gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Efficient Two-Step Adversarial Defense for Deep Neural Networks (2018)

In recent years, deep neural networks have demonstrated outstanding performance in many machine learning tasks. However, researchers have discovered that these state-of-the-art models are vulnerable to adversarial examples: legitimate examples added by small perturbations which are unnoticeable to human eyes. Adversarial training, which augments the training data with adversarial examples during the training process, is a well known defense to improve the robustness of the model against adversarial attacks. However, this robustness is only effective to the same attack method used for adversarial training. Madry et al.(2017) suggest that effectiveness of iterative multi-step adversarial attacks and particularly that projected gradient descent (PGD) may be considered the universal first order adversary and applying the adversarial training with PGD implies resistance against many other first order attacks. However, the computational cost of the adversarial training with PGD and other multi-step adversarial examples is much higher than that of the adversarial training with other simpler attack techniques. In this paper, we show how strong adversarial examples can be generated only at a cost similar to that of two runs of the fast gradient sign method (FGSM), allowing defense against adversarial attacks with a robustness level comparable to that of the adversarial training with multi-step adversarial examples. We empirically demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed two-step defense approach against different attack methods and its improvements over existing defense strategies.
Structure of the Main Protease from a Global Infectious Human Coronavirus, HCoV-HKU1 (2008)

The newly emergent human coronavirus HKU1 (HCoV-HKU1) was first identified in Hong Kong in 2005. Infection by HCoV-HKU1 occurs worldwide and causes syndromes such as the common cold, bronchitis, and pneumonia. The CoV main protease (M(pro)), which is a key enzyme in viral replication via the proteolytic processing of the replicase polyproteins, has been recognized as an attractive target for rational drug design. In this study, we report the structure of HCoV-HKU1 M(pro) in complex with a Michael acceptor, inhibitor N3. The structure of HCoV-HKU1 provides a high-quality model for group 2A CoVs, which are distinct from group 2B CoVs such as severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV. The structure, together with activity assays, supports the relative conservation at the P1 position that was discovered by sequencing the HCoV-HKU1 genome. Combined with structural data from other CoV M(pro)s, the HCoV-HKU1 M(pro) structure reported here provides insights into both substrate preference and the design of antivirals targeting CoVs.
Neuropeptide Y-Mediated Long-Term Depression of Excitatory Activity in Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Neurons (1996)

A brief exposure to light can shift the phase of mammalian circadian rhythms by 1 hr or more. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) administration to the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus, the circadian clock in the brain, also causes a phase shift in circadian rhythms. After a phase shift, the neural clock responds differently to light, suggesting that learning has occurred in neural circuits related to clock function. Thus, certain stimuli can produce effects that last for an extended period, but possible mechanisms of this long-term effect have not been previously examined at the cellular level. Here, we report that NPY caused a long-term depression in both electrical activity and intracellular calcium levels of neurons, as studied with whole-cell patch-clamp recording and Fura-2 digital imaging. In contrast to the immediate (1 sec) recovery after relief from glutamate receptor blockade, a brief single application of NPY (100 nM) depressed cytosolic Ca2+ for > 1 hr. The mechanism of this long-term calcium depression, a form of cellular learning, is dependent on the simultaneous release of glutamate and activation of NPY receptors, because both the extended response to NPY and any aftereffect were blocked by coapplication of glutamate receptor antagonists. Postsynaptic actions of NPY, mediated by both Y1- and Y2-like receptors, were short term and recovered rapidly. The primary site of long-term NPY actions may be on presynaptic glutamatergic axons, because the frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents in the presence of tetrodotoxin was reduced by transient exposure to NPY in both cultures and slices.
Universal Fluorescent Labeling (UFL) Method for Automated Microsatellite Analysis (2002)

We have devised a novel method for automated microsatellite analysis using "universal" fluorescent labeling. This system is based on polymerase chain reactions driven by sequence-specific primers and a reporter primer labeled with a fluorescent dye at its 5' end. The forward sequence-specific primer is designed with a tag region bearing no homology to any human genomic sequence. Complementary tag sequences act as templates for the 6-carboxyfluorescein-labeled reporter primer, and those products can be analyzed with an autosequencer. The results we achieved with this assay system were consistent with the results of conventional assays using radioisotope-labeled primers, and diagnosis required less time. Furthermore, the fluorescent-labeled reporter primer is "universal" in that it can be used with different sequence-specific primers designed to carry the appropriate tag sequence at their 5'-ends. Our observations suggest that the "universal" fluorescent labeling method is an efficient tool for analyzing sequence variations in human DNA.
An investigation of the effect of an axial magnetic field on the He-Cd<sup>+</sup>laser (1974)

The drastic effect that a weak axial magnetic field can have upon the output of an He-Cd+ metal vapor laser is reported. A 37-percent increase in output power has been observed for a tube current of 55 mA and magnetic field strength of 70 G. Also described are parametric and spectroscopic studies performed to elucidate the cause of the large power output change.
A Review of Tissue Expansion-Assisted Techniques of Cleft Palate Repair (2016)

The experience with MPE in assisting cleft palate repair remains limited. Among expansion techniques, the use of osmotic expanders was associated with the highest rates of postoperative fistulae. The literature provides little evidence supporting the efficacy of MPE expansion in cleft palate repair. The majority of studies utilizing DO to assist primary cleft palate repair are in animal models with the exception of isolated case reports in human subjects. Although limited, the results demonstrate promise and the need for further research in this domain.
Feature extraction for supervised learning in knowledge discovery systems (2005)

Tiedon louhinnalla pyritään paljastamaan tietokannasta tietomassaan sisältyviä säännönmukaisuuksia, joiden olemassaolosta ei vielä olla tietoisia. Kun tietokantaan sisältyvät tiedot ovat kovin moniulotteisia, yksittäisten tapausten sisältäessä lukuisia piirteitä, monen koneoppimisen menetelmän suorituskyky heikkenee ratkaisevasti. Tätä ilmiötä nimitetään ”moniulotteisuuden kiroukseksi”, koska se johtaa usein sekä koneellisen käsittelyn monimutkaisuuden että käsittelyn yhteydessä syntyvien luokitusvirheiden kasvuun. Toisaalta tietokantaan mahdollisesti sisältyvät epärelevantit tai vain epäsuorasti relevantit piirteet tarjoavat heikon esitysavaruuden tietokannan käsiterakenteen kuvaamiseen. Piirteiden muodostamisella pyritäänkin joko ulotteisuuden pienentämiseen tai esitysavaruuden parantamiseen, tai molempiin, ohjatun koneoppimisen tarpeita varten.Työ koostuu erillisistä artikkeleista ja niihin tukeutuvasta yhteenvedosta. Kukin artikkeli käsittelee yhtä tai kahta tutkimuskysymystä ja niihin liittyviä havaintoja, jotka Pechenizkiy lopuksi yhdistää ehdotukseksi sellaiseksi järjestelyksi, jonka avulla tiedonlouhintatekniikoiden ja niiden kombinaatioiden käyttökokemuksia kokoamalla voidaan systemaattisesti tukea sopivimman tiedonlouhintastrategian valintaa.
Covert Timing Channels Exploiting Non-Uniform Memory Access based Architectures (2017)

Covert timing channels are a class of information leakage attacks where two processes, namely the trojan and spy, collude with intent to stealthily exfiltrate privileged information even when the underlying system security policy prohibits any direct communication between the two processes. In this paper, we present a new type of covert timing channel that exploits the access timing difference between various caches in Non-Uniform Memory Access (NUMA)-based architectures, especially multi-socket CPUs. We demonstrate a realistic covert timing channel implemented on a dual-socket Intel Xeon server. We then explore use of statistical analysis techniques to characterize and quantify the presence of covert timing channel activity. Our experimental results show that such quantification techniques could be a useful first step in formulating an effective defense against NUMA-based covert timing channels.
Disposition of docosahexaenoic acid-paclitaxel, a novel taxane, in blood: in vitro and clinical pharmacokinetic studies. (2003)

Extensive binding to plasma proteins may explain, in part, the unique pharmacokinetic profile of DHA-paclitaxel described previously with a small volume of distribution ( approximately 4 liters) and slow systemic clearance ( approximately 0.11 liters/h).
Latency Competence of Thirteen HSV-1 Temperature-sensitive Mutants (1980)

Thirteen temperature-sensitive (ts) mutants of HSV-1 were analysed for their capacity to establish latent infections in the brains of mice. Eleven of the mutants could be classified as latency-positive or -negative; two could not be assigned to either group. Leakiness of mutants in the brain and differences in particle/infectivity ratios were found not to play a role in the results. Ts+ revertants of selected latency-negative mutants regained the capacity to establish latent infections, indicating that it was the ts lesion in these agents which was involved in latency. Ultrastructural studies of neuroblastoma cells infected with various mutants and maintained at the restrictive temperature showed that no absolute correlations could be made between capacity to establish latent infection and synthesis of various morphologically identifiable virus products. Finally, from a comparison of latency characteristics with previously established polypeptide phenotypes of mutants it was concluded that one immediate early and one or more later virus functions are necessary for establishment and/or maintenance of the latent state.
EGG PRODUCTION IN CHINA: CURRENT STATUS AND OUTLOOK (2020)

<List><ListItem><ItemContent> • China is now the largest egg production country worldwide </ItemContent></ListItem><ListItem><ItemContent> • Egg production in China is characterized by diversity in several aspects </ItemContent></ListItem><ListItem><ItemContent> • China is now capable of breeding new varieties, with more than 50% of the market share </ItemContent></ListItem><ListItem><ItemContent> • Policies have been implemented to ensure sustainable development of egg production </ItemContent></ListItem><ListItem><ItemContent> • Integrating crop-chicken-vegetable production system is established </ItemContent></ListItem></List> <fig><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="2095-7505-8-1-25/fase-20363-yn-tu1.jpg"/><graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="2095-7505-8-1-25/FASE-20363-YN-tu1.tif"/></fig> Eggs are one of the most nutritious and affordable animal products worldwide. From 1985, egg production in China has retained the leading place in the world. A total of 33 Mt of eggs were produced in 2019 representing ˃ 40% of the world total production. Egg production in China is characterized by diversity in several aspects, including layer breeds, products and production systems. New breeds and synthetic lines are developed to improve the genetic potentials of egg production and feed efficiency of layers. In the past, layer farms were run mostly by small households with 100 to 1000 layers per farm. Over the past decades, egg production in China has developed toward standardization and expansion of production systems, and many of these modern intensive farms raise millions of layers. Although the Chinese egg products maintain strong competitiveness over other animal products and imported egg products, the egg industry will grow at a slower pace compared to the past. Chinese consumers are more concerned about the quality and safety of eggs and egg products, as well as the environmental issues related to animal production, which presents challenges for the Chinese egg industry.
Controlled synthesis of size-tunable nickel and nickel oxide nanoparticles using water-in-oil microemulsions (2013)

Industrial demands have generated a growing need to synthesize pure metal and metal–oxide nanoparticles of a desired size. We report a novel and convenient method for the synthesis of spherical, size tunable, well dispersed, stable nickel and nickel oxide nanoparticles by reduction of nickel nitrate at room temperature in a TX-100/n-hexanol/cyclohexane/water system by a reverse microemulsion route. We determined that reduction with alkaline sodium borohydrate in nitrogen atmosphere leads to the formation of nickel nanoparticles, while the use of hydrazine hydrate in aerobic conditions leads to the formation of nickel oxide nanoparticles. The influence of several reaction parameters on the size of nickel and nickel oxide nanoparticles were evaluated in detail. It was found that the size can be easily controlled either by changing the molar ratio of water to surfactant or by simply altering the concentration of the reducing agent. The morphology and structure of the nanoparticles were characterized by quasi-elastic light scattering (QELS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD), electron diffraction analysis (EDA) and energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) spectroscopy. The results show that synthesized nanoparticles are of high purity and have an average size distribution of 5–100 nm. The nanoparticles prepared by our simple methodology have been successfully used for catalyzing various chemical reactions.
Generation of nondividing high rate Ig-secreting plasma cells in cultures of human B cells stimulated with anti-CD3-activated T cells (1992)

The capacity of human B cells to differentiate into high rate nondividing antibody-secreting plasma cells was investigated. Highly purified human peripheral blood B cells were stimulated with polyclonal B cell activators in the presence of a variety of recombinant cytokines (IL-2, IL-4, IL-6). Maximal production of Ig of all isotypes was observed when B cells were stimulated with intact T cells that were activated with mAb to the CD3 molecular complex. In these cultures, Ig production continued for more than 16 days. Moreover, differentiation to nondividing high rate Ig-producing cells was induced, as evidenced by a ninefold increase in the amount of Ig produced per Ig-secreting cell and the acquisition of resistance of ongoing Ig secretion to the inhibitor of DNA synthesis, hydroxyurea. To determine whether intact T cells were required for the entire culture period to achieve maximal Ig production, B cells were cultured with activated T cells for various lengths of time, reisolated and cultured with fresh activated T cells or various cytokines, then analyzed for Ig secretion. B cells preactivated for 6 days with anti-CD3-stimulated T cells required contact with intact T cells for continued Ig secretion. However, after 9 days of preactivation, dividing B cells responded maximally to anti-CD3-stimulated T cells, whereas cytokines were able to drive continued IgG secretion by nondividing B cells in the absence of intact T cells. IL-6 alone, or in combination with either IL-2 or IL-4, was the major cytokine driving ongoing Ig secreting by nondividing preactivated B cells. These results suggest that continued clonal expansion of Ig-secreting B cell blasts requires intact anti-CD3-activated T cells, whereas terminal differentiation of B cells into plasma cells after extensive clonal expansion is driven by cytokines, most notably IL-6.
Magnetoelastic effects in Fe71Co9B20 glassy ribbons (1979)

Measurements of the magnetomechanical coupling constant, k, and the ΔE effect have been made on Fe71Co9B20 glassy ribbons quenched by a centrifugal spinning method. An X-ray check of the ribbons showed no trace of crystallinity. The maximum k and ΔE effect were 0.81 and more than 2.2, respectively, obtained after a field anneal of 20 kOe parallel to the width of the ribbon at 384±5°C for 15 min. This relative change in modulus is the largest known.
Sleep quality perception in the chronic fatigue syndrome (2007)

World Sleep Congress Cairns, Australia (2-6 September 2007)
Intein-Mediated, In Vitro and In Vivo Protein Modifications with Small Molecules (2005)

We review intein-mediated approaches for the site-specific modifications of proteins and highlight their applications in (1) the site-specific in vitro and in vivo biotinylation of proteins for protein arrays and (2) the site-specific in vivo labeling of proteins in living cells.
Restriction endonucleases from three strains of Haemophilus influenzae. (1980)

The restriction endonucleases, Hin P1 I1), Hin S1 I and Hin S2 I are isolated from three strains of Haemophilus influenzae respectively. By polymin P treatment, ammonium sulphate, precipitation and column chromatography on phosphocellulose and on heparin-Sepharose Hin P1 I is partially purified. No contaminating deoxyribonuclease activities have been detected in this purified enzyme preparation. The fact that the digestion patterns of Hin P2 I and Hha I on phage lambda, plasmids ColE1 an pBR 322 DNAs are identical that they are isoschizomers but theri splitting sites are different. The banding patterns of Hin S1 I and Hin S2 I are also the same as that of Hha I.
Differential effects of interferon-alpha 2 and interleukin-2 on natural killer cell activity in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. (1984)

Natural Killer (NK) cell activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) against K562 myeloid cells was studied in six normal heterosexual men and six patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). The mean NK cell activity in six patients with AIDS was 28.74 +/- 6.82% (SEM) compared with 47.24 +/- 7.26% in six normal heterosexual men (p less than 0.10). PBMC obtained from these subjects were incubated overnight in complete medium alone, complete medium supplemented with interferon-alpha 2 (IFN-alpha 2), complete medium supplemented with interleukin-2 (IL-2), and complete medium supplemented with both IFN-alpha 2 and IL-2. Incubation of PBMC with IFN-alpha 2 enhanced the NK cell activity significantly (73.07 +/- 4.22%, p less than 0.025) in normal heterosexual men, but not in patients with AIDS (38.22 +/- 7.10%, p greater than 0.05). In contrast, IL-2 significantly enhanced NK cell activity in both patients with AIDS (57.16 +/- 8.4%, p less than 0.05) and normal heterosexual men (71.58 +/- 5.87%, p less than 0.05). When PBMC from both groups of subjects were incubated with both IFN-alpha 2 and IL-2, the NK cell activity increased to levels higher than those seen with either IFN-alpha 2 or IL-2 alone. These results suggest that IL-2 is capable of augmenting in vitro NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity with cells from AIDS patients.
Helper-Dependent Adenoviral Vectors Efficiently Express Transgenes in Human Dendritic Cells but Still Stimulate Antiviral Immune Responses (2002)

Adenoviral (AdV) vectors can be used to transduce a wide range of human cells and tissues. However, pre-existing immunity to AdV, and enhancement of this immunity after repeated administration, limits their clinical application. This may be especially relevant when vectors are loaded into APCs. Helper-dependent AdV (Hd-AdV), in which viral coding regions are replaced by human stuffer DNA, offers a new approach for limiting antiviral responses. To evaluate their immunogenicity, human dendritic cells (DCs) were infected with either an Hd-AdV or a conventional replication-deficient E1-deleted AdV (E1-AdV) and were evaluated for their capacity to stimulate antiviral T cell responses. Hd-AdV proved to be 50- to 275-fold more effective than E1-AdV at expressing the lacZ transgene in human DCs. PCR demonstrated similar transduction efficiencies, but RT-PCR revealed much higher expression of transgene mRNA after transduction with Hd-AdV. Functionally, DCs transduced with Hd-AdV stimulated the proliferation of autologous T cells to the same level as DCs transduced with E1-AdV. Identical viral-specific T cell responder frequencies were observed and T cells stimulated with either type of AdV-transduced DC lysed viral-infected target cells. Disrupting transcription of vector-based genes had no effect on T cell activation, suggesting that responses against both vectors were directed against preformed components of the viral capsid. We conclude that Hd-AdV vectors can be used to obtain higher transgene expression in human DCs but that they still evoke a vector-related immune response similar to that generated by E1-AdV.
Registration of Near Real-time SAR Images by Image-to-Image Matching (2007)

Near real-time SAR images are used at DLRs Center for Satellite Based Crisis Information for mapping natural hazards like flood disasters or landslides. In crisis situations a rapid and precise geocoding is mandatory to produce information within several hours that is comparable with other georeferenced information. Unlikely, the orbit information is often not very precisely known some hours after data acquisition, which leads to misregistration. This paper deals with the development of a fully automatic orientation for SAR images. The goal is to determine a precise orbit for geocoding by image-to-image matching between a near real-time (NRT) image and a reference SAR image. The approach uses a new algorithm for feature extraction developed in computer vision by Lowe, 2004. No prior information about the pose of the images or the overlapping parts is needed. The point operator extracts points with scaleand rotation-invariant descriptors (SIFTfeatures). These descriptors allow a successful matching of image points even in situations with highly convergent images, i.e. with different incidence angles. Our approach consists of the following steps: Point extraction and matching by using the SIFT parameter descriptors with an extended matching scheme. The resultant points of the reference image are used as ground control points (GCPs) for an adjustment of the SAR imaging geometry of the NRT image. Then, a geocoding of the NRT SAR image can be carried out. This achieves results equivalent to a high precision orbit. Examples of two datasets are presented and the results of the approach are discussed and evaluated. The results show that the approach can be used for a wide range of scenes with different SAR sensors, different incidence angles, and different overlap extensions. The results are very reliable but depend on well structured image content.