gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The effect of high density electric pulses on sintered aluminum 201AB silicon carbide MMC PM compacts during plastic deformation (2002)

The effect of high-density electrical pulses on mechanical and structural properties of sintered aluminum SiC metal-matrix composites, fabricated by standard powder-metallurgy compaction and sintering, was investigated. Three types of phenomena where investigated during transverse rupture testing of the samples: a consolidation effect (increasing of the transverse rupture strength (TRS)), an electroplastic effect (decreasing of the flow stresses), and an increasing of the stress intensity factor by electric pulse application. It was observed, that an increase in the TRS strength of sintered powder metallurgy (PM) aluminum and aluminum metal matrix composite (MMC) compacts is a result of the electric pulse consolidation effect due to non-uniform temperature distribution around the grain boundaries. Three analytical models of the thermal effect of electric pulses on aluminum samples where considered: total temperature change of the sample due to a one electric pulse, one-dimensional steady state model and transient 2D thermal analysis of the temperature distribution around the grain boundary. The 2D transient analysis shows that the temperature rise in the grain boundary of a sintered PM aluminum sample due to an electric pulse can exceed the melting point. At the same time the temperature of the bulk material has an insignificant (<28°C) change. It was found that the electroplastic effect, due to electric pulse application, can account for up to a 40% load drop in aluminum MMC PM compacts. Reduction of flow stresses during plastic deformation could reduce the risk of structural damage, micro-cracks, SiC particle fracture and delamination of the aluminum MMC. These results may find practical application for manufacturing processes such as forging, extrusion, rolling, which involve plastic deformation. It was experimentally proven that a non-uniform temperature distribution around the crack could re-melt the crack tip and increase the strength of the damaged material. The experimental study shows an increase in the stress intensity factor up to 76% for sintered aluminum PM compacts and up to 116% for sintered aluminum MMC PM compacts due to application of high-density electric pulses during transverse rapture testing.
Slicing the pie: how big could carbon dioxide removal be? (2017)

The current global dependence on fossil fuels to meet energy needs continues to increase. If a 2°C warming by 2100 is to be prevented, it will become important to adopt strategies that not only avoid CO 2 emissions but also allow for the direct removal of CO 2 from the atmosphere, enabling the intervention of climate change. The primary direct removal methods discussed in this review include land management and mineral carbonation in addition to bioenergy and direct air capture with carbon capture and reliable storage. These methods are discussed in detail, and their potential for CO 2 removal is assessed. The global upper bound for annual CO 2 removal was estimated to be 12, 10, 6, and 5 GtCO 2 /year for bioenergy with carbon capture and reliable storage (BECCS) , direct air capture with reliable storage (DACS) , land management, and mineral carbonation, respectively—giving a cumulative value of ~35 GtCO 2 /year. However, in the case of DACS , global data on the overlap of low‐emission energy sources and reliable CO 2 storage opportunities—set as a qualification for DAC viability—were unavailable, and the potential upper bound estimate is thus considered conservative. The upper bounds on the costs associated with the direct CO 2 removal methods varied from approximately $100/ tCO 2 (land management, BECCS , and mineral carbonation) to $1000/ tCO 2 for DACS (again, these are the upper bounds for costs). In this review, these direct CO 2 removal technologies are found to be technically viable and are potentially important options in preventing 2°C warming by 2100. WIREs Energy Environ 2017, 6:e253. doi: 10.1002/wene.253 This article is categorized under: Bioenergy > Climate and Environment Energy and Climate > Climate and Environment Energy and Development > Climate and Environment
Topic-oriented collaborative crawling (2002)

A major concern in the implementation of a distributed Web crawler is the choice of a strategy for partitioning the Web among the nodes in the system. Our goal in selecting this strategy is to minimize the overlap between the activities of individual nodes. We propose a topic-oriented approach, in which the Web is partitioned into general subject areas with a crawler assigned to each. We examine design alternatives for a topic-oriented distributed crawler, including the creation of a Web page classifier for use in this context. The approach is compared experimentally with a hash-based partitioning, in which crawler assignments are determined by hash functions computed over URLs and page contents. The experimental evaluation demonstrates the feasibility of the approach, addressing issues of communication overhead, duplicate content detection, and page quality assessment.
dlk, a putative mammalian homeotic gene differentially expressed in small cell lung carcinoma and neuroendocrine tumor cell line. (1993)

Gastrin releasing peptide is mitogenic for mouse Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts and certain human small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) cells but not for mouse Balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts. To identify new molecules associated with the gastrin releasing peptide-responsive phenotype, clones isolated from a differential cDNA library between Swiss and Balb/c 3T3 fibroblasts were used to screen for their expression in human SCLC cell lines. Using this approach, we have isolated and characterized human and mouse cDNA clones encoding a novel protein. This protein is a putative transmembrane protein belonging to the epidermal growth factor-like superfamily. In vitro transcription and translation studies detect a 42-kDa protein, in agreement with the size predicted from the translated cDNA sequence. This protein (termed Delta-like or dlk) is highly homologous to invertebrate homeotic proteins, including Delta, and Notch, the products of neurogenic loci involved in normal neural differentiation in Drosophila. dlk is expressed in tumors with neuroendocrine features, such as neuroblastoma, pheochromocytoma, and a subset of SCLC cell lines. However, its expression in normal tissues is restricted to the adrenal gland and placenta. These data suggest that dlk may be involved in neuroendocrine differentiation and, because of its cellular location and restricted expression in normal tissues, it may be a potential therapeutic target in neuroendocrine tumors, particularly SCLC.
Synthesis of pyridylallylamines related to zimelidine and their inhibition of neuronal monoamine uptake (1981)

Analogues of the antidepressant agent zimelidine [6, (Z)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-N,N-dimethyl-3-(3-pyridyl)allylamine], a selective inhibitor of neuronal 5-hydroxytryptamine reuptake, were synthesized by several routes with the aim of obtaining compounds having a cis configuration (with respect to pyridyl and allylamine). Two methods utilized suitably substituted benzoylpyridines as starting materials. In two other routes, the bromine in 6 was either directly displaced (CN) or converted via the corresponding lithio derivative to H, Cl, I, Me, SiMe3, and SMe. The configurations were determined by UV, 1H NMR, and lanthanide-induced shifts in 1H NMR. The compounds were evaluated as uptake inhibitors by measuring the accumulation of [3H]noradrenaline and 5-hydroxy[14C]tryptamine in mouse brain slices (in vitro and in vivo). Para substitution favored 5-hydroxytryptamine activity and ortho substitution favored NA activity in the cis series. The in vitro effect on 5-hydroxytryptamine was rather insensitive to variations in the para substituent, whereas pronounced effects in vivo were observed only with Cl, Br (6), and I.
Immunotherapy of Murine Malignant Mesothelioma Using Tumor Lysate–pulsed Dendritic Cells (2005)

We demonstrate in this murine model that immunotherapy using pulsed dendritic cells may emerge as a powerful tool to control mesothelioma outgrowth. In the future, immunotherapy using dendritic cells could be used as adjuvant to control local recurrence after multimodality treatment for malignant mesothelioma.
Spinal Cord Trauma: Regeneration, Neural Repair and Functional Recovery (2004)

Spinal Cord Trauma: Regeneration, Neural Repair and Functional Recovery. Edited by L. McKerracher, G. Doucet, S. Rossignol. ©2002. Amsterdam: Elsevier. 470 pp.

This book, volume 137 of Progress in Brain Research , contains thirty-four chapters that summarize the platform presentations at the XXIII International Symposium of the Center for Research in Neurological Sciences of the University of Montreal, held in May 2001. Most of the contributors are internationally renowned investigators in the …
Development of the Linear Compressor for a Household Refrigerator (2000)

LG Electronics developed an energy efficient resonant free piston linear compressor for a household refrigerator. This linear compressor has no crank mechanism and its piston IS oscillated by linear motor and helical coil spring. This compressor demonstrated excellent energy efficiency from the following reasons. • Due to the simple mechanism, its mechanical loss is much less than conventional crank driven compressors • Using the moving magnet type linear oscillating motor, its motor efficiency goes more than 90% • With simple electronics, cooling capacity could be modulated to get better system efficiency LG linear compressor IS 20~ 30% more efficient than most efficient current crank driven compressors.
Development of a Technique for Recording and Transferring Natural Head Position in 3 Dimensions (2010)

The purpose of this study was to develop and test a new technique for recording natural head position (NHP) in 3 dimensions and transferring it into a three-dimensional computed tomography (CT) model. In this technique, a digital gyroscope was first attached to a human head using a bite-jig and a face-bow with a set of built-in fiducial markers. The relationship between the gyroscope and fiducial markers was predetermined and kept constant. The orientation (pitch, roll, and yaw) of the head was then recorded by this gyroscope. In next step, the head was CT scanned with the bite-jig and the face-bow in place, and three-dimensional CT models of the head and fiducial markers were generated. The head model was coupled with a predetermined three-dimensional model of the gyroscope assembly via fiducial markers. The three-dimensional head model was reoriented to the recorded orientation by applying the recorded pitch, roll, and yaw to the gyroscope model. Finally, the accuracy of the technique was tested on a human dry skull. The results showed that the NHP was successfully recorded and transferred to the three-dimensional CT model. The orientations between the dry skull and its three-dimensional computer model were absolutely correlated. The difference (the lack of agreement) was within a range of -1.1 to 1.1 degrees, indicating no clinical significance. The authors concluded that our technique could accurately and repeatedly record NHP three-dimensionally and transfer it to a three-dimensional CT head model.
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor <i>α</i> Regulates a MicroRNA-Mediated Signaling Cascade Responsible for Hepatocellular Proliferation (2007)

Activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) leads to hepatocellular proliferation and liver carcinomas. The early events mediating these effects are unknown. A novel mechanism by which PPARα regulates gene expression and hepatocellular proliferation was uncovered. MicroRNA (miRNA) expression profiling demonstrated that activated PPARα was a major regulator of hepatic miRNA expression. Of particular interest, let-7C, an miRNA important in cell growth, was inhibited following 4-h treatment and 2-week and 11-month sustained treatment with the potent PPARα agonist Wy-14,643 in wild-type mice. let-7C was shown to target c-myc via direct interaction with the 3′ untranslated region of c-myc. The PPARα-mediated induction of c-myc via let-7C subsequently increased expression of the oncogenic mir-17-92 cluster; these events did not occur in Pparα-null mice. Overexpression of let-7C decreased c-myc and mir-17 and suppressed the growth of Hepa-1 cells. Furthermore, using the human PPARα-expressing mouse model, which is responsive to Wy-14,643 effects on β-oxidation and serum triglycerides but resistant to hepatocellular proliferation and tumorigenesis, we demonstrated a critical role for let-7C in liver oncogenesis. Wy-14,643 treatment did not inhibit let-7C or induce c-myc and mir-17 expression. These observations reveal a let-7C signaling cascade critical for PPARα agonist-induced liver proliferation and tumorigenesis.
A short review on mechanical properties of graphene reinforced metal matrix composites (2020)

Graphene, on which numerous studies have been conducted since its discovery, exhibits extra-ordinary properties unlike conventional materials. Owing to these properties, graphene has a great potential usage in many applications and also can be used as reinforcing material in different composite materials. The use of graphene as reinforcing materials in metal matrix composite materials allows to develop new generation composites, as well. Numerous studies on metal matrix graphene reinforced composites have been conducted within the last ten years. Different studies have determined various properties in the graphene reinforced composites having the same metal matrix. This is caused by many factors such as the production method of the composite, production method of the graphenes, matrix/graphene interface, distribution of the graphenes and the orientation of the graphene in the matrix. By the optimization of these factors and simplifying and improving the production methods, the graphene reinforced metal matrix composites have great potential to be used in many applications. In this paper, the studies conducted on metal matrix composites, in which graphene was used as reinforcing material, were investigated. In these studies, the properties of the produced composites were presented and the factors affecting these properties were explained.
Electrodynamic Dust Shield for Solar Panels on Mars (2004)

The Materials Adherence Experiment on the Mars Pathfinder mission measured an obscuration of the solar arrays due to dust deposition at a rate of about 0.2 8% per day. It was estimated that settling dust may cause degradation in performance of a solar panel of between 22% and 89% over the course of two years [1, 2]. These results were obtained without the presence of a global dust storm. Several types of adherence forces keep dust particles attached to surfaces. The most widely discussed adherence force is the electrostatic force. Laboratory experiments [3] as well as indirect evidence from the Wheel Abrasion Experiment on Pathfinder [4] indicate that it is very likely that the particles suspended in the Martian atmosphere are electrostatically charged.
An ultra-low noise capacitance to voltage converter for sensor applications in 0.35  µm CMOS (2017)

Abstract. In this paper we present a readout circuit for capacitive micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) sensors such as accelerometers, gyroscopes or pressure sensors. A flexible interface allows connection of a wide range of types of sensing elements. The ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit) was designed with a focus on ultra-low noise operation and high analog measurement performance. Theoretical considerations on system noise are presented which lead to design requirements affecting the reachable overall measurement performance. Special emphasis is put on the design of the fully differential operational amplifiers, as these have the dominant influence on the achievable overall performance. The measured input referred noise is below 50 zF/Hz within a bandwidth of 10 Hz to 10 kHz. Four adjustable gain settings allow the adaption to measurement ranges from ±750 fF to ±3 pF. This ensures compatibility with a wide range of sensor applications. The full input signal bandwidth ranges from 0 Hz to more than 50 kHz. A high-precision accelerometer system was built from the described ASIC and a high-sensitivity, low-noise sensor MEMS. The design of the MEMS is outlined and the overall system performance, which yields a combined noise floor of 200 ng/Hz, is demonstrated. Finally, we show an application using the ASIC together with a CMOS integrated capacitive pressure sensor, which yields a measurement signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of more than 100 dB.
Staffing a call center with interactive voice response units and impatient calls (2008)

A call center consists of telephone trunk lines, a switching machine known as the automatic call distributor (ACD), an interactive voice recording unit (IVRU), and telephone sales agents. Calls enter the center whenever a trunk line is available; otherwise it is lost. Once a trunk line is seized, the call is instructed to choose among several options provided by the call center, via the IVRU. After completing the instructions at the IVRU, the call may leave the center or be routed to an available agent. If all agents are busy, the call is queued at the ACD until one is free. While waiting for the agents, calls may abandon the queue if their waiting time becomes unreasonably long. The reason for impatience and abandonment varies from call to call and it is difficult to quantify. In this paper, we assume that each call abandons the queue independently of each other while waiting for agents after a random amount of time.With this assumption, a serial network model is introduced to determine the optimal quantities of the number of trunk lines and agents subject to given service level. It is shown that abandonment of calls will influence the waiting time and hence the number of agents needed to meet a specific service level. With abandonment, this model provides a reasonable way to determine the number of trunk lines and agents required simultaneously. Numerical examples will illustrate the effects of abandonment on design parameters.
Fabrication Approaches to Interconnect Based Devices for Stretchable Electronics: A Review (2018)

Stretchable electronics promise to naturalize the way that we are surrounded by and interact with our devices. Sensors that can stretch and bend furthermore have become increasingly relevant as the technology behind them matures rapidly from lab-based workflows to industrially applicable production principles. Regardless of the specific materials used, creating stretchable conductors involves either the implementation of strain reliefs through insightful geometric patterning, the dispersion of stiff conductive filler in an elastomeric matrix, or the employment of intrinsically stretchable conductive materials. These basic principles however have spawned a myriad of materials systems wherein future application engineers need to find their way. This paper reports a literature study on the spectrum of different approaches towards stretchable electronics, discusses standardization of characteristic tests together with their reports and estimates matureness for industry. Patterned copper foils that are embedded in elastomeric sheets, which are closest to conventional electronic circuits processing, make up one end of the spectrum. Furthest from industry are the more recent circuits based on intrinsically stretchable liquid metals. These show extremely promising results, however, as a technology, liquid metal is not mature enough to be adapted. Printing makes up the transition between both ends, and is also well established on an industrial level, but traditionally not linked to creating electronics. Even though a certain level of maturity was found amongst the approaches that are reviewed herein, industrial adaptation for consumer electronics remains unpredictable without a designated break-through commercial application.
High speed storage area networks using a fibre channel arbitrated loop interconnect (2000)

Fibre channel arbitrated loops offer a new approach to realizing high-speed storage interconnection networks. We describe an FC-AL topology and FC-AL protocols for storage networks. In particular, we describe channel arbitration, signaling and transmission protocols, and the fibre channel mapping protocol for SCSI. A simulation model of FC-AL storage networks is described. Performance results derived from the model are presented and are used to investigate the FC-AL storage network performance.
Ozonation of Lignin Rich Solid Fractions from Corn Stalks (1999)

Abstract Various kinds of solid materials containing lignin were obtained by fractionation (autohydrolysis and organosolvolysis) of corn (Zea mays) stalks. These materials were further ozonated in order to observe the behaviour of their constituent polymers, particular attention being paid to lignin, and the evolution of the water soluble reaction products during oxidation. An optimal moisture content for these materials of 60% was found, which led to the highest degree of solubilization during ozone treatment. Results indicate that lignin is the most severely affected polymer, followed by hemicelluloses and finally by cellulose. The ozonation of autohydrolyzed material involved its gradual delignification, the elimination of lignin being more easy at the beginning of the reaction than at the end. The following acids were identified by GC/MS and injection of standards in GC/FID: glycolic, oxalic, malonic, glyoxylic, glyceric, p-hydroxybenzoic and malic. In addition, p-hydroxybenzaldehyde and vanillin were also identified. During the ozonation of lignin-containing lignocellulosic materials in moistened solid state, ozone rapidly oxidized the initially generated oxyaromatics and transformed them into short chain aliphatic carboxylic acids.
Proximity effect in YBa sub 2 Cu sub 3 O sub 7 /Y sub 0. 6 Pr sub 0. 4 Ba sub 2 Cu sub 3 O sub 7 /YBa sub 2 Cu sub 3 O sub 7 junctions (1991)

We report critical-current measurements in all high-{ital T}{sub {ital c}} superconducting-normal-superconductor junctions using Y{sub 0.6}Pr{sub 0.4}Ba{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7} (with {ital T}{sub {ital c}{ital N}}=40 K) as the normal metal. Above {ital T}{sub {ital c}{ital N}}, we find a clear exponential dependence of {ital I}{sub {ital c}} on the thickness of the barrier which is characteristic of the proximity effect. The order-parameter decay length is about 120 A for {ital T}{gt}60 K, and it diverges as {ital T}{sub {ital c}{ital N}} is approached. We estimate that {xi}{sub 0} for this material is 80{plus minus}25 A.
Initiation of polymerization: Azo compounds and peroxides (1987)

Abstract Azobis(isobutyronitrile) and benzoyl peroxide are considered in detail as initiators of radical polymerization; the discussion is extended to other azo compounds and organic peroxides which can be used for the same purpose. Emphasis is placed on the value of isotopic labelling methods for study of the initiators and of the end–groups formed from them.