gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
2,3,4,9‐Tetrahydro‐1<i>H</i>‐pyrido[3,4‐<i>b</i>]indoles. <b>II</b>. Reversible transformation of 1‐alkyl‐2‐(4,9‐dihydro‐3<i>H</i>‐pyrido[3,4‐<i>b</i>]indol‐1‐yl)cyclohexanol into 1‐alkylidene‐2,3,4,9‐tetrahydro‐1<i>H</i>‐pyrido[3,4‐<i>b</i>]indoles (1987)

Abstract Treatment of 2‐(4,9‐dihydro‐3 H ‐pyrido[3,4‐ b ]indol‐1‐yl)‐1‐methylcyclohexanol ( 2a ) with acetic anhydride or methyl isocyanate gave 2‐acetyl‐2,3,4,9‐tetrahydro‐1‐(6‐oxoheptylidene)‐1 H ‐pyrido[3,4‐ b ]indole ( 3 ) or 1,3,4,9‐tetrahydro‐ N ‐methyl‐1‐(6‐oxoheptylidene)‐2H‐pyrido[3,4‐ b ]indole‐2‐carboxamide ( 4 ), respectively. Simpler analogues, 1‐alkyl‐4,9‐dihydro‐3 H ‐pyrido[3,4‐ b ]indoles, 7 , subjected to identical reaction conditions, gave 2‐acetyl‐1‐alkylidene‐2,3,4,9‐tetrahydro‐1 H ‐pyrido[3,4‐ b ]indoles 8 and 1,3,4,9‐tetrahydro‐ N ‐methyl‐1‐alkyli‐dene‐2 H ‐pyrido[3,4‐ b ]indole‐2‐carboxamides 9 , respectively. A limited lanthanide shift reagent study to determine stereochemical assignments was also performed.
Successive Cancellation List Bit-flip Decoder for Polar Codes (2018)

Polar codes asymptotically achieve the capacity of binary-input memoryless symmetric channels under successive cancellation (SC) decoder. However, for finite code length, the block error rate (BLER) performance of SC decoder is mediocre. SC-flip decoder, in recent literatures, has been proposed to improve the BLER performance of SC decoder with the help of additional SC decoding attempts with unreliable bits being flipped. It is natural to ask whether the bit flip method can be employed in SC-list (SCL) decoder for polar codes. In this paper, the idea of bit-flip is introduced into cyclic redundancy check aided SCL (CA-SCL) decoder, and SCL bit-flip (SCLF) decoder is proposed. The BLER of CA-SCL decoder is improved through flipping the unreliable bit decisions. Simulation results show that for various configurations, the BLER of SCLF outperforms traditional CA-SCL decoder around 0.12-0.25dB with negligible extra complexity in mediate and high signal-to-noise ratio region.
PINWHEEL ASSAY VIA A 'PIPET, AGGREGATE AND BLOT' (PAB) APPROACH ON FILTER PAPER (2011)

We present a new version of the pinwheel assay for nucleic acid and cell quantitation with improved simplicity and portability. The whole process includes four steps: pipetting, aggregating, blotting and scanning. The sensitivity and limit of detection is determined, and an application of bacteria detection is demonstrated. The protocol requires minimal instrumentation, and thus is suitable for more cost-effective point-of-care applications.
Finding the needle in the haystack: why high-throughput screening is good for your health (2002)

High-throughput screening is an essential component of the toolbox of modern technologies that improve speed and efficiency in contemporary cancer drug development. This is particularly important as we seek to exploit, for maximum therapeutic benefit, the large number of new molecular targets emerging from the Human Genome Project and cancer genomics. Screening of diverse collections of low molecular weight compounds plays a key role in providing chemical starting points for iterative optimisation by medicinal chemistry. Examples of successful drug discovery programmes based on high-throughput screening are described, and these offer potential in the treatment of breast cancer and other malignancies.
Acid-Sensing Channels in Human Bladder: Expression, Function and Alterations During Bladder Pain Syndrome (2011)

Several acid-sensing ion channel subunits are expressed in human bladder and TEU-2 cells, in which levels are regulated during urothelial differentiation. Up-regulation of acid-sensing ion channel 2a and 3 in patients with bladder pain syndrome suggests involvement in increased pain and hyperalgesia. Down-regulation of transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 mRNA might indicate that a different regulatory mechanism controls its expression in the human bladder.
Titanium-Supported Titania Photoelectrodes Made by Sol-Gel Processes (1999)

Titanium-supported titania-based photoelectrodes were prepared either by sol-gel processes or by thermal oxidation. Catalytic activities and stabilities of these photoelectrodes were monitored by photooxidizing formic acid in aqueous NaCl during three successive experiments under identical conditions. Although electrodes coated with either titania (higher activity) or zirconia-titania (lower activity) and heated at 300°C were less active initially than similar electrodes heated to higher temperatures, electrodes heated at 300°C were more stable. Activities of titania electrodes were increased by depositing the titania at a higher withdrawal speed (21.5 versus 1.5 cm min−1) and by depositing more layers of titania. Stabilities of multilayer electrodes were improved by depositing the sol faster. Applying positive electrical potentials across electrodes also increased their activities. In particular, while activities diminished considerably in relatively high concentrations of NaCl if no potential was present, activities decreased only slightly under an electrical field. Activities of photoelectrodes prepared by heating metallic titanium plates at 300°C were low. Activities of photoelectrodes prepared by heating titanium at 500°C (giving a rutile coating) were similar to activities of photoelectrodes prepared by sol-gel techniques, but only when potentials were applied.
Current in-situ combustion technology (1982)

A sequel to the State-Of-The Art Review of Fireflood Field Projects recently made by the author is presented, and topics largely on current combustion technology not covered previously are discussed. Examples are given to show why combustion was chosen as a primary, secondary or tertiary recovery process. Laboratory experimentation and numeric modeling in support of field projects are discussed. Expanded discussions are given on comparison between dry and wet combustion, and pattern selections. A review of monitoring and coring programs is followed by discussions on new frontier areas which include: in-situ combustion of tar sands and coal, utilization of flue gas, and a sand control technique. 40 references.
Continuous fermentation to produce xanthan biopolymer: Effect of dilution rate (1972)

Abstract Single‐stage continuous fermentations to produce xanthan gum have been run at dilution rates ( D ) from 0.023 to 0.196 hr −1 . Xanthan production rate (XPR) was a function of D . XPR increased from 0.34 g/hr/kg at D = 0.023 hr −1 to the maximum 0.84 g/hr/kg at D = ca. 0.15 hr −1 . At D > 0.15 hr −1 XPR decreased and at the highest D studied (0.196 hr −1 ) was 0.69 g/hr/kg. Yield of xanthan from glucose consumed was 81–89%. Steady states ended between 6.5 and 8.7 turnovers when a variant strain occurred.
Design considerations for crossing channel switches (1989)

Theoretical and experimental design considerations for single-mode-crossing switches at the wavelength of 1.32 mu m are presented. The dependence of extinction ratio on branch angle for the extended electrodes and the estimation of fabrication tolerances of the crossing channel structure are discussed. It is also shown that crossing channel devices required a precise control of fabrication parameters.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Optimized feedback design for backpressure-based fairness control (2003)

This paper proposes and evaluates an optimized feedback design for a backpressure-based fairness control scheme in best-effort networks. UDP applications can continuously waste shared bandwidth on undeliverable packets that are dropped in the networks before reaching the receiving end hosts. Undeliverable packets of heavily loaded receivers cause unfairness when they block deliverable packets of other receivers in the networks. The scheme can prevent the unfairness by detecting undeliverable packets at egress boundary nodes of the network, and by regulating subsequent ones at ingress boundary nodes through backpressure signals sent from egress to ingress boundary nodes. In order to minimize the number of feedback packets that contain the backpressure signals, this paper proposes a scalable backpressure scheme, in which feedback packets are sent only for undeliverable packets detected at a regular interval. Increasing the detection interval reduces the number of feedback packets, but also reduces the effectiveness of the fairness control since it weakens regulation on heavily loaded receivers. This paper also proposes an optimized design of the detection interval that can minimize the number of feedback packets while keeping fairness. Simulation results show that the proposed design achieves the expected optimization.
The Impact of Non-Isotropic Scattering and Directional Antennas on MIMO Multicarrier Mobile Communication Channels (2008)

In outdoor environments, waves propagate non- isotropically because of non-uniform distribution of scatterers. In addition directional antennas, which are efficient for communication applications, have considerable impact on the response of the communication channel. The impact of non-isotropic propagation and directional antennas is more significant when the system employs multiple antennas. In this paper, we propose a space-time-frequency cross-correlation function (CCF) for multiple-input multiple-output multicarrier channels in a two-dimensional (2D) random scattering medium. The expression of the CCF turns out to be a multiplication of three CCFs. Two of these terms characterize the impact of mobile station and base station, respectively and are linear Bessel expansions, where the coefficients are given by the linear convolution of the Fourier series coefficients (FSC)s of the employed antenna patterns and the FSCs of the probability density function describing 2D non-isotropic environment. The third expression characterizes the impact of the wireless channel. In the stationary case, we derive the expression of the fading channel power spectrum (CPS) in terms of the non-isotropic pdf and antenna patterns. Using the expression of the CCF, we also calculate coherence-bandwidth (CB)/coherence-time (CT) as a function of carrier-frequency/time separations. Our numerical results show a good fit to the available experimental results obtained for the CB/CT of realistic outdoor channels.
Flip‐chip lnAlAs/lnGaAs superlattice avalanche photodiodes with back‐illuminated structures (1994)

Abstract A transparent InAlAs/InGaAs superlattice (SL) multiplication layer at a wavelength of 1.55 μm was realized by using quantum‐size effect. Using this SL, flip‐chip separate absorption and multiplication InAlAs/InGaAs SL avalanche photodiodes with back‐illuminated structures were demonstrated. A dark current lower than 2 μA at a multiplication factor of 10, a large gain‐bandwidth product of 110 GHz, and a wide bandwidth of 12 GHz were obtained at the wavelength of 1.55 μM. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons. Inc.
A More Loss-Tolerant RTP Payload Format for MP3 Audio (2001)

This document describes a RTP (Real-Time Protocol) payload format for transporting MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group) 1 or 2, layer III audio (commonly known as "MP3").This format is an alternative to that described in RFC 2250, and performs better if there is packet loss.In this document we define an alternative RTP payload format for MP3 audio.This format uses a data-preserving rearrangement of the original MPEG frames, so that packet boundaries now coincide with true MP3 "Application Data Units", which can also (optionally) be rearranged in an interleaving pattern.This new format is therefore more data-efficient than RFC 2250 in the face of packet loss.
Gate Stack Reliability of MOSFETs With High-Mobility Channel Materials: Bias Temperature Instability (2013)

To sustain the historical trend of performance enhancement of metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) for high-performance and low-power logic applications beyond the 10-nm technology node, InGaAs and Ge or GeSn are promising alternative channel materials to replace strained Si due to their high electron and hole mobility values, respectively. In addition to delivering higher drive current at a reduced supply voltage VDD, another challenge in integrating these materials is to achieve device lifetimes equal or better than that of the Si counterpart. In this paper, we report the results of bias temperature instability (BTI) investigations on InGaAs n-channel MOSFETs (nMOSFETs) and GeSn p-channel MOSFETs (pMOSFETs) with a common surface passivation and gate stack formation technology. While GeSn planar pMOSFETs with Si passivation show excellent negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) reliability, positive bias temperature instability (PBTI) reliability of InGaAs nMOSFETs needs further improvement. The strain effect on NBTI of Ge pMOSFETs will be discussed. The NBTI of Ge multiple-gate field-effect transistors (MuGFETs) will be also reported. In addition, we review the status of the BTI reliability for MOSFETs with high-mobility channel materials and discuss issues of BTI characterization of transistors with small bandgap channel materials and the importance of interface quality between channel materials and gate dielectrics for device BTI performance.
Molecular cloning and functional expression of a novel Helicobacter pylori α-1,4 fucosyltransferase (2005)

Helicobacter pylori is an important human pathogen which causes both gastric and duodenal ulcers and is associated with gastric cancer and lymphoma. This microorganism synthesizes fucosylated oligosaccharides, predominantly the Galb-1,4GlcNAc (Type II) blood group antigens Lewis X and Y, whereas a small population also expresses the Galb-1,3GlcNAc (Type I) blood group antigens Lewis A and B. These carbohydrate structures are known to mimic host cell antigens and permit the bacteria to escape from the host immune response. Here, we report the cloning and characterization of a novel H. pylori alpha-1,4 fucosyltransferase (FucT). In contrast to the family members characterized to date, this enzyme shows exclusively Type I acceptor substrate specificity. The enzyme consisting of 432 amino acids (MW 50,502 Da) was cloned using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based approach. It exhibits a high degree of identity (75-87%) and similar structural features, for example, in the heptamer repeat pattern, with other H. pylori FucTs. The kinetic characterization revealed a very efficient transferase (k(cat)/Km = 229 mM(-1) s(-1)) for the Type I acceptor substrate (Gal)-1,3 GlcNAc-Lem (1). Additionally, the enzyme possesses a broad tolerance toward nonnatural Type I acceptor substrate analogs and therefore represents a valuable tool for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of Lewis A, sialyl Lewis A as well as mimetics thereof.
FN1, GALE, MET, and QPCT overexpression in papillary thyroid carcinoma: Molecular analysis using frozen tissue and routine fine‐needle aspiration biopsy samples (2010)

Thyroid nodules are a common clinical problem, and fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) is widely used for its evaluation. Only 5% are malignant, being papillary carcinoma (PC) the most frequent neoplasia. Approximately 20% are classified as indeterminate or suspicious for malignancy. Gene-expression pattern may be useful for diagnosing PC in difficult or ambiguous cases. In our prior study, we were able to apply RT-PCR method in a series of routinely performed FNAB of thyroid nodules using individual, residual samples. In this study, a total of 70 thyroid samples were evaluated for the expression of MPPED2, H/HBA2, MET, FN1, GALE, and QPCT genes, including 24 cases of frozen thyroid tissue, 12 nodular hyperplasia and 12 PC, and the 46 consecutive thyroid FNAB samples, previously analyzed (3 positive, 10 indeterminate and 32 negative for malignancy, and 1 insufficient). FN1, GALE, MET, and QPCT mRNA expression were significantly different in benign and malignant samples, with similar pattern of overexpression in aspirates compared to frozen tissue. H/HBA2 and MPPED2 expression varied. Histological correlation was possible in five indeterminate cases, revealing one PC and four benign lesions. In conclusion, FN1, GALE, MET, and QPCT were significantly overexpressed in thyroid PC. RT-PCR method could be applied to routine FNAB, showing a similar pattern of overexpression. Despite the small number of cases evaluated, our results suggest that molecular analysis may be of assistance in patients with indeterminate/suspicious cytology, adding elements for preoperative diagnosis and better management of these patients.
Dictionary of glass: materials and techniques (1996)

This dictionary is aimed at people who work with glass whether they are professional, amateur, glassblower, etcher, engraver, stained glass artist or industrial glass worker. It aims to cover technical and artistic aspects of working with glass.
Manipulation of charge carrier injection into organic field-effect transistors by self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiols (2007)

Charge carrier injection into two semiconducting polymers is investigated in field-effect transistors using gold source and drain electrodes that are modified by self-assembled monolayers of alkanethiols and perfluorinated alkanethiols. The presence of an interfacial dipole associated with the molecular monolayer at the metal/semiconductor interface changes the work function of the electrodes, and, hence, the injection of the charge carriers. The FET characteristics are analysed with the transfer line method and the hole injection into poly(2-methoxy-5-(2′-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene) (MEH-PPV) and regio-regular poly(3-hexyl)thiophene (rr-P3HT) is investigated. The device parameters are corrected for the contact resistances of the electrodes and the mobilities of the polymers (MEH-PPV, μFET = 4 × 10−4 cm2 V−1 s−1 and rr-P3HT, μFET = (1–2) × 10−2 cm2 V−1 s−1) are determined. The contact resistance obtained for the SAM-modified electrodes is at least one order of magnitude larger than for untreated contacts.
The Kinetics of Hydrate Formation (1994)

Abstract The kinetic and thermodynamic inhibition of gas hydrates occurs by disruption of the hydrogen bonding process that otherwise leads to clustering of water molecules as a solid lattice. Consequently, and in order to design better inhibitors for gas hydrates, it is of utmost importance to understand the mechanisms that lead to the formation of gas hydrates. The interaction of the hydrate forming molecules with the water molecules at the onset of hydrate formation is re-examined in light of the results of NMR and X-ray diffraction data, and the statistical mechanics models. This re-examination shows that the large cages of structures I and II hydrates are almost always preferentially occupied regardless of the molecular size of the hydrate former. In other words, the large cages 512 62 and 512 64 of the hydrate structures, I and II, dominate the hydrate nucleation process.
Nanocomposites of Ferroelectric Polymers with TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles Exhibiting Significantly Enhanced Electrical Energy Density (2008)

Novel dielectric nanocomposites composed of ferroelectric polymers and surface-functionalized TiO2 nanoparticles with comparable dielectric permittivities and homogeneous nanoparticle dispersions are prepared and characterized. Enhancements in electric displacement and energy density at high electric fields are demonstrated.
Transactivation of CXCR4 by the Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 Receptor (IGF-1R) in Human MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Epithelial Cells (2005)

In the multimolecular environment in tissues and organs, cross-talk between growth factor and G protein-coupled receptors is likely to play an important role in both normal and pathological responses. In this report, we demonstrate transactivation of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 by the growth factor insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 is required for IGF-1-induced cell migration in metastatic MDA-MB-231 cells. The induction of chemotaxis in MDA-MB-231 cells by IGF-1 was inhibited by pretreatment of the cells with pertussis toxin (PTX) and by RNAi-mediated knockdown of CXCR4. Transactivation of the CXCR4 pathway by IGF-1 occurred independently of CXCL12, the chemokine ligand of CXCR4. Neither CXCR4 knockdown nor PTX had any effect on the ability of IGF-1 to activate IGF-1R, suggesting that CXCR4 and G proteins are activated subsequent to, or independently of, phosphorylation of IGF-1R by IGF-1. Coprecipitation studies revealed the presence of a constitutive complex containing IGF-1R, CXCR4, and the G protein subunits, G(i)alpha2 and Gbeta, and stimulation of MDA-MB-231 cells with IGF-1 led to the release of G(i)alpha2 and Gbeta from CXCR4. Based on our findings, we propose that CXCR4 constitutively forms a complex with IGF-1R in MDA-MB-231 cells, and that this interaction allows IGF-1 to activate migrational signaling pathways through CXCR4, G(i)alpha2 and Gbeta.
Intravenous Heparin for the Prevention of Stroke Progression in Acute Partial Stable Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial (1986)

In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 225 patients with acute partial stable thrombotic stroke were randomly assigned to receive continuous intravenous heparin therapy or placebo for 7 days for the prevention of stroke progression or death. No statistically significant difference between the two groups was found in degree of neurologic change; incidence of stroke progression after 7 days; or functional activity level of survivors at 7 days, 3 months and at 1 year after treatment. Compared with controls, a statistically significant greater number of patients in the group receiving heparin died in the year after the stroke. These deaths occurred 3 to 12 months after the initial stroke and probably were not related to treatment. Results of this study do not support the use of intravenous heparin to treat patients who have had acute partial stroke.
Activated mast cells promote differentiation of B cells into effector cells (2016)

Based on the known accumulation of mast cells (MCs) in B cell-dependent inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, we hypothesized that MCs directly modulate B cells. We show here that degranulated, and to a lesser extent naïve or IgE-sensitized, MCs activate both naïve and B cell receptor-activated B cells. This was shown by increased proliferation, blast formation, and expression of CD19, MHC class II and CD86 in the B cells. Further, MCs stimulated the secretion of IgM and IgG in IgM(+) B cells, indicating that MCs can induce class-switch recombination in B cells. We also show that coculture of MCs with B cells promotes surface expression of L-selectin, a homing receptor, on the B cells. The effects of MCs on B cells were partly dependent on cell-cell contact and both follicular and marginal zone B cells could be activated by MCs. Our findings suggest that degranulated MCs support optimal activation of B cells, a finding that is in line with in vivo studies showing that MCs frequently degranulate in the context of B-cell driven pathologies such as arthritis. Together, our findings show that MCs have the capacity to differentiate B cells to effector cells.