gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of Poly(ethylene glycol), Inorganic Salt, Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate, and Solvent System on Electrospinning of Poly(ethylene oxide) (2006)

Abstract Summary: The effects of PEO concentration, addition of PEG of various molecular weights (1 000–35 000 g · mol −1 ), inorganic salt of various types (i.e., NaCl, LiCl, KCl, MgCl 2 , and CaCl 2 ), or SDS, and the solvent system (i.e., mixed solvents of distilled water and methanol, ethanol, or 2‐propanol) on the bead formation and/or morphological appearance of electrospun PEO fibers were investigated using SEM. The formation of beaded fibers upon addition of low‐molecular‐weight PEGs into the PEO solution suggested that the very short relaxation time and/or the plasticizing effect of these low‐molecular‐weight PEGs contributed to the formation of the bead‐on‐string morphology of the as‐spun fibers. On the other hand, the observed improvement in the electro‐spinnability of the PEO solution with increasing PEO concentration and upon addition of NaCl and SDS suggested that the observed increase in the viscosity and conductivity and the observed decrease in the surface tension of the solution were indispensable for total suppression of the beads. However, when the conductivity of the solution increased only marginally, beads could still be obtained. SEM image of as‐spun PEO fibers from a solution of PEO in distilled water at 5% w/v without (left) and with (right) 5% w/v PEG of 2 000 g · mol −1 . magnified image SEM image of as‐spun PEO fibers from a solution of PEO in distilled water at 5% w/v without (left) and with (right) 5% w/v PEG of 2 000 g · mol −1 .
Isoindol-1-one Analogues of 4-(2‘-methoxyphenyl)-1-[2‘-[<i>N</i>-(2‘‘-pyridyl)-<i>p</i>-iodobenzamido]ethyl]piperazine (<i>p</i>-MPPI) as 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> Receptor Ligands (1998)

In developing radioiodinated antagonists for in vivo imaging of 5-HT1A receptors with SPECT, a series of new arylpiperazine benzamido derivatives, including 4-(2'-methoxyphenyl)-1-[2'-[N-(2"-pyridyl)-p-iodobenzamido]ethyl]p iperazine (p-MPPI, 31) (Kd = 0.36 nM), as potential ligands for 5-HT1A receptors were reported previously. However, rapid in vivo metabolism may have caused the breakdown of the amide bond of [123I]-31 and rendered this agent obsolete as an in vivo imaging agent in humans. To improve the in vivo stability of 31, a series of cyclized amide analogues were designed and synthesized. In vitro binding, metabolic stability, and in vivo biodistribution of these new derivatives were investigated. Several five-membered-ring isoindol-1-ones displayed very high in vitro binding affinity, especially 2-{2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethyl}-6-nitro-3-phenyl-2, 3-dihydroisoindol-1-one, 15, 3-hydroxy-6-iodo-2-{2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethyl}- 3- phenyl-2,3-dihydroisoindol-1-one, 18, and 6-iodo-2-{2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethyl}-3-phenyl-2, 3-dihydroisoindol-1-one, 21, which showed Ki values of 0.05, 0.65, and 0.07 nM, respectively. The affinities for 5-HT1A receptors of other cyclized amide derivatives, 5-(4-bromophenyl)-1-{2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)- piperazin-1-yl]ethyl}pyrrolidin-2-one, 25, 5-(4-iodophenyl)-1-{2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin- 1-yl]ethyl}pyrrolidin-2-one, 27, and 2-{2-[4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]ethyl}-2,3-dihydro- isoindol-1-one, 29, were 1.09, 2.54, and 14.9 nM, respectively. Compared to [125I]-31, iodinated cyclized amide derivatives [125I]-21 and [125I]-27 displayed a slower metabolism in human liver microsomal and cytosolic preparations. Biodistribution of [125I]-21 and [125I]-27 in rats (after an i.v. injection) displayed moderate to low brain uptakes with little or no specific localization in hippocampal region, where 5-HT1A receptors are concentrated. These data indicate that the new iodinated ligands showed high binding affinities and better metabolic stability but displayed unexpectedly low selective binding to 5-HT1A receptors in vivo. Additional structural modifications may be needed to correct the unfavorable properties displayed for these iodinated cyclized amide derivatives for in vivo biodistribution in rats.
Dinitro Amines and Their Reduction Products from the Mannich Reaction of Nitrocyclohexane with Aliphatic Diamines or Ammonia (1958)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDinitro Amines and Their Reduction Products from the Mannich Reaction of Nitrocyclohexane with Aliphatic Diamines or AmmoniaROBERT A. SMILEYCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1958, 23, 8, 1115–1117Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1958Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1958https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01102a008https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01102a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views155Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Antibiotics in the clinical pipeline in October 2019 (2020)

The development of new and effective antibacterial drugs to treat multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria, especially Gram-negative (G-ve) pathogens, is acknowledged as one of the world's most pressing health issues; however, the discovery and development of new, nontoxic antibacterials is not a straightforward scientific task, which is compounded by a challenging economic model. This review lists the antibacterials, β-lactamase/β-lactam inhibitor (BLI) combinations, and monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) first launched around the world since 2009 and details the seven new antibiotics and two new β-lactam/BLI combinations launched since 2016. The development status, mode of action, spectra of activity, lead source, and administration route for the 44 small molecule antibacterials, eight β-lactamase/BLI combinations, and one antibody drug conjugate (ADC) being evaluated in worldwide clinical trials at the end of October 2019 are described. Compounds discontinued from clinical development since 2016 and new antibacterial pharmacophores are also reviewed. There has been an increase in the number of early stage clinical candidates, which has been fueled by antibiotic-focused funding agencies; however, there is still a significant gap in the pipeline for the development of new antibacterials with activity against β-metallolactamases, orally administered with broad spectrum G-ve activity, and new treatments for MDR Acinetobacter and gonorrhea.
Acute peripheral nerve recording Characteristics of polymer-based longitudinal intrafascicular electrodes (2004)

We examined the recording characteristics of two different types of polymer-based longitudinal intrafascicular electrodes (LIFEs) in peripheral nerve: single-stranded (s-polyLIFEs) and multistranded (m-polyLIFEs). Recordings were also made from Pt-Ir wire-based electrodes (PtIrLIFEs) as a control. The electrodes were implanted in either tibial or medial gastrocnemius branches of the rabbit sciatic nerve, and in the sciatic nerve of rats. Recorded neural activity induced by manually elicited afferent neural activity showed that both polyLIFE versions performed comparably to PtIrLIFEs.
Quantification of Bacterial Polyhydroxybutyrate Content by Flow Cytometry (2017)

We describe here a detailed protocol for the quantification of the intracellular content of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) in a population of bacterial cells by flow cytometry, which is based on a consensus of several previously reported works.
Ultrasonic Process for Curing Adhesives (1993)

The objective of this program was to demonstrate in the laboratory the feasibility of using ultrasonic energy to cure a structural adhesive used to bond two pieces of 2024-T3 aluminum. A process was developed that demonstrated that American Cyanamid FM-73 adhesive could be cured using ultrasonic energy at a power level of less than 25 watts/sq. inch of adhesive area. The bonds produced using ultrasonic energy were just as strong as the bonds produced using a thermal process. A styrene butadiene rubber was found to be an excellent material to couple the ultrasonic energy to the adhesive through the aluminum substrate. The required coupling pressure ranged from 10 to 15 psi. Ultrasonic energy is absorbed by the adhesive and is converted to heat. Fine thermocouples embedded in the adhesive showed that the temperature of the adhesive increased from room temperature (70 deg F) to 250 deg F in less than 10 minutes. The method currently used to cure the epoxy adhesive bonding a composite repair patch to an aircraft structure employs a heating blanket over the patch and the surrounding aircraft structure. This method is inefficient and requires the area surrounding a patch to be heated to the same temperature required to cure the adhesive. Since ultrasonic energy is absorbed directly by the adhesive, very little energy is wasted heating up the area surrounding the patch. Thus, an ultrasonic heating process is more efficient than the heating blanket method. The ultrasonic process has the potential to be used for repairing aging aircraft structures with bonded composite patches. Ultrasonic curing, Composite patches, Adhesive curing, Aging aircraft, Structural adhesives, Ultrasonic activation of adhesives
Electrodeposition of Methylated Sol-Gel Films on Conducting Surfaces (1999)

A new approach to sol-gel film formation, involving electrochemical control of the pH near a conductive surface, is described here, in which methyltrimethoxysilane (MeTMOS) is deposited onto indium-tin-oxide and gold surfaces. The method is based on a “two-step” sol-gel preparation procedure in which MeTMOS is first pre-hydrolyzed and then polycondensed. A constant negative potential is applied to the electrode surface, increasing the concentration of hydroxyl ions, which act as a catalyst in the condensation process. This results in greater control over the deposition process and thus over film properties.
Multifunctional role of plant cysteine proteinases. (2004)

Cysteine proteinases also referred to as thiol proteases play an essential role in plant growth and development but also in senescence and programmed cell death, in accumulation of storage proteins such as in seeds, but also in storage protein mobilization. Thus, they participate in both anabolic and catabolic processes. In addition, they are involved in signalling pathways and in the response to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this review an attempt was undertaken to illustrate these multiple roles of cysteine proteinases and the mechanisms underlying their action.
<i>LKB1 </i>gene mutations in Japanese lung cancer patients (2007)

Mutation of the LKB1 gene (also known as STK11) is regarded as a cause of Peutz-Jeghers syndrome. In Caucasian patients, LKB1 somatic mutations occur in approximately one-third of lung adenocarcinomas. The aim of the present study was to examine the LKB1 gene in Japanese patients with lung cancer and to evaluate its clinical and pathological implications. We sequenced the LKB1 gene in 22 lung cancer cell lines and 100 Japanese patients with lung cancer (including 81 adenocarcinomas, 14 squamous cell carcinomas and five other histological types) who had undergone curative pulmonary resection. We also determined expression levels of the LKB1 gene by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and correlated these results with the clinical and pathological features of patients. Among the 22 cell lines, four had mutations and three of these were in adenocarcinoma cells. Of 100 primary lung cancers, only three had LKB1 gene mutations (3%). All of them were male smokers with adenocarcinomas. Hence, when confined to this subset of patients, the mutation frequency was 9% (3/33). No significant correlation was observed between the expression level of LKB1 and patient clinicopathological features. In conclusion, LKB1 gene mutations were relatively rare in Japanese patients with lung cancer compared with Caucasian patients. LKB1 gene mutations appear to be frequent in male, smoking patients of Caucasian origin, in contrast to EGFR or HER2 mutations that are frequent in non-smoking, female patients of Asian origin.
Cell-to-substratum contacts in living cells: A direct correlation between interference-reflexion and indirect-immunofluorescence microscopy using antibodies against actin and A-actinin (1979)

Rat mammary cells growing on glass coverslips were photographed first using interference-reflexion microscopy and then after processing for indirect-immunofluorescence microscopy with antibodies to actin or to alpha-actinin. A comparison of the images of the same cell given by the 2 microscopical procedures indicates that the focal contacts between the cell and the substratum correspond to distal ends of microfilament bundles, and the these bundles are only in limited areas close to the substratum. The focal contracts are rich in alpha-actinin which has been proposed as a membrane-anchorage protein for microfilament bundles. Use of stereo immunofluorescence microscopy allows a direct comparison between the interference-reflexion image, and the underside of the cell after staining with antibodies to actin or alpha-actinin.
Mutagenesis by metal-induced oxygen radicals. (1994)

To assess the contribution of reactive oxygen species (ROS) to metal-induced mutagenesis, we have determined the spectrum of mutations in the lacZ alpha gene after exposure of M13mp2 DNA to Fe2+, Cu2+, and Ni2+. With iron and copper ions, mutations are clustered and are predominantly single-base substitutions. Fe, Cu, and phorbol ester-stimulated neutrophils also produced tandem double CC-->TT mutations. This mutation may provide a marker for the role of oxidative damage in carcinogenesis. Mutagenesis by Ni2+ required the complexing of the metal to a tripeptide and the addition of H2O2. To assess the contribution of ROS in mammalian cells, we determined the spectrum of mutations produced when purified DNA polymerases-alpha and -beta synthesized DNA using a template that had been damaged by ROS. The mutation spectra produced by the two polymerases indicates that these enzymes substitute different nucleotides opposite the same lesions.
An AlGaAs laser with high-quality dry etched mirrors fabricated using an ultrahigh vacuum in situ dry etching and deposition processing system (1988)

Highly reliable AlGaAs lasers with dry etched mirrors have been successfully fabricated with an ultrahigh-vacuum in situ processing system, equipped with reactive ion-beam etching (RIBE) and dielectric film deposition chambers. Etched mirror surfaces are protected against air-exposure contamination and nonvolatile-reaction-products adsorption with in situ Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ passivation subsequent to the CI/sub 2/ RIBE mirror formation. Ion-bombardment-induced damage is repaired by thermal annealing. The annealing effect is enhanced by a contamination-free interface between the etched mirror surface and Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ passivation film. The lasers exhibit an increase in catastrophic optical damage (COD) level and long-life operation. Their COD levels are twice as high as that for as-etched lasers and are almost the same as those for conventional cleaved lasers.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): a new paradigm in molecular marker technology and DNA polymorphism detection with emphasis on their use in plants (2001)

Molecular markers are useful for a variety of purposes relevant to crop improvement. The most important of these uses is the indirect marker­ assisted selection (MAS) exercised during plant breeding. For this purpose, molecular markers need to be amenable to automation and high throughput approaches. However, the gel-based assays that are needed for most molecular markers are time con­ suming and expensive, limiting their utility. The new generation molecular markers, called single nucleo­ tide polymorphisms (SNPs) do not always need these gel-based assays. They are also the most abundant of all marker systems known so far, both in animal and plant genomes. A large number of SNPs have already been developed in the human genome, some of them proving useful for diagnosis of diseases. A beginning has also been made in the development and use of SNPs in higher plants, including some crop and tree species. Hopefully in future, they will be used in plants in a big way. Several approaches can be used for discovery of new SNPs and about a dozen different methods are now available for SNP genotyping. Some of these methods are also suitable for automation and high throughput approaches. These methods, in prin­ ciple, make a distinction between a perfect match and a mismatch (at the SNP site) between a probe of known sequence and the target DNA containing the SNP site. The target DNA in most of these methods is a peR product, except in some cases like 'invasive cleavage assay', and 'reduced representation shotgun (RRS)' devised and used recently. The different methods of SNP discovery and detection, along with examples of some known uses of SNPs in plant sys­ tems are described in this article.
Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry and Its Clinical Applications (2002)

Bone density scans using the technique of dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) are widely seen as having an essential role in the evaluation of patients at risk of osteoporosis. DXA scans of the spine and hip are the most useful because fractures at these sites result in the greatest impairment of quality of life. A hip DXA scan is the most reliable way of evaluating hip fracture risk, and the spine is the most sensitive site for monitoring response to treatment. Fundamental to the clinical role of DXA scanning are the findings of epidemiological studies that relate fracture risk to bone mineral density. The results of spine and hip DXA scans are interpreted using the World Health Organisation (WHO) definition of osteoporosis as a T-score less than -2.5. DXA scans are also used in longitudinal studies, both for research studies and for follow-up scans of individual patients. Although the former have an important role in the development of new treatments for osteoporosis, the latter are more controversial and are likely to be less important in the future. There is also interest in the use of smaller, less expensive DXA systems for scanning sites in the peripheral skeleton. However, in general, the results from these devices cannot be interpreted using the WHO definition of osteoporosis, and until there is a consensus over establishing an equivalent threshold, their use is premature.
NG2 expression in MLL rearranged acute myeloid leukaemia is restricted to monoblastic cases (1999)

Expression of NG2 has been reported in the majority of paediatric acute leukaemia (AL) cases with MLL rearrangement. We demonstrated 7. 1 positivity in 2/3 paediatric and 4/11 adult MLL rearranged acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) but in 0/28 adult AML without MLL rearrangement, thus extending the 100% specificity to adult cases. Positivity correlated with stage of maturation arrest since it was found in 0/6 immature AML but in 6/8 monoblastic cases. These data demonstrate that, if NG2 expression in AL is the (in)direct result of MLL rearrangement, such activation is restricted to a monoblastic population in AML. They also have practical implications for NG2 diagnostic screening strategies.
Deposition of ZnO on bismuth species towards a rechargeable Zn-based aqueous battery (2016)

Zn aqueous batteries typically suffer from poor cycle life because water soluble zincate ions are formed during the oxidation of Zn. When Zn is oxidized, most of the Zn<sup>2+</sup> ions detach from the current collector and become electrochemically inactive, leaving the battery non-rechargeable. Numerous reports demonstrate the use of Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> as an electrode additive to enhance electrochemical performance and they attribute this phenomenon to the improvement in electrical conductivity. However, conductivity does not have an effect on the intrinsic solubility of the zincate ion. We conduct a series of characterizations to provide a comprehensive mechanistic role of Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> in the Zn electrode. We find that upon oxidation, zincate ions are formed but they relax into ZnO on the surface of the bismuth species. This work proposes that the reason for the prolonged cycle life is due to the deposition of ZnO through relaxation and this prevents losing electrochemically active materials. This finding paves the way for further improving the cycle life and understanding the mechanism of the Zn based rechargeable aqueous batteries and possibly other conversion types of rechargeable batteries.
Effect of Insulated/Uninsulated Channel Walls on Heat Transfer From a Horizontal Finned Tube in a Vertical Channel (1987)

Measurements were made of the combined natural convection and radiation heat transfer from a horizontal finned tube situated in a vertical channel open at the top and bottom. In one set of experiments, both walls of the channel were heavily insulated, while in a second set of experiments, one of the insulated walls was replaced by an uninsulated metallic sheet. In general, the heat transfer coefficients were found to be lower with the metal wall in place, but only moderately. With the finned tube situated at the bottom of the channel, the differences in the heat transfer coefficients corresponding to the two types of walls were only a few percent. When the tube was positioned at the mid-height of the channel, larger differences were encountered, but in the practical range of Rayleigh numbers, the differences did not exceed 5 percent.