gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Elevated matrix metalloprotease and angiostatin levels in integrin α1 knockout mice cause reduced tumor vascularization (2000)

Integrin alpha1beta1 is a collagen receptor abundantly expressed on microvascular endothelial cells. As well as being the only collagen receptor able to activate the Ras/Shc/mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway promoting fibroblast cell proliferation, it also acts to inhibit collagen and metalloproteinase (MMP) synthesis. We have observed that in integrin alpha1-null mice synthesis of MMP7 and MMP9 was markedly increased compared with that of their wild-type counterparts. As MMP7 and MMP9 have been shown to generate angiostatin from circulating plasminogen, and angiostatin acts as a potent inhibitor of endothelial cell proliferation, we determined whether tumor vascularization was altered in the alpha1-null mice. Tumors implanted into alpha1-null mice showed markedly decreased vascularization, with a reduction in capillary number and size, which was accompanied by an increase in plasma levels of angiostatin due to the action of MMP7 and MMP9 on circulating plasminogen. In vitro analysis of alpha1-null endothelial cells revealed a marked reduction of their proliferation on both integrin alpha1-dependent (collagenous) and independent (noncollagenous) substrata. This reduction was prevented by culturing alpha1-null cells with plasma derived from plasminogen-null animals, thus omitting the source from which to generate angiostatin. Plasma from tumor-bearing alpha1-null animals uniquely inhibited endothelial cell growth, and this inhibition was relieved by the coaddition of either MMP inhibitors, or antibody to angiostatin. Integrin alpha1-deficient mice thus provide a genetically characterized model for enhanced angiostatin production and serve to reveal an unwanted potential side effect of MMP inhibition, increased tumor angiogenesis.
Automated Network Analyzers for the 0.9- to 12.4-GHz Range (1976)

Two highly accurate automated network analyzers have been developed to cover the frequency ranges of 0.9 to 4.2 GHz and 3.7 to 12.4 GHz. In addition to the directly measured quantities of insertion loss and phase, the analyzers provide insertion delay, impedance, and two-port parameters as derived quantities. The functional architecture of the systems is described along with some of the novel techniques used to obtain the high signal-to-noise ratios and system stabilities needed for the precise measurements of loss, phase, and delay. General descriptions of these techniques are given along with some of the design considerations. Experimental results that demonstrate measurement accuracy are presented for one-port and two-port devices using both coaxial and waveguide connectors.
Polymer-masking for controlled functionalization of carbon nanotubes (2007)

An effective and versatile method for tube-length-specific functionalization of carbon nanotubes through a controllable embedment of vertically-aligned carbon nanotubes into polymer matrices is reported, which allows not only asymmetric functionalization of nanotube sidewalls, but also facile introduction of new properties (e.g. magnetic) onto the region-selectively functionalized carbon nanotubes.
Acousto-optically Q-switched and mode-locked diode-pumped Nd:YVO 4 laser (2006)

The compact picosecond, high power lasers are demanded in several areas e.g. micromachining, ophthalmology etc. One of the promising methods enabling generation of picosecond pulses trains with energies of a few μJ each in a simple resonator is the simultaneous Q-Switching and Mode Locking (QML) regime. We have demonstrated the efficient QML regime applying acousto-optic modulator in double role as an active Q-switch and mode locker. The pumping beam, emitted by 20-W laser diode bar with beam shaper forms the caustics of 0.8-mm width inside the 0.3 at.% Nd<sup>3+</sup> doped 10-mm-long YVO<sub>4</sub> crystal located in the close vicinity to the rear flat mirror of first arm of Z-type resonator. The acousto-optic Q-switch with 40.7 MHz radio-frequency was located near flat output coupler. The two folding mirrors were mounted on the translation stages to enable matching the resonance frequency of the cavity to the modulation frequency of acousto-optic cell. Due to weak prelassing at 40.7 MHz frequency, the Q-switched pulse train has started to build up from ordered mode locked radiation. The QML pulses with envelope durations of 100-150 ns and near 100% modulation depth were observed for wide range of pump powers and repetition rates. Above 3 W of output average power, 0.130 mJ of the envelope energy having approximately 5-8 mode locked pulses were achieved. The maximum energy of mode locked pulse was about 0.03 mJ with pulse durations much less than 1 ns.
26.5 Adaptive clocking in the POWER9™ processor for voltage droop protection (2017)

Increasing transistor counts in modern processors can create instantaneous changes in current, driving nanosecond-speed supply voltage (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DD</sub> ) droops that require extra guardband for correct product operation. The POWER9 processor uses an adaptive clock strategy to reduce timing margin needed during power supply droop events by embedding analog voltage-droop monitors (VDMs) that direct a digital phase-locked loop (DPLL) to immediately reduce clock frequency in response.
Folate Supplementation: Too Much of a Good Thing? (2006)

Folate is critical for nucleotide synthesis and methylation reactions and has been associated with a number of health benefits. The accumulation of good news—ranging from the established reduction of neural tube defects to the putative prevention of several types of cancer, cardiovascular disease
Mechanoreceptor endings in human cervical facet joints. (1993)

Normal cervical facet capsules, taken from three human subjects, were examined to determine the density and distribution of three types of mechanoreceptive nerve endings. Clearly identifiable mechanoreceptors were found in 80% of the specimens and were categorized according to the classification of Freeman and Wyke. Eleven Type I, twenty Type II, and five Type III receptors were identified, as well as a number of small, unencapsulated nerve endings. Type I receptors were small, globular structures measuring 25-50 microns in diameter. Type II receptors varied in size and contour, but were characterized by their oblong shape and broad, lamellar capsule. Type III receptors were relatively large, oblong structures with a thin, amorphous capsule, within which a reticular mesh-work of fine neurites was embedded. Free (nociceptive) nerve endings were found in sub-synovial, loose areolar, and dense capsular tissues. The presence of mechanoreceptive and nociceptive nerve endings demonstrates that cervical facet capsules are monitored by the central nervous system, and implies that neural input from the facets is important to the function of the cervical spine. Previous studies have suggested that protective muscular reflexes modulated by these types of mechanoreceptors are important in preventing joint instability and degeneration. The complex neural elements identified in this study may be damaged inadvertently when surgically exposing the cervical spine. Care should be taken, during posterior approaches, to avoid excessive stripping of the facets in portions of the spine not being fused.
Carbon–hydrogen and C–X (X = Cl or SiMe<sub>3</sub>) bond activation. 1-Cyclopalladation and oxidation of some derivatives of 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]naphthalene (1994)

The regioselective palladation reactions of 3-substituted derivatives of 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]naphthalene, C10H6(CH2NMe2)-2-R-3 (R = Cl, SiMe3 or OSiMe3), were studied. For the substrate with R = Cl, no cyclopalladation at position 1 was observed and the co-ordination complex was isolated. The 3-palladated product was formed in 10% yield via C–Cl activation. The reaction of 2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-3-methylnaphthalene with Pd(O2CMe)2 and work-up with LiCl did lead to palladation at position 1, the resulting complex being isolated in 96% yield. The crystal structure of bis(acetonitrile){2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-3-methyl-1-naphthyl}palladium trifluoromethanesulfonate was solved. Monoclinic, space group P21/n, with a= 13.193(1), b= 11.801(1), c= 14.797(1)Å, β= 105.15(1)°, Z= 4. The structure was refined to R= 0.042 for 3455 reflections with I > 2.5σ(I). Palladation at position 1 was also achieved by oxidative addition of 1-bromo-2-[(dimethylamino)methyl]naphthalene to [Pd(dba)2](dba = dibenzylideneacetone). Protection of C(3) with R = SiMe3 resulted in quantitative replacement of the SiMe3 group by palladium. Silicon–oxygen bond cleavage was observed when the substrate with R = OSiMe3 was treated with Pd(O2CMe)2. Palladium bis{3-[(dimethylamino)methyl]-2-naphtholate} was obtained quantitatively. Oxidation of several arylpalladium complexes with ButO2H was achieved in the presence of [VO(acac)2](acac = acetylacetonate) or [{RhCl(cod)}2]}(cod = cycloocta-1,5-diene) as catalyst. The corresponding 1-naphthols were prepared in yields varying from 33 to 78%. In a number of cases the corresponding 1,4-naphthoquinones were prepared in yields varying from 18 to 38%.
Failure Progression and Mesh Sensitivity Analyses by the Plate Element-Failure Method (2010)

Despite the fact that fiber-reinforced composite materials have been extensively used in aerospace, defense and marine structures for many years, the high stiffness and strength properties of these materials have not yet been fully exploited. In many instances, overly rigid adherence to conservative design rules based on ‘black aluminum’ (symmetric quasi-isotropic graphite-epoxy laminates) has eroded these advantages significantly. Efforts to better understand the failure mechanisms and develop efficient and robust computational tools will lend more confidence to designers and engineers to realize better weight savings and improve damage tolerance. The search for efficient computational tools for the modeling of progressive damage in composites should be coupled with sufficient fidelity to ensure that the mechanisms of the complex failure modes are accurately represented. In an effort towards this goal, the authors have proposed the element-failure method (EFM) using 3D solid finite elements, which has been successfully applied to failure analysis of composite laminates. The EFM has advantages over the traditional material property degradation method (MPDM) because the stiffness matrix of the element is not changed, thereby improving computational convergence and saving in computational efforts. In this article, a plate element-based EFM (PEFM) is presented for modeling progressive damage in fiber-reinforced composites. The implementation in plate elements further improves the efficiency of computation, when compared to analyses with 3D elements. In conjunction with several different failure theories, the plate EFM is applied to model progressive damage in quasi-isotropic composite laminates with open-holes, subjected to remote tensile loading. A mesh sensitivity study shows that the EFM results are relatively independent of mesh size effects. When compared with experimental data, the predicted ultimate strengths and damage patterns show good agreement.
A Cholesterol Biosynthesis Inhibitor Blocks <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Virulence (2008)

Staphylococcus aureus produces hospital- and community-acquired infections, with methicillin-resistant S. aureus posing a serious public health threat. The golden carotenoid pigment of S. aureus, staphyloxanthin, promotes resistance to reactive oxygen species and host neutrophil-based killing, and early enzymatic steps in staphyloxanthin production resemble those for cholesterol biosynthesis. We determined the crystal structures of S. aureus dehydrosqualene synthase (CrtM) at 1.58 angstrom resolution, finding structural similarity to human squalene synthase (SQS). We screened nine SQS inhibitors and determined the structures of three, bound to CrtM. One, previously tested for cholesterol-lowering activity in humans, blocked staphyloxanthin biosynthesis in vitro (median inhibitory concentration approximately 100 nM), resulting in colorless bacteria with increased susceptibility to killing by human blood and to innate immune clearance in a mouse infection model. This finding represents proof of principle for a virulence factor-based therapy against S. aureus.
Simplified artificial endometrial preparation, using oral estradiol and novel vaginal progesterone tablets: a prospective randomized study (2002)

There are various successful protocols for artificial endometrial preparation, comprising induction of endometrial proliferation with estrogens and secretory transformation with progestins. The aim of this prospective randomized study was to evaluate a simplified approach for endometrial preparation, comparing two constant doses of oral estradiol combined with a novel low-dose vaginal natural progesterone preparation (100 mg Endometrin tablets). Twenty-nine patients were enrolled in the study and divided randomly into two groups. Both groups received oral estradiol tablets from the beginning of menstruation, group A (15 patients) receiving 4 mg/day divided into two doses of 2 mg each, and group B (14 patients) receiving 6 mg/day divided into three doses. Serum estradiol and progesterone and sonographic thickness of the endometrium were measured on the 1st day of menstruation and on the 6th, 11th, 16th and 21st days of the artificial cycle. Following the first 12 days of estradiol priming, with an endometrial thickness of > or = 8 mm, Endometrin vaginal tablets 100 mg were added twice a day for 10 days. On the 21st cycle day, an endometrial biopsy was taken from all patients using Pipelle. In all 29 patients, appropriate changes in estradiol, progesterone and endometrial thickness were observed. Estradiol levels were significantly higher in the 6 mg/day group on days 6 and 11, but no significant difference was noted in serum progesterone level and endometrial thickess between groups. Histological evaluation of endometrial biopsies, on the 21st day, revealed adequate late-secretory endometrium in 14/15 (93.3%) patients of group A and in 13/14 (92.9%) patients of group B. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that an appropriate endometrial secretory transformation may be induced using an economical regimen of fixed low-dose oral estradiol (4 mg/day) and low-dose vaginal progesterone tablets (Endometrin 100 mg twice daily).
Hemoglobin determined in 15 microL of whole blood by "front-face" fluorometry. (1980)

We describe the rapid, inexpensive fluorometry of hemoglobin in undiluted whole blood. The procedure consists only of adding a standard quantity of a fluorescent dye to a measured volume (approximately 15 microL) of blood, together with some solubilizing detergent. The assay is based on the attenuation of the dye's fluorescence (excited within the region 400--440 nm) that results from the competitive absorption of exciting light by the hemoglobin present--the "inner filter effect." The wavelength that one can use is optional and will determine which dyes can be used. Measurements are made with the hematofluorometer, a "front-face" filter fluorometer (Blumberg et al., J. Lab. Clin. Med. 89: 712--723, 1977). We demonstrate the validity of the method for two dyes, rhodamine B and fluorescein dibutyrate, which we used with hematofluorometers that were designed to determine blood zinc protoporphyrin and bilirubin, respectively. Our method exhibited a standard error of about 4 g of hemoglobin per liter vs the comparison method (Coulter Counter method, for which the CV is 1.2%). The CV is about 3%. The method seems appropriate for "field" use (i.e., use outside the laboratory) in anemia-screening programs.
Single-cell profiling of human gliomas reveals macrophage ontogeny as a basis for regional differences in macrophage activation in the tumor microenvironment (2017)

We conclude that blood-derived TAMs significantly infiltrate pre-treatment gliomas, to a degree that varies by glioma subtype and tumor compartment. Blood-derived TAMs do not universally conform to the phenotype of microglia, but preferentially express immunosuppressive cytokines and show an altered metabolism. Our results argue against status quo therapeutic strategies that target TAMs indiscriminately and in favor of strategies that specifically target immunosuppressive blood-derived TAMs.
Multispectral imaging with vertical silicon nanowires (2013)

Multispectral imaging is a powerful tool that extends the capabilities of the human eye. However, multispectral imaging systems generally are expensive and bulky, and multiple exposures are needed. Here, we report the demonstration of a compact multispectral imaging system that uses vertical silicon nanowires to realize a filter array. Multiple filter functions covering visible to near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths are simultaneously defined in a single lithography step using a single material (silicon). Nanowires are then etched and embedded into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), thereby realizing a device with eight filter functions. By attaching it to a monochrome silicon image sensor, we successfully realize an all-silicon multispectral imaging system. We demonstrate visible and NIR imaging. We show that the latter is highly sensitive to vegetation and furthermore enables imaging through objects opaque to the eye.
Expression of chemokine and fibrosing factor messenger RNA in the urinary sediment of patients with lupus nephritis (2004)

Abstract Objective Lupus nephritis is characterized by intrarenal inflammation. To assess the extent and severity of disease activity and renal involvement, this study examined the expression of transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP‐1) in the urinary sediment of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Methods We studied 106 patients with SLE who were classified according to their disease status as those with active disease, those with disease in remission, and those with nonrenal SLE. Ten healthy subjects were used as controls. Lupus activity was assessed by the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI). If renal biopsy was performed, the histologic activity index and chronicity index were determined, and a morphometry analysis of renal scarring was performed. The urinary expresssion of TGFβ and MCP‐1 messenger RNA (mRNA) was studied by real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and the corresponding protein concentrations of TGFβ and MCP‐1 in the urine were measured by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results Expression of TGFβ and MCP‐1 mRNA in the urinary sediment was significantly elevated in the active disease group ( P < 0.001 for both). These expression levels of TGFβ and MCP‐1 mRNA correlated with the SLEDAI score (TGFβ r = 0.71, P < 0.001; MCP‐1 r = 0.72, P < 0.001), and also significantly correlated with the histologic activity index (TGFβ r = 0.487, P = 0.004; MCP‐1 r = 0.357, P = 0.038). The urinary protein concentration of MCP‐1, but not of TGFβ, correlated with the SLEDAI score (r = 0.66, P < 0.001). However, neither the protein concentration of TGFβ nor that of MCP‐1 as measured by ELISA in the urine correlated with the histologic activity index. Conclusion The measurement of urinary mRNA expression may be a noninvasive method for the assessment of lupus disease activity and the severity of renal involvement in patients with lupus nephritis.
Mechanisms of blood flow during pneumatic vest cardiopulmonary resuscitation (1991)

Mechanisms of blood flow during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) were studied in a canine model with implanted mitral and aortic flow probes and by use of cineangiography. Intrathoracic pressure (ITP) fluctuations were induced by a circumferential pneumatic vest, with and without simultaneous ventilation, and by use of positive-pressure ventilation alone. Vascular volume and compression rate were altered with each CPR mode. Antegrade mitral flow was interpreted as left ventricular (LV) inflow, and antegrade aortic flow was interpreted as LV outflow. The pneumatic vest was expected to elevate ITP uniformly and thus produce simultaneous LV inflow and LV outflow throughout compression. This pattern, the passive conduit of "thoracic pump" physiology, was unequivocally demonstrated only during ITP elevation with positive-pressure ventilation alone at slow rates. During vest CPR, LV outflow started promptly with the onset of compression, whereas LV inflow was delayed. At compression rates of 50 times/min and normal vascular filling pressures, the delay was sufficiently long that all LV filling occurred with release of compression. This is the pattern that would be expected with direct LV compression or "cardiac pump" physiology. During the early part of the compression phase, catheter tip transducer LV and left atrial pressure measurements demonstrated gradients necessitating mitral valve closure, while cineangiography showed dye droplets moving from the large pulmonary veins retrograde to the small pulmonary veins. When the compression rate was reduced and/or when intravascular pressures were raised with volume infusion, LV inflow was observed at some point during the compressive phase. Thus, under these conditions, features of both thoracic pump and cardiac pump physiology occurred within the same compression. Our findings are not explained by the conventional conceptions of either thoracic pump or cardiac compression CPR mechanisms alone.
Alzheimer's Toxic Amyloid Beta Oligomers: Unwelcome Visitors to the Na/K ATPase alpha3 Docking Station. (2017)

Toxic amyloid beta oligomers (AβOs) are known to accumulate in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in animal models of AD. Their structure is heterogeneous, and they are found in both intracellular and extracellular milieu. When given to CNS cultures or injected ICV into non-human primates and other non-transgenic animals, AβOs have been found to cause impaired synaptic plasticity, loss of memory function, tau hyperphosphorylation and tangle formation, synapse elimination, oxidative and ER stress, inflammatory microglial activation, and selective nerve cell death. Memory loss and pathology in transgenic models are prevented by AβO antibodies, while Aducanumab, an antibody that targets AβOs as well as fibrillar Aβ, has provided cognitive benefit to humans in early clinical trials. AβOs have now been investigated in more than 3000 studies and are widely thought to be the major toxic form of Aβ. Although much has been learned about the downstream mechanisms of AβO action, a major gap concerns the earliest steps: How do AβOs initially interact with surface membranes to generate neuron-damaging transmembrane events? Findings from Ohnishi et al (PNAS 2005) combined with new results presented here are consistent with the hypothesis that <i>AβOs act as neurotoxins because they attach to particular membrane protein docks containing Na/K ATPase-α3, where they inhibit ATPase activity and pathologically restructure dock composition and topology in a manner leading to excessive Ca++ build-up.</i> Better understanding of the mechanism that makes attachment of AβOs to vulnerable neurons a neurotoxic phenomenon should open the door to therapeutics and diagnostics targeting the first step of a complex pathway that leads to neural damage and dementia.