gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity and Detection Efficiency of a Novel Two-Step Detection System (PowerVision) for Immunohistochemistry (1999)

A novel polymeric labeling strategy allows preparation of compact enzyme antibody conjugates that offer increased detection sensitivity and efficiency, while simplifying staining procedures. Such a conjugated reagent, designated the PowerVision system, was evaluated to assess its detection efficiency and sensitivity, based on a comparative study with three currently available multistep detection systems: ChemMate, LSAB2, and Super Sensitive kits. All immunohistochemical staining was performed on routinely formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections under identical conditions, including use of the microwave antigen-retrieval (AR) technique. The experimental design incorporated three sets of experimental conditions to facilitate comparison of the different methods. Experimental set 1, comparing the immunostaining results obtained using a panel of 15 antibodies revealed that the sensitivity of the PowerVision detection system was significantly greater than the other three methods, as evidenced by the greater intensity of immunostaining achieved for all 15 antibodies. Experimental set 2, an efficiency test, used further serial dilutions of a commercial prediluted, ready-to-use monoclonal antibody (Mab) to proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Dilutions ranged from 1:10 to 1:640. The detection efficiency of the PowerVision reagent was superior to the other detection systems, as exemplified by the observation that at a dilution of 1:320, a moderate staining intensity could be achieved by using the PowerVision system, while other methods showed faintly positive or negative results. Experimental set 3 demonstrated that the immunoreactivity of long-term–stored archival paraffin sections for Mab to p27Kip1 could be restored to a similar level to that obtained using fresh-cut paraffin sections, when combining an optimized AR protocol [using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid–sodium hydroxide (EDTA-NaOH) solution of pH 8.0] with the PowerVision system, whereas other reagents gave unsatisfactory results. The controlled polylabeling PowerVision detection system has the advantages of a simpler, more rapid procedure, significant amplification of staining intensity, lower costs resulting from further dilution of primary antibodies, faster turnaround, and higher amplification power. It is also a biotin-free reagent avoiding the problems of endogenous biotin reaction.
Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes (2003)

The generation of functional cardiomyocytes from human embryonic stem (hES) cells has several potential applications. Myocardial diseases resulting from damage of cardiac tissue affect millions of people, who may benefit from transplantation of cardiomyocytes. Such an application has already been demonstrated in animal models using various cell sources (1–8) However, the availability and proliferative capacity of these cell types may be limiting. Because of the apparent unlimited replicative capacity of hES cells (9), we propose that hES cell-derived cardiomyocytes are ideally suited for cell replacement therapies. Differentiation of cardiomyocytes from hES cells will provide a tool for investigating the molecular pathways associated with cardiogenesis. Further, hES cell-derived cardiomyocytes may provide an appropriate cell source for drug screening and toxicity testing. All of these potential applications of hES cell-derived cardiomyocytes are, however, largely dependent on practical aspects of producing a sufficient amount of these cells. Therefore, several laboratories have been working on the differentiation of functional cardiomyocytes from hES cells. In this chapter, we summarize events in early cardiogenic development, which may provide valuable lessons for differentiation of hES cells into cardiomyocytes. We then discuss current data concerning cardiomyocyte differentiation from hES cells.
Camera self-calibration for sequential Bayesian structure from motion (2009)

Computer vision researchers have proved the feasibility of camera self-calibration —the estimation of a camera's internal parameters from an image sequence without any known scene structure. Various self-calibration algorithms have been published. Nevertheless, all of the recent sequential approaches to 3D structure and motion estimation from image sequences which have arisen in robotics and aim at real-time operation (often classed as visual SLAM or visual odometry) have relied on pre-calibrated cameras and have not attempted online calibration.
Conducting Polymer‐Based Solid‐State Ion‐Selective Electrodes (2005)

Abstract Conducting polymers, i.e., electroactive conjugated polymers, are useful both as ion‐to‐electron transducers and as sensing membranes in solid‐state ion‐selective electrodes. Recent achievements over the last few years have resulted in significant improvements of the analytical performance of solid‐contact ion‐selective electrodes (solid‐contact ISEs) based on conducting polymers as ion‐to‐electron transducer combined with polymeric ion‐selective membranes. A significant amount of research has also been devoted to solid‐state ISEs based on conducting polymers as the sensing membrane. This review gives a brief summary of the progress in the area in recent years.
ATP7B Expression in Human Breast Epithelial Cells Is Mediated by Lactational Hormones (2007)

A role for the copper transporter, ATP7B, in secretion of copper from the human breast into milk has previously not been reported, although it is known that the murine ortholog of ATP7B facilitates copper secretion in the mouse mammary gland. We show here that ATP7B is expressed in luminal epithelial cells in both the resting and lactating human breast, where it has a perinuclear localization in resting epithelial cells and a diffuse location in lactating tissue. ATP7B protein was present in a different subset of vesicles from those containing milk proteins and did not overlap with Menkes ATPase, ATP-7A, except in the perinuclear region of cells. In the cultured human mammary line, PMC42-LA, treatment with lactational hormones induced a redistribution of ATP7B from a perinuclear region to a region adjacent, but not coincident with, the apical plasma membrane. Trafficking of ATP7B was copper dependent, suggesting that the hormone-induced redistribution of ATP7A was mediated through an increase in intracellular copper. Radioactive copper ((64)Cu) studies using polarized PMC42-LA cells that overexpressed mAtp7B protein showed that this transporter facilitates copper efflux from the apical surface of the cells. In summary, our results are consistent with an important function of ATP7B in the secretion of copper from the human mammary gland.
Interactions of Boron Clusters and their Derivatives with Serum Albumin (2017)

Boron clusters are polyhedral boron hydrides with unique properties, and they are becoming increasingly widely used in biology and medicine, including for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) of cancers and in the design of novel bioactive molecules and potential drugs. Among boron cluster types, icosahedral boranes, carboranes, and metallacarboranes are particularly interesting, and there is a need for basic studies on their interaction with biologically important molecules, such as proteins. Herein, we report studies on the interaction of selected boron clusters and their derivatives with serum albumin, the most abundant protein in mammalian blood. The interaction of boron clusters with albumin was examined by fluorescence quenching, circular dichroism, dynamic and static light scattering measurements and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Our results showed that metallacarboranes have the strongest interaction with albumin among the tested clusters. The observed strength of boron cluster interactions with albumin decreases in order: metallacarboranes [M(C<sub>2</sub>B<sub>9</sub>H<sub>11</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>-</sup> > carboranes (C<sub>2</sub>B<sub>10</sub>H<sub>12</sub>) >> dodecaborate anion [B<sub>12</sub>H<sub>12</sub>]<sup>2-</sup>. Metallacarboranes first specifically interact with the binding cavity of albumin and then, with increasing compound concentrations, interact non-specifically with the protein surface. These findings can be of importance and are useful in the development of new bioactive compounds that contain boron clusters.
An Eco‐innovation Case Study of Domestic Dishwashing through the Application of TRIZ Tools (2001)

The benefits of applying a structured method such as TRIZ (Teoriya Resheniya Izobretatelskikh Zadatch: the Russian theory of inventive problem solving) to Eco‐innovation are examined through use of two problem‐solving tools from TRIZ in an Eco‐innovation case study. A novel problem hierarchy model has been integrated to help identify the systems and sub‐systems level innovations required for Eco‐innovation. The benefits and shortcomings of the TRIZ tools, and the potential contribution of the problem hierarchy model in the innovation process are discussed.
405 nm Laser Thermal Lithography of 40 nm Pattern Using Super Resolution Organic Resist Material (2009)

We have developed a high resolution resist for laser thermal lithography and a fabrication method for this resist. We designed a resist material which has specific desired properties. We aimed to raise the gasification temperature and achieve a sharply peaked temperature profile so that holes are formed only in the center of the laser spot. We were able to perform lithography with a half pitch of 40 nm. Furthermore, using the result of this lithography as a dry etching mask, we were able to perform dry etching on a number of materials, including SiO2 and sapphire.
An effective full-map directory scheme for the sectored caches (2002)

In multiprocessor systems, the cache misses due to coherence transactions make up many of the total cache misses. However this type of cache miss is strongly dependent on the type of data sharing among processors, especially false sharing. Until now the small cache block size has been used to avoid false sharing mainly in multiprocessor systems, but the smaller the cache block size, the lower the prefetching effect. Moreover it is shown that high spatial locality appears in many parallel programs. The paper presents two advanced full-map directory schemes which provide a low cache miss ratio and communication traffic by avoiding false sharing and taking advantage of the spatial locality existing in many parallel programs. The performance was evaluated by the event-driven simulator and the empirical results show that the proposed scheme can provide about a 6/spl sim/77% decrease in the cache miss ratio and a 46/spl sim/96% decrease in the communication traffic.
A unified approach to short-time Fourier analysis and synthesis (1977)

Two distinct methods for synthesizing a signal from its short-time Fourier transform have previously been proposed. We call these methods the filter-bank summation (FBS) method and the overlap add (OLA) method. Each of these synthesis techniques has unique advantages and disadvantages in various applications due to the way in which the signal is reconstructed. In this paper we unify the ideas behind the two synthesis techniques and discuss the similarities and differences between these methods. In particular, we explicitly show the effects of modifications made to the short-time transform (both fixed and time-varying modifications are considered) on the resulting signal and discuss applications where each of the techniques would be most useful The interesting case of nonlinear modifications (possibly signal dependent) to the short-time Fourier transform is also discussed. Finally it is shown that a formal duality exists between the two synthesis methods based on the properties of the window used for obtaining the short-time Fourier transform.
Enhanced injection in n/sup ++/-poly/SiO/sub x//SiO/sub 2//p-sub MOS capacitors for low-voltage nonvolatile memory applications: experiment (1999)

In this paper, n/sup ++/-poly/SiO/sub x//SiO/sub 2//p-sub capacitors with enhanced electron injection under substrate accumulation are extensively studied. First, systematic investigation of the role of technology parameters in the PECVD deposition of the SiO/sub x/ films is presented. In particular, the effect of the silane dilution parameter on the device performance is investigated and the SiO/sub x/ film optimized in terms of reliability and electron injection enhancement. Then, investigation of the electrical behavior of n/sup ++/-poly/SiO/sub x//SiO/sub 2//p-sub MOS capacitors is presented. As a result, a picture of the space defect distribution in the SiO/sub x/ films is proposed. In SiO/sub x/ films, a relevant density of trapped charge adds to ionized impurities. In particular, the net charge is negative in the bulk of the dielectric, indicating that trapped electrons exceed all the other charge contributions. The space distribution of defects is strongly nonuniform and has the maximum in the vicinity of the SiO/sub x//SiO/sub 2/ interface. After dc current stress, the devices undergo electrical degradation, the dominant mechanism of degradation being the creation of interface hole traps. The trap generation model is based on the release of hydrogen and pairs generation in the SiO/sub x/ films. The time-scale of trap filling during the stress is tens of seconds, which suggests that the stress-induced traps are deep in the energy gap.
Targeted chemotherapy against intraperitoneally disseminated colon carcinoma using a cationized gelatin–conjugated HVJ envelope vector (2006)

The hemagglutinating virus of Japan envelope (HVJ-E; Sendai virus) vector derived from inactivated HVJ particles can be used to deliver DNA, proteins, and drugs into cells both in vitro and in vivo. HVJ-E is capable of delivering bleomycin, an anticancer drug, to various cancer cell lines, thereby producing 300-fold greater cytotoxicity than administration of bleomycin alone. In a mouse model of peritoneally disseminated colon cancer, we injected HVJ-E containing the luciferase gene into the peritoneum. Unexpectedly, luciferase gene expression was not observed within the tumor deposits or any organs. However, when combined with cationized gelatin (CG), CG-HVJ-E produced a high level of luciferase gene expression primarily within the tumor deposits. Forty-eight hours after introducing colon cancer cells into the peritoneum of experimental mice, CG-HVJ-E with or without bleomycin was injected into the abdominal cavity. Following six injections of bleomycin-incorporated CG-HVJ-E, complete responses were observed in 40% of the mice examined. All of the mice that received either empty CG-HVJ-E or bleomycin alone died within 40 days of having cancer cells introduced into the peritoneum. When the mice with complete responses were rechallenged with colon cancer cells from the same cell line, no tumors developed. Thus, CG-HVJ-E may suppress peritoneal dissemination of cancer.
Structured Sparse Models with Applications (2012)

University of Minnesota Ph.D. dissertation. October 2012. Major:Electrical Engineering. Advisor: Prof. Tryphon T. Georgiou. 1 computer file (PDF); xiii, 172 pages, appendix A.
Two Monoclonal Antibodies with Defined Epitopes of P44 Major Surface Proteins Neutralize<i>Anaplasma phagocytophilum</i>by Distinct Mechanisms (2006)

ABSTRACT Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an obligatory intracellular bacterium that causes human granulocytic anaplasmosis. The polymorphic 44-kDa major outer membrane proteins of A. phagocytophilum are dominant antigens recognized by patients and infected animals. However, the ability of anti-P44 antibody to neutralize the infection has been unclear due to a mixture of P44 proteins with diverse hypervariable region amino acid sequences expressed by a given bacterial population and lack of epitope-defined antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) 5C11 and 3E65 are directed to different domains of P44 proteins, the N-terminal conserved region and P44-18 central hypervariable region, respectively. Passive immunization with either MAb 5C11 or 3E65 partially protects mice from infection with A. phagocytophilum . In the present study, we demonstrated that the two monoclonal antibodies recognize bacterial surface-exposed epitopes of naturally folded P44 proteins and mapped these epitopes to specific peptide sequences. The two MAbs almost completely blocked the infection of the A. phagocytophilum population that predominantly expressed P44-18 in HL-60 cells by distinct mechanisms: MAb 5C11 blocked the binding, but MAb 3E65 did not block binding or internalization. Instead, MAb 3E65 inhibited internalized A. phagocytophilum to develop into microcolonies called morulae. Some plasma from experimentally infected horses and mice reacted with these two epitopes. Taken together, these data indicate the presence of at least two distinct bacterial surface-exposed neutralization epitopes in P44 proteins. The results indicate that antibodies directed to certain epitopes of P44 proteins have a critical role in inhibiting A. phagocytophilum infection of host cells.
Adaptive forward error correction with adjustable-latency QoS for robotic networks (2016)

Mobile robotic teams require robust communication in order to coordinate effectively, which is a challenge given the dynamic, unpredictable nature of mobile ad hoc networks (MANET). These networks are subject to rapidly varying link qualities as robots move through their environment. Improving the robustness of these point-to-point links leads to greater overall network performance, which in turn allows the robots to perform their mission more effectively. In this work, we present a forward error correction (FEC) technique that exploits latency tolerance in network traffic to provide consistent packet delivery performance even on low-quality links. Our proposed system estimates link quality based on recent packet reception history and uses that estimate to determine FEC encoding strength. Furthermore, this system provides a novel Quality of Service (QoS) mechanism that trades latency tolerance for more reliable, lower overhead transmission. We evaluate the effectiveness of this technique in a real-world robotic testbed.
Synthesis of Poly(p‐Benzenesulphonamide) Part II Solid State Polymerisation of Aniline‐4‐Sulphochloride via a Sulphene intermediate (1980)

Abstract On heating, aniline‐4‐sulphochloride undergoes a two‐stage solid state polymerisation with initial formation of an intermediate product, identical in composition with that of the starting material, which, at a higher temperature, eliminates hydrogen chloride to yield poly( p ‐benzenesulphonamide). The intermediate product has been identified as 4‐imino‐cyclohexadiene sulphene hydrochloride and results from a rearrangement reaction of aniline‐4‐sulphochloride. On treatment with dry pyridine, this intermediate undergoes dehydrochlorination to yield transiently the monomeric sulphene, 4‐imino‐cylcohexadiene sulphene, which then polymerises to poly ( p ‐benzene sulphonamide). This reaction has been followed spectroscopically in an ultra‐violet cell. When a sample of aniline‐4‐sulphochloride was heated to 200°C in a sealed tube an acid catalysed rearrangement of the polysulphonamide occurred to give some units of p ‐amino‐ p ‐phenylene sulphone in the polymer chain. Solid state polymerisation of aniline‐4‐sulphochloride hydrochloride also occurs on heating to 175°C under reduced pressure, with evolution of hydrogen chloride, but without the formation of an intermediate product. Here again, in a closed system, some acid catalysed rearrangemnt of the polymer was observed. N‐Methylaniline‐4‐sulphochloride hydrochloride similarly undergoes a solid state thermal polymerisation with evolution of hydrogen chloride to yield poly ( p ‐benzene‐N‐methyl‐sulphonamide). Considerable interest is attached to the discovery of the stable crystalline 4‐imino‐cyclohexadiene sulphene hydrochloride intermediate and the generation therefrom of the parent sulphene which serves as monomer in the polymerisation. The stability and reactivity of sulphenes generally are discussed.
Ionic liquid antenna (2005)

A new antenna is described using salt dissolved in water as the radiating element. Recently, it has been reported by the radio amateur community that stimulating a column of salt water, with a salinity in excess on 70 parts per thousand (ppt), at HF frequencies (<30 MHz) produces usable antennas. A simple monopole antenna was constructed and its reflected impedance and radiation efficiency measured for salt solutions of 2 conductivities and 2 monopole diameters. Two antennas were constructed, 25 mm and 50 mm in diameter, with salt solution at 35 ppt and 70 ppt. The resonant frequency was found to be inversely proportional to salt solution column height, with bandwidths of /spl sim/1 GHz (-10 dB S11 points) at 1.3 GHz. Radiation efficiency, using the Wheeler cap method, was found to be 50-70%. This novel antenna structure has applications in wide band antennas. Since the antenna can alter its shape easily, it also has applications in reconfigurable antennas.
Experimental evaluation of interference from domestic microwave ovens to 1.9-GHz digital radio transmission (2002)

The paper presents an experiment on the interference noise radiated from domestic microwave ovens to a 1.9-GHz digital personal communication system. Bit error rates (BER) were measured under the influence of out-of-band interference noise from six microwave ovens with two types of high-voltage magnetron power supplies: switched-mode power supplies and conventional transformer power supplies. The experiment was carried out in a radio anechoic chamber, methodically avoiding fading and attaining good reproducibility. The two types of ovens yielded different BER characteristics versus signal reception level. This difference apparently correlates to the difference between their noise amplitude probability distributions.
Sarcosporidiosis in sheep, and its relation to certain forms of myositis (1944)

In most countries the incidence of sarcosporidiosis in herbivorous animals is generally accepted as high, and on account of the relative unimportance and low pathogenicity of this parasite, the trouble and expense of making further extensive surveys is not usually justified. In this country special studies have been carried out by Walker (1918) in sheep and horses, and by Viljoen (1918 and 1921) in cattle in connection with lamsiekte. An opportunity to examine skeletal muscle from a fairly large number of sheep presented itself recently and was made use of to determine the degree of sarcocyst invasion in sheep from a known locality. The material used had been collected and prepared histologically for studying certain changes observed in muscle from bluetongue-infected animals.
A theory of the learnable (1984)

Humans appear to be able to learn new concepts without needing to be programmed explicitly in any conventional sense. In this paper we regard learning as the phenomenon of knowledge acquisition in the absence of explicit programming. We give a precise methodology for studying this phenomenon from a computational viewpoint. It consists of choosing an appropriate information gathering mechanism, the learning protocol, and exploring the class of concepts that can be learnt using it in a reasonable (polynomial) number of steps. We find that inherent algorithmic complexity appears to set serious limits to the range of concepts that can be so learnt. The methodology and results suggest concrete principles for designing realistic learning systems.