gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Probing the Molecular Interactions at the Conducting Polyaniline Nanomaterial Surface via a Pyrene Fluorophore (2010)

We report a unique fluorophore cumulant dopant approach for tracing the molecular interaction at the polyaniline nanomaterial surface. Emulsion polymerization of aniline + pyrene sulfonic acid (PSA) produced well-defined fluorescent polyaniline nanofibres of 250 nm diameters with lengths up to 1−3 μM. Post-polymerization doping of a polyaniline emerldine base with PSA produced fluorescent agglomerated nanospheres of 500−700 nm in diameter. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis of the aniline + PSA complex confirmed the existence of ∼25 nm micellar aggregates in the emulsion which templates for the polyaniline nanofibers during the chemical oxidation process. The compositions of the dopant and polymer in the nanomaterials were determined by absorbance spectroscopy. The plots of incorporation of PSA in the nanomaterials versus feed revealed that the dopants incorporated a five times higher amount in the emulsion route compared to that of post-doping process. Wide angle X-ray diffraction (WXRD) analysis showed that the nanofibers were produced as highly ordered and crystalline through the strong dopant−polyaniline interactions, whereas the post-doped samples were found to be amorphous. Upon photo excitation, the nanofibers and nanospheres emitted blue light in the 370−425 nm region with respect to PSA chromophores. The photoluminescence intensity and the quantum yields of the nanospheres were found to be much higher compared to that of the nanofibers. The reason for the difference in the luminescent behaviors of the nanomaterials was attributed to the variation in the self-organization of polymer−dopant. In the well-ordered nanofibers, large amounts of PSA chromophores were confined in the nonluminescent polyaniline matrix: as a consequence, only few active chromophores at the nanofiber surface are available for photoluminescence. In the post-polymerization doping, the chromophores primarily bind at the surface of the nanospheres which resulted in the enhancement of their fluorescence characteristics. Time-resolved fluorescence decay measurements showed double exponential decay with respect to a very fast decay (τ1) followed by a long-lived slow decay (τ2). The nanospheres were found to have almost three times higher τ1 = 9.8 ns compared to that of nanofibers τ1 = 3.50 ns. Determination of radiative and nonradiative decay rate constants revealed that nanofibers have much smaller K-values compared to that of nanospheres. It is fairly evident from the present investigation that, though polyaniline nanofibers are highly crystalline and produce solid state ordered materials, they possessed weak luminescent characteristics because of the restricted motion of the dopant molecules which are trapped inside the solid matrix.
Electromigration induced evolution of voids in current crowding areas of interconnects (2003)

One of the most important issues in the reliability study of IC interconnect lines is electromigration. This phenomenon results in the formation and growth of voids in metal interconnects, which can cause significant fluctuations in interconnect resistance and in the extreme case sever the interconnect line. The electromigration failure occurs, according to different failure criteria by a resistance change of 10-20 %. To accurately simulate interconnect resistance change due to electromigration, tracking the void shape and position is necessary. Simulations of void evolution in linear interconnects began with sharp interface models which showed the insufficiency of these models (D.R. Fridline and A.F. Bower, 1999; M.K. Gungor and D. Maroudas, 1999). Later, prompted by the complexity of void surfaces, diffuse interface models were introduced (R.B.M. Mahadevan, 1999). An alternative diffuse interface model based on the double obstacle potential was proposed by D.N. Bhate et al (2000). However, all these methods require structured underlying meshes and were applied to simple rectangular interconnect geometries. To reach higher mesh adaptability and appropriate refinement quality for the finite element scheme solving diffuse interface models, we used a version of the recursive local mesh refinement algorithm introduced by J. Kossacky (J. Comput. Appl. Math., vol. 55, pp. 275-288, 1994).
Mind the store: modulating Ca2+ reuptake with a leaky sarcoplasmic reticulum (2013)

This editorial refers to ‘Up-regulation of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ uptake leads to cardiac hypertrophy, contractile dysfunction and early mortality in mice deficient in CASQ2’ by A. Kalyanasundaram et al ., pp. 297–306, this issue. 

Abnormalities in cardiomyocyte intracellular calcium cycling, and specifically Ca2+ physiology of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), in cardiac disease states have been an intense focus of research over the past 30 years. It is increasingly apparent that alterations of SR function may contribute to the pathophysiological changes observed in several cardiac diseases including chronic heart failure, acute ischemia-reperfusion injury, atrial fibrillation, and ventricular tachyarrhythmias. Increasingly, experimental evidence suggests that the role of SR Ca2+ cycling extends beyond the traditional biophysical control of cardiomyocyte contraction and relaxation, with SR Ca2+ cycling contributing to the regulation of hypertrophic signalling, mitochondrial energetics, cell survival pathways, protein folding, autophagy, and gene expression.

Two changes to SR calcium physiology have been proposed to contribute to cardiac disease states: (i) abnormal SR Ca2+ uptake and (ii) abnormal SR calcium storage and release. Reported changes in end-stage human failing hearts include reduced expression and activity of the SR Ca2+ ATPase 2a (SERCA2a), which slows Ca2+ reuptake and cardiomyocyte relaxation. Reduced SERCA2a activity also decreases the Ca2+ content of the SR, reducing the magnitude of Ca2+ release and contraction. In addition, the SR Ca2+ release channel, called the ryanodine receptor (RyR), becomes ‘leaky’ in failing cardiomyocytes. Suggested mechanisms include oxidative modification of the RyR, and greater RyR phosphorylation by Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) or protein kinase A. The resulting increased RyR open probability further contributes to reduce the SR Ca2+ content during heart failure ( Figure 1 A ), and can promote triggered arrhythmias. Increased diastolic RyR opening is also believed to underlie arrhythmogenesis in …
A THEORY OF THE METHODOLOGY OF ECONOMICS (1980)

This paper presents a theory of the determinants of the methodology of economics. Following the useful distinction made by Papendreou (1958), theory is defined as comprising both a model and a probability statement as to the empirical validity of the model. Accordingly, first a model of the determinants of methodology of economics is presented and, then as an illustration, the model is applied to explain the major issues which have been debated in the recent literature on methodology. The paper concludes with a brief and simplified analysis of the evolution of methodology and some testable hypotheses are presented about the future course of the methodology of economics.
The Patient Experience in Ontario 2020: What Is Possible? (2015)

Words are important. They signal an intention behind a thought. So when Ontario's Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care publishes an action plan (Ontario Ministry of Health and Long-Term Care, 2012) that declares itself to be "obsessively patient-centred," curiosity ensues and terms abound. Patient-centred care, patient engagement and patient experience - all seem to be in the mix in Ontario. This paper will propose a set of definitions for these commonly used terms, examine the progress being made in Ontario towards a more patient-centred healthcare system and suggest where we might aim to be by 2020.
Relationship between Body mass index (BMI) and body fat percentage, estimated by bioelectrical impedance, in a group of Sri Lankan adults: a cross sectional study (2013)

BMI strongly correlate with BF % estimated by bioelectrical impedance, in this sub population of South Asian adults. This relationship was curvilinear in nature and was significantly influenced by age and gender. Our findings support the importance of taking age and gender in to consideration when using BMI to predict body fat percentage/obesity, in a population.
Alveolar Basement Membrane: Molecular Properties of the Noncollagenous Domain (Hexamer) of Collagen IV and its Reactivity with Goodpasture Autoantibodies (1991)

The noncollagenous domain hexamer of collagen IV from bovine alveolar basement membrane was excised with bacterial collagenase, purified under nondenaturing conditions, and characterized. The hexamer is comprised of four distinct subunits [alpha 1(IV)NC1, alpha 2(IV)NC1, alpha 3(IV)NC1, and alpha 4(IV)NC1]. Each subunit exists in both monomeric and dimeric (disulfide-crosslinked) form, and both monomers and dimers have charge isoforms. Certain dimers also contain nonreducible crosslinks. The alpha 3(IV)NC1 subunit, in both the monomeric and dimeric form, reacts with Goodpasture (GP) antibodies. The GP epitope is sequestered within the hexamer and becomes reactive with antibody upon exposure with protein denaturants. These results reveal that the alveolar basement membrane hexamer is identical to the hexamer from glomerular basement membrane with respect to subunit composition, identity of subunits reacting with GP antibodies, and sequestration of the GP epitope but differs greatly in the relative amount of the GP-reactive subunit and the degree of disulfide and nondisulfide crosslinking of subunits. This study leads to the conclusion that pulmonary hemorrhage associated with GP syndrome is mediated by the same autoantibody that mediates the glomerulonephritis, namely anti-collagen [alpha 3(IV)] antibody.
Electronic structures of an epitaxial graphene monolayer on SiC(0001) after metal intercalation (metal = Al, Ag, Au, Pt, and Pd): A first-principles study (2012)

The atomic structures and electronic properties of metal-intercalated (metal = Al, Ag, Au, Pt, and Pd) graphene monolayers on SiC(0001) were investigated using first-principles calculations. The unique Dirac cone of graphene near the K point reappeared as the graphite layer was intercalated by these metals at a coverage of 3/8 ML. Furthermore, our results show that metal intercalation leads to n-type doping of graphene. The bands contributed from graphene exhibit small splitting after intercalation, whereas the bands contributed from the intercalated metal layer have significant Rashba spin-orbit splittings in all cases except Al.
Nanogap quantum dot photodetectors with high sensitivity and bandwidth (2010)

We report high-performance nanoscale photodetectors utilizing annealed nanocrystal quantum dots (QDs) within a nanoscale metal electrode gap. By optimizing the nanogap size and fabrication process, the device demonstrates a significantly better sensitivity (noise equivalent power=7.76×10−14 W/Hz1/2) and bandwidth (≥125 kHz) than previously reported nanoscale photodetectors. Furthermore, by utilizing a lateral photoconduction structure and a self-assembled layer of QDs, the detector fabrication is highly compatible with many substrates and device architectures.
A test target generator for wideband pulsed Doppler radars (2002)

A test target simulator (TTS) based on a fiber-optic delay line (FODL) has been designed for realistic testing and characterizing of wideband pulsed Doppler radars. The TTS can simulate one or two targets at different radar cross sections (RCSs), different Doppler, and different ranges in the presence of uncorrelated noise or interference. With one target, clutter and multipath effects can also be simulated. In a closed-loop test of a pulsed Doppler radar transceiver, the variable control of the RCS can be used to test the radar's dynamic range. Simulating two targets and varying the range and Doppler of each target in the closed-loop test can evaluate the radar's range and Doppler resolution, respectively.
X-Ray Lithography At The Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL) (1985)

A dedicated X-ray lithography system has been developed on Beam Line III-4 at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory (SSRL). The research program at SSRL includes studies of the spectral sensitivity of X-ray resists, mask characterization, and the applications of novel X-ray optics. The facilities available for this work and recent results in these areas will be described.
Surface Activated Bonding --- High Density Packaging Solution for Advanced Microelectronic System (2006)

Surface activated bonding (SAB) was a recently developed high density interconnection method for advanced microelectronic system. SAB bonding was proposed based on the simple principle that two surface activated materials could be easily bonded together at the room temperature or low temperature. The surfaces were activated by fast atom beam or plasma irradiation source which has been proved helpful to remove the oxide and organic layer covering on the material surface. Chip-on-chip (COC), as an important application of SAB flip chip method, will be discussed in this paper. To investigate the SAB bonding feasibility, some electrically plated Au micro-bumps which have a size of 4Ox4Ox3Qim33 were prepared on the silicon chip and bonded with Au, Al or Cu pads with a thickness of about 0.3pim on another silicon chip. Electrical measurement, shear test and thermal aging (423K) data demonstrated the fine performance for SAB interconnection. It was found even the bonded chip-chip system was die separated, SAB achieved Au bump-metal pad interconnection was remained well. As bonding is carried out at the room temperature or low temperature and the material is surface activated before, no intermediate layer or impurity particle will exist at the as-bonded interface.
Venlafaxine extended release in the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study (2004)

To evaluate the efficacy and safety of 6 weeks of venlafaxine extended-release (ER) (75 mg and 150-225 mg) treatment in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy. This multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study included 244 adult outpatients with metabolically stable type 1 or 2 diabetes with painful diabetic neuropathy. Primary efficacy measures were scores on the daily 100 mm Visual Analog Pain Intensity (VAS-PI) and Pain Relief (VAS-PR) scales. Secondary efficacy measures included the Clinical Global Impressions-Severity of Illness and the Clinical Global Impressions-Improvement, Patient Global Rating of Pain Relief, and percentage of patients achieving 50% reduction in pain intensity. Baseline pain intensity was 68.7 mm (moderately severe). At week 6, the percentage reduction from baseline in VAS-PI was 27% (placebo), 32% (75 mg), and 50% (150-225 mg; P < 0.001 vs placebo). Mean VAS-PR scores in the 150-225 mg group were significantly greater than placebo at week 6 (44 vs 60 mm; P < 0.001). The number needed to treat (NNT) for 50% pain intensity reduction with venlafaxine ER 150-225 mg was 4.5 at week 6. Nausea and somnolence were the most common treatment-emergent adverse events. Seven patients on venlafaxine had clinically important ECG changes during treatment. Venlafaxine ER appears effective and safe in relieving pain associated with diabetic neuropathy. NNT values for higher dose venlafaxine ER are comparable to those of tricyclic antidepressants and the anticonvulsant gabapentin.
Class of Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitors with Good Biodegradability (2008)

Kinetic hydrate inhibitors have been used successfully in the field for about the last 13 years to prevent gas hydrate formation mostly in gas- and oilfield production lines. They work by delaying the nucleation and often also the growth of gas hydrate crystals for periods of time dependent upon the subcooling in the system. Current commercial kinetic hydrate inhibitors are used for field applications where the subcooling is as high as about 10 °C. In the Norwegian sector of the North Sea, very few of the commercial kinetic hydrate inhibitors are available for use offshore because of poor environmental properties usually related to biodegradability. We have designed and synthesized a class of kinetic hydrate inhibitor, which appears to show good biodegradability (OECD306, >20% in 28 days). Inhibitor performance tests have been carried out in stirred autoclaves (titanium and sapphire) using a natural gas blend and saline water giving structure II hydrates. In the presence of solvents, we have obtained a fairly good performance of the new inhibitors but a little lower than that of a current commercial inhibitor Luvicap 55W.
Procedure of brewing alcohol as a staple food: case study of the fermented cereal liquor “<i>Parshot</i>” as a staple food in Dirashe special woreda, southern Ethiopia (2015)

For most brews, alcohol fermentation and lactic fermentation take place simultaneously during the brewing process, and alcohol fermentation can progress smoothly because the propagation of various microorganisms is prevented by lactic fermentation. It is not necessary to cause lactic fermentation with a thing generated naturally and intentionally. The people living in the Dirashe area in southern Ethiopia drink three types of alcoholic beverages that are prepared from cereals. From these alcoholic beverages, parshot is prepared by the addition of plant leaves for lactic fermentation and nech chaka by adding cereal powder for lactic fermentation before alcohol fermentation. People living in the Dirashe area partake of parshot as part of their staple diet. The brewing process used for parshot and a food culture with alcoholic beverages as parts of the staple diet are rare worldwide. This article discusses the significance of using lactic fermentation before alcoholic fermentation and focuses on lactic fermentation in the brewing methods used for the three kinds of alcoholic beverages consumed in the Dirashe area. We initially observed the brewing process and obtained information about the process from the people in that area. Next, we determined the pH and analyzed the lactic acid (g/100 g) and ethanol (g/100 g) content during lactic fermentation of parshot and nech chaka; the ethyl acetate (mg/100 g) and volatile base nitrogen (mg/100 g) content during this period was also analyzed. In addition, we compared the ethanol (g/100 g) content of all three kinds of alcoholic beverages after completion of brewing. The results showed that it was possible to consume large quantities of these alcoholic beverages because of the use of lactic fermentation before alcoholic fermentation, which improved the safety and preservation characteristics of the beverages by preventing the propagation of various microorganisms, improving flavor, and controlling the alcohol level.
Visfatin/PBEF/Nampt and Resistin Expressions in Circulating Blood Monocytes are Differentially Related to Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes in Humans (2010)

Low-grade inflammation is important in the development of obesity related pathologies such as insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes, and also cardiovascular disease. Visfatin/PBEF/Nampt and resistin are proinflammatory adipokines secreted from adipocytes, monocytes, and macrophages, and have been linked to atherosclerotic plaque formation, recently. The aim of the present study was to investigate if the expression of these molecules in circulating blood monocytes is altered in obese and/or type 2 diabetic human subjects. Monocytes were isolated by CD14-antibody based magnetic cell sorting from blood samples of 17 lean controls, 20 obese nondiabetic subjects, and 19 obese patients with type 2 diabetes. FACS analysis was performed to test purity of the cell preparations. Expression of the different adipokines was measured by multiplex real-time PCR on RNA-level. Visfatin/PBEF/Nampt was found to be very strongly expressed in monocytes, whereas resistin levels were significantly lower. Furthermore, visfatin/PBEF/Nampt expression was significantly upregulated in obese type 2 diabetic patients, whereas obese nondiabetics exhibited similar levels compared to lean controls, indicating that visfatin/PBEF/Nampt levels are related to type 2 diabetes rather than to obesity. In contrast, resistin expression displayed a different pattern being significantly increased in obese subjects compared to controls but not related to type 2 diabetes. These data suggest a differential role for these two proinflammatory adipokines in linking metabolic diseases to atherosclerosis with visfatin/PBEF/Nampt being more important in patients with type 2 diabetes and resistin in obese but nondiabetic human subjects.
Design of Strained Ge Schottky Diode on Si Substrate for Microwave Rectifier Circuit (2020)

In recent years, wireless energy transmission technology has developed rapidly and has received increasing attention in the industry. For microwave wireless energy transfer system applications, Ge Schottky diodes as the core components of the rectifier circuit are commonly used. Compared with Ge semiconductor, strained Ge semiconductor on Si substrate has the advantages of compatibility with Si process, low cost, and high electron mobility. It is an ideal replacement material for Ge semiconductor applications. In view of this, based on the model of the relationship between the performance of strained Ge semiconductor on Si substrate Schottky diodes and the geometric parameters of the device and the physical parameters of the material, Silvaco TCAD and ADS simulation software are jointly used to propose a novel strained Ge semiconductor on Si substrate Schottky diode for microwave rectification circuit. Simulation results show that the strained Ge semiconductor on Si substrate Schottky diode has a rectification efficiency of 70.1% when the input of the rectifier circuit is 20 dBm, the load resistance is R = 1000 Ω, and the load capacitance is C = 100 pF. Compared with traditional Ge Schottky diodes, this optimal operating point is closer to a low energy density, which is beneficial to a wide range of energy absorption. Studies have shown the feasibility of replacing Ge Schottky diodes. The research in this paper can provide valuable reference for the design and development of the core components of the rectifier circuit of the microwave infinite energy transmission system.
Application of the LMC algorithm to anomaly detection using the Wichmann/NIITEK ground-penetrating radar (2003)

This paper describes the application of a 2-dimensional (2-D) lattice LMS algorithm for anomaly detection using the Wichmann/Niitek ground penetrating radar (GPR) system. Sets of 3-dimensional (3-D) data are collected from the GPR system and these are processed in separate 2-D slices. Those 2-D slices that are spatially correlated in depth are combined into separate “depth segments” and these are processed independently. When target/no target declarations need to be made, the individual depth segments are combined to yield a 2-D confidence map. The 2-D confidence map is then thresholded and alarms are placed at the centroids of the remaining 8-connected data points. Calibration lane results are presented for data collected over several soil types under several weather conditions. Results show a false alarm rate improvement of at least an order of magnitude over other GPR systems, as well as significant improvement over other adaptive algorithms operating on the same data.