gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electric levitation bearings for micromotors (2002)

An electric suspension that can be used as a bearing to reduce friction in micromotors was studied. Experimental evidence indicates that suspension stabilization can be achieved without the need for position sensors. The experimental investigation revealed some problems that need to be addressed before the electric suspension can be successfully adapted for use in micromotors. However, the potential benefits of the electric suspension appear to be quite significant, and worth pursuing.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Essential and distinct roles for cdc42 and rac1 in the regulation of Schwann cell biology during peripheral nervous system development (2007)

During peripheral nervous system (PNS) myelination, Schwann cells must interpret extracellular cues to sense their environment and regulate their intrinsic developmental program accordingly. The pathways and mechanisms involved in this process are only partially understood. We use tissue-specific conditional gene targeting to show that members of the Rho GTPases, cdc42 and rac1, have different and essential roles in axon sorting by Schwann cells. Our results indicate that although cdc42 is required for normal Schwann cell proliferation, rac1 regulates Schwann cell process extension and stabilization, allowing efficient radial sorting of axon bundles.
Evaluation of Transmission Line Model Structures for Silicide-to-Silicon Specific Contact Resistance Extraction (2008)

In order to measure silicide-to-silicon specific contact resistance rho <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sub> , transmission line model (TLM) structures were proposed as attractive candidates for embedding in CMOS processes. We optimized TLM structures for nickel silicide and platinum silicide and evaluated them for various doping levels of n- and p-type Si. The measurement limitations and accuracy of the specific contact resistance extraction from the optimized TLM structures are discussed in this paper.
KNOW-BLADE task-3.3 report. Rotor blade computations with 3D vortex generators (2005)

The present report describes the work done in work package WP3.3: Aerodynamic Accessories in 3D in the EC project KNOW-BLADE. Vortex generators (VGs) are modelled in 3D Navier-Stokes solvers and applied on the flow around an airfoil and a wind turbine blade. Three test cases have been investigated. They are: 1) A non-rotating airfoil section with VGs. 2) A rotating airfoil section with VGs. 3) A non-rotating wind turbine blade with VGs. The airfoil section was the FFA-W3-241 airfoil, which has been measured in the VELUX wind tunnel with and without VGs placed at different chord wise positions. Three of the partners have modelled the airfoil section as a thin airfoil section with symmetry boundary conditions in the span wise direction to simulate an array of VGs. The wind turbine blade is the LM19.1 blade equipped with one pair of VGs placed at radius = 8.5 m. In general all partners have successfully modelled vortex generators in 3D, which eventually generates vortices and mixes the boundary layer. A large effort has been on generating the numerical meshes since this is a relatively complex configuration and a large variation of length and time scales is present. Even though the quantitative agreement with measurements is not acceptable the effort spend in the present project indicate that it is possible to investigate the effect of vortex generators on wind turbine blades using 3D Navier-Stokes solvers. Much further work within independence of mesh resolution and time step as well as turbulence modelling has to be carried out in future projects before parametric variations can be investigated. (au)
Finite element simulation of laser spot welding (2003)

The present work reports on a two-dimensional axisymmetric finite element analysis of heat flow during laser spot welding, taking into account the temperature dependence of the physical properties and latent heat of transformations. An analysis based on conduction heat transfer alone, but using the ‘double ellipsoidal’ representation of the laser beam, seems to be sufficient to estimate the transition to keyhole formation during laser spot welding, although the ‘double ellipsoidal’ representation requires an a priori knowledge of the expected weld pool dimensions. Transient temperature isotherms and the weld pool dimensions are predicted using the model; the latter are found to compare well with measurements of weld bead dimensions. The results show that the keyhole mode is stimulated using either a high laser power and low on-time or a low laser power and high on-time. The outcomes are found to be sensitive to the assumed absorptivity and the assumed weld pool depth used to define the ‘double ellipsoidal’ heat source.
A Survey on Contemporary Security Threats in Big Data and Information System (2017)

A substantive prerequisite for the development of any industry, organization, or institute is nothing but the big data. Big data comprises numerous maneuvers for its production, warehousing, and utilization. Security vulnerability comes into existence from the scratch of a collection of the big data and parallel exists till the end. Security of the data is quite essential since its effluence may incorporate a big loss. As technology increases to preserve and secure big data, hackers and intruders express themselves one step farther. A remarkable census can be observed that every year they are exploiting the data up to a huge extent leaving companies in the loss of billions nevertheless companies are spending immense amounts to secure their data. In this paper, we have followed a survey about various malware and malicious activities, some techniques and processes followed by hackers and intruders, and elaborated some Detection, prevention, and treatment techniques to secure big data.
Effects of Solvent Vapor Modifiers for the Separation of Opioid Isomers in Micromachined FAIMS-MS (2019)

Opioid addiction is an escalating problem that is compounded by the introduction of synthetic opiate analogues such as fentanyl. Screening methods for these compound classes are challenged by the availability of synthetically manufactured analogues, including isomers of existing substances. High-field asymmetric-waveform ion mobility spectrometry (FAIMS) utilizes an alternating asymmetric electric field to separate ions by their different mobilities at high and low fields as they travel through the separation space. When coupled to mass spectrometry (MS), FAIMS enhances the separation of analytes from other interfering compounds with little to no increase in analysis time. Addition of solvent vapor into the FAIMS carrier gas has been demonstrated to enable and improve the separation of isomers. Here we investigate the effects of several solvents for the separation of four opioids. FAIMS-MS spectra with added solvent vapors show dramatic compensation field (CF) shifts for opioid [M+H]<sup>+</sup> ions when compared to spectra acquired using dry nitrogen. Addition of vapor from aprotic solvents, such as acetonitrile and acetone, produces significantly improved resolution between the tested opioids, with baseline resolution achieved between certain opioid isomers. For protic solvents, notable CF shift differences were observed in FAIMS separations between addition of water vapor and vapors from small alcohols. Graphical Abstract.
Why word error rate is not a good metric for speech recognizer training for the speech translation task? (2011)

Speech translation (ST) is an enabling technology for cross-lingual oral communication. A ST system consists of two major components: an automatic speech recognizer (ASR) and a machine translator (MT). Nowadays, most ASR systems are trained and tuned by minimizing word error rate (WER). However, WER counts word errors at the surface level. It does not consider the contextual and syntactic roles of a word, which are often critical for MT. In the end-to-end ST scenarios, whether WER is a good metric for the ASR component of the full ST system is an open issue and lacks systematic studies. In this paper, we report our recent investigation on this issue, focusing on the interactions of ASR and MT in a ST system. We show that BLEU-oriented global optimization of ASR system parameters improves the translation quality by an absolute 1.5% BLEU score, while sacrificing WER over the conventional, WER-optimized ASR system. We also conducted an in-depth study on the impact of ASR errors on the final ST output. Our findings suggest that the speech recognizer component of the full ST system should be optimized by translation metrics instead of the traditional WER.
6‐Substituted‐9‐(3‐formamidobenzyl)‐9<i>H</i>‐purines. Benzodiazepine receptor binding activity (1991)

Abstract A series of 6‐substituted‐9‐(3‐formamidobenzyl)purines were synthesized and studied for benzodiazepine receptor (BZR) binding activity. Most of the target compounds were prepared by reaction of 6‐chloro‐9‐(3‐formamidobenzyl)‐9 H ‐purine ( 17 ) with the appropriate amine, alcohol or other nucleophilic reagent. Alternatively, the 6‐cyclopropylaminopurine 5 was synthesized via the nitrobenzyl precursor 22 , and the 6‐alkyl‐thiopurines 14 and 15 were prepared by alkylation of the appropriate purine with 3‐formamidobenzyl bromide. Purines with a variety of 6‐substituents retained potent BZR binding properties, although certain bulky 6‐substituents led to compounds with diminished activity. None of the compounds exhibited significant activity on a modified Geller‐Seifter Conflict schedule.
Insight into the Structural Evolution of a High-Voltage Spinel for Lithium-Ion Batteries (2014)

With a high operating voltage and three-dimensional lithium (Li)-ion diffusion pathways, LixNi0.5Mn1.5O4 (high-voltage [HV] spinel) is considered to be a promising high-energy and high-power density cathode material for Li-ion batteries. Here, we extensively investigate the structural dependence of the spinel cathode on the stoichiometry of the cation/anion ratio through an unprecedented overstoichiometric Li intercalation. This material undergoes the well-known cubic phase transition with one Li insertion from a fully delithiated state. The further overstoichiometric Li intercalation results in a cubic-to-tetragonal phase transition when x reaches 3. When x is electrochemically pushed to ∼4, the coexistence of a rock-salt structure with a layered component is observed. The parent spinel structure is reformed upon complete deintercalation. This reversibility underscores the fact that the HV spinel has a distinct memory of its original form. The resultant phases and morphologies are identified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and microscopy methods.
ChemInform Abstract: Molecular‐Sieve Catalysts for the Selective Oxidation of Linear Alkanes by Molecular Oxygen (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Fludarabine and cytosine arabinoside in the treatment of refractory or relapsed acute lymphocytic leukemia (1993)

Fludarabine and ara-C are an active and relatively safe antileukemic combination in refractory or relapsed ALL. Future studies will incorporate other anti-ALL agents, such as topoisomerase II-reactive drugs, to improve the overall efficacy, and growth factors, to reduce myelosuppression-related complications.
Structure of kutkin, the bitter glucoside of Picrorhiza kurroa (1970)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStructure of kutkin, the bitter glucoside of Picrorhiza kurroaK. Basu, Biswanath Dasgupta, and Shibnath GhosalCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1970, 35, 9, 3159–3161Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1970Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1970https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00834a071https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00834a071research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views94Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Neonatal tolerance (2015)

Neonatal tolerance has profound impact on immunology well beyond transplantation. Continued exploration of mechanisms underlying the malleability of the developing immune system and exploitation of particular components are leading to tools for immune manipulation beyond infancy.
Preparation and characterization of surfactant‐free stimuli‐sensitive microgel dispersions (2007)

Abstract A surfactant‐free method to produce responsive polymer microgels is introduced. As an example, poly(methacrylic acid) hydrogels with varying crosslinking density have been synthesized in bulk and then chopped using a high shear mechanical cutter to form microgel particles dispersed in water. The mechanical cutting technique enables the concentration and particle size distribution of the microgel suspensions to be easily controlled, therefore making the rheology of the suspensions tuneable. The particle size distribution of the dispersions, characterized using light scattering, was dependent on the speed and duration of mechanical cutting. The particle size distribution also depended on the degree of crosslinking of the hydrogel. The higher the crosslinking density, the lower the average mean diameter of the resulting microgel particles. The lower the crosslinking density of the hydrogel, the larger the difference between the maximum and minimum particle size. The time to complete swelling of the particles upon change in pH was measured to be up to 45 s, depending on the particle size. The rheology of the resulting suspensions as a function of pH was investigated. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 104: 1912–1919, 2007
Going Back in Time to Improve Design: The Elemental Function-Failure Design Method (2003)

In today’s world it is more important than ever to quickly and accurately satisfy customer needs when launching a new product. It is equally important to design products that adequately accomplish their desired functions with a minimum amount of failures. When failure analysis and prevention are coupled with a product design from its conception, shorter design times and fewer redesigns are necessary to arrive at a final product design. In this article, we explore the potential of a novel design methodology to guide designers toward new designs or redesigns that avoid failures. The Elemental Function-Failure Design Method (EFDM) is based on functional similarity of the product being designed to failed products within a knowledge base. The idea of using component functionality to explore the failure space in design was first introduced as a function-failure analysis approach by Tumer and Stone (2003). The overall approach offers potential improvement over current failure analysis methods (FMEA, etc.), because it can be implemented hand in hand with other conceptual design steps and carried throughout a product’s design cycle. In this paper, this idea is formalized into a systematic methodology that is specifically tailored for use at the conceptual design stage before any physical design choices have been made, hence moving failure analysis earlier in the design cycle. In the following, formalized guidelines for using the EFDM will be outlined for use in new designs and for redesign in existing products. A function-failure knowledge base, derived from actual failure occurrences for Bell 206 rotorcraft will be introduced and used to derive potential failure modes in a comparison of the EFDM and traditional FMEA for two design examples. This comparison will demonstrate the EFDM’s potential in conceptual design failure analysis.
Investigation Of Interference Conditions In Bfwa System Applying Adaptive Tdd (2007)

In a BFWA (Broadband Fixed Wireless Access Network) the evolved SINR (Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio) is relevant influenced by the applied duplex method. The TDD (Time Division Duplex), especially adaptive TDD method has some advantage contrary to FDD (Frequency Division Duplex), for example the spectrum efficiency and flexibility. However these methods are suffering several new interference situations that can-t occur in a FDD system. This leads to reduced SINR in the covered area what could cause some connection outages. Therefore, countermeasure techniques against interference are necessary to apply in TDD systems. Synchronization is one way to handling the interference. In this paper the TDD systems – applying different system synchronization degree - will be compared by the evolved SINR at different locations of the BFWA service area and the percentage of the covered area by the system.
Patterns of Expression of the Follistatin and Follistatin‐Like1 Genes During Chicken Heart Development: A Potential Role in Valvulogenesis and Late Heart Muscle Cell Formation (2007)

The regulation of concentration and function of growth factors is of crucial importance to proper embryonic development of the heart. The patterns of expression of three extracellular modulators of the transforming growth factor-beta superfamily of growth factors, Follistatin, Follistatin-like1, and Follistatin-like3, are described with respect to heart development. Follistatin is highly localized in the endocardium covering the developing cardiac valves. Follistatin-like1 is localized in the mesenchymal filling of the pharyngeal arches and broadly expressed in cells directly bordering myocardium. Follistatin-like3 is not expressed in the heart. Taken together, these observations are suggestive for a role for Follistatin in cardiac valvulogenesis and a role for Follistatin-like1 in controlling late heart muscle cell formation.
Effects of tibolone on serum concentrations of lipoprotein(a) in postmenopausal women (1993)

In terms of cardiovascular risk, the ability of tibolone to lower serum concentrations of Lp(a) may be advantageous in view of the unwanted reduction in high density lipoprotein concentrations which has previously been demonstrated in users of this steroid.
Enterohepatic recirculation of trichloroethanol glucuronide as a significant source of trichloroacetic acid. Metabolites of trichloroethylene. (1997)

Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) is a metabolite of trichloroethylene (TRI) thought to contribute to its hepatocarcinogenic effects in mice. Recent studies have shown that peak blood concentrations of TCA do not occur until approximately 12 hr after an oral dose of TRI; however, blood concentrations of TRI reach a maximum within 1 hr and is nondetectable after 2 hr. The objective of this study was to examine quantitatively enterohepatic recirculation of trichloroethanol (TCEOH) and TCA as a possible mechanism responsible for the delayed production of TCA. Jugular vein, duodenum, and bile duct-cannulated Fischer 344 rats were used, with the collection of blood, bile, urine, and feces samples after intraduodenal and intravenous dosing of animals with TRI, TCEOH, and TCA. Samples were analyzed by GC for TCA, total TCEOH, and free TCEOH. The results show that, after an intravenous dose of TCEOH (100 mg/kg), 36% of the TCEOH in blood is attributable to enterohepatic recirculation. With the same treatment, 76% of the TCA in blood is attributable to enterohepatic recirculation of metabolites. Peak concentrations of total TCEOH in bile, after an intraduodenal dose of TRI, are over 5 times higher than peak concentrations of total TCEOH in systemic blood. Peak concentrations of TCEOH glucuronide in bile are approximately 200 times higher than peak concentrations of TCEOH glucuronide in systemic blood.
Neural Circuits on a Chip (2016)

Neural circuits are responsible for the brain’s ability to process and store information. Reductionist approaches to understanding the brain include isolation of individual neurons for detailed characterization. When maintained in vitro for several days or weeks, dissociated neurons self-assemble into randomly connected networks that produce synchronized activity and are capable of learning. This review focuses on efforts to control neuronal connectivity in vitro and construct living neural circuits of increasing complexity and precision. Microfabrication-based methods have been developed to guide network self-assembly, accomplishing control over in vitro circuit size and connectivity. The ability to control neural connectivity and synchronized activity led to the implementation of logic functions using living neurons. Techniques to construct and control three-dimensional circuits have also been established. Advances in multiple electrode arrays as well as genetically encoded, optical activity sensors and transducers enabled highly specific interfaces to circuits composed of thousands of neurons. Further advances in on-chip neural circuits may lead to better understanding of the brain.
Biological Activity and Binding Site Characteristics of the PA1b Entomotoxin on Insects from Different Orders (2007)

The aim of this work was to investigate both the biological activity of an entomotoxin, the pea albumin 1b (PA1b), and the presence or absence of its binding site within an array of insect species. The data obtained showed that insect sensitivity was not related to its taxonomic position. Moreover, PA1b was not toxic to several tested microorganisms. However, the binding site was found to be conserved among very different insects, displaying similar thermodynamic constants regardless of the in vivo species sensitivity. The binding site alone was, therefore, not sufficient for toxicity. One exception was the pea weevil, Bruchus pisorum, which was the only tested species without any detectable binding activity. These findings indicate that the binding site probably has an important endogenous function in insects and that adaptation to pea seeds resulted in the elimination of the toxin binding activity in two independent insect lineages. Other mechanisms are likely to interact with the toxin effects, although they are still largely unknown, but there is no evidence of any specific degradation of PA1b in the midgut of insects insensitive to the toxin, such as Drosophila melanogaster or Mamestra brassicae.
Uptake of Galactose into Escherichia coli by Facilitated Diffusion (1976)

Strains of Escherichia coli devoid of systems for the active transport of galactose (galP mgl) still grow on galactose but at rates that are a function of the galactose concentration of the medium: half-maximal growth rates require more than 2 mM-galactose to be present. Evidence is presented that galactose is taken up by such strains by facilitated diffusion on a carrier specified by the umg gene (or by a gene highly co-transducible with it) which is thus a part of, or closely associated with, an enzyme II for glucose of the phosphoenolpyruvate-phosphotransferase system. However, the entry of galactose does not require phosphotransferase activity, and the sugar taken up appears in the cells as free galactose.