gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interfacial Structure of Tungsten Layers Formed by Selective Low Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition (1985)

We have analyzed the interfacial structure of selectively deposited LPCVD tungsten on monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, and polycrystalline aluminum substrates. Cross‐sectional specimens were examined by transmission electron microscopy to determine the amount of substrate consumed by the selective deposition process and to assess the degree of lateral encroachment under masking layers for different conditions of deposition and surface preparation. The tungsten‐silicon interfacial structure was found to depend strongly on the initial surface preparation. Immersion in a dilute solution resulted in a smooth interface, while a glow‐discharge treatment led to highly irregular interfaces, which, in extreme cases, contained tunnels extending 1 μm or more into the silicon substrate. Layers formed in plus were found to consist of two layers, of which the lower layer is formed by the substrate reduction of .
Performance study of a globally elastic locally rigid matching algorithm for follow-up chest CT (2008)

A real-time matching algorithm for follow-up chest CT scans can significantly reduce the workload on radiologists by
automatically finding the corresponding location in the first or second scan, respectively. The objective of this study was
to assess the accuracy of a fast and versatile single-point registration algorithm for thoracic CT scans.
The matching algorithm is based on automatic lung segmentations in both CT scans, individually for left and right lung.
Whenever the user clicks on an arbitrary structure in the lung, the coarse position of the corresponding point in the other
scan is identified by comparing the volume percentiles of the lungs. Then the position is refined by optimizing the gray
value cross-correlation of a local volume of interest. The algorithm is able to register any structure in or near the lungs,
but is of clinical interest in particular with respect to lung nodules and airways.
For validation, CT scan pairs were used in which the patients were scanned twice in one session, using low-dose non-contrast-enhanced chest CT scans (0.75 mm collimation). Between these scans, patients got off and on the table to
simulate a follow-up scan. 291 nodules were evaluated. Average nodule diameter was 9.5 mm (range 2.9 - 74.1 mm).
Automatic registration succeeded in 95.2% of all cases (277 / 291). In successful registered nodules, average registration
consistency was 1.1 mm. The real-time matching proved to be an accurate and useful tool for radiologists evaluating
follow-up chest CT scans to assess possible nodule growth.
On energy-awareness for peer-assisted streaming with set-top boxes (2010)

Energy consumption is responsible for a large fraction of costs in today's content distribution networks. In upcoming decentralized architectures based on set-top boxes (STB), acting as tiny servers, idle times can dominate distribution costs, since no cooling costs occurs and the Internet access is often paid in a flat-rate manner. The often assumed always-on property of STBs provides high availability but might also waste up to 93% of the baseline energy. In this paper we consider suitable standby policies that reduce energy consumption but still allow offloading content servers significantly. We devise optimal and heuristic standby policies and evaluate them in a realistic scenario to show that a near-optimal behavior can be reached by utilizing the specific features of STBs.
The Pathologic Features and Mechanism of Traumatic Dislocation of the Hip (2000)

The term traumatic dislocation of the hip encompasses a heterogenous group of dislocations, and more commonly, fracture-dislocations which have been subclassified. The current study describes the pathologic features in terms of an anatomic description of the displaced parts of the joint and what is known of the associated injured structures in each of the subtypes. The events that lead to traumatic dislocation of the hip are well documented, but understanding of the mechanics of the injury can only be presumptive.
Pattern formation in the nematode epidermis: determination of the arrangement of peripheral sense organs in the <i>C. elegans</i> male tail (1991)

The developmental process that determines the arrangement of ray sensilla in the Caenorhabditis elegans male tail has been studied. It is shown that the adult arrangement of rays is determined by the placement of ray cells at specific sites in the epidermis of the last larval (L4) stage. Placement of ray cells at specific epidermal sites results from the generation of neurons and support cells in the epidermis near to their final positions, and the subsequent refinement of these positions by an active mechanism involving specific cellular associations. Positions of ray cells and adjacent epidermal cells have been studied during ray development by means of indirect immunofluorescence staining with an antibody to a cell junctional antigen. Mutations are described in six genes that alter the adult arrangement of the rays, frequently resulting in fusion of rays. Changes in the adult pattern of rays in mutants appear to result from prior changes in the epidermal positions of ray cells, and for two mutants it is suggested that this may be due to the inappropriate clustering of processes from neurons and support cells of adjacent rays. Development of the wild-type arrangement of rays appears to require the specification of molecular differences between the rays that affect the specificity of their cellular associations.
Form of the Pubic Bone in Neanderthal Man (1960)

Shanidar I and III from Iraq have the same peculiar form of pubis as Tabūn I from Palestine. These are the only such pubes known to exist. These facts suggest that Neanderthal man (Shanidar-Tabūn) and an early variety of modern man (Skhūl) coexisted during Mousterian times in this part of the world.
An Approach to the Total Synthesis of the Marine Ascidian Metabolite Perophoramidine via a Halogen-Selective Tandem Heck/Carbonylation Strategy (2003)

A halogen-selective tandem intramolecular Heck/carbonylation reaction has been developed for the construction of the C,E,F-ring system and the C20 quaternary center found in perophoramidine (1). This process can be effected in good yields in the presence of both the chlorine and bromine atoms found in the natural product. In addition, it is possible to introduce the quaternary center at C4 in a stereoselective manner by a lactone enolate alkylation, using NaH and allyl bromide. [reaction: see text]
Morphological and functional renal effects of long-term low-dose cyclosporin A treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. (1994)

To explore the possible nephrotoxic effects of low-dose cyclosporin A (CyA) treatment, we analyzed the data from 10 patients, aged 35-66 years (mean 51.8 years), who had a clinical diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis and no known kidney disease. The study protocol included consecutive kidney biopsies and a pretreatment biopsy in all cases. A second biopsy was taken after 5-20 months (mean 17.8 months) of treatment and, in seven patients, a third biopsy was performed after 30-46 months (mean 38.6 months). Evaluation of the kidney biopsies included a semiquantitative estimation of different histological parameters as well as assessment of a chronicity index (CI). Transmission electronmicroscopic examination was performed on all biopsies. There was a significant reduction of glomerular function at the time of both the second (n = 10; p < 0.01) and third (n = 7; p < 0.05) biopsies. Five patients showed an increase in CI on the second biopsy and five on the third biopsy in comparison to pretreatment values. Only one patient showed a progressive increase in CI on three consecutive biopsies. The mean CI increased on both the second (n = 10) and third (n = 7) biopsies compared with baseline, but there was no increase on the third biopsy from the second. The morphological findings were, as a rule, slight or moderate, and focal interstitial fibrosis, tubular atrophy and arteriolar hyalinosis were the most consistent findings. Although even low-dose CyA treatment may be nephrotoxic and may induce morphological alterations in the kidney, such changes do not occur in all patients and may not necessarily be progressive.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Adaptive Highlight Compression in Today's CCD Cameras (1992)

The nonlinear characteristic of the display and the well-known gamma of the video camera produce a near linear-system transfer characteristic, sharply limited at the upper end due to the requirements of subsequent processing. This system cannot deal with a large dynamic range, however. The need for a film look, in the video camera's picture rendition stems from the inception of film production with television cameras. To obtain this film look, a suitable transfer characteristic of the video camera is essential. With the development of modern CCD cameras and their increased dynamic range, it is possible to attain a film look in the television picture. The adaptive variable knee proposal discussed in this article is the result of an extensive study on how to make the best use of the increased dynamic range of current CCD sensors.
Network measurement of the VMTP request-response protocol in the V distributed system (1987)

Communication systems are undergoing a change in use from stream to request-response or transaction communication. In addition, communication systems are becoming increasingly based on high-speed, low delay, low error rate channels. These changes call for a new generation of networks, network interfaces, and transport protocol design. The performance characteristics of request-response protocols on these high-performance networks should guide the design of this new generation, yet relatively little data of this nature is available. In this paper, we present some preliminary measurements of network traffic for a cluster of workstations connected by Ethernet running the V distributed operating system. We claim that this system, with its use of a high-speed local area network and a request-response transport protocol tuned for RPC, provides some indication of the performance characteristics for systems in the next generation of communication systems. In particular, these measurements provide an indication of network traffic patterns, usage characteristics for request-response protocols, and the behavior of the request-response protocol itself. These measurements suggest in general that a key design focus must be on minimizing network latency and that a request-response protocol is well-suited for this goal. This focus has implications for protocol design and implementation as well as for the design of networks and network interfaces.
Chirality- and Diameter-Dependent Reactivity of NO<sub>2</sub> on Carbon Nanotube Walls (2005)

We report the density-functional calculations of NO2 adsorption on single-walled carbon nanotube walls. A single molecular adsorption was endothermic with an activation barrier, but a collective adsorption with several molecules became exothermic without an activation barrier. We find that NO2 adsorption is strongly electronic structure- and strain-dependent. The NO2 adsorption on metallic nanotubes was energetically more favorable than that on semiconducting nanotubes and furthermore the adsorption became less stable with increasing diameters of nanotubes. The adsorption barrier height shows similar dependence on the electronic structure and diameter to the adsorption energy. Our theoretical model can be a good guideline for the separation of nanotubes by electronic structures using various adsorbates.
Cutaneous Notch Signaling in Health and Disease (2013)

The development and maintenance of the skin are dependent on myriad signaling pathways that regulate a variety of cellular processes. In cutaneous epithelial cells, the Notch cascade plays a central role in ensuring that proliferation and differentiation are coordinated appropriately, a function that it imparts during both ontogeny and homeostasis. Aberrations of the Notch signaling pathway result in severe abnormalities in the epidermis and its appendages and cause functional defects such as perturbed barrier function. In addition, impaired Notch signaling is associated with diseases of the skin such as atopy and cancer. The pathology associated with aberrant cutaneous Notch signaling reflects the complex mechanisms underpinning its function in this tissue and involves both cell-autonomous and nonautonomous mechanisms. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the role of Notch signaling in the skin during health and disease.
Cloning and differential tissue-specific expression of three mouse β chemokine receptor-like genes, including the gene for a functional macrophage inflammatory protein-1α receptor. (1996)

Vol. 270, p. 17494 Page 17496, Fig. 1: Post et al.(1.Post T.W. Bozic C.R. Rothenberg M.E. Luster A.D. Gerard N. Gerard C. J. Immunol. 1995; 155: 5299-5305PubMed Google Scholar) have recently reported the deduced amino acid sequence of a mouse chemokine receptor named CCR-3 that differs from that of MIP-1αRL2 in Fig. 1 of our paper at 13 of 359 positions: amino acids 270, 325-333, and 339-341(1.Post T.W. Bozic C.R. Rothenberg M.E. Luster A.D. Gerard N. Gerard C. J. Immunol. 1995; 155: 5299-5305PubMed Google Scholar). The 12 differences from 325-333 and from 339-341 are due to sequencing errors in MIP-1αRL2. Thus, positions 325-333 of MIP-1αRL2 in Fig. 1 should be AVYLGKYIP and not QFTWENIFQ, and 339-341 should be KME and not ENG. CCR-3 and MIP-1αRL2 differ in sequence only at position 270, where serine is encoded by MIP-1αRL2 and arginine is encoded by CCR-3. The corrections have been submitted to GenBankTM, accession number U28406. We thank O. Yoshie for first alerting us to the discrepancy in the two sequences.
Substituierte Phenylcyclohexane – eine neue Klasse flüssigkristalliner Verbindungen (1977)

Die‐4‐( trans ‐4‐Alkylcyclohexyl)benzonitrile (1) haben nematische Phasen, deren Klärpunkte höher liegen und deren Temperaturintervalle breiter sind als die der technisch bedeutenden 4′‐Alkylbiphenyl‐4‐carbonitrile. magnified image
VISIT: A Neural Model of Covert Visual Attention (1991)

ahmad~bsUD4Gztivax.siemens.eom Visual attention is the ability to dynamically restrict processing to a subset of the visual field. Researchers have long argued that such a mechanism is necessary to efficiently perform many intermediate level visual tasks. This paper describes VISIT, a novel neural network model of visual attention. The current system models the search for target objects in scenes contain-ing multiple distractors. This is a natural task for people, it is studied extensively by psychologists, and it requires attention. The network&apos;s be-havior closely matches the known psychophysical data on visual search and visual attention. VISIT also matches much of the physiological data on attention and provides a novel view of the functionality of a number of visual areas. This paper concentrates on the biological plausibility of the model and its relationship to the primary visual cortex, pulvinar, superior colliculus and posterior parietal areas. 1
A mouse model of human adaptive immune functions: <i>HLA‐A2.1‐/HLA‐DR1</i>‐transgenic <i>H‐2 class I‐/class II</i>‐knockout mice (2004)

HLA-A2.1-/HLA-DR1-transgenic H-2 class I-/class II-knockout mice were created and their immunological potential evaluated in response to hepatitis B DNA vaccine. Every single immunized mouse developed hepatitis B virus-specific antibodies, HLA-DR1-restricted helper, and HLA-A2.1-restricted cytolytic T cell responses directed at the same immunodominant epitopes as those identified in naturally infected or vaccinated humans. These mice were specifically protected against a hepatitis B-recombinant vaccinia virus infection with a 10,000-fold or more reduction of the virus load at day 4 post-challenge. These mice represent a unique in vivo experimental model for human immune function studies without any interference with mouse MHC response which dwarfed the prediction of human responses. Furthermore, they enable the complete monitoring of immune adaptative responses for preclinical screening of candidate vaccines.
A CONSERVATIVE ADAPTIVE-MESH ALGORITHM FOR UNSTEADY, COMBINED-MODE HEAT TRANSFER USING THE DISCRETE ORDINATES METHOD (1999)

Adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) permits a computational algorithm to allocate additional grid resolution when and where it is most needed.A block-structured AMR scheme provides this capability without sacrificing the numerical and computational efficiencies associated with regular meshes.In this paper we describe an AMR implementation of the discrete ordinates method for radiative transfer, coupled with an existing projection method for low-Mach number flows.The complete algorithm constitutes a conservative scheme for unsteady combined-mode heat transfer.Results for two-and three-dimensional problems are shown.
The ABCs of left ventricular assist device echocardiography: a systematic approach (2012)

Echocardiography is an important imaging modality used to determine the indication of left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation for patients with advanced heart failure (HF) and for serial follow-up to make management decisions in patient care post-implant. Continuous axial-flow LVAD therapy provides effective haemodynamic support for the failing left ventricle, improving both the clinical functional status and quality of life. Echocardiographers must develop a systematic approach to echocardiographic assessment of LVAD implantation and post-LVAD implant cardiac morphology and physiology. This approach must include the evaluation of left and right heart chamber morphology and physiology and the anatomy and physiology of the inflow and outflow cannulas and the rotor pump, and the determination of the degree of tricuspid regurgitation and the presence of interatrial shunts and aortic regurgitation. Collaboration among the echocardiography and HF/transplant teams is essential to obtain this comprehensive evaluation. We outline a systematic approach to evaluating patients with HF who have failed conventional therapy and require LVAD therapy as a bridge to cardiac transplantation or destination therapy.
Design and analysis of arbitration protocols (1989)

Arbitration protocols are needed to prevent conflicts when several processors share a common resource. Five arbitration protocols, commonly used in digital systems, are modeled and their hardware implementations are discussed. The effect of the chosen protocol on the performance of the system, access time (delay before the bus is available) and data throughput (channel utilization efficiency) for each processor, can be studied using the models for these protocols. Four of the protocols considered are identified as being suitable for multiprocessor systems. It is shown that the rotating-priority protocol gives the best system performance. The fifth protocol, the unequal-priority protocol, is shown to offer the worst performance. This is because the protocol was originally intended for single-processor systems. Hardware schemes for the other four protocols are proposed. The schemes are decentralized and require a smaller number of communication lines between the processors. Live insertion and removal of processors from the system is possible since bus-status information is available to all processors at all times.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Determination of Primary Particle Size Distributions from Time-Resolved Laser-Induced Incandescence Measurements (2004)

For a polydisperse nanoparticle ensemble the evaluation of time-resolved laser-induced incandescence (LII) measurements yields a weighted average value for the primary nanoparticle size. Although this value is sufficient for narrow size distributions, a comprehensive characterization of a particle-evolution process requires the reconstruction of the size distribution. An easy-to-use online approach is presented to evaluate the LII signal regarding higher moments of the distribution. One advantage of this approach is that the size distribution results in a deceleration of the LII signal decay with time after the laser pulse. Therefore LII signal-decay curves are evaluated in two different time intervals after the laser pulse, providing information about the desired distribution parameters that has been tested successfully with experimental curves taken in different soot-formation processes.
Assembly of the mitochondrial membrane system. Characterization of COR1, the structural gene for the 44-kilodalton core protein of yeast coenzyme QH2-cytochrome c reductase. (1986)

The respiratory deficiency of yeast strains previously assigned to complementation group G7 has been ascribed to the absence in the mutants of functional cytochrome b. Since G7 mutants are capable of synthesizing the apoprotein, the primary effect of the mutations is to prevent maturation of this electron carrier. The recombinant plasmid pG7/T1 with a 6.7-kilobase pairs (kb) insert of wild type yeast nuclear DNA has been selected from a genomic library by transformation of a G7 mutant to respiratory competency. The genetically active region of the pG7/T1 insert has been subcloned on a 3-kb fragment of DNA which has been shown to contain an open reading frame encoding a protein of 50,236 Mr. In situ disruption of the reading frame causes a deficiency in cytochrome b. The strain with the disrupted gene fails to complement G7 mutants thereby confirming the correct identification of the gene henceforth referred to as COR1. The carboxyl-terminal half of the COR1 gene has been fused to the amino-terminal half of the Escherichia coli trpE gene in the high expression vector pATH2. This plasmid construct promotes a high level of expression of the trpE/COR1 hybrid protein. Antibodies against the purified hybrid protein react with a 44 kDa protein subunit of yeast coenzyme QH2-cytochrome c reductase corresponding to the largest core subunit of the complex. These data indicate that the yeast nuclear gene COR1 codes for the 44-kDa core protein and that the latter is required for the conversion of apocytochrome b to mature cytochrome b.
Horizontal Rhombic Antennas* (1935)

The paper discusses the theoretical methods employed by the authors in dimensioning horizontal rhombic receiving antennas. Experimental proof is given of the engineering accuracy of the directivity calculations on which this work is based. There are included brief descriptions of the antenna-to-transmission line coupling circuits and the resistance terminations for rhombic antennas.
Which warnings should I fix first? (2007)

Automatic bug-finding tools have a high false positive rate: most warnings do not indicate real bugs. Usually bug-finding tools assign important warnings high priority. However, the prioritization of tools tends to be ineffective. We observed the warnings output by three bug-finding tools, FindBugs, JLint, and PMD, for three subject programs, Columba, Lucene, and Scarab. Only 6%, 9%, and 9% of warnings are removed by bug fix changes during 1 to 4 years of the software development. About 90% of warnings remain in the program or are removed during non-fix changes - likely false positive warnings. The tools' warning prioritization is little help in focusing on important warnings: the maximum possible precision by selecting high-priority warning instances is only 3%, 12%, and 8% respectively. In this paper, we propose a history-based warning prioritization algorithm by mining warning fix experience that is recorded in the software change history. The underlying intuition is that if warnings from a category are eliminated by fix-changes, the warnings are important. Our prioritization algorithm improves warning precision to 17%, 25%, and 67% respectively.