gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The changing face of chemotherapy (1988)

The historical development of antibiotics has been summarized. Three distinct phases are discernible. The first (from historical times to about 1900) involved mostly folk remedies. The second (1900-c. 1940) was ushered in by Paul Ehrlich's development of the concept of 'selective toxicity' and saw the establishment of arsenicals and sulphonamides. The third, lasting to the present day, started with the exploitation of the pioneering studies of Fleming, Dubos and Waksman on antibiotic production by soil fungi. This latest phase has continued with the improvement of natural products by the skills of the medicinal chemist. The properties and evolution of three major groups of antibiotics, penicillins, cephalosporins and aminoglycosides are fully described. Finally, pathways of possible future evolution of antibiotics are outlined.
Chemiluminescence of Tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II): A glowing experience (2001)

Chemiluminescence involves the production of light by species that can undergo highly energetic electron transfer reactions. When Mg powder or turnings are added to a CH3CN-H2O (50:50 v/v) solution mixture containing 1 mM Ru(bpy)32+ and 40 mM S2O82- (CH3CN = acetonitrile, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, S2O82- = peroxydisulfate) at pH 1.2, a bright orange emission results that is easily visible in a darkened room.
A Clottable Protein (Coagulogen) from Amoebocyte Lysate of Japanese Horseshoe Crab (Tachypleus tridentatus)1. Its Isolation and Biochemical Properties (1976)

A clottable protein, named coagulogen, was highly purified from the amoebocyte lysate of Japanese horseshoe crab (Tachypleus tridentatus) by a method similar to that used for the lysate of Limulus polyphemus amoebocytes. The isolated material gave a single protein band on analytical gel electrophoresis at pH 3.2, gel electrofocusing, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) gel electrophoresis with or without 2-mercaptoethanol. It was 90 percent coagulable, and the total yield from 10 ml of the amoebocyte lysate was about 40 mg. The sedimentation coefficient of purified coagulogen was 2.6 S and its molecular weight was estimated to be about 15,300 by sedimentation equilibrium analysis. The molecular weight estimated by SDS-gel electrophoretic analysis was 19,500 +/- 1,000. This discrepancy was apparently due to abnormal mobility arising from the basic nature of this protein on electrophoresis. The protein had a high isoelectric point of pH 10.0 +/- 0.2, as measured by the isoelectric focusing technique. It consisted of a total of 132 to 135 amino acid residues and contained high levels of basic amino acids, which accounted for more than 16 per cent of the total amino acid residues. No methionine was detected. High contents of valine, half-cystine, glutamic acid (glutamine), and phenylalanine were found. The N-terminal sequence of the first three residues of the coagulogen was Ala-Asx-Thr, and its C-terminal residues was identified as phenylalanine, indicating that it consists of a single polypeptide chain. It is of interest that the first three N-terminal residues are homologous with those of the Aalpha-chain of non-human primate fibrinogen.
Percutaneous Absorption of Steroids (1962)

The vasoconstrictor effect of various topical steroids applied to protected and occluded skin is described. The method indicates that acetates are better absorbed than the parent alcohol, while the phosphate salts are poorly absorbed. In the case of triamcinolone, the formation of the acetonide leads to greatly enhanced percutaneous absorption. The use of a plastic film over these compounds leads to a 100-fold increase in absorption when compared with simple topical application. Using vasoconstriction as an index of absorption, it is suggested that the method may be of use in determining the penetrability and activity of new compounds.
Searching for Bioactive Compounds: Various Strategies (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSearching for Bioactive Compounds: Various StrategiesPeter G. WatermanCite this: J. Nat. Prod. 1990, 53, 1, 13–22Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 July 2004Published inissue 1 January 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/np50067a002https://doi.org/10.1021/np50067a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views363Altmetric-Citations19LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
3D geomechanical modeling driven by acoustic impedance and seismic velocity: A case study of carbonate reservoir, East Java Basin (2018)

The geomechanical modelling of carbonate reservoir in Azzam Field of East Java Basin has been carried out using acoustic impedance and seismic velocity approach. The aim of this study is to construct three dimensional (3D) geomechanical model by considering pressure and mechanical rock properties. Integration between one-dimensional (1D) geomechanical data that came from logs and seismic attributes from 3D seismic data is carried out to build and distribute the geomechanical properties. In this study, we applied collocated co-kriging of Markov approximation to hard data (six wells data) in order to distribute geomechanical properties into 3D grid model. Soft data, which consists of acoustic impedance and seismic velocity, are used to constraint hard data from wells. This work is focused on Tuban formation that represents of the carbonates reservoir in this field comprising the full package of turbidite complex associated facies. The result from this study showed that Tuban formation are highly over pressured zone, which is indicated by pore pressure ranging from 3000 to 4334.85 psi. In addition this carbonate reservoir is indicated by Young modulus ranging from 289.883 – 3.7954e +07 kpa.
Control and Cross-Resistance of an Acetolactate Synthase Inhibitor-Resistant Palmer Amaranth (<i>Amaranthus palmeri</i>) Biotype (1997)

Over two years, acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicides and herbicides with different mechanisms of action were tested individually and in combination for control of ALS-resistant Palmer amaranth in soybean. As expected, ALS-inhibiting herbicides did not control the resistant Palmer amaranth. Lactofen at 210 g/ha and acifluorfen at 560 g/ha gave the best postemergence control. Tank mixes of lactofen with either imazethapyr or chlorimuron plus thifensulfuron did not significantly increase control over lactofen alone. Sequential treatment with a soil-applied herbicide, either SAN 582 or pendimethalin, followed by lactofen postemergence, controlled weeds best (greater than 85%). The extent of cross-resistance of Palmer amaranth to ALS-inhibiting herbicides was determined in the greenhouse. Sixteen POST ALS-inhibiting herbicides were sprayed at ½, 1, 2, 4, and 8X field use rates on resistant and susceptible biotypes. All ALS-inhibiting herbicides at all rates controlled the susceptible biotype. The resistant biotype was cross-resistant to all ALS-inhibiting herbicides. Metsulfuron and imazapyr at 8X rates were the only treatments that provided 80% or greater control of the ALS-resistant Palmer amaranth. Chlorsulfuron and tribenuron were the only other herbicides that gave partial control at the highest rate. Control with these four herbicides decreased as the rate was decreased. Experimental results suggest that cultural practices and herbicides with different mechanisms of action will be required to manage this ALS-resistant Palmer amaranth biotype.
Prediction of cardiac transcription networks based on molecular data and complex clinical phenotypes (2008)

We present an integrative approach combining sophisticated techniques to construct cardiac gene regulatory networks based on correlated gene expression and optimized prediction of transcription factor binding sites. We analyze transcription levels of a comprehensive set of 42 genes in biopsies derived from hearts of a cohort of 190 patients as well as healthy individuals. To precisely describe the variety of heart malformations observed in the patients, we delineate a detailed phenotype ontology that allows description of observed clinical characteristics as well as the definition of informative meta-phenotypes. Based on the expression data obtained by real-time PCR we identify specific disease associated transcription profiles by applying linear models. Furthermore, genes that show highly correlated expression patterns are depicted. By predicting binding sites on promoter settings optimized using a cardiac specific chromatin immunoprecipitation data set, we reveal regulatory dependencies. Several of the found interactions have been previously described in literature, demonstrating that the approach is a versatile tool to predict regulatory networks.
Fe and Co Nanowires and Nanotubes Synthesized by Template Electrodeposition (2003)

Co and Fe nanowires and/or nanotubes are electrochemically synthesized through nanoporous membranes. By combining high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), and energy filtered TEM techniques, their structural and crystallographic characteristics are precisely determined. The synthesis was shown to produce cigar-shaped single monocrystalline Co and Fe nanowires with a diameter of about 60 nm. All wires were surrounded by an epitaxial oxide layer (Co 3 O 4 or Fe 3 O 4 ) of roughly 10 nm. The Fe nanotubes were built up of Fe 3 O 4 nanocrystals. Electron diffraction showed that all nanocrystals had a common crystallographic axis, creating a pseudomonocrystalline wall in the nanotubes.
Some Characteristics of Type I Burst (1962)

Abstract Some characteristics of type I bursts are analized from the data observed with an interferometer and a polarimeter at 200Mc/s, at Tokyo Astronomical Observatory. The extension of the region in which type I bursts originate is estimated from the scattering range of individual bursts. The extension coincides rather with the plage associating with type I bursts than the sunspot itself. The extension of so-called “type I continuum” is found to be the same as the scattering range of individual bursts, although the number of the available data is small. The result does not contradict with the interpretation that the continuum may be a superposition of type I bursts. It is also shown that type I bursts occuring at the extreme limb have a longer duration and are nearly unpolarized. These characteristics may be due to the height of a radio source. The height at the extreme limb is shown to be far above the plasma level (0.6R⊙) so that the collision frequency is low to give longer duration and both ordinary and extraordinary waves can escape, resulting in an unpolarized burst.
Mechanisms of blood glucose homeostasis (1990)

The mechanisms by which glycogen metabolism, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are controlled in the liver both by hormones and by the concentration of glucose are reviewed. The control of glycogen metabolism occurs by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of both glycogen phosphorylase and glycogen synthase catalysed by various protein kinases and protein phosphatases. The hormonal effect is to stimulate glycogenolysis by the intermediary of cyclic AMP, which activates directly or indirectly the protein kinases. The glucose effect is to activate the protein phosphatase system; this occurs by the direct binding of glucose to glycogen phosphorylase which is then a better substrate for phosphorylase phosphatase and is inactivated. Since phosphorylase a is a strong inhibitor of synthase phosphatase, its disappearance allows the activation of glycogen synthase and the initiation of glycogen synthesis. When glycogen synthesis is intense, the concentrations of UDPG and of glucose 6-phosphate in the liver decrease, allowing a net glucose uptake by the liver. Glucose uptake is indeed the difference between the activities of glucokinase and glucose 6-phosphatase. Since the Km of the latter enzyme is far above the physiological concentration of its substrate, the decrease in glucose 6-phosphate concentration proportionally reduces its activity. The control of glycolysis and of gluconeogenesis occurs mostly at the level of the interconversion of fructose 6-phosphate and fructose 1,6-bisphosphate under the action of phosphofructokinase 1 and fructose 1,6-bisphosphatase. Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate is a potent stimulator of the first of these two enzymes and an inhibitor of the second. It is formed from fructose 6-phosphate and ATP by phosphofructokinase 2 and hydrolysed by a fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase. These two enzymes are part of a single bifunctional protein which is a substrate for cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase. Its phosphorylation causes the inactivation of phosphofructokinase 2 and the activation of fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase, resulting in the disappearance of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate. The other major effector of these two enzymes is fructose 6-phosphate, which is the substrate of phosphofructokinase 2 and a potent inhibitor of fructose 2,6-bisphosphatase; these properties allow the formation of fructose 2,6-bisphosphate when the level of glycaemia and secondarily that of fructose 6-phosphate is high.
Accuracy and agreement of PIRADSv2 for prostate cancer mpMRI: A multireader study (2016)

1 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;45:579-585.
Improving signal peptide prediction accuracy by simulated neural network (1991)

The accuracy of distinguishing amino-terminal signal peptides from cytosolic proteins has been improved to 95% by combining a neural network classifier with von Heijne's statistical prediction, the latter is itself 85-90% reliable. The network processed not the cleavage site, but amino-terminal 20-residue segments by the 'tiling' algorithm. Concordant positive predictions of both methods led to the safe identification of 496 novel signal peptides from the Protein Identification Resources.
Early embryonic death of glutamate carboxypeptidase II (NAALADase) homozygous mutants (2003)

Glutamate carboxypeptidase II (EC 3.4.17.21) catalyzes the hydrolysis (Km = 0.2 microM) of the neuropeptide N-acetylaspartylglutamate to yield N-acetylaspartate and glutamate and also serves as a high-affinity folate hydrolase in the gut, cleaving the polyglutamate chain to permit the absorption of folate. N-acetylaspartylglutamate is an agonist at the mGluR3 metabotropic receptor and a source of extracellular glutamate through hydrolysis by glutamate carboxypeptidase II. Given the important role of glutamate in brain development and function, we were interested in the effects of a null mutation of glutamate carboxypeptidase II that would potentiate the effects of N-acetylaspartylglutamate. The PGK-Neomycin cassette was inserted to delete exons 9 and 10, which we previously demonstrated encode for the zinc ligand domain essential for enzyme activity. Successful germline transmission was obtained from chimeras derived from embryonic stem cells with the targeted mutation of glutamate carboxypeptidase II. Homozygous null mutants did not survive beyond embryonic day 8. Folate supplementation of the heterozygous mothers did not rescue the homozygous embryos. Mice heterozygous for the null mutation appeared grossly normal and expressed both mutated and wild-type mRNA but the activity of glutamate carboxypeptidase II is comparable to the wild-type mice. The results indicate that the expression of glutamate carboxypeptidase II is upregulated when one allele is inactivated and that its activity is essential for early embryogenesis.
Human Kidney Kallikrein: cDNA Cloning and Sequence Analysis (1985)

The primary structure of human kidney kallikrein has been elucidated by molecular cloning and cDNA sequence analysis. Structural homology between mammalian glandular kallikreins permitted the isolation of several clones from a human kidney cDNA library where kallikrein sequences represented approximately 0.01% of the cDNA. Identity of the cloned sequence with the published amino-terminal sequence of human urinary kallikrein strongly implicates the kidney as a major source of this protein. The overall structure of the kidney enzyme is 67% homologous to that of the corresponding mouse kidney kallikrein and only 60-62% homologous to the other published mouse kallikrein sequences. Homology to the pancreatic kallikreins of pig and rat is 67% and 61%, respectively. As expected, the amino acids required for catalytic activity are conserved as is the Asp residue required for the kallikrein-type specificity. Southern blot analysis demonstrates the presence of a number of related sequences in human DNA, although these do not appear to be as numerous as those in the mouse genome. Several polymorphisms in the kallikrein genes were observed.
Polyphasic characterization of rhizobia that nodulate Phaseolus vulgaris in West Africa (Senegal and Gambia). (2000)

Fifty-eight new isolates were obtained from root nodules of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) cultivated in soils originating from different agroecological areas in Senegal and Gambia (West Africa). A polyphasic approach including both phenotypic and genotypic techniques was used to study the diversity of the 58 Rhizobium isolates and to determine their taxonomic relationships with reference strains. All the techniques performed, analysis of multilocus enzyme electrophoretic patterns, SDS-PAGE profiles of total cell proteins, PCR-RFLP analysis of the genes encoding 16S rRNA and of the 16S-23S RNA intergenic spacer region (ITS-PCR-RFLP), auxanographic tests using API galleries and nodulation tests lead to the consensus conclusion that the new rhizobial isolates formed two main distinct groups, I and II, belonging to Rhizobium tropici type B and Rhizobium etli, respectively. By MLEE R. etli and group II strains showed several related electrophoretic types, evidencing some extent of internal heterogeneity among them. This heterogeneity was confirmed by other techniques (ITS-PCR-RFLP, SDS-PAGE and host-plant-specificity) with the same nine distinct strains of group II showing some differences from the core of group II (54 strains).
Gradient domain editing of deforming mesh sequences (2007)

Many graphics applications, including computer games and 3D animated films, make heavy use of deforming mesh sequences. In this paper, we generalize gradient domain editing to deforming mesh sequences. Our framework is keyframe based. Given sparse and irregularly distributed constraints at unevenly spaced keyframes, our solution first adjusts the meshes at the keyframes to satisfy these constraints, and then smoothly propagate the constraints and deformations at keyframes to the whole sequence to generate new deforming mesh sequence. To achieve convenient keyframe editing, we have developed an efficient alternating least-squares method. It harnesses the power of subspace deformation and two-pass linear methods to achieve high-quality deformations. We have also developed an effective algorithm to define boundary conditions for all frames using handle trajectory editing. Our deforming mesh editing framework has been successfully applied to a number of editing scenarios with increasing complexity, including footprint editing, path editing, temporal filtering, handle-based deformation mixing, and spacetime morphing.
ChemInform Abstract: Substituent Reactivity and Tautomerism of Isoguanosine and Related Nucleosides. (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
A dedicated powder diffraction beamline at the Advanced Photon Source: Commissioning and early operational results (2008)

A new dedicated high-resolution high-throughput powder diffraction beamline has been built, fully commissioned, and opened to general users at the Advanced Photon Source. The optical design and commissioning results are presented. Beamline performance was examined using a mixture of the NIST Si and Al(2)O(3) standard reference materials, as well as the LaB6 line-shape standard. Instrumental resolution as high as 1.7 x 10(-4) (DeltaQQ) was observed.
A Performance Model of Mixed-Workload Multimedia Information Servers. (1999)

Advanced multimedia applications such as digital libraries or teleteaching exhibit a mixed workload with accesses to both &quot;continuous&quot; data (e.g., video) and conventional, &quot;discrete&quot; data (e.g., text/image documents). As the fractions of continuous-data versus discrete-data requests vary over time, we consider a multimedia storage server with both classes of data spread across all disks for dynamic load sharing. This paper develops a stochastic model for predicting the performance of mixed multimedia workloads on a given system configuration. It focuses on analyzing the response-time distribution for discrete-data requests under potential contention with continuous-data requests. We derive an upper bound for the probability that the response time of a discrete-data request exceeds a specified tolerance threshold. Experimental results from detailed simulation studies demonstrate the high accuracy of the analytical model. Thus the model is an appropriate basis for server capacity plannin...
Superconductivity and spin fluctuations in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>M</mml:mi><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Z</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">r</mml:mi></mml:math>metallic glasses (<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>M</mml:mi><mml:mo>=</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">u</mml:mi><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mspace/><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">N</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">i</mml:mi><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mspace/><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">o</mml:mi><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mspace/><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">a</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">n</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">d</mml:mi><mml:mspace/><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">F</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">e</mml:mi></mml:math>) (1983)

The superconducting transition temperature, upper critical field, and magnetic susceptibility have been measured in four binary metallic glass systems: Cu-Zr, Ni-Zr, Co-Zr, and Fe-Zr. For each alloy system, a full and continuous range of Zr-rich compositions accessible by melt spinning has been examined. For Cu-Zr, the range is $0.75>x>0.30$; for Ni-Zr, $0.80>x>0.30$; for Co-Zr, $0.80>x>0.48$, and for Fe-Zr, $0.80>x>0.55$ ($x$ being the concentration of Zr in at.%). The results show clearly the influence of spin fluctuations in reducing the superconducting transition temperature. The data have been successfully analyzed using a modified form of the McMillan equation together with expressions for the Stoner enhanced magnetic susceptibility and the Ginsburg-Landau-Abrikosov-Gor'kov expression for the upper critical field.