gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Learning Real-World Stimuli in a Neural Network with Spike-Driven Synaptic Dynamics (2007)

We present a model of spike-driven synaptic plasticity inspired by experimental observations and motivated by the desire to build an electronic hardware device that can learn to classify complex stimuli in a semisupervised fashion. During training, patterns of activity are sequentially imposed on the input neurons, and an additional instructor signal drives the output neurons toward the desired activity. The network is made of integrate-and-fire neurons with constant leak and a floor. The synapses are bistable, and they are modified by the arrival of presynaptic spikes. The sign of the change is determined by both the depolarization and the state of a variable that integrates the postsynaptic action potentials. Following the training phase, the instructor signal is removed, and the output neurons are driven purely by the activity of the input neurons weighted by the plastic synapses. In the absence of stimulation, the synapses preserve their internal state indefinitely. Memories are also very robust to the disruptive action of spontaneous activity. A network of 2000 input neurons is shown to be able to classify correctly a large number (thousands) of highly overlapping patterns (300 classes of preprocessed Latex characters, 30 patterns per class, and a subset of the NIST characters data set) and to generalize with performances that are better than or comparable to those of artificial neural networks. Finally we show that the synaptic dynamics is compatible with many of the experimental observations on the induction of long-term modifications (spike-timing-dependent plasticity and its dependence on both the postsynaptic depolarization and the frequency of pre- and postsynaptic neurons).
Thermal Denaturation of Whey Proteins in Mixtures with Caseins Studied by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (1990)

Thermal unfolding of whey proteins and whey protein-casein mixtures in simulated milk ultrafiltrate was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. The results are reported as transition enthalpy, temperature of peak maximum, and van't Hoff enthalpy related to the sharpness of transition. The results of earlier investigations were reviewed. It is suggested that a large part of reported whey protein unfolding data are affected by subsequent aggregation reactions.
A comprehensive study into the molecular methodology and molecular biology of methanogenic Archaea (2001)

Methanogens belong to the kingdom of Euryarchaeota in the domain of Archaea. The Archaea differ from Bacteria in many aspects important to molecular work. Among these are cell wall composition, their sensitivity to antibiotics, their translation and transcription machinery, and their very strict demands to anaerobic culture conditions. These differences may, at least partly, be responsible for the delay in availability of genetic research tools for methanogens. At present, however, the research within genetics of methanogens and their gene regulation and expression is in rapid progress. Two complete methanogenic genomes have been sequenced and published and more are underway. Besides, sequences are known from a multitude of individual genes from methanogens. Standard methods for simple DNA and RNA work can normally be employed, but permeabilization of the cell wall may demand special procedures. Efficient genetic manipulation systems, including shuttle and integration vector systems, have appeared for mesophilic, but not for thermophilic species within the last few years and will have a major impact on future investigations of methanogenic molecular biology.
Adaptive Wiener denoising using a Gaussian scale mixture model in the wavelet domain (2002)

We describe a statistical model for images decomposed in an overcomplete wavelet pyramid. Each coefficient of the pyramid is modeled as the product of two independent random variables: an element of a Gaussian random field, and a hidden multiplier with a marginal log-normal prior. The latter modulates the local variance of the coefficients. We assume subband coefficients are contaminated with additive Gaussian noise of known covariance, and compute a MAP estimate of each multiplier variable based on observation of a local neighborhood of coefficients. Conditioned on this multiplier, we then estimate the subband coefficients with a local Wiener estimator. Unlike previous approaches, we (a) empirically motivate our choice for the prior on the multiplier; (b) use the full covariance of signal and noise in the estimation; (c) include adjacent scales in the conditioning neighborhood. To our knowledge, the results are the best in the literature, both visually and in terms of squared error.
Complement System in Pathogenesis of AMD: Dual Player in Degeneration and Protection of Retinal Tissue (2014)

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of blindness among the elderly, especially in Western countries. Although the prevalence, risk factors, and clinical course of the disease are well described, its pathogenesis is not entirely elucidated. AMD is associated with a variety of biochemical abnormalities, including complement components deposition in the retinal pigment epithelium-Bruch's membrane-choriocapillaris complex. Although the complement system (CS) is increasingly recognized as mediating important roles in retinal biology, its particular role in AMD pathogenesis has not been precisely defined. Unrestricted activation of the CS following injury may directly damage retinal tissue and recruit immune cells to the vicinity of active complement cascades, therefore detrimentally causing bystander damage to surrounding cells and tissues. On the other hand, recent evidence supports the notion that an active complement pathway is a necessity for the normal maintenance of the neurosensory retina. In this scenario, complement activation appears to have beneficial effect as it promotes cell survival and tissue remodeling by facilitating the rapid removal of dying cells and resulting cellular debris, thus demonstrating anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities. In this review, we discuss both the beneficial and detrimental roles of CS in degenerative retina, focusing on the diverse aspects of CS functions that may promote or inhibit macular disease.
An on-line coordination algorithm for multi-robot systems (2013)

This paper proposes a solution to the problem of coordinating multi-robot systems, which execute individually planned tasks in a shared workspace. The presented approach is a decoupled method that can coordinate the participants robots in on-line mode. The coordination is achieved through the adjustment of the time evolution of each robot along its original planned path according to the movements of the other robots to assure a collision free execution of their tasks. To assess the proposed approach a two robot system was used, and different tests were performed in graphical simulations as well as in real executions. Some examples are presented in the paper.
Working with savings and credit cooperatives (2005)

Savings and credit cooperatives provide financial services to millions, including poor and low-income people in many countries. Thus, donors who want to increase access to financial services, especially savings, often support savings and credit cooperatives. Working with these cooperatives offers many advantages, but, to be effective, donors must learn how to overcome several unique challenges.
"Cutting Balloon and the Three Burrs": treatment for ostial left anterior descending artery in-stent restenosis. (2002)

A 58-year-old man re-presented with symptoms of angina 3 months after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) and stenting to his proximal left anterior descending artery (LAD). Angiography revealed ostial in-stent restenosis of the LAD, which was treated with rotational atherectomy and a cutting balloon PTCA. Combining two useful technologies for treating in-stent restenosis may prove to yield better results than using either technique alone. Long-term benefit will need to be assessed by randomized studies.
Nutritional Status and Associated Factors among School Going Children Aged 4-10 Years in Kisii Central, Kisii County, Kenya (2017)

Background: Malnutrition is a major challenge in developing world with children less than ten years bearing most of these conditions. In Kenya malnutrition is the greatest contributor to child mortality at 53%. Malnutrition among school age children is due to inadequacies in one or more of the three main pre-conditions for food nutrition, care and health. Objective: Nutritional status and associated factors among school going children aged 4-10 years in Kisii Central Sub-county. Design: A descriptive cross-sectional study. Settings: Five public primary schools representative of fifty four public primary schools in Kisii Subjects: Three hundred and fifteen children (155 males and 160 females) aged 4-10 years old. Results: This study showed that 6.5%, 1.9%, 3.9% were HAZ, WHZ, and WAZ respectively. The prevalence of WHZ among school boys was 8.2% compared to school girls 5.2%. Among the school boys 7.0% were prevalent to HAZ compared to school girls 0.9%. The prevalence of WHZ among children aged 6-10 was 3.9%compared to prevalence of children aged 4-5 years which was 1.1%. The prevalence of WAZ among children aged 6-10 years was 1.9% versus 4.0% for children aged 4-5 years. Study showed that different socio-economic/cultural factors were significantly associated to nutritional status of children namely;mothers’ knowledge about a child’s nutrition 73.35% and father’s knowledge 62.5%, size of household (ᵪ2= 45.8, p= 0.005), amount of income per household (ᵪ2= 45.82, p= 0.005), and marital status of the guardians (ᵪ2= 36.89, p=0.045). Dietary intake per day was 28.3% and minimum of three meals were taken. Conclusion: The prevalence of malnutrition was significantly associated with some socio-economics factors such as; mothers ’knowledge about a child’s nutrition, amount of income per household and size of the household of which eradication of poverty may promote nutritional status on school children in Kisii County.
Comparative Genomics Yields Insights into Niche Adaptation of Plant Vascular Wilt Pathogens (2011)

The vascular wilt fungi Verticillium dahliae and V. albo-atrum infect over 200 plant species, causing billions of dollars in annual crop losses. The characteristic wilt symptoms are a result of colonization and proliferation of the pathogens in the xylem vessels, which undergo fluctuations in osmolarity. To gain insights into the mechanisms that confer the organisms' pathogenicity and enable them to proliferate in the unique ecological niche of the plant vascular system, we sequenced the genomes of V. dahliae and V. albo-atrum and compared them to each other, and to the genome of Fusarium oxysporum, another fungal wilt pathogen. Our analyses identified a set of proteins that are shared among all three wilt pathogens, and present in few other fungal species. One of these is a homolog of a bacterial glucosyltransferase that synthesizes virulence-related osmoregulated periplasmic glucans in bacteria. Pathogenicity tests of the corresponding V. dahliae glucosyltransferase gene deletion mutants indicate that the gene is required for full virulence in the Australian tobacco species Nicotiana benthamiana. Compared to other fungi, the two sequenced Verticillium genomes encode more pectin-degrading enzymes and other carbohydrate-active enzymes, suggesting an extraordinary capacity to degrade plant pectin barricades. The high level of synteny between the two Verticillium assemblies highlighted four flexible genomic islands in V. dahliae that are enriched for transposable elements, and contain duplicated genes and genes that are important in signaling/transcriptional regulation and iron/lipid metabolism. Coupled with an enhanced capacity to degrade plant materials, these genomic islands may contribute to the expanded genetic diversity and virulence of V. dahliae, the primary causal agent of Verticillium wilts. Significantly, our study reveals insights into the genetic mechanisms of niche adaptation of fungal wilt pathogens, advances our understanding of the evolution and development of their pathogenesis, and sheds light on potential avenues for the development of novel disease management strategies to combat destructive wilt diseases.
Wireless power transfer system for gate power supplies of modular multilevel converters (2016)

There has been a trend of applying IGBTs to high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmissions and static compensators (STATCOMs). Thus, modular multilevel converter (MMC) is attracting attention because it can satisfy high withstand voltage and large capacity. In MMC, gate power which is required for gate drive circuit tends to be supplied from the main circuit. This method, however, has a problem that the main circuit is unable to supply power to gate drive circuits during a power outage. This paper proposes that the system for the gate power supplies of MMC using wireless power transfer (WPT). 30 kV class MMC whose arm is composed of eight cells is assumed in this study. The proposed system consists of eight primary coils in series, eight secondary coils each cells and capacitors that compensate leakage inductance. About the proposed system, the design of the circuit and computer simulations were carried out. The comparison of compensation capacitors configuration and finite element method (FEM) analysis were conducted in the design. The simulations imitate a load failure and startup in the proposed system. As the results, it is shown that the proposed system has high efficiency which exceeds 80%. The compensation method that is a series connected in the primary side and a parallel connected in secondary side (Series-Parallel configuration) is suitable for proposed system.
Determination of Grade and Receptor Status from the Primary Breast Lesion by Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (2004)

Magnetic resonance spectra (MRS) from fine needle aspiration biopsies (FNAB) from primary breast lesions were analysed using a pattern recognition method, Statistical Classification Strategy, to assess tumor grade and oestrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PgR) status. Grade 1 and 2 breast cancers were separated from grade 3 cancers with a sensitivity and specificity of 96% and 95%, respectively. The ER status was predicted with a sensitivity of 91% and a specificity of 90%, and the PgR status with a sensitivity of 91% and a specificity of 86%. These classifiers provide rapid and reliable, computerized information and may offer an objective method for determining these prognostic indicators simultaneously with the diagnosis of primary pathology and lymph node involvement.
Investigation of chemical-bath-deposited ZnS buffer layers for Cu(InGa)Se/sub 2/ thin film solar cells (2003)

Chemical bath deposition of ZnS from solutions of ZnSO/sub 4/, thiourea and ammonia was carried out. Structural and optical properties of the ZnS films were studied. Cu(InGa)Se/sub 2/ solar cells fabricated with the ZnS buffer had higher quantum efficiency at short wavelengths but V/sub oc/, and FF were a little lower than those with CdS buffer. The best cell (total area: 0.47 cm/sup 2/) with the ZnS buffer was 13.9% efficient (V/sub oc/: 618 mV, J/sub sc/: 32.4 mA/cm/sup 2/ FF: 0.693).
Signal Processing and Machine Learning with Differential Privacy: Algorithms and Challenges for Continuous Data (2013)

Private companies, government entities, and institutions such as hospitals routinely gather vast amounts of digitized personal information about the individuals who are their customers, clients, or patients. Much of this information is private or sensitive, and a key technological challenge for the future is how to design systems and processing techniques for drawing inferences from this large-scale data while maintaining the privacy and security of the data and individual identities. Individuals are often willing to share data, especially for purposes such as public health, but they expect that their identity or the fact of their participation will not be disclosed. In recent years, there have been a number of privacy models and privacy-preserving data analysis algorithms to answer these challenges. In this article, we will describe the progress made on differentially private machine learning and signal processing.
Measurement of Single-Cell Gene Expression Using Capillary Electrophoresis (2001)

Capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection was used to monitor gene expression in individual mammalian cells using the reverse transcriptasepolymerase chain reaction. Specifically, beta-actin expression in single LNCaP (prostate cancer) cells was measured. A sieving matrix containing hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose was used to effect size-based separation. Ethidium bromide fluorescence of the product DNA was used as the detection scheme and yielded excellent sensitivity. The beta-actin product, resulting from an individual cell lysed by a freeze-thaw method, gave an average signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) of 77+/-27 (n = 2). Chemical lysis of a single cell, using a dilute solution of SDS, gave a S/N of 26+/-2 (n = 2), roughly 3-fold lower than for freeze-thaw lysis. An initial detection limit (not considering fully optimized conditions) was calculated from an amplified cDNA standard to correspond to a concentration of approximately 133 starting molecules/nL (of beta-actin mRNA).
MicroRNA profiling differentiates colorectal cancer according to <i>KRAS</i> status (2011)

Recent studies have shown the important role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in a variety of biological processes, and in its ability to distinguish tumors according to their prognostic and predictive properties. To identify miRNA signatures associated with colorectal carcinoma (CRC) and with KRAS status, we studied, using Agilent's miRNA microarrays, miRNA expression in primary tumors from 55 metastatic CRC patients, including 15 with mutant and 40 with wild-type KRAS. Comparing these with normal colon tissue, we identified 49 miRNAs--including 19 novel miRNAs--significantly deregulated in tumor tissue. The presence of the KRAS mutation was associated with up-regulation of miR-127-3p, miR-92a, and miR-486-3p and down-regulation of miR-378. Increased expression of miR-127-3p and miR-92a in KRAS mutant tumors was significantly confirmed by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) (P < 0.05). We identified some predicted target genes of differentially expressed miRNAs between mutated and wild-type KRAS, such as RSG3 and TOB1, which are involved in apoptosis and proliferation. Target prediction and pathway analysis suggest a possible role for deregulated miRNAs in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) regeneration and G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathways.
Rosetting Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes express unique strain-specific antigens on their surface (1993)

Spontaneous binding of uninfected erythrocytes to Plasmodium falciparum-infected erythrocytes (rosetting) has been suggested to have a critical role in the induction of cerebral malaria. We report here that rosetting can be mediated by several molecular mechanisms involving parasite polypeptides with M(r)s of 22,000 or 28,000, termed rosettins. Antibodies to either polypeptide disrupt rosettes in a strain-specific fashion. Rosettes of five of the seven isolates examined thus far are more easily disrpted by anti-22,000-M(r) rosettin antibodies than by anti-28,000-M(r) rosettin antibodies. Polyclonal anti-22,000-M(r) rosettin antibodies raised in mice or rabbits strongly and strain specifically stain the surface of nonfixed erythrocytes infected with late asexual stages of rosetting P. falciparum. Simultaneous antibody staining and rosetting are seen when the anti-22,000-M(r) rosettin antiserum is diluted so that only partial disruption of rosettes is obtained, confirming that the fluorescence-labelled infected erythrocytes are involved in rosetting. The 22,000-M(r) rosettin is accessible for surface iodination on erythrocytes infected with strains of rosetting parasites sensitive to anti-22,000-M(r) rosettin antibodies, whereas no labelling occurred on either normal erythrocytes or nonrosetting-P. falciparum-infected erythrocytes. Purified anti-22,000-M(r) rosettin serum immunoglobulin G immunoprecipitated three parasite-derived polypeptides with M(r)s of 22,000, 45,000 (doublet), and 50,000 from lysates of [35S]methionine-labelled, parasite-infected erythrocytes. Our results suggest that rosetting is mediated by strain-specific, antigenically distinct, P. falciparum-derived polypeptides.
(1) Some Factors Affecting Wound Healing (1973)

SUMMARY General factors known to affect wound healing are reviewed. Those most likely to be important in the horse are general nutritional levels and the effects of temperature especially on wounds of the lower parts of the limbs. Some recent developments in the treatment of nonhealing wounds are mentioned. These include the application of “tissue adhesives” based on cyanoacrylate for use in superficial wounds where there has been extensive tissue loss and where epithelialisation is likely to be slow. The value of local application of oxygen to the surface of non‐healing wounds and skin grafts, to encourage rapid epithelial growth is emphasised. The possible role of anti‐collagen antibodies in the delayed healing of burns is mentioned and arising from this a suggestion is made as to a possible rational explanation for the periodic success of the practice of “firing” in the treatment of chronic sprains and bone proliferations. RÉSUMÉ Les principaux facteurs pour influencer la cicatrisation des plaies sont passés en revue. Parmi eux, ceux qui paraissent être plus spécialement importants chez le cheval sont les facteurs nutritionels et ceux en relation avec la température, notamment lorsqu'il s'agit de plaies des extrémités inférieures des membres. Quelques acquisitions récentes dans le traitement des plaies à cicatrisation lente sont indiquées. En particulier, sont mentionnés les pansements adhésifs tissulaires à base de cyanoacrylates pour l'emploi sur les plaies superficielles, lorsqu'il y a eu perte importante de substance de telle manière que l'épitheliumisation est lente. L'utilitee des applications d'oxygène sur la surface des plaies à mauvaise cicatrisation et la valeur des greffes de peau pour accélerer l'épitheliumisation sont soulignées. Le rôle éventuel joué par les substances anticollagènes dans les retards de cicatrisation des brulures est évoqué: à partir de quoi, une hypothèse d'apparence rationnelle pour interprèter l'action souvent heureuse des feux dans le traitement des claquages et des exostoses est formulée. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die allgemeinen Faktoren, die die Wundheilung beeinflussen, werden zusammenfassend besprochen. Diejenígen, die beim Pferd am ehesten eine Rolle spielen, sind die Ernährungsbedingungen und die Temperatur, besonders bei Wunden an den tieferen Gliedmassenteilen. Einige neuere Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der Behandlung nicht‐heilender Wunden werden erwähnt, einschliesslich der Verwendung von “Gewebsklebstoffen” auf der Basis von Cyanacrylat bei oberflächlichen Wunden mit erheblichem Substanzverlust und wahrscheinlich langsamer Epithelisierung. Der Wert einer lokalen Applikation von Sauerstoff auf die Oberfläche nichtheilender Wunden und von Hauttransplantaten, um eine rasche Epithelisierung zu erreichen, wird hervorgehoben. Die mögliche Rolle von Antikollagen‐Antikörpern in der verzögerten Heilung von Brandwunden wird erwähnt. Darauf bezugnehmend wird der Versuch gemacht, eine vernünftige Erklärung zu finden für die zeitweiligen Erfolge des Brennens in der Behandlung chronischer Zerrungen und von Knochen‐proliferationen.