gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the Anticonvulsant, Behavioral and Pharmacokinetic Interaction Profiles of Stiripentol in Combination with Clonazepam, Ethosuximide, Phenobarbital, and Valproate Using Isobolographic Analysis (2006)

Summary: Purpose: Isobolographic analysis was used to characterize the interactions between stiripentol (STP) and clonazepam (CZP), ethosuximide (ETS), phenobarbital (PB), and valproate (VPA) in suppressing pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)‐induced clonic seizures in mice. Methods: The anticonvulsant and acute adverse (neurotoxic) effects of STP in combination with the various conventional antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), at fixed ratios of 1:3, 1:1, and 3:1, were evaluated in the PTZ and chimney tests in mice using the isobolographic analysis. Additionally, protective indices (PI) and benefit indices (BI) were calculated to identify their pharmacological profiles so that a ranking in relation to advantageous combination could be established. Moreover, adverse‐effect paradigms were determined by use of the step‐through passive avoidance task (long‐term memory), threshold for the first pain reaction, grip‐strength test (neuromuscular tone), and the hot plate test (acute thermal pain). Brain AED concentrations were also measured so as to ascertain any pharmacokinetic contribution to the pharmacodynamic interactions. Results: All AED combinations comprising of STP and CZP, ETS, PB, and VPA (at the fixed ratios of 1:3, 1:1 and 3:1) were additive in terms of clonic seizure suppression in the PTZ test. However, these interactions were complicated by changes in brain AED concentrations consequent to pharmacokinetic interactions. Thus STP significantly increased total brain ETS and PB concentrations, and decreased VPA concentrations, but was without effect on CZP concentrations. In contrast, PB significantly decreased and VPA increased total brain STP concentrations while CZP and ETS were without effect. Furthermore, while isobolographic analysis revealed that STP and CZP in combination, at the fixed ratios of 1:1 and 3:1, were supraadditive (synergistic; p < 0.05), the combinations of STP with CZP (1:3), ETS, PB, or VPA (at all fixed ratios of 1:3, 1:1, and 3:1) were barely additivity in terms of acute neurotoxic adverse effects in the chimney test. Additionally, none of the examined combinations of STP with conventional AEDs (CZP, ETS, PB, VPA—at their median effective doses from the PTZ‐test) affected long‐term memory, threshold for the first pain reaction, neuromuscular tone, and acute thermal pain. Conclusions: Based on BI values, the combination of STP with PB at the fixed ratio of 1:3 appears to be a particularly favourable combination. In contrast, STP and CZP or ETS (at the fixed ratios of 1:1 and 3:1) were unfavorable combinations. However, these conclusions are confounded by the fact that STP is associated with significant pharmacokinetic interactions. The remaining combinations of STP with PB (1:1 and 3:1), CZP (1:3), ETS (1:3), and VPA (at all fixed ratios of 1:3, 1:1, and 3:1) do not appear to be potential favorable AED combinations.
Field emission from individual B–C–N nanotube rope (2002)

The field-emission characteristics of individual ropes made of B–C–N nanotubes were measured in situ in a low-energy electron point source microscope. The tungsten field emission tip of the microscope was used as a movable electrode, approaching the rope, and acting as an anode during field-emission measurements. The atomic structure and chemical composition of the ropes were analyzed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron energy-loss spectroscopy. The tubes assembled within the ropes typically revealed open-tip ends, a small number of layers and zigzag chirality. We found that the field-emission properties of the B–C–N nanotube ropes are competitive with conventional C nanotubes, with the expected additional benefit that the B–C–N ropes exhibit higher environmental stability.
The Role of Catecholamines and Nerves in Ovulation (1974)

The description of innervation of the mammalian ovary is reviewed. Human ovaries are supplied with both sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers. Avian ovary innervation is also described. A brief review of denervation and transplantation experiments lead to the conclusion that nerves do have some role in ovulation and other ovarian processes. In rabbits and chickens an injection of an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent dibenzylene (DB) 14 hours before ovulation blocked ovulation. This effect was overcome by injection of the correct ratio of FSH:LH (follicle stimulating hormone:luteinizing hormone). Catecholamines appear to be involved in the process of ovulation; metabolic processes and muscle contraction and hemodynamic changes are suggested areas of influence of catecholamines. There is some evidence linking catecholamines with the release of prostaglandins.
Ring-Opening Polymerization of 1,4,8-Trioxaspiro[4.6]-9-undecanone:  A New Route to Aliphatic Polyesters Bearing Functional Pendent Groups (1997)

A straightforward and very efficient pathway has been reported for the synthesis of a functional derivative of ε-caprolactone, i.e. 5-ethylene ketal ε-caprolactone. This new monomer has been homopolymerized and copolymerized with ε-caprolactone in a well-controlled manner, strongly suggesting absence of any side reactions. Deacetalization of the polyester chains is complete and reduction of the ketone groups into hydroxyl groups as well. No chain scission is observed to occur in the course of these two derivatization reactions. Thus, aliphatic polyesters bearing either ketone pendent groups or hydroxyl pendent groups can be easily prepared, which raises new application prospects. These materials proved to be easily redispersed in an aqueous medium. They form stable colloidal nanodispersions (e.g. 100 nm). These suspensions are stable more than 48 h at room temperature and may be viewed as potential drug colloidal vectors with a core−shell like structure. Different types of reactive groups on the surface of these nanoparticulate vectors are indeed available to the binding of species selected for molecular recognition and drug targeting. For instance, the well-known reactivity of ketones toward primary amines is a direct route to attach peptides onto biodegradable and biocompatible aliphatic polyesters. Poly(ε-caprolactone) with hydroxyl groups reactive toward triethylaluminum provides a macroinitiator for lactone and lactide polymerization, so that biodegradable and biocompatible functional comb, graft, and dendritic aliphatic polyesters can now be synthesized.
Programmable quadratic associative memory using holographic lenslet arrays (1989)

Programmable higher-order optical interconnections between two-dimensional arrays of neurons are achieved by using holographic lenslet arrays and spatial light modulators. Basic experimental results for two-dimensional quadratic associative memory are reported to demonstrate its feasibility.
XML documentation of biopathways and their simulations in Genomic Object Net. (2001)

Genomic Object Net is a software tool for modeling and simulating biopathways which employs the notion of hybrid functional net as its basic architechture. This paper shows how to integrate this basic architecture with XML documents for biopathway representations, simulations, and visualizations for creating a tailor-made simulation environment.
Endothelial progenitor cells: Implications for cardiovascular disease (2008)

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) reside in the bone marrow and are mobilized into the circulation by specific stimuli such as certain drugs, ischemia, and exercise training. Once in the circulation EPCs are thought to participate in the maintenance of the endothelial cell layer. Recently it was clearly demonstrated that the amount and function of EPCs is significantly impaired in different cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, the level of circulating EPCs predicts the occurrence of cardiovascular events and death from cardiovascular causes and may help to identify patients at increased cardiovascular risk. After demonstrating the beneficial effect of applied EPCs in several animal experiments, these cells were also used to treat humans with different cardiovascular diseases. This review will focus on the characterization and liberation of EPCs from the bone marrow, as well as on the most important clinical cardiovascular diseases for which EPCs were used therapeutically.
Cleavage Arrest of Early Frog Embryos by the G Protein-activated Protein Kinase PAK I (1996)

PAK I is a member of the PAK (p21-activated protein kinase) family and is activated by Cdc42 (Jakobi, R., Chen, C.-J., Tuazon, P. T., and Traugh, J. A. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 6206-6211). To examine the effects of PAK I on cleavage arrest, subfemtomole amounts of endogenously active (58 kDa) and inactive (60 kDa) PAK I and a tryptic peptide (37 kDa) containing the active catalytic domain were injected into one blastomere of 2-cell frog embryos. Active PAK I resulted in cleavage arrest in the injected blastomere at mitotic metaphase, whereas the uninjected blastomere progressed through mid- to late cleavage. Injection of other protein kinases at similar concentrations had no effect on cleavage. Endogenous PAK I was highly active in frog oocytes, and antibody to PAK I reacted specifically with protein of 58-60 kDa. PAK I protein was decreased at 60 min post-fertilization, with little or no PAK I protein or activity detectable at 80 min post-fertilization or in 2-cell embryos. At the 4-cell stage PAK I protein increased, but the protein kinase was present primarily as an inactive form. Rac2 and Cdc42, but not Rac 1, were identified in oocytes and throughout early embryo development. Thus, PAK I appears to be a potent cytostatic protein kinase involved in maintaining cells in a non-dividing state. PAK I activity is high in oocytes and appears to be regulated by degradation/synthesis and through autophosphorylation via binding of Cdc42. PAK I may act through regulation of the stress-activated protein kinase signaling pathway and/or by direct regulation of multiple metabolic pathways.
Cutting Edge: Allele-Specific and Peptide-Dependent Interactions between KIR3DL1 and HLA-A and HLA-B (2007)

Although it is clear that KIR3DL1 recognizes Bw4(+) HLA-B, the role of Bw4(+) HLA-A allotypes as KIR3DL1 ligands is controversial. We therefore examined the binding of tetrameric HLA-A and -B complexes, including HLA*2402, a common Bw4(+) HLA-A allotype, to KIR3DL1*001, *005, *007, and *1502 allotypes. Only Bw4(+) tetramers bound KIR3DL1. Three of four HLA-A*2402 tetramers bound one or more KIR3DL1 allotypes and all four KIR3DL1 allotypes bound to one or more HLA-A*2402 tetramers, but with different binding specificities. Only KIR3DL1*005 bound both HLA-A*2402 and HLA-B*5703 tetramers. HLA-A*2402-expressing target cells were resistant to lysis by NK cells expressing KIR3DL1*001 or *005. This study shows that HLA-A*2402 is a ligand for KIR3DL1 and demonstrates how the binding of KIR3DL1 to Bw4(+) ligands depends upon the bound peptide as well as HLA and KIR3DL1 polymorphism.
Laser alloying of Al with mixed Ni, Ti and SiC powders (2010)

Laser alloying of aluminum AA1200 was performed with a 4.4 kW Rofin Sinar Nd:YAG laser to improve the surface hardness. Alloying was carried out by depositing Ni, Ti and SiC powders of different weight ratios on the aluminum substrate. The aim was to form surfaces on aluminum reinforced with metal matrix composites and intermetallic phases. The laser parameters used were 4 kW power and 10 mm/s laser scanning speed. The microstructures formed were examined using optical and scanning electron microscopes and the phases were identified with x-ray diffraction and energy dispersive x-ray analytical techniques. Preliminary results showed that the microstructure of the alloyed layer depends on the content of Ni, Ti and SiC in the deposited powder mixture. The distribution of the SiC particles was not homogeneous. Intermetallic phases were formed between Al-Ni-Ti-SiC during laser alloying. An increase in surface hardness was achieved after laser alloying. A surface hardness of approximately 356.8±43.4 HV0.1 was achieved after alloying with a powder containing 70 wt % Ni, 20 wt % Ti and 10 wt % SiC. The increase in hardness was attributed to the formation of the intermetallic phases.
The Science of Training: A Decade of Progress (2001)

This chapter reviews the training research literature reported over the past decade. We describe the progress in five areas of research including training theory, training needs analysis, antecedent training conditions, training methods and strategies, and posttraining conditions. Our review suggests that advancements have been made that help us understand better the design and delivery of training in organizations, with respect to theory development as well as the quality and quantity of empirical research. We have new tools for analyzing requisite knowledge and skills, and for evaluating training. We know more about factors that influence training effectiveness and transfer of training. Finally, we challenge researchers to find better ways to translate the results of training research into practice.
Automated Utilization Analysis as a Foundation for Effective Operating Room Management (1984)

This paper describes an Operating Room Management Information System developed at the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions. The system has two major components: an operating room scheduling component and an operating room utilization analysis component. In addition to the system description, we have summarized the goals of the automated system with respect to management philosophy of the operating rooms. In order to demonstrate how the utilization analysis component of the system facilitates resolution of utilization perplexities an example of an operating room utilization management application is presented.
Evaluation of concentration of voriconazole in aqueous humor after topical and oral administration in horses (2006)

Results indicated that voriconazole effectively penetrated the cornea in clinically normal eyes and reached detectable concentrations in the AH after topical administration. The drug also penetrated noninflamed equine eyes after oral administration. Low plasma concentrations of voriconazole were detected after topical administration.
Microcavity Laser Oscillating in a Circuit-Based Resonator (2010)

Lasers based on microcavities are extremely attractive for their compactness, low power dissipation, and potential for ultrafast modulation speed. We describe an ultrasmall laser based on a subwavelength electronic inductor-capacitor (LC) resonant circuit that allows for extreme confinement of the electric field. This electrically injected laser operates at a frequency of 1.5 terahertz, and the mode volume is strongly subwavelength. The design concept of the LC resonator can be extended from the terahertz range to higher frequencies and also applied to detectors and modulators.
Evidence for Physical Interaction between the Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Variable Region and the 3′ Regulatory Region (2007)

B cell-specific expression of immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) genes utilizes two cis regulatory regions, the intronic enhancer (Emicro), located in the J(H)-Cmicro intron, and a complex regulatory region that lies 3' to the IgH gene cluster, 3' RR. We hypothesized that the 3' RR is involved in IgH gene transcription in plasma cells via physical interaction between distal 3' RR enhancers and target V(H) sequences, with loop formation by intervening DNA. In support of this hypothesis we report sequence data at DNA recombination breakpoints as evidence for loop formation preceding DNA inversion in a plasma cell line. In addition, using the chromosome conformation capture technique, physical interactions between V(H) and 3' RR were analyzed directly and detected in MPC11 plasma cells and variants and normal splenic B cells but not detected in splenic T cells or in non-B cells. V(H)-3' RR interactions were present in the absence of Emicro, but when the hs1,2 enhancer was replaced by a Neo(R) gene in a variant cell line lacking Emicro, H chain expression was lost, and interactions between V(H) and 3' RR and among the 3' RR regulators themselves were severely disrupted. In addition, the chromosome conformation capture technique detected interactions between the myc promoter and 3' RR elements in MPC11, which like other plasmacytomas contains a reciprocal translocation between the c-myc and the IgH locus. In sum, our data support a hypothesis that cis V(H)-3' RR and myc-3' RR interactions involve physical interactions between these DNA elements.
Heuristics in Mixed Integer Programming (2011)

Abstract MILP heuristics aim at finding a feasible (and hopefully good) solution of the problem above, which is an NP‐hard problem by itself. We present the main ideas underlying some of the heuristics proposed in the literature. In particular, in this article we focus on those algorithms developed with the aim of being tightly integrated within MILP solvers.
Modeling of the Open-Die and Radial Forging Processes for Alloy 718 (1991)

To better understand the effects of process parameters on the production of a fine-grained forged 718 billet, and to assist Cytemp in the selection of a new forging machine, a detailed modeling effort was conducted on the processing of 718.The specification of appropriate boundary conditions and material data, and the formulation of the finite element models using DEFORM are discussed.The modeling results revealed, in a qualitative way, that open die forging tends to do more work at the center of the ingot, while radial forging brings about more deformation at the ingot surface.Die shape was identified as an important forging design variable.Curvature at the comers of the die, compared with curvature at the center of the die, resulted in more work at the center of the ingot.Better penetration of work to the center of the ingot also resulted from increasing bite ratios to as high as 0.8 in radial forging.Many of the variables considered had a concomitant effect on the curvature of the end of the ingot.This latter parameter could be used for verification in plant trials, where the kinematic boundary conditions could be carefully monitored.Forging operators and consultants verified that the results reported in this study are qualitatively correct in predicting trends in open-die and radial forging operations.
Performance analysis of advanced encryption standard for low power and area applications (2013)

This paper presents a very low power and area efficient ASIC implementation of Advanced Encryption Standard Algorithm (AES). The implementation results of S-Box, MixColumn Transformation and overall AES encryption/ decryption are given in this paper. The AES has been implemented in 90nm standard CMOS library using Synopsys Design Compiler with a core voltage of 1.2V. The power dissipation of S-Box implementation is 16.2 μW at 10 MHz clock frequency. The Total power dissipation and area of AES-128 bit implementation is 224 μW and 50377 μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> respectively at 10 MHz with a delay of 13ns which is lower than the existing architectures. The maximum operating frequency of the proposed design is 200MHz. For the purpose of comparison the proposed design was also implemented in 180nm CMOS technology.
Towards the use of ontologies for activity-based costing in healthcare organizations. (2006)

Activity-based costing is a methodology which provides a basis for healthcare cost optimization. A robust formal representation of such activities is needed in order to be able to draw inferences as to the costs involved in a reliable manner. An introduction to the basic ontological distinctions involved in such a representation and to the complications one faces in carrying out the task is presented in this paper.
Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon Nanofibers Produced by the Floating Catalyst Method (2002)

A novel method is presented to synthesize herringbone-stacked carbon nanofibers in high selectivity using cobaltocene as the catalytic precursor. Thiophene was essential for carbon nanofiber growth while hydrogen was used as the carrier gas. Selectivity close to 100% was achieved using cobaltocene, thiophene, and hydrogen reacted at 1100 °C. The conversion rate of the nanofibers collected in the cold trap was approximately 1.5 wt % of the initial products. The effect of the catalytic precursor temperature, thiophene, and acetylene was investigated, with reference to nanofiber diameter and selectivity.
Toluene and naphthalene dioxygenase-catalysed sulfoxidation of alkyl aryl sulfides (1998)

A series of alkyl aryl sulfides were metabolised, using selected strains of the soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida containing either toluene dioxygenase (TDO) or naphthalene dioxygenase (NDO), to give chiral sulfoxides. Alkyl aryl sulfoxides 2a–2k, 4a–4j and 4l, having enantiomeric excess (ee) values of >90%, were obtained by use of the appropriate strain of P. putida (UV4 or NCIMB 8859). Enantiocomplementarity was observed for the formation of sulfoxides 2a, 2b, 2d, 2j, 4a, 4b and 4d, with TDO-catalysed (UV4) oxidation favouring the (R) enantiomer and NDO-catalysed oxidation (NCIMB 8859) the (S) enantiomer. Evidence of involvement of the TDO enzyme was obtained using a recombinant strain of Escherichia coli (pKST 11). The marked degree of stereoselectivity appears to be mainly due to enzyme-catalysed asymmetric sulfoxidation, however the possibility of a minor contribution from kinetic resolution, in some cases, cannot be excluded.
Toll-like Receptors and their Adaptors in Innate Immunity (2005)

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) recognize specific molecular patterns of pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and virus. Stimulation of TLRs triggers gene expression involved in innate immune response and further instructs development of antigen-specific adaptive immunity. Molecular mechanisms by which TLRs activate innate immunity are now being elucidated through analysis of TLR-mediated signaling pathways. TLR signaling originates from the cytoplasmic Toll / IL-1 receptor (TIR) domain, which is conserved among all TLRs. In addition, recent evidence indicates that TIR domain-containing adaptors, such as MyD88, TRIF, TIRAP, and TRAM, play essential roles in TLR signaling. MyD88 is essential for inflammatory cytokine production via all TLRs, whereas TRIF mediates a MyD88-independent induction of type I IFNs via TLR3 and TLR4. TIRAP is specifically involved in TLR2-, and TLR4- mediated MyD88-dependent pathway, and TRAM acts in the TLR4-mediated TRIF-dependent pathway. Therefore, the specific functions of individual TLRs can be elicited by utilizing different combinations of TIR domain-containing adaptors. These recent progresses have made us aware of the fact that innate immunity possesses a skillful system to detect microbial invasion in the host and trigger appropriate immune responses. Keywords: toll-like receptor, signaling pathway, tir domain, adaptor, myd88, trif, knockout mice
Pediatric Malignant Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumor: The Italian and German Soft Tissue Sarcoma Cooperative Group (2005)

MPNST is an aggressive tumor for which complete surgical resection is the mainstay of successful treatment. Postoperative radiotherapy may have a role in improving local control in patients with minimal residual tumor. The reported responses to primary chemotherapy suggest that it may be effective in patients with tumor considered unresectable at diagnosis.