gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Influenza Virus Susceptibility and Resistance to Oseltamivir (2007)

Oseltamivir phosphate is a prodrug of oseltamivir carboxylate, a highly specific inhibitor of influenza virus neuraminidases. Given that oseltamivir carboxylate binds to highly conserved, essential amino acids in the catalytic site of the enzyme, and that the activity of neuraminidase is critical for virus release from infected cells and subsequent virus spread, the drug was expected to have a low propensity to select for viable resistant mutants. Indeed, viruses with neuraminidase (and haemagglutinin) substitutions conferring reduced susceptibility to oseltamivir have been generated with difficulty in vitro, and these mutants generally have reduced infectivity and transmissibility compared with wild-type virus in animal models. Studies of seasonal influenza isolates collected before the introduction of oseltamivir show an absence of naturally occurring resistance. Few resistant mutants have arisen during clinical trials of oseltamivir in seasonal influenza, with cumulative data from all Roche-sponsored studies indicating an incidence of resistance of 0.32% in adults (0.4%, including low-level mutants detected by genotyping alone in mixed virus populations) and 4.1% (5.4%) in children. Higher incidences of resistance were observed in two small Japanese studies, in which children received a different dosing schedule from their Western counterparts. In summary, the overall incidence of influenza virus resistance associated with the seasonal use of oseltamivir is currently low and resistant viruses might be of little clinical significance, except perhaps in immunocompromised individuals. However, continued vigilance, especially of emerging avian H5N1 strains, combined with careful, systematic laboratory-based monitoring, is essential.
The Retinotopic Organization of the Human Middle Temporal Area MT/V5 and Its Cortical Neighbors (2010)

Although there is general agreement that the human middle temporal (MT)/V5+ complex corresponds to monkey area MT/V5 proper plus a number of neighboring motion-sensitive areas, the identification of human MT/V5 within the complex has proven difficult. Here, we have used functional magnetic resonance imaging and the retinotopic mapping technique, which has very recently disclosed the organization of the visual field maps within the monkey MT/V5 cluster. We observed a retinotopic organization in humans very similar to that documented in monkeys: an MT/V5 cluster that includes areas MT/V5, pMSTv (putative ventral part of the medial superior temporal area), pFST (putative fundus of the superior temporal area), and pV4t (putative V4 transitional zone), and neighbors a more ventral putative human posterior inferior temporal area (phPIT) cluster. The four areas in the MT/V5 cluster and the two areas in the phPIT cluster each represent the complete contralateral hemifield. The complete MT/V5 cluster comprises 70% of the motion localizer activation. Human MT/V5 is located in the region bound by lateral, anterior, and inferior occipital sulci and occupies only one-fifth of the motion complex. It shares the basic functional properties of its monkey homolog: receptive field size relative to other areas, response to moving and static stimuli, as well as sensitivity to three-dimensional structure from motion. Functional properties sharply distinguish the MT/V5 cluster from its immediate neighbors in the phPIT cluster and the LO (lateral occipital) regions. Together with similarities in retinotopic organization and topological neighborhood, the functional properties suggest that MT/V5 in human and macaque cortex are homologous.
Polymorphisms in TGFbeta and TNFalpha are associated with the myelodysplastic syndrome phenotype. (2007)

Polymorphisms associated with increased expression in the cytokines TNFalpha and TGFbeta1 are overrepresented in the MDS population suggesting that increased TNF-alpha and TGF-beta1 activity may contribute to the susceptibility and/or pathogenesis of MDS. Further studies with larger sample sizes are warranted to confirm our observation.
A compactly integrated laser‐induced fluorescence detector for microchip electrophoresis (2004)

A simple and easy-to-use integrated laser-induced fluorescence detector for microchip electrophoresis was constructed and evaluated. The fluid channels and optical fiber channels in the glass microchip were fabricated using standard photolithographic techniques and wet chemical etching. A 473 nm diode-pumped laser was used as the excitation source, and the collimation and collection optics and mirrors were discarded by using a multimode optical fiber to couple the excitation light straight into the microchannel and placing the microchip directly on the top of the photomultiplier tube. A combination of filter systems was incorporated into a poly(dimethylsiloxane) layer, which was reversibly sealed to the bottom of the microchip to eliminate the scattering excitation light reaching to the photomultiplier tube. Fluorescein/calcein samples were taken as model analytes to evaluate the performance with respect to design factors. The detection limits were 0.05 microM for fluorescein and 0.18 microM for calcein, respectively. The suitability of this simple detector for fluorescence detection was demonstrated by baseline separation of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled arginine, phenylalanine, and glycine and FITC within 30 s at separation length of 3.8 cm and electrical field strength of 600 V/cm.
Retigabine (ezogabine) as add-on therapy for partial-onset seizures: an update for clinicians (2011)

Retigabine is a promising agent for adjunctive treatment of refractory partial-onset seizures.
Angiotensin‐dependent autonomic dysregulation precedes dilated cardiomyopathy in a mouse model of muscular dystrophy (2015)

What is the central question of this study? Is autonomic dysregulation in a mouse model of muscular dystrophy dependent on left ventricular systolic dysfunction and/or activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and does it predict development of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM)? What is the main finding and its importance? The results demonstrate that autonomic dysregulation precedes and predicts left ventricular dysfunction and DCM in sarcoglycan-δ-deficient (Sgcd-/-) mice. The autonomic dysregulation is prevented by treatment of young Sgcd-/- mice with the angiotensin II type 1 receptor blocker losartan. Measurements of RAS activation and autonomic dysregulation may predict risk of DCM, and therapies targeting the RAS and autonomic dysregulation at a young age may slow disease progression in patients. Sarcoglycan mutations cause muscular dystrophy. Patients with muscular dystrophy develop autonomic dysregulation and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), but the temporal relationship and mechanism of autonomic dysregulation are not well understood. We hypothesized that activation of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) causes autonomic dysregulation prior to development of DCM in sarcoglycan-δ-deficient (Sgcd-/-) mice and that the severity of autonomic dysfunction at a young age predicts the severity of DCM at older ages. At 10-12 weeks of age, when left ventricular function assessed by echocardiography remained normal, Sgcd-/- mice exhibited decreases in arterial pressure, locomotor activity, baroreflex sensitivity and cardiovagal tone and increased sympathetic tone compared with age-matched C57BL/6 control mice (P < 0.05). Systemic and skeletal muscle RAS were activated, and angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1 R) expression, superoxide and fibrosis were increased in dystrophic skeletal muscle (P < 0.05). Treatment with the AT1 R blocker losartan for 7-9 weeks beginning at 3 weeks of age prevented or strongly attenuated the abnormalities in Sgcd-/- mice (P < 0.05). Repeated assessment of phenotypes between 10 and 75 weeks of age demonstrated worsening of autonomic function, progressive cardiac dysfunction and DCM and increased mortality in Sgcd-/- mice. High sympathetic tone predicted subsequent left ventricular dysfunction. We conclude that activation of the RAS causes severe autonomic dysregulation in young Sgcd-/- mice, which portends a worse long-term prognosis. Therapeutic targeting of the RAS at a young age may improve autonomic function and slow disease progression in muscular dystrophy.
Retardation Lens Used to Improve the Abundance Sensitivity of a Mass Spectrometer (1967)

A retardation lens has been placed between the resolving slit and the ion detector in a mass spectrometer. It has been used to reject ions that have lost significant energy by collision with residual gas atoms in the system. Several types of lens have been investigated. A considerable increase in the abundance sensitivity on both the high and low mass side of a peak results from the use of this device.
Mechanical properties of toughened ZrO <sub>2</sub> ‐Y <sub>2</sub> O <sub>3</sub> Ceramics (1986)

Tetragonal zirconia polycrystals were produced from high‐purity powders containing 1.5 to 5.0 mol% Y 2 O 3 by cold isostatic pressing and sintering, hot‐pressing, and hot isostatic pressing. The mechanical properties and microstructures of these resulting materials were examined, with emphasis on the relation between strength and fracture toughness.
[Expression activity of maize Ubi-1 promoter in fertile transgenic maize plants]. (2002)

The encoding sequence of gus gene from Escherichia coli was fused with maize Ubi-1 promoter and was introduced into maize genome via particle bombardment. Fertile transgenic maize plants were regenerated from bombarded type-I calluses which were derived from scutellar tissue of immature embryos based on PPT selection. Expression activity of gus gene under the control of Ubi-1 promoter was analysed using histochemical method, and the results showed that gus gene expressed in most tissues except anther. Ubi-GUS expression in pollen, egg cell and T1 immature embryos revealed that this promoter was active in early stages of plant development. Histochemically stained pollen grains of T0 plants showed a 1:1 segregation of the gus gene, which suggested that the foreign gene was inherited in Mendelian model in these plants. In addition, maize Ubi-1 promoter could reduce the copy number of foreign genes in transgenic maize plants, which might be useful in avoidance of gene silencing. T1 seeds have been harvested.
Development of ambient sampling chemi/chemical ion source with dielectric barrier discharge (2010)

The development of a new configuration of chemical ionization (CI)-based ion source is presented. The ambient air containing the gaseous sample is sniffed into an enclosed ionization chamber which is of sub-ambient pressure, and is subsequently mixed with metastable species in front of the ion inlet of the mass spectrometer. Metastable helium atoms (He*) are used in this study as the primary ionizing agents and are generated from a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) source. The DBD is powered by an AC high-voltage supply and the configuration of the electrodes is in such a way that the generated plasma is confined within the discharge tube and is not extended into the ionization chamber. The construction of the ion source is simple, and volatile compounds released from the bulky sample can also be analyzed directly by approaching the sample to the sampling nozzle. When combined with heated nitrogen or other desorption methods, its application can also be extended to non-volatile compounds, and the consumption for helium can be kept minimum solely for maintaining the stable discharge and gas phase ionization. Applications to non-proximate sample analysis, direct determination of active ingredients in drug tablets and the detection of trace explosive such as hexamethylene triperoxide diamine are demonstrated.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Mannich Reaction of Glycine Derivatives with N‐Tosylimines Using Copper(I)/TF‐BiphamPhos Complex. (2010)

Abstract Under optimized conditions, aromatic, heteroaromatic and aliphatic α,β‐diamino acid esters are formed with high anti‐selectivity and up to 97% enantioselectivity.
Antibacterial Polypropylene via Surface-Initiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (2007)

Polypropylene (PP) coated by a non-leachable biocide was prepared by chemically attaching poly(quaternary ammonium) (PQA) to the surface of PP. The well-defined poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA), a precursor of PQA, was grown from the surface of PP via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The tertiary ammine groups in PDMAEMA were consequently converted to QA in the presence of ethyl bromide. Successful surface modification was confirmed by ATR-FTIR, contact angle measurement, and an antibacterial activity test against Escherichia coli (E. coli). The biocidal activity of the resultant surfaces depends on the amount of the grafted polymers (the number of available quaternary ammonium units). With the same grafting density, the surface grafted with relatively high MW polymers (M(n) > 10,000 g/mol) showed almost 100% killing efficiency (killing all of the input E. coli (2.9 x 10(5)) in the shaking test), whereas a low biocidal activity (85%) was observed for the surface grafted with shorter PQA chains (M(n) = 1,500 g/mol).
Pore surface engineering in covalent organic frameworks (2011)

Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are a class of important porous materials that allow atomically precise integration of building blocks to achieve pre-designable pore size and geometry; however, pore surface engineering in COFs remains challenging. Here we introduce pore surface engineering to COF chemistry, which allows the controlled functionalization of COF pore walls with organic groups. This functionalization is made possible by the use of azide-appended building blocks for the synthesis of COFs with walls to which a designable content of azide units is anchored. The azide units can then undergo a quantitative click reaction with alkynes to produce pore surfaces with desired groups and preferred densities. The diversity of click reactions performed shows that the protocol is compatible with the development of various specific surfaces in COFs. Therefore, this methodology constitutes a step in the pore surface engineering of COFs to realize pre-designed compositions, components and functions.
Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane as a Cross-linker for Preparation of Inorganic−Organic Hybrid Monolithic Columns (2010)

An inorganic-organic hybrid monolithic capillary column was synthesized via thermal free radical copolymerization within the confines of a capillary using a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) reagent as the inorganic-organic hybrid cross-linker and a synthesized long carbon chain quaternary ammonium methacrylate of N-(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl)-dimethyloctadecylammonium bromide (MDOAB) as the organic monomer. The preparation process was as simple as pure organic polymer-based monolithic columns instead of using POSS as the nanosized inorganic-organic hybrid blocks (cross-linker) of the monolithic matrix. The pore properties and permeability could be tuned by the composition of the polymerization mixture. The characterization and evaluation results indicated that the synthesized MDOA-POSS hybrid monolith possessed the merits of organic polymer-based monoliths and silica-based monoliths with good mechanical and pH (pH 1-11) stabilities, which may be attributed to the incorporation of the rigid nanosized silica core of POSS. Column efficiencies of 223 000 and 50 000 N/m were observed in capillary electro-driven chromatography (CEC) and mu-HPLC, respectively. Peptides and standard proteins were baseline separated by this hybrid column in CEC and mu-HPLC, respectively, as well. The separation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) tryptic digest was also attempted to show its potential application in proteome analysis.
Possible use of a nuclear explosive for stimulation of a natural gas reservoir (1965)

A report titled Project Gas-buggy was made of a joint study by staff personnel of the El Paso Natural Gas Co., the San Francisco Operations Office of the U.S. Atomic Energy Comm. and the U.S. Bureau of Mines. Certain conclusions and recommendations were made, among which are the following: The shock effect of a nuclear explosion will have a beneficial effect on producing characteristics of gas wells in formations of low permeability. Estimates based on anticipated fracturing effects indicate the use of nuclear explosives would increase total energy resources of the nation by improving recovery and production rates from such formations. The study team concluded that a nuclear experiment to test the concept can be executed safely, with no serious inconvenience to residents in the area of San Juan basin of New Mexico. Because of the magnitude of the benefits that might be obtained at a reasonable cost, it is recommended by the study team that an experiment be carried out to test and investigate the concept of nuclear stimulation of gas wells.
Embelin Improves the Spatial Memory and Hippocampal Long-Term Potentiation in a Rat Model of Chronic Cerebral Hypoperfusion (2019)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the second most occurring neurological disorder after stroke and is associated with cerebral hypoperfusion, possibly contributing to cognitive impairment. In the present study, neuroprotective and anti-AD effects of embelin were evaluated in chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) rat model using permanent bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO) method. Rats were administered with embelin at doses of 0.3, 0.6 or 1.2 mg/kg (i.p) on day 14 post-surgery and tested in Morris water maze (MWM) followed by electrophysiological recordings to access cognitive abilities and synaptic plasticity. The hippocampal brain regions were extracted for gene expression and neurotransmitters analysis. Treatment with embelin at the doses of 0.3 and 0.6 mg/kg significantly reversed the spatial memory impairment induced by CCH in rats. Embelin treatment has significantly protected synaptic plasticity impairment as assessed by hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP) test. The mechanism of this study demonstrated that embelin treatment alleviated the decreased expression of BDNF, CREB1, APP, Mapt, SOD1 and NFκB mRNA levels caused by CCH rats. Furthermore, treatment with embelin demonstrated neuromodulatory activity by its ability to restore hippocampal neurotransmitters. Overall these data suggest that embelin improve memory and synaptic plasticity impairment in CCH rats and can be a potential drug candidate for neurodegenerative disease-related cognitive disorders.
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol and cardiovascular disease. Four prospective American studies. (1989)

The British Regional Heart Study (BRHS) reported in 1986 that much of the inverse relation of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC) and incidence of coronary heart disease was eliminated by covariance adjustment. Using the proportional hazards model and adjusting for age, blood pressure, smoking, body mass index, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, we analyzed this relation separately in the Framingham Heart Study (FHS), Lipid Research Clinics Prevalence Mortality Follow-up Study (LRCF) and Coronary Primary Prevention Trial (CPPT), and Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (MRFIT). In CPPT and MRFIT (both randomized trials in middle-age high-risk men), only the control groups were analyzed. A 1-mg/dl (0.026 mM) increment in HDLC was associated with a significant coronary heart disease risk decrement of 2% in men (FHS, CPPT, and MRFIT) and 3% in women (FHS). In LRCF, where only fatal outcomes were documented, a 1-mg/dl increment in HDLC was associated with significant 3.7% (men) and 4.7% (wome...
Extensive Within-Host Diversity in Fecally Carried Extended-Spectrum-Beta-Lactamase-Producing Escherichia coli Isolates: Implications for Transmission Analyses (2015)

Studies of the transmission epidemiology of antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli, such as strains harboring extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) genes, frequently use selective culture of rectal surveillance swabs to identify isolates for molecular epidemiological investigation. Typically, only single colonies are evaluated, which risks underestimating species diversity and transmission events. We sequenced the genomes of 16 E. coli colonies from each of eight fecal samples (n = 127 genomes; one failure), taken from different individuals in Cambodia, a region of high ESBL-producing E. coli prevalence. Sequence data were used to characterize both the core chromosomal diversity of E. coli isolates and their resistance/virulence gene content as a proxy measure of accessory genome diversity. The 127 E. coli genomes represented 31 distinct sequence types (STs). Seven (88%) of eight subjects carried ESBL-positive isolates, all containing blaCTX-M variants. Diversity was substantial, with a median of four STs/individual (range, 1 to 10) and wide genetic divergence at the nucleotide level within some STs. In 2/8 (25%) individuals, the same blaCTX-M variant occurred in different clones, and/or different blaCTX-M variants occurred in the same clone. Patterns of other resistance genes and common virulence factors, representing differences in the accessory genome, were also diverse within and between clones. The substantial diversity among intestinally carried ESBL-positive E. coli bacteria suggests that fecal surveillance, particularly if based on single-colony subcultures, will likely underestimate transmission events, especially in high-prevalence settings.
Multimodal Complementary Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor Sensor Device for Imaging of Fluorescence and Electrical Potential in Deep Brain of Mouse (2010)

We have developed a multimodal complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) sensor device for observing neural activities in the deep brain of a mouse. The CMOS sensor includes an image sensor, electrodes, and a light-emitting diode (LED). The image sensor was designed to be operated using only four inputs/outputs (I/Os) to reduce the number of connecting wires. The electrodes were placed on the pixel array of the sensor. Windows were opened in the electrode over the photodiodes to enable the fluorescence to be imaged using the pixels under the electrodes. An LED was mounted on the chip. The sensor chip was shaped like a shank to facilitate smooth insertion into the brain tissue. The entire device was coated with a parylene layer to make it biocompatible. The experimental results showed that the green fluorescent beads on the pixel array were successfully imaged using the LED on the chip as a light source. In a brain phantom, the change in the electrical potential was successfully sensed by the electrode, and green fluorescent beads were simultaneously imaged using the pixels under the electrode. We also demonstrated that the CMOS sensor device could successfully operate in the hippocampal area of an anesthetized mouse.
A <i>Bacillus megaterium</i> Plasmid System for the Production, Export, and One-Step Purification of Affinity-Tagged Heterologous Levansucrase from Growth Medium (2006)

A multiple vector system for the production and export of recombinant affinity-tagged proteins in Bacillus megaterium was developed. Up to 1 mg/liter of a His6-tagged or Strep-tagged Lactobacillus reuteri levansucrase was directed into the growth medium, using the B. megaterium esterase LipA signal peptide, and recovered by one-step affinity chromatography.