gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Investigation of hole-tunneling current through ultrathin oxynitride/oxide stack gate dielectrics in p-MOSFETs (2002)

The systematic investigation of hole tunneling current through ultrathin oxide, oxynitride, oxynitride/oxide (N/O) and oxide/oxynitride/oxide (ONO) gate dielectrics in p-MOSFETs using a physical model is reported for the first time. The validity of the model is corroborated by the good agreement between the simulated and experimental results. Under typical inversion biases (|VG|<2 V), hole tunneling current is lower through oxynitride and oxynitride/oxide with about 33 at.% N than through pure oxide and nitride gate dielectrics. This is attributed to the competitive effects of the increase in the dielectric constant, and hence dielectric thickness, and decrease in the hole barrier height at the dielectric/Si interface with increasing with N concentration for a given electrical oxide thickness (EOT). For a N/O stack film with the same N concentration in the oxynitride, the hole tunneling current decreases monotonically with oxynitride thickness under the typical inversion biases. For minimum gate leakage current and maintaining an acceptable dielectric/Si interfacial quality, an N/O stack structure consisting of an oxynitride layer with 33 at.% N and a 3 /spl Aring/ oxide layer is proposed. For a p-MOSFET at an operating voltage of -0.9 V, which is applicable to the 0.7 /spl mu/m technology node, this structure could be scaled to EOT=12 /spl Aring/ if the maximum allowed gate leakage current is 1 A/cm/sup 2/ and EOT=9 /spl Aring/ if the maximum allowed gate leakage current is 100 A/cm/sup 2/.
FEI 报告在神经系统科学领域与 NIH 协作取得的新进展 (2017)

FEI 报告在神经系统科学领域与 NIH 协作取得的新进展 研究人员使用冷冻电子显微镜确定谷氨酸受体的结构机理——对大脑记忆形成和学习的重要洞见 true standard true gridFull text 俄勒冈州希尔斯伯勒，2014 年 8 月 4 日 - FEI 非常荣幸地宣布， NIH-FEI 结构生物学生活实验室 的研究人员使用 FEI 的 Titan Krios™ 透射电子显微镜 (TEM) 在生物学上取得了突破性的成果，阐明了谷氨酸受体参与大脑神经元间信号传递的结构机理。《自然》杂志中由 meyerson 等人著作的“ 谷氨酸受体激活和脱敏的结构机理
Development of BCU classifiers for on-line dynamic contingency screening of electric power systems (1999)

A sequence of BCU classifiers for online dynamic contingency screening is developed and their theoretical basis is provided. The design objective of the BCU classifiers is to ensure that unstable (single-swing or multiswing) contingencies be completely captured and that the number of contingencies needed for further analysis be significantly reduced. An architecture for online dynamic security assessments consisting of the BCU classifiers and an online transient stability (time-domain) simulation program is presented. The effectiveness of the developed BCU classifiers and proposed architecture is evaluated with very promising results using 7120 contingencies on a 50-generator, 145-bus power system and a 202-generator, 1293-bus real power system data.
"Architecture of Images": An Investigation of Architectural Representations and the Visual Perception of Three-Dimensional Space (1996)

At the end of the millennium, architecture faces diverse challenges. Its identity as a science and an art dealing with physical space needs to be redefined in the electronic era. The complexity of information space, which often takes over physical space in our daily lives, will broaden architecture's role-once well defined-in the shaping of the physical environment. Our sense of space and time in a place is not determined as much by the physical space we occupy as by the remote places connected to us by the web of communications. Telecommunications extend our existential space far beyond our physical space. Telephones and televisions are the most common devices of such sensual extension, removing the object of our perceptions from the house or street we occupy and bringing our ears and eyes to places thousands of miles distant from us [2]. Interwoven with these conditions is another phenomenon contributing to the transformation of traditional architecture: that of the reduction of architectural and urban space to a series of images. Today's city streets, buildings and homes are not merely a collection of sidewalks, walls, floors and roofs. In other words, they are more than the physical, threedimensional elements of which they are composed. The visual communications giving life to our cities and homes happen through light and images, both of them divorced from the solidity and three-dimensionality of the media traditionally used by architecture. Electric lights, billboards, liquidcrystal displays and neon signs in the urban space and TV and computer screens in domestic space are all legible expressions of the fragmentation of the three-dimensional solidity of our living environment, which loses its identity as a result of the ascendancy of two-dimensional images. The forms of these ephemeral architectures are often expressions of the
Elimination of Innate Immune Responses and Liver Inflammation by PEGylation of Adenoviral Vectors and Methylprednisolone (2005)

Improvement of the therapeutic index of adenoviral gene transfer requires the development of strategies to abrogate adenoviral capsid-induced inflammation and cytokine production. The effect of monomethoxypolyethylene glycol (MPEG) conjugation to adenoviral vectors and of methylprednisolone (MP) on innate immunity, liver inflammation, and thrombocyte counts was evaluated after transfer of 1011 particles of E1/E3/E4- deleted adenoviral vector expressing human apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I). Gene transfer with unPEGylated vectors induced peak interleukin-6 (IL-6) plasma levels that were 66-fold above baseline levels in C57BL/6 mice. PEGylation combined with 4 mg of MP 6 hr before and at the time of gene transfer suppressed IL-6 plasma levels to baseline values at all time points. This combination resulted in 24-, 28-, 5.9-, 42-, 26-, and 2.5- fold reduced mRNA expression in the liver of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, macrophage inflammatory protein-2, interferon-inducible protein-10, macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta, lipopolysaccharide-induced CXC chemokine, and keratinocyte-derived chemokine, respectively; abrogated neutrophil infiltration in the liver; and reduced alanine aminotransferase levels. PEGylation reduced vector uptake in the spleen and in nonparenchymal liver cells. PEGylation also inhibited the development of thrombocytopenia. In conclusion, PEGylation of adenoviral vectors combined with MP administration improves the therapeutic index of adenoviral gene transfer.
Stress-Related Changes in Proinflammatory Cytokine Production in Wounds (1999)

Consistent with the evidence that stress delays wound healing, these data suggest a possible mechanism: psychological stress has measurable effects on proinflammatory cytokine production in the local wound environment.
Polymers for biodegradable medical devices. IX: Microencapsulation studies; effects of polymer composition and process parameters on poly-hydroxybutyrate-hydroxyvalerate microcapsule morphology (1992)

Reservoir-type microcapsules were prepared using a double emulsion solvent evaporation technique from a series of nine different poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate (PHB)-based polymers in which both molecular weight and hydroxyvalerate content were varied. Particles prepared from a low molecular weight (MW 43,000) homopolymer had a shrivelled appearance, but were not porous. When the molecular weight of the fabricating homopolymer was increased to 540,000, however, these features disappeared and non-wrinkled particles with microporous surfaces were observed. Microcapsules prepared from a high molecular weight copolymer of PHB with 10.8 per cent hydroxyvalerate (HV) had a similar appearance, but particles prepared from a high molecular weight 20.1 per cent HV copolymer had much smoother and less porous surfaces. Lowering the molecular weight of the copolymer had the effect of producing particles that were generally distorted in shape and had highly irregular, macroporous, surface morphologies. Increasing the double emulsion temperature to 40 degrees C at 2 min after phase combination typically generated smoother and/or less porous particles and improved the batch yield. The numerous factors potentially responsible for the development of morphological characteristics of the products are discussed in the light of these observations.
Phosphorylation of Bcl-2 Protein and Association with p21Ras in Ras-induced Apoptosis (1996)

p21Ras mediates mitogenic responses and also renders cells susceptible to apoptosis after inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) activity. Ras-induced apoptosis can be blocked by the proto-oncogene bcl-2, but the biochemical or functional nature of Bcl-2 regulation of Ras-induced apoptosis is not understood. We demonstrate that Bcl-2 and p21Ras molecules can be co-immunoprecipitated in Jurkat cells. The level of this association is enhanced when an apoptotic stimulus (inhibition of PKC activity) is delivered. Bcl-2/p21Ras association is coincident with new phosphorylation of the Bcl-2 protein. Inhibition of this phosphorylation prevents protection from apoptosis by Bcl-2, providing a functional correlation to the phosphorylation event. The Bcl-2/p21Ras association cannot be competed by exogenous glutathione S-transferase-Ras fusion protein, suggesting that the endogenous complex may be formed before cell lysis. These results provide a possible mechanism of regulation of Ras-induced apoptosis by Bcl-2.
Electrochemical Behavior of Electroless Gold Plating with Ascorbic Acid as a Reducing Agent. (1991)

A novel electroless (autocatalytic) gold plating bath containing sodium L-ascorbate as the reducing agent has been developed. A suitable bath composition was formulated based on the results of an electrochemical study in which were determined at a gold electrode the anodic polarization curves of various reducing agents and the cathodic polarization curves of sodium tetrachloroaurate (III) dissolved in solutions of sodium sulfite and/or sodium thiosulfate. A typical bath containing 0.0125mol /dm3 sodium tetrachloroaurate (III), 0.1mol /dm 3 sodium sulfite, 0.1 mol /dm3 sodium thiosulf ate, and 0.25mol /dm3 sodium L-ascorbate, was operated under moderate conditions, typically at a pH of 6.0 and 333K. The rate of gold deposition obtained with this bath was in the same range or greater than that obtained with the classical cyanide-borohydride bath . The deposition rate of the new bath depended on both the ascorbate and gold concentrations, and the gravimetrically determined deposition rate was found to correspond well with the rate estimated from electrochemical polarization measurements.
Purification, characterization, and fibrinogen cleavage sites of three fibrinolytic enzymes from the venom of Crotalus basiliscus basiliscus (1992)

Three distinct fibrinolytic enzymes have been purified from the venom of Crotalus basiliscus basiliscus (the Mexican west coast rattlesnake). The high-performance liquid chromatography-based purification comprised the following steps: (a) hydrophobic interaction chromatography; (b) hydroxylapatite chromatography; (c) anion-exchange chromatography. Following hydrophobic interaction chromatography two fibrinolytic activity peaks were detected, Cbfib1 and Cbfib2. Cbfib2 was rendered homogeneous following hydroxylapatite chromatography. Upon hydroxylapatite chromatography Cbfib1 was shown to consist of two components, Cbfib1.1 and Cbfib1.2. Both Cbfib1.1 and Cbfib1.2 were purified to homogeneity using anion-exchange chromatography. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that Cbfib1.1 and Cbfib1.2 had similar molecular weights (approximately 23,500), whereas Cbfib2 displayed a molecular weight of approximately 22,500. The enzymes do not appear to be glycosylated. Tryptic digests of all three enzymes, analyzed by high-performance reverse-phase chromatography, suggest that Cbfib1.1 and Cbfib1.2 are closely related and different from Cbfib2. The latter displayed more similarity with Cbfib1.2 than with Cbfib1.1. Specific fibrinolytic activity for all three enzymes was very similar, but general proteolytic activity varied substantially with Cbfib2 showing a 12-fold higher specific proteolytic activity when compared to Cbfib1.1 and Cbfib1.2. None of these enzymes exhibited hemorrhagic activity when injected (up to 100 micrograms) subcutaneously into mice. Cbfib1.1 and Cbfib1.2 action against fibrinogen was directed equally against both the A alpha- and B beta-chains. Against fibrin the rate of degradation of the alpha-chain was considerably higher than that of the beta-chain. Cbfib2 showed mainly alpha-fibrin(ogen)ase activity with limited activity on the beta-chain. Several fibrinogen cleavage sites on the A alpha-chain have been identified: Cbfib1.1 and Cbfib1.2 cleave at Lys413-Leu414, Ser505-Thr506, and Tyr560-Ser561. Cbfib2 cleaves mainly at Gly254-Ser255 and Pro516-Met517.
Current status of adoption of no-till farming in the world and some of its main benefits. (2010)

In 1999 no-tillage farming, synonymous of zero tillage farming or conservation agriculture, was adopted on about 45 million ha world wide, growing to 72 million ha in 2003 and to 111 million ha in 2009, corresponding to an growth rate of 6 million ha per annum. Fastest adoption rates have been experienced in South America where some countries are using no-tillage farming on about 70% of the total cultivated area. Opposite to countries like the USA where often fields under no-tillage farming are tilled every now and then, more than two thirds of the area under no-tillage systems in South America is permanently not tilled; in other words once adopted, the soil is never tilled again. The spread of no-tillage systems on more than 110 million ha world-wide shows the great adaptability of the systems to all kinds of climates, soils and cropping conditions. No-tillage is now being practiced from the artic circle over the tropics to about 50o latitude south, from sea level to 3 , 000 m altitude, from extremely rainy areas with 2 , 500 mm a year to extremely dry conditions with 250 mm a year. No-till farming offers a way of optimizing productivity and ecosystem services, offering a wide range of economic, environmental and social benefits to the producer and to the society. At the same time, no-till farming is enabling agriculture to respond to some of the global challenges associated with climate change, land and environmental degradation, and increasing cost of food, energy and production inputs. The wide recognition of no-till farming as a truly sustainable system should ensure the spread of the no-till technology and the associated practices of organic soil cover and crop rotation, as soon as the barriers to its adoption have been overcome, to areas where adoption is currently still low. The widespread adoption globally also shows that no-tillage farming cannot any more be considered a temporary fashion or a craze; instead largely through farmers’ own effort, the system has established itself as a farming practice and a different way of thinking about sustainable agro-ecosystem management that can no longer be ignored by scientists, academics, extension workers, farmers at large as well as equipment and machine manufacturers and politicians. Keywords: w orld-wide no-till adoption , zero tillage adoption , conservation agriculture, soil health, climate change, ecosystem services DOI: 10.3965/j.issn.1934-6344.20 1 0.0 1 .0-0 Citation: Rolf D erpsch , Theodor F riedrich , Amir K assam, Li H ongwen . Current status of adoption of no-till farming in the world and some of its main benefits . Int J Agric & Biol Eng, 20 1 0; 3 ( 1 ): <span style=line-height: 140%; font-family:
Characterization of Lung Nodule Malignancy using Hybrid Shape and Appearance Features (2016)

Computed tomography imaging is a standard modality for detecting and assessing lung cancer. In order to evaluate the malignancy of lung nodules, clinical practice often involves expert qualitative ratings on several criteria describing a nodule's appearance and shape. Translating these features for computer-aided diagnostics is challenging due to their subjective nature and the difficulties in gaining a complete description. In this paper, we propose a computerized approach to quantitatively evaluate both appearance distinctions and 3D surface variations. Nodule shape was modeled and parameterized using spherical harmonics, and appearance features were extracted using deep convolutional neural networks. Both sets of features were combined to estimate the nodule malignancy using a random forest classifier. The proposed algorithm was tested on the publicly available Lung Image Database Consortium dataset, achieving high accuracy. By providing lung nodule characterization, this method can provide a robust alternative reference opinion for lung cancer diagnosis.
Measurement of Temperature Distribution of a Flat-Plate Heat Pipe Using Thermochromic Liquid Crystal and Color Imaging Techniques (1998)

Abstract An experimental study on the performance of a flat-plate heat pipe was conducted by measuring the surface temperature distribution using thermochromic liquid crystals (TLC). Single wide-band liquid crystals were coated on the heat pipe and the colors exhibited by the liquid crystals were captured using a color video camera and calibrated using thermocouples. Comparative experiments were performed on the heat pipe and a heat pipe shell (without working fluid) under steady state and transient conditions. The full-field temperature visualization revealed a number of hot spots in the condenser section under both steady state and transient operation conditions. These hot spots are caused by non-uniformity in the wick structure of the heat pipe.
The Potential of Hormonal Contraception to Influence Female Sexuality (2019)

The association between female sexual function and hormonal contraception is controversial. Recognition and management of sexual side effects in women using hormonal contraceptives are challenging. An unsatisfactory number of studies report the influence of the available contraceptives on female sexuality. This article provides an updated narrative review regarding the effect and the magnitude of the impact that hormonal contraceptives play in female sexual function.
Sphenopalatine Ganglion Stimulation in Neurovascular Headaches (2015)

The interest for the sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) in neurovascular headaches dates back to 1908 when Sluder presented his work on the role of the SPG in 'nasal headaches', which are now part of the trigeminal autonomic cephalalgias and cluster headache (ICHD-III-beta). Since then various interventions with blocking or lesional properties have targeted the SPG (transnasal injection of lidocaine and other agents, alcohol or steroid injections, radiofrequency lesions, or even ganglionectomy); success rates vary, but benefit is usually transient. Here we briefly review some anatomophysiological characteristics of the SPG and hypotheses about its pathophysiological role in neurovascular headaches before describing recent therapeutic results obtained with electrical stimulation of the SPG. Based on results of a prospective randomized controlled study, SPG stimulation appears to be an effective treatment option for patients with chronic cluster headaches; efficacy data indicate that acute electrical stimulation of the SPG provides significant attack pain relief and in many cases pain freedom compared to sham stimulation. Moreover, in some patients SPG stimulation has been associated with a significant and clinically meaningful reduction in cluster headache attack frequency; this preventive effect of SPG stimulation warrants further investigation. For migraine attacks, the outcome of a proof-of-concept study using a temporary electrode implanted in the pterygopalatine fossa was less encouraging; however, an ongoing multicenter trial is evaluating the efficacy of long-term SPG stimulation against sham stimulation for acute and preventive treatment in patients with frequent migraine.
Characterization of a Laterally Oscillating Microresonator Operating in the Nonlinear Region (2016)

Microresonators are popular structures used in a variety of applications. They generally operate in the linear region where the vibration amplitude is limited, thereby limiting the signal-to-noise ratio. The nonlinear vibration region, where amplitudes and, consequently, the signal-to-noise ratio are relatively large, is generally avoided owing to instabilities and complexities in analysing the vibrations. In this work, a nonlinear dynamic model with a damping constant obtained from Monte Carlo simulation was derived to describe the vibration responses of microresonators operating in the nonlinear region. A laterally oscillating comb-drive driven resonator was designed, fabricated and characterized at various pressures and driving signals to validate the model. A simple method to extract the quality factor of the resonator in the nonlinear region was also proposed. The measured quality factors were compared with those obtained from the nonlinear model and a good agreement was obtained.
A mixture model for representing shape variation (1997)

The shape variation displayed by a class of objects can be represented as a probability density function, allowing us to determine plausible and implausible examples of the class. Given a training set of example shapes we can align them into a common co-ordinate frame and use kernel based density estimation techniques to represent this distribution. Such an estimate is complex and expensive, so we generate a simpler approximation using a mixture of gaussians. We show how to calculate the distribution, and how it can be used in image search to locate examples of the modelled object in new images.
A V3 Loop-Dependent gp120 Element Disrupted by CD4 Binding Stabilizes the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Envelope Glycoprotein Trimer (2010)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) entry into cells is mediated by a trimeric complex consisting of noncovalently associated gp120 (exterior) and gp41 (transmembrane) envelope glycoproteins. The binding of gp120 to receptors on the target cell alters the gp120-gp41 relationship and activates the membrane-fusing capacity of gp41. Interaction of gp120 with the primary receptor, CD4, results in the exposure of the gp120 third variable (V3) loop, which contributes to binding the CCR5 or CXCR4 chemokine receptors. We show here that insertions in the V3 stem or polar substitutions in a conserved hydrophobic patch near the V3 tip result in decreased gp120-gp41 association (in the unliganded state) and decreased chemokine receptor binding (in the CD4-bound state). Subunit association and syncytium-forming ability of the envelope glycoproteins from primary HIV-1 isolates were disrupted more by V3 changes than those of laboratory-adapted HIV-1 envelope glycoproteins. Changes in the gp120 beta2, beta19, beta20, and beta21 strands, which evidence suggests are proximal to the V3 loop in unliganded gp120, also resulted in decreased gp120-gp41 association. Thus, a gp120 element composed of the V3 loop and adjacent beta strands contributes to quaternary interactions that stabilize the unliganded trimer. CD4 binding dismantles this element, altering the gp120-gp41 relationship and rendering the hydrophobic patch in the V3 tip available for chemokine receptor binding.