gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Comparative Study of ATR-FTIR and FT-NIR Spectroscopy for In-Situ Concentration Monitoring during Batch Cooling Crystallization Processes (2010)

Crystallization is a widely used separation and purification process in the chemical industry. The final product properties such as the crystal size distribution and the morphology are largely defined during this process. In order to achieve proper control over the crystallization process, accurate in situ measurements are necessary. This paper presents the assessment of in situ infrared spectroscopic techniques for solute concentration measurements. It presents a comparative study of attenuated total reflectance (ATR), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and Fourier transform (FT) near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy for batch cooling crystallization of four different crystallization systems. These two techniques were compared based on the partial least square models developed by extensive calibration in the laboratory, the independent data sets generated while determining saturation concentrations in the presence of crystals and monitoring the batch cooling crystallization processes. The ATR-FTIR spectroscopy was found to perform better statistically and also in the presence of crystals. The FT-NIR spectroscopy was less reliable as the probe head was more susceptible to scaling. The average relative error in predicting the solubilities in the presence of crystals was sensitive to the crystallizing system and was on the order to 2% for ATR-FTIR while it was much higher for FT-NIR.
Circuit emulations (1988)

Abstract The deployment of broadband public packet networks requires integrating packet technology into the larger, predominantly circuit‐switched world. In this paper, we translate the need for circuit‐switched network compatibility into a class of packet transport capabilities referred to as circuit emulations. We first present our initial estimates of performance goals for emulating circuit‐switched connections in a broadband packet network. To show the feasibility of this new networking approach, we then describe a switch design capable of satisfying the stringent packet loss rate and delay requirements for emulating circuits at the DS1 rate and above. Finally, we demonstrate the ability to reconstruct continuous signals from emulated circuits using a simple time‐averaging clock recovery scheme based on a computer simulation model.
Photobinding of 8-methoxypsoralen to transfer RNA and 5-fluorouracil-enriched transfer RNA (1978)

The photobinding of [3H]8MOP to tRNA upon irradiation at 365 nm in the absence of O2 was determined by gel filtration. The maximum photobinding was found to be ca. 4 mol of 8MOP er mol of tRNA and 5FU-tRNA, with an overall quantum yield of 2.3 X 10(-3). The photobinding kinetics for 8MOP-tRNA showed an apparent induction period or sigmoidal kinetic curve, indicating a specific initial photobinding site on tRNA which was identified as 4-thiouridine at position 8 from the 5'-end of Escherichia coli tRNA. Photobinding of 8MOP to 5FU-tRNA proceeded without an apparent induction period. 8MOP-tRNA and 8MOP-5FU-tRNA adducts were characterized by absorption, fluorescence, and CD spectroscopy. A modified procedure was also developed to analyze the nucleoside composition in modified 8MOP-tRNA and 8MOP-5FU-tRNA. The results showed that 8MOP photochemically added mainly to pyrimidine bases. The photobinding of 8MOP changed the conformation (secondary in particular) of tRNA and inhibited aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase activity.
Pd nanoparticle-silica nanotubes (Pd@SNTs) as an efficient catalyst for Suzuki–Miyaura coupling and sp2 C–H arylation in water (2013)

Silica nanotubes (SNTs) functionalized with Pd-NPs on the inner surface performed as efficient nano-reactors for C–C coupling in water; the nano-confinement offers minimized leaching of Pd and yet efficient mass transfer for Suzuki–Miyaura coupling and C–H arylation of thiazoles in water with very high TON.
Effects of aging and exercise training on skeletal muscle blood flow and resistance artery morphology (2012)

With old age, blood flow to the high-oxidative red skeletal muscle is reduced and blood flow to the low-oxidative white muscle is elevated during exercise. Changes in the number of feed arteries perforating the muscle are thought to contribute to this altered hyperemic response during exercise. We tested the hypothesis that exercise training would ameliorate age-related differences in blood flow during exercise and feed artery structure in skeletal muscle. Young (6-7 mo old, n = 36) and old (24 mo old, n = 25) male Fischer 344 rats were divided into young sedentary (Sed), old Sed, young exercise-trained (ET), and old ET groups, where training consisted of 10-12 wk of treadmill exercise. In Sed and ET rats, blood flow to the red and white portions of the gastrocnemius muscle (Gast(Red) and Gast(White)) and the number and luminal cross-sectional area (CSA) of all feed arteries perforating the muscle were measured at rest and during exercise. In the old ET group, blood flow was greater to Gast(Red) (264 ± 13 and 195 ± 9 ml · min(-1) · 100 g(-1) in old ET and old Sed, respectively) and lower to Gast(White) (78 ± 5 and 120 ± 6 ml · min(-1) · 100 g(-1) in old ET and old Sed, respectively) than in the old Sed group. There was no difference in the number of feed arteries between the old ET and old Sed group, although the CSA of feed arteries from old ET rats was larger. In young ET rats, there was an increase in the number of feed arteries perforating the muscle. Exercise training mitigated old age-associated differences in blood flow during exercise within gastrocnemius muscle. However, training-induced adaptations in resistance artery morphology differed between young (increase in feed artery number) and old (increase in artery CSA) animals. The altered blood flow pattern induced by exercise training with old age would improve the local matching of O(2) delivery to consumption within the skeletal muscle.
Flow Cytometric Assessment of Multidrug Resistance (MDR) Phenotype in Acute Myeloid Leukaemia (1993)

Forty one patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML), including 27 at presentation and 14 relapsed or resistant cases, were assessed for laboratory evidence of the MDR phenotype. Leukaemic cells from all 41 cases were studied by immunocytochemistry using the JSB-1 monoclonal antibody and simultaneously by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to evaluate expression of the mdr 1 gene. Cells from 32/41 cases were also assessed for daunorubicin (DNR) accumulation and retention by flow cytometry (FC). Nineteen of the 41 (46%) patients were positive for MDR by JSB-1 immunocytochemistry (11/27 [41%] at presentation and 8/14 [57%] relapsed or resistant cases). Nine of the 19 (47%) P-gp positive, de novo patients achieved complete remission. 22 patients were negative by JSB-1 immunocytochemistry (16/27 [59%] at presentation and 6/14 [43%] of the relapsed or resistant cases) and 11/22 (50%) P-gp negative patients achieved a complete remission. Of the 32 patients assessed by FC, 7 (22%) were positive for the MDR phenotype with increased DNR accumulation and retention in the presence of the MDR reversing agent verapamil (VPM). 6/7 of the FC positive cases were also JSB-1 positive, and 6 had additional poor risk features. Of the twenty five FC negative patients, 6 had received previous chemotherapy and 15 (60%) achieved complete remission. Mdr 1 mRNA levels were increased in all seven FC positive cases whereas only 7/19 JSB-1 positive cases had raised mdr 1 mRNA levels. These results suggest that the assessment of MDR status by immunocytochemistry using JSB-1 is not predictive of response to chemotherapy. Flow cytometric analysis of blast cells appears to correlate well with mdr 1 mRNA levels and may be a better predictor of treatment outcome.
Coordination of Biologically Important α-Amino Acids to Calcium(II) at High pH:  Insights from Crystal Structures of Calcium α-Aminocarboxylates (2007)

A series of calcium alpha-aminocarboxylates was prepared by refluxing aqueous solutions/suspensions of calcium hydroxide and the respective alpha-amino acid. The colorless, crystalline hydrates Ca(gly)2.H2O (1), Ca(ala)2.3H2O (2), Ca(val)2.H2O (3), Ca(leu)2.3H2O (4), Ca(met)2.nH2O (5, n approximately 2), and Ca(pro)2.H2O (6) have been isolated in yields between 29 and 67% (gly- = glycinate, ala- = rac-alaninate, val- = rac-valinate, leu- = rac-leucinate, met- = rac-methioninate, pro- = rac-prolinate). The compounds 1-6 are readily soluble in water. The 0.10 M solutions have ca. pH 10-11 which is consistent with a noticeable degree of dissociation. The 13C NMR spectra of 1-6 in D2O were measured, and their comparison with those of the corresponding tetramethylammonium alpha-aminocarboxylates point to carboxylate coordination in solution, but no indication of nitrogen coordination was found. Infrared spectra of 1-6 gave similar results for the solid state. Complete single-crystal X-ray structure analyses of 1-4 and preliminary ones of 5 and 6, however, revealed that all aminocarboxylate ligands are N,O-chelating. Crystals of 2 consist of mononuclear complexes, while the other five compounds form three different types of one-dimensional coordination polymers. Structural diversity is also observed with the binding modes of the aminocarboxylate ligands and the calcium environment. Besides terminal aminocarboxylate coordination, there are three different types of aminocarboxylate bridges. The calcium ions are seven- or eight-coordinate in N2O5 and N2O6 coordination environments, respectively; one or three water molecules are part of the first ligand sphere of each metal ion. The crystal structures support conjectures about the existence of the yet undetected solution species [Cax(aa)2x(H2O)n] (aa- = alpha-aminocarboxylate). For example, x = 1 is realized in crystalline [Ca(ala)2(H2O)3] (2), and in 4 [Ca2(leu)4(H2O)4] complexes (x = 2) are linked to infinite chains by bridging aqua ligands.
Clinical Trials: New Opportunities (2012)

Human cognitive aging has been too long neglected and underappreciated for its critical importance to quality of life in old age. The articles in this session present novel approaches to improving cognitive function in normal aging persons with drugs and interventions that are based on findings in epidemiology, studies in aged animals, and in vitro research. In addition, since aging is the primary risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, these studies also have implications as interventions for prevention and treatment. As a field of research, new knowledge regarding the causes and mechanisms of cognitive aging are ripe for translation into human studies, with the application of this knowledge leading the development of interventions and therapeutics for the prevention of cognitive decline in old age and Alzheimer's disease.
A Site-Specific Tetrafunctional Reagent for Protein Modification:  Cross-Linked Hemoglobin with Two Sites for Further Reaction (1996)

A tetrafunctional site-directed reagent for protein modification has the potential for introducing specific cross-links by reaction at two of its four reactive sites. The remaining reactive groups on the link within the protein are available for further reaction with added reagents. The first example of such a designed multifunctional cross-linker, 3,5,3‘,5‘-biphenyltetracarbonyl tetrakis(3,5-dibromosalicylate), BTDS (1), was prepared by treatment of the tetra tert-butyl ester with trifluoroacetic acid. The ester was from reaction of the acid chloride of biphenyl 3,5,3‘,5‘-tetracarboxylic acid with tert-butyl-3,5-dibromosalicylate. BTDS contains four anionic sites each adjacent to four electrophilic sites. The reaction of BTDS with deoxy human hemoglobin A generates in high yield the biphenyl bis carboxamide at the ε-amino of lysine-82 of each of the β subunits (BBS-Hb). The remaining ester groups from the biphenyl cross-link are available to react with other nucleophiles. This is demonstrated by efficient reaction with ethylenediamine. The use of multifunctional cross-linkers presents opportunities for introduction of probes and bioactive materials.
Memory Overcommit… without the commitment (2008)

Valuable resources in physical servers are often underutilized and virtualization can be employed to consolidate multiple physical servers so that resources are more fully utilized. If a VMM creates the illusion that there are more instances (or bandwidth) of a resource than actually physically available, that resource is considered to be overcommitted (or oversubscribed). For example, if three uniprocessor servers are virtualized (as guests) and consolidated onto one dual-processor server, the CPU resource is considered overcommitted. If all three guests each need to run workloads that always require an entire CPU, these guests would be considered poor candidates for virtualization. But, virtualization works most of the time because most resources on many physical servers are badly underutilized.
Chemically activated nanodiamonds for aluminum alloy corrosion protection and monitoring (2009)

In the present study, a smart coating for light metal alloys was developed and investigated. Chemically activated nanodiamonds (CANDiT) were electrophoretically deposited onto anodized aluminum alloy AA2024 substrates in order to increase corrosion resistance, enhance bonding properties and establish a means of corrosion monitoring based on the fluorescence behavior of the particles. In order to create stable aqueous CANDiT dispersions suitable for electrophoretic deposition, mechanical milling had to be implemented under specific chemical conditions. The influence of the CANDiT volume fraction and pH of the dispersion on the electrochemical properties of the coated samples was investigated. Linear voltammetry measurements reveal that the chemical characteristics of the CANDiT dispersion have a distinct influence on the quality of the coating. The fluorescence spectra as well as fluorescence excitation spectra of the samples show that corrosion can be easily detected by optical means. Furthermore, an optimization on the basis of "smart" - algorithms for the data processing of a surface analysis by the laser-speckle-method is presented.
Evolution of implanted carbon in silicon upon pulsed excimer laser annealing (1996)

Formation of epitaxial Si1−yCy substitutional alloy layers on monocrystalline silicon surfaces with y≊1 at. % is reported. The preparation method was carbon ion implantation, followed by KrF excimer laser annealing. Results of Rutherford backscattering (RBS), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) and infrared absorption analyses are compared. The authors concluded that, up to ∼1 at. % carbon content, the dominant process is nonequilibrium trapping of carbon in substitutional lattice sites upon fast resolidification. Above this concentration the complex carbon redistribution processes are influenced by silicon carbide precipitation in the melt and segregation effects in the near-surface region.
The high mobility group protein HMG I(Y) can stimulate or inhibit DNA binding of distinct transcription factor ATF-2 isoforms. (1994)

The high mobility group protein HMG I(Y) stimulates the binding of a specific isoform of the activating transcription factor 2 (ATF-2(195)) to the interferon beta (IFN-beta) gene promoter. HMG I(Y) specifically interacts with the basic-leucine zipper region of ATF-2(195), and HMG I(Y) binds to two sites immediately flanking the ATF-2 binding site of the IFN-beta promoter. Here, we show that HMG I(Y) can stimulate the binding of ATF-2(195), at least in part, by promoting ATF-2 dimerization. In addition, we report the characterization of a naturally occurring isoform of ATF-2 (ATF-2(192)) that binds specifically to the IFN-beta promoter but is unable to interact with HMG I(Y). Remarkably, HMG I(Y) inhibits the binding of ATF-2(192) to the IFN-beta promoter. Thus, the ability of HMG I(Y) to specifically interact with ATF-2 correlates with its ability to stimulate ATF-2 binding to the IFN-beta promoter. Comparisons of the amino acid sequences of the basic-leucine zipper domains of ATF-2(195) and ATF-2(192) suggest that HMG I(Y) interacts with a short stretch of basic amino acids near the amino terminus of the basic-leucine zipper domain of ATF-2(195).
Identification of Certain Artillery Kinetic Parameters by Limited Memory Least Square Method (2013)

This paper is concerned with the identification problem of certain artillery kinetic parameters during firing. An artillery’s model can be simplified as three rigid body structure joined by a prismatic pair and a revolute pair. The unrestraint dynamic equation of the artillery can be obtained by using multi-rigid-body theory. In order to acquire unknown kinematics parameters, such as displacement, velocity and acceleration, a field experiment was designed. Then by choosing limited memory least square method and using the experiment results, the mass of rigid body could be identified. Finally, the calculative mass was compared to the “real” mass which was consulted in artillery specification book. The whole process shows that the artillery rigid dynamic model and the method of identification are both effective.
A direct method for fatty acid methyl ester synthesis: Application to wet meat tissues, oils, and feedstuffs (2007)

A simplified protocol to obtain fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) directly from fresh tissue, oils, or feedstuffs, without prior organic solvent extraction, is presented. With this protocol, FAME synthesis is conducted in the presence of up to 33% water. Wet tissues, or other samples, are permeabilized and hydrolyzed for 1.5 h at 55 degrees C in 1 N KOH in MeOH containing C13:0 as the internal standard. The KOH is neutralized, and the FFA are methylated by H(2)SO(4) catalysis for 1.5 h at 55 degrees C. Hexane is then added to the reaction tube, which is vortex-mixed and centrifuged. The hexane is pipetted into a gas chromatography vial for subsequent gas chromatography. All reactions are conducted in a single screw-cap Pyrex tube for convenience. The method meets many criteria for fatty acid analysis, including not isomerizing CLA or introducing fatty acid artifacts. It is applicable to fresh, frozen, or lyophilized tissue samples, in addition to oils, waxes, and feedstuffs. The method saves time and effort and is economical when compared with other methods. Its unique performance, including easy sample preparation, is achieved because water is included rather than eliminated in the FAME reaction mixtures.
Public and private funding of basic education in Zambia : implications of budgetary allocations for service delivery (2004)

This report presents findings from a survey of 182 primary (grades 1-7) and basic (grades 1-9) schools carried out in Zambia in 2002. It describes and analyzes resource flows to these schools from three sources: rule-based funding from the center, discretionary funding from district and provincial education offices, and household spending on education. Rule-based funds reached schools exactly as earmarked. The rule-based component of funding was highly progressive, as the same amount was disbursed to all schools irrespective of enrollment. Since small schools tend to have poorer student bodies, the rule-based allocation per pupil translated to more funding for poorer students. Discretionary funds, controlled by the province and district education offices, reached only 25 percent of schools. The discretionary funds were wealth neutral. Even shares were distributed to schools with poor and nonpoor students. Household educational expenditures show that nonfee expenditures by the family are seven times the corresponding expenditure on fees, making them the main source of inequalities in private expenditure. Once private expenditure is factored into the analysis, the nonprogressive nature of the public education funding system worsens: the share of educational expenditures for the poorest 50 percent of the population declines from 40 to 34 percent. Furthermore, when examining substitution between private expenditures and public funding, there is strong evidence that households decrease expenditures when public funding increases. Although public funding could address inequalities in educational spending with progressive allocation across villages and schools, the desired impact of such redistributions may be less than imagined due to the crowding-out of private expenditures. The report suggests that increases in funding may not be the optimal way to improve educational attainment. It might be more beneficial to concentrate instead on providing inputs that households cannot supply on their own, such as high quality teachers.
Cyclosporin A and the thymus. Immunopathology. (1987)

Cyclosporin A (CsA) is known to diminish the size of the thymus, especially the thymic medulla. The significance of these changes is not presently understood. This study reveals several immunopathologic changes induced in the thymic medulla by CsA (15 mg/kg/day). The weight and relative size of the thymus dramatically and rapidly involutes, with marked changes observed in 1 week. The medullary thymocytes show segregation of rat T-cell phenotypes as seen in control rats, but the number of such cells is markedly reduced in accordance with the medullary remnant. This is consistent with a maturational arrest of thymocytes. The medullary epithelium was assessed directly by irradiating the control or CsA-treated rats 2 days prior to sacrifice. The epithelium of Hassall's corpuscles was essentially absent in CsA-treated rats but prominent in control rats. The cortical epithelial cells were preserved. Stains for Ia antigen with the anti-OX4 antibody show little change in expression by cortical epithelium, but a marked reduction in the Ia+ medullary cells in the thymocyte purged rats. All of these changes were reversible in the normal rat after cessation of CsA, with near normal recovery in 3 weeks. No morphologic or immunopathologic changes were noted in the cortical thymocytes. These cells did, however, acquire CsA receptors, as detected by the binding of fluorescent dansylated CsA.
Corrosion of Steel in Concrete (2013)

Abstract The sections in this article are Introduction Concrete Cement Types and Hydration Reaction Porosity and Transport Properties Water‐to‐Cement Ratio and Curing Porosity, Permeability and Percolation Deterioration of Concrete Frost and De‐icing Salts Chemical Attack of Concrete Sea Water Attack by Sulfates Corrosion of Steel in Concrete General Electrochemistry of Steel in Concrete Corrosion Potential Initiation Phase Depassivation Due to Chloride Ions Depassivation Due to Carbonation Propagation Phase Chloride‐Induced Corrosion Preventive Measures Inhibitors as a Preventive Measure Mechanism Nitrites MFP (Sodium Monofluoro Phosphate) Organic‐Based Inhibitors Stainless Steels Epoxy‐Coated Rebars Non‐Metallic Reinforcement Cathodic Prevention Other Preventive Measures Monitoring and Condition Assessment of RC Structures Half‐Cell Potential Mapping Principle Procedure Interpretation Resistivity Measurements General Measurements at the Surface Corrosion Rate General Determination of the Polarization Resistance Execution of the Measurements Corrosion Rate Measurements On‐Site Interpretation of the Results Rehabilitation of Reinforced Concrete Structures General Structural Conditions Cause of Deterioration Expected Service Life of the Structure Corrosion Inhibitors for Repair Electrochemical Protection and Repair Methods Fundamentals The Electrochemical Reactions at the Cathode (the Rebars) Laboratory Results Results from Field Applications Electrochemical Treatment and Monitoring Control of the Effectiveness Durability of the Treatment Traditional Repair Methods Outlook