gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesen stickstoffhaltiger Heterocyclen, XXXV. Über einige Reaktionen von Hydroximsäurechloriden (1966)

Abstract Hydroximsäurechloride liefern mit Glycin‐äthylester Amidoxime und mit Anthranilsäure‐methylester N ‐Hydroxy‐chinazoline. Aus dem Chloroximinoessigester entsteht mit 2‐Aminopyridin ein Imidazo[1.2‐ a ]pyridin. Hydroximsäurechloride bilden mit Dithiocarbazinsäure‐methylester 2‐substituierte Amino‐5‐methylmercapto‐1.3.4‐thiadiazole, mit Thiocarbohydrazid und Thiosemicarbazid Dithiocarbamoyl‐Derivate. Benzhydrazoxim reagiert mit Schwefelkohlenstoff zu einem 1.3.4‐Thiadiazol.
A new FPGA-based postprocessor architecture for channel mismatch correction of time interleaved ADCS (2009)

A new hardware efficient, low power postprocessor architecture is presented in this paper to correct the mismatch errors in time interleaved ADCs. The Least Mean Squares (LMS) algorithm is utilized as correction algorithm to identify the offset and gain mismatches. The proposed architecture uses one processing core for calibrating all parallel channels output codes with reference channel. Increasing in the number of parallel channels in the time interleaved ADC does not considerably affect the required hardware for proposed postprocessor. FPGA synthesis results of the designed postprocessor for 4-channels 10 bit ADC show that in same throughput, 55% and 25% reduction in the resources usage and power consumption is achievable over conventional architecture.
The RNA polymerase of influenza A virus: mechanisms of viral transcription and replication (2013)

The influenza A virus RNA genome segments are packaged in ribonucleoprotein complexes containing RNA polymerase and nucleoprotein. The ribonucleoprotein is involved in the transcription of viral genes and replication of the viral RNA genome in the nucleus of the infected cells, and represents the minimal transcriptional and replicative machinery of an influenza virus. During transcription, the viral RNA polymerase synthesizes capped and polyadenylated mRNA using 5΄ capped RNA primers. During replication, the viral RNA polymerase generates a complementary RNA (cRNA) replication intermediate, a full-length complement of the vRNA that serves as a template for the synthesis of new copies of vRNA. The nucleoprotein is also an essential component of the viral transcriptional machinery. The molecular determinants of the transcriptional and replicative activities of the viral RNA polymerase are not fully understood, but recent data suggest that transcription is performed by a cis-acting RNA polymerase, forming part of the ribonucleoprotein complex, while replication might be carried out by a trans-acting RNA polymerase. Viral as well as cellular factors are known to be involved in the regulation of the activities of the RNA polymerase, e.g. the viral nuclear export protein has been shown to regulate the accumulation of viral transcription and replication products. The viral transcriptional machinery represents an attractive target for the development of antiviral drugs and lead compounds targeting nucleoprotein and the PA endonuclease domain of the RNA polymerase have already been identified.
A Parametric Study of Heat Pipe Turbine Vane Cooling (1997)

This work investigates the effects of various parameters (geometric dimensions, working fluid, external heating and cooling conditions) on heat transfer performance of the heat pipe turbine vane. This parametric study is based on a numerical model which includes an one-dimensional vapor flow and a three-dimensional wall heat conduction. Heat transfer performance of the heat pipe turbine vane is represented by several parameters including the overall heat transfer coefficient, the temperature ratio, the cooling ratio and the ratios of performance limitations. It is shown that these performance parameters are sensitive to geometric dimensions, working fluid, and external heat transfer coefficients of the heat pipe turbine vane. Information resulting from this study can be used as guidance for design, test and operation of the heat pipe turbine vane.
Geometric Applications of Fourier Series and Spherical Harmonics (1996)

This book provides a comprehensive presentation of geometric results, primarily from the theory of convex sets, that have been proved by the use of Fourier series or spherical harmonics. An important feature of the book is that all necessary tools from the classical theory of spherical harmonics are presented with full proofs. These tools are used to prove geometric inequalities, stability results, uniqueness results for projections and intersections by hyperplanes or half-spaces and characterisations of rotors in convex polytopes. Again, full proofs are given. To make the treatment as self-contained as possible the book begins with background material in analysis and the geometry of convex sets. This treatise will be welcomed both as an introduction to the subject and as a reference book for pure and applied mathematics.
Why are insulators insulating and metals conducting? (2003)

Fig. 1: Schematic view of insulators and metals in classical physics.Top sketch: Lorentz model for insulators, where each electron is tied (by an harmonic force) to a particular center.Bottom sketch: Drude model for metals.where electrons roam freely over macroscopic distances, hindered only by atomic scattering potentiaIs.
The Industrial Organization and Regulation of the Securities Industry (1995)

The regulation of financial markets has for years been the domain of lawyers, legislators, and lobbyists. In this volume, experts in industrial organization, finance, and law, as well as members of regulatory agencies and the securities industry, examine the securities industry from an economic viewpoint. Ten original essays address topics including electronic trading and the virtual stock exchange; trading costs and liquidity on the London and Tokyo Stock Exchanges and in the German and Japanese government bond markets; international co-ordination among regulatory agencies; and the impact of changing margin requirements on stock prices, volatility and liquidity. This presentation of research may appeal to economists, lawyers, and legislators who seek a perspective on policy issues in the securities industry.
Automatic management of partitioned, replicated search services (2011)

Low-latency, high-throughput web services are typically achieved through partitioning, replication, and caching. Although these strategies and the general design of large-scale distributed search systems are well known, the academic literature provides surprisingly few details on deployment and operational considerations in production environments. In this paper, we address this gap by sharing the distributed search architecture that underlies Twitter user search, a service for discovering relevant accounts on the popular microblogging service. Our design makes use of the principle that eliminates the distinction between failure and other anticipated service disruptions: as a result, most operational scenarios share exactly the same code path. This simplicity leads to greater robustness and fault-tolerance. Another salient feature of our architecture is its exclusive reliance on open-source software components, which makes it easier for the community to learn from our experiences and replicate our findings.
Automatic classification of question difficulty level: Teachers' estimation vs. students' perception (2012)

The accurate estimation of the difficulty level of the questions posed to students is essential to help them to learn more effectively and efficiently. However, it is agreed that teachers usually fail to identify the correct difficulty level of the questions, according to the answers and final scores obtained by their students. Thus, this paper examines the ability of teachers for categorizing questions by difficulty level, comparing it with the students' perception and the measures obtained by an expert system of question automatic classification. The results show that students perceive questions more difficult than teachers, except for the harder ones. In addition, teachers are only lightly more accurate (closer to the expert system), in spite of the general students' tendency to overestimate the difficulty level of less difficult questions. Although no general conclusions can be obtained about behavior and accuracy of teachers and students when they analyze the difficulty of learning material, the provided analysis could be very valuable for teachers in order to detect unclear problem statements and students' misconceptions.
Monitoring the Health and Rehabilitation of Torture Survivors. By Soren Bojholm. Copenhagen: Rehabilitation and Research Centre for Torture Victims. 1992.55 pp. (1994)

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Synthesis of a New Optically Active Triphosphine with a Neopentane Backbone (1995)

Abstract The resolution of the racemate (BzlOCH 2 )(Me)C (COOH)(COOEt) (±)1 is the entry point for the enantioselective synthesis of the key compound 7 (MeC(CH 2 Cl)(CH 2 Br)(CH 2 OTfl)). Successive phosphination of 7 furnishes the triphosphine 10 (MeC(CH 2 PPh 2 )(CH 2 DBP)(CH 2 P(3,5-Me 2 C 6 H 3 ) 2 ) in both enantiomeric forms (DBP = dibenzophospholyl). The structures of the precursors (+)8S(MeC(CH 2 PPh 2 )(CH 2 DBP)(CH 2 Cl)) and (±)9 (MeC(CH 2 Br)(CH 2 Cl)(CH 2 DBP)) have been confirmed by X-ray analysis.
Effects of Gold Nanoparticles on the Stability of Microbubbles (2012)

Surfactant-coated microbubbles are utilized in a wide variety of applications, from wastewater purification to contrast agents in medical ultrasound imaging. In many of these applications, the stability of the microbubbles is crucial to their effectiveness. Controlling this, however, represents a considerable challenge. In this study, the potential for stabilizing microbubbles using solid nanoparticles adsorbed onto their surfaces was explored. A new theoretical model has been developed to describe the influence of interfacially adsorbed solid particles upon the dissolution of a gas bubble in a liquid. The aim of this work was to test experimentally the prediction of the model that the presence of the nanoparticles would inhibit gas diffusion and coalescence/disproportionation, thus increasing the life span of the bubbles. Near-monodisperse microbubbles (~100 μm diameter) were prepared using a microfluidic device and coated with a surfactant, with and without the addition of a suspension of spherical gold nanoparticles (~15 nm diameter). The experimental results confirmed the theoretical predictions that as the surface concentration of gold nanoparticles increased the bubbles underwent negligible changes in their size and size distribution over a period of 30 days at the ambient temperature and pressure. Under the same conditions, bubbles coated with the same surfactant but no nanoparticles survived only a matter of hours.
Botulinum Neurotoxin Heavy Chain Belt as an Intramolecular Chaperone for the Light Chain (2007)

Author(s): Brunger, Axel T; Breidenbach, Mark A; Jin, Rongsheng; Fischer, Audrey; Santos, Jose S; Montal, Mauricio
CREB: a Ca <sup>2+</sup> -Regulated Transcription Factor Phosphorylated by Calmodulin-Dependent Kinases (1991)

The mechanism by which Ca2+ mediates gene induction in response to membrane depolarization was investigated. The adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) response element-binding protein (CREB) was shown to function as a Ca(2+)-regulated transcription factor and as a substrate for depolarization-activated Ca(2+)-calmodulin-dependent protein kinases (CaM kinases) I and II. CREB residue Ser133 was the major site of phosphorylation by the CaM kinases in vitro and of phosphorylation after membrane depolarization in vivo. Mutation of Ser133 impaired the ability of CREB to respond to Ca2+. These results suggest that CaM kinases may transduce electrical signals to the nucleus and that CREB functions to integrate Ca2+ and cAMP signals.
The diabetogenic potential of thiazide-type diuretic and beta-blocker combinations in patients with hypertension (2005)

The results suggest that the routine combined use of a thiazide with a beta-blocker should be questioned in the early management of hypertension, particularly in patients who are at increased risk of developing new-onset diabetes. In such patients, the increased risk of developing diabetes may exceed the benefit of blood pressure lowering.
Physiological quiescence in plasma‐derived serum: Influence of platelet‐derived growth factor on cell growth in culture (1978)

A platelet-derived growth factor can be shown to be the principal stimulant of DNA synthesis in whole blood serum for those cells that require serum for maintenance and growth in culture. Cell free plasma-derived serum lacks such platelet-derived material. 3T3 cells and primate arterial smooth muscle cells can be maintained in a quiescent state in culture for as long as six weeks in plasma-derived serum. Such cells can grow logarithmically after exposure to 5% whole blood serum or as little as 100 ng/ml of partially purified platelet factor. The cell cycle of smooth muscle cells has been studied in the quiescent (5% plasma-derived serum) and growing state (5% whole blood serum or 5% plasma-derived serum plus platelet factor). The generation time of smooth muscle cells is 16 to 18 hours as shown by autoradiographic frequency of labelled mitoses. The generation time is the same for cells in the growth fraction in either 5% whole blood serum or 5% plasma-derived serum. Thus, platelet factor acts by recruiting cells into the growth fraction rather than effecting a change in the duration of the cell cycle. Flow microfluorimetry studies on cells growing logarithmically in 5% whole blood serum give the following phase durations: G1 = 5.6 hours; S = 7.6 hours; and G2 + M = 3.8 hours. Based on these studies the argument is presented that cells cultured in 5% plasma-derived serum provide a more physiological base for the study of quiescence than do cells in low concentrations of whole blood serum or confluent, density inhibited cells at high (5% or greater) concentrations of whole blood serum. Furthermore, 5% plasma-derived serum represents an appropriate state to examine the perturbation of quiescent cells.
PART 3: Society: Social Benefits of Transit: Case Study of Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority (1997)

Advocates of transit suggest that there are several important social benefits of transit systems—savings in pollution, congestion, and general social costs. Estimates of such savings have been limited to general comparisons with the personal occupancy vehicle (POV) mode usually on a vehicle-miles-traveled basis. Those savings are simulated in the context of the Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority (MARTA). It is estimated that between 1980 and 1994, MARTA generated about $2.2 billion in total social cost savings by diverting POV riders to transit. Compared with the POV alternative, MARTA generates an average of about $107 million annually in savings to society even after considering society’s subsidies to transit. Shortcomings of the analysis and policy implications are discussed.
A gene differentially expressed in the kidney of the spontaneously hypertensive rat cosegregates with increased blood pressure. (1993)

The role of the kidney in initiating hypertension has been much debated. Here we demonstrate that a recently identified gene of yet unknown function, termed SA, which is differentially expressed in the kidney of the spontaneously hypertensive rat, cosegregates with an increase in blood pressure in F2 rats derived from a cross of the spontaneously hypertensive rat with normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats, accounting for 28 and 21% of the genetic variability in systolic and diastolic blood pressures, respectively. Further, the genotype at this locus appears to determine the level of expression of the gene in the kidney. The findings provide strong evidence for a primary genetic involvement of the kidney in hypertension.
A Mixture Experiment Approach to the Formulation of an SMC Low Profile Resin System (1984)

Abstract An SMC low profile resin system is a mixture, generally consisting of unsaturated polyester, thermoplastic low profile additive, and styrene. Typically, the amount of each component in the resin has been established by evaluating the performance of a series of blends having different levels or ratios of thermoplastic and unsaturated polyester. Using this method to identify the optimum composition is often highly subjective and inefficient. Since the resin is a mixture, the levels of the components cannot be varied independently; an increase in the level of one component results in a corresponding decrease in the percentages of the other components.
Robust and Efficient Parametric Linear Equalization (2009)

As 3G DS-CDMA cellular systems evolve to higher data rates, linear equalization is being used to address inter-symbol interference introduced by dispersive channels. When parametric designs are employed, elements of an impairment or data covariance matrix must be computed as part of equalizer weight calculation. The conventional approach is to express these elements in terms of path delays and path coefficients. This approach requires a significant amount of computation, and performance is sensitive to errors in the path delay estimates. In this paper, an alternative approach is developed, based on directly estimating net channel coefficients corresponding to an extended set of delays that includes the tap or finger delays of the equalizer. This avoids the need for path delay estimates, improving robustness. Also, the elements of the impairment or data covariance can be expressed in terms of efficiently computed convolutions of these net channel coefficients, even though these elements correspond to correlations of cyclostationary interference. Complexity estimates are used to show computational savings, and performance simulations are used to show gains in robustness.
Microbubble mediated dual-frequency high intensity focused ultrasound thrombolysis: An <i>In vitro</i> study (2017)

High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) has recently emerged as a promising alternative approach for thrombolysis. However, the high acoustic energy required by HIFU could elicit thermal damage bioeffects, impeding the clinical translation of this technique. This paper investigates the use of dual-frequency focused ultrasound (DFFU) mediated by microbubbles (MBs) to minimize the acoustic power required for thrombolysis in vitro. It was found that MBs, with sufficient concentration, could significantly lower the power threshold for thrombolysis for both DFFU and single-frequency focused ultrasound (SFFU). In addition, SFFU needs about 96%–156% higher energy to achieve the same thrombolysis efficiency as that of DFFU. The thrombolysis efficiency is also found to increase with the duty cycle. The measured cavitation signals reveal that the enhanced inertial cavitation is likely responsible for the improved thrombolysis under DFFU and MBs.
The effect of write current on thermal flying height control sliders with dual heater/insulator elements (2011)

The effect of write induced pole tip protrusion on the magnetic spacing of the head/disk interface has to be taken into consideration as flying heights approach the spacing regime of a few nano-meters. Thermal flying height control (TFC) sliders are presently in common use in hard disk drives to control the flying height at the read/write element during drive operations. In this paper the flying characteristics of TFC sliders with dual heater/insulator elements are investigated. Simulation results are shown for situations where the write current is “on” and where the write current is “off”. The effect of design parameters of two heater/insulator elements is studied to optimize the performance of TFC slider.
Generation of dendritic cell-based vaccine using high hydrostatic pressure for non-small cell lung cancer immunotherapy (2017)

High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) induces immunogenic death of tumor cells which confer protective anti-tumor immunity in vivo. Moreover, DC pulsed with HHP-treated tumor cells induced therapeutic effect in mouse cancer model. In this study, we tested the immunogenicity, stability and T cell stimulatory activity of human monocyte-derived dendritic cell (DC)-based HHP lung cancer vaccine generated in GMP compliant serum free medium using HHP 250 MPa. DC pulsed with HHP-killed lung cancer cells and poly(I:C) enhanced DC maturation, chemotactic migration and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines after 24h. Moreover, DC-based HHP lung cancer vaccine showed functional plasticity after transfer into serum-containing media and stimulation with LPS or CD40L after additional 24h. LPS and CD40L stimulation further differentially enhanced the expression of costimulatory molecules and production of IL-12p70. DC-based HHP lung cancer vaccine decreased the number of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T regulatory cells and stimulated IFN-γ-producing tumor antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. Tumor antigen specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses were detected in NSCLC patient's against a selected tumor antigens expressed by lung cancer cell lines used for the vaccine generation. We also showed for the first time that protein antigen from HHP-killed lung cancer cells is processed and presented by DC to CD8+ T cells. Our results represent important preclinical data for ongoing NSCLC Phase I/II clinical trial using DC-based active cellular immunotherapy (DCVAC/LuCa) in combination with chemotherapy and immune enhancers.
Grundlagen der Immunologie (1989)

Wir leben in einer feindlichen Welt, umgeben von einer erschreckenden Vielzahl infektiöser Mikroorganismen (Abb. 1.1) unterschiedlichster Gestalt, Struktur und Größe, die alle versuchen, sich mit heimtückischen Methoden Zugang zu unserem Körper zu verschaffen, der ein ideales Milieu für die Vermehrung dieser Organismen darstellt. Wir würden diesen Erregern, die „selbstsüchtig“ versuchen, ihre Gene zu verbreiten (selfish genes), unweigerlich anheimfallen, hätten wir nicht ebenso raffinierte und wirksame Abwehrstrategien entwickelt. Eine Ausnahme sind parasitäre Infektionen, bei denen es zwischen Parasit und Wirtsorganismus zu einer unbefriedigenden und labilen Pattsituation kommt. Diese Abwehrmechanismen erzeugen einen Zustand der Immunität gegen Infektionen (lat.: immunitas: gefeit sein) und sind eine wichtige Domäne der Immunologie.
Multipolar elastic fields in a layered half space (1968)

Abstract Hansen's expansion is used to derive integral expressions for the displacement field due to a localized buried source of the mth order in a layered half space. The dipolar case (m ≦ 2) is worked out in detail for arbitrary source-depth in the layer and in the substratum. A new type of representation of the source is used which gives the final results in a concise form. Explicit expressions for the displacements at the free surface are obtained for a center of explosion, a vertical strike-slip fault and a vertical dip-slip fault. The results for a horizontal thrust are found to be the same as for a vertical dip-slip fault. The relations between the Galerkin vector and the biharmonic eigenvectors are clarified. It is shown that the Galerkin-Boussinesq solution for the elastic half space cannot be extended to structures of higher complexity, except for a few simple sources. On the other hand, the Hansen Solution is valid for a wide class of sources and structures. Both dynamic and static regimes are considered.