gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The future of atomic energy (1946)

There is definitely a technical possibility that atomic power may gradually develop into one of the principal sources of useful power. If this expectation will prove correct, great advantages can be expected to come from the fact that the weight of the fuel is almost negligible. This feature may be particularly valuable for making power available to regions of difficult access and far from deposits of coal. It also may prove a great asset in mobile power units for example in a power plant for ship propulsion. On the negative side there are some technical limitations to be applicability of atomic power of which perhaps the most serious is the impossibility of constructing light power units; also there will be some peculiar difficulties in operating atomic plants, as for example the necessity of handling highly radioactive substances which will necessitate, at least for some considerable period, the use of specially skilled personnel for the operation. But the chief obstacle in the way of developing atomic power will be the difficulty of organizing a large scale industrial development in an internationally safe way. This presents actually problems much more difficult to solve than any of the technical developments that are necessary, It will require an unusual amount of statesmanship to balance properly the necessity of allaying the international suspicion that arises from withholding technical secrets against the obvious danger of dumping the details of the procedures for an extremely dangerous new method of warfare on a world that may not yet be prepared to renounce war. Furthermore, the proper balance should be found in the relatively short time that will elapse before the 'secrets' will naturally become open knowledge by rediscovery on part of the scientists and engineers of other countries.
Relativistic many-body perturbation theory using discrete basis expansion method: accurate representation of second-order energy of Xe atom with contracted well-tempered Gaussian basis set (1992)

Relativistic many-body perturbation theory calculations on Xe have been performed with basis sets of well-tempered Gaussian-type functions of Huzinaga and Klobukowski. The well-tempered Gaussian-type functions were used in both contracted and uncontracted form. The contracted Gaussian basis sets used in the relativistic many-body study are designed to retain flexibility for correlated calculations both in the core and the valence region. They reproduce second-order energy corrections computed with uncontracted Gaussian basis sets to an accuracy of greater than 99%. A compact representation of the relativistic wave functions in terms of contracted well-tempered Gaussian functions used in the present study provides a useful means of curtailing integral storage requirements and the time needed for correlated calculations, while still retaining high accuracy in relativistic electron correlation effects. Keywords: Dirac–Fock, relativistic many-body perturbation theory, well-tempered Gaussian basis, xenon.
Testing and Analysis of Shape-memory Polymers for Morphing Aircraft Skin Application (2008)

Morphing aircraft have the potential to possess a variety of advantages over current static aircraft, such as improved maneuverability, increased speed and better fuel efficiency. This thesis focuses on testing the feasibility of a shape-memory polymer to function as the skin of a morphing aircraft undergoing the wing-sweep method of wing shape-change. A review of literature is presented, giving a brief history of shape-memory polymers, an overview of current significant shape-memory polymer application, an overview of current morphing aircraft in morphing application and an overview of the current methods to activate shape-memory polymers. Analytical and finite element models are created to predict out-of-plane deformations caused by aerodynamic loads on an independently functioning sub-section of a tile array that would comprise the skin of a morphing aircraft. Five generations of a shape-memory polymer tile sub-section with embedded fibers are described and subsequently tested to confirm analytical and finite element models. Alternate shape-memory polymer tile sub-sections are created to specifically address the problem of buckling as the tile experiences shear-induced shape-change mimicking that seen in a morphing aircraft. Bi-axial pre-strains are induced on the alternate tile sub-sections to successfully cure the buckling problem. Finite element modeling, thermal analytical analysis and screw-driven load frame machine data are used to calculate the power required to induce shape-change as well as sufficiently heat the tile sub-section via its embedded wires. Power requirements, experimental results and modeling results are discussed in terms of real-world feasibility. Finally, suggestions are made for future work on a similar topic.
Revised Prediction of Seasonal Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity from 1 August (2007)

Abstract Predictions of the remainder of the season’s Atlantic basin tropical cyclone activity from 1 August have been issued by Gray and his colleagues at the Tropical Meteorology Project at Colorado State University since 1984. The original 1 August prediction scheme utilized several predictors, including measures of the stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO), West African rainfall, El Niño–Southern Oscillation, and the sea level pressure anomaly and upper-tropospheric zonal wind anomalies in the Caribbean basin. The recent failure of the West African rainfall and QBO relationships with Atlantic hurricanes has led to a general degradation of the original 1 August forecast scheme in recent years. It was decided to revise the scheme using only surface data. The development of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction–National Center for Atmospheric Research reanalysis has provided a vast wealth of globally gridded meteorological and oceanic data from 1948 to the present. In addition, other datasets have been extended back even further (to 1900), which allows for a large independent dataset. These longer-period datasets allow for an extended period of testing of the new statistical forecast scheme. A new prediction scheme has been developed on data from 1949 to 1989 and then tested on two independent datasets. One of these datasets is the 16-yr period from 1990 to 2005, and the other dataset is from 1900 to 1948. This allows for an investigation of the statistical significance over various time periods. The statistical scheme shows remarkable stability over an entire century. The combination of these four predictors explains between 45% and 60% of the variance in net tropical cyclone activity over the following separate time periods: 1900–48, 1949–89, 1949–2005, and 1900–2005. The forecast scheme also shows considerable skill as a potential predictor for giving the probabilities of United States landfall. Large differences in U.S. major hurricane landfall are also observed between forecasts that call for active seasons compared with those that call for inactive seasons.
Detection of charged particles in amorphous silicon layers (1985)

The successful development of radiation detectors made from amorphous silicon could offer the possibility for relatively easy construction of large area position-sensitive detectors. We have conducted a series of measurements with prototype detectors, on signals derived from alpha particles. The measurement results are compared with simple model calculations, and projections are made of potential applications in high-energy and nuclear physics. 4 refs., 7 figs.
Regulation of <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> lipopolysaccharide O antigen chain length is required for virulence; identification of FepE as a second Wzz (2003)

Wzz proteins regulate the degree of polymerization of the O antigen (Oag) subunits in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis. Although the pathogenic relevance of Oag is well recognized, the significance of Oag chain length regulation is not well defined. In this report, Salmonella typhimurium was shown to possess two functional wzz genes resulting in a bimodal Oag length distribution. In addition to the previously described wzzST that results in long (L) modal length LPS with 16-35 Oag repeat units (RUs), we now report that wzzfepE, a homologue of Escherichia coli fepE, is responsible for the production of very long (VL) modal length LPS Oag, estimated to contain> 100 Oag RUs. Analysis of a series of isogenic S. typhimurium C5 mutants found that the presence of either wzz gene (and hence either modal length) was sufficient for complement resistance and virulence in the mouse model of infection, suggesting a degree of redundancy in the role of these two wzz genes and their respective Oag modal lengths. In contrast, the wzzST/wzzfepE double mutant, with relatively short, random-length Oag, displayed enhanced susceptibility to complement and was highly attenuated in the mouse. This clearly demonstrates the molecular genetic basis for the longer LPS Oag chains previously identified as the basis of complement resistance in Salmonella. The presence of wzzfepE homologues in the genomic sequences of strains of Escherichia coli, Shigella flexneri and multiple serovars of Salmonella suggests that bimodality of LPS Oag is a common phenomenon in the Enterobacteriaceae.
A Reconfigurable Hybrid Coupler Circuit For Agile Polarisation Antenna (2006)

International audience
A disconnection-tolerant transport for drive-thru internet environments (2005)

Today's mobile, wireless, and ad-hoc communications often exhibit extreme characteristics challenging assumptions underlying the traditional way of end-to-end communication protocol design in the Internet. One specific scenario is Internet access from moving vehicles on the road as we are researching in the drive-thru Internet project. Using wireless LAN as a broadly available access technology leads to intermittent - largely unpredictable and usually short-lived - connectivity, yet providing high performance while available. To allow Internet applications to deal reasonably well with such intermittent connectivity patterns, we have introduced a supportive drive-thru architecture. A key component is a "session" protocol offering persistent end-to-end communications even in the presence of interruptions. In this paper, we present the design of the persistent connectivity management protocol (PCMP) and report on findings from our implementation.
Solution behavior of sulfonate ionomer interpolymer complexes (1989)

Abstract The interaction of metal sulfonate ionomers with polymers containing low levels of amines has been investigated in solution. For example, zinc sulfo EPDM and a styrene/vinyl pyridine copolymer form such complexes over broad concentration ranges. The resultant solutions offer enhanced viscosities at dilute polymer concentrations. At high polymer levels solutions based on these complexes are lower in viscosity than the ionomer alone. These interpolymer complexes have been shown to exhibit an improved property/rheology balance in bulk systems. In solution, polymer complexes provide control of hydrocarbon solution viscosity not available with conventional polymers. Reduced viscosity‐concentration studies suggest that these polymer complexes are a result of the amine‐containing polymer interacting with intramolecular‐associated ionomer coils, which at higher concentrations form a pseudonetwork.
Relaxin as a natural agent for vascular health (2008)

Hypertension, atherothrombosis, myocardial infarction, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, and renal failure are the main manifestations of cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of death and disability in developed countries. Continuing insight into the pathophysiology of CVD can allow identification of effective therapeutic strategies to reduce the occurrence of death and/or severe disabilities. In this context, a healthy endothelium is deemed crucial to proper functioning and maintenance of anatomical integrity of the vascular system in many organs. Of note, epidemiologic studies indicate that the incidence of CVD in women is very low until menopause and increases sharply thereafter. The loss of protection against CVD in post-menopausal women has been chiefly attributed to ovarian steroid deficiency. However, besides steroids, the ovary also produces the peptide hormone relaxin (RLX), which provides potent vasoactive effects which render it the most likely candidate as the elusive physiological shield against CVD in fertile women. In particular, RLX has a specific relaxant effect on peripheral and coronary vasculature, exerted by the stimulation of endogenous nitric oxide (NO) generation by cells of the vascular wall, and can induce angiogenesis. Moreover, RLX inhibits the activation of inflammatory leukocytes and platelets, which play a key role in CVD. Experimental studies performed in vascular and blood cell in vitro and in animal models of vascular dysfunction, as well as pioneer clinical observations, have provided evidence that RLX can prevent and/or improve CVD, thus offering background to clinical trials aimed at exploring the broad therapeutic potential of human recombinant RLX as a new cardiovascular drug.
Trophoblast CD274 (B7-H1) Is Differentially Expressed Across Gestation: Influence of Oxygen Concentration1 (2005)

Modulation of the maternal immune system by the placenta is a mechanism by which the fetus ensures its own survival in a genetically foreign environment. The immunoinhibitor CD274 (also called B7-H1 or PD-L1) is highly expressed in the placenta, positioned to interact with maternal leukocytes. Further, immunoblot analysis of first- and second-trimester placental lysates showed that CD274 expression is low in the first trimester but dramatically rises around the onset of the second trimester. As this coincides with the expected onset of maternal blood flow to the placenta and a corresponding rise in local oxygen tension, we explored the possibility that oxygen regulates CD274 expression in trophoblast cells by culturing term trophoblast cells under oxygen concentrations similar to those found in vivo. Indeed, CD274 protein levels paralleled the in vivo situation: expression increased with rising oxygen concentrations. Furthermore, downregulation of CD274 mRNA by low oxygen was rapid, occurring within 4-12 h. We conclude that oxygen is a potential mediator of CD274 expression in vivo such that it is induced coincidentally on exposure of fetal tissues to maternal blood. Further, the regulation of this immunomodulator by oxygen may implicate its alteration during and involvement in the pathogenesis of complications of pregnancy such as preeclampsia.
Efficacy of Tumor Vaccines and Cellular Immunotherapies in Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2016)

Tumor vaccines and cellular immunotherapies enhanced OS and PFS in NSCLC. Cellular immunotherapy was found to be more effective than tumor vaccination. These findings have implications for future studies investigating combination immunotherapy in NSCLC.
Tunable 3D droplet self-assembly for ultra-high-density digital micro-reactor arrays (2011)

We present a tunable three-dimensional (3D) self-assembled droplet packing method to achieve high-density micro-reactor arrays for greater imaging efficiency and higher-throughput chemical and biological assays. We demonstrate the capability of this platform's high-density imaging method by performing single molecule quantification using digital polymerase chain reaction, or digital PCR, in multiple self-assembled colloid-like crystal lattice configurations. By controlling chamber height to droplet diameter ratios we predictively control three-dimensional packing configurations with varying degrees of droplet overlap to increase droplet density and imaging sensor area coverage efficiency. Fluorescence imaging of the densely packed 3D reactor arrays, up to three layers high, demonstrates high throughput quantitative analysis of single-molecule reactions. Now a greater number of microreactors can be observed and studied in a single picture frame without the need for confocal imaging, slide scanners, or complicated image processing techniques. Compared to 2D designs, tunable 3D reactor arrays yield up to a threefold increase in density and use 100% of the sensor's imaging area to enable simultaneous imaging a larger number of reactions without sacrificing digital quantification performance. This novel approach provides an important advancement for ultra-high-density reactor arrays.
Immunoinformatic identification of B cell and T cell epitopes in the SARS-CoV-2 proteome (2020)

A novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) emerged from China in late 2019 and rapidly spread across the globe, infecting millions of people and generating societal disruption on a level not seen since the 1918 influenza pandemic. A safe and effective vaccine is desperately needed to prevent the continued spread of SARS-CoV-2; yet, rational vaccine design efforts are currently hampered by the lack of knowledge regarding viral epitopes targeted during an immune response, and the need for more in-depth knowledge on betacoronavirus immunology. To that end, we developed a computational workflow using a series of open-source algorithms and webtools to analyze the proteome of SARS-CoV-2 and identify putative T cell and B cell epitopes. Utilizing a set of stringent selection criteria to filter peptide epitopes, we identified 41 T cell epitopes (5 HLA class I, 36 HLA class II) and 6 B cell epitopes that could serve as promising targets for peptide-based vaccine development against this emerging global pathogen. To our knowledge, this is the first study to comprehensively analyze all 10 (structural, non-structural and accessory) proteins from SARS-CoV-2 using predictive algorithms to identify potential targets for vaccine development.
Activity of safracins A and B, heterocyclic quinone antibiotics, on experimental tumors in mice. (1985)

Safracins A and B, new antibiotics produced by Pseudomonas fluorescens A2-2, were tested for antitumor activity against mouse tumors. Structurally, these antibiotics belong to the saframycin family of antibiotics, and safracin B is 21-hydroxysafracin A. They showed antitumor activity against L1210 and P388 leukemias and B16 melanoma. The toxic and effective doses of safracin B were much lower than those of safracin A. Safracin B also prolonged the life span of tumor-bearing mice to a greater extent than safracin A. These results indicate that the alpha-carbinolamine structure plays an important role in the antitumor action of this type of antibiotic. Both safracins were, however, ineffective when their administration route differed from that used for inoculating tumor cells.
Heparin adheres to the damaged arterial wall and inhibits its thrombogenicity. (1992)

Heparin binds to thrombogenic extracellular matrices as well as to smooth muscle cells of the vascular wall in vitro. The inhibitory effects of heparin on thrombogenicity of the damaged arterial wall were examined in vivo using small mesenteric arteries of rats and a video recording system attached to a microscope. To induce thrombosis, we damaged the vessel wall over a short segment by compression and exposed the media to the blood stream. A platelet-rich thrombus enlarged gradually at the damaged site, occluded the vascular lumen for a short period, and then flowed away. Compression damage induced such thrombus formation several times. Heparin (500 units/ml) was given in three different ways: intravenous and intra-arterial administration (both 300 units/kg) and intraluminal application under stopped-flow conditions (less than 0.01 ml) for 1-2 minutes with subsequent draining out. Intravenous heparin significantly decreased both the total duration and the number of thrombotic occlusions, whereas intra-arterial heparin abolished thrombotic occlusion. Both routes of heparin administration similarly prolonged the blood coagulation time. Intraluminal application of heparin significantly inhibited subsequent thrombus formation after restoring the flow without changes in the blood coagulation time. After an intra-arterial administration or intraluminal application of fluorescein isothiocyanate-bound heparin, strong fluorescence was observed only at the damaged vascular segment. A heparin fraction with low affinity to antithrombin III or chondroitin sulfate A did not inhibit thrombosis. To clarify anticoagulant activity of vascular wall-bound heparin, damaged carotid arterial segments of rats were incubated (inside out) in platelet-poor plasma with thrombin, and fibrin clot formation around the segments with or without heparin binding was measured.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Sherds from an Arabic Treebanking Mosaic. (2002)

This paper would like to introduce the reader into those aspects of the Arabic language which require some special treatment compared to languages Europeans are more familiar with. In spite of having fresh experience in building the Prague Arabic Dependency Treebank, the authors try to take a broader view of the problems encountered under way. The topics discussed include linguistic data retrieval, morphology and morphotactics modelling, and description of the language on the analytical level.
Postoperative Concurrent Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy for High-Risk Squamous-Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck (2004)

Among high-risk patients with resected head and neck cancer, concurrent postoperative chemotherapy and radiotherapy significantly improve the rates of local and regional control and disease-free survival. However, the combined treatment is associated with a substantial increase in adverse effects.
Effects of Testosterone Treatment in Older Men (2016)

In symptomatic men 65 years of age or older, raising testosterone concentrations for 1 year from moderately low to the mid-normal range for men 19 to 40 years of age had a moderate benefit with respect to sexual function and some benefit with respect to mood and depressive symptoms but no benefit with respect to vitality or walking distance. The number of participants was too few to draw conclusions about the risks of testosterone treatment. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00799617.).
Methods and Materials for the Preparation of Wall Charts (1917)

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Spectral Subtraction Based on Minimum Statistics (2001)

Abstract. This contribution presents and analyses an algorithm for the enhancement of noisy speech signals by means of spectral subtraction. In contrast to the standard spectral subtraction algorithm the proposed method does not need a speech activity detector nor histograms to learn signal statistics. The algorithm is capable to track non stationary noise signals and compares favorably with standard spectral subtraction methods in terms of performance and computational complexity. Our noise estimation method is based on the observation that a noise power estimate can be obtained using minimum values of a smoothed power estimate of the noisy speech signal. Thus, the use of minimum statistics eliminates the problem of speech activity detection. The proposed method is conceptually simple and well suited for real time implementations. In this paper we derive an unbiased noise power estimator based on minimum statistics and discuss its statistical properties and its performance in the context of spectral subtraction. 1.