gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of Hepatitis B Virus and Induction of Hepatoma Cell Apoptosis by ASGPR-Directed Delivery of shRNAs (2012)

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a worldwide liver disease and nearly 25% of chronic HBV infections terminate in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Currently, there is no effective therapy to inhibit HBV replication and to eliminate hepatoma cells, making it highly desired to develop novel therapies for these two stages of the HBV-caused detrimental disease. Recently, short hairpin RNA (shRNA) has emerged as a potential therapy for virus-infected disease and cancer. Here, we have generated a shRNA, pGenesil-siHBV4, which effectively inhibits HBV replication in the human hepatoma cell line HepG2.2.15. The inhibitory effects of pGenesil-siHBV4 are manifested by the decrease of both the HBV mRNA level and the protein levels of the secreted HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBV e antigen (HBeAg), and by the reduction of secreted HBV DNA. Using mouse hydrodynamic tail vein injection, we demonstrate that pGenesil-siHBV4 is effective in inhibiting HBV replication in vivo. Because survivin plays a key role in cancer cell escape from apoptosis, we further generated pGenesil-siSurvivin, a survivin-silencing shRNA, and showed its effect of triggering apoptosis of HBV-containing hepatoma cells. To develop targeted shRNA therapy, we have identified that as a specific binder of the asialoglycoprotein receptor (ASGPR), jetPEI-Hepatocyte delivers pGenesil-siHBV4 and pGenesil-siSurvivin specifically to hepatocytes, not other types of cells. Finally, co-transfection of pGenesil-siHBV4 and pGenesil-siSurvivin exerts synergistic effects in inducing hepatoma cell apoptosis, a novel approach to eliminate hepatoma by downregulating survivin via multiple mechanisms. The application of these novel shRNAs with the jetPEI-Hepatocyte targeting strategy demonstrates the proof-of-principle for a promising approach to inhibit HBV replication and eliminate hepatoma cells with high specificity.
The Biocomplex World of Rita Colwell (1998)

In a discussion with Science, NSF's new director, microbiologist Rita Colwell, outlines her views on topics ranging from environmental research to computer science and educating students as well as the public
A Novel Leydig Cell cDNA-derived Protein Is a Relaxin-like Factor (1995)

According to Burkhardt et al. (Burkhardt, E., Adham, I. M., Brosig, B., Gastmann, A., Mattei, M. G., and Engel, W. (1994) Genomics 20, 13-19) Leydig cells contain the message for a protein of the insulin/relaxin family which was named Leydig cell insulin-like protein (LEY I-L). We have synthesized the human LEY I-L according to the amino acid sequence deduced from the published cDNA structure and obtained preliminary results concerning its potential target organs and its biological activity. Leydig cell insulin-like protein binds specifically to crude membrane preparations of mouse uterus and brain and shows cross-reactivity with the relaxin receptor, but not the insulin receptor. On the basis of these observations, together with the results of earlier structure-function considerations, we suggest that the new protein is a relaxin-like factor. By itself the new factor shows no obvious effect, but when given together with relaxin it significantly enhances relaxin-mediated widening of the mouse symphysis pubis.
3D-printing and electronic packaging - current status and future challenges (2016)

3D-Printing, or Additive Manufacturing, has received significant media attention during the last five years. A number of companies are now commercializing materials, design tools, and 3D-Printers and these are being used in a number of sectors for digital manufacturing including aerospace, medical, construction and consumer products. But what impact is 3D-Printing having on electronic packaging and manufacturing? Companies that produce and sell 3D-Printers as well as EDA and MCAD companies are now promoting 3D-Printing towards the electronics sector. This paper details the current status of 3D-printing for the manufacture and packaging of electronic systems, and provides some insights on how it may impact our community in the future. Challenges related to the performance and electrical behavior of printed conductive materials are discussed as they must meet or better the performance of materials currently used. And of course the overall quality and reliability of any 3D-printed electronic system must meet industry requirements. The paper will detail developments taking place in design and modelling tools and how these can be used in addressing some of these challenges.
Hemagglutination by purified type I Escherichia coli pili. (1977)

Many enterobacteria can cause agglutination of erythrocytes, but previous investigations have not proven which components of the bacteria are responsible. We used a strain of Escherichia coli K12 which causes mannose-sensitive hemagglutination (HA) of guinea pig cells. Common pili were purified from these bacteria by shearing them from the bacteria followed by selective precipitation in acid and ammonium sulfate. Isopycnic centrifugation in cesium chloride removed the remaining outer membrane protein contaminants. These pili are pure by electron microscopy and gel electrophoresis. By amino acid analysis, they have a mol wt of 17,099 and consist of 45% nonpolar residues. These purified pili agglutinate guinea pig erythrocytes, a reaction that is inhibited by anti-pili antibodies and by saccharides related in structure to D-mannose. Proteolytic treatment of erythrocytes does not diminish HA but rather increases the pili-induced HA of human cells. Neuraminidase enhances HA and mannosidase slightly diminishes it. It is concluded that purified pili alone cause HA of erythrocytes by binding to mannose-like molecules on the erythrocyte surface. Thus HA by bacterial pili serves as a useful model system for the mechanism of bacterial pili attachment ot cell membranes.
Dual Role of Novel Ingenol Derivatives from Euphorbia tirucalli in HIV Replication: Inhibition of De Novo Infection and Activation of Viral LTR (2014)

HIV infection is not cleared by antiretroviral drugs due to the presence of latently infected cells that are not eliminated with current therapies and persist in the blood and organs of infected patients. New compounds to activate these latent reservoirs have been evaluated so that, along with HAART, they can be used to activate latent virus and eliminate the latently infected cells resulting in eradication of viral infection. Here we describe three novel diterpenes isolated from the sap of Euphorbia tirucalli, a tropical shrub. These molecules, identified as ingenols, were modified at carbon 3 and termed ingenol synthetic derivatives (ISD). They activated the HIV-LTR in reporter cell lines and human PBMCs with latent virus in concentrations as low as 10 nM. ISDs were also able to inhibit the replication of HIV-1 subtype B and C in MT-4 cells and human PBMCs at concentrations of EC50 0.02 and 0.09 µM respectively, which are comparable to the EC50 of some antiretroviral currently used in AIDS treatment. Control of viral replication may be caused by downregulation of surface CD4, CCR5 and CXCR4 observed after ISD treatment in vitro. These compounds appear to be less cytotoxic than other diterpenes such as PMA and prostratin, with effective dose versus toxic dose TI>400. Although the mechanisms of action of the three ISDs are primarily attributed to the PKC pathway, downregulation of surface receptors and stimulation of the viral LTR might be differentially modulated by different PKC isoforms.
Characteristics of polycrystalline-Si thin film transistors fabricated by excimer laser annealing method (1994)

The electrical characteristics of excimer laser annealed (ELA) polycrystalline-Si thin film transistors (poly-Si TFT's) were investigated. These results were compared to those of poly-Si TFT fabricated by solid phase crystallization (SPC). From the temperature dependence of the drain current, the activation energies of n-type poly-Si TFT's were obtained. The activation energies have negative values under the gate voltage from 0 to 5 V. The negative activation energy together with small threshold voltage (V/sub th/) are the main characteristics of ELA poly-Si TFT. Temperature dependencies of V/sub th/, and field effect mobility are very similar to those of SPC. From these results, it is concluded that the trap state density of ELA poly-Si TFT is very small and the electrical characteristics can be explained by the band tail states localized at the grain boundary.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Internet-based remote control of a DC motor using an embedded ethernet microcontroller (2005)

In this paper, we present an approach to perform position control of a DC motor experimental setup via the Internet. A main component of this setup is an embedded server microcontroller interfaced to the motor. A remote client computer communicates with the server to facilitate remote interaction with the motor. The embedded server is based on Dallas Semiconductor’s Tiny Internet Interface (TINI) microcontroller platform, which consists of a DSTINIM400 microcontroller installed on a DSTINIS400 development board. The DSTINIM400 is a 144-pin small outline dual in-line memory module IC that has a built-in 10/100 Base-T ethernet capability. A TINI runtime environment embedded in the DSTINIM400 allows the TINI microcontroller to function as a network terminal. Thus, through the ethernet, a remote client can upload and execute Java-based programs on the server microcontroller. In addition, through socket data communication using the TCP/IP protocol, the server microcontroller receives/sends data from/to the client computer. The client computer connects to the server using a Java applet that allows the remote user to interact with the motor via a graphical user interface (GUI). The GUI includes a slider for commanding the motor position from -100o—100o and text input boxes for tuning the parameters of a position control algorithm “on-the-fly.” In addition, a plot provides a visual display of the current position of the motor using real-time sensor data received from the microcontroller.
Circular penile fasciocutaneous flap reconstruction of urethral strictures: technical considerations and results in 40 patients. (1996)

The reconstruction of complex anterior urethral strictures has evolved from free graft urethroplasty to the use of vascularized skin flaps. The circular penile fasciocutaneous flap is based on Buck's fascia, is hairless, and reliably provides 15 cm of skin. We have used this technique in 40 patients with urethral strictures from the fossa navicularis to the veru montanum. Indications include severe spongiofibrosis, penile urethral location, inflammatory or ischemic etiology, and need for complete tube replacement. A successful result was obtained in 85% of patients. Complete tube replacement is less successful than onlay type procedures (77% vs. 96%) and we make every effort to preserve the urethral plate. This technique is the mainstay of our armamentarium for the repair of urethral strictures and also allows an excellent cosmetic result.
THE ISOLATION IN CRYSTALLINE FORM OF THE COMPOUND CONTAINING IODIN, WHICH OCCURS IN THE THYROID (1915)

During the past twenty years, investigation has firmly established, among other things, the following two facts: (1) The thyroid contains some substance capable of producing marked physiologic effects, and (2) iodin is a constant constituent of normal and pathologic glands. These two facts are emphasized because most of the controversies concerning the thyroid have arisen from attempts to explain the relation between the physiologic activity and the presence of iodin. It is obvious that no final conclusions could be arrived at until either some substance possessing physiologic activity had been isolated in pure form and shown to be a normal constituent of the gland, or until the compound containing iodin had been isolated in pure form and its physiologic activity determined. Last December I<sup>1</sup>reported the separation from the thyroid of a preparation containing 60 per cent. of iodin. The present paper is a summary of the results thus
Enhanced Binding Activity Observed Between Anti-Carcinoembryonic Monoclonal Antibodies (1986)

Six anti-carcinoembryonic monoclonal antibodies (CEA MAbs) were isolated and characterized. Through blocking studies, only two were found to share the same epitope, indicating that CEA has at least five different epitopic sites. One of the group, 31C5A4 was found to enhance greatly the binding of CEA by 20C2H1. When (31C5A4) was fragmented, both the F(ab')2 and Fab bound CEA and blocked the binding of CEA by intact 31C5A4; however, only F(ab')2 was able to enhance. Fab could be induced to enhance after being restructured into a divalent form with rabbit anti-mouse (RAM) (heavy and light chains). The addition of the enhancing MAb (31C5A4) to the CEA-20C2H1 RAM-staph A (SA) complex caused a striking decrease in the rate at which the CEA dissociated from the complex. The data suggest that the enhancement observed with these anti-CEA MAbs was the result of the formation of a stable cyclic complex.
Heat Transfer to Vertical Dense Granular Flows at High Operating Temperatures (2017)

Ceramic particles as a heat transfer fluid for concentrated solar power towers offers a variety of advantages over traditional heat transfer fluids. Ceramic particles permit the use of very high operating temperatures, being limited only by the working temperatures of the receiver components, as well as demonstrate the potential to be used for thermal energy storage. A variety of system configurations utilizing ceramic particles are currently being studied, including upward circulating beds of particles, falling particle curtains, and flows of particles over an array of absorber tubes. The present work investigates the use of gravity-driven dense granular flows through cylindrical tubes, which demonstrate solid packing fractions of approximately 60%. Previous work demonstrated encouraging results for the use of dense flows for heat transfer applications and examined the effect of various parameters on the overall heat transfer for low temperatures. The present work examined the heat transfer to dense flows at high operating temperatures more characteristic of concentrated solar power tower applications. For a given flow rate, the heat transfer coefficient was examined as a function of the mean flow temperature by steadily increasing the input heat flux over a series of trials. The heat transfer coefficient increased almost linearly with temperature below approximately 600°C. Above 600°C, the heat transfer coefficient increased at a faster rate, suggesting an increased radiation heat transfer contribution.
Red man syndrome. (2003)

Vancomycin can cause two types of hypersensitivity reactions, the red man syndrome and anaphylaxis. Red man syndrome has often been associated with rapid infusion of the first dose of the drug and was initially attributed to impurities found in vancomycin preparations. Even after improvement in vancomycin's purity, however, reports of the syndrome persist. Other antibiotics (e.g. ciprofloxacin, amphotericinB, rifampicin and teicoplanin) or other drugs that stimulate histamine release can result in red man syndrome. Discontinuation of the vancomycin infusion and administration of diphenhydramine can abort most of the reactions. Slow intravenous administration of vancomycin should minimize the risk of infusion-related adverse effects.
Design and Synthesis of Isoxazoline Derivatives as Factor Xa Inhibitors. 2 (1999)

Intravascular clot formation is an important factor in a number of cardiovascular diseases. Therefore, the prevention of blood coagulation has become a major target for new therapeutic agents. One attractive approach is the inhibition of factor Xa (FXa), the enzyme directly responsible for thrombin activation. Herein we report a series of isoxazoline derivatives which are potent FXa inhibitors. Optimization of the side chain at the quaternary position of the isoxazoline ring led to SK549 which showed subnanomolar FXa potency (Ki 0.52 nM). SK549 shows good selectivity for FXa compared to thrombin and trypsin, potent antithrombotic effect in the rabbit arterio-venous thrombosis model, and improved pharmacokinetics relative to other compounds evaluated from this series.
The Golden Hour: Scientific Fact or Medical “Urban Legend”? (2001)

The term "golden hour" is commonly used to characterize the urgent need for the care of trauma patients. This term implies that morbidity and mortality are affected if care is not instituted within the first hour after injury. This concept justifies much of our current trauma system. However, definitive references are generally not provided when this concept is discussed. It remains unclear whether objective data exist. This article discusses a detailed literature and historical record search for support of the "golden hour" concept. None is identified.
Low-Cost Wave Sensor Using Time Differential Carrier Phase Observations (2000)

Monitoring of waves is an important task for
meteorological records, building breakwaters and harbors
and wave report during typhoons, tsunami warning. As
RTK-GPS (Real-Time Kinematic GPS) has the potential
to achieve centimeter-level positioning using carrier
phase observations, it offers the possibility of observing
waves with accuracy. However, the operational range of
wave sensors using RTK-GPS is presently limited to
about 20 kilometers. The authors investigated an alternative method to accurately monitor waves (height
and frequency) using time differential carrier phase
observations from a single GPS receiver. The stand-alone
use of carrier phase observations would extend the
operational monitoring area while keeping the accuracy.
The GPS wave monitoring sensor, composed of a GPS
receiver, a personal computer (or CPU board), is encased
in a floating buoy and allows automatic recording of wave
data.
The authors developed algorithms for wave sensor using
time differential carrier phase observations in this
research. Field tests were conducted using a platform that
moves up and down simulating a wave as well as on
board a ship. The GPS-based wave sensor could achieve
the same level of accuracy as heave sensors using
accelerometers (accuracy about 5 cm). This paper
discusses our algorithms, and results and analysis of the
field tests.
[Regulation of phenylalanine biosynthesis in the obligate methylotroph Methylobacillus M75]. (1990)

Regulation of phenylalanine biosynthesis has been studied in the bacterium Methylobacillus M75 on the level of enzymes 3-deoxy-D-arabinoheptulose-7-phosphate-synthase, chorismatmutase, prephenatdehyrataze. The DAHP-synthase is shown to be synthesized constitutively and its activity is inhibited by all aromatic aminoacids and antranilate. The synthesis of chorismatmutase and prephenatdehydratase is repressed by tyrosine, the activity of the latter enzyme, besides that, is inhibited by phenylalanine, the effect of which is decreased in the presence of tyrosine.
Identification of Metabolites of (−)-Epicatechin Gallate and Their Metabolic Fate in the Rat (2003)

After intravenous administration of (-)-epicatechin gallate to Wistar male rats, its biliary metabolites were examined. Deconjugated forms of (-)-epicatechin gallate metabolites were prepared by beta-glucuronidase/sulfatase treatment and purified by HPLC. Five compounds were subjected to FAB-MS and NMR analyses. These metabolites were shown to be (-)-epicatechin gallate, 3'-O-methyl-(-)-epicatechin gallate, 4'-O-methyl-(-)-epicatechin gallate, 4' '-O-methyl-(-)-epicatechin gallate, and 3',4' '-di-O-methyl-(-)-epicatechin gallate. After oral administration, five major metabolites excreted in rat urine were purified in their deconjugated forms and their chemical structures identified. They were degradation products from (-)-epicatechin gallate, pyrogallol, 5-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-gamma-valerolactone, 4-hydroxy-5-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)valeric acid, 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid, and m-coumaric acid. Time course analysis of the identified (-)-epicatechin gallate metabolites showed that (-)-epicatechin gallate and its conjugate appeared in the plasma with their highest levels 0.5 h after oral administration; their levels rapidly decreased, and then they disappeared by 6 h. The degradation products, mainly in their conjugated forms, emerged at 6 h, peaked at 24 h, and disappeared by 48 h. In urine samples, (-)-epicatechin gallate and its methylated metabolites were hardly detected and the degradation products began to be excreted in the 6-24 h period, peaked in the 24-48 h period, and then began to disappear. The most abundant metabolite in both the plasma and the urine was found to be the conjugated form of pyrogallol. On the basis of these results, a possible metabolic route of (-)-epicatechin gallate orally administered to the rat is proposed.
Using directed hypergraphs to verify rule-based expert systems (1997)

Rule-based representation techniques have become popular for storage and manipulation of domain knowledge in expert systems. It is important that systems using such a representation are verified for accuracy before implementation. In recent years, graphical techniques have been found to provide a good framework for the detection of errors that may appear in a rule base. The authors present a graphical representation scheme that: 1) captures complex dependencies across clauses in a rule base in a compact yet intuitively clear manner and 2) is easily automated to detect structural errors in a rigorous fashion. Their technique uses a directed hypergraph to accurately detect the different types of structural errors that appear in a rule base. The technique allows rules to be represented in a manner that clearly identifies complex dependencies across compound clauses. Subsequently, the verification procedure can detect errors in an accurate fashion by using simple operations on the adjacency matrix of the directed hypergraph. The technique is shown to have a computational complexity that is comparable to that of other graphical techniques. The graphical representation coupled with the associated matrix operations illustrate how directed hypergraphs are a very appropriate representation technique for the verification task.
High‐Throughput Screening of Viral Entry Inhibitors Using Pseudotyped Virus (2010)

Virus entry into a host cell is an attractive target for therapy because propagation of virus can be blocked at an early stage, minimizing chances for the virus to acquire drug resistance. Anti-infective drug discovery for BSL-4 viruses like Ebola or Lassa hemorrhagic fever virus presents challenges due to the requirement for a BSL-4 laboratory containment facility. Pseudotyped viruses provide a surrogate model in which the native envelope glycoprotein of a BSL-2 level virus (e.g., vesicular stomatitis virus) is replaced with envelope glycoprotein of a foreign BSL-4 virus (e.g., Ebola virus). Because the envelope glycoprotein determines interaction of virus with its cellular receptors, pseudotyped viruses can mimic the viral entry process of the original virus. Moreover, they are competent for only a single cycle of infection, and therefore can be used in BSL-2 facilities. Pseudotyped viruses have been used in high-throughput screening of entry inhibitors for a number of BSL-4 level viruses. This unit includes protocols for preparing pseudotyped viruses using lentiviral vectors and use of pseudotyped viruses for high-throughput screening of viral entry inhibitors.