gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Emittance of Y2O3 stabilised ZrO2 thermal barrier coatings prepared by electron-beam physical-vapour deposition (2000)

Electron-beam physical-vapour deposited (EB-PVD) thermal barrier coatings are used in aircraft and land-based gas turbines for thermal insulation of thermally highly loaded components like turbine blades. Conventional duplex thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) consist of two different layers. A partially yttria stabilised zirconia top coat serves as thermal barrier while a NiCrAIY or CoCrAIY bond coat below provides adhesion and oxidation protection of the metallic substrate. The ceramic top coat shows a columnar microstructure which offers some advantages in comparison to plasma-sprayed TBCs. Besides having a low thermal conductivity, TBCs have to emit thermal radiation efficiently in order to reduce the heat load on the coated parts. In this study the emittance of TBCs is measured as a function of coating thickness. This is necessary for a detailed infrared analysis as PYSZ (partially yttria stabilised zirconia) is known to be semitransparent in the near infrared region The directional-spectral emittance in the wavelength range from 2 μm to 18 μm is measured in an angular range from 0° to 70° with respect to the surface normal and for a temperature range from 400 K to 1100 K by a direct radiometric method. Furthermore, the directional-spectral emittance was measured via the integrating sphere method normal to the surface at ambient temperature in the wavelength range from 0,25 μm to 18 μm. The dependence of the emittance on wavelength, emission angle, temperature, and layer thickness is discussed.
Experimental investigations of 60 GHz WLAN systems in office environment (2009)

This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation of 60 GHz wireless local area network (WLAN) systems in an office environment. The measurement setup with highly directional mechanically steerable antennas and 800 MHz bandwidth was developed and experiments were performed for conference room and cubicle environments. Measurement results demonstrate that the 60 GHz propagation channel is quasioptical in nature and received signal power is obtained through line of sight (LOS) and reflected signal paths of the first and second orders. The 60 GHz WLAN system prototype using steerable directional antennas with 18 dB gain was able to achieve about 30 dB baseband SNR for LOS transmission, about 15-20 dB for communications through the first-order reflected path, and 2-6 dB SNR when using second-order reflection for the office environments. The intra cluster statistical parameters of the propagation channel were evaluated and a statistical model for reflected clusters is proposed. Experimental results demonstrating strong polarization impact on the characteristics of the propagation channel are presented. Cross-polarization discrimination (XPD) of the propagation channel was estimated as approximately 20 dB for LOS transmission and 10-20 dB for NLOS reflected paths.
Uniform SiGe/Si quantum well nanorod and nanodot arrays fabricated using nanosphere lithography (2013)

This study fabricates the optically active uniform SiGe/Si multiple quantum well (MQW) nanorod and nanodot arrays from the Si0.4Ge0.6/Si MQWs using nanosphere lithography (NSL) combined with the reactive ion etching (RIE) process. Compared to the as-grown sample, we observe an obvious blueshift in photoluminescence (PL) spectra for the SiGe/Si MQW nanorod and nanodot arrays, which can be attributed to the transition of PL emission from the upper multiple quantum dot-like SiGe layers to the lower MQWs. A possible mechanism associated with carrier localization is also proposed for the PL enhancement. In addition, the SiGe/Si MQW nanorod arrays are shown to exhibit excellent antireflective characteristics over a wide wavelength range. These results indicate that SiGe/Si MQW nanorod arrays fabricated using NSL combined with RIE would be potentially useful as an optoelectronic material operating in the telecommunication range.
Ensuring software safety in robot control (1987)

Hazard prevention and/or risk minimization are especially pertinent in industrial robot installations. Software for controlling robots must be analyzed as a contributor in risk situations. The use of 'failure mode and effects analyses' and 'fault tree analyses' on such software offers a measure of risk minimization. This paper contains an example application of FMEA and FTA to software, and offers guidelines for similar uses in other situational investigations. Another benefit of applying FMEA and FTA to software is the encouragement of communication and cooperation between software developers and industrial personnel. Suggestions regarding cooperative communication protocol are in the paper's concluding remarks.
Real-time image enhancement in NMR (1986)

Clinical NMR motion picture (movie) images can be produced routinely in real-time by ultra-high-speed echo-planar imaging (EPI). The single-short image quality depends on both pixel resolution and signal-to-noise ratio (S/N), both factors being intertradeable. If image S/N is sacrificed rather than resolution, it is shown that S/N may be greatly enhanced subsequently without vitiating spatial resolution or foregoing real motional effects when the object motion is periodic. This is achieved by a Fourier filtering process. Experimental results are presented which demonstrate the technique for a normal functioning heart.
O/W Nano-Emulsion Formation Using an Isothermal Low-Energy Emulsification Method in a Mixture of Polyglycerol Polyricinoleate and Hexaglycerol Monolaurate with Glycerol System (2015)

We investigated how phase behavior changes by replacing water with glycerol in water/mixture of polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) and hexaglycerol monolaurate (HGML) /vegetable oil system, and studied the effect of glycerol on o/w nano-emulsion formation using an isothermal low-energy method. In the phase behavior study, the liquid crystalline phase (Lc) + the sponge phase (L3) expanded toward lower surfactant concentration when water was replaced with glycerol in a system containing surfactant HLP (a mixture of PGPR and HGML). O/W nano-emulsions were formed by emulsification of samples in a region of Lc + L3. In the glycerol/surfactant HLP/vegetable oil system, replacing water with glycerol was responsible for the expansion of a region containing Lc + L3 toward lower surfactant concentration, and as a result, in the glycerol/surfactant HLP/vegetable oil system, the region where o/w nano-emulsions or o/w emulsions could be prepared using an isothermal low-energy emulsification method was wide, and the droplet diameter of the prepared o/w emulsions was also smaller than that in the water/surfactant HLP/vegetable oil system. Therefore, glycerol was confirmed to facilitate the preparation of nano-emulsions from a system of surfactant HLP. Moreover, in this study, we could prepare o/w nano-emulsions with a simple one-step addition of water at room temperature without using a stirrer. Thus, the present technique is highly valuable for applications in several industries.
Recent Progress in the Development and Understanding of Silicon Surface Passivation by Aluminum Oxide for Photovoltaics (2010)

In the recent years, considerable progress has been made in the understanding of the unique silicon surface passivation properties of aluminum oxide (Al2O3) films including its underlying mechanisms. Containing a high fixed negative charge density located close to the Si interface, Al2O3 provides a key merit over other available materials for the passivation of p-type surfaces and p+ emitters in silicon photovoltaics. The Al2O3 films also induce a high level of chemical passivation, which is vital to obtain excellent surface passivation properties. In this contribution, we highlight some recent work on the application and understanding of Al2O3 surface passivation films. We will discuss the material properties of Al2O3 including new data on the optical properties of ultrathin Al2O3 films (band gap is 6.4 ± 0.1 eV) for a large wavelength range. It will be shown that Al2O3 applied on top of SiO2 resulted in a firing stable double layer passivation scheme. The application of Al2O3 in solar cells will also be briefly addressed. The beneficial effect of enhanced rear reflectance and increased passivation will be discussed. The industrial feasibility will be assessed on the basis of excellent surface passivation properties (Seff < 6 cm/s) and firing stability for ~2 cm p-type Si wafers with Al2O3 deposited in an inline thermal (H2O-based) ALD tool (Levitech’s Levitrack), and in an industrial ASM batch reactor with O3 as the oxidant. We furthermore demonstrate that “solar grade” Al(CH3)3, a precursor with reduced purity, resulted in Al2O3 films with similar passivation properties as semiconductor grade, high purity Al(CH3)3.
Optical readout for imaging neutron scintillation detectors (2002)

The Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) under construction at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) will be the most important new neutron scattering facility in the United States. Neutron scattering instruments for the SNS will require large area detectors with fast response (< 1 microsecond), high efficiency over a wide range of neutron energies (0.1 to 10 eV), and low gamma ray sensitivity. We are currently developing area neutron detectors based on a combination of a <sup>6</sup>LiF/ZnS(Ag) scintillator screen coupled to a wavelength-shifting fiber optic readout array. A 25 x 25 cm prototype detector is currently under development. Initial tests at the Intense Pulsed Neutron Source at the Argonne National Laboratory have demonstrated good imaging properties coupled with very low gamma ray sensitivity. The response time of this detector is approximately 1 microsecond. Details of the design and test results of the detector will be presented.
Stable Ti/IrO<i><sub>x</sub></i>−Sb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>−SnO<sub>2</sub> Anode for O<sub>2</sub> Evolution with Low Ir Content (2001)

Titanium anodes coated with a ternary iridium, antimony, and tin oxide mixture (Ti/IrOx−Sb2O5−SnO2) were investigated for oxygen evolution. In the active oxide coating, SnO2 serves as a dispersing agent, Sb2O5 as a dopant, and IrOx as a catalyst. Experimental results showed that the Ti/IrOx−Sb2O5−SnO2 electrode containing only 10 mol % of IrOx nominally in the coating had a service life of 1600 h in 3 M H2SO4 solution under a current density of 1 A cm-2 at 35 °C, compared with 355 h for Ti/IrOx under the same conditions. Instrumental analysis indicated that the IrOx−Sb2O5−SnO2 was a metastable solid solution with a compact structure, which contributes to the superstable nature of the electrode together with the good conductivity and the improvement of bonding with the TiO2 interlayer formed during calcination.
Increased β-Cell Apoptosis Prevents Adaptive Increase in β-Cell Mass in Mouse Model of Type 2 Diabetes (2003)

Nondiabetic obese humans adapt to insulin resistance by increasing beta-cell mass. In contrast, obese humans with type 2 diabetes have an approximately 60% deficit in beta-cell mass. Recent studies in rodents reveal that beta-cell mass is regulated, increasing in response to insulin resistance through increased beta-cell supply (islet neogenesis and beta-cell replication) and/or decreased beta-cell loss (beta-cell apoptosis). Prospective studies of islet turnover are not possible in humans. In an attempt to establish the mechanism for the deficit in beta-cell mass in type 2 diabetes, we used an obese versus lean murine transgenic model for human islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) that develops islet pathology comparable to that in humans with type 2 diabetes. By 40 weeks of age, obese nontransgenic mice did not develop diabetes and adapted to insulin resistance by a 9-fold increase (P < 0.001) in beta-cell mass accomplished by a 1.7-fold increase in islet neogenesis (P < 0.05) and a 5-fold increase in beta-cell replication per islet (P < 0.001). Obese transgenic mice developed midlife diabetes with islet amyloid and an 80% (P < 0.001) deficit in beta-cell mass that was due to failure to adaptively increase beta-cell mass. The mechanism subserving this failed expansion was a 10-fold increase in beta-cell apoptosis (P < 0.001). There was no relationship between the extent of islet amyloid or the blood glucose concentration and the frequency of beta-cell apoptosis. However, the frequency of beta-cell apoptosis was related to the rate of increase of islet amyloid. These prospective studies suggest that the formation of islet amyloid rather than the islet amyloid per se is related to increased beta-cell apoptosis in this murine model of type 2 diabetes. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis that soluble IAPP oligomers but not islet amyloid are responsible for increased beta-cell apoptosis. The current studies also support the concept that replicating beta-cells are more vulnerable to apoptosis, possibly accounting for the failure of beta-cell mass to expand appropriately in response to obesity in type 2 diabetes.
Enhanced In Situ Bioremediation of BTEX-Contaminated Groundwater by Combined Injection of Nitrate and Sulfate (2001)

Enhancement of in situ anaerobic biodegradation of BTEX compounds was demonstrated at a petroleum-contaminated aquifer in Seal Beach, CA. Specifically, combined injection of nitrate and sulfate into the contaminated aquifer was used to accelerate BTEX removal as compared to remediation by natural attenuation. An array of multi-level sampling wells was used to monitor the evolution of the in situ spatial distributions of the electron acceptors and the BTEX compounds. Nitrate was utilized preferentially over sulfate and was completely consumed within a horizontal distance of 4-6 m from the injection well; sulfate reduction occurred in the region outside the denitrifying zone. By combining injection of both nitrate and sulfate, the total electron acceptor capacity was enhanced without violating practical considerations that limit the amount of nitrate or sulfate that can be added individually. Degradation of total xylene appears linked to sulfate utilization, indicating another advantage of combined injection versus injection of nitrate alone. Benzene degradation also appears to have been stimulated by the nitrate and sulfate injection close to the injection well but only toward the end of the 15-month demonstration. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that benzene can be biodegraded anaerobically after other preferentially degraded hydrocarbons have been removed.
DESIGN OPTIMIZATION AND ANALYSIS OF AFPM SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE INCORPORATING POWER DENSITY, THERMAL ANALYSIS, AND BACK-EMF THD (2013)

This paper presents the design and analysis of an inside-out axial-flux permanent-magnet (AFPM) synchronous machine optimized by genetic algorithm (GA) based sizing equation, finite element analysis (FEA) and finite volume analysis (FVA). The preliminary design is a 2-pole-pair slotted TORUS AFPM machine. The designed motor comprises sinusoidal back-EMF waveforms, maximum power density and the best heat removal. The GA is used to optimize the dimensions of the machine in order to achieve the highest power density. Electromagnetic field analysis of the candidate machines from GA with various dimensions is then put through FEA in order to obtain various motor characteristics. Based on the results from GA and FEA, new candidates are introduced and then put through FVA for thermal behavior evaluation of the designed motors. Techniques like modifying the winding configuration and skewing the permanent magnets are also investigated to attain the most sinusoidal back-EMF waveform and reduced cogging torque. The performance of the designed 1 kW, 3-phase, 50 Hz, 4-pole AFPM synchronous machine is tested in simulation using FEA software. It is found that the simulation results fully agree with the designed technical specifications. It is also found from FVA results that the motor temperature reaches
Genome-wide studies highlight indirect links between human replication origins and gene regulation (2008)

To get insights into the regulation of replication initiation, we systematically mapped replication origins along 1% of the human genome in HeLa cells. We identified 283 origins, 10 times more than previously known. Origin density is strongly correlated with genomic landscapes, with clusters of closely spaced origins in GC-rich regions and no origins in large GC-poor regions. Origin sequences are evolutionarily conserved, and half of them map within or near CpG islands. Most of the origins overlap transcriptional regulatory elements, providing further evidence of a connection with gene regulation. Moreover, we identify c-JUN and c-FOS as important regulators of origin selection. Half of the identified replication initiation sites do not have an open chromatin configuration, showing the absence of a direct link with gene regulation. Replication timing analyses coupled with our origin mapping suggest that a relatively strict origin-timing program regulates the replication of the human genome.
Admittance criteria for earth fault detection in substation automation systems in polish distribution power networks (1997)

Recent experience in the exploitation of Polish medium-voltage power networks shows that prevailing method used to determine distribution line earth faults, based on directional criteria, is often unreliable and poorly effective. This paper describes how current earth fault detection automation proves to be particularly ineffective during high resistance or arcing in the vicinity of the earth fault. (5 pages)
A slotted post-wall waveguide array with inter-digital structure for 45-deg linear and dual polarization (2004)

We propose a slotted post-wall waveguide array with an inter-digital structure for a 45/spl deg/ dual linear polarization antenna. Two arrays inter-digitally share the common aperture. The whole structure is fabricated perfectly in a single layer using post-wall waveguides. The unique difficulty for this array is that the adjacent waveguides for the same polarization are sparsely spaced by two times of the broadwall width. So, dielectric filling in the waveguide is indispensable for reducing the physical width of the waveguide and the resulting grating lobes. Another specific feature is that the two arrays are excited by traveling waves propagating in opposite directions. Five types of two-dimensional arrays were fabricated. The measurement results are reported.
Phase II Proof-of-Concept Trial of the Orexin Receptor Antagonist Filorexant (MK-6096) in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder (2017)

The interpretation of the results is limited by the enrollment, which was less than originally planned, but the available data do not suggest efficacy of orexin receptor antagonism with filorexant for the treatment of depression. (Clinical Trial Registry: clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01554176).
<title>Optical design and implementation of a variable-pitch dot matrix writer</title> (1999)

The fundamental thinking and the optical implementation of an innovative dot matrix writer that can generate image grating pixels of arbitrary grating pitch and grating orientations on a photoresist plate is presented. In this newly developed system, the incident laser beam is split by a beamsplitter to become two incident laser beams. The two coherent light beams are then focused onto a photoresist plate by an especially designed focusing lens. The grating pitch of the grating pixel formed on the photoresist plate can be varied on-the-fly by translating a set of stages to change the distance of the two coherent light beams before impinging on the focusing lens. Moving a lens on the incident light path to change the convergent angle of the incident light beams can change the spot size of this system. As the grating pixels generated by this dot matrix writer are able to have spot sizes, grating orientation, and grating pitch completely specified by the designer, the image effect by this type of dot matrix writer can exert a pre-specified color at each specific viewing angle. Diffractive images with various visual effects and applications that can be created by using this newly invented system are examined.
Evidence for Two Types of Accessible Surfaces in Fibrous Cotton (1972)

Diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-cellulose, prepared at low DS and without change in crystallinity from that of the original cottons, was subjected to hydrolysis with 2.5 N HCI for various lengths of time ranging from 20 min to 5 hr. The yield of DEAE-hydrocellulose (insoluble fraction) ranged from 90.5% at 20 min to 79.2% at 5 hr. Throughout the hydrolysis, the percent nitrogen in the solubilized fraction was triple that in the insoluble fraction. Gas-liquid chroma tographic analysis to determine the distribution of substituents in the solubilized and insoluble fractions showed that the ratio of substituents in the 2-0- and 6-0-positions was higher in the insoluble fraction than in the solubilized frac tion. The 3-0-/6-0-ratio was higher in the solubilized fraction than in the insoluble fraction. The significance of these results as supporting evidence for two types of accessible surfaces of crystalline elementary fibrils in fibrous cotton cellu lose is discussed.
Synthesis of fused heterocycles (1987)

Partial table of contents: Acetal or Aldehyde and Amine or Carboxamide. Acylamine and Carboxamide. Acylamine or Amine and Ether. Acyl Halide and Ring-Carbon or Ring-Nitrogen. Aldehyde or Ketone and Ether. Aldehyde or Ketone and Halogen. Amine and Azide, Azo or Diazo. Amine and Carboxylic Acid. Amine and Enamine or Oxime. Azide and Azo or Nitro. Azide or Azo and Methyl or Methylene. Azide and Ring-Nitrogen. Carboxamide or Nitrile and Diazonium Salt. Carboxylic Acid or Its Derivative and Halogen. Carboxylic Acid, Acyl Chloride or Ester and Hydroxy or Ether. Carboxylic Acid Halide or Ester and Nitrile. 1,2-Diamine. Diazo or Diazonium Salt and Halogen or Methylene. Enamine and a Non-Carbonyl Group. Halogen and Ether or Hydroxy. Halogen and Nitro. Hydroxy and Ring-Carbon. Ketone and Lactam Carbonyl. List of Books and Monographs. References. Indexes.
Model-based analysis of screw locations to reduce radiation from a PCB-chassis structure (2014)

The effect of the location of screws that connect PCB ground with the chassis has been studied using a SPICE circuit simulation model created by the multilayered finite difference method (MFDM). The model includes the power and ground planes of the PCB and the chassis. By using the created model, the impedance between the ground of the PCB and chassis at every location and the current flowing through the screw when it is placed to connect the ground with the chassis was calculated. The investigation results suggest that the node at which the higher impedance can be observed provides a lower screw current. Furthermore, it revealed that even just two screws connecting the ground with the chassis can provide a lower current than a single screw connection. Far-field measurements were performed to validate the investigation results.