gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Regularized Model-Based Optimization Framework for Pan-Sharpening (2014)

Pan-sharpening is a common postprocessing operation for captured multispectral satellite imagery, where the spatial resolution of images gathered in various spectral bands is enhanced by fusing them with a panchromatic image captured at a higher resolution. In this paper, pan-sharpening is formulated as the problem of jointly estimating the high-resolution (HR) multispectral images to minimize an objective function comprised of the sum of squared residual errors in physically motivated observation models of the low-resolution (LR) multispectral and the HR panchromatic images and a correlation-dependent regularization term. The objective function differs from and improves upon previously reported model-based optimization approaches to pan-sharpening in two major aspects: 1) a new regularization term is introduced and 2) a highpass filter, complementary to the lowpass filter for the LR spectral observations, is introduced for the residual error corresponding to the panchromatic observation model. To obtain pan-sharpened images, an iterative algorithm is developed to solve the proposed joint minimization. The proposed algorithm is compared with previously proposed methods both visually and using established quantitative measures of SNR, spectral angle mapper, relative dimensionless global error in synthesis, Q, and Q4 indices. Both the quantitative results and visual evaluation demonstrate that the proposed joint formulation provides superior results compared with pre-existing methods. A software implementation is provided.
Transient current propagation along a wire penetrating a circular aperture in an infinite planar conducting screen (1990)

The shielding properties of a wire penetrating an infinite planar screen are considered. Time domain results are presented for the case of a transient current pulse propagating along the wire. These results are obtained by first computing numerical solutions for the problem in the frequency domain and then utilizing the inverse Fourier transform. Two double exponential pulses with differing characteristics are considered. Numerical results for the two pulses are compared to determine the effects of the pulse characteristics on the shielding properties of the geometry. Applications to via structures in high-speed circuits are also briefly discussed. It is observed that even for very small apertures, the effect of the screen on the low-frequency pulse is negligible. As the pulse width decreases, the effect of the screen becomes more prominent. For the high-frequency case, the pulse is significantly affected by the screen. Unlike the low-frequency pulse, the amplitude of the high-frequency pulse is dependent on the aperture size. Even for large apertures, the attenuation becomes significant as the current propagates down the wire. It is shown that as the width of the input pulse decreases, the distortion in the pulse shape becomes more pronounced. This effect is especially important in applications related to high-speed integrated circuits.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Brain Structures Selectively Targeted by Canine Distemper Virus in a Mouse Model Infection (1993)

Paramyxoviruses such as measles virus or canine distemper virus are etiological agents for acute and chronic encephalitis (measles inclusion body encephalitis, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis and chronic distemper encephalitis or old dog encephalitis). The mechanisms by which viral injury leads to neurological diseases have not yet been fully elucidated. We have developed an experimental model in mice in order to analyze the spatial and temporal distribution of canine distemper virus in the central nervous system. Cerebral target structures for viral replication were examined for the presence of viral material (proteins and mRNA) during the two stages of the biphasic disease. During the acute stage of infection all target areas could be identified by day 6 with a similar anatomical distribution in all the animals examined, which were either intracranially or intracerebroventricularly infected. Viral mRNA and proteins were selectively localized in certain brain structures such as the thalamus, hypothalamus, substantia nigra (pars compacta), locus ceruleus and raphe nuclei (dorsalis and centralis), and limbic system (hippocampus, septum, entorhinal and cingulate cortex, amygdala). The virus was apparently unable to replicate in cerebellum, striatum, a large part of cortex, or endothelial cells. During the subacute disease, viral material was no longer detectable except in a few structures such as hypothalamus up to 4-6 weeks after inoculation. After this time, all target structures were devoid of any labeling in spite of the occurrence of pathology (obesity, paralysis) during this viral quiescent phase. These results suggest that after the initial viral exposure, expression of viral genes in defined structures might disrupt central homeostasis and finally may lead to neurological or neuroendocrine diseases, even in the absence of the hallmarks of the virus.
Decomposition of Silver Oxalate. II. Kinetics of the Thermal Decomposition (1966)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDecomposition of Silver Oxalate. II. Kinetics of the Thermal DecompositionAlgird G. LeigaCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1966, 70, 10, 3260–3267Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1966Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1966https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100882a040https://doi.org/10.1021/j100882a040research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views170Altmetric-Citations21LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Art, Science, or Trade (1990)

Several definitions of the term "engineer" are presented, discussed, and contrasted with the term "scientist". These definitions demonstrate the fundamental differences between engineers and scientists and their professions The engineering method is compared with the scientific method and the value of each is discussed. Several aspects of engineering education are covered. The need for more liberally educated engineers is emphasized and the impact of computers on engineering education and the engineering profession is discussed. The value of a good science foundation in an undergraduate engineering program is also stressed. An engineering education is only as good as the engineering educators and for this reason it is imperative that the best engineers be involved in education. This is especially true in engineering design courses. Practicing engineers with practical experience must be brought into the education arena to share their experiences. Engineering and science are different professions. Each has a different set of goals and different methods of achieving these goals. This division or separation of science and engineering serves the best interest of each profession and also mankind as a whole.
An Empirical Phase Diagram–High‐Throughput Screening Approach to the Characterization and Formulation of Biopharmaceuticals (2010)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Biophysical Characterization of Biopharmaceuticals Empirical Phase Diagrams New Approaches to EPDs Development and Optimization of High-Throughput Stabilizer Screening Assays Conclusion References
Effect of slaughter on the spontaneous and evoked activity of the brain (1986)

The principal blood vessels in the neck which are severed at slaughter in commercial poultry processing plants are described. Mechanical slaughtering methods often severed the spinal cord without cutting the carotid arteries. The manual method of slaughter cut one carotid artery plus one jugular vein. The effects of 9 different slaughtering methods on spontaneous and evoked electrical activity in the brain were examined in anaesthetised chickens and ducks. Severing the spinal cord without cutting the carotid arteries was found to result in death from asphyxia, and cutting one carotid artery plus one jugular vein was one of the slowest methods of killing the birds. Inducing a cardiac arrest at electrical stunning was the quickest method of inducing death. Spontaneous activity in the brain was lost before visual evoked activity. The times before loss of spontaneous activity varied between 23 and 233 s according to the method of slaughter and loss of evoked activity ranged between 90 and 349 s after slaughter.
Glucose Control and Insulin Resistance in Non-Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus (1996)

Chronic hyperglycemia is implicated in the pathogenesis of microvascular, neurologic, and macrovascular complications of diabetes. Recent studies prove that near-normal glycemic control in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) reduces the risk for the development and progression of microvascular and neurologic complications. With the expectation of comparable benefits, similar glycemic goals have been advocated for the management of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). However, using intensified insulin therapy to achieve near-normal glycemia in NIDDM may be problematic because of basic differences in pathophysiology of the two types of diabetes. Insulin resistance is a major contributor to the development of hyperglycemia in NIDDM and may prevent attainment of normoglycemia in most patients who are using the conventional approaches of diet, exercise, and oral hypoglycemic therapy. Near-normal glycemia in patients with NIDDM can usually be achieved with exogenous insulin but often requires large doses to overcome the insulin resistance. Intensive insulin therapy normalizes glycemia by decreasing hepatic glucose output and improving peripheral glucose uptake and may also improve insulin resistance and insulin secretion by reducing hyperglycemic glucotoxicity. However, large doses of exogenous insulin are associated with hyperinsulinemia and weight gain, but these effects may be minimized by combining insulin with other forms of therapy, for example, oral antidiabetic agents. When intensive management is instituted, the dose of exogenous insulin should be kept as low as possible. To do this, therapy for NIDDM must be part of a multifaceted approach combining insulin therapy with other effective forms of treatment such as counseling on diet and exercise therapy and the use of oral antidiabetic agents.
Risk Factors for Tuberculosis in HIV-lnfected Persons (1995)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To analyze how demographic, clinical, and laboratory characteristics influence the risk of tuberculosis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)— infected individuals; to examine the incidence of tuberculosis associated with change in skin test responsiveness in HIV-infected, tuberculin-negative, nonanergic individuals. <h3>Design.</h3> —Multicenter cohort study. <h3>Setting.</h3> —Twenty-three infectious disease units in public hospitals in Italy. <h3>Subjects.</h3> —A consecutive sample of 3397 HIV-infected subjects were considered for entry in the study. Of these, 2695 who were followed up for at least 4 weeks were enrolled in the study; 739 subjects (27.4%) were unavailable for follow-up. The median duration of follow-up was 91 weeks. <h3>Main Outcome Measure.</h3> —Culture-proven tuberculosis. <h3>Results.</h3> —Eighty-three episodes of tuberculosis were observed. Incidence rates of tuberculosis were 5.42 per 100 person-years among tuberculin-positive subjects, 3.00 per 100 person-years among anergic subjects, and 0.45 per 100 person-years among tuberculin-negative nonanergic subjects. In multivariate analysis, being tuberculin-positive (hazard ratio [HR], 9.94; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.84 to 25.72) or anergic (HR, 3.35; 95% CI, 1.40 to 8.00), or having a CD4<sup>+</sup>lymphocyte count less than 0.20× 10<sup>9</sup>/L (HR, 4.87; 95% CI, 2.35 to 10.11) or between 0.20 and 0.35×10<sup>9</sup>/L (HR, 2.35; 95% CI, 1.09 to 5.05) were statistically significantly associated with the risk of tuberculosis. Incidence of tuberculosis increased with decreasing levels of CD4<sup>+</sup>lymphocytes in the three groups of subjects with different skin test responsiveness. Skin tests were repeated 1 year after enrollment in 604 tuberculin-negative nonanergic subjects; three cases of tuberculosis were observed among the 13 subjects who converted to tuberculin reactivity. <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —Risk of tuberculosis in HIV-infected persons can be more precisely quantified by jointly considering skin test reactivity and CD4<sup>+</sup>lymphocyte count. Periodic skin tests in tuberculin-negative nonanergic individuals can be useful in identifying individuals at high risk of active tuberculosis. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1995;274:143-148)
Executive function predicts the development of play skills for verbal preschoolers with autism spectrum disorders (2016)

Executive function and play skills develop in early childhood and are linked to cognitive and language ability. The present study examined these abilities longitudinally in two groups with autism spectrum disorder-a group with higher initial language (n = 30) and a group with lower initial language ability (n = 36). Among the lower language group, concurrent nonverbal cognitive ability contributed most to individual differences in executive function and play skills. For the higher language group, executive function during preschool significantly predicted play ability at age 6 over and above intelligence, but early play did not predict later executive function. These results suggested that factors related to the development of play and executive function differ for subgroups of children with different language abilities and that early executive function skills may be critical in order for verbal children with autism to develop play. Autism Res 2016, 9: 1274-1284. © 2016 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Formal Approach to the Specification of Graphic Object Functions (1994)

Abstract Graphic objects are an abstract mathematical model for graphic systems. The model is an algebraic approach to represent graphic information, which include modelling operations. This formalism require some method to describe normal graphic procedures, such as changing the object colour or texture mapping, as these procedures are essential to represent graphic processes. This paper extends the theory by introducing the concept of graphic object functions. A graphic object function transforms one graphic object into another, changing its visual appearance or its geometric properties. A formal definition of graphic functions is given, with a characterization of two special kinds of graphic object functions: filters and object transference functions. These two kinds of functions can be used to perform normal graphic operations, such as changing colours, texture mapping or clipping. Equivalence relationships between graphic objects induced by functions are also studied. These relationships establish an hierarchical structure on the graphic object set.
Expression of Stem Cell Markers in Primo Vessel of Rat (2013)

Accumulating line of evidence support that adult tissues contain a rare population of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), which differentiate into all types of cells in our body. Bonghan microcell (primo microcells (PMCs)) discovered in 1960s was reported to have a pluripotency like a stem cell in vivo as well as in vitro condition. Here, we describe the detailed morphology and molecular features of PMCs. PMCs reside in Bonghan duct (primo vessel (PV)) reported as a corresponding structure of acupuncture points and meridian system. We found that PMCs were frequently observed in the liver surface of the rat between 300 g and 400 g from April to June, suggesting that the their detection frequency depends on the weight, the season, and the organ of rat. As reported, PMCs freshly isolated from PVs were spherical ~1-2 μ m microsized cells. In contrast, a unique bithread or budding-shaped PMCs emerged during tissue culture around 8 days. RT-PCR analysis demonstrated that PVs-derived cells express the Oct4, the most important PSCs gene, in addition to several PSCs markers (Sox2, Stella, Rex1, and Klf4). Thus, we for the first time provide the evidence about Oct4-expressing stem-like characteristics for cells resident in PVs, a possible novel stem cell enriched niche.
Cu2O acting as a robust catalyst in CuAAC reactions: water is the required medium (2011)

Cu2O as the catalyst in water was found to be quite robust for the azide-alkyne cycloaddition (AAC) reaction, which was verified by a wide variety of applicable azides and alkynes. Water was proved to play an essential role because of a significant rate acceleration compared with reactions using organic solvents and conducted under neat conditions. The high catalytic performance of Cu2O/H2O system was further argued by decreasing the catalyst loading to ppm levels.
Catalytic activity of polymer-palladium metal nanocomposites in oxygen reduction and hydrogen oxidation reactions (2013)

Palladium/Nafion nanocomposites were synthesized by the radiation chemical reduction of palladium ions in reverse micellar solutions. The functional characteristics of the nanocomposites were studied by cyclic voltammetry, spectrophotometry, and scanning electron microscopy. The prepared nanocatalysts revealed a high activity in oxygen reduction and hydrogen oxidation reactions. The catalytic activity of the polymer-metal nanocomposites was shown to depend on the degree of solubilization and palladium nanoparticle size.
Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis: a complex defect in immune responsiveness to human papillomavirus‐6 and ‐11 (2010)

Recurrent respiratory papillomatosis (RRP) is a rare disease of the larynx caused by infection with human papillomaviruses (HPV) -6 or -11, associated with significant morbidity and on occasion mortality. Here we summarize our current understanding of the permissive adaptive and innate responses made by patients with RRP that support chronic HPV infection and prevent immune clearance of these viruses. Furthermore, we provide new evidence of T(H)2-like polarization in papillomas and blood of patients with RRP, restricted CD4 and CD8 Vbeta repertoires, the effect of HPV-11 early protein E6 on T-cell alloreactivity, enriched Langerhans cell presence in papillomas, and evidence that natural killer cells are dysfunctional in RRP. We review the immunogenetic mechanisms that regulate the dysfunctional responses made by patients with RRP in response to HPV infection of the upper airway. In addition, we are identifying T-cell epitopes on HPV-11 early proteins, in the context of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II alleles enriched in RRP that should help generate a therapeutic vaccine. Taken together, RRP is a complex, multigene disease manifesting as a tissue and HPV-specific, immune deficiency that prevents effective clearance and/or control of HPV-6 and -11 infection.
Mechanics of running under simulated low gravity (1991)

Using a linear mass-spring model of the body and leg (T. A. McMahon and G. C. Cheng. J. Biomech. 23: 65-78, 1990), we present experimental observations of human running under simulated low gravity and an analysis of these experiments. The purpose of the study was to investigate how the spring properties of the leg are adjusted to different levels of gravity. We hypothesized that leg spring stiffness would not change under simulated low-gravity conditions. To simulate low gravity, a nearly constant vertical force was applied to human subjects via a bicycle seat. The force was obtained by stretching long steel springs via a hand-operated winch. Subjects ran on a motorized treadmill that had been modified to include a force platform under the tread. Four subjects ran at one speed (3.0 m/s) under conditions of normal gravity and six simulated fractions of normal gravity from 0.2 to 0.7 G. For comparison, subjects also ran under normal gravity at five speeds from 2.0 to 6.0 m/s. Two basic principles emerged from all comparisons: both the stiffness of the leg, considered as a linear spring, and the vertical excursion of the center of mass during the flight phase did not change with forward speed or gravity. With these results as inputs, the mathematical model is able to account correctly for many of the changes in dynamic parameters that do take place, including the increasing vertical stiffness with speed at normal gravity and the decreasing peak force observed under conditions simulating low gravity.
Unknown Malicious Codes Detection Based on Rough Set Theory and Support Vector Machine (2006)

For detecting malicious codes, a classification method of support vector machine (SVM) based on rough set theory (RST) is proposed. The original sample data is preprocessed with the knowledge reduction algorithm of RST, and the redundant features and conflicting samples are eliminated from the working sample dataset to reduce space dimension of sample data. Then the preprocessed sample data is used as training sample data of SVM. By utilizing SVM, the generalizing ability of detection system is still good even the sample dataset size is small. Experiment results show that the proposed detection system needs few priori knowledge and can improve the training speed and precision of classification.
[Role of connective tissue growth factor in angiotensin II induced human proximal tubular cell hypertrophy]. (2004)

AngII could induce the development of tubular cell hypertrophy, which might be mediated by CTGF.
The impact of the fourth disulfide bridge in scorpion toxins of the α‐KTx6 subfamily (2005)

Animal toxins are highly reticulated and structured polypeptides that adopt a limited number of folds. In scorpion species, the most represented fold is the alpha/beta scaffold in which an helical structure is connected to an antiparallel beta-sheet by two disulfide bridges. The intimate relationship existing between peptide reticulation and folding remains poorly understood. Here, we investigated the role of disulfide bridging on the 3D structure of HsTx1, a scorpion toxin potently active on Kv1.1 and Kv1.3 channels. This toxin folds along the classical alpha/beta scaffold but belongs to a unique family of short-chain, four disulfide-bridged toxins. Removal of the fourth disulfide bridge of HsTx1 does not affect its helical structure, whereas its two-stranded beta-sheet is altered from a twisted to a nontwisted configuration. This structural change in HsTx1 is accompanied by a marked decrease in Kv1.1 and Kv1.3 current blockage, and by alterations in the toxin to channel molecular contacts. In contrast, a similar removal of the fourth disulfide bridge of Pi1, another scorpion toxin from the same structural family, has no impact on its 3D structure, pharmacology, or channel interaction. These data highlight the importance of disulfide bridging in reaching the correct bioactive conformation of some toxins.