gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cholesteric liquid crystal-carbon nanotube hybrid architectures for gas detection (2012)

The ability of a hybrid material that is based on cholesteric liquid crystal and carbon nanotube to detect acetone vapor is investigated. We find that the phase transition in this cholesteric liquid crystal-carbon nanotube hybrid will enable carbon nanotube to form conducting networks under the higher vapor concentration. This cholesteric liquid crystal-carbon nanotube hybrid exhibits an obvious change in reflected color and electrical resistance in the early and later stages of gas diffusion, respectively. This hybrid architecture has potential application as a gas sensor with a high dynamic range.
Small-molecule inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and more: FDA-approved novel therapeutic drugs for solid tumors from 1991 to 2021 (2022)

The United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) has always been a forerunner in drug evaluation and supervision. Over the past 31 years, 1050 drugs (excluding vaccines, cell-based therapies, and gene therapy products) have been approved as new molecular entities (NMEs) or biologics license applications (BLAs). A total of 228 of these 1050 drugs were identified as cancer therapeutics or cancer-related drugs, and 120 of them were classified as therapeutic drugs for solid tumors according to their initial indications. These drugs have evolved from small molecules with broad-spectrum antitumor properties in the early stage to monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and antibody‒drug conjugates (ADCs) with a more precise targeting effect during the most recent decade. These drugs have extended indications for other malignancies, constituting a cancer treatment system for monotherapy or combined therapy. However, the available targets are still mainly limited to receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), restricting the development of antitumor drugs. In this review, these 120 drugs are summarized and classified according to the initial indications, characteristics, or functions. Additionally, RTK-targeted therapies and immune checkpoint-based immunotherapies are also discussed. Our analysis of existing challenges and potential opportunities in drug development may advance solid tumor treatment in the future.
Light-matter interactions on nano-structured metallic film (2006)

This thesis describes a study into the optical properties of nano-structured metallic films. Structures are produced by electrochemically depositing metal through a self-assembled template of polymer micro-spheres. This versatile technique allows nano-structured surface made from almost any metal to be produced quickly and cheaply. Geometries ranging from array of shallow dishes, to sharp metallic spikes and encapsulated spherical cavities can all be produced on the same sample. This thesis presents an in-depth study into the properties delocalised and localised surface plasmon polaritons. These plasmons can be tuned in energy by controlling the sample geometry and angle of the incident light. The coupling between these two types of plasmon is also investigated and theories are put forward to understand the observed results. These findings could prove useful in the design of plasmon guiding and computing devices. With an understanding into the plasmonic properties of the metallic nanostructures, research is undertaken to explore how the associate local electric field couples to molecules adsorbed onto a samples surface. A strong correlation between surface plasmons and enhanced Raman scattering is found, leading the observation of the beaming of the Raman scattered light. The nano-structured substrates are also shown to have excellent reproducibility as well as enhancement of the Raman signals, leading to applications such as high sensitivity molecular sensors. Finally, the interaction between organic semiconductor molecules and surface plasmons is explored. A strong interaction between the different states is found and plasmon enhanced fluorescence is also observed. These studies open the way for greater control over the exciton states, which have potential for the use in novel laser systems.
Trusted Hardware: Can It Be Trustworthy? (2007)

This DOI is not currently attached to any metadata records. DOIs can’t actually ever be deleted (they’re persistent), but sometimes our members create DOIs in error. We do have a process to approximate deletion which we follow only in rare cases where the DOI has been genuinely created in error, and most crucially, if the DOI has never been published anywhere online or in print and never otherwise distributed to or communicated with anyone (authors, readers, reviewers, etc.
상황버섯 추출액을 이용하여 제조한 된장의 효소 활성 및 기능성의 변화 (2008)

전통 된장의 숙성기간 중 기능적 특성의 변화를 조사하기 위하여 상황버섯 추출물을 이용하여 된장을 담금하여 일정기간 숙성한 후, 된장의 protease 활성, 항돌연변이 활성, isoflavone 등을 측정하였다. Protease의 활성은 상황버섯 추출물을 이용한 실험구가 3.15 unit/mL로 대조구보다 높은 활성을 나타내었으며 tyrosinase의 저해 활성과 ACE 저해 활성은 실험구가 각각 45.78%와 55.18%로 대조구보다 약 20% 이상 높은 활성을 나타내었다. 항돌연변이 활성은 실험구가 S. enterica serovar Typhimurium TA100을 사용한 경우 변이원 MNNG와 NPD에 대한 항돌연변이 활성은 각각 90.42%와 82.57%, S. enterica serovar Typhimurium TA98을 사용한 경우 변이원 NPD와 NQO에 대한 항돌연변이 활성은 각각 60.28%와 50.33%로 대조구보다 높은 활성을 나타내었다. 수소 공여능은 실험구의 활성이 86.65%로 대조구의 61.69%보다 높게 나타났다. 상황버섯 추출물을 이용하여 제조한 된장의 isoflavon 중 glucoside인 daidzin은 실험구가 35.49 mg/kg높게 나타났으며 genistin은 실험구와 대조구 모두에서 검출되지 않았다. Aglycone인 daidzein과 genistein은 각각 263.01 mg/kg와 262.60 mg/kg로 대조구 보다 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 【To evaluate changes in functional characteristics of traditional Doenjang during aging, Doenjang was prepared using an extract of Phellinus linteus (Phellinus extract). Control Doenjang was aged without the extract. The protease activity of Doenjang prepared with Phellinus extract was 3.15 units/mL. Tyrosinase and acetylcholinesterase inhibition activities were 45.78% and 55.18% of control, respectively, in the treated sample. When Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium TA100 was used as a reporter strain, antimutagenic activities against the mutagens MNNG and NPD were 90.42% and 82.57% of control values in the treated sample. When S. enterica serovar Typhimurium TA98 was used, antimutagenic activities were 60.28% and 50.33% of control, respectively. Hydrogen-donating activity was 86.65% in the treated sample, which was higher than that of the control (61.69%). Daidzin (an isoflavon glucoside) levels in Doenjang prepared with Phellinus extract were higher, by 35.49 mg/kg, than the control, whereas genistin was not detected in either group. Daidzin and genistin aglycone levels were 263.01 mg/kg and 262.60 mg/kg in the control and test groups, respectively.】
Critical Review of Norovirus Surrogates in Food Safety Research: Rationale for Considering Volunteer Studies (2011)

The inability to propagate human norovirus (NoV) or to clearly differentiate infectious from noninfectious virus particles has led to the use of surrogate viruses, like feline calicivirus (FCV) and murine norovirus-1 (MNV), which are propagatable in cell culture. The use of surrogates is predicated on the assumption that they generally mimic the viruses they represent; however, studies are proving this concept invalid. In direct comparisons between FCV and MNV, their susceptibility to temperatures, environmental and food processing conditions, and disinfectants are dramatically different. Differences have also been noted between the inactivation of NoV and its surrogates, thus questioning the validity of surrogates. Considerable research funding is provided globally each year to conduct surrogate studies on NoVs; however, there is little demonstrated benefit derived from these studies in regard to the development of virus inactivation techniques or food processing strategies. Human challenge studies are needed to determine which processing techniques are effective in reducing NoVs in foods. A major obstacle to clinical trials on NoVs is the perception that such trials are too costly and risky, but in reality, there is far more cost and risk in allowing millions of unsuspecting consumers to contract NoV illness each year, when practical interventions are only a few volunteer studies away. A number of clinical trials have been conducted, providing important insights into NoV inactivation. A shift in research priorities from surrogate research to volunteer studies is essential if we are to identify realistic, practical, and scientifically valid processing approaches to improve food safety.
Some Characteristics of Collagenase Activity in Gingival Crevicular Fluid and Its Relationship to Gingival Diseases in Humans (1976)

Collagenase activity in human gingival fluid was measured using a radioactive collagen fibril assay. The activity was positively correlated with the severity of gingival disease. The fluid collagenase seemed to be controlled by α 2 -macroglobulin, based on its activation by NaSCN, and to be present solely in the extracellular fraction. Examination of the collagen breakdown products by acrylamide gel electrophoresis indicated that the fluid collagenase was of tissue rather than bacterial origin.
After the banquet (2013)

Mitochondria are highly dynamic organelles of crucial importance to the proper functioning of neuronal, cardiac and other cell types dependent upon aerobic efficiency. Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in numerous human conditions, to include cancer, metabolic diseases, neurodegeneration, diabetes, and aging. In recent years, mitochondrial turnover by macroautophagy (mitophagy) has captured the limelight, due in part to discoveries that genes linked to Parkinson disease regulate this quality control process. A rapidly growing literature is clarifying effector mechanisms that underlie the process of mitophagy; however, factors that regulate positive or negative cellular outcomes have been less studied. Here, we review the literature on two major pathways that together may determine cellular adaptation vs. cell death in response to mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial biogenesis and mitophagy represent two opposing, but coordinated processes that determine mitochondrial content, structure, and function. Recent data indicate that the capacity to undergo mitochondrial biogenesis, which is dysregulated in disease states, may play a key role in determining cell survival following mitophagy-inducing injuries. The current literature on major pathways that regulate mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis is summarized, and mechanisms by which the interplay of these two processes may determine cell fate are discussed. We conclude that in primary neurons and other mitochondrially dependent cells, disruptions in any phase of the mitochondrial recycling process can contribute to cellular dysfunction and disease. Given the emerging importance of crosstalk among regulators of mitochondrial function, autophagy, and biogenesis, signaling pathways that coordinate these processes may contribute to therapeutic strategies that target or regulate mitochondrial turnover and regeneration.
TRANSFAC Retrieval Program: A Network Model Database of Eukaryotic Transcription Regulating Sequences and Proteins (1994)

DNA sequences that are involved in the control of gene expression in eukaryotes have been collected in conjunction with the proteins binding to and acting through them (TRANSFAC data set). To make these data accessible, the TRANSFAC retrieval program (TRP) has been developed as a database management system which is based upon the network model. This database model possesses particular advantages for data management of a complex structure. The aim of TRP is to provide an easily handled statistical basis for a computational approach to transcription control.
INVESTIGATION OF RAINFALL, RUN-OFF AND YIELD ON THE ALWEN AND BRENIG CATCHMENTS. (1957)

Keywords BIRKENHEAD COUNTY BOROUGH RAINFALL, RUNOFF, CATCHMENTS, STATISTICS, HYDROLOGY, VALLEYS, RIVERS, WATER, WATER SUPPLY, GEOLOGY, METEOROLOGY, FLOODS, GAUGING, RESERVOIRS NORTH WALES, WALES, DENBIGHSHIRE, ALWEN, BRENIG UK... Show All
Structural violence and the struggle for state power in Rwanda : what Arusha got wrong (2012)

The 1994 Rwandan genocide occurred despite the existence of a peace and power sharing agreement (the Arusha Accords) to which all parties to the conflict had ostensibly subscribed. This paper addresses the failings of the Arusha peace and power sharing process and makes three core arguments. The first argument is that the Arusha process was more a part of the problem thanit was part of any putative solution because it heightened tensions within elite circles (whose monopoly of state power was seriously challenged) and provided a channel through which aspirant elites could pursue their dangerous goals. Even more fundamentally, the Arusha process failed to tackle the most pressing problems of Rwandan society, including chronic and worsening poverty and the oppressive presence of the state in all aspects of social life. This disastrous cocktail - creating what Uvin (1998) calls a situation of 'structural violence' - laid the basis for mass participation in the genocide of 1994. Far from helping solve these problems, certain international interventions - especially economic 'structural adjustment' that ran parallel to the Arusha negotiations worsened the situation. The Arusha Accords also therefore failed, and this is the second core argument, because they neglected (or worsened) the structural conditions of life for the vast bulk of ordinary Rwandans. The concluding section of the paper examines post-genocide Rwanda and how the legacy of the Arusha Accords has, amongst other devices, been used to legitimise new forms of repression at the same time as the abuse and violence inflicted upon ordinary Rwandans (and their neighbours) have continued. Again, and this is the third core argument of the paper, a seemingly reasonable political agreement to share power is being co-opted for a very different purpose - to legitimate the power of a new ruling elite.
Drug evaluation: OGX-011, a clusterin-inhibiting antisense oligonucleotide. (2006)

OncoGenex Technologies Inc in collaboration with Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc is developing OGX-011, an intravenously administered clusterin-inhibiting antisense oligonucleotide, to potentially sensitize solid tumors that are resistant to conventional cancer therapeutics. Phase II clinical trials of OGX-011 in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs are underway in NSCLC, prostate and breast cancer.
DistEdit: a distributed toolkit for supporting multiple group editors (1990)

The purpose of our project is to provide toolkits for building applications that support collaboration between people in distributed environments.In this paper, we describe one such toolkit, called DistEdit, that can be used to build interactive group editors for distributed environments.This toolkit has the ability to support different editors simultaneously and provides a high degree of fault-tolerance against machine crashes.To evaluate the toolkit, we modified two editors to make use of the toolkit.The resulting editors allow users to take turns at making changes while other users observe the changes as they occur.We give an evaluation of the toolkit based on the development and use of these editors.
Loading pyranine via purinergic receptors or hypotonic stress for measurement of cytosolic pH by imaging (1998)

Although used extensively for the measurement of intracellular pH, derivatives of fluorescein such as 2', 7'-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) have suboptimal sensitivity and can generate toxic photoproducts. These limitations can be overcome using the pH-sensitive fluorescent dye 8-hydroxypyrene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid (pyranine), which has improved spectroscopic properties. However, the use of pyranine has been limited by the difficulties encountered in delivering this highly hydrophilic dye to the cell interior. We describe a strategy for intracellular delivery of pyranine based on the reversible activation of purinergic P2x7 receptors, which allow permeation of the dye into otherwise intact cells. When loaded into J774 or RAW cells by this method, pyranine is not only more sensitive than BCECF (the dynamic range is approximately 7-fold greater), but is retained better and is less toxic. Pyranine was distributed throughout the cytosol but was not detectable in endomembrane compartments. Repeated illumination resulted in blebbing and loss of functional responsiveness of cells loaded with BCECF, whereas comparably irradiated cells loaded with pyranine remained healthy and responsive. Pyranine can also be loaded into cells not expressing P2x7 receptors by brief exposure to a hypotonic solution. The properties of cells labeled by this method are similar to those loaded via purinergic receptors and compare favorably with those of BCECF-loaded cells. Pyranine thus provides a useful alternative to fluorescein derivatives for the measurement of intracellular pH, particularly when using the high excitation intensities required for microscopic digital imaging.
Classification of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> in Images of ZN-Stained Sputum Smears (2009)

Screening for tuberculosis (TB) in low- and middle-income countries is centered on the microscope. We present methods for the automated identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in images of Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) stained sputum smears obtained using a bright-field microscope. We segment candidate bacillus objects using a combination of two-class pixel classifiers. The algorithm produces results that agree well with manual segmentations, as judged by the Hausdorff distance and the modified Williams index. The extraction of geometric-transformation-invariant features and optimization of the feature set by feature subset selection and Fisher transformation follow. Finally, different two-class object classifiers are compared. The sensitivity and specificity of all tested classifiers is above 95% for the identification of bacillus objects represented by Fisher-transformed features. Our results may be used to reduce technician involvement in screening for TB, and would be particularly useful in laboratories in countries with a high burden of TB, where, typically, ZN rather than auramine staining of sputum smears is the method of choice.
Fluorescent Probes for Single-Step Detection and Proteomic Profiling of Histone Deacetylases (2016)

Histone deacetylases (HDACs) play important roles in regulating various physiological and pathological processes. Developing fluorescent probes capable of detecting HDAC activity can help further elucidate the roles of HDACs in biology. In this study, we first developed a set of activity-based fluorescent probes by incorporating the Kac residue and the O-NBD group. Upon enzymatic removal of the acetyl group in the Kac residue, the released free amine reacted intramolecularly with the O-NBD moiety, resulting in turn-on fluorescence. These designed probes are capable of detecting HDAC activity in a continuous fashion, thereby eliminating the extra step of fluorescence development. Remarkably, the amount of turn-on fluorescence can be as high as 50-fold, which is superior to the existing one-step HDAC fluorescent probes. Inhibition experiments further proved that the probes can serve as useful tools for screening HDAC inhibitors. Building on these results, we moved on and designed a dual-purpose fluorescent probe by introducing a diazirine photo-cross-linker into the probe. The resulting probe was not only capable of reporting enzymatic activity but also able to directly identify and capture the protein targets from the complex cellular environment. By combining a fluorometric method and in-gel fluorescence scanning technique, we found that epigenetic readers and erasers can be readily identified and differentiated using a single probe. This is not achievable with traditional photoaffinity probes. In light of the prominent properties and the diverse functions of this newly developed probe, we envision that it can provide a robust tool for functional analysis of HDACs and facilitate future drug discovery in epigenetics.
Design and implementation of a Grand Alliance HDTV receiver prototype (1997)

A demodulator for the Grand Alliance digital HDTV receiver is designed with hardware efficient algorithms and a prototype is implemented. The implemented prototype contains all the required functions for baseband demodulation. Simple and fast polarity compensation algorithm for the bi-stable frequency and phase locked loop (FPLL), hardware efficient algorithms for segment synchronization, symbol timing recovery, channel equalization and the phase/gain noise tracking loop are of special interest. Experimental results are presented and the proper operation of the implemented functions is verified.
Chondroitin Sulfate as a Molecular Portal That Preferentially Mediates the Apoptotic Killing of Tumor Cells by Penetratin-directed Mitochondria-disrupting Peptides (2010)

The use of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) as drug carriers for targeted therapy is limited by the unrestricted cellular translocation of CPPs. The preferential induction of tumor cell death by penetratin (Antp)-directed peptides (PNC27 and PNC28), however, suggests that the CPP Antp may contribute to the preferential cytotoxicity of these peptides. Using PNC27 as a molecular model, we constructed three novel peptides (PT, PR9, and PD3) by replacing the leader peptide Antp with one of three distinct CPPs (TAT, R9, or DPV3), respectively. The IC(50) values of PNC27 in tumor cells were 2-3 times lower than in normal cells. However, all three engineered peptides demonstrated similar cytotoxic effects in tumor and normal cells. Another three chimeric peptides containing the leader peptide Antp with different mitochondria-disrupting peptides (KLA-Antp (KGA), B27-Antp (BA27), and B28-Antp (BA28)), preferentially induced apoptosis in tumor cells. The IC(50) values of these peptides (3-10 microM) were 3-6 times lower in tumor cells than in normal cells. In contrast, TAT-directed peptides (TAT-KLA (TK), TAT-B27 (TB27), and TAT-B28 (TB28)), were cytotoxic to both tumor and normal cells. These data demonstrate that the leader peptide Antp contributes to the preferential cytotoxicity of Antp-directed peptides. Furthermore, Antp-directed peptides bind chondroitin sulfate (CS), and the removal of endogenous CS reduces the cytotoxic effects of Antp-directed peptides in tumor cells. The overexpression of CS in tumor cells is positively correlated to the cell entry and cytotoxicity of Antp- directed peptides. These results suggest that CS overexpression in tumor cells is an important molecular portal that mediates the preferential cytotoxicity of Antp-directed peptides.
A closed-loop system for rapid face retrieval by combining EEG and computer vision (2015)

Computer vision (CV) has demonstrated its capabilities of face retrieval in rapidly exploring large image collections, but its performance degrades in uncontrolled condition. Human brain has powerful cognitive ability to recognize faces across various conditions, which could complement computer face retrieval. In this paper, we propose a closed-loop face retrieval system by iterative coupling between EEG-based target image labeling and CV based label propagation. The closed-loop face retrieval system starts with a sample image of the target face sent to a CV module. The CV module ranks all face images in the database based on their similarity to the sample. The top-ranked 160 face images are presented by RSVP paradigm and an EEG interest detector labels the images of the user's highest interest scores. We propose a new method to remove false targets from EEG labeled images. The user's interest score of each EEG labeled image is concatenated with the similarity value to the sample by CV as a feature vector. The feature vector is inputted into a classifier and the face images classified as positive ones are sent to the CV module to close the loop. The experiment results show that our method can remove false targets from EEG labeled images effectively, and the performance of our system is 11.86% and 12.11% superior to the two previous systems, respectively, and indicate that human ability can complement computer face recognition in a close loop for a better face retrieval.