gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The interaction of macrophage and non-macrophage tropic isolates of HIV-1 with thymic and tonsillar dendritic cells in vitro. (1996)

Dendritic cells isolated from thymus and tonsil were tested for susceptibility to HIV-1 strains that are tropic for macrophages or for T cell lines. DCs were purified by cell sorting and before infection expressed high levels of CD4 and HLA-DR and lacked markers for T, B, NK cells, or macrophages. Viral entry and reverse transcription was found after pulsing with strains of HIV-1 that could infect macrophages. During the first 36 h the PCR signals for gag sequences increased in DCs and macrophages. In contrast little if any viral DNA was found after pulsing macrophages or DCs with HIV-1 that was able to infect T cell lines. DCs pulsed with HIV-1 were able to transmit infection to responding T cells during an allogeneic or superantigen response. Selection for virus able to infect lymphoid DCs and other DCs expressing CD4 and its transfer to T cells during subsequent immune responses may provide a mechanism for the observed predominance of macrophage-tropic HIV-1 after in vivo transmission.
Predicting "About-to-Eat" Moments for Just-in-Time Eating Intervention (2016)

Various wearable sensors capturing body vibration, jaw movement, hand gesture, etc., have shown promise in detecting when one is currently eating. However, based on existing literature and user surveys conducted in this study, we argue that a Just-in-Time eating intervention, triggered upon detecting a current eating event, is sub-optimal. An eating intervention triggered at "About-to-Eat" moments could provide users with a further opportunity to adopt a better and healthier eating behavior. In this work, we present a wearable sensing framework that predicts "About-to-Eat" moments and the "Time until the Next Eating Event". The wearable sensing framework consists of an array of sensors that capture physical activity, location, heart rate, electrodermal activity, skin temperature and caloric expenditure. Using signal processing and machine learning on this raw multimodal sensor stream, we train an "About-to-Eat" moment classifier that reaches an average recall of 77%. The "Time until the Next Eating Event" regression model attains a correlation coefficient of 0.49. Personalization further increases the performance of both of the models to an average recall of 85% and correlation coefficient of 0.65. The contributions of this paper include user surveys related to this problem, the design of a system to predict about to eat moments and a regression model used to train multimodal sensory data in real time for potential eating interventions for the user.
Plasma cell toll‐like receptor (TLR) expression differs from that of B cells, and plasma cell TLR triggering enhances immunoglobulin production (2009)

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key receptors of the innate immune system and show cell subset-specific expression. We investigated the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of TLR genes in human haematopoietic stem cells (HSC), in naïve B cells, in memory B cells, in plasma cells from palatine tonsils and in plasma cells from peripheral blood. HSC and plasma cells showed unrestricted expression of TLR1-TLR9, in contrast to B cells which lacked TLR3, TLR4 and TLR8 but expressed mRNA of all other TLRs. We demonstrated, for the first time, that TLR triggering of terminally differentiated plasma cells augments immunoglobulin production. Thus, boosting the immediate antibody response by plasma cells upon pathogen recognition may point to a novel role of TLRs.
The X11 inter-client communication conventions manual (1990)

The X11 Inter-Client Communication Conventions Manual is a part of the X Window System standard. It provides guidelines for developers of interoperable X clients in a multi-vendor X system environment. This paper gives an overview of the rationale, goals, design constraints and content of version 1.0 of the ICCCM.
A Direct Drive Wind Turbine HTS Generator (2007)

The wind turbine market is growing rapidly, and there has also been a trend toward ever increasing turbine rating. Most turbines to date has used geared high speed generators, but a history of gearbox reliability problems have turned many turbine manufacturers towards direct drive generators, which are very low speed, high torque, and therefore very large. Superconducting machines offer the possibility of much more compact machines, but the high cost of HTS wire to date has prevented their application to a cost sensitive market such as wind energy. A new generation of low cost HTS wire is being developed which will allow HTS machines to compete in such a market. Consequently, converteam are undertaking a project to design a full size direct drive HTS generator, including the manufacture and test of a scaled model generator. The 1st stage conceptual design phase, including economic assessment, has completed which has identified solutions to the anticipated challenges and risk.
THE MECHANISM OF SPASTIC MUSCLE HYPERTONUS<subtitle>VARIATION IN REFLEX GAIN OVER THE TIME COURSE OF SPASTICITY</subtitle> (1991)

The electromyographic (EMG) response of the initially passive biceps brachii muscle to imposed extension applied at the elbow was studied in 19 hemiparetic and 12 normal subjects. In relaxed normal subjects, the biceps muscle was found to respond only at displacement velocities above 175 deg/s, with a single early burst of activity in the biceps EMG. In contrast, the hemiparetic subjects, in addition to the early EMG activity, also showed considerable late activity, which persisted even with stretch velocities as low as 35 deg/s. This late activity is a stretch reflex, present in fully plegic arms. It was seen in all spastic subjects in whom the tone of the biceps had been clinically assessed to be raised, but was never observed in subjects with normal muscle tone. The mean level of this EMG response was highly correlated with displacement velocity and its duration to the duration of the applied displacement. It is suggested that this reflex EMG activity is the major factor in the genesis of spastic hypertonus in the arm and that it arises not from a reduction in the threshold of the stretch reflexes of the muscle, but from a pathological increase in stretch reflex gain. It is further shown that this activity is at a high level between the first and third months after the onset of spasticity and that the reflex gain is significantly reduced when spasticity is established for a year or more. It is concluded that, while changes in passive mechanical properties may play a role when spasticity has been established for more than a year, the major cause of spastic muscle hypertonus is a pathological increase in stretch reflex activity.
EVALUATION OF SHEAR STRENGTH OF UNSATURATED LOESS USING CONVENTIONAL DIRECT SHEAR TEST (2020)

In order to investigate the simplified method for evaluating the shear strength of unsaturated loess, we conduct a series of conventional consolidated quick shear test and the suction test before consolidation as well as after shearing using filter paper method. The data is validated by unsaturated direct shear test. Then we discuss the variation of initial suction and shear suction under normal stress. The research shows that air entry value and residual value of the soil-water characteristic curve control the change of dry density and water content within consolidating. Based on the Vanapalli's model, a simple method to predict the shear strength of loess is gained. The proposed model using the initial soil-water characteristic curve, effective cohesion and effective internal friction angle of soil simplifies the procedure and time of shear strength measurement for unsaturated soil. The model provides a novel technique for the application of unsaturated shear strength theory in engineering practice.
Dying for work: The magnitude of US mortality from selected causes of death associated with occupation (2003)

Abstract Background Deaths due to occupational disease and injury place a heavy burden on society in terms of economic costs and human suffering. Methods We estimate the annual deaths due to selected diseases for which an occupational association is reasonably well established and quantifiable, by calculation of attributable fractions (AFs), with full documentation; the deaths due to occupational injury are then added to derive an estimated number of annual deaths due to occupation. Results Using 1997 US mortality data, the estimated annual burden of occupational disease mortality resulting from selected respiratory diseases, cancers, cardiovascular disease, chronic renal failure, and hepatitis is 49,000, with a range from 26,000 to 72,000. The Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates there are about 6,200 work‐related injury deaths annually. Adding disease and injury data, we estimate that there are a total of 55,200 US deaths annually resulting from occupational disease or injury (range 32,200–78,200). Conclusions Our estimate is in the range reported by previous investigators, although we have restricted ourselves more than others to only those diseases with well‐established occupational etiology, biasing our estimates conservatively. The underlying assumptions and data used to generate the estimates are well documented, so our estimates may be updated as new data emerges on occupational risks and exposed populations, providing an advantage over previous studies. We estimate that occupational deaths are the 8th leading cause of death in the US, after diabetes (64,751) but ahead of suicide (30,575), and greater than the annual number of motor vehicle deaths per year (43,501). Am. J. Ind. Med. 43:461–482, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of brush-border membrane hexose transport system in chick jejunum (1981)

Hexose transport was characterized in jejunal slices and brush-border membrane (BBM) vesicles from chicks of several ages (range: 2 days before hatch to 21 days after hatch). With slices, initial rates of 0.1 mM 3-O-methyl-D-glucose transport were low in --2-, and 0-day chicks, increasing to maximal levels 2-7 days after hatching; rates declined to adult levels over the next 2 wk. Phlorizin did not inhibit uptakes in --2- or 0-day slices. In contrast, about 80% of the uptakes in tissue from 2-day or older chicks was phlorizin inhibitable. The apparent Kt for phlorizin-sensitive transport was the same in slices from 2- (maximal transport rates) and 21-day (minimal posthatch rates) chicks; the apparent Vmax was 2.5 times greater in 2-day slices. With BBM vesicles, initial rates of Na-dependent D-glucose transport and maximal overshoot levels were greater in 2-day vesicles than in 21-day vesicles. As in slice experiments, Kt values were the same in the two preparations, but Vmax values were 1.4 times higher in the 2-day preparation.
Separation of human plasma factor IX from HTLV-I or HIV by immunoaffinity chromatography using conformation-specific antibodies (1987)

Immunoaffinity chromatography using conformation-specific antibodies yields pure factor IX from human plasma in a single rapid, facile purification step. We evaluated this technique to determine whether factor IX can be separated from human T cell leukemia virus-I (HTLV-I) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in plasma supplemented with these viruses. Viral content was determined with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) assay sensitive to 50 ng viral protein. Both HTLV- I and HIV coeluted with unbound protein. Neither HTLV-I nor HIV was detected in purified factor IX. We conclude that, to the limits of detection, factor IX purified by this method is free of viral contamination.
Paying for Performance (2005)

Damberg, Cheryl L. PhD; Raube, Kristiana PhD; Williams, Tom MBA, MPH; Shortell, Stephen M. PhD Author Information
Study of open‐tubular micro‐capillary liquid chromatography (1979)

Abstract Capillary columns in gas chromatography, first proposed by Golay [1,2], have become well established [3] which have extremely high column efficiencies and separabilities. Everyone could imagine it to be a great tool if such a kind of high efficiency column could be established in liquid chromatography (LC). Microcapillary liquid chromatography (MCLC) may be one way of achieving high‐efficiency in terms of theoretical plates. Few papers were published in this field before 1976 [4–6], but more recently, after 1977 [7–15], this field has become one of topical interest in liquid chromatography. Temporarily there are two microcapillary liquid chromatography, that is: „open‐tubular”︁ [7,8,10–15] and „packed”︁ [9] MCLC. In this presentation we focus on open‐tubular microcapillary liquid chromatography and a review contemporary developments of ours and others.
Clinical Trials, Triumphs, and Tribulations of Glucagon Receptor Antagonists (2016)

Since the discovery of glucagon’s opposing actions to insulin, drugs targeting the inhibition of glucagon action have been pondered. In recent years, several attempts to generate small molecules or antibodies that impair glucagon action have been pursued as potential therapeutics for type 2 diabetes. In the current issue of Diabetes Care , Kazda et al. (1) summarize the outcomes of the phase 2a and phase 2b clinical trials of LY2409021, a small-molecule glucagon receptor antagonist (GRA). This is the largest and longest trial for safety and efficacy of a GRA ever performed. Importantly, LY2409021 does not produce side effects on cholesterol homeostasis that have impeded the progress of other small-molecule GRAs. Here, we place their success in perspective and discuss the advantages and concerns relating to glucagon-based therapeutics as this line of drugs comes closer than ever to achieving their clinical potential.

In 1922, the first children with type 1 diabetes were treated with an insulin-containing pancreatic extract, preventing ketoacidosis and an insidious death. In addition to the discovery of insulin, the crew of Banting, Best, and Collip observed glucagon action, as they had noticed in their preclinical studies in canines that some of their crude insulin preparations would raise glucose levels in the dog briefly before glucose was lowered (2,3). This glucose-raising peptide was termed “glucagon” (4) and subsequently purified and identified as a 29–amino acid peptide (5). In 1959, the development of the radioimmunoassay made it possible to quantify the two major glucoregulatory hormones, insulin (6) and glucagon (7). It was quickly established that glucagon was in fact a true hormone responsible for maintaining the glucose supply to the brain via increased glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis.

It has since been demonstrated that every form of diabetes is associated with hyperglucagonemia, the suppression of which eliminates hyperglycemia (8 …
Fluorescence Enhancement through Enzymatic Cleavage of Internally Quenched Dendritic Peptides: A Sensitive Assay for the AspN Endoproteinase (2002)

A way to reduce the synthetic work associated with FRET-based techniques for protease analysis and characterization is shown here. Protease-mediated cleavage of fluorescent peptides attached to dendrimers results in large increases in fluorescence (see scheme). Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2002/z18274_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
The Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Pathway Phosphorylates AML1, an Acute Myeloid Leukemia Gene Product, and Potentially Regulates Its Transactivation Ability (1996)

AML1 (also called PEBP2alphaB, CBFA2, or CBFalpha2) is one of the most frequently disrupted genes in chromosome abnormalities seen in human leukemias. It has been reported that AML1 plays several pivotal roles in myeloid hematopoietic differentiation and other biological phenomena, probably through the transcriptional regulation of various relevant genes. Here, we investigated the mechanism of regulation of AML1 functions through signal transduction pathways. The results showed that AML1 is phosphorylated in vivo on two serine residues within the proline-, serine-, and threonine-rich region, with dependence on the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and with interleukin-3 stimulation in a hematopoietic cell line. These in vivo phosphorylation sites of AML1 were phosphorylated directly in vitro by ERK. Although differences between wild-type AML1 and phosphorylation site mutants in DNA-binding affinity were not observed, we have shown that ERK-dependent phosphorylation potentiates the transactivation ability of AML1. Furthermore the phosphorylation site mutations reduced the transforming capacity of AML1 in fibroblast cells. These data indicate that AML1 functions are potentially regulated by ERK, which is activated by cytokine and growth factor stimuli. This study provides some important clues for clarifying unidentified facets of the regulatory mechanism of AML1 function.
2-micron triple-pulse integrated path differential absorption lidar development for simultaneous airborne column measurements of carbon dioxide and water vapor in the atmosphere (2016)

For more than 15 years, NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) has contributed in developing several 2-micron carbon dioxide active remote sensors using the DIAL technique. Currently, an airborne 2-micron triple-pulse integrated path differential absorption (IPDA) lidar is under development at NASA LaRC. This paper focuses on the advancement of the 2-micron triple-pulse IPDA lidar development. Updates on the state-of-the-art triple-pulse laser transmitter will be presented including the status of wavelength control, packaging and lidar integration. In addition, receiver development updates will also be presented, including telescope integration, detection systems and data acquisition electronics. Future plan for IPDA lidar system for ground integration, testing and flight validation will be presented.
Static analysis approaches to detect SQL injection and cross site scripting vulnerabilities in web applications: A survey (2014)

Dependence on web applications is increasing very rapidly in recent time for social communications, health problem, financial transaction and many other purposes. Unfortunately, presence of security weaknesses in web applications allows malicious user's to exploit various security vulnerabilities and become the reason of their failure. Currently, SQL Injection (SQLI) and Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities are most dangerous security vulnerabilities exploited in various popular web applications i.e. eBay, Google, Facebook, Twitter etc. Research on defensive programming, vulnerability detection and attack prevention techniques has been quite intensive in the past decade. Defensive programming is a set of coding guidelines to develop secure applications. But, mostly developers do not follow security guidelines and repeat same type of programming mistakes in their code. Attack prevention techniques protect the applications from attack during their execution in actual environment. The difficulties associated with accurate detection of SQLI and XSS vulnerabilities in coding phase of software development life cycle. This paper proposes a classification of software security approaches used to develop secure software in various phase of software development life cycle. It also presents a survey of static analysis based approaches to detect SQL Injection and cross-site scripting vulnerabilities in source code of web applications. The aim of these approaches is to identify the weaknesses in source code before their exploitation in actual environment. This paper would help researchers to note down future direction for securing legacy web applications in early phases of software development life cycle.
Surface functionalization of cubic boron nitride films for biological sensing applications (2008)

Surface functionalization and modification scheme of cubic boron nitride (cBN) films deposited by chemical vapor deposition was demonstrated. A homogeneous layer of amino groups was bonded covalently on the B and/or N atoms of cBN surface via a photochemical reaction with allylamine. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was carried out to verify comprehensively each stage of the surface modification process. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) were self-assembled on the amine-terminated cBN surface, and a dense and well-distributed AuNPs monolayer was obtained. Modification of amine-terminated cBN films with amine-modified DNA probes presents an example of applications as DNA biosensors.
Influence of antigen conformation and mode of presentation on the antibody and protective responses against human respiratory syncytial virus: relevance for vaccine development (2016)

Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) remains one of the most prevalent human pathogens for which a vaccine is still missing. After several decades of hesitant efforts, particularly after the harmful effects of a formalin-inactivated hRSV vaccine trial in the 1960s, hRSV vaccine development has received new impetus from structure-based studies of its main protective antigen: the fusion (F) glycoprotein. This article reviews studies done with hRSV F, either in pieces (e.g. epitopes) or as soluble or membrane-anchored molecules folded in different conformations or presented under different forms. Knowledge gained from these studies has provided the basis for novel vaccines that are now in different phases of development and has generated tools and reagents for developing other control measures such as prophylactic or therapeutic antibodies against this virus, which remains the most important cause of hospitalization in infants and one of the leading global causes of infant mortality.
Phase III Trial of Satraplatin, an Oral Platinum plus Prednisone vs. Prednisone alone in Patients with Hormone-Refractory Prostate Cancer (2005)

Satraplatin is a novel oral platinum (IV) complex that shows activity against hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) in cisplatin-resistant human tumor lines in phase I and phase II trials. A randomized multicenter phase III trial with a target sample size of 380 patients was initiated in men with HRPC. After 50 randomized patients, the trial was closed to further accrual by the sponsoring company. An ad hoc analysis of all available data is reported here. Eligibility criteria included pathological proof of prostate cancer, documented progression despite prior hormonal manipulation, WHO PS 0-2, and no daily intake of narcotic analgesics. Patients were randomized between satraplatin 100 mg/m(2) for 5 days plus prednisone 10 mg orally BID or prednisone alone. Compliance was excellent. 48/50 patients have progressed and 42 have died, mostly due to prostate cancer. Median overall survival was 14.9 months (95% CI: 13.7-28.4) on the satraplatin plus prednisone arm and 11.9 months (95% CI: 8.4-23.1) on prednisone alone (hazard ratio, HR = 0.84, 95% CI: 0.46-1.55). A >50% decrease in prostrate specific antigen (PSA) was seen in 9/27 (33.3%) in the satraplatin plus prednisone arm vs. 2/23 (8.7%) on the prednisone alone arm. Progression-free survival was 5.2 months (95% CI: 2.8-13.7) on the satraplatin plus prednisone arm as compared to 2.5 months (95% CI: 2.1- 4.7) on the prednisone alone arm (HR = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.28-0.92). This difference is statistically significant (p = 0.023). Toxicity was generally minimal in both arms. This randomized comparison of a combination of satraplatin and prednisone versus prednisone alone supports the antitumor activity of the combination. Its role in the treatment of HPRC remains to be elucidated in an appropriate phase III setting.