gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Widely tunable 1060-nm VCSEL with high-contrast grating mirror (2017)

We report tunable VCSELs emitting around 1060 nm, enabled by high-contrast grating (HCG) mirror. Single-mode continuous-wave (CW) operation up to 110 °C is demonstrated, with room-temperature single-mode output power >1.3 mW at a very low threshold of ~300 µA. The obtained thermal resistance of 0.88 °C/mW is low for VCSELs with an oxide-confined laser aperture. A wide, continuous tuning range up to 40 nm was achieved with electrostatic and thermal tuning, at a fast tuning speed up to 1.15 MHz. In addition, we developed transverse-mode control designs of HCGs to greatly improve the single-mode yield of oxidized VCSELs. The cost-effective, wafer-scale fabrication makes these VCSELs promising as tunable light sources for swept-source optical coherent tomography (SS-OCT) and LiDAR applications.
Influences of Prebio Support<sup>TM</sup> (Mixture of Fermented Products of <i>Lactobacillus gasseri</i> OLL2716 and <i>Propionibacterium</i> <i>freudenreichii</i> ET-3) on the Composition and Metabolic Activity of Fecal Microbiota in Calves (2010)

The influence of Prebio SupportTM (PS), which is a mixture of fermented products of Lactobacillus gasseri OLL2716 and Propionibacterium freudenreichii ET-3, on the fecal microbiota and fecal metabolites in calves were investigated. During the intake of PS, the number of bifidobacteria was significantly higher (p<0.05), and the fecal water content (p<0.05) and fecal ammonia (p<0.05) were significantly lower in the PS intake group than in the control group. Furthermore, fecal concentrations of sulfide tended to decrease and short-chain fatty acids (acetic, butyric, and propionic acids) tended to increase through the intake of PS. The numbers of other fecal bacteria and the fecal pH of the PS intake group did not differ from those of the control group. The fecal condition, such as hardness, in calves given PS was better than that of the control group. These findings indicate that PS intake effectively improves the fecal environment, and there is a possibility of it alleviating clinical symptoms.
Understanding the electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction on platinum and its alloys (2012)

The high cost of low temperature fuel cells is to a large part dictated by the high loading of Pt required to catalyse the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Arguably the most viable route to decrease the Pt loading, and to hence commercialise these devices, is to improve the ORR activity of Pt by alloying it with other metals. In this perspective paper we provide an overview of the fundamentals underlying the reduction of oxygen on platinum and its alloys. We also report the ORR activity of Pt5La for the first time, which shows a 3.5- to 4.5-fold improvement in activity over Pt in the range 0.9 to 0.87 V, respectively. We employ angle resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations to understand the activity of Pt5La.
The effect of high correlated colour temperature office lighting on employee wellbeing and work performance (2007)

High correlated colour temperature fluorescent lights could provide a useful intervention to improve wellbeing and productivity in the corporate setting, although further work is necessary in quantifying the magnitude of likely benefits.
Characterization of the cytochrome system of a nitrogen‐fixing strain of a sulfate‐reducing bacterium: Desulfovibrio desulfuricans strain Berre‐Eau (1987)

Two c-type cytochromes were purified and characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic techniques, from the sulfate-reducer nitrogen-fixing organism, Desulfovibrio desulfuricans strain Berre-Eau (NCIB 8387). The purification procedures included several chromatographic steps on alumina, carboxymethylcellulose and gel filtration. A tetrahaem and a monohaem cytochrome were identified. The multihaem cytochrome has visible, EPR and NMR spectra with general properties similar to other low-potential bis-histidinyl axially bound haem proteins, belonging to the class of tetrahaem cytochrome c3 isolated from other Desulfovibrio species. The monohaem cytochrome c553 is ascorbate-reducible and its EPR and NMR data are characteristic of a cytochrome with methionine-histidine ligation. Their properties are compared with other homologous proteins isolated from sulfate-reducing bacteria.
Bone Marrow: Orchestrated Cells, Cytokines, and Growth Factors for Bone Regeneration (2009)

Bone regeneration requires an orchestrated interaction between various cells and other biological components. The synthesis of bone matrix with the release of cellular cytokines and growth factors facilitates and regulates cell growth. This leads to the maturation of bone that can support functional implants. Bone-marrow aspirate is a rich source of cells, cytokines, and growth factors needed for bone formation. Harvesting the marrow from the anterior iliac crest is a simple, safe, and cost-effective procedure. Mixing it with a resorbable scaffold and transplanting it to a site can predictably enhance bone regeneration. This article explores the anatomy of the bone marrow and describes the necessary elements for successful bone grafts, such as cells, bone matrix, and cellular regulators (both soluble and insoluble).
Inhibition of RNA-directed DNA polymerase by aurintricarboxylic acid. (1976)

Commercial-grade aurintricarboxylic acid (ATA) inhibits poly(A), poly(C) and viral RNA-directed DNA synthesis by detergent-disrupted virions of Moloney murine leukemia virus. Paper chromatography of crude ATA yields two active components, which appear to behave identically, and at least two inactive components. The concentration of ATA needed to inhibit polymerase activity is proportional to the concentration of viral protein. The inhibition is neither attributable to contaminating heavy metal ions in the ATA preparation nor to chelation by ATA of Mn2$ or Zn2$, the necessary co-factors. Inhibition of the polymerase reaction by ATA greatly increases the Km for the primer [oligo(T)/oligo(dG)], while it only slightly lowers the Vmax and does not affect the Km's for the template [poly(A)/poly(C)] or the substrate (TTP/dGTP). Thus, ATA seems to reduce specifically the affinity of the polymerase for the DNA primer molecule.
SARS-CoV-2 growth, furin-cleavage-site adaptation and neutralization using serum from acutely infected hospitalized COVID-19 patients (2020)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), emerged at the end of 2019 and by mid-June 2020 the virus had spread to at least 215 countries, caused more than 8 000 000 confirmed infections and over 450 000 deaths, and overwhelmed healthcare systems worldwide. Like severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), which emerged in 2002 and caused a similar disease, SARS-CoV-2 is a betacoronavirus. Both viruses use human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) as a receptor to enter cells. However, the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) glycoprotein has a novel insertion that generates a putative furin cleavage signal and this has been postulated to expand the host range. Two low-passage (P) strains of SARS-CoV-2 (Wash1 : P4 and Munich : P1) were cultured twice in Vero E6 cells and characterized virologically. Sanger and MinION sequencing demonstrated significant deletions in the furin cleavage signal of Wash1 : P6 and minor variants in the Munich : P3 strain. Cleavage of the S glycoprotein in SARS-CoV-2-infected Vero E6 cell lysates was inefficient even when an intact furin cleavage signal was present. Indirect immunofluorescence demonstrated that the S glycoprotein reached the cell surface. Since the S protein is a major antigenic target for the development of neutralizing antibodies, we investigated the development of neutralizing antibody titres in serial serum samples obtained from COVID-19 human patients. These were comparable regardless of the presence of an intact or deleted furin cleavage signal. These studies illustrate the need to characterize virus stocks meticulously prior to performing either <i>in vitro</i> or <i>in vivo</i> pathogenesis studies.
Cavity-Ringdown Spectroscopy (1999)

"The open society, the unrestricted access to knowledge, the unplanned and uninhibited association of men for its furtherance - these are what may make a complex, ever growing, ever changing, ever more specialized and expert technological world, nevertheless a human community." - J. Robert Oppenheimer, Science and Common Understanding, 1953.
Radiative and kinetic mechanisms in bound-free excimer lasers (1977)

An interactive kinetic model for bound-free excimer lasers is described, with particular emphasis on the electron beam pumped rare gas systems. Important kinetic processes and the interaction of the photon field with excited states are examined in detail. Application of the model to the xenon and krypton oscillators yields results which are in good agreement with experimentally observed quantities. It is found that the collisional coupling of the excimer singlet and triplet manifolds in combination with the losses arising from photoionization play an important role in determining the performance. Numerical values of the parameters used in the computational model are given.
On link quality aware routing for industrial wireless sensor networks (2013)

Wireless communication is susceptible to attenuation, multi-path and interference. Traditional routing metrics such as hop-count do not perform optimally because they do not consider link quality. For industrial settings, which are characterized by harsh conditions, link quality aware routing can significantly outperform hop-count based routing metrics. This paper presents an overview of the current state of research in this domain and comments on the use of link quality aware routing in industrial wireless sensor networks.
A porous Zn cathode for Li–CO<sub>2</sub> batteries generating fuel-gas CO (2018)

A porous fractal Zn cathode with high electrocatalytic activity and selectivity to CO<sub>2</sub>-to-CO conversion enables Li–CO<sub>2</sub> batteries that produce fuel gas CO.
Neonatal Rhinovirus Infection Induces Mucous Metaplasia and Airways Hyperresponsiveness (2012)

Recent studies link early rhinovirus (RV) infections to later asthma development. We hypothesized that neonatal RV infection leads to an IL-13-driven asthma-like phenotype in mice. BALB/c mice were inoculated with RV1B or sham on day 7 of life. Viral RNA persisted in the neonatal lung up to 7 d postinfection. Within this time frame, IFN-α, -β, and -γ peaked 1 d postinfection, whereas IFN-λ levels persisted. Next, we examined mice on day 35 of life, 28 d after initial infection. Compared with sham-treated controls, virus-inoculated mice demonstrated airways hyperresponsiveness. Lungs from RV-infected mice showed increases in several immune cell populations, as well as the percentages of CD4-positive T cells expressing IFN-γ and of NKp46/CD335(+), TCR-β(+) cells expressing IL-13. Periodic acid-Schiff and immunohistochemical staining revealed mucous cell metaplasia and muc5AC expression in RV1B- but not sham-inoculated lungs. Mucous metaplasia was accompanied by induction of gob-5, MUC5AC, MUC5B, and IL-13 mRNA. By comparison, adult mice infected with RV1B showed no change in IL-13 expression, mucus production, or airways responsiveness 28 d postinfection. Intraperitoneal administration of anti-IL-13 neutralizing Ab attenuated RV-induced mucous metaplasia and methacholine responses, and IL-4R null mice failed to show RV-induced mucous metaplasia. Finally, neonatal RV increased the inflammatory response to subsequent allergic sensitization and challenge. We conclude that neonatal RV1B infection leads to persistent airways inflammation, mucous metaplasia, and hyperresponsiveness, which are mediated, at least in part, by IL-13.
Gastric Bleeding and Benorylate, a New Aspirin (1972)

Benorylate (4-acetamidophenyl 2-acetoxybenzoate) is a new esterified aspirin preparation whose antirheumatic properties are reported to be as good as those of aspirin. Gastrointestinal blood loss, measured with (51)Cr-labelled red cells, during benorylate therapy was compared with that during therapy with soluble aspirin in 15 subjects, a simplified crossover procedure being used. Mean blood loss during benorylate therapy was 1.7 ml/day which was significantly less than that during therapy with soluble aspirin (5.1 ml/day; P <0.001). In 12 of the 15 patients blood loss with benorylate was less than 2.5 ml/day. Benorylate appears to be a definite improvement on current formulations of aspirin and should be a useful drug for the treatment of patients with chronic rheumatic disorders.
Insect immunity: cDNA clones coding for the precursor forms of cecropins A and D, antibacterial proteins from <i>Hyalophora cecropia</i> (1987)

Using synthetic probes cDNA clones were isolated correponding to the precursor forms of cecropins A and D. The sequences obtained were compared to earlier data for preprocecropin B. A processing scheme in three or four steps is discussed.
An Infrared Laser Fault Detection Method for Hazardous Waste Incineration (1992)

Abstract We have conducted an evaluation of optical methods for the detection of upset conditions in the incineration of hazardous waste. Online detection of upsets is extremely important to avoid sending untreated waste out the stack piume and to avoid the formation of hazardous PICs (e.g., dioxins). The analysis was conducted by running numerical simulations of hazardous waste combustion using detailed elementary chemical kinetic mechanisms. The results of the simulations were examined to select the components that had strong correlations with poor combustion. It was found that small hydrocarbons are the strongest candidates for in situ monitoring of combustion efficiency. The optical method that comes closest to meeting the requirements for an ideal process monitor is infrared absorption using tunable diode lasers (TDLs). This paper demonstrates the tunable diode laser detection of methane and carbon monoxide in laminar premixed and diffusion laboratory flames and discusses the transfer of this technology from the laboratory to the field.
Noise and Jitter in CMOS Digitally Controlled Delay Lines (2006)

Analysing the impact of noise sources on the random instantaneous delay of a basic CMOS delay element is important for understanding the performance of systems that employ them, like voltage controlled delay lines or buffered clock distribution networks. This paper presents a model for the analysis of noise induced jitter in CMOS delay cells and delay lines. Because the increasing switching noise levels is becoming a serious impairment to the reliable use of analogue controlled devices inside high frequency digital VLSI circuits, this work focus primarily on digitally controlled delay lines. For these circuits, the output capacitance and drivability of delay elements are key parameters for the design of low jitter delay lines. Simulation results are presented for a 0.35μm CMOS technology.
Improved motor starting capability of three phase UPS inverters (2005)

PWM inverters are increasingly being applied to general power system loads, both as uninterruptible power supplies (UPS) and in serving dedicated load from alternative energy sources. The size of motors that can be served from these inverters is limited by the inrush requirements of the motors and the limited overload capability of the inverters. This paper presents two methods to limit motor starting inrush currents within an appropriate range, in order to allow increased motor starting capability without exceeding the inverter overload limits. Both methods work by introducing voltage sags during the motor starting. Comparisons are made between the two methods, and are also compared with the existing method which has no current limitation. Both methods are also compared with acceptable sag and harmonic distortion limits. Conclusions are offered regarding the viability of these methods.
Foetal testosterone and autistic traits in 18 to 24-month-old children (2010)

The current findings in children between 18 and 24 months of age are consistent with observations in older children showing a positive association between elevated FT levels and autistic traits. Given that sex steroid-related gene variations are associated with autistic traits in adults, this new finding suggests that the brain basis of autistic traits may reflect individual differences in prenatal androgens and androgen-related genes. The consistency of findings in early childhood, later childhood and adulthood suggests that this is a robust association.
Versions and standards of HTML (1995)

In the brief history of the World Wide Web (WWW), much has changed. Millions of web pages have been published in a relatively short time. Next to the Web content, the one of the most dynamic aspects of the WWW is the development of HyperText Markup Language (HTML). This paper explores the various versions of HTML and gives a status report on HTML standards development. A discussion of possible future trends is also included.
Small auxin upregulated RNA (<i>SAUR</i>) gene family in maize: Identification, evolution, and its phylogenetic comparison with <i>Arabidopsis</i>, rice, and sorghum (2013)

Small auxin-up RNAs (SAURs) are the early auxin-responsive genes represented by a large multigene family in plants. Here, we identified 79 SAUR gene family members from maize (Zea mays subsp. mays) by a reiterative database search and manual annotation. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the SAUR proteins from Arabidopsis, rice, sorghum, and maize had divided into 16 groups. These genes were non-randomly distributed across the maize chromosomes, and segmental duplication and tandem duplication contributed to the expansion of the maize SAUR gene family. Synteny analysis established orthology relationships and functional linkages between SAUR genes in maize and sorghum genomes. We also found that the auxin-responsive elements were conserved in the upstream sequences of maize SAUR members. Selection analyses identified some significant site-specific constraints acted on most SAUR paralogs. Expression profiles based on microarray data have provided insights into the possible functional divergence among members of the SAUR gene family. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis indicated that some of the 10 randomly selected ZmSAUR genes could be induced at least in maize shoot or root tissue tested. The results reveal a comprehensive overview of the maize SAUR gene family and may pave the way for deciphering their function during plant development.
Clinical Acquired Resistance to KRASG12C Inhibition through a Novel KRAS Switch-II Pocket Mutation and Polyclonal Alterations Converging on RAS–MAPK Reactivation (2021)

Mutant-selective KRAS<sup>G12C</sup> inhibitors, such as MRTX849 (adagrasib) and AMG 510 (sotorasib), have demonstrated efficacy in <i>KRAS</i> <sup>G12C</sup>-mutant cancers, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, mechanisms underlying clinical acquired resistance to KRAS<sup>G12C</sup> inhibitors remain undetermined. To begin to define the mechanistic spectrum of acquired resistance, we describe a patient with <i>KRAS</i> <sup>G12C</sup> NSCLC who developed polyclonal acquired resistance to MRTX849 with the emergence of 10 heterogeneous resistance alterations in serial cell-free DNA spanning four genes (<i>KRAS, NRAS, BRAF, MAP2K1</i>), all of which converge to reactivate RAS-MAPK signaling. Notably, a novel <i>KRAS</i> <sup>Y96D</sup> mutation affecting the switch-II pocket, to which MRTX849 and other inactive-state inhibitors bind, was identified that interferes with key protein-drug interactions and confers resistance to these inhibitors in engineered and patient-derived <i>KRAS</i> <sup>G12C</sup> cancer models. Interestingly, a novel, functionally distinct tricomplex KRAS<sup>G12C</sup> active-state inhibitor RM-018 retained the ability to bind and inhibit KRAS<sup>G12C/Y96D</sup> and could overcome resistance. SIGNIFICANCE: In one of the first reports of clinical acquired resistance to KRAS<sup>G12C</sup> inhibitors, our data suggest polyclonal RAS-MAPK reactivation as a central resistance mechanism. We also identify a novel KRAS switch-II pocket mutation that impairs binding and drives resistance to inactive-state inhibitors but is surmountable by a functionally distinct KRAS<sup>G12C</sup> inhibitor.<i>See related commentary by Pinnelli and Trusolino, p. 1874</i>.<i>This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 1861</i>.
An adaptation of the Framingham coronary heart disease risk function to European Mediterranean areas (2003)

The Framingham function estimates more than doubled the actual risk of coronary disease observed in north east Spain. After calibration, the Framingham function became an effective method of estimating the risk in this region with low coronary heart disease incidence.
Automated discovery of positive and negative knowledge in clinical databases (2000)

In this article, the characteristics of two measures, classification accuracy and coverage, were discussed. We showed that both measures are dual, and that accuracy and coverage are measures of both positive and negative rules, respectively. Then, an algorithm for induction of positive and negative rules was introduced. The proposed method was evaluated on medical databases, and the experimental results show that induced rules correctly represented expert knowledge. Several interesting patterns were also discovered.
Validation of a Noninvasive, Real-Time Imaging Technology Using Bioluminescent <i>Escherichia coli</i> in the Neutropenic Mouse Thigh Model of Infection (2001)

A noninvasive, real-time detection technology was validated for qualitative and quantitative antimicrobial treatment applications. The lux gene cluster of Photorhabdus luminescens was introduced into an Escherichia coli clinical isolate, EC14, on a multicopy plasmid. This bioluminescent reporter bacterium was used to study antimicrobial effects in vitro and in vivo, using the neutropenic-mouse thigh model of infection. Bioluminescence was monitored and measured in vitro and in vivo with an intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) camera system, and these results were compared to viable-cell determinations made using conventional plate counting methods. Statistical analysis demonstrated that in the presence or absence of antimicrobial agents (ceftazidime, tetracycline, or ciprofloxacin), a strong correlation existed between bioluminescence levels and viable cell counts in vitro and in vivo. Evaluation of antimicrobial agents in vivo could be reliably performed with either method, as each was a sound indicator of therapeutic success. Dose-dependent responses could also be detected in the neutropenic-mouse thigh model by using either bioluminescence or viable-cell counts as a marker. In addition, the ICCD technology was examined for the benefits of repeatedly monitoring the same animal during treatment studies. The ability to repeatedly measure the same animals reduced variability within the treatment experiments and allowed equal or greater confidence in determining treatment efficacy. This technology could reduce the number of animals used during such studies and has applications for the evaluation of test compounds during drug discovery.