gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Systhesis New Precursors for Hexanitrohexa-azaisowurtzitane(HNIW) (2002)

The hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane(HNIW) is a polycyclic caged nitramine oxidizer. For most existing weapons systems, the most critical ingredient in explosive and propellant applications is the oxidizer, HNIW, with its increase in performance output and energy capabilities for future in explosive and propellant systems. Two new polyacylhexaazaisowurtzitanes were synthesized. Pentaacetylhexaaza-isowurtzitane(PAIW) or pentaacetylformylhexaazaisowurtzitane(PAFIW) can be a precursor in the preparation of HNIW, recently developed highly energetic material.
Phosphatidylethanol in blood (B‐PEth): A marker for alcohol use and abuse (2011)

Phosphatidylethanol (PEth) represents a group of glycerophospholipid homologues where ethanol by phospholipase D has been bound at the position that normally contains an amino-alcohol. Since the formation of PEth is specifically dependent on ethanol, the diagnostic specificity of PEth as an alcohol biomarker is theoretically 100%. The half-life of PEth in blood is approximately 4 days. The amount of alcohol consumed correlates to blood concentration of PEth and PEth has been shown to be a more sensitive indicator of alcohol consumption than traditional alcohol markers, such as CDT (carbohydrate-deficient transferrin), GGT (γ-glutamyl transferase), and MCV (mean corpuscular volume) or a combination of these. Almost all clinical data so far available are based on a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method with limited analytical sensitivity. With the advent of methods with considerably higher analytical sensitivity (e.g. mass spectrometric methods), clinical sensitivity will increase correspondingly. The possibility of determining very low concentrations of PEth by new sensitive analytical techniques may, however, have both ethical and legal consequences that have to be considered.
Novel electrolysis-ionized-water cleaning technique for the chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) process (2002)

Recently, chemical-mechanical-polishing (CMP) technology has become more and more important as device packing-density has increased. This is because the CMP of interlayer dielectrics realizes global planarization resulting in multi-level interconnections with finer pitches. However, effective wafer surface cleaning for particles and contamination is needed because slurries with colloidal silica particles are used during the CMP processing. Though wafer cleaning by using acid or alkaline chemicals was generally used, an increasing amount of the chemicals will cause ecological problems. We have reported that the electrolysis ionized water cleaning technique was useful for the removal of particles and metal contamination. This indicates a ecologically-safe cleaning process without using direct chemical reactions. This paper presents a reductive electrolysis ionized water cleaning technique for application to CMP processes, which includes a spin rinser system. Damage-free cleaning for an Al damascene process after the CMP is demonstrated for the first time.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Performance of Siloxane Mixtures in a High-Temperature Organic Rankine Cycle Considering the Heat Transfer Characteristics during Evaporation (2014)

The application of the Organic Rankine Cycle to high temperature heat sources is investigated on the case study of waste heat recovery from a selected biogas plant. Two different modes of operation are distinguished: pure electric power and combined heat and power generation. The siloxanes hexamethyldisiloxane (MM) and octamethyltrisiloxane (MDM) are chosen as working fluids. Moreover, the effect of using mixtures of these components is analysed. Regarding pure electricity generation, process simulations using the simulation tool Aspen Plus show an increase in second law efficiency of 1.3% in case of 97/03 wt % MM/MDM-mixture, whereas for the combined heat and power mode a 60/40 wt % MM/MDM-mixture yields the highest efficiency with an increase of nearly 3% compared to most efficient pure fluid. Next to thermodynamic analysis, measurements of heat transfer coefficients of these siloxanes as well as their mixtures are conducted and Kandlikar’s correlation is chosen to describe the results. Based on that, heat exchanger areas for preheater and evaporator are calculated in order to check whether the poorer heat transfer characteristics of mixtures devalue their efficiency benefit due to increased heat transfer areas. Results show higher heat transfer areas of 0.9% and 14%, respectively, compared to MM.
Mass spectrometry for the quantification of bioactive peptides in biological fluids (2006)

The study of pharmacologically active peptides is central to the understanding of disease and development of novel therapies. It would be advantageous to monitor the fate of bioactive peptides in biological fluids and tissues following their in vivo administration (exogenous administration) or the modulation of endogenous factors (e.g., peptide hormones) affected by the administration of a pharmacological agent. Measurement of administered compounds (small molecules) in plasma is a mature field. However, measurement of pharmacologically active peptides presents particular problems for quantitative mass spectrometry, including challenges from selectivity and sensitivity perspectives. Current approaches towards peptide quantification in biological fluids include immunoassays and mass spectrometric techniques. Immunoassays, although sensitive, lack the necessary selectivity for distinction between peptide and metabolites. Modified molecules induced by metabolic transformations (e.g., N- or C-terminal truncation of the peptide) might not be differentiated by the antibody used in the assay, leading to cross-reactivity. However, although it is generally accepted that mass spectrometry is an ideal technique for the quantification of trace levels of analytes in biological fluids, immunological techniques are still characterized by better limits of peptide detection. In this review article, novel mass spectrometric approaches and strategies on peptide quantification will be described. The current capabilities and prospects for advances in this critical area of research will be examined.
Novel Water-Soluble Mucoadhesive Carbosilane Dendrimers for Ocular Administration (2016)

The purpose of this research was to determine the potential use of water-soluble anionic and cationic carbosilane dendrimers (generations 1-3) as mucoadhesive polymers in eyedrop formulations. Cationic carbosilane dendrimers decorated with ammonium -NH3(+) groups were prepared by hydrosylilation of Boc-protected allylamine and followed by deprotection with HCl. Anionic carbosilane dendrimers with terminal carboxylate groups were also employed in this study. In vitro and in vivo tolerance studies were performed in human ocular epithelial cell lines and rabbit eyes respectively. The interaction of dendrimers with transmembrane ocular mucins was evaluated with a surface biosensor. As proof of concept, the hypotensive effect of a carbosilane dendrimer eyedrop formulation containing acetazolamide (ACZ), a poorly water-soluble drug with limited ocular penetration, was tested after instillation in normotensive rabbits. The methodology used to synthesize cationic dendrimers avoids the difficulty of obtaining neutral -NH2 dendrimers that require harsher reaction conditions and also present high aggregation tendency. Tolerance studies demonstrated that both prototypes of water-soluble anionic and cationic carbosilane dendrimers were well tolerated in a range of concentrations between 5 and 10 μM. Permanent interactions between cationic carbosilane dendrimers and ocular mucins were observed using biosensor assays, predominantly for the generation-three (G3) dendrimer. An eyedrop formulation containing G3 cationic carbosilane dendrimers (5 μM) and ACZ (0.07%) (289.4 mOsm; 5.6 pH; 41.7 mN/m) induced a rapid (onset time 1 h) and extended (up to 7 h) hypotensive effect, and led to a significant increment in the efficacy determined by AUC0(8h) and maximal intraocular pressure reduction. This work takes advantage of the high-affinity interaction between cationic carbosilane dendrimers and ocular transmembrane mucins, as well as the tensioactive behavior observed for these polymers. Our results indicate that low amounts of cationic carbosilane dendrimers are well tolerated and able to improve the hypotensive effect of an acetazolamide solution. Our results suggest that carbosilane dendrimers can be used in a safe range of concentrations to enhance the bioavailability of drugs topically administered in the eye.
The heating effect of iron-cobalt magnetic nanofluids in an alternating magnetic field: application in magnetic hyperthermia treatment (2013)

In this research, FeCo alloy magnetic nanofluids were prepared by reducing iron(III) chloride hexahydrate and cobalt(II) sulfate heptahydrate with sodium borohydride in a water/CTAB/hexanol reverse micelle system for application in magnetic hyperthermia treatment. X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, selected area electron diffraction, and energy-dispersive analysis indicate the formation of bcc-structured iron-cobalt alloy. Magnetic property assessment of nanoparticles reveals that some samples are single-domain superparamagnetic, while others are single- or multi-domain ferromagnetic. The stability of the magnetic fluids was achieved by using a CTAB/1-butanol surfactant bilayer. Results of Gouy magnetic susceptibility balance experiments indicate good stability of FeCo nanoparticles even after dilution. The inductive properties of corresponding magnetic fluids including temperature rise and specific absorption rate were determined. Results show that with increasing of the nanoparticle size in the single-domain size regime, the generated heat increases, indicating the significant effect of the hysteresis loss. Finally, the central parameter controlling the specific absorption rate of nanoparticles was introduced, the experimental results were compared with those of the Stoner-Wohlfarth model and linear response theory, and the best sample for magnetic hyperthermia treatment was specified.
Reproductive Success of Female Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss) in Response to Graded Dietary Ascorbyl Monophosphate Levels1 (1995)

Ascorbic acid is an essential nutrient in rainbow trout diets and has been shown to play an important role in fish reproduction. Recommended dietary levels are based on immature fish, and the specific requirements for brood stock are unknown. To establish the optimum dietary level for mature rainbow trout, six graded levels of ascorbyl-2-monophosphate were fed to groups of female fish over a period of 10 mo until spawning. Increasing dietary levels of ascorbyl monophosphate resulted in significantly increased ascorbic acid concentrations in liver, kidney, ovaries, and ovulated eggs. Liver and egg concentrations were saturable at 109.3 and 266.6 micrograms ascorbic acid/g tissue, respectively. Tissue saturation levels of 83.7% and 91.2%, respectively, were reached at the highest dietary level (870 mg ascorbyl monophosphate/kg diet) tested. Both fecundity and embryo survival increased significantly with dietary ascorbyl monophosphate levels. The results indicated that the present National Research Council recommended dietary level of 50 mg ascorbic acid/kg diet for rainbow trout is inadequate for brood stock fish. An amount 8 times higher is necessary to optimize tissue ascorbic acid levels and achieve maximum reproductive success.
High-frequency brain activity and muscle artifacts in MEG/EEG: a review and recommendations (2013)

In recent years high-frequency brain activity in the gamma-frequency band (30-80 Hz) and above has become the focus of a growing body of work in MEG/EEG research. Unfortunately, high-frequency neural activity overlaps entirely with the spectral bandwidth of muscle activity (~20-300 Hz). It is becoming appreciated that artifacts of muscle activity may contaminate a number of non-invasive reports of high-frequency activity. In this review, the spectral, spatial, and temporal characteristics of muscle artifacts are compared with those described (so far) for high-frequency neural activity. In addition, several of the techniques that are being developed to help suppress muscle artifacts in MEG/EEG are reviewed. Suggestions are made for the collection, analysis, and presentation of experimental data with the aim of reducing the number of publications in the future that may contain muscle artifacts.
Glatiramer Acetate (Copolymer-1, Copaxone) Promotes Th2 Cell Development and Increased IL-10 Production Through Modulation of Dendritic Cells (2003)

Glatiramer acetate (GA; copolymer-1, Copaxone) suppresses the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and reduces the relapse frequency in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Although it has become clear that GA induces protective degenerate Th2/IL-10 responses, its precise mode of action remains elusive. Because the cytokine profile of Th cells is often regulated by dendritic cells (DC), we studied the modulatory effects of GA on the T cell regulatory function of human DC. This study shows the novel selective inhibitory effect of GA on the production of DC-derived inflammatory mediators without affecting DC maturation or DC immunostimulatory potential. DC exposed to GA have an impaired capacity to secrete the major Th1 polarizing factor IL-12p70 in response to LPS and CD40 ligand triggering. DC exposed to GA induce effector IL-4-secreting Th2 cells and enhanced levels of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. The anti-inflammatory effect of GA is mediated via DC as GA does not affect the polarization patterns of naive Th cells activated in an APC-free system. Together, these results reveal that APC are essential for the GA-mediated shift in the Th cell profiles and indicate that DC are a prime target for the immunomodulatory effects of GA.
A New Frequency Model for Pump-to-Signal RIN Transfer in Brillouin Fiber Amplifiers (2007)

In this letter, we propose a novel frequency model to evaluate the pump-to-signal relative intensity noise (RIN) transfer in stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS). For the first time, the RIN transfer in Brillouin fiber amplifiers has been numerically determined in the pump depletion regime both in the time and frequency domains. Moreover, an analytical expression of RIN transfer has been derived from the well-known SBS coupling equations when pump depletion is ignored. Experimental results are found to be in good agreement with the theoretical analysis.
Sensitive stripping voltammetry of heavy metals by using a composite sensor based on a built-in bismuth precursor (2005)

A new graphite-epoxy composite electrode (GECE) containing Bi(NO(3))(3) as a built-in bismuth precursor for simultaneous and individual anodic stripping analysis of heavy trace metals like lead and cadmium is reported. The developed Bi(NO(3))(3)-GECE is compatible with bismuth film electrodes reported previously including the composite electrodes (Bi-GECE) recently reported by our group. Bi(NO(3))(3)-GECE displays the ability for the detection of both individual and simultaneous determination of heavy trace metals and exhibits well defined, reproducible and sharp stripping signals. The sensitive response is combined with the minimal toxicity of Bi(NO(3))(3). This novel sensor would be an appropriate alternative tool to sensors using bismuth in solution during their utilization in environmental quality monitoring as well as other applications.
Direct Experimental Evidence for the Existence of a Heavy Positive<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>V</mml:mi></mml:math>Particle (1953)

Various workers have shown [1,2] that some, if not all, charged V particles observed in cloud-chamber experiments can be identified with the K particle [3] (κ- and χ-mesons) found in nuclear emulsions. Direct mass measurements have been made on primary V particles of both signs of charge. These measurements have in all cases given values, somewhat lighter than a proton mass, which are entirely consistent with the known masses of K particles. The questions arises, therefore, as to whether charged V particles exist whose mass is considerably grater than that of a K particle, and which perhaps decay into a nucleon and π-meson, in a manner analogous to the decay of the neutral V particles.
Intracellular Expression of Vitreoscilla Hemoglobin (VHb) Enhances Total Protein Secretion and Improves the Production of α-Amylase and Neutral Protease in Bacillus subtilis (1996)

In an attempt to alleviate oxygen limitation during batch cultivations, a heterologous bacterial hemoglobin gene (vhb) of Vitreoscilla was introduced into Bacillus subtilis. Biochemically active VHb, as demonstrated by immunoblot analysis and carbon monoxide binding assay, was intracellularly expressed in B. subtilis from an inducible promoter-repressor (spac-lacI). Expression of VHb in oxygen-limited B. subtilis batch bioreactor cultivations enhanced cell growth, decreased accumulation of acetate, and increased the total protein secreted into the culture medium by approximately 1.5-fold. In addition, VHb-expressing B. subtilis cultures exhibited increases of approximately 30% and 5-17% in neutral protease activity and alpha-amylase activity, respectively, relative to the parental, VHb-free strain.
Optimization of a Bonse–Hart Ultra-Small-Angle Neutron Scattering Facility by Elimination of the Rocking-Curve Wings (1997)

The ORNL Ultra-Small-Angle Neutron Scattering (USANS) facility at the High Flux Isotope Reactor (HIFR) has been recently upgraded, using the Bonse–Hart technique. Si(111) triple-bounce channel-cut single crystals have been used for both the monochromator and analyzer. The total width of the rocking curve of the analyzer is about 1.6′′ and the wavelength of the primary neutron beam is 2.59 Å. It has been demonstrated that, owing to the low neutron absorption of silicon, the wings of the rocking curve are generally contaminated by neutrons propagating and diffracting inside the walls of channel-cut crystals. This parasitic intensity has been eliminated by the cutting of a groove in the long wall and the insertion of a cadmium absorber (0.6 mm thick). This modification effectively suppresses the wings of the rocking curve by over two orders of magnitude and thus dramatically improves the sensitivity of the diffractometer. The upgraded facility has been tested with several samples, including a polystyrene latex with a radius of 2.50 × 104 Å as determined by optical microscopy. The average radius calculated from USANS data is 2.48 × 104 Å, in excellent agreement with independently determined dimensions. The minimum accessible scattering vector of the upgraded USANS facility is Qmin ≃ 2 × 10−5 Å−1, which corresponds to a maximum resolvable real-space dimension of 2π/Qmin ≃ 3 × 105 Å (30 μm).
Unidirectional surface wave transducer (1969)

A surface wave transducer is described which radiates acoustic power in essentially one direction. Using Y cut, Z axis propagating lithium niobate and unidirectional transducers, a delay line has been constructed that exhibits 6.5-dB insertion loss and 52-dB triple-transit echo suppression at 106.5 MHz.
A thirty-year perspective on personhood: how has the debate changed? (2001)

The concept of personhood remains the central and enduring focus of any intelligent discussion of bioethical norms. Whether the perspective is secular or religious, couched in theological discourse or philosophical verbiage, any theory that wishes to show how man should behave must begin with what man is. Indeed, personhood “pops up” in the most unexpected places. Physicist John Polkinghorne claims that a grand, unified “Theory of Everything” must include and reconcile quantum mechanics, general relativity theory, and amazingly,
Density distribution of calcium‐induced alginate gels. A numerical study (1995)

Abstract Charged polysaccharides often form hydrogels in the presence of cations. In many applications the polymer network density distribution and associated physical properties are of major practical importance. Depending on the detailed conditions, the resulting gel density may vary from fully homogeneous to strongly inhomogeneous. We have established a simple set of coupled chemical reaction–diffusion equations to model the gelling process of calcium‐induced alginate gels. The necessary algorithms for numerical solution of the resulting simultaneous parabolic differential equations have been developed both for one‐dimensional models and three‐ldimensional models with cylindrical or spherical symmetry. The algorithms make use of the Crank–Nicolson implicit finite difference method. The results of the numerical analyses of the gel formation can be divided into several different regimes depending on the physical and chemical parameters of the alginates and the cations. The numerical results are in good agreements with reported experimental results. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
EUV lithography optics for sub-9nm resolution (2015)

EUV lithography for resolution below 9 nm requires the numerical aperture of the projection optics to be significantly larger than 0.45. A configuration of 4x magnification, full field size and 6’’ reticle is not feasible anymore. The increased chief ray angle and higher NA at reticle lead to non-acceptable shadowing effects, which can only be controlled by increasing the magnification, hence reducing the system productivity. We demonstrate that the best compromise in imaging, productivity and field split is a so-called anamorphic magnification and a half field of 26 x 16.5 mm². We discuss the optical solutions for anamorphic high-NA lithography.
The therapeutic effect of “Bayer 205” in trypanosomiasis of the central nervous system (1924)

The therapeutic effect of “Bayer 205” in trypanosomiasis of the central nervous system Get access Clement C. Chesterman, O.B.E., M.D. (Lond.), D.T.M. & H. (Cantab.) Clement C. Chesterman, O.B.E., M.D. (Lond.), D.T.M. & H. (Cantab.) Baptist Missionary Society Hospital, Yakusu, Haut Congo Belge Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, Volume 18, Issue 5-6, November 20-December 1 1924, Pages 311–317, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0035-9203(24)90477-9 Published: 11 December 1924
Interaction of bovine erythrocyte superoxide dismutase with hydrogen peroxide. Inactivation of the enzyme (1975)

Bovine erythrocyte superoxide dismutase was slowly and irreversibly inactivated by hydrogen peroxide. The rate of this inactivation was directly dependent upon the concentrations of both H2O2 and of enzyme, and its second-order rate constant at pH 10.0 and 25 degrees was 6.7 M-1 sec-1. Inactivation was preceded by a bleaching due to rapid reduction of Cu2+ on the enzyme, and following this there was a gradual reappearance of a new absorption in the visible region, which was coincident with the loss of catalytic activity. Inactivation of the enzyme was pH-dependent and indicated an essential ionization whose pKa was approximately 10.2. Replacement of H2O by D2O raised this pKa but did not diminish the catalytic activity of superoxide dismutase, measured at pH 10.0. Several compounds, including xanthine, urate, formate, and azide, protected the enzyme against inactivation by H2O2. Alcohols and benzoate, which scavenge hydroxyl radical, did not protect. Compounds with special affinity for singlet oxygen were similarly ineffective. The data were interpreted in terms of the reduction of the enzyme-bound Cu2+ to Cu+, by H2O2, followed by a Fenton's type reaction of the Cu+ with additional H2O2. This would generate Cu2+-OH- or its ionized equivalent, Cu2+-O--, which could then oxidatively attack an adjacent histidine and thus inactivate the enzyme. Compounds which protected the enzyme could have done so by reacting with the bound oxidant, in competition with the adjacent histidine.