gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ground Snow Loads for ASCE 7-22 – What Has Changed and Why? (2021)

The changes to the ASCE 7 ground snow load maps proposed for the 2022 edition target a uniform reliability rather than a uniform hazard – an important distinction – and are the first of their kind in ASCE 7. Previously, the ASCE 7 snow loads used a uniform-hazard 50-year mean recurrence interval (MRI) with a 1.6 load factor. The newly proposed loads directly target the safety levels stipulated in Chapter 1 of ASCE 7, resulting in a strength design level load that is to be used with a load factor of 1.0. This paper describes changes in design provisions that result from this transition to reliability-targeted loads and provides reasons for some of these differences.
Evaluation of the magneto-optical effect in biological tissue models using optical coherence tomography (2007)

For the first time to our knowledge, an experimental evaluation of the Faraday effect-induced polarization rotation in a biological tissue phantom is reported. The rotation of the polarization plane produced in the optical beam propagating through an Intralipid solution was evaluated using polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT), and the experimental results closely matched the theoretical values. The angle of rotation is proportional to the traversed path length along the magnetic field and can potentially be used to estimate the actual penetration depth.
Ferroelectric properties of lanthanide-substituted Bi4Ti3O12 epitaxial thin films grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (2003)

The ferroelectricity of epitaxially grown lanthanide-substituted Bi4Ti3O12, (Bi4−xLnx)Ti3O12 (Ln=La, Nd, and Sm) thin films with various lanthanide contents (x) was systematically investigated; (104)-oriented epitaxial (Bi4−xLnx)Ti3O12 thin films were grown on (111)SrRuO3∥(111)SrTiO3 substrates by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The remanent polarization (Pr) increased with x irrespective of the kind of lanthanide element. The maximum Pr values were 17, 25, and 20 μC/cm2 for (Bi3.44La0.56)Ti3O12, (Bi3.54Nd0.46)Ti3O12, and (Bi3.87Sm0.13)Ti3O12 thin films, where the coercive field (Ec) values were 145, 135, and 135 kV/cm, respectively. Reduction in the Pr values due to the excess substitution of the lanthanide is considered to originate from the solubility limit of the lanthanide in the Bi site in the pseudoperovskite layer. The Nd-substituted film with the largest polarization is comparable to the commercially used Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 films and is a useful candidate for lead-free ferroelectric applications.
CAR T-cell therapy for B-cell lymphomas: clinical trial results of available products (2019)

Adoptive cellular immunotherapy with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell has changed the treatment landscape of B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), especially for aggressive B-cell lymphomas. Single-center and multicenter clinical trials with anti-CD19 CAR T-cell therapy have shown great activity and long-term remissions in poor-risk diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) when no other effective treatment options are available. Two CAR T-cell products [axicabtagene ciloleucel (axi-cel) and tisagenlecleucel] have obtained US Food and Drug Administration approval for the treatment of refractory DLBCL after two lines of therapy. A third product, liso-cel, is currently being evaluated in clinical trials and preliminary results appear very promising. CAR T-cell-related toxicity with cytokine-release syndrome and neurotoxicity remain important potential complications of this therapy. Here, we review the s biology, structure, clinical trial results and toxicity of two commercially approved CAR T-cell products and others currently being studied in multicenter clinical trials in B-cell NHLs.
[Study on the resistance of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus to iodophor and chlorhexidine]. (2004)

Results showed that some MRSA were more resistant to Iodophor than staph. aureus ATCC6538, but remained the same resistance to Chlorhexidine. Thus the concentration of Iodophor should be raised when the resistant strains were isolated.
Aqueous Dissolved Gas Measurements Using Near-Infrared Raman Spectroscopy (1995)

Near-infrared Raman spectra of several gases dissolved in an aqueous medium have been acquired and analyzed for the first time. Spectra of dissolved and gaseous CO 2 , SO 2 , N 2 O, dimethyl ether, and O 2 are presented and compared. Raman-forbidden bands in the spectrum of gaseous dimethyl ether are observed in the dissolved spectrum; this result can be explained by relaxed selection rules due to lowered symmetry. Raman scattering enhancements in the dissolved phase are measured and shown to compare well with a theoretical prediction accounting for internal field enhancements in water. Dissolved CO 2 is measured quantitatively at concentrations from 0 to 250 Torr with the use of the method of partial least-squares, with an average prediction error of 12 Torr.
Some circuit design techniques using two cross-coupled, emitter-coupled pairs (1994)

A circuit structure having two cross-coupled, emitter-coupled pairs is proposed as a fundamental analog function element for multiplying two electrical input quantities; the input voltage difference and the tail current difference. The simplest form is well-known as "the Gilbert multiplier cell." In this circuit, the tail current difference is the differential output current of an emitter-coupled pair, nearly proportional to the differential input voltage. Therefore, if the tail current difference is the differential output current of a squaring circuit, nearly proportional to the square of the differential input voltage, a squaring multiplier is obtained and ran be used for radio communication applications as a frequency mixer with a local oscillator frequency doubler. If the tail current difference is the differential output current of a multiplier then a tripler, capable of multiplying three electrical input quantities, is obtained. The folded technique, for low voltage operation, and the multi-tanh technique, for input voltage range expansion, are employed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
What is the real function of the liver 'function' tests? (2012)

Liver enzymes are commonly used in the evaluation of patients with a range of diseases. Classically they are used to give information on whether a patient's primary disorder is hepatitic or cholestatic in origin. However, knowledge of enzyme ratios and pattern recognition allow much more information to be derived from these simple tests. This paper offers an insight to generalists on how to extractgreater information from these tests in order to improve theinvestigation and management of liver disease.
Direct hydrodeoxygenation of raw woody biomass into liquid alkanes (2016)

Being the only sustainable source of organic carbon, biomass is playing an ever-increasingly important role in our energy landscape. The conversion of renewable lignocellulosic biomass into liquid fuels is particularly attractive but extremely challenging due to the inertness and complexity of lignocellulose. Here we describe the direct hydrodeoxygenation of raw woods into liquid alkanes with mass yields up to 28.1 wt% over a multifunctional Pt/NbOPO4 catalyst in cyclohexane. The superior performance of this catalyst allows simultaneous conversion of cellulose, hemicellulose and, more significantly, lignin fractions in the wood sawdust into hexane, pentane and alkylcyclohexanes, respectively. Investigation on the molecular mechanism reveals that a synergistic effect between Pt, NbOx species and acidic sites promotes this highly efficient hydrodeoxygenation of bulk lignocellulose. No chemical pretreatment of the raw woody biomass or separation is required for this one-pot process, which opens a general and energy-efficient route for converting raw lignocellulose into valuable alkanes.
Total Synthesis and Pharmacological Characterization of Solomonsterol A, a Potent Marine Pregnane-X-Receptor Agonist Endowed with Anti-Inflammatory Activity (2011)

Recently, we reported the identification of a novel class of pregnane-X-receptor (PXR) agonists, solomonsterols A and B, isolated from the marine sponge Theonella swinhoei. Preliminary pharmacological studies demonstrated that these natural compounds are potential leads for the treatment of human disorders characterized by dysregulation of innate immunity. In this article, we describe the first total synthesis of solomonsterol A and its in vivo characterization in animal models of colitis. Using transgenic mice expressing the human PXR, we found that administration of synthetic solomonsterol A effectively protects against development of clinical signs and symptoms of colitis and reduced the generation of TNFα, a signature cytokine for this disorder. In addition, we have provided the first evidence that solomonsterol A might act by triggering the expression of TGFβ and IL-10, potent counter-regulatory cytokines in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Finally, we have shown that solomonsterol A inhibits NF-κB activation by a PXR dependent mechanism. In summary, solomonsterol A is a marine PXR agonist that holds promise in the treatment of inflammation-driven immune dysfunction in clinical settings.
Free Microspore Culture and Plantlet Regeneration of Brassica alboglabra with Yellow Flowers (2009)

The microspores of ZBo-1 and ZBo-6(two Brassica alboglabra inbred lines with yellow flowers) were cultured to study the effects of different hormones,heat treatment times,sampling stage and growth condition of donor plants on embryogenesis yield of cultured microspores.The results showed that the embryogenesis yield of cultured microspores treated by heat treatment at 32℃ for 1d was the highest among all treatments,adding NAA 0.1 mg/L or IAA 0.1 mg/L or 6-BA 0.1 mg/L in medium all could promote embryogenesis of cultured microspores,there was obvious difference in embryogenesis yield between different sampling stages and the induced successful rate of embryoids was 60%～80%.The microspores from two inbred lines grown under two growth conditions of artificial vernalization and natural vernalization both could have the formation capacity of cotyledonary-shape and torpedo-shape embryoids.The embryogenesis yield of ZBo-6 grown under natural vernalization condition was significantly higher than that of ZBo-6 grown under artificial vernalization condition and the embryogenesis yield of ZBo-1 grown under artificial vernalization condition was higher than that of ZBo-1 grown under natural vernalization condition.The regeneration plantlets were obtained from two inbred lines with different treatments.
Alternatives for scheduling virtual machines in real-time embedded systems (2008)

Embedded systems have so far hardly been regarded as a viable target for virtualisation, although this would definitely make sense: Today, embedded systems are facing many of the same problems that once initiated the consolidation movement in the server world. It seems only logical to apply the technology that has worked so well for servers to embedded devices now. However, embedded systems also have a requirement which is new to virtualisation: They must support real-time applications.In this contribution, we concentrate on the problem of achieving temporal determinism with virtual machines. We will give an estimation of the impact that virtualisation has on the timely execution of programs and we suggest some approaches how -- taking into account the typical requirements of real-time programs -- better timing predictability can be achieved.
A Hybrid Neural Network-Latent Topic Model (2012)

This paper introduces a hybrid model that combines a neural network with a latent topic model. The neural network provides a lowdimensional embedding for the input data, whose subsequent distribution is captured by the topic model. The neural network thus acts as a trainable feature extractor while the topic model captures the group structure of the data. Following an initial pretraining phase to separately initialize each part of the model, a unified training scheme is introduced that allows for discriminative training of the entire model. The approach is evaluated on visual data in scene classification task, where the hybrid model is shown to outperform models based solely on neural networks or topic models, as well as other baseline methods. 1
Solid-State <sup>13</sup>C NMR Analyses of the Crystalline−Noncrystalline Structure for Metallocene-Catalyzed Linear Low-Density Polyethylene (1997)

Solid-state 13C NMR analyses have been performed to obtain information about the crystalline−noncrystalline structure for metallocene-catalyzed linear low-density polyethylene (MLLDPE) isothermally crystallized from the melt. 13C spin−lattice relaxation time (T1C) and 13C spin−spin relaxation time (T2C) analyses have revealed that three components with different T1C and T2C values exist for MLLDPE, which are assignable to the crystalline, crystalline−amorphous interfacial, and rubbery amorphous components. Using such differences in T2C, we have separately recorded the spectra of interfacial and amorphous components and then resolved the fully relaxed DD/MAS spectrum of MLLDPE into the three components. As a result, it has been found that the thickness of the interfacial region is about 3 nm, in good accord with the previous result for bulk-crystallized high-density polyethylene (HDPE). T1ρH and T2C analyses have also revealed that butyl branches are excluded out from the crystalline region and are almost equally distributed in the crystalline−amorphous interfacial and amorphous regions. It has been also found that the molecular mobility is somewhat more enhanced in the interfacial region for MLLDPE compared with the case for HDPE. The same analysis is applied to Ziegler−Natta-catalyzed LLDPE isothermally crystallized from the melt as well as those quenched samples, and the crystalline−noncrystalline structures of the samples are discussed.
The genomic landscape of small intestine neuroendocrine tumors (2013)

Small intestine neuroendocrine tumors (SI-NETs) are the most common malignancy of the small bowel. Several clinical trials target PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling; however, it is unknown whether these or other genes are genetically altered in these tumors. To address the underlying genetics, we analyzed 48 SI-NETs by massively parallel exome sequencing. We detected an average of 0.1 somatic single nucleotide variants (SNVs) per 106 nucleotides (range, 0-0.59), mostly transitions (C>T and A>G), which suggests that SI-NETs are stable cancers. 197 protein-altering somatic SNVs affected a preponderance of cancer genes, including FGFR2, MEN1, HOOK3, EZH2, MLF1, CARD11, VHL, NONO, and SMAD1. Integrative analysis of SNVs and somatic copy number variations identified recurrently altered mechanisms of carcinogenesis: chromatin remodeling, DNA damage, apoptosis, RAS signaling, and axon guidance. Candidate therapeutically relevant alterations were found in 35 patients, including SRC, SMAD family genes, AURKA, EGFR, HSP90, and PDGFR. Mutually exclusive amplification of AKT1 or AKT2 was the most common event in the 16 patients with alterations of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling. We conclude that sequencing-based analysis may provide provisional grouping of SI-NETs by therapeutic targets or deregulated pathways.
Amine-induced Rearrangement of 4-Imino-4H-3,1-benzoxazines to 4-Quinazolinones via Amidine Carboxamides (2003)

Iminobenzoxazines (2) react with pyrrolidine in EtOAc at reflux to give amidine carboxamides (11), which cyclize to quinazolinones (3) on heating in 99:1 MeCN/HOAc.However, both amidines (11d) and ( 13d) are formed if R 1 = Ar and R 2 = Me.Hindered amidine (11f), R 1 = Ph, R 2 = i-Pr, does not cyclize to give quinazolinone (3f).
Role of D-Limonene in Autophagy Induced by Bergamot Essential Oil in SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells (2014)

Bergamot (Citrus bergamia, Risso et Poiteau) essential oil (BEO) is a well characterized, widely used plant extract. BEO exerts anxiolytic, analgesic and neuroprotective activities in rodents through mechanisms that are only partly known and need to be further investigated. To gain more insight into the biological effects of this essential oil, we tested the ability of BEO (0.005-0.03%) to modulate autophagic pathways in human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. BEO-treated cells show increased LC3II levels and appearance of dot-like formations of endogenous LC3 protein that colocalize with the lysosome marker LAMP-1. Autophagic flux assay using bafilomycin A1 and degradation of the specific autophagy substrate p62 confirmed that the observed increase of LC3II levels in BEO-exposed cells is due to autophagy induction rather than to a decreased autophagosomal turnover. Induction of autophagy is an early and not cell-line specific response to BEO. Beside basal autophagy, BEO also enhanced autophagy triggered by serum starvation and rapamycin indicating that the underlying mechanism is mTOR independent. Accordingly, BEO did not affect the phosphorylation of ULK1 (Ser757) and p70(S6K) (Thr389), two downstream targets of mTOR. Furthermore, induction of autophagy by BEO is beclin-1 independent, occurs in a concentration-dependent manner and is unrelated to the ability of BEO to induce cell death. In order to identify the active constituents responsible for these effects, the two most abundant monoterpenes found in the essential oil, d-limonene (125-750 µM) and linalyl acetate (62.5-375 µM), were individually tested at concentrations comparable to those found in 0.005-0.03% BEO. The same features of stimulated autophagy elicited by BEO were reproduced by D-limonene, which rapidly increases LC3II and reduces p62 levels in a concentration-dependent manner. Linalyl acetate was ineffective in replicating BEO effects; however, it greatly enhanced LC3 lipidation triggered by D-limonene.
Ultrasonic diffraction effects on periodic surfaces (2011)

Although the study of the interaction of acoustic and elastic waves with periodic surfaces and structures has a rich history dating back to Lord Rayleigh, it has recently been attracting new research efforts due to its value in the study of phononic crystals and in methods for ultrasonic non-destructive evaluation (NDE). The objective of the research described in this thesis is to provide new numerical and experimental tools capable of capturing important features that occur due to the diffraction of ultrasound on periodic solid surfaces. This thesis is divided into four main parts. First, the Rayleigh-Fourier (R-F) method will be used to simulate diffracted fields generated by structures containing multiple periodic surfaces and/or multiple solid layers. The second part of this thesis examines diffraction effects and compares ultrasonic NDE techniques for surfaces with imperfect periodicities. The third portion of this thesis focuses on one unusual phenomenon that has been observed on periodic surfaces, namely the lateral backward displacement of a bounded ultrasonic beam along the surface. This effect is currently understood to occur due to backward propagating surface waves that result from diffraction and mode conversion on the surface. The fourth and final part of this thesis describes the diffraction of bulk ultrasonic waves that can occur on the surfaces of phononic crystals.
Reducing bus delay in submicron technology using coding (2001)

In this paper we study the delay associated with transmission of data through busses. Previous work in this area has presented models for delay assuming a distributed model or a lumped capacitive coupling between wires. In this paper we extend the Elmore delay to account for a distributed model with distributed coupling component and an arbitrary number of lines driven by independent sources. The effect of data patterns is taken into account allowing us to estimate the delay on a sample by sample basis instead of making a worst case assumption. Using this detailed wire delay model, we propose a technique to speed up the communication through a data bus using coding. The idea is to encode the data being transmitted through the bus with the goal of eliminating certain types of transitions that require a large delay. We show that by using proper encoding techniques, the bus can be sped up by a factor of 2.
Word-level emphasis modelling in HMM-based speech synthesis (2010)

Expressive speech synthesis has recently attracted great interest. Word-level emphasis is an important form of expressiveness to distinguish between what is the focus of the utterance, and what the computer system expects to be known by the user. Previous work on emphasis synthesis requires emphatic data collected specifically for that task. In this paper, a statistical approach that models and extracts word-level emphasis patterns from natural speech is investigated within the HMM based speech synthesis framework. Compared to emphatic speech collected specifically for this task, the cues of emphasis in natural speech are weaker and heavily affected by various suprasegmental features. Two new decision tree clustering approaches, two-pass and factorized decision tree, are proposed to effectively address this problem. Experiments show that both approaches can convey emphasis significantly better than traditional decision tree clustering and HMM adaptation. While the two-pass decision tree approach outperformed the factorized decision tree approach in an emphasis synthesis test, the latter led to significantly better naturalness and hence achieved a better overall balance.
JSON data management (2014)

Relational Database Management Systems (RDBMS) have been very successful at managing structured data with well-defined schemas. Despite this, relational systems are generally not the first choice for management of data where schemas are not pre-defined or must be flexible in the face of variations and changes. Instead, No-SQL database systems supporting JSON are often selected to provide persistence to such applications. JSON is a light-weight and flexible semi-structured data format supporting constructs common in most programming languages. In this paper, we analyze the way in which requirements differ between management of relational data and management of JSON data. We present three architectural principles that facilitate a schema-less development style within an RDBMS so that RDBMS users can store, query, and index JSON data without requiring schemas. We show how these three principles can be applied to industry-leading RDBMS platforms, such as the Oracle RDBMS Server, with relatively little effort. Consequently, an RDBMS can unify the management of both relational data and JSON data in one platform and use SQL with an embedded JSON path language as a single declarative language to query both relational data and JSON data. This SQL/JSON approach offers significant benefits to application developers as they can use one product to manage both relational data and semi-structured flexible schema data.
Delayed nucleation during molecular-beam epitaxial growth of GaN observed by line-of-sight quadrupole mass spectrometry (2002)

We present a nucleation study for molecular-beam epitaxial growth of GaN on 6H-SiC and sapphire using Rutherford backscattering, atomic force microscopy, and in situ line-of-sight quadrupole mass spectrometry. Film thickness measurements by Rutherford backscattering reveal a strong deviation from thickness calculations assuming steady-state growth. We differentiate two regimes of growth, initially a highly nonlinear growth mode during island formation and later a linear growth mode after coalescence of islands. The mechanisms leading to the nonlinear behavior are attributed to energy barriers that supress immediate nucleation and provide for a substantial desorption of Ga and N atoms. Employing line-of-sight quadrupole mass spectrometry, we developed a quantitative in situ method to determine the amount of desorbing Ga atoms during the entire GaN growth procedure. The amount of initial GaN desorption in heteroepitaxy is independent of the substrate material and is as high as 8±1.5 nm.