gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Isolation of MutSβ from Human Cells and Comparison of the Mismatch Repair Specificities of MutSβ and MutSα (1998)

A human MSH2-human MSH3 (hMSH2.hMSH3) complex of approximately 1:1 stoichiometry (human MutSbeta (hMutSbeta)) has been demonstrated in several human tumor cell lines and purified to near homogeneity. In vitro, hMutSbeta supports the efficient repair of insertion/deletion (I/D) heterologies of 2-8 nucleotides, is weakly active on a single-nucleotide I/D mispair, and is not detectably active on the eight base-base mismatches. Human MutSalpha (hMutSalpha), a heterodimer of hMSH2 and hMSH6, efficiently supports the repair of single-nucleotide I/D mismatches, base-base mispairs, and all substrates tested that were repaired by hMutSbeta. Thus, the repair specificities of hMutSalpha and hMutSbeta are redundant with respect to the repair of I/D heterologies of 2-8 nucleotides. The hMutSalpha level in repair-proficient HeLa cells (1.5 microg/mg nuclear extract) is approximately 10 times that of hMutSbeta. In HCT-15 colorectal tumor cells, which do not contain hMSH6 and consequently lack hMutSalpha, the hMutSbeta level is elevated severalfold relative to that in HeLa cells and is responsible for the repair of I/D mismatches that has been observed in this cell line. LoVo tumor cells, which are genetically deficient in hMSH2, lack both hMutSalpha and hMutSbeta, and hMSH3 and hMSH6 levels are less than 4% of those found in repair-proficient cells. Coupled with previous findings (J. T. Drummond, J. Genschel, E. Wolf, and P. Modrich (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 94, 10144-10149), these results suggest that hMSH2 partitions between available pools of hMSH3 and hMSH6 and indicate that hMSH2 positively modulates hMSH6 and hMSH3 levels, perhaps by stabilization of the polypeptides upon heterodimer formation.
Electrodeposition and corrosion properties of zn-co and zn-co-fe alloy coatings (2010)

Cadmium (Cd) has been extensively used as an excellent corrosion protective coating for steel components in aerospace, automotive, electrical and fasteners industries. However, Cd is banned due to its toxic nature and strict environmental regulations. In this study, the electrodeposition mechanism and kinetics, coating morphology and corrosion resistance of alternative, electrodeposited Zinc-Cobalt (Zn-Co) and Zinc-Cobalt-Iron (Zn-Co-Fe) alloys have been investigated. Coatings with relatively high amounts of Co are very difficult to achieve due to anomalism associated with their deposition and are therefore not much reported so far. In this research Zn-Co and Zn-Co-Fe alloys with varying amount of Co (2 to 40 wt-%) and Fe (up to 1 2 wt-%) are electrodeposited and the effects of variation of process parameter settings (i.e. cathodic polarization, current density, temperature and electrolyte composition) on the electrodeposition mechanism and kinetics are investigated. The microstructure of the alloy coatings changed significantly with the variation in Co content in the deposits. The barrier and sacrificial corrosion protection provided by the coatings were investigated with a variety of electrochemical techniques and industrial accelerated tests. It was found that the sacrificial properties and the protection range decreases with increasing Co content in the alloy. For the highest Co content in the alloy, the coating may become more noble to steel and loses its sacrificial protection. The barrier resistance of the coatings increases with the increase of Co content in the alloy coating. Both Zn-Co and Zn-Co-Fe alloys with hi gh Co content (> 32 wt-% Co) showed excellent barrier properties. An intermediate region of compositions can be distinguished in which the coatings would provide a good combination of sacrificial and barrier resistance properties and also a reasonable protection range.
A secure mental poker protocol over the internet (2003)

An efficient and secure mental poker scheme is proposed in this paper. It is based on multiple encryption and decryption of individual cards. The protocol satisfies all major security requirements of a real mental poker. It gets rid of the Card Salesman and guarantees minimal effect due to collusion of players. The protocol is secure and more efficient compared with other known protocols. The strategies of players can be kept confidential with the introduction of a Dealer. The protocol is suitable to be implemented in an on-line card game.
Fault-Tolerant Air Data Inertial Reference System development results (2002)

A new fault-tolerant inertial system architecture is emerging in commercial transport aircraft. This architecture. through sensor skew redundancy and fault tolerant electronics, provides improvement in the integrity, availability and cost of ownership. The system described is a Fault-Tolerant Air Data Inertial Reference System (FT/ADIRS). The system consists of a Fault-Tolerant Air Data Inertial Reference Unit (FT/ADIRU), a Secondary Air Data Attitude Reference Unit (SAARU) and six Air Data Modules (ADM). The FT/ADIRU is fault-tolerant and the SAARU is 100% monitored. The FT/ADIRU includes one additional level of redundancy above that required to dispatch the aircraft. This feature introduces the concept of deferred maintenance. Deferred maintenance allows airlines to schedule FT/ADIRU maintenance at their convenience and eliminates costs due to flight delays and cancellations caused by inertial system failures. The SAARU includes one level of redundancy above that required to provide the basic function. This feature provides fail-safe performance of the SAARU.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Optimization of multi-element transverse field radio frequency surface coils (2006)

In several MRI and MRS applications it is necessary to select a well-defined region of interest (ROI) with optimized signal-to-noise ratio and radio frequency (RF) field homogeneity. We have shown, theoretically and experimentally, that transverse field RF surface coils comprising a multitude of parallel linear elements are characterized by improved B1 spatial homogeneity and sensitivity in the central ROI, with respect to the standard square loop design. Finite-element modelling of RF coils tuned to 64.0 MHz was used to study the effect of the number of linear current elements and relative positioning with respect to B1 field homogeneity and sensitivity in the central ROI, both when empty and in the presence of a homogeneous tissue model. Workbench B1 field calibrations obtained with RF coil prototypes tuned to 64.0 MHz are in good agreement with our theoretical finite-element modelling. We have shown that the number of linear current elements and their relative positioning can be carefully selected to optimize either the B1 field homogeneity or sensitivity in the central ROI. We have shown that a number of multi-element RF coil geometries can be chosen to obtain an optimized RF field distribution and/or field amplitude. For example, we found that a six-element RF coil with 6 mm element separation is a good compromise for optimizing the B1 sensitivity (up to a factor 2) and the spatial homogeneity (about 30 mm with ΔB1/B1 ≤ 20%) in the central ROI, with respect to the standard square loop or the two-element FO8 design. MRI images obtained at 2.35 T (proton frequency 100.34 MHz) with standard GE pulse sequences showed that the six-element FO8 prototype significantly increases the RF field homogeneity and RF field amplitude, with respect to the SL coil design.
Solvent Exclusion and Chemical Contrast in Scanning Force Microscopy (1996)

The importance of a solvent in regulating the adhesion forces between surfaces is studied quantitatively with scanning force microscopy. Both samples and tips are coated with alkyl thiolate monolayers of type HS(CH2)10Y and force measurements are conducted as a function of terminal group Y (Y = CH2CH3, CH2OCH3, CO2CH3, CO(NH2), CO2H, and CH2OH) and solvent (water, ethanol, and n-hexadecane). Adhesive forces in water span the greatest range (0.30−12.5 nN), with hydrophobic surfaces adhering most strongly and hydrophilic surfaces most weakly. In ethanol the adhesive forces are substantially smaller and in n-hexadecane they are negligible. In water, these adhesive forces are consistent with the work required to exclude solvent from the tip−sample interface, indicating that solvent exclusion dominates adhesion. Such macroscopic solvent exclusion cannot fully explain the adhesive forces in ethanol. This force data is used to evaluate the tip−sample interfacial energies (γts) of like CH3- and CH2OCH3-terminated surfaces and the surface−vacuum interfacial energies (γsv) of the hydrophilic surfaces. An effective tip radius of ∼30 nm and contact area of ∼10 nm2 (or ∼50 contacting molecules) is estimated from the adhesion between methyl groups in water. Since solvent exclusion regulates adhesion between these model organic surfaces, it provides a source of chemical contrast in force imaging. We explore this chemical contrast with friction force measurements of co-block polyethylene glycol−polyamide polymer surfaces.
The Effect of Regional Gene Therapy with Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2-Producing Bone-Marrow Cells on the Repair of Segmental Femoral Defects in Rats* (1999)

This study demonstrated that BMP-2-producing bone-marrow cells created by means of adenoviral gene transfer produce sufficient protein to heal a segmental femoral defect. We also established the feasibility of ex vivo gene transfer with the use of biologically acute autologous short-term cultures of bone-marrow cells.
Breast Cancer Racial Disparities: Unanswered Questions (2010)

Breast cancer is the most common noncutaneous cancer diagnosed in women in the United States and is second only to lung cancer as the leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Although mortality rates have been dropping steadily due to a variety of factors including improved treatment modalities and screening, substantial racial differences in outcome between blacks and whites persist. Although differences in health care utilization and access, tumor biology, and cancer management have been elucidated as possible reasons for disparities seen, it is likely that other interactions exist. The purpose of this review is, therefore, to present a comprehensive overview of the literature on racial disparities in breast cancer outcome and highlight potential causative factors that may contribute to disparities seen among blacks and whites with breast cancer. In addition, we make research recommendations by discussing some of the remaining gaps in knowledge that may lead to further understanding of disparities and consequently improved outcomes for all women with breast cancer.
Inhibitors of intracellular phosphatidic acid production: novel therapeutics with broad clinical applications (1994)

Phosphatidic acids (PAs) are a molecularly diverse group of phospholipids. Certain species of PA are highly active intracellular signaling molecules associated with cellular activation and mitogenesis. Not surprisingly, the PA species active in signaling are not produced by normal cells under homeostatic conditions. Recently the molecular species of PA associated with specific cellular activating events have been identified and compounds that inhibit the formation of specific PA species have been synthesised. We have characterised four classes of PA not derived from phosphatidylinositol hydrolysis that are involved in intracellularsignaling. PA1α is produced following exposure of cells to lipopolysaccharide, IL-1, hypoxia-reoxygenation, IL-8, or platelet activating factor. Lisofylline, a functional inhibitor of PA1a formation, is in Phase II-III trials as a therapeutic to reduce toxicities of anti-cancer therapies and for cytokine-mediated acute systemic inflammatory conditions. PA1α, PA1β and PA2 are produced following binding of the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) family of cytokines and tumour necrosis factor-α (TNFα) to their specific receptors. CT-3501, an inhibitor of PA1α, and β and PA2 formation, suppresses mitogenesis of smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells induced by PDGF, fibroblast growth factors (FGF) and vascular endotheiial growth factor (VEGF) as well as expression of certain TNFα-induced endothelial cell adhesion molecules. PA3 is associated with signaling by IL-2, CT-2576, a representative PA3 inhibitor suppresses mitogenesis of B- and T-cells induced by IL-2, IL-4, TNFα and IL-7. PA4 is produced in normal cells in response to the stimuli that induce PA1α. It is constitutively produced in cancer cells. Inhibition of PA4 by CT-2584, a compound which also inhibits PAs 1α and β PA2 and PA3, selectively kills malignant cells. Inhibition of PA formation thus appears to be a new target for therapeutic intervention.
Extracellular MicroRNAs Induce Potent Innate Immune Responses via TLR7/MyD88-Dependent Mechanisms (2017)

Tissue ischemia, such as transient myocardial ischemia, leads to release of cellular RNA including microRNA(miRNA) into the circulation and extracellular (ex-) space, but the biological function of the ex-RNA is poorly understood. We recently reported that cardiac RNA of both human and rodent origins induced cytokine production and immune cell activation. However, the identity of the ex-RNA responsible for the proinflammatory effect remains unclear. In the current study, using an miRNA array, we profiled the plasma miRNAs 4 h after transient myocardial ischemia (45 min) or sham procedure. Among 38 plasma miRNAs that were elevated following ischemia, eight were tested for their ability to induce cytokine response in macrophages and cardiomyocytes. We found that six miRNA mimics (miR-34a, -122, -133a, -142, -146a, and -208a) induced cytokine production in a dose-dependent manner. The effects of miRNAs (miR-133a, -146a, and -208a) were diminished by uridine→adenosine mutation and by RNase pretreatment. The miRNA-induced cytokine (MIP-2, TNF-α, and IL-6) production was abolished in cells deficient of TLR7 or MyD88, or by a TLR7 antagonist, but remained the same in TLR3- or Trif-deficient cells. In vivo, mice i.p. injected with miR-133a or miR-146a had marked peritoneal neutrophil and monocyte migration, which was significantly attenuated in TLR7<sup>-/-</sup> mice. Moreover, locked nucleic acid anti-miRNA inhibitors of these six miRNAs markedly reduced cardiac RNA-induced cytokine production. Taken together, these data demonstrate that ex-miRNA mimics (miR-34a, -122, -133a, -142, -146a, and -208a) are potent innate immune activators and that the miRNAs most likely induce cytokine production and leukocyte migration through TLR7 signaling.
Effect of tear additives on the shear stress and normal stress acting on the ocular surface (2007)

Based on lubrication theory, an elastohydrodynamic model of
the human tear film is presented. Using this model we investigate
the effect altering the viscosity of the tears has on the
stresses acting on the cornea during a blink. In order to model
the compliant cornea and eyelid surface, a mattress model is
employed. This model is then coupled with the lubrication
model of the tear film leading to a one-dimensional nonlinear
partial differential equation governing the fluid pressure in the
lubrication film. The differential equation is solved numerically
using a finite-difference scheme. The results indicate that typical
tear additives will lead to an increase in the shear stress
acting on the cornea. This in turn may effect the shedding rates
of corneal epithelial cells. The model is also of use in predicting
the drag force the eyelid exerts on a contact lens and in assessing
how tear additives may effect the movement and rotation of
the contact lens.
Adaptive Pattern Recognition of Myoelectric Signals: Exploration of Conceptual Framework and Practical Algorithms (2009)

Pattern recognition is a useful tool for deciphering movement intent from myoelectric signals. Recognition paradigms must adapt with the user in order to be clinically viable over time. Most existing paradigms are static, although two forms of adaptation have received limited attention. Supervised adaptation can achieve high accuracy since the intended class is known, but at the cost of repeated cumbersome training sessions. Unsupervised adaptation attempts to achieve high accuracy without knowledge of the intended class, thus achieving adaptation that is not cumbersome to the user, but at the cost of reduced accuracy. This study reports a novel adaptive experiment on eight subjects that allowed repeated measures post-hoc comparison of four supervised and three unsupervised adaptation paradigms. All supervised adaptation paradigms reduced error over time by at least 26% compared to the nonadapting classifier. Most unsupervised adaptation paradigms provided smaller reductions in error, due to frequent uncertainty of the correct class. One method that selected high-confidence samples showed the most practical implementation, although the other methods warrant future investigation. Supervised adaptation should be considered for incorporation into any clinically viable pattern recognition controller, and unsupervised adaptation should receive renewed interest in order to provide transparent adaptation.
Equilibrium plasma conditions in electrostatically plugged cusps and mirrors (1976)

The goal is to estimate the feasibility of using electrostatically plugged cusps and mirrors to confine thermonuclear plasmas. Assuming the density of ’’trapped electrons’’ to be small, the present work describes a set of equations for determining equilibrium particle densities, temperatures, and potential barrier heights. The equations are solved for specific cases involving neutral beam injection, and the ratio Q of fusion power output to injection power input is determined. Favorable Q values are found for applied voltages exceeding 250 kV.
Inter-species differences in maximum specific growth rates and cell yields of bifidobacteria cultured on oligosaccharides and other simple carbohydrate sources (1998)

The abilities of seven bifidobacterial isolates (Bifidobacterium adolescentis, B. bifidum (two strains), B. catenulatum, B. infantis, B. longum, B. pseudolongum) to utilize 15 different carbohydrate sources (eight oligosaccharide products, and a variety of monosaccharides and disaccharides) were studied, with regard to maximum specific growth rates and production of bacterial cell mass. Results showed that substrate utilization was highly variable and that considerable interspecies and interstrain differences existed. Galactooligosaccharides and oligofructose, with a low degree of polymerization, supported best growth of the test micro‐organisms. In contrast, xylooligosaccharides and pyrodextrins were almost invariably poor bifidobacterial substrates. In many species, maximum specific growth rates and bacterial cell yields were higher on oligosaccharides compared to their monosaccharide constituents, particularly with respect to fructooligosaccharides. Bifidobacterium pseudolongum, B. longum and B. catenulatum were the most nutritionally versatile isolates studied in relation to the range of oligosaccharide products utilized, and the extent to which bacteria could grow on these substrates.
Usability Testing of the U.S. Navy Performance Management System: Technical Report #1 (2004)

Abstract : The U.S. Department of the Navy has a number of challenges in facilitating a high level of military readiness. Currently, operational commanders and policymakers examine ratings on the Status of Training and Resources System (SORTS) as a readiness metric. SORTS generally consists of three primary military readiness factors--manning levels, equipment and supplies, and completed training evolutions. Clearly, Sailor retention and training play key roles in developing and maintaining military readiness. The Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) chartered the Executive Review of Navy Training (2001), which subsequently led to the formation of a Task Force for Excellence through Commitment to Education and Learning (EXCEL). Task Force EXCEL's goal was to identify new ways for the U.S. Navy to train, grow, place, and utilize personnel who maximize the Navy's ability to accomplish its military mission while developing a more productive yet satisfying workplace. Task Force EXCEL consists of five components or vectors that are essential to how personnel meet their missions and manage the Navy workforce. These five vectors include Professional Development, Personal Development, Professional Military Education and Leadership, Certifications and Qualifications, and Performance. The primary tasking of the Performance Vector includes an examination of the Navy performance appraisal and management system. One challenge for the Performance Vector was the need for a performance appraisal and management system that is aligned with the changing workplace performance needs of the U.S. Navy. Since 1996, the Navy has operated with a trait-based performance appraisal system, where supervisors have rated personnel on traits such as leadership, teamwork, equal opportunity, and military bearing/character (BUPERSINST 1600.10, 1995). One recommendation from initial Task Force EXCEL meetings was a behaviorally based performance appraisal system.
Hydrothermal Treatment of Si <sub>3</sub> N <sub>4</sub> for the Improvement of Oxidation Resistance at 1400°C (2008)

The surface of Si 3 N 4 ceramics was hydrothermally treated with HCl or H 2 SO 4 using an autoclave. The thickness of the oxide layers formed on the Si 3 N 4 samples decreased to one‐fourth after oxidation at 1400°C by the treatment. The oxide layer of the treated samples was dense, and flaw formation in and beneath the layer did not occur at 1400°C. The avoidance of low melting Y‐silicates by leaching Y 2 O 3 is the reason for the improved oxidation resistance of the hydrothermally treated Si 3 N 4 , despite an increase in surface porosity through a 70 μm layer.
Mach-Zehnder electro-optic modulator based onorganic-silica sol-gel hybrid films (1999)

The successful demonstration of a Mach-Zehnder type electro-optic modulator based on nonlinear optical organic-silica hybrid films is reported for the first time. A sol-gel process for preparing organic-silica hybrid materials, the thermal stability of the poled films, and the fabrication and operational characteristics of the Mach-Zehnder modulator are described.