gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cyclodehydration of 2-mercaptoalkanols as a route to episulphides (1969)

Intramolecular cyclodehydration of 2-mercaptoalkanols was previously known only in the case of 2,3-dimercaptopropanol. This reaction is shown to be undependable under the prescribed conditions, but to give good yields of 3-mercaptopropylene sulphide in the presence of an acidic catalyst. The acid-catalysed dehydration of simpler 2-mercaptoalkanols is shown to give 1,2-episulphides also, in yields which are in the reverse order of susceptibility of the products to acid-catalysed polymerization, but which even in the most difficult case studied may be raised to over 40% by a suitable choice of conditions. Potassium hydrogen sulphate was the preferred catalyst, because it caused less polymerization of the products than the other acids tried.
Cyclosporine nanosuspensions (2006)

A more reliable laser diffractometer analytical procedure was developed to assess with higher accuracy the size of nanocrystals, the prerequisite for a sound formulation development. The screening procedure for optimised nanosuspension formulations was distinctly improved and the mechanism, leading to artefacts in the previous procedures, could be identified. A next generation approach for drug nanocrystals was realised by the SmartCrystal® technology, by combining nanocrystal technology with the inhibition strategy for p-glycoprotein. On top, an even simpler approach was realised by the development of the stabiliser free Cycloperls. In this formulation cyclosporine is dissolved in an oil with inhibitory effect on p-glycoprotein (peppermint oil), the oily solution is simply absorbed into porous Aeroperls. In this thesis two alternative cyclosporine formulations were developed SmartCrystals® and Cycloperls. The formulations are physically stable and should theoretically show an improved oral bioavailability, which should be proved in in vivo tests.
Towards understanding the origin of infant directed speech: A vocal robot with infant-like articulation (2013)

Infant-Directed Speech (IDS) is the non-standard form of caregivers' speech to their infants. Developmental studies indicate that IDS changes from infant-directed to adult-directed depending on infant's age and/or linguistic level. However, it is still unclear what features in infants cause IDS. This article introduces a vocal robot with an infant-like articulatory system to attack the issue by means of a constructive approach. A preliminary experiment implies that our robot can vocalize structurally similar to infant articulation although it is mechanically rather different.
Allitridi induces apoptosis by affecting Bcl-2 expression and caspase-3 activity in human gastric cancer cells. (2004)

Allitridi induced apoptosis through down-regulation of Bcl-2, and increased caspase-3 expression and its activity.
Silylation and dry procession (1994)

Abstract The issues of dry development and self‐developing resists are addressed in this paper by way of an introduction to the main topic of surface imaging, in which diffusion‐enhanced vapour plhase silylation chemistries and their mechanisms are developed with specific reference to resists that function through the DESIRE process. More recent liquid phase silylation processes are also considered.
N-Bromophthalimide [NBPI] as a Powerful Oxidizing Agent for the Facile and Chemoselective Oxidation of Thiols to Symmetrical Disulfides (2005)

A new application of N-bromophthalimide for the facile oxidation of thiols to their corresponding symmetrical disulfides is described. A wide variety of thiols (aromatic, aliphatic and heterocyclic) were selectively oxidised to their corresponding disulfides with [NBPI] in a mixture of acetone and water under microwave irradiation in a microwave oven at a power output of 650W.
Scalable processing of trajectory-based queries in space-partitioned moving objects databases (2008)

Space-partitioned Moving Objects Databases (SP-MODs) allow for the scalable, distributed management of large sets of mobile objects' trajectories by partitioning the trajectory data to a network of database servers.
Two bactericidal targets for penicillin in pneumococci: autolysis-dependent and autolysis-independent killing mechanisms (1990)

It has been assumed that penicillin (and also other cell wall inhibitors) kill pneumococci predominantly by triggering their major autolytic enzyme (an N-acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine amidase; referred to as amidase), resulting in massive cell wall degradation. Three types of experiments suggest that only part of this killing is due to cell lysis by amidase. (i) Suppression of penicillin-induced lysis by specific inhibitors of amidase protected pneumococci only marginally from killing in spite of prolonged exposure to concentrations of penicillin that were 10x, 20x, or 100x greater than the MIC. (ii) Mutants from which the amidase was completely eliminated by plasmid insertion or deletion (Lyt-) were still killed, albeit at a slower rate than the wild-type Lyt+ strains (3 to 4 log units instead of 4 to 5 log units per 6 h, i.e., about 1 log unit slower than the wild type; P less than 0.001). (iii) A new mutation (cid), which was not related to the amidase gene, further reduced killing of mutants lacking amidase to 1 log unit per 6 h (Lyt- Cid- phenotype). Reintroduction of the amidase gene into Lyt- Cid- cells partially restored penicillin-induced lysis but increased only slightly the rate of killing (from 1 log unit per 6 h in Lyt- Cid- cells to 2 log units per 6 h in Lyt+ Cid- cells). We conclude that penicillin kills pneumococci by two distinct mechanisms: one that involves the triggering of the amidase (about 1 log unit of killing per 6 h) and another, amidase-independent mechanism that is responsible for 3 to 4 log units of killing per 6 h. Triggering of the amidase activity in situ in growing bacteria was significantly reduced in Lyt+ Cid- cells, indicating that there is some regulatory interaction between the cid gene product and the amidase.
Verification of Arithmetic Circuits with Binary Moment Diagrams (1995)

Binary Moment Diagrams (BMDs) provide a canonical representations for linear functions similar to the way Binary Decision Diagrams (BDDs) represent Boolean functions. Within the class of linear functions, we can embed arbitrary functions from Boolean variables to integer values. BMDs can thus model the functionality of data path circuits operating over word-level data. Many important functions, including integermultiplication, that cannot be represented efficiently at the bit level with BDDs have simple representations at the word level with BMDs. Furthermore, BMDs can represent Boolean functions with around the same complexity as BDDs. We propose a hierarchical approach to verifying arithmetic circuits, where componentmodules are first shownto implement their word-level specifications. The overall circuit functionality is then verified by composing the component functions and comparing the result to the word-level circuit specification. Multipliers with word sizes of up to 256 bits have been verified by this technique.
Creating a Policy-Aware Web (2006)

In this chapter, we describe the motivations for, and development of, a rule-based policy management system that can be deployed in the open and distributed milieu of the World Wide Web. We discuss the necessary features of such a system in creating a “Policy Aware” infrastructure for the Web and argue for the necessity of such infrastructure. We then show how the integration of a Semantic Web rules language (N3) with a theorem prover designed for the Web (Cwm) makes it possible to use the Hypertext Transport Protocol (http) to provide a scalable mechanismfor the exchange of rules and, eventually, proofs for access control on the Web. We also discuss which aspects of the Policy Aware Web are enabled by the current mechanism and describe future research needed to make the widespread deployment of rules and proofs on the Web a reality.
Breeding rotundifolia grapes : a study of transmission of character (1914)

(Uploaded by Plazi from the Biodiversity Heritage Library) No abstract provided.
Effects of probiotics on biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammatory factors in petrochemical workers: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (2015)

Taken together, consumption of probiotic yogurt or multispecies probiotic capsule had beneficial effects on biomarkers of oxidative stress in petrochemical workers.
Dynamic pico-liter bubble manipulation via tiopc-based light-induced dielectrophoresis (2010)

To manipulate a pico-bubble which volume is in pico-liter scale with a dynamic light pattern is first presented in this article. We give a new application to a organic photoconductive material, TiOPc, to fabrication a optoelectronic chip with a function of light-induced dielectrophoresis (DEP). We also establish a optical system to minify the dynamic light pattern onto the operation surface of this TiOPc-based chip. The dynamic virtual electrode is applied to manipulate the pico-bubble with positive DEP force until it vanish in the surrounding. This optical approach uncover a new approach to manipulate gas pico-bubble.
The Auto-configurable LDPC Codes for Distributed Storage (2014)

The current distributed storage systems mainly rely on data replication to ensure certain level of data availability and reliability. A recent trend is to introduce erasure codes into the distributed storage. Inspired by the RAID system, early attempts have been focused on designing Reed-Solomon (RS) based solutions and other block codes including Low Density Parity Check (LDPC) codes. This paper investigates in details about the usage of the system resources when different configurations of LDPC codes are applied to distributed storage systems. Auto-configurable LDPC-based method is proposed and integrated with the Hadoop system with various configurations of LDPC codes. Simulations show great improvement in terms of encoding and repairing latencies compared with Reed-Solomon. Simulations also show that trade-off in terms of different system resources is achieved through different configurations.
Autologous Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Recognition of Autologous Proliferating Tumor Cells in the Context of a Patient‐Specific Vaccine Trial (2011)

Metastatic melanoma patients who were treated with patient-specific vaccines consisting of dendritic cells loaded with autologous tumor cells had a 5-year survival of over 50%. Enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) has been used to detect antigen reactive T cells as a means of determining immune response. We wished to determine whether IFN-gamma secretion in an ELISPOT assay was prognostic or predictive for survival following treatment. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) collected at weeks 0 and 4 were evaluated by ELISPOT assay for response to autologous tumor cells. Overall, there was slight increase in the number of tumor reactive lymphocytes from week 0 to week 4. Using >5 spots/100 K PBMC as the cutoff, a log-rank analysis revealed only a slight statistical significance in overall survival for patients who lacked tumor reactive PBMCs at week 4. The sensitivity of ELISPOT in the context of patient-specific cellular vaccines is unclear.
Two Diffusion Step Selective Emitter: Comparison of Mask Opening by Laser or Etching Paste (2008)

Two dimensional solar cell structures to form a selective emitter on the front side or back contact solar cells are often created with the aid of a selectively opened masking layer. In this paper we compare two methods of opening a PECVD SiNX layer. A nanosecond laser with a wavelength of 355 nm was used to ablate a PECVD SiNX layer. Alternatively, an etching paste was screen printed and subsequently heated to remove the SiNX. Both methods were successfully applied for the formation of a selective emitter structure on standard Cz monocrystalline solar cells. The process sequence includes two diffusion steps and uses one SiNX layer as a mask and also as an ARC. Since the front contact grid and the mask opening have the same shape, they have to be aligned accurately. The best cell efficiency of 18.1% was achieved on an industrial scale solar cell with a SiNX ARC opened by the etching paste. Scanning electron microscope pictures showed that the laser ablation method melts the silicon underneath the SiNX layer and thus a wet chemical damage etch must also be applied, whereas the screen printed etching paste removes the SiNX without damaging the silicon.
Mechanical and electrical reliability assessment of bump-less wafer-on-wafer integration with one-time bottom-up TSV filling (2015)

Three-dimensional (3D) stacked memory module based on TSV is becoming an attractive alternative. Chips are assembled through micro bumps, which will bring additional thermo-mechanical stress, as well as the channel resistance and interconnection reliability problem. In this paper, we leverage thermal cycles to assess the mechanical and electrical reliability of a bump-less wafer-on-wafer integration approach with one-time bottom-up TSV filling we reported. Resistance was measured by four-point probes test after 10, 20, 40, 80, 160, 240, 320..., until 640 thermal cycles. Part of fixed TSVs' morphology was observed through scanning electron micro-scope (SEM) and stress was qualitative characterized by an infrared photo elastic system during thermal cycles. What's more, a thermo-mechanical finite element model (FEM) simulation was discussed, which showed that there was little difference in stress, strain, and copper extrusion values at lower temperature. All test results supported the good mechanical and electrical behavior of this bump-less wafer-on-wafer integration approach.
SEX‐RATIO MANIPULATION IN COLOR‐BANDED POPULATIONS OF ZEBRA FINCHES (1986)

Significant correlations were found between attractiveness of leg-band color (determined by preference tests [Burley et al., 1982]) and sex ratio of offspring in two long-term breeding experiments involving zebra finches. In both experiments, birds with attractive band colors produced more same-sex offspring, while birds with unattractive band colors produced more opposite-sex offspring. The results of these experiments are consistent with those of a previous experiment (Burley, 1981). To explain the earlier results, I hypothesized that parents adjust their allocation to sons and daughters to produce offspring they "expect" to be most attractive. The purpose of such sex-ratio manipulation is to enhance fitness by the production of offspring with superior mate-getting opportunities. Two alternative hypotheses are presented here. One is that sex ratios change with parental age and/or experience. Evidence does not support this hypothesis. There were no temporal trends in sex ratio independent of band color. A second possibility is that sex ratios reflect differential parental ability to rear sons and daughters. This hypothesis cannot be conclusively tested on the basis of present evidence, but available evidence does not support it. Within color classes, weights of sons and daughters did not differ. Evidence indicates that parents effect secondary sex-ratio manipulation through the selective rejection of young, usually within six days of hatching. There is no evidence of manipulation prior to egg-laying. The costs associated with brood reduction probably set limits on the extent to which secondary manipulation can be profitably employed.
Heart Valve Disease (2005)

The function of the heart is to circulate blood in closed circuit to the lungs, where blood is oxygenated, and out to the body, where oxygen provides fuel for cellular metabolism. To accomplish this task, blood is pumped by the right heart system from the body to the lungs. Once oxygenated in the lungs, blood is returned to the left heart, where it is then pumped out to the body. Although described as a biological pump, the heart is actually two biological pumps in series, composed of a right and left heart. Each unit of the heart is composed of an atrial and ventricular chamber; their synchronized contractions result in the forward flow of blood out of the heart. Crucial to the appropriate function of the heart are four valves (the mitral, aortic, tricuspid, and pulmonic) that function in concert to maintain forward flow of blood across the heart. Diseases affecting the heart valves result in either obstruction to forward flow (stenosis) or reversal of flow across an incompetent valve (regurgitation). In either case, significant morbidity and mortality will result if no treatment is offered to the patient.
TAGINE, an interactive tool for report generation (1981)

This paper describes an APL tool designed as an aid to report writing. Using APL formatting symbols is quite difficult, and the report formatting phase of a business application program is often very long: TAGINE has been designed to allow quick and easy programming of reports. TAGINE is divided into two modules: 1 - TANA is a simple macro-language intended for describing computations to be performed, and building a model of the final report (with automatic justifications, titles, formatting and decoration). 2 - TEDI performs the report generating using the model that has been stored. Most frequently, the end-user uses only the TEDI module. At the APL division of SLIGOS, we have been using TAGINE for one year and have reduced the report programming effort by a factor of 10 compared to direct use of formatting primitives. We have built 400 models with TANA, and produced 10000 tables with TEDI. Systematic use of TAGINE has greatly improved: • Applications portability • Linking of a variety of applications • Product maintenance and reliability
Adaptive growth factor delivery from a polyelectrolyte coating promotes synergistic bone tissue repair and reconstruction (2014)

Traumatic wounds and congenital defects that require large-scale bone tissue repair have few successful clinical therapies, particularly for craniomaxillofacial defects. Although bioactive materials have demonstrated alternative approaches to tissue repair, an optimized materials system for reproducible, safe, and targeted repair remains elusive. We hypothesized that controlled, rapid bone formation in large, critical-size defects could be induced by simultaneously delivering multiple biological growth factors to the site of the wound. Here, we report an approach for bone repair using a polyelectrolye multilayer coating carrying as little as 200 ng of bone morphogenetic protein-2 and platelet-derived growth factor-BB that were eluted over readily adapted time scales to induce rapid bone repair. Based on electrostatic interactions between the polymer multilayers and growth factors alone, we sustained mitogenic and osteogenic signals with these growth factors in an easily tunable and controlled manner to direct endogenous cell function. To prove the role of this adaptive release system, we applied the polyelectrolyte coating on a well-studied biodegradable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) support membrane. The released growth factors directed cellular processes to induce bone repair in a critical-size rat calvaria model. The released growth factors promoted local bone formation that bridged a critical-size defect in the calvaria as early as 2 wk after implantation. Mature, mechanically competent bone regenerated the native calvaria form. Such an approach could be clinically useful and has significant benefits as a synthetic, off-the-shelf, cell-free option for bone tissue repair and restoration.
<i>ERG6</i>and<i>PDR5</i>regulate small lipophilic drug accumulation in yeast cells via distinct mechanisms (2002)

Diagnosis and circumvention of multi-drug resistance requires an understanding of the underlying cellular mechanisms. In the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae, deletions of PDR5 or ERG6 increase sensitivity to many small lipophilic drugs. Pdr5p is a plasma membrane ATP-binding cassette transporter that actively exports drugs, thereby lowering their intracellular levels. The mechanism by which ERG6, an enzyme in sterol biosynthesis, affects drug accumulation is less clear. We show here that ERG6 limits the rate of passive drug diffusion across the membrane, without affecting Pdr5p-mediated drug export. Consistent with their action by distinct mechanisms, PDR5 and ERG6 effects on drug accumulation are additive.
Coexistence of LTE femtocells with GSM cellular network (2010)

In this paper we investigate the deployment of LTE indoor femtocells on the frequency band currently used by GSM cellular network. We consider a scenario where the LTE femtocells share GSM uplink spectrum provided that the legacy GSM users are not harmed by interference from the femtocells. Difference in the characteristics of GSM and LTE technologies is exploited to enable the spectrum sharing. The performance of both systems is analyzed mathematically in terms of average SINR. Simulation is employed to support the analysis. Numerical results show that the availability of the spectrum sharing depends on the number of femtocells in each GSM cell and the locations of femtocells.
Current Trends in Pancreatic Cystic Neoplasms (2009)

Incidentally discovered pancreatic cystic neoplasms composed 71% of our series, of which 50% were immediately resected. Subsequent morphologic changes or development of symptoms prompted an operation in 8% of patients after a period of surveillance. Invasive malignancy was present in 11% of all resected specimens but in 38% of main-duct intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms.
Convergence of cutaneous, tooth pulp, visceral, neck and muscle afferents onto nociceptive and non-nociceptive neurones in trigeminal subnucleus caudalis (medullary dorsal horn) and its implications for referred pain (1986)

Because of the likely involvement of central convergence of afferent inputs in mechanisms underlying referred pain, the activity of single neurones was recorded in the cat's trigeminal (V) subnucleus caudalis (medullary dorsal horn) to test for the presence and extent of convergent inputs to the neurones. In chloralose-anaesthetized or decerebrate unanaesthetized cats, electrical stimuli were applied to afferents supplying facial skin, oral mucosa, canine and premolar tooth pulp, laryngeal mucosa, cervical skin and muscle, and jaw and tongue muscles, and tactile and noxious mechanical and thermal stimuli were applied to skin and mucosa. Considerable proportions of caudalis neurones which could be functionally classified on the basis of their cutaneous receptive field properties as low-threshold mechanoreceptive (LTM), wide-dynamic-range (WDR), or nociceptive-specific (NS) neurones, could be excited by electrical stimulation of several of these afferent inputs. Extensive convergence of afferent inputs, including inputs from skin or mucosal areas outside the neuronal oral-facial receptive field delineated by natural stimuli, was a particular feature of the units classified as cutaneous nociceptive neurones (i.e., WDR and NS). On the basis of antidromic activation, 15% of these WDR and NS neurones were shown to have a direct projection to the contralateral thalamus. The findings question the use of terminology and classifications of somatosensory neurones based only on the cutaneous receptive field properties of the neurones since distinctions between the different neuronal populations become less obvious when properties other than those related to cutaneous afferent inputs are taken into account. Moreover, the observations of extensive convergence of different types of afferents, which was especially apparent in cutaneous nociceptive neurones, also suggest a role for these neurones in mediating deep pain and in spread and referral of pain.
Novel synthesis of cyclobutanone derivatives via dimetalation of iminium ions with the TiCl4–trialkylamine reagent system (2001)

Iminium salts are generated in situ, react with TiCl4-trialkylamines, and diaryl ketones to produce 3,3-diaryl-cyclobutanones in moderate to good yields.