gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Physicochemical stability of irinotecan injection concentrate and diluted infusion solutions in PVC bags (2000)

Purpose. To determine the physicochemical stability of irinotecan injection concentrate and irinotecan infusion solutions after dilution in two commonly used infusion fluids (0.9% sodium chloride, 5% dextrose) in PVC bags, stored under refrigeration (2-8°C) or at room temperature either light protected or exposed to light. Methods. Stability of irinotecan injection concentrate was determined in the original amber glass vials. Diluted irinotecan infusion solutions were aseptically prepared by further dilution of irinotecan stock solution with either 0.9% sodium chloride or 5% dextrose in PVC bags, in amounts yielding irinotecan concentrations of 0.4, 1.0, or 2.8 mg/ml. Test solutions were stored under refrigeration (2-8°C) or at room temperature either light protected or exposed to light (mixed daylight and normal laboratory fluorescent light) in parallel. Irinotecan concentrations were determined periodically throughout a 4-week storage period via a stability-indicating HPLC assay with ultraviolet detection. In addition, measurements of pH values were performed regularly and test solutions were visually examined for colour change and precipitation. Results. Irinotecan injection concentrate and infusion solutions are shown to be physicochemically stable (at a level of >90% irinotecan) for 4 weeks when stored under refrigeration or light protected at room temperature, independent of the vehicle (0.9% sodium chloride, 5% dextrose) or the concentration (0.4, 1.0, or 2.8 mg/ml). Irinotecan infusion solutions exposed to daylight exhibited concentration-dependent instability, solutions were stable for only 7 to 14 days. Conclusions. Irinotecan injection concentrate and diluted infusion solutions are shown to have adequate physicochemical stability for convenient pharmacy-based centralized preparation.
ChemInform Abstract: Studies in Nucleosides. Part 14. Synthesis of 2‐Chloro/2‐Methoxy‐6‐N‐substituted 9‐(2‐Tetrahydrofuranyl)‐9H‐purines and Their Biological Activity. (1987)

Abstract Title compounds of type (III) or (IV) are synthesized as shown in the scheme.
The Synthesis of Certain C-21-Substituted Derivatives of 21-Deoxyhydrocortisone, 21-Deoxy-9α-fluorohydrocortisone, and Progesterone<sup>1</sup> (1961)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Synthesis of Certain C-21-Substituted Derivatives of 21-Deoxyhydrocortisone, 21-Deoxy-9α-fluorohydrocortisone, and Progesterone1ROBERT E. SCHAUB and MARTIN J. WEISSCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1961, 26, 4, 1223–1227Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1961Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1961https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01063a059https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01063a059research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views114Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Catecholamine release and arrhythmias in acute myocardial ischaemia (1991)

Increased sympathetic activity is assumed to contribute substantially to the occurrence of malignant arrhythmias in patients with coronary heart disease, since the rate of sudden cardiac death is significantly reduced by beta-adrenoceptor blockade, but not by antiarrhythmic agents such as flecainide or encainide. During acute myocardial ischaemia, adrenergic stimulation of the ischaemic myocardium is independent of plasma catecholamines. Rather, it is caused by the combination of excessively high local noradrenaline concentrations and an enhanced responsiveness of the myocyte to catecholamines. Myocardial ischaemia of 15 min duration results in a 100-fold increase in catecholamine concentrations within the extracellular space of the ischaemic zone, a two-fold increase in functionally coupled alpha-adrenoceptors, and a 30% increase in beta-adrenoceptors. Within the first 10 min of ischaemia, the myocardium is protected from excessive catecholamine release. Ischaemia-associated metabolic alterations, such as extracellular potassium accumulation, acidosis, and especially the accumulation of adenosine reduce the transmitter release caused by central sympathetic activation. Furthermore, the functional neuronal amine reuptake (uptake1) prevents excessive local accumulation of noradrenaline. With progression of ischaemia to more than 10 min, local nonexocytotic catecholamine release becomes predominant. This release is independent of central sympathetic nerve activity, availability of extracellular calcium, activation of both neuronal calcium channels and protein kinase C, and it is not accompanied by the release of sympathetic cotransmitters such as neuropeptide Y. It has been demonstrated to be nonexocytotic and to be caused by a carrier-mediated transport of noradrenaline from the sympathetic nerve ending into the synaptic cleft. This release is not modulated through presynaptic receptors. It is, however, suppressed by blockers of uptake1 and by inhibitors of sodium-proton exchange. Depletion of cardiac catecholamine stores by chronic surgical or chemical sympathectomy effectively suppresses malignant arrhythmias induced by experimental coronary ligature. Accordingly, inhibitors of nonexocytotic noradrenaline release, such as uptake1 blocking agents or sodium-proton exchange inhibitors, effectively reduce the occurrence of ischaemia-associated ventricular fibrillation, emphasizing the relevance of nonexocytotic release mechanisms in myocardial ischaemia.
Temperature effect on UASB reactor operation for domestic wastewater treatment in temperate climate regions (2003)

The performance of an upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor was investigated for the treatment of domestic wastewater at different operational temperatures (28, 20, 14 and 10 degrees C) and loading rates. For each temperature studied a constant COD(t) removal was observed as long as the upflow velocity was lower than 0.35 m/h: 82% at 28 degrees C, 68% at 14 degrees C and 44% at 10 degrees C. At 20 degrees C the COD removal increased with the HRT, reaching similar values as at 28 degrees C for long HRT. At upflow velocities higher than 0.35 m/h, a reduction in total COD removal was observed due to washout of influent TSS. At 28 degrees C, a constant 200 g sludge mass was observed and COD removal was attributed to biological degradation only. At lower temperatures, COD removal resulted from degradation and solids accumulation in the reactor. The increase in reactor sludge was greater as the temperature decreased and explains the similar overall COD removal efficiency at 28 degrees C, 20 degrees C and 14 degrees C. During the transition from winter to summer conditions (10 degrees C to 28 degrees C), methane production initially increased due to the degradation of accumulated solids. Afterwards, methane production gradually declined and an increase in COD removal was observed, indicating that the TSS accumulated during the winter was exhausted and influent degradation remained.
Titanium Matrix Composite Landing Gear Development (1989)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Design and fabrication of a titanium matrix composite (TMC) F-15 nose landing gear (NLG) outer cylinder is discussed. Results of a field experience survey examining landing gear (LG) operations are also discussed. Weight, supportabilty and cost benefits are summarized for this component and projected for production applications of the material.</div>
Polymorphism in sodium-channel alpha 1-subunit (SCN1A) predicts response, TTP, survival, and toxicity in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer treated with 5-FU/oxaliplatin (2006)

3533 Background: Genetic polymorphisms in DNA repair and drug metabolism pathways have been shown to be associated with efficacy and toxicity in patients with metastatic colon cancer treated with 5-FU/oxaliplatin. Recent studies demonstrated in in vitro models that the neurotoxicity associated with oxaliplatin may be linked to an effect on neuronal voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC). In vitro and in vivo models showed that increased VGSC alpha gene expression was associated with metastatic potential, proliferation and progression of breast and prostate cancer indicating a role in predicting toxicity and efficacy to chemotherapy. We tested the hypothesis whether VGSC gene polymorphisms may predict clinical outcome in a phase II study of combination oxaliplatin with 5-FU in patients with colorectal cancer refractory to 5-FU and/or irinotecan based chemotherapy. Methods: 173 patients were enrolled in this phase II study. 152 patients (male/female; 78/74, median age; 60), median follow up of 18.6 months, response rate of 19%, median time to tumor progression 4.2 months and median survival of 10.3 months. Grade 3/4 toxicity was seen in 60% with GI toxicity of 42% and Neurotoxicity of 11%. The dose of oxaliplatin was 130mg/m 2 every 3 weeks and 5-FU was 200mg/m 2 /day CI for 10 weeks followed by 2 weeks rest. We tested the 12 VGSC genes polymorphisms (SCN1A, 1B, 1A1, 1A2, 1A3, 1A4, 1A5, 1A A3169G SNP, 1A C1702T Nonsense Mutation, 1A T1067A SNP, 1A C3637T SNP, SCN8A Ref SNP 303802). Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples and polymorphisms were analyzed by PCR-based RFLP technique. Results: Patients with SCN1A T1067A SNP T/T genotype showed a significant better response rate (p=0.02, 21.9% [23/105] vs. 11.3% [5/44]), TTP (p=0.02, 4.6 months vs. 3.4 months), overall survival (p<.001, 12.3 months. vs. 8.0 months.), and frequency of grade 3/4 toxicity (p=.002) compare to patients with T/A genotype. No A/A genotype was observed. Conclusions: SCN1A gene polymorphism may be potential molecular marker for survival and toxicity in patients with colorectal cancer treated with 5-FU/oxaliplatin. In vitro studies are ongoing to identify the mechanism of resistance by SCN1A. [Table: see text]
Performance analysis of broadcast protocols in ad hoc networks based on self-pruning (2004)

Self-pruning is an effective scheme for efficient broadcasting in ad hoc wireless networks. In a self-pruning broadcast protocol, a node may not forward a broadcast packet if a certain self-pruning condition is satisfied based on the neighborhood information. In a static network with an ideal MAC layer, only a subset of nodes forward the broadcast packet and still guarantee the complete network delivery. Various protocols have been proposed with different self-pruning conditions. Recently, a generic self-pruning protocol was proposed by Wu and Dai (2003), which combines the strength of previous conditions and is more effective. In this paper, we first propose an enhanced version of the generic protocol, which is more elegant in interpreting existing protocols and has a simpler correctness proof. Then, we evaluate the performance of the family of self-pruning protocols under various network situations with ns2. The objective is to observe the efficiency and reliability of these protocols as a function of network density, congestion, and mobility, and provide a guideline of implementation in the "real world". Our performance analysis reveals that the protocol reliability is barely affected by packet collision. However, most self-pruning protocols suffer from low delivery ratio in highly mobile networks. We further explore various techniques that improve the delivery ratio and show that both high efficiency and reliability can be achieved in highly mobile networks.
On the Steady-State Distribution in a Service Facility Carrying Mixtures of Traffic with Different Peakedness Factors and Capacity Requirements (1983)

A recursion formula is described. It is useful for calculating steady-state probabilities in a lost-call-cleared service facility carrying a mixture of message traffics with different peakedness factors and/or capacity requirements. In conjunction with the notion of equivalent trunk groups, these probabilities can then be used to evaluate the blocking probability perceived by each traffic stream.
Spectrophotometric Determination of Yellow Pigment Content and Evaluation of Carotenoids by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography in Durum Wheat Grain (2002)

The so-called "yellow pigment" content of durum wheat has been used for a long time as an indicator of the color quality of durum wheat and pasta products. For decades the chemical nature of these pigments has been assigned to carotenoids, mainly to the xanthophyll lutein and its fatty acid esters. The chemical composition of the yellow pigments of eight German durum wheat cultivars was studied. Grains were milled on a laboratory mill. Pigment extraction of millstream fractions was performed according to the optimized ICC standard method 152 procedure, and the chemical composition of the extract was analyzed by isocratic reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography. all-trans-Lutein ranged from 1.5 to 4 mg kg(-1), and zeaxanthin was found in traces. No lutein esters and carotenes were detected. Surprisingly, the fraction of carotenoids of the complete yellow pigment content amounted to only 30-50% of the yellow pigment quantities, so there are still compounds in durum wheat not yet identified that contribute considerably to the yellow color of the grain extracts. The isolation and chemical identification of those pigments are under investigation.
A Polydiagnostic Application of Operational Criteria in Studies of Psychotic Illness (1991)

• An operational criteria checklist for psychotic illness and computer programs designed to be used in conjunction with it constitute the OPCRIT system. This provides a simple and reliable method of applying multiple operational diagnostic criteria in studies of psychotic illness. The development of the OPCRIT system and an assessment of reliability are described. Diagnostic agreement between three raters is excellent. Item-by-item agreement, although less good, still achieves reasonable reliability despite the problem of low base rates for some items.
THE HEART IN SCLERODERMA (1961)

Scleroderma is one of the collagen diseases, namely one that attacks primarily the mesenchymal collagen fibres of connective tissue. Those collagen fibres already present usually become thickened, but also new ones are formed. The effects of the disease are therefore not confined to the skin, as was thought originally, but are widespread throughout the body, and the term scleroderma is thus a misnomer. In addition to the skin, the main structures to be affected clinically are skeletal muscle, the alimentary system, especially the cesophagus, the lungs, kidneys, endocrine glands, bones, and joints, and the heart. The disease is prone to remission and relapse, but ultimately proves fatal whether it pursues a fulminating course of a few months or even weeks
Compositional ordering in SiGe alloy thin films (1998)

We have performed surface x-ray diffraction experiments on ${\mathrm{Si}}_{0.5}{\mathrm{Ge}}_{0.5}$ films grown on Ge(001) substrates. The results for our thinnest film (eight monolayers) show the compositional order at the initial stages of growth. This ordering is observed underneath the surface $(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$ dimer reconstruction, and was previously predicted by calculations on the equilibrium alloy surface. This initial surface compositional ordering is also consistent with the ultimate structure for the bulk of these films. Measurements from thicker alloy films show an increase in the average order parameter with increasing thickness, but then a decrease with the thickest film of 1000 \AA{}.
'True' fasting serum insulin level, insulin resistance syndrome and coronary artery disease (1997)

An increase of 'true' fasting serum insulin level is a useful practical index to identify patients with the insulin resistance syndrome exposed to increased risk of coronary artery disease.
Splenic infarction from factor V Leiden mutation (1999)

acetate dehydrogenase; MCV, mean corpuscular volume.
To Include or Occlude: Rational Engineering of HCV Vaccines for Humoral Immunity (2021)

Direct-acting antiviral agents have proven highly effective at treating existing hepatitis C infections but despite their availability most countries will not reach the World Health Organization targets for elimination of HCV by 2030. A prophylactic vaccine remains a high priority. Whilst early vaccines focused largely on generating T cell immunity, attention is now aimed at vaccines that generate humoral immunity, either alone or in combination with T cell-based vaccines. High-resolution structures of hepatitis C viral glycoproteins and their interaction with monoclonal antibodies isolated from both cleared and chronically infected people, together with advances in vaccine technologies, provide new avenues for vaccine development.
Differential effect of insulin and epidermal growth factor on the mRNA translocation system and transport of specific poly(A+) mRNA and poly(A-) mRNA in isolated nuclei (1990)

The efficiency of efflux of rapidly labeled poly(A)-containing mRNA from isolated rat liver nuclei was found to be modulated by insulin and epidermal growth factor (EGF) in a biphasic but opposite way. At physiological concentrations (10 pM insulin and 1 pM EGF), maximal stimulation of the transport rate by insulin (to 137%) and maximal inhibition by EGF (to 69%) were obtained; at higher concentrations (greater than 100 pM and greater than 10 pM, respectively), the amount of poly(A)-containing mRNA released into the postnuclear supernatant was nearly identical with the level found in untreated nuclei (= 100%). Using mRNA entrapped into closed nuclear envelope (NE) vesicles as a model system, it was found that the modulation of nuclear efflux of mRNA by the two growth factors occurs at the level of translocation through the nuclear pore. The NE nucleoside-triphosphatase (NTPase) activity, which is thought to mediate nucleocytoplasmic transport of at least some mRNAs, responded to insulin and EGF in the same manner as the mRNA transport rate. The increase in NTPase activity caused by insulin and the decrease in NTPase activity caused by EGF were found to be due to changes of the maximal catalytic rate; the Michaelis constant of the enzyme remained almost constant. Investigating the effect of the two growth factors on transport of specific mRNAs, poly(A)-containing actin mRNA was found to display the same alteration in efflux rate as rapidly labeled, total poly(A)-containing mRNA. In contrast, efflux of histone H4 mRNA, which lacks a 3'-poly(A) sequence, decreased in response to insulin and reached minimum levels at the same concentration at which maximum levels of actin mRNA transport rate were obtained. Studying the mechanism of action of insulin and EGF on NE mRNA translocation system, insulin was found to cause an enhancement of NE-associated phosphoprotein phosphatase activity, resulting in a dephosphorylation of the NE poly(A) binding site (= mRNA carrier) and, hence, in a decrease in its affinity to poly(A) [the poly(A) binding affinity of the poly(A)-recognizing mRNA carrier within the envelope is increased after phosphorylation]. EGF, on the other hand, stimulated the protein kinase, which phosphorylates the carrier, and, hence increased the NE poly(A) binding affinity. Because the stage of phosphorylation of the mRNA carrier (which is coupled with the NTPase within the intact NE structure) is inversely correlated with the activity of the NTPase, an enhancement of poly(A)-containing mRNA transport rate by insulin and an inhibition by EGF are observed.
Accelerating garbage collection for 3D MLC flash memory with SLC blocks (2019)

3D MLC NAND Flash is more appreciated for its massive capacity and significant performance. It's common to configure a portion of flash blocks to SLC-mode to further shorten the requests latency at a small cost of capacity. However, the limited SLC-mode blocks provoke GC (Garbage Collection) procedures more frequently and the GC penalty is heavier for 3D Flash than that for 2D Flash. As the block of 3D Flash consists of much more pages, the increment in the block size prolongs the erase operation latency and increases the number of migrated pages during GC. Existing works focus on reducing the number of migrated pages with sub-block GC strategies, which deeply depends on the distribution of valid pages across the sub-blocks in the victim block. In this paper, we propose a set of schemes called DCD which consists of Dual-mode Handler, Compensated GC and Dynamic Data Distribution. The key idea is to exploit the shorter operation delays of SLC-mode to accelerate the valid pages' migrations during GC, which doesn't rely on the distribution of valid pages inside the victim block. Experimental results show that compared with state-of-the-art designs, DCD shortens the average read response time by 19.8% and 37.3% for block-level and page-level FTL, respectively.
Efficient Circuits for Quantum Walks (2009)

We present an efficient general method for realizing a quantum walk operator corresponding to an arbitrary sparse classical random walk. Our approach is based on Grover and Rudolph's method for preparing coherent versions of efficiently integrable probability distributions. This method is intended for use in quantum walk algorithms with polynomial speedups, whose complexity is usually measured in terms of how many times we have to apply a step of a quantum walk, compared to the number of necessary classical Markov chain steps. We consider a finer notion of complexity including the number of elementary gates it takes to implement each step of the quantum walk with some desired accuracy. The difference in complexity for various implementation approaches is that our method scales linearly in the sparsity parameter and poly-logarithmically with the inverse of the desired precision. The best previously known general methods either scale quadratically in the sparsity parameter, or polynomially in the inverse precision. Our approach is especially relevant for implementing quantum walks corresponding to classical random walks like those used in the classical algorithms for approximating permanents and sampling from binary contingency tables. In those algorithms, the sparsity parameter grows with the problem size, while maintaining high precision is required.
Lassa Virus Isolation from <i>Mastomys natalensis</i> Rodents during an Epidemic in Sierra Leone (1974)

Lassa fever is a severe febrile illness of man, first recognized in West Africa in 1969. During an epidemic in Sierra Leone, Lassa virus was isolated for the first time from wild rodents of Mastomys natalensis. A high prevalence of infected Mastomys was found in houses occupied by patients with Lassa fever. The data presented provide the first demonstration of an extra-human cycle of Lassa virus transmission and suggest that rodent control may be an effective method of limiting the disease.