gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Localized epitaxial growth of IrSi3 on (111) and (001) silicon (1988)

Transmission electron microscopy has been applied to the study of interfacial reactions of iridium thin films on silicon with particular emphasis on the epitaxial growth of IrSi3 on (111) and (001)Si. The formation of precursor phases, IrSi and IrSi1.75, were found to occur mainly in the temperature ranges of 300–500 and 600–900 °C, respectively. The stable IrSi3 was found to grow epitaxially on (111) and (001)Si annealed at 1000–1100 °C. There are three dominant modes of epitaxial IrSi3 on (111)Si and one dominant mode of epitaxial IrSi3 on (001)Si. Interface structures of these different epitaxial modes were determined by diffraction contrast analysis. The quality of IrSi3 epitaxy in terms of the fraction of the silicon surface coverage, size, and the regularity of the interfacial dislocations was found to be the best in (111) samples annealed at 1000 °C. Epitaxial regions of IrSi3, as large as 40 μm in size, were observed on (111)Si. No direct correlation between lattice match and quality of epitaxy could be found. The Burgers vectors of edge-type dislocations for several modes of silicide epitaxy were found to be along the directions with larger lattice mismatches in agreement with a theory by Markov and Milchev [Surf. Sci. 136, 519 (1984)]. A superlattice structure of IrSi3 was found from diffraction pattern analysis. The superlattice structure was determined to be of hexagonal structure and has a unit cell with dimensions three times larger than that reported for IrSi3.
Afferent Arteriolar Vasodilation to the Sulfonimide Analog of 11,12-Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acid Involves Protein Kinase A (1999)

The current study determined the contribution of protein kinase-A (PKA) and protein kinase-G (PKG) to the vasodilation elicited by the N-methylsulfonimide analog of 11,12-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (11, 12-EET). Experiments were performed, in vitro, using the juxtamedullary nephron preparation combined with videomicroscopy. The response of afferent arterioles to the sulfonimide analog of 11, 12-EET, was determined before and after inhibition of PKA, PKG, or guanylyl cyclase. Afferent arterioles, preconstricted with 0.5 micromol/L norepinephrine, averaged 18+/-1 microm (n=25) at a renal perfusion pressure of 100 mm Hg. Superfusion with 0.01 to 100 nmol/L of the 11,12-EET analog caused a graded increase in diameter of the afferent arteriole. Vessel diameter increased by 11+/-1% and 15+/-1%, respectively, in response to 10 and 100 nmol/L of the 11,12-EET analog. The afferent arteriolar response to 10 and 100 nmol/L of the 11,12-EET analog was significantly attenuated during inhibition of PKA with 10 micromol/L H-89 (n=7) or 5 micromol/L myristolated PKI (n=6), such that afferent arteriolar diameter increased by only 5+/-2% and 2+/-1%, respectively, in response to 100 nmol/L of the 11, 12-EET analog. In contrast, the afferent arteriolar vasodilatory response to the 11,12-EET analog was unaffected by PKG or guanylyl cyclase inhibition. In the presence of 200 micromol/L histone H2B (n=5) or 10 micromol/L ODQ (n=7), the afferent arteriolar diameter increased by 16+/-3% and 12+/-2%, respectively, in response to 100 nmol/L of the 11,12-EET analog. These results demonstrate that activation of PKA is an important mechanism responsible for the afferent arteriolar vasodilation elicited by the sulfonimide analog of 11,12-EET.
Short of Complete Abstinence: An Analysis Exploration of Multiple Drinking Episodes in Alcoholism Treatment Trials (2002)

Background In alcoholism treatment clinical trials, conventional analysis of efficacy outcomes often focuses on the time to a first event, where the event may be “any drinking”, “safe (or low risk) drinking”, “moderate drinking” or “heavy drinking,” in addition to multiple outcomes such as frequency of drinking days, percent abstinence days, etc. Methods We consider the multivariate failure time analytic methods. In alcoholism treatment trials, the naturalistic course of drinking behavior during treatment intervention often presents with a gradual change in drinking before the emergence of a more stable drinking or abstinence pattern. Thus, for each subject, evaluation of all drinking events, and incorporating the event times over a defined duration, may give a more comprehensive description of his/her drinking pattern. As a consequence, the efficacy of a new treatment for alcoholism may be elevated with greater statistical sensitivity. Results The utility of the multiple failure time method is demonstrated via a real case study for evaluation of alcoholism treatments. The multiple event time analyses showed that the risk of having “any drinking days” or “heavy drinking days” during the entire duration of the study was significantly lower with experimental treatment than with placebo. Further explorations showed that the treatment effect was primarily observed in the later relapse events and not the first event with respect to relapse to any drinking episodes. Such effect would have missed using the traditional time to first event analysis approach. The observed effect of treatment with respect to relapse to multiple heavy drinking episodes was shown not only in the first event but also in the later events. Conclusion The multiple failure time approach may be applicable when ‘drinking failure’ is variously defined as a single drink, one at-risk drinking day, one heavy drinking day, or one alcohol-related social, occupational or medical problem. If “a drinking episode” is properly defined and the design gains statistical efficiency, the multiple event analytic strategy should provide improved statistical power to detect treatment effects.
Wavelet Image Interpolation Using Approximate Modeling of Exponential Decay (2006)

Image interpolation in the wavelet domain is the estimation problem of the highest frequency subbands. The exponential function can approximate the decay of wavelet coefficients across scales. If we can determine a proper decaying model, the magnitudes of detail coefficients will be predictable. In this paper, we exploit a simple exponential model with meta-parameters which reflects the self-similarity of natural images. The experimental results show that the proposed method outperforms the previous wavelet-domain interpolation methods as well as the conventional bicubic method
The role of complexity in music uses (2015)

This study explores complexity, musical dimensions, and the use of music for cognitive, emotional, or background purposes. In the pilot study, participants rated the complexity of 70 song excerpts representing the Reflective and Complex, Upbeat and Conventional, Intense and Rebellious, and Energetic and Rhythmic dimensions. In the main study, participants listened to 30 songs that were rated as high, moderate, or low complexity in the pilot study. They rated their use of each song on a modified version of the Uses of Music Inventory. The results indicated that highly complex music is used more for cognitive purposes and low complexity music is used more for emotional purposes. Ultimately, these findings confirmed that use of music is influenced by complexity.
Piracetam: A Review of Pharmacological Properties and Clinical Uses (2005)

Piracetam, a derivative of the neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), has a variety of physiological effects that may result, at least in part, from the restoration of cell membrane fluidity. At a neuronal level, piracetam modulates neurotransmission in a range of transmitter systems (including cholinergic and glutamatergic), has neuroprotective and anticonvulsant properties, and improves neuroplasticity. At a vascular level, it appears to reduce erythrocyte adhesion to vascular endothelium, hinder vasospasm, and facilitate microcirculation. This diverse range of physiological effects is consistent with its use in a range of clinical indications. Its efficacy is documented in cognitive disorders and dementia, vertigo, cortical myoclonus, dyslexia, and sickle cell anemia. While high doses are sometimes necessary, piracetam is well tolerated.
Speech event detection using multiband modulation energy (2005)

The need for efficient, sophisticated features for speech event detection is inherent in state of the art processing, enhancement and recognition systems. We explore ideas and techniques from non-linear speech modeling and analysis, like modulations and multiband filtering and propose new energy and spectral content features derived through filtering in multiple frequency bands and tracking dominant modulation energy in terms of the Teager-Kaiser Energy of separate AM-FM components. We present a detection-theoretic motivation and incorporate them in two detection schemes namely word boundary and voice activity detection. The modulation approach demonstrated noisy speech endpoint detection accuracy, reaching »40% error reduction on NTIMIT. In a voice activity scheme, improvement in overall misclassification error of a high hit-rate detector reached 7.5% on Aurora 2 and 9.5% on Aurora 3 databases.
First quantitative high-throughput screen in zebrafish identifies novel pathways for increasing pancreatic β-cell mass (2015)

Whole-organism chemical screening can circumvent bottlenecks that impede drug discovery. However, in vivo screens have not attained throughput capacities possible with in vitro assays. We therefore developed a method enabling in vivo high-throughput screening (HTS) in zebrafish, termed automated reporter quantification in vivo (ARQiv). In this study, ARQiv was combined with robotics to fully actualize whole-organism HTS (ARQiv-HTS). In a primary screen, this platform quantified cell-specific fluorescent reporters in >500,000 transgenic zebrafish larvae to identify FDA-approved (Federal Drug Administration) drugs that increased the number of insulin-producing β cells in the pancreas. 24 drugs were confirmed as inducers of endocrine differentiation and/or stimulators of β-cell proliferation. Further, we discovered novel roles for NF-κB signaling in regulating endocrine differentiation and for serotonergic signaling in selectively stimulating β-cell proliferation. These studies demonstrate the power of ARQiv-HTS for drug discovery and provide unique insights into signaling pathways controlling β-cell mass, potential therapeutic targets for treating diabetes.
ECG analysis: a new approach in human identification (2003)

In this article a new approach in human identification is investigated. For this purpose a standard 12-lead electrocardiogram (EGG), recorded during rest, is used. Selected features extracted from the ECG are used to identify a person in a predetermined group. Multivariate analysis is used for the identification task. Experiments show that it is possible to identify a person by features extracted from one lead only. Hence only three electrodes has to be attached on the person to be identified. This makes the method applicable without too much effort.
Effects of polysaccharides purified from <i>Salviae miltiorrhizae</i> radix on experimental nephrosis in rats (1994)

Abstract A polysaccharide active fraction (AF) obtained from a hot‐water extract of Salviae miltiorrhizae radix was found to reduce urinary protein excretion in rats with aminonucleoside‐induced experimental nephrosis. Its composition was determined as 20% neutral sugars and 80% uronic acids. Oral or intramuscular administration of AF to the rats with aminonucleoside‐induced nephrosis resulted in a significant decrease of urinary protein excretion and an improvement in the levels of serum albumin, cholesterol and lipid peroxide. Further, electron microscopical analysis revealed that the extent and the severity of lesions of the epithelial cells in glomerulus were significantly less in the rats treated with AF.
Manipulation of the Fourier Components of Speckle Fringe Patterns as Part of an Interferometric Analysis Process (1989)

Abstract A Fourier filtration algorithm has been applied to speckled fringe patterns, as obtained with the electronic speckle pattern interferometer. The Fourier power spectrum components found are then conveniently manipulated to extract noise that is inherent to the speckled fringes, thus rendering holographic-quality displays. The use of this technique facilitates the computer interferometric analysis of such fringe patterns. Some examples of the phase fringes and the corresponding object displacements obtained using this method are shown.
Criminal defence rights in a global context (2013)

The right to fair trial is one of those motherhood and apple pie, feel good, aphorisms that no-one, and no government, can seriously disagree with. However, it is often preceded with ‘of course’ – as in ‘of course fair trial is important’, and then often followed by ‘but’ – as in ‘but the system must be efficient’. As soon as you begin to ask what it means, and particularly if you ask what it means in terms of the rights of those suspected or accused of crime, the picture rapidly becomes clouded. In the United Kingdom, and in many other countries, the rise of managerialism and the ‘discovery’ of victims as a political constituency has meant that whilst lip-service is paid to fair trial, the importance of defence rights in the criminal process, both as a substantive aspect of human rights and as a key element of the right to fair trial, has been side-lined if not forgotten.
Electrostatic discharge testing of tunneling magnetoresistive (TMR) devices (2000)

We report on an experimental and SPICE simulation study of electrostatic discharge (ESD) damage of tunneling magnetoresistive (TMR) junctions. The human body model (HBM) ESD failure voltage was found to be 6 V/sub HBM/, higher than the 2 V DC breakdown voltage. This difference is explained in terms of the dependence of the HBM failure voltage on the resistance and capacitance of the TMR device. A simple SPICE model for a TMR device is used to study the response of a TMR device during an ESD event.
Quantitative Genetic Variation in CD19 Expression Correlates with Autoimmunity (2000)

Signaling thresholds influence the balance between humoral immunity and autoimmunity. Cell surface CD19 regulates intrinsic and Ag receptor-induced B lymphocyte signaling thresholds, and transgenic mice that overexpress CD19 by 3-fold generate spontaneous autoantibodies in a genetic background not associated with autoimmunity. To quantify the extent that genetically determined differences in expression of a single cell surface molecule can influence autoantibody production, we have assessed autoimmunity in a C57BL/6-transgenic mouse line with subtle 15-29% increases in CD19 cell surface expression (CD19 transgenic). Antinuclear Abs, especially anti-spindle pole Abs, rheumatoid factor, and autoantibodies for ssDNA, dsDNA, and histone were produced in these transgenic mice, but not littermate controls. This demonstrates that small changes in CD19 expression can induce autoantibody production. Remarkably, similar changes in CD19 expression were found on B cells from patients with systemic sclerosis, a multisystem disorder of connective tissue with autoantibody production. CD19 density on blood B cells from systemic sclerosis patients was significantly ( approximately 20%) higher compared with normal individuals, whereas CD20, CD22, and CD40 expression were normal. These results suggest that modest changes in the expression or function of regulatory molecules such as CD19 may shift the balance between tolerance and immunity to autoimmunity. Thereby autoimmune disease may result from a collection of subtle multigenic alterations that could include incremental density changes in cell surface signaling molecules.
Glass Wool Filters for Concentrating Waterborne Viruses and Agricultural Zoonotic Pathogens (2012)

The key first step in evaluating pathogen levels in suspected contaminated water is concentration. Concentration methods tend to be specific for a particular pathogen group, for example US Environmental Protection Agency Method 1623 for Giardia and Cryptosporidium, which means multiple methods are required if the sampling program is targeting more than one pathogen group. Another drawback of current methods is the equipment can be complicated and expensive, for example the VIRADEL method with the 1MDS cartridge filter for concentrating viruses. In this article we describe how to construct glass wool filters for concentrating waterborne pathogens. After filter elution, the concentrate is amenable to a second concentration step, such as centrifugation, followed by pathogen detection and enumeration by cultural or molecular methods. The filters have several advantages. Construction is easy and the filters can be built to any size for meeting specific sampling requirements. The filter parts are inexpensive, making it possible to collect a large number of samples without severely impacting a project budget. Large sample volumes (100s to 1,000s L) can be concentrated depending on the rate of clogging from sample turbidity. The filters are highly portable and with minimal equipment, such as a pump and flow meter, they can be implemented in the field for sampling finished drinking water, surface water, groundwater, and agricultural runoff. Lastly, glass wool filtration is effective for concentrating a variety of pathogen types so only one method is necessary. Here we report on filter effectiveness in concentrating waterborne human enterovirus, Salmonella enterica, Cryptosporidium parvum, and avian influenza virus.
Thousands of human mobile element fragments undergo strong purifying selection near developmental genes (2007)

At least 5% of the human genome predating the mammalian radiation is thought to have evolved under purifying selection, yet protein-coding and related untranslated exons occupy at most 2% of the genome. Thus, the majority of conserved and, by extension, functional sequence in the human genome seems to be nonexonic. Recent work has highlighted a handful of cases where mobile element insertions have resulted in the introduction of novel conserved nonexonic elements. Here, we present a genome-wide survey of 10,402 constrained nonexonic elements in the human genome that have all been deposited by characterized mobile elements. These repeat instances have been under strong purifying selection since at least the boreoeutherian ancestor (100 Mya). They are most often located in gene deserts and show a strong preference for residing closest to genes involved in development and transcription regulation. In particular, constrained nonexonic elements with clear repetitive origins are located near genes involved in cell adhesion, including all characterized cellular members of the reelin-signaling pathway. Overall, we find that mobile elements have contributed at least 5.5% of all constrained nonexonic elements unique to mammals, suggesting that mobile elements may have played a larger role than previously recognized in shaping and specializing the landscape of gene regulation during mammalian evolution.
Nanogold plasmonic photocatalysis for organic synthesis and clean energy conversion (2014)

This review provides the basic concepts, an overall survey and the state-of-the art of plasmon-based nanogold photocatalysis using visible light including fundamental understanding and major applications to organic reactions and clean energy-conversion systems. First, the basic concepts of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) are recalled, then the major preparation methods of AuNP-based plasmonic photocatalysts are reviewed. The major part of the review is dedicated to the latest progress in the application of nanogold plasmonic photocatalysis to organic transformations and energy conversions, and the proposed mechanisms are discussed. In conclusion, new challenges and perspectives are proposed and analyzed.
Nanolasers based on nanowires and surface plasmons (2009)

Development of nanolasers has been an active area of research for quite a number of years. The overall goal is to make lasers as small as possible or—more quantitatively, as a Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency program1 challenges—to produce a laser that is smaller than a single wavelength in all three spatial dimensions. Although this would be an important length limit to overcome, we have realized that the more immediate obstacle is to have sufficient gain-material length or enough optical (or modal) gain to overcome a variety of light losses. Approaches using nanowires and surface plasmons offer potentially large modal gains and thus appear to be promising. Semiconductor nanowires are 1D structures with high length-diameter aspect ratios, with typical diameters of tens to hundreds of nanometers and lengths of tens to hundreds of microns. A single nanowire can act as a nanolaser2–4 because it simultaneously provides both a gain medium and a waveguide. As optical waveguides, nanowires have two unique features: their diameter is comparable to the wavelength and the refractive-index contrast (between semiconductor and air) is large. Our research shows that this results in many unique nanowire-laser properties, including a confinement factor (the ratio of modal to material gain) greater than unity,5 strongly frequencyand diameter-dependent facet reflectivities,6 and a very nontrivial far-field emission pattern (see Figure 1).7 A confinement factor greater than unity used to be controversial. However, the conventional definition—the field-energy ratio inside the gain medium to the total—is only valid if the field is essentially a paraxial scalar field. More generally (such as in nanowires), we have shown that the confinement factor needs to be generalized mathematically to keep the original physical meaning.5 The larger confinement factor represents an important advantage, allowing nanowires to operate as lasers. The smallest nanowire lasers have dimensions of approximately 100–200nm in diameter and a few microns in length. Even Figure 1. Intensity profile along a nanowire vertically positioned on a substrate. Light, characterized by a nonplanar-field front, is emitted more strongly into the substrate than into the top end.
Subcellular Localization of the Autoimmune Regulator Protein (2001)

The autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene, defective in the hereditary autoimmune disease APECED, encodes a transcriptional regulator protein. AIRE is expressed in the medullary epithelial cells and monocyte-dendritic cells of the thymus with lower expression in the spleen, fetal liver, and lymph nodes. At the cellular level, AIRE is located in microtubular structures of the cytoskeleton and in discrete nuclear dots resembling ND10 nuclear bodies. We studied the determinants of the targeting of AIRE into these structures. We report here that the N-terminal HSR domain confers localization to the microtubular network whereas the C-terminal region contains a second nuclear localization signal. We also demonstrate that the consensus nuclear localization signal of AIRE is functional and that the HSR domain harbors a nuclear export signal. Accordingly, the nuclear export inhibitor leptomycin B partially inhibits the nuclear export of AIRE. From a functional standpoint, we show that AIRE can activate the interferon beta minimal promoter in a transfection assay and demonstrate that the transcriptional activating function of AIRE is mediated by its two plant homeodomain (PHD) zinc fingers.