gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The surface adsorption, aggregate structure and antibacterial activity of Gemini quaternary ammonium surfactants with carboxylic counterions (2019)

A group of Gemini quaternary ammonium surfactants with the formula C <i><sub>n</sub></i> H<sub>2<i>n</i>+1</sub>CONH(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>N<sup>+</sup>(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>N<sup>+</sup>(CH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub> NHCOC <i><sub>n</sub></i> H<sub>2<i>n</i>+1</sub> · 2Y (<i>n</i> = 11, 13 and 15, Y = HCOO<sup>-</sup>, CH<sub>3</sub>COO<sup>-</sup> and CH<sub>3</sub>CHOHCOO<sup>-</sup>) have been synthesized by a counterion conversion process and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and mass spectroscopy. Their adsorption and self-aggregation properties are investigated by surface tension, conductivity, dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements. The results show that these surfactants reduce the surface tension of water to a minimum value of 26.51 mN m<sup>-1</sup> at a concentration of 5.72 × 10<sup>-2</sup> mmol l<sup>-1</sup>. Furthermore, the increased alkyl chain length of the carboxylic counterions leads to the increased critical micelle concentration, the decreased degree of counterion binding (<i>β</i>) and the decreased self-assembly tendency, but the minimum area per surfactant molecule (<i>A</i> <sub>min</sub>) adsorbed at the air-aqueous solution are similar. TEM images reveal that these surfactants self-assemble spontaneously into aggregates with vesicle or bilayer structures. It is also found that they have superior antibacterial activity at a concentration of 0.1 g l<sup>-1</sup>. The high surface activity and high antibacterial activity of the Gemini quaternary ammonium salt surfactants containing different carboxylic counterions bring more possibilities for the application in the field of biomedicine.
Receive-Noise Analysis of Capacitive Micromachined Ultrasonic Transducers (2016)

This paper presents an analysis of thermal (Johnson) noise received from the radiation medium by otherwise noiseless capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) membranes operating in their fundamental resonance mode. Determination of thermal noise received by multiple numbers of transducers or a transducer array requires the assessment of cross-coupling through the radiation medium, as well as the self-radiation impedance of the individual transducer. We show that the total thermal noise received by the cells of a CMUT has insignificant correlation, and is independent of the radiation impedance, but is only determined by the mass of each membrane and the electromechanical transformer ratio. The proof is based on the analytical derivations for a simple transducer with two cells, and extended to transducers with numerous cells using circuit simulators. We used a first-order model, which incorporates the fundamental resonance of the CMUT. Noise power is calculated by integrating over the entire spectrum; hence, the presented figures are an upper bound for the noise. The presented analyses are valid for a transimpedance amplifier in the receive path. We use the analysis results to calculate the minimum detectable pressure of a CMUT. We also provide an analysis based on the experimental data to show that output noise power is limited by and comparable to the theoretical upper limit.
Electron microscope study of calcification in the alga Halimeda (order Siphonales) (1969)

Crystal growth and associated cytoplasmic changes were observed in Halimeda monile and H. incrassata by electron microscopy. Aragonite crystals were first formed at the filament wall surface in spaces between the utricles of segments about 36 hours old. As the segments aged, the interutricular spaces became filled with crystals. No organic matrix was observed at the sites of crystallization. The crystals exhibited random orientation. Two unidentified cytoplasmic components, one of fibrillar spherical form and another of high electron density, were present in large numbers.
Improved Preimage Attack on One-block MD4. (2010)

Abstract. We propose an improved preimage attack on one-block MD4 with the time complexity 2 94.98 MD4 compression function operations, as compared to 2 107 in [3]. We research the attack procedure in [3] and formulate the complexity for computing a preimage attack on one-block MD4. We attain the result mainly through the following two aspects with the help of the complexity formula. First, we continue to compute two more steps backward to get two more chaining values for comparison during the meet-in-the-middle attack. Second, we search two more neutral words in one independent chunk, and then propose the multineutral-word partial-fixing technique to get more message freedom and skip ten steps for partial-fixing, as compared to previous four steps. We also use the initial structure technique and apply the same idea to improve the pseudo-preimage and preimage attacks on Extended MD4 with 2 25.2 and 2 12.6 improvement factor, as compared to previous attacks in [20], respectively.
Flora of Hong Kong. Volume 4. N.H. Xia, K.W.Cheung, K.S.Pang & K.L.Yip (eds). 2011 (2012)

(Uploaded by Plazi from the Biodiversity Heritage Library) No abstract provided.
Origins of Thermodynamically Stable Superhydrophobicity of Boron Nitride Nanotubes Coatings (2011)

Superhydrophobic surfaces are attractive as self-cleaning protective coatings in harsh environments with extreme temperatures and pH levels. Hexagonal phase boron nitride (h-BN) films are promising protective coatings due to their extraordinary chemical and thermal stability. However, their high surface energy makes them hydrophilic and thus not applicable as water repelling coatings. Our recent discovery on the superhydrophobicity of boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) is thus contradicting with the fact that BN materials would not be hydrophobic. To resolve this contradiction, we have investigated BNNT coatings by time-dependent contact angle measurement, thermogravimetry, IR spectroscopy, and electron microscopy. We found that the wettability of BNNTs is determined by the packing density, orientation, length of nanotubes, and the environmental condition. The origins of superhydrophobicity of these BNNT coatings are identified as (1) surface morphology and (2) hydrocarbon adsorbates on BNNTs. Hydrocarbon molecules adsorb spontaneously on the curved surfaces of nanotubes more intensively than on flat surfaces of BN films. This means the surface energy of BNNTs was enhanced by their large curvatures and thus increased the affinity of BNNTs to adsorb airborne molecules, which in turn would reduce the surface energy of BNNTs and make them hydrophobic. Our study revealed that both high-temperature and UV-ozone treatments can remove these adsorbates and lead to restitution of hydrophilic BN surface. However, nanotubes have a unique capability in building a hydrophobic layer of adsorbates after a few hours of exposure to ambient air.
Abstract state machines as an intermediate representation for high-level synthesis (2011)

This work presents a high-level synthesis methodology that uses the abstract state machines (ASMs) formalism as an intermediate representation (IR). We perform scheduling and allocation on this IR, and generate synthesizable VHDL. We have the following advantages when using ASMs as an IR: 1) it allows the specification of both sequential and parallel computation, 2) it supports an extension of a clean timing model based on an interpretation of the sequential semantics, and 3) it has well-defined formal semantics, which allows the integration of formal methods into the methodology. While we specify our designs using ASMs, we do not mandate this. Instead, one can create translators that convert the algorithmic specifications from C-like languages into their equivalent ASM specifications. This makes the hardware synthesis transparent to the designer. We experiment our methodology with examples of a FIR, microprocessor, and an edge detector. We synthesize these designs and validate our designs on an FPGA.
Self-diffusion of methylammonium cations in the high-temperature solid phase of CH3NH3NO3 (1985)

The high-temperature solid phase of CH3NH3NO3, which is stable above 352 K, has been studied by differential thermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and electrical-conductivity experiments. X-ray powder patterns taken at 370 K reveal that CH3NH3NO3 forms a CsCl-type b.c.c. crystal with a= 4.91 Å. From 1H n.m.r. measurements it is concluded that methylammonium cations undergo overall reorientation and self-diffusion in the crystal. The activation energy for the self-diffusion is evaluated as 29 kJ mol–1. However, electrical-conductivity experiments yield an activation energy of 45 kJ mol–1 for the same motional process. The diffusion constants are evaluated from both n.m.r. and electrical-conductivity measurements. The mechanism of the self-diffusion in the solid phase of CH3NH3NO3 is discussed. Comparisons are made of the dynamical properties of the cation in this phase with those of globular molecules in the plastic phase of various molecular crystals.
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF ZINC OXIDE NANOPARTICLE BY SONOCHEMICAL METHOD AND GREEN METHOD USING ZINGIBER OFFICINALE (2016)

Nanoparticles have made a steady progress in all the branches of science. It is used in biological applications including nanomedicine. Zinc oxide is also known as Zincite generally seen in a crystalline form. Zinc oxide nanoparticles are multifunctional. It has effective antibacterial activity. This study focuses on the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticle by the sonochemical and green method, characterized by XRD, SEM and to determine the antibacterial efficacy of green and chemical techniques.Results prove that green synthesized Zinc oxide nanoparticle shows the enhanced biocidal activity. In addition the current study has demonstrated that the particle size variation and surface area to volume ratio of green synthesized Zinc oxide nanoparticles are responsible for significant high antibacterial activity. From the result obtained it suggested that the biogenic green fabrication is a better choice due to eco-friendliness.
All-Optical NRZ-OOK to BPSK Format Conversion in an SOA-Based Nonlinear Polarization Switch (2007)

All-optical format conversion from nonreturn-to-zero on-off keying to binary phase-shift keying is demonstrated in a semiconductor optical amplifier-based nonlinear polarization switch. This conversion is realized by cross-phase modulation effect for phase encoding and nonlinear polarization rotation effect for amplitude equalization. In the experiment, error-free operation at 10 Gb/s is achieved with a receiver sensitivity penalty of 1.3 dB after single-ended detection.
Low temperature deposition and characterization of polycrystalline Si films on polymer substrates (2001)

Polycrystalline Si films were deposited on poly(ethyleneterephthalate) (PET-Mylar®) and glass (7059 Corning) substrates at 140 and 200 °C, respectively. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy were used to confirm the polycrystalline nature of the films. The largest grain size obtained was 95 nm. Raman spectroscopy also showed a simultaneous presence of an amorphous phase. The relative fraction of this amorphous phase was controllable by adjusting the composition of the sputtering gas. Films deposited with only Ar or Ar+H2 sputtering gas show a very small polycrystalline Si peak. With the addition of up to 10% Kr to the gas mixture, a very strong polycrystalline peak appears in the Raman spectra. X-ray diffraction also confirmed the polycrystalline nature of the films. The Kr effect was related to the energetic condensation. The presence of Kr increased the energy of the sputtered atoms. Even after collision with the sputtering gas, these atoms impinge on the substrate surface with enough residual energy that the ad-atoms experience enhanced diffusion, which leads to polycrystalline film formation. For our system, the final energy of the ad-atoms was calculated to be 1.92 eV, which is more than the activation energy for surface self-diffusion for Si.
A mechanism for privacy preserving in healthcare organizations (2014)

As use of the internet has become wide spread, many good effects are seen but the adverse functions are also found. One of these adverse functions is the unnecessary personal information exposure. This issue may be a significant problem because there is the potential for so many people to see the information if the information is disclosed by mistake by its collector such as internet service provider. Information can also be disclosed by the person who holds a superior role in the system, namely, the system administrator. Internet users have paid special attention to this issue caused by the fact that many of the operations and transactions that they carry out through the internet can be easily recorded and collected. Thus, identity disintegration has become a desirable feature to be implemented in a database management system. In this paper, we propose an identity disintegration mechanism that is intended for use in the healthcare field.
Mobile cell phones and poverty reduction : technology spending patterns and poverty level change among households in Uganda. (2007)

Meeting: Workshop on the Role of Mobile Technologies in Fostering Social Development, June 2-3, 2008, Sao Paulo, Brazil
A phase II trial of arsenic trioxide for relapsed and refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia. (2006)

We designed a phase II trial of arsenic trioxide (AT) for the treatment of relapsed and refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). The dose administered was 0.25 mg/kg/day intravenously for 5-7 days per week for up to 60 days. Of 11 patients eligible, eight had B-cell and three T-cell ALL and two were Philadelphia chromosome-positive. The median duration of therapy was 21 days (range 7-28). One patient died of an infection. There were no responses. Ten patients have died. The median survival was 3.2 months (range 1.2-4.1). We conclude that AT is not active in the treatment of ALL.
The Tuberculin Test (1986)

To determine the importance of the recall phenomenon ("booster effect") in chronically hospitalized patients, we performed three sequential tuberculin and Candida antigen skin tests in patients at two hospitals. Twenty of 162 patients (12.3%) demonstrated a significant reaction on the initial tuberculin test, and 9 additional patients (5.5%) showed a significant reaction (booster response) to a second tuberculin test administered 3 wk later. Five patients (3.1%) demonstrated a significant reaction only when a third tuberculin test was administered 6 wk after the initial test. Only 1 patient (0.6%) with a significant tuberculin reaction on the first 2 tests was nonreactive on the third test. Nineteen patients (11.7%) demonstrated a significant response to Candida antigen on the initial test and a booster effect was noted in 11 (6.2%) and 6 (3.7%) patients, respectively, on subsequent tests. Four patients (2.5%) appeared to lose reactivity to Candida antigen on each of the 2 repeat tests. Only 25% of patients who demonstrated a tuberculin booster response had a significant reaction to the initial Candida skin test. Serial skin tests may be necessary to reliably determine the ability of a chronically hospitalized patient to demonstrate a response to tuberculin.
Deep Recurrent Convolutional Neural Network: Improving Performance For Speech Recognition (2016)

A deep learning approach has been widely applied in sequence modeling problems. In terms of automatic speech recognition (ASR), its performance has significantly been improved by increasing large speech corpus and deeper neural network. Especially, recurrent neural network and deep convolutional neural network have been applied in ASR successfully. Given the arising problem of training speed, we build a novel deep recurrent convolutional network for acoustic modeling and then apply deep residual learning to it. Our experiments show that it has not only faster convergence speed but better recognition accuracy over traditional deep convolutional recurrent network. In the experiments, we compare the convergence speed of our novel deep recurrent convolutional networks and traditional deep convolutional recurrent networks. With faster convergence speed, our novel deep recurrent convolutional networks can reach the comparable performance. We further show that applying deep residual learning can boost the convergence speed of our novel deep recurret convolutional networks. Finally, we evaluate all our experimental networks by phoneme error rate (PER) with our proposed bidirectional statistical n-gram language model. Our evaluation results show that our newly proposed deep recurrent convolutional network applied with deep residual learning can reach the best PER of 17.33\% with the fastest convergence speed on TIMIT database. The outstanding performance of our novel deep recurrent convolutional neural network with deep residual learning indicates that it can be potentially adopted in other sequential problems.
Calibration games (2011)

Interactive systems often require calibration to ensure that input and output are optimally configured. Without calibration, user performance can degrade (e.g., if an input device is not adjusted for the user's abilities), errors can increase (e.g., if color spaces are not matched), and some interactions may not be possible (e.g., use of an eye tracker). The value of calibration is often lost, however, because many calibration processes are tedious and unenjoyable, and many users avoid them altogether. To address this problem, we propose calibration games that gather calibration data in an engaging and entertaining manner. To facilitate the creation of calibration games, we present design guidelines that map common types of calibration to core tasks, and then to well-known game mechanics. To evaluate the approach, we developed three calibration games and compared them to standard procedures. Users found the game versions significantly more enjoyable than regular calibration procedures, without compromising the quality of the data. Calibration games are a novel way to motivate users to carry out calibrations, thereby improving the performance and accuracy of many human-computer systems.
Hematocrit, Volume Expander, Temperature, and Shear Rate Effects on Blood Viscosity (2000)

Our goal was to determine and predict the effects of temperature, shear rate, hematocrit, and different volume expanders on blood viscosity in conditions mimicking deep hypothermia for cardiac operations. Blood was obtained from six healthy adults. Dilutions were prepared to hematocrits of 35%, 30%, 22.5%, and 15% using plasma, 0.9% NaCl, 5% human albumin, and 6% hydroxyethyl starch. Viscosity was measured over a range of shear rates (4.5–450 s−1) and temperature (0°–37°C). A parametric expression for predicting blood viscosity based on the study variables was developed, and its agreement with measured values tested. Viscosity was higher at low shear rates and low temperatures, especially at temperatures less than 15°C (P < 0.016 for all conditions in comparison with 37°C). Decreasing hematocrit, especially to less than 22.5%, decreased viscosity. Hemodilution with albumin or 0.9% NaCl decreased blood viscosity more than hemodilution with plasma or 6% hydroxyethyl starch (P < 0.01 for all cases). The derived mathematical model for viscosity as a function of temperature, hematocrit, shear rate, and diluent predicted viscosity values that correlated well with the measured values in experimental samples (r2 > 0.92, P < 0.001). Implications A theoretical model for blood viscosity predicted independent effects of temperature, shear rate, and hemodilution on viscosity over a wide range of physiologic conditions, including thermal extremes of deep hypothermia in an experimental setting. Moderate hemodilution to a hematocrit of 22% decreased blood viscosity by 30%–50% at a blood temperature of 15°C, suggesting the potential to improve microcirculatory perfusion during deep hypothermia.
Revised lithostratigraphy of the Mesozoic-Cenozoic succession of the onshore Rovuma Basin, northern coastal Mozambique (2008)

A revised formal lithostratigraphy for the Mesozoic-Cenozoic succession of the onshore portion of the Rovuma Basin in northern Mozambique replaces a previous mixture of informal lithostratigraphical and biostratigraphical names. The new lithostratigraphy is based on fieldwork carried out in 2005 by mapping teams from the Geological Survey of Norway (NGU), British Geological Survey (BGS) and the Mozambique Direcção National de Geologia (DNG) , combined with information taken from published papers and maps, and unpublished reports at the DNG made available to the project. The following formations are formally described: Rio Mecole Formation (Jurassic? age), N'Gapa Formation (Jurassic? age), Pemba Formation (late Jurassic and early Cretaceous age), Macomia Formation (Aptian-Albian age), Mifume Formation (Albian (offshore)/Campanian (onshore)-Maastrichtian age), Alto Jingone Formation (Paleocene-Eocene age), Quissanga Formation (middle Eocene to Oligocene age), Chinda Formation (Neogene age) and Mikindani Formation (Neogene age). The thickest accumulation of sediments occurred during the Cretaceous concomitant with intense erosion of the uplifted African interior. The Basin’s geology records the temporal development of the coastline of northern Mozambique and southern Tanzania over the last 200 or so million years. Throughout this period, intermittent, mostly extensional faulting parallel to the approximately N-S to NNW-SSE coastline strongly influenced sedimentation, and the faults remain active along this ‘passive’ continental margin. These faults cut across the ENE-WSW structural grain of the underlying Precambrian crystalline rocks of the East African Orogen. However, transfer faults identified in the offshore part of the Rovuma Basin are parallel to the Precambrian structural grain, and may well represent reactivated major ductile shear zones, e.g. in the area between Pemba and Quissanga.
Wireless trading in B2B markets (2001)

With the tremendous advances in hand-held computing and communication capabilities, and the rapid proliferation of mobile devices, we are seeing a growth in mobile commerce in various consumer and business markets. In this paper, we present a novel architecture for end-to-end mobile commerce applications. We designed, implemented and deployed a system for mobile commerce connected to eMarketplaces. The system is currently undergoing trials under various configurations and in various countries. A number of end-to-end configurations for mobile commerce were experimented with, and the pros and cons were investigated. During field trials, which lasted many months, to our surprise, with WAP and HDML based clients, we were able see very good end-to-end performance for a mobile user trading at a B2B server located far away. In this paper, we also present the core issues around providing disconnected services by empowering the mobile clients with commerce functionality. Our approach is based on state-machine modeling and synchronization of objects manipulated on the client and server side.
Design, Chemical Synthesis, and Antibacterial Activity of Kanamycin and Neomycin Class Aminoglycoside Antibiotics (2007)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Strategies in Modification of Aminoglycosides Synthesis of Neamine Derivatives Synthesis of Kanamycin Class Aminoglycosides Synthesis of Neomycin Class Aminoglycosides Designs of Aminoglycosides Against Resistant Bacteria Studies of Other Aminoglycosides Conclusion References