gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ombrage et illumination pour le rendu 3D de forêts en temps réel (2004)

Rendre des scenes naturelles de maniere realiste est un sujet d'interet majeur pour la recherche en images de synthese ainsi que pour l'industrie, en particulier pour les simulateurs ou les jeux videos. Dans ces applications, les images doivent etre calculees et affichees entre 15 et 60 fois par seconde, et ce afin de tromper le cerveau de l'utilisateur et lui donner une sensation de mouvement continu et d'immersion - nous appellerons par la suite des rendus atteignant cette frequence des rendus temps reel. Ces elements sont essentiels pour afficher des paysages de maniere realiste, par exemple pour des simulateurs de vol. Pourtant, rendre en temps reel des scenes comportant de la foret est a cause de sa grande complexite geometrique une tâche difficile a realiser. Comment, dans ce contexte, y rajouter un calcul d'eclairage et de l'ombrage dynamique, tout en preservant la vitesse de rendu des images?
Contrasting actions of tamoxifen on endometrial and breast tumor growth in the athymic mouse. (1988)

The effects of the antiestrogen tamoxifen (TAM) on the growth of two hormone-sensitive human tumors have been examined in athymic mice. The endometrial tumor, EnCa101, was stimulated to grow by TAM either alone or when combined with estradiol. This contrasted with the nonstimulation of the breast tumor, MCF-7, by TAM alone and the antagonist action of TAM on estradiol-stimulated growth of MCF-7 tumors. The individual tumor responses were observed even when the two tumor types were implanted on opposite sides of the same animal. This suggests that host metabolism of TAM does not dictate tissue response. The conclusion is supported by the finding of very similar patterns of metabolites in the two tumors after administration of [ring-3H]TAM. Tissue metabolism therefore is unlikely to be involved. Progesterone receptor levels were higher in estradiol (376 +/- 35 fmol/mg cytosol protein)- or TAM (317 +/- 37 fmol/mg cytosol protein)-stimulated EnCa101 tumors than control (42 +/- 5 fmol/mg cytosol protein) and increased further with combined treatment (485 +/- 75 fmol/mg cytosol protein). Estrogen receptor levels, however, were lower in estradiol (45 +/- 11 fmol/mg cytosol protein)-treated tumors than control (92 +/- 13 fmol/mg cytosol protein) but higher than control in TAM (200 +/- 15 fmol/mg cytosol protein)-treated tumors. Tumors grown with estradiol and TAM had lower estrogen receptor levels (130 +/- 7 fmol/mg cytosol protein) than tumors grown with TAM alone. Estrogen receptor levels indicate that TAM may not be acting exactly as estradiol in the EnCa101 tumor. Overall, these findings suggest that the disparate pharmacology of TAM is a tissue-specific phenomenon.
Relationships between Lighting and Animal-Vehicle Collisions (2009)

In 1990, there were 106 traffic fatalities in the United States in crashes for which a collision with an animal was the first harmful event; by 2007 this level had risen to 223—a 110% increase. Analyses of annual trends suggest that this increase cannot be fully explained by increases in vehicle miles travelled, nor by changes in the general fatal and nonfatal crash rates. Animal-vehicle collisions (AVCs) represent a small but increasing share of the overall crash picture. Daily and seasonal AVC crash trends were examined and appear to follow the activity patterns of the U.S. deer population. This involves peaks in the hourly crash levels around dawn and dusk, and a seasonal peak during October and November. AVC crash distributions are presented by state. The odds of an AVC in darkness were modeled as a function of posted speed limit in a series of logistic regressions. Higher posted speeds were associated with proportionally greater crash risk in darkness. The effect is observed for fatal collisions compiled from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS), and for injury and property-damage-only (PDO) crashes compiled from Michigan crash datasets. One implication of the effect is that countermeasures designed to extend a driver’s preview time for animals, such as headlighting and night-vision systems may help reduce the risk of AVCs.
Nanofiltration Process for Enhanced Treatment of RO Brine Discharge (2021)

Brine discharge of reverse osmosis (RO) desalination plants represents a challenge for both inland and coastal desalination plants. Zero-liquid discharge (ZLD) can be accomplished by using additional stages of RO, which can recycle that brine water, but the key challenge is the high concentration of divalent salts. These divalent salts (especially calcium and magnesium salts) forms a scaling layer on the RO membrane surfaces and hence shorten the life-time of the membranes. In this study, the nanofiltration (NF) procedure was used to remove divalent ions from the brine discharge to minimize the load on additional stages of RO membranes. One of the most critical considerations influencing the selection of an effective NF is the water type, which is expected here by calculation of some hydrochemical parameters (major ions, hypothetical soluble salts (electrolyte), and saturation indices). NF experiments were undertaken on a lab-scale using a low-pressure hand-made system of 4-7 bar. Synthetic single salts solutions and two real brine water discharge (brackish (BWRO) and seawater (SWRO) desalination plants) were used as a feed solution for NF system. The chemical characteristics of the RO-feed, RO-brine, NF-permeate, and NF-reject in were investigated. Electrolyte concentrations and saturation indices were determined based on the concentration of the major ions and the NETPATH software package, respectively. Calculations reveal that the brine concentrate samples contained mostly MgSO<sub>4</sub> and MgCl<sub>2</sub> soluble salts. The results show that 79-89% of the total dissolved salts (TDS) and 96-98% of the total hardness (TH) were retained using the NF process. The salt rejection of the NF membrane follows the order of CaSO<sub>4</sub>, Na<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, MgSO<sub>4</sub>, MgCl<sub>2</sub>, and NaCl with a percent of 97.4, 97.3, 95.2, 93.4, and 79%, respectively.
L'Expulsió dels jueus, 1492 (2009)

Per entendre millor l'expulsio dels jueus dels regnes peninsulars decretada pels
reis Isabel I de Castella i Ferran II d'Arago (1492) es necessari fer un seguiment de la
presencia dels jueus. S'inicia amb la romanitzacio del territori i les primeres mesures 
contraries es troben en la legislacio de l'Esglesia visigotica, sobretot en assumir
aquesta el regne visigot amb Recared I en el Concili III de Toledo (589). La presencia
musulmana disminueix la tensio i s'encamina vers la tolerancia. La reconquesta comporta,
en canvi, el retorn a la legislacio antijueva que s'accentua a partir del segle XIV
i porta a la creacio del Tribunal de la Inquisicio per limitar el criptojudaisme, considerat
com un perill per al proces d'unitat politica. Finalment un conjunt de factors
fan que els monarques optin per la unitat religiosa del pais i posin els jueus davant
l'alternativa de conversio al catolicisme, mitjancant el bateig, o l'exili, la mateixa que 
s'havia posat tambe davant els musulmans, despres de la caiguda del regne de Granada
(1492) i que s'ampliara un segle despres als moriscos (1610).
DANCE, a Novel Secreted RGD Protein Expressed in Developing, Atherosclerotic, and Balloon-injured Arteries (1999)

We have identified and characterized mouse, rat, and human cDNAs that encode a novel secreted protein of 448 amino acids named DANCE (developmental arteries and neural crest epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like). DANCE contains six calcium-binding EGF-like domains, one of which includes an RGD motif. Overexpression studies of recombinant DANCE protein document that DANCE is a secreted 66-kDa protein. DANCE and recently described protein S1-5 comprise a new EGF-like protein family. The human DANCE gene was mapped at chromosome 14q32.1. DANCE mRNA is mainly expressed in heart, ovary, and colon in adult human tissues. Expression profile analysis by in situ hybridization revealed prominent DANCE expression in developing arteries. DANCE is also expressed in neural crest cell derivatives, endocardial cushion tissue, and several other mesenchymal tissues. In adult vessels, DANCE expression is largely diminished but is reinduced in balloon-injured vessels and atherosclerotic lesions, notably in intimal vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells that lose their ability to proliferate in late stage of injury. DANCE protein was shown to promote adhesion of endothelial cells through interaction of integrins and the RGD motif of DANCE. DANCE is thus a novel vascular ligand for integrin receptors and may play a role in vascular development and remodeling.
Geodetic and geophysical results from a Taiwan airborne gravity survey: Data reduction and accuracy assessment (2007)

An airborne gravity survey was conducted over Taiwan using a LaCoste and Romberg (LCR) System II air‐sea gravimeter with gravity and global positioning system (GPS) data sampled at 1 Hz. The aircraft trajectories were determined using a GPS network kinematic adjustment relative to eight GPS tracking stations. Long‐wavelength errors in position are reduced when doing numerical differentiations for velocity and acceleration. A procedure for computing resolvable wavelength of error‐free airborne gravimetry is derived. The accuracy requirements of position, velocity, and accelerations for a 1‐mgal accuracy in gravity anomaly are derived. GPS will fulfill these requirements except for vertical acceleration. An iterative Gaussian filter is used to reduce errors in vertical acceleration. A compromising filter width for noise reduction and gravity detail is 150 s. The airborne gravity anomalies are compared with surface values, and large differences are found over high mountains where the gravity field is rough and surface data density is low. The root mean square (RMS) crossover differences before and after a bias‐only adjustment are 4.92 and 2.88 mgal, the latter corresponding to a 2‐mgal standard error in gravity anomaly. Repeatability analyses at two survey lines suggest that GPS is the dominating factor affecting the repeatability. Fourier transform and least‐squares collocation are used for downward continuation, and the latter produces a better result. Two geoid models are computed, one using airborne and surface gravity data and the other using surface data only, and the former yields a better agreement with the GPS‐derived geoidal heights. Bouguer anomalies derived from airborne gravity by a rigorous numerical integration reveal important tectonic features.
Deficiency of syntrophin, dystroglycan, and merosin in a female infant with a congenital muscular dystrophy phenotype lacking cysteine-rich and C-terminal domains of dystrophin (1997)

Primary deficiency of merosin is the cause of the classic form of congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD) accompanied by brain white matter abnormalities. We report a female infant with dystrophinopathy who was deficient in merosin in skeletal muscle. The patient had a phenotype of typical CMD and white matter abnormalities on brain MRI. Merosin was greatly reduced in the biopsied skeletal muscle. However, the expression of dystroglycan and syntrophin was also greatly reduced, and the immunoreactivity for the antibodies against the cysteine-rich/C-terminal domains of dystrophin was absent in the sarcolemma. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis of the dystrophin gene revealed a complete lack of exons 71 through 74. In skeletal muscle, only the mutant gene was expressed. These results suggest that the patient is a symptomatic Duchenne muscular dystrophy carrier with skewed X-inactivation. This patient illustrates for the first time that a dystrophin abnormality can cause a secondary deficiency of merosin in dystrophinopathy. The reduction of merosin may account for the clinical phenotype of CMD and correlate with the white matter abnormalities in our patient.
Perinatal brain damage: The term infant (2015)

Perinatal brain injury at term is common and often manifests with neonatal encephalopathy including seizures. The most common aetiologies are hypoxic–ischaemic encephalopathy, intracranial haemorrhage and neonatal stroke. Besides clinical and biochemical assessment the diagnostic evaluation rely mostly on EEG and neuroimaging including cranial ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. The mechanisms underlying hypoxic–ischaemic brain injury are only partly understood but include excitotoxicity, mitochondrial perturbation, necrosis/apoptosis and inflammation. Neuroprotective treatment of newborns suffering from hypoxic–ischaemic encephalopathy with hypothermia has proven effective and has been introduced as a clinical routine. Ongoing studies are exploring various add-on therapies including erythropoietin, xenon, topiramate, melatonin and stem cells.
Translationally controlled tumor protein acts as a guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor on the translation elongation factor eEF1A (2003)

Recently, we demonstrated that the expression levels of the translationally controlled tumor protein (TCTP) were strongly down-regulated at the mRNA and protein levels during tumor reversion/suppression and by the activation of p53 and Siah-1. To better characterize the function of TCTP, a yeast two-hybrid hunt was performed. Subsequent analysis identified the translation elongation factor, eEF1A, and its guanine nucleotide exchange factor, eEF1Bbeta, as TCTP-interacting partners. In vitro and in vivo studies confirmed that TCTP bound specifically eEF1Bbeta and eEF1A. Additionally, MS analysis also identified eEF1A as a TCTP interactor. Because eEF1A is a GTPase, we investigated the role of TCTP on the nucleotide exchange reaction of eEF1A. Our results show that TCTP preferentially stabilized the GDP form of eEF1A, and, furthermore, impaired the GDP exchange reaction promoted by eEF1Bbeta. These data suggest that TCTP has guanine nucleotide dissociation inhibitor activity, and, moreover, implicate TCTP in the elongation step of protein synthesis.
Local action of phosphate depletion and insulin-like growth factor 1 on in vitro production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D by cultured mammalian kidney cells. (1994)

The hormonal form of vitamin D, 1,25(OH)2D, is synthesized mostly in proximal renal tubular cells. Experimental and clinical studies suggest that the growth hormone may be involved in growth-related fluctuations of plasma 1,25(OH)2D and in the increase of 1,25(OH)2D induced by in vivo phosphate deprivation, an action possibly mediated by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF 1). We tested the effects of phosphate depletion and IGF 1 addition on 1,25(OH)2D3 production in cultured kidney cells: opossum kidney (OK) cells, LLC-PK 1, and rabbit's proximal tubular cells. Confluent cell monolayers were preincubated in various phosphate concentrations, in the presence and absence of IGF 1. Then, 5 nM of [3H]25 (OH)D3 or 2 microM of 25 (OH)D3 were added to the medium and the cells were incubated for a further 120 min. The amount of biosynthesized 1,25(OH)2D3 in lipid extracts was determined after two different straight phase high performance liquid chromatographies. The experiment showed the following: (a) LLC-PK 1 and rabbit's cells expressed a detectable ability to synthesize 1,25(OH)2D3, while OK cells did not. (b) Partial or total phosphate deprivation increased the amount of 1,25(OH)2D3 produced, respectively in LLC-PK 1 and in rabbit's cells. (c) IGF 1 (25 ng/ml) increased 1,25(OH)2D3 production in rabbit's cells, particularly in phosphate-free medium (1.6-fold), and in LLC-PK 1 cells, in partial phosphate depletion (2.75-fold in 1 mM phosphate, P = 0.015, n = 5, and 3.2-fold in 0.5 mM phosphate, P = 0.043, n = 4). Our findings demonstrate a local action of phosphate depletion and of IGF 1 on 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 production.
A Potentially Useful Technology by Mimicking Nature—Rapid Conversion of Biomass and CO<sub>2</sub> into Chemicals and Fuels under Hydrothermal Conditions (2012)

To diminish a serious global energy crisis and global warming caused by the imbalance between the slow formation of fossil fuels and rapid consumption by human activities, the developing of the technology for quickly turning biomass and CO2 into fuels and chemicals is needed. Hydrothermal reactions, which can be recognized as an effective pathway in the carbon cycle, played an important role in forming petroleum, natural gas, and coal from organic wastes. If humans could simulate the natural phenomena of the formation of fossils, then, it should quickly turn biomass and CO2 into fuels and chemicals. This paper gives an overview of some recent studies on hydrothermal conversion of biomass such as carbohydrate, lignin, and glycerin into value-added chemicals. Some recent advance in hydrothermal reduction of CO2 is also presented.
Subdural Anesthesia as a Complication of an Interscalene Brachial Plexus Block: Case Report (1994)

The case represents a partial injection of local anesthetic intended for the interscalene brachial plexus into the subdural space. The diagnosis is based on the normal evolution of the block into full motor and sensory anesthesia of the ipsilateral brachial plexus that evolved into a patchy, sensory, and motor block involving many dermatomes outside the brachial plexus, with minimal sympathetic block, and evidence of a normal interscalene block on emergence from general anesthesia. Subdural injection must be considered when unusual motor and sensory block occurs after interscalene block, especially after a time interval too long for epidural or subarachnoid injection, or with minimal evidence of sympathetic block, after suspected high central block injection.
Surface Damage on Si Substrates Caused by Reactive Sputter Etching (1981)

Surface damage on silicon substrates caused by RSE has been investigated. Defects are classified into four categories in order of destruction, namely, precipitates surrounded by elastic strain field, surface roughness pattern, polycrystalline and amorphous silicon, and no defects, based on the results of TEM and RHEED observation. In particular, precipitates which reach a depth more than 500 Å were found to cause OSF. The surface damage consists of contamination (C, F, O) layer, C and defect mixed layer, and defect layer in order from the top. The degree of these defects and contaminations expand with increasing power density and etching duration. RSE conditions, where no defects are formed, were determined, e.g. , within 1 minute at 0.4 W cm -2 .
Ankle: surface coil MR imaging at 1.5 T. (1986)

High-field surface coil magnetic resonance (MR) images were obtained of 12 ankles: two from healthy volunteers, seven from patients, and three from fresh cadavers. The cadaver ankles were sectioned in the coronal, sagittal, and axial planes for direct comparison with the MR images. Plain film confirmation of pathologic conditions was obtained in all patients, and five underwent arthroscopy or surgery, or both. MR imaging provided excellent delineation of ligaments and cartilaginous structures in all cases.
Temporary gastric electrical stimulation improves symptoms of nausea and vomiting in patients with both delayed and non-delayed gastric emptying (2003)

Temporary gastric electrical stimulation improves symptoms of nausea and vomiting in patients with both delayed and non-delayed gastric emptying
Electromuscular incapacitation results from stimulation of spinal reflexes (2009)

Electronic stun devices (ESD) often used in law enforcement, military action or self defense can induce total body uncoordinated muscular activity, also known as electromuscular incapacitation (EMI). During EMI the subject is unable to perform purposeful or coordinated movements. The mechanism of EMI induction has not been reported, but has been generally thought to be direct muscle and nerve excitation from the fields generated by ESDs. To determine the neuromuscular mechanisms linking ESD to induction of EMI, we investigated EMI responses using an anesthetized pig model. We found that EMI responses to ESD application can best be simulated by simultaneous stimulation of motor and sensory peripheral nerves. We also found that application of local anesthetics limited the response of ESD to local muscle stimulation and abolished the total body EMI response. Stimulation of the pure sensory peripheral nerves or nerves that are primarily motor nerves induced muscle responses that are consistent with well defined spinal reflexes. These findings suggest that the mechanism of ESD-induced EMI is mediated by excitation of multiple simultaneous spinal reflexes. Although direct motor-neuron stimulation in the region of ESD contact may significantly add to motor reactions from ESD stimulation, multiple spinal reflexes appear to be a major, and probably the dominant mechanism in observed motor response.
System ACE Configuration Solution for Xilinx FPGAs (2007)

Design techniques for electronic systems are constantly changing. In industries at the heart of the digital revolution, this change is especially acute. Functional integration, dramatic increases in complexity, new standards and protocols, cost constraints, and increased time-to-market pressures have bolstered both the design challenges and the opportunities to develop modern electronic systems. One trend driving these changes is the increased integration of core logic with previously discrete functions to achieve higher performance and more compact board designs. Traditionally, ASICs have been the vehicle for such integration but now, with their advanced system capabilities, programmable logic devices (PLDs), especially field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), have begun to take on this role in system design.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Characterization of Novel High‐Spin Organoborane Dianions. (1998)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Rationalization of Racemate Resolution:  Predicting Spontaneous Resolution through Crystal Structure Prediction (2006)

Crystal structure prediction simulations are reported on 5-hydroxymethyl-2-oxazolidinone and 4-hydroxymethyl-2-oxazolidinone to establish the feasibility of predicting the spontaneous resolution of racemates of small organic molecules. It is assumed that spontaneous resolution occurs when the enantiomorph is more stable than the racemic solid. The starting point is a gas phase conformational search to locate all low-energy conformations. These conformations are used to predict the possible crystal structures of 5- and 4-hydroxymethyl-2-oxazolidinone. In both cases, the racemic crystal structure is predicted to have the lowest energy. The energy differences between the lowest-energy racemic solids and the lowest-energy enantiomorphs are 0.2 kcal mol-1 for 5-hydroxymethyl-2-oxazolidinone and 0.9 kcal mol-1 for 4-hydroxymethyl-2-oxazolidinone. In the case of 4-hydroxymethyl-2-oxazolidinone, where the racemic crystal is known to be more stable and the experimental crystal structures of both the racemate and the enantiomorph are available, the simulation results match the observed data. For 5-hydroxymethyl-2-oxazolidinone, where only enantiopure crystals are observed experimentally, the known experimental structure is found 1.6 kcal mol-1 above the lowest-energy predicted structure. This work shows that it is possible to predict whether the racemate of a small chiral molecule can be resolved spontaneously, although further advances in the accuracy of lattice energy calculations are required.