gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis of pattern, time, and risk factors influencing recurrence in triple-negative breast cancer patients. (2012)

e11553 Background: The aim of the study was to assess the rate, pattern and time of recurrence in patients with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) treated in one institution. The second goal was to evaluate factors influencing recurrence and overall survival in this group of patients. Methods: 2534 consecutive breast cancer patients were diagnosed at the Cancer Center and Institute of Oncology in Warsaw, Poland, between January 2005 and December 2006. Out of 2534 patients, 228 (9%) were TNBC (ER/PR/HER2-negative). The clinicopathological characteristics were determined using descriptive statistics. The overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS) were calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The univariate and multivariate analyses were developed to identify factors influencing recurrence and survival in TNBC patients. Results: Most of the patients were diagnosed with stage II or III breast cancer (47% and 34%, respectively), the median age at diagnosis was 54.5 years. The most common histological type was ductal cancer (81%). 31% of patients were treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and 49% with adjuvant chemotherapy – almost all consisted of anthracyclines. 6 years of observation revealed that the metastatic disease occurred in 35% of all TNBC patients: 15% in the brain, 14% in the lungs, 11% in the bones, 8% in the liver and 14% had locoregional relapse. The highest risk of recurrence was during the first 3 years after primary treatment and then during the next two years of observation it did not change. Median DFS and OS were not reached at the time of analysis, 6-year DFS and OS were 68% and 62%, respectively.Factors influencing recurrence were: tumor size and systemic adjuvant chemotherapy while factors influencing overall survival were: tumor size, nodal status, adjuvant/neoadjuvant treatment and metastases in the brain, liver and bones. Conclusions: Characteristic pattern of recurrence in time was revealed. The tumor size was responsible for recurrence despite lack of involvement of lymph nodes. Aggressive adjuvant/neoadjuvant treatment ordered in all clinical stages of TNBC (including N0) was factor responsible for avoiding local and distant relapse and prolonging overall survival.
Cross-Lingual Machine Reading Comprehension (2019)

Yiming Cui, Wanxiang Che, Ting Liu, Bing Qin, Shijin Wang, Guoping Hu. Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP). 2019.
[Present status of studies on the application of immunology to the diagnosis and therapy of cancer, with emphasis on monoclonal antibodies and cytokines]. (1987)

This paper describes the present state of research on application of immunology for cancer diagnosis and therapy, especially with emphasis on the recent progress of monoclonal antibody and recombinant cytokines technologies. In the history of immuno-diagnosis and- therapy of cancer, a new era has been coming because of the progress of these technologies, in addition to an increase of our knowledges on host-defense mechanisms against cancer and development of new types of instruments and chemical synthesis technology. A number of approaches of cancer diagnosis and therapy with monoclonal antibodies and cytokines in Japan were introduced in this paper, and problems of these trials to be solved in the future were discussed. Together with almost established surgical treatment, chemotherapy and physicotherapy, including radiation and hyperthermia, biotherapy, including immunotherapy and therapy with hormones and various biological response modifiers (BRM) are required for the purpose of complete cure of cancer. Further energetic and systematic efforts should be made in the future.
Tunable Complex Stability in Surface Molecular Recognition Mediated by Self-Complementary Quadruple Hydrogen Bonds (2003)

We show that surfaces modified with asymmetric 2-ureido-4[1H]-pyrimidinone-hydroxyalkane disulfide adsorbates exhibit efficient and controllable self-complementary molecular recognition of the pyrimidinone moieties. Two novel asymmetric 2-ureido-4[1H]-pyrimidinone-hydroxyalkane disulfide adsorbates, as well as two trifluoromethyl- and ferrocenyl-derivatized external pyrimidinone guests, were synthesized. Self-complementary molecular recognition of the pyrimidinone moieties, mediated by a quadruple donor−donor−acceptor−acceptor array of hydrogen-bonding sites, was studied in self-assembled monolayers on Au by exploiting the dependence of the dimerization constant on the solvent and temperature. Depending on the choice of solvent and temperature, reversible supramolecular recognition between surface-immobilized adsorbates and external guests occurred, as shown by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, differential pulse voltammetry, atomic force microscopy, and surface plasmon resonance methods. We observe a surface-enhanced apparent dimerization constant, which depends on the solvent and temperature. This feature allows us to conveniently control the complex stability, which renders these systems highly suitable for the construction of more complex, directionally defined surface-immobilized supramolecular architectures, as well as for the study of pyrimidinone-based supramolecular polymers at surfaces.
Transforming Growth Factor-β Promotes Inactivation of Extracellular Thyroid Hormones via Transcriptional Stimulation of Type 3 Iodothyronine Deiodinase (2005)

Thyroid hormone is a critical mediator of cellular metabolism and differentiation. Precise tissue-specific regulation of the concentration of the active ligand, T(3), is achieved by iodothyronine monodeiodination. Type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase (D3) is the major inactivating pathway, preventing activation of the prohormone T(4) and terminating the action of T(3). Using nontransformed human cells, we show that TGF-beta stimulates transcription of the hDio3 gene via a Smad-dependent pathway. Combinations of Smad2 or Smad3 with Smad4 stimulate hDio3 gene transcription only in cells that express endogenous D3 activity, indicating that Smads are necessary but not sufficient for D3 induction. TGF-beta induces endogenous D3 in diverse human cell types, including fetal and adult fibroblasts from several tissues, hemangioma cells, fetal epithelia, and skeletal muscle myoblasts. Maximum stimulation of D3 by TGF-beta also requires MAPK and is synergistic with phorbol ester and several mitogens known to signal through transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinases but not with estradiol. These data reveal a previously unrecognized interaction between two pluripotent systems, TGF-beta and thyroid hormone, both of which have major roles in the regulation of cell growth and differentiation.
Web Services (2002)

It took about a year after .NET's initial release to get a single-sentence description of .NET that people could remember. In the end, that sentence wound up being".NET is Microsoft's platform for Web Services."
Reactivities of Organic-Phase Biosensors. 1. Enhancement of the Sensitivity and Stability of Amperometric Peroxidase Biosensors Using Chemically Modified Enzymes (1997)

Amperometric organic- and aqueous-phase peroxide biosensors were prepared with native and N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (NHS)-modified horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The ε-amino functions of the free lysine residues of HRP were selectively modified with homobifunctional suberic acid bis(N-hydroxysuccinimide ester) (SA-NHS) or ethylene glycol bis(succinic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester) (EG-NHS). The biosensors were based on electrostatic complexation of the HRP variants with an osmium bis(bipyridyl)poly(4-vinylpyridine) polymer. The enzyme electrodes were operated in both aqueous (0.1 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.0) and organic (90% CH3CN) phases, for the detection of hydrogen peroxide and methyl isothiocyanate. Kinetic analysis of the steady-state amperometry data showed that chemical modification of HRP brought up to a ∼5-fold enhancement of the biosensor sensitivity for H2O2 and an improvement in both sensor stability and organotolerance. Also, NHS modification of HRP results in a 3-fold extension of the range of linear response of the peroxide sensor in both aqueous and nonaqueous media. When used as a methyl isothiocyanate sensor in the organic phase, the amperometric responses of the biosensors were doubled on changing from native HRP to NHS-HRP electrodes.
Purification and characterization of human T-lymphocyte-derived erythroid-potentiating activity. (1984)

The human T-lymphoblast cell line, Mo, secretes a number of lymphokines, including erythroid-potentiating activity (EPA), an important early regulator of erythropoiesis. We report purification of EPA to homogeneity, from serum-free Mo-conditioned medium. Purification was accomplished by sequential concentration, ammonium sulfate precipitation, lentil lectin affinity chromatography, gel filtration, and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. EPA was assayed by its ability to stimulate the growth of large erythroid colonies (bursts) from normal human peripheral blood. The purified EPA has a molecular weight of 28,000 and appears as a single band when analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing or nonreducing conditions. Purified EPA stimulates the growth of both early and late erythroid precursors from human bone marrow, as well as colony formation by the K562 human erythroleukemia cell line. Purified EPA has no colony-stimulating factor activity nor does it appear to be a structural protein of the human T-cell leukemia virus subtype II which infects the Mo cells.
Use of Multicomponent Non-Rigid Registration to Improve Alignment of Serial Oncological PET/CT Studies (2015)

Non-rigid registration of serial head and neck FDG PET/CT images from a combined scanner can be problematic. Registration techniques typically rely on similarity measures calculated from voxel intensity values; CT-CT registration is superior to PET-PET registration due to the higher quality of anatomical information present in this modality. However, when metal artefacts from dental fillings are present in a pair of CT images, a nonrigid registration will incorrectly attempt to register the two artefacts together since they are strong features compared to the features that represent the actual anatomy. This leads to localised registration errors in the deformation field in the vicinity of the artefacts. Our objective was to develop a registration technique which overcomes these limitations by using combined information from both modalities. To study the effect of artefacts on registration, metal artefacts were simulated with one CT image rotated by a small angle in the sagittal plane. Image pairs containing these simulated artifacts were then registered to evaluate the resulting errors. To improve the registration in the vicinity where there were artefacts, intensity information from the PET images was incorporated using several techniques. A well-established B-splines based non-rigid registration code was reworked to allow multicomponent registration. A similarity measure with four possible weighted components relating to the ways in which the CT and PET information can be combined to drive the registration of a pair of these dual-valued images was employed. Several registration methods based on using this multicomponent similarity measure were implemented with the goal of effectively registering the images containing the simulated artifacts. A method was also developed to swap control point displacements from the PET-derived transformation in the vicinity of the artefact. This method yielded the best result on the simulated images and was evaluated on images where actual dental artifacts were present.
Aspects of fisheries and water resources management in England and Wales (2000)

Freshwater fish populations in England and Wales form an important resource with up to 2.2 million anglers involved in the recreational fishery. The resource consists principally of indigenous and naturalised cyprinids, and strongholds of species endangered elsewhere in Europe. Each component is under pressure from a range of sources including water abstraction and climate change. Water resources are under significant pressure and droughts in parts of England and Wales exposed the fragility of water supply systems. Climate change is a major concern, driving a re‐assessment of water supply yields. There are no objective methods available to predict changes in fish communities likely to arise from different water resource management options, except for simple systems. It is difficult to manage water resources using anything other than a precautionary approach. Accurate assessment of environmental requirements are required to strike the right balance between the needs of aquatic ecosystems and of economic efficiency.
<scp>JNK</scp> signalling in cancer: in need of new, smarter therapeutic targets (2013)

The JNKs are master protein kinases that regulate many physiological processes, including inflammatory responses, morphogenesis, cell proliferation, differentiation, survival and death. It is increasingly apparent that persistent activation of JNKs is involved in cancer development and progression. Therefore, JNKs represent attractive targets for therapeutic intervention with small molecule kinase inhibitors. However, evidence supportive of a tumour suppressor role for the JNK proteins has also been documented. Recent studies showed that the two major JNK proteins, JNK1 and JNK2, have distinct or even opposing functions in different types of cancer. As such, close consideration of which JNK proteins are beneficial targets and, more importantly, what effect small molecule inhibitors of JNKs have on physiological processes, are essential. A number of ATP-competitive and ATP-non-competitive JNK inhibitors have been developed, but have several limitations such as a lack of specificity and cellular toxicity. In this review, we summarize the accumulating evidence supporting a role for the JNK proteins in the pathogenesis of different solid and haematological malignancies, and discuss many challenges and scientific opportunities in the targeting of JNKs in cancer.
Co‐expression of native and introduced genes reveals cryptic regulation of HMG CoA reductase expression in <i>Arabidopsis</i> (1995)

In eukaryotes, all isoprenoid compounds share a common precursor, mevalonic acid, whose synthesis is catalyzed by the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase. As one step towards a better understanding of the role that this enzyme plays in coordinating isoprenoid biosynthesis in plants, Arabidopsis thaliana HMG CoA reductase was ectopically expressed in transgenic Arabidopsis plants. By using this molecular genetic approach, several novel and fundamental observations have been made regarding isoprenoid biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. First, it was demonstrated that the overexpression of authentic Arabidopsis HMG CoA reductase is not sufficient to alter the bulk synthesis and accumulation of the abundant end products of the plant isoprenoid pathway. Second, active transcription of the transgene appears to co-activate and deregulate expression of the native gene, resulting in a striking elevation of HMG CoA reductase mRNA levels. Finally, although very high levels of HMG CoA reductase mRNA were expressed in these transgenic plants, only modest increases in enzyme activity could be detected. Taken together, these data suggest that HMG CoA reductase expression is regulated at multiple levels in plants as well as animals, and they provide a foundation for elucidating the molecular mechanisms for mevalonate regulation in A. thaliana.
Kinetic and Morphological Investigation on the Magnesium Ethoxide‐Based Ziegler‐Natta Catalyst for Propylene Polymerization Using Typical External Donors (2009)

Abstract Kinetic and morphological aspects of slurry propylene polymerization using a MgCl 2 ‐supported Ziegler‐Natta catalyst synthesized from a Mg(OEt) 2 precursor in the presence and absence of two different external donors are investigated. The kinetic profiles show similar trend in presence and absence of donors. The Mg(OEt) 2 ‐based catalyst show a mild activation and a long‐standing activity with good replication of the catalyst particles. The results show that synthesized Mg(OEt) 2 ‐based Ziegler‐Natta catalyst presents a highly stable polymerization activity and good replication due to the uniform Ti distribution all over the catalyst particles.
Sources of haemopoietic stem cell proliferation: stimulators and inhibitors. (1980)

Based on earlier findings that haemopoietic tissue contains extractable factors which are capable of specifically inhibiting or stimulating the movement of CFU-S into DNA synthesis, a series of preliminary experiments has now been carried out to investigate their cellular source(s), their activity in vivo, and their applicability to human problems. In vivo treatment of mice, in which femoral CFU-S are proliferating rapidly, with the inhibitory factor reduces the proportion of CFU-S in DNA synthesis to non-significant proportions. In addition, the inhibitor is capable of reducing the number of CFU-S induced to enter S following treatment with hydroxyurea, thus protecting CFU-S from the lethal effects of S-phase cytotoxic agents. Removal of specific types of marrow cells shows that both inhibitor and stimulator are adherent, phagocytic and, in the case of inhibitor, Thy--1-. These results suggest that the producer cells probably reside somewhere in the heterogeneous macrophage complex though their different densities suggest they are probably different cell types. Fresh human bone marrow is found to contain a very similar inhibitor and long-term cultures are also found to produce it continuously. The isolation of the producer cells may thus contribute to the understanding of normal physiological stem cell regulation and, by in vivo application, its eventual manipulation and protection.
PD-L1 expression in equine malignant melanoma and functional effects of PD-L1 blockade (2020)

Programmed death-1 (PD-1) is an immunoinhibitory receptor expressed on lymphocytes. Interaction of PD-1 with its ligand PD-ligand 1 (PD-L1) delivers inhibitory signals and impairs proliferation, cytokine production, and cytotoxicity of T cells. In our previous studies, we have developed anti-bovine PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and reported that the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway was closely associated with T-cell exhaustion and disease progression in bovine chronic infections and canine tumors. Furthermore, we found that blocking antibodies that target PD-1 and PD-L1 restore T-cell functions and could be used in immunotherapy in cattle and dogs. However, the immunological role of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway for chronic equine diseases, including tumors, remains unclear. In this study, we identified cDNA sequences of equine PD-1 (EqPD-1) and PD-L1 (EqPD-L1) and investigated the role of anti-bovine PD-L1 mAbs against EqPD-L1 using in vitro assays. In addition, we evaluated the expression of PD-L1 in tumor tissues of equine malignant melanoma (EMM). The amino acid sequences of EqPD-1 and EqPD-L1 share a considerable identity and similarity with homologs from non-primate species. Two clones of the anti-bovine PD-L1 mAbs recognized EqPD-L1 in flow cytometry, and one of these cross-reactive mAbs blocked the binding of equine PD-1/PD-L1. Of note, immunohistochemistry confirmed the PD-L1 expression in EMM tumor tissues. A cultivation assay revealed that PD-L1 blockade enhanced the production of Th1 cytokines in equine immune cells. These findings showed that our anti-PD-L1 mAbs would be useful for analyzing the equine PD-1/PD-L1 pathway. Further research is warranted to discover the immunological role of PD-1/PD-L1 in chronic equine diseases and elucidate a future application in immunotherapy for horses.
Effect of biomass feedstock chemical and physical properties on energy conversion processes: Volume 1, Overview (1988)

Pacific Northwest Laboratory has completed an initial investigation of the effects of physical and chemical properties of biomass feedstocks relative to their performance in biomass energy conversion systems. Both biochemical conversion routes (anaerobic digestion and ethanol fermentation) and thermochemical routes (combustion, pyrolysis, and gasification) were included in the study. Related processes including chemical and physical pretreatment to improve digestibility, and size and density modification processes such as milling and pelletizing were also examined. This overview report provides background and discussion of feedstock and conversion relationships, along with recommendations for future research. The recommendations include (1) coordinate production and conversion research programs; (2) quantify the relationship between feedstock properties and conversion priorities; (3) develop a common framework for evaluating and characterizing biomass feedstocks; (4) include conversion effects as part of the criteria for selecting feedstock breeding programs; and (5) continue emphasis on multiple feedstock/conversion options for biomass energy systems. 9 refs., 3 figs., 2 tabs.
1 &#181;m MOSFET VLSI technology: Part VII&#8212;Metal silicide interconnection technology&#8212;A future perspective (1979)

A major limitation of polycrystalline silicon as a gate material for VLSI applications is its limited conductivity which restricts its usefulness as an interconnection level. An alternative approach which combines a doped polycrystalline silicon layer with a high-conductivity metal silicide such as WSi <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> (polycide) is described. Such polycide layers are demonstrated to provide at least an order of magnitude improvement in interconnection resistance relative to polycrystalline silicon while maintaining the reliability of the polycrystalline silicon gate and the ability to form passivating oxide layers under typical polycrystalline silicon processing conditions.
From benzobisthiadiazole, thiadiazoloquinoxaline to pyrazinoquinoxaline based polymers: effects of aromatic substituents on the performance of organic photovoltaics (2012)

Here we report the syntheses of low bandgap polymers based on benzobisthiadiazole (BBT), thiadiazoloquinoxaline (TQ) and pyrazinoquinoxaline (PQ) core structures with different aromatic substituents. The effects of changing core structures from BBT to PQ and also substituents from biphenyl and bithienyl on the photophysical, electrochemical and morphology of the polymers were studied. These polymers were incorporated into solar cell devices as donors, with PC[71]BM as acceptors, and their device performances were correlated with their properties. It was found that the effect of these structural changes has significant consequences on the overall device performances.
Theoretical analysis of vertical colloidal deposition (2005)

We have modeled the dynamics of a relatively new deposition technique, vertical colloidal deposition (VCD), for preparing nanoparticle thin films. In this process, the substrate is placed vertically in a nanoparticle suspension and is gradually exposed by evaporation or other slow solvent removal. During the film's formation, we observe that the colloidal particles are deposited only at the solid-liquid-gas interface. In contrast with the horizontal geometry, treated elsewhere, where the meniscus is pinned, we observe qualitatively different deposition behaviors. In particular, uniform films rather than rings or lines are produced. Thus, we are led to model a diffusion-driven rather than a convection-driven film growth kinetics, and we are able to predict, consistent with our experimental observations, that the film's areal density is inversely proportional to the descent speed of the suspension surface. Additionally, we find that for submonolayer films, the areal density is proportional to the square of the suspension concentration, converting to a linear dependence once monolayer coverage is attained.