gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Less is More (2016)

Ensemble learning for anomaly detection has been barely studied, due to difficulty in acquiring ground truth and the lack of inherent objective functions. In contrast, ensemble approaches for classification and clustering have been studied and effectively used for long. Our work taps into this gap and builds a new ensemble approach for anomaly detection, with application to event detection in temporal graphs as well as outlier detection in no-graph settings. It handles and combines multiple heterogeneous detectors to yield improved and robust performance. Importantly, trusting results from all the constituent detectors may deteriorate the overall performance of the ensemble, as some detectors could provide inaccurate results depending on the type of data in hand and the underlying assumptions of a detector. This suggests that combining the detectors selectively is key to building effective anomaly ensembles—hence “less is more”. In this paper we propose a novel ensemble approach called SELECT for anomaly detection, which automatically and systematically selects the results from constituent detectors to combine in a fully unsupervised fashion. We apply our method to event detection in temporal graphs and outlier detection in multi-dimensional point data (no-graph), where SELECT successfully utilizes five base detectors and seven consensus methods under a unified ensemble framework. We provide extensive quantitative evaluation of our approach for event detection on five real-world datasets (four with ground truth events), including Enron email communications, RealityMining SMS and phone call records, New York Times news corpus, and World Cup 2014 Twitter news feed. We also provide results for outlier detection on seven real-world multi-dimensional point datasets from UCI Machine Learning Repository. Thanks to its selection mechanism, SELECT yields superior performance compared to the individual detectors alone, the full ensemble (naively combining all results), an existing diversity-based ensemble, and an existing weighted ensemble approach.
Theoretical Considerations on the Quantum Efficiency of Photographic Detectors* (1961)

The relation of theoretical characteristic curves for monolayer ensembles of go-no-go detectors (emulsion grains) to quantum efficiency is developed. It is shown that the statistical fluctuations in the incident photons, as well as the fluctuations in the number of detectors made developable by a given exposure, preclude the possibility of achieving a quantum efficiency of unity. The maximum quantum efficiency achievable depends on the number of photons required for developability as well as on the exposure. The latitude requirements for such an ensemble impose further restrictions on the achievable quantum efficiency.
The Metallurgy of Alloy 625 (1994)

The objective is to describe the effects of alloy composition and processing history on the microstructure and properties of Alloy 625. This includes discussion of the solidification behavior, the precipitation of different carbides, and Delta, Laves and y" phases. The paper will show how various properties can be optimized by tighter control of alloy chemistry and processing steps.
Combining reinforcement learning with GA to find co-ordinated control rules for multi-agent system (2002)

In a multi-agent application, it is necessary to find co-ordinated control rules that maximise a global objective function. To establish coordination, a real-time synchronous communication is normally assumed. However, communication is often limited to asynchronous and very time delayed methods in many practical applications. The paper intends to propose a method to search for co-ordinated plans under limited information exchange. Our approach is to combine on-line local optimisation by reinforcement learning (RL) and asynchronous global combinatorial optimisation by genetic algorithms. The GA search modifies RL's search direction to find a co-ordinated plan, whereas the RL tries to obtain that plan in real-time. Information on which direction is better to find by RL is given through long-term (not instant) communication. The direction is given by a state compression mapping. This is therefore a Lamarckian type GA that inherits acquired knowledge from RL. By using a seesaw balancing problem as a test bed, the performance of the proposed method is shown.
The Life-Cycle Motive and Money Demand: Further Evidence (2008)

This study takes a closer look at the relationship between money demand and the life-cycle motive using panel data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation. Findings indicate that the life-cycle motive exerts a direct impact on household demand for interest-earning monetary assets, but not on non-interest-earning checking deposits. The strength of the relationship, however, varies among households with divergent characteristics. There is no evidence of a unitary income elasticity for both interest- and non-interest-yielding monetary assets. The demand for interest-earning monetary assets is very sensitive to changes in the own rate of interest, but the interest rate elasticity for non-interest-earning checking accounts is quite small.
Immunohistochemical evaluation of interface membranes from failed cemented and uncemented acetabular components (1999)

Aseptic loosening of acetabular components is a primary factor compromising the long-term outcome of cemented and cementless total hip replacement. It is unknown whether the pathogenesis of the loosening process is identical for both types of fixation. The specific aim of this study was to determine whether there is a difference in the cellular and cytokine profiles of interface membranes removed from between the implant and the host bone from failed cemented (n = 5) and failed cementless acetabulae (n = 5). Routine histology and immunohistochemical evaluations were completed on each tissue specimen. The monoclonal antibodies used included those specific for cell types (macrophages, fibroblasts, T lymphocytes) and for cytokines (IL-1beta, IL-6, TNF-alpha). The patients were all revised for loosening. The time to revision was significantly longer for the cemented group (16.6 yr; 13-21 range) than for the cementless group (8.9 yr; 4-13 range). In all cases, slides from each group stained positively for each of the cell types and cytokines evaluated. Immunohistochemical analyses indicated a predominance of macrophages and ubiquitous staining for the cytokines IL-1beta and TNF-alpha within the membranes of both patient groups. The intensities of cytokine staining were similar for both patient groups. More regions of fibroblastic connective tissue were observed surrounding failed cementless components as compared to those of the cemented group. The clinical ramification of our findings is that, despite differences in the cellular composition of the periprosthetic membranes, the membranes from failed cemented and cementless implants contain cytokines, which have been shown to be capable of modulating the inflammatory response. These inflammatory mediators are likely to play a significant role in the development of osteolysis and prosthetic loosening.
Dehalogenation of lindane by a variety of porphyrins and corrins (1989)

The dehalogenation of lindane by a range of hemoproteins, porphyrins, and corrins has been tested under reducing conditions in the presence of dithiothreitol. In addition, a series of porphyrin-metal ion complexes have been prepared and have also been screened for the capacity to dehalogenate lindane. Hemoglobin, hemin, hematin, and chlorophyll alpha all catalyzed the dehalogenation of lindane, as did all of the corrins tested. The porphyrins which did not contain metal centers--coproporphyrin, hematoporphyrin, protoporphyrin, and uroporphyrin--were inactive. However, when these porphyrins were then complexed with Co, Fe, Mg, Mo, Ni, or V, lindane dehalogenation was observed. In all cases, the reaction proceeded by an initial dechlorination to produce tetrachlorocyclohexene, which was further dehalogenated to yield chlorobenzene as the end product.
High-Precision Digital-to-Analog Tunable Capacitors With Improved Quality Factor Using a Parallel Digital Actuator Array (2009)

We present a micromechanical digital-to-analog (DA) tunable capacitor using a parallel digital actuator array, which is capable of accomplishing high-precision tuning and quality factor improvement. The present DA tunable capacitor uses a parallel interconnection of digital actuators and thus achieves a low-resistive structure for wireless communications. Based on the criteria for the capacitance range (0.348-1.932 pF) and the actuation voltage (25 V), the present parallel DA tunable capacitor is estimated to have a quality factor that is 2.0 times higher than the previous serial-parallel DA tunable capacitor. In the experimental study, the parallel DA tunable capacitor changed the total capacitances from 2.268 to 3.973 pF (0.5 GHz), 2.384 to 4.197 pF (1.0 GHz), and 2.773 to 4.826 pF (2.5 GHz), thus achieving tuning ranges of 75.2%, 76.1%, and 74.0%, respectively. The capacitance precisions were measured to be 6.16 plusmn 4.24 fF (0.5 GHz), 7.42 plusmn 5.48 fF (1.0 GHz), and 9.56 plusmn 5.63 fF (2.5 GHz), which were 10 times higher than the precisions (> 100 fF) compared to the conventional analog tunable capacitors. The parallel DA tunable capacitor showed total resistances of 2.97 plusmn0.29 Omega (0.5 GHz), 3.01 plusmn0.42 Omega (1.0 GHz), and 4.32 plusmn0.66 Omega (2.5 GHz), resulting in quality factors measuring 33.7 plusmn 7.8 (0.5 GHz), 18.5 plusmn 4.9 (1.0 GHz), and 4.3 plusmn 1.4 (2.5 GHz) for large capacitance values (2.268-4.826 pF). We experimentally verified the high-precision tuning capability of the present parallel DA tunable capacitor with improved quality factor.
Smart Tunnel Union for NAT Traversal (2005)

Network Address Translator (NAT) is the well-known, transitional method to mitigate the problem of IPv4 address depletion in today's Internet. However, the assignment, translation, and export of address/port in a NAT at run time affect application functions. Accordingly, application servers behind the NAT cannot accept requests directly from public networks. Sensitive applications cannot hold their end-to-end security mechanisms. Applications lose connections after the NAT reboots or changes the binding address/port. However, current proposals for NAT traversal hardly solve the problems. Against the problems, we propose Smart Tunnel Union for NAT Traversal (STUNT) in the paper. STUNT permits applications behind the NAT to be actively contacted by Internet clients, keeps end-to-end security mechanisms, and avoids the risk of exporting binding information of the NAT to connection endpoints. Meanwhile, it permits applications to traverse the NAT and keeps the NAT intact.
A Model of HIV Transmission through Needle Sharing (1991)

Intravenous drug users (IVDUs) are a high-risk group for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection because of the common practice of needle sharing. A mathematical model simulates the spread of HIV infection and HIV-related death through a population of IVDUs. Special attention is given to the movement of needles between noninfectious and infectious states. The model has several input parameters that may be adjusted to represent local population characteristics and policy interventions. Use of the model for policy analysis is illustrated with a series of simulations examining the potential benefits of a needle-cleaning campaign.
HIGH GAIN AXIAL-MODE HELICAL ANTENNA WITH CIRCULAR METAL DISK (2011)

A method to improve the gain of axial-mode helical antenna is proposed. This method involves a parasitical circular metal disk, which is installed on the front of general axial-mode helical antenna and is apart from the helical line. A circular current whose phase lags behind that of helical line current appears, which brings a more concentrated radiation fleld. Consequently, the antenna gain is improved. Based on the simulation results, an antenna array model fed independently is proposed. This model gives an excellent explanation of the radiation characteristic of helical antenna. Both the simulation and experiment results show that for obtaining the same gain, the antenna length in this new method is only 71% of that in traditional helical antenna. The reduction of antenna length favors the miniaturization of antenna. In addition, this method has little efiect on the bandwidth of antenna, so it can be widely used in the design of helical antenna element and array.
Melanoma Differentiation Associated Gene-7 (mda-7): A Novel Anti-Tumor Gene for Cancer Gene Therapy (2001)

The potent and selective killing activity of Ad-mda7 in cancer cells but not in normal cells makes this vector a potential candidate for cancer gene therapy.
Photoactive Thermoplastic Elastomers of Azobenzene-Containing Triblock Copolymers Prepared through Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (2004)

Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was used to prepare a new series of ABA triblock copolymers that are photoactive thermoplastic elastomers. The samples synthesized have the same rubbery midblock of poly(n-butyl acrylate) (PnBA) but differ in the degree of polymerization of the end blocks of a methacrylate-based azobenzene-containing side-chain liquid crystalline polymer (Azo-SCLCP). The coupling between elasticity, liquid crystallinity and photoactivity imparts interesting features to this type of thermoplastic elastomers. When the solution-cast film is stretched at T > Tg of the Azo-SCLCP whose microdomains act as physical cross-links, in contrast to conventional thermoplastic elastomers (such as styrene−butadiene−styrene triblock copolymer) that lose the elasticity, liquid crystalline microdomains can support part of the elastic extension of PnBA chains and, in the same time, deform to result in a long-range orientation of azobenzene mesogens. The liquid crystal orientation is retained in the relaxed film at T < Tg, which creates a thermoplastic elastomer whose glassy microdomains contain oriented azobenzene mesogens. Moreover, the reversible trans−cis photoisomerization of the azobenzene chromophore can be used to modulate the mechanically induced orientation.
Choline deficiency induces apoptosis in SV40‐immortalized CWSV‐1 rat hepatocytes in culture <sup>1</sup> (1996)

Immortalized CWSV-1 rat hepatocytes, in which p53 protein is inactivated by SV40 large T antigen, had increased numbers of cells with strand breaks in genomic DNA (terminal dUTP end labeling) when grown in 0 Micron choline (67-73% of cells) than when grown in 70 Micron choline (2-3% of cells). Internucleosomal fragmentation of DNA (DNA ladders) was detected in cells grown with 5 Micron and 0 Micron choline for 72h. Cells treated with 0 or 5 Micron choline for 72h detached from the substrate in high numbers (58% of choline deficient cells vs. 1.4% of choline sufficient cells detached) exhibited a high incidence of apoptosis (apoptotic bodies were seen in 55-75% of cells; 67-73% had DNA strand breaks), and an absence of mitosis and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression. Cells undergoing DNA fragmentation had functioning mitochondria. At 24h, cells grown in 0 or 5 Micron choline synthesize DNA more rapidly than those grown in 70 Micron choline. By 72h, the cells grown in 0 or 5 Micron choline were forming DNA much more slowly than control cells (assessed by thymidine incorporation, PCNA expression, and mitotic index). Western blot analysis showed that p53 in the nucleus of cells was detected in direct association with SV40 T-antigen, and was therefore likely to be inactive. We conclude that choline deficiency kills CWSV-1 hepatocytes in culture by inducing apoptosis via what may be a p53-independent process, and that this process begins in viable cells before they detach from the culture dish.
TUBE FREIGHT TRANSPORTATION (1994)

Tube freight transportation is unmanned transportation systems in which close-fitting capsules or trains of capsules carry freight through tubes between terminals. An underground tube transportation system can carry high-volume freight into highly congested areas with minimum effect on surface transportation systems. This article provides an historical overview of tube transportation and lists the potential advantages of tube freight transportation systems. A proposed system called SUBTRANS is a long-haul tube freight transportation system, which is electrically powered with linear induction motors. Other proposed systems are described as well. The article also reviews the technical feasibility and economic considerations of implementing tube freight transportation systems. Several options are presented for the introduction of this technology as well as future tube freight transportation plans.
Inhibition of STAT3Tyr705 Phosphorylation by Smad4 Suppresses Transforming Growth Factor β–Mediated Invasion and Metastasis in Pancreatic Cancer Cells (2008)

The role of Smad4 in transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta)-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion, and metastasis was investigated using isogenically matched pancreatic cancer cell lines that differed only in expression of Smad4. Cells expressing Smad4 showed an enhanced TGFbeta-mediated EMT as determined by increased expression of vimentin and decreased expression of beta-catenin and E-cadherin. TGFbeta-mediated invasion was suppressed in Smad4-intact cells as determined by in vitro assays, and these cells showed a reduced metastasis in an orthotopic model of pancreatic cancer. Interestingly, TGFbeta inhibited STAT3(Tyr705) phosphorylation in Smad4-intact cells. The decrease in STAT3(Tyr705) phosphorylation was linked to a TGFbeta/Smad4-dependent and enhanced activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases, which caused an increase in serine phosphorylation of STAT3(Ser727). Down-regulating signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) expression by short hairpin RNA in Smad4-deficient cells prevented TGFbeta-induced invasion. Conversely, expressing a constitutively activated form of STAT3 (STAT3-C) in Smad4-intact cells enhanced invasion. This study indicates the requirement of STAT3 activity for TGFbeta-induced invasion in pancreatic cancer cells and implicates Smad4-dependent signaling in regulating STAT3 activity. These findings further suggest that loss of Smad4, leading to aberrant activation of STAT3, contributes to the switch of TGFbeta from a tumor-suppressive to a tumor-promoting pathway in pancreatic cancer.
<i>Acheilognathus majusculus</i>, a new bitterling (Pisces, Cyprinidae) from Korea, with revised key to species of the genus<i>Acheilognathus</i>of Korea (1998)

A new bitterling, Acheilognathus majusculus is described from 20 specimens collected from the Somjin and Nakdong River, Korea. The new species is similar to Acheilognathus yamatsutae, but distinguished from the latter and congeners by the combination of the following characteristics: 15–21 gill rakers, 37–40 vertebrae, longer barbel, greenish body coloration, nuptial color of males and slightly protrusive snout. A key to species of Acheilognathus from Korea is included
Antibodies against three purified proteins of the human type C retrovirus, human T-cell leukemia-lymphoma virus, in adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma patients and healthy Blacks from the Caribbean. (1983)

Six black patients of Caribbean origin with adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma, 18 of their healthy family members and relatives, and 337 healthy black individuals from the Caribbean were investigated for the presence of serum antibodies against human T-cell leukemia-lymphoma virus (HTLV). Three distinct structural proteins of this virus with molecular weights of 24,000, 19,000, and 15,000 were purified, radiolabeled, and used in radioimmune precipitation assays. Five of the patients, three of the family members (two of them spouses), and 11 of the normals had specific antibodies against at least the proteins with molecular weights of 24,000 and 19,000. High antibody titers against these proteins were often associated with antibodies against the protein with a molecular weight of 15,000. In all cases, antibody titers against this protein were considerably lower than those against the proteins with molecular weights of 24,000 and 19,000. HTLV is highly associated with Caribbean adult T-cell leukemia-lymphoma and is also endemic among the normal Caribbean population. By comparison of the frequencies of anti-HTLV positives among family members of patients and the normal population, we conclude that infection by HTLV occurs in a horizontal way and at least in the West Indian black and Japanese population probably without a requirement for uncommon genetic factors.
Dual Effect of Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide on Prostate Tumor LNCaP Cells: Short- and Long-Term Exposure Affect Proliferation and Neuroendocrine Differentiation (2003)

Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide that elicits the increase of intracellular cAMP levels and protein kinase A activity in various cell systems. Here we show that the pattern of cAMP elevation triggered by PACAP is critical for the fate of LNCaP prostate cancer cells. We demonstrate that these cells express PACAP and its type 1 receptor. A short-term stimulation with PACAP, which generates a transient cAMP rise, induces proliferation of LNCaP cells through a protein kinase A-dependent activation of the MAPK cascade. On the contrary, we observed that chronic PACAP stimulation, giving rise to a sustained cAMP accumulation, leads to proliferation arrest and neuroendocrine differentiation. Moreover, PACAP stimulates phosphory-lation and activation of the cAMP response element binding transcription factor (CREB), and MAPK activation is necessary for its full transcriptional activity, indicating a direct involvement of cAMP response element in PACAP action. These findings demonstrate that a crucial event determining the outcome of prostatic cancer cells progression is the sustained vs. transient intracellular cAMP increase.
A Content Addressable Array Parallel Processor and Some Applications (1983)

Abstract : A design is presented for a Content Addressable Array Parallel Processor (CAAPP) which is both practical and feasible. Its practicality stems from an extensive program of research into real applications of content addressability and parallelism. The feasibility of the design stems from development under a set of conservative engineering constraints tied to limitations of VLSI technology. The authors then describe the implementation of two procedures for image processing on the CAAPP. The first performs image convolutions very quickly. It is shown that this algorithm can be generalized to perform convolutions with increased mask size with only a moderate reduction in speed. The second uses the CAAPP to quickly and robustly decompose an optic flow field into its rotational and translational components to recover sensor motion parameters. It is important to note that this latter is made possible only by the combination of associativity and array processing that our design provides. (Author)
Potential for Abdominal Wall Implantation After Laparoscopic Procedures of the Hepatobiliary Tract (1995)

Hepatobiliary malignancies are often unsuspected at routine laparoscopic operations. Case reports have recently drawn attention to the potential for neoplastic "seeding" of laparoscopic incision sites. Although the exact incidence of tumor implantation-as well as if there is any change in incidence or with laparoscopic surgery-will remain obscure, surgeons must remain alert to this possibility. If cancer is suspected or found after laparoscopy, time-honored surgical principles apply to the management of these patients at risk for early and aggressive recurrences.