gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reduced Cold-Start Emissions Using Rapid Exhaust Port Oxidation (REPO) in a Spark-Ignition Engine (1997)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">An emissions reduction strategy was developed and demonstrated to significantly reduce cold-start hydrocarbon (HC) and CO emissions from a spark ignition (SI), gasoline-fueled engine. This strategy involved cold-starting the engine with an ultra-fuel rich calibration, while metering near-stoichiometric fractions of air directly into the exhaust ports. Using this approach, exhaust constituents spontaneously ignited at the exhaust ports and burned into the exhaust manifold and exhaust pipe leading to the catalytic converter. The resulting exotherm accelerated catalyst heating and significantly decreased light-off time following a cold-start on the FTP-75 with a Ford Escort equipped with a 1.9L engine. Mass emissions measurements acquired during the first 70 seconds of the FTP-75 revealed total-HC and CO reductions of 68 and 50 percent, respectively, when compared to baseline measurements. These reductions were realized through a) rapid exhaust system heating which reduced the catalyst light-off time from 45 seconds to less than 15 seconds for HC, and b) the consumption of pre-catalyst HC and CO emissions in the rapid exhaust port oxidation (REPO) process.</div>
Brief report: Musashi1-eGFP mice, a new tool for differential isolation of the intestinal stem cell populations (2013)

The intestinal epithelium self-renews rapidly and continuously throughout life, due to the presence of crypt stem cells. Two pools of these cells have been identified in the small intestine, which differ in position ("+4" or the bottom of the crypts), expression of specific markers (Bmi1/mTert or Lgr5/Ascl2), and cell cycle characteristics. Interestingly, the RNA-binding protein Musashi1 is expressed in both populations and therefore a potential marker for both stem cell types. In order to locate, isolate, and study Musashi1-expressing cells within the intestinal epithelium, we generated transgenic mice expressing GFP fluorescent protein under the control of a 7-kb Msi1 promoter. The expression pattern of GFP in the intestinal crypts of both small and large intestines completely overlapped that of Musashi1, validating our model. By using fluorescence-activated cell sorting, cellular, and molecular analyses, we showed that GFP-positive Msi1-expressing cells are divided into two major pools corresponding to the Lgr5- and mTert-expressing stem cells. Interestingly, monitoring the cell cycle activity of the two sorted populations reveals that they are both actively cycling, although differences in cell cycle length were confirmed. Altogether, our new reporter mouse model based upon Musashi1 expression is a useful tool to isolate and study stem cells of the intestinal epithelium. Moreover, these mice uniquely enable the concomitant study of two pools of intestinal stem cells within the same animal model.
Treatment with BAT monoclonal antibody decreases tumor burden in a murine model of leukemia/lymphoma (2001)

BAT is a monoclonal antibody produced against membranes of Daudi cells that induces anti-tumor activity in mice against a variety of solid murine and human tumors, mediated by its immune stimulatory properties on murine and human lymphocytes. The present study analyzes the effect of BAT on leukemia/lymphoma using the BCL1 model of leukemia/lymphoma in BALB/C mice. BAT antibody binds to BCL1 leukemia cells and recognizes a 48 kDa protein similar to the antigen on Daudi cells. Mice inoculated with leukemia cells were treated either by direct BAT injections or by adoptive transfer of lymphocytes from BAT-injected mice. Administration of BAT monoclonal antibody was either once, on day 14, or daily on days 10-13 post tumor inoculation. A single injection of BAT resulted in reduction of peripheral blood tumor cells, however additional injections further decreased the tumor cell number reaching a 95-fold reduction on day 20 post tumor inoculation. Anti-tumor effect was also obtained when animals were injected with splenocytes from BAT-treated donor mice. A significant prolongation of survival of BAT-treated mice was observed although with no cure. The results of this study indicate that BAT might be used for reducing the tumor burden in leukemia for immunotherapy and in combination with other treatment modalities.
The Metabolism of Triglycerides by Spores of Penicillium roqueforti (1967)

SUMMARY The ability of suspensions of washed spores of Penicillium roqueforti to oxidize triglycerides was markedly stimulated by l-proline, l-alanine and l-serine, although all the sources of nitrogen tested were effective over extended periods to different degrees. The rate of oxidation was further increased by the addition of certain sugars, although these were without effect in the absence of a nitrogen source. The same compounds that stimulated methylketone formation from triglycerides also promoted the rapid germination of spores, suggesting that common reactions were involved. The maximum yield of methylketone obtained was 25 % from trioctanoin and trihexanoin at pH 6·0, with lower yields from tridecanoin, tributyrin and trilaurin. The addition of sodium azide, and to a lesser extent of 2,4-dinitrophenol and certain organophosphours compounds, inhibited the oxidation of triglycerides. The possible role of fungal esterases in spore germination is discussed.
EFFECTS OF MICROWAVE EXCITATION ON SPECTRAL HOLE-BURNING IN COLOUR CENTRE SYSTEMS (1985)

It is pointed out that microwave irradiation can be used to vary the population storage time in optical pumping of metastable states in colour centre and molecular Systems. This may be used to study the role of metastable storage in persistant spectral hole-burning. As an example, data for the (N-V)- centre of diamond are presented.
Initiation of DNA double strand break repair: signaling and single-stranded resection dictate the choice between homologous recombination, non-homologous end-joining and alternative end-joining. (2012)

A DNA double strand break (DSB) is a highly toxic lesion, which can generate genetic instability and profound genome rearrangements. However, DSBs are required to generate diversity during physiological processes such as meiosis or the establishment of the immune repertoire. Thus, the precise regulation of a complex network of processes is necessary for the maintenance of genomic stability, allowing genetic diversity but protecting against genetic instability and its consequences on oncogenesis. Two main strategies are employed for DSB repair: homologous recombination (HR) and non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ). HR is initiated by single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) resection and requires sequence homology with an intact partner, while NHEJ requires neither resection at initiation nor a homologous partner. Thus, resection is an pivotal step at DSB repair initiation, driving the choice of the DSB repair pathway employed. However, an alternative end-joining (A-EJ) pathway, which is highly mutagenic, has recently been described; A-EJ is initiated by ssDNA resection but does not require a homologous partner. The choice of the appropriate DSB repair system, for instance according the cell cycle stage, is essential for genome stability maintenance. In this context, controlling the initial events of DSB repair is thus an essential step that may be irreversible, and the wrong decision should lead to dramatic consequences. Here, we first present the main DSB repair mechanisms and then discuss the importance of the choice of the appropriate DSB repair pathway according to the cell cycle phase. In a third section, we present the early steps of DSB repair i.e., DSB signaling, chromatin remodeling, and the regulation of ssDNA resection. In the last part, we discuss the competition between the different DSB repair mechanisms. Finally, we conclude with the importance of the fine tuning of this network for genome stability maintenance and for tumor protection in fine.
TRACKING RADAR EXTERNAL RANGE NOISE MEASUREMENTS AND ANALYSIS (1955)

Abstract : A preliminary investigation has made of external noise resulting from the finite target size in tracking radar range information using the PB4Y and SNB aircraft as targets. The power spectrum and amplitude distribution function of recorded external range noise is given for each view of these aircraft. The total rms external range noise is shown to be a function target shape and size. A formula was developed which related target configuration to the total rms external range noise, and which allows the prediction of the rms noise for a given target. Future plans include making a complete study of the external range noise problem using various range error detection techniques.
Serial plasma carcinoembryonic antigen measurements during treatment of metastatic breast cancer (1983)

Serial plasma carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels were measured in 167 patients with metastatic breast cancer treated with fluorouracil, doxorubicin hydrochloride, and cyclophosphamide (FAC). In 84 patients, the pretreatment CEA value was abnormal. Response rates and remission duration were similar in patients with normal and abnormal pretreatment levels. Carcinoembryonic antigen concentrations decreased in 94% of patients who responded to FAC therapy. The duration of response was 22 months for patients in whom the CEA levels normalized<i>v</i>nine months in those in whom it decreased but never returned to normal. Increasing CEA levels correlated with progressive disease in 87% of patients and preceded clinical evidence of progression in 77%. Serial CEA measurements can monitor response to chemotherapy, provide useful prognostic information of response duration, and detect progressive disease early. (<i>JAMA</i>1983;249:1881-1886)
A Monoblock Porous Tantalum Acetabular Cup Has No Osteolysis on CT at 10 Years (2010)

Level IV, therapeutic study. See Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Bis-diketopiperazine derivatives in clinical oncology: ICRF-159. (1980)

ICRF-159 is a bis-diketopiperazine derivative active in a variety of preclinical animal tumor models. Because of its poor solubility characteristics, the drug must be given p.o. However, when given by this route at high doses, poor bioavailability was noted. Two interesting preclinical properties of this agent are its antimetastatic effect and the ability to reduce anthracycline cardiotoxicity. Phase I studies have delineated myelosuppression as the major toxicity with GI toxicity also occurring. In phase II studies, interesting activity has been noted in lymphomas and head and neck carcinomas. When ICRF-159 was combined with radiotherapy, prolonged responses were noted in sarcoma and lung carcinoma in small numbers of patients. Further studies are indicated in areas of activity as a single agent and as a potentiator of radiation therapy.
Risk of adverse effects of intensified treatment in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis (1997)

While the benefits of intensified insulin treatment in insulin-dependent (Type 1) diabetes mellitus (IDDM) are well recognized, the risks have not been comprehensively characterized. We examined the risk of severe hypoglycaemia, ketoacidosis, and death in a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. The MEDLINE database, reference lists, and specialist journals were searched electronically or by hand to identify relevant studies with at least 6 months of follow-up and the monitoring of glycaemia by glycosylated haemoglobin measurements. Logistic regression was used for calculation of combined odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). The influence of covariates was examined by including covariate-by-treatment interaction terms. Methodological study quality was assessed and sensitivity analyses were performed. Fourteen trials were identified. These contributed 16 comparisons with 1028 patients allocated to intensified and 1039 allocated to conventional treatment. A total of 846 patients suffered at least one episode of severe hypoglycaemia, 175 patients experienced ketoacidosis and 26 patients died. The combined odds ratio (95% CI) for hypoglycaemia was 2.99 (2.45-3.64), for ketoacidosis 1.74 (1.27-2.38) and for death from all causes 1.40 (0.65-3.01). The risk of severe hypoglycaemia was determined by the degree of normalization of glycaemia achieved (p=0.005 for interaction term), with the results from the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) in line with the other trials. Ketoacidosis risk depended on the type of intensified treatment used. Odds ratios (95% CI) were 7.20 (2.95-17.58) for exclusive use of pumps, 1.13 (0.15-8.35) for multiple daily injections and 1.28 (0.90-1.83) for trials offering a choice between the two (p = 0.004 for interaction). Mortality was significantly (p = 0.007) increased for causes potentially associated with acute complications (7 vs 0 deaths, 5 deaths attributed to ketoacidosis, and 2 sudden deaths), and non-significantly (p = 0.16) decreased for macrovascular causes (3 vs 8 deaths). We conclude that there is a substantial risk of severe adverse effects associated with intensified insulin treatment. Mortality from acute metabolic causes is increased; however, this is largely counterbalanced by a reduction in cardiovascular mortality. The excess of severe hypoglycemia in the DCCT is not exceptional. Multiple daily injection schemes may be safer than treatment with insulin pumps.
A nonvolatile SRAM integrated with ferroelectric HfO<inf>2</inf> capacitor for normally-off and ultralow power IoT application (2017)

We have designed and fabricated a nonvolatile SRAM (NVSRAM) integrated with ferroelectric HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> capacitor, and experimentally demonstrated its nonvolatile functionality, for the first time. Sub-10nm-thick ferroelectric HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> capacitor shows excellent ferroelectricity and memory characteristics at low supply voltage. The NVSRAM with ferroelectric HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> capacitor is capable of storing and recalling previous memory state before power shutdown, which is suitable for the intermittent operation of IoT devices with deep-sleep mode. The NVSRAM with ferroelectric HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> capacitor can be a cost-effective, normally-off and ultralow power embedded memory solution.
Ethyl Pyrogallarene and Pyrogallarene: Synthesis, Structural Analysis and Derivatization (2004)

Abstract In the acid-catalyzed synthesis of ethyl pyrogallCitation[4]arene, a novel hexamer, ethyl pyrogallCitation[6] arene, is obtained as a readily isolable minor product. PyrogallCitation[6]arene can be isolated from the reaction mixture in three different ways yielding the hexamer in different forms and stabilities. Crystallization from DMSO and then recrystallization from acetone gives a stable crystalline solid, recrystallization directly from acetone yields an unstable white powder, while direct recrystallization from THF gives a stable white powder. Both pyrogallCitation[4]arene and pyrogallCitation[6]arene crystallize readily with DMSO filling the voids in the crystal lattice. Co-crystallization studies of the hexamer isolated by recrystallization from acetone resulted in a novel directly hydrogen-bonded capsule formed by two pyrogallCitation[4]arenes and an included TMA cation, while the DMSO/acetone isolated product yielded the intact hexamer with clathrate-type TMA inclusion. Keywords: ResorcinarenesX-ray crystallographyEncapsulationAcylation Acknowledgements Financial support from the Academy of Finland (M.N.), Tekes (project no. 40476/01) and the Graduate School of Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry (A.Å.) is gratefully acknowledged. We thank Reijo Kauppinen for his help with the NMR experiments and Dr Pipsa Hirva, University of Joensuu, for the solid-state NMR experiments.
Crystal Structure of an (R)-Selective ω-Transaminase from Aspergillus terreus (2014)

Chiral amines are important building blocks for the synthesis of pharmaceutical products, fine chemicals, and agrochemicals. ω-Transaminases are able to directly synthesize enantiopure chiral amines by catalysing the transfer of an amino group from a primary amino donor to a carbonyl acceptor with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) as cofactor. In nature, (S)-selective amine transaminases are more abundant than the (R)-selective enzymes, and therefore more information concerning their structures is available. Here, we present the crystal structure of an (R)-ω-transaminase from Aspergillus terreus determined by X-ray crystallography at a resolution of 1.6 Å. The structure of the protein is a homodimer that displays the typical class IV fold of PLP-dependent aminotransferases. The PLP-cofactor observed in the structure is present in two states (i) covalently bound to the active site lysine (the internal aldimine form) and (ii) as substrate/product adduct (the external aldimine form) and free lysine. Docking studies revealed that (R)-transaminases follow a dual binding mode, in which the large binding pocket can harbour the bulky substituent of the amine or ketone substrate and the α-carboxylate of pyruvate or amino acids, and the small binding pocket accommodates the smaller substituent.
Characterization and use of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies against the mouse interferon-γ receptor (1992)

To facilitate investigation of its physical and functional properties, 11 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and a goat polyclonal IgG specific for the mouse interferon- (IFN-gamma) receptor were characterized and their potential uses studied. Eight of the mAbs interacted with epitopes on the extracellular domain of the receptor, two interacted with epitopes on the intracellular domain, and one interacted with an epitope that could not be localized definitively to either region. Of the 11 mAbs, the majority (8) were IgGs, 2 were IgMs, and 1 was an IgA. Relative avidities of the seven that could be determined ranged from 333 to 0.002 microM-1. Both the polyclonal goat IgG and mAb GR-20 (the latter specific for an epitope in the binding site for IFN-gamma) blocked binding of the ligand and, as expected, prevented induction by IFN-gamma of priming of macrophages for tumor cell killing. None of the other mAbs had an effect despite the fact that GR-22 partially (greater than 50%) blocked binding of IFN-gamma. Neither the polyclonal IgG nor any of the mAbs had an agonist effect. The relative usefulness of the antibodies for immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting, immunoassay, and cell staining with and without prior fixation is described. The results of immunocytochemical staining directly confirmed that the majority of immunologically reactive receptor protein expressed by cells is intracellular. To facilitate use by other investigators, the hybridomas that produce these mAbs will be offered to the American Type Culture Collection.
Identification of peptides from brain and pituitary of <i>Cpe</i> <sup>fat</sup> <i>/Cpe</i> <sup>fat</sup> mice (2001)

Cpe(fat)/Cpe(fat) mice have a naturally occurring point mutation within the carboxypeptidase E gene that inactivates this enzyme, leading to an accumulation of many neuroendocrine peptides containing C-terminal basic residues. These processing intermediates can be readily purified on an anhydrotrypsin affinity resin. Using MS to obtain molecular mass and partial sequence information, more than 100 peptides have been identified. These peptides represent fragments of 16 known secretory pathway proteins, including proenkephalin, proopiomelanocortin, protachykinins A and B, chromogranin A and B, and secretogranin II. Many of the identified peptides represent previously uncharacterized fragments of the precursors. For example, 12 of the 13 chromogranin B-derived peptides found in the present study have not been previously reported. Of these 13 chromogranin B-derived peptides, only five contain consensus cleavage sites for prohormone convertases at both the C and N termini. Two distinct chromogranin B-derived peptides result from cleavage at Trp-Trp bonds, a site not typically associated with neuropeptide processing. An RIA was used to confirm that one of these peptides, designated WE-15, exists in wild-type mouse brain, thus validating the approach to identify peptides in Cpe(fat)/Cpe(fat) mice. These "orphan" peptides are candidate ligands for orphan G protein-coupled receptors. In addition, the general technique of using affinity chromatography to isolate endogenous substrates from a mutant organism lacking an enzyme should be applicable to a wide range of enzyme-substrate systems.
Anodic Oxidation of Cobalt in Neutral and Basic Solution (1978)

The anodic oxidation and anodic oxide films of cobalt have been studiect in borate buffer solutions in the pH range from 7 to 11. The anodic polarization curve Shows the active dissolution, primary passivity, secondary passivity, tertiary passivity, and transpassivation. It is also shown that the anodic oxide film is hydrated oxide of CoO in the primary passive region, bilayered oxide CoO/Co804 in the secondary passive re gmn, and bilayered oxide of CoO/Co20:~ in the tertiary passive and transpasslve regions. The dissolution current of the anodic oxide film in the secondary and tertiary passive regions is much smaller than that in the primary passive region. By cathodic reduction the outer Co203 layer is first converted to Co~O4 and then reduced further to hydrated Co S+ ions before the inner CoO layer is reduced to metallic cobalt.
Where are the Non-members?: Challenges and Opportunities in the Heartlands for Union Organising (2002)

Changing patterns of union membership and non-membership during the 1990s have been mapped by ACIRRT researchers using unpublished ABS data in the development of a new database commissioned by the Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU). Methodologically, the key innovation of the Non-Unionists and Members (NUMs) database is the development of a new concordance table and the classification of occupations and industries as heartlands, midlands and lowlands according to their level of union density to analyse membership trends in areas of strength and weakness. After mapping the location of non-members across workplaces of different size within the heartlands, midlands and lowlands, our primary conclusion is that consolidating and extending membership in heartland areas should be a key strategic priority for union renewal. Our analysis of ABS data illustrates there are significant opportunities for building membership in heartland areas, especially in large workplaces, where unions are continuing to suffer major membership losses even as overall membership levels have stabilised in the past couple of years. As employment growth is slower in the heartlands, unions ultimately have to organise workers in the midlands and lowlands - especially amongst mid and low-skilled service occupations - but unless membership in the heartlands is consolidated the capacity to expand into non-traditional areas in the future will be compromised.