gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Studies on the Heat Stability and Chromatographic Behaviour of the Scrapie Agent (1964)

SUMMARY: Saline extracts of mouse-scrapie brain homogenates lost little infectivity when heated at 75° for one hour. At higher temperatures, there was a progressive inactivation of the agent, although some of the infectivity still remained after heating at 100° for one hour. The smooth shape of the inactivation curve suggests that the scrapie agent exists predominantly in a single heat-stable form. Ultrasonic disruption of scrapie mitochondrial suspensions altered the chromatographic behaviour of the scrapie agent in a way which suggests that the free agent is relatively small. The agent associates very readily with denatured proteinaceous material and because of this property it has not yet been possible to separate it effectively from contaminating tissue debris.
Radioprotective agents to prevent cellular damage due to ionizing radiation (2017)

Medical imaging has become a central component of patient care to ensure early and accurate diagnosis. Unfortunately, many imaging modalities use ionizing radiation to generate images. Ionizing radiation even in low doses can cause direct DNA damage and generate reactive oxygen species and free radicals, leading to DNA, protein, and lipid membrane damage. This cell damage can lead to apoptosis, necrosis, teratogenesis, or carcinogenesis. As many as 2% of cancers (and an associated 15,000 deaths annually) can be linked to computed tomography exposure alone. Radioprotective agents have been investigated using various models including cells, animals, and recently humans. The data suggest that radioprotective agents working through a variety of mechanisms have the potential to decrease free radical damage produced by ionizing radiation. Radioprotective agents may be useful as an adjunct to medical imaging to reduced patient morbidity and mortality due to ionizing radiation exposure. Some radioprotective agents can be found in high quantities in antioxidant rich foods, suggesting that a specific diet recommendation could be beneficial in radioprotection.
Cystinosin, the small GTPase Rab11, and the Rab7 effector RILP regulate intracellular trafficking of the chaperone-mediated autophagy receptor LAMP2A (2017)

The lysosomal storage disease cystinosis, caused by cystinosin deficiency, is characterized by cell malfunction, tissue failure, and progressive renal injury despite cystine-depletion therapies. Cystinosis is associated with defects in chaperone-mediated autophagy (CMA), but the molecular mechanisms are incompletely understood. Here, we show CMA substrate accumulation in cystinotic kidney proximal tubule cells. We also found mislocalization of the CMA lysosomal receptor LAMP2A and impaired substrate translocation into the lysosome caused by defective CMA in cystinosis. The impaired LAMP2A trafficking and localization were rescued either by the expression of wild-type cystinosin or by the disease-associated point mutant CTNS-K280R, which has no cystine transporter activity. Defective LAMP2A trafficking in cystinosis was found to associate with decreased expression of the small GTPase Rab11 and the Rab7 effector RILP. Defective Rab11 trafficking in cystinosis was rescued by treatment with small-molecule CMA activators. RILP expression was restored by up-regulation of the transcription factor EB (TFEB), which was down-regulated in cystinosis. Although LAMP2A expression is independent of TFEB, TFEB up-regulation corrected lysosome distribution and lysosomal LAMP2A localization in <i>Ctns</i><sup>-/-</sup> cells but not Rab11 defects. The up-regulation of Rab11, Rab7, or RILP, but not its truncated form RILP-C33, rescued LAMP2A-defective trafficking in cystinosis, whereas dominant-negative Rab11 or Rab7 impaired LAMP2A trafficking. Treatment of cystinotic cells with a CMA activator increased LAMP2A localization at the lysosome and increased cell survival. Altogether, we show that LAMP2A trafficking is regulated by cystinosin, Rab11, and RILP and that CMA up-regulation is a potential clinically relevant mechanism to increase cell survival in cystinosis.
Clinical Aspects of Trauma-related Anxiety and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (2015)

Abstract Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), now in the Trauma and Stressor-Related Disorders category of DSM-5, includes four clusters of symptoms: intrusive symptoms, avoidance behaviors, negative trauma-related alterations in cognitions and mood, and trauma-related alterations in reactivity and arousal. This chapter briefly reviews psychological theories of PTSD, starting with Mowrer’s two-factor conditioning theory, including cognitive and schema theories and emotional processing theory, and concluding with recent evidence for fear extinction and inhibitory learning. It reviews cognitive behavioral therapies; exposure therapy, specifically prolonged exposure (PE), including psychoeducation, breathing relaxation training, imaginal exposure, in vivo exposure, and emotional processing of traumatic material; cognitive therapy, specifically cognitive processing therapy (CPT); and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR), using rapid saccadic eye movements or bilateral stimulation during retelling of a traumatic memory. It concludes with a discussion of novel treatment adaptations and future directions in the field of PTSD treatment research.
Imaging Performance Of A Selenium-Based Detector For High-Resolution Radiography (1989)

An experimental set-up of a selenium-based detector with a scanning fan-beam exposure and improved spatial resolution has been realized. The imaging performance in terms of MTF, image noise and signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios (NEQ,DQE) is measured as a function of dose and spatial frequency for 40 kVp and 50 kVp tungsten X-ray spectra. The measured S/N-performance is interpreted in terms of a simple model which is used to study the effect of geometric magnification techniques and the behaviour of the system for various beam qualities. The object detectability for weak and high contrast objects has been calculated for different beam qualities. The results are compared with the data of high-resolution screen-film systems.
Nanoparticle‐Based Therapeutics for Brain Injury (2017)

Brain injuries affect a large patient population with major physical and emotional suffering for patients and their relatives; at a significant cost to the society. Effective diagnostic and therapeutic options available for brain injuries are limited by the complex brain injury pathology involving blood-brain barrier (BBB). Brain injuries, including ischemic stroke and brain trauma, initiate BBB opening for a short period of time, which is followed by a second reopening for an extended time. The leaky BBB and/or the alterations in the receptor expression on BBB may provide opportunities for therapeutic delivery via nanoparticles (NPs). The approaches for therapeutic interventions via NP delivery are aimed at salvaging the pericontusional/penumbra area for possible neuroprotection and neurovascular unit preservation. The focus of this progress report is to provide a survey of NP strategies employed in cerebral ischemia and brain trauma and finally provide insights for improved NP-based diagnostic/treatment approaches.
Efficient Infrared-to-Visible Upconversion with Subsolar Irradiance (2016)

Third generation photovoltaics are inexpensive modules that promise power conversion efficiencies exceeding the thermodynamic Shockley-Queisser limit, perhaps by using up- or down-converters, intermediate band solar cells, tandem cells, hot carrier devices, or multiexciton generation. Here, we report the efficient upconversion of infrared to visible light at excitation densities below the solar flux. Colloidally synthesized core-shell lead sulfide-cadmium sulfide nanocrystals in combination with tetracene derivatives absorb near-infrared light and emit visible light at 560 nm with an upconversion quantum yield (QY) of 8.4 ± 1.0%, which is a factor of 4 lower than the maximum upconversion QY possible. This is achieved with 808 nm cw excitation at 3.2 mW/cm<sup>2</sup>, approximately three times lower than the available solar flux. The molecular and nanocrystal engineering here paves the way toward utilizing this hybrid upconversion platform in photovoltaics, photodetectors and photocatalysis.
Complete Genome Sequence of a Novel Marine Siphovirus, pVp-1, Infecting Vibrio parahaemolyticus (2012)

Among the abundant bacteriophages that belong to the order Caudovirales in the ocean, the genome sequences of marine siphoviruses are poorly investigated in comparison to those of myo- or podoviruses. Here we report the complete genome sequence of Vibrio phage pVP-1, which belongs to the family Siphoviridae and infects Vibrio parahaemolyticus ATCC 33844.
Searching for a Robust Neural Architecture in Four GPU Hours (2019)

Conventional neural architecture search (NAS) approaches are usually based on reinforcement learning or evolutionary strategy, which take more than 1000 GPU hours to find a good model on CIFAR-10. We propose an efficient NAS approach, which learns the searching approach by gradient descent. Our approach represents the search space as a directed acyclic graph (DAG). This DAG contains thousands of sub-graphs, each of which indicates a kind of neural architecture. To avoid traversing all the possibilities of the sub-graphs, we develop a differentiable sampler over the DAG. This sampler is learnable and optimized by the validation loss after training the sampled architecture. In this way, our approach can be trained in an end-to-end fashion by gradient descent, named Gradient-based search using Differentiable Architecture Sampler (GDAS). In experiments, we can finish one searching procedure in four GPU hours on CIFAR-10, and the discovered model obtains a test error of 2.82% with only 2.5M parameters, which is on par with the state-of-the-art.
Explicit contextual information selectively contributes to predictive switching of internal models (2007)

Many evidences suggest that the central nervous system (CNS) acquires and switches internal models for adaptive control in various environments. However, little is known about the neural mechanisms responsible for the switching. A recent computational model for simultaneous learning and switching of internal models proposes two separate switching mechanisms: a predictive mechanism purely based on contextual information and a postdictive mechanism based on the difference between actual and predicted sensorimotor feedbacks. This model can switch internal models solely based on contextual information in a predictive fashion immediately after alteration of the environment. Here we show that when subjects simultaneously adapted to alternating blocks of opposing visuomotor rotations, explicit contextual information about the rotations improved the initial performance at block alternations and asymptotic levels of performance within each block but not readaptation speeds. Our simulations using separate switching mechanisms duplicated these effects of contextual information on subject performance and suggest that improvement of initial performance was caused by improved accuracy of the predictive switch while adaptation speed corresponds to a switch dependent on sensorimotor feedback. Simulations also suggested that a slow change in output signals from the switching mechanisms causes contamination of motor commands from an internal model used in the previous context (anterograde interference) and partial destruction of internal models (retrograde interference). Explicit contextual information prevents destruction and assists memory retention by improving the changes in output signals. Thus, the asymptotic levels of performance improved.
Preparation, characterization, and some properties of ionomers from a sulfonated styrene–butadiene–styrene triblock copolymer without gelation (2005)

Abstract The conditions for the sulfonation of a highly unsaturated styrene–butadiene–styrene triblock copolymer (SBS) in cyclohexane containing a small amount of acetone with acetyl sulfate made by sulfuric acid and acetic anhydride without gelation were studied. After neutralization with metallic ions, the ionomers were characterized with IR spectrophotometry, dynamic mechanical analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. The melt flow, solution properties, and mechanical properties of the ionomers were studied. The results showed that gelation occurred during the sulfonation of SBS in cyclohexane at a 5–10% concentration without acetone, whereas in the presence of 5–10 vol % acetone, sulfonation proceeded smoothly without gelation. Transmission electron microphotographs of the lead ionomer indicated the presence of ionic domains. A dynamic mechanical spectrum showed the presence of three transition temperatures: −82.9, 68, and 96.5°C. The melt viscosity of the ionomer increased with the sulfonate content. The melt viscosity of the different ionomers neutralized with different cations seemed to decrease with decreasing ionic potential for both monovalent cations and divalent cations The solution viscosity of the sodium‐sulfonated ionomer increased with increasing sulfonate content. The ionomer still behaved as a thermoplastic elastomer and showed better mechanical properties than the original SBS. The tensile strength of the different ionomers decreased as follows. For the monovalent cations, it decreased with decreasing ionic potentials: Li + > Na + > K + . For the divalent cations, it decreased with increasing ionic potentials: Pb 2+ > Zn 2+ > Mg 2+ . © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1398–1404, 2005
Dielectric Properties of Polypeptide Solutions. I. The Electric Dipole Moment of α Helix in Dioxane (1958)

See also companion Dielectric Properties of Polypeptide Solutions. III. Elucidation of the Critical Frequency of Dielectric Dispersion from the Molecular Shape of the α Helix Dielectric Properties of Polypeptide Solutions. II. Relation between the Electric Dipole Moment and the Molecular Weight of α Helix
Targeting <scp>iHSP</scp> 70 in vitiligo: a critical step for cure? (2013)

The group of Caroline Le Poole has produced a series of elegant papers suggesting an innovative rationale for the treatment of vitiligo by limiting native iHSP70 expression, with subsequent blockade of DC activation and melanocyte loss via T-cell-specific autoimmune responses. The proof of concept was made in a mouse model of the use of a mutant iHSP70 blunting this response. The comment emphasizes that in vitiligo, a skin and possibly epidermal defect underlies the initial steps leading to inflammation and subsequent melanocyte demise and discusses the relevance of targeting iHSP in this context.
Giant photo-expansion in chalcogenide glass (2006)

Glass exhibits many kinds of photoinduced phenomena, among which the giant photo-expansion appearing in chalcogenide glasses such as As2S3 may be the most dramatic and promising. Its feature, mechanism, and application including micro-lenses are described.
Perovskite based photosensor for electrochemical studies (2016)

Photosensors are used for the detection of analytes in microfluidic devices. In order to detect materials with low concentrations, a sensor with high sensitivity is required. Perovskite has been studied extensively as a photoactive material in solar cells due to its wide absorption spectrum and low recombination rate of charges which also make it a suitable candidate for photosensors. In this work, the photoconductivity of the material in a thin-film resistor is studied. The resistance of the device is measured at different wavelengths and intensities. A significant change of the resistance is observed upon illumination indicating the adequacy of the device to serve as a photosensor. However, in this case, the perovskite layer must be protected with an insulating thin film to avoid undesired reactions and contacts. The perovskite film was also tested as an electrochemical photosensor. The current-voltage characteristics of the device showed a diode rectifying response both in dark and under illumination. In this case, the photo response of the device established promising results for applications in photosensors with a relatively high stability in a liquid media.
Answering Questions about Moving Objects in Surveillance Videos (2003)

Current question answering systems succeed in many respects regarding questions about textual documents. However, information exists in other media, which provides both opportunities and challenges for question answering. We present results in extending question answering capabilities to video footage captured in a surveillance setting. Our prototype system, called Spot, can answer questions about moving objects that appear within the video. We situate this novel application of vision and language technology within a larger framework designed to integrate language and vision systems under a common representation. We believe that our framework will support the next generation of multimodal natural language information access systems.
Solution behavior of metal sulfonate ionomers. II. Effects of solvents (1982)

Abstract Previous studies on the dilute‐solution behavior of sulfonated ionomers have shown these polymers to exhibit unusual viscosity behavior in mixed solvents of low polarity. These results have been interpreted as arising from specific solvation effects by the solvents with the metal sulfonate groups which persist as ion pairs. The consequences of ion pair interactions and their solvation are exceptional thickening behavior at low polymer levels as compared to unfunctionalized polymers, and anomolous solution viscosities with varying temperature. These studies have now been extended to single‐component solvents which traverse a range of polarities. Using the sodium salt of lightly sulfonated polystyrene (S‐PS) as a model system, the authors found the solution behavior in low‐polarity solvents (tetrahydrofuran) to be consistent with that observed previously for mixed solvents; ion pair interactions predominated. However, in polar solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide or dimethyl formamide, these polymers behave as classic polyelectrolytes even at sulfonate levels below 2 mol %. The behavior of the S‐PS acids is similar to that observed for the metal salts. To a first approximation these two behaviors, ion pair association and polyelectrolyte behavior, are dependent on solvent polarity. In some cases it is possible to induce polyelectrolyte behavior in a S‐PS/solvent combination exhibiting ion pair interactions by the addition of very low levels of a polar cosolvent, such as water. These results again demonstrate the selectivity of the solvent‐sulfonate interactions.
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Carbon Steels In Concentrated Sodium Nitrate Solutions (1960)

A study is made of the operating and metallurgical variables which govern failure of steel in nitrate solutions. Laboratory tests using a notched C-ring stressed with a cadmium plated, mild steel bolt resulted in no failures for a variety of conditions. A similar specimen stressed in a stainless steel ring between bolts fixed with glass bead insulators produced failures. Some of the conditions for failure were determined using this latter test. When locally stressed above the yield point, carbon steels (N-80 and J-55) failed in hot (150 F-230 F) concentrated (43% and 29%) solutions of NaNO3. Normalized N-80 failed at hardnesses of RC 20 and above. Quenched and tempered N-80 failed at hardnesses as low as RC 17 and AISI 1020 steel on a lower scale at RB 50. Failures were produced in solutions of pH 3 through 8. Mixed concentrated solutions of sodium nitrate and calcium chloride, in which the CaCl2/NaNO3 ratio was 4, did not produce cracking in either normalized or quenched and tempered N-80 ranging in hardness from RC 15 through RC 36. Failures of RC 32 N-80 were not produced in this mixed solution from pH 3 through 8. Tests were made in solutions of pH 6 in which the CaCl2/NaNO3 ratio was varied from .003 through 4.0 on RC 35 N-80 material. Failures were produced through a ratio of 2.0. The critical ratio for failure is between 2.0 and 4.0 and was not more closely defined than this. Most of these tests were made on API tubing steels, but the results are considered applicable to a variety of low alloy AISI steels. 3.5.8
A monoclonal antibody that neutralizes poliovirus by cross-linking virions (1985)

The neutralization of type 1 poliovirus by monoclonal antibody 35-1f4 was studied. The virions were rapidly linked by antibody into oligomers and larger aggregates, followed by slow redistribution of antibody between the immune complexes. The antibody content and infectivity of immune complexes were determined. Remaining single virions were fully infectious and free of antibody. The oligomers and larger aggregates did not significantly contribute to the residual infectivity, which therefore correlated with the number of remaining single virions. Papain digestion of neutralized poliovirus released fully infectious, antibody-free virions from the immune complexes. Anti-immunoglobulin antibodies reneutralized these virions. Polymerization was shown to occur even at virus concentrations of less than 10(3) PFU per ml.
Periventricular anastomosis in moyamoya disease: detecting fragile collateral vessels with MR angiography (2015)

OBJECT The authors' aim in this paper was to determine whether periventricular anastomosis, a novel term for the abnormal collateral vessels typical of moyamoya disease, is reliably measured with MR angiography and is associated with intracranial hemorrhage. METHODS This cross-sectional study sampled consecutive patients with moyamoya disease or moyamoya syndrome at a single institution. Periventricular anastomoses were detected using MR angiography images reformatted as sliding-thin-slab maximum-intensity-projection coronal images and were scored according to 3 subtypes: lenticulostriate, thalamic, and choroidal types. The association between periventricular anastomosis and hemorrhagic presentation at onset was evaluated using multivariate analyses. RESULTS Of 136 eligible patients, 122 were analyzed. Eighteen (14.8%) patients presented with intracranial hemorrhage with neurological symptoms at onset. Intra- and interrater agreement for rating of the periventricular anastomosis score was good (κw = 0.65 and 0.70, respectively). The prevalence of hemorrhagic presentation increased with the periventricular anastomosis score: 2.8% for Score 0, 8.8% for Score 1, 18.9% for Score 2, and 46.7% for Score 3 (p < 0.01 for trend). Univariate analysis revealed that age (p = 0.02) and periventricular anastomosis score (p < 0.01) were factors tentatively associated with hemorrhagic presentation. The score remained statistically significant after adjustment for age (OR 3.38 [95% CI 1.84-7.00]). CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that periventricular anastomosis detected with MR angiography can be scored with good intra- and interrater reliability and is associated with hemorrhagic presentation at onset in moyamoya disease. The clinical utility of periventricular anastomosis as a predictor for hemorrhage should be validated in further prospective studies.
Development of a Quantitative Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Vitellin and Vitellogenin of the Blue Crab Callinectes sapidus (1994)

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