gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fuel economy and emissions testing of an RCCI series hybrid vehicle (2017)

In the current work, a series hybrid vehicle has been constructed that utilises a dual-fuel, reactivity controlled compression ignition (RCCI) engine. Full vehicle testing was conducted on chassis dynamometers over the US Environmental Protection Agency Federal Test Procedure, Highway Fuel Economy Test and US06 using RCCI combustion with commercially available gasoline and ultra-low sulphur diesel. Fuel economy and emissions data were recorded over the specified test cycles. Testing revealed that engine-out emissions were similar to steady-state dynamometer engine testing. However, tailpipe-out emissions saw a reduction of HC and CO during the HWFET of 98.5%. Fuel economy was lower than expected due to the higher drivetrain losses of the series hybrid drivetrain. Finally, simulated changes to the drivetrain showed that it may be possible to increase fuel economy significantly, while meeting EPA emissions standards.
Continuous-wave operation of sampled grating tunable lasers with 10 mwatt output power, &lt;60 nm tuning, and monotonic tuning characteristics (2002)

We describe recent results in widely tunable sampled grating lasers grown with tertiarybutylphosphine (TBP) and tertiarybutylarsine (TBA) column V sources. These devices exhibit 62 nm CW tuning range, 30-50 dB MSR, 10 mW output power, and monotonic tuning.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Identification of an APOBEC3G Binding Site in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Vif and Inhibitors of Vif-APOBEC3G Binding (2007)

The APOBEC3 cytidine deaminases are potent antiviral factors that restrict replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). HIV-1 Vif binds APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F and targets these proteins for ubiquitination by forming an E3 ubiquitin ligase with cullin 5 and elongins B and C. The N-terminal region of Vif is required for APOBEC3G binding, but the binding site(s) is unknown. To identify the APOBEC3G binding site in Vif, we established a scalable binding assay in a format compatible with development of high-throughput screens. In vitro binding assays using recombinant proteins identified Vif peptides and monoclonal antibodies that inhibit Vif-APOBEC3G binding and suggested involvement of Vif residues 33 to 83 in APOBEC3G binding. Cell-based binding assays confirmed these results and demonstrated that residues 40 to 71 in the N terminus of Vif contain a nonlinear binding site for APOBEC3G. Mutation of the highly conserved residues His42/43 but not other charged residues in this region inhibited Vif-APOBEC3G binding, Vif-mediated degradation of APOBEC3G, and viral infectivity. In contrast, mutation of these residues had no significant effect on Vif binding and degradation of APOBEC3F, suggesting a differential requirement for His42/43 in Vif binding to APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F. These results identify a nonlinear APOBEC3 binding site in the N terminus of Vif and demonstrate that peptides or antibodies directed against this region can inhibit Vif-APOBEC3G binding, validating the Vif-APOBEC3 interface as a potential drug target.
FDI, Industrial Labor Transformation and Growth: The Cases of South Korea, Malaysia, and Thailand (2001)

Developing countries used to be rather hostile to inward Foreign direct investment (FDI); they feared that FDI might lead to uneven global development. This attitude changed radically in the mid-1980s, particularly in Asia (Calvo, Laderman and Reinhart 1996; Markusen and Venables, 1997; Lall, 1998). Since then, host countries' governments have welcomed increasing flows of inward FDI, essentially in the manufacturing sector. They now consider that FDI may be an 'industrialization instrument' less dangerous than international indebtedness (Rodriguèz-Clare, 1996). The most visible characteristic of this change was the surge of FDI from developed countries in Asia until the Asian crisis broke out in the summer of 1997 (Hill and Athukorala, 1998).KeywordsForeign Direct InvestmentHost CountryTechnology TransferCapital StockComparative AdvantageThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
The Synthesis of 2,2':5',3''-Terthiophene (1983)

5,3"-Terthiophene has been synthesized by two
Architecture of PtFe/C catalyst with high activity and durability for oxygen reduction reaction (2014)

A PtFe/C catalyst has been synthesized by impregnation and high-temperature reduction followed by acid-leaching. X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray atomic near edge spectroscopy characterization reveal that Pt3Fe alloy formation occurs during high-temperature reduction and that unstable Fe species are dissolved into acid solution. The difference in Fe concentration from the core region to the surface and strong O-Fe bonding may drive the outward diffusion of Fe to the highly corrugated Pt-skeleton, and the resulting highly dispersed surface FeO x is stable in acidic medium, leading to the construction of a Pt3Fe@Pt-FeO x architecture. The as prepared PtFe/C catalyst demonstrates a higher activity and comparable durability for the oxygen reduction reaction compared with a Pt/C catalyst, which might be due to the synergetic effect of surface and subsurface Fe species in the PtFe/C catalyst.
Adenosine A<sub>3</sub>receptor activation protects the myocardium from reperfusion/reoxygenation injury (2002)

Ischemia-reperfusion induces both necrotic and apoptotic cell death. The ability of adenosine to attenuate reperfusion-induced injury (RI) and the role played by adenosine receptors are unclear. We therefore studied the role of the A(3) receptor (A(3)R) in ameliorating RI using the specific A(3)R agonist 1-[2-chloro-6-[[(3-iodophenyl)methyl]amino]-9H-purin-9-yl]-1-deoxi-N-methyl-b-D-ribofuranuronamide (2-Cl-IB-MECA). Isolated rat hearts and cardiomyocytes were subjected to ischemia or simulated ischemia, followed by reperfusion/reoxygenation. The end points were percent infarction/risk zone and annexin-V (apoptosis) and/or propidium iodide positivity (necrosis), respectively. In isolated hearts, 2-Cl-IB-MECA significantly limited infarct size (44.2 +/- 2.7% in control vs. 21.9 +/- 2.4% at 1 nM and 35.8 +/- 3.3% at 0.1 nM, P < 0.05). In isolated myocytes, apoptosis and necrosis were significantly reduced compared with controls (5.7 +/- 2.6% vs. 17.1 +/- 1.3% and 13.7 +/- 2.0% vs. 23.1 +/- 1.5%, respectively, P < 0.0001). In both models, the beneficial effects were abrogated using the A(3)R antagonist MRS-1191. The involvement of A(2a) receptor activation was also examined. This is the first study to demonstrate that A(3)R activation at reperfusion limits myocardial injury in the isolated rat heart and improves survival in isolated myocytes, possibly by antiapoptotic and antinecrotic mechanisms.
A Single Sensor Hand Biometric Multimodal System (2007)

Publication in the conference proceedings of EUSIPCO, Poznan, Poland, 2007
A SIMULATION STUDY OF CROSS-VALIDATION FOR SELECTING AN OPTIMAL CUTPOINT IN UNIVARIATE SURVIVAL ANALYSIS (1996)

Continuous measurements are often dichotomized for classification of subjects. This paper evaluates two procedures for determining a best cutpoint for a continuous prognostic factor with right censored outcome data. One procedure selects the cutpoint that minimizes the significance level of a logrank test with comparison of the two groups defined by the cutpoint. This procedure adjusts the significance level for maximal selection. The other procedure uses a cross-validation approach. The latter easily extends to accommodate multiple other prognostic factors. We compare the methods in terms of statistical power and bias in estimation of the true relative risk associated with the prognostic factor. Both procedures produce approximately the correct type I error rate. Use of a maximally selected cutpoint without adjustment of the significance level, however, results in a substantially elevated type I error rate. The cross-validation procedure unbiasedly estimated the relative risk under the null hypothesis while the procedure based on the maximally selected test resulted in an upward bias. When the relative risk for the two groups defined by the covariate and true changepoint was small, the cross-validation procedure provided greater power than the maximally selected test. The cross-validation based estimate of relative risk was unbiased while the procedure based on the maximally selected test produced a biased estimate. As the true relative risk increased, the power of the maximally selected test was about 10 per cent greater than the power obtained using cross-validation. The maximally selected test overestimated the relative risk by about 10 per cent. The cross-validation procedure produced at most 5 per cent underestimation of the true relative risk. Finally, we report the effect of dichotomizing a continuous non-linear relationship between covariate and risk. We compare using a linear proportional hazard model to using models based on optimally selected cutpoints. Our simulation study indicates that we can have a substantial loss of statistical power when we use cutpoint models in cases where there is a continuous relationship between covariate and risk.
Threat-related attentional bias in anxious and nonanxious individuals: A meta-analytic study. (2007)

This meta-analysis of 172 studies (N = 2,263 anxious,N = 1,768 nonanxious) examined the boundary conditions of threat-related attentional biases in anxiety. Overall, the results show that the bias is reliably demonstrated with different experimental paradigms and under a variety of experimental conditions, but that it is only an effect size of d = 0.45. Although processes requiring conscious perception of threat contribute to the bias, a significant bias is also observed with stimuli outside awareness. The bias is of comparable magnitude across different types of anxious populations (individuals with different clinical disorders, high-anxious nonclinical individuals, anxious children and adults) and is not observed in nonanxious individuals. Empirical and clinical implications as well as future directions for research are discussed.
Neurofibrillary Tangle Stage and the Rate of Progression of Alzheimer Symptoms (2017)

We found that knowledge of neurofibrillary tangle stage, modeled as the sort of information that could be available from tau positron-emission tomography scans and its use to determine eligibility to a trial, could dramatically improve the power of clinical trials and equivalently reduce the required sample sizes of clinical trials.
Event-driven replication in distributed systems (2011)

In order to address problems related to geographical distribution of application instances, data distribution has been a hot topic for years. Recently, the spectacular evolution of bandwidth, frameworks and components available to build Rich Internet Applications has brought back data centralization practices. As a consequence, most database-centric applications today (e.g. business management software) are being developed using a four tier architecture: presentation logic (web tier), business logic (services), persistence services (object relational mappings and SQL variants) and database management system (one single database). While plenty of data distribution scenarios can still be found in the real world, existing solutions mainly come from DBMS providers. However, in practice it has been proven that these low level replication techniques are not really easy to use and, in most cases, they do not fit well for real-time data replication, due to the fact that: (1) highly reliable network connections are required (uninterrupted connections, in most cases) and (2) every bit has the same critical importance as any other in order to keep data integrity. Even if object-oriented replication techniques exist, such as Hibernate replication API (the well known ORM framework in Java), this paper will show that they cannot be used alone in real production environments where network connections are highly unreliable and expensive. In this short paper we will present one practical case of multiple, geographically distributed application instances, using their own local databases, while real-time synchronization over a highly unreliable and expensive network is needed. The novelty of the solution described in this paper consists in transferring the replication responsibility from database level to application logic level (business services) using a message oriented model. Unlike DBMS replication tools and techniques, our proposed model does provide the critical requirements of real-world replication needs: 1) fault-tolerance and failure recovery with event-based exception handling while still keeping the system up and running; 2) information-centric instead of bit-centric system; 3) ability to deal with numerous, unpredictable, network connections breakdowns; 4) ability to replicate data over heterogeneous platforms (both application and database level); 5) ability to run within an a multiversion application environment (different application versions on different replication nodes).
Preparation of monodisperse carbonaceous particles with micro‐, meso‐, and macroporous structures (1992)

Abstract Spherical, highly porous synthetic carbon particles have been prepared from formulations of either poly(furfuryl alcohol) or poly(vinyl acetate) mixed with a solvent and poreforming agents. Production was carried out by atomizing these mixtures inside a thermal reactor and drying the resulting aerosol. The size of the collected polymeric particles was controlled by preadjusting the parameters of the atomization process. Fine‐tuning of the process resulted in the generation of batches of monosized particles. Subsequent thermal degradation at 600°C resulted in porous chars with controlled pore‐size distributions. Several distinct pore structures were superimposed using this technique with pore widths spanning the region from a few nanometers to a few tens of micrometers. Spherical and equal‐sized macropores were also generated with a special technique described herein. All chars were produced in batches of spherical and monodisperse particles, with diameters in the range of 20–150 μm. BET surface areas were measured to vary from 1 m 2 /g to over 150 m 2 /g prior to any oxidative treatment. Porosities varied from 10 to 80%.
Two-stage Procedure For the Quantitative Determination of Prothrombin Concentration* (1949)

Journal Article Two-stage Procedure For the Quantitative Determination of Prothrombin Concentration Get access Arnold G. Ware, Ph.D., Arnold G. Ware, Ph.D. From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wayne University College of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Walter H. Seegers, Ph.D. Walter H. Seegers, Ph.D. From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wayne University College of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar American Journal of Clinical Pathology, Volume 19, Issue 5_ts, May 1949, Pages 471–482, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/19.5_ts.471 Published: 01 May 1949 Article history Received: 31 December 1948 Published: 01 May 1949
Genetic variation and expression diversity between grain and sweet sorghum lines (2013)

Substantial differences in gene expression patterns between these two varieties have been observed. Such an expression divergence is genetically determined by the divergence in genome level.
Evaluation of Cheddar Cheese as a Food Carrier for Delivery of a Probiotic Strain to the Gastrointestinal Tract (1999)

Cheddar cheese was evaluated as a food carrier for the delivery of viable microorganisms of Enterococcus faecium (Fargo 688; Quest Int., Naarden, The Netherlands) to the gastrointestinal tract. This strain had previously been shown to possess properties required of a probiotic microorganism including the ability to relieve irritable bowel syndrome. The strain was found to survive to high numbers in Cheddar cheese during ripening at 8 degrees C for 15 mo (4 x 10(8) cfu/g) and in yogurt during storage at 4 degrees C for 21 d (4 x 10(7) cfu/g). In an in vitro model system, Cheddar cheese was found to have a greater protective effect than yogurt upon exposure of the probiotic culture to porcine gastric juice at pH 2. Subsequently, a feeding trial involving 8 pigs per group was performed in which a rifampicin-resistant variant of the probiotic strain was fed for 21 d at a mean daily intake of 1.3 x 10(10) cfu/d from Cheddar cheese or 3.7 x 10(9) cfu/d from yogurt. During the feeding period, Cheddar cheese yielded a significantly higher mean fecal probiotic count (2 x 10(6) cfu/g of feces) than did yogurt (5.2 x 10(5) cfu/g of feces). These data indicate that mature Cheddar cheese compares very favorably with fresh yogurt as a delivery system for viable probiotic microorganisms to the gastrointestinal tract.
ChemInform Abstract: A DNA‐Templated Catalyst: The Preparation of Metal‐DNA Nanohybrids and Their Application in Organic Reactions. (2011)

Abstract Different metal‐DNA nanohybrids are prepared from natural DNA and metal nanoparticles.
Discovery and biochemical characterization of Casl3b, a Type VI-B CRISPR-Associated RNA-Guided RNase (2017)

Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Biology, 2017.
Regulation of proteins in the cholesterol side-chain cleavage system in JEG-3 and Y-1 cells (1993)

The conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone, the rate-limiting step in steroid hormone synthesis, occurs on mitochondrial cytochrome P450scc, which catalyzes this reaction by receiving electrons from NADPH via a flavoprotein [adrenodoxin reductase (AdRed)] and an iron sulfur protein [adrenodoxin (Adx)]. The behavior of the genes and mRNAs encoding these proteins has been studied in several systems, but little is known about the behavior of the human proteins. Using cloned cDNAs for human P450scc and AdRed, we constructed bacterial expression vectors to make milligram quantities of the corresponding proteins. These, plus purified human Adx similarly prepared by Dr. L. Vickery, were injected into rabbits to raise antiserum to each of the proteins. Each antiserum was highly specific and did not cross-react with other mitochondrial proteins detectable by Western blotting. Human JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cells and mouse Y-1 adrenocortical carcinoma cells were then incubated for 0-24 h with 1 mM 8-bromo-cAMP (8Br-cAMP) or 30 nM phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; phorbol ester) plus 1 microM A23187 (calcium ionophore) to activate the protein kinase-A and -C pathways, respectively. In JEG-3 cells, 8Br-cAMP increased and PMA/A23187 slightly decreased the abundance of P450scc and Adx, but neither treatment had a detectable effect on AdRed. The production of pregnenolone by these cells increased 3-fold in response to 8Br-cAMP and fell to one third in response to PMA/A23187. In Y-1 cells, 8Br-cAMP increased the abundance of all three proteins, while PMA/A23187 decreased the abundance of P450scc and Adx. The production of pregnenolone by these cells increased 9-fold in response to 8Br-cAMP and was unaffected by TPA/A23187. These studies show that the three proteins of the cholesterol side-chain cleavage system behave in response to 8Br-cAMP and PMA/A23187 as predicted from the study of their genes and mRNAs, indicating that the chronic regulation of steroidogenesis in these cell systems is regulated principally at the level of mRNA abundance.
Culturing and Maintaining <em>Clostridium difficile</em> in an Anaerobic Environment (2013)

Clostridium difficile is a Gram-positive, anaerobic, sporogenic bacterium that is primarily responsible for antibiotic associated diarrhea (AAD) and is a significant nosocomial pathogen. C. difficile is notoriously difficult to isolate and cultivate and is extremely sensitive to even low levels of oxygen in the environment. Here, methods for isolating C. difficile from fecal samples and subsequently culturing C. difficile for preparation of glycerol stocks for long-term storage are presented. Techniques for preparing and enumerating spore stocks in the laboratory for a variety of downstream applications including microscopy and animal studies are also described. These techniques necessitate an anaerobic chamber, which maintains a consistent anaerobic environment to ensure proper conditions for optimal C. difficile growth. We provide protocols for transferring materials in and out of the chamber without causing significant oxygen contamination along with suggestions for regular maintenance required to sustain the appropriate anaerobic environment for efficient and consistent C. difficile cultivation.
Efficient Web Search on Mobile Devices with Multi-Modal Input and Intelligent Text Summarization (2002)

Ease of browsing and searching for information on mobile devices has been an area of increasing interest in the World Wide Web research community [1, 2, 3, 6, 7]. While some work has been done to enhance the usability of handwriting recognition to input queries through techniques such as automatic word suggestion [2], the use of speech as an input mechanism has not been extensively studied. This paper presents a system which combines spoken query in addition to automatic title summarization to ease searching for information on a mobile device. Preliminary usability study with 10 subjects indicates that spoken queries is preferred over other input methods.
Effects of Deposition Parameters on Structure and Composition of Reactively Sputtered TiN<sub>x</sub> Films (1987)

The effects of different deposition parameters on the composition and crystallographic features of radio frequency magnetron sputtered TiN x films were studied. A ‘phase relation diagram’ correlating film composition and ratio of input power to nitrogen flow is proposed. The partial pressure of nitrogen has been found not to be of importance in determining either the cOlnposition or the orientation of the films. The effects of N 2 /Ar ratio, nitrogen flow, and total reactor pressure are shown. A linear decrease in lattice paran1eter with increasing target to specimen distance was found. This may serve as a good means of controlling film composition within the range of the gold colour (0.8 ≤ x ≤ 1). The optimum deposition conditions for hard films were determined.
Amelioration of diabetes by imatinib mesylate (Gleevec®): role of ‐cell NF‐KB activation and anti‐apoptotic preconditioning (2006)

It was recently reported that tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib mesylate (Gleevec) improves Type 2 diabetes, possibly by decreasing insulin resistance. However, as both Type 2 and Type 1 diabetes are characterized by beta-cell dysfunction and death, we investigated whether imatinib counteracts diabetes by maintaining beta-cell function. We observed that imatinib counteracted diabetes in two animal models, the streptozotocin-injected mouse and the nonobese diabetes mouse, and that this was paralleled by a partial preservation of the beta-cell mass. In addition, imatinib decreased the death of human beta-cells in vitro when exposed to NO, cytokines, and streptozotocin. The imatinib effect was mimicked by siRNA-mediated knockdown of c-Abl mRNA. Imatinib enhanced beta-cell survival by promoting a state similar to ischemic preconditioning, as evidenced by NF-kappaB activation, increased NO and reactive oxygen species production, and depolarization of the inner mitochondrial membrane. Imatinib did not suppress islet cell death in the presence of an NF-kappaB inhibitor, suggesting that NF-kappaB activation is a necessary step in the antiapoptotic action of imatinib. We conclude that imatinib mediates beta-cell survival and that this could contribute to the beneficial effects observed in diabetes.