gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The present and future of rabies vaccine in animals (2013)

An effective strategy for preventing rabies consists of controlling rabies in the host reservoir with vaccination. Rabies vaccine has proven to be the most effective weapon for coping with this fatal viral zoonotic disease of warm-blooded animals, including human. Natural rabies infection of an individual is always associated with exposure to rabid animals, and the duration of clinical signs can vary from days to months. The incubation period for the disease depends on the site of the bite, severity of injury, and the amount of infecting virus at the time of exposure. The mortality of untreated cases in humans is 100%. Over the last 100 years, various rabies vaccines have been developed and used to prevent or control rabies in animals, such as modified live vaccine, inactivated rabies vaccine, and oral modified live vaccine. These have proved safe and efficacious worldwide. New-generation rabies vaccines, including recombinant rabies virus-based vaccines, vectored vaccines, DNA-based vaccines, and plant vaccines, have been explored to overcome the limitations of conventional rabies vaccines. This article discusses current and next-generation rabies vaccines in animals.
CYCLOGENESIS IN THE ATLANTIC COASTAL REGION OF THE UNITED STATES (1946)

Cyclones originating in the Atlantic coastal region of the United States are classified into two types, and the characteristics of each type as determined from a study of 208 cyclones over a period of ten years are discussed. Methods of detecting cyclogenesis in its early stages are described and illustrated with an example.
Maximizing spectral utilization in WDM systems by microwave domain filtering of tandem single sidebands (2001)

We present an optical tandem single-sideband receiver that enables the detection of signals having different information in the two sidebands of the same optical carrier. The technique relies on the use of a dual-electrode Mach-Zehnder modulator and achieves heterodyne detection without the use of an optical local oscillator. Sharp filtering requirements are met in the electrical domain, eliminating the need for wasteful guardbands.
Microstructures and Fusing Electrical Current of Microelectronic Sn-9Zn-(0.25RE) Solders (2008)

Both Sn-9Zn and Sn-9Zn-0.25RE solders were used to investigate the effect of RE (rare earth elements) addition on their solidification structures and electrical current properties. The results indicate that adding RE not only made the needle-like Zn-rich phases finer, but also caused the Sn-Zn eutectic phases to decrease. RE elements existed mostly in the β-Sn phases and could not form intermetallic compounds. After direct current (DC) testing and electrical conductivity (%IACS) testing, the fusing electrical direct current density of the 0.25RE solder was higher than the Sn-9Zn solder, however, the electrical conductivity had an inverse tendency. Also, the RE element addition restrained electromigration and enhanced diffusion to occur easily in the Sn-9Zn solder.
Binary Edwards Curves. (2008)

Abstract. This paper presents a new shape for ordinary elliptic curves over fields of characteristic 2. Using the new shape, this paper presents the first complete addition formulas for binary elliptic curves, i.e., addition formulas that work for all pairs of input points, with no exceptional cases. If n ≥ 3 then the complete curves cover all isomorphism classes of ordinary elliptic curves over F2 n. This paper also presents dedicated doubling formulas for these curves using 2M + 6S + 3D, where M is the cost of a field multiplication, S is the cost of a field squaring, and D is the cost of multiplying by a curve parameter. These doubling formulas are also the first complete doubling formulas in the literature, with no exceptions for the neutral element, points of order 2, etc. Finally, this paper presents complete formulas for differential addition, i.e., addition of points with known difference. A differential addition and doubling, the basic step in a Montgomery ladder, uses 5M + 4S + 2D when the known difference is given in affine form.
The Short N-terminal Domains of STIM1 and STIM2 Control the Activation Kinetics of Orai1 Channels (2009)

STIM1 and STIM2 are dynamic transmembrane endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) sensors, coupling directly to activate plasma membrane Orai Ca(2+) entry channels. Despite extensive sequence homology, the STIM proteins are functionally distinct. We reveal that the short variable N-terminal random coil sequences of STIM1 and STIM2 confer profoundly different activation properties. Using Orai1-expressing HEK293 cells, chimeric replacement of the 43-amino-acid STIM1 N terminus with that of STIM2 attenuates Orai1-mediated Ca(2+) entry and drastically slows store-induced Orai1 channel activation. Conversely, the 55-amino-acid STIM2 terminus substituted within STIM1 strikingly enhances both Orai1-mediated Ca(2+) entry and constitutive coupling to activate Orai1 channels. Hence, STIM N termini are powerful coupling modifiers, functioning in STIM2 to "brake" the otherwise constitutive activation of Orai1 channels afforded by its high sensitivity to luminal Ca(2+).
Bioengineered Vaults: Self-Assembling Protein Shell–Lipophilic Core Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery (2014)

We report a novel approach to a new class of bioengineered, monodispersed, self-assembling vault nanoparticles consisting of a protein shell exterior with a lipophilic core interior designed for drug and probe delivery. Recombinant vaults were engineered to contain a small amphipathic α-helix derived from the nonstructural protein 5A of hepatitis C virus, thereby creating within the vault lumen a lipophilic microenvironment into which lipophilic compounds could be reversibly encapsulated. Multiple types of electron microscopy showed that attachment of this peptide resulted in larger than expected additional mass internalized within the vault lumen attributable to incorporation of host lipid membrane constituents spanning the vault waist (>35 nm). These bioengineered lipophilic vaults reversibly associate with a sample set of therapeutic compounds, including all-trans retinoic acid, amphotericin B, and bryostatin 1, incorporating hundreds to thousands of drug molecules per vault nanoparticle. Bryostatin 1 is of particular therapeutic interest because of its ability to potently induce expression of latent HIV, thus representing a preclinical lead in efforts to eradicate HIV/AIDS. Vaults loaded with bryostatin 1 released free drug, resulting in activation of HIV from provirus latency in vitro and induction of CD69 biomarker expression following intravenous injection into mice. The ability to preferentially and reversibly encapsulate lipophilic compounds into these novel bioengineered vault nanoparticles greatly advances their potential use as drug delivery systems.
An improved synthesis of 5,15‐diaryloctaalkylporphyrins (1990)

Abstract The title compounds were prepared from an aromatic aldehyde and bis(3‐ethyl‐4‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolyl)‐methane in acetonitrile in the presence of catalytic amount of trichloroacetic acid, followed by p ‐chloranil oxidation. The reaction conditions employed here are milder than those previously reported, allowing efficient preparation of porphyrins with acid‐labile groups such as cyclic acetals, for which the previous method provided no direct synthetic access. Using the new method, aromatic aldehydes with acid‐labile groups, as well as sterically hindered aldehydes, gave the corresponding porphyrins in satisfactory yields (50–90%). This method therefore can be widely utilized for synthesis of 5,15‐diaryloctaalkylporphyrins.
The Amyloidogenic Pathway of Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP) Is Independent of Its Cleavage by Caspases (2001)

Amyloid beta-protein (A beta) is the main constituent of senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease and is derived by proteolysis from the amyloid precursor protein (APP). Generation and secretion of both A beta 40 and A beta 42 isoforms depend largely on internalization of APP and occurs mainly in the endocytic pathway. Evidence has also been presented (Gervais, F. G., Xu, D., Robertson, G. S., Vaillancourt, J. P., Zhu, Y., Huang, J., LeBlanc, A., Smith, D., Rigby, M., Shearman, M. S., Clarke, E. E., Zheng, H., Van der Ploeg, L. H. T., Ruffolo, S. C., Thornberry, N. A., Xanthoudakis, S., Zamboni, R. J., Roy, S., and Nicholson, D. W. (1999) Cell, 97, 395--406) that caspase cleavage of APP at its cytosolic tail affects its processing such that it is redirected to a more amyloidogenic pathway, resulting in enhanced A beta generation. However, caspase cleavage of APP also results in loss of its endocytosis signal (YENP), an event that would predict a decline in internalization and a concomitant decrease, not an increase, in A beta generation. In the present work, we examined whether caspase cleavage of APP is relevant to amyloidogenesis. We found that 1) caspase cleavage of APP results in reduced internalization and, accordingly, a decline in A beta secretion; 2) masking of the caspase site in APP did not affect A beta levels and, 3) caspase activation in cells by serum withdrawal did not increase A beta secretion. Thus, caspase cleavage of APP is unlikely to play a direct role in amyloidogenesis.
Field effect transistor-self electrooptic effect device (FET-SEED) differential transimpedance amplifiers for two-dimensional optical data links (1995)

A 4/spl times/18 two-dimensional array of GaAs FET-SEED (field effect transistor-self electrooptic effect device) differential transimpedence receivers has been fabricated for application in massively parallel optical data link board-to-board interconnections. Several FET-SEED receiver arrays were tested and displayed a mean response of /spl sim/0.7 mV//spl mu/W, and were capable of >100 Mbps per channel operation. The mean receiver sensitivity for a BER of <10/sup -9/ was calculated from the measured noise spectrum to be -26.8 dBm at the system design rate of 40 Mbps (18 k-22 MHz bandwidth), and -23.2 dBm for a 100 Mbps rate (dc-66 MHz bandwidth). A sensitivity of approximately -25 dBm for the 40 Mbps rate was confirmed using a bit-error-rate test set. The theoretical noise is compared to measured values with good agreement assuming a FET channel noise factor of 1.4. The 1/f noise corner frequency of /spl sim/13 MHz was found to cause a /spl sim/1.2 dB degradation in sensitivity for the 100 Mbps rate. The differential amplifier mean dc output offset voltage was measured to be 10 mV, and displayed a large sigma due to parameter variations in the active devices. Two receiver arrays were successfully used in a demonstration of a fully differential parallel optical small computer system interface (SCSI) data link.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An erase model for FAMOS EPROM devices (1980)

A physical model is presented which explains the various features of the UV erase process in FAMOS EPROM devices. An erase sensitivity factor is defined in this model, and correlated with experimental results. The erase sensitivity factor was found to be proportional to the floating-gate photoinjecting area, and inversely proportional to oxide thickness and total capacitance of the floating gate. Photoinjection of electrons from thin strips on the floating-gate edges are shown to be responsible for the charge removal from the floating gate. Quantum yields in the order of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-4</sup> were measured for this erase process and correlated with values found in the literature. In addition, the <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">I-V</tex> and spectral characteristics of photoinjected currents as low as 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-15</sup> A from poly-Si to SiO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> in FAMOS devices were measured and compared to data from Si-SiO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> structures. Special features pertaining to the erase of a fully covered floating-gate FAMOS cell were investigated: the decrease in erase rate at low <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\Delta V_{t}</tex> is discussed, as well as the optical access to the floating gate in these devices. Based on experimental and theoretical grounds, hole injection is discounted as a possible erase mechanism in the structures investigated.
Synthesis and Characteristics of Complex Multicomponent Oxides Prepared by Polymer Complex Method (1999)

Abstract This account focuses on the synthesis and characteristics of ceramics prepared by the Pechini-type in-situ polymerizable complex (IPC) method. The current status of the IPC method is reviewed, and the principle and underlying chemistry of the IPC method is illustrated with a special emphasis on its intrinsic advantage over other solution-based technologies. The method has the ability to prepare complex multicomponent oxides with good homogeneity through mixing at the molecular level. The importance of “polymerization” itself in the IPC route is demonstrated by comparing with the non-polymerizable so-called amorphous citrate method, which affords less compositional homogeneity. The use of heterometallic complexes in the IPC processing is shown to be one of the most promising techniques to synthesize ceramics with exceptionally good homogeneity. It is one function of this account to describe how Raman and 13C NMR spectroscopies can be effectively used for characterizing precursors in the IPC processing. Finally, it is demonstrated that another type of polymer complex solution (PCS) method overcomes the serious drawback of the IPC method; i.e. the amount of organics required for the PCS method is less than that required for the IPC method by a factor of about 20.
A submillimeter-wave planar low noise Schottky receiver (2002)

A planar quasi-optical Schottky receiver based on the quasi-integrated horn antenna has been developed and tested over the 230-280-GHz bandwidth. The receiver consists of a planar GaAs Schottky diode placed at the feed of a dipole-probe suspended on a thin dielectric membrane in an etched-pyramidal horn cavity. The antenna-mixer results in a measured DSB (double sideband) conversion loss and noise temperature at 258 GHz of 7.2 dB+or-0.5 dB and 1310 K+or-70 K, respectively, at room temperature. The low cost of fabrication and simplicity of the design make it ideal for submillimeter-wave receivers requiring a 10% bandwidth.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Free space optical communications: coming of age (2008)

Information superiority, where for the military or business, is the decisive advantage of the 21st Century. While business enjoys the information advantage of robust, high-bandwidth fiber optic connectivity that heavily leverages installed commercial infrastructure and service providers, mobile military forces need the wireless equivalent to leverage that advantage. In other words, an ability to deploy anywhere on the globe and maintain a robust, reliable communications and connectivity infrastructure, equivalent to that enjoyed by a CONUS commercial user, will provide US forces with information superiority. Assured high-data-rate connectivity to the tactical user is the biggest gap in developing and truly exploiting the potential of the information superiority weapon. Though information superiority is much discussed and its potential is well understood, a robust communications network available to the lowest military echelons is not yet an integral part of the force structure, although high data rate RF communications relays, e.g., Tactical Common Data Link, and low data SATCOM, e.g, Ku Spread Spectrum, are deployed and used by the military. This may change with recent advances in laser communications technologies created by the fiber optic communications revolution. This paper will provide a high level overview of the various laser communications programs conducted over the last 30 plus years, and proposed efforts to get these systems finally deployed.
The ELLIPTA <sup>®</sup> Dry Powder Inhaler: Design, Functionality, <i>In Vitro</i> Dosing Performance and Critical Task Compliance by Patients and Caregivers (2015)

Dry powder inhalers (DPIs) are commonly used for the delivery of inhaled medications, and should provide consistent, efficient dosing, be easy to use correctly, and be liked by patients; these attributes can all affect patient compliance and therefore treatment efficacy. The ELLIPTA(®) DPI was developed for the delivery of once-daily therapies for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. It has moderate resistance to airflow and can hold one or two blister strips, with each blister containing a sealed single dose of medication. Monotherapies can be delivered by the single-strip configuration and, in the two-strip configuration, one dose from each strip can be aerosolized simultaneously to allow combination therapies to be delivered, which enables the formulations for each product to be developed individually, since they are stored separately until the point of administration. There are three principal operating steps to administer a dose: open, inhale, close. This article summarizes the design, functionality, and in vitro dose-delivery characteristics of the ELLIPTA inhaler, and describes the results of human factors validation tests, designed to assess the performance of critical tasks required to use the inhaler. Results from the in vitro studies indicate that the ELLIPTA inhaler performs consistently with respect to in vitro dose delivery characteristics at a range of flow rates that can be achieved by the target population (≥30 L/min) and over its 30-day in-use life. Data from the human factors validation tests demonstrated that almost all participants (≥97%) were able to complete each of the steps required to prepare a dose for inhalation without error. Overall, the ELLIPTA inhaler has a versatile single- or two-strip design that allows it to be used for the delivery of a range of treatment options. It also improves patient ease-of-use when compared with the DISKUS(®) DPI.
Impact of Channel Asymmetry on Base Station Cooperative Transmission with Limited Feedback (2011)

To exploit the full benefit of base station (BS) cooperative transmission, also known as coordinated multi-point (CoMP) transmission, large amount of feedback is required to gather the channel information. In this paper, we analyze the impact of channel asymmetry, which is inherent in CoMP systems, on downlink coherent BS cooperative transmission using zero-forcing beamforming with limited feedback. Per-cell quantization of multicell channels is considered, which quantizes the local channel and cross channels separately and is more feasible in practice. We analyze the per-user rate of limited feedback multi-user CoMP systems, and provide approximate expressions for both the inter-cell and intra-cell residual multi-user interference introduced by the quantization errors. When the desired user is at the cell center, the former is weak, but the latter is strong and depends not only on the signal to noise ratio but also on the location of its co-scheduled users. Simulation results validate our theoretical analysis.
Enumeration and Leader Election in Partially Anonymous and Multi-hop Broadcast Networks (2012)

We address the enumeration and the leader election problems over partially anonymous and multi-hop broadcast networks. We consider an asynchronous communication model where each process broadcasts a message and all its neighbours receive this message after arbitrary and unpredictable time. In this paper, we present necessary conditions that must be satisfied by any graph to solve these problems and we show that these conditions are sufficient by providing an enumeration algorithm on the one hand and a leader election algorithm on the other hand. For both problems, we highlight the importance of the initial knowledge. Considering the enumeration problem, each process only knows the size of the graph and, contrary to related works, the number of its neighbouring processes is unknown. Whereas for the election problem, we show that this combination of knowledge is not sufficient. Our algorithm assumes that each process initially knows a map of the network (without knowing its position in this map). From the complexity viewpoint, our algorithms offer polynomial complexities (memory at each process, number and size of exchanged messages).
Continuous treatment of low levels of TNT and RDX in range soils using surface liming (2004)

Significant quantities of residual energetics are deposited on surface soils at live-fire ranges. Most of these residues come from bulk composition left over following low-order detonations. Of particular concern is RDX, which is environmentally persistent and mobile, and can therefore lead to groundwater pollution. Base hydrolysis can be used to rapidly decompose TNT and RDX in aqueous solutions. Hydrolysis of TNT produces soluble and insoluble polymers, while hydrolysis of RDX releases simple inorganic ions. It is reasonable to expect that similar chemical reactions could be used to decontaminate explosives residues in situ on contaminated range soils. This project investigated surface application of agricultural lime to hydrolyze residual energetic materials (including TNT RDX, HMX, and 2,4-DNT) that had been deposited on shallow soils at a hand grenade training range. Laboratory experiments conducted using soil samples from the range indicated that lime could be used to destroy all of the TNT and most of the RDX. Results of the laboratory experiments were used to guide field trials at the range. Unfortunately, the heterogeneous distributions of residual TNT and RDX were so great that statistically significant results could not be demonstrated using samples collected from shallow surface soil. Lime applications are continuing at this site. Samples from below the depth of active soil deposition and mixing (cratering) should be collected in the future using remote-controlled equipment. Such samples should reveal whether the lime treatment reduces the downward migration of energetics residuals from the surface.
Development of a Wireless Soil Sensor Network (2008)

Abstract: There are currently few sensor systems capable of measuring soil parameters at multiple points in space over time consistently and economically, and without disrupting activities at the land surface. We have developed prototype nodes of a wireless sensor network for agricultural monitoring and management. The underground nodes are capable of transmitting soil measurements of moisture at scheduled intervals. Reliable communication can be established over 20-30 meters range at the rate of 256 bits/second that is more that adequate for the application. The calculated battery life based on the energy usage per transmission is estimated over 3 years which are sufficient for long-term real-time monitoring. The data from a network of these sensors could be used to vastly improve agriculture management and environmental protection practices through a more accurate modeling of crop-growth, hydrologic flow, and carbon-nutrient cycling processes.