gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Deploying information agents on the web (2003)

The information resources on the Web are vast, but much of the Web is based on a browsing paradigm that requires someone to actively seek information. Instead, one would like to have information agents that continuously attend to one&apos;s personal information needs. Such agents need to be able to extract the relevant information from web sources, integrate data across sites, and execute efficiently in a networked environment. In this paper I describe the technologies we have developed to rapidly construct and deploy information agents on the Web. This includes wrapper learning to convert online sources into agent-friendly resources, query planning and record linkage to integrate data across different sites, and streaming dataflow execution to efficiently execute agent plans. I also describe how we applied this work within the Electric Elves project to deploy a set of agents for continuous monitoring of travel itineraries. 1
Supervised Transformer Network for Efficient Face Detection (2016)

Large pose variations remain to be a challenge that confronts real-word face detection. We propose a new cascaded Convolutional Neural Network, dubbed the name Supervised Transformer Network, to address this challenge. The first stage is a multi-task Region Proposal Network (RPN), which simultaneously predicts candidate face regions along with associated facial landmarks. The candidate regions are then warped by mapping the detected facial landmarks to their canonical positions to better normalize the face patterns. The second stage, which is a RCNN, then verifies if the warped candidate regions are valid faces or not. We conduct end-to-end learning of the cascaded network, including optimizing the canonical positions of the facial landmarks. This supervised learning of the transformations automatically selects the best scale to differentiate face/non-face patterns. By combining feature maps from both stages of the network, we achieve state-of-the-art detection accuracies on several public benchmarks. For real-time performance, we run the cascaded network only on regions of interests produced from a boosting cascade face detector. Our detector runs at 30 FPS on a single CPU core for a VGA-resolution image.
Elastic fibres in the vesicourethral junction and urethra of the guinea pig: quantification with computerised image analysis (1999)

Elastic fibres, which are intimately associated with collagen, a major component of the urethra, have been assumed to contribute to the resting urethral closure pressure. The Miller stain for elastin was used to demonstrate elastic fibres in cryostat sections of guinea pig bladder base, vesicourethral junction (VUJ) and urethra. Computerised image analysis was employed to objectively quantify these fibres. Both male and female guinea pigs showed significantly greater amounts of circularly disposed elastic fibres in the VUJ than in the other 2 regions examined. This particular disposition of fibres may be responsible for imparting resiliency and plasticity to the VUJ, allowing it to distend and recoil repeatedly in response to urine outflow. Furthermore, the elastic fibres may be partly responsible for the passive occlusive force in this region. Elastic fibres in the distal urethra were not quantified because of their relative paucity. Sagittal sections of the urethra revealed a mass of longitudinally arranged elastic fibres localised almost exclusively within the mucosa, submucosa and longitudinal smooth muscle layer. Functionally, this arrangement may exist to facilitate urethral length changes that occur in micturition.
Correlation of the molecular electrostatic potential surface of an enzymic transition state with novel transition-state inhibitors (1993)

The transition state stabilized by nucleoside hydrolase from Crithidia fasciculata is characterized by nearly complete glycosidic bond cleavage and oxycarbonium character in the ribosyl group [Horenstein, B. A., Parkin, D. W., Estupinan, B., & Schramm, V. L. (1991) Biochemistry 30, 10788-10795]. The electrostatic potential surface of the transition state provides detailed information which should be useful in the design of transition-state analogues [Horestein, B. A., & Schramm, V. L. (1993) Biochemistry 32, 7089-7097]. The electrostatic potential surface of inosine at the transition state contains a distributed positive charge resulting from the oxycarbonium ion character of the ribosyl ring. The ribosyl ring pucker is 3'-exo as a result of the near sp2 hybridization at Cl' of the ribose ring. A series of transition-state analogues have been synthesized which incorporate single or combined features of the transition state. Each feature of the transition state was analyzed for its contribution to binding energy. Kinetic inhibition constants correlate with the similarity of the inhibitor to the experimentally determined transition-state structure. Dissociation constants for the substrate and products of the reaction of inosine, hypoxanthine, and ribose are 380, 6200, and 700 microM, respectively. A transition-state analogue was synthesized which contains the required hydroxyl groups of the ribose ring, the positive charge feature of the oxycarbonium ion, and a hydrophobic mimic of the purine ring. The inhibitor 1(S)-phenyl-1,4-dideoxy-1,4-iminoribitol acts as a competitive inhibitor with respect to inosine with a dissociation constant of 0.17 microM. In addition, the inhibitor exhibits slow-onset inhibition which provides a final equilibrium dissociation constant of approximately 0.03 microM.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Distributed energy store (DES) railgun development (1986)

Over the past four years LTV Aerospace and Defense Company [LTVAD) has operated on a regular basis two high-energy electromagnetic (EM) railguns with over 200 shots, 100 firings since the last EM launcher technology symposium, making this to our knowledge the most productive launcher laboratory in the nation. The development work has focused on launcher efficiency, projectile compatibility, and barrel material life improvements. The 20 mm DES launcher has also become known as a workhorse for hypervelocity kinetic energy lethality experiments, operating in the velocity range of 2 to 6 km/sec. This paper describes the recent LTVAD EM Propulsion Laboratory developments and improvements with the DES launcher, power supply, controls, instrumentation, and ballistic range. Results on DES launcher efficiency optimization with factors greater than 2 over breech fed railguns are presented. Methods of tailoring the launch acceleration force and test results are discussed.
Coercivity Enhancement by Grain Boundary Diffusion Process to Nd-Fe-B Sintered Magnets (2006)

In this paper, changes in magnetic properties and microstructures of sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets that had undergone grain boundary diffusion will be discussed.
Task assignment in a distributed system (extended abstract) (1998)

We consider the problem of task assignment in a distributed system (such as a distributed Web server) in which task sizes are drawn from a heavy-tailed distribution. Many task assignment algorithms are based on the heuristic that balancing the load at the server hosts will result in optimal performance. We show this conventional wisdom is less true when the task size distribution is heavy-tailed (as is the case for Web file sizes). We introduce a new task assignment policy, called Size Interval Task Assignment with Variable Load (SITA-V). SITA-V purposely operates the server hosts at different loads, and directs smaller tasks to the lighter-loaded hosts. The result is that SITA-V provably decreases the mean task slowdown by significant factors (up to 1000 or more) where the more heavy-tailed the workload, the greater the improvement factor. We evaluate the tradeoff between improvement in slowdown and increase in waiting time in a system using SITA-V, and show conditions under which SITA-V represents a particularly appealing policy.
Metal artifact reduction algorithm for single energy and dual energy CT scans (2012)

We suggest an algorithm for metal artifact reduction (MAR) for both single energy and dual energy CT scans. The algorithm is based on a prevailing approach in CT metal artifact reduction. Measurements with a metal object are considered corrupted and completely unusable. The measurements are replaced by forward reprojection from a prior image. In this work we consider application to single energy and dual energy data. Both single energy and dual energy methods share a common MAR technique. Our method is applied to various metal implants and patients, and good metal artifact reduction is observed.
Decreased expression of the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor in poorly-differentiated carcinoma of the thyroid (2008)

Poorly-differentiated carcinomas (PDCs) occupy an intermediate position between differentiated (follicular and papillary) and undifferentiated carcinomas (UDCs) based on morphology and behavior. However, its definition remains unclear, especially in the differentiation of thyroid function. To characterize the hormonal differentiation of PDCs, in addition to the morphological definition, we immunohistochemically investigated the thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor (TSHR) and thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1) as regulators of thyroid hormonal function and differentiation. We comparatively studied their expression in 15 papillary carcinoma (PTC), 8 PDC and 8 UDC cases and further analyzed their correlation to proliferation activity as estimated by the MIB-1 index. All cases of PTC and PDC expressed the TSHR, whereas all cases of UDC did not. Notably, most of the PDCs showed more decreased and heterogeneous expression in the poorly-differentiated component than in the well-differentiated one within the same case. Examining the heterogeneous areas in PDC, we found an inverse relationship between TSHR expression and the MIB-1 index, that is, decreased TSHR expression was correlated to high proliferation. Unexpectedly, TTF-1 expression was observed in almost all of the PTC and PDC cases and in half of the UDC cases; therefore, it was not useful to distinguish PDC from PTC or UDC. In conclusion, we demonstrated that TSHR expression was decreased in PDCs despite conserved TTF-1 expression and that it correlated to the proliferative activity in PDCs.
Visual Impact of Zernike and Seidel Forms of Monochromatic Aberrations (2010)

The majority of the visual impact of high levels of fourth-order Zernike aberrations can be attributed to the second-order terms within these polynomials. Therefore, the impact of SA can be minimized by balancing it with a defocus term that flattens the central wavefront (paraxial focus) or maximizes the area of the pupil with a flat wavefront. Over this wide range of aberration types and levels, image quality metrics based on the Point Spread Function (PSF) and Optical Transfer Function (OTF) can predict VA as reliably as VA measures can predict retests of VA, and, thus, such metrics may become valuable predictors of both VA and, via optimization, refractions.
[Analysis of IgE reactivities of purified allergens from Candida albicans and Malassezia furfur among patients with atopic dermatitis]. (2002)

We analyzed the reactivities of a series of purified allergens from Candida albicans (C. albicans) and Malassezia furfur (M. furfur) with IgE antibodies in sera from patients with atopic dermatitis. We compared the specific IgE antibody levels to manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn SOD), cyclophilin, enolase, secretory aspartic protease (SAP 2) and type A mannan from C. albicans and Mn SOD, cyclophilin and Mal f 2 from M. furfur in 21 sera from patients with atopic dermatitis and 20 sera from patients with asthma without atopic dermatitis. The prevalence of IgE antibodies and the mean IgE antibody levels to all of the allergens tested were higher among patients with atopic dermatitis than among those with asthma without atopic dermatitis. More than 50% of patients with atopic dermatitis were IgE antibody-positive to Mn SOD, cyclophilin and type A mannan from C. albicans, and Mn SOD and cyclophilin from M. furfur. The availability of these purified allergens will facilitate studies on the contribution of fungal allergens to the development of atopic dermatitis.
Complete genome of a nonphotosynthetic cyanobacterium in a diatom reveals recent adaptations to an intracellular lifestyle (2014)

The evolution of mitochondria and plastids from bacterial endosymbionts were key events in the origin and diversification of eukaryotic cells. Although the ancient nature of these organelles makes it difficult to understand the earliest events that led to their establishment, the study of eukaryotic cells with recently evolved obligate endosymbiotic bacteria has the potential to provide important insight into the transformation of endosymbionts into organelles. Diatoms belonging to the family Rhopalodiaceae and their endosymbionts of cyanobacterial origin (i.e., "spheroid bodies") are emerging as a useful model system in this regard. The spheroid bodies, which appear to enable rhopalodiacean diatoms to use gaseous nitrogen, became established after the divergence of extant diatom families. Here we report what is, to our knowledge, the first complete genome sequence of a spheroid body, that of the rhopalodiacean diatom Epithemia turgida. The E. turgida spheroid body (EtSB) genome was found to possess a gene set for nitrogen fixation, as anticipated, but is reduced in size and gene repertoire compared with the genomes of their closest known free-living relatives. The presence of numerous pseudogenes in the EtSB genome suggests that genome reduction is ongoing. Most strikingly, our genomic data convincingly show that the EtSB has lost photosynthetic ability and is metabolically dependent on its host cell, unprecedented characteristics among cyanobacteria, and cyanobacterial symbionts. The diatom-spheroid body endosymbiosis is thus a unique system for investigating the processes underlying the integration of a bacterial endosymbiont into eukaryotic cells.
Object-driven Text-to-Image Synthesis via Adversarial Training (2019)

In this paper, we propose Object-driven Attentive Generative Adversarial Newtorks (Obj-GANs) that allow object-centered text-to-image synthesis for complex scenes. Following the two-step (layout-image) generation process, a novel object-driven attentive image generator is proposed to synthesize salient objects by paying attention to the most relevant words in the text description and the pre-generated semantic layout. In addition, a new Fast R-CNN based object-wise discriminator is proposed to provide rich object-wise discrimination signals on whether the synthesized object matches the text description and the pre-generated layout. The proposed Obj-GAN significantly outperforms the previous state of the art in various metrics on the large-scale COCO benchmark, increasing the Inception score by 27% and decreasing the FID score by 11%. A thorough comparison between the traditional grid attention and the new object-driven attention is provided through analyzing their mechanisms and visualizing their attention layers, showing insights of how the proposed model generates complex scenes in high quality.
Irreversible chromosome damage accumulates rapidly in the absence of ATM kinase activity (2008)

Mutations in the ATM kinase cause the neurodegenerative disorder ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) and affected individuals are exquisitely radiation-sensitive and cancer-prone. Cells derived from A-T individuals contain chromosome aberrations and exhibit profound cellular radiosensitivity. ATM is an apical kinase critical for the activation of cell cycle checkpoints and the induction of apoptosis in irradiated cells. However, defects in these pathways are insufficient to account for the chromosomal instability seen in A-T cells. We show here that the small molecule KU55933 can be used as a "molecular switch" to selectively and transiently inhibit ATM kinase activity in cells. We subsequently show that the cellular radiosensitization seen when ATM kinase activity is inhibited for one hour following exposure to gamma-rays, accounts for over 70% of the total cellular radiosensitization seen when ATM kinase activity is inhibited for 17 h. Finally, we show that inhibition of ATM kinase activity for one hour following exposure to irradiation doubles the number of chromosome aberrations occurring in late-S- and G(2)-, but not M-phase, cells. These observations are unexpected and suggest that irreversible chromosome damage accumulates very rapidly when ATM kinase activity is transiently inhibited following irradiation. We propose that we have revealed an essential, yet previously undescribed, role for ATM kinase in suppressing chromosomal instability.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING-GUIDED, HIGH-INTENSITY FOCUSED ULTRASOUND FOR BRAIN TUMOR THERAPY (2006)

In this first clinical report, MRIgFUS was demonstrated to be a potentially effective means of destroying tumor tissue by thermocoagulation, although with an associated morbidity and the inherent invasive nature of the procedure requiring creation of a bone window. A modified technology to allow MRIgFUS treatment through a closed cranium is being developed.
Electron Capture Dissociation of Gaseous Multiply-Charged Proteins Is Favored at Disulfide Bonds and Other Sites of High Hydrogen Atom Affinity (1999)

Disulfide bonds in gaseous multiply-protonated proteins are preferentially cleaved in the mass spectrometer by low-energy electrons, in sharp contrast to excitation of the ions by photons or low-energy collisions. For S−S cyclized proteins, capture of one electron can break both an S−S bond and a backbone bond in the same ring, or even both disulfide bonds holding two peptide chains together (e.g., insulin), enhancing the sequence information obtainable by tandem mass spectrometry on proteins in trace amounts. Electron capture at uncharged S−S is unlikely; cleavage appears to be due to the high S−S affinity for H• atoms, consistent with a similar favorability found for tryptophan residues. RRKM calculations indicate that H• capture dissociation of backbone bonds in multiply-charged proteins represents nonergodic behavior, as proposed for the original direct mechanism of electron capture dissociation.
Cone spectral sensitivities and color matching (1999)

The eye’s optics form an inverted image of the world on the dense layer of light-sensitive photoreceptors that carpet its rear surface. There, the photoreceptors transduce arriving photons into the temporal and spatial patterns of electrical signals that eventually lead to perception. Four types of photoreceptors initiate vision: The rods, more effective at low light levels, provide our nighttime or scotopic vision, while the three classes of cones, more effective at moderate to high light levels, provide our daytime or photopic vision. The three cone types, each with different spectral sensitivity, are the foundations of our trichromatic color vision. They are referred to as long-, middle-, and short-wavelength–sensitive (L, M, and S), according to the relative spectral positions of their peak sensitivities. The alternative nomenclature red, green, and blue (R, G, and B) has fallen into disfavor because the three cones are most sensitive in the yellow-green, green, and violet parts of the spectrum and because the color sensations of pure red, green, and blue depend on the activity of more than one cone type. A precise knowledge of the L-, M-, and S-cone spectral sensitivities is essential to the understanding and modeling of normal color vision and “reduced” forms of color vision, in which one or more of the cone types is missing. In this chapter, we consider the derivation of the cone spectral sensitivities from sensitivity measurements and from color matching data.
A Pyrazolate-Based Metalorganic Tantalum Precursor That Exhibits High Thermal Stability and Its Use in the Atomic Layer Deposition of Ta<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> (2007)

The atomic layer deposition (ALD) growth of Ta2O5 thin films was investigated using tert-butylimidotris(3,5-di-tert-butylpyrazolato)tantalum and ozone as precursors at deposition temperatures between 250 and 500 °C. The process provided uniform films and exhibited a large ALD window between 300 and 450 °C, in which a constant growth rate of 0.30 Å/cycle was observed. Surface-limited growth was confirmed at 325 °C, as evidenced by a constant growth rate with increasing precursor dose as delivered by longer pulse lengths. Furthermore, the thickness of films deposited at 325 °C varied linearly with the number of deposition cycles, which demonstrates good thickness control typical of ALD growth. The process provided stoichiometric Ta2O5 films with carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen levels of ≤ 1.0 ≤ 1.9 and ≤ 0.9 atom %, respectively, within the ALD temperature window as determined by time-of-flight elastic recoil detection analysis. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements were consistent with the presence of Ta(V) and a stoichiometry of Ta2O5, with impurity elements below detection limits. All films were amorphous as deposited as determined by X-ray diffraction.
The Electrochemistry of Some n‐Heptylviologen Salt Solutions (1977)

n‐heptylviologen dibromide, and other viologen derivatives, form insoluble, stable, adherent, and colored radical cation salts when reduced cathodically from aqueous solution. As a result, such compounds are under study as the basis for alphanumeric displays. The presence of bromide ion in these solutions results in a number of undesirable side effects which can be minimized, in part, by replacement of bromide with dihydrogenphosphate anions. During these experiments it was found that the anion and viologen concentrations determined the potential at which the n‐heptylviologen radical cation was formed and the adherence of the film. The metal substrate influenced the kinetics of side reactions, and the film adherence. The possibility of specific chemical interaction of with the radical cation is suggested by the data.
Region versus industry effects: volatility transmission (2005)

This paper has two main objectives. First, it analyses the relative importance of 
regional versus industrial effects, as opposed to country versus industrial effects, using a 
sample including the period after the bursting of the TMT bubble. Second, it analyses 
volatility transmission patterns within an industry across regions, in order to assess 
whether the same international linkages found in aggregate stock market indices exist at 
the industry level. The results confirm the overall dominance of regional effects over 
industry effects. In the volatility transmission analysis, the results are suggestive of 
spillovers, more or less important depending on the industry being analysed.
Fiber Optic Sensors for Detection of Corrosion within Aircraft (2005)

The cost of preventing and controlling corrosion in aging aircraft fleets is becoming a significant burden. Early detection of corrosion will reduce the maintenance required to repair the damage, which should result in increased aircraft availability and significant reduction in the cost of ownership. Fluorescent fiber optic sensors that detect aluminum cations from the early stages of the corrosion process are proposed as a means for providing early warning of corrosion in susceptible areas of an aging aircraft. This article will discuss the results for two different carriers of an aluminum-sensing fluorophore and some of the key technical issues that need to be resolved for the development of an effective fiber optic sensing system.