gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of hydrolysis and esterification behavior of <i>Humicola lanuginosa</i> and <i>Rhizomucor miehei</i> lipases in AOT‐stabilized water‐in‐oil microemulsions: I. Effect of pH and water content on reaction kinetics (1995)

Lipolase and Lipozyme are produced in large quantities (as a result of genetic engineering and overexpression) for the detergents market and provide a cheap source of highly active biocatalysts. Humicola lanuginosa lipase (HIL) and Rhizomucor miehei lipase (RmL) have been isolated in partially purified form from commercial preparations of Lipolase and Lipozyme, respectively. These lipases were solubilized in Aerosol-OT (AOT)-stabilized water-in-oil (w/o) microemulsions in n-heptane. HIL and RmL activity in these microemulsions was assayed by spectrophotometric measurement of the initial rate of p-nitophenyl butyrate hydrolysis, and by chromatographic determination of the initial rate of octyl decanoate synthesis from 1-octanol and decanoic acid. The hydrolytic activity of HIL in microemulsions measured as a function of buffer pH prior to dispersal, followed a sigmoidal profile with the highest activities observed at alkaline pHs. This broadly matches the pH-activity profile for tributyrin hydrolysis by Lipolase in an aqueous emulsion assay. The hydrolytic activity of RmL in the same microemulsions, measured as a function of pH, gave a bell-shaped profile with a maximum activity at pH 7.5. Again, the observed pH-activity profile was similar to that reported for a purified RmL in a tributyrin-based aqueous emulsion assay. In contrast, the esterification activity exhibited by both HIL and RmL in AOT microemulsions over the available range pH 6.1 to 10.4, decreases as the pH increases, most likely reflecting the effect of substrate ionization. The dependence of the hydrolytic and condensation activity of HIL on R, the mole ratio of water to surfactant, were similar with both profiles exhibiting a maximum at R = 5. The hydrolytic and esterification activities of RmL followed similar R-dependent profiles, but the profiles in this case exhibited a maximum at R = 10. The water activities at these R values were directly measured as 0.78 and 0.9, respectively. Measured water activities were unperturbed by the presence of lipase at the concentrations used in these studies.
Amelioration of high fructose-induced metabolic derangements by activation of PPARα (2002)

To elucidate molecular mechanisms of high fructose-induced metabolic derangements and the influence of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-alpha (PPARalpha) activation on them, we examined the expression of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 (SREBP-1) and PPARalpha as well as its nuclear activation and target gene expressions in the liver of high fructose-fed rats with or without treatment of fenofibrate. After 8-wk feeding of a diet high in fructose, the mRNA contents of PPARalpha protein and its activity and gene expressions of fatty acid oxidation enzymes were reduced. In contrast, the gene expressions of SREBP-1 and lipogenic enzymes in the liver were increased by high fructose feeding. Similar high fructose effects were also found in isolated hepatocytes exposed to 20 mM fructose in the media. The treatment of fenofibrate (30 mg.kg(-1).day(-1)) significantly improved high fructose-induced metabolic derangements such as insulin resistance, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and fat accumulation in the liver. Consistently, the decreased PPARalpha protein content, its activity, and its target gene expressions found in high fructose-fed rats were all improved by fenofibrate treatment. Furthermore, we also found that the copy number of mitochondrial DNA, the expressions of mitochondrial transcription factor A, ATPase-6 subunit, and uncoupling protein-3 were increased by fenofibrate treatment. These findings suggest that the metabolic syndrome in high fructose-fed rats is reversed by fenofibrate treatment, which is associated with the induction of enzyme expression related to beta-oxidation and the enhancement of mitochondrial gene expression.
Topic change and local perplexity in spoken legal dialogue (2002)

The notion of local perplexity of a corpus (over a range of language models) is examined. The local behaviour of perplexity (over several court transcripts) is also examined to determine if there is there any correspondence between local variations in perplexity and some event in the dialogue, such as topic change.
Millimeter and submillimeter-wave quasi-optical oscillator with multi-elements (1992)

Multielement oscillators with a quasi-optical resonator are reported. The resonator consists of a Fabry-Perot cavity with a grooved mirror (grating) and a concave mirror. It is possible to mount solid-state devices (Gunn diode, GaAs MESFET, etc.) in the grooved mirror. The oscillator has the capability for power-combining of solid-state sources in the millimeter- and submillimeter-wave regions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
부모와 친구의 애착이 청소년 지위비행에 미치는 영향 (2015)

The research purpose of this study demonstrates the Effect of Attachment which is the key variable of Social bond Theory on Juvenile Status Delinquency. The main research variables based on the previous studies and Social bond Theory are adopted to achieve the goal. In consideration of these variabl...
[Aerosol therapy in asthma]. (1989)

Today there is a general use of aerosols in the treatment of asthma. To understand their importance it is necessary to know the make-up of an aerosol, physical and chemical factors as well as anatomical factors that influence its deposition and clearance in the tracheo-bronchial tree. In the therapy of asthma, small, easy-to-handle and reliable inhalers are prescribed. Other methods of administering these drugs by inhalation are available: these include nebulisation of the active substance in a liquid form and inhalation of the drug in a powder form. Their efficacy and the rareness of side effects (owing to the fact of minimal systemic absorption) makes them the preferred form of treatment of crises as well as for basic treatment. Nevertheless, to obtain the best therapeutic results the inhalation technique of the aerosol should be correct and some practical improvements are envisaged to alleviate any disadvantages: mixing chambers, mouth pieces, etc. Several drugs are commercially available in aerosol form (beta-agonists, atropine-like drugs, corticosteroids and chromones) which have a place both in the treatment of crises and in the basic treatment of asthma.
Design and implementation of a 25-kVA three-phase PWM AC line conditioner (1994)

In this paper, an improved version of PWM AC line conditioners is proposed. As compared to previously reported structures, it uses fewer standard switch modules. This, in combination with less stringent gating requirements, improves the overall operating reliability of the system. In addition, it retains the same advantages of a regular force-commutated AC line conditioner, including sinusoidal input-output waveforms, fast dynamic response, and small input-output filters. The operating principle of the proposed structure is discussed, and the voltage feedback loop design is analyzed. Results from a 25 kVA experimental setup are provided for verification.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Identification and Structural Ramifications of a Hinge Domain in Apolipoprotein A-I Discoidal High-density Lipoproteins of Different Size (2004)

Apolipoprotein (apo) A-I is the major protein constituent of human high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and is likely responsible for many of its anti-atherogenic properties. Since distinct HDL size subspecies may play different roles in interactions critical for these properties, a key question concerns how apoA-I can adjust its conformation in response to changes in HDL particle size. A prominent hypothesis states that apoA-I contains a flexible "hinge domain" that can associate/dissociate from the lipoprotein as its diameter fluctuates. Although flexible domains clearly exist within HDL-bound apoA-I, this hypothesis has not been directly tested by assessing the ability of such domains to modulate their contacts with the lipid surface. In this work, discoidal HDL particles of different size were reconstituted with a series of human apoA-I mutants containing a single reporter tryptophan residue within each of its 22 amino acid amphipathic helical repeats. The particles also contained nitroxide spin labels, potent quenchers of tryptophan fluorescence, attached to the phospholipid acyl chains. We then measured the relative exposure of each tryptophan probe with increasing quencher concentrations. We found that, although there were modest structural changes across much of apoA-I, only helices 5, 6, and 7 exhibited significant differences in terms of exposure to lipid between large (96 A) and small (78 A) HDL particles. From these results, we present a model for a putative hinge domain in the context of recent "belt" and "hairpin" models of apoA-I structure in discoidal HDL particles.
Some aspects of anionic .sigma.-complexes (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleSome aspects of anionic .sigma.-complexesG. A. Artamkina, M. P. Egorov, and I. P. BeletskayaCite this: Chem. Rev. 1982, 82, 4, 427–459Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr00050a004https://doi.org/10.1021/cr00050a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1205Altmetric-Citations171LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Opposition-Based Reinforcement Learning (2006)

Reinforcement learning is a machine intelligence scheme for learning in highly dynamic, probabilistic environments. By interaction with the environment, reinforcement agents learn optimal control policies, especially in the absence of a priori knowledge and/or a sufficiently large amount of training data. Despite its advantages, however, reinforcement learning suffers from a major drawback - high calculation cost because convergence to an optimal solution usually requires that all states be visited frequently to ensure that policy is reliable. This is not always possible, however, due to the complex, high-dimensional state space in many applications. This paper introduces opposition-based reinforcement learning, inspired by opposition-based learning, to speed up convergence. Considering opposite actions simultaneously enables individual states to be updated more than once shortening exploration and expediting convergence. Three versions of Q-learning algorithm will be given as examples. Experimental results for the grid world problem of different sizes demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed approach.
Neural Speed Reading via Skim-RNN (2017)

Inspired by the principles of speed reading, we introduce Skim-RNN, a recurrent neural network (RNN) that dynamically decides to update only a small fraction of the hidden state for relatively unimportant input tokens. Skim-RNN gives computational advantage over an RNN that always updates the entire hidden state. Skim-RNN uses the same input and output interfaces as a standard RNN and can be easily used instead of RNNs in existing models. In our experiments, we show that Skim-RNN can achieve significantly reduced computational cost without losing accuracy compared to standard RNNs across five different natural language tasks. In addition, we demonstrate that the trade-off between accuracy and speed of Skim-RNN can be dynamically controlled during inference time in a stable manner. Our analysis also shows that Skim-RNN running on a single CPU offers lower latency compared to standard RNNs on GPUs.
<sup>1</sup>H MR Spectroscopy of the Brain: Absolute Quantification of Metabolites (2006)

Hydrogen 1 (1H) magnetic resonance (MR) spectroscopy enables noninvasive in vivo quantification of metabolite concentrations in the brain. Currently, metabolite concentrations are most often presented as ratios (eg, relative to creatine) rather than as absolute concentrations. Despite the success of this approach, it has recently been suggested that relative quantification may introduce substantial errors and can lead to misinterpretation of spectral data and to erroneous metabolite values. The present review discusses relevant methods to obtain absolute metabolite concentrations with a clinical MR system by using single-voxel spectroscopy or chemical shift imaging. Important methodological aspects in an absolute quantification strategy are addressed, including radiofrequency coil properties, calibration procedures, spectral fitting methods, cerebrospinal fluid content correction, macromolecule suppression, and spectral editing. Techniques to obtain absolute concentrations are now available and can be successfully applied in clinical practice. Although the present review is focused on 1H MR spectroscopy of the brain, a large part of the methodology described can be applied to other tissues as well.
Experimental Validation of a Prognostic Health Management System for Electro-Mechanical Actuators (2011)

Electro-Mechanical Actuators (EMA) are gaining prominent roles in the next generation fly-by-wire aircraft and spacecraft. With these roles often being safety-critical (control surface or landing gear actuation, for instance), the key to faster adoption of EMA in aerospace applications is development of accurate and reliable prognostic health management (PHM) systems that not only detect and identify faults, but also predict how the identified they affect the remaining useful life (RUL) of both the faulty component and the actuator as a whole. Such information can be invaluable to pilots, controllers, and maintenance personnel in assessing how to complete or re-plan the desired mission with a sufficient safety margin. A team consisting of members of NASA Ames Diagnostic & Prognostic Group has developed a prototype PHM system for EMA that provides coverage for a number of faults modes typical to this type of actuators. The diagnostic portion of the system is implemented using a hybrid approach which utilizes both qualitative (bond graph, model-based) and quantitative (data-driven) reasoners to achieve low false positive and false negative detection rates and a high accuracy of diagnostic output. Once a fault has been diagnosed, the prognostic component, which is implemented using Gaussian Process Regression (GPR) principles, estimates the RUL of the component that is faulted. Experiments were conducted both in laboratory and flight conditions to validate the PHM system using an innovative Flyable Electromechanical Actuator (FLEA) test stand. The test stand allows experimental actuators to be subjected to environmental and operating conditions similar to what actuators on the host aircraft are experiencing, while providing researchers with the capability to safely inject and monitor propagation of various fault modes. Prognostic run-to-failure experiments were done in laboratory conditions on ballscrew jam and motor winding short faults. Flight experiments (albeit not run-to-failure) were conducted in collaboration with the US Army on UH-60 Blackhawk helicopters. The paper describes these experiments in detail and presents the results obtained from the PHM system with regard to the estimation of the RUL of the actuator.
Electron-Accepting Conjugated Materials Based on 2-Vinyl-4,5-dicyanoimidazoles for Application in Organic Electronics (2009)

We report the Heck coupling of 2-vinyl-4,5-dicyanoimidazole (vinazene) with selected di- and trihalo aromatics in an effort to prepare linear and branched electron-accepting conjugated materials for application in organic electronics. By selecting the suitable halo-aromatic moiety, it is possible to tune the HOMO-LUMO energy levels, absorption, and emission properties for a specific application. In this regard, materials with strong photoluminescence from blue --> green --> red are reported that may have potential application in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Furthermore, derivatives with strong absorption in the visible spectrum, coupled with favorable HOMO-LUMO levels, have been used to prepare promising organic photovoltaic devices (OPVs) when combined with commercially available semiconducting donor polymers.
The Effects of Surface Chemical Interactions on the Properties of Filler-Reinforced Rubbers (1975)

Abstract 1. Heat treatment of carbon black-rubber mixtures is a method of “in process” polymer grafting which gives a definite improvement in the dynamic properties of vulcanizates. 2. The heat treatment process can be more effective if chemical promoters are used. These chemical promoters function as coupling agents between filler surface and rubber. 3. With very unreactive butyl rubber an effective interaction is produced both by the addition of chemical promoters and by the use of specially active surface-modified carbon black. 4. In normal unsaturated rubbers, surface modifications of carbon black with a wide variety of groups has shown only minimal effects on rubber-reinforcing ability. Halogenated blacks have a pronounced effect on vulcanization kinetics, giving cured vulcanizates of high crosslink density. 5. Carbon black surfaces can be deactivated by calcining at high temperatures. The loss of surface-bound hydrogen may not account for this loss in surface activity. 6. Grafting of polymers to the surface of carbon black is a new method for surface deactivation. 7. Activation of carbon black surfaces by polymer grafting or other types of surface modification has not as yet been demonstrated for normal hydrocarbon rubbers.
Pulse-width stabilization of a synchronously pumped mode-locked dye laser (1980)

Using an analog feedback loop acting on the mode-locker frequency of a synchronously pumped mode-locked dye laser, we have observed a substantial decrease of pulse-width variations at frequencies up to 10 kHz at the cost of an increase in higher-frequency noise. A digital loop acting on the cavity length decreased noise at low frequencies. Using these methods, we have generated reproducible and stabilized frequency-tunable subpicosecond pulses, and have determined the effects of noise in the mode-locking frequency of the pumping Ar+ laser and drift in the cavity length of the dye laser.
Investigating the Effects of Random Balloon Pulsation on Gas Exchange in a Respiratory Assist Catheter (2006)

We are developing an intravenous respiratory assist catheter, which uses hollow-fiber membranes wrapped around a pulsating balloon that increases oxygenation and CO2 removal with increased balloon pulsation. Our current pulsation system operates with a constant rate of pulsation and delivered balloon volume. This study examined the hypothesis that random balloon pulsation would disrupt fluid entrainment within the fiber bundle and increase our overall gas exchange. We implemented two different modes for random (rates and delivered volume) versus constant pulsation. The impact on gas exchange was measured in a 3 l/min water flow loop at 37 degrees C. CO2 gas exchange for randomized beat rate mode was comparable to its corresponding average constant pulsation (e.g., constant 286 beats/min versus randomized 200-400 beats/min was 299.5+/-0.9 and 302.2+/-1.4 ml/min/m, respectively). Random volume mode CO2 exchange was also comparable to constant delivered balloon volume (100% inflation and deflation) (e.g., 294.3+/-0.6 and 301.1+/-1.7 ml/min/m, random 50-100% inflation and constant, respectively). Greater active mixing was seen with constant pulsation as compared with randomly changing the parameters of balloon pulsation.
Measurements of bone-conducted impulse noise from weapons using a head simulator (2012)

High-intensity impulse sounds are generally considered to be more damaging than continuous sounds, so understanding the attenuation performance of hearing protection devices against impulse noise is key to providing adequate protection for exposed persons. The maximum attenuation of hearing protection devices is limited by bone-conducted sound. Weapon fire noise in the form of short duration impulses can reach peak levels of 170 dB SPL at the shooter’s ear, a sound level for which maximum hearing protection is recommended and for which bone-conducted sound will be a significant factor. However, current acoustic test fixtures do not capture the bone-conducted sound paths. In this study, an anatomically correct head simulator built specifically to measure bone-conducted sound was used to evaluate the effects of impulse noise generated by hand guns and rifles at several peak sound pressure levels ranging between 120 dB SPL and 170 dB SPL. Time histories of the acceleration of the temporal bones and the sound pressure transmitted into the cranial cavity were recorded. Results investigating the linearity of the bone-conducted response to impulse noise at high peak levels and the effects of hearing protection on the sound level and vibrations inside the head are presented.
Treatment of dysmenorrhea. (1982)

ABSTRACT To the Editor.— In her letter (1981; 246:2576), Penny W. Budoff, MD, fails to grasp or at least make clear several fundamental points in the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (NSAI) drugs in the treatment of primary dysmenorrhea.Dr Budoff seems to lump all NSAI drugs together as if they were somehow generically equivalent to each other. The chemical idiosyncrasy that she invokes to explain differing degrees of action represents only the difference between drugs derived from different sources (proprionic acid derivatives and anthranilic acid derivatives) with differing mechanisms of action (prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors and synthetasereceptor site blockers). By understanding the pharmacology of these drugs, a drug with specific reactions may be selected to match the specific needs of the patient.A second, more fundamental oversight occurs when Dr Budoff assumes that resistance or treatment failure represents an inconvenience requiring little more than generic substitution. Drugs of the NSAI group are
Synthesis and Characterization of Pulse Co-Electrodeposited Nickel/Ceria Nanocomposites (2010)

Nanocrystalline nickel matrix composites reinforced with the nanosized ceria particles have been synthesized by cathodic pulsed electrodeposition. The reinforcement is synthesized by the high energy ball milling (HEBM) technique. Both the reinforcement and composites have been characterized by XRD, TEM and SEM coupled with EDS. The microhardness of the composites containing different volume fractions of ceria have been evaluated and compared with that of pure nanocrystalline nickel deposited under the same conditions. The results show that the hardness of the composite is significantly higher than that of the nanocrystalline pure nickel.