gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A search-based bump-and-refit approach to incremental routing for ECO applications in FPGAs (2001)

Incremental physical CAD is encountered frequently in the so-called engineering change order (ECO) process in which design changes are made typically late in the design process in order to correct logical and/or technological problems in the circuit. As far as routing is concerned, in order to capitalize on the enormous resources and time already spent on routing the circuit, and to meet time-to-market requirements, it is desirable to re-route only the ECO-affected portion of the circuit, while minimizing any routing changes in the much larger unaffected part of the circuit. Incremental re-routing also needs to be fast and to effectively use available routing resources. In this paper, we develop a complete incremental routing methodology for FPGAs using a novel approach called bump and refit (BR B&R was initially proposed in [4] in the much simpler context of extending some nets by a segment (for the purpose of fault tolerance) for FPGAs with simple i-to-i switchboxes. Here we significantly extend this concept to global and detailed incremental routing for FPGAs with complex switchboxes such as those in Lucent's ORCA and Xilinx's Virtex series. We also introduce new concepts such as B&R cost estimation during global routing, and determination of the optimal subnet set to bump for each bumped net, which we obtain using an efficient dynamic programming formulation. The basic B&R idea in our algorithms is to re-arrange some portions of some existing nets on other tracks within their current channels to find valid routings for the incrementally changed circuit without requiring any extra routing resources (i.e., completely unused tracks), and with little effect on the electrical properties of existing nets.We have developed optimal and near-optimal algorithms (called Subsec_B&R and Subnet_B&R, respectively) to find incremental routing solutions using the B&R paradigm in complex FPGAs. We implemented these algorithms for Lucent's ORCA-2C FPGA, and compared our algorithms to two recent incremental routing techniques, Standard and Rip-up&Reroute, and to Lucent's A_PAR routing tool. Experimental results show that our incremental routers perform very well for ECO applications. Firstly, B&R is 10 to 20 times faster than complete re-routing using A_PAR. Further, the B&R incremental routers are nearly 27% faster and the new nets have nearly 10% smaller lengths than in previous incremental techniques. Also, the B&R routers do not change either the lengths or topologies of existing nets, a significant advantage in ECO applications, in contrast to Rip-up&Reroute which increases the length of ripped up nets by an average of 8.75% to 13.6%.
Low toxicity immunosuppressive protocols in renal transplantation (2004)

With the development of increasingly potent new immunosuppressive agents, the outcomes after renal transplantation have continued to improve. However, patients continue to require long term chronic immunosuppression. The toxicities associated with cyclosporine, azathioprine, prednisone, and anti-lymphocyte antibodies are well known; those associated with the newer agents, tacrolimus, mycophenolate mofetil, and sirolimus, have also been described. In an attempt to minimize these side effects, a number of low toxicity protocols have been developed. They can be categorized into those that withdraw, minimize, or avoid calcineurin inhibitors, those that withdraw or avoid steroids, and those that withdraw adjunctive (third) agents. This presentation will review the various low toxicity protocols that have been utilized in clinical renal transplantation. While there are a number of combinations that have been tried, it is not yet clear which regimen(s) will prove to be the most efficacious and least toxic. In addition, the presentation will also describe preliminary outcomes with a new tolerogenic protocol developed at the University of Pittsburgh. This regimen combines steroid avoidance with low doses and gradual tapering of calcineurin inhibitors, and has shown considerable promise in kidney, pancreas, liver, and intestine recipients.
Treatment of spinal metastases from kidney cancer by presurgical embolization and resection (1990)

Surgical treatment of bone metastases from kidney cancer is often complicated by profuse blood loss. The authors report the results of a retrospective review of 30 consecutive patients who underwent surgery for spinal metastases from kidney cancer. Seventeen patients (57%) were operated on after failing radiation therapy. Prior to operation, selective spinal angiography and embolization were performed in 17 patients with no permanent neurological deficits resulting. Gross total resection of the tumor and stabilization of the spine were then accomplished with acceptable blood loss. Twenty-seven (90%) of the 30 patients improved neurologically following surgery. There was a median survival time of 16 months, a 2-year survival rate of 33%, and a 5-year survival rate of 15%. Major surgical complications in this series were related to excessive blood loss in patients without embolization. These data suggest that patients with spinal metastases from kidney cancer should undergo spinal angiography and embolization prior to resection of the tumor. To improve upon current results, such treatment should be carried out prior to external radiation therapy.
Electropolishing of Passive Materials in HF-Free Low Viscosity Aqueous Electrolytes (2013)

A pulse reverse electrochemical surface finishing process for electropolishing passive materials is described. Unlike conventional electrochemical surface finishing processes, the pulse reverse process does not require low conductivity/high viscosity electrolytes and does not require the addition of chemical species to remove the passive film associated with electropolishing of passive and strongly passive materials. This paper focuses on pulse/pulse reverse electropolishing of niobium.
Rapid Prototyping of a Double-Layer Polyurethane–Collagen Conduit for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration (2008)

A new technique for preparing double-layer polyurethane (PU)-collagen nerve conduits for peripheral nerve repair via a double-nozzle, low-temperature, deposition manufacturing (DLDM) system has been developed. The DLDM system is based on a digital prototyping approach, and uses a combination of thermally induced phase separation and freeze-drying. With this system, two kinds of biomaterials with different properties can be combined to produce scaffold structures with good biocompatibility in the inner layer and with the desired mechanical strength protruded by the outer. The forming precision is high, the wall thickness can be controlled, and a tight connection between the two layers can be achieved. The effects of changing the processing parameters and the material temperature on the structure of the scaffolds have been investigated. Additionally, the effect of material concentration on the mechanical strength and hydrophilic properties of the scaffolds has also been studied. Ideal peripheral nerve repair conduits, comprising an outer microporous layer of PU and internal oriented filaments of collagen, have been manufactured through optimizing the processing parameters and the biomaterial concentrations.
‘We will make the happy tremble’: triumphal victimhood in Charles Robert Maturin's<i>The Milesian Chief</i> (2012)

Charles Robert Maturin’s The Milesian Chief (1812), long neglected, may now be ripe for closer attention, particularly for its evocation of the imagined power of suffering over audiences. Deploying a structure supplied by Sidney Owenson’s The Wild Irish Girl and Madame De Staël’s Corinne, the novel dramatizes the arrival of a cosmopolitan heroine in Ireland, her tortured romance with an Irish nobleman, and their ultimate destruction in a rebellion vaguely reminiscent of those of 1798 and 1803. Less useful for its insight into national history than for its almost anthropological grasp of deeply changing patterns of desire, the novel dramatises a struggle that ends in a striking triumphalism little noted by previous critics. The concepts of René Girard and Eric Gans are used to assess the work’s rhetoric of victimhood and its insistent emphasis on the effect of renunciations of desire on adversaries individual and collective.
The synthesis of certain 8‐cyano‐2,4‐disubstituted‐imidazo[1,5‐<i>a</i>] pyrimidines (1974)

Abstract A number of imidazo[1,5‐ a ]pyrimidine‐8‐carboxamides were synthesized by reacting various β‐dicarbonyl compounds with 5(4)‐aminoimidazole‐4(5)carboxamide (AICA, 1 ), the non‐ribosylated form of AICAR, a key intermediate in the metabolic pathway of purine biosynthesis. Cyclization of 1 with ethylacetoacetate yielded 2‐methylimidazo[1,5‐ a ]pyrimidin‐1 H ‐4‐one‐8‐carboxamide ( 2 ). The treatment of 2 with phosphorus oxychloride gave 4‐chloro‐8‐cyano‐2‐methylimidazo[1,5‐ a ]pyrimidine ( 3 ). Various nucleophiles displaced the 4‐chloro substituent of 3 under mild conditions. However, the 4‐methylthio group of 8‐cyano‐2‐methyl‐4‐methylthioimidazo[1,5‐ a )pyrimidine ( 8a ) was also displaced under very mild conditions. Even more strangely, the 4‐diethylamino group of 8‐cyano‐4‐diethylamino‐2‐methylimidazo[1,5‐ a ]pyrimidine ( 5a ) was displaced by ammonia to give 4‐amino‐8‐cyano‐2‐methylimidazo[1,5‐ a ]pyrimidine ( 7 ).
Clinical experience with a new recombinant hepatitis-B vaccine in previous non-responders with chronic renal insufficiency. (1996)

Patients with renal insufficiency have an increased risk of hepatitis B infection and a high probability to develop a chronic course of this disease. After hepatitis B vaccination they are known to show a low rate of seroconversion. In the present study we assessed the efficacy of a new recombinant pre-S1 and pre-S2 containing hepatitis B vaccine in 17 non-responders (anti-HBs titer 0) and 4 low-responders (anti-HBs titer < or = 5 IU/ml) with chronic renal insufficiency (16 on chronic hemodialysis therapy and 5 without hemodialysis treatment). Seroconversion rate was 65% after the third and 71% after the fourth vaccination. Only minor side effects were seen. These results encourage to use the new vaccine in a larger number of patients with renal insufficiency.
Intranasal Drug Delivery for Brain Targeting (2005)

Many drugs are not being effectively and efficiently delivered using conventional drug delivery approach to brain or central nervous system (CNS) due to its complexity. The brain and the central nervous system both have limited accessibility to blood compartment due to a number of barriers. Many advanced and effective approaches to brain delivery of drugs have emerged in recent years. Intranasal drug delivery is one of the focused delivery options for brain targeting, as the brain and nose compartments are connected to each other via the olfactory route and via peripheral circulation. Realization of nose to brain transport and the therapeutic viability of this route can be traced from the ancient times and has been investigated for rapid and effective transport in the last two decades. Various models have been designed and studied by scientists to establish the qualitative and quantitative transport through nasal mucosa to brain. The development of nasal drug products for brain targeting is still faced with enormous challenges. A better understanding in terms of properties of the drug candidate, nose to brain transport mechanism, and transport to and within the brain is of utmost importance. This review will discuss some pertinent issues to be considered and challenges to brain targeted intranasal drug delivery. A few marketed and investigational drug formulations will also be discussed.
Secure group communications and hierarchical access control (2000)

‘Secure group communications’ (SGC) refers to a scenario in which a group of participants can receive and send messages to group members, in a way that outsiders are unable to glean any information even when they are able to intercept the messages. Secure group communications rely on the protocols and the fast developing theoretical tools of modern cryptology. With the exponential growth in modern communications, SGC is becoming an extremely important research area because of the need to provide privacy and authenticity in communications. Many applications that require SGC are now widely practiced, such as teleconferencing, tele-medicine, real-time information services, distributed interactive simulations, collaborative work and the deployment of VPN (Virtual Private Network). We investigate burst behavior in secure group communications and propose two efficient schemes to deal with burst operations. Hierarchical access control is a general and important problem in distributed computing environments and a particular problem in secure group communications. There is a gap between real applications of access control and the existing solutions for access control, i.e., in real applications there are two hierarchies: user hierarchy and resource hierarchy. On the other hand, existing solutions assume that there is a single hierarchy. We formalize the access control problem and bridge this gap by proposing a unifying algorithm to combine two hierarchies into a single hierarchy. In general, the dynamical distributed access control problem is very difficult and does not have easy solutions. We provide solutions by limiting the problem's domain and propose two simple, yet efficient dynamic hierarchical access control schemes: (i) an Index based hierarchical access control scheme for tree structures, and (ii) a Chinese Remainder Theorem based hierarchical access scheme for secure group communications .
Carbon‐Nanotube‐Enabled Vertical Field Effect and Light‐Emitting Transistors (2008)

In contrast to typical metals, carbon nanotubes are shown to form a unique Schottky barrier contact with semiconductors wherein a gate field can modulate not only the band bending in the semiconductor but also the height of the barrier. These phenomena are exploited to enable two new device architectures: a vertical field-effect transistor (figure) and a vertical light-emitting transistor. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2089/2008/adma200800601_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Performance of NRZ-versus RZ-WDM transmission around zero dispersion wavelength over dispersion-shifted fiber (1998)

Performances of nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) and return-to-zero (RZ) wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) signals employing unequal channel spacing around zero-dispersion wavelength over dispersion-shifted fiber are compared by numerical simulation. In multirepeater WDM transmission systems employing installed dispersion shifted fiber, NRZ signals offer superior performance to RZ signals except in special cases.
Expression of the activation antigen CD69 predicts functionality of<i>in vitro</i>expanded peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy donors and HIV-infected patients (1998)

Gene therapy for AIDS necessitates harvest and expansion of PBMC from HIV-infected patients. We expanded PBMC from healthy blood donors and HIV-infected patients for up to 14 days using four expansion protocols: 3 days of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) stimulation, continuous PHA stimulation, 3 days of stimulation with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28, and continuous stimulation with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28. Functionality of PBMC was evaluated prior to and after expansion using standard proliferation assay. Phenotype and lymphocyte subset activation defined by expression of CD69 and CD25 were determined using flow cytometry. PBMC from healthy donors and HIV-infected patients were readily expanded. The best expansion was obtained using stimulation for 3 days. After expansion, functionality of PBMC measured as proliferative response was partly conserved. PBMC expanded with stimulation for 3 days exhibited more preserved functionality than PBMC stimulated continuously (P < 0.03). The mean proliferative response in each of the four different expansion protocols correlated with the mean values of CD69 expression. The proliferative responses from patients and healthy donors expanded with PHA stimulation for 3 days correlated with CD69 expression on CD4 cells (r = 0.68, P < 0.01) and on CD8 cells (r = 0.59, P < 0.03). Furthermore, expression of CD69 reliably predicted which patients and donors had highly conserved functionality after in vitro expansion. Finally, PBMC expanded with PHA stimulation for 3 days were examined for apoptosis. Only a minor fraction was primed for apoptosis, and this fraction could be significantly reduced by addition of IL-2 to the culture medium (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the feasibility of expanding PBMC from HIV patients was demonstrated. Expanded PBMC had conserved functionality. Finally, after in vitro expansion, expression of the activation antigen CD69 reliably predicted functionality of PBMC.
Thermal stability of silicon-containing methacrylate-based bilayer resist for 193-nm lithography (1998)

Thermal decomposition of silyl substituted methacrylate terpolymers containing acid sensitive groups was studied using thermogravimetric analysis. The onset of decomposition was found to be a function of the microenvironment, i.e. the molar% composition of the acid sensitive group monomer. The Flynn and Wall method of estimating E<SUB>a</SUB> was used to estimate the E<SUB>a</SUB> for decomposition of the terpolymer and where possible, for the acid sensitive group.
Hsp70 chaperones accelerate protein translocation and the unfolding of stable protein aggregates by entropic pulling (2006)

Hsp70s are highly conserved ATPase molecular chaperones mediating the correct folding of de novo synthesized proteins, the translocation of proteins across membranes, the disassembly of some native protein oligomers, and the active unfolding and disassembly of stress-induced protein aggregates. Here, we bring thermodynamic arguments and biochemical evidences for a unifying mechanism named entropic pulling, based on entropy loss due to excluded-volume effects, by which Hsp70 molecules can convert the energy of ATP hydrolysis into a force capable of accelerating the local unfolding of various protein substrates and, thus, perform disparate cellular functions. By means of entropic pulling, individual Hsp70 molecules can accelerate unfolding and pulling of translocating polypeptides into mitochondria in the absence of a molecular fulcrum, thus settling former contradictions between the power-stroke and the Brownian ratchet models for Hsp70-mediated protein translocation across membranes. Moreover, in a very different context devoid of membrane and components of the import pore, the same physical principles apply to the forceful unfolding, solubilization, and assisted native refolding of stable protein aggregates by individual Hsp70 molecules, thus providing a mechanism for Hsp70-mediated protein disaggregation.
6′-Derivatised α-GalCer Analogues Capable of Inducing Strong CD1d-Mediated Th1-Biased NKT Cell Responses in Mice (2008)

α-Galactosyl ceramide (α-GalCer, also known as KRN 7000) is known as the prototypical antigen for invariant natural killer T (NKT) cells. Stimulation of NKT cells by CD1d-mediated α-GalCer presentation leads to rapid release of Th1 and Th2 cytokines. Since Th1 and Th2 cytokines antagonize each other’s effects, α-GalCer analogues that induce a biased Th1/Th2 response are highly awaited. With the exception of a C-glycoside (α-C-GalCer), most of the known α-GalCer analogues able to induce polarized cytokine responses are characterized by modifications of the phytosphingosine or fatty acyl chains, expected to alter the affinity for CD1d. Herein we describe the synthesis of 6′-modified α-GalCer analogues with an intact phytoceramide moiety that are capable to skew the cytokine release profile to Th1, while maintaining strong antigenic activity. These analogues are characterized by the presence of an aromatic moiety that is connected via an amide or an urea linkage to C′-6 of the galactopyranose ring.
Geolocalized Modeling for Dish Recognition (2015)

Food-related photos have become increasingly popular , due to social networks, food recommendations, and dietary assessment systems. Reliable annotation is essential in those systems, but unconstrained automatic food recognition is still not accurate enough. Most works focus on exploiting only the visual content while ignoring the context. To address this limitation, in this paper we explore leveraging geolocation and external information about restaurants to simplify the classification problem. We propose a framework incorporating discriminative classification in geolocalized settings and introduce the concept of geolocalized models, which, in our scenario, are trained locally at each restaurant location. In particular, we propose two strategies to implement this framework: geolocalized voting and combinations of bundled classifiers. Both models show promising performance, and the later is particularly efficient and scalable. We collected a restaurant-oriented food dataset with food images, dish tags, and restaurant-level information, such as the menu and geolocation. Experiments on this dataset show that exploiting geolocation improves around 30% the recognition performance, and geolocalized models contribute with an additional 3-8% absolute gain, while they can be trained up to five times faster.
Modes of Adiabatic and Diabatic Fluid Flow in an Annulus With an Inner Rotating Cylinder (1958)

Abstract The present report is the first phase of an investigation of those variables which control the rate of heat transfer in the air gap of a rotating electrical machine. This phase of the problem reduces to obtaining a basic understanding of the fluid-flow and heat-flow processes in an annulus, formed by two concentric cylinders, with the inner cylinder rotating and with the outer cylinder stationary. The primary independent variables and effects are, first, the axial velocity of the air through the air gap, which is combined with other variables to form the customary Reynolds number; second, the speed of rotation, which is combined with other variables to form a new dimensionless group, called the Taylor number, in honor of G. I. Taylor, who laid the theoretical and experimental foundations for this problem; third, the temperature gradients at the walls; fourth, the surface roughness in the air gap; and finally, the “entrance effects” introduced by the development of the boundary-layer flow in the air gap. The present report gives the experimental results obtained for two smooth and long annuli, thereby eliminating from consideration, at present, the last two effects given above. It is shown that four distinct modes of flow exist for adiabatic and diabatic flow of air in these annuli. The demarcation lines of these flow regions were investigated in detail for adiabatic flow with hot-wire anemometers and also by means of visual and photographic methods. The results showed that four modes of flow exist over regions of Reynolds number and Taylor number for both adiabatic and diabatic flow. These modes are: 1 purely laminar flow; 2 laminar flow plus Taylor vortexes; 3 purely turbulent flow; 4 turbulent flow plus vortexes. The results obtained here for adiabatic flow were found to agree well with the work of Cornish for the boundary line between the regions of laminar flow and laminar-plus-vortexes flow, but they did not agree with similar results by Fage. Preliminary results are also presented here for diabatic flow in the annulus in the form of heat-transfer coefficients. These results are shown in the form of a three-dimensional surface in which the Nusselt number is represented as a function of the Reynolds number and Taylor number.