gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low‐Temperature Atomic Layer Deposition of Tungsten using Tungsten Hexafluoride and Highly‐diluted Silane in Argon (2013)

Abstract Inherent chemical hazards in atomic layer deposition (ALD) processes can be mitigated significantly by careful selection of precursor materials. This work describes the effect of silane (SiH 4 ) exposure on tungsten ALD growth when the silane is heavily diluted (2 at.‐%) in argon. A wide ALD temperature window from 200 to ∼300°C is identified, exhibiting a growth rate of between 5 and 6 Å per ALD cycle using SiH 4 and tungsten hexafluoride (WF 6 ) exposures of ∼6 × 10 5 and ∼5 × 10 5 Langmuirs (L), respectively. For deposition at lower temperature (150°C), growth rates of ∼4.5 Å per cycle are obtained using a silane exposure of 30 s per cycle, where the partial pressure of silane at the inlet is controlled at 40 mTorr (corresponding to 1.2 × 10 6 L of silane). Compositional analysis by secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) show less than ∼5 at.‐% Si in the W films, with the smallest Si content in films deposited at 300°C. We also describe effects of hot‐wall reactor preconditioning on film growth. We conclude that the dilute silane co‐reactant offers an alternative to the common disilane, borosilane, or undiluted silane precursors, allowing well‐controlled W deposition at 150°C.
국내 장애학생의 협동학습에 대한 연구 동향 분석 - 2000년에서 2009년까지 - (2011)

본 연구에서는 장애학생을 대상으로 이루어진 최근 10년간 협동학습 중재연구의 경향을 살펴보고, 연구의 특징과 효과성을 탐색하였다. 대상 연구들은 연구대상자, 연구대상자 선별도구, 연구교과, 연구설계, 중재정보, 효과 측정도구 측면으로 구분하여 분석하였다. 분석결과, 최근 10년간 학술지에 실린 장애학생 대상 협동학습 중재연구는 23편으로 일반교육에 비해 매우 제한적으로 나타났다. 그러나 중재 효과는 학업적인 측면은 물론 문제행동, 사회적 기술, 학습에 대한 태도, 동료학습자에 대한 태도 등 다양한 영역에서 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 중재 연구 수행의 엄밀성에 대해서는 많은 개선이 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 결과를 중심으로 추후 협동학습 연구방향과 개선 과제에 대해 논의하였다.
FORMATION OF MAGNETITE FINE PARTICLES BY CHEMICAL ABSORPTION INTO AQUEOUS SUSPENSIONS OF FERROUS HYDROXIDE (1989)

Abstract The formation of magnetite particles by oxidation of aqueous suspensions of Fe(OH)2 with dissolved oxygen has been found to be composed of (I) the formation step of ferric hydroxo-complex by oxidation of FeOH' ion in the liquid film around the gas bubble, and (ii) the formation step of magnetite by the coprecipitation of FeOH+ and ferric hydroxo-complex in the thin layer adjacent to the Fe(OH)2 particle in the bulk of suspension medium. The oxidation reaction rate can be expressed apparently by zero-order with respect to the content of total Fe(II) and by first-order with respect to the concentration of dissolved oxygen up to the fractional oxidation of 0.9.Only octahedral particles whose size ranges from O.14μm to 0.20 μmare formed so long as the oxidation reaction finishes within 50 min. When the reaction completion time becomes longer than about 90 min, almost particles are of cubic shape with a mean size of about 0.20 fim. KEYWORDS: MagnetiteFerric hydroxo-complexSize and shape control Notes To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Characterizing the performance of beamforming WiFi access points (2014)

Recently beamforming WiFi access points (APs) have been commercially available from multiple vendors. The promise of beamforming APs is the enhanced range and data transmission rate, albeit at a premium price for the AP which can be an order of magnitude more expensive than regular omnidirectional APs. In this work, through live measurements, we study the throughput performance of beamforming APs and compare it with that of regular omnidirectional APs. We consider two systems with multiple WiFi clients and: 1) a single expensive beamforming AP, and 2) multiple low-cost omnidirectional APs. We find that while in some situations the beamforming AP outperforms multiple regular APs when downloading data, in other scenarios typical of home and office use, multiple regular APs results in higher throughput and service quality. Moreover, multiple regular APs always outperforms the beamforming AP when uploading data.
Reduction of the 1,3-dithiolium cation with hexacarbonylvanadate(1-) (1975)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReduction of the 1,3-dithiolium cation with hexacarbonylvanadate(1-)A. R. Siedle and R. B. JohannesenCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1975, 40, 13, 2002–2003Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1975Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1975https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00901a032https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00901a032research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views138Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Benchmarking Image Retrieval Applications (2004)

Content–based visual information retrieval is an important research topic in the computer vision field sind the early 1990s. A large number of systems have been developed as research prototypes as well as commercial and open source systems. Still, there has not been a general breakthrough in performance yet and important real–world application stay fairly rare. The very large amount of available multimedia information creates a need to develop new tools to explore and retrieve within mixed media databases. The replacement of analog films by digital consumer cameras and the increasing digitisation in several fields such as medicine will still increase this need. One of the reasons for the impossibility to show an increase in performance is the simple fact that there is no standard for evaluating the performance of systems. In the last years a rising number of proposals have been made on how to evaluate or not to evaluate the performance of visual information retrieval systems which underlines the importance of the issue. Several benchmarking events such as the Benchathlon, TRECVID and imageCLEF have been started, with varying success. This article described mainly the work of the University of Geneva on benchmarking of visual information retrieval systems. A special emphasis will be on the Benchathlon and imageCLEF evaluation events and their methodology and outcome. 1.
Effects of perfluorochemical on phagocytic function of leukocytes (1983)

Oxygen-carrying perfluorochemical emulsions may become useful for transfusions when red cells cannot be used. Since accumulation of perfluorochemicals in reticuloendothelial cells has been demonstrated, we tested the phagocytic function of monocytes and neutrophils in rabbit and human blood exposed in vivo and in vitro, respectively, to perfluorotributylamine (Oxypherol) a perfluorochemical blood substitute. Neutrophil and monocyte phagocytosis was assessed by determining the uptake of serum-coated fluorescent beads by monocytes and neutrophils in whole blood. Morphologic changes were assessed by electron microscopy. The phagocytic activity of monocytes and neutrophils in the blood of four rabbits injected 4 hours earlier with 70 to 85 ml of Oxypherol (28 ml/kg) was depressed by 87 +/- 1.0 percent. Neutrophils in this blood showed morphological alterations characterized by swelling and extensive vacuole formation. Similar changes were found in neutrophils and monocytes of human blood incubated with Oxypherol (10-50%, V/V) at 37 degrees C for 1 hour. The phagocytic activity of human neutrophils and monocytes exposed to 20 percent, V/V Oxypherol was depressed by 35 +/- 9.9 percent. We conclude that caution should be exercised when administering perfluorochemical blood substitutes in patients exposed or at risk of infection.
Ultrastructural Study of the Behavior of Macrophages Toward Parasitic Mycobacteria (1972)

Mycobacterium lepraemurium and M. microti (causal agent of vole tuberculosis) were isolated from tissues of experimentally infected mice and used to infect normal mouse peritoneal macrophage cultures. The cellular response to these bacteria up to 4 days after infection was studied quantitatively by electron microscopy. Prelabeling with ferritin was used to facilitate observation of fusion between secondary lysosomes in the cells and phagosomes containing the bacteria. All bacteria were intraphagosomal, and a high proportion of them was morphologically "intact." Nearly all phagosomes containing morphologically damaged (presumed nonviable) bacteria also contained ferritin, having fused with secondary lysosomes. Fusion of lysosomes had also occurred with most phagosomes containing intact M. lepraemurium but was infrequent with phagosomes containing intact M. microti. This tendency of multiplying mycobacteria of the tubercle type to avoid contact with lysosomal contents has already been reported for M. tuberculosis strain H37Rv. The different intracellular circumstances of the parasites may reflect different means of intracellular survival.
VEGFR1 Activity Modulates Myeloid Cell Infiltration in Growing Lung Metastases but Is Not Required for Spontaneous Metastasis Formation (2009)

The role of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1/Flt1) in tumor metastasis remains incompletely characterized. Recent reports suggested that blocking VEGFR1 activity or the interaction with its ligands (VEGF and PlGF) has anti-tumor effects. Moreover, several studies showed that VEGFR1 mediates tumor progression to distant metastasis. All these effects may be exerted indirectly by recruitment of bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs), such as myeloid cells. We investigated the role of VEGFR1 activity in BMDCs during the pre-metastatic phase, i.e., prior to metastatic nodule formation in mice after surgical removal of the primary tumor. Using pharmacologic blockade or genetic deletion of the tyrosine kinase domain of VEGFR1, we demonstrate that VEGFR1 activity is not required for the infiltration of de novo myeloid BMDCs in the pre-metastatic lungs in two tumor models and in two mouse models. Moreover, in line with emerging clinical observations, we show that blockade of VEGFR1 activity neither prevents nor changes the rate of spontaneous metastasis formation after primary tumor removal. Prevention of metastasis will require further identification and exploration of cellular and molecular pathways that mediate the priming of the metastatic soil.
Molecular cloning of a putative tetrodotoxin-resistant rat heart Na+ channel isoform. (1989)

Voltage-gated Na+ channels in mammalian heart differ from those in nerve and skeletal muscle. One major difference is that tetrodotoxin (TTX)-resistant cardiac Na+ channels are blocked by 1-10 microM TTX, whereas TTX-sensitive nerve Na+ channels are blocked by nanomolar TTX concentrations. We constructed a cDNA library from 6-day-old rat hearts, where only low-affinity [3H]saxitoxin receptors, corresponding to TTX-resistant Na+ channels, were detected. We isolated several overlapping cDNA clones encompassing 7542 nucleotides and encoding the entire alpha subunit of a cardiac-specific Na+ channel isoform (designated rat heart I) as well as several rat brain I Na+ channel cDNA clones. The derived amino acid sequence of rat heart I was highly homologous to, but distinct from, previous Na+ channel clones. RNase protection studies showed that the corresponding mRNA species is abundant in newborn and adult rat hearts, but not detectable in brain or innervated skeletal muscle. The same mRNA species appears upon denervation of skeletal muscle, likely accounting for expression of new TTX-resistant Na+ channels. Thus, this cardiac-specific Na+ channel clone appears to encode a distinct TTX-resistant isoform and is another member of the mammalian Na+ channel multigene family, found in newborn heart and denervated skeletal muscles.
Liquid-crystalline elastomer micropillar array for haptic actuation (2013)

A new liquid-crystalline elastomer-based micropillar array with pushing properties is obtained by the two-step crosslinking process, where the micropillars are oriented by uniaxial compression before the final curing. This orientation process allows the formation of a two-dimensional prolate polydomain conformation of the polymer backbone and the mesogens, and opens huge opportunities for the use of liquid-crystalline elastomers in microsystems and haptic applications.
Programmable magnetoinductive devices (2016)

A design for a programmable magnetoinductive waveguide where the impedance of each cell can be set to one of two values by an electronic signal is presented. A 1D magnetoinductive waveguide using such cells is verified experimentally and used to demonstrate an electronically programmable transfer function. Extension of the concept to 2D devices and creating programmable RF systems is discussed.
Wildcard Rules Caching and Cache Replacement Algorithms in Software-Defined Networking (2016)

In software-defined networking, flow tables of OpenFlow switches are implemented by ternary content addressable memory (TCAM). Although TCAM can process input packets in high speed, it is a scarce and expensive resource providing only a few thousands of rule entries on a network switch. Rules caching is a technique to solve the TCAM capacity problem. However, the rule dependency problem is a challenging issue for wildcard rules caching where packets can mismatch rules. In this paper, we use a cover-set approach to solve the rule dependency problem and cache important rules to TCAM. We also propose a rule cache replacement algorithm considering the temporal and spatial traffic localities. Simulation results show that our algorithms have better cache hit ratio than previous works.
Cross-reactive surface antigens on three stages of<i>Brugia malayi</i>,<i>B. pahangi</i>and<i>B. timori</i> (1983)

Surface antigens of three stages of three species of the filarial nematode genus Brugia have been analysed by radio-iodination and immunoprecipitation. These surface antigens have been shown to be characteristic for each stage by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. For example, infective larvae and adult worms have relatively complex patterns while microfilariae have few bands which are not found when other stages are radio-isotope labelled by the same technique. The surface antigens of Brugia malayi, B. timori and B. pahangi adult worms are all closely homologous, as are the surface antigens of infective larvae of the same three species, and of microfilariae of B. malayi and B. pahangi. Immunoprecipitation revealed that antibody raised in mice against one stage or species reacted with surface antigens from other stages and species. For example, sera raised against B. pahangi male adults reacted strongly with surface antigens from all three species. This cross-reactivity was dominant despite the apparent stage-specificity of the surface pattern seen on SDS-PAGE analysis. Moreover, in cross-immunization experiments, infective larvae were able to stimulate a secondary antibody response in mice previously primed with microfilarial surface antigens. The major microfilarial surface antigens (of mol. wt 65-70 000 Daltons) were recognized by serum antibody from microfilariae-, infective larvae- or adult-infected animals. Thus, although the dominant antigens from each stage are of different molecular weight, cross-reactions with stage-specific antisera suggest that there must be shared epitopes on Brugia surface antigens from each stage. Such shared antigenic determinants dominate the immune response, although other evidence, including the differences in molecular weight, indicates the existence of stage- and species-specific components.
G protein-coupled receptors in HIV and SIV entry: New perspectives on lentivirus–host interactions and on the utility of animal models (1998)

Entry of primate lentiviruses into target cells has recently been shown to depend upon the interaction of the viral envelope glycoprotein with CD4 and one or more members of the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family of transmembrane proteins. In vivo, the transmission of HIV-1 infection generally requires viral strains that utilise chemokine recep- tor CCR5, and these strains prevail during the early course of infection. Strains isolated later, in the course of progression to immunodeficiency, are often CXCR4-tropic or are dual tropic for both chemokine receptors. SIV isolates also use CCR5 but are only rarely specific for CXCR4. Instead, SIVs use two orphan members of the GPCR family, named Bonzo/STRL33/TYMSTR and BOB/GPR15. Strains of HIV-2, which are closely related to the SIVs, also often utilise CXCR4, CCR5, BOB and/or Bonzo. Additional GPCR family members have also been shown to be utilised by various strains of HIV and SIV, albeit less efficiently and less frequently. Here we discuss the potential relationship between receptor specificity and viral pathogenesis as well as efforts to develop animal model systems to study the mechanism of disease progression.
A SENSITIVE BIOASSAY OF PARATHYROID HORMONE IN PLASMA (1978)

Understanding of calcium metabolism in health and disease has been retarded by the lack of an adequately sensitive bioassay of parathyroid hormone. The problem of dissociation of bioactivity and immunoactivity, well recognized for other polypeptide hormones, is exaggerated in the case of parathyroid hormone by the disproportionately long half-time in the circulation of the immunoreactive fragments. A new method of assaying the biological activity of parathyroid hormone in plasma has been developed, based on the cytochemical methods which have yielded highly sensitive bioassays of other polypeptide hormones. It depends on the stimulation of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in the distal convoluted tubules of segments of guinea-pig kidney maintained in vitro, and measured by microdensitometry. The limit of sensitivity of the assay is 5 fh/ml (bPTH); the index of precision is 0.09 +/- 0.04 (mean +/- SEM; n = 11).
Synthesis of (trimethylsilyl)thiazoles and reactions with carbonyl compounds. Selectivity aspects and synthetic utility (1988)

Synthetic routes to all possible regioisomeric mono- and bis(trimethylsilyl)thiazoles as well as to the tris-(trimethylsilyl) derivative via lithiation-silylation sequences of the thiazole ring followed by selective protodesilylation in some cases are described. (Trimethylsilyl)thiazoles serve as thiazolyl donor synthons upon reaction with carbonyl compounds (ketenes, acyl chlorides, aldehydes) for the preparation of mono- and bis-substituted thiazoles in very good yields. Carbodesilylation occurs more readily at the 2- than the 5-position, whereas no reaction takes place at the 4-position. A mechanism via a thiazolium 2-ylide as an intermediate is suggested for the carbodesilylation at the 2-position. © 1988, American Chemical Society. All rights reserved.
High efficiency operation of butt joint line-defect-waveguide microlaser in two-dimensional photonic crystal slab (2008)

Butt joint line-defect-waveguide microlasers are demonstrated on photonic crystal slabs with airholes in a triangular lattice. Such microlaser is designed to increase the output power from the waveguide edge directly. The output power is remarkably enhanced to 214 times higher by introducing chirped structure in the output waveguide. The lasing mode operates in the linear dispersion region of the output waveguide so that the absorption loss due to the band-edge effect is reduced. The laser resonance is illustrated theoretically using the finite difference time domain method. A practical high power efficiency of 20% is obtained in this microlaser.
The effect of crown gall upon a young apple orchard (1919)

This bulletin contains a record of progress in a study of the effect of crown gall upon an apple orchard from the time it is set out until it becomes of bearing age. The relative influence of various types of galls upon the annual growth of the trees has been considered and some data have been gathered on the amount and position of the galls in relation to the growth and percentage of stand in the orchard. Also, the susceptibility of certain kinds of apple trees to crown gall after they have been planted in the orchard, and the persistence of crown gall on infected trees have been noted.
Environmental Correlates of Resident Agitation in Alzheimer's Disease Special Care Units (1998)

While the prevalence of agitation tends to increase as Alzheimer's disease progresses, modifiable treatment factors appear to have a strong influence on the prevalence of agitation. Both physical design and staff treatment appear to influence agitation rates, as do some measures consistent with a low stimulus approach to Alzheimer's care.
Urban Bus Application of a Ceramic Fiber Coil Particulate Trap (1987)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Some 50 Mercedes-Benz urban buses have been equipped with a newly developed trap oxidizer system, and are being used for regular line service by Public Transport Authorities in about 30 German cities (<span class="xref">1</span>)<span class="xref">*</span>. This field test is intended to validate the in-service durability and useful life of particulate traps for heavy-duty vehicle application.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The test program is being conducted solely for the purpose of investigating the potential of the ceramic fiber coil trap (<span class="xref">2</span>). Oxidant-induced regeneration (<span class="xref">3</span>) is utilized only as a research technique for permitting trap testing in the vehicle. The results obtained from this test program should not be considered as demonstrating the feasibility of this type of regeneration method for future commercial use.</div>
Reversible Trap−Release of CO<sub>2</sub> by Polymers Bearing DBU and DBN Moieties (2008)

Copolymers bearing DBU (1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene) and DBN (1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]non-5-ene) moieties fixed carbon dioxide under atmospheric pressure. The copolymers bearing DBN moieties fixed carbon dioxide faster than those bearing DBU moieties owing to the lower steric hindrance around the imine structure. These copolymers held trapped CO2 under a N2 flow at 25 °C, whereas the corresponding low-molecular weight amidines release trapped CO2 under the same conditions. The trapped CO2 in the copolymers was quantitatively released by a N2 flow at 120 °C. The CO2 trapping efficiency of a copolymer bearing DBN moieties is competitive with that of an amidine-containing polymer, whereas the preparative method for the copolymer bearing DBN is easier. The higher CO2 trapping abilities of the DBN derivatives were supported by computational calculation.