gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Study of Ablation, Spatial, and Temporal Characteristics of Laser-Induced Plasmas Generated by Multiple Collinear Pulses (2010)

Multi-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) in the collinear pulse configuration with time-integrating detection was performed on metallic samples in ambient air in an effort to clarify the contributing processes responsible for the signal enhancement observed in comparison with single-pulse excitation. Complementary experiments were also carried out on another LIBS setup using detection by an imaging spectrograph with high time resolution. The effects of laser bursts consisting of up to seven ns-range pulses from Nd-doped solid-state lasers operating at their fundamental wavelength and separated by 8.5-50 micros time gaps was studied. The ablation and emission characteristics of the generated plasmas were investigated using light profilometry, microscopy, plasma imaging, emission distribution mapping, time-resolved line emission monitoring, and plasma temperature calculations. The experimental data suggest that the two contributing processes mainly responsible for the signal enhancement effect are the plume reheating caused by the sequential laser pulses and, more dominantly, the increased material ablation attributed to the lower breakdown threshold for the preheated (molten) sample surface and/or the reduced background gas pressure behind the shockwave of preceding pulses.
Visible lesion threshold dependence on retinal spot size for femtosecond laser pulses (2001)

National laser safety standards have only recently been specified for laser pulse widths below 1 ns, with the publication of the ANSI Z136.1-2000 American National Standard for Safe Use of Lasers. A number of in vivo retinal injury studies using ultrashort laser pulses have been documented for pulse widths from nanoseconds to femtoseconds and having wavelengths from 1064 to 530 nm. These studies report data corresponding to the smallest retinal image diameters that can be achieved experimentally. The resulting data have been used to establish the exposure limits for small-source laser emitters. Data have shown that the thresholds decrease with pulse width and with wavelength for minimal retinal spot sizes. In this article we present measurements of the retinal lesion threshold as a function of retinal image size for 150 fs ultrashort laser pulses at 1060 nm. Retinal image size was varied from approximately 48 to 800 μm in diameter using external optics. Thresholds were determined using probit analysis of the data. The retinal spot sizes were calculated using the Gaussian beam propagation and multiple-lens formulas. The thresholds as a function of retinal image size were then compared to previously reported spot size studies. Results of our measurements show that as the retinal image diameter is increased from 48 to 800 μm, the threshold at 24 h postexposure increases from 1 to 54.1 μJ, corresponding to the fluence at the retina decreasing by a factor of five (from 56 to 11 mJ cm−2). Our results also show that as the retinal spot size increases, the radiant exposure necessary to cause a minimal visible lesion decreases, but not in proportion to the retinal image area. This decreasing radiant exposure for increasing retinal spot sizes at 150 fs follows the trends shown for previous studies with pulse duration from 30 ps to 10 s. Thus, extended sources for 150 fs and 1060 nm show no deviation from the trend of decreasing radiant exposure for increasing retinal image sizes. We conclude from our data that the current correction factors used in the laser safety standards also apply to femtosecond laser exposures between 400 and 1400 nm.
A general approximated two-dimensional model for piezoelectric array elements (1995)

In this paper we describe an approximate two-dimensional model of a single piezoelectric array element. Substantially, the element is a two-dimensional structure whose vibrations can be described by two coupled differential wave equations with coupled boundary conditions. We take as a solution of this system two orthogonal wave functions which depend only on one axis, corresponding to the propagation direction, and which satisfy the boundary conditions only in an integral form. This solution makes it necessary to neglect the piezoelectric coupling in the transverse direction; nevertheless this approximation does not substantially affect the computed results because the transverse elastic coupling is much stronger than the piezoelectric one. With our model, the external behavior of the element in the frequency domain can be described by a 5/spl times/5 matrix from which all the transfer functions of the element can be easily computed. We compared our results with those of the classical Mason-Sittig one dimensional model, finding, as expected, a small difference in the principal thickness resonance frequency and the presence of a lateral mode. To verify the results obtained with our model, we computed the frequency spectrum of the element varying the width/thickness ratio. We found a good agreement with the low branch of the spectrum computed by the coupled mode theory. Finally, we computed, in the frequency domain, the dynamic electromechanical coupling coefficient k/sub U/, evaluating the internal energy distribution of the element and applying the definition reported by Berlincourt. We compared the values at resonance with the appropriate quasistatic coupling factors k/sub 33/' and k/sub 31/' and with the effective coupling factor k/sub eff/ computed by the same model.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Feature Combination Meets Attention: Baidu Soccer Embeddings and Transformer based Temporal Detection (2021)

With rapidly evolving internet technologies and emerging tools, sports related videos generated online are increasing at an unprecedentedly fast pace. To automate sports video editing/highlight generation process, a key task is to precisely recognize and locate the events in the long untrimmed videos. In this tech report, we present a two-stage paradigm to detect what and when events happen in soccer broadcast videos. Specifically, we fine-tune multiple action recognition models on soccer data to extract high-level semantic features, and design a transformer based temporal detection module to locate the target events. This approach achieved the state-of-the-art performance in both two tasks, i.e., action spotting and replay grounding, in the SoccerNet-v2 Challenge, under CVPR 2021 ActivityNet workshop. Our soccer embedding features are released at https://github.com/baidu-research/vidpress-sports. By sharing these features with the broader community, we hope to accelerate the research into soccer video understanding.
A type III-A CRISPR-Cas system employs degradosome nucleases to ensure robust immunity (2019)

CRISPR-Cas systems provide sequence-specific immunity against phages and mobile genetic elements using CRISPR-associated nucleases guided by short CRISPR RNAs (crRNAs). Type III systems exhibit a robust immune response that can lead to the extinction of a phage population, a feat coordinated by a multi-subunit effector complex that destroys invading DNA and RNA. Here, we demonstrate that a model type III system in <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> relies upon the activities of two degradosome-associated nucleases, PNPase and RNase J2, to mount a successful defense. Genetic, molecular, and biochemical analyses reveal that PNPase promotes crRNA maturation, and both nucleases are required for efficient clearance of phage-derived nucleic acids. Furthermore, functional assays show that RNase J2 is essential for immunity against diverse mobile genetic elements originating from plasmid and phage. Altogether, our observations reveal the evolution of a critical collaboration between two nucleic acid degrading machines which ensures cell survival when faced with phage attack.
A Hybrid Approach to Two Dimensional Charged Particle Position Sensing Preserving Energy Resolution (1972)

By utilizing the secondary electrons which are produced when an energetic charged particle enters a semiconductor particle detector, it has been found feasible to obtain two dimensional information on particle position without compromising the energy resolution of the particle detector. The low energy secondary electrons are transferred with spatial fidelity from their point of origin on the entrance face of the particle detector to an electron multiplier array (Bendix micro-channel plate) by means of a uniform magnetic field. The position of the output charge from the array is derived from signals in a resistive collector plate.
Information and control in gray-box systems (2001)

In modern systems, developers are often unable to modify the underlying operating system. To build services in such an environment, we advocate the use of gray-box techniques. When treating the operating system as a gray-box, one recognizes that not changing the OS restricts, but does not completely obviate, both the information one can acquire about the internal state of the OS and the control one can impose on the OS. In this paper, we develop and investigate three gray-box Information and Control Layers (ICLs) for determining the contents of the file-cache, controlling the layout of files across local disk, and limiting process execution based on available memory. A gray-box ICL sits between a client and the OS and uses a combination of algorithmic knowledge, observations, and inferences to garner information about or control the behavior of a gray-box system. We summarize a set of techniques that are helpful in building gray-box ICLs and have begun to organize a "gray toolbox" to ease the construction of ICLs. Through our case studies, we demonstrate the utility of gray-box techniques, by implementing three useful "OS-like" services without the modification of a single line of OS source code.
The Light Reactions of Photosynthesis as a Paradigm for Solar Fuel Production (2014)

The overall process of photosynthesis can be deconstructed into four distinct stages, each of which can be mimicked as a first step towards developing robust, integrated, supra-molecular systems or devices capable of using solar energy to produce a reduced product, fuel. This process is necessary because natural photosynthesis is rather inefficient. In this short review we outline the steps that would be required to produce systems capable of using solar energy to make fuels more efficiently. It is emphasised that these aims will require an extended multi-disciplinary effort that will undoubtedly involve close collaboration between academic and industrial scientists.
Drug delivery in overcoming the blood&ndash;brain barrier: role of nasal mucosal grafting (2017)

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a fundamental role in protecting and maintaining the homeostasis of the brain. For this reason, drug delivery to the brain is much more difficult than that to other compartments of the body. In order to bypass or cross the BBB, many strategies have been developed: invasive techniques, such as temporary disruption of the BBB or direct intraventricular and intracerebral administration of the drug, as well as noninvasive techniques. Preliminary results, reported in the large number of studies on the potential strategies for brain delivery, are encouraging, but it is far too early to draw any conclusion about the actual use of these therapeutic approaches. Among the most recent, but still pioneering, approaches related to the nasal mucosa properties, the permeabilization of the BBB via nasal mucosal engrafting can offer new potential opportunities. It should be emphasized that this surgical procedure is quite invasive, but the implication for patient outcome needs to be compared to the gold standard of direct intracranial injection, and evaluated whilst keeping in mind that central nervous system diseases and lysosomal storage diseases are chronic and severely debilitating and that up to now no therapy seems to be completely successful.
Exosomes and other extracellular vesicles in host–pathogen interactions (2014)

An effective immune response requires the engagement of host receptors by pathogen-derived molecules and the stimulation of an appropriate cellular response. Therefore, a crucial factor in our ability to control an infection is the accessibility of our immune cells to the foreign material. Exosomes-which are extracellular vesicles that function in intercellular communication-may play a key role in the dissemination of pathogen- as well as host-derived molecules during infection. In this review, we highlight the composition and function of exosomes and other extracellular vesicles produced during viral, parasitic, fungal and bacterial infections and describe how these vesicles could function to either promote or inhibit host immunity.
Addition of a TLR7 agonist to an acellular pertussis vaccine enhances Th1 and Th17 responses and protective immunity in a mouse model (2017)

A resurgence of whooping cough (pertussis) has been observed in recent years in a number of developed countries, despite widespread vaccine coverage. Although the exact reasons of the recurrence of pertussis are not clear, there are a number of potential causes, like antigenic variation in the circulating strains of Bordetella pertussis, changes in surveillance and diagnostic tools, and potential differences in protection afforded by current acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines compared to more reactogenic whole cell (wP) vaccines, which they replaced. Studies in animal models have shown that induction of cellular as well as humoral immune responses are key to conferring effective and long lasting protection against B. pertussis. wP vaccines induce robust Th1/Th17 responses, which are associated with good protection against lung infection. In contrast, aP vaccines induce mixed Th2/Th17 responses. One research option is to modify current aP vaccines with the intention of inducing protective T cell responses, without compromising on their low reactogenicity profile. Here we found that formulation of an aP vaccine with a novel adjuvant based on a Toll-like receptor 7 agonist (TLR7a) adsorbed to aluminum hydroxide (alum) enhanced B. pertussis-specific Th1 and Th17 responses and serum IgG2a/b antibodies, which had greater functional capacity than those induced by aP formulated with alum alone. Furthermore, addition of a TLR7a enhanced the protective efficacy of the aP vaccine against B. pertussis aerosol challenge; protection was comparable to that of a wP vaccine. These findings suggest that alum-TLR7a is a promising adjuvant for clinical development of next generation pertussis vaccines.
Tocilizumab: A new anti-rheumatic drug (2010)

Tocilizumab, A new anti-rheumatic drug developed by Hoffmann–La Roche and Chugai under the trade name Actemra. It was recently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) on January 2010 for the treatment of moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis. It is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeted against the interleukin-6 receptor (IL-6R) causing immunosuppression and mainly used for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (Haghighi and Safari, 2008). Interleukin 6 is a cytokine that has a main role in immune response and is implicated in the pathogenesis of many diseases, such as autoimmune diseases, multiple myeloma and prostate cancer (Gabay, 2006).

Tocilizumab is the first Interleukin-6 Receptor Inhibitor. The molecular formula of the drug is [C6428H9976N1720O2018S42], CAS number: [375823-41-9] and has a molecular mass of [145.0 kDa]. The drug is a whole antibody designed specifically to target IL-6 receptor (Fig. 1). Tocilizumab is administered by intravenous infusions at 8 mg/kg monthly. It is available in preparations with strength of 20 mg/ml (Stubenrauch et al., 2009).




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Figure 1


Blockade of IL-6 signals by anti-IL-6 receptor antibody (MRA, Tocilizumab). h, human; IL, interleukin; sIL-6R, soluble interleukin-6 receptor.
Synthesis of copper silicide nanocrystallites embedded in silicon nanowires for enhanced transport properties (2010)

Here we report the in situ doping of Si nanowires with Cu, which results in nanowires containing nanocrystalline inclusions of Cu3Si and significantly enhanced electrical conductivity. These nanowires are of interest for use in secondary Li batteries as well as nanowire arrays that can be directly sensitized for photovoltaic applications. This synthesis route is based on controlling the vapour-phase flux of precursor materials into the catalyst tip whereby the flux of the Cu is much less than that of Si. A compositional study utilizing SEM–EDS, XRD, and TEM–EDS techniques of vapour–liquid–solid (VLS) grown Si nanowires in the presence of Cu vapour confirms that the bulk nanowire matrix is Si doped with crystalline Cu3Si and low concentrations of Cu. The electronic transport measurements conducted on single nanowires indicate that the electronic resistivity of the doped nanowires is several orders of magnitude lower than undoped Si, thereby making them more conductive. Based on the data collected from the nanowire growth in conjunction with the in situ VLS doping mechanism, the doping density can be controlled by varying the gas-phase concentration of the dopant or the thermodynamic conditions of the nanowire growth. Both approaches will result in a change in the relative fluxes from the gas phase into the VLS catalyst as well as the kinetics for Cu3Si formation. This is advantageous because dopant density can be used to tune both the electronic and the optical properties of the nanowires.
Top Position Sensitive Ordinal Relation Preserving Bitwise Weight for Image Retrieval (2020)

In recent years, binary coding methods have become increasingly popular for tasks of searching approximate nearest neighbors (ANNs). High-dimensional data can be quantized into binary codes to give an efficient similarity approximation via a Hamming distance. However, most of existing schemes consider the importance of each binary bit as the same and treat training samples at different positions equally, which causes many data pairs to share the same Hamming distance and a larger retrieval loss at the top position. To handle these problems, we propose a novel method dubbed by the top-position-sensitive ordinal-relation-preserving bitwise weight (TORBW) method. The core idea is to penalize data points without preserving an ordinal relation at the top position of a ranking list more than those at the bottom and assign different weight values to their binary bits according to the distribution of query data. Specifically, we design an iterative optimization mechanism to simultaneously learn binary codes and bitwise weights, which makes their learning processes related to each other. When the iterative procedure converges, the binary codes and bitwise weights are effectively adapted to each other. To reduce the training complexity, we relax the discrete constraints of both the binary codes and the indicator function. Furthermore, we pretrain a tensor ordinal graph to decrease the time consumption of computing a relative similarity relationship among data points. Experimental results on three large-scale ANN search benchmark datasets, i.e., SIFT1M, GIST1M, and Cifar10, show that the proposed TORBW method can achieve superior performance over state-of-the-art approaches.
Man-Made Target Detection Using Infrared Polarization (1990)

Techniques using polarized infrared energy have a potential for developing passive sensors that detect man-made objects in complex natural backgrounds. This detection has the potential of improving the performance of various military systems. This paper addresses the physics of the polarization process, describes the characteristics of targets and backgrounds, and shows how one can compute the polarization seen by a detector. Most natural backgrounds appear to be unpolarized. However, the performance of polarized detection techniques will depend on the degree of polarization clutter encountered; a measurement program is needed to determine the extent of this background polarization clutter.
Antiproliferative Triterpenes from <i>Melaleuca ericifolia</i> (2008)

Three new 28-norlupane triterpenes, 28-norlup-20(29)-en-3beta-hydroxy-17beta-hydroperoxide (1), 28-norlup-20(29)-en-3beta-hydroxy-17alpha-hydroperoxide (2), and 20 S-17beta,29-epoxy-28-norlupan-3beta-ol (3), were isolated from the leaves of Melaleuca ericifolia along with eight known pentacyclic triterpenes. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods including 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The isolated triterpenes were evaluated for antiproliferative activity against the malignant +SA mammary epithelial cell line.
Summer Ice Floe Impacts Against Caisson-Type Exploratory and Production Platforms (1984)

Summer impacts of large ice floes against arctic offshore platforms are likely to be a governing condition for the global foundation stability in medium and deep-water offshore platforms in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea. Some features of the impact phenomenon are illustrated by analyzing two vertically faced caisson-type gravity platforms. The two structures differ in their function, size and environmental exposure: the first is a smaller exploratory drilling caisson while the other is for production of oil and gas. Both structures are assumed to be in 30 m of water. A description of the analysis techniques is given: it is based on a dynamic modeling which considers the effects of inertia, damping, foundation compliance and slippage at the base in addition to a crushing failure mechanism in the ice at the contact area. Comparisons are made between the structural response computed for both the exploratory and production platform and for typical “soft” and “firm” site conditions. A discussion as to the relative importance of various design and modeling parameters is presented. The comparison of response characteristics of the assumed structures provides some insight for the purpose of formulating rational design criteria with regard to ice floe impact.
Characteristics of two alternative frequency channel assignment methods for TDMA wireless access systems (2003)

The author studies the characteristics of two leading candidates for the radio channel assignment method in personal communications services (PCS) systems: the quasi-static autonomous frequency assignment (QSAFA) method and the dynamic channel allocation (DCA) method. The author first describes channel planning, the QSAFA method, and the DCA method. The author then discusses the characteristics of these two methods in terms of link setup and automatic link transfer, synchronization requirement, implementation complexity for multiple service providers, spectrum efficiency and signal quality, and other relevant issues.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A NEW AMINO-COMPOUND IN THE JACK BEAN AND A CORRESPONDING NEW FERMENT.(I)* (1929)

Journal Article A NEW AMINO-COMPOUND IN THE JACK BEAN AND A CORRESPONDING NEW FERMENT.(I) Get access MATSUNOSUKE KITAGAWA, MATSUNOSUKE KITAGAWA Biochemical Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Kyushu Imperial University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar TETSUO TOMIYAMA TETSUO TOMIYAMA Biochemical Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Kyushu Imperial University Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Journal of Biochemistry, Volume 11, Issue 2, October 1929, Pages 265–271, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a125044 Published: 01 October 1929 Article history Received: 06 August 1929 Published: 01 October 1929