gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhanced copper-mediated <sup>18</sup>F-fluorination of aryl boronic esters provides eight radiotracers for PET applications (2016)

[(18)F]FMTEB, [(18)F]FPEB, [(18)F]flumazenil, [(18)F]DAA1106, [(18)F]MFBG, [(18)F]FDOPA, [(18)F]FMT and [(18)F]FDA are prepared from the corresponding arylboronic esters and [(18)F]KF/K222 in the presence of Cu(OTf)2py4. The method was successfully applied using three radiosynthetic platforms, and up to 26 GBq of non-carrier added starting activity of (18)F-fluoride.
Normal Development and Fertility of Knockout Mice Lacking the Tumor Suppressor Gene <i>LRP1b</i> Suggest Functional Compensation by <i>LRP1</i> (2004)

LRP1b and the closely related LRP1 are large members of the low-density lipoprotein receptor family. At the protein level LRP1b is 55% identical to LRP1, a multifunctional and developmentally essential receptor with roles in cargo transport and cellular signaling. Somatic LRP1b mutations frequently occur in non-small cell lung cancer and urothelial cancers, suggesting a role in the modulation of cellular growth. In contrast to LRP1, LRP1b-deficient mice develop normally, most likely due to its restricted expression pattern and functional compensation by LRP1 or other receptors. LRP1b is expressed predominantly in the brain, and a differentially spliced form is present in the adrenal gland and in the testis. Despite the presence of a potential furin cleavage site and in contrast to LRP1, immunoblotting for LRP1b reveals the presence of a single 600-kDa polypeptide species. Using a yeast two-hybrid approach, we have identified two intracellular proteins, the postsynaptic density protein 95 and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor-interacting protein, that bind to the intracellular domain of LRP1b. In addition, we have found several potential ligands that bind to the extracellular domain. Analysis of LRP1b knockout mice may provide further insights into the role of LRP1b as a tumor suppressor and into the mechanisms of cancer development.
Use Of Conventional Reservoir Models For Coalbed Methane Simulation (1990)

Abstract The recovery of gas from coal beds is a two-step process. First, the gas diffuses through the matrix then, secondly, it flows through the cleats to the wellbore. If the release of gas from the matrix to the cleats is very rapid compared to the flow of gas and water in the cleats, the desorption kinetics are relatively unimportant in modeling coal bed methane production. If the coal is well cleated, it can be assumed for engineering purposes that the gas desorbs instantaneously from the matrix to the cleat when the pressure in the cleat decreases. This assumption allows the adsorption of gas on the surface of the coal to be modeled as gas dissolved in an immobile oil. Conventional reservoir simulators can then be used for coal bed methane modeling purposes. The solution gas-oil ratio of this immobile "pseudo" oil is calculated from the Langmuir adsorption isotherm constants and coal bed properties. Additional modest modifications are required in the data describing the porosity and gas-water relative permeability curves to account for the presence of the "pseudo" oil. No code modification is required. This concept has been used with several different simulators to successfully model both single well and 3-D, multiwell coal bed methane problems. A coal well simulation using this method and COMETPC, a simulator developed by ICF-Lewin, are compared. References and illustrations at end of paper. Introduction Coal beds are naturally fractured, low pressure, water saturated gas reservoirs. While some free gas may exist in a coal deposit, the majority of the gas is absorbed on the surface of the coal matrix. When water is removed from the natural fractures of the coal, the pressure is reduced and gas is released from the matrix into the fractures. Once in the fractures, the gas flows to the wellbore. Thus coal degasification is a two-step process: desorption of gas from the coat matrix followed by flow through the fractures. The slower of these two processes will control the rate of gas production from a coal. For engineering purposes, gas production can be approximated by mathematics which focus on the dominant process. If the rate of gas desorption from the matrix is very slow compared to the rate of fluid transport in the fractures, diffusion equations need to be incorporated into a conventional simulator to describe gas production. If the release of gas from the matrix is very rapid compared to the time scale of fluid flow in the cleats, gas production can be modeled by Darcy's law only. Previous Studies Of Characteristic Diffusion Times Times required for various coals to desorbs gas have been reported in the literature. In developing the Direct Method for determination of coal bed gas content, Bertard, et. al.1 measured methane desorption from several different European coals and found that different coals released methane at different rates. Desorption of 90% of the gas required between 34 and 90 hours. The desorption rate was round to increase with temperature, thus the in-situ desorption rate is faster than that measured at ambient temperatures.
Remarkably Simple Fabrication of Superhydrophobic Surfaces Using Electroless Galvanic Deposition (2007)

Much of the recent research on hydrophobic materials has been inspired by the water-repellent nature of lotus leaves (Nelumbo nucifera and N. lutea), which show a double roughness on their surfaces (nanohairs on microbumps) along with a waxy coating.
Surface modulation of classical pathway activation: C2 and C3 convertase formation and regulation on sheep, guinea pig, and human erythrocytes. (1983)

We examined the formation of the early classical complement (C) pathway enzymes on sheep (Es), guinea pig (Egp), and human (Eh) erythrocytes (E). Each species' E were sensitized with sufficient IgM or IgG anti-E Ab to establish equal numbers of C1-fixing sites on all E. After sensitization with 100 C1-fixing sites of Ab and excess C1, uptake of C4 was equivalent on all three cell types, judged by anti-C4 binding (for guinea pig C4) or by direct uptake of radiolabeled protein (for human C4). With equal numbers of cell-bound C1 and C4, however, there were marked differences in C2 convertase activity on Es, Egp, and Eh. Sheep EAC14 utilized C2 at least 20 times faster than Egp and Eh bearing the same number of C1 and C4 molecules. C3 cleavage was even further depressed on Egp and Eh, and was not changed by the substitution of oxyC2 for normal human C2. In whole guinea pig serum (GPS), 300 times more C1-fixing sites were required on Egp than on Es to achieve similar amounts of lysis; however, equivalent C3 uptake on Egp and Es was associated with equal extents of lysis, demonstrating that GPS lysis of these cells was regulated by early steps in classical pathway (CP) activation. Incubation of E bearing radiolabeled C4b with Factor I demonstrated that C4b on Egp was highly resistant to cleavage compared to the same protein bound to Es or Eh. Studies with partially purified C3 convertase decay-accelerating factors from Eh stroma demonstrated that these membrane proteins could not account for the observed surface regulation of CP activity because these proteins do not affect the rate of C2 cleavage by EAC14. We conclude that E surface molecules have an important role in modulation of CP activation. This surface-associated CP regulation occurs at the level of cell-bound C4b.
Prevention of Oxaliplatin-Related Neurotoxicity by Calcium and Magnesium Infusions (2004)

Ca/Mg infusions seem to reduce incidence and intensity of acute oxaliplatin-induced symptoms and might delay cumulative neuropathy, especially in 85 mg/m(2) oxaliplatin dosage.
Hydrolysis Kinetics of Organic Chemicals on Montmorillonite and Kaolinite Surfaces as Related to Moisture Content (1984)

Abstract The effect of the surface acidity of montmorillonite and kaolinite on the hydrolysis rate constants of different agricultural chemicals was studied at variable moisture contents. Ethyl acetate, cyclohexene oxide, isopropyl bromide, 1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2,3-epoxypropane, and N-methyl p-tolyl carbamate were chosen as representatives of classes of chemicals that exhibit acid-catalyzed, base-catalyzed, and neutral hydrolysis. In addition to being commercially available in pure forms, these chemicals have well-characterized homogeneous kinetics. The presence of montmorillonite or kaolinite in water suspensions had a small effect on the hydrolysis rate constants (k h ), whereas, the addition of moisture to oven-dried clays up to the limits of sorbed water resulted in an increase in the rate of hydrolysis of the epoxide by a factor of 10. The increase in the hydrolysis rate constant suggests that the surface pH of montmorillonite or kaolinite might be 1–2 pH units lower than the bulk pH. The k h value for the carbamate on Na-montmorillonite surface (bulk pH = 8.5) is 6.4 × 10 −8 /sec which is equivalent to the rate constant at pH values ≤7. The hydrolysis rate constant of the epoxide was reduced by a factor of 4 when the moisture content exceeded the limit of sorbed water. The addition of humic acid to the clay minerals resulted in about a 40% reduction of the epoxide hydrolysis rate constant.
Synthesis and fungicidal activity of substituted isoxazolecarboxamides. (2010)

Abstract: Several new 3-substituted isoxazolecarboxamides have been prepared from aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes. A key step was a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of nitrile oxides to ethyl acrylate or methacrylate esters. Some of the amides showed high fungicidal activities against Alternaria alternate, Botrytis cinerea, Rhizoctonia solani, Fusarium culmorum, and Phytophthora cactorum strains. Key words: cycloaddition, fungicides, isoxazole derivatives, regioselectivity
Rhizobium NodI and NodJ proteins play a role in the efficiency of secretion of lipochitin oligosaccharides (1995)

Thin-layer chromatographic analysis of extracts of D-[1-14C]glucosamine-labelled rhizobia was used to analyze the effects of nodI, nodJ, and nodT on secretion of lipochitin oligosaccharide (LCO) signal molecules. Secretion was analyzed by comparing quantities of radiolabelled LCOs present in the cellular and spent growth medium fractions. A second rapid and sensitive method was introduced to estimate the secreted LCO fractions by using D-[1-14C]glucosamine-labelled cells grown in medium supplemented with chitinase. At various times after induction of LCO synthesis, the quantity of degradation products of LCOs was compared with the amount of nondegraded LCOs. In wild-type strains of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovars viciae and trifolii the nodI and nodJ genes (but not the nodT gene) strongly enhance the secretion of LCOs during the first 5 h after the induction of LCO synthesis. In LCO-overproducing strains the enhancement of secretion was observed only during the first 3 h after induction. At times later than 5 h after induction, a significant influence of the presence of the nodI and nodJ genes on LCO secretion was detectable neither in the wild type nor in LCO-overproducing strains. By using plasmids in which the nodI and nodJ genes are cloned separately under control of a flavonoid-inducible promoter, it was shown that both genes are needed for a wild-type level of LCO secretion. Therefore, these results demonstrate that nodI and nodJ play a role in determining the efficiency of LCO secretion.
Photodimers of isobenzofuran: a novel application of lanthanide induced shift spectroscopy to determine stereochemistry (1982)

In aceptone solution u.v. irradiation of isobenzofuran at –60 °C forms an [8 + 8] dimer shown by lanthanide induced shift spectroscopy to have the anti-stereochemistry; in ether solution an [8 + 8] dimer is obtained together with a skeletally modified dimmer, the structure of which is confirmed by synthesis.
Novel intrapulmonary model for orthotopic propagation of human lung cancers in athymic nude mice. (1987)

A major impediment to the study of human lung cancer pathophysiology, as well as to the discovery and development of new specific antitumor agents for the treatment of lung cancer, has been the lack of appropriate experimental animal models. This paper describes a new model for the propagation of human lung tumor cells in the bronchioalveolar regions of the right lungs of athymic NCr-nu/nu mice via an intrabronchial (i.b.) implantation procedure. Over 1000 i.b. implantations have been performed to date, each requiring 3 to 5 min for completion and having a surgery-related mortality of approximately 5%. The model was used successfully for the orthotopic propagation of four established human lung cancer cell lines including: an adenosquamous cell carcinoma (NCI-H125); an adenocarcinoma (A549); a large cell undifferentiated carcinoma (NCI-H460), and a bronchioloalveolar cell carcinoma (NCI-H358). When each of the four cell lines was implanted i.b. using a 1.0 X 10(6) tumor cell inoculum, 100 +/- 0% (SD) tumor-related mortality was observed within 9 to 61 days. In contrast, when the conventional s.c. method for implantation was used at the same tumor cell inoculum, only minimal (2.5 +/- 5%) tumor-related mortality was observed within 140 days (P less than 0.001). Similarly, when a 1.0 X 10(5) or 1.0 X 10(4) cell inoculum was used, a dose-dependent, tumor-related mortality was observed when cells were implanted i.b. (56 +/- 24% or 25 +/- 17%) as compared with the s.c. method (5 +/- 5.7% or 0.0 +/- 0%) (P less than 0.02 and P less than 0.05, respectively). Most (greater than 90%) of the lung tumors propagated by i.b. implantation were localized to the right lung fields as documented by necropsy and/or high-resolution chest roentgenography techniques which were developed for these studies. The intrapulmonary model was also used for establishment and propagation of xenografts derived directly from enzymatically digested, fresh human lung tumor specimens obtained at the time of diagnostic thoracotomy and representing all four major lung cancer cell types as well as a bronchioloalveolar cell carcinoma. Approximately 35% (10 of 29) of the fresh primary human lung tumor specimens and 66% (2 of 3) of tumors metastatic to the lung were successfully propagated i.b. at a 1.0 X 10(6) tumor cell inoculum, whereas only 20% (1 of 5) of the specimens were successfully grown in vivo via the s.c. route from a 1.0 X 10(7) tumor cell inoculum.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Mechanism and Kinetics of the Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of 1- and 2-Propanol in Hot Compressed Liquid Water (1998)

Only propene and 1-propanol are observed as products of the acid-catalyzed dehydration of 2-propanol in compressed liquid water after 100 s or less at 320 °C. Likewise, only propene, 2-propanol, and traces of n-propyl ether are observed as products of the acid-catalyzed dehydration of 1-propanol under the same conditions. Kinetic analyses of the experimental data indicate that propene is formed from 1-propanol by an acid-catalyzed E2 mechanism that involves only protonated 1-propanol as an intermediate. Byproduct n-propyl ether is formed by an AdE3 mechanism involving propene, 1-propanol, and acid. The formation of propene from 2-propanol is kinetically consistent with both an acid-catalyzed E2 mechanism and an acid-catalyzed E1 mechanism (that involves the bare i-propyl cation in addition to protonated 2-propanol as intermediates in the dehydration chemistry). Thus, our kinetic analysis does not enable us to discriminate between the two mechanisms for 2-propanol dehydration. On the other hand, results of the kinetic analysis point to the important role of the undetected product i-propyl ether in the formation of propene from both 2-propanol and 1-propanol. This ether (which is not stable in hot liquid water) is formed by an AdE3 mechanism and decomposes via an uncatalyzed, unimolecular reaction. Experimental studies of the reactions of n-propyl ether and i-propyl ether are consistent with model predictions.
Phosphorylation and activation of the Xenopus Cdc25 phosphatase in the absence of Cdc2 and Cdk2 kinase activity. (1995)

The M-phase inducer, Cdc25C, is a dual-specificity phosphatase that directly phosphorylates and activates the cyclin B/Cdc2 kinase complex, leading to initiation of mitosis. Cdc25 itself is activated at the G2/M transition by phosphorylation on serine and threonine residues. Previously, it was demonstrated that Cdc2 kinase is capable of phosphorylating and activating Cdc25, suggesting the existence of a positive feedback loop. In the present study, kinases other than Cdc2 that can phosphorylate and activate Cdc25 were investigated. Cdc25 was found to be phosphorylated and activated by cyclin A/Cdk2 and cyclin E/Cdk2 in vitro. However, in interphase Xenopus egg extracts with no detectable Cdc2 and Cdk2, treatment with the phosphatase inhibitor microcystin activated a distinct kinase that could phosphorylate and activate Cdc25. Microcystin also induced other mitotic phenomena such as chromosome condensation and nuclear envelope breakdown in extracts containing less than 5% of the mitotic level of Cdc2 kinase activity. These findings implicate a kinase other than Cdc2 and Cdk2 that may initially activate Cdc25 in vivo and suggest that this kinase may also phosphorylate M-phase substrates even in the absence of Cdc2 kinase.
Gas-Temperature-Controlled (GTC) CVD of Aluminum and Aluminum-Silicon Alloy Film for VLSI Processing (1988)

In order to investigate the feasibility of CVD metallization for IC manufacturing processes, Al and Al-Si film depositions on silicon (100) wafers were studied using a precursor gas of triisobutylaluminum with and without disilane. A new mechanism for the gas temperature controller (GTC) was provided in the process chamber so as to activate the gas thermally just prior to its arrival at a heated substrate. The typical deposition rate was 700 nm/min. Without post-annealing, an alloy of Al-0.4%Si was obtained. Specific resistivity was 3.0 µΩ·cm, and specularity was about 60% at 550 nm for the GTC-CVD films of 1 µm thickness.
Synthesis and copper(II)-binding properties of the <i>N</i>-terminal peptide of human <i>α</i>-fetoprotein (1989)

The N-terminal native sequence tripeptide of alpha-fetoprotein, L-threonyl-L-leucyl-L-histidine N-methylamide, was synthesized and its interaction with Cu(II) ions was investigated by potentiometric titration at 25 degrees C in 0.15 M-NaCl and by visible-absorption, e.p.r. and n.m.r. spectroscopy. Analyses of the results in the pH range 4-10 indicated the presence of multiple complex species in solution: MHL, MH-2L, MHL2, ML2 and MH-1L2, where M, H and L represent metal ion, proton and ligand anion respectively. Only the species MH-2L and MH-1L2 are present in significant amounts at physiological pH. The results of the visible-absorption spectroscopy are consistent with the findings of species distribution that MH-2L is the major complex species detected above physiological pH that has the spectral characteristics of lambda max. = 523 nm and epsilon max. = 98 M-1.cm-1. The nine superhyperfine lines in e.p.r. spectra of the major species MH-2L strongly support the co-ordination of four nitrogen atoms by Cu(II). Both 1H- and 13C-n.m.r. studies suggest that the species MH-2L is a square-planar complex. The results from the equilibrium-dialysis experiments showed that this peptide is able to compete with albumin for Cu(II) ions. At equimolar concentrations of albumin and the peptide, about 52% of the Cu(II) was bound to the peptide. The possibility that alpha-fetoprotein plays an important role as the Cu(II)-transport protein in fetal life is discussed.
Enterprise Framework for the Disciplined Evolution of Legacy Systems (1999)

Organizations that migrate legacy systems to distributed, open system environments or to a single product line of systems often fail because they concentrate on a narrow set of software issues without fully considering a broader set of enterprisewide management and technical issues. This article describes an enterprise framework that characterizes the global environment in which system evolution takes place and provides insight into the activities, processes, and work products that shape the disciplined evolution of legacy systems. The following checklists help identify critical enterprise issues that correspond to each of the framework's elements.
A group-based authentication and key agreement for MTC in LTE networks (2012)

Machine Type Communication (MTC), as one of the most important communication approaches in the future mobile communication, has drawn more and more attention. To meet the requirements of low power consumption of devices and mass device transmission is the key issue to achieve MTC applications security in the Long Term Evolution (LTE) networks. When a large number of MTC devices simultaneously connect to the network, each MTC device needs to implement an independent access authentication process according to the current third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standard, which will cause a severe signaling congestion in the LTE network. In this paper, we propose a group-based access authentication scheme, by which a good deal of MTC devices can be simultaneously authenticated by the network and establish an independent session key with the network respectively. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme can achieve robust security with desirable efficiency and avoid the signaling overload over the LTE networks.
Integrating community services-a common infrastructure proposal (2002)

Computer based community systems can provide powerful support in knowledge transfer, both in the direct exchange of information and in finding people to exchange information with. Several such information exchange and expert finding services have already been implemented. The problem of current approaches is that they are not able to exchange data with each other. User profile information and contributed information have to be entered separately for every community-based information system. So, what one system has learned is not available for other systems. We present our ideas for a community services infrastructure as an enabling technology for further integration of community related services.
A Pyrazolato‐Bridged Dinuclear Platinum(<scp>II</scp>) Complex Induces Only Minor Distortions upon DNA‐Binding (2006)

The cytotoxic, pyrazolato-bridged dinuclear platinum(II) complex [(cis-{Pt(NH3)2})2(mu-OH)(mu-pz)]2+ (pz=pyrazolate) has been found to cross-link two adjacent guanines of a double-stranded DNA decamer without destabilizing the duplex and without changing the directionality of the helix axis. A 1H NMR study of the oligonucleotide d(CTCTG*G*TCTC)-d(GAGACCAGAG), cross-linked at the two G* guanines by [(cis-{Pt(NH3)2})2(mu-pz)]3+, and molecular dynamics simulations of the explicitly solvated duplex were performed to characterize the structural details of the adduct. The dinuclear platinum cross-link unwinds the helix by approximately 15 degrees , that is, to a similar extent as the widely used antitumor drug cisplatin, but, in contrast to the latter, induces no significant bend in the helix axis. The Watson-Crick base-pairing remains intact, and the melting temperature of the duplex is unaffected by the cross-link. The helical twist is considerably reduced between the two platinated bases, as becomes manifest in an unusually short sequential H1'-H1' distance. This unwinding also affects the sugar ring of the guanosine in the 3'-position to the cross-link, which presents an N<-->S equilibrium. This is the first cytotoxic platinum complex that has been successfully designed by envisioning the structural consequences of its binding to DNA.
64Cu-TETA-octreotide as a PET imaging agent for patients with neuroendocrine tumors. (2001)

The high rate of lesion detection, sensitivity, and favorable dosimetry and pharmacokinetics of 64Cu-TETA-OC indicate that it is a promising radiopharmaceutical for PET imaging of patients with neuroendocrine tumors.