gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Combined effects of TGFβ1 and BMP2 in serum-free chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells induced hyaline-like cartilage formation (2005)

This study investigated the effects of TGFbeta1, BMP2 or a combination of both on the chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in a serum-free micromass culture system in vitro. Putative MSCs harvested from the iliac crest of 4-5 month old New Zealand White Rabbits were expanded and cultured in three-dimensional high density micromass aggregate cultures containing TGFbeta1, BMP2 or a combination of both, in the absence of serum. After 14-20 days of culture, chondrogenic differentiation of the MSCs was assayed by toluidine blue staining, immunohistochemistry and semi-quantitative RT-RCR of type I collagen (CI) and type II collagen (CII). Quantitative measurements of cell proliferation and sulfated glycosaminoglycan (s-GAG) were also carried out to assess the growth rate and matrix deposition of the cultured aggregates. Both immunohistochemical staining and semi-quantitative RT-PCR showed that the combination of BMP2 and TGFbeta1 resulted in a marked enhancement of collagen II synthesis, with minimal collagen I expression, which would suggest hyaline-like cartilage formation. Additionally, BMP2 and TGFbeta1 had a synergistic effect on matrix proteoglycan deposition, as assessed by metachromatic toluidine blue staining. This is consistent with the quantitative measurement of glycosaminoglycans, whereby a significant increase in GAG/DNA was noted in the co-treatment group. Hence, it can be concluded that the combination of BMP2 and TGFbeta1 has a synergistic effect on the differentiation of MSC into hyaline-like cartilage tissue.
Design and application of an assessment protocol for electromagnetic tracking systems (2005)

This paper defines a simple protocol for competitive and quantified evaluation of electromagnetic tracking systems such as the NDI Aurora (A) and Ascension microBIRD with dipole transmitter (B). It establishes new methods and a new phantom design which assesses the reproducibility and allows comparability with different tracking systems in a consistent environment. A machined base plate was designed and manufactured in which a 50 mm grid of holes was precisely drilled for position measurements. In the center a circle of 32 equispaced holes enables the accurate measurement of rotation. The sensors can be clamped in a small mount which fits into pairs of grid holes on the base plate. Relative positional/orientational errors are found by subtracting the known distances/rotations between the machined locations from the differences of the mean observed positions/rotation. To measure the influence of metallic objects we inserted rods made of steel (SST 303, SST 416), aluminum, and bronze into the sensitive volume between sensor and emitter. We calculated the fiducial registration error and fiducial location error with a standard stylus calibration for both tracking systems and assessed two different methods of stylus calibration. The positional jitter amounted to 0.14 mm(A) and 0.08 mm(B). A relative positional error of 0.96mm±0.68mm, range -0.06 mm; 2.23 mm(A) and 1.14mm±0.78mm, range -3.72 mm; 1.57 mm(B) for a given distance of 50 mm was found. The relative rotation error was found to be 0.51° (A)/0.04° (B). The most relevant distortion caused by metallic objects results from SST 416. The maximum error 4.2mm(A)∕⩾100mm(B) occurs when the rod is close to the sensor(20 mm). While (B) is more sensitive with respect to metallic objects, (A) is less accurate concerning orientation measurements. (B) showed a systematic error when distances are calculated.
Adaptive Access Policy for the Linux Kernel (2005)

SELinux, that has stricter access control mechanisms than traditional UNIX/Linux, is thought to be an effective solution for server-side fortification. Some of SELinux's behavior toward actual incidents shows its potential as an intrusion detection system (IDS), but, still, it is nothing more than a logging facility. Further improvements are needed for SELinux, not only to detect incidents but also to deal with them. This paper describes the autonomous defense functionality called "Linux Kernel based IDS" as well as its implementation.
Scanning chemical potential microscope: A new technique for atomic scale surface investigation (1991)

A new microscope, the scanning chemical potential microscope (SCPM), has demonstrated the measurement of thermoelectric potential variations with atomic resolution. These measurements can be attributed to atomic scale variations in the surface chemical potential gradient (∂μ/∂T). This capability was experimentally demonstrated by measuring the thermoelectric voltage produced at the tunnel junction between a tip and a heated sample with a modified scanning tunnelling microscope (STM). Registered images of STM current and thermoelectric voltage were acquired by temporally multiplexing current and voltage data from line to line, providing a direct spatial comparison of current and voltage contrast. The results on graphite and molybdenum disulfide demonstrate that the tunnelling and thermoelectric contrast is spatially different on an atomic scale. The experiments are described, and the results of some first order classical calculations are presented.
Detection and correction of soft errors in memory system (2013)

Nowadays, The memory applications are more concerned with single event upsets. They invert the stored logic values in flip flop and memory cells. This issue is more serious when the affected memory cells are part of the configuration memory used for programming the circuit functionality. The occurrence of error can be corrected by reprogramming, which is caused due the alteration of circuit functionality. Here we have compared two decoders of error correction codes for issues in the programming circuits. A Hamming Decoder and a One-Step Majority Logic Decoder (OS-MLD) for the Difference-Set Cyclic Codes (DSCC) are analyzed yielding surprisingly unexpected results for their SEU susceptibility, which are interesting for application designers.
[Investigation on the feeding status of infants and young children in poor counties of Gansu Province]. (2011)

The exclusive breastfeeding rate was relatively low. The inappropriate addition of complementary foods in time, category and frequency were the main issues to be concerned. It was suggested that publicizing knowledge on infant feeding should be strengthened.
Background subtract subroutine for spectral data (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTBackground subtract subroutine for spectral dataR. P. GoehnerCite this: Anal. Chem. 1978, 50, 8, 1223–1225Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac50030a055https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50030a055research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views217Altmetric-Citations32LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Progress and peril: examining antibiotic resistance and systemic contaminants. (2000)

As part of its ongoing mission to inform and support trustees and staff of health foundations and corporate giving programs, Grantmakers In Health (GIH), in conjunction with the Health and Environmental Funders Network (HEFN), held a day-long Issue Dialogue on two important environmental health issues: antibiotic resistance and systemic contaminants. Experts and advocates from many organizations came together to discuss concerns and opportunities, as well as current and potential roles for health philanthropy. This Issue Brief brings together key points from the day's discussion with factual information on environmental health drawn from a background paper prepared for the participants.
TECHNETIUM-99m RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS—A SURVEY OF VARIOUS COMMERCIAL KITS (1983)

A number of commercially available technetium-99m labelling kits have been evaluated. The study covers six different types of radiopharmaceuticals which were tested in combination with 99mTc-pertechnetate obtained from three different makes of generators. The labelling yield of the final products was determined by chromatography. In most single cases, acceptable labelling efficiency was obtained and the deterioration in quality by storage was negligible.
ATP Sensing with Anthryl-Functionalized Open-Chain Polyaza-alkanes (2002)

The anthryl-functionalized open-chain polyaza-alkanes L1, L2, and L3 have been synthesized, and their activity as fluorescent chemosensors has been studied in MeCN/H2O 70 : 30 (v/v) and H2O at 25° against the anions bromide, phosphate, sulfate, ATP, ADP, and GMP. The crystal structure of L3 has been solved by single-crystal X-ray-diffraction techniques. The emission intensity of L1 and L2 is selectively quenched in the presence of ATP at acidic pH in MeCN/H2O 70 : 30 (v/v). In H2O, the emission intensity of L1 and L2 is enhanced at neutral pH in the presence of ADP and ATP. The sensing behavior is discussed in terms of H-bonding or electrostatic anion-cation interactions. Receptor L3 does not show any significant change in fluorescence emission upon addition of anions. Protonation constants of the three ligands and stability constants of L2 with phosphate and sulfate were determined by potentiometric titration in MeCN/H2O. The stability constants obtained are compared with those obtained for the interaction of these anions with related open-chain polyamines.
Therapeutic ultrasound as a potential male contraceptive: power, frequency and temperature required to deplete rat testes of meiotic cells and epididymides of sperm determined using a commercially available system (2019)

Abstract Background Studies published in the 1970s by Mostafa S. Fahim and colleagues showed that a short treatment with ultrasound caused the depletion of germ cells and infertility. The goal of the current study was to determine if a commercially available therapeutic ultrasound generator and transducer could be used as the basis for a male contraceptive. Methods Sprague-Dawley rats were anesthetized and their testes were treated with 1 MHz or 3 MHz ultrasound while varying power, duration and temperature of treatment. Results We found that 3 MHz ultrasound delivered with 2.2 Watt per square cm power for fifteen minutes was necessary to deplete spermatocytes and spermatids from the testis and that this treatment significantly reduced epididymal sperm reserves. 3 MHz ultrasound treatment reduced total epididymal sperm count 10-fold lower than the wet-heat control and decreased motile sperm counts 1,000-fold lower than wet-heat alone. The current treatment regimen provided nominally more energy to the treatment chamber than Fahim's originally reported conditions of 1 MHz ultrasound delivered at 1 Watt per square cm for ten minutes. However, the true spatial average intensity, effective radiating area and power output of the transducers used by Fahim were not reported, making a direct comparison impossible. We found that germ cell depletion was most uniform and effective when we rotated the therapeutic transducer to mitigate non-uniformity of the beam field. The lowest sperm count was achieved when the coupling medium (3% saline) was held at 37 degrees C and two consecutive 15-minute treatments of 3 MHz ultrasound at 2.2 Watt per square cm were separated by 2 days. Conclusions The non-invasive nature of ultrasound and its efficacy in reducing sperm count make therapeutic ultrasound a promising candidate for a male contraceptive. However, further studies must be conducted to confirm its efficacy in providing a contraceptive effect, to test the result of repeated use, to verify that the contraceptive effect is reversible and to demonstrate that there are no detrimental, long-term effects from using ultrasound as a method of male contraception.
β-Adrenergic Bronchodilators (1995)

Of the three classes of bronchodilators (β2-adrenergic–receptor agonists, methylxanthines, and anticholinergic agents), the β2-adrenergic–receptor agonists produce the greatest bronchodilation in patients with bronchial asthma.1 β2-Adrenergic agonists are generally preferred both for the relief of acute symptoms2,3 and for the prevention of exercise-induced bronchospasm.4 The recent introduction of long-acting inhaled β2-adrenergic agonists has overcome the principal shortcoming of the previously available drugs of this class, their limited duration of action. However, the possibility of adverse effects with regular use of β2-adrenergic agonists has been raised.57 In this article I . . .
Differences in the neuronal stem cells survival, neuronal differentiation and neurological improvement after transplantation of neural stem cells between mild and severe experimental traumatic brain injury (2006)

We developed a novel protocol for generation and selective amplification of neural progenitor cells regionally specified to the rostral brain but not the spinal cord from mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). The neural progenitors could differentiate in vitro and in vivo into many cholinergic and a few GABAergic neurons but rarely into astrocytes. The transplanted neurospheres could survive in the hippocampus (CA3) of animals with mild traumatic brain injury (TBI). Twelve weeks after transplantation (a week after the behavioral test), we found significant cholinergic differentiation recognized as ChAT immunoreactivity in the eGFP+transplanted cells. Moreover, the grafts contained a few GAD67+cells. However, we barely found GFAP+astrocytes within the grafts. Furthermore, presynaptic formations of graft-derived neurons were recognized by immunohistochemistry of near the grafts around CA3. However, these findings were not observed in severe TBI group. So, we examined NGF, BDNF, and FGF-2 mRNA by RT-PCR in 12 mice including normal, mild TBI and severe TBI group. Increases in the neurotrophic factors' mRNA were evident in the hippocampus on the ipsilateral side in the mild TBI group. Statistical analysis revealed significant differences between the mild and severe TBI groups. The data also revealed significant differences between the mild TBI and normal groups. The transplanted neurospheres could survive in the mild TBI animals, but not in the severe TBI group.
Analysis of minimum cost in shape-optimized Litz-wire inductor windings (2002)

Litz-wire windings for gapped inductors are optimized for minimum cost within a loss constraint or vice-versa. Optimal winding shapes and the strand diameter and number for each shape are found through simultaneous consideration of two-dimensional field effects and of cost and AC-loss implications of litz stranding.
The steroidogenic and morphological effects of paclitaxel on cultured ovarian cancer cells. (1995)

We have studied the biochemical effects of paclitaxel (trade name Taxol) in three ovarian cancer (OV Ca) cell lines and JEG-3 choriocarcinoma cells. Paclitaxel (1 microgram/ml) was cytotoxic to approximately 80% of OV Ca cells, and the ED50 ranged from 6 to 9 ng/ml. Paclitaxel was also cytotoxic to JEG-3 cells (ED50 40 ng/ml), but even at 1 microgram/ml, 40-50% of the cells survived paclitaxel treatment. Paclitaxel increased 17 beta-estradiol secretion 3-4 fold in all three OV Ca cell lines with an ED50 range of 3-13 ng/ml. Similarly, paclitaxel increased estradiol secretion from JEG cells with an ED50 of 50 ng/ml. Colchicine also increased estradiol secretion significantly from OV Ca cells at 2 microM while reducing cell number approximately 40% (beta-lumicolchicine, an inactive isomer, was ineffective at this concentration). Paclitaxel (1 microgram/ml) treatment of BR OV Ca cells produced alterations in morphology leading to "rounding" of cells within 6 h of treatment. Simultaneously, paclitaxel increased immunohistochemical staining for aromatase, and this increase was coincident with morphological alterations. The present results demonstrate that low concentrations of paclitaxel can have significant steroidogenic, as well as cytotoxic, effects on OV Ca cells, suggesting that paclitaxel may activate signal transduction pathways in addition to disrupting microtubule function. These findings further suggest that paclitaxel could be efficacious at submicromolar concentrations.
First- and second-order piezoelectricity in III-V semiconductors (2011)

We present the results of first-principles plane-wave pseudopotential calculations of piezoelectric coefficients of first and second order for a total of nine III-V binary phases (AlP, AlAs, AlSb, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, InP, InAs, InSb) of zinc-blende semiconductors. These coefficients are used to calculate the piezoelectric fields for [111]-oriented quantum wells (QWs) with different well-barrier combinations and various dimensions. We derive an approximate analytic expression for the strain tensor in the case of pseudomorphic growth along an arbitrary growth direction. Together with the piezoelectric coefficients, this allows a simple calculation of the piezoelectric field up to second order in strain for an arbitrary growth direction and any material combination within the nine III-Vs presented here. Nonlinear contributions to the polarization are shown to be of significant magnitude for all the materials presented. In some cases the field is increased by the second-order terms; in some cases it is decreased. We analyze the chemical trends of the obtained coefficients. We compare our results to available experiments and find good agreement in one-third of the cases, while for the remaining cases the calculated field is larger to significantly larger than in the measurements. We discuss the popular experimental techniques and highlight possible reasons for the discrepancies.
Structural insight into catalytic mechanism of PET hydrolase (2017)

PET hydrolase (PETase), which hydrolyzes polyethylene terephthalate (PET) into soluble building blocks, provides an attractive avenue for the bioconversion of plastics. Here we present the structures of a novel PETase from the PET-consuming microbe Ideonella sakaiensis in complex with substrate and product analogs. Through structural analyses, mutagenesis, and activity measurements, a substrate-binding mode is proposed, and several features critical for catalysis are elucidated.
Preparation and microbial decomposition of synthetic [14C]ligins. (1975)

A definitive assay for microbiological and biochemical research on the biodegradation of lignin was developed using radioactive synthetic lignins specifically labeled in the side chains, aromatic rings or in the methoxyl groups. The [14C]lignins were prepared by oxidative polymerization with peroxidase and H2O2 Of specifically labeled coniferyl alcohol (4-hydroxy-3-methyoxycinnamyl alcohol). The synthetic polymers were shown by spectroscopic and chemical methods to contain the same intermonomer linkages found in natural lignins. Incubation of the [14C]lignins with known lignin-degrading fungi and with a forest soil resulted in 14CO2 evolution.
Fluorescence of aromatic benzoxazole derivatives (1972)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFluorescence of aromatic benzoxazole derivativesA. Reiser, L. J. Leyshon, D. Saunders, M. V. Mijovic, A. Bright, and J. BogieCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972, 94, 7, 2414–2421Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1972Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1972https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00762a036https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00762a036research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1173Altmetric-Citations112LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Cellular, molecular and immunological mechanisms in the pathophysiology of vein graft intimal hyperplasia (2005)

Coronary artery disease, leading to myocardial infarction and ischaemia, affects millions of persons and is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Invasive techniques such as coronary artery bypass grafting are used to alleviate the sequelae of arterial occlusion. Unfortunately, restenosis or occlusion of the grafted conduit occurs over a time frame of months to years with a gradual reduction in patency, especially in vein grafts. The events leading to intimal hyperplasia (IH) formation involve numerous cellular and molecular components. Various cellular elements of the vessel wall are involved as are leucocyte-endothelial interactions that trigger the coagulation cascade leading to localized thrombus formation. Subsequent phenotypic modification of the medial smooth muscle cells and their intimal migration is the basis of the lesion formation that is thought to be propagated by an immune-mediated reaction. Despite intense scrutiny, the pathophysiology of IH remains an enigma. Although several growth factors, cytokines and numerous other biomolecules have been implicated and their relationship to prohyperplasia pathways such as the phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt pathway has been established, many pieces of the puzzle are still missing. An in-depth understanding of early vein graft adaptation and progression is necessary to improve the long-term prognosis and develop more effective therapeutic measures. In this review, we have critically evaluated and summarized the literature to elucidate and interlink the numerous established and emerging factors that play a key role in the development of IH leading to vein graft restenosis.