gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Insulin-like Growth Factor-1-mediated AKT Activation Postpones the Onset of Ultraviolet B-induced Apoptosis, Providing More Time for Cyclobutane Thymine Dimer Removal in Primary Human Keratinocytes (2002)

Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) acts as a potent survival factor in numerous cell lines, primarily through activation of the AKT signaling pathway. Although some targets of this pathway have known anti-apoptotic functions, its relationship with the improved survival of cells after exposure to environmental stresses, including UVB, remains largely unclear. We report that in growth factor-deprived keratinocytes, IGF-1 significantly and consistently delayed the onset of UVB-induced apoptosis by >7 h. This delay allowed IGF-1-supplemented keratinocytes to repair significantly more cyclobutane thymine dimers than their growth factor-deprived counterparts. This increase in cyclobutane thymine removal resulted in enhanced survival if the amount of DNA damage was not too high. To increase cell survival after UVB irradiation, IGF-1 supplementation was required only during this initial time period in which extra repair was executed. Finally, we show that IGF-1 mediated this delay in the onset of UVB-induced apoptosis through activation of the AKT signaling pathway. We therefore believe that the AKT signaling pathway increases cell survival after a genotoxic insult such as UVB irradiation not by inhibiting the apoptotic stimulus, but only by postponing the induction of apoptosis, giving the DNA repair mechanism more time to work.
Dud, A Derivative-Free Algorithm for Nonlinear Least Squares (1978)

Derivative-free nonlinear least squares algorithms which make efficient use of function evaluations are important for fitting models defined by systems of nonlinear differential equations. A new Gauss-Newton-like algorithm with these properties is developed. The performance of the new algorithm (called Dud for “doesn't use derivatives”) is evaluated on a number of standard test problems from the literature. On these problems Dud competes favorably with even the best derivative-based algorithms.
Mobile robot navigation in 2-D dynamic environments using an electrostatic potential field (2000)

Proposes a solution to the two-dimensional (2-D) collision fee path planning problem for an autonomous mobile robot utilizing an electrostatic potential field (EPF) developed through a resistor network, derived to represent the environment. No assumptions are made about the amount of information contained in the a priori environment map (it may be completely empty) or the shape of the obstacles. The well-formulated and well-known laws of electrostatic fields are used to prove that the proposed approach generates an approximately optimal path (based on cell resolution) in a real-time frame. It is also proven through the classical laws of electrostatics that the derived potential function is a global navigation function (as defined by Rimon and Koditschek, 1992), that the field is free of all local minima and that all paths necessarily lead to the goal position. The complexity of the EPF generated path is shown to be O(mn/sub M/), where m is the total number of polygons in the environment and n/sub M/ is the maximum number of sides of a polygonal object. The method is tested both by simulation and experimentally on a Nomad200 mobile robot platform equipped with a ring of sixteen sonar sensors.
Degradation of Annexin I in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid from Patients with Cystic Fibrosis (1998)

Annexin I is a 36 kilodalton (kD) calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding protein which may have anti-inflammatory properties. Previous investigations which sampled lower respiratory tract epithelial lining fluid (ELF) via bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) have demonstrated that annexin I can be degraded in inflammatory lung disease. We analyzed BAL fluid from patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) to determine the effects of lung inflammation on the structure and activity of annexin I. Intact annexin I was absent in 17 out of 20 BAL fluid samples from patients with CF, due largely to degradation to a 33 kD protein. The three CF BAL fluids in which annexin I was detectable had very little or no unopposed neutrophil elastase activity in contrast to the 17 in which no annexin I was detectable. Annexin I was present in all BAL fluid samples from 10 normal volunteer (NV) subjects and 12 patients with interstitial lung disease (ILD). The 33 kD annexin I breakdown product was not detectable in samples from NV, but was detectable only in ILD patients with relatively high percentages of neutrophils on BAL differential cell counts. Annexin I appeared to be cleaved by neutrophil elastase at the N-terminal portion between Val-36 and Ser-37 to yield the 33 kD protein. Cleavage of the N-terminal portion of annexin I was accompanied by a marked change in the annexin I isoelectric point (pI) value (from 6.0 to 8.5-9.0) and greatly diminished annexin I functional activity. Our findings demonstrate that annexin I degradation in epithelial lining fluid is closely related to lung inflammation.
대학 글쓰기 교육의 현황과 방향 (2005)

최근 많은 대학들이 글쓰기 강좌를 교양 필수 과목으로 지정하고 있다. 뿐만 아니라 여러 대학에서 글쓰기 과목을 영역별로 나누어 전공별 글쓰기 학습을 시도하고 있다. 나 과 같은 글쓰기 교육의 보조기관들이 늘어났으며, 교양과목에 대한 글쓰기 조교 지원, 글쓰기 튜더 제도와 같은 지원 시스템도 생겨났다. 이처럼 글쓰기 교육은 제도적인 면에서 많은 발전을 거듭하고 있다. 그러나 이런 외적인 변화에 비해 내적인 준비가 소홀하여 여러 가지 불안 요소를 가지고 있는 것도 사실이다. 대학 글쓰기 교육의 내부적인 문제로 교수요원의 문제, 강의 프로그램의 문제, 행정 지원의 문제가 있다. 현재 대학 글쓰기 교육 분야에는 강의를 담당할 교수요원이 부족하다. 또 대학글쓰기를 전공하는 연구자도 부족하다. 이 때문에 강의 프로그램 개발, 교재 개발, 평가 방법 개발 및 교수 방법에 관한 연구가 힘들어 강좌를 표준화, 특성화할 수가 없다. 따라서 대학 글쓰기 교육을 바람직한 궤도에 올려놓기 위해서 대학 당국의 재정적, 제도적 지원이 필요하다. 바람직한 대학 글쓰기 교육을 위해 과목의 성격과 교육 과정을 살펴 볼 필요가 있다. 먼저 대학 글쓰기 교육에서 문법과 진술방식, 글의 형식과 같은 텍스트 요인을 중시하는 경우가 있다. 두 번째는 다양한 문식성교육에 중점을 두는 경우가 있는데 이 경우에는 쓰기, 읽기(독서), 토론, 한자 교육을 포함한 폭넓은 언어교육에 목표를 둔다. 세 번째로 대학 글쓰기 교육의 성격을 ‘교양적이고 창의적인 인간 계발’이라는 일반교양의 목표 아래 두는 경우가 있다. 네 번째로 글쓰기 교육을 비판적, 창의적 사고력 교육 속에 두는 경우가 있다. 이 네 가지 경우는 언어 기능이나 사고력 혹은 그 밖의 요소에 치우쳐 있기 때문에 문제가 있다. 대학 글기 교육의 교육 과정으로 가장 바람직한 것은 읽기-쓰기(reading-to-write)모형이다. 읽기-쓰기 모형은 표현력과 사고력을 함께 높일 수 있을 뿐만아니라 대학의 지적 생산 방식에 부합할 수 있다. 대학 글쓰기 교육의 문제점을 해결하기 위해 여러 가지 노력이 필요하다. 우선 가장 시급한 것은 전문 연구자의 저변을 넓히고 교육과정을 개편하는 일이다. 연구자가 늘어나야 기본적 이론, 교수 학습 방법, 평가방법, 글쓰기 능력 진단과 치료 방법, 첨삭과 교정 방법, 글쓰기 협동학습, 튜터링 시스템, 범교과적 쓰기 방법, 디지털 글쓰기, Writing Center에 관한 연구들을 진행할 수 있다. 또 바람직한 대학 글쓰기 교육을 위해 다양한 글쓰기 프로그램 개발을 개발하고, 수준별 교육 및 단계별 학습과 같은 교육과정을 실시할 필요가 있다.
Realizable Linear and Decision Feedback Equalizers: Properties and Connections (2004)

Recently, there has been renewed interest in the use of infinite impulse response (IIR) linear equalizers (LEs) for digital communication channels as a means for both improving performance and blindly initializing decision feedback structures (DFEs). Theoretical justification for such an approach is usually given assuming unconstrained filters, which are not causal and therefore not implementable in practice. We present an analysis of realizable (i.e., causal, stable, and of finite degree) minimum mean square error (MMSE) equalizers for single-input multiple-output channels, both in the LE and DFE cases, focusing on their structures and filter orders, as well as the connections between them. The DFE resulting from rearranging the MMSE LE within a decision feedback loop is given special attention. It is shown that although this DFE does not in general coincide with the MMSE DFE, it still enjoys certain optimality conditions. The main tools employed are the Wiener theory of minimum variance estimation and Kalman filtering theory, which show interesting properties of the MMSE equalizers not revealed by previous polynomial approaches.
Second Harmonic Generation and Fluorescence of CMONS Dye Nanocrystals Grown in a Sol‐Gel Thin Film (2003)

CMONS: an alternative to fluorescent probes? Nanocrystals of CMONS dye (see picture), about 100 nm in diameter, were grown in a sol-gel thin film. The authors selectively grew the non-centrosymmetric form in order to study the nanocrystals' nonlinear properties. Using scanning optical microscopy, the two-photon induced fluorescence and the second harmonic generation (SHG) signals. (shown) were simultaneously mapped. Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy on a single nanocrystal yielded an excited-state relaxation time that is about twenty times smaller than that of a microcrystal, taken as the reference for bulk. This can be explained by the photoinduced isomerization of the stilbene-like CMONS molecules localized at the surface of the nanocrystal.
Furan Ring Opening-Pyrrole Ring Closure: Simple Route to 5-Alkyl-2-(aminomethyl)pyrroles (2010)

A simple route to 5-alkyl-2-(aminomethyl)pyrroles is proposed that is based on hydrolytic ring opening of 5-alkylfur­furyl­amines followed by pyrrole ring closure under Paal-Knorr conditions.
Physical Based Toolkit for Real-Time Distributed Virtual World. (1995)

(Maximum 200 words) 14. SUBJECT TERMS 17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF REPORT 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF ABSTRACT 15. NUMBER OF PAGES 16. PRICE CODE 20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT 5. FUNDING NUMBERS i Ong, Henry T. September 1995 Master&apos;s Thesis Unclassified Unclassified UL Unclassified 54 PHYSICAL BASED TOOLKIT FOR REAL-TIME DISTRIBUTED VIRTUAL WORLD Naval Postgraduate School Monterey, CA 93943-5000 The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the United States Government. Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. This thesis addresses three deficiencies in the NPSNET simulated world. First, although a full set of algorithms have been defined for Dead Reckoning (DR) entities in a distributed simulation, NPSNET only implements a few simple linear algorithms. Second, NPSNET lacks a set of physically-based models for munition trajectories h...
A 2.5-Gb/s 15-mW clock recovery circuit (1996)

This paper describes the design of a 2.5-Gb/s 15-mW clock recovery circuit based on the quadricorrelator architecture. Employing both phase and frequency detection, the circuit combines high-speed operations such as differentiation, full-wave rectification, and mixing in one stage to lower the power dissipation. In addition, a two-stage voltage-controlled oscillator is utilized that incorporates both phase shift elements to provide a wide tuning range and isolation techniques to suppress the feedthrough due to input data transitions. Fabricated in a 20-GHz 1-/spl mu/m BiCMOS technology, the circuit exhibits an rms jitter of 9.5 ps and a capture range of 300 MHz.
Shallow donors and acceptors in ZnO (2005)

In order to realize controlled p-type doping in ZnO the role of extrinsic and intrinsic donors has to be clarified. The extrinsic n-type dopants Al, Ga and In are commonly found in bulk ZnO crystals, but hydrogen also appears in relevant concentrations eventually controlling the residual n-type carrier concentrations in nominally undoped ZnO. The optical properties of excitonic recombinations in bulk, n-type ZnO are investigated by photoluminescence (PL). At liquid helium temperature the neutral donor–bound excitons dominate in the PL spectrum. Two electron satellite (TES) transitions of the donor–bound excitons allow us to determine the donor binding energies ranging from 46 to 73 meV. In the as-grown crystals a shallow donor with an activation energy of 30 meV controls the conductivity. Annealing annihilates this shallow donor which has a bound exciton recombination at 3.3628 eV. Correlated by magnetic resonance experiments we attribute this particular donor to hydrogen. These results are in line with the temperature-dependent Hall-effect measurements. The Al, Ga and In donor–bound exciton recombinations are identified based on doping and diffusion experiments, and using secondary ion mass spectroscopy. We report on the optical properties of the shallow nitrogen acceptor in ZnO incorporated by diffusion, by ion implantation and by in situ doping in epitaxial films.
Selecting the neoadjuvant treatment by molecular subtype: How to maximize the benefit? (2013)

The relationship between achievement of a pathologic complete response (pCR) and favorable long-term outcome varies among breast cancer subtypes. We aimed to highlight which neoadjuvant treatment strategy could be most successful in each breast cancer subtype. A recent FDA meta-analysis on randomized neoadjuvant breast cancer trials suggests that the survival differences of patients with or without a pCR were less pronounced in luminal A-like tumors, despite the overall favorable prognosis of these patients. Moreover, even though the strong prognostic effect of pCR in HER2 positive and TNBC, the NOAH study was the only trial which showed a trend in surrogacy of pCR for long-term outcome in HER2-positive subtype. Results from GeparTrio study suggest that patients with hormone-positive tumors might need a response-guided approach, with either an intensification of treatment in case of an early response or a change to other chemotherapy in case of no early response. Furthermore, data from German neoadjuvant trials confirm that an increasing number of chemotherapy cycles is associated with a higher pCR rate, especially in patients with HER2-positive/hormone-positive tumors. In line with these suggestions, Tryphaena study showed a pCR rate that exceeding the 60% threshold, the highest pCR results presented in a large multicenter study. In TNBC, the highest pCR rate in the German neoadjuvant studies was obtained with the simultaneous application of docetaxel, doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide for 6 cycles. However, as shown in GaparQuinto and NSABP 40 trials, treatment effect in TNBC might be further maximized by adding bevacizumab, and two randomized neoadjuvant trials are expected this year to report data on the efficacy of carboplatin.
The synthesis and potassium channel blocking activity of some (4-methanesulfonamidophenoxy)propanolamines as potential class III antiarrhythmic agents (1991)

The synthesis of 22 (4-methanesulfonamidophenoxy)propanolamines and their testing on isolated guinea pig cardiac myocytes, on isolated preparations from guinea pig atria, and on rat blood pressure are described. Secondary amines in the series (11a-f) showed residual beta-blocking activity, whereas incorporation of N-methyl phenylalkyl and 4-phenyl alicyclic amine groups abolished beta-blocking activity but led to enhanced ability to block the channel conducting the delayed rectified potassium current, and hence produced an increase in the cardiac action potential duration (APD). Incorporation of hydrophobic Cl and CF3 groups further enhanced potassium channel blocking activity. Compounds 81 and 8m produced a significant increase in APD at nanomolar concentrations, with no effect on cardiac muscle conduction velocity, and hence merit further investigation as Class III antiarrhythmic agents. Methylation of the methanesulfonamido group abolished channel-blocking activity; 4-carboxy and 3-methanesulfonamido analogues retained activity but at a reduced level.
Priming efficiency in PCR. (1995)

Taq and Pfu DNA polymerases were tested for their propensity to prime from mismatched primers. Two series of bacteriophage lambda primers were designed with progressively longer mismatched 5' termini. Effects of the primer concentration, annealing temperature, salt and solvent concentrations on PCR yield were tested. At the standard PCR conditions, priming was detectable when the 3'-terminal portion of the partially mismatched primer formed a continuous duplex more stable than -11 kcal/mol with the target DNA. In the presence of low magnesium ion concentrations, priming was significantly reduced, but glycerol (5%) and formamide (2.5%) had only a slight effect (Taq DNA polymerase). Although priming specificities of Taq and Pfu DNA polymerases were similar, the solvents had no effect on Pfu DNA polymerase-directed PCR. Oligonucleotides that are GC rich at their 3' ends exhibit high priming efficiency but are also prone to false priming, since the shorter fragments of their 3' ends are stable enough to serve as primers.
ChemInform Abstract: A CONVENIENT SYNTHESIS OF THE POTENT MUTAGEN 3,4,8‐TRIMETHYL‐3H‐IMIDAZO(4,5‐F)QUINOXALIN‐2‐AMINE (1985)

Abstract Die Darstellung der Titelverbindung (IX) mit einer Ausb. von 13% über alle Stufen wird beschrieben.
Experiments on Electroluminescence (1954)

A summary of recent observations of the properties of ZnS: Cu: Pb and ZnS: Cu: Pb: Mn electroluminescent phosphors is reported. The experiments include studies of the optical and electrical response of these phosphors dispersed in "Lucite" to sudden changes in a constant applied field, as well as microscopic studies of the luminescence of individual particles. Both green and yellow phosphors were studied. The most important results observed primarily on green phosphors are the following: Slow changes are found to take place in a phosphor in any given constant electric field, but a steady state is finally approached. A sudden departure from this state produced by changing the applied field will in general produce very little light compared to that produced on returning promptly to the conditions under which the steady state was established. Further, the luminescence in alternating electric fields of individual grains is extremely inhomogeneous, being restricted to small "pinpoints" or "spots" very much smaller than the individual particles. The spots studied luminesced only once per cycle.It is concluded that excitation of luminescent centers occurs primarily by ionization, with recombination and radiation occurring when subsequent electrical changes make this possible. Although excitation of luminescent centers to bound states followed by prompt radiation does occur, under the conditions of these experiments this process is of secondary importance in producing light in all the phosphors studied, and is quite negligible in the green phosphors. These and other results are discussed in connection with the several possible mechanisms by which electric fields may bring about the excitation of luminescent centers.
Oyster mushroom extract protects antioxidant defence system in cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity in mice (2004)

Cisplatin is a highly effective and extensively used anticancer drug. Higher doses of cisplatin manifest acute nephrotoxicity and this is one of the limiting factors of this drug in cancer chemotherapy. The effect of the oyster mushroom extract to ameliorate cisplatin ( cis platinum (II) diammine dichloride) induced nephrotoxicity and restoration of antioxidant defence system in mice was investigated. The investigations showed that prior administration of methanolic extract of Pleurotus florida at a dose of 500 and 1000mg/Kg body weight significantly reduced elevated serum creatinine and urea levels and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities in the kidney, consequent to cisplatin treatment, in a dose dependent manner. The extract restored the decreased reduced glutathione (GSH) activity and increased malondialdehyde (MDA) level due to cisplatin administration. The results thus indicated that oyster mushroom extract rendered significant protection against cisplatin induced nephrotoxicity and depletion of antioxidant defence system in a dose dependent manner. Since oyster mushrooms are excellently edible and non-toxic, the finding reported here is of significant use in cancer chemotherapy.
<i>In situ</i>measurement of hydrocarbon fuel concentration near a spark plug in an engine cylinder using the 3.392  m infrared laser absorption method: discussion of applicability with a homogeneous methane–air mixture (2003)

A fibre optic system was developed to determine the fuel concentration near a spark plug using an infrared absorption method. The system was linked to an optical sensor installed in the spark plug, from which light could pass through the combustion chamber. By using this modified spark plug, successive measurements of the fuel concentration near the spark plug before ignition were performed in a spark-ignition engine burning homogeneously mixed methane–air. The fuel concentration was determined from the Lambert–Beer law by considering the dependence of the methane molar absorption coefficient on pressure and temperature. Three main conclusions were drawn from this study. First, the methane molar absorption coefficient was greater for lower pressures and decreased with increasing temperature and pressure above atmospheric pressure. The temperature and pressure effects were offset by each other, since the temperature effects were positive and the pressure effects were negative. Second, precise time-series data for the local fuel concentration were obtained by considering the in-cylinder pressure and temperature from an estimate of the methane molar absorption coefficient. And third, the measured air/fuel ratio near the spark plug before ignition agreed with the preset value when the developed optical sensor was used under motoring and firing conditions.
Generic approach to highlights extraction from a sport video (2004)

In this paper, we propose in this paper a method for extracting highlights from a sport TV broadcast. Unlike the existing highlights-extracting approaches our method does not require modeling of domain-specific events that are supposed to be interpreted by the user as highlights. Instead, we search for highlights at places where strong excitement is evoked in the user by the content of a video. It is namely realistic to assume that independent of the type of a highlighting event, each such event induces an increase in user's excitement. We mimic the changes in user's excitement by observing the temporal behavior of domain-independent audiovisual signal properties and the editing scheme of a video. Relation between these low-level features and the evoked excitement is drawn partly from psycho-physiological research and partly from analyzing the video generation practice. We evaluate our methodology on the excerpts taken from soccer TV broadcasts.
Transperineal Ultrasound for Measurement of Prostate Volume: Validation Against Transrectal Ultrasound (2007)

Transperineal ultrasound provides an accurate, less invasive and more acceptable alternative but with a higher technical failure rate than transrectal ultrasound, especially for central prostate volume. By trading off acceptability for the failure rate transperineal ultrasound may enhance the feasibility of valid studies requiring repeat prostate volume measurement in asymptomatic men.
Synthesis and Properties of Aminoacylamido-AMP:  Chemical Optimization for the Construction of an <i>N</i>-Acyl Phosphoramidate Linkage (2000)

This paper describes the design and synthesis of a new type of aminoacyl-adenylate analogue (aa-AMPN) having an N-acyl phosphoramidate linkage where the oxygen atom of the mixed anhydride bond of aminoacyl-adenylate (aa-AMP) is replaced by an amino group. This new type of aa-AMP analogue is expected to be useful as material for studies on the recognition mechanism of the aminoacylation of tRNA and other biochemical reactions. The condensation of phosphoramidite derivatives of carboxamides with nucleoside derivatives failed, because the activated phosphoramidite derivatives reacted with not only the hydroxyl groups but also another reactive species. An alternative approach was examined by the reaction of 5'-O-phosphoramidite adenosine derivatives with carboxamide derivatives. The TBTr and TSE groups were chosen for protection of the amino group of amino acid amides and the phosphate group, respectively. Detailed studies revealed that the use of 5-(3,5-dinitrophenyl)-1H-tetrazole as an activating catalyst of phosphoramidites resulted in rapid condensation within 10 min to give fully protected aa-AMPN derivatives. No side reaction occurred. Deprotection of these products via a two-step procedure gave aa-AMPN derivatives in good yields. It also turned out that aa-AMPNs thus obtained are stable under both acidic and basic conditions, such as 0.1 M HCl (pH 1.0) and 0.1 M NaOH (pH 13.0).