gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lipoic acid metabolism in Escherichia coli: the lplA and lipB genes define redundant pathways for ligation of lipoyl groups to apoprotein (1995)

Lipoic acid is a covalently bound disulfide-containing cofactor required for function of the pyruvate dehydrogenase, alpha-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, and glycine cleavage enzyme complexes of Escherichia coli. Recently we described the isolation of the lplA locus, the first gene known to encode a lipoyl-protein ligase for the attachment of lipoyl groups to lipoate-dependent apoenzymes (T. W. Morris, K. E. Reed, and J. E. Cronan, Jr., J. Biol. Chem. 269:16091-16100, 1994). Here, we report an unexpected redundancy between the functions of lplA and lipB, a gene previously identified as a putative lipoate biosynthetic locus. First, analysis of lplA null mutants revealed the existence of a second lipoyl ligase enzyme. We found that lplA null mutants displayed no growth defects unless combined with lipA (lipoate synthesis) or lipB mutations and that overexpression of wild-type LplA suppressed lipB null mutations. Assays of growth, transport, lipoyl-protein content, and apoprotein modification demonstrated that lplA encoded a ligase for the incorporation of exogenously supplied lipoate, whereas lipB was required for function of the second lipoyl ligase, which utilizes lipoyl groups generated via endogenous (lipA-mediated) biosynthesis. The lipB-dependent ligase was further shown to cause the accumulation of aberrantly modified octanoyl-proteins in lipoate-deficient cells. Lipoate uptake assays of strains that overproduced lipoate-accepting apoproteins also demonstrated coupling between transport and the subsequent ligation of lipoate to apoprotein by the LplA enzyme. Although mutations in two genes (fadD and fadL) involved in fatty acid failed to affect lipoate utilization, disruption of the smp gene severely decreased lipoate utilization. DNA sequencing of the previously identified slr1 selenolipoate resistance mutation (K. E. Reed, T. W. Morris, and J. E. Cronan, Jr., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91:3720-3724, 1994) showed this mutation (now called lplA1) to be a G76S substitution in the LplA ligase. When compared with the wild-type allele, the cloned lplA1 allele conferred a threefold increase in the ability to discriminate against the selenium-containing analog. These results support a two-pathway/two-ligase model of lipoate metabolism in E. coli.
Novel Poly(butylene fumarate) and Poly(butylene succinate) Multiblock Copolymers Bearing Reactive Carbon–Carbon Double Bonds: Synthesis, Characterization, Cocrystallization, and Properties (2013)

Widespread application of biodegradable polyesters is restrained by inferior mechanical properties, higher cost, and lack of reactive functional sites for further modification. A new class of multiblock copolymers bearing reactive sites on the main chains, composed of poly(butylene fumarate) (PBF) and poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), has been designed and synthesized to enhance the biodegradability of PBF and expand its application, while retaining the mechanical properties. The chemical structures of the copolymers were confirmed by 1H NMR spectra and GPC. The two segments are compatible in both the amorphous and crystalline region, and form cocrystals because of their similar nature. The multiblock copolymers possess satisfactory thermal and mechanical properties. The degradation rate of copolymers is substantially accelerated by the copolymerization with PBS. The novel polymer may be directly used as biodegradable materials or be postfunctionalized to modify the physicochemical properties or to endow the polymers with special properties.
Total Transmission and Total Reflection by Zero Index Metamaterials with Defects (2010)

We theoretically investigate microwave transmission through a zero-index metamaterial loaded with dielectric defects. The metamaterial is impedance matched to free space, with the permittivity and permeability tending towards zero over a given frequency range. By simply varying the radii and permittivities of the defects, total transmission or reflection of the impinging electromagnetic wave can be achieved. The proposed defect structure can offer advances in shielding or cloaking technologies without restricting the object's viewpoint. Active control of the observed exotic transmission and reflection signatures can occur by incorporating tunable refractive index materials such as liquid crystals and BaSrTiO3.
LOSS OF THE ZONA PELLUCIDA IN MICE, AND THE EFFECT OF TUBAL LIGATION AND OVARIECTOMY (1967)

Summary. Loss of the zona pellucida begins late on the 4th day of gestation in the mouse. By 23.00 hours, about half the blastocysts are zona-free. Pontamine Blue sensitivity, indicating the first stage of attachment, begins at about the same time, or a little later. Once the zona is lost, recovery of blastocysts becomes increasingly difficult. However, because attachment in the early stages is very superficial, some zona-free blastocysts can be flushed out of the uterus up to the evening of the 5th day of gestation. The decidual reaction develops during the middle of the 5th day. Loss of the zona pellucida is delayed by about 12 hr when the ova are retained in the oviducts by ligation, and for a longer period when ovariectomy is performed early in pregnancy. In such females, no Pontamine Blue reaction is observed in the uterus. Under these experimental conditions, fracture of the zona eventually occurs, probably owing to active pulsating movements on the part of the blastocyst; the blastocyst may remain for a time within the ruptured zona, or may emerge. In a normal, oestrogen-stimulated uterus, loss of the zona also seems to be by hatching, but in addition some hormonally-determined uterine factor is probably acting on the zona to weaken it, and thus accelerate the process of emergence of the blastocyst.
Strain, stress and stretch of peripheral nerve Rabbit experiments in vitro and in vivo (1992)

Mechanical stretching is known to cause morphologic and functional changes in peripheral nerve. The points at which these changes occur, however, are not clearly defined and reported data are conflicting. The studies presented in this paper provide a basic understanding of the biomechanical properties, stretch-injury patterns, and changes of conduction properties of peripheral nerves due to stretching. Our studies showed that peripheral nerves exhibited non-linear stress-strain characteristics when placed under tension. Initially, under tension, the nerve had a low modulus that increased gradually with increasing strain until reaching a maximal value. When the nerve failed under tension, the perineurium inside the nerve ruptured, but the exterior of the nerve remained intact. Our results also show that a peripheral nerve in situ was under significant strain, but minimal in situ stress (less than 0.05 MPa). The in situ strain might vary with limb position, but did not appear to exceed the limit beyond which substantial tension or stress would be developed in the nerve. The time-dependent viscoelastic behavior of peripheral nerves were also characterized. The maintenance of small in situ stresses suggests that sustained increases in tension could be adversely affecting the electrophysiologic properties of the nerve. Indeed, marked alteration of conduction properties resulted from even a small stretch of 6 percent beyond the in situ length of the nerve, or stress less than 10 percent of the ultimate strength of the nerve.
Meta-analysis of dermatological toxicities associated with sorafenib (2011)

A meta-analysis was performed to determine the type, incidence and risks of dermatological toxicities associated with the multikinase inhibitor sorafenib. A literature search was performed using the electronic databases PubMed and EMBASE, and conference abstracts published by the American Society of Clinical Oncology. Eligible studies included prospective phase II or III clinical trials, and expanded-access programmes (i.e. outside a clinical trial) of patients with solid tumours assigned sorafenib at a starting dose of 400 mg twice daily. The overall incidences and risk ratios of dermatological toxicities associated with sorafenib were analysed. For patients assigned sorafenib, the overall incidence of all-grade rash/desquamation was 35.4% (95% CI 0.29-0.43), hand-foot skin reaction (HFSR) 39.0% (95% CI 0.32-0.47), alopecia 25.5% (95% CI 0.18-0.35), pruritus 14.0% (95% CI 0.10-0.20) and dry skin 14.1% (95% CI 0.10-0.20). High-grade rash/desquamation events occurred in 5.0% (95% CI 0.04-0.07), HFSR in 9.0% (95% CI 0.082-0.098), alopecia in 4/1793, pruritus in 2/1265 and dry skin in 0/1689 of patients assigned sorafenib. Meta-analysis of risk ratio showed that sorafenib was associated with a significantly increased risk of rash/desquamation [risk ratio (RR) 2.73; 95% CI 1.66-4.49)], HFSR (RR 7.50; 95% CI 3.90-14.40) and alopecia (RR 7.55; 95% CI 5.26-10.84) in patients with solid tumours, but risk of pruritus (RR 1.80; 95% CI 0.77-4.22) or dry skin (RR 2.18; 95% CI 0.88-5.40) was not increased. In conclusion, the most frequent dermatological toxicities associated with sorafenib were HFSR, rash/desquamation, alopecia, pruritus and dry skin. There was a significantly increased risk of HFSR, rash/desquamation and alopecia with sorafenib compared with placebo. Skin toxicities were mainly mild or moderate in severity. Appropriate prevention and management are recommended.
Facile Surface Superhydrophilic Modification: NVP/MBA Inverse Microemulsion Surface‐Grafting Polymerization Initiated by UV Light (2005)

Abstract Summary: Superhydrophilic modification of poly(propylene) and poly(ethylene terephthalate) films' surfaces was realized by the UV‐initiated surface photografting of a N ‐vinyl pyrrolidone/ N , N ′‐methylenebisacrylamide inverse microemulsion. AFM characterization of the treated films' surface revealed that it was the grafted quasi‐bimodal (ca. 45 and 110 nm) particles of cross‐linked poly( N ‐vinyl pyrrolidone) that led to superhydrophilicity of the surface. The grafted nanometer‐scale particles showed little influence on the transparency of the substrate's surface, but endowed long‐term stability to the superhydrophilicity. The surface morphology of the PP film grafted with a NVP/MBA inverse microemulsion via a one‐step method. Quasi‐bimodal particles (ca. 45 nm and 110 nm) were tethered on the film's surface, and the corresponding surface water CA fell below 5°. magnified image The surface morphology of the PP film grafted with a NVP/MBA inverse microemulsion via a one‐step method. Quasi‐bimodal particles (ca. 45 nm and 110 nm) were tethered on the film's surface, and the corresponding surface water CA fell below 5°.
High availability in IMS virtualized network (2009)

Virtualization, in telecommunication, has been given great interest over the 20 past years. Migrating operating system instances between physical hosts is one of the most important features of this technology. It allows network administrators to resolve serious problem such us hardware failure, lack in server capacity, while facilitates the management and the upgrade of their systems. With the strong use of Internet Protocol Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) by most of third Generation (3G) network operators as a common infrastructure, live migration may be useful to resolve the overload problem that affects Call Session Control Function (CSCF) components. Our objective is to propose a High availability solution in order to avoid performance degradation. Thus, we aim to proof that when introducing the migration technique within the IMS architecture, we resolve the overload problem and guarantee Quality of Service (QoS) for IMS client. Based on previous work on high availability using virtualization, we describe, in this paper, our methodology and implementation of an experimental scenario using live migration. Then, we evaluate the registration and the session setup delays. The use of migration reduces considerably the delays by 40% for registration and by 38% for session setup. So, we obtain acceptable values compared to the thresholds.
In Vivo Three-Dimensional Kinematics of the Midcarpal Joint of the Wrist (2006)

We advocate use of the "ovoid/C" concept to describe the function of the midcarpal joint that contributes to both the stability and the mobility of the wrist, to assist clinicians in achieving a better understanding of the kinematics of the wrist joint.
Inhalation of sphingosine kinase inhibitor attenuates airway inflammation in asthmatic mouse model (2008)

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) produced by sphingosine kinase (SPHK) is implicated in acute immunoresponses, however, mechanisms of SPHK/S1P signaling in the pathogenesis of bronchial asthma are poorly understood. In this study, we hypothesized that SPHK inhibition could ameliorate lung inflammation in ovalbumin (OVA)-challenged mouse lungs. Six- to eight-week-old C57BL/6J mice were sensitized and exposed to OVA for 3 consecutive days. Twenty-four hours later, mice lungs and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were analyzed. For an inhibitory effect, either of the two different SPHK inhibitors, N,N-dimethylsphingosine (DMS) or SPHK inhibitor [SK-I; 2-(p-hydroxyanilino)-4-(p-chlorophenyl) thiazole], was nebulized for 30 min before OVA inhalation. OVA inhalation caused S1P release into BAL fluid and high expression of SPHK1 around bronchial epithelial walls and inflammatory areas. DMS or SK-I inhalation resulted in a decrease in S1P amounts in BAL fluid to basal levels, accompanied by decreased eosinophil infiltration and peroxidase activity. The extent of inhibition caused by DMS inhalation was higher than that caused by SK-I. Like T helper 2 (Th2) cytokine release, OVA inhalation-induced increase in eotaxin expression was significantly suppressed by DMS pretreatment both at protein level in BAL fluid and at mRNA level in lung homogenates. Moreover, bronchial hyperresponsiveness to inhaled methacholine and goblet cell hyperplasia were improved by SPHK inhibitors. These data suggest that the inhibition of SPHK affected acute eosinophilic inflammation induced in antigen-challenged mouse model and that targeting SPHK may provide a novel therapeutic tool to treat bronchial asthma.
In search of rare variants: Preliminary results from whole genome sequencing of 1,325 individuals with psychophysiological endophenotypes (2014)

Whole genome sequencing was completed on 1,325 individuals from 602 families, identifying 27 million autosomal variants. Genetic association tests were conducted for those individuals who had been assessed for one or more of 17 endophenotypes (N range = 802-1,185). No significant associations were found. These 27 million variants were then imputed into the full sample of individuals with psychophysiological data (N range = 3,088-4,469) and again tested for associations with the 17 endophenotypes. No association was significant. Using a gene-based variable threshold burden test of nonsynonymous variants, we obtained five significant associations. These findings are preliminary and call for additional analysis of this rich sample. We argue that larger samples, alternative study designs, and additional bioinformatics approaches will be necessary to discover associations between these endophenotypes and genomic variation.
Design of a Lipid Bilayer Electrical Device. Strong Chemical Structure Dependence and Molecular Mechanisms on the Phase Transition-Dependent Electrical Impedance Responses of the Device in Air (1998)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVAddition/CorrectionNEXTDesign of a Lipid Bilayer Electrical Device. Strong Chemical Structure Dependence and Molecular Mechanisms on the Phase Transition-Dependent Electrical Impedance Responses of the Device in AirNaotoshi Nakashima, Yoshihisa Yamaguchi, Hideo Eda, Masahi Kunitake, and Osamu ManabeCite this: J. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 22, 4440Publication Date (Web):May 7, 1998Publication History Published online7 May 1998Published inissue 1 May 1998https://doi.org/10.1021/jp981723wCopyright © 1998 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissions This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views199Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (8 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Three-color sensor based on amorphous n-i-p-i-n layer sequence (1995)

We present an amorphous silicon-based n-i-p-i-n three-color sensor with a layer sequence of substrate/metal/n-i-p-i-n/transparent contact. The color sensitivity (red, green and blue) is realized by applying small bias voltages within /spl plusmn/2 V. For the first time, this structure offers the possibility to integrate a color sensor on top of an ASIC chip, where pixel-based signal processing can be performed. Film thickness and optical band gap of the individual layers have been optimized to achieve maximum color separation. The surface of the metal-back contact is found to be critical for the performance of the sensor. A rough surface of the metal is responsible for short circuits at the common p-contact of the back-to-back p-i-n junction diodes. The steady-state I-V characteristics of the dark and photo currents have been studied. The dynamic range of the sensor is already suitable for optoelectronic applications. Sensor performance is not affected by metastable effects after prolonged light soaking. Speed limitations have been evaluated from switching experiments in the voltage mode.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Morphogenesis and differentiation of the avian endocrine pancreas, with particular reference to experimental studies on the chick embryo (1998)

The avian pancreas has three or four lobes and develops from a dorsal and two ventral buds. The cells that will contribute to formation of the dorsal bud are at first located in the mid-dorsal endoderm, those of the ventral buds in the floor of the foregut. The determination of endoderm to form dorsal and ventral bud derivatives occurs before formation of the buds. The highest concentration of endocrine tissue is in the splenic lobe. The lobes contain A and B islets in which glucagon and insulin cells, respectively, predominate. Islets contain somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cells, both of which also occur scattered in the exocrine parenchyma. Pancreatic endocrine cells arise from endoderm: glucagon, insulin, and somatostatin cells differentiate early, PP cells later. To establish culture conditions suitable for avian insulin cells, the epithelial component of dorsal buds of 5-day chick embryos was cultured under various conditions. At the end of 7 days the proportion of insulin cells was determined. In raising the proportion of insulin cells, Matrigel was superior to collagen gel and a serum-free medium (incorporating insulin, transferrin, and selenium) was superior to a serum-containing medium. Modifications to the serum-free medium were tested. Raising the level of glucose or of glucose and essential amino acids increased the proportion of insulin cells. This proportion was also increased by replacement of insulin by insulin-like growth factor-I, whereas addition of transforming growth factor beta1 reduced the proportion. Transfer of explants from poor to favourable culture conditions showed that the improved conditions stimulated quiescent insulin progenitor cells to develop.
101. Studies of seed mucilages. Part V. Examination of a polysaccharide extracted from the seeds of Plantago ovata forsk by hot water (1950)

R. A. Laidlaw and E. G. V. Percival, J. Chem. Soc., 1950, 528 DOI: 10.1039/JR9500000528
ON THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF CYTOCHROME c FROM MAMMALIAN HEART MUSCLE (1956)

Cytochrome c, a conjugated protein containing iron protoporphyrin IX as the prosthetic group, is an important intermediary catalyst in tissue respiration (see Oppenheimer and Stern (1)).It is water-soluble, readily extracted from certain animal and plant tissues as well as microorganisms, and stable in purified form.Although its structure and physicochemical properties, e.g.absorption spectrum, magnetic moment, and catalytic activity, have been extensively studied (see Lemberg and Legge ( 2)), only scanty information is available on its molecular size and shape (3-6).Some of the values quoted in these reviews refer to unpublished experiments, and no sedimentation or diffusion diagrams appear to have been presented thus far.The object of the present study was to obtain quantitative information on the molecular weight and related parameters of ferricytochrome c from mammalian heart tissue.Highly purified preparations from several species (horse, beef, pig) were kindly placed at our disposal by Dr. H. Tint and Dr. W. Reiss of the Wyeth Institute of Applied Biochemistry, Philadelphia.These investigators have previously determined the electrophoretie homogeneity, spectrophotometric constants, and iron content of the same cytochrome preparations (7).The minimal molecular weight was calculated from these data ((7) p. 397) on the assumption that 1 atom of iron, in the form of a heme group, is present in 1 molecule of the conjugated protein.In the present experiments, the molecular weight was derived from sedimentation velocity and diffusion measurements by means of Svedberg's formula.The values thus obtained are independent of any assumptions as to the iron or heme content of the cytochrome c molecule.EXPERIMENTAL Methods and Materials-The ferricytochrome c preparations employed in these experiments had been stored for approximately 2 years at about 4' in 0.14 M NaCl solutions, with small amounts of Merthiolate added as a
Cyst Fluid Biomarkers for Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms of the Pancreas: A Critical Review from the International Expert Meeting on Pancreatic Branch-Duct-Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasms (2014)

Maker, Ajay V. MD, FACS; Carrara, Silvia MD; Jamieson, Nigel B. MD, PhD; Pelaez-Luna, Mario MD; Lennon, Anne Marie MD, PhD; Dal Molin, Marco MD; Scarpa, Aldo MD, PhD; Frulloni, Luca MD; Brugge, William R. MD Author Information
An Information Theoretic Approach to Digital Fault Testing (1981)

The concepts of information theory are applied to the problem of testing digital circuits. By analyzing the information throughput of the circuit an expression for the probability of detecting a hardware fault is derived. Examples are given to illustrate an application of the present study in designing efficient pattern generators for testing.