gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Composition and fate of gas and oil released to the water column during the <i>Deepwater Horizon</i> oil spill (2011)

Quantitative information regarding the endmember composition of the gas and oil that flowed from the Macondo well during the Deepwater Horizon oil spill is essential for determining the oil flow rate, total oil volume released, and trajectories and fates of hydrocarbon components in the marine environment. Using isobaric gas-tight samplers, we collected discrete samples directly above the Macondo well on June 21, 2010, and analyzed the gas and oil. We found that the fluids flowing from the Macondo well had a gas-to-oil ratio of 1,600 standard cubic feet per petroleum barrel. Based on the measured endmember gas-to-oil ratio and the Federally estimated net liquid oil release of 4.1 million barrels, the total amount of C(1)-C(5) hydrocarbons released to the water column was 1.7 10(11) g. The endmember gas and oil compositions then enabled us to study the fractionation of petroleum hydrocarbons in discrete water samples collected in June 2010 within a southwest trending hydrocarbon-enriched plume of neutrally buoyant water at a water depth of 1,100 m. The most abundant petroleum hydrocarbons larger than C(1)-C(5) were benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and total xylenes at concentrations up to 78 μg L(-1). Comparison of the endmember gas and oil composition with the composition of water column samples showed that the plume was preferentially enriched with water-soluble components, indicating that aqueous dissolution played a major role in plume formation, whereas the fates of relatively insoluble petroleum components were initially controlled by other processes.
Hydroxy fatty acid based polyanhydride as drug delivery system: Synthesis, characterization, <i>in vitro</i> degradation, drug release, and biocompatibility (2007)

Abstract Low molecular weight hydroxy fatty acid based polyanhydrides were synthesized by one pot method, a variable of typical melt‐condensation and characterized by FTIR, NMR, DSC, and GPC. Polymer degrades by both surface and bulk erosion as trailed by weight loss, anhydride loss and surface morphology. Control over drug release was accessed with drugs featuring different aqueous solubility, that is, methotrexate (hydrophobic) and 5‐fluorouracil (hydrophilic). Effect of loading, at 5, 10, and 20% w/w of methotrexate on release profiles was also studied and negligible effect was discovered. Biocompatibility of polymers was evaluated in SD rats after SC injection of the polymer. Histopathology revealed initial inflammation of the tissues near the injection site however healed with time. Overall, these polymers were found good to control the release of the entrapped drug and were found biocompatible in preliminary in vivo study. Due to their low melting temperatures they can be injected locally (SC or intratumorally) to from regional in situ depot and have a great potential as a drug carrier for localized delivery of anticancer drugs. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
Recognition of a Cell-Surface Oligosaccharide of Pathogenic <i>Salmonella</i> by an Antibody Fab Fragment (1991)

The 2.05 angstrom (A) resolution crystal structure of a dodecasaccharide-Fab complex revealed an unusual carbohydrate recognition site, defined by aromatic amino acids and a structured water molecule, rather than the carboxylic acid and amide side chains and a structured water molecule, rather than the carboxylic acid and amide side chains that are features of transport and other carbohydrate binding proteins. A trisaccharide epitope of a branched bacterial lipopolysaccharide fills this hydrophobic pocket (8 A deep by 7 A wide) in an entropy-assisted association (association constant = 2.05 x 10(5) liters per mole, enthalpy = -20.5 +/- 1.7 kilojoules per mole, and temperature times entropy = +10.0 +/- 2.9 kilojoules per mole). The requirement for the complementarity of van der Waals surfaces and the requirements of saccharide-saccharide and protein-saccharide hydrogen-bonding networks determine the antigen conformation adopted in the bound state.
Test and repair of non-volatile commodity and embedded memories (NAND flash memory) (2003)

Summary form only given. The test time of the memory chip is a very important issue. It mainly depends on the program and erase time. NAND flash memories perform high speed programming and erasing. This high speed reprogramming scheme reduces the test cost. The program/erase endurance reliability is another important test issue. In order to perform at high reliability, NAND flash memories use ECC technology. Using ECC technology, multi-level as well as single-level NAND flash memories perform with high endurance reliabilities.
A GFP-based reporter system to monitor nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (2005)

Aberrant mRNAs whose open reading frame (ORF) is truncated by the presence of a premature translation-termination codon (PTC) are recognized and degraded in eukaryotic cells by a process called nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD). Here, we report the development of a reporter system that allows monitoring of NMD in mammalian cells by measuring the fluorescence of green fluorescent protein (GFP). The NMD reporter gene consists of a T-cell receptor-beta minigene construct, in which the GFP-ORF was inserted such that the stop codon of GFP is recognized as PTC. The reporter mRNA is therefore subjected to NMD, resulting in a low steady-state mRNA level, an accordingly low protein level and hence a very low green fluorescence in normal, NMD-competent cells that express this reporter gene. We show that the inactivation of NMD by RNAi-mediated knockdown of the essential NMD factor hUpf1 or hSmg6 increases the NMD reporter mRNA level, resulting in a proportional increase of the green fluorescence that can be detected by flow cytometry, spectrofluorometry and fluorescence microscopy. With these properties, our GFP-based NMD reporter system could be used for large-scale screenings to identify NMD-inhibiting drugs or NMD-deficient mutant cells.
Start-up and Self-sustain Test of 500 W Ultra-Micro Gas Turbine Generator (2013)

This paper provides the performance test for start-up and self-sustaining of 500W ultra-micro gas turbine (UMGT) generator. Each component of UMGT, a centrifugal compressor, a radial turbine, an annular combustor and a shaft is already designed, manufactured and tested to meet design requirements in previous researches. However, they are not tested to work in an integrate system. Currently, integrated test unit with a compressor, a combustor and a turbine, is developed to find the proper condition of start-up and self-sustain. Ignition sequence depending on rotating speed is designed. Performance test for start-up and self-sustain is designed based on the ignition possible condition. An air impingement starter and a hot bulb inginer are applied. LPG is used as main fuel.
CD137 ligand prevents the development of T‐helper type 2 cell‐mediated allergic asthma by interferon‐γ‐producing CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells (2007)

Our results demonstrate that anti-CD137L mAb prevents disease development via IFN-gamma-producing CD8(+) T cells but is inferior to stimulation of the receptor that reverses established disease by a mechanism including CD4(+) T cell anergy.
Highly conductive Ge-doped GaN epitaxial layers prepared by pulsed sputtering (2017)

Highly conductive Ge-doped GaN epitaxial layers were grown by low-temperature pulsed sputtering, and their fundamental structural and electrical properties were investigated. The room-temperature (RT) electron concentration was increased to 5.1 × 1020 cm−3 by the Ge doping, and the atomically flat stepped and terraced surface and the crystalline quality of the layers were maintained. Consequently, the RT resistivity was reduced to 0.20 mΩ·cm, which is comparable to that for typical transparent conductive oxides such as indium tin oxide. The contact resistance of Ge-doped GaN with a Ti/Al/Ti/Au metal stack prepared without annealing was as low as 0.087 Ω·mm. Furthermore, the selective formation of a Ge-doped region using an SiO2 mask was demonstrated. The results clearly indicate the strong potential of pulsed sputtering Ge-doped GaN growth for forming low-parasitic-resistance contact layers of various electrical and optical devices.
Organoselenium chemistry : a practical approach (1999)

Preface 1. Organoselenium chemistry: an overview 2. Selenoxide eliminations 3. Addition of Electrophilic Organoselenium Reagents to Carbon-Carbon Double Bonds 4. Reactions of selenium nucleophiles 5. Oxidations with selenium reagents 6. Reductions with selenium reagents 7. Reactions of selenium-stabilized carbanions 8. Reactions of selenium stabilized carbocations 9. Free-radical reactions and reductive deselenizations 10. Selenium extrusion reactions 11. Sigmatropic rearrangements of organoselenium compounds 12. Synthesis and reactions of carbonyl selenide and isoselenocyanates 13. Reactions of selenones 14. Preparation of organic conductors Bibliography Appendix Index
Low RF-Complexity Technologies to Enable Millimeter-Wave MIMO with Large Antenna Array for 5G Wireless Communications (2018)

mmWave MIMO with large antenna array has attracted considerable interest from the academic and industry communities, as it can provide larger bandwidth and higher spectrum efficiency. However, with hundreds of antennas, the number of RF chains required by mmWave MIMO is also huge, leading to unaffordable hardware cost and power consumption in practice. In this article, we investigate low RF-complexity technologies to solve this bottleneck. We first review the evolution of low RF-complexity technologies from microwave frequencies to mmWave frequencies. Then, we discuss two promising low RF-complexity technologies for mmWave MIMO systems in detail, that is PAHP and LAHP, including their principles, advantages, challenges, and recent results. We compare the performance of these two technologies to draw some insights about how they can be deployed in practice. Finally, we conclude this article and point out some future research directions in this area.
The Vfl1 Protein in <i>Chlamydomonas</i> Localizes in a Rotationally Asymmetric Pattern at the Distal Ends of the Basal Bodies (2001)

In the unicellular alga Chlamydomonas, two anterior flagella are positioned with 180 degrees rotational symmetry, such that the flagella beat with the effective strokes in opposite directions (Hoops, H.J., and G.B. Witman. 1983. J. Cell Biol. 97:902-908). The vfl1 mutation results in variable numbers and positioning of flagella and basal bodies (Adams, G.M.W., R.L. Wright, and J.W. Jarvik. 1985. J. Cell Biol. 100:955-964). Using a tagged allele, we cloned the VFL1 gene that encodes a protein of 128 kD with five leucine-rich repeat sequences near the NH(2) terminus and a large alpha-helical-coiled coil domain at the COOH terminus. An epitope-tagged gene construct rescued the mutant phenotype and expressed a tagged protein (Vfl1p) that copurified with basal body flagellar apparatuses. Immunofluorescence experiments showed that Vfl1p localized with basal bodies and probasal bodies. Immunogold labeling localized Vfl1p inside the lumen of the basal body at the distal end. Distribution of gold particles was rotationally asymmetric, with most particles located near the doublet microtubules that face the opposite basal body. The mutant phenotype, together with the localization results, suggest that Vfl1p plays a role in establishing the correct rotational orientation of basal bodies. Vfl1p is the first reported molecular marker of the rotational asymmetry inherent to basal bodies.
Subclinical cervicovaginal human papillomavirus infections associated with cervical condylomata and dysplasia. Treatment outcomes. (1994)

Seventy-seven women with subclinical cervicovaginal human papillomavirus (HPV) changes associated with cervical condylomata and/or mild or moderate cervical dysplasia were studied. All patients were treated with the CO2 laser for cervical lesions (condylomata and/or dysplasia) and, subsequently, based on their contraceptive history, were treated either with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) cream or trichloroacetic acid (TCA). Those who did not wish to be treated were followed similarly to those who were treated. Overall there was no significant difference between those who had no treatment and those who received TCA or 5-FU. Those treated with 5-FU did more poorly as compared to the other two treatment groups with cervical condylomata and dysplasia at the three- and six-month follow-up (P < .05), and the results for TCA were not different from those in women who were observed and underwent no treatment. It appears that the treatment modalities used in this study did not have any beneficial effect on associated subclinical HPV infections.
Fibrogenic effect of oxidative stress on rat hepatic stellate cells (1998)

Oxidative stress is associated with liver fibrosis and with hepatic stellate cell (HSC) activation in vivo. However, it remains controversial whether oxidative stress contributes to HSC activation either directly or through a paracrine stimulation by damaged hepatocytes. A medium containing products released from cells undergoing oxidative stress was obtained after incubation of hepatocytes with (HCM/Fe) or without (HCM) 0.1 mmol/L ferric nitrilotriacetate complex (FeNTA). Exposure of HSC to HCM/Fe for 24 hours significantly increased the number of proliferating HSC compared with HCM and to controls at all dilutions tested. The simultaneous coincubation of HSC with HCM/Fe and desferrioxamine (50 micromol/L) did not reduce the observed increase in cell proliferation, thus excluding a role for eventually contaminating iron in HCM/Fe. HCM/Fe induced also a significant increase in collagen type I accumulation in HSC culture media. To study the cellular mechanism underlying HCM/Fe effects, we evaluated the activity of the Na+/H+ exchanger, which plays a role in regulating HSC proliferation. The incubation of HSC for 24 hours with HCM/Fe significantly increased baseline intracellular pH (pHi) and Na+/H+ exchanger activity, indicating a plausible role of this antiport in mediating cell response. In conclusion, hepatocytes undergoing oxidative stress release factors which are fibrogenic for HSC, thereby, confirming what has been only hypothesized in vivo. In addition, HSC proliferation is associated with changes in the Na+/H+ exchanger activity, thus providing a useful target for the evaluation of inhibitors of this pathway for the treatment of hepatic fibrosis.
The HER2/neu‐derived peptide p654–662 is a tumor‐associated antigen in human pancreatic cancer recognized by cytotoxic T lymphocytes (1997)

The protooncogene HER2/neu encodes a 185-kDa transmembrane protein with extensive homology to the epidermal growth factor receptor. It is overexpressed in several human cancers of epithelial origin, such as pancreatic cancer. Previously, we demonstrated that cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) derived from breast, ovarian, and non-small cell lung cancer recognized a peptide derived from HER2/neu. To evaluate whether this HLA-A2-binding peptide is a tumor-associated antigen (TAA) in pancreatic cancer, the ability of HER2/neu-reactive CTL to lyse human pancreatic carcinoma cells was tested. CTL were generated from tumor-associated T lymphocytes from HLA-A2+ HER2/neu+ breast and ovarian cancer patients. All CTL recognized autologous and allogeneic HER2/ neu+ tumor cells in an HLA-A2-restricted fashion. Furthermore, all CTL recognized p654-662 (GP2) derived from HER2/neu. These CTL also recognized HER2/neu+ pancreatic cancer cells in an HLA-A2-restricted fashion. HER2/neu+ HLA-A2- pancreatic cancer were not or only poorly lysed. Repeated stimulation of HLA-A2+ PBL from pancreatic cancer patients using the HER2/neu-derived peptide resulted in specific recognition of this peptide and, more importantly, HER2/neu+ pancreatic tumors in an HLA-A2-restricted fashion. Autologous HLA-A2+ fibroblasts or HLA-A2+ malignant melanoma cells were not recognized. HLA-A2- peptide-stimulated T lymphocytes showed no significant cytotoxicity. These results demonstrate that this HER2/neu-derived peptide is a shared TAA among several adenocarcinomas including pancreatic carcinoma, suggesting a common mechanism of recognition of these human tumors by T lymphocytes. The identification of the HER2/neu-derived peptide GP2 as a TAA in pancreatic cancer provides an opportunity for the design of novel immunotherapy and vaccine strategies.
Identification of human cell responses to hexavalent chromium (2007)

Hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] is a recognized environmental toxin with ubiquitous distribution in industrialized societies. Its concentration in ambient air derives from several sources including but not limited to chemical processes, the burning of fossil fuels and the production of cement. It is a food contaminant because of its deposition into bodies of water. The majority of published studies on the effects of Cr(VI) concern animal models and these studies have shown that it can induce a variety of cytotoxic and genotoxic reactions that affect the immune system. In order to identify the specific cellular impact of Cr(VI) on humans, we studied its effect on protein production and gene expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained from both men and women of each major ethnic group including Caucasians, Hispanics, Asians and African-Americans. High-throughput protein profiling using bead-based protein arrays showed a concentration-dependent biphasic effect of Cr(VI) on the expression of many cytokines and chemokines by activated PBMC. High-density oligonucleotide microarray analysis identified several functional families of genes including those involved in immune response, intracellular signaling, cell cycle, apoptosis, RNA transport and binding, organelle organization and biogenesis that were strongly affected by Cr(VI). Cr(VI) suppressed many cellular receptor genes involved in immune response and activated many cell cycle-related and proapoptotic genes. These results defined responses that were unique to Cr(VI). This methodology defined an effective manner for identifying injurious/toxic human exposures to Cr(VI) at the cellular level that may facilitate the identification and monitoring of efficacious treatments for Cr(VI)-related maladies.
The immunogenetic concept of late toxicosis in pregnant women (1971)

Many hypotheses and theories have been proposed over the years to explain the etiology and pathogenesis of this severe complication of pregnancy. The immunological theory of late toxicosis in pregnant women was proposed a long time ago. Proponents of the allergic hypothesis were a number of domestic scientists (K. K. Skrobansky, K. P. Ulezko-Stroganova, A. I. Serebrov, M. A. Petrov-Maslakov) who, based on pathomorphological and experimental studies, created a coherent theory of late pregnancy toxicosis due to maternal sensitization by chorionic elements.
Resource cost and QoS achievement in a contract-based resource manager for mobile communications systems (2002)

The management of QoS in mobile communications networks has been a popular research topic for many academic and industrial organisations. Many techniques have been developed to route network traffic according to application specific requirements. Consequently, significant contributions have been proposed to improve network operator infrastructures. However, little has been done for the management of QoS from a service provider/application developer perspective. This paper presents an integrated QoS management scheme where management entities, possibly belonging to different administrative parties, can negotiate QoS contracts in a multi-vendor, multi-technology and multimedia environment. The traded commodity, the QoS contract, can be defined in many ways: as a service specific quality contract for the service provider/application developer, as a network specific performance contract for the network operator or as a generic QoS contract for negotiations. In this paper, simulation results show the benefits of link adaptation techniques in the maintenance of QoS contract requirements over lossy wireless links. For that purpose, the TETRA system has been used as an experimental platform.
Are You Buying Too Much Friction Reducer Because of Your Biocide? (2009)

Abstract Slickwater fracturing is a large portion of current stimulation treatments in tight gas reservoirs. The fluids typically contain only friction reducer and biocide. They are considered incredibly simple, with little attention paid to their composition beyond the effects of water quality. In many cases, the biocides are sold and added to the fluid stream by production chemical companies while the friction reducers are added by the service company performing the fracture treatment. The paper reviews the chemical interactions between the typical anionic friction reducers and the cationic biocides such as quaternary ammonium compounds. The impact of these biocide-friction reducer interactions is that both materials are consumed and therefore prevented from performing their desired functions. During a treatment this is not obvious, but additional friction reducer eventually must be added to control pumping pressure. Further, the biocide is expected to be unavailable to control bacteria. The goal of any stimulation fluid should be that all components are compatible. As expected, some biocides complex with the oppositely charged friction reducers. This results in the formation of flocks of insoluble polymers in the fluid. Laboratory testing and a field example indicate that the quaternary ammonium biocides reduce the drag reduction seen with the common friction reducer. In comparison, nonionic biocides such as gluteraldehyde do not interact with the friction reducer. The paper also reviews studies with compatible scale inhibitors.
Cloning, sequencing, and disruption of a levanase gene of Bacillus polymyxa CF43 (1994)

The Bacillus polymyxa CF43 lelA gene, expressing both sucrose and fructan hydrolase activities, was isolated from a genomic library of B. polymyxa screened in Bacillus subtilis. The gene was detected as expressing sucrose hydrolase activity; B. subtilis transformants did not secrete the lelA gene product (LelA) into the extracellular medium. A 1.7-kb DNA fragment sufficient for lelA expression in Escherichia coli was sequenced. It contains a 548-codon open reading frame. The deduced amino acid sequence shows 54% identity with mature B. subtilis levanase and is similar to other fructanases and sucrases (beta-D-fructosyltransferases). Multiple-sequence alignment of 14 of these proteins revealed several previously unreported features. LelA appears to be a 512-amino-acid polypeptide containing no canonical signal peptide. The hydrolytic activities of LelA on sucrose, levan, and inulin were compared with those of B. subtilis levanase and sucrase, confirming that LelA is indeed a fructanase. The lelA gene in the chromosome of B. polymyxa was disrupted with a chloramphenicol resistance gene (cat) by "inter-gramic" conjugation: the lelA::cat insertion on a mobilizable plasmid was transferred from an E. coli transformant to B. polymyxa CF43, and B. polymyxa transconjugants containing the lelA::cat construct replacing the wild-type lelA gene in their chromosomes were selected directly. The growth of the mutant strain on levan, inulin, and sucrose was not affected.