gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A review of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (2008)

A 21-year-old female reports an 18-month history of light-headedness on standing. This is often associated with palpitations and a feeling of intense anxiety. She has had two black-outs in the past 12 months. She is not taking any regular medications. Her supine blood pressure was 126/84 mmHg with a heart rate of 76 bpm, and her upright blood pressure was 122/80 mmHg with a heart rate of 114 bpm. A full system examination was otherwise normal. She had a 12-lead electrocardiogram performed which was unremarkable. She was referred for head-up tilt testing. She was symptomatic during the test and lost consciousness at 16 min. Figure 1 summarizes her blood pressure and heart rate response to tilting. A diagnosis of postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome with overlapping vasovagal syncope was made.
A highly scalable system utilizing up to 128 PA-RISC processors (2002)

A highly scalable system implementing Convex's Exemplar Architecture has been designed. The system allows up to 128 Hewlett-Packard processors to efficiently cooperate together. All processors may be used together to substantially decrease the time-to-solution for large applications, or the processors may be used in smaller subsets in a time-sharing parallel environment. The system has many features which enhance the parallel usability of the system. These features include globally shared memory, interconnect caches, memory massed semaphores, and hardware messaging support.
N,S-Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes (2010)

This Review describes an important subclass of N-heterocyclic carbene complexes with thiazol-2-ylidenes ligands with only one exocyclic substituent on the thiazole ring. It highlights the synthetic, structural, and catalytic properties of these rapidly emerging complexes.
Broadband electron spin resonance at low frequency without resonant cavity (2008)

We have developed a nonconventional broadband electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometer operating continuously in the frequency range from 0.5 to 9 GHz. Dual antenna structure and the microwave absorbing environment differentiate the setup from the conventional one and enable broadband operation with any combination of frequency or magnetic field modulation and frequency or magnetic field sweeping. Its performance has been tested with the measurements on a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) sample and with the measurements on the single molecular magnet, V6, in solid state at low temperature.
Microsoft Windows Identity Foundation Cookbook (2012)

This book is written in a simple, easy to understand format, with lots of screenshots and step-by-step explanations.If you are a .NET developer looking forward to building access control in your applications using claims-based identity, then this is the best guide for you. This book is also an excellent choice for professionals and IT administrators trying to enable Single Sign-On across applications within the enterprise, and in the cloud spanning interoperable platforms. No previous knowledge on the subject is necessary, however a strong foundation in the C# programming language and .NET Fra
Transgenic mice expressing a mutant keratin 10 gene reveal the likely genetic basis for epidermolytic hyperkeratosis. (1992)

Epidermolytic hyperkeratosis (EH; previously called bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma) is an autosomal dominant skin disease of unknown etiology, affecting approximately 1 out of 300,000 people. It is typified by hyperkeratotic scaliness, blistering due to cytolysis within suprabasal epidermal cells, and hyperproliferation in basal cells. Histologically, EH epidermis exhibits a thickened stratum corneum and granular layer, with enlarged and irregular-shaped cells. Ultrastructurally, only suprabasal layers are affected, with three major aberrancies: (i) tonofilament clumping, (ii) nuclei and keratohyalin granules of irregular shape and size, and (iii) cell degeneration. We have discovered that transgenic mice expressing a mutant keratin 10 gene have the EH phenotype, thereby suggesting that a genetic basis for human EH residues in mutations in genes encoding suprabasal keratins K1 and K10. In addition, we show that (i) stimulation of basal cell proliferation can arise from a defect in suprabasal cells, and (ii) distortion of nuclear shape or aberrations in cytokinesis can occur when an intermediate filament network is perturbed.
Detonation-Wave Technique for On-Load Deposit Removal From Surfaces Exposed to Fouling: Part II—Full-Scale Application (1994)

The paper reports on the full-scale application and testing of the detonation-wave technique in two boilers, fired with pulverized coal, of total thermal power of 600 MW. Continuous monitoring over a period of several years confirmed earlier laboratory findings, reported in the companion Part I of the paper. The testing proved that the technique is efficient and reliable, with a number of advantages in comparison with various conventional cleaning methods. In spite of the fact that the lining of one of the boilers is made of classic refractory material, careful records and inspection over several years of daily application of the detonation wave technique showed no signs of any undesirable effects. The method was officially adopted as a routine deposit removal technique in the Power Plant “Kakanj” in Bosnia.
Flexibility of NS5 Methyltransferase-Polymerase Linker Region Is Essential for Dengue Virus Replication (2015)

ABSTRACT We examined the function of the conserved Val/Ile residue within the dengue virus NS5 interdomain linker (residues 263 to 272) by site-directed mutagenesis. Gly substitution or Gly/Pro insertion after the conserved residue increased the linker flexibility and created slightly attenuated viruses. In contrast, Pro substitution abolished virus replication by imposing rigidity in the linker and restricting NS5's conformational plasticity. Our biochemical and reverse genetics experiments demonstrate that NS5 utilizes conformational regulation to achieve optimum viral replication.
A single-flux-quantum demultiplexer (1997)

Many applications of Single-Flux-Quantum (SFQ) circuits will rely on the transfer of multi-Gigabit per second data streams from SFQ logic to semiconductor logic for further processing. The low output voltages of superconducting circuits currently limit the data rate per channel to a few GHz. We have designed and fabricated an SFQ demultiplexer to reduce data transfer clock rates. The demultiplexer uses clocked data distribution through a binary tree architecture. The circuit was fabricated using an eight level Nb/AlO/sub x//Nb process and tested at 4.2 K.
Modeling Al<i>x</i>Ga1−<i>x</i>As optical constants as functions of composition (1990)

Three models for the dielectric function εx(hν) of AlxGa1−xAs are reviewed. All are based on measured optical constants at discrete compositions. The validity of each model near critical point energies, and otherwise, is evaluated. Only the energy-shift model is appropriate over the entire available spectrum (1.5–6.0 eV), including the band-gap (E0) region.
A test of the effectiveness of strategies for talking about Aids and condom use (1994)

Abstract A two phase study investigated the strategies people report having used to discuss AIDS or condoms and the likely effectiveness of these messages. Phase I asked both heterosexuals and homosexuals to list the things they have said about AIDS and condoms in the past. These responses were then content analyzed, and 21 of the resulting messages were used in Phase II with a primarily heterosexual sample. Phase II asked people to evaluate how likely they were to use each of the messages, how likely they were to use a condom if each of the messages were communicated to them, and their likely verbal response to the messages. Results indicated that some messages were more likely to be used than were others, but that almost all of the messages produced the intention to use condoms. The most successful messages included a “better safe than sorry” or a relational focus. Females were more likely to use several of the messages than were males. Most respondents did not use condoms the first time they had sex with their most recent partner. Differences did emerge in the messages likely to be communicated by condom users vs. those who did not use condoms. Some of the reasons that people did not use condoms were also identified. Implications are offered for AIDS education efforts.
Bioavailability of higher dose methotrexate comparing oral and subcutaneous administration in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. (2004)

Bioavailability of a higher oral dose of MTX in adult patients with RA is highly variable, and on average two-thirds that of the subcutaneous administration. To improve efficacy of MTX at dosages of 25 mg weekly or more, a change to parenteral administration should be considered.
Artificial Protein Block Copolymers Blocks Comprising Two Distinct Self‐Assembling Domains (2009)

It's the way that you do it: Block polymers composed of elastin (E) and COMPcc (C) domains (see figure) have been synthesised and characterised. The protein motifs were chosen for their structures and distinct self-assembly modes. We demonstrate that the micro- and macrostructures of the polymers are dictated by the orientation of the fusions and the number of repeated blocks. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
The Three-dimensional Structure of 4-Hydroxybenzoyl-CoA Thioesterase from Pseudomonas sp. Strain CBS-3 (1998)

The soil-dwelling microbe, Pseudomonas sp. strain CBS-3, has attracted recent attention due to its ability to survive on 4-chlorobenzoate as its sole carbon source. The biochemical pathway by which this organism converts 4-chlorobenzoate to 4-hydroxybenzoate consists of three enzymes: 4-chlorobenzoyl-CoA ligase, 4-chlorobenzoyl-CoA dehalogenase, and 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA thioesterase. Here we describe the three-dimensional structure of the thioesterase determined to 2.0-A resolution. Each subunit of the homotetramer is characterized by a five-stranded anti-parallel beta-sheet and three major alpha-helices. While previous amino acid sequence analyses failed to reveal any similarity between this thioesterase and other known proteins, the results from this study clearly demonstrate that the molecular architecture of 4-hydroxybenzoyl-CoA thioesterase is topologically equivalent to that observed for beta-hydroxydecanoyl thiol ester dehydrase from Escherichia coli. On the basis of the structural similarity between these two enzymes, the active site of the thioesterase has been identified and a catalytic mechanism proposed.
Escherichia coli ST131, an Intriguing Clonal Group (2014)

In 2008, a previously unknown Escherichia coli clonal group, sequence type 131 (ST131), was identified on three continents. Today, ST131 is the predominant E. coli lineage among extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC) isolates worldwide. Retrospective studies have suggested that it may originally have risen to prominence as early as 2003. Unlike other classical group B2 ExPEC isolates, ST131 isolates are commonly reported to produce extended-spectrum β-lactamases, such as CTX-M-15, and almost all are resistant to fluoroquinolones. Moreover, ST131 E. coli isolates are considered to be truly pathogenic, due to the spectrum of infections they cause in both community and hospital settings and the large number of virulence-associated genes they contain. ST131 isolates therefore seem to contradict the widely held view that high levels of antimicrobial resistance are necessarily associated with a fitness cost leading to a decrease in pathogenesis. Six years after the first description of E. coli ST131, this review outlines the principal traits of ST131 clonal group isolates, based on the growing body of published data, and highlights what is currently known and what we need to find out to provide public health authorities with better information to help combat ST131.
Body surface adaptations to boundary-layer dynamics. (1995)

Evolutionary processes have adapted nektonic animals to interact efficiently with the water that surrounds them. Not all these adaptations serve the same purpose. This paper concentrates on reduction of drag due to friction in the boundary layer close to the body surface. Mucus, compliant skins, scales, riblets and roughness may influence the flow velocity gradient, the type of flow and the thickness of the boundary layer around animals, and may seriously affect their drag in a positive or negative way. The long-chain polymers found in mucus decrease the pressure gradient and considerably reduced drag due to friction. The effect is probably due to channelling of the flow particles in the direction of the main flow, resulting in a reduction of turbulence. Compliant surfaces could probably reduce drag by equalising and distributing pressure pulses. However, the existing evidence that drag reduction actually occurs is not convincing. There is no indication that instantaneous heating, reducing the viscosity in the boundary layer, is used by animals as a drag-reducing technique. Small longitudinal ridges on rows of scales on fish can reduce shear stress in the boundary by a maximum of 10% compared with the shear stress of a smooth surface. The mechanism is based on the impedance of cross flow under well-defined conditions. The effect has been visualized with the use of particle image velocimetry techniques. The function of the swords and spears of several fast, pelagic, predatory fish species is still enigmatic. The surface structure of the sword of a swordfish is shown to be both rough and porous. The height of the roughness elements on the tip of the sword is close to the critical value for the induction of a laminar-to-turbulent flow transition at moderate cruising speeds. A flow tank is described that is designed to visualize the effects of surface imperfections on flow in the boundary layer in direct comparison with a smooth flat wall. The flow in a 1 m long, 10 cm high and 1 cm wide channel is visualized by illuminating the particles in a thin laser light sheet. The first results show that a rough surface increases the shear stress in the boundary layer and makes it thinner. The function of the roughness on the sword of a swordfish is probably to reduce the total drag by generating premature turbulence and by boundary layer thinning, despite an increased friction over the surface of the sword. The function of the porous surface structures on the sword, and of the porous skins of sharks and of the castor oil fish, will probably be discovered soon using new particle image velocimetry techniques applied under strong magnification to visualize the local behaviour of the flow.
Plasma etching of monocrystal quartz (2002)

The influence of different plasma parameters on the etching rate and the surface profile of monocrystal quartz was studied. Quartz wafers were etched with a high rate (over 0.65 mu m/min) as a result of which thin quartz membranes were formed. On such membranes aluminum electrodes were deposited and resonance systems at 42.950 MHz were obtained. Among other results it is found that the parameters of the plasma process and the construction of the masks ought to be optimized in view of manufacturing membranes whose surface characteristics and plane-parallelism are similar to those of the initial wafers.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Corrosion Engineering for Automotive Aluminum Parts (1999)

Recently, reduction of component weight for gas mileage improvement in automobile applications has become a subject of great importance for environmental protection.This paper describes some applications of corrosion protection technologies and corrosion evaluation technologies for automotive heat exchangers made from aluminum alloys. Corrosion environments discussed in this paper are de-icing salt splash on radiators and condensers, engine coolant water in radiators and heater cores, and condensate solutions on evaporators.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 2 (HIV-2) Gene Expression: Downmodulation by Sequence Elements Downstream of the Transcriptional Initiation Site (1991)

Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) gene expression is downmodulated by sequence elements downstream of the transcriptional initiation site, corresponding to the U5 region of the long terminal repeat (LTR) and further downstream. This repression appeared to be related more to the length of the sequence intervening the transcriptional initiation site and the coding region than to a particular sequence content. The repressive effect of the downstream segment was not affected by HIV-2 and HIV-1 TAT or by the cytomegalovirus transactivator IE-2 gene. Nor was it affected by T-cell activation signals or by such cytokines as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interferon-gamma (IFN gamma), and interferon-alpha (IFN alpha). In contrast to HIV-1, HIV-2 LTR-directed gene expression was not modulated by TNF-alpha. A specific sequence element, located downstream of the TAR element in the R region, seemed to participate in modulation of gene expression. This element interacted with a nuclear protein with a mobility of about 26 kD. The repressive effect of the downstream sequence was to a certain extent cell type dependent, suggesting the involvement of cell type-specific factors. It was more effective in human lymphocytic CEM cells than in Jurkat cells. This may be relevant to the HIV-2 cell tropism (replication), latency, and virulence.
Black Fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) Salivary Secretions: Importance in Vector Competence and Disease (1997)

When blood-feeding, black flies introduce secretions into the feeding lesion that act in a coordinated manner on the 3 arms of the vertebrate hemostatic system (platelet aggregation, coagulation, and vasoconstriction). Apyrase activity inhibits platelet aggregation and is ubiquitous in the saliva of black flies, although activity per gland varies by species and has a positive association with anthropophagy. Anticoagulants target components in the final common pathway of the coagulation cascade, including factors V, Xa, and II (thrombin). The antithrombin salivary protein may exert a redundant effect by inhibiting the role of thrombin in platelet aggregation. Antithrombin presence and activity also varies among black fly species, and exhibits a positive correlation with zoophagy. Vasodilation of capillaries to increase blood supply to the feeding wound appears to be an important requirement for Simulium spp., because substantial erythema-inducing activity, has been demonstrated in salivary glands of all New World species examined. Salivary glands of Simulium ochraceum (Walker), a highly anthropophilic vector of Onchocerca volvulus (Leuckhart), contain greater vasodilator activity than several other species, including S. metallicum Bellardi, a secondary zoophagic vector of human onchocerciasis. Simulium vittatum Zetterstedt saliva affects immune cell responses and cytokine production. The ability of the saliva to modulate components of the host immune system provides an opportunity for enhancing transmission of pathogens during bloodfeeding. Thus, the likely possibility that effective pathogen transmission relies on vector saliva may complement present efforts aimed at target epitopes of O. volvulus or identify additional molecules to be investigated as part of a "river blindness" vaccine cocktail. Components in saliva also may enhance the transmission of other microbial agents either by a cofeeding process similar to that observed in ixodid ticks or through rupture of the labrum during escape of Onchocerca infective stage larvae. In a few instances, saliva of some Simulium spp. also has been associated with extensive tissue and organ pathology, including hemorrhagic shock and death. Pathologic signs associated with this syndrome indicate an enhanced antihemostatic activity in saliva.
A tuning fork gyroscope with compensated imbalance signal (2007)

This paper is presenting a robust gyroscope sensor with an electrical and mechanical self-test option and the ability to suppress the quadrature error. The presented sensor is based on a tuning-fork working principle. The mechanical part is assembled in bulk-technology produced with a wet etching process. The two detection elements are manufactured with a standard CMOS-process and the material of the two thin-film actuators is AlN (aluminium-nitrid). The two actuators can be controlled independently from each other. Two electronic PCB's were developed for actuating and measurement. One is including the analogue signal path; the second PCB is the digital electronics consisting of a FPGA and other peripherals. The tuning fork is actuated in a primary oscillation mode also called drive mode. For keeping the oscillation in resonance, a digital PLL is used in a forced feedback loop. To have a constant energy in the drive mode an Amplitude-Gain-Control (AGC) is implemented. An appearing angular rate causes the corriolis-force which is actuating secondary oscillation, also called detection mode. The amplitude of this oscillation is proportional to the angular rate. The signal has a component resulting from the mechanical imbalance. To separate these two signal parts from each other a synchronous demodulator followed by a digital filter chain has been developed. To achieve the maximum suppression of the imbalance signal a control-loop is used to shift the phases of the two actuation signals. This creates an additional force that compensates the movement as a result of the mechanical imbalance. With the implementation of this control loop the performance of the sensor was increased. An enhanced temperature stability over operation was achieved with the means of this compensation.
Analysis of error due to edge heat loss in measuring thermal conductivity by the hot plate method (1962)

An analysis is made of the error due to edge heat loss in the steady-state determination of thermal conductivity using a hot plate as recommended in British Standard 874: 1956. The solution obtained applies to a rectangular hot plate with or without a guard ring and takes account of heat exchange at the exposed edges of the test specimen in a more precise way than existing solutions. It is therefore less restricted in its application to practical tests.
The bromoperoxidase from the lichen <i>Xanthoria parietina</i> is a novel vanadium enzyme (1987)

A novel bromoperoxidase was isolated from the lichen Xanthoria parietina. The enzyme contained vanadium, which is essential for enzymic activity. Under denaturating conditions the preparation showed a single protein band with an Mr of 65,000. Thermal-denaturation studies showed that this bromoperoxidase could tolerate high temperatures. The affinity of the enzyme for its substrate bromide is high; the Km for bromide was 29 microM. Excess halides (50 mM) inhibited enzymic activity considerably.