gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Meta‐analysis of variation: ecological and evolutionary applications and beyond (2014)

Summary Meta‐analysis has become a standard way of summarizing empirical studies in many fields, including ecology and evolution. In ecology and evolution, meta‐analyses comparing two groups (usually experimental and control groups) have almost exclusively focused on comparing the means, using standardized metrics such as Cohen's / Hedges’ d or the response ratio. However, an experimental treatment may not only affect the mean but also the variance. Investigating differences in the variance between two groups may be informative, especially when a treatment influences the variance in addition to or instead of the mean. In this paper, we propose the effect size statistic ln CVR (the natural logarithm of the ratio between the coefficients of variation, CV, from two groups), which enables us to meta‐analytically compare differences between the variability of two groups. We illustrate the use of lnCVR with examples from ecology and evolution. Further, as an alternative approach to the use of lnCVR, we propose the combined use of ln s (the log standard deviation) and (the log mean) in a hierarchical (linear mixed) model. The use of ln s with overcomes potential limitations of lnCVR and it provides a more flexible, albeit more complex, way to examine variation beyond two‐group comparisons. Relevantly, we also refer to the potential use of ln s and lnCV (the log CV) in the context of comparative analysis. Our approaches to compare variability could be applied to already published meta‐analytic data sets that compare two‐group means to uncover potentially overlooked effects on the variance. Additionally, our approaches should be applied to future meta‐analyses, especially when one suspects a treatment has an effect not only on the mean, but also on the variance. Notably, the application of the proposed methods extends beyond the fields of ecology and evolution.
Theoretical analysis and property study of optical focus detection based on differential confocal microscopy (2002)

The conventional differential confocal microscopy has been presented by Lee for surface profiling. This paper deals with a theoretical description of improvements in the signal to noise ratio and axial resolution of confocal microscopy, which is improved by detection of optical focus in differential confocal microscopy (DCM) using two differential detectors in the optical path, one located before and the other behind the focal plane. The optimum axial offset from the focal plane is obtained through the theoretical analysis of focus error signal (FES) of DCM, while the slope of the FES curve is maximum at the linear segment. Theoretical and experimental results show that, in comparison with conventional DCM, the common noise is suppressed and axial resolution is doubly improved.
A new operation mode for depth-focused high-sensitivity ToF range finding (2019)

We introduce pulsed correlation time-of-flight (PC-ToF) sensing, a new operation mode for correlation time-of-flight range sensors that combines a sub-nanosecond laser pulse source with a rectangular demodulation at the sensor side. In contrast to previous work, our proposed measurement scheme attempts not to optimize depth accuracy over the full measurement: With PC-ToF we trade the global sensitivity of a standard C-ToF setup for measurements with strongly localized high sensitivity -- we greatly enhance the depth resolution for the acquisition of scene features around a desired depth of interest. Using real-world experiments, we show that our technique is capable of achieving depth resolutions down to 2mm using a modulation frequency as low as 10MHz and an optical power as low as 1mW. This makes PC-ToF especially viable for low-power applications.
Lead-Acid Battery: Tetrabasic Lead Sulfate as a Paste Material for Positive Plates (1970)

We present a reproducible method of synthesizing tetrabasic lead sulfate (4PbO · PbSO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</inf> ) which produces discrete elongated crystals approximately 22 microns long. Tetrabasic lead sulfate undergoes anodic conversion to PbO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> while maintaining the characteristic morphology of the 4PbO · PbSO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</inf> crystals. This results in lead-acid battery positive plates having performance characteristics superior to those fabricated from conventional paste formulations. We furnish data showing the performance of 4PbO · PbSO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</inf> positive plates as a function of plate porosity and present stress cycling data, comparing it with the behavior of typical conventional positive plates.
Defective T cell development and function in<i>calcineurin</i>Aβ-deficient mice (2002)

The calcium-dependent phosphatase calcineurin and its downstream transcriptional effector nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) are important regulators of inducible gene expression in multiple cell types. In T cells, calcineurin-NFAT signaling represents a critical event for mediating cellular activation and the immune response. The widely used immunosuppressant agents cyclosporin and FK506 are thought to antagonize the immune response by directly inhibiting calcineurin-NFAT signal transduction in lymphocytes. To unequivocally establish the importance of calcineurin signaling as a mediator of the immune response, we deleted the gene encoding the predominant calcineurin isoform expressed in lymphocytes, calcineurin A beta (CnA beta). CnA beta(-/-) mice were viable as adults, but displayed defective T cell development characterized by fewer total CD3 cells and reduced CD4 and CD8 single positive cells. Total peripheral T cell numbers were significantly reduced in CnA beta(-/-) mice and were defective in proliferative capacity and IL-2 production in response to PMA/ionomycin and T cell receptor cross-linking. CnA beta(-/-) mice also were permissive to allogeneic tumor-cell transplantation in vivo, similar to cyclosporin-treated wild-type mice. A mechanism for the compromised immune response is suggested by the observation that CnA beta(-/-) T cells are defective in stimulation-induced NFATc1, NFATc2, and NFATc3 activation. These results establish a critical role for CnA beta signaling in regulating T cell development and activation in vivo.
Dynamic Coding for Cognitive Control in Prefrontal Cortex (2013)

Cognitive flexibility is fundamental to adaptive intelligent behavior. Prefrontal cortex has long been associated with flexible cognitive function, but the neurophysiological principles that enable prefrontal cells to adapt their response properties according to context-dependent rules remain poorly understood. Here, we use time-resolved population-level neural pattern analyses to explore how context is encoded and maintained in primate prefrontal cortex and used in flexible decision making. We show that an instruction cue triggers a rapid series of state transitions before settling into a stable low-activity state. The postcue state is differentially tuned according to the current task-relevant rule. During decision making, the response to a choice stimulus is characterized by an initial stimulus-specific population response but evolves to different final decision-related states depending on the current rule. These results demonstrate how neural tuning profiles in prefrontal cortex adapt to accommodate changes in behavioral context. Highly flexible tuning could be mediated via short-term synaptic plasticity.
Simple techniques for generating nanosecond blue light pulses from light emitting diodes (2006)

The electronic drive requirements for producing nanosecond optical pulses from blue light emitting diodes are considered. Simple circuits are used to generate the fast current pulses necessary to switch on and assist with the turn off of these devices. The intensity of the emitted radiation can be controlled by the magnitude of the drive current. Optical pulses in the nanosecond range are suitable for, but not limited to, the calibration of scintillation counters. The circuits described can be either free running or externally triggered. Typically, the optical pulse full width half maximum (FWHM) is below 1 ns. The presented techniques are not limited to blue LEDs and should be applicable to devices of longer wavelengths.
Racemisierung bei Peptidsynthesen (1970)

Abstract Durch Anwendung mehrerer gaschromatographischer Racemisierungstests wurde gefunden, daß bei der DCCD‐Methode 1) aus einer Reihe von N ‐Hydroxyverbindungen als Zusatz zum DCCD das 3‐Hydroxy‐4‐oxo‐3.4‐dihydro‐1.2.3‐benzotriazin die Racemisierung am wirkungsvollsten senkt. Auch eine racemisierungsfreie Voraktivierung ist mit dieser Verbindung möglich. Bei der Herstellung von N ‐Acyl‐peptid‐[ N ‐hydroxy‐succinimidestern] nach der DCCD‐Methode wirkt sich ein Zusatz schwacher tert. Basen günstig auf Ausbeute und Racemisierung aus.
COMPUTER‐AIDED DETERMINATION OF BEET PIGMENTS (1978)

ABSTRACT A quick and accurate method is proposed for determining all major beet pigments (betanin, vulgaxathin ‐I, betalamic acid) and browning substances, from the visible spectrum of the mixture. The procedure is based on nonlinear curve fitting of the spectrum with a predicted function of the individual pigments, and obviates the need for laborious and time‐consuming separation. The approach is extremely useful in continuous monitoring of time‐ and temperature‐related processes, such as drying and storage.
Pitch estimation and tracking with harmonic emphasis on the acoustic spectrum (2015)

In this paper, we use unconstrained frequency estimates (UFEs) from a noisy harmonic signal and propose two methods to estimate and track the pitch over time. We assume that the UFEs are multivariate-normally-distributed random variables, and derive a maximum likelihood (ML) pitch estimator by maximizing the likelihood of the UFEs over short time-intervals. As the main contribution of this paper, we propose two state-space representations to model the pitch continuity, and, accordingly, we propose two Bayesian methods, namely a hidden Markov model and a Kalman filter. These methods are designed to optimally use the correlations in the consecutive pitch values, where the past pitch estimates are used to recursively update the prior distribution for the pitch variable. We perform experiments using synthetic data as well as a noisy speech recording, and show that the Bayesian methods provide more accurate estimates than the corresponding ML methods.
A visual language compiler for information retrieval by visual reasoning (1990)

When a database increases in size, retrieving the data becomes a major problem. An approach based on data visualization and visual reasoning is described. The main idea is to transform the data objects and present sample data objects in a visual space. The user can use a visual language to incrementally formulate the information retrieval request in the visual space. A prototype system is described with the following features: (1) it is built on top of the SIL-ICON visual language compiler and therefore can be customized for different application domains; (2) it supports a fuzzy icon grammar to define reasonable visual sentences; (3) it incorporates a semantic model of the database for fuzzy visual query translation; and (4) it incorporates a VisualNet which stores the knowledge learned by the system in its interaction with the user so that the VisualReasoner can adapt its behavior.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
[PP.36.21] (2015)

Objective: Atrial Fibrillation (AFib), older-age, and hypertension frequently coexist. Due to the CHADSDVASc-score and high-risk of ischaemic-stroke, prevention of systemic-embolism is mandatory just at the time of the first presentation to the Emergency Department(ED). Warfarin(W) need close activity-monitoring and showed substantial risk-of-bleeding; thus W is prescribed only to half-of-patients who need it and another half drop out of the treatment during the firsts months or show poor INR-control. The New-Oral-Anti-Coagulants(NOACs) showed non-inferiority to W in ischaemic-stroke prevention and smaller bleeding risk. Aim of the present study was to analyze the efficacy and safety of the two treatments in patients managed with a ED Afib-Outpatient-Clinic. Design and method: Non-randomized AFib patients were managed according to International-Guidelines, CHADSDVASc-score and the physician on duty. They were followed-up to short- and long-term. Patients with moderate-to-severe valvulopathy were excluded. The primary end-point was cardio-embolic event at the follow-up; secondary endpoints were mayor-bleeding, non haemorragic side-effects and patient's satisfaction for the treatment. Results: Between July-2013-and-July-2014, 435 patients were enrolled; 384(88%) received anticoagulation (157 with NOACs, group-A and 227 with W, group-B); the remaining 51(12%) were not submitted to anticoagulation. Patients of group-A compared with group-B were older (77 ± 8 y vs 74 ± 11 y, p = 0.001, respectively) and showed higher prevalence of hypertension (88% vs 76%, p = 0.005, respectively). Group-A versus group-B showed higher CHADSDVASc-score (4.0 ± 1.4 vs 3.1 ± 1.5, p < 0.001, respectively) and higher HASBLED-score (3.3 ± 1.1 vs 1.8 ± 1.0, p < 0.001, respectively). At the long-term, 8 events occurred as follows: 6 (1%) mayor-bleeding (1 in group-A and 5 in group-B, p = NS), 2 ischaemic-stroke (1 in both groups). Interestingly, in the group-A, only 2 (1%) patients never started the treatment and 20 (13%) drop-out of the recommended treatment. When compared to the group-B, 47 (22%) patients never started the treatment, 25 (12%) drop-out of the recommended treatment, and 13 (6%) showed poor INR control (overall, 22 vs 75 patients, p = 0.001). Also satisfaction for the treatment was significantly higher in the group-A than in the group-B. Conclusions: Patients receiving NOACs and Afib-Outpatient-Clinic management showed higher satisfaction for the recommended treatment, non-inferior efficacy and safety when compared to W.
Image Charge Effects on the Formation of Pickering Emulsions (2012)

Vigorous mixing of an aqueous particle dispersion with oil usually produces a particle-stabilized emulsion (a "Pickering emulsion"), the longevity of which depends on the particles' wetting properties. A known exception occurs when particles fail to adsorb to the oil-water interface created during mixing because of a strong repulsion between charges on the particle surface and similar charges on the oil-water interface; in this case, no Pickering emulsion is formed. Here, we present experimental evidence that the rarely considered electrostatic image force can cause a much bigger hindrance to particle adsorption and prevent the formation of Pickering emulsions even when the particle interaction with the interface charge is attractive. A simple theoretical estimate confirms the observed magnitude of this effect and points at an important limitation of Pickering emulsification, a technology with widespread industrial applications and increasing popularity in materials research and development.
EMUSIM: an integrated emulation and simulation environment for modeling, evaluation, and validation of performance of Cloud computing applications (2012)

SUMMARY Cloud computing allows the deployment and delivery of application services for users worldwide. Software as a Service providers with limited upfront budget can take advantage of Cloud computing and lease the required capacity in a pay‐as‐you‐go basis, which also enables flexible and dynamic resource allocation according to service demand. One key challenge potential Cloud customers have before renting resources is to know how their services will behave in a set of resources and the costs involved when growing and shrinking their resource pool. Most of the studies in this area rely on simulation‐based experiments, which consider simplified modeling of applications and computing environment. In order to better predict service's behavior on Cloud platforms, we developed an integrated architecture that is based on both simulation and emulation. The proposed architecture, named EMUSIM, automatically extracts information from application behavior via emulation and then uses this information to generate the corresponding simulation model. We performed experiments using an image processing application as a case study and found that EMUSIM was able to accurately model such application via emulation and use the model to supply information about its potential performance in a Cloud provider. We also discuss our experience using EMUSIM for deploying applications in a real public Cloud provider. EMUSIM is based on an open source software stack and therefore it can be extended for analysis behavior of several other applications. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonestrogen Treatment Modalities for Vasomotor Symptoms Associated with Menopause (2004)

According to this systematic literature review, postmenopausal vasomotor treatments that have been shown to be safe and effective in short-term use include black cohosh, exercise, gabapentin, medroxyprogesterone acetate, SSRIs (ie, paroxetine hydrochloride), and soy protein. Initial, small reports are suggestive for efficacy in menopausal vasomotor symptoms with megestrol acetate and venlafaxine.
HPLC Analysis of Pyrroloquinoline Quinone in Capsules (2016)

Pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium salt (PQQ) is important in functional foods. The method for PQQ analysis has mainly been applied to very small amounts of material. When PQQ is used in functional foods, it is necessary to confirm the exact quantities present in the capsules. However, the microanalysis method is complicated and unsuitable for process analysis. In addition, large quantities of oils, fats, and ascorbic acid exist with PQQ in functional foods. These oils and fats interfere with extraction, while ascorbic acid reduces PQQ. Therefore, we have developed an HPLC analysis method for PQQ in soft capsules containing larger quantities of oil (19-fold) and ascorbic acid (5-fold). The influence of oils and fats was removed by washing with ethyl acetate and subsequent basic extraction, while ascorbic acid was removed by oxidation with air. This extraction method gave a good recovery. Furthermore, a standard-addition method was used to calculate the amount of PQQ in the capsules via a simple calculation.
Haptoglobin Patterns in Essential Hypertension and Associated Conditions &ndash; Increased Risk for Hp 2-2 (1987)

Blood samples from 257 hypertensive patients and 180 normotensive controls were analysed for their association with haptoglobin levels and phenotypes. Compared to controls, patients with Hp 2-2 phenotype showed a significantly increased risk for essential hypertension (p less than 0.001) and hypertension associated with ischaemic heart disease (p less than 0.05). There was a significant decrease in the mean levels of serum haptoglobins in hypertension as compared to controls, suggesting the possibility for intravascular haemolysis due to vascular damage leading to further complications.
3D human pose estimation from depth maps using a deep combination of poses (2018)

Many real-world applications require the estimation of human body joints for higher-level tasks as, for example, human behaviour understanding. In recent years, depth sensors have become a popular approach to obtain three-dimensional information. The depth maps generated by these sensors provide information that can be employed to disambiguate the poses observed in two-dimensional images. This work addresses the problem of 3D human pose estimation from depth maps employing a Deep Learning approach. We propose a model, named Deep Depth Pose (DDP), which receives a depth map containing a person and a set of predefined 3D prototype poses and returns the 3D position of the body joints of the person. In particular, DDP is defined as a ConvNet that computes the specific weights needed to linearly combine the prototypes for the given input. We have thoroughly evaluated DDP on the challenging 'ITOP' and 'UBC3V' datasets, which respectively depict realistic and synthetic samples, defining a new state-of-the-art on them.
ROP: Alleviating Refresh Overheads via Reviving the Memory System in Frozen Cycles (2016)

DRAM memory performs periodic refreshes to prevent data loss due to charge leakage, while memory refreshes cause performance degradation and energy consumption, referred to as refresh overheads. In this paper, we propose Refresh-Oriented Prefetching (ROP) to alleviate memory refresh overheads. Before a refresh starts, ROP prefetches cache lines from the tobe-refreshed rank into an added SRAM buffer. In doing so, when a rank is undergoing refresh, memory requests can still be serviced rather than being blocked. At the core of ROP is a probabilistic prefetch model determining which cache lines are prefetched for a refresh based on the access patterns appearing in an observational window ahead of the refresh. A Pattern Profiler collects statistics about memory traffic occurring before and after the starting time of each refresh operation in a period of training time and it outputs two conditional probabilities which are used to control subsequent prefetch decisions. A Prefetcher maintains a prediction table which helps to ascertain access patterns appearing around refresh operations. The prediction table is updated every time an access occurs to the to-be-nextrefreshed ran during the observational window and is consulted to decide which cache lines are prefetched. Extensive evaluation results with benchmarks from SPEC CPU2006 on a DDR4 memory have demonstrated that with ROP memory performance can be improved by up to 9.2% (3.3% on average) for singlecore simulations, while reducing the overall memory energy by up to 6.7% (3.6% on average), relative to an auto-refresh baseline memory. Moreover, it increases the Weighted Speedup by up to 2.22X (1.32X on average) for 4-core multiprogram simulations, while reducing energy by up to 48.8% (24.4% on average).
Generalized rank annihilation factor analysis (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTGeneralized rank annihilation factor analysisEugenio. Sanchez and Bruce R. KowalskiCite this: Anal. Chem. 1986, 58, 2, 496–499Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00293a054https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00293a054research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views584Altmetric-Citations406LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts