that commonly occur indoors. In turn, OH initiates a complex series of reactions that generate still other radicals and ultimately produce species that can adversely affect human health and artifacts in indoor environments.
Studies on free radical scavenging substances from microorganisms. III. Isolation and structural elucidation of a novel free radical scavenger, resorstatin. (1993)

In the course of our screening program for free radical scavenging substances from microorganisms, which are expected to be useful as therapeutic agents for myocardial and cerebral ischemia1'2 nflammation3) and other diseases, we have isolated carazostatin4) and neocarazostatin5), as reported
Bottom-up computation of sparse and Iceberg CUBE (1999)

We introduce the Iceberg-CUBE problem as a reformulation of the datacube (CUBE) problem. The Iceberg-CUBE problem is to compute only those group-by partitions with an aggregate value (e.g., count) above some minimum support threshold. The result of Iceberg-CUBE can be used (1) to answer group-by queries with a clause such as HAVING COUNT(*) >= X, where X is greater than the threshold, (2) for mining multidimensional association rules, and (3) to complement existing strategies for identifying interesting subsets of the CUBE for precomputation.
An approach to cost-effective terabyte memory systems (2003)

The authors describe their approach for developing system architectures for secondary and tertiary storage systems and high-speed networks that will allow storage systems with 100-1000-Tbytes total capacity to become practical and widely used by the mid- to late-1990s. The research approach is founded on developing new techniques for managing latency, integrating compression, leveraging interleaving, and providing redundancy within the storage system. Some of the latency management strategies discussed include access hints and caching, reduced load times on tape media, and mixing optical disk and tape within the same hierarchy. The methods for increasing bandwidth include compression and interleaving. The authors test their ideas by building a prototype named Bigfoot that will store 10-100 Tbytes for Sequoia global change researchers. Bigfoot will provide a thousand-fold increase in online storage capacity over current disk-based systems, and it will provide a 10-100*improvement in capacity/cost over current tertiary storage systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Evaluation Of Multilayer Resists For Submicron Technology (1988)

PCM-, trilevel-RIE- and singlelevel-RIE-resist systems are investigated for application in submicron technology. Simulation results of the PCM-technique are compared with experimental results using the K809/PMMA system. Gate and sub-micron contact hole etch results are presented for the Shipley PCM system using PMGI as the planarizing layer. For the trilevel technique using SOG or a-Si as intermediate layer, the loss of linewidth during bottom resist 02-RIE was of main interest. Finally, a dry developing technique, the DESIRE process using the PLASMASK resist, was studied and tested on device wafers.
Altered Pharmacokinetics of 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D<sub>3</sub>and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D<sub>3</sub>in the Blood and Tissues of the 25-Hydroxyvitamin D-24-Hydroxylase (<i>Cyp24a1</i>) Null Mouse (2004)

The 25-hydroxyvitamin D-24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1) plays an important role in regulating concentrations of both the precursor 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 [25(OH)D3] and the hormone 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1alpha,25(OH)(2)D3]. Previous studies suggest that Cyp24a1-null mice cannot clear exogenous 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 efficiently. Here, we examined the metabolic clearance in Cyp24a1-null mice in vivo and in vitro using a physiological dose of [1beta-3H]1alpha,25(OH)2D3 or [26,27-methyl-3H]25(OH)D3. Cyp24a1-null mice showed difficulty in eliminating [1beta-3H]1alpha,25(OH)2D3 from the bloodstream and tissues over a 96-h time course, whereas heterozygotic mice eliminated the hormone within 6-12 h, although there was clearance of labeled hormone into water-soluble products involving liver in both genotypes. RT-PCR showed that Cyp24a1-null mice have decreased expression of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1alpha-hydroxylase that must play a role in their survival. After the administration of [26,27-methyl-3H]25(OH)D3, Cyp24a1-null mice showed higher [26,27-methyl-3H]25(OH)D3 levels and no [26,27-methyl-3H]24,25(OH)2D3 formation, whereas heterozygotic mice showed significant [26,27-methyl-3H]24,25(OH)2D3 production. Based upon in vitro experiments, keratinocytes from Cyp24a1-null mice fail to synthesize [1beta-3H]calcitroic acid from [1beta-3H]1alpha,25(OH2D3 or [26,27-methyl-3H]24,25(OH)2D3 from [26,27-methyl-3H]25(OH)D3 as do control mice, confirming the target cell catabolic role of CYP24A1 in these processes. Finally, the role of vitamin D receptor (VDR) in the vitamin D catabolic cascade was examined using VDR-null mice. Keratinocytes from VDR-null mice failed to metabolize [1beta-3H]1alpha,25(OH)2D3 confirming the importance of vitamin D-inducible, VDR-mediated, C24 oxidation pathway in target cells. These results suggest that the absence of CYP24A1 or VDR retards catabolism of 1alpha,25(OH)2D3 and 25(OH)D3, reinforcing the physiological importance of CYP24A1 in vitamin D homeostasis.
Detection of Fiber Fuse Effect Using FBG Sensors (2010)

In this paper, we propose a new technique to detect the presence of the fiber fuse effect propagation. The implemented technique consists on the utilization of two fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) as temperature sensors in order to detect the transit of the thermal wave associated with the fuse effect. The developed technique was used to determine the fuse propagation velocity in single mode fibers as function of the injected optical pump power, yielding a direct proportionality constant value of 0.106 ± 0.028 ms <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> W <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> .
On direct-writing methods for electrically contacting GaAs and Ge nanowire devices (2010)

The electronic transport and gating characteristics in GaAs and Ge nanowires (NWs) are altered significantly following either indirect or direct exposure to a focused Ga+ ion beam (FIB), such as that used to produce Pt electrical contacts to NWs. While these results challenge the assumptions made in some previously reported work relating to the electronic properties of semiconductor NWs using FIB-assisted production of contacts and/or their leads, local electron beam induced deposition is shown to be a reliable and facile route for producing robust electrical contacts to individual vapor phase-grown NWs in a manner that enables study of their actual carrier transport properties.
Stockton Opencast Coal Mine Case Study (1994)

High quality bituminous coal is produced from three separate opencast mines on the Stockton Plateau, and production in 1992 totalled 748kt. The coal is extracted from an average 8-10m thick seam by up-dip highwall advance after contract stripping of overburden, which consists of quartzose sandstones, siltstones and carbonaceous mudstones. Overburden is disposed of by end-tipping in waste dumps or by backfilling worked-out sections of the mines. Localised highwall instability involves toppling and complex wedge failures, collapse above former underground openings, and some translational movements on low-angle bedding plane shears. Water management is the principal environmental constraint to mining given the high rainfall on the Plateau (5-6000 mmy-1), and the potential for acid generation from the coal measures rocks.
Talento Esportivo I: aspectos teóricos (1994)

Este trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar os aspectos teoricos referentes ao talento esportivo que devem nortear os profissionais de esportes e dc Educacao Fisica nesta area de atuacao. A partir das conceituacoes de talento, talento esportivo, desempenho e desempenho esportivo, sao descritas as condicoes que devem ser verificadas na determinacao e promocao de um talento esportivo de alto nivel
Removal of Syndecan-1 Promotes TRAIL-Induced Apoptosis in Myeloma Cells (2012)

Syndecan is the major transmembrane proteoglycan in cells. Of the four syndecans, syndecan-1 is the dominant form expressed in multiple myeloma and is an indicator of poor prognosis. In the current study, we observed that early TRAIL-induced apoptotic processes were accompanied by cleavage of syndecan-1 intracellular region, and explored the possibility whether removal of syndecan-1 promotes apoptotic processes. We found that syndecan-1 knockdown by specific small interfering RNA in multiple myeloma enhanced TRAIL-induced apoptosis, even though the expression of TRAIL receptors and several apoptosis-associated molecules was unaffected. The enhanced TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in syndecan-1-deficient cells was not due to a decrease in surface heparan sulfate or a reduction in TRAIL receptor endocytosis. The increase in TRAIL-induced cell death was accompanied by an elevated caspase-8 activation and an enhanced formation of death-inducing signaling complexes, which could be attributed to an increased expression of TRAIL receptor O-glycosylation enzyme in syndecan-1-deficient cells. We also found that in H9 lymphoma and Jurkat cells, knockdown of the predominant syndecan member also led to an increase in Fas ligand-induced apoptosis. Our results demonstrate that syndecan plays a negative role in death receptor-mediated cell death, suggesting potential application of syndecan downregulation in the treatment of myeloma in combination with TRAIL.
THE COLLEGE BOARD VOCABULARY STUDY (1994)

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to provide an up‐to‐date source of word frequency information based on the kinds of reading materials to which high school and first‐year college students are exposed. It began with a comprehensive listing of reading materials from curriculum surveys, state curriculum guides, private school reading lists, research surveys, federal reports, recommended reading lists, and other sources. Materials mentioned most often were sampled or entire documents were obtained when they were available in electronic form. Included in the sample of reading materials were American and British novels, poetry, drama, essays, biographies, autobiographies, current periodicals of various types, historical documents, and text from an encyclopedia. A corpus of 14,360,884 words of running text was assembled. This corpus was analyzed using the most sophisticated lexicographic methods available and the following statistics were generated: the overall frequency of occurrence of each word in the corpus, an index of dispersion for each word over 27 text categories, an estimate of the number of occurrences per one million words of running text for each word that would be expected in a similar but different corpus, and a standard frequency index developed from a logarithmic transformation. This report describes the development of the corpus and the computation of the word frequency indexes. It also compares the corpus with other existing corpora and demonstrates the importance of up‐to‐date word frequency information. The comprehensive listing of reading materials examined and a list of sampled materials are included in the Appendixes.
Guidelines for Synthesis and Processing of Two-Dimensional Titanium Carbide (Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub><i>x</i></sub> MXene) (2017)

Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides, carbonitrides, and nitrides (MXenes) were discovered in 2011. Since the original discovery, more than 20 different compositions have been synthesized by the selective etching of MAX phase and other precursors and many more theoretically predicted. They offer a variety of different properties, making the family promising candidates in a wide range of applications, such as energy storage, electromagnetic interference shielding, water purification, electrocatalysis, and medicine. These solution-processable materials have the potential to be highly scalable, deposited by spin, spray, or dip coating, painted or printed, or fabricated in a variety of ways. Due to this promise, the amount of research on MXenes has been increasing, and methods of synthesis and processing are expanding quickly. The fast evolution of the material can also be noticed in the wide range of synthesis and processing protocols that determine the yield of delamination, as well as the quality of the 2D flakes produced. Here we describe the experimental methods and best practices we use to synthesize the most studied MXene, titanium carbide (Ti3C2Tx), using different etchants and delamination methods. We also explain effects of synthesis parameters on the size and quality of Ti3C2Tx and suggest the optimal processes for the desired application.
Genetic and Biochemical Studies on Drug‐Resistant Mutants in <i>Mycobacterium smegmatis</i> (1974)

ABSTRACT Genetic analyses of the loci conferring resistance to antibiotics known to affect protein synthesis were made employing the conjugation system of Mycobacterium smegmatis . By the complementation tests, vic (viomycin–capreomycin‐resistant) mutants were classified into two different groups; cistrons A and B. Neomycin–kanamycin‐resistant ( nek ) mutants, on the contrary, fall into a single cistron. Erythromycin‐resistance ( ery ) locus was linked to vic–nek region. The map order deduced was argB, argA , ( vicA, vicB ), nek, ery . Biochemical studies showed that strains resistant to streptomycin, neomycin–kanamycin or viomycin–capreomycin had altered ribosomes.
Stimulation of natural killer cell activity and inhibition of proliferation of various leukemic cells by purified human leukocyte interferon subtypes. (1982)

One of several human leukocyte interferon subtypes A (LeIF-A), obtained in purified form from a gene cloned in Escherichia coli, stimulated human peripheral blood natural killer cell activity, whereas another human leukocyte interferon subtype D (LeIF-D) had no effect with the use of K562 as target cells. With Daudi as target cells, both LeIF-A and LeIF-D stimulated natural killer cell activity. A hybrid human leukocyte interferon, NH2-terminal 61 amino acids and COOH-terminal 104 residues of LeIF-A and LeIF-D, respectively (LeIF-AD) showed greater stimulation than did LeIF-A, but the stimulation did not exceed that of natural buffy coat interferon. A mixture of equal antiviral units of LeIF-A and LeIF-D was no more effective than was LeIF-A alone. The cloned interferon subtypes showed differential effects on the proliferation of three human leukemic cell lines: Daudi (B-cell lymphoblastoid leukemia); BALL 1 (B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia); CCRF-HSB-2 (T-cell acute lymphoblastoid leukemia). Growth of Daudi cells was generally most sensitive to all the interferons tested, LeIF-A, -D, -AD, and a buffy coat preparation; no viable cells remained after 120-hr exposure to 1000-unit/ml doses of the interferons. BALL 1 was relatively resistant to the interferon subtypes tested including LeIF-AD, but this cell lines was very sensitive to a preparation of natural buffy coat interferon. CCRF-HSB-2 showed some sensitivity to all the interferons with greatest sensitivity to LeIF-A (10% of the viable cells were detected after 1000 units/ml exposure for 120 hr). In contrast to the leukemic cell lines tested, human amnion cells (WISH) and the human erythroid leukemia, K562, were resistant to the antiproliferative activity of the interferons.
Is Geometric Frustration-Induced Disorder a Recipe for High Ionic Conductivity? (2017)

Ionic conductivity is ubiquitous to many industrially important applications such as fuel cells, batteries, sensors, and catalysis. Tunable conductivity in these systems is therefore key to their commercial viability. Here, we show that geometric frustration can be exploited as a vehicle for conductivity tuning. In particular, we imposed geometric frustration upon a prototypical system, CaF<sub>2</sub>, by ball milling it with BaF<sub>2</sub>, to create nanostructured Ba<sub>1-x</sub>Ca<sub>x</sub>F<sub>2</sub> solid solutions and increased its ionic conductivity by over 5 orders of magnitude. By mirroring each experiment with MD simulation, including "simulating synthesis", we reveal that geometric frustration confers, on a system at ambient temperature, structural and dynamical attributes that are typically associated with heating a material above its superionic transition temperature. These include structural disorder, excess volume, pseudovacancy arrays, and collective transport mechanisms; we show that the excess volume correlates with ionic conductivity for the Ba<sub>1-x</sub>Ca<sub>x</sub>F<sub>2</sub> system. We also present evidence that geometric frustration-induced conductivity is a general phenomenon, which may help explain the high ionic conductivity in doped fluorite-structured oxides such as ceria and zirconia, with application for solid oxide fuel cells. A review on geometric frustration [ Nature 2015 , 521 , 303 ] remarks that classical crystallography is inadequate to describe systems with correlated disorder, but that correlated disorder has clear crystallographic signatures. Here, we identify two possible crystallographic signatures of geometric frustration: excess volume and correlated "snake-like" ionic transport; the latter infers correlated disorder. In particular, as one ion in the chain moves, all the other (correlated) ions in the chain move simultaneously. Critically, our simulations reveal snake-like chains, over 40 Å in length, which indicates long-range correlation in our disordered systems. Similarly, collective transport in glassy materials is well documented [for example, J. Chem. Phys. 2013 , 138 , 12A538 ]. Possible crystallographic nomenclatures, to be used to describe long-range order in disordered systems, may include, for example, the shape, length, and branching of the "snake" arrays. Such characterizations may ultimately provide insight and differences between long-range order in disordered, amorphous, or liquid states and processes such as ionic conductivity, melting, and crystallization.