gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The γ2 Subunit of GABA<sub>A</sub>Receptors Is a Substrate for Palmitoylation by GODZ (2004)

The neurotransmitter GABA activates heteropentameric GABA(A) receptors, which are composed mostly of alpha, beta, and gamma2 subunits. Regulated membrane trafficking and subcellular targeting of GABA(A) receptors is important for determining the efficacy of GABAergic inhibitory function. Of special interest is the gamma2 subunit, which is mostly dispensable for assembly and membrane insertion of functional receptors but essential for accumulation of GABA(A) receptors at synapses. In a search for novel receptor trafficking proteins, we have used the SOS-recruitment system and isolated a Golgi-specific DHHC zinc finger protein (GODZ) as a novel gamma2 subunit-interacting protein. GODZ is a member of the superfamily of DHHC cysteine-rich domain (DHHC-CRD) polytopic membrane proteins shown recently in yeast to represent palmitoyltransferases. GODZ mRNA is found in many tissues; however, in brain the protein is detected in neurons only and highly concentrated and asymmetrically distributed in the Golgi complex. GODZ interacts with a cysteine-rich 14-amino acid domain conserved specifically in the large cytoplasmic loop of gamma1-3 subunits but not in other GABA(A) receptor subunits. Coexpression of GODZ and GABA(A) receptors in heterologous cells results in palmitoylation of the gamma2 subunit in a cytoplasmic loop domain-dependent manner. Neuronal GABA(A) receptors are similarly palmitoylated. Thus, GODZ-mediated palmitoylation represents a novel posttranslational modification that is selective for gamma subunit-containing GABA(A) receptor subtypes, a mechanism that is likely to be important for regulated trafficking of these receptors in the secretory pathway.
Induction of Metachromasia in Experimentally Induced Hyperplastic/Hypertrophic Changes in the Prostate of the Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca Fascicularis) (1989)

Metachromasia has been shown to be a stromal marker for human benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). So far, it is not known whether comparable changes can be demonstrated in experimentally induced BPH in the dog or in a subhuman primate species. In the present study, the phenomenon of metachromasia could be demonstrated in the prostate of cynomolgus monkeys, too. The reaction was quantitatively intensified by the treatment with androstenedione--an aromatizable androgen which caused hyperplastic and hypertrophic changes--especially a stimulation of the smooth muscle--in the stroma of the prostate. Simultaneous treatment with the aromatase inhibitor 1-methyl-ADD prevented both the phenomenon of metachromasia and the stimulation of the stroma. In conclusion, it is not only possible to induce hyperplastic/hypertrophic changes in the prostate of a subhuman species by means of an aromatizable androgen but, in addition, this effect is accompanied by a phenomenon which is thought to be typical for human BPH suggesting the suitability of this type of experiment for the study of the factors involved in the pathogenesis of BPH.
Clinical Usefulness of the<i>Crithida luciliae</i>Test for Antibodies to Native DNA (1979)

The Crithidia luciliae assay (CL-IF) for antibodies to native DNA was found to be significantly more sensitive and specific for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) than the Farr radioimmunoassay (RIA). High titers of antibodies to native DNA were seen exclusively in patients wtih SLE using the CL-IF test. The titers correlated with the activity of SLE and nephritis, in that the highest titers occurred in patients with active disease and severe nephritis, the lowest in patients with inactive lupus and normal renal function. Favorable responses to therapy were associated with decreases in CL-IF titers. The CL-IF assay can detect complement-fixing antibodies to native DNA. Their presence correlated with the disease activity and nephritis in SLE patients. The simple and inexpensive CL-IF test could either replace the RIA in clinical laboratories or be used in conjunction with the RIA as a confirmatory test for antibodies to native DNA.
Living Radical Polymerization of <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-Dimethylacrylamide with RuCl<sub>2</sub>(PPh<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub>-Based Initiating Systems (1999)

N,N-Dimethylacrylamide (DMAA) was radically polymerized with RuCl2(PPh3)3 in conjunction with an alkyl halide (R−X; X = Br, Cl) as an initiator in the presence of Al(Oi-Pr)3 in toluene at 60−80 °C, where the polymerizations were much faster than that of methacrylates. Specifically with bromides as initiators [CCl3Br, CH3CH(CONMe2)Br, (CH3)2C(CONMe2)Br, and (CH3)2C(CO2Et)Br], the Ru(II) complex induced living radical polymerization of DMAA to give polymers with controlled molecular weights and relatively narrow molecular weight distributions (M̄w/M̄n ∼ 1.6). Similar living polymerizations were also possible for N,N-diethylacrylamide. 1H NMR analysis of the obtained polymers showed that the polymerization proceeds via activation of the C−Br terminal originating from the bromide initiators by the ruthenium complex.
Combinatorial libraries of proteins: analysis of efficiency of mutagenesis techniques. (1994)

A number of considerations are made on the efficiency of mutagenesis techniques used in protein engineering, particularly those that include a random component. The expected outcome of different protocols is analyzed using computer programs. Special emphasis is made on the effect that the degeneracy of the genetic code has on the bias of the representation of amino acid replacements. The consequences of using alternative methods is analyzed in terms of the likelihood of obtaining underrepresented amino acid substitutions in mutant libraries. A consideration is also made of the outcome of combinatorial mutagenesis experiments with regard to the size of the amino acid window and the multiplicity of replacements that could be sampled with different methods. Optimal mutagenesis rates for specific conditions could be derived from the presented data and the computer program made available with this paper.
Increase of CD23-Positive Cells in Peripheral Blood from Patients with IgA Nephropathy and Non-lgA Proliferative Glomerulonephritis (1992)

CD23 is a surface marker of activated B cells as well as a low-affinity Fc receptor for IgE. In this study, we enumerated CD23-positive peripheral blood lymphocytes and evaluated their clinical significance in patients with IgA nephropathy (IgAN). Twenty-five patients with IgAN and 16 patients with non-IgA proliferative glomerulonephritis (PGN) were studied. Twenty-seven healthy adults served as controls. CD23-bearing cells were enumerated by flow cytometry, and serum IgE levels were measured by latex photometric immunoassay. Significant increases in the number of CD23-positive cells were observed in patients with IgAN (p less than 0.01) and PGN (p less than 0.05) compared with controls. A significant elevation of serum IgE levels was also observed in the patients with IgAN and PGN (p less than 0.05). No positive correlation between the number of CD23-positive cells and serum IgE levels was observed. We also examined the induction of surface CD23 expression on peripheral lymphocytes by interleukin (IL)-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, interferon (IFN)-gamma, IFN-alpha, phytohemagglutinin, concanavalin A, pokeweed mitogen, lipopolysaccharide and phorbol myristate acetate. IL-4 was revealed to have a significantly potent effect on the induction of cell surface CD23 compared with other stimulants. It was concluded that many patients with IgAN or PGN show high serum IgE levels and/or high CD23-positive cell counts in their peripheral blood, suggesting that hyperactivation of B cells might be involved in the development of IgAN and non-IgA PGN. It appeared that IL-4 may play a significant role in the etiology of these types of glomerulonephritis.
Isolation and structural data of the opened ring derivative of a 1,2,4‐triazolothieno‐1,4‐diazepine (2000)

Abstract The preparation of the trihydrochloride form of 2‐[3‐(aminomethyl)‐5‐methyl‐1,2,4‐triazol‐4‐yl]‐3‐(2‐chlorobenzoyl) thieno[2,3‐ c ]‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahydropyridine ( 2 ) the ring opened derivative of a 1,2,4‐triazolo‐thieno‐1,4‐diazepine is described. Its structural properties are given, and are compared with those of the corresponding closed form 4 H ‐6‐(2‐chlorophenyl)‐1‐methyl‐7,8,9,10‐tetrahydropyrido[4′,3′:4,5]thieno[3,2‐ f ]‐[1,2,4]triazolo[4,3‐ a ][1,4]diazepine ( 1 ).
Management of intermodal container terminals using feedback control (2005)

The problem of modelling and controlling transportation operations inside intermodal terminals is the objective of the present paper. More specifically, maritime container terminals are here considered, involving three kinds of transportation modes, namely, maritime, rail and road transport. A simple model for the considered kind of container terminals is proposed in this paper. In the model, the position of containers and their movements inside the terminal are modelled by means of buffers. The dynamic evolutions of such buffers are described by discrete-time equations, where the control variables take into account the utilization of terminal resources as load/unload capabilities and the available yard space. On the basis of the proposed model, an optimal control problem is stated that consists in minimizing the transfer delays of containers in the terminal. A receding-horizon strategy is proposed for the solution of such a control problem.
Ash Properties of Ilmenite Used as Bed Material for Combustion of Biomass in a Circulating Fluidized Bed Boiler (2014)

Both agglomeration of bed material and corrosion of heat transfer equipment are issues related to combustion of biomass in a fluidized bed boiler. The biomass-ash component potassium is considered a major contributor for both phenomena. In this study, the conventionally used bed material, silica sand, was replaced with up to 40 wt % by the natural ore ilmenite in Chalmers 12 MWth circulating fluidized bed (CFB) boiler. In this study the purpose was to evaluate the physical and chemical changes ilmenite undergoes during this process. Close observations revealed that ilmenite underwent segregation of iron to the surfaces and an enrichment of titanium in the particle core. The ash formed a calcium-rich double layer on the particle, surrounding the iron layer. A diffusion of potassium into the particle core was also seen which led to the formation of KTi8O16. In addition to evaluating how ash components interact with the material, the ilmenite was leached and investigated as a possible potassium capturer. Leaching experiments on the used ilmenite showed that calcium and potassium were leachable to a very limited degree, namely, to less than 0.2 and 1 wt %, respectively, of the total content. The diffusion of potassium into the core of the particle could reduce both agglomeration and corrosion issues and could thereby be of great value for the improvement of the resistance of the bed material agglomeration in the fluidized bed boiler.
A Full-Duplex Line Driver for Gigabit Ethernet With Rail-to-Rail Class-AB Output Stage in 28 nm CMOS (2014)

This paper details a duplex architecture coupled with a linear Class-AB push-pull output stage that maximizes the power efficiency of linear wideband drivers for high-speed transceivers. The duplex driver merges transmission, reception, and termination; eliminates hybrid and termination overhead; and enables adaptive echo cancellation and rail-to-rail full-duplex operation. Implemented in 28 nm CMOS, this GPHY driver passes the 1000BASE-T and 100BASE-TX compliance tests using a 2.5 V supply and meets the transmit specifications for the half-duplex 10BASE-T Ethernet using a 3.3 V supply.
Charge flipping combined with histogram matching to solve complex crystal structures from powder diffraction data (2007)

The charge-flipping structure-solution algorithm introduced by Oszlányi and Süto in 2004 has been adapted to accommodate powder diffraction data. In particular, a routine for repartitioning the intensities of overlapping reflections has been implemented within the iterative procedure. This is done by modifiying the electron density map with a histogram-matching algorithm, and then using the Fourier coefficients obtained from this map to repartition the structure factor amplitudes within each overlap group. The effectiveness of the algorithm has been demonstrated with five test examples covering different classes of materials of varying complexity (ZSM-5 ([Si 96 O 192 ]), cimetidine (C 10 H 16 N 6 S), a polysalicylide ((C 7 O 2 H) 6 ), the low-temperature modification of 4-methylpyridine-N-oxide (C 6 H 7 NO) with 8 molecules in the asymmetric unit, and a zirconium phosphate phase (|(C 5 H 6 N) 4 (H 2 O) 2 | [Zr 12 P 16 O 60 (OH) 4 F 8 ])). It was also used to solve the structure of a layer silicate (|(CH 3 ) 4 N) 8 (H 2 O) 20 | [Si 24 O 56 ]), whose space group was unclear. These structures, with 17–64 non-H atoms in the asymmetric unit (68–288 in the unit cell), could all be solved in a straightforward manner. Histogram matching proved to be an essential component of the algorithm for the more complex structures. The clear advantages of the charge-flipping algorithm are that (1) all calculations are performed in P 1, so space group ambiguities, which are common with powder diffraction data, are irrelevant, (2) no chemical information such as bond distances, bond angles, or connectivity are required, so there is no danger of making incorrect assumptions about the structure, (3) it is equally effective for both organic and inorganic structures, and (4) it is fast, requiring only seconds to minutes per run.
Electrical-logic simulation and its applications (1989)

Electrical-logic (ELogic) is a form of circuit modeling and simulation that solves for the amount of time required for a network variable to make a particular change, rather than solving for the network variables at the given time point as in conventional circuit simulation. Three ELogic algorithms are presented. The algorithms are based on the nodal analysis method and provide a continuous speed-precision tradeoff between the circuit level and logic/switch level, as well as providing more accurate timing information than existing strength-oriented logic simulation or switch-level simulation at comparable speed. These ELogic algorithms have been used to implement both a simulator, ELOSIM, and a timing verifier, E-Crystal, and experimental results from these programs are also included.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Sheathless Focusing of Microbeads and Blood Cells Based on Hydrophoresis (2008)

This paper presents a microfluidic device for sheathless focusing of microbeads and blood cells based on a hydrophoretic platform comprising a V-shaped obstacle array (VOA). The VOA generates lateral pressure gradients that induce helical recirculations. Following the focusing flow particles passing through the VOA are focused in the center of the channel. In the device, the focusing pattern can be modulated by varying the gap height of the VOA. To achieve complete focusing within 4.4% coefficient of variation, the relative size differences between the gap and the particle were 3 and 4 microm for 10 and 15 microm beads, respectively. Red blood cells were used to study the hydrophoretic focusing pattern of biconcave, disk-shaped particles.
Electrochemical investigations on the oxygen activation by cytochrome P-450 (1979)

The application of cytochrome P-450 in substrate conversion is complicated both due to the limited stability and the cofactor regeneration problems. To overcome the disadvantages of NADPH consumption the transfer of the reduction equivalents from an electrode into the cytochrome P-450-system was studied: 1. NADPH was cathodically reduced at a mercury pool electrode. By immobilization of NADP on dialdehyde Sephadex the reductive recycling was possible. 2. Different forms of reduced oxygen were produced by the cathode: a) The reaction of O2- with deoxycorticosterone yields a carboxylic acid derivative. In contrast the cytochrome P-450 catalyzed NADPH-dependent reaction with the same substrate gives corticosterone, O2- represents only an intermediate in the activation of oxygen and is not the "activated oxygen" species. b) Molecular oxygen was reduced to HO2- and H2O2, respectively. The interaction of adsorbed cytochrome P-450 on the electrode surface with the reduced oxygen species in the absence of NADPH was studied. The electrochemically generated peroxide seems to be more active than added H2O2. 3. In a model of electro-enzyme-reactor several substrates were hydroxylated by microsomal cytochrome P-450 with cathodically reduced oxygen which substitutes NADPH.
Ubiquinone and related compounds. XXXI. Synthesis of urinary metabolites of ubiquinone, phylloquinone, .ALPHA.-tocopherol and their related compounds. (1978)

Metabolites (XVIIa, b, c) of ubiquinone, phylloquinone and α-tocopherol, and their 2', 3'-dihydro (XXa, b, c), dicarboxy (XVIa, b, XXIIIa, b, c, XXIVa, b and XXVa, b) and 3'-demethyl (XXIa, b) derivatives were synthesized. During the synthetic studies of these compounds, we found that cis-4-acetoxy-1-bromo-2-methyl-2-butene (cis-III) was more reactive to nucleophiles than the corresponding trans isomer. γ-Vinyl-γ-butyrolactone (XII), which was a useful starting material for the synthesis of XXIa, b, was synthesized in one step from 1, 3-butadiene. The 3'-methyl group of XVIIa, b was not essential for the membrane-stabilizing activity in the rat-liver lysosome. Introduction of a carboxyl but not a carboxyl ester group into XVIIa, b resulted in a loss of the stabilizing activity.
Helicobacter pylori (1995)

Helicobacter pylori is an important cause of chronic active gastritis and is strongly associated with peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. H. pylori colonizes the surface of the gastric epithelium with production of a number of factors, resulting in inflammation and an altered mucosa. H. pylori infection occurs world-wide and the mode of transmission most likely is from human to human via the fecal-oral and/or the oral-oral route. Treatment and, in the future, prevention of this infection may result in a marked diminution of upper gastrointestinal tract disease.
An introductory course in data structures with applications (1975)

This paper describes a two semester introductory course in data (information) structures for the undergraduate computer science student that has evolved at the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon. The philosophy and organization of such a course are discussed. A comparison is made between the course described and data structure courses proposed by two commitees 'on curricula.
Detection of linear structures in biological images (2007)

We present a method for detecting linear structures in biological microscopy images. The contribution of this paper is to unify the Beamlet transform with linear filtering techniques and propose a new detector, the feature-adpated beamlet transform. Our detector is able to incorporate knowledge about the desired line-profile lying along curves, like edges or ridges. We propose an efficient implementation in the case the profile is designed as a steerable filter. Preliminary results on biological images containing both edge- and ridge-like profiles have shown significant improvements over linear detector techniques and multiscale detection techniques based on traditional Beamlet transform.
Maleic and Fumaric Acids (2000)

Abstract The article contains sections titled: 1. Maleic Acid 2. Maleic Anhydride (MA) 2.1. Properties 2.2. Production 2.2.1. Oxidation of Benzene 2.2.2. Dehydration of Aqueous Maleic Acid Solutions 2.2.3. Oxidation of C 4 Hydrocarbons 2.2.4. Purification 2.2.5. Byproducts, Construction Materials, Effluent, and Discharge Air 2.3. Quality, Storage, and Transportation 2.4. Uses 3. Citraconic and Mesaconic Acids 4. Fumaric Acid 5. Toxicology
Advances in deposition processes for passivation films (1977)

A review is presented of deposition processes for forming dielectric passivation layers on silicon semiconductor devices, with emphasis on recent advances in this field. Materials of prime interest are thin-film dielectrics used as secondary passivants deposited by several types of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) processes. The fundamental principles, deposition parameters, advantages, applicability, and limitations of the various types of CVD for dielectric passivation films are described and compared. The CVD processes discussed include low- and high-temperature CVD at normal pressure, and the relatively new technologies about to emerge for large-scale applications−low-pressure CVD at low and high temperatures, and plasma-enhanced CVD.
Probabilistic algorithms for blind adaptive multiuser detection (1998)

Two probabilistic adaptive algorithms for jointly detecting active users in a DS-CDMA system are reported. The first one, which is based on the theory of hidden Markov models (HMMs) and the Baum-Welch (1070) algorithm, is proposed within the CDMA scenario and compared with the second one, which is a previously developed Viterbi-based algorithm. Both techniques are completely blind in the sense that no knowledge of the signatures, channel state information, or training sequences is required for any user. Once convergence has been achieved, an estimate of the signature of each user convolved with its physical channel response (CR) and estimated data sequences are provided. This CR estimate can be used to switch to any decision-directed (DD) adaptation scheme. Performance of the algorithms is verified via simulations as well as on experimental data obtained in an underwater acoustics (UWA) environment. In both cases, performance is found to be highly satisfactory, showing the near-far resistance of the analyzed algorithms.
A Planar Reconfigurable Aperture With Lens and Reflectarray Modes of Operation (2010)

This paper presents the design and experimental characterization of a planar 6 × 6 fully reconfigurable array operating at 5.7 GHz, capable of functioning both as a reconfigurable array lens and a reconfigurable reflectarray. First, the design of the array element, which consists of two varactor diode-loaded patches coupled by a varactor diode-loaded slot, is reviewed. Next, the design and fabrication of a planar array is described, and the varactor biasing scheme is discussed in detail. Experimental results demonstrating 2-D beamforming are presented, where a broadside directivity of 20.8 dBi and a beam-scanning range of 50° by 50° is achieved for the lens mode. The ability of the array to also function as a reflectarray is also demonstrated, achieving a directivity of 19.4 dBi at broadside and a beam-scanning range of 60° by 30°. Not only is this array able to demonstrate full 2-D beamforming, it is also low-cost and easy to fabricate, making it very attractive for applications where high-gain beam-scanning is needed.