gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cytosolic [Ca<sup>2+</sup>] signaling pathway in macula densa cells (1999)

Previous micropuncture studies suggested that macula densa (MD) cells might detect variations in luminal sodium chloride concentration ([NaCl]l) through changes in cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+]c). To test this hypothesis, MD [Ca2+]c was measured with fluorescence microscopy using fura 2 in the isolated perfused thick ascending limb with attached glomerulus preparation dissected from rabbit kidney. Tubules were bathed and perfused with a Ringer solution, [NaCl]l was varied and isosmotically replaced with N-methyl-D-glucamine cyclamate. Control [Ca2+]c, during perfusion with 25 mM NaCl and 150 mM NaCl in the bath, averaged 101. 6 +/- 8.2 nM (n = 21). Increasing [NaCl]l to 150 mM elevated [Ca2+]c by 39.1 +/- 5.2 nM (n = 21, P < 0.01). This effect was concentration dependent between zero and 60 mM [NaCl]l. The presence of either luminal furosemide or basolateral nifedipine or 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid (NPPB), a potent Cl- channel blocker, significantly reduced resting [Ca2+]c and abolished the increase in [Ca2+]c in response to increased [NaCl]l. Nifedipine failed to produce a similar inhibitory effect when added exclusively to the luminal perfusate. Also, 100 nM BAY K 8644, a voltage-gated Ca2+ channel agonist, added to the bathing solution increased [Ca2+]c by 33.2 +/- 8.1 nM (n = 5, P < 0.05). These observations suggest that MD cells may detect variations in [NaCl]l through a signaling pathway that includes Na+-2Cl--K+ cotransport, basolateral membrane depolarization via Cl- channels, and Ca2+ entry through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels.
Reactions of Some Clays with Ferric‐Ferricyanide (Prussian Brown) (1969)

Abstract The intensification of the auto‐reduction of Prussian Brown by clay minerals was studied. The reaction is catalyzed mainly by the expanding clay minerals montmorillonite and vermiculite, but is inhibited by aluminium oxide and allophane, although these also sorb Prussian Brown. The influence of surface acidity and exchangeable cation on the reaction is discussed.
Optical spectra of Ce3+ and Ce3+-sensitized fluorescence in YAlO3 (1973)

Infrared and ultraviolet absorption spectra arising from f→f and f→d transitions of Ce3+ in YAlO3 crystals are presented and used to derive the 4f and 5d energy levels. Excitation and fluorescence spectra of 5d→4f emission are also reported. The 5d fluorescence has a decay time of 16 nsec and a radiative quantum efficiency of near unity at 300 °K. Possible use of Ce3+ as a sensitizer for rare-earth and iron-group ion fluorescence in YAlO3 is surveyed; included is an investigation of energy transfer in a Ce, Nd, Cr-codoped crystal.
Comparison of image features calculated in different dimensions for computer-aided diagnosis of lung nodules (2009)

Features calculated from different dimensions of images capture quantitative information of the lung nodules through one or multiple image slices. Previously published computer-aided diagnosis (CADx) systems have used either twodimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) features, though there has been little systematic analysis of the relevance of the different dimensions and of the impact of combining different dimensions. The aim of this study is to determine the importance of combining features calculated in different dimensions. We have performed CADx experiments on 125 pulmonary nodules imaged using multi-detector row CT (MDCT). The CADx system computed 192 2D, 2.5D, and 3D image features of the lesions. Leave-one-out experiments were performed using five different combinations of features from different dimensions: 2D, 3D, 2.5D, 2D+3D, and 2D+3D+2.5D. The experiments were performed ten times for each group. Accuracy, sensitivity and specificity were used to evaluate the performance. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were applied to compare the classification results from these five different combinations of features. Our results showed that 3D image features generate the best result compared with other combinations of features. This suggests one approach to potentially reducing the dimensionality of the CADx data space and the computational complexity of the system while maintaining diagnostic accuracy.
Conductive Hydrogel Electrodes for Delivery of Long-Term High Frequency Pulses (2018)

Nerve block waveforms require the passage of large amounts of electrical energy at the neural interface for extended periods of time. It is desirable that such waveforms be applied chronically, consistent with the treatment of protracted immune conditions, however current metal electrode technologies are limited in their capacity to safely deliver ongoing stable blocking waveforms. Conductive hydrogel (CH) electrode coatings have been shown to improve the performance of conventional bionic devices, which use considerably lower amounts of energy than conventional metal electrodes to replace or augment sensory neuron function. In this study the application of CH materials was explored, using both a commercially available platinum iridium (PtIr) cuff electrode array and a novel low-cost stainless steel (SS) electrode array. The CH was able to significantly increase the electrochemical performance of both array types. The SS electrode coated with the CH was shown to be stable under continuous delivery of 2 mA square pulse waveforms at 40,000 Hz for 42 days. CH coatings have been shown as a beneficial electrode material compatible with long-term delivery of high current, high energy waveforms.
An automatic pipeline for the design of irreversible derivatives identifies a potent SARS-CoV-2 M <sup>pro</sup> inhibitor (2020)

Abstract Designing covalent inhibitors is a task of increasing importance in drug discovery. Efficiently designing irreversible inhibitors, though, remains challenging. Here, we present covalentizer , a computational pipeline for creating irreversible inhibitors based on complex structures of targets with known reversible binders. For each ligand, we create a custom-made focused library of covalent analogs. We use covalent docking, to dock these tailored covalent libraries and to find those that can bind covalently to a nearby cysteine while keeping some of the main interactions of the original molecule. We found ~11,000 cysteines in close proximity to a ligand across 8,386 protein-ligand complexes in the PDB. Of these, the protocol identified 1,553 structures with covalent predictions. In prospective evaluation against a panel of kinases, five out of nine predicted covalent inhibitors showed IC 50 between 155 nM - 4.2 μM. Application of the protocol to an existing SARS-CoV-1 M pro reversible inhibitor led to a new acrylamide inhibitor series with low micromolar IC 50 against SARS-CoV-2 M pro . The docking prediction was validated by 11 co-crystal structures. This is a promising lead series for COVID-19 antivirals. Together these examples hint at the vast number of covalent inhibitors accessible through our protocol.
Major orbital complications of endoscopic sinus surgery (2001)

Some ophthalmic complications of endoscopic sinus surgery are highlighted, the mechanisms responsible are discussed, and recommendations for prevention, early recognition, and management are proposed.
Optical Properties of Dense and Diluted Ensembles of Semiconductor Quantum Dots (2001)

We examine collective effects in an ensemble of close-packed ultrasmall CdSe quantum dots by comparison of optical properties of dense and diluted thin film composites. Studies of absorption spectra, photoluminescence excitation spectra and electroabsorption of diluted and condensed structures along with numerical simulation confirmed that in a dense ensemble extended electron states occur by analogy with Anderson transitions in disordered solids. Therefore evolution from isolated quantum dots to quantum dot solids in case of strong confinement results in a drastic modification of optical and electronic properties.
Study on heavy grinding of a steel. (1986)

In this study, a constant-load heavy grinding has been made using a specially designed snag grinding machine of 40 kW, where plate workpiece was used to keep pressure constant. The 455 mm dia. resinoid wheels were used for the experiment, and a 1 m long steel plate of different widths was used for workpiece. Thus, the effects of load, traverse speed, wheel width, work-piece width, and wheel type on grinding performance have been studied from standpoints of removal rate, wheel wear, G-ratio, and grinding force. It is evident that if load is identical the removal rate, as well as wheel wear rate, is always the same independently of wheel width or workpiece width. The ZS wheel is the best from a standpoint of stock removal, while the SR wheel showed the highest G-ratio. A wider workpiece causes higher tangential force for a given removal rate, while wheel width does not affect the force.
A dataflow approach to event‐based debugging (1991)

Abstract This paper describes a novel approach to event‐based debugging. The approach is based on a (coarsegrained) dataflow view of events: a high‐level event is recognized when an appropriate combination of lower‐level events on which it depends has occurred. Event recognition is controlled using familiar programming language constructs. This approach is more flexible and powerful than current ones. It allows arbitrary debugger language commands to be executed when attempting to form higher‐level events. It also allows users to specify event recognition in much the same way that they write programs. This paper also describes a prototype, Dalek, that employs the dataflow approach for debugging sequential programs. Dalek demonstrates the feasibility and attractiveness of the dataflow approach. One important motivation for this work is that current sequential debugging tools are inadequate. Dalek contributes toward remedying such inadequacies by providing events and a powerful debugging language. Generalizing the dataflow approach so that it can aid in the debugging of concurrent programs is under investigation.
Histological aspects of the saphenous vein damage with the use of the symmetry® aortic connector system (2004)

The purpose of the present study was to analyze the histological aspects of the saphenous veins after the use of the Symmetry aortic connector in off pump coronary artery bypass surgery (OPCAB). Nineteen consecutive patients who underwent OPCAB surgery and who received one proximal saphenous vein anastomosis using the St Jude aortic Symmetry connector system were evaluated. In each patient one small segment of the saphenous vein was cut before the use of the Symmetry connector (V0), then another segment after (V1). All segments were stored in an acetone-formaldehyde-alcohol solution before examination. Examination of the V0 segments showed non-specific media fibrosis. In V1, 11 segments presented with a complete alteration of the endothelial layer (58%) and 8 with severe lesions (more than 80%). Among all the V1 segments, 8 had a dissection of the media (42%) and one presented with a wall thrombus. These results suggest that the use of the aortic connector can be associated with different types of lesions of the venous wall. Thus, further investigation and especially long-term follow-up are mandatory to evaluate the consequences of such lesions upon the grafts' patency.
The constant beat: cardiomyocytes adapt their forces by equal contraction upon environmental stiffening (2013)

Cardiomyocytes are responsible for the permanent blood flow by coordinated heart contractions. This vital function is accomplished over a long period of time with almost the same performance, although heart properties, as its elasticity, change drastically upon aging or as a result of diseases like myocardial infarction. In this paper we have analyzed late rat embryonic heart muscle cells' morphology, sarcomere/costamere formation and force generation patterns on substrates of various elasticities ranging from ∼1 to 500 kPa, which covers physiological and pathological heart stiffnesses. Furthermore, adhesion behaviour, as well as single myofibril/sarcomere contraction patterns, was characterized with high spatial resolution in the range of physiological stiffnesses (15 kPa to 90 kPa). Here, sarcomere units generate an almost stable contraction of ∼4%. On stiffened substrates the contraction amplitude remains stable, which in turn leads to increased force levels allowing cells to adapt almost instantaneously to changing environmental stiffness. Furthermore, our data strongly indicate specific adhesion to flat substrates via both costameric and focal adhesions. The general appearance of the contractile and adhesion apparatus remains almost unaffected by substrate stiffness.
Genetic derepression of a developmentally regulated lipopolysaccharide antigen from Rhizobium leguminosarum 3841 (1989)

Monoclonal antibody AFRC MAC 203 recognizes a developmentally regulated lipopolysaccharide antigen in Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae 3841. Transposon-induced mutants that constitutively expressed MAC 203 antigen were isolated. These strains were morphologically normal, showed no gross abnormalities in lipopolysaccharide size distribution on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels, and induced normal nitrogen-fixing nodules. However, the mutants lacked lipopolysaccharide epitopes recognized by another rat monoclonal antibody, AFRC MAC 281, suggesting that the corresponding epitopes may be interconverted or share a common precursor. In conjugational crosses, the transposon insertion associated with both the loss of MAC 281 antigen and the constitutive expression of MAC 203 antigen showed linkage to the chromosomal rif allele. A derivative of strain 3841 with a deletion spanning the nod-fix region of the symbiotic plasmid showed no altered expression pattern for MAC 203 antigen, suggesting that the relevant genetic determinants map to genomic sites that are not associated with nifA or any known genes on the symbiotic plasmid.
COST-EFFECTIVE EXTRACTION OF CHLORIDES FROM BRIDGE STEELS (1997)

Severe corrosion and pitting of steel from chloride contamination is a major maintenance problem facing bridge owners in various environments. This article briefly explains the relationship between chloride extraction and ambient conditions and then describes a cost-effective method for extracting chloride contaminants from steel. The anti-corrosive qualities of protective coatings are improved when chloride ion contamination is not present at the steel/coating interface. Because this extraction method works effectively in environments with high humidity, substantial cost savings can be achieved because traditional humidity restrictions for blast cleaning can be avoided.
Crashworthiness design using structural optimization (1998)

Consideration of the crashworthiness of a design requires nonlinear structural analysis. Analysis codes for such problems are based on explicit integration schemes. Parameter changes are derived from the results of the analysis to improve the design in order to meet the requirements of regulations and design goals. Today, the usual approach is a trial-and-error search that is very expensive with respect to labor costs. Optimization methods can be used to automate the search for the optimum design. Closed loop software for the optimization of structures with nonlinear behavior such as known for linear statics is not available currently. Usually addons to the non-linear codes based on response surface methods or finite difference sensitivity analysis are used. The paper discusses the incorporation of optimization into the crashworthiness design of automotive structures. A very efficient response surface method is presented. Some examples show practical applications of structural optimization in the development of motor vehicles. The use of structural optimization reduces the manual effort to search for an optimal design considerably.
Preliminary Results on the Use of an Antiserum to Human Parathyrin in a Homologous Radioimmunoassay (1980)

A new antiserum (Ab Giselle) raised in sheep against extracted human parathyrin was evaluated and compared with an established antiserum (Ab S-478 VI) under several test conditions. The assay system contained an extracted 1--84 human parathyrin standard and a 1--84 bovine parathyrin tracer. The total assay time was 24 h and the main assay characteristics as follows: B0/T 0.28 +/- 0.02 and 50% intercept 553 +/- 47 U . 1(-1). The corresponding data for Ab S-478 VI were: B0/T 0.23 +/- 0.02 and 50% intercept 890 +/- 142 U . 1(-1). The normal range in 152 normocalcaemic volunteers (age range 16--67 years) was 10.6--423 U . 1(-1) (where 1 vial MRC reference preparation 75/549 for human parathyrin = 25 U), compared with 0--300 U . 1(-1) for Ab S-478 VI. With the new antiserum, differentiation between hypoparathyroid patients and those with normal function was often possible, and differentiation between normal and elevated levels, as in hyperparathyrinaemia, was very good. Correlation between Ab Giselle and Ab S-478 VI in 80 normal volunteers was positive (r = 0.450, p = 0.01) although the regression line showed that the antisera had different specificities (data for the regression line y = a + bx, a = 0.13, b = 0.55). Under the assay conditions, the association constant for Ab Giselle was 0.41 +/- 10(14) l . mol-1 in contrast to Ab S-478 VI which had a Ka for 0.53 x 10(10) l . mol-1 under identical conditions. Assays using Ab Giselle could be performed at room temperature, whereas those using Ab S-478 VI performed best at 0 degrees C. Preliminary results suggest that Ab Giselle is better for the routine assay of human parathyrin in serum than Ab S-478 VI, especially in the case of hypoparathyroid patients.
Accelerated CarbonCarbon Bond‐Forming Reactions in Preparative Electrospray (2012)

From analysis towards synthesis: Charged microdroplets act as microreaction vessels, extending the use of electrospray mass spectrometry from chemical analysis to synthesis. Application of this unique reaction conditions allows microscale carbon–carbon bond forming reactions to be performed rapidly and in high yields (see picture). Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Cyclosporin A Regulates Interleukin‐1ßand Interleukin‐6 Expression in Gingiva: Implications for Gingival Overgrowth (1999)

These results show that CsA does regulate cytokine expression in gingival tissue. This effect may play an important role in the pathogenesis of CsA-induced gingival overgrowth.
Nonlinear modal interactions in parity-time (PT) symmetric lasers (2016)

Parity-time symmetric lasers have attracted considerable attention lately due to their promising applications and intriguing properties, such as free spectral range doubling and single-mode lasing. In this work we discuss nonlinear modal interactions in these laser systems under steady state conditions, and we demonstrate that several gain clamping scenarios can occur for lasing operation in the -symmetric and -broken phases. In particular, we show that, depending on the system's design and the external pump profile, its operation in the nonlinear regime falls into two different categories: in one the system is frozen in the phase space as the applied gain increases, while in the other the system is pulled towards its exceptional point. These features are first illustrated by a coupled mode formalism and later verified by employing the Steady-state Ab-initio Laser Theory (SALT). Our findings shine light on the robustness of single-mode operation against saturation nonlinearity in -symmetric lasers.
High-resolution spectra of laser plasma light sources in the normal incidence XUV region (1986)

In proper conditions, laser-produced plasmas from Hf, Yb, W, or Pb targets are found to produce true continuum emissions which are essentially line free when studied with the highest spectral resolution currently available in the ~300–1200-Å region. Examples of highly resolved absorption spectra taken in several orders of a 6.65-m spectrograph equipped with a 4800-groove/mm grating are included.
Electrospun polyurethane scaffolds for proliferation and neuronal differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (2009)

Adult central nervous system (CNS) tissue has a limited capacity to recover after trauma or disease. Hence, tissue engineering scaffolds intended for CNS repair and rehabilitation have been subject to intense research effort. Electrospun porous scaffolds, mimicking the natural three-dimensional environment of the in vivo extracellular matrix (ECM) and providing physical support, have been identified as promising candidates for CNS tissue engineering. The present study demonstrates in vitro culturing and neuronal differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) on electrospun fibrous polyurethane scaffolds. Electrospun scaffolds composed of biocompatible polyurethane resin (Desmopan 9370A, Bayer MaterialScience AG) were prepared with a vertical electrospinning setup. Resulting scaffolds, with a thickness of approximately 150 microm, exhibited high porosity (84%) and a bimodal pore size distribution with peaks at 5-6 and 1 microm. The mean fiber diameter was measured to approximately 360 nm with a standard deviation of 80 nm. The undifferentiated hESC line SA002 (Cellartis AB, Göteborg, Sweden) was seeded and cultured on the produced scaffolds and allowed propagation and then differentiation for up to 47 days. Cultivation of hESC on electrospun fibrous scaffolds proved successful and neuronal differentiation was observed via standard immunocytochemistry. The results indicate that predominantly dopaminergic tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive neurons are derived in co-culture with fibrous scaffolds, in comparison to reference cultures under the same differentiation conditions displaying large proportions of GFAP positive cell types. Scanning electron micrographs confirm neurite outgrowth and connection to adjacent cells, as well as cell attachment to individual fibers of the fibrous scaffold. Consequently, electrospun polyurethane scaffolds have been proven feasible as a substrate for hESC propagation and neuronal differentiation. The physical interaction between cells and the fibrous scaffold indicates that these scaffolds provide a three-dimensional physical structure; a potential candidate for neural tissue engineering repair and rehabilitation.