gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New test for endotoxin potency based upon histamine sensitization in mice (1977)

The results of a test of endotoxic potency based upon the development of histamine hypersensitivity in mice were compared with the results obtained by testing the same materials for pyrogenicity in rabbits and lethality for chicken embryos (CELD50). The results of the histamine hypersensitization test (HHT) correlated well with those of the other two tests. The sensitivity of the HHT was about the same as that of the CELD50 assay. The HHT may provide a relatively inexpensive, fast, and reliable assay method for endotoxin laboratories that do not have the facilities for the more elaborate assays.
1.00 (0.88) Tb/s per Wave Capable Coherent Multi-Channel Transmitter (Receiver) InP-Based PICs With Hybrid Integrated SiGe Electronics (2018)

We demonstrate multi-channel InP-based coherent transmitter and receiver photonic integrated circuits hybrid integrated with SiGe driving and amplifying electronics both capable of operating at 880 Gb/s and the transmitter alone up to 1 Tb/s per wave. These hybrid assemblies demonstrate optical transmissions across a commercial line system at distances from 200 to 1400 km, with symbol rates between 66-100 GBd, utilizing 16-, 32-, and 64-QAM modulation formats. Additionally, we demonstrate a back-to-back transmission from the TxPIC assembly to a reference receiver at 100 GBd × 32QAM, a 1 Tb/s per wavelength capability.
Low-Temperature, Highly Efficient Growth of Carbon Nanotubes on Functional Materials by an Oxidative Dehydrogenation Reaction (2010)

In many applications like photovoltaics, fuel cells, batteries, or interconnects in integrated circuits carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have the role of charge transport electrodes. The building of such devices requires an in situ growth of CNTs at temperatures where the structure or chemical composition of the functional materials is unaltered. We report that in a chemical vapor deposition process involving an oxidative dehydrogenation reaction of C2H2 with CO2 growth temperatures below 400 °C are achieved. Furthermore, the growth can be performed on versatile materials ranging from metals through oxides to organic materials.
Recombinant Mitochondrial Transcription Factor A with N-terminal Mitochondrial Transduction Domain Increases Respiration and Mitochondrial Gene Expression in G11778A Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy Cybrid Cells (2008)

Abstract Diseases involving mitochondrial defects usually manifest themselves in high-energy, post-mitotic tissues such as brain, retina, skeletal and cardiac muscle and frequently cause deficiencies in mitochondrial bioenergetics. We have developed a scalable procedure to produce recombinant human mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) modified with an N-terminal protein transduction domain (PTD) and mitochondrial localization signal (MLS) that allow it to cross membranes and enter mitochondria through its "mitochondrial transduction domain" (MTD,=PTD+MLS). in vitro studies in a classic mitochondrial disease cell model demonstrated that Alexa488-labeled MTD-TFAM rapidly entered the mitochondrial compartment. MTD-TFAM treatment of these cell lines reversibly increased oxygen consumption (respiration) rates 3-fold, levels of respiratory proteins and mitochondrial gene expression. in vivo results demonstrated that respiration increased to lesser degrees in mitochondria from tissues of mice injected with MTD-TFAM. MTD-TFAM can alter mitochondrial bioenergetics and holds promise for treatment of mitochondrial diseases involving deficiencies of energy production.
Critical Review of Fluid Flow Physics at Micro‐ to Nano‐scale Porous Media Applications in the Energy Sector (2018)

While there is a consensus in the literature that embracing nanodevices and nanomaterials helps in improving the efficiency and performance, the reason for the better performance is mostly subscribed to the nanosized material/structure of the system without sufficiently acknowledging the role of fluid flow mechanisms in these systems. This is evident from the literature review of fluid flow modeling in various energy‐related applications, which reveals that the fundamental understanding of fluid transport at micro‐ and nanoscale is not adequately adapted in models. Incomplete or insufficient physics for the fluid flow can lead to untapped potential of these applications that can be used to increase their performance. This paper reviews the current state of research for the physics of gas and liquid flow at micro‐ and nanoscale and identified critical gaps to improve fluid flow modeling in four different applications related to the energy sector. The review for gas flow focuses on fundamentals of gas flow at rarefied conditions, the velocity slip, and temperature jump conditions. The review for liquid flow provides fundamental flow regimes of liquid flow, and liquid slip models as a function of key modeling parameters. The four porous media applications from energy sector considered in this review are (i) electrokinetic energy conversion devices, (ii) membrane‐based water desalination through reverse osmosis, (iii) shale reservoirs, and (iv) hydrogen storage, respectively. Review of fluid flow modeling literature from these applications reveals that further improvements can be made by (i) modeling slip length as a function of key parameters, (ii) coupling the dependency of wettability and slip, (iii) using a reservoir‐on‐chip approach that can enable capturing the subcontinuum effects contributing to fluid flow in shale reservoirs, and (iv) including Knudsen diffusion and slip in the governing equations of hydrogen gas storage.
Synthesis of Midblock-Sulfonated Triblock Copolymers (2009)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunication to the...Communication to the EditorNEXTSynthesis of Midblock-Sulfonated Triblock CopolymersTomonori Saito†‡, Hunter D. Moore†, and Michael A. Hickner*†View Author Information† Department of Materials Science and Engineering‡ Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802*Corresponding author: Ph 814-867-1847, fax 814-865-2917, e-mail [email protected]Cite this: Macromolecules 2010, 43, 2, 599–601Publication Date (Web):December 31, 2009Publication History Received16 October 2009Revised17 December 2009Published online31 December 2009Published inissue 26 January 2010https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma9023125https://doi.org/10.1021/ma9023125rapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 2009 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2069Altmetric-Citations46LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Copolymers,Hydrophobicity,Materials,Organic compounds,Polymers Get e-Alerts
Simultaneous OCT/confocal-OCT/ICG system for imaging the eye (2004)

En-face OCT acquired simultaneously with paired confocal ophthalmoscopic (CO) images provides unprecedented point-to-point correlation between surface and subsurface anatomy of the retina. An advanced prototype of a dual channel OCT/CO instrument was developed in terms of signal to noise ratio and image size. The system can operate in A, B and C-scan regimes. The design is such that there is a strict pixel to pixel correspondence between the OCT and confocal images. An extensive array of clinic pathologies were studied including macular degeneration, central serous retinopathy (CSR), macular hole, macular pucker, cystoid macular edema (CME), diabetic maculopathy, and macular trauma. We report observation of reoccurring patterns in the en-face OCT images which could be identified with different diseases. The system can also simultaneously produce en-face OCT and indocyanine green (ICG) fluorescence images where the same source is used to produce the OCT image and excite the ICG. The system is compact and assembled on a chin rest and it enables the clinician to visualise the same area of the eye fundus in terms of both en face OCT slices and ICG angiograms, displayed side by side. The images are collected by fast en-face scanning (T-scan) followed by slower scanning along a transverse direction and depth scanning. The system is capable of providing chosen OCT B-scans at selected points from the ICG image.
Transversely isotropic phase velocity analysis from slowness estimates (1990)

Near‐offset vertical seismic profiling (VSP) is an established technique to obtain interval velocities for lithology characterization, time‐to‐depth calibrations, and seismic data processing. Unfortunately, these velocities are often insufficient to distinguish lithology types and can disagree with surface seismic stacking velocities. Multiple‐source offset VSPs provide additional travel time information for calculating interval anisotropic velocities that can help discriminate lithology. In this paper, a technique is developed for computing transversely isotropic phase velocities over intervals less than the dominant seismic wavelength. Independent estimates of vertical and horizontal slowness are made for each receiver depth and source offset pair. These provide the magnitude and direction of phase velocity for calculating the in situ elastic properties of a transversely isotropic medium. This technique requires the assumption of lateral homogeneity because horizontal slowness components are related to surface properties between sources and not to rock properties between receivers at depth. Factors that violate this assumption such as source elevation differences and dipping layers are evaluated with synthetic data. Six impulsive source P wave offset VSPs in a 663‐m well in east Texas are analyzed and a near offset SH wave vibrator VSP provides vertical shear wave phase velocities. Strong transversely isotropic velocity variations observed in the Tertiary and Cretaceous sediments penetrated by this well correlate with lithology types, suggesting that this technique is sensitive to local properties at the receiver. These results may not indicate exact intrinsic elastic properties and could be due in part to dipping layers, vertical heterogeneities, and unknown local surface variations. Percent “phase velocity” anisotropy appears to increase from 6 to 20% for P wave and 10 to 50% for SV wave with increasing amounts of calcareous material and shale in the rock. (Percentage anisotropy is defined as the ratio of the horizontal to vertical velocity for P waves and the ratio of velocity at 45° to vertical velocity for SV waves.) Sandstones and chalk exhibit the least amount of anisotropy, while the shales and calcareous shales exhibit the most.
Noise Reduction Algorithms in a Generalized Transform Domain (2009)

Noise reduction for speech applications is often formulated as a digital filtering problem, where the clean speech estimate is obtained by passing the noisy speech through a linear filter/transform. With such a formulation, the core issue of noise reduction becomes how to design an optimal filter (based on the statistics of the speech and noise signals) that can significantly suppress noise without introducing perceptually noticeable speech distortion. The optimal filters can be designed either in the time or in a transform domain. The advantage of working in a transform space is that, if the transform is selected properly, the speech and noise signals may be better separated in that space, thereby enabling better filter estimation and noise reduction performance. Although many different transforms exist, most efforts in the field of noise reduction have been focused only on the Fourier and Karhunen-Loeve transforms. Even with these two, no formal study has been carried out to investigate which transform can outperform the other. In this paper, we reformulate the noise reduction problem into a more generalized transform domain. We will show some of the advantages of working in this generalized domain, such as 1) different transforms can be used to replace each other without any requirement to change the algorithm (optimal filter) formulation, and 2) it is easier to fairly compare different transforms for their noise reduction performance. We will also address how to design different optimal and suboptimal filters in such a generalized transform domain.
Modeling of multiple-quantum-well solar cells including capture, escape, and recombination of photoexcited carriers in quantum wells (2003)

A self-consistent numerical Poisson-Schrodinger-drift-diffusion solver is described for simulation of multiple-quantum-well (MQW) Al/sub x/Ga/sub 1-x/As-GaAs solar cells. The rates of escape, capture, and recombination of photoexcited carriers in quantum wells embedded in the intrinsic region of a p-i-n device are self-consistently incorporated in the model. The performance of the device for various quantum-well configurations is investigated and the device characteristics are related to the dynamics of capture, escape, absorption, and recombination of carriers in the quantum wells. Our results show that the incorporation of MQWs in the intrinsic region of a p-i-n solar cell can improve the conversion efficiency of non-optimal devices, if the device is designed based on careful consideration of the behavior of the photoexcited carriers in the quantum wells. Specifically, we found out that an Al/sub 0.1/Ga/sub 0.9/As-GaAs cell with multiple quantum wells of 150 /spl Aring/ is more efficient than an identical single bandgap Al/sub 0.1/Ga/sub 0.9/As cell with no quantum wells, but less efficient than a single bandgap GaAs cell without such quantum wells.
Crack initiation and termination in III-V epitaxial layers (2003)

Cracks in III-V epitaxial layers of cubic and hexagonal semiconductors have been studied to elucidate mechanisms of nucleation and termination. Pre-existing intersecting cracks and oval defects are very effective terminators. Cracks can be initiated at scribe marks and deep pits with clearly defined facets. However, for the majority of cracks propagated during the growth phase an additional nucleation feature which permits a crack to grow outwards in opposite directions is required but has not yet been observed.
The Relationship of Systemic TNF‐<i>α</i> and IFN‐<i>γ</i> with IVF Treatment Outcome and Peripheral Blood NK Cells (2007)

The systemic levels of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma have no association with implantation rate or miscarriage rate in women undergoing IVF treatment. However, high levels of TNF-alpha and IFN-gamma are associated with elevated levels of activated NK cells and this may subsequently exert a negative impact on reproduction.
Light Turbocharger Compressor Wheels from Aluminium and Magnesium Investment Casting (1999)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Within the scope of a team work between Kühnle, Kopp &amp; Kausch AG (KKK), Volkswagen AG, Sterling International Technologies Ltd. and the Fraunhofer Institute for Strength of Structures under Operational Conditions (LBF) compressor wheels of aluminium and magnesium investment casting were developed and investigated. Strength and fatigue tests, overspeed and field tests as well as metallographic checks were made in addition to the finite element calculations to optimize the stress under centrifugal forces in an appropriate way for the materials involved. The results and the knowledge gathered are to clarify whether magnesium alloys are an appropriate replacement for the proven standard aluminium alloy for turbochargers.</div>
Course and exercise sequencing using metadata in adaptive hypermedia learning systems (2001)

In the last few years the (semi-) automatic sequencing of course material has become an important research issue, particularly the standardization of metadata for educational resources. Sequencing can help to generate hypermedia documents which, at their best match the learner's needs. To perform (semi-) automatic course sequencing, a knowledge library as well as modular resources can be used. Both must be described by metadata. First, metadata standards (IEEE Learning Objects Metadata, Instructional Management Systems Global Learning Consortium, Dublin Core) are analyzed with regard to course sequencing. As an application example, Multibook, an adaptive hypermedia system used to teach multimedia technology, is described. Multibook uses metadata to create course se- quences semi-automatically. In this article we explain how a knowledge library can be used to create exercises automatically. We give an example of how courses can be sequenced in general by analyzing the creation of exercises. An evaluation of our system shows the advantages and drawbacks of the automatic course sequencing approach.
Second-order nonlinearity of a novel diazo-dye-attached polymer (1990)

Second-order nonlinear optical properties of a newly synthesized dye-attached polymer (3R) were investigated. The dye has a conjugated diazo structure, and the βμg (β: second-order molecular hyperpolarizability, μg: dipole moment in the ground state) is larger than five times that of a monoazo dye (2R). The second-order nonlinear coefficient (χ(2)) of a 3R polymer is also greater than that of a 2R polymer throughout the fundamental wavelength of 1.06 μm and between from 1.50 to 1.70 μm when the polymers are electrically poled. For both polymers, the χ(2) dependence on the fundamental wavelength corresponds to the absorption spectrum, which is explained by two-photon resonance near the absorption maxima. The attainable χ(2) of the polymers deviates from the theoretical linear relationship with the dye content when it is high. This indicates that the dipolar interaction increases as the dye content rises.
miRecords: an integrated resource for microRNA-target interactions (2008)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an important class of small noncoding RNAs capable of regulating other genes' expression. Much progress has been made in computational target prediction of miRNAs in recent years. More than 10 miRNA target prediction programs have been established, yet, the prediction of animal miRNA targets remains a challenging task. We have developed miRecords, an integrated resource for animal miRNA-target interactions. The Validated Targets component of this resource hosts a large, high-quality manually curated database of experimentally validated miRNA-target interactions with systematic documentation of experimental support for each interaction. The current release of this database includes 1135 records of validated miRNA-target interactions between 301 miRNAs and 902 target genes in seven animal species. The Predicted Targets component of miRecords stores predicted miRNA targets produced by 11 established miRNA target prediction programs. miRecords is expected to serve as a useful resource not only for experimental miRNA researchers, but also for informatics scientists developing the next-generation miRNA target prediction programs. The miRecords is available at http://miRecords.umn.edu/miRecords.
In Vivo Pathogenesis of a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Reporter Virus (1998)

Our understanding of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-induced pathogenesis is hampered by the inability to detect HIV-1 gene expression in infected viable cells. In this report, we describe two HIV-1 reporter constructs that are replication competent and cytopathic in vivo. These constructs contain DNA regions of two different lengths that bear the cDNA for the murine heat-stable antigen in the vpr region of a CXCR4-tropic virus. We used the SCID-hu mouse model and these reporter viruses to perform detailed kinetic studies of HIV-1 infection of human thymocytes in vivo. We document that the CD4(+)/CD8(+) thymocytes are the first to express virus and that this subset demonstrates the most rapid and extensive HIV-1-induced cell depletion. Following depletion of this subset, subsequent virus expression occurs predominantly in phenotypically CD4(-) cells, suggesting that CD4 down-regulation occurs in HIV-1-infected thymocytes in vivo. These results demonstrate the utility of these HIV-1 reporter constructs to monitor HIV pathogenesis in vitro and in vivo.
Absorption and emission cross section of Er/sup 3+/ doped silica fibers (1991)

A detailed set of measurements is presented on determining the emission and absorption cross sections of Er/sup 3+/ doped fibers for the /sup 4/I/sub 13/2/ to /sup 4/I/sub 15/2/ transition. Two techniques are employed: the Fuchtbauer-Ladenberg analysis, based on spectroscopic data, and a more direct technique involving optical saturation of the transition. The cross sections, and in particular their ratio, are significantly different for the two techniques. Possible reasons for this are discussed, and it is concluded that the Fuchtbauer-Ladenberg approach is inappropriate in this situation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A low-voltage 1Mb FeRAM in 0.13&#x03BC;m CMOS featuring time-to-digital sensing for expanded operating margin in scaled CMOS (2011)

Low-power portable electronics such as implantable medical devices require low-access-energy non-volatile memory to deliver longer battery lifetime and richer functionality. Ferroelectric random access memory (FeRAM) technology is a good candidate for both storage and non-volatile RAM. The power and supply voltage of FeRAM need further reduction, and this work presents a solution in anticipation of FeRAM scaling to advanced technology nodes for which the bitcell charge reduces and transistors operate at 1V and below. Specifically, a time-to-digital converter (TDC) sensing scheme is developed to capture the diminishing charge signal from the memory element at low supply voltage.
Hormonal Control of Skeletal Growth (1981)

The endocrine control of skeletal growth involves not only calcium regulating hormones but also several systemic hormones and other factors. Many direct effects of these agents on skeletal growth have been demonstrated in vitro. While these direct effects may also predominate in vivo, and certainly are important in helping us understand how skeletal growth is controlled, it is likely that skeletal growth in vivo is determined by the complex interactions of a concert of hormones that play both permissive and regulatory roles. Additionally the effect of hormones may be modified by local or intrinsic responses of the skeleton or by changes in ion concentration. Phosphate may have a hormone-like function in the skeleton since high serum concentrations are associated with increased growth and low serum concentrations with impaired growth and mineralization (2, 5, 7, 37, 89). Because of these interactions, in vivo and in vitro studies on hormonal control of skeletal growth are often contradictory. A careful distinction between indirect and direct effects will help to interpret the information now available and to devise better studies in the future.
Abdominal Wall Infections with in situ Mesh (2010)

Prevention of mesh infections remains the best strategy. Clinical judgment is essential in determining the degree of mesh removal. Continued clinical studies are necessary to improve the outcomes of established mesh infection in hernia repairs.