gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Metagenomic analysis of viruses in toilet waste from long distance flights—A new procedure for global infectious disease surveillance (2019)

Human viral pathogens are a major public health threat. Reliable information that accurately describes and characterizes the global occurrence and transmission of human viruses is essential to support national and global priority setting, public health actions, and treatment decisions. However, large areas of the globe are currently without surveillance due to limited health care infrastructure and lack of international cooperation. We propose a novel surveillance strategy, using metagenomic analysis of toilet material from international air flights as a method for worldwide viral disease surveillance. The aim of this study was to design, implement, and evaluate a method for viral analysis of airplane toilet waste enabling simultaneous detection and quantification of a wide range of human viral pathogens. Toilet waste from 19 international airplanes was analyzed for viral content, using viral capture probes followed by high-throughput sequencing. Numerous human pathogens were detected including enteric and respiratory viruses. Several geographic trends were observed with samples originating from South Asia having significantly higher viral species richness as well as higher abundances of salivirus A, aichivirus A and enterovirus B, compared to samples originating from North Asia and North America. In addition, certain city specific trends were observed, including high numbers of rotaviruses in airplanes departing from Islamabad. Based on this study we believe that central sampling and analysis at international airports could be a useful supplement for global viral surveillance, valuable for outbreak detection and for guiding public health resources.
Efficient Ideal Threshold Secret Sharing Schemes Based on EXCLUSIVE-OR Operations (2010)

Most of secret sharing schemes have to be computed in a Galois field, such as Shamir's scheme, which have relatively heavy computational cost. Kurihara et al. recently proposed a fast secret sharing scheme using only Exclusive-OR(XOR) operations to make shares and recover the secret. Their proposed scheme was shown to be hundreds of times faster than Shamir's (in GF(q=2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">64</sup> )) in terms of both distribution and recovery with a 4.5 MB secret when k=3 and n=11. However, some steps in their scheme still need to be improved. Their security proofs were too complex and difficult to be understood and verified intuitively. In this paper, we present a conciser, cleaner, faster scheme which is also based on XOR. Moreover, we give two geometric explanations of making shares in both our and Kurihara's schemes respectively, which would help to easier and further understand how the shares are made in the two schemes.
Two stereoisomeric imidazoline derivatives. Synthesis, optical, and .alpha.2-adrenoceptor activities (1986)

Two eight-step pathways for synthesizing the stereoisomeric compounds (-)-2-[1-(2,6-dichlorophenoxy)ethyl]-2-imidazoline hydrochloride ("levlofexidine" hydrochloride; (-)-lofexidine hydrochloride) and (+)-2-[1-(2,6-dichlorophenoxy)ethyl]-2-imidazoline hydrochloride ("dexlofexidine" hydrochloride; (+)-lofexidine hydrochloride) and the optical resolution of (+/-)-lofexidine are described. (-)-Lofexidine, a stereoselective alpha 2-adrenoceptor agonist, due to its center of asymmetry, is demonstrated to be a potent drug for the treatment of hypertension (doses 0.561 microgram/kg) and to have the highest affinity and a concentration dependency for alpha 2-adrenoceptors in direct binding studies (0.36 nmol/L). (+)-Lofexidine is 10 times less potent.
Sol-gel derived nanoparticles as inorganic phases in polymer-type matrices (2000)

The use of nanoparticles in hybrid and polymeric matrices has been investigated. Different types of nanocomposites have been prepared. The ormosil type based on organoalkoxy silanes shows surprising properties with respect to solid content and relaxation. Thick films for coatings, embossed films for diffractive purposes, high temperature stable binders for glass fiber insulation materials and printing pastes have been prepared. The nanomer type with nanoparticles homogeneously dispersed in polymer matrices led to optical adhesives with improved properties with respect to Tg and thermal coefficient of expansion. The inverse nanomer type with the nanoparticles forming a percolating network was developed for photo curable optical interference layers on plastic, for example to AR coating by using simple wet chemical coating techniques.
Non-fullerene acceptor with low energy loss and high external quantum efficiency: towards high performance polymer solar cells (2016)

We present a non-fullerene electron acceptor bearing a fused 10-heterocyclic ring with a narrow band gap, which achieved a power conversion efficiency of 6.5% when paired with PTB7-Th.
Determining Flame Height And Flame Pulsation Frequency And Estimating Heat Release Rate From 3D Flame Reconstruction (2005)

A method of creating a 3-dimensional point cloud representation of a buoyant diffusion flame from video footage from multiple angles has been created. This point cloud contains probabilities that the flame existed over the period the method was applied. This thesis uses these methods to determine flame height, flame pulsation frequency and flame volume from video footage of two furniture fires and one pool fire. The flame height of the furniture and pool fires is compared to flame height predictions based on the heat release rate and estimated flame base diameter. The determined ‘continuous’ and ‘intermittent’ flame regions for the pool fire were always below the levels suggested by one of the predicting methods. The flame pulsation frequency was compared to a widely used correlation based on the base diameter. This equation under-predicted the pulsation frequency grossly for the furniture fires and slightly for the pool fire. It was found that by increasing the period over which the pulsation frequency was determined pulsation frequency was lowered. The flame volume was determined by summing the number of points in the point cloud representation and multiplying by the volume represented by each point. The flame volumes were compared to the experimental heat release rate from furniture calorimetry measurements to give an approximate correlation between the flame volume and the heat release rate. The values given by the method are in the same order of magnitude as given by other researchers, however insufficient video footage has been analysed to confirm the accuracy of the method. It was hoped that the methods presented could be applied to fires outside of the laboratory, however attempts to use the methods presented here on video footage of a house fire were unsuccessful due to the poor quality of the footage taken
Near-field antenna testing using the Hewlett Packard 8510 automated network analyzer (1990)

Near-field antenna measurements were made using a Hewlett-Packard 8510 automated network analyzer. This system features measurement sensitivity better than -90 dBm, at measurement speeds of one data point per millisecond in the fast data acquisition mode. The system was configured using external, even harmonic mixers and a fiber optic distributed local oscillator signal. Additionally, the time domain capability of the HP8510, made it possible to generate far-field diagnostic results immediately after data acquisition without the use of an external computer.
A Convenient Synthesis of Halogenated 2-Chloropyridines by Transformation of Halogenated 2-methoxypyridines Under Vilsmeier-Haack Conditions (1990)

Abstract Several halogenated 2-chloropyddines 2a-2h were conveniently synthesized by transformation of halogenated 2-methoxypyridines 1a-1h under Vilsmeier—Haack conditions in a yield of 50∼71%.
Phase I/II study of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony- stimulating factor in aplastic anemia and myelodysplastic syndrome (1988)

We performed a phase I/II study of the administration of recombinant human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) to patients with aplastic anemia or myelodysplastic syndrome. Doses ranging from 15 to 480 micrograms/m2 were administered as a one-hour or four-hour intravenous infusion daily for 7 days or as a 12-hour infusion for 14 days. Temporary improvements were seen in granulocyte counts, monocyte counts, and reticulocyte counts in six of eight patients with aplastic anemia and five of seven patients with myelodysplastic syndromes. The patients with myelodysplastic syndromes had larger increases in granulocyte, monocyte, and reticulocyte counts than did those with aplastic anemia, and they also had increases in the numbers of eosinophils (two of seven), immature myeloid cells (two of seven), and myeloblasts (two of seven) that were not observed in patients with aplastic anemia. There was no reduction in erythrocyte transfusion requirements, and no effect was observed on platelet counts. There was only minimal toxicity consisting of transient low-back discomfort, anorexia, myalgias/arthralgias, and low-grade fever. Our data suggest that GM-CSF is well tolerated and is more likely to result in elevations of blood counts in patients with myelodysplasia than in patients with aplastic anemia, but the role of GM-CSF therapy in these disorders remains to be determined.
Travelling-wave erbium fibre ring laser with 60 kHz linewidth (1990)

Operation of an erbium-doped-fibre ring laser in a unidirectional travelling-wave configuration enables narrow linewidth, single frequency emission to be obtained at a wavelength of 1.555 μm. A 60 kHz linewidth has been measured.
Genome-wide screening of the genes required for tolerance to vanillin, which is a potential inhibitor of bioethanol fermentation, in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2008)

Our analysis predicts that vanillin tolerance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is affected by various complicated processes that take place on both the molecular and the cellular level. In addition, the ergosterol biosynthetic process is important for achieving a tolerance to various inhibitors. Our findings provide a biotechnological basis for the molecular engineering as well as for screening of more robust yeast strains that may potentially be useful in bioethanol fermentation.
A Total Synthesis of OSW-1 (2007)

A new and practical method was developed to synthesize OSW-1, a natural saponin with potent antitumor activities, from (+)-dehydroisoandrosterone, l-arabinose, and D-xylose on gram scale. The synthesis was achieved in 10 linear steps with an overall yield of 6.4% starting from (+)-dehydroisoandrosterone.
A Theoretical Study of the Scavenging of O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> by NO in the Gas Phase and in Condensed Media (2001)

A mechanism describing the scavenging of O2- by NO to produce NO3- in the condensed phase is presented. In the proposed mechanism, H2O acts as an overall catalyst. However, it is oxidized temporally by ONOO- to a second intermediate complex consisting of NO2- and H2O2. This complex is subsequently rearranged to hydrated nitrate, [NO3-, H2O]. The structures of the various species in the elementary reactions are investigated by ab initio methods. The thermodynamical data in condensed media are estimated from polarized continuum calculations. Thermodynamic considerations show that the proposed mechanism is feasible. However, the estimates for the activation energies suggest that the mechanism is not of much physiological importance.
Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase-Encoding Gene as a Useful Taxonomic Tool for <i>Staphylococcus</i> spp (2000)

The gap gene of Staphylococcus aureus, encoding glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, was used as a target to amplify a 933-bp DNA fragment by PCR with a pair of primers 26 and 25 nucleotides in length. PCR products, detected by agarose gel electrophoresis, were also amplified from 12 Staphylococcus spp. analyzed previously. Hybridization with an internal 279-bp DNA fragment probe was positive in all PCR-positive samples. No PCR products were amplified when other gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial genera were analyzed using the same pair of primers. AluI digestion of PCR-generated products gave 12 different restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns, one for each species analyzed. However, we could detect two intraspecies RFLP patterns in Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus hominis, and Staphylococcus simulans which were different from the other species. An identical RFLP pattern was observed for 112 S. aureus isolates from humans, cows, and sheep. The sensitivity of the PCR assays was very high, with a detection limit for S. aureus cells of 20 CFU when cells were suspended in saline. PCR amplification of the gap gene has the potential for rapid identification of at least 12 species belonging to the genus Staphylococcus, as it is highly specific.
Understanding Contrast Media (2004)

More than 10 million radiologic examinations requiring intravascular injection of iodinated contrast media are performed in the United States each year. Iodinated contrast media are considered to be safe diagnostic drugs, and the incidence of adverse reaction is low. However, as with any drug, the administration of contrast media is not without risk. Nurses involved in patient care should have some understanding of the properties and potential effects of iodinated contrast media.
Bifunctional Asymmetric Catalysis: Cooperative Lewis Acid/Base Systems (2008)

In the field of catalytic, asymmetric synthesis, there is a growing emphasis on multifunctional systems, in which multiple parts of a catalyst or multiple catalysts work together to promote a specific reaction. These efforts, in part, are result-driven, and they are also part of a movement toward emulating the efficiency and selectivity of nature's catalysts, enzymes. In this Account, we illustrate the importance of bifunctional catalytic methods, focusing on the cooperative action of Lewis acidic and Lewis basic catalysts by the simultaneous activation of both electrophilic and nucleophilic reaction partners. For our part, we have contributed three separate bifunctional methods that combine achiral Lewis acids with chiral cinchona alkaloid nucleophiles, for example, benzoylquinine (BQ), to catalyze highly enantioselective cycloaddition reactions between ketene enolates and various electrophiles. Each method requires a distinct Lewis acid to coordinate and activate the electrophile, which in turn increases the reaction rates and yields, without any detectable influence on the outstanding enantioselectivities inherent to these reactions. To place our results in perspective, many important contributions to this emerging field are highlighted and our own reports are chronicled.
Increased Restenosis in Diabetes Mellitus After Coronary Interventions Is Due to Exaggerated Intimal Hyperplasia (1997)

Serial IVUS analysis showed that the main reason for increased restenosis in diabetes mellitus was exaggerated intimal hyperplasia in both stented and nonstented lesions.
Osmoconditioning of Beet Seeds to Improve Emergence and Yield in Cold Soil<sup>1</sup> (1983)

Abstract Table beet ( Beta vulgaris L.) seeds are characteristically slow germinating, and have a large time spread of germination. These characteristics interfere with the early establishment of a uniform, vigorous stand of seedlings in cold wet soil. This study was undertaken to determine if osmoconditioning (OC) of table beet seeds in polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG) and MgSO 4 solutions and/or other measures would improve germination and/or reduce germination time and thereby improve emergence, seedling establishment and yield. Seed balls of ‘Ruby Queen’ and ‘Cardenal’ were osmoconditioned in −1.2 and −1.18 MPa solutions of PEG and MgSO 4 , respectively. Treatments were performed at 15 °C for 7 days in the light. The benefits of OC were not lost by drying back the seeds. Aeration during OC followed by a 2 min rinse with water was the most effective treatment in improving germination or emergence in laboratory and growth chamber studies. In the 1980 field trial, OC in PEG improved the rate of emergence by 2 to 3 days, the stand by 40% and the root, top, and total yield by 40, 66, and 59%, respectively. In 1982, seedling emergence was biphasic. The first phase lasted 23 days and showed large differences in rate of emergence and stand between osmotically treated and untreated seeds and resembled the 1980 emergence pattern. The second phase commenced after a 30 mm rain with a resurgence of emergence in all treatments. The resurgence rate was highest in untreated seeds and this reduced the treatment differences in stand and yield. The resurgence was attributed to invigoration of the non‐germinated seed by low soil water potential (drought). Several MgSO 4 ‐OC treatments increased the number of roots but decreased root size.
Context-Aware Sequential Recommendations withStacked Recurrent Neural Networks (2019)

Sequential history of user interactions as well as the context of interactions provide valuable information to recommender systems, for modeling user behavior. Modeling both contexts and sequential information simultaneously, in context-aware sequential recommenders, has been shown to outperform methods that model either one of the two aspects. In long sequential histories, temporal trends are also found within sequences of contexts and temporal gaps that are not modeled by previous methods. In this paper we design new context-aware sequential recommendation methods, based on Stacked Recurrent Neural Networks, that model the dynamics of contexts and temporal gaps. Experiments on two large benchmark datasets demonstrate the advantages of modeling the evolution of contexts and temporal gaps - our models significantly outperform state-of-the-art context-aware sequential recommender systems.
An automated tourist decision support system for the city of Leuven (2009)

status: Published
Catalytic Mechanism of RNA Backbone Cleavage by Ribonuclease H from Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics Simulations (2011)

We use quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics simulations to study the cleavage of the ribonucleic acid (RNA) backbone catalyzed by ribonuclease H. This protein is a prototypical member of a large family of enzymes that use two-metal catalysis to process nucleic acids. By combining Hamiltonian replica exchange with a finite-temperature string method, we calculate the free energy surface underlying the RNA-cleavage reaction and characterize its mechanism. We find that the reaction proceeds in two steps. In a first step, catalyzed primarily by magnesium ion A and its ligands, a water molecule attacks the scissile phosphate. Consistent with thiol-substitution experiments, a water proton is transferred to the downstream phosphate group. The transient phosphorane formed as a result of this nucleophilic attack decays by breaking the bond between the phosphate and the ribose oxygen. In the resulting intermediate, the dissociated but unprotonated leaving group forms an alkoxide coordinated to magnesium ion B. In a second step, the reaction is completed by protonation of the leaving group, with a neutral Asp132 as a likely proton donor. The overall reaction barrier of ∼15 kcal mol(-1), encountered in the first step, together with the cost of protonating Asp132, is consistent with the slow measured rate of ∼1-100/min. The two-step mechanism is also consistent with the bell-shaped pH dependence of the reaction rate. The nonmonotonic relative motion of the magnesium ions along the reaction pathway agrees with X-ray crystal structures. Proton-transfer reactions and changes in the metal ion coordination emerge as central factors in the RNA-cleavage reaction.
A practical calibration criterion for image-based material decomposition in spectral computed tomography (2020)

This study aimed to provide a calibration criterion based on the condition number (Cond, Q) of the basis material matrix (BMM) to optimize experimental performance of basis of material decomposition (BMD) results. Cond(Q) was first elaborated theoretically and then phantom studies, including the possible influence of a number of experimental parameters, such as X-ray spectrum, the number of energy bins and the width of the energy bins, were performed to validate the criterion. In the BMD phantom study, the quantitative relationship between the proposed criterion and BMD accuracy was explored. Results showed that the proposed criterion was negatively correlated to BMD accuracy, and each of the experimental parameters influenced the criterion and BMD accuracy in a similar pattern. In conclusion Cond(Q) can be used to optimize experimental configurations of BMD.
Synthesis of Some Anilides of 2-Alkyl-4-pyridinecarboxylic Acids and Their Photosynthesis-Inhibiting Activity (1997)

Homolytic alkylation of 4-pyridinecarbonitrile with radicals generated by silver nitrate catalyzed oxidative decarboxylation of alkanoic acids and subsequent alkaline hydrolysis afforded 2-alkyl-4-pyridinecarboxylic acids 2a-2e . These were converted into the halogeno-hydroxy substituted anilides 3a-3r via acyl chlorides by reaction with the respective aminophenols at 10 °C. Of the compounds tested, 5-chloro-2-hydroxyphenylamide of 2-butyl-4-pyridinecarboxylic acid 3h showed the highest effect upon oxygen evolution rate in spinach chloroplasts system. The structure-photosynthesis-inhibiting activity relationships are briefly discussed.
Genomic Activation of <i>PPARG</i> Reveals a Candidate Therapeutic Axis in Bladder Cancer (2017)

The <i>PPARG</i> gene encoding the nuclear receptor PPARγ is activated in bladder cancer, either directly by gene amplification or mutation, or indirectly by mutation of the <i>RXRA</i> gene, which encodes the heterodimeric partner of PPARγ. Here, we show that activating alterations of <i>PPARG</i> or <i>RXRA</i> lead to a specific gene expression signature in bladder cancers. Reducing PPARG activity, whether by pharmacologic inhibition or genetic ablation, inhibited proliferation of PPARG-activated bladder cancer cells. Our results offer a preclinical proof of concept for PPARG as a candidate therapeutic target in bladder cancer. <i>Cancer Res; 77(24); 6987-98. ©2017 AACR</i>.
Adenovirus L1 52- and 55-kilodalton proteins are required for assembly of virions (1989)

A variant of adenovirus type 5 that contained a mutation within the L1 52- and 55-kilodalton (52/55K) protein-coding region was isolated. The mutant, termed ts369, produced L1 52/55K proteins with a two-amino-acid substitution and was temperature sensitive. Temperature-shift experiments indicated that the ts369 defect was late in the viral growth cycle. DNA replication and synthesis of late proteins occurred normally in ts369-infected cells at the nonpermissive temperature, but mature virions were not produced. Rather, capsidlike particles associated with the left-terminal region of the viral chromosome accumulated. These incomplete particles could not be chased into mature virions when the infected cells were shifted to the permissive temperature. However, previously synthesized proteins could be assembled into virions in the presence of a protein synthesis inhibitor upon shiftdown from the nonpermissive temperature, suggesting that the inactivation of the L1 52/55K proteins was reversible. These results indicate that the adenovirus L1 52/55K proteins play a role in the assembly of infectious virus particles.