gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Absolute analytical prediction of photonic crystal guided mode resonance wavelengths (2014)

A class of photonic crystal resonant reflectors known as guided mode resonant filters are optical structures that are widely used in the field of refractive index sensing, particularly in biosensing. For the purposes of understanding and design, their behavior has traditionally been modeled numerically with methods such as rigorous coupled wave analysis. Here it is demonstrated how the absolute resonance wavelengths of such structures can be predicted by analytically modeling them as slab waveguides in which the propagation constant is determined by a phase matching condition. The model is experimentally verified to be capable of predicting the absolute resonance wavelengths to an accuracy of within 0.75 nm, as well as resonance wavelength shifts due to changes in cladding index within an accuracy of 0.45 nm across the visible wavelength regime in the case where material dispersion is taken into account. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the model is valid beyond the limit of low grating modulation, for periodically discontinuous waveguide layers, high refractive index contrasts, and highly dispersive media.
Control of the Subinclusion Microstructure in HDPE/PS/PMMA Ternary Blends (2000)

Various ternary blends of HDPE, PS, and PMMA were prepared in one step using a Brabender mixer. When HDPE is the major component, as in this case, the morphology consists of a HDPE matrix, a PS dispersed phase and PMMA subinclusions within the dispersed PS, as predicted by the spreading coefficients. SEM observation and quantitative characterization were used to show that this complex morphology occurs within the first minutes of mixing and remains stable thereafter. Furthermore, it is shown quantitatively that all the PMMA is present in subinclusion form. It is possible to manipulate the dispersed phase internal structure from small PMMA subinclusions dispersed in a larger PS particle to a PS/PMMA core−shell structure upon decreasing the PS/PMMA composition ratio. Coalescence of composite droplets was also investigated. Upon annealing, these systems clearly experience a dual coalescence process: composite droplet/composite droplet coalescence and coalescence between dispersed subinclusion particles. Although some particle size increase is observed, the main effect of static coalescence is the transition from dispersed subinclusions to a core−shell structure at long times. It is shown that dynamic coalescence is controlled by the thickness of the shell layer. Morphological changes of the composite droplet size were also measured and explained in terms of interfacial tension and viscosity reductions. It is demonstrated that the composite droplet size is controlled by the outer shell thickness.
Peralkylierte Polyaminophosphazene ‐extrem starke neutrale Stickstoffbasen (1987)

Die wohl stärksten ungeladenen Stickstoffbasen sind leicht zugängliche, ungewöhnlich beständige Oligophosphazene wie 1 – 3 (p K a (H 2 O) ⋍ 29–30). Sie sind effiziente, wenig nucleophile Dehydrohalogenierungsreagentien für primäre und sekundäre Halogenide. Ihre Stabilität zeigt sich unter anderem darin, daß 1 erst bei 160°C in D 2 O hydrolisiert wird und 2 und 3 sogar unter diesen Bedingungen 20 h unverändert bleiben. magnified image
Isolation and Phytotoxicity of Apocarotenoids from <i>Chenopodium </i><i>a</i><i>lbum</i> (2004)

Two new compounds (1, 2) and 16 apocarotenoids (3-18) were isolated from the weed Chenopodium album. The structures of new apocarotenoids were determined to be (3R,6R,7E,9E,11E)-3-hydroxy-13-apo-alpha-caroten-13-one (1) and (6S,7E,9E,11E)-3-oxo-13-apo-alpha-caroten-13-one (2) by spectroscopic, NMR, and MS analysis. Five of the known compounds (5, 6, 13, 15, and 17) were previously reported only as synthetic compounds. Effects of these compounds on germination and growth of Lactuca sativa (lettuce) were studied in the 10(-4)-10(-7) M concentration range.
Reassignment of the human CSF1 gene to chromosome 1p13-p21 (1991)

Human macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1 or M-CSF) is encoded by a single gene that was previously assigned to the long arm of chromosome 5, band q33.1, in a region adjacent to the gene encoding its receptor (Pettenati MJ, et al, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84:2970, 1987). Using fluorescence in situ hybridization with genomic probes to examine normal metaphase chromosomes, we reassigned the human CSF1 gene to the short arm of chromosome 1, bands p13-p21. We confirmed this result by hybridizing a CSF1 cDNA probe to filters containing flow-sorted chromosomes and by identifying CSF1 sequences in DNAs extracted from human x rodent somatic cell hybrids that contained human chromosome 1 but not human chromosome 5. Our findings are consistent with studies that have shown tight linkage between the murine CSF1 and amylase genes, as part of a conserved linkage group between mouse chromosome 3 and the short arm of human chromosome 1, which also includes the genes encoding the beta subunits of thyrotropin and nerve growth factor. Assignment of the CSF1 gene to chromosome 1 at bands p13-p21 raises the possibility that it may be altered by certain nonrandom chromosomal abnormalities arising in human hematopoietic malignancies and solid tumors.
Depleted Bulk Heterojunction Colloidal Quantum Dot Photovoltaics (2011)

The first solution-processed depleted bulk heterojunction colloidal quantum dot solar cells are presented. The architecture allows for high absorption with full depletion, thereby breaking the photon absorption/carrier extraction compromise inherent in planar devices. A record power conversion of 5.5% under simulated AM 1.5 illumination conditions is reported. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Nanotechnology and pharmaceutical inhalation aerosols. (2007)

Pharmaceutical inhalation aerosols have been playing a crucial role in the health and well being of millions of people throughout the world for many years. The technology's continual advancement, the ease of use and the more desirable pulmonary-rather-than-needle delivery for systemic drugs has increased the attraction for the pharmaceutical aerosol in recent years. But administration of drugs by the pulmonary route is technically challenging because oral deposition can be high, and variations in inhalation technique can affect the quantity of drug delivered to the lungs. Recent advances in nanotechnology, particularly drug delivery field have encouraged formulation scientists to expand their reach in solving tricky problems related to drug delivery. Moreover, application of nanotechnology to aerosol science has opened up a new category of pharmaceutical aerosols (collectively known as nanoenabled-aerosols) with added advantages and effectiveness. In this review, some of the latest approaches of nano-enabled aerosol drug delivery system (including nano-suspension, trojan particles, bioadhesive nanoparticles and smart particle aerosols) that can be employed successfully to overcome problems of conventional aerosol systems have been introduced.
Dependence of device performance on carrier escape sequence in multi-quantum-well p-i-n solar cells (2006)

This work is a study relating device performance and carrier escape sequence in a large set of InAsP∕InP p-i-n multi-quantum-well solar cells. The devices encompass nearly identical i-region thickness and built-in electric field and present similar absorption threshold energies. The escape sequence of the first confined electron-to-conduction band continuum and heavy/light holes-to-valence band continuum is extracted from the photoluminescence versus temperature analysis and by comparing the measured activation energies to calculated hole/electron well depths and thermionic escape times. Light holes, as expected for most III-V nanostructure systems, are found to be the fastest escaping carriers in all samples. The escape of electrons prior to heavy holes is shown to be a prerequisite to prevent severe open circuit voltage degradation. A possible explanation of the origin of this effect is offered. InP∕InAsP multi-quantum-well solar cells with high built-in electric field and fast electronic escape time display better open circuit voltage and performance.
Ketamine/propofol admixture (ketofol) is associated with improved hemodynamics as an induction agent (2012)

"Ketofol" is associated with improved hemodynamic stability during the first 10 minutes after induction. Further study is needed to assess the efficacy of "ketofol" in critically ill patients and those with significant comorbidities. This combination has the potential to be used as an alternative agent for emergency induction during which time stable hemodynamics are desirable.
Corepressor Rcor1 is essential for murine erythropoiesis (2014)

The corepressor Rcor1 has been linked biochemically to hematopoiesis, but its function in vivo remains unknown. We show that mice deleted for Rcor1 are profoundly anemic and die in late gestation. Definitive erythroid cells from mutant mice arrest at the transition from proerythroblast to basophilic erythroblast. Remarkably, Rcor1 null erythroid progenitors cultured in vitro form myeloid colonies instead of erythroid colonies. The mutant proerythroblasts also aberrantly express genes of the myeloid lineage as well as genes typical of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and/or progenitor cells. The colony-stimulating factor 2 receptor β subunit (Csf2rb), which codes for a receptor implicated in myeloid cytokine signaling, is a direct target for both Rcor1 and the transcription repressor Gfi1b in erythroid cells. In the absence of Rcor1, the Csf2rb gene is highly induced, and Rcor1(-/-) progenitors exhibit CSF2-dependent phospho-Stat5 hypersensitivity. Blocking this pathway can partially reduce myeloid colony formation by Rcor1-deficient erythroid progenitors. Thus, Rcor1 promotes erythropoiesis by repressing HSC and/or progenitor genes, as well as the genes and signaling pathways that lead to myeloid cell fate.
Microchip‐based small, dense low‐density lipoproteins assay for coronary heart disease risk assessment (2008)

Small, dense low-density lipoprotein (sdLDL) has been accepted as an emerging cardiovascular risk factor, and there has been an increasing interest in analytical methods for sdLDL profiling for diagnosis. Serum sdLDL may be measured by different laboratory techniques, but all these methods are laborious, time-consuming, and costly. Recently, we have demonstrated that a low-temperature bonding of quartz microfluidic chips for serum lipoproteins analysis (Zhuang, G., Jin, Q., Liu, J., Cong, H. et al., Biomed. Microdevices 2006, 8, 255-261). In contrast to this previous study, we chose SDS as anionic surfactant to modify both lipoproteins and the channel surface to minimize lipoprotein adsorption and improve the resolution of lipoprotein separation. Two major LDL subclass patterns including large, buoyant LDL (lLDL), sdLDL, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were effectively separated with high reproducibility. RSD values of the migration time (min) and peak areas of standard LDL and HDL were 6.28, 4.02, 5.02, and 2.5%, respectively. Serum lipoproteins of 15 healthy subjects and 15 patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) were separated by microchip CE. No peaks of sdLDL were detected in serum samples of healthy subjects while sdLDL fractional peaks were observed in patients' entire serum samples. These results suggested that the microchip-based sdLDLs assay was a simple, rapid, and highly efficient technique and significantly improved the analysis of CHD risk factors.
Effect of nitride nano-scale multilayer coatings on functional properties of composite ceramic cutting inserts (2005)

A short literature survey which justifies coating of ceramic cutting inserts is presented. The results reported are on selected nitride coatings, in particular nanoscale multilayer, with layers of type Ti-Zr-N, TiN, ZrN and (TiAl)N, deposited by the arc PVD method on oxidecarbide ceramic cutting inserts of type TACN and TW2 produced at the Institute of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. Measurements and quality assessments were made, including of thickness of the coatings and of their constituent micro and nanolayers, microhardness of the coating and of the substrate, surface roughness of the inserts and of the cylindrical workpieces turned with these tools. Lifetimes of the coated and uncoated inserts were compared in turning an alloy tool steel. A significant increase in lifetime of the coated TW2 cutting tools
NS 1231, a novel compound with neurotrophic‐like effects <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> (2002)

NS 1231 [5-(4-chlorophenyl)-6,7,8,9-tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolo-[3.2-h]naphthalene-2,3-dione-3-oxime] belongs to a chemical series of compounds, which exhibit neurotrophic-like activities. In vitro, NS 1231 rescued nerve growth factor (NGF)-differentiated PC12 cells from death induced by withdrawal of trophic factors. In addition, NS 1231 stimulated NGF-induced neurite outgrowth of undifferentiated PC12 cells. At the molecular level, NS 1231 enhanced NGF-induced signalling events, such as TrkA phosphorylation at the Shc-binding site Tyr490 as well as ERK activation in PC12 cells. Moreover, NS 1231 reduced NMDA-induced excitotoxicity in organotypic hippocampal slice cultures. In a gerbil model of transient global ischaemia, treatment with NS 1231 reduced the delayed loss of neurons in the hippocampal CA1 layer. Furthermore, NS 1231 treatment resulted in a 43% reduction in total infarct volume in the mouse middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model. The present data thus implicate a therapeutic potential of NS 1231 or structural analogues in treatment of cerebral ischaemia.
Chloroquine inhibits the intracellular multiplication of Legionella pneumophila by limiting the availability of iron. A potential new mechanism for the therapeutic effect of chloroquine against intracellular pathogens. (1991)

Chloroquine and ammonium chloride, by virtue of their basic properties, have been shown to raise endocytic and lysosomal pH and thereby interfere with normal iron metabolism in a variety of cell types, including mononuclear phagocytes. Cellular iron metabolism is of critical importance to Legionella pneumophila, an intracellular bacterial pathogen whose capacity to multiply in human mononuclear phagocytes is dependent upon the availability of intracellular iron. In view of this, we have studied the effects of chloroquine and ammonium chloride on L. pneumophila intracellular multiplication in human monocytes. Chloroquine, at a concentration of 20 microM, and ammonium chloride, at a concentration of 20 mM, inhibited L. pneumophila intracellular multiplication by 1.4 +/- 0.2 (SEM) logs and 1.5 +/- 0.2 logs, respectively. Chloroquine- and ammonium chloride-induced inhibition of L. pneumophila intracellular multiplication was completely reversed by iron nitrilotriacetate, an iron compound which is soluble in the neutral to alkaline pH range, but not by iron transferrin, which depends upon acidic intracellular conditions to release iron. Chloroquine had no major direct effect on L. pneumophila multiplication in artificial media except at extremely high concentrations (15,000-fold that which inhibited L. pneumophila multiplication in mononuclear phagocytes), and inhibition at such concentrations was not reversed by iron nitrilotriacetate. This study demonstrates that chloroquine and ammonium chloride inhibit the intracellular multiplication of L. pneumophila by limiting the availability of iron to the bacterium. It is possible that such a mechanism of action underlies chloroquine's antimicrobial effect against other intracellular pathogens, such as the agents of malaria and tuberculosis.
Activation of TGR5 Partially Alleviates High Glucose-Induced Cardiomyocyte Injury by Inhibition of Inflammatory Responses and Oxidative Stress (2019)

High glucose- (HG-) induced cardiomyocyte injury is the leading cause of diabetic cardiomyopathy, which is associated with the induction of inflammatory responses and oxidative stress. TGR5 plays an important role in the regulation of glucose metabolism. However, whether TGR5 has cardioprotective effects against HG-induced cardiomyocyte injury is unknown. Neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes were isolated and incubated in a HG medium. Protein and mRNA expression was detected by western blotting and RT-PCR, respectively. Cell apoptosis was determined by Hoechst 33342 staining and flow cytometry. After treatment of cells with HG, TGR5-selective agonist INT-777 reduced the increase in expression of proinflammatory cytokines and NF-<i>κ</i>B, whereas pretreatment of cells with TGR5 shRNA significantly reduced the inhibitory effects of INT-777. We also found that INT-777 increased the protein expression of Nrf2 and HO-1. In the presence of TGR5 shRNA, the expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 was reduced, indicating that TGR5 may exert an antioxidant effect partially through the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Furthermore, INT-777 treatment inhibited HG-induced ROS production and apoptosis that were attenuated in the presence of TGR5 shRNA or ZnPP (HO-1 inhibitor). Activation of TGR5 has cardioprotective effects against HG-induced cardiomyocyte injury and could be a pharmacological target for the treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
Connection between urban heat island and sky view factor approximated by a software tool on a 3D urban database (2008)

This study provides a review on methods of Sky View Factor (SVF) determination and intra-urban surface geometry-air temperature relationship. Then, a software-based method of SVF estimation from a 3D database, describing urban surface elements, is applied. Finally, related investigations in Szeged and importance of the results obtained are discussed. Previous investigations were limited to only specific urban parts or some canyons and used small numbers of sites and few occasions of measurements. This study utilises a large number of areal means of SVF and temperature related to a large sample area and based on numerous measurements. Our investigation reveals a strong relationship between these variables. Thus, surface geometry is a significant determining factor of the temperature distribution if the selected scale is appropriate. Therefore, investigations of sufficient number of appropriate-sized areas, covering large parts of a city, are needed to draw well-established conclusions on the studied relationship.
Isolated iron and chromium as recombination centers in ZnS (1990)

Free-carrier capture cross sections of isolated iron and chromium centers in ZnS are estimated. It is found that the Fe and Cr electron capture cross sections are comparable to those for shallow donors active in photoluminescence processes. The cross sections for hole capture are up to 103 times larger than those for the main ZnS acceptors. Our results allow us to explain the photoluminescence quantum yield of ZnS:Cu,Fe.
Addition and cycloaddition reactions of the electrophilic vinyl nitroso compounds 3-nitrosobut-3-en-2-one, 2-nitrosopropenal, and ethyl 2-nitrosopropenoate (1983)

1-Chlorobutane-2,3-dione 2-oxime (2a) reacts with sodium carbonate and, in the presence of olefins, gives the oxazines (4) stereoselectively and in good yield. 3-Nitrosobut-3-en-2-one (1a) is postulated to be the intermediate in these reactions. Similar additions occur with 3-chloro-2-hydroxyiminopropanal (2b) and with ethyl bromopyruvate 2-oxime (3), although the oxazines are generally formed in lower yield. Competition experiments using pairs of olefins indicate that the intermediate (1a) adds preferentially to electron-rich olefins.The vinyl nitroso intermediates (1) act as electrophiles towards indole; the products are the corresponding 3-alkylindoles (11). Analogous reactions are observed with pyrrole, 1-methylpyrrole, 1,3-dimethoxybenzene, and NN-dimethylaniline; with 3-methylindole, addition takes place at the 3-position to give the cycloadducts (12).3-Nitrosopent-3-en-2-one (19) has been generated from 4-chloropentane-2,3-dione 3-oxime. This vinyl nitroso intermediate also undergoes cycloaddition to olefins, in competition with a hydrogen shift from the terminal methyl group which leads to isomerisation to pent-2-ene-2,3-dione 3-oxime (20).
A Least Privilege Model for Static Separation Kernels (2004)

Abstract : We extend the separation kernel abstraction to represent the enforcement of the principle of least privilege. In addition to the inter-block flow control policy prescribed by the traditional separation kernel paradigm, we describe an orthogonal finer-grained flow control policy by extending the protection of elements to and resources, as well as blocks, within a partitioned system. We show how least privilege applied to the actions of and resources provides enhanced protection for secure systems, and how only trusted subjects may cause certain information flows between partitions. A high assurance separation kernel based on least privilege can provide all of the functionality and protection of the traditional separation kernel, combined with a high level of confidence that the effects of subjects' activities can be minimized to their intended scope.
Quantum error correction with mixed ancilla qubits (2012)

Most quantum error-correcting codes are predicated on the assumption that there exists a reservoir of qubits in the state $|0\ensuremath{\rangle}$ which can be used as ancilla qubits to prepare multiqubit logical states. In this Brief Report, we examine the consequences of relaxing this assumption and propose a method to increase the fidelity produced by a given code when the ancilla qubits are initialized in mixed states, using the same number of qubits, at most doubling the number of gates when the recovery operation would already be implemented. The procedure implemented consists of altering the encoding operator to include the inverse of the unitary operation used to correct detected errors after decoding. This augmentation will be especially useful in quantum computing architectures that do not possess projective measurement, such as solid-state NMR quantum information processing.