gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Room-temperature growth of a carbon nanofiber on the tip of conical carbon protrusions (2004)

Glassy carbon was Ar+-ion bombarded with a simultaneous Mo supply under ultrahigh vacuum conditions using a microprotrusion fabrication system that consists of a differentially pumped ion gun and a seed-material supply source. Conical protrusions were formed by sputtering with a seed supply, and carbon nanofibers (CNFs) grew on the tips even at room temperature. The length of CNFs reached up to ∼10 μm, and their diameter was almost uniform (50 nm) in the growth direction. The short CNFs aligned in the ion beam direction, whereas the long ones were non-aligned. The CNF growth on a glassy carbon surface was ascribed to the enhanced surface texturing and to the massive redeposition of C atoms onto cones, both of which are specific to the oblique ion bombardment: The former would lead to an increase in the number of possible nucleation sites for the CNF growth, and the C atoms arising from the latter process would migrate toward the conical tips, thus forming CNFs.
Heart Transplantation for Homozygous Familial Transthyretin (TTR) V122I Cardiac Amyloidosis (2008)

Heart failure is the usual cause of death in patients with amyloid cardiomyopathy. The commonest form of hereditary cardiac amyloidosis is associated with the Val122Ile variant of transthyretin (TTR), which is carried by 3-4% of the African American population. Here, we report the outcome of the first cardiac transplantation in a patient with TTR V122I. A 59-year-old Caribbean man presented with biventricular failure. Other than previous bilateral carpel tunnel syndrome, he had been well and had no evidence of extracardiac amyloidosis. An endomyocardial biopsy demonstrated amyloid of TTR type. Sequencing of TTR gene indicated homozygosity for V122I. He underwent cardiac transplantation and 3 years later, remains well with no evidence of allograft or systemic amyloid deposition.
Quantitative analysis of mitotic Olig2 cells in adult human brain and gliomas: Implications for glioma histogenesis and biology (2008)

The capacity of adult human glial progenitor cells (AGPs), to proliferate and undergo multipotent differentiation, positions them as ideal candidate cells of origin for human gliomas. To investigate this potential role we identified AGPs as mitotically active Olig2 cells in nonneoplastic adult human brain and gliomas. We conservatively estimated that one in 5,000 human temporal lobe neocortical gray or subcortical white matter cells is mitotic. Extrapolating from a mean Olig2/Mib-1 labeling index (LI) of 52% and total cell number of 100 billion, we estimated the overall prevalence of mitotic Olig2 AGPs in nonneoplastic human brain parenchyma at 10 million. These data identify a large reservoir of Olig2 AGPs which could be potential targets for human gliomagenesis. The vast majority of mitotic cells in Grade II and Grade III gliomas of all histologic subtypes expressed Olig2 (mean LI 75%) but rarely S100B (LI 0.6%), identifying the Olig2 cell as a distinct contributor to the proliferating cell population of human gliomas of both oligodendroglial and astrocytic lineages. In the most malignant Grade IV glioma, or glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the prevalence of Olig2/Mib-1 cells was significantly decreased (24.5%). The significantly lower Olig2/Mib-1 LI in GBMs suggests that a decrease in the prevalence of Olig2 cells to the total mitotic cell pool accompanies increasing malignancy. The novel framework provided by this quantitative and comparative analysis supports future studies to examine the histogenetic role of Olig2 AGPs in adult gliomas, their potential contribution to the tumor stroma and the molecular role of Olig2 in glioma pathogenesis.
Differences of alpha3beta1 integrin glycans from different human bladder cell lines. (2000)

Expression as well as properties of integrins are altered upon transformation. Cell adhesion regulated by integrins is modulated by glycosylation, one of the most frequent biochemical alteration associated with tumorogenesis. Characterisation of carbohydrate moieties of alpha3beta1 integrin on the cultured human bladder carcinoma (T-24, Hu456, HCV 29T) and human normal ureter and bladder epithelium (HCV 29, Hu609) cell lines was carried out after an electrophoresis and blotting, followed by immunochemical identification of alpha3 and beta1 integrin chains and analysis of their carbohydrates moieties using highly specific digoxigenin-labelled lectins. In all the studied cell lines alpha3beta1 integrin was glycosylated although in general each subunit differently. Basic structures recognized in beta1 subunit were tri- or tetraantennary complex type glycans in some cases sialylated (T-24, HCV 29, HCV 29T) and fucosylated (Hu609, HCV 29T). Positive reaction with Phaseolus vulgaris agglutinin and Datura stramonium agglutinin suggesting the presence of beta1-6 branched N-linked oligosaccharides was found in cancerous cell lines (T-24, Hu456) as well as in normal bladder epithelium cells (Hu609). High mannose type glycan was found only in beta1 subunit from Hu456 transitional cell cancer line. On the other hand alpha3 subunit was much less glycosylated except the invasive cancer cell line T-24 where high mannose as well as sialylated tri- or tetraantennary complex type glycans were detected. This observation suggests that changes in glycosylation profile attributed to invasive phenotype are rather associated with alpha3 not beta1 subunit.
The comparison of alternative teletherapy treatments by goodness-of-fit statistics (1972)

Deals with the descriptive and sampling statistics of the distribution of absorbed dose in a volume of tissue. It treats the dose distribution over one or more strata as a cluster sample of the dose distribution in a volume of tissue and employs the relative frequency of 'percentage position against dose' representation rather than the conventional isodose of 'percentage dose against position' representation. The relative advantages of the former are three: (1) it permits description of the dose distribution over one or more strata of the anatomical target volume in terms of a few familiar attributes or summary statistics; (2) it permits estimation of the values of the corresponding attributes of the distribution of dose over the target volume of tissue together with a numerical estimate of the confidence which may be placed in these estimates and (3) it permits estimation of the likelihood that two different distributions of radiation dose over selected anatomical strata are samples from the same volume distribution. This last is described in detail in this paper.
Antiprotozoan activity of nonspecific cytotoxic cells (NCC) from the channel catfish (<i>Ictalurus punctatus</i>). (1985)

Nonspecific cytotoxic cells (NCC) obtained from channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) kill Tetrahymena pyriformis, an opportunistic parasite in fish. Based upon this fact, a new mechanism for nonspecific cellular anti-parasitic immunity in fish is proposed. Optimum in vitro conditions for NCC killing of deciliated T. pyriformis were first obtained. Lysis of T. pyriformis by NCC occurred by 10 hr of cocultivation of effector and target cells. During this time period, 50 to 60% cytotoxicity occurred. Fish anti-T. pyriformis serum enhanced NCC killing of T. pyriformis either by prolonging immobilization (after the cilia regeneration period) or by delaying cilia regeneration. Shared antigenic determinants between T. pyriformis, Ichthyophthirius multifiliis, and NC-37 target cells were demonstrated by binding-depletion experiments. For these studies, NCC were depleted from anterior kidney cells (the hemopoetic organ in fish) by preincubating formalin-treated T. pyriformis, I. multifiliis, or viable NC-37 target cells with NCC for 3 hr. Conjugates of effector and target cells were removed by overlaying on fetal bovine serum. Unconjugated fish anterior kidney cells were tested for cytotoxic activity against NC-37 or T. pyriformis target cells. Cold target inhibition experiments by using a 4-hr 51chromium cytotoxicity assay also demonstrated these shared antigenic determinants. Target-specific antisera, used to mediate the killing of T. pyriformis by NCC, were required only for immobilizing the targets, and did not function in an antibody-dependent cell-mediated (ADCC)-like mechanism. Scanning electron micrographs of NCC-T. pyriformis conjugates additionally demonstrated NCC binding to both cilia and cell surface determinants.
Development of an Ammonia/SCR NOx Reduction System For A Heavy Duty Natural Gas Engine (1992)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">An exhaust gas after-treatment system was developed to reduce oxides of nitrogen (NOx) emissions from a heavy duty diesel derived natural gas engine. The goal of the project was to reduce NOx emissions by 80% with a minimum ammonia slip and without negatively impacting other exhaust emissions.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This system utilized a stationary source, commercially available Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) catalyst and an ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) injection system developed during the course of this project to reduce the NOx emissions.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Preliminary results indicate that NOx emissions were reduced by over 80% during transient operation with an ammonia slip of less than 2 ppm. This system had little impact on other engine emissions and engine performance.</div>
Development of Smart Battery Cell Monitoring System and Characterization on a Small-Module Through In-Vehicle Power Line Communication (2020)

Current generation battery electric vehicles lack sufficient systems to monitor battery degradation and aging; consumers demand longer range, faster charging and longer vehicle lifetime. Smart cells, incorporating sensors (e.g. temperature, voltage, and current) offer manufacturers a means to develop longer lasting packs, enabling faster charging and extending range. In this work, instrumented cells (cylindrical, 21700) have been developed. Our novel data logging solution (using power line communication, PLC) permits a comprehensive range of sensors to be installed on each cell. Utilizing the cell bus bars, this reduces the necessary wiring harness size and complexity to instrument packs, which can enable higher density energy storage per volume and weight within the vehicle. In this initial feasibility study, a module (4S2P cells) was tested using two diverse cycles (stepped current, 200 mins ×10 cycles, and transient drive, 50 min) in a laboratory climate chamber. The interface system enables research-prototype or traditional sensors to be connected via the PLC network. Miniature sensors (6 temperature, 1 current, 1 voltage) were installed externally on each cell. Excellent performance was observed from the communication system; maximum 0.003% bit error rate, 50ms message receive time (compared to dedicated wired link). Variation in the measured parameters (originally identical cells, temperature 1.0 °C, voltage 5% state-of-charge, current ~ 10%) support the need for improved cell instrumentation to understand cell manufacturing tolerances and aging. This work shows a proof-of-concept study using PLC with instrumented cells, and leads to future work to further reduce the cost and physical size of smart cells.
Application of Kalman Filter to Predictions of Pore Pressure While Drilling (2015)

Abstract Accurate formation pore pressure prediction is the most important requirement for safe and effective drilling. It essentially contributes to the reduction of drilling risks and provides cost-effective drilling of wells. Even though there are methods that rely on well logs, seismic data and effective stress models to predict pore pressure, there is no model available for real-time pore pressure prediction ahead of the bit. This study explains how to design and apply a steady-state Kalman filter to predict real-time formation pore pressure optimally by combining outputs from both Eaton's model and from Logging While Drilling (LWD). The objectives of this study are to minimize the noise on pore pressure predicted from well logs (or LWD) measurements and to compute the next estimate of pore pressure ahead of bit using only the most recent measurement. Data obtained from well logs usually have noise measurements. The noise measurements lead to changes of the results acquired from well logs. Therefore, uncertainties occur on the estimated pore pressure. The designed Kalman filter is a recursive data processing algorithm to produce optimal estimate of pore pressure ahead of the drill bit. The estimates tend to be more refined than those based on measurements from well logs alone. First, Eaton's method, which is one of the most widely used pore pressure prediction methods, was modeled and represented in the state-space form required for Kalman Filter modeling. Parameters used in the Kalman Filter algorithm were also identified in state-space form. A computer code to implement the designed Kalman filter algorithm has been developed. Additionally, field data were used to evaluate the performance of the proposed algorithm. Based on the results, it is concluded that Kalman filter can be a very effective tool for detecting overpressure zones to avoid drilling problems before entering such zones. The most important achievement is that the developed algorithm can be used as a design tool in offshore and onshore drilling operations along with real-time LWD data to optimally estimate the formation pore pressure of the next interval ahead of the bit during the drilling operation.
Use of smoothing splines for analysis of backscattered ultrasonic waveforms: Application to monitoring of steroid treatment of dystrophic mice (2011)

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked genetic disease characterized by progressive weakness and wasting of skeletal and cardiac muscle; boys present with weakness by the age of 5 years and, if left untreated, are unable to walk without assistance by the age of 10 years. Therapy for DMD has been primarily palliative, with oral steroids emerging as a first-line approach even though this treatment has serious side-effects. Consequently, low-cost imaging technology suitable for improved diagnosis and treatment monitoring of DMD would be of great value, especially in remote and underserved areas. Previously, we reported use of the logarithm of the signal energy, log [E(f)], and a new method for ultrasound signal characterization using entropy, H(f), to monitor prednisolone treatment of skeletal muscle in a dystrophin-deficient mouse model. Three groups were studied: mdx mice treated with prednisolone, a control group of mdx mice treated with saline, and a control group of wild-type mice treated with saline. It was found that both log [E(f)] and H(f) were required to statistically differentiate the three groups. In the current study, we show that preprocessing of the raw ultrasound using optimal smoothing splines before computation of either log [E(f)] or a rapidly computable variant of Hf, denoted I(f,∞), permits delineation of all three groups by either metric alone. This opens the way to the ultimate goal of this study, which is identification and implementation of new diagnostically sensitive algorithms on the new generation of low-cost hand-held clinical ultrasonic imaging systems.
Detection of electrical series arcs using time-frequency analysis and mathematical morphology (2002)

A method for detecting series arcs from time-frequency analysis of the current derivative is proposed. Mathematical morphology is used to select arc features from the time-frequency representation. The proposed method has been validated on a large set of signals from various difficult electrical loads. It proves successful in separating the series arcs from the perturbations produced by the load. Furthermore, it can easily be implemented for real-time processing.
Reduction of Seek-Time of Hard Disk Drive by Dead-Beat Control. (1993)

Reduction of seek-time (the time for the magnetic head to start to move and settle on the desired track) is an important R & D item for a hard disk drive together with increase of memory density. In an usual hard disk drive, position control of the head is divided in three modes, velocity control, transient control and track-following control modes. The reduction of the seek-time in the transient control mode depends directly on control method and it is most important to develop a control method to reduce the time for the head to settle on the track in this mode. A conventional hard disk drive uses analog control servo method but the reduction of the seek time by analog servo method is limited.
Near-Infrared Localized Surface Plasmon Resonances Arising from Free Carriers in Doped Quantum Dots (2010)

Quantum confinement of electronic wavefunctions in semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) yields discrete atom-like and tunable electronic levels, thereby allowing the engineering of excitation and emission spectra. Metal nanoparticles, on the other hand, display strong resonant interactions with light from localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) oscillations of free carriers, resulting in enhanced and geometrically tunable absorption and scattering resonances. The complementary attributes of these nanostructures lends strong interest toward integration into hybrid nanostructures to explore enhanced properties or the emergence of unique attributes arising from their interaction. However, the physicochemical interface between the two components can be limiting for energy transfer and synergistic coupling within such a hybrid nanostructure. Therefore, it is advantageous to realize both attributes, i.e., LSPRs and quantum confinement within the same nanostructure. Here, we describe well-defined LSPRs arising from p-type carriers in vacancy-doped semiconductor quantum dots. This opens up possibilities for light harvesting, non-linear optics, optical sensing and manipulation of solid-state processes in single nanocrystals.
Evaluating the Use of Security Tags in Security Policy Enforcement Mechanisms (2015)

Security tagging schemes are known as promising mechanisms for providing security features in computer systems. Tags carry information about the tagged data throughout the system to be used in access control and other security mechanisms. This paper discusses several different uses of security tags related to different security policies, highlighting appropriate uses of the tags. The evaluation of the use of tags is presented in the summary of three security tagging application domains. One domain, using hardware-based tagging to prevent high-level attacks, was not found to be feasible. A project to use hardware-based tagging for OS security enhancement and a project that uses software-based tagging for multi-level secure document management were successful.
Outcomes of novel trials for cancer cachexia (2014)

Cancer cachexia is a multifactorial syndrome characterized by involuntary loss of skeletal muscle and fat, reduced quality of life and decreased survival. Unlike starvation, weight loss cannot be fully reversed by increasing caloric intake. Interventions, such as nutritional counseling or currently available appetite stimulants such as megestrol acetate have limited benefits. Recently, there has been an increase in the understanding of the pathophysiology contributing to weight loss in patients with cancer. Clinical trials of various pharmacological therapies targeting the underlying pathophysiological derangements contributing to cancer cachexia are underway. A personalized approach may be needed for managing patients with anorexia–cachexia syndrome in conjunction with the best supportive care. The following narrative review will highlight novel therapies being investigated for the treatment of cancer cachexia, which can be used as a single-agent or combined in multimodal therapy.
Über pflanzliche Herzgifte, XXVI. Mitteil.: Die Cardenolid‐Glykoside der Blätter von <i>Convallaria majalis</i> (1954)

Abstract Herrn Prof. Dr. H. H. Schlubach zum 65. Geburtstag gewidmet Aus den Blättern des Maiglöckchens, Convallaria majalis L., wurden in kristallisierter Form, neben dem schon bekannten Convallatoxin, auch Convallatoxol und Convallosid isoliert. Ferner wurden zwei kristallisierte Glykoside gewonnen, deren Aglykon auf Grund des UV‐Spektrums keine Aldehydgruppe, sondern vermutlich eine Ketogruppe enthält; sie erhielten die Bezeichnung Vallarotoxin und Majalosid. Ihre Zucker sind Rhamnose bzw. Rhamnose und Glucose. Es wurde weiter das Vorkommen von Convallatoxolosid und Gluco‐convallosid wahrscheinlich gemacht. Daneben finden sich noch zwei Glykoside vor, in deren Aglykonen keine Oxogruppe vorkommt; sie konnten aber noch nicht kristallisiert erhalten werden.
THz quantum cascade lasers operating on the radiative modes of a 2D photonic crystal (2014)

Photonic-crystal lasers operating on Γ-point band-edge states of a photonic structure naturally exploit the so-called "nonradiative" modes. As the surface output coupling efficiency of these modes is low, they have relatively high Q factors, which favor lasing. We propose a new 2D photonic-crystal design that is capable of reversing this mode competition and achieving lasing on the radiative modes instead. Previously, this has only been shown in 1D structures, where the central idea is to introduce anisotropy into the system, both at unit-cell and resonator scales. By applying this concept to 2D photonic-crystal patterned terahertz frequency quantum cascade lasers, surface-emitting devices with diffraction-limited beams are demonstrated, with 17 mW peak output power.
The Possibility of a Connection between Mitanni and the Dravidian Languages (1930)

1 Principal Works referred to, and abbreviations used. ATS Aiyangar, M. Srinivasa; Tamil Studies, First Series. Madras, Guardian Press, 1914. B Bork, Ferdinand, Die Mitanni Sprache, MVAG, Parts 1 and 2, 1909. Citations from the text of the letter indicate column and line; J, 85= column I, line 85. C Caldwell, the Reverend R. (Bishop); Comparative Grammar of the Dravidian or South India Family of Languages. London, 1856. (The book lacks table of contents and index; paging is different in other editions of the work). CPN Clay, Albert T.; Personal Names from Ctkneiform Inscriptions of the Cassite Period. New Haven, Yale University Press, 1912. K Kittel, Rev. Dr. R.; Grammar of the Kainnada Langutage. Mangalore, Basel Mission, 1903. KAT Knudzton, J. A.; Die El-Amarno Tafeln. Leipzig, Hinrichs. L Linguistic Survey of India, Vol. IV. MVAG Mitteilungen der Vorderasiatische Gesellschxft. Nannifl An ancient Tamil Grammar by a Native Author, published in Rev. G. U. Pope's Third Tamil Grammar. Madras, 1859. The citations are from sections. PH Pope, The Reverend G. U.; Handbook of the Ordinary Dialect of the Tamil Seventh Edition, Oxford, Clarendon Press. 1904. PN Pope, The Rev. G. U.; The N4ladiydr. Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1893. PT Pope, The Rev. G. U.; A Brief Outline of the Grammar of the Tuda Language. Published as Appendix to Col. William E. Marshall's Phrenologist among the Todas. London. l-ongmans, Green & Co., 1873. SDP 'Scheil, V.; Delegation en Perse, Memoires. Paris, Leroux, 19011911. UAW Uhlenbeck, C. C.; Kurzgefasstes Etymologisches W6rterbuch der Altindigche8 Sprache. Amsterdam, Muller, 1898, 1899. WPVW Walde, A. and Pokorny, J.; Vergleiohendeg Wdrterbuih der Indogermanischen ASprachen. Berlin. DeGruyter & Co., 1928-.