gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Induction of Cyclooxygenase-2 by Secretory Phospholipases A2 in Nerve Growth Factor-Stimulated Rat Serosal Mast Cells Is Facilitated by Interaction with Fibroblasts and Mediated by a Mechanism Independent of Their Enzymatic Functions (1998)

Mast cells exhibit a biphasic (immediate and delayed) eicosanoid-biosynthetic response after stimulation with particular cytokines or Fc epsilonRI (high affinity receptor for IgE) cross-linking. Treatment of rat serosal connective tissue mast cells (CTMC) with nerve growth factor (NGF) induced only the delayed phase of PGD2 generation that depended on inducible cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), but not constitutive COX-1, even though the subcellular distributions of these isoforms were similar. Experiments using several phospholipase A2 (PLA2) isozyme-specific probes and inhibitors suggested that both constitutive cytosolic PLA2 and inducible type IIA secretory PLA2 (sPLA2) are involved in NGF-initiated, COX-2-dependent, delayed PGD2 generation in rat CTMC. A type IIA sPLA2 inhibitor, but neither cytosolic PLA2 nor COX inhibitors, reduced, while adding exogenous type IIA sPLA2 augmented, NGF-induced COX-2 expression and its attendant PGD2 generation, indicating that the sPLA2-mediated increase in delayed PGD2 generation was attributable mainly to enhanced COX-2 expression. Type IIA sPLA2 and its close relative type V sPLA2 associated with fibroblastic cell surfaces increased NGF-induced COX-2 expression more efficiently than the soluble enzymes, revealing a particular juxtacrine sPLA2 presentation route. Surprisingly, catalytically inactive type IIA sPLA2 mutants, which were incapable of promoting arachidonic acid release from cytokine-primed cells, retained the ability to enhance COX-2 expression in CTMC, indicating that the COX-2-inducing activities of sPLA2 are independent of their catalytic functions.
Shikimic Acid Production in Escherichia coli: From Classical Metabolic Engineering Strategies to Omics Applied to Improve Its Production (2015)

Shikimic acid (SA) is an intermediate of the SA pathway that is present in bacteria and plants. SA has gained great interest because it is a precursor in the synthesis of the drug oseltamivir phosphate (OSF), an efficient inhibitor of the neuraminidase enzyme of diverse seasonal influenza viruses, the avian influenza virus H5N1, and the human influenza virus H1N1. For the purposes of OSF production, SA is extracted from the pods of Chinese star anise plants (Illicium spp.), yielding up to 17% of SA (dry basis content). The high demand for OSF necessary to manage a major influenza outbreak is not adequately met by industrial production using SA from plants sources. As the SA pathway is present in the model bacteria Escherichia coli, several "intuitive" metabolically engineered strains have been applied for its successful overproduction by biotechnological processes, resulting in strains producing up to 71 g/L of SA, with high conversion yields of up to 0.42 (mol SA/mol Glc), in both batch and fed-batch cultures using complex fermentation broths, including glucose as a carbon source and yeast extract. Global transcriptomic analyses have been performed in SA-producing strains, resulting in the identification of possible key target genes for the design of a rational strain improvement strategy. Because possible target genes are involved in the transport, catabolism, and interconversion of different carbon sources and metabolic intermediates outside the central carbon metabolism and SA pathways, as genes involved in diverse cellular stress responses, the development of rational cellular strain improvement strategies based on omics data constitutes a challenging task to improve SA production in currently overproducing engineered strains. In this review, we discuss the main metabolic engineering strategies that have been applied for the development of efficient SA-producing strains, as the perspective of omics analysis has focused on further strain improvement for the production of this valuable aromatic intermediate.
Demyelination, Astrogliosis, and Accumulation of Ubiquitinated Proteins, Hallmarks of CNS Disease in<i>hsf1</i>-Deficient Mice (2007)

The heat shock transcription factors (Hsfs) are responsible for the heat shock response, an evolutionarily conserved process for clearance of damaged and aggregated proteins. In organisms such as Caenorhabditis elegans, which contain a single Hsf, reduction in the level of Hsf is associated with the appearance of age-related phenotypes and increased accumulation of protein aggregates. Mammalian cells express three hsfs (hsf1, hsf2, hsf4) and their role in CNS homeostasis remains unclear. In this study, we examined the effects of deletion of single or multiple hsf genes in the CNS using mutant mice. Our results show that hsf1-/- mice display progressive myelin loss that accompanies severe astrogliosis and this is exacerbated in the absence of either the hsf2 or hsf4 gene. Magnetic resonance imaging and behavioral studies indicate reduction in the white matter tracts of the corpus callosum, and deficiencies in motor activity, respectively, in aged hsf1-/- mice. Concomitantly, hsf1-/- aged CNS exhibit increased activated microglia and apoptotic cells that are mainly positive for GFAP, an astrocyte-specific marker. Studies based on the expression of short-lived ubiquitinated green fluorescent protein (GFPu) in living hsf1-/- cells indicate that they exhibit reduced ability to degrade ubiquitinated proteins, accumulate short-lived GFPu, and accumulate aggregates of the Huntington's model of GFP containing trinucleotide repeats (Q103-GFP). Likewise, hsf1-/- brain and astrocytes exhibit higher than wild-type levels of ubiquitinated proteins, increased levels of protein oxidation, and increased sensitivity to oxidative stress. These studies indicate a critical role for mammalian hsf genes, but specifically hsf1, in the quality control mechanisms and maintenance of CNS homeostasis during the organism's lifetime.
<sup>99m</sup>Tc-Pertechnetate Scintigraphy as an Aid in the Diagnosis of Breast Masses (1973)

99mTc-pertechnetate images of the breast were obtained in 6 patients, and the localization of the radionuclide in breast masses was correlated with the clinical examination, mammography, and pathological diagnosis of malignancy (when available). Digital image enhancement was useful in demonstrating the discrete area of uptake. This method may be of value as a supplemental approach in the diagnosis of breast disease.
Secondary electron imaging as a two-dimensional dopant profiling technique: Review and update (1998)

Secondary electron (SE) imaging of semiconductors reveals contrast between n- and p-type areas that can serve as the basis for a two-dimensional dopant profiling technique. In this article, recent experiments that address sensitivity, spatial resolution, calibration methodology, p/n junction effects, and sample preparation issues are reviewed and discussed for boron doped silicon. In addition, several examples of successful applications of SE imaging as a two-dimensional dopant profiling technique are presented.
Investigating diversity in human plasma proteins (2005)

Plasma proteins represent an important part of the human proteome. Although recent proteomics research efforts focus largely on determining the overall number of proteins circulating in plasma, it is equally important to delineate protein variations among individuals, because they can signal the onset of diseases and be used as biological markers in diagnostics. To date, there has been no systematic proteomics effort to characterize the breadth of structural modifications in individual proteins in the general population. In this work, we have undertaken a population proteomics study to define gene- and protein-level diversity that is encountered in the general population. Twenty-five plasma proteins from a cohort of 96 healthy individuals were investigated through affinity-based mass spectrometric assays. A total of 76 structural forms/variants were observed for the 25 proteins within the samples cohort. Posttranslational modifications were detected in 18 proteins, and point mutations were observed in 4 proteins. The frequency of occurrence of these variations was wide-ranged, with some modifications being observed in only one sample, and others detected in all 96 samples. Even though a relatively small cohort of individuals was investigated, the results from this study illustrate the extent of protein diversity in the human population and can be of immediate aid in clinical proteomics/biomarker studies by laying a basal-level statistical foundation from which protein diversity relating to disease can be evaluated.
Symbolic traversals of data paths with auxiliary variables (2002)

Symbolic state space traversal techniques are best on control-dominated circuits, not on data paths. This paper extends their applicability to regular structures commonly found in data paths by using auxiliary variables to decompose and to manipulate Boolean functions in decomposed form. Experimental results demonstrate the gain both in terms of binary decision diagram (BDD) size and CPU time.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein A Proteolytic Activity Is Associated with the Human Placental Trophoblast Cell Membrane (2002)

Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) is a product of the placenta and decidua and is secreted into the maternal circulation during human pregnancy. It recently has been identified as an IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-4 protease. Presumed functions at the maternal-fetal interface are to proteolyze IGFBP-4 and thus increase IGF bioavailability locally in the placenta, to promote IGF-II-mediated trophoblast invasion into the maternal decidua, and to modulate IGF regulation of steroidogenesis and glucose and amino acid transport in the villous. Herein, we have investigated the possibility that IGFBP-4 proteolysis may occur on the trophoblast cell membrane, presumably to increase local bioavailable IGF for interactions with cognate IGF membrane receptors. Human trophoblasts were cultured, trophoblast plasma membranes were isolated and solubilized, and IGFBP-4 protease activity and PAPP-A immunoreactivity in the solubilized plasma membrane fraction were investigated. IGFBP-4 protease activity was detected in solubilized human trophoblast membranes, resulting in cleavage of recombinant human IGFBP-4 into 18- and 14-kDa fragments, detected by Western immunoblot analysis. This protease activity was dependent on the presence of IGF-II, and its metal ion dependence was demonstrated by inhibition of the protease by the metal chelators, EDTA and EGTA. The presence of PAPP-A in solubilized human trophoblast membranes was demonstrated by Western immunoblotting. Trophoblast membrane PAPP-A had a relative molecular weight of approximately 200 kDa and comigrated on (reducing) SDS-PAGE with recombinant human PAPP-A and PAPP-A secreted into media conditioned by cultured human trophoblasts. IGFBP-4 protease activity was not detected after immunodepletion of PAPP-A from the trophoblast membrane fraction with PAPP-A polyclonal antibodies, suggesting the identity of the membrane-derived IGFBP-4 protease as PAPP-A. Immunocytochemistry revealed PAPP-A on the cell membrane and in the cytoplasm of human trophoblasts in culture. Together, these data demonstrate the presence of an IGF-II- and metal-dependent IGFBP-4 protease activity in human trophoblast plasma membranes, identified as PAPP-A, which is well situated to proteolyze IGFBP-4 at the maternal-placental interface to facilitate IGF action at the villous surface and/or the invading extravillous cytotrophoblast.
Green Nail Syndrome Treated with the Application of Tobramycin Eye Drop (2014)

Green nail syndrome (chromonychia) is a nail disorder characterized by onycholysis and green-black discoloration of the nail bed. This condition is often associated with chronic paronychia. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most commonly identified organism in cultures from the affected area. Despite the various treatment options available, removal of the nail is still necessary in many cases. A 35-year-old man presented with dark-greenish discoloration of the nail plate and onycholysis on the left thumbnail. He had been treated with oral antifungal and antibiotic agents for several months; however, the lesion showed no improvement. The diagnosis of green nail syndrome was established after a positive bacterial culture, and on the basis of the antibiotic sensitivity test result, tobramycin eye drop (Tobrex®) was then prescribed. Three weeks later, the nail discoloration almost vanished but the onycholysis remained. Herein, we recommend the application of tobramycin eye drop as an easy and safe treatment option for green nail syndrome.
Platelets contain a peptide inhibitor of endothelial cell replication and growth. (1986)

Platelets release specific growth factors that stimulate division of aortic endothelial cells. Acidification or heating to 56 degrees C of platelet extracts is required to detect these factors. Nonheated platelet extracts inhibit endothelial growth. To determine if this inhibitory effect is due to a discrete chemical substance, a crude extract obtained by freezing and thawing human platelets was incubated with an endothelial cell mitogen and found to inhibit the endothelial cell incorporation of [3H]thymidine by greater than 95%. The inhibitor was partially purified by ion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatography. The partially purified material inhibited endothelial cell division as well as DNA synthesis. Inhibition caused by the partially purified material was concentration dependent, reversible, and not due to cytotoxicity. Further purification by heparin-Sepharose chromatography resulted in removal of greater than 95% of the contaminating substances without a loss of inhibitory activity. Physical characterization revealed that heparin-Sepharose-purified factor was heat labile, had a molecular size estimated at 35-40 kDa, and was stable between pH 4.5 and 9.0. Treatment with proteolytic enzymes destroyed all biologic activity, suggesting a peptide composition. These data support the conclusion that platelets contain a potent inhibitor of endothelial replication and growth. Since platelet deposition and release occur after endothelial denudation, release of this platelet-derived growth inhibitor may be an important regulator of reendothelialization that occurs after vessel injury.
Efficient Sending for Iris Biometric Packets Through Shortest Reliable Path (2014)

Abstract: Shortest path problem is how finding the shortest path from source to destination in computer networks. The need is to find the path distance from the source to destination which reliable and is found in an optimized way considering the network constraints. One of the basic challenges in distributed systems is how we can send the important packets from one terminal to another through the networks in safety and shortest paths, because sometimes the path is not reliable or the path is long that is take more time to sending the packets, So in our paper we proposed good technique for choosing shortest reliable path to sending Biometric Authentication packet to decrease losing of this packets and also we explain the content of the biometric authentication packet in our proposed web-based system.
Some Biochemical Characteristics of Guard Cell and Mesophyll Cell Protoplasts from<i>Commelina communis</i>L. (1986)

Guard cell and mesophyll cell protoplasts of Commelina communis L., were isolated and used to investigate their various biochemical characteristics. Contamination of the samples by other cell types was very low and viability of the protoplasts, assessed by the use of neutral red, Evans blue and fluorescein diacetate, was high (89–98%). Mesophyll cell protoplasts contained more chlorophyll (× 47), more soluble protein (× 10), more total N (× 36) and more DNA (× 9) than guard cell protoplasts. The absorption spectra of protoplast extracts were similar for both cell types except that below 400 nm there was a large increase in absorption by the guard cell protoplast extract. In guard cell protoplast extracts, high levels of activity of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (E.C. 4.1.1.31), NAD malate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1,1.37), NADP malic enzyme (E.C. 1.1.1.40) and carbonic anhydrase (E.C. 4.2.1.1) were detected while only low levels of pyruvate-orthophosphate dikinase (E.C. 2.7.9.1) activity were detected. Glycollate oxidase (E.C. 1.1.3.1), ribulose-l,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (E.C 4.1.1.39), NADP malate dehydrogenase (E.C. 1.1.1.82) and NAD malic enzyme (E.C. 1.1.1.39) were not detected in guard cell protoplast extracts. High levels of ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase, glycollate oxidase, NAD malate dehydrogenase and carbonic anhydrase were detected in mesophyll cell protoplast extracts which is typical of C3 plants. A pathway of carbon flow during stomatal opening and closing is proposed.
Clinical, genetic, neurophysiological and functional study of new mutations in episodic ataxia type 1 (2013)

The genetic basis of EA1 in four families is established and this report presents the earliest documented case from 1928. All three new mutations caused a loss of K(v)1.1 channel function. The finding of deafness in four individuals raises the possibility of a link between K(v)1.1 dysfunction and hearing impairment. Our findings broaden the phenotypic range associated with mutations in KCNA1.
Molecular analysis of the <i>LATERAL SUPPRESSOR</i> gene in <i>Arabidopsis</i> reveals a conserved control mechanism for axillary meristem formation (2003)

In seed plants, shoot branching is initiated by the formation of new meristems in the axils of leaves, which subsequently develop into new axes of growth. This study describes the genetic control of axillary meristem formation by the LATERAL SUPPRESSOR (LAS) gene in Arabidopsis thaliana. las mutants show a novel phenotype that is characterized by the inability to form lateral shoots during vegetative development. The analysis shows that axillary meristem formation is differently regulated during different phases of development. During reproductive development, axillary meristems initiate in close proximity to the shoot apical meristem and do not require LAS function. In contrast, during the vegetative phase, axillary meristems initiate at a distance to the SAM and require LAS function. This control mechanism is conserved between the distantly related species tomato and Arabidopsis. Monitoring the patterns of LAS and SHOOT MERISTEMLESS transcript accumulation allowed us to identify early steps in the development of leaf axil identity, which seem to be a prerequisite for axillary meristem initiation. Other regulators of shoot branching, like REVOLUTA and AUXIN RESISTANT 1, act downstream of LAS. The results are discussed in the context of the "detached meristem" and the "de novo formation" concepts of axillary meristem formation.
Betamethasone and Improvement of Neurological Symptoms in Ataxia-Telangiectasia (2006)

Controlled studies to better understand the most appropriate drug and therapeutic schedule are required.
[Effects of anti-tumor drugs and gastrointestinal hormones on the growth of pancreatic duct cell adenocarcinoma in homologous transplanted animal models]. (1985)

The pancreatic duct cell adenocarcinoma induced by di-isopropanol nitrosamine in Syrian golden hamsters could be easily and repeatedly into the subcutaneous tissues or the pancreas of the homologous animals. We examined the anti-tumor effects of the administration of FT-207 and the coadministration of FT-207 and uracil on the pancreatic cancer transplanted into the subcutaneous tissues and the pancreas. The inhibitory effect on the tumor growth observed in the group treated with FT-207 and uracil was more striking than that in the group treated with only FT-207. Such enhanced anti-tumor effect observed in the coadministration group seemed to be due to the increased 5-FU concentration in the tumor tissues. Some gastrointestinal hormones (cholecystokinin, caerulein, secretin and tetragastrin) injected intraperitoneally promoted the growth of subcutaneously transplanted tumor. These gastrointestinal hormones except tetragastrin also increased the weight of the pancreas. In an analysis of RNA and DNA contents and RNA/DNA ratio in tumor tissues, the promotion of the tumor growth seemed to stem from hyperplasia and/or hypertrophy of the cancer cells. Therefore, it is suggested that some gastrointestinal hormones have trophic actions on the pancreatic duct cell adenocarcinoma as well as normal pancreas.
Exchange Processes in Complexes with Two Ruthenium (η<sup>2</sup>-Silane) Linkages:  Role of the Secondary Interactions between Silicon and Hydrogen Atoms (2002)

NMR studies and DFT calculations (B3LYP) are used to elucidate the mechanisms for the hydride/(η2-Si-H) hydrogen exchange observed in the bis(silane) complexes RuH2[(η2-HSiMe2)2(CH2)2](PCy3)2 (2) and RuH2[(η2-HSiPh2)2O](PCy3)2 (4) obtained from the reactions of the bis(dihydrogen) ruthenium complex RuH2(H2)2(PCy3)2 (1) with the corresponding disilane HMe2Si(CH2)2SiMe2H or disiloxane HSiPh2OSiPh2H. Evidence is presented that exchange in 2 occurs via formation of isomers with dihydrogen ligands. Conversion of the most stable isomer A with C2v symmetry to the asymmetric Ru(η2-SiH)2 isomer B is the prelude to formation of the Ru(η2-SiH)(η2-H2) isomer C and the Ru(η2-H2)2 isomer D. Exchange occurs via rotation of the dihydrogen ligands and reversal of the isomerization process. The transformation of A into B via TSAB is the most energetically demanding individual step. This corresponds to the breaking of the SISHA (secondary interactions between silicon and hydrogen atoms) interactions between the silicons and the classical hydrides Hb and Hc. The calculated barrier of 43 kJ/mol for the complex with H3SiCH2CH2SiH3 and PH3 ligands compares to the experimental enthalpy of activation of 77 ± 11 kJ/mol for 2. Whereas complex 2 adopts a geometry with C2v symmetry, low-temperature NMR spectroscopy shows that complex 4 is present as two isomers, an asymmetric isomer with C1 symmetry and the symmetric isomer in proportions of ca. 1:2. The pathways for interconversion of the isomers and for exchange between the hydride and SiH hydrogen atoms have been delineated by DFT calculations and resemble those for complex 2. Reaction of 4 with excess triphenylphosphine yields RuH2{(η2-H-SiPh2)O(SiHPh2)}(PPh3)3 (5), which is shown by NMR spectroscopy to contain one coordinated and one uncoordinated SiH group. A crystal structure of the partially hydrolyzed analogue RuH2{(η2-H-SiPh2)O(Si(OH)Ph2)}(PPh3)3 (6) confirms the assignment. A ruthenium(II) formulation with one (η2-SiH) bond and two SISHA interactions is favored over a ruthenium(IV) structure with three hydrides and a silyl ligand.
Small-signal characterization of microwave and millimeter-wave HEMT's based on a physical model (1996)

A highly efficient generalized physics-based approach for small-signal characterization of FET devices is presented. A novel method is developed for extracting the frequency dependent two-port parameters from a single time-domain physical simulation based on a multi-signal excitation scheme. The technique is applied to simulating the frequency- and bias-dependent scattering parameters of HEMT's using a quasi-two-dimensional physical model that incorporates the main physical phenomena which govern the device behavior. A new carrier energy distribution model is presented which improves the accuracy of the physical model. An equivalent circuit is also generated from the physical dynamic simulation which can be used for predicting S-parameters and for indirect linking of the physical model to existing CAD tools. The unique formulation and efficiency of the present technique make it suitable for computer aided design of FET subsystems. The accuracy and flexibility of this approach is demonstrated by comparison of simulated results with measured data for a pulse doped pHEMT and uniformly doped GaAs channel HEMT.