gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Studies of Sugars and Sorbitol in Developing Corn Kernels (1984)

Sugars and sorbitol were determined on corn (Zea mays L.) kernels harvested at various developmental stages, using sugary (su), sugary-sugary enhancer (su se), and starchy (Su) cultivars. In all cultivars tested, the sorbitol content increased from trace amounts in unpollinated ovules to a maximum at about the time that rapid starch synthesis was proceeding. Thereafter, sorbitol and sugars decreased continuously to the mature dry stage. Sorbitol in the su se kernels was higher than that of other cultivars from 28 days postpollination onwards; sucrose and maltose were higher from 21 days onwards. [(14)C]Sorbitol was recovered from kernel base, pedicel, and endosperm of IL677a (su se) kernels after allowing a flag leaf to fix (14)CO(2) photosynthetically. No [(14)C]sorbitol was detected in the shank of the ear, and none was detected by the gas chromatograph. [(14)C]Sucrose was the predominant labeled substance recovered from the kernel base, pedicel, and endosperm tissues during the 10-h chase period, as well as from the shank of the ear, and nonradioactive sucrose was the predominant ethanol-soluble compound detected by the gas chromatograph. Hence, sorbitol appears not to be translocated from corn leaves as it is in certain woody plants of the rose family. The altered sugar profile of su se kernels may be related to reduced starch synthesis, but the biochemical mechanism is not yet known.
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpu protein is an oligomeric type I integral membrane protein (1993)

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 Vpu protein is a 16-kDa phosphoprotein which enhances the efficiency of virion production and induces rapid degradation of CD4, the cellular receptor for human immunodeficiency virus. The topology of membrane-inserted Vpu was investigated by using in vitro-synthesized Vpu cotranslationally inserted into canine microsomal membranes. Proteolytic digestion and immunoprecipitation studies revealed that Vpu was a type I integral membrane protein, with the hydrophilic domain projecting from the cytoplasmic membrane face. In addition, several high-molecular-weight proteins containing Vpu were identified by chemical cross-linking. Such complexes also formed when wild-type Vpu and a Tat-Vpu fusion protein were coexpressed. Subsequent analysis by one- and two-dimensional electrophoresis revealed that these high-molecular-weight complexes consisted of homo-oligomers of Vpu. These findings indicate that Vpu is a type I integral membrane protein capable of multimerization.
Multiple upset in memories & their impact on error predictions and subsystem designs (2002)

The occurrence of multiple upset errors during ground tests can contaminate the data and lead to error cross sections which are too high. In space, multiple errors may produce higher upsets than predicted and if they occur in single words they can defeat error-detection-and-correction hardware. This investigation involves data which were taken during an experimental study of dose imprint effects in static memories. The results show that multiple errors occurred mainly for heavy ions with high LETs and with the majority of these in the soft upset sections of the dose-imprinted memory samples. The percentages of the total number of errors which were singlets, doublets, and triplets, were determined as a function of LET, dose, and soft or hard section of the devices. The experimental observations are compared to predictions of simple binomial statistics.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Immunohistochemical analysis of Smac/DIABLO expression in human carcinomas and sarcomas (2003)

Second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (Smac/DIABLO) is released from mitochondria into the cytosol during apoptosis, promoting caspase activation by neutralizing the inhibition of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) on caspases. Alteration of apoptosis is essential for cancer development, and cancer cell death by radiation and chemotherapy is largely dependent upon apoptosis. In this study, archival tissues of 100 carcinomas and 50 sarcomas from various origins were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for the expression of Smac/DIABLO. Smac/DIABLO immunoreactivity was seen in 62 of 100 (62%) carcinomas, including 42 of 60 stomach carcinomas, 7 of 10 colorectal carcinomas, 4 of 10 lung carcinomas, 7 of 10 ovarian carcinomas, and 2 of 10 prostate carcinomas. Smac/DIABLO is expressed in 11 of 50 (22%) sarcomas, including 2 of 8 malignant schwannomas, 5 of 11 rhabdomyosarcomas, 2 of 7 malignant fibrous histiocytomas, 1 of 6 leiomyosarcomas, 0 of 8 angiosarcomas, 0 of 8 liposarcomas, and 1 of 2 Ewing's sarcomas. These data demonstrated that Smac/DIABLO expression levels vary depending on the individual cancer types. Furthermore, the present study showed that many human cancers do not express Smac/DIABLO, and suggest that lack of Smac/DIABLO expression in the cancer cells may inhibit apoptosis, thereby promoting their survival.
Copper‐Catalyzed Synthesis of <i>N</i>‐Sulfonyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles: Controlling Selectivity (2007)

4-Substituted 1-(N-sulfonyl)-1,2,3-triazoles are selectively obtained by using the Cu-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition reaction with sulfonyl azides. Performing the reaction at 0 °C in chloroform in the presence of 2,6-lutidine and CuI as the catalyst effectively prevents the ketenimine pathway and provides convenient access to N-sulfonyltriazoles in good to excellent yields. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2007/z604241_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Kernel regression and radial basis function net: some theoretical studies (2003)

After building up some connections between the radial basis function (RBF) network and kernel regression estimator (KRE), the authors introduce several recent theoretical results on KRE. They show that KRE can not only be used as a neural network model, but can also provide new results on the theoretical analysis of an RBF net in terms of the ability of approximation, the rate of convergence, and the size of the receptive field of the radial basis function. These results are quite useful for further theoretical studies on the RBF as well as in guiding the design of the RBF net in practice.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Water-Based Insulating Fluids for Deepwater Riser Applications (2006)

Summary Uncontrolled heat transfer from production tubing to outer annulus—especially in deepwater riser sections—can cause the deposition of sludge, paraffin, and asphaltene materials; contribute to the formation of gas hydrates; and limit shut-in time for unplanned downtime or remedial operations. Generally, deepwater risers can be insulated externally or insulated by placing nitrogen gas into the riser annulus. In recent years, a new water-based thermal-insulating fluid system has been developed and used in field applications. This new system reduces convection and provides a rheological profile to facilitate fluid placement into the riser annulus. This system has been successfully used in deepwater risers in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM). Laboratory-scale equipment and a full-scale test well were constructed to evaluate the thermal-insulation properties of fluids. This paper details the testing procedures and methods. Steady-state heat-transfer- and cool-down-test results on the new insulation fluid were determined and compared to conventional fluids. These superinsulating fluids were found to be vastly superior to brine and measurably better than conventional water-based insulating fluids. Surprisingly, when compared to nitrogen (air) or argon, the superinsulating fluids provided enhanced protection during cool down. Field cases in the GOM are summarized to demonstrate the effectiveness of this fluid system.
Transepithelial migration of neutrophils into the lung requires TREM-1 (2012)

Acute respiratory infections are responsible for more than 4 million deaths each year. Neutrophils play an essential role in the innate immune response to lung infection. These cells have an armamentarium of pattern recognition molecules and antimicrobial agents that identify and eliminate pathogens. In the setting of infection, neutrophil triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1 (TREM-1) amplifies inflammatory signaling.
A contour-based recovery of image flow: Iterative transformation method (1991)

The authors present an iterative algorithm for the recovery of 2-D motion, i.e., for the determination of a transformation that maps one image onto another. The local ambiguity in measuring the motion of contour segments (the aperture problem) implies a reliance on measurements along the normal direction. Since the measured normal flow does not agree with the actual normal flow, the full flow recovered from this erroneous flow also possesses substantial error, and any attempt to recover the 3-D motion from such full flow fails. The proposed method is based on the observation that a polynomial approximation of the image flow provides sufficient information for 3-D motion computation. The use of an explicit flow model results in improved normal flow estimates through an iterative process. The authors discuss the adequacy and the convergence of the algorithm. The algorithm was tested on some synthetic and some simple natural time-varying images. The image flow recovered from this scheme is sufficiently accurate to be useful in 3-D structure and motion computation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Design of Multilayer Optical Coatings Using Convex Optimization (2007)

For the first time, convex optimization is applied to the design of multilayer optical coatings. We present two different approaches to approximate the design problem as a convex optimization problem. This problem is then efficiently solved using interior point methods. Our formulation is fast and flexible, allowing the designer to add any number of constraints. The results show that the used approximation is tight and has a good match with the exact solution
An Adaptive Self-Organizing Color Segmentation Algorithm with Application to Robust Real-time Human Hand Localization (2000)

In Proc. Asian Conf. on Computer Vision, Taiwan, 2000 This paper describes an adaptive self-organizing color segmentation algorithm and a transductive learning algorithm used to localize human hand in video sequences. The color distribution at each time frame is approximated by the proposed 1-D self-organizing map (SOM), in which schemes of growing, pruning and merging are facilitated to find an appropriate number of color cluster automatically. Due to the dynamic backgrounds and changing lighting conditions, the distribution of color over time may not be stationary. An algorithm of SOM transduction is proposed to learn the nonstationary color distribution in HSI color space by combining supervised and unsupervised learning paradigms. Color cue and motion cue are integrated in the localization system, in which motion cue is employed to focus the attention of the system. This approach is also applied to other tasks such as human face tracking and color indexing. Our localization system...
Photovoltaic Devices with an Active Layer from a Stamping Transfer Technique: Single Layer Versus Double Layer (2010)

In this study, organic photovoltaic devices with single or double-layered active film were prepared from a stamping transfer technique. A P3HT/PCBM single-layered active layer and a ratio-controlled P3HT/PCBM double-layered active can be successfully fabricated with the help of ultraviolet curable polycarbonate films via a stamping transfer technique. The maximum conversion efficiency values 2.85 for a single active layer transferred device and 3.24% for an optimized double active layer transferred device. Even though transferred double layers should have a sharp interface boundary, an intermixed zone with a concentration gradient was generated by the interpenetration of a donor-rich layer and an acceptor-rich layer in a thermal annealing process. The generation of the intermixed zone is confirmed by Auger electron spectroscopy. The enhanced conversion efficiency levels are attributed to the increased efficiency of the carrier transporting process, which is due to the fact that the concentration gradient is combined with the efficient charge generation from the bulk heterojunction layers.
Studies on the Nature of the “Microfibrillar” Component of Elastic Fibers (1971)

Elastin was prepared from calf ligamentum nuchae with several methods using the following solvents for the extraction of extraneous (non‐elastin) proteins: 0.1 N NaOH at 100 °C, 88% formic acid at 45 °C, 70% trichloracetic acid at +4 °C, 5 M guanidine HCl with a thiol reagent and autoclaving in water. All elastin samples contained small amounts of carbohydrate. Electron microscopy showed the presence in all samples of electron‐translucent lamellae and osmiophilic uranyl‐lead stainable “microfibrillar” elements. The osmiophilic “microfibrils” decreased strongly in the elastin preparations after extraction with 8 M urea–0.1 M 2‐mercaptoethanol, 5 M guanidine–0.05 M dithiothreitol or 0.1 M Na 2 SO 3 . These solvents extracted a significant proportion of the hexose content of the elastin samples with only 6–7% of their protein content. Similar results were obtained with chymotrypsin digestion although this enzyme acts less selectively than the above mentioned solvents and degrades elastin also. When 125 I‐labelled elastin was used for extraction with 8 M urea–0.1 M mercaptoethanol the extracted glycopeptides had a significantly higher specific activity than the residual elastin. These results suggest that the microfibrillar elements are derived from or are identical with the structural glycoproteins which were extracted from elastin‐rich tissues by identical procedures [12]. The presence of glycoprotein in varying proportions in purified elastin preparations can explain the variation of its amino acid content (ratio of polar to non‐polar amino acids) with age or in certain pathological conditions (atheromatosis, emphysema) and some of its immunochemical properties (cross reactions with structural glycoproteins).
Modeling the functional area of the thumb on mobile touchscreen surfaces (2014)

We present a predictive model for the functional area of the thumb on a touchscreen surface: the area of the interface reachable by the thumb of the hand that is holding the device. We derive a quadratic formula by analyzing the kinematics of the gripping hand. Model fit is high for the thumb-motion trajectories of 20 participants. The model predicts the functional area for a given 1) surface size, 2) hand size, and 3) position of the index finger on the back of the device. Designers can use this model to ensure that a user interface is suitable for interaction with the thumb. The model can also be used inversely - that is, to infer the grips assumed by a given user interface layout.
Mechanisms of inside-out signaling of the high-affinity IgG receptor FcγRI (2018)

Fc receptors (FcRs) are an important bridge between the innate and adaptive immune system. Fc gamma receptor I (FcγRI; CD64), the high-affinity receptor for immunoglobulin G (IgG), plays roles in inflammation, autoimmune responses, and immunotherapy. Stimulation of myeloid cells with cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α ( TNFα) and interferon-γ ( IFNγ), increases the binding of FcγRI to immune complexes (ICs), such as antibody-opsonized pathogens or tumor cells, through a process known as "inside-out" signaling. Using super-resolution imaging, we found that stimulation of cells with IL-3 also enhanced the clustering of FcγRI both before and after exposure to ICs. This increased clustering was dependent on an intact actin cytoskeleton. We found that chemical inhibition of the activity of the phosphatase PP1 reduced FcγRI inside-out signaling, although the phosphorylation of FcγRI itself was unaffected. Furthermore, the antibody-dependent cytotoxic activity of human neutrophils toward CD20-expressing tumor cells was increased after stimulation with TNFα and IFNγ. These results suggest that nanoscale reorganization of FcγRI, stimulated by cytokine-induced, inside-out signaling, enhances FcγRI cellular effector functions.
Receptors for oxo acids: effects of intra-ion-pair hydrogen bonding on acid-base equilibria (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReceptors for oxo acids: effects of intra-ion-pair hydrogen bonding on acid-base equilibriaKei Manabe, Kimio Okamura, Tadamasa Date, and Kenji KogaCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1993, 58, 24, 6692–6700Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1993https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00076a031Request reuse permissionsArticle Views787Altmetric-Citations34LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (2 MB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Virtual alignment of x-ray cone-beam tomography system using two calibration aperture measurements (1999)

In cone-beam tomography, relatively small misalignment of the imaging system is geometrically magnified and may cause severe distortion of the reconstructed image. We describe a method for align- ment of a cone-beam tomography system built on an x-ray microfocus tube, an image intensifier, and a high-resolution CCD camera. To obtain geometrical parameters of system misalignment, we suggest measuring two 180-deg-opposed cone-beam radiographs of a specially manufac- tured calibration aperture. An advantage of the aperture over other cali- bration objects is that we can easily restore its idealized picture by ap- plying a certain threshold to the measured data. The method permits the lateral displacement vector and lateral tilt angle to be accurately found. Unlike other alignment methods, our approach enables virtual system alignment by using mathematical processing of the measured data, rather than moving the parts of the system. The virtually aligned system data are used for 3-D image reconstruction by a standard filtered back- projection algorithm. Experimental results demonstrate considerable im- provement of the image quality after applying the alignment method sug- gested. © 1999 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. (S0091-3286(99)00802-8)
Somatostatin receptors in gastroentero-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours. (2003)

Five somatostatin receptor (sst) subtype genes, sst(1), sst(2), sst(3), sst(4) and sst(5), have been cloned and characterised. The five sst subtypes all bind natural somatostatin-14 and somatostatin-28 with high affinity. Endocrine pancreatic and endocrine digestive tract tumours also express multiple sst subtypes, but sst(2) predominance is generally found. However, there is considerable variation in sst subtype expression between the different tumour types and among tumours of the same type. The predominant expression of sst(2) receptors on pancreatic endocrine or carcinoid tumours is essential for the control of hormonal hypersecretion by the octapeptide somatostatin analogues such as octreotide and lanreotide. Somatostatin and its octapeptide analogues are also able to inhibit proliferation of normal and tumour cells. The high density of sst(2) or sst(5) on pancreatic endocrine or carcinoid tumours further allows the use of radiolabelled somatostatin analogues for in vivo visualisation. The predominant expression of sst(2) receptors in these tumours and the efficiency of sst(2) receptors to undergo agonist-induced internalisation is also essential for the application of radiolabelled octapeptide somatostatin analogues. Currently, [(111)In-DTPA(0)]octreotide, [(90)Y-DOTA(0),Tyr(3)]octreotide, [(177)Lu-DOTA(0)Tyr(3)]octreotate, [(111)In-DOTA(0)]lanreotide and [(90)Y-DOTA(0)]lanreotide can be used for this purpose.
Product operators, coherence pathways, and phase cycling. Part II. coherence pathways in multipulse sequences: spin echoes, stimulated echoes, and multiple‐quantum coherences (1995)

Abstract The Compact Cartesian Coordinate Product‐Operator (C3PO) descriptions of an uncoupled spin I = ½ in one‐pulse, two‐pulse, and three‐pulse sequences are presented. The properties of free induction decays, spin echoes, double spin echoes, and stimulated echoes are discussed. Vector pictures of a 90°–90° spin echo and a stimulated echo are presented. The C3PO descriptions of IS and I 3 S spin systems in multipulse sequences are also discussed, including polarization transfer and multiple‐quantum coherences. Suggestions for optimizing one coherence pathway and minimizing others are provided.
Indolo[2,3‐<i>a</i>]chinolizine und eine einfache Synthese von Flavoserpentin (1988)

Abstract Das aus Tryptamin‐hydrochlorid und Acetylacetaldehyd (als Enolether oder Acetal) gebildete 3‐Acetyl‐7,12‐dihydro‐2‐methyl‐6 H ‐indolo[2,3‐ a ]chinolizinium‐chlorid ( 2a ) wird hinsichtlich Bildungsweise und reaktivem Verhalten, besonders bei Reduktion und Oxidation, untersucht. Dies gilt auch für das durch (stereoselektive) Disproportionierung gebildete Hexahydrochinolizin 4 . Die 2a entsprechende Base 7 besitzt Pyridonmethid‐Struktur, nach Acetalisierung oder Dehydrierung jedoch Betain‐Charakter ( 8, 12 ). Durch Clemmensen‐Reduktion von 2a oder von Dehydrierungsprodukt 9a entsteht das Ethyl‐Derivat Flavoserpentin ( 9e ). Mit 1,1‐Dimethoxy‐3‐pentanon erhält man die homologen Dihydrochinolizinium‐Salze 19 und 20 .