gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Phi29 polymerase based random amplification of viral RNA as an alternative to random RT-PCR (2008)

This is the first report in the scientific literature showing that a modified WGA (WTA) approach can be successfully applied to viral genomic RNA of all sizes. Amplifying viral RNA by WTA provides considerably better sensitivity and accuracy of detection compared to random RT-PCR.
In vitro - in vivo correlation: from theory to applications. (2006)

A key goal in pharmaceutical development of dosage forms is a good understanding of the in vitro and in vivo performance of the dosage forms. One of the challenges of biopharmaceutics research is correlating in vitro drug release information of various drug formulations to the in vivo drug profiles (IVIVC). Thus the need for a tool to reliably correlate in vitro and in vivo drug release data has exceedingly increased. Such a tool shortens the drug development period, economizes the resources and leads to improved product quality. Increased activity in developing IVIVCs indicates the value of IVIVCs to the pharmaceutical industry. IVIVC can be used in the development of new pharmaceuticals to reduce the number of human studies during the formulation development as the main objective of an IVIVC is to serve as a surrogate for in vivo bioavailability and to support biowaivers. It supports and/or validates the use of dissolution methods and specification settings. This is because the IVIVC includes in vivo relevance to in vitro dissolution specifications. It can also assist in quality control for certain scale-up and post-approval changes (SUPAC). With the proliferation of modified-release products, it becomes necessary to examine the concept of IVIVC in greater depth. Investigations of IVIVC are increasingly becoming an integral part of extended release drug development. There must be some in vitro means of assuring that each batch of the same product will perform identically in vivo. This review article represents the FDA guidance, development, evaluation, and validation of an IVIVC to grant biowaivers, and to set dissolution specifications for oral dosage forms, biopharmaceutics classification systems (BCS), BCS biowaivers, application of BCS in IVIVC development and concept of mapping. The importance of dissolution media and methodology and pharmacokinetic studies in the context of IVIVC has been highlighted. The review also covers the literature examples of IVIVCs regarding internal and external validation, compendial dissolution assessment, formulation dependency of IVIVCs, and IVIVCs of pure enantiomers versus racemate drugs. The same principles of IVIVC used for oral extended release products may be applied for non-oral products such as parenteral depot formulations and novel drug delivery systems as well.
Regulation of Anthrax Toxin-Specific Antibody Titers by Natural Killer T Cell-Derived IL-4 and IFNγ (2011)

Activation of Natural Killer-like T cells (NKT) with the CD1d ligand α-GC leads to enhanced production of anthrax toxin protective Ag (PA)-neutralizing Abs, yet the underlying mechanism for this adjuvant effect is not known. In the current study we examined the role of Th1 and Th2 type responses in NKT-mediated enhancement of antibody responses to PA. First, the contribution of IL-4 and IFNγ to the production of PA-specific toxin-neutralizing Abs was examined. By immunizing C57Bl/6 controls IL-4(-/-) mice and IFNγ(-/-) mice and performing passive serum transfer experiments, it was observed that sera containing PA-specific IgG1, IgG2b and IgG2c neutralized toxin in vitro and conferred protection in vivo. Sera containing IgG2b and IgG2c neutralized toxin in vitro but were not sufficient for protection in vivo. Sera containing IgG1 and IgG2b neutralized toxin in vitro and conferred protection in vivo. IgG1 therefore emerged as a good correlate of protection. Next, C57Bl/6 mice were immunized with PA alone or PA plus a Th2-skewing α-GC derivative known as OCH. Neutralizing PA-specific IgG1 responses were modestly enhanced by OCH in C57Bl/6 mice. Conversely, IgG2b and IgG2c were considerably enhanced in PA/OCH-immunized IL-4(-/-) mice but did not confer protection. Finally, bone marrow chimeras were generated such that NKT cells were unable to express IL-4 or IFNγ. NKT-derived IL-4 was required for OCH-enhanced primary IgG1 responses but not recall responses. NKT-derived IL-4 and IFNγ also influenced primary and recall IgG2b and IgG2c titers. These data suggest targeted skewing of the Th2 response by α-GC derivatives can be exploited to optimize anthrax vaccination.
Alterations in Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Activity and PTEN Phosphatase in the Prefrontal Cortex of Depressed Suicide Victims (2011)

This study concludes that attenuation of kinase activity of PKB/Akt in depressed suicide victims may be due to the combined dysregulation of PTEN and PI3K resulting in insufficient phosphorylation of lipid second messengers. The effect is associated with major depression rather than with suicide per se. Given the cellular deficits reported in major depression, the study of enzymes involved in cell survival and neuroplasticity is particularly relevant to neurotrophic factor dysregulation in depression.
Three-dimensional hierarchical self-supported multi-walled carbon nanotubes/tin(iv) disulfide nanosheets heterostructure electrodes for high power Li ion batteries (2012)

It is of great significance to improve the power density of Li ion batteries (LIBs) in pursuit of high-end products and technologies. Herein, we investigated the three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical self-supported multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/tin(IV) disulfide nanosheets (SnS2 NS) heterostructured electrodes, demonstrating superior rate capabilities of 480 and 420 mAh g−1 even at the very high c-rates of 5C and 10C (charging in 6 min), respectively. The origins of the enhancement of the rate capabilities were discussed in detail by focusing on the roles of MWCNTs, which were directly grown on the metallic current collector. Furthermore, we have delicately dealt with the in-plane and plane-normal growth mechanisms of hexagonal SnS2 NS from the crystallographic point of view.
Design and implementation of the mobile internet of things based on td-scdma network (2010)

The Internet of things is a new generation information network which realizes machine-to-machine communication. In view of the fact that people need the mobility of the Internet of things, the integration scheme of TD-SCDMA network and the Internet of things is designed. 3G TD-SCDMA network is used as the basic network of transmitting information of the Internet of things. At the same time, TD-SCDMA mobile terminal is integrated with RFID reader. TD-SCDMA networks can provide high-bandwidth and high-speed information transmission channel for the Internet of things. TD-SCDMA mobile terminal can realize the mobility of the access part for the Internet of things. Additionally, the network element functions of the mobile Internet of things are described. In order to realize the information exchange between TD-SCDMA network and the Internet of things, the communication protocols of the mobile Internet of things are discussed and designed in detail. Finally, the network performance which is gotten by using OPNET software shows the mobile Internet of things based on TDSCDMA network can be realized by adopting the rational network design and the effective communication protocols.
ELECTROPHORETIC FRACTIONATION OF CARBON NANOTUBE DISPERSIONS ON AGAROSE GELS (2007)

We show that various aqueous suspensions of single-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes, dispersed using either common surfactants or DNA, can be separated into components using agarose gel electrophoresis. In a DC electric field, carbon nanotubes and nanotube–DNA complexes migrate in the gel in the direction of positive potential to form well-defined bands. Raman spectroscopy as a function of band position shows that nanotubes having different spectroscopic properties have distinct electrophoretic mobilities. The results suggest that the separation of nanotubes according to structure can be achieved by this procedure. We discuss the factors affecting the mobility of the nanotube complexes and propose analytical applications of this technique.
Multiple roles for MMPs and TIMPs in cerebral ischemia (2005)

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are matrix-degrading enzymes involved in diverse homeostatic and pathological processes. Several MMPs are expressed within the CNS and serve important normal and pathological functions during development and adulthood. An early and major pathological effect of MMP activity after cerebral ischemia is opening of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). More recent work demonstrates emerging roles for MMPs and their natural inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), in the regulation of neuronal cell death. In addition, MMPs and TIMPs are likely to play important roles during the repair phases of cerebral ischemia, particularly during angiogenesis and reestablishment of cerebral blood flow. This review attempts to elucidate how MMPs and TIMPs may provide detrimental or beneficial actions during the injury and repair processes after cerebral ischemia. These processes will have important implications for therapies using MMP inhibitors in stroke.
Smart Fluid Systems: The Advent of Autonomous Liquid Robotics (2017)

Organic, inorganic or hybrid devices in the liquid state, kept in a fixed volume by surface tension or by a confining membrane that protects them from a harsh environment, could be used as biologically inspired autonomous robotic systems with unique capabilities. They could change shape according to a specific exogenous command or by means of a fully integrated adaptive system, and provide an innovative solution for many future applications, such as space exploration in extreme or otherwise challenging environments, post-disaster search and rescue in ground applications, compliant wearable devices, and even in the medical field for in vivo applications. This perspective provides an initial assessment of existing capabilities that could be leveraged to pursue the topic of "Smart Fluid Systems" or "Liquid Engineered Systems".
The Consensus Sleep Diary: Standardizing Prospective Sleep Self-Monitoring (2012)

The Consensus Sleep Diary was the result of collaborations with insomnia experts and potential users. The adoption of a standard sleep diary for insomnia will facilitate comparisons across studies and advance the field. The proposed diary is intended as a living document which still needs to be tested, refined, and validated.
The expression of a catalytically active cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase cytochrome P450 in Escherichia coli. (1991)

We have recently cloned a full-length cDNA encoding the rat hepatic cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase cytochrome P450 (P450c7) (Li, Y. C., Wang, D. P., and Chiang, J. Y. L. (1990) J. Biol. Chem. 265, 12012-12019), which catalyzes the rate-limiting reaction of bile acid synthesis in the liver. By using the polymerase chain reaction, we have designed two P450c7 cDNAs. One has the second Met codon deleted and the third Thr codon replaced with an Ala. The other lacks codons for the NH2-terminal hydrophobic sequence of amino acids 2-24 (P450c7 delta 2-24). The cDNAs were separately cloned into the expression vector pKK233-2 and transformed into Escherichia coli. After induction with isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside, bacteria harboring recombinant plasmids expressed a polypeptide which reacted with the antibody against cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase in immunoblots. The slightly modified full-length enzyme was expressed to 0.2% of the total bacterial lysate and was located in the membrane fraction, whereas P450c7 delta 2-24 was expressed at a 10-fold higher level (2%), of which 85% was in the cytosol and the remaining associated with the membranes. We have purified P450c7 delta 2-24 which showed a typical reduced-CO difference spectrum of cytochrome P450 and reconstituted cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase activity in the presence of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase. P450c7 delta 2-24 has a similar Km for cholesterol (24.6 microM) but a lower Vmax (0.10 nmol/min) and a lower turnover number (1.93 min-1) as compared with the enzyme isolated from rat liver microsomes. The purified P450c7 delta 2-24 has an unique hydrophilic NH2 terminus and contains monomers and dimers in equal amounts. This is the first report demonstrating that a genetically engineered cytochrome P450 enzyme lacking a typical NH2-terminal hydrophobic sequence is mainly cytosolic and catalytically active.
Tutorial test generation for VLSI chips (1988)

Reprints of papers taken from 18 different journals, published between 1967 and 1987. They give a comprehensive overview of very large-scale integration testing. No significant prior experience in testing is assumed. Concepts and current practices are emphasized. Chapters are preceded by a tutorial.
Comparison of three separate antiadhesive barriers for intraperitoneal onlay mesh hernia repair in an experimental model (2010)

Prevadh and Seprafilm are potent materials for the reduction of adhesion formation. A potential relationship between effective adhesion prevention and impaired tissue integration of the implant was observed. Fibrin sealant proved an excellent agent for SAB fixation.
Absolute Configuration of 3‐Substituted 1‐Azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptanes (1992)

Abstract The l‐azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan‐3‐ exo ‐ol ( 2 ) was resolved by fractional crystallisation of its hydrogen tartrate salts. The enantiomers (+)‐ and (−)‐ 2 were oxidised to the ketones (−)‐ 4 and (+)‐ 4 , respectively ( Scheme ). CD spectroscopy suggested that (−)‐ 4 possesses the (1 R ,4 S )‐configuration. This absolute configuration was confirmed by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction of the derivative (+)‐(1 R ,4 R )‐3‐(1,3‐dithian‐2‐ylidene)‐1‐azabicyclo [2.2.1]‐heptane ((+)‐ 5 ).
Gene expression profile analysis of testis and ovary of oriental river prawn, Macrobrachium nipponense, reveals candidate reproduction-related genes (2015)

This study utilized high-throughput RNA sequencing technology to identify reproduction- and development-related genes of Macrobrachium nipponense by analyzing gene expression profiles of testis and ovary. More than 20 million 1 x 51-bp reads were obtained by Illumina sequencing, generating more than 7.7 and 11.7 million clean reads in the testis and ovary library, respectively. As a result, 10,018 unitags were supposed to be differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between ovary and testis. Compared to the ovary library, 4563 (45.5%) of these DEGs exhibited at least 6-fold upregulated expression, while 5455 (54.5%) DEGs exhibited at least 2-fold downregulated expression in the testis. The Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showed that 113 GO terms had potential molecular functions in reproduction. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes results revealed that the most important pathways may be relevant to reproduction and included 7 pathways. Forty-two genes were identified as reproduction-, development-, and sex-related genes based on GO classification and sequence comparison with other publications, including male reproductive-related LIM protein, spermatogenesis-associated protein, gametocyte-specific factor 1, VASA-like protein, vitellogenin, sex-determining protein fem-1, and other potential candidates. These results will advance research in the field of molecular genetics in M. nipponense and offer a valuable resource for further research related to reproduction in crustaceans.
Effect of AFM probe geometry on visco-hyperelastic characterization of soft materials (2015)

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanoindentation is very suited for nano- and microscale mechanical characterization of soft materials. Although the structural response of polymeric networks that form soft matter depends on viscous effects caused by the relative slippage of polymeric chains, the usual assumption made in the AFM-based characterization is that the specimen behaves as a purely elastic material and viscous forces are negligible. However, for each geometric configuration of the AFM tip, there will be a limit indentation rate above which viscous effects must be taken into account to correctly determine mechanical properties. A parametric finite element study conducted on 12 geometric configurations of a blunt cone AFM tip (overall, the study included about 200 finite element analyses) allowed us to determine the limit indentation rate for each configuration. The selected tip dimensions cover commercially available products and account for changes in tip geometry caused by serial measurements. Nanoindentation rates cover typical experimental conditions set in AFM bio-measurements on soft matter. Viscous effects appear to be more significant in the case of sharper tips. This implies that, if quantitative data on sample viscosity are not available, using a rounded indenter and carrying out experiments below the limit indentation rate will allow errors in the determination of mechanical properties to be minimized.
Arbitration Agreements, Expanded Judicial Review, and Preemption – Hall Street Associates and NAFTA Traders, Inc. – A National Debate with International Implications (2014)

On May 13, 2011, the Texas Supreme Court, in construing the Texas Arbitration Act, rejected the U. S. Supreme Court’s analysis in Hall Street Associates, L.L.C. v. Mattel, Inc. 1 At issue was whether the parties may by agreement expand judicial review of an arbitration award beyond the specific grounds for vacatur or modification set forth in the Federal Arbitration Act. In NAFTA Traders, Inc. v. Quinn2 the Texas Supreme Court held that the Texas Arbitration Act does not preclude the parties from supplementing judicial review by contract. A discussion on the reasoning of the Texas Court and others that have addressed this issue, together with implications, is vital to moving forward with contractual arbitration domestically and internationally.
Pinhole balloon rupture during coronary angioplasty causing rupture of the coronary artery (1990)

We report a case of pinhole balloon rupture during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty using one of the newer catheters. Pinhole balloon rupture resulted in rupture and occlusion of the vessel being dilated.
Complexation of Halide Anions and Tricarboxylate Anions by Neutral Urea-Derivatized p-tert-Butylcalix[6]arenes (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTComplexation of Halide Anions and Tricarboxylate Anions by Neutral Urea-Derivatized p-tert-Butylcalix[6]arenesJurgen Scheerder, Johan F. J. Engbersen, Alessandro Casnati, Rocco Ungaro, and David N. ReinhoudtCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 20, 6448–6454Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00125a035https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00125a035research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views617Altmetric-Citations155LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Drillable Tailpipe Disconnect: Used Successfully in More Than 120 Wells Worldwide (2006)

Abstract There are a number of challenges associated with setting cement plugs in an openhole well. Most importantly, drillpipe can become differentially stuck across a lost-circulation zone, and the plug may become contaminated with the intermixing of the mud resulting in inadequate isolation or insufficient strength. Cement plugs are used for various reasons including healing losses, abandonment, and directional drilling. It is essential to these operations that a competent cement plug is placed the first time. The value of placing the designed cement plug properly is measured by nonproductive rig time, wasted material, and additional cementing services. An innovative tool and a special process1 were designed to meet the challenges associated with setting cement plugs. The tool connects sacrificial/drillable tubing to the drillpipe and allows an operator to trip into the well and spot the cement plug across the problematic zone. Once cement is placed, the tool is disengaged and the operator trips the drillpipe out of the hole, leaving the cement plug and tubing undisturbed. The sacrificial tubing can be drillable; therefore, the operator can drill through the plug or commence other operations as required. This paper discusses the challenges operators face when setting cement plugs and how the risk and nonproductive time are reduced with this innovative plug-setting process and tool. Well examples are documented from case histories to illustrate the success and lessons learned.
Physics of the tennis racket II: The ’’sweet spot’’ (1981)

The term sweet spot is used in describing that point or region of a tennis racket where the ball should be hit for optimum results. There are several definitions of this term, each one based on different physical phenomenon. In this paper the different definitions are discussed and methods are described to locate the points corresponding to each one.
Photocrosslinkable polyphosphonates having unusual resistance to acids (1974)

Abstract The resistance of various linear condensation polymers to acid or base hydrolysis is dependent upon the nature of the linkages in the polymer chain. Aryl polysulfonates having a styrylketone sensitizing group have been shown to be particularly resistant to attack by strong bases. Similar phosphorouscontaining polymers have been prepared and those with the arylphosphonate, thiophosphonate, and phosphate linkages have been found resistant to attack by such acids as ferric chloride. Using a solution polymerization method, these phosphorous polymers and also those containing the phosphite, phosphonite, and phosphorane linkages may readily be prepared. A comparison has been made of the resistance of these polymers and of the corresponding polycarbonates, polysulfonates, and polyesters to various bases and to ferric chloride solutions.
Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics of Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) in Patients with Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (2001)

The true prevalence of pulmonary lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) in patients with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is unknown. The prevalence of LAM, radiological features, and lung function in patients with TSC was measured. The presence of LAM, as defined by the presence of cysts by high-resolution chest computed tomography (HRCT) scan, was determined in patients with TSC without prior pulmonary disease (Group 1). To determine the significance of early detection, severity of disease in screened patients (Group 1) was compared with that in patients with TSC with a prior diagnosis of LAM (Group 2). Forty-eight patients with TSC and no prior history of LAM were screened. Of the 38 females, 13 (34%) had LAM; LAM was absent in males. Lung function was preserved in patients with TSC who were found to have LAM by screening. In patients previously known to have LAM, FEV(1) and DL(CO) correlated inversely with severity of disease as assessed by CT scan. The prevalence of LAM in women with TSC was 34%, approximately 10-fold that previously reported, consistent with a large hitherto unrecognized subclinical population of patients at risk for pulmonary complications.