gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fully Digital Random Bit Generators for Cryptographic Applications (2008)

This paper is devoted to the analysis, implementation, and modeling of fully digital random bit generators based on recent research results on the design of <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">stateless</i> oscillator-based generators. A new approach to the data quality test is adopted where, instead of passing bunches of statistical tests on the raw data, the focus is on the verification of a minimum entropy limit for the delivered random numbers after the digital post-processing. The architecture of the proposed generator (noise source and post-processing algorithm) is described in detail and experimental results in a 90-nm CMOS process are reported. The fabricated device reaches a throughput of 1.74 Mb/s after post-processing with an area of 13000 mum <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and a power consumption of about 240 muW when running at its maximum speed. A statistical model for the noise source is provided and the entropy of the post-processed data has been evaluated obtaining an entropy per byte higher than 7.999.
Neuroinflammation and neurologic deficits in diabetes linked to brain accumulation of amylin (2014)

Hyperamylinemia promotes accumulation of oligomerized amylin in the brain leading to neurological deficits through an oligomerized amylin-mediated inflammatory response. Additional studies are needed to determine whether brain amylin accumulation may predispose to diabetic brain injury and cognitive decline.
Prediction signal controlled scans for improved motion compensated video coding (1993)

Interdependencies between prediction signal and prediction error in predictive coding schemes are investigated. Without additional side information, adaptive scan paths for DCT and nontransform coding of prediction error blocks can be derived from the prediction signal gradient. Simulations indicate that these paths efficiently scan some blocks when used alternatively to zigzag scan.
Enzymes of a novel autotrophic CO<sub>2</sub> fixation pathway in the phototrophic bacterium <i>Chloroflexus aurantiacus</i>, the 3‐hydroxypropionate cycle (1993)

The phototrophic bacterium Chloroflexus aurantiacus can grow autotrophically but seems not to assimilate CO2 via any of the known autotrophic pathways. Holo [Holo, H. (1989) Arch. Microbiol. 151, 252-256] proposed a new pathway in which 3-hydroxypropionate is formed from acetyl-CoA. Previous studies excluded the operation of known CO2 fixation pathways and provided indirect evidence for the suggested pathway based on 13C-labelling experiments. Here all enzyme activities of the postulated cyclic CO2 fixation mechanism are demonstrated in vitro. In essence, acetyl-CoA is carboxylated and reductively converted via 3-hydroxypropionate to propionyl-CoA. Propionyl-CoA is carboxylated and converted via succinyl-CoA and CoA transfer to malyl-CoA. Malyl-CoA is cleaved to acetyl-CoA and glyoxylate. Thereby, the first CO2 acceptor molecule acetyl-CoA is regenerated, completing the cycle and the net CO2 fixation product glyoxylate is released. This cycle represents the fourth autotrophic pathway in nature and is designated the 3-hydroxypropionate cycle.
Polyfluoroaryl organometallic compounds. Part IV. Fluorocarbon derivatives of tricovalent aluminium (1967)

Pentafluorophenylaluminium dibromide and bis(pentafluorophenyl)aluminium bromide have been prepared by cleavage of methylpentafluorophenylmercury with aluminium tribromide. The bromides are both essentially dimeric in benzene and the stability of the compounds, formally three-covalent, is attributed to a combination of bromine bridging and internal p–π bonding; the latter is indicated by 19F n.m.r. measurements. Pentafluorophenyl-aluminium dibromide can be sublimed, with some disproportionation, but no Al–F bonds are formed, although at higher temperatures explosive decomposition occurs. Some reactions of pentafluorophenylaluminium dibromide are described, as well as unsuccessful attempts to prepare tris(pentafluorophenyl)aluminium.
Transition Metal Silicides (1983)

Gallium is a metal that literally melts in your hand. It has low toxicity, near-zero vapor pressure, and a viscosity similar to water. Despite possessing a surface tension larger than any other liquid (near room temperature), gallium can form nonspherical ...Read More
Testing Programs with the Aid of a Compiler (1977)

if finite input-output specifications are added to the syntax of programs, these specifications can be verified at compile time. Programs which carry adequate tests with them in this way should be resistant to maintenance errors. If the specifications are independent of program details they are easy to give, and unlikely to contain errors in common with the program. Furthermore, certain finite specifications are maximal in that they exercise the control and expression structure of a program as well as any tests can.
DPM-1001 decreased copper levels and ameliorated deficits in a mouse model of Wilson's disease (2018)

The levels of copper, which is an essential element in living organisms, are under tight homeostatic control. Inactivating mutations in ATP7B, a P-type Cu-ATPase that functions in copper excretion, promote aberrant accumulation of the metal, primarily the in liver and brain. This condition underlies Wilson's disease, a severe autosomal recessive disorder characterized by profound hepatic and neurological deficits. Current treatment regimens rely on the use of broad specificity metal chelators as "decoppering" agents; however, there are side effects that limit their effectiveness. Here, we present the characterization of DPM-1001 {methyl 4-[7-hydroxy-10,13-dimethyl-3-({4-[(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)amino]butyl}amino)hexadecahydro-1H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl] pentanoate} as a potent and highly selective chelator of copper that is orally bioavailable. Treatment of cell models, including fibroblasts derived from Wilson's disease patients, eliminated adverse effects associated with copper accumulation. Furthermore, treatment of the toxic milk mouse model of Wilson's disease with DPM-1001 lowered the levels of copper in the liver and brain, removing excess copper by excretion in the feces while ameliorating symptoms associated with the disease. These data suggest that it may be worthwhile to investigate DPM-1001 further as a new therapeutic agent for the treatment of Wilson's disease, with potential for application in other indications associated with elevated copper, including cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.
Even small SNP clusters are non-randomly distributed: is this evidence of mutational non-independence? (2010)

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are distributed highly non-randomly in the human genome through a variety of processes from ascertainment biases (i.e. the preferential development of SNPs around interesting genes) to the action of mutation hotspots and natural selection. However, with more systematic SNP development, one might expect an increasing proportion of SNPs to be distributed more or less randomly. Here, I test this null hypothesis using stochastic simulations and compare this output with that of an alternative hypothesis that mutations are more likely to occur near existing SNPs, a possibility suggested both by molecular studies of meiotic mismatch repair in yeast and by data showing that SNPs cluster around heterozygous deletions. A purely Poisson process generates SNP clusters that differ from equivalent data from human chromosome 1 in both the frequency of different-sized clusters and the SNP density within each cluster, even for small clusters of just four or five SNPs, while clusters on the X chromosome differ from those on the autosomes. In contrast, modest levels of mutational non-independence generate a reasonable fit to the real data for both cluster frequency and density, and also exhibit the evolutionary transience noted for 'mutation hotspots'. Mutational non-independence therefore provides an interesting new hypothesis that appears capable of explaining the distribution of SNPs in the human genome.
Data Stream Linkage Mechanism (1978)

DSLM, as exemplified by the AMPS prototype, has measurably enhanced programmer productivity and program maintainability in everyday application programming by replacing the conventional programming technique with the more natural process of plugging together data-driven functional modules.
A Cross-Link Polymer Sealant for Curing Severe Lost Circulation Events in Fractured Limestone Formations (2014)

Abstract Preventing and curing fluid losses in limestone formations is one of the most challenging loss situations to prevent and control. Loss zones are unpredictable, due to large vugular zones and extended and connected fracture structures. Often these limestone intervals are depleted reservoirs. Typically, calcium carbonate pills containing various size distributions are part of the lost circulation armory in reservoir sections. However, results are highly variable and not suitable for large-scale losses. This is distinguished for those situations with the most-severe lost circulation, where chemical sealants may be more applicable than treatments by plugging particles. The paper discusses about use of a cross-linking polymer fluid treatment that enables operators to cure lost circulation zones in many different applications, providing distinct operational and economic advantages over conventional reactive and temperature activated methods. The paper discusses the customization of the polymer fluid to have specific thickening or setting time so this loss circulation fluid can be pumped through the existing bottomhole assembly (bit nozzle size greater than 14/32nd) without losing rig time associated with tripping and mixing conventional loss circulation material treatments (LCM). The paper discusses the execution procedures and cautions to be followed to improve cross-link LCM plug placement as well as chances to arrest losses. Due to biodegradable nature of organic cross-linking polymer plugs, it was used in sensitive reservoirs with minimal effect on the formation. The cross-linked plug or pill, with time and temperature, will break back to a fluid state and may be produced back and circulated from the wellbore. The discussions in this paper will further reveal the workings and applicability of cross-link polymer fluid to lower costs for drilling fluids, cementing and casing design.
Crystal Structure of the V <sub>α</sub> Domain of a T Cell Antigen Receptor (1995)

The crystal structure of the V alpha domain of a T cell antigen receptor (TCR) was determined at a resolution of 2.2 angstroms. This structure represents an immunoglobulin topology set different from those previously described. A switch in a polypeptide strand from one beta sheet to the other enables a pair of V alpha homodimers to pack together to form a tetramer, such that the homodimers are parallel to each other and all hypervariable loops face in one direction. On the basis of the observed mode of V alpha association, a model of an (alpha beta)2 TCR tetramer can be positioned relative to the major histocompatibility complex class II (alpha beta)2 tetramer with the third hypervariable loop of V alpha over the amino-terminal portion of the antigenic peptide and the corresponding loop of V beta over its carboxyl-terminal residues. TCR dimerization that is mediated by the alpha chain may contribute to the coupling of antigen recognition to signal transduction during T cell activation.
Significance of electromagnetic coupling through vias in electronics packaging (2002)

The investigation on the relative significance of electromagnetic coupling between vias and parallel traces is presented in this paper. This study shows that the coupling between vias can often be stronger than the coupling between traces and is therefore not negligible in signal integrity analysis of high-speed electronic packages.
Optical system design of the Voltage Imaging<sup>TM</sup>optical subsystem (VIOS) in AMLCD in-process test system (IPT) (1993)

Photon Dynamics' IPT system provides high throughput and excellent voltage measurement sensitivity on an AMLCD panel. It is based upon an electro-optical technology to measure the voltage stores on an LCD pixel of an AMLCD active plate. This paper discusses the system performance requirements. From these we derive the optical subsystem requirements. The optical design form and its performance are presented. The current system status, system design issues, and the future improvements also are discussed.
Current sensing techniques for global interconnects in very deep submicron (VDSM) CMOS (2002)

Sensing current instead of voltage provides an alternative to signaling on the long wires that are increasingly limiting the performance of CMOS as it scales into the VDSM regime (<0.25 /spl mu/). Current-mode techniques have been proposed for sensing bit-lines. We present a comparative study of Current-sensing with the optimal repeater insertion technique for wires from 0.35 cm to 1.75 cm in length. Simulation results using SPICE for 0.18 /spl mu/ showed that current-sensing was faster and lower-power when compared to optimal repeater insertion technique. While the power dissipated by the optimal repeater circuit increased linearly with line length, power dissipated by the current-sensing circuit was almost constant for longer lines. Inductance had little effect on the differential current sensing technique.
Asymmetric Synthesis of 1,2,9,9a-Tetrahydrocyclopropa[<i>c</i>]benzo[<i>e</i>]indol-4-one (CBI) (2010)

A short, asymmetric synthesis of the 1,2,9,9a-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]benzo[e]indol-4-one (CBI) analogue of the CC-1065 and duocarmycin DNA alkylation subunits is described. Treatment of iodo-epoxide 5, prepared by late-stage alkylation of 4 with (S)-glycidal-3-nosylate, with EtMgBr at room temperature directly provides the optically pure alcohol 6 in 87% yield (99% ee) derived from selective metal-halogen exchange and subsequent regioselective intramolecular 6-endo-tet cyclization. The use of MeMgBr or i-PrMgBr also provides the product in high yields (82-87%), but requires larger amounts of the Grignard reagent to effect metal-halogen exchange and cyclization. Direct transannular spirocyclization of 7 following O-debenzylation of 6 provides N-Boc-CBI. This approach represents the most efficient (9-steps, 31% overall) and effective (99% ee) route to the optically pure CBI alkylation subunit yet described.
A Randomized Trial of Multivitamin Supplements and HIV Disease Progression and Mortality (2004)

Multivitamin supplements delay the progression of HIV disease and provide an effective, low-cost means of delaying the initiation of antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected women.
The Effects of Hyperosmolar Dextrose and Autologous Serum Injection in the Experimental Articular Defect of Rabbit (2006)

Objective: Although the clinical effects of prolotherapy on osteoarthritis has been reported, there have been few previous studies showing the effects as a proliferant on articular cartilage. Also the autologous bolld has been reported to used as a growth factor stimulant recently, we were trying to use dextrose and autologous serum for tissue regeneration respectively and evaluated the proliferative effect of autologous serum comparing with that of dextrose. Method:Twenty four rabbits were used for this study. The rabbits were divided into three groups. Group A did not get any special treatment. Group B was treated with 10% dextrose and group C with autologous serum. Six weeks later, gross appearance and histologic finding were evaluated. Results: After sacrifice, the gross inspection of the knee joints revealed that group B and C were filled with the translucent tissue in defective cartilage. Group A still had defective cartilage. Histologic evaluation revealed increase of cellularity in the defect of the injected specimens when compared with the control. There was no morphological difference between group B and C. Conclusion: The repair process of the articular cartilage defects using dextrose and autologous serum were shown to be more effective than of control group. (J Korean Acad Rehab Med 2006; 30: 173-178)
Disposable Aerosol Tissue Adhesive Spray (1967)

THE successful surgical application of various higher homologous cyanoacrylate monomers using new surgical techniques<sup>1-5</sup>has been reported. The spray gun<sup>6</sup>used in these studies permitted delivery of a fine spray which forms homogenous, uniform surface cover with a minimum volume of adhesive. However, the spray gun required cautious and time-consuming cleaning of its nozzle and Teflon tip with nitromethane after each procedure. The purpose of this paper is to describe the development of an aerosol spray unit which simplifies the use of cyanoacrylate tissue adhesives and to evaluate the feasibility of mixing cyanoacrylate monomers with various Freon compounds. <h3>Materials and Methods</h3> Various cyanoacrylate monomers and Freon compounds were combined in a wide variety of ratios (Table). Gas chromatographic observations of monomer and monomer-Freon mixtures are made. After selecting monomers, containers were constructed. Various actuators which provided different discharge rates were selected. Monomer and Freon were mixed in 30-cc
ChemInform Abstract: ALUMINOPHOSPHATE MOLECULAR SIEVES: A NEW CLASS OF MICROPOROUS CRYSTALLINE INORGANIC SOLIDS (1982)

Abstract Ausgehend von Reaktionsgemischen, die ein organisches Anion oder quaternäres Ammoniumsalz (R) enthalten, lassen sich kristalline Produkte der Zusammensetzung x R°A1,O3′ (1.0 iO.2)°P,O5°C y H 2 O darstellen, deren Calcinierung (Entfernung von H 2 O und organischen Einschlüssen) bei 400‐600°C zu einer neuen Klasse kristalliner, mikroporöser Alumophosphatphasen führt, die die erste oxidische Molekularsiebfamilie darstellen, die ohne SiO 2 synthetisiert wird.
A Study of Chemical Reactivity in Ceramic Heat Exchangers (1979)

Past techniques to evaluate the resistance to chemical attack of rotary ceramic regenerator structures and materials have been used as screening tests with some success. The major drawback, though, has been the lack of simulation of the thermal and chemical characteristics of the exhaust stream. A new technique has been developed which allows one to reproduce more closely the environment of the regenerator and therefore determine the response of structures and materials to various chemical species and thermal gradients. Sulfur attack results from this test are compared with those from previous laboratory tests and also gas turbine engine tests. Materials considered include both β-spodumene and cordierite compositions. The essential conclusions from this study are: 1 – The SO2-gradient furnace can simulate the chemical and thermal environments of a rotary regenerator in operation; 2 – Sulfuric acid vapor ion-exchange is the predominant sulfur related reaction in β-spodumene rotary regenerators; 3 – Leaching of cordierite regenerators by sulfuric acid will not be observed unless the temperature on the cold face of the regenerator lies below the sulfuric acid dew point of the combustion gases.
Admission policy based clustering scheme for D2D underlay communications (2014)

Device-to-device (D2D) communication brings significant benefits to improve resource utilization and users' throughput as an underlay to cellular networks. This paper first proposes an efficient admission policy based D2D clustering scheme to increase the system rate. By analyzing the interplay between the D2D clusters and the arrival user who intends to join a D2D cluster, we present two attraction functions describing the mutual suitability by considering social interaction, energy balance, and location as well. Further, we formulate the probability of the arrival user joining a certain D2D cluster based on Chinese Restaurant Process (CRP) and utilize a matching function to assign an optimal D2D cluster for each arrival user. On the other hand, we also illustrate how the cluster head can be selected in a D2D cluster. Finally, numerical results demonstrate that our clustering scheme efficiently leads to a good performance on the system rate and the stability of D2D clusters.
Reducing the Morbidity of Lower Respiratory Tract Infections Caused by Respiratory Syncytial Virus: Still No Answer (1997)

The most savage controversies are those about matters as to which there is no good evidence either way.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most important viral pathogen that infects young children. Approximately two thirds of infants are infected with this respiratory virus during the first year of life; approximately one third of those infected develop lower respiratory tract disease, 2.5% are hospitalized, and .1% die.1 RSV infection, more than any other factor, is responsible for the dramatic increase in census in children's hospitals between November and March of each year. Children with complicated congenital heart disease and underlying lung disease or immunodeficiencies and premature infants are at high risk for severe or complicated RSV infection.2 Excess mortality rates also have been noted in those <6 weeks of age when infected.3

During the 40 years since its isolation from humans, we have learned much about the biology of the virus, the host immune response, and the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical manifestations of infection. However, there remains a lack of agreement regarding the optimum management of infants and children with RSV infection.4 For example, marked variations in the use of bronchodilators, systemic corticosteroids, and ribavirin for children hospitalized with RSV infections were observed among nine pediatric tertiary care centers in Canada.4 Lack of consensus regarding management of RSV-induced bronchiolitis cannot be attributed to a paucity of literature. There are at least 14 trials of bronchodilators, 3 randomized trials of systemic steroid therapy, and 11 randomized trials of ribavirin.4 Variation in the clinical management of children with bronchiolitis likely reflects varying interpretation of the published data, personal experiences with the use of different therapies, differing patient populations and demographics, and local practice patterns (“peer pressure”). Not unexpectedly, given its substantial cost, ribavirin continues to be the …
Charge Noise Spectroscopy Using Coherent Exchange Oscillations in a Singlet-Triplet Qubit (2013)

Two level systems that can be reliably controlled and measured hold promise as qubits both for metrology and for quantum information science. Since a fluctuating environment limits the performance of qubits in both capacities, understanding environmental coupling and dynamics is key to improving qubit performance. We show measurements of the level splitting and dephasing due to the voltage noise of a GaAs singlet-triplet qubit during exchange oscillations. Unexpectedly, the voltage fluctuations are non-Markovian even at high frequencies and exhibit a strong temperature dependence. This finding has impacts beyond singlet-triplet qubits since nearly all solid state qubits suffer from some kind of charge noise. The magnitude of the fluctuations allows the qubit to be used as a charge sensor with a sensitivity of 2 × 10(-8)e/sqrt[Hz], 2 orders of magnitude better than a quantum-limited rf single electron transistor. Based on these measurements, we provide recommendations for improving qubit coherence, allowing for higher fidelity operations and improved charge sensitivity.