gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Concept for a High-Power-Density Mirror Fusion Reactor (1973)

A concept for a mirror-type fusion reactor based on recent advances in neutral-beam technology is shown to have improved plasma stability, a much higher power density, and a somewhat higher factor of energy gain $Q$, as compared with previous concepts using the magnetic-mirror principle.
Implementation of a tight glycaemic control protocol using a web‐based insulin dose calculator (2005)

We describe the implementation of a glucose control protocol supported by a web-based insulin dose calculator in a 16-bedded intensive care unit. The protocol was introduced and then modified after 15 months' use. Glucose concentrations were retrospectively reviewed and compared for the 9-month period before introduction of the protocol (288 patients), for 15 months after its introduction (502 patients) and for a further 5 months after its modification to increase insulin dose (101 patients). The mean (SD) blood glucose concentrations decreased from 7.3 (1.8) mmol.l(-1) to 6.6 (1.6) mmol.l(-1) and then to 6.2 (1.3) mmol.l(-1). The proportion of values < 8.0 mmol.l(-1) increased from 69% to 81% and then to 89%. Blood glucose concentrations were increased by the use of intravenous nutrition and by vasoactive drugs but not by the administration of propofol. The odds ratio [95% CI] for death for glucose values > 8.0 mmol.l(-1) was 2.10 [1.19-3.73] compared to values < 6.1 mmol.l(-1). However, patient mortality remained constant during the study. Glycaemic control was improved outside a research setting using a protocol supported by a web-based insulin dose calculator.
ChemInform Abstract: New Routes to the Syntheses of cis‐α‐(Carboxycyclopropyl)glycines from L‐Glutamic Acid. Conformationally Restricted Analogues of the Excitatory Neurotransmitter L‐Glutamic Acid. (1990)

Abstract The L‐glutamic acid half ester (I) is converted to the unsaturated lactone (VII).
Structuring nanodiamond cone arrays for improved field emission (2003)

A structuring method capable of producing uniform, large-area cone arrays of diamond films was developed. The technique employs bias-assisted reactive ion etching and is applicable to any structure of diamond films ranging from microcrystalline to nanocrystalline. Variation of the etching conditions enables control of the cone density, geometry, and height. Surface nanostructuring of cone arrays significantly improves the field emission properties of diamond films of all kinds. The turn on field is reduced to 6 and 10 V/μm for nanodiamond and microdiamond films, respectively, (compared to &gt;25 V/μm for as deposited surfaces). Lower cone density yields better field electron emission (lower turn-on electrical field) due to the screening in high-density cone arrays. The field emission properties are determined by both the enhancement factor of the cone array and the emitting properties of the material. The field electron emission properties of nanodiamond arrays are better than cone arrays of single crystalline diamond with a similar cone density and cone geometry.
Application of deep convolution neural network (2017)

Convolution neural network has long been used in the field of digital image processing and speech recognition, and has achieved great success. Before the convolutional neural network was proposed, both image processing and speech recognition were done by traditional machine learning algorithms. Although great results were achieved, it was difficult to make further breakthroughs, so CNN came into being. Currently, CNN for image processing and speech recognition are relatively mature. Both the theoretical research and the industrial application have been very successful, which has promoted CNN's leap-forward development. CNN's success of image processing and speech recognition has stimulated its research frenzy in natural language processing. The current CNN to handle natural language has been widely used, although some achievements have been made, the current effect is not very good. The purpose of this paper is to hopefully give a clearer explanation of the structure of CNN. At the same time, give a brief summary and prospect of current CNN research in image processing, speech recognition and natural language processing.
Application level Wireless Multi-level ECN for Video and Real-time Data (2006)

Multi-level Explicit Congestion Notification (MECN) and Wireless MECN (WMECN) are the amendments proposed in recent research to have an improved feedback from network backlog. These methods are implemented in conjunction with TCP and modify the TCP in its response to congestion. The improvement of these methods on TCP is derived from the fact that they modify the window size variations in response to congestion. Quantitative benefits of ECN, MECN and similar proposed methods for TCP have always been an issue to debate. Adding ECN to UDP API and end-to-end congestion control is also one of the topics of interest. In this paper we present a new WMECN-Like mechanism which is modified in a way that could be used by applications to adapt transmission rate or video encoding quality. Low complexity of the proposed mechanism makes it more suitable than UDP which is recommended protocol for QoS over wireless networks.
Activated B cells modified by electroporation of multiple mRNAs encoding immune stimulatory molecules are comparable to mature dendritic cells in inducing <i>in vitro</i> antigen‐specific T‐cell responses (2008)

Ex-vivo-activated B cells are an alternative source of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and a potential replacement for dendritic cells (DCs) in immunotherapy. However, the ability of ex-vivo-activated B cells to function as potent APCs has been a concern, especially when compared to DCs. Our study investigated whether modification of activated B cells with immune stimulatory molecules could enhance the ability of activated B cells to stimulate T cells. We show that murine splenic B cells, activated with a combination of Toll-like receptor agonist and agonistic anti-CD40, stimulated antigen-specific CD8+ T cells more efficiently than cells activated with Toll-like receptor agonist or anti-CD40 alone, probably by down-regulation of the immune regulatory cytokine interleukin-10 (IL-10). However, the activated B cells were still poor T-cell stimulators compared to mature DCs. Therefore, we modified the activated B cells by simultaneous electroporation of multiple messenger RNAs encoding costimulatory molecules (OX40L and 4-1BBL), cytokines (IL-12p35 and IL-12p40) and antigen. We found that de novo expression or overexpression of OX40L, 4-1BBL and IL-12p70 on activated B cells synergistically enhanced proliferation as well as IL-2 and interferon-gamma production by CD8+ T cells. Furthermore, the RNA-modified activated B cells induced antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses as efficiently as mature DCs in vitro. Unexpectedly, modified activated B cells were inferior to mature DCs at in vivo induction of CD8+ T-cell responses. In summary, activated B cells modified to express immune stimulatory molecules are a potent alternative to DCs in immunotherapy.
<b>The Synthesis of 7-Substituted Adenines through the Use of a Blocking Group at the 3-Position. Site of Alkylation of 7-Substituted Adenines</b> (1963)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Synthesis of 7-Substituted Adenines through the Use of a Blocking Group at the 3-Position. Site of Alkylation of 7-Substituted AdeninesNelson J. Leonard and Tozo. FujiiCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1963, 85, 22, 3719Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1963Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1963https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00905a056https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00905a056research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views174Altmetric-Citations49LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Integrating boosting and stochastic attribute selection committees for further improving the performance of decision tree learning (2002)

Techniques for constructing classifier committees including boosting and bagging have demonstrated great success, especially boosting for decision tree learning. This type of technique generates several classifiers to form a committee by repeated application of a single base learning algorithm. The committee members vote to decide the final classification. Boosting and bagging create different classifiers by modifying the distribution of the training set. SASC (Stochastic Attribute Selection Committees) uses an alternative approach to generating classifier committees by stochastic manipulation of the set of attributes considered at each node during tree induction, but keeping the distribution of the training set unchanged. We propose a method for improving the performance of boosting. This technique combines boosting and SASC. It builds classifier committees by manipulating both the distribution of the training set and the set of attributes available during induction. In the synergy SASC effectively increases the model diversity of boosting. Experiments with a representative collection of natural domains show that, on average, the combined technique outperforms either boosting or SASC alone in terms of reducing the error rate of decision tree learning.
Phosphorylase kinase: the complexity of its regulation is reflected in the complexity of its structure (1999)

Intracellular glycogen stores are used to maintain blood-glucose homeostasis during fasting, are a source of energy for muscle contraction, and are used to support a broad range of cellular activities in most tissues. A diversity of signals accelerate glycogen degradation that are mediated by phosphorylase b kinase (Phk), which phosphorylates and thereby activates glycogen phosphorylase. Phk is among the most complex of the protein kinases so far elucidated. It has one catalytic (gamma) subunit and three different regulatory (alpha, beta, and delta) subunits, a molecular mass of 1.3 X 106 daltons, and each holoenzyme molecule is presumed to contain four molecules of each subunit. The three regulatory subunits inhibit the phosphotransferase activity of the gamma subunit. Ca2+ relieves inhibition via the delta subunit, which is identical to calmodulin but remains an integral component of the holoenzyme even when the [Ca2+] is lowered to nanomolar levels. Phosphorylation of the alpha and beta subunits by the 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-dependent protein kinase (PKA) also relieves inhibition of the gamma subunit and thereby activates the enzyme. The stimulatory effects of Ca2+ and phosphorylation appear to be structurally coupled and are cooperative. In addition, Phk is activated in vitro by autophosphorylation, limited proteolysis of the regulatory subunits, and various allosteric effectors and these may also be mechanisms of physiological importance. The molecular mechanisms of regulation are currently poorly understood, but new insights are beginning to emerge. This review discusses current knowledge and concepts of the structure, function and regulation of Phk.
Investigation of strain relaxation in short-period Si m Ge n superlattices using reciprocal space mapping (1993)

The optoelectronic properties of ultrathin Si<SUB>m</SUB>Ge<SUB>n</SUB> strained layer superlattices (SLSs) depend strongly on their structural perfection and the strain adjustment of the SLS by a Si<SUB>1-x</SUB>Ge<SUB>x</SUB> alloy buffer. We used double crystal and triple axis x-ray diffractometry to characterize the structural properties of short period Si<SUB>6</SUB>Ge<SUB>4</SUB> and Si<SUB>9</SUB>Ge<SUB>6</SUB> SLSs grown on about 1 micrometers thick step-graded SiGe alloy buffers. As grown SLSs and samples annealed subsequently at 550 degree(s)C, 650 degree(s)C, and 780 degree(s)C for 60 min were investigated, the latter to study effects of post-growth thermal treatments typical for conventional Si device fabrication. Precise strain data were extracted from two-dimensional reciprocal space maps around (004) and (224) reciprocal lattice points. These data were used as refined input parameters for the dynamical simulation of the integrated intensity along the q[004] direction.
Single beam holography (1979)

A simple technique of holography, using only one source beam is introduced. Impressive curved holograms and rainbow holograms can be fabricated on an unisolated laboratory table with this technique.
Oxidation of cyclophosphamide to 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide and deschloroethylcyclophosphamide in human liver microsomes. (1997)

We have investigated the formation of 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide (HCY) and deschloroethylcyclophosphamide (DCCY) from cyclophosphamide (CY) in human liver microsomes. For HCY, the estimated values (mean +/- SD; n = 3) of Km1 and Km2 were 0.095 +/- 0.072 and 5.09 +/- 4.30 mM, and the estimated values of Vmax1 and Vmax2 were 0.138 +/- 0.070 and 1.55 +/- 0.50 nmol/min/mg protein. For DCCY, Km1 and Km2 were 0.046 +/- 0.017 and 8.58 +/- 5.84 mM, and Vmax1 and Vmax2 were 0.006 +/- 0.003 and 0.274 +/- 0.214 nmol/min/mg protein. At CY concentrations of 0.1, 0.7, and 5 mM, HCY respectively accounted for 95.7 +/- 1.3, 95.1 +/- 2.4, and 90.7 +/- 2.7% of the total products of CY (HCY + DCCY; n = 6). In a separate experiment, 98.7 +/- 11.9% (n = 3) of CY loss could be accounted for by the formation of HCY at 0.1 mM CY. On the basis of cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoform-specific chemical inhibitor and cDNA-expressed human P450 isozyme studies, CYP2C9 and CYP3A4/5 seemed to be the major P450 isoforms responsible for HCY formation at low (0.1 mM) and high (0.7 and 5 mM) concentrations of CY, respectively. Although orphenadrine inhibition was observed in human liver microsomes (which has been taken to indicate CYP2B6 catalysis), orphenadrine inhibited cDNA-expressed CYP3A4 formation of HCY to the same extent observed in human liver microsomes, and the addition of orphenadrine to incubations containing sulfaphenazole (a specific inhibitor of CYP2C9) or troleandomycin (a specific CYP3A inhibitor) did not increase inhibition beyond that observed with sulfaphenazole or troleandomycin alone. Similar studies indicated that CYP3A4/5 was the major P450 isoform responsible for DCCY formation at high (0.7 and 5 mM) concentrations of CY. The P450 isoform responsible for DCCY formation at 0.1 mM CY could not be identified due to its very low formation rate.
Particle Image Analysis (2015)

Abstract Particle image analysis of metal powders can be easily performed with optical macroscopes and microscopes. This article provides examples of the particle image analysis on powders used in the powder metallurgy industry.
Remote Plasma-Assisted Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition of Tantalum Nitride Thin Films with Different Radicals (1998)

Thin films of tantalum nitride have been deposited from remote plasma-assisted metal organic chemical vapor deposition (RP-MOCVD) using the reaction of pentakis-dimethyl-amino-tantalum (PDMATa) with different activated radicals. Microstructures of deposited films measured by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) depend on the deposition temperature and the type of radicals. At temperatures below 300°C, amorphous films are obtained which are independent of the reacting species. On the other hand, at higher deposition temperatures, (111)-preferred cubic TaN films are obtained when they react with ammonia plasma, while the reaction with hydrogen plasma produces amorphous films. All amorphous films obtained are recrystallized at an annealing temperature of 1000°C in an oxygen-containing (10%) ambient, showing (111) TaN, bcc Ta, and signals of orthorhombic Ta 2 O 5 . From detailed studies of film composition and chemical bonding in the obtained films, the impurity incorporation, especially carbon, is responsible for the dependence of film microstructures on different deposition conditions.
Content Addressable Memory for Low-Power and High-Performance Applications (2009)

A low-power 11-transistor content addressable memory (CAM) cell is presented for high performance applications. The CAM cell design is based on the conventional 8-transistor one-read and one-write register file (RF) cell, where a read operation does not affect the cell stability. In addition, it supports single cycle throughput for write/read and write/CAM operations. Also, read/write operations are independent of the stored and/or search data. Comparison of power and performance under the same condition of noise robustness of dynamic CAM arrays with the proposed CAM cell against three other existing cells as well as a static CAM array is presented. Simulation results based on 32 nm process technology indicate that the proposed cell offers the lowest power and best performance compared to the existing RF based dynamic CAM array designs.
Asymmetric adiabatic multiprong for mode-multiplexed systems (1993)

The adiabatic, asymmetric multiprong splitter is the basic multiplexing/demultiplexing device in a mode multiplexed system. Devices with up to four modal channels are analysed with the beam propagation method, which shows, theoretically, that such devices can selectively drive/sense the individual modes of up to a four-moded waveguide with extinction ratios of greater than −25dB and negligible excess loss. Typical device lengths are 10, 15 and 50mm for two-, three- and four-channel splitters, respectively.
[The effect of overdose fluoride on the proliferation and apoptosis of rat's incisor ameloblast]. (2003)

The mechanism of fluorosis mottled enamel may be the effect of overdose fluoride with inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of ameloblasts resulting in dysfunction of secretion or absorption of enamel matrix proteins.
Optimal Placement of GIC Blocking Devices for Geomagnetic Disturbance Mitigation (2014)

This paper presents an optimization approach for the placement of geomagnetically induced current (GIC) blocking devices (BDs) on power system transformers to mitigate the adverse effects of a geomagnetic disturbance (GMD). Solar storms lead to GMDs which, in turn, drive GICs along transmission lines and through transformer windings. GICs cause half-cycle saturation in power transformers, increase their shunt reactive power loss, lead to a significant lack of power system reactive power support, and, as a result, create voltage instability and, potentially, large-scale voltage collapse. To mitigate these detrimental effects, a long-term remedy is to install GIC BDs at the neutral point of transformers. Since these devices are fairly costly, their placement should be performed in an optimal manner. The optimization problem proposed in this paper minimizes the cost of BD placement while satisfying power system voltage and generator maximum reactive power limits. The numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method in maintaining an acceptable voltage profile for the power system in case of GMDs with any degree of severity.
Recent Developments in Multiple Input Modal Analysis (1988)

Over the last two decades in experimental modal analysis many different approaches have been developed for application to a great variety of structural engineering problems. The effectiveness of modal testing depends directly on the capability to construct optimal excitation force vectors in order to identify a complete set of normal modes in a frequency band of interest and to extract the corresponding modal parameters. These tasks can be considerably facilitated by means of so-called mode indicator functions (MIF) the most current of which will be thoroughly investigated in order to reveal their features and capabilities. Furthermore, emphasis will be placed on the problem of finding appropriate force vectors to excite either real or complex normal modes. A new concept to determine optimal force vectors for the excitation of complex normal modes will be presented. In the context with the definition of complex normal modes the problem of transforming complex normal modes into real normal modes will be treated as well.
Study of the decarboxylation mechanism of fluorobenzoic acids by strong N‐bases (2001)

Abstract The kinetics of the decarboxylation reactions of pentafluorobenzoic and tetrafluorobenzoic acids by various N‐bases were studied using 19 F NMR spectroscopy. The rate constants of these reactions are dependent on the structure of the fluorinated acid and the p K a values of the N‐bases. Pentafluorobenzoic acid is decarboxylated about two orders of magnitude faster than tetrafluorobenzoic acid. With increasing p K a values of the protonated N‐bases these reactions became much slower. These results suggested that the rate‐determining step of the studied reactions is the attack of the conjugated acid (protonated N‐base) on carboxylate anion. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Statistical Analysis of a Linear Algebra Asymmetricwatermarking Scheme (2007)

We introduce a novel asymmetric watermarking scheme, involving a private key for embedding and a public key for detection, and we detail its statistical analysis, relying on Neyman-Pearson criterion. The proposed scheme solves part of the problems connected to previous watermarking approaches based on linear algebra. In particular, special attention is paid at reducing the side information required at the detector, as well as at achieving higher robustness by enphasizing the contribution of the watermark in the detection phase.
A database analysis method identifies an endogenous trans-acting short-interfering RNA that targets the <i>Arabidopsis ARF2, ARF3</i> , and <i>ARF4</i> genes (2005)

Two classes of small RNAs, microRNAs and short-interfering RNA (siRNAs), have been extensively studied in plants and animals. In Arabidopsis, the capacity to uncover previously uncharacterized small RNAs by means of conventional strategies seems to be reaching its limits. To discover new plant small RNAs, we developed a protocol to mine an Arabidopsis nonannotated, noncoding EST database. Using this approach, we identified an endogenous small RNA, trans-acting short-interfering RNA-auxin response factor (tasiR-ARF), that shares a 21- and 22-nt region of sequence similarity with members of the ARF gene family. tasiR-ARF has characteristics of both short-interfering RNA and microRNA, recently defined as tasiRNA. Accumulation of trans-acting siRNA depends on DICER-LIKE1 and RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE6 but not RNA-DEPENDENT RNA POLYMERASE2. We demonstrate that tasiR-ARF targets three ARF genes, ARF2, ARF3/ETT, and ARF4, and that both the tasiR-ARF precursor and its target genes are evolutionarily conserved. The identification of tasiRNA-ARF as a low-abundance, previously uncharacterized small RNA species proves our method to be a useful tool to uncover additional small regulatory RNAs.