gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Anti-Thyroid Drugs and Thyroid Hormone Synthesis:  Effect of Methimazole Derivatives on Peroxidase-Catalyzed Reactions (2005)

Syntheses and characterization of the selenium analogue (MSeI) of anti-thyroid drug methimazole and a series of organoselenium compounds bearing N-methylimidazole pharmacophore are described. In contrast to the sulfur compound that exists predominantly in its thione form, the selenium analogue exists in a selenol form, which spontaneously oxidizes in air to produce the corresponding diselenide. The reduction of the diselenide by GSH or NaBH(4) affords the biologically active selenol, which effectively inhibits the lactoperoxidase (LPO) activity in vitro. The monoselenides having N-methylimidazole moiety are found to be much less active than the selenol, suggesting that the presence of a selenol moiety is important for the LPO inhibition. The kinetic and mechanistic studies reveal that MSeI inhibits the LPO activity by reducing the H(2)O(2), providing a novel method to reversibly inhibit the enzyme. Although MSeI strongly inhibits LPO, the enzyme's activity can be completely recovered by increasing the H(2)O(2) concentration. On the other hand, the inhibition by methimazole (MMI), the sulfur analogue, cannot be reversed by increasing the H(2)O(2) concentration, leading to a complete inactivation of the enzyme. The reversible inhibition of LPO by some of the selenium derivatives is correlated with their glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity, and the high GPx activity of the selenium compounds as compared with their sulfur analogues suggests that the selenium derivatives may protect the thyroid gland from oxidative damage.
Understanding the Roles of Inflow-Control Devices in Optimizing Horizontal-Well Performance (2009)

Abstract Inflow Control Device, often referred to as equalizer, is a completion hardware that is deployed as a part of well completions aimed at distributing the inflow evenly. Even though the detail structures vary from one design to another, the principle for different inflow control devices is the same - restrict flow by creating additional pressure drop, and therefore balancing or equalizing wellbore pressure drop to achieve an evenly distributed flow profile along a horizontal well. With a more evenly distributed flow profile, one can reduce water or gas coning, sand production and solve other drawdown related production problems. In general, inflow control devices are not adjustable; once installed in the well, the location of the device and the relationship between rate and pressure drop are fixed. This makes the design of a well completion and inflow control devices extremely critical for production. Inflow control devices can be either beneficial or detrimental to production, strongly depending on the reservoir condition, well structure and completion design. Realizing that reservoir conditions will change during the life of a well, the impact of an inflow control device is a function of time. The inflow control devices sometimes can be overlooked if the design is only based on reservoir flow simulation. In this paper, we will investigate how and when an inflow control device should be used. An integrated analysis method of inflow (reservoir) and outflow (wellbore) is used to generate the flow profile of a horizontal well, and additional frictional pressure drop created by inflow control devices will be considered. Two conditions that result in production problems, wellbore pressure drop and breakthrough of unwanted fluids, will be addressed. The focus will be on when and how an inflow control device can optimize production. Examples at field conditions will be used to illustrate that it is critical to understand the reservoir conditions and wellbore dynamics together when designing a well completion with inflow control devices. Since uncertainty of reservoir condition always exists, backup plans and conservative designs are desirable. The observations from this study show that overdesigned inflow control devices will not just increase the cost of well completion, but also impact the well performance negatively.
Improving peak detection in high-resolution LC/MS metabolomics data using preexisting knowledge and machine learning approach (2014)

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Defective production of interleukin 1 and interleukin 2 in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). (1983)

The objective of this study was to define some causes of the immunologic impairment characteristic of systemic lupus erythematosus. Blood mononuclear cells from 19 patients were stimulated to produce interleukin 1 and interleukin 2 and compared with controls. A severe defect in both IL 1 and IL 2 activity was observed. The low cytokine levels did not correlate with clinical or serologic activity of disease. These defects could not be explained by concurrent corticosteroid therapy. There was no correlation between a lower number of OKT4+ cells observed in these patients and the levels of IL 2 production, nor did removal of monocytes bring IL 2 to normal. Impaired IL 2 production could not be restored to normal by IL 1. The observed deficiency in these regulatory cytokines may therefore be a primary defect that is important in the pathogenesis of this disorder.
Enhancement of solar cell performance by employing planar spectral converters (2005)

The effect on solar cell performance of planar converters containing quantum dots (QDs) as wavelength-shifting entities on top of multicrystalline silicon cells was investigated by means of model studies with varying incident spectra. These included global, direct, and diffuse spectra with Air Mass (AM) values ranging from 1 to 10. In case of AM1.5, a planar converter with QDs emitting at 603nm yields a short-circuit current increase of 6.3%, 9.6%, and 28.6% for direct, global, and diffuse irradiation, respectively, as a result of the larger blue/green content of diffuse spectra with respect to direct and global ones. For other AM values, similar results are calculated, with a lower increase toward high AM values.
Enrichment of DNA fragments for deleted sequences in human genome with nuclease S1 digestion and PCR amplification (1994)

Journal Article Enrichment of DNA fragments for deleted sequences in human genome with nuclease S1 digestion and PCR amplification Get access Shigui Zhu, Shigui Zhu * National Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Department of Cell Biology, Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegePO Box 2258, Beijing 100021, China * To whom correspondence should be addressed Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Min Wu Min Wu National Laboratory of Molecular Oncology and Department of Cell Biology, Cancer Institute, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegePO Box 2258, Beijing 100021, China Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Nucleic Acids Research, Volume 22, Issue 12, 25 June 1994, Pages 2428–2429, https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/22.12.2428 Published: 25 June 1994 Article history Received: 09 February 1994 Revision received: 09 May 1994 Accepted: 09 May 1994 Published: 25 June 1994
Auto, Natural, or In-Situ Gas-Lift Systems Explained (2008)

Summary The terms auto, natural, and in-situ gas lift all refer to artificial lift systems that use gas from a gas-bearing formation to gas lift a well. The gas lift gas is produced downhole and bled into the production tubing via an auto gas lift valve designed for gas operations. The value of auto gas lift is probably easier to demonstrate than for other types of intelligent well because it provides a direct replacement for conventional gas lift equipment, compressors, and pipelines, and the ancillary equipment they require. An estimated 60 auto gas lift systems have been installed at the time of writing of this paper, most of them in the Scandinavian sector of the North Sea. Several papers have discussed this technology, but so far none has presented a rigorous analysis or solution of the wells' production from a gas lift perspective. This paper presents the basic theory behind auto gas lift and how to apply it. The components of the theory are well known and commonly used in nodal analysis and conventional gas lift design. Properly combining these components enables an auto gas lifted well's performance to be calculated and downhole equipment to be correctly sized and located.
Allenes. Part 48. A new general method for the synthesis of dihydro-4H-1,4-thiazines (1988)

The base-catalysed reaction between allenic nitriles and aminoethanethiol, cystamine, cysteine, cysteine methyl ester, cystine or cystine dimethyl ester in refluxing ethanol, with passage of oxygen through the reaction mixture, gives 80–90% yieldsof3-alkyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-1,4-thiazine-2-carbonitriles and chiral 5-carboxy and 5-methoxycarbonyl analogues. Detailed investigation and spectroscopic studies have elucidated the seven-step mechanism of this one-pot reaction. Under similar conditions, 2-aminothiophenol failed to give the corresponding 1,4-benzothiazines. Alkaline hydrogen peroxide oxidised the dihydrothiazine to the S-oxide quantitatively.
Predicting Personality Traits using Multimodal Information (2014)

Measuring personality traits has a long story in psychology where analysis has been done by asking sets of questions. These question sets (inventories) have been designed by investigating lexical terms that we use in our daily communications or by analyzing biological phenomena. Whether consciously or unconsciously we express our thoughts and behaviors when communicating with others, either verbally, non-verbally or using visual expressions. Recently, research in behavioral signal processing has focused on automatically measuring personality traits using different behavioral cues that appear in our daily communication. In this study, we present an approach to automatically recognize personality traits using a video-blog (vlog) corpus, consisting of transcription and extracted audio-visual features. We analyzed linguistic, psycholinguistic and emotional features in addition to the audio-visual features provided with the dataset. We also studied whether we can better predict a trait by identifying other traits. Using our best models we obtained very promising results compared to the official baseline.
Storing a sparse table with O(1) worst case access time (1982)

We describe a data structure for representing a set of n items from a universe of m items, which uses space n+o(n) and accommodates membership queries in constant time. Both the data structure and the query algorithm are easy to implement.
Hydrogen-bonding and Proton Transfer Interactions between Harmane and Trifluoroethanol in the Ground and Excited Singlet States (1998)

A study of the hydrogen-bonding and proton transfer reactions of the ground and excited states of harmane (1-methyl-9H-pyrido/3,4-b/indole) and its N9-methyl derivative with 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol in cyclohexane is reported. Spectral measurements (UV–visible, Fourier trans-form IR, steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence) show the formation of fluorescent ground-state hydrogen-bonded complexes. The results have been interpreted assuming a tautomeric equilibrium between a 1:1 hydrogen-bonded complex and its 1:2 proton transfer tautomer (hydrogen-bonding ion pair). Upon excitation to its singlet excited state, the proton transfer tautomer of harmane reacts with an additional 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol molecule to give a zwitterionic exciplex, which fluoresces at longer wavelength.
Rheumatoid Arthritis, Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis, and Related Conditions (2001)

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic systemic inflammatory disease characterized by joint destruction. It is the most common inflammatory arthritis, affecting approximately 1% of the world’s population [1]. The actual incidence varies by race and geographic location, and appears to be somewhat lower in African blacks and among Chinese, and as high as 5% among the Pima Indians of North America.
Simulating Human Judgment in Machine Translation Evaluation Campaigns (2012)

We present a Monte Carlo model to simulate human judgments in machine translation evaluation campaigns, such as WMT or IWSLT. We use the model to compare different ranking methods and to give guidance on the number of judgments that need to be collected to obtain sufficiently significant distinctions between systems
OK COMPUTER: Mobility, software and the laptop musician (2008)

In this article I address some images, categories and open-ended trajectories of the laptop in music production. The aim is to explore the laptop's increasing presence in the sites of music, from cyberspace to live venues, as well as the relationship between music and mobile computerized space. Implicit in the article is the claim that the laptop is a neglected device, but that close attention to its position in cultural networks and everyday settings is one way of examining some possible ways into the complex entanglements and layerings of mobile space. The first part of the article explores the laptop as the archetypal nomadic machine of the digital age, inserted into mobile networks, hubs and flows. The laptop mediates mobility and by doing so not only serves macro-processes of social and economic change, but also opens up creative possibilities for the musician beyond the studio and the home. The second part of the article examines the role of software in activating the laptop's capabilities. The growth of music software and Virtual Studio Technology in the early 2000s, it will be argued, represents a major transformation in music production. A case study is made of a single application, Ableton Live, to show that new forms of music software encourage norms of creativity and play that take it beyond emulations of hardware studios. A residual distrust of the laptop's automative capabilities, however, reprises an anxiety in the history of popular music around questions of creativity and musicianship. The final part explores this anxiety and argues that the laptop is a place-holder for conflicting meanings about what belongs in music: productivity and creation, reality and virtuality, play and work, the cybernetic and the organic. It thereby reveals socio-technical imbroglios in action, where digitized music and software code meet the material properties of technologies and the practices of users in complex, networked societies.
Combining structure and content similarities for XML document clustering (2008)

This paper proposes a clustering approach that explores both the content and the structure of XML documents for determining similarity among them. Assuming that the content and the structure of XML documents play different roles and importance depending on the use and purpose of a dataset, the content and structure information of the documents are handled using two different similarity measuring methods. The similarity values produced from these two methods are then combined with weightings to measure the overall document similarity. The effect of structure similarity and content similarity on the clustering solution is thoroughly analysed. The experiments prove that clustering of the text-centric XML documents based on the content-only information produces a better solution in a homogeneous environment, documents that derived from one structural definition; however, in a heterogeneous environment, documents that derived from two or more structural definitions, clustering of the text-centric XML documents produces a better result when the structure and the content similarities of the documents are combined with different strengths.
Clinical Studies of Color Vision With Gunkel's Chromagraph (1983)

Color thresholds in a series of patients with local or systemic diseases were determined by a chromagraph method and subjected to computer analysis. When compared with normal persons, those with optic nerve disease (multiple sclerosis, optic neuritis, and optic atrophy) showed an overall weakness for all colors (enlarged neutral areas), with an additional specific defect in the orange-cyan (greenish blue) axis. Those with the two retinal diseases studied (macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa) also showed threshold elevation for all colors, but with a special defect in the yellow-blue axis. The general elevation was greater for patients with retinitis pigmentosa than for those with macular degeneration, regardless of the visual acuity. In patients undergoing treatment for systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis, there was a mild elevation of the color threshold, especially for yellow.
Effect of Metformin-Induced Stimulation on the Expression of Insulin Receptor Substrate 1 through Negative Regulation of P70S6k (2018)

Objective: The aim is to study the effects of metformin on the expression of 70 kDa ribosomal protein S6 kinase (P70S6k), insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1), and IRS-1Ser307 phosphorylation in human luteinized granulosa cells. Methods: Granulosa cells in the experimental group were cultured in M199 medium containing 0.1 mmol/L metformin for 24 h and those in control group were cultured in M199 medium. The expression levels of P70S6k and IRS-1 mRNA were detected by reverse-transcriptiom polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time PCR. P70S6k, IRS-1, p-ser307-IRS-1, and p-thr389-P70S6k protein expression levels were detected by immunofluorescence and western blotting. Results: P70S6k mRNA level was higher and IRS-1 was significantly lower in the experimental group than those in the control group. IRS-1 and p-ser307-IRS-1 were expressed in cell plasma, and P70S6k and p-thr389-P70S6k were expressed in cell nucleus. The results of Western blot analysis indicated that the expression levels of P70S6k, p-thr389-P70S6k, IRS-1, and p-ser307-IRS-1 proteins had significant difference between the experimental group and the control group. Compared to the control group, the relative intensity illustrated that the expression levels of P70S6K and p-thr389-P70S6k significantly increased in the experimental group; however, those of IRS-1 and p-ser307-IRS-1 proteins significantly decreased. Conclusion: Metformin can inhibit the P70S6k mRNA and protein expression levels in the granulosa cells and improve insulin sensitivity by regulating IRS-1 expression through Akt/P70S6k/IRS-1-dependent pathway.
Chromosomal duplication accompanies allelic loss in non-small cell lung carcinoma. (1998)

Hemizygous deletion in the short (p) arm of chromosome 3 is a common finding in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and is postulated to be a crucial early change in lung tumorigenesis. Yet one of the most frequent nuclear abnormalities in both NSCLC and premalignant bronchial epithelium is increase in chromosomal copy number. Deletion and duplication have not been assessed in the same tumor set by both molecular and cytogenetic methods to determine whether allelic loss correlates with chromosomal duplication in the same tumor cell populations. It is also not established what biological mechanisms might lead to allelic deletion and chromosomal duplication. We have investigated changes in the copy number of chromosome 3 in touch preparations of 38 NSCLCs (19 adenocarcinomas and 19 squamous cell carcinomas) using dual-target, dual-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assays. Chromosome 3 centromere probe was matched with a 3p14.2 probe [intron 4 of the fragile histidine triad (FHIT) gene] and a 3p21.31 probe (HSemaIV gene). We then correlated FISH results with results of molecular analyses for allelic losses at loci in the regions to which the FISH probes mapped in 20 of these cases. Although various combinations of FISH abnormalities were sometimes detected within the same specimens, individual cases could be classified according to the predominant FISH pattern, usually with one abnormality present in >60% of tumor cells. Chromosomal duplication, indicated by the presence of more than two centromeric signals, was the most frequent abnormality observed by FISH and was accompanied by loss of specific sequences on 3p in approximately one-half of the specimens in which it was observed. The most frequent abnormality observed by molecular analysis was loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in both of the chromosomal regions tested and was demonstrated in 83% of cases with chromosomal duplication. We conclude that LOH may occur in the presence of chromosomal duplication, suggesting that the duplicated chromosome is homozygous. Our findings imply that LOH occurs before chromosomal duplication during lung carcinogenesis.
A chromosome-based draft sequence of the hexaploid bread wheat ( <i>Triticum aestivum</i> ) genome (2014)

An ordered draft sequence of the 17-gigabase hexaploid bread wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) genome has been produced by sequencing isolated chromosome arms. We have annotated 124,201 gene loci distributed nearly evenly across the homeologous chromosomes and subgenomes. Comparative gene analysis of wheat subgenomes and extant diploid and tetraploid wheat relatives showed that high sequence similarity and structural conservation are retained, with limited gene loss, after polyploidization. However, across the genomes there was evidence of dynamic gene gain, loss, and duplication since the divergence of the wheat lineages. A high degree of transcriptional autonomy and no global dominance was found for the subgenomes. These insights into the genome biology of a polyploid crop provide a springboard for faster gene isolation, rapid genetic marker development, and precise breeding to meet the needs of increasing food demand worldwide.
Computer-Aided Recognition of Man-Made Structures in Aerial Photographs (1999)

Abstract : Aerial image acquisition systems are producing more data than can be analyzed by human experts. Most of the images produced by remote sensing satellites, including military ones, never get seen or inspected. In this work, automated detection and recognition of buildings in aerial photos is explored. Connectivity analysis is performed on graphs derived from line segment representations of the original images, obtained with the use of the Radon Transform. The model is experimentally validated using 2-meter panchromatic aerial photographs from the National Aerial Photography Program (NAPP), which provide a marginally adequate resolution for the recognition of small buildings.
Multi-view stereo beyond Lambert (2003)

We consider the problem of estimating the shape and radiance of an object from a calibrated set of views under the assumption that the reflectance of the object is non-Lambertian. Unlike traditional stereo, we do not solve the correspondence problem by comparing image-to-image. Instead, we exploit a rank constraint on the radiance tensor field of the surface in space, and use it to define a discrepancy measure between each image and the underlying model. Our approach automatically returns an estimate of the radiance of the scene, along with its shape, represented by a dense surface. The former can be used to generate novel views that capture the non-Lambertian appearance of the scene.