gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Magnesium Industry<sup>1</sup> (1930)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Magnesium Industry1John A. GannCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1930, 22, 7, 694–700Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1930Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1930https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50247a002https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50247a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views118Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Structural Dynamics of Synapses<i>in Vivo</i>Correlate with Functional Changes during Experience-Dependent Plasticity in Visual Cortex (2010)

The impact of activity on neuronal circuitry is complex, involving both functional and structural changes whose interaction is largely unknown. We have used optical imaging of mouse visual cortex responses and two-photon imaging of superficial layer spines on layer 5 neurons to monitor network function and synaptic structural dynamics in the mouse visual cortex in vivo. Total lack of vision due to dark-rearing from birth dampens visual responses and shifts spine dynamics and morphologies toward an immature state. The effects of vision after dark rearing are strongly dependent on the timing of exposure: over a period of days, functional and structural changes are temporally related such that light stabilizes spines while increasing visually driven activity. The effects of long-term light exposure can be partially mimicked by experimentally enhancing inhibitory signaling in the darkness. Brief light exposure, however, results in a rapid, transient, NMDA-dependent increase of cortical responses, accompanied by increased dynamics of dendritic spines. These findings indicate that visual experience induces rapid reorganization of cortical circuitry followed by a period of stabilization, and demonstrate a close relationship between dynamic changes at single synapses and cortical network function.
Hydrophilic, Bactericidal Nanoheater-Enabled Reverse Osmosis Membranes to Improve Fouling Resistance (2015)

Polyamide (PA) semipermeable membranes typically used for reverse osmosis water treatment processes are prone to fouling, which reduces the amount and quality of water produced. By synergistically coupling the photothermal and bactericidal properties of graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets, gold nanostars (AuNS), and hydrophilic polyethylene glycol (PEG) on PA reverse osmosis membrane surfaces, we have dramatically improved fouling resistance of these membranes. Batch fouling experiments from three classes of fouling are presented: mineral scaling (CaCO3 and CaSO4), organic fouling (humic acid), and biofouling (Escherichia coli). Systematic analyses and a variety of complementary techniques were used to elucidate fouling resistance mechanisms from each layer of modification on the membrane surface. Both mineral scaling and organic fouling were significantly reduced in PA-GO-AuNS-PEG membranes compared to other membranes. The PA-GO-AuNS-PEG membrane was also effective in killing all near-surface bacteria compared to PA membranes. In the PA-GO-AuNS-PEG membrane, the GO nanosheets act as templates for in situ AuNS growth, which then facilitated localized heating upon irradiation by an 808 nm laser inactivating bacteria on the membrane surface. Furthermore, AuNS in the membrane assisted PEG in preventing mineral scaling on the membrane surface. In flow-through flux and foulant rejection tests, PA-GO-AuNS-PEG membranes performed better than PA membranes in the presence of CaSO4 and humic acid model foulants. Therefore, the newly suggested membrane surface modifications will not only reduce fouling from RO feeds, but can improve overall membrane performance. Our innovative membrane design reported in this study can significantly extend the lifetime and water treatment efficacy of reverse osmosis membranes to alleviate escalating global water shortage from rising energy demands.
Influence of season and frequency of ejaculation on production of stallion semen for freezing. (1987)

In an attempt to define optimal season and ejaculation frequency for frozen semen, semen was collected from 6 stallions (3 horses and 3 ponies) 3 times per week or every day, alternating every week, for 1 year. The semen was evaluated and frozen. All the samples were thawed at the end of the experiment. At collection, fresh semen evaluations showed that winter (as opposed to spring and summer) was associated with low sexual behaviour, small volumes of spermatozoa and gel, high sperm concentration and lower motility. The high ejaculation frequency yielded a decreased volume, concentration of spermatozoa in the ejaculate and slightly improved motility. The quality of thawed semen was analysed by video and microscope estimations for motility and by two staining methods for vitality. No variation was observed according to the ejaculation frequency; the best freezability was obtained in winter but the difference was small compared to between-stallion variability and optimization of frequency and season did not change a 'bad freezer' into a good one.
Iron concentration in breast milk normalised within one week of a single high_dose infusion of iron isomaltoside in randomised controlled trial (2016)

A single high dose of intravenous iron isomaltoside for postpartum haemorrhage led to a transient increase in the iron concentration in breast milk three days after treatment compared with oral iron. The difference disappeared one week after treatment, and mean iron concentrations were within the normal range in all samples.
Real time visualization of robot state with mobile virtual reality (2003)

With the deployment of large, distributed networks of cameras and other sensors, it is becoming necessary to also address the issue of how to effectively present the large volume of gathered information to a user. The paper presents a virtual/augmented reality architecture that has been explicitly designed for use with a fully-portable, wearable computing system. A critical component of this system is a network-based mechanism for the representation of virtual objects and the live communication of changes in their state to users located elsewhere on the network. By presenting virtual objects in a uniform manner over the network, it becomes easy to construct new dynamic, virtual environments that reflect the state of robots or humans within the real environment. We demonstrate the utility of the architecture through several robot and human tracking examples.
Impact of high saline wastewaters on anaerobic granular sludge functionalities (2008)

Three UASB reactors were operated at different salinity levels in order to assess the effects on the granular sludge properties. High levels of activity inhibition were observed at sodium concentrations over 7 g Na(+)/L, which resulted in low applicable organic loading rates and VFA accumulation in reactor effluents. However, either sludge adaptation or selection for saline resistant microorganisms occurred, which could be concluded from the observed increase in the 50% activity inhibitory concentrations of sodium during continuous flow experiments. Changes in Na(+) susceptibility in time are likely to be expected when treating saline wastewaters. The latter was evidenced by the high sodium tolerance of granular methanogenic sludge coming from a full-scale industrial reactor treating such wastewater. High salinity conditions resulted in a reduced granule strength, predicting process instabilities during long term reactor operation. Batch tests showed that high sodium concentrations seemed to displace the calcium from the granular sludge, a factor known to affect anaerobic granules formation.
Programming techniques for PA&gt;sup&lt;3&gt;/sup&lt;architectures (2005)

A novel VLSI architecture, PA <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> (Programmable Array of Array Adders) is introduced in depth in [1,2]. The concept of PA <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> architecture is a major attempt towards the realization of an efficient and effective universal mask/field programmable VLSI macrocell structure for special-purpose, as well as general purpose, system implementations. This leads to several advantages over the conventional VLSI architectures. An integrated database system describing the logic model and circuit model (macro) of the-PA <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> macrocell, with regard to layout model, is presented in [1]. The objective of this paper is to discuss the programming techniques-for PA <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> arrays to realize functional systems. Programming the PA <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> arrays is achieved by direct mapping of Boolean expressions, describing the functional systems to be implemented using these expandable arrays. This mapping can be performed either manually (resulting in better chip area usage) or through a PA <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> compiler.
Thermal stability of metallizations on GaN/Al<sub><i>x</i></sub>Ga<sub>1−<i>x</i></sub>N/GaN heterostructures (2005)

This study examines two different forms of thermal stability of gate metallizations on GaN/AlxGa1−xN/GaN heterostructures: long-term anneals at moderate temperatures (accelerated ageing) and high-temperature rapid thermal anneals (commonly used for ohmic contact formation). The metallizations Re, Pt, Pd, Au, Ni, Ni/Au, Ni/Ga/Ni, Co and Co/Au were selected based on criteria associated with thermodynamic predictions and the metal work function. Long-term (200 h) thermal stability experiments for unpassivated samples annealed at 500 °C within a tube furnace revealed very good thermal stability of Pt/Au diodes. In addition, Re and Ni/Ga/Ni Schottky diodes may also provide thermally stable gate metallizations for high-temperature devices. As a result of short-term annealing, all metals tested apart from Au and Re yielded stable diodes when annealed for 60 s up to 400 °C. Re contacts showed increases in reverse current densities after annealing at temperatures between 400 and 600 °C, with a dramatic return to as-deposited values following an anneal at 800 °C for 60 s. Upon longer-term annealing at 800 °C for 10 min, dissolution of Ga into the Re film and complete loss of the thin GaN cap on the heterostructure were observed, resulting in the Re metal and underlying AlxGa1−xN layer making direct contact.
Neopterin and beta‐2 microglobulin levels in asymptomatic HIV infection: The predictive value of combining markers (1990)

The concentrations of neopterin, beta-2 microglobulin, p24 antigen, anti-p24 antibody, and alpha-interferon were determined in the sera of 25 asymptomatic anti-HIV positive patients (CDC stages II and III) over a 50 month period (38 months retrospectively and 12 months prospectively). Evaluation of the data allowed the derivation of a threshold of abnormality for both neopterin and beta-2 microglobulin. Pre-AIDS (CDC groups IVa, IVc2, IVe) developed in 6 of the 26 patients within 18 months of the first abnormal value of beta-2 microglobulin, and within 12 months of the first abnormal value of neopterin. Combining the abnormal results of neopterin, beta-2 microglobulin, p24 antigen, and alpha-interferon allows prediction of progression to pre-AIDS within 18 months for most asymptomatic patients.
A World Without Polio (2014)

When this journal last published a special supplement on polio nearly 18 years ago, we lived in a world that was still deeply entangled with this devastating virus All 3 poliovirus serotypes were still circulating on four continents. Some of the world's largest countries remained mired in the disease, some with thousands of cases each year. Most tellingly, a number of polioinfected countries, particularly in Africa, had not even introduced core eradication strategies, such as polio national immunization days (NIDs). Both financial and human resources were stretched; worldwide, <250 people were employed full time in a program whose success would eventually require, at its peak, reaching and vaccinating >600 million children multiple times per year.
Consider the consequences: A powerful approach for reducing ICS cyber risk (2017)

Securing industrial control systems (ICS) or, for that matter, information technology (IT) systems is a never-ending battle. Cybersecurity subject matter experts secure their systems with the latest technology and threat actors develop new techniques to bypass these controls in a constant arms race of attack and defend, attack and defend. This single-minded focus on responding to the latest threat often causes ICS cybersecurity subject matter experts to forget what they are defending, which is controlling and protecting the process. To be more specific, the cyber protections should prevent a threat actor from issuing malicious control commands and/or ensuring that a threat actor does not stop legitimate commands from reaching their objectives. Unauthorised commands and the inability to issue commands have caused several high-profile impacts that resulted in significant damage in physical systems. This paper explores the relationship between cyber and physical systems by introducing a reference model that explains the cascading nature of impacts. While a cyberattack on an ICS originates in the cyber domain the most serious impacts occur in the physical domain. By understanding this concept, cybersecurity subject matter experts can make more targeted defensive measures in the cyber domain and add protections in the physical domain to significantly reduce ICS cyber risk.
Interaction of Epicutaneously Applied Lipids with Stratum Corneum Depends on the Presence of either Emulsifiers or Hydrogenated Phosphatidylcholine (2010)

The barrier function of the stratum corneum (SC) significantly determines the interaction of epicutaneously applied substances with the skin organ. Although the exact molecular processes are still unclear, it is undoubted that the intercellular lipid composition and order of the SC is significantly involved in this interaction. Topically substituted phases, especially those of lipophilic composition, seem to interact very intensely with lipid membranes; they can be integrated, form separate phases, or even permeate through the SC into the viable skin. The latter is not desired, especially in barrier-protective preparations with a lipophilic phase. The present paper investigates the penetration behavior of topically applied, DiI-labeled lipids into human ex vivo skin depending on the phase organization of different o/w emulsifiers compared to emulsifier-free preparations containing hydrogenated phosphatidylcholine by means of fluorescence indication. Results are presented for intact and defined damaged epidermal barrier. In addition, the washout effect based on skin samples treated by artificial watering after lipid incubation, and the influence of the phase transition temperature of the SC membrane were studied. The results show that in intact and damaged skin, the penetration depth of the lipids increases directly proportionally with the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB value), while the washout effect and the HLB value proved to be inversely related. An increase in penetration depth with higher HLB values was also apparent when the phase transition temperature of the physiological membranes was exceeded. Altogether, the results clearly demonstrate that the characteristics of the emulsifying phase of a preparation significantly determine the interaction of a substituted lipophilic phase with the SC. Especially bipolar lipids, like phosphatidylcholines, showed intradermal dispersion patterns which hint at an especially intense interaction with physiological membranes.
General approach to halogenated tetrahydrofuran natural products from red algae of the genus Laurencia. Total synthesis of (.+-.)-kumausallene and (.+-.)-1-epi-kumausallene (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTGeneral approach to halogenated tetrahydrofuran natural products from red algae of the genus Laurencia. Total synthesis of (.+-.)-kumausallene and (.+-.)-1-epi-kumausalleneTimothy A. Grese, Kira D. Hutchinson, and Larry E. OvermanCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1993, 58, 9, 2468–2477Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00061a021https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00061a021research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1654Altmetric-Citations101LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Computer control systems and pharmacological drug administration: a survey (1990)

AbstractIntroductionThe last couple of decades have witnessed a rapid development of control and systems theory. Parallel to these developments, advances in electronics and especially computers have resulted in many application areas of control theory, hitherto making do with their own methodologies, being strongly influenced by these developments, and thus adopting their methods. Clinical medicine, although basically a science apparently unrelated to control engineering, is being affected to such an extent that it is now possible to use available online control devices, especially during surgical operations and in intensive care units. This, on the other hand, is hardly surprising if one considers all the other application areas of control engineering, like mining, hazardous industry, air travel or nuclear power production, which have resulted in increased safety standards where human. lives are concerned.
Effects of protein kinase C inhibitor, staurosporine derivative CGP 41 251, on cell cycle, DNA synthesis and drug uptake in neoplastic cell lines (1995)

The protein kinase C inhibitor, staurosporine derivative CGP 41 251, was more efficient than staurosporine in the reversal of decreased anthracycline uptake in the anthracycline-resistant cell subline (A2780/ADR) of ovarian carcinoma. Staurosporine was more efficient than CGP 41 251 in the induction of cytometrically determined DNA fragmentation (cytofluorometric equivalent of apoptosis) in A2780 parental human ovarian carcinoma cells compared with the drug-resistant A2780/ADR subline and in both human leukemia K-562 cells as well as mouse leukemia L1210 compared with the araC-resistant L1210 cells. Staurosporine was a more potent inhibitor than CGP 41 251 of DNA synthesis in both araC-sensitive and -resistant mouse leukemia L1210 cells. CGP 41 251 was a slightly more efficient inhibitor of thymidine incorporation than staurosporine in human leukemia K-562 cells and its combination with araC had a higher inhibitory effect on the DNA synthesis in this cell line than staurosporine. CGP 41 251 exerted DNA synthesis inhibitory effects on both araC-sensitive and -resistant L1210 cells. Staurosporine-induced DNA synthesis inhibition in both araC-resistant and -sensitive L1210 mouse leukemia cells was decreased after combined administration with araC.
Mapping genotype to phenotype for linkage analysis (1999)

We model functions that use genetic information as input and trait information as output to understand genetic linkage in complex diseases. Using simulated data from GAW11, we have applied categorical classification methods and neural network analysis. We use sharing at selected markers as input, and the classification of the sib pair (for example, affected-affected or affected-unaffected) as output. In addition, our methods include environmental risk factors as predictors of phenotype. Categorical and neural network methods each led to results consistent with findings from other methods such as the logistic regression method of Rice et al. [this issue]. Post-analysis comparison with the GAW11 answers showed that these methods are capable of detecting correct signals in a single replicate. One advantage of our methods is that they allow analysis of the entire genome at once, so that interactions among multiple trait-influencing loci may be detected. Furthermore, these methods can use a variety of sib pairs rather than affected pairs only.
TAB as a high leadcount PGA replacement (1991)

A high-performance tape-automated-bonding (TAB) package has been developed for a TAB on board (TOB) application as a replacement for high lead count, high power, ceramic pin grid array (CPGA) packages. Leadcount is in excess of 250 pins and each package can dissipate more than 10 W at relatively low air flow rates. This technology has been implemented on a multichip VLSI-based processor board. The processor board contains six TAB devices on a 10 layer 8*14 in surface-mount-technology (SMT) PC board, as well as other SMT and through hole components. The package uses a unique bumpless inner lead bonding process on a 110- mu m (4.3 mil) pitch and a 406 mu m (16 mil) pitch solder reflow outer lead bonding process. Reliability has been demonstrated through extensive testing at both the package and system level. The authors provide an overview of the package construction, assembly processes, and reliability testing.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>