gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ursolic acid inhibits nuclear factor-kappaB activation induced by carcinogenic agents through suppression of IkappaBalpha kinase and p65 phosphorylation: correlation with down-regulation of cyclooxygenase 2, matrix metalloproteinase 9, and cyclin D1. (2003)

The process of tumorigenesis requires cellular transformation, hyperproliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Several genes that mediate these processes are regulated by the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). The latter is activated by various carcinogens, inflammatory agents, and tumor promoters. Thus, agents that can suppress NF-kappaB activation have the potential to suppress carcinogenesis. Ursolic acid, a pentacyclic triterpene acid, has been shown to suppress the expression of several genes associated with tumorigenesis, but whether ursolic acid mediates its effects through suppression of NF-kappaB is not understood. In the study described in the present report, we found that ursolic acid suppressed NF-kappaB activation induced by various carcinogens including tumor necrosis factor (TNF), phorbol ester, okadaic acid, H(2)O(2), and cigarette smoke. These effects were not cell type specific. Ursolic acid inhibited DNA binding of NF-kappaB consisting of p50 and p65. Ursolic acid inhibited IkappaBalpha degradation, IkappaBalpha phosphorylation, IkappaBalpha kinase activation, p65 phosphorylation, p65 nuclear translocation, and NF-kappaB-dependent reporter gene expression. Ursolic acid also inhibited NF-kappaB-dependent reporter gene expression activated by TNF receptor, TNF receptor-associated death domain, TNF receptor-associated factor, NF-kappaB-inducing kinase, IkappaBalpha kinase, and p65. The inhibition of NF-kappaB activation correlated with suppression of NF-kappaB-dependent cyclin D1, cyclooxygenase 2, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression. Thus, overall, our results indicate that ursolic acid inhibits IkappaBalpha kinase and p65 phosphorylation, leading to the suppression of NF-kappaB activation induced by various carcinogens. These actions of ursolic acid may mediate its antitumorigenic and chemosensitizing effects.
Increased csf-levels of met-enkephalin in chronic tension-type headache (1990)

To evaluate potential factors related to avian atherosclerosis, plasma cholesterol and triglyceride values were measured in 35 apparently healthy captive monk parakeets (Myiopsitta monachus). Birds were categorized as healthy or at risk based on body condition score and weight and were also evaluated based on their aviary environmental conditions. Plasma cholesterol mean was 8.008 mmol/L (range: 4.655 to 20.33 mmol/L) or 309.65 mg/dl (range: 180 to 786 mg/dl) for all birds sampled. Plasma triglyceride mean for all birds sampled was 4.364 mmol/L (range: 0.960 to 44.62 mmol/L) or 386.54 mg/dl (range: 85 to 3952 mg/dl). Thirty plasma samples were evaluated through density gradient ultracentrifugation lipid profiling techniques used to examine risk of cardiovascular disease in humans. The resultant lipid density profile graph was determined from the hydrated densities of the following lipids: triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and subfractions, and high-density lipoproteins and subfractions. When analyzed using linear discriminant analysis, lipid profiles of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, LDL1, LDL2, and high-density lipoprotein 2b subfractions were increased (P < 0.05) in at-risk monk parakeets when compared with healthy cohorts. Gender and diet had no apparent effect on plasma cholesterol or triglyceride concentrations. Cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations and lipoprotein density profiles from captive monk parakeets, a species known to be affected by atherosclerosis, may prove useful as markers for use in future investigation of atherosclerosis in birds. However, the consequence of increased plasma lipid concentrations and changes of lipoprotein profiles on avian health requires additional investigation.
STAT3-decoy oligodeoxynucleotide inhibits the growth of human lung cancer via down-regulating its target genes (2007)

Double-stranded decoy oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) is a promising approach for inhibiting gene transcription. Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 3, a potent transcription factor, is usually constitutively activated in a variety of malignancies, and considered as an attractive drug target. In this study, it was noted that STAT3 was overactivated in human lung cancer cells, and STAT3-decoy ODN, which was high-efficiently transfected into nucleus of cancer cells, significantly inhibited the proliferation of PG cells by inducing apoptosis or cell cycle arrest. The transcription levels of mcl-1, cyclin D1, bcl-xl and survivin were significantly decreased by 64.4, 56.1, 72.8% (P<0.01) and 31.8% (P<0.05), respectively; and the synthesis levels of bcl-xl and cyclin D1 in PG cells showed 64.5% (P<0.01) and 28.6% (P<0.05) decrease, respectively. Our study demonstrated that decoy-ODN targeting at activated STAT3 may potentially be used as an anti-lung cancer therapeutic approach.
Evolutionary conservation and function of the human embryonic stem cell specific miR-302/367 cluster (2015)

miRNA clusters define a group of related miRNAs closely localized in the genome with an evolution that remains poorly understood. The miR-302/367 cluster represents a single polycistronic transcript that produces five precursor miRNAs. The cluster is highly expressed and essential for maintenance of human embryonic stem cells. We found the cluster to be highly conserved and present in most mammals. In primates, seed sequence and miRNA structure are conserved, but inter-precursor sequences are evolving. Insertions of new miRNAs, deletions of individual miRNAs, and a cluster duplication observed in different species suggest an actively evolving cluster. Core transcriptional machinery consisting of NANOG and OCT-4 transcription factors that define stem cells are present upstream of the miR-302/367 cluster. Interestingly, we found the miR-302/367 cluster flanking region to be enriched as a target site of other miRNAs suggesting a mechanism for feedback control. Analysis of miR-302 and miR-367 targets demonstrated concordance of gene set enrichment groups at high gene ontology levels. This cluster also expresses isomiRs providing another means of establishing sequence diversity. Finally, using three different kidney tumor datasets, we observed consistent expression of miR-302 family members in normal tissue while adjacent tumor tissue showed a significant lack of expression. Clustering expression levels of miR-302 validated target genes showed a significant correlation between miR-302/367 cluster miRNAs and a subset of validated gene targets in healthy and adjacent tumor tissues. Taken together, our data show a highly conserved and still evolving miRNA cluster that may have additional unrecognized functions.
The Use of Twitter to Track Levels of Disease Activity and Public Concern in the U.S. during the Influenza A H1N1 Pandemic (2011)

Twitter is a free social networking and micro-blogging service that enables its millions of users to send and read each other's "tweets," or short, 140-character messages. The service has more than 190 million registered users and processes about 55 million tweets per day. Useful information about news and geopolitical events lies embedded in the Twitter stream, which embodies, in the aggregate, Twitter users' perspectives and reactions to current events. By virtue of sheer volume, content embedded in the Twitter stream may be useful for tracking or even forecasting behavior if it can be extracted in an efficient manner. In this study, we examine the use of information embedded in the Twitter stream to (1) track rapidly-evolving public sentiment with respect to H1N1 or swine flu, and (2) track and measure actual disease activity. We also show that Twitter can be used as a measure of public interest or concern about health-related events. Our results show that estimates of influenza-like illness derived from Twitter chatter accurately track reported disease levels.
Strip trees: a hierarchical representation for curves (1981)

The use of curves to represent two-dimensional structures is an important part of many scientific investigations. For example, geographers use curves extensively to represent map features such as contour lines, roads, and rivers. Circuit layout designers use curves to specify the wiring between circuits. Because of the very large amount of data involved and the need to perform operations on this data efficiently, the representation of such curves is a crucial issue. A hierarchical representation consisting of binary trees with a special datum at each node is described. This datum is called a strip and the tree that contains such data is called a strip tree. Lower levels in the tree correspond to finer resolution representations of the curve. The strip tree structure is a direct consequence of using a special method for digitizing lines and retaining all intermediate steps. This gives several desirable properties. For curves that are well-behaved, intersection and point-membership (for closed curves) calculations can be solved in 0(log n ) where n is the number of points describing the curve. The curves can be efficiently encoded and displayed at various resolutions. The representation is closed under intersection and union and these operations can be carried out at different resolutions. All these properties depend on the hierarchical tree structure which allows primitive operations to be performed at the lowest possible resolution with great computational time savings. Strip trees is a linear interpolation scheme which realizes an important space savings by not representing all the points explicitly. This means that even when the overhead of the tree indexing is added, the storage requirement is comparable to raster representations which do represent most of the points explicitly.
Microwave Power Measurements Employing Electron Beam Techniques (1957)

A new electron beam technique for measuring microwave power flow, either cw or pulse, in waveguides is described. This technique consists of accelerating an electron beam transversely through an evacuated section of waveguide carrying power in the TE10 mode. The transit time of the electrons is adjusted to a value which gives maximum interaction of the field in the guide with the electrons, i.e., electrons gain maximum energy. The energy gained by the electrons is measured by means of a dc stopping potential which can be related to the field. Power is then calculated from the Poynting vector. The instrument takes the form of a sealed-off vacuum tube having a short section of waveguide as part of the tube. The ends of the waveguide may be sealed using known window techniques. The theory for the ideal case is presented and then means of correcting for the various perturbations present in an actual tube are discussed. The theory and the corrections are verified by experiment. The technique appears to have definite value for monitoring or measuring high- and medium-level cw or pulse-power flow. Theoretically the device is self-calibrating and therefore might make a good primary standard. Its suitability as a primary standard is under further investigation.
Molecular Analysis of Maleate<i>cis-trans</i>Isomerase from Thermophilic Bacteria (2000)

Several strains of thermophilic bacteria containing maleate cis-trans isomerase were isolated from soil samples and identified as Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus circulans, Bacillus brevis, and Deleya halophila. The maleate cis-trans isomerase was purified and characterized from one of the isolated strains, B. stearothermophilus MI-102. The purified enzyme of strain MI-102 showed higher thermal stability than the enzyme of a mesophile, Alcaligenes faecalis IFO13111. The seven maleate cis-trans isomerase genes (maiA) of thermophile were cloned and sequenced. B. stearothemophilus MI-102 MaiA has 67% amino acid identity with A. faecalis MaiA. All eight amino acid sequences of maiA gene products had significant conserved regions containing cysteine residues, which were previously suggested to be involved in an active site of the enzyme. To probe the catalytic mechanism, three cysteine residues in the conserved regions of A. faecalis MaiA were replaced with serine by site-directed mutagenesis. The results suggest that Cys80 and Cys198 play important roles in the enzyme activity.
Heterokaryosis and Parasexual Recombination in Pathogenic Strains of Fusarium oxysporum (1956)

SUMMARY: Mutants of Fusarium oxysporum f. pisi (cause of pea wilt), distinguished from the parent types by their different morphology, pathogenicity and nutritional requirements, were obtained by ultraviolet irradiation. Pairs of mutants with different nutritional requirements (auxotrophs) formed balanced heterokaryons on non-supplemented medium. Most of the auxotrophs were less pathogenic than the wild-types, whereas heterokaryons between the mutants were not. Single conidia of a heterokaryon between an auxotroph from race 1 and one from race 2 of Fusarium oxysporum gave a small proportion (3 in 108) of colonies which were able to grow on non-supplemented medium. These three prototrophs were presumably diploid because vegetatively they gave new strains with various combinations of colour, nutritional requirements, actinomycete tolerance and pathogenicity. The results indicate that, in fusaria, heterokaryosis plays a part in variation of virulence and that Fusarium oxysporum, which has no known sexual stage, has a system similar to the parasexual cycle described by Pontecorvo for certain other Fungi Imperfecti, that permits the segregation and recombination of genetic factors outside the sexual stage.
EFFECTS OF LOW INCIDENT ENERGY LEVELS OF INFRARED LASER IRRADIATION ON HEALING OF INFECTED OPEN SKIN WOUNDS IN RATS (1993)

It is suggested that S. mutans can be stimulated by LLLT in vivo, and similar modulation could potentially occur in the other bacteria exposed to LLLT. In addition the acceleration of healing in the infected lesion following GaAs LLLT indicates that the cellular activity due to the biostimulation effect of LLLT in the surrounding normal tissue predominates over the tissue irritation due to the bacterial growth in the infected lesion. This study was undertaken to investigate the influence of LLL irradiation on the healing process of skin wounds infected with bacteria. Open wounds of about 6 mm in diameter were formed on both gluteal regions of seven rats and then S. aureus was inoculated on all wounds. One wound of each rat was irradiated by LLL on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th day. but the other was not irradiated to be used as control, All wound areas were measured by photographing the wounds from a constant distance on the lst, 3rd, 5th, and 7th postoperative days, and then the control and experimental groups were compared according to the time interval. The results of this study were as follows: (1) The rate of wound closure was significantly increased in LLL irradiation group. (2) The incidence of swelling indicating the spread of inflammation was significantly decreased in the experimental group.
Collaborative recall and collective memory: What happens when we remember together? (2008)

Studies of collective memory have traditionally been the domain of philosophers and sociologists, while cognitive psychologists have largely investigated memory at the level of the individual. However, within cognitive psychology there is a variety of psychological theories and experimental paradigms that have been used to study the process and outcomes of remembering in groups. In this paper we review the research on group remembering and draw together findings from different traditions. In doing so, we aim to answer a series of questions about the outcomes and consequences of recalling in groups, and the particular features of groups and of memories that may be conducive to the formation of a collective memory. In clarifying what we know and what is yet to be studied about group memory, we point the way forward for a cognitive psychological study of collective memory.
PAPR Reduction Scheme for FBMC-OQAM Without Side Information (2019)

Recently, Low PAPR FBMC (LP-FBMC) was proposed to resolve high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) issue of filter bank multicarrier with offset quadrature amplitude modulation (FBMC-OQAM). The LP-FBMC has very small side information (SI) burden (two bits per subframe). However, irrespective of SI size, SI itself is a very annoying burden because sending and reception of SI demands complicated system design and very high reliability. In this paper, we propose a modified version of LP-FBMC which gets rid of necessity of sending SI while preserving BER performances. We embed SI information in the phase term throughout the subframe without additional energy or bandwidth. The receiver detects the SI by checking the phase offset of the decision variables with a fractional increase of computational complexity. Simulation results reveal that if the number of data symbols for SI detection is practically large, SI detection error is negligible and the BER is close to the case of perfect SI. In addition, as the modified LP-FBMC is free from SI burden, we can set the LP-FBMC subframe size to minimum, i.e., 1, which maximizes PAPR reduction gain of LP-FBMC.
Purification and characterization of rat liver glutaminase (1987)

Phosphate-dependent glutaminase (EC 3.5.1.2) from livers of starved rats was purified about 400-fold to near homogeneity. The specific activity of the final pool was more than 30 U/mg protein. For the rapid quantification of the enzyme activity a simple and sensitive assay, based on the determination of the produced ammonia with an o-phthalaldehyde reagent, was developed which avoids massive dilution of the samples. The enzyme preparation involved extraction of the enzyme from sonified isolated mitochondria after treatment with a brief hypotonic shock followed by ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion-exchange and hydroxyapatite chromatography. A major improvement was the stabilization of the enzyme by chymostatin protecting it from degradation by a protease of presumably lysosomal origin. In the presence of chymostatin or leupeptin the half-life of glutaminase in a crude mitochondrial preparation subsequent to mild treatment with digitonin could be increased to more than 200 h. The relative molecular mass of the protein (Mr 170,500) was estimated by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. The molecular mass of the subunits (Mr 57,000) was determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These results suggest a protein composed of three subunits of identical molecular mass. The molecular data clearly differentiate liver glutaminase from the phosphate-dependent glutaminase present in kidney.
Imaging of layered semiconductor clusters by scanning tunneling microscopy: Bi2S3 on graphite and gold substrates (1988)

We present scanning tunneling microscope images of Bi2S3 clusters deposited on the surfaces of graphite and gold. We observed similar images on both substrates, discerning the disk-like structures expected for clusters having layered symmetry. The images of highest quality were obtained for 600-atom clusters roughly 100 Å in lateral extent and 25 Å thick. The difficulty in characterizing clusters with smaller lateral dimension suggests that clusters must be bound to the surface with a critical adsorption energy in order to obtain stable images.
Low Pressure Microfilter Design Aspects and Filtration Performance (2009)

Abstract A microfilter should retain micron-sized material yet provide minimal resistance to liquid flow. A slotted pore surface microfilter was oscillated while filtering yeast cells under constant rate. At shear rates over 7760 s−1, a pore blocking model fitted the data. The operating pressure was very low (<1000 Pa), but particle retention was limited by the 4 micron pore slot width. A sintered glass micro-bead coating improved yeast rejection: 95% at 1.7 microns at a shear rate of 5000 s−1, with a 1.2 kPa transmembrane pressure. Two models were validated to assist with the design of future micro-bead coatings constructed from spherical particles.
BMP-2, Hypoxia, and <i>COL1A1</i> / <i>HtrA1</i> siRNAs Favor Neo-Cartilage Hyaline Matrix Formation in Chondrocytes (2014)

Osteoarthritis (OA) is an irreversible pathology that causes a decrease in articular cartilage thickness, leading finally to the complete degradation of the affected joint. The low spontaneous repair capacity of cartilage prevents any restoration of the joint surface, making OA a major public health issue. Here, we developed an innovative combination of treatment conditions to improve the human chondrocyte phenotype before autologous chondrocyte implantation. First, we seeded human dedifferentiated chondrocytes into a collagen sponge as a scaffold, cultured them in hypoxia in the presence of a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), BMP-2, and transfected them with small interfering RNAs targeting two markers overexpressed in OA dedifferentiated chondrocytes, that is, type I collagen and/or HtrA1 serine protease. This strategy significantly decreased mRNA and protein expression of type I collagen and HtrA1, and led to an improvement in the chondrocyte phenotype index of differentiation. The effectiveness of our in vitro culture process was also demonstrated in the nude mouse model in vivo after subcutaneous implantation. We, thus, provide here a new protocol able to favor human hyaline chondrocyte phenotype in primarily dedifferentiated cells, both in vitro and in vivo. Our study also offers an innovative strategy for chondrocyte redifferentiation and opens new opportunities for developing therapeutic targets.
Stimulation of Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycan Production by Chondrocytes in Monolayer (1975)

Chondrocytes in monolayer undergo morphological and biochemical changes which culminate in the establishment of cartilage nodules in vitro. Chondroitin sulfate or heparin, added to the culture media of these cells, stimulates the production of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan over the entire period of culture with a maximum effect during the log phase of growth. In addition, a lag of 2-3 hours is required before an increase in sulfate incorporation into polysaccharide is observed. The responsiveness of chondrocytes is influenced by several factors, such as cell density, conditioned media and enzyme treatment. Furthermore, puromycin abolishes the endogenous as well as the stimulated synthesis, demonstrating the necessity for core protein synthesis in both synthetic processes. Addition of beta-D-xylosides (which presumably act as initiators of chondroitin sulfate polysaccharide synthesis) and chondroitin sulfate, concurrently, stimulate sulfate incorporation to levels higher than either agent alone, indicating that these compounds act by different mechanisms.
DIELS-ALDER REACTIONS USING N-(<i>p</i>-CHLOROSULFONYLPHENYL)-MALEIMIDE AS DIENOPHILE (1987)

Abstract N-(p-chlorosulfonylphenyl)maleimide reacts as a dienophile with cyclopentadiene, furan, 2,3-dimethylbutadiene, anthracene, 1,3-cyclohexadiene, 1,2,3,4-tetrachloro-5,5-dimethoxycyclopent-adiene, hexachlorocyclopentadiene and tetraphenylcyclopentadienone to give the chlorosulfonyl adducts (2, 10, 18, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56). These were converted into derivatives by reaction with amines, hydrazine and sodium azide. The stereochemistry of the Diels-Alder adducts was determined by NMR spectroscopy of the adducts and their dimethylamides; and the relative ease of addition is discussed. Attempted formation of (2) by chlorosulfonation of the adduct from N-phenylmaleimide and cyclopentadiene was unsuccessful. The spectral data are briefly discussed.