gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Divalent Immunotoxin Formed by the Disulfide Bond between Hinge Regions of Fab Domain (2001)

Recombinant immunotoxins are hybrid cytotoxic proteins designed to selectively kill cancer cells. A divalent immunotoxins, [B3(FabH1)-PE38] 2 , was constructed by recombining Fab domain of B3 antibody as a cell-targeting domain and Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE) as a cytotoxic domain. Monoclonal antibody, B3, is the murine antibody (IgG1 κ) directed against Lewis Y -related carbohydrate antigens, which are abundant on the surface of many carcinomas. Fab fragment of this antibody was used in this study with the modified hinge sequence where last two cysteines out of three were mutated to serine. PE is a 66 kDa bacterial toxin that kills eukaryotic cells by inhibiting protein synthesis with ADP ribosylation of ribosomal elongation factor 2 (EF2). Fc region of B3 antibody was substituted with the truncated form of PE (38 kDa, PE38) on DNA level. [B3(FabH1)-PE38] 2 was formed by disulfide bond between cysteines in the modified hinge region of B3(FabH1)-PE38. Each polypeptide for recombinant immunotoxins was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and collected as inclusion bodies. Each inclusion body was solubilized and refolded, and cytotoxic effects were measured. Divalent immunotoxins, [B3(FabH1)-PE38] 2 , had ID 5 0 values of about 10 ng/mL on A431 cell lines and about 4 ng/mL on CRL1739 cell lines. Control immunotoxins, B3(scFv)-PE40, had ID 5 0 values of about 28 ng/mL on A431 cell lines and about 41 ng/mL on CRL1739 cell lines. Divalent immunotoxins, [B3(FabH1)-PE38] 2 , had higher cytotoxic effects than B3(scFv)-PE40 control immunotoxins.
Hand-tightened slurry vessel for packing high pressure liquid chromatography columns (1979)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHand-tightened slurry vessel for packing high pressure liquid chromatography columnsGert E. Berendsen, Rob. Regouw, and Leo. De GalanCite this: Anal. Chem. 1979, 51, 7, 1091–1093Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1979Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1979https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac50043a075https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50043a075research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views110Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Thermal and Oxidation Stability of Polymethylphenylsiloxanes (1950)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThermal and Oxidation Stability of PolymethylphenylsiloxanesC. M. Murphy, C. E. Saunders, and D. C. SmithCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1950, 42, 12, 2462–2468Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1950Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1950https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50492a024https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50492a024research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views272Altmetric-Citations35LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Serum antibodies to GM <sub>1</sub> ganglioside in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (1988)

We report the presence of serum antibodies directed against GM1 ganglioside, a defined neural antigen, in many patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We examined serum from a series of patients with well-documented clinical diagnoses. Serum antibodies to GM1 ganglioside were measured using ELISA assays. Our results showed that polyclonal IgM anti-GM1 antibodies were present at dilutions of 1:25 to 1:2,000 in 42 of 74 (57%) patients with ALS. The anti-GM1 antibodies were especially frequent in patients with prominent lower motor neuron signs (41/59; 69%). Few normal controls (2/23) and motor-sensory neuropathy patients (3/27) had similar antibodies. Anti-GM1 antibodies did occur in patients with nonneural autoimmune disorders. However, the anti-GM1 antibodies in these patients tended to differ from those in ALS based on an analysis of their light chain types. Further examination of the role and spectrum of serum antiganglioside antibody activity in motor neuron syndromes is warranted.
Phosphorylation of the rev gene product of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (1988)

Replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 requires the functional expression in trans of the virally encoded rev gene product (previously called art/trs). Here we demonstrate that this protein can be metabolically labeled with 32Pi. The phosphate receptor in the rev protein is shown to be exclusively serine. Treatment of rev-expressing cells with phorbol ester, a specific activator of protein kinase C, led to significant but transient enhancement of the level of rev phosphorylation. These results indicate that the rev protein is posttranslationally modified in vivo and suggest that the level of this modification is subject to modulation by extracellular stimuli.
Independent pathways regulate the cytosolic [Ca2+] initial transient and subsequent oscillations in individual cultured arterial smooth muscle cells responding to extracellular ATP. (1992)

Stimulation with extracellular ATP causes a rapid initial transient rise followed by asynchronous periodic oscillations in cytosolic calcium ion activity ([Ca2+]i) in individual aortic smooth muscle cells in either HEPES-buffered or HCO3(-)-buffered saline. The dose at which one-half of the cells display an initial rise in cytosolic calcium is 0.11 microM ATP in the presence of external Ca2+ and 0.88 microM ATP in the absence of external Ca2+; the corresponding value for oscillations in the presence of external Ca2+ is 2.6 microM ATP. While the initial transient displays rapid desensitization, the oscillations persist for greater than 30 min in the continuous presence of ATP. The presence of the agonist ATP is also absolutely required for the maintenance of the oscillations, presumably to provide continuous activation of P2 purinoceptors. The average frequency of oscillation is approximately 0.9 min-1. The frequency depends only slightly on the concentration of ATP, and oscillations do not collapse into a prolonged elevated [Ca2+]i at high concentrations of ATP. Both Ca2+ influx and release from internal stores participate in the initial transient. Oscillations are not produced in the absence of external Ca2+ but are initiated upon the addition of external Ca2+ in the continued presence of ATP. Oscillations in progress are abolished by the removal of extracellular Ca2+ with one additional peak occurring after the Ca2+ removal. These data suggest that extracellular Ca2+ influx is required for the maintenance of the posttransient oscillations, presumably to provide the Ca2+ necessary for refilling intracellular Ca2+ pools that are the source of the oscillating [Ca2+]i. The Ca2+ influx is not regulated by voltage-gated Ca2+ channels. The data in this report are consistent with the view that the initial transient has contributions from two receptor-mediated pathways, and the oscillations are controlled either by a mechanism separate from the ones that control the initial transient or by steps whose control diverges before the point of desensitization.
Antibody Catalysis of Glycosidic Bond Hydrolysis (1991)

For the preparation of abzymes with glycolytic activity, the generation of an antibody that catalyzes the hydrolysis of acetal 1 represents a first step. The antibody (or abzyme) is obtained from immunization with piperidinium hapten 2. A key factor in promoting catalysis is probably the proper placement of the leaving group in 1 as axial substituent.
The development and challenges of rechargeable non-aqueous lithium–air batteries (2012)

Lithium–air (Li–air) batteries have recently received much attention due to their extremely high theoretical energy densities. The significantly larger theoretical energy density of Li–air batteries is due to the use of a pure lithium metal anode and the fact that the cathode oxidant, oxygen, is stored externally since it can be readily obtained from the surrounding air. However, before Li–air batteries can be realized as high-performance, commercially viable products there are still numerous scientific and technical challenges that must be overcome, from designing the cathode structure, to optimizing the electrolyte compositions and elucidating the complex chemical reactions that occur during charge and discharge. The scientific obstacles that are related to the performance of Li–air batteries open up an exciting opportunity for researchers from many different backgrounds to utilize their unique knowledge and skills to bridge the knowledge gaps that exist in current research projects. This review article is a summary of the most significant developments and challenges of practical Li–air batteries and the current understanding of their chemistry.
Studies on Automated Manufacturing of High Performance Composites (2001)

The NASA Langley Research Center fiber placement facility has proven to be a valuable asset for obtaining data, experience, and insights into the automated fabrication of high performance composites. The facility consists of two automated devices: an Asea Brown Boveri (ABB) robotic arm with a modified heated head capable of hot gas and focused infrared heating and a 7' x 17' gantry containing a feeder head, rotating platform, focused infrared lamp and e-beam gun. While uncured thermoset tow and tape, e.g., epoxy and cyanate prepreg, can be placed with a robot, the placement facility s most powerful attribute is the ability to place thermoplastic and e-beam curable material to net shape. In recent years, ribbonizing techniques have been developed to make high quality thermoplastic and thermoset dry material forms to the standards required for robotic placement. A variety of composites have been fabricated from these ribbons by heated head tow and tape placement including both flat plates and cylinders. Composite mechanical property values of the former were between 85 and 100 percent of those obtained by hand lay-up/autoclave processing.
Image-Projection Ion-Beam Lithography (1989)

Image-projection ion-beam lithography promises high-throughput patterning with wide process latitude, excellent resolution, and minimal damage to underlying circuit layers. The process involves extracting helium ions from a plasma source, transmitting the ions at low voltage through a stencil reticle, and then accelerating and focusing the ions electrostatically onto the wafer. A key feature is the use of image demagnification which simplifies reticle fabrication and inspection, and leads to low power loading on the reticle and long reticle life. In this paper we report computational studies aimed at improving field size, linearity, and telecentricity over that demonstrated experimentally in the pioneering work by Ion Microfabrication Systems, GmbH. (Vienna) during the past decade. We study a mechanically simple arrangement of equal-radii coaxial tubular lenses. We employ ion column optimization by simulated annealing and uncover a new optimization strategy which may be applicable in other optimization work. The resulting column design is much improved over our initial attempts based on an iterative optimization procedure. However, we still are unable to eliminate image distortion, and we would need either to rely on reticle predistortion or on use of a more complex electrode system for a production application.
Portable MEMS power sources (2003)

Two devices are described that realize MEMS-based power sources as alternatives to batteries. The first is thermoelectric which utilizes a SiGe thermopile on a silicon nitride membrane. The device generates power at 500/spl deg/C. The second device is an engine that consists of a high-speed rotating silicon turbine.
Gene Expression in the <i>Gitr</i> Locus Is Regulated by NF-κB and Foxp3 through an Enhancer (2014)

Glucocorticoid-induced TNFR (Gitr) and Ox40, two members of the TNFR superfamily, play important roles in regulating activities of effector and regulatory T cells (Treg). Their gene expression is induced by T cell activation and further upregulated in Foxp3+ Treg. Although the role of Foxp3 as a transcriptional repressor in Treg is well established, the mechanisms underlying Foxp3-mediated transcriptional upregulation remain poorly understood. This transcription factor seems to upregulate expression not only of Gitr and Ox40, but also other genes, including Ctla4, Il35, Cd25, all critical to Treg function. To investigate how Foxp3 achieves such upregulation, we analyzed its activity on Gitr and Ox40 genes located within a 15.1-kb region. We identified an enhancer located downstream of the Gitr gene, and both Gitr and Ox40 promoter activities were shown to be upregulated by the NF-κB-mediated enhancer activity. We also show, using the Gitr promoter, that the enhancer activity was further upregulated in conjunction with Foxp3. Foxp3 appears to stabilize NF-κB p50 binding by anchoring it to the enhancer, thereby enabling local accumulation of transcriptional complexes containing other members of the NF-κB and IκB families. These findings may explain how Foxp3 can activate expression of certain genes while suppressing others.
Synthesis and analysis at the chemical interface of novel oligomers as candidates for molecular electronics (2004)

New oligomers, intended for use as potential molecular electronics devices have been synthesized based on rational design principles. A large number of chemically and conformationally diverse molecules have been synthesized, in order to manipulate two physical characteristics of the oligomer: the molecular junction with the bulk phase material, and the molecular electronic behavior due to the conformational and electronic nature of the molecular backbone. For the former characteristic, the new oligomers contained various substrate linkers or "alligator clips", such as thioacetyl and free thiols, isonitriles, nitriles, pyridines groups, as well as diazonium salts for direct substrate attachment. For the latter characteristic, different molecular geometries were synthesized that contained electron-withdrawing groups such as fluorine atoms and nitro groups. These variations are meant to address redox processes, electron-localization and conformational restrictions of the conjugated oligomer, features that are thought to play active roles in the electrical responses of molecular electronic devices. The direct reaction of arenediazonium salts with the solid bulk phase allowed us to extend the molecular electronics field toward the preparation, characterization and use of organically grafted materials that are technologically important such as silicon and gallium arsenide semiconductors, palladium metallic surfaces and individual single-walled carbon nanotubes. The goals of this work include higher current densities, lower conductivity barriers and improved matching between molecular orbitals and the Fermi level from the bulk phase. Finally, through the synthetic work presented here, the importance of a complete and systematic analytical elucidation of the chemisorbed organic films made with these novel oligomers is emphasized, so that the quality and integrity of the chemical interface is better understood before the molecules are assigned as active elements in molecular electronic devices.
Luminescence Vapochromism of a Platinum(II) Complex for Detection of Low Molecular Weight Halohydrocarbon (2009)

Platinum(II) complex [Pt(Me(3)SiC[triple bond]CbpyC[triple bond]CSiMe(3))(C[triple bond]CPh)(2)] (1) with 5,5-bis(trimethylsilylethynyl)-2,2'-bipyridine (Me(3)SiC[triple bond]CbpyC[triple bond]CSiMe(3)) and phenylacetylene (PhC[triple bond]CH) exhibits unusual luminescence vapochromism to volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including CH(2)Cl(2), CHCl(3), and CH(3)I, which is useful for detection of volatile halohydrocarbon with one carbon atom and molecular weight less of than 150. Crystal structural determination of 1, 1 x CHCl(3), 1 x 1/2(CH(2)ClCH(2)Cl), and 1 x 1/2(toluene) revealed a staggered packing for 1 x CHCl(3) whereas there was an antiparallel packing for other three structures in stacking of planar platinum(II) moieties. The Pt...Pt distance is 3.302(1) A in 1 x CHCl(3), whereas it is >4.0 A in the other three structures. Complex 1 displays bright orange luminescence in dichloromethane solution, arising from pi(phenylacetylide)-->pi*(Me(3)SiC[triple bond]CbpyC[triple bond]CSiMe(3)) (3)LLCT and d(Pt)-->pi*(Me(3)SiC[triple bond]CbpyC[triple bond]CSiMe(3)) (3)MLCT triplet states which are supported by DFT calculation. The solid-state emission occurs at approximately 762 nm for 1 x VOC (VOC = CH(2)Cl(2), CHCl(3), and CH(3)I), whereas it was at approximately 562 (603sh) or 603 (562sh) nm for 1 and other 1 x VOC, corresponding to a vapochromic response shift of approximately 160-200 nm. The dramatic vapochromism and vapoluminescence of 1 to the vapor of CH(2)Cl(2), CHCl(3), or CH(3)I are induced by a reversible conversion of the emissive state from (3)MLCT/(3)LLCT character to (3)MMLCT/(3)LLCT state.
TNF-α Induces Phosphorylation of p47<i>phox</i> in Human Neutrophils: Partial Phosphorylation of p47<i>phox</i> Is a Common Event of Priming of Human Neutrophils by TNF-α and Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (2003)

Phosphorylation of p47(phox) is a key event in NADPH oxidase activation. We examined the ability of proinflammatory cytokines such as TNFalpha, IL-1, and G-CSF to induce this process compared with GM-CSF. Only TNF-alpha and GM-CSF induced a clear p47(phox) phosphorylation. This phosphorylation was time dependent and reached its maximum at 20 min. Two-dimensional phosphopeptide mapping of p47(phox) phosphorylated in neutrophils primed with TNF-alpha revealed partial phosphorylation of p47(phox) on the same peptide as for GM-CSF. Neutrophil incubation with TNF-alpha and subsequent addition of the chemotactic peptide fMLP resulted in more intense phosphorylation of p47(phox) sites than with each reagent alone. A neutralizing Ab against the p55 TNF receptor, contrary to a neutralizing Ab against the p75 TNF receptor, inhibited TNF-alpha-induced p47(phox) phosphorylation. Neutrophil treatment with both TNF-alpha and GM-CSF resulted in more intense phosphorylation of the same p47(phox) peptide observed with each cytokine alone, suggesting that they engaged pathways converging on common serines. This additive effect was also obtained on the priming of NADPH oxidase activity. The use of protein kinase inhibitors pointed to the involvement of a protein tyrosine kinase, but not protein kinase C. These findings show that TNF-alpha, via its p55 receptor, induces a protein tyrosine kinase-dependent selective phosphorylation of p47(phox) on specific serines. The ability of TNF-alpha and GM-CSF, two different cytokines with two different receptors to induce this specific p47(phox) phosphorylation, suggests that this event could be a common element of the priming of neutrophils by TNF-alpha and GM-CSF.
A new iterative LT decoding algorithm for binary and nonbinary Galois fields (2013)

Digital fountain codes are record-breaking codes for erasure channels. They have many potential applications in both wired and wireless communications. Most existing digital fountain codes operate over binary fields using an iterative belief-propagation (BP) decoding algorithm. In this paper, we propose a new iterative decoding algorithm for both binary and nonbinary fields. The basic form of our proposed algorithm considers both degree-1 and degree-2 check nodes (instead of only degree-1 check nodes as in the original BP decoding scheme), and has linear complexity. Extensive simulation demonstrates that it outperforms the original BP decoding scheme, especially for a small number of source packets. The enhanced form of the proposed algorithm combines the basic form of the algorithm and a guess-based algorithm to further improve the decoding performance. Simulation results demonstrate that it can provide better decoding performance than the guess-based algorithm with fewer guesses, and can achieve decoding performance close to that of the maximum likelihood decoder at a much lower decoding complexity. Last, we show that our nonbinary scheme has the potential to outperform the binary scheme when choosing suitable degree distributions, and furthermore it is insensitive to the size of the Galois field.
Acquiring competitive intelligence from social media (2011)

Competitive intelligence is the art of defining, gathering and analyzing intelligence about competitor's products, promotions, sales etc. from external sources. The Web comes across as an important source for gathering competitive intelligence. News, blogs, as well as social media not only provide competitors information but also provide direct comparison of customer behaviors with respect to different verticals among competing organizations. This paper discusses methodologies to obtain competitive intelligence from different types of web resources including social media using a wide array of text mining techniques. It provides some results from case-studies to show how the gathered information can be integrated with structured data and used to explain business facts and thereby adopted for future decision making.