gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Activation tagging of <i>ADR2</i> conveys a spreading lesion phenotype and resistance to biotrophic pathogens (2009)

An Arabidopsis PR1::luciferase (LUC) transgenic line was transformed with activation T-DNA tags and the resulting population screened for dominant gain-of-function mutants exhibiting constitutive LUC activity. LUC imaging identified activated disease resistance 2 (adr2), which exhibited slowly spreading lesions in the absence of pathogen challenge. Molecular, genetic and histochemical analysis was employed to characterize this mutant in detail. adr2 plants constitutively expressed defence-related and antioxidant genes. Moreover, this line accrued increased quantities of salicylic acid (SA) and exhibited heightened mitogen-activated protein kinase activity. adr2 plants exhibited increased resistance against numerous biotrophic but not necrotrophic pathogens. The adr2 phenotype resulted from the overexpression of a Toll interleukin receptor (TIR) nucleotide binding site (NBS) leucine rich repeat (LRR) gene (At1g56510). Constitutive PR1 expression was completely abolished in adr2 nahG, adr2 npr1 and adr2 eds1 double mutants. Furthermore, heightened resistance against Hyaloperonospora arabidopsis Noco2 was compromised in adr2 nahG and adr2 eds1 double mutants but not in adr2 npr1, adr2 coi1 or adr2 etr1 plants. These data imply that adr2-mediated resistance operates through an Enhanced Disease Susceptibility (EDS) and SA-dependent defence signalling network which functions independently from COI1 or ETR1.
An electrogenic proton pump associated with the Golgi apparatus of mouse liver driven by NADH and ATP. (1984)

Golgi-apparatus membranes, isolated from mouse liver, pump protons inwards, when supplied with NADH or ATP. The acidification of Golgi-apparatus cisternae and vesicles was detected with neutral red, a permeant dye, as a difference in absorbance at 550 nm minus that at 600 nm. The maximum rates detected with NADH and ATP were between 0.0006-0.0009 and 0.0030-0.0050 delta OD units/mg of protein/min, respectively, at pH 7.5. The outside buffer used was a bovine serum albumin suspension. The acidification of Golgi apparatus was inhibited from 45 to 100% by ionophores and from 22 to 100% by uncouplers. The results implicate both ATP and a redox system coupled to NADH oxidation in the acidification of Golgi-apparatus membranes.
Protective Effect of the Acoustic Reflex for Impulsive Noises (1960)

Twenty-four male subjects were trained in the use of the Békésy audiometer. Then they were exposed to 100 rounds of machine-gun fire, both with and without a pre-exposure to a 1000-cps tone for activating the acoustic reflex. Pre- and post-firing audiograms, taken under both conditions, were compared to determine temporary threshold shifts. Shifts obtained with the reflex-activating tone were found to be significantly smaller than those obtained in its absence.
Robust Multi-Objective Optimization of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell–Gas Turbine Hybrid Cycle and Uncertainty Analysis (2018)

Chemical process optimization problems often have multiple and conflicting objectives, such as capital cost, operating cost, production cost, profit, energy consumptions, and environmental impacts. In such cases, multi-objective optimization (MOO) is suitable in finding many Pareto optimal solutions, to understand the quantitative tradeoffs among the objectives, and also to obtain the optimal values of decision variables. Gaseous fuel can be converted into heat, power, and electricity, using combustion engine, gas turbine (GT), or solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC). Of these, SOFC with GT has shown higher thermodynamic performance. This hybrid conversion system leads to a better utilization of natural resource, reduced environmental impacts, and more profit. This study optimizes performance of SOFC–GT system for maximization of annual profit and minimization of annualized capital cost, simultaneously. For optimal SOFC–GT designs, the composite curves for maximum amount of possible heat recovery indicate good performance of the hybrid system. Further, first law energy and exergy efficiencies of optimal SOFC–GT designs are significantly better compared to traditional conversion systems. In order to obtain flexible design in the presence of uncertain parameters, robust MOO of SOFC–GT system was also performed. Finally, Pareto solutions obtained via normal and robust MOO approaches are considered for parametric uncertainty analysis with respect to market and operating conditions, and solution obtained via robust MOO found to be less sensitive.
Synthèses du nuciféral‐(<i>E</i>)‐(<i>RS</i>) (1971)

Abstract The synthesis of ( RS )‐( E )‐nuciferal has been realized by two ways, starting from 2‐( p ‐tolyl)‐propanal, by Wittig 's reactions.
Development of an ultrasound imaging system for needle guidance (2009)

Ultrasound transducers are commonly used to guide needle insertion procedures such as central line placement and biopsies, but these image guided procedures have steep learning curves and high user variability. An ultrasound imaging system has been developed that may significantly simplify ultrasound guidance procedures while producing high quality volumetric imagery. The system features an affixable thin flexible ultrasound transducer that conforms to curved body surfaces and a backward propagation-based image reconstruction technique. The ultrasound imaging system was used in a preliminary demonstration to image the cross-section of a needle in a cylindrical soft tissue phantom. The images compared favorably to images obtained from a commercial ultrasound system. The encouraging imaging results demonstrate the potential of the conformal ultrasound approach for ultrasound guidance procedures. The proposed conformal ultrasound approach may significantly simplify current medical procedures, while also providing high resolution volumetric imagery.
Initial Conditions and Reparations (2005)

As World War II was coming to an end, more than eight million refugees from Germany's eastern provinces made their way to the broad northern plains between the Oder and Elbe rivers. They left their ancestral homelands in East Prussia, joined by other refugees from Prussia's New Mark and Pomerania, and by Germans from the uplands of Silesia. After the war, the new peasants were perplexed by the prospect of farming their small plots alone, coupled with their lack of experience. In the first months of Soviet occupation, those who settled in East Germany lived better than their counterparts in the West. However, reparations lasting from 1945 to 1954 crippled the East German economy in its infancy. Both reparations and land reform were first made manifest in East Germany's farms and forests. The Socialist Unity Party of Germany leadership created a new, socialist Forest Service from scratch.
The Physiology and Pathology of Exposure to Stress: A Treatise Based on the Concepts of the General-Adaptation-Syndrome and the Diseases of Adaptation (1950)

The author has played a primary role in the development of the theory with which this impressive volume deals. In this carefully developed treatise, the principal facts and theories on which the general adaptation syndrome concept is based are thoroughly discussed. Definitions of terminology used are outlined, and the various alarming stimuli or factors which elicit the syndrome are described. Whether one agrees with the concept of the syndrome or not, work with pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisone has lent support to many of the basic concepts on which its theory depends. If future events prove that this concept is correct, it will prove to be one of the significant medical advances in understanding the nature of disease of this century. One can carp at the somewhat rigid division of the adrenal steroids into mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, medulloids, lipocorticoids and others, since many of the steroids have been shown to
Transferable Potentials for Phase Equilibria. 9. Explicit Hydrogen Description of Benzene and Five-Membered and Six-Membered Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds (2007)

The explicit hydrogen version of the transferable potentials for phase equilibria (TraPPE-EH) force field is extended to benzene, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, pyridazine, thiophene, furan, pyrrole, thiazole, oxazole, isoxazole, imidazole, and pyrazole. While the Lennard-Jones parameters for carbon, hydrogen (two types), nitrogen (two types), oxygen, and sulfur are transferable for all 13 compounds, the partial charges are specific for each compound. The benzene dimer energies for sandwich, T-shape, and parallel-displaced configurations obtained for the TraPPE-EH force field compare favorably with high-level electronic structure calculations. Gibbs ensemble Monte Carlo simulations were carried out to compute the single-component vapor-liquid equilibria for benzene, pyridine, three diazenes, and eight five-membered heterocycles. The agreement with experimental data is excellent with the liquid densities and vapor pressures reproduced within 1 and 5%, respectively. The critical temperatures and normal boiling points are predicted with mean deviations of 0.8 and 1.6%, respectively.
Hierarchical Notification Dissemination for IMS Presence Using Network Coordinates (2010)

The presence service provides event-based notifications of the status of contacts. Currently duplicate notifications must be sent directly to a set of watchers in unicast messages, putting unneeded strain on outgoing network links of the source node. In this article, we propose an extension to the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) to distribute notifications through a tree of watchers using network coordinates to build the tree. Our simulation results show traffic costs halved by using the extension without significantly adding delay.
Compiling for Runtime Code Generation (2000)

. Cyclone is a programming language that provides explicit support for dynamic specialization based on runtime code generation. To generate specialized code quickly, our Cyclone compiler uses a template based strategy in which pre-compiled code fragments are stitched together at runtime. To achieve good performance, the pre-compiled fragments must be optimized. This paper describes a principled approach to achieving such optimizations. In particular, we generalize standard flowgraph intermediate representations to support templates, define a formal mapping from (a subset of) Cyclone to this representation, and describe a data-flow analysis framework that supports standard optimizations. This extended version contains two mappings to the intermediate representation, a less formal one that emphasizes the novelties of our translation strategy and a purely functional one that is better suited to formal reasoning. 1 Introduction Runtime code generation (RTCG) is a kind of pro...
Passive control architecture for virtual humans (2005)

In the present paper, we introduce a new control architecture aimed at driving virtual humans in interaction with virtual environments, by motion capture. It brings decoupling of functionalities, and also of stability thanks to passivity. We show projections can break passivity, and thus must be used carefully. Our control scheme enables task space and internal control, contact, and joint limits management. Thanks to passivity, it can be easily extended. Besides, we introduce a new tool as for manikin's control, which makes it able to build passive projections, so as to guide the virtual manikin when sharp movements are needed.
Bryostatin-1: A Novel PKC Inhibitor in Clinical Development (2003)

Modulation of PKC represents a novel approach to cancer therapy. Bryostatin-1 is a macrocyclic lactone derived from a marine invertebrate that binds to the regulatory domain of protein kinase C. Short-term exposure to bryostatin-1 promotes activation of PKC, whereas prolonged exposure promotes significant downregulation of PKC. In numerous hematological and solid tumor cell lines, bryostatin-1 inhibits proliferation, induces differentiation, and promotes apoptosis. Furthermore, preclinical studies indicate that bryostatin-1 potently enhances the effect of chemotherapy. In many cases, this effect is sequence specific. Bryostatin-1 is currently in phase I and phase II clinical trials. The major toxicities are myalgias, nausea, and vomiting. Although there is minimal single-agent activity, combinations with standard chemotherapy are providing very encouraging results and indicate a new direction in cancer therapy.
Mast cell numbers in rheumatoid synovial tissues (1987)

Synovial biopsy specimens from 20 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were subjected to quantitative analysis for several parameters of inflammation and for enumeration of synovial tissue mast cells. Strong positive correlations were found between numbers of mast cells per cubic millimeter of synovial tissue and the following synovial tissue parameters: inflammatory index (a quantification of lymphocytic infiltration), Leu-3a grade (T helper/inducer lymphocytes), Leu-1 grade (T lymphocyte), and plasma cell grade. A strong negative correlation was found between the synovial mast cell count and the extent of sublining layer fibrin deposition. Correlations between synovial mast cell count and Leu-2a grade, ratio of Leu-3a grade:Leu-2a grade, OKM1 grade, HLA-DR grade, and lining layer thickness grade did not reach statistical significance. In addition, we obtained synovial specimens from 6 of the patients both before and after long-term therapy with oral methotrexate and from 3 of the patients before, and 1 week after, an intraarticular injection of steroid. The 3 patients who had an intraarticular steroid injection showed a 67-96% decrease in the number of synovial tissue mast cells; there was no significant change in the number of synovial mast cells in the tissues of the 6 patients who received oral methotrexate. These observations are the first documentation of a quantitative relationship between the number of mast cells and the number and phenotypic profile of infiltrating lymphocytes in an inflamed tissue, which in this case, is human synovium. Our findings suggest that mast cells are involved in the pathologic interactions in rheumatoid arthritis and might play a role in the early phases of exacerbations of disease activity.
Iodine Deficiency (2009)

Iodine deficiency has multiple adverse effects in humans, termed iodine deficiency disorders, due to inadequate thyroid hormone production. Globally, it is estimated that 2 billion individuals have an insufficient iodine intake, and South Asia and sub-Saharan Africa are particularly affected. However, about 50% of Europe remains mildly iodine deficient, and iodine intakes in other industrialized countries, including the United States and Australia, have fallen in recent years. Iodine deficiency during pregnancy and infancy may impair growth and neurodevelopment of the offspring and increase infant mortality. Deficiency during childhood reduces somatic growth and cognitive and motor function. Assessment methods include urinary iodine concentration, goiter, newborn TSH, and blood thyroglobulin. But assessment of iodine status in pregnancy is difficult, and it remains unclear whether iodine intakes are sufficient in this group, leading to calls for iodine supplementation during pregnancy in several industrialized countries. In most countries, the best strategy to control iodine deficiency in populations is carefully monitored universal salt iodization, one of the most cost-effective ways to contribute to economic and social development. Achieving optimal iodine intakes from iodized salt (in the range of 150-250 microg/d for adults) may minimize the amount of thyroid dysfunction in populations. Ensuring adequate iodine status during parenteral nutrition has become important, particularly in preterm infants, as the use of povidone-iodine disinfectants has declined. Introduction of iodized salt to regions of chronic iodine deficiency may transiently increase the incidence of thyroid disorders, but overall, the relatively small risks of iodine excess are far outweighed by the substantial risks of iodine deficiency.
Dynamic Image Precompensation for Improving Visual Performance of Computer Users with Ocular Aberrations (2013)

With the progress of computer technology, computers are expected to be more intelligent in the interaction with humans, presenting information according to the user's psychological and physiological characteristics. However, computer users with visual problems may encounter difficulties on the perception of icons, menus, and other graphical information displayed on the screen, limiting the efficiency of their interaction with computers. In this dissertation, a personalized and dynamic image precompensation method was developed to improve the visual performance of the computer users with ocular aberrations. The precompensation was applied on the graphical targets before presenting them on the screen, aiming to counteract the visual blurring caused by the ocular aberration of the user's eye. A complete and systematic modeling approach to describe the retinal image formation of the computer user was presented, taking advantage of modeling tools, such as Zernike polynomials, wavefront aberration, Point Spread Function and Modulation Transfer Function. The ocular aberration of the computer user was originally measured by a wavefront aberrometer, as a reference for the precompensation model. The dynamic precompensation was generated based on the resized aberration, with the real-time pupil diameter monitored. The potential visual benefit of the dynamic precompensation method was explored through software simulation, with the aberration data from a real human subject. An "artificial eye'' experiment was conducted by simulating the human eye with a high-definition camera, providing objective evaluation to the image quality after precompensation. In addition, an empirical evaluation with 20 human participants was also designed and implemented, involving image recognition tests performed under a more realistic viewing environment of computer use. The statistical analysis results of the empirical experiment confirmed the effectiveness of the dynamic precompensation method, by showing significant improvement on the recognition accuracy. The merit and necessity of the dynamic precompensation were also substantiated by comparing it with the static precompensation. The visual benefit of the dynamic precompensation was further confirmed by the subjective assessments collected from the evaluation participants.
<i>T</i><sub>1</sub>‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging shows fatty deposition after myocardial infarction (2007)

Pathologic studies have shown an increased lipid content in areas of myocardial infarction (MI). We sought to show the ability of precontrast T1-weighted MRI to noninvasively detect fat deposition in MI and show its association with infarct age. Thirty-two patients with MI were studied. Precontrast inversion-recovery (IR) cine steady-state free precession (SSFP) imaging was used to generate both fat- and muscle-nulled images to locate areas of fat deposition in the left ventricular (LV) myocardium. Postcontrast delayed hyperenhanced (DHE) imaging was also performed. Image contrast in regions of MI on precontrast images and postcontrast DHE images was measured. The association of image contrast with infarct age was determined by means of correlations and Student's t-test. We found a significant association between infarct age and image contrast in both fat- and muscle-nulled images. Precontrast T1-weighted MRI is a promising method for detecting myocardial fat deposition in chronic MI, and can be used to assess myocardial infarct age.
An integrated CMOS quantitative-polymerase-chain-reaction lab-on-chip for point-of-care diagnostics (2014)

Considerable effort has recently been directed toward the miniaturization of quantitative-polymerase-chain-reaction (qPCR) instrumentation in an effort to reduce both cost and form factor for point-of-care applications. Considerable gains have been made in shrinking the required volumes of PCR reagents, but resultant prototypes retain their bench-top form factor either due to heavy heating plates or cumbersome optical sensing instrumentation. In this paper, we describe the use of complementary-metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) integrated circuit (IC) technology to produce a fully integrated qPCR lab-on-chip. Exploiting a 0.35 μm high-voltage CMOS process, the IC contains all of the key components for performing qPCR. Integrated resistive heaters and temperature sensors regulate the surface temperature of the chip to an accuracy of 0.45 °C. Electrowetting-on-dielectric microfluidics are actively driven from the chip surface, allowing for droplet generation and transport down to volumes less than 1.2 nanoliter. Integrated single-photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) are used for fluorescent monitoring of the reaction, allowing for the quantification of target DNA with more than four-orders-of-magnitude of dynamic range and sensitivities down to a single copy per droplet. Using this device, reliable and sensitive real-time proof-of-concept detection of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) is demonstrated.
A modified procedure for gas‐source isotope ratio mass spectrometry: the long‐integration dual‐inlet (LIDI) methodology and implications for clumped isotope measurements (2014)

For traditional and clumped isotope measurements of CO2, the LIDI protocol allows the measurement of a much larger portion of the sample gas rather than only ~20% of it. In addition, the sample can be measured at higher signal intensity and for longer time, allowing the measurement of smaller samples while preserving precision. We suggest that other gases commonly used for stable isotope measurements with gas-source mass spectrometry would also benefit from this new protocol.
<title>Comparison Of Imaging Infrared Detection Algorithms</title> (1982)

This paper compares the performance of four candidate target detection algorithms. The best known of these, "Superslice," was developed at the University of Maryland in 1977-78.' The other three algorithms are the "Spoke Filter" developed by the Army Missile Command in Huntsville;2,3 the "contrast box" (CB), a new concept under development at Texas Instruments; and the Ford-Aerospace double-gated contrast filter.' As part of Texas Instruments development activity, CB algorithm performance was compared with the others. To do this meaningfully, all four concepts were tested using a common data base. The measure of detection performance was the total number of candidate targets handed off to the feature extractor and classifier to achieve a specified probability of including the actual target in the total. An ideal detection algorithm in terms of this measure would only need to hand off one target (assuming only one target in the FOV) to achieve a probability of 1. Other performance measures were input and output signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) and algorithm gain. The data base used in this investigation consisted of 256 independent IR images containing targets nominally varying between 5 and 500 pixels in size. The results presented not only illustrate how the algorithm performance depends on range to the target, but show that no one algorithm is best for all values of pixels on target. Of the four, however, the contrast box appears to provide the best overall performance.
Separating Style and Content (1996)

We seek to analyze and manipulate two factors, which we generically call style and content, underlying a set of observations. We fit training data with bilinear models which explicitly represent the two-factor structure. These models can adapt easily during testing to new styles or content, allowing us to solve three general tasks: extrapolation of a new style to unobserved content; classification of content observed in a new style; and translation of new content observed in a new style. For classification, we embed bilinear models in a probabilistic framework, Separable Mixture Models (SMMs), which generalizes earlier work on factorial mixture models [7, 3]. Significant performance improvement on a benchmark speech dataset shows the benefits of our approach.