gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Co-Gasification of Coal and Biomass in an IGCC Power Plant: Gasifier Modeling (2004)

Co-gasification of coal and biomass in an existing coal-fired IGCC power plant is proposed as an efficient, flexible and environmentally friendly way to increase the biomass contribution to electricity generation. A model of an entrained flow gasifier is described and validated with nearly 3,000 actual steady-state operational data points (4,800 hours). The model is then used to study co-gasification of coal, petroleum coke and up to 10 percent of several types of biomass. As a result, the influence of fuel variations on gasifier performance and modifications in operation that should be made in co-gasification are obtained. A conclusion of our study is that co-gasification is possible provided that operation is properly adapted. A validated model can be very useful for predicting operating points for new fuel mixtures.
The Existence of Imidazoline Corrosion Inhibitors (1985)

Spectroscopic methods, i.e., Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), carbon-13 nuclear magnetic reasonance (13C NMR), and ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy, were used to investigate the actual chemical composition of oilfield corrosion inhibitors. Inhibitor formulations consisting of an amide or imidazoline reacted with a dimer-trimer acid, along with an ethoxylated surfactant and an aromatic solvent, were used for these studies. 13C NMR and FT-IR spectra of these inhibitors, as well as spectra of pure imidazolines, showed that the imidazoline functional group was fairly rapidly hydrolyzed to the amide form. For instance, in FT-IR studies, the imine functional group decreased in intensity as a function of time. Coincident with this was an increase in the intensities of the vibrational resonances attributed to the amide functionality. The relative molar ratio of imidazoline to amide in a corrosion inhibitor could be calculated via UV spectroscopy. Within a 20 day interval after inhibitor synthesis, this ratio decreased by a factor greater than 20. These results, as well as a discussion of their economic impact on oilfield corrosion inhibitor formulation, are presented in this paper.
A SAW-less GSM/GPRS/EDGE receiver embedded in a 65nm CMOS SoC (2011)

Over the last decade, significant progress has been made towards increasing integration and reducing bill of material (BOM) for GSM/GPRS/EDGE cellular systems. In modern cellular phones, transmit SAW filters have been largely eliminated with innovative TX architecture and circuits [1] while receive SAW filters are still present. This remains as one of the few bottlenecks in achieving a true low-cost single-chip solution which offers a genuine advantage for high-volume applications. The main challenges of eliminating SAW-based bandpass filters from multiband 2G/2.5G receivers lie in noise-figure (NF) degradation and gain desensitization induced by OdBm blockers at merely 20MHz away from the 99dBm in-band signal at GSM850/900 band. Furthermore, these unfiltered inter ferers cause a strong reciprocal mixing effect and result in additional SNR degra dation. Therefore, a SAW-less RX is required to have an extremely high dynam ic range while maintaining best-in-class NF, LO wideband phase noise (PN) and spur performance. In this paper, a receiver embedded in a single-chip quad-band GSM SoC imple mented in 65nm CMOS technology is presented.
EndothelinA–EndothelinB Receptor Cross Talk in Endothelin-1–Induced Contraction of Smooth Muscle (2012)

The efficacy of selective endothelin (ET) receptor antagonists may be limited by a functional interaction between the ET(A) and ET(B) receptors. This interaction, also termed "cross talk", is characterized by the dependency of the inhibition of an ET-1 response due to antagonism of one ET receptor subtype upon concomitant antagonism of the other ET receptor subtype. Although a reduction in ET(A)-ET(B) receptor cross talk would presumably increase the efficacy of selective ET receptor antagonists, an approach that accomplishes this aim is largely absent due to a lack of mechanistic understanding. Toward this goal, we evaluated the characteristics and potential dependencies of cross talk in smooth muscle. Smooth muscle was adopted as an exemplar not only because cross talk is widely reported in this tissue type, thereby allowing numerous comparisons, but also significant controversy surrounds the use of selective versus nonselective ET receptor antagonists in ET-1-related pathophysiologies involving smooth muscle. Based on this evaluation, we suggest that ET(A)-ET(B) receptor cross talk is a dynamic process directed by either or both ET receptor subtypes and expressed to varying magnitudes depending on the ET-1 and selective ET receptor antagonist concentrations, tone due to intraluminal pressure/stretch, agonists acting at receptors other than the ET(A)/ET(B) receptors, and endothelial/epithelial function. It is speculated that ET(A)-ET(B) receptor cross talk occurs through signal transduction pathways along with changes at the receptor level. Pharmacologic intervention of the signaling pathways could increase the therapeutic efficacy of ET receptor antagonists.
Broadband element for high-gain single-layer printed reflectarray antenna (2007)

The design of a broadband reflectarray exploiting a non-conventional shape radiating element to assure a large gain bandwidth is proposed. The element shape presents sufficient degrees of freedom to compensate for the frequency variation of the differential spatial phase delay even when single-layer printed patches are employed.
Live single‐cell video‐mass spectrometry for cellular and subcellular molecular detection and cell classification (2008)

Abstract The molecular content from the cytoplasm of a live, single mammalian cell and its organelle were trapped with a nano‐electrospray ionization (ESI) tip acting as a micropipette under a video microscope, and hundreds of small molecular peaks were detected by direct nano‐ESI mass spectrometry (MS). Granule‐ or cytoplasm‐specific peaks in a mast cell (RBL 2H3) model were extracted by paired t ‐test to demonstrate their specific localization. Some of the typical and specific molecules were successfully identified by MS/MS analysis. This method was also applied to the cell classification of seven types of cell lines at the single‐cellular level by principal component analysis (PCA), revealing seven clusters in the multivariate score plot. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ionic electroactive polymer artificial muscles in space applications (2014)

A large-scale effort was carried out to test the performance of seven types of ionic electroactive polymer (IEAP) actuators in space-hazardous environmental factors in laboratory conditions. The results substantiate that the IEAP materials are tolerant to long-term freezing and vacuum environments as well as ionizing Gamma-, X-ray, and UV radiation at the levels corresponding to low Earth orbit (LEO) conditions. The main aim of this material behaviour investigation is to understand and predict device service time for prolonged exposure to space environment.
An Experimental Examination of Alternative Forms of Web Assurance for Business-to-Consumer e-Commerce (2002)

This study reports the results of an experiment that examined alternative forms of web assurance for “B2C” e-commerce. Specifically, using a repeated measures design, variations in purchase intent were examined across four within-subjects web site conditions (two MP3 players and two digital cameras from different web sites) and five between-subjects assurance conditions (undirected or directed retailer disclosures, VISA, TRUSTe, and WebTrust™). The effects of assurance (present vs. absent) on purchase intent were studied relative to the roles of retailer disclosures, information risk (security, disclosure, and product risk), and familiarity (with the retailer and product). Control variables encompassing previous Internet and online purchase experiences, general intent to buy online, and web site design were also incorporated in the study. No differences in intent to purchase were found for the three assurance conditions and they were combined for further data analysis. Results indicate that higher intent to purchase is associated only with web assurance when consumers did not observe retailer disclosures and product familiarity was lower. When consumers did observe retailer disclosures, intent to purchase was not significantly associated with web assurance. Results also indicate that familiarity with vendor and information risk were not associated with intent to purchase. However, several of the control variables, including comfort with the Internet, general intent to buy online, and web site design, were significantly associated with higher intent to purchase.
Synthesis and Properties of Anionic Surfactants Containing Oxyethylene Group or/and Branched Tail (2011)

Using Guerbet tetradecyl alcohol C14GA (synthesized by Guerbet reaction using 1-heptanol as raw material) as intermediate, sodium Guerbet tetradecyl polyoxyethylene ether sulfates [C14GA(EO)nS, n = 1, 2, 4] were obtained through following steps: synthesizing Guerbet tetradecyl polyoxyethylene ether alcohols [C14GA(EO)nH, n = 1, 2, 4] by Williamson reaction, then esterifying with chlorosulfonic acid so as to form Guerbet tetradecyl polyoxyethylene ether alcohol sulfates [C14GA(EO)nSO3H, n = 1, 2, 4], and finally neutralizing with sodium hydroxide; while sodium Guerbet tetradecyl sulfate(C14GAS) was synthesized only through esterifying and neutralizing reactions. The structures of these anionic surfactants were determined by infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and element analysis. The surface activity of these surfactants was studied by means of surface tension. The results have shown that these surfactants possess higher surface activity than the common surfactant C12H25OSO3Na. Branched-tail structure coming from Guerbet alcohol makes the anionic surfactant (C14GAS) have higher critical micelle concentration (CMC) and better effectiveness in lowering the interface tension between air and water than their linear counterpart (C14H29OSO3Na). Introducing oxyethyene group into the place between head group and tail group of the surfactant molecule with branched tail can lower the CMC, γcmc, and Krafft point. And the effectiveness for reducing the CMC, γcmc, Γmax, and Krafft point of surfactant increased with the increase of oxyethylene group number (n = 1, 2, 4). The relationship between the molecular structure and surface activity of surfactant is discussed.
Fibrin‐modifying serine proteases thrombin, tPA, and plasmin in ischemic stroke: A review (2005)

Ischemic stroke is a sudden loss of circulation to a portion of the brain that results in a loss of neurologic function. Many ischemic strokes are embolic. They result from a thrombus traveling into the central circulation and occluding a blood vessel. Treatment of ischemic stroke with recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) can improve patient outcomes. However, tPA must be used during a specific time window after the stroke onset to be effective and it risks converting an ischemic stroke into a hemorrhagic one. We explore the basic effects of fibrin-modifying proteases on neurons, astrocytes, and microglia during ischemia. tPA, thrombin, and plasmin can initiate microglial activation and change both neuronal and astrocytic survival. As a result of these functions and of their role in blood homeostasis, all three of these proteases have profound effects on neurons and glial cells in the brain and are capable of altering the development and severity of ischemic stroke.
Ataxia‐telangiectasia, cancer and the pathobiology of the <i>ATM</i> gene (1999)

Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a pleiotropic inherited disease characterized by neurodegeneration, cancer, immunodeficiencies, radiation sensitivity, and genetic instability. Although A-T homozygotes are rare, the A-T gene may play a role in sporadic breast cancer and leukemia. ATM, the gene responsible for A-T, is homologous to several cell cycle checkpoint genes from other organisms. ATM is thought to play a crucial role in a signal transduction network that modulates cell cycle checkpoints, genetic recombination, apoptosis, and other cellular responses to DNA damage. New insights into the pathobiology of A-T have been provided by the creation of Atm-/- mice and by in vitro studies of ATM function. Analyses of ATM mutations in A-T patients and in sporadic tumors suggest the existence of two classes of ATM mutation: null mutations that lead to A-T and dominant negative missense mutations that may predispose to cancer in the heterozygous state.
Applications of Molybdenum Utilized in Sensing Devices (2014)

Peroxide-based explosives such as TATP and HMTD have been used in numerous terrorist attacks worldwide and, even in Oklahoma, people have been injured and killed by these dangerous explosives. There have also been attempts to smuggle ingredients for peroxide-based explosives onto aircraft to produce bombs during flights. A cost effective, and quick method for detecting peroxide based explosives was developed that utilizes the dramatic color change from blue to white when Mo(V) centers in molybdenum bronzes react with peroxides. In this thesis two mechanisms are discussed by which this process takes place. One which utilizes molybdenum trioxide with butanol as the solvent. The 2nd method in this thesis is a reduction of molybdenum trioxide by aqueous sodium gluconate in a one-pot synthesis of a dark blue ink that is sensitive to H2O2. This ink can be used to produce test strips that can detect H2O2 at concentrations as little as 206 ppm, well below the concentration that it would actually take to make an effective explosive.
Bicycle Detection and Operational Concept at Signalized Intersections (2009)

In support of efforts to improve traffic signal timing to accommodate the needs of bicyclists, observations have been made of the timing of bicyclists’ intersection crossing maneuvers. Video recordings were made of bicyclists’ crossings and the video images were processed to extract the bicyclists’ trajectories. These were synchronized with video images of the traffic signals so that the timing of the bicyclists’ maneuvers could be determined relative to the signal phase. The processed data have yielded cumulative distributions of the crossing speeds of bicyclists who did not have to stop at the intersection and the start-up times and final crossing speeds of the bicyclists who had to cross from a standing start. A unique feature of these data is the timing information relative to the traffic signal, which will be essential for determining signal phase durations. The sensitivity of the bicycling performance measures to differences between the data collection sites indicates the desirability of collecting such data under a wider range of conditions.
Nonlinear dynamics of zigzag molecular chains (1999)

Nonlinear, collective, soliton type excitations in zigzag molecular chains are analyzed. It is shown that the non-linear dynamics of a chain dramatically changes in passing from the one-dimensional linear chain to the more realistic planar zigzag model — due, in particular, to the geometry-dependent anharmonism that comes into the picture. The existence or otherwise of solitons is determined in this case by the interplay between the geometrical anharmonism and the physical anharmonism of the interstitial interaction, of opposite signs. The nonlinear dynamic analysis of the three most typical zigzag models (two-dimensional alpha-spiral, polyethylene transzigzag backbone, and the zigzag chain of hydrogen bonds) shows that the zigzag structure essentially limits the soliton dynamics to finite, relatively narrow, supersonic soliton velocity intervals and may also result in that several acoustic soliton types (such as extension and compression varieties) develop simultaneously in the chain. Accordingly, the inclusion of chain geometry is necessary if physical phenomena are to be described in terms of solitary waves.
Getting Started with Drupal Commerce (2013)

A simple yet concise step-by-step tutorial that starts from scratch and builds up your knowledge with focused examples that will enable you to set up and run an e-commerce website.This book is for beginners and will take you through the installation and configuration of Drupal Commerce from scratch, but some familiarity with Drupal 7 will be an advantage. All examples are based on development on a local computer - you do not need a hosted Drupal environment.
Self-attention Aligner: A Latency-control End-to-end Model for ASR Using Self-attention Network and Chunk-hopping (2019)

Self-attention network, an attention-based feedforward neural network, has recently shown the potential to replace recurrent neural networks (RNNs) in a variety of NLP tasks. However, it is not clear if the self-attention network could be a good alternative of RNNs in automatic speech recognition (ASR), which processes the longer speech sequences and may have online recognition requirements. In this paper, we present a RNN-free end-to-end model: self-attention aligner (SAA), which applies the self-attention networks to a simplified recurrent neural aligner (RNA) framework. We also propose a chunk-hopping mechanism, which enables the SAA model to encode on segmented frame chunks one after another to support online recognition. Experiments on two Mandarin ASR datasets show the replacement of RNNs by the self-attention networks yields a 8.4%-10.2% relative character error rate (CER) reduction. In addition, the chunk-hopping mechanism allows the SAA to have only a 2.5% relative CER degradation with a 320ms latency. After jointly training with a self-attention network language model, our SAA model obtains further error rate reduction on multiple datasets. Especially, it achieves 24.12% CER on the Mandarin ASR benchmark (HKUST), exceeding the best end-to-end model by over 2% absolute CER.
The informed traveller: a case study in building Internet brokering services (2003)

In traditional commerce, brokers act as middlemen between customers and providers, aggregating, repackaging and adding value to products, services or information. In today's World Wide Web, such services are generally lacking, with the result that individuals are forced to manually discover, collate and analyse information to meet their needs. This paper begins by presenting the design and implementation of a travel-planning brokering system which provides a combined travel timetable service using information gleaned from existing Web services. The aim of this prototype was to gain experience as to the needs of Internet brokering systems in general. The lessons learned from the exercise have led to the design of a generic brokering framework, known as Metabroker. The framework provides commonly required functionality and support for popular communication protocols and data formats. Specialist brokers are then created by populating the base framework with the necessary business logic, in the form of workflows, to support the area of speciality of the broker. Our design integrates distributed object, metadata, workflow and object database technologies.
Energetic Polymers: Binders and Plasticizers for Enhancing Performance (2012)

POLYMERS AS BINDERS AND PLASTICIZERS - HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Nitrocellulose Polyslfides Polybutadienes (PBAA, PBAN, and CTPB) Polyurethanes Hydroxy Terminated Polybutadiene Explosive Binders Thermoplastic Elastomers Energetic Polymers (Other Than NC) as Binders Energetic Polymer Plasticizers HIGH NITROGEN CONTENT POLYMERS Introduction Preparation of Energetic Azido Polymers Physical Properties of Azido Polymers Curing of Azido Polymers Curing of Azido Polymers by Dipolarophiles Thermal Decomposition Characteristics of Azido Polymers Combustion of Azido Polymers Thermal Decomposition and Combustion of Energetic Formulations with Azido Polymers Performance of Azido Polymer-Based Propellants Azido Polymers as Explosive Binders Tetrazole Polymers and Their Salts N-N Bonded Epoxy Binders NITRO POLYMERS AS ENERGETIC BINDERS Introduction Preparation of Nitropolymers Thermal Decomposition Behavior of Nitropolymers Combustion of Nitrate Ester Polymers and Propellants Nitropolymer-Based Explosive Compositions ENERGETIC THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS Introduction Preparation of Energetic Thermoplastic Elastomers Thermal Decomposition and Combustion of ETPEs Performance of ETPE Based Propellant Formulations Melt-Cast Explosives Based on ETPEs ETPE Based Polymer Nanocomposites FLUOROPOLYMERS AS BINDERS Introduction Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) Copolymers of Tetrafluoroethylene Energetic Polymers Containing Fluorine Miscellaneous Energetic Fluoropolymers PBX Formulations with Fluoropolymers ENERGETIC PLASTICIZERS FOR HIGHER PERFORMANCE Introduction Energetic Plasticizers Based on Azido Compounds Performance of Propellant Formulations Containing Azido Plasticizers Nitrate Ester Plasticizers Nitrate Ester Oligomers as Energetic Plasticizers Miscellaneous Plasticizers Based on Nitro-Groups APPLICATION OF COMPUTATIONAL TECHNIQUES TO ENERGETIC POLYMERS AND ITS FORMULATIONS Introduction Overview of Computational Techniques Application of Computational Modeling Techniques to Energetic Polymer Formulations Future Outlook
Laparoscopic repair of complicated umbilical hernia with Strattice Laparoscopic™ reconstructive tissue matrix (2014)

Laparoscopic suture repair reinforced with biologic dermal tissue matrix was successfully performed during a complex hernia repair.
MU6V (1985)

MU6V is a parallel vector processing system in which a linear set of processors, each capable of both vector and scalar operations, is interconnected by a common communication highway. Memory is fully distributed among the processors and interprocessor communication occurs by means of global broadcasts controlled in hardware by a data driven synchronization mechanism. A prototype model based on 68000 microprocessors, in which vector orders are emulated as "extracodes", has been constructed. A host machine provides a software support environment and a run-time system in the prototype provides diagnostic information. Programming language features have been designed to exploit this configuration and an example algorithm is presented.
Fitness-distance-ratio based particle swarm optimization (2004)

This paper presents a modification of the particle swarm optimization algorithm (PSO) intended to combat the problem of premature convergence observed in many applications of PSO. The proposed new algorithm moves particles towards nearby particles of higher fitness, instead of attracting each particle towards just the best position discovered so far by any particle. This is accomplished by using the ratio of the relative fitness and the distance of other particles to determine the direction in which each component of the particle position needs to be changed. The resulting algorithm (FDR-PSO) is shown to perform significantly better than the original PSO algorithm and some of its variants, on many different benchmark optimization problems. Empirical examination of the evolution of the particles demonstrates that the convergence of the algorithm does not occur at an early phase of particle evolution, unlike PSO. Avoiding premature convergence allows FDR-PSO to continue search for global optima in difficult multimodal optimization problems.