gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Deep Illumination: Approximating Dynamic Global Illumination with Generative Adversarial Network (2017)

We present Deep Illumination, a novel machine learning technique for approximating global illumination (GI) in real-time applications using a Conditional Generative Adversarial Network. Our primary focus is on generating indirect illumination and soft shadows with offline rendering quality at interactive rates. Inspired from recent advancement in image-to-image translation problems using deep generative convolutional networks, we introduce a variant of this network that learns a mapping from Gbuffers (depth map, normal map, and diffuse map) and direct illumination to any global illumination solution. Our primary contribution is showing that a generative model can be used to learn a density estimation from screen space buffers to an advanced illumination model for a 3D environment. Once trained, our network can approximate global illumination for scene configurations it has never encountered before within the environment it was trained on. We evaluate Deep Illumination through a comparison with both a state of the art real-time GI technique (VXGI) and an offline rendering GI technique (path tracing). We show that our method produces effective GI approximations and is also computationally cheaper than existing GI techniques. Our technique has the potential to replace existing precomputed and screen-space techniques for producing global illumination effects in dynamic scenes with physically-based rendering quality.
Technical pearls on how to maximize healing of the rotator cuff. (2007)

Rotator cuff tears are common in today's aging population. Repair of the torn rotator cuff tendon can be performed by a variety of methods including open, mini-open, and arthroscopic techniques. Many surgical and nonsurgical factors affect whether a tendon will successfully heal to the tuberosity after repair. A high rate of failure of healing of the tendon to the tuberosity occurs even in procedures performed by experienced surgeons. Patients who have retears after rotator cuff repair still have improvement in pain and function; however, outcomes are not as favorable compared with those of patients who have intact cuffs after surgery. Patient age, size and chronicity of the tear, and muscle degeneration and atrophy are major factors that affect successful healing of the rotator cuff. Surgical factors include proper surgical technique, tear pattern recognition, adequate subacromial decompression, cuff mobilization, preparation of the tuberosity, suture and knot tying technique, anchor placement, and surgeon experience. A proper postoperative rehabilitation regimen is also important to protect the repair during the first 12 weeks of tendon healing. Progress continues in developing grafts and growth factors to stimulate and enhance the patient's intrinsic healing potential and to reinforce the surgical repair. The future of rotator cuff repair may also involve gene therapy and supplementation with growth factors to improve the healing rates of surgically repaired rotator cuff tendons.
Human detection in video surveillance using MBCCA: Macro Block Connected Component Algorithm (2013)

The detection of incredulous behavior of human in public video surveillance has captivated an increasing level of concentration in computer vision. Video surveillance is the process of scrutinizing the video sequences. In this system there is no human intercession. To monitor a video for a long endurance by a human operator is highly speculative and futile. This paper deals with automatic detection of human in public video surveillance. In this paper, the proposed MBCCA (Macro Block Connected Component Algorithm) is used to detect and segment the human in a video. MB classification classifies the image frame into macro blocks to identify the moving regions by computing motion vector for each block. The detected moving region is given as input to SVM classifier to classify the human from non-human objects. Then the block containing moving human is segmented using connected component algorithm. The proposed MBCCA is more efficient than the existing MB classification and connected component algorithm where the entire image is given as input for segmentation using connected component algorithm.
Endophthalmitis in the western Sydney region: a case‐control study (2001)

Although this study is unable to draw definite conclusions regarding risk of endophthalmitis in clear corneal temporal cataract surgery, sufficient data suggest the importance of incision type and location. Surgical complication is an important risk factor for endophthalmitis. Use of subconjunctival antibiotic injections at the conclusion of the procedure is recommended.
Dendritic Cells Pulsed with Irradiated Prostate Tumor Cells Express CC Receptor-7 and Its Ligands and Initiate a Tumor Specific Immune Response (2007)

AIM: Dendritic cells (DCs) are potent antigen-presenting cells that play a pivotal role in regulating immune response in cancer. This study is to address whether irradiated prostate cancer cells have the capability to induce DCs to respond against a tumor. METHODS: A highly tumorigenic mouse prostate tumor cell line RM-1 was subjected to γ-irradiation and tested for induction of apoptosis by exploiting DNA analysis and Hoechst staining. Various in vitro experiments were carried out to ascertain whether the irradiated tumor cells could activate DCs, and whether the DCs pulsed with irradiated tumor cells could stimulate splenocytes obtained from naive C57BL/6J animals. RESULTS: Irradiation (10 and 60 Gy) caused apoptosis in RM-1 cells and DCs were able to preferentially take up irradiated RM-1 cells. The irradiated RM-1 cells were immunostimulatory even at comparatively low stimulator/responder ratios as determined by co-culture experiments. By contrast, non-irradiated tumor cells were unable to stimulate comparable response. Moreover, the DCs pulsed with irradiated RM-1 cells could express high amounts of CCR-7 and its ligands, CCL-19 and CCL-21. The splenocytes when stimulated with these activated DCs showed significant cytotoxic activity against fresh RM-1 cells, and they also secreted high levels of interferon-γ and interleukin-12. CONCLUSION: This is the first demonstration that irradiated prostate tumor cells can activate DCs and these DCs express CCR-7 and its ligands, CCL-19 and CCL-21. The activated DCs are further capable of stimulating splenocytes of naive animals. These results have potential implications in designing effective DC-based immunotherapeutic strategy for prostate cancer treatment.
Optimization of superconducting flux qubit readout using near-quantum-limited amplifiers (2012)

Though superconducting qubits offer the potential for a scalable quantum computing architecture, the high-fidelity readout necessary to execute practical algorithms has thus far remained elusive. Moreover, achievements toward high fidelity have been accompanied by either long measurement times or demolition of the quantum state. In this dissertation, we address these issues with the novel integration of two ultralow-noise, superconducting amplifiers into separate dispersive flux qubit measurements. We first demonstrate a flux qubit inductively coupled to a 1.294-GHz nonlinear oscillator formed by a capacitively shunted DC SQUID. The frequency of the oscillator is modulated by the state of the qubit and is detected via microwave reflectometry. A microstrip SQUID (Superconducting QUantum Interference Device) amplifier (MSA) is used to increase the sensitivity of the measurement over that of a semiconductor amplifier. In the second experiment, we report measurements of a flux qubit coupled via a shared inductance to a quasi-lumped element 5.78-GHz readout resonator formed by the parallel combination of an interdigitated capacitor and a meander line inductor. The system noise is substantially reduced by a near-quantum-limited Josephson parametric amplifier (paramp).We present measurements of increased fidelity and reduced measurement backaction using the MSA at readout excitation levels as low as one hundredth of a photon in the readout resonator, observing a 4.5-fold increase in the readout visibility. Furthermore, at low readout excitation levels below one tenth of a photon in the readout resonator, no reduction in T1 is observed, potentially enabling continuous monitoring of the qubit state. Using the paramp, we demonstrate a continuous, high-fidelity readout with sufficient bandwidth and signal-to-noise ratio to resolve quantum jumps in the flux qubit. This is enabled by a readout which discriminates between the readout pointer state distributions to an error below one part in 1000. This, along with the ability to make many successive readouts in a time T1, permits the use of heralding to ensure initialization to a fiducial state, such as the ground state. This method enables us to eliminate errors due to spurious thermal population, increasing the fidelity to 93.9%. Finally, we use heralding to introduce a simple, fast qubit reset protocol without changing the system parameters to induce Purcell relaxation.
Towards X‐ray free endovascular interventions – using HoloLens for on‐line holographic visualisation (2017)

A major challenge during endovascular interventions is visualising the position and orientation of the catheter being inserted. This is typically achieved by intermittent X-ray imaging. Since the radiation exposure to the surgeon is considerable, it is desirable to reduce X-ray exposure to the bare minimum needed. Additionally, transferring two-dimensional (2D) X-ray images to 3D locations is challenging. The authors present the development of a real-time navigation framework, which allows a 3D holographic view of the vascular system without any need of radiation. They extract the patient's surface and vascular tree from pre-operative computed tomography data and register it to the patient using a magnetic tracking system. The system was evaluated on an anthropomorphic full-body phantom by experienced clinicians using a four-point questionnaire. The average score of the system (maximum of 20) was found to be 17.5. The authors' approach shows great potential to improve the workflow for endovascular procedures, by simultaneously reducing X-ray exposure. It will also improve the learning curve and help novices to more quickly master the required skills.
Osteogenic progenitor cells in rat bone marrow stromal populations exhibit self-renewal in culture (1991)

Marrow stromal cells are a heterogeneous population, comprising a variety of lineages including osteogenic cells. In the presence of ascorbic acid, sodium beta-glycerophosphate, and dexamethasone, rat bone marrow stromal cells form discrete nodules of mineralized, bonelike tissue. We used nodule formation by rat bone marrow stromal cells to assay for the self-renewal capacity of osteogenic progenitor cell populations. Cultures were subcultured every 5 days up to six times. Osteogenesis was assayed from second to sixth subcultures by counting the number and measuring the areas of mineralized nodules formed in cultures grown with 10(-8) mol/L dexamethasone. Nodule number and area decreased progressively between second and sixth subcultures. Alkaline phosphatase activity associated with individual cells and measured videodensitometrically decreased exponentially between the second and sixth subculture. The number of cells with alkaline phosphatase activity also decreased with progressive subculturing. The proportions of 3H-thymidine-labeled cells after continuous labeling from the beginning of the culture period showed 90% labeling for cells with alkaline phosphatase activity and fibroblastlike cells. Cultures labeled for only the first 3 days exhibited higher labeling of alkaline phosphatase-positive cells than fibroblastlike cells (P less than .05). Cultures that were flash-labeled at the end of the culture period demonstrated low labeling indices for cells with alkaline phosphatase activity and up to 10-fold higher labeling indices for fibroblastlike cells. Separate cultures treated with a cytocidal dose of high specific activity 3H-thymidine did not form nodules. These results indicate that osteogenic progenitor cells or another cell type required for nodules to develop must divide early in culture if nodule formation is to occur, and that osteoprogenitor cells express a limited capacity for self-renewal.
Investigations of the genomic region that contains the <i>clf1</i> mutation, a causal gene in multifactorial cleft lip and palate in mice (2005)

The clf1 mutation is a genomic alteration present in A/WySn and absent in the ancestral chromosomal segment in CBA/J. The IAP retrotransposon insertion near Wnt9b in A/WySn fits this criterion; we predict that interference with Wnt9b function by this IAP is the clf1 mutation.
Exceptionally facile reduction of acid chlorides to aldehydes by sodium tri-tert-butoxyaluminohydride (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTExceptionally facile reduction of acid chlorides to aldehydes by sodium tri-tert-butoxyaluminohydrideJin Soon Cha and Herbert C. BrownCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1993, 58, 17, 4732–4734Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00069a043https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00069a043research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1266Altmetric-Citations16LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Structural and Antigenic Definition of Hepatitis C Virus E2 Glycoprotein Epitopes Targeted by Monoclonal Antibodies (2013)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the major cause of chronic liver disease as well as the major indication for liver transplantation worldwide. Current standard of care is not completely effective, not administrable in grafted patients, and burdened by several side effects. This incomplete effectiveness is mainly due to the high propensity of the virus to continually mutate under the selective pressure exerted by the host immune response as well as currently administered antiviral drugs. The E2 envelope surface glycoprotein of HCV (HCV/E2) is the main target of the host humoral immune response and for this reason one of the major variable viral proteins. However, broadly cross-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed against HCV/E2 represent a promising tool for the study of virus-host interplay as well as for the development of effective prophylactic and therapeutic approaches. In the last few years many anti-HCV/E2 mAbs have been evaluated in preclinical and clinical trials as possible candidate antivirals, particularly for administration in pre- and post-transplant settings. In this review we summarize the antigenic and structural characteristics of HCV/E2 determined through the use of anti-HCV/E2 mAbs, which, given the absence of a crystal structure of this glycoprotein, represent currently the best tool available.
Necrotizing Soft-Tissue Infections (2017)

The hallmarks of necrotizing fasciitis are friable superficial fascia, gray exudate without pus, and widespread tissue destruction. The infection is either polymicrobial or monomicrobial. Early surgical débridement and appropriate antibiotics are crucial for recovery.
Plaquette expansion in lattice Hamiltonian models (1993)

The Lanczos method in operator form is applied to a general lattice Hamiltonian and expressions for the first few Lanczos matrices in terms of the connected Hamiltonian moments 〈${\mathit{H}}^{\mathit{n}}$${\mathrm{〉}}_{\mathit{c}}$ and the number of plaquettes, ${\mathit{N}}_{\mathit{p}}$, are obtained. Expansions in 1/${\mathit{N}}_{\mathit{p}}$ suggest a very simple general form for the first few terms in the 1/${\mathit{N}}_{\mathit{p}}$ expansions for all ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}_{\mathit{n}}$ and ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\beta}}}_{\mathit{n}}$. For the one-dimensional Heisenberg spin chain it is demonstrated that the ground-state eigenvalue of the tridiagonal Lanczos matrix derived from this plaquette expansion approaches the true infinite lattice limit as the number of terms in the plaquette expansion is increased.
Optimization of the modular multilevel converters performance using the second harmonic of the module current (2009)

At the design framework, in this Thesis s the modular multilevel converter (MMC) is analysed and proposed for connecting the power grids. In order to mathematically describe the converter behaviour, the linear time-varying model (LTV) is developed. The system is considered linear between two switching instants. Since the switching functions have a periodical nature, the steady state of the system is calculated. Using the (LTV) model, both balanced and imbalanced operations of the converter are analyzed. Since the calculation of the steady state requires a low computational effort, the proposed method showed a good alternative to the numerical iterative procedures. Applying the LTV method to the modular multilevel converter, the different operating points are determined depending from the converter parameters. Special attention was paid on finding the optimal operating point concerning the module current. Since the presence of the second harmonic of the converter's arm current and its dependence from the converter parameters is determined, it is used to optimize the module conditions. The resonance points of the converter's arm current were also detected and presented.
POWRS: Position-Sensitive Motif Discovery (2012)

BSD-licensed Python code at http://grassrootsbio.com/papers/powrs/.
A DYNAMIC INFERENCE MODEL FOR INTELLIGENT AGENTS (2001)

This paper proposes an Agent Inference Model (AIM) for constructing intelligent software agents. AIM has the ability of representing various types of fuzzy concepts, temporal concepts, and dynamic causal relationships between concepts. It also has the ability of handling feedback and analyzing inference patterns over different causal impact models. Based on AIM, a new type of intelligent agent, Dynamic Inference Agent (DIA) is presented. A dynamic inference agent has the ability to model, infer and make decisions on behalf of human beings. It uses numeric representations and computation instead of symbolic representation and logic deduction to represent knowledge and to carry out the inferences respectively. Thus the construction of DIA is simplified and the implementation code is compact. The application of DIA to various areas, especially for electronic commerce over the Internet is exemplified.
Peripheral venous lactate at admission is associated with in‐hospital mortality, a prospective cohort study (2015)

We found elevated admission peripheral venous lactate to be independently associated with in-hospital mortality in the acutely ill patient admitted to the emergency department. Patients with a lactate>4 mmol/l at hospital admission should be considered triaged to the most urgent triage category.
MHC molecules and lymphocytes: evolutionary perspective. (1998)

The classical polymorphic MHC molecules of class I or class II bind peptides derived from the processed cytosolic or endosomal antigens and export them to the cell surface for presentation to the T cell receptors (TcR) of CD8 or CD4 T lymphocytes, respectively. The classical MHC molecules are unstable when peptides are not bound. The MHC-peptide-TcR interactions constitute a molecular basis of thymic selection of the major streams of alpha beta and gamma delta T lymphocytes. The monomorphic MHC class I-like molecules (class Ib) bind peculiar peptides or nonpeptide antigens or can keep proper conformation even without antigenic peptides. They are recognized by the specialized subsets of nonconventional lymphocytes, mainly extrathymic gamma delta T or natural killer (NK) T lymphocytes. The most unorthodox T lymphocytes can see antigens directly without the participation of MHC or MHC-like molecules or can see MHC-like molecules not loaded with peptides. The conventional B2 lymphocytes are indirectly dependent on MHC-peptide-TcR interactions as they can bind the epitopes of native antigens via Ig surface receptors, to be activated they must present the processed antigens via the MHC class II molecules to the Th2 lymphocytes. In contrast, the B1 lymphocytes can be activated directly without cooperation with T cells via MHC molecules. It seems that both MHC molecules and lymphocyte antigen receptors arose by the expansion of Ig-superfamily genes at the early steps of vertebrate phylogeny. The nonconventional T lymphocytes (gamma delta T cells and NK T lymphocytes) and B1 cells which support innate immunity at the body surfaces or cavities as well as the MHC-like molecules might appear earlier, creating a proper microenvironment for development of the conventional T and B2 subsets of lymphocytes.
Efficacy of Ofloxacin vs Cefazolin and Tobramycin in the Therapy for Bacterial Keratitis (1995)

The efficacy of ofloxacin solution in treating bacterial keratitis is equivalent to that of the fortified cefazolin and tobramycin solutions. The reduced frequency of ocular toxic effects and the relative ease of preparation of ofloxacin are additional considerations.
Counselling of workers handling vaccinia virus (1993)

Vaccination with smallpox vaccine for workers handling vaccinia virus was universally recommended in the United Kingdom until 1990. Since 1990, occupational physicians and other doctors acting as supervisory medical officers have been advised to consider the need for vaccination on a case-by-case basis taking into account factors such as the virulence of the organism and the nature of the proposed work. This paper describes the practice in one organization for the counselling of prospective vaccinia workers and covers the hazards and risks of the work, the main control measures and the advantages and disadvantages of vaccination.
Effect of exogenous growth hormone administration on endogenous growth hormone secretion induced by a met-enkephalin analog (1996)

Exogenous growth hormone (hGH) administration in humans attenuates the endogenous growth hormone (GH) response to some pharmacological stimuli; in particular, pretreatment with hGH completely blocks the serum GH response to growth hormone-releasing hormone. In order to evaluate the mechanism(s) whereby opiods induce GH secretion in man, we gave the following treatments to six healthy male volunteers: (a) IV saline; (b) a met-enkephalin analog G-DAMME 250 micrograms IV as a bolus at time 0'; (c) hGH 2 IU as an IV bolus at time -180'; (d) G-DAMME as above, preceded by hGH as above. In our study, G-DAMME stimulated GH secretion both basally (peak 17.9 +/- 6.0 ng/ml) and, to a lesser extent, after hGH pretreatment (6.0 +/- 2.7 ng/ml). Since in our study G-DAMME was able to partially overcome the inhibitory effect of hGH administration, it is suggested that opioids act through an inhibition of somatostatin release and not through a GHRH-dependent pathway. However, an additional direct effect of hGH on pituitary somatotrophes cannot be excluded.