gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Triptolide reverses the Taxol resistance of lung adenocarcinoma by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway and the expression of NF-κB-regulated drug-resistant genes (2015)

Paclitaxel (or Taxol®) is a first-line chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer; however, resistance to the drug is an important factor, which influences the outcome of chemotherapy. The present study aimed to investigate the role of triptolide (TPL) in reversing Taxol‑resistant human lung adenocarcinoma and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism of resistance reversal mediated by TPL. It was hypothesized that this experimental approach would assist in solving the problem of chemotherapeutic resistance in non‑small cell lung cancer, thereby improving the clinical outcomes. The human Taxol‑resistant lung adenocarcinoma cell line, A549/Taxol, was established. The resistance index of the cell line was calculated, according to the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of A549/Taxol IC50 of A549, to be 51.87. The levels of apoptosis and the cell cycle in the A549/Taxol cell line were assessed to confirm the effects of TPL at three different concentrations (0.03, 0.3 and 3 µmol/l) and treatment durations (2, 4, 6 and 12 h) by flow cytometric analysis, and the inhibition of the NF‑κB signaling pathway and the expression of NF‑κB‑regulated drug‑resistant proteins were determined by immunofluorescence and western blotting, respectively. The administration of TPL promoted cell apoptosis in the A549/Taxol lung adenocarcinoma Taxol‑resistant cell line and also promoted cell cycle regulation. The drug was also able to elicit a reversal of the drug resistance. TPL inhibited the nuclear factor‑κB (NF‑κB) signaling pathway and the expression of NF‑κB‑regulated drug‑resistant genes, including those for FLICE‑like inhibitory protein, X‑linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein, Bcl‑2, Bcl‑xL and cyclo‑oxygenase‑2. TPL exerted a marked drug‑resistance‑reversal effect on human lung adenocarcinoma Taxol resistance, and the effect was revealed to be dose‑ and time‑dependent. In conclusion, TPL exerted its role in the process of resistance reversal by inhibiting the NF‑κB signaling pathway, and the transcription and expression of NF-κB-regulated drug-resistant genes.
Evolutionary relationships of vertebrate lactate dehydrogenase isozymes A4 (muscle), B4 (heart), and C4 (testis). (1983)

The amino acid sequence variation among seven lactate dehydrogenase isozymes from dogfish muscle, chicken muscle and heart, pig muscle and heart, and mouse and rat testes were compared with respect to the whole lactate dehydrogenase polypeptide chain as well as their four functional domains. The coenzyme-binding domain is more conserved than the substrate-binding domain. The sequence of the loop and helix alpha D region of testicular LDH-C4 isozymes is very different from those of somatic LDH-A4 and LDH-B4 isozymes, while the NH2-terminal arm is extremely variable. The most parsimonious phylogenetic tree among these seven vertebrate lactate dehydrogenase sequences clearly indicates that the LDH-A4 and LDH-B4 isozymes are more closely related to each other than either to the LDH-C4 isozymes.
Regulation of polyamine synthesis in relation to putrescine and spermidine pools in Neurospora crassa. (1981)

Polyamine pools were measured under various conditions of high and low concentrations of cytosolic ornithine with the wild-type and mutant strains of Neurospora crassa. In minimal medium, the wild-type strain has 1 to 2 nmol of putrescine and approximately 14 nmol of spermidine per mg (dry weight); no spermine is found in N. crassa. Exogenous ornithine was found to cause a rapid, but quickly damped, increase in the rate of polyamine synthesis. This effect was greater in a mutant (ota) unable to catabolize ornithine. No turnover of polyamines was detected during exponential growth. Exogenous spermidine was not taken up efficiently by N. crassa; thus, the compound could not be used directly in studies of regulation. However, by nutritional manipulation of a mutant strain, aga, lacking arginase, cultures were starved for ornithine and thus ultimately for putrescine and spermidine. During ornithine starvation, the remaining putrescine pool was not converted to spermidine. The pattern of polyamine synthesis after restoration of ornithine to the polyamine-deprived aga strain indicated that, in vivo, spermidine regulates polyamine synthesis at the ornithine decarboxylase reaction. The results suggest that the regulatory process is a form of negative control which becomes highly effective when spermidine exceeds its normal level. The possible relationship between the regulation of polyamine synthesis and the ratio of free to bound spermidine is discussed.
Front Matter (2014)

Front matter pages come before the papers or chapters in a published work. Front matter includes the title page, copyright and notices page, and table of contents. It can also include a foreword, preface, or introduction; series information; lists of contributors, sponsors or reviewers; lists of abbreviations and notations; and conversion tables.
High-Density Assembly of Gold Nanoparticles on Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Using 1-Pyrenemethylamine as Interlinker (2006)

In this article, we describe the formation of carbon nanotube (CNT)-gold nanoparticle composites in aqueous solution using 1-pyrenemethylamine (Py-CH2NH2) as the interlinker. The alkylamine substituent of 1-pyrenemethylamine binds to a gold nanoparticle, while the pyrene chromophore is noncovalently attached to the sidewall of a carbon nanotube via pi-pi stacking interaction. Using this strategy, gold nanoparticles with diameters of 2-4 nm can be densely assembled on the sidewalls of multiwalled carbon nanotubes. The formation of functionalized gold nanoparticles and CNT-Au nanoparticle composites was followed by UV-vis absorption and luminescence spectroscopy. After functionalization of gold nanoparticles with 1-pyrenemethylamine, the distinct absorption vibronic structure of the pyrene chromophore was greatly perturbed and its absorbance value was decreased. There was also a corresponding red shift of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) absorption band of the gold nanoparticles after surface modification from 508 to 556 nm due to interparticle plasmon coupling. Further reduction of the pyrene chromophore absorbance was observed upon formation of the CNT-Au nanoparticle composites. The photoluminescence of 1-pyrenemethylamine was largely quenched after attaching to gold nanoparticles; formation of the CNT-Au nanoparticle composites further lowered its emission intensity. The pyrene fluoroprobe also sensed a relatively nonpolar environment after its attachment to the nanotube surface. The present approach to forming high-density deposition of gold nanoparticles on the surface of multiwalled carbon nanotubes can be extended to other molecules with similar structures such as N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine and phenethylamine, demonstrating the generality of this strategy for making CNT-Au nanostructure composites.
Electrochemical Oxidation of Methanol on Pt Nanoparticles Dispersed on RuO<sub>2</sub> (2004)

Pt-modified RuO2 was prepared by a sol−gel procedure on titanium substrates in the form of thin films of ∼2-μm thickness. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analyses showed that these films actually consist of Pt nanoparticles dispersed in RuO2 and that neither metallic Ru nor Pt−Ru alloy are present on the surface. Electrodes with different Pt:Ru nominal compositions were prepared and their electrocatalytic activity for the oxidation of methanol was investigated by potential sweeps and chronoamperometry. The results obtained show an enhancement effect for methanol oxidation that can be interpreted as associated to the formation of hydrous oxides on the RuO2 surface.
Cross Talk between Signaling and Vitamin A Transport by the Retinol-Binding Protein Receptor STRA6 (2012)

The plasma membrane protein STRA6 transports vitamin A from its blood carrier retinol binding protein (RBP) into cells, and it also functions as a cytokine receptor which activates JAK/STAT signaling. We show here that, unlike other cytokine receptors, phosphorylation of STRA6 is not simply induced upon binding of its extracellular ligand. Instead, activation of the receptor is triggered by STRA6-mediated translocation of retinol from serum RBP to an intracellular acceptor, the retinol-binding protein CRBP-I. The observations also demonstrate that the movement of retinol from RBP to CRBP-I, and thus activation of STRA6, is critically linked to the intracellular metabolism of the vitamin. Furthermore, the data show that STRA6 phosphorylation is required for retinol uptake to proceed. Hence, the observations demonstrate that STRA6 orchestrates a multicomponent "machinery" that couples vitamin A homeostasis and metabolism to activation of a signaling cascade and that, in turn, STRA6 signaling regulates the cellular uptake of the vitamin. STRA6 appears to be a founding member of a new class of proteins that may be termed "cytokine signaling transporters."
<i>In Vitro</i> and <i>In Silico</i> Cloning of <i>Xenopus laevis SOD2</i> cDNA and Its Phylogenetic Analysis (2005)

By using the methodology of both wet and dry biology (i.e., RT-PCR and cycle sequencing, and biocomputational technology, respectively) and the data obtained through the Genome Projects, we have cloned Xenopus laevis SOD2 (MnSOD) cDNA and determined its nucleotide sequence. These data and the deduced protein primary structure were compared with all the other SOD2 nucleotide and amino acid sequences from eukaryotes and prokaryotes, published in public databases. The analysis was performed by using both Clustal W, a well known and widely used program for sequence analysis, and AntiClustAl, a new algorithm recently created and implemented by our group. Our results demonstrate a very high conservation of the enzyme amino acid sequence during evolution, which proves a close structure-function relationship. This is to be expected for very ancient molecules endowed with critical biological functions, performed through a specific structural organization. The nucleotide sequence conservation is less pronounced: this too was foreseeable, due to neutral mutations and to the species-specific codon usage. The data obtained by using AntiClustAl are comparable with those produced with Clustal W, which validates this algorithm as an important new tool for biocomputational analysis. Finally, it is noteworthy that evolutionary trees, drawn by using all the available data on SOD2 nucleotide sequences and amino acid and either Clustal W or AntiClustAl, are comparable to those obtained through phylogenetic analysis based on fossil records.
An Ingestible Sensor for Measuring Medication Adherence (2014)

In this paper, we describe the design and performance of the first integrated-circuit microsensor developed for daily ingestion by patients. The ingestible sensor is a device that allows patients, families, and physicians to measure medication ingestion and adherence patterns in real time, relate pharmaceutical compliance to important physiologic metrics, and take appropriate action in response to a patient's adherence pattern and specific health metrics. The design and theory of operation of the device are presented, along with key in-vitro and in-vivo performance results. The chemical, toxicological, mechanical, and electrical safety tests performed to establish the device's safety profile are described in detail. Finally, aggregate results from multiple clinical trials involving 412 patients and 5656 days of system usage are presented to demonstrate the device's reliability and performance as part of an overall digital health feedback system.
Prevalence of Obesity Among Adults and Youth: United States, 2011-2014. (2015)

Obesity is associated with health risks (1,2). Monitoring the prevalence of obesity is relevant for public health programs that focus on reducing or preventing obesity. No significant changes were seen in either adult or childhood obesity prevalence in the United States between 2003-2004 and 2011-2012 (3). This report provides the most recent national data on obesity prevalence by sex, age, and race and Hispanic origin, using data for 2011- 2014. Overall prevalence estimates from 1999-2000 through 2013-2014 are also presented.
Highly transparent ZnO spreading layer for GaN based LED (2005)

We investigated the ZnO based ohmic scheme as a transparent and low resistance contact layer on p-GaN. ZnO based contact yielded a very low specific contact resistance of 3.6 × 10–5 Ω·cm2 when annealed at 500 °C for 1 min in a nitrogen ambient, and the transparency was above 80% at wavelengths of 450 nm. In addition, we fabricated an InGaN/GaN MQW LED with a dimension of 300 × 300 µm using a transparent ZnO based ohmic contact as a current spreading layer for p-GaN in order to increase the optical output power. The GaN LED with a transparent ZnO based ohmic contact showed a decrease in the forward voltage by 0.15 V under a nominal forward current of 20 mA compared to GaN LED with Ni/Au ohmic contact. In addition, the light output power of LED with ZnO based contact was increased by 38.9% at 20 mA. (© 2005 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Non-nucleoside Inhibitors of HIV-1 Reverse Transcriptase Inhibit Phosphorolysis and Resensitize the 3′-Azido-3′-deoxythymidine (AZT)-resistant Polymerase to AZT-5′-triphosphate (2003)

Removal of 3'-azido-3'deoxythymidine (AZT) 3'-azido-3'-deoxythymidine 5'-monophosphate (AZTMP) from the terminated primer mediated by the human HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) has been proposed as a relevant mechanism for the resistance of HIV to AZT. Here we compared wild type and AZT-resistant (D67N/K70R/T215Y/K219Q) RTs for their ability to unblock the AZTMP-terminated primer by phosphorolysis in the presence of physiological concentrations of pyrophosphate or ATP. The AZT-resistant enzyme, as it has been previously described, showed an increased ability to unblock the AZTMP-terminated primer by an ATP-dependent mechanism. We found that only mutations in the p66 subunit were responsible for this ability. We also found that three structurally divergent non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI), nevirapine, TIBO, and a 4-arylmethylpyridinone derivative, were able to inhibit the phosphorolytic activity of the enzyme, rendering the AZT-resistant RT sensitive to AZTTP. The 4-arylmethylpyridinone derivative proved to be about 1000-fold more potent in inhibiting phosphorolysis than nevirapine or TIBO. Moreover, combinations of AZTTP with NNRTIs exhibited an exceptionally high degree of synergy in the inhibition of AZT-resistant enzyme only when ATP or PPi were present, indicating that inhibition of phosphorolysis was responsible for the synergy found in the combination. Our results not only demonstrate the importance of phosphorolysis concerning HIV-1 RT resistance to AZT but also point to the implication of this activity in the strong synergy found in some combinations of NNRTIs with AZT.
Crystalline Cyclic Peptide Nanotubes at Interfaces (1999)

The assembly, orientation, and structural features of nanoscale tubes composed of cyclic peptides, formed at the air−water interface, were detected by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXD). The peptide cyclo-[(l-Phe-d-N-MeAla-)4] (1) exhibits two-dimensional crystallinity in which the plane of the peptide ring is parallel to the water interface. The peptide cyclo-[(l-Trp-d-Leu)3-l-Ser-d-Leu] (2) forms predominantly planar aggregates composed of several tubes, lying with their long axes parallel to the air−water interface. In contrast, the peptide cyclo-[(l-Trp-d-Leu)4] (3) exhibits a very low tendency to form ordered two-dimensional arrays of nanotubes. Films of peptides 2 and 3 as well as their mixtures with the phospholipid DPPA were transferred onto a solid support and visualized by scanning force microscopy (SFM).
RADIKALIONEN 89<sup>1,2</sup>EINELEKTRONEN-OXIDATIONEN VON DIARYLDISULFIDEN MIT AlCl<sub>3</sub>/H<sub>2</sub>CCl<sub>2</sub> (1992)

Abstract The single electron oxidation of 14 alkyl and alkoxy substituted diaryldisulfides by AlCl3H2CCl2 has been investigated by ESR/ENDOR spectroscopy. The radical cations observed prove the following skeletal rearrangements: Those with ring hydrogens in ortho positions to the disulfide bridge preferentially form thianthrene derivatives. The isomeric dinaphthyl disulfides react differently, the 2,2′-isomer yielding the dibenzothianthrene radical cation and the 1,1′-isomer the well-known naphthalene-1,8-disulfide radical cation. For all diaryl disulfides with completely alkyl- or methoxy-blocked ortho positions, oxidative desulfuration is observed. As substantiated by additional 2D and 33S isotope marking, the bis(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)disulfide reacts both to the corresponding thianthrene derivative as well as via desulfuration to the radical cation of the monosulfide. Accompanying cyclovoltammetric and photoelectron spectroscopic measurements prove that all ESR spectroscopically detected radical cations result from compounds Ar-S-Ar, Ar-SS-Ar and Ar(S)2Ar with rather low oxidation or ionisation potentials and thus suggest that each the most easily oxidized paramagnetic species is observed in the rather complex product mixtures, which form on AICI3/H2CCl2 oxidation of diaryldisulfides. Die Einelektronen-Oxidation von 14 alkyl- and alkoxy-substituierten Diaryldisulfiden wird ESR/ENDOR-spektroskopisch verfolgt. Die beobachteten Radikalkationen zeigen folgende Geriistumlagerungen: Diejenigen mit ortho-Ringwasserstoffen neben der Disulfid-Briicke bilden bevorzugt Thianthren-Derivate. Die isomeren Dinaphthyldisulfide reagieren verschiedenartig, wobei das 2,2′-Isomere das Dibenzothianthren-Radikalkation bildet, wärend aus dem 1,1′-Isomeren das wohlbekannte Naphthalin-1.8-disulfid-Radikalkation entsteht. Fur alle Diaryldisulfide, deren ortho-Positionen vollstandig durch Alkyl- oder Methoxy-Gruppen blockiert sind, wird oxidative Entschwefelung beobachtet. Das Bis(2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)disulfid reagiert, wie zusatzliche 2D- and 33S-Isotopen-Markierung belegt, sowohl zum entsprechenden Thianthren-Radikalkation als auch unter Entschwefelung zum Radikalkation des Diarylmonosulfids. Begleitende cyclovoltammetrische and photoelektronenspektroskopische Messungen belegen, daB alle ESR-spektroskopisch nachgewiesenen Radikalkationen aus Verbindungen Ar-S-Ar, Ar-SS-Ar and Ar(S)2Ar mit relativ niedrigeren Oxidations- oder Ionisationspotentialen resultieren and legen daher nahe, daB jeweils diβ leichtest oxidierbare paramagnetische Spezies in den komplexen Produktgemischen beobachtet wird, die bei der AlCl3/H2CCl2 Oxidation von Diaryldisulfiden entstehen.
Multicore erbium-doped fiber amplifier (2012)

A multicore erbium-doped fiber (MC-EDF) amplifier for simultaneous amplification in the 7-cores has been developed, and the gain and noise properties of individual cores are studied. For a pump power of 146 mW, the average gain achieved in the MC-EDF fiber was 30 dB, and noise figure was less than 4 dB. The net useful gain from the multicore-amplifler, after taking into consideration of all the passive losses, was about 23-27 dB. Pump induced ASE noise transfer between the neighboring channel was found to be negligible.
Water Injection in IC - SI Engines to Control Detonation and to Reduce Pollutant Emissions (2003)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">In this paper the effects of water injection in the intake pipe of a single-cylinder standard CFR engine are investigated from an experimental viewpoint. Research was carried out at AGIP Petroli and ISAB ERG Refineries of Priolo Gargallo (SR).</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Tests were performed according to ASTM Research and Motor Method. Water was supplied by a continuous and pulsed injection system. The engine was fed with low Octane Number (O.N.) base gasoline (cheap products, intermediate of refinery processes). The water to fuel mass flow rate ratio was varied in the range 0 to 2.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Measurements of O.N. have shown that water injection virtually increases the water/fuel mixture O.N. and that it is possible to obtain a correct run feeding the engine with a low octane number fuel. The pollutant emissions measurements confirm the effectiveness of water injection in reducing the engine environmental impact.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">In conclusion results have shown that water injection really represents a way to avoid detonation and to control NO<sub>x</sub> formation in SI engines.</div>
Coaxial End-Launched and Microstrip to Partial <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$H$</tex></formula>-Plane Waveguide Transitions (2015)

Conventional rectangular waveguides are commonly used for high power and other microwave and millimeter-wave applications. Their use at lower frequencies has been limited by their bulky nature. A new type of compact waveguide called a partial H-plane waveguide has previously been proposed that has only one quarter of the cross-sectional area of a conventional waveguide. However, only limited information relating to the feeding of such waveguides is available. This paper presents two types of transitions to partial H-plane waveguides from the coaxial and microstrip transmission mediums. Additionally, in the coaxial case, the transition is end-launched to offer collinear properties. The development of both transitions is discussed and optimized designs presented with simulated and measured results over H-band (3.95-5.85 GHz).
Lightweight remote procedure call (1989)

Lightweight Remote Procedure Call (LRPC) is a communication facility designed and optimized for communication between protection domains on the same machine. In contemporary small-kernel operating systems, existing RPC systems incur an unnecessarily high cost when used for the type of communication that predominates — between protection domains on the same machine. This cost leads system designers to coalesce weakly-related subsystems into the same protection domain, trading safety for performance. By reducing the overhead of same-machine communication, LRPC encourages both safety and performance. LRPC combines the control transfer and communication model of capability systems with the programming semantics and large-grained protection model of RPC. LRPC achieves a factor of three performance improvement over more traditional approaches based on independent threads exchanging messages, reducing the cost of same-machine communication to nearly the lower bound imposed by conventional hardware. LRPC has been integrated into the Taos operating system of the DEC SRC Firefly multiprocessor workstation.
Core module network construction for breast cancer metastasis (2012)

For prognostic and diagnostic purposes, it is crucial to be able to separate the group of “driver” genes and their first-degree neighbours, (i.e. “core module”) from the general “disease module”. To facilitate this task, we developed a novel computational framework COMBINER: COre Module Biomarker Identification with Network ExploRation. We applied COMBINER to three benchmark breast cancer datasets for identifying prognostic biomarkers. We generated a list of “driver genes” by finding the common core modules between two sets of COMBINER markers identified with different module inference protocols. Overlaying the markers on the map of “the hallmarks of cancer” and constructing a weighted regulatory network with sensitivity analysis, we validated 29 driver genes. Our results show the COMBINER framework to be a promising approach for identifying and characterizing core modules and driver genes of many complex diseases.