gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ethnobotany and its role in drug development (2000)

The botanical collections of early explorers and the later ethnobotany have played important roles in the development of new drugs for many centuries. In the middle of the last century interest in this approach had declined dramatically, but has risen again during its last decade, and new foci have developed. The systematic evaluation of indigenous pharmacopoeias in order to contribute to improved health care in marginalized regions has been placed on the agenda of international and national organizations and of NGOs. In this paper the results of various projects on Mexican Indian ethnobotany and some of the subsequent pharmacological and phytochemical studies are summarized. Medicinal plants are an important element of indigenous medical systems in Mexico. This study uses the medicinal plants in four indigenous groups of Mexican Indians-Maya, Nahua, Zapotec and Mixe-as an example. The relative importance of a medicinal plant within a culture is documented using a quantitative method and the data are compared intra- and interculturally. While the species used by the indigenous groups vary, the data indicate that there exist well-defined criteria specific for each culture, which lead to the selection of a plant as a medicine. For example, a large number of species are used for gastrointestinal illnesses by two or more of the indigenous groups. At least in this case, the multiple transfers of species and their uses within -Mexico seems to be an important reason for the widespread use of a species. Some of the data we gathered in order to evaluate the indigenous claims are also discussed, focusing on the transcription factor NF-kappaB as a molecular target. This led to the identification of sesquiterpene lactones such as parthenolide as potent and relatively specific inhibitors of this transcription factor.
Fundamental design of a distributed erbium-doped fiber amplifier for long-distance transmission (1992)

Comprehensive theoretical analysis on the design of a distributed erbium-doped fiber amplifier for long-distance transmission has been carried out, using a highly accurate model. The dispersion of the optical fiber as a function of the numerical aperture and the cutoff wavelength is included. Designs based on a bidirectional pumping scheme are evaluated, taking nonlinearities into account. The optimum value of the numerical aperture will be evaluated for cutoff wavelengths where the propagating pump power is single moded. For distances between each pumping station in the region between 10 and 100 km, the optimum ratio of copropagating and counterpropagating pump power will also be evaluated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Postinjury Multiple Organ Failure (1996)

To better define the epidemiology of postinjury multiple organ failure (MOF), we prospectively evaluated 457 high-risk trauma patients who survived more than 48 hours. Overall, 70 (15%) developed MOF. In 27 (39%) patients, the occurrence was early, while in 43 (61%) patients the presentation was delayed. At presentation, early MOF had more cardiac dysfunction, while late MOF had greater hepatic failure. Indices of shock were more critical risk factors for early MOF, while advanced age was more important for late MOF. While early and late MOF had a similar high incidence of major infections, these appeared to be more important in precipitating late MOF. Finally, while mortality is similar, early MOF patients appear to succumb faster. In conclusion, postinjury MOF remains a significant challenge and appears to present in at least two patterns (i.e., early versus late). Better understanding of the relative roles of the dysfunctional inflammation and infections in early MOF versus late MOF may facilitate the development of new strategies for the prevention and treatment of morbid syndrome.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPECIFIC TENSION AND MUSCLE RECRUITMENT EVALUATED BY MRI 147 (1997)

The purpose of this study was to investigate relationship between muscle force per unit of cross-sectional area (CSA), i.e. specific tension, of the knee extensor muscles (KE) and muscle recruitment which was evaluated by exercise-induced contrast shift in MR images. Eleven male volunteers were participated in this study. Serial axial images were taken to obtain CSA of the KE using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Peak torques of KE were determined under isometric and isokinetic conditions at angular velocities of 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, and 300 deg/sec, and tendon forces were calculated peak torque divided by moment arm which was derived from previous study. Specific tension at each angular velocity was calculated by tendon force divided by CSA. Exercise-induced contrast shift in T2-weighted MR images were taken at five levels along the length of right-thigh at rest and immediately after knee extension exercise. In the present study, T2 values immediately after exercise greater than the resting means in MRI pixels were considered to represent muscle that had performed contractile activity and relative area enhanced contrast shift in MRI pixels were determined (% activated CSA). Specific tension values were ranged from 29.4 ± 6.1 (at 0 deg/sec) to 10.8± 1.6 N/cm2 (at 300 deg/sec), which were similar in our previous study. Mean value of% activated CSA for five MR images was 71.2 ± 1.2%. There was no significant correlation between specific tension and%activated CSA except for angular velocities of 120 and 180 deg/sec. These results suggest that 1) specific tension at various angular velocities seems not to be influenced on muscle recruitment in this condition, and 2) only 71% of CSA were recruited immediately after knee extension exercise.
熱帶氣旋於臺灣附近形成之個案分析－以桔梗颱風（2013）為例 (2016)

桔梗颱風(2013)為少數在臺灣附近形成之個案；本研究之目的在分析桔梗初始渦旋之形成和發展成熱帶氣旋之過程，並探討康芮颱風(2013)殘餘之中層渦旋在桔梗初始渦旋形成過程所扮演的角色。
　　分析觀測資料與雙都卜勒反演風場之結果顯示，康芮颱風侵臺時受環境強垂直風切影響而有高低層環流分離情形；低層環流中心沿臺灣東部近海往北移動，而中高層環流中心則向西北移動，經過中央山脈後在臺灣海峽滯留並減弱。受康芮中高層殘餘渦旋影響，海峽地區之中高層渦度明顯大於低層者；在桔梗初始渦旋形成前，海峽上出現強且長延時之線狀對流系統，其中並似伴隨有數個渦度熱塔(vortical hot tower, VHT)。桔梗初始渦旋於海峽建立後，其中層環流東移過山，並與臺灣東北部的低層低壓垂直重整，發展為桔梗颱風。
　　本研究利用Weather Research and Forecasting Model （WRF）進行模擬與分析，探討桔梗初始渦旋於海峽之形成和發展過程。結果顯示在桔梗初始渦旋形成之前，臺灣海峽附近持續有間歇性的對流出現，並伴隨中低層位渦之形成；中層位渦在康芮殘留的中層環流中合併、增強。初始渦旋形成期間，一低層風切線於浙江福建沿海建立，其西南端並有一正位渦擾動形成，此擾動隨後往海峽中央移動；當其移至康芮殘留之中層環流下時，形成一旋轉性強的中低層位渦柱（中低層低壓系統）。當低層低壓東移至海峽中央時，其東側的西南風受臺灣地形影響形成低層噴流(barrier jet)。低壓南側的西風與西南風合流，一狹長輻合區由近系統中心往南延伸，並伴隨有具數個VHTs的線狀對流系統發展；此線狀對流亦同時增強輻合區的西風與西南風，其產生之位渦亦能有效的平流至系統中心，此系統因而於臺灣海峽上快速增強，形成桔梗颱風之初始渦旋。地形敏感度實驗顯示，若移除臺灣地形，上述線狀對流不會產生，桔梗之初始渦旋亦不會於海峽形成。
Mutational Inactivation of Herpes Simplex Virus 1 MicroRNAs Identifies Viral mRNA Targets and Reveals Phenotypic Effects in Culture (2013)

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1), a ubiquitous human pathogen, expresses several viral microRNAs (miRNAs). These, along with the latency-associated transcript, represent the only viral RNAs detectable in latently infected neuronal cells. Here, for the first time, we analyze which HSV-1 miRNAs are loaded into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), the key effector of miRNA function. Only 9 of the 17 reported HSV-1 miRNAs, i.e., miR-H1 to miR-H8 plus miR-H11, were found to actually load into the RISC. Surprisingly, this analysis also revealed that HSV-1 miRNAs loaded into the RISC with efficiencies that differed widely; <1% of the miR-H1-3p miRNA detectable in HSV-1-infected cells was loaded into the RISC. Analysis of HSV-1 mutants individually lacking the viral miR-H2, miR-H3, or miR-H4 miRNA revealed that loss of these miRNAs affected the rate of replication of HSV-1 in neuronal cells but not in fibroblasts. Analysis of mRNA and protein expression, as well as assays mapping viral miRNA binding sites in infected cells, showed that endogenous HSV-1 miR-H2 binds to viral ICP0 mRNA and inhibits its expression, while endogenous miR-H4 inhibits the expression of the viral ICP34.5 gene. In contrast, no viral mRNA target for miR-H3 could be detected, even though miR-H3, like miR-H4, is perfectly complementary to ICP34.5 mRNA. Together, these data demonstrate that endogenous HSV-1 miRNA expression can significantly alter viral replication in culture, and they also identify two viral mRNA targets for miR-H2 and miR-H4 that can partially explain this phenotype.
Study on the Photochromism of Ni–Al Layered Double Hydroxides Containing Nitrate Anions (2006)

Abstract The photochromism of nitrate‐containing nickel–aluminum layered double hydroxides (NiAl‐NO 3 ‐LDHs) has been studied. Powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD), FTIR, UV/Vis, XPS, ESR, EXAFS, and elemental analysis were used to investigate the structure, composition, and photochromic behavior of NiAl‐NO 3 ‐LDHs. A possible photochromic mechanism in NiAl‐NO 3 ‐LDHs has been proposed.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
PRATNJA U SMRTI ILI POMOĆ U SMRTI KAO MEDICINSKE DUŽNOSTI? ETIČKI PROBLEMI VEZANI ZA ZAVRŠETAK ŽIVOTA (2009)

The medical disciplines haematology and oncology as parts of Internal Medicineinclude the palliative care of critically ill and sometimes moribund patients. This often impliesmaking decisions at the end of life, that open up numerous ethical questions and confl icts, whichhave now increasingly become subject to a public debate. In this regard, palliative care of dyingpatients and the different possible ways of medically aided suicide have gained widespread attention.Thus, the increasing self-government of patients has changed the typical physician-patientrelationships and traditional paternalistic interactions. The justifi cation of actively aided suicidein moribund patients not only raises legal issues, but also various questions around the patients’self-determination on the one hand and responsible medical care on the other hand. The call forlegalizing medically aided suicide for patients, who explicitly opt for a shortening of the intolerableprocess of dying, is opposed by social concerns about the relativization of the culturally inheritedban of wilful homicide. Both opponents and supporters of this concept are arguing abouttheir interpretation of terms like personality, autonomy and pride. In this context, socio-culturalas well as individual perceptions of traded values in the sense of an anthropological interpretationplay an important role. It remains to be demonstrated that patient-oriented medical care isable to maintain the individual patient’s pride and self-determination, even under conditions ofan increasing institutionalization of the dying process as a consequence of demographic changes.On that background, the desire for premature termination of life on a voluntary or non-voluntarybasis through medical intervention appears rather dispensable. Such argumentation should resistthe concerns raised by consequentialistic and utilitarian ethics, provided that the reliance betweenphysician and patient proves as a discourse between morally-driven persons that extends beyondformal contracts. Medical ethics based on normative reasoning and deontological perspectivesare essential premises to achieve these goals.
ECE-1 influences prostate cancer cell invasion via ET-1-mediated FAK phosphorylation and ET-1-independent mechanismsThis article is one of a selection of papers published in the two-part special issue entitled 20 Years of Endothelin Research. (2010)

Plasma concentrations of the mitogenic peptide endothelin-1 (ET-1) are significantly elevated in men with metastatic prostate cancer (PC). ET-1 also contributes to the transition of hormonally regulated androgen-dependent PC to androgen-independent disease. ET-1 is generated from big-ET-1 by endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE-1). ECE-1 is present in PC cell lines and primary tissue and is elevated in primary malignant stromal cells compared with benign. siRNA or shRNA-mediated knockdown of endogenous ECE-1 in either the epithelial or stromal compartment significantly reduced PC cell (PC-3) invasion and migration. The re-addition of ET-1 only partially recovered the effect, suggesting ET-1-dependent and -independent functions for ECE-1 in pPC. The ET-1-independent effect of ECE-1 on PC invasion may be due to modulation of downstream signalling events. Addition of an ECE-1 specific inhibitor to PC-3 cells reduced phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a signalling molecule known to play a role in PC. siRNA-mediated knockdown of ECE-1 resulted in a significant reduction in FAK phosphorylation. Accordingly, transient ECE-1 overexpression in PNT1-a cells increased FAK phosphorylation. In conclusion, ECE-1 influences PC cell invasion via both ET-1-mediated FAK phosphorylation and ET-1 independent mechanisms.
Evaluación de clones de Pennisetum purpureum obtenidos por cultivo de tejidos in vitro (2012)

"Se evaluó durante un año el comportamiento de algunos indicadores agronómicos de 12 nuevos clones (14, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 30, 36, 39, 41, 42 y 43) de Pennisetum purpureum, obtenidos por cultivo de tejidos in vitro y compararlos con su progenitor (P. purpureum vc. Cuba CT-115) mediante un diseño completamente al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Se utilizaron parcelas de 25m2, sin aplicar riego ni fertilización. Los muestreos se realizaron cada 60 y 90 d en los períodos lluvioso y poco lluvioso, respectivamente. Hubo diferencias (P < 0.001) en la altura de los clones, pero ninguno superó el testigo (67.9 cm) en el período lluvioso, mientras que en el poco lluvioso sobresalieron (P < 0.001) el 14, 18, 20, 30 y 36. Similar comportamiento registró el largo de las hojas en el período lluvioso. El mayor (P < 0.001) ancho en ellas se presentó en los clones 39 (3.7cm) y 43 (3.1cm) en los períodos lluvioso y poco lluvioso, respectivamente. Los mayores (P < 0.001) porcentajes de hojas lo alcanzaron los clones 41 y 43 (65.8 y 66.1%, respectivamente) en el período lluvioso y el 39, 41 y 43 (53.5; 53.1 y 54.8% respectivamente) en el poco lluvioso. El clon 20 registró el mayor (P < 0.001) rendimiento total (14.9 tMS/ha/año), pero solo produjo el 28,2% en el período poco lluvioso. Este clon también presentó la población más elevada (17.6 macolla/5m) al final del experimento. Se dispone de nuevos clones de P. purpureum con favorables características productivas que incrementan el genofondo disponible de esta especie, en especial el clon 20, que superó al control en el rendimiento, contenido de hojas y población. Es preciso realizar estudios básicos que permitan explicar las diferencias encontradas entre los clones, así como investigar su respuesta cuando se utilice la fertilización de mantenimiento."
High-speed thermal printing (1967)

Thermal Printing is a unique new concept in non-impact printing, whereby electrical signals are directly converted to heat to produce a printed output. This paper covers a program to build an advanced development model of a High-Speed Thermal Teleprinter, utilizing the Thermal Printing technique, for the U. S. Army Electronics Command. The teleprinter, which prints at 240 characters per second, was the result of the development.
Laser frequency stabilization using linear magneto-optics (2000)

The design of a diode laser frequency stabilization system using the Zeeman effect is described. Various regimes of operation are analyzed using the Jones matrix approach. The system is different from the original Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics design in that the magnetic fields are fully contained and thus it can be used in proximity of magnetically sensitive instruments.
Active feedback stabilisation of a Michelson interferometer using a flexure element (1985)

The stabilisation of a Michelson interferometer for studying high frequency small amplitude surface displacements is described. The stabilising element is a piezoelectric multimorph crystal supporting the reference mirror of the interferometer. The instrument is stable against low frequency, DC-200 Hz disturbances and has a sensitivity of 25*10-12 m over the range 1 kHz-10 MHz which is limited by shot noise in the detector. A theoretical and experimental study of the system parameters leads to optimisation of the instrument. The device has been used to capture small amplitude high frequency ultrasound displacements associated with acoustic emission transduction.
Transceiver Front‐End Architectures Using Vibrating Micromechanical Signal Processors (2001)

This chapter focuses on communications subsystem performance enhancements potentially attainable via use of vibrating micromechanical resonator circuits in MEMS-based transceiver architectures. Section 12.2 begins by reviewing the issues involved with transceiver miniaturization, specifically focusing on the need for high Q. Section 12.3 follows with an overview of various micromechanical signal processing circuits, describing micromechanical tanks, filters, mixer-filters, and switches and providing sufficient detail to facilitate the incorporation of such circuits into communications subsystems. Specific transceiver architectures using such devices are then presented in Sections 12.4 and 12.5, with a focus on the specific performance enhancements afforded by each approach. Section 12.6 then serves as a reminder that this is still a fledgling technology, emphasizing the present limitations of this technology and giving a sprinkling of the specific research problems that must be solved before the architectures of Sections 12.4 and 12.5 can become a reality. Sections 12.7 and 12.7.4.1 finally close the chapter with details on techniques for combining mechanical and transistor circuits onto single chips.
Amorphous Calcium Carbonate Stabilized by a Flexible Biomimetic Polymer Inspired by Marine Mussels (2013)

Organisms make use of amorphous materials as a certain precursor to form insoluble complex biominerals in the presence of various organic matrices. In this article, we demonstrate that amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) nanoparticles can be highly stabilized by a polymerized dopamine (DA), a biomimetic molecule inspired by adhesive proteins in mussels. The cross-linking polydopamine (PDA, a mussel mimicking polymer) flexible chains are adhesively associated with the ACC particles to form ACC@PDA core–shell spheres. We are able to modulate the thickness of PDA shells in the range of a few to several tens of nanometers by adjusting the additive DA amount. The thickness of this mussel mimicking PDA shell significantly influences the stability of ACC nanoparticles; the thicker the PDA shell is, the more stable the ACC core is. The obtained ACC–PDA hybrid particles have high stability, partly because the complexing interaction of Ca2+ ions with PDA and encapsulating PDA networks inhibit ACC dissolution and retard subsequent Ostwald ripening, and partly because the PDA coating builds isolated confinement spaces for ACC that prevents contacting and merging of ACC particles which further restrains possible solid-phase transformation. Notably, the protecting effects of PDA endow the obtained ACC–PDA composite powder with enough stability to exist for at least one year in the solid state. Our resulting hybrid ACC–PDA nanoparticles with tunable size and high stability could serve as a model system for multistep biomineralization, limited space crystallization, and potential biomedical applications as well.
Probabilistic vs. geometric similarity measures for image retrieval (2002)

Similarity between images in image retrieval is measured by computing distances between feature vectors. This paper presents a probabilistic approach and describes two likelihood-based similarity measures for image retrieval. Popular distance measures like the Euclidean distance implicitly assign more more weighting to features with large ranges than those with small ranges. First, we discuss the effects of five feature normalization methods on retrieval performance. Then, we show that the probabilistic methods perform significantly better than geometric approaches like the nearest neighbor rule with city-block or Euclidean distances. They are also more robust to normalization effects and using better models for the features improves the retrieval results compared to making only general assumptions. Experiments on a database of approximately 10000 images show that studying the feature distributions are important and this information should be used in designing feature normalization methods and similarity measures.
Collision-Free Hashing from Lattice Problems (1996)

Abstract. In 1995, Ajtai described a construction of one-way functions whose security is equivalent to the difficulty of some well known approximation problems in lattices. We show that essentially the same construction can also be used to obtain collision-free hashing. This paper contains a self-contained proof sketch of Ajtai’s result.
Methyl Methacrylate (MMA)-Glycidyl Methacrylate (GMA) Copolymers. A Novel Method to Introduce Sulfonic Acid Groups on the Polymeric Chains (1976)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMethyl Methacrylate (MMA)-Glycidyl Methacrylate (GMA) Copolymers. A Novel Method to Introduce Sulfonic Acid Groups on the Polymeric ChainsSwaraj Paul and Bengt RånbyCite this: Macromolecules 1976, 9, 2, 337–340Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1976Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1976https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma60050a031https://doi.org/10.1021/ma60050a031research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1301Altmetric-Citations34LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Evaluating CoBlox (2018)

A new wave of collaborative robots designed to work alongside humans is bringing the automation historically seen in large-scale industrial settings to new, diverse contexts. However, the ability to program these machines often requires years of training, making them inaccessible or impractical for many. This project rethinks what robot programming interfaces could be in order to make them accessible and intuitive for adult novice programmers. We created a block-based interface for programming a one-armed industrial robot and conducted a study with 67 adult novices comparing it to two programming approaches in widespread use in industry. The results show participants using the block-based interface successfully implemented robot programs faster with no loss in accuracy while reporting higher scores for usability, learnability, and overall satisfaction. The contribution of this work is showing the potential for using block-based programming to make powerful technologies accessible to a wider audience.
Algorithms for Scheduling Tasks on Unrelated Processors (1981)

Several algorithms are presented for the nonpreemptlve assignment of n independent tasks to m unrelated processors One algorithm requires polynomial Ume in n and m and IS at most 2x/~ times worse than optimal in the worst case This is the best polynomial-time algorithm known for scheduling such sets of tasks. An algorithm with slightly better worst case performance requires polynomial time in n but exponential ume in m This 1s the best algorithm known that requires time O(nlogn) for every fixed value of m KEY WORDS AND PHRASES nonpreemptlve schedules, worst case fimshlng time, performance ratio, unrelated processors, largest processing time CR CATEGORIES' 4 32, 4 35, 5 25, 5 39