gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Update on Alzheimer’s Disease Therapeutics (2013)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the leading cause of dementia worldwide. Clinically, it is characterized by progressive cognitive impairment and the emergence of neuropsychiatric disturbances. In recent years, many drug candidates aimed at disease modification have advanced into large, randomized controlled trials, but none have demonstrated efficacy in slowing down the relentless progression of AD. While the exact cause of AD is still being fervently investigated, the field is moving toward earlier identification and treatment of the disease, as it is believed this may be the main reason for so many clinical trial failures. There are currently four main mechanisms of action that are being actively developed in AD therapeutics: Drugs aimed at reducing Aβ production, notably secretase inhibitors; Drugs aimed at reducing Aβ plaque burden via inhibition of aggregatio or disruption of aggregates; Drugs aimed at promoting Aβ clearance via active or passive immunotherapy; and Drugs aimed at preventing tau protein phosphorylation. In this review, recent findings from clinical and preclinical studies in each of these categories will be discussed, as well as a category entitled ' other therapies,' that includes treatments that do not fit under a single mechanism of action, but represent rational interventions for the underlying pathology of Alzheimer's disease.
Molecular sensing and discrimination by a luminescent terbium–phosphine oxide coordination material (2013)

PCM-15 is a robust and recyclable sensor for the effective discrimination of a wide range of small molecules. Sensing is achieved by direct attenuation of the luminescence intensity of Tb(III) ions within the material. A competition study involving trace amounts of NH3 in H2 gas shows that PCM-15 can be used to quantitatively detect trace analytes.
Populations and Habits of the Fox Squirrel in Allegan County, Michigan (1942)

History of the fox squirrel in Michigan 339 The area .340 Methods .341 Populations .342 Habitat description .342 Seasonal numbers .345 Comparative population density....347 Nesting .349 Hollow trees .350 Leaf nests .350 Breeding .354 Sex ratio .354 Physical characters .356 Breeding season .362 Fecundity .367 Development of the young .368 Disease and parasites .369 Pr?dation .372 Highway mortality .373 Weight and condition .373 Weight correlated with habitat ....374 Activity .375 Summary and conclusions .376 References .378
Integrin-mediated collagen gel contraction by cardiac fibroblasts. Effects of angiotensin II. (1994)

Angiotensin II (Ang II), a vasoactive octapeptide, has been implicated in cardiac growth and the development of hypertrophy and fibrosis secondary in hypertensive disease. These consequences of Ang II imply an effect on the function and morphology of cardiac interstitial cells (fibroblasts). The present investigation was designed to (1) determine whether neonatal heart fibroblasts (NHFs) possess functional Ang II receptors on their plasma membrane and (2) examine the effects of Ang II on NHFs in vitro using three- and two-dimensional (3D and 2D, respectively) cultures. Several analytic techniques were used to test the specific questions of the present study. Since cardiac fibroblast phenotype can be influenced by culture conditions, both 2D and 3D cultures were used in the present investigations. Reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and radioligand binding analysis were used to test for the presence of Ang II receptors on NHFs. Both revealed that NHFs in 2D culture possess Ang II receptor mRNA and Ang II receptors. When isolated NHFs were cultured in 3D collagen gels and treated with Ang II, gel contraction was stimulated by NHFs. This effect was attenuated by the specific Ang II receptor antagonist [Sar1,Ala8]Ang II. Ang II-stimulated gel contraction was completely inhibited by extracellular matrix receptor (beta 1-integrin) antibodies (P < .05), supporting previous studies indicating that collagen gel contraction is mediated via the integrins. Immunofluorescent staining was used to test the localization of cell-surface integrins. A more intense staining pattern for beta 1-integrin in Ang II-treated versus control cells was observed.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Inferring Pedestrian Motions at Urban Crosswalks (2018)

Robust prediction of pedestrian behavior is one of the most challenging problems for autonomous driving. Particularly, predicting pedestrian crossings at crosswalks is of considerable importance for avoiding accidents on the one hand and not unnecessarily slowing down traffic on the other hand. Traditional model-based motion tracking and prediction approaches have difficulties in capturing abrupt changes in motions, as humans can perform them. In this paper, an approach for predicting pedestrian motions that combines established motion tracking algorithms with data-driven methods is presented. The approach is built upon a hierarchical structure, where first, the intent of each pedestrian is classified. Then, the approach computes several qualitative metrics, such as time-to-cross, for the pedestrians classified as crossing. The approach is evaluated on a challenging urban data set collected for different types of crosswalks such as roundabouts and straight roads. The evaluation also provides a thorough analysis of the generalization performance of the proposed approach.
Reducing the Dimensionality of Geophysical Data in Conjunction with Seismic History Matching (2012)

Abstract Seismic history matching (HM) has attracted increasing attention the last few years. As more repeated seismic surveys are acquired, the more apparent the shortcomings in modern HM tools and algorithms become. A common conception seems to be that the amount of data represented by geophysical observations and the complexity of working with 3D fields make the updating procedure hard. We investigate the nature of geophysical observations from a HM point of view by testing several data reduction techniques such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), regression techniques such as forward stepwise, as well as state-of-the-art techniques based on neural networks. We argue that simulated geophysical fields from the prior models are prone with spatial correlations and that their information content and effective dimensionality is much smaller than the dimensionality of the observed field. The techniques are tested on a reservoir model of an anonymous North Sea oil field, using the seismic time shift, i.e. the difference travel time integrated over the reservoir between two surveys. We find that PCA is particularly promising, resulting from the versatility and robustness of the method. In practice this means that high dimensional geophysical data, e.g. 2-D seismic images or 3-D seismic cubes, can often be described using only a handful of scalars. We show how to assess the information content in the data, compress the data, and use this compressed data in a reservoir conditioning setting. The methods we present are generic; they apply equally well to all geophysical attributes regardless of representation and can be applied with any history matching algorithm, although they are mainly designed for ensemble based techniques.
Speaker localization by humanoid robots in reverberant environments (2014)

One of the important tasks of a humanoid-robot auditory system is speaker localization. It is used for the construction of the surrounding acoustic scene and as an input for additional processing methods. Localization is usually required to operate indoors under high reverberation levels. Recently, an algorithm for speaker localization under these conditions was proposed. The algorithm uses a spherical microphone array and the processing is performed in the spherical harmonics domain, requiring a relatively large number of microphones to efficiently cover the entire frequency range of speech. However, the number of microphones in the auditory system of a humanoid robot is usually limited. The current paper proposes an improvement of the previously published algorithm. The improvement aims to overcome the frequency limitations imposed by the insufficient number of microphones. The improvement is achieved by using a novel space-domain distance algorithm that does not requires the transformation to the spherical harmonics domain, thereby avoiding the frequency range limitations. A numerical study shows two important results. The first is that, using the improved algorithm, the operation frequency range can be significantly extended. The second important result is related to the fact that higher frequencies contain more detailed information about the surrounding sound field. Hence, the additional higher frequencies lead to improved localization accuracy.
Palladium Charcoal-Catalyzed Suzuki−Miyaura Coupling To Obtain Arylpyridines and Arylquinolines (2003)

A phosphine ligand, such as PPh3 or 2-(dicyclohexylphosphino)biphenyl, is essential for the Pd/C-catalyzed Suzuki-Miyaura coupling of halopyridines and haloquinolines, although it has been reported that the reaction of phenyl chlorides can be catalyzed by nonprereduced Pd/C without any additives. In the reactions of bromopyridines, bromoquinolines, 2-chloropyridines, and 2-chloroquinolines, PPh3 was effective enough to provide coupling products in good yields. However, in the reactions of 3-chloropyridine, 4-chloropyridine, and 6-chloroquinoline, sterically hindered 2-(dicyclohexylphosphino)biphenyl was indispensable as a ligand.
Developing A Secure Mechanism for Bluetooth-based Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs) (2007)

This paper highlights our work in developing an enhanced security framework for Bluetooth-based wireless personal area networks (WPANs). The basic security architecture of Bluetooth, operating at the link layer, is augmented with a higher application layer security mechanism for authentication and message integrity. This is necessary since the present Bluetooth security has certain drawbacks in its implementation making it insecure. The use of digital signatures and trusted or certified public keys form the basic premise and approach in this work in providing stronger security for WPANs. Our work involves developing a prototype for Bluetooth systems using RSA and DSA encryption algorithms. An analysis was done to ascertain which of these algorithms is more suited to our proposed security framework and the results indicated that in most instances, the RS A performed better.
Memory Architecture for Integrating Emerging Memory Technologies (2011)

Current main memory system design is severely limited by the decades-old synchronous DRAM architecture, which requires the memory controller to track the internal status of memory devices (chips) and schedule the timing of all device operations. This rigidity has become an obstacle of integrating emerging memory technologies such as PCM into existing memory systems, because their timing requirements are vastly different. Furthermore, with the trend of embedding memory controllers into processors, it is crucial to have interoperability among general-purpose processors and diverse memory modules. To address this issue, we propose a new memory architecture framework called universal memory architecture (UniMA). It enables the interoperability by decoupling the scheduling of device operations from memory controller, using a bridge chip at each memory module to perform local scheduling. The new architecture may also help improve memory scalability, power efficiency, and bandwidth as previously proposed decoupled memory organizations. A major focus of this study is to evaluate the performance impact of local scheduling of device operations. We present a prototype implementation of UniMA on top of DDRx memory bus, and then evaluate its efficiency with different workloads. The simulation results show that UniMA actually improves memory system efficiency for memory-intensive workloads due to increased parallelism among memory modules. The overall performance improvement over the conventional DDRx memory architecture is 3.1% on average. The performance of other workloads is reduced slightly, by 1.0% on average, due to a small increase of memory idle latency. In short, the prototype and evaluation demonstrate that it is possible to integrate diverse memory technologies into a single memory architecture with virtually no loss of overall performance.
The cytoplasmic domain of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor contains two internalization signals that are distinct from its basolateral sorting signal. (1992)

The C-terminal cytoplasmic domain of the polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) contains two tyrosine residues, Tyraes and Tyr734.Previous work identifying T Y ~' ' ~ as a critical residue in the endocytosis of the pIgR in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells also suggested that a second functional internalization signal was present (Breitfeld, P.
Nanoscaffold Mediates Hydrogen Release and the Reactivity of Ammonia Borane (2005)

Hydrogen-rich materials infused in nanoscaffolds offer a promising approach to on-board hydrogen storage. A mesoporous scaffold decreases the temperature for hydrogen release from ammonia borane (AB), a conventional hydrogen-storage material, to below 80 °C and leads to an increase in the purity of the hydrogen released. (See schematic representation of a hydrogen-bonded AB network in the cross-section of a single pore.)
The Madrid Peace Process on the Middle East and its Sequels (1996)

This chapter will concentrate on procedural aspects of the Middle East peace process, as initiated in Madrid at the end of October 1991, against the background of earlier efforts related to the Middle East conflict. I will avoid going into the substance of Israeli—Arab problems, even though it is difficult to separate procedure from substance. Procedural problems usually reflect substantive ones.
Evaluation of optimistic file replication in wireless multihop networks (2003)

Replicated file systems and data are becoming increasingly important for mobile computing. This paper presents the results of a study to evaluate the performance of an optimistically replicated file system in wireless ad hoc networks. The study uses a detailed model of all layers of the protocol stack including the transport, network, and MAC layers, to study the impact of a variety of factors including mobility, choice of specific MAC layer protocols, and parameter settings of specific protocols (e.g., TCP window size) on application performance.
Channel-number-compressed multi-channel acoustic echo canceller for high-presence teleconferencing system with large display (2002)

Sound localization is important to make conversation easy between local and remote sites in a teleconference. This requires a multi-channel sound system having a multi-channel acoustic echo canceller (MAEC). The appropriate number of channels is determined from a trade-off between high presence and MAEC performance, so it is not possible to increase the channel number by much. We propose a channel-number-compressed MAEC to provide teleconferencing systems that exhibit high presence. The channel number of the MAEC inputs is compressed and that of its outputs is expanded.
Synergistic Antitumor Effect of Glycosylated Recombinant Human Lymphotoxin with Human Interferon-γ on Lymphotoxin-Sensitive Human Tumor (1990)

We examined the antitumor effect of glycosylated recombinant lymphotoxin (LT) in combination with human interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) on human tumors transplanted into nude mice and compared it with that of tumor necrosis factor (TNF). The results were as follows: (i) The systemic administration of glycosylated LT combined with IFN-gamma produced a significant antitumor activity against HT-1080 fibrosarcoma, G-361 malignant melanoma, KB nasopharyngeal carcinoma, and ZR-75-1 breast carcinoma, all of which are relatively resistant to a single treatment with LT or IFN-gamma. The synergistic effect was also seen in LT-sensitive HeLa S3 tumors. The effect was observed after either i.v. or s.c. injection. (ii) In contrast, no synergistic or additive effect on HeLa S3 tumors was observed in the case of TNF combined with IFN-gamma. (iii) The serum half-life of glycosylated LT in tumor-bearing mice was about 22-fold longer than that of TNF. In conclusion, glycosylated LT, especially in combination with IFN-gamma, appears to be a potent cytokine against tumor growth in vivo compared with TNF. Its long serum half-life can result in a strong antitumor effect in combination with IFN-gamma in vivo.
Redundant multiprocessor interconnects for the high capacitor router built on ATCA (2006)

This paper is about multiprocessor interconnects for the high capacity router built on ATCA (advanced telecom computing architecture) platform. Multiprocessor inter-connection in ATCA brings some design issues when it comes to satisfy the constraint and specification of ATCA platform. In the multiprocessor communication, most transfers are from one port to the other ports or the opposite direction (usually between a main processor and local processors on line cards). Congestion may happen when inter-processor communication packets from local processors are simultaneously heading for a main processor. In order to manage or alleviate the congestion, bandwidth for inter-processor communication should be increased and QoS mechanisms should be introduced in multiprocessor interconnects. This study suggests several methods to build multiprocessor interconnects in ATCA and discusses them in the view of redundancy, congestion handling ability, and implementation feasibility
Tissue reaction in rabbit muscle exposed to metallic implants (1967)

Abstract The tissue reaction to metallic and nonmetallic implants in the back muscles of New Zealand White Rabbits is presented. These reactions are graded and correlated with the trace metal contained around such implanes. Correlations are drawn as to the acceptability of various materials for the manufacture of surgical implants.
Status update on the second-generation ILC Marx modulator prototype (2010)

This paper is a status update of the SLAC P2 Marx. This Marx-topology klystron modulator is a second-generation modulator which builds upon experience gained from the SLAC PI Marx. There are several fundamental differences between these modulators including the correction scheme, bus voltages, and the control system architecture. These differences, along with preliminary experimental results and the schedule for further development, are detailed in this paper.
Novel mutants of human tumor necrosis factor with dominant-negative properties (2010)

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a polyfunctional cytokine, one of the key mediators of inflammation and innate immunity. On the other hand, systemic or local TNF overexpression is typical of such pathological states as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, Crohn's disease, septic shock, and multiple sclerosis. Neutralization of TNF activity has a marked curative effect for some diseases; therefore, the search for various TNF blockers is a promising field of protein engineering and biotechnology. According to the previously developed concept concerning the possibility of designing dominant-negative mutants, the following TNF variants have been studied: TNFY87H + A145R, TNFY87H + A96S + A145R, and TNFV91N + A145R. All of these form inactive TNF heterotrimers with the native protein. The ability of mutants to neutralize the effect of TNF was investigated. The addition of mutants to the native protein was shown to provide a concentration-dependent suppression of TNF cytotoxicity against the mouse fibroblast cell line L929. Thus, novel inhibitors of human TNF can be engineered on the basis of these muteins.
Design of Electrical Control System Based on CAN Field Bus (2017)

For solving the problem that the traditional system is not very accurate to the electric control system of thermal power plant, the paper designed and implemented the electric control system based on CAN field bus. The whole system adopted the CAN field bus control system. In all the key parts of the electric control system of the deployment of PTG502 pressure sensor to collect the real-time pressure signal, the system controlled all the pressure signals in the network were sent into comprehensive analysis of micro controller after treatment, and micro controller judged parts of the abnormal pressure according to the programmed algorithm well set. The micro controller sent the data into the pipeline control center system in real time, so that the main control center could take measures to stop the pressure and give out sound and light alarm in time, and it was efficient to reduce the happening of accidents. Finally, experimental results show that the system is stable and the control precision is improved greatly to satisfy actual demand.
Grapevine xylem sap enhances biofilm development by<i>Xylella fastidiosa</i> (2009)

Xylella fastidiosa is able to form biofilms within xylem vessels of many economically important crops. Vessel blockage is believed to be a major contributor to disease development caused by this bacterium. This report shows that Vitis riparia xylem sap increases growth rate and induces a characteristic biofilm architecture as compared with biofilms formed in PD2 and PW media. In addition, stable cultures could be maintained, frozen and reestablished in xylem sap. These findings are important as xylem sap provides a natural medium that facilitates the identification of virulence determinants of Pierce's disease.
Microcirculation-on-a-Chip: A Microfluidic Platform for Assaying Blood- and Lymphatic-Vessel Permeability (2015)

We developed a microfluidic model of microcirculation containing both blood and lymphatic vessels for examining vascular permeability. The designed microfluidic device harbors upper and lower channels that are partly aligned and are separated by a porous membrane, and on this membrane, blood vascular endothelial cells (BECs) and lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) were cocultured back-to-back. At cell-cell junctions of both BECs and LECs, claudin-5 and VE-cadherin were detected. The permeability coefficient measured here was lower than the value reported for isolated mammalian venules. Moreover, our results showed that the flow culture established in the device promoted the formation of endothelial cell-cell junctions, and that treatment with histamine, an inflammation-promoting substance, induced changes in the localization of tight and adherens junction-associated proteins and an increase in vascular permeability in the microdevice. These findings indicated that both BECs and LECs appeared to retain their functions in the microfluidic coculture platform. Using this microcirculation device, the vascular damage induced by habu snake venom was successfully assayed, and the assay time was reduced from 24 h to 30 min. This is the first report of a microcirculation model in which BECs and LECs were cocultured. Because the micromodel includes lymphatic vessels in addition to blood vessels, the model can be used to evaluate both vascular permeability and lymphatic return rate.
An Empirical Analysis of the Efficiency of Four Alternative Marketing Methods for Slaughter Cattle (1993)

Four alternative marketing methods for slaughter cattle were analyzed and empirically examined for pricing efficiency. Profits per head were found to be significantly different under the various marketing methods. Greater price discrimination occurred as carcass information increased. Increased price discrimination led to greater dispersion of profit from one marketing method to another. Different marketing methods appeared to send different production signals to producers. The desires of the consumer for less fat and a high quality product did not appear to be reaching the producers in the form of profit incentives under the most widely used marketing method.