gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Flood Frequency and Drought Risk in New South Wales, Australia (2003)

Recent research has highlighted the persistence of multi-decadal periods of enhanced flood and drought risk across New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Recent climatological studies have also revealed multi-decadal variability in the modulation of the magnitude of El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) impacts. In this study, the variability of flood risk across NSW is analysed with respect to the observed modulation of ENS0 event magnitude. This is achieved through the use of a simple index of regional flood risk. In addition, the variability of drought risk is analysed through the investigation of a water storage reservoir located in NSW. The results indicate that cold ENS0 events (La Nina) are the dominant drivers of elevated flood risk while the majority of droughts occur during the warm ENS0 phase (El Nino). An analysis of multi-decadal modulation of flood and drought risk is achieved using the Inter-decadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO) index. The analysis reveals that the IPO appears to modulate both the magnitude and frequency of ENS0 impacts. This dual modulation of ENS0 processes causes the flood frequency and drought risk in NSW to vary on multi-decadal timescales. These results have marked implications for achieving robust flood frequency analysis and drought security, as well as providing a strong example of the role of natural climate variability.
Operant Conditioning of Reciprocal Inhibition in Rat Soleus Muscle (2006)

Operant conditioning of the H-reflex, the electrical analog of the spinal stretch reflex (SSR), induces activity-dependent plasticity in the spinal cord and might be used to improve locomotion after spinal cord injury. To further assess the potential clinical significance of spinal reflex conditioning, this study asks whether another well-defined spinal reflex pathway, the disynaptic pathway underlying reciprocal inhibition (RI), can also be operantly conditioned. Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with electromyographic (EMG) electrodes in right soleus (SOL) and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles and a stimulating cuff on the common peroneal (CP) nerve. When background EMG in both muscles remained in defined ranges, CP stimulation elicited the TA H-reflex and SOL RI. After collection of control data for 20 days, each rat was exposed for 50 days to up-conditioning (RIup mode) or down-conditioning (RIdown mode) in which food reward occurred if SOL RI evoked by CP stimulation was more (RIup mode) or less (RIdown mode) than a criterion. TA and SOL background EMG and TA M response remained stable. In every rat, RI conditioning was successful (i.e., change > or =20% in the correct direction). In the RIup rats, final SOL RI averaged 171+/- 28% (mean +/- SE) of control, and final TA H-reflex averaged 114 +/- 14%. In the RIdown rats, final SOL RI averaged 37 +/- 13% of control, and final TA H-reflex averaged 60 +/- 18%. Final SOL RI and TA H-reflex sizes were significantly correlated. Thus like the SSR and the H-reflex, RI can be operantly conditioned; and conditioning one reflex can affect another reflex as well.
Copper‐Catalyzed Cycloaddition of Sulfonyl Azides with Alkynes to Synthesize <i>N</i>‐Sulfonyltriazoles ‘on Water’ at Room Temperature (2008)

Abstract We have developed a green and practical method for the Huisgen cycloaddition of water‐insoluble sulfonyl azides with alkynes ‘on water’ at room temperature under catalysis of the inexpensive catalyst system CuX/PhSMe, and addition of the ligand (thioanisole) greatly inhibited cleavage of the N 1 N 2 bond in the 5‐cuprated N ‐sulfonyltriazole intermediates to amides and improved the yields of N ‐sulfonyltriazoles.
Thermal Atomic Layer Etching of Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Using Sequential HF and BCl<sub>3</sub> Exposures: Evidence for Combined Ligand-Exchange and Conversion Mechanisms (2022)

The atomic layer etching (ALE) of Al2O3 was demonstrated using sequential HF and BCl3 exposures. BCl3 is a new precursor for thermal Al2O3 ALE that can provide pathways for both ligand-exchange and conversion etching mechanisms. Fourier transfer infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was utilized to observe the growth of Al2O3 ALD films using Al(CH3)3 (trimethylaluminum) and H2O and the subsequent etching of the Al2O3 ALD films using HF and BCl3. To confirm the conversion reaction, FTIR difference spectra revealed that initial BCl3 exposures on the Al2O3 ALD film converted the Al2O3 surface to a B2O3 layer. Surprisingly, larger BCl3 exposures on the B2O3 layer could also etch the B2O3 layer. Quadrupole mass spectrometry (QMS) measurements revealed that BCl3 produced ion intensities for AlCl3+ from AlCl3 during the conversion of the Al2O3 surface to a B2O3 layer. Concurrently, the BCl3 also etched the converted B2O3 layer and ion intensities for B3O3Cl3+ were observed from B3O3Cl3 boroxine rings. After the conversion of the Al2O3 surface to a B2O3 layer, the initial HF exposure then removed the B2O3 layer and fluorinated the underlying Al2O3 film. Following the initial BCl3 and HF exposures, the FTIR difference spectra showed that Al2O3 ALE proceeded primarily by a reaction pathway where HF fluorinates the Al2O3 and then BCl3 removes the surface fluoride layer by a ligand-exchange reaction. However, there was still evidence for some conversion of Al2O3 to a B2O3 layer during the subsequent BCl3 exposures and then removal of the B2O3 layer by the HF exposures. Spectroscopic ellipsometry measurements determined the etch rates during thermal Al2O3 ALE during sequential HF and BCl3 exposures. The etch rates were 0.03, 0.31, 0.65, and 0.92 Å/cycle at temperatures of 230, 255, 280, and 290 °C, respectively. QMS analysis also investigated the volatile etch products during the sequential HF and BCl3 exposures on Al2O3 at 270 °C. During the BCl3 exposures after the initial cycle, the QMS measurements observed ion intensities for BFCl2+ and AlCl2+. BFCl2 was the major ligand-exchange product, and AlCl3 was the main metal chloride etching product. In addition, small ion intensities for B3O3Cl3+ were also present from the conversion of Al2O3 to B2O3 and subsequent etching of B2O3 by BCl3 to yield boroxine ring products. These results indicate that thermal Al2O3 ALE using sequential HF and BCl3 exposures occurs by combined ligand-exchange and conversion mechanisms.
Hierarchical radio resource optimization for heterogeneous networks with dynamic ABS (2013)

Interference is a major performance bottleneck in Heterogeneous Network (HetNet). The LTE-A working groups are actively studying enhanced inter-cell interference coordination (eICIC) techniques such as almost blank subframes (ABS). We propose a two timescale hierarchical radio resource management (RRM) scheme for HetNet with dynamic ABS control. The long term controls, such as dynamic ABS, are adaptive to the large scale fading at a RRM server for interference control. The short term control (user scheduling) is adaptive to the local channel state information (CSI) within each BS to exploit the multi-user diversity. Such hierarchical RRM has low signaling overhead, good scalability, and robustness w.r.t. latency of the backhaul signaling. The two timescale optimization problem is challenging due to the exponentially large solution space. We exploit the sparsity in the HetNet interference graph and derive structural properties for the optimal ABS control. Based on that, we propose a two timescale alternative optimization solution which has low complexity and is asymptotically optimal at high SNR.
Nonlinear pairwise alignment of seismic traces (2004)

This paper deals with the problem of aligning two seismic traces and, by repeated application, any number of seismic traces. At first appearance this is a trivial problem. One need only compute the cross-correlation of the two traces and, from the peak of this function, the optimum alignment is known.
Synthesis and degradabilities of polyesters from 1,4:3,6‐dianhydrohexitols and aliphatic dicarboxylic acids (1995)

Abstract Six different polyesters ( 6a–6c and 7a–7c ) were prepared by the bulk polycondensations of the respective combinations of 1,4:3,6‐dianhydro‐D‐glucitol ( 3 ) and 1,4:3,6‐dianhydro‐D‐mannitol ( 4 ) with succinyl dichloride ( 5a ), glutaryl dichloride ( 5b ), and adipoyl dichloride ( 5c ) at 140–180°C. Polyesters having number average molecular weights up to 2.6 ×10 4 were obtained in high yields. Only polyester 7a based on 4 and 5a was partially crystalline, whereas all the other polyesters were amorphous. Thin films of these polyesters except that of 7a were spontancously hydrolyzed in a neutral phosphate buffer solution at 50°C, whereas they were reluctant to be hydrolyzed at 27°C. The polyesters were more or less degraded at 27°C by treatment with an activated sludge or by prolonged burial in soil. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Multifunctional Conjugates To Prepare Nucleolar-Targeting CdS Quantum Dots (2010)

We used a click reaction to synthesize a bidentate 1,2,3-triazole-based ligand, TA, for use in the preparation of aqueous CdS quantum dots (QDs). TA-conjugated CdS QDs exhibited two fluorescence emission peaks, one at 540 nm arising from CdS nanocrystals and the other at approximately 670 nm arising from TA-CdS QD complexes formed via surface coordination. Coordination between TA and CdS was verified by using X-ray photoelectron (N 1s) spectra as well as Raman and NMR spectra of TA-capped QDs. Electrochemical analysis revealed that the 1,2,3-triazole moities in TA form complexes with the Cd(II) ions. The aqueous QDs protected by TA were very stable at different ionic strengths and over a broad pH range, according to fluorescence analysis. The ethidium bromide exclusion assay demonstrated that the bidentate TA ligand interacts strongly with DNA. Fluorescent micrographs and TEM images of cancer cells stained with TA-capped QDs clearly showed that the TA ligand targeted CdS QDs to the nucleoli of cells. In contrast, thioglycolic acid-capped CdS QDs just stained the cell membranes and could not pass the cell membranes to reach the cell nucleus.
Towards Augmented Reality user interfaces in 3D media production (2014)

The idea of using Augmented Reality (AR) user interfaces (UIs) to create 3D media content, such as 3D models for movies and games has been repeatedly suggested over the last decade. Even though the concept is intuitively compelling and recent technological advances have made such an application increasingly feasible, very little progress has been made towards an actual real-world application of AR in professional media production. To this day, no immersive 3D UI has been commonly used by professionals for 3D computer graphics (CG) content creation. In this paper, we are first to publish a requirements analysis for our target application in the professional domain. Based on a survey that we conducted with media professionals, the analysis of professional 3D CG software, and professional training tutorials, we identify these requirements and put them into the context of AR UIs. From these findings, we derive several interaction design principles that aim to address the challenges of real-world application of AR to the production pipeline. We implemented these in our own prototype system while receiving feedback from media professionals. The insights gained in the survey, requirements analysis, and user interface design are relevant for research and development aimed at creating production methods for 3D media production.
DBFT: Efficient Byzantine Consensus with a Weak Coordinator and its Application to Consortium Blockchains (2017)

This paper introduces a deterministic Byzantine consensus algorithm that relies on a new weak coordinator. As opposed to previous algorithms that cannot terminate in the presence of a faulty or slow coordinator, our algorithm can terminate even when its coordinator is faulty, hence the name weak coordinator. The key idea is to allow processes to complete asynchronous rounds as soon as they receive a threshold of messages, instead of having to wait for a message from a coordinator that may be slow. The resulting algorithm assumes partial synchrony, is resilience optimal, time optimal and does not need signatures. Our presentation is didactic: we first present a simple safe binary Byzantine consensus algorithm, modify it to ensure termination, and finally present an optimized reduction from multivalue consensus to binary consensus that may terminate in 4 message delays. To evaluate our algorithm, we deployed it on 100 machines distributed in 5 datacenters across different continents and compared its performance against the randomized solution from Mostefaoui, Moumem and Raynal [PODC14] that terminates in O(1) rounds in expectation. Our algorithm always outperforms the latter even in the presence of Byzantine behaviors. Our algorithm has a subsecond average latency in most of our geo-distributed experiments, even when attacked by a well-engineered coalition of Byzantine processes.
Enzyme‐Free Amperometric Sensing of Glucose by Using Gold Nanoparticles (2006)

A nonenzymatic electrochemical method is described for the detection of glucose by using gold (Au) nanoparticles self-assembled on a three-dimensional (3D) silicate network obtained by using sol-gel processes. The nanosized Au particles have been self-assembled on the thiol tail groups of the silicate network and enlarged by hydroxylamine. The Au nanoparticles efficiently catalyze the oxidation of glucose at less-positive potential (0.16 V) in phosphate buffer solution (pH 9.2) in the absence of any enzymes or redox mediators. The Au nanoparticle-modified transducer (MPTS-nAuE) was successfully used for the amperometric sensing of glucose and it showed excellent sensitivity with a detection limit of 50 nM. The common interfering agent ascorbate (AA) does not interfere with the detection of glucose. The MPTS-nAuE transducer showed individual voltammetric responses for glucose and AA. This transducer responded linearly to glucose in the range of 0-8 mM and the sensitivity of the transducer was found to be 0.179 nA cm(-2) nM(-1). Excellent reproducibility, and long-term storage and operational stability was observed for this transducer.
<title>Benefits of aspect diversity for SAR ATR: fundamental and experimental results</title> (2000)

This paper continues the study reported in Ref. 1 and Ref. 2 trading off the fundamental ATR performance capability (i.e., algorithm-independent) of various SAR design options. The previous papers considered the performance impact of SAR range/cross-range resolution and compared the use of 1-D HRR (high-range-resolution radar) versus 2-D SAR, versus multisensor, 3-D SAR. The work reported here extends the SAR and HRR results of Ref. 2 to include aspect diversity in the SAR measurements. We show that SAR and HRR are benefited by multi-aspect measurements mostly because multiple views add diversity: poorer views benefit from having better views combined in a multi-aspect classifier. Finally, as a proof of concept, multi-aspect diversity is incorporated into an existing SAR ATR classifier; performance of an MSTAR 10-class MSE classifier is shown to improve substantially. A major tenet is verified by the experimental results: added measurement domains, such as aspect diversity, which separate the target signature vectors in the observation space, make it easier to obtain better target classification, enhanced false- alarm rejection, and robustness to unknown statistics.
O6-Alkylguanine-DNA alkyltransferase and sensitivity to procarbazine in human brain-tumor xenografts (1989)

The level of O6-alkylguanine-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) alkyltransferase (AT) was determined in 15 human brain-tumor xenografts in athymic mice. This enzyme is a primary intracellular repair mechanism for lesions produced at the O6 position of guanine by a wide range of alkylating agents, including nitrosoureas and procarbazine. Its activity ranged from undetectable in five tumor lines to 2338 fmol/mg protein in N-1941, a human glioblastoma xenograft. The sensitivity of 10 of these xenografts to procarbazine was determined and it was found that four of the five tumor lines with AT levels of more than 100 fmol/mg protein had growth delays after procarbazine treatment of less than 20 days, whereas all five lines with undetectable AT levels had growth delays of over 30 days. The primary cytotoxic DNA adduct produced by procarbazine (namely, O6-methylguanine) was found to be significantly higher in two sensitive lines with low AT levels than in a highly resistant line with a high AT level. These data suggest that the AT levels of individual brain tumors can be used as predictive indicators of their susceptibility to drugs that exert their antineoplastic effect primarily by O6-alkylation of guanine in nuclear DNA.
Magnetic resonance imaging in rabies (2003)

Rabies encephalitis has a classical clinical presentation and its diagnosis is unmistakable. In about a fifth of cases rabies occurs as its paralytic form, which lacks the classic symptoms and may mimic other diseases, especially acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM). Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in rabies shows a distinct abnormal pattern that differentiates it from ADEM. Hence it may be a useful tool in diagnosis of paralytic rabies. Failure to administer post-exposure rabies immunoglobulin along with the rabies vaccine may result in vaccine failure.
Resting microglial cells in vitro: Analysis of morphology and adhesion molecule expression in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (1996)

Neurons in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures (OHSCs) are known to preserve morphological and physiological features of the in vivo situation; however, little is known about the properties of microglial cells under these in vitro conditions. In this study, we addressed the question whether microglial cells in OHSCs are initially activated following explantation but return to a resting state during in vitro cultivation. Thus, we analyzed a) microglial cell morphology, b) microglial cell distribution, and c) expression of integrin adhesion molecules as putative markers of microglial activation. Hippocampal slices fixed immediately following explantation showed only resting microglial cells, mainly located in the paraventricular regions. After 3 days in vitro (div) OHSC surfaces were covered by activated microglia, whereas intermediate layers contained fewer microglial cells, giving the slices a sandwich-like appearance with the intact hippocampal formation being surrounded by glial tissue. After 3 div, microglial cells in intermediate layers of OHSCs showed activated morphology with ovaloid cytoplasm and no or merely few cytoplasmic processes; after 6 div, however, an increasing degree of ramification could be observed. After 9 div, microglia in intermediate layers had almost regained the morphological appearance of resting cells with filigrane cytoplasmic processes extended in all directions. The integrin adhesion molecules LFA-1 (alpha and beta chains) and VLA-4 were expressed on most microglial cells with activated morphology, as verified by co-localization with double immunofluorescence labeling for LFA-1 or VLA-4 and Griffonia simplicifolia isolectin B4 (GFS-B4). In contrast, only low levels of integrin adhesion molecule expression were also found on reactive astrocytes along slice surfaces. However, LFA-1 or VLA-4 were never found on ramified microglial cells, and double immunofluorescence labeling of LFA-1 or VLA-4 with ramified GFS-B4+ microglia never occurred. We conclude that a) originally resting microglial cells activated in an early phase of in vitro culture but regain a resting status after at least 6 div; and b) integrin adhesion molecules LFA1 and VLA-4 are potential markers of microglial activation, as they were found on activated but never on resting microglial cells. This enables further investigations on immunological and electrophysiological features of resting and activated microglial cells under in vitro conditions.
Late-Glacial and Early Holocene Vegetation and Climate Change near Owens Lake, Eastern California (2001)

Abstract Pollen and algae from Owens Lake in eastern California provide evidence for a series of climatic oscillations late in the last glaciation. Juniper woodland, which dominated the Owens Valley from 16,200 to 15,500 cal yr B.P., suggests much wetter conditions than today. Although still wetter and cooler than today, the area then became fairly warm and dry, with woodland being replaced by shrubs (mainly sagebrush) from 15,500 to 13,100 cal yr B.P. Next, Chenopodiaceae (shadscale) increased, woody species declined, and lake levels fell—all evidence for a brief (ca. 100–200 yr) drought about 13,000 cal yr B.P. The climate continued to oscillate between wet and dry from 13,000 to 11,000 cal yr B.P. After 11,000 cal yr B.P., low lake levels and the increased dominance of desert shrubs indicate the beginning of warm, dry Holocene conditions. The region's climate was unstable during the Younger Dryas but uncertainities in dating prevent identification of the Younger Dryas interval in the Owens Lake record. Comparison of the Owens Lake record with studies in the Sierra Nevada and Great Basin suggest that the climate was generally wetter between 13,000 and 11,000 cal yr B.P., with warmer summers, although no consistent pattern of climate change emerges.
Immunoregulatory properties of TRX585, a novel monoclonal antibody specific for immunoglobulin-like transcript 5. (2010)

e13107 Background: Several mechanisms account for the ability of the immune system to mount protective immunity while maintaining self-tolerance. At the single-cell level, the integration of signals delivered by activating and inhibitory receptors determines whether immunity will be initiated or suppressed. Immunoglobulin-like transcripts (ILTs) are polymorphic receptors found on the surface of human and nonhuman primate leukocytes and have the potential for either activating or inhibitory function. ILT5, an inhibitory member of the ILT family with unknown function, is predominantly expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs), such as dendritic cells and monocytes. Here, we report on the potent immunoregulatory properties of TRX585, a novel monoclonal antibody (Mab) that targets ILT5. Methods: The immunoregulatory potential of TRX585 was investigated in vitro using mixed leukocyte cultures. T-cell proliferation and activation were monitored using 3H-thymidine incorporation or flow cytometry. Cytotoxicity and Fas ligand release by T cells were quantified by flow cytometry and ELISA, respectively. Results: Upon exposure to APCs with cell-bound TRX585, human T cells proliferated in a T-cell receptor (TCR)-independent manner, upregulated the innate immune receptor, NKG2D, and sustained elevated levels of NKG2D under conditions that normally trigger its internalization. In addition, T cells showed increased responsiveness to subsequent TCR stimulation, secreted high levels of Fas ligand, and acquired cytotoxic potential. Both CD4 and CD8 T cells that were isolated from TRX585-containing cultures efficiently killed a variety of human tumor cell lines. This was shown to be major histocompatibility class I antigen- and Fas ligand-dependent. Conclusions: Our studies uncovered a novel pathway, involving the ILT5 receptor, by which human T cells can be potently activated, become cytotoxic, and acquire an innate immune receptor known to have an important role in preventing the dissemination of tumor cells and viruses. Because TRX585 activates this pathway, it may be useful in the treatment of viral infections and/or malignancies. Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Position Consultant or Advisory Role Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Funding Expert Testimony Other Remuneration Tolerx, Inc. Tolerx, Inc.