gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inflammation in Atherosclerosis: From Vascular Biology to Biomarker Discovery and Risk Prediction (2007)

Recent investigations of atherosclerosis have focused on inflammation, providing new insight into mechanisms of disease. Inflammatory cytokines involved in vascular inflammation stimulate the generation of endothelial adhesion molecules, proteases, and other mediators, which may enter the circulation in soluble form. These primary cytokines also induce production of the messenger cytokine interleukin-6, which stimulates the liver to increase production of acute-phase reactants such as C-reactive protein. In addition, platelets and adipose tissue can generate inflammatory mediators relevant to atherothrombosis. Despite the irreplaceable utility of plasma lipid profiles in assessment of atherosclerotic risk, these profiles provide an incomplete picture. Indeed, many cardiovascular events occur in individuals with plasma cholesterol concentrations below the National Cholesterol Education Program thresholds of 200 mg/dL for total cholesterol and 130 mg/dL for low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. The concept of the involvement of inflammation in atherosclerosis has spurred the discovery and adoption of inflammatory biomarkers for cardiovascular risk prediction. C-reactive protein is currently the best validated inflammatory biomarker; in addition, soluble CD40 ligand, adiponectin, interleukin 18, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 may provide additional information for cardiovascular risk stratification and prediction. This review retraces the biology of atherothrombosis and the evidence supporting the role of inflammatory biomarkers in predicting primary cardiovascular events in this biologic context.
Can the difficulty level reached in computer-based training predict results in x-ray image interpretation tests? (2010)

As scientific studies have shown, the performance of airport security screening officers in x-ray image interpretation depends critically on individual abilities and visual knowledge acquired through class-room, computer-based (CBT) and on-the job training. The effectiveness of adaptive CBT in increasing the efficiency in x-ray image interpretation of screening officers could be verified in several studies. Individually adaptive CBT systems, like X-Ray Tutor (XRT), are constructed in such a way that with increasing performance of each individual the difficulty level will increase and become more challenging with respect to three imaged-based factors: viewpoint (depending on rotation of threat items in a bag), superposition by other items and bag complexity. The focus of this study was to examine to what extend the achieved training level in XRT positively correlates with performance in the X-Ray Competency Assessment Test (X-Ray CAT) or, more specifically, whether screeners that have acquired higher difficulty levels also achieved better test results. Knowledge about an acquired difficulty level could then, subsequently, provide an indication about the screeners' x-ray image interpretation competency. Furthermore, analysis of these correlations would suggest which XRT difficulty level screening officers should have mastered in order to be acknowledged as proficient, and for them to be well prepared to pass initial and recurrent certification with the X-Ray CAT. The latter is of particular interest as the X-Ray CAT is being used for certification at several European airports. A further goal of this study was to reproduce results of previous studies confirming the effectiveness of adaptive CBT for increasing detection performance of screeners. The study was carried out at one international airport. 199 screening officers underwent training with XRT for 20 months. Assessments were taken before the start, after 13 months and finally after 20 months of training. Analyses showed high positive correlations between the achieved XRT training levels and the individual's performance in the X-Ray CAT. Based on these results, recommendations on which XRT level should be reached before initial and recurrent certification of x-ray image interpretation competency are derived. Furthermore, large increases in detection performance were found when comparing performance obtained at the three measurement dates, supporting results of earlier studies.
MicroRNAs in HIV-1 infection: an integration of viral and cellular interaction at the genomic level (2012)

The microRNA pathways govern complex interactions of the host and virus at the transcripts level that regulate cellular responses, viral replication and viral pathogenesis. As a group of single-stranded short non-coding ribonucleotides (ncRNAs), the microRNAs complement their messenger RNA (mRNA) targets to effect post-transcriptional or translational gene silencing. Previous studies showed the ability of human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) to encode microRNAs which modify cellular defence mechanisms thus creating an environment favorable for viral invasion and replication. In corollary, cellular microRNAs were linked to the alteration of HIV-1 infection at different stages of replication and latency. As evidences further establish the regulatory involvement of both cellular and viral microRNA in HIV-1-host interactions, there is a necessity to organize this information. This paper would present current and emerging knowledge on these multi-dimensional interactions that may facilitate the design of microRNAs as effective antiretroviral reagents.
Address Oblivious Code Reuse: On the Effectiveness of Leakage-Resilient Diversity (2017)

Author(s): Robert Rudd, Richard Skowyra, David Bigelow, Veer Dedhia, Thomas Hobson, Stephen Crane, Christopher Liebchen, Per Larsen, Lucas Davi, Michael Franz, Ahmad-Reza Sadeghi, Hamed Okhravi Download: Paper (PDF) Date: 27 Feb 2017 Document Type: Reports Additional Documents: Slides Video Associated Event: NDSS Symposium 2017 Abstract: Memory corruption vulnerabilities not only allow modification of control data and … Continued
Determination of the antigen/epitope that is recognized by human monoclonal antibody CLN-IgG (2001)

Ever since the development of human monoclonal antibody CLN-IgG in 1982, we anticipated the identification of the antigen that is recognized by this antibody. Despite its scarce expression on the cell surface, susceptibility to proteolytic enzymes an
Trusted user authentication scheme combining password with fingerprint for mobile devices (2008)

Mobile equipment (ME) playing an important role of bridge between wireless network and mobile user has been facing more and more security threats. Trusted mobile platform (TMP) was proposed by TCG (Trusted Computing Group) as a new mechanism to enhance the security of the resource-constrained ME. In this paper, we embark a new study on constructing a TMP according to ME’s feature, and performing mutual authentication in mobile user domain. A smart-phone’s processor is used as an example to demonstrate the constructing of TMP, along with which three methods for adding trusted platform module (TPM) in ME are presented respectively. In the framework of TMP, we also propose a user authentication scheme combining password and fingerprint with the USIM (Universal Subscriber Identity Module). The proposed scheme is validated through a performance analysis and experimental test. The validation result shows that our approach offers better efficiency and advanced security over the authentication scheme presented in TMP’s draft standard. It also outperforms TCG’s user authorization scheme by providing improved security, flexibility and universality.
A Laboratory Assessment of Factors That Affect Bacterial Adhesion to Contact Lenses (2013)

Adhesion of pathogenic microbes, particularly bacteria, to contact lenses is implicated in contact lens related microbial adverse events. Various in vitro conditions such as type of bacteria, the size of initial inoculum, contact lens material, nutritional content of media, and incubation period can influence bacterial adhesion to contact lenses and the current study investigated the effect of these conditions on bacterial adhesion to contact lenses. There was no significant difference in numbers of bacteria that adhered to hydrogel etafilcon A or silicone hydrogel senofilcon A contact lenses. Pseudomonas aeruginosa adhered in higher numbers compared to Staphylococcus aureus. Within a genera/species, adhesion of different bacterial strains did not differ appreciably. The size of initial inoculum, nutritional content of media, and incubation period played significant roles in bacterial adhesion to lenses. A set of in vitro assay conditions to help standardize adhesion between studies have been recommended.
Generation of Calcium Oscillations in Fibroblasts by Positive Feedback Between Calcium and IP <sub>3</sub> (1991)

A wide variety of nonexcitable cells generate repetitive transient increases in cytosolic calcium ion concentration ([Ca2+]i) when stimulated with agonists that engage the phosphoinositide signalling pathway. Current theories regarding the mechanisms of oscillation disagree on whether Ca2+ inhibits or stimulates its own release from internal stores and whether inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DG) also undergo oscillations linked to the Ca2+ spikes. In this study, Ca2+ was found to stimulate its own release in REF52 fibroblasts primed by mitogens plus depolarization. However, unlike Ca2+ release in muscle and nerve cells, this amplification was insensitive to caffeine or ryanodine and required hormone receptor occupancy and functional IP3 receptors. Oscillations in [Ca2+]i were accompanied by oscillations in IP3 concentration but did not require functional protein kinase C. Therefore, the dominant feedback mechanism in this cell type appears to be Ca2+ stimulation of phospholipase C once this enzyme has been activated by hormone receptors.
<title>Imaging with page-sized A-Si:H two-dimensional sensor arrays</title> (1994)

We present a document imaging system using page-sized amorphous silicon 2D sensor arrays. Two arrays of approximately 8' X 10' in area are used. One has 512 X 560 pixels and the other one has 1536 X 1920 pixels. The scanner can operate in either a contact imaging mode or a projection mode. The system has a signal-to-noise ratio of 1000, limited by the noise in the readout amplifier. Using sequential flash lamp exposures with appropriate color filters, one can achieve color imaging of a document with a perfect registration. In this paper, we describe sensor structure, electrical properties, and system design of the imager. We discuss the potential of the amorphous silicon sensor array as an electronic color document input device. The high sensitivity of the array allows high-speed scanning of a document and medical x-ray imaging (with a phosphor layer).
The potential benefit of 5% Sulfamylon Solution in the treatment of Acinetobacter baumannii-contaminated traumatic war wounds. (2005)

Five percent Sulfamylon Solution, initially developed for wartime use, and currently limited by the Food and Drug Administration to soaks following meshed split-thickness autografts following excision of second-degree and third-degree burns, has a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and extensive off-label applicability. It is an ideal agent for use in the treatment of war wounds, and should be considered as a superior replacement for normal saline in the current guidelines for open combat casualty wounds.
ESTIMATING SITE OCCUPANCY RATES WHEN DETECTION PROBABILITIES ARE LESS THAN ONE (2002)

Nondetection of a species at a site does not imply that the species is absent unless the probability of detection is 1. We propose a model and likelihood-based method for estimating site occupancy rates when detection probabilities are <1. The model provides a flexible framework enabling covariate information to be included and allowing for missing observations. Via computer simulation, we found that the model provides good estimates of the occupancy rates, generally unbiased for moderate detection probabilities (>0.3). We estimated site occupancy rates for two anuran species at 32 wetland sites in Maryland, USA, from data collected during 2000 as part of an amphibian monitoring program, Frogwatch USA. Site occupancy rates were estimated as 0.49 for American toads (Bufo americanus), a 44% increase over the proportion of sites at which they were actually observed, and as 0.85 for spring peepers (Pseudacris crucifer), slightly above the observed proportion of 0.83.
Transitionless quantum driving (2009)

For a general quantum system driven by a slowly time-dependent Hamiltonian, transitions between instantaneous eigenstates are exponentially weak. But a nearby Hamiltonian exists for which the transition amplitudes between any eigenstates of the original Hamiltonian are exactly zero for all values of slowness. The general theory is illustrated by spins driven by changing magnetic fields, and implies that any spin expectation history, including those where the spin never precesses, can be generated by infinitely many driving fields, here displayed explicitly. Asymptotically, the absence of transitions is explained by continuation to complex time, where the complex degeneracies in the transitionless driving fields have a nongeneric structure for which there is no Stokes phenomenon; this is analogous to the explanation of reflectionless potentials.
Nach dem Abschluss ist vor dem Abschluss (2002)

ZusammenfassungNur die allerwenigsten Verkäufer fragen ihre Kunden nach Empfehlungen. Die meisten verlassen ihren Kunden nach einem Abschluss geradezu fluchtartig; Immerhin könnte er es sich ja wieder anders überlegen. Ein solches Verhalten ist grundlegend falsch! In dem Moment, in dem der Kunde Ihnen Ihr Produkt abgekauft hat, ist die Qualität Ihrer Beziehung am besten und am wertvollsten. Gerade jetzt sollten Sie die Möglichkeit, eine Empfehlung zu erhalten, nutzen. Denn eine kostengünstigere Möglichkeit, Neukunden zu akquirieren, können Sie gar nicht bekommen. Profitieren Sie von den persönlichen und geschäftlichen Beziehungen Ihres Kunden! Vielleicht erhalten Sie sogar Zutritt zu seinem Netzwerk.
ABA receptors: the START of a new paradigm in phytohormone signalling (2010)

The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays a central role in plant development and in plant adaptation to both biotic and abiotic stressors. In recent years, knowledge of ABA metabolism and signal transduction has advanced rapidly to provide detailed glimpses of the hormone's activities at the molecular level. Despite this progress, many gaps in understanding have remained, particularly at the early stages of ABA perception by the plant cell. The search for an ABA receptor protein has produced multiple candidates, including GCR2, GTG1, and GTG2, and CHLH. In addition to these candidates, in 2009 several research groups converged on a novel family of Arabidopsis proteins that bind ABA, and thereby interact directly with a class of protein phosphatases that are well known as critical players in ABA signal transduction. The PYR/PYL/RCAR receptor family is homologous to the Bet v 1-fold and START domain proteins. It consists of 14 members, nearly all of which appear capable of participating in an ABA receptor-signal complex that responds to the hormone by activating the transcription of ABA-responsive genes. Evidence is provided here that PYR/PYL/RCAR receptors can also drive the phosphorylation of the slow anion channel SLAC1 to provide a fast and timely response to the ABA signal. Crystallographic studies have vividly shown the mechanics of ABA binding to PYR/PYL/RCAR receptors, presenting a model that bears some resemblance to the binding of gibberellins to GID1 receptors. Since this ABA receptor family is highly conserved in crop species, its discovery is likely to usher a new wave of progress in the elucidation and manipulation of plant stress responses in agricultural settings.
Surface Anatomy of the Face in Down's Syndrome: Age-Related Changes of Anthropometric Proportion Indices in the Craniofacial Regions (2002)

The purpose of the study was to determine the age-related changes in normal and abnormal proportion indices in Down's syndrome patients between 1 to 5, 6 to 15, and 16 to 36 years of age. Nine indices were analyzed in five craniofacial regions of 125 subjects: 70.2% to 79.0% were normal and 21.0% to 29.8% abnormal. Proportionate indices increased in frequency in all age groups in a much higher percentage than disproportionate ones. In the oldest group, the frequency of normal proportions significantly increased in the head and trended higher in the facial, orbital, and nasal regions, and lower in the ear. Disproportions showed a similar pattern, with a decreasing frequency in all regions except the ear. The variations of harmony and disharmony in normal proportions, and moderate and severe in disproportions, helped clarify the morphological changes influencing the craniofacial design. Among proportionate ratios, harmony ranged from 45% to 65.5% in age group 1 and from 30% to 87.5% in group 3. No cases of severe subnormal disproportions were seen in the nasal tip protrusion-nose width and nasal root depth indices in age group 1, and none in the cephalic index, midface-lower face depth, and nasal tip protrusion-nose width indices in group 3. The 20-year age range of group 3 helped show the post-maturation improvements of the face and the remedying effect of the extended growth rate on some initial facial disproportions.
Intrinsic Fluctuations in Superconducting Rings Containing One-Dimensional Weak Links (1969)

The Langer-Ambegaokar statistical theory of dissipative fluctuations in narrow superconducting channels is extended to describe the quantum transitions of a closed superconducting ring containing a long one-dimensional weak-link section. The external magnetic flux ${\ensuremath{\Phi}}_{e}$ linking the loop is the independent thermo-dynamic variable. Based upon the Ginzburg-Landau free energy, the theory is expected to accurately describe single-quantum transitions for $T$ near but slightly below ${T}_{c}$. Data reported by Lukens and Good-kind for thin-film Sn rings are reasonably consistent with the theory, but more definitive experimental tests are required.
Heterogeneous Degradation of Carbon Tetrachloride:  Breaking the Carbon−Chlorine Bond with Activated Carbon Surfaces (1999)

Destruction of carbon tetrachloride was found to be 94% ± 1% at 300 °C for a single pass through activated carbon. Product analysis indicates that conversion was limited to low molecular weight gases. No formation of toxic halogenated organic compounds, such as phosgene, dioxins, dibenzo-p-dioxins, or dibenzofurans, were observed in the degradation process. Isotopic labeling experiments suggest that the activated carbon acts as a reagent and that carbon from the activated carbon may initiate the breaking of the carbon−chlorine bond in carbon tetrachloride.
Bargaining for Life: A Social History of Tuberculosis, 1876-1938 (1994)

Tuberculosis was the most common cause of death in the United States during the nineteenth century. The lingering illness devastated the lives of patients and families, and by the turn of the century, fears of infectiousness compounded their anguish. Historians have usually focused on the changing medical knowledge of tuberculosis or on the social campaigns to combat it. In Bargaining for Life, Barbara Bates documents the human story by chronicling how men and women attempted to cope with the illness, get treatment, earn their living, and maintain social relationships.
THE PROGNOSTIC ANALYSIS OF ADULT NEPHROTIC SYNDROME BY WEIBULL AND EXPONENTIAL-WEIBULL MODEL (1981)

The survival time analysis of adult patients with nephrotic syndrome was done by Weibull distribution function and exponential-Weibull model. The results were, 1)the period from onset to death of the disease followed a Weibull distribution function with an increasing failure rate, 2)the expectation of survival time by exponential-Weibull model showed a sufficient adequancy of this model for use, 3)the risk analysis using exponential-Weibull model indicated that erythrocyte sedimentation, systolic blood pressure, blood uria nitrogen, red blood cells in urinary sediment and pathological classification of renal biopsy were the main risk factors to death.
Recombinant bovine somatotropin increases nutrient absorption by the proximal small intestine in sheep (1996)

Dorset crossbred ewes were used to determine the effect of recombinant methionyl bovine somatotropin (bST) on small intestinal nutrient absorption. Ewes were kept indoors in individual pens and allowed free access to a concentrate diet (18% CP). (150 μg kg −1 ) or saline were subcutaneously injected once daily for 10 d. An in vitro assay system was used to estimate the rate of accumulation of 3 H-3-O-methylglucose and 14 C-proline by small intestinal segments. Feed intake and liveweight gain were similar in ewes administered bST or saline. At the end of the treatment period, plasma ST, IGF-I and glucose concentrations were significantly higher in ewes treated with bST. In the duodenum, active and total glucose absorption were greater (P < 0.05) in bST treated ewes. There was also a tendency for bST treatment to increase duodenal total proline absorption (P < 0.10). Glucose and proline absorption in the jejunum and ileum were not significantly affected by bST. Jejunal ouabain-sensitive and ouabain-insensitive oxygen consumption was similar in ewes administered saline or bST. Water, DNA and protein content of small intestinal mucosa were unaffected by bST administration. These results indicate that bST upregulates glucose transport in the duodenum of sheep. Key words: Intestine, nutrient absorption, somatotropin, IGF-I, sheep
DNA containing 4'-thio-2'-deoxycytidine inhibits methylation by HhaI methyltransferase (1997)

4'-Thio-2'-deoxycytidine was synthesized as a 5'- protected phosphoramidite compatible with solid phase DNA synthesis. When incorporated as the target cytosine (C*) in the GC*GC recognition sequence for the DNA methyltransferase M. HhaI, methyl transfer was strongly inhibited. In contrast, these same oligonucleotides were normal substrates for the cognate restriction endonuclease R. HhaI and its isoschizomer R. Hin P1I. M. HhaI was able to bind both 4'-thio-modified DNA and unmodified DNA to equivalent extents under equilibrium conditions. However, the presence of 4'-thio-2'-deoxycytidine decreased the half-life of the complex by >10-fold. The crystal structure of a ternary complex of M. HhaI, AdoMet and DNA containing 4'-thio-2'-deoxycytidine was solved at 2.05 A resolution with a crystallographic R-factor of 0.186 and R-free of 0.231. The structure is not grossly different from previously solved ternary complexes containing M. HhaI, DNA and AdoHcy. The difference electron density suggests partial methylation at C5 of the flipped target 4'-thio-2'-deoxycytidine. The inhibitory effect of the 4'sulfur atom on enzymatic activity may be traced to perturbation of a step in the methylation reaction after DNA binding but prior to methyl transfer. This inhibitory effect can be partially overcome after a considerably long time in the crystal environment where the packing prevents complex dissociation and the target is accurately positioned within the active site.