gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design and Optimization of a Thermal Capacitor (2021)

Team Hot Stuff designed a thermal capacitor for Senior Design I at Utah State University. This thermal capacitor is intended for use in the food service industry as a low-cost alternative to chafers. Chafers are platters which use oil burners to keep food warm. The client for this thermal capacitor is Thermal Management Technologies (TMT), a company specializing in thermal science solutions whose mission is “to provide simple, practical thermal science solutions to a wide range of platforms including: Industry, Defense, and Space”1. The founder and president of TMT, Dr. J. Clair Batty, serves as a mentor for this project. The project is broken down into tasks and split among the team members. Karen Nielson is team lead. As team lead, Karen’s responsibilities include overseeing and helping with all tasks, as well as ensuring that the team remains on task and on schedule. Brian Pincock is in charge of the team schedule and the thermal analysis. Brian is responsible for keeping track of task completions, updating the schedule and building and running various thermal models of the thermal capacitor. Ruby Kostur is the purchasing agent and is in charge of selection and purchasing of materials. Ruby’s responsibilities include researching, selecting, purchasing and budgeting parts and materials for the thermal capacitor. Jordan Cox is in charge of the design drawings and structural analysis. Jordan is responsible for constructing virtual models of the various parts of the thermal capacitor and analyzing the potential structural problems. The team developed a list of requirements with the customer. These requirements are listed in Section 3 Statement of Problem. The team decided on the following design parameters: Phase change material: Beeswax Heat spreader: Aluminum honeycomb Container material: Aluminum 6061 Insulation: Western Red Cedar Bonding: Epoxy Seal: O-ring Fasteners: Stainless steel screws To select these parameters the team performed thermal, structural, and materials analysis. Brian Pincock oversaw thermal analysis. He consulted with professional engineers at TMT and professors at USU to decide on a correct modeling method.Using Star CCM to model the physics, Brian proved the final design would meet requirements. Jordan Cox performed structural analysis using FEMAP. His models confirmed that the final bolt pattern and O-ring seal would be safe and functional. Ruby Kostur used these results to select materials which maintained the budgetary constraints.
An orthogonal oligonucleotide protecting group strategy that enables assembly of repetitive or highly structured DNAs (2002)

A general problem that exists in the assembly of large and organized DNA structures from smaller fragments is secondary structure that blocks or prevents it. For example, it is common to assemble longer synthetic DNA and RNA fragments by ligation of smaller synthesized units, but blocking secondary structure can prevent the formation of the intended complex before enzymatic ligation can occur. In addition, there is a general need for protecting groups that would block reactivity of some DNA bases in a sequence, leaving others free to react or hybridize. Here we describe such a strategy. The approach involves the protecting group dimethylacetamidine (Dma), which we show to remain intact on exocyclic amines of adenine bases while other bases carrying commercially available 'ultra mild deprotection' protecting groups are removed by potassium carbonate in methanol. The intact Dma groups prevent unwanted hybridization at undesired sites, thus encouraging it to occur where intended, and allowing for successful ligations. The Dma group is then deprotected by treatment with ammonia in methanol. Other common amine protecting groups such as benzoyl and allyloxycarbonyl were not successful in such a strategy, at least in part because they did not prevent hybridization. We demonstrate the method in the synthesis of a circular 54mer oligonucleotide composed of nine human telomere repeats, which was not possible to assemble by conventional methods.
Suppression of fatigue crack growth in carbon nanotube composites (2007)

Fatigue is one of the primary causes for catastrophic failure in structural materials. Here, we report an order-of-magnitude reduction in the fatigue crack propagation rate for an epoxy system with the addition of ∼0.5wt.% of carbon nanotube additives. Using fractography analysis and fracture mechanics modeling, we show that the crack suppression is caused by crack bridging, which results in an effective crack-closing stress due to the pull out of nanotube fibers in the wake of the crack tip. Carbon nanotubes therefore show potential to significantly enhance the reliability and operating life of structural polymers that are susceptible to fatigue failure.
An Effective DRAM Address Remapping for Mitigating Rowhammer Errors (2019)

A rowhammer error represents a loss of data stored in a DRAM cell caused by electromagnetic interference due to repetitive access to the same and/or adjacent rows. Due to the concentrated occurrence of rowhammer errors in specific rows and columns, these errors cannot be corrected by the conventional error correcting code (ECC) commonly used in DRAM devices. Previous techniques avoid these errors by having additional refresh operations that require additional hardware resources and/or power consumption. This paper proposes a different approach to handle rowhammer errors by distributing them across different DRAM rows and columns so that the attack cells are not concentrated on specific rows and columns. To this end, the distribution of rowhammer errors is observed with experiments using several commercial DRAM devices by employing state-of-the-art rowhammer attack techniques. The observation of the rowhammer errors concentrated in specific rows and columns underlies the proposal of an effective DRAM address remapping scheme for re-distribution of rowhammer errors. By using different address mappings to different chips and arrays in a DIMM, the proposed remapping effectively distributes errors over different rows and columns. As a result, the proposed remapping scheme decreases the possibility of multiple errors in a single word, and consequently, reduces uncorrectable errors under single error or single symbol correcting ECC. Experimental results with commercial DIMMs show that the proposed scheme reduces uncorrectable errors by about 95 percent while incurring a small additional hardware cost.
Headache Medication-Use Among Primary Care Headache Patients in A Health Maintenance Organization (1999)

Continuing use of symptomatic headache medications was characteristic of patients with migraine and other common forms of headache. The introduction of subcutaneous sumatriptan was not associated with notable change in this pattern, although a modest reduction in use of sedative-hypnotics and opiates was observed. Overall, the pattern of use of headache medications was similar before and after the introduction of subcutaneous sumatriptan.
Computing the internal transient voltage response of a transformer with a nonlinear core using Gear's method. II. Verification (1995)

An EHV transformer's insulation structure must be designed to withstand the internal electrical stresses generated during system transients. Computer models are employed for predetermination of these stresses. Part I of this paper developed a detailed transformer model and solution method representing the nonlinear, saturable characteristic of tire core during transients. The resulting set of stiff nonlinear differential algebraic equations are solved by application of Gear's method. Part II presents the verification of this methodology. This is accomplished by comparing the computed and measured response of a 765/345/34.5 kV 500 MVA autotransformer during energization and transient excitation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Conditioning Electron Beams in the Ion-Focused Regime (1992)

Relativistic electron beams propagating through dense gas are subject to the resistive hose instability, a virulent kink instability that restricts the effective range of high‐current beams. Previous studies have shown that the instability can be suppressed by centering the beam and tailoring its emittance prior to injection into the gas. One means of centering and tailoring a beam is to use short ‘‘conditioning’’ cells that operate in the low‐pressure, ion‐focused regime. In this paper, analytic models are developed to understand and assess the performance of such cells.
Immunochemical Detection of Advanced Glycation End Products in Lens Crystallins From Streptozocin-Induced Diabetic Rat (1993)

To reassess the significance of AGEs in cataract formation in diabetic animals, we measured amounts of AGEs in lens crystallins from STZ-induced diabetic animals with a newly developed ELISA. Lenses were removed at 5 and 20 wk after STZ injection. In 20-wk diabetic rats, all lenses were cataractous but not in control rats. In 20-wk diabetic compared with control rats, significant increases were observed in AGEs (172.3 +/- 18.3 vs. 14.3 +/- 1.7 AU, P < 0.01) and fluorescence (2.04 +/- 0.22 vs. 1.27 +/- 0.10 AU, P < 0.05). The amounts of AGEs in lens crystallins, measured by the ELISA, were > 12-fold higher in diabetic rats. In agreement with earlier studies, we found that fluorescence in lens crystallins increased by 61% in diabetic rats. In 5-wk diabetic rats, all lenses were noncataractous. In 5-wk diabetic compared with control rats, significant increases were observed in AGEs (84.1 +/- 7.7 vs. 9.4 +/- 1.5 AU, P < 0.01) and fluorescence (1.45 +/- 0.06 vs. 1.05 +/- 0.06 AU, P < 0.01). Analysis of the AGE content by ELISA showed that accumulation of AGEs in diabetic lens crystallins does markedly occur with time, and a large amount of AGEs exists in the diabetic (cataractous) lens crystallins. The disproportionate elevation of AGEs, measured by the ELISA, compared with fluorescence suggests that the actual levels of AGEs in cataractous lens crystallins from diabetic animals are higher than previously anticipated, and nonfluorescent AGEs may exist in diabetic lens crystallins.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
PROBLEMS WITH THE USE OF PROFILE SIMILARITY INDICES IN THE STUDY OF CONGRUENCE IN ORGANIZATIONAL RESEARCH (1993)

Profile similarity indices (PSIs) have become widely used in studies of congruence (i.e., fit, matching, similarity, agreement) in organizational research. PSIs combine two sets of measures, or profiles, from corresponding entities (e.g., the person and organization, supervisor and subordinate, organization and environment) into a single score intended to represent their overall congruence. Unfortunately, PSIs are conceptually ambiguous, discard information essential to testing congruence hypotheses, conceal the source of the difference between entities, and impose a highly restrictive set of constraints on the coefficients relating the measures comprising the PSI to the outcome. This article shows how polynomial regression analysis may be used to avoid problems with PSIs while capturing the underlying relationships PSIs are intended to represent. Limitations and extensions to the procedure are discussed.
Design and Implementation of Control System for Railway Rapid Loadout (2009)

This article introduced the theory of control system on rapid loadout,the distributed control system is composed by using programmable logic controller and through ControlNet fieldbus.The centralized online monitoring and control for the whole loading process is implemented.In addition,by the application of several modern control technology,the traditional control methods is optimized,the accuracy of control is improved.At the same time,the labor is reduced,the quality of product and the security of the production are enhanced.Meanwhile,the operation life of equipment is extended,and excellent economical and social effects are created.
Quantification of the Sixth DNA Base Hydroxymethylcytosine in the Brain (2010)

Mind over matter: LC-MS has allowed the amount of the post-replicatively formed DNA base 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (see picture; left) to be quantified in brain tissue. The nucleoside is most abundant in areas that are associated with higher cognitive functions, and its content in mouse hippocampi seems to increase with age. The new method enables hydroxymethylcytosine to be quantified with unprecedented accuracy.
Effect of Surface Finish on Gear Tooth Friction (1999)

A special four-gear rig has been used to determine gear tooth frictional losses at loads and speeds representative of engineering practice using a gas-turbine engine oil. The effect of surface finish has been investigated by comparing the frictional losses of conventionally ground teeth (with roughness average, Ra, of approximately 0.4 μm) with those of teeth which were superfinished to approximately 0.05 μm Ra. It was found that superfinishing resulted in a reduction of friction of typically 30 percent with correspondingly lower tooth surface temperatures under the same conditions of load and speed. Film generation and frictional traction in the experiments were simulated theoretically using a thin film non-Newtonian micro-elastohydrodynamic lubrication solver, and encouraging agreement between friction measurements and theoretical predictions was obtained. [S0742-4787(00)04701-9]
Analysis of Factors Affecting the Hidden Costs of Construction Projects Factor Analysis (2019)

Since the hidden costs of construction projects are subtle and strong, difficult to quantify, it has not yet resulted in completing research system. This paper analyzes the literature to identify the concepts and forms of hidden costs, then summarizes the factors affecting the construction of 20 projects in hidden costs. Factor analysis extracted six comprehensive factor variables to represent the most influential factors, propose appropriate measures to control construction projects of hidden costs, and lay the foundation for further quantifying the hidden costs for these factors.
Optical Switching of Y‐Hydride Thin Film Electrodes: A Remarkable Electrochromic Phenomenon (1996)

The optical appearance of yttrium thin film electrodes can be electrochemically switched from mirrorlike to highly transparent by making use of the hydride-forming properties of Y. A strong alkaline solution is a suitable electrolytic environment for obtaining stable electrochromic electrodes. The presence of a thin Pd layer covering the Y electrode is essential in providing a sufficiently high electrocatalytic activity for the electrochemical charge-transfer reaction. Hydrogen is irreversibly bound in Y-dihydride and reversibly bound in Y-trihydride. The optical changes are reversible and are induced within a narrow hydrogen concentration range, making this typical electrode material interesting for application in a new type of electrochromic devices.
Metal–Organic Frameworks Based on Previously Unknown Zr<sub>8</sub>/Hf<sub>8</sub> Cubic Clusters (2013)

The ongoing study of zirconium- and hafnium-porphyrinic metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) led to the discovery of isostructural MOFs based on Zr8 and Hf8 clusters, which are unknown in both cluster and MOF chemistry. The Zr8O6 cluster features an idealized Zr8 cube, in which each Zr atom resides on one vertex and each face of the cube is capped by one μ4-oxygen atom. On each edge of the cube, a carboxylate from a porphyrinic ligand bridges two Zr atoms to afford a 3D MOF with a very rare (4,12)-connected ftw topology, in which two types of polyhedral cages with diameters of ∼1.1 and ∼2.0 nm and a cage opening of ∼0.8 nm are found. The isostructural Zr- and Hf-MOFs exhibit high surface areas, gas uptakes, and catalytic selectivity for cyclohexane oxidation.
Architecture design of MPEG-2 decoder system (2005)

An architecture for the VLSI design of an MPEG-2 video decoder is introduced to achieve the MP@ML (main profile, main level). The hardware complexity is analyzed, and the decoding unit is designed to reach the required performance. The decoding unit includes variable length decoding (VLD), inverse scan, inverse quantization (IQ), IDCT, and motion compensation.
Time Series Segmentation through Automatic Feature Learning (2018)

Internet of things (IoT) applications have become increasingly popular in recent years, with applications ranging from building energy monitoring to personal health tracking and activity recognition. In order to leverage these data, automatic knowledge extraction - whereby we map from observations to interpretable states and transitions - must be done at scale. As such, we have seen many recent IoT data sets include annotations with a human expert specifying states, recorded as a set of boundaries and associated labels in a data sequence. These data can be used to build automatic labeling algorithms that produce labels as an expert would. Here, we refer to human-specified boundaries as breakpoints. Traditional changepoint detection methods only look for statistically-detectable boundaries that are defined as abrupt variations in the generative parameters of a data sequence. However, we observe that breakpoints occur on more subtle boundaries that are non-trivial to detect with these statistical methods. In this work, we propose a new unsupervised approach, based on deep learning, that outperforms existing techniques and learns the more subtle, breakpoint boundaries with a high accuracy. Through extensive experiments on various real-world data sets - including human-activity sensing data, speech signals, and electroencephalogram (EEG) activity traces - we demonstrate the effectiveness of our algorithm for practical applications. Furthermore, we show that our approach achieves significantly better performance than previous methods.
Analysis and design of a Salisbury screen absorber with High Impedance Ground Plane (2013)

In this paper, thin and broadband absorber of two layers consisting of high impedance ground plane (HIGP) is introduced. By controlling the phase characteristics and the resonant frequency of the HIGP, the performance of the Salisbury screen absorber can be enhanced. The equivalent circuit model is then used for results prediction and explanation of the working principles of the thin and the wideband absorbing structure.
Study of bismuth alkoxides as possible precursors for ALD (2010)

While searching for bismuth precursors for thin film preparation by atomic layer deposition (ALD) three bismuth alkoxides Bi(O(t)Bu)(3) (1), Bi(OCMe(2)(i)Pr)(3) (2), Bi(OC(i)Pr(3))(3) (3), bismuth beta-diketonate, Bi(thd)(3) (4), and bismuth carboxylate, Bi(O(2)C(t)Bu)(3) (5), were synthesized and evaluated. The compounds were characterized by CHN, NMR, MS, and TGA/SDTA. Earlier unknown crystal structures of compounds 1 and 3 were solved. Compound 1 forms dimeric and loose polymeric structures in the solid state while 3 is strictly monomeric. For compound 2 crystals suitable for complete structure solution could not be grown. Crystallization trials of 2 from hexane and toluene resulted in oxygen bridged tetramer [Bi(2)O(OCMe(2)(i)Pr)(4)](2) (6). Compound 4 has dimeric structure and compound 5 forms loose tetramers as reported earlier. The structure of toluene solvated crystal [Bi(O(2)C(t)Bu)(3)](4).2MeC(6)H(5) (7) was solved. All compounds studied showed relatively good volatility and thermal stability. They were all tested in ALD deposition experiments, in which compound 2 was found to be the most suitable for ALD growth of Bi(2)O(3). It exhibited a clear improvement over Bi precursors studied earlier.
SIMULTANEOUS MEASUREMENT OF ACTION SPECTRA FOR PHOTOREACTIONS I AND II OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS (1976)

Abstract— We have devised a method of obtaining simultaneous action spectra for photoreactions I and II by analysis of direct and indirect effects involved in enhancement. The method requires previous determination of the neutral wavelength which gives maximum quantum yield by virtue of equal fractions of open reaction centers ( p and q ) for each photoreaction. A sufficient intensity of the neutral wavelength is used as a constant background. Upon addition of a weak modulated measuring light of intensity I m and wavelength λ m two amperometric signals are obtained for rate of oxygen evolution. A modulated signal (AC¯) isolates the direct effect of I m and gives action of photoreaction II as AC/ I m . An increment in total rate (ΔDC) also includes an indirect effect of I m in perturbing reaction center conditions ( p and q ). From analysis of interaction of the two photoreactions, action for photoreaction I can be estimated as (2 ΔDC‐AC)/ I m . The method is applicable to whole cells, properly scales the two action spectra to each other, and removes contribution of the State 1‐State 2 phenomena. Action spectra were obtained for Chlorella.
Generation of high repetition rate femtosecond pulses from a CW laser by a time-lens loop (2009)

We demonstrate a novel method for femtosecond pulse generation based on a time-lens loop. Time division multiplexing in the loop is performed so that a high repetition rate can be achieved. Pulse width less than 500 fs is generated from a continuous wave (CW) laser without mode locking, and tunable repetition rate from 23 MHz to 400 MHz is demonstrated. Theoretical analysis shows that the repetition rate is ultimately limited by the in-loop interference. By using a 2 x 2 optical switch, such interference is further suppressed, and repetition rate as high as 1.1 GHz is demonstrated.
ELISA for toxoplasma antibody detection: a comparison with other serodiagnostic tests. (1980)

An ELISA method was developed for the measurement of toxoplasma IgG antibodies in human serum using antigen-coated polystyrene beads as a solid phase and anti human IgG-horse radish peroxidase conjugate as an enzymatic tracer. In order to assess ELISA sensitivity and specificity, a between methods comparison was made using 'conventional' serological tests as reference (dye-test, crossover-linked immunoassay, passive haemagglutination, indirect immunofluorescence). From an analysis of the group classifications obtained some considerations emerged: the ELISA specificity looks comparable with that of the 'reference' tests, as no sample classified as negative by all these tests was ELISA-positive, and vice versa; ELISA appears to correlate better with haemagglutination and immunofluorescence, on the basis of the respective class frequencies; in particular, the number of positives, which is much lower for the dye-test and crossover-linked immunoassay, suggests that a higher sensitivity is reached in the former cases.
Real-Time Electrochemical Monitoring:  Toward Green Analytical Chemistry (2002)

This Account presents a survey of recent advances in electrochemical sensing technology relevant to green analytical chemistry and examines the potential advantages, limitations, and applications of these monitoring devices. Stricter environmental control and effective process monitoring have created considerable demands for innovative analytical methodologies. New devices and protocols, with negligible waste generation or no hazardous substances, and in situ real-time monitoring capability are particularly needed for addressing the challenges of green analytical chemistry. The coupling of modern electrochemical detection principles with recent advances in molecular recognition, microelectronics, and microfabrication has led to powerful, compact, and "user-friendly" analytical devices. The unique features of such electrochemical monitoring systems make them particularly attractive for addressing environmental and industrial problems and the challenges of green chemistry. These developments allow the instrument to be taken to the sample (rather than the traditional way of bringing the sample to the laboratory) and hence to ensure effective process or pollution control.