gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Extending the performance of high heat flux 2.5D and 3D packaging from component-system interaction (2018)

The introduction of Through Silicon Via, TSV, created a new approach to extending the silicon device performance. However, this approach opened up another level of challenges. The challenges stem from the following: TSV technology set forth the use of a silicon interposer, which is difficult to manufacture and assemble due to the large geometric size of the interposer. The technology offers usage with open ended applications which means that there would be infinite power map scenarios. And, the thermal management solution of extracting the heat from the silicon to the surrounding environment presents a challenge as well. In this study, the disclosure of an innovative approach will be proposed in order to address the above thermal challenge. The focus of this approach will be the contact area between the silicon and the thermal management solution. This contact area has a contact resistance which was optimized without impacting the mechanical integrity of the package. Experimental results will be presented to support the new approach.
Flux amplification using stochastic superconducting quantum interference devices (1995)

The flux change δ Φ through a bistable superconducting quantum interference device has been measured in the presence of thermally induced switching (with rate Γ) versus δ Φx, the change in the applied flux. For small δ Φx, δ Φ is proportional to δ Φx with a measured flux gain g, depending on the temperature, barrier height, and frequency Ω, with a maximum of about 16. In agreement with theories of periodically driven stochastic bistable systems, g(Ω) is nearly frequency independent up to Γ and is proportional to Ω−1 for Ω≫Γ. For larger amplitude signals, harmonic generation has been measured in the adiabatic limit (Ω≪Γ) and found to be in good agreement with theory. Possible applications of this system for flux measurement are discussed.
Self-Assembling Molecular Wires of Halogen-Bridged Platinum Complexes in Organic Media. Mesoscopic Supramolecular Assemblies Consisting of a Mixed Valent Pt(II)/Pt(IV) Complex and Anionic Amphiphiles (2000)

A novel class of supramolecular assemblies in organic media consisting of a molecular wire of a halogen-bridged platinum complex [Pt(en)2][PtCl2(en)2]4+ (en = 1,2-diaminoethane) and anionic amphiphiles is developed. When double-chained phosphates or sulfonates are employed, the resultant [Pt(en)2][PtCl2(en)2](4+)-lipid complexes displayed intervalence charge transfer (CT) absorption bands in the crystalline state. They are soluble in organic solvents because of the amphiphilic superstructure, in which the solvophobic one-dimensional platinum complex is surrounded by solvophilic alkyl chains. CT absorption bands of halogen-bridged linear complexes are maintained in organic media, with varied colors that depend on the chemical structure of constituent amphiphiles. Monoalkylated phosphates failed to form colored, halogen-bridged ternary complexes probably because of their coordination to the axial position of PtII(en)2. Formation of mesoscopic supramolecular assemblies in organic media was confirmed for the [Pt(en)2][PtCl2(en)2] complexes by electron microscopy. Interestingly, a supramolecular complex consisting of dihexadecyl sulfosuccinate and [Pt(en)2][PtCl2(en)2]4+ displayed clear, indigo solutions that are distinct from the yellow color observed for those of [Pt(en)2][PtCl2(en)2]/dialkyl phosphate complexes. The indigo color of the former complex disappeared upon heating the solution to 60 degrees C, whereas it reappeared reversibly by cooling the solution to room temperature. In electron microscopy, rodlike nanostructures with a minimum width of 18 nm and lengths of 700-1700 nm were observed after cooling, though not at elevated temperatures. Apparently, the lipid-[Pt(en)2][PtCl2(en)2]4+ complex undergoes reversible dissociation and reassembly processes in chloroform, and it becomes better dispersed after the reassembling process. The present finding opens a general route to solution chemistry of low-dimensional inorganic complexes and enables rational design and control of self-assembling inorganic molecular wires.
The Effects of Channel-Estimation Errors on a Space–Time Spreading CDMA System With Dual Transmit and Dual Receive Diversity (2004)

The uplink of a space-time spreading code-division multiple-access system with dual transmit and dual receive antennas is analyzed with the effect of imperfect channel estimation. With the help of pilot signals, the Rayleigh multipath fading channel experienced by the transmitted signal is estimated by simple correlators, and subsequently used to coherently combine the multipath signals in a RAKE-like space-time combiner. As a system becomes more wideband, more multipaths are resolved, and the energy in each path is reduced. This reduction in signal strength causes increased estimation error and impacts the system performance. Through the derivation of the probability of error in a space-time spreading system with channel-estimation errors, this paper studies the tradeoff between diversity and estimation errors. It is shown that an optimal bandwidth exists and the optimal power allocation for the pilot signals is a function of the quality of the channel estimates.
Labeled oxidation products from [1-14C], [U-14C] and [16-14C]-palmitate in hepatocytes and mitochondria. (1987)

When [1-14C], [U-14C], and [16-14C]palmitate were oxidized by isolated rat hepatocytes, there was a differential distribution of label as a percent of total oxidized products, such that 14CO2 from [1-14C] greater than [U-14C] greater than [16-14C]palmitate and acid-soluble radioactivity from [16-14C] greater than [U-14C] greater than [1-14C]palmitate. The oxidation of [2,3-14C]succinate to 14CO2 by isolated hepatocytes was only 9.1% of that from [1,4-14C]succinate, demonstrating that the differences in distribution of labeled products are in part due to less 14CO2 production from label in the even carbon positions entering the citric acid cycle. Apparent total ketone body production from [16-14C]palmitate was markedly higher than [1-14C] and [U-14C]palmitate. In addition, the 14C-acetone:14CO2 ratio derived from decarboxylation of labeled acetoacetate from [1-14C]palmitate was less than 1 and positively correlated to the rate of fatty acid oxidation in hepatocytes. These findings indicate that the known preferential incorporation of the omega-C2 unit of fatty acids into 14C-ketone bodies also contributed to the differential distribution of labeled products and that this contribution was greatest at the lower rates of fatty acid oxidation. In isolated mitochondria, the distribution of label to 14CO2 and acid-soluble radioactivity from [1-14C], [U-14C] and [16-14C]palmitate was qualitatively similar to that seen with hepatocytes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Motion displacement estimation using an affine model for image matching (1991)

A model is developed for estimating the displacement field in spatio-temporal image sequences that allows for affine shape deformations of corresponding spatial regions and for affine transformations of the image intensity range. This model includes the block matching method as a special case. The model parameters are found by using a least-squares algorithm. We demonstrate experimentally that the affine matching algorithm performs better in estimating displacements than other standard approaches, especially for long-range motion with possible changes in scene illumination. The algorithm is successfully applied to various classes of moving imagery, including the tracking of cloud motion.
X‐ray guided robotic radiosurgery for solid tumors (2002)

This paper presents an overview of the x‐ray guided robotic radiosurgery system that has been developed for the ablation of solid tumors. A robot‐mounted linear accelerator is directed through a sequence of positions and orientations designed to deliver high radiation dosages focused at a specific location. Patient movement during treatment is identified by stereo x‐ray measurements and the robotic system adjusts the linear accelerator prior to the delivery of radiation at each location. The result is accurate delivery without rigid fixation of the tumor relative to the treatment system.
Validation of the 6<sup>th</sup> edition AJCC pancreatic cancer staging system (2007)

This is the first large-scale validation of the pancreatic cancer staging system. AJCC 6(th) edition staging guidelines are accurate with respect to survival. Further investigation is needed to integrate new molecular and biochemical markers into the staging scheme.
The Production of High Centrifugal Fields (1946)

High centrifugal fields were produced by spinning small solid steel spherical rotors up to their bursting speeds. The rotors were supported magnetically in a vacuum by an improved method and spun by rotating magnetic fields. The peripheral velocities at which the rotors of various sizes, made of the same (flaw free) steel and having the same shapes, exploded, were roughly the same and of the order of 105 cm/sec. A centrifugal field of 2.4×108 times gravity was obtained with a .795-mm spherical rotor which was the smallest diameter tried. Calculations indicate that in some cases plastic flow probably occurred in small regions near the centers of the spherical rotors somewhat below their bursting speed.
Notice of Retraction: Process optimization for isothermal forging of TiAl compressor blade by numerical simulation (2010)

This article has been retracted by the publisher.
Effects of Benzylglucosinolate on Endurance Capacity in Mice (2009)

The present study was designed to determine the effects of benzylglucosinolate on endurance capacity in mice. Mice were orally administered either vehicle or benzylglucosinolate (0.015 or 0.03 mg/kg) via stomach intubation for a 6-week period. Benzylglucosinolate-treated mice showed a significantly increased endurance exercise capacity. Benzylglucosinolate significantly decreased blood lactate concentrations and significantly elevated plasma non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) during exercise. Lastly, benzylglucosinolate treatment significantly decreased fat accumulation. These data suggest that benzylglucosinolate enhanced swimming endurance due to increased fatty acid utilization as an energy source.
Spatiotemporal laser speckle contrast analysis for blood flow imaging with maximized speckle contrast (2010)

Laser speckle contrast imaging is a technique used for imaging blood flow without scanning. Though several studies have attempted to combine spatial and temporal statistics of laser speckle images for reducing image noise as well as preserving acceptable spatiotemporal resolution, the statistical accuracy of these spatiotemporal methods has not been thoroughly compared. Through numerical simulation and animal experiments, this study investigates the changes in the mean speckle contrast values and the relative noise of the speckle contrast images computed by these methods with various numbers of frames and spatial windows. The simulation results show that the maximum relative error of the mean speckle contrast computed by the spatiotemporal laser speckle contrast analysis (STLASCA) method, in which the speckle contrast images are computed by analyzing the 3-D spatiotemporal speckle image cube, is approximately 5%, while it is higher than 13% for other methods. Changes in the mean speckle contrast values and the relative noise computed by these methods for animal experiment data are consistent with the simulation results. Our results demonstrate that STLASCA achieves more accurate speckle contrast, and suggest that STLASCA most effectively utilizes the number of pixels, thus achieving maximized speckle contrast, and thereby maximizing the variation of the laser speckle contrast image.
Improved quantitative Apt test for detecting fetal hemoglobin in bloody stools of newborns (1993)

We devised an improved spectrophotometric method, based on the differential susceptibility of various hemoglobins to alkaline denaturation, to measure the percentage of fetal hemoglobin (HbF) in bloody meconium so as to determine the source of the blood. The oxyhemoglobin of a sample was spectrophotometrically scanned from 450 to 650 nm before and after the addition of sodium hydroxide. With Allen baseline correction, the ratio of absorbance at 576 nm was linearly proportional to the percentage of HbF in the specimen as described by the equation: ratio = 0.01 (%HbF) + 0.0045 (r = 0.9971, Sy/x = 0.047). Preliminary studies on samples containing 10% or 80% HbF revealed that the method was fairly precise. The accuracy of this test was verified by comparing the results (y) with those obtained by radial immunodiffusion (x): y = 0.997x + 2.93 (r = 0.91). This preliminary study demonstrates that the modified test is simple, fast, and free from bilirubin interference. It should be useful for the diagnosis of gastrointestinal bleeding of the newborn on a stat basis.
Magnetorheological Damper Utilizing an Inner Bypass for Ground Vehicle Suspensions (2013)

This study presents the design, fabrication, and test of a magnetorheological (MR) damper utilizing an inner bypass that can simultaneously produce large dynamic range (i.e., ratio of field-on to field-off stroking load) and low field-off stroking load at high piston velocity. These two damper properties, large dynamic range and low field-off stroking load, are critical to achieving high performance in ground vehicle suspensions. The MR damper is comprised of a pair of concentric tubes, a movable piston-shaft arrangement, and an annular MR fluid flow gap between the concentric tubes. The inner tube serves as the piston guide, the inner surface of the annular flow gap, and the bobbin for the five electromagnetic coils used in this design. The outer tube serves as the flux return and the outer surface of the annular flow gap. The annular flow gap is an inner bypass annular valve where the rheology of the MR fluids, and hence the stroking load of the damper, is controlled. The MR damper is analyzed using a Bingham-plastic nonlinear fluid mechanics model. To experimentally validate the analysis of the MR damper with the inner bypass, and to illustrate its advantages over the MR damper with the conventional annular orifice, the prototype damper is tested in terms of controllable damping force or stroking load, dynamic range, and equivalent damping as a function of shaft/piston velocity.
Physical-design-friendly hierarchical logic built-in self-test&#x2014;A case study (2012)

This paper describes an application of a physical-design-friendly hierarchical logic built-in self-test (BIST) architecture and validation methodology on a networking system-on-chip (SOC) design. The design consists of two embedded cores, each containing approximately 45 million primitives and 2.5 million flip-flops. The implemented architecture supports an at-speed staggered launch-on-capture clocking scheme and includes novel features to reduce turnaround time during engineering change order (ECO) and the device's BIST runtime. It also embeds test and diagnosis features to facilitate debugging of the device at the system level. The BIST hierarchy includes wrappers surrounding each core with access from chip-top allowing for both parallel and serial validations of the cores. This case study successfully demonstrates the feasibility of using the implemented features for speedy ECO, synergy with physical design flow, and ease of test and diagnosis.
Comparison of Dorzolamide and Acetazolamide as Suppressors of Aqueous Humor Flow in Humans (1997)

For reasons that are not known, the topically applied carbonic anhydrase inhibitor 2% dorzolamide hydrochloride is not as effective as systemically administered acetazolamide. Clinicians who prescribe dorzolamide should expect less of an ocular hypotensive effect than that experienced from systemically administered acetazolamide.
ErbB and Nrg (2008)

These findings implicate the ErbB pathway in VS growth and as potential molecular targets for VS pharmacotherapy.
Side‐chain terpyridine polymers through atom transfer radical polymerization and their ruthenium complexes (2005)

Abstract Polymers containing side‐chain terpyridine ligands of well‐defined architectures and controllable molecular weights and molecular weight distributions are reported. These polymers were synthesized by the atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of a newly synthesized terpyridine monomer with three functional initiators. The obtained polymers were characterized with 1 H NMR and gel permeation chromatography techniques. The efficiency of the ATRP technique and the overall control of the molecular characteristics of the polymers were demonstrated by a kinetic study of the polymerization reaction. Subsequently, the ruthenium(III)/ruthenium(II) complexation chemistry was employed for the attachment of bis(dodecyloxy)‐functionalized terpyridine moieties onto each side 2,2′:6′,2″‐terpyridine unit of the main polymeric backbone. Thus, the grafting approach was successfully combined with the metal–ligand coordination chemistry for the preparation of highly soluble polymeric complexes. The resulting complexes were fully characterized by means of 1 H NMR, gel permeation chromatography, and ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 4838–4848, 2005
Heavy-Oil Solution Gas Drive in Consolidated and Unconsolidated Rock (2006)

Summary Solution gas drive is effective to recover heavy oil from some reservoirs. Characterization of the relevant recovery mechanisms, however, remains an open question. In this work, we present an experimental study of the solution gas drive behavior of a 9°API crude oil with an initial solution gas/oil ratio (GOR) of 105 scf/STB and live-oil viscosity of 258 cp at 178°F.&Constant rate depletions are conducted in a composite core (consolidated) and a sandpack (unconsolidated). The sandpack does not employ a confining pressure, whereas the consolidated core does. The evolution of in-situ gas saturation vs. pressure is monitored in the sandpack using X-ray computed tomography. The two different porous media allow us to develop a mechanistic perspective whereby the effects of depletion rate and overburden pressure on heavy-oil solution gas drive are investigated. The results are striking. They show that the overburden pressure offsets partially the pore-pressure decline. This compaction, in turn, modifies the size and shape of mobile gas bubbles, and as a result the oil and gas relative permeabilies are greater within the confined, consolidated core. Additionally, the supersaturation in the sandpack is markedly larger, but recovery is greatest from the composite core at identical rates as a result of compaction.
Multiprotocol Label Switching (<scp>MPLS</scp>) (2003)

Abstract This section introduces MultiProtocol Label Switching (MPLS) an alternative for regular IP forwarding and routing in IP networks. MPLS allows the setup of Label Switched Paths (LSPs) between IP routers to avoid the IP forwarding in the intermediate routers. This sections compares IP forwarding with MPLS forwarding. It gives an example of LSP setup. Then more details about the MPLS forwarding and signaling layers are given. The important MPLS signaling protocols: Label Distribution Protocol (LDP), Constraint‐Based LDP (CR‐LDP), RSVP extensions for LSP tunnels (RSVP‐TE) and carrying labels in BGP‐4 are described. Combing Quality of Service (QoS) (both integrated service and differentiated services) and MPLS is described. Finally, this section describes three important applications for MPLS: Traffic Engineering, Virtual Private Networks (VPN) and resilience.
Percutaneous transhepatic balloon dilatation of benign biliary strictures (1987)

Between February 1981 and June 1984, 15 patients with benign biliary strictures were treated with percutaneous transhepatic balloon dilatation. Three of these patients had received liver transplants. The treatment began with a course of balloon dilatation therapy, after which a stent catheter was left across the stricture. Six weeks later, after duct patency had been shown by cholangiography, the stent catheter was removed from all but two patients, both of whom had intrahepatic sclerosing cholangitis. After this procedure, six patients (40%), including two liver-transplant patients, were stricture-free after one treatment for periods ranging from 27 to 56 months, and were considered to be treatment successes. Nine patients (60%) suffered stricture recurrences. In eight of these patients, the stricture was heralded by symptoms of either cholangitis or jaundice; in one patient, who was on permanent catheter drainage, the stricture was discovered only on follow-up cholangiography. All successfully treated patients had only one stricture, while all patients with more than one stricture suffered recurrences. Our data also suggest a greater responsiveness for anastomotic strictures than for non-anastomotic strictures. Of the patients with recurrences, five had symptom-free intervals of 23 months or more (up to 31 months). The fact that strictures recurred after such long periods of time underscores the importance of long-term follow-up. In view of the number of patients helped, the favorable experience with post-liver-transplantation strictures, and the lack of any major complications in our series, percutaneous biliary balloon dilatation offers a viable alternative to surgical management of benign biliary strictures.
Submicron-resolution eutectic thin-film mask (1980)

A process for fabrication of submicron periodic arrays uses a directionally solidified eutectic thin film as a mask in x-ray lithography. A 2-μthick Pb-Sn eutectic film was directionally solidified on a mica substrate to produce a mask with a minimum linewidth of 0.7 μ. The structure was replicated with contact x-ray lithography. Applications and the ultimate limitation of this process are discussed.
Two-ported cache alternatives for superscalar processors (1993)

Superscalar implementations of RISC architectures are emerging as the dominant high-performance microprocessor technology for the mid-1990's. For instruction-level parallelism to increase beyond present levels, multiple memory operations per cycle are required. The paper evaluates several alternatives for two-ported data cache memory systems. A new split data cache memory design is compared to a more conventional true dual-ported memory. Experimental simulations are used to determine the performance benefits of these cache models on superscalar processors. These experiments are reported for a contemporary processor with modest instruction-level parallelism and for a hypothetical very aggressive, highly parallel processor. >
Data-Driven Power Outage Detection by Social Sensors (2016)

This paper proposes a novel method to detect and locate power outages based on the information collected from social media. Twitter is used as a real-time social sensor in the proposed method. To solve the challenges of detecting a targeted event from the fragmented and noisy tweets, we devise a probabilistic framework to integrate the textual, temporal, and spatial information to identify the event. To improve the accuracy of outage detection, we propose a supervised topic model with a heterogeneous information network. The proposed technique is tested with real tweets and outage cases. The numerical results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The comparison between the proposed method, and support vector machine and statistics Bayesian method shows the accuracy of the developed model.