gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Epigenetic Switching by the Metabolism-sensing Factors in the Generation of Orexin Neurons from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells (2013)

The orexin system plays a central role in the integration of sleep/wake and feeding behaviors in a broad spectrum of neural-metabolic physiology. Orexin-A and orexin-B are produced by the cleavage of prepro-orexin, which is encoded on the Hcrt gene. To date, methods for generating other peptide neurons could not induce orexin neurons from pluripotent stem cells. Considering that the metabolic status affects orexin expression, we supplemented the culture medium with a nutrient factor, ManNAc, and succeeded in generating functional orexin neurons from mouse ES cells. Because DNA methylation inhibitors and histone deacetylase inhibitors could induce Hcrt expression in mouse ES cells, the epigenetic mechanism may be involved in this orexin neurogenesis. DNA methylation analysis showed the presence of a tissue-dependent differentially methylated region (T-DMR) around the transcription start site of the Hcrt gene. In the orexin neurons induced by supplementation of ManNAc, the T-DMR of the Hcrt gene was hypomethylated in association with higher H3/H4 acetylation. Concomitantly, the histone acetyltransferases p300, CREB-binding protein (CBP), and Mgea5 (also called O-GlcNAcase) were localized to the T-DMR in the orexin neurons. In non-orexin-expressing cells, H3/H4 hypoacetylation and hyper-O-GlcNAc modification were observed at the T-DMRs occupied by O-GlcNAc transferase and Sirt1. Therefore, the results of the present study suggest that the glucose metabolite, ManNAc, induces switching from the inactive state by Ogt-Sirt1 to the active state by Mgea5, p300, and CBP at the Hcrt gene locus.
Dynamic High-Resolution <sup>1</sup>H and <sup>31</sup>P NMR Spectroscopy and <sup>1</sup>H T<sub>2</sub> Measurements in Postmortem Rabbit Muscles Using Slow Magic Angle Spinning (2004)

Postmortem changes in rabbit muscle tissue with different glycogen status (normal vs low) were followed continuously from 13 min postmortem until 8 h postmortem and again 20 h postmortem using simultaneous magic angle spinning (1)H and (31)P NMR spectroscopy together with measurement of the transverse relaxation time, T(2), of the muscle water. The (1)H metabolite spectra were measured using the phase-altered spinning sidebands (PASS) technique at a spinning rate of 40 Hz. pH values calculated from the (31)P NMR spectra using the chemical shifts of the C-6 line of histidine in the (1)H spectra and the chemical shifts of inorganic phosphate in the (31)P spectra confirmed the different muscle glycogen status in the tissues. High-resolution (1)H spectra obtained from the PASS technique revealed the presence of a new resonance line at approximately 6.8 ppm during the postmortem period, which were absent in muscles with low muscle glycogen content. This new resonance line may originate from the aminoprotons in creatine, and its appearance may be a result of a pH effect on the exchange rate between the amino and the water protons and thereby the NMR visibility. Alternatively, the new resonance line may originate from the aromatic protons in tyrosine, and its appearance may be a result of a pH-induced protein unfolding exposing hydrophobic amino acid residues to the aqueous environment. Further studies are needed to evaluate these hypotheses. Finally, distributed analysis of the water T(2) relaxation data revealed three relaxation populations and an increase in the population believed to reflect extramyofibrillar water through the postmortem period. This increase was significantly reduced (p < 0.0001) in samples from animals with low muscle glycogen content, indicating that the pH is controlling the extent of postmortem expulsion of water from myofibrillar structures. The significance of the postmortem increase in the amount extramyofibrillar water on the water-holding capacity was verified by centrifugation, which showed a reduced centrifugation loss in muscles with low preslaughter glycogen status (0.9 vs 1.9%, p = 0.07).
De-regulation of abscisic acid contents causes abnormal endosperm development in the barley mutant seg8 (2010)

Grain development of the maternal effect shrunken endosperm mutant seg8 was analysed by comprehensive molecular, biochemical and histological methods. The most obvious finding was de-regulation of ABA levels, which were lower compared to wild-type during the pre-storage phase but higher during the transition from cell division/differentiation to accumulation of storage products. Ploidy levels and ABA amounts were inversely correlated in the developing endosperms of both mutant and wild-type, suggesting an influence of ABA on cell-cycle regulation. The low ABA levels found in seg8 grains between anthesis and beginning endosperm cellularization may result from a gene dosage effect in the syncytial endosperm that causes impaired transfer of ABA synthesized in vegetative tissues into filial grain parts. Increased ABA levels during the transition phase are accompanied by higher chlorophyll and carotenoid/xanthophyll contents. The data suggest a disturbed ABA-releasing biosynthetic pathway. This is indicated by up-regulation of expression of the geranylgeranyl reductase (GGR) gene, which may be induced by ABA deficiency during the pre-storage phase. Abnormal cellularization/differentiation of the developing seg8 endosperm and reduced accumulation of starch are phenotypic characteristics that reflect these disturbances. The present study did not reveal the primary gene defect causing the seg8 phenotype, but presents new insights into the maternal/filial relationships regulating barley endosperm development.
Pruritus--a side-effect of epidural fentanyl for postoperative analgesia. (1984)

The side-effect of pruritus was studied in 31 patients receiving epidural fentanyl 100 micrograms in 8 ml normal saline for postoperative analgesia. A control group of 30 patients received pethidine 1,5 mg/kg 4-6-hourly as required. Thirteen per cent of the patients who received epidural fentanyl experienced pruritus. However, this incidence was not considered unacceptable and the pruritus was mild and of short duration.
Adeno-associated virus-mediated gene delivery (1999)

Several gene delivery vehicles are being developed for somatic gene therapy and each of these vectors has unique properties which makes them appropriate for different human disease applications. Recombinant adeno-associated viral (rAAV) vectors are proving themselves to be safe and efficacious for the long-term expression of proteins and correction of genetic diseases following a single administration. The increasing number of tissues and diseases being targeted with rAAV vectors demonstrates their versatility and has resulted in different approaches for enhancing vector performance. Improving the methods for large-scale manufacturing, and accumulating safety and efficacy data in animals and humans are areas of intense research.
IL-13Rα2-Targeted Therapy Escapees: Biologic and Therapeutic Implications (2011)

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) overexpresses interleukin 13 receptor α2 (IL-13Rα2), a tumor-restricted receptor that is not present in normal brain. We and others have created targeted therapies that specifically eradicate tumors expressing this promising tumor-restricted biomarker. As these therapies head toward clinical implementation, it is critical to explore mechanisms of potential resistance. We therefore used a potent IL-13Rα2-targeted bacterial cytotoxin to select for naturally occurring "escapee" cells from three different IL-13Rα2-expressing GBM cell lines. We found that these side populations of escapee cells had significantly decreased IL-13Rα2 expression. We examined clinically relevant biologic characteristics of escapee cell lines compared to their parental cell lines and found that they had similar proliferation rates and equal sensitivity to temozolomide and radiation, the standard therapies given to GBM patients. In contrast, our escapee cell lines were less likely to form colonies in culture and migrated more slowly in wound healing assays. Furthermore, we found that escapee cells formed significantly less neurospheres in vitro, suggesting that IL-13Rα2-targeted therapy preferentially targeted the "stem-like" cell population and possibly indicating decreased tumorigenicity in vivo. We therefore tested escapee cells for in vivo tumorigenicity and found that they were significantly less tumorigenic in both subcutaneous and intracranial mouse models compared to matching parental cells. These data, for the first time, establish and characterize the clinically relevant biologic properties of IL-13Rα2-targeted therapy escapees and suggest that these cells may have less malignant characteristics than parental tumors.
A long-lived fusogenic state is induced in erythrocyte ghosts by electric pulses. (1986)

Treatment of erythrocyte ghosts in random positions in a suspension with membrane fusion-inducing direct current electric field pulses causes the membranes to become fusogenic. Significant fusion yields are observed if the membranes are dielectrophoretically aligned into membrane-membrane contact with a weak alternating electric field as much as 5 min after the application of the pulses. This demonstrates that a long-lived membrane structural alteration is involved in this fusion mechanism. Other experiments indicate that the areas on the membrane which become fusogenic after treatment with the pulses may be very highly localized. The locations of these fusogenic areas coincide with where the trans-membrane electric field strength was greatest during the pulse. The fusogenic membrane alteration, or components thereof, in these areas laterally diffuses very slowly or not at all, or, to be fusogenic, must be present at concentrations in the membrane above a certain threshold. The loss of soluble 0.9-3-nm-diameter fluorescent probes from resealed cytoplasmic compartments of randomly positioned erythrocyte ghosts occurs through electric field pulse-induced pores only during a pulse but not between pulses or after a train of pulses if the probe diameter is 1.2 nm or greater. For a given pulse treatment of membranes in random positions in suspensions, an increase in ionic strength of the medium results in (a) a decrease in loss during the pulse, (b) no difference in loss between pulses, and (c) an increase in fusion yield when membrane-membrane contact is established. The latter two results (b and c) are incompatible with a fusion mechanism that proposes a simple relationship between electric field-induced pores and fusion.
S-Parameter Macromodels Incorporated into FDTD Simulation of Transmission Line Networks (2002)

The Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method for the numerical solution of Maxwell’s equations is widely used for simulation of microwave and high speed digital circuits. Frequently, large scale circuit simulations include features whose electromagnetic behavior is desired to be found, interconnected by networks whose behavior is known a priori, either through measurement, simulation, or analytical models. If the known, “circuit-like” parts of the problem can be separated from the pertinent electromagnetic features and replaced by behavioral macromodels, computational savings a can be realized. The technique presented allows for these “circuit-like” components to be described by macromodels based on the S-parameters at their connection points and integrated into an FDTD simulation. This technique is applicable to a class of problems composed of a mixture of circuit and electromagnetic features, where the known behavior of the circuit features can be separated from the other electromagnetic interests. 1 Macromodeling Macromodeling is a common practice in circuit simulation, where a complex system is represented by a simplified model at its connection points. Logic circuits or operational amplifiers are frequently encountered examples of macromodels. Methods for extracting low-order models of complex systems is an active area of research which is being investigated by a number of researchers [1]. The method presented here uses established extraction techniques to derive transfer functions, and then seeks to plug those derived macromodels back into the FDTD method to enable system level simulation of large circuits.
Development of a manipulator with an opposed-placement-type ER clutch contributing to collision force reduction (2013)

In recent years, human and robots have begun to work together in the fields of medical treatment and welfare. In such environments, robots must be designed to operate safely; thus, reducing collision force when collision is occurred with their human colleagues is essential. In this study, a manipulator with opposed-placement-type electrorheological (ER) clutches is designed to reduce the collision force. The main feature of the manipulator is a structure that sandwiches the link between two ER clutches and equips the link with a pneumatic cushion. The input shaft of each clutch is rotated in the opposite direction via a bevel gear and a spur gear from an electric motor. Because the link can be reversed by switching the clutch, the manipulator can operate in high-speed reverse motion. Position control, reverse motion control and collision experiments were performed to test the effectiveness of the manipulator. The reverse motion control experiment revealed that the manipulator can reverse more rapidly than a conventional manipulator, which is only driven by a motor. From the collision control experiment, it was found that the manipulator can reduce the collision force more effectively than the conventional manipulator.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Biological Studies of 3‐(β‐D‐Ribofuranosyl)‐2,3‐dihydro‐6H‐1,3‐oxazine‐2,6‐dione, a New Pyrimidine Nucleoside Analog Related to Uridine. (1976)

Abstract Maleinsäureanhydrid (I) ergibt mit Trimethylsilylazid (II) in 75% Ausbeute das Uracil‐ anhydrid (III), das in Form des Trimethylsilylderivates mit den Zuckern (IV) zu den Substitutionsprodukten (Va)‐(Vc) führt.
Estimation in the Mixture of Markov Chains Moving With Different Speeds (2005)

This article considers a new mixture of time-homogeneous finite Markov chains where the mixing is on the rate of movement and develops the EM algorithm for maximum likelihood estimation of the parameters of the mixture. Continuous- and discrete-time versions of the mixture are defined, and their estimation is considered separately. The developed methods are illustrated with an application to modeling bond ratings migration. The class of mixture models proposed in this article provides a framework for modeling population heterogeneity with respect to the rate of movement. The proposed mixture subsumes the mover–stayer model, which has been widely used in applications.
Chaos and order in the capital markets: a new view of cycles, prices, and market volatility (1992)

THE NEW PARADIGM Introduction: Life Can Be So Complicated Random Walks and Efficient Markets The Failure of the Linear Paradigm Markets and Chaos: Chance and Necessity FRACTAL STRUCTURE IN THE CAPITAL MARKETS Introduction to Fractals The Fractal Dimension Fractal Time Series Biased Random Walks R/S Analysis of the Capital Markets Fractal Statistics Fractals and Chaos NONLINEAR DYNAMICS Introduction to Nonlinear Dynamic Systems Dynamic Analysis of Time Series Dynamic Analysis of the Capital Markets LIVING WITH COMPLEXITY The Coherent Market Hypothesis Fractional Truth: Fuzzy Logic and Behavioral Finance Applying Chaos and Nonlinear Methods What Lies Ahead: Toward a More General Approach About the Diskette Appendices Bibliography Glossary Index.
Thalamic deep brain stimulation for the treatment of head, voice, and bilateral limb tremor (1999)

Object. In published series of patients who undergo deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the thalamus the effects of unilateral stimulation on contralateral limb tremor have been reported. The authors detail their experience with bilateral thalamic DBS in the treatment of head, voice, and bilateral limb tremor and compare it with earlier studies of unilateral stimulation. Methods. Twenty-three patients (six with Parkinson's disease, 15 with essential tremor, and two with multiple sclerosis) underwent 19 bilateral DBS procedures (nine staged, 10 simultaneous) and four procedures contralateral to thalamotomy to control tremor of the head in 10, voice in seven, and limbs in 20 patients. Limb tremor improvement was graded as follows: 4, no tremor; 3, stress-induced tremor; 2, functional improvement; 1, no functional improvement; and 0, persistent tremor. Improvement of head or voice tremor was graded as follows: 4, greater than 75%; 3, between 50% and 75%; 2, between 25% and 50%; 1, less than 25%; and 0, no improvement. The mean follow-up period was 10 months. Twenty-two patients (96%) demonstrated improved tremor at the last follow-up review. Of 20 patients with bilateral limb tremor, 17 (85%) improved to Grades 3 and 4, two patients (10%) with multiple sclerosis improved to Grade 2, and one (5%) exhibited tremor recurrence 8 months later. Nine (90%) of 10 patients with severe head tremor improved to Grades 4 or 3. Six (86%) of seven patients with voice tremor improved to Grade 3. Seven patients (30%) developed dysarthria, and seven (30%) developed disequilibrium; symptoms reversed in the majority of patients after the stimulation parameters were changed. One patient (4%) developed mild memory decline. There were no deaths. Conclusions. The following findings are reported: 1) bilateral thalamic DBS and stimulation contralateral to thalamotomy are safe; 2) staging the procedure does not reduce the risk of dysarthria or gait disequilibrium; and 3) head and voice tremor are primary indications for bilateral DBS.
Effects of Carrier-Envelope Phase Differences of Few-Optical-Cycle Light Pulses in Single-Shot High-Order-Harmonic Spectra (2003)

For the first time single-shot harmonic spectra generated by few-optical-cycle pulses have been measured. Clear carrier-envelope phase effects have been observed in the cutoff harmonic spectral structure. Results have been interpreted in terms of the nonadiabatic single-atom response of the nonlinear medium excited by few-optical-cycle pulses.
Development of a Slab-on-Girder Wood-concrete Composite Highway Bridge (2012)

This thesis examines the development of a superstructure for a slab-on-girder wood-concrete composite highway bridge. Wood-concrete composite bridges have existed since the 1930's. Historically, they have been limited to spans of less than 10 m. Renewed research interest over the past two decades has shown great potential for longer span capabilities. Through composite action and suitable detailing, improvements in strength, stiffness, and durability can be achieved versus conventional wood bridges.\nThe bridge makes use of a slender ultra-high performance fibre-reinforced concrete (UHPFRC) deck made partially-composite in longitudinal bending with glued-laminated wood girders. Longitudinal external unbonded post-tensioning is utilized to increase span capabilities. Prefabrication using double-T modules minimizes the need for cast-in-place concrete on-site. Durability is realized through the highly impermeable deck slab that protects the girders from moisture. Results show that the system can span up to 30 m while achieving span-to-depth ratios equivalent or better than competing slab-on-girder bridges.
The Reaction of Acyl Peroxides with Phenols<sup>1</sup> (1958)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Reaction of Acyl Peroxides with Phenols1Cheves Walling and Russell B. Hodgdon Jr.Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1958, 80, 1, 228–233Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1958Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1958https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01534a058https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01534a058research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views238Altmetric-Citations59LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The Role of Telomerase Protein TERT in Alzheimer's Disease and in Tau-Related Pathology<i>In Vitro</i> (2015)

The telomerase reverse transcriptase protein TERT has recently been demonstrated to have a variety of functions both in vitro and in vivo, which are distinct from its canonical role in telomere extension. In different cellular systems, TERT protein has been shown to be protective through its interaction with mitochondria. TERT has previously been found in rodent neurons, and we hypothesize that it might have a protective function in adult human brain. Here, we investigated the expression of TERT at different stages of Alzheimer's disease pathology (Braak Stages I-VI) in situ and the ability of TERT to protect against oxidative damage in an in vitro model of tau pathology. Our data reveal that TERT is expressed in vitro in mouse neurons and microglia, and in vivo in the cytoplasm of mature human hippocampal neurons and activated microglia, but is absent from astrocytes. Intriguingly, hippocampal neurons expressing TERT did not contain hyperphosphorylated tau. Vice versa, neurons that expressed high levels of pathological tau did not appear to express TERT protein. TERT protein colocalized with mitochondria in the hippocampus of Alzheimer's disease brains (Braak Stage VI), as well as in cultured neurons under conditions of oxidative stress. Our in vitro data suggest that the absence of TERT increases ROS generation and oxidative damage in neurons induced by pathological tau. Together, our findings suggest that TERT protein persists in neurons of the adult human brain, where it may have a protective role against tau pathology.
Fluorine-18 Fdg Positron Emission Tomography for Imaging of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (1999)

The sensitivity of 18F-FDG PET for the imaging of HCC is low. Nevertheless, in patients with moderately or poorly differentiated HCC, tumors >5 cm, or with markedly elevated AFP levels 18F-FDG PET may contribute to an effective noninvasive staging.
Race, Place, and the Environment in the Aftermath of Katrina (2011)

Unpreparedness, inadequate policies, and racial politics have greatly influenced the ability of New Orleans residents to recover from Hurricane Katrina. This paper examines the impact of race, place, and the environment on the unequal distribution of recovery resources for African American communities in the city of New Orleans. The extent to which we are able to understand this impact of institutionalized racism that presents structural biases for minorities will affect the extent of our ability to adequately respond to future disasters.