gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hydrogenated Silicon-Nitride Thin Films as Antireflection and Passivation Coatings for Multicrystalline Silicon Solar Cells (2007)

Hydrogenated silicon-nitride thin films were deposited by varying the silane-to-ammonia ratio in a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) system under relatively low temperature. This paper mainly investigates the SiNx deposition and the effect of rapid thermal processing (RTP) on the surface passivation and on the anti-reflection coating. Also, an extensive study has been carried out on the effect of the rapid thermal processing on the carrier lifetime, reflectance, chemical composition, refractive index, and interface states, which decides the final output of the cell. By varying the silane-to-ammonia ratio in the plasma gas, it was possible to modify the index of refraction (from 1.9 to 2.3) and the silicon surface state passivation properties of the films. The results indicate that the mid-gap surface state density in silicon can be reduced down to 1.1 10 10 cm -2 eV -1 for the SiNx:H layer deposited under an optimized silane-to-ammonia ratio. A noticeable feature from the C-V studies on these films is that the interface state density (Dit) decreases as the firing temperature is increased. An improvement in the multicrystalline silicon solar cell parameters was observed, for cells with optimal SiNx:H layers as compared to those with non-optimum SiNx:H layers.
A universal method for sensitive and cell-free detection of CRISPR-associated nucleases (2019)

A multitude of biological applications for CRISPR-associated (Cas) nucleases have propelled the development of robust cell-based methods for quantitation of on- and off-target activities of these nucleases. However, emerging applications of these nucleases require cell-free methods that are simple, sensitive, cost effective, high throughput, multiplexable, and generalizable to all classes of Cas nucleases. Current methods for cell-free detection are cumbersome, expensive, or require sophisticated sequencing technologies, hindering their widespread application beyond the field of life sciences. Developing such cell-free assays is challenging for multiple reasons, including that Cas nucleases are single-turnover enzymes that must be present in large excess over their substrate and that different classes of Cas nucleases exhibit wildly different operating mechanisms. Here, we report the development of a cell-free method wherein Cas nuclease activity is amplified <i>via</i> an <i>in vitro</i> transcription reaction that produces a fluorescent RNA:small-molecule adduct. We demonstrate that our method is sensitive, detecting activity from low nanomolar concentrations of several families of Cas nucleases, and can be conducted in a high-throughput microplate fashion with a simple fluorescent-based readout. We provide a mathematical framework for quantifying the activities of these nucleases and demonstrate two applications of our method, namely the development of a logic circuit and the characterization of an anti-CRISPR protein. We anticipate our method will be valuable to those studying Cas nucleases and will allow the application of Cas nuclease beyond the field of life sciences.
A reappraisal of anterior cruciate ligament disease in the dog (1988)

ABSTRACT A study of 111 cases of cranial cruciate ligament disease, seen over a three year period has been made. Fifty‐five of these dogs were under four years of age (average age 21.4 months) and most were of the larger breeds, particularly the rottweiler (25 per cent). The onset of clinical signs was sudden in 53 per cent and gradual in 47 per cent of these cases; bilateral disease was present in 31 per cent. The severity of the lameness was variable. The pathogenesis of the disease appears to involve a gradual stretching, partial rupture and eventually a complete rupture of the cranial cruciate ligament. The term cruciate disease has been used to cover this spectrum of ligament pathology and the clinical signs can appear at any stage during this ligament degeneration. Slight anterior drawer movement can often be detected during the earlier stages of stretching and partial rupture but this can only be appreciated under general anaesthesia. Osteoarthritis is initiated during the early stages and may be well established by the time the cruciate completely tears. The predisposition to cruciate disease in these young dogs of the larger breeds is difficult to explain but may be related to inadequate exercise during puppyhood.
Generalized profile-guided iterator recognition (2018)

Iterators prescribe the traversal of data structures and determine loop termination, and many loop analyses and transformations require their exact identification. While recognition of iterators is a straight-forward task for affine loops, the situation is different for loops iterating over dynamic data structures or involving control flow dependent computations to determine the next data element. In this paper we propose a compiler analysis for recognizing loop iterators code for a wide class of loops. We initially develop a static analysis, which is then enhanced with profiling information to support speculative code optimizations. We have prototyped our analysis in the LLVM framework and demonstrate its capabilities using the SPEC CPU2006 benchmarks. Our approach is applicable to all loops and we show that we can recognize iterators in, on average, 88.1% of over 75,000 loops using static analysis alone, and up to 94.9% using additional profiling information. Existing techniques perform substantially worse, especially for C and C++ applications, and cover only 35-44% of the loops. Our analysis enables advanced loop optimizations such as decoupled software pipelining, commutativity analysis and source code rejuvenation for real-world applications, which escape analysis and transformation if loop iterators are not recognized accurately.
Pseudomedian Filter (1985)

This paper introduces a new image processing algorithm, called the pseudomedian filter, which is based on concepts of morphological image processing. The pseudomedian filter possesses many of the properties of the median filter, but it can be computed much more efficiently.
John O. Sawyer, Jr (2008)

California State University, Chico (as they are now known
Optical limiting properties of silver nanoprisms (2008)

We report exceptional optical limiting properties of two kinds of Ag nanoprisms (pure Ag nanoprisms and Au@Ag core-shell nanoprisms) in solution that were photochemically prepared. Fluence-dependent transmittance measurements using 7ns laser pulses of 532nm wavelength showed that the optical limiting properties of two kinds of silver nanoprisms in solution are slightly better than that of carbon nanotube suspensions, which is known as a benchmark optical limiter. Nonlinear scattering experiments suggested that nonlinear scattering should play an important role in the observed optical limiting effects.
Nerve Repair by Means of Tubulization: Past, Present, Future (2013)

Peripheral nerve injury may result in injury without gaps or injury with gaps between nerve stumps. In the presence of a nerve defect, the placement of an autologous nerve graft is the current gold standard for nerve restoration. The clinical employment of tubes as an alternative to autogenous nerve grafts is mainly justified by the limited availability of donor tissue for nerve autografts and their related morbidity. The purpose of this review is to present an overview of the literature on the applications of nerve conduits in peripheral nerve repair. Moreover, the different steps that are involved in the design of an ideal nerve conduit for peripheral nerve repair, including the choice of biomaterial, fabrication technique, and the various potential modifications to the common hollow nerve tube, are also discussed.
Addressing unknown word problem for neural machine translation using distributee representations of words as input features (2017)

In recent years, the machine translation system based on neural network, called Neural Machie Translation, have attracted much attention, in which the entire translation steps are implemented in a single large neural network. In this framework, dealing with a large vocabulary size on its input (source) and output (target) often make the training computationally intractable. Therefore, the most frequent words in training data are retained to form a small vocabulary (shortlist), and the other, not frequent, words are all mapped to a single shared token. That causes so-called the unknown word problem. In this work, we propose three, rather simple, methods to overcome the unknown word problem based on distributed representation of words. We compared the translation performances of baseline and the proposed methods through experimental evaluation. Though the proposed methods did not improved the baseline in terms of BLEU, we found several evidences that the proposed methods successfully select appropriate target words even if their source words are out-of-vocabulary.
ON THE NUTRITIONAL ASSESSMENT AFTER TOTAL GASTRECTOMY IN PATIENTS WITH GASTRIC CANCER (1989)

In order to study the nutritional assessment after total gastrectomy, 131I-triolein and vitamin B12 absorption tests were performed and other parameters were measured over ten years from the viewpoints of reconstruction procedures performed, aging of the patients and pathological stage of gastric cancer. The following results were ascertained.1) A significant hindrance in fat and vitamin B12 absorption was occurred after total gastrectomy.2) Reconstruction method after total gastrectomy and aging of the patients affect upon the nutritional status after the surgery.3) The recovery of each chemical and/or physical parameter was delayed considerably and not recover to the preoperative level after the operation.4) Postoperative malnutrition is observed immediately after the operation. In such condition, measurement of rapid turnover transport protein appears to be useful for the sensitive determination.5) In order to improve subclinical malnutrition after total gastrectomy, powerful and positive countermeasures such as total parenteral nutrition and enteral nutrition should be applied.
Pulse Lengthening Via Overcoupled Internal Second-Harmonic Generation (1970)

The paper discusses the use of internal second-harmonic generation as a means of lengthening the pulses of Q-switched lasers. The second-harmonic generator acts as both a nonlinear power-dependent loss and as an output coupler for the laser. The lengthening arises if the coupling to the second harmonic is greater than that necessary to maximize the peak second-harmonic power. It is shown that a pulse-lengthening factor of about 100 should be obtainable.
Voice-frequency carrier telegraph system for cables: Polarized telegraph relays (1925)

J. J. Pilloid: The three papers, Metallic Polar-Duplex Telegraph System for Long Small-Gap Cables, Voice-Frequency Carrier Telegraph Systems for Cables and Polarized Telegraph Relays, describe two telegraph systems particularly adapted for use on long toll cables, and a relay which is an important feature of the two systems. By long toll cables we mean here cables several hundred, or a thousand or more, miles long, used for telephone or telegraph purposes.
High rates of [1-14C]acetate incorporation into the lipid of isolated spinach chloroplasts (1976)

Spinach chloroplasts, isolated by techniques yielding preparations with high O2- evolving activity, showed rates of light-dependent acetate incorporation into lipids 3-4 fold higher than any previously reported. Incorporation rates as high as 500 nmol of acetate/h per mg of chlorophyll were measured in buffered sorbitol solutions containing only NaHCO3 and [1-14C]acetate, and as high as 800 nmol/h per mg of chlorophyll when 0.13 mM-Triton X-100 was also included in the reaction media. The fatty acids synthesized were predominantly oleic (70-80% of the total fatty acid radioactivity) and palmitic (20-25%) with only minor amounts (1-5%) of linoleic acid. Linolenic acid synthesis was not detected in the system in vitro. Free fatty acids accounted for 70-90% of the radioactivity incorporated and the remainder was shared fairly evenly between 1,2-diacylglycerols and polar lipids. Oleic acid constituted 80-90% of the free fatty acids synthesized, but the diacylglycerols and polar lipids contained slightly more palmitic acid than oleic acid. Triton X-100 stimulated the synthesis of diacylglycerols 3-6 fold, but stimulated free fatty acid synthesis only 1-1.5-fold. Added glycerol 1-phosphate stimulated both the synthesis of diacylglycerols and palmitic acid relative to oleic acid, but did not increase acetate incorporation into total chloroplast lipids. CoA and ATP, when added separately, stimulated acetate incorporation into chloroplast lipids to variable extents and had no effect on the types of lipid synthesized, but when added together resulted in 34% of the incorporated acetate appearing in long-chain acyl-CoA. Pyruvate was a much less effective precursor of chloroplast fatty acids than was acetate.
The promotion of antimicrobial activity on silicon substrates using a “click” immobilized short peptide (2013)

We demonstrated, for the first time, that the short antimicrobial peptide Tet213 could be conjugated onto the silicon surface by Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC). The modified surface exhibited excellent antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and E. coli, and low cytotoxicity to rat bone mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs).
ECG Signal Denoising Using Wavelet Thresholding Techniques in Human Stress Assessment (2012)

In recent years, Electrocardiogram (ECG) plays an imperative role in heart disease diagnostics, Human Computer Interface (HCI), stress and emotional states assessment, etc. In general, ECG signals affected by noises such as baseline wandering, power line interference, electromagnetic interference, and high frequency noises during data acquisition. In order to retain the ECG signal morphology, several researches have adopted using different preprocessing methods. In this work, the stroop color word test based mental stress inducement have done and ECG signals are acquired from 10 female subjects in the age range of 20 years to 25 years. We have considered the Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) based wavelet denoising have incorporated using different thresholding techniques to remove three major sources of noises from the acquired ECG signals namely, power line interference, baseline wandering, and high frequency noises. Three wavelet functions (db4, coif5 and sym7) and four different thresholding methods are used to denoise the noise in ECG signals. The experimental result shows the significant reduction of above considered noises and it retains the ECG signal morphology effectively. Four different performance measures were considered to select the appropriate wavelet function and thresholding rule for efficient noise removal methods such as, Signal to Interference Ratio (SIR), noise power, Percentage Root Mean Square Difference (PRD) and finally periodogramof Power Spectral Density (PSD). The experimental result shows the coif5 wavelet andrigrsurethresholding rule is optimal for unknown Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) in the real time ECG signals.
Na<sup>+</sup> Dysregulation Coupled with Ca<sup>2+</sup> Entry through NCX1 Promotes Muscular Dystrophy in Mice (2014)

Unregulated Ca(2+) entry is thought to underlie muscular dystrophy. Here, we generated skeletal-muscle-specific transgenic (TG) mice expressing the Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchanger 1 (NCX1) to model its identified augmentation during muscular dystrophy. The NCX1 transgene induced dystrophy-like disease in all hind-limb musculature, as well as exacerbated the muscle disease phenotypes in δ-sarcoglycan (Sgcd(-/-)), Dysf(-/-), and mdx mouse models of muscular dystrophy. Antithetically, muscle-specific deletion of the Slc8a1 (NCX1) gene diminished hind-limb pathology in Sgcd(-/-) mice. Measured increases in baseline Na(+) and Ca(2+) in dystrophic muscle fibers of the hind-limb musculature predicts a net Ca(2+) influx state due to reverse-mode operation of NCX1, which mediates disease. However, the opposite effect is observed in the diaphragm, where NCX1 overexpression mildly protects from dystrophic disease through a predicted enhancement in forward-mode NCX1 operation that reduces Ca(2+) levels. Indeed, Atp1a2(+/-) (encoding Na(+)-K(+) ATPase α2) mice, which have reduced Na(+) clearance rates that would favor NCX1 reverse-mode operation, showed exacerbated disease in the hind limbs of NCX1 TG mice, similar to treatment with the Na(+)-K(+) ATPase inhibitor digoxin. Treatment of Sgcd(-/-) mice with ranolazine, a broadly acting Na(+) channel inhibitor that should increase NCX1 forward-mode operation, reduced muscular pathology.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Personalized Web Search (2008)

Although personalized search has been under way for many years and many personalization algorithms have been investigated, it is still unclear whether personalization is consistently effective on different queries for different users and under different search contexts. In this paper, we study this problem and provide some findings. We present a large-scale evaluation framework for personalized search based on query logs and then evaluate five personalized search algorithms (including two click-based ones and three topical-interest-based ones) using 12-day query logs of Windows Live Search. By analyzing the results, we reveal that personalized Web search does not work equally well under various situations. It represents a significant improvement over generic Web search for some queries, while it has little effect and even harms query performance under some situations. We propose click entropy as a simple measurement on whether a query should be personalized. We further propose several features to automatically predict when a query will benefit from a specific personalization algorithm. Experimental results show that using a personalization algorithm for queries selected by our prediction model is better than using it simply for all queries.
Learning Spatiotemporal T-Junctions for Occlusion Detection (2005)

The goal of motion segmentation and layer extraction can be viewed as the detection and localization of occluding surfaces. A feature that has been shown to be a particularly strong indicator of occlusion, in both computer vision and neuroscience, is the T-junction; however, little progress has been made in T-junction detection. One reason for this is the difficulty in distinguishing false T-junctions (i.e. those not on an occluding edge) and real T-junctions in cluttered images. In addition to this, their photometric profile alone is not enough for reliable detection. This paper overcomes the first problem by searching for T-junctions not in space, but in space-time. This removes many false T-junctions and creates a simpler image structure to explore. The second problem is mitigated by learning the appearance of T-junctions in these spatiotemporal images. An RVM T-junction classifier is learnt from hand-labelled data using SIFT to capture its redundancy. This detector is then demonstrated in a novel occlusion detector that fuses Canny edges and T-junctions in the spatiotemporal domain to detect occluding edges in the spatial domain.
Transparent Machine Learning for Information Extraction: State-of-the-Art and the Future (2015)

The rise of Big Data analytics over unstructured text has led to renewed interest in information extraction (IE). These applications need effective IE as a first step towards solving end-to-end real world problems (e.g. biology, medicine, finance, media and entertainment, etc). Much recent NLP research has focused on addressing specific IE problems using a pipeline of multiple machine learning techniques. This approach requires an analyst with the expertise to answer questions such as: “What ML techniques should I combine to solve this problem?”; “What features will be useful for the composite pipeline?”; and “Why is my model giving the wrong answer on this document?”. The need for this expertise creates problems in real world applications. It is very difficult in practice to find an analyst who both understands the real world problem and has deep knowledge of applied machine learning. As a result, the real impact by current IE research does not match up to the abundant opportunities available.In this tutorial, we introduce the concept of transparent machine learning. A transparent ML technique is one that:- produces models that a typical real world use can read and understand;- uses algorithms that a typical real world user can understand; and- allows a real world user to adapt models to new domains.The tutorial is aimed at IE researchers in both the academic and industry communities who are interested in developing and applying transparent ML.
Risk and private power : a role for the World Bank (1994)

Independent power projects typically are structured on a project finance basis. Guarantees to the lenders result from the project itself rather than from the project sponsors. The problem is that lenders are reluctant to participate in projects where they are exposed to government policy failure risk. The World Bank could play an important role in promoting private investment in power by helping to overcome this risk problem. The author suggests how.
Changes in the new edition to the IEC 60825-1 laser safety standard (2007)

The IEC TC-76 committee on laser safety has recently approved Edition 2 to the IEC 60825-1 laser safety standard, and formal publication is expected in early 2007. This paper will briefly describe the extensive amendments that are included in the new Edition: removal of LEDs from this standard; revision of the definition of human access for better consistency with actual hazards; revision of measurement criteria to increase the distance used for classification of diverging beams; simplification of measurement criteria for small (point) sources; and application of more stringent measurement criteria to evaluate the limits for extended sources. Other changes include additional information for the user manual, flexibility on product labels, revision of some engineering control measures, limitations on the level of laser radiation that can be accessible during maintenance, and revision and addition of definitions. This new edition also removes the user requirements from the 60825-1 standard, following the publication of updated recommendations for user safety in IEC TR60825-14 in 2004.
Chemical Structure/Property Relationship in Single-Chain Arginine Surfactants (2001)

In this paper, a systematic investigation into the structure−property relationship of long-chain N-alkyl amide 1, O-alkyl ester arginine 2, and N-acyl arginine methyl ester analogues 3 is reported. The surface properties were studied by adsorption isotherm curves. Biological properties such as antimicrobial activity, hemolysis, ocular irritation, aquatic toxicity, and biodegradability are discussed and correlated with some specific parameters of the surfactants. These surfactants constitute a novel class of bio-based materials of low toxicity, excellent surface properties, and a wide antimicrobial activity. They selectively disrupt bacteria membranes at submicellar concentrations, but not erythrocytes or skin cell membranes. The presence of two positive cationic charges enhances the antimicrobial activity. The incorporation of ester functionality accelerates biodegradation. From the data obtained, it was concluded that the hydrophobicity is a negative parameter for the toxicity and biodegradability of these surfactants.