gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
DeepType: Multilingual Entity Linking by Neural Type System Evolution (2018)

The wealth of structured (e.g. Wikidata) and unstructured data about the world available today presents an incredible opportunity for tomorrow's Artificial Intelligence. So far, integration of these two different modalities is a difficult process, involving many decisions concerning how best to represent the information so that it will be captured or useful, and hand-labeling large amounts of data.DeepType overcomes this challenge by explicitly integrating symbolic information into the reasoning process of a neural network with a type system.First we construct a type system, and second, we use it to constrain the outputs of a neural network to respect the symbolic structure. We achieve this by reformulating the design problem into a mixed integer problem: create a type system and subsequently train a neural network with it. In this reformulation discrete variables select which parent-child relations from an ontology are types within the type system, while continuous variables control a classifier fit to the type system. The original problem cannot be solved exactly, so we propose a 2-step algorithm: 1) heuristic search or stochastic optimization over discrete variables that define a type system informed by an Oracle and a Learnability heuristic, 2) gradient descent to fit classifier parameters.We apply DeepType to the problem of Entity Linking on three standard datasets (i.e. WikiDisamb30, CoNLL (YAGO), TAC KBP 2010) and find that it outperforms all existing solutions by a wide margin, including approaches that rely on a human-designed type system or recent deep learning-based entity embeddings, while explicitly using symbolic information lets it integrate new entities without retraining.
Gelatin-Methacryloyl Hydrogels: Towards Biofabrication-Based Tissue Repair (2016)

Research over the past decade on the cell-biomaterial interface has shifted to the third dimension. Besides mimicking the native extracellular environment by 3D cell culture, hydrogels offer the possibility to generate well-defined 3D biofabricated tissue analogs. In this context, gelatin-methacryloyl (gelMA) hydrogels have recently gained increased attention. This interest is sparked by the combination of the inherent bioactivity of gelatin and the physicochemical tailorability of photo-crosslinkable hydrogels. GelMA is a versatile matrix that can be used to engineer tissue analogs ranging from vasculature to cartilage and bone. Convergence of biological and biofabrication approaches is necessary to progress from merely proving cell functionality or construct shape fidelity towards regenerating tissues. GelMA has a critical pioneering role in this process and could be used to accelerate the development of clinically relevant applications.
1.55-µm tunable DFB laser with narrow linewidth and high power (1989)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text K. SATO, Y. KONDO, M. NAKAO, and M. FUKUDA, "1.55-µm tunable DFB laser with narrow linewidth and high power," in Optical Fiber Communication Conference, Vol. 5 of 1989 OSA Technical Digest Series (Optica Publishing Group, 1989), paper TUH3. Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article
Specific platelet mediators and unstable coronary artery lesions. Experimental evidence and potential clinical implications. (1989)

We have speculated previously that the abrupt conversion from chronic stable to unstable angina and the continuum to acute myocardial infarction may result from myocardial ischemia caused by progressive platelet aggregation and dynamic vasoconstriction themselves caused by local increases in thromboxane and serotonin at sites of coronary artery stenosis and endothelial injury. Platelet aggregation and dynamic coronary artery vasoconstriction probably result from the local accumulation of thromboxane and serotonin and also relative decreases in the local concentrations of endothelially derived vasodilators and inhibitors of platelet aggregation, such as endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) and prostacyclin. With severe reductions in coronary blood flow caused by these mechanisms, platelet aggregates may increase, and an occlusive thrombus composed of platelets and white and red blood cells in a fibrin mesh may develop. When coronary arteries are occluded or narrowed for a sufficient period of time by these mechanisms, myocardial necrosis, electrical instability, or sudden death may occur. We believe that unstable angina and acute myocardial infarction are a continuum in relation to the process of coronary artery thrombosis and vasoconstriction. When the period of platelet aggregation or dynamic vasoconstriction at sites of endothelial injury and coronary artery stenosis is brief, unstable angina or non-Q wave infarction may occur. However, when the coronary artery obstruction by these mechanisms is prolonged for several hours, Q wave myocardial infarction results. Chronic endothelial injury and coronary artery stenosis are probably associated with the accumulation of platelets, white and red blood cells, and a fibrin mesh at the site of stenosis and endothelial injury.
Size effect in mesoscopic epitaxial ferroelectric structures: Increase of piezoelectric response with decreasing feature size (2002)

An epitaxial 200 nm thick film of Pb(Zr0.40Ti0.60)O3 (PZT) has been deposited by reactive rf magnetron sputtering on conductive Nb-doped SrTiO3 (100) (STO). The patterning process involved electron-beam lithography of polymethylmethacrylate, fabrication of a 75 nm thick Cr hard mask layer by means of a lift-off process, and dry etching of PZT. The smallest PZT features obtained were 100 nm in lateral dimensions. Piezoelectric sensitive scanning force microscopy in the contact mode revealed a strong increase of the piezoelectric response for feature sizes with lateral dimensions below 300 nm. It is proposed that this behavior is mainly due to vanishing a domains.
Demonstration of a sensory rhodopsin in eubacteria (2003)

We report the first sensory rhodopsin observed in the eubacterial domain, a green light-activated photoreceptor in Anabaena (Nostoc) sp. PCC7120, a freshwater cyanobacterium. The gene encoding the membrane opsin protein of 261 residues (26 kDa) and a smaller gene encoding a soluble protein of 125 residues (14 kDa) are under the same promoter in a single operon. The opsin expressed heterologously in Escherichia coli membranes bound all-trans retinal to form a pink pigment (lambda max 543 nm) with a photochemical reaction cycle of 110 ms half-life (pH 6.8, 18 degrees C). Co-expression with the 14 kDa protein increased the rate of the photocycle, indicating physical interaction with the membrane-embedded rhodopsin, which we confirmed in vitro by affinity enrichment chromatography and Biacore interaction. The pigment lacks the proton donor carboxylate residue in helix C conserved in known retinylidene proton pumps and did not exhibit detectable proton ejection activity. We detected retinal binding to the protein in Anabaena membranes by SDS-PAGE and autofluorography of 3H-labelled all-trans retinal of reduced membranes from the organism. We conclude that Anabaena rhodopsin functions as a photosensory receptor in its natural environment, and suggest that the soluble 14 kDa protein transduces a signal from the receptor. Therefore, unlike the archaeal sensory rhodopsins, which transmit signals by transmembrane helix-helix interactions with membrane-embedded transducers, the Anabaena sensory rhodopsin may signal through a soluble cytoplasmic protein, analogous to higher animal visual pigments.
(<i>S</i>)-(+)-2-(3‘-Carboxybicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl)- glycine, a Structurally New Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Antagonist (1996)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVLetterNEXT(S)-(+)-2-(3'-Carboxybicyclo[1.1.1]pentyl)- glycine, a Structurally New Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor AntagonistRoberto Pellicciari, Mariarosa Raimondo, Maura Marinozzi, Benedetto Natalini, Gabriele Costantino, and Christian ThomsenView Author Information Istituto di Chimica e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Perugia, Via del Liceo, 1, 06123 Perugia, Italy and Health Care Discovery, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park, DK-2760 Måløv, Denmark Cite this: J. Med. Chem. 1996, 39, 15, 2874–2876Publication Date (Web):July 19, 1996Publication History Received1 April 1996Published online19 July 1996Published inissue 1 January 1996https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm960254ohttps://doi.org/10.1021/jm960254orapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1996 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3721Altmetric-Citations137LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Antagonists,Hydrolysis,Monomers,Peptides and proteins,Receptors Get e-Alerts
Pancreatic ganglioneuronal amyloid. Occurrence in diabetic cats with islet amyloidosis. (1985)

Amyloid in pancreatic ganglia and nerves (ganglioneuronal amyloid) was demonstrated in 4 of 8 diabetic cats with islet amyloid deposits. Eighteen nondiabetic cats (including 4 with islet amyloid) did not have detectable amyloid in pancreatic nerves or ganglia. Ganglioneuronal amyloid had staining characteristics identical to those previously reported for islet amyloid, including 1) congophilia, 2) resistance to oxidation by KMnO4, 3) immunoreactivity (PAP technique) with antiserum to a B-chain-rich insulin fraction, and 4) no reactivity with antisera to insulin, glucagon, or somatostatin. Nonneuronal cells with insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin immunoreactivity were seen in many pancreatic ganglia and nerves; and in a few instances, B cells were found near ganglioneuronal amyloid deposits. The premise that these ganglioneuronal amyloid deposits (like islet amyloid) are insulin-related is supported by their immunoreactivity with antiserum to B-chain-rich insulin and the demonstration of B cells in pancreatic ganglia and nerves.
Bis(<i>tert</i>-butylimido)bis(<i>N,O</i>-chelate)tungsten(VI) Complexes: Probing Amidate and Pyridonate Hemilability (2017)

Four new bis(tert-butylimido)bis(N,O-chelate)tungsten(VI) complexes (3-6), in which the N,O-chelate is an amidate or pyridonate ligand, have been synthesized and characterized. Computational analysis has been used to calculate the relative energies of different stereoisomers and shown how the steric demand of each ligand influences coordination and bonding modes. The electronically saturated complexes have been employed to evaluate 1,3-N,O-chelated metal-ligand interactions. Complexes 3-6 were treated with electrophilic reagents, which resulted in strikingly different reactivity patterns between the amidate and the pyridonate ligated complexes. The observed reactivity differences are accompanied by direct observation of different trends in the hemilability of these two different classes of 1,3-N,O-chelates.
Emergency department management of mosquito-borne illness: malaria, dengue, and West Nile virus. (2014)

Up to 700 million people are infected and more than a million die each year from mosquito-borne illness. While the vast majority of cases occur in endemic tropical and subtropical regions, international travel and migration patterns have increased their prevalence in North America. This review discusses the diagnosis and treatment of the 3 most common mosquito-borne illnesses seen in the United States: Plasmodium falciparum malaria, dengue, and West Nile virus. With no pathognomonic findings, it is critical that emergency clinicians in nonendemic areas maintain a high index of suspicion, conduct a thorough history/travel history, and interpret indirect findings to initiate prompt and appropriate treatment. This review gathers the best evidence from international public health resources, surveillance studies, guidelines, and academic research to give emergency clinicians tools to combat these potentially lethal infections.
Determination of calcium, sodium, potassium and magnesium concentrations in human senile cataractous lenses (2000)

Cataractous lenses have been found to have a distribution of the intracellular ionic environment, the concentrations of potassium and magnesium decreasing and the concentrations of sodium and calcium increasing relative to the cytosol of most cells. This arises as a result of changes to lens membrane characteristics causing an increase in lens membrane permeability. These changes have been found to be initiated as a result of normal ageing of the human lens. In this study, total Ca2+, K+, Na+ and Mg2+ contents have been determined in human normal and cataractous lenses using atomic absorption and flame emission spectroscopy. The normal human lens Ca2+ is between 0.15 and 0.5 miromol g(-1) fresh lens weight; in senile cataracts the value increased up to 9.31 micromol g(-1) ( p < 0.0001). The normal levels of Na+, Mg2+ and K+ are 20, 5.5 and 60 micromol g(-1) respectively; these changed to 136.10, 3.60 and 9.33 micro mol g(-1), respectively in cataractous senile human lenses ( p < 0.002, p < 0.002 and p < 0.01). The remarkable differences in these elements may play some role in cataractogenesis.
Section Review Cardiovascular & Renal: Endothelin receptors and atherosclerosis: a potential target for therapeutic intervention (1996)

Endothelin (ET) is a powerful vasoconstrictor that affects vascular tone and blood pressure; however, recent evidence suggests that ET acts as an autocrine or paracrine factor and plays a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. In humans and in animal models, elevated plasma ET concentrations are associated with hypercholesterolaemia and atherosclerosis. ET and its receptors are located in endothelial cells, macrophages and smooth muscle cells of atherosclerotic and arteriosclerotic lesions. In vitro, endothelial cells, macrophages and smooth muscle cells synthesise ET and express ET receptors. Oxidised low density lipoprotein (LDL), growth factors, vasoactive peptides, and cytokines induce ET gene expression and protein synthesis. Conversely ET stimulates the synthesis of growth factors, inflammatory mediators, chemokines and adhesion molecules. In animal models, ET receptor antagonists decrease fatty streak progression during hypercholesterolaemia, and inhibit the formation of a fibrous neointima following arterial balloon catheter injury. It appears likely that ET indirectly promotes several phases of atherogenesis such as monocyte diapedesis into the artery wall, and the migration and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. In summary, ET appears to be intricately involved in the elaboration of paracrine and autocrine factors mediating inflammation and wound healing. Pharmacological blockade of ET receptors inhibits the development of vascular lesions as a result of either hypercholesterolaemia or physical injury. Thus, it is possible that ET receptor antagonists could be used therapeutically to treat human vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis.
Sulfated di‐, tri‐ and tetraantennary N‐glycans in human Tamm‐Horsfall glycoprotein (1998)

The primary structures of 32 sulfated di-, tri- and tetraantennary N-glycans of human Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (THP) have been determined. THP was isolated from the urine of one healthy male donor. The intact carbohydrate chains were released by PNGase-F and fractionated via FPLC on Resource Q, HPLC on LiChrosorb-NH2, and high-pH anion-exchange chromatography on CarboPac PA-1. Characterizations were performed using 500-MHz and 600-MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopy, in combination with sialidase treatments. The type of characterized N-glycans ranged from monosulfated to trisulfated N-glycans, whereby the sulfate groups were present as 3-O-sulfated Gal (Gal3S) and 4-O-sulfated GalNAc (GalNAc4S). A compilation of the established structures is shown below. [structure in text]
The application of automatic surface lights to improve airport safety (2003)

The Federal Aviation Administration's (FAA's) Airport Surface Traffic Automation (ASTA) program, part of an effort to develop new techniques for managing airport traffic, is discussed. ASTA focuses on advanced surveillance, communications, and automation techniques, with the objectives of improving airport safety, reducing delays, and increasing efficiency. Particular attention is given to the first phase of the ASTA program, ASTA-1, which calls for the development of a system of automatic runway status lights located at entrances to runways and in front of positions from which takeoffs commonly begin. Both types of ASTA-1 lights are designed for fully automatic operation in all-weather conditions. MIT Lincoln Laboratory is working on a demonstration of the ASTA-1 system at Boston's Logan International Airport. This system will operate based on live airport traffic and will validate the operational concept using a scale model of the airport plus surveillance displays. It will not at this stage involve actual surface lights or equipment in the control tower.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
17.11 A 0.65ns-response-time 3.01ps FOM fully-integrated low-dropout regulator with full-spectrum power-supply-rejection for wideband communication systems (2014)

High performance low-dropout regulators (LDOs) are indispensable in a systemon-a-chip (SoC) due to their low output noise, fast transient response and good power supply rejection (PSR) characteristics. In general, differential analog circuit loads need an LDO with high PSR, digital circuit loads need an LDO with fast load transient response, while single-ended analog/RF circuit loads need an LDO with both high PSR and fast transient response. Figure 17.11.1 shows an LDO embedded in an optical receiver that helps improve the sensitivity of the front-end system. On-chip LDOs with PSR in the GHz range are in high demand for wideband optical communication systems because there is only one photo detector in the optical receiver and supply voltage variations would degrade its sensitivity severely.
Engineering Issues and Wear Performance of Metal on Metal Hip Implants (1996)

A major concern in total hip arthroplasty is the generation of polyethylene wear particles at the articulating surfaces and resulting macrophage mediated periimplant osteolysis. There is renewed interest in metal on metal bearings as a solution to this problem in view of their potential for greatly improved wear performance. Using a commercially available hip simulator, the wear performance of metal on metal femoral head and acetabular cup combinations was evaluated and various parameters affecting metal on metal implant wear were identified. Nine implants custom manufactured from 2 medical grades of CoCrMo alloy (ASTM F1537-95 and F75-92) were tested within bovine serum as the lubricant to 3 million cycles (equivalent to approximately 3 years of service in vivo). The progressive wear of the components was determined by gravimetric methods at approximately every 300,000 cycles. The wear rates were characterized by an initial period of accelerated wear after which a lower steady state wear rate was observed for subsequent cycles. The presence of calcium phosphate films on the component surfaces, the microstructure of the lower carbon, wrought alloy, and increased effective radii (decreased diametral clearances) were identified as factors that may be favorable to improved wear performance. The extent of the effect on wear of each parameter, however, cannot be discerned at this point and necessitates a study in which parametric changes are more tightly controlled. The present study suggests that the use of metal on metal articulating surfaces may mitigate the problem of osteolysis by offering improved wear performance.
A General Framework for Uncertainty Estimation in Deep Learning (2020)

Neural networks predictions are unreliable when the input sample is out of the training distribution or corrupted by noise. Being able to detect such failures automatically is fundamental to integrate deep learning algorithms into robotics. Current approaches for uncertainty estimation of neural networks require changes to the network and optimization process, typically ignore prior knowledge about the data, and tend to make over-simplifying assumptions which underestimate uncertainty. To address these limitations, we propose a novel framework for uncertainty estimation. Based on Bayesian belief networks and Monte-Carlo sampling, our framework not only fully models the different sources of prediction uncertainty, but also incorporates prior data information, e.g. sensor noise. We show theoretically that this gives us the ability to capture uncertainty better than existing methods. In addition, our framework has several desirable properties: (i) it is agnostic to the network architecture and task; (ii) it does not require changes in the optimization process; (iii) it can be applied to already trained architectures. We thoroughly validate the proposed framework through extensive experiments on both computer vision and control tasks, where we outperform previous methods by up to 23% in accuracy. The video available at https://youtu.be/X7n-bRS5vSM shows qualitative results of our experiments. The project's code is available at: https://tinyurl.com/s3nygw7.
The Continuum in 5-Fluorocytosine. Toward Salt Formation (2013)

5-Fluorocytosine (5-FC) was crystallized with complementary dicarboxylic acids, aiming to achieve a controlled synthesis of structures based on the ΔpKa rule proposed in the salt–cocrystal continuum study and to provide structural information helpful in the comprehension of its supramolecularity. Although 5-FC tends to be basic, pKa = 3.26, only three salts are reported. In this way, new 5-FC salts were obtained, the fumaric, maleic and oxalic ones, all crystallizing in the monoclinic space group P21/c. In the 5-FC oxalate and fumarate cases, the acid molecules are placed on an inversion center in a fashion that each half molecule exhibits one terminal donor–acceptor site, leading to the constitution of a 5-FC–acid–5-FC heterodimer. Such a heterodimer is observed in only one donor–acceptor site of the maleate of 5-FC, whose acid molecule exhibits a closed chain architecture. Infrared and Raman spectra recorded for the three compounds complement the salt characterization on the basis of the extent of proton transfer. Thermal analysis evidence that the salt formation decreases the melting point of the new compounds, ranking this molecule as a coformer candidate to improve the physical properties of other drugs.