gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Piezoelectrically transduced temperature compensated silicon resonators for timing and frequency reference applications (2016)

Reference oscillators are used in a wide range of electronic devices for timing and for providing the frequency reference signals for wireless communications. Typically, an oscillator has to be based on a mechanical resonator, and for many decades, quartz crystals have served for this purpose. With the progress of microelectromechanical system (MEMS) technologies, silicon resonators have been developed for providing similar functionality as quartz. A silicon MEMS resonator can offer several advantages over quartz, such as smaller device size, decreased costs, and integration with other electronics.\nThis work focuses on two challenges in silicon resonators: First, electromechanical transduction of silicon resonators has typically been achieved with electrostatic coupling, which is inherently quite weak and requires DC biasing of the devices and tends to complicate fabrication. Transduction based on a piezoelectric thin film on top of the resonator has been investigated as an alternative. Second, the resonance frequency of a silicon resonator is orders of magnitude more sensitive to temperature variations than that of a quartz crystal. Degenerate doping of silicon can be used to drastically reduce this effect.\nThe first part of the work concentrates on the design, fabrication and characterization of piezoelectrically transduced silicon resonators. An oscillator based on a width extensional resonator operating at a frequency 24 MHz is demonstrated to have a phase noise -128 dBc/Hz at a 1-kHz offset from the carrier. An experimental test is conducted on piezoelectrically transduced square extensional mode resonators, whose dimensions are varied so that the main resonance mode occurs at a frequency range of f = 13 ... 30 MHz. As a result, an anchor coupling effect is identified and a subharmonic nonlinear coupling mechanism is discovered.\nIn the second part of the work, the effect of degenerate doping on the elastic parameters of silicon is investigated experimentally, with a focus on temperature compensation. Resonance modes that can be temperature compensated using doping are identified, and design rules for the optimization of the frequency stability are developed. The elastic parameters of silicon are determined as a function of temperature and n-type doping up to a level of n = 7.5x1019cm-3, enabling modelling of the frequency-vs-temperature characteristics of an arbitrary resonator design. Extrapolation from the results yields a prediction of full second order temperature compensation in optimally designed resonators for n-type doping level above 1020cm-3. The prediction is experimentally verified by the demonstration of piezoelectrically transduced resonators with frequency stability within +/- 10 ppm on a temperature range ofT = -40 ... +85C, on par with the best quartz crystals.
STEP CUT FOR DICING LAMINATED WAFER IN A QFN PACKAGE (2015)

Miniaturized package with thinner die requirement like Quad Flat No Lead (QFN) has led to new challenges for conventional die attach paste materials and dicing process. Die attach film (DAF) is seem to be the most potential candidate to replace the conventional die attach paste for QFN stacked die. DAF is able to replace epoxy paste in stacked packages in producing good paste bleed control, zero creeping effect and constant bond line thickness (BLT). Dicing die attach film (DDAF) will be used in this study; the laminated DDAF wafer will be diced together during wafer dicing. Laminated wafer will be cut by using step cut method. In dicing DDAF, parameter such as spindle rotation, feed speed, water flow and blade grit size will be considered. However, dicing DDAF laminated wafer is not as simple as the bare silicon wafer. Due to this reason, this paper will reveal the DDAF dicing response. Dicing responses like lateral crack, whisker formation and sidewall effect will be observed. The result shows that step cutting process gives the common dicing effect which is still in the accepted limit. In addition, the implementation of controlling dicing process parameter is crucial to obtain good dicing results.
Photopigments of dogs and foxes and their implications for canid vision (1993)

Electroretinogram (ERG) flicker photometry was used to examine the photopigment complements of representatives of four genera of Canid: domestic dog (Canis familiaris), Island gray fox (Urocyon littoralis), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), and Arctic fox (Alopex lagopus). These four genera share a common cone pigment complement; each has one cone pigment with peak sensitivity of about 555 nm and a second cone pigment with peak at 430-435 nm. These pigment measurements accord well with the conclusions of an earlier investigation of color vision in the dog, and this fact allows some predictions about color vision in the wild canids. An additional set of measurements place the peak of the dog rod pigment at about 508 nm.
CHROMONES IN ALOE SPECIES – Part. 1. Aloesin – a C–glucosyl–7–hydroxychromone (1971)

See also: CHROMONES IN ALOE SPECIES – Part II – AloesonePlanta Med 1972; 22(05): 54-58DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1099582
039  Observation of Angiogenesis in Granulation Tissue Using the Dressing Material (2004)

Aim: It is important to analyze the angiogenesis and the formation of the granulation tissue in understanding the wound healing process. The dressing material is thought that the wound healing is promoted, and understanding the effect of the dressing material. The model which used the dressing material was made, and the angiogenesis in the granulation tissue formation process were compared. Method: The Sprague‐Dawrey rat's granulation formation model and the model which used the dressing materials were made. The granulation tissue was removed on the 7th day, the 14th day, the 28th day, and the 42nd day. The angiogenesis and the formation of network of newly formed vessels during the granulation tissue formation were observed with Confocal laser scanning microscopy. Result: The angiogenesis starts from the depths part of the granuration tissue. Afterwards, it progresses superficial part of the granulation tissue, and the network of the blood vessel is formed. In this process, as the model which used the dressing material, the network of the angiogenesis was admitted from early time.
<title>Ecological approach to partial binocular overlap</title> (1991)

A partial binocular-overlap helmet-mounted display (HMD) allows the presentation of wide-field-of-view imagery with no loss of resolution and a reduction in size and weight. One trade-off with these attributes is binocular rivalry created by the edge of the imagery seen by one eye overlaying continuous imagery seen by the other eye. Three distinct methods are considered that reduce this rivalry--and there are trade-offs with each approach. These three methods are the use of optical stops or filters that provide a luminance gradation that softens the overlapping binocular edges, left/right eye assignment for the flanking monocular regions, and contour lines superimposed on the imagery that correspond to the binocular/monocular borders. These approaches to improving the quality of partial binocular- overlap HMD imagery are considered within an ecological framework, where departures from ecological validity may impact visual perception and system performance.
Nucleotide Polymorphism in the Wheat Transcriptional Activator<i>Spa</i>Influences Its Pattern of Expression and Has Pleiotropic Effects on Grain Protein Composition, Dough Viscoelasticity, and Grain Hardness   (2009)

Storage protein activator (SPA) is a key regulator of the transcription of wheat (Triticum aestivum) grain storage protein genes and belongs to the Opaque2 transcription factor subfamily. We analyzed the sequence polymorphism of the three homoeologous Spa genes in hexaploid wheat. The level of polymorphism in these genes was high particularly in the promoter. The deduced protein sequences of each homoeolog and haplotype show greater than 93% identity. Two major haplotypes were studied for each Spa gene. The three Spa homoeologs have similar patterns of expression during grain development, with a peak in expression around 300 degree days after anthesis. On average, Spa-B is 10 and seven times more strongly expressed than Spa-A and Spa-D, respectively. The haplotypes are associated with significant quantitative differences in Spa expression, especially for Spa-A and Spa-D. Significant differences were found in the quantity of total grain nitrogen allocated to the gliadin protein fractions for the Spa-A haplotypes, whereas the synthesis of glutenins is not modified. Genetic association analysis between Spa and dough viscoelasticity revealed that Spa polymorphisms are associated with dough tenacity, extensibility, and strength. Except for Spa-A, these associations can be explained by differences in grain hardness. No association was found between Spa markers and the average single grain dry mass or grain protein concentration. These results demonstrate that in planta Spa is involved in the regulation of grain storage protein synthesis. The associations between Spa and dough viscoelasticity and grain hardness strongly suggest that Spa has complex pleiotropic functions during grain development.
High-speed low-power logic gates using floating gates (2003)

Low power consumption is attractive because of portability and reliability considerations. One way to reduce this power consumption is lowering the supply voltage. However, low supply voltages leads to reduced time performance if the transistor threshold voltage is not scaled accordingly. To solve this, technologies with reduced threshold voltage devices have emerged. Instead, in this paper we resort to a circuit technique based on floating gate devices in order to lower the threshold voltage. It allows fast operation of logic gates at a low supply voltage in standard technologies. The feasibility of the proposed technique is shown experimentally by a fabricated test chip working at a supply voltage of 0.4 V.
Synthesis and Anti-HSV Activity of A-Ring-Deleted Mappicine Ketone Analog (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and Anti-HSV Activity of A-Ring-Deleted Mappicine Ketone AnalogIsrail Pendrak, Shawn Barney, Robert Wittrock, Dennis M. Lambert, and William D. KingsburyCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1994, 59, 9, 2623–2625Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00088a057https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00088a057research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views404Altmetric-Citations121LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
A Single Matrix Method for Several Problems (1963)

Matrix algebra has become a familiar research tool in recent years, but the teaching and learning problem is still formidable for many individuals. The purpose of this paper is to present a simple generalpurpose method of handling matrices for solving simultaneous equations, including those involved in regression and linear programming problems. High-speed computers and different methods are now used in most practical analysis in this field, but teaching must rely on manual approaches to illustrate the mathematical principles. The method presented here is believed to shorten learning time .and reduce the memory burden. In short, this is an introduction to matrix algebra in one easy lesson. The author wishes to thank Rex Daly and Martin Abel for suggestions that have helped to improve this article.
Standoff Spectroscopy of Surface Adsorbed Chemicals (2009)

Despite its immediate applications, selective detection of trace quantities of surface adsorbed chemicals, such as explosives, without physically collecting the sample molecules is a challenging task. Standoff spectroscopic techniques offer an ideal method of detecting chemicals without using a sample collection step. Though standoff spectroscopic techniques are capable of providing high selectivity, their demonstrated sensitivities are poor. Here we describe standoff detection of trace quantities of surface adsorbed chemicals using two quantum cascade lasers operated simultaneously, with tunable wavelength windows that match with absorption peaks of the analytes. This standoff method is a variation of photoacoustic spectroscopy, where scattered light from the sample surface is used for exciting acoustic resonance of the detector. We demonstrate a sensitivity of 100 ng/cm(2) and a standoff detection distance of 20 m for surface adsorbed analytes such as explosives and tributyl phosphate.
Image-Guided Tissue Sampling: Where Radiology Meets Pathology (2005)

Image-guided breast tissue sampling has become an acceptable alternative to open surgical biopsy for nonpalpable lesions. Advantages of minimally invasive core biopsy compared to open surgical biopsy include lower cost, lower complication rates, and less cosmetic deformity for patients. However, false-negative core biopsies can occur. Thus the imaging of a breast lesion and the histologic result of the core biopsy must be carefully correlated. This involves communication between radiology and pathology.
Effects of Fluid Viscoelasticity on the Performance of an Axial Blood Pump Model (2011)

An aqueous Xanthan gum solution (XGS) was used as blood analog fluid to explore the influence of fluid viscoelasticity on the performance of an axial blood pump model. For comparison, a 39 wt% Newtonian aqueous glycerin solution (GS), the common fluid in blood pump tests, was also used as a working fluid. The experimental results showed that a higher head curve was obtained using XGS in the pump than using GS. The heads of the XGS that were computed using the viscoelastic turbulence model agreed well with the measured data. In contrast, the standard k-ε turbulence model failed to provide satisfactory predictions for the XGS. The computational results revealed that in most parts of the pump model flow fields, the Reynolds shear stress values and turbulent dissipation rates of the XGS were all lower than those of the GS. The hemolysis index of the pump model using the XGS was calculated to be only one-third of that using the GS.
Rivaroxaban in Patients with a Recent Acute Coronary Syndrome (2011)

In patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome, rivaroxaban reduced the risk of the composite end point of death from cardiovascular causes, myocardial infarction, or stroke. Rivaroxaban increased the risk of major bleeding and intracranial hemorrhage but not the risk of fatal bleeding. (Funded by Johnson & Johnson and Bayer Healthcare; ATLAS ACS 2-TIMI 51 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00809965.).
Removal of oil from water surfaces by sorption on unstructured fibers (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRemoval of oil from water surfaces by sorption on unstructured fibersRobert F. Johnson, Tulsidas G. Manjreker, and James E. HalliganCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1973, 7, 5, 439–443Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1973https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es60077a003https://doi.org/10.1021/es60077a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views768Altmetric-Citations104LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Enhanced Stereo Coding with Phase Parameters for MPEG Unified Speech and Audio Coding (2009)

The proposed technology is concerned with a bit-efficient way to deliver phase information. This technology is to encode only interchannel phase difference (IPD) parameter and to estimate overall phase difference (OPD) parameter at the decoder with transmitted interchannel phase difference and channel level difference. The proposed technology reduces the bit rate for phase parameters compared to the case that both IPD parameters and OPD parameters are transmitted as specified in MPEG Parametric Stereo. The entropy coding scheme for phase parameters is improved utilizing the wrapping property of the phase parameters. We introduce phase smoothing at the decoder and adaptive control of quantization precision for phase parameters to minimize annoying artifacts due to abrupt changes of quantized phase parameters. The proposed phase coding can improve stereo sound quality significantly and it was accepted as a part of the MPEG-D USAC (Unified Speech and Audio Coding) standard.
Selective alkylation of poly(A) tracts of RNA inside the cell with the derivative of ethyl ester of oligothymidilate bearing 2‐Chloroethylamino group (1980)

The method of the complementary addressed modification was proposed [I] and realised [2-41 by N. I. Grineva et al. to perform the selective labeling of single-stranded nucleic acids at the predetermined points. The methods were elaborated for the binding of the reactive 2-chloroethylamino group to either 3’or 5’-end of oligonucleotides directing the reagent to the chosen region of nucleic acid [5,6]. The selective mutagenesis of T7 DNA has been described, based on the mRNA derivatives with 2-chloroethylamino groups attached to the guanine residues [7]. A similar idea was presented in [8]. To employ complementary addressed modification in situ it is necessary to overcome at least two difficulties : (i) The low ability of the hydrophilic oligonucleotide or polynucleotide derivatives to cross the outer cell membrane; (ii) The sensitivity of the oligonucleotide moiety of the reagents of the above type to intracellular nucleases. Esterification of the.internucleotide phosphates with ethanol does not result in the loss of the ability of oligonucleotides to undergo Watson-Crick basepairing [9,10]. At the same time these nonzcharged oligonucleotide analogs are sufficiently hydrophobic to penetrate through the cell membrane and exhibit rather high stability towards digestion by nucleases [ill. Here, we describe the alkylating pentanucleotide derivative (CsHSNH)*p(dTpEt)4U with completely esterified internucleotide phosphates and with 2’,3’0-4-(N-2-chloroethyl-N-methylamino)-benzylidene residue attached to the 3’-end of the molecule.
Overview of knowledge extraction techniques in five question-answering systems (2014)

Knowledge extraction is a complex process allowing the identification of previously unknown structures and potentially useful original information from big masses of data. Among its domains of application, we find the question answering systems. This article aims to provide an overview of five Q/A systems : IntelliServe, LaSIE, Quantum, SBLD and Watson. IntelliServe and Watson are commercial and the others are dedicated to the field of research. Each of these systems uses special techniques for the treatment of requests as well as for the extraction of the response.
Modulatory role of focal adhesion kinase in regulating human pulmonary arterial endothelial barrier function (2002)

The adhesive force generated by the interaction of integrin receptors with extracellular matrix (ECM) at the focal adhesion complex may regulate endothelial cell shape, and thereby the endothelial barrier function. We studied the role of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) activated by integrin signalling in regulating cell shape using cultured human pulmonary artery endothelial cells. We used FAK antisense oligonucleotide (targeted to the 3'-untranslated region of FAK mRNA (5'-CTCTGGTTGATGGGATTG-3') to determine the role of FAK in the mechanism of thrombin-induced increase in endothelial permeability. Reduction in FAK expression by the antisense augmented the thrombin-induced decrease in transendothelial electrical resistance (decrease in mock transfected cells of -43 +/- 1 % and in sense-transfected cells of -40 +/- 4 %, compared to the decrease in antisense-transfected cells of -60 +/- 3 %). Reduction in FAK expression also prolonged the drop in electrical resistance and prevented the recovery seen in control endothelial cells. Thus, the thrombin-induced increase in permeability is both greater and attenuated in the absence of FAK expression. Inhibition of actin polymerization with latrunculin-A prevented the translocation of FAK to focal adhesion sites and tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK and paxillin, and concomitantly reduced the thrombin-induced decrease in electrical resistance by approximately 50 %. Thus, the modulatory role of FAK on endothelial barrier function is dependent on actin polymerization. FAK translocation to focal adhesion complex in endothelial cells guided by actin cables and the consequent activation of FAK-associated proteins serve to reverse the decrease in endothelial barrier function caused by inflammatory mediators such as thrombin.
Validation of a mouse conductance system to determine LV volume: comparison to echocardiography and crystals (2000)

The application of left ventricular pressure-volume analysis to transgenic mice to characterize the cardiac phenotype has been problematic due to the small size of the mouse heart and the rapid heartbeat. Conductance technology has been miniaturized for the mouse and can solve this problem. However, there has been no validation of this technique. Accordingly, we performed echocardiography followed by simultaneous ultrasonic crystals, flow probe, and conductance studies in 18 CD-1 mice. Raw conductance volumes were corrected for an inhomogenous electrical field (alpha) and parallel conductance (G(pi)) yielding a stroke volume of 14.1 +/- 3.7 microliter/beat, end-diastolic volume of 20.8 +/- 6.5 microliter, and end-systolic volume of 9.0 +/- 5.8 microliter. The mean conductance volumes were no different from those derived by flow probe and echocardiography but did differ from ultrasonic crystals. G(pi) was determined to be 14.9 +/- 8.7 microliter. However, hypertonic saline altered dimension and pressure in the mouse left ventricle. Although G(pi) can be determined by the hypertonic saline method, saline altered hemodynamics, questioning its validity in the mouse. Although mean measures of absolute volume may be similar among different techniques, individual values did not correlate.