gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of management factors on tiller dynamics in tall fescue: Tiller initiation (1996)

Abstract The effect of plant density (row spacing / seeding rate), nitrogen (N) fertilization, cultivar choice and close‐down date on tiller initiation in tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), managed for seed production, was examined over two years. In the first season, tiller studies were conducted on eight individual plants in each treatment. Quadrats (75 mm × 75 mm) formed the sampling units in the second season. Newly emerged tillers were marked monthly to provide information on tiller initiation. Tiller initiation was dependent on plant density and cultivar choice in both seasons. As plant density declined, tiller initiation increased (P<0.01). The cultivar Cajun tillered more profusely than Roa (P<0.01). In the second season N increased tiller initiation (P<0.01), while more (P<0.05) tillers were produced with a July close‐down than with a September close‐down. Peak tillering occurred during the cooler months, and was low during early autumn, spring and summer. Tiller initiation was also dependent on tiller age and hierarchial order.
Simultaneous switching ground noise calculation for packaged CMOS devices (1991)

Here, it is assumed that the internal switching current is small compared to the output driver switching current. In the past, it was assumed that simultaneous switching noise created by CMOS outputs was directly proportional to the number of outputs switching simultaneously. Recent studies indicate that CMOS circuits exhibit sublinear behavior (due to the negative feedback influence) of power/ground noise (or bounce) as a function of the number of outputs switching simultaneously. Detailed electrical models, equations, and a trial architecture for calculating the switching noise are included. The results are compared to SPICE simulations and conventional power/ground noise calculations. The behavior of simultaneous switching noise as a function of constant-voltage (CV) device scaling is explained for small-geometry CMOS output drivers.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Extremely frequency-widened terahertz wave generation using Cherenkov-type radiation (2009)

Terahertz (THz) wave generation based on nonlinear frequency conversion is promising way for realizing a tunable monochromatic bright THz-wave source. Such a development of efficient and wide tunable THz-wave source depends on discovery of novel brilliant nonlinear crystal. Important factors of a nonlinear crystal for THz-wave generation are, 1. High nonlinearity and 2. Good transparency at THz frequency region. Unfortunately, many nonlinear crystals have strong absorption at THz frequency region. The fact limits efficient and wide tunable THz-wave generation. Here, we show that Cherenkov radiation with waveguide structure is an effective strategy for achieving efficient and extremely wide tunable THz-wave source. We fabricated MgO-doped lithium niobate slab waveguide with 3.8 microm of thickness and demonstrated difference frequency generation of THz-wave generation with Cherenkov phase matching. Extremely frequency-widened THz-wave generation, from 0.1 to 7.2 THz, without no structural dips successfully obtained. The tuning frequency range of waveguided Cherenkov radiation source was extremely widened compare to that of injection seeded-Terahertz Parametric Generator. The tuning range obtained in this work for THz-wave generation using lithium niobate crystal was the widest value in our knowledge. The highest THz-wave energy obtained was about 3.2 pJ, and the energy conversion efficiency was about 10(-5) %. The method can be easily applied for many conventional nonlinear crystals, results in realizing simple, reasonable, compact, high efficient and ultra broad band THz-wave sources.
Use of Niacin as a Drug (1991)

The objective of this review is to provide an overview of intermittent fasting regimens, summarize the evidence on the health benefits of intermittent fasting, and discuss physiological mechanisms by which intermittent fasting might lead to improved ...Read More
Method of Menu Selection by Gaze Movement Using AC EOG Signals (2009)

A method to detect the direction and the distance of voluntary eye gaze movement from EOG (electrooculogram) signals was proposed and tested. In this method, AC-amplified vertical and horizontal transient EOG signals were classified into 8-class directions and 2-class distances of voluntary eye gaze movements. A horizontal and a vertical EOGs during eye gaze movement at each sampling time were treated as a two-dimensional vector, and the center of gravity of the sample vectors whose norms were more than 80% of the maximum norm was used as a feature vector to be classified. By the classification using the k-nearest neighbor algorithm, it was shown that the averaged correct detection rates on each subject were 98.9%, 98.7%, 94.4%, respectively. This method can avoid strict EOG-based eye tracking which requires DC amplification of very small signal. It would be useful to develop robust human interfacing systems based on menu selection for severely paralyzed patients.
Synthesis and Diels—Alder Reactions of α,β‐Unsaturated‐γ‐Sultams. (2001)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Nonendothelial‐derived nitric oxide activates the ATP‐sensitive K<sup>+</sup> channel of vascular smooth muscle cells (1994)

To determine whether endogenous nitric oxide (NO) opens the ATP-sensitive K+ channel (KATP channel), we investigated the effect of nonendothelial-derived NO on this channel in cultured smooth muscle cells of the porcine coronary artery by the patch-clamp technique. In the cells pretreated with endotoxin, the addition of 10(-4) M L-arginine generated NO and activated the KATP channel. Activation of this channel was suppressed by pretreatment with 10(-3) M NG-methyl-L-arginine or 10(-3) M Nx-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, each of which is a specific antagonist of the L-arginine-NO pathway, and by 10(-6) M Methylene blue, which blocks guanylate cyclase. The activation of the KATP channel by L-arginine-NO pathway is expected to produce hyperpolarization of the cell membrane and relaxation of vascular smooth muscle cells.
Using Amazon Mechanical Turk for Transcription of Non-Native Speech (2010)

This study investigates the use of Amazon Mechanical Turk for the transcription of non-native speech. Multiple transcriptions were obtained from several distinct MTurk workers and were combined to produce merged tran-scriptions that had higher levels of agreement with a gold standard transcription than the in-dividual transcriptions. Three different meth-ods for merging transcriptions were compared across two types of responses (spontaneous and read-aloud). The results show that the merged MTurk transcriptions are as accurate as an individual expert transcriber for the read-aloud responses, and are only slightly less ac-curate for the spontaneous responses. 1
Guessing human-chosen secrets (2012)

Authenticating humans to computers remains a notable weak point in computer security despite decades of effort. Although the security research community has explored dozens of proposals for replacing or strengthening passwords, they appear likely to remain entrenched as the standard mechanism of human-computer authentication on the Internet for years to come. Even in the optimistic scenario of eliminating passwords from most of today's authentication protocols using trusted hardware devices or trusted servers to perform federated authentication, passwords will persist as a means of "last-mile" authentication between humans and these trusted single sign-on deputies. This dissertation studies the difficulty of guessing human-chosen secrets, introducing a sound mathematical framework modeling human choice as a skewed probability distribution. We introduce a new metric, alpha-guesswork, which can accurately models the resistance of a distribution against all possible guessing attacks. We also study the statistical challenges of estimating this metric using empirical data sets which can be modeled as a large random sample from the underlying probability distribution. This framework is then used to evaluate several representative data sets from the most important categories of human-chosen secrets to provide reliable estimates of security against guessing attacks. This includes collecting the largest-ever corpus of user-chosen passwords, with nearly 70 million, the largest list of human names ever assembled for research, the largest data sets of real answers to personal knowledge questions and the first data published about human choice of banking PINs. This data provides reliable numbers for designing security systems and highlights universal limitations of human-chosen secrets.
Bias reduction by polarisation dispersion in the fibre-optic gyroscope (1986)

In a ‘reciprocal architecture’ FOG a single-mode filter is used to reduce bias drift resulting from changing fibre birefringence. We show that if a birefringent element is combined with this filter the bias is reduced if the dispersion in the element exceeds the source coherence length. This significantly relaxes the requirements for mode filter extinction.
High density, low on-resistance, high side N-channel trench lateral power MOSFET with thick copper metal (2004)

We proposed a low side N-channel Trench Lateral Power MOSFET (TLPM) in IEDM2002 (I). In this paper, a high side n-channel TLPM, which is isolated from the substrate, is proposed, fabricated and characterized for the first time. Fabricated high side TLPM devices exhibit a specific on-resistance of 17mn-mm2withabreakdownvoltageof21V.
Palladium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Amination Using Ferrocenyl Pyrazole Ligands:  Steric Control of η<sup>3</sup>-Allyl Configuration and Site-Selective Nucleophilic Attack (1996)

The reaction of 1,3-diphenylallylethyl carbonate (1) with benzylamine to afford the secondary amine 2 is effectively catalyzed by Pd-complexes containing chiral ferrocenyl pyrazole ligands. The highest enantioselectivity (99% ee) was obtained using ligand 3a, 1-{(S)-1-[(R)-2-(diphenylphosphino)ferrocenyl]ethyl}-3-(1-adamantyl)-1H-pyrazole. Four different cationic Pd-allyl intermediates, 4a, 4c, 4j, and 4k (containing ligands 3a, 3c, 3j, and 3k, respectively), formed during the catalytic reaction were studied in solution by 2D-NMR spectroscopy, with the aim of clarifying configurational aspects. Depending on the size and shape of the substituent in position 3 of the pyrazole ring, it was found that the major diastereoisomeric form of these complexes either adopts an exo-syn-syn (ligands 3a and 3c, 1-{(S)-1-[(R)-2-(diphenylphosphino)ferrocenyl]-ethyl}-3-phenyl-5-methyl-1H-pyrazole) or an exo-syn-anti configuration (ligands 3j, 1-{(S)-1-[(R)-2-(diphenylphosphino)ferrocenyl]ethyl}-3-(9-anthryl)-5-methyl-1H-pyrazole and 3k, 1-{(S)-1-[(R)-2-(diphenylphosphino)ferrocenyl]ethyl}-3-(9-triptycyl)-1H-pyrazole). This analysis allows the site of nucleophilic attack on the allyl ligand to be established unequivocally, i.e., the carbon atom trans to phosphorus. The reasons responsible for this pronounced site-selectivity are discussed. The Pd-allyl complexes [Pd(η3-PhCHCHCHPh)(3c)]PF6, 4c, and [Pd(η3-PhCHCHCHPh)(3k)]PF6, 4k, were characterized by X-ray diffraction. 4c crystallizes with 1 equiv of Et2O in the orthorhombic space group P212121: a = 13.026(2) Å, b = 14.784(2) Å, c = 25.124(5) Å, Z = 4. Crystals of 4k contain 3 equiv of hexane and 1 equiv of acetone and H2O in the unit cell belonging to the trigonal system, space group P3221: a = 24.07(3) Å, c = 22.48(3) Å, Z = 6.
Negative Ion Sources Equipped with Continuous Annular and Spherical Geometry Surface Ionizers (1985)

Axial geometry negative ion sources have been designed, developed, and evaluated for use in conjunction with tandem accelerator applications. These sources utilize continuous surface solid tungsten ionizers in either annular or spherical geometries to effect ionization of cesium vapor, which in turn is used to sputter a negatively biased probe containing the material of interest. The annular ionizer geometry source been incorporated as an "on-line" source for routine operation of the Holifield Heavy Ion Research Facility (HHIRF) tandem accelerator. Both test stand and tandem accelerator operational experience indicate that such sources are reliable, long lived, stably operating and prolific producers of a wide spectrum of negative ions. To date these sources have been used to produce more than 18 negative ion species including Ag-, Au-, B-, CaH3-, Cl-, CrH2-, Cu-, Lu-, MgH3-, Mo-, Ni-, O-, S-, Si-, Sn-, TiH3-, Tm-, and Yb-. Details of the mechanical design features and computational techniques utilized in arriving at the final electrode configuration are presented in the text. Examples of data pertinent to source operation, the dependence of negative ion yields on certain source operational parameters and of intensities typical of a particular negative ion source are also given.
Laser wave-mixing optical method for sensitive detection of analytes in microarrays and microchips (2004)

Nonlinear spectroscopy based on multi-photon laser wave mixing is presented as a sensitive analytical technique for rapid detection and imaging of various analytes in microfluidic and microarray devices. Capillary electrophoresis microchips and DNA microarrays offer improved speed of analysis over conventional methods. Laser wave-mixing optical methods offer sensitive detection of small changes in chemical and physical properties. Wave-mixing spectroscopy is especially effective in using small optical path lengths available in microchips. This unusually sensitive optical absorption detection method can keep up with fast changing environments in microfluidic systems. In wave mixing, two laser beams are focused and mixed inside the analyte. The analyte probe volume, i.e., the beam overlap volume, is very small. Hence, it is inherently suitable for interfacing to microchips and microarrays for high spatial resolution analysis. Signal collection is very efficient since the signal is a coherent laser-like beam. The signal has a quadratic dependence on analyte concentration and a cubic dependence on laser power. Hence, one can monitor small changes in signal more effectively and one can use low-power compact lasers efficiently.
Partial loss of Tip60 slows mid-stage neurodegeneration in a spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) mouse model (2011)

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 1 (SCA1) is one of nine dominantly inherited neurodegenerative diseases caused by polyglutamine tract expansion. In SCA1, the expanded polyglutamine tract is in the ataxin-1 (ATXN1) protein. ATXN1 is part of an in vivo complex with retinoid acid receptor-related orphan receptor alpha (Rora) and the acetyltransferase tat-interactive protein 60 kDa (Tip60). ATXN1 and Tip60 interact directly via the ATXN1 and HMG-box protein 1 (AXH) domain of ATXN1. Moreover, the phospho-mimicking Asp amino acid at position 776, previously shown to enhance pathogenesis, increases the ability of ATXN1 to interact with Tip60. Using a genetic approach, the biological relevance of the ATXN1/Tip60 interaction was assessed by crossing ATXN1[82Q] mice with Tip60(+/-)animals. Partial Tip60 loss increased Rora and Rora-mediated gene expression and delayed ATXN1[82]-mediated cerebellar degeneration during mid-stage disease progression. These results suggested a specific, temporal role for Tip60 during disease progression. We also showed that genetic background modulated ATXN1[82Q]-induced phenotypes. Of interest, these latter studies showed that some phenotypes are enhanced on a mixed background while others are suppressed.
Chicken Interferon-Inducible Transmembrane Protein 3 Restricts Influenza Viruses and Lyssaviruses <i>In Vitro</i> (2013)

Interferon-inducible transmembrane protein 3 (IFITM3) is an effector protein of the innate immune system. It confers potent, cell-intrinsic resistance to infection by diverse enveloped viruses both in vitro and in vivo, including influenza viruses, West Nile virus, and dengue virus. IFITM3 prevents cytosolic entry of these viruses by blocking complete virus envelope fusion with cell endosome membranes. Although the IFITM locus, which includes IFITM1, -2, -3, and -5, is present in mammalian species, this locus has not been unambiguously identified or functionally characterized in avian species. Here, we show that the IFITM locus exists in chickens and is syntenic with the IFITM locus in mammals. The chicken IFITM3 protein restricts cell infection by influenza A viruses and lyssaviruses to a similar level as its human orthologue. Furthermore, we show that chicken IFITM3 is functional in chicken cells and that knockdown of constitutive expression in chicken fibroblasts results in enhanced infection by influenza A virus. Chicken IFITM2 and -3 are constitutively expressed in all tissues examined, whereas IFITM1 is only expressed in the bursa of Fabricius, gastrointestinal tract, cecal tonsil, and trachea. Despite being highly divergent at the amino acid level, IFITM3 proteins of birds and mammals can restrict replication of viruses that are able to infect different host species, suggesting IFITM proteins may provide a crucial barrier for zoonotic infections.
Design Techniques for Frequency Synthesizers in Highly Scaled CMOS Technologies (2012)

While extremely scaled CMOS transistors are believed to cause many design concerns especially for conventional analog circuits, CMOS technology scaling, on the other hand, has also opened up new opportunities for analog and mixed-mode circuit designs to mitigate design challenges by the speed improvement and the high density of the nanometer devices. Phase-locked-loop-based frequency synthesizers are essential building blocks in almost all the communication systems. The design of PLLs is a true mixed signal design challenge covering from high speed analog and RF blocks (VCO), to high speed digital blocks (dividers), to low speed analog (charge pump and loop filter) and low speed digital (phase frequency detector) circuits. In this thesis, we study design challenges and present corresponding solutions to realize PLLs in the nano-scale CMOS era. In particular we focus on supply voltage scaling, area scaling, ultra-wide frequency range, and ultra-low noise performance. An ultra low voltage (ULV) 2.5-GHz GFSK modulator implemented in a 90-nm CMOS technology using only standard digital regular Vt (RVT) devices will first be introduced to address robustness concerns and speed issues due to the supply voltage scaling (down to 0.5V). Then, a 2.5-GHz ultra-compact (150um x 280um) analog PLL implemented in a 45-nm CMOS technology with a fully integrated LC-VCO and an on-chip passive R-C loop filter will further be used to show that area scaling can indeed be achieved for a PLL through a rigorous area-scaling scheme of LC oscillators and a new loop filter structure. New emerging applications such as software-defined radios or highly integrated test instrumentation require the PLL synthesizer to have ultra wide bandwidth and ultra low phase noise. We will present the approaches to mitigate these challenging design objectives by exploiting the capabilities of nanometer transistors. A wideband synthesizer covering from 125MHz to 32GHz with a constant performance across the entire frequency range will be presented; the scaling schemes and design methodologies to achieve constant noise performance across the ultra-wide frequency range will be discussed. Finally, an ultra low noise fractional-N synthesizer will be presented to show how low phase noise fractional-N frequency synthesis can be achieved by taking the full advantage of nano-scale CMOS transistors.
From Eliza to XiaoIce: Challenges and Opportunities with Social Chatbots (2018)

Conversational systems have come a long way since their inception in the 1960s. After decades of research and development, we've seen progress from Eliza and Parry in the 60's and 70's, to task-completion systems as in the DARPA Communicator program in the 2000s, to intelligent personal assistants such as Siri in the 2010s, to today's social chatbots like XiaoIce. Social chatbots' appeal lies not only in their ability to respond to users' diverse requests, but also in being able to establish an emotional connection with users. The latter is done by satisfying users' need for communication, affection, as well as social belonging. To further the advancement and adoption of social chatbots, their design must focus on user engagement and take both intellectual quotient (IQ) and emotional quotient (EQ) into account. Users should want to engage with a social chatbot; as such, we define the success metric for social chatbots as conversation-turns per session (CPS). Using XiaoIce as an illustrative example, we discuss key technologies in building social chatbots from core chat to visual awareness to skills. We also show how XiaoIce can dynamically recognize emotion and engage the user throughout long conversations with appropriate interpersonal responses. As we become the first generation of humans ever living with AI, we have a responsibility to design social chatbots to be both useful and empathetic, so they will become ubiquitous and help society as a whole.
Endfire Radiations of Spoof Surface Plasmon Polaritons (2016)

We propose to radiate spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) in the endfire direction efficiently using metamaterial particles. The printed dipole is used as the main radiator, while the spoof SPP waveguide acts as balun to feed the printed dipole. A loaded I-shaped resonator array is configured to realize a high effective index of refraction, resulting in the gain enhancement in the endfire direction. A prototype of the spoof SPP antenna is fabricated and measured. Both numerical simulations and measured results demonstrate good performance of the proposed structure, which presents a gain of about 7 dBi at the designed frequency (6 GHz). The proposed endfire SPP antenna is of great value in SPP communication systems and integrated circuits due to its compact dimension, easy fabrication, and good performance.
Supplementary abbreviated supine breast MRI following a standard prone breast MRI with single contrast administration: is it effective in detecting the initial contrast-enhancing lesions? (2019)

An abbreviated supine sequence following a standard prone DCE-MRI with single contrast media administration is an effective method for defining the lesion location in supine position.
Loss Mechanisms in Turbomachines (1993)

The origins and effects of loss in turbomachines are discussed with the emphasis on trying to understand the physical origins of loss rather than on reviewing the available prediction methods. Loss is defined in terms of entropy increase and the relationship of this to the more familiar loss coefficients is derived and discussed. The sources of entropy are in general: Viscous effects in boundary layers, viscous effects in mixing processes, shock waves and heat transfer across temperature differences. These are first discussed in general and then the results are applied to turbomachinery flows. Understanding of the loss due to heat transfer requires some discussion of cycle thermodynamics. Sections are devoted to discussing: Blade boundary layer and trailing edge loss, tip leakage loss, endwall loss, effects of heat transfer and miscellaneous losses. The loss arising from boundary layer separation is particularly difficult to quantify. Most of the discussion is based on axial flow machines but a separate section is devoted to the special problems of radial flow machines. In some cases, eg attached blade boundary layers, the loss mechanisms are well understood, but even so the loss can seldom be predicted with great accuracy. In many other cases, eg endwall loss, the loss mechanisms are still not clearly understood and prediction methods remain very dependent on correlations. The paper emphasises that the use of correlations should not be a substitute for trying to understand the origins of loss and suggests that a good physical understanding of the latter may be more valuable than a quantitative prediction.