gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Molecular and Pharmacokinetic Properties of 222 Commercially Available Oral Drugs in Humans. (2001)

This study was performed to determine the exclusion criteria that differentiate poorly absorbed drugs from good drug candidates, and to accelerate drug development by exclusion of unnecessary assessment. The molecular and pharmacokinetic properties of 222 commercially available oral drugs were tabulated and their correlations were analyzed. The exclusion criteria obtained were 1) a molecular weight of more than 500, and 2) a ClogP value of more than 5. Exceptions to molecular weight criteria were compounds with a sugar moiety, high atomic weight, and large cyclic structure. It was also suggested that being a substrate for MDRI (P-glycoprotein) does not always result in poor bioavailability, and that drug development by chemical modification of a seed or lead compound with quantitative structure activity relationship analysis can result in lower bioavailability, higher bound fraction and lower urinary excretion, which would hamper later development processes and might result in considerable drug-drug interaction. The criteria should be adjusted according to the pharmacological profiles of the agents in question and depending on the estimated profit, but ignoring these criteria may result in a significant waste of time and money during drug development.
C1 inactivator-C1s complexes in inflammatory joint disease. (1983)

A newly developed enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the quantitation of C1 inhibitor (C1In)-C1s complexes was used to study activation of the classical pathway of complement in inflammatory joint diseases. Synovial fluid (SF) specimens were obtained from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), other arthritides and non-inflammatory joint effusions. Paired serum (S) samples were obtained in 17 cases. Immune complexes (IC) were measured by the staphylococcal binding assay. C1In-C1s were higher in RA SF samples than in paired RAS samples (P less than 0.01). IC were higher in RA SF than non-RA SF. There was a significant inverse correlation between SF C1In-C1s complexes and SF total haemolytic complement. For all SF samples there was a correlation between IC and C1In-C1s complexes, but for RA SF alone there was no significant correlation between these parameters. There was no correlation between titre of rheumatoid factor and C1In-C1s complexes. These results demonstrate that activation of the classical pathway of complement is the hallmark of rheumatoid synovitis, yet also suggest functional heterogeneity of both circulating and intra-articular IC.
Genome coverage and sequence fidelity of  29 polymerase-based multiple strand displacement whole genome amplification (2004)

Major efforts are underway to systematically define the somatic and germline genetic variations causally associated with disease. Genome-wide genetic analysis of actual clinical samples is, however, limited by the paucity of genomic DNA available. Here we have tested the fidelity and genome representation of phi29 polymerase-based genome amplification (phi29MDA) using direct sequencing and high density oligonucleotide arrays probing >10,000 SNP alleles. Genome representation was comprehensive and estimated to be 99.82% complete, although six regions encompassing a maximum of 5.62 Mb failed to amplify. There was no degradation in the accuracy of SNP genotyping and, in direct sequencing experiments sampling 500,000 bp, the estimated error rate (9.5 x 10(-6)) was the same as in paired unamplified samples. The detection of cancer-associated loss of heterozygosity and copy number changes, including homozygous deletion and gene amplification, were similarly robust. These results suggest that phi29MDA yields high fidelity, near-complete genome representation suitable for high resolution genetic analysis.
Occurrence and Properties of the Hyperpolarization-Activated Current I <sub>f</sub> in Ventricular Myocytes From Normotensive and Hypertensive Rats During Aging (1996)

In LVMs from both WKY and SHR, the occurrence of I(f) increases with aging. Density appears linearly related to the severity of cardiac hypertrophy and increases with beta-adrenoceptor stimulation, which suggests that I(f) may contribute to an increased propensity of the hypertrophied heart for arrhythmias.
Roles of Glycoproteins and Oligosaccharides Found in Human Vaginal Fluid in Bacterial Adherence (1999)

Adherence of type 1-piliated Escherichia coli to carbohydrate structures of vaginal mucosa plays a major role in the pathogenesis of ascending urinary tract infections in women. Colonization of the vaginal introitus is influenced by interactions between pathogens, vaginal fluid, and vaginal epithelium. In this study, the type and amount of carbohydrates and glycoproteins present in vaginal fluid were determined. Free and protein-bound oligosaccharides in vaginal fluid specimens were analyzed by fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis (FACE) and high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC). Two-dimensional electrophoretic separations of vaginal fluid glycoproteins were performed together with bacterial overlay assays. The results of FACE showed that the majority of the oligosaccharides are in the free state and the bound oligosaccharides are undetectable. HPLC analysis of free sugars revealed glucose as the major sugar (3.3 +/- 0.3 mM), and the concentrations of mannose and glucosamine were 0.065 +/- 0.04 and 0.02 +/- 0.001 mM, respectively. Radiolabeled E. coli bound three vaginal fluid glycoproteins with the following molecular masses and pIs: 82 kDa and pI 5.5, 55 kDa and pI 4.5, and 55 kDa and pI 6.5. The binding was inhibited by mannose and by deglycosylation of the proteins prior to the overlay assay. One of these putative receptors was identified to be the heavy chain of secretory IgA (S-IgA). These data suggest that the free mannose in the fluid is less than that required to affect E. coli-epithelial cell binding interactions and that S-IgA may bind E. coli in the vaginal introitus.
Paraxial analysis of mechanically compensated zoom lenses 3: Five-component type (1983)

With the help of Gaussian Brackets, this paper presents a paraxial study of the mechanically compensated zoom lens which consists of a fixed front component, three independently movable components, and a fixed fifth component. The expressions, which define the displacement of components at zooming, the critical point of displacement, and the singular point of displacement are derived. Some numerical examples of the zooming locus are given.
Abuse and HIV-related risk. (1995)

Research has been conducted on the effects of childhood abuse that may lead to HIV risk-taking behaviors in adolescence and adulthood. There is evidence of a higher incidence of childhood abuse among HIV-infected individuals and those at highest risk, but not enough evidence to confirm childhood abuse as a root cause of risk-taking. Research is beginning to show important connections between psychological trauma and risk, and to suggest therapeutic approaches. The trauma of childhood sexual abuse is retained by the victims, which can cause dissociative defenses and damaging feelings of self-efficacy which may affect safer sex practices. To identify sexual abuse as an issue in therapy, it is advised that counselors develop client histories regarding relationships, sexual expression and identity, substance use, suicidality, and other recurring self-destructive patterns of thought and behavior. The treatment goal is to assist the patient in understanding how abuse has affected feelings, thoughts, and relationship styles, and to recognize patterns that lead directly to HIV-related risk or that set the stage for risky activities. The critical aspect of treatment is to accurately assess the patient's coping skills when determining the course of treatment. ¿¿¿¿¿¿¿
Editorial: What is healthy sex? (1995)

(1995). Editorial: What is healthy sex? Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity: Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 3-4.
Dimensional Control of Cobalt-hydroxide-carbonate Nanorods and Their Thermal Conversion to One-Dimensional Arrays of Co<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Nanoparticles (2003)

We report a detailed investigation on the formation of cobalt-basic-carbonate compounds [Co(OH)x(CO3)0.5(2-x)·nH2O] with dimensional and morphological controls. Two complementary precipitation methods developed in this work produce cobalt-basic-carbonate in the form of nanorods across a wide diameter span from 2 to 200 nm and a length up to 5 μm. Various controlling parameters were examined, such as anions in starting reagents, reaction temperature, aging time, and chemical compositions between the solid products and starting reagents. The resultant solids were characterized using XRD, FTIR, CHN, and TGA/DrTGA methods with respect to their formation process and thermal decomposition. More importantly, morphological aspects of the Co(OH)x(CO3)0.5(2-x)·nH2O and their heat-treated product Co3O4 were investigated with TEM/ED methods. It has been found that the Co(OH)x(CO3)0.5(2-x)·nH2O nanorods are grown along the [010] direction (orthorhombic). Upon thermal decomposition at ≥300 °C, the above nanorods self-assemble into one-dimensional arrays of Co3O4 nanoparticles along the [111] axis (cubic) of the spinel. Co3O4 nanorods can be prepared with this method in a small diameter regime of 20−40 nm.
Multiple antenna systems: Their role and impact in future wireless access (2003)

Multiple antennas play an important role in improving radio communications. In view of this role, the area of multiple antenna communication systems is in the forefront of wireless research. This article reviews two key related aspects of multiple antenna communication systems: multiple access interference mitigation at the receiver via multi-user beamforming; and space-time modulation and coding for MIMO systems. It is shown that both multi-user and MIMO receivers share similar signal processing and complexity tradeoffs.. Following that, a general unified framework for assessing different types of space-time modulation for MIMO systems is introduced. These space-time modulation methods are then compared in terms of Shannon capacity over multipath channels. Key MIMO system performance and implementation issues are also highlighted.
The neuronal stem cell of the olfactory epithelium (1998)

The vertebrate olfactory epithelium (OE) is a system in which behavior of neuronal progenitor cells can be observed and manipulated easily. It is morphologically and functionally similar to embryonic germinal neuroepithelia, but is simpler in that it produces large numbers of a single type of neuron, the olfactory receptor neuron (ORN). The OE is amenable to tissue culture, gene transfer, and in vivo surgical approaches, and these have been exploited in experiments aimed at understanding the characteristics of OE neuronal progenitor cells. This has led to the realization that the ORN lineage contains at least three distinct stages of proliferating neuronal progenitor cells (including a stem cell), each of which represents a point at which growth control can be exerted. Neurogenesis proceeds continually in the OE, and studies in vivo have shown that this is a regulated process that serves to maintain the number of ORNs at a particular level. These studies suggest that OE neuronal progenitors-which are in close physical proximity to ORNs-can "read" the number of differentiated neurons in their environment and regulate production of new neurons accordingly. Putative neuronal stem cells of the OE have been identified in vitro, and studies of these cells indicate that ORNs produce a signal that feeds back to inhibit neurogenesis. This inhibitory signal may be exerted at the level of the stem cell itself. Recent studies to identify this signal, as well as endogenous stimulatory signals that may be important in regulating OE neurogenesis, are also discussed.
Properties of Biodegradable Multilayer Films Based on Plasticized Wheat Starch (2001)

Multilayer films based on plasticized wheat starch (PWS) and various biodegradable aliphatic polyesters have been prepared through flat film coextrusion and compression molding. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA), polyesteramide (PEA), poly(μ-caprolactone) (PCL), poly(butylene succinate adipate) (PBSA), and poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate) (PHBV) were chosen as the outer layers of the stratified "polyester/PWS/polyester" film structure. The main goal of the polyester layers was to improve significantly the properties of PWS in terms of mechanical performance and moisture resistance. Since no specific compatibilizer or tie layer were added, the properties of subsequent films rely on the compatibility between the respective materials only. The effects of glycerol content in PWS, polyester type, and film composition on the mechanical properties and adhesion strength of multilayers were investigated. The conditions for optimal product performance were examined. The multilayer films may be suitable for applications in food packaging or disposable articles.
Photodynamic Therapy: Tumor Targeting with Adenoviral Proteins (1999)

A brief summary of the mechanisms involved in photo-dynamic therapy (PDT) and the role of delivery vehicles for photosensitizer targeting is addressed. Phthalocya-nines (Pc) have been coupled to adenovirus type 2 capsid proteins including the hexon, the penton base and the fiber to enhance their target selectivity. Adenovirus pen-ton base proteins contain the arginine-glycine-aspartic acid peptidic sequence (RGD) motif known to bind with great affinity and high specificity to integrin receptors, expressed by several types of cancer. Tetrasulfonated aluminum phthalocyanine (AlPcS4) was covalently coupled to the various capsid proteins via one or two caproic acid spacer chains (A1 or A2) in 7:1 up to 66:1 molar ratios. The capacity of the bioconjugates for singlet oxygen production, as measured by an L-tryptophan oxidation assay, was strongly reduced, likely reflecting scavenging by the carrier. Cell adsorption and in vitro pho-tocytotoxicity assays were carried out using the A549 and HEp2 human cell lines expressing integrin receptors, and one murine, the EMT-6 cell line, which lacks receptors for the RGD sequence. The AlPcS4A2-protein complexes induced greater cytotoxicity as compared to the analogous AlPcS4A1 preparations. The penton base-AIPcS4A2 derivative was the more phototoxic for all cell lines tested. Tumor response studies using Balb/c mice with EMT-6 tumor implants demonstrated that the free AlPcS4A2 induced complete tumor regression at a dose of 1 μmol/kg and 400 J/cm2, which is comparable to the activity of the known AlPcS2adJ.A mixture of adenovirus type 2 soluble proteins covalently labeled with AlPcS4A2 required 0.5 μmol/kg to induce the same response with the same light dose, suggesting that the high affinity RGD/receptor complex is able to target Pc for PDT.
Fault detection and identification in a mobile robot using multiple model estimation and neural network (2002)

We propose a method to detect and identify faults in wheeled mobile robots. The idea behind the method is to use adaptive estimation to predict the outcome of several faults, and to learn them collectively as a failure pattern. Models of the system behavior under each type of fault are embedded in multiple parallel Kalman filter (KF) estimators. Each KF is tuned to a particular fault and predicts, using its embedded model, the expected values for the sensor readings. The residual, the difference between the predicted readings (based on certain assumptions for the system model and the sensor models) and the actual sensor readings, is used as an indicator of how well each filter is performing. A backpropagation neural network processes this set of residuals as a pattern and decides which fault has occurred, that is, which filter is better tuned to the correct state of the mobile robot. The technique has been implemented on a physical robot and results from experiments are discussed.
Stress induced Salmonella Typhimurium recrudescence in pigs coincides with cortisol induced increased intracellular proliferation in macrophages (2011)

Salmonella Typhimurium infections in pigs often result in the development of carriers that intermittently excrete Salmonella in very low numbers. During periods of stress, for example transport to the slaughterhouse, recrudescence of Salmonella may occur, but the mechanism of this stress related recrudescence is poorly understood. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the role of the stress hormone cortisol in Salmonella recrudescence by pigs. We showed that a 24 h feed withdrawal increases the intestinal Salmonella Typhimurium load in pigs, which is correlated with increased serum cortisol levels. A second in vivo trial demonstrated that stress related recrudescence of Salmonella Typhimurium in pigs can be induced by intramuscular injection of dexamethasone. Furthermore, we found that cortisol, but not epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine, promotes intracellular proliferation of Salmonella Typhimurium in primary porcine alveolar macrophages, but not in intestinal epithelial cells and a transformed cell line of porcine alveolar macrophages. A microarray based transcriptomic analysis revealed that cortisol did not directly affect the growth or the gene expression or Salmonella Typhimurium in a rich medium, which implies that the enhanced intracellular proliferation of the bacterium is probably caused by an indirect effect through the cell. These results highlight the role of cortisol in the recrudescence of Salmonella Typhimurium by pigs and they provide new evidence for the role of microbial endocrinology in host-pathogen interactions.
A Systematic Review of Commercial Smart Gloves: Current Status and Applications (2021)

Smart gloves have been under development during the last 40 years to support human-computer interaction based on hand and finger movement. Despite the many devoted efforts and the multiple advances in related areas, these devices have not become mainstream yet. Nevertheless, during recent years, new devices with improved features have appeared, being used for research purposes too. This paper provides a review of current commercial smart gloves focusing on three main capabilities: (i) hand and finger pose estimation and motion tracking, (ii) kinesthetic feedback, and (iii) tactile feedback. For the first capability, a detailed reference model of the hand and finger basic movements (known as degrees of freedom) is proposed. Based on the PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews for the period 2015-2021, 24 commercial smart gloves have been identified, while many others have been discarded because they did not meet the inclusion criteria: currently active commercial and fully portable smart gloves providing some of the three main capabilities for the whole hand. The paper reviews the technologies involved, main applications and it discusses about the current state of development. Reference models to support end users and researchers comparing and selecting the most appropriate devices are identified as a key need.
Involvement of a growth hormone receptor-associated tyrosine kinase in signal transduction by growth hormone. (1993)

Although growth hormone (GH) has been demonstrated to be an important regulator of body growth, cellular differentiation and metabolism, the mechanisms of intracellular signal transduction initiated by GH are unclear. This study investigates whether the cloned liver GH receptor (GHR) forms a complex with a cellular tyrosine kinase and if so, whether activation of this kinase is important in GH signaling and actions. To determine whether the cloned liver GHR associates with a tyrosine kinase and can be tyrosyl phosphorylated by this kinase, the ability of $\sp{125}$I-GH-GHR complexes from cells expressing the cloned GHR to bind to anti-phosphotyrosine antibody and the ability of GH-GHR complexes purified by anti-GH antibody to incorporate $\sp{32}$P-phosphoryl residues in an in vitro assay were examined. Results indicate that the cloned liver GHR co-purifies with tyrosine kinase activity and can be tyrosyl phosphorylated in vivo and in vitro when expressed in COS-7, mouse-L, CHO and RIN5-AH cells. A 121-kDa phosphoprotein (pp121) has been identified in this study as a candidate for the GHR-associated tyrosine kinase. pp121, which does not appear to bind to GH, is present in kinase-active anti-GH antibody immunoprecipitates from CHO cells expressing the cloned liver GH receptor, suggesting that pp121 forms a complex with GHR. Both GHR and pp121 are phosphorylated on tyrosyl residues in an in vitro kinase assay and in intact cells incubated with GH. Regions of the GHR necessary for association and/or activation of the GHR-associated tyrosine kinase and tyrosyl phosphorylation of the GHR were determined using two GHR truncation mutants. When expressed in CHO and RIN5-AH cells, GHR$\sb{1-454}$ which lacks the C-terminal half of the cytoplasmic domain but not GHR$\sb{1-294}$ which lacks all but 5 amino acids of the cytoplasmic domain retains the ability to copurify with tyrosine kinase activity and pp121 and to be phosphorylated in vivo and in vitro. This finding indicates that the N-terminal half of the cytoplasmic domain of the GHR is required for association and/or activation of the GHR-associated tyrosine kinase and contains phosphorylation site(s) for the kinase. Additionally, GH increases MAP kinase activity and induces c-fos gene expression in CHO cells expressing GHR$\sb{1-454}.$ These results strongly suggest that activation of the GHR-associated tyrosine kinase is important in GH signaling and GH actions. (Abstract shortened by UMI.).
Quinolinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase: preferential glial localization in the rat brain visualized by immunocytochemistry. (1987)

The excitotoxic brain metabolite quinolinic acid has been hypothetically linked to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. By using antibodies prepared against a homogeneous preparation of its catabolic enzyme, quinolinic acid phosphoribosyltransferase [QPRTase; nicotinate-nucleotide:pyrophosphate phosphoribosyltransferase (carboxylating), EC 2.4.2.19], immunocytochemical methods were applied to assess the cellular and subcellular localization of quinolinic acid in the rat brain. On the light-microscopic level, the enzyme was found to be preferentially associated with glial elements of variable morphology. In addition to its presence in glial cells, QPRTase was contained in tanycytes and ependymal cells of the cerebral ventricles and, sporadically, in neurons. Overall, QPRTase immunoreactivity was noted in every brain region studied, the histological pattern being in good accordance with the regional variation of enzyme activity established in biochemical studies. As judged on the ultrastructural level, QPRTase, in all cell types examined so far, was often noted in densely stained roundish cytoplasmic bodies (0.1-0.8 micron in diameter), which were bounded by a single membrane. In functional terms, these structures may represent early lysosomes, secretory granules, or residual bodies. The particular anatomical arrangement of the quinolinic acid system may reflect the brain's defense strategy against detrimental effects of the endogenous excitotoxin.
Insights from the Study of Heart Rate Variability (1999)

Indices of heart rate variability (HRV) provide a window onto autonomic modulation of the heart. HRV indices, determined in either the time or frequency domain, are closely related and reflect parasympathetic, mixed sympathetic, and parasympathetic and circadian rhythms. In population studies, decreased HRV has had predictive value for mortality among healthy adults. It is a well-established risk factor for arrhythmic events and mortality among post-myocardial-infarction patients but has only moderate sensitivity and specificity. Decreased HRV has had mixed predictive success in congestive heart failure. Reduced HRV identifies diabetic patients with autonomic neuropathy. HRV in combination with other risk stratifiers, e.g. ejection fraction, can identify cardiac patients at especially high risk of mortality. Many but not all interventions associated with increased HRV are also associated with better survival rates.