gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Automatic Synonym Discovery with Knowledge Bases (2017)

Recognizing entity synonyms from text has become a crucial task in many entity-leveraging applications. However, discovering entity synonyms from domain-specific text corpora (e.g., news articles, scientific papers) is rather challenging. Current systems take an entity name string as input to find out other names that are synonymous, ignoring the fact that often times a name string can refer to multiple entities (e.g., "apple" could refer to both Apple Inc. and the fruit apple). Moreover, most existing methods require training data manually created by domain experts to construct supervised-learning systems. In this paper, we study the problem of automatic synonym discovery with knowledge bases, that is, identifying synonyms for knowledge base entities in a given domain-specific corpus. The manually-curated synonyms for each entity stored in a knowledge base not only form a set of name strings to disambiguate the meaning for each other, but also can serve as "distant" supervision to help determine important features for the task. We propose a novel framework, called DPE, to integrate two kinds of mutually-complementing signals for synonym discovery, i.e., distributional features based on corpus-level statistics and textual patterns based on local contexts. In particular, DPE jointly optimizes the two kinds of signals in conjunction with distant supervision, so that they can mutually enhance each other in the training stage. At the inference stage, both signals will be utilized to discover synonyms for the given entities. Experimental results prove the effectiveness of the proposed framework.
Optimized Beam Steering Approach for Improved Sidelobes in Phased Array Radars Using a Minimal Number of Control Bits (2014)

As active electronically steerable arrays become more prominent, a new paradigm of assigning bits to a set of digital phase shifters, necessary for analog and digital beamforming, is proposed. It is well known that a modern day digital phase shifter which is associated with each transmit/receive module typically relies on three to seven bits. Each of these phase shifters provide a desired resolution of 45° to 2.8125°, respectively. When an array is steered with a fixed precision set of phase shifters, there are some angles where results are significantly better than others. For example, six bit phase shifters can provide exact 11.25° differential phases in a linear array, but not 15°, and subsequent quantization errors lead to reduced pointing accuracy and increased sidelobe levels. However, these errors can be minimized if the set of shifters operate collectively instead of independently with “blind” quantization. In particular this study seeks the solution for the following problem: for a set of N phase shifters, each defined by B bits, determine the optimal way to distribute the N×B bits so that the array performance is maximized.
Hybrid domain walls and antiferromagnetic domains in exchange-coupled ferromagnet/antiferromagnet bilayers (2003)

Magneto-optical imaging has revealed new features crucial for the understanding of the exchange bias phenomenon. We have observed hybrid domain walls consisting of ferromagnetic (FM) and antiferromagnetic sections and their evolution. The external magnetic field moves only the ferromagnetic section of the hybrid domain walls, leading to the formation of an exchange spring parallel to the interface. The nucleation and unwinding of the exchange spring occur at different locations and its propagation depends on the chirality of the FM domain walls. The stationary antiferromagnetic sections of the hybrid domain walls define the antiferromagnetic domains.
Expression of the Prodynorphin Gene after Experimental Brain Injury and Its Role in Behavioral Dysfunction (2003)

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes excess release of neurotransmitters, such as glutamate, and increases intracellular calcium levels. Elevated levels of calcium, and perhaps other intracellular second messengers, as a result of TBI can alter the expression of many genes. The protein products of some of these genes may be signals for TBI-associated memory dysfunction. Therefore, identification of genes whose expression is altered after TBI in the hippocampus, a structure in the medial temporal lobe that plays a critical role in memory formation and storage, and elucidation of the role(s) of their protein products may shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying TBI-elicited memory dysfunction. The prodynorphin gene is expressed in hippocampal granule cells, and its expression has been reported to be enhanced as a result of elevated intracellular calcium. The prodynorphin protein is proteolytically cleaved to generate multiple dynorphin peptides, which can modulate neurotransmitter release through the activation of presynaptic kappa opioid receptors. In this study, we report that 1) TBI transiently increases prodynorphin mRNA in the hippocampus, 2) dynorphin peptide immunoreactivity is enhanced for up to 24 hr after TBI and 3) intracerebroventricular infusion of the kappa receptor antagonist nor-binaltorphimine (nor-BNI) impairs subsequent performance in a spatial memory task. These results suggest that dynorphin action may serve a beneficial role after TBI.
Industrial Closed-Cycle Gas Turbines for Conventional and Nuclear Fuel (1967)

Development reports on closed-cycle gas turbines (CCGT) as proposed by Ackeret and Keller (AK system) and promoted mainly by Escher Wyss Ltd., Zurich, Switzerland, and Gutenhoffnungshütte (GHH), Germany, have been presented since 1945 at ASME meetings about every five years (1). This, the sixth paper, reports on the operating experience with some newer fossil-fuel fired plants made by different manufacturers and gives the study results of European designers for nuclear gas turbines which can be built already with today’s technology for the 600 to 1000-Mw range. The special physical properties of air and helium and their influence on plant design are discussed. The combination of a CCGT and a high-temperature reactor offers many possibilities for simplifications of nuclear plants and lowering capital costs.
Activation of Hypothalamic ATP‐Sensitive K<sup>+</sup> Channels by the Aminoguanidine Carboxylate BVT.12777 (2005)

Derivatives of 3-guanidinopropionic acid, such as leptin, reduce body weight in obese, diabetic mice. We have assessed whether one of these analogues, BVT.12777 activates intracellular signalling pathways in the arcuate nucleus in a manner analogous to leptin and insulin. In addition, because these hormones have been shown to activate K(ATP) channels in a subset of arcuate neurones, we examined whether this channel is also a functional endpoint for BVT.12777 in the arcuate nucleus. BVT.12777 transiently increased phosphorylation of MAPK, STAT3, PKB and GSK3, in a manner identical to that observed for leptin and insulin. BVT.12777 also hyperpolarized glucose-responsive neurones by increasing the activity of K(ATP) channels. The increase in K(ATP) activity driven by BVT.12777 was PI3-kinase independent, unlike leptin and insulin activation of this channel, and could also be elicited in isolated patches. However, K(ATP) activity induced by BVT.12777 was dependent on actin filament dynamics, both in intact neurones and isolated patches. Thus, BVT.12777 modulates arcuate neurone K(ATP) activity by re-organization of the cytoskeleton, a mechanism that has also been ascribed to leptin and insulin. Consequently, BVT.12777 appears to act as a leptin and insulin mimetic with respect to at least some elements of arcuate neurone intracellular signalling and the activation of K(ATP) channels. Resistance to leptin and insulin, associated with obesity has, at least in part, been postulated to be due to aberrant intracellular signalling in arcuate neurones. The data presented here indicate that it may be possible to develop drugs, which by-pass up-stream signalling components associated with adiposity hormone resistance, such as PI3-kinase, but can still induce functional outputs from arcuate neurones by targeting downstream components of the leptin and insulin signalling cascades.
High power photonic crystal fiber laser systems (2005)

We review the advantages of rare-earth-doped air-clad photonic crystal fibers for power scaling of fiber laser systems with excellent beam quality. Most recently, the output power of single-mode fiber lasers has been significantly increased (>500 W). Further power scaling is usually limited by damage to fiber end faces, thermo-optical problems or nonlinear effects. Microstructuring the fiber adds several desirable features to the fiber to overcome these restrictions.
Transurethral Microwave Thermotherapy for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (1992)

Since September 1990, 39 patients with symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) have been treated by transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT) using the Prostatron (Technomed International, France). The initial 31 patients were treated with the first-generation software (PROSOFT-1; maximum power up to 45 W), while the most recent 8 patients have been treated with the second-generation version (PROSOFT-2; maximum power up to 60 W). The efficiency and safety of this new treatment modality were evaluated in 37 of the 39 patients at the 8th week after TUMT. In order to examine the thermal effects on the prostatic tissue, transrectal MRI was performed in 10 patients with the use of a 1.5T endorectal surface coil. We found a significant improvement in subjective symptom scores (from 8.5 to 4.5 mean), as well as in maximum uroflow rates. The improvement of individual maximum flow rate, when expressed in changes of Siroky nomogram standard deviation, seemed to be dependent on the total microwave energy that could be applied to the prostate. The transrectal MRI study also confirmed that changes in the signals inside the prostate were clearly related to the thermal dose delivered to each gland. The treatment seems to be safe, because no serious adverse effects were observed, nor were there any significant changes in the immunological measures during the period examined.
Lipid-rich plaque and myocardial perfusion after successful stenting in patients with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome: an optical coherence tomography study (2009)

Optical coherence tomography can predict no-reflow after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in NSTEACS. The lipid contents of a culprit plaque may play a key role in damage to the microcirculation after PCI for NSTEACS. From our results, it is found that OCT is useful tool for stratifying risk for PCI for NSTEACS.
Desferoxamine blocks IL 2 receptor expression on human T lymphocytes. (1986)

Thymidine uptake by PHA-stimulated human lymphocytes is reduced in the presence of 100 microM or greater concentrations of the iron-chelating agent desferoxamine (DF). We assessed expression of IL 2 receptor, 4F2 and Ia antigens, IL 2 production, and cell cycle progression by blood mononuclear cells (MNC) stimulated by PHA in the presence or absence of DF to determine whether the lack of T cell proliferation was a manifestation of inhibition of an earlier activation event. Tac antigen expression on PHA-stimulated MNC was inhibited by DF throughout 8 days of culture, and those cells which were positive had a low density of Tac antigen as compared with controls without DF. Expression of other activation antigens, 4F2 and Ia, was not impaired by DF. The supernatants of the DF-containing and control cultures contained equivalent IL 2 activity, as measured on the HT-2 cell line. Cell cycle analysis of these cultures shows that the addition of DF at the beginning of culture blocks most cells from undergoing G0 to G1 transition, whereas later addition of DF arrests the progression of the T cell blasts through the cell cycle. Separation of cells cultured with PHA and DF into Tac+ and Tac- subsets showed that progression from G0 to G1 was restricted to the former subset. These results suggest that interference with IL 2 receptor expression might contribute to the block in mitogen-induced proliferation caused by DF.
[Selection of antigenic variants of the influenza virus on the cells of different hosts]. (1991)

Antigenic differences were found in influenza B virus variants isolated and propagated in different systems: chick embryos (E variants) and MDCK cell culture (M variants). The antigenic differences in M and E variants were detected in HI tests with polyclonal mouse sera and monoclonal antibodies as well as in biological neutralization tests in chick embryos and MDCK cell culture, and confirmed when M and E variants were used as antigens for antibody detection in human sera. By protein mobility in PAGE, M and E variants did not differ from each other and were also identical with the reference B/Victoria/87 strain.
The Oxygen Electrode Reaction in Alkaline Solutions on Oxide Electrodes Prepared by the Thermal Decomposition Method (1978)

The irreversibility of the oxygen electrode reaction is the main cause of efficiency losses in water electrolysis cells, fuel cells, and some battery systems. At conditions typical for water electrolysis, the effectiveness of various metal oxide electrodes toward oxygen evolution decreased in the order. Poor activities were observed on V, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, and Re oxide electrodes. When mixed with 70 mole percent (m/o) , all metal oxides tested except ruthenium oxide were ineffective in catalyzing the oxygen evolution reaction. A catalyst‐loading study showed that films on Ti require about to mask the effect of the titanium substrate. Either a chemical step or a second electron transfer step appears to be rate determining for the oxygen evolution reaction on oxide electrodes with good electrocatalytic properties. Studies of the oxygen reduction reaction indicate that the activity of oxide electrodes in the cathodic direction is considerably less than in the anodic direction.
On the Ferromagnetic Resonance in Nickel and Supermalloy (1950)

Both the real and imaginary part of the high frequency permeability of flat specimens of nickel and supermalloy have been investigated at 9030 mc/sec. and 24400 mc/sec., with a constant field ${H}_{0}$ parallel to the plane of the specimen. For the higher frequency, experiments were extended beyond the Curie point (358\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C for nickel and about 400\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C for supermalloy). The decrease in saturation magnetization causes the maximum and the minimum of ferromagnetic absorption to shift toward higher field strengths. The $g$ factor is independent of temperature within the limit of error (2 percent); $g=2.12$ for supermalloy and $g=2.20$ for nickel.The line width in nickel increases first slowly, but above 200\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C more rapidly from 250 gauss at room temperature to 700 gauss at the Curie point, the width being defined as half the width between the points where the imaginary part of the susceptibility has dropped to half its maximum value. In supermalloy the width is 110 gauss between 20\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C and then rises sharply to 350 gauss at 420\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. There is no discontinuity at the Curie point, but the intensity of the absorption drops very rapidly beyond that temperature. At the lower frequency the width is reduced by approximately a factor 1.6.The observed data are compared with existing theories. Only interactions of the ferromagnetic spins with the lattice vibrations or the conduction electrons could probably account for the observed order of magnitude of the width. It is not clear, however, how the width could be independent over a large temperature interval, if these interactions were the only broadening agent. A pseudo-dipolar interaction, introduced by Van Vleck, might give an explanation for the line width at lower temperatures.
The naturally split <i>Npu</i> DnaE intein exhibits an extraordinarily high rate in the protein <i>trans</i>‐splicing reaction (2009)

We have studied the naturally split alpha subunit of the DNA polymerase III (DnaE) intein from Nostoc punctiforme PCC73102 (Npu) using purified proteins and determined an apparent first-order rate constant of (1.1+/-0.2)x10(-2) s(-1) at 37 degrees C. This represents the highest rate reported for the protein trans-splicing reaction so far (t(1/2) of approximately 60s). Furthermore, the reaction was very robust and high-yielding with respect to different extein sequences, temperatures from 6 to 37 degrees C, and the presence of up to 6 M urea. Given these outstanding properties, the Npu DnaE intein appears to be the intein of choice for many applications in protein and cellular chemistry.
Evaluation of apical sealing of three endodontic sealers (2000)

All three sealers allowed some leakage to occur. Leakage with AH Plus was significantly different than with Fill Canal or Ketac-Endo.
Humoral immune response against hepatitis C virus. (2004)

Antibodies are in several instances a reliable marker indicating vigorous immune response against infectious agents and in several viral diseases presence in the blood of specific anti-viral antibodies indicates an effective protection. However, this is not always true. For example, in the case of hepatitis C virus (HCV) an important human pathogen considered the causative agent of the nonA- nonB hepatitis, in spite of an intense antibody response there is no protection against a new infection and in the majority of infected individuals the virus overcomes host defences establishing a persistent infection. Here we describe how the dissection of the humoral immune response against HCV glycoprotein E2 of infected patients was useful for a better comprehension of the virus-host interplay. Cross-reactive antibodies directed against E2 are produced by the HCV-infected patient, but not all of them are protective, and some could even result to be detrimental for the patient. The cross-reactive anti-HCV/E2 humoral antibody response is complex and not necessarily completely beneficial to the host.
Proteolytic cleavage and inactivation of alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor and C1 inactivator by human polymorphonuclear leukocyte elastase. (1982)

This study has examined the interaction between human leukocyte elastase and alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor, or C1 inactivator, inhibitors of proteases of the complement, kinin, coagulation, and fibrinolytic enzyme systems. Leukocyte elastase, in catalytic concentrations, progressively inactivates the plasmin inhibitory activity of both inhibitors. The C1s binding function of C1 inactivator is also destroyed by leukocyte elastase. The nature of the molecular events underlying the inactivation of these protease inhibitors was examined by acrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Loss of functional activity was accompanied by limited proteolytic cleavage of both inhibitors with the production of several characteristic derivative peptide chains. Leukocyte elastase cleaved alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor at two separate sites and generated lower molecular weight fragments similar to those produced by bovine beta-trypsin. C1 inactivator was hydrolyzed at three different regions on the molecule whereas beta-trypsin cleaved two regions in common with leukocyte elastase. These findings suggest that inactivation of alpha 2-plasmin inhibitor and C1 inactivator by leukocyte elastase released in the inflammatory reaction may potentiate pathological proteolysis. The limited digestion of these inhibitory proteins by leukocyte elastase may prove useful in studies of their primary structure.
Metabonomics in Toxicology: A Review (2005)

Metabonomics and its many pseudonyms (metabolomics, metabolic profiling, etc.) have exploded onto the scientific scene in the past 2 to 3 years. Nowhere has the impact been more profound than within the toxicology community. Within this community there exists a great deal of uncertainty about whether metabonomics is something to count on or just the most recent technological flash in the pan. Much of the uncertainty is due to unfamiliarity with analytical and chemometric facets of the technology and the attendant fear of any "black-box." With those fears in mind, metabonomics technology is reviewed with particular emphasis on toxicologic applications in preclinical drug development. The jargon, logistics, and applications of the technology are covered in some detail with emphasis on recent work in the field.
Least squares parameter estimation methods for material decomposition with energy discriminating detectors (2010)

The results of the simulation study showed that a CT system based on CZT detectors in conjunction with least squares minimization technique can be used to decompose four materials. The calibrated least squares parameter estimation decomposition technique performed the best, separating and accurately quantifying the concentrations of hydroxyapatite and iodine.
Effect of Carbon-coated Silicon/Graphite Composite Anode on the Electrochemical Properties (2008)

The effects of carbon-coated silicon/graphite (Si/Gr.) composite anode on the electrochemical properties were investigated. The nanosized silicon particle shows a good cycling performance with a reasonable value of the first reversible capacity as compared with microsized silicon particle. The carbon-coated silicon/graphite composite powders have been prepared by pyrolysis method under argon/10 wt% propylene gas flow at <TEX>$700{^{\circ}C}$</TEX> for 7 h. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis indicates that the carbon layer thickness of 5 nm was coated uniformly onto the surface silicon powder. It is confirmed that the insertion of lithium ions change the crystalline silicon phase into the amorphous phase by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The carbon-coated composite silicon/graphite anode shows excellent cycling performance with a reversible value of 700 mAh/g. The superior electrochemical characteristics are attributed to the enhanced electronic conductivity and low volume change of silicon powder during cycling by carbon coating.
Vibration Energy Harvesting of a Hydraulic Engine Mount Using a Turbine (2010)

The hydraulic engine mount (HEM) has been designed to provide a vibration isolation characteristic to control road and engine induced vibrations in vehicles by using two fluid passages known as decoupler and inertia track. These types of engine mounts are known for their best noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) suppression performance among other different types of engine mounts. However, a low cost technique to recycle the dissipated energy of the system in the process of vibration suppression is significantly advantageous. A novel design structure in which the decoupler is replaced with a water turbine to capture and restore the vibration energy of the system is presented in this paper. The turbine design and selection has been done based on the upper and lower chamber pressures and the fluid flow rates in the system’s resonant frequency. The mount vibration isolation and energy generation performance is studied in both frequency and time domains. The simulation results demonstrate that a considerable amount of energy can be harvested from the engine vibration sources. This recent study demonstrates a novel energy harvesting technique in vehicles that require minimum design modifications of conventional hydraulic mounts.