gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Watermelon Variety Trials in Southwest Indiana 2017 (2018)

This is a compilation of 18 research trial reports from four land-grant universities in the Midwestern United States. Crops include cantaloupe, pickling cucumber, pepper, potato, pumpkin, summer squash and zucchini, sweet corn, tomato, and watermelon. Somecrops were evaluated in high tunnels or hoophouses. Most trials evaluated different cultivars or varieties. One report addressed plant spacing for sweet corn and one addressed soil block for production of tomato seedlings. A list of vegetable seed sources and a list of other online sources of vegetable trial reports are also included.
Role of Ag<sup>+</sup> in the Band Structures and Photocatalytic Properties of AgMO<sub>3</sub> (M:  Ta and Nb) with the Perovskite Structure (2002)

Photophysical and photocatalytic properties of perovskite-type materials AgMO3 (M: Ta and Nb) consisting of Ag+ and d0 ions were investigated. The band gaps of AgTaO3 and AgNbO3 were 3.4 and 2.8 eV, respectively, being 0.6 eV smaller than the band gaps of NaTaO3 (4.0 eV) and NaNbO3, even if the crystal structures of AgMO3 were similar to those of NaMO3. It was found from the electronic band structure study, using the plane-wave-based density functional method, that a hybrid orbital of Ag 4d and O 2p formed a valence band at a more negative level than O 2p orbitals. AgTaO3 showed photocatalytic activity for pure water splitting into H2 and O2 under UV-light irradiation. AgNbO3 has arisen as a new visible-light-driven photocatalyst possessing the ability to evolve H2 or O2 from water in the presence of sacrificial reagents.
Biological significance of nitric oxide-mediated protein modifications (2004)

Nitric oxide (NO), despite an apparently simple diatomic structure, has a wide variety of functions in both physiology and pathology and within every major organ system. It has become an increasingly important scientific challenge to decipher how this wide range of activity is achieved. To this end a number of investigators have begun to explore how NO-mediated posttranslational modifications of proteins may represent mechanisms of cellular signaling. These modifications include: 1). binding to metal centers; 2). nitrosylation of thiol and amine groups; 3). nitration of tyrosine, tryptophan, amine, carboxylic acid, and phenylalanine groups; and 4). oxidation of thiols (both cysteine and methionine residues) and tyrosine. However, two particular modifications have recently received much attention, nitrosylation of thiols to produce S-nitrosothiol and nitration of tyrosine residues to produce nitrotyrosine. It is the purpose of this review to examine the possibility that these modifications may play a role in NO-mediated signaling.
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy for resectable oesophageal and junctional adenocarcinoma: Results from the UK Medical Research Council randomised OEO5 trial (ISRCTN 01852072). (2015)

4002 Background: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (2 cycles cisplatin/5 fluorouracil) (CF) followed by surgery is a standard of care for locally advanced oesophageal cancer. We investigated whether more chemotherapy (4 cycles epirubicin/cisplatin /capecitabine (ECX)) would improve outcomes. Methods: A multi-centre, randomised, phase III trial comparing 2 cycles of CF with 4 cycles of ECX followed by oesophagectomy with 2-field lymphadenectomy for lower oesophageal and junctional (Types I and II) adenocarcinoma. Primary outcome was overall survival (OS); 842 patients (677 deaths) would detect an increase in 3-year survival from 30% to 38% (or 37%) with 82% (or 70%) power with 2α = 5%. Deaths accrued more slowly than anticipated but the Independent Data Monitoring Committee considered the data sufficiently robust for release. Secondary outcomes include disease-free (DFS) and progression-free survival (PFS), pathological R0 resection rate, Mandard grade and quality of life. Results: From 2005-2011, 897 patients (451 CF, 446 ECX) from 72 UK centres were randomly allocated (1:1). Baseline characteristics were similar between the groups (overall, male 90%, median age 62 (IQR 56-67), staging included PET 60%, T3 N0 22%, T3 N1 65%). 96% CF received 2 cycles, 89% ECX > 3 cycles. Grade 3/4 toxicity was lower with CF (30% v 47% p < 0.001.) Of those patients having a resection R0 rates were CF 60%, ECX 66% with a Mandard grade ≤ 3 achieved in CF 15% v ECX 32% with 3 and 11% achieving complete response. Post-operative complications were similar (CF 57%, ECX 62%) as were deaths at 30 (CF 2%, ECX 2%) and 90 days post-surgery (CF 4%, ECX 5%). PFS and DFS favoured ECX, hazard ratio (HR, 95% CI) PFS 0.86 (0.74-1.01), DFS 0.88 (0.75-1.03). HR for OS was 0.92 (0.79-1.08, p = 0.3017) based on 315 CF and 298 ECX deaths, with similar 3 year survival rates CF 39% (35-44%) vs ECX 42% (37-46%). Conclusions: There is some evidence of a benefit from the prolonged ECX regimen, in terms of PFS, DFS and tumour regression at resection, but this does not translate into a survival benefit. Overall chemotherapy toxicity was higher with 4 cycles of ECX compared to 2 cycles of CF but surgical morbidity was not increased. Clinical trial information: 01852072.
Health Effects of Mycotoxins in Indoor Air: A Critical Review (2000)

Industrial hygienists (IHs) are called upon to investigate exposures to mold in indoor environments, both residential and commercial. Because exposure standards for molds or mycotoxins do not exist, it is important for the industrial hygienist to have a broad knowledge of the potential for exposure and health effects associated with mold in the indoor environment. This review focuses on the toxic effects of molds associated with the production of mycotoxins, and the putative association between health effects due to mycotoxin exposure in the indoor environment. This article contains background information on molds and mycotoxins, and a brief summary and review of animal exposure studies, case reports, and epidemiological studies from the primary literature concerning inhalation of mycotoxins or potentially toxin-producing molds. The relevance of the findings in the reviewed articles to exposures to mold in indoor, non-agricultural environments is discussed. Although evidence was found of a relationship between high levels of inhalation exposure or direct contact to mycotoxin-containing molds or mycotoxins, and demonstrable effects in animals and health effects in humans, the current literature does not provide compelling evidence that exposure at levels expected in most mold-contaminated indoor environments is likely to result in measurable health effects. Even though there is general agreement that active mold growth in indoor environments is unsanitary and must be corrected, the point at which mold contamination becomes a threat to health is unknown. Research and systematic field investigation are needed to provide an understanding of the health implications of mycotoxin exposures in indoor environments.
Role of Estrogen Receptor-β in Endometriosis (2012)

Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent disease. The biologically active estrogen, estradiol, aggravates the pathological processes (e.g., inflammation and growth) and the symptoms (e.g., pain) associated with endometriosis. Abundant quantities of estradiol are available for endometriotic tissue via several mechanisms including local aromatase expression. The question remains, then, what mediates estradiol action. Because estrogen receptor (ER)β levels in endometriosis are >100 times higher than those in endometrial tissue, this review focuses on this nuclear receptor. Deficient methylation of the ERβ promoter results in pathological overexpression of ERβ in endometriotic stromal cells. High levels of ERβ suppress ERα expression. A severely high ERβ-to-ERα ratio in endometriotic stromal cells is associated with suppressed progesterone receptor and increased cyclo-oxygenase-2 levels contributing to progesterone resistance and inflammation. ERβ-selective estradiol antagonists may serve as novel therapeutics of endometriosis in the future.
Evaluation of UK waterway regeneration and restoration (2004)

Following the original boom of Britain's network of navigable rivers and canals during the Industrial Revolution, the waterways fell into decline following the Second World War. Now this trend has been reversed, under the care and management of British Waterways. This paper outlines the restoration work undertaken, and the economic benefits are illustrated by means of a recent case study on the Kennet and Avon Canal.
The untapped potential of sweet sorghum as a bioenergy feedstock (2010)

As world energy demand increases, alternative sources of renewable energy are required. Sweet sorghum has great potential as an alternative bioenergy feedstock. It is a highly productive and versatile crop that can be cultivated in temperate climates. However, the freshly pressed juice is not stable, and must be processed immediately, making it difficult to operate a large plant in a short harvest season. The relatively low technology conversion process for sweet sorghum lends itself to rural, decentralized processing, and it is this scenario that should be further pursued in order to fully utilize its potential. This article will discuss critical issues and various processing options for production of ethanol from sweet sorghum.
Ligand Density and Nanoparticle Clustering Cooperate in the Multivalent Amplification of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Activation (2018)

Multivalent presentation of ligands on nanoparticles (NPs) is considered a general strategy for enhancing receptor binding and activation through amplification of ligand-receptor interactions within the footprint of the individual NPs. The spatial clustering of ligand-functionalized NPs represents an additional, less well understood mechanism for increasing local ligand-receptor interactions, especially for receptors that form higher-order assemblies, such as the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR). To shed light on the interplay between ligand density ( i.e., multivalency) and NP clustering in signal amplification, we apply EGF-functionalized 72 ± 1 nm gold nanoparticles (NP-EGF) with known ligand loading (10-200 EGF/NP) as quantifiable and experimentally tractable units of EGFR activation and characterize the NP-mediated amplification of EGFR phosphorylation as a function of both EGF surface density and NP-EGF clustering for two cancer cell lines (HeLa and MDA-MB-468). The measurements confirm a strong multivalent amplification of EGFR phosphorylation through NP-EGF on the cellular level that results in EGF-loading-dependent maximum EGFR phosphorylation levels. A microscopic analysis of NP-EGF-induced EGFR phosphorylation reveals a heterogeneous spatial distribution of EGFR activation across the cell surface. Clustering of multivalent NP-EGF on sub-diffraction-limited length scales is found to result in a local enhancement of EGFR phosphorylation in signaling "hot spots" from where the signal can spread laterally in an EGF-independent fashion. Increasing EGF loadings of the NP enhances NP-EGF clustering and intensifies EGFR phosphorylation. These observations suggest that NP-EGF clustering and the associated local enhancement of ligand-receptor interactions are intrinsic components of the multivalent amplification of phosphorylation for the heterogeneously distributed EGFR through NP-EGF.
Servomechanism for locking scanning tunneling microscope tip over surface nanostructures (2000)

Measurement of the light emission spectrum from a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) requires a long exposure time due to its extremely low intensity, and thermal drift of the tip during the exposure time limits the spatial resolution. To improve the resolution, a computer controlled servomechanism that locks the STM tip over a target position has been developed. We have measured the light emission spectra from individual nanometer scale structures on an evaporated Au film with and without this mechanism, and demonstrated the effectiveness of the servomechanism.
Effect of Cross-Linking on the Diffusion of Water, Ions, and Small Molecules in Hydrogels (2009)

The present study reports on molecular dynamics investigations of chemically cross-linked poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogels with the aim of exploring the diffusion properties of water, ions, and rhodamine within the polymer at the molecular level. The water structure and diffusion properties were studied at various cross-linking densities with molecular weights of the chains ranging from 572 to 3400. As the cross-linking density is increased, the water diffusion decreases and the slowdown in diffusion is more severe at the polymer-water interface. The water diffusion at various cross-linking densities is correlated with the water hydrogen bonding dynamics. The diffusion of ions and rhodamine also decreased as the cross-linking density is increased. The variation of diffusion coefficient with cross-linking density is related to the variation of water content at different cross-linking densities. Comparison of simulation results and obstruction scaling theory for hydrogels showed similar trends.
IL-10 inhibits mitogen-induced T cell proliferation by selectively inhibiting macrophage costimulatory function (1992)

IL-10, a newly designated cytokine primarily produced by the Th2 subset of CD4+ T lymphocytes and Ly-1+ B lymphocytes, has recently been hypothesized to inhibit cytokine production by Th1 T cell clones by blocking accessory cell- (AC) dependent costimulatory function. To evaluate the effect of IL-10 on Con A-induced proliferative responses of resting murine T cells, purified T cells were cultured with different types of AC. The addition of IL-10 produced a 70 to 90% inhibition of resting T lymphocyte proliferation when purified populations of macrophages were used as AC, but had no effect on the AC function of T-depleted spleen cells, activated B cells, dendritic cells, or L cells. The inhibitory effects of IL-10 were inversely related to the concentration of mitogen and could be reversed by the addition of the neutralizing anti-IL-10 mAb, SXC1. The inhibition of macrophage AC function was not related to the induction of a suppressor cytokine as stimulation by mixtures of macrophages and limiting numbers of dendritic cells was not inhibited. The decrease in proliferative responses was primarily secondary to inhibition of IL-2 production although the failure of exogenous IL-2 to completely reconstitute the response suggested that IL-10 may also exert inhibitory effects on the induction of expression of a functional IL-2R. These results are most consistent with a model in which IL-10 inhibits the induction of expression on macrophages of a critical costimulatory molecule that may be constitutively expressed on other types of AC.
Mutants of Epstein-Barr virus with a selective marker disrupting the TP gene transform B cells and replicate normally in culture (1993)

We have isolated mutants of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) which carry a dominant selectable marker inserted into the third exon of the gene encoding two membrane proteins, TP1 and TP2 (or LMP2A and LMP2B), which are expressed in latently infected, growth-transformed B cells. One of the mutants also acquired a 260-bp deletion beginning in the first intron a few base pairs from the terminal repeats and removing most of the second TP exon, including the initial coding sequences of TP2. These EBV mutants transform human B cells in culture, and the transformed B-cell clones carrying them release EBV at approximately normal frequencies.
Space representation for eye movements is more contralateral in monkeys than in humans (2010)

Contralateral hemispheric representation of sensory inputs (the right visual hemifield in the left hemisphere and vice versa) is a fundamental feature of primate sensorimotor organization, in particular the visuomotor system. However, many higher-order cognitive functions in humans show an asymmetric hemispheric lateralization--e.g., right brain specialization for spatial processing--necessitating a convergence of information from both hemifields. Electrophysiological studies in monkeys and functional imaging in humans have investigated space and action representations at different stages of visuospatial processing, but the transition from contralateral to unified global spatial encoding and the relationship between these encoding schemes and functional lateralization are not fully understood. Moreover, the integration of data across monkeys and humans and elucidation of interspecies homologies is hindered, because divergent findings may reflect actual species differences or arise from discrepancies in techniques and measured signals (electrophysiology vs. imaging). Here, we directly compared spatial cue and memory representations for action planning in monkeys and humans using event-related functional MRI during a working-memory oculomotor task. In monkeys, cue and memory-delay period activity in the frontal, parietal, and temporal regions was strongly contralateral. In putative human functional homologs, the contralaterality was significantly weaker, and the asymmetry between the hemispheres was stronger. These results suggest an inverse relationship between contralaterality and lateralization and elucidate similarities and differences in human and macaque cortical circuits subserving spatial awareness and oculomotor goal-directed actions.
On the mode of action of pseudomonic acid: Inhibition of protein synthesis in Staphylococcus aureus. (1978)

The effect of the antibiotic, pseudomonic acid, on the major metabolic processes in Staphylococcus aureus was studied. The primary effect of low concentrations of the antibiotic, leading to bacteriostasis, is inhibition of protein synthesis. Pseudomonic acid also severely inhibits RNA synthesis which can be prevented by chloramphenicol treatment. DNA and cell wall peptidoglycan synthesis are inhibited to a lesser extent and interference with these processes is considered to be a secondary effect. Oxidative phosphorylation as measured by ATP levels was not inhibited.
Resistance of Influenza A Virus to Amantadine and Rimantadine: Results of One Decade of Surveillance (1989)

All clinical isolates of influenza A viruses from patients in Huntington, West Virginia, during the decade 1978-1988 were tested, and 65 of 65 H1N1 and 176 of 181 H3N2 viruses were susceptible to the antiviral action of amantadine and rimantadine. The five resistant viruses were obtained from three members of a family undergoing therapy or prophylaxis with rimantadine. Resistant influenza emerged during treatment with rimantadine and spread to two family contacts, causing typical influenza with fever, myalgia, and cough of 5 days' or less duration. Genetic characterization of the resistant viruses when compared to the susceptible virus isolated on day 1 from the index case revealed a single amino acid change in the transmembrane portion of the M2 protein. In vitro studies showed that rimantadine was significantly more active than amantadine against both H1N1 and H3N2 viruses. Although this resistant influenza was transmitted and caused illness in one family, the absence of naturally occurring resistant viruses suggests that the emergence of new strains of influenza A each few years may prevent the widespread emergence of resistant influenza A virus.
The Contemporary Problem (1968)

Apropos of Birtwistle's Punch and Judy and its libretto, Gordon Crosse, in Tempo 85, submits that “an opera is a fusion of word, music and action in which, perhaps, only the music can bear separate scrutiny. W. H. Auden once described librettos as ‘private letters to the composers', and so they are”. On reflection and inspection, Gordon Crosse is much righter than Auden; as a matter of fact, he could hardly be righter. I'll take up the ‘hardly’ a little further down; for the moment, I want to rejoice that somebody has, at long last, said it. Crosse's may sound a slightly commonplace statement once it's out, but that is true of many propositions which hit the truth right at the centre.
Consistent solid and boundary representations from arbitrary polygonal data (1997)

Consistent repreaentations of the boundary and interior of thredimensional solid objects are required by applications ramging from interactive visualization to finite element analysis. However, most commonly available models of solid objects contain errors and inconsistencies. We describe an algorithm that automatically constructs consistent representations of the solid objects modeled by an arbitrary set of polygons. The key feature of our algorithm is that it first partitions space into a set of polyhedral regions and then determines which regions are solid based on region adjacency relationships. Fromthe solid polyhedral regions, we are able to output umsistent boundary and solid representations in a variety of iile formats. Unlike previous approaches, our solid-based approach is effective even when the input polygons intersect, overlap, are wrongly-oriented, have T-junctions, or are unconnected.
Using yeast to easily determine mitochondrial functionality with 1‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐3,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay (2006)

Mitochondrial respiration is an important topic in biochemical courses, but at the same time it is a very arduous and challenging subject for the students to comprehend. In teaching laboratories, experiments are also difficult to perform because mitochondrial isolation as well as oxygen consumption determinations require expensive equipment, rarely present in Mexican teaching laboratories. For this purpose, we adapted the 1-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-3,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, usually done with cell lines, to corroborate mitochondrial respiration in yeast. We used the reduction of the MTT to learn and distinguish the respiratory yield between different substrates as well as the effects of respiratory inhibitors. This is an economical, easily done laboratory experiment that quantifies mitochondrial functionality and provides a good idea of the respiratory process.
[A study on absorption and utilization of calcium, iron and zinc in mineral-fortified and dephytinized soy milk powder consumed by boys aged 12 to 14 years]. (2003)

Bioavailability of calcium, iron and zinc in soy milk powder could be increased by dephytinized treatment for it.
2004 National Fresenius Award To Wittung-Stafshede (1987)

Anatomically intact, murine patellar cartilage was exposed to human polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) stimulated with formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine or Ca-ionophore A-23187. This resulted in an inhibition of chondrocyte proteoglycan synthesis and breakdown of cartilage matrix proteoglycans as shown with 35S-incorporation and autoradiography. These effects could not be inhibited by catalase or superoxide dismutase. A serine protease inhibitor and a specific elastase inhibitor prevented both proteoglycan degradation and chondrocyte damage, indicating that PMN-elastase is the causative agent. It was shown that elastase shed by PMN in close contact with the articular cartilage, can escape from complexing with alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor. We would hypothesize that the elastase owing to its dual action (matrix breakdown and inhibition of chondrocyte metabolism) is a major contributor to enzymatic cartilage destruction in inflammatory disorders.