gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A critical evaluation of thermal mass flow meters (1996)

Many semiconductor processes require that stable and known flows of gas be delivered to the processing chamber. The thermal mass flow meter (TMFM) is used almost exclusively in the semiconductor industry for the admission of process gases. While TMFM’s have been used in the semiconductor industry for over twenty years, much still remains to be understood about their behavior. The abundance of TMFM manufacturers that make instruments which are supposedly interchangeable complicates the use of TMFM’s because the instruments generally have different designs and performance. While some attempt has been made via written standards to address the specifications of the instruments, these standards do not address all performance issues and cannot eliminate the systematic errors in the original manufacturers calibration of the TMFM’s. Further, the TMFM’s used to measure the process gases are generally calibrated with nitrogen and ‘‘corrected’’ for other gases, but the correction factors are not well understood and are of questionable reliability. It is also important to understand how the TMFM’s perform under conditions that differ from the laboratory conditions where they were calibrated and the measurement errors that are introduced as a result of these different operating conditions. This article presents data on the performance of five low-flow TMFM’s, from different manufacturers, with full scale ranges of 1.5×10−6–3.7×10−6 mol/s (2–5 sccm). The manufacturers’ calibration of the TMFM’s with nitrogen as compared to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) measured values differed by up to 17%. Three of the five tested TMFM’s were within the manufacturers’ stated tolerance of ±1% of full scale. While some of the instruments’ initial calibration was poor, all of the TMFM’s were stable to within ±1% of full scale over the test interval of nine months. The gas correction factors for five gases (argon, helium, hydrogen, sulfur hexafluoride, and hexafluoroethane) were measured and compared to manufacturers’ recommended values along with the temperature and flow dependence of the gas correction factors. Some of the gas correction factors agreed with the manufacturers’ recommended values to within ±1% while others differed by as much as 13%.
Antiproliferative effect of trapidil, a platelet-derived growth factor antagonist, on a glioma cell line in vitro (1990)

Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is produced by glioma cells. However, there is heterogeneity among glioma cell lines in the production of PDGF. It has been demonstrated that U251MG cells produce a PDGF-like molecule while U105MG cells do not. Trapidil, a specific antagonist of PDGF, competes for receptor binding with PDGF. Therefore, the inhibitory effect of trapidil on the proliferation of glioma cells was investigated in vitro using two glioma cell lines. At 100 micrograms/ml, trapidil significantly inhibited the proliferation of U251MG cells (which produce the PDGF-like molecule). At the same trapidil concentration, the proliferation of U105MG cells (which do not produce the PDGF-like molecule) was not inhibited. The inhibitory effect of trapidil was remarkable on Days 3 and 4 of culture. After 4 days of incubation, the proliferation of U251MG cells was 46% of the control preparation. Trapidil enhanced the antitumor effect of 3-[4-amino-2-methyl-5-pyrimidinyl)ethyl)-1-(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (ACNU) against U251MG cells. The enhancing effect was highest on Days 4 and 6 of culture. After 6 days of incubation in the presence of 100 micrograms/ml trapidil and 1 microgram/ml ACNU, the proliferation of U251MG cells was 18% of the control preparation. These findings suggest that trapidil interrupts the autocrine loop at the PDGF and PDGF-receptor level and that combination therapy with trapidil and ACNU may be useful in the treatment of glioma.
Disposition and biotransformation of<sup>14</sup>C-etodolac in man (1986)

Four human subjects were given a capsule containing 200 mg of 14C-etodolac. At the peak (two hours after dosing), most of the radioactivity in serum was due to etodolac; subsequently, metabolites gradually appeared. The elimination half-life of etodolac from serum averaged six hours. Etodolac was greater than 99% bound to human serum proteins. An average of 73% of the dose was excreted in the urine and 14% in faeces within seven days, with 61% appearing in the urine during the first 24 h. Microbial transformation of etodolac was employed to biosynthesize sufficient amounts of two urinary metabolites to facilitate structure elucidation. Five metabolites, representing 65% of the radioactivity in urine collected 0-24 h after dosing (61% of the dose was excreted in urine within 24 h), were isolated and characterized by t.l.c., g.c., h.p.l.c., n.m.r (1H and 13C) and m.s. Most of the identified urinary components were conjugates of etodolac and three hydroxylated metabolites (6-hydroxyetodolac, 7-hydroxyetodolac and 8-(1-hydroxyethyl)etodolac). Two metabolites were identified as glucuronyl ester conjugates of etodolac and 7-hydroxyetodolac; the former represented about 20% of the urinary radioactivity. False positive tests for bilirubin in urine of patients treated with etodolac were found to be due to the two phenolic metabolites.
Development and implementation of a high-performance, cardiac-gated dual-energy imaging system (2007)

Mounting evidence suggests that the superposition of anatomical clutter in a projection radiograph poses a major impediment to the detectability of subtle lung nodules. Through decomposition of projections acquired at multiple kVp, dual-energy (DE) imaging offers to dramatically improve lung nodule detectability and, in part through quantitation of nodule calcification, increase specificity in nodule characterization. The development of a high-performance DE chest imaging system is reported, with design and implementation guided by fundamental imaging performance metrics. A diagnostic chest stand (Kodak RVG 5100 digital radiography system) provided the basic platform, modified to include: (i) a filter wheel, (ii) a flat-panel detector (Trixell Pixium 4600), (iii) a computer control and monitoring system for cardiac-gated acquisition, and (iv) DE image decomposition and display. Computational and experimental studies of imaging performance guided optimization of key acquisition technique parameters, including: x-ray filtration, allocation of dose between low- and high-energy projections, and kVp selection. A system for cardiac-gated acquisition was developed, directing x-ray exposures to within the quiescent period of the heart cycle, thereby minimizing anatomical misregistration. A research protocol including 200 patients imaged following lung nodule biopsy is underway, allowing preclinical evaluation of DE imaging performance relative to conventional radiography and low-dose CT.
Altered Histone Acetylation at<i>Glutamate Receptor 2</i>and<i>Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor</i>Genes Is an Early Event Triggered by Status Epilepticus (2002)

The mechanisms underlying seizure-induced changes in gene expression are unclear. Using a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, we found that acetylation of histone H4 in rat hippocampal CA3 neurons was reduced at the glutamate receptor 2 (GluR2; GRIA2) glutamate receptor promoter but increased at brain-derived neurotrophic factor promoter P2 as soon as 3 hr after induction of status epilepticus by pilocarpine. This result indicates that status epilepticus rapidly activates different signal pathways to modulate histone acetylation in a promoter-specific manner. H4 deacetylation preceded seizure-induced GluR2 mRNA downregulation. The histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A prevented and quickly reversed deacetylation of GluR2-associated histones. Trichostatin A also blunted seizure-induced downregulation of GluR2 mRNA in CA3. Thus, rapid gene-specific changes in histone acetylation patterns may be a key early step in the pathological processes triggered by status epilepticus.
Identification and characterization of human B‐cell epitopes in recombinant antigens of <i>Leishmania aethiopica</i> (1996)

Recombinant DNA fragments from Leishmania aethiopica that code for epitopes which react with human antibodies have been characterized by cross-hybridization studies and DNA sequence analysis. Twenty clones could be grouped into seven different groups (I-VII), probably representing seven different L. aethiopica antigens. The DNA sequences of representative clones from the seven groups have been obtained and the amino acid sequence of the respective recombinant antigens established. The recombinant antigens have been analysed by epitope scanning with patient sera, and octapeptides that contain potential B-cell epitopes have been identified in all seven recombinant antigens. These octapeptides have further been tested with additional patient sera and control sera, and three octapeptides (HAFCHEEG, YHSSVVHD and SYAPCSLK) were found to contain major epitopes recognizing specific antibodies in nine, seven and four, respectively, of the twenty sera tested. Fifteen of the twenty sera reacted with one or more of these three octapeptides.
A target‐mediated model to describe the pharmacokinetics and hemodynamic effects of recombinant human vascular endothelial growth factor in humans (2002)

This mechanism-based model accurately predicted VEGF concentrations and allowed for the simulation of various rhVEGF(165) dose regimens that may aid in optimization of drug delivery for future clinical trials.
Oxysilane polymers from silanediol–bisdimethylaminosilane polycondensations: Synthesis and properties (1976)

Abstract The solution polycondensation of 1,4‐bis(hydroxydimethylsilyl)benzene with six bis(dimethylaminosilanes) was carried out by the aminosilane deficient method to give a series of high polymers. The bis(dimethylaminosilanes) were bis(dimethylamino)dimethylsilane, bis(dimethylamino)methylphenylsilane, bis(dimethylamino)diphenylsilane, 1,4‐bis(dimethylaminodimethylsilyl)benzene, 1,3‐bis(dimethylamino)‐1,1,3,3‐tetramethyldisiloxane, and 1,5‐bis(dimethylamino‐1,1,3,3,5,5‐hexamethyltrisiloxane). The condensation of dihydroxymethylphenylsilane with bis‐(dimethylamino)methylphenylsilane to give polymethylphenylsiloxane was also performed. A detailed description of the monomer syntheses and polymerization reactions is provided, since this paper represents the first detailed and systematic description of this polycondensation as an alternative to disilanol or disilanol‐dichlorosilane condensation routes. The thermal properties (i.e., T g , TGA, DSC) of poly(p‐phenylenetetramethylsiloxane) are compared to those of poly[1,4‐bis(oxydimethylsilyl)benzenel] (where a Si(Me) 2 O group has been inserted between the silylphenylene units) as well as others in this series, polydimethylsiloxane, and polymethylphenylsiloxane. Similarly, these properties are compared with those of related polymers which include in‐chain ferrocene units. Introduction of Si(Me) 2 O units into poly(tetramethyl‐ p ‐silylphenylenesiloxane) systematically decreases T g and thermal stability. Replacing SiCH 3 with SiC 6 H 5 groups increases T g and thermal stability. Replacing in‐chain C 6 H 4  with ferrocene increases T g and slightly decreases thermal stability. The values of K and A in the Mark‐Houwink equation were determined for several polymers.
The Parallel Problems Server: A Client-Server Model for Interactive Large Scale Scientific Computation (1998)

. Applying fast scientific computing algorithms to large problems presents a difficult engineering problem. We describe a novel architecture for addressing this problem that uses a robust client-server model for interactive large-scale linear algebra computation. We discuss competing approaches and demonstrate the relative strengths of our approach. By way of example, we describe MITMatlab, a powerful transparent client interface to the linear algebra server. With MITMatlab, it is now straightforward to implement full-blown algorithms intended to work on very large problems while still using the powerful interactive and visualization tools that Matlab provides. We also examine the efficiency of our model by timing selected operations and comparing them to commonly used approaches. 1 Introduction We describe a novel architecture for a &quot;linear algebra server&quot; that operates on very large matrices. Matrices are created by the server and distributed across many machines or processors. Oper...
Application of alkoxyamine in self-healing of epoxy (2014)

Cracks in epoxy containing alkoxyamine can be repeatedly healed through dynamic equilibrium of thermally reversible reaction of C–ON bond.
Nucleotide Sequence and Expression of the Diphtheria <i>tox</i> 228 Gene in <i>Escherichia coli</i> (1983)

The complete nucleotide sequence of the diphtheria tox228 gene encoding the nontoxic serologically related protein CRM228 has been determined. A comparison of the predicted amino acid sequence with the available amino acid sequences from the wild-type toxin made it possible to deduce essentially the entire nucleotide sequence of the wild-type tox gene. The signal peptide of pro-diphtheria toxin and the putative tox promoter have been identified, a highly symmetrical nucleotide sequence downstream of the toxin gene has been detected; this region may be the corynebacteriophage beta attachment site (attP). The cloned toxin gene was expressed at a low level in Escherichia coli.
Yeast (2003)

Abstract This chapter traces the development of the baker's and brewer's yeast known now as Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism. In particular, it discusses studies by Øjvind Winge, Carl Lindegren, and Boris Ephrussi.
Advanced Cordless Telecommunications Service (1987)

Present analog cordless telephones suffer from lack of privacy, limited facilities and can support only a relatively low density of users. This restricts their benefits and market opportunities. Hence the need for an advanced cordless telecommunications service (ACTS). Consideration is given here to the needs of this service in terms of requirements, demand, system aspects, spectrum needs, propagation, and performance. This leads to a proposed system design for the service which is already under consideration within Europe. It uses 32 kbit/s speech encoding and time-division duplex operation to achieve both-way speech communication on a single 100 KHz-wide radio channel. A pool of radio channels are available to choose from at both base and handset in order to minimize overall interference and maximize system capacity. The addition of another aerial at only the base unit can provide the full spatial diversity improvement to both directions of transmission. The service is due for introduction in the United Kingdom in 1987.
ESTIMATING SURVEY WEIGHTS WITH MULTIPLE CONSTRAINTS USING ENTROPY OPTIMIZATION METHODS (2009)

Household travel surveys are the main source of information for understanding individual travel behavior and also for conducting a variety of travel analyses, from reporting descriptive statistics to calibration and validation of advanced travel forecasting models. A challenge often faced by transportation professionals is to accurately expand the survey households to represent the population. The problem becomes even more complicated when dealing with household travel surveys, because the goal is to find household weights such that the distributions of the characteristics in the weighted sample not only match given distributions of households but also those of persons. This paper presents an Entropy Maximization methodology to estimate household survey weights to match the exogenously given distributions of the population, including both households and persons. The paper also presents a Relaxed Formulation to deal with cases when constraints are not feasible and convergence is not achieved. The methodology is applied to a large geography - Maricopa County region, Arizona, and a small geography – blockgroup, and estimation results are presented. Estimation results show that the Strict Formulation can be used to estimate the weights when constraints imposed by distributions of population characteristics are feasible. Relaxed formulation can be used to estimate weights when the constraints are infeasible such that distributions of the population characteristics are satisfied to within reasonable limits.
<scp>C</scp> aolombia, Insurrection of The Comuneros, 1781–1782 (2009)

The insurrection of the Comuneros (common and poor people) was a crucial political episode during the last decades of the colonial period in the territories known now as Colombia. It centered around the quest for social freedom and better living conditions in response to the oppressive economic and political apparatus the Spanish empire imposed on its overseas dominions. The traditional interpretation has underestimated the revolutionary spirit behind the uprising of nearly 20,000 Comuneros against the monarchy's taxation and socioeconomic conditions under Spanish rule.
Positional dependence of the effects of negatively charged Glu side chains on the stability of two‐stranded α-helical coiled‐coils (1997)

The effects on protein stability of negatively charged Glu side chains at different positions along the length of the α-helix were investigated in the two-stranded α-helical coiled-coil. A native coiled-coil has been designed which consists of two identical 35 residue polypeptide chains with a heptad repeat QgVaGbAcLdQeKf and a Cys residue at position 2 to allow the formation of an interchain 2-2′ disulphide bridge. This coiled-coil contains no intra- or interchain electrostatic interactions and served as a control for peptides in which Glu was substituted for Gln in the e or g heptad positions. The effect of the substitutions on stability was determined by urea denaturation at 20°C with the degree of unfolding monitored by circular dichroism spectroscopy. A Glu substituted for Gln near the N-terminus in each chain of the coiled-coil stabilizes the coiled-coil at pH 7, consistent with the charge–helix dipole interaction model. This stability increase is modulated by pH change and the addition of salt (KCl or guanidine hydrochloride), confirming the electrostatic nature of the effect. In contrast, Glu substitution in the middle of the helix destabilizes the coiled-coil because of the lower helical propensity and hydrophobicity of Glu compared with Gln at pH 7. Taking the intrinsic differences into account, the apparent charge–helix dipole interaction at the N-terminus is approximately 0.35 kcal/mol per Glu substitution. A Glu substitution at the C-terminus destabilizes the coiled-coil more than in the middle owing to the combined effects of intrinsic destabilization and unfavourable charge–helix dipole interaction with the negative pole of the helix dipole. The estimated destabilizing charge–helix dipole interaction of 0.08 kcal/mol is smaller than the stabilizing interaction at the N-terminus. The presence of a 2-2′disulphide bridge appears to have little influence on the magnitude of the charge–helix dipole interactions at either end of the coiled-coil. © 1997 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Respiratory response to formaldehyde and off-gas of urea formaldehyde foam insulation. (1984)

In 18 subjects, 9 of whom had previously complained of various nonrespiratory adverse effects from the urea formaldehyde foam insulation (UFFI) in their homes, pulmonary function was assessed before and after exposure in a laboratory. On separate occasions formaldehyde, 1 part per million (ppm), and UFFI off-gas yielding a formaldehyde concentration of 1.2 ppm, were delivered to each subject in an environmental chamber for 90 minutes and a fume hood for 30 minutes respectively. None of the measures of pulmonary function used (forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 second or maximal midexpiratory flow rate) showed any clinically or statistically significant response to the exposure either immediately after or 8 hours after its beginning. There were no statistically significant differences between the responses of the group that had previously complained of adverse effects and of the group that had not. There was no evidence that either formaldehyde or UFFI off-gas operates as a lower airway allergen or important bronchospastic irritant in this heterogeneous population.
Frequency of voice problems and cough in patients using pressurized aerosol inhaled steroid preparations (1995)

The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of throat and voice symptoms in asthma patients using pressurized aerosol, metered-dose, inhaled corticosteroid preparations. A questionnaire was administered to hospital out-patients in an asthma clinic and to a control group attending a diabetic clinic. Two hundred and fifty five consecutive out-patients using pressurized aerosol inhaled corticosteroids and 100 controls were surveyed. One hundred and forty seven (58%) patients taking inhaled steroids reported voice dysphonia or throat symptoms compared with 13% of control patients. Women admitted to symptoms more frequently than men. Throat symptoms were more prevalent in patients using higher doses of inhaled steroid. Aerosol inhaler-induced cough was reported by 87 (34%) patients. Local side-effects were equally prevalent both with beclomethasone dipropionate and budesonide aerosol inhalers. The use of a large volume spacing device with either steroid aerosol did not appear to protect against these symptoms. Local side-effects are common in asthmatics taking pressurized aerosol, metered-dose, inhaled steroids.
Benchmarking human performance for continuous speech recognition (2002)

It is a well-established fact that human performance exceeds that of computers by orders of magnitude on a wide range of speech recognition tasks. However, there is widespread belief that the gap between human and machine performance has narrowed considerably on restricted problems. Yet, there are few extensive comparisons of performance on tasks involving large vocabulary continuous speech recognition (LVCSR) and low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). Human evaluations on LVCSR tasks highlight a number of interesting issues. For example, familiarity with the domain plays a crucial role in human performance. The authors conducted several experiments that extensively characterize human performance on LVCSR tasks over two standard evaluation corpora-ARPA's CSR'94 Spoke 10 and CSR'95 Hub 3. They demonstrate that human performance is at least an order of magnitude better than the best machine performance, and that human performance is fairly robust to a number of factors that typically degrade machine performance: SNR, speaking rate and style, microphone and ambient noise. In fact, human performance remained remarkably consistent across evaluation paradigms, and to some extent was artificially limited by a listener's attention span.