gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
THE CHOLINERGIC ‘PITFALL’: ACETYLCHOLINE, A UNIVERSAL CELL MOLECULE IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS, INCLUDING HUMANS (1999)

1. Acetylcholine (ACh) represents one of the most exemplary neurotransmitters. In addition to its presence in neuronal tissue, there is increasing experimental evidence that ACh is widely expressed in pro- and eukaryotic non-neuronal cells. Thus, ACh has been detected in bacteria, algae, protozoa, tubellariae and primitive plants, suggesting an extremely early appearance of ACh in the evolutionary process. 2. In humans, ACh and/or the synthesizing enzyme, choline acetyltransferase, has been demonstrated in epithelial cells (airways, alimentary tract, urogenital tract, epidermis), mesothelial (pleura, pericardium) and endothelial and muscle cells. In addition, immune cells express the non-neuronal cholinergic system (i.e. the synthesis of ACh can be detected in human leucocytes (granulocytes, lymphocytes and macrophages)), as well as in rat microglia in vitro. 3. The widespread expression of non-neuronal ACh is accompanied by the ubiquitous expression of cholinesterase activity, which prevents ACh from acting as a classical hormone. 4. Non-neuronal ACh mediates its cellular actions in an auto- and paracrine manner via the activation of the widely expressed nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, which can interfere with virtually all cellular signalling pathways (ion channels and key enzymes). 5. Non-neuronal ACh appears to be involved in the regulation of basic cell functions, such as mitosis, cell differentiation, organization of the cytoskeleton, cell-cell contact, secretion and absorption. Non-neuronal ACh also plays a role in the regulation of immune functions. All these qualities together may mediate the so-called 'trophic property' of ACh. 6. Future experiments should be designed to analyse the cellular effects of ACh in greater detail. The involvement of the non-neuronal cholinergic system in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases should be investigated to open up new therapeutic strategies.
Incorporating domain knowledge into topic modeling via Dirichlet Forest priors (2009)

Users of topic modeling methods often have knowledge about the composition of words that should have high or low probability in various topics. We incorporate such domain knowledge using a novel Dirichlet Forest prior in a Latent Dirichlet Allocation framework. The prior is a mixture of Dirichlet tree distributions with special structures. We present its construction, and inference via collapsed Gibbs sampling. Experiments on synthetic and real datasets demonstrate our model's ability to follow and generalize beyond user-specified domain knowledge.
Homeostasis of N-α-Terminal Acetylation of EsxA Correlates with Virulence in Mycobacterium marinum (2014)

The mycobacterial Esx-1 (ESAT-6 system 1) exporter translocates virulence factors across the cytoplasmic membrane to the cell wall, cell surface, and the bacteriological medium in vitro. The mechanisms underlying substrate targeting to distinct locations are unknown. Several Esx-1 substrates are N-α-terminally acetylated. The role of this rare modification in bacteria is unclear. We sought to identify genes required for Esx-1 substrate modification, transport, and localization. Pathogenic mycobacteria lyse Acanthamoeba castellanii in an Esx-1-dependent manner. We conducted a genetic screen to identify Mycobacterium marinum strains which failed to lyse amoebae. We identified a noncytotoxic M. marinum strain with a transposon insertion in a predicted N-α-terminal acetyltransferase not previously linked to mycobacterial pathogenesis. Disruption of this gene led to attenuation of virulence, failure to induce a type I interferon response during macrophage infection, and loss of hemolytic activity. The major Esx-1 substrates, EsxA and EsxB, were exported to the cell surface, but only low levels were released into the bacteriological medium. The balance of EsxA N-α-terminal acetylation was disrupted, resulting in a mycobacterial strain in which surface-associated EsxA was hyperacetylated. Genetic complementation completely restored Esx-1 function and the levels of N-α-terminally acetylated EsxA on the surface but restored only low levels of Esx-1 substrates in the bacteriological medium. Our results reveal a novel gene required for mycobacterial Esx-1 export. Our findings indicate that maintaining the homeostasis of Esx-1 substrate N-α-terminal acetylation is essential for Esx-1-mediated virulence. We propose an inverse correlation between EsxA acetylation and virulence.
An efficient early stopping scheme for LDPC decoding based on check-node messages (2008)

An efficient early stopping method is proposed in this paper to reduce the average number of iterations for low density parity check (LDPC) decoders. The method is very efficient especially when the channel signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is low. It is based on the estimation of the log-likelihood ratio (LLR) messages of the check nodes.
A human case of internal myiasis in Korea (1996)

A 71-year old male patient was admitted in Inha hospital due to right facial palsy, quadriplegia and aphasia. This patient was operated to replace his heart values 7 years ago and has been treated with Coumarin, an anti-coagulant drug, to prevent the formation of thrombus in the heart. A number of fly maggots continuously crawled out from the nasogastric tube set up for supplying a liquid diet and patient's mouth for 2 days until his death in the intensive care unit of hospital. These maggots were about 11.5 mm long on the average and identified as genus Lucilia belonging to family Calliphoridae. The lesion of this myiasis case might be regarded in the gastro-intestinal system of patient. This is the first report of an internal myiasis case in Korea.
Biological sequence compression algorithms. (2000)

Today, more and more DNA sequences are becoming available. The information about DNA sequences are stored in molecular biology databases. The size and importance of these databases will be bigger and bigger in the future, therefore this information must be stored or communicated efficiently. Furthermore, sequence compression can be used to define similarities between biological sequences. The standard compression algorithms such as gzip or compress cannot compress DNA sequences, but only expand them in size. On the other hand, CTW (Context Tree Weighting Method) can compress DNA sequences less than two bits per symbol. These algorithms do not use special structures of biological sequences. Two characteristic structures of DNA sequences are known. One is called palindromes or reverse complements and the other structure is approximate repeats. Several specific algorithms for DNA sequences that use these structures can compress them less than two bits per symbol. In this paper, we improve the CTW so that characteristic structures of DNA sequences are available. Before encoding the next symbol, the algorithm searches an approximate repeat and palindrome using hash and dynamic programming. If there is a palindrome or an approximate repeat with enough length then our algorithm represents it with length and distance. By using this preprocessing, a new program achieves a little higher compression ratio than that of existing DNA-oriented compression algorithms. We also describe new compression algorithm for protein sequences.
Automatic modulation classification for cognitive radios using cyclic feature detection (2009)

Cognitive radios have become a key research area in communications over the past few years. Automatic modulation classification (AMC) is an important component that improves the overall performance of the cognitive radio. Most modulated signals exhibit the property of cyclostationarity that can be exploited for the purpose of classification. In this paper, AMCs that are based on exploiting the cyclostationarity property of the modulated signals are discussed. Inherent advantages of using cyclostationarity based AMC are also addressed. When the cognitive radio is in a network, distributed sensing methods have the potential to increase the spectral sensing reliability, and decrease the probability of interference to existing radio systems. The use of cyclostationarity based methods for distributed signal detection and classification are presented. Examples are given to illustrate the concepts. The Matlab codes for some of the algorithms described in the paper are available for free download at http://filebox.vt.edu/user/bramkum.
Isoflavonoids from Streptomycetes: Origins of Genistein, 8-Chlorogenistein, and 6,8-Dichlorogenistein (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIsoflavonoids from Streptomycetes: Origins of Genistein, 8-Chlorogenistein, and 6,8-DichlorogenisteinInnocent O. Anyanwutaku, Eric Zirbes, and John P. N. RosazzaCite this: J. Nat. Prod. 1992, 55, 10, 1498–1504Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 July 2004Published inissue 1 October 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/np50088a016https://doi.org/10.1021/np50088a016research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views294Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Trough-Shaped Audiograms Are Common in Patients with Acoustic Neuroma and Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss (2018)

Acoustic neuroma sometimes presents with sudden-onset sensorineural hearing loss as a primary symptom. We investigated 848 untreated cases that included 20 cases with acoustic neuroma with sudden-onset sensorineural hearing loss and 828 cases without acoustic neuroma. Fourteen of the 20 acoustic neuroma and 90 of the 828 cases of sudden-onset sensorineural hearing loss showed a trough-shaped audiogram with the greatest amount of hearing loss in the mid-frequency range. The incidence of a trough-shaped audiogram was significantly higher in patients with acoustic neuroma than in those without (p < 0.01). This study suggests that a trough audiogram is a significant finding in patients with sudden-onset sensorineural hearing loss and indicates the presence of acoustic neuroma.
An Alternative Route to Highly Luminescent Platinum(II) Complexes:  Cyclometalation with N<sup>∧</sup>C<sup>∧</sup>N-Coordinating Dipyridylbenzene Ligands (2003)

The remarkable luminescence properties of the platinum(II) complex of 1,3-di(2-pyridyl)benzene, acting as a terdentate N=C=N-coordinating ligand cyclometalated at C2 of the benzene ring ([PtL(1)Cl]), have been investigated, together with those of two new 5-substituted analogues [PtL(2)Cl] and [PtL(3)Cl] [HL(2) = methyl-3,5-di(2-pyridyl)benzoate; HL(3) = 3,5-di(2-pyridyl)toluene]. All three complexes are intense emitters in degassed solution at 298 K (lambda(max) 480-580 nm; phi(lum) = 0.60, 0.58, and 0.68 in CH(2)Cl(2)), displaying highly structured emission spectra in dilute solution, with lifetimes in the microsecond range (7.2, 8.0, and 7.8 micros). On the basis of the very small Stokes shift, the highly structured profiles, and the relatively long lifetimes, the emission is attributed to an excited state of primarily (3)pi-pi character. At concentrations >1 x 10(-)(5) M, structureless excimer emission centered at ca. 700 nm is observed. The X-ray crystal structure of [PtL(2)Cl] is also reported.
8.1 A 224Gb/s DAC-Based PAM-4 Transmitter with 8-Tap FFE in 10nm CMOS (2021)

Wireline IOs have doubled per-lane data-rate every 3-4 years over the last two decades due to increasing demand in high-performance computing, networking/communications, and most recently from machine learning and AI. To address the need for higher throughput, this paper presents a 224Gb/s DAC-based PAM-4 TX with 8-tap FFE in 10nm CMOS technology. Doubling the data-rate from 112Gb/s while supporting the same PAM-4 modulation requires doubling the pad and internal net bandwidth and reducing the clocking jitter and circuit noise PSD by $2 \times $ while maintaining swing, linearity, and reliability requirements. These are addressed by combining a low-noise on-chip LC-PLL, an inductive clock distribution network with jitter filtering, a two-stage 4:1 MUX with active peaking, and a group-delay-optimized output matching network for signal integrity.
The Formation of the cAMP/Protein Kinase A-dependent Annexin 2–S100A10 Complex with Cystic Fibrosis Conductance Regulator Protein (CFTR) Regulates CFTR Channel Function (2007)

Cystic fibrosis results from mutations in the cystic fibrosis conductance regulator protein (CFTR), a cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) and ATP-regulated Cl(-) channel. CFTR is increasingly recognized as a component of multiprotein complexes and although several inhibitory proteins to CFTR have been identified, protein complexes that stimulate CFTR function remain less well characterized. We report that annexin 2 (anx 2)-S100A10 forms a functional cAMP/PKA/calcineurin (CaN)-dependent complex with CFTR. Cell stimulation with forskolin/3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine significantly increases the amount of anx 2-S100A10 that reciprocally coimmunoprecipitates with cell surface CFTR and calyculin A. Preinhibition with PKA or CaN inhibitors attenuates the interaction. Furthermore, we find that the acetylated peptide (STVHEILCKLSLEG, Ac1-14), but not the nonacetylated equivalent N1-14, corresponding to the S100A10 binding site on anx 2, disrupts the anx 2-S100A10/CFTR complex. Analysis of 4,4'-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS) and CFTR(inh172)-sensitive currents, taken as indication of the outwardly rectifying Cl(-) channels (ORCC) and CFTR-mediated currents, respectively, showed that Ac1-14, but not N1-14, inhibits both the cAMP/PKA-dependent ORCC and CFTR activities. CaN inhibitors (cypermethrin, cyclosporin A) discriminated between ORCC/CFTR by inhibiting the CFTR(inh172)-, but not the DIDS-sensitive currents, by >70%. Furthermore, peptide Ac1-14 inhibited acetylcholine-induced short-circuit current measured across a sheet of intact intestinal biopsy. Our data suggests that the anx 2-S100A10/CFTR complex is important for CFTR function across epithelia.
Analyzing Errors with the Boolean Difference (1968)

Abstract—The Boolean difference is defined. It is shown through example how the Boolean difference is used to analyze the effect of errors on the outputs of logic circuits. Examples are given of error detection problems, analysis of redundant logic, and the generation of diagnostic sequences.
A zinc(II) complex of 1,5,9-triazacyclododecane ([12]aneN3) as a model for carbonic anhydrase (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA zinc(II) complex of 1,5,9-triazacyclododecane ([12]aneN3) as a model for carbonic anhydraseEiichi Kimura, Takeshi Shiota, Tohru Koike, Motoo Shiro, and Mutsuo KodamaCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 15, 5805–5811Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00171a020https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00171a020research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1732Altmetric-Citations302LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
An Intelligent Platooning Algorithm for Sustainable Transportation Systems in Smart Cities (2020)

As an important part of a smart city, the Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is the key to the sustainable development of urban transportation considering the fuel consumption as well as traffic efficiency. Smart sensor can be integrated with the transportation infrastructure to achieve a sustainable ITS. Recent advancements in ITS suggest that the roads will gradually be filled with autonomous vehicles that are able to drive themselves while cooperating with each other to form the sustainable transportation systems. As a representative driving pattern of autonomous vehicles, the platooning technology has great potential to lower fuel consumption and increase traffic efficiency. In this paper, to reach above goals, we present a systematic framework for vehicular platooning forming. Firstly, the optimal speed of a platoon is determined by the optimal speed model, by which the total fuel consumption of this platoon could be saved to a great extend. After that, an optimal insert point decision is made for the vehicles to be grouped in the platoon, based on proposed Q-learning model. We also design a collision detection model to reduce the collision probability when a vehicle intents to join a platoon. Numerical results demonstrate that our proposed model could significantly improve the traffic efficiency, reduce the fuel consumption and decrease the platooning forming time, compared with other classic algorithms.
Frequency selective surface design by integrating optimisation algorithms with fast full wave numerical methods (2002)

Previous work on optimisation has primarily focused on the applications of genetic algorithms in conjunction with problem-specific or semi-analytic tools. Recent developments in fast algorithms now offer the possibility of designs and moreover allow for full flexibility in material specification across three dimensions. As an example, the paper combines genetic algorithms with fast hybrid finite-element/boundary-integral simulations to conduct shape optimisation of frequency selective surfaces (FSSs). Optimal shapes for FSS geometries subject to given performance criteria are demonstrated.
Double-Mesa-Structure Vertical-to-Surface Transmission Electro-Photonic Device with a Vertical Cavity (1993)

We report a high electronic-optical power conversion efficiency of 11.4% in the laser operation of a double-mesa-structure vertical-to-surface transmission electro-photonic device with a vertical cavity. This high conversion efficiency is due to both reduction in the device resistance and increase in light emission efficiency. To reduce electrical resistance, a double mesa structure with a highly doped region is proposed and the resistance reduction is analyzed. To increase light emission efficiency, efficient carrier confinement in the active region by a proton-implanted structure, threshold current reduction by photon recycling, and decreased light absorption by annealing after proton implantation are utilized. Electronic-optical conversion efficiency of over 10% is achieved in surface-emitting devices for the first time to the authors' knowledge.
Therapeutic uses of smad protein inhibitors: Selective inhibition of specific TGF-beta activities. (1999)

Recent advances in TGF-beta signaling biology have identified smad proteins as cytoplasmic mediators of TGF-beta receptor activation. Current evidence suggests that smad proteins are transcription factors whose activity is regulated through phosphorylation by TGF-beta type I receptors. Several isoforms of the smad proteins have been identified which confer in part selectivity for different members of the TGF-beta family of receptors as well as some selectivity for downstream effects of TGF-beta activation. Therefore, smad proteins provide an attractive means for targeting select activities of TGF-beta by either inhibiting their phosphorylation or specific DNA binding modes. Because TGF-beta is a central player in the development of fibrosis, selective inhibition of smad proteins would provide an important therapeutic benefit in many acute and chronic fibrotic diseases.
Heat-Transport and Solar Transmission Through Windows with Low-Emitting Coatings (1983)

The thermal performance of a double glazed window with a low emitting coating is studied. Three types ot coatings are considered: single noble metal- films ; noble metal-based triple-layers ZnS/M/ZnS; and sprayed SnO 2 -films. The quantities calculated are the total heat-flow, the U 1 -value, and the pane- temperatures. Calculations are made both tor night-time and for daytime with varying solar radiation-intensity. Different semi-empirical expressions tor the convective transter give essentially the same results. Particular attention is given to the net effect of absorption in the coating. It is found that with the coating on the inner pane, about 70 percent of the absorbed solar energy is effectively transferred as heat into the room. In an overall comparison with strong insolation considered, the SnO 2 -films show the best properties even if the triple-layers have higher solar transmission.
Impurity-doped fiber-optic shock position sensor (1994)

We have demonstrated the operation of a fiber-optic device originally proposed to continuously measure the location of a shock front, but which also has potential for use as a crack location sensor. It consists of one or a group of fibers uniformly doped along their length with neodymium, which fluoresces at about 1060 nm in response to being optically pumped at a shorter wavelength. In our case, the pump source was a laser diode emitting at 810 nm. As the length of the fiber is reduced, the strength of the fluorescence signal diminishes along with the number of fluorescing atoms. Laboratory and explosives experiments were performed on sensor fibers containing various concentrations of dopants. We also investigated the benefits, in an explosives application, of adding phosphorus to narrow the fluorescence line.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>