gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SOOT CONTROL BY FUEL ADDITIVES -- A REVIEW (1979)

A review of studies conducted in practical combustion systems such as oilfired domestic and utility boilers, gas turbines, and diesel engines has demonstrated that metallic fuel additives can be effective in reducing soot emissions. Manganese, iron, and barium are the metals most often reported to be highly effective, although problems with metal oxide deposits on combustor surfaces sometimes prohibit their use. Evaluation of laboratory burner flame experiments revealed three distinct mechanisms by which the various metallic additives function to remove soot. Several mathematical models of soot reduction through additive use are discussed. Iron additives and their combustion products are relatively non-toxic, whereas the popular manganese additives and their oxides are fairly hazardous. Generally, only water soluble barium compounds are toxic, and these typically constitute only 25 percent of the barium compounds in diesel engine exhaust. Additives are only recommended for short-term use, combustor design modifications being the economically preferred long-term solution. (Author)
Appointment scheduling with unscheduled arrivals and reprioritization (2017)

Inspired by the real life problem of a radiology department in a Dutch hospital, we study the problem of scheduling appointments, taking into account unscheduled arrivals and reprioritization. The radiology department offers CT diagnostics to both scheduled and unscheduled patients. Of these unscheduled patients, some must be seen immediately, while others may wait for some time. Herein a trade-off is sought between acceptable waiting times for appointment patients and unscheduled patients’ lateness. In this paper we use a discrete event simulation model to determine the performance of a given appointment schedule in terms of waiting time and lateness. Also we propose a constructive and local search heuristic that embeds this model and optimizes the schedule. For smaller instances, we verify the simulation model as well as compare our search heuristics’ performance with optimal schedules obtained using a Markov reward process. In addition we present computational results from the case study in the Dutch hospital. These results show that a considerable decrease of waiting time is possible for scheduled patients, while still treating unscheduled patients on time.
A new spot-size converter concept using fiber-matched antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides (2003)

We report on a new concept for InGaAsP-InP 1.55-μm lasers with integrated spot-size converters (SSCs) based on antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides (ARROW). The mode expanders consist of a laterally tapered active region on top of a fiber-matched passive slab waveguide. The large slab mode is laterally confined by an antiresonant configuration of a couple of lateral waveguides defined in the same fabrication process as the active ridge. This feature makes the presented spot-size transformer as simple to fabricate as a standard waveguide, only requiring a planar growth step and a single conventional etch process. The fabricated tapers exhibit a low transformation loss and reduce the coupling loss to standard single-mode fibers from 8 to 4 dB. We also analyze by simulation two variants of the concept proposed in this work, including a taper structure for a buried waveguide, which are expected to show better performance. Simulation results show fiber-coupling efficiencies as low as 2.4 and 1.1 dB for both variants.
New vistas for leucovorin in cancer chemotherapy (1989)

With a resurgence of interest in leucovorin calcium (LV), many questions about its role in cancer chemotherapy are being asked again. How does it modulate 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) therapy? Can it potentiate the cytotoxicity of 5-FU more in malignant than in normal cells? Does it rescue tumor cells from high-dose methotrexate (MTX) more than it does normal cells? How should LV rescue be individualized to maximize the therapeutic index? When can LV be administered orally, and how can LV rescue be conducted at home? When is LV rescue necessary, and what toxicities occur when it is inadequate? Some answers to these questions are provided in this review.
Gas chromatographic enantiomer separation of agrochemicals using modified cyclodextrins (1991)

Abstract The enantiomers of phenoxypropionic acid type herbicides have been resolved by capillary gas chromatography employing modified cyclodextrins as chiral stationary phases. Excellent separations were obtained with columns containing a 1:1 mixture of per‐ O ‐pentylated and per‐ O ‐methylated γ‐cyclodextrin. The enantiomers of the methyl esters of mecoprop and dichlorprop were also resolved on octakis(3‐ O ‐butyryl‐2,6‐di‐ O ‐pentyl)‐γ‐cyclodextrin. On this phase the order of elution of the enantiomers was temperature‐dependent, the elution order being reversed as the temperature passed through the isoenantioselective temperature. This is the first time such behavior has been observed with cyclodextrin derivatives. The enantiomers of the polychlorinated polycyclic pesticides cis ‐ and trans ‐chlordane, oxychlordane, heptachlor, heptachlorepoxide, and three chiral organophosphorus pesticides could be resolved using selectively derivatized cyclodextrin derivatives.
Texture effects in TiB2 coatings electrodeposited from a NaCl-KCl-K2TiF6-NaF-NaBF4 melt at 700 °c (2003)

TiB2 layers have been electrodeposited on steel and molybdenum substrates from a molten salt electrolyte at 700 ?C by either direct current (DC) or pulsed plating techniques. The crystallographic textures of the coatings obtained are described and discussed.
Soil Electromagnetic Properties and Metal Detector Performance: Theory and Measurement (2008)

Abstract : Metal detectors are unquestionably the workhorses of humanitarian demining. Although hybrid dual-sensor systems incorporating a ground penetrating radar (GPR) have recently been introduced and are gaining acceptance, a standard electromagnetic induction (EMI) sensor remains the primary mode of detection. Despite ongoing evolution and refinement of metal detector technology, however, the practical performance of both continuous wave (FDEM) and pulse induction (TDEM) systems continues to be restricted by so-called effects. Generally, problem or difficult soils reduce signal to noise ratio and increase the false-detection rate. At certain locations, the soil effect is so severe as to render a given metal detector practically inoperable.
Permeation of Cd(ll) Ions through a Supported Liquid Membrane Containing Cyanex-302 in Kerosene (1998)

ABSTRACT The permeation of Cd(II) ions from aqueous phosphate medium through a supported liquid membrane (SLM) consisting of a flat disc cellulose nitrate membrane immobilizing a Cyanex-302 in kerosene as carrier has been investigated. The transfer of Cd(II) ions has been studied as a function of the stirring rate, the concentration of the extractant, the stripping solution, and the phosphate concentration in the feed. The experimental results are evaluated in terms of the permeation rate, the permeability coefficient, and the enrichment factor. The difference in the kinetic behavior of Cd(II), Cu(II), and Zn(II) when mixed together is used to improve the selective separation of Cd(II) by the investigated SLM system. The assessment of the conditions for the use of this system in pollution control of the environment with heavy metals produced from phosphate wastewater streams is discussed.
A Bayesian/information theoretic model of bias learning (1996)

In this paper the problem of learning appropriate bias for an environment of related tasks is examined from a Bayesian perspective. The environment of related tasks is shown to be naturally modelled by the concept of an {\em objective} prior distribution. Sampling from the objective prior corresponds to sampling different learning tasks from the environment. It is argued that for many common machine learning problems, although we don't know the true (objective) prior for the problem, we do have some idea of a set of possible priors to which the true prior belongs. It is shown that under these circumstances a learner can use Bayesian inference to learn the true prior by sampling from the objective prior. Bounds are given on the amount of information required to learn a task when it is simultaneously learnt with several other tasks. The bounds show that if the learner has little knowledge of the true prior, and the dimensionality of the true prior is small, then sampling multiple tasks is highly advantageous.
Galectin-7 as a Potential Mediator of Corneal Epithelial Cell Migration (2003)

These findings have broad implications for developing novel, galectin-based, therapeutic strategies for treatment of nonhealing corneal epithelial defects.
Intrinsic Chirality in a Bent‐Core Mesogen Induced by Extrinsic Chiral Structures (2006)

Going bananas: In a twisted geometry, an extrinsically chiral supermolecular structure was obtained in the calamitic phase. Upon cooling down to form the Bx phase, imbalanced growth of an intrinsic preferential chiral structure was attained. The preferential chiral handedness of the banana mesophase can be also controlled by the handedness of the twisted configuration.
Volumizing the Glabella and Forehead (2010)

Log in or Register Subscribe to journalSubscribe Get new issue alertsGet alerts Enter your Email address: Wolters Kluwer Health may email you for journal alerts and information, but is committed to maintaining your privacy and will not share your personal information without your express consent. For more information, please refer to our Privacy Policy. Subscribe to eTOC Secondary Logo Journal Logo All Articles Images Videos Podcasts Blogs Advanced Search Toggle navigation Subscribe Register Login Articles & Issues Current IssuePrevious IssuesPublished Ahead-of-PrintSpecial Issues Collections Advancement FlapCartilage GraphCompsite GraphEar ReconstructionEyelid ReconstructionFull Thickness Skin GraphInterpolation FlapLip ReconstructionNasal ALANasal ReconstructionNasal Tip - SidewallPull Through FlapRotation FlapSkin Cancer AwarenessSoft TriangleTransposistion Flap VideosPodcastFor Authors Submit a ManuscriptInformation for AuthorsLanguage Editing ServicesAuthor Permissions Journal Info About the JournalEditorial BoardAbout the societyAdvertisingSubscription ServicesReprintsOpen AccessRights and PermissionsNZSCM Member Info All Articles Images Videos Podcasts Blogs Advanced Search
Pneumocystis (2001)

Abstract Pneumocystis carinii is an opportunistic fungus which causes a type of pneumonia by proliferating extracellularly in the lung alveolus in immunodeficient mammalian hosts, such as patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome and individuals undergoing immunosuppressive treatment for cancer or organ transplant.
Effects of Atmospheric CO2 Enrichment on Photosynthesis, Respiration, and Growth of Sour Orange Trees (1992)

Numerous net photosynthetic and dark respiratory measurements were made over a period of 4 years on leaves of 24 sour orange (Citrus aurantium) trees; 8 of them growing in ambient air at a mean CO(2) concentration of 400 microliters per liter, and 16 growing in air enriched with CO(2) to concentrations approaching 1000 microliters per liter. Over this CO(2) concentration range, net photosynthesis increased linearly with CO(2) by more than 200%, whereas dark respiration decreased linearly to only 20% of its initial value. These results, together with those of a comprehensive fine-root biomass determination and two independent aboveground trunk and branch volume inventories, suggest that a doubling of the air's current mean CO(2) concentration of 360 microliters per liter would enhance the growth of the trees by a factor of 3.8.
Distributed coordination space: Toward a theory of distributed team process and performance (2003)

This paper discusses a theoretical framework designed to elucidate the many issues surrounding distributed team performance, emphasizing how work characteristics associated with such teams may alter both the processes and the products emerging from distributed interaction. It is suggested that distributed team performance can best be understood through conceptualization of a coordination space within which distributed interaction occurs over time and distance. The goal is to take a socio-technical approach to distributed team research so that one can explicate both the cognitive consequences of a lack of co-location as well as the social consequences affecting interaction and team development when work is technology-mediated. The overall objective is to present a framework of 'distributed coordination' such that the principles most appropriate for distributed team performance can be developed.
Ionic basis for the antagonism between adenosine and isoproterenol on isolated mammalian ventricular myocytes. (1984)

We studied the effects of adenosine and isoproterenol on membrane currents of isolated bovine and guinea pig ventricular myocytes with a two-microelectrode voltage clamp technique. Adenosine (50 microM to 0.2 mM) alone had no effect on any of the membrane currents measured, but it antagonized the effects induced by 10 nM isoproterenol. Peak calcium membrane current was augmented by isoproterenol from a control of 4.8 +/- 0.6 to 8.6 +/- 0.8 nA and adenosine reduced it to 5.7 +/- 0.7 nA (mean +/- SEM of six cells). The inactivation time constant was not altered by isoproterenol alone or isoproterenol plus adenosine, and neither was the voltage dependence of peak calcium membrane current. Thus, the changes caused by isoproterenol could be described as an increase in maximal calcium conductance from 0.86 +/- 0.7 to 1.55 +/- 0.04 mS/cm2 and partially antagonized by adenosine to 0.97 +/- 0.04 mS/cm2. Isoproterenol also increased the non-inactivating component of calcium membrane current from 17 +/- 1 to 24 +/- 4%, and adenosine reduced it to 18 +/- 2% (n = 4). The steady state activation and inactivation variables remained unchanged. Consistent with these effects on calcium membrane current, adenosine completely antagonized the isoproterenol-induced increase of the slow action potentials obtained in sodium-free medium. Isoproterenol increased the steady state outward currents at potentials between -90 and -30 mV (i.e., probable iK1). Adenosine alone had no effect on potassium membrane current, but it antagonized the effects of isoproterenol. Slow action potentials in 25 mM potassium were enhanced by isoproterenol, but were only moderately attenuated by adenosine. Accordingly, in 25 mM potassium the isoproterenol-induced changes in membrane currents were not antagonized by adenosine. This lack of inhibition by adenosine of the isoproterenol effects in 25 mM potassium could not be mimicked by 1-minute-long conditioning prepulses to -45 mV. The results indicate that adenosine by itself (absence of isoproterenol) has no effect on maximal calcium conductance, that the isoproterenol-induced increase in cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate, which leads to an increase in maximal calcium conductance, is antagonized by adenosine, and that such action can account for the ability of adenosine to attenuate the stimulatory effects of isoproterenol.
Synthesis and function of polyhydroxyalkanoates in anaerobic syntrophic bacteria (1992)

Anaerobic syntrophic bacteria degrade fatty acids and some aromatic compounds which are important intermediates in the degradation of organic matter in methanogenic environments. Several of the described syntrophic species produce poly-/3-hydroxyalkanoate (PHA) suggesting that the synthesis and use of PHA is important in their physiology. In the fatty acid-degrading, syntrophic bacterium, Syntrophomonas wolfei, PHA is made during exponential phase of growth and used after growth has stopped and substrate levels are low. Altering the carbon to nitrogen ratio of the medium does not affect the amount of PHA made or its monomeric composition. It is hypothesized that PHA serves as an endogenous energy source for syntrophic bacteria when the concentrations of hydrogen or acetate are too high for the degradation of the growth substrate to be thermodynamically favorable. In S.
Applying Power System Stabilizers Part III: Practical Considerations (1981)

The practical considerations associated with applying power system stabilizers are addressed in this final part of the paper. Procedures are described whereby the tuning concepts developed in Part II may be implemented in the field. An approach is described for determining the "plant" characteristics for which a stabilizer must compensate. Guidelines are presented for adjustment of stabilizer parameters, inclduing frequency-response, gain, and output limits. Techniques are described for verification of proper stabilizer set-up.
Isolation of Extrachromosomal Deoxyribonucleic Acids from Extremely Thermophilic Bacteria (1978)

Eight strains of thermophilic bacteria were examined for the presence of covalently closed circular deoxyribonucleic acid molecules by caesium chloride-ethidium bromide density gradient centrifugation. Four of the eight strains tested, Thermus flavus BS1, AT61, AT62 and Thermus thermophilus HB8 carried covalently closed circular DNA molecules. Thermus flavus BS1 haboured two species of plasmids with molecular weights of 6.1 X 10(6) and 17.0 X 10(6) as determined by electron microscopy. Thermus thermophilus HB8, T. flavus AT61 and T. flavus AT62 carried plasmids with molecular weights of 6.2 X 10(6), 6.6 X 10(6) and 6.6 X 10(6), respectively. Plasmids from T. flavus AT61 and AT62 were indistinguishable in their electrophoretic patterns in agarose or acrylamide gel after digestion with various restriction endonucleases. This is the first evidence for the presence of plasmids in extremely thermophilic bacteria, though their functions are unknown.
Indian hedgehog stimulates periarticular chondrocyte differentiation to regulate growth plate length independently of PTHrP (2005)

In the developing growth plate, periarticular chondrocytes proliferate, differentiate into columnar chondrocytes, and then further differentiate into postmitotic hypertrophic chondrocytes. Parathyroid hormone-related (PTH-related) protein (PTHrP), regulated by Indian hedgehog (Ihh), prevents premature hypertrophic differentiation, thereby maintaining the length of columns. Ihh regulates cartilage development through PTHrP-independent pathways as well. Here we show that Ihh stimulates differentiation of periarticular to columnar chondrocytes (periarticular chondrocyte differentiation) and thereby regulates the length of columns independently of PTHrP. Mosaic ablation of the PTH/PTHrP receptor in the growth plate caused upregulation of Ihh action, PTHrP upregulation, acceleration of periarticular chondrocyte differentiation, and elongation of the columnar region. Decreasing Ihh action in these mice reduced elongation of columns, whereas decreasing PTHrP showed only a modest effect on column length. Overexpression of Ihh caused PTHrP upregulation, elongation of columns, and acceleration of periarticular chondrocyte differentiation. PTHrP heterozygosity in this model had a minimal effect on the elongation of columns. Moreover, the elongation of columns and stimulation of periarticular chondrocyte differentiation in these models were still observed when PTHrP signaling was maintained so that it remained constant. These results demonstrate that Ihh acts on periarticular chondrocytes to stimulate their differentiation, thereby regulating the columnar cell mass independently of PTHrP.
4,5-Dihydro-4,5-dihydroxyimidazoles as products of the reduction of 2-nitroimidazoles. HPLC assay and demonstration of equilibrium transfer of glyoxal to guanine (1989)

An HPLC method has been employed to study the electrochemical reduction (mercury cathode at −800 mV with respect to calomel electrode) of the 2-nitroimidazole benznidazole (N′-benzyl-(2′-nitro-1′-imidazoyl)acetamide). The principal product of this reduction is the cyclic guanidinium ion 3c (protonated N′-benzyl-(2′-amino-4′,5′-dihydro-4′,5′-dihydroxy-1-imidazoyl)acetamide), which forms in a linear fashion as the nitroimidazole is reduced and accounts for 75% of the product upon completion of the reduction. To perform the HPLC analysis quantitatively an authentic sample of this product (isolated as cis-trans isomers) was prepared as the sulfate salt through the reaction of N-benzyl-2-guanidinoacetamide sulfate with aqueous glyoxal. The two isomers of 3c arise through the nonreductive decomposition of the 2-hydroxylaminoimidazole, which is the product of a four-electron reduction of the nitroimidazole. Analysis of high field 1 H NMR spectra also showed that the two isomers of 3c were the principal products following electrochemical reduction, neutral aqueous zinc reduction, and radiation chemical reduction. Previous investigations using NMR of the reductions of misonidazole (3-methoxy-1-(2′-nitro-1′-imidazoyl)-2-propanol) and 1-methyl-2-nitroimidazole have shown that the corresponding dihydroimidazoles 3a and 3b are the major products. The agreement of these various NMR and HPLC results suggests that the formation of dihydroimidazoles 3 is a general phenomenon for model reductions of 2-nitroimidazoles in neutral aqueous solution. Previous workers have shown that 2-nitroimidazole reduction mixtures, when treated with guanine derivatives, form the adduct 4 derived from the guanine and glyoxal. This work demonstrates that this adduct is also formed when authentic samples of 3a, 3b, and 3c are reacted with 2′-deoxyguanosine. A quantitative HPLC analysis, however, demonstrates that the reaction does not proceed to completion, and in fact the equilibrium for formation of 4 is unfavorable. This suggests that guanines are not useful derivatizing agents for the quantitative assay of "glyoxal-like" products formed in chemical or biological reductions of 2-nitroimidazoles. Keywords: nitroimidazole, reduction of nitroimidazoles, glyoxal from nitroimidazoles.
Histone deacetylase inhibitors induce caspase‐dependent apoptosis and downregulation of daxx in acute promyelocytic leukaemia with <i>t</i>(15;17) (2001)

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) appears to play an important role in the pathogenesis of acute promyelocytic leukaemia (APL) as it is recruited by both PML-RARalpha and PLZF/RAR alpha in leukaemic cells with t(15;17) and t(11;17) respectively. Recent studies have demonstrated that HDAC inhibitors can be therapeutically used in various neoplastic disorders including APL. Cell differentiation was considered the major mechanism of the anti-leukaemic effects of HDAC inhibitors in APL. However, most of these studies either evaluated the effect of HDAC inhibitors in combination with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) or focused on the less common form of APL with t(11;17). To investigate the cellular effects of HDAC inhibitors, including sodium butyrate, trichostatin A, and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA), we used two APL cell lines, NB4 and the ATRA-resistant derivative NB4.306. Moreover, primary cells from five patients with cytogenetic evidence for t(15;17) were also studied. Our results demonstrated that HDAC inhibitors induce distinct caspase-dependent apoptosis in APL, which showed both concentration-and time-dependence. In addition, changes in the apoptosis-regulatory proteins, daxx, bcl-2 and bax were analysed. HDAC inhibitors induced downregulation of daxx, but no significant changes were detected in bcl-2 or bax. In conclusion, apoptosis induced by HDAC inhibitors in APL could provide an effective strategy for treatment of patients with t(15;17).