gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New anti-CD30 human pancreatic ribonuclease-based immunotoxin reveals strong and specific cytotoxicity<i>in vivo</i> (2007)

Although the therapy of Hodgkin lymphoma and anaplastic large cell lymphoma has been considerably improved during the last decades, high therapeutic toxicity, relapses, secondary tumors, and primary treatment failure(s) occur. Both malignancies are well suited for CD30-targeted immunotherapy because of their strong CD30 expression. We constructed an immunotoxin composed of a single chain variable fragment of a CD30 antibody fused to the human pancreatic ribonuclease, showing CD30-specific binding and ribonucleolytic activity resistant to the inhibitor RNasin. This immunotoxin revealed CD30-specific anti-tumor activity in BALB/c mice that were challenged with CD30-positive or CD30-negative syngeneic tumor cells.
A highly available job execution service in computational service market (2007)

One of the major challenges in managing resources of computational Grids with diverse shared resources is how to meet users' QoS requirements and rationally distribute resources at the same time. In particular, even though less reliable desktop PCs are dominant resource providers of computational Grids, they are often underutilized because they do not exhibit qualities required by typical scientific and business applications targeting computational Grids. Economy-based markets are expected to foster the utilization of those underutilized low quality resource via supply-and-demand. However, our experiment shows that price has its limitation in controlling the supply-and-demand in computational markets. This situation necessitates Highly Available Job Execution Service (HA-JES) which fosters the balanced resource consumption by dynamically and transparently replicating jobs with underutilized and under-priced resources. In particular, the process of job replication in HA-JES occurs in market-driven efficient way; underutilized and therefore cheap resources are exploited to build a high quality resource and hence facilitate balanced resource usage. Our simulation results show that HA-JES benefits all actors in the Grid market in terms of resource utilization, market capacity, and market stability.
Modeling, Experimentation and Simulation of a Brake Apply System (1994)

This study presents the development and validation of an analytical dynamic model of the brake apply system of a vehicle. The brake apply system includes the models for brake pedal, vacuum booster, master cylinder, and proportioning valves; the interactions with the wheel brake system, which comprises the front and rear foundation brakes, are included by modeling their compliances. Laboratory experiments are performed on a bench setup of the brake system and the experimental data is compared with the simulation results. The model is formulated such that the inputs are the pedal force applied by the driver, the vacuum supplied by the engine and the physical parameters of the brake components. Preliminary analysis shows that the simulation tracks the data quite closely throughout the regime of operation. Sensitivity studies are performed to show the effect of different friction parameters on the system performance.
Inheritance of Density of Erect Glandular Trichomes in the Genus <i>Medicago</i><sup>1</sup> (1985)

The successful development of an interspecific, erect glandular‐haired, tetraploid population of alfalfa, involving Medicago sativa L.; M. prostrata Jacquin; and M. falcata glandulosa David, with an adequate density of hairs for resistance to several insect pests is described. The objective of this study was to determine magnitudes of genetic and nongenetic variance components, repeatability, and heritability of glandular‐hair density in this population. A random sample of 40 genotypes from this population was randomly intermated. Twenty‐two genotypes and their progeny were measured for density of glandular hairs in a randomized complete‐block design with two blocks. Parental plots consisted of eight vegetatively propagated plants of each parental clone, and the progeny plots included 16 random‐intercross individuals from each parent as a female. The third fully elongated internode from the apex on two stems per plant was measured for number of glandular hairs per square millimeter (g.h. mm −2 ). The design variance components of parental clones were estimated. The phenotypic variance was partitioned into additive (29%), nonadditive (16%), general environmental (29%), and special environmental (26%) variances. A repeatability of 0.74 was obtained and used to compute the gain in accuracy to be expected from repeated measurements. The gain was substantial with two measurements per plant, but the extra time and effort required to obtain more than two measurements would be generally unwarranted. Parent‐offspring regression analysis gave an estimate of 0.55 for the narrow‐sense heritability. The predicted gain in number of g.h. mm −2 , obtained by selecting the upper 10% of the parent plants and recombining them, was 1.76 g.h. mm −2 . This gain represented 45% of the parental population mean.
Simultaneously Efficient Light Absorption and Charge Separation in WO<sub>3</sub>/BiVO<sub>4</sub> Core/Shell Nanowire Photoanode for Photoelectrochemical Water Oxidation (2014)

We report a scalably synthesized WO3/BiVO4 core/shell nanowire photoanode in which BiVO4 is the primary light-absorber and WO3 acts as an electron conductor. These core/shell nanowires achieve the highest product of light absorption and charge separation efficiencies among BiVO4-based photoanodes to date and, even without an added catalyst, produce a photocurrent of 3.1 mA/cm2 under simulated sunlight and an incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency of ∼60% at 300–450 nm, both at a potential of 1.23 V versus RHE.
Umformverhalten oberflächenbeschichteter Stahlbleche (1998)

S.18-23
Beyond Gene Delivery: Strategies to Engineer the Surfaces of Viral Vectors (2013)

Viral vectors have been extensively studied due to their great transduction efficiency compared to non-viral vectors. These vectors have been used extensively in gene therapy, enabling the comprehension of, not only the advantages of these vectors, but also the limitations, such as the activation of the immune system after vector administration. Moreover, the need to control the target of the vector has led to the development of chemical and non-chemical modifications of the vector surface, allowing researchers to modify the tropism and biodistribution profile of the vector, leading to the production of viral vectors able to target different tissues and organs. This review describes recent non-genetic modifications of the surfaces of viral vectors to decrease immune system activation and to control tissue targeting. The developments described herein provide opportunities for applications of gene therapy to treat acquired disorders and genetic diseases and to become useful tools in regenerative medicine.
Translocation domain mutations affecting cellular toxicity identify the <i>Clostridium difficile</i> toxin B pore (2014)

Disease associated with Clostridium difficile infection is caused by the actions of the homologous toxins TcdA and TcdB on colonic epithelial cells. Binding to target cells triggers toxin internalization into acidified vesicles, whereupon cryptic segments from within the 1,050-aa translocation domain unfurl and insert into the bounding membrane, creating a transmembrane passageway to the cytosol. Our current understanding of the mechanisms underlying pore formation and the subsequent translocation of the upstream cytotoxic domain to the cytosol is limited by the lack of information available regarding the identity and architecture of the transmembrane pore. Here, through systematic perturbation of conserved sites within predicted membrane-insertion elements of the translocation domain, we uncovered highly sensitive residues--clustered between amino acids 1,035 and 1,107--that when individually mutated, reduced cellular toxicity by as much as >1,000-fold. We demonstrate that defective variants are defined by impaired pore formation in planar lipid bilayers and biological membranes, resulting in an inability to intoxicate cells through either apoptotic or necrotic pathways. These findings along with the unexpected similarities uncovered between the pore-forming "hotspots" of TcdB and the well-characterized α-helical diphtheria toxin translocation domain provide insights into the structure and mechanism of formation of the translocation pore for this important class of pathogenic toxins.
Induction of apoptosis in human prostate cancer cell line, PC3, by 3,3′-diindolylmethane through the mitochondrial pathway (2004)

Prostate cancer is the most common malignancy and the second leading cause of male death in Western countries. Prostate cancer mortality results from metastases to the bones and lymph nodes and progression from androgen-dependent to androgen-independent disease. Although androgen ablation was found to be effective in treating androgen-dependent prostate cancer, no effective life-prolonging therapy is available for androgen-independent cancer. Epidemiological studies have shown a strong correlation between consumption of cruciferous vegetables and a lower risk of prostate cancer. These vegetables contain glucosinolates, which during metabolism give rise to several breakdown products, mainly indole-3-carbinol (I3C), which may be condensed to polymeric products, especially 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM). It was previously shown that these indole derivatives have significant inhibitory effects in several human cancer cell lines, which are exerted through induction of apoptosis. We have previously reported that I3C and DIM induce apoptosis in prostate cancer cell lines through p53-, bax-, bcl-2- and fasL-independent pathways. The objective of this study was examination of the apoptotic pathways that may be involved in the effect of DIM in the androgen-independent prostate cancer cell line, PC3, in vitro. Our results suggest that DIM induces apoptosis in PC3 cells, through the mitochondrial pathway, which involves the translocation of cytochrome c from the mitochondria to the cytosol and the activation of initiator caspase, 9, and effector caspases, 3 and 6, leading to poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage and induction of apoptosis. Our findings may lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of androgen-independent prostate cancer.
Small-hole coupling of radiation into a near-field probe (1991)

The coupling of electromagnetic energy into a conical waveguide through an electrically small hole near the cone tip is considered. This problem is relevant to near-field microscopy, where tapered metallic probes are used to either illuminate, or collect light from, the structure under investigation. The situation considered in detail here is simplified by assuming that the aperture is surrounded by a planar baffle, which approximates the flat ends of fabricated probes. An established formulation for small-hole coupling into waveguides is used and the waveguide itself taken to be a truncated, perfectly conducting cone. As expected, the values obtained for the energy transmitted through an aperture with a diameter significantly less than that of the radiation being used are small. However, it is also found that the size of the waveguide at the hole position strongly affects the percentage of the incident energy transmitted.
Role of cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging in arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (2008)

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD) is a genetic cardiomyopathy characterized clinically by ventricular arrhythmias and progressive right ventricular (RV) dysfunction. The histopathologic hallmark is fibro-fatty replacement of RV myocardium. It is inherited in an autosomal pattern with variable penetrance. ARVD is unique in that it most commonly presents in young, otherwise healthy and highly athletic individuals. The cause of ARVD is not well-known but recent evidence suggests strongly that it is a disease of desmosomal dysfunction. The disease involvement is not limited only to the RV as left ventricle (LV) has also been reportedly affected. Diagnosis of ARVD is challenging and is currently based upon a multi-disciplinary work-up of the patient as defined by the Task Force. Currently, implanted cardioverter defibrillators (ICD) are routinely used to prevent sudden death in patients with ARVD. Cardiovascular MR is an important non-invasive diagnostic modality that allows both qualitative and quantitative evaluation of RV. This article reviews the genetics of ARVD, current status and role of CMR in the diagnosis of ARVD and LV involvement in ARVD.
Development of an integrated backbone network for a high capacity PCN network (2002)

This paper describes the development of a high capacity backbone network for a personal communication network (PCN) based on a hierarchical ATM based LAN/MAN structure. It is expected that some of the first generation PCN will be implemented based on the DCS1800 architecture, which is an extended Global System for Mobile (GSM) standard. This paper discusses the features of the current GSM backbone network, which is based on a conventional centralised structure. The performance of the GSM backbone network is examined by using a simulation model. A circuit switched traffic model using the full rate and half rate speech coder specifications was used for the simulation. A hierarchical LAN/MAN structure has been proposed for an integrated backbone network which will support both circuit and packet switched traffic. The paper also discusses the implications of packet services on the existing GSM backbone network and also compares the proposed network with the General Packet Radio Services (GPRS).
<title>Coupled electromechanical analysis of piezoelectric ceramic actuator-driven systems: determination of the actuator power consumption and system energy transfer</title> (1993)

This paper presents a coupled electro-mechanical analysis of piezoelectric ceramic (PZT) actuators integrated in mechanical systems to determine the actuator power consumption and energy transfer in the electro-mechanical systems. For a material system with integrated PZT actuators, the power consumed by the PZT actuators consists of two parts: the energy used to drive the system which is dissipated in terms of heat as a result of the structural damping, and energy dissipated by the PZT actuators themselves because of their dielectric loss and internal damping. The coupled analysis presented herein uses a simple model, a PZT actuator-driven one-degree-freedom spring-mass-damper system, to illustrate the methodology used to determine the actuator power consumption energy flow in the coupled electro-mechanical systems. This method can be applied to more complicated mechanical structures or systems, such as a fluid-loaded shell for active structural acoustic control. The determination of the actuator power consumption can be very important in the design and application of intelligent material systems and structures and of particular relevance to designs that must be optimized to reduce mass and energy.
Design of Organocatalysts for Asymmetric Direct Syn-Aldol Reactions (2007)

Two new organocatalysts 3a and 3b, derived from L-leucine and (S)-beta-amino alcohols that were prepared from L-valine, were designed and afforded the direct syn-aldol reactions of a wide scope of aldehydes with various ketones with an excellent diastereomeric ratio of up to >20/1 and enantioselectivities of up to 99% ee.
Word Sense Discrimination by Clustering Contexts in Vector and Similarity Spaces (2004)

This paper systematically compares unsupervised word sense discrimination techniques that cluster instances of a target word that occur in raw text using both vector and similarity spaces. The context of each instance is represented as a vector in a high dimensional feature space. Discrimination is achieved by clustering these context vectors directly in vector space and also by finding pairwise similarities among the vectors and then clustering in similarity space. We employ two different representations of the context in which a target word occurs. First order context vectors represent the context of each instance of a target word as a vector of features that occur in that context.
Learning and Tracking Cyclic Human Motion (2000)

We present methods for learning and tracking human motion in video. We estimate a statistical model of typical activities from a large set of 3D periodic human motion data by segmenting these data automatically into &quot;cycles&quot;. Then the mean and the principal components of the cycles are computed using a new algorithm that accounts for missing information and enforces smooth transitions between cycles. The learned temporal model provides a prior probability distribution over human motions that can be used in a Bayesian framework for tracking human subjects in complex monocular video sequences and recovering their 3D motion.
Commanders independent thermal viewer and hull/turret electronics unit-built-in test and diagnostics: Two different approaches to meeting the M1A2 supportability requirements (2002)

Two subsystems have been developed for the General Dynamics M1A2 Main Battle Tank. They are the commander's independent thermal viewer (CITV) and the hull/turret electronics unit (H/TEU). The built-in test and embedded diagnostics for each of these systems support the requirements for elimination of special test equipment at the tank level, and use of standard Army test equipment for test and repair at higher echelons of maintenance. The implementation of built-in test/diagnostics in these two systems was quite different, despite the fact that the functional requirements were identical.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Deliberation and Resolution on Wikipedia (2018)

Resolving disputes in a timely manner is crucial for any online production group. We present an analysis of Requests for Comments (RfCs), one of the main vehicles on Wikipedia for formally resolving a policy or content dispute. We collected an exhaustive dataset of 7,316 RfCs on English Wikipedia over the course of 7 years and conducted a qualitative and quantitative analysis into what issues affect the RfC process. Our analysis was informed by 10 interviews with frequent RfC closers. We found that a major issue affecting the RfC process is the prevalence of RfCs that could have benefited from formal closure but that linger indefinitely without one, with factors including participants' interest and expertise impacting the likelihood of resolution. From these findings, we developed a model that predicts whether an RfC will go stale with 75.3% accuracy, a level that is approached as early as one week after dispute initiation.
NOX1/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, reduced form (NADPH) oxidase promotes proliferation of stellate cells and aggravates liver fibrosis induced by bile duct ligation (2011)

These findings indicate that reactive oxygen species derived from NOX1/NADPH oxidase oxidize and inactivate PTEN to positively regulate the Akt/FOXO4/p27(kip1) signaling pathway. NOX1 may thus promote proliferation of HSCs and accelerate the development of fibrosis following BDL-induced liver injury.
The Relationship of Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) with Learning and Behavior in Healthy Children: A Review (2013)

Childhood is a period of brain growth and maturation. The long chain omega-3 fatty acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), is a major lipid in the brain recognized as essential for normal brain function. In animals, low brain DHA results in impaired learning and behavior. In infants, DHA is important for optimal visual and cognitive development. The usual intake of DHA among toddlers and children is low and some studies show improvements in cognition and behavior as the result of supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids including DHA. The purpose of this review was to identify and evaluate current knowledge regarding the relationship of DHA with measures of learning and behavior in healthy school-age children. A systematic search of the literature identified 15 relevant publications for review. The search found studies which were diverse in purpose and design and without consistent conclusions regarding the treatment effect of DHA intake or biomarker status on specific cognitive tests. However, studies of brain activity reported benefits of DHA supplementation and over half of the studies reported a favorable role for DHA or long chain omega-3 fatty acids in at least one area of cognition or behavior. Studies also suggested an important role for DHA in school performance.
The Control of Spikelet Meristem Identity by the <i>branched silkless1</i> Gene in Maize (2002)

Most of the world's food supply is derived from cereal grains that are borne in a unique structure called the spikelet, the fundamental unit of inflorescence architecture in all grasses. branched silkless1 (bd1) is a maize mutation that alters the identity of the spikelet meristem, causing indeterminate branches to form in place of spikelets. We show that bd1 encodes a putative ERF transcription factor that is conserved in different grasses and is expressed in a distinct domain of the spikelet meristem. Its expression pattern suggests that signaling pathways regulate meristem identity from lateral domains of the spikelet meristem.
Low‐serum GTA‐446 anti‐inflammatory fatty acid levels as a new risk factor for colon cancer (2012)

Gastrointestinal tract acid-446 (GTA-446) is a long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid present in the serum. A reduction of GTA-446 levels in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients has been reported previously. Our study compared GTA-446 levels in subjects diagnosed with CRC at the time of colonoscopy to the general population. Serum samples and pathology data were collected from 4,923 representative subjects undergoing colonoscopy and from 964 subjects from the general population. Serum GTA-446 levels were determined using a triple-quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry method. A low-serum GTA-446 level was based on the bottom tenth percentile of subjects with low risk based on age (40-49 years old) in the general population. Eighty-six percent of newly diagnosed CRC subjects (87% for stages 0-II and 85% for stages III-IV) showed low-serum GTA-446 levels. A significant increase in the CRC incidence rate with age was observed in subjects with low GTA-446 levels (p = 0.019), but not in subjects with normal levels (p = 0.86). The relative risk of CRC given a low GTA-446 level was the highest for subjects under age 50 (10.1, 95% confidence interval [C.I.] = 6.4-16.4 in the reference population, and 7.7, 95% C.I. = 4.4-14.1 in the colonoscopy population, both p < 0.0001), and declined with age thereafter. The CRC incidence rate in subjects undergoing colonoscopy with low GTA-446 levels was over six times higher than for subjects with normal GTA-446 levels and twice that of subjects with gastrointestinal symptoms. The results show that a low-serum GTA-446 level is a significant risk factor for CRC, and a sensitive predictor of early-stage disease.