gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Anabolic-Androgenic Steroid Administration Causes Hypertrophy of Immobilized and Nonimmobilized Skeletal Muscle in a Sedentary Rabbit Model (1999)

Although the use of anabolic agents in athletics has generated extensive publicity and controversy, the potential therapeutic benefits of these drugs have not been fully investigated. This randomized, blinded experimental study investigated whether short-term administration of an anabolic-androgenic steroid can limit immobilization-induced muscle atrophy in a rabbit model. We casted one hindlimb each in 48 New Zealand White rabbits and randomly assigned the rabbits to two groups. The treated group received weekly intramuscular injections of the anabolic-androgenic steroid, nandrolone decanoate (15 mg/kg). Immobilization significantly decreased muscle weights in both the treated rabbits and controls. Compared with controls, the body weights of the treated rabbits increased significantly at 2, 4, and 8 weeks. At 4 and 8 weeks, wet weights, dry weights, and contractile forces were significantly greater in both the casted and noncasted tibialis anterior muscle-tendon units of the treated group. Dry weights and casted contractile forces of the extensor digitorum longus muscle unit at 4 weeks and all measures at 8 weeks were greater in the treated rabbits than in controls. These results are contrary to previously accepted views that anabolic-androgenic steroid use leads to muscle hypertrophy only in conjunction with strength training. This study adds to the growing evidence that anabolic-androgenic steroids can produce significant skeletal muscle hypertrophy in sedentary populations.
Analytical standards for the analysis of chrysotile asbestos in ambient environments (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAnalytical standards for the analysis of chrysotile asbestos in ambient environmentsJohn A. Small, Eric B. Steel, and Patrick J. SheridanCite this: Anal. Chem. 1985, 57, 1, 204–208Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00279a048https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00279a048research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views66Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Evolution and functional classification of vertebrate gene deserts (2004)

Large tracts of the human genome, known as gene deserts, are devoid of protein-coding genes. Dichotomy in their level of conservation with chicken separates these regions into two distinct categories, stable and variable. The separation is not caused by differences in rates of neutral evolution but instead appears to be related to different biological functions of stable and variable gene deserts in the human genome. Gene Ontology categories of the adjacent genes are strongly biased toward transcriptional regulation and development for the stable gene deserts, and toward distinctively different functions for the variable gene deserts. Stable gene deserts resist chromosomal rearrangements and appear to harbor multiple distant regulatory elements physically linked to their neighboring genes, with the linearity of conservation invariant throughout vertebrate evolution.
Introduction (2003)

People care about the organization of firms. Their concerns include alienation in the workplace and participation in decision-making, wage and job security, the risks associated with employee stock ownership and profit-sharing, and a host of other matters. Alienated workers are unlikely to contribute their best efforts to the success of the firm. Employees may wonder whether the information they reveal now will be used against them later, or whether authority delegated today will be revoked tomorrow. Information technology may make worker knowledge the most important input to the production process, but workers who fear downsizing may be reluctant to invest in skills that would only be valuable at their current job. Globalization expands export markets but simultaneously poses risks to wages and jobs. Employee stock ownership is often claimed to increase productivity, but employees may well hesitate to place their life savings in the hands of their own employer.
Protective effects and role of endotoxin in experimental septicemia. (1984)

An experimental model was used in mice in which septicemia develops following invasion of the animals' own intestinal flora after cecal ligation and puncture. Pretreatment with 1 microgram of endotoxin administered 24 hours before surgery significantly reduced the rate of lethality. Bacteria were counted and differentiated in cardiac blood at various times throughout a 48-hour period after induction of septicemia in mice, with and without pretreatment. Endotoxin levels and plasma-related interference of the Limulus-amebocyte-lysate (LAL)-endotoxin reaction also were determined as were hematologic and metabolic parameters. A shift from mixed gram-positive and gram-negative to predominantly gram-negative bacteria occurred in both groups. In pretreated mice, a reduction in aerobic bacterial counts and reduced hyperglycemia were seen in the initial phase; and a decrease in anaerobic and aerobic bacteria and in endotoxin levels were observed at the end of the experiment. This appears to be related to endotoxin-induced increased resistance against the consequences of intraabdominal sepsis. These studies also indicate that the measured amount of circulating endotoxin does not necessarily correlate to the severeness of infection. Individual differences in plasma-related interference with the LAL-endotoxin reaction also emphasize the requirement for sample-internal standardization in order to reliably quantify endotoxin in plasma.
Physical and Mechanical Properties of Cotton Fibers: Single-fiber Failure (2009)

The fibers for specific textile end-use applications will be selected basically through their mechanical properties. They are key elements in fiber selection for successful applications. The way a single fiber behaves when it breaks is a good indicator of the mechanical properties whereby the results can be correlated to their microstructure. In this respect, our research concerned four types of cotton provided by the Fiber and Biopolymer Research Institute (FBRI), Lubbock, TX. Their length and their degree of maturity are different. The thickness and the maturity have first been defined by a microscopic analysis, which is completed by a macroscopic scale analysis. The measurement of characteristics, such as the fiber length distribution, has also been investigated. Two different types of cotton have been chosen for advanced mechanical studies: the single-fiber breakage with both tensile and fatigue testing has been carried out and the fiber morphology has been observed using a scanning electron microscope. The aim of our study is the morphological investigation of the cotton fiber by specifying the breaking mode of a single fiber.
Identification of S6 Kinase 1 as a Novel Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR)-phosphorylating Kinase (2005)

Here we demonstrate that mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is phosphorylated in a rapamycin-sensitive manner. We show that S6 kinase 1 (S6K1), but not Akt, directly phosphorylates mTOR in cell-free in vitro system and in cells. Expression of a constitutively active, rapamycin- and wortmannin-resistant S6K1 leads to constitutive phosphorylation of mTOR, whereas knock-down of S6K1 using small inhibitory RNA greatly reduces mTOR phosphorylation despite elevated Akt activity. Importantly, phosphorylation of mTOR by S6K1 occurs at threonine 2446/serine 2448. This region has been shown previously to be part of a regulatory repressor domain. These sites are also constitutively phosphorylated in the breast cancer cell line MCF7 carrying an amplification of the S6K1 gene, but not in a less tumorigenic cell line, MCF10a. Many models for Akt signaling to mTOR have been presented, suggesting direct phosphorylation by Akt. These models must be reconsidered in light of the present findings.
SURFACE STATES ON SEMICONDUCTOR CRYSTALS; BARRIERS ON THE Cd(Se:S) SYSTEM (1965)

We report here measurements of surface barrier\nheights of metal contacts on Cd(Se:S) crystals in\nwhich a continuous transition is observed between\nthe CdS case in which the barrier height varies as\nthe metal work function to the CdSe case where the\nbarrier height is essentially independent of the metal.\nThe results have fundamental implications concerning\nthe nature of the surface states and their\nrelationship to the properties of the semiconductor.
PDF document restoration and optimization during image enhancement (2008)

We present a document processing method that addresses some of the practical challenges in image enhancement for digital photo album in PDF documents. With the advent of digital offset presses, consumer photo books are becoming increasingly popular, and most such workflows convert the consumer's photos and layout into PDF documents. In order to produce appealing photo albums from consumer photographs, some form of automatic enhancement is usually required, and this enhancement is often done late in the workflow just before printing, and therefore it is done on the PDF file. If each and every PDF generation tool simply inserted a single complete image each time an image appeared in the document, then the process of opening a PDF document, iterating through the document, extracting, enhancing, and replacing images, and then saving the enhanced document would be relatively easy. Unfortunately, PDF generation tools often violate that assumption in two ways. Firstly, large images are often written as a set of small images in strips or tiles, which visually appear to be a single image. Secondly, an image in a PDF document may be reused in the document on different position and pages; directly enhancing images without the consideration of the reuse model could result in great increase in the document size and poor system performance. Therefore, image reconstruction and document optimization were performed in our PDF photo album enhancement solution.
A Fast Scanning W-Band System for Advanced Millimetre-Wave Short Range Imaging Applications (2006)

The paper presents the development of a fast scanning W-Band (75-100 GHz) system and a suitable antenna concept for advanced imaging applications. The goal is to obtain a broadband frequency response from a large target area within a short time period. Two typical approaches for the design of a free space millimetre-wave imaging setup will be discussed. The first approach consists of a focused bistatic measurement setup that includes a combination of a conical horn and a dielectric lens in order to focus the beam. The basic idea of the second approach is to use an unfocused measurement setup employing synthetic aperture radar (SAR) algorithms in order to focus the image numerically. Both measurement setups will be discussed with respect to the capability for fast scanning mm-wave imaging systems. Experimental results on planar test objects demonstrate the performance of the developed W-Band system compared to a commercial vector network analyzer (VNA)
Solid‐phase synthesis of somatostatin and glucagon‐selective analogs in gram quantities (1978)

Abstract Somatostatin (SS) and two glucagon selective analogs [ D ‐Cys l4 ]‐SS and [ D ‐Trp 8 , D ‐Cys 14 ]‐SS have been synthesized in gram quantities by the solid‐phase procedure. A general modification of Monahan and Gilon's procedure for esterification of the first protected amino acid onto the chloromethylated resin as well as a general protocol for solid‐phase peptide synthesis on Beckman 990 automatic synthesizer are described. A new general procedure for disulfide formation, which involves the adaptation of the “high‐dilution” principle to the ferricyanide oxidation and the optimization of the sequence of purification steps as applied to somatostatin and its analogs, yields highly purified peptides (≥ 199% pure) as checked by reverse‐phase high‐pressure liquid chromatography—which is shown to be a highly sensitive, resolutive, and quantitative analytical tool for evaluation of the homogeneity of peptides.
Chlorine Dioxide Reactions with Indoor Materials during Building Disinfection: Surface Uptake (2009)

Chlorine dioxide received attention as a building disinfectant in the wake of Bacillus anthracis contamination of several large buildings in the fall of 2001. It is increasingly used for the disinfection of homes and other indoor environments afflicted by mold. However, little is known regarding the interaction of chlorine dioxide and indoor materials, particularly as related to the removal of chlorine dioxide from air. Such removal may be undesirable with respect to the subsequent formation of localized zones of depleted disinfectant concentrations and potential reductions in disinfection effectiveness in a building. The focus of this paper is on chlorine dioxide removal from air to each of 24 different indoor materials. Experiments were completed with materials housed in flow-through 48-L stainless steel chambers under standard conditions of 700 ppm chlorine dioxide inlet concentration, 75% relative humidity, 24 degrees C, and 0.5 h(-1) air changes. Chlorine dioxide concentration profiles, deposition velocities, and reaction probabilities are described in this paper. Deposition velocities and reaction probabilities varied over approximately 2 orders of magnitude across all materials. For most materials, deposition velocity decreased significantly over a 16-h disinfection period; that is, materials became smaller sinks for chlorine dioxide with time. Four materials (office partition, ceiling tile, medium density fiberboard, and gypsum wallboard) accounted for the most short- and long-term consumption of chlorine dioxide. Deposition velocity was observed to be a strong function of chlorine dioxide inlet concentration, suggesting the potential importance of chemical reactions on or within test materials.
The age-related accumulation of a mitochondrial DNA control region mutation in muscle, but not brain, detected by a sensitive PNA-directed PCR clamping based method (2000)

The peptide nucleic acid (PNA)-directed PCR clamping technique was modified and applied to the detection of mitochondrial DNA mutations with low heteroplasmy. This method is extremely specific, eliminating false positives in the absence of mutant molecules, and highly sensitive, being capable of detecting mutations at the level of 0.1% of total molecules. Moreover, the reaction can be multiplexed to identify more than one mutation per reaction. Using this technique, the levels of three point mutations, the tRNA(Leu(UUA)) 3243 mutation causing mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS); the tRNA(Lys) 8344 mutation causing myoclonic epilepsy and ragged red fibers (MERRF); and the nucleotide position 414 mutation adjacent to the control region promoters, were evaluated in human brain and muscle from individuals of various ages. While none of the mutations were detected in brain samples from individuals ranging in age from 23 to 93, the 414 mutation could be detected in muscle from individuals 30 years and older. These data demonstrate that the 3243 and 8344 mutations do not accumulate with age to levels greater than 0.1% in brain and muscle. By contrast, the 414 mutation accumulates with age in normal human muscle, though not in brain. The reason for the striking absence of the 414 mutation in aging brain is unknown.
A Microdomain-Structured Synthetic High-Flux Hollow-Fiber Membrane for Renal Replacement Therapy (2000)

A prospective crossover clinical study evaluated solute removal and biocompatibility of a tailored, hydrophobic-hydrophilic microdomain structure produced from a blend of polyamide, polyarylethersulfone, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (Polyflux) compared with Fresenius Polysulfone in dialyzers of similar surface area. The clearance of small molecules (urea, creatinine, and phosphate) for both membranes was comparable. Plasma levels of beta2 microglobulin were reduced at the end of treatment with both membranes (49.8% of pretreatment values for Polyflux; 45.9%, Fresenius Polysulfone) and was associated with the recovery of 207 +/- 84 mg of beta2 microglobulin from the dialyzing fluid for Polyflux compared with 147 +/- 29 for Fresenius Polysulfone (p = 0.12). The dialyzing fluid also contained 7,758 mg of protein when using Polyflux compared with 7,793 mg using Fresenius Polysulfone (standard error of difference for any pair was 511 mg). No albumin was present in the dialysis fluid for either membrane. Neutropenia, platelet adhesion to the membrane, and complement activation characterized by C3a, C5a, and SC5b-9 generation were slight and independent of membrane type. Membrane thrombus generating potential measured by thrombin:antithrombin III were also similar. These results indicate that the tailored, hydrophobic-hydrophilic microdomain structure of the membrane results in a favorable biocompatibility profile and clinically acceptable solute removal similar to the widely used Fresenius Polysulfone membrane.
Enhanced heat spreader based on few-layer graphene intercalated with silane-functionalization molecules (2014)

We studied the heat-spreading enhancement of supported few-layer graphene by inserting silane-functionalization molecules between graphene sheets. We calculated the overall thermal resistance of graphene-substrate interface and the in-plane thermal conductivity of graphene sheets by equilibrium molecular dynamics simulations. We probed the spectral phonon transmission coefficient by non-equilibrium Green's function to characterize the local heat conduction through the interface. Our results show that the overal thermal resistance between the substrate graphene and the upper two-layer graphene underwent a three-fold increase by the presence of the molecules, while the local heat conduction from the hot spot to the graphene sheets through the molecules was largely intensified. Furthermore, the in-plane thermal conductivity of the few-layer graphene increased by 60% compared with the supported graphene non-bonded to the substrate through the molecules. This increase is attributed to the refrained cross-plane phonon scattering which in turn reinforces the in-plane heat conduction of the few-layer graphene. In summary, we proved that by inserting silane-functionalization molecules, the few-layer graphene becomes an ideal candidate for heat spreading by guiding heat more efficiently away from the heat source.
Distance-constraint reachability computation in uncertain graphs (2011)

Driven by the emerging network applications, querying and mining uncertain graphs has become increasingly important. In this paper, we investigate a fundamental problem concerning uncertain graphs, which we call the distance-constraint reachability (DCR) problem: Given two vertices s and t, what is the probability that the distance from s to t is less than or equal to a user-defined threshold d in the uncertain graph? Since this problem is #P-Complete, we focus on efficiently and accurately approximating DCR online. Our main results include two new estimators for the probabilistic reachability. One is a Horvitz-Thomson type estimator based on the unequal probabilistic sampling scheme, and the other is a novel recursive sampling estimator, which effectively combines a deterministic recursive computational procedure with a sampling process to boost the estimation accuracy. Both estimators can produce much smaller variance than the direct sampling estimator, which considers each trial to be either 1 or 0. We also present methods to make these estimators more computationally efficient. The comprehensive experiment evaluation on both real and synthetic datasets demonstrates the efficiency and accuracy of our new estimators.
Two novel tunnel-based ring protection switching for MPLS-TP multicast services (2011)

This paper investigates and compares the schemes suggested by the ITU and the IETF for MPLS-TP ring protection, and proposes two MPLS-TP ring protections to ensure reliability of MPLS-TP multicast services. The introduced ring protection schemes are named, the SPME-based-Wrapping protection scheme and the SPME-based-ROM-Wrapping protection scheme, both of which aim at retaining the advantages of previous MPSL-TP ring protections and avoiding limitations. In the paper, the requirements of designing an efficient and reliable MPLS-TP ring protection, for instance with respect to label consumption, bandwidth utilization and operation complexity are well considered and also set concrete evaluating criteria for new proposed MPLS-TP ring protection schemes for multicast services.
Near-Memory Address Translation (2017)

Memory and logic integration on the same chip is becoming increasingly cost effective, creating the opportunity to offload data-intensive functionality to processing units placed inside memory chips. The introduction of memory-side processing units (MPUs) into conventional systems faces virtual memory as the first big showstopper: without efficient hardware support for address translation MPUs have highly limited applicability. Unfortunately, conventional translation mechanisms fall short of providing fast translations as contemporary memories exceed the reach of TLBs, making expensive page walks common. In this paper, we are the first to show that the historically important flexibility to map any virtual page to any page frame is unnecessary in today's servers. We find that while limiting the associativity of the virtual-to-physical mapping incurs no penalty, it can break the translate-then-fetch serialization if combined with careful data placement in the MPU's memory, allowing for translation and data fetch to proceed independently and in parallel. We propose the Distributed Inverted Page Table (DIPTA), a near-memory structure in which the smallest memory partition keeps the translation information for its data share, ensuring that the translation completes together with the data fetch. DIPTA completely eliminates the performance overhead of translation, achieving speedups of up to 3.81× and 2.13× over conventional translation using 4KB and 1GB pages respectively.