gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Accumulation of Solutes in Leaves of Sorghum and Sunflower in Response to Water Deficits (1980)

The influence of water deficits on the concentrations of major solutes in fully expanded sorghum leaves and fully expanded and partly expanded sunflower leaves was studied in order to assess their contribution to osmotic adjustment. The decreased osmotic potential at full turgor in fully expanded sorghum leaves at a moderate level of stress (predawn leaf water potential of -0.85 MPa) was fully accounted for by increases in sugars, potassium and chloride. The contributions of total inorganic ions and sugars (glucose and sucrose) were approximately equal. In fully expanded sunflower leaves stressed to a predawn leaf water potential of - 1.4 MPa, only half of the decrease in leaf osmotic potential was accounted for by changes in the concentrations of the solutes studied: increases in the concentrations of the inorganic ions, potassium, magnesium, calcium and nitrate, together with free amino acids were approximately equal to the decrease in leaf osmotic potential at full turgor, but the contributions of these solutes were offset by a decrease in the concentration of total carboxylic acids. Sugars did not contribute to the decrease in leaf osmotic potential at full turgor in fully expanded sunflower leaves. The major solutes responsible for the changes in leaf osmotic potential at full turgor in partly expanded sunflower leaves exposed to severe stress treatment (predawn leaf water potential of -2.3 MPa) were the inorganic anions, chloride and nitrate, and to a lesser extent carboxylic acids (principally aconitate). Free amino acids made a significant contribution (18%) to the decrease in leaf osmotic potential at full turgor, but there was a decrease in the level of soluble sugars.
Accurate first Born approximation cross sections for the excitation of helium by fast electrons (1969)

Accurate first Born approximation cross sections are given for the electron impact excitation of the ground state of helium to the n1S (n = 2 to 7), n1P (n = 2 to 6) and n1D (n = 3 to 6) excited states. Many-parameter correlated wave functions for both the initial and final states have been employed in the length formulation of the Born approximation integrals to obtain cross sections for excitation to the n1S (n = 2 to 7), n1P (n = 2, 3, 4) and 3 1D states. Calculations have also been performed in both length and velocity formulations using a six-parameter ground-state wave function and unrestricted Hartree-Fock excited-state wave functions. The results are compared with other calculations and with experiment.
General theoretical considerations on nanowire solar cell designs (2008)

Abstract We propose two novel solar cell designs, tapping the advantages of semiconductor nanowires. A silicon (Si) tandem cell can be achieved by growing sub‐5 nm p–n junction in the radial direction of the Si nanowires on a planar crystalline Si cell. For series connected sub‐cells, based on a size‐band gap dependence obtained from Quantum Monte Carlo calculations, we obtained the maximum detailed balance limit of efficiency to be 48% and 37% for concentrated and unconcentrated sunlight, respectively, for a nanowire diameter of 3.6 nm. The same efficiency would be obtained if the top tandem cell would be composed of AlGaAs nanowires, with an Al content of 19%. Ultra‐high efficiencies could be achieved by a radial p–n junction nanowire tandem cell, since it could enable growth of lattice mismatched sub‐cells whose band gap energies can be optimized and secondly, due to decoupling of carrier collection and light absorption. However, for a parallel connection of the sub cells, we show that the detailed balance limit of efficiency for the tandem cell will always be lower than an optimized single junction. Finally, we discuss future challenges and directions in realizing the designs. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Elastomeric Binders for Electrodes (1983)

The poor mechanical integrity of the cathode represents an important problem which affects the performance of ambient temperature secondary lithium cells. Repeated charge of a TiS2 cathode may give rise to stresses which disturb the electrode structure and can contribute to capacity loss. An investigation indicates that the use of an inelastic binder material, such as Teflon, aggravates the problem, and can lead to electrode disruption and poor TiS2 particle-particle contact. The feasibility of a use of elastomers as TiS2 binder materials has, therefore, been explored. It was found that elastomeric binders provide an effective approach for simplifying rechargeable cathode fabrication. A pronounced improvement in the mechanical integrity of the cathode structure contributes to a prolonged cycle life.
Multi-Objective Calibration For Agent-Based Models (2004)

Agent-based modelling is already proving to be an immensely useful tool for scientific and industrial modelling applications. Whilst the building of such models will always be something between an art and a science, once a detailed model has been built, the process of parameter calibration should be performed as precisely as possible. This task is often made difficult by the proliferation of model parameters with non-linear interactions. In addition to this, these models generate a large number of outputs, and their ‘accuracy’ can be measured by many different, often conflicting, criteria. In this paper we demonstrate the use of multi-objective optimisation tools to calibrate just such an agent-based model. We use an agent-based model of a financial market as an exemplar and calibrate the model using a multi-objective genetic algorithm. The technique is automated and requires no explicit weighting of criteria prior to calibration. The final choice of parameter set can be made after calibration with the additional input of the domain expert.
The Study of Formation of Single-Strand Breaks in the DNA Chain Under Picosecond Laser UV Irradiation (1982)

The effect of formation of single-strand non-reparable breaks in the DNA chain of plasmid pBR 322 under picosecond laser UV irradiation with the intensity of ~10 13 W/m 2 and λ = 266—316 nm is studied. The breaks are shown to result from two-step excitation of DNA bases as well as from the formation of two-photon water radicals. The lower limit of quantum yield of single-strand breaks formation is ~ 10 -5 ~ 10 -6 .
Detection of <i>Salmonella</i> by a Single-Culture Technique (1968)

Dulcitol-selenite enrichment medium in a motility flask was used for the detection of Salmonella in food. A drop in pH of the dulcitol-selenite enrichment motility broth indicated the presence of Salmonella; this phenomenon was confirmed by fluorescent-antibody staining. A complete correlation was found between fluorescent-antibody staining and recovery on Brilliant Green agar. Testing of 332 samples of 8 different kinds of foods and feeds indicated no significant difference in sensitivity between the new technique and a conventional Salmonella detection technique. The new technique permitted detection of even small numbers of Salmonella in 1 to 2 days.
Development of New 1,3-Diazaphenoxazine Derivatives (ThioG-Grasp) to Covalently Capture 8-Thioguanosine (2015)

The derivatives of 8-thioguanosine are thought to be included in the signal transduction system related to 8-nitroguanosine. In this study, we attempted to develop new 1,3-diazaphenoxazine (G-clamp) derivatives to covalently capture 8-thioguanosine (thioG-grasp). It was expected that the chlorine atom at the end of the linker would be displaced by the nucleophilic attack by the sulfur atom of 8-thioguanosine via multiple hydrogen-bonded complexes. The thioG-grasp derivative with a propyl linker reacted efficiently with 8-thioguanosine to form the corresponding adduct.
A novel nonvolatile memory cell suitable for both flash and byte-writable applications (2002)

The structure, operation, and fabrication of a novel EEPROM/flash cell and array architecture are described. The cell is about half the size of the traditional floating gate tunnel oxide (FLOTOX) electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM) cell when laid out with the same design rules. This approach has a simple fabrication sequence and requires minimum overhead circuitry rendering it especially suitable for embedded applications. Characterization shows this approach has good retention and has million cycle endurance. Both read and write disturbs are characterized. There are large margins for both types of disturbs. In fact, the data on write disturbs show the disturb margins to be so large that disturb margin can be safely traded off for reduced stress on select transistors.
The research burden of randomized controlled trial participation: a systematic thematic synthesis of qualitative evidence (2020)

PROSPERO CRD42018098994.
Dispersion-shifted single-mode fiber for high-bit-rate and multiwavelength systems (1995)

Dispersion-shifted single-mode fibers operating in the 1550-nm window have been available commercially since 1985.1 With the advances in high-speed optical-communication technology and, in particular, with the introduction of high-power erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFAs), fiber systems have evolved very rapidly. For terrestrial systems, bit rates as high as 10–40 Gbit/s and unrepeatered system lengths as long as a few hundred kilometers have been contemplated. Under such conditions, in addition to chromatic dispersion, polarization mode dispersion (PMD) is a consideration. These systems operate with high-power EDFAs to compensate for the fiber loss. In addition, multiwavelength systems with only 1-or 2-nm channel spacings are being considered for increasing the fiber capacity and making use of the wide spectral range in the 1550-nm window. A combination of these factors makes the nonlinear effects in these systems very critical.2 Single-mode fibers need to be tuned to optimize their performance in such systems. Also, the dispersion-zero and slope requirements for terrestrial and submarine systems can be different. Because of the rapid changes in technology, such designs need to be flexible in their optical characteristics in order to meet future dispersion requirements of both high-bit-rate and WDM systems. In this paper we present theoretical-model and experimental results on a dispersion-shifted single-mode fiber optimized to take into account many of these factors.
Analysis of calcium-dependent interaction between amino-terminal conserved region of calpastatin functional domain and calmodulin-like domain of mu-calpain large subunit. (1994)

Calpain requires Ca2+ both for proteolysis of its substrates and for interaction with its endogenous inhibitor, calpastatin. Although calmodulin-like domains (CaMLDs) of large and small subunits of calpain have been suggested to be the sites for Ca(2+)-dependent interaction with calpastatin, specificity and molecular basis of the interaction have remained unclear. We investigated the interaction between the CaMLD of human mu-calpain large subunit expressed in Escherichia coli and a 19-residue synthetic oligopeptide corresponding to the region A (the amino-terminal conserved acidic region) of one of the four repetitive functional domains of calpastatin. The recombinant CaMLD bound to the oligopeptide immobilized on Sepharose beads in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. The CaMLD failed in binding to a mutant oligopeptide with one amino acid substitution. Enhancement of fluorescence intensity of a hydrophobic probe, 2-(p-toluidino)naphthalene-6-sulfonate, was observed upon incubating with the CaMLD and further increased by Ca2+. The Ca(2+)-dependent enhancement of fluorescence intensity was strongly suppressed by the wild type oligopeptide, but not by the mutant one. Kinetic experiments were performed with BIAcore where binding of the CaMLD to the oligopeptide immobilized on a biosensor chip was detected as real time signals of surface plasmon resonance. The determined dissociation constant (KD) was 3.1 x 10(-9) M. These results suggest that the region A of calpastatin binds to the CaMLD in a specific manner similar to interactions between calmodulin-binding peptides and calmodulin where hydrophobic properties are known to be important.
Rhizome Essential Oil of<i>Hedychium aurantiacum</i>(Zingiberaceae), A Potential Source of (+)-Linalool (1992)

ABSTRACT The essential oil from rhizomes of H. aurantiacum Roscoe (Zingiberaceae) was found to consist largely of (+)-linalool (80.6%) and monoterpene hydrocarbons (16.0%). The composition of the oil differs markedly from the rhizome essential oil obtained from H. spicatum var. acuminatum (H. acuminatum Roscoe), a plant which closely resembles H. aurantiacum.
OpenCL Floating Point Software on Heterogeneous Architectures – Portable or Not? (2012)

OpenCL is an emerging platform for parallel computing that promises portability of applications across dierent architectures. This promise is seriously undermined, however, by the frequent use of oating-point arithmetic in scientic applications. Floating-point computations can yield vastly dierent results on dierent architectures | even IEEE 754-compliant ones |, potentially causing changes in control ow and ultimately incorrect (not just imprecise) output for the entire program. In this paper, we illustrate a few instances of non-trivial diverging oating-point computations and thus present a case for rigorous static analysis and verication methods for parallel oating point software running on IEEE-754 2008 compliant hardware. We discuss plans for such methods, with the goal to facilitate the automated prediction of portability issues in oating
Dolutegravir: clinical efficacy and role in HIV therapy (2014)

The human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) integrase enzyme has recently emerged as a primary alternative target to block viral replication, and integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) are now considered an alternative 'third agent' class of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs. Dolutegravir is the first next-generation INSTI showing some novel and intriguing characteristics: it has a favorable pharmacokinetic profile with a prolonged intracellular halflife, rendering feasible a once daily dosing without the need for pharmacokinetic boosting. Secondly, it is largely metabolized via uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase-1A1 with a minor component of cytochrome P450 isoforms, thus allowing a low grade of drug-drug interactions, so that its metabolic profile consents co-administration with the majority of the other ARV drugs without dose adjustments. Lastly, but no less important, virological studies have clearly demonstrated that dolutegravir has a significant activity against HIV-1 isolates showing raltegravir and/or elvitegravir associated resistance mutations. The attributes of once daily administration and the potential to treat INSTI-resistant viruses make dolutegravir an interesting and promising new agent in the treatment of both naïve and experienced HIV-1 subjects. In this review, the main concerns on dolutegravir efficacy are focused through the analysis of the currently available data from clinical studies in naïve and experienced patients, evaluating its possible place within the anti-HIV-1 drug armamentarium. The development of newer once daily, single tablet coformulations improved drug adherence and maximized the success of ARV therapy. Pharmacokinetic studies and dose-ranging trials suggested that dolutegravir is a good candidate for a single tablet regimen in one or more new coformulated pills that will be available in the near future.
Long‐range and short‐range mechanisms of hydrophobic attraction and hydrophilic repulsion in specific and aspecific interactions (2003)

Among the three different non-covalent forces acting in aqueous media, i.e. Lifshitz-van der Waals (LW), Lewis acid-base (AB) and electrical double layer (EL) forces, the AB forces or electron-acceptor/electron-donor interactions are quantitatively by far the predominant ones. A subset of the AB forces acting in water causes the hydrophobic effect, which is the attraction caused by the hydrogen-bonding (AB) free energy of cohesion between the water molecules which surround all apolar as well as polar molecules and particles when they are immersed in water. As the polar energy of cohesion among water molecules is an innate property of water, the hydrophobic attraction (due to the hydrophobic effect) is unavoidably always present in aqueous media and has a value of DeltaG(hydrophobic) = -102 mJ/m(2), at 20 degrees C, being equal to the AB free energy of cohesion between the water molecules at that temperature. The strong underlying hydrophobic attraction due to this effect can, however, be surmounted by very hydrophilic molecules and particles that attract water molecules more strongly than the free energy of attraction of these molecules or particles for one another, plus the hydrogen-bonding free energy of cohesion between the water molecules, thus resulting in a net non-electrical double layer repulsion. Each of the three non-covalent forces, LW, AB or EL, any of which can be independently attractive or repulsive, decays, dependent on the circumstances, as a function of distance according to different rules. These rules, following an extended DLVO (XDLVO) approach, are given, as well as the measurement methods for the LW, AB and EL surface thermodynamic properties, determined at "contact". The implications of the resulting hydrophobic attractive and hydrophilic repulsive free energies, as a function of distance, are discussed with respect to specific and aspecific interactions in biological systems. The discussion furnishes a description of the manner by which shorter-range specific attractions can surmount the usually much stronger long-range aspecific repulsion, and ends with examples of in vitro and in vivo effects of hydrophilization of biopolymers, particles or surfaces by linkage with polyethylene oxide (PEO; also called polyethylene glycol, PEG).
A novel method for the preparation of highly tritiated methyl iodide, and its use for the syntheses of methyl‐<sup>3</sup>H‐labelled diazepam and the methiodides of (+)‐ and (−)‐bicuculline (1978)

Abstract The syntheses of methyl‐ 3 H‐labelled diazepam (4) and the methiodides of (+)‐ and (−)‐bicuculline (5) labelled with tritium in their methyl groups are described. Also reported here is a novel method for the preparation of triti‐ated methyl iodide (3) serving as the radioactive precursor for the substances mentioned above.
Structure and stability of apolipoprotein J-containing high-density lipoproteins (1992)

Apolipoprotein J (apoJ) defines a heterogeneous subclass of human plasma high-density lipoproteins (HDL) having a bimodal distribution of molecular mass of 70-90 kDa (approximately 50%) and 200 kDa or larger (approximately 50%). ApoJ-HDL are unstable in stored plasma, and must be evaluated within 24 h. All apoJ-HDL in freshly obtained plasma have alpha 2 electrophoretic mobility and are distinct from a minor subpopulation of apoAI-HDL which electrophorese in the pre beta region. Although apoAI is not associated with the majority of plasma apoJ-HDL, a small fraction of these particles also containing apoAI. There is little variation in the apoJ/apoAI mole ratio of apoJ-HDL immunoaffinity purified from the same individual on different days. In addition, there is a constant ratio among individuals, assessed for five volunteers, of 4.9 +/- 0.6. Purified apoJ added directly to apoJ-depleted plasma can interact with apoAI or with apoAI-containing lipoproteins, as evidenced by the association of apoAI with apoJ that is reisolated by immunoaffinity chromatography. The amount of apoAI associated with apoJ increases linearly with increasing amount of apoJ added, over the range of apoJ concentrations tested. No other known apolipoprotein is associated with apoJ. By two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis, the lipoproteins containing both apoJ and apoAI have approximate molecular masses of 350-400 kDa. Taken together, the results suggest that the interaction between apoJ and apoAI is physiologically important and that lipoproteins which contain both apoJ and apoAI can be produced in the plasma. ApoJ-HDL and apoJ/apoAI-HDL may have different functions and metabolic fates or may represent different stages of apoJ catabolism.
Pulsed room-temperature operation of In1−<i>x</i>Ga<i>x</i>P1−<i>z</i>As<i>z</i> double heterojunction lasers at high energy (6470 Å, 1.916 eV) (1976)

Pulsed room-temperature operation of LPE In1−xGaxP1−zAsz double heterojunction (DH) laser diodes at short wavelength is described (Jth≲2×104 A/cm2, λ∼6470 Å, heterobarrier ΔE∼137 meV). The differential quantum efficiency of these diodes is ηext∼5%, and is considered to be low because of large diode size, thick active region, probably some layer mismatch and growth defects, and relatively poor heat sinking. The temperature dependence of threshold current density (Jth∼J0 expT/T0, T0∼74 °K) is presented in the range 77–300 °K and is compared with similar diodes having smaller heterobarriers and which, as expected, exhibit poorer performance (smaller T0).
Specific Regulation of IRS-2 Expression by Glucose in Rat Primary Pancreatic Islet β-Cells (2006)

Insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS-2) plays a critical role in pancreatic beta-cells. Increased IRS-2 expression promotes beta-cell growth and survival, whereas decreased IRS-2 levels lead to apoptosis. It was found that IRS-2 turnover in rat islet beta-cells was rapid, with mRNA and protein half-lives of approximately 90 min and approximately 2 h, respectively. However, this was countered by specific glucose-regulated IRS-2 expression mediated at the transcriptional level. Glucose (> or = 6 mM) increased IRS-2 mRNA and protein levels in a dose-dependent manner, reaching a maximum 4-fold increase in IRS-2 mRNA and a 5-6-fold increase in IRS-2 protein levels at > or = 12 mM glucose (p < or = 0.01). Glucose (15 mM) regulation of islet beta-cell IRS-2 gene expression was rapid, with a significant increase in IRS-2 mRNA levels within 2 h that reached a maximum 4-fold increase by 4 h. IRS-2 protein expression in beta-cells followed that of IRS-2 mRNA. Glucose metabolism was necessary for increased IRS-2 expression in beta-cells. Moreover, inhibition of a glucose-induced rise in islet beta-cell cytosolic [Ca2+]i prevented an increase in IRS-2 expression, indicating this was Ca2+-dependent. The glucose-induced rise in IRS-2 levels correlated with increased IRS-2 tyrosine phosphorylation and downstream activation of protein kinase B. These data indicate that fluctuations of glucose in the normal physiological range (5-15 mM) promote beta-cell survival via regulation of IRS-2 expression and a subsequent parallel protein kinase B activation. Given that the onset of type-2 diabetes is marked by loss of beta-cells, these data further the idea that controlled IRS-2 expression in beta-cells could be a therapeutic means to promote beta-cell survival and delay the onset of the disease.