gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of Host Resistance to Viral and Tumor Challenge by Treatment with Methionine‐Enkephalin (1987)

Host resistance to disease is dependent upon a number of factors. Recent evidence indicates that natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in resistance to both neoplastic and virally induced disease. Treatment of C57Bl/6 mice with methionine-enkephalin (1, 3, 10, or 30 mg/kg body weight) results in significant increases in NK activity of splenic lymphocytes 20 hours after injection of the enkephalin. Enkephalin treatment also enhances host resistance. The short-term survival of A/J female mice after HSV-2 infection was significantly increased by daily subcutaneous injections (3 mg/kg body weight) of methionine-enkephalin. Similarly, daily doses of 50 micrograms of methionine-enkephalin for 7 to 14 days inhibit the local subcutaneous tumor growth of B15 melanoma in C57Bl/6 mice.
The aerodynamic benefit of wing–wing interaction depends on stroke trajectory in flapping insect wings (2007)

Flying insects may enhance their flight force production by contralateral wing interaction during dorsal stroke reversal ('clap-and-fling'). In this study, we explored the forces and moments due to clap-and-fling at various wing tip trajectories, employing a dynamically scaled electromechanical flapping device. The 17 tested bio-inspired kinematic patterns were identical in stroke amplitude, stroke frequency and angle of attack with respect to the horizontal stroke plane but varied in heaving motion. Clap-and-fling induced vertical force augmentation significantly decreased with increasing vertical force production averaged over the entire stroke cycle, whereas total force augmentation was independent from changes in force produced by a single wing. Vertical force augmentation was also largely independent of forces produced due to wing rotation at the stroke reversals, the sum of rotational circulation and wake capture force. We obtained maximum (17.4%) and minimum (1.4%) vertical force augmentation in two types of figure-eight stroke kinematics whereby rate and direction of heaving motion during fling may explain 58% of the variance in vertical force augmentation. This finding suggests that vertical wing motion distinctly alters the flow regime at the beginning of the downstroke. Using an analytical model, we determined pitching moments acting on an imaginary body of the flapping device from the measured time course of forces, the changes in length of the force vector's moment arm, the position of the centre of mass and body angle. The data show that pitching moments are largely independent from mean vertical force; however, clap-and-fling reinforces mean pitching moments by approximately 21%, compared to the moments produced by a single flapping wing. Pitching moments due to clap-and-fling significantly increase with increasing vertical force augmentation and produce nose-down moments in most of the tested patterns. The analytical model, however, shows that algebraic sign and magnitude of these moments may vary distinctly depending on both body angle and the distance between the wing hinge and the animal's centre of mass. Altogether, the data suggest that the benefit of clap-and-fling wing beat for vertical force enhancement and pitch balance may change with changing heaving motion and thus wing tip trajectory during manoeuvring flight. We hypothesize that these dependencies may have shaped the evolution of wing kinematics in insects that are limited by aerodynamic lift rather than by mechanical power of their flight musculature.
The Economic Feasibility of Using Hydrogen Peroxide for the Enhanced Oxidation and Removal of Nitrogen Oxides from Coal-Fired Power Plant Flue Gases (1998)

Research at the University of Central Florida has determined that the injection of hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>) into a simulated flue gas stream effectively oxidizes NO to NO<sub>2</sub>, and NO<sub>2</sub> to HNO<sub>2</sub> and HNO<sub>3</sub>. These oxides of nitrogen are much more soluble in water than NO, and therefore may be more easily scrubbed from the flue gas in a typical wet scrubber. Oxidation and NO<sub>x</sub> removal efficiencies of greater than 90% were demonstrated in the laboratory. An economic comparison between the H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> injection-wet scrubbing method and the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) method of NO<sub>x</sub> removal was conducted for a design base case and a variety of alternative cases. This study illustrates the trade-off between capital and operating costs for the two alternatives. The single largest factor in determining whether the total cost of the H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> injection-wet scrubbing method compares favorably with the total cost of the SCR method is the H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>:NO<sub>x</sub> molar ratio. At the H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>:NO<sub>x</sub> molar ratio demonstrated in the laboratory (1.92:1.0), the H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> injection-wet scrubbing method of NO<sub>x</sub> removal was shown to be uneconomical. However, the molar ratio in a full-size coal-fired power plant could be lower than that found in the laboratory. Based on all the cost assumptions stated in this article, at a molar ratio of 1.37:1.0, the hydrogen peroxide injection method was calculated to be an economically feasible alternative to the SCR method for NO<sub>x</sub> control.
DETECTION OF HARMONIC LOADS ON A POWER SYSTEM UNDER PRACTICAL CONDITIONS OF NON-SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGES AND VARIABLE FREQUENCY (1993)

The purpose of this work is to develop an on-line measurement technique, which could be used iteratively to detect the presence of harmonic loads on the power system. This has to be achieved in an environment of non-sinusoidal voltage waveforms and variable frequency as is the case in practice. This is achieved by looking at the relative phase relationship between the voltage and current at each harmonic frequency. From this information, the average harmonic power flowing in the load circuit can be found out. If the load is injecting average power back to the source at harmonic frequencies, then it can be called a harmonic source. The method has been applied successfully to a variety of load data which have been collected experimentally.
Solution‐Processed Small Molecules Using Different Electron Linkers for High‐Performance Solar Cells (2013)

Conjugated acceptor-donor-acceptor small molecules using different electron linkers are designed, synthesized, and used in organic solar cells. All of these small molecules show high photoconversion efficiencies (PCEs), ranging from 3.18-6.15% under simulated AM 1.5G condition. A maximum PCE of 6.15% combined with a high Voc of 0.85 V, a Jsc of 10.79 mA cm(-2) and a notable FF of 67.1% are achieved with T3/PC71 BM blend based devices using polydimethylsiloxane as additive.
CpG-A and CpG-B oligonucleotides differentially enhance human peptide–specific primary and memory CD8+ T-cell responses in vitro (2003)

Two distinct types of CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) have been identified that differ in their capacity to stimulate antigen-presenting cells: CpG-A induces high amounts of interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) and IFN-beta in plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDCs), whereas CpG-B induces PDC maturation and is a potent activator of B cells but stimulates only small amounts of IFN-alpha and IFN-beta. Here we examined the ability of these CpG ODNs to enhance peptide-specific CD8+ T-cell responses in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). The frequency of influenza matrix-specific "memory" CD8+ T cells was increased by both types of CpG ODN, whereas the frequency of Melan-A specific "naive" CD8+ T cells increased on stimulation with CpG-B but not with CpG-A. The presence of PDCs in PBMCs was required for this CpG ODN-mediated effect. The expanded cells were cytotoxic and produced IFN- on peptide restimulation. Soluble factors induced by CpG-A but not CpG-B increased the granzyme-B content and cytotoxicity of established CD8+ T-cell clones, each of which was IFN-alpha/-beta dependent. In conclusion, CpG-B seems to be superior for priming CD8+ T-cell responses, and CpG-A selectively enhances memory CD8+ T-cell responses and induces cytotoxicity. These results demonstrate distinct functional properties of CpG-A and CpG-B with regard to CD8 T cells.
Effect of temperature on particle separation in hollow fiber flow field-flow fractionation (1999)

Hollow fiber flow field-flow fractionation (HF-FlFFF) has been tested by varying the temperature (21–73°C) to increase separation speed with reduced lift forces. It has been experimentally shown that the separation time of 0.050–0.426-μm polystyrene latex standards can be reduced approximately by half, at 59°C, compared to the separation at room temperature. In addition, the resolution for the separation of large diameter particles, which are often influenced by the lift forces, is greatly improved. It also has been found that the steric inversion diameter can be possibly shifted to a larger diameter (up to about 0.800 μm) at 73°C. The steric retention of particles is observed to increase with temperature due to the decrease in hydrodynamic lift forces that is known to decrease with the viscosity of the carrier liquid. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Micro Sep 11: 676–681, 1999
The Kv7 potassium channel activator flupirtine affects clinical excitability parameters of myelinated axons in isolated rat sural nerve (2010)

Flupirtine is an activator of Kv7 (KCNQ/M) potassium channels that has found clinical use as an analgesic with muscle relaxant properties. Kv7 potassium channels are expressed in axonal membranes and pharmacological activation of these channels may restore abnormal nerve excitability. We have examined the effect of flupirtine on the electrical excitability of myelinated axons in isolated segments of rat sural nerve. Axonal excitability was studied in vitro with the same parameters used by clinical neurophysiologists to assess peripheral nerve excitability in situ. Application of flupirtine in low micromolar concentrations resulted in an increase in threshold current, a reduction of refractoriness and an increase in post-spike superexcitability. These effects are consistent with an increase in Kv7 conductance and membrane hyperpolarization. Flupirtine also enhanced and prolonged the late, long-lasting period of axonal subexcitability that follows a short burst of action potentials. This effect was blocked by XE 991 (10 microM), an antagonist of Kv7 channels. In summary, flupirtine affects measures of excitability that are altered in the myelinated axons of patients with peripheral nerve disorders. This indicates that neuropathies with abnormal nerve excitability parameters corresponding to those affected by flupirtine may benefit from activation of axonal Kv7 potassium channels.
Research on Mechanic Product Design Management Information System Based on Web Technology (2014)

With the expansion of enterprise scale and increasing fierce of market competition, improving the speed of developing products and shortening the time to market of products is the prerequisite for enterprises to capture the market. Therefore, product design management information system based on product design and technology is very important in enterprises. The paper starts from Shanghai Road and Bridge Mechanical Equipment Limited Corporation, and proposes the subject, Research on mechanical product design management information system based on Web.
Correlations between dose, plasma concentrations, and antispastic action of tizanidine (Sirdalud). (1994)

In a double blind, placebo controlled, cross over study the correlations between single doses (2, 4, and 8 mg), plasma concentrations, and antispastic action of tizanidine were investigated in 16 patients with extensor spasticity of the legs due to multiple sclerosis. An electrogoniometer was used to assess muscle tone at knee extensors, applying Wartenberg's pendulum test. Blood samples, a clinical assessment of muscle tone by the Ashworth scale, and muscle strength by the British Medical Research Council scale were obtained concomitantly. Confirmatory analysis using the change in the relaxation index (R2 value) 1.5 hours after each treatment, showed a statistically significant (p = 0.0123) linear dose-response relation between single doses and antispastic action of tizanidine. Further statistical analysis showed a strong within patient linear correlation between plasma concentrations and antispastic action at 4 and 8 mg doses (p = 0.014 and 0.004 respectively), but only weak between patient correlations. The analysis of the dose-plasma concentration relation showed results consistent with linear pharmacokinetics. The comparison of changes in the R2 ratio with concomitant Ashworth scores showed a significant correlation between the two. It is concluded that there are linear correlations between single doses, plasma concentrations, and antispastic action of tizanidine. Because of the strong within patient but weak between patient correlation between plasma concentrations and antispastic action of tizanidine the effective doses should be determined individually.
Contact lenses as a drug delivery device for epidermal growth factor in the treatment of ocular wounds (2010)

EGF can be delivered from some but not all hydrogel materials. Lens materials composed of silicone may not be useful for delivering EGF to the eye. EGF-treated contact lenses may be a useful device to facilitate healing of ocular wounds.
The Agile Library for Biomedical Image Reconstruction Using GPU Acceleration (2012)

A cheap way to speed up image-reconstruction software is to use modern graphics hardware that can execute algorithms in a massively parallel manner. Here, the authors discuss Agile, an open source library designed for image reconstruction in biomedical sciences. Its modular, object-oriented, and templated design eases the integration of the library into user code.
Evaluation of GPS precise positioning service autonomous integrity monitoring performance for military applications (2002)

The majority of research regarding Global Positioning System (GPS) integrity has focused on receiver autonomous integrity monitoring (RAIM) for commercial aircraft navigation, and is, consequently, restricted to measurements obtained from the standard positioning service (SPS). This paper examines the integrity issue from a military applications perspective. Analysis is conducted using GPS measurements from the precise positioning service (PPS) which provides data that are not corrupted by selected availability (SA) and are from direct Y-code correlation. For this investigation, it is assumed that the user has access to SA free measurement data. PPS autonomous integrity monitoring (AIM) was evaluated by investigating the ability of the least squares residual algorithm to improve the accuracy of the PPS solution and successfully detect and isolate a faulty satellite. The paper also explores the utility of employing additional sensors in the AIM process, such as inertial navigation systems or precise timing information that may be available in military applications.
Changes in size and compliance of the calf after 30 days of simulated microgravity (1989)

Increased leg venous compliance may contribute to postflight orthostatic intolerance in astronauts. We reported that leg compliance was inversely related to the size of the muscle compartment. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that reduced muscle compartment after long-duration exposure to microgravity would cause increased leg compliance. Eight men, 31-45 yr old, were measured for vascular compliance of the calf and serial circumferences of the calf before and after 30 days of continuous 6 degrees head-down bed rest. Cross-sectional areas (CSA) of muscle, fat, and bone compartments in the calf were determined before and after bed rest by computed tomography. From before to after bed rest, calculated calf volume (cm3) decreased (P less than 0.05) from 1,682 +/- 83 to 1,516 +/- 76. Calf muscle compartment CSA (cm2) also decreased (P less than 0.05) from 74.2 +/- 3.6 to 70.6 +/- 3.4; calf compliance (ml.100 ml-1.mmHg-1.100) increased (P less than 0.05) from 3.9 +/- .7 to 4.9 +/- .5. The percent change in calf compliance after bed rest was significantly correlated with changes in calf muscle compartment CSA (r = 0.72, P less than 0.05). The increased leg compliance observed after exposure to simulated microgravity can be partially explained by reduced muscle compartment. Countermeasures designed to minimize muscle atrophy in the lower extremities may be effective in ameliorating increased venous compliance and orthostatic intolerance after spaceflight.
General discussion (1937)

E. Bauer, M. Magat, J. A. Prins, F. G. Donnan, E. A. Guggenheim, J. H. Hildebrand, R. J. W. Le Fèvre, J. D. Bernal and M. M. Mathieu, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1937, 33, 112 DOI: 10.1039/TF9373300112
Molecular mechanisms of micronucleus, nucleoplasmic bridge and nuclear bud formation in mammalian and human cells (2010)

Micronuclei (MN) and other nuclear anomalies such as nucleoplasmic bridges (NPBs) and nuclear buds (NBUDs) are biomarkers of genotoxic events and chromosomal instability. These genome damage events can be measured simultaneously in the cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome (CBMNcyt) assay. The molecular mechanisms leading to these events have been investigated over the past two decades using molecular probes and genetically engineered cells. In this brief review, we summarise the wealth of knowledge currently available that best explains the formation of these important nuclear anomalies that are commonly seen in cancer and are indicative of genome damage events that could increase the risk of developmental and degenerative diseases. MN can originate during anaphase from lagging acentric chromosome or chromatid fragments caused by misrepair of DNA breaks or unrepaired DNA breaks. Malsegregation of whole chromosomes at anaphase may also lead to MN formation as a result of hypomethylation of repeat sequences in centromeric and pericentromeric DNA, defects in kinetochore proteins or assembly, dysfunctional spindle and defective anaphase checkpoint genes. NPB originate from dicentric chromosomes, which may occur due to misrepair of DNA breaks, telomere end fusions, and could also be observed when defective separation of sister chromatids at anaphase occurs due to failure of decatenation. NBUD represent the process of elimination of amplified DNA, DNA repair complexes and possibly excess chromosomes from aneuploid cells.
Sugar Cane: Past and Present (1998)

Roxb., and S. edule Hassk. (Purseglove 1979). The four cultivated species are complicated hybrids, and all intercross readily.All commercial canes grown today are inter-specific
Literature Review (2011)

AbstractThis chapter reviews the relevant literature for the present study. In section 2.1, I provide on overview of the existing research on value creation in buyer-supplier relationships. In section 2.2, I then examine how brands create value. Finally, I turn to research on branding in business markets in section 2.3.KeywordsBrand EquityBrand ImageOriginal Equipment ManufacturerBrand AwarenessBrand ExtensionThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Defect characterization in multi-layered conductive components with pulsed eddy current (2002)

Capabilities of the Pulsed Eddy Current (PEC) method to perform in-depth scanning have been successfully demonstrated for hidden corrosion detection. In the present work, a drive pulse and the response is analyzed in terms of Fourier Transform to understand the scope of material penetration with PEC. Variations of the drive pulse shape can be an effective technique to control the depth of penetration of conductive materials. An observation time interval and a sampling rate are the components that can be used for “in-depth slicing” of conductive media. Two-dimensional scanning of multi-layered structures such as aircraft skin structures with a PEC probe provides detection of subsurface defects. Experiments have been performed on aluminum panels with flat bottom holes. An image processing routine is applied to reconstruct geometry of the component from a series of eddy current images obtained with a two-dimensional scanner. A problem of accurate reconstruction of the internal geometry of the component under test is considered. The advantages and limitations of the technique are discussed.
Orthogonal pinning of two ferromagnetic layers in a synthetic spin valve (2002)

A method for pinning synthetic antiferromagnet (SAF) based spin valves is presented, which allows pinning to be established perpendicular to the setting field H. As the SAF(AP1/Ru/AP2) magnetizes, its layer moments undergo a spin–flop transition for a magnetic field H=HSF and align with H for H=HSat. The magnetization of layer AP1 is perpendicular to H for a field H=HGold. This field corresponds to the maximum giant magnetoresistance GMR on HSF&lt;H&lt;HSat for an unpinned SAF spin valve. SAF-pinned samples [antiferromagnet/AP1/Ru/AP2] set using H=HGold are mixed domain, with AP1 magnetized in two directions perpendicular to H, corresponding to left- and right-handed flopping. The spin–flop handedness may be controlled for a viable process. The technique offers substantial advantages to sensor stabilization schemes that rely on additional pinned ferromagnet/antiferromagnet layers, because these layers may be pinned orthogonal to the SAF without regard to the blocking temperatures of the respective antiferromagnets.
Synthesis by rule of english intonation patterns (1984)

This papet reports work on synthesizing English F0 contours. One motivation for this work is to improve the naturalness and liveliness of the prosody in speech synthesis systems. However, our main goal is to develop a theory of the dimensions of variation controlling intonation, and of their interaction.
Indoor and outdoor channel simulator based on ray tracing (2002)

An efficient algorithm that dynamically calculates all possible ray paths in outdoor (macro- and micro-cells and land mobile satellite, LMS) and indoor environments is presented in this paper. The algorithm is based on the sweep line technique. Additionally a quadtree (bounding box (Athanasiadou, 1995)) division of the study environment is used to reduce search time. For indoor and microcellular environments wall reflections and transmissions as well as diffractions on vertical edges are considered up to the order specified by the user. 2D ray-path search algorithms have been extended to 3D in order to model macrocellular and land mobile satellite environments. For such cases, apart from multiple reflections, transmissions and vertical diffractions, the propagation simulator also takes into account single diffractions on horizontal edges and corners directly visible both from the transmitter and the receiver. Combinations of propagation mechanisms have also been considered in the simulator.