gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Suppression of human leukocyte tumor necrosis factor secretion by the serine protease inhibitor <i>p</i>-toluenesulfonyl-<scp>l</scp>-arginine methyl ester (TAME). (1989)

The addition of the serine protease inhibitor p-toluenesulfonyl-L-arginine methyl ester (TAME) to human peripheral blood mononuclear cells suppressed TNF secretion in a concentration dependent manner. At a concentration 10 mM TAME leukocyte TNF release was completely inhibited without decreasing the secretion of IL-1 alpha. Simultaneously exposing leukocytes to 10 mM TAME and either 1000 U/ml IFN-gamma or 10 micrograms/ml LPS reduced the quantity of TNF secreted by 75% and 47%, respectively, when compared with the effect of either IFN-gamma or LPS alone. TAME was most effective when added to leukocytes at the initiation of culture and the suppressive effects of this protease inhibitor were reversible by washing the cells. TAME suppressed TNF secretion without affecting either the level of TNF mRNA or the expression of cell surface cytokine. These findings suggest that leukocyte TNF secretion is dependent upon the action of one or more serine proteases.
Pharmacology and therapeutics: Neutrophil elastase promotes proliferation of HaCaT cell line and transwell psoriasis organ culture model (2010)

NE significantly promotes the proliferation of HaCaT cell. Meanwhile, it also up-regulates the expression levels of Ki67 and p53 in psoriasis lesion tissue, which plays an important role in the pathogenesis of psoriasis lesion.
New low-cost five-level active neutral-point clamped converter (2016)

Multilevel converters are a popular solution for medium-voltage and high-power applications, including renewable energy conversion. Five-level active neutral-point-clamped converter (5L-ANPC) is one of the most advantageous topologies among five-level multilevel converters. A six-switch 5L-ANPC (6S-5L-ANPC) topology is proposed, which can achieve low-cost because several fast recovery diodes are employed to replace the body-diodes and active switches. However, the power branches including the diode can only provide active current path. Special modulation strategy is proposed to achieve reactive power operation. The simulation analysis shows the proposed 6S-5L-ANPC is suitable for unity power factor application such as photovoltaic (PV) application. A 500W single-phase inverter prototype is built to verify the validity and flexibility of proposed topology and modulation.
Graphical models for robust speech recognition in adverse environments (2008)

Robust speech recognition in acoustic environments that contain multiple speech sources and/or complex non-stationary noise is a difficult problem, but one of great practical interest. The formalism of probabilistic graphical models constitutes a relatively new and very powerful tool for better understanding and extending existing\nmodels, learning, and inference algorithms; and a bedrock for the creative, quasi-systematic development of new ones. In this thesis a collection of new graphical models and inference algorithms for robust speech recognition are presented.\nThe problem of speech separation using multiple microphones is first treated. A family of variational algorithms for tractably combining multiple acoustic models of speech with observed sensor likelihoods is presented. The algorithms recover high quality estimates of the speech sources even when there are more sources than microphones, and have improved upon the state-of-the-art in terms of SNR gain by over 10 dB.\nNext the problem of background compensation in non-stationary acoustic environments is treated. A new dynamic noise adaptation (DNA) algorithm for robust noise compensation is presented, and shown to outperform several existing state-of-the-art\nfront-end denoising systems on the new DNA + Aurora II and Aurora II-M extensions of the Aurora II task. \nFinally, the problem of speech recognition in speech using a single microphone is treated. The Iroquois system for multi-talker speech separation and recognition\nis presented. The system won the 2006 Pascal International Speech Separation Challenge, and amazingly, achieved super-human recognition performance on a majority of test cases in the task. The result marks a significant first in automatic speech recognition, and a milestone in computing.
Effects of Lumbosacral Spinal Cord Epidural Stimulation for Standing after Chronic Complete Paralysis in Humans (2015)

Sensory and motor complete spinal cord injury (SCI) has been considered functionally complete resulting in permanent paralysis with no recovery of voluntary movement, standing or walking. Previous findings demonstrated that lumbosacral spinal cord epidural stimulation can activate the spinal neural networks in one individual with motor complete, but sensory incomplete SCI, who achieved full body weight-bearing standing with independent knee extension, minimal self-assistance for balance and minimal external assistance for facilitating hip extension. In this study, we showed that two clinically sensory and motor complete participants were able to stand over-ground bearing full body-weight without any external assistance, using their hands to assist balance. The two clinically motor complete, but sensory incomplete participants also used minimal external assistance for hip extension. Standing with the least amount of assistance was achieved with individual-specific stimulation parameters, which promoted overall continuous EMG patterns in the lower limbs' muscles. Stimulation parameters optimized for one individual resulted in poor standing and additional need of external assistance for hip and knee extension in the other participants. During sitting, little or negligible EMG activity of lower limb muscles was induced by epidural stimulation, showing that the weight-bearing related sensory information was needed to generate sufficient EMG patterns to effectively support full weight-bearing standing. In general, electrode configurations with cathodes selected in the caudal region of the array at relatively higher frequencies (25-60 Hz) resulted in the more effective EMG patterns for standing. These results show that human spinal circuitry can generate motor patterns effective for standing in the absence of functional supraspinal connections; however the appropriate selection of stimulation parameters is critical.
Enhancement of evanescent fluorescence from fiber-optic sensors by thin-film sol-gel coatings (1998)

A theoretical analysis and an experimental demonstration are presented to show the increase in collected evanescent fluorescence for a fiber-optic sensor having a high refractive-index (nr), titanium sol-gel, thin-film coating. Simulations indicated that the maximum collected fluorescence should increase and shift to smaller film thicknesses as nr increases and also predicted an interference color-filtering effect. Experimentally, collected fluorescence increased by as much as 6× over that from a bare fused-silica fiber having a numerical aperture of 0.60. Simulations and experimental data were consistent with a decrease in the effective nr as film thickness increases. Electron micrographs of the sol-gel structure supported this observation and showed that the structure differs significantly from that of films formed on a planar glass substrate. High nr, sol-gel thin films are a potentially inexpensive approach to significantly increasing the signal from fiber sensors.
Null Mutation of the Murine ATP7B (Wilson Disease) Gene Results in Intracellular Copper Accumulation and Late-Onset Hepatic Nodular Transformation (1999)

The Atp7b protein is a copper-transporting ATPase expressed predominantly in the liver and to a lesser extent in most other tissues. Mutations in the ATP7B gene lead to Wilson disease, a copper toxicity disorder characterized by dramatic build-up of intracellular hepatic copper with subsequent hepatic and neuro-logical abnormalities. Using homologous recombination to disrupt the normal translation of ATP7B, we have generated a strain of mice that are homozygous mutants (null) for the Wilson disease gene. The ATP7B null mice display a gradual accumulation of hepatic copper that increases to a level 60-fold greater than normal by 5 months of age. An increase in copper concentration was also observed in the kidney, brain, placenta and lactating mammary glands of homo-zygous mutants, although milk from the mutant glands was copper deficient. Morphological abnormalities resembling cirrhosis developed in the majority of the livers from homozygous mutants older than 7 months of age. Progeny of the homozygous mutant females demonstrated neurological abnormalities and growth retardation characteristic of copper deficiency. Copper concentration in the livers of the newborn homozygous null mutants was decreased dramatically. In summary, inactivation of the murine ATP7B gene produces a form of cirrhotic liver disease that resembles Wilson disease in humans and the 'toxic milk' phenotype in the mouse.
Relationships between the responses of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins in blood plasma containing apolipoproteins B-48 and B-100 to a fat-containing meal in normolipidemic humans. (1993)

The concentration of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins containing apolipoprotein (apo) B-48 (chylomicrons) and apo B-100 (very low density lipoproteins) was measured in blood plasma of healthy young men after an ordinary meal containing one-third of daily energy and fat. Plasma obtained in the postabsorptive state and at intervals up to 12 hr after the meal was subjected to immunoaffinity chromatography against a monoclonal antibody to apo B-100 that does not bind apo B-48 and a minor fraction of apo B-100 rich in apo E. Measurements of the concentrations of components of the total and unbound triglyceride-rich lipoproteins separated from plasma by ultracentrifugation showed that about 80% of the increase in lipoprotein particle number was in very low density lipoproteins containing apo B-100 and only 20% was in chylomicrons containing apo B-48 that carry dietary fat from the intestine. The maximal increments and the average concentrations of apo B-48 and B-100 during the 12 hr were highly correlated (r2 = 0.80), suggesting that preferential clearance of chylomicron triglycerides by lipoprotein lipase leads to accumulation of hepatogenous very low density lipoproteins during the alimentary period. The composition of the bulk of very low density lipoproteins that were bound to the monoclonal antibody changed little and these particles contained about 90% of the cholesterol and most of the apo E that accumulated in triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. The predominant accumulation of very low density lipoprotein rather than chylomicron particles after ingestion of ordinary meals is relevant to the potential atherogenicity of postprandial lipoproteins.
An exact reconstruction algorithm in variable pitch helical cone-beam CT when PI-line exists (2006)

In this paper, variable pitch helical cone-beam CT is studied. We prove a sufficient condition for the existence of PI-lines inside this variable pitch helix. Under this condition, we propose a new scanning configuration, called a spring scan, which can be used to scan a cylindrical object support. Based on Zou and Pan's BPF algorithm, we develop an exact BPF-type reconstruction algorithm for helical cone-beam CT in which the pitch of the helix varies with rotation angles. The algorithm includes four steps and can be used in region-of-interest (ROI) reconstruction by the PI-line determination step without a rebinning procedure as other BPF algorithms. Moreover, the algorithm can exactly reconstruct the object image only using the projection data within the Tam-Danielsson window, while Katsevich's algorithm requires more data than it. Furthermore, we test the proposed algorithm using the 3D Shepp-Logan phantom by a spring scan. The numerical results are described to support the correctness of the algorithm.
Accurate Simulation of Acoustic Emission Sources in Composite Plates (1994)

Acoustic emission (AE) signals propagate as the extensional and flexural plate modes in thin composite plates and plate-like geometries such as shells, pipes, and tubes. The relative amplitude of the two modes depends on the directionality of the source motion. For source motions with large out-of-plane components such as delaminations or particle impact, the flexural or bending plate mode dominates the AE signal with only a small extensional mode detected. A signal from such a source is well simulated with the standard pencil lead break (Hsu-Neilsen source) on the surface of the plate. For other sources such as matrix cracking or fiber breakage in which the source motion is primarily in-plane, the resulting AE signal has a large extensional mode component with little or no flexural mode observed. Signals from these type sources can also be simulated with pencil lead breaks. However, the lead must be fractured on the edge of the plate to generate an in-plane source motion rather than on the surface of the plate. In many applications such as testing of pressure vessels and piping or aircraft structures, a free edge is either not available or not in a desired location for simulation of in-plane type sources. In this research, a method was developed which allows the simulation of AE signals with a predominant extensional mode component in composite plates requiring access to only the surface of the plate.
Acidic Citrate Stabilizes Blood Samples for Assay of Total Homocysteine (1998)

Homocysteine is a sulfhydryl-containing amino acid, formed by demethylation of the essential amino acid methionine. Homocysteine is either transsulfurated to cysteine or is remethylated to methionine by methionine synthase. Excess intracellular homocysteine is likely to be transported to the extracellular compartment (1).

Increasing evidence indicates that homocysteine is implicated in the pathogenesis of thromboembolic diseases. Several case control studies have shown a relationship between increased total plasma homocysteine (tHcy) concentrations and an increased risk of arterial (2)(3)(4) and venous thrombosis (5)(6)(7)(8). An increase of the tHcy concentration of 5 μmol/L is associated with 1.5–1.9 times increased risk for coronary artery or cerebrovascular disease (9). These values indicate that small differences might be of clinical importance. Therefore, practical standardized conditions for handling blood specimens for tHcy determination are required. In most studies, blood is drawn in tubes containing K3EDTA. The whole-blood sample is immediately put on crushed ice and then centrifuged as soon as possible to prevent an increase of tHcy concentrations. This tHcy increase is caused by ongoing homocysteine metabolism in blood cells, the majority of which are red blood cells (10)(11). This blood handling procedure is not practical, particularly when larger studies are conducted outside a hospital setting; even in a routine clinical setting, this protocol might be hard to put into practice. To find an alternative, more suitable blood-collection medium, we investigated the effect of different blood-collection media on tHcy production when whole blood is kept at room temperature for 6 h.

Blood was drawn by venipuncture of the antecubital vein from laboratory coworkers or from consecutive patients who visited the outpatient clinics of the Leyenburg Hospital in The Hague for various reasons, unknown to the authors. Informed consent was obtained in accordance …
Herpes simplex viral infection of the mouse trigeminal ganglion. Immunohistochemical analysis of cell populations. (1992)

Several distinct populations of sensory neurons in the ophthalmic region of the mouse trigeminal ganglion have been identified by their reactivity to antibodies raised against substance P (SP), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), cell-surface glycoconjugates SSEA3 and LD2, and the plant lectin, Bandeiraea simplicifolia lectin 1, isolectin 4 (BSIL4). Thirty-six percent of the neurons in the ophthalmic portion of the mouse trigeminal ganglion express CGRP and 17%, SP. All neurons that express SP also express CGRP. Forty percent of the neurons in the ophthalmic region of the ganglion are recognized by monoclonal antisera to SSEA3, and 66% of this population also express the neuropeptides SP or CGRP. The neuronal population recognized by BSIL4 is identical to the population with the LD2 epitope. This population of cells (BSIL4/LD2) does not express the SSEA3 glycoconjugate and is largely nonpeptidergic. All four populations of sensory neurons (SP, CGRP, SSEA3, and LD2/BSIL4) can be infected by herpes simplex virus (HSV). However, the relative proportion of SSEA3- and LD2/BSIL4-labeled cells that were infected productively with HSV was much less than expected based on the relative size of the populations of these neurons in the ophthalmic region of the ganglion.
Self-biased reconfigurable graphene stacks for terahertz plasmonics (2015)

The gate-controllable complex conductivity of graphene offers unprecedented opportunities for reconfigurable plasmonics at terahertz and mid-infrared frequencies. However, the requirement of a gating electrode close to graphene and the single 'control knob' that this approach offers limits the practical implementation and performance of these devices. Here we report on graphene stacks composed of two or more graphene monolayers separated by electrically thin dielectrics and present a simple and rigorous theoretical framework for their characterization. In a first implementation, two graphene layers gate each other, thereby behaving as a controllable single equivalent layer but without any additional gating structure. Second, we show that adding an additional gate allows independent control of the complex conductivity of each layer within the stack and provides enhanced control on the stack equivalent complex conductivity. These results are very promising for the development of THz and mid-infrared plasmonic devices with enhanced performance and reconfiguration capabilities.
Electrical breakdown of dielectric liquids (1971)

The nature of the breakdown process in insulating liquids is very complex and over the years many theories of breakdown have been put forward. The most widely accepted theory, and the only one which is given prominence in the existing reviews on breakdown of liquids, is the cumulative ionization theory. This theory has its origins in the early interpretations of results of high-field conduction current measurements in liquids and assumes that breakdown is due to a Townsend-like ionization of liquid molecules by electrons emitted from the cathode. The relevance of the cumulative ionization theory to the available data on breakdown of liquids is questioned by the following facts: 1. The theory is incapable of explaining the dependences of breakdown strengths of liquids on hydrostatic pressure, on the degree of filtration, on stress conditioning and on spark energy in spark conditioning. 2. The theory is contradicted by studies of prebreakdown processes in viscous liquids <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> which showed that breakdown results from formation and growth in the liquid of a bubble of vapor. 3. It has been shown experimentally <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> that no charge multiplication occurs in liquids at fields of up to 1.2 MV/cm. 4. Significant emission of electrons from the cathode into a liquid is unlikely at fields of up to the breakdown strength. <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3, 4</sup>
A compact high-current microwave-driven ion source (1998)

A simple, compact, high-current, 2.45 GHz microwave ion source has been built and tested. The source uses permanent magnets rather than electrical solenoids to provide the required magnetic field. Developed from an earlier microwave-driven ion source, the plasma generator volume has been reduced by a factor of 8 with no discernible change in rf efficiency or feed consumption. A hydrogen beam of over 60 mA has been extracted from a single 5 mm diameter aperture with a proton fraction of 80% at a rf power of 450 W and a gas flow of 1.5 sccm.
<i>BRAF</i>Mutation Status in Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (2009)

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are mesenchymal tumors characterized by mutations of KIT or PDGFRA. The objectives of this study were to evaluate BRAF mutations in GISTs and then to correlate BRAF mutational status in the tumor with clinical parameters, with B-raf expression, and with activation of some cellular pathways. BRAF mutation was screened in 321 GISTs with 70 wild-type GISTs. BRAF V600E was detected in 9 (13%) of 70 wild-type GISTs. No mutations were detected in GISTs bearing KIT or PDGFRA mutations. BRAF V600E detection in the tumor does not induce a higher expression of the B-raf protein or the preferential activation of the p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway compared with GISTs without the BRAF mutation. In comparison with the GIST group with KIT or PDGFRA mutation or the wild-type GIST group without BRAF mutation, the wild-type GIST group with a BRAF mutation is not different in terms of B-raf expression or the p44/42 MAPK- or AKT-activated signaling pathway.
Detection of C-myb genetic alterations and mutant p53 serum protein in patients with benign and malignant colon lesions. (1994)

C-myb structural alterations were analysed by Southern blot hybridization in 55 adenomatous polyps and 21 adenocarcinomas of the colon. Gene amplification was observed in 8 cases (14.5%) and c-myb rearrangements in 3 cases (5.4%) of the preneoplastic lesions analysed. A higher percentage of c-myb abnormalities (23.8%) was shown by malignant tumors. As far as mutant p53 protein is concerned, it was detected both in sera of adenoma and adenocarcinoma patients, though at different levels. No statistically significant correlations were found between c-myb or p53 abnormalities and clinico-pathological variables.
Querregelung eines Versuchsfahrzeugs entlang vorgegebener Bahnen (Lateral Control of a Test Vehicle along Predefined Paths) (2007)

Um die im Verlauf der Fahrzeugentwicklung benötigten Fahrdynamikversuche reproduzierbar und objektiv auswertbar durchzuführen, wurde ein modellbasiertes Folgeregelsystem zur Durchführung von aggressiven Testszenarien entwickelt und in zwei Versuchsfahrzeugen mit einer echtzeitfähigen Hardware implementiert. Mit der Folgeregelung wird der Fahrzeugschwerpunkt mittels einer elektrischen Lenkmaschine einer Sollbahn nachgeführt. Die Sollbahnvorgabe ist so gestaltet, dass sowohl synthetisch vorgegebene Manöver als auch gemessene Bahnen verwendet werden können. Die Messung der Fahrzeugkoordinaten erfolgt über ein satellitengestütztes inertiales Koppelnavigationssystem. Die entwickelte Querregelung basiert auf einer Zwei-Freiheitsgrad-Struktur mit einer modellbasierten nichtlinearen Vorsteuerung und einer stabilisierenden linearen Regelung. Die entworfene Querregelung wurde in Simulationen und Fahrversuchen für verschiedene Testszenarien erprobt.
The emerging role of oncolytic virus therapy against cancer (2018)

This review discusses current clinical advancements in oncolytic viral therapy, with a focus on the viral platforms approved for clinical use and highlights the benefits each platform provides. Three oncolytic viruses (OVs), an echovirus, an adenovirus, and a herpes simplex-1 virus, have passed governmental regulatory approval in Latvia, China, and the USA and EU. Numerous other recombinant viruses from diverse families are in clinical testing in cancer patients and we highlight the design features of selected examples, including adenovirus, herpes simplex virus, measles virus, retrovirus, reovirus, vaccinia virus, vesicular stomatitis virus. Lastly, we provide thoughts on the path forward for this rapidly expanding field especially in combination with immune modulating drugs.