gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In Vitro Selection of pH‐Activated DNA Nanostructures (2016)

We report the first in vitro selection of DNA nanostructures that switch their conformation when triggered by change in pH. Previously, most pH-active nanostructures were designed using known pH-active motifs, such as the i-motif or the triplex structure. In contrast, we performed de novo selections starting from a random library and generated nanostructures that can sequester and release Mipomersen, a clinically approved antisense DNA drug, in response to pH change. We demonstrate extraordinary pH-selectivity, releasing up to 714-fold more Mipomersen at pH 5.2 compared to pH 7.5. Interestingly, none of our nanostructures showed significant sequence similarity to known pH-sensitive motifs, suggesting that they may operate via novel structure-switching mechanisms. We believe our selection scheme is general and could be adopted for generating DNA nanostructures for many applications including drug delivery, sensors and pH-active surfaces.
Multiple sclerosis: Cytokine receptors on oligodendrocytes predict innate regulation (2003)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated demyelinating condition in which numerous soluble mediators have been implicated. We have extended the repertoire of cytokines studied in MS tissue by examining interleukin (IL-4), IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-18, interferon (IFNgamma), and their receptors and have compared patterns with those seen in normal subjects and other neurological diseases (OND). Expression was evaluated by immunocytochemistry and Western blots. Remarkably, oligodendrocytes expressed all the cytokine receptors examined, particularly Th2-type, constitutively in normal subjects and upregulated in disease. Microglial cells also expressed cytokine receptors at similar levels. Cytokine expression was invariably a feature of microglial cells, except for IL-10, which was exclusively astrocytic. Oligodendrocytes did not display cytokines, except for low levels of IL-18. Although no pattern was specific for MS, most molecules were upregulated in MS and OND. Downstream JAK/STAT molecules were correspondingly upregulated. Cytokine receptors on oligodendrocytes (and microglia), and their corresponding ligands on microglia (and astrocytes), may implicate paracrine/autocrine regulation and may bespeak innate immunity in the central nervous system.
Coloration of Cationized Cellulosic Fibers–A Review (2014)

Dyeing of cellulosic materials with reactive and direct dyes is commercially very popular, but is not eco-friendly On the other hand, pigment colors cannot be applied by conventional exhaust methods. These problems can be solved or minimized by increasing the affinity of cellulosic materials. Cationization of cellulosic fibers improves affinity towards anionic dyes like reactive dyes, direct dyes, and pigment colors dispersed with anionic dispersants. This review paper discusses various studies relating to cationization of cotton, linen, and ramie fibers using various chemicals (e.g., quaternary ammonium compounds, chitosan, CHPTAC, other epoxy compounds, and triazine) as well as non-reactive pretreatments with cationic polymers.
Graphite fluoride as a solid lubricant in a polyimide binder (1972)

Polyimide resin (PI) was shown to be a suitable binder material for the solid lubricant graphite fluoride, (CF(1.1))n. Comparisons were made to similar tests using PI-bonded MOS2 films, graphite fluoride rubbed films, and MOS2 rubbed films. The results showed that, at any one specific temperature between 25 and 400 C, the wear life of PI-bonded graphite fluoride films exceeded those of the other three films by at least a factor of 2 and by as much as a factor of 60. Minimum friction coefficients for the PI-bonded films were 0.08 for graphite fluoride and 0.04 for MOS2. The rider wear rates for the two PI-bonded films at 25 C were nearly equal.
[Research advances in carbon balance in subtropical hilly red soil]. (2006)

Carbon balance is becoming a hotspot in global change and geo-science studies. The subtropical hilly red soil area in China is an important production base of foodstuffs and tropical and subtropical economical crops and woods, and also, is very important in carbon balance research because of its special ecological and geographic characters. This paper discussed the significance of subtropical hilly red soil in carbon balance, and reviewed the related research advances and main results, including plant, litterfall, soil carbon storage, and soil respiration etc. The integrative research methods of carbon balance were summarized, and some issues and development directions in carbon balance research were discussed.
Fermented Mistletoe Extract as a Multimodal Antitumoral Agent in Gliomas (2012)

In Europe, commercially available extracts from the white-berry mistletoe (Viscum album L.) are widely used as a complementary cancer therapy. Mistletoe lectins have been identified as main active components and exhibit cytotoxic effects as well as immunomodulatory activity. Since it is still not elucidated in detail how mistle toe extracts such as ISCADOR communicate their effects, we analyzed the mechanisms that might be responsible for their antitumoral function on a molecular and functional level. ISCADOR-treated glioblastoma (GBM) cells down-regulate central genes involved in glioblastoma progression and malignancy such as the cytokine TGF-β and matrix-metalloproteinases. Using in vitro glioblastoma/immune cell co-cultivation assays as well as measurement of cell migration and invasion, we could demonstrate that in glioblastoma cells, lectin-rich ISCADOR M and ISCADOR Q significantly enforce NK-cell-mediated GBM cell lysis. Beside its immune stimulatory effect, ISCADOR reduces the migratory and invasive potential of glioblastoma cells. In a syngeneic as well as in a xenograft glioblastoma mouse model, both pretreatment of tumor cells and intratumoral therapy of subcutaneously growing glioblastoma cells with ISCADOR Q showed delayed tumor growth. In conclusion, ISCADOR Q, showing multiple positive effects in the treatment of glioblastoma, may be a candidate for concomitant treatment of this cancer.
Cascadable laser logic devices: discrete integration of phototransistors with surface-emitting laser diodes (1991)

A new class of cascadable optical logic devices is described which consists of integrated GaAs/AlGaAs phototransistors and surface-emitting lasers. The devices function as optical neurons (‘smart pixels’), have high optical gain (a factor of >20 overall, >200 differential), very high on/off contrast (>2700, 34dB) and are ideal for neural networks and optical computing applications.
Maturation of Innate Responses to Mycobacteria over the First Nine Months of Life (2014)

Newborns and young infants are particularly susceptible to infections, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Further, immunogenicity of vaccines against tuberculosis and other infectious diseases appears suboptimal early in life compared with later in life. We hypothesized that developmental changes in innate immunity would underlie these observations. To determine the evolution of innate responses to mycobacteria early in life, whole blood or PBMC from newborns, as well as 10- and 36-wk-old infants, was incubated with viable Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin or TLR ligands. Innate cell expression of cytokines and maturation markers was assessed, as well as activation of the proinflammatory NF-κB- and MAPK-signaling pathways. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin-induced production of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12p40 increased from the newborn period to 9 mo of age in monocytes but not in myeloid dendritic cells. No changes in production of anti-inflammatory IL-10 were observed. CD40 expression increased with age in both cell populations. Older infants displayed substantial activation of all three signal transduction molecules: degradation of NF-κB inhibitor IκBα and phosphorylation of MAPK Erk and p38 upon TLR1/2 triggering, compared with predominant activation of only one of any of these molecules in newborns. Maturation of innate proinflammatory responses during the first 9 mo of life may underlie more effective control of mycobacteria and other pathogens observed later in infancy and age-related differential induction of Th1 responses by vaccination.
Plasmid-determined resistance to serum bactericidal activity: a major outer membrane protein, the traT gene product, is responsible for plasmid-specified serum resistance in Escherichia coli (1980)

Resistance to the bactericidal activity of serum appears to be an important virulence property of invasive bacteria. The conjugative multiple-antibiotic-resistance plasmid R6-5 was found to confer upon Escherichia coli host bacteria increased resistance against rabbit serum. Gene-cloning techniques were used to localize the serum resistance determinant of R6-5 to a segment of the plasmid that encodes conjugal transfer functions, and a pACYC184 hybrid plasmid, designated pKT107, that contains this segment was constructed. The generation and analysis of deletion and insertion mutant derivatives of the pKT107 plasmid that no longer specify serum resistance permitted precise localization of the serum-resistance cistron on the R6-5 map and demonstrated that this locus is coincident with that of traT, one of the two surface exclusion genes of R6-5. Examination of the proteins synthesized in E. coli minicells of pKT107 and its serum-sensitive mutant derivative plasmids confirmed that the serum-resistance gene product of R6-5 is the traT protein and showed that this protein is a major structural component (about 21,000 copies per cell) of the bacterial outer membrane.
The EnMAP Spaceborne Imaging Spectroscopy Mission for Earth Observation (2015)

Imaging spectroscopy, also known as hyperspectral remote sensing, is based on the characterization of Earth surface materials and processes through spectrally-resolved measurements of the light interacting with matter. The potential of imaging spectroscopy for Earth remote sensing has been demonstrated since the 1980s. However, most of the developments and applications in imaging spectroscopy have largely relied on airborne spectrometers, as the amount and quality of space-based imaging spectroscopy data remain relatively low to date. The upcoming Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program (EnMAP) German imaging spectroscopy mission is intended to fill this gap. An overview of the main characteristics and current status of the mission is provided in this contribution. The core payload of EnMAP consists of a dual-spectrometer instrument measuring in the optical spectral range between 420 and 2450 nm with a spectral sampling distance varying between 5 and 12 nm and a reference signal-to-noise ratio of 400:1 in the visible and near-infrared and 180:1 in the shortwave-infrared parts of the spectrum. EnMAP images will cover a 30 km-wide area in the across-track direction with a ground sampling distance of 30 m. An across-track tilted observation capability will enable a target revisit time of up to four days at the Equator and better at high latitudes. EnMAP will contribute to the development and exploitation of spaceborne imaging spectroscopy applications by making high-quality data freely available to scientific users worldwide.
Trends in Medicinal Chemistry 2004 (2005)

On December 2, 2004, the Society for Medicines Research held the seventh Trends in Medicinal Chemistry one-day meeting. The meeting brought together speakers from Europe representing both academia and industry and provided an overview of some of the latest approaches being taken in a range of therapeutic areas such as oncology, antiinfectives, CNS disease and reproductive medicine.
A MAC protocol with efficient fair scheduling for CDMA-based mobile networks (2004)

The challenge in designing MAC protocols for future mobile networks is two-fold: providing guaranteed quality of service (QoS) and efficient wireless resource utilization. While a class of algorithms called GPS succeeds in achieving the above goals in wired networks, it cannot be directly applied to mobile networks. The key difficulty is the distributed nature of the queues in the uplink, which results in significant messaging overhead in transmitting states of active streams to the centralized scheduler. In this paper, we propose a new MAC protocol based on the multi-code CDMA (MC-CDMA) mobile network. Packets transmission is fairly scheduled within the time scale of frame, avoiding frequent status reporting. Analysis and simulation results show that the performance of our MAC protocol with the fair scheduling is similar with ideal GPS in terms of providing guaranteed QoS and efficient utilization of wireless resource.
Metalworking fluid-associated hypersensitivity pneumonitis: A workshop summary (1997)

A workshop discussing eight clusters of hypersensitivity pneumonitis in the automotive industry among metalworking fluid-exposed workers concluded that a risk exists for this granulomatous lung disease where water-based fluids are used and unusual microbial contaminants predominate. Strong candidates for microbial etiology are nontuberculous mycobacteria and fungi. Cases of hypersensitivity pneumonitis occur among cases with other work-related respiratory symptoms and chest diseases. Reversibility of disease has occurred in many cases with exposure cessation, allowing return to work to jobs without metalworking fluid exposures or, in some situations, to jobs without the same metalworking fluid exposures. Cases have been recognized with metalworking fluid exposures generally less than 0.5 mg/m3. The workshop participants identified knowledge gaps regarding risk factors, exposure-response relationships, intervention efficacy, and natural history, as well as surveillance needs to define the extent of the problem in this industry. In the absence of answers to these questions, guidance for prevention is necessarily limited.
A kinetic analysis of hybridoma growth and metabolism in batch and continuous suspension culture: Effect of nutrient concentration, dilution rate, and pH (2000)

Hybridomas are finding increased use for the production of a wide variety of monoclonal antibodies. Understanding the roles of physiological and environmental factors on the growth and metabolism of mammalian cells is a prerequisite for the development of rational scale-up procedures. An SP2/0-derived mouse hybridoma has been employed in the present work as a model system for hybridoma suspension culture. In preliminary shake flask studies to determine the effect of glucose and glutaminE, it was found that the specific growth rate, the glucose and glutamine metabolic quotients, and the cumulative specific antibody production rate were independent of glucose concentration over the range commonly employed in cell cultures. Only the specific rate of glutamine uptake was found to depend on glutamine concentration. The cells were grown in continuous culture at constant pH and oxygen concentration at a variety of dilution rates. Specific substrate consumption rates and product formation rates were determined from the steady state concentrations. The specific glucose uptake rate deviated from the maintenance energy model(1) at low specific growth rates, probably due to changes in the metabolic pathways of the cells. Antibody production was not growth-associated; and higher specific antibody production rates were obtained at lower specific growth rates. The effect of pH on the metabolic quotients was also determined. An optimum in viable cell concentration was obtained between pH 7.1 and 7.4. The viable cell number and viability decreased dramatically at pH 6.8. At pH 7.7 the viable cell concentration initially decreased, but then recovered to values typical of pH 7.1-7.4. Higher specific nutrient consumption rates were found at the extreme pH values; however, glucose consumption was inhibited at low pH. The pH history also influenced the behavior at a given pH. Higher antibody metabolic quotients were obtained at the extreme pH values. Together with the effect of specific growth rate, this suggests higher antibody production under environmental or nutritional stress.
A Mode-Based Design Method for Dual-Band and Self-Diplexing Antennas Using Double T-Stubs Loaded Aperture (2012)

A mode-based design method for dual-band and self-deplexing antennas is presented. By analyzing the E-field distributions and cut-off frequencies of the individual modes in a T-stub loaded aperture, we selected two proper modes for the antenna designed for dual-frequency operations. The desired feature is that at the two different frequencies, the antenna may perform the same or similar radiation characteristics including the polarization, the pattern shape, and the gain level. A rectangular aperture loaded with double T-stubs was employed for the illustration basis. The proposed method was demonstrated to the dual-band antenna and self-diplexing antenna design with promising performances. The presented dual-band antenna performed a wide range of the frequency ratio from 1.3 to 3.0 under a fixed antenna size. The proposed self-diplexing antenna achieved good port isolation better than 26 dB in both operating bands. Both illustrated antenna designs were successfully verified with built prototypes of which the simulation and measurement results were quite consistent.
Factors Contributing to Preferential Motor Reinnervation in the Primate Peripheral Nervous System (1999)

Functional recovery after nerve lesions in the peripheral nervous system requires the accurate regeneration of axons to their original target end organs. This paper examines axonal regeneration of the primate median nerve lesioned at the wrist over nerve gap distances of up to 50 mm. Nerve gaps were bridged by either a sural nerve graft or a biodegradable collagen nerve guide tube, and recovery was followed for up to 1100 d. Nondestructive physiological methods were used to serially examine the number of regenerated motor units, and binomial statistics were used to compare the observed number of regenerated motor units with that expected if axonal regeneration of motor neurons were random. We found up to twice the number of motor units expected by random regeneration in direct suture and sural cable graft groups but not in nerve guide repairs of 20 or 50 mm. In all repaired nerves, aberrant motor axon collaterals were detected in digital sensory nerve territory. The results support the contention that the aberrant fibers represent collaterals of an alpha-motor axon, which also innervates muscle. Although the aberrant motor axon collaterals remained in digital sensory nerve territory for long periods, they remained relatively immature compared with their sibling collateral projecting to muscle, or sensory axons within the digital nerve. The number of such aberrant motor axon collaterals decreased over time in some repair groups, suggesting a selective pruning of the inappropriate collateral under certain conditions.
Marker orientation in fiducial registration (2003)

Fiducial markers are often employed in image-guided surgical procedures to provide positional information based on pre-operative images. In the standard technique, centroids of three or more markers are localized in both image space and physical space. The localized positions are used in a closed-form algorithm to determine the three-dimensional rigid-body transformation that will register the two spaces in the least-squares sense. In this work we present (1) a method for determining the orientation of the axis of symmetry of a cylindrical marker in a tomographic image and (2) an extension to the standard approach to rigid-body registration that utilizes the orientation of marker axes as an adjunct to the positions of their centroids. The extension is a closed-form, least-squares solution. Unlike the standard approach, the extension is capable of three-dimensional registration with only two markers. We evaluate the accuracy of the former method by means of CT and MR images of markers attached to a phantom and the accuracy of the latter method by means of computer simulations.
HPLC Method for Evaluation of the Free Radical-scavenging Activity of Foods by Using 1,1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (1998)

An HPLC method for evaluation of the free radical-scavenging activity of foods by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) is reported. The activity was evaluated by measuring the decrease of DPPH detected at 517 nm. By using this novel method, we determined the free radical-scavenging activity of several antioxidants: ascorbic acid, alpha-tocopherol, Trolox, and cysteine. The results gave good correlation between the radical-scavenging activity determined by HPLC and by conventional colorimetry. This methodology was applied to determine the free radical-scavenging activity of 8 beverages. The activity of coffee was the highest, followed by red wine, green tea, oolong tea, black tea, rosé wine, white wine, and orange juice. The results well agree with those of previous reports. This method is expected to be useful for a simple and rapid determination of free radical-scavenging activity in colored foods, because coloring substances in foods do not interfere with the measurement.
The Specificities of Aortic Intima Constituents Effecting ADP or Epinephrine-induced Platelet Aggregation (1984)

The specificities of extractable human uninvolved aortic intima constituents are summarized as follows in the effect on ADP or epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation.I. Effects on ADP-induced aggregationi) ADP-induced aggregation was inhibited by the extract.ii) ADP aggregation inhibitory activity augmented progressively with increased incubation time of ADP and the extract at 25°C.iii) The activity was stable at 37°C for at least 180 minutes. But it disappeared at 55°C for 10 minutes or at 100°C for 3 minutes.iv) The activity was unstable below pH 5 or above pH 11.v) Activity was detected when the extract and ADP were mixed before being added to PRP. II. Effects on epinephrine-induced aggregationi) Epinephrine-induced aggregation was potentiated by the extract.ii) The enhancement of the extract on epinephrine aggregation was not changed by incubation of the extract and epinephrine at 25°C.iii) The enhancement disappeared at 100°C for 3 minutes.iv) The effect was found not only in addition of the mixture of the extract and epinephrine to PRP, but also in sequential addition of the extract and epinephrine.v) It was stable from pH 2 to pH 11.vi) The constituent of the extract which potentiated epinephrine aggregation might be collagen with a lower concentration that could not cause platelet aggregation.ADP aggregation inhibitory activity may limit the growth of intravascular thrombus. Epinephrine aggregation enhancement may induce the onset of atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction and cerebral thrombosis, whereas the enhancement may help the healing of endothelial damage by platelet aggregation forming thrombus.