gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Insulin Micropump with Embedded Pressure Sensors for Failure Detection and Delivery of Accurate Monitoring (2014)

Improved glycemic control with insulin pump therapy in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus has shown gradual reductions in nephropathy and retinopathy. More recently, the emerging concept of the artificial pancreas, comprising an insulin pump coupled to a continuous glucose meter and a control algorithm, would become the next major breakthrough in diabetes care. The patient safety and the efficiency of the therapy are directly derived from the delivery accuracy of rapid-acting insulin. For this purpose, a specific precision-oriented design of micropump has been built. The device, made of a stack of three silicon wafers, comprises two check valves and a pumping membrane that is actuated against stop limiters by a piezo actuator. Two membranes comprising piezoresistive strain gauges have been implemented to measure the pressure in the pumping chamber and at the outlet of the pump. Their high sensitivity makes possible the monitoring of the pumping accuracy with a tolerance of ±5% for each individual stroke of 200 nL. The capability of these sensors to monitor priming, reservoir overpressure, reservoir emptying, outlet occlusion and valve leakage has also been studied.
Metal-Based NO Sensing by Selective Ligand Dissociation (2000)

Nitric oxide reacts selectively with the O2 stable, weakly fluorescent complex [Co(DATI-4)] in dichloromethane solution to dissociate a fluorophore-substituted arm of the aminotroponiminate ligand DATI-4. The resulting cobalt–dinitrosyl adduct (see picture) effects a positive fluorescence response. The detection limit of 2 is 50–100 μM for NO.
A Quantitative Analysis of mRNA Expression of α1 and β-adrenoceptor Subtypes and Their Functional Roles in Human Normal and Obstructed Bladders (2003)

These findings indicate that neither up-regulation of alpha1-ARs nor down-regulation of beta-ARs occurs and relaxation mediating beta 3-ARs are by far predominant in the human obstructed bladder. Therefore, it is not likely that bladder alpha1-ARs are responsible for detrusor overactivity and storage symptoms in patients with benign prostatic obstruction.
Overexpression of Nitrate Reductase in Tobacco Delays Drought-Induced Decreases in Nitrate Reductase Activity and mRNA1 (1998)

Abstract Transformed (cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter [35S]) tobacco (Nicotiana plumbaginifoliaL.) plants constitutively expressing nitrate reductase (NR) and untransformed controls were subjected to drought for 5 d. Drought-induced changes in biomass accumulation and photosynthesis were comparable in both lines of plants. After 4 d of water deprivation, a large increase in the ratio of shoot dry weight to fresh weight was observed, together with a decrease in the rate of photosynthetic CO2 assimilation. Foliar sucrose increased in both lines during water stress, but hexoses increased only in leaves from untransformed controls. Foliar NO3−decreased rapidly in both lines and was halved within 2 d of the onset of water deprivation. Total foliar amino acids decreased in leaves of both lines following water deprivation. After 4 d of water deprivation no NR activity could be detected in leaves of untransformed plants, whereas about 50% of the original activity remained in the leaves of the 35S-NR transformants. NR mRNA was much more stable than NR activity. NR mRNA abundance increased in the leaves of the 35S-NR plants and remained constant in controls for the first 3 d of drought. On the 4th d, however, NR mRNA suddenly decreased in both lines. Rehydration at d 3 caused rapid recovery (within 24 h) of 35S-NR transcripts, but no recovery was observed in the controls. The phosphorylation state of the protein was unchanged by long-term drought. There was a strong correlation between maximal extractable NR activity and ambient photosynthesis in both lines. We conclude that drought first causes increased NR protein turnover and then accelerates NR mRNA turnover. Constitutive NR expression temporarily delayed drought-induced losses in NR activity. 35S-NR expression may therefore allow more rapid recovery of N assimilation following short-term water deficit.
Histological study of navicular bone disease (1982)

A histological investigation of navicular bones from 8 horses with navicular disease was carried out to investigate the aetiology of the radiological findings. Two of the horses were double labelled with tetracycline before slaughter in order to assess the vitality of the diseased navicular bone. The examinations revealed no evidence of loss of vitality in the diseased bone areas or in surrounding tissues. A very high rate of remodelling indicated by resorption and formation of bone was present in all cases. This was shown microscopically by the high number of osteoclasts and osteoblasts present, osteoid formation and particularly by a high rate of intravital uptake of tetracycline by the bone. The findings are considered to indicate that navicular disease is not primarily caused by ischaemia and subsequent necrosis, but rather is a consequence of increased activation of bone remodelling caused by altered pressure from the deep flexor tendon on the bone and increased load on the caudal part of the foot. This is further supported by the clinical changes seen after alterations occur in the hoof conformation. The disease is, therefore, considered to be reversible and may be alleviated by altering the load on the navicular bone by special shoeing. Only secondary lesions such as adhesions and spur formation render the disease irreversible.
Multi-bit flip-flop usage impact on physical synthesis (2012)

Reducing clock network power is an efficient way to reduce power consumption of the high-frequency ASICs since it accounts for a considerable amount of the dynamic chip power. Recently, the use of multi-bit flip-flops (MBFFs) has been shown to be an effective design technique to improve clock tree synthesis and can be used either as an alternative or in conjunction with the well-known clock gating approach targeting clock power reduction. The idea behind this technique is that clock tree power savings can be achieved by using flip-flop cells with optimized design and also through a reduced clock tree once the number of clock sinks is smaller in a design with MBFF cells. Some recent works have been proposing methods to take advantage of using MBFFs in standard cell based designs, where single-bit flip-flops are replaced by MBFF cells during logic and/or physical syntheses. However, a more complete analysis is still needed for different steps of a design flow to help understanding the impact of MBFFs on the physical design. We present in this work a comprehensive comparison between traditional flip-flop and MBFF implementations of an industrial 55nm design. Our results consider area, power and timing as well as some side effects like clock skew, routing congestion and voltage drop distribution. Finally, this study points to some potential drawbacks of using MBFFs which may be helpful for designers to make trade-off decisions in high performance SoC designs.
Placement (2012)

Placement is considered a fundamental physical design problem in electronic design automation. It has been around so long that it is commonly viewed as a solved problem. However, placement is not just another design automation problem; placement quality is at the heart of design quality in terms of timing closure, routability, area, power and most importantly, time-to-market. Small improvements in placement quality often translate into large improvements further down the design closure stack. This paper makes the case that placement is a "hot topic" in design automation and presents several placement formulations related to routability, clocking, datapath, timing, and constraint management to drive years of research.
Building with the Community (2011)

A prototype housing project suitable for remote communities has demonstrated how a new panelised building system can do more than ease the housing crisis. Jonathan Green explains.
Development of an Ultrasonic Probe with Measurement of Contact Pressure Distribution (2006)

We have developed an ultrasonic probe with a film-type pressure sensor installed on its contact surface. The film-type pressure sensor, which uses aluminum nitride (AlN) as a piezoelectric material, is thin, flexible, durable and heat-resistant. The AlN is deposited on a polyimide film in high orientation using the sputtering method. The sensor can measure contact pressure directly, with little effect on ultrasonic transmission. We have demonstrated the simultaneous acquisition of tissue images and contact pressure distribution for the human carotid artery. Internal tissue was successfully visualized and the pulsating arterial wall was observed. At the same time, a pulse wave of blood pressure is observed with characteristic waveshapes. The results indicate the possibility of estimating the viscoelasticity of biological tissue
The Enigmatic PE/PPE Multigene Family of Mycobacteria and Tuberculosis Vaccination (2017)

The genome of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>, the bacterium responsible for the disease tuberculosis, contains an unusual family of abundant antigens (PE/PPEs). To date, certain members of this multigene family occur only in mycobacteria that cause disease. It is possible that the numerous proteins encoded by these mycobacterial genes dictate the immune pathogenesis of this bacterial pathogen. There is also evidence that some of these antigens are present at the cell surface and that they affect the pathology and immunology of the organism in many ways. Also, they elicit both antibodies and T cells, they may be involved in antigenic variation, and they may be good candidates for vaccines and drugs. However, since they are plentiful and extremely homologous, these PE/PPEs are very challenging to study, and it is difficult to be certain what role(s) they have in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. Consequently, how to develop treatments like vaccines using these antigens as candidates is complex.
Selenium heterocycles. XXIV (1). 4‐Substituted vinyl and 4‐phenyl‐1,3‐butadienyl‐1,2,3‐selenadiazoles and related compounds (1979)

Abstract A series of 4‐aryl (or heteroeyclic)‐3‐buten‐2‐one semicarbazones as well as 6‐phenyl‐3,5‐hexadien‐2‐one semicarbazone were reacted with selenium dioxide to give the corresponding 4‐substituted vinyl and 4‐phenyl‐1,2‐butadienyl‐1,2,3‐selenadiazoles. The selenadiazoles were converted to the corresponding 1,4‐diselenafulvenes. Pyrolysis of 4‐styryl‐1,2,3‐selenadiazole gave 2,5‐distyrylselenophene.
Rapid visualization of metaphase chromosomes in single human blastomeres after fusion with in-vitro matured bovine eggs (1999)

The present study was aimed to facilitate karyotyping of human blastomeres using the metaphase-inducing factors present in unfertilized eggs. A rapid technique for karyotyping would have wide application in the field of preimplantation genetic diagnosis. When cryopreserved in-vitro matured bovine oocytes were fused with human blastomeres, the transferred human nuclei were forced into metaphase within a few hours. Eighty-seven human blastomeres from abnormal or arrested embryos were fused with bovine oocytes in a preclinical study. Fusion efficiency was 100%. In 21 of the hybrid cells, no trace of human chromatin was found. Of the remaining 66, 64 (97%) yielded chromosomes suitable for analysis. The method was used to karyotype embryos from two patients with maternal translocations. One embryo which was judged to be karyotypically normal was replaced in the first patient, resulting in one pregnancy with a normal fetus. None of the second patient's embryos was diagnosed as normal, and hence none was transferred. The results of the present study demonstrated that the ooplasmic factors which induce and maintain metaphase in bovine oocytes can force transferred human blastomere nuclei into premature metaphase, providing the basis for a rapid method of karyotyping blastomeres from preimplantation embryos and, by implication, cells from other sources.
Identification and functional characterization of two new somatic mutations causing constitutive activation of the thyrotropin receptor in hyperfunctioning autonomous adenomas of the thyroid (1994)

It has recently been shown that somatic and germ line mutations of the TSH receptor gene cause autonomous hyperfunctioning thyroid adenomas and nonautoimmune toxic thyroid hyperplasia by constitutive activation of the TSH receptor. A "saturated" map of these mutations is a prerequisite for a systematic screening for these clinically important mutations. In this context, it is also of interest to determine whether different amino acid substitutions at the same residue cause constitutive activation of the TSH receptor, as suggested by site-directed mutagenesis of the alpha 1 beta-adrenergic receptor. We, therefore, screened further hyperfunctioning autonomous adenomas of the thyroid for constitutively activating mutations. We identified two new somatic mutations, changing alanine in position 623 to valine (A623V) and threonine in position 632 to isoleucine (T632I). Both mutations constitutively activated cAMP when transiently expressed in COS cells. Together with neighboring mutations, the T632I mutation demonstrates the importance of transmembrane domain VI for the activation of the TSH receptor and characterizes it as a hot spot for constitutively activating mutations. The previously identified A623I and the newly identified A623V mutations demonstrate that several amino acid substitutions at the same residue can cause constitutive activation of the TSH receptor.
Confidence measure based unsupervised target model adaptation for speaker verification (2007)

This paper proposes a new method for updating online the client models of a speaker recognition system using the test data. This problem is called unsupervised adaptation. The main idea of the proposed approach is to adapt the client model using the complete set of data gathered from the successive test, without deciding if the test data belongs to the client or to an impostor. The adaptation process includes a weighting scheme of the test data, based on the a posteriori probability that a test belongs to the targeted client model. The proposed approach is evaluated within the framework of the NIST 2005 and 2006 Speaker Recognition Evaluations. The links between the adaptation method and channel mismatch factors is also explored, using both Feature Mapping and Latent Factor Analysis (LFA) methods. The proposed unsupervised adaptation outperforms the baseline system, with a relative DCF improvement of 27% (37% for EER). When the LFA channel compensation technique is used, the proposed approach achieves a reduction in DCF of 20% (12.5% for EER). Index Terms: speaker verification, unsupervised adaptation.
Enhanced expression of inhibitory guanine nucleotide regulatory protein in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Relationship to adenylate cyclase inhibition (1992)

We have previously shown that the stimulatory effects of guanine nucleotides, N-ethylcarboxamide-adenosine and other agonists on adenylate cyclase activity were diminished in aorta and heart sarcolemma of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) [Anand-Srivastava (1988) Biochem. Pharmacol. 37, 3017-3022]. In the present studies, we have examined whether the decreased response of these agonists is due to the defective GTP-binding proteins (G-proteins) which couple the receptors to adenylate cyclase, and have therefore measured the levels of G-proteins in aorta and heart from SHR and their respective Wistar-Kyoto (WKY) controls by using pertussis toxin (PT)- and cholera toxin (CT)-catalysed ADP-ribosylations and immunoblotting techniques using specific antibodies against G-proteins. The labelling with [32P]NAD+ and PT identified a 40/41 kDa protein in heart and aorta from WKY and SHR and was significantly increased in the hearts (approximately 100%) and aorta (approximately 30-40%), from SHR as compared with WKY. Immunoblotting revealed an increase in the levels of the G-protein alpha-subunits Gi alpha-2 and Gi alpha-3 in heart and Gi alpha-2 in aorta, whereas no change in Go alpha was observed in heart from SHR and WKY. On the other hand, no differences were observed in CT labelling or immunoblotting of stimulatory G-protein (Gs) in heart and aorta from WKY and SHR. In addition, CT stimulated the adenylate cyclase activity in heart sarcolemma from WKY and SHR to a similar extent. These results were correlated with adenylate cyclase inhibition and stimulation by various hormones. Angiotensin II (AII), atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) and oxotremorine-mediated inhibition was found to be greater in SHR as compared with WKY, whereas the stimulatory effects of adrenaline, isoprenaline, dopamine and forskolin were diminished in SHR aorta as compared to WKY. These results indicate that regulatory protein G(i) is more expressed in SHR, which may be associated with the decreased responsiveness of stimulatory hormones and increased sensitivity of inhibitory hormones to stimulate/inhibit adenylate cyclase activity. It may thus be suggested that the enhanced G(i) activity may be one of the mechanisms responsible for the diminished vascular tone and impaired myocardial functions in hypertension.
Synthesis and Electrochemical Characteristics of Li(Ni[sub 0.375]Mn[sub 0.375]Co[sub 0.25])O[sub 2]–Li(Li[sub 1/3]Mn[sub 2/3])O[sub 2] Cathode Materials for Li Rechargeable Batteries (2010)

In the present work, we have reported the electrochemical characteristics of ( and 0.40) cathodes for lithium rechargeable batteries. In the high resolution transmission electron microscopy micrographs of these compositions, the domains that lead to superlattice ordering have clearly been identified. For these compositions, the size of such nanodomains yields coherent X-ray diffraction. The discharge capacities for and cathodes after the first discharge is reported to be and 198 mAh/g, respectively, in the voltage window of 4.8–2.0 V. The higher discharge capacities of cathodes have been argued to be due to the reduction in manganese ions to valence states. Through the analyses of the impedance data, we have claimed that after the first charge, a surface layer is formed on the cathode surface, which substantially increases the surface layer resistance. The capacity fading in these cathodes is probably related to the formation of such resistive surface layer.
The configuration-oriented planning for fully declarative IT system provisioning automation (2016)

Defining provisioning requirements for software IT systems is still tedious and error-prone despite utilizing the latest declarative system provisioning tools because they require that a user should define not only the desired state of a system but also the complementary imperative process needed to provision the tasks in the proper order. To address these challenges, we propose Configuration-Oriented Planning scheme which enables the user to provision a system by defining the desired configuration of the system in a fully declarative manner. The configuration includes only a combination of pre-defined components and property settings of the components. Operational definitions including dependencies are not required because such definitions are encapsulated by the components in an abstract form and extracted according to the concrete configuration of the components. Our scheme generates a provisioning process from the dependency definitions using an artificial intelligence (AI) planning technique. This paper presents an outline of the configuration-oriented planning technique and details of the system configuration model. A result of an experiment evaluating the efficiency and effectiveness of our scheme on a case study is presented.
Thionation Enhances the Electron Mobility of Perylene Diimide for High Performance n‐Channel Organic Field Effect Transistors (2015)

Perylene diimides (PDIs) are one of the most widely studied n‐type materials, showing great promise as electron acceptors in organic photovoltaic devices and as electron transport materials in n‐channel organic field effect transistors. Amongst the well‐established chemical modification strategies for increasing the electron mobility of PDI, substitution of the imide oxygen atoms with sulfur, known as thionation, has remained largely unexplored. In this work, it is demonstrated that thionation is a highly effective means of enhancing the electron mobility of a bis‐ N ‐alkylated PDI derivative. Successive oxygen–sulfur substitution increases the electron mobility such that the fully thionated derivative ( S4 ) has an average mobility of 0.16 cm 2 V −1 s −1 . This is two orders of magnitude larger than the nonthionated parent compound ( P ), and is achieved by solution deposition and without thermal or solvent vapor annealing. A combination of atomic force microscopy and 2D wide angle X‐ray scattering experiments, together with theoretical modeling of charge transport efficiency, is used to explain the strong positive correlation observed between electron mobility and degree of thionation. This work establishes thionation as a highly effective means of enhancing the electron mobility of PDI, and provides motivation for the development of thionated PDI derivatives for organic electronics applications.
Nitrendipine block of cardiac calcium channels: high-affinity binding to the inactivated state. (1984)

Block of Ca2+ currents by the dihydropyridine drug nitrendipine was studied in single canine ventricular cells by using the whole-cell variant of the patch clamp technique. When cells were held at depolarized membrane potentials at which Ca2+ currents were approximately equal to 70% inactivated, nitrendipine blocked Ca2+ currents very potently, with half-block by subnanomolar concentrations. The concentration dependence of block had the form expected for 1:1 binding, with an apparent dissociation constant (Kd) of 0.36 nM. In contrast, when cells were held at hyperpolarized potentials, nitrendipine blocked Ca2+ currents much less potently (Kd approximately equal to 700 nM). The results can be explained if nitrendipine binds very tightly to the inactivated state of the Ca2+ channel and only weakly to the normal resting state. The Kd estimated for binding to the inactivated state is very similar to the dissociation constants previously found for high-affinity [3H]nitrendipine binding to membrane fragments from heart, smooth muscle, brain, and other tissues; moreover, the concentration-dependent kinetics of binding to the inactivated state are similar to those reported for [3H]nitrendipine binding to membranes. These results make it seem very likely that the high-affinity [3H]nitrendipine binding site is an inactivated state of the Ca2+ channel.
Improving Perioperative Outcomes: Fluid Optimization with the Esophageal Doppler Monitor, a Metaanalysis and Review (2008)

Phan, Tuong D. MBBS, FRCA; Ismail, Hilmy MD, FFARCS(I), FRCA FANZCA; Heriot, Alexander G. MD, FRCS, FRACS; Ho, Kwok M. MPH, FANZCA, FJFICM Author Information
Heptamethine Cyanine Dyes with a Large Stokes Shift and Strong Fluorescence:  A Paradigm for Excited-State Intramolecular Charge Transfer (2005)

New heptamethine cyanine dyes with an alkylamino group at the central position were found to exhibit a large Stokes shift (>140 nm) and strong fluorescence. They were suggested to be a new paradigm for excited-state intramolecular charge transfer (ICT). The configuration change of the bridgehead amine accompanying ICT was investigated in different viscosity and pH media.