gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Silicon nitride joining for high temperature applications (2014)

Techniques for joining silicon nitride (Si3N4) to itself and to structural metal alloys for high–temperature applications were developed. Two materials joining systems were used; high–temperature brazes and oxynitride glasses. Three commercially available precious metal braze alloys and modifications of these brazes were evaluated for applications in which Si3N4 is to be joined to structural metals. Active metal coatings were used to promote wetting and optimise the bonding to the Si3N4. Average bend strengths of 330 MPa at room temperature and 160 MPa at test temperatures as high as 800°C were measured for the brazed Si3N4 specimens. Oxynitride glass joints were formed after reaction of an oxide glass from the yttria–alumina–silica ternary system with the Si3N4. Extensive interdiffusion between the glass joint and the Si3N4 plus Si3N4 dissolution into the glass joint promoted the formation of a strong bond. Average four–point bend strengths were 370 MPa at room temperature and 490 MPa at 1000°C.
Intravenous cocaine, morphine, and amphetamine preferentially increase extracellular dopamine in the "shell" as compared with the "core" of the rat nucleus accumbens. (1995)

The nucleus accumbens is considered a critical target of the action of drugs of abuse. In this nucleus a "shell" and a "core" have been distinguished on the basis of anatomical and histochemical criteria. The present study investigated the effect in freely moving rats of intravenous cocaine, amphetamine, and morphine on extracellular dopamine concentrations in the nucleus accumbens shell and core by means of microdialysis with vertically implanted concentric probes. Doses selected were in the range of those known to sustain drug self-administration in rats. Morphine, at 0.2 and 0.4 mg/kg, and cocaine, at 0.5 mg/kg, increased extracellular dopamine selectivity in the shell. Higher doses of cocaine (1.0 mg/kg) and the lowest dose of amphetamine tested (0.125 mg/kg) increased extracellular dopamine both in the shell and in the core, but the effect was significantly more pronounced in the shell compared with the core. Only the highest dose of amphetamine (0.250 mg/kg) increased extracellular dopamine in the shell and in the core to a similar extent. The present results provide in vivo neurochemical evidence for a functional compartmentation within the nucleus accumbens and for a preferential effect of psychostimulants and morphine in the shell of the nucleus accumbens at doses known to sustain intravenous drug self-administration.
Once-Daily Administration of 2′,3′-Dideoxyinosine (ddI) in Patients with the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome or AIDS-Related Complex (1990)

We conducted a Phase I open-label trial of 2′,3′-dideoxyinosine (ddI) for the treatment of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and severe AIDS-related complex. A single daily dose of ddI was administered orally to 34 patients (17 with AIDS and 17 with AIDS-related complex) for a median of 12 weeks (range, 2 to 56). We studied six dose levels from 1.6 to 30.4 mg per kilogram of body weight per day. Of the 17 patients previously treated with zidovudine, 13 had had hematologic side effects.
Fetal bone marrow as a source of stem cells for <i>in utero</i> or postnatal transplantation (2000)

We examined the potential of human fetal bone marrow (FBM) as a source of haematopoietic stem cells for transplantation. The median number of cells obtained between 20 and 24 weeks' gestation was 1.9 x 109 and a median 1.17 x 108 of these cells expressed CD34. Flow cytometry was also used to estimate the content of three different candidate stem cell populations in the tissues older than 20 weeks' gestation. A median 8.8 x 105 CD34++CD38- cells, 1.37 x 106 CD34++CD4+ cells and 2.20 x 106 CD34++CD90+ cells were detected. The content of colony-forming units culture (CFU-C) in the FBM ranged from 2.8 x 104 to 6.0 x 106 per fetus. The CFU-C content could be expanded 50-fold by culture for 1 week in serum-deprived medium and the growth factors kit ligand and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Positive selection of FBM CD34+/++ cells was achieved using the Baxter Isolex 50 device. An average purity of 82% and yield of up to 19% of CD34+/++ cells was achieved. T cells were depleted by 99.84%. Analysis of candidate stem cell populations and primitive CFU-C suggested a preferential enrichment of these cells over the total population of CD34+/++ cells. All FBM samples were found to be free of microbial contamination at the time of harvest and after selection of CD34+/++ cells. Thus, FBM is a safe source of stem cells. The large number of progenitors and candidate stem cells that can be obtained from FBM makes it suitable for in utero and possibly postnatal transplantation.
Standard and Line-Field Fourier Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (2005)

Standard Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (FD-OCT) and line-field Fourier domain optical coherence tomography (LF-FDOCT) are described. The standard FD-OCT has the measurement speed of 36 frames/sec and one frame consisting 500 A-scans. The LF-FDOCT is an improved version of FD-OCT and determines a cross section of a sample without any mechanical scanning. The LF-FDOCT has the measurement speed of 30 frames/sec, which is corresponding to 480 KH/ A-scan. A galvano-meter is introduced into the LF-FDOCT and it enables three-dimensional OCT measurement with only one-dimensional mechanical scanning.
Covalently Bound Flavin in <scp>d</scp>‐6‐Hydroxynicotine Oxidase from <i>Arthrobacter oxidans</i> (1972)

A substituted riboflavin (HNO‐flavin) was isolated from d ‐6‐hydroxynicotine oxidase. It was obtained from flavin peptides by hydrolysis with 6 N HCl at 95°C or with aminopeptidase M. The riboflavin derivative had the spectral characteristics of 8α‐substituted flavins. It showed a pH dependence of fluorescence with a pK of 4.65 and 86%, quenching at pH 7. In thin‐layer chromatography it was identical with 8α‐( N ‐3‐histidyl)‐riboflavin. Hydrolysis of HNO‐flavin in 6N HCl at 125°C liberated 1 mol histidine per mol flavin as shown by amino acid analysis. Since FAD is the coenzyme of d ‐6‐hydroxynicotine oxidase, these results are taken as evidence that this enzyme contains 8α‐( N ‐3‐histidyl)‐flavin‐adenine dinucleotide in the active center.
Penalized maximum-likelihood image reconstruction using space-alternating generalized EM algorithms (1995)

Most expectation-maximization (EM) type algorithms for penalized maximum-likelihood image reconstruction converge slowly, particularly when one incorporates additive background effects such as scatter, random coincidences, dark current, or cosmic radiation. In addition, regularizing smoothness penalties (or priors) introduce parameter coupling, rendering intractable the M-steps of most EM-type algorithms. This paper presents space-alternating generalized EM (SAGE) algorithms for image reconstruction, which update the parameters sequentially using a sequence of small "hidden" data spaces, rather than simultaneously using one large complete-data space. The sequential update decouples the M-step, so the maximization can typically be performed analytically. We introduce new hidden-data spaces that are less informative than the conventional complete-data space for Poisson data and that yield significant improvements in convergence rate. This acceleration is due to statistical considerations, not numerical overrelaxation methods, so monotonic increases in the objective function are guaranteed. We provide a general global convergence proof for SAGE methods with nonnegativity constraints.
Temperature Driven Morphological Changes of Chemically Precipitated Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles (2004)

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is synthesized by a wet chemical route using calcium hydroxide and ortho-phosphoric acid at various temperatures (40, 80, and 100 degrees C). X-ray diffraction of the precipitate particles revealed HA as the predominant phase (>99%) with a small amount of beta-tricalcium phosphate. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicated the presence of carbonate substitution, which decreased with increasing temperature. Transmission electron microscopy observations revealed needle-shaped particles with a high aspect ratio at 40 degrees C, which changed to spheroidal when the precipitation temperature was increased to 100 degrees C. The changes in the morphology with temperature were analyzed taking into account the driving force for the HA precipitation and the supersaturation level of Ca2+ and PO4(3-) ions with respect to HA. The analysis indicated that the supersaturation level of the reactants, especially the concentration of Ca2+ ions, played a predominant role on the precipitate morphology for this classical acid-base reaction.
Fast rotations: low-cost arithmetic methods for orthonormal rotation (2002)

Introduces a new type of arithmetic operations that we have called "fast rotations" or "orthonormal /spl mu/-rotations". These are methods for orthonormal rotation over a set of fixed angles, with a very low cost in implementation-basically a few shift and add operations, as opposed to lengthy CORDIC operations. We also present the underlying theory for the construction of such fast rotation methods. Furthermore, we give examples where fast rotations have been applied successfully in a wide variety of applications. These include the low-cost and robust implementation of an FIR filter bank for image coding, the generation of spherical sample rays in 3D graphics, and the computation of the eigenvalue decomposition (EVD) and singular value decomposition (SVD).
On-line gas-diffusion separation and fluorimetric detection for the determination of acid dissociable cyanide (1998)

A flow injection system with gas diffusion separation and spectrofluorimetric detection is described for the determination of acid dissociable cyanide in waters. Cyanide diffuses through a microporous PTFE membrane from an acidic donor stream into a sodium hydroxide acceptor stream. The cyanide transferred reacts with o-phthalaldehyde and glycine to form a highly fluorescent isoindole derivative. Complete recovery of cyanide was found for Zn(CN)42–, Cu(CN)32–, Cd(CN)42–, Hg(CN)42–, Hg(CN)2 and Ag(CN)2– complexes and low recovery from Ni(CN)42–. No recovery was obtained from the species that are considered as non-free cyanide producing, viz., Fe(CN)64–, Fe(CN)63– and Co(CN)63–. The sampling frequency was 10 h–1 and the detection limit was 0.5 µg l–1. The method tolerates a 40-fold excess of sulfide. The results of cyanide determination in water samples obtained with the proposed method are consistent with those obtained with APHA Method 4500 CN– I for weak acid dissociable cyanide.
Reconceptualizing the relationship between teaching mathematics and learning to teach mathematics: The role of a methods course (2005)

At present, the public school system in the United States is experiencing severe teacher shortages predominantly in urban areas; this shortage is exacerbated by a pervasive need for qualified, effective mathematics teachers in our nation's cities (Ball & Wilson, 1990; Feistritzer, 1998; McCabe, 2004; Posamentier & Coppin, 2005; Shen, 1999; U.S. Department of Education, 2004). To address the dearth of teachers in the public schools, there has been a significant increase in the number of teachers who are prepared through alternate-route certification programs (Ingersoll, 2003). While typical alternate-route certification programs are structured similar to traditional teacher education programs, due to their distinct purpose, the teachers' primary field component is located at the beginning of the program given that their full-time teaching experience occurs simultaneously with their participation in academic courses. Because of this difference, and the importance of the primary field experience to beginning teachers' knowledge development (see Frykholm, 1999; Wilson et al., 2001), it cannot be assumed that methods courses in alternate-route certification programs should be constructed similar to methods courses in traditional teacher education programs. In this study I examine the relationship between the knowledge teachers developed in a methods course and the knowledge they constructed in practice. The qualitative methodology I used included an in-depth exploration of the experiences of three alternatively-certified beginning mathematics teachers as well as a survey of beginning mathematics teachers who were enrolled in a mathematics methods course as their knowledge was concomitantly constructed in the methods course and in situ. The data suggest that teachers who engage in their primary field experience at the beginning of their teacher education programs have distinct experiences that are manifested in ways that are different from the experiences of their traditionally-certified counterparts. In enacting their pedagogical practices, the knowledge teachers developed in their methods course was mediated by the knowledge they developed in the field, and vice versa. The findings from this study provide strong implications for the ways in which teacher educators can restructure methods courses in alternate-route certification programs as well as traditional teacher education programs to enhance beginning teachers' knowledge development.
Effect of Foliar Applications of Oxamyl with Aldicarb for the Management of Rotylenchulus reniformison Cotton. (2000)

The efficacy of foliar applications of oxamyl were evaluated for the management of Rotylenchulus reniformis on cotton in Mississippi. Two tests were established in Tallahatchie County on a fine sandy loam soil (56.8% sand, 37.8% silt, 5.3% clay, pH 5.4, and 0.3% OM) naturally infested with R. reniformis. Oxamyl was applied as a foliar spray at 0.14, 0.27, or 0.53 kg a.i./ha to cotton plants that had reached the sixth true leaf growth stage. A second oxamyl application was applied 14 days after the first treatment at the same rates. All oxamyl treatments also received aldicarb at 0.59 kg a.i./ha at planting. Controls consisted of aldicarb alone, disulfoton (which is not a nematicide), and an untreated control. Oxamyl reduced R. reniformis numbers at 79 and 107 days after planting in Test 1 and at 62 and 82 days after planting in Test 2 compared to aldicarb at 0.59 kg a.i./ha alone and the controls that received neither material. Average reniform population densities in oxamyl-treated plots were 24.5% and 30% lower than with aldicarb alone and the controls. Cotton plant height was greater in plots that received oxamyl at all rates than in the controls. Cotton in oxamyl plus aldicarb and aldicarb alone treatments produced more bolls per plant and had a greater total boll weight than disulfoton and the untreated control. Seed cotton yields were greater in oxamyl-treated plots than for disulfoton-treated and the untreated control.
Guard cell‐specific inhibition of <i>Arabidopsis MPK3</i> expression causes abnormal stomatal responses to abscisic acid and hydrogen peroxide (2006)

MAP kinases have been linked to guard cell signalling. Arabidopsis thaliana MAP Kinase 3 (MPK3) is known to be activated by abscisic acid (ABA) and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), which also control stomatal movements. We therefore studied the possible role of MPK3 in guard cell signalling through guard cell-specific antisense inhibition of MPK3 expression. Such transgenic plants contained reduced levels of MPK3 mRNA in the guard cells and displayed partial insensitivity to ABA in inhibition of stomatal opening, but responded normally to this hormone in stomatal closure. However, ABA-induced stomatal closure was reduced compared with controls when cytoplasmic alkalinization was prevented with sodium butyrate. MPK3 antisense plants were less sensitive to exogenous H(2)O(2), both in inhibition of stomatal opening and in promotion of stomatal closure, thus MPK3 is required for the signalling of this compound. ABA-induced H(2)O(2) synthesis was normal in these plants, indicating that MPK3 probably acts in signalling downstream of H(2)O(2). These results provide clear evidence for the important role of MPK3 in the perception of ABA and H(2)O(2) in guard cells.
Biotin at High Concentration Interferes with the LOCI Digoxin Assay but the PETINIA Phenytoin Assay Is Not Affected. (2018)

Many automated immunoassays incorporate biotinylated antibodies and streptavidin-coated magnetic beads in the assay design. Biotin at elevated concentrations may interfere with these immunoassays. We evaluated potential interference of biotin on serum digoxin (LOCI assay utilizing biotinylated antibody) and phenytoin (PETINIA assay; no biotinylated antibody) measurements using the Vista 1500 analyzer. Aliquots of drug-free serum pool were supplemented with various biotin concentrations (range: 1 ng/mL to 250 ng/mL) followed by measuring apparent digoxin and phenytoin levels using appropriate immunoassays. In the second set of experiments, one serum pool was prepared from patients taking digoxin and another from patients taking phenytoin. Then aliquots of these serum pools were further supplemented with biotin followed by measuring digoxin or phenytoin concentrations. We observed apparent digoxin levels at 50 ng/mL biotin concentration or higher and also significant interference of biotin in serum digoxin measurement at a biotin concentration of 250 ng/mL. In contrast, we observed no interference of biotin in serum phenytoin measurement. We conclude that biotin interferes with the LOCI digoxin assay at a high concentration only.
Isolation of an outer membrane hemin-binding protein of Haemophilus influenzae type b (1992)

Haemophilus influenzae is a heme-dependent bacterium. However, little is known of the heme-iron uptake mechanism in this organism. By using a batch ligand affinity chromatography method, a hemin-binding protein of 39,500 molecular weight was isolated from total membranes derived from H. influenzae type b grown under iron-depleted but not under iron-sufficient conditions. Detection of the hemin-binding protein in a whole-cell binding assay demonstrated a surface-exposed location. Competition binding experiments indicated that this hemin-protein interaction was specific, since only hemin or heme-containing proteins, such as human hemoglobin and bovine catalase, but not protoporphyrin IX, iron-loaded human lactoferrin, or transferrin, could abrogate binding. In a limited survey of other H. influenzae strains, an identical hemin-binding protein was isolated, implying that this polypeptide may be structurally and functionally conserved among strains.
Effects of ranolazine on L‐type calcium channel currents in guinea‐pig single ventricular myocytes (1996)

1. Ranolazine has protective effects against ischaemia as exemplified by a reduction of the associated enzyme release and an attenuation of the fall of ATP and other metabolic changes. It has been suggested that ranolazine may affect GTP-binding proteins involved in the beta-adrenergic protein kinase A (PKA) cascade by interacting with Gs. Calcium channel currents are stimulated by this cascade but the effect of ranolazine upon them is not known. The whole cell patch clamp technique was used to examine the action of ranolazine on basal calcium channel currents and those stimulated by activation at various steps in the PKA cascade. 2. Ranolazine had only a small effect on the basal calcium current (100 microM caused 11.3% inhibition), but markedly attenuated the beta-adrenoceptor stimulated current (20 nM isoprenaline increased current by 2.3 fold, 10 microM ranolazine inhibited this increase by 47.6%). When the PKA cascade was activated downstream to the receptor by either G-protein activation with Gpp[NH]p or adenylate cyclase activation with forskolin, the calcium current showed a sensitivity to ranolazine similar to the basal current. Activation of the PKA cascade via H2 receptors gave rise to currents which showed an intermediate sensitivity to ranolazine. Ranolazine inhibition of ICa persisted during muscarinic attenuation of beta-adrenoceptor activation. 3. The results indicate that ranolazine, at concentrations which have significantly beneficial effects during ischaemic episodes, only greatly affects whole cell calcium current when facilitated by beta-adrenoceptor or histamine receptor activation. Ranolazine would appear to act at the receptor level, rather than at the GTP-binding or Gs/adenylate cyclase level. An additional smaller effect is also present, which may be mediated by a direct effect on the channel, or components closely associated with it.
Pilomatricoma: A Late Onset Case in the Neck (2005)

Pilomatricoma is a benign follicular tumor with features of the follicle matrix. Synonyms are pilomatrixoma, Malherbe tumor, and calcifying epithelioma of Malherbe. This is the most common hair follicle tumor. It may occur at any age from infancy and is frequently seen in children. The majority of the patients are under 20 years of age, and females are affected more often than males. It is not hereditary but a number of familial cases are recorded. It usually occurs on the face, neck, or upper extremities. The lesion measures from 0.5 to 3 cm in diameter, although larger lesions may be encountered. The clinical appearance is a firm dermal nodule that may closely resemble an epidermal cyst and has normal overlying skin. Diagnosis may be difficult, especially if the examining physician is unfamiliar with it. A 61-year-old woman with a solitary and painful lesion, localized to the right neck for nearly a month applied to our outpatient clinic. http://www.entnet.org/journal/casereports/OTO-22.pdf/
Successful Transmission of a Retrovirus Depends on the Commensal Microbiota (2011)

To establish chronic infections, viruses must develop strategies to evade the host's immune responses. Many retroviruses, including mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV), are transmitted most efficiently through mucosal surfaces rich in microbiota. We found that MMTV, when ingested by newborn mice, stimulates a state of unresponsiveness toward viral antigens. This process required the intestinal microbiota, as antibiotic-treated mice or germ-free mice did not transmit infectious virus to their offspring. MMTV-bound bacterial lipopolysaccharide triggered Toll-like receptor 4 and subsequent interleukin-6 (IL-6)-dependent induction of the inhibitory cytokine IL-10. Thus, MMTV has evolved to rely on the interaction with the microbiota to induce an immune evasion pathway. Together, these findings reveal the fundamental importance of commensal microbiota in viral infections.
Association of Extracellular Vesicle Biomarkers With Alzheimer Disease in the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (2019)

We validated nEV biomarker candidates and further demonstrated that their preclinical longitudinal trajectories can predict AD diagnosis. These findings motivate further development of nEV biomarkers toward a clinical blood test for AD.
Antirabic Immunization with Desiccated Vaccine (1929)

Antirabic Immunization with Desiccated Vaccine D. L. Harris CopyRight https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.19.9.980 Published Online: August 29, 2011
Stereoselective Formation of C2-Symmetric ansa-Lanthanocenes by Reductive Coupling of Acenaphthylene with Activated Ytterbium or Samarium (2001)

A fulvene-type coupling results from the reduction of acenaphthylene by activated samarium or ytterbium in THF. This leads exclusively to the formation of the respective C2-symmetric trans-rac-ansa-lanthanocene complexes [(η5-C12H8)2Ln(thf)2] [Eq. (1); Ln=Sm, Yb].