gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Intrapleural Administration of Local Anesthetics for Pain Relief in Patients with Multiple Rib Fractures: Preliminary Report (1987)

The intrapleural administration of bupivacaine for pain relief was evaluated in patients with multiple rib fractures. In six patients an intermittent dosage technique was used. An intrapleural catheter was inserted and 20 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine was administered every 8 hours for 2-3 days and every 12 hours for an additional 3-4 days. Adequate pain relief was achieved in all patients in this group. In addition, the mean Paco 2 decreased significantly from 59.5 ± 1.5 mm, Hg before local anesthetic therapy to 37.4 ± 2.0 mm Hg after intrapleural administration of bupivacaine. In a second group of three patients, an initial intrapleural injection of 20 ml of 0.5% bupivacaine was followed by continuous infusion of 0.25 or 0.5% bupivacaine at a rate of 5-10 ml/hour. Infusion was continued for 5-10 days and provided excellent pain relief. Peak mean venous blood levels of bupivacaine varied from 1.1-2.38 μg/ml in these patients. The continuous infusion of 0.5% bupivacaine produced unilateral anesthesia to pinprick from T2-T10, whereas the 0.25% bupivacaine solution produced pain relief without a discernible level to pinprick. Intercostal or abdominal muscle paresis was not noted in any of the nine patients. Intrapleural administration of bupivacaine appears to be an effective means of providing pain relief for patients with multiple rib iractures. Further studies appear warranted to determine the optimal use of this new technique in such patients.
Pressure pulsations in sieve-tray columns (1979)

Destructive vibrations occur in industrial sieve-tray columns under\ncertain flow conditions. The vibrations result from regular pulsations\nof the gas flow and pressure in the column. These pulsations have been\nstudied with a 3 m. high perspex model sieve-tray column having a single\nactive test-tray using air and water as process fluids.\nThe effects on the amplitude and frequency of the pressure pulsations\nof gas velocity, tray liquid head, liquid crossflow and tray and column\ngeometry were determined using pressure transducers with real time signal\nanalysis. Pulsations were produced with fifteen tray geometries, including\nfive hole diameters between 4.76 mm and 15.87 Mm. Most of the pulsations\nwere produced at gas velocities below 12 mls and liquid heads below 200 N/m2.\nThe pulsation fundamental frequency varied between 12 Hz. and 40 Hz., with\nan r.m.s. amplitude of up to 60 N/m2•\nThe gas-liquid behaviour on the sieve-tray was studied using high speed\ncine-photography and electrical conductivity probes. This showed conclusively\nthat, during the occurrence of pulsations, the gas-liquid interaction\nwas highly regular and synchronised with the pressure pulsations. Detailed\nmeasurements were obtained of the degree of synchronisation and of the\nliquid motion on the tray. Several modes of gas-liquid interaction were\nidentified. During pulsation production, the pulsating jet and the imperfect\nbubble were most common. Calculated fluctuations in the gas flow\nrate through the test-tray based on measured pressures agreed well with\nthe results of the film analysis.\nA model of the synchronisation process is proposed based upon control\nby the pulsating jet. The model explains the measured limits of pulsation\noccurrence and permits some prediction of these limits for systems\nother than air-water. A simplified system flow analysis accounts for\neffects of gas density and column geometry on the pulsation frequency.\nThe form of the empirical correlation of frequency with experimental\nvariables is consistent with a physical description of the pulsating jet.
The Cell Cycle as a Target for Cancer Therapy: Basic and Clinical Findings with the Small Molecule Inhibitors Flavopiridol and UCN-01 (2002)

After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Describe the basics of cell-cycle regulation. Understand how Rb pathway derangement causes cancer. Relate the clinical findings with flavopiridol and UCN-01 to their mechanisms of action. Access and take the CME test online and receive one hour of AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com Many tumor types are associated with genetic changes in the retinoblastoma pathway, leading to hyperactivation of cyclin-dependent kinases and incorrect progression through the cell cycle. Small-molecule cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors are being developed as therapeutic agents. Of these, flavopiridol and UCN-01 are being explored in cancer patients in phase I and phase II clinical trials, both as single agents and in combination with conventional chemotherapeutic agents. The present article discusses the mechanisms of action of flavopiridol and UCN-01 as well as the outcome of clinical trials with these novel agents.
Automatic Characteristics Generation for Search Keywords in Paid Search Advertising (2018)

Paid search advertising has been a major form of online advertising in recent years. In this form of advertising, an advertiser submits a list of keywords to major search engines. When one of the keywords matches the query keyword that a search engines user submits, the ad of this advertiser will have a chance to be shown on the search result page. If the user is interested and clicks on the ad, the advertiser will be billed of each clickthrough with a predetermined cost-per-click fee by the search engine, regardless whether the user purchases anything after entering the advertiser’s website. The advertiser will try to make a profit by hoping a higher probability that a clickthrough can end with a sale. So in an ad campaign the fundamental question the advertiser wants to ask is: what are the good keywords that can attract more clickthrough traffic form search engines, and more importantly have higher sale conversion rate given these clickthrough traffic? Several marketing literatures have addressed this issue but their keywords selection and evaluation methods need human interactions. Our goal is to try to develop a statistical learning method that can automate the keyword evaluation processes. This paper is our pilot study and we want to know whether such statistical learning method can really the same or even better job than human As a comparison, we compared our result with another study with the same data but using mainly manual evaluation process. The result shows our method has better prediction accuracy.
Mammalian <i>Su</i>(<i>var</i>) Genes in Chromatin Control (2010)

Genetic screens in Drosophila have been instrumental in distinguishing approximately 390 loci involved in position effect variegation and heterochromatin stabilization. Most of the identified genes [so-called Su(var) and E(var) genes] are also conserved in mammals, where more than 50 of their gene products are known to localize to constitutive heterochromatin. From these proteins, approximately 12 core heterochromatin components can be inferred. In addition, there are approximately 30 additional Su(var) and 10 E(var) factors that can, under distinct developmental options, interchange with constitutive heterochromatin and participate in the partitioning of the genome into repressed and active chromatin domains. A significant fraction of the Su(var) and E(var) factors are enzymes that respond to environmental and metabolic signals, thereby allowing both the variation and propagation of epigenetic states to a dynamic chromatin template. Moreover, the misregulation of human SU(VAR) and E(VAR) function can advance cancer and many other human diseases including more complex disorders. As such, mammalian Su(var) and E(var) genes and their products provide a rich source of novel targets for diagnosis of and pharmaceutical intervention in many human diseases.
Significance of Cardiovascular Hypertrophy in the Development and Maintenance of Hypertension (1991)

The amplifier properties associated with the structural changes in the heart and resistance vessels in chronic hypertension together play a major role in maintaining the elevated blood pressure (BP) in chronic hypertension, which is greater than that of the initiating cause. In patients with primary hypertension, long-term antihypertensive drug therapy causes substantial regression of the structural changes, as assessed by normalization of the total peripheral resistance (including the nonautonomic component) and of the left ventricular (LV) mass. Reversal of LV hypertrophy (LVH) took considerably longer than reversal of the vascular changes and the more complete the reversal of LVH, the slower the rate of redevelopment of hypertension upon cessation of treatment. We observed no change in sympathetic activity or in renin-angiotensin-aldosterone levels during the redevelopment phase and we hypothesized that the cardiovascular amplifiers played a role in pathogenesis. This hypothesis was examined in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs), where the vascular amplifier properties were developed substantially by 4 weeks of age, i.e., before the development of hypertension, whereas LVH occurred pari passu the rise in BP. When young SHRs were treated with enalapril for brief periods, there was almost complete long-term regression of vascular amplifier properties, but attenuation of LVH and hypertension were both smaller and more transient. In 4-week-old SHRs, complete abolition of sympathetic activity had a minimal effect on vascular amplifier properties, but affected LVH. Our findings suggest that LVH is as important in both the development and maintenance of hypertension as the structurally determined amplifier properties of the resistance vessels.
The Role of the Interface in Carbon Fibre-Epoxy Composites (1987)

Abstract The final performance of a composite material depends strongly on the quality of the fibre-matrix interface. The interactions developed at the interface were studied using the acid-base or acceptor-donor concept. The surface characteristics of the carbon fibres and the epoxy matrix were studied using a tensiometric method and the inverse gas chromatography technique. Acid-base surface characters could be determined allowing the interactions at the interface to be described by a specific interaction parameter. It was shown that the shear strength of the interface, as measured by a fragmentation test, is strongly correlated to this specific interaction parameter, demonstrating the importance of acid-base interactions in the fibre-matrix adhesion.
Thiourea‐catalyzed Oxidative Coupling Reaction of <i>N</i>‐Phenyl Tetrahydroisoquinoline with β‐Keto Acids (2017)

Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Lattice-matched GaNPAs-on-silicon tandem solar cells (2005)

A two-junction device consisting of a 1.7-eV GaNPAs junction on a 1.1 -eV silicon junction has the theoretical potential to achieve nearly optimal efficiency for a two-junction tandem cell. We have demonstrated a monolithic III-V-on-silicon tandem solar cell in which most of the III-V layers are nearly lattice-matched to the silicon substrate. The cell includes a 1.8 eV GaNPAs top cell, a GaP-based tunnel junction (TJ), and a diffused silicon junction formed during the epitaxial growth of GaNP on the silicon substrate. This tandem on silicon has a V/sub OC/ of 1.53 V and an AM1.5G efficiency of 5.2% without any antireflection coating. Low currents in the top cell are the primary limitation to higher efficiency at this point.
Semi-Supervised Learning by Label Gradient Alignment (2019)

We present label gradient alignment, a novel algorithm for semi-supervised learning which imputes labels for the unlabeled data and trains on the imputed labels. We define a semantically meaningful distance metric on the input space by mapping a point (x, y) to the gradient of the model at (x, y). We then formulate an optimization problem whose objective is to minimize the distance between the labeled and the unlabeled data in this space, and we solve it by gradient descent on the imputed labels. We evaluate label gradient alignment using the standardized architecture introduced by Oliver et al. (2018) and demonstrate state-of-the-art accuracy in semi-supervised CIFAR-10 classification.
Phorbol ester and neomycin dissociate bradykinin receptor-mediated arachidonic acid release and polyphosphoinositide hydrolysis in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. Evidence that bradykinin mediates noninterdependent activation of phospholipases A2 and C. (1988)

Many types of peptide hormone and neurotransmitter receptors mediate hydrolysis of phosphoinositides (PI) and arachidonic acid and arachidonic acid metabolite (AA) release, but the relation between these responses is not clearly defined. We have characterized bradykinin (BK)-mediated AA release and PI hydrolysis in clonal Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK-D1). Both responses occurred over a similar dose range in response to the B1 and B2 receptor agonist, BK, but not in response to the B1 receptor-selective agonist des-Arg-BK. To test whether AA release occurs via a mechanism which is sequential to and dependent upon PI hydrolysis, we used the phorbol ester, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), which activates protein kinase C. TPA treatment blocked BK-mediated PI hydrolysis in MDCK-D1 cells, while at the same time and at similar concentrations enhancing BK-mediated AA release. Thus, TPA treatment dissociated BK-mediated AA release from PI hydrolysis. In addition, treatment of MDCK-D1 cells with neomycin blocked BK-mediated hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate without reducing BK-mediated AA release. BK treatment increased formation of lysophospholipids with a time course in accord with BK-mediated AA release, indicating that at least part of the BK-mediated AA release was likely derived from activation of phospholipase A2. BK-mediated lysophospholipid production was enhanced by pretreatment with TPA, suggesting that the mechanism of AA release before and after treatment with TPA was the same. BK-mediated AA release and lysophospholipid production was dependent on the presence of extracellular calcium, while the enhanced responses to BK in the presence of TPA were not dependent on the presence of extracellular calcium. TPA treatment also enhanced AA release and lysophospholipid production in response to the calcium ionophore A23187. From these data we propose that BK, acting at B2 receptors, promotes AA release in MDCK cells via a mechanism which is 1) independent of polyphosphoinositide hydrolysis by phospholipase C, 2) dependent upon influx of extracellular calcium and activation of phospholipase A2, and 3) enhanced by activation of protein kinase C.
Retinoid Signaling in Cancer and Its Promise for Therapy (2013)

Deregulated signal transduction is a major facet of cancer development and progression. Herein, we review the current paradigm for retinoic acid signaling, its role in cancer and potential therapeutic applications and challenges. Retinoic acid is used with remarkable success in the treatment of one of the most high-risk leukemias, acute promyelocytic leukemia; however, extending its use in the treatment of other cancers has had limited success at best. Functional studies provide clues for the poor performance of retinoic acid as a general cancer therapeutic, connecting retinoic acid signaling to both cell growth arrest and proliferation with tumor suppression and cancer progression consequences. The dualistic role of the retinoic acid signaling pathway in cancer is revealed in its gene transcription targets, cross-talk with other transcription factors, mediation of apoptotic pathways, and influence in the immune system. If the greatest potential benefit of retinoid-based cancer therapeutics is to be achieved, the many physiological roles of retinoic acid need to be considered.
Plasma versus ozone photoresist ashing: Temperature effects on process-induced mobile ion contamination (1991)

Thin gate oxides used in metal-oxide-semiconductor devices are susceptible to mobile ion contamination introduced at critical patterning levels during photoresist stripping. Trace amounts of heavy, alkali metal ions such as sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) that are found in even the best photoresists are very difficult to oxidize and do not form volatile products that can be easily removed in a typical O2 plasma. These ionic, heavy metals and their byproducts can be driven into critical underlying layers by self-induced bias potentials and positive ion bombardment within an O2 plasma environment. To examine this potential problem, a series of commercially available photoresist ashing systems were selected to study the influence of process-induced mobile ion contamination on sensitive underlying devices. The systems tested included a ‘‘downstream’’ rf plasma asher, a ‘‘downstream’’ microwave plasma system, and a nonplasma ozone ashing system. In this study, photoresist stripping rates and mobile ion (Ni) contamination levels were measured under various processing conditions for 125-, 150-, and 200-mm wafer substrates. Ashing rate measurements are detailed for the ozone ashing system and activation energies are calculated for ozone only and with the addition of nitrous oxide radical products to the ashing gas stream. Measured mobile ion contamination shows a strong temperature dependence for the ‘‘downstream’’ plasma ashing systems tested while the nonplasma, ozone ashing system showed no temperature dependence to process temperatures exceeding 300 °C and it was equal to the wet-chemical controls.
Combined Fluxomics and Transcriptomics Analysis of Glucose Catabolism via a Partially Cyclic Pentose Phosphate Pathway in Gluconobacter oxydans 621H (2013)

In this study, the distribution and regulation of periplasmic and cytoplasmic carbon fluxes in Gluconobacter oxydans 621H with glucose were studied by (13)C-based metabolic flux analysis ((13)C-MFA) in combination with transcriptomics and enzyme assays. For (13)C-MFA, cells were cultivated with specifically (13)C-labeled glucose, and intracellular metabolites were analyzed for their labeling pattern by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). In growth phase I, 90% of the glucose was oxidized periplasmically to gluconate and partially further oxidized to 2-ketogluconate. Of the glucose taken up by the cells, 9% was phosphorylated to glucose 6-phosphate, whereas 91% was oxidized by cytoplasmic glucose dehydrogenase to gluconate. Additional gluconate was taken up into the cells by transport. Of the cytoplasmic gluconate, 70% was oxidized to 5-ketogluconate and 30% was phosphorylated to 6-phosphogluconate. In growth phase II, 87% of gluconate was oxidized to 2-ketogluconate in the periplasm and 13% was taken up by the cells and almost completely converted to 6-phosphogluconate. Since G. oxydans lacks phosphofructokinase, glucose 6-phosphate can be metabolized only via the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) or the Entner-Doudoroff pathway (EDP). (13)C-MFA showed that 6-phosphogluconate is catabolized primarily via the oxidative PPP in both phases I and II (62% and 93%) and demonstrated a cyclic carbon flux through the oxidative PPP. The transcriptome comparison revealed an increased expression of PPP genes in growth phase II, which was supported by enzyme activity measurements and correlated with the increased PPP flux in phase II. Moreover, genes possibly related to a general stress response displayed increased expression in growth phase II.
Physico-chemical modification of food proteins: Food emulsions (1998)

Physico-chemical protein modification involved in food processing is used for "engineering" the structure-property relationship of foods. The three main tools used for protein modification are food formulation, mechanical and thermal (heating/cooling) treatments. They correspond to the main stages of all food technologies. Food structural design is based upon incompatibility and complexing of food biopolymers as well as upon fundamental features of physico-chemical properties of biphasic aqueous systems. Some examples of functional biopolymer modification are considered in systems such as meat extenders, fat replacers, ice cream mixes and wheat flour doughs.
The health status of American Indians and Alaska Natives: 2. Lessons for cancer educators. (1999)

Malignant disease is largely unrecognized as a leading cause of death among American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/ANs). Published studies of cancer incidence, cancer mortality, and cancer survival are highlighted to present an overview on the epidemiology of cancer among Native peoples. Cancer incidence and mortality have demonstrated steady increases among AI/ANs during a relatively limited time frame, as well as unique patterns of site-specific cancers. Cancer-survival data reveal that Native peoples have the poorest survival of any racial group for all cancer sites combined and for eight of the ten leading sites. Opportunities to educate health care providers, through continuing medical education programs and focused conferences for postdoctoral and current medical trainees, can be used to enhance cultural sensitivity and to examine ethnic differences in cancer patterns. Enhancement of recognition of the unique cancer patterns among AI/AN populations may lead to improved identification of at-risk individuals and more effective cancer screening programs within Native communities.
Upregulation of the TLR3 Pathway by Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus during Primary Infection (2008)

Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is associated with several different human malignancies, including Kaposi's sarcoma, primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman's disease. KSHV establishes lifelong latency in the host and modulates the host immune response. Innate immunity is critical for controlling de novo viral infection. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key components of the innate immune system, and they serve as pathogen recognition receptors that stimulate the host antiviral response. In particular, TLR3 has been implicated in RNA virus recognition. Currently, there is no information regarding how KSHV infection modulates any TLR pathway. We report the first evidence that KSHV upregulates TLR3 expression in human monocytes during primary infection. This is also the first demonstration of a human DNA tumor virus upregulating TLR3, a TLR that thus far has been associated with the recognition of RNA viruses. We found that KSHV upregulates the TLR3 pathway and induces TLR3-specific cytokines and chemokines, including beta 1 interferon (IFN-beta1) and CXCL10 (IP-10). Small interfering RNAs directed against TLR3 greatly reduced the ability of KSHV to upregulate IFN-beta1 and CXCL10 upon infection.
Monte Carlo study of a two‐compartment exchange model of diffusion (2010)

Multisite exchange models have been applied frequently to quantify measurements of transverse relaxation and diffusion in living tissues. Although the simplicity of such models is attractive, the precise relationship of the model parameters to tissue properties may be difficult to ascertain. Here, we investigate numerically a two-compartment exchange (Kärger) model as applied to diffusion in a system of randomly packed identical parallel cylinders with permeable walls, representing cells with permeable membranes, that may serve particularly as a model for axons in the white matter of the brain. By performing Monte Carlo simulations of restricted diffusion, we show that the Kärger model may provide a reasonable coarse-grained description of the diffusion-weighted signal in the long time limit, as long as the cell membranes are sufficiently impermeable, i.e. whenever the residence time in a cell is much longer than the time it takes to diffuse across it. For larger permeabilities, the exchange time obtained from fitting to the Kärger model overestimates the actual exchange time, leading to an underestimated value of cell membrane permeability.