gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of frequency and pulse duration on human muscle fatigue during repetitive electrical stimulation (2006)

Different combinations of stimulation frequency and intensity can generate a targeted force during functional electrical stimulation (FES). This study compared isometric performance and muscle fatigue during repetitive stimulation with three different combinations of frequency and pulse duration that produced the same initial peak forces: protocol 1 used long pulse duration (fixed at 600 micros) and 11.5 +/- 1.2 Hz (low frequency); protocol 2 used 30 Hz (medium frequency) and medium pulse duration (150 +/- 21 micros); and protocol 3 used 60 Hz (high frequency) and short pulse duration (131 +/- 24 micros). Twenty and 60 Hz pre- and postfatigue testing trains were delivered at the pulse duration used by the fatiguing trains and at 600 micros pulse duration. The percentage decline in peak force between the first and last fatiguing train of each protocol was the measure of muscle performance. The declines in peak force of the 60 Hz testing trains were used to measure muscle fatigue. The 20 Hz:60 Hz peak force ratio was used as a measure of low-frequency fatigue. The results showed that protocol 1 produced the least decline in peak force in response to the fatiguing trains, as well as the least muscle fatigue and low-frequency fatigue when the pulse duration was maintained at the level used by the fatiguing trains. Interestingly, protocol 2 produced the least muscle fatigue, and there were no differences in the levels of low-frequency fatigue across protocols when a comparable motor unit population was tested using 600 micros pulse duration. The results suggest that if the frequency and intensity are kept constant during FES, using the lowest frequency and longest pulse duration may maximize performance.
High performance scanning thermal probe using a low temperature polyimide-based micromachining process (2002)

This paper describes scanning thermal probes that exploit the low thermal conductivity and the high mechanical flexibility of polyimide as a structural material. They are surface micromachined using a low-temperature 6-mask process suitable for appending to a CMOS fabrication sequence. The probes are 200-1000 /spl mu/m long, 40-120 /spl mu/m wide, and of varying thickness. They are assembled by a flip-over approach that obviates the need for dissolving the substrate wafer or removing the probe from it. Temperature sensing is provided by thin-film Ni/W thermopiles embedded in the polyimide. Measurements indicate temperature sensitivity of 6 /spl mu/V/K, and bandwidth of 500 Hz. Modeling results indicate that the polyimide provides almost 10/spl times/ larger temperature sensitivity than a Si probe of equal dimensions. A sample scan is presented.
Comparison of Skin Toxic Effects Associated With Gefitinib, Erlotinib, or Afatinib Treatment for Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer (2015)

With Gefitinib, Erlotinib, or Afatinib Treatment for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) have been widely used to treat non-small cell lung cancer. Four major skin toxic effects with different incidences have been reported from clinical studies, including acneiform eruption (60%-94%), pruritus (16%-60%), xerosis (4%-38%), and paronychia (6%-12%). 1,2 However, a direct comparison of the incidences and severities of the 4 types of skin toxic effects for 3 different EGFR-TKIs in the same patient cohort has been lacking to date.
pH-Sensing 96-well microtitre plates for the characterization of acid production by dairy starter cultures (2003)

A new method for characterization of acid production by dairy starter cultures is presented. Microplates with integrated optical pH sensors are developed. Two fluorophores, a pH-sensitive and a pH-insensitive one are immobilised at the bottom of a polystyrene 96-well microtitre plate. The pH-insensitive fluorophore serves as an internal reference and makes calibration unnecessary. The sensor measures pH accurately in optically well-defined media. Particles and fluorophores contained in the bulk medium disturbed the measurements. Despite these disturbances it was possible to clearly sense differences in inoculum type and in inoculum sizes of cultures of Lactococcus lactis and of Streptococcus thermophilus at 30 and 37 degrees C. Besides a pH-related signal there is information about other changes during milk fermentation. The cultivation results were compared with those from the established CINAC-method. From this comparison it can be concluded that the new method can be used reliably to characterize particularly a large number of strains for screening purposes but also for quality control.
Spot Size Converter with Vertically Tapered Waveguide Core Fabricated by Sputter Etching (2008)

Superhigh Δ (>1.5%) waveguides are receiving more attention to realize integrated functional circuits. However, one of the problems in the adoption of superhigh Δ waveguides is an increase in coupling loss between a waveguide and a conventional single mode fiber. To overcome this problem we have proposed the use of a spot size converter (SSC) that has a well-designed vertical taper fabricated by sputter etching. In this paper, we describe the fabrication process of this SSC, and particularly discuss the adjustment of an incline angle in sputter etching.
Water Harvesting from the Atmosphere in Arid Areas with Manganese Dioxide (2019)

Water harvesting from the atmosphere using adsorption-based technology holds great promise to solve water scarcity in arid regions. Birnessite (i.e., a layered structure MnO2) can store water molecularly between its layers, providing a path for water adsorption. This work investigates the water sorption characteristic of birnessite from both thermodynamic and kinetic perspectives. The water vapor adsorption on birnessite follows a Type II sorption isotherm. Water molecules quickly adsorb to the interlayers at lower RH region values, while multilayer water–water interactions occur via hydrogen bonding at surfaces and result in condensed water at higher RH. Furthermore, birnessite features excellent solar absorptivity; the temperature can be raised by 87 °C under solar irradiation at a sun flux of ∼900 W/m2, providing energy to trigger partial desorption of interlayer water. According to the Do and Do model simulation, birnessite can harvest 0.07 kg of water per kilogram of sample (kgH2O/kgSample) per cycle at RH of 23% when the dew point temperature is set to 11 °C. Finally, a device based on the concept of sorption-based atmospheric water harvesting is built to present this application. This inexpensive water adsorption material with solar absorptivity displays an applicable promise for solving water scarcity in arid regions.
A family of user-programmable peripherals with a functional unit architecture (1992)

A family of user-programmable peripherals, utilizing an integration strategy based on a programmable system device (PSD) concept, is described. Specifically, PSD is an efficient and highly configurable integration of high-density memory and LSI level logic blocks. The configurability is derived by providing programmable logic and programmable interconnect. PSDX is the first PSD family of programmable microcontroller peripherals; it integrates 256 kb to 1 Mb of EPROM, 16 kb of SRAM, a 28-input by 42-product term programmable logic device (PLD), and flexible I/O ports. This family is primarily targeted for embedded microcontroller applications. Using one PSD device it is possible to replace all the core peripherals in the system and, as a result, achieve a reduction in components, power dissipation, and overall system cost. The flexible architecture is achieved by providing 46 configuration options, which allows the PSD to interface with virtually any 8- or 16-b microcontroller. The integration is made possible by developing a special configurability and testability scheme. These parts are realized on a 1.2- mu m CMOS EPROM process.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Gait analysis methods in rehabilitation (2006)

Clinical gait analysis is extremely limited if it does not allow clinicians to choose between alternative possible interventions or to predict outcomes. This can be achieved either by rigorously planned clinical trials or using theoretical models. The evidence base is generally poor partly because of the limited number of prospective clinical trials that have been completed and more such studies are essential. Very recent work has started to show the potential of using models of the mechanisms by which people with pathology walk in order to simulate different potential interventions. The development of these models offers considerable promise for new clinical applications of gait analysis.
Plasmonic modulator using CMOS-compatible material platform (2014)

In this work, a design of ultra-compact plasmonic modulator is proposed and numerically analyzed. The device layout utilizes alternative plasmonic materials such as transparent conducting oxides and titanium nitride which potentially can be applied for CMOS compatible process. The modulation is obtained by varying the carrier concentration of the transparent conducting oxide layer and exciting plasmonic resonance in the structure. The analysis shows that an extinction ratio of 46 dB/μm can be achieved at the telecommunication wavelength. Proposed structure is particularly convenient for integration with existing insulator-metal-insulator plasmonic waveguides as well as novel photonic/electronic hybrid circuits.
Immunization strategy for prevention of congenital cytomegalovirus infection. (1996)

Women of childbearing age are a logical target for a vaccine aimed at prevention of congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections. However, the impact of a CMV vaccine could likely be enhanced by considering the sources of maternal infection and characteristics of mothers of infected newborns. Contact with preschool-age children and sexual activity are important sources of CMV infection for young women. Approximately half of infants with congenital CMV infection in the U.S. are born to unmarried, adolescent mothers. To prevent CMV infection in those who are the sources of maternal infection as well as in young, unmarried mothers, universal immunization of toddlers and preteen children should be considered.
Role of iron in tumor cell protection from the pro-apoptotic effect of nitric oxide. (2001)

F2The host defense against tumor cells is in part based upon the production of nitric oxide (NO) by activated macrophages. However, carcinogenesis may involve mechanisms that protect tumor cells from NO-mediated apoptosis. In the present study, we have assessed the effects of exogenous NO on the proliferation and survival of human liver (AKN-1), lung (A549), skin (HaCat), and pancreatic (Capan-2) tumor cell lines, compared with normal skin-derived epithelial cell cultures. Except to the HaCat cell line, all of the other human epithelioid cells were sensitive to the antiproliferation effect of S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine or Deta NONOate, whereas tumor cells had low if any response to sodium nitroprusside. Growth inhibition with exogenous NO correlated with increased apoptosis, but was not mediated by cyclic GMP, peroxynitrite generation, or poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase modulation, all of which involved in NO-mediated growth inhibition of normal skin-derived epithelial cell cultures. The simultaneous addition of iron-containing compounds protected tumor cells from NO-mediated growth inhibition and apoptosis. Intracellular iron quantification indicated that, as deferoxamine, exogenous NO significantly decreased intracellular ferric iron levels in tumor cells. Together, the current study reveals that intracellular iron elevation rescues tumor cells from NO-mediated iron depletion and subsequent growth inhibition and apoptosis.
Helminth-Conditioned Dendritic Cells Prime CD4+ T Cells to IL-4 Production In Vivo (2014)

Dendritic cells (DC) are critical for the initiation of immune responses; however, their role in priming IL-4-producing Th2 cells in vivo is not fully understood. We used a model of intradermal injection with fluorescent-labeled, nonviable larvae from the helminth parasite nonviable Nippostrongylus brasiliensis L3 larvae (Nb), a strong inducer of Th2 responses, together with IL-4-GFP reporter mice that enable a sensitive detection of IL-4 production to examine the contribution of DC to the priming of IL-4-producing CD4(+) T cells in vivo. We found that parasite material is taken up by two distinct DC populations in draining lymph nodes: a mostly CD11c(int)MHC class II (MHCII)(hi)CD11b(+)Ly6C(-) dermal DC population and a CD11c(hi)MHCII(int)CD11b(+)Ly6C(+) monocyte-derived DC population. After Nb treatment, these two DC populations appeared in the draining lymph nodes in comparable numbers and with similar kinetics; however, treatment with pertussis toxin blocked the migration of dermal DC and the priming of IL-4-producing T cells, but only partially affected monocyte-derived DC numbers. In line with this observation, transfer of OVA-loaded CD11c(int)MHCII(hi) DC from Nb-treated mice into naive hosts could sensitize OVA-specific CD4(+) T cells to IL-4 production, whereas transfer of CD11c(int)MHCII(hi) DC from naive mice, or CD11c(hi)MHCII(int) DC from Nb-treated or naive mice, induced CD4(+) T cell expansion but no IL-4 production. Phenotypic analysis of Nb-loaded CD11c(int)MHCII(hi) DC revealed expression of programmed death ligand 2, CD301b, IFN regulatory factor 4, and moderate upregulation of OX40 ligand. However, thymic stromal lymphopoietin and OX40 ligand were not required for Th2 priming. Thus, our data suggest that appropriate stimuli can induce DC to express the unique signals sufficient to direct CD4(+) T cells to Th2 differentiation.
Significance of Diagnostic Parameters in [<sup>13</sup>C]Octanoic Acid Gastric Emptying Breath Tests* (1998)

Abstract Two novel characteristic parameters, the latency time (t (lat)) and the ascension time (t (asc)), are proposed for evaluation of non-invasive [(13)C]octanoic acid breath tests for assessment of the gastric emptying of solids. In breath tests performed in control subjects (n = 30) and diabetic patients (n = 100), the usefulness of these parameters was compared to conventional parameters, i.e., gastric half emptying-time t (1/2,b )) and lag phase (t (lag,b )). The proposed parameters were only loosely correlated (controls, r = 0.199; diabetics, 0.616). A strong correlation was found between the conventional parameters (controls, r = 0.891; diabetics, r = 0.962). Based on the conventional method, 36 patients were suspicious of delayed gastric emptying including 24 patients which exhibited a simultaneous delay in both parameters. Using the new parameters, a total of 46 patients were suspicious of delayed gastric emptying with 15 and 20 having isolated delay in t (lat) and t (asc), respectively. We conclude that the novel parameters may be more appropriate for examination of the different phases of gastric emptying and for evaluation of gastric emptying disturbances in diabetic patients than the parameters conventionally used for this purpose.
Learning table extraction from examples (2004)

Information extraction from tables in web pages is a challenging problem due to the diverse nature of table formats and the vocabulary variants in attribute names. This paper presents a new approach to automated table extraction that exploits formatting cues in semi-structured HTML tables, learns lexical variants from training examples and uses a vector space model to deal with non-exact matches among labels. We conducted experiments with this method on a set of tables collected from 157 university web sites, and obtained the information extraction performance of 91.4% in the Fl-measure, showing the effectiveness of the combined use of structural table parsing and example-based label learning.
Interactions of STAT5b-RARα, a novel acute promyelocytic leukemia fusion protein, with retinoic acid receptor and STAT3 signaling pathways (2002)

Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 5b-retinoic acid receptor (RAR) alpha is the fifth fusion protein identified in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). Initially described in a patient with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-unresponsive disease, STAT5b-RARalpha resulted from an interstitial deletion on chromosome 17. To determine the molecular mechanisms of myeloid leukemogenesis and maturation arrest in STAT5b-RARalpha(+) APL and its unresponsiveness to ATRA, we examined the effect of STAT5b-RARalpha on the activity of myeloid transcription factors including RARalpha/retinoid X receptor (RXR) alpha, STAT3, and STAT5 as well as its molecular interactions with the nuclear receptor corepressor, SMRT, and nuclear receptor coactivator, TRAM-1. STAT5b-RARalpha bound to retinoic acid response elements (RAREs) both as a homodimer and as a heterodimer with RXRalpha and inhibited wild-type RARalpha/RXRalpha transactivation. Although STAT5b-RARalpha had no effect on ligand-induced STAT5b activation, it enhanced interleukin 6-induced STAT3-dependent reporter activity, an effect shared by other APL fusion proteins including promyelocytic leukemia-RARalpha and promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF)-RARalpha. SMRT was released from STAT5b-RARalpha/SMRT complexes by ATRA at 10(-6) M, whereas TRAM-1 became associated with STAT5b-RARalpha at 10(-7) M. The coiled-coil domain of STAT5b was required for formation of STAT5b-RARalpha homodimers, for the inhibition of RARalpha/RXRalpha transcriptional activity, and for stability of the STAT5b-RARalpha/SMRT complex. Thus, STAT5b-RARalpha contributes to myeloid maturation arrest by binding to RARE as either a homodimer or as a heterodimer with RXRalpha resulting in the recruitment of SMRT and inhibition of RARalpha/RXRalpha transcriptional activity. In addition, STAT5b-RARalpha and other APL fusion proteins may contribute to leukemogenesis by interaction with the STAT3 oncogene pathway.
Remote Triggered Release of Doxorubicin in Tumors by Synergistic Application of Thermosensitive Liposomes and Gold Nanorods (2011)

Delivery of chemotherapeutic agents after encapsulation in nanocarriers such as liposomes diminishes side-effects, as PEGylated nanocarrier pharmacokinetics decrease dosing to healthy tissues and accumulate in tumors due to the enhanced permeability and retention effect. Once in the tumor, however, dosing of the chemotherapeutic to tumor cells is limited potentially by the rate of release from the carriers and the size-constrained, poor diffusivity of nanocarriers in tumor interstitium. Here, we report the design and fabrication of a thermosensitive liposomal nanocarrier that maintains its encapsulation stability with a high concentration of doxorubicin payload, thereby minimizing "leak" and attendant toxicity. When used synergistically with PEGylated gold nanorods and near-infrared stimulation, remote triggered release of doxorubicin from thermosensitive liposomes was achieved in a mouse tumor model of human glioblastoma (U87), resulting in a significant increase in efficacy when compared to nontriggered or nonthermosensitive PEGylated liposomes. This enhancement in efficacy is attributed to increase in tumor-site apoptosis, as was evident from noninvasive apoptosis imaging using Annexin-Vivo 750 probe. This strategy affords remotely triggered control of tumor dosing of nanocarrier-encapsulated doxorubicin without sacrificing the ability to differentially dose drugs to tumors via the enhanced permeation and retention effect.
The effect of heat treatment on the chemical and color change of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) wood flour (2012)

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of oxygen and moisture content (MC) on the chemical and color changes of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia) wood during heat treatment. The wood flour was conditioned to different initial MCs and heated for 24 h at a constant temperature of 120ºC in either oxygen or nitrogen atmosphere. The pH values and chromaticity indexes were examined. Diffuse reflectance UV-Vis (DRUV) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were used to characterize the changes of chromophores upon heating. The study demonstrated that the pH values decreased after heat treatment, and it was lower when the heat treated was in oxygen than in nitrogen. The L* decreased significantly, while a* and b* increased. The total color difference ΔE* increased with increasing initial MC until a plateau was reached after 30% MC. The color change was greater in oxygen than in nitrogen. The hydroxyl groups decreased after heat treatment. The releases of acid and formation of quinoid compounds and carboxylic groups during heat treatment were confirmed. Discoloration of wood is due mainly to the condensation and oxidation reactions, which are accelerated by oxygen. Higher MCs are required to obtain the greatest color change of wood in inert atmosphere.
A Role for the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATX1 Gene in Copper Trafficking and Iron Transport (1997)

The ATX1 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was originally identified as a multi-copy suppressor of oxidative damage in yeast lacking superoxide dismutase. We now provide evidence that Atx1p helps deliver copper to the copper requiring oxidase Fet3p involved in iron uptake. atx1Delta null mutants are iron-deficient and are defective in the high affinity uptake of iron. These defects due to ATX1 inactivation are rescued by copper treatment, and the same has been reported for strains lacking either the cell surface copper transporter, Ctr1p, or the putative copper transporter in the secretory pathway, Ccc2p. Atx1p localizes to the cytosol, and our studies indicate that it functions as a carrier for copper that delivers the metal from the cell surface Ctr1p to Ccc2p and then to Fet3p within the secretory pathway. The iron deficiency of atx1 mutants is augmented by mutations in END3 blocking endocytosis, suggesting that a parallel pathway for intracellular copper trafficking is mediated by endocytosis. As additional evidence for the role of Atx1p in iron metabolism, we find that the gene is induced by the same iron-sensing trans-activator, Aft1p, that regulates CCC2 and FET3.
<title>New Acousto-Optic Devices For Fourier Transformation</title> (1982)

Acousto-optical computation of continuous and discrete Fourier transforms have been performed using a time-integrating architecture. Time-integration in conjunction with diode lasers and bulk optics can be used to produce inherently compact optical systems, and several compact processors have been demonstrated. Performance parameters and tradeoffs have been analyzed for these processors, and present device limitations identified. Additional new concepts for miniaturization, including application of integrated optics, and multichannel operation are discussed.