gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Deep networks for motor control functions (2015)

The motor system generates time-varying commands to move our limbs and body. Conventional descriptions of motor control and learning rely on dynamical representations of our body's state (forward and inverse models), and control policies that must be integrated forward to generate feedforward time-varying commands; thus these are representations across space, but not time. Here we examine a new approach that directly represents both time-varying commands and the resulting state trajectories with a function; a representation across space and time. Since the output of this function includes time, it necessarily requires more parameters than a typical dynamical model. To avoid the problems of local minima these extra parameters introduce, we exploit recent advances in machine learning to build our function using a stacked autoencoder, or deep network. With initial and target states as inputs, this deep network can be trained to output an accurate temporal profile of the optimal command and state trajectory for a point-to-point reach of a non-linear limb model, even when influenced by varying force fields. In a manner that mirrors motor babble, the network can also teach itself to learn through trial and error. Lastly, we demonstrate how this network can learn to optimize a cost objective. This functional approach to motor control is a sharp departure from the standard dynamical approach, and may offer new insights into the neural implementation of motor control.
MxiJ, a lipoprotein involved in secretion of Shigella Ipa invasins, is homologous to YscJ, a secretion factor of the Yersinia Yop proteins (1992)

Shigella flexneri causes bacillary dysentery by invading epithelial cells of the colonic mucosa. The invasion process requires the synthesis and secretion of the virulence plasmid-encoded Ipa proteins. Using TnphoA mutagenesis, we have identified two virulence plasmid genes, mxiJ and mxiM, that encode proteins exported by the general export pathway. Analysis of the MxiJ and MxiM deduced amino acid sequences suggested that mxiJ and mxiM might encode lipoproteins, which was confirmed by [3H]palmitate labeling of MxiJ:PhoA and MxiM:PhoA fusion proteins. A mxiJ mutant was unable to invade HeLa cells, to induce the formation of plaques on confluent monolayers of HeLa cells, and to provoke keratoconjunctivitis in guinea pigs. In addition, secretion of seven polypeptides, including IpaA, IpaB, and IpaC, was abolished in the mxiJ mutant. Sequence comparisons indicated that MxiJ and MxiH, which is encoded by a gene located upstream from mxiJ, are homologous to the Yersinia enterocolitica YscJ and YscF proteins, respectively.
Observation of the incremental charging of Ag particles by single electrons (1987)

We have studied electron tunneling in ultralow-capacitance silver particles sandwiched between artificial tunnel barriers. We have observed steps in the current-voltage characteristics of these systems with voltage widths of e/C (C being the capacitance of the particles), and associated current rises of e/RC. This represents the first observationof the so-called Coulomb staircase, expected for the charging of particles with extremely small capacitance by a discrete number of electrons.
Activated endothelium binds lymphocytes through a novel binding site in the alternately spliced domain of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1. (1992)

Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) is induced on endothelial cells by inflammatory cytokines, and binds mononuclear leukocytes through the integrin very late antigen-4 (VLA-4) (alpha 4 beta 1). This adhesion pathway has been implicated in a diverse group of physiological and pathological processes, including B cell development, leukocyte activation and recruitment to sites of inflammation, atherosclerosis, and tumor cell metastasis. The major form of VCAM-1 (VCAM-7D) has seven extracellular immunoglobulin (Ig)-like domains, of which the three NH2-terminal domains (domains 1-3) are similar in amino acid sequence to domains 4-6. By functional analysis of VCAM-7D relative to VCAM-6D (a minor 6-domain form of VCAM-1 in which domain 4 is deleted because of alternative splicing), and chimeric constructs between VCAM-1 and its structural relative intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), we show that either the first or the homologous fourth domain of VCAM-1 is required for VLA-4-dependent adhesion. Either of these binding sites can function in the absence of the other. When both are present, cell binding activity is increased relative to monovalent forms of the molecule. The homologous binding regions appear to have originated by internal duplication of a portion of a monovalent ancestral gene, before the mammalian radiation. Thus VCAM-1 exemplifies evolution of a functionally bivalent cell-cell adhesion molecule by intergenic duplication. We have also produced a new class of anti-VCAM-1 monoclonal antibodies that block domain 4-dependent adhesion, and demonstrate that both binding sites participate in the adhesion function of VCAM-1 on endothelial cells in vitro. Therefore both sites must be blocked in clinical, animal, or in vitro studies depending on the use of anti-VCAM-1 antibodies to inactivate the VCAM-1/VLA-4 adhesion pathway.
Antigenic and Genetic Evolution of Equine Influenza A (H3N8) Virus from 1968 to 2007 (2011)

Equine influenza virus is a major respiratory pathogen in horses, and outbreaks of disease often lead to substantial disruption to and economic losses for equestrian industries. The hemagglutinin (HA) protein is of key importance in the control of equine influenza because HA is the primary target of the protective immune response and the main component of currently licensed influenza vaccines. However, the influenza virus HA protein changes over time, a process called antigenic drift, and vaccine strains must be updated to remain effective. Antigenic drift is assessed primarily by the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. We have generated HI assay data for equine influenza A (H3N8) viruses isolated between 1968 and 2007 and have used antigenic cartography to quantify antigenic differences among the isolates. The antigenic evolution of equine influenza viruses during this period was clustered: from 1968 to 1988, all isolates formed a single antigenic cluster, which then split into two cocirculating clusters in 1989, and then a third cocirculating cluster appeared in 2003. Viruses from all three clusters were isolated in 2007. In one of the three clusters, we show evidence of antigenic drift away from the vaccine strain over time. We determined that a single amino acid substitution was likely responsible for the antigenic differences among clusters.
The Pathogenesis of Systemic Sclerosis (2011)

Systemic sclerosis (SSc), also known as scleroderma, is a rare connective tissue disease characterized by vascular and immune dysfunction, leading to fibrosis that can damage multiple organs. Its pathogenesis is complex and poorly understood. Two major clinical subtypes are the limited and diffuse forms. Research into SSc has been hampered by its rarity, its clinical heterogeneity, and the lack of mouse models that accurately recapitulate the disease. Clinical and basic studies have yielded some mechanistic clues regarding pathogenesis. Recent insights gained through the use of microarrays have revealed distinctive subsets of SSc within and beyond the limited and diffuse subsets. In this review, we discuss potential mechanisms underlying the vascular, autoimmune, and fibrotic points of dysregulation. Proper categorization of SSc patients for research studies by use of microarrays or other biomarkers is critical, as disease heterogeneity may explain some of the inconsistencies of prior studies.
Chirality dependence of nanoscale ferromagnetic NOT gates (2011)

The behavior of a transverse domain wall (DW) interacting with a ferromagnetic NOT gate is studied with specific emphasis on the role of the DW chirality (sense of rotation of magnetization crossing the DW). We examine both the effect of the incoming DW chirality on the operation of the NOT gate and the effect of the gate on the DW chirality. We find that the chirality of the incoming DW does not affect the range of fields over which the NOT gate operates correctly. The effect of the NOT gate on the DW chirality depends on the chirality of the incoming DW: when the DW is incident on the NOT gate with the wide side of the DW on the inside of the V-shape formed by the gate, the chirality is conserved, but when the DW is incident on the gate with its wide side on the outside of the V-shape, the chirality may reverse.
Reconfigurable control as actuator fault-tolerant control design for power oscillation damping (2020)

Abstract This paper presents design of an self contained actuators unit in wide area damping control of power system in stabilizing system response for both nominal system condition and during actuator faults. First it is presented that use of multiple actuators in wide area control aid in improving damping in power system. A wide area damping controller feeding multiple actuators to satisfy multiple objectives in wide area damping control of power system is designed. Minimization of infinity norm of closed loop transfer function of power system with wide area controller in feedback path & closed loop poles placement techniques are used in controller synthesis. Second a reconfigurable control on the lines of fault hiding principle is added to the controller design to maintain system damping to pre-fault level in case of actuator faults. A reconfiguration component(RC) is activated on occurrence of actuator fault thereby reconfiguring system dynamics and redistributing wide area control signal among remaining active actuators. RC together with remaining active actuators and under same wide area damping controller maintains system damping to pre-fault level thereby preserving system dynamic response. In the reconfigurable control design presented here no new actuators outside the unit of actuators designed for wide area damping control is required. This makes for an self contained actuators unit in wide area damping control of power system both for nominal system condition and for system affected by actuator faults. A two area power system model is considered here for demonstrating effectiveness of designed robust damping controller with multiple outputs feeding multiple actuators in wide area control and illustrating the idea of self contained actuators unit for maintaining system damping in case of actuator faults.
Nitrobenzyl derivatives as bioreductive alkylating agents: evidence for the reductive formation of a reactive intermediate (1986)

o- and p-nitrobenzyl chlorides and carbamates were chemically and electrochemically reduced in the presence and absence of the nucleophile morpholine; activation of these compounds by reduction was required to produce an intermediate capable of alkylation. The reduction products formed by the catalytic hydrogenation of each compound were examined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. In addition, the products generated by controlled-potential electrolysis were examined by ESR and NMR spectrometry. After a one-electron reduction, o- and p-nitrobenzyl chlorides were activated to the nitrobenzyl radicals, which subsequently dimerized to the dinitrobibenzyl derivatives or reacted with morpholine when present in the reaction medium to form the (nitrobenzyl)morpholine adducts. The nitrobenzyl carbamates were not activated after a one-electron reduction; however, the morpholine and the ether adducts of these agents were observed after catalytic hydrogenation. It was assumed that an intermediate or intermediates formed after the one-electron reduction product, or the full reduction product of the carbamates, were capable of alkylating various nucleophiles. Chemical reduction of the potential bioreductive alkylating agent (o-nitrobenzyl)-6-thioguanine produced (o-aminobenzyl)-6-thioguanine, indicating a lack of formation of a reactive electrophile by reduction. (o-, (m-, and (p-nitrobenzyl)-6-thioguanine analogues were also examined for cytotoxic activity toward EMT6 tumor cells under aerobic and hypoxic conditions. In agreement with the inability of (o-nitrobenzyl)-6-thioguanine to form a reactive species after chemical reduction, no decrease in the survival of neoplastic cells exposed to 10(-4) M drug occurred under either aerobic or hypoxic conditions.
Author response: Sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide is a functional receptor for human hepatitis B and D virus (2012)

Biochemical and genetic tests have revealed that a liver protein called NTCP is a functional receptor for hepatitis B and D viruses, which should lead to an improved understanding of the infections caused by these viruses and assist the development of new intervention strategies.
Is Parkinson's disease a prion disorder? (2009)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
<b>Ammonium Ozonide</b> (1962)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAmmonium OzonideIrvine J. Solomon, Kiyo. Hattori, Andrew J. Kacmarek, Gerald M. Platz, and Morton J. KleinCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1962, 84, 1, 34–36Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1962Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1962https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00860a008https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00860a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views86Altmetric-Citations16LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Television and Lunar Exploration (1960)

Television techniques are planned to aid in the exploration of the lunar surface, with emphasis on the obtaining of high-resolution pictures from an impacting probe. A television link back to Earth will permit controlled soft-landings on the Moon and subsequent surface examinations. The optics, the television and the communications parameters are considered.
THE STEEPING OF BARLEY. A REVIEW OF THE METABOLIC CONSEQUENCES OF WATER UPTAKE, AND THEIR PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS (1976)

The physiological and biochemical consequences of water uptake by the barley grain are reviewed, and their significance in malting assessed.
Efficacy of a subcutaneously administered, ultraviolet light-killed Pasteurella haemolytica A1-containing vaccine against transthoracic challenge exposure in goats. (1996)

An s.c. administered, UV light-killed Ph A1 bacterin induced protective immunity equal to that induced by virulent live Ph A1 injected into the target organ, the lung.
Allosteric Modulators of GABAB Receptors: Mechanism of Action and Therapeutic Perspective (2007)

gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) plays important roles in the central nervous system, acting as a neurotransmitter on both ionotropic ligand-gated Cl(-)-channels, and metabotropic G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). These two types of receptors called GABA(A) (and C) and GABA(B) are the targets of major therapeutic drugs such as the anxiolytic benzodiazepines, and antispastic drug baclofen (lioresal(R)), respectively. Although the multiplicity of GABA(A) receptors offer a number of possibilities to discover new and more selective drugs, the molecular characterization of the GABA(B) receptor revealed a unique, though complex, heterodimeric GPCR. High throughput screening strategies carried out in pharmaceutical industries, helped identifying new compounds positively modulating the activity of the GABA(B) receptor. These molecules, almost devoid of apparent activity when applied alone, greatly enhance both the potency and efficacy of GABA(B) agonists. As such, in contrast to baclofen that constantly activates the receptor everywhere in the brain, these positive allosteric modulators induce a large increase in GABA(B)-mediated responses only WHERE and WHEN physiologically needed. Such compounds are then well adapted to help GABA to activate its GABA(B) receptors, like benzodiazepines favor GABA(A) receptor activation. In this review, the way of action of these molecules will be presented in light of our actual knowledge of the activation mechanism of the GABA(B) receptor. We will then show that, as expected, these molecules have more pronounced in vivo responses and less side effects than pure agonists, offering new potential therapeutic applications for this new class of GABA(B) ligands.
Synthesis and characterization of nanocomposites based on polyaniline-gold/graphene nanosheets (2012)

Polymer nanocomposites (NSPANI/AuNP/GR) based on nanostructured polyaniline, gold nanoparticles (AuNP) and graphene nanosheets (GR) have been synthesized using in situ polymerization. A series of nanocomposites have been synthesized by varying the concentration of GR and chloroauric acid to optimize the formulation with respect to the electrochemical activities. Out of these series of NSPANI/AuNP/GR nanocomposites, it has been found that only one particular nanocomposite has the best electrochemical properties, as analyzed by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry and conductivity. The best nanocomposite has been characterized by Fourier transform infrared Raman spectroscopy, UV–vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction studies, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The CV of the best nanocomposites show the well-defined reversible redox peaks characteristic of polyaniline, confirming that the polymer maintains its electro activity in the nanocomposites. Another nanocomposite has been prepared with identical composition (as found with the best nanocomposite) by mixing of pre-synthesized nanostructured polyaniline with chloroauric acid and graphene dispersion in order to predict the mechanism of in situ polymerization. It is inferred that the nanocomposite prepared by blending technique loses its property within 48 h indicating phase separation whereas the nanocomposite prepared by in situ technique is highly stable.
Performance and combustion characteristics of direct-injection stratified-charge rotary engines (1987)

Computer simulations of the direct-injection stratified-charge (DISC) Wankel engine have been used to calculate heat release rates and performance and efficiency characteristics of the 1007R engine. Engine pressure data have been used in a heat release analysis to study the effects of heat transfer, leakage, and crevice flows. Predicted engine performance data are compared with experimental test data over a range of engine speeds and loads. An examination of methods to improve the performance of the Wankel engine with faster combustion, reduced leakage, higher compression ratio, and turbocharging is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Epoxidation of Allyl Alcohol Derivatives by ω‐ Hydroxylase from Pseudomonas oleovorans. (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Advance Reservations and Scheduling for Bulk Transfers in Research Networks (2008)

Data-intensive e-science collaborations often require the transfer of large files with predictable performance. To meet this need, we design novel admission control (AC) and scheduling algorithms for bulk data transfer in research networks for e-science. Due to their small sizes, the research networks can afford a centralized resource management platform. In our design, each bulk transfer job request, which can be made in advance to the central network controller, specifies a start time and an end time. If admitted, the network guarantees to complete the transfer before the end time. However, there is flexibility in how the actual transfer is carried out, that is, in the bandwidth assignment on each allowed path of the job on each time interval, and it is up to the scheduling algorithm to decide this. To improve the network resource utilization or lower the job rejection ratio, the network controller solves optimization problems in making AC and scheduling decisions. Our design combines the following elements into a cohesive optimization-based framework: advance reservations, multipath routing, and bandwidth reassignment via periodic reoptimization. We evaluate our algorithm in terms of both network efficiency and the performance level of individual transfer. We also evaluate the feasibility of our scheme by studying the algorithm execution time.
An approach to answer selection in question-answering based on semantic relations (2011)

A usual strategy to select the final answer in factoid Question-Answering (QA) relies on redundancy. A score is given to each candidate answer as a function of its frequency of occurrence, and the final answer is selected from the set of candidates sorted in decreasing order of score. For that purpose, systems often try to group together semantically equivalent answers. However, they hold several other semantic relations, such as inclusion, which are not considered, and candidates are mostly seen independently, as competitors.

Our hypothesis is that not just equivalence, but other relations between candidate answers have impact on the performance of a redundancy-based QA system. In this paper, we describe experimental studies to back up this hypothesis. Our findings show that, with relatively simple techniques to recognize relations, systems' accuracy can be improved for answers of categories NUMBER, DATE and ENTITY.
Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Polypropylene/Boron Nitride Composites (2013)

The purpose of this study is to improve thermal conductivity and properties of polypropylene (PP) by adding functionality fillers. Boron nitride (BN) was used for improving the thermal conductivity of polymers. Two types of BN with different particle sizes were used. In addition, two types of PP with different viscosities were used as the polymer matrix. The thermal conductivity, storage modulus and loss modulus increased with the content of BN. The thermal conductivity of PP can be effectively enhanced by adding BN with large particles. Moreover, the melting temperature and crystallization temperature of PP/BN composites were larger than those of neat PP. The degree of crystallization of PP increased with BN. The effect of BN with small particles on the crystallization of PP was slightly stronger than that of BN with large particles. From the SEM observation, the agglomeration of BN with small particles was locally observed. In contrast, BN with large particles dispersed well in the PP matrix. This study found that BN with large particles effectively enhanced the thermal and properties of PP/BN composites. In addition, the above properties were independent of the matrix viscosity.