gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Relationship between absorbed water and proton conductivity in sulfopropylated poly(benzimidazole) (2000)

A novel proton-conducting polymer, sulfopropylated poly(benzimidazole) (PBI-PS), was synthesized by the ring-opening reaction of 1,3-propanesultone on the reactive N-H groups of PBI. Cast films of PBI-PS obtained from a dimethylsulfoxide solution of PBI-PS exhibited high water uptake, adequate mechanical strength, and flexibility. The temperature dependence of proton conductivity for PBI-PS films hydrated at 90% R.H. showed high proton conductivity of the order of 10−3 Scm−1 in the temperature range from room temperature to 140 °C, which is superior to those of conventional proton conducting polymers such as Nafion. The physical behavior of absorbed water in hydrous PBI-PS films was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), indicating that the absorbed water in PBI-PS mainly consisted of freezing bound water. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Practical x-ray ghost imaging with synchrotron light (2017)

We present a practical experimental realization of transmission x-ray ghost imaging using synchrotron light. Hard x-rays from an undulator were split by a Si 200 crystal in Laue geometry to produce two copies of a speckled incident beam. Both speckle beams were simultaneously measured on a CCD camera. The sample was inserted in one of the two beams, and the corresponding image was integrated over the camera extent to synthesize a bucket signal. We show the successful x-ray ghost image reconstruction of two samples and discuss different reconstruction strategies. We also demonstrate a method for measuring the point spread function of a ghost imaging system, which can be used to quantify the resolution of the ghost imaging reconstructions and quantitatively compare different reconstruction approaches. Our experimental results are discussed in view of future practical applications of x-ray ghost imaging, including a means for parallel ghost imaging.
Performance evaluation of packet classification on FPGA-based TCAM emulation architectures (2012)

Packet classification techniques are continuously challenged as network bandwidth increases and new services are deployed. Ternary Content Addressable Memories (TCAMs) have traditionally been used for scenarios requiring high-speed packet processing. However, TCAM-based classification suffers from high power consumption and clock rate limitations. Among several proposed solutions, TCAM emulation through RAM has emerged as a more flexible and energy-efficient strategy. On the other hand, Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) devices have been evolving providing not only abundant logical resources but also an increasing number of integrated RAM blocks. This paper investigates performance and trade-offs related to TCAM emulation in FPGAs. In particular, we analyze the impact of encoding different key ranges on rules for different configurations in terms of the search key length and the number of rules. To validate and evaluate actual performance, we report and discuss results of real implementations on FPGA devices. Our work shows that classification rates above 300Mpps for both large keys and rule sets can be implemented with only a few megabits of RAM when considering up to medium size range matching intervals.
The Potential of HIV-1 Nanotherapeutics: from <i>in vitro</i> Studies to Clinical Trials (2015)

Since its discovery almost three decades ago, HIV-1 has grown into the most aggressive pandemic of modern time. Following the implementation of combination antiretroviral therapy, the pathological outcome of HIV infection has substantially improved. However, combination antiretroviral therapy is limited by several factors including, long-term toxicity, serious side effects and complex dosing regimens, and so on. In this regard, researchers have directed their attention toward enhancing current treatment strategies and/or developing alternative HIV-1 therapeutics. In recent years, this attention has fixated on nanomedicine-based anti-HIV therapeutics (HIV-1 nanotherapeutics). In the present study, we have reviewed several HIV-1 nanotherapeutics that have shown success at the preclinical level and/or Phase I/II clinical trials. We also discuss the possible benefits of these nanomedicine-based approaches and their future outlook.
The Absolute Determination of Resonant Energies for the Radiative Capture of Protons by Boron, Carbon, Fluorine, Magnesium, and Aluminum in the Energy Range below 500 kev (1953)

An absolute electrostatic analyzer of deflecting angle $\frac{\ensuremath{\pi}}{2\sqrt{2}}$ radians has been used to measure and stabilize the energy of the proton beam from an air insulated electrostic generator. The following resonant energies for proton capture by some of the light elements have been measured: The high energy resolution of one thousand obtained has made accurate determination of the half-widths of these resonances possible.
Integration host factor suppresses promiscuous activation of the sigma 54-dependent promoter Pu of Pseudomonas putida. (1995)

In the presence of m-xylene, the Pu promoter of the TOL plasmid of Pseudomonas putida is activated by the prokaryotic enhancer-binding protein XylR. The intervening DNA segment between the upstream activating sequences (UASs) and those for RNA polymerase binding contains an integration host factor (IHF) attachment site that is required for full transcriptional activity. In the absence of IHF, the Pu promoter can be cross-activated by other members of the sigma 54-dependent family of regulatory proteins. Such illegitimate activation does not require the binding of the heterologous regulators to DNA and it is suppressed by bent DNA structures, either static or protein induced, between the promoter core elements (UAS and RNA polymerase recognition sequence). The role of IHF in some sigma 54 promoters is, therefore, not only a structural aid for assembling a correct promoter geometry but also that of an active suppressor (restrictor) of promiscuous activation by heterologous regulators for increased promoter specificity.
Bacteriophages in health and disease (2012)

<title>Abstract</title> This book, Bacteriophages in Health and Disease, is an effort to provide an introduction to the breadth of roles that phages play or can play in our everyday lives. To capture this variety of phage roles in human conditions, both natural and applied, the book is divided into three parts. A brief introduction to various concepts and terminology associated with phages is provided in chapter 1. Part I (chapters 2-6) considers the role of phages in the natural state. That is, where phages are, how they contribute directly to disease, the underlying mechanism by which phages do this, and how they can contribute indirectly to disease, that is, to pathogen evolution. Part II (chapters 7-11) considers various phage-based technologies other than the use of whole phages to combat bacterial infections (i.e. besides phage therapy). This includes in particular the use of both modified and 'disembodied' phage parts. Phages thus can serve as carriers and delivery vehicles of DNA and also of other chemicals, including serving as vectors for either gene therapy or DNA vaccines. Part III (chapters 12-17) covers phage-based antibacterial strategies. It includes chapters on: phage translocation, safety and immunomodulation; phage therapy of wounds and related purulent infections; phage therapy of non-wound infections; phage-based enzybiotics; and phage-based control of bacterial pathogens in food. The final chapter of this book is targeted to would-be phage therapy experimentalists, one that considers, in light of phage properties, how phage therapy protocols may be developed in terms of the use of animal models of bacterial disease.
GROUND STATE H-ATOM IN STRONG LASER FIELDS (1995)

On the basis of perturbative theory in Ref.[11], the H-atom ground state energy in laser fields is calculated with the varcational Method and a good agreement with the previous nonperturbative results by high frequence approximation theory (HFAT) is obtained. In contrast with HFAT, the eigen energy and wavefunction are given analytically and simultaneously by the present method.
Absorption spectrum estimating rice chlorophyll concentration: Preliminary investigations (2009)

Our objective in this study was to develop spectral absorption indices for prediction of leaf chlorophyll concentration based on blue/yellow/red/ edge absorption spectrum. Two field experiments were conducted to study the response of chlorophyll index based on leaf absorption spectra to chlorophyll concentration in rice. The ultimate, penultimate and third expanded leaves were sampled for chlorophyll measurements and the absorption spectra of the leaves on the main stem for three rice varieties at different growth stages to select the absorption wavelength position near zero and develop better algorithms for estimating chlorophyll concentration. Some indices called blue/yellow/red/ edge absorption spectra chlorophyll index (BEACI/ YEACI/ REACI) were calculated from elected absorption wavelength positions. For the 1st experiment the correlation coefficients were similar between chlorophyll concentration and single leaf spectral absorption and between chlorophyll concentration and these indices. But the chlorophyll concentration had significant correlations (P<0.01) to these indices than single leaf spectral absorption in the 2nd experiment. The liner regression models with single leaf spectral absorption y = -2.271A480.188 + 5.574A651.232 - 2.899A753.552 - 0.269, y= -4.079A480.188 - 2.233A753.552 + 5.892A663.239 + 0.547 and y = 4.217A651.232 -0.718A753.552 - 2.897A663.239 - 0.399 had higher power prediction total chlorophyll, chlororphyll a and chlorophyll b concentrations, respectively. Compared with BEACI and REACI, stepwise regression analysis showed that YEACI630.610, YEACI570.169 and YEACI651.232were good predictive power for predicting chlorophyll total concentration, chlorophyll a concentration and chlororphyll b concentration respectively.

	 

	Key words: Rice, chlorophyll concentration, leaf absorption spectrum, vegetation index.
Genes adopt non‐optimal codon usage to generate cell cycle‐dependent oscillations in protein levels (2012)

The cell cycle is a temporal program that regulates DNA synthesis and cell division. When we compared the codon usage of cell cycle-regulated genes with that of other genes, we discovered that there is a significant preference for non-optimal codons. Moreover, genes encoding proteins that cycle at the protein level exhibit non-optimal codon preferences. Remarkably, cell cycle-regulated genes expressed in different phases display different codon preferences. Here, we show empirically that transfer RNA (tRNA) expression is indeed highest in the G2 phase of the cell cycle, consistent with the non-optimal codon usage of genes expressed at this time, and lowest toward the end of G1, reflecting the optimal codon usage of G1 genes. Accordingly, protein levels of human glycyl-, threonyl-, and glutamyl-prolyl tRNA synthetases were found to oscillate, peaking in G2/M phase. In light of our findings, we propose that non-optimal (wobbly) matching codons influence protein synthesis during the cell cycle. We describe a new mathematical model that shows how codon usage can give rise to cell-cycle regulation. In summary, our data indicate that cells exploit wobbling to generate cell cycle-dependent dynamics of proteins.
Primary Li / SOCl2 Cells: VII . Effect of and Electrolyte Salts on the Performance (1979)

The performance characteristics of hermetic D cells with and electrolyte salts were found to be quite comparable to the cells with electrolyte salt when tested fresh. After storage at 72°C the cells with salt showed improved voltage‐delay characteristics at −30°C. SEM studies showed the Li anode film to be relatively thin, porous and possibly mechanically weak, and consists of uniformly grown small crystals of .
Length-Controllable Catalyzing-Synthesis and Length-Corresponding Properties of FeCo/Pt Nanorods (2011)

Newly designed magnetic-alloy/noble-metal FeCo/Pt nanorods have been first reported and fabricated through a length-controllable catalyzing-synthesis process in which the growth of FeCo nanorods was induced on Pt nanotips. The length of FeCo/Pt nanorods depends on the number of platinum nanotips. The proposed synthesis mechanism was corroborated by scanning electron microscopy, transition electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. With the decrease of Fe content in Fe(x)Co(96-x)/Pt(4) nanoalloys from 77 to 15, the morphology changes from nanorods with different lengths to nanoparticles. The analysis of the magnetic hysteresis loops indicated that the magnetic saturation and coercivity were strongly dependent on the length of the nanorods in which maximum saturation magnetization and minimum coercivity were obtained for Fe(77)Co(19)/Pt(4) nanorods with the length of ∼2.5 μm. In particular, FeCo/Pt exhibited length-dependent reactivity towards 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, and Fe(77)Co(19)/Pt(4) nanorods with the length of ∼2.5 μm yielded the greatest dechlorination rate. Moreover, Pt can enhance the dechlorination of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane.
Selection of monoclonal antibodies which induce internalization and phosphorylation of P185<sup>HER2</sup> and growth inhibition of cells with HER2/<i>neu</i> gene amplification (1991)

In order to obtain further information on the biological role of the HER2/neu oncoprotein monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were produced against the p185 extracellular domain. To immunize the mice and screen the hybridoma supernatants we selected a lung adenocarcinoma cell line (Calu-3), which demonstrated an over-expression of p185HER2 measured as the reactivity with polyclonal rabbit serum to the 14-amino-acid carboxy-terminal-HER2/neu. Two MAbs, designated MGR2 (IgG1) and MGR3 (IgG2), selected for reactivity on Calu-3 and negativity on A43I live cells, the reference target cell for EGF receptor expression, were found to immunoprecipitate a 185-kDa molecule. Immunodepletion experiments with the polyclonal antiserum and cross-competition experiments indicated that the 2 reagents recognized 2 different epitopes located on the p185HER2 molecule. One of the 2 MAbs, MGR3, was found to internalize, induce p185HER2 phosphorylation and inhibit tumor cell growth in vitro. These results indicate that MGR3 is directed against a determinant located in the p185HER2 ligand binding site and may compete with the p185HER2 ligand, but is incapable of inducing a complete mitotic signal.
Over The Horizon Sky-Wave Radar: Simulation tool for Coordinate Registration method based on Sea-Land transitions identification (2009)

We recently proposed a correlation method for the real time coordinate registration (CR) of the received echo by over the horizon sky wave radar (OTHRsw) based on a priori knowledge of the positions of the sea-land transitions within the radar coverage area. In this paper we present a software simulation tool developed to analyze the performance of the proposed CR method in different OTHR scenarios. The software tool simulates the monostatic OTH radar propagation using simplified ionospheric models and simplified models of surface clutter radar interactions. Simulation results assuming different surface clutter scenarios are presented and discussed.
Efficient latch optimization using exclusive sets (1997)

Controller circuits synthesized from high-level languagesoften have many more latches than the minimum,with a resulting sparse reachable state space thathas a particular structure. We propose an algorithmthatexploits this structure to remove latches. The reachablestate set (RSS) is much easier to compute for the new,smaller circuit and can be used to efficiently computethe RSS of the original. Thus we provide a method forobtaining the RSS, and two different initial implementationsfrom which to begin logic optimization.
Catalysis of transesterification reactions by lanthanides Unprecedented acceleration of methanolysis of aryl and alkyl esters promoted by La(OTf)<sub>3</sub> at neutral <sub>s</sub><sup>s</sup>pH and ambient temperatures (2001)

La 3+ catalysis of the methanolysis of the esters p-nitrophenyl, 2,4-dinitrophenyl, and phenyl acetate (13), phenyl benzoate (4), and ethyl, i-propyl, cyclohexyl, and tert-butyl acetate (5, 6a, 6b, 7) was studied at 25°C as a function of s s pH and [La(OTf) 3 ]. The active form of the catalyst is attributed to a dimethoxy-bridged dimer of stoichiometry (La 3+ ) 2 (  OCH 3 ) 2 , having maximum activity at s s pH 8 to 9. For preparative reactions, the active catalyst can be made in situ simply by adding 0.01 equiv of La(OTf) 3 , and 0.01 equiv of NaOCH 3 to a methanol solution containing the ester (1 M). Strong catalysis of methanolysis of both aryl and alkyl esters was observed, although tert-butyl acetate was inert. At s s pH 8.5, where the catalyst is maximally active, the transesterification reactions are accelerated by 40 000-fold to 18 000 000-fold in the presence of as little as 5 mM catalyst relative to the background reaction depending on the ester structure. A mechanism for catalysis of transesterification is presented wherein the reactive species is generated by breaking a single LaOCH 3 bond of the dimethoxy-bridged dimer to reveal a nucleophilic metal-bound methoxide  Lewis acid La 3+ electrophilic pair.Key words: lanthanides, transesterification, methanolysis, catalysis, kinetics.
Hyperbolic damped-wave models for transient light-pulse propagation in scattering media (1996)

Transient optical transport in highly scattering media such as tissues is usually modeled as a diffusion process in which the energy flux is assumed proportional to the fluence (intensity averaged over all solid angles) gradients. Such models exhibit an infinite speed of propagation of the optical signal, and finite transmission values are predicted even at times smaller than those associated with the propagation of light. If the hyperbolic, or wave, nature of the complete transient radiative transfer equation is retained, the resulting models do not exhibit such drawbacks. Additionally, the hyperbolic equations converge to the solution at a faster rate, which makes them very attractive for numerical applications in time-resolved optical tomography.
A modal approach to hyper-redundant manipulator kinematics (1994)

This paper presents novel and efficient kinematic modeling techniques for "hyper-redundant" robots. This approach is based on a "backbone curve" that captures the robot's macroscopic geometric features. The inverse kinematic, or "hyper-redundancy resolution," problem reduces to determining the time varying backbone curve behavior. To efficiently solve the inverse kinematics problem, the authors introduce a "modal" approach, in which a set of intrinsic backbone curve shape functions are restricted to a modal form. The singularities of the modal approach, modal non-degeneracy conditions, and modal switching are considered. For discretely segmented morphologies, the authors introduce "fitting" algorithms that determine the actuator displacements that cause the discrete manipulator to adhere to the backbone curve. These techniques are demonstrated with planar and spatial mechanism examples. They have also been implemented on a 30 degree-of-freedom robot prototype.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Biomimetic catalyst development for natural gas conversion (1994)

Enzymes such as cytochrome P{sub 450} are known to catalyze difficult reactions including the partial oxidation of unactivated alkanes to alcohols. We are using computer aided molecular design (CAMD) in conjunction with activity testing to develop biomimetic catalysts for the oxidation of light alkanes. Our stepwise approach to catalyst development involves first using CAMD to design and model potential metalloporphyrin catalysts, followed by synthesis and characterization of promising catalysts, and finally utilizing our catalysts in bench scale oxidation reactions. The information gained in laboratory testing enables us to evaluate and refine our models, and thus continue to design catalysts which are incrementally better. We anticipate that this iterative approach will lead to the development of biomimetic catalysts which are active enough to use air for the conversion of natural gas to oxygentated products. Metalloporphyrins have been shown to catalyze the oxidation of light alkanes with air or oxygen as the oxidant under mild conditions with no added co-reductant. Prior work has indicated three beneficial properties of the metalloporphyrin catalysts. These activity-enhancing features are: (1) the presence of strongly electron-withdrawing substituent groups at the periphery of the porphyrin ring, (2) an axial ligand complex favoring the most negative Fe(III)/Fe(II) redox potential,more » and (3) steric restraints on close bimolecular face-to-face approach of catalyst molecules. We have designed and synthesized, and are currently testing a series of catalysts, the fluorinated iron dodecaphenylporphyrins (FeF{sub x}DPP where x=0,20,28,36), and with an additional feature - a rigid cavity that promotes the binding of the substrate alkane molecule.« less
Site-Specific Preparation of Intact Solid–Liquid Interfaces by Label-Free<i>In Situ</i>Localization and Cryo-Focused Ion Beam Lift-Out (2016)

Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) allows atomic scale characterization of solid-solid interfaces, but has seen limited applications to solid-liquid interfaces due to the volatility of liquids in the microscope vacuum. Although cryo-electron microscopy is routinely used to characterize hydrated samples stabilized by rapid freezing, sample thinning is required to access the internal interfaces of thicker specimens. Here, we adapt cryo-focused ion beam (FIB) "lift-out," a technique recently developed for biological specimens, to prepare intact internal solid-liquid interfaces for high-resolution structural and chemical analysis by cryo-STEM. To guide the milling process we introduce a label-free in situ method of localizing subsurface structures in suitable materials by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Monte Carlo simulations are performed to evaluate the depth-probing capability of the technique, and show good qualitative agreement with experiment. We also detail procedures to produce homogeneously thin lamellae, which enable nanoscale structural, elemental, and chemical analysis of intact solid-liquid interfaces by analytical cryo-STEM. This work demonstrates the potential of cryo-FIB lift-out and cryo-STEM for understanding physical and chemical processes at solid-liquid interfaces.
Multi-Residual Networks: Improving the Speed and Accuracy of Residual Networks (2016)

In this article, we take one step toward understanding the learning behavior of deep residual networks, and supporting the observation that deep residual networks behave like ensembles. We propose a new convolutional neural network architecture which builds upon the success of residual networks by explicitly exploiting the interpretation of very deep networks as an ensemble. The proposed multi-residual network increases the number of residual functions in the residual blocks. Our architecture generates models that are wider, rather than deeper, which significantly improves accuracy. We show that our model achieves an error rate of 3.73% and 19.45% on CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100 respectively, that outperforms almost all of the existing models. We also demonstrate that our model outperforms very deep residual networks by 0.22% (top-1 error) on the full ImageNet 2012 classification dataset. Additionally, inspired by the parallel structure of multi-residual networks, a model parallelism technique has been investigated. The model parallelism method distributes the computation of residual blocks among the processors, yielding up to 15% computational complexity improvement.