gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Metabolic changes of membrane lipid composition in Acholeplasma laidlawii by hydrocarbons, alcohols, and detergents: arguments for effects on lipid packing (1986)

The packing of lipids into different aggregates, such as spheres, rods, or bilayers, is dependent on the hydrophobic volume, the hydrocarbon-water interfacial area, and the hydrocarbon chain length of the participating molecules, according to the self-assembly theory [Israelachvili, J. N., Marcelja, S., & Horn, R. G. (1980) Q. Rev. Biophys. 13, 121-200]. The origin of the participating molecules should be of no importance with respect to their abilities to affect the above-mentioned parameters. In this investigation, Acholeplasma laidlawii, with a defined acyl chain composition of the membrane lipids, has been grown in the presence of three different classes of foreign molecules, known to partition into model and biological membranes. This results in an extensive metabolic alteration in the lipid polar head group composition, which is expressed as changes in the molar ratio between the lipids monoglucosyldiglyceride (MGDG) and diglucosyldiglyceride (DGDG), forming reversed hexagonal and lamellar phases in excess water, respectively. The formation of nonlamellar phases by A. laidlawii lipids depends critically upon the MGDG concentration [Lindblom, G., Brentel, I., Sjölund, M., Wikander, G., & Wieslander, A. (1986) Biochemistry (preceding paper in this issue)]. The foreign molecules tested belong to the following groups: nonpolar organic solvents, alcohols, and detergents. Their effects on the gel to liquid crystalline phase transition temperature (Tm), on the order parameter of the acyl chains, and on the phase equilibria between lamellar and nonlamellar liquid crystalline phases in lipid-water model systems are known in several instances.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Multi-level tiling (2007)

Tiling is a widely used loop transformation for exposing/exploiting parallelism and data locality. High-performance implementations use multiple levels of tiling to exploit the hierarchy of parallelism and cache/register locality. Efficient generation of multi-level tiled code is essential for effective use of multi-level tiling. Parameterized tiled code, where tile sizes are not fixed but left as symbolic parameters can enable several dynamic and run-time optimizations. Previous solutions to multi-level tiled loop generation are limited to the case where tile sizes are fixed at compile time. We present an algorithm that can generate multi-level parameterized tiled loops at the same cost as generating single-level tiled loops. The efficiency of our method is demonstrated on several benchmarks. We also present a method-useful in register tiling-for separating partial and full tiles at any arbitrary level of tiling. The code generator we have implemented is available as an open source tool.
Novel polymer‐supported chiral catalysts for asymmetric synthesis (1996)

Abstract Hydroxy amino acid monomers 3, 5 and amino acid monomers 10, 11 were prepared. Suspension polymerization of these chiral monomers with styrene and crosslinking agent afforded insoluble chiral polymers which were used as chiral ligands of the enantioselective Diels‐Alder reaction catalysts. A continuous flow system using polymeric catalyst was also successfully achieved in the same reaction.
Targeted Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy with Peptide Hormones as Radiopharmaceuticals (2008)

Regulatory, receptor-binding peptides could be considered as future agents of choice for diagnostic imaging and therapy of cancers because their receptors are overexpressed in various human cancer cells. Peptides exhibit several advantages over classical macromolecules or drugs, e.g., from the chemical point of view: they are easy to synthesize and can withstand harsh chemical conditions which are required for chelation and radiolabeling. From the biological point of view, peptides exhibit fast blood clearance and high target-to-background ratios through receptor-mediated internalization. Furthermore, they are effective carriers for the delivery of cytotoxic drugs to target the affected tissues, thus avoiding normal cells from non-specific toxicity of anticancer agents. Owing to these features, radiolabeled receptor-binding peptides have emerged as a new class of radiopharmaceuticals for tumor scintigraphy and, more recently, to treat cancers by using peptide receptor radiation therapy (PRRT). The challenge in this scenario is to modify bioactive peptide hormones and to synthesize new sequences with improved metabolic stability without affecting the receptor binding properties after labeling with a chelator for incorporation of a radiometal. At the present time, however, the radiolabeled cholecystokinin-2 (CCK2)- and octreotide somatostatin-receptor selective analogs are the only examples that are being used in clinical practice. Other peptides such as neurotensin-, substance P-, gastrin-releasing peptide-, glucagons-like peptide 1 and neuropeptide Y (NPY) are under investigation to target breast, prostate, ovary, pancreas and brain tumors, in which overexpression of these peptide receptors has been reported. Among these peptides, neuropeptide Y (NPY) seems to be a very promising candidate because the change in its subtype receptor expression correlates with neoplastic changes. Here, we summarize the variety of experiences gained in the development of various peptide analogs, chelator/radiolabeling techniques for applications in tumor imaging and therapy.
A Decrease in Maxillary Sinus Pressure, as Seen in Upper Airway Allergy or Infection, Results in an Increase in Upper Airway Nitric Oxide Levels (2002)

The paranasal sinuses are connected to the nasal cavity via small osties. Ostial occlusion, caused by mucosal swelling, will result in a slowly increasing negative pressure inside the sinus cavity. In parallel, the oxygen content in the sinus will decrease, resulting in the development of relative hypoxia. Hypoxia is a powerful inducer of nitric oxide (NO) synthase, and inducible NO synthase has been shown to be present in considerable amounts in the upper airways, including the sinuses. The present study was designed to investigate whether a reduction in sinus pressure would affect upper airway NO production. Thirteen healthy volunteers were investigated. A pressure chamber was used to lower the ambient pressure to -4.9 kPa. NO was sampled from one nostril or via a drainage tube inserted into the maxillary sinus before, during and after the hypobaric exposure. When the pressure was decreased, NO levels increased from 256 +/- 15 to 316 +/- 19 ppb (n = 13, p < 0.001). The NO levels remained elevated (282 +/- 21 ppb; p < 0.05) when measurements were repeated 20 min after leaving the chamber. The nasal airway resistance (V2tot) also increased as a result of the chamber session (from 16 +/- 2 degrees before to 21 +/- 3 degrees after; p < 0.05). An increase in NO levels was also found when the experiments were repeated with NO sampled directly from the maxillary sinus (225 +/- 6 before and 265 +/- 9 ppb after; n = 6, p < 0.001). For control purposes the nasal analyses were repeated again, this time under hyperbaric conditions (+ 4.9 kPa). This resulted in a slight decrease in the NO levels (from 273 +/- 22 to 241 +/- 17 ppb; n = 10, p < 0.001), but there was no change in the nasal airway resistance. We conclude that a reduction in sinus pressure, as seen in upper airway allergy or infection, may result in an increase in upper airway NO production.
Gene Transfer Methods for CNS Organotypic Cultures: A Comparison of Three Nonviral Methods (2001)

Organotypic slice cultures from postnatal day 12 mouse cerebellum were transfected using three nonviral methods: biolistics (gene gun), lipotransfection, and electroporation. The plasmid transferred, pHD17-25Q-GFP, encoded a fusion protein with a green fluorescent protein (GFP) component. Optimal conditions for both lipotransfection and electroporation are the same as those previously found in live animal models. Electroporation (26 +/- 6) and biolistics (34 +/- 4.4) provide a better rate of transfer than lipotransfection (15 +/- 2.2) in slice cultures and are comparable to each other. Each of the transfer methods produced positive signals in a heterogeneous population of glial and neuronal cells. These data provide a base for optimal transfection of slice cultures, allowing the development of therapeutic constructs, and support the idea that successful refinement of nonviral delivery methods for in vivo use is possible using brain slice cultures.
Initial deposits and persistence of azadirachtin in fir and oak foliage after spray application of ‘Margosan‐O’® formulation (1994)

Abstract Foliar deposits and persistence of azadirachtin were investigated after spraying ‘Margosan‐O’® formulation at three dosage and volume rates on to balsam fir and oak seedlings in a laboratory chamber. Droplet‐size spectra and deposits were assessed using artificial samplers, and foliar residues were measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) at different intervals of time after treatment. Disappearance of azadirachtin from both types of foliage was rapid, and the DT 50 (the time required for 50% of the initial concentration to disappear) values ranged from 17 to 22 h. The initial azadirachtin concentrations varied widely from 4 to 96 μg g −1 (fresh weight), but the rate constants 0.0311 to 0.0414, were not significantly different. The data thus indicated a poor relationship between initial concentrations and the rate of loss. The influence of spray droplet size and cuticular wax content of foliage on persistence of azadirachtin was investigated using both foliar types, and glass microscope slides without and with the foliar wax coating. Neither the type of surface nor the droplet size influenced the persistence. The rate of azadirachtin loss from the glass slides was faster than from both types of foliage, and was unaffected by the presence of wax coating. The fir foliage had higher cuticular wax content than the oak foliage, but the persistance of azadirachtin was similar in both foliar types.
Biofeedback treatment of foot-drop after stroke compared with standard rehabilitation technique: effects on voluntary control and strength. (1975)

The effectiveness of biofeedback training was compared to conventional physical therapy training in 20 adult hemiparetic patients with chronic foot-drop. They were randomly placed into two groups of ten patients each: the first group treated over five weeks with therapeutic exercise and the second group treated over five weeks with therapeutic exercise plus biofeedback training. In the second group receiving the biofeedback training the increase in both strength and range of motion was approximately twice as great as in the first group. The improvement displayed by even the first group of patients suggests that a potential for functional improvement exists that is often unexploited. The addition of biofeedback facilitates the process. Four patients in the biofeedback group achieved and retained conscious control of dorsiflexion; three of them are now able to walk without the use of the short leg brace.
Resistance to excitotoxin-induced seizures and neuronal death in mice lacking the preprotachykinin A gene (1999)

Epileptic seizures are associated with increases in hippocampal excitability, but the mechanisms that render the hippocampus hyperexcitable chronically (in epilepsy) or acutely (in status epilepticus) are poorly understood. Recent evidence suggests that substance P (SP), a peptide that has been implicated in cardiovascular function, inflammatory responses, and nociception, also contributes to hippocampal excitability and status epilepticus, in part by enhancing glutamate release. Here we report that mice with disruption of the preprotachykinin A gene, which encodes SP and neurokinin A, are resistant to kainate excitoxicity. The mice show a reduction in the duration and severity of seizures induced by kainate or pentylenetetrazole, and both necrosis and apoptosis of hippocampal neurons are prevented. Although kainate induced the expression of bax and caspase 3 in the hippocampus of wild-type mice, these critical intracellular mediators of cell death pathways were not altered by kainate injection in the mutant mice. These results indicate that the reduction of seizure activity and the neuroprotection observed in preprotachykinin A null mice are caused by the extinction of a SP/neurokinin A-mediated signaling pathway that is activated by seizures. They suggest that these neurokinins are critical to the control of hippocampal excitability, hippocampal seizures, and hippocampal vulnerability.
A Relaxation Algorithm for the Passive Sensor Data Association Problem (1989)

This paper is concerned with the problem of associating measurements from multiple angle-only sensors in the presence of clutter, missed detections and unknown number of targets. The measurement-target association problem is formulated as one of maximizing the joint likelihood function of the measurement partition. Mathematically, this formulation of the data association problem leads to a generalization of the multi-dimensional matching (assignment) problem, which is known to be NP-complete when the number of sensors S ≥ 3, i.e., the complexity of an optimal algorithm increases exponentially with the size of the problem. The new solution to the optimization problem developed in this paper is a Lagrangian relaxation technique that successively solves a series of generalized two-dimensional assignment problems, with the worst case complexity of max [O(S n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> ), O(M)], where n is the number of reports from each sensor and M is the number of possible measurement-target associations. The dual optimization problem is solved via an accelerated subgradient method. A useful feature of the relaxation approach is that the resulting dual optimal cost is a lower bound on the feasible cost and, hence, provides a measure of how close the feasible solution is to the (perhaps unknowable) optimal solution. For the passive sensor data association problem, the feasible solution costs are typically within 1% of their corresponding dual optimal costs. The algorithm is illustrated via several examples.
The Use Of Melodic Scales In Bollywood Music: An Empirical Study. (2013)

[TODO] Add abstract here.
TBK1-Targeted Suppression of TRIF-Dependent Signaling Pathway of Toll-Like Receptors by 6-Shogaol, an Active Component of Ginger (2009)

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are primary sensors that detect a wide variety of microbial components involving induction of innate immune responses. After recognition of microbial components, TLRs trigger the activation of myeloid differential factor 88 (MyD88) and Toll-interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor domain-containing adapter inducing interferon-beta (TRIF)-dependent downstream signaling pathways. 6-Shoagol, an active ingredient of ginger, inhibits the MyD88-dependent signaling pathway by inhibiting inhibitor-kappaB kinase activity. Inhibitor-kappaB kinase is a key kinase in nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation. However, it is not known whether 6-shogaol inhibits the TRIF-dependent signaling pathway. Our goal was to identify the molecular target of 6-shogaol in the TRIF-dependent pathway of TLRs. 6-Shogaol inhibited the activation of interferon-regulatory factor 3 (IRF3) induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and by polyriboinosinic polyribocytidylic acid (poly[I:C]), overexpression of TRIF, TANK-binding kinase1 (TBK1), and IRF3. Furthermore, 6-shogaol inhibited TBK1 activity in vitro. Together, these results suggest that 6-shogaol inhibits the TRIF-dependent signaling pathway of TLRs by targeting TBK1, and, they imply that 6-shogaol can modulate TLR-derived immune/inflammatory target gene expression induced by microbial infection.
Enzymic and structural characterization of nepenthesin, a unique member of a novel subfamily of aspartic proteinases (2004)

Carnivorous plants are known to secrete acid proteinases to digest prey, mainly insects, for nitrogen uptake. In the present study, we have purified, for the first time, to homogeneity two acid proteinases (nepenthesins I and II) from the pitcher fluid of Nepenthes distillatoria (a pitcher-plant known locally as badura) and investigated their enzymic and structural characteristics. Both enzymes were optimally active at pH approx. 2.6 towards acid-denatured haemoglobin; the specificity of nepenthesin I towards oxidized insulin B chain appears to be similar, but slightly wider than those of other APs (aspartic proteinases). Among the enzymic properties, however, the most notable is their unusual stability: both enzymes were remarkably stable at or below 50 degrees C, especially nepenthesin I was extremely stable over a wide range of pH from 3 to 10 for over 30 days. This suggests an evolutionary adaptation of the enzymes to their specific habitat. We have also cloned the cDNAs and deduced the complete amino acid sequences of the precursors of nepenthesins I and II (437 and 438 residues respectively) from the pitcher tissue of N. gracilis. Although the corresponding mature enzymes (each 359 residues) are homologous with ordinary pepsin-type APs, both enzymes had a high content of cysteine residues (12 residues/molecule), which are assumed to form six unique disulphide bonds as suggested by computer modelling and are supposed to contribute towards the remarkable stability of nepenthesins. Moreover, the amino acid sequence identity of nepenthesins with ordinary APs, including plant vacuolar APs, is remarkably low (approx. 20%), and phylogenetic comparison shows that nepenthesins are distantly related to them to form a novel subfamily of APs with a high content of cysteine residues and a characteristic insertion, named 'the nepenthesin-type AP-specific insertion', that includes a large number of novel, orthologous plant APs emerging in the gene/protein databases.
Synthesis and alkylation of aza‐glycinyl dipeptide building blocks (2013)

Aza-glycinyl dipeptides are useful building blocks for the synthesis of a diverse array of azapeptides. The construction of the aza-glycine residue is however challenging, because of the potential for side reactions, such as those leading to formation of oxadiazalone, hydantoin and symmetric urea by-products. Employing N,N'-disuccinimidyl carbonate to activate benzophenone hydrazone, we have developed a more efficient approach for the synthesis of aza-glycinyl dipeptides. Alkylation of the semicarbazone of the resulting protected aza-glycinyl dipeptides using tetraethylammonium hydroxide and propargyl bromide provided an efficient entry into the aza-propargylglycinyl peptide building blocks, which have served previously in various reactions including Sonogashira cross-couplings, dipolar cycloadditions and intramolecular exo-dig cycloadditions to furnish a variety of azapeptide building blocks.
Hyperoxia retards growth and induces apoptosis and loss of glands and blood vessels in DMBA-induced rat mammary tumors (2007)

Thus, by increasing the pO2 in mammary tumor tissue using normobaric and moderate hyperbaric oxygen therapy, a significant retardation in tumor growth is achieved, by loss of glands, reduction in vascular density and enhanced cell death. Hyperbaric oxygen should therefore be further evaluated as a tumor treatment.
Partial near-duplicate image identification with global geometric consistency of subset-of-features (2011)

The task of determining whether two images are near-duplicate or not becomes increasingly important in many applications, such as copyright infringement detection, sub- image retrieval and spam image filtering. Traditional methods for near-duplicate image identification (NDII) usually extract image local features firstly, and then quantize them as bag of words (BOW); the frequency histogram is finally taken as the representation of image for NDII. However, the mismatches between local features, the lower distinctiveness, polysemy and synonymy of visual words all degrade the accuracy of NDII, especially for partial NDII. Although some geometric verification procedures have been taken, these methods are still affected by the mismatches and ambiguity of visual words. In this paper, we propose a novel scheme for verifying the global geometric consistency of subset-of-features for improving the accuracy of BOW model. If there is a subset of matched pairs of local features obtained by BOW model, in which the ratios of scales and differences of orientations are consistent, we take these two images as near-duplicate images. The cardinality of the subset can also be used for measure the similarity of the two images. Experimental results show that the proposed method can improve the accuracy of NDII prominently, and it is also effective and robust for the retrieval of some typical partial near-duplicate images.
Tea Consumption and Lung Cancer Risk: A Case‐Control Study in Okinawa, Japan (1995)

To disclose the relationship between tea consumption and lung cancer risk, we analyzed the data from a case-control study conducted in Okinawa, Japan from 1988 to 1991. The analysis, based on 333 cases and 666 age-, sex- and residence-matched controls, provided the following major findings. (a) The greater the intake of Okinawa tea (a partially fermented tea), the smaller the risk, particularly in women. For females, the odds ratios (and 95% confidence intervals) for those who consumed 1-4, 5-9, and 10 cups or more of Okinawan tea every day, relative to non-daily tea drinkers, were 0.77 (0.28-2.13), 0.77 (0.26-2.25) and 0.38 (0.12-1.18), respectively (trend: P = 0.032). The corresponding odds ratios for males were 0.85 (0.45-1.55), 0.85 (0.45-1.56) and 0.57 (0.31-1.06) (trend: P = 0.053). (b) The risk reduction by Okinawan tea consumption was detected mainly in squamous cell carcinoma. Daily tea consumption significantly decreased the risk of squamous cell carcinoma in males and females, the odds ratios being 0.50 (95% confidence interval 0.27-0.93) and 0.08 (0.01-0.68), respectively. These findings suggest a protective effect of tea consumption against lung cancer in humans.
Aseptic processing and packaging of food : a food industry perspective (1996)

Preface Foreword, W. Dunkley Part I Principles of Thermal Processing and Optimization United States History and Evolution Marketing of Aseptically Processed and Packaged Foods Part II Regulations for Aseptic Processing and Packaging of Foods Part III Food Plant Organization - Present Operations Food Processing Equipment - Historical and Modern Designs Food Packaging Equipment Part IV Validation and Establishing of Aseptic Processing and Packaging Operations Quality Assurance and Food Safety for Aseptically Processed and Packaged Food Food Industry R&D and Management Needs and Challenges Part V Summary Appendices Subject Index