gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Computing Magnetic Susceptibility Maps from Gradient Recalled Echo MRI for use in Multiple Sclerosis Studies (2013)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease in which myelin in the central nervous system is destroyed. The MS progression is tracked by characterizing the lesions caused by the demyelination and subsequent destruction of nerve cells. The pattern of iron deposition within MS lesions has been thought to indicate specific processes in MS pathology. A method of visualizing and quantifying iron in MS lesions would provide additional insight into the inflammatory process in multiple sclerosis, and assist in assessing the effectiveness of current medications. Developments in high field magnetic resonance (MR) phase imaging have shown promise as a method of generating quantitative susceptibility maps, which can be correlated to iron concentration in the brain. However, current methods for processing MRI phase images suffer from artifacts and/or are restricted by computational intensity. \nThe implementation and verification of a new method for generating magnetic susceptibility maps using a Wiener deconvolution based filter was developed and tested. Given the phase image, the proposed algorithm calculates the susceptibility distributions in the frequency domain. The Wiener deconvolution addresses reconstruction artifacts by filtering the frequency domain transfer function, attenuating frequencies with low signal to noise ratio (SNR). This approach has been shown to reduce streaking artifacts and noise in the susceptibility map, while retaining the advantage of fast computation in the frequency domain. The numerical accuracy of the algorithm was verified using in vivo brain images, phantom data with known susceptibilities, and numerical phantoms. The QSM algorithm will be applicable to several longitudinal studies of the effectiveness of several drugs for the treatment of MS.
Resources for Australian women's history at the State Library of Victoria (1988)

The State Library of Victoria maintains a collection of library materials which is the principal collection for the people of Victoria. It exists both to serve their current needs for library materials and information, and to develop a collection which is part of the heritage of the State.
Interaction of Puroindolines with Wheat Flour Polar Lipids Determines Their Foaming Properties (1997)

The interaction of puroindolines with wheat polar lipids and the stability of the corresponding puroindoline foams were investigated. Whereas puroindoline-a is capable of binding tightly to both wheat phospholipids and glycolipids, puroindoline-b interacts tightly only with negatively charged phospholipids and forms loose lipoprotein complexes with glycolipids. Both ionic, hydrogen, and hydrophobic bonds contribute to the stability of puroindoline−polar lipid complexes, and the integrity of tryptophan-rich domain is essential for the interaction with neutral polar lipids. Compared with egg white proteins, chosen as a model of nonlipid binding and good foaming food proteins, puroindolines exhibit excellent foam stability, especially in the presence of wheat polar lipids. The higher efficiency of puroindoline-a than puroindoline-b to prevent foam destabilization by wheat polar lipids highlights the close relationships between lipid binding and foaming properties of these wheat proteins. These results indicate that puroindolines would be good candidates to play a major role in the formation and stability of bread dough foams. Keywords: Puroindoline; wheat; glycolipids; phospholipids; foam
Millimeter-Wave CMOS Voltage-Controlled Oscillators (2007)

The design of millimeter-wave CMOS voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs) is reviewed. A low parasitic cross-coupled transistor layout is developed, and used to demonstrate a 140-GHz fundamental mode VCO in 90-nm CMOS and a 192-GHz push-push VCO in 130-nm CMOS. These are the circuits with the highest fundamental and harmonic operating frequencies achieved in silicon integrated circuits
Evidence for a novel angiotensin II receptor involved in angiogenesis in chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (1993)

Angiotensin II acts as a growth factor in the cardiovascular system and has been implicated in angiogenesis. The existence of at least two types of angiotensin II receptors, the AT1 and the AT2 receptors, has been suggested by ligand binding studies. We used three different AT receptor antagonists to study the receptor mediating angiotensin II-induced angiogenesis in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of the chick embryo. Angiotensin II caused pronounced angiogenesis of pre- and postcapillary vessels of 30-40%. This response could only be blocked by adding the peptidergic AT2 antagonist CGP-42112A. The nonpeptidergic AT2 antagonist PD123319 and AT1 antagonist losartan (DuP 753) were not effective. In addition, we used radioligand binding studies with a range of ligands to define the nature of the receptor. Our results show a high density of specific single class AT receptor with a total number of binding sites of 1,190 fmol/mg protein and an affinity constant for angiotensin II of 2.7 nM. The inhibitory concentrations (IC50) for CGP-42112A, PD 123319 and losartan were 724, > 100,000, and 59,000 nM, respectively. Our studies suggest that these binding sites act as receptors for angiotensin II-induced angiogenesis. Both functional and radioligand binding studies suggest that the receptor is different from the classical mammalian AT1 and AT2 receptors.
Bias correction and confidence intervals following sequential tests (2006)

<!-- *** Custom HTML *** --> An important statistical inference problem in sequential analysis is the construction of confidence intervals following sequential tests, to which Michael Woodroofe has made fundamental contributions. This paper reviews Woodroofe's method and other approaches in the literature. In particular it shows how a bias-corrected pivot originally introduced by Woodroofe can be used as an improved root for sequential bootstrap confidence intervals.
Molecular cloning and characterization of a Ca2+/calmodulin-insensitive adenylyl cyclase from rat brain. (1991)

Biochemical, immunological, and molecular cloning studies have suggested the existence of multiple forms of adenylyl cyclase (EC 4.6.1.1). An adenylyl cyclase cDNA clone (type II) was isolated from a rat brain library and found to encode a protein of 1090 amino acids that was homologous to but distinct from the previously described Ca2+/calmodulin-stimulated adenylyl cyclase from bovine brain. Expression of the type II cDNA in an insect cell line resulted in an increased level of adenylyl cyclase activity that was insensitive to Ca2+/calmodulin. Addition of activated Gs alpha protein to type II-containing membranes increased enzyme activity. The mRNA encoding the type II protein was expressed at high levels in brain tissue and at low levels in olfactory epithelium and lung. The existence of multiple adenylyl cyclase enzymes may provide for complex and distinct modes of biochemical regulation of cAMP levels in the brain.
Spectral quality evaluation of pixel-fused data for improved classification of remote sensing images (2011)

Various methods proposed for image fusion satellite images are examined from the viewpoint of accuracies with which the color information and spatial context of the original image are reproduced in the fused product image. Image fusion is a useful tool in integrating a high resolution panchromatic image (PI) with a low resolution multispectral image (Mis) to produce a high resolution multispectral image and better understanding of the observed earth surface. In this study, five typical fusion methods of Gram-Schmidt (GS), Ehler, modified intensity-hue-saturation, high pass filter, and wavelet-principal component analysis (PCA) are compared. The spectral quality assessment of the products using these different methods is implemented by image quality metrics. The accuracy of classification result is assessed by means of the support vector machine based on radial basis function kernel. Our analysis indicates that as a whole, the Ehler and wavelet-PCA methods show good performances, followed by GS. Also, the examination of confusion matrix shows that both Ehler and wavelet-PCA yield better accuracies in the classification results.
Atomic layer deposition of titanium dioxide using titanium tetrachloride and titanium tetraisopropoxide as precursors (2013)

Most atomic layer deposition (ALD) processes for metal oxides involve the use of a metal precursor and an oxygen source, such as H2O, O3, or an O2 plasma. These ALD processes lead to the formation of an undesirable interfacial oxide during deposition on semiconductor surfaces. As an alternative, some metal oxides other than TiO2 have been deposited using metal alkoxides as the oxygen source. In this article, we report on the ALD of TiO2 using TiCl4 and titanium tetraisopropoxide (TTIP) as precursors. Our surface infrared spectroscopy data shows that over the temperature range of 150–250 °C and the duration of a typical ALD cycle (∼1–10 s), in both half-reaction cycles, the surface reaction mechanism is dominated by alkyl-transfer from the TTIP ligands to Ti-Cl species. At 250 °C, which is the onset for TTIP thermal decomposition, the contribution of the direct decomposition reaction to film growth is negligible. The growth per cycle, ∼0.7 Å at 200 °C, is higher than H2O-based ALD of TiO2 from either TiCl4 or TTIP, but similar to O2-plasma-based processes. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data show TiO2 films with only the +4 oxidation state of Ti, and the Cl content is estimated to be 2.5–3.5%. UV–Vis spectroscopy shows a band gap of ∼3.0 eV, which is comparable to the values reported in the literature for amorphous TiO2 thin films.
Immunophenotypic characterization of the cutaneous exanthem of SIV-infected rhesus monkeys. Apposition of degenerative Langerhans cells and cytotoxic lymphocytes during the development of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. (1987)

A T-cell tropic retrovirus, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), has recently been isolated from immunodeficient rhesus monkeys. This virus has remarkable similarities to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the etiologic agent of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Subsequent studies of simian infection with SIV have shown it to be a relevant animal model for studying the pathogenesis of AIDS in man. In both HIV-infected humans and SIV-infected monkeys, a cutaneous maculopapular eruption has been described. To date, the pathogenesis and possible relationship of these exanthema to the evolution of systemic immunosuppression have remained obscure. In this study, the mononuclear cell infiltrates that characterize skin rashes of SIV-infected rhesus monkeys were found to be composed predominantly of cells with phenotypic characteristics of cytotoxic/suppressor (T8+) lymphocytes and natural killer cells. Many of these cells expressed membrane-bound interleukin-2 receptor molecules. Double labeling and immunoelectron microscopy revealed these cells in direct contact with degenerative Langerhans cells within the epidermis and dermis. These observations suggest that the cutaneous rash associated with SIV infection may be the consequence of target cell injury of Langerhans cells by effector cells with cytotoxic potential.
Sticks and stones may break some bones (2016)

bs_bs_banner Don't Forget the Bubbles (
Reliable and efficient program for fitting Galatry and Voigt profiles to spectral data on multiple lines (1989)

Experimental data with multiple overlapping spectral lines must often be fitted to theoretical line shape models. This paper describes an efficient program for performing least-squares fits of such data to Galatry and Voigt profiles. The algorithm and program design considerations are presented in detail, and some examples are given to demonstrate its use. The procedure described in this paper may also be used for more complex line shape profiles.
Effect of stem cell factor on myelopoiesis potential in human Dexter-type culture systems. (1995)

Hematopoiesis is influenced by the presence of the hematopoietic microenvironment, and Dexter-type liquid culture systems represent an in vitro representation of some aspects of the microenvironment that are optimal for the propagation of myeloid progenitors. Marrow stromal layers, which constitute part of these culture systems, produce growth factors, including stem cell factor (SCF), a ligand for the c-kit proto-oncogene that has been found to increase detection of myeloid, erythroid, and megakaryocytic progenitors in short-term marrow colony assays. In this work, the role of SCF in Dexter-type culture systems was examined to better define its contribution to steady-state myelopoiesis. When cultured in the continued presence of 100 ng/mL SCF, both primary and recharged cultures demonstrated significantly greater CFU-GM output, with quantitative differences noted throughout culture duration (up to 6 weeks). This increase in CFU-GM could be inhibited specifically with the addition of 1:1500 SR-1, a neutralizing anti-c-kit monoclonal antibody (MAb) that neutralizes the biological effects of SCF, and the increase was noted both with recharged light-density marrow cells and purified CD34+ progenitor cells. On the other hand, when primary or recharged marrow cultures were established in the absence of exogenous SCF, but in the continuous presence of SR-1, no inhibition of CFU-GM output was observed. When light-density marrow cells were purged of pre-existing CFU-GM by 4-hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4-HC) and were seeded over irradiated stromal layers, exogenous SCF resulted in detection of CFU-GM from 4-HC-treated cells as early as 1 week of culture, as compared to the lack of significant emergence of CFU-GMs at 4 weeks in the control cultures. This SCF effect was also inhibited by SR-1. Purified CD34+ progenitor cells did not adhere to SCF immobilized to tissue culture plates, and the adhesion of such progenitors to murine Steel lines transfected with membrane-bound SCF was not greater than to the parent nontransfected Steel line, suggesting that the effect of SCF was not on CD34+ cell adhesion. These studies confirm the action of SCF at a pre-CFU level, and they demonstrate the ability of SCF to stimulate increased production of myeloid progenitors in long-term liquid culture systems.
Synthesis of Si1−<i>y</i>C<i>y</i> alloys by molecular beam epitaxy (1992)

We have synthesized pseudomorphic Si1−yCy (y≤0.05) alloys and strained layer superlattices on silicon by molecular beam epitaxy using solid sources for carbon and silicon. The introduction of C into substitutional sites in the silicon lattice is kinetically stabilized by low-temperature growth conditions (500–600 °C) and relatively high Si fluxes, against extremely low C solubility (10−6 at 1420 °C) and the thermodynamically favored silicon carbide phases. Higher temperature growth leads to an islanded morphology. At lower temperatures, disruption of epitaxy occurs via the formation of highly twinned layers or even amorphous growth. The temperature window for alloy growth is reduced as the C concentration is increased. X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, secondary ion mass spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy confirm the growth of pseudomorphic, tetragonally strained alloy layers with no detectable silicon carbide precipitation. These alloy layers allow for the engineering of Si-based lattice constants less than that of bulk silicon using isovalent elements. They have potential application in band-engineered Si devices and may provide band gaps wider than that of Si, and perhaps, larger band offsets than that provided by the Si1−xGex system.
Mobile Terminals for Air and Sea (1988)

This paper provides some initial background on the International Maritime Satellite Organization, before describing in turn the various mobile terminals that have been developed, or are in the process of being designed, primarily for aeronautical and maritime service applications, but some of which have been demonstrated to also operate in the land mobile environment.
Stability of Chitosan Nanoparticles for <scp>l</scp>-Ascorbic Acid during Heat Treatment in Aqueous Solution (2008)

This study investigated the stability and characteristics of L-ascorbic acid (AA)-loaded chitosan (CS) nanoparticles during heat processing in aqueous solutions. AA-loaded CS nanoparticles were prepared by ionic gelation of CS with tripolyphosphate (TPP) anions. The smallest CS nanoparticles (170 nm) were obtained with a CS concentration of 1.5 mg/mL and a TPP concentration of 0.6 mg/mL. As the concentration of AA increased from 0.1 to 0.3 mg/mL, the particle size increased, while the zeta potential decreased, and the encapsulation efficiency of AA remained within a fixed range (10-12%). During heat processing at various temperatures, the size and zeta potential of the particles decreased rapidly in the first 5 min and then slowly fell to the regular range. At the beginning of the release profiles, the burst release-related stability of the surface increased with the temperature. Then, the release of the internal AA was constantly higher with a longer release time. Consequently, it was confirmed that the stability of AA-loaded CS nanoparticles was affected by temperature but that the internal stability was greater than the surface stability. These results demonstrate the stability of CS nanoparticles for AA during heat processing and suggest the possible use of AA-loaded CS nanoparticles to enhance antioxidant effects because of the continuous release of AA from CS nanoparticles in food processing.
Hole Cleaning Performance of Light-Weight Drilling Fluids During Horizontal Underbalanced Drilling (2010)

Abstract Hole cleaning is a major consideration at both the design and application stages of a drilling operation. If the fluid velocity is lower than a critical value at horizontal or high inclinations, a stationary bed develops which may cause various problems, such as high drag, higher probability of stuck pipe and higher hydraulic requirements, etc., if not removed properly. Therefore, this becomes important and essential to identifying critical velocity. This study aims to estimate the critical fluid-flow velocity for preventing the development of a stationary bed using empirical correlations that can be used easily at the field. Also, a rough estimation of bed thickness is introduced if the flow velocity is lower than the critical velocity. For this purpose, extensive cuttings transport experiments with water, called the Cuttings Transport Flow Loop, were conducted by the Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering Department at Middle East Technical University (METU) in order to determine various inclinations, flow rates and rate of penetrations. The inner pipe is subject to a sagging, therefore more realistic annulus representation is achieved. Observations showed that a stationary bed can be developed even when the inclination of the wellbore is down to 50°. Results showed that the critical velocity could be estimated using the proposed correlations with reasonable accuracy when compared with the experimental results. Also, for flow velocities less than the critical values, the thickness of the stationary bed can be detected mostly within an error range of ±15%.
LAS: An effective anti-spoofing method using existing information (2014)

In today's Internet, users can send packets with forged source IP addresses, called IP Spoofing, which causes many severe problems to the Internet, especially the security problem. Extensive methods have been proposed to prevent IP spoofing. One category of anti-spoofing methods is extra-information-based. The other category of anti-spoofing methods is existing-information-based. The existing-information-based anti-spoofing methods are much easier to deploy than the extra-information-based ones. Thus, we focus on the existing-information-based anti-spoofing methods in this paper. However, the existing existing-information-based anti-spoofing methods perform poorly on preventing IP spoofing. Therefore, in this paper we propose a new existing-information-based anti-spoofing method, named Link-state-based Anti-Spoofing (LAS), which works in a link-state-protocol-based network. LAS provides good effectiveness on preventing IP spoofing as our simulation results show that even if LAS is only deployed on 10% of routers in a link-state-protocol-based network, 80%~99% of spoofing cases in the network can be prevented in general.
Intensive Glycemic Control and the Prevention of Cardiovascular Events: Implications of the ACCORD, ADVANCE, and VA Diabetes Trials (2008)

Diabetes is defined by its association with hyperglycemia-specific microvascular complications; however, it also imparts a two- to fourfold risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Although microvascular complications can lead to significant morbidity and premature mortality, by far the greatest cause of death in people with diabetes is CVD.

Results from randomized controlled trials have demonstrated conclusively that the risk of microvascular complications can be reduced by intensive glycemic control in patients with type 1 (1,2) and type 2 diabetes (3–5). In the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), there was an ∼60% reduction in development or progression of diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy between the intensively treated group (goal A1C <6.05%, mean achieved A1C ∼7%) and the standard group (A1C ∼9%) over an average of 6.5 years. The relationship between glucose control (as reflected by the mean on-study A1C value) and risk of complications was log-linear and extended down to the normal A1C range (<6%) with no threshold noted.

In the UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS), participants newly diagnosed with type 2 diabetes were followed for 10 years, and intensive control (median A1C 7.0%) was found to reduce the overall microvascular complication rate by 25% compared with conventional treatment (median A1C 7.9%). Here, too, secondary analyses showed a continuous relationship between the risk of microvascular complications and glycemia extending into the normal range of A1C, with no glycemic threshold.

On the basis of these two large controlled trials, along with smaller studies and numerous epidemiologic reports, the consistent findings related to microvascular risk reduction with intensive glycemic control have led the American Diabetes Association (ADA) to recommend an A1C goal of <7% for most adults with diabetes (6), recognizing that more or less stringent goals may be appropriate for certain patients. Whereas many epidemiologic studies and meta-analyses …
Formation of polymeric foams from aqueous foams stabilized using a polymerizable surfactant (1993)

Abstract Polymerization of foams formed by purging with nitrogen an aqueous precursor system made up of a polymerizable surfactant, a monomer, and a cross‐linking agent yielded stable polymeric foams. The precursor system for foaming contained hydrophobic components (methyl methacrylate as monomer and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate as cross‐linking agent) in water and was stabilized using the polymerizable surfactant potassium acrylamidostearate. The phase‐behavior study for the precursor system was conducted followed by an investigation of the stability of the foams obtained on purging with nitrogen. Sonicating the precursor systems during the process of purging with nitrogen gas followed by polymerization resulted in aqueous foams having a uniform cell size. The aqueous foams were polymerized by a free‐radical mechanism using photoinitiated and thermal techniques to form stable polymeric foams. The morphology and density of the polymeric foams obtained was determined and observed to be significantly dependent on the composition of the aqueous precursor that was foamed. These results indicate the feasibility of synthesizing polymeric foams without using hydrocarbon solvents or blowing agents during polymerization. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Investigation of software patterns of user experience (2010)

10.1145/1971630.1971669