gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Basic investigations on an angle measurement system using a laser (1990)

A novel, precise angle gauge is proposed. Incoming laser light is fed to the system through two separate condensing lenses. The phase difference between two rays is compensated by a phase modulator to hold a constant interference condition. The angle of the incoming light is measured by the modulation voltage. In comparison with conventional angle gauges, its advantages are high measurement accuracy, simple structure, and compatibility to feedback control systems. Because of these advantages, the angle gauge is suitable for navigation using angular information. Some examples of possible applications are provided. The experimental system was formed to be compatible with practical conditions and performance were verified experimentally. It is shown that an angle resolution less than 1*10/sup -7/ rd can be expected.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Characterization of an Alcohol Dehydrogenase from the Cyanobacterium <i>Synechocystis</i> sp. Strain PCC 6803 That Responds to Environmental Stress Conditions via the Hik34-Rre1 Two-Component System (2009)

ABSTRACT The slr1192 ( adhA ) gene from Synechocystis sp. strain PCC 6803 encodes a member of the medium-chain alcohol dehydrogenase/reductase family. The gene product AdhA exhibits NADP-dependent alcohol dehydrogenase activity, acting on a broad variety of aromatic and aliphatic primary alcohols and aldehydes but not on secondary alcohols or ketones. It exhibits superior catalytic efficiency for aldehyde reduction compared to that for alcohol oxidation. The enzyme is a cytosolic protein present in photoautotrophically grown Synechocystis cells. The expression of AdhA is enhanced upon the exposure of cells to different environmental stresses, although it is not essential for survival even under such stress conditions. The induction of the expression of the adhA gene is dependent on the Hik34-Rre1 two-component system, as it is severely impaired in mutant strains lacking either the histidine kinase Hik34 or the response regulator Rre1. In vitro DNA-protein interaction analysis reveals that the response regulator Rre1 binds specifically to the promoter region of the adhA gene.
Advanced-collision-map-based on-line collision and deadlock avoidance between two robot manipulators with PTP commands (2014)

This research aims to build an on-line system for avoiding collisions and deadlocks between two robot manipulators which are controlled using point-to-point (PTP) commands. Both robots are sharing the same workspace and have no prior knowledge of the commands which will be sent after starting the system. We have proposed a collision map concept for detecting the collisions between the end-effectors of the robots [1]. In this work, an advanced collision map method has been created for detecting the collisions between the whole body of the robots and representing them as collision areas on the map. Moreover, the map has been used to avoid the deadlocks which can be occurred if any robot becomes an obstacle in front of the other. To realize a collision-free trajectory of the robots, time scheduling of command execution time has been applied to avoid any collision areas on the map. The system has been tested on an openGL-based simulator for demonstrating the effectiveness of the system.
What are the instrumentation requirements for measuring the isotopic composition of net ecosystem exchange of CO<sub>2</sub>using eddy covariance methods?† (2006)

Better quantification of isotope ratios of atmosphere-ecosystem exchange of CO2 could substantially improve our ability to probe underlying physiological and ecological mechanisms controlling ecosystem carbon exchange, but the ability to make long-term continuous measurements of isotope ratios of exchange fluxes has been limited by measurement difficulties. In particular, direct eddy covariance methods have not yet been used for measuring the isotopic composition of ecosystem fluxes. In this article, we explore the feasibility of such measurements by (a) proposing a general criterion for judging whether a sensor's performance is sufficient for making such measurements (the criterion is met when the contribution of sensor error to the flux measurement error is comparable to or less than the contribution of meteorological noise inherently associated with turbulence flux measurements); (b) using data-based numerical simulations to quantify the level of sensor precision and stability required to meet this criterion for making direct eddy covariance measurements of the 13C/12C ratio of CO2 fluxes above a specific ecosystem (a mid-latitude temperate forest in central Massachusetts, USA); (c) testing whether the performance of a new sensor-a prototype pulsed quantum cascade laser (QCL) based isotope-ratio absorption spectrometer (and plausible improvements thereon)-is sufficient for meeting the criterion in this ecosystem. We found that the error contribution from a prototype sensor (approximately 0.2 per thousand, 1 SD of 10 s integrations) to total isoflux measurement error was comparable to (1.5 to 2x) the irreducible 'meteorological' noise inherently associated with turbulent flux measurements above this ecosystem (daytime measurement error SD of approximately 60% of flux versus meteorological noise of 30-40% for instantaneous half-hour fluxes). Our analysis also shows that plausible instrument improvements (increase of sensor precision to approximately 0.1 per thousand, 1 SD of 10 s integrations, and increased sensor stability during the half-hour needed to integrate eddy covariance measurements) should decrease the contribution of sensor error to the point where it is less than the contribution from meteorological noise. This suggests that new sensors using QCL-based isotope ratio absorption spectroscopy should make continuous long-term observations of the isotopic composition of CO2 fluxes via eddy covariance methods feasible.
Practice Parameter update: The care of the patient with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: Drug, nutritional, and respiratory therapies (an evidence-based review) (2009)

Riluzole should be offered to slow disease progression (Level A). PEG should be considered to stabilize weight and to prolong survival in patients with ALS (Level B). NIV should be considered to treat respiratory insufficiency in order to lengthen survival (Level B) and to slow the decline of forced vital capacity (Level B). NIV may be considered to improve quality of life (Level C) [corrected].Early initiation of NIV may increase compliance (Level C), and insufflation/exsufflation may be considered to help clear secretions (Level C).
Feature transformations between application-specific feature spaces (1988)

Information sets (features) used in engineering design and manufacturing applications depend on the product type, the application and the process involved. Some features identified in a particular domain may be partially or fully mappable to other domains, while it may be that others are not. To integrate software for design, analysis and manufacturing, it is necessary to create feature mapping systems to transform information in shared or neutral databases to application-specific features most suited to a given reasoning process. This paper identifies several transformation/mapping mechanisms, and discusses the implementation of a mapping shell for some of these transformations.
13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of quinoxaline derivatives (1982)

The 13C n.m.r. spectra of a series of 5-, 6-, and 2-substituted quinoxalines have been analysed by consideration of their 1H-coupled spectra. Typical values of the coupling constants are: C(2,3),1JCH 181.9,2JCH 11.4; C(5,8), 1JCH 162.6, 3JCH 6.5, C(6,7), 1JCH 159.4, 3JCH 9.1; C(9), 3JCH(2)=3JCH(7)= 10.0, 3JCH(5) 5.4; C(10), 3JCH(3)=3JCH(6)= 10.0, 3JCH(8) 5.4 Hz. The magnitudes of the coupling constants in the benzenoid ring [C(5)–C(10)] are similar to these for the corresponding positions in naphthalene, but application of naphthalene chemical shift substitutions effects leads in some cases to the wrong peak sequence in the related quinoxalines. Within the quinoxaline series itself, however, acceptable additivity of substituent effects is found (±0.8 p.p.m.), provided that the reference compounds are carefully chosen. Analysis of mixtures of quinoxalines from substituted o-phenylenediamines and α-oxo-aldehydes is possible by consideration of the multiplicity of the ring-junction quaternary carbon signals in the fully coupled spectra.
The use of gabapentin for post-operative and post-traumatic pain in thoracic surgery patients☆ (2006)

Gabapentin appears safe and well tolerated when used for persistent post-operative and post-traumatic pain in thoracic surgery patients, although minor side effects do occur. Gabapentin may relieve refractory chest wall pain in some of these patients, particularly those with more severe pain. Further studies are warranted to define the role of gabapentin in cardiothoracic surgical practice.
The Synthesis of New Bronchodilator Prodrugs (1999)

Abstract Prodrug 14 has been synthesized to investigate its lung accumulating property while prodrugs 19, 20 and 22 incorporating structural features of 14 have been prepared for evaluation as bronchodilatory agents.
A Stable, Single-Frequency RF-Excited Gas Laser at 6328Å (1965)

A number of 6328A RF-excited He-Ne lasers have been designed and constructed with special attention to maximizing CW power in a single longitudinal and transverse mode. A single-mode output power of 1.6 mw has been obtained. Some novel features of the cavity structure provide good intrinsic frequency stability. The details of design and operation are given.
Mutations within the nucleotide binding site of immunoglobulin-binding protein inhibit ATPase activity and interfere with release of immunoglobulin heavy chain. (1993)

Immunoglobulin-binding protein (BiP), a 70-kDa heat shock protein in the endoplasmic reticulum, binds transiently to nascent proteins, releasing them upon folding and assembly. The in vitro release of bound proteins from BiP requires ATP hydrolysis. Recently, the three-dimensional structure was solved for an ATP-hydrolyzing proteolytic 44-kDa fragment of a 71-kDa heat shock cognate protein, HSC71. Because of the high degree of homology in this region, BiP presumably forms a similar ATP binding structure. Amino-terminal deletions in BiP eliminated ATP-agarose binding. Alteration of a second potential ATP binding site had no effect, suggesting that only the HSC71-like site was capable of ATP binding. Crystallographic data from HSC71 implicated certain amino acids in interactions with the beta-phosphate, gamma-phosphate, and divalent cation of ATP. Mutation of each corresponding residue in BiP (Thr-37, Thr-229, and Glu-201) severely inhibited its ATPase activity. These BiP mutants were still capable of binding ATP and immunoglobulin heavy chains, suggesting that these mutations did not drastically alter the structure of BiP. They did however block the ATP-mediated release of heavy chains from BiP. Our results demonstrate that the structure of BiP in this region must be extremely similar to that elucidated for HSC71 and that mutations of residues proposed to interact with ATP block the ATP-mediated release of bound protein by inhibiting ATP hydrolysis.
Low speed sensorless control of PMSM drive using high frequency signal injection (2015)

Conventional techniques for sensorless control of permanent magnet synchronous motor drive (PMSM) which requires information of rotor position are reviewed and recent developments in this area are introduced in this paper along with their inherent advantages and drawbacks. The paper presents an improved method for sensorless speed control of PMSM drive with emphasis placed on signal injection method. It examines the rotor position sensorless control performance based on sensing by external signal injection. The main objective of this drive system is to have speed control at standstill and low speed regions. Several tests are carried out to demonstrate the ability of proposed models at different operating conditions with the help of simulation results in Matlab/Simulink environment. Simulation results confirm that the proposed sensorless control approach of PMSM can achieve high performance at standstill and low speeds but not at very high speeds.
Mice Lacking NKT Cells but with a Complete Complement of CD8+ T-Cells Are Not Protected against the Metabolic Abnormalities of Diet-Induced Obesity (2011)

The contribution of natural killer T (NKT) cells to the pathogenesis of metabolic abnormalities of obesity is controversial. While the combined genetic deletion of NKT and CD8(+) T-cells improves glucose tolerance and reduces inflammation, interpretation of these data have been complicated by the recent observation that the deletion of CD8(+) T-cells alone reduces obesity-induced inflammation and metabolic dysregulation, leaving the issue of the metabolic effects of NKT cell depletion unresolved. To address this question, CD1d null mice (CD1d(-/-)), which lack NKT cells but have a full complement of CD8(+) T-cells, and littermate wild type controls (WT) on a pure C57BL/6J background were exposed to a high fat diet, and glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, inflammation, and obesity were assessed. Food intake (15.5±4.3 vs 15.3±1.8 kcal/mouse/day), weight gain (21.8±1.8 vs 22.8±1.4 g) and fat mass (18.6±1.9 vs 19.5±2.1 g) were similar in CD1d(-/-) and WT, respectively. As would be expected from these data, metabolic rate (3.0±0.1 vs 2.9±0.2 ml O(2)/g/h) and activity (21.6±4.3 vs 18.5±2.6 beam breaks/min) were unchanged by NKT cell depletion. Furthermore, the degree of insulin resistance, glucose intolerance, liver steatosis, and adipose and liver inflammatory marker expression (TNFα, IL-6, IL-10, IFN-γ, MCP-1, MIP1α) induced by high fat feeding in CD1d(-/-) were not different from WT. We conclude that deletion of NKT cells, in the absence of alterations in the CD8(+) T-cell population, is insufficient to protect against the development of the metabolic abnormalities of diet-induced obesity.
Disease Targets and Strategies for the Therapeutic Modulation of Endogenous Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells (2007)

Neural stem cells, able to self-renew and give rise to both neurons and glia, line the cerebral ventricles of the adult human brain. Humans also harbor lineage-restricted neuronal progenitors in the hippocampus and glial progenitor cells in both the gray and white matter of the forebrain. These various stem and progenitor cell types may provide targets for pharmacotherapy for a variety of disorders of the central nervous system. Each resident progenitor phenotype may be mobilized and induced to differentiate in vivo by the actions of both exogenous growth factors and small molecule modulators of progenitor-selective signaling pathways. This strategy may be particularly efficacious in neurodegenerations such as Huntington's disease, in which lost neurons may be replenished through the directed induction of progenitor cells lining the ventricular wall of the affected striatum. Similarly, the mobilization of glial progenitor cells may permit the introduction of new oligodendrocytes to demyelinated regions of adult white matter. Our rapidly increasing understanding of the molecular control of progenitor cell mobilization and differentiation should provide a wealth of new opportunities for recruiting endogenous progenitors as a means of treating neurological disease.
Normal moveout in focus<sup>1</sup> (1994)

Abstract Improving the accuracy of NMO corrections and of the corresponding interval velocities entails implementing a better approximation than the formula used since the beginning of seismic processing. The exact equations are not practical as they include many unknowns. The approximate expression has only two unknowns, the reflection time and the rms velocity, but becomes inaccurate for large apertures of the recording system and heterogeneous vertical velocities. Several methods of improving the accuracy have been considered, but the gains do not compensate for the dramatic increase in computing time. Two alternative equations are proposed: the first containing two parameters, the reflection time and the focusing time, is not valid for apertures much greater than is the standard formula, but has a much faster computing time and does not stretch the far traces; the other, containing three parameters, the reflection time, like focusing time and the tuning velocity, retains high frequencies for apertures about twice those allowed by the standard equation. Its computing time can be kept within the same limits. NMO equations, old and new, are designed strictly for horizontal layering, but remain reliable as long as the rays travel through the same layers in both the down and up directions. An equation, similar to Dix's formula, is given to compute the interval velocities. The entire scheme can be automated to produce interval‐velocity sections without manual picking.
[<sup>125</sup>I], [<sup>127</sup>I]‐and [<sup>14</sup>C]‐Labelling of the GLP‐1‐(7‐37) derivative NN2211 (2003)

Abstract Arg 34 Lys 26 ( N ε ‐(γ‐ L ‐glutamyl( N α ‐palmitoyl)))‐GLP‐1(7‐37) (NN2211) is currently in development as a diabetes type 2 drug. The fatty acid attached to the GLP‐1(7‐37) ensures a long and controlled duration of action. The synthesis of [ 125 I]NN2211, [ 127 I]NN2211 and [ 14 C]NN2211 used for preclinical ADME studies are described. NN2211 was iodinated using the lactoperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide method, and [ 14 C]NN2211 was synthesized in 4 steps by two routes both starting from an α‐protected [U‐ 14 C]glutamic acid. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using Artificial Neural Network to Predict the Compressive Strength of Concrete containing Nano-silica (2013)

This paper presents application of artificial neural network to develop model for predicting 28 days compressive strength of concrete with partial replacement of cement with nano-silica for which the data has been taken from various literatures. The use of nano-particle materials in concrete can add many benefits that are directly related to the durability of various cementitious materials, besides the fact that it is possible to reduce the quantities of cement in the composite. The performance of the model can be judged by the correlation coefficient, mean absolute error and root mean square error have been adopted as the comparative measures against the experimental results obtained from the literature.
Restrictive Diffusion From Uniform Gradient NMR Well Logging (1993)

ABSTRACT* Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR.) has long been recognized for its potential as a well logging method for measuring pore size and permeability. NMR spin–lattice and spin–spin relaxation times, T1 and T2, respectively, are typically used in these applications because they are related to the surface-to-volume ratio of the pore system via the surface relaxivity. Another NMR measurement, restrictive diffusion at short interecho spacings, is also proportional to surface-to-volume ratio buthas no dependence on surface relaxivity. Anew pulsed NMR logging tool, the MRIL, is capable of making continuous restrictive diffusion measurements because its permanent magnet generates a uniform magnetic field gradient of 25 gauss/cm. Restrictive diffusion logs run in Shell’s Johnson City test well clearly show the effect of nearly unrestricted diffusion in the permeable zones. The MRIL logs are confirmed by laboratory NMR measurements of restrictive diffusion on core plugs from the test well. Several NMR relations are then compared for permeability estimation using bound water, T1, T2, and restricted diffusion data.
Substance P: A Putative Sensory Transmitter in Mammalian Autonomic Ganglia (1982)

Repetitive presynaptic stimulation elicited slow membrane depolarization in neurons of inferior mesenteric ganglia from guinea pigs. This response was not blocked by cholinergic antagonists but was specifically and reversibly inhibited by a substance P analog, (D-Pro2, D-Phe7, D-Trp9)-substance P, which also depressed the depolarization induced by exogenously applied substance P. The atropine-sensitive slow excitatory and slow inhibitory postsynaptic potentials evoked in neurons of rabbit superior cervical ganglia were not affected by the substance P analog. These and previous results provide strong support for the hypothesis that substance P or a closely related peptide is the transmitter mediating the slow depolarization. The latter may represent a sensory input from the gastrointestinal tract to neurons of the prevertebral ganglia.
Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia and Future Therapeutic Directions: Beneficial Effects of Small Compounds Acting on Cellular Stress (2021)

Hereditary spastic paraplegia (HSP) is a group of inherited neurodegenerative conditions that share a characteristic feature of degeneration of the longest axons within the corticospinal tract, which leads to progressive spasticity and weakness of the lower limbs. Mutations of over 70 genes produce defects in various biological pathways: axonal transport, lipid metabolism, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) shaping, mitochondrial function, and endosomal trafficking. HSPs suffer from an adequate therapeutic plan. Currently the treatments foreseen for patients affected by this pathology are physiotherapy, to maintain the outgoing tone, and muscle relaxant therapies for spasticity. Very few clinical studies have been conducted, and it's urgent to implement preclinical animal studies devoted to pharmacological test and screening, to expand the rose of compounds potentially attractive for clinical trials. Small animal models, such as <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> and zebrafish, have been generated, analyzed, and used as preclinical model for screening of compounds and their effects. In this work, we briefly described the role of HSP-linked proteins in the organization of ER endomembrane system and in the regulation of ER homeostasis and stress as a common pathological mechanism for these HSP forms. We then focused our attention on the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic features of some recently identified molecules with antioxidant property, such as salubrinal, guanabenz, N-acetyl cysteine, methylene blue, rapamycin, and naringenin, and on their potential use in future clinical studies. Expanding the models and the pharmacological screening for HSP disease is necessary to give an opportunity to patients and clinicians to test new molecules.
EXPLOSIVES DETECTION: A Challenge for Physical Chemistry (1998)

The detection of explosives, energetic materials, and their associated compounds for security screening, demining, detection of unexploded ordnance, and pollution monitoring is an active area of research. A wide variety of detection methods and an even wider range of physical chemistry issues are involved in this very challenging area. This review focuses on techniques such as optical and mass spectrometry and chromatography for detection of trace amounts of explosives with short response times. We also review techniques for detecting the decomposition fragments of these materials. Molecular data for explosive compounds are reviewed where available.
Low Energy Partial Tag Comparison Cache Using Valid-bit Pre-decision (2006)

Set-associative caches achieve low miss rates for typical applications but result in significant energy dissipation. For low energy, we introduce a new cache design, partial tag comparison cache using valid-bit pre-decision (PTC-V cache), which can efficiently save the energy dissipation of the sense amps and bits-line parts. We used the CACTI cache model to evaluate the proposed cache architecture and the Simplescalar CPU simulator to produce the final result on SPEC95. The power simulation result show that our modified partial tag comparison cache can save 55% of instruction cache's accessing energy