gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bcl-2/Bcl-xL inhibitor ABT-737 sensitizes pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma to paclitaxel-induced cell death (2017)

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is an aggressive malignant disease that is resistant to various chemotherapeutic agents and commonly relapses. Efficient elimination of metastasized PDA is critical for a positive post-surgical treatment outcome. The present study analyzed the effect of the B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2)/B-cell lymphoma extra-large (Bcl-x<sub>L</sub>) inhibitor, ABT-737, on paclitaxel-induced PDA cell death. A total of 8 PDA cell lines were subjected to immunoblotting to compare the expression of Bcl-2/Bcl-x<sub>L</sub> and other factors associated with taxane resistance, including myeloid cell leukemia 1 and βIII-tubulin (TUBB3). The viability of PDA cells was analyzed following treatment with paclitaxel alone or a combination treatment with ABT-737 and paclitaxel. Treatment with the ABT-737/paclitaxel combination induced PDA cell death at a lower concentration of paclitaxel compared with paclitaxel alone. In addition, the viable cell population at the saturation point of paclitaxel was also decreased by co-treatment with ABT-737. ABT-737 lowered the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC<sub>50</sub>) by >2-fold in PDA cells with high Bcl-2/Bcl-x<sub>L</sub> expression, but not in PDA cells with low Bcl-2/Bcl-x<sub>L</sub> expression and high TUBB3 expression. Knockdown of Bcl-x<sub>L</sub> lowered the IC<sub>50</sub> of paclitaxel, but knockdown of TUBB3 did not. ABT-737 sensitized PDA to paclitaxel-induced cell death, and Bcl-x<sub>L</sub> expression was a key determinant of its sensitivity. ABT-737 is potential candidate for combination chemotherapy of PDA with high Bcl-x<sub>L</sub> expression levels.
Familial aggregation of Parkinson’s disease (1999)

In this large sample of prevalent PD patients and population-matched controls, PD significantly aggregates in families, with the strength of the association being age-dependent. Therefore, familial factors, which can be genetic, environmental, or both, play a role in PD.
Alkyl-Functionalized Organic Dyes for Efficient Molecular Photovoltaics (2006)

We designed and synthesized new alkyl-functionalized organic dyes, MK-1 and MK-2, for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Based on the MK-2 dye, a high performance of efficiency (eta, 7.7%; short-circuit current density Jsc = 14.0 mA cm-2, open-circuit voltage Voc = 0.74 V, and fill factor FF = 0.74) was achieved under AM 1.5 G irradiation (100 mW cm-2). Remarkably, the relatively higher Voc for DSSCs based on MK-1 and MK-2 dyes, which have long alkyl chains, were observed among the organic dyes caused by the increasing of the electron lifetime in the conduction band of TiO2. Our molecular design of alkyl-functionalized dyes strongly suggests the promising performance of molecular photovoltaics based on organic dyes.
Assembly and reliability study for the micro-ball grid array (2002)

The /spl mu/BGA is a die-sized, testable package designed for applications requiring high density and power dissipation. It has an area array of contacts beneath the chip, and is assembled in a flip-chip configuration using Surface Mount Technology (SMT). However, it differs from flip-chip in that it has an elastomeric layer between the bump array and the silicon. This layer provides compliance for socket normal forces and allows for thermal expansion mismatches between the silicon and the substrate. The bump pitch ranges from 0.5 to 1.5 mm so that registration tolerances for testing are relatively loose. Initial assembly work on the /spl mu/BGA has shown that SMT is an applicable process. The test chip used was a Texas Instruments (TI) daisy chain die, 12.5 mm/spl times/12.5 mm, with 188 I/O on a 0.5 mm (20 mils) bump pitch. The substrate was specifically designed for solder assembly and test with four TI land patterns. The assembled die were placed with standard pick and place machines.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Graph distances in the streaming model: the value of space (2005)

We investigate the importance of space when solving problems based on graph distance in the streaming model. In this model, the input graph is presented as a stream of edges in an arbitrary order. The main computational restriction of the model is that we have limited space and therefore cannot store all the streamed data; we are forced to make space-efficient summaries of the data as we go along. For a graph of n vertices and m edges, we show that testing many graph properties, including connectivity (ergo any reasonable decision problem about distances) and bipartiteness, requires Ω(n) bits of space. Given this, we then investigate how the power of the model increases as we relax our space restriction. Our main result is an efficient randomized algorithm that constructs a (2t + 1)-spanner in one pass. With high probability, it uses O(t .n1+1/t log2n) bits of space and processes each edge in the stream in O(t2·n1/t log n) time. We find approximations to diameter and girth via the constructed spanner. For t = Ω(log n/log log n), the space requirement of the algorithm is O(n .polylog n), and the per-edge processing time is O(polylog n). We also show a corresponding lower bound of t for the approximation ratio achievable when the space restriction is O(t.n1+1/t log2n).We then consider the scenario in which we are allowed multiple passes over the input stream. Here, we investigate whether allowing these extra passes will compensate for a given space restriction. We show that finding vertices at distance d from a particular vertex will always take d passes, for all d ∈ {1,...,t/2}, when the space restriction is o(n1+1/t). For girth, we show the existence of a direct trade-off between space and passes in the form of a lower bound on the product of the space requirement and number of passes. Finally, we conclude with two general techniques for speeding up the per-edge computation time of streaming algorithms while increasing the space by at most a log factor.
Improvements of Droplet Size Distribution Measurements with the Fast-FSSP (Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe) (1998)

The basics of single particle measurements are discussed and illustrated with measurements of the droplet size distribution with an optical spectrometer, the Forward Scattering Spectrometer Probe (FSSP), and its improved version, the Fast-FSSP. The various sources of uncertainties are successively analyzed: the statistical significance of an incomplete sampling of the particle population, counting losses due to coincidence of particles and electronic dead time of the counter, artificial broadening of the size distributions by the coincidences, inhomogeneities of the sensitive volume of the probe, ambiguities of the Mie scattering curve, errors on the sampled volume, and, finally, the uncertainties on the size calibration of the instrument. It is demonstrated with examples of data collected with the Fast-FSSP that additional parameters, such as the pulse duration and the interarrival times between detections, are crucial for improving the sizing of the particles and the retrieval of the spatial evolution of the size distribution at the smallest scales.
Protein Kinases and Phosphatases and Their Role in Cellular Signaling in Plants (1998)

Plants respond very efficiently to changes in the external environment and accordingly regulate their growth and development. They also have the ability to sense stress conditions and pathogen presence and subsequently activate stress or defense-related functions. Lately, progress has been made in identification of cis- and trans-acting factors that mediate gene expression induced by variable external factors. However, in most of the cases our understanding is limited in relation to the molecular signal transduction events that couple perception of the signal and changes in the gene expression. It is now realized that protein phosphorylation/dephosphorylation has a very important role in signal transduction and also in regulating metabolic activities. During the last decade, a large number of serine/threonine protein kinases have been isolated from plants. Some of these belong to the same category as reported in animal systems, like MAP kinases, receptor kinases, cell division controlling kinases, whereas others are of very novel kind, like calcium-dependent protein kinases, Ca2+ and calmodulin-stimulated protein kinases with visi-nin-like domain and some specific receptor kinases with defined functions in self-incompatibility, pathogen response, and in regulating growth and differentiation. In many cases, genes coding for these kinases have also been cloned and characterized. Similarly, protein phosphatases, also of different types, have been reported, purified, and their genes cloned. In this article, we have reviewed the biochemical properties, the protein, and the gene structure and the biological role of all known important protein kinases and phosphatases. In addition, we have also reviewed, when known, the changes and role of protein phosphorylation in response to exogenous factors like light, hormones, stress, and pathogen attack. In the end, a description of transacting factors that have been shown to bind to specific cis-elements in a phosphorylation/dephosphorylation manner has been given to show the importance of protein kinases and phosphatases in modulating specific gene expression.
Mechanical Derivation of Fused Multiply–Add Algorithms for Linear Transforms (2007)

Several computer architectures offer fused multiply-add (FMA), also called multiply-and-accumulate (MAC) instructions, that are as fast as a single addition or multiplication. For the efficient implementation of linear transforms, such as the discrete Fourier transform or discrete cosine transforms, this poses a challenge to algorithm developers as standard transform algorithms have to be manipulated into FMA algorithms that make optimal use of FMA instructions. We present a general method to convert any transform algorithm into an FMA algorithm. The method works with both algorithms given as directed acyclic graphs (DAGs) and algorithms given as structured matrix factorizations. We prove bounds on the efficiency of the method. In particular, we show that it removes all single multiplications except at most as many as the transform has outputs. We implemented the DAG-based version of the method and show that we can generate many of the best-known hand-derived FMA algorithms from the literature as well as a few novel FMA algorithms.
Postweld aging of a metastable beta-titanium alloy (1973)

From 54th AWS annual meeting; Chicago, IL (2 Apr 1973). Bead-on-plate gas tungsten-arc (GTA) welds were made on the metastable beta alloy Ti--8Mo --8V-- 2Fe --3A1. The weldments were aged over a range of temperatures and times to produce yield strengths from 117 to 181 ksi. The observed spread in weldment elongation at a given strength level can be explained in terms of the microstructure and the fracture process. By unloading the test specimens prior to failure, crack nucleation sites and propagation paths were determined. Understanding of the fracture mechanism with suitable controls on the weldment microstructure have made it possible to overcome brittle failure and to use a welded beta sheet alloy at moderate strength levels. (auth)
Intermediate Robot Building (2010)

David Cook has shared his robot-making experience with readers for over ten years as the host of the popular web site, RobotRoom.com, and in his two Apress books. Like many other enthusiasts, David began with inspiration from NASA's Sojourner landing on Mars.
The Wender Utah Rating Scale: an aid in the retrospective diagnosis of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder [published erratum appears in Am J Psychiatry 1993 Aug;150(8):1280] (1993)

The WURS is sensitive in identifying childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and may be useful in recognizing attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in patients with ambiguous adult psychopathology.
Oncolytic herpes simplex virus treatment of metastatic breast cancer (2011)

The high prevalence and poor prognosis of breast cancer provides a strong rationale for developing new treatment strategies and preventive and therapeutic agents. Oncolytic replication-competent herpes simplex virus (HSV) can infect tumor cells, replicating and killing the cells by direct cytopathic effect and then spreading within the tumor. Replication of oncolytic HSV leads to the destruction of the infected tumor cell and release of new virions, which are able to infect adjacent cells until potentially all tumor cells are destroyed. In this study, the cytotoxicity of a third-generation oncolytic HSV vector, designated G47Δ, was examined in human breast cancer cell lines, as well as in immortalized and normal breast cells. A pulmonary metastatic model of breast cancer established in Balb/c nude mice was used to evaluate the efficacy of G47Δ treatment. Systemic treatment by intravenous administration of G47Δ for metastatic lung tumors was initiated 14 days after injection of tumor cells. On Day 56, the mice were sacrificed and tumor nodules on the surface of the lung were counted. G47Δ was highly cytotoxic to breast cancer and immortalized breast cells in vitro at low multiplicities of infection (MOI), while normal breast cells remained viable 5 days after infection. In the pulmonary metastatic model, the average number of surface lung tumor nodules in the G47Δ-treated group was approximately 9‑fold less than in the control-treated group. X-gal staining illustrated viral replication and spread in the tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, G47Δ effectively killed human breast cancer cells and immortalized breast cells but not normal breast cells. Systemic administration of G47Δ by tail vein injection was effective in inhibiting the growth of established breast cancer lung metastases.
Automated capture, integration, and visualization of multiple media streams (2002)

The authors discuss their efforts in building a system for the automatic generation, integration, and visualization of media streams-independent information sources that define rich interactive experiences. This research is done in the context of a project called Classroom 2000, an experiment in ubiquitous computing for education. They view teaching and learning as a form of multimedia authoring and have developed a system that generates much of the educational content that occurs naturally in university lectures. They have developed a taxonomy for characterizing different media streams that can be captured during or after a live session and present solutions to two research issues that affect the access of a rich multimedia record. The first issue deals with the granularity of stream integration. The second issue deals with methods of visualizing a set of integrated media streams that is scalable and that supports a user's desire to search by browsing.
Effects of Nonlinear Power Amplifiers on the Spectrum of CPFSK Signals (1984)

The nonlinear behaviour of high-power amplifiers (HPAs) constitutes a serious, conditioning performance impairment in digital radio, whenever great spectrum efficiency is required such as in modern satellite communications, terrestrial radio links or radio mobile systems. In fact, the effects of filtering followed by amplifying in transmission give rise to power spectrum spreading on account of nonlinear distortion, and consequently to an increase of adjacent channel interference. When the HPA must work at saturation in order to give out its maximum power, angle modulation systems, with constant envelope, seem to be more attractive than amplitude - and phase - modulated ones, which require linearization [1]. In this paper, the CPFSK signal with modulation pulses assumed to be rectangular, with a length τ less than the symbol time, T, is tested in the above-mentioned conditions. The power spectral density in the various points of the transmitter is displayed for fixed HPA characteristics (AM/AM and AM/PM conversions); its behaviour is analyzed for varying filter bandwidths and modulation parameters (duty-cycle of the modulation pulses, τ/T, and maximum angular frequency deviation, ω <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">d</sub> ). The results obtained, experimentally checked, show that, unlike other angle modulation systems (PSK, offset PSK, MSK), in the CPFSK case the HPA output has a power spectrum which can be efficiently controlled by means of filtering at the intermediate frequency. For this purpose, only a suitable choiche of τ/T and ω <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">d</sub> is required.
A Wireless Location System for Sensing the Relative Position between Mining Vehicles (2007)

In this paper a novel system and concept for sensing the relative position between mining vehicles is introduced. The localization is based on secondary radar like distance measurements between radar basestations on the excavator and transponders on the truck. Based on a novel geometry-matching algorithm it is possible to determine the relative position between truck and excavator precisely even in complex measurement and environmental conditions. The geometry-matching algorithm overcomes problems of usual triangulation based approaches because it efficiently reduces the risk to get an underdetermined set of geometric equations in conditions where measuring paths are shadowed or disturbed. The proposed concept allows for a steady and flexible control of all movements of the truck relative to an excavator and thus can contribute effectively to increase automation and productivity in future mining systems. The results of first full-scale experiments show the consistency and good performance of the proposed approach.
Microwave System for the Early Stage Detection of Congestive Heart Failure (2014)

Fluid accumulation inside the lungs, known as cardiac pulmonary edema, is one of the main early symptoms of congestive heart failure (CHF). That accumulation causes significant changes in the electrical properties of the lung tissues, which in turn can be detected using microwave techniques. To that end, the design and implementation of an automated ultrahigh-frequency microwave-based system for CHF detection and monitoring is presented. The hardware of the system consists of a wideband folded antenna attached to a fully automated vertical scanning platform, compact microwave transceiver, and laptop. The system includes software in the form of operational control, signal processing, and visualizing algorithms. To detect CHF, the system is designed to vertically scan the rear side of the human torso in a monostatic radar approach. The collected data from the scanning is then visualized in the time domain using the inverse Fourier transform. These images show the intensity of the reflected signals from different parts of the torso. Using a differential based detection technique, a threshold is defined to differentiate between healthy and unhealthy cases. This paper includes details of developing the automated platform, designing the antenna with the required properties imposed by the system, developing a signal processing algorithm, and introducing differential detection technique besides investigating miscellaneous probable CHF cases.
Phase II trial of sunitinib in bevacizumab-refractory metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC): Updated results and analysis of circulating biomarkers (2007)

5035 Background: Sunitinib malate is an oral, multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor with antiangiogenic and antitumor activity. This study evaluated the safety and activity of sunitinib in mRCC patients (pts) previously treated with the VEGF-neutralizing antibody, bevacizumab. Levels of angiogenic biomarkers, including plasma VEGF and soluble VEGFR-3 (sVEGFR-3), were assessed for predictive significance with clinical response. Methods: Pts were required to have mRCC with disease progression following bevacizumab- based therapy, measurable disease, ECOG performance status 0 or 1, and adequate organ function. Pts were treated with sunitinib 50 mg daily in 6-week cycles (4 weeks on, followed by 2 weeks off). The primary endpoint was objective response according to RECIST. Plasma VEGF and sVEGFR-3 levels were measured in pre-treatment samples and at multiple timepoints on study. Results: A total of 61 pts were enrolled. The objective partial response rate was 23% (95% CI: 13%, 36%); 35 pts (57%) demonstrated stable disease. The median duration of response was 36 weeks (95% CI: 26, NA) and progression-free survival was 30 weeks (95% CI: 18, 34). Plasma VEGF levels increased from baseline (3-fold mean elevation), while plasma sVEGFR-3 levels decreased from baseline (40% mean reduction). Pre-treatment VEGF levels were significantly higher in pts (n=34) with <10 weeks between cessation of bevacizumab and start of sunitinib (p<0.001); ELISA specificity suggests that detected VEGF is not bevacizumab-bound. Pre-treatment sVEGFR-3 levels were significantly lower at baseline in responding pts vs. non-responding pts (p<0.0318). A greater reduction in sVEGFR-3 levels was seen in responding pts vs. non-responding pts (p<0.10). Pretreatment VEGF and VEGF fold-changes did not differ according to clinical response. Conclusions: Sunitinib has significant antitumor activity in bevacizumab-refractory mRCC pts, suggesting absence of cross-resistance between bevacizumab and sunitinib. Biomarkers including plasma VEGF and sVEGFR-3 may have predictive potential in sunitinib-treated patients. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Dynamic object viewers for data structures (2007)

The jGRASP lightweight IDE has been extended to provide object viewers that automatically generate dynamic, state-based visualizations of data structures in Java. These viewers provide multiple synchronized visualizations of data structures as the user steps through the source code in either debug or workbench mode. This tight integration in a lightweight IDE provides a unique and promising environment for learning data structures. Initial classroom use has demonstrated the object viewers' potential as an aid to students who are learning to write and modify classes representing data structures. Recently completed controlled experiments with CS2 students indicate that these viewers can have a significant positive impact on student performance.