gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cytotoxic T cells both produce and respond to interleukin 2 (1984)

Interleukin 2 (IL-2) is a T cell-derived lymphokine that serves as a cofactor for the in vitro response of T lymphocytes to antigen and plays an important role in regulating the growth and/or differentiation of these cells (1, 2). It has been postulated (2, 3) that IL-2 is produced by a discrete regulatory T cell subset, with its effects being exerted on a second, functionally distinct subpopulation of T cells. Cytotoxic T cells have been included in the IL-2-responsive subset (3). Several models of immune regulation have further assumed that the T lymphocyte pool is divided into a complex array of genetically preprogrammed T cell subtypes, each performing a specific regulatory or effector function (4, 5). However, recent results from several laboratories (6-8) have failed to support such a strict functional subdivision of the T cell pool. The availability of highly purified mouse IL-2 (1) prompted us to reevaluate the distinction, if any, between IL-2-producing and IL-2- responsive T cells. For this purpose, we resorted to a cell-cloning procedure using activated T lymphocytes that were maintained only for short periods in culture. T cell clones were tested for cytotoxic activity, responsiveness to IL-2, and for the capacity to produce IL-2 after appropriate stimulation. We found no evidence for the existence of a major functional subdivision involving these parameters among alloantigen-activated T cells: the majority of clones analyzed could perform all three functions.
Semenogelin I and II, the predominant human seminal plasma proteins, are also expressed in non-genital tissues (2002)

Semenogelin I (SgI) and semenogelin II (SgII) are the dominating protein components of the coagulum formed by freshly ejaculated human semen. The primary source of these proteins is the seminal vesicles and, apart from a small production of SgII in epididymis, they have not been detected in other tissues. In this report, we have re-examined the distribution of SgI and SgII transcripts and protein by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. Both SgI and SgII transcripts were demonstrated in several tissues, with the strongest signals coming from seminal vesicles, vas deferens, prostate, epididymis and trachea. Transcripts in the gastro-intestinal tract and skeletal muscle almost exclusively encoded SgI, whereas in kidney and testis, SgII transcripts were predominant. By immunohistochemistry, the basal cell layer of the secretory epithelium in prostate, trachea and bronchi was stained by antibodies recognizing both SgI and SgII. This is in contrast to the seminal vesicle and vas deferens, where the luminal cells were stained. The staining of skeletal muscle cells and a few scattered cells in the central nervous system suggests that semenogelin expression is not restricted to epithelial cells.
Protein Production in <i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i> (2008)

Abstract Originally published in: Production of Recombinant Proteins. Edited by Gerd Gellissen. Copyright © 2005 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA Weinheim. Print ISBN: 3‐527‐31036‐4 The sections in this article are Introduction Biology of Pseudomonas fluorescens History and Taxonomy of Pseudomonas fluorescens Strain Biovar I MB101 Cultivation Genomics and Functional Genomics of P. fluorescens Strain MB101 Core Expression Platform for Heterologous Proteins Antibiotic‐free Plasmids using pyrF and proC Gene Deletion Strategy and Re‐usable Markers Periplasmic Secretion and Use of Transposomes Alternative Expression Systems: Anthranilate and Benzoate‐inducible Promoters Production of Heterologous Proteins in P. fluorescens Pharmaceutical Proteins Industrial Enzymes Agricultural Proteins Conclusions Appendix
Microencapsulation (2004)

Abstract This article discusses the concept of microencapsulation, many of the processes by which microcapsules are produced, and a number of microcapsule applications. Nomenclature and selected materials used to form microcapsules are summarized briefly. Encapsulation processes discussed include complex coacervation, polymer–polymer incompatibility, interfacial and in situ polymerization, solvent evaporation, extractive drying, submerged stationary nozzle and centrifugal nozzle, spray drying, fluidized bed, and rotational suspension separation. Microcapsule applications discussed include graphic arts such as carbonless copy paper, prolonged herbicides and insecticides, oral and injectable pharmaceuticals, live cell immobilization for biomedical and biotechnological applications, enhanced performance of food ingredients such as flavors and vitamins, and several general consumer uses such as cosmetics and adhesives.
Coupling between elements of electrically small compound antennas (1999)

Electrically small compound antennas consisting of thin-wire line (TM) and loop (TE) dipoles are analyzed numerically and experimentally to quantitatively describe the actual current distributions along the elements and the effects of mutual coupling between the TM and TE sources. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 22: 16–21, 1999.
Laser-diode-pumped Nd:YAG active-mirror laser (1997)

We describe a simple design, laser-diode-pumped cw Nd:YAG active-mirror laser and present a thermal analysis of the crystal. A cw output power of 2.4 W and an M(2) beam quality value of less than 1.9 at an incident pumping power of 8.9 W were obtained. From the thermal analysis we predict that the output power can be increased by increasing the pump beam diameter and the pump power at a constant excitation density.
USE OF POTASSIUM IODIDE AS A CHEMICAL ACTINOMETER (1993)

Aqueous solutions of KI were examined for use as chemical actinometers to measure 254 nm (germicidal) radiation. Irradiation results in electron ejection from iodide such that aqueous electrons and iodine atoms are formed. In the presence of N2O, an electron scavenger, recombination of these two reactive species is eliminated and stoichiometric formation of triiodide occurs. The absorbance increase due to triiodide was followed and the quantum yield determined using either a radiometer or ferrioxalate actinometry to estimate the amount of energy absorbed by the KI solution. The quantum yield (phi) at 25 degrees C was determined to be 0.26 using radiometry, and 0.224-0.233 using actinometry, depending on the radiation conditions. The following expression was used to measure the incident fluence rate for 254 radiation at a given temperature T for irradiation over a time interval delta t (s) [formula: see text] At temperatures other than 25 degrees C, the temperature dependence of the quantum yield (0.004/degrees C) is taken into account by the term shown in the denominator. Because KI remains relatively blind to longer wavelengths such as those found in normal room light, measurements can be made in the presence of room light without having to work in a darkened room.
Linear threaded algebraic space-time constellations (2003)

Space-time (ST) constellations that are linear over the field of complex numbers are considered. Relevant design criteria for these constellations are summarized and some fundamental limits to their achievable performances are established. The fundamental tradeoff between rate and diversity is investigated under different constraints on the peak power, receiver complexity, and rate scaling with the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). A new family of constellations that achieve optimal or near-optimal performance with respect to the different criteria is presented. The proposed constellations belong to the threaded algebraic ST (TAST) signaling framework, and achieve the optimal minimum squared Euclidean distance and the optimal delay. For systems with one receive antenna, these constellations also achieve the optimal peak-to-average power ratio for quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and phase-shift keying (PSK) input constellations, as well as optimal coding gains in certain scenarios. The framework is general for any number of transmit and receive antennas and allows for realizing the optimal tradeoff between rate and diversity under different constraints. Simulation results demonstrate the performance gains offered by the proposed designs in average power and peak power limited systems.
Reversible Protection and Reactive Patterning of Amine- and Hydroxyl-Terminated Self-Assembled Monolayers on Gold Surfaces for the Fabrication of Biopolymer Arrays (1999)

The reversible protection of amine- and hydroxyl-terminated alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold surfaces using the base-labile protecting group 9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl (Fmoc) and the acid-labile protecting group dimethoxytrityl (DMT) is described. When used in combination with UV photopatterning or μ-contact printing techniques, this reversible SAM protection chemistry can be used to control the reactivity and wettability of different portions of the surface. Such spatial control is utilized in the fabrication of DNA arrays. Specifically, gold surfaces modified with the amine-terminated alkanethiol 11-mercaptoundecylamine (MUAM) are reacted with an N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) ester derivative of Fmoc, forming a covalent urethane (carbamate) linkage and converting the initially hydrophilic MUAM surface to a hydrophobic, Fmoc-terminated surface. Upon exposure of the Fmoc-modified surface to a solution of a secondary amine, the Fmoc is cleaved, regenerating the original hydrophilic MUAM surface. Fmoc is also utilized as a hydroxyl protecting group, as demonstrated by the reaction of Fmoc-Cl with a monolayer of 11-mercaptoundecanol (MUD). The hydrophobic protecting group DMT is reacted with the ω-hydroxyl groups of both MUD and poly(ethylene glycol)-terminated alkanethiol (PEG-SH) SAMs to form an acid labile ether bond; removal of the DMT group is accomplished by soaking the surface in 3% trifluoracetic acid. A combination of polarization−modulation Fourier transform infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PM-FTIRRAS), surface plasmon resonance (SPR), and contact angle measurements is used to characterize the attachment and subsequent removal of the protecting groups. To demonstrate one application of this SAM protection chemistry and reactive patterning, a DNA array is fabricated and used in an SPR imaging measurement of the adsorption of the mismatch binding protein MutS.
A lossless coding method using shape information and rotation compensation for digital museum images (2004)

Studies of digital museum are making progress in the various fields. Especially, in case of preserving 3-D objects, it is necessary to take digital photographs from various viewpoints. Thus, the amount of data becomes huge and a data compression technique should be introduced for archiving them. Moreover, in order to represent art works faithfully, a lossless coding method is indispensable. This study aims to construct an encoding and a browsing scheme that enables free handling according to user's demands for such images. In this paper, we propose a new lossless coding scheme for digital image sequences which were acquired from different perspectives. In such case, the neighboring frames have high correlation. Our proposed coding method is based on a predictive model with the shape information and the rotation compensation. Simulation results show that our proposed scheme is effective for coding of digital image sequences of convex objects.
<title>Multimodality medical image interpretation system: implementation and integration</title> (1992)

An intelligent image interpretation system should be able to help the physician during diagnosis by taking into account medical imaging specificities: (1) various domains of knowledge -- medical scene, acquisition, image processing (IP), interpretation; (2) complex IP procedures which provide relevant diagnostic information, particularly multimodality medical imaging procedures. In this context, we are designing a multimodality medical image interpretation system (MMIIS) involving different expert systems and procedural actors: (1) The medical image database, with an image object formalism. Proper image data are managed as files, image data on which requests can be made, in relational DBs, inference image information in knowledge bases. (2) The user interface we chose was as standard as possible to build a portable system (OSF/Motif). (3) Expert systems and particularly the IP expert system, with specific characteristics, describing knowledge about IP procedures (comparing an object-oriented and a Prolog-based implementation). (4) The IP actor, structured thanks to an IP classification. (5) Communication interfaces, realizing the integration of the above components. They are necessary to achieve homogeneity throughout the system. The complexity of the whole system is due to the complexity of implementing each module as well as their integration. The architecture of the integrated MMIIS is presented as well as the functionality, implementation, and interaction of its various components.
Shaking of the critical state by a small transverse ac field can cause rapid relaxation in superconductors (2003)

In thin superconducting platelets or films in a perpendicular dc magnetic field, the application of a weak in-plane ac magnetic field perpendicular to the dc field causes the irreversible currents to relax rapidly. This 'vortex shaking' effect allows one to measure the reversible magnetic moment in spite of vortex pinning. We explain it first for a long strip with the in-plane ac field perpendicular or parallel to the strip axis (transverse or longitudinal shaking) and then for realistic rectangular platelets with any side ratio. In such rectangles the different relaxation rates of currents flowing in different directions lead to the appearance of a novel spatial structure with multiple current loops.
Electrical tuning of semiconductor interferometric laser (1983)

A semiconductor laser with a Michelson interferometer type cavity was electrically tuned by pumping each of its two branches separately. Two tuning modes were observed, small continuous tuning over 2.5 to 3 Å and step tuning with a total shift of 34 Å.
Spot Weldability of High Strength, Cold Rolled Steels (1979)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The increased usage of high-strength, cold-rolled steels has revealed differences in spot welding characteristics between the thin, high strength steels and the plain carbon steels commonly used in the automotive industries. The response of four, 275 MPa yield strength, cold-rolled steels to a variety of spot welding schedules was determined through an evaluation of mechanical property and fracture appearance tests. The results of this study were compared to various weld quality evaluation criteria and suggestions for a revised criteria were proposed.</div>
Green web services: Improving energy efficiency in data centers via workload predictions (2013)

Improving energy efficiency of data centers is an important research challenge. Web services are an important part of data centers' workload, and a large contributor to their energy footprint. This paper contributes an approach that, leveraging statistical data over web services usage patterns, dynamically predicts the resources required by the web service application. Our framework, SOPRA, uses these predictions to constantly adapt the allocation of resources to minimize the energy utilization of the data center. We demonstrate the viability of our approach by executing SOPRA over a synthetic workload. We compare the energy savings achieved by SOPRA with the traditional over allocation strategy and with the saving achievable by using a static predictor. Furthermore, we show how different service level agreements (SLA) influence the ability to save energy. The results of our experiments show that, with our workload, we can save up to 52.49% of energy over the over-allocation approach while a static prediction can only achieve a 44.78% saving. Moreover, our results show that the SLA has a high impact on energy savings. Using a more demanding SLA, the energy saving SOPRA was able to achieve was only 28.29%.
Transient and steady-state electron transport properties of GaAs and InP (1977)

A Monte Carlo computer technique has been used to calculate nonequilibrium electron transport properties of n-type GaAs and InP at 77 and 300 K, with and without impurity scattering. Characteristics of the electron transient, including velocity overshoot, are presented and analyzed in terms of energy and momentum relaxation times. New information about the steady-state transport properties of InP and about the electron temperatures of GaAs and InP as functions of electric field is also presented and discussed.
An Amino Acid Residue in the Second Extracellular Loop Determines the Agonist-Dependent Tolerance Property of the Human D3 Dopamine Receptor (2013)

The D3 dopamine receptor is a therapeutic target for treating various nervous system disorders such as schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, depression, and addictive behaviors. The crystal structure of the D3 receptor bound to an antagonist was recently described; however, the structural features that contribute to agonist-induced conformational changes and signaling properties are not well understood. We have previously described the conformation-dependent tolerance and slow response termination (SRT) signaling properties of the D3 receptor and identified the C147 residue in the second intracellular loop (IL2) of the D3 receptor as important for the tolerance property. Interestingly, while IL2 and the C147 residue, in particular, were important for dopamine- and quinpirole-induced tolerance, this residue did not affect the severe tolerance induced by the high affinity, D3 receptor-selective agonist, PD128907. Here, we used D2/D3 receptor chimeras and site-specific D3 receptor mutants to identify another residue, D187, in the second extracellular loop (EC2) of the human D3 receptor that mediates the tolerance property induced by PD128907, quinpirole, pramipexole, and dopamine. Molecular dynamics simulations confirmed the distinct conformation adopted by D3 receptor during tolerance and suggested that in the tolerant D3 receptor the D187 residue in EC2 forms a salt bridge with the H354 residue in EC3. Indeed, site-directed mutation of the H354 residue resulted in loss of PD1287907-induced tolerance. The mapping of specific amino acid residues that contribute to agonist-dependent conformation changes and D3 receptor signaling properties refines the agonist-bound D3 receptor pharmacophore model which will help develop novel D3 receptor agonists.
Genetic optimizations of ec-135 noise abatement flight procedures using an aeroacoustic database (2009)

This paper describes the implementation of the DLR SELENE computation chain, able to predict the noise of an arbitrary flight, in a genetic optimizer and the resulting optimization of noise abatement landing procedures for the EC135 helicopter. At each iteration of an optimization, a complete procedure noise footprint is calculated starting from way points prescribing the position and velocity of the helicopter. The noise simulation relies on the use of a database of noise directivity versus flight conditions, in the present case resulting from 2004 flight tests. The optimizer then adjusts the way points in order to minimize the noise on ground. Procedures that\ndo not satisfy safety, comfort and flyability constraints are rejected. A series of such optimizations has been launched and exhibits some trends. The confrontation of each optimized procedure to a torque/velocity diagram shows the relevance of the already observed torque-noise correlation. It\nseems that the optimized procedures are quite robust to side wind and helicopter mass variations. On the contrary, a headwind component has a clear impact on the optimized procedures and on their noise footprint. Several optimized procedures were validated during flight tests in 2008. A\ngood agreement between simulated and measured noise levels is observed. The flight tests confirm the predicted noise reduction by 10 dB SEL between 3 km and 1 km before the landing point. The optimized flight procedures are evaluated as well flyable. A modification of the helicopter fin would make them completely comfortable.
Block copolymer structural color strain sensor (2018)

The development of electrically responsive sensors based on the capacitance, voltage, and resistance that can detect and simultaneou sly visualize the large strain involved with human motion is in great demand. Here, we demonstrate a highly stretchable, large strain capacitive sensor that can visualize strain based on the strain-responsive structural color (SC). Our device contains an elastomeric sensing film that produces a capacitance change under strain, in which a self-assembled block copolymer (BCP) photonic crystal (PC) film with 1D periodic in-plane lamellae aligned parallel to the film surface is embedded for the efficient visualization of strain. The capacitance change arises from changes in the dimensions of the elastomer film under strain. The mechanochromic BCP PC film responds to strain, giving rise to an SC change with strain. The initial red SC of the sensor blueshifts and turns blue when the sensor is stretched to 100%, resulting in a full-color SC alteration as a function of the strain. Our BCP SC strain sensor exhibits a fast strain response with multi-cycle reliability of both the capacitance and SC changes over 1000 cycles. This property allows for efficient visible recognition not only of the strained positions during finger bending and poking with a sharp object but also of the shapes of the strained objects. A strain sensor that changes color when stretched has been developed by a team in Korea. Flexible sensors that measure pressure or strain could find application as wearable health monitors. One route to achieve such sensors is to use dielectric films whose capacitance changes in response to mechanical stimulus. However, an easy way is needed for wearers to read the output. Cheolmin Park from Yonsei University and colleagues constructed a polymer-based material with a periodic structure that reflects light of different colors depending on the degree to which it is extended. Specifically, they created a block copolymer soft-solid film with one-dimensional periodic layers. The capacitance changes under strain as a result of the dimensional change of the elastomer film, causing the initially red sensor to turn blue when fully stretched. A novel block copolymer structural color strain sensor was developed, capable of electrically sensing a strain in capacitance change with simultaneous visualization of the strain. A thin mechanochromic bilayer of a block copolymer structural film with 1-D periodic lamellae placed on an ionic gel layer allowed for direct visualization of strain while sensing in capacitance when embedded in an elastomeric dielectric medium. Our block copolymer structural strain sensor was suitable for a reflective mode electronic skin which readily recognized human motion of the finger, elbow, and knee.
Proline is a protein solubilizing solute (1997)

The effect of proline on the prevention of trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-induced protein precipitation is studied. It is found that proline at high concentrations (> 4.0 M) completely prevents TCA-induced precipitation of hen egg white lysozyme. Other osmolytes such as ethylene glycol, glycerol and sucrose fail to prevent the TCA-induced precipitation of lysozyme. Viscosity and 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulphonic acid binding experiments suggest that proline at high concentration forms an ordered supramolecular assembly. Proline is shown to increase the solubility of protein due to formation of such higher order assemblies. A model of the supra-molecular assembly of proline is proposed and a possible in vivo role of the increased levels of proline under water stress is discussed.