gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Role of CED-3-Related Cysteine Proteases in Apoptosis of Cerebellar Granule Cells (1997)

The CED-3-related cysteine proteases (CRCPs) have been implicated as mediators of apoptosis, primarily in hematogenous cell systems, but their role in neuronal apoptosis remains unclear. The present study examined the role of two CRCP families-CPP32- and interleukin-1beta converting enzyme (ICE)-like cysteine proteases-in apoptosis of cerebellar granule cells (CGCs) caused by withdrawal of serum and/or potassium (K+). Serum deprivation potentiated apoptosis caused by K+ withdrawal, reducing cell viability by approximately one half of control values after 12 hr as measured by calcein fluorescence. Cell death after serum/K+ deprivation was significantly attenuated by the CPP32-like inhibitor z-DEVD-fmk; however, the ICE-like inhibitor z-YVAD-fmk had only slightly protective effects at the highest concentration used. Both inhibitors reduced CPP32-like activity directly in an in vitro fluorometric assay system, although z-DEVD-fmk showed much greater potency. K+ and serum/K+ deprivation each were accompanied by increased CPP32-like activity; however, ICE-like activity was absent after 12 hr of serum and/or K+ deprivation. CPP32 mRNA levels were unchanged after K+ deprivation but increased after serum and combined serum/K+ withdrawal as measured by reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), with peak values at 4 hr reaching 210 +/- 37% and 269 +/- 42% of control levels, respectively. In contrast, ICE mRNA was undetectable by RT-PCR. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that CPP32-like proteases play an important role in apoptosis of CGCs caused by deprivation of K+ or serum/K+.
Enzymatic Deodorization with Raw Fruits, Vegetables and Mushrooms. (1999)

Abilities of 31 kinds of raw fruits, 33 kinds of raw vegetables, and 2 kinds of raw mushrooms to remove the odor of methylmercaptan were examined. Apple, pear, loquat, peach, plum, prune, apricot, cherry, grape, lettuce, chicory, udo, perilla, peppermint, basil, burdock, potato, eggplant, and mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) showed high deodorizing activity. Highest activities were obtained with burdock and unripe fruits (apple and pear). These green foods are believed to contain large amounts of both polyphenolic compounds and their specific polyphenol oxidases, by which oxidation reaction causes addition reaction of the resulting quinone radicals with SH-compounds such as methylmercaptan. The sequential reactions can be called enzymatic deodorization. Sensory examination or measurement with an odor sensor indicated that eating apple, unripe pear and prune significantly removed bad breath caused by eating garlic. The enzymatic deodorization method has great potential for eliminating bad odors from the environment including bad breath.
Comparison of two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional iterative watershed segmentation methods in hepatic tumor volumetrics (2008)

In this work the authors compare the accuracy of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) implementations of a computer-aided image segmentation method to that of physician observers (using manual outlining) for volume measurements of liver tumors visualized with diagnostic contrast-enhanced and PET/CT-based non-contrast-enhanced (PET-CT) CT scans. The method assessed is a hybridization of the watershed method using observer-set markers with a gradient vector flow approach. This method is known as the iterative watershed segmentation (IWS) method. Initial assessments are performed using software phantoms that model a range of tumor shapes, noise levels, and noise qualities. IWS is then applied to CT image sets of patients with identified hepatic tumors and compared to the physicians' manual outlines on the same tumors. The repeatability of the physicians' measurements is also assessed. IWS utilizes multiple levels of segmentation performed with the use of "fuzzy regions" that could be considered part of a selected tumor. In phantom studies, the outermost volume outline for level 1 (called level 1_1 consisting of inner region plus fuzzy region) was generally the most accurate. For in vivo studies, the level 1_1 and the second outermost outline for level 2 (called level 2_2 consisting of inner region plus two fuzzy regions) typically had the smallest percent error values when compared to physician observer volume estimates. Our data indicate that allowing the operator to choose the "best result" level iteration outline from all generated outlines would likely give the more accurate volume for a given tumor rather than automatically choosing a particular level iteration outline. The preliminary in vivo results indicate that 2D-IWS is likely to be more accurate than 3D-IWS in relation to the observer volume estimates.
A model for predicting digging forces when working in gravel or other granulated material (2000)

This paper presents a method of simulating the forces acting on a wheel loader or excavator shovel when excavating granulated material such as gravel or seed. The problem of approximating the forces acting on agricultural machines from the payload has long been a major problem in the field of simulations. This paper describes a methodology and basic formulations of forces between the tool and the material to be moved as well as the internal forces in the pile to be dug from. The force formulation is based on simple physical parameters. The formulation can therefor easily be adapted to different types of material. The parameters are internal cohesion, density, angle of friction of the material and finally the adhesion between the tool and the granulated material. All these parameters can easily be measured.
A quantitative model-based expert system for LAN development (2003)

A quantitative model-based expert system, or QMB for short, is described. A QMB is a rule-based system coupled to an analytic model. The QMBs provide another level of refinement over rule-based systems by giving quantitative answers to problems. He discusses the difficulties associated with the design of a shell for a QMB and proposes the use of a semishell, which assists the knowledge engineers in writing the logic, uncertainty and inference modules of the QMB expert system program. The design and coding of the modules that deal with the numerical data is left to the knowledge engineer. The operation of a QMB having 43 rules is described. A software architecture is presented that can dynamically change its operation. The purpose of the architecture is to produce an expert system that can think more like human beings.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Synthesis of protopine. A novel conversion of the protoberberine alkaloid stylopine to a tetrahydrodibenz[<i>c,g</i>]azecine derivative (1990)

Abstract Treatment of the methiodide of the protoberberine alkaloid, stylopine, (3) with sodium hydride in dimethyl sulfoxide afforded in 70% yield the tetrahydrodibenz[ c,g ]azecine derivative 4, a key intermediate in the synthesis of protopine.
A one-step process for incorporation of L-methionine into soy protein by treatment with papain (1979)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA one-step process for incorporation of L-methionine into soy protein by treatment with papainMichiko Yamashita, Soichi Arai, Yukihiko Imaizumi, Yoshimasa Amano, and Masao FujimakiCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1979, 27, 1, 52–56Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1979Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1979https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf60221a045https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60221a045research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views100Altmetric-Citations25LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Vom Strukturmodell der Galactose-Oxidase zur homogenen Katalyse: effiziente aerobe Oxidation von Alkoholen (1998)

Zwei Reaktionswege katalysiert der zweikernige Kupfer(II)-Phenoxyl-Komplex 1 – ein funktionelles Modell des Metalloenzyms Galactose-Oxidase – bei der Oxidation von primären und sekundären Alkoholen mit Sauerstoff (Luft) in homogener Lösung. Dabei entstehen die entsprechenden Aldehyde bzw. Ketone und/oder 1,2-Glycole (oxidative C-C-Kupplung); als Reduktionsprodukt entsteht nicht Wasser, sondern H2O2.
Intelligent path assignment control for network survivability and fairness (2002)

New path assignment control methods for improving network survivability and fairness, collectively called intelligent path assignment control (IPAC), are proposed. IPAC can improve survivability and fairness by using transmission network data and circuit network data. Dynamic routing can reinforce the survivability and fairness provided by IPAC. Currently, extensive performance evaluation and implementation methods are being studied.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Top-seal leakage through faults and fractures: the role of mudrock properties (1999)

Abstract Mudrocks are effective top seals for hydrocarbon accumulations because they possess very low permeabilities, high capillary entry pressures, and are often laterally continuous basin-wide. For leakage through the seal to take place, an additional mechanism must provide enhanced permeability in mudrocks. Tectonically induced, dilatant faulting and fracturing in brittle rocks is such a mechanism. The effectiveness of mudrocks as seals may be compromised by a number of other factors, such as tectonic fault displacements in excess of the seal thickness; tensile fracturing under extreme fluid pressure conditions; and leakage via a network of juxtaposed thin leaky beds across sub-seismic faults within the seal. Before hydrocarbon trap integrity analysis, seismic interpretations should honour the fundamental geometry of the trap as closely as possible because top seals can be reliably appraised only when basic geometries are accurately determined. Fluid pressure is a proven risk in many exploration provinces, in terms of mudrock top-seal leakage via opening mode fractures. This natural hydrofracturing can take place if buoyancy pressures, combined with fluid overpressures, exceed the minimum in situ horizontal stress, plus the tensile strenght of the seal, an occurrence that leads to mechanical failure of the seal rock. The rheology of a seal is another important factor as it determines the failure mode, i.e. whether the rocks are ductile and remain sealing after deformation or whether they deform in a brittle manner to create permeable leak paths. Several techniques have been developed to predict rock rheology; these rely on uplift, sonic velocity and clay content data. Burial curves can be used to determine overconsolidation of mudrocks. Sonic velocity data can be used to estimate unconfined compressive strength in mudrocks. The most direct method utilizes relationships between mudrock friction angle, swelling clay content and mudrock surface area to determine ductility. The effect on trap integrity of sub-seismic faults is also quantifiable because advances in structural geological technology now permit predictions of the numbers of sub-seismic faults in a trap. This information, combined with detailed top-seal stratigraphic data, provides the power to screen traps for the risk of top-seal leakage via sub-seismic fault juxtapositions within the seal. A simple strategy incorporating these factors and linking them to other structural and stratigraphic information can contribute to reducing uncertainty about top-seal leakage caused by tectonic deformation.
Future Therapeutic Strategies: Implications for Brk Targeting (2011)

Over the last two decades the survival of patients with breast cancer has improved significantly. This is partly as a result of national screening programmes resulting in earlier detection, but also due to major advances in the range of therapies that are now available for patients. However, spread of the disease and resistance to therapy is still an issue for many patients. It is therefore vitally important that the current rate of treatment advances continues for the foreseeable future. In addition to understanding resistance, and therefore generating solutions to overcome it, there is a need for new drug targets to be identified. This chapter will review the published work that has lead to Brk being identified as a potential new target for breast cancer therapy, and discuss the practicalities and implications of a Brk-targeted therapy.
Quantitative Analysis of Crystalline and Amorphous Phases in Glass–Ceramic Composites Like LTCC by the Rietveld Method (2006)

Glass–ceramic composites like low‐temperature cofired ceramics are densified at temperatures below 900°C via liquid‐phase sintering. For high‐frequency applications, materials with low dielectric losses are needed. At these frequencies glass exhibits higher dielectric losses than a crystalline phase; therefore, the glass amount is reduced after densification by crystallization. To perform a quantitative X‐ray analysis of such glass–ceramic composites, a method based on Rietveld refinement was developed. For optimum results, the X‐ray diffraction patterns were fitted using the software TOPAS 2.1 from Bruker AXS. With this method, it is possible to determine quantitatively the amount of crystalline phases and also the amount of the remaining amorphous phase.
Enzymatic Transition State Poise and Transition State Analogues (2003)

The development of kinetic isotope effect methods for enzymatic reactions has resulted in the systematic determination of enzymatic transition state structure for several distinct chemical reaction mechanisms. Although it is early in the experimental development of the method, examples of concerted nucleophilic displacements (A(N)D(N) or S(N)2), aromatic nucleophilic displacements (A(N)D(N) or S(N)Ar), and both concerted and stepwise dissociative nucleophilic displacements (D(N)A(N) and D(N)A(N); S(N)1 reactions) have been exemplified. The transition state for each reaction exhibits a characteristic extent of bond-breaking and bond-making, defined here as transition state poise. Thus, concerted nucleophilic displacements (S(N)2 or D(N)A(N)) exhibit various extents of residual bond order to the leaving group and to the attacking nucleophile at the transition state. Aromatic nucleophilic displacements reach their rate-limiting transition states before or after formation of the tetrahedral intermediate. Several concerted, symmetric nucleophilic displacements at carbon have been described. Enzymatic transition state poise is summarized in a single diagram of bond orders using the terminology of Jencks. The analysis reveals enzymatic contributions to transition state poise, provides precedent for assignment of reaction types, and summarizes the current status of the experimental characterization of enzymatic transition states. Binding strengths of transition state analogues are readily correlated with transition state poise.
Complete Genome Sequence of a Highly Prevalent Isolate of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus in South China (2012)

A widespread porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) occurred in southern China during 2010 to 2012. A virulent field PEDV strain, GD-B, was isolated from a sucking piglet suffering from severe diarrhea in Guangdong, China. We sequenced and analyzed the complete genome of strain GD-B, which will promote a better understanding of the molecular epidemiology and genetic diversity of PEDV field isolates in southern China.
Experimental Transversal Equalizer for TD-2 Radio Relay System (1957)

To determine the effect of improved equalization on the performance of TD-2 radio relay systems, an experimental adjustable transversal equalizer has been developed. The equalizer is based on the echo principle as used in transversal filters, and operates in the 60- to 80-mc frequency band. Seven pairs of adjustable leading and lagging echo terms provide flexibility for simultaneous gain and delay equalization. Directional couplers are used for tapping and controlling the echo voltages. Field experiments have shown that system equalization can be improved appreciably by the use of such equalizers.
Effect of annealing over optoelectronic properties of graphene based transparent electrodes (2016)

Graphene, an atom–thick two dimensional graphitic material have led various fundamental breakthroughs in the field of science and technology. Due to their exceptional optical, physical and electrical properties, graphene based transparent electrodes have shown several applications in organic light emitting diodes, solar cells and thin film transistors. Here, we are presenting effect of annealing over optoelectronic properties of graphene based transparent electrodes. Graphene based transparent electrodes have been prepared by wet chemical approach over glass substrates. After fabrication, these electrodes tested for optical transmittance in visible region. Sheet resistance was measured using four probe method. Effect of thermal annealing at 200 °C was studied over optical and electrical performance of these electrodes. Optoelectronic performance was judged from ratio of direct current conductivity to optical conductivity (σdc/σopt) as a figure of merit for transparent conductors. The fabricated electrodes display good optical and electrical properties. Such electrodes can be alternatives for doped metal oxide based transparent electrodes.
Special Issue on Wearable Robot (2004)

Progress in robotics and miniaturization of computer systems has resulted in such advances as wearable robot systems that portend a new relationship between users and robots. Such wearable robots are especially important in medical and welfare use such as power assist robots that enable users to move in ways they otherwise could not. Such developments, however, bring with them new problems that require new considerations. This special issue features current advances in wearable robot systems, including papers on power assist systems, exoskeletons, wearable medical systems, and robot partners. These articles will provide invaluable references for students and researchers in wearable robots. In closing, I would like to thank the authors, contributors, and reviewers who made this special issue possible. I also would like to thank Editor-in-Chief Prof. Makoto Kaneko of Hiroshima University, for his expertise and advice in editing this issue.
Optimal routing table design for IP address lookups under memory constraints (1999)

The design of lookup tables for fast IP address lookup algorithms using a general processor is formalized as an optimization problem. A cost model that models the access times and sizes of the hierarchical memory structure of the processor is formulated. Two algorithms, using dynamic programming and Lagrange multipliers, solve the optimization problem optimally and approximately respectively. Experimental results show our algorithms have visible improvements over existing ones in the literature.
Rupture of thin liquid films due to spontaneous fluctuations in thickness (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRupture of thin liquid films due to spontaneous fluctuations in thicknessA. Vrij and J. Th. G. OverbeekCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1968, 90, 12, 3074–3078Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1968https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01014a015https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01014a015research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1738Altmetric-Citations323LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Challenges for reducing the size of laser activated remote phosphor light engines for DLP projection (2014)

Laser activated remote phosphor (LARP) is an upcoming technology for high luminance SSL light engines. This presentation outlines some of the challenges met reducing the engine’s size, so it can be retrofitted into DLP-projectors.
Chronic pancreatitis: pathophysiology and patient care (2006)

Chronic pancreatitis represents a continuous and prolonged inflammatory and fibrosing process in the pancreas resulting in permanent exocrine and often also endocrine dysfunction. Patients present with varying degrees of symptom distress. The usual cause of chronic pancreatitis is many years of alcohol abuse, but the chronic form may also be triggered merely by the occurrence of one acute attack, especially if the pancreatic ducts are damaged. The aim of this article is to look the pathophysiological changes and the challenges this chronic disorder presents for those who manage the disease and care for the sufferers.
A $Ku$-Band Two-Antenna Four-Simultaneous Beams SiGe BiCMOS Phased Array Receiver (2010)

This paper presents a Ku-band SiGe BiCMOS phased array receive chip capable of forming four-simultaneous beams from two antenna inputs. The design is based on the all-RF architecture with 4-bit active phase shifters and 4-bit variable gain amplifiers in each channel. The four-beam chip results in a gain of 4-6 dB per channel at 13-15 GHz, a noise figure of 10-11 dB, a worst case input P1 dB of -14.3 dBm per channel (input third-order intercept point of -7 dBm), and an rms phase and gain error of 40 dB at 13-15 GHz. The chips can operate over an instantaneous bandwidth of > 1 GHz at any frequency from 13 to 15 GHz, and the four beams can be at the same frequency if required. With all digital control circuitry and electrostatic discharge protection for all I/O pads, the chip occupies an area of 2.4 × 4.3 mm2 and consumes 520 mA at 3.5-V supply voltage. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of an all-RF phased array silicon chip capable of producing four-simultaneous beams from two different antennas or four-simultaneous beams of different polarizations from a dual polarization antenna. The application areas are in satellite communications and defense systems.