gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Local Food Supply Chains Use Diverse Business Models To Satisfy Demand (2010)

Case studies of mainstream and local food supply chains reveal the variety of ways that food products move from farms to consumers. Farms in local food supply chains maintain a diverse portfolio of products and market outlets, which may help defray large fixed costs across multiple revenue streams. Local food supply chains are more likely to provide consumers with detailed information about where and by whom products were produced.
Purification and Mode of Action of a Chitosanase from Penicillium islandicum (1981)

Penicillium islandicum produced an inducible extracellular chitosanase when grown on chitosan. Large-scale production of the enzyme was obtained using Rhizopus rhizopodiformis hyphae as substrate. Chitosanase was purified 38-fold to homogeneity by ammonium sulphate fractionation and sequential chromatography on DEAE-Biogel A, Biogel P60 and hydroxyl-apatite. Crude enzyme was unstable at 37 °C, but was stabilized by 1·0 mm-Ca2+. The pH optimum for activity was broad and dependent on the solubility of the chitosan substrate. Various physical and chemical properties of the purified enzyme were determined. Penicillium islandicum chitosanase cleaved chitosan in an endo-splitting manner with maximal activity on polymers of 30 to 60% acetylation. No activity was found on chitin (100% acetylated chitosan) or trimers and tetramers of N-acetylglucosamine. The latter two oligomers and all small oligomers of glucosamine inhibited the activity of chitosanase on 30% acetylated chitosan. The pentamer of N-acetylglucosamine and glucosamine oligomers were slowly cleaved by the enzyme. Analysis of the reaction products from 30% acetylated chitosan indicated that the major oligomeric product was a trimer; with 60% acetylated chitosan as substrate a dimer was also found. The new terminal reducing groups produced by chitosanase hydrolysis of 30% acetylated chitosan were reduced by sodium boro[3H]hydride. The new end residues were found to be N-acetylglucosamine. The analyses strongly indicated that P. islandicum chitosanase cleaved chitosan between N-acetylglucosamine and glucosamine. Both residues were needed for cleavage, and polymers containing equal proportions of acetylated and non-acetylated sugars were optimal for chitosanase activity. The products of reaction depended on the degree of acetylation of the polymer.
An absorbable intravasal stent and a silicone intravasal reversible plug. Report of experiments on animals. (1975)

The high failure rate of vasovasotomy to restore fertility in vasectomized men prompted this investigation using guinea pigs as the experimental animals. The vasa were divided and absorbable intravasal stents were inserted into the lumens of the vasa at the site of anastomosis. The success or failure to secure patency and reestablish fertility was appraised by histologic sections, vasograms, semen analyses, and breeding tests. A second group of animals had silicone plugs equipped with a detachable central pin placed in both vasa. The design of this procedure was to produce an occlusive azoospermia which might be reversed by removing the central pin. Similar tests were used to establish the effectiveness of this reversible device in producing a temporary sterilization. The procedures were controlled by sham operations and insertion of plugs without pins.
A Novel Highly Resilient Nanocomposite Hydrogel with Low Hysteresis and Ultrahigh Elongation (2006)

Abstract Summary: A series of high clay content Laponite XLS/polyacrylamide (PAAm) nanocomposite hydrogels (S‐M gels) with excellent resilience, low elastic hysteresis, and ultrahigh elongation, have been successfully synthesized. Based on our results, it is concluded that the mechanical properties of nanocomposite hydrogels probably depend to a great extent on the hydrophilicity and flexibility of the macromolecules. Moreover, it is found that the transparency during the in‐situ polymerization of S‐M gels does not change, which is quite different from clay/poly( N ‐isopropylacrylamide) nanocomposite hydrogels. Formation of nanocomposite hydrogels using Clay‐S by in‐situ polymerization. magnified image Formation of nanocomposite hydrogels using Clay‐S by in‐situ polymerization.
On the potential of acoustic emission for the characterization and understanding of mechanical damaging during abrasion–corrosion processes (1999)

Abrasion–corrosion may be a serious contributor to wear in industrial processes even when pure corrosion rate does not appear to be significant. This paper presents a study on the characterization by acoustic emission and electrochemical techniques of the abrasion–corrosion phenomenon of an austenitic 304L stainless steel. In single-impact conditions, it has been shown that acoustic energy is of a great interest in order to measure impact energy, whatever the impingement angle. Particles and air bubble impacts can also be clearly separated. In multi-impact conditions, it has been shown that acoustic energy could be taken as reference in order to quantify not only the overall energy of the impacts but also the mechanical damaging. Simultaneous time analyses of corrosion potential and acoustic energy have been performed and a good correlation of the instantaneous variations of these parameters has been evidenced.
Purification and Characterization of the Enzymes of Fructan Biosynthesis in Tubers of Helianthus tuberosus Colombia (II. Purification of Sucrose:Sucrose 1-Fructosyltransferase and Reconstitution of Fructan Synthesis in Vitro with Purified Sucrose:Sucrose 1-Fructosyltransferase and Fructan:Fructan 1-Fructosyltransferase) (1996)

Sucrose:sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase (1-SST), an enzyme involved in fructan biosynthesis, was purified to homogeneity from tubers of Helianthus tuberosus that were harvested in the accumulation phase. Gel filtration under native conditions predicted a molecular mass of about 67 kD. Electrophoresis or gel filtration under denaturing conditions yielded a 27- and a 55-kD fragment. 1-SST preferentially catalyzed the conversion of sucrose into the trisaccharide 1-kestose (GF2). Other reactions catalyzed by 1-SST at a lower rate were self-transfructosylations with GF2 and 1,1-nystose (GF3) as substrates yielding GF3 and 1,1,1-fructosylnystose, respectively, as products. 1-SST also catalyzed the removal of the terminal fructosyl unit from both GF2 and GF3, which resulted in the release of sucrose and GF2, respectively, and free Fru. The purified enzyme did not display [beta]-fructosidase activity. An enzyme mixture of purified 1-SST and fructan:fructan 1-fructosyltransferase, both isolated from tubers, was able to synthesize fructans up to a degree of polymerization of at least 13 with sucrose as a sole substrate.
Process Chemistry of Petroleum Macromolecules (2008)

Although there is a shortage of light petroleum, there is plenty of heavy petroleum rich in macromolecules available, creating an increasing interest for processes that can convert heavy oils to light oils. Process Chemistry of Petroleum Macromolecules provides the scientific basis for such processes, presenting methods to determine improvement potential. Topics include characterization, thermal kinetics, phase behavior, and separation. Revealing that the science of petroleum macromolecules is simpler and more exciting than imagined, it also discusses macromolecules that self-associate, liquid crystalline phases, reactions triggered by phase separation, and both dispersed and dissolved solutes.
Identification of a novel amino acid alpha-tyrosine 93 within the cholinergic ligands-binding sites of the acetylcholine receptor by photoaffinity labeling. Additional evidence for a three-loop model of the cholinergic ligands-binding sites. (1990)

The native, membrane-bound, acetylcholine receptor from Torpedo marmorata was photolabeled by the competitive antagonist p-[3H]dimethylaminobenzene-diazonium fluoroborate (DDF) in the presence of the noncompetitive blocker phencyclidine and under energy transfer conditions. The isolated alpha-subunits were treated with cyanogen bromide and fractionation of the resulting fragments yielded three radiolabeled peptides, at the level of which, incorporation of [3H]DDF (i) was equally inhibited by the agonist carbamoylcholine and the competitive antagonist alpha-bungarotoxin and (ii) was insensitive to "scavenging" reagents. Subfragmentation of cyanogen bromide peptide III with omicron-iodosobenzoic acid or trypsin and sequence analysis of the fragments led to the identification of a novel amino acid alpha-Tyr-93 (and possibly Trp-86) as labeled by [3H]DDF in a carbamoylcholine-sensitive manner. alpha-Tyr-93 is conserved in the muscle and neuronal alpha-subunits but not in the other subunits of muscle receptor. This result provides evidence for a site involving at least a third loop of the alpha-subunit amino-terminal hydrophilic domain, in addition to the ones previously identified (Dennis, M., Giraudat, J., Kotzyba-Hibert, F., Goeldner, M., Hirth, C., Chang, J. Y., Lazure, C., Chretien, M., and Changeux, J. P. (1988) Biochemistry 27, 2346-2357). Possible contribution of tyrosine side-chains to the complexation of the quaternary ammonium group of cholinergic ligands is discussed.
III Old English Literature (1969)

Journal Article III Old English Literature Get access R. M. WILSON R. M. WILSON Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Year's Work in English Studies, Volume 48, Issue 1, 1969, Pages 52–63, https://doi.org/10.1093/ywes/48.1.52 Published: 01 September 1969
Ubiquitous access to reconfigurable hardware: application scenarios and implementation issues (2003)

This paper presents an approach for the integration of reconfigurable hardware and computer applications based on the concept of ubiquitous computing. The goal is to allow a network of reconfigurable hardware modules to be transparently accessible by client applications. The communication between them is done at the API level, and a Jini-based infrastructure is used to provide an interface for the client applications to find available reconfigurable hardware modules over the network. A DES-based cryptography system was implemented as a case study.
Highly Stable, Anion Conductive, Comb-Shaped Copolymers for Alkaline Fuel Cells (2013)

To produce an anion-conductive and durable polymer electrolyte for alkaline fuel cell applications, a series of quaternized poly(2,6-dimethyl phenylene oxide)s containing long alkyl side chains pendant to the nitrogen-centered cation were synthesized using a Menshutkin reaction to form comb-shaped structures. The pendant alkyl chains were responsible for the development of highly conductive ionic domains, as confirmed by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The comb-shaped polymers having one alkyl side chain showed higher hydroxide conductivities than those with benzyltrimethyl ammonium moieties or structures with more than one alkyl side chain per cationic site. The highest conductivity was observed for comb-shaped polymers with benzyldimethylhexadecyl ammonium cations. The chemical stabilities of the comb-shaped membranes were evaluated under severe, accelerated-aging conditions, and degradation was observed by measuring IEC and ion conductivity changes during aging. The comb-shaped membranes retained their high ion conductivity in 1 M NaOH at 80 °C for 2000 h. These cationic polymers were employed as ionomers in catalyst layers for alkaline fuel cells. The results indicated that the C-16 alkyl side chain ionomer had a slightly better initial performance, despite its low IEC value, but very poor durability in the fuel cell. In contrast, 90% of the initial performance was retained for the alkaline fuel cell with electrodes containing the C-6 side chain after 60 h of fuel cell operation.
CHINESE CONSUMER PERCEIVED RISK AND RISK RELIEVERS IN E-SHOPPING FOR CLOTHING (2012)

Online perceived risk is an important issue in e-commerce. As China has a large Internet shopper population and online consumer spending continues to increase, better understanding Chinese online shoppers ’ perceived risk and risk reduction strategies becomes particularly relevant. However, research in the Chinese context is limited. Given this reality, the purpose of this study is to (1) identify and rank Chinese consumer online perceived risk; (2) investigate consumer preferences for methods of reducing risk; and (3) present a cluster analysis of e-shoppers based on their perceived risk score. Managerially, the study intends to provide e-marketers and e-retailers with an overview of risk as perceived by Chinese online shoppers and their risk reduction strategies. It also aims to demonstrate for managers the impact of this awareness on their competitiveness by illustrating how consumer types are related to different perceived risk dimensions and risk reliever strategies on the Internet. Some results from this study are consistent with previous studies, but it is interesting to note that certain findings are different. These differences might be explained by the specificity of the Chinese Internet shopping environment and Chinese culture. Cluster analysis regrouped the Chinese e-shoppers into five groups based on their perceived risk.
Synthesis of the α- and γ-isomers of glutamylcystinylvaline (1960)

mized rats for assay be possible, the easy replica- tion of tests would go some way to meet this difficulty. However, the hope of an accurate assay will be somewhat dashed by (a) the presence in partly purified intrinsic-factor preparations of un- known amounts of inhibitor or inhibitors, (b) the marked dependence, in some cases, of activity on the size of the dose (e.g. 7, Table These points are discussed more fully by M. A. Sheikh & K. B.
Verification of Treaty Compliance -- Revisited (1983)

In a series of papers, the author has documented the evolution at the Sandia National Laboratories of a solution to the problem of how two mutually deceitful and distrusting parties -- the host and the monitor -- can both trust a data acquisition system whose function is to inform the monitor, and perhaps third parties, whether the host has or has not violated the terms of a treaty. The national interests of the various participants, host, monitor and third parties, at first appear to be mutually irreconcilable, however the conclusion of this paper will be that it is possible to simultaneously satisfy the interests of all parties. The technical device on which this fourth, and hopefully final, iteration of treaty verification systems is based is the concatenation of two or more two key cryptographic systems. In the resulting system no part of the rneasage need be kept secret from any participant at anytime; no party, nor collusion of fewer than all of the parties can utter an undetectable forgery; no unilateral action on the part of any party can lessen the confidence of the others as to the authenticity of the data and finally third parties can be logically persuaded of the authenticity of messages. Thus, finally after a decade of development a complete technical solution is in hand for the problem of the verification of treaty compliance.
Projeto Paciente Seguro: Inserção do paciente e familiar no contexto de sua segurança (2014)

O objetivo do estudo e relatar a experiencia dos enfermeiros do Hospital Alemao Oswaldo Cruz, envolvidos no planejamento de estrategias para estimular a participacao do paciente e familiar no processo de cuidado, por meio do Projeto Paciente Seguro. Assim, evidenciou-se que a realidade da instituicao analisada atraves de seus dados e resultados estatisticos norteou as acoes de melhoria e criacao de estrategias alinhadas ao seu modelo assistencial. A parceria entre o Projeto Paciente Seguro e modelo assistencial adotado foi essencial para a sustentacao de uma assistencia com qualidade e seguranca, focada no paciente.
Homophobia, History, and Homosexuality (2004)

Abstract This paper explores the cultural, religious, and sociological underpinnings of homophobia and intolerance toward homosexuals. Theories of homosexual causation are also explored as well as a brief historical accounting of the rise of modern gay culture in Western society. Empirical findings or regional attitudinal differences toward homosexuals both recently and over time are presented in graphical format. Finally, changing attitudes are explored, and conclusions suggest that although homophobia is still very prevalent, tolerance and support from social institutions for GLBT individuals are slowly increasing over time.
Analyses of TCR clustering at the T cell-antigen-presenting cell interface and its impact on the activation of naive CD4+ T cells (2006)

The role of micrometer-scale clustering of TCRs at the T cell-antigen-presenting cell (APC) interface in T cell activation is an area of active investigation. Here we have investigated the impact of variations in the extent of TCR clustering on the activation of naive CD4+ T cells. These T cells are derived from transgenic (tg) mice expressing TCRs (172.10 and 1934.4) specific for the N-terminal nonapeptide of MBP bound to I-A(u), and are associated with murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The 172.10 TCR has a approximately 4-fold higher affinity for antigen relative to the 1934.4 TCR, allowing us to compare the properties of two tg T cells of different avidities. We observe that variations in large-scale TCR clustering at the T cell-APC interface do not correlate well with the extent of activation (CD25 or CD69 up-regulation and IL-2 or IFN-gamma production). Efficient activation can also be achieved in the absence of micrometer-scale TCR clustering, indicating that this is not a prerequisite for the effective stimulation of naive T cells.
Locales: supporting large multiuser virtual environments (1996)

Creators of multiuser virtual environments naturally desire to make them large in spatial extent, large in numbers of objects, and large in numbers of users interacting with the environment. However, doing so creates several problems: efficiently managing the flow of large amounts of data between large numbers of users, representing precise position and velocity information about objects arrayed across a large volume of space, and allowing designers to create parts of a virtual environment separately and combine them together later. The concept of locales is based on the idea that even in a very large virtual world, most of what a single user can observe at a given moment is nevertheless local in nature. You would expect a large virtual world to be large primarily because, like a city, it combines a large number of relatively small, localized activities not because it contains very large individual activities. Locales divide a virtual world into chunks that can be processed separately. This division is purely an implementation issue-it is not apparent to the user. A user sees several locales at once-generally the locale containing the user's point of view and those neighboring it. The user does not see any seams between the locales nor any abrupt changes as the point of view moves from one locale to another, thereby changing the neighborhood set.
A 3.8 Å resolution cryo-EM structure of a small protein bound to an imaging scaffold (2019)

Proteins smaller than about 50 kDa are currently too small to be imaged at high resolution by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), leaving most protein molecules in the cell beyond the reach of this powerful structural technique. Here we use a designed protein scaffold to bind and symmetrically display 12 copies of a small 26 kDa protein, green fluorescent protein (GFP). We show that the bound cargo protein is held rigidly enough to visualize it at a resolution of 3.8 Å by cryo-EM, where specific structural features of the protein are visible. The designed scaffold is modular and can be modified through modest changes in its amino acid sequence to bind and display diverse proteins for imaging, thus providing a general method to break through the lower size limitation in cryo-EM.
Studies on Induction and Repression in Activated Sludge Systems (1962)

Both repression and induction of substrate utilization have been the subject of many basic research investigations employing pure cultures. In this investigation these effects were studied using heterogeneous microbial populations prevalent in such biological treatment processes as activated sludge systems. Diauxic substrate removal by activated sludge was observed in a multicomponent medium consisting of glucose and sorbitol. The sludge was acclimated solely to sorbitol; however, the presence of glucose blocked sorbitol removal until glucose was completely utilized. Both diphasic and triphasic oxygen utilization was shown for activated sludges metabolizing multicomponent synthetic wastes consisting of glucose, melibiose, and lactose. It appears from these studies that melibiose utilization was suppressed by the presence of glucose and, although melibiose induced acclimation to lactose, the presence of melibose suppressed lactose utilization. Studies were also conducted using glycogen and starch systems in which it was found that acclimation to either compound conferred immediate acclimation to the other. It was also found that loss of acclimation to lactose was a passive phenomenon and its kinetics could be predicted on the basis of simple diluting out of the enzyme(s) responsible for such acclimation.
Guidelines for Designing Surface Ion Traps Using the Boundary Element Method (2016)

Ion traps can provide both physical implementation of quantum information processing and direct observation of quantum systems. Recently, surface ion traps have been developed using microfabrication technologies and are considered to be a promising platform for scalable quantum devices. This paper presents detailed guidelines for designing the electrodes of surface ion traps. First, we define and explain the key specifications including trap depth, q-parameter, secular frequency, and ion height. Then, we present a numerical-simulation-based design procedure, which involves determining the basic assumptions, determining the shape and size of the chip, designing the dimensions of the radio frequency (RF) electrode, and analyzing the direct current (DC) control voltages. As an example of this design procedure, we present a case study with tutorial-like explanations. The proposed design procedure can provide a practical guideline for designing the electrodes of surface ion traps.