gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Calibration Transfer of Chemometric Models Based on Process Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (2001)

This paper establishes the protocol for calibration transfer of partial least-squares (PLS) regression models between process nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometers. The ability to transfer calibration models between instruments allows the addition of new instruments and the upgrade of old instruments with little financial or manpower investment. It will also allow development of calibration for an on-line system on a lab system, which will require less manpower and no down time for the on-line measurements. This capability will result in great cost savings for a production facility where even a minor interruption in the plant operations would result in great loss of production and loss of income.
Preparation of Porous Polysulfone Membranes Using Ionic Liquids with Different Alkyl Chain as Additives (2012)

1-alky-3-methylimidazolium hexfluorophosphate ([n-Cnmim][PF 6 ]) and 1-alky-3- methylimidazolium thiocyanate ([n-Cnmim]SCN) (n=4,8,16) were firstly introducing into the casting solution (PSF/NMP), porous polysulfone (PSF) membranes were successfully prepared by the wet-phase-inversion. The scanning electron microscope was utilized to visualize the cross-sections of the membranes, in order to study the influence of ionic liquids with different alkyl chain on the porous structures. The results indicate that the PSF membranes have different structures and separation properties due to ionic liquids with different alky chain. For ionic liquids with the short alkyl chain, the prepared membranes have the porous structure on cross-sections, but no or weak separation properties. However, for ionic liquids with the long alkyl chain, the prepared membranes have both porous structure and good separation properties. According to the structure of a hydrophobic straight-long alkyl and a hydrophilic limidazolium ring, the ionic liquid with long alkyl chain is considered as a surfactant, it can change not only the interface properties between the casting solution and coagulation bath, but also induce the space structures of the polymer chains.
Sensors and instruments for oceanic dissolved carbon measurements (2009)

Abstract. Highly accurate and precise measurements of marine carbon components are required in the study of the marine carbon cycle, particularly when investigating the causes for its variability from seasonal to interannual timescales. This is especially true in the investigation of the consequences of anthropogenic influences. The analysis of any marine carbon component requires elaborate instrumentation, most of which is currently used onboard ships, either in manual or automated mode. Technological developments result in more and more instruments that have sufficient long-term reliability so that they can be deployed on commercial ships, surface moorings, and buoys, whilst the great technological and operational challenges mean that only few sensors have been developed that can be used for sub-surface in situ measurements on floats, robots, or gliders. There is a special need for autonomous instruments and sensors that are able to measure a combination of different components, in order to increase the spatial and temporal coverage of marine carbon data. This paper describes analytical techniques used for the measurement of the marine dissolved carbon components, both inorganic and organic: the fugacity of CO2, total dissolved inorganic carbon, pH, alkalinity, and dissolved organic carbon. By pointing out advantages, disadvantages, and/or challenges of the techniques employed in the analysis of each component, we aim to aid non-carbon marine scientists, sensor developers and technologists, in the decision of which challenges to address in further development.
NDE of multilayer ceramic chip capacitors based on acoustic waveguides excitation (2002)

An acoustic waveguide technique is investigated as a potential tool for detecting delaminations, voids, or microcracks in multilayer ceramic chip capacitors. The technique uses acoustic transducers mounted on tapered buffer rods to excite and to detect acoustic waves in a capacitor. The points of the transmitting and receiving buffer rods are brought in contact with the opposite ends of the capacitors, and a pulse excitation is applied. For a defect-free sample, the received acoustic signal is a series of echoes representing reverberations within the capacitor. The presence of defects in the capacitor changes the acoustic propagation properties, resulting in changes in the measured echo train. A series of experiments was performed for a number of capacitors to verify the potential of acoustic waveguide coupling.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Atmospheric skin aging—Contributors and inhibitors (2018)

Cutaneous aging is a complex biological process consisting of 2 elements: intrinsic aging, which is primarily determined by genetics, and extrinsic aging, which is largely caused by atmospheric factors, such as exposure to sunlight and air pollution, and lifestyle choices, such as diet and smoking. The role of the solar spectrum, comprised of ultraviolet light, specifically UVB (290-320 nm) and UVA (320-400) in causing skin damage, including skin cancers, has been well documented. In recent years, the contribution of visible light (400-700 nm) and infrared radiation (above 800 nm) in causing skin damage, similar to the photodamage caused by UV light, is also being elucidated. In addition, other atmospheric factors such as air pollution (smog, ozone, particulate matter, etc.) have been implicated in premature skin aging. The skin damage caused by environmental exposure is largely attributable to a complex cascade of reactions inside the skin initiated by the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which causes oxidative damage to cellular components such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. These damaged skin cells initiate inflammatory responses leading to the eventual damage manifested in chronically exposed skin. Novel therapeutic strategies to combat ROS species generation are being developed to prevent the skin damage caused by atmospheric factors. In addition to protecting skin from solar radiation using sunscreens, other approaches using topically applied ingredients, particularly antioxidants that penetrate the skin and protect the skin from within, have also been well documented. This review summarizes current knowledge of atmospheric aggressors, including UVA, UVB, visible light, infrared radiation (IR), and ozone on skin damage, and proposes new avenues for future research in the prevention and treatment of premature skin aging caused by such atmospheric factors. New therapeutic modalities currently being developed are also discussed.
Variability of wavefront aberration measurements in small pupil sizes using a clinical Shack-Hartmann aberrometer (2004)

Wavefront aberration data used in clinical care should not be extracted from a single measurement, which represents only a static snapshot of a dynamically changing aberration pattern. This observation must be taken into account in order to prevent ambiguous conclusions in clinical practice and especially in refractive surgery.
An Efficient Graph Accelerator with Parallel Data Conflict Management (2018)

Graph-specific computing with the support of dedicated accelerator has greatly boosted the graph processing in both efficiency and energy. Nevertheless, their data conflict management is still sequential in essential when some vertex needs a large number of conflicting updates at the same time, leading to prohibitive performance degradation. This is particularly true for processing natural graphs. In this paper, we have the insight that the atomic operations for the vertex updating of many graph algorithms (e.g., BFS, PageRank and WCC) are typically incremental and simplex. This hence allows us to parallelize the conflicting vertex updates in an accumulative manner. We architect a novel graphspecific accelerator that can simultaneously process atomic vertex updates for massive parallelism on the conflicting data access while ensuring the correctness. A parallel accumulator is designed to remove the serialization in atomic protection for conflicting vertex updates through merging their results in parallel. Our implementation on Xilinx Virtex UltraScale+ XCVU9P with a wide variety of typical graph algorithms shows that our accelerator achieves an average throughput by 2.36 GTEPS as well as up to 3.14x performance speedup in comparison with state-of-the-art ForeGraph (with single-chip version).
JPEG 2000 and Region of Interest Coding (2002)

This paper details work undertaken on the application of JPEG 2000, the recent ISO/ITU-T image compression standard based on wavelet technology, to region of interest (ROI) coding. The paper briefly outlines the JPEG 2000 encoding algorithm and explains how the packet structure of the JPEG 2000 bit-stream enables an encoded image to be decoded in a variety of ways dependent upon the application. The three methods by which ROI coding can be achieved in JPEG 2000 (tiling; coefficient scaling; and codeblock selection) are then outlined and their relative performance empirically investigated. The experimental results show that there are a number of parameters that control the effectiveness of ROI coding, the most important being the size and number of regions of interest, code-block size, and target bit rate. Finally, some initial results are presented on the application of ROI coding to face images.
DNA Double-Strand Breaks (2002)

The activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is required for somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class-switch recombination (CSR) of immunoglobulin (Ig) genes, both of which are associated with DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). As AID is capable of deaminating deoxy-cytidine (dC) to deoxy-uracil (dU), it might induce nicks (single strand DNA breaks) and also DNA DSBs via a U-DNA glycosylase-mediated base excision repair pathway ('DNA-substrate model'). Alternatively, AID functions like its closest homologue Apobec1 as a catalytic subunit of a RNA editing holoenzyme ('RNA-substrate model'). Although rearranged Vlambda genes are preferred targets of SHM we found that germinal center (GC) B cells of AID-proficient and -deficient Vlambda1-expressing GC B cells display a similar frequency, distribution, and sequence preference of DSBs in rearranged and also in germline Vlambda1 genes. The possible roles of DSBs in relation to AID function and SHM are discussed.
Selective H/sub 2/S caustic scrubber (1985)

Caustic scrubbing of acid gases has been around in one form or another for many years. These scrubbers typically have been for small gas streams that are more of a nuisance than anything else. If the gas streams were large enough to warrant sweetening, some other type of more capital-intensive sweetening system generally was used. A number of these small scrubbing systems have been as simple as an old cone bottom tank full of caustic with a gas sparger in the bottom of the tank. Other systems were more complex with various type of gas-liquid contactors and fair control systems. In general, they were designed by the end user. The small scrubbers had many problems with plugging and effluent disposal, but they were sufficient at the time. As the price of natural gas increased, these smaller gas streams began to become more valuable. Along with these increasing prices came increasingly stringent environmental restrictions. These restrictions required the H/sub 2/S to be treated before the gas was vented. The gas was then burned converting the H/sub 2/S to SO/sub 2/ before being vented. Again restrictions required that SO/sub 2/ emissions be controlled. The end result was a greater need to removemore » sulfur containing gases from the atmosphere. This led to increased effort toward trying to solve some of the associated problems with caustic scrubbing. The problem of carbonate formation was addressed by the Heitz patent utilizing short liquid/gas contact times of .01 to .03 seconds. This short contact time was needed when handling gas streams containing carbon dioxide. This was done for several reasons. One was to minimize sodium carbonate formation and therefore minimize plugging problems.« less
Position and Velocity Estimation Via Bearing Observations (1978)

The problem of performing target motion analysis using noisy bearing measurements derived from multiple observation platforms or from a single moving observer is addressed. For the latter case, the properties of an estimator based on a Cartesian model of the process are detailed. Methods of providing estimates both before an observer maneuver, when the process is unobservable, and following an observer maneuver are developed. The results of an experimental study are presented.
Discovery and development of a new class of drugs: GH antagonists. (2003)

In attempting to understand the structure of the GH molecule and its function(s), we found that 1 amino acid, glycine, in the third alpha-helix of GH (Gly119 of bovine GH and Gly120 of human GH) was important for biologic activity. Substitution of this glycine residue with a variety of amino acids resulted in GH analogs that lacked growth-promoting activity. More important, these analogs inhibited the actions of GH in vitro and in vivo and were classic antagonists. In this regard, the in vivo expression of GH-antagonist genes in transgenic mice results in dwarf animals that are fertile and have no abnormal phenotypes. The mechanism by which the GH antagonists appear to operate is to inhibit proper or functional GH-receptor dimerization. GH antagonists may have clinical applications when endogenous GH levels are elevated (e.g. acromegaly), or when GH action has been implicated in disease states (e.g., cancer- or diabetes-induced end-organ damage). A GH-receptor antagonist, pegvisomant, has been developed for these clinical situations.
Verapamil-mediated sensitization of doxorubicin-selected pleiotropic resistance in human sarcoma cells: selectivity for drugs which produce DNA scission. (1986)

The effects of verapamil on the cytotoxicity and accumulation of multiple drugs were studied in a model of pleiotropic resistance generated by doxorubicin (DOX) selection of the human sarcoma cell line MES-SA. The in vitro sensitivity of the DOX-resistant variant (named Dx5), which is 50- to 100-fold resistant to DOX compared to MES-SA, was enhanced approximately 7-fold by verapamil (3 micrograms/ml). In addition, the cytotoxicity of several agents to which the Dx5 line displays cross-resistance, i.e., daunorubicin, dactinomycin, mitoxantrone, and etoposide, was also enhanced 2- to 14-fold by verapamil. These agents share the properties of DNA intercalation and/or interaction with topoisomerase II. In contrast, verapamil did not alter the sensitivity of Dx5 to several other agents to which cross-resistance had been demonstrated, i.e., vincristine, vinblastine, colchicine, mitomycin C, and melphalan; nor did verapamil enhance the cytotoxicity of DOX or other agents against the DOX-sensitive parent, MES-SA. The sensitizing effect of verapamil did not correlate well with its effects on intracellular drug accumulation. [14C]DPX accumulation was increased by 30-40% in Dx5 but not in MES-SA cells in the presence of verapamil. [3H]Vinblastine accumulation was increased by 24-72% in both MES-SA and Dx5 cells in the presence of verapamil, although cytotoxicity of the Vinca alkaloids was not affected. In this human sarcoma model of DOX-selected pleiotropic resistance, verapamil partially reversed the resistance to DOX, as well as four of the nine drugs for which cross-resistance had been demonstrated in Dx5. The potentiation by verapamil of the cytotoxicity of some but not all of these antitumor agents suggests that factors other than altered drug transport may be responsible. The pattern of sensitization, restricted to agents which produce DNA strand scission by interaction with topoisomerase II, suggests that verapamil may be acting to promote the formation or inhibit the repair of such DNA strand breaks.
Exosomes bind to autotaxin and act as a physiological delivery mechanism to stimulate LPA receptor signalling in cells (2016)

Autotaxin (ATX; also known as ENPP2), the lysophospholipase responsible for generating the lipid receptor agonist lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), is a secreted enzyme. Here we show that, once secreted, ATX can bind to the surface of cell-secreted exosomes. Exosome-bound ATX is catalytically active and carries generated LPA. Once bound to a cell, through specific integrin interactions, ATX releases the LPA to activate cell surface G-protein-coupled receptors of LPA; inhibition of signalling by the receptor antagonist Ki1642 suggests that these receptors are LPAR1 and LPAR3. The binding stimulates downstream signalling, including phosphorylation of AKT and mitogen-activated protein kinases, the release of intracellular stored Ca<sup>2+</sup> and cell migration. We propose that exosomal binding of LPA-loaded ATX provides a means of efficiently delivering the lipid agonist to cell surface receptors to promote signalling. We further propose that this is a means by which ATX-LPA signalling operates physiologically.
Mode division multiplex communication technique based on dynamic volume hologram and phase conjugation (2010)

We propose mode division multiplex communication technique that can split a specific spatial mode in light from a spatial mode multiplexed in an optical fiber by fusion of a phase conjugation technique with spatial filtering processing by multiplexed volume holograms and random diffusers. In mode division multiplexing, the optical signal outgoing from the multimode optical fiber is in a condition that optical information of plural spatial modes is overlapped, therefore it is difficult to de-multiplex electrically after light detection. Our technique enables to split it into each mode all optically and to compensate temporal modal shift dynamically. Mode de-multiplexing is realized by multiplexed holographic arithmetic device and phase matching of a wave surface for the spatial mode orthogonal to time. Therefore, if we use indices in conventional electronic processing, a very high-speed operation equivalent to that of 10-100PFLOPS can be realized without causing any delay in light information to be transmitted. Moreover, it can realize constructions of a system that can dynamically respond to temporal mode variations and distortions with fiber transmissions by using a photorefractive medium. Separating of around 60-70% was achieved in an experiment of separating three multiplexed spatial modes by controlling a volume type dynamic reconfigurable device based on LiNbO<sub>3</sub>. It was clarified that the separation performance improved by an appropriate random phase mask in the numerical analysis.
Simulating Ocean Water (2004)

These notes are intended to give computer graphics programmers and artists an introduction to methods of simulating, animating, and rendering ocean water environments. CG water has become a common tool in visual effects work at all levels of computer graphics,
Acryloyl‐CoA reductase from <i>Clostridium propionicum</i> (2003)

Acryloyl-CoA reductase from Clostridium propionicum catalyses the irreversible NADH-dependent formation of propionyl-CoA from acryloyl-CoA. Purification yielded a heterohexadecameric yellow-greenish enzyme complex [(alpha2betagamma)4; molecular mass 600 +/- 50 kDa] composed of a propionyl-CoA dehydrogenase (alpha2, 2 x 40 kDa) and an electron-transferring flavoprotein (ETF; beta, 38 kDa; gamma, 29 kDa). A flavin content (90% FAD and 10% FMN) of 2.4 mol per alpha2betagamma subcomplex (149 kDa) was determined. A substrate alternative to acryloyl-CoA (Km = 2 +/- 1 microm; kcat = 4.5 s-1 at 100 microm NADH) is 3-buten-2-one (methyl vinyl ketone; Km = 1800 microm; kcat = 29 s-1 at 300 microm NADH). The enzyme complex exhibits acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activity with propionyl-CoA (Km = 50 microm; kcat = 2.0 s-1) or butyryl-CoA (Km = 100 microm; kcat = 3.5 s-1) as electron donor and 200 microm ferricenium hexafluorophosphate as acceptor. The enzyme also catalysed the oxidation of NADH by iodonitrosotetrazolium chloride (diaphorase activity) or by air, which led to the formation of H2O2 (NADH oxidase activity). The N-terminus of the dimeric propionyl-CoA dehydrogenase subunit is similar to those of butyryl-CoA dehydrogenases from several clostridia and related anaerobes (up to 55% sequence identity). The N-termini of the beta and gamma subunits share 40% and 35% sequence identities with those of the A and B subunits of the ETF from Megasphaera elsdenii, respectively, and up to 60% with those of putative ETFs from other anaerobes. Acryloyl-CoA reductase from C. propionicum has been characterized as a soluble enzyme, with kinetic properties perfectly adapted to the requirements of the organism. The enzyme appears not to be involved in anaerobic respiration with NADH or reduced ferredoxin as electron donors. There is no relationship to the trans-2-enoyl-CoA reductases from various organisms or the recently described acryloyl-CoA reductase activity of propionyl-CoA synthase from Chloroflexus aurantiacus.
Comparative Analysis and Genomic Structure of the Tuberous Sclerosis 2 (TSC2) Gene in Human and Pufferfish (1996)

Germ-line mutations of the TSC2 tumour suppressor gene have been identified in humans with tuberous sclerosis and in the Eker rat. Tuberin, the human TSC2 gene product, has a small region of homology with rap1GAP and stimulates rap1 GTPase activity in vitro, suggesting that one of its cellular roles is to function as a GTPase activating protein (GAP). We have undertaken a comparative analysis of the TSC2 gene in human and the pufferfish, Fugu rubripes. In addition to the GAP domain, three other regions of the proteins are highly conserved (peptide sequence similarity > 80%). These regions are likely to represent further functional domains. To facilitate analysis of mutations within these domains we have determined the genomic structure of the human TSC2 gene. It comprises 41 exons, including exon 31 which was absent from the originally described spliceoform of the human TSC2 transcript and was identified following exon prediction from Fugu genomic sequence. These findings support the proposal of the Fugu genome as a tool for human gene analysis.
Mask cost of ownership for advanced lithography (2000)

As technology advances, becoming more difficult and more expensive, the cost of ownership (CoO) metric becomes increasingly important in evaluating technical strategies. The International SEMATECH CoC analysis has steadily gained visibility over the past year, as it attempts to level the playing field between technology choices, and create a fair relative comparison. In order to predict mask cots for advanced lithography, mask process flows are modeled using bets-known processing strategies, equipment cost, and yields. Using a newly revised yield mode, and updated mask manufacture flows, representative mask flows can be built. These flows are then used to calculate mask costs for advanced lithography down to the 50 nm node. It is never the goal of this type of work to provide absolute cost estimates for business planning purposes. However, the combination of a quantifiable yield model with a clearly defined set of mask processing flows and a cost model based upon them serves as an excellent starting point for cost driver analysis and process flow discussion.