gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cost comparison of alternative airfield snow removal methodologies (2014)

Maintaining operational safety and status of airport runways during snowfall events is a challenging issue that many airports are grappling with. Ice and snow impacts on transportation infrastructure systems add significant costs to the American economy in the form of snow removal, damaged pavement and lost productivity due to travel delays. Most transport category aircraft are prohibited from operating on runways covered by untreated ice or by more than ½ inch of snow or slush. Hence, it is imperative that both small and large airports maintain operational status during snowfall events to support the existing operations. Conventional ice and snow removal practices are labor intensive and have environmental concerns such as possible contamination of nearby water bodies for highway and airport pavements. This preliminary study aims at identifying and establishing cost parameters for an ongoing research project on energy and economic analyses of alternative ice and snow removal strategies. One such alternative approach is the use of a heated pavement system using either conventional or renewable energy as a heat source, to keep the surface temperature of concrete pavements above freezing so that any frozen precipitation melts upon contact. Based on the limited data available, the costs incurred due to melting snow by hydronic heated pavements were calculated and compared with the operating costs of conventional snow removal strategies under specific case scenarios. A case study is carried out using limited data from Des Moines International (DSM) airport in Iowa to demonstrate the methodology.
Beyond Post-It: Structured Multimedia Annotations for Collaborative VEs (2014)

Globalization has transformed engineering design into a world-wide endeavor pursued by geographically distributed specialist teams. Widespread adoption of VR for design and the need to act and place marks directly on the objects of discussion in design reviewing tasks led to research on annotations in virtual collaborative environments. However, conventional approaches have yet to progress beyond the yellow postit + text metaphor. Indeed, multimedia such as audio, sketches, video and animations afford greater expressiveness which could be put to good use in collaborative environments. Furthermore, individual annotations fail to capture both the rationale and flow of discussion which are key to understanding project design decisions. One exemplar instance is offshore engineering projects that normally engage geographically distributed highly-specialized engineering teams and require both improved productivity, due to project costs and the need to reducing risks when reviewing designs of deep-water oil & gas platforms. In this paper, we present an approach to rich, structured multimedia annotations to support the discussion and decision making in design reviewing tasks. Furthermore, our approach supports issue-based argumentation to reveal provenance of design decisions to better support the workflow in engineering projects. While this is an initial exploration of the solution space, examples show greater support of collaborative design review over traditional approaches.
Ldiff: An enhanced line differencing tool (2009)

Differencing tools are highly relevant for a series of software engineering tasks, including analyzing developers' activities, assessing the changeability of software artifacts, and monitoring the maintenance of critical assets such as source clones and vulnerable instructions. This tool demonstration shows the features of ldiff, an enhanced, language-independent line differencing tool. L-diff builds upon the Unix diff and overcomes its limitations in determining whether an artifact line has been changed or is the result of additions and removals, and in tracking artifact fragments that have been moved upward or downward within the file. The paper describes the tool and shows its capability of analyzing changes on different kinds of software artifacts, including use cases, code developed with different programming languages, and test cases.
Diesel Exhaust Emissions Using Sasol Slurry Phase Distillate Process Fuels (1997)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Transient emission tests were performed to compare emissions using fuels produced by the Sasol Slurry Phase Distillate Process, to those with US diesel fuels. A heavy-duty, four stroke, 1991 emission level diesel engine was used. Two variations of the Sasol Slurry Phase Distillate (SSPD) fuels were tested, along with fuels meeting the US 2-D and CARB specifications, as well as three blends comprising various concentrations of SSPD fuel in the 2-D fuel. It was found that the SSPD fuels produced significantly lower emissions than the 2-D and CARB fuels in all four regulated emission categories. The blended fuels generally reduced emissions in proportion to the amount of SSPD fuel in the blend. Tests were also performed at retarded injection timing settings with the SSPD fuel, which has a cetane number in excess of 70. It was found that a further reduction in NO<sub>x</sub> emissions could be obtained, without significantly compromising particulate emissions or specific fuel consumption.</div>
A gratingless wavelength stabilized semiconductor laser (1996)

A single frequency laser structure is obtained by coupling a high order mode of a semiconductor waveguide to a low index polymer waveguide. The device does not require a grating or regrowth, emits in a mode compatible with optical fibers, and may be immune to catastrophic mirror damage. The epilayers of the semiconductor waveguide use quarterwave reflectors to support a mode with a low enough effective index to phase match to the polymer waveguide. The coupling between the two waveguides is highly frequency selective and therefore stabilizes the wavelength. Preliminary structures emit in a single longitudinal and spatial mode, have 30 dB of sidemode suppression, and emit about 6 mW into a fiber compatible mode.
Small payload orbit transfer (SPORT/sup TM/) system: lowering launch cost without increased risk (2002)

The past decade has seen efforts to lower costs by "doing more with less", instead of making innovative changes in the way missions are designed and implemented. Now, the industry is turning towards more intelligent approaches to mission design. AeroAstro has developed the Small Payload ORbit Transfer (SPORT/sup TM/) system to provide a flexible low-cost orbit transfer capability, enabling small payloads to use low-cost secondary launch opportunities and still reach their desired final orbits. This allows small payloads to effectively use a wider variety of launch opportunities, including numerous under-utilized geosynchronous transfer orbit (GTO) slots. Its use, in conjunction with growing opportunities for secondary launches, enables "better, cheaper, faster" missions through innovative mission design and lower cost access to space, not increased risk. SPORT uses a suite of innovative technologies that are packaged in a simple, reliable, modular system. SPORT achieves its orbit transfer capability through a combination of chemical propulsion and aerobraking technology. This paper discusses the SPORT design and its application to overall small satellite mission development.
Anti-T-Cell Reagents for Human Bone Marrow Transplantation: Ricin Linked to Three Monoclonal Antibodies (1983)

Three new reagents that react against human T cells were synthesized by covalently linking the toxin ricin to monoclonal antibodies recognizing differentiation antigens on the surface of T lymphocytes. Each of these immunotoxins selectively inhibited T-cell proliferation when the cells were incubated in the presence of lactose. Multipotent human stem cells were inhibited only at much higher concentrations. Mixtures of all three immunotoxins were more effective than any one alone. These reagents have the potential for preventing graft-versus-host disease in man.
Species identification in meat origin farm animals through DNA technology (2005)

RAPD fingerprint technique was used on several meat sources to identify the species. The tested meat species were: Buffalo, Cattle, Goat and Sheep. Eighteen primers as a single, short oligonucleiotides were used to detect the species by fingerprint and genetic similarity as band sharing (BS) among these four species. By comparison between all four species, the band sharing average values were [51.0, 45.0, 59.0, 41.0, 48.0 and 70.0%] respectively. In respect of comparison, the comparison between Goat and Sheep showed high similarities while between Cattle and Goat showed low similarities. The genetic similarity as BS values ranged from 41.0 to 70.0 % respectively. The results showed that RAPD analysis provided a rapid and effective method to detect the genetic variation of different species. Also the results showed that RAPD analysis produced clear fingerprints from the products analyzed for which the species could be easily identified.
Synthesis of Some 5-Arylazo-6-(substituted amino) Pyrimidines (1970)

Synthesis of some 2,4-diamino-6-(substituted amino)-, 2,4-dibydroxy-6-(substituted amino)-, 2- amino-4-hydroxy-6-(substituted amino)-, 2-hydroxy-4-amino-6-(substituted amino)-pyrimidines having phenylazo or p-chlorophenylazo group in the 5-position is described. The synthesis of 2-hydroxy-4-amino- 6-anilinopyrimidine is also reported.
Characteristics of Adults and Adolescents Who Have Migrated from Place of AIDS Diagnosis to Place of Death, United States, 1993–2001 (2005)

This study compared demographic characteristics of adults and adolescents who received an AIDS diagnosis in one state and died in a different state. We analyzed reports of deaths among persons (≥ 13 years old) with AIDS whose state of residence at diagnosis and state of occurrence of death were different (migrants). Between January 1993 and December 2001, 251,441 deaths of adults and adolescents with AIDS occurred. Of these, 13,860 (5.4%) migrated. Migrants were more likely to be male than female, white than black, and men who have sex with men than persons with heterosexual contact. A small proportion of persons with AIDS migrated between residence at AIDS diagnosis and place of death, suggesting that the effect of migration on destination health care services is likely to be small.
Teicoplanin metabolism in humans (1992)

Teicoplanin, a lipoglycopeptide antibiotic, consists of five major components (A2-1 through A2-5), one hydrolysis component (A3-1), and four minor components (RS-1 through RS-4). All the major components contain an N-acyl-beta-D-glucosamine, but they differ in the lengths and branchings of their acyl-aliphatic chains. Previous studies with radiolabeled teicoplanin in rats and humans have shown that the drug is eliminated by the renal route and that metabolic transformation is very minor, about 5%. A possible metabolic transformation of teicoplanin into A3-1 was also suggested. In the present study in humans, two metabolites (metabolites 1 and 2; 2 to 3% of total teicoplanin) were isolated after intravenous administration of radiolabeled teicoplanin. After purification, their structures were determined by fast atom bombardment mass spectroscopy and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy on the basis of the well-known correlations established in this field, and they were found to be new teicoplaninlike molecules, bearing 8-hydroxydecanoic and 9-hydroxydecanoic acyl moieties. This metabolic transformation is likely due to hydroxylation in the omega-2 and omega-1 positions for metabolites 1 and 2, respectively, of the C-10 linear side chain of component A2-3. This might explain the low extent of metabolism of teicoplanin if we consider that only component A2-3 has a linear chain that is susceptible to such oxidation.
THERMODYNAMICS OF SOLVENT EXTRACTION (2000)

ABSTRACT The fundamental thermodynamic characteristics of aqueous electrolyte solutions and organic solutions which affect solvent extraction are summarized and the influence of metal complexation and hydration on the distribution ratios is discussed. The thermodynamics of extraction systems, including synergistic systems, is reviewed. The influence of structural aspects of the complexing extractant agents on these thermodynamic parameters is also reviewed.
Evolution of male longevity bias in nematodes (2003)

Many animal species exhibit sex differences in aging. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, under conditions that minimize mortality, males are the longer-lived sex. In a survey of 12 independent C. elegans isolates, we find that this is a species-typical character. To test the hypothesis that the C. elegans male longevity bias evolved as a consequence of androdioecy (having males and hermaphrodites), we compared sex-specific survival in four androdioecious and four dioecious (males and females) nematode species. Contrary to expectation, in all but C. briggsae (androdioecious), males were the longer-lived sex, and this difference was greatest among dioecious species. Moreover, male lifespan was reduced in androdioecious species relative to dioecious species. The evolutionary theory of aging predicts the evolution of a shorter lifespan in the sex with the greater rate of extrinsic mortality. We demonstrate that in each of eight species early adult mortality is elevated in females/hermaphrodites in the absence of food as the consequence of internal hatching of larvae (matricide). This age-independent mortality risk can favour the evolution of rapid aging in females and hermaphrodites relative to males.
Dual kVp material decomposition using flat-panel detectors (2004)

In addition to a conventional Computed Tomography (CT) image, dual energy (dual kVp) imaging can be used to generate an image of the same anatomy that represents the equivalent density of a particular material, for example, calcium, iodine, water, etc. This image can be used to improve the differentiation of materials as well as improve the accuracy of absolute density measurements in a cross-sectional image. It is important to understand the certainty of the estimation of the density of the material. Both simulations and measurements are used to quantify these errors. Data are acquired using a flat-panel based volumetric CT system, by taking two scans and adjusting the maximum energy of the source spectrum (kVp). Physics based simulations are used to compare with the measurements. After validating the simulation algorithms, the accuracy of the dual kVp method is determined using the simulations in a perturbation study.
Sparse 2-D array design for real time rectilinear volumetric imaging (2000)

Several sparse 2-D arrays for real time rectilinear volumetric imaging were investigated. All arrays consisted of 128x128=16,384 elements with lambda spacing operating at 5 MHz. Because of system limitations, not all of the elements could be used. From each array, 256 elements were used as transmitters, and 256 elements were used as receivers. These arrays were compared by computer simulation using Field II. For each array, beamplots for the on-axis case and an illustrative off-axis case were obtained. For the off-axis case, the effects of receive mode dynamic focusing were studied to maintain the beam perpendicular to the transducer face. Main lobe widths, side lobe heights, clutter floor levels, and pulse-echo sensitivities were quantified for each array. The sparse arrays, including a vernier periodic array, a random array, and a Mills cross array, were compared with a fully sampled array that served as the "gold standard". The Mills cross design showed the best overall performance under the current system constraints.
The Hydraulic Mechanism of the Spider Leg (1959)

ABSTRACT The blood pressure inside the leg of the house spider Tegenaria atrica has been measured. Maintained pressures of about 5 cm. Hg and transient pressures of up to 40 cm. Hg have been found. The relation between the blood pressure in the leg and the extension torque at the hinge joints has been established. Considerable torques can be developed at the hinge joints during extension, for example, when accelerating a mass fixed to the leg. The transient pressures found to arise in the leg are adequate to account for these torques. The hydraulic mechanism is discussed. The available evidence suggests that the pressure found in the legs occurs also in the prosoma but not in the abdomen, in which case the maintained pressure must be due to the heart. This, however, requires further investigation
Role of the Carbohydrate Moiety of a Glucoamylase from<i>Aspergillus awamori</i>var.<i>kawachi</i>in the Digestion of Raw Starch (1995)

The digestion of raw starch by a glucoamylase (GA MU-H) from a mutant strain of Aspergillus awamori var. kawachi was closely correlated with mannoside chains O-linked to the Gp-I region (A470-V514), but not sugar chains N-linked to catalytic GAI' domain of GA MU-H. The partial replacement of mannose residues by glucose residues led to a significant decrease raw starch digestion. By the substitution of D2O for H2O in the reaction mixture, the raw starch digestion of GA MU-H decreased to 80% of that at 30 degrees C, although the rate of hydrolysis of soluble starch by and the ability to bind beta-cyclodextrin of GA MU-H were unchanged. Glycerol, known as an antichaotropic reagent, decreased the raw starch digestion of GA MU-H significantly. However, it did not have any effect on the enzymatic activity for soluble starch when soluble starch was the substrate. The efficient digestion of raw starch with raw starch-digesting glucoamylase needed the mannoside chains O-linked to the Gp-I region, which were suggested to contribute to digestion of raw starch through the interaction with water.
New 3-D Chiral Framework of Indium with 1,3,5-Benzenetricarboxylate (2004)

A new complex, [In(2)(mu-OH)(2)(btc)(2)](n)().2nHpy (1) (btc = 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate; py = pyridine), is hydrothermally synthesized from the reaction of InCl(3), H(3)btc, and pyridine. Complex 1 crystallizes in the monoclinic P2(1) space group [a = 7.3181(12) A, b = 17.0195(23) A, c = 10.5789(17) A, beta = 102.651(6) degrees , and Z = 2]. Indium(III) centers in 1 are bridged by btc ligands in various coordination modes to form the nonclose rings which are further interlinked along crystallographic a-axis and (011) plane to result in a nonpenetrated 3-D anionic framework growing as homochiral tunnels. Compound 1 is fully characterized by fluorescence spectroscopy, second harmonic generation measurement, infrared, and thermogravimetric analysis.
On the Interpretation of Single-Doppler Velocity Patterns within Severe Thunderstorms (1991)

Although the flow field within a severe thunderstorm is complex, it is possible to simulate the basic features using simple analytical flow models (such as uniform flow, axisymmetric rotation, axisymmetric divergence). Combinations of such flow models are used to produce simulated Doppler velocity patterns that can be used as “signatures” for identifying quasi-horizontal flow features within severe thunderstorms. Some of these flow features are: convergence in the lower portions of a storm and divergence in the upper portions associated with a strong updraft, surface divergence associated with a wet or dry downdraft, mesocyclone (rotating updraft), flow around an updraft obstacle, and tornado. Recognition of the associated Doppler velocity patterns can aid in the interpretation of single-Doppler radar measurements that include only the radial component of flow in the radar viewing direction.
Cyclometalated Complexes of Ru(II) with 2-Aryl Derivatives of Quinoline and 1,10-Phenanthroline (2001)

Difficulty in cyclometalating 1-(2'-quinolinyl)pyrene and 1,3-di-(2'-quinolinyl)pyrene with Ru(II) led to a more detailed study of the cyclometalation process. A series of 2-aryl-1,10-phenanthrolines, where aryl = phenyl, 2-naphthyl, 1-anthracenyl, and 1-pyrenyl, were treated with [Ru(tpy)Cl(3)] to provide either the N5Cl complex [Ru(tpy)(L)Cl](+) or this same material as a mixture with the N5C cyclometalated species [Ru(tpy)L](+). Steric effects appear to govern the ability of the ligand to attain the near planar conformation required for cyclometalation. The bridged ligand 3,1'-dimethylene-2-(2'-pyrenyl)-1,10-phenanthroline was prepared along with a quinoline analogue. The former species was found to cyclometalate at the C1 of pyrene and afford the N5Cl complex. Both the N5C (P2(1)/n (monoclinic), a = 28.1102(11), b = 8.4638(3), c = 31.2908(12) A, Z = 8) and N5Cl (P-1 (triclinic), a = 11.7235 (10), b = 14.5306(12), c = 14.5725(12) A, Z = 2) complexes were analyzed by X-ray crystallography, and the N5Cl species evidenced a congested environment for pyrene, which is apparently stabilized by pi stacking with tpy. Similar reactions with a series of three 3,2'-bridged derivatives of 2-phenyl-1,10-phenanthroline provide both N5Cl and cyclometalated products in proportions which support the importance of pi stacking. The electronic absorption spectra and redox potentials for these complexes evidence strong sigma donation by the cyclometalated ligand and an apparent insensitivity to the orthogonal 2-aryl group.
Service program mobility &#x2014; Dynamic service roaming (2011)

It is currently difficult to provide advanced services with high quality when mobile users are roaming in a foreign network, since operators deliver services from platforms in their home networks. This paper presents a solution to support efficient access to services from a location close to the user. This is a key issue in the development of more flexible distributed service platforms, where service components can move, to optimize resource usage and quality of experience for the users. The proposed solution is based on adding the location of the user explicitly in the DNS request and modifying the processing in the DNS server. We show how this can be used to provide an efficient access to services in multiple scenarios.
Molecular cloning and expression in <i>Escherichia coli</i> of a cyanobacterial gene coding for phytoene synthase, a carotenoid biosynthesis enzyme (1992)

The first committed step in the biosynthetic pathway of carotenoids in plants and algae is the conversion of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (GGPP) to prephytoene pyrophosphate (PPPP), which is converted to phytoene. We have cloned the gene pys that encodes the enzyme phytoene synthase in the cyanobacterium Synechococcus PCC7942. The co-expression of pys in cells of Escherichia coli together with the gene crtE from Erwinia uredovora, which encodes geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase, resulted in accumulation of phytoene. This result indicates that phytoene synthase is a single polypeptide enzyme that catalyzes the 2-step reaction from GGPP to phytoene. The deduced amino acid sequence of pys is highly conserved with that of pTOM5, a tomato cDNA that is differentially expressed during fruit ripening. These findings suggest that pTOM5 encodes phytoene synthase in tomato.