gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Activation of dimethyl sulfoxide by electrophiles and use of the reactive intermediates in the preparation of iminosulfuranes (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTActivation of dimethyl sulfoxide by electrophiles and use of the reactive intermediates in the preparation of iminosulfuranesThankamma E. Varkey, Graham F. Whitfield, and Daniel SwernCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1974, 39, 23, 3365–3372Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00937a013https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00937a013research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views615Altmetric-Citations36LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
The first porous MOF with photoswitchable linker molecules (2011)

We synthesized a porous twofold interpenetrated MOF [Zn(2)(NDC)(2)(1)] (coined CAU-5) using 3-azo-phenyl-4,4'-bipyridine (1), 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid, and Zn(NO(3))(2)·6H(2)O. The azo-functionality protrudes into the pores, and can be switched, by irradiation with UV light (365 nm), from the thermodynamically stable trans-isomer to the cis-isomer. Back-switching was achieved thermally and with an irradiation wavelength of λ(max) = 440 nm.
Limb loading activity of adult horses confined to box stalls in an equine hospital barn (2000)

Horses with normal locomotor activity appear to have higher load rates for forelimbs compared with hind limbs and higher load rates during the day compared with night. Knowledge of influence of environmental factors and mechanical restraint on limb loading activity may be useful in management of horses with musculoskeletal disorders. This information may also be used for in vitro simulation of in vivo loading of limbs during cyclic biomechanical investigations.
Computer graphics around the world (2001)

Computer graphics has become an important discipline in both academia and industry, and an enabling technology for a broad variety of applications such as engineering (CAD, CAE and CAM), geographic information systems (GIS), publishing, office applications, games and the filmmaking industry. Graphics is also integrated to Internet application systems, and graphics and image techniques are combined together in some special applications. Computer graphics can no longer be regarded as a confined discipline devoted solely to graphics standards or traditional techniques of 3D representations and rendering. The influence of computer graphics and its related techniques can be felt in almost all of today's key industrial areas, wherever computers are employed.Computer graphics has been a subject of interest in China for many years. Primary overviews of computer graphics activities in China were presented in [9] (on research and industry) and [8] (on education). In addition, there was also a special journal issue on computer graphics in China [10]. However, computer graphics activities in Hong Kong [7] and Macao were not included in these materials. Furthermore some new achievements were achieved in the past years. For example, in the State Key Lab of CAD&CG, Zhejiang University, a four-sided CAVE was installed in 1999. In addition, nowadays virtual reality (VR) is a hot research topic. In China researchers have attained many achievements in various VR fields. We will emphasize this aspect as we introduce computer graphics activities in China.This article gives an overview of the research and development of computer graphics in China, including the mainland of China, Hong Kong and Macao. The article is organized as follows. The next section introduces computer graphics research in some major universities and institutes in China. The section following that presents some industrial activities in computer graphics in China. The next section presents some other activities related to computer graphics. The final section gives closing comments.
Simultaneous <i>δ</i> <sup>15</sup> N, <i>δ</i> <sup>13</sup> C and <i>δ</i> <sup>34</sup> S measurements of low‐biomass samples using a technically advanced high sensitivity elemental analyzer connected to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer (2009)

Conventional simultaneous CNS stable isotope abundance measurements of solid samples usually require high sample amounts, up to 1 mg carbon, to achieve exact analytical results. This rarely used application is often impaired by high C:S element ratios when organic samples are analyzed and problems such as incomplete conversion into sulphur dioxide occur during analysis. We introduce, as a technical innovation, a high sensitivity elemental analyzer coupled to a conventional isotope ratio mass spectrometer, with which CNS-stable isotope ratios can be determined simultaneously in samples with low carbon content (<40 microg C corresponding to approximately 100 microg dry weight). The system includes downsized reactors, a temperature program-controlled gas chromatography (GC) column and a cryogenic trap to collect small amounts of sulphur dioxide. This modified application allows for highly sensitive measurements in a fully automated operation with standard deviations better than +/-0.47 per thousand for delta15N and delta34S and +/-0.12 per thousand for delta13C (n = 127). Samples collected from one sampling site in a Baltic fjord within a short time period were measured with the new system to get a first impression of triple stable isotope signatures. The results confirm the potential of using delta34S as a stable isotope tracer in combination with delta15N and delta13C measurements to improve discrimination of food sources in aquatic food webs.
Real-time image-based animation using morphing with human skeletal tracking (2013)

We propose a real-time image-based animation technique for virtual fitting applications. Our method uses key image finding from a database which uses skeletal data as a search key, and then create in-between images by using image morphing. Comparing to conventional method using 3DCG rendering, our method achieves higher frame rate and realistic textile representation. Unlike [1], data size and search time are reduced with database optimization.
An Antigenic Analysis for Membranes of Mycoplasma hominis by Cross-absorption (1980)

Antigenic components at the outer surface membranes of seven serotypes of Mycoplasma hominis were analysed by the mycoplasmacidal reaction and the agglutination during growth reaction. Antibody absorbing capacities of the mycoplasma cells were compared with absorbing capacities of membranes. It was shown that serologically active membrane antigens were mainly heat-labile proteins. No major antigens common to all seven serotypes were detected and each strain had its own specific antigens at the cell surface. Results of analysis indicate that there is a complex antigenic structure exposed in M. hominis and that 7 to 14 cross-reacting antigens may be present at the outer surface in the different serotypes examined. Additional cross-reacting antigens, presumably inner membrane in origin and not exposed at the cell surface, were also demonstrable.
Poly-silicon logic for integration of drive, sense and protection functions in discrete power devices (2002)

Polysilicon is usually used as a gate material for MOS-gated power devices and can also be used for the fabrication of active components. These components can be integrated on the surface of semiconductor devices, which are dielectrically insulated by a thermal field oxide. This paper describes the application of this technology to a test field of various active and passive devices as well as analog and 15 V elementary logic circuits. It is possible to fabricate analog and digital circuits by including these results in the design process. This therefore provides an inexpensive and easy way to add diagnostic, monitoring and protection functions to power devices, especially high voltage MOSFETs and IGBTs.
Linking UPDRS Scores and Kinematic Variables in the Leg Agility Task of Parkinsonians (2014)

In this paper, by characterizing the Leg Agility (LA) task, which contributes to the evaluation of the degree of severity of the Parkinson's Disease (PD), through kinematic variables (including the angular amplitude and speed of thighs' motion), we investigate the link between these variables and Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) scores. Our investigation relies on the use of a few body-worn wireless inertial nodes and represents a first step in the design of a portable system for automatic detection of the degree of severity (in terms of UPDRS score) of PD. The experimental investigation is carried out considering 24 PD patients.
Unified Pre-training for Program Understanding and Generation (2021)

Code summarization and generation empower conversion between programming language (PL) and natural language (NL), while code translation avails the migration of legacy code from one PL to another. This paper introduces PLBART, a sequence-to-sequence model capable of performing a broad spectrum of program and language understanding and generation tasks. PLBART is pre-trained on an extensive collection of Java and Python functions and associated NL text via denoising autoencoding. Experiments on code summarization in the English language, code generation, and code translation in seven programming languages show that PLBART outperforms or rivals state-of-the-art models. Moreover, experiments on discriminative tasks, e.g., program repair, clone detection, and vulnerable code detection, demonstrate PLBART's effectiveness in program understanding. Furthermore, analysis reveals that PLBART learns program syntax, style (e.g., identifier naming convention), logical flow (e.g., if block inside an else block is equivalent to else if block) that are crucial to program semantics and thus excels even with limited annotations.
Treatment of Nonhazardous Petroleum-Contaminated Soils by Thermal Desorption Technologies (1993)

Spills, leaks, and accidental discharges of petroleum products have contaminated soil at thousands of sites in the United States. One remedial action technique for treating petroleum contaminated soil is the use of thermal desorption technologies. This paper describes key elements of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency report titled “Thermal Desorption Applications Manual for Treating Nonhazardous Petroleum Contaminated Soils.”1 The applications manual describes the types, mechanical and operating characteristics of thermal desorption technologies that are commercially available to treat petroleum-contaminated soils. It also provides step-by-step procedures to rate the critical success factors influencing the general applicability of thermal desorption at a particular site. These factors include site, waste and soil characteristics, regulatory requirements, and process equipment design and operating characteristics. Procedures are provided to determine the types of thermal desorption systems that are most technically suitable for a given application and to determine whether on-site or off-site treatment is likely to be the most cost-effective alternative. Key factors that determine process economics are identified, and estimated cost ranges for treating petroleum-contaminated soils are presented. Spreadsheets are provided that can be used for performing cost analyses for specific applications. The aforementioned report is applicable only to the treatment of petroleum-contaminated soils that are exempt from being classified as hazardous wastes under the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) or as toxic materials under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA). Although much of the technical discussion in this paper is applicable to the treatment of both nonhazardous and hazardous ortoxic materials, permitting requirements and treatment costs are significantly different forthe individual categories of waste materials.
<title>Sources and correction of higher-order geometrical distortion for serial MR brain imaging</title> (2001)

A specially designed phantom consisting of a 3D array of 427 accurately manufactured spheres together with a point-based registration algorithm was used to detect distortion described by polynomial orders 1-4. More than thirty 3D gradient echo (FFE) and multi-slice spin echo (SE) phantom scans were acquired with a Philips 1.5T Gyroscan. Distortion was measured as a function of: readout gradient strength (0.72<= G<SUB>r</SUB> <=1.7mT/m), TR/TE/flip angle, shim settings, and temporal distortion change for 11 weekly scans for the FFE sequence and TR/TE/slice gap for SE. Precision measurements for linear distortion were: scale <=0.03%, shear <=0.04 degrees. Linear distortion in the readout dependent directions increased with decreased readout strength (r>0.93). There was a significantly higher (p<0.01) sagittal shear for 5 SE scans compared with 5 FFE ones with the same G<SUB>r</SUB> - possibly because of slice selection. Different shim settings produced only linear distortion change: up to 2% scale and 1 degree shear. There was negligible distortion change over time: scale < 0.1%, shear <= 0.05 degrees. There was a decrease in distortion as a function of polynomial order (r>0.9, n=33), 75% of the distortion was either first or second order.
Zinc Induces Mixed Types of Cell Death, Necrosis, and Apoptosis, in Molt-4 Cells (2000)

To investigate the mode of zinc-induced cell death, the associated morphological changes, and biological events were examined in zinc-treated Molt-4 cells. Fluorescence microscope observations with double staining of zinc-treated cells with Hoechst 33342 and propidium iodide (PI) indicated that the metal induced both necrosis and apoptosis. To confirm this, cells were stained with both PI and FITC-labeled annexin V, which binds phosphatidylserine, and then analyzed by flow cytometry. The results also confirmed that zinc induces mixed types of cell death, necrosis and apoptosis, and that the former induction occurs earlier and at a greater frequency. Hallmarks of apoptosis such as abnormal chromosome condensation and release of cytochrome c, as well as the appearance of annexin-positive cells, appeared along with the expression of mitochondrial membrane protein 7A6. However, zinc did not induce increases in caspase-3 like protease and caspase-8 activities, and caused slightly hypodiploid cells. Furthermore, the induction of cell death and annexin-positive cells was not blocked by the caspase inhibitors Ac-YVAD-CHO and Ac-DEVD-CHO. These results indicate that zinc induces both necrosis and apoptosis, without caspase-3 activation.
Preparation of rapidly curable hydrogels from gelatin and poly (carboxylic acid) and their adhesion to skin (1998)

Abstract Papidly curable hydrogels were prepared through chemical crosslinking of gelatin with poly(carboxylic acid)s including poly (L‐glutamic acid) (PLGA), hyaluronic acid (HA), and poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) by use of water‐soluble carbodiimide (WSC). The effects of the nature of added poly (carboxylic acid)s on gelation of mixed gelatinpoly (carboxylic acid) aqueous solutions and adhesion of the resulting hydrogels to the mouse skin were evaluated. The addition of poly (carboxylic acid) s reduced the gelation time of gelatin aqueous solutions except for HA. Mixed gelatin‐PLGA solutions were cured more rapidly than other mixed solutions and the gelation time was shortened with the increasing PLGA molecular weight. The resulting gelatin‐PLGA hydrogels exhibited stronger adhesion to the mouse skin than gelatin‐HA and gelatin‐PAA hydrogels. The bonding strength increased with the increase in PLGA molecular weight up to 83,000 and thereafter decreased. The longer gelation time and lower adhesion of the gelatin‐PAA hydrogels than the gelatin‐PLGA hydrogels seem to be due to poorer compatibility of gelatin with PAA than with PLGA. The mixed gelatin‐PLGA solution underwent phase separation when the concentration and molecular weight of PLGA became higher than a threshold. The insignificant or suppressive effect of HA addition might be ascribed to the HA‐WSC reaction which was the least effective in hydrogel formation.
A sub-mm spatial resolution LYSO:Ce detector for small animal PET (2015)

Current high-resolution scintillators are fabricated using mechanical pixelation technique. However the fabrication cost of finely pitched scintillator arrays together with their lack of flexibility to accommodate new depth of interaction designs has remained a significant issue with mechanical pixelation. Another pitfall of mechanically pixelated scintillators is their relatively large inter-pixel gaps that adversely affect their sensitivity to the incident gamma-ray. The main objective of our ongoing efforts is to fabricate high-spatial resolution and high sensitivity PET detectors with depth of interaction (DOI) capability and single-side readout in a cost-effective manner using laser-induced optical barriers (LIOB) technique. We have simulated the behavior of simple optical barriers in LYSO:Ce crystal using the DETECT simulation code. We have also created optical barriers with different size and barrier density in LYSO:Ce at various depths up to 20 mm to form pixel-like shapes similar to mechanically pixelated crystals. In order to process 20mm thick crystals we corrected for laser beam defocusing effect and its adverse effect on laser energy density which results in smaller barrier size and reflectivity. The fabrication time for 10×10×1 and 10×10×20 mm3 LYSO crystals (with 1mm pixels) was ∼8 and 95 minutes respectively.
Ripple minimization in asymmetric multiphase interleaved DC-DC switching converters (2013)

Multiphase dc-dc converters are widely used in power electronics, as they enable the processing of high power by splitting the load-current into multiple phases. Conventional multiphase circuits are supplied by a common source, and the goal is to distribute the processed power evenly between the phases. Ripple minimization can then be performed by shifting the switching operations of each phase by angles of an even distance. However, in recent applications, such as maximum power point (MPP) tracking for solar photovoltaic (PV), multiple converters are supplied by sources that are often restricted to operate at different voltages and currents leading to asymmetric converter operation. To achieve improved ripple cancellation under these conditions, phase-shifting by uneven phase-angles is required. In this work, analytic formulas are derived to obtain suitable angles based on given operating conditions. Moreover, a resulting control technique is presented. Simulations are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed technique in the aforementioned application of MPP tracking. Measurements taken from an experimental prototype, which consists of three dc-dc buck converters, further validate the results.
Advanced Compressor Tree Synthesis for FPGAs (2018)

This work presents novel methods for the optimization of compressor trees for FPGAs as required in many arithmetic computations. As demonstrated in recent work, important key elements for the design of efficient but fast compressor trees are target-optimized 4:2 compressors as well as generalized parallel counters (GPCs). However, the optimization of a compressor tree for minimal resources using both compressors and GPCs has not been addressed so far. As this combined optimization is a non-trivial task, three methods are proposed to find best solutions for a given problem size: 1) a heuristic that obtains compressor trees with typically less resources and fewer stages than state-of-the-art heuristics, 2) an integer linear programming (ILP)-based methodology that finds optimal compressor trees using the fewest stages possible, 3) a combined approach that partially solves the problem heuristically to reduce the search space for the ILP-based method. In all methods, the cost for pipeline registers can be included. Synthesis experiments show that the proposed methods provide pipelined compressor trees with about 40 percent less LUTs compared to trees of 2-input adders at the cost of being about 12 ...20 percent slower.
Design and analysis of thin film nichrome resistor for GaN MMICs (2016)

This paper describe the design and analysis of thin film nichrome(NiCr) resistor for desired electrical performance (Sheet Resistance, current density, power density, TCR etc). NiCr resistors have low thermal coefficient of resistance (TCR) and are widely used in a variety of circuit designs. These resistors are designed for use in Gallium Nitride (GaN) based Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits (MMICs) for Power amplifier, SPDT switch and low noise amplifier circuits. Various values of resistors from 10Ω to 500Ω required for GaN MMICs have been simulated in the frequency band of 100MHz to 12GHz.
Three-dimensional, Bayesian image reconstruction from sparse and noisy data sets: Near-infrared fluorescence tomography (2002)

A method for inverting measurements made on the surfaces of tissues for recovery of interior optical property maps is demonstrated for sparse near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence measurement sets on large tissue-simulating volumes with highly variable signal-to-noise ratio. A Bayesian minimum-variance reconstruction algorithm compensates for the spatial variability in signal-to-noise ratio that must be expected to occur in actual NIR contrast-enhanced diagnostic medical imaging. Image reconstruction is demonstrated by using frequency-domain photon migration measurements on 256-cm(3) tissue-mimicking phantoms containing none, one, or two 1-cm(3) heterogeneities with 50- to 100-fold greater concentration of Indocyanine Green dye over background levels. The spatial parameter estimate of absorption owing to the dye was reconstructed from only 160 to 296 surface measurements of emission light at 830 nm in response to incident 785-nm excitation light modulated at 100 MHz. Measurement error of acquired fluence at fluorescent emission wavelengths is shown to be highly variable. Convergence and quality of image reconstructions are improved by Bayesian conditioning incorporating (i) experimentally determined measurement error variance, (ii) recursively updated estimates of parameter uncertainty, and (iii) dynamic zonation. The results demonstrate that, to employ NIR fluorescence-enhanced optical imaging for large volumes, reconstruction approaches must account for the large range of signal-to-noise ratio associated with the measurements.
Information Networks Secured by the Laws of Physics (2011)

In this paper, we survey the state of the art of the secure key exchange method that is secured by the laws of classical statistical physics, and involves the Kirchhoff's law and the generalized Johnson noise equation, too. We discuss the major characteristics and advantages of these schemes especially in comparison with quantum encryption, and analyze some of the technical challenges of its implementation, too. Finally, we outline some ideas about how to use already existing and currently used wire lines, such as power lines, phone lines, internet lines to implement unconditionally secure information networks.