gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A T Helper Cell 2 (Th2) Immune Response against Non-self Antigens Modifies the Cytokine Profile of Autoimmune T Cells and Protects against Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis (1997)

Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS), and the most commonly used experimental model for multiple sclerosis. It is mediated by autoreactive T cell clones exhibiting a T helper cell (Th) 1 cytokine profile. Nonencephalitogenic T lymphocytes specific for self or exogenous antigens have been found to suppress encephalitogenic T cell responses and to protect against autoimmune disease. The mechanisms by which exogenous antigens modulate autoimmunity are not fully understood. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that a Th2-type immune response against an exogenous, nonself antigen, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH), by releasing IL-4 in the microenvironment, could shift the cytokine profile of encephalitogenic T cells from an inflammatory Th1 to a protective Th2 type. SJL/J mice were preimmunized with the KLH in incomplete Freund's adjuvant to induce a population of Th2 memory cells that would be expected to release Th2 cytokines when activated by the specific antigen at the time of EAE induction. Four weeks later, mice received an encephalitogenic challenge containing guinea pig myelin in complete Freund's adjuvant with or without KLH. All KLH primed animals not receiving the exogenous antigen at the time of EAE induction developed a severe clinical disease indistinguishable from control mice not KLH primed. In contrast, animals preimmunized and challenged with the encephalitogenic inoculum containing KLH showed either no, or markedly reduced, clinical signs. Enzyme-linked immunospot analysis demonstrated that KLH-specific T cells in the primed mice were producing IL-4 characteristic of Th2 cells. In the KLH-primed and restimulated mice, the cytokine profile of the autoreactive, myelin basic protein-specific T cells was shifted from an inflammatory Th1 towards a protective Th2 type. We infer that the presence of IL-4 secreted by KLH-specific memory Th2 cells in the lymphoid system microenvironment in which the autoreactive T cells were engaged by the encephalitogenic stimulus were able to bias their cytokine profile towards a protective Th2 phenotype. This interpretation is supported by the observation that the protective effect of preimmunization with KLH was overcome by rm-IL-12, which inhibited the production of IL-4 by the Th1 cells and biased the autoimmune response to a predominantly Th1 type. Since IL-4 mRNA could not be detected by reverse transcriptase PCR in the CNS, the protective effect was inferred to be mediated by Th2 cells in the lymphoid system, and not the target organ. We conclude that exogenous, nonself antigens that can induce Th2 responses, can modify the cytokine environment sufficiently to alter the cytokine phenotype of inflammatory, autoreactive T cell clones, and ultimately, to provide significant protection against EAE and possibly other T cell-mediated autoimmune diseases.
Synthesis and Biological Activities of Lipid A Analogs Possessing <i>β</i>-Glycosidic Linkage at 1-Position (2003)

Abstract New lipid A analogs having acidic groups β-glycosidically linked at the 1-position were synthesized in order to investigate the structural requirement for immunostimulating and endotoxic activity of lipid A. The β-(phosphonoxy)ethyl (PE) and carboxymethyl (CM) analogs of Escherichia coli type having six acyl groups and those of the biosynthetic precursor type having four acyl groups were synthesized via a divergent synthetic route. The E. coli type β-(phosphonoxy)ethyl analog, which was previously reported to be not endotoxic, showed strong immunostimulating activity comparable to the natural-type α-analog. The acidic functional groups are concluded to be essential but their strict spatial arrangement is not required for expression of the biological activity.
Stereoselective Arene‐Forming Aldol Condensation: Synthesis of Configurationally Stable Oligo‐1,2‐naphthylenes (2016)

Structurally well-defined oligomers are fundamental for the functionality of natural molecular systems and key for the design of synthetic counterparts. Herein, we describe a strategy for the efficient synthesis of individual stereoisomers of 1,2-naphthylene oligomers by iterative building block additions and consecutive stereoselective arene-forming aldol condensation reactions. The catalyst-controlled atropoenantioselective and the substrate-controlled atropodiastereoselective aldol condensation reaction provide structurally distinct ter- and quaternaphthalene stereoisomers, which represent configurationally stable analogues of otherwise stereodynamic, helically shaped ortho-phenylenes.
Platelet senescence and phosphatidylserine exposure (2010)

These results show that in stored PLTs cytochrome c release and the subsequent activation of caspase-3 and ROCK1 mediate phosphatidylserine exposure and it is distinct from activation-induced phosphatidylserine exposure.
Reducing the LOS ray beamforming setup time for IEEE 802.11ad and IEEE 802.15.3c (2016)

Beamforming (BF) protocols introduced in IEEE 802.11ad and IEEE 802.15.3c for 60 GHz millimeter-wave (mmwave) communications perform exhaustive sector/beam search to setup a beamformed link between stations/devices. In this paper, we propose two BF methods, Binary Search Beamforming (BSB) and Linear Search Beamforming (LSB), to improve the BF setup time of adopted algorithms in IEEE 802.11ad and IEEE 802.15.3c. The paper's premises are that the line-of-sight (LOS) ray dominates the mmwave links and the sectors with the highest antenna gains are the ones around the LOS ray direction. Proposed algorithms aim to find the sector covers the LOS ray in fewer steps by ignoring a number of sectors using iterative algorithms. This reduces the BF setup time significantly and saves power but at the expense of increased bit error rate (BER) in some cases. We provide performance comparisons of both algorithms with exhaustive search. For an example setup based on the channel model for a 60GHz system, simulation results show that, with 60 sectors antenna, the conventional BF setup time is reduced to 1.1% and 2.2% with using LSB and BSB, respectively. While not sacrificing from error performance for any number of sectors in the case of LSB, this is valid for only smaller than 36 sectors for BSB. However, in this condition, BSB has an advantage of around 3 dB power saving during the BF setup compared to LSB.
Identification of a New Pyk2 Target Protein with Arf-GAP Activity (1999)

Protein tyrosine kinase Pyk2 is activated by a variety of G-protein-coupled receptors and by extracellular signals that elevate intracellular Ca2+ concentration. We have identified a new Pyk2 binding protein designated Pap. Pap is a multidomain protein composed of an N-terminal alpha-helical region with a coiled-coil motif, followed by a pleckstrin homology domain, an Arf-GAP domain, an ankyrin homology region, a proline-rich region, and a C-terminal SH3 domain. We demonstrate that Pap forms a stable complex with Pyk2 and that activation of Pyk2 leads to tyrosine phosphorylation of Pap in living cells. Immunofluorescence experiments demonstrate that Pap is localized in the Golgi apparatus and at the plasma membrane, where it is colocalized with Pyk2. In addition, in vitro recombinant Pap exhibits strong GTPase-activating protein (GAP) activity towards the small GTPases Arf1 and Arf5 and weak activity towards Arf6. Addition of recombinant Pap protein to Golgi preparations prevented Arf-dependent generation of post-Golgi vesicles in vitro. Moreover, overexpression of Pap in cultured cells reduced the constitutive secretion of a marker protein. We propose that Pap functions as a GAP for Arf and that Pyk2 may be involved in regulation of vesicular transport through its interaction with Pap.
Immunoperoxidase Technics in Diagnostic Pathology: Report of a Workshop Sponsored by the National Cancer Institute (1979)

The use of immunoperoxidase technics has spread dramatically in recent years to almost daily use in certain clinical and surgical pathology laboratories. A wide variety of cell products, including enzymes, polypeptide and steroid hormones, immunoglobulins, oncodevelopmental antigens, viral antigens, and other cell-specific proteins, have been demonstrated in frozen or conventionally fixed and embedded tissue sections by the use of these methods. Major applications of these technics at present include demonstration of various immunoglobulin classes in tumors of lymphoreticular origin and atypical lymphoproliferative processes, identification of polypeptide hormones in endocrine tumors, and demonstration of various tumor markers such as carcinoembryonic antigen and alpha fetoprotein in neoplastic and preneoplastic conditions. The indirect peroxidase conjugate and peroxidase antiperoxidase procedures are presented and reviewed in detail with emphasis on tissue preparative procedures, evaluation of tissue and immunologic controls, background staining, and evaluation of results. The danger of false-negative and false-positive results should be dealt with in a precise manner so that results from different laboratories are both reliable and reproducible. The application of immunoperoxidase technics represents a major advance for the surgical pathologist, but additional evaluation, development, and standardization are required. To accomplish this, comparative studies of the same material, including known positive and negative tissue controls, by different laboratories should be encouraged.
Civil Penalty Proceedings Under Section 592 of the Tariff Act of 1930 (1986)

Article published in the Fordham International Law Journal.
Discovering Hidden Variables in Noisy-Or Networks using Quartet Tests (2013)

We give a polynomial-time algorithm for provably learning the structure and pa-rameters of bipartite noisy-or Bayesian networks of binary variables where the top layer is completely hidden. Unsupervised learning of these models is a form of discrete factor analysis, enabling the discovery of hidden variables and their causal relationships with observed data. We obtain an efficient learning algorithm for a family of Bayesian networks that we call quartet-learnable. For each latent variable, the existence of a singly-coupled quartet allows us to uniquely identify and learn all parameters involving that latent variable. We give a proof of the poly-nomial sample complexity of our learning algorithm, and experimentally compare it to variational EM. 1
Finite Markov Chain Analysis of Genetic Algorithms with Niching (1993)

Finite, discrete-time Markov chain models of genetic algorithms have been used successfully in the past to understand the complex dynamics of a simple GA. Markov chains can exactly model the GA by accounting for all of the stochasticity introduced by various GA operators, such as initialization, selection, crossover, and mutation. Although such models quickly become unwieldy with increasing population size or genome length, they provide initial insights that guide our development of approximate, scalable models. In this study, we use Markov chains to analyze the stochastic effects of the &quot;niching operator&quot; of a niched GA. Specifically, we model the effect of fitness sharing on a single-locus genome. Without niching, our model is an absorbing Markov chain. With niching, we are dealing with a &quot;quasi-ergodic&quot; Markov chain. Rather than calculating expected times to absorption, we are interested in steady-state probabilities for positive recurrent states. Established techniques for analyzin...
Sensor assisted movement identification and prediction for beamformed 60 GHz links (2015)

The 60GHz frequency band promises very high data rates - in the order of Gb/s - due to the availability of high bandwidth. However, high free-space path loss makes it necessary to employ beamforming capable directional antennas. When beamforming is used, the links are sensitive to misalignment in antenna directionality because of movement of devices. To identify and circumvent the misalignments, we propose to use the motion sensors (i.e., accelerometer and gyroscope) which are already present in most of the modern mobile devices. By finding the extent of misaligned beams, corrective actions are carried out to reconfigure the antennas. Motion sensors on mobile devices provide means to estimate the extent of misalignments. We collected real data from motion sensors and steer the beams appropriately. The results from our study show that the sensors are capable of detecting the cause of errors as translational or rotational movements. Furthermore it is also shown that the sensor data can be used to predict the next location of the user. This can be used to reconfigure the directional antenna to switch the antenna beam directions and hence avoid frequent link disruptions. This decreases the number of beam searches thus lowering the MAC overhead.
Implementation of Time Code Using Datakode® Magnetic Control Surface Film (1986)

A complete system has been developed using Eastman Kodak's Datakode® magnetic control surface to implement SMPTE time and control code on motion-picture film. The system, designed for use by Universal Studios and Technicolor, consists of 15 units made up of modular subunits. Computer-controlled film handling has been demonstrated at speeds from 10 to 1000 ft/min, with location accuracy for cutting purposes of better than '/too frame. The system permits substantial automation of many film-handling operations, with opportunity for faster turnaround time, lower costs, and more opportunity for creativity through computer assistance in otherwise time-consuming manual tasks.
Hypersensitive Site 2 Specifies a Unique Function within the Human β-Globin Locus Control Region To Stimulate Globin Gene Transcription (1999)

The human beta-globin locus control region (LCR) harbors both strong chromatin opening and enhancer activity when assayed in transgenic mice. To understand the contribution of individual DNase I hypersensitive sites (HS) to the function of the human beta-globin LCR, we have mutated the core elements within the context of a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) carrying the entire locus and then analyzed the effect of these mutations on the formation of LCR HS elements and expression of the genes in transgenic mice. In the present study, we examined the consequences of two different HS2 mutations. We first generated seven YAC transgenic lines bearing a deletion of the 375-bp core enhancer of HS2. Single-copy HS2 deletion mutants exhibited severely depressed HS site formation and expression of all of the human beta-globin genes at every developmental stage, confirming that HS2 is a vital, integral component of the LCR. We also analyzed four transgenic lines in which the core element of HS2 was replaced by that of HS3 and found that while HS3 is able to restore the chromatin-opening activity of the LCR, it is not able to functionally replace HS2 in mediating high-level globin gene transcription. These results continue to support the hypothesis that HS2, HS3, and HS4 act as a single, integral unit to regulate human globin gene transcription as a holocomplex, but they can also be interpreted to say that formation of a DNase I hypersensitive holocomplex alone is not sufficient for mediating high-level globin gene transcription. We therefore propose that the core elements must productively interact with one another to generate a unique subdomain within the nucleoprotein holocomplex that interacts in a stage-specific manner with individual globin gene promoters.
(Na <sub>0.5</sub> Bi <sub>0.5</sub> )TiO <sub>3</sub> : Synthesis and X-Ray Powder Diffraction Data (1989)

Abstract Crystallographic and X-ray powder diffraction data were derived from a sample of (Na 0.5 Bi 0.5 )TiO 3 synthesized by standard ceramic techniques. The powder data were indexed on a monoclinic cell having the space group P2 or Pm, which differed from a previously reported rhombohedral cell.
Prediction of acidity in acetonitrile solution with COSMO‐RS (2008)

The COSMO-RS method, a combination of the quantum chemical dielectric continuum solvation model COSMO with a statistical thermodynamics treatment for realistic solvation simulations, has been used for the prediction of pK(a) values in acetonitrile. For a variety of 93 organic acids, the directly calculated values of the free energies of dissociation in acetonitrile showed a very good correlation with the pK(a) values (r(2) = 0.97) in acetonitrile, corresponding to a standard deviation of 1.38 pK(a) units. Thus, we have a prediction method for acetonitrile pK(a) with the intercept and the slope as the only adjusted parameters. Furthermore, the pK(a) values of CH acids yielding large anions with delocalized charge can be predicted with a rmse of 1.12 pK(a) units using the theoretical values of slope and intercept resulting in truly ab initio pK(a) prediction. In contrast to our previous findings on aqueous acidity predictions the slope of the experimental pK(a) versus theoretical DeltaG(diss) was found to match the theoretical value 1/RT ln (10) very well. The predictivity of the presented method is general and is not restricted to certain compound classes. However, a systematic correction of -7.5 kcal mol(-1) is required for compounds that do not allow electron-delocalization in the dissociated anion. The prediction model was tested on a diverse test set of 129 complex multifunctional compounds from various sources, reaching a root mean square deviation of 2.10 pK(a) units.
<i>Rhodobacter capsulatus</i> 1-Deoxy-<scp>d</scp>-xylulose 5-Phosphate Synthase:  Steady-State Kinetics and Substrate Binding (2003)

1-Deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXP synthase) catalyzes the thiamine diphosphate (TPP)-dependent condensation of pyruvate and d-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (GAP) to yield DXP in the first step of the methylerythritol phosphate pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis. Steady-state kinetic constants for DXP synthase calculated from the initial velocities measured at varying concentrations of substrates were as follows: k(cat) = 1.9 +/- 0.1 s(-1), K(m)(GAP) = 0.068 +/- 0.001 mM, and K(m)(pyruvate) = 0.44 +/- 0.05 mM for pyruvate and GAP; k(cat) = 1.7 +/- 0.1 s(-1), K(m)(d-glyceraldehyde) = 33 +/- 3 mM, and K(m)(pyruvate) = 1.9 +/- 0.5 mM for d-glyceraldehyde and pyruvate. beta-Fluoropyruvate was investigated as a dead-end inhibitor for pyruvate. Double-reciprocal plots showed a competitive inhibition pattern with respect to pyruvate and noncompetitive inhibition with respect to GAP/d-glyceraldehyde. (14)CO(2) trapping experiments demonstrated that the binding of both substrates (pyruvate and GAP/d-glyceraldehyde) is required for the formation of a catalytically competent enzyme-substrate complex. These results are consistent with an ordered mechanism for DXP synthase where pyruvate binds before GAP/d-glyceraldehyde.
The production of acetylene from methane by partial oxidation (2012)

Acetylene may be produced from methane in any process which raises the methane to a high temperature for a very short period followed by rapid cooling. There are three processes which accomplish these critical conditions of temperature and reaction time: A. By electric discharge through the gas B. By supplying heat from an auxilliary fuel either in direct heat exchange or in a regenerative type furnace C. By simultaneously burning some of the feed gas by the admixture of some oxygen The last of these processes was studied in this project in a flow type reactor. The process was studied at temperatures of 1000°C to 1300°C and reaction times of .01 to .03 seconds. An attempt was made to derive the mechanism for this process. A quartz reactor of special design was used in this study. It consisted of three zones: namely, the preheat zone where the oxygen, and methane were separately preheated, the reaction zone where the oxygen and methane were mixed and burned, and finally the quench zone where the reaction products were rapidly cooled and the reaction halted. The products were then analyzed for acetylene, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen and methane. The mechanism for the partial oxidation of methane is believed to follow the following reactions. First there are the initial rapid oxidation reactions which supply the necessary heat to crack methane: CH₄ + ½O₂ → CO + 2H₂ ; CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂+ 2H₂O ; CH4 + O₂ → C + 2H₂O After the oxygen has been used up, methane decomposes into ethane, ethylene, acetylene, carbon and hydrogen by the following reactions: CH₄ ⇌ CH₂ + H₂ ; CH₄ + CH₂ ⇌ C₂H₆ ; C₂H₆ ⇌ C₂H₄ + H₂ ; C₂H₄ ⇌ C₂H₂ + H₂ ; C₂H₂ ⇌ 2C + H₂ The rate of formation of acetylene was found to depend upon the square of the methane concentration while the rate of decomposition of acetylene depended upon the concentration of the acetylene. As the reaction progresses the concentration of acetylene rises to a maximum and then decreases to zero. This was explained to occur because the methane concentration decreased with time. Further reaction follows between the products of combustion and the products of decomposition of methane. The most important of these is the water gas reaction: C + H2Q ⇌ CO + H₂ It was proven by stoichiometric considerations that this reaction takes place, and is the most important of the side reactions. The following reactions also take place to a small extent: C + CO₂ ⇌ 2CO ; CO + H₂O ⇌ C0₂ + H₂
THE EMOTIONAL CORRELATES OF SYDENHAM'S CHOREA. (1965)

1. During a long-term follow-up study of patients previously hospitalized with Sydenham9s chorea, a high incidence of psychological disturbance was encountered prior to the onset of chorea, and at the time of current evaluation, an average of 29 years later. 2. Seventy-five per cent of patients with Sydenham9s chorea were currently found to manifest evidence of psychiatric disturbance. 3. A control population similarly evaluated showed a 25% incidence of psychiatric disability—about the expected incidence for the general population. 4. This study emphasizes the need to consider psychological factors as part of the total evaluation of patients with Sydenham9s chorea.
Introduction to Cryptography with Coding Theory (2002)

From the Publisher:
This book assumes a minimal background in programming and a level of math sophistication equivalent to a course in linear algebra. It provides a flexible organization, as each chapter is modular and can be covered in any order. Using Mathematica, Maple, and MATLAB, computer examples included in an Appendix explain how to do computation and demonstrate important concepts. A full chapter on error correcting codes introduces the basic elements of coding theory. Other topics covered: Classical cryptosystems, basic number theory, the data encryption standard, AES: Rijndael, the RSA algorithm, discrete logarithms, digital signatures, e-commerce and digital cash, secret sharing schemes, games, zero knowledge techniques, key establishment protocols, information theory, elliptic curves, error correcting codes, quantum cryptography. For professionals in cryptography and network security.
The absorption of gold cyanide onto activated carbon. I. The kinetics of absorption from pulps (1984)

An account is given of the development of a relatively simple model that describes the kinetics of the absorption of gold cyanide on activated carbon. The model is based on the treatment of the carbon-solution interface as a homogeneous boundary across which gold is transported at a rate determined by the rate of mass transport to and from the interface. Rate equations derived from this model describe the results of various kinetic experiments under continuous or batch conditions in the laboratory and on operating pilot and full-scale plants.