gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis of temperature dependence of background phase errors in phase-contrast cardiovascular magnetic resonance (2014)

It is concluded that changes in gradient mount temperature significantly modify background phase errors during PC-CMR with high gradient duty cycle. Since temperature increases significantly during the first minutes of scanning the results presented are also of relevance for single-slice or multi-slice PC-CMR scans. The findings prompt for further studies to investigate advanced correction methods taking into account gradient temperature and/or the use of concurrent field-monitoring to map gradient-induced fields throughout the scan.
Circulating hematopoietic progenitor cells in first trimester fetal blood (2000)

The yolk sac and aorto-gonad-mesonephros region are well recognized as the principal sites of hematopoiesis in the developing embryo, and the liver is the principal site of hematopoiesis in the fetus. However, little is known about circulating hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in early fetal life. We investigated the number and characteristics of circulating progenitors in first trimester blood of 64 human fetuses (median gestational age, 10(+4) weeks; range, 7(+6)-13(+6) weeks). CD34+ cells accounted for 5.1 +/- 1.0% of CD45+ cells in first trimester blood, which is significantly more than in term cord blood (0.4 +/- 0.03%; P =.0015). However, the concentration of CD34+ cells (6.6 +/- 2.4 x 10(4)/mL) was similar to that in term cord blood (5.6 +/- 3.9 x 10(4)/mL). The total number of progenitors cultured from unsorted mononuclear cells (MNCs) in first trimester blood was 19.2 +/- 2.1 x 10(3)/mL, which is similar to that in term cord blood (26.4 +/- 5.6 x 10(3)/mL). All lineages were seen: colony-forming unit-GEMM (CFU-GEMM), CFU-GM, BFU-e, BFU-MK, and CFU-MK. Clonogenic assays of CD34+ cells purified from first trimester samples produced mainly two lineages: BFU-e (39.0 +/- 9.6 x 10(3)/mL CD34+ cells) and CFU-GEMM (22.6 +/- 4.7 x 10(3)/mL CD34+ cells). Short-term liquid culture of first trimester blood MNCs in SCF + IL-3 + Flt-3 (stem cell factor + interleukin-3 + Flt-3) increased, by 7-fold, the numbers of CFU-GEMM and induced a dramatic increase in BFU-e (65.6 +/- 12.1-fold). These data show that significant numbers of committed and multipotent progenitors with capacity for expansion circulate in first trimester fetal blood and can be CD34 selected. These cells should be suitable targets for gene transfer and stem cell transplantation and, because fetal hematopoietic progenitors have been demonstrated in the maternal circulation from early gestation, may also be manipulated for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis of major genetic disorders. (Blood. 2000;95:1967-1972)
Stapes Vibration Produced by the Output Transducer of an Implantable Hearing Aid: Experimental Study (1987)

• The function of the output transducer of an implantable hearing aid was assessed by applying it to the stapes head in seven fresh human cadaver temporal bones while observing vibration of the stapes under a microscope with the use of a stroboscope and a video measuring system. The transducer was a 5 × 1.2 × 0.6-mm piezoelectric ceramic bimorph with attached metal holder. Transmission changed with the amount of force holding the transducer tip on the head of the stapes. An optimal connection between the vibrator and stapes produced better transmission than a tight or loose connection. Gluing the connection with cyanoacrylate cement decreased transmission in the optimal connection, produced no change in the tight connection, and improved transmission in the loose connection. Comparison of stapes displacement produced by the vibrator at 1 kHz with that produced by normal middle-ear sound transmission revealed that the vibrator-induced stapes displacement for a 1 V peak-to-peak input was equivalent to that produced by a sound stimulus of 90-dB sound pressure level at the tympanic membrane. (<i>Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg</i>1987;113:1078-1081)
A General Procedure to Evaluate Robot Positioning Errors (1987)

A new, explicit, and complete formulation that describes the geometric errors due to both origin translation and misalign ments of axes in the positioning of an open-loop robot ma nipulator has been presented. The formulation does not use the usual Denavit-Hartenberg approach. The results clearly display the role of each quantity involved and allow easy physical interpretation of each error term. First, a general kinematic formulation for an ideal robot with an arbitrary number of links is developed. The geometric errors in axes locations and orientations are then shown to be skew coordi nate transformations with origin translations and are incor porated into the analysis using general tensor algebra. The final forms of forward and backward transformations contain up to 9 (N + 2) error parameters for a robot with N physical links. This theoretical formulation is applied to a specific six-degrees-of-freedom robot. It is observed that of the possi ble 72 errors in this robot, only 53 can independently contrib ute to the error at the end effector and are the only ones that can be determined by measurements made at the end effec tor. It is shown how a correlation matrix analysis can be used to isolate these 53 parameters. In addition. it is shown how, using a successive orthogonalization technique, one can eliminate from consideration error parameters (eight in the present case) that are too small to be significant but contrib ute to the ill-conditioning of the coefficient matrix. Applica tion of the procedure to computer-simulated data shows that the formulation and the numerical techniques developed here combine to form a powerful method to calibrate a robot.
Modelling of bitumen fragment adsorption on Cu<sup>+</sup> and Ag<sup>+</sup> exchanged zeolite nanoparticles (2008)

We investigate bitumen desulfurisation on zeolite chabazite nanoparticles that contain Ag+ and Cu+ by using periodic density functional theory. The large bitumen molecules that contain thiophene derivative impurities and useful aromatic hydrocarbons cannot enter into zeolite pores but adsorb on the outer surface of the zeolite. The zeolite nanoparticle surface can be optimised for efficient impurities removal and bitumen upgrading, as we have shown recently. On chabazite nanoparticle surface, Ag+ that reside near the main channel enhance the bitumen fragment adsorption in the order benzene < thiophene < benzothiophene < dibenzothiophene. For Cu+, the bitumen fragment adsorption strength increases in the order benzene < dibenzothiophene < benzothiophene < thiophene. The different trends arise from the spatial constraint of the surface termination and the smaller ionic radius of Cu+ relative to Ag+. Our results show that zeolite surface modifications allow for stronger adsorption of thiophenes relative to hydrocarbons. Our results can be applied toward the rational design of zeolite nanoparticles for bitumen upgrading. We conclude that the preferred configurations of organic macromolecules adsorbed on zeolite outer surfaces can be safely predicted by using Fukui functions.
Messenger RNA for urokinase plasminogen activator is expressed in myofibroblasts adjacent to cancer cells in human breast cancer. (1996)

Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) is a serine proteinase involved in degradation of the extracellular matrix during cancer invasion. uPA is up-regulated in breast cancer, and high levels of uPA in tumor extracts are strongly associated with poor prognosis. Like several other matrix proteinases, uPA is in some types of cancer, including breast cancer, expressed by stromal cells. The present study was undertaken to determine the identity of the uPA-expressing stromal cells in breast cancer tissue. By in situ hybridization, a positive signal for uPA mRNA was in 26 of 28 ductal and four of five lobular carcinomas demonstrated in stromal cells adjacent to nests of cancer cells, whereas only one ductal carcinoma showed a positive reaction in the epithelial component itself. The positive stromal cells were found in both the peripheral and central parts of the tumors. Stromal cells surrounding carcinoma in situ lesions were uPA mRNA positive in a few cases, and no signal was observed in the neighboring nonmalignant tissue. Cell identification was done by immunostaining with Ab to markers for the following cell types: myoepithelial cells, myofibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, macrophages, endothelial cells, and epithelial cells. The only one of these cell types that had a distribution similar to the uPA mRNA-expressing cells was myofibroblasts, recognized as extravascular alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive and cytokeratin-negative cells. On adjacent sections, colocalization was found of cells positive for uPA mRNA and cells positive for alpha-smooth muscle actin and negative for cytokeratin. We concluded that the uPA mRNA-expressing cells are myofibroblasts. The myofibroblasts have previously been found to be abundant in breast cancer tissue. They primarily originate by differentiation of fibroblasts, probably induced by cytokines released from the cancer cells. The present findings suggest that the myofibroblasts, through production of uPA, play an active role in breast cancer invasion.
Toll-like receptor (TLR4) shedding and depletion: acute proximal tubular cell responses to hypoxic and toxic injury (2006)

Acute renal failure (ARF) induces tubular hyperresponsiveness to TLR4 ligands, culminating in exaggerated renal cytokine/chemokine production. However, the fate of TLR4 protein during acute tubular injury remains unknown. The study sought new insights into this issue. Male CD-1 mice were subjected to 1) unilateral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R), 2) cisplatin (CP) nephrotoxicity, or 3) glycerol-induced myohemoglobinuric ARF. Renal cortical TLR4 protein (Western blotting, immunohistochemistry) and TLR4 mRNA levels (RT-PCR) were determined thereafter (90 min-4 days). Urinary TLR4 excretion post-I/R or CP injection was also assessed. To gain proximal tubule-specific results, TLR4 protein and mRNA were quantified in posthypoxic or oxidant (Fe)-challenged isolated mouse tubules. Finally, TLR4 mRNA was determined in antimycin A-injured cultured proximal tubular (HK-2) cells. Acute in vivo renal injury reduced proximal tubule TLR4 content. These changes corresponded with the appearance of TLR4 fragment(s) in urine and a persistent increase in renal cortical TLR4 mRNA. Isolated proximal tubules responded to injury with rapid TLR4 reductions, dramatic extracellular TLR4 release, and increases in TLR4 mRNA. Glycine blocked these processes, implying membrane pore formation was involved. HK-2 cell injury increased TLR4 mRNA, but not protein levels, suggesting intact transcriptional, but not translational, pathways. Diverse forms of acute tubular injury rapidly reduce proximal tubular TLR4 content. Plasma membrane TLR4 release through glycine-suppressible pores, possibly coupled with a translation block, appears to be involved. Rapid postinjury urinary TLR4 excretion suggests its potential utility as a "biomarker" of impending ARF.
Endothelial degradation of extracellular lyso-phosphatidylcholine (1999)

Formation of lysophospholipids, including lyso-phosphatidylcholine (lysoPC), is enhanced during oxidation of low-density lipoprotein, in ischaemic tissue and under inflammatory conditions. Besides being potentially cytotoxic, extracellular lysoPC induces changes in several properties of vascular endothelial cells. These include expression of endothelial adhesion molecules and interference with the endothelial production of nitrogen monoxide, prostacyclin and growth factors. One way of controlling the concentration of extracellular lysoPC is by the action of lysophospholipases, which degrade lysoPC into a free fatty acid and glycerophosphocholine. We therefore tested whether vascular endothelial cells have the ability to degrade extracellular lysoPC. Monolayers of primary cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells degraded an average of 84+/-24 nmol lysoPC/10(6) cells/2 h. By comparison, monocytes degraded 9.7+/-3.7 nmol lysoPC/10(6) cells/2 h, and erythrocytes and platelets < 1 nmol lysoPC/10(6) cells/2 h. The ability of endothelial cells to degrade extracellular phospholipids (diacylphosphatidyl choline) was found to be relatively low (9.5+/-6.4 nmol/10(6) cells/2 h). Triacylglycerol hydrolase activity was just above detection level. In conclusion, endothelial cells seem to degrade extracellular lysoPC effectively. This endothelial property may be important in controlling plasma and tissue levels of extracellular lysoPC as well as in the interaction between lysoPC and the vascular endothelium.
Chemical Cross-Linking and Mass Spectrometry As a Low-Resolution Protein Structure Determination Technique (2010)

Protein complexes are the foundation of a majority of cellular processes. Although a large number of protein complexes have been identified through biochemical experiments, the precise molecular details and three-dimensional structures are available for only a small fraction. Chemical cross-linking coupled with mass spectrometry (CXMS) has gained popularity in recent years for characterization of inter- and intraprotein interactions in protein complexes. This perspective provides a comprehensive and critical overview of CXMS strategies employed for structural elucidation of protein complexes. We evaluate the challenges associated with CXMS techniques with special emphasis on data analysis. As sensitivity, mass resolution, mass accuracy and ease of use of mass spectrometers have improved, the complexity of processing and interpreting CXMS data has become the central problem to be addressed. We review here a number of computer programs available to address these problems.
Indirect Stimulation of Human Vγ2Vδ2 T Cells through Alterations in Isoprenoid Metabolism (2011)

Human Vγ2Vδ2 T cells monitor isoprenoid metabolism by recognizing (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl pyrophosphate (HMBPP), an intermediate in the 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol-4-phosphate pathway used by microbes, and isopentenyl pyrophosphate (IPP), an intermediate in the mevalonate pathway used by humans. Aminobisphosphonates and alkylamines indirectly stimulate Vγ2Vδ2 cells by inhibiting farnesyl diphosphate synthase (FDPS) in the mevalonate pathway, thereby increasing IPP/triphosphoric acid 1-adenosin-5'-yl ester 3-(3-methylbut-3-enyl) ester that directly stimulate. In this study, we further characterize stimulation by these compounds and define pathways used by new classes of compounds. Consistent with FDPS inhibition, stimulation of Vγ2Vδ2 cells by aminobisphosphonates and alkylamines was much more sensitive to statin inhibition than stimulation by prenyl pyrophosphates; however, the continuous presence of aminobisphosphonates was toxic for T cells and blocked their proliferation. Aminobisphosphonate stimulation was rapid and prolonged, independent of known Ag-presenting molecules, and resistant to fixation. New classes of stimulatory compounds-mevalonate, the alcohol of HMBPP, and alkenyl phosphonates-likely stimulate differently. Mevalonate, a rate-limiting metabolite, appears to enter cells to increase IPP levels, whereas the alcohol of HMBPP and alkenyl phosphonates are directly recognized. The critical chemical feature of bisphosphonates is the amino moiety, because its loss switched aminobisphosphonates to direct Ags. Transfection of APCs with small interfering RNA downregulating FDPS rendered them stimulatory for Vγ2Vδ2 cells and increased cellular IPP. Small interfering RNAs for isopentenyl diphosphate isomerase functioned similarly. Our results show that a variety of manipulations affecting isoprenoid metabolism lead to stimulation of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells and that pulsing aminobisphosphonates would be more effective for the ex vivo expansion of Vγ2Vδ2 T cells for adoptive cancer immunotherapy.
Scalable OFDM design for underwater acoustic communications (2008)

Multicarrier modulation in the form of OFDM has been actively pursued for underwater acoustic communication recently. In this paper, we present a desirable property of OFDM that one signal design can be easily scaled to fit into different transmission bandwidths with negligible changes on the receiver. We have tested the proposed design with data collected from experiments at AUV Fest, Panama City, FL, June 2007, and at the Buzzards Bay, MA, Aug. 2007. With QPSK modulation, we have used different bandwidths from 3 kHz to 50 kHz, leading to data rates from 1.5 kbps to 25 kbps after rate 1/2 coding. With 16-QAM modulation, we have used different bandwidths from 12 kHz to 50 kHz, leading to data rates from 12 kbps to 50 kbps. Excellent BER performance has been achieved, which confirms the flexibility of OFDM under different system setups.
Quantitative analysis of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in acute rejection of kidney graft (2014)

Objective To study the value of quantitative analysis of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in diagnosing acute rejection of kidney graft.Methods Sixty-seven patients with normal kidney grafts and thirty-five patients with acute rejection were recruited.In conventional ultrasound,the peak systolic velocity (PSV) and resistance index (RI) of segmental artery and interlobar artery were measured.In quantitative analysis of contrast-enhanced ultrasound,four regions of interest including renal cortex,medulla,segmental artery and interlobar artery were drew and three parameters including rising time(RT),time to peak(TTP) and mean transit time(mTT) were obtained.In addition,the difference in RT,TTP and mTT between the renal cortex and interlobar artery,as well as medulla and interlobar artery were calculated.Results The differences of PSV in interlobar artery between the two groups were statistically significant (P ＜0.05).The time-intensity curves of the whole kidney grafts,and the difference in RT and TTP between the renal cortex and interlobar artery were statistically different between two groups (P ＜0.05).Conclasions Quantitative analysis of contrast-enhanced ultrasound proved a quantitative method for diagnosing kidney allograft acute rejection.

Key words: 
Ultrasonography; Microbubbles; Kidney transplantation; Graft rejection
Academic Achievement: A Model Of School Learning For Eighth Grade Students (1996)

Path analytic procedures, using a sample of 24,599 eighth graders from the National Educational Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS:88), was used in determining the effects of theory-driven school lea...
The Problem of Typological Thinking in Mental Retardation (1997)

Despite the acceptance of evolutionary theory in the biological and social sciences, typological thinking--the belief that individual differences diverge around an underlying type or essence--has persisted. The most egregious example is J. H. Langdon Down's "ethnological classification of idiocy," taken seriously in the field for almost 80 years after its origin in 1866. Past and present controversies over the definition of mental retardation have turned on an unacknowledged typological axis. Some contemporary research on Down syndrome indicates that the allure of typology is still an obstacle to the appreciation of individual differences and human dignity in the field of mental retardation.
FLT3 inhibition selectively kills childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells with high levels of FLT3 expression (2004)

FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) is almost universally expressed in B-precursor childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Cases of ALL with MLL gene rearrangements and those with high hyperdiploidy (> 50 chromosomes) express the highest levels of FLT3, and activating mutations of FLT3 occur in 18% of MLL-rearranged and 28% of hyperdiploid ALL cases. We determined the antileukemic activity of CEP-701, a potent and selective FLT3 inhibitor, in 8 ALL cell lines and 39 bone marrow samples obtained at diagnosis from infants and children with various subtypes of ALL. CEP-701 induced pronounced apoptotic responses in a higher percentage of samples that expressed high levels of FLT3 (74%, n = 23) compared with samples with low levels of expression (8%, n = 13; P = .0003). Sensitivity to FLT3 inhibition was particularly high in samples with MLL gene rearrangements (82%, n = 11; P = .0005), high hyperdiploidy (100%, n = 5; P = .0007), and/or FLT3 mutations (100%, n = 4; P = .0021). Seven of 7 sensitive samples examined by immunoblotting demonstrated constitutively phosphorylated FLT3 that was potently inhibited by CEP-701, whereas 0 of 6 resistant samples expressed constitutively phosphorylated FLT3. We conclude that the FLT3 inhibitor CEP-701 effectively suppresses FLT3-driven leukemic cell survival. Clinical testing of CEP-701 as a novel molecularly targeted agent for the treatment of childhood ALL is warranted.
Studies on the photostability and phototoxicity of aloe-emodin, emodin and rhein. (2002)

Aloe-emodin (1), emodin (2) and rhein (3) were found to be photolabile by visible (390-500 nm) light under aerobic conditions. The drugs 1, 2 and 3 were phototoxic in vitro when examined by the photohemolysis test under both oxygen and argon atmospheres, although the photohemolysis rate was markedly lower under anaerobic conditions. The experiments were also carried out in the presence of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), reduced glutathione (GSH), sodium azide (NaN3) and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Based on the inhibition of this process on addition of BHA, GSH, SOD and NaN3, there would seem to be involvement of free radicals (type I mechanism) and singlet oxygen in the process (type II mechanism). The in vitro phototoxicity of this anthraquinone series was also verified in a lipid-photoperoxidation test with linoleic acid. In summary, this anthraquinone series is phototoxic in vitro. This behavior can be explained through the involvement of singlet oxygen and stable photoproducts.
Prevalence of Myopia in Sherpa and Tibetan Children in Nepal (1999)

The prevalence of myopia in Sherpa children is low and their rural lifestyle appears to be relatively unstressed. Tibetan children have a higher prevalence of myopia and more rigorous schooling. We did not establish a causal relationship between myopia and the type of schooling, or the environment in general, but we did demonstrate that a simple, rural lifestyle is at least compatible with a virtual absence of myopia.
Calcific uraemic arteriolopathy (calciphylaxis): data from a large nationwide registry (2016)

Approximately 50% of CUA patients used VKA. Our data suggest that uncontrolled hyperparathyroidism is not the key determinant of calciphylaxis. Therapeutic strategies were heterogeneous. The experience of the German registry will help substantially to initiate a large-scale multinational CUA registry.