gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of cerebral gray and white matter metabolite differences by spectroscopic imaging at 4.1T (1994)

Using a 4.1T whole body system, we have acquired 1H spectroscopic imaging (SI) data of N-acetyl (NA) compounds, creatine (CR), and choline (CH) with nominal voxel sizes of 0.5 cc (1.15 cc after filtering). We have used the SI data to estimate differences in cerebral metabolites of human gray and white matter. To evaluate the origin of an increased CR/NA and CH/NA ratios in gray matter relative to white matter, we measured the T1 and T2 of CR, NA, and CH in gray and white matter using moderate resolution SI imaging. In white matter the T2s of NA, CR, and CH were 233 +/- 27, 141 +/- 18, and 167 +/- 20 ms, respectively, and 227 +/- 27, 140 +/- 16, and 189 +/- 25 ms in gray matter. The T1 values for NA, CR, and CH were 1267 +/- 141, 1487 +/- 146, and 1111 +/- 136 ms in gray matter and 1260 +/- 154, 1429 +/- 233, and 1074 +/- 146 ms in white matter. After correcting for T1 and T2 losses, creatine content was significantly lower in white matter than gray (P < 0.01, t-test), with a white/gray content ratio of 0.8, in agreement with biopsy and in vivo measurements at 1.5 and 2.0T.
Hierarchical Cooperation in <emphasis emphasistype="italic">Ad Hoc</emphasis> Networks: Optimal Clustering and Achievable Throughput (2009)

For a wireless network with <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</i> nodes distributed in an area <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">A</i> , and with <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</i> source-destination pairs communicating with each other at some common rate, the hierarchical cooperation scheme proposed in (Ozgur, Leveque, and Tse, 2007) is analyzed and optimized by choosing the number of hierarchical stages and the corresponding cluster sizes that maximize the total throughput. It turns out that increasing the number of stages does not necessarily improve the throughput, and the closed-form solutions for the optimization problem can be explicitly obtained. Based on the expression of the maximum achievable throughput, it is found that the hierarchical scheme achieves a scaling with the exponent depending on <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</i> . In addition, to apply the hierarchical cooperation scheme to random networks, a clustering algorithm is developed, which divides the whole network into quadrilateral clusters, each with exactly the number of nodes required.
The Raincore API for clusters of networking elements (2001)

Clustering technology offers a way to increase overall reliability and performance of Internet information flow by strengthening one link in the chain without adding others. We have implemented this technology in a distributed computing architecture for network elements. The architecture, called Raincore, originated in the Reliable Array of Independent Nodes, or RAIN, research collaboration between the California Institute of Technology and the US National Aeronautics and Space Agency's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The RAIN project focused on developing high-performance, fault-tolerant, portable clustering technology for spaceborne computing . The technology that emerged from this project became the basis for a spinoff company, Rainfinity, which has the exclusive intellectual property rights to the RAIN technology. The authors describe the Raincore conceptual architecture and distributed services, which are designed to make it easy for developers to port their applications to run on top of a cluster of networking elements. We include two applications: a Web server prototype that was part of the original RAIN research project and a commercial firewall cluster product from Rainfinity.
Hydrometeorological application of a microwave link: 2. Precipitation (2007)

The suitability of a 27‐GHz microwave link for measuring path‐averaged precipitation is investigated. Theoretical analyses show that the specific attenuation of an electromagnetic signal at this frequency varies nearly linearly with the rainfall intensity, which is ideal for line‐integrating instruments. The dependence of this relation on the drop size distribution and on the temperature is small, so that uncertainties in these variables do not play large roles in the estimation of rainfall intensity. Data from an experiment with a 4.89‐km microwave link and a line configuration of seven tipping bucket rain gauges are used to test whether this instrument is indeed suitable for the estimation of path‐averaged rainfall. Results from this experiment show that the attenuation due to wet antennas can have a significant effect on the retrieved rainfall intensity. However, when a two‐parameter wet antenna correction function is applied to the link data, comparisons with the rain gauge data show that the instrument is indeed well suited for the measurement of path‐averaged rainfall.
Coded Modulation for Undersea Optical Fiber Communications (2014)

We present an overview of single parity check based bit interleaved coded modulation in fiber optic systems. Coded modulation achieves high SNR sensitivity and large Euclidean distance and enables absolute phase detection without pilot symbols.
Surface recombination in dry etched AlGaAs/GaAs double heterostructure <i>p</i>-<i>i</i>-<i>n</i> mesa diodes (1993)

We have measured the surface recombination in reactive ion etched mesas in an AlGaAs/GaAs p-i-n double heterostructure using the size dependence of the current density versus voltage characteristic. The recombination current is dependent on processing due to surface oxide formation. The surface recombination of the oxidized surface is independent of the crystal axis. The recombination current can be reduced by removal of the oxide and sulfur passivation which protects the surface from further oxidation.
Description De Quelques Nouveaux Serphides. (1906)

xBio:D Automated Upload
XYLITOL AND LOW DOSAGES OF INSULIN: NEW PERSPECTIVES FOR DIABETIC UREMIC PATIENTS ON CAPD (1982)

The authors describe six months’ experience with CAPD using xylitol in dialysis solution in four diabetic patients. The laboratory and clinical data thus obtained, demonstrate that this polyalcohol...
Preliminary neutron scaling of the TAMU 460 kJ plasma focus (2002)

Preliminary scaling studies on the TAMU dense plasma focus (DPF) using the deuterium fusion reactions are presented. A particular emphasis of this scaling study is the comparison between the TAMU DPF and the DPF 6.5 results from the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory in 1973. The capacitor bank for the TAMU machine stores 460 kJ at a charge voltage of 60 kV. It can deliver > 3 MA into a plasma focus load with a rise time of /spl sim/5 ps. Physically, thus bank is divided into six modules of 24 capacitors with 44.4 /spl mu/F of capacitance per bank. The energy storage at full voltage is < 80 kJ per module. The energy storage per capacitor is /spl sim/3.3 kJ/can, and their reversal rating is 80%. Each module is discharged through a single high-current rail switch. The six modules deliver their current to the plasma focus load through 72, RG-17/14 coaxial cables. The primary neutron yield detectors for this facility are the silver detectors developed at Los Alamos that use four geiger tubes in a (30 cm /spl times/ 30 cm /spl times/ 15 cm) block of polyethylene and 0.254 mm thick silver foils. Time of flight detectors located near the experiment and outside a 60-cm thick concrete shield wall will provide prompt and energy-resolved neutron generation data.
A CMUT read-out circuit with improved receive sensitivity using an adaptive biasing technique (2011)

In ultrasound imaging, capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) technology has been considered as a promising alternative for the conventional piezoelectric-based technology. Its advantages include better image quality, higher operational frequency and ease of fabrication and integration with CMOS read-out circuitry. This paper presents the design of an on-chip adaptive biasing unit which improves the sensitivity of the CMUT elements during the receive mode. This unit consists of a DC-DC converter to generate a range of bias voltage levels and a digital control unit to select the desired voltage. It is shown that by applying a different bias voltage during the transmit and receive modes, the receive sensitivity of the system is increased significantly, resulting in a better SNR and higher image quality.
Alkene epoxidation catalysed by iron(III) and manganese(III) tetraarylporphyrins coordinatively bound to polymer and silica supports (1994)

Four tetraaryl metalloporphyrin catalysts [FeIII, Ar = phenyl and pentafluorophenyl; FeIII and MnIII, Ar = 2,6-dichlorophenyl (FeIIITDCPP and MnIIITDCPP)] have been coordinatively bonded to poly(4-vinylpyridine), and imidazole modified polystyrene (PS-Im) and silica (Si-Im). Evidence is presented that suggests that the iron(III) porphyrins are predominantly bis-ligated to the polymer supports whereas with MnIIITDCPP mono-ligation is preferred. On Si-Im all the complexes are mono-ligated. A fifth metalloporphyrin, the ionic manganese(III) 5,10,15,20-tetra(N-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrin (MnIIIT4MPyP); which binds strongly to unmodified silica, does not ligate to Si-lm.Leaching experiments show that FeIIITDCPP is most strongly anchored to the supports. The resulting materials have been used as catalysts for the oxidation of cyclohexene and cyclooctene by iodosylbenzene. The oxidant accountabilities are good and product distributions from reactions under nitrogen are very comparable to those from analogous homogeneous oxidations. However, the rates of the former are markedly lower. Oxidations of cyclohexene, but not of cyclooctene, in air are biphasic. The first phase, where epoxidation predominates, is attributable to an FeIIITDCPP-catalysed oxidation by PhIO and the second, which leads to allylic oxidation, to radical autoxidation.The best catalysts for large turnover epoxidations are FeIIITDCPP and MnIIITDCPP on Si–lm. The causes of the lower yields with catalysts on the more flexible polymer supports are discussed.A limited study with H2O2 as the oxidant reveals that MnIIITDCPP on Si–Im, in contrast to the ionic MnIIIT4MPyP on silica, catalyses the epoxidation of cyclooctene.
Microwave antigen retrieval for immunocytochemistry on formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded post‐mortem CNS tissue (1995)

Microwave antigen retrieval methods were assessed for a panel of antibodies on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections from a range of human central nervous system (CNS) tissues taken at post-mortem. The immunoreactivity of a number of antigens (synaptophysin, PGP9.5, GFAP, carbonic anhydrase II, CD68, ferritin, HLA-DR, alpha beta-crystallin, measles and herpes viruses) was markedly enhanced by this procedure compared with other methods of antigen unmasking, such as trypsinization. Enhancement was noted both by an increased number of positive cells and by the intensity of reactions within individual cells and their processes. Furthermore, the microwave method produced uniform immunostaining over large surface area sections with no loss of morphological detail. Large cryostat sections of CNS tissue can be difficult to obtain with good morphology. The ability to retrieve a wide range of antigen in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded CNS tissue will greatly increase the range of investigations that can be carried out on this type of stored material.
Diffuse Emphysema Following a Double Contrast Enema (1941)

The case to be reported presents the most unusual accident following an x-ray examination of the gastro-intestinal tract that has ever occurred in our experience. It is believed that the details may be of interest to radiologists. A. Z., a white male aged fifty-eight, was referred to the X-rav Department for an examination of the gastro-intestinal tract because of some vague digestive disturbances. The stomach showed a large deformity involving the lower half which was interpreted as due to a new growth. On the following day a barium enema revealed a poorly filled cecum. In order to determine the nature of the deformity more accurately, a contrast enema was given in the same manner as in many similar previous examinations. The air was injected by means of a Politzer bag with the patient lying on his abdomen. The nozzle was introduced by sight after bcing thoroughly lubncated, without undue pressure. When the injection of air was commenced a peculiar squeaking noise was heard and a great deal of resistance was experienced during the squeezing of the bulb. Since it was thought that the nozzle might be obstructed, it was withdrawn and examined for any possible obstruction of the lumen, but none was found. Neither was any blood noted upon the nozzle which might suggest traumatism to the rectal mucosa. The nozzle was carefully reintroduced with the same results as before. When the patient began to feel fullness of the abdomen a roentgenogram was made (Fig. 1). To our great surprise instead of finding air in the bowel it was seen in the retroperitoneal spaces, especially around the kidneys. The patient was then examined in the erect position to see if there was free air in the peritoneal cavity, but none was noted. Since the patient appeared to be none the worse for his experience he was allowed to go home and advised to stay in bed. Three hours later he returned because of difficulty in swallowing and more or less labored breathing. Examination revealed marked emphysema of the neck, and a roentgenogram showed air in the fascial planes of the neck and retropharyngeal region (Fig. 2). Air was also present in the anterior mediastinum and below the diaphragm (Fig. 3), apparently between the muscle and peritoneal membrane, since no free air was found in the peritoneal cavity. After a consultation with the surgeons it was decided to leave the patient alone and watch him for any possible untoward developments. Within several days the symptoms referable to the emphysema entirely disappeared and x-ray examination failed to demonstrate any free air in the tissues. A proctoscopic examination was made in order to confirm a suspected fistulous tract which was thought to be present, but neither palpation nor inspection revealed anything unusual with thc exception of internal hemorrhoids. Subsequently the patient was operated upon for the carcinoma of the stomach, which was found to be inoperable. He died a week later. No autopsy was obtained.
Evidence for Ligand-independent Transcriptional Activation of the Human Estrogen-related Receptor α (ERRα) (2004)

The crystal structure of the ligand binding domain (LBD) of the estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRalpha, NR3B1) complexed with a coactivator peptide from peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha) reveals a transcriptionally active conformation in the absence of a ligand. This is the first x-ray structure of ERRalpha LBD, solved to a resolution of 2.5 A, and the first structure of a PGC-1alpha complex. The putative ligand binding pocket (LBP) of ERRalpha is almost completely occupied by side chains, in particular with the bulky side chain of Phe328 (corresponding to Ala272 in ERRgamma and Ala350 in estrogen receptor alpha). Therefore, a ligand of a size equivalent to more than approximately 4 carbon atoms could only bind in the LBP, if ERRalpha would undergo a major conformational change (in particular the ligand would displace H12 from its agonist position). The x-ray structure thus provides strong evidence for ligand-independent transcriptional activation by ERRalpha. The interactions of PGC-1alpha with ERRalpha also reveal for the first time the atomic details of how a coactivator peptide containing an inverted LXXLL motif (namely a LLXYL motif) binds to a LBD. In addition, we show that a PGC-1alpha peptide containing this nuclear box motif from the L3 site binds ERRalpha LBD with a higher affinity than a peptide containing a steroid receptor coactivator-1 motif and that the affinity is further enhanced when all three leucine-rich regions of PGC-1alpha are present.
Neuronal nitric oxide synthase negatively regulates xanthine oxidoreductase inhibition of cardiac excitation-contraction coupling (2004)

Although interactions between superoxide (O(2)(.-)) and nitric oxide underlie many physiologic and pathophysiologic processes, regulation of this crosstalk at the enzymatic level is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), a prototypic superoxide O(2)(.-) -producing enzyme, and neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS1) coimmunoprecipitate and colocalize in the sarcoplasmic reticulum of cardiac myocytes. Deficiency of NOS1 (but not endothelial NOS, NOS3) leads to profound increases in XOR-mediated O(2)(.-) production, which in turn depresses myocardial excitation-contraction coupling in a manner reversible by XOR inhibition with allopurinol. These data demonstrate a unique interaction between a nitric oxide and an O(2)(.-) -generating enzyme that accounts for crosstalk between these signaling pathways; these findings demonstrate a direct antioxidant mechanism for NOS1 and have pathophysiologic implications for the growing number of disease states in which increased XOR activity plays a role.
Evaluation of a validated methylation triage signature for human papillomavirus positive women in the HPV FOCAL cervical cancer screening trial (2018)

Human papillomavirus (HPV)-based cervical cancer screening requires triage of HPV positive women to identify those at risk of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 (CIN2) or worse. We conducted a blinded case-control study within the HPV FOCAL randomized cervical cancer screening trial of women aged 25-65 to examine whether baseline methylation testing using the S5 classifier provided triage performance similar to an algorithm relying on cytology and HPV genotyping. Groups were randomly selected from women with known HPV/cytology results and pathology outcomes. Group 1: 104 HPV positive (HPV+), abnormal cytology (54 CIN2/3; 50 <CIN2); Group 2: 103 HPV+, normal cytology with HPV persistence at 12 mo. (53 CIN2/3; 50 <CIN2); Group 3: 50 HPV+, normal cytology with HPV clearance at 12 mo. (assumed <CIN2), total n=257. For the combined groups, S5 risk score CIN2/3 relative sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value (PPV) were compared with other triage approaches. Methylation showed a highly significant increasing trend with disease severity. For CIN3, S5 relative sensitivity and specificity were: 93.2% (95%CI: 81.4-98.0) and 41.8% (35.2-48.8), compared to 86.4% (75.0-95.7) and 49.8% (43.1-56.6) respectively for combined abnormal cytology/HPV16/18 positivity (differences not statistically significant at 5% level); adjusted PPVs were 18.2% (16.2-20.4) and 19.3% (16.6-22.2) respectively. S5 was also positive in baseline specimens from eight cancers detected during or after trial participation. The S5 methylation score had high sensitivity and PPV for CIN3, compatible with US and European thresholds for colposcopy referral. Methylation signatures can identify most HPV positive women at increased risk of cervical cancer from their baseline screening specimens.
An electron statistical vacancy model for the noble metals (1977)

An atomistic monovacancy model, specially designed for variational calculations, is presented for an FCC metal crystal. The total electron distribution is given as a superposition of several, differently centred, spherically symmetrical densities. The formation energy EVF, expressed as a sum of electrostatic integrals and statistical approximations for exchange, correlation and kinetic energy is minimized by variation of the electron density function in the vacancy region. A simple method, based on series expansion of the densities involved, is suggested for the variational calculation. Restrictions on and span of the suggested method are discussed. Resulting formation energies, 1.21 eV for Cu and 1.09 eV for Ag, are in close agreement with experimental values. The resulting conduction electron density in the vacant cell is considerably lower than those values predicted by other electron theoretical vacancy models.
Fabrication of a smart air intake structure using shape memory alloy wire embedded composite (2010)

Shape memory alloys (SMAs) have been actively studied in many fields utilizing their high energy density. Applying SMA wire-embedded composite to aerospace structures, such as air intake of jet engines and guided missiles, is attracting significant attention because it could generate a comparatively large actuating force. In this research, a scaled structure of SMA wire-embedded composite was fabricated for the air intake of aircraft. The structure was composed of several prestrained Nitinol (Ni–Ti) SMA wires embedded in ∩-shape glass fabric reinforced plastic (GFRP), and it was cured at room temperature for 72 h. The SMA wire-embedded GFRP could be actuated by applying electric current through the embedded SMA wires. The activation angle generated from the composite structure was large enough to make a smart air intake structure.
Unique DNA-barcoded aerosol test particles for studying aerosol transport (2016)

Data are presented for the first use of novel DNA-barcoded aerosol test particles that have been developed to track the fate of airborne contaminants in populated environments. Until DNATrax (DNA Tagged Reagents for Aerosol eXperiments) particles were developed, there was no way to rapidly validate air transport models with realistic particles in the respirable range of 1–10 μm in diameter. The DNATrax particles, developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) and tested with the assistance of the Pentagon Force Protection Agency, are the first safe and effective materials for aerosol transport studies that are identified by DNA molecules. The use of unique synthetic DNA barcodes overcomes the challenges of discerning the test material from pre-existing environmental or background contaminants (either naturally occurring or previously released). The DNATrax particle properties are demonstrated to have appropriate size range (approximately 1–4.5 μm in diameter) to accurately simulate bacterial spore transport. As a result, we describe details of the first field test of the DNATrax aerosol test particles in a large indoor facility.
Chemical Studies on the Spore Coat Protein of<i>Clostridium perfringens</i>type A (1985)

The spore coat protein of Clostridium perfringens type A was solubilized from intact spores by treatment with a mixture of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and dithiothreitol (DTT) at alkaline pH. About 35% of the total dry weight of spores was extracted with this treatment. The extracted protein was partially purified by gel filtration. The major component (Fr-Bl) is rich in glutamic acid and aspartic acid, as well as half-cystine. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis of the Fr-Bl showed a major polypeptide band of a molecular weight of 17,000.
Impact of Sampling Clock Phase Noise on $\Sigma \Delta$ Frequency Discriminators (2007)

SigmaDelta frequency discriminators (SigmaDeltaFDs) convert instantaneous frequency deviations of a carrier signal to digital. They are used for decoding narrowband phase or frequency modulated signals in communication receivers, self calibration of RF frequency synthesizers and in digital phase locked loops. In this paper, the impact of reference (sampling) clock phase noise on a SigmaDeltaFD's spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) is derived. It is shown that for SigmaDeltaFDs with jittered sampling clock, in addition to FM sidebands, a high baseband tonal content is generated degrading overall SFDR. The reference clock phase noise impact is derived mathematically, and two commonly used SigmaDeltaFDs circuits are designed and implemented to verify the results experimentally. Experimental results are shown to match the theoretical prediction of SFDR within 3 dB.