gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Studies on Certain Viruses Isolated in the Tropics of Africa and South America: Their Growth and Behavior in the Embryonated Hen Egg (1952)

Summary and Conclusions Propagation in embryonated hen egg of Ntaya, Bunyamwera, Bwamba, Uganda S, Zika, Anopheles B, Haemagogus A and B, Leucocelaenus, Sabethes and Wyeomyia viruses is reported, and the propagation in the same medium of Semliki, Mengo, West Nile, Anopheles A and Ilhéus viruses by other investigators is confirmed. With the exception of Wyeomyia, all of the viruses grew readily and could be maintained in serial passage by yolk sac inoculation using a suspension of the brain or body of the embryo for passage material. However, it was necessary to initiate cultivation of Anopheles B virus by intracerebral inoculation. The Wyeomyia virus was carried through 10 brain-to-brain passages in the embryo and was then lost. It was not infectious to embryos when inoculated by other routes. The multiplication of the viruses, their fatality to embryos and the gross lesions they produce when introduced into the yolk, allantoic and amniotic sacs and when dropped upon the chorioallantoic membrane are described. With the exception of Wyeomyia virus and initiation of the cultivation of Anopheles B virus, inoculations into the yolk and amniotic sacs proved to be the most favorable routes for consistently infecting the embryo. After 3 to 10 passages in the embryo, the majority of the viruses were found to be capable of infecting embryos when introduced into the yolk sac in dilutions as high as or higher than those required to produce a fatal infection in mice. Only 4 of the viruses (Semliki, Mengo, West Nile and Ntaya) were consistently fatal to the embryos in high dilutions. Ntaya, Bunyamwera, Bwamba, Uganda S, Anopheles A and B and Ilhéus viruses exhibited neurotropism when inoculated into the yolk sac, in that greater concentrations of the infecting agent were observed in the brain than in the body of the embryo. Semiliki, Mengo, West Nile and Zika viruses may be regarded as pantropic, as the virus concentrations in the body were equal to if not greater than those in the brain of infected embryos. Haemagogus A and B, Leucocelaenus and Sabethes viruses were consistently found in greater concentrations in the body of the embryo than in the brain. They also exhibited other characteristics in common with each other and with FA mouse encephalitis virus. The implications of these observations upon the use of the embryonated egg for the primary isolation of viruses of this category have been briefly discussed.
An automatic RTL compiler for high-throughput FPGA implementation of diverse deep convolutional neural networks (2017)

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are rapidly evolving and being applied to a broad range of applications. Given a specific application, an increasing challenge is to search the appropriate CNN algorithm and efficiently map it to the target hardware. The FPGA-based accelerator has the advantage of reconfigurability and flexibility, and has achieved high-performance and low-power. Without a general compiler to automate the implementation, however, significant efforts and expertise are still required to customize the design for each CNN model. In this work, we present an RTL-level CNN compiler that automatically generates customized FPGA hardware for the inference tasks of various CNNs, in order to enable high-level fast prototyping of CNNs from software to FPGA and still keep the benefits of low-level hardware optimization. First, a general-purpose library of RTL modules is developed to model different operations at each layer. The implementation of each module is optimized at the RTL level. Given a CNN algorithm, its structure is abstracted to a directed acyclic graph (DAG) and then complied with RTL modules in the library. The integration and dataflow of physical modules are predefined in the top-level system template and reconfigured during compilation. The runtime control of layer-by-layer sequential computation is managed by the proposed execution schedule so that even highly irregular and complex network topology, e.g. ResNet, can be compiled. The proposed methodology is demonstrated with end-to-end FPGA implementations of various CNN algorithms (e.g. NiN, VGG-16, ResNet-50, and ResNet-152) on two standalone Intel FPGAs, Stratix V and Arria 10. The performance and overhead of the automated compilation are evaluated. The compiled FPGA accelerators exhibit superior performance compared to state-of-the-art automation-based works by >2× for various CNNs.
Regulation for new technology in gas metering (1999)

There is a need for flexibility in the regulatory approach to measuring instruments to allow for changes in technology, in order to cater for technological advance. The introduction of the E6 ultrasonic domestic gas meter in the UK illustrates the principles involved. It is important to control gas meter accuracy. Recognising this, the government made Ofgas the legal authority or Notified Body responsible for regulating meter accuracy. Changes were made to national legislation to allow for the use of ultrasonic metering technology. In the near future further changes will be made to national legislation to allow for the use of temperature converted meters. This is only the start of an approach which, with adoption of the Measuring Instrument Directive, will result in regulations which are independent of technology. This freedom will encourage innovation in those responsible for metering solutions in future years, while maintaining fair trade and consumer protection.
Parthenogenetic Activation of Rhesus Monkey Oocytes and Reconstructed Embryos1 (2001)

This study determines the efficiency of sequential calcium treatments (electroporation or ionomycin) combined with protein synthesis (cycloheximide) or phosphorylation inhibitors (6-dimethylaminopurine) or the specific maturation promoting factor (MPF) inhibitor, roscovitine, in inducing artificial activation and development of rhesus macaque parthenotes or nuclear transfer embryos. Exposure of oocytes arrested at metaphase II (MII) to ionomycin followed by 6-dimethylaminopurine or to electroporation followed by cycloheximide and cytochalasin B induced pronuclear formation and development to the blastocyst stage at a rate similar to control embryos produced by intracytoplasmic sperm injection. Parthenotes did not complete meiosis or extrude a second polar body, consistent with their presumed diploid status. In contrast, oocytes treated sequentially with ionomycin and roscovitine extruded the second polar body and formed a pronucleus at a rate higher than that observed in controls. Following reconstruction by nuclear transfer, activation with ionomycin/6-dimethylaminopurine resulted in embryos that contained a single pronucleus and no polar bodies. All nuclear transfer embryos activated with ionomycin/roscovitine contained one large pronucleus. However, a third of these embryos emitted one or two polar bodies, clearly containing chromatin material. In summary, we have identified simple yet effective methods of oocyte or cytoplast activation in the monkey, ionomycin/6-dimethylaminopurine, electroporation/cycloheximide/cytochalasin B, and ionomycin/roscovitine, which are applicable to parthenote or nuclear transfer embryo production.
FM Interpolation for Video Signals in Television Standards Converter (1971)

テレビジョン方式変換装置で, 走査標準の変換で生ずる不連続性は内挿により低減している.内挿を従来のように映像信号で処理する場合には, 超音波遅延線で信号伝送するために, FMの変調器, 復調器を必要とする.筆者らの開発したFM内挿回路 (本文図4) は分周回路と乗算回路を用いることにより, 変復調の過程を省略して系を簡易化し, 性能を向上することができた.
A major depression prognosis calculator based on episode duration. (2006)

The duration of an episode is relevant to the probability of recovery. This epidemiological feature of depressive disorders can inform prognostic judgments. Watchful waiting may be an appropriate strategy for mild episodes of recent onset, but the risks and benefits of this strategy must be assessed in relation to time since onset of the episode.
Classification and clustering via dictionary learning with structured incoherence and shared features (2010)

A clustering framework within the sparse modeling and dictionary learning setting is introduced in this work. Instead of searching for the set of centroid that best fit the data, as in k-means type of approaches that model the data as distributions around discrete points, we optimize for a set of dictionaries, one for each cluster, for which the signals are best reconstructed in a sparse coding manner. Thereby, we are modeling the data as a union of learned low dimensional subspaces, and data points associated to subspaces spanned by just a few atoms of the same learned dictionary are clustered together. An incoherence promoting term encourages dictionaries associated to different classes to be as independent as possible, while still allowing for different classes to share features. This term directly acts on the dictionaries, thereby being applicable both in the supervised and unsupervised settings. Using learned dictionaries for classification and clustering makes this method robust and well suited to handle large datasets. The proposed framework uses a novel measurement for the quality of the sparse representation, inspired by the robustness of the ℓ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> regularization term in sparse coding. In the case of unsupervised classification and/or clustering, a new initialization based on combining sparse coding with spectral clustering is proposed. This initialization clusters the dictionary atoms, and therefore is based on solving a low dimensional eigen-decomposition problem, being applicable to large datasets. We first illustrate the proposed framework with examples on standard image and speech datasets in the supervised classification setting, obtaining results comparable to the state-of-the-art with this simple approach. We then present experiments for fully unsupervised clustering on extended standard datasets and texture images, obtaining excellent performance.
Electrostatically actuated failure of microfabricated polysilicon fracture mechanics specimens (1999)

Polysilicon fracture mechanics specimens have been fabricated using standard microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) processing techniques, and thus have characteristic dimensions comparable with typical MEMS devices. These specimens are fully integrated with simultaneously fabricated electrostatic actuators which are capable of providing sufficient force to ensure catastrophic crack propagation from blunt notches produced using micromachining. Thus, the entire fracture experiment takes place on–chip, without any external loading source. Fracture has been initiated using both monotonic and cyclic resonance loading. A reduction in the nominal toughness under cyclic loading is attributed to subcritical growth of sharp cracks from the micromachined notches in the fracture mechanics specimens. Fatigue fracture has been observed in specimens subjected to as many as 109 cycles, and environmental corrosion is implicated in at least some aspects of the fatigue.
No more 'keyword search' or FAQ: Innovative ontology and agent based dynamic user interface (2006)

Abstract—The establishment of help desk is to provide technical support to users when they encounter technical problems related to hardware, software, application programs and network connections. However, due to resources problem, in particular the lack of help desk staff, users often have to wait for a considerably long time before their enquiries and problems are answered and solved. To relieve user’s dissatisfaction, academic researchers and help desk practitioners has started to encourage users to exploit online resources. Instead of contacting help desk, user can access online knowledge resources, such as knowledge base, to look for information that is useful to resolve their existing difficulties. A significant number of knowledge bases are designed to support “keyword search ” and FAQ as the front end user interface, but both designs have their disadvantages. This paper investigates the application of ontology and software agent technology to develop a dynamic user interface. This interface is designed to replace “keyword search ” and FAQ as the front end user interface of the online knowledge base.
A Latent Mechanoacid for Time-Stamped Mechanochromism and Chemical Signaling in Polymeric Materials (2019)

Mechanically coupled proton transduction offers potential for stress-responsive polymeric materials whose properties can be switched via acid-triggered coloration, polymerization/cross-linking, or degradation. The utility of currently available mechanoacids, however, is limited by modest force-free stability or a scissile response that caps mechanoacid generation at one proton per strained polymer chain. Here, we report a new mechanoacid based on 2-methoxy-substituted <i>gem</i>-dichlorocyclopropane (MeO-<i>g</i>DCC). Pulsed ultrasonication leads to the mechanochemical ring opening of the MeO-<i>g</i>DCC and the subsequent elimination of either HCl or MeCl, with ∼0.58 equiv of HCl released per mechanophore activation and ∼67 protons per chain scission event. Single-molecule force spectroscopy reveals that the methoxy substituent lowers the force required for rapid (<i>k</i><sub>open</sub> ∼10<sup>2</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>) ring opening to ca. 900 pN, vs 1300 pN required for the parent <i>g</i>DCC. The utility of the mechanoacid is demonstrated in silicone elastomers, where its mechanical activation leads to a strain-triggered color change prior to fracture of the elastomer. The postactivation kinetics of coloration are used to demonstrate a new concept in mechanochromism, namely, a spectroscopic indicator of not only whether and where a mechanical event has occurred but when it occurred.
Total Synthesis and Evaluation of Vinblastine Analogues Containing Systematic Deep-Seated Modifications in the Vindoline Subunit Ring System: Core Redesign (2012)

The total synthesis of a systematic series of vinblastine analogues that contain deep-seated structural modifications to the core ring system of the lower vindoline subunit is described. Complementary to the vindoline 6,5 DE ring system, compounds with 5,5, 6,6, and the reversed 5,6 membered DE ring systems were prepared. Both the natural cis and unnatural trans 6,6-membered ring systems proved accessible, with the latter representing a surprisingly effective class for analogue design. Following Fe(III)-promoted coupling with catharanthine and in situ oxidation to provide the corresponding vinblastine analogues, their evaluation provided unanticipated insights into how the structure of the vindoline subunit contributes to activity. Two potent analogues (81 and 44) possessing two different unprecedented modifications to the vindoline subunit core architecture were discovered that matched the potency of the comparison natural products and both lack the 6,7-double bond whose removal in vinblastine leads to a 100-fold drop in activity.
Translation position determination in ptychographic coherent diffraction imaging (2013)

Accurate knowledge of translation positions is essential in ptychography to achieve a good image quality and the diffraction limited resolution. We propose a method to retrieve and correct position errors during the image reconstruction iterations. Sub-pixel position accuracy after refinement is shown to be achievable within several tens of iterations. Simulation and experimental results for both optical and X-ray wavelengths are given. The method improves both the quality of the retrieved object image and relaxes the position accuracy requirement while acquiring the diffraction patterns.
Female emotional eaters show abnormalities in consummatory and anticipatory food reward: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study (2008)

Results suggest that emotional eating is related to increased anticipatory and consummatory food reward, but only during negative mood.
A Smartphone-based Medication Self-management System with Real-time Medication Monitoring (2013)

The SMSS is acceptable to patients and has the advantage of supporting ubiquitous medication self-management using a smartphone. We believe that the proposed system is feasible and provides an innovative solution to encourage medication self-management.
Endothelial Dysfunction Enhances Vasoconstriction Due to Scavenging of Nitric Oxide by a Hemoglobin-based Oxygen Carrier (2010)

Reduction in low molecular weight hemoglobin concentrations to less than 1% is insufficient to abrogate the vasoconstrictor effects of HBOC infusion in healthy awake sheep or in mice with reduced vascular nitric oxide levels associated with endothelial dysfunction. These findings suggest that testing HBOCs in animals with endothelial dysfunction can provide a more sensitive indication of their potential vasoconstrictor effects.
Synthesis and Characterization of Silica\|Based Nb\|MCM\|41 Mesoporous Molecular Sieves (1999)

Nb\|containing mesoporous MCM\|41 silica molecular sieves were synthesized successfully under acidic condition by using cetylpyridinium bromide (CPBr) as template. The results of characterization by means of XRD, DR UV\|Vis, ICP\|AES, and N 2 adsorption/desorption techniques indicated that Nb is highly dispersed in the MCM\|41 frameworks.
The Effects of SiO2 Thickness Variation on the Operation of Direct-Tunneling Mode MNOS Memory Transistors (1970)

The results of switching measurements on directtunneling mode MNOS (metal-nitride-oxide-silicon) memory transistors in which the thickness of the silicon dioxide layer varies from 15-27.5 Å are presented. The reliability of charge storage effects in these devices is discussed.
Wind farm reactive power output optimization for loss reduction and voltage profile improvements (2009)

In recent years, the number of small size wind farms used as DG sources located within the distribution system are rapidly increasing. In this paper, wind farm made up with doubly fed induction generators (DFIG) is proposed as the continuous reactive power source to support system voltage control due to the reactive power control capability of DFIG. The particle swarm optimization (PSO) is utilized to find wind farm optimal reactive power output for distribution system losses reduction and voltage profiles improvement. Finally, the three feeder distribution system is used as a test case to evaluate the algorithm.
Identification and Analysis of a Novel Heparin-Binding Glycoprotein Encoded by Human Herpesvirus 7 (2000)

Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) and HHV-7 are closely related betaherpesviruses that encode a number of genes with no known counterparts in other herpesviruses. The product of one such gene is the HHV-6 glycoprotein gp82-105, which is a major virion component and a target for neutralizing antibodies. A 1.7-kb cDNA clone from HHV-7 was identified which contains a large open reading frame capable of encoding a predicted primary translational product of 468 amino acids (54 kDa) with 13 cysteine residues and 9 potential N-linked glycosylation sites. This putative protein, which we have termed gp65, was homologous to HHV-6 gp105 (30% identity) and contained a single potential membrane-spanning domain located near its amino terminus. Comparison of the cDNA sequence with that of the viral genome revealed that the gene encoding gp65 contains eight exons, spanning almost 6 kb of the viral genome at the right (3') end of the HHV-7 genome. Northern (RNA) blot analysis with poly(A)(+) RNA from HHV-7-infected cells revealed that the cDNA insert hybridized to a single major RNA species of 1.7 kb. Antiserum raised against a purified, recombinant form of gp65 recognized a protein of roughly 65 kDa in sucrose density gradient-purified HHV-7 preparations; treatment with PNGase F reduced this glycoprotein to a putative precursor of approximately 50 kDa. Gp65-specific antiserum also neutralized the infectivity of HHV-7, while matched preimmune serum did not do so. Finally, analysis of the biochemical properties of recombinant gp65 revealed a specific interaction with heparin and heparan sulfate proteoglycans and not with closely related molecules such as N-acetylheparin and de-N-sulfated heparin. At least two domains of the protein were found to contribute to heparin binding. Taken together, these findings suggest that HHV-7 gp65 may contribute to viral attachment to cell surface proteoglycans.
Porous Carbon Materials (2019)

This chapter reviews the literature on novel porous carbon materials for CO2 capture. It focuses on high-performance CO2 capture materials with tailored macro- and micro-structures and targeted surface properties. The chapter also focuses on both an in-depth study of porous carbon materials and a high-level evaluation of their performance in CO2 capture. Diverse porous carbons are classified: synthetic polymer-based porous carbons newly developed ionic liquids and metal–organic framework-derived carbons, sustainable resource–derived porous carbons. Porous carbon materials derived from designed synthetic polymers are classified into three groups according to synthesis methods: hard-template method, soft-template approach, and template-free synthesis. The chapter summarizes and compares two reported routes to the preparation of porous carbon materials derived from sustainable resources, which are divided into the direct pyrolysis and/or activation method and the sol–gel process and hydrothermal carbonization method. The chapter introduces several important aspects based on research progress: pore structures, surface chemistry, crystalline degree, and functional integration and reinforcement.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Fluorinated Aporphines: Potential Positron Emission Tomography Ligands for D<sub>2</sub> Receptors (2011)

The 2-fluoroalkoxy substituted catechol-aporphines 6, 8a-f and 11-monohydroxyaporphines 11a-e were synthesized and found to have high in vitro affinity and selectivity for the dopamine D(2) receptors. The catechol aporphines, 8b and 8d, and the monohydroxy aporphines, 11a-d, were identified as candidates for development as potential PET ligands.
Identification of glyphosate-resistant Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) in Oregon (2005)

A suspected glyphosate-resistant Italian ryegrass biotype was collected from a filbert orchard near Portland, OR, where glyphosate was applied multiple times per year for about 15 yr. Greenhouse studies were conducted to determine if this biotype was glyphosate resistant. The plants were sprayed with glyphosate (0.01 to 3.37 kg ae ha−1) 14 d after planting and shoot biomass was determined 3 wk after herbicide treatment. Based on the dose–response experiments conducted in the greenhouse, the suspected Italian ryegrass biotype was approximately fivefold more resistant to glyphosate than the susceptible biotype. Plants from both susceptible and resistant biotypes were treated with glyphosate (0.42 and 0.84 kg ha−1) and shikimic acid was extracted 12, 24, 48, and 96 h after treatment. The susceptible biotype accumulated between three and five times more shikimic acid than did the resistant biotype. Leaf segments from both susceptible and resistant biotypes were incubated with different glyphosate concentrations (0.5 to 3000 μM) for 14 h under continuous light. Shikimic acid was extracted from each leaf segment and quantified. At a concentration up to 100 μM, leaf segments from the susceptible biotype accumulated more shikimic acid than leaf segments from the resistant biotype. The epsps gene was amplified and sequenced in both susceptible and resistant biotypes; however, no amino acid change was found in the resistant biotype. The level of resistance in this biotype is similar to that reported for a glyphosate-resistant Italian ryegrass biotype from Chile.