gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantitative x-ray phase-contrast imaging using a single grating of comparable pitch to sample feature size (2010)

The ability to quantitatively retrieve transverse phase maps during imaging by using coherent x rays often requires a precise grating or analyzer-crystal-based setup. Imaging of live animals presents further challenges when these methods require multiple exposures for image reconstruction. We present a simple method of single-exposure, single-grating quantitative phase contrast for a regime in which the grating period is much greater than the effective pixel size. A grating is used to create a high-visibility reference pattern incident on the sample, which is distorted according to the complex refractive index and thickness of the sample. The resolution, along a line parallel to the grating, is not restricted by the grating spacing, and the detector resolution becomes the primary determinant of the spatial resolution. We present a method of analysis that maps the displacement of interrogation windows in order to retrieve a quantitative phase map. Application of this analysis to the imaging of known phantoms shows excellent correspondence.
<title>Advancements in backlighting technologies for LCDs</title> (1992)

Developments in backlighting technologies for LCDs based upon fluorescent lamps have substantially reduced the display module thickness and power consumption over the last 4 years. The present state-of-the-art in fluorescent backlighting is reviewed. Currently, there are two major categories of backlighting system design used extensively in graphic type LCD modules. These are back-lamped backlights and edge-lit or light-pipe backlights. Much of the recent design effort has focused on edge-lit backlights because of their superior lighting uniformity and reduced thickness as compared to the back-lamped type of system. In the past, edge-lit backlights suffered reduced lighting efficiency when compared to the back-lamped type. Also, edge-lit backlights tended to produce a lower total luminous output than back- lamped designs. Therefore, back-lamped backlights are often found in LCD modules requiring high brightness such as avionics/military applications and especially in color LCD modules. Edge-lit backlights predominate in commercial monochrome applications such as present day laptop computers. However, recent improvements in the design of edge-lit backlights have opened the way for this approach to be used in commercial color applications as well.
Influence of ESAT-6 Secretion System 1 (RD1) of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> on the Interaction between Mycobacteria and the Host Immune System (2005)

The chromosomal locus encoding the early secreted antigenic target, 6 kDa (ESAT-6) secretion system 1 of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, also referred to as "region of difference 1 (RD1)," is absent from Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). In this study, using low-dose aerosol infection in mice, we demonstrate that BCG complemented with RD1 (BCG::RD1) displays markedly increased virulence which albeit does not attain that of M. tuberculosis H37Rv. Nevertheless, phenotypic and functional analyses of immune cells at the site of infection show that the capacity of BCG::RD1 to initiate recruitment/activation of immune cells is comparable to that of fully virulent H37Rv. Indeed, in contrast to the parental BCG, BCG::RD1 mimics H37Rv and induces substantial influx of activated (CD44highCD45RB(-)CD62L(-)) or effector (CD45RB(-)CD27(-)) T cells and of activated CD11c(+)CD11bhigh cells to the lungs of aerosol-infected mice. For the first time, using in vivo analysis of transcriptome of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines of lung interstitial CD11c+ cells, we show that in a low-dose aerosol infection model, BCG::RD1 triggered an activation/inflammation program comparable to that induced by H37Rv while parental BCG, due to its overattenuation, did not initiate the activation program in lung interstitial CD11c+ cells. Thus, products encoded by the ESAT-6 secretion system 1 of M. tuberculosis profoundly modify the interaction between mycobacteria and the host innate and adaptive immune system. These modifications can explain the previously described improved protective capacity of BCG::RD1 vaccine candidate against M. tuberculosis challenge.
Biosynthesis of Acetylcholine in Different Brain Regions <i>in vivo</i> Following Alternative Methods of Sacrifice by Microwave Irradiation (1976)

Endogenous acetylcholine and biotransformation of tritium-labelled choline (3H-CH) were studied in mouse brain regions following different methods of sacrifice, viz. dislocation of the spine (7 min until enzymes inactivated), whole body microwave irradiation (7 s) and irradiation of the head (0.25 s). The brain temperature was measured in different locations 10 to 60 s after irradiation. The slope of the temperature time curves indicated a brain temperature of about 85-90 degrees C at the termination of exposure to both types of irradiation. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and choline acetyltransferase (CAT) were practically completely inactivated when measured one to two min after sacrifice. For turnover studies, mice were killed 1, 5, 10 or 20 min after i.v. injection of 15 nmol of 3H-Ch. The brains were dissected into 6 regions, extracted and analysed. No significant difference (except in cortex) in the amount of endogenous ACh was found when whole body irradiation was used in comparison to dislocation of the spine. However, the amount of 3H-acetylcholine (3H-ACh) was much higher in the striatum, hippocampus and cortex, in particular. With the shorter inactivation time (head irradiation) endogenous ACh was markedly increased in the striatum, cortex, medulla, oblongata and midbrain. However, there was no further increase in the radioactive ACh. The difference regarding the post-mortem sensitivity of endogenous and radioactive ACh does not seem to have been due to methodological artifacts but rather suggests that they are handled differently by the brain tissue. Plots of the specific radioactivity (SA) of Ch and ACh vs. time indicated fairly distinct precursor-product relationship in the different regions, when the animals were sacrificed by irradiation of the head.
Effect of subcutaneous sumatriptan, a selective 5HT1 agonist, on the systemic, pulmonary, and coronary circulation. (1993)

Sumatriptan, a 5HT1 receptor agonist administered by the subcutaneous route, causes a vasopressor response in the systemic and pulmonary arterial circulations and coronary artery vasoconstriction.
Lineage Tracing of Pancreatic Stem Cells and Beta Cell Regeneration (2012)

Restoring a functional β cell mass in diabetes patients by β cell transplantation or stimulation of β cell regeneration are promising approaches. It requires knowledge on the mechanisms of β cell neogenesis, an issue that is still quite controversial. Postnatal islet regeneration may or may not depend on an influx of new islet cells from adult progenitors. To solve this issue in animal models, genetic lineage tracing has become a crucial research method. This method allows to test the various hypotheses that have been proposed concerning β cell neogenesis and regeneration.
Differential Involvement of Src Family Kinases in Fcγ Receptor-Mediated Phagocytosis (2000)

The tyrosine phosphorylation cascade originated from Fc gamma receptors (Fc gamma Rs) is essential for macrophage functions including phagocytosis. Although the initial step is ascribed to Src family tyrosine kinases, the role of individual kinases in phagocytosis signaling is still to be determined. In reconstitution experiments, we first showed that expression in the RAW 264.7 cell line of C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) inhibited and that of a membrane-anchored, gain-of-function Csk abolished the Fc gamma R-mediated signaling that leads to phagocytosis in a kinase-dependent manner. We next tested reconstruction of the signaling in the membrane-anchored, gain-of-function Csk-expressing cells by introducing Src family kinases the C-terminal negative regulatory sequence of which was replaced with a c-myc epitope. Those constructs derived from Lyn and Hck (a-Lyn and a-Hck) that associated with detergent-resistant membranes successfully reconstructed Fc gamma R-mediated Syk activation, filamentous actin rearrangement, and phagocytosis. In contrast, c-Src-derived construct (a-Src), that was excluded from detergent-resistant membranes, could not restore the series of phagocytosis signaling. Tyrosine phosphorylation of Vav and c-Cbl was restored in common by a-Lyn, a-Hck, and a-Src, but Fc gamma RIIB tyrosine phosphorylation, which is implicated in negative signaling, was reconstituted solely by a-Lyn and a-Hck. These findings suggest that Src family kinases are differentially involved in Fc gamma R-signaling and that selective kinases including Lyn and Hck are able to fully transduce phagocytotic signaling.
Hoe 140 a new potent and long acting bradykinin‐antagonist:<i>in vitro</i>studies (1991)

1. Hoe 140 (D-Arg-[Hyp3, Thi5, D-Tic7, Oic8]bradykinin) is a new bradykinin (BK)-antagonist. It was tested in several in vitro assays and compared with D-Arg-[Hyp2,Thi5,8,D-Phe7]BK. 2. In receptor binding studies in guinea-pig ileum preparations, Hoe 140 showed an IC50 of 1.07 x 10(-9) mol l-1 and a KI value of 7.98 x 10(-10) mol l-1. 3. In isolated organ preparations Hoe 140 and D-Arg-[Hyp2,Thi5,8, D-Phe7]BK inhibited bradykinin-induced contractions concentration dependently, with IC50-values in the guinea-pig ileum preparation of 1.1 x 10(-8) mol l-1 and 3 x 10(-5) mol l-1, respectively. pA2 values in this tissue were 8.42 and 6.18, respectively. In the rat uterus preparation the IC50 value was 4.9 x 10(-9) mol l-1 for Hoe 140. D-Arg-[Hyp2, Thi5,8, D-Phe7]BK showed an IC50 of 4.0 x 10(-6) mol l-1. The IC50 values in the guinea-pig isolated pulmonary artery were 5.4 x 10(-9) mol l-1 and 6.4 x 10(-6) mol l-1, respectively. In the rabbit aorta no inhibitory effects on Des-Arg9-BK induced contractions were observed. 4. In cultured bovine endothelial cells, Hoe 140 antagonized (IC50 = 10(-8) mol l-1) bradykinin-induced endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) release and the bradykinin-induced increase in cytosolic free calcium (IC50 = 10(-9) mol l-1). 5. Hoe 140 (10 -7mol I1) totally suppressed the bradykinin-induced (10 8 to 10- mol I') prostacyclin (PGI2) release from cultured endothelial cells of bovine aorta. D-Arg-[Hyp2, Thi5'8, D-Phe7]BK (10- 7 mol I1- ) showed a weaker antagonism. 6. Taken together these results show that Hoe 140 is a highly potent bradykinin antagonist. It was two to three orders of magnitude more potent than D-Arg-[Hyp2, Thi5 8, D-Phe7]BK.
Radiation hard multi‐quantum well InP/InAsP. Solar cells for space applications (2000)

The effect of proton irradiation on the photovoltaic response of p-i-n InP solar cells that include an InP/InAsP multi-quantum well (MQW) layer in the intrinsic region is studied. Data from cells with three different quantum well structures are presented along with data from a control cell grown without MQW layer. The results show how the addition of the MQW's improves the solar energy conversion efficiency thereby allowing the base to be as thin a 1 μsm while still maintaining a good photocurrent. In addition, the radiation response of the MQW cells is shown to be equal to or better than the InP control cell. Published in 2000 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Early brain temperature elevation and anaerobic metabolism in human acute ischaemic stroke (2008)

Early after acute ischaemic stroke, elevation of brain temperature might augment tissue metabolic rate and conversion of ischaemic but viable tissue to infarction. This might explain the observed link between pyrexia, severe stroke and poor outcome. We tested this hypothesis by measuring brain temperature and lactate concentration with multi-voxel magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging across the acute ischaemic stroke lesion and normal brain as determined on diffusion imaging. We compared patterns of lactate concentration (reported in 'institutional units') and temperature elevation in diffusion lesion core, potential penumbra, ipsilateral and contralateral normal brain and with stroke severity. Amongst 40 patients with moderate to severe acute stroke imaged up to 26 h after onset, lactate concentration was highest in the ischaemic lesion core (42 versus 26 units in potential penumbra, P < 0.05), whereas temperature was highest in the potential penumbra (37.7 versus 37.3 degrees C in lesion core, P < 0.05). Neither sub-regional temperature nor lactate concentration correlated with stroke severity. With increasing time after stroke, ipsilateral brain temperature did not change, but contralateral hemisphere temperature was higher in patients scanned at later times; lactate remained elevated in the lesion core, but declined in potential penumbral and ipsilateral normal tissue at later times. We conclude that early brain temperature elevation after stroke is not directly related to lactate concentration, therefore augmented metabolism is unlikely to explain the relationship between early pyrexia, severe stroke and poor outcome. Early brain temperature elevation may result from different mechanisms to those which raise body temperature after stroke. Further studies are required to determine why early brain temperature elevation is highest in potential penumbral tissue.
Anxiety in the age of inequality (2014)

The article discusses renewed interest among policymakers and others around the world in inequality, Economist Thomas Picketty's book on the subject, Capitalism in the 21st Century, achieved bestseller status in 2014. A survey at the World Economic Forum in January 2014 found that members perceived inequality to be the leading threat to the global economy. U.S. Federal Reserve Chairwoman Janet Yellen has expressed concern about inequality. The author believes a growing gap between the wealthy and the middle class, along with growing concern among economists about questions related to social cohesion and trust, have helped drive the trend.
Morphology and pervaporation performance of ionic liquid and waterborne polyurethane composite membranes (2018)

Blending an aromatic-selective ionic liquid (IL, namely 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, [emim][PF<sub>6</sub>]) with waterborne polyurethane (WPU) enabled us to obtain [emim][PF<sub>6</sub>]-modified waterborne polyurethane composite membranes. We characterized the structure and properties of the [emim][PF<sub>6</sub>]/WPU composite membranes by ATR-FTIR, DSC, UV, SEM, EDX, swelling tests, and pervaporation testing. Characterization of the change in the morphology of the membranes in response to the IL loading indicated that a preferential interaction between the IL and soft segments of WPU was induced by hydrogen bonding. This interaction inhibited a potential interaction with benzene (Bz), which initially lowered the permeability. However, at high IL loading, the IL incorporation became ineffective owing to macrophase separation, which caused an increase in the permeability, as indicated by the SEM results. Swelling testing of the [emim][PF<sub>6</sub>]/WPU composite membranes showed that the membranes exhibited preferential adsorption of Bz, and the swelling degree of the composite membranes in Bz solvent increased from 58% to 98% and remained almost constant in cyclohexane solvent as the IL content was increased. The [emim][PF<sub>6</sub>]/WPU composite membranes enhanced the separation selectivity of Bz/Cy for an IL loading < 10 wt%. The best separation factor was 8.4, and the total flux was 0.19 kg (m<sup>2</sup> h)<sup>-1</sup> (50 wt% Bz/Cy mixtures at 50 °C) at w([emim][PF<sub>6</sub>]) : w(WPU) = 10 : 100. In addition, the composite membrane exhibited excellent stability over long-term operation. These results demonstrated that the [emim][PF<sub>6</sub>]/WPU composite membranes could be effective for separation of Bz/Cy mixtures by the pervaporation method.
Role of Islet-, Gut-, and Adipocyte-Derived Hormones in the Central Control of Food Intake and Body Weight: Implications for an Integrated Neurohormonal Approach to Obesity Pharmacotherapy (2008)

Contrary to its historical epithet as a lifestyle disorder, obesity is now widely recognized as having a neurobiological basis. This progress is due to our knowledge not only about energy homoeostatic pathways within the central nervous system (CNS), but also about the role of peripheral peptide hormones acting upon the CNS. These hormones include long-term adiposity signals, such as leptin, that inform the CNS primarily of changes in the bodys overall fat and energy reserves, and short-term signals such as amylin, peptide YY (PYY) and ghrelin, that primarily reflect changes in the immediate nutritive state (energy intake). The limited weight loss effects achieved with current monotherapy approaches to obesity have been attributed, at least in part, to the redundancies and potent counter-regulatory responses within the neurohormonal feedback loop governing energy balance. Recently, we reported that combinations of amylin, leptin and PYY3-36 resulted in additive and/or synergistic interactions and caused marked weight loss in the diet-induced obese rat model, which to date has reasonably predicted the clinical effects of several hormones in obese humans. If confirmed in ongoing translational clinical research studies, these findings may provide a physiological rationale for a novel, integrated neurohormonal approach to pharmacotherapy for obesity.
Enhancement of the Antiangiogenic Activity of Interleukin-12 by Peptide Targeted Delivery of the Cytokine to αvβ3 Integrin (2004)

Abstract We engineered a fusion protein, mrIL-12vp [mouse recombinant interleukin (IL)-12 linked to vascular peptide], linking the vascular homing peptide CDCRGDCFC (RGD-4C), a ligand for αvβ3 integrin, to mrIL-12 to target IL-12 directly to tumor neovasculature. The fusion protein stimulated IFN-γ production in vitro and in vivo, indicating its biological activity was consistent with mrIL-12. Immunofluorescence techniques showed mrIL-12vp specifically bound to αvβ3 integrin-positive cells but not to αvβ3 integrin-negative cells. In corneal angiogenesis assays using BALB/c mice treated with either 0.5 μg/mouse/d of mrIL-12vp or mrIL-12 delivered by subcutaneous continuous infusion, mrIL-12vp inhibited corneal neovascularization by 67% compared with only a slight reduction (13%) in angiogenesis in the mrIL-12-treated animals (P = 0.008). IL-12 receptor knockout mice given mrIL-12vp showed a marked decrease in the area of corneal neovascularization compared with mice treated with mrIL-12. These results indicate that mrIL-12vp inhibits angiogenesis through IL-12-dependent and IL-12-independent mechanisms, and its augmented antiangiogenic activity may be due to suppression of endothelial cell signaling pathways by the RGD-4C portion of the fusion protein. Mice injected with NXS2 neuroblastoma cells and treated with mrIL-12vp showed significant suppression of tumor growth compared with mice treated with mrIL-12 (P = 0.03). Mice did not show signs of IL-12 toxicity when treated with mrIL-12vp, although hepatic necrosis was present in mrIL-12-treated mice. Localization of IL-12 to neovasculature significantly enhances the antiangiogenic effect, augments antitumor activity, and decreases toxicity of IL-12, offering a promising strategy for expanding development of IL-12 for treatment of cancer patients.
Improvement and Simplification of DPF System Using a Ceria-based Fuel-borne Catalyst for Diesel Particulate Filter Regeneration in Serial Applications (2004)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Since the market introduction of the Diesel Particle Filter (DPF) system in serial applications in May 2000, more than 500,000 vehicles have been DPF-equipped. Tracking the serial production current situation, several themes for improvement have been identified, including system simplification to limit its total cost as well as proposition to optimize maintenance. The paper presents those upgrades that will be proposed in serial applications.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Based on a DPF regeneration assisted by engine management systems in combination with the use of a Ceria-based fuel-borne catalyst, the first improvement is to limit the ash build up phenomenon of fuel-borne catalyst and then to limit the DPF clogging effect.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">In the first stage, catalytic activity of Ceria-based fuel-borne catalyst has been improved, by introducing Iron as a catalytic promoter. Targeting the “fit for life” DPF application (and thus “zero maintenance” on the DPF), it is necessary to find a compromise between the catalytic activity (reduction in the temperature of soot burn-off and kinetics of DPF regeneration), the temperature peak generated during the DPF regeneration (exotherms of regeneration) and the density of the inorganic ash arising from the fuel-borne catalyst (ash build-up speed). A good compromise is proposed in this way, based on the use of the Iron-doped Ceria nanoparticules as active catalytic ingredient.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">In parallel, a dosing strategy of a fuel-borne catalyst is being developed to match with the proposed evolution in the Ceria-based fuel-borne catalyst for serial applications. New designs of the automatic on-board dosing system have been developed to ensure the global accuracy in the Diesel fuel treatment. On the other hand, the maintenance operation for fuel-borne catalyst tank refilling is integrated in the design of the dosing systems, which is adapted to the platform of the vehicle and the car makers' specifications. In the paper, the following approaches are developed, and the data obtained on a demonstrator are proposed.</div>
Removal of hydrogen sulfide from gas streams using biological processes - a review. (2006)

Syed, M., Soreanu, G., Falletta, P. and Beland M. 2006. Removal of hydrogen sulfide from gas streams using biological processes A review. Canadian Biosystems Engineering/Le genie des biosystemes au Canada 48: 2.1 2.14. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is a toxic and odorous compound present in biogas produced by the anaerobic digestion of biosolids and other organic materials. Due to its corrosive nature in internal combustion engines, biological hydrogen sulfide removal processes are being investigated to overcome the chemical and disposal costs associated with existing chemically-based removal processes. Both phototrophic and chemotrophic bacteria are suitable candidate microorganisms for hydrogen sulfide bioxidation. Phototrophic C. limicola is an ideal bacterium in these biological removal processes due to its ability to grow under anaerobic conditions using only inorganic substrates and a light source and its efficient extracellular production of elemental sulfur from H2S. Phototrophic fixed-film reactors are an interesting concept for cost-effective H2S removal from biogas due to their ability to operate for long periods of time without requiring a biomass separation step and their ability to operate under higher and variable loadings. However, a light source is one of the key constraints for this process. Chemotrophic bacteria can also be used in fixed-film reactors to produce elemental sulfur instead of sulfate under controlled oxygen conditions. These bioscrubbers are gaining acceptance for treating hydrogen sulfide containing gases from a wide variety of sources such as biogas, off-gases from wastewater treatment plants, livestock farms, etc. The biofilter medium is inexpensive and may contain sufficient micro-nutrients for the microbial communities. Future research needs include the optimization of the anaerobic biofiltration process, the development of a system combining the advantages of phototrophic and chemotrophic bacteria and the possible co-removal of siloxanes within this process.