gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous single-fiber transmission of video and bidirectional voice/data using LiNbO3 devices (1987)

A system architecture based on LiNbO3 devices that simultaneously provide unidirectional high-speed transmission and bidirectional low-speed transmission over one single-mode fiber is proposed and demonstrated. No source is required at the far end, and the light sources at the near end are unmodulated lasers that could be shared among several systems. Several experiments that demonstrate part of the functionality of this system have been previously described.1,2
Hydrothermally Enhanced Electrochemical Oxidation of High Concentration Refractory Perfluorooctanoic Acid (2011)

A green hydrothermally enhanced electrochemical oxidation (HTEO) technique is developed to treat the high concentration refractory perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) wastewater on boron-doped diamond (BDD) film electrode. Results show that HTEO can demonstrate higher degradation efficiency for PFOA than the normal electrochemical oxidation (EO) process, with the removal of PFOA, total organic carbon (TOC), and organic fluorine in the HTEO process increasing by 1.1, 1.8, and 2.1 times, respectively. The kinetics study indicates that the degradation of PFOA follows a first-order reaction in the HTEO process with the apparent reaction rate constant 3.1 times higher than that in the EO process. The higher degradation efficiency of PFOA is due to the hydrothermal enhancement in electrochemical properties of the electrode and solution. Compared with EO, during the HTEO process, the conductivity and ionic migration rate of the solution is improved by 540% and 60%, respectively. In addition, the Tafel slope is increased to 343 from 279 mV dec(-1), indicating an inhibition effect of oxygen evolution reaction and a more effective oxidation of PFOA. In particular, the hydrothermal condition promotes a high formation rate of hydroxyl radical with the concentration almost 2 times of that in EO, which is considered the inner factor leading to the higher degradation efficiency. The density functional theory simulations demonstrate that the nonterminal C-C bonds in the main carbon chain can be easily destructed in the hydrothermal condition, as confirmed by the experimental detection of intermediates of C(5)F(11)COOH, C(4)F(9)COOH, C(3)F(7)COOH, C(2)F(5)COOH, CF(3)COOH, and some dicarboxylic acids. As a result, a reaction pathway is tentatively proposed.
Metastable Ions of the Noble Gases (1956)

It is shown that ions of the noble gases in metastable excited states may be detected by their greater ability, with respect to the normal ion, to eject electrons from an atomically clean metal surface. The metastable ions are produced by a single electron impact with the parent normal atom. The ratio of cross sections for formation of the metastable and normal ions for argon, krypton, and xenon has been determined as a function of bombarding electron energy. At its maximum this ratio is about 0.02. The metastable ion must be observed over the "background" of normal ions in this method of detection, which is its inherent limitation. The relative number of helium ions formed in the $2^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}$ metastable state is below the detection sensitivity. It has been necessary to consider the nature of the interaction of a metastable ion with a metal surface, and an argument is given which indicates that the electron yield for the metastable singly-charged ion should be approximately equal to that measured for the doubly-charged ion.
An optical multiaccessor designed for a fiber-optic star-ring LAN (1992)

An optical waveguide-type multiaccessor for physically star and logically ring local area networks (star-ring LANs) has been manufactured. The multiaccessor has sufficient low optical transmission loss to bypass some failure nodes without an optical repeater. As the multiaccessor (eight-node-connection type) features are small size, 5 cm square by 0.5 cm thick, a smaller cable concentrator can be applied. The design method used for the multiaccessor to minimize total optical transmission loss caused by both signal interference loss and bypassing loss when failure nodes are bypassed in the star-ring LAN is described. The experimental results for the 32 Mb/s single-mode fiber-optic star-ring system show that at least three nodes can be continuously bypassed by using the multiaccessor with a coupling ratio of 0.5 and a bypass loss of 3 dB. As a result, highly reliable and inexpensive star-ring LANs can be designed with the multiaccessor.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Electron-beam generation during the hollow cathode phase of pseudospark discharges (1994)

From calculations using a two-dimensional, hybrid fluid-particle model, the mechanism for the production of the high-current electron beam observed during the hollow cathode phase of pseudospark discharges is identified. The predicted beam properties are in good qualitative agreement with experiments; the onset of the beam current is abrupt and the current in the beam is some 10%–30% of the discharge current. Two distinct components appear in the energy spectrum of the beam. A sizable fraction of the current is carried by electrons with an energy corresponding to the voltage applied to the discharge. A distinct low-energy beam is also predicted with a spread in energy of several 100s of eV.
Circularly polarized slot radiators (1957)

A pair of narrow slots crossed at right angles and located at the proper point in the broad wall of a rectangular waveguide will radiate a circularly polarized wave. Some of the results of a study of the properties of such slots is presented. The study was undertaken with the aim of obtaining information useful in design of a circularly polarized linear array. Some of the properties of the slot pairs are as follows: 1) They are inherently matched, independent of the slot length. 2) When the slot arms are made resonant, approximately 75 per cent of the incident power is radiated, with a vswr of 1.12. 3) When fed from one end of the waveguide, the slots radiate right-hand circular polarization; from the other end, left-hand. In using these slots in linear arrays the power radiated is varied by changing slot length, since position and orientation are fixed by the requirements of circular polarization. The slots must be separated by a guide wavelength, so waveguide loading or other complicated schemes must be used to reduce the slot spacing.
An Advanced HIL Simulation Battery Model for Battery Management System Testing (2016)

Developers and manufacturers of battery management systems (BMSs) require extensive testing of controller Hardware (HW) and Software (SW), such as analog front-end and performance of generated control code. In comparison with the tests conducted on real batteries, tests conducted on a state-of-the-art hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) simulator can be more cost and time effective, easier to reproduce, and safer beyond the normal range of operation, especially at early stages in the development process or during fault insertion. In this paper, an HIL simulation battery model is developed for purposes of BMS testing on a commercial HIL simulator. A multicell electrothermal Li-ion battery (LIB) model is integrated in a system-level simulation. Then, the LIB system model is converted to C code and run in real time with the HIL simulator. Finally, in order to demonstrate the capabilities of the setup, experimental results of BMS tests over a certain set of exemplary cases are shown.
A Software Defined Radio based DOCSIS 3.1 measurement receiver (2016)

The Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification (DOCSIS) provides Internet access via cable TV networks. The latest version 3.1 replaces the Physical Layer of previous DOCSIS versions. With DOCSIS 3.1, broadband cable network operators want to accelerate their networks to gigabit-per-second speeds. Enhancements include an increased bandwidth per downstream channel of up to 192MHz, Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplex with a 4096 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation, and Low Density Parity Check Codes. These changes require new high performance hard- and software decoders. This paper presents the concept of a measurement receiver based on Software Defined Radio (SDR). The measurement receiver features a novel hardware frontend, an improved pre-FFT timing and frequency offset estimation under Roll-Off conditions, a high-performance LDPC decoder, and a Graphical User Interface for data analysis. It is shown that the SDR approach achieves good performance and is suitable for a DOCSIS 3.1 measurement decoder that focuses primarily on the Physical Link Channel.
Loss of Neurofilaments Alters Axonal Growth Dynamics (2001)

The highly regulated expression of neurofilament (NF) proteins during axon outgrowth suggests that NFs are important for axon development, but their contribution to axon growth is unclear. Previous experiments in Xenopus laevis embryos demonstrated that antibody-induced disruption of NFs stunts axonal growth but left unresolved how the loss of NFs affects the dynamics of axon growth. In the current study, dissociated cultures were made from the spinal cords of embryos injected at the two-cell stage with an antibody to the middle molecular mass NF protein (NF-M), and time-lapse videomicroscopy was used to study early neurite outgrowth in descendants of both the injected and uninjected blastomeres. The injected antibody altered the growth dynamics primarily in long neurites (>85 microm). These neurites were initiated just as early and terminated growth no sooner than did normal ones. Rather, they spent relatively smaller fractions of time actively extending than normal. When growth occurred, it did so at the same velocity. In very young neurites, which have NFs made exclusively of peripherin, NFs were unaffected, but in the shaft of older neurites, which have NFs that contain NF-M, NFs were disrupted. Thus growth was affected only after NFs were disrupted. In contrast, the distributions of alpha-tubulin and mitochondria were unaffected; thus organelles were still transported into neurites. However, mitochondrial staining was brighter in descendants of injected blastomeres, suggesting a greater demand for energy. Together, these results suggest a model in which intra-axonal NFs facilitate elongation of long axons by making it more efficient.
Effects of Autonomous Learning Software on Chinese Learners’ English Performance and Course Assessment (2013)

Based on the construction of an autonomous learning platform for college English learners, a one-year teaching reform experiment has been carried out and 204 subjects were involved. Data collection was conducted mainly through questionnaires and the subjects’ autonomous learning achievements, regular grades, final exam performance, and English listening achievements. The software SPSS17.0 was applied to analyze those data. The results reveal that the experimental class’ achievements on the self-learning platform are positively correlated with their achievements in the final examination. In addition, the correlation between the experimental class’ regular grades and final exam performance is more statistically significant than the control class; moreover, the experimental class performed significantly better than the control class in the English listening test. The vast majority of the students in the experimental class hold positive attitudes towards the software; however, there is still some room to improve it.
Pose and illumination compensation for 30 face recognition (2005)

The paper describes a face recognition system using a combination of color and depth images. To cope with illumination and pose variations 3D information is used for the normalization of the input images. The proposed pose compensation algorithm is based on a robust 3D face detection and pose estimation technique, while illumination compensation exploits depth data to recover the illumination of the scene and relight the image under frontal lighting. When normalized images, depicting upright orientation and frontal lighting, are used for classification significantly high recognition rates are achieved, as demonstrated on a face database with more than 2000 images.
Structural and Functional Aspects of RGD-Containing Cyclic Pentapeptides as Highly Potent and Selective Integrin α<sub>V</sub>β<sub>3</sub>Antagonists (1996)

The αVβ3 integrin is implicated in human tumor metastasis and in angiogenesis. The design of low-molecular-mass αVβ3 antagonists by “spatial screening” led to the highly active peptides c(RGDFV) and c(RGDFV). Here the influence of the amino acids in positions 4 and 5 flanking the RGD-sequence on the inhibition of vitronectin and fibrinogen binding to the isolated αVβ3 and αIIbβ3 receptors was investigated. The influence of the side chain and the backbone conformation on activity and selectivity was studied. The compounds were divided into conformational classes. For each class at least one representative peptide was subjected to detailed structure determination in solution. The peptides of classes 1, 2, and 3 show a βII‘/γ-turn arrangement with the d-amino acid in the i + 1 position of the βII‘-turn. By contrast, the peptides of class 4 reveal a modified βII‘/γ-turn pattern with glycine in the i + 1 position of the βII‘-turn and the d-amino acid in the i + 1 position of the γ-turn. Class 1 is divided into two subclasses: besides the βII‘/γ-turn arrangement a γ/γ-turn motif is found for two members of this class. Structure−activity relationship (SAR) investigations show that the amino acid in position 4 and the proton of the amide bond between residues 3 and 4 are essential for high biological activities toward αVβ3. By contrast, the amino acid in position 5 has no influence on the activity. A bent conformation of the RGD-sequence, as observed for the peptides of classes 1 and 2, fits the αVβ3 better than the αIIbβ3 receptor and so increases the selectivity of these peptides.
Construction of indole nucleus through C-H functionalization reactions (2010)

This review article summarizes C-H functionalization-based synthesis of indoles and related structures (e.g. carbazoles and indolines) with an emphasis on literature after 2000. The discussion is organized into four broadly defined sections: a) via nitrene or carbene insertion into a C-H bond; b) via direct coupling of two sp 2 carbon centers; c) via transition-metal catalyzed C-H amination and d) other strategies.
Digitally Enhanced Software-Defined Radio Receiver Robust to Out-of-Band Interference (2009)

A software-defined radio (SDR) receiver with improved robustness to out-of-band interference (OBI) is presented. Two main challenges are identified for an OBI-robust SDR receiver: out-of-band nonlinearity and harmonic mixing. Voltage gain at RF is avoided, and instead realized at baseband in combination with low-pass filtering to mitigate blockers and improve out-of-band IIP3. Two alternative ¿iterative¿ harmonic-rejection (HR) techniques are presented to achieve high HR robust to mismatch: a) an analog two-stage polyphase HR concept, which enhances the HR to more than 60 dB; b) a digital adaptive interference cancelling (AIC) technique, which can suppress one dominating harmonic by at least 80 dB. An accurate multiphase clock generator is presented for a mismatch-robust HR. A proof-of-concept receiver is implemented in 65 nm CMOS. Measurements show 34 dB gain, 4 dB NF, and + 3.5 dBm in-band IIP3 while the out-of-band IIP3 is +16 dBm without fine tuning. The measured RF bandwidth is up to 6 GHz and the 8-phase LO works up to 0.9 GHz (master clock up to 7.2 GHz). At 0.8 GHz LO, the analog two-stage polyphase HR achieves a second to sixth order HR > 60 dB over 40 chips, while the digital AIC technique achieves HR > 80 dB for the dominating harmonic. The total power consumption is 50 mA from a 1.2 V supply.
Production, characterization, and<i>in vivo</i>half-life extension of polymeric IgA molecules in mice (2019)

IgA antibodies have broad potential as a novel therapeutic platform based on their superior receptor-mediated cytotoxic activity, potent neutralization of pathogens, and ability to transcytose across mucosal barriers via polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR)-mediated transport, compared to traditional IgG-based drugs. However, the transition of IgA into clinical development has been challenged by complex expression and characterization, as well as rapid serum clearance that is thought to be mediated by glycan receptor scavenging of recombinantly produced IgA monomer bearing incompletely sialylated N-linked glycans. Here, we present a comprehensive biochemical, biophysical, and structural characterization of recombinantly produced monomeric, dimeric and polymeric human IgA. We further explore two strategies to overcome the rapid serum clearance of polymeric IgA: removal of all N-linked glycosylation sites creating an aglycosylated polymeric IgA and engineering in FcRn binding with the generation of a polymeric IgG-IgA Fc fusion. While previous reports and the results presented in this study indicate that glycan-mediated clearance plays a major role for monomeric IgA, systemic clearance of polymeric IgA in mice is predominantly controlled by mechanisms other than glycan receptor clearance, such as pIgR-mediated transcytosis. The developed IgA platform now provides the potential to specifically target pIgR expressing tissues, while maintaining low systemic exposure.
Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of artemisinin and derivatives (1994)

Reliable and reproducible methods for the measurements of artemisinin and its derivatives in body fluids have proved difficult to develop. The available evidence suggests that all compounds are hydrolysed to a biologically active metabolite, dihydroartemisinin, which is eliminated rapidly. The role of other (hydroxylated) metabolites in humans requires further study. The hydrolysis of artesunate is so rapid that it may be considered a pro-drug for dihydroartemisinin. All the artemisinin compounds induce more rapid reduction of parasitaemia than other antimalarial drugs, indicating a direct effect on ring forms. This pharmacodynamic measure can be used in drug comparisons, and allows estimations of the number of parasites removed before sequestration.
Disposition of metformin (N,N‐dimethylbiguanide) in man (1978)

Kinetic parameters ol metformin (N,N‐dimethylbiguanide), an anti‐diabetic reported to be associated with a lower number of episodes of lactic acidosis than phenformin, were determined in volunteers with normal renal function and in patients with different degrees ol renal impairment. Drug in body fluids was measured by a highly specific and sensitive mass fragmentographic method, alter the formation of a triazine derivative, obtained with heptafluorobutyric anhydride. The half‐life (t½) for the elimination ol drug from plasma after intravenous injection in 5 normal subjects (1.52 ± 0.3 hr) (mean ± SD) was shorter than that reported for phenformin by a similar assay method (7 to 15 hr). The mean t½ in 5 renal patients was 4.94 ± 1.11 hr, and a correlation was observed between t½ of drug from plasma and creatinine clearance. After oral administration of metlormin tablets, drug recovery in urines was only 37.6%, possibly not as a consequence of low bioavailability (a similar low recovery was found after oral administration of the metformin solution usedlor the intravenous studies), but of binding to the intestinal wall, as shown in animal and clinical studies with metformin and other biguanides. Metformin is rapidly eliminated through active secretion by the kidney (mean renal clearance, 440.8 ml/min)—it is neither metabolized nor protein‐bound in plasma. The very brief plasma t½ makes significant cumulation, with a standard tid regimen, unlikely. These findings may help explain the lower incidence of toxic effects, particularly lactic acidosis, than after phenformin.
Interactive Educational Diabetes/Insulin Tutorial at www.2aida.info (2006)

The World Wide Web now hosts a multitude of diabetes educational materials in various formats. Of particular interest is the diabetes/insulin tutorial available at the AIDA Website (accessible directly at: www.2aida.info). The tutorial combines textual or "static" information with an interactive diabetes simulator-AIDA online-to provide an engaging and effective educational tool. AIDA online (accessible directly at: www.2aida.net) enables the simulation of plasma insulin and blood glucose levels from user-defined insulin injection and carbohydrate intake data. A haemoglobin A1c value is also computed, giving an indication of overall blood glucose control in the virtual patient with diabetes. The diabetes/insulin tutorial is currently composed of four sections: the first two cover in considerable depth insulin injection regimens and insulin dosage adjustment; the third section introduces the principles of carbohydrate counting and, specifically, matching insulin doses to carbohydrate intake; and the fourth section illustrates the relationship between blood glucose levels and renal excretion of glucose. The simulator runs alongside the tutorial, and allows various concepts described in the text to be explored freely by the user and simulated interactively. This introduces a novel way of learning how injected insulin and dietary carbohydrate interact in various insulin injection regimens. A fifth section- for which any offers of assistance would be gratefully received-is planned. This will consider the use of insulin pumps and rapidly acting and very long-acting insulin analogues. Further improvements that may strengthen the existing tutorial and/or use of the online simulator are discussed in this column.
Cutting Edge: Profound Defect in T Cell Responses in TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 2 Dominant Negative Mice (2002)

TNFR-associated factor 2 (TRAF2) is an adapter protein that links several members of the TNFR family to downstream signaling pathways. Mice expressing a dominant negative form of TRAF2 in their lymphoid cells (TRAF2.DN mice) have a profound defect in T cell responses to allogeneic APC. In contrast, APC from wild-type or TRAF2.DN mice show an equivalent level of stimulation in a MLR. Ab production and class switch are unimpaired in TRAF2.DN mice. Thus, defects in the TRAF.DN mice appear to be limited to T cells. TRAF2.DN mice demonstrate an impaired T cell response to influenza virus, including decreased secondary expansion of IFN-gamma-secreting T cells as well as a decrease in CTL activity. CD4 T cell production of IL-2 was also dramatically impaired in TRAF2.DN mice. These studies suggest an essential role of TRAF2-linked receptors in secondary CD4 and CD8 T cell responses and have important implications for transplantation.