gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
2016 American College of Rheumatology/European League Against Rheumatism Classification Criteria for Primary Sjögren's Syndrome: A Consensus and Data‐Driven Methodology Involving Three International Patient Cohorts (2016)

Using methodology consistent with other recent ACR/EULAR-approved classification criteria, we developed a single set of data-driven consensus classification criteria for primary SS, which performed well in validation analyses and are well-suited as criteria for enrollment in clinical trials.
Size-dependent thermal conductivity of individual single-crystalline PbTe nanowires (2010)

We investigated the thermal conductivity of individual single-crystalline PbTe nanowires grown by a chemical vapor transport method. Thermal conductivities of PbTe nanowires 182–436 nm in diameter were measured using suspended microdevices. The thermal conductivity of a PbTe nanowire appeared to decrease with decreasing nanowire diameter and was measured to be 1.29 W/mK for a 182 nm nanowire at 300 K, which is about half of that of bulk PbTe. Our results indicate that phonon transport through a PbTe nanowire is effectively suppressed by the enhanced phonon boundary scattering due to size effects.
Mississippian Clinoform: Lithologic and Paleoecologic Diversity Amid Slopes, Slides, and Mounds (1992)

On February 26-29, twenty-three paleontologists, stratigraphers, and sedimentologists participated in a field workshop on the paleoecology and sedimentation of the Mississippian Fort Payne Formation in southcentral Kentucky and adjacent Tennessee. The group stayed at Sulphur Creek Resort on an arm of Dale Hollow Reservoir and examined Fort Payne outcrops in the Cumberland Saddle region from Columbia, Kentucky, to Celina, Tennessee, 45 miles to the south. South-central Kentucky and adjacent Tennessee lie in the Cumberland Saddle, so named for the Cumberland River, which flows to the west and southwest through the gentle structural sag between the Lexington and Nashville Domes each exposing Middle and Upper Ordovician strata (Fig. 1). In the Cumberland Saddle itself, however, a thin section of deepwater Devonian Chattanooga Shale caps these rocks and above it lies a very well exposed Lower to Middle Mississippian section including the Fort Payne Formation (lowest), Warsaw Formation, St. Louis Formation, and the St. Genevieve (Monteagle) Limestone, capped on the margins of the saddle by basal Pennsylvanian sandstones and shales. The most widespread and best exposed of these units are the Fort Payne and Warsaw Formations, largely because the PlioPleistocene entrenchment of the Cumberland River has produced sharp, local relief of 150 to almost 300 feet with a dense pattern of dendritic drainage so that outcrops abound. Here one can see exceptionally well in a small area a complex marine clinoform, commonly 250-290 feet thick, that contains diverse terrigenous and carbonate facies (Fig. 2). Although the Cumberland Saddle itself covers more than eight counties, it is small in comparison to all the Fort Payne, which extends from the Black Warrior Basin of Alabama through Tennessee and Kentucky into the Illinois Basin. In Kentucky and adjacent states Fort Payne deposition occurred after and to the southwest of the fine-grained sandstones, siltstones, and shales of the Borden Formation, which also has a clinoform structure. The two are separated by a widespread glauconite, the Floyds Knob Glauconite, which can be traced up the clinoform onto shelf beds. Plentiful shallow wells and complete geologic quadrangle mapping add to the attractions of the Cumberland Saddle as a field laboratory. From the viewpoint of paleoecology the Fort Payne Formation has special interest, because it is a marine clinoform (Fig. 2) rich in diverse lithologies: at least three types of shales (black silty shale, medium, dark gray, silty dolomitic shale, and fossiliferous green shale) plus a diverse array of limestones most of which have a predominant pelmatozoan echino-
The computer as a stereotactic surgical instrument (1986)

We have developed methodology and stereotactic software for an operating room computer and imaging system. Patients undergo preoperative CT, MR and DSA imaging with their heads fixed in a stereotactic headholder. Localization systems attach to the headholder during the studies to create reference marks for computer transformation of points and volumes into three-dimensional stereotactic space. At the operating room computer console, the surgeon selects target points, avascular trajectories and tumour boundaries for volume reconstruction. Surgical approaches are simulated and target coordinates calculated. During surgery, the computer interactively monitors the position of stereotactically directed surgical instruments in relationship to the resident database along any viewing angle and conveniently superimposes the multiple data sources. We have found this system useful to provide rapid data acquisition and retrieval, accurate target point calculations, lesion volume reconstructions, and a convenient ability to reformat data from multiple sources in a manner useful to the surgeon and beneficial to the patient.
The replacement reactions of β-β′-dichlorodiethyl sulphide and of some analogues in aqueous solution: the isolation of β-chloro-β′-hydroxy diethyl sulphide (1948)

A. G. Ogston, E. R. Holiday, J. St. L. Philpot and L. A. Stocken, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1948, 44, 45 DOI: 10.1039/TF9484400045
The synthesis of org 3770 labelled with <sup>3</sup>H, <sup>13</sup>C AND <sup>14</sup>C (1989)

Abstract The syntheses of 1,2,3,4,10,14b‐hexahydro‐2‐methylpyrazino[2,1‐a]pyrido [2,3‐c][2]benzazepine (Org 3770) labelled with 3 H (and 2 H), 13 C and 14 C are described. Tritiated Org 3770 was prepared either by exchange under alkaline conditions with tritiated water or catalytic reductive dehalogenation of a chloro analogue with 3 H 2 . 13 C‐labelled material was obtained in a seven‐step synthesis starting from 13 C‐labelled benzene whereas 14 C‐Org 3770 was prepared in a three‐step synthesis starting with 14 CO 2 . All labelled compounds were analyzed by TLC, HPLC, MS and NMR.
Highly Selective Optical Fluoride Ion Sensor with Submicromolar Detection Limit Based on Aluminum(III) Octaethylporphyrin in Thin Polymeric Film (2005)

A highly selective, sensitive, and reversible fluoride optical sensing film based on aluminum(III)octaethylporphyrin as a fluoride ionophore and a lipophilic pH indicator as the optical transducer is described. The fluoride optical sensing films exhibit a submicromolar detection limit and high discrimination for fluoride over several lipophilic anions such as nitrate, perchlorate, and thiocyanate.
Homocysteine and vitamins in cardiovascular disease (1998)

Abstract On the basis of recent retrospective and prospective studies, it is now widely accepted that increased total plasma homocysteine is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Impaired enzyme function as a result of genetic mutation or deficiency of the essential B vitamins folic acid, B12, and B6 can lead to hyperhomocysteinemia. Oxidized forms of homocysteine account for 98–99% of total plasma homocysteine. Although there is uncertainty as to whether increased homocysteine is causal or merely a proxy for cardiovascular disease, several lines of evidence suggest that it may play a role in atherothrombotic disease. Homocysteine appears to alter the anticoagulant properties of endothelial cells to a procoagulant phenotype. Mildly increased homocysteine causes dysfunction of the vascular endothelium. Folic acid effectively lowers homocysteine concentration in the plasma. Intervention studies are urgently needed to determine if lowering homocysteine is effective in decreasing the morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular disease.
Hydraulic Fracture Orientation Using Passive Borehole Seismics (1983)

ABSTRACT Passive borehole seismometry enables mapping the orientation of induced hydraulic fracture planes by using a triaxial seismometer clamped in the treatment well to map acoustic emissions from the fracture. Presently, the method utilizes only those seismic events attributable to shear failure along the fracture plane which exhibit both compressiona1 and shear wave phases. The fracture azimuth is seen to parallel the polarization of the compress iona1 wave phase. Whereas other geophysical techniques used to determine fracture orientation are principally surface-deployed measurements and, therefore, lose their effectiveness as the fracture depth exceeds 1500-2000 meters, the borehole seismic has worked effectively at 3300 meters in past applications. The method, principally, gives only fracture azimuth as is demonstrated by two examples of field test data.
Abdominal Helical CT: Milk as a Low-Attenuation Oral Contrast Agent (1999)

One hundred ten consecutive patients were given either whole (4%) milk, 2% milk, water, barium suspension, or no oral contrast agent before abdominal computed tomography (CT). Results with whole milk were superior to those with all other agents for gastrointestinal distention, mural visualization, and pancreas-duodenum discrimination. In bowel loop discrimination, results with 4% milk were equal to those with barium but superior to those with all other agents. Whole (4%) milk is an effective low-attenuation oral contrast agent.
An accessory <i>sec</i> locus of <i>Streptococcus gordonii</i> is required for export of the surface protein GspB and for normal levels of binding to human platelets (2002)

The translocation of proteins across the bacterial cell membrane is carried out by highly conserved components of the Sec system. Most bacterial species have a single copy of the genes encoding SecA and SecY, which are essential for viability. However, Streptococcus gordonii strain M99 encodes SecA and SecY homologues that are not required for viability or for the translocation of most exported proteins. The genes (secA2 and secY2) reside in a region of the chromosome required for the export of GspB, a 286 kDa cell wall-anchored protein. Loss of GspB surface expression is associated with a significant reduction in the binding of M99 to human platelets, suggesting that it may be an adhesin. Genetic analyses indicate that M99 has a second, canonical SecA homologue that is essential for viability. At least two other Gram-positive species, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus, encode two sets of SecA and SecY homologues. One set is more similar to SecA and SecY of Escherichia coli, whereas the other set is more similar to SecA2 and SecY2 of strain M99. The conserved organization of genes in the secY2-secA2 loci suggests that, in each of these Gram-positive species, SecA2 and SecY2 may constitute a specialized system for the transport of a very large serine-rich repeat protein.
Possible Implications of Serine and Tyrosine Residues and Intermolecular Interactions on the Appearance of Silk I Structure of <i>Bombyx </i><i>m</i><i>ori</i> Silk Fibroin-Derived Synthetic Peptides:  High-Resolution <sup>13</sup>C Cross-Polarization/Magic-Angle Spinning NMR Study (2004)

Bombyx mori silk fibroin molecule is known to exist in two distinct structural forms: silk I (unprocessed silk fibroin) and silk II (processed silk fibroin). Using synthetic peptides, we attempt to explore the structural role played by Ser and Tyr residues on the appearance of silk I structural form of the fibroin. Twelve selected peptides (1-12) incorporating Ser and Tyr residues in the (Ala-Gly)(n) copolypeptide, that is, the sequences mimicking the primary structure of B. mori silk fibroin molecule, have been investigated under the silk I state, employing high-resolution (13)C cross-polarization/magic-angle spinning (CP/MAS) NMR spectroscopy. To acquire the silk I structural form, all the peptides were dissolved in 9 M LiBr and then dialyzed extensively against water, as established previously for the synthetic (Ala-Gly)(15) copolypeptide and B. mori silk fibroin. The diagnostic line shape of the Ala C(beta) peaks and the conformation-dependent (13)C chemical shifts of Ala and Gly resonances are presented to analyze and characterize the structural features. The results indicate that the incorporation of one Ser and/or one Tyr residue(s) at selected position in the basic (Ala-Gly)(15) sequence tend to retain predominantly the silk I structure. Conversely, the repeat pentameric and octameric Ala-Gly-Ser-Gly-Ala-Gly sequences, for example, (Ala-Gly-Ser-Gly-Ala-Gly)(5) or (Ala-Gly-Ser-Gly-Ala-Gly)(8), preferred predominantly the silk II form. The peptide sequences incorporating Ser and Tyr residue(s) into repeat Ala-Gly-Ser-Gly-Ala-Gly sequences, however, adopted the silk II structure with certain content structural heterogeneity or randomness, more pronounced for specific peptides studied. Interestingly, the crystalline Cp fraction of B. mori silk fibroin, when mixed with (Ala-Gly-Ser-Gly-Ala-Gly)(5) sequence in a 5:1 molar ratio, dissolved in 9 M LiBr, and dialyzed against distilled water, favor the silk I form. The finding tends to suggest that the less stable silk I form in (Ala-Gly-Ser-Gly-Ala-Gly)(n) sequences is likely to be induced and facilitated via intermolecular interactions with the Cp fraction, which predominantly prefers the silk I form under similar conditions; however, the hydrogen-bond formation involving O(gamma)H groups of the Ser residues may have some implications.
Systematic review of melatonin treatment in children with neurodevelopmental disabilities and sleep impairment (2004)

Sleep disturbances in children with neurodevelopmental disabilities are common and frequently difficult to treat with conventional pharmacological and behavioural methods. Melatonin is a pineal hormone known to be important in the regulation of the circadian rhythm, including the sleep-wake cycle. This systematic review of available evidence from randomized clinical trials assesses whether melatonin plays a beneficial role in these children and, in particular, its effect on total sleep time, time to sleep onset (sleep latency), and number of awakenings. We also looked at a parental view of the effect. Randomized clinical trials were identified where oral melatonin was compared with a placebo in children with any type of neurodevelopmental disability and associated sleep disturbance. Only three studies, reporting a total of 35 children, fulfilled the criteria for inclusion. The two studies that reported time to sleep onset showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in this specific outcome where melatonin was compared with a placebo. There was no significant effect of melatonin compared with a placebo on the other outcome measures of total sleep time, night-time awakenings, and parental opinions. Despite the extremely limited randomized clinical trial data, melatonin appears to remain a commonly prescribed drug for disturbed sleep in children with neurodevelopmental abnormalities.
10-Gbit/s optical transmitter module with multiquantum well DFB LD and doped-channel hetero-MISFET driver IC (1990)

Long haul optical transmission systems to handle ~10-Gbit/s signals are now being developed.1·2 For such large capacity transmission systems, a high speed laser diode (LD) driver IC is a key component.3 The i-AlGaAs/n-GaAs doped-channel hetero-MIS- FETs (DMTs), taking advantage of high current drivability and high breakdown voltage, are attractive for high output power ICs, such as LD drivers.4 We have constructed miniature optical transmitter modules using the newly developed DMT LD driver ICs and high speed multiquantum well (MQW) DFB LDs. Very high speed operation, up to 10 Gbit/s, has been achieved.
Synthesis of nicotinamide-based molecularly imprinted microspheres and in vitro controlled release studies (2010)

Nicotinamide (NAM), which is one of the two principal forms, together with nicotinic acid, of vitamin B3, is both a food nutrient and a drug. Controlled NAM release systems are useful to extend the duration of the drug's pharmacological activity and to minimize administration frequency. In this paper, molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have been used as unconventional synthetic polymeric carriers, to prepare drug delivery systems for sustained release of NAM molecules. In the present study, various MIPs micro-spheres have been synthesized by using methacrylic acid as a functional monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as a cross-linker. Different stoichiometric ratios of the reagents have been used, in order to evaluate their influence on NAM recognition and release properties. Non-imprinted systems have been also been prepared as controls. MIPs binding capacity has been evaluated; NAM loading and in vitro release studies, in buffer solution (pH 7.2), that mimics blood plasma conditions, have been performed. Polymer P4 has given the best results since it enables it to rebind selectively and to prolong the release of NAM with higher performance than the non-imprinted one.
New Insights into Cytosolic Glucose Levels during Differentiation of 3T3-L1 Fibroblasts into Adipocytes (2011)

Cytosolic glucose concentration reflects the balance between glucose entry across the plasma membrane and cytosolic glucose utilization. In adipocytes, glucose utilization is considered very rapid, meaning that every glucose molecule entering the cytoplasm is quickly phosphorylated. Thus, the cytosolic free glucose concentration is considered to be negligible; however, it was never measured directly. In the present study, we monitored cytosolic glucose dynamics in 3T3-L1 fibroblasts and adipocytes by expressing a fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based glucose nanosensor: fluorescent indicator protein FLIPglu-600μ. Specifically, we monitored cytosolic glucose responses by varying transmembrane glucose concentration gradient. The changes in cytosolic glucose concentration were detected in only 56% of 3T3-L1 fibroblasts and in 14% of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In adipocytes, the resting cytosolic glucose concentration was reduced in comparison with the one recorded in fibroblasts. Membrane permeabilization increased cytosolic glucose concentration in adipocytes, and glycolytic inhibitor iodoacetate failed to increase cytosolic glucose concentration, indicating low adipocyte permeability for glucose at rest. We also examined the effects of insulin and adrenaline. Insulin significantly increased cytosolic glucose concentration in adipocytes by a factor of 3.6; however, we recorded no effect on delta ratio (ΔR) in fibroblasts. Adrenaline increased cytosolic glucose concentration in fibroblasts but not in adipocytes. However, in adipocytes in insulin-stimulated conditions, glucose clearance was significantly faster following adrenaline addition in comparison with controls (p < 0.001). Together, these results demonstrate that during differentiation, adipocytes develop more efficient mechanisms for maintaining low cytosolic glucose concentration, predominantly with reduced membrane permeability for glucose.
Inhibition of large intestinal cancers by celecoxib using a serial sacrifice technique. (2006)

In this serial sacrifice experiment, celecoxib (C) was administered at a 0.1% dose level, in the diet of female Swiss Webster CFW outbred mice. The animals also received either 1,2-dimethylhydrazine dihydrochloride (1,2-DMH) as ten weekly subcutaneous (s.c.) injections at 20 microg/g body weight or physiological saline (PS) as ten weekly s.c. injections at 0.01 ml/g body weight. Subsequently, the mice were sacrificed at 26 weeks or 35 weeks after the first injection of 1,2-DMH or PS. The number of mice with large intestinal tumors and the total number of these tumors were: Group 1 (1,2-DMH), 29 and 438; Group 2 (C + 1,2-DMH), 18 and 64; and Group 3 (PS), 1 and 1, in the mice sacrificed at 26 weeks. The corresponding tumor incidences in the mice sacrificed at 35 weeks were: Group 1 (1,2-DMH), 30 and 323; Group 2 (C + 1,2-DMH), 23 and 134; and Group 3 (PS), 0 and 0. Histopathologically, the tumors were diagnosed as polypoid adenomas and adenocarcinomas of the cecum, colon and rectum. Celecoxib treatment inhibited the development of large intestinal cancers in mice sacrificed at 26 or 35 weeks after the first injection of the carcinogen.
Ozone Reaction Kinetics for Water and Wastewater Systems (2003)

Interest in ozonation for drinking water and wastewater treatment has soared in recent years due to ozone's potency as a disinfectant, and the increasing need to control disinfection byproducts that arise from the chlorination of water and wastewater. Ozone Reaction Kinetics for Water and Wastewater Systems is a comprehensive reference that
cDNA cloning and inducible expression during pregnancy of the mRNA for rabbit pulmonary prostaglandin omega-hydroxylase (cytochrome P-450p-2). (1987)

We have isolated cDNA clones of the mRNA for prostaglandin omega-hydroxylase (cytochrome P-450p-2) (Yamamoto, S., Kusunose, E., Ogita, K., Kaku, M., Ichihara, K., and Kusunose, M. (1984) J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 96, 593-603) in rabbit lung by using synthetic oligonucleotides as probes. The cDNA sequence contains an open reading frame of 1,470 nucleotides, the first 9 amino acids of which correspond to the residues 17-25 of cytochrome P-450p-2 determined from protein analysis. The predicted primary structure contains amino acid sequences of 23 tryptic fragments of cytochrome P-450p-2 and the deduced amino acid composition is in agreement with that determined from the purified protein. The complete polypeptide, including residues 1-16, contains 506 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 58,515. Cytochrome P-450p-2 shared 74% amino acid similarity with rat hepatic lauric acid omega-hydroxylase (cytochrome P-450LA omega) (Hardwick, J.P., Song, B.-J., Huberman, E., and Gonzalez, F. J. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 801-810), whereas it showed less than 25% similarity to other forms of cytochrome P-450, indicating that the two cytochrome P-450s constitute a unique cytochrome P-450 gene family. DNA blot analysis of the total genomic DNA of rabbits suggest the presence of several genes or gene-like DNA sequences which cross-hybridized with the cloned cDNA. RNA blot analysis showed that progesterone treatment increased the amount of mRNA hybridizable to the cDNA by about 100-fold in the lung of rabbits as compared with the basal level without the treatment. This high level of the mRNA was also observed in the lung of pregnant rabbits.
Anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy. I. Terminology and pathogenesis. (1974)

In anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy (AION) there is a comparatively sudden loss of vision in the entire eye, or in one sector of the field of vision of the eye, initially associated with oedema of the optic disc, which results in optic atrophy within a month or two, leav- ing a permanent visual defect. A large number of such cases have been reported in the literature, but, although this clinical entity is well-known under different names, its pathogenesis and management have till recently been ill-understood. A full understanding of the pathogenesis of AION would make it considerably easier to understand its clinical pattern and management.
Towards a magnetic localization system for 3-D tracking of tongue movements in speech-language therapy (2009)

This paper presents a new magnetic localization system based on a compact triangular sensor setup and three different optimization algorithms, intended for tracking tongue motion in the 3-D oral space. A small permanent magnet, secured on the tongue by tissue adhesives, will be used as a tracer. The magnetic field variations due to tongue motion are detected by a 3-D magneto-inductive sensor array outside the mouth and wirelessly transmitted to a computer. The position and rotation angles of the tracer are reconstructed based on sensor outputs and magnetic dipole equation using DIRECT, Powell, and Nelder-Mead optimization algorithms. Localization accuracy and processing time of the three algorithms are compared using one data set collected in which source-sensor distance was changed from 40 to 150 mm. Powell algorithm showed the best performance with 0.92 mm accuracy in position and 0.7(o) in orientation. The average processing time was 43.9 ms/sample, which can satisfy real time tracking up to approximately 20 Hz.