gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Novel Orally Active Growth Hormone Secretagogues (1998)

A novel class of growth hormone-releasing compounds with a molecular weight in the range from 500 to 650 has been discovered. The aim of this study was to obtain growth hormone secretagogues with oral bioavailability. By a rational approach we were able to reduce the size of the lead compound ipamorelin (4) and simultaneously to reduce hydrogen-bonding potential by incorporation of backbone isosters while retaining in vivo potency in swine. A rat pituitary assay was used for screening of all compounds and to evaluate which compounds should be tested further for in vivo potency in swine and oral bioavailability, fpo, in dogs. Most of the tested compounds had fpo in the range of 10-55%. In vivo potency in swine after iv dosing is reported, and ED50 was found to be 30 nmol/kg of body weight for the most potent compound.
Characterization of the diffraction properties of quantum-dot-array diffraction grating (2007)

A new dispersive element named as quantum-dot-array diffraction grating [L. F. Cao, China patent No. 200410081499 (August 10, 2004)] for visible light has been developed and characterized experimentally. A large number of quantum dots distributed on a substrate as sinusoidal function can be used to diffract x rays without higher-order diffraction. The experimental patterns show that the higher-order diffractions which inevitably exist in the spectrum recorded using traditional diffraction gratings can be eliminated effectively by this newly designed element. It indicates that quantum-dot-array diffraction grating could be an attractive alternative of presently used diffraction grating in soft x-ray spectroscopy application to get rid of the higher-order diffraction distortions.
Small calculus detection for medical acoustic imaging using cross-correlation between echo signals (2009)

Small calculus detection is important to differentiate malignant from benign masses. Although ultrasonography has an excellent ability to depict soft tissue, it plays a secondary role in detection because of its poor calculus sensitivity compared with computed tomography and other X-ray tests. In this paper, we propose a novel method to detect small calculi using cross-correlation coefficients between IQ data of adjacent scan lines. Results of an experimental study show that the proposed calculus detection method has the potential to depict small calculi about 0.3 mm in diameter.
Characterization of a Sequence of Human T Cell Leukemia Virus Type I from a Patient with Chronic Progressive Myelopathy (1988)

DNA from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of individuals with chronic progressive myelopathy (CPM) were extensively analyzed for the presence of human T cell leukemia virus (HTLV) type I-like sequences by using the polymerase chain reaction. The DNA samples were amplified with oligonucleotides from three separate regions of HTLV viral genomes. A portion of the amplified viral genome from a representative patient was sequenced after molecular cloning into bacteriophage M13. Sequence data indicate that HTLV type I and not a related virus is associated with CPM.
Mechanical Evaluation of Cross-Link Designs in Rigid Pedicle Screw Systems (1997)

The use of cross-linkage in spinal fusion increases torsional stiffness in pedicle screw and hook constructs. This study 1) confirmed the effectiveness of cross-linkage in limiting torsional motion and showed the superiority of two cross-links to one cross-link in limiting torsional motion, 2) showed that increase of torsional stiffness of a cross-linked construct is proportional to the cross-sectional area of the cross-link, and 3) demonstrated that cross-links do not increases stiffness in the lateral flexion mode.
CONCENTRATION OF OESTROGENS AND ANDROGENS IN HUMAN OVARIAN VENOUS PLASMA AND FOLLICULAR FLUID THROUGHOUT THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE (1976)

The concentrations of androstenedione, testosterone, oestrone and oestradiol-17beta were measured in peripheral and ovarian venous blood and follicular fluid of women at various stages of the menstrual cycle. The concentration of oestradiol was similar in small follicles (diameter less than 8 mm) at all stages of the menstrual cycle and in large follicles (diameter greater than or equal to 8 mm) except during the mid- and late follicular phase when the concentration reached a peak (approximately 1500 ng/ml). The concentration of androstenedione was lowest in large preovulatory follicles at midcycle at a time when the secretion into the ovarian vein was markedly increased. The concentration of testosterone in large follicles (greater than or equal to 8 mm) was unchanged during the follicular phase whereas in small follicles there was a peak at mid-cycle. The rise in the concentration of testosterone and androstenedione at mid-cycle in peripheral plasma may be due to increased secretion by the preovulatory follicle into the ovarian vein. It is suggested that the relatively low concentration of androstenedione in follicular fluid of the preovulatory follicle arises from increased aromatization by granulosa cells in the course of oestrogen synthesis.
Synergistic Reversal of Intrahepatic HCV-Specific CD8 T Cell Exhaustion by Combined PD-1/CTLA-4 Blockade (2009)

Viral persistence is associated with hierarchical antiviral CD8 T cell exhaustion with increased programmed death-1 (PD-1) expression. In HCV persistence, HCV-specific CD8 T cells from the liver (the site of viral replication) display increased PD-1 expression and a profound functional impairment that is not reversed by PD-1 blockade alone. Here, we report that the inhibitory receptor cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) is preferentially upregulated in PD-1(+) T cells from the liver but not blood of chronically HCV-infected patients. PD-1/CTLA-4 co-expression in intrahepatic T cells was associated with a profound HCV-specific effector dysfunction that was synergistically reversed by combined PD-1/CTLA-4 blockade in vitro, but not by blocking PD-1 or CTLA-4 alone. A similar effect was observed in circulating HCV-specific CD8 T cells with increased PD-1/CTLA-4 co-expression during acute hepatitis C. The functional response to combined blockade was directly associated with CTLA-4 expression, lost with CD28-depletion and CD4-independent (including CD4(+)FoxP3(+) Tregs). We conclude that PD-1 and CTLA-4 pathways both contribute to virus-specific T cell exhaustion at the site of viral replication by a redundant mechanism that requires combined PD-1/CTLA-4 blockade to reverse. These findings provide new insights into the mechanisms of virus-specific T cell dysfunction, and suggest that the synergistic effect by combined inhibitory receptor blockade might have a therapeutic application against chronic viral infection in vivo, provided that it does not induce autoimmunity.
Development of the next generation 1200V trench-gate FS-IGBT featuring lower EMI noise and lower switching loss (2007)

This paper describes the next generation 1200 V trench-gate FS-IGBT chip technologies based on the concepts of the "low noise" and "low power dissipation". The novel design of the IGBT surface structure has been able to realize 36% reduction of the turn-on power dissipation when compared to the conventional IGBTs under the operating condition to set the same FWD reverse recovery dv/dt. Furthermore, the trade-off relationship between the on-state voltage and the turn-off power dissipation has been improved about 20% without the turn-off oscillation even in the extreme condition.
Diversity in lipid A binding ligands: comparison of lipid A monoclonal antibodies with rBPI23. (1995)

1. Mabs with a high affinity for free lipid A do not bind when it is covalently linked, i.e. in the form of LPS. 2. Lipid A-binding Mabs may be divided into three categories: I. Monoreactive Mabs that bind to the hydrophillic backbone of lipid A II. Polyreactive Kdo Mabs III. Polyreactive Mabs that bind by hydrophobic interactions 3. rBPI23 binds either free or covalently linked lipid A.
<i>p</i>‐Nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl (pNZ) as a Temporary <i>N</i><i><sup>α</sup></i>‐Protecting Group in Orthogonal Solid‐Phase Peptide Synthesis – Avoiding Diketopiperazine and Aspartimide Formation (2005)

Abstract p‐ Nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl (pNZ) was used as a temporary protecting group for α‐amino functionalities in solid‐phase peptide synthesis. The corresponding derivatives are readily synthesized solids that perform well on solid phase. The pNZ moiety is orthogonal with the most common protecting groups used in peptide chemistry, and is removed under neutral conditions in the presence of catalytic amounts of acid. The use of pNZ derivatives in conjunction with Fmoc chemistry circumvents typical side reactions associated with the use of piperidine, such as DKP and aspartimide formation. The flexibility of pNZ can be exploited for the preparation of libraries of small organic molecules. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Electrical Mobility Separation of Airborne Particles Using Integrated Microfabricated Corona Ionizer and Separator Electrodes (2009)

Airborne particles are separated according to their electrical mobilities using a microfabricated corona ionizer and separator electrodes. Oleic acid particles with sizes ranging from 30 to 300 nm are used to characterize the device. They are generated using a TSI 3075 constant output atomizer. These particles are electrically charged by a microfabricated corona ionizer, and the resultant particle electrical mobility is a function of the size of the particle. A varying DC potential difference of 0-2 kV across the separator electrodes selects charged particles of various electrical mobilities. These separated particles are subsequently counted using a TSI 3025A condensation particle counter. The device demonstrated its ability to separate particles between 50 and 130 nm into five distinct size bins. The operational flow rate is 0.5 L/min, and the micropin-between-planes corona ionizer operates at 1.3 kV with 7 muA. The theoretical and experimental electrical mobilities of the particles are compared.
Breeding Potential of Semidwarf Corn for Grain and Forage in the Northern U.S. Corn Belt (2011)

ABSTRACT Conventional, nondwarf corn ( Zea mays L.) hybrids grown in the northern U.S. Corn Belt are typically >2 m tall and have a 75‐ to 100‐d relative maturity (RM). Our objectives were to assess the potential of open‐pollinated COPOP1 semidwarf corn for grain and forage production, estimate genetic variances and heritability in COPOP1, and develop COPOP1 subpopulations that exhibit heterosis. In 2005 and 2006, we evaluated COPOP1 with four commercial, nondwarf hybrids at three plant population densities. Grain yield of open‐pollinated COPOP1 was about half of the mean yield of the conventional hybrids. However, COPOP1 had lower grain moisture (equivalent to 62 d RM) and better forage quality than the commercial hybrids. In 2007, COPOP1 was evaluated for performance when crossed to two divergent inbred testers, LH227 and LH295. Heritability was significant for grain moisture, plant height, and ear height in testcrosses to both testers but was significant for grain yield only in testcrosses to LH227. In 2009, bulk Cycle 0 (i.e., original COPOP1) and Cycle 1 testcrosses, nine semidwarf hybrids, COPOP1, and three commercial hybrids were evaluated at two plant population densities. Grain yield and most agronomic and forage traits did not improve between Cycle 0 and Cycle 1 in either testcross population. None of the semidwarf hybrids had higher grain yields than COPOP1. While semidwarf COPOP1 can serve as a source of useful variation for improving elite germplasm in the northern U.S. Corn Belt, further selection in COPOP1 must be done to develop improved semidwarf populations.
Regulation of beta1 integrin expression by PKCepsilon in renal cancer cells. (2004)

Polarized cell movement represents an essential prerequisite for the progression and metastasis of malignant diseases. Protein kinase C (PKC) which physically associates with integrins has been implicated in the promotion of a migratory cell phenotype. In order to identify a direct link between PKC and integrins in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) the influence of PKC isoforms on integrin expression and possible consequences on proliferation and cell migration was analyzed in RCC cells. The constitutive expression of the PKC isoforms alpha, betaI, betaII, gamma, delta, epsilon, eta, theta, xi, lambda and micro was determined in the RCC cell line CCF-RC1. In addition, the influence of PKC inhibitors RO31-8220, GF109203X and GO6976 on the beta1, beta2 and beta3 integrin expression and cell proliferation of RCC cells was investigated by flow cytometry and by BrdU incorporation, respectively. Furthermore, the motility of CCF-RC1 cells was assessed through chamber chemotaxis analysis. All PKC isoforms tested were expressed in CCF-RC1 cells with the exception of PKClambda and theta. The PKC inhibitor RO31-8220 reduced beta1 integrin expression by 92% and inhibited proliferation by 42% of untreated cells, whereas cell migration remained uninfluenced by RO31-8220. GF109203X and GO6976 reduced beta1 integrin expression to approximately 50% of untreated cells. In contrast, beta2 and beta3 integrins were only weakly affected by RO31-8220, GF109203X and GO6976 treatment. The most significant influence on beta1 integrin expression was obtained by the PKC inhibitor RO31-8220. This leads to the assumption that PKCepsilon is involved in the regulation of beta1 integrin expression. Downregulation of beta1 integrins by RO31-8220 was associated with reduced proliferation, but did not influence migration. These findings provide a conceptual basis for treatment of renal cell carcinoma by interfering with tumor cell proliferation.
Evaluation of Phase-Shifting Masks for Dense Contact Holes Using the Exposure-Defocus and Mask Fabrication Latitude Methodology (1994)

Alternating phase-shifting mask (Alt PSM) and subresolution-assisted alternating phase-shifting mask (SAA PSM) are applied for a 0.3 µ m dense contact hole (C/H) layout and evaluated by using the EDM methodology (Exposure-Defocus and Mask fabrication latitude methodology) in which mask line width latitude is considered as well as conventional exposure-defocus parameters. The Alt and SAA PSMs are considered to release the constraint of pattern layout for rim and outrigger PSMs, and are studied to overcome critical problems of the optical proximity effect for attenuated PSM and binary masks. The EDM process window evaluation shows that the Alt PSM is markedly effective for a two-dimensionally arrayed C/H layout and the SAA PSM is suitable for a layout of several C/Hs. In this paper, the Alt and SAA PSMs are considered in detail, after characteristics of a binary mask and attenuated PSM are reviewed by using the EDM process windows.
Facilitating Collaboration in Rare Genetic Disorders Through Effective Matchmaking in DECIPHER (2015)

DECIPHER (https://decipher.sanger.ac.uk) is a web-based platform for secure deposition, analysis, and sharing of plausibly pathogenic genomic variants from well-phenotyped patients suffering from genetic disorders. DECIPHER aids clinical interpretation of these rare sequence and copy-number variants by providing tools for variant analysis and identification of other patients exhibiting similar genotype–phenotype characteristics. DECIPHER also provides mechanisms to encourage collaboration among a global community of clinical centers and researchers, as well as exchange of information between clinicians and researchers within a consortium, to accelerate discovery and diagnosis. DECIPHER has contributed to matchmaking efforts by enabling the global clinical genetics community to identify many previously undiagnosed syndromes and new disease genes, and has facilitated the publication of over 700 peer-reviewed scientific publications since 2004. At the time of writing, DECIPHER contains anonymized data from ∼250 registered centers on more than 51,500 patients (∼18000 patients with consent for data sharing and ∼25000 anonymized records shared privately). In this paper, we describe salient features of the platform, with special emphasis on the tools and processes that aid interpretation, sharing, and effective matchmaking with other data held in the database and that make DECIPHER an invaluable clinical and research resource.
STOCHASTIC THEORY ON OUTBREAKS OF FIRE FOLLOWING EARTHQUAKE : Theoretical analyses on stochastic spread of fire in urban area : Part 4 (1990)

On a relationship between the rate of fire-outbreak ; y and the rate of building destruction ; x following an earthquake, Dr. Kawasumi found a following logarithm law from date of Kantoh-earthquake. ln(y)=a×ln(x)+b. This Kawasumi-formula was modified and applied on estimations of number of fire-outbreaks by an earthquake. Any theoretical base of this formula was not made clear. The aim of this paper is to discuss the reason why the Kawasumi-formula hold and the restriction for application. Through consideration from a view of stochastic process, the probabilities of fire-outbreak and building collapse can be expressed by Gumbel's extreme distributions (minimum type) which are functions of a variable expressing earthquake-force. By eliminating the variable, a following relation between probability of fire-outbreak ; y and one of building collapse ; x is obtained. ln(-ln(1-y))=a×ln(-ln(1-x))+b. By mathematical discussion, it is proved that the Kawasumi formula is an approximation of the above stochastic formula.
DAFE-FD: Density Aware Feature Enrichment for Face Detection (2019)

Recent research on face detection, which is focused primarily on improving accuracy of detecting smaller faces, attempt to develop new anchor design strategies to facilitate increased overlap between anchor boxes and ground truth faces of smaller sizes. In this work, we approach the problem of small face detection with the motivation of enriching the feature maps using a density map estimation module. This module, inspired by recent crowd counting/density estimation techniques, performs the task of estimating the per pixel density of people/faces present in the image. Output of this module is employed to accentuate the feature maps from the backbone network using a feature enrichment module before being used for detecting smaller faces. The proposed approach can be used to complement recent anchor-design based novel methods to further improve their results. Experiments conducted on different datasets such as WIDER, FDDB and Pascal-Faces demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Mediastinal lymph node CD8α<sup>−</sup> DC initiate antigen presentation following intranasal coadministration of α‐GalCer (2007)

Our previous study revealed that alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer) is a potent nasal vaccine adjuvant inducing both potent humoral and cellular immune responses and affording complete protection against viral infections and tumors. However, the antigen-presenting cells (APC) that are activated by NKT cells and thereby initiate the immune responses following intranasal coadministration of protein antigen and alpha-GalCer are poorly understood. We assessed here where antigen presentation occurs and which APC subset mediates the early stages of immune responses when protein antigen and alpha-GalCer are intranasally administered. We show that dendritic cells (DC), but not B cells, initiated the mucosal immune responses at mediastinal lymph nodes. Of the DC subsets, the CD8alpha-B220-CD11c+ DC subset played the most prominent role in the direct and cross-presentation of protein antigen to naive T cells and in triggering the naive T cells to differentiate into effector T cells. This might be mainly caused by a relatively larger population of CD1dhigh cells of CD8alpha-B220-CD11c+ DC subset than those of other DC subsets. These results indicate that CD8alpha-B220-CD11c+ DC is the principal subset becoming immunogenic after interaction with NKT cells and abrogating tolerance to intranasally administered protein antigen when alpha-GalCer is coadministered as a nasal vaccine adjuvant.
Continuous ammonia monitor using a Stark microwave cavity resonator (1980)

An ammonia monitor has been made by using a rectangular Stark microwave cavity tightly coupled through an iris to a Gunn oscillator. The Stark electrode installed inside the cavity is provided with a 100 kHz sinusoidal modulation voltage and a dc sweep voltage. The oscillation of the Gunn diode is tuned with the coupled Stark cavity to a frequency near a J,K=3,3 transition (23870.1 MHz) of ammonia. By fixing the Stark dc bias to a voltage which gives a peak intensity of the derivative output of the electric-resonance signal, ammonia is continuously monitored. An extremely good long-term stability is obtained. The noise level corresponds to 0.08 ppm of ammonia.
Increased Pro-Nerve Growth Factor and p75 Neurotrophin Receptor Levels in Developing Hypothyroid Rat Cerebral Cortex Are Associated with Enhanced Apoptosis (2006)

Thyroid hormone insufficiency adversely affects cortical development; however, its effect on apoptosis modulation during cerebral cortex development is not understood. We investigated the effect of perinatal hypothyroidism on apoptosis and its mechanisms during rat cerebral cortex development. Primary hypothyroidism was induced by feeding methimazole (0.025% wt/vol) in the drinking water to pregnant and lactating rats and continued until the animals were killed (hypothyroid group). Cerebral cortices from pups were harvested at different postnatal ages (postnatal d 0, 8, 16, and 24 and adult), and apoptosis was quantitated by terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling and cleaved caspase-3 immunoreactivity. Compared with the euthyroid, primary somatosensory cortex (S1) in the hypothyroid group exhibited enhanced apoptosis. In S1 of euthyroid rats, apoptotic cells were mostly found in cortical layers I-III and the proportion of apoptotic cells enhanced significantly in the hypothyroid group (P < 0.001). Most of the apoptotic cells were neurons, as assessed by double immunolabeling. A significantly increased activation of caspase-3 and -7, decreased levels of antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and Bcl-x(L), and increased levels of proapoptotic protein Bax was observed in the developing cerebral cortex of hypothyroid rats, compared with the euthyroid (P < 0.001). In addition, hypothyroidism significantly elevated the levels of 53-kDa pro-nerve growth factor (P < 0.001) and p75 neurotrophin receptor (P < 0.001) and decreased TrkA expression. Taken together, we provide evidence for the possible contribution of pro-nerve growth factor/p75 neurotrophin receptor pathway in hypothyroidism-enhanced apoptosis during rat cortical development. Thus, the present study may help in explaining the mechanism of the deleterious effect of thyroid hormone deficiency on cerebral cortex development in children.
A Compact Model for Polysilicon TFTs Leakage Current Including the Poole–Frenkel Effect (2007)

Based on a generation-recombination model including the Poole-Frenkel (PF) effect and phonon-assisted tunneling, numerical analysis shows that the logarithm of generation rate for polysilicon thin-film transistors (poly-Si TFTs) working in the leakage region is linear with the square root of lower electric field and approximately linear with higher electric field over a wide temperature range (273-423 K). Therefore, an analytical expression is found to approximate the generation rate. Furthermore, a compact model for poly-Si TFT leakage current including the PF effect is developed in this paper. The proposed model is analytical without numerical calculation, and its parameters can be extracted from experimental data; hence, it is attractive for circuit simulation. The model has been verified by comparing simulated results with experimental data.