gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Microwave thermography in the detection of breast cancer (1980)

Microwave thermography, a method of sensing subcutaneous temperatures, was used in a breast cancer detection study of about 5,000 female patients. The data were taken at wavelengths of 9.1 and 23 cm. Microwave thermography at 23 cm has true-positive and true-negative detection rates of 0.8 and 0.6, respectively, comparable to those of infrared thermography (0.7) and inferior to those of xeromammography (0.9). However, a potential advantage results if microwave and infrared thermography are used together for screening, and if mammography is used only for follow-up on those patients who were positive on either the microwave or the infrared thermograms. It is then possible to obtain true-positive and true-negative detection rates of 0.9 and 0.9, respectively, while only half the number of patients need be subjected to x-rays.
Oxidative stress and ageing: is ageing a cysteine deficiency syndrome? (2005)

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are constantly produced in biological tissues and play a role in various signalling pathways. Abnormally high ROS concentrations cause oxidative stress associated with tissue damage and dysregulation of physiological signals. There is growing evidence that oxidative stress increases with age. It has also been shown that the life span of worms, flies and mice can be significantly increased by mutations which impede the insulin receptor signalling cascade. Molecular studies revealed that the insulin-independent basal activity of the insulin receptor is increased by ROS and downregulated by certain antioxidants. Complementary clinical studies confirmed that supplementation of the glutathione precursor cysteine decreases insulin responsiveness in the fasted state. In several clinical trials, cysteine supplementation improved skeletal muscle functions, decreased the body fat/lean body mass ratio, decreased plasma levels of the inflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), improved immune functions, and increased plasma albumin levels. As all these parameters degenerate with age, these findings suggest: (i) that loss of youth, health and quality of life may be partly explained by a deficit in cysteine and (ii) that the dietary consumption of cysteine is generally suboptimal and everybody is likely to have a cysteine deficiency sooner or later.
Getting Serious about Word Sense Disambiguation (1997)

Recent advances in large-scale, broad coverage part-of-speech tagging and syntactic parsing have been achieved in no small part due to the availability of large amounts of online, human-annotated corpora. In this paper, I argue that a large, human sensetagged corpus is also critical as well as necessary to achieve broad coverage, high accuracy word sense disambiguation, where the sense distinction is at the level of a good desk-top dictionary such as WORD- NET. Using the sense-tagged corpus of 192,800 word occurrences reported in (Ng and Lee, 1996), I examine the effect of the number of training examples on the accuracy of an exemplar-based classifier versus the base-line, most-frequent-sense classio tier. I also estimate the amount of hu- man sense-tagged corpus and the manual annotation effort needed to build a largescale, broad coverage word sense disambiguation program which can significantly outperform the most-frequent-sense classifier.
Interactive Fiction Game Playing as Multi-Paragraph Reading Comprehension with Reinforcement Learning (2020)

Interactive Fiction (IF) games with real human-written natural language texts provide a new natural evaluation for language understanding techniques. In contrast to previous text games with mostly synthetic texts, IF games pose language understanding challenges on the human-written textual descriptions of diverse and sophisticated game worlds and language generation challenges on the action command generation from less restricted combinatorial space. We take a novel perspective of IF game solving and re-formulate it as Multi-Passage Reading Comprehension (MPRC) tasks. Our approaches utilize the context-query attention mechanisms and the structured prediction in MPRC to efficiently generate and evaluate action outputs and apply an object-centric historical observation retrieval strategy to mitigate the partial observability of the textual observations. Extensive experiments on the recent IF benchmark (Jericho) demonstrate clear advantages of our approaches achieving high winning rates and low data requirements compared to all previous approaches. Our source code is available at: https://github.com/XiaoxiaoGuo/rcdqn.
Growth Phase Regulation of <i>Vibrio cholerae</i> RTX Toxin Export (2006)

Vibrio cholerae, the causative agent of the severe diarrheal disease cholera, secretes several "accessory" toxins, including RTX toxin, which causes the cross-linking of the actin cytoskeleton. RTX toxin is exported to the extracellular milieu by an atypical type I secretion system (T1SS), and we previously noted that RTX-associated activity is detectable only in supernatant fluids from log phase cultures. Here, we investigate the mechanisms for regulating RTX toxin activity in supernatant fluids. We find that exported proteases are capable of destroying RTX activity and may therefore play a role in the growth phase regulation of toxin activity. We determined that the absence of RTX toxin in stationary-phase culture supernatant fluids is also due to a lack of toxin secretion and not attributable to solely proteolytic degradation. We ascertained that the T1SS apparatus is regulated at the transcriptional level by growth phase control that is independent of quorum sensing, unlike other virulence factors of V. cholerae. Additionally, in stationary-phase cultures, all RTX toxin activity is associated with bacterial membranes or outer membrane vesicles.
Randomized Trial Comparing Cyclophosphamide, Epirubicin, and Fluorouracil With Cyclophosphamide, Methotrexate, and Fluorouracil in Premenopausal Women With Node-Positive Breast Cancer: Update of National Cancer Institute of Canada Clinical Trials Group Trial MA5 (2005)

The previously demonstrated benefit of CEF compared with CMF adjuvant chemotherapy is maintained with longer follow-up in the MA5 trial.
Small-subunit rRNA genes and in situ hybridization with oligonucleotides specific for the bacterial symbionts in the larvae of the bryozoan Bugula neritina and proposal of "Candidatus endobugula sertula" (1997)

Larvae of the bryozoan Bugula neritina harbor bacterial symbionts. These symbionts were identified as a novel species of gamma-proteobacterium, based on ribosomal small-subunit rRNA gene sequences. In situ hybridization with oligonucleotides specific for the symbiont confirmed the origin of the sequence. The taxonomic status "Candidatus Endobugula sertula" is proposed for the larval symbiont.
Class-F power amplifier using a multi-frequency composite right/left-handed transmission line harmonic tuner (2005)

A class-F power amplifier at 2.4GHz using a novel harmonic tuner based on a composite right/left handed (CRLH) transmission line (TL) is proposed and experimentally tested. Two structures are presented. One structure uses one open CRLH-TL stub to suppress 2nd, 3rd harmonics and the fundamental frequency is matched to 50/spl Omega/. The other structure uses two open CRLH-TL stubs in order to suppress 2nd, 3rd, 4th harmonics and the fundamental frequency is matched to specific impedance. The structure proposed is used to design a class-F power amplifier. A maximum drain efficiency of 64% is obtained.
Polyimide/carbon black composite nanocoating layers as a facile surface modification strategy for high-voltage lithium ion cathode materials (2013)

Ion-conductive polyimide (PI)/electron-conductive carbon black (CB) composite nanocoating layers (referred to as “PI/CB coating layers”) are presented as a facile and scalable surface modification strategy for high-voltage lithium ion cathode materials (here, LiCoO2 (LCO) is chosen as a model system). The PI/CB coating layers exhibit a unique synergistic effect (i.e., boosted electronic conduction (from CB networks) in conjunction with suppression of unwanted interfacial side reactions between delithiated LCO and the liquid electrolyte (due to PI nanothin films)), which thus exerts a beneficial influence on the electrochemical performance and thermal stability of high-voltage cells.
Lipase‐catalyzed esterification of glycerol and oleic acid (2004)

Abstract The enzymatic synthesis of glycerides from glycerol and oleic acid in organic solvent was studied, and the optimal conditions for glyceride synthesis by lipases were established. Of the commercially available lipases that were investigated, Candida rugosa lipase and porcine pancreas lipase resulted in the highest extent of esterification. Iso‐octane and hexane were particularly useful organic solvents in glyceride synthesis. The water content in the reaction mixture was of primary importance. For C. rugosa lipase and porcine pancreas lipase, the optimal water contents were 5 and 1%, respectively. Candida rugosa lipase and porcine pancreas lipase manifested contrasting positional specificities in glyceride synthesis.
Bayesian Folding-In with Dirichlet Kernels for PLSI (2007)

Probabilistic latent semantic indexing (PLSI) represents documents of a collection as mixture proportions of latent topics, which are learned from the collection by an expectation maximization (EM) algorithm. New documents or queries need to be folded into the latent topic space by a simplified version of the EM-algorithm. During PLSI- Folding-in of a new document, the topic mixtures of the known documents are ignored. This may lead to a suboptimal model of the extended collection. Our new approach incorporates the topic mixtures of the known documents in a Bayesian way during folding- in. That knowledge is modeled as prior distribution over the topic simplex using a kernel density estimate of Dirichlet kernels. We demonstrate the advantages of the new Bayesian folding-in using real text data.
Stability properties of Smith dead-time compensator controllers (1980)

Abstract The special stability properties of SISO systems incorporating Smith dead-time compensator controllers are investigated. It is shown that the conventional approach to the design of such systems may lead to practical instabilities. Necessary conditions for practical stability and sufficient conditions guaranteeing certain sensitivity and relative stability properties are stated and proven. The inaccuracies in the models are measured by means of an ' ignorance function '. Sufficient conditions expressed in terms of this function, from which conservative estimates on allowed mismatches in the models may be found, are stated. Illustrative examples demonstrating the main results are presented.
Style-Analyzer: Fixing Code Style Inconsistencies with Interpretable Unsupervised Algorithms (2019)

Source code reviews are manual, time-consuming, and expensive. Human involvement should be focused on analyzing the most relevant aspects of the program, such as logic and maintainability, rather than amending style, syntax, or formatting defects. Some tools with linting capabilities can format code automatically and report various stylistic violations for supported programming languages. They are based on rules written by domain experts, hence, their configuration is often tedious, and it is impractical for the given set of rules to cover all possible corner cases. Some machine learning-based solutions exist, but they remain uninterpretable black boxes. This paper introduces style-analyzer, a new open source tool to automatically fix code formatting violations using the decision tree forest model which adapts to each codebase and is fully unsupervised. style-analyzer is built on top of our novel assisted code review framework, Lookout. It accurately mines the formatting style of each analyzed Git repository and expresses the found format patterns with compact human-readable rules. style-analyzer can then suggest style inconsistency fixes in the form of code review comments. We evaluate the output quality and practical relevance of style-analyzer by demonstrating that it can reproduce the original style with high precision, measured on 19 popular JavaScript projects, and by showing that it yields promising results in fixing real style mistakes. style-analyzer includes a web application to visualize how the rules are triggered. We release style-analyzer as a reusable and extendable open source software package on GitHub for the benefit of the community.
Intravascular effect in velocity-selective arterial spin labeling (2005)

Arterial spin labeling (ASL) has been developed into a useful tool for measuring local tissue perfusion with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Velocity-selective ASL (VS-ASL) tags spins on a basis of flow velocity, instead of the spatial distribution that is commonly used by conventional ASL techniques. Using a 90 degrees-180 degrees-90 degrees radiofrequency pulse train in combination with flow-sensitive gradients, VS-ASL can potentially generate tags that are very close to the imaging plane and whereby avoid the main error source of conventional ASL techniques coming from T1 relaxation during inflow time (TI). In practice, however, TI of VS-ASL should still be chosen with caution with respect to intravascular signal and cutoff velocity (Vc). With higher Vc, the maximum of VS-ASL signal was observed at shorter TI, which is due to intravacular signal in large vessels. For perfusion measurement in human brain, small Vc (=<2cm/s) is recommended. In contrast to the previous studies that suggested CSF suppression for Vc < 5cm/s, this study used lower amplitude and longer separation of diffusion gradients in the VS pulse train, which reduced b-value and eliminated the necessity of CSF suppression for Vc down to 2 cm/s.
On the formulation of rheological equations of state (1950)

Abstract The invariant forms of rheological equations of state for a homogeneous continuum, suitable for application to all conditions of motion and stress, are discussed. The right invariance properties can most readily be recognized if the frame of reference is a co-ordinate system convected with the material, but it is necessary to transform to a fixed frame of reference in order to solve the equations of state simultaneously with the equations of continuity and of motion. An illustration is given of the process of formulating equations of state suitable for universal application, based on non-invariant equations obtained from a simple experiment or structural theory. Anisotropic materials, and materials whose properties depend on previous rheological history, are included within the scope of the paper.
Hydrogen Sulfide Detection by Sensors Based on Conductive Polymers: A Review (2020)

Coming from natural and anthropogenic sources, hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S) is a smelly hazardous substance at sub-ppm level, which can lead to poisoning deaths at higher concentration. Researchers have been working for decades to design sensors with sufficient/good/robust metrological properties and good stability in order to monitor and control in real-time the risk associated to this gas. Among the devices proposed, chemiresistive sensors based on conductive polymer appear as a good alternative to the most common solutions such as electrochemical and optical sensors. They present various advantages in term of design (easy fabrication, easy tuning of physical and chemical properties, low cost, etc.) and performances (good sensitivity, good reproducibility, room temperature operation, short response time, etc.). In this review, we summarize the progresses made on conductive polymers sensors dedicated to H2S detection, including the performance of the different materials and sensing mechanisms. Finally, we identify the limitations of these sensors and highlight the most promising approaches to enable the use of these technologies in real-world applications.
How to Analyze the Results of Linear Programs—Part 3: Infeasibility Diagnosis (1993)

One problem in debugging a linear program is finding a way to diagnose an infeasible instance. The sources of error could be structural, such as inadvertent omission of activities, or data related, such as insufficient supply to meet demand. I present techniques that LP experts have used in practice for a variety of applications. It is important, however, to distinguish a diagnosis from an isolation. An isolation is a portion of the linear program obtained in some purposeful way to contain a probable cause. A diagnosis additionally requires an explanation of an isolation, which can require complex reasoning.
Polymorphisms in the VKORC1 gene are strongly associated with warfarin dosage requirements in patients receiving anticoagulation (2020)

Warfarin is a mainstay of therapy for conditions associated with an increased risk of thromboembolic events. However, the use of this common agent is fraught with complications and little is known regarding inter‐individual variation in warfarin response.
Beneficiaries affected by annual earnings test in 1973. (1977)

Various on-the-road situations can make additional demands on the driver that go beyond the basic demands of driving. Thereby, they influence the appropriateness of in-vehicle input modalities to operate secondary tasks in the car. In this work, we assess the specific impacts of situational demands on gaze, gesture and speech input regarding driving performance, interaction efficiency and subjective ratings. An experiment with 29 participants in a driving simulator revealed significant interactions between situational demands and the input modality on secondary task completion times, perceived suitability and cognitive workload. Impairments were greatest when the situational demand addressed the same sensory channel as the used input modality. This was reflected differently in objective and subjective data depending on the used input modality. With this work, we explore the performance of natural input modalities across different situations and thereby support interaction designers that plan to integrate these modalities in automotive interaction concepts.
Relocation of antigens to the cell surface membrane can enhance immune stimulation and protection (1992)

The major outer capsid glycoprotein of rotaviruses, VP7, is normally synthesized and directed to the ER, where it is required for virus assembly. By substituting a foreign signal sequence for the VP7 signal peptide, a secreted form of VP7 with an authentic amino terminus was produced. Secreted VP7 was further modified by the addition of a transmembrane anchor and cytoplasmic domain to its C-terminus. When the novel chimeric protein was expressed in transfected cells it became anchored in the cell surface membrane. The antigenicity of the chimeric protein was compared with that of the intracellular form of VP7 using recombinant vaccinia viruses to deliver the antigens in vivo. The novel antigen produced enhanced stimulation of both B and T lymphocytes of the immune system, and in mice it was able to induce protection against rotavirus-induced diarrhoeal disease. Other secreted and intracellular antigens show a similar improved level of antigenicity as a result of their relocation to the cell surface. Surface localization may therefore have general utility in the development of recombinant subunit vaccines.
Routing IPv6 with IS-IS (2008)

This document specifies a method for exchanging IPv6 routing
information using the IS-IS routing protocol. The described method
utilizes two new TLVs: a reachability TLV and an interface address TLV
to distribute the necessary IPv6 information throughout a routing
domain. Using this method, one can route IPv6 along with IPv4 and OSI
using a single intra-domain routing protocol. [STANDARDS-TRACK]
Spacecraft energy storage systems (1998)

Flywheel Energy Storage Systems represent an exciting alternative to traditional battery storage systems used to power satellites during periods of eclipse. The increasing demand for reliable communication and data access is driving explosive growth in the number of satellite systems being developed as well as their performance requirements. Power-on orbit is the key to this performance, and batteries are becoming increasingly unattractive as an energy storage media. Flywheel systems offer very attractive characteristics for both energy storage, in terms of energy density and the number of charge/discharge cycles, and the important side benefit of spacecraft attitude control.
Synthesis of Heterocyclic Compounds XXXVI. Preparation of Alkyl Substituted Pyrancarbonitriles (1984)

The cyclizatian of the ketonitriles obtained from the reaction of suitably substituted propenones with propanedinitrile leads to alkyl substituted LH-pyrans.Some of the starting propenones had to be prepared by base promoted opening of an isoxaxole ring in the presence of an aldehyde.An exception to the general synthesis is also reported.The synthesis of alkyl-substituted 4H-pyrans by cyclization of &,w-difunctionaliaed compounds is usually prevented by the occurrence of aldol-type intramolecular c ~c l i z a t i o n s ~-~, unless suitable structural features do not allow the formation of a carbocyclicIn previous papers10 we reported the synthesis of 2-amino-3-cyano-LH-pyrans by means Of the heterocyclization of aryl-substituted 6-ketonitriles.Since an aldol or Thorpe-type homocyclization is possible as an alternative reaction, we study in this communication whether the above mentioned shortcomings are also present in our synthesis when alkyl groups are substituted for the aryl groups.Ketonitriles 111 result from the reaction af prapanedinitrile with suitably substituted propenones (11) which are in turn prepared by a piperidine or piperidinium caproate catalyzed Knoevenagel condensation between an aldehyde and a 0-ketoester (I.G=co~E~)", a 1 .?-diketone (I.G=co-R)~~ or an aromatic ketone ( I , G = P ~) ~~.When G is a cyan0 group, the preparation of the corresponding propenones I1 by the same procedure is not possible because of the instability of acetylacetonitrile (I,G=cN)".Thus, this compound was generated in in the presence of an alde-14 hyde by a base promoted ring opening of 5-methylisoxazole .
Automatic identification of building types based on topographic databases – a comparison of different data sources (2015)

Data, maps and services of the national mapping and cadastral agencies contain geometric information on buildings, particularly building footprints. However, building type information is often not included. In this paper, we propose a data-driven approach for automatic classification of building footprints that make use of pattern recognition and machine learning techniques. Using a Random Forest Classifier the suitability of five different data sources (e.g. topographic raster maps, cadastral databases or digital landscape models) is investigated with respect to the achieved accuracies. The results of this study show that building footprints obtained from topographic databases such as digital landscape models, cadastral databases or 3D city models can be classified with an accuracy of 90–95%. When classifying building footprints on the basis of topographic maps the accuracy is considerably lower (as of 76–88%). The automatic classification of building footprints provides an important contribution to the acquisition of new small-scale indicators on settlement structure, such as building density, floor space ratio or dwelling/population densities. In addition to its importance for urban research and planning, the results are also relevant for cartographic disciplines, such as map generalization, automated mapping and geovisualization.