gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Real Time simulation of MMCs using the State- Space Nodal Approach (2013)

The Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) topology is becoming an attractive solution for HVDC and FACTS systems. MMC structures are composed from several hundreds to thousands of half-bridge converters. Such large numbers of power switches and electrical nodes introduce important computational difficulties in electromagnetic transient (EMT) type programs. This becomes particularly more complex for performing real-time simulations. The combined state-space and nodal method (SSN) offers an efficient solution for clustering each MMC arm in order to reduce the number of nodes and decrease computation time. Moreover, the proposed approach permits simultaneous parallel computations and maintains accurate results. This paper presents the modeling of MMCs using the SSN method. A practical MMC-HVDC system case is used for testing the model under transient events and the results are validated by comparing with a detailed representation of all MMC components.
Application of optical coherence tomography for imaging and assessment of early dental caries lesions (2003)

The ability of an en-face optical coherence tomography (OCT) system to detect and quantitatively monitor the demineralization of teeth to produce enamel caries was determined and validated with an established method of quantifying demineralization, transverse microradiography (TMR). Factors that might affect the use of OCT to detect and quantify caries were also examined. We used an OCT system which can collect A-scans, B-scans (longitudinal images) and C-scans (en-face images). Development of dental caries was quantitatively monitored every 24 h for 3 days. Caries lesions were shown as volumes of reduced reflectivity in both the transversal and longitudinal images. It was observed that the reflectivity of tooth tissue decreased with increasing demineralization time. A linear correlation was observed between the mineral loss in enamel measured by TMR and the percentage reflectivity loss measured by OCT. Neither the presence of saliva, plague, Dacron gauze, plaque/Dacron gauze, nor lesion staining nor the level of ambient lighting significantly affected OCT detection and analysis of an incipient caries. We concluded that OCT could detect early enamel caries and quantitatively monitor the demineralization of the tissue. The reflectivity loss in tooth tissue during demineralization, measured by OCT, could be related to the amount of mineral lost during the demineralization.
Thermal aging study of carboxyl‐terminated polybutadiene and poly(butadiene‐acrylonitrile)‐reactive liquid polymers (1983)

Abstract A thermal aging study of carboxyl‐terminated polybutadiene (CTB) and poly(butadiene‐acrylonitrile) (CTBN) reactive liquid polymers has been conducted at 50°, 75°, 100°, and 125°C. All CTB and CTBNs are stable at 50°C aging. On aging at higher temperatures prior to use, viscosities of CTB and CTBNs increase, and terminal carboxylic acid functional groups start disappearing. Rate of viscosity increase and rate of carboxylic acid functional group disappearance increase with higher aging temperature and also with higher cyano group concentration in the polymers. The major cause of rapid viscosity increase and disappearance of carboxylic acid functional groups seems to be crosslinking between terminal carboxylic acid groups and cyano groups, which form imide structures. Crosslinking among the unsaturation in polybutadiene segments may contribute to the slow, steady viscosity increase. No acid‐anhydride formation and decarboxylation reaction, which may also result in viscosity increase and disappearance of carboxylic acid functional groups, are observed during the thermal aging at elevated temperatures.
Biocontrol of seedling diseases of barley and wheat caused by <i>Fusarium culmorum</i> and <i>Bipolaris sorokiniana</i> : effects of selected fungal antagonists on growth and yield components (1995)

The purpose of this study was to verify, under natural conditions, biological control effects obtained in a former screening programme against Fusarium culmorum. The most successful antagonists against seedborne Fusarium culmorum and Bipolaris sorokiniana were isolates of Chaetomium sp., Idriella bolleyi and Gliocladium roseum. These results were also obtained when the antagonists were applied to B. sorokiniana‐infected barley sown in field soil in pots. In field experiments, G. roseum gave the best control of F. culmorum in winter wheat. One month after sowing, germination increased by 170%, the disease index decreased by 73% and plant dry weight increased by 25%, compared to untreated plots. At harvest, the number of tillers per row was found to have increased by 53%, yield had increased by 160% and the 1000‐grain weight had increased by 4%. For all evaluated parameters the effect was significantly different from the untreated plots and not significantly different from the plots treated with the fungicide, Sibutol LS 280. I. bolleyi gave a lower but still significantly effective control, when evaluated for disease index and numbers of tillers per row, while Chaetomium sp. did not show any reduction in the disease. Furthermore, in field experiments using barley infected with B. sorokiniana , a significant effect of G. roseum was demonstrated as increased plant dry weight after 1 month and increased 1000‐grain weight at harvest. The disease‐controlling effect of G. roseum on F. culmorum was shown in a field experiment with spring barley.
Selective preparation of cation-complexing cyclic oligoethers from ethylene oxide by a template effect (1976)

J. Dale and K. Daasvatn, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1976, 295 DOI: 10.1039/C39760000295
Soluble Markers of the Toll-Like Receptor 4 Pathway Differentiate between Active and Latent Tuberculosis and Are Associated with Treatment Responses (2013)

Our data suggest that plasma levels of LPS, MD-2 and sCD14 can discriminate between active TB and LTBI. A decline in LPS and MD-2 concentrations was associated with response to anti-TB treatment. The clinical potential of these soluble TLR-4 pathway proteins needs to be further explored.
Selenium Deficiency Reduces the Abundance of mRNA for Se-Dependent Glutathione Peroxidase 1 by a UGA-Dependent Mechanism Likely To Be Nonsense Codon-Mediated Decay of Cytoplasmic mRNA (1998)

The mammalian mRNA for selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase 1 (Se-GPx1) contains a UGA codon that is recognized as a codon for the nonstandard amino acid selenocysteine (Sec). Inadequate concentrations of selenium (Se) result in a decrease in Se-GPx1 mRNA abundance by an uncharacterized mechanism that may be dependent on translation, independent of translation, or both. In this study, we have begun to elucidate this mechanism. We demonstrate using hepatocytes from rats fed either a Se-supplemented or Se-deficient diet for 9 to 13 weeks that Se deprivation results in an approximately 50-fold reduction in Se-GPx1 activity and an approximately 20-fold reduction in Se-GPx1 mRNA abundance. Reverse transcription-PCR analyses of nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions revealed that Se deprivation has no effect on the levels of either nuclear pre-mRNA or nuclear mRNA but reduces the level of cytoplasmic mRNA. The regulation of Se-GPx1 gene expression by Se was recapitulated in transient transfections of NIH 3T3 cells, and experiments were extended to examine the consequences of converting the Sec codon (TGA) to either a termination codon (TAA) or a cysteine codon (TGC). Regardless of the type of codon, an alteration in the Se concentration was of no consequence to the ratio of nuclear Se-GPx1 mRNA to nuclear Se-GPx1 pre-mRNA. The ratio of cytoplasmic Se-GPx1 mRNA to nuclear Se-GPx1 mRNA from the wild-type (TGA-containing) allele was reduced twofold when cells were deprived of Se for 48 h after transfection, which has been shown to be the extent of the reduction for the endogenous Se-GPx1 mRNA of cultured cells incubated as long as 20 days in Se-deficient medium. In contrast to the TGA allele, Se had no effect on expression of either the TAA allele or the TGC allele. Under Se-deficient conditions, the TAA and TGC alleles generated, respectively, 1.7-fold-less and 3-fold-more cytoplasmic Se-GPx1 mRNA relative to the amount of nuclear Se-GPx1 mRNA than the TGA allele. These results indicate that (i) under conditions of Se deprivation, the Sec codon reduces the abundance of cytoplasmic Se-GPx1 mRNA by a translation-dependent mechanism and (ii) there is no additional mechanism by which Se regulates Se-GPx1 mRNA production. These data suggest that the inefficient incorporation of Sec at the UGA codon during mRNA translation augments the nonsense-codon-mediated decay of cytoplasmic Se-GPx1 mRNA.
Pilot study on improvement of quality of life among elderly using a pet-type robot (2004)

A pet-type robot (AIBO, Sony Inc., Japan) is expected to serve to maintain and improve quality of life among patients or handicaps. We examine the usefulness of pet-type robots among elderly patients or handicaps in nursing home or at home by biochemical marker, self-assessment, or some health-related QOL questionnaires. The activities with pet-type robots were regularly carried out for 7 weeks to enhance quality of life (QOL) for Japanese elderly people. In activity evaluation, the scores of the items of "Utterance", "Demonstrative Language" and "Satisfaction" obtained at the last activity significantly increased compared with those at the initial activity. The scores of AOK loneliness scale obtained after activities (1.00/spl mnplus/1.26) were significantly lower than those obtained before activities (3.33/spl mnplus/2.16). According to SF-36, the scores of role-physical after activities significantly increased compared with those before activities. Salivary Chromogranin A (CgA), which correlated with the changes of catecholamine concentration, significantly decreased immediately after activities compared with that immediately before activities.
Review of Optimization Problems in Wireless Sensor Networks (2012)

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are an interesting field of research because of their numerous applications and the possibility of integrating them into more complex network systems. The difficulties encountered in WSN design usually relate either to their stringent constraints, which include energy, bandwidth, memory and computational capabilities, or to the requirements of the particular application. As WSN design problems become more and more challenging, advances in the areas of Operations Research (OR) and Optimization are becoming increasingly useful in addressing them.
Patterns of care in a population‐based sample of soft tissue sarcoma patients in the United States (2009)

Patterns of care of STS differ based on the site of the tumor. The patterns of care for extremity sarcomas are fairly consistent with the available recommendations, but the patterns of care for other sites are less consistent. In addition to certain tumor characteristics, age of the patient was significantly associated with therapy and patient outcome.
Development of quench protection heaters for superconducting solenoids (1997)

Our approach to applying quench heaters to epoxy impregnated coils is to encapsulate the heaters within the epoxy and glass on the coil circumference. The mechanical integrity of the epoxy and glass in the neighbourhood of the heater is critical. The interface is subject to large temperature gradients and mechanical stress during operation of the protection system. Characterization of this interface allows the reliable design of heater networks on large epoxy impregnated coils. The heater is a thin stainless steel strip located axially on the outside of the coil. The geometry may be further complicated by the presence of steel over-banding on the coil perimeter. We have fabricated models demonstrating heater interfaces with and without overbanding. We characterize the interface using a damage threshold concept in the context of cyclic life testing on the interface. This paper reports the results from cyclic life testing in liquid helium.
Thouless conductances of a three-dimensional quantum Hall system (2020)

We investigate the longitudinal conductance of a disordered three-dimensional (3D) quantum Hall system within a tight-binding lattice model using numerical Thouless conductance calculations. For the bulk, we confirm that the mobility edges are independent of the propagating directions in this anisotropic system. As disorder increases, the conductance peak of the lowest subband in the horizontal direction floats to the central subband as in the two-dimensional (2D) case, while there is no clear evidence of floating in the vertical direction. We thus conclude that for extended states, the longitudinal conductance in the vertical direction behaves like a quasi-one-dimensional (1D) normal metal, while the longitudinal conductance in the horizontal direction is controlled by layered conducting states stacked coherently. Inside the quantum Hall gap, we study the novel 2D chiral surface states at the sidewalls of the sample. We demonstrate the crossover of the surface states between the quasi-1D metal and insulator regimes, which can be achieved by modifying the interlayer hopping strength and the disorder strength in the model. The typical behaviors of the Thouless conductance and the wave functions of the surface states in these two regimes are investigated. Finally, in order to predict the regime of the surface states for arbitrary parameters, we determine an explicit relationship between the localization length of surface states and the microscopic parameters of the model.
Ueber Alkylderivate des Hydroxylamins (1890)

Kochen wird der Anfangs gelbliche Niederschlag weirs und ist dann Schwefelzink.Ein derartiger getrockneter Niederschlag enthielt bloi' s 0,3 pC.As, daneben 33,16 pC.Zn, wahrend ZnS 33,O pC.Zn verlangt.Soweit ich also bisher das Verhalten des Natriumsulfarseniates zu den Lasungen verschiedener Metallsalze (Ag, Hg, Cu, Zn) untersucht habe, wurde gefunden, dafs bei Ueberschufs der ersteren Verbindung Niederschlage der betreffenden Metallsulfarseniate entstehen , von denen einige (Ag, Hg) unbestandig sind und namentlich beim Erwarmen der Flussigkeit unter Abspaltung des Sulfides (Ag& HgS) sich zersetzen.Bei
Noninvasive determination of left ventricular end-systolic stress: validation of the method and initial application. (1982)

End-systolic left ventricular (LV) meridional wall stress is a quantitative index of true myo- cardial afterload that can be plotted against LV end-systolic diameter to give an index of contractility independent of loading conditions. We developed a noninvasive method for estimating end-systolic LV meridional wall stress based on M-mode LV echographic end-systolic diameter (LVID) and posterior wall thickness (PWT) and cuff systolic arterial pressure and compared it to simultaneous invasive LV wall stress derived from micromanometer LV pressure recordings and continuously digitized echograms in 12 subjects (four with atypical chest pain, six with severe aortic regurgitation (AR) and two with congestive cardiomyopathy), before and after load manipulation with nitroprusside, nitroglycerin, phenylephrine or saline. Cuff systolic pressure correlated well with end-systolic LV micromanometer pressure (r = 0.89, n = 31, range 96-160 mm Hg) and noninvasive end-systolic stress (0.334 P(LVID)/PWT [1 + PWT/LVID]) correlated extremely well with in- vasive stress (r = 0.97, n = 31, range 36-213 X 109 dyn/cm2). Invasive and noninvasive slopes (r = 0.91, n = 7) and LVID intercepts (r 0.89, n = 7) of the stress-diameter plots also correlated well. Noninvasive stress- diameter plots in nine normal subjects showed a range of slopes of 50-93 X 101 dyn/cm and intercepts of 1.8-2.8 cm. Mean basal end-systolic noninvasive stress in 22 normal subjects (64.8 19.5 X 10W dyn/cm2) and 14 treated hypertensives (56.3 26.7 X 103 dyn/cm2) was significantly lower than in nine patients with symp- tomatic aortic regurgitation who had reduced ejection fraction (142.2 53.2 X 10o dyn/cm2,p < 0.01) or four patients with congestive cardiomyopathy (187.3 49.8 X 103 dyn/cm2, p < 0.01), while a mild elevation of stress in symptomatic aortic regurgitation with normal ejection fraction was not statistically significant (91.1 20.7 X 103 dyn/cm2, n = 6). Thus, afterload excess contributed to ejection fraction reduction. We conclude that end-systolic stress may be determined noninvasively and may be a useful approach to quantitation of LV afterload and contractility.
Effect of Orlistat in Obese Patients with Binge Eating Disorder (2005)

Orlistat may be considered as part of the management for patients with obesity and binge eating disorder.
Determination of the optical constants of zinc oxide thin films by spectroscopic ellipsometry (1998)

Spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) has been used to determine the complex pseudo dielectric functions, ε1(E)+iε2(E), of ZnO films on (0001) Al2O3 substrates over the spectral range of 1.33 and 4.96 eV at room temperature. The SE measurements are carried out with E⊥c at angles of incidence of 60° and 65° with respect to the surface normal. Below the band gap, the refractive index n is found to follow the first order Sellmeir dispersion relationship n2(λ)=1+1.881λ2/(λ2−0.05382). A free excitonic structure located at the band edge of 3.32 eV is clearly observed in the pseudo absorption spectrum. Elliott expression with Lorentzian broadening is used to model the pseudo absorption coefficient above the band edge.
Accidental Pinhole and Pinspeck Cameras (2014)

We identify and study two types of “accidental” images that can be formed in scenes. The first is an accidental pinhole camera image. The second class of accidental images are “inverse” pinhole camera images, formed by subtracting an image with a small occluder present from a reference image without the occluder. Both types of accidental cameras happen in a variety of different situations. For example, an indoor scene illuminated by natural light, a street with a person walking under the shadow of a building, etc. The images produced by accidental cameras are often mistaken for shadows or interreflections. However, accidental images can reveal information about the scene outside the image, the lighting conditions, or the aperture by which light enters the scene.
Assessment of an instrumented reinforced-concrete bridge with fiber-reinforced-polymer strengthening (2007)

Field instrumentation is investigated on an in-service highway bridge over a 2-year period. Extrinsic Fabry-Pérot interferometric (EFPI) strain sensors provide a permanent health-monitoring capability. The bridge is a reinforced-concrete (RC) structure that was repaired and strengthened using fiber-reinforced-polymer (FRP) wraps. A sensor network monitors the load-induced strain in the FRP reinforcement and the steel rebar. Colocated electrical resistance strain gauges and a finite element analysis are used for comparison. Both dynamic and static load characteristics are analyzed for a near-capacity truck. The fiber optic measurements are generally consistent with the comparison measurements and the analytical results; and they show no failure or degradation as opposed to the electrical resistance gauges. We demonstrate the implementation and the performance of in situ EFPI sensors in a long-term field environment. Embedded fiber optic sensors can provide the required information for the intelligent management of a transportation infrastructure.
Drug Resistance to Molecular Targeted Therapy and Its Consequences for Treatment Decisions in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer (2014)

Our ability to detect and directly target the oncogenic alterations responsible for tumor proliferation has contributed significantly to the management of lung cancer in the last decade. The therapeutic efficacy of molecularly targeted therapy is, however, mainly limited to patients harboring certain genetic mutations and is generally short-lived. Herein, we review primary and secondary drug resistance using the most well-studied of the molecularly targeted agents, the tyrosine kinase inhibitors targeting the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor, and the anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) rearrangement, the current limitations of targeted therapies and their consequences on the management of patients with lung cancer.
Identification and Characterization of the Nudix Hydrolase from the Archaeon, Methanococcus jannaschii, as a Highly Specific ADP-ribose Pyrophosphatase (1998)

The MJ1149 gene from the Archaeon, Methanococcus jannaschii, has been cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The 19-kDa protein containing the Nudix box, GX5EX7REUXEEXGU, has been purified and identified as a highly specific enzyme catalyzing the Mg2+-dependent hydrolysis of ADP-ribose according to the equation: ADP-ribose + H2O --> AMP + ribose-5-phosphate. The enzyme retains full activity when heated to 80 degreesC, and the rate of hydrolysis is 15-fold higher at 75 degreesC than at 37 degreesC in keeping with the thermophilicity of the organism. This is the first Nudix hydrolase identified from the Archaea, indicating that the family of enzymes containing the Nudix signature sequence is represented in all three kingdoms.
Space Saving Text Input Method for Head Mounted Display with Virtual 12-key Keyboard (2018)

Head-Mounted Displays, or HMDs, are rapidly spreading in recent years. However, existing text input methods for HMDs have several problems, hampering their further popularization. In this paper, we focus on the two problems with existing text input methods: (1)the difficulty of its setup and (2) the space needed for its operation. To address these problems, we propose a novel text input system for HMDs. Our system (1) builds on top of a commodity camera device, Leap Motion, and (2) enables effective input in a small physical/virtual space, with a virtual 12-key keyboard. Our experimental results show the advantage of our approach over existing hand-tracking text input systems; especially our method indicates the effectiveness for Japanese text input, with a small virtual keyboard. Based on the experimental results, we believe that our text-input system is effective for any language in HMD environments, if we have a 12-key keyboard tuned for each language (as well as Japanese).
Evaluation of commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) electronics for extreme cold environments (2018)

Deep space and Icy Moon missions (Titan, Enceladus, Ceres, Europa, & Ganymede) will need qualified extreme environment capable components for electronic systems located in extremities of their rovers and spacecraft. Commercial off the shelf (COTS) components would be advantageous to use for some aspects of such projects, given that they are easier to procure and offer a broad range of functionalities. Furthermore, theoretical and experimental data suggest that many COTS parts are capable of operation, and not just storage, at temperatures well beyond the manufacturer specified temperature limits. To help address the challenges presented at near cryogenic temperatures, a COTS selection knowledge base is being developed to estimate the performance of COTS components within cold environments. The knowledge base captures queries from a range of information sources such as cold functionality test results for part types and families, theoretical and experimental literature reviews and key findings are summarized here. In addition, a selection of components are planned to be examined for their performance to near cryogenic temperatures to generate a methodology for identification and verification of the COTS candidates. As the qualification of COTS parts for extreme environments can be very costly, this knowledge base can serve to reduce qualification time and cost by pre-selecting and limiting candidates.