gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
[Optimizing the operating variables that affect the transfection experiment of antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotide by gas-filled microbubbles]. (2007)

To optimize the operating variables that affect the transfection of antisense oligodeoxyribonucleotide (AS-ODNs) by insonated gas-filled lipid microbubbles, SF6-filled microbubbles were prepared by sonication-lyophilization method. An AS-ODNs sequence and a breast cancer cell line SK-BR-3 were used to define the various operating variables determining the transfection efficiency of SF6-filled microbubbles. Three levels of mixing speed, different durations of mixing and various delay time before ultrasound were examined, separately. Transfection efficiency was detected by fluorescence microscopy. Transfection results with and without incubation of AS-ODNs and microbubbles before mixing cells were compared. From the results, there is no significant difference between the transinfection efficiency with or without incubation of AS-ODNs and microbubbles before mixing cells. AS-ODNs transfection efficiency showed an increasing trend with mixing speed and mixing duration, but there is a negative relationship with delay time before ultrasound. The optimum parameters for AS-ODNs transfection by SF6-filled microbubbles were found at a mixing speed of 40-50 r x min(-1) for 30-60 s with less than 60 s delay before ultrasound. For a successful transfection, long time of incubation with gene is essential for normal nonviral vectors such as liposomes or cationic lipid-polymer hybrids, because these vectors depend on endocytosis and membrane fusion to realize transfection. Unlike liposomes and cationic lipid-polymer hybrids, gas-filled lipid microbubbles depend on sonorporation effect to realize transfection. Therefore, the incubation of gene and microbubbles before mixing cells may not be necessary. Ultrasound-mediated AS-ODNs transfection enhanced by gas-filled lipid microbubbles represents an effective avenue for gene transfer.
Direct and continuous strain control of catalysts with tunable battery electrode materials (2016)

We report a method for using battery electrode materials to directly and continuously control the lattice strain of platinum (Pt) catalyst and thus tune its catalytic activity for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Whereas the common approach of using metal overlayers introduces ligand effects in addition to strain, by electrochemically switching between the charging and discharging status of battery electrodes the change in volume can be precisely controlled to induce either compressive or tensile strain on supported catalysts. Lattice compression and tension induced by the lithium cobalt oxide substrate of ~5% were directly observed in individual Pt nanoparticles with aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy. We observed 90% enhancement or 40% suppression in Pt ORR activity under compression or tension, respectively, which is consistent with theoretical predictions.
Association of the in-vitro fertilizing capacity of human spermatozoa with sperm morphology as assessed by three classification systems (1986)

Stained sperm morphology slides from an in-vitro fertilization programme were evaluated by the modified Williams system, the World Health Organization (WHO) system and morphometric size measurements (image analysis) to determine which system(s) were better predictors of fertility. Amorphous sperm head shape was the best predictor of fertility in both the modified Williams system and the WHO system, predicting the proper fertility status in 65% of the cases. Using only normal sperm in the statistical model, normal sperm became a correct predictor in 66% of the cases in the modified Williams system. Morphometric measurements were not useful in predicting the fertility status of these samples. These studies indicate that morphology can not be used as a sole predictor of fertilizing capacity of human spermatozoa.
Production of transforming growth factor alpha by hamster eosinophils. (1990)

Previously it was demonstrated that malignant transformation of the Syrian hamster cheek pouch mucosa is associated with the expression of TGF-alpha. Therefore in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry was used to investigate the cellular sources of TGF-alpha production in this model system. Surprisingly one cell type in the inflammatory infiltrate present in the connective tissue adjacent to the transformed epithelium represented a major source of TGF-alpha mRNA. Detailed analysis of these cells revealed that they were eosinophils. In addition to TGF-alpha mRNA, about 40% of the eosinophils associated with the oral tumors exhibited TGF-alpha product reactive with a monoclonal antibody against the C terminus of the mature TGF-alpha peptide. Normal hamster bone marrow eosinophils also exhibited TGF-alpha mRNA and product by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. These results suggest that the eosinophil represents a biologically significant source of TGF-alpha.
Preparation, properties and the effects of free and liposomal tobramycin on siderophore production by <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (1994)

The in-vitro activities of encapsulated and free tobramycin were evaluated against Pseudomonas aeruginosa grown in iron-depleted chemically-defined culture medium (CDM-Fe). The liposomal formulations used for the efficacy studies of encapsulated tobramycin were based on the optimal loading and release patterns. The dehydration-rehydration (DRV) technique was used to prepare fluid phosphatidylcholine (PC) and solid, distearylphosphatidylcholine (DSPC), neutral, negatively charged phosphatidic acid (PA) and positively charged stearylamine (SA) liposomes containing tobramycin. The total charged phospholipid in each preparation was no more than 5% of the total phospholipid content. The effects of free and liposome-encapsulated tobramycin on siderophore production by P. aeruginosa were examined and involved using MIC and sub-MIC quantities of tobramycin: 0.25, 0.125, 0.0625 and 0.025 mg/L, corresponding to 1, 0.5, 0.25 and 0.1 times MIC, respectively, were used. Compared to free tobramycin, siderophore production was more effectively retarded in the presence of sub-MIC quantities of liposomal tobramycin, particularly at 0.5 MIC. Siderophore production was particularly reduced in the presence of positively charged PC liposomes.
ChemInform Abstract: Antiinflammatory 2,3‐Dihydro‐1H‐pyrrolizines. Part 12. Carbaldehydes and Hydroxymethylated Derivatives of Isomeric Diaryl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐ pyrrolizines (5,6‐, 5,7‐, and 6,7‐DADHP Derivatives). (1987)

Abstract The pyrrolizines (III) are obtained from the pyrrolines (I) and the halocarbonyl compounds (II).
Lactation and cancer of the breast. A summary of an international study. (1970)

An international collaborative study has been carried out to test the hypothesis that prolonged lactation protects women against cancer of the breast. While pregnancy itself seemed to confer some protection against breast cancer in all areas studied, no consistent differences in duration of lactation were found between breast cancer patients and unaffected women, once the fact that breast cancer patients have fewer pregnancies had been allowed for. Even in areas where some women had lactated for a total of 5 years or more, such women occurred proportionately no less frequently among breast cancer patients than among unaffected women. In the light of this and other recent evidence, it is unlikely that lactation has any protective effect against breast cancer in women, and other explanations must be sought for the remarkable international differences in the frequency of this disease.
A study of generating functions of sampling theorems and optimum interpolation functions minimizing some kinds of measures (1992)

Abstract Given an absolutely square‐integrable waveform bandpass limited to the interval |ω| ≤ ω 0 , ω 0 > 0, and regularly spaced sample points t n = nτ 0 , (τ 0 = π/ω 1 > ω 0 ; n = 0, ±1, ±2, …) the interpolation formula which corrects errors in the sample values of the original waveform is not uniquely determined. In this paper, we derive several theorems which establish the relation between the interpolation functions and a two‐variable function of angular frequency ω and time t called the generating function of the sampling theorem. First, we show that these interpolation functions may be considered as functions of time with coefficients obtained from the Fourier series expansion of the generating functions with respect to the angular frequency ω. This theorem depends on another already established theorem, for which a brief proof is given in the Appendix, for the reader's convenience, in the case that the relation is defined on a vector space. Next, under the condition that the generating function is absolutely continuous, we consider the problem of determining a generating function that minimizes the sum of the squares of the weighted interpolation functions. We show that the sum of the squares of the weighted interpolation functions as a measure provides a bound on the magnitude of the interpolation functions and also measures the rate of decrease. In this paper, under two conditions, which are satisfied in the sampling theorem, a generating function in the sampling theorem is determined which minimizes the above‐mentioned measure of the interpolation functions. Using these arguments, we also derive generating functions which minimize various weighting measures related to the interpolation functions ω n ( t ), such as when the weights are squares, (2 k )‐th powers, and (1 + n 2 ω ).
Focal Visual-Text Attention for Memex Question Answering (2019)

Recent insights on language and vision with neural networks have been successfully applied to simple single-image visual question answering. However, to tackle real-life question answering problems on multimedia collections such as personal photo albums, we have to look at whole collections with sequences of photos. This paper proposes a new multimodal MemexQA task: given a sequence of photos from a user, the goal is to automatically answer questions that help users recover their memory about an event captured in these photos. In addition to a text answer, a few grounding photos are also given to justify the answer. The grounding photos are necessary as they help users quickly verifying the answer. Towards solving the task, we 1) present the MemexQA dataset, the first publicly available multimodal question answering dataset consisting of real personal photo albums; 2) propose an end-to-end trainable network that makes use of a hierarchical process to dynamically determine what media and what time to focus on in the sequential data to answer the question. Experimental results on the MemexQA dataset demonstrate that our model outperforms strong baselines and yields the most relevant grounding photos on this challenging task.
[Action of Astragalus membranaceus on left ventricular function of angina pectoris]. (1994)

The action on left ventricular function of Astragalus Membranaceus (AM), a Qi-tonic, in 20 patients with angina pectoris was studied by means of Doppler Echocardiogram (DEC). It showed that cardiac output increased from 5.09 +/- 0.21 to 5.95 +/- 0.18 L/min 2 weeks after AM was administered (P < 0.01), and no improvement of left ventricular diastolic function appeared. Adenosine triphosphatase activity was not inhibited by using AM, which was different from that of digitalis.
Pilot-scale struvite recovery from anaerobic digester supernatant at an enhanced biological phosphorus removal wastewater treatment plant (2005)

Pilot testing of a fluidized bed reactor used to recover phosphate, in the form of struvite, from anaerobic digester supernatant was conducted at the Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant, City of Penticton, British Columbia. The main objective of this study was to demonstrate the ability of the reactor to remove at least 70% of the phosphate in the supernatant from a digester fed with a combination of primary and secondary sludge. It was found that the operation of the reactor could be controlled to achieve any desired level of phosphorus removal up to 90%. Analysis of the recovered struvite crystals showed essentially pure struvite (>99% by weight) with small amounts of calcium (<0.5% by weight) and traces of potassium and iron. The recovered crystals had mean diameters increasing from 0.5 to 1.8 mm over the course of the study. The increasing diameters are believed to be the result of changes in the crystal structures that caused them to become stronger over the course of the study.Key words: crystallization, nutrient removal, phosphorus recovery, struvite, sludge treatment, wastewater.
Rheological Characterization of Hydrophylic Gels (2010)

Rheological characteristics of gels were studied, with the focus on their use as a cosmetic base. Some ideal characteristics can be predicted by the rheological characterization, such as the performance, with easy application and without dripping or forming lumps and bubbles. Moreover, it is possible to detect signs of physical instability. The gels were prepared with sodium carboxymethyl cellulose 3% and 5%, with Carbopol 940 (INCI: Carbomer) and with Carbopol Ultrez (INCI: Acrylates/C10-30 alkyl acrylate crosspolymer). The tests performed were yield stress, stress sweep and creep and recovery. The gel with 3% of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose presented the most appropriated behavior and can be indicated as the most suitable cosmetic base.
Advanced motion control for next-generation precision mechatronics: Challenges for control, identification, and learning (2017)

Manufacturing equipment and scientific instruments, including wafer scanners, printers, microscopes, and medical imaging scanners, require accurate and fast motions. Increasing requirements necessitate enhanced control performance. The aim of this paper is to identify several challenges for advanced motion control originating from these increasing accu- racy, speed, and cost requirements. For instance, flexible mechanics must be explicitly addressed through overactuation, oversensing, inferential control, and position-dependent control. This in turn requires suitable models of appropriate complexity, which are identified and learned from inexpensive experimental data. Several ongoing developments are outlined that constitute a part of an overall framework for control, identification, and learning of complex motion systems. In turn, this may pave the way for new mechatronic design principles, leading to fast lightweight machines where the spatio-temporal flexible mechanics are explicitly compensated through advanced motion control.
Lifetimes of quasiparticle excitations in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mn>4</mml:mn><mml:mi>d</mml:mi></mml:math>transition metals: Scattering theory and LMTO-RPA-GW approaches (2002)

We report the theoretical studies of electron and hole lifetimes in Nb, Mo, Rh, Pd, Ag by means of an ab initio many-body GW method and of a semiempirical scattering-theory approach (STA). The GW approach includes the evaluation of band structures within the local-density approximation linear muffin-tin orbital TB formalism and employment of random-phase approximation in the calculations of the dielectric functions and screened Coulomb interaction. We show that the density-of-states (DOS) convolution model of the STA provides a good approximation to the ab initio averaged lifetimes, the energy dependence of the matrix element being rather unimportant. We discuss the role of the characteristics of electronic structure responsible for the deexcitation of hot electrons as well as the deviations of the ab initio lifetimes from the predictions of the free-electron gas model and the DOS convolution model.
Les moeurs et la culture francaises des XIVe et XVe siecles a travers le vocabulaire francais (1995)

본고에서는 14-15세기 프랑스 사회의 풍속과 문화의 몇몇 특징을 불어 어휘를 통하여 살펴보았다. 본고의 연구 범위를 특정한 한 시대, 그것도 더 이상 사용되지 않는 사어기인 14-15세기로 한정한 이유는 이 시기가 역사적으로 프랑스 근세사회 형성기에 속하며, 불어사에서는 불어 어휘 생성 측면에서 아주 중요한 시기이기 때문이다. 이 시기의 특징으로는 무엇보다도 번역가들의 도움에 힘입은 엄청난 라틴어 어휘의 불어 차용을 들 수 있다. 또한 백년 전쟁과 흑사병과 같은 정치, 사회적 상황이 신조어, 특히 법률, 군대, 의학 분야에서 중요한 역할을 하고 있음을 살핀다. 상대적으로 농업, 건축 및 오락 용어의 빈약성은 전쟁, 기근과 같은 재변이 프랑스 사회를 지배하고 있음을 보여준다. 따라서 이 시대에 팽배해 있던 불안과 죽음의 공포에서 탈출하는 방법은 종교를 통한 구원이다. 여기에 음악과 종교극과 같은 예술적 표현이 중요한 역할을 수행하면서 민중에게 삶에 대한 희망의 빛을 안겨 준다. 이상의 사실에서, 중세불어기의 어휘는 이 시기가 소요, 불안, 갈등의 시기임과 동시에 과학의 발달에 의한 진보의 시대로 가는 전환기에 위치하면서, 르네상스기의 모태가 되고 있음을 극명하게 보여준다.
Einleitung (1999)

Das Schlagwort mobil ist in aller Munde - berufliche und private Mobilität gilt als erstrebenswert und liegt im Trend.1 Dabei wird gerne übersehen: Mobile Arbeit gab es eigentlich schon immer. Der Mensch früherer Evolutionsstufen war prinzipiell auch schon ein mobiler Arbeiter, nämlich ein Jäger und Sammler, der als Nomade umherzog und sich nur vorübergehend stationär an einem Platz länger aufhielt. Auch als die Menschen seßhaft wurden, gab es weiterhin mobile Arbeit: Transport, Kuriere, Handel und Verkehr etc. Daran hat sich bis heute nichts geändert. Allerdings kommt heutzutage die Technik hinzu: Der digitalisierte Nomade wird Realität.2
Automatic extraction of semantic concepts in medical images (2005)

A novel automatic system for extracting the scmaiitic dzscriplioiis of nledical image cuntriit and concept i n text l'orni is presented.We first extract and analy~e image features and the features are mapped 10 semniitic descriptions by Iirzzy fimclioiis.Based on these seninntic descriptions.our system Sacilitates kiiowledge base construction using a niactuiic learning scheme.The result will he uselul Sc)r other researchers in medical image retrieval area, who ciin take advantage [if both text-based queries and iniagc querics.
Simulation of continuous mail processing (1987)

Simulation may be used to determine the number of sorting devices needed in an automated postal system facility. The model must deal with mail types with great variability in processing characteristics. Interactions, at the sorting stations, between continuously and sequentially processed batches of mail of these different types, introduces a bias in conventionally collected statistics. Although the logic of the basic simulation is straightforward, the model must be significantly modified to produce unbiased or undistorted statistics. SIMNET and SLAM II are used for independently developed final models.
Effectiveness of Different Precipitated Phosphates as Phosphorus Sources for Plants (2004)

Eleven precipitated phosphates were evaluated as sources ofphosphorus (P) for plant growth by comparing their effectiveness with that of monocalcium phosphate, a source of water-soluble P that is generally considered to be fully plant available. The precipitated phosphates comprised struvites recovered from waste water discharges (mainly magnesium ammonium phosphate), laboratory synthesised struvites, a synthetic iron phosphate and a recovered calcium phosphate. Precipitating phosphates in these forms could be a way for removing P from waste water before it is discharged to rivers, so reducing the risk of eutrophication. Application to agricultural land would be one potential use for such phosphates. Evaluation was by pot experiments with a sandy loam soil and with a sandy clay loam soil using perennial ryegrass as the test crop. The soils differed in pH (6.6 and 7.1) and in Olsen P (28 and 11 mg L-1). Measured variables were grass dry-matter (DM) yield and grass P concentration whichwere used to calculate offtake of P in the harvested grass. DM yields of ryegrass and P offtakes given by the synthetic and recovered struvites were not significantly different statistically either between themselves or to MCP applied at the same rate. On this basis these struvites could be used to recycle P to similar soils and the effect of the P on crop yield should be similar to that of MCP
Write Synchronization in Bit-Patterned Media (2009)

Writing bit-patterned media has been a challenging problem because it is necessary to synchronize write timing with physical bit-pattern locations on disk. This timing requirement must be addressed not only in disk drives but also in testing environments such as a spin stand. This paper first describes a technique for synchronizing write timing on a spin stand. Testing results show that, with data block length similar to a disk drive sector, the write timing jitter due to synchronization error is much smaller than the magnetic transition jitter. We then discuss the potential timing jitter sources in a disk drive, including disk speed variation, head vibration, and write clock stability. Experimental data show that the head vibration is potentially the most difficult jitter source for the write clock to handle. The possibility and difficulty in applying coding techniques to correct write timing error is also investigated. While it is possible to create codes for this purpose, practical considerations can limit its usefulness.
Hyperfine interactions in stripped atoms isoelectronic with alkali atoms (1976)

The role of electron-electron interaction beyond the restricted Hartree-Fock approximation, particularly the exchange core polarization effect, is shown to be crucial for explanation of the experimentally measured hyperfine interaction in the ($1{s}^{2}2s;^{2}S$) state of the lithium like stripped fluorine atom (${\mathrm{F}}^{+6}$). Results are presented for the entire series of such atoms from ${\mathrm{Li}}^{0}$ to ${\mathrm{Ne}}^{+7}$ and for the excited ($1{s}^{2}3s;^{2}S$) and ($1{s}^{2}2p;^{2}P$) states of ${\mathrm{F}}^{+6}$. The significance of the trends in these hyperfine constants is discussed. A prediction is made of the hyperfine constant in the ground electronic state of sodium like ${\mathrm{Ca}}^{+9}$, which is amenable to time-of-flight measurements.
Using clustering and visualization for refining the results of a WWW image search engine (1998)

Search engines are useful because they allow the user to find information of interest from the World-Wide Web. We have developed a WWW search engine called AMORE that allows users to find images on the Web. However, like textual search engines, AMORE sometimes retrieves a lot of results. Showing the retrieved images as pages of scrolled list, like other search engines, is not very userfriendly. Therefore, we have developed a query result visualization environment that allows the user to organize the search results in a Java applet using various techniques; for example, the user can use text and image clustering. This paper presents the architecture of the system and discusses the text and image clustering algorithms. Examples are used to show the usefulness of the techniques.
Utility of the Y-STR Typing Systems Y-PLEX ™ 6 and Y-PLEX ™ 5 in Forensic Casework and 11 Y-STR Haplotype Database for Three Major Population Groups in the United States (2004)

The Y-PLEX 6 and Y-PLEX 5 systems enable analysis for 11 Y-STR loci. We present here the utility of these systems in forensic casework. A total of 188 samples, including 127 evidence samples, were analyzed using either or both of the systems. The evidence sample types included fingernail scrapings, sperm or seminal fluid, epithelial cells, blood and other tissues. The Y-STR typing systems provided useful probative results in difficult cases. A reference database for Caucasian (n = 517), African American (n = 535), and Hispanic (n = 245) population groups within the United States was generated for estimating the haplotype frequency in forensic casework. Among the individuals profiled, 311 Caucasians, 412 African Americans, and 194 Hispanics provided unique profiles in their respective population datasets. This is the first report describing the haplotype database for the set of 11 Y-STR loci recommended by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM). Linkage analysis reveals that the frequencies from forensically important autosomal loci can be multiplied with the Y-STR haplotype frequency. The results from Y-PLEX systems have been accepted in courts in the United States.