gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>In situ</i>combustion measurements of H<sub>2</sub>O and temperature near 2.5 µm using tunable diode laser absorption (2008)

In situ combustion measurements of water vapor concentration and gas temperature were carried out with a new tunable diode laser sensor near 2.5 µm. Recent availability of room-temperature semiconductor diode lasers operating at longer wavelengths provides access to fundamental vibrational bands (ν1 and ν3) of H2O. These bands have stronger absorption line strength compared to the overtone (2ν1, 2ν3) and combination (ν1 + ν3) vibrational bands in the near-infrared region probed previously with telecommunication diode lasers. The absorption transitions of H2O vapor in the 2.5–3.0 µm region are systematically analyzed via spectral simulation, and optimal spectral line pairs are selected for combustion measurements in the temperature range of 1000–2500 K. Fundamental spectroscopic parameters (line strength, line position and line-broadening coefficients) of the selected transitions are determined via laboratory measurements in a heated cell. Absorption measurements of H2O concentration and temperature are then made in a laboratory flat-flame burner to illustrate the potential of this sensor for sensitive and accurate measurements in combustion gases with short optical path lengths.
Online Stochastic Packing Applied to Display Ad Allocation (2010)

Inspired by online ad allocation, we study online stochastic packing linear programs from theoretical and practical standpoints. We first present a near-optimal online algorithm for a general class of packing linear programs which model various online resource allocation problems including online variants of routing, ad allocations, generalized assignment, and combinatorial auctions. As our main theoretical result, we prove that a simple primal-dual training-based algorithm achieves a (1 - o(1))-approximation guarantee in the random order stochastic model. This is a significant improvement over logarithmic or constant-factor approximations for the adversarial variants of the same problems (e.g. factor 1 - 1/e for online ad allocation, and \log m for online routing). We then focus on the online display ad allocation problem and study the efficiency and fairness of various training-based and online allocation algorithms on data sets collected from real-life display ad allocation system. Our experimental evaluation confirms the effectiveness of training-based primal-dual algorithms on real data sets, and also indicate an intrinsic trade-off between fairness and efficiency.
Recognition of Chinese business cards (2002)

Business cards include many kinds of information, such as names, addresses and telephone numbers. In order to use the information effectively, it is necessary to extract the information from the cards automatically in order to build a database. The goal of this paper is to extract and recognize characters from color business cards. To separate the foreground from the background in a card, we assign all pixels to eight color types. Then we calculate a dynamic threshold using the color information to extract the foreground. Next, we extract the characters by four steps: (i) connected component extraction, (ii) local thresholding, (iii) mark, line and noise deletion, and (iv) character grouping. Finally, we recognize the characters by a statistical Chinese and English character recognition system. We test 30 business cards which have Chinese characters, English characters, numerals and punctuation marks. The extraction rate and accuracy for our system are 96.97% and 95.43% respectively. The recognition rate is 88.78% for Chinese characters and 97.58% for English characters, numerals and punctuation marks.
Abstract 098: Blocking Cardiac Gq-Receptor Coupling Prevents Adverse Remodeling and Preserves Myocardial Function after Ischemic Injury in Mice and Promotes Repair via Cardiac Regeneration (2013)

Background: Studies have shown that the heterotrimeric G protein, Gq, is a critical molecule in the development of myocardial hypertrophy and heart failure (HF). In the present study, we examined whether Gq signaling is also a critical pathological trigger for adverse remodeling and HF after ischemic injury. Using cardiac-specific transgenic mice with expression of a specific Gq inhibitory peptide (GqI) that blocks Gq-GPCR coupling allowed us to investigate whether Gq inhibition can alter cardiac structure and functional changes after myocardial infarction (MI). Methods and Results: Cardiac-specific GqI transgenic (TG) and non-transgenic littermate control (NLC) mice were subjected to MI. Serial echocardiography performed before ischemia as well as 2, 4, 8 weeks after MI injury show that TG mice develop less progressive LV enlargement and dysfunction. The % LV EF and FS were significantly improved in the TG compared to NLC mice at 8 weeks post-MI. Consistently, cardiac contractility (+dP/dt) and relaxation (-dP/dt) were significantly improved in TG mice also when stimulated with isoproterenol. The LVEDP, the heart weight to body weight (BW) and lung to BW ratios were significantly less in TG mice, indicating that HF was limited with GqI expression. Moreover, TG mice have smaller infarcts, less LV dimensions and lower fibrosis in both the border zone and remote area with clearly more viable tissue in the scar region. Constantly, there are more micro-vessel and more BrdU(+) cardiomyocytes in the scar area and border zone at the 2 week post-MI in TG group. Western blot shows a consistent decrease in phosphorylated PKC substrates and higher levels of activated Akt in TG mice. Over expression of the GqI in cultured H9c2 myoblasts did lead to higher level of Ki67 positive cells (38.06±2.46%) than a control group (21.78±2.64%) and FACS analysis showed that Gq inhibition increased the % of H9c2 cells in S phase and G2/M phase compared to control cells. Conclusion: These data indicate cardiac specific Gq inhibition protects the heart against adverse LV remodeling and HF progression after MI. Mechanisms attributed to GqI expression appear to include improved myocyte survival, less fibrosis, and promotion of angiogenesis and cardiac repair through regeneration.
Evidence for two different electron transfer pathways in the same enzyme, nitrate reductase A from <i>Escherichia coli</i> (2004)

In order to clarify the role of cytochrome in nitrate reductase we have performed spectrophotometric and stopped-flow kinetic studies of reduction and oxidation of the cytochrome hemes with analogues of physiological quinones, using menadione as an analogue of menaquinone and duroquinone as an analogue of ubiquinone, and comparing the results with those obtained with dithionite. The spectrophotometric studies indicate that reduction of the cytochrome hemes varies according to the analogue of quinone used, and in no cases is it complete. Stopped-flow kinetics of heme oxidation by potassium nitrate indicates that there are two distinct reactions, depending on whether the hemes were previously reduced by menadiol or by duroquinol. These results, and those of spectrophotometric studies of a mutant lacking the highest-potential [Fe-S] cluster, allow us to propose a two-pathway electron transfer model for nitrate reductase A from Escherichia coli.
SAA<sub>1</sub>alleles as risk factors in reactive systemic AA amyloidosis (1998)

SAA1 is the predominant isoform of acute phase human SAA deposited as AA amyloid fibrils in reactive systemic amyloidosis. It has recently been reported that in the Japanese population, in whom the SAA1 gamma allele occurs with a frequency of 37%, possession of, and especially, homozygosity for this allele is a significant risk factor for AA amyloidosis in adult patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In contrast we report here that in a control sample of 95 healthy adult male Caucasians the SAA1 gamma allele occurs at the much lower frequency of 5.3% and that, among 41 patients with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA) and AA amyloidosis, there was a highly significantly increased frequency of the SAA1 alpha allele (90.2%), and particularly homozygosity for this allele (80.5%), compared both to the healthy controls (75.8% and 57.9% respectively) and to 8 JCA cases without amyloid (56.3% and 12.5%). A similar trend with respect to frequency of the SAA1 alpha allele and homozygosity for it was observed among 26 adult Caucasian RA patients with AA amyloid and 26 such cases without amyloid, although it did not reach statistical significance. These results suggest that there is probably differential amyloidogenicity amongst the different SAA1 isoforms and indicate that homozygosity for SAA1 alpha and SAA1 gamma in the different populations is a significant risk factor for development of AA amyloidosis. In Caucasian patients with JCA, the presence of the homozygous SAA1 alpha genotype indicates high risk of amyloidosis and should encourage early and aggressive anti-inflammatory therapy to keep circulating SAA levels as low as possible.
Differences in APOBEC3G Expression in CD4+ T Helper Lymphocyte Subtypes Modulate HIV-1 Infectivity (2009)

The cytidine deaminases APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F exert anti-HIV-1 activity that is countered by the HIV-1 vif protein. Based on potential transcription factor binding sites in their putative promoters, we hypothesized that expression of APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F would vary with T helper lymphocyte differentiation. Naive CD4+ T lymphocytes were differentiated to T helper type 1 (Th1) and 2 (Th2) effector cells by expression of transcription factors Tbet and GATA3, respectively, as well as by cytokine polarization. APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F RNA levels, and APOBEC3G protein levels, were higher in Th1 than in Th2 cells. T cell receptor stimulation further increased APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F expression in Tbet- and control-transduced, but not in GATA3-transduced, cells. Neutralizing anti-interferon-gamma antibodies reduced both basal and T cell receptor-stimulated APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F expression in Tbet- and control-transduced cells. HIV-1 produced from Th1 cells had more virion APOBEC3G, and decreased infectivity, compared to virions produced from Th2 cells. These differences between Th1- and Th2-produced virions were greater for viruses lacking functional vif, but also seen with vif-positive viruses. Over-expression of APOBEC3G in Th2 cells decreased the infectivity of virions produced from Th2 cells, and reduction of APOBEC3G in Th1 cells increased infectivity of virions produced from Th1 cells, consistent with a causal role for APOBEC3G in the infectivity difference. These results indicate that APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F levels vary physiologically during CD4+ T lymphocyte differentiation, that interferon-gamma contributes to this modulation, and that this physiological regulation can cause changes in infectivity of progeny virions, even in the presence of HIV-1 vif.
Boosting bit rates and error detection for the classification of fast-paced motor commands based on single-trial EEG analysis (2003)

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) involve two coupled adapting systems--the human subject and the computer. In developing our BCI, our goal was to minimize the need for subject training and to impose the major learning load on the computer. To this end, we use behavioral paradigms that exploit single-trial EEG potentials preceding voluntary finger movements. Here, we report recent results on the basic physiology of such premovement event-related potentials (ERP). 1) We predict the laterality of imminent left- versus right-hand finger movements in a natural keyboard typing condition and demonstrate that a single-trial classification based on the lateralized Bereitschaftspotential (BP) achieves good accuracies even at a pace as fast as 2 taps/s. Results for four out of eight subjects reached a peak information transfer rate of more than 15 b/min; the four other subjects reached 6-10 b/min. 2) We detect cerebral error potentials from single false-response trials in a forced-choice task, reflecting the subject's recognition of an erroneous response. Based on a specifically tailored classification procedure that limits the rate of false positives at, e.g., 2%, the algorithm manages to detect 85% of error trials in seven out of eight subjects. Thus, concatenating a primary single-trial BP-paradigm involving finger classification feedback with such secondary error detection could serve as an efficient online confirmation/correction tool for improvement of bit rates in a future BCI setting. As the present variant of the Berlin BCI is designed to achieve fast classifications in normally behaving subjects, it opens a new perspective for assistance of action control in time-critical behavioral contexts; the potential transfer to paralyzed patients will require further study.
White matter magnetic resonance hyperintensities in dementia of the Alzheimer type: morphological and regional cerebral blood flow correlates. (1994)

In a prospective MRI study the presence, appearance, volume, and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) correlates of periventricular hyperintensities (PVHs) and deep white matter hyperintensities (DWMHs) were examined in 18 patients with probable Alzheimer's disease and in 10 age matched healthy control subjects, all without major cerbrovascular risk factors. The 133Xe inhalation method and the [99mTc]-d,l-hexamethyl-propylene-amine-oxime (HMPAO) technique with single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) were used to measure rCBF. Rating scores for PVHs were significantly higher in the Alzheimer's disease group (p < 0.01) and correlated significantly with the volume of ventricles (p < 0.05) and with systolic arterial blood pressure (p < 0.01), but not with rCBF. By contrast, there was no significant difference in the rating scores or volumes of DWMHs between the two groups, although three patients had extensive DWMH lesions in the central white matter. In the group of patients with Alzheimer's disease as a whole, the volume of DWMHs correlated well with rCBF in the hippocampal region ( r = -0.72; p < 0.001), but not with frontal, temporal, parietal, or occipital rCBF. Postmortem histopathology of extensive DWMH lesions in one patient with definite Alzheimer's disease showed a partial loss of myelin and astrocytic gliosis, but no ischaemic changes. It is concluded that DWMH lesions may be associated with reduced rCBF in the hippocampal region. The heterogenous topography of neocortical rCBF deficits in Alzheimer's disease could not be explained by deafferentation from underlying white matter hyperintensities and therefore may reflect variations in the topography of cortical abnormalities.
Alkyl Amine Bevirimat Derivatives Are Potent and Broadly Active HIV-1 Maturation Inhibitors (2015)

Concomitant with the release of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) particles from the infected cell, the viral protease cleaves the Gag polyprotein precursor at a number of sites to trigger virus maturation. We previously reported that a betulinic acid-derived compound, bevirimat (BVM), blocks HIV-1 maturation by disrupting a late step in protease-mediated Gag processing: the cleavage of the capsid-spacer peptide 1 (CA-SP1) intermediate to mature CA. BVM was shown in multiple clinical trials to be safe and effective in reducing viral loads in HIV-1-infected patients. However, naturally occurring polymorphisms in the SP1 region of Gag (e.g., SP1-V7A) led to a variable response in some BVM-treated patients. The reduced susceptibility of SP1-polymorphic HIV-1 to BVM resulted in the discontinuation of its clinical development. To overcome the loss of BVM activity induced by polymorphisms in SP1, we carried out an extensive medicinal chemistry campaign to develop novel maturation inhibitors. In this study, we focused on alkyl amine derivatives modified at the C-28 position of the BVM scaffold. We identified a set of derivatives that are markedly more potent than BVM against an HIV-1 clade B clone (NL4-3) and show robust antiviral activity against a variant of NL4-3 containing the V7A polymorphism in SP1. One of the most potent of these compounds also strongly inhibited a multiclade panel of primary HIV-1 isolates. These data demonstrate that C-28 alkyl amine derivatives of BVM can, to a large extent, overcome the loss of susceptibility imposed by polymorphisms in SP1.
Volatile compounds in flavor‐tainted fish from the upper Wisconsin River (1988)

Fillets from Walleye pike (Stizostedion vitreum) and Northern pike (Esox lucius) captured from the Upper Wisconsin River were analyzed for volatile components using simultaneous steam distillation-extraction and GC-MS techniques. Based on comparative odor assessments of eluting GC fractions and GC-MS analysis between control and tainted fish, trace amounts (ppb) of alkylphenols (2-isopropyl-, 4-isopropyl-, 2,4-diisopropyl-, 2,5-diisopropyl-, 2,6-diisopropyl-, 3,5-diisopropyl-, 5-methyl-2-isopropyl-, and 2-methyl-5-isopropyl-) and thiophenol were identified as the principal contributors to flavor-tainting found in fish during the spring of the year. Geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol were major contributors to mustiness flavor-tainting occurring in fish captured in the late summer and were more abundant in downstream fish than in upstream control fish.
The Price of Performance (2005)

In the late 1990s, our research group at DEC was one of a growing number of teams advocating the CMP (chip multiprocessor) as an alternative to highly complex single-threaded CPUs. We were designing the Piranha system,1 which was a radical point in the CMP design space in that we used very simple cores (similar to the early RISC designs of the late ’80s) to provide a higher level of thread-level parallelism. Our main goal was to achieve the best commercial workload performance for a given silicon budget. Today, in developing Google’s computing infrastructure, our focus is broader than performance alone. The merits of a particular architecture are measured by answering the following question: Are you able to afford the computational capacity you need? The high-computational demands that are inherent in most of Google’s services have led us to develop a deep understanding of the overall cost of computing, and continually to look for hardware/software designs that optimize performance per unit of cost.
Local geometry variable conductance diffusion for post-reconstruction filtering (1994)

Variable conductance diffusion (VCD) filtering can preserve edges while smoothing noise in an image. The threshold of the conductance function determines the degree to which a part of the image is smoothed. Traditionally, a constant threshold has been used. The use of a global threshold does not allow for adaptation to local variations within the image. The approach presented here exploits the local geometry of the image and derives the threshold from the variations that are more likely caused by noise than by structural changes. The authors apply it to simulated noisy reconstructed single-photon emission computed tomographic (SPECT) image sets. For a particular voxel, if a consistent gradient direction is found within its neighborhood, then the variations on the plane perpendicular to the gradient direction are considered as noise and used to derive the threshold. The authors' results show that, for the same average noise level in the liver, the image contrast from both local geometry and constant threshold VCD filters are higher than those from Butterworth filtering. The local geometry VCD filtering provides images with smoother boundaries than the constant threshold method. Moreover, the contrast loss is less sensitive to the tumor size for the local geometry method.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Concluding Notes: Is It Relevant? (1978)

In the preceding chapter we have tried to show that Keynes’s monetary theory was intimately bound up with his theory of capital and that together they form the basis of an analysis of the causes of fluctuations in output and employment. It is interesting to note that in a recent book [36] Hicks — the founder of IS/LM analysis — comes round to the same conclusion. I pass to consider the other main parts of the Keynes theory — the and the . I shall take them , for I think I can show that they belong together … [and in a footnote Hicks continues] In my ‘Mr Keynes and the Classics’ Econometrica, 1937, I similarly reduced Keynes’ three relations to two, taking the multiplier with the marginal efficiency of capital to form the SI curve. I have come to feel that the alternative grouping, which I am following here, is more revealing’ ([36] p. 31).
Estimating free space in an elevator's confined environment (2015)

This paper proposes a computer vision approach aimed at improving the operation of an elevator based on its spatial occupancy. Besides parameters such as weight and number of persons, we use floor space as an additional parameter to determine occupancy more accurately. Our approach combines the use of Horn-Schunck optical flow to monitor opening and closing of the elevator's door so that the floor segmentation algorithm, which uses a colour detection scheme based on HSV colour space to calculate the amount of free floor space by learning the specific variation in hue, saturation and brightness of the floor area. The projected outcome of this work is to reduce the number of unnecessary stops when the elevator is full in order to conserve power consumption and provide faster service to users.
Dynamic Scene Deblurring With Parameter Selective Sharing and Nested Skip Connections (2019)

Dynamic Scene deblurring is a challenging low-level vision task where spatially variant blur is caused by many factors, e.g., camera shake and object motion. Recent study has made significant progress. Compared with the parameter independence scheme [19] and parameter sharing scheme [33], we develop the general principle for constraining the deblurring network structure by proposing the generic and effective selective sharing scheme. Inside the subnetwork of each scale, we propose a nested skip connection structure for the nonlinear transformation modules to replace stacked convolution layers or residual blocks. Besides, we build a new large dataset of blurred/sharp image pairs towards better restoration quality. Comprehensive experimental results show that our parameter selective sharing scheme, nested skip connection structure, and the new dataset are all significant to set a new state-of-the-art in dynamic scene deblurring.
Efficient data acquisition in automated ultrasonic inspection (1987)

The large volumes of data resulting from automated ultrasonic inspections illustrate the difficulties of efficient data acquisition and analysis. Consequently, all the available inspection systems impose a compromise between the quantity and the quality of data that they collect and the maximum possible speed of inspection. The paper introduces the problems of ultrasonic data acquisition and assesses several techniques so far employed in inspection systems. A further technique is then described in which only the minimum data required by ultrasonics specialists for defect detection, sizing and characterisation are gathered in a single high-speed scan. This is a technique which is presently being investigated so that the plotting and analysis may be carried out rapidly by discarding data which would otherwise obstruct the interpretation process. The technique requires intelligent discrimination of the features contained in the baseband envelope of the ultrasonic signal. A high-speed signal preprocessor which will implement this technique is under development and is known as the digital ultrasonic signal conditioner (DUSC); its design and applications are described
Prevalence of Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes Among Children and Adolescents From 2001 to 2009 (2014)

Between 2001 and 2009 in 5 areas of the United States, the prevalence of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes among children and adolescents increased. Further studies are required to determine the causes of these increases.