gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Screening of Natural Waters for Viruses Which Infect <i>Chlorella</i> Cells (1991)

By using a plaque assay with the unicellular green alga Chlorella sp. strain NC64A as a host, viruses were screened from natural pond waters collected in Kyoto and Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan. From some samples tested, two kinds of plaques, large (phi = 6 to 10 mm) and small (phi = 2 to 3 mm), were detected with various frequencies. The frequency of plaques in each of the water sources was seasonal; generally, it reached a peak value (8,000 PFU/ml) in May and gradually decreased to the limit of detection (<1) in November before increasing again in early spring. Electron microscopy revealed that the purified and negatively stained viruses were very large (125 to 200 nm) icosahedral particles. The genome isolated from these particles was always a linear double-stranded DNA of 340 to 370 kbp. Electrophoresis patterns of the DNA fragments produced by digestion with restriction enzymes differed considerably from plaque to plaque, even for plaques from the same water source. However, Southern hybridization showed strong homology among all of the virus DNAs tested, indicating relatedness of those viruses. A possible use of the Chlorella virus assay system to monitor the natural population of algal cells and water quality is discussed.
An open‐top chamber for measuring soil respiration and the influence of pressure difference on CO<sub>2</sub> efflux measurement (1998)

1. A new open‐top chamber for measuring CO 2 efflux from the soil is reported here. The new design enables measurement of the equilibrium CO 2 efflux, when there is no detectable pressure difference between the chamber and outside nor leakage of CO 2 into or out of the chamber. 2. In previous dynamic‐chamber techniques, the measured CO 2 efflux is dependent on the pressure difference between the inside and outside of the chamber, and a negative pressure difference of –1Pa may cause an order of magnitude increase in measured CO 2 efflux. Although the measured CO 2 efflux is less sensitive to a positive pressure difference than to a negative one, a positive pressure difference of even a few tenths of a Pa will lead to a considerable underestimation in soil CO 2 evolution. 3. The influence of pressure difference on measured CO 2 efflux is negligible in the new design and the estimated CO 2 efflux is close to the undisturbed soil respiration rate. Flow rates up to 8lmin –1 , or air movement over the soil surface up to 55cmmin –1 , will not affect CO 2 evolution from the soil. The influence of pressure difference is related to the type of soil being measured and this has also been reported here for the new design.
Surface modifications of ZnO quantum dots for bio-imaging (2007)

The wide bandgap and large exciton binding energy of ZnO may generate new applications in bio-imaging after careful surface modifications. Formation of chemically pure ZnO colloidal nanocrystals with controlled size without unwanted by-products or agglomeration has been the major challenge to fully utilize ZnO's unique properties. In this research, colloidal ZnO nanocrystals were synthesized by a soft chemical method. Particle size and colloidal stability were controlled by capping agents. Influences of the surface modifications on particle size, size distribution and photoluminescence properties were investigated. Pure ZnO showed high intensity UV emission and very low intensity in the visible range, indicating good surface morphology of the ZnO nanoparticles with little surface defects. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis revealed that the capped crystals were close to spherical shape with single-crystal size about 6 nm. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses revealed single-phase ZnO nanoparticles. For bio-imaging, emission in visible wavelength range is preferred. Both TiO2 and SiO2 were effective in shifting the emission peak to the visible range with high intensity. Optimum capping thickness is 0.5 nm. ZnO–TiO2 quantum dots (QDs) showed good bio-imaging capability on plant cells. Quantum yields of the pure ZnO and TiO2 capped ZnO were measured and compared to commercial fluorescence materials.
Characterisation of the Mechanical Properties of Thin Film Cantilevers with the Atomic Force Microscope (1995)

The Atomic force microscope functions by monitoring the deflections of thin film cantilevers that possess relatively weak spring constants. Cantilevers that are composed of low pressure chemically vapor deposited (LPCVD) silicon nitride are frequently used. In this investigation, finite-element analysis of V-shaped cantilever structures and experimentally determined spring constants are combined in order to determine the Young's moduli for some LPCVD silicon nitride thin film cantilevers. Three different wafer batches of cantilevers provide Young's moduli of 150 ± 25, 195 ± 30 and 260 ± 50 GPa. The Young's modulus of a cantilever is related to the density of the thin film silicon nitride. By analogy with ceramic silicon nitride, the Young's modulus of a cantilever is linked to the bulk modulus, shear modulus, density and porosity of the LPCVD silicon nitride. The reported values are based on the assumption that the mechanical properties of the LPCVD silicon nitride films are isotropic and comparable to those of silicon nitride ceramics.
Nitrogen fixation system of tungsten-resistant mutants of Azotobacter vinelandii (1982)

Mutants of Azotobacter vinelandii ATCC 12837 were isolated which could fix N2 in the presence of high tungsten concentrations. The most studied of these mutants (WD2) grew well in N-free modified Burk broth containing 10 mM W, whereas the wild type would not grow in this medium. WD2 would also grow in Burk N-free broth at about the same rate as the wild type. WD2 in broth containing W exhibited 22% of the whole cell acetylene reduction activity of the wild type in broth containing Mo and showed a lowered affinity for acetylene. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis experiments showed that N2-fixing cells of WD2 from broth containing W or Mo did not produce significant amounts of component I of native nitrogenase protein. Electron spin resonance spectra of whole cells and cell-free extracts of WD2 from broth containing W lacked any trace of the g = 3.6 resonance associated with FeMoCo.
Electricity Generation by <i>Geobacter sulfurreducens</i> Attached to Gold Electrodes (2008)

The versatility of gold for electrode manufacture suggests that it could be an ideal material for some microbial fuel cell applications. However, previous studies have suggested that microorganisms that readily transfer electrons to graphite do not transfer electrons to gold. Investigations with Geobacter sulfurreducens demonstrated that it could grow on gold anodes producing current nearly as effectively as with graphite anodes. Current production was associated with the development of G. sulfurreducens biofilms up to 40 microm thick. No current was produced if pilA, the gene for the structural protein of the conductive pili of G. sulfurreducens, was deleted. The finding that gold is a suitable anode material for microbial fuel cells offers expanded possibilities for the construction of microbial fuel cells and the electrochemical analysis of microbe-electrode interactions.
Sleep disorders in the elderly (1988)

In their own practices and in consultation, requests to psychiatrists to evaluate and treat sleep disorders in the elderly are common. The five million elders in this country receive 35%-40% of the sedative-hypnotics prescribed, despite the fact that they represent only 12% of the population. Since their sleep disturbances are usually secondary to medical, psychiatric, pharmacologic, or environmental causes, they should receive a thorough evaluation and differential diagnostic approach. Before prescribing a sedative-hypnotic, one should consider nonpharmacologic interventions and education about normal sleep changes due to aging. As a foundation for the judicious prescribing of sedative-hypnotics, the pharmacokinetic changes associated with aging are discussed.
Skeletal Muscle Insulin Resistance in Obesity-Associated Type 2 Diabetes in Monkeys Is Linked to a Defect in Insulin Activation of Protein Kinase C-ζ/λ/ι (2002)

Rhesus monkeys frequently develop obesity and insulin resistance followed by type 2 diabetes when allowed free access to chow. This insulin resistance is partly due to defective glucose transport into skeletal muscle. In this study, we examined signaling factors required for insulin-stimulated glucose transport in muscle biopsies taken during euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps in nondiabetic, obese prediabetic, and diabetic monkeys. Insulin increased activities of insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1-dependent phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase and its downstream effectors, atypical protein kinase Cs (aPKCs) (zeta/lambda/iota) and protein kinase B (PKB) in muscles of nondiabetic monkeys. Insulin-induced increases in glucose disposal and aPKC activity diminished progressively in prediabetic and diabetic monkeys. Decreases in aPKC activation appeared to be at least partly due to diminished activation of IRS-1-dependent PI 3-kinase, but direct activation of aPKCs by the PI 3-kinase lipid product PI-3,4,5-(PO(4))(3) was also diminished. In conjunction with aPKCs, PKB activation was diminished in prediabetic muscle but, differently from aPKCs, seemed to partially improve in diabetic muscle. Interestingly, calorie restriction and avoidance of obesity largely prevented development of defects in glucose disposal and aPKC activation. Our findings suggest that defective activation of aPKCs contributes importantly to obesity-dependent development of skeletal muscle insulin resistance in prediabetic and type 2 diabetic monkeys.
The early history of the high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) (2002)

The early history of the high electron mobility transistor illustrates the way in which a new device idea occurs and is developed towards commercialization. The events which took place in our laboratory are described in this paper.
Quantitative CT Improves Outcome Prediction in Acute Traumatic Brain Injury (2011)

The admission noncontrast head computed tomography (CT) scan has been demonstrated to be one of several key early clinical and imaging features in the challenging problem of prediction of long-term outcome after acute traumatic brain injury (TBI). In this study, we employ two novel approaches to the problem of imaging classification and outcome prediction in acute TBI. First, we employ the novel technique of quantitative CT (qCT) image analysis to provide more objective, reproducible measures of the abnormal features of the admission head CT in acute TBI. We show that the incorporation of quantitative, rather than qualitative, CT features results in a significant improvement in prediction of the 6-month Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS-E) score over a wide spectrum of injury severity. Second, we employ principal components analysis (PCA) to demonstrate the interdependence of certain predictive variables. Relatively few prior studies of outcome prediction in acute TBI have used a multivariate approach that explicitly takes into account the potential covariance among clinical and CT predictive variables. We demonstrate that several predictors, including midline shift, cistern effacement, subdural hematoma volume, and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score are related to one another. Rather than being independent features, their importance may be related to their status as surrogate measures of a more fundamental underlying clinical feature, such as the severity of intracranial mass effect. We believe that objective computational tools and data-driven analytical methods hold great promise for neurotrauma research, and may ultimately have a role in image analysis for clinical care.
Ball Lightning: What Nature is Trying to Tell the Plasma Research Community (1995)

Ball lightning has been extensively observed in atmospheric air, usually in association with thunderstorms, by untrained observers who were not in a position to make careful observations. These chance sightings have been documented by polling observers, who constitute perhaps 5% of the adult U.S. population. Unfortunately, ball lightning is not accessible to scientific analysis because it cannot be reproduced in the laboratory under controlled conditions. Natural ball lightning has been observed to last longer than 90 s and to have diameters from 1 cm to several metres. The energy density of a few lightning balls has been observed to be as high as 20 000 J/cm3, well above the limit of chemical energy storage of, for example, TNT at 2000 J/cm3. Such observations suggest a plasma-related phenomenon with significant magnetic energy storage. If this is the case, ball lightning should have very interesting implications for fusion research, industrial plasma engineering, and military applications, as well as being of great theoretical and practical interest to the plasma research community.
A flat-panel display control IC with 150-V drivers (1986)

A flat-panel display control IC with 150-V drivers is realized in high-voltage analog/digital IC technology utilizing a low-cost p-n junction isolation process. An improved semiwell isolation structure that has an epitaxial layer of two different thicknesses is used. In order to achieve high-voltage push-pull operation, totem-pole-type output circuits are formed in the structure's thick, high-resistivity epitaxial area. A compact complementary transistor logic circuit is successfully integrated in the n-wells of the structure's thin epitaxial area to meet the high-speed requirement for control logic. A stacked circuit is used to reduce the standby power needs of the logic circuits.
Design and Fabrication of a VHF - CW High Repetition Rate Electron Gun (2014)

A high repetition rate, MHz, electron source is a key element in future FEL based light sources. The Advance Photo-injector Experiment (APEX) at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) consists of a high repetition rate 186 MHz (VHF-band) CW electron gun, 1 MHz UV laser source and the diagnostic components necessary to quantify the gun’s performance. The gun design is based on well established, conventional RF cavity design, with a couple notable exceptions. The basis for the selection of this technology, novel design features, fabrication techniques and measured cavity performance are presented.
Kinetics of Primary Product Formation from Wood Pyrolysis (2001)

Weight loss curves of thin layers (150 μm) of beech wood powder, measured for heating rates of 1000 K/min and final temperatures in the range 573−708 K, show final char yields of 37−11%. The process is kinetically controlled and, for the most part, isothermal. A one-step global reaction, with E = 141.2 ± 15.8 kJ/mol and ln A = 22.2 ± 2.9 s-1, is a degradation mechanism capable of capturing the main features of the process. The thermogravimetric curves also allow the formation rate constants to be estimated for char and total volatiles (activation energies of 111.7 ± 14.3 and 148.6 ± 17.4 kJ/mol, respectively) and, once integrated byproduct distribution, those for liquids and gases (activation energies of 148 ± 17.2 and 152.7 ± 18.2 kJ/mol, respectively). A comparison is provided with pyrolysis mechanisms available in the literature.
The peroxisome: still a mysterious organelle (2008)

More than half a century of research on peroxisomes has revealed unique features of this ubiquitous subcellular organelle, which have often been in disagreement with existing dogmas in cell biology. About 50 peroxisomal enzymes have so far been identified, which contribute to several crucial metabolic processes such as beta-oxidation of fatty acids, biosynthesis of ether phospholipids and metabolism of reactive oxygen species, and render peroxisomes indispensable for human health and development. It became obvious that peroxisomes are highly dynamic organelles that rapidly assemble, multiply and degrade in response to metabolic needs. However, many aspects of peroxisome biology are still mysterious. This review addresses recent exciting discoveries on the biogenesis, formation and degradation of peroxisomes, on peroxisomal dynamics and division, as well as on the interaction and cross talk of peroxisomes with other subcellular compartments. Furthermore, recent advances on the role of peroxisomes in medicine and in the identification of novel peroxisomal proteins are discussed.
Controlling growth and field emission properties of silicon nanotube arrays by multistep template replication and chemical vapor deposition (2005)

A multistep template replication route was employed to fabricate highly ordered silicon nanotube (SiNT) arrays, in which annular nanochannel membranes were produced first, and then silicon was deposited into the annular nanochannels by pyrolytic decomposition of silane. Electron microscopy revealed that these SiNTs are highly crystalline and the wall thicknesses can be controlled by the spaces of the annular nanochannel. Field emission characterization showed that the turn-on field and threshold field for the SiNT arrays are about 5.1V∕μm and 7.3V∕μm, respectively. These results represent one of the lowest fields ever reported for Si field emission materials at technologically useful current densities.
Lab-on-Chip Measurement of Nitrate and Nitrite for In Situ Analysis of Natural Waters (2012)

Microfluidic technology permits the miniaturization of chemical analytical methods that are traditionally undertaken using benchtop equipment in the laboratory environment. When applied to environmental monitoring, these "lab-on-chip" systems could allow high-performance chemical analysis methods to be performed in situ over distributed sensor networks with large numbers of measurement nodes. Here we present the first of a new generation of microfluidic chemical analysis systems with sufficient analytical performance and robustness for deployment in natural waters. The system detects nitrate and nitrite (up to 350 μM, 21.7 mg/L as NO(3)(-)) with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.025 μM for nitrate (0.0016 mg/L as NO(3)(-)) and 0.02 μM for nitrite (0.00092 mg/L as NO(2)(-)). This performance is suitable for almost all natural waters (apart from the oligotrophic open ocean), and the device was deployed in an estuarine environment (Southampton Water) to monitor nitrate+nitrite concentrations in waters of varying salinity. The system was able to track changes in the nitrate-salinity relationship of estuarine waters due to increased river flow after a period of high rainfall. Laboratory characterization and deployment data are presented, demonstrating the ability of the system to acquire data with high temporal resolution.
Riding: Embodying the Centaur (2001)

Through a phenomenological study of horse-human relations, this article explores the ways in which, as embodied beings, we live relationally, rather than as separate human identities. Conceptually this challenges oppositional logic and humanist assumptions, but where poststructuralist treatments of these issues tend to remain abstract, this article is concerned with an embodied demonstration of the ways in which we experience a relational or in-between logic in our everyday lives.
Parasitism of heterodera cajani by Fusarium solani and otehr soil fungi (1996)

Heterodera cajani is an important nematode pest of pegeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) in India. Forty-one H. cajani infested pegeonpea fields and H. cajani cultures maintained on pigeonpea at the ICRISAT Asia Center, Andhra Pradesh, were examined for presence of natural parasites of the nematode. The fungi Cephalosporium spp., Fusarium solani, Fusarium spp., Glomus spp., and gram positive bacterium, Pasteuria penetrans were found in cysts. Fusarium solani was the most commonly occurring fungus in eggs of H. cajani. On water agar, F. solani infected 70% of eggs in egg sacs. The numbers of eggs were reduced by 45–60% in presence of the fungus in greenhouse tests. Growth of pigeonpea cultivar ICPL 87 in H. cajani infested soil was improved by the presence of F. solani. The nematode reproduced in greater numbers in infested soil treated with 0.2% benomyl than in soil naturally infested with the nematode and the fungus but not treated with benomyl. The F. solani isolates recovered from H. cajani did not infect pigeonpea plants and were effective in suppressing H. cajani under natural conditions.
Calign: aligning sequences with restricted affine gap penalties. (1999)

Calign is available free of charge by anonymous ftp at: iubio.bio. indiana.edu, directory: molbio/align, files: calign.driver.c calign. c. Another URL reference for the files is http://iubio.bio.indiana.edu/soft/molbio/align/+ ++calign.c.
Metallahelicenes: Easily Accessible Helicene Derivatives with Large and Tunable Chiroptical Properties (2009)

Enantiopure metallahelicenes have been prepared by cyclometalation of 2-pyridyl-substituted benzophenanthrenes followed by resolution using chiral HPLC. They are red phosphors at room temperature and their chiroptical properties can be modulated by oxidation of the metal center to the oxidation state IV. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Synthetic strategies and medicinal properties of beta-lactams. (1999)

More than five decades since the Discovery of Penicillin, the chemistry and biological activity of b-lactams continue to attract the wide spread attention of research workers. Owing to high efficacy and extremely safe toxicological profile, they are agents of choice in the current therapeutic index for the bacterial infectious diseases. Tremendous efforts have been made into synthesis and structural modification of the beta-lactam nucleus to increase antimicrobial activity and pharmacokinetic performance. These efforts resulted in the development of ampicillin, amoxicillin and a group of cephalosporins as clinically effective therapeutic agents. However the rapid emergence of bacterial strains resistant to most generally used members of this class of compound stimulated research for novel beta-lactams, stable to beta-lactamase and possess high potency, broad spectrum of activity both in vitro and in vivo. The mode of action of beta-lactams is to inhibit an enzyme transpeptidase , penicillin binding proteins, critical in the production of bacterial cell wall.
Neurological and neurobehavioral assessment of experimental subarachnoid hemorrhage (2009)

About 50% of humans with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) die and many survivors have neurological and neurobehavioral dysfunction. Animal studies usually focused on cerebral vasospasm and sometimes neuronal injury. The difference in endpoints may contribute to lack of translation of treatments effective in animals to humans. We reviewed prior animal studies of SAH to determine what neurological and neurobehavioral endpoints had been used, whether they differentiated between appropriate controls and animals with SAH, whether treatment effects were reported and whether they correlated with vasospasm. Only a few studies in rats examined learning and memory. It is concluded that more studies are needed to fully characterize neurobehavioral performance in animals with SAH and assess effects of treatment.