gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Controlling the costs of antibiotic resistance. (1993)

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors have proved to be valuable, life-saving medications in the management of heart failure. While reducing myocardial oxygen consumption, they increase cardiac output and thus renal plasma flow. Despite reports in the literature of adverse effects of these drugs on renal function, the risks of functional deterioration are predictable in patient populations and remediable. Patients at greatest risk of declining renal function during therapy with ACE inhibitors are those in whom maintenance of renal function is dependent on angiotensin II. Reducing the dose of the concomitant diuretic, liberalizing the dietary intake of sodium, and increasing the dose of the ACE inhibitor usually restores renal function to baseline. In patients with severe renal insufficiency, reducing the dose of the ACE inhibitor might be necessary to preserve the glomerular filtration rate.
The impact of <i>Meu1</i>‐mediated resistance in tomato on longevity, fecundity and behavior of the potato aphid, <i>Macrosiphum euphorbiae</i> (1997)

Abstract The effect of the tomato resistance gene, Meu1 , on feeding, longevity, fecundity and developmental rate of the pink biotype of the potato aphid, Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) (Hemiptera, Aphididae), was determined using nearly isogenic tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, Solanaceae) lines. Aphid mortality was significantly higher on resistant plants, with 60% of the aphids dying by the 4th day of exposure. By the 10th day, all the aphids on the resistant plants were dead whereas 100% of the aphids on susceptible plants were alive. Meu1 ‐mediated resistance resulted in significantly decreased fecundity with a ten‐fold decrease in the net fertility rate (4.5 and 45.7 progeny per aphid on resistant and susceptible tomato, respectively). A qualitative analysis showed that honeydew was produced by aphids on resistant and susceptible plants, suggesting that aphids initiate feeding on both plant types. However, significantly lower quantities of honeydew were present when aphids were caged on resistant plants. There were also significant differences in aphid location on resistant and susceptible leaves. Experiments evaluating behavior in less than 24 h showed that aphids left resistant leaves after relatively short exposure (3–6 h). Aphids transferred from resistant to susceptible tomato at intervals between 3 h and 24 h resumed feeding as evidenced by presence of honeydew. Although the mechanism by which Meu1 ‐mediated resistance operates is not yet known, our data suggest that resistance factors act rapidly after initiation of feeding and that lower fecundity and longevity are related to reduction in aphid feeding.
An object-oriented distributed operating system (2002)

The BiiN operating system executive, an extensible multiuser, multitasking, object-based operating system that provides symmetric multiprocessing, distributed computing, transaction processing, and support for real-time programs, is discussed. Key system functions are embedded in VLSI to increase performance, reliability, availability and security. The operating system extends the hardware object support by providing a persistent object store. The complex data structures programmers create to describe entities like compound documents and engineering drawings can be stored as a collection of interconnected objects. The relationship between these objects is embodied in the pointers from one object to another. The operating system can store this collection of objects, as well as the pointers between objects, in the BiiN object store. The operating system provides the requisite synchronization and data integrity primitives to allow different programs to access the same objects simultaneously.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Polysaccharide <i>Agaricus blazei</i> Murill stimulates myeloid derived suppressor cell differentiation from M2 to M1 type, which mediates inhibition of tumour immune‐evasion via the Toll‐like receptor 2 pathway (2015)

Summary Gr‐1 + CD11b + myeloid‐derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) accumulate in tumor‐bearing animals and play a critical negative role during tumor immunotherapy. Strategies for inhibition of MDSCs are expected to improve cancer immunotherapy. Polysaccharide Agaricus blazei Murill (pAbM) has been found to have anti‐cancer activity, but the underlying mechanism of this is poorly understood. Here, pAbM directly activated the purified MDSCs through inducing the expression of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), IL‐12, tumour necrosis factor and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), CD86, MHC II, and pSTAT1 of it, and only affected natural killer and T cells in the presence of Gr‐1 + CD11b + monocytic MDSCs. On further analysis, we demonstrated that pAbM could selectively block the Toll‐like receptor 2 (TLR2) signal of Gr‐1 + CD11b + MDSCs and increased their M1‐type macrophage characteristics, such as producing IL‐12, lowering expression of Arginase 1 and increasing expression of iNOS. Extensive study showed that Gr‐1 + CD11b + MDSCs by pAbM treatment had less ability to convert the CD4 + CD25 − cells into CD4 + CD25 + phenotype. Moreover, result from selective depletion of specific cell populations in xenograft mice model suggested that the anti‐tumour effect of pAbM was dependent on Gr‐1 + CD11b + monocytes, nether CD8 + T cells nor CD4 + T cells. In addition to, pAbM did not inhibit tumour growth in TLR2 –/– mice. All together, these results suggested that pAbM, a natural product commonly used for cancer treatment, was a specific TLR2 agonist and had potent anti‐tumour effects through the opposite of the suppressive function of Gr‐1 + CD11b + MDSCs.
A Role for Lipid Shells in Targeting Proteins to Caveolae, Rafts, and Other Lipid Domains (2002)

The surface membrane of cells is studded with morphologically distinct regions, or domains, like microvilli, cell-cell junctions, and coated pits. Each of these domains is specialized for a particular function, such as nutrient absorption, cell-cell communication, and endocytosis. Lipid domains, which include caveolae and rafts, are one of the least understood membrane domains. These domains are high in cholesterol and sphingolipids, have a light buoyant density, and function in both endocytosis and cell signaling. A major mystery, however, is how resident molecules are targeted to lipid domains. Here, we propose that the molecular address for proteins targeted to lipid domains is a lipid shell.
Dose–response relationships between individual nonaspirin nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NANSAIDs) and serious upper gastrointestinal bleeding: a meta‐analysis based on individual patient data (2002)

The risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding with NANSAIDs varies twenty-fold depending on the drug, and by three to seven-fold depending on the dose chosen. Risk is maximal during the first week and decreases thereafter. Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is not associated with upper gastrointestinal bleeding at any dose and should be the first-line analgesic wherever possible.
Sipuleucel-T (provenge) injection: the first immunotherapy agent (vaccine) for hormone-refractory prostate cancer. (2011)

Therapies for prostate cancer depend on age, rate of the cancer’s growth, the specific benefits and drawbacks of treatment, and stage of disease. Patients older than 70 years of age with a slowly growing, localized tumor may be placed on active surveillance. Patients with localized disease, for whom watchful waiting is inadequate, can undergo surgical removal of the prostate or radiation therapy. Even with these options, the disease recurs in 20% to 30% of patients. For more advanced cases and for cancer that has spread beyond the prostate gland, andro gen-deprivation therapy is commonly used with or without surgery. 2,3
Growth and properties of CdS epitaxial layers by the close-spaced technique (1974)

CdS layers were epitaxially grown on GaAs in an atmosphere of hydrogen gas by the close-spaced technique. Then the thermodynamics of the reaction, the morphology, and electrical properties of the CdS epitaxial films were studied. Examinations of the temperature dependence of the evaporation rate of source CdS powder, of film growth rates, and of surface morphology demonstrated that the growth kinetics are between the mass-transfer control case and the surface-reaction control case, but closer to the former. The electrical properties of the films were greatly influenced by growth conditions, especially by substrate temperature. Film resistivity increased from 10−3 to 1 Ω cm as a function of substrate temperature, and the carrier concentration in the film increased exponentially as the temperature of the substrate was raised: Carrier concentration = 1.31×1029 exp (−1.98/kTsub) cm−3. The dominant donor species in CdS films was shown to originate from the autodoping of Ga by the GaAs substrate. Electron mobility in the films also increased as the temperature of the substrate was raised, which was attributed to the superior crystallinity in the films grown at a rather high substrate temperature.
Parametric Optimization of Cultural Conditions for Carboxymethyl Cellulase Production Using Pretreated Rice Straw by<i>Bacillus sp. 313SI</i>under Stationary and Shaking Conditions (2014)

Carboxymethyl cellulase (CMCase) provides a key opportunity for achieving tremendous benefits of utilizing rice straw as cellulosic biomass. Out of total 80 microbial isolates from different ecological niches one bacterial strain, identified as Bacillus sp. 313SI, was selected for CMCase production under stationary as well as shaking conditions of growth. During two-stage pretreatment, rice straw was first treated with 0.5 M KOH to remove lignin followed by treatment with 0.1 N H2SO4 for removal of hemicellulose. The maximum carboxymethyl cellulase activity of 3.08 U/mL was obtained using 1% (w/v) pretreated rice straw with 1% (v/v) inoculum, pH 8.0 at 35°C after 60 h of growth under stationary conditions, while the same was obtained as 4.15 U/mL using 0.75% (w/v) pretreated substrate with 0.4% (v/v) inoculum, pH 8.0 at 30°C, under shaking conditions of growth for 48 h. For maximum titre of CMCase carboxymethyl cellulose was optimized as the best carbon source under both cultural conditions while ammonium sulphate and ammonium nitrate were optimized as the best nitrogen sources under stationary and shaking conditions, respectively. The present study provides the useful data about the optimized conditions for CMCase production by Bacillus sp. 313SI from pretreated rice straw.
Palm size charging platform with uniform wireless power transfer (2010)

In this paper, the design of wireless inductive charger for portable electronic devices is present. There are two main parts have been included. The first part is the exciting circuit in which to provide sufficient input power to the primary charging platform. The exciting circuit is comprised by oscillator circuit and power amplifier circuit. Both of the two circuits have been simulated in software and verified by measurements. The second part is a two layer near uniform field planar inductive platform (primary coil). The design of the charging platform consists of two layers of square spirals overlapping each other using the principle of superposition. The strong areas (peaks) of one layer are superposition onto the weak areas (troughs) of the other layer. In this manner, a near uniform magnetic field suitable for power and signal transfer is created.
The complex anionic rearrangements of deprotonated α-oximino carbonyl derivatives in the gas phase (1991)

α-Oximino ketones R1COC(NOH)R2 deprotonate preferentially to form R1COC(NO–)R2 and this anion decomposes by a variety of complex rearrangement processes. The two major fragmentations involve the following overall processes (i) and (ii). (i) R1COC(NO–)R2 [graphic omitted] R1CO2–+ R2CN, and (ii) R1COC(NO–)CH2R [graphic omitted] –O(R1)CCCH2+ RNO(R = H or alkyl) It is proposed that reaction (i) involves a four-centre reaction of O– at the carbonyl carbon. No evidence of a Beckmann-type rearrangement is indicated for α-oximino ketones. The corresponding deprotonated α-oximino ketone O-methyl ethers also fragment by complex rearrangement. For example, MeCOC(NOMe)Me deprotonates to form two ions which are interconvertible on collisional activation. The enolate ion is the principal deprotonated species, and it decomposes by the overall process –CH2COC(NOMe)Me →–CH2CN + CH2CO + MeOH. The other anion decomposes by loss of methanol. This is best rationalised either by the Beckmann process MeCOC(NOMe)CH2–→[(CH2CNCOMe)MeO–]→ CH2CNCOCH2–+ MeOH, or a related Neber rearrangement. This investigation was aided by deuterium labelling, and product ion studies.
High Affinity Mannotetraose as an Alternative to Dextran in ConA Based Fluorescent Affinity Glucose Assay Due to Improved FRET Efficiency (2016)

Diabetes mellitus affects millions of people worldwide and requires that individuals tightly self-regulate their blood glucose levels to minimize the associated secondary complications. Continuous monitoring devices potentially offer patients a long-term means to tightly monitor their glucose levels. In recent years, fluorescent affinity sensors based on lectins (e.g., Concanavalin A (ConA)) have been implemented in such devices. Traditionally, these sensors pair the lectin with a multivalent ligand, like dextran, in order to develop a competitive binding assay that changes its fluorescent properties in response to the surrounding glucose concentrations. This work introduces a new type of fluorescent ligand for FRET-based assays in an attempt to improve the sensitivity of such assays. This ligand is rationally designed to present a core trimannose structure and a donor fluorophore in close proximity to one another. This design decreases the distance between the FRET donor and the FRET acceptors on ConA to maximize the FRET efficiency upon binding of the ligand to ConA. This work specifically compares the FRET efficiency and sensitivity of this new competing ligand with a traditional dextran ligand, showing that the new ligand has improved characteristics. This work also tested the long-term thermal stability of the assay based on this new competing ligand and displayed a MARD of less than 10% across the physiological range of glucose after 30 days incubation at 37 °C. Ultimately, this new type of fluorescent ligand has the potential to significantly improve the accuracy of continuous glucose monitoring devices based on the competitive binding sensing approach.
Poly‐3‐Hydroxyalkanoates containing unsaturated repeating units produced by <i>pseudomonas oleovorans</i> (1995)

Abstract Poly‐3‐hydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) containing repeating units with terminal alkene substituents at the 3‐position were produced by Pseudomonas oleovorans grown with either 7‐octeneoic acid [OA()] alone, or 10‐undeceneoic acid [UND()] alone, or mixtures of UND() and either nonanoic acid (NA) or octanoic acid (OA). For the latter, the biomass and PHA yields decreased as the fraction of UND() increased in the mixed carbon substrates. Essentially all of the repeating units in the PHA obtained from cells grown with UND() alone contained terminal alkene groups, including 3‐hydroxy‐10‐undeceneoate, 3‐hydroxy‐8‐noneneoate, and 3‐hydroxy‐6‐hepteneoate units, but less than half of the units in the PHA from OA() had alkene substituents. The PHAs obtained from cells grown with various mixtures of UND() and either OA or NA were random copolymers, and the fraction of units with alkene substituents in these polymers increased in proportion to the fraction of UND() in the mixed carbon substrates. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A Transitive Medial Subspace Lattice (1971)

We give an example of a transitive medial lattice of subspaces of Hubert space which has four nontrivial elements.Let 3C be a separable infinite-dimensional Hubert space (real or complex).A subspace of 3C is a closed linear manifold.If A is a bounded linear operator on 3C, then the collection of all subspaces invariant under A is a lattice.There has been some study of the lattices that can occur as invariant subspace lattices (cf.[2] and references given there).Recently Halmos [l ] initiated the study of the lattices that can occur as the invariant subspace lattices of collections of operators.A subspace lattice is transitive if the only bounded operators which leave invariant all the subspaces in the lattice are the multiples of the identity operator.The basic problem of characterizing transitive lattices seems to be difficult.A lattice with 0 and 1 is said to be medial if every pair of distinct nontrivial (i.e.neither 0 nor 1) elements are complements of each other.Halmos [l] has given an example of a transitive medial subspace lattice with 5 nontrivial elements, and has shown that every transitive medial lattice of subspaces of a finite-dimensional space of (complex) dimension greater than 2 has at least 5 nontrivial elements.In this note we give an example of a transitive medial lattice of subspaces of separable Hubert space which has 4 nontrivial elements.We think that the number 4 is minimal, but we have been unable to prove it.To construct the example let X be a Hubert space with orthonormal basis {e"}r,,-».Let 3C = 3C©X and let Sfllzo, anhand 3TC«,denote the subspaces 3C0O, 0©3C and {(x, x): x£x} of X.Let a" = l for k^O and an = exp(( -l)nn\) for «>0.Let T be the operator defined by M 12 y*e» ) = ( 2-ynoenen+i \ n=-oo / ^ ns-oo
Individualized leukemia cell-population profiles in common B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients (2012)

Immunophenotype is critical for diagnosing common B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (common ALL) and detecting minimal residual disease. We developed a protocol to explore the immunophenotypic profiles of common ALL based on the expression levels of the antigens associated with B lymphoid development, including IL-7Rα (CD127), cytoplasmic CD79a (cCD79a), CD19, VpreB (CD179a), and sIgM, which are successive and essential for progression of B cells along their developmental pathway. Analysis of the immunophenotypes of 48 common ALL cases showed that the immunophenotypic patterns were highly heterogeneous, with the leukemic cell population differing from case to case. Through the comprehensive analysis of immunophenotypic patterns, the profiles of patient-specific composite leukemia cell populations could provide detailed information helpful for the diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring, and individualized therapies for common ALL.
Prediction of Intrauterine Pressure From Electrohysterography Using Optimal Linear Filtering (2006)

We propose a method of predicting intrauterine pressure (IUP) from external electrohysterograms (EHG) using a causal FIR Wiener filter. IUP and 8-channel EHG data were collected simultaneously from 14 laboring patients at term, and prediction models were trained and tested using 10-min windows for each patient and channel. RMS prediction error varied between 5-14 mmHg across all patients. We performed a 4-way analysis of variance on the RMS error, which varied across patients, channels, time (test window) and model (train window). The patient-channel interaction was the most significant factor while channel alone was not significant, indicating that different channels produced significantly different RMS errors depending on the patient. The channel-time factor was significant due to single-channel bursty noise, while time was a significant factor due to multichannel bursty noise. The time-model interaction was not significant, supporting the assumption that the random process generating the IUP and EHG signals was stationary. The results demonstrate the capabilities of optimal linear filter in predicting IUP from external EHG and offer insight into the factors that affect prediction error of IUP from multichannel EHG recordings.
Recent Advances in Half-life Extension Strategies for Therapeutic Peptides and Proteins (2019)

Peptides and proteins are two classes of molecules with attractive possibilities for therapeutic applications. However, the bottleneck for the therapeutic application of many peptides and proteins is their short halflives in vivo, typically just a few minutes to hours. Half-life extension strategies have been extensively studied and many of them have been proven to be effective in the generation of long-acting therapeutics with improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in half-life extension strategies, illustrate their potential applications and give some examples, highlighting the strategies that have been used in approved drugs and for drugs in clinical trials. Meanwhile, several novel strategies that are still in the process of discovery or at a preclinical stage are also introduced. In these strategies, the two most frequently used half-life extension methods are the reduction in the rate of renal clearance or the exploitation of the recycling mechanism of FcRn by binding to the albumin or IgG-Fc. Here, we discuss half-life extension strategies of recombinant therapeutic protein via genetic fusion, rather than chemical conjugation such as PEGylation. With the rapid development of genetic engineering and protein engineering, novel strategies for half-life extension have been emerged consistently. Some of these will be evaluated in clinical trials and may become viable alternatives to current strategies for making next-generation biodrugs.
An Attempt to Stabilize Nilvadipine Solid Dispersion by the Use of Ternary Systems (2003)

Firstly, we investigated the physical stability of nilvadipine (NIL)/crospovidone (cl-PVP) solid dispersion during storage (40 degrees C, 75% relative humidity) with powder x-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dissolution test. These studies indicated that recrystallization occurred during storage and that the dissolution of NIL greatly decreased, compared with that of the initial finding. Secondly, to improve the amorphous form physical stability of NIL, methylcellulose (MC) was added to NIL/cl-PVP solid dispersions as a dispersion carrier and NIL/cl-PVP/MC ternary solid dispersion systems were obtained by the solvent method. Powder x-ray diffraction and DSC studies indicated that the amorphous form physical stability of NIL clearly improved in the NIL/cl-PVP/MC solid dispersion systems during storage. Moreover, the dissolution properties of NIL/cl-PVP/MC solid dispersion systems were characterized by cl-PVP markedly enhancing the dissolution of NIL and MC inhibiting the change of the dissolution of NIL during storage. Finally, we obtained an ideal solid dispersion that was accompanied by a consistently higher rate of dissolution.
Induction of the lysosomal apoptosis pathway by inhibitors of the ubiquitin‐proteasome system (2008)

The lysosomal apoptosis pathway is a potentially interesting therapeutic target. Since apoptosis involving the lysosomal pathway has been described to involve cathepsins, we screened a drug library for agents that induce cathepsin-dependent apoptosis. Using pharmacological inhibitors and siRNA, we identified 2 structurally related agents (NSC687852 and NSC638646) that induced cathepsin D-dependent caspase-cleavage activity in human breast cancer cells. Both agents were found to induce the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. NSC687852 and NSC638646 were found to inhibit the activity of ubiquitin isopeptidases and to induce the accumulation of high-molecular-mass ubiquitins in cells. We show that 3 other inhibitors of the proteasome degradation pathway induce lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) and that cathepsin-D siRNA inhibits apoptosis induced by these agents. We conclude that a screen for cathepsin-dependent apoptosis-inducing agents resulted in the identification of ubiquitin isopeptidase inhibitors and that proteasome inhibitors with different mechanisms of action induce LMP and cathepsin D-dependent apoptosis.