gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CaO: II, Properties* (1969)

Strength and fracture properties of single and polycrystalline CaO are presented along with some optical and hydration properties. Single crystals have optical transmission from about 0.2 to 12 μm, wider than MgO in both the infrared and ultraviolet, but develop absorption, particularly at 2.75 μm, from atmospheric attack. They have the same cleavage and slip systems as MgO, but are softer. The yield stress, which is sensitive to impurities, is from 2 to 6 × 10 3 psi at room temperature for purer crystals and is about doubled at liquid nitrogen temperatures. Room temperature strengths of polycrystalline CaO as high as 30,000 psi appear to be primarily determined by dislocation phenomena and hence are sensitive to impurity content, state, and distribution. Lower temperature behavior appears to be determined more by flaws, whereas high temperature strengths can be severely limited by grain boundary sliding enhanced by small quantities of impurities. Sanding of both single and dense polycrystalline bodies can increase strength, apparently because of surface work hardening, but reduces crystal ductility. Testing in water or after exposure to moisture has at most a limited effect on strengths of dense polycrystalline CaO, whereas single crystals have the same or greater ductility in water as in air. Moisture attack on such bodies is usually quite slow, often taking several months or longer for serious attack, indicating some possibilities for applications without protection. Cracking from moisture attack proceeds by wedging action resulting from the larger volume of the hydrate forming in a pre‐existing crack, flaw, or void.
Pathologic Potential of Astrocytic Vesicle Traffic: New Targets to Treat Neurologic Diseases? (2015)

Vesicles are small intracellular organelles that are fundamental for constitutive housekeeping of the plasmalemma, intercellular transport, and cell-to-cell communications. In astroglial cells, traffic of vesicles is associated with cell morphology, which determines the signaling potential and metabolic support for neighboring cells, including when these cells are considered to be used for cell transplantations or for regulating neurogenesis. Moreover, vesicles are used in astrocytes for the release of vesicle-laden chemical messengers. Here we review the properties of membrane-bound vesicles that store gliotransmitters, endolysosomes that are involved in the traffic of plasma membrane receptors, and membrane transporters. These vesicles are all linked to pathological states, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, neuroinflammation, trauma, edema, and states in which astrocytes contribute to developmental disorders. In multiple sclerosis, for example, fingolimod, a recently introduced drug, apparently affects vesicle traffic and gliotransmitter release from astrocytes, indicating that this process may well be used as a new pathophysiologic target for the development of new therapies.
Effects of Container Size and Transplanting Date on the Growth of Tree Seedlings (1983)

Superior growth was obtained from deciduous and coniferous trees seeded into the largest volume propagation container. This effect remained evident through the second growing season for all species. In a second experiment, larger containers were in some cases better, but attempts to improve growth by means other than an increase in propagation volume proved futile. Earlier transplant dates were much less important than container size.
Segment selection in the L&h Realspeak laboratory TTS system. (2000)

The L&H RealSpeak Laboratory TTS (RSLab) system is a corpus based speech synthesis system comprising components that deal with linguistic processing, prosody prediction, segment selection, concatenation and modification. In this paper we focus on the segment selection process. During segment selection, the units in a large database of speech are scored with a cost according to their prosodic/phonetic mismatch with the target description of the utterance to be synthesized. This prosodic/phonetic cost is computed on the basis of a combination of symbolic and numeric features. The candidate units from the speech database are then evaluated for the ease with which they can be concatenated. A dynamic programming algorithm, using additive costs, is used to find the optimal path of candidates to represent the spoken utterance. The chosen segments are then concatenated in the time domain to yield a smooth-sounding speech signal, with natural-sounding prosody. One of the keys to the success of the segment selection component is the context dependent choice of cost functions, and the method of combining the costs from the various features. The RSLab system makes use of a family of complex cost functions that allows linguistic and perceptual knowledge to be incorporated in the segment selection process.
Spark Plasma Sintering of Metals and Metal Matrix Nanocomposites: A Review (2012)

Metal matrix nanocomposites (MMNCs) are those metal matrix composites where the reinforcement is of nanometer dimensions, typically less than 100 nm in size. Also, it is possible to have both the matrix and reinforcement phases of nanometer dimensions. The improvement in mechanical properties of MMNCs is attributed to the size and strength of the reinforcement as well as to the fine grain size of the matrix. Spark plasma sintering has been used extensively over the past years to consolidate wide range of materials including nanocomposites and was shown to be effective noneconventional sintering method for obtaining fully dense materials with preserved nanostructure features. The objective of this work is to briefly present the spark plasma sintering process and review published work on spark‐plasma‐sintered metals and metal matrix nanocomposites.
Caracterização de material compósito diatomáceo natural (2003)

O presente trabalho mostra os resultados de um estudo sobre as características físico-químicas e morfológicas de uma amostra de material compósito diatomáceo obtida de uma lagoa de água doce (Campos dos Goytacazes-RJ). Este material foi selecionado de modo que suas características com respeito a morfologia, composição química, difração de raios X, análise térmica, análise de tamanho de partícula e superfície específica pudessem ser estudadas. Os resultados revelaram uma morfologia tubular para o material diatomáceo. Este material é constituído basicamente por sílica e caulinita, bem como apresenta um tamanho de frústula acima de 15 mim. Os resultados obtidos indicam que o material diatomáceo tem potencial para aproveitamento para beneficiamento.
Viral Proteases: An Emerging Therapeutic Target (1988)

Only a few viral diseases are presently treatable because of our limited knowledge of specific viral target molecules. An attractive class of viral molecules toward which chemotherapeutic agents could be aimed are proteases coded by some virus groups such as retro- or picornaviruses (poliomyelitis, common cold virus). The picornavirus enzymes were discovered first, and they have now been characterized by a combination of molecular-genetic and biochemical approaches. Several laboratories have expressed the picornaviral enzymes in heterologous systems and have reported proteolytic activity, as well as the high cleavage fidelity diagnostic of the viral proteases. After dealing with several technical difficulties often encountered in standard genetic engineering approaches, one viral protease is now available to us in quantity and is amendable to mutagenic procedures. The initial outcome of the mutagenesis studies has been the confirmation of our earlier work with inhibitors, which suggested a cysteine active-site class. There is a clustering of active-site residues which may be unique to these viruses. The requirement for an active-site cysteine-histidine pair in combination with detailed information on the viral cleavage sites has permitted design of selective inhibitors with attractive antiviral properties. Future goals include investigation of the structural basis for selective processing and application of the cleavage specificity to general problems in genetic engineering.
Regulation of the Human Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex (1976)

1. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex from human heart has been partially purified and shown to be regulated by a phosphorylation-dephosphorylation cycle similar to that previously found for other mammalian tissues. 2. Incubation of the complex with ATP (2 mmol/1) led to its inactivation associated with the concomitant incorporation into the protein of 32P from the terminal phosphate group of the ATP. Pyruvate, ADP, thiamin pyrophosphate and dichloroacetate diminished the rate of inactivation by ATP. 3. Pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase from human heart requires Mg2+ for activity and is sensitive to Ca2+ at concentrations of a few mumol/1. Similar ionic requirements of the skeletal muscle phosphatase have been demonstrated in a crude tissue extract. 4. The activity of pyruvate dehydrogenase in human adipose tissue was less than 10% of typical values in rats. This could be due to the high level of dietary fat consumed by humans, which is known to repress the enzyme activity in rats.
Generating a self-organizing kidney from pluripotent cells (2015)

The generation of kidney organoids is a major advance in nephrology. Such organoids may be useful for disease modelling and drug screening. Ultimately, our capacity to generate organoids may extend to the development of tissues for transplantation.
Predicting time to dementia using a quantitative template of disease progression (2018)

Abstract Introduction Characterization of longitudinal trajectories of biomarkers implicated in sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in decades prior to clinical diagnosis is important for disease prevention and monitoring. Methods We used a multivariate Bayesian model to temporally align 1369 AD Neuroimaging Initiative participants based on the similarity of their longitudinal biomarker measures and estimated a quantitative template of the temporal evolution cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) A β 1-42 , p-tau 181p , and t-tau, hippocampal volume, brain glucose metabolism, and cognitive measurements. We computed biomarker trajectories as a function of time to AD dementia, and predicted AD dementia onset age in a disjoint sample. Results Quantitative template showed early changes in verbal memory, CSF A β 1-42 and p-tau 181p , and hippocampal volume. Mean error in predicted AD dementia onset age was < 1.5 years. Discussion Our method provides a quantitative approach for characterizing the natural history of AD starting at preclinical stages despite the lack of individual-level longitudinal data spanning the entire disease timeline.
Genes for stroke (2004)

Identifying the genes involved in multifactorial stroke

Half the risk of ischaemic stroke remains unexplained by conventional risk factors1 and genetic predisposition has been widely speculated to account for some of this unexplained risk.2 Although significant progress has been made unravelling the basis of single gene stroke disorders, identifying the underlying genes for common or multifactorial stroke, for which there is no obvious Mendelian pattern of inheritance, has proved difficult. Has this situation changed with the recent publication of the first independent risk gene for common stroke?3

What is the evidence that genetic risk factors are important in stroke risk? Twin studies suggest a modest genetic component, more important in younger individuals.4,5 Many studies have determined whether a family history of stroke is more common in stroke cases compared with normal controls.2,6 Most report an association, which is stronger both in younger individuals and with certain stroke subtypes, particularly small vessel disease (lacunar) and large vessel atherosclerotic stroke.7,8 Animal studies have implicated the existence of independent stroke genes. The spontaneously hypertensive stroke prone rat suffers both early onset stroke and larger infarcts in response to experimental middle cerebral artery occlusion. Chromosomal loci have been identified for both of these traits, although the responsible genes remain elusive.9,10 By crossing this animal with the spontaneously hypertensive rat, it has been demonstrated that these influences act independently of hypertension.

A large number of single gene disorders can cause stroke (table 1) but most of these are extremely rare.2 It is now apparent that CADASIL (cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leucoencephalopathy) is the most common single gene disorder leading to ischaemic stroke, and is much more frequent than was previously appreciated. True estimates of prevalence are difficult because of …
A transverse oscillation approach for estimation of three-dimensional velocity vectors, Part I: concept and simulation study (2014)

A method for 3-D velocity vector estimation using transverse oscillations is presented. The method employs a 2-D transducer and decouples the velocity estimation into three orthogonal components, which are estimated simultaneously and from the same data. The validity of the method is investigated by conducting simulations emulating a 32 × 32 matrix transducer. The results are evaluated using two performance metrics related to precision and accuracy. The study includes several parameters including 49 flow directions, the SNR, steering angle, and apodization types. The 49 flow directions cover the positive octant of the unit sphere. In terms of accuracy, the median bias is -2%. The precision of v(x) and v(y) depends on the flow angle ß and ranges from 5% to 31% relative to the peak velocity magnitude of 1 m/s. For comparison, the range is 0.4 to 2% for v(z). The parameter study also reveals, that the velocity estimation breaks down with an SNR between -6 and -3 dB. In terms of computational load, the estimation of the three velocity components requires 0.75 billion floating point operations per second (0.75 Gflops) for a realistic setup. This is well within the capability of modern scanners.
Overview of Solution Strategies Used in Truck Dispatching Systems for Open Pit Mines (2002)

Abstract This paper deals with dispatching systems in open-pit mines. It illustrates the different strategies that exist for solving the dispatching problem and analyses the advantages and disadvantages of these strategies. Moreover, the most important elements that should be part of the dispatching system in the future are highlighted.
Modeling of electromagnetically coupled substrate noise in flash a/d converters (2003)

A new method for modeling the electromagnetically coupled substrate noise from digital gates in large mixed-signal integrated circuits was developed. The unique feature of the method is that it employs a modular approach to model noise coupling via current injection from the digital gates which alleviates the problems associated with the current methodology in so far as the circuit size, instability the effects of parasitics and the accuracy issues are concerned. The method was demonstrated on the characterization of the substrate noise issues in FLASH analog-to-digital (A/D) converters. The model was then used to study the addition of the p/sup +/ guards around the input devices of comparators in order to asses their effectiveness in reducing the substrate noise. The effect of variations in the package bond-wire inductances in the net injected current noise was also modeled.
Network and radio receiver simulation studies of the Pan-European digital cellular system . (2002)

Two GSM (Groupe Special Mobile) network simulation tools, TRANSIM and GSMRCVR, are discussed. The first has been effectively used to predict call-type traffic delays and processor performance and can also be used to configure mobile switching centers. Extensive simulations have been performed on the radio reception performance for GSM. Coding gains have been established for the basic coding/interleaving scheme. This scheme appears to break down at slower speeds and requires hopping over a number of frequencies to correct. Results have been found to be quite sensitive to the channel model used.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Efficient Multispectral Face Recognition using Random Feature Selection and PSO-SVM (2019)

Biometric technologies have been widely used in recent years for authentication and security purposes. Face recognition is one of the important techniques for its simple way to obtain the subject samples without being intrusive. However, this technology has been employed mostly using the visible spectrum only, which suffers from some limitations such as illumination change, facial expression and pose variations. The infrared spectrum offers some advantages over the visible spectrum, mainly the robustness to light change. In this paper, we propose a new multispectral framework that uses both infrared and visible spectra with an optimization based on a new proposed feature selection algorithm and the PSO-SVM. Experimental tests were conducted on IRIS OTCBVS Thermal/Visible and CSIST Lab 2 Databases. The obtained results clearly demonstrate the effectiveness of our new framework compared to a mono-spectral face recognition system.
Regulation of heme oxygenase-1 gene expression in vascular smooth muscle cells by nitric oxide (1997)

Heme oxygenase (HO)-mediated heme degradation is the primary mechanism for production of cellular carbon monoxide (CO). Analogous to nitric oxide (NO), CO mediates physiological and cellular functions such as vasodilation, stimulation of guanylate cyclase, and neuronal transmission. In view of accumulating data demonstrating a correlation between the activity of these two gaseous molecules and that the predominant source of CO is via HO catalysis, we hypothesized that NO regulates HO expression. We demonstrate that the NO donor spermine NONOate (SNN) increases steady-state levels of HO-1 mRNA in aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (aSMC) in both a time- and dose-dependent manner. The accumulation of HO-1 mRNA that correlated with increased HO-1 protein synthesis resulted from both an increased rate of gene transcription and a decreased rate of mRNA turnover. Inhibition of the NO-induced HO-1 mRNA expression by cycloheximide suggests that new protein synthesis is required for increased HO-1 gene expression. Induction of HO-1 expression by SNN occurs in a guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP)-independent manner because exposure of cells to 8-bromoguanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate, a cGMP analog, did not increase HO-1 mRNA levels, and pretreatment of cells with 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one, a selective guanylate cyclase inhibitor, did not prevent SNN-induced HO-1 mRNA accumulation. The antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine markedly inhibited SNN-induced HO-1 mRNA expression, whereas peroxynitrite did not induce HO-1 expression in aSMC. Interestingly, CO did not attenuate NO-induced HO-1 expression through an autocrine negative feedback mechanism as had been observed for hypoxia-induced HO-1 expression. These data provide evidence for an important regulatory network between NO and CO via HO-1.
Use of the Selective Oral Neuraminidase Inhibitor Oseltamivir to Prevent Influenza (1999)

Oseltamivir administered daily for six weeks by the oral route is safe and effective for the prevention of influenza.
The clinical effectiveness of interventions to assist perioperative temperature management for women undergoing Caesarean Section: a systematic review. (2012)

JBI Evidence Synthesis is an international peer-reviewed, online journal that publishes manuscripts encompassing evidence synthesis and healthcare. JBI Evidence Synthesis seeks to disseminate rigorous, high-quality research that provides the best available evidence to inform policy and practice through the science and conduct of systematic and scoping reviews. The journal publishes systematic and scoping review protocols, diverse types of systematic reviews, and scoping reviews covering multi-disciplinary healthcare-related topics that follow methodology and methods developed by JBI. The journal also publishes editorials, letters to the editor as well as original applied research and discussion papers examining synthesis methods. JBI Evidence Synthesis does not accept systematic reviews of in vitro or animal studies. JBI Evidence Synthesis co-publishes JBI methodology and methods with its partner JBI journal, JBI Evidence Implementation.
Vitamin D Deficiency Induces Early Signs of Aging in Human Bone, Increasing the Risk of Fracture (2013)

Vitamin D deficiency is a widespread medical condition that plays a major role in human bone health. Fracture susceptibility in the context of low vitamin D has been primarily associated with defective mineralization of collagenous matrix (osteoid). However, bone's fracture resistance is due to toughening mechanisms at various hierarchical levels ranging from the nano- to the microstructure. Thus, we hypothesize that the increase in fracture risk with vitamin D deficiency may be triggered by numerous pathological changes and may not solely derive from the absence of mineralized bone. We found that the characteristic increase in osteoid-covered surfaces in vitamin D-deficient bone hampers remodeling of the remaining mineralized bone tissue. Using spatially resolved synchrotron bone mineral density distribution analyses and spectroscopic techniques, we observed that the bone tissue within the osteoid frame has a higher mineral content with mature collagen and mineral constituents, which are characteristic of aged tissue. In situ fracture mechanics measurements and synchrotron radiation micro-computed tomography of the crack path indicated that vitamin D deficiency increases both the initiation and propagation of cracks by 22 to 31%. Thus, vitamin D deficiency is not simply associated with diminished bone mass. Our analyses reveal the aged nature of the remaining mineralized bone and its greatly decreased fracture resistance. Through a combination of characterization techniques spanning multiple size scales, our study expands the current clinical understanding of the pathophysiology of vitamin D deficiency and helps explain why well-balanced vitamin D levels are essential to maintain bone's structural integrity.
Carbohydrate‐independent recognition of collagens by the macrophage mannose receptor (2006)

Mannose receptor (MR) is the best characterised member of a family of four endocytic molecules that share a common domain structure; a cysteine-rich (CR) domain, a fibronectin-type II (FNII) domain and tandemly arranged C-type lectin-like domains (CTLD, eight in the case of MR). Two distinct lectin activities have been described for MR. The CR domain recognises sulphated carbohydrates while the CTLD mediate binding to mannose, fucose or N-acetylglucosamine. FNII domains are known to be important for collagen binding and this has been studied in the context of two members of the MR family, Endo180 and the phospholipase A2 receptor. Here, we have investigated whether the broad and effective lectin activity mediated by the CR domain and CTLD of MR is favoured to the detriment of FNII-mediated interaction(s). We show that MR is able to bind and internalise collagen in a carbohydrate-independent manner and that MR deficient macrophages have a marked defect in collagen IV and gelatin internalisation. These data have major implications at the molecular level as there are now three distinct ligand-binding sites described for MR. Furthermore our findings extend the range of endogenous ligands recognised by MR, a molecule firmly placed at the interface between homeostasis and immunity.
A high power density converter system for the Gamesa G10x 4,5 MW wind turbine (2007)

One of the main points in the design of a Multi-MW-class turbine is the size and weight of the total turbine. Gamesa has developed a converter system with a very high power density and low weight. The system is designed and tested to withstand very high short circuit currents, high vibrations and other wind turbine typical environmental aspects.