gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Trial watch (2012)

Dendritic cells (DCs) occupy a central position in the immune system, orchestrating a wide repertoire of responses that span from the development of self-tolerance to the elicitation of potent cellular and humoral immunity. Accordingly, DCs are involved in the etiology of conditions as diverse as infectious diseases, allergic and autoimmune disorders, graft rejection and cancer. During the last decade, several methods have been developed to load DCs with tumor-associated antigens, ex vivo or in vivo, in the attempt to use them as therapeutic anticancer vaccines that would elicit clinically relevant immune responses. While this has not always been the case, several clinical studies have demonstrated that DC-based anticancer vaccines are capable of activating tumor-specific immune responses that increase overall survival, at least in a subset of patients. In 2010, this branch of clinical research has culminated with the approval by FDA of a DC-based therapeutic vaccine (sipuleucel-T, Provenge(®)) for use in patients with asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Intense research efforts are currently dedicated to the identification of the immunological features of patients that best respond to DC-based anticancer vaccines. This knowledge may indeed lead to personalized combination strategies that would extend the benefit of DC-based immunotherapy to a larger patient population. In addition, widespread enthusiasm has been generated by the results of the first clinical trials based on in vivo DC targeting, an approach that holds great promises for the future of DC-based immunotherapy. In this Trial Watch, we will summarize the results of recently completed clinical trials and discuss the progress of ongoing studies that have evaluated/are evaluating DC-based interventions for cancer therapy.
Microwave resonator probe for localized density measurements in weakly magnetized plasmas (1976)

A simple diagnostic tool for performing spatially resolved density measurements in a large, weakly magnetized, low-temperature plasma is described. The principle is based on a microwave technique to determine the cold plasma dielectric property ε=1−ωp2/ω2, where ωp is the electron plasma frequency. A parallel-wire quarter-wavelength resonator is immersed into the plasma, the resonance frequency (ωres≳ωp) is measured and the density derived from the simple relation ωp2=ω2res−ω2res(ε=1). In contrast to the familiar cavity resonance shift method, the present method is suited for localized density measurements. The spatial resolution is comparable to the size of the resonator (2-mm width×8 mm length, fres=7.45 GHz). The microwave technique is largely independent of sheath and thermal effects and is thus more reliable than probe measurements in nonuniformly rf-heated magnetoplasmas. A comparison with independent density diagnostic tools is presented and additional applications are pointed out.
Connect Resound: Using online technology to deliver music education to remote communities (2019)

This article describes an action research project that aimed to widen participation for music education in schools in England (United Kingdom). The Connect Resound project involved a pilot stage in North Yorkshire (England, United Kingdom) followed by a roll-out to four further geographical regions of England: Cumbria; Durham/Darlington; East Riding of Yorkshire; and Cornwall. The project involved testing a technological framework created to bring music education to schools with little or no music instrumental lessons within primary schools at key stage 2 (pupils aged 7–11 years). The pilot and roll-out phases refined the approach and established a business case for a grant to roll out the project nationally in 2017. The approach used in the study provided not only the instrumental lessons but also continuing professional development for teachers, on-demand technical support, and access to music performances and masterclasses. The research team designed and tested several scenarios for using technology in this environment some of which were using single cameras and others that used a multi-camera set-up. One of the approaches used technology to allow the teachers and pupils access to different camera angles and high-quality audio to deliver the lessons which proved beneficial. The project team captured both video data as well as interviews and questionnaires with participants in order to better understand and refine the approach developed. This article reports upon the challenges and opportunities provided by the project in terms of the technology and environment, an evaluation using a case study approach of how the teachers used the technology, and feedback in the form of questionnaires from pupils and parents/carers concerning the lessons. Issues around the technology concerned time lag, initial technical problems, and background noise in the teaching environment amplified by the technology. The different camera angles adopted in the project proved valuable for teachers, potential issues with assembling and tuning instruments were considered, and beginner technique could be demonstrated using this approach.
Transforming growth factor-β: multifunctional regulator of differentiation and development (1990)

Transforming growth factors-beta (TGF-beta) are 25 kilodalton (kDa) homodimeric peptides with multifunctional actions controlling the growth, differentiation and function of a broad range of target cells of both epithelial and mesenchymal derivation. They are expressed early in embryogenesis and their tissue-specific and developmentally dependent expression is strongly suggestive of an essential role in particular morphogenetic and histogenetic events. Five distinct TGF-beta s have been characterized so far, with 65-80% homology to each other. By using both molecular biological and immunohistochemical techniques, we are currently attempting to define specific sites of expression of the different TGF-beta s and to determine whether TGF-beta s 1-5 might have unique functions in development and in the mature organism. Comparative study of the promoter regions for the different TGF-beta s and for any particular TGF-beta in different species is also underway. Mechanistically, TGF-beta s act to control gene expression of their target cells, many of their actions converging on a complex, multifaceted scheme of control of matrix proteins and their interactions with cells; these effects on matrix are thought to mediate many of the effects of TGF-beta on development.
What is the role of alternative biomarkers for coronary heart disease? (2011)

Predictive models for future risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) based on traditional risk factors, such as age, male gender, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, smoking and family history of premature CHD, are quite robust but leave room for further improvement. Thus, efforts are being made to assess additional biomarkers for CHD, such as, lipoprotein (a), C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, homocysteine and others. However, none of the novel biomarkers has demonstrated improved prediction beyond traditional risk factor models in a consistent fashion across multiple cohorts. Many criteria have to be fulfilled before a biomarker can be considered clinically relevant. Another way is to develop new models predicting long-term or life-time risk of CHD. Further research using novel biomarkers and long-term predictive models has the potential to improve CHD risk prediction.
Purification of yeast alpha-isopropylmalate isomerase. High ionic strength hydrophobic chromatography (1975)

alpha-Isopropylmalate isomerase, the second enzyme specific for leucine biosynthesis, can be purified from extracts of yeast utilizing a chromatographic procedure that allows separation of proteins in the presence of high concentrations of (NH4)2SO4. The purification procedure utilizes the stabilizing effect of glycerol and (NH4)2SO4 on the isomerase and their opposing effects on protein retention on valine-Sepharose and leucine-Sepharose. The method effectively separates the isomerase from fumarase, a stable internal marker protein that was co-purified in early steps. High ionic strength hydrophobic chromatography, based on differential retention as a function of the length of the hydrophobic sidearm and ionic strength, yields approximately 200-fold purified alpha-isopropylmalate isomerase and may be of general utility in purifying unstable enzymes requiring high ionic strength.
Proof‐of‐concept of a laser mounted endoscope for touch‐less navigated procedures (2013)

Integrating a laser in an endoscope and then calculating the distance to a target structure by image processing of the video endoscopic images is accurate. This technology eliminates the need for tracked probes intraoperatively and therefore allows navigation to be integrated seamlessly in clinical routine. However, it is an additional chain link in the sequence of computer-assisted surgery thus influencing the application error.
Angle amplifier based on multiplexed volume holographic gratings (2007)

Angle amplifier of laser beam scanner is a widely used device in optical systems. Volume holographic optical elements can be applied in the angle amplifier. Compared with the traditional angle amplifier, it has the advantages of high angle resolution, high diffraction efficiency, small size, and high angle magnification and flexible design. Bragg anglewavelength- compensating recording method is introduced. Because of the Bragg compensatory relation between angle and wavelength, this device could be recorded at another wavelength. The design of the angle amplifier recording at the wavelength of 514.2nm for the working wavelength of 632.8nm is described. An optical setup for recording the angle amplifier device is designed and discussed. Experimental results in the photorefractive crystal Fe:LiNbO<sub>3</sub> demonstrate the feasibility of the angle amplifier scheme.
Automation of radiation treatment planning. III. A simplified system of digitising isodoses and direct print-out of dose distribution (1963)

A system of automated treatment planning is described which enables the radiologist to obtain a direct print-out to scale of dose distribution. This system requires a new and simple method of digitising isodose curves which is also given.
Recent Advances in Thermionic Ionization Detection for Gas Chromatography (1986)

Thermionic ionization detectors are most widely used for the specific detection of nitrogen-phosphorus compounds in gas chromatography. The operating mechanism of these detectors is a surface ionization process in which the key parameters are the work function of the thermionic emission surface, the temperature of the thermionic surface, and the composition of the gas environment in the immediate vicinity of the thermionic surface. By systematic variations of each of these three key parameters, the technique of thermionic ionization detection has been greatly expanded to encompass a number of different modes of response, all of which use similar detector hardware and electronic components.
Influence of Protein and Fat Contents of Ultrafiltered Milk on Rheological Properties of Gels Formed by Chymosin (1982)

Enzymatically induced gelation of milk and milk concentrated by ultrafiltration was studied with a curd firmness tester which measured transmission of oscillatory deformations through the product. Scott Blair's relationship between pseudo modulus of rigidity (G) and time after clotting (t), G = G= e--h/t, described the gelation of ultrafiltered retentates satisfactorily. Maximum gel firmness G, and X, which is the time to reach a firmness of GJe, were affected substantially by protein content. The effect of protein content on rates of firming of gels were evaluated at different stages of gel formation. At the onset of gelation, rates increased up to protein content 90 g.kg -1 but decreased at higher protein concentrations. At a later stage, this decrease disappeared and rates correlated with protein content.-Those observations are discussed relative to effects of protein content on proteolytic and aggregation phases of milk clotting.
Design and low-power testing of a microwave Vlasov mode converter (2003)

A circular waveguide with a shaped open end forms the launcher component of a Vlasov mode converter. The authors compare the gain patterns obtained for an open end with a step cut with that for one with a beveled cut. The determination of the gain pattern is the first step in the design of a high-power mode converter intended for X-band (8 to 12 GHz). It is concluded that the optimum waveguide for use in a Vlasov mode converter for high-power microwaves remains the 30 degrees bevel cut. The step-cut waveguide has a slightly inferior gain pattern, and, moreover, the sharp corners on the waveguide edge could cause breakdown problems for high-power applications.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Spatiotemporal Characterization of a Fibrin Clot Using Quantitative Phase Imaging (2014)

Studying the dynamics of fibrin clot formation and its morphology is an important problem in biology and has significant impact for several scientific and clinical applications. We present a label-free technique based on quantitative phase imaging to address this problem. Using quantitative phase information, we characterized fibrin polymerization in real-time and present a mathematical model describing the transition from liquid to gel state. By exploiting the inherent optical sectioning capability of our instrument, we measured the three-dimensional structure of the fibrin clot. From this data, we evaluated the fractal nature of the fibrin network and extracted the fractal dimension. Our non-invasive and speckle-free approach analyzes the clotting process without the need for external contrast agents.
Switching and storage characteristics of MIS memory transistors (1969)

Transistors with memory hawe been constructed in the form of MIS field-effect transistors in which the gate insulator consists of a double layer. Closest to the silicon is a silicon dioxide layer, no more than 15A thick. The importance of this layer will be discussed. It is covered by another layer, which may be silicon nitride, 200-800A thick. Aluminum oxide and silicon dioxide have also been tried as the second layer. At the interface between these two insulator layers, and at an energy level inside the silicon forbidden band, are traps with a density as high as 2×1014cm-2in the form of disorder states. These traps are donor type and may each give off an electron when the silicon is biased positively for a short time with respect to the insulator, turning the transistor ON. When the polarity is reversed the electrons are recaptured by the traps, neutralizing them and turning the transistor OFF. The charge transport is by tunneling.
(−)-Sandramycin:  Total Synthesis and Characterization of DNA Binding Properties (1996)

Full details of the total synthesis of the potent antitumor antibiotic (−)-sandramycin (1), a cyclic decadepsipeptide possessing a 2-fold axis of symmetry, is described and constitutes the first total synthesis of a member of the growing class of naturally occurring agents now including the luzopeptins and quinaldopeptin. Key strategic elements of the approach include the late stage introduction of the heteroaromatic chromophore thereby providing access to analogs possessing altered intercalation capabilities, symmetrical pentadepsipeptide coupling and 32-membered macrocyclization conducted at the single secondary amide site in superb conversion (90%), and a convergent assemblage of the precursor pentadepsipeptide in which the potentially labile ester linkage was introduced in the final key coupling reaction. This approach also provided the cyclic decadepsipeptides 24−26 lacking both chromophores and was extended to provide 32 lacking one of the two chromophores. The characterization of the DNA-binding properties of sandramycin vs 25 and 32 is detailed. The largest share of the binding is derived from the cyclic decadepsipeptide (ΔG° = −6.0 kcal/mol) and the incremental addition of each chromophore increases the binding approximately 3.2 and 1.0 kcal/mol, respectively. This is consistent with the representation of sandramycin and the luzopeptins as minor groove binding cyclic decadepsipeptides incrementally stabilized by mono and bisintercalation. Following the same trends, sandramycin and luzopeptin A were found to be nearly equivalent, exceptionally potent cytotoxic agents (6−0.02 nM), 500−1000× more potent than the cyclic decadepsipeptide 32 possessing a single chromophore, and ≥105× more potent than the cyclic decadepsipeptides 24 and 25 lacking both chromophores. DNase I footprinting studies revealed that sandramycin and luzopeptin A behave comparably and appear to bind best to regions containing alternating A and T residues. Binding at other and perhaps all sites is observed at modest agent concentrations with a perceptible preference for 5‘-AT dinucleotide sequences many of which were preceded by a 5‘-C, i.e. 5‘-CAT. Preliminary studies of the 1:1 complex of sandramycin with 5‘-d(GCATGC)2 revealed that it maintains the 2-fold axis of symmetry of the components with the agent sandwiching the central two AT base pairs and adopting a compact conformation in which the interchromophore distance is 10.1 Å. The cyclic decadepsipeptide is positioned in the minor groove and the adopted conformation permits a rich array of complementary hydrophobic contacts extending over much of the interacting surface.
Horizontal acquisition of toxic alkaloid synthesis in a clade of plant associated fungi (2015)

Clavicipitaceae is a fungal group that comprises species that closely interact with plants as pathogens, parasites or symbionts. A key factor in these interactions is the ability of these fungi to synthesize toxic alkaloid compounds that contribute to the protection of the plant host against herbivores. Some of these compounds such as ergot alkaloids are toxic to humans and have caused important epidemics throughout history. The gene clusters encoding the proteins responsible for the synthesis of ergot alkaloids and lolines in Clavicipitaceae have been elucidated. Notably, homologs to these gene clusters can be found in distantly related species such as Aspergillus fumigatus and Penicillium expansum, which diverged from Clavicipitaceae more than 400 million years ago. We here use a phylogenetic approach to analyze the evolution of these gene clusters. We found that the gene clusters conferring the ability to synthesize ergot alkaloids and loline emerged first in Eurotiomycetes and were then likely transferred horizontally to Clavicipitaceae. Horizontal gene transfer is known to play a role in shaping the distribution of secondary metabolism clusters across distantly related fungal species. We propose that HGT events have played an important role in the capability of Clavicipitaceae to produce two key secondary metabolites that have enhanced the ability of these species to protect their plant hosts, therefore favoring their interactions.
Active transport of iron to mucosal surface of rat jejunum (1975)

Estimations of steady-state fluxes of divalent Fe across rat intestinal segments in vitro provide evidence for two active transport mechanisms. Segments of the distal small intestine transport the mineral against electrochemical potential gradients from the serosal to the mucosal surface. Active transport in the reverse direction was confirmed with segments of proximal duodenum. The distal mechanism is dependent on cellular metabolism and is markedly decreased by metabolic inhibitors or in the absence of a metabolizable hexose. Cycloheximide, which inhibits protein biosynthesis, also blocks the active transport. Perfusion of jejunal and duodenal intestinal loops in situ in anesthetized rats provides evidence that endogenous Fe can be transferred to the lumen by a process otherthan shedding of mucosal cells. It is suggested that such transfer may occur via the active transport mechanism.
A 11.5–22GHz dual-resonance transformer-coupled quadrature VCO (2011)

A wide-tuning CMOS quadrature VCO (QVCO) is presented that uses a transformer-coupled resonator that enables quadrature coupling and facilitates alternative tuning methods including mutual inductance switching, magnetic tuning, and dual resonance mode switching besides the conventional capacitor tuning. The QVCO, fabricated in 130nm CMOS, can generate quadrature signals in the frequency range of 11.56-18.1 GHz and 18.9-22 GHz. The phase noise was measured -107dBc/Hz at 1MHz offset from 13.3GHz. The QVCO consumes 20-29mW and the output buffers consume 21mW from a 1.2V supply.
Screen door effect reduction using mechanical shifting for virtual reality displays (2020)

The Screen Door Effect (SDE) is a common complaint amongst users of Virtual Reality (VR) headsets. SDE is characterized by a mesh-like artifact, much like looking through a screen door, on an image due to the space between pixels having a large enough angular size to be resolved through the viewing optics. Current generation VR displays exhibit SDE, distracting the user and breaking immersion. There are solutions currently in use in commercial VR headsets that reduce SDE in the form of dispersive elements placed in front of the display that effectively blur images from the display. However, these solutions only reduce the SDE, and functionally the blur is equivalent to reducing the quality of the optical stack. A method of image enhancement is to "shake" the display using piezo actuators, effectively shifting the pixels to enhance the image. This method can increase the apparent size of the pixels, reducing the gaps between pixels and leading to a reduction of SDE. In this paper, we will explore the limits of SDE reduction using this pixel shifting method with a square pixel architecture on a 9.4 μm pixel pitch RGBW display, and how that generalizes to other display architectures. We will find how different stimuli change with screen door reduction, analyzing solid color, text, and natural scenes. We will also explore what parameters to use in order to minimize SDE, adding to the other benefits of this solution and generalizing the parameters to all displays.
Preparation of anti-idiotypic antibody against avian influenza virus subtype H9. (2005)

To generate monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibodies (mAb2) against avian influenza virus subtype H9 (H9 AIV), BALB/c mice were immunized with purified chicken anti-H9-AIV IgG and the splenocytes of immunized mice were fused with myeloma cells NS-1. Hybridoma cells were screened by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with both chicken and rabbit anti-H9-AIV IgG as coating antigens. One hybridoma cell clone secreting monoclonal antibody against idiotypes shared by both chicken and rabbit anti-H9-AIV IgG was established. Experiments demonstrated the mAb2 was able to inhibit the binding of hemagglutinin to anti-H9-AIV IgG and to induce chickens to generate hemagglutination inhibition antibodies, indicating this anti-species-sharing-idiotypic antibody bore the internal image of hemagglutinin on avian influenza virus.
Microcalorimeter and bolometer model (2003)

The standard nonequilibrium theory of noise in ideal bolometers and microcalorimeters fails to predict the performance of real devices due to additional effects that become important at low temperature. In this paper we extend the theory to include the most important of these effects and find that the performance of microcalorimeters operating at 60 mK can be quantitatively predicted. We give a simple method for doing the necessary calculations, borrowing the block diagram formalism from electronic control theory.