gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Maximum-likelihood stochastic-transformation adaptation of hidden Markov models (1999)

The recognition accuracy in previous large vocabulary automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems is highly related to the existing mismatch between the training and testing sets. For example, dialect differences across the training and testing speakers result in a significant degradation in recognition performance. Some popular adaptation approaches improve the recognition performance of speech recognizers based on hidden Markov models with continuous mixture densities by using linear transformations to adapt the means, and possibly the covariances of the mixture Gaussians. The linear assumption, however, is too restrictive, and in this paper we propose a novel adaptation technique that adapts the means and, optionally, the covariances of the mixture Gaussians by using multiple stochastic transformations. We perform both speaker and dialect adaptation experiments, and we show that our method significantly improves the recognition accuracy and the robustness of our system. The experiments are carried out with SRI's DECIPHER speech recognition system.
Long-Term Upregulation of Inflammation and Suppression of Cell Proliferation in the Brain of Adult Rats Exposed to Traumatic Brain Injury Using the Controlled Cortical Impact Model (2013)

The long-term consequences of traumatic brain injury (TBI), specifically the detrimental effects of inflammation on the neurogenic niches, are not very well understood. In the present in vivo study, we examined the prolonged pathological outcomes of experimental TBI in different parts of the rat brain with special emphasis on inflammation and neurogenesis. Sixty days after moderate controlled cortical impact injury, adult Sprague-Dawley male rats were euthanized and brain tissues harvested. Antibodies against the activated microglial marker, OX6, the cell cycle-regulating protein marker, Ki67, and the immature neuronal marker, doublecortin, DCX, were used to estimate microglial activation, cell proliferation, and neuronal differentiation, respectively, in the subventricular zone (SVZ), subgranular zone (SGZ), striatum, thalamus, and cerebral peduncle. Stereology-based analyses revealed significant exacerbation of OX6-positive activated microglial cells in the striatum, thalamus, and cerebral peduncle. In parallel, significant decrements in Ki67-positive proliferating cells in SVZ and SGZ, but only trends of reduced DCX-positive immature neuronal cells in SVZ and SGZ were detected relative to sham control group. These results indicate a progressive deterioration of the TBI brain over time characterized by elevated inflammation and suppressed neurogenesis. Therapeutic intervention at the chronic stage of TBI may confer abrogation of these deleterious cell death processes.
Monte Carlo simulation of the effects of anode surface roughness on x‐ray spectra (2010)

The effects of anode surface roughness on x-ray spectra were successfully simulated by a Monte Carlo method. It was proved that the effect of the anode surface roughness could not be modeled by simple filters made from the anode material. The surface roughness (Ra) was found to be an inadequate quantity to describe the effect of anode surface roughness on x-ray spectra.
Stereochemistry of post-transition metal oxides: revision of the classical lone pair model (2011)

The chemistry of post transition metals is dominated by the group oxidation state N and a lower N-2 oxidation state, which is associated with occupation of a metal s(2) lone pair, as found in compounds of Tl(I), Pb(II) and Bi(III). The preference of these cations for non-centrosymmetric coordination environments has previously been rationalised in terms of direct hybridisation of metal s and p valence orbitals, thus lowering the internal electronic energy of the N-2 ion. This explanation in terms of an on-site second-order Jahn-Teller effect remains the contemporary textbook explanation. In this tutorial review, we review recent progress in this area, based on quantum chemical calculations and X-ray spectroscopic measurements. This recent work has led to a revised model, which highlights the important role of covalent interaction with oxygen in mediating lone pair formation for metal oxides. The role of the anion p atomic orbital in chemical bonding is key to explaining why chalcogenides display a weaker preference for structural distortions in comparison to oxides and halides. The underlying chemical interactions are responsible for the unique physicochemical properties of oxides containing lone pairs and, in particular, to their application as photocatalysts (BiVO(4)), ferroelectrics (PbTiO(3)), multi-ferroics (BiFeO(3)) and p-type semiconductors (SnO). The exploration of lone pair systems remains a viable a venue for the design of functional multi-component oxide compounds.
49.4L: <i>Late‐News Paper</i> : Highly Transmissive One Side Emission OLED Panel for Novel Lighting Applications (2013)

Abstract We fabricated a transmissive one‐side‐emission organic light emitting diode (OLED) based on a stripe‐shaped cathode. The fabricated transmissive OLED whose panel size is 180 × 90 mm 2 showed high transmittance of 68% with the luminance ratio of the bright side to the dark side of 70.
Vortex state formation and stability in single and double layer nanorings and nanodisks (2013)

Quasi-static magnetic properties of microscopic Ni80Fe20 disks, rings, and double layered disks and rings were studied via longitudinal magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE) and magnetic force microscopy (MFM), concomitant with micromagnetic simulations to elucidate the systems' vortex properties and remagnetization behavior. The features were fabricated lithographically, with diameters between 0.6 and 2 micrometers, and thicknesses of 50 and 100 nm. Key results are: (i) Dual-vortex to single-vortex transitions were observed at nucleation in 100 nm thick disks. (ii) Vortex nucleation and annihilation fields increase with single layer disk thickness whereas they decrease with thickness in single layer ring features. (iii) Double-layer disks separated by a Ru spacer indicate interactions of vortex cores at nucleation and avoidance of vortex core movements, whereas double-layer rings show successive switching in- and out- of vortex states with strong interactions only at vortex-to-onion transition.
Optimal Sampling and Estimation in PASL Perfusion Imaging (2011)

Pulsed arterial spin labeling (PASL) techniques potentially allow the absolute, noninvasive quantification of brain perfusion using MRI. This can be achieved by fitting a kinetic model to the data acquired at a number of sampling times. However, the intrinsically low signal-to-noise ratio of PASL measurements usually requires substantial signal averaging, which may result in undesirably long scanning times. A judicious choice of the sampling points is, therefore, crucial in order to minimize scanning time, while optimizing estimation accuracy. On the other hand, a priori information regarding the model parameters may improve estimation performance. Here, we propose a Bayesian framework to determine an optimal sampling strategy and estimation method for the measurement of brain perfusion and arterial transit time (ATT). A Bayesian Fisher information criterion is used to determine the optimal sampling points and a MAP criterion is employed for the estimation of the model parameters, both taking into account the uncertainty in the model parameters as well as the amount of noise in the data. By Monte Carlo simulations, we show that using optimal compared to uniform sampling strategies, as well as the Bayesian estimator relative to a standard least squares approach, improves the accuracy of perfusion and ATT measurements. Moreover, we also demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach to real data, with the advantage of reduced intersubject variability relative to conventional sampling and estimation approaches.
The reality of virtual reality (1995)

Virtual reality (VR) has recently become established as a suite of technologies capable of serving many companies′ future needs in design practice, training and organizational communication. Two years after the launch of a major British collaborative project involving 17 blue‐chip companies, VR is set to become adopted by many as their “information technology of choice” for the next century – some even aiming to establish in‐house facilities before the end of 1996. Proposes that, properly implemented, VR is capable of giving personnel at all company levels, who have a wide variety of educational backgrounds or skills, intuitive access to complex, computer‐mediated processes. Discusses some of the practical solutions to a commercially‐driven selection of demonstrator projects, while attempting to dispel some of the myths associated with VR, such as the necessity to don head‐mounted displays and instrumented gloves.
Developing a Framework for Reliable Autonomous Surface Mobility (2018)

The Reliable Autonomous Surface Mobility (RASM) architecture and algorithms model terrains, plan paths, and control motion to enable rovers to navigate autonomously through kilometers of barren terrain. We have developed requirements for rovers from the needs of field investigations and mission scenarios of the last decade. Thus far the RASM architecture has been ported to five rovers and tested in field sites in Hawaii, California and Canada. We report on the architectural framework, the under lying algorithms , and representative results.
The nondecussating pathway of the dentatorubrothalamic tract in humans: human connectome-based tractographic study and microdissection validation (2015)

OBJECT The dentatorubrothalamic tract (DRTT) is the major efferent cerebellar pathway arising from the dentate nucleus (DN) and decussating to the contralateral red nucleus (RN) and thalamus. Surprisingly, hemispheric cerebellar output influences bilateral limb movements. In animals, uncrossed projections from the DN to the ipsilateral RN and thalamus may explain this phenomenon. The aim of this study was to clarify the anatomy of the dentatorubrothalamic connections in humans. METHODS The authors applied advanced deterministic fiber tractography to a template of 488 subjects from the Human Connectome Project (Q1-Q3 release, WU-Minn HCP consortium) and validated the results with microsurgical dissection of cadaveric brains prepared according to Klingler's method. RESULTS The authors identified the "classic" decussating DRTT and a corresponding nondecussating path (the nondecussating DRTT, nd-DRTT). Within each of these 2 tracts some fibers stop at the level of the RN, forming the dentatorubro tract and the nondecussating dentatorubro tract. The left nd-DRTT encompasses 21.7% of the tracts and 24.9% of the volume of the left superior cerebellar peduncle, and the right nd-DRTT encompasses 20.2% of the tracts and 28.4% of the volume of the right superior cerebellar peduncle. CONCLUSIONS The connections of the DN with the RN and thalamus are bilateral, not ipsilateral only. This affords a potential anatomical substrate for bilateral limb motor effects originating in a single cerebellar hemisphere under physiological conditions, and for bilateral limb motor impairment in hemispheric cerebellar lesions such as ischemic stroke and hemorrhage, and after resection of hemispheric tumors and arteriovenous malformations. Furthermore, when a lesion is located on the course of the dentatorubrothalamic system, a careful preoperative tractographic analysis of the relationship of the DRTT, nd-DRTT, and the lesion should be performed in order to tailor the surgical approach properly and spare all bundles.
An Empirical Comparison of Dissimilarity Measures for Time Series Classification (2013)

Distance and dissimilarity functions are of undoubted importance to Time Series Data Mining. There are literally hundreds of methods proposed in the literature that rely on a dissimilarity measure as the main manner to compare objects. One notable example is the 1-Nearest Neighbor classification algorithm. These methods frequently outperform more complex methods in tasks such as classification, clustering, prediction, and anomaly detection. All these methods leave open the distance or dissimilarity function, being Euclidean distance (ED) and Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) the two most used dissimilarity measures in the literature. This paper empirically compares 48 measures on 42 time series data sets. Our objective is to call the attention of the research community about other dissimilarity measures besides ED and DTW, some of them able to significantly outperform these measures in classification. Our results show that Complex Invariant Distance DTW (CIDDTW) significantly outperforms DTW and that CIDDTW, DTW, CID, Minkowski L-p (p-norm difference with data set-crafted "p" parameter), Lorentzian L-infinity, Manhattan L-1, Average L-1/L-infinity (arithmetic average), Dice distance, and Jaccard distance outperform ED, but only CIDDTW, DTW, and CID outperform ED with statistical significance.
UTILIZATION OF COTTON GIN BY-PRODUCTS FOR THE MANUFACTURING OF FUEL PELLETS: AN ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE (2004)

The objective of this study was to explore the cost feasibility of creating a fuel pellet manufacturing operationutilizing cotton gin by-products from a commercial gin processing 55,000 bales of cotton per year. An economic model wasdeveloped and evaluated in order to conservatively address the effects of key elements such as marketing, transportation, andmanufacturing. The cost system model was developed and analyzed to examine the factors influencing the sensitivity ofcritical areas such as cost and profits. The cost system model simulated changes for 24 cost variables associated with theproposed fuel pellet operation. Results from the analysis indicate the probability of obtaining a 15% return on investment(ROI) varied depending on the mode of freight used to ship the product to any of the distribution hubs evaluated. If the productwas shipped by truck, the ROI was 27.3%, or 49.1% when shipped by rail. Based upon the information contained in this study,it appears that a fuel pellet operation can be a viable means of utilizing cotton gin by-products to enhance revenue.
O2A progenitor cells transplanted into the neonatal rat brain develop into oligodendrocytes but not astrocytes. (1993)

The differentiation of the bipotential O2A progenitor cell into an oligodendrocyte or a type 2 astrocyte has been well documented in cell cultures of various regions of the central nervous system. The appropriate tools to prove its existence in vivo have been lacking. We report on an in vitro-in vivo approach that combines stable labeling of an enriched population of cultured O2A progenitors by the fluorescent dye fast blue, followed by their transplantation into neonatal rat brains, which allowed us to study the influence of the brain microenvironment on their lineage decision. The grafted cells survived well and 21 days after grafting nearly all were positive for the oligodendroglial marker galactocerebroside. Surprisingly, the fast blue-positive grafted cells did not stain for the astroglial marker glial fibrillary acidic protein. These results indicate that the O2A progenitor's plasticity is restricted by the in vivo environment, resulting in the developmental exclusion of the type 2 astrocyte initially described in vitro.
Highly-accurate metabolomic detection of early-stage ovarian cancer (2015)

High performance mass spectrometry was employed to interrogate the serum metabolome of early-stage ovarian cancer (OC) patients and age-matched control women. The resulting spectral features were used to establish a linear support vector machine (SVM) model of sixteen diagnostic metabolites that are able to identify early-stage OC with 100% accuracy in our patient cohort. The results provide evidence for the importance of lipid and fatty acid metabolism in OC and serve as the foundation of a clinically significant diagnostic test.
The Negro Year Book (1948)

The Negro Year Book Get access The Negro Year Book. Tenth Edition. Ed. Jessie P. Gusman. Tuakegee. 1947. Pp. xv + 708. $4.50. A. D. POWER A. D. POWER Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar African Affairs, Volume 47, Issue 189, October 1948, Page 248, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a093676 Published: 01 October 1948
A three-laser intercavity interferometer for the study of low-density plasmas (1977)

A novel method for frequency controlling two or more lasers to a high degree of stability, suitable for a low-frequency heterodyning experiment in normal laboratory conditions is described. The method made use of a principal 'local oscillator laser', frequency controlled to 'line-centre', to which two further lasers were controlled without modulation. Electron densities in the range 1012-1015 cm-3 have been measured in pulsed hydrogen arcs in diode and triode devices at pressures circa 500 m Torr, with a small experimental uncertainty and a temporal resolution of the order of 1 mu s.
Isolation and Characterization of New Anti-HIV and Cytotoxic Leads from Plants, Marine, and Microbial Organisms (1997)

New cytotoxic isomalabaricane triterpenes have been isolated from a sponge Stelletta sp. (1-7); anti-HIV pterocarpans (8 and 9) and isoflavanoids (12-16 and 18) were elucidated from two tropical plants in the genus Erythrina; and anti-HIV enniatins (20 and 22-23) were characterized from fungi in the genera Fusarium and Alternaria. The enniatins were evaluated for in vivo anti-HIV activity in the hollow fiber assay.
Direct Synthesis of Highly Designable Hybrid Metal Hydroxide Nanosheets by Using Tripodal Ligands as One‐Size‐Fits‐All Modifiers (2017)

Brucite-type layered metal hydroxides are prepared from diverse metallic elements and have outstanding functions; however, their poor intercalation ability significantly limits their chemical designability and the use of their potentially ultrahigh surface areas and unique properties as two-dimensional nanosheets. Here, we demonstrate that tripodal ligands (RC(CH<sub>2</sub> OH)<sub>3</sub> , R=NH<sub>2</sub> , CH<sub>2</sub> OH, or NHC<sub>2</sub> H<sub>4</sub> SO<sub>3</sub> H) are useful as "one-size-fits-all" modifiers for the direct synthesis of hybrid metal hydroxide nanosheets with various constituent metallic elements (M=Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, or Cu) and surface functional groups. The hybrid nanosheets are formed directly from solution phases, and they are stacked into a turbostratic layered structure. The ligands form tridentate Mg-O-C bonds with brucite layers. The hybrid brucite intercalates various molecules and is exfoliated into nanosheets at room temperature, although the non-modified material does not intercalate any molecules. Consequently, both the constituent metallic elements and surface functional groups are freely designed by the direct synthesis.
Transmission of Helicobacter pylori: faecal-oral versus oral-oral route. (1995)

Helicobacter pylori is one of the most common bacteria responsible for chronic infection worldwide. Its reservoir is essentially human. The transmission of H. pylori seems to be direct from person-to-person, however, a common source cannot be totally excluded. Two routes of transmission have been proposed: faecal-oral and oral-oral, based on the following arguments: H. pylori has been cultured from faeces and seems to survive in water in non-culturable forms. Although certain epidemiological studies have suggested waterborne and foodborne transmission, there has been no confirmation of this. H. pylori has been cultured from the oral cavity in several studies and there is some indirect but scarce evidence for oral-oral transmission. Further study of its molecular epidemiology should provide greater insights into this as yet unsolved question.
Adsorption of Liposomes by Clay (1982)

The interaction between liposomes and clay was investigated. Lecithin liposomes were adsorbed by montmorillonite, and aggregation of the clay particles occurred. From studies using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the transition temperature (Tc) from a gel to a liquid-crystalline state of this phospholipid increased by several degrees on adsorption by the clay. Although a lecithin molecule as a whole seems to have no net charge, liposomes were considered to have been adsorbed by the clay via the choline positive charge, which occupies the outermost part of the liposome membrane, as the clay is known to be negatively charged.
Optimization of a reliable combined cooling, heat and power microgrid system (2013)

In this paper a novel intelligent method is applied to the problem of sizing in a microgrid power system for Ganje area in the north-west Iran such that the electrical, heating and cooling demands of this residential area are met. The microgrid consists of fuel cells, wind turbine units, electrolyzers, a reformer, an anaerobic reactor, hydrogen and thermal storage tanks and also an absorption chiller. The heat and cooling requirements of the microgrid consist of water heating, space heating and apace cooling loads. The heat produced by fuel cells is used to supply the required heat and cooling of microgrid. In this study the authors used an absorption chiller to supply the required space cooling within the microgrid. When the heat produced by fuel cells is more than demand, surplus heat is stored within the thermal storage tank. On the other hand, when the produced heat by fuel cells together with the stored heat in a thermal storage cannot meet heating and cooling demand, waste and natural gas are employed to generate additional required heat and cooling energy for the system. The objective of the present study is to minimize the total cost of the system and simultaneously taking into account the reliability of the considered microgrid.
Cohesion (2010)

Two broad classes of memory models are available today: models with hardware cache coherence, used in conventional chip multiprocessors, and models that rely upon software to manage coherence, found in compute accelerators. In some systems, both types of models are supported using disjoint address spaces and/or physical memories. In this paper we present Cohesion, a hybrid memory model that enables fine-grained temporal reassignment of data between hardware-managed and software-managed coherence domains, allowing a system to support both. Cohesion can be used to dynamically adapt to the sharing needs of both applications and runtimes. Cohesion requires neither copy operations nor multiple address spaces.
Inherently Photohealable and Thermal Shape-Memory Polydisulfide Networks (2013)

Structurally dynamic polydisulfide networks that inherently exhibit both shape-memory and healable properties have been synthesized. These materials are semicrystalline, covalently cross-linked network polymers and as such exhibit thermal shape-memory properties. Upon heating above its melting temperature (<i>T</i><sub>m</sub>) films of the material can be deformed by a force. Subsequent cooling and removal of the force result in the material being "fixed" in this strained temporary shape through a combination of crystallinity and covalent cross-links until it is exposed to temperatures above the <i>T</i><sub>m</sub> at which point it recovers to its remembered processed shape. The incorporation of disulfide bonds, which become dynamic/reversible upon exposure to light or elevated temperatures, into these networks results in them being structurally dynamic upon exposure to the appropriate stimulus. Thus, by activating this disulfide exchange, the network reorganizes, and the material can flow and exhibit healable properties. Furthermore, exposure to light also allows the film's permanent "remembered" shape to be reprogrammed. Shape-memory experiments on these films show high degrees of both fixing and recovery (>95%), and photohealing experiments showed that the films were able to recover from a scratch whose depth is approximately half the thickness of the film. Using a combination of the thermal shape-memory behavior followed by photohealing allows wide scratches to also be efficiently healed.