gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CFAR detection and estimation for STAP radar (1998)

The algorithm presented here provides both a constant false-alarm rate (CFAR) detection and a maximum likelihood (ML) Doppler-bearing estimator of a target in a background of unknown Gaussian noise. A target is detected, and its parameters estimated within each range gate by evaluating a statistical test for each Doppler-angle cell and by selecting the cell with maximum output and finally comparing it with a threshold. Its CFAR performance is analyzed by the use of the sample matrix inversion (SMI) method and is evaluated in the cases of a fully adaptive space-time adaptive processing (STAP) and two partially adaptive STAPs. The performances of these criteria show that the probability of detection is a function only of the sample size K used to estimate the covariance matrix and a generalized signal-to-noise ratio. The choice of the number K is a tradeoff between performance and computational complexity. The performance curves demonstrate that the finer the resolution is, the poorer the detection capability. That means that one can trade off the accuracy of ML estimation with the performance of the CFAR detection criterion.
Potential of MOS Technologies for Analog Integrated Circuits (1977)

Large-scale integrated circuits for many analog and combined analog-digital circuit functions are becoming feasible in N-channel and complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor technologies. Experimental results have been reported for analog to digital and digital to analog converters, a pulse-code-modulation voice encoder-decoder, and precision analog sampled-data frequency filters. Some of the key elements in these MOS circuits are precision-ratioed capacitor arrays, transistor analog switches, internally-compensated operational amplifiers, and offset-nulled comparators.
Human B-cell alloantigens DC1, MT1, and LB12 are identical to each other but distinct from the HLA-DR antigen (1981)

Some human B-lymphoblastoid cell lines are shown to express at least two types of Ia-like antigens. One antigen is defined by alloantisera to HLA-DR, and the other antigen is defined by alloantisera and a monoclonal antibody to the specificities DC1, MT1 (MB1), and LB12, which are in linkage disequilibrium with HLA-DR. The subunits of the DC1 molecule differ from those of the DR molecule. The light chains of both molecules are structurally polymorphic.
Influence of Mixing Regime on Enzymatic Saccharification of Steam-Exploded Softwood Chips (2002)

In an attempt to elucidate the effect of reduced mixing on the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic feedstocks, a pretreated softwood substrate was hydrolyzed under various mixing regimes using a commercial cellulase mixture. The substrate was generated by SO2-catalyzed steam explosion of Douglas fir wood chips followed by alkali-peroxide treatment to remove lignin. Three mixing regimes were tested; continuous mixing at low (25 rpm) and high (150 rpm) speeds, and mixing at low-speed interspersed with 5-min intervals of high-speed agitation at 150 rpm. At both substrate concentrations (7.5 and 10% [w/w]), the mixed-speed mixing was able to produce sufficiently high conversion rates and yields (93% after 96 h), close or slightly better than those obtained under vigorous mixing (150 rpm). The low-speed shaking produced appreciably lower conversion yields at both levels of substrate concentration. Therefore, the mixed-speed regime may be a viable process option, because it does not seem to have an adverse impact on the cellulose conversion yield and can be an effective means of reducing the mixing energy requirements of an enzymatic hydrolysis process.
Can Machine Learning Methods Predict Extubation Outcome in Premature Infants as well as Clinicians? (2013)

Clinician's predictions still outperform machine learning due to the complexity of the data and contextual information that may not be captured in clinical data used as input for the development of the machine learning algorithms. Inclusion of preprocessing steps in future studies may improve the performance of prediction models.
A 433-MHz 64-b quad-issue RISC microprocessor (1996)

A quad-issue custom VLSI microprocessor is described. This microprocessor implements the Alpha architecture and achieves an estimated performance of 13.3 SPECint9S and 18.4 SPECfp95 at 433 MHz. The 9.6 million transistor die measures 14.4 mm/spl times/14.5 mm, and is fabricated in a 0.35-/spl mu/m, four-metal layer CMOS process. This chip dissipates less than 25 W at 433 MHz using a 2.0 V internal power supply. The design was leveraged from a prior 300-MHz, 3.3-V, 0.50-/spl mu/m CMOS design. It includes several significant architectural enhancements and required circuit solutions for operation at 2.0 V. The chip will operate at nominal internal power supply voltages up to 2.5 V allowing improved performance at the cost of increased power consumption. At 2.5 V, the chip operates at 500 MHz and delivers 15.4 SPECint95 (est) and 21.1 SPECfp95 (est). This paper describes the chip implementation details and the strategy for efficiently migrating the existing design to the 0.35-/spl mu/m technology.
Decision Support in Concurrent Engineering – The Utility-Based Selection Decision Support Problem (2005)

Decisions are an important part of Concurrent Engineering and engineering design in general. Accordingly, more attention should be paid to the means and methods for making these decisions. In this article, a utility-based decision support method for the selection of an engineering design is presented. The utility-based selection decision support problem (u-sDSP) is a synthesized construct that facilitates selection decisions involving trade-offs among multiple, conflicting attributes and mitigation of risk associated with uncertain performance with respect to the attributes considered. The negative impact of unnecessary iterations on the product development cycle is reduced via the assurance of preference-consistent outcomes. Specifically, utility theory provides a mathematically rigorous means of clarifying and capturing designer preferences as well as identifying a preferred alternative in the context of stochastic uncertainty, while the selection decision support problem (DSP) – the construct within which utility theory is employed – facilitates the effective use of engineering judgment for (1) formulating and bounding decisions and (2) establishing a proper context. Application of the u-sDSP is illustrated with an example from rapid prototyping (RP), in which the goal is to select the appropriate technology and material combinations for testing the snap-fit design of a light switch cover plate assembly.
Positron Emission Tomography in Clinical Islet Transplantation (2009)

The fate of islets in clinical transplantation is unclear. To elude on this positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography (PET/CT) was performed for 60 min during islet transplantation in five patients receiving six transplants. A fraction of the islets (23%) were labeled with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose ([(18)F]FDG) and carefully mixed with unlabeled islets just prior to intraportal transplantation. The peak radioactivity concentration in the liver was found at 19 min after start of islet infusion and corresponded to only 75% of what was expected, indicating that islets are lost during the transplantation procedure. No accumulation of radioactivity was found in the lungs. A nonphysiological peak of C-peptide was found in plasma during and immediately after transplantation in all subjects. Distribution in the liver was heterogeneous with wide variations in location and concentration. Islets found in areas with concentrations of >400 IEQ/cc liver tissue varied between 1% and 32% of the graft in different subjects. No side effects attributed to the PET/CT procedure were found. Clinical outcome in all patients was comparable to that previously observed indicating that the [(18)F]FDG labeling procedure did not harm the islets. The technique has potential to be used to assess approaches to enhance islet survival and engraftment in clinical transplantation.
Effects of bacterial direct-fed microbials and yeast on site and extent of digestion, blood chemistry, and subclinical ruminal acidosis in feedlot cattle1,2 (2003)

Two studies were conducted to determine whether a bacterial direct-fed microbial (DFM) alone or with yeast could minimize the risk of acidosis and improve feed utilization in feedlot cattle receiving high-concentrate diets. Eight ruminally cannulated steers, previously adapted to a high-concentrate diet, were used in crossover designs to study the effects of DFM on feed intake, ruminal pH, ruminal fermentation, blood characteristics, site and extent of digestion, and microbial protein synthesis. Steers were provided ad libitum access to a diet containing steam-rolled barley, barley silage, and a protein-mineral supplement (87, 8, and 5% on a DM basis, respectively). In Exp. 1, treatments were control vs. the lactic-acid producing bacterium Enterococcus faecium EF212 (EF; 6 x 10(9) cfu/d). In Exp. 2, treatments were control vs EF (6 x 10(9) cfu/d) and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae; 6 x 10(9) cfu/d). Supplementing feedlot cattle diets with EF in Exp. 1 increased (P < 0.05) propionate and (P < 0.05) decreased butyrate concentrations, decreased the nadir of ruminal pH (P < 0.05), enhanced the flow of feed N (P < 0.10) to the duodenum but reduced that of microbial N (P < 0.10), reduced (P < 0.10) intestinal digestion of NDF, and increased (P < 0.10) fecal coliform numbers. Other than the increase in propionate concentrations that signify an increase in energy precursors for growth, the other metabolic changes were generally considered to be undesirable. In Exp. 2, providing EF together with yeast abolished most of these undesirable effects. Combining EF with yeast increased the DM digestion of corn grain incubated in sacco, but there were no effects on altering the site or extent of nutrient digestion. The diets used in this study were highly fermentable, and the incidence of subclinical ruminal acidosis, defined as steers with ruminal pH below 5.5 for prolonged periods of time, was high. Supplementing the diet with EF, with or without yeast, had limited effects on reducing ruminal acidosis. It seems that cattle adapted to high-grain diets are able to maintain relatively high feed intake and high fiber digestion despite low ruminal pH. The Enterococcus faecium bacterium and yeast used in this study were of limited value for feedlot cattle already adapted to high-grain diets.
Line formation in convective stellar atmospheres (2002)

In an effort to estimate the largely unknown effects of photospheric temperature fluctuations on spectroscopic abundance determinations, we have studied the problem of LTE line formation in the inhomogeneous solar photosphere based on detailed 2-dimensional radiation hydrodynamics simulations of the convective surface layers of the Sun. By means of a strictly differential 1D/2D comparison of the emergent equivalent widths, we have derived “granulation abundance corrections” for individual lines, which have to be applied to standard abundance determinations based on homogeneous 1D model atmospheres in order to correct for the influence of the photospheric temperature fluctuations. In general, we find a line strengthening in the presence of temperature inhomogeneities as a consequence of the non-linear temperature dependence of the line opacity. The resulting corrections are negligible for lines with an excitation potential around Ei=5 eV, regardless of element and ionization stage. Moderate granulation effects ( dex) are obtained for weak, high-excitation lines ( eV) of C i, N i, O i as well as Mg ii and Si ii. The largest corrections are found for ground state lines (Ei=0 eV) of neutral atoms with an ionization potential between 6 and 8 eV like Mg i, Ca i, Ti i, Fe i, amounting to dex in the case of Ti i. For many lines of practical relevance, the magnitude of the abundance correction may be estimated from interpolation in the tables and graphs provided with this paper. The application of abundance corrections may often be an acceptable alternative to a detailed fitting of individual line profiles based on hydrodynamical simulations. The present study should be helpful in providing upper bounds for possible errors of spectroscopic abundance analyses, and for identifying spectral lines which are least sensitive to the influence of photospheric temperature inhomogeneities.
Disease-resistant genetically modified animals. (2005)

Infectious disease adversely affects livestock production and animal welfare, and has impacts upon both human health and public perception of livestock production. The authors argue that the combination of new methodology that enables the efficient production of genetically-modified (GM) animals with exciting new tools to alter gene activity makes the applications of transgenic animals for the benefit of animal (and human health) increasingly likely. This is illustrated through descriptions of specific examples. This technology is likely to have specific application where genetic variation does not exist in a given population or species and where novel genetic improvements can be engineered. These engineered animals would provide valuable models with which to investigate disease progression and evaluate this approach to controlling the disease. The authors propose that the use of GM animals will complement the more traditional tactics to combat disease, and will provide novel intervention strategies that are not possible through the established approaches.
Nonrigid volume registration using second-order MRF model (2012)

In this paper, we introduce a nonrigid registration method using a Markov Random Field (MRF) energy model with second-order smoothness priors. The registration determines an optimal labeling of the MRF energy model where the label corresponds to a 3D displacement vector. In the MRF energy model, spatial relationships are constructed between nodes using second-order smoothness priors. This model improves limitations of first-order spatial priors which cannot fully incorporate the natural smoothness of deformations. Specifically, the second-order smoothness priors can generate desired smoother displacement vector fields and do not suffer from fronto-parallel effects commonly occurred in first-order priors. The usage of second-order priors in the energy model enables this method to produce more accurate registration results. In the experiments, we will show comparative results using uni- and multi-modal Brain MRI volumes.
A Wireless-based Authentication and Anonymous Channels for GSM System (2006)

Abstract. For mobile roaming environment, the mobile uses visiting network’s services, the mobile station and the visiting network must authenticate each other. We propose a new authentication and anonymous channels protocol for roaming mobile communication. Our scheme can securely apply to GSM and CDPD wireless communication system, it’s not only supporting the mobile anonymity but also resolving the charging problem. The mobile station only takes one modular multiplication and one modular addition computation time when it roams in the visiting network. Keywords:ćAuthentication, Anonymous Channel, GSM 1
NF-κB Activation Stimulates Transcription and Replication of Retrovirus XMRV in Human B-Lineage and Prostate Carcinoma Cells (2011)

Xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV) is a gammaretrovirus linked to prostate carcinoma and chronic fatigue syndrome. Here we report that NF-κB activation can markedly increase XMRV production. The inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), which activates NF-κB, significantly augmented viral Gag protein production in XMRV-infected cells. Reporter assays showed that TNF-α and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1), an intrinsic NF-κB activator, increased long terminal repeat (LTR)-dependent XMRV transcription. We identified two NF-κB binding sites (designated κB-1 and κB-2) in the LTR U3 region of XMRV and demonstrated that both sites bind to the NF-κB component p65/RelA. Mutation of the κB-1 site, but not the κB-2 site, impaired responsiveness to TNF-α and LMP1 in reporter assays. A mutant XMRV with a mutation at the κB-1 site replicated significantly less efficiently than the wild-type XMRV in the prostate carcinoma LNCaP, DU145, and PC-3 cell lines, HEK293 cells, the EBV-immortalized cell line IB4, and the Burkitt's lymphoma cell line BJAB. These results demonstrate that TNF-α and EBV LMP1 enhance XMRV replication in prostate carcinoma and B-lineage cells through the κB-1 site in the XMRV LTR, suggesting that inflammation, EBV infection, and other conditions leading to NF-κB activation may promote XMRV spread in humans.
The Evolution of Immigration Policies in Spain: Between External Constraints and Domestic Demand for Unskilled Labour (2004)

Abstract From country of emigration, Spain became a net receiver of immigrants in the early 1980s. In the absence of a nationally specific tradition on the issue, the first immigration policies implemented in Spain were strongly influenced by the emphasis placed by Western European governments in restricting migratory flows towards their countries. That influence over Spanish policy making resulted in a restrictive policy of border control that did not reflect the small magnitude of migratory flows towards Spain, or the insignificant size of the stock of economic immigrants settled in this country at that time. The initial policies, based on the enforcement of a strict control of the external borders, became soon unable to address the problems derived from the growing presence of immigrants. A more sophisticated set of policies (regularisation of undocumented immigrants, development of agreements with sending countries, extension of social rights) was gradually developed to address those issues. Throughout this process of development of a more comprehensive policy on immigration, EU objectives remained a priority for Spanish policy-makers, although reflecting now a more direct involvement of Spanish policy-makers in the definition of a common European policy on immigration. The analysis of the evolution and inter-relation of both Spanish and EU immigration policies highlights the changing nature of the process of “Europeanisation” of national policy making, as well as the increasing profile of immigration issues within the Spanish political agenda.
<i>Equisetum </i><i>a</i><i>rvense </i>Templating of Zeolite Beta Macrostructures with Hierarchical Porosity (2004)

Biomimetic zeolite Beta macrostructures with hierarchical porosity were prepared by using a silica-containing vegetal template (Equisetum arvense). Leaves and stems of Equisetum arvense were subjected to hydrothermal treatment with a zeolite Beta precursor solution. The zeolite readily crystallized in the vegetal tissues with the zeolite nucleation being induced by the highly reactive biomorphic silica deposited at the epidermal surface of the plant. Upon calcination the obtained zeolite/vegetal composite was transformed into a solely zeolite macrostructure that retained all morphological features of the vegetal template. The analysis of the zeolite/vegetal composite and all-zeolite replica showed that material with hierarchical porosity was obtained. The leaves and the stems of Equisetum arvense were transformed into micro-/mesoporous and micro-/meso-/macroporous structures, respectively. These structures were built up of zeolite nanoparticles with smaller sizes compared to the crystals from the bulk solution. Thus, the biotemplate controlled both the macromorphology and the nanolevel organization of the materials.
Distribution System Outage Management after Extreme Weather Events (2019)

The main topic of this dissertation is the recovery operation of distribution networks after extreme weather events. The study focuses on coordinating crews, equipment, and distribution network operations. While utilities have established protocols for recovering distribution networks, areas for continued development still exist, especially with the increase of distributed generators and controllable switches. After major weather events, one of the greatest challenges that operators face is managing the large influx of crews required to repair the damage and to reestablish normal network operations. The aim of this work is to improve current practices and provide assistance to utilities in their decision-making process to efficiently restore the system. The main objectives of this research are summarized as follows: 1) develop a stochastic program to prepare human resources and equipment before extreme weather events; 2) co-optimize repair scheduling and power operation of distribution networks; and 3) design solution algorithms for solving the above problems. For an upcoming storm, utilities should have a preparation plan that includes warehousing restoration supplies, securing staging sites (depots), and prepositioning crews and equipment. Pre-storm planning enables faster and more efficient post-disaster deployment of crews and equipment resources to damage locations. To assist utilities in making this important preparation, we develop a two-stage stochastic mixed integer linear program. The first stage determines the depots, number of crews in each site, and the amount of equipment. The second stage is the recourse action that deals with acquiring new equipment and assigning crews to repair damaged components in realized scenarios. The objective of the developed model is to minimize the costs of depots, crews, equipment, and penalty costs associated with delays in obtaining equipment and power restoration. We consider the uncertainties of damaged lines, number and type of equipment required, and expected repair times.\nIn the post-disaster phase, two approaches are presented for co-optimizing repair and restoration in distribution networks. First, a novel mixed integer linear program model is formulated for co-optimizing crews, resources, and distribution network operations. In addition, a framework for integrating different types of photovoltaic (PV) systems in the restoration process is developed. We consider line crews for damage repairs and tree crews for obstacle removal. The model is solved using a new algorithm that utilizes the neighborhood search method to iteratively improve the solution. The algorithm is used in a dynamically changing environment to handle the uncertainty of the repair time. In the second approach, a two-stage SMIP is developed to model the stochastic repair and restoration problem. A decomposition approach, combined with the Progressive Hedging algorithm, is used for solving the stochastic problem.