gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Expression of Interleukin-18 and its Receptor in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (2004)

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF)/usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) is a major interstitial lung disease (ILD). Recently, we established a new mouse model for ILD in which daily administration of interleukin (IL)-18 with IL-2 induces lethal lung injury, suggesting that IL-18 is involved in the pathogenesis of ILD. Here, utilizing immunohistochemistry, we have analyzed IL-18 and IL-18 receptor (IL-18R) alpha expression in the lungs of 18 patients with IPF/UIP and 13 control subjects by using monoclonal anti-IL-18 antibodies and a new monoclonal antibody for IL-18Ralpha (H44). IL-18 was expressed in bronchoalveolar epithelium, alveolar macrophages, and the endothelium of small vessels in control subjects, and was abundantly expressed in the majority of pulmonary cells in patients with IPF. IL-18Ralpha was expressed in bronchoalveolar epithelium and alveolar macrophages in control subjects, and was strongly expressed in interstitial cells in patients with IPF, especially in the fibroblastic foci (FF). Interestingly, IL-18Ralpha expression was only weakly observed in areas showing established fibrosis. Semiquantitative analysis revealed that the histologic FF score was significantly correlated with the IL-18Ralpha expression level in FF lesions. Moreover, IL-18 levels in the serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with IPF were significantly higher than those in control subjects. Our findings suggest IL-18 and IL-18R are involved in the pathogenesis of IPF/UIP.
Philanthropy Betrayed: Thomas Jefferson, the Louisiana Purchase, and the Origins of Federal Indian Removal Policy (2000)

... When they withdraw themselves to the culture of a small piece of land, they will perceive how useless to them are their extensive forests, and will be willing to pare them off from time to time in exchange for necessaries for their farms and families. To promote this disposition to exchange lands, which they have to spare and we want, for necessaries, which we have to spare and they want, we shall push our trading houses, and be glad to see the good and the influential individuals among them run in debt, because we observe that when these debts get beyond what the individuals can pay, they become willing to lop them off by a cession of lands.... In this way our settlements will gradually circumscribe and approach the Indians, and they will in time either incorporate with us as citizens of the United States, or remove beyond the Mississippi.... As to their fear, we presume that our strength and their weakness is now so visible that they must see we have only to shut our hand to crush them, and that all our liberalities to them proceed from motives of pure humanity only. Should any tribe be foolhardy enough to take up the hatchet at any
Deblocking reaction of chemically amplified positive DUV resists. (1999)

Deblocking reaction mechanisms and lithographic performance in chemically amplified positive ArF resists were investigated by analyzing acid concentration and blocking levels. The resists consisted of poly(carboxytetracyclododecyl methacrylate50-co-ethoxy-ethylcarboxytetracyclododecyl methacrylate50), poly(carboxytetracyclododecyl methacrylate70-co-tetrahydropyranylcarboxytetracyclododecyl methacrylate30), or poly(tricyclodecylacrylate60-co-tetrahydropyranylmethacrylate20-co-methacrylic acid20), and triphenylsulfonium triflate as a photo acid generator. The deblocking reaction mechanisms were evaluated from Arrhenius plots of the deblocking reaction rate constant. It was found that the deblocking reaction of all resists is ruled by two rate-determining steps-a reaction-controlled step in the low-temperature region and an acid-diffusion-controlled step in the high-temperature region. Furthermore, the relationship between deblocking reaction and lithographic performance, especially post exposure delay (PED) stability was investigated. As a result, it has been concluded that small acid loss induces better PED stability.
Electrically controllable microlens array fabricated by anisotropic phase separation from liquid-crystal and polymer composite materials (2003)

Anisotropic phase separation has been used to fabricate an electrically switchable microlens array from nematic liquid crystals. Nematic liquid-crystal-based microlens arrays have been built with diameters of approximately 400 microm and natural focal lengths as small as 1.6 mm. The focal length of each microlens in the array can be changed in milliseconds by an applied electric field. These devices, which have no internal substructures to scatter light, offer higher efficiency and greater light throughput than polymer dispersed devices.
Schistosoma mansoni: The Parasite Surface in Relation to Host Immunity (1981)

Levels of beta-endorphin immunoreactive material (IRM) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) have been reported to correlate inversely with postoperative morphine requirement. Considering proopiomelanocortin (POMC) derivatives as predictors for sensitivity to postoperative pain, we determined authentic beta-endorphin (beta-endorphin(1-31)), beta-lipotropin IRM, N-acetyl-beta-endorphin IRM and ACTH in CSF of 17 patients undergoing hip or knee arthroplasty, before surgery (t(A)), immediately after termination of propofol infusion and still under spinal anesthesia (t(B)), under postoperative pain (t(C)) and one day after surgery (t(D)); patients rated their severity of pain on a visual analogue scale (VAS) at those four times. In all patients CSF concentrations of N-acetyl-beta-endorphin IRM and beta-lipotropin IRM were found to be increased after terminating the propofol infusion with spinal anesthesia still effective at t(B). Patients did not feel pain at times t(A), t(B) or t(D); however, they reported moderate to considerable pain at t(C). There were no correlations of postoperative pain severity at t(C) with ACTH, beta-endorphin(1-31) or N-acetyl-beta-endorphin IRM concentrations in CSF. In contrast, we observed significant inverse correlations (Spearman's rank correlation coefficients between -0.83 and -0.85, p<0.01) for postoperative pain severity with beta-lipotropin IRM concentrations in CSF at t(C), and, in addition, at t(A), t(B) and t(D); thus, postoperative pain severity appeared to be dependent on a central system controlling sensitivity to pain, linked to a POMC system releasing beta-lipotropin IRM into CSF and already active at times t(A) and t(B). We conclude that beta-lipotropin IRM in CSF might be considered to serve as a predictor of sensitivity to postoperative pain.
Interaction of Microstructure and Interfacial Adhesion on Impact Performance of Polylactide (PLA) Ternary Blends (2011)

Polyactide (PLA) was blended with an ethylene/n-butyl acrylate/glycidyl methacrylate (EBA-GMA) terpolymer and a zinc ionomer of ethylene/methacrylic acid (EMAA-Zn) copolymer. The phase morphology of the resulting ternary blends and its relationship with impact behaviors were studied systematically. Dynamic vulcanization of EBA-GMA in the presence of EMAA-Zn was investigated by torque rheology, and its cross-link level was evaluated by dynamic mechanical analysis. Reactive compatibilization between PLA and EBA-GMA was studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The dispersed domains in the ternary blends displayed a “salami”-like phase structure, in which the EMAA-Zn phase evolved from occluded subinclusions into continuous phase with decrease in the EBA-GMA/EMAA-Zn ratio. An optimum range of particle sizes of the dispersed domains for high impact toughness was identified. Also, the micromechanical deformation process of these ternary blends was also investigated by observation of the impact-fractured surfaces using the electron microscope. It was suggested that the low cavitation resistance of dispersed particles in conjunction with suitable interfacial adhesion was responsible for the optimum impact toughness observed.
Impedance Analysis as a Tool for Hydraulic Fracture Diagnostics in Unconventional Reservoirs (2012)

Abstract Production from unconventional reservoirs plays a key role in supplying hydrocarbon to the world's increasing energy demand. Hydraulic fracturing is one of the most advancing technologies in producing hydrocarbon from low-permeability reservoirs, especially in tight and shale formations. The geometric properties of a hydraulic fracture affect significantly the production rate from these stimulated reservoirs. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to characterize the geometric features of hydraulically-inducedfractures during stimulation processes. The geometric properties of a hydraulic fracture change with fracture evolution due to stress propagation along the cracks. We have modeled such a system based on the analogy between fluidic and electric circuits. The model takes into account the dynamic alteration of hydrodynamic impedance of the fracture. The hydrodynamic impedance controls the relation between the fracture fluid flow rate and pressure drop during stimulation process. The proposed model incorporates the effects of both hydrodynamic capacitance and resistance of the fracture and the wellbore to compute the fracture impedance. Downhole measurements of pressure and flow rate can explicitly determine the hydrodynamic impedance of the fracture. Fracture impedance can also be implicitly inferred from wellhead pressure and flow rate measurements. The pulsatile nature of hydraulic fracturing treatment makes it sensible to utilize the wellhead data for the purpose of impedance monitoring based on the electromagnetic transmission line theory. We have performed extensive sensitivity analyses on the most important parameters of a single hydraulic fracture for assessing fracture impedance. These parameters include fracture thickness, fracture radial extent, and fracture shape. Through sensitivity analyses results and real-time measurement of fracture impedance, we infer the basic geometric properties of a hydraulic fracture. This research has led to an analytical approach for evaluating hydraulic fractures geometric characteristics. The approach builds an intuition toward better understanding how to design hydraulic fractures in a more efficient fashion.
Multiple Blocks to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication in Rodent Cells (2000)

The recent identification of human gene products that are required for early steps in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) life cycle has raised the possibility that rodents might be engineered to support HIV-1 infection. Therefore, we have examined the ability of modified mouse, rat, and hamster cell lines to support productive HIV-1 replication. Rodent cells, engineered to support Tat function by stable expression of a permissive cyclin T1 protein, proved to be able to support reverse transcription, integration, and early gene expression at levels comparable to those observed in human cell lines. Surprisingly, however, levels of CD4- and coreceptor-dependent virus entry were reduced to a variable but significant extent in both mouse and rat fibroblast cell lines. Additional posttranscriptional defects were observed, including a reduced level of unspliced HIV-1 genomic RNA and reduced structural gene expression. Furthermore, the HIV-1 Gag precursor is generally inefficiently processed and is poorly secreted from mouse and rat cells in a largely noninfectious form. These posttranscriptional defects, together, resulted in a dramatically reduced yield of infectious virus (up to 10,000-fold) over a single cycle of HIV-1 replication, as compared to human cells. Interestingly, these defects were less pronounced in one hamster cell line, CHO, which not only was able to produce infectious HIV-1 particles at a level close to that observed in human cells, but also could support transient, low-level HIV-1 replication. Importantly, the blocks to infectious virus production in mouse and rat cells are recessive, since they can be substantially suppressed by fusion with uninfected human cells. These studies imply the existence of one or more human gene products, either lacking or nonfunctional in most rodent cells that are critical for infectious HIV-1 virion morphogenesis.
Binding kinetics and mechanism of action: toward the discovery and development of better and best in class drugs (2010)

Binding kinetics (BK), an often overlooked key aspect of the broader concept of drug mechanism of action (MOA), is increasingly recognized as a springboard from pharmacokinetics (PK) to pharmacodynamics, and as a critical differentiator and predictor for drug efficacy and safety. Just as greater attention to PK issues has helped reduce the attrition of drugs tested in clinical trials, the emerging paradigm shift from primarily affinity/potency-emphasized to a more holistic BK-perceptive and MOA-informed approach is expected to further enhance the success of drug discovery and development. This perspective attempts to envision what this new approach looks like when proper emphasis is placed on BK and MOA in designing better and best in class drugs.
A robotic finger equipped with an optical three-axis tactile sensor (2008)

In a previous paper we developed an optical three-axis tactile sensor that can acquire normal and shearing forces to be mounted on a robotic finger. Normal and shearing forces applied to the sensing element were detected separately; when we examined the repeatability of the present tactile sensor with 1,000 loading-unloading cycles, the respective error of the normal forces was 2%. In the present paper, the three-axis tactile sensor is mounted on a robotic finger of three degrees of freedom to evaluate it for dexterous hands. A series of three kinds of experiments were performed. First, the robotic hand touches and scans flat specimens to evaluate the sensing ability of the friction coefficient. Second, it detects the contour of parallelepiped and cylindrical objects. Finally, it manipulates a parallelepiped case put on a table by sliding it on the table. Since the present robotic hand was able to perform the above three tasks with appropriate precision, we expected that it would be applicable to dexterous hands in subsequent studies.
Power plant "horror stories" (2006)

Contrary to popular belief, generators can fail - not only from short circuits - but also from abnormal electrical conditions such as overexcitation, overvoltage, loss-of-field, and unbalanced currents. When subjected to these abnormal conditions, damage or complete failure of the generator can occur within seconds. In many cases, these failures can be prevented by proper generator protection.
Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A Practitioner's Perspective (1988)

Neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis is a multifactorial disorder. Factors previously thought to place patients at risk for necrotizing enterocolitis have been found to be identical among neonates with the disease and other neonates who do have it and, thus, are not true risk factors. The mainstays of therapy for necrotizing enterocolitis include bowel decompression, bowel rest, and broadspectrum intravenous antibiotics. The only absolute indication for surgical intervention is perforation of the bowel. Survivors of necrotizing enterocolitis are susceptible to stricture formation which usually occurs 2 to 8 weeks after the acute onset of necrotizing enterocolitis. Common signs include obstipation, vomiting, abdominal distention, and hematochezia.
A Scanning Tunneling Microscope Based Microcolumn System (1992)

A novel concept based on scanning tunneling microscope (STM) aligned field emission (SAFE) with microfabricated lenses to form an exceptionally high brightness electron source and miniaturized electron probe forming system has been explored. Electron optical studies have shown that such miniaturized columns can have performance surpassing conventional columns at the same potential. Processes for fabricating microlenses from silicon membrane using electron beam lithography and reactive ion etching (RIE), and a special W <111> field emission tip preparation and annealing procedure have been developed. Prototype 1 kV microcolumns based on this concept measuring 2.5 mm have been successfully fabricated and demonstrated to be fully operational. Scanning electron microscope images in the transmission mode have been achieved. The expected performance of such microcolumns coupled with the very significant reduction in physical column size can open new possibilities in many applications which include microscopy, lithography, metrology, testing, storage, etc. It can be shown that by the use of an array of these miniaturized columns, high throughput sub-100 nm lithography can be achieved.
Substitutions near the Hemagglutinin Receptor-Binding Site Determine the Antigenic Evolution of Influenza A H3N2 Viruses in U.S. Swine (2014)

Influenza A virus (IAV) is an important pathogen in pigs and humans. The hemagglutinin (HA) protein is the primary target of protective immune responses and the major target of vaccines. However, vaccine strains must be updated to reflect current strains. Characterizing the differences between seasonal IAV in humans and swine IAV is important in assessing the relative risk of interspecies transmission of viruses. We found two primary antigenic clusters of H3N2 in the U.S. pig population, with enough diversity to suggest updates in swine vaccine strains are needed. We identified changes in the HA protein that are likely responsible for these differences and that may be useful in predicting when vaccines need to be updated. The difference between human H3N2 viruses and those in swine is enough that population immunity is unlikely to prevent new introductions of human IAV into pigs or vice versa, reinforcing the need to monitor and prepare for potential introductions.
Evaluación del internado urbano a través de portafolio en estudiantes de sexto año de medicina. (2018)

espanolIntroduccion: La calificacion de los aprendizajes es una tarea muy importante en el trabajo docente, ya que nos permite objetivar si un estudiante logro las competencias necesarias de acuerdo a los objetivos declarados en el programa de cada asignatura. Objetivos: 1) Conocer, a traves la herramienta docente de portafolio, la valoracion que los estudiantes de 6o ano de medicina tienen de la asignatura de Internado General Urbano; 2) Evaluar la importancia y utilidad del portafolio como instrumento de evaluacion docente. Material y Metodo: El presente es un estudio mixto, a partir de los datos recogidos en el portafolio utilizado por 223 alumnos de 6o ano de la Carrera de Medicina que cursaron la asignatura de Internado General Urbano, organizado por el Departamento de Atencion Primaria y Salud Familiar de la Universidad de Chile durante los anos 2013 y 2014. Resultados: El portafolio es una herramienta de mucha utilidad pedagogica, que recoge la vision de los educandos respecto de la asignatura, del proceso y sus resultados. Se presentan aspectos subjetivos de los estudiantes; como sus percepciones, ideas y emociones durante la rotacion clinica. Conclusiones: El estudio permitio valorar la calidad del programa, de sus tutores y el tiempo dedicado, que tanto estudiantes y docentes evaluan como muy breve. EnglishIntroduction: The qualification of the apprenticeships is a very important task in the teaching work, since it allows us to objectify if a student achieved the necessary competences according to the objectives declared in the program of each subject. Objectives: 1) To know, through the portfolio teaching tool, the assessment that students in the sixth year of medicine have of the subject of General Urban Internship; 2) To assess the importance and usefulness of the portfolio as a teaching evaluation instrument. Material and Method: This is a mixed study, based on the data collected in the portfolio used by 223 students in their 6th year of the Medicine Career who attended the General Urban Internship course organized by the Department of Primary Care and Family Health from the University of Chile during the years 2013 and 2014. Results: The portfolio is a very useful pedagogical tool, which gathers the vision of the learners regarding the subject, the process and its results. Subjective aspects of the students such as their perceptions, ideas and emotions during the clinical rotation are presented. Conclusions: The study made it possible to assess the quality of the program, its tutors and the time spent, which both students and teachers evaluate as very brief.
Background free CARS imaging by phase sensitive heterodyne CARS (2008)

In this article we show that heterodyne CARS, based on a controlled and stable phase-preserving chain, can be used to measure amplitude and phase information of molecular vibration modes. The technique is validated by a comparison of the imaginary part of the heterodyne CARS spectrum to the spontaneous Raman spectrum of polyethylene. The detection of the phase allows for rejection of the non-resonant background from the data. The resulting improvement of the signal to noise ratio is shown by measurements on a sample containing lipid.
Design of high-efficiency bidirectional DC-DC converter and high-precision efficiency measurement (2008)

This paper first introduces the design of an ultra high-efficiency 50kW bidirectional dc-dc converter at ZVS operation and then a high-precision efficiency measurement method using regenerative approach. The ultra high-efficiency bidirectional dc-dc converter is achieved with (1) the use of CoolMOS as the main switch under zero-voltage soft switching condition (2) multiple phase legs for current sharing to reduce the conduction loss, and (3) coupling inductors between each two phase legs to reduce the core loss. Two identical hardware prototypes were designed, fabricated and tested for performance evaluation. In order to precisely measure the converter efficiency, the two identical bidirectional dc-dc converters are tested with one as the device under test (DUT) and the other as the regenerative unit. With the use of ±0.5% current shunt and regenerative measurement, the relative efficiency error stays below ±0.025%. Measured efficiency from 20% to 100% load consistently show above 97.50% and peaks at 99.05%.
Performance evaluation of a mobile satellite system modem using an ALE method (1990)

Experimental performance of a newly designed demodulation concept is presented. This concept applies an Adaptive Line Enhancer (ALE) to a carrier recovery circuit, which makes pull-in time significantly shorter in noisy and large carrier offset conditions. This new demodulation concept was actually developed as an INMARSAT standard-C modem, and was evaluated. On a performance evaluation, 50 symbol pull-in time is confirmed under 4 dB Eb/No condition.
An extensible set-top-box architecture for interactive and broadcast services offering sophisticated user guidance (2002)

Currently available set-top-boxes (STBs) are mainly used for digital TV reception. The user interface (UI) and the UI dialog of such a device usually focus on its technological aspects and to a large degree ignore the needs of the user. The impact is that the user quite often is unsatisfied when interacting with the device. Recent UI design approaches (Lonczewski and Schreiber, 1996; Lonczewski, 1997) are proving that the focus should be put on the tasks that the user can perform with the STB rather than its underlying technical capabilities. However, modern design approaches both for the STB UI as well as its underlying system architecture can be incorporated into a complete system design with reasonable effort. This paper presents the architecture of the "d-box", the STB being used for broadcasting TV services as well as future interactive services like Internet, home-shopping etc. in Germany. The layered software architecture employs a Java Virtual Machine offering a high degree of independency of its underlying hardware. Emphasis is put upon the user-friendliness of the device by providing a uniform UI both for experts and novices, therefore allowing intuitive and easy access for different user groups.