gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Coupled multiple waveguide systems (1983)

The coupled-mode equations for systems of four and five planar coupled waveguides are investigated to determine transmission characteristics of interest. By proper selection of the coupling coefficients in a system of "synchronous" waveguides, full transfer can be achieved from one outermost guide to the guide on the opposite side. In the five-waveguide system, an excitation of the center guide can be fully transferred to a symmetric excitation of the outer guides. Sinusoidal modulation of the propagation constants leads to transfer functions with desirable properties for sampling applications. The analysis for synchronous waveguides is extended to waveguide systems of arbitrary order. Expressions for the coupling coefficients of an <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</tex> th order system are given for each of the two types of transfer characteristics described above.
In Vitro Effects of Osteotomy Angle and Osteotomy Reduction on Tibial Angulation and Rotation During the Tibial Plateau‐Leveling Osteotomy Procedure (2003)

These results suggest that osteotomy reduction may play a greater role in angular and rotational deformity than osteotomy angle, although extreme osteotomy angles should be avoided. To decrease the severity of deformity, we recommend that the osteotomy be made perpendicular to the craniocaudal and proximodistal axes and be completely reduced with less regard for alignment of the medial cortex.
Dealuminated ZSM-5 Zeolite Catalyst for Ethylene Oligomerization to Liquid Fuels (2002)

Ethylene oligomerization using ZSM-5 zeolite was investigated to study the role of Bronsted acid sites in the formation of higher hydrocarbons. The oligomerization of olens, dependent on the acidity of ZSM-5 zeolite, is an important step in the conversion of natural gas to liquid fuels. The framework Si/Al ratio reects the number of potential acid sites and the acid strength of the ZSM-5 catalyst. ZSM-5 with the mole ratio SiO2/Al2O3 equal to 30 was dealuminated for dieren t periods of time according to the acidic ion-exchange method to produce ZSM-5 with various Si/Al ratios. The FT-IR analysis revealed that the integrated framework aluminum band, non-framework aluminum band, and silanol groups areas of the ZSM-5 zeolites decreased after being dealuminated. The performance of the dealuminated zeolite was tested for ethylene oligomerization. The results demonstrated that the dealumination of ZSM-5 led to higher ethylene conversion, but the gasoline selectivity was reduced compared to the performance of a ZSM-5 zeolite. The characterization results revealed the amount of aluminum in the zeolitic framework, the crystallinity of the ZSM-5 zeolite, and the Si/Al ratio aected the formation of Bronsted acid sites. The number of the Bronsted acid sites on the catalyst active sites is important in the olen conversion to liquid hydrocarbons.
1×2 lossless semiconductor optical switch (1991)

The addition of curved output guides to a twin-guide laser amplifier switch has enabled the first demonstration to be made of a compact 1×2 semiconductor optical switch that exhibits fibre-to-fibre gain and low crosstalk.
Form birefringence of layered media and volume gratings (1995)

We investigate the reflection at the interface between a homogeneous medium and a semi-infinite periodic layered medium. The result provides independent confirmation of the form birefringence of the periodic layered medium. In addition, our result shows a fundamental difference between the reflection at the interface between a homogeneous medium and a semi-infinite periodic layered medium and that of a Bragg reflector that consists of a large number of layers. We analyze the form birefringence induced by volume index gratings in a homogeneous medium. The extension of our analysis to multiple volume index gratings provides an explanation of the relationship between birefringence and crystal symmetry.
BIST: required for embedded DRAM (2002)

In the virtual component (VC) integration business, the embedded DRAM is a key VC to realize high bit density and high bandwidth performance, thus the low-cost testing of DRAM-integrated LSI is an emerging problem. The DRAM test usually includes a fail-bit (address) search to repair the memory cell defects with redundancy, requiring long time for wafer probing. A DRAM BIST drastically reduces time of both wafer probing and final test, compared with test by only ATE. In the VC-LSI testing, BIST for embedded DRAM is also required to reduce the test time and to realize VC test isolation.
Quick crack detection of the large vibrating screen lower beam based on combined technical method of MMMT and ET (2010)

The abrupt fracture of vibrating screen lower beam will make the whole coal preparation product line shutting down and result in large economic losses. In this paper, according to the difficulties and requirements of vibrating screen lower beam crack detection, a quick detection method was put forward based on combined technical method of metal magnetic memory testing and eddy current testing. The experimentation and spot application results showed that the method was efficient, and could achieved the early crack fault quick detection of vibrating screen lower beam. Its application could decrease even avoid the lower beam abrupt fracture occurrence of the vibrating screen, and bring enormous economic and social effects.
Molecular Designs and Syntheses of Organic Dyes for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells (2009)

Abstract Dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based on organic dyes adsorbed on nanocrystalline TiO 2 electrodes have received considerable attention because of their high incident solar light‐to‐electricity conversion efficiency and low cost of production. A number of organic dyes have so far been developed, and the relationship between their chemical structures and the photovoltaic performances of DSSCs based on the dyes has been examined. To create high‐performance DSSCs, it is important to develop effective organic dye sensitizers, which should be optimized for the chemical structures to possess good light‐harvesting features, to provide good electron communication between the dyes and a TiO 2 electrode, and to control the molecular arrangements on the TiO 2 electrode. The aim of this microreview is to highlight the design and synthesis of organic dyes for DSSCs based on recent work of organic chemists. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Effect of Ketotifen on Acute Gastric Lesions and Gastric Secretion in Rats (1992)

Ketotifen, a histamine H1-receptor antagonist and mast cell stabilizer, significantly protected the rat gastric mucosa against lesions induced by necrotizing agents, histamine or compound 48/80. The agent significantly inhibited the basal gastric acid secretion, but had little or no effect on the histamine-stimulated secretion. The mucosal protective effect was observed even at a dose that had little or no effect on gastric acid secretion, suggesting that ketotifen exhibits so-called cytoprotective activity.
Catalytic cleavage of active phosphate and ester substrates by iodoso- and iodoxybenzoates (1984)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCatalytic cleavage of active phosphate and ester substrates by iodoso- and iodoxybenzoatesRobert A. Moss, K. W. Alwis, and Jae Sup ShinCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984, 106, 9, 2651–2655Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1984https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00321a027https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00321a027research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views540Altmetric-Citations74LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Mikrocomputer‐unterstützte prozeßkontrolle in der fermentationstechnik (1984)

Abstract Nowadays computer control is an effective and well established tool in optimizing fermentation processes. Based on recent development in microelectronics, especially in the field of personal computers, cost effective applications of this technology are now possible, even on laboratory‐ and pilot scale. In this paper the application of a personal computer (CBM 3032), controlling various types of fermentations, is described. In more detail the availability of physiologically relevant sensors, especially the respiration and the dynamic calorimetry, are discussed. Finally some examples of practical realisations are presented.
Corrosion resistance and adhesion of poly(L-lactic acid)/MgF2 composite coating on AZ31 magnesium alloy for biomedical application (2016)

Fluoride conversion layer was produced on AZ31 magnesium alloy by soaking in hydrofluoric acid solution and poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) film was prepared by spin-coating the PLLA solution. The as-prepared samples were comparatively characterized in phase structure, elements profile, morphology, adhesion force, and corrosion resistance. The results show that more MgF2 was formed in the outer layer than at the interface which is likely to be composed of MgF2 and Mg(OH)2. The MgF2 layer is of labyrinthine porosity with fine pores interconnected to larger ones, while the spin-coated PLLA film is dense and adhere to the substrate seamlessly. PLLA showed a higher adhesion force between the coating and AZ31 substrate than fluoride layer because of its ductility and higher contact area. PLLA was infused into the porous fluoride conversion layer forming an integrated inorganic/organic composite coating. Infiltration of PLLA into MgF2 layer sealing pores and flaws contributes to reinforcement of the composite coating in favor of improvement of the interfacial adhesion force as well as corrosion resistance. The composite PLLA/MgF2 coating outperforms either of the solely applied coatings with respect to anticorrosion and adhesion properties under the same condition.
ARITHMETIC/ALGEBRAIC PROBLEM-SOLVING AND THE REPRESENTATION OF TWO UNKNOWN QUANTITIES (2004)

We deal with the study of the senses and the meanings generated in the representation of the unknowns in the resolution of word problems involving two unknown quantities. The discussed cases show the difficulties that the students beginning the algebra learning have to deal with when using the equality between &quot;unknown things&quot;. For them, applying the equality transitivity property between different (but equivalent) algebraic expressions, or replacing an unknown quantity with its representation in terms of another one is not derived from an extension of the transitivity between numerical equalities or from the numerical substitution. This may have important implications in the algebra problem-solving teaching domain, in which it is usual to take for granted that students spontaneously transfer these numerical issues to the algebraic realm. Previous research has been undertaken to probe cognitive processes that take place in solving word problems in the transition from arithmetic to algebraic thinking.
On the Origin of Linear Polarization in Solar Flares (2014)

A significant degree of linear polarization (up to few percent) of some spectral lines is occasionally reported from the observations of solar flares. This polarization is often found at the edges of the flare ribbons and it is usually radial or tangential. The mechanism usually considered as being responsible for this effect is the impact polarization by electron and/or proton beams bombarding the chromosphere. We point out that resonant scattering polarization in a multi-dimensional geometry of the chromosphere has to be considered as an important ingredient of the problem. The significant horizontal inhomogeneities at the boundaries of the flare ribbons causes a considerable change in the radiation field anisotropy which may lead to emission of strongly linearly polarized spectral lines.
Carnitine and acylcarnitine metabolism during exercise in humans. Dependence on skeletal muscle metabolic state. (1989)

Carnitine metabolism has been previously shown to change with exercise in normal subjects, and in patients with ischemic muscle diseases. To characterize carnitine metabolism further during exercise, six normal male subjects performed constant-load exercise on a bicycle ergometer on two separate occasions. Low-intensity exercise was performed for 60 min at a work load equal to 50% of the lactate threshold, and high-intensity exercise was performed for 30 min at a work load between the lactate threshold and maximal work capacity for the individual. Low-intensity exercise was not associated with a change in muscle (vastus lateralis) carnitine metabolism. In contrast, from rest to 10 min of high-intensity exercise, muscle short-chain acylcarnitine content increased 5.5-fold while free carnitine content decreased 66%, and muscle total carnitine content decreased by 19% (all P less than 0.01). These changes in skeletal muscle carnitine metabolism were present at the completion of 30 min of high-intensity exercise, and persisted through a 60-min recovery period. With 30 min of high-intensity exercise, plasma short-chain and long-chain acylcarnitine concentrations increased by 46% and 23%, respectively. Neither exercise state was associated with a change in the urine excretion rates of free carnitine or acylcarnitines. Thus, alterations in skeletal muscle carnitine metabolism, characterized by an increase in acylcarnitines and a decrease in free and total carnitine, are dependent on the work load and, therefore, the metabolic state associated with the exercise, and are poorly reflected in the plasma and urine carnitine pools.
Hamiltonian Nullspace Shuttles (2018)

We present a method to explore the effective nullspace of nonlinear inverse problems without Monte Carlo sampling. This is based on the construction of an artificial Hamiltonian system where a model is treated as a high-dimensional particle. Depending on its initial momentum and mass matrix, the particle evolves along a trajectory that traverses the effective nullspace, thereby producing a series of alternative models that are consistent with observations and their uncertainties. Variants of the nullspace shuttle enable hypothesis testing, for example, by adding features or by producing smoother or rougher models. Furthermore, the Hamiltonian nullspace shuttle can serve as a tunable hybrid between deterministic and probabilistic inversion methods: Choosing random initial momenta, it resembles Hamiltonian Monte Carlo; requiring misfits to decrease along a trajectory, it transforms into gradient descent. We illustrate the concept with a low-dimensional toy example and with high-dimensional nonlinear inversions of seismic traveltimes and magnetic data, respectively.
PENCIL-POINT NEEDLE IN PREVENTION OF POSTSPINAL HEADACHE (1951)

Headache following spinal anesthesia is a perplexing problem to the anesthesiologist. Sometimes it presents itself even in patients in whom no spinal anesthetic has been employed. Recently a patient who had received only a local anesthetic for the removal of a superficial tumor was glibly informed by a forgetful physician that his headache was the result of the spinal tap. It is so easy and convenient to use spinal anesthesia as the scapegoat for all postoperative headaches, that we find the nursing staff, the floor attendants, and even the patient in the next bed making authoritative diagnoses. <h3>ETIOLOGY</h3> Headache of this type has been of clinical interest since the technique of lumbar puncture was introduced. A survey of the literature over a period of 30 years discloses that the theories of its causation are practically legion and frequently contradictory. Such a multiplicity of theories points up the lack of knowledge
Intramolecular Regulatory Switch in ZAP-70: Analogy with Receptor Tyrosine Kinases (2005)

ZAP-70, a Syk family cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinase (PTK), is required to couple the activated T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) to downstream signaling pathways. It contains two tandem SH2 domains that bind to phosphorylated TCR subunits and a C-terminal catalytic domain. The region connecting the SH2 domains with the kinase domain, termed interdomain B, has previously been shown to have striking regulatory effects on ZAP-70 function, presumed to be due to the recruitment of key substrates. Paradoxically, deletion of interdomain B preserves ZAP-70 function. Recent structural studies of several receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) revealed that their juxtamembrane regions negatively regulate their catalytic activities. In EphB2 and several other RTKs, this autoinhibition depends upon interaction between the kinase domain and tyrosine residues within the juxtamembrane region. Autoinhibition is released when these tyrosines become phosphorylated following receptor stimulation. Sequence homology suggested analogous regulation for ZAP-70. Based on mutagenesis analysis of ZAP-70 interdomain B, we find that this region downregulates ZAP-70 catalytic activity in a similar manner as the juxtamembrane region of EphB2. Similar regulation was also noted for the related Syk kinase. These findings suggest that a general autoinhibitory mechanism employed by RTKs is also used by some cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases.
Effects of carbon doping on superconductivity in magnesium diboride (2002)

We introduce carbon onto boron sites in ${\mathrm{MgB}}_{2}.$ The resulting changes in crystal lattice constants and superconducting transition temperature ${T}_{c}$ are characterized by x-ray-diffraction, magnetic susceptibility, and electrical resistance measurements. The consequence of approximately 10% carbon doping of boron sites is a 1% contraction of the intraplane lattice dimension (with no appreciable change in the interplane dimension) and a lowering of ${T}_{c}$ by approximately 7 K. The relative contributions to the shift in ${T}_{c}$ from lattice contraction and charge transfer are evaluated.
ChemInform Abstract: A Novel Synthesis of 1‐Deazaadenosine. Studies on Chemical Synthesis of Potential Antimetabolites. Part 29. (1982)

Abstract Aus dem Imidazopyridin (Ia) wird über das Ribosylderivat (Ib) die Chlor‐Verbindung (II) hergestellt, aus der durch Transribosylierung Uuu; uuuuuu vvuu.
Model Experiments on Surugatoxin Synthesis. VI. Synthesis of the Ethyl Ester of the Aglycone of Surugatoxin and Its Stereoisomers (1) (1985)

Dehydrated surugatoxin ethyl ester analogue 14 was prepared from bromo-nitroketone 11. Alkaline hydrolysis [2% MeONa-MeOH, tetrahydrofuran (THF), room temperature] of 14 gave an enamine derivative 15 which was treated with OsO4 in THF to give a mixture of cis-diols 16α and 16β. Selective reduction of 16α with borane-pyridine complex in AcOH followed by debenzylation of the resulting monool 17 with 90% trifluoroacetic acid at 50°C for 15 min afforded a desired surugatoxin derivative 18. The structure and stereochemistry of 18 was unequivocally determined in a single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.
Radio Frequency Changers (1915)

Starting with the principle that a coil (or capacity) rotating in a single phase alternating magnetic (or electric) field, may be regarded as producing a magnetic (or electric) field rotating with double frequency, a number of frequency doublers and multipliers of magnetic and electric nature are described. Under this heading, the reflection or Goldschmidt alternator is considered. A typical mercury arc frequency doubler is treated. The use of electrolytic rectifier cells in increasing frequency is discussed, and a number of useful arrangements of this type shown. Frequency multiplication by the use of the arc is also handled. A detailed description of a number of frequency changers depending on the nature of the magnetising force-induction curve of iron follows. The application of the results to the field of radio telephony, and the possibility of adequate trigger control of the outgoing energy by ordinary microphones is considered.
Molecular Weight Distributions in Free-Radical Polymerizations. 2. Low-Conversion Bulk Polymerization (1997)

Results are reported for the low-conversion bulk polymerizations of methyl methacrylate (up to 15% conversion) and styrene (up to 8%) at 50 °C with AIBN as the initiator. The rates were measured gravimetrically, and the time evolution of the full molecular weight distributions (MWDs) were measured by GPC. For both monomers, the rates obeyed [AIBN]0.5±0.05, independent of conversion. MWD data were analyzed as ln P(M), where P(M) is the pseudoinstantaneous number distribution; approximate analytic solutions for the MWD suggest that plots of lnP(M) vs M should show extensive linear regions if chain stoppage is by transfer, disproportionation, and/or chain-length-dependent termination. The cumulative number distribution is approximately the GPC distribution divided by the square of the molecular weight; pseudoinstantaneous number distributions were obtained by subtracting the appropriately normalized cumulative distributions at successive conversions. All MWD data show ln P(M) is linear in M for higher M, with the slope of this region being independent of conversion but increasing significantly with increasing [AIBN]. The combined MWD and rate data for styrene are consistent with chain stoppage being both by transfer to monomer and by termination (by combination) between long and short chains, long−long termination being too slow to be important; parameter values reproducing both the rate and the MWD involve both chain-length-dependent and chain-length-independent events, with the critical distance of interaction for termination being significantly greater than that of a monomer unit (as distinct from what is seen at intermediate conversion). For MMA, where termination is dominated by disproportionation, the rate and MWD data are best fitted by assuming that center-of-mass (chain-length-dependent) termination is at most only weakly rate-determining. Attempts to use the low-M shape of plots of ln P(M) to indicate whether termination occurs by combination or disproportionation were inconclusive.
Varifocal zoom imaging with large area focal length adjustable metalenses (2018)

Varifocal lenses are essential components of dynamic optical systems with applications in photography, mixed reality, and microscopy. Metasurface optics has strong potential for creating tunable flat optics. Existing tunable metalenses, however, typically require microelectromechanical actuators, which cannot be scaled to large area devices, or rely on high voltages to stretch a flexible substrate and achieve a sufficient tuning range. Here, we build a 1 cm aperture varifocal metalens system at 1550 nm wavelength inspired by an Alvarez lens, fabricated using high-throughput stepper photolithography. We demonstrate a nonlinear change in focal length by minimally actuating two cubic phase metasurfaces laterally, with focusing efficiency as high as 57% and a wide focal length change of more than 6 cm (> 200%). We also test a lens design at visible wavelength and conduct varifocal zoom imaging with a demonstrated 4x zoom capability without any other optical elements in the imaging path.