gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Architectural Principles for Secure Streaming & Secure Adaptation in the Developing Scalable Video Coding (SVC) Standard (2006)

Scalable video coding has long been known to provide important functionalities such as low-complexity adaptation for diverse clients with different resources and for delivery over heterogeneous networks with time-varying available bandwidths. Recent advancements in scalable video coding have significantly improved the achievable compression performance, and the scalable video coding (SVC) standard is currently under intense development. An additional capability of scalable coding, which we believe has received less attention than it deserves, is the possibility with careful cross-layer design to support secure adaptive streaming at an untrustworthy sender and secure adaptation at an untrustworthy mid-network node. Building on the secure scalable streaming framework for video, and its realization within the JPEG-2000 security (JPSEC) standard, we describe the architectural principles and design details necessary so that SVC can also enable secure adaptive streaming at a sender and secure R-D optimized adaptation at an untrustworthy mid-network node.
Reviving instruction set randomization (2017)

Instruction set randomization (ISR) was proposed early in the last decade as a countermeasure against code injection attacks. However, it is considered to have lost its relevance; with the pervasiveness of code-reuse techniques in modern attacks, code injection no longer remains a foundational component in contemporary exploits. This paper revisits the relevance of ISR in the current security landscape. We show that prior ISR schemes are ineffective against code injection, but can be made effective against code-reuse attacks, and even counter state-of-the-art variants, such as “just-in-time” ROP (JIT-ROP). Yet, certain key architectural features are necessary for enabling these capabilities. We implement a new ISR system, namely Polyglot, on a SPARC32-based Leon3 FPGA that runs Linux. We show that our system incurs a low performance overhead (4.6% on a subset of SPEC CINT2006) and defends against real-world (JIT-)ROP exploits, while still supporting critical features like page sharing. Polyglot is also the first ISR implementation to be applicable to the entire software stack: from the bootloader to user applications.
Studies on enzyme action. XI.-Hydrolysis of raffinose by acids and enzymes (1908)

Abstract In a previous communication of this series (vol. 74, p. 191), it is pointed out that the various glucosides are hydrolysed by acids at very different rates, the relative values being approximately of the order shown in the following table:- α-Methylglucoside....100 β-Methylglucoside....180 α-Methylglucoside....540 β-Methylglucoside....880 Salicin (a β-glucoside)....600 Milk-sugar (α β-galactoside)....720 Maltose (an α-glucoside)....740 Cane-sugar, it is to be remembered, is hydrolysed at a rate vastly more rapid-at least 1000 times as rapidly as maltose, in fact. These differences, taking into account the peculiar specific behaviour of enzymes as hydrolytic agents, raise questions of interest from the chemical side and they are of no slight significance perhaps also from a biological point of view.
Epidermal growth factor receptor (2012)

A combination of preclinical and clinical studies at the molecular level has provided new insights that will allow refining strategies for targeting the EGFR pathway in glioblastoma.
Thermal degradation behaviors and flame retardancy of PC/ABS with novel silicon‐containing flame retardant (2007)

Abstract A novel flame retardant (DVN) containing silicon, phosphorus, and nitrogen has been synthesized from the reaction of 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide (DOPO), vinylmethyldimethoxy silane (VMDMS) and N ‐β‐(aminoethyl)‐γ‐aminopropyle methyl dimethoxy silane (NMDMS), then incorporated into polycarbonate/acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (PC/ABS) alloy. The flame retardancy of PC/ABS/DVN is evaluated by cone calorimeter and limited oxygen index (LOI) and the thermal degradation behavior is investigated by thermogravimetric analysis under nitrogen and air. The PC/ABS/DVN sample was thermally degraded at 400°C for different amounts of time and studied by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to better understand the mechanism of flame retardancy. The results show that the thermal stability and flame retardancy of PC/ABS are improved by incorporation of DVN. Scanning electric microscopy results show that the outer surface of the char layer of PC/ABS/DVN after the LOI test is smooth and the internal structure is like swollen cells, which benefits the flame retardancy of PC/ABS. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low-noise broadband light generation from optical fibers for use in high-resolution optical coherence tomography (2005)

Broadband light generation from a single-mode optical fiber was developed for high-resolution optical coherence tomography (OCT). No noise amplification was observed for light broadened by self-phase modulation. The investigation showed that the intensity noise of light broadened by self-phase modulation in a single-mode optical fiber was much lower than that of continuum light from a microstructure fiber (MSF). The spectral width of a femtosecond input laser pulse was successfully broadened by a factor of 11, and a coherence length of 3.7 microm was achieved with this source. The application of light broadened by a single-mode optical fiber and MSF was compared for use in OCT imaging. The results showed that a single-mode fiber with a small core diameter is a useful way to generate low-noise, broadband light for high-resolution OCT imaging.
<title>Electronic capture and display of full-parallax 3D images</title> (1995)

Integral Imaging is a method of recording full parallax 3D images which may offer an alternative to stereoscopic techniques, such as multi-view systems, for domestic 3D-TV. Previous understanding of integral images indicates that the required recording and display resolution is in excess of that available in current electronic imaging systems. This, in conjunction with the difficulty of manufacturing high quality micro-optical arrays has precluded wide spread research into integral imaging. An advanced form of Integral Image generation which has been previously described is re-examined with respect to new experimental evidence, which suggests that resolution requirements are far less stringent than currently believed. An outline of a possible integral-3DTV system is given. The novel application of existing compression schemes is described, which shows that the bandwidth requirements for Integral 3DTV are the same as for HDTV.
Using Fine-Grained Skill Models to Fit Student Performance with Bayesian Networks (2010)

The ASSISTment online tutoring system was used by over 600 students during the school year 2004-2005. Each student used the system as part of their math classes 1-2 times a month, doing on average over 100+ state-test items, and getting tutored on the ones they got incorrect. The ASSISTment system has 4 different skill models, each at different grain-size involving 1, 5, 39 or 106 skills. Our goal in the paper is to develop a model that will predict whether a student will get correct a given item. We compared the performance of these models on their ability to predict a student state test score, after the state test was tagged with skills for the 4 models. The best fitting model was the 39 skill model, suggesting that using finer-grained skills models is useful to a point. This result is pretty much the same as that which was achieved by Feng, Heffernan, Mani, & Heffernan (in press), who were working simultaneously, but using mized-effect models instead of Bayes networks. We discuss reasons why the finest-grained model might not have been able to predict the data the best. Implications for large scale testing are discussed.
A Peek at Antibiotic Development Strategies in University Settings (2012)

Microbial genomics as a strategy for developing antimicrobial drugs “failed to deliver” in part because “we don't understand the biology,” says Eric Brown of McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. His strategy to overcome that impasse involves using antibiotics to “probe biology” and thus learn more about “essential functions” of microbes en route, perhaps, to novel or improved antimicrobials. He spoke during the symposium, “A New World of Academic Antimicrobial Discovery,” part of the Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (ICAAC), held in Chicago, Ill., last September.
Molecular cloning and nucleotide sequence of the beta-lytic protease gene from Achromobacter lyticus (1990)

Two bacteriolytic enzymes secreted by Achromobacter lyticus M497-1 were purified and identified as being very similar (considering their amino acid composition and N-terminal sequence) to alpha- and beta-lytic proteases from Lysobacter enzymogenes. A 1.8-kb EcoRI fragment containing the structural gene for beta-lytic protease was cloned from A. lyticus chromosomal DNA. The protein sequence deduced from the nucleotide sequence was identical to the known sequence of beta-lytic protease, except for six residues. The nucleotide sequence revealed that the mature enzyme is composed of 179 amino acid residues with an additional 195 amino acids at the amino-terminal end of the enzyme, which includes the signal peptide, thus indicating that the enzyme is synthesized as a precursor protein.
Multi‐Agent Planning in the Presence of Multiple Goals (2006)

for a 01 ¢ ' ¥ contains the states covered by precomponent ¢ .Consider an arbitrary subset ¥ © .Assume that there were iterations of the repeat loop in the last call to PRUNEUNFAIR when computing precomponent ¢ .We can then subpartition ¥
Frequent loss of expression or aberrant alternative splicing of P2XM, a p53-inducible gene, in soft-tissue tumours (1999)

We investigated expression of a human p53-inducible gene, P2XM, a member of the P2X-receptor family of ATP-gated ion channels, in 56 human primary soft-tissue tumours including 47 sarcomas and nine benign tumors. Among the 47 sarcomas examined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, 12 had lost expression of this gene and 22 revealed altered splicing patterns; among the nine benign tumours, four showed no expression of P2XM and three revealed aberrant splicing patterns involving transmembrane domains M1 and/or M2. As the aberrant transcripts lacked either or both of those domains, the protein products probably lacked normal function. We also looked for p53 mutations and mdm2 overexpression in the same panel of tumours and found them in 13 tumours, all but three of which had shown altered expression of P2XM. However, 31 (72%) of the 43 tumours that carried wild-type p53 without mdm2 overexpression had revealed aberrant P2XM expression. Our results suggest that disorder of P2XM expression may play a crucial role in the genesis of benign and malignant tumours in soft tissues, and that one or more genetic factors other than p53 or mdm2 contribute significantly to aberrant P2XM expression.
A multi-resolution data structure for two-dimensional Morse-Smale functions (2004)

We combine topological and geometric methods to construct a multi-resolution data structure for functions over two-dimensional domains. Starting with the Morse-Smale complex, we construct a topological hierarchy by progressively canceling critical points in pairs. Concurrently, we create a geometric hierarchy by adapting the geometry to the changes in topology. The data structure supports mesh traversal operations similarly to traditional multi-resolution representations.
Piezoresistive response of epoxy composites with carbon nanoparticles under tensile load (2009)

In this paper, electrically conductive epoxy based nanocomposites based on multiwall carbon nanotubes and carbon black were investigated concerning their potential for strain sensing applications with electrical conductivity methods. This paper aims to investigate the electromechanical response of the nanocomposite matrices subjected to mechanical load. It was found that the nanocomposites exhibit a distinct resistance vs strain behavior in the regime of elastic deformation, which is in good agreement with prevalent theories about charge carrier transport mechanisms in isolator/conductor composites. Applying an analytical model, it could be shown that the piezoresistivity of nanocomposites may contribute valuable information about the conductive network structure and charge carrier transport mechanisms occurring in the nanocomposites.
Expression, Purification, and Characterization of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> Mycothione Reductase (1999)

Mycothione reductase from the human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis has been cloned, expressed in Mycobacterium smegmatis, and purified 145-fold to homogeneity in 43% yield. Amino acid sequence alignment of mycothione reductase with the functionally homologous glutathione and trypanothione reductase indicates conservation of the catalytically important redox-active disulfide, histidine-glutamate ion pair, and regions involved in binding both the FAD cofactor and the substrate NADPH. The homogeneous 50 kDa subunit enzyme exists as a homodimer and is NADPH-dependent and highly specific for the structurally unique low-molecular mass disulfide, mycothione, exhibiting Michaelis constants of 8 and 73 microM for NADPH and mycothione, respectively. HPLC analysis indicated the presence of 1 mol of bound FAD per monomer as the cofactor exhibiting an absorption spectrum with a lambda(max) at 462 nm with an extinction coefficient of 11 300 M(-)(1) cm(-)(1). The reductive titration of the enzyme with NADH indicates the presence of a charge-transfer complex of one of the presumptive catalytic thiolates and FAD absorbing at ca. 530 nm. Reaction with serially truncated mycothione and other disulfides and pyridine nucleotide analogues indicates a strict minimal disulfide substrate requirement for the glucosamine moiety of mycothione. The enzyme exhibits bi-bi ping-pong kinetics with both disulfide and quinone substrates. Transhydrogenase activity is observed using NADH and thio-NADP(+), confirming the kinetic mechanism. We suggest mycothione reductase as the newest member of the class I flavoprotein disulfide reductase family of oxidoreductases.
Early onset of electrical activity in developing neurons cultured on carbon nanotube immobilized microelectrodes (2009)

In this study, we test the hypothesis that increased surface roughness due to carbon nanotubes (CNTs) enhances neuronal adhesion and consequently electrical excitability of single neurons. Neurons are grown on CNT modified microelectrode arrays (MEAs). Multi-unit activity was seen as early as 4 days after seeding compared to 7 days in control cultures on microelectrodes without CNTs. The results overall, show earlier onset and higher level of electrical activity in neurons seeded on CNT modified MEAs compared to non-modified control MEAs. We conclude that CNTs on microelectrodes enhance electrical excitability of single neurons in culture.
Electrooptic phase sensitive confocal scanning optical microscope (1988)

Confocal scanning optical microscopes (CSOMs) have two advantages over conventional microscopes: (1) improved transverse resolution, imaging twice the spatial frequencies of conventional microscopes; (2) a shallow depth of focus making them ideal for optical sectioning because there is no glare from out-of-focus portions of the sample.1 Optical microscopy can become a still more sensitive tool for diagnostics if some method of imaging phase information is available. In conventional microscopes this is most widely accomplished with Zernike phase contrast systems or Nomarski DIG techniques. In CSOMs heterodyne interference techniques have been used.2 We have developed an electrooptic cell, which when placed in a conventional CSOM converts it to a Zernike-type phase sensitive CSOM.
Pore pressure prediction using well-conditioned seismic velocities (2006)

Abnormal pore pressures are encountered worldwide, often resulting in drilling problems such as borehole instability, stuck pipe, lost circulation, kicks, and blow-outs (Dutta, 1997). To optimize the choice of casing and mud weight while drilling abnormally pressured formations, a pre-drill prediction of pore pressure is required. A pre-drill estimate of pore pressure can be obtained from seismic velocities using a velocity to pore pressure transform calibrated from offset well data. However, velocities obtained from processing seismic reflection data often lack the spatial resolution needed for accurate pore pressure prediction, due to assumptions such as layered media and hyperbolic moveout. In addition, the uncertainty in velocity is often not quantified. In this example from the Gulf of Mexico, seismic velocities obtained using reflection tomography are combined with well data to produce a refined velocity field that honours the available well information. The refined velocity field is then used to predict pore pressure.
CeO2 nanoparticles/graphene nanocomposite-based high performance supercapacitor (2011)

CeO(2) nanoparticles/graphene nanocomposite is fabricated by depositing CeO(2) nanoparticles onto three-dimensional graphene material and its supercapacitor performance is further investigated. The nanocomposite shows a high specific capacitance and power density, demonstrating a strong synergistic effect possibly contributed from improved conductivity of CeO(2) and better utilization of graphene.
Enhancement of Immune Response in Mice Fed with Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus acidophilus (1987)

Swiss mice, fed for 8 consecutive d with 50 micrograms/d of viable cultures of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Streptococcus thermophilus, showed significant variation in their immune system. In order to study this phenomenon assays for macrophage and lymphocyte function were carried out. Both lactic acid bacteria enhanced significantly the enzymatic and phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages as checked against the controls and also accelerated the phagocytic function of the reticuloendothelial system as revealed by the carbon clearance test. On the 2nd d (100 micrograms), L. acidophilus reached a peak of K = .271, which remained high. Streptococcus thermophilus was effective only on the 2nd d and then decreased. The lymphocytic activity studied by immunoglobulin secreting cells was assayed by Jerne's method of plaque-forming cells (PFC). This activity also was increased by the two microorganisms. Streptococcus thermophilus proved more effective than L. acidophilus. Lactobacillus acidophilus and S. thermophilus activated macrophages and lymphocytes and produced the same increase in the immune response of mice whether administered orally or intraperitoneally.
Short-pulse, coherent Doppler Nd:YAG lidar (1991)

A short pulse (8 ns) coherent Nd:YAG lidar at 1.06 im has been developed for 1 m range-resolved lidar measurements of high velocity (>1 km/s) aerosol or distributed targets with a Doppler shift bandwidth of up to 1 GHz. This system, which also permitted simultaneous heterodyne and direct detection, has been utilized to make, for the first time, an experimental comparison of the average carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR), signal-to-noise ratio, and standard deviation of the lidar return signals from hard targets. Nearly equal CNRs were measured with heterodyne and direct detection at a relatively short range of 450 m near the ground due to the wide electrical bandwidth (1 GHz) ofthe system. The experimental results were in good agreement with theoretical predictions that included the effects of atmospheric turbulence, and indicate the importance of atmospheric turbulence in the optimal design of a coherent lidar receiver at 1 m.
Activation of diffuse discontinuities and folding of sedimentary layers (2003)

Folding of sedimentary layers is often accommodated by the opening or sliding of inherited and new discontinuities which are assumed here to be diffuse so that a continuum description applies at the fold scale. The rock rheology is then described with an elastoplasticity model for which the permanent deformation is of simple shear (sliding) or dilation (opening) with respect to specific orientations of the new or inherited diffuse discontinuities. To illustrate the relation between folding and activation of diffuse discontinuities, a three‐dimensional layer under compression in the two horizontal directions and sustaining the overburden lithostatic pressure is studied. Cylindrical buckling occurs either before (elastic) or after the diffuse discontinuities have been activated. If buckling is elastic, inherited vertical discontinuities, striking obliquely to the fold geometrical axes, are activated in a sliding mode in the outer arc, leading to a rotation of the principal stress directions. Opening is then detected across new vertical planes striking obliquely to the fold axis. The activation of inherited or new vertical discontinuities can be suppressed if sliding takes place along weak bedding interfaces. Alternatively, early and homogeneous layer‐parallel shortening, marked by a reverse fault mode, drastically reduces the critical buckling load compared to the Euler load and modifies the final geometry of buckling which is then more of a circular dome shape. The switching in buckling mode results in the fold limbs in a change from the early reverse fault to a strike‐slip fault sliding and to opening across diffuse planes oriented consistently with the final circular structure.
Synthesis of a Homostatine-Containing Renin Inhibitor Which Incorporates a Sulfonemethylene Isostere at Its <i>N</i>-Terminus (1990)

Abstract A homostatine analogue, (2RS,4S,5S)N-isobutyl-5-amino-2-ethyl-4-hydroxy-7-methyloctanamide, was synthesized starting from natural statine. The modified Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons reaction of (4S,5R)-3-benzyloxycarbonyl-5-formyl-4-isobutyl-2,2-dimethyloxazolidine is a key reaction for the synthesis of a homostatine analogue. Stereoselective and stereospecific syntheses of a N-terminal precursor, N-[(2R)-3-hydroxy-2-(1-naphthylmethyl)propionyl]-l-norleucine t-butyl ester and a total synthesis of a highly active renin inhibitor, (2RS,4S,5S)-N-isobutyl-5-[[N-[(2S)-2-(1-naphthylmethyl)-3-(2-pyrimidinylsulfonyl)propionyl]-l-norleucyl]amino]-2-ethyl-4-hydroxy-7-methyloctanamide are described.
Geometric Optimization Methods for Adaptive Filtering (2013)

The techniques and analysis presented in this thesis provide new methods to solve optimization problems posed on Riemannian manifolds. These methods are applied to the subspace tracking problem found in adaptive signal processing and adaptive control. A new point of view is offered for the constrained optimization problem. Some classical optimization techniques on Euclidean space are generalized to Riemannian manifolds. Several algorithms are presented and their convergence properties are analyzed employing the Riemannian structure of the manifold. Specifically, two new algorithms, which can be thought of as Newton's method and the conjugate gradient method on Riemannian manifolds, are presented and shown to possess quadratic and superlinear convergence, respectively. These methods are applied to several eigenvalue and singular value problems, which are posed as constrained optimization problems. ...