gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Assessing the Costs of Machine-Assisted Corpus Annotation through a User Study (2008)

Fixed, limited budgets often constrain the amount of expert annotation that can go into the construction of annotated corpora. Estimating the cost of annotation is the first step toward using annotation resources wisely. We present here a study of the cost of annotation. This study includes the participation of annotators at various skill levels and with varying backgrounds. Conducted over the web, the study consists of tests that simulate machine-assisted pre-annotation, requiring correction by the annotator rather than annotation from scratch. The study also includes tests representative of an annotation scenario involving Active Learning as it progresses from a naïve model to a knowledgeable model; in particular, annotators encounter pre-annotation of varying degrees of accuracy. The annotation interface lists tags considered likely by the annotation model in preference to other tags. We present the experimental parameters of the study and report both descriptive and inferential statistics on the results of the study. We conclude with a model for estimating the hourly cost of annotation for annotators of various skill levels. We also present models for two granularities of annotation: sentence at a time and word at a time. 1.
447. [X. 8.] Note on the Construction of String Models (1915)

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Cloud-based user authentication with geo-temporal queries on smartphones (2014)

Smartphones are becoming more and more important in our daily life and carrying massive private data. Without a user authentication mechanism, an adversary may easily access all the sensitive information, such as contacts, messages, photos, credit card information and passwords. Therefore, a number of authentication techniques have been proposed and developed for mobile devices. Some of the most commonly used techniques include conventional password based scheme, pattern-based scheme, physiological biometric based techniques, etc. In this paper we focus on designing and developing an authentication scheme utilizing a series of geo-temporal queries for user authentication on smart phones. The basic idea is to use past knowledge on geographic and temporal (or geo-temporal) contextual perspectives to authenticate the user who wants to unlock the smart phone. On Android 4.3, we build a prototype App, which provides user authentication to unlock a Samsung Galaxy S4 smartphone with low power consumption.
Kinetic Analysis of the Catalytic Domain of Human Cdc25B (1996)

The Cdc25 cell cycle regulator is a member of the dual-specificity class of protein-tyrosine phosphatases that hydrolyze phosphotyrosine- and phosphothreonine-containing substrates. To study the mechanism of Cdc25B, we have overexpressed and purified the catalytic domain of human Cdc25B (Xu, X., and Burke, S. P. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 5118-5124). In the present work, we have analyzed the kinetic properties of the Cdc25B catalytic domain using the artificial substrate 3-O-methylfluorescein phosphate (OMFP). Steady-state kinetic analysis indicated that the kcat/Km for OMFP hydrolysis is almost 3 orders of magnitude greater than that for p-nitrophenyl phosphate hydrolysis. Like other dual-specificity phosphatases, Cdc25 exhibits a two-step catalytic mechanism, characterized by formation and breakdown of a phosphoenzyme intermediate. Pre-steady-state kinetic analysis of OMFP hydrolysis indicated that formation of the phosphoenzyme intermediate is approximately 20 times faster than subsequent phosphoenzyme breakdown. The resulting burst pattern of product formation allowed us to derive rate constants for enzyme phosphorylation (26 s-1) and dephosphorylation (1.5 s-1) as well as the dissociation constant for OMFP (0.3 mM). Calculations suggest that OMFP binds with higher affinity and reacts faster with Cdc25B than does p-nitrophenyl phosphate. OMFP is a highly efficient substrate for the dual-specificity protein-tyrosine phosphatases VHR and rVH6, but not for two protein-tyrosine phosphatases, PTP1 and YOP. The ability to observe distinct phases of the reaction mechanism during OMFP hydrolysis will facilitate future analysis of critical catalytic residues in Cdc25 and other dual-specificity phosphatases.
Gap reduction based frequency tuning for AlN capacitive-piezoelectric resonators (2015)

A voltage controlled resonance frequency tuning mechanism, capable of effecting 1,500 ppm frequency shifts or more, is demonstrated for the first time on an AlN capacitive-piezoelectric resonator. The key enabler here is a compliant top electrode suspension that moves with applied voltage to effectively vary capacitance in series with the device, hence changing its series resonance frequency. Capacitive-piezoelectric AlN micromechanical resonators, i.e., those with electrodes not directly attached to the piezoelectric material, already exhibit high Q-factors compared to attached-electrode counterparts, e.g., 8,800 versus 2,100 at 300 MHz; are on/off switchable; and, as shown in this work, can exhibit electromechanical coupling C <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</inf> =C <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</inf> of 1.0%. This new ability to tune frequency without the need for external components now invites the use of on-chip corrective schemes to improve accuracy or reduce temperature-induced frequency drift, making an even more compelling case to employ this technology for frequency control applications.
Effect of a Novel Edible Composite Coating Based on Gum Arabic and Chitosan on Biochemical and Physiological Responses of Banana Fruits during Cold Storage (2011)

The composite effects of gum arabic (GA) (5, 10, 15, and 20%) and chitosan (CH) (1.0%) on the biochemical and physiological characteristics of banana fruits stored at 13 ± 1 °C and 80 ± 3% relative humidity (RH) for 28 days and afterward for 5 days at simulated marketing conditions (25 °C, 60% RH) were investigated. Significant (P ≤ 0.05) differences were observed for the entire GA plus CH treatments as compared to the control. However, the results showed that after 33 days of storage, the weight loss and soluble solids concentration of fruits treated with 10% GA plus 1.0% CH composite coating were 24 and 54% lower, whereas fruit firmness, total carbohydrates, and reducing sugars were 31, 59, and 40% higher than the control, respectively. Furthermore, the composite edible coating of 10% GA plus 1.0% CH delayed color development and reduced the rate of respiration and ethylene evolution during storage as compared to the control. Similarly, sensory evaluation results also proved the effectiveness of 10% GA plus 1.0% CH composite coating by maintaining the overall quality of banana fruits. Consequently, the results of scanning electron microscopy also confirmed that the fruits coated with 10% GA plus 1.0% CH composite edible coating had very fewer cracks and showed a smooth surface. These findings suggest that 10% GA plus 1.0% CH as an edible composite coating can be used commercially for extending the storage life of banana fruits for up to 33 days.
Effect of Fiber Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Fiber Reinforced Polystyrene Composites: III. Use of Mica and Sawdust as Hybrid Fiber (1991)

An attempt was made to discover the hybridization effect of surface-treated mica and wood flour on the mechanical properties of polystyrene composites. Both soft wood (spruce) and hardwood (aspen) species were used. The effect of various treatments of wood flour (e.g., coating with polystyrene + isocyanate or with a silane coupling agent as well as grafting), or composition of wood flour and mica, on the composites' mechani cal properties were examined. Mechanical properties vary with the change in wood spe cies as well as with the treatment of wood fiber, the composition of hybrid fibers and grades of polystyrene. Compared to non-treated wood fiber/mica-filled composites, me chanical properties of treated wood fiber/mica-filled composites improved.
Pyrrolidonyl peptidase. Enzyme for selective removal of pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid residues from polypeptides (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPyrrolidonyl peptidase. Enzyme for selective removal of pyrrolidonecarboxylic acid residues from polypeptidesRussell F. Doolittle and Richard W. ArmentroutCite this: Biochemistry 1968, 7, 2, 516–521Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1968https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00842a005https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00842a005research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views104Altmetric-Citations122LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Levels of Glycemia as Management Goals (1991)

In the United States, glucose tolerance test criteria for the diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus are, in plasma glucose after a 100-g challenge, as follows: fasting, greater than 5.8 mM; 1 h, greater than 10.6 mM; 2 h, greater than 9.2 mM; and 3 h, greater than 8.1 mM; any two values must be elevated. The Second International Workshop-Conference on Gestational Diabetes Mellitus recommended in 1985 that, once diagnosed, women should receive dietary therapy. If fasting or 2-h postprandial hyperglycemia later occurs (fasting, greater than 5.8 mM; 2-h, greater than 6.7 mM), insulin therapy should begin. Data from others have suggested both that the criteria for diagnosis may be too liberal and that the thresholds for instituting insulin therapy may be too high. We address these two issues by reviewing several papers with conflicting conclusions. There is controversy over whether women with gestational diabetes diagnosed by glucose tolerance testing, but who have fasting plasma glucose levels less than 5.8 mM and 2-h postprandial values less than 6.7 mM, should also be insulin treated. Finally, the usual clinical criteria for making therapeutic decisions all rely on glycemia. Other fuels (amino acids, lipids, and ketones) are regulated by circulating insulin and have deleterious effects on fetal development. Further study is required to make more sound clinical decisions based not just on glycemia but on the entire metabolic milieu.
EO Modeling Techniques (2004)

This chapter deals with one of the central activities in most WebObjects applications: enterprise object (eo) modeling. We will discuss inheritance, considerations when forming relationships between objects, special attribute modeling, EO prototypes, and Eclipse issues with eo modeling.
YFET - Trench superjunction process window extended (2009)

The drift zone of superjunction devices consists of compensated n- and p-columns. The manufacturability of such devices is based on the thorough control of acceptors and donator concentrations. Shrinking the cell pitch to a few micrometers requires considerably better compensation control compared to 10 mum pitch devices. A new concept that applies a stack of Y-shaped field plates to a charge compensated device is investigated by numerical simulation. The YFET concept provides a 7 times larger compensation process window compared to a device with oxide filled trenches, allowing much higher doping concentrations. A specific on-resistance of 0.65 Omegamm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> at a breakdown voltage of 680 V can be achieved at a cell pitch of about 4.6 mum.
Respiratory Drug Delivery X (2006)

There were approximately 700 delegates who attended Respiratory Drug Delivery X (RDD-X) at the Boca Raton Resort and Club in Boca Raton, Florida, between the 24th and 27th April 2006. Participants from North America, Europe and many other parts of the world came together to hear a series of invited podium presentations covering the latest scientific developments in pulmonary and nasal drug delivery, along with regulatory and quality control issues. A total of 150 proffered posters were also presented, and a Technology Exhibition involved the products of 78 companies. The conference also provided unparalleled networking opportunities. The proceedings of RDD-X will prove to be an invaluable resource for years to come.
Intensive Multimodality Treatment for Children With Newly Diagnosed CNS Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumor (2008)

This intensive multimodality regimen has resulted in a significant improvement in time to progression and overall survival for patients with this previously poor-prognosis tumor.
Development of a Metal Belt-Drive CVT Incorporating a Torque Converter for Use with 2-Liter Class Engines (1998)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Technologies for reducing fuel consumption have attracted strong interest in recent years amid the heightened concern about global environmental protection. At Nissan, we have been focusing on the development of electronically controlled continuously variable transmissions (CVTs) since the early 1980s as a promising technology for reducing fuel consumption. That work has led to the commercialization of the world's first belt-drive CVT that is suitable for application up to 2.0-liter class passenger cars.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The practical use of CVTs has so far been limited to cars mounted with small displacement engines of the 1.6-liter class. The belt-drive CVT described here incorporates new technology for transmitting greater torque and also has product attributes suitable for use on upscale passenger cars, making it applicable to 2.0-liter class models.</div>
Deep-Brain Stimulation for Generalized Dystonia (2005)

Dystonia is characterized by twisting postures, tremor, and pain resulting from sustained muscle contractions. Idiopathic dystonia, in which dystonia is the only neurologic symptom, follows a very different course, depending on whether it starts in childhood or adult life. In the more common adult-onset dystonia, symptoms of idiopathic dystonia are usually restricted to a single region of the body, such as the neck, arm, or face (focal dystonia), or to a limited number of contiguous regions (segmental dystonia). Childhood-onset dystonia often spreads beyond one or two segments, involving one leg, the second leg or the trunk, and at least one . . .
Percutaneous Sacroplasty for the Treatment of Sacral Insufficiency Fractures (2005)

Percutaneous sacroplasty is an effective treatment for sacral insufficiency fractures. Most patients experience significant relief within the first 48 hr.
A static secure flow analyzer for a subset of Java (1998)

As the number of computers and computer systems in existence has grown over the past few decades, we have come to depend on them to maintain the security of private or sensitive information. The execution of a program may cause leaks of private or sensitive information from the computer. Static secure flow analysis is an attempt to detect these leaks prior to program execution. It is possible to analyze programs by hand, but this is often impractical for large programs. A better approach is to automate the analysis, which is what this thesis explores. We describe some previous research and give background information about secure flow analysis. A secure flow analyzer is presented. It implements a secure flow type inference algorithm, for a subset of Java 1.0.2, using a parser generator called Java Compiler Compiler (JavaCC). Semantic actions are inserted into a grammar specification to perform the secure flow analysis on a given program
Global spread of carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (2009)

The global dissemination of eight carbapenem-resistant lineages illustrates the success this organism has had in epidemic spread. The acquired OXA enzymes are widely distributed but are not the sole carbapenem resistance determinant in A. baumannii.
Corrections for the effects of accidental coincidences, Compton scatter, and object size in positron emission mammography (PEM) imaging (2001)

Positron emission mammography (PEM) has begun to show promise as an effective method for the detection of breast lesions. Due to its utilization of tumor-avid radiopharmaceuticals labeled with positron-emitting radionuclides, this technique may be especially useful in imaging of women with radiodense or fibrocystic breasts. While the use of these radiotracers affords PEM unique capabilities, it also introduces some limitations. Specifically, acceptance of accidental and Compton-scattered coincidence events can decrease lesion detectability. The authors studied the effect of accidental coincidence events on PEM images produced by the presence of /sup 18/F-Fluorodeoxyglucose in the organs of a subject using an anthropomorphic phantom. A delayed-coincidence technique was tested as a method for correcting PEM images for the occurrence of accidental events. Also, a Compton scatter correction algorithm designed specifically for PEM was developed and tested using a compressed breast phantom. Finally, the effect of object size on image counts and a correction for this effect were explored. The imager used in this study consisted of two PEM detector heads mounted 20 cm apart on a Lorad biopsy apparatus. The results demonstrated that a majority of the accidental coincidence events (/spl sim/80%) detected by this system were produced by radiotracer uptake in the adipose and muscle tissue of the torso. The presence of accidental coincidence events was shown to reduce lesion detectability. Much of this effect was eliminated by correction of the images utilizing estimates of accidental-coincidence contamination acquired with delayed coincidence circuitry built into the PEM system. The Compton scatter fraction for this system was /spl sim/14%. Utilization of a new scatter correction algorithm reduced the scatter fraction to /spl sim/1.5%. Finally, reduction of count recovery due to object size was measured and a correction to the data applied. Application of correction techniques for accidental coincidences, Compton scatter, and count loss due to image size increased target-to-background contrast ratios to approximately the maximum level theoretically achievable with this PEM system.
Captch&#x00E6;cker: Reconfigurable CAPTCHAs based on automated security and usability analysis (2011)

CAPTCHAs have been deployed ubiquitously by web sites to combat automated malicious programs. Security against web bots and usability to legitimate users are two main goals that have to be simultaneously satisfied when designing a useful CAPTCHA scheme. However, there exists a well-known and intricate trade-off between these goals. So far, balancing this trade-off remains an art rather than a science, as we do not have any automated tools to evaluate the security and usability of CAPTCHAs and then to configure the CAPTCHA generation engine accordingly. In this position paper, we propose a general framework called Captchæcker that aims to solve this configuration problem by automating the security-usability analysis of CAPTCHAs. The proposed framework will allow dynamic reconfiguration of a CAPTCHA scheme after its security-usability goal is changed or its security is compromised due to an attack.
Coordination of Lipid Metabolism in Membrane Biogenesis (2009)

Bilayer synthesis during membrane biogenesis involves the concerted assembly of multiple lipid species, requiring coordination of the level of lipid synthesis, uptake, turnover, and subcellular distribution. In this review, we discuss some of the salient conclusions regarding the coordination of lipid synthesis that have emerged from work in mammalian and yeast cells. The principal instruments of global control are a small number of transcription factors that target a wide range of genes encoding enzymes that operate in a given metabolic pathway. Critical in mammalian cells are sterol regulatory element binding proteins (SREBPs) that stimulate expression of genes for the uptake and synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids. From work with Saccharomyces cerevisiae, much has been learned about glycerophospholipid and ergosterol regulation through Ino2p/Ino4p and Upc2p transcription factors, respectively. Lipid supply is fine-tuned through a multitude of negative feedback circuits initiated by both end products and intermediates of lipid synthesis pathways. Moreover, there is evidence that the diversity of membrane lipids is maintained through cross-regulatory effects, whereby classes of lipids activate the activity of enzymes operating in another metabolic branch.
CYTOKINE REGULATION OF HOST DEFENSE AGAINST PARASITIC GASTROINTESTINAL NEMATODES:Lessons from Studies with Rodent Models<sup>*</sup> (1997)

Studies with rodents infected with Trichinella spiralis, Heligmosomoides polygyrus, Nippostronglyus brasiliensis, and Trichuris muris have provided considerable information about immune mechanisms that protect against parasitic gastrointestinal nematodes. Four generalizations can be made: 1. CD4+ T cells are critical for host protection; 2. IL-12 and IFN-gamma inhibit protective immunity; 3. IL-4 can: (a) be required for host protection, (b) limit severity of infection, or (c) induce redundant protective mechanisms; and 4. Some cytokines that are stereotypically produced in response to gastrointestinal nematode infections fail to enhance host protection against some of the parasites that elicit their production. Host protection is redundant at two levels: 1. IL-4 has multiple effects on the immune system and on gut physiology (discussed in this review), more than one of which may protect against a particular parasite; and 2. IL-4 is often only one of multiple stimuli that can induce protection. Hosts may have evolved the ability to recognize features that characterize parasitic gastrointestinal nematodes as a class as triggers for a stereotypic cytokine response, but not the ability to distinguish features of individual parasites as stimuli for more specific protective cytokine responses. As a result, hosts deploy a set of defense mechanisms against these parasites that together control infection by most members of that class, even though a specific defense mechanism may not be required to defend against a particular parasite and may even damage a host infected with that parasite.