gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low power, high frequency, free dead zone PFD for a PLL design (2013)

Two novel phase frequency detectors PFD1 and PFD2 have been proposed in this paper. PFD1 has been designed with 15 transistors while PFD2 with 8 transistors. It has been observed that both these PFDs could operate up to frequencies three to five times higher than that of conventional PFD. It has also been observed that the power dissipation is reduced by 80.3% and 99.2 % in PFD1 and PFD2 respectively. In addition to these, area of the circuit has been reduced up to 64.9 % for PFD1 and up to 81.4 % for PFD2 when compared with conventional PFDs. The phase noise also has been reduced to - 161.8 dBc/Hz and -142.1 dBc/Hz for PFD1 and PFD2 respectively. Prototype has been designed in Cadence virtuoso environment and implemented using GPDK090 library of 180 nm technology with a supply voltage of 1.8 V. The reset process has been completely removed in both the designs thereby eliminating the blind zone and speeding up the acquisition process. Both the designs have been proposed for high speed, low power and low jitter applications.
IS-741 (Ishihara Sangyo). (2001)

IS-741 is a phospholipase A2 (PLA2) inhibitor under development by Ishihara Sangyo Kaisha and Sumitomo as a potential treatment for pancreatitis 1187575]. Sumitomo is developing the drug in phase II trials for acute pancreatitis 13990261. In an animal model, IS-741 has been shown to prevent pancreatitis-associated lung injury following endotoxemia [337503].
Blocking artefact removal based on frequency analysis (1998)

An adaptive filtering algorithm for artefact removal in block coded images is presented. Based on an analysis of block artefacts in the frequency domain, the edge image is notch filtered and then used for a neighbourhood analysis. A space-variant filter is applied to the coded image adaptively, dependent on a frequency analysis.
An optical technique for bit and packet synchronization (1995)

We have demonstrated a new synchronization technique to align the inputs at a fiber-optical switching node. We compensate for the delay induced by the slowly varying ambient temperature at the links with a temperature tuned laser diode in combination with the dispersion of the fiber. This scheme shows excellent linearity and negligible transmission penalty in timing jitter and pulse shape variations. The maximum bit-shift obtained experimentally was 850 ps for a fiber dispersion of 200 ps/nm, implying that bit synchronization can be obtained at bit-rates exceeding 1 Gb/s.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Advances in Micro-Pattern Gaseous Detectors and their Applications (2009)

In the last decade, several new imaging gaseous detectors, called micro-pattern gaseous detectors, have been conceived and rapidly developed. In this paper, the most popular designs of these detectors and their applications to high energy physics and astrophysics experiments will be described. The main focus of this review will however be on the ongoing activities on practical applications of micro-pattern detectors to medicine and industry
Compensation mechanisms in GaAs (1980)

Semi-insulating GaAs materials, undoped or doped with concentration of chromium varying from 6×1015 to 4×1017 cm−3, have been studied using both Hall effect measurements and optical absorption measurements. It is definitively concluded that compensation comes from the presence of the deep donor EL2 in undoped materials, and from both this deep donor and the deep acceptor related to chromium in Cr-doped materials. Sets of curves are given which allow the determination of ND-NA, the concentration of shallow donors and acceptors, knowing the Hall mobility and the Cr concentration in a given sample. Such curves can be a working tool for assessing any piece of semi-insulating GaAs in a routine way.
Deterministic approach to first- and second-order PMD compensation (2002)

The authors show that three concatenated first-order polarization mode dispersion (PMD) segments are sufficient to compensate any first- and second-order PMD present in a transmission fiber. They determine analytically the required individual rotation matrix of the polarization rotators and the required differential group delay for the variable delay line in the compensator.
Modeling solar force-free magnetic fields (1990)

A class of nonlinear force-free magnetic fields is presented, described in terms of the solutions to a second-order, nonlinear ordinary differential equation. These magnetic fields are three-dimensional, filling the infinite half-space above a plane where the lines of force are anchored. They model the magnetic fields of the sun over active regions with a striking geometric realism. The total energy and the free energy associated with the electric current are finite and can be calculated directly from the magnetic field at the plane boundary using the virial theorem. In the study of solar magnetic fields with data from vector magnetographs, there is a long-standing interest in devising algorithms to extrapolate for the force-free magnetic field in a given domain from prescribed field values at the boundary. The closed-form magnetic fields of this paper open up an opportunity for testing the reliability and accuracy of algorithms that claim the capability of performing this extrapolation. The extrapolation procedure as an ill-posed mathematical problem is discussed.
Synthesis of α‐Carbolines Starting from 2,3‐Dichloropyridines and Substituted Anilines (2008)

Abstract 9 H ‐α‐Carbolines have been prepared via consecutive intermolecular Buchwald–Hartwig reaction and Pd‐catalyzed intramolecular direct arylation from commercially available 2,3‐dichloropyridines and substituted anilines. The combination of a high reaction temperature (180 °C) and the use of DBU were found to be crucial for the intramolecular direct arylation reactions of the 3‐chloro‐ N ‐phenylpyridin‐2‐amines as no reaction was observed at 120 °C and 180 °C using different inorganic and other organic bases. On the other hand, nitrogen‐methylated pyridine analogues of these substrates { N ‐[3‐chloro‐1‐methylpyridin‐2(1 H )‐ylidene]anilines} do undergo ring closure at 120 °C, with K 3 PO 4 as base, affording the respective 1‐methyl‐1 H ‐α‐carbolines in good yields.
Interaction processes with creation of fast electrons in the low temperature plasma (1994)

The methods and the results of investigations of the reactions in which electrons appear with energies surpassing the average electron distribution's energy in a plasma are considered. Particular attention is paid to the plasma electron spectroscopy method, which combines the advantages of the elementary processes examination in a plasma with the possibilities of conventional electron spectroscopy. Data of the study of chemiionization reactions involving two excited rare gas atoms, Penning ionizations of atoms and molecules by the helium metastable atoms and quenching of excited inert gases and mercury atoms by the electrons are given. The influence of the processes of creating fast electrons on the plasma properties is discussed.
Bisphosphonate Prodrugs:  Synthesis and in Vitro Evaluation of Novel Clodronic Acid Dianhydrides as Bioreversible Prodrugs of Clodronate (1999)

P,P'-Diacetyl, P,P'-dibutyroyl, P,P'-dipivaloyl, and P,P'-dibenzoyl (dichloromethylene)bisphosphonic acid dianhydride disodium salts (2a-d) were synthesized and evaluated as novel bioreversible prodrugs of clodronate. The anhydrides were prepared by reacting anhydrous tetrasodium clodronate with a large excess of the corresponding acid anhydride. The dianhydrides 2a-d alone were more lipophilic than the parent clodronate, as determined by drug partitioning between 1-octanol and phosphate buffer at pH 7.4. They also were stable toward chemical hydrolysis in aqueous solutions (pH 7.4 and 2.0). The half-lives for chemical degradation in a buffer solution at 37 degrees C varied from 0.7 to 286 h and from 15 to 790 h at pH 2.0 and 7.4, respectively. The dianhydrides 2a,b,d underwent complete enzymatic hydrolysis to clodronate in 80% serum at 37 degrees C after 1 min, although 2c had a half-life of 3.3 h. The aqueous solubility of clodronate decreased considerably in the presence of Ca2+ ions. This is most probably due to formation of poorly water-soluble chelates, which may also hinder the oral absorption of clodronate. However, Ca2+ ions did not have an effect on the aqueous solubility of clodronic acid dianhydrides, and therefore, these prodrugs may improve oral absorption of the parent drug. In conclusion, these novel dianhydride derivatives may be potentially useful prodrugs of clodronate which, due to their lipophilicity and lack of Ca2+ chelating, increase its bioavailability after oral administration.
Infinite Impulse Response Filter Structures in Xilinx FPGAs (2008)

A large percentage of filters implemented in the digital domain are Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filters. These filters are used over a wide range of sample rates and are well supported in terms of tools, software, and IP cores. Another type of digital filter is the Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filter, which tends not to be so well supported and is generally used in the lower sample rates, that is, less than 200 kHz. The IIR filter, known as a recursive filter, uses feedback to compute outputs. This white paper covers the different kinds of IIR filters and structures, and, with the use of The MathWorks® tools, shows how these structures can be mapped to the Xilinx® FPGA architecture. A final consideration is how to pipeline IIR filters to support higher sample rates.
Velocity sedimentation of water-soluble methyl cellulose (2007)

Velocity sedimentation and other hydrodynamic properties were studied for water soluble methyl cellulose (MC) samples (with the substitution degree 1.7) in molecular weight range 19≤M · 10−3≤408. The correlations between hydrodynamic characteristics and molecular weights are obtained. The values of persistence length and hydrodynamic diameter of MC chains were estimated. The comparison of investigations of concentration dependence of sedimentation coefficient S 0 for real samples and graphic fractions was carried out. It was shown that use of S 0 and concentration coefficient k s leads to adequate estimates of equilibrium rigidity of MC chains.
Laboratory Investigation of the Effect of Solvent Injection on In-Situ Combustion (2006)

Abstract Application of cyclic solvent injection into heavy and viscous crude oil followed by in-situ combustion of heavy residues is explored from a laboratory perspective. The solvent reduces oil viscosity in-situ and extracts the lighter crude-oil fractions. Combustion cleans the near well region as well as thermally stimulates production. Both solvent injection and in-situ combustion are technically effective. The combination of the two methods has, however, never been tried to our knowledge. Hamaca (Venezuela) and West Sak(Alaska) crude oils were employed. First, ramped temperature oxidation studies were conducted to measure the kinetic properties of the oil prior to and following solvent injection. Pentane, decane, and kerosene were the solvents of interest. Second, solvent was injected in a cyclic fashion into a 1-m long combustion tube. Then, the tube was combusted. Hamaca oil presented good burning properties in all cases. The pentane extracted lighter components of the crude preferentially depositing effective fuel for combustion. West Sak oil, however, did not exhibit stable combustion properties following solvent injection, even when metallic additives were added to enhance the combustion. We were unable to propagate a burning front within the combustion tube. Nevertheless, the experimental results show that this combined solvent-combustion method is applicable to a broad range ofoil reservoirs
Synergistic killing of Escherichia coli by near-UV radiation and hydrogen peroxide: distinction between recA-repairable and recA-nonrepairable damage (1978)

Wild-type cells and six DNA repair-deficient mutants (lexA, recA, recB, recA, recB, polA1, and uvrA) of Escherichia coli K-12 were treated with near-ultraviolet radiation plus hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). At low H2O2 concentrations (6 X 10(-6) to 6 X 10(-4) M), synergistic killing occurred in all strains except those containing a mutation in recA. This RecA-repairable damage was absent from stationary-phase cells but increased in logarithmic cells as a function of growth rate. At higher H2O2 concentrations (above 6 X 10(-4) M) plus near-ultraviolet radiation, all strains, including those with a mutation in recA, were synergistically killed; thus, at high H2O2 concentrations, the damage was not RecA repairable.
Prior Image Constrained Compressed Sensing (PICCS) and Applications in X-ray Computed Tomography (2010)

A new image reconstruction algorithm, prior image constrained compressed sensing (PICCS), will be reviewed in this paper. PICCS enables accurate image reconstruction with high contrast-to-noise ratio from undersampled projection data sets. Several clinically relevant applications are reviewed to demonstrate how the new algorithm can be utilized to: reduce radiation dose, provide high quality four dimensional cone beam CT images used for image guided radiation therapy, achieve high temporal resolution cardiac cone beam CT for image guided cardiac interventions, enable perfusion measurements with micro CT and significantly improve temporal resolution in diagnostic multi-detector cardiac CT. The computational speed concerns for this iterative algorithm are also discussed and a method to accelerate the reconstruction using commercially available graphic cards is presented. Future research directions using the PICCS algorithm are also briefly discussed.
Placebo-controlled trial of rituximab in IgM anti-myelin–associated glycoprotein neuropathy (2013)

This study provides Class I evidence that rituximab is ineffective in improving ISS in patients with IgM anti-MAG demyelinating neuropathy.
Innovative Uses of a Modified SWATH for Ocean Engineering (1984)

The increasing acceptance of the SWATH as a practical design concept is evidenced by the number of new designs currently in progress throughout the world. In this paper several innovations are proposed to enhance both the structural integrity and seakeeping ability of the SWATH to further increase its acceptability. Next, several ocean engineering design concepts are proposed which combine SWATH with ellipsoidal and pyramidal geometries to realize improvements in space utilization and at-sea operations over more conventional design approaches. Finally, it is shown that SWATH designs can provide unique and significant benefits in the areas of ocean energy systems, offshore oil exploration and recovery, and commercial and military shipping. The practical issues of design for fabricability and of cost will also be discussed.
Effects of Annealing Parameters on Optical Properties of Thermochromic VO<sub>2</sub> Films Prepared in Aqueous Solution (2010)

This work confirmed experimentally that the microstructure (grain boundaries, grain sizes, and size distributions) of VO2 films has significant effects on the features of the semiconductor−metal (S−M) transition. This feature enables us to wisely regulate the parameters of the phase transition, which is of great importance in achieving practical applications. Thermochromic VO2 films with various optical properties and phase transition parameters (for example: hysteresis widths ranging from 12 to 50 °C) have been synthesized on fused silica substrates via a simple solution process with inorganic precursors and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The widths and slopes of the hysteresis loops (i.e., the temperature sensitivity of the transition) can be regulated by controlling grain sizes and grain boundary conditions, which are believed to dominate the generation of the elementary hysteresis loop of each grain and the propagation of the S−M transition, respectively. A film consisting of qusai-isolated small particles shows a wide hysteresis loop due to the large interfacial energies and the lack of defects for nucleating. Besides, grain boundaries can decrease the interfacial energies and favor the phase propagation. In addition, particle sizes seem to influence the visible transmittances of these films effectively without deterioration of the infrared regulation ability. This experimental phenomenon is assigned to the blue shift of absorption edges (at around 500 nm) accompanying decreases in particle size.
Skin Delivery of Glucosamine and Chondroitin Sulphates—A Perspective on the Conservative Treatment for Osteoarthritis of the Knee (2017)

Based upon a series of research studies, scientific organizations considered Glucosamine and Chondroitin “not appropriate” as osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee modifying drugs and uncertain as pain relievers. Research studies which served as foundation for the aforementioned conclusions focused on the oral use of the substances. On the other hand, studies recommend that topical administration in treating OA be considered first line therapy, since it is said to be advantageous for its efficacy in treating localized situations, as it allows greater local concentration and it results in smaller systemic effects. Studies found did not provide sufficient evidence for good development and application strategies and were not enough to prove the technique to be effective or non-effective. Several other aspects must be clarified. In order to enhance permeation and delivery of Glucosamine and Chondroitin to knee joint, combining the advantages of intravenous infusion therapy with the convenience of oral administration, the suggested course of action is to transform skin delivery technology, while clarifying other points discussed throughout this research study.
Protective Effect of the Dental Pellicle against Erosive Challenges <i>in situ</i> (2006)

The acquired dental pellicle helps prevent erosion, but the protection level is unknown. This in situ study tested whether a two-hour pellicle protects against different erosive challenges by orange juice. Subjects wore palatal appliances loaded with either enamel or dentin specimens. Pellicle was allowed to form, or not (control), on the surfaces of the specimens intra-orally for 2 hrs before the erosive challenges of 0 (control), 10, 20, and 30 minutes' duration. Specimens were randomly removed from the appliances after each challenge. Percentage of surface microhardness change (%SMC) was determined for the enamel specimens, and that of mineral loss and lesion depth for the dentin specimens. Enamel specimens with the pellicle showed a significantly lower %SMC, only after the 10-minute challenge. No protection was found for dentin. It was concluded that the acquired pellicle reduced dental erosion, but that this effect was limited to the less severe erosive challenge on enamel surfaces.
Very large electro-optic coefficients from <i>in situ</i> generated side-chain nonlinear optical polymers (2005)

A synthetic/processing method has been developed for achieving highly efficient nonlinear optical polymers. A maleimide-containing chromophore with large molecular nonlinearity was covalently attached onto a anthrathene-containing polymer to generate in situ a side-chain polymer via the Diels-Alder reaction. The poling and covalent side-chain attachment processes can be performed simultaneously in a solid state, resulting in high electro-optic (E-O) coefficients (r33 values up to 50pm∕V at 1310nm) and temporal stability (85% retention of the original dipole alignment after isothermal heating at 85°C for more than 500h). A very high chromophore loading level (39wt%) can be achieved by adding more chromophore into this side-chain polymer without causing any obvious phase separation. Poling of this chromophore-doped side-chain polymer (total dye content: 34wt%) showed a significantly increased E-O coefficient, from 50to110pm∕V.
Immunomodulatory and osteogenic differentiation effects of mesenchymal stem cells by adenovirus‐mediated coexpression of CTLA4Ig and BMP2 (2007)

Many reports have previously utilized a human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2)-expressing recombinant adenoviral vector (AdBMP2) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for osteoinductive gene therapy. However, immunosuppression is essential for osteoinduction by AdBMP2, and this is one of the major impediments to its clinical use. In the present study, in vitro propagated MSCs were transduced using an adenoviral (Ad) vector to express the gene encoding cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4-immunoglobulin (CTLA4Ig). Lymphocyte response was induced by allogeneic-irradiated MSCs as stimulators. We also examined the effects of cotransfection with a combination of the CTLA4Ig and the BMP2 gene on osteoblastic cell differentiation. The results showed that BMP2 gene transfected MSC elicited significant stimulatory responses, and one-way MLR reactions were significantly blunted by CTLA4Ig. Further study demonstrates that cotransfection of MSCs with the combination of the CTLA4Ig and the BMP2 gene stimulates osteoblastic cell differentiation in vitro. The findings suggest that genetic engineering of MSCs to express an immunosuppressive molecule in combination with an osteogenic protein gene may have potential application in the treatment of several genetic diseases and in bone reconstruction.
Evaluation of Urine Proteome Pattern Analysis for Its Potential To Reflect Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis in Symptomatic Patients (2008)

Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity. Noninvasive proteome analysis could guide clinical evaluation and early/preventive treatment. Under routine clinical conditions, urine of 67 patients presenting with symptoms suspicious for CAD were analyzed by capillary electrophoresis directly coupled with mass spectrometry (CE-MS). All patients were subjected to coronary angiography and either assigned to a CAD or non-CAD group. A training set of 29 patients was used to establish CAD and non-CAD-associated proteome patterns of plasma as well as urine. Significant discriminatory power was achieved in urine but not in plasma. Therefore, urine proteomic analysis of further 38 patients was performed in a blinded study. A combination of 17 urinary polypeptides allowed separation of both groups in the test set with a sensitivity of 81%, a specificity of 92%, and an accuracy of 84%. Sequencing of urinary marker peptides identified fragments of collagen alpha1 (I and III), which we furthermore demonstrated to be expressed in atherosclerotic plaques of human aorta. In conclusion, specific CE-MS polypeptide patterns in urine were associated with significant CAD in patients with angina-typical symptoms. These promising findings need to be further evaluated in regard to reliability of a urine-based screening method with the potential of improving the diagnostic approaches for CAD.