gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Graphene nanosheet counter-electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells (2010)

Graphene nanosheets (GNs) have been investigated as a counter electrode for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). Mesoporous TiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> films are prepared from the commercial TiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> nano-powders by screen-printing technique on fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) slides. GNs are applied to substitute for platinum as counter-electrode materials. GN films are screen printed on FTO glass using a paste based on GNs dispersed in a mixture of terpineol and ethylcellulose. GN counter-electrodes were prepared by annealing the GN films at different temperatures. A metal-free organic dye (indoline dye D102) is used as a sensitizer. Morphological and electrochemical properties of the formed counter-electrodes are investigated by scanning electronic microscopy and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), respectively. The electronic and ionic processes in platinum and GNs based DSCs are analysized and discussed. A conversion efficiency of 2.94 % has been obtained for GNs based DSCs. It is found that the quality of the GN counter-electrode and the photovoltaic performance are strongly affected by the annealing temperature of GN materials.
Synthesis and ACE inhibitory activity of the stereoisomers of perindopril (S 9490) and perindoprilate (S 9780). (1992)

Perindopril, a powerful ACE inhibitor contains 5 chiral carbons, thus there is the possibility of 2(5) = 32 stereoisomers for the general structure 1. These 32 stereoisomers were synthesized by cross-coupling the 8 stereoisomers of perhydroindole 2-carboxylic acid benzylester with the 4 stereoisomers of 2-(1-carbethoxybutylamino) propionic acid 4, then hydrogenating the resulting benzylesters. Each stereoisomer of perindopril furnished by saponification the corresponding diacid stereoisomer 2 of perindoprilate which is the active form of perindopril. For each of the 32 stereoisomers 2 the in vitro ACE inhibitory potency (IC50) was determined. Four of them, including perindoprilate, had activities in the nanomolar range, and four more were ca. 10 x less active. The four acid esters 1 corresponding respectively to the four most active diacids 2 in vitro were studied (1 mg/kg via the oral route) for their in vivo activity in dogs. It could be concluded that p.o. absorption of the active acid esters 1 and their activation to the active diacid 2 depended only on the chiralities of the two ring junction carbons of the perhydroindole ring.
Chrysin overcomes TRAIL resistance of cancer cells through Mcl-1 downregulation by inhibiting STAT3 phosphorylation (2013)

Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) selectively kills various types of cancer cells without harming normal cells, but TRAIL resistance has been frequently observed in cancer cells. Propolis (bee glue) is a material collected from various plants by honeybees and is a rich source of bioactive compounds, including the natural flavonoid chrysin, which possesses multiple anticancer effects. We investigated the mechanism underlying the TRAIL sensitization effect of chrysin, which is a major constituent of Thai propolis, in human lung and cervical cancer cell lines. Propolis extract and chrysin sensitizes A549 and HeLa human cancer cell lines to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. The TRAIL sensitization effect of chrysin is not mediated by inhibition of TRAIL-induced NF-κB activation or by glutathione depletion. Immunoblot analysis using a panel of anti-apoptotic proteins revealed that chrysin selectively decreases the levels of Mcl-1 protein, by downregulating Mcl-1 gene expression as determined by qRT-PCR. The contribution of Mcl-1 in TRAIL resistance was confirmed by si-Mcl-1 knockdown. Among signaling pathways that regulate Mcl-1 gene expression, only constitutive STAT3 phosphorylation was suppressed by chrysin. The proposed action of chrysin in TRAIL sensitization by inhibiting STAT3 and downregulating Mcl-1 was supported by using a STAT3‑specific inhibitor, cucurbitacin-I, which decreased Mcl-1 levels and enhanced TRAIL-induced cell death, similar to that observed with chrysin treatment. In conclusion, we show the potential of chrysin in overcoming TRAIL resistance of cancer cells and elucidate its mechanism of action.
Boosting Object Proposals: From Pascal to COCO (2015)

Computer vision in general, and object proposals in particular, are nowadays strongly influenced by the databases on which researchers evaluate the performance of their algorithms. This paper studies the transition from the Pascal Visual Object Challenge dataset, which has been the benchmark of reference for the last years, to the updated, bigger, and more challenging Microsoft Common Objects in Context. We first review and deeply analyze the new challenges, and opportunities, that this database presents. We then survey the current state of the art in object proposals and evaluate it focusing on how it generalizes to the new dataset. In sight of these results, we propose various lines of research to take advantage of the new benchmark and improve the techniques. We explore one of these lines, which leads to an improvement over the state of the art of +5.2%.
Kinetic Analysis of Wild-Type and YMDD Mutant Hepatitis B Virus Polymerases and Effects of Deoxyribonucleotide Concentrations on Polymerase Activity (2002)

Mutations in the YMDD motif of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA polymerase result in reduced susceptibility of HBV to inhibition by lamivudine, at a cost in replication fitness. The mechanisms underlying the effects of YMDD mutations on replication fitness were investigated using both a cell-based viral replication system and an in vitro enzyme assay to examine wild-type (wt) and YMDD-mutant polymerases. We calculated the affinities of wt and YMDD-mutant polymerases for each natural deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) and determined the intracellular concentrations of each dNTP in HepG2 cells under conditions that support HBV replication. In addition, inhibition constants for lamivudine triphosphate were determined for wt and YMDD-mutant polymerases. Relative to wt HBV polymerase, each of the YMDD-mutant polymerases showed increased apparent K(m) values for the natural dNTP substrates, indicating decreased affinities for these substrates, as well as increased K(i) values for lamivudine triphosphate, indicating decreased affinity for the drug. The effect of the differences in apparent K(m) values between YMDD-mutant polymerase and wt HBV polymerase could be masked by high levels of dNTP substrates (>20 microM). However, assays using dNTP concentrations equivalent to those measured in HepG2 cells under physiological conditions showed decreased enzymatic activity of YMDD-mutant polymerases relative to wt polymerase. Therefore, the decrease in replication fitness of YMDD-mutant HBV strains results from the lower affinities (increased K(m) values) of the YMDD-mutant polymerases for the natural dNTP substrates and physiological intracellular concentrations of dNTPs that are limiting for the replication of YMDD-mutant HBV strains.
Differential read-out architecture for CMOS ISFET microsystems (2005)

The operation of a pH (H+ ion concentration) sensitive ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) microsystem with a sensitivity of 40–45 mV/pH is demonstrated. This system has two identical ISFETs as the inputs to a pair of ISFET operational transconductance amplifiers (IOTAs) arranged in a novel differential architecture. The IOTAs have different sized p-MOSFET load transistors that enable pH sensitive operation without any post-fabrication processing or material deposition. The CMOS ISFET chip is fabricated in an unmodified 1.5 µm commercial process.
Acceleration and compression of charged particle bunches using counterpropagating laser beams (2000)

The nonlinear interaction between counterpropagating laser beams in a plasma results in the generation of large (enhanced) plasma wakes. The two beams need to be slightly detuned in frequency, and one of them has to be ultrashort (shorter than a plasma period). Thus produced wakes have a phase velocity close to the speed of light and can be used for acceleration and compression of charged bunches, The physical mechanism responsible for the enhanced wake generation is qualitatively described and compared with the conventional laser wakefield mechanism. We also demonstrate that depending on the sign of the frequency difference between the lasers, the enhanced wake can be used as a "snow-plow" to accelerate and compress either positively or negatively charged bunches. This ability can be used in an electron-positron injector.
Field Measurements of Ice Hockey Stick Performance and Player Motion (2014)

Abstract Hockey sticks have undergone a dramatic transformation from wood to aluminum to composite in just over 10 years. Other than reduced weight, it is not clear what advantage composite materials provide. This study examined the effects of stick stiffness and swing motion on puck speed. Stick evaluation involved a six player field study, quasi-static stiffness measurement, and video motion analysis. The difference in average puck speed between players was greater (32%) than the difference between sticks (14%). No effect of inertia or swing speed was observed on slap shot puck speeds. Prior to puck impact, the stick-ice contact had a large effect on generating puck speed. Swings where the blade bounced on the ice, released energy stored in the stick, resulting in lower puck speeds. Puck speed was sensitive to stick stiffness and depended on the shot motion. Shots employing large player force, such has a slap shot, tended to follow a constant player force model. Shots employing a small player force, such as a wrist shot, tended to follow a constant player motion model.
Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) and post source decay (PSD) product ion mass analysis localize a photolabel crosslinked to the delta-subunit of nAChR protein by neurotoxin II (1995)

In an attempt to probe the molecular topology of the ion gate in the nicotinic AChR protein, the high affinity (Kd > 10−11 molar) ligand neurotoxin II (NT II), a 61 residue peptide from the venom of Naja naja oxiana, was photocrosslinked to the nAChR of Torpedo californica. The photoactivatable group was a (125I)-p-azidosalicylamidoethyl-1,3-dithiopropyl (ASED) moiety located at the K25 residue of NT II. Specific labeling occurred at the delta-subunit which, after SDS-PAGE, was subjected to tryptic digestion and reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (rpHPLC) separation. Although the radioactivity profile of the collected HPLC fractions exhibited two sharp maxima suggesting rather specific crosslinking site(s), attempts to localize these sites by Edman degradation failed. Thus, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry was employed in the hope of circumventing the difficulties encountered with the conventional protocols. This technique, in conjunction with the option to perform mass spectrometric peptide sequencing by so-called post-source decay (PSD) product ion analysis, (even with subpicomoles of analyte loads in heterogeneous samples) allowed us not only to determine the labeled tryptic peptide but also to localize the site of the crosslink down to the A268 position of the delta-subunit. It is felt that these results demonstrate the capability of the MALDI technique to overcome some of the constraints inherent in the analytical tool of photolabeling, especially in cases where large molecular probes (such as NT II) are employed.
Delineation of a cross-reactive idiotype on human autoantibodies with antibody against a synthetic peptide. (1984)

Antibody against a cross-reactive idiotype (CRI) on human IgM-rheumatoid factor (RF) antibodies was induced by immunization of rabbits with a synthetic peptide ( PSL2 ) corresponding to the second complementarity-determining region (CDR), and adjacent amino acid residues of the kappa light chain of the IgM-RF Sie . The anti-peptide antibody bound efficiently to IgM-RF proteins known to share a cross-reactive idiotype, and to their isolated kappa chains. The anti-CRI was absorbed by, and eluted from, a peptide-Sepharose affinity column. The antibody activity was inhibited by the free peptide in solution. The anti-peptide antibody thus identifies a public idiotype on human IgM-RF, that is largely dependent on the primary sequence of the second CDR of the light chain. Such peptide-induced antiidiotypes of predefined specificity may facilitate studies of the molecular basis of idiotypic cross-reactions, the inheritance and somatic diversification of antibody molecules, and the regulation of the idiotype network.
Recombinant human endostatin is beneficial to endothelial cellgrowth exposed to mildly oxidized low-density lipoproteins (2002)

Endostatin significantly reduced atherosclerosis in genetically susceptible mice. One of the main factors associated with atherogenesis is oxidized low-density lipoproteins (LDL), which also causes apoptosis of endothelial cells. Therefore, we proposed that the antiatherogenic effect of endostatin was partly associated with its protective effect on the endothelial injury induced by oxidized LDL. To confirm such a hypothesis, we studied the effects of recombinant human endostatin (rhEndo) on the proliferation of cultured endothelial cells exposed to mildly oxidized LDL (mox-LDL), rhEndo did not show an obvious inhibitory effect on the proliferation of rabbit aorta endothelial cells (RAEC) (p > 0.05), while mox-LDL inhibited their proliferation (p < 0.01 or p < 0.05). Interestingly, rhEndo seemed to antagonize the role of mox-LDL in inhibiting the proliferation of RAEC. rhEndo seemed, thus, to be beneficial to the proliferating endothelial cells, suggesting that it protects RAECs from the injury caused by mox-LDL. The activity of rhEndo in endothelial cells may possibly result from the interaction of different factors in cell signaling, which remains to be further elucidated.
Experience sampling for building predictive user models (2008)

Experience sampling has been employed for decades to collect assessments of subjects' intentions, needs, and affective states. In recent years, investigators have employed automated experience sampling to collect data to build predictive user models. To date, most procedures have relied on random sampling or simple heuristics. We perform a comparative analysis of several automated strategies for guiding experience sampling, spanning a spectrum of sophistication, from a random sampling procedure to increasingly sophisticated active learning. The more sophisticated methods take a decision-theoretic approach, centering on the computation of the expected value of information of a probe, weighing the cost of the short-term disruptiveness of probes with their benefits in enhancing the long-term performance of predictive models. We test the different approaches in a field study, focused on the task of learning predictive models of the cost of interruption.
Experience (2020)

Almost every Android user has unsatisfying experiences regarding responsiveness, in particular Application Not Responding (ANR) and System Not Responding (SNR) that directly disrupt user experience. Unfortunately, the community have limited understanding of the prevalence, characteristics, and root causes of unresponsiveness. In this paper, we make an in-depth study of ANR and SNR at scale based on fine-grained system-level traces crowdsourced from 30,000 Android systems. We find that ANR and SNR occur prevalently on all the studied 15 hardware models, and better hardware does not seem to relieve the problem. Moreover, as Android evolves from version 7.0 to 9.0, there are fewer ANR events but more SNR events. Most importantly, we uncover multifold root causes of ANR and SNR and pinpoint the largest inefficiency which roots in Android's flawed implementation of Write Amplification Mitigation (WAM). We design a practical approach to eliminating this largest root cause; after large-scale deployment, it reduces almost all (>99%) ANR and SNR caused by WAM while only decreasing 3% of the data write speed. In addition, we document important lessons we have learned from this study, and have also released our measurement code/data to the research community.
Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) Response Code for Indication of Terminated Dialog (2011)

This specification defines a new SIP response code, 199 Early Dialog
Terminated, which a SIP forking proxy and a UAS can use to indicate
upstream towards the UAC that an early dialog has been terminated,
before a final response is sent towards the UAC.
TECHNIQUE FOR ALLEVIATING DYANMICA-RANGE REQUIREMENTS FOR WIDEBAND SOFTWARE RADIO RECEIVER (2002)

In this paper, a wideband digitization technique for digitizing narrow band signal in the presence of strong interference is proposed. The proposed technique can be implemented in two methods, the feed-forward and the feedback method. Analysis and simulation results are provided. Based on a WCDMA/GSM software radio receiver, it is shown that the proposed technique provides about 3-bit improvement on digitization resolution compared with the conventional approach.
GPRC5D Is a Cell Surface Plasma Cell Marker Whose Expression Is High In Myeloma Cells and Reduced Following Coculture With Osteoclasts (2013)

Abstract Identification of unique cell surface markers on myeloma cells is important for development of targeted therapies and detection of residual disease. GPRC5D is an orphan receptor reportedly expressed at high level in bone marrow (BM) aspirates or biopsies from myeloma patients. Other studies detected GPRC5D in skin and brain but not in other tissues. The aims of the study were to assess GPRC5D gene expression and cell surface localization in myeloma cells, the changes in expression of GPRC5D and other typical myeloma cell markers following coculture of primary myeloma cells with osteoclasts and the consequences of GPRC5D gene silencing on myeloma cell growth. Global gene expression profile (GEP), qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry revealed exclusive high expression of GPRC5D in normal and myeloma plasma cells but not in B cells, MSCs, osteoclasts or BM mononucleated cells. GPRC5D expression was higher in myeloma plasma cells from newly diagnosed patients (n=698) compared to normal plasma cells (n=26, p<0.0001)). Among molecularly classified groups GPRC5D expression is higher in MS, MF and LB subgroups and lowest in CD2 and MM cell lines. Flow cytometry analysis and immunohistochemistry detected cell surface expression of GPRC5D in myeloma plasma cells while nuclear localization was also detected in certain myeloma cell lines (e.g. H929). Western blots analysis confirmed GPRC5D expression in whole cell lysate and nuclear fraction. We and other demonstrated phonotypical plasticity of myeloma plasma cells capable of altered expression of recognizable plasma cell markers (e.g. CD138, CD45) following coculture with stromal cells (Dezorella et al., 2009) or osteoclasts (Yaccoby, 2005). In coculture of primary CD138-selected myeloma cells with osteoclasts (n=8), CD138 (p<0,004), CD38 (p<0.001) and GPRC5D (p<0.007) were commonly and significantly downregulated, CD45 (p<0.02) was upregulated, and IRF4 expression was unaffected in cocultured myeloma cells compared to the control freshly obtained uncultured myeloma cells assessed by GEP and qRT-PCR. We also observed reduced expression of GPRC5D in MM cells purified from focal lesion compared to interstitial marrow in paired clinical samples (n=176, p<1.21E-09), suggesting that high activity of osteoclasts in osteolytic lesions mediates phenotypical alteration in myeloma cells. Stable knockdown of GPRC5D by 70% in CAG myeloma line using lentiviral particles containing shRNA had no effect on short-term growth of these cells assessed by MTT assay. These data indicate that GPRC5D is a novel cell surface marker for myeloma plasma cells and that its expression is reduced in dedifferentiated myeloma cells. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Genetic manipulation : impact on man and society (1984)

Speakers and editors Preface The committe on genetic experimentation The international council of scientific unions The ICSU Press Acknowledgements Part I. Micro-Organisms: 1. Natural mechanisms of microbial evolution Werner Arber 2. Transitory recombination between phage and plasmid genomes S. D. Ehrlich, M. Dagert, S. Romac and B. Michel 3. Survival of plasmids in escherichia coli S. B. Levy 4. Gene cloning and bacterial pathogenicity W. Goebel, J. Hacker, C. Hughes, S. Knapp, H. Hof, D. Muller, A. Juarez and J. Kreft 5. Selective evolution of genes for enhanced degradation of persistent, toxic chemicals A. M. Chakrabarty, J. S. Karns, J. J. Kilbane and D. K. Chatterjee 6. Deliberate release of microorganisms for insect control P. Luthy, H. M. Fischer and R. Hutter Part II. Gene Expression in Plants: 7. Isolation of transposable elements in maize P. Starlinger, U. Courage-Tebbe, H. P. Doring, W. B. Frommer, K. Theres, E. Tillmann, E. Weck and W. Werr 8. E. coli - A. Tumefaciens shuttle vectors G. E. Riedel and D. A. Austen 9. Ti plasmids as experimental gene vectors for plants J. Schell, M. Van Montagu, M. Holsters, P. Zambryski, H. Joos, D. Inze, L. Herrera-Estrella, A. Depicker, M. De Block, A. Caplan, P. Dhaese, E. Van Haute, J. P. Hernalsteens, H. De Greve, J. Leemans, R. Deblaere, L. Willmitzer, J. Schroder and L. Otten 10. Variability in tissue-culture derived plants H. Lorz Part III. Strategies in the Improvement of Plants: 11. Gene transfer in maize: controlling elements and the alcohol dehydrogenase genes W. J. Peacock, E. S. Dennis, W. L. Gerlach, D. Llewellyn, H. Lorz, A. J. Pryor, M. M. Sachs, D. Schwartz and W. D. Sutton 12. Potato - a first crop improvement by the application of microbiological techniques? G. Wenzel, H. Uhrig and W. Burgermeister 13. Long-term goals in agricultural plant improvement P. R. Day 14. Global activities in plant genetic resources conservation J. T. Williams 15. Genetic perspectives of germplasm conservation O. H. Frankel Part IV. Manipulation of the Mammalian Germ Line: 16. Sequence organization of the vertebrate genome G. Bernardi 17. Genetic manipulation of drosophila with transposable P elements A. Spradling, B. Wakimoto, S. Parks, J. Levine, L. Kalfayan and D. de Cicco 18. Making a bigger mouse R. D. Palmiter and R. L. Brinster 19. Retroviruses and mammalian development R. Jaenisch 20. Chromosome translocations and oncogene activation in burkett lymphoma C. M. Croce 21. Oncogenic transformation activates cellular genes P. W. J. Rigby, P. M. Brickell, D. S. Latchman, D. Murphy, K. H. Westphal and M. R. D. Scott 22. Problems of genetic engineering in animal breeding G. F. Stranzinger 23. In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer: implications for genetic engineering T. L. A. Hunlich, S. Trotnow and T. Kniewald Subject index.
Providing Test Quality Feedback Using Static Source Code and Automatic Test Suite Metrics (2006)

A classic question in software development is "How much testing is enough?" Aside from dynamic coverage-based metrics, there are few measures that can be used to provide guidance on the quality of an automatic test suite as development proceeds. This paper utilizes the software testing and reliability early warning (STREW) static metric suite to provide a developer with indications of changes and additions to their automated unit test suite and code for added confidence that product quality will be high. Retrospective case studies to assess the utility of using the STREW metrics as a feedback mechanism were performed in academic, open source and industrial environments. The results indicate at statistically significant levels the ability of the STREW metrics to provide feedback on important attributes of an automatic test suite and corresponding code