gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Clinical Study of the AutoAnalyzer Method for Prenatal Antibody Evaluation and Screening (1970)

Many variables influence sensitivity in automated hemagglutination. Standardization of antibody from different sources is limited by heterogeneity of antigen-antibody interaction. In this report, the AutoAnalyzer method for screening and quantitating Rh0(D) antibody in the sera of 50 Rh0 negative mothers is compared to the manual indirect automated hemagglutination tube test. Although false-positive and false-negative results are not eliminated by the automated method, the authors conclude that the AutoAnalyzer method for screening and quantitating Rh0(D) antibody is as reliable as the manual method. A modification of the AutoAnalyzer method for screening and quantitating antibodies of the Rh-system is described.
Polar Opposites: Erk Direction of CD4 T Cell Subsets (2012)

Effective immune responses depend upon appropriate T cell differentiation in accord with the nature of an infectious agent, and the contingency of differentiation depends minimally on TCR, coreceptor, and cytokine signals. In this reverse genetic study, we show that the MAPK Erk2 is not essential for T cell proliferation in the presence of optimum costimulation. Instead, it has opposite effects on T-bet and Gata3 expression and, hence, on Th1 and Th2 differentiation. Alternatively, in the presence of TGF-β, the Erk pathway suppresses a large program of gene expression, effectively limiting the differentiation of Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells. In the latter case, the mechanisms involved include suppression of Gata3 and Foxp3, induction of Tbx21, phosphorylation of Smad2,3, and possibly suppression of Socs2, a positive inducer of Stat5 signaling. Consequently, loss of Erk2 severely impeded Th1 differentiation while enhancing the development of Foxp3(+)-induced T regulatory cells. Selected profiles of gene expression under multiple conditions of T cell activation illustrate the opposing consequences of Erk pathway signaling.
The elastic properties of the lung in normal men and in patients with chronic pulmonary emphysema. (1952)

Abstract Using intraesophageal pressure as a measure of intrathoracic pressure, the retractive force of the lung was studied in normal subjects and in patients with pulmonary emphysema. Curves were constructed relating the change in retractive force of the lung to the change in lung distention. These curves were curvilinear, but were approximately linear in the region of the tidal volume. The change in retractive force of the lung for a 100 ml. change in lung volume in this portion of the curve was greater in the patients with pulmonary emphysema than in the normal men. In patients with pulmonary emphysema, the relationship of the retractive force of the lung to the degree of lung distention was greatly modified. This alteration in the elastic forces of the lung contributes to the increase in functional residual volume in this disease.
Immune regulation by microbiome metabolites (2018)

Commensal microbes and the host immune system have been co-evolved for mutual regulation. Microbes regulate the host immune system, in part, by producing metabolites. A mounting body of evidence indicates that diverse microbial metabolites profoundly regulate the immune system via host receptors and other target molecules. Immune cells express metabolite-specific receptors such as P2X<sub>7</sub> , GPR41, GPR43, GPR109A, aryl hydrocarbon receptor precursor (AhR), pregnane X receptor (PXR), farnesoid X receptor (FXR), TGR5 and other molecular targets. Microbial metabolites and their receptors form an extensive array of signals to respond to changes in nutrition, health and immunological status. As a consequence, microbial metabolite signals contribute to nutrient harvest from diet, and regulate host metabolism and the immune system. Importantly, microbial metabolites bidirectionally function to promote both tolerance and immunity to effectively fight infection without developing inflammatory diseases. In pathogenic conditions, adverse effects of microbial metabolites have been observed as well. Key immune-regulatory functions of the metabolites, generated from carbohydrates, proteins and bile acids, are reviewed in this article.
Phage therapy of non-wound infections. (2012)

<title>Abstract</title> This chapter begins with an overview of the history of phage therapy as it pertains to non-wound infections, and then details more up-to-date experimental models (such as mice and dogs) and results. The following experimental infections are described: septicaemia, pulmonary infections, gastrointestinal infections, and canine otitis. A brief list of human uses of phage therapy is also provided.
An Isotonic Potassium Chloride Liquid Junction Minimises the Effects of Ionic Strength, Protein and Haematocrit on Ionised Calcium Measurement (1988)

When the reference electrode liquid junction of a Nova 2 analyser was changed to isotonic potassium chloride, increasing the ionic strength of aqueous solutions containing a constant total calcium concentration had a negligible effect on measured ionised calcium. In contrast, measurements using hypertonic potassium chloride, hypertonic sodium formate and isotonic sodium chloride liquid junctions showed significant sample ionic strength effects. Interferences by sample protein concentration and haematocrit were marked with hypertonic, but negligible with isotonic junctions. Ionised calcium values in samples containing 25 mmol/L acetate, bicarbonate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, lactate or pyruvate were all lower by 6-7% with an isotonic than a hypertonic potassium chloride junction. Thus, anions that replace bicarbonate during metabolic acidosis have a similar effect on residual liquid junction potential. The clinical usefulness of an isotonic potassium chloride liquid junction needs to be evaluated.
Peptide absorption: a review of current concepts and future perspectives (1992)

Absorption of di- and tripeptides from the gastrointestinal tract is accepted as being an important biological phenomenon. The extent to which peptides are absorbed and the nutritional and metabolic significance of peptide absorption remain unclear. Evidence is strong for the existence of multiple peptide transport systems, including one type that is electrogenic in nature and that requires a protonmotive force and cotransports two H+ for every peptide transported. The rate of absorption of peptides can be responsive to level of dietary intake and level of dietary protein. Peptide absorption seems to be an important physiological process in ruminants, and this process may account for a large portion of absorbed amino acids. An important new observation is that the nonmesenteric portion of the portal-drained viscera of the ruminant is a major site of peptide absorption. These new observations may result in a reshaping of the currently accepted theory concerning protein utilization by ruminants.
Towards a new multimedia synchronization mechanism and its formal definition (1994)

The design of a distributed multimedia application involves both temporal and spatial synchronization problems related to the processing, transport, storage, retrieval and presentation of data, sound, still images and video. Within this general framework, the paper aims at defining a new multimedia synchronization mechanism, the so-called conditional delivery mechanism, which appears particularly useful for achieving both intra- and inter-stream synchronization. Main motivations behind this synchronization mechanism are first discussed on a simple example, namely a distributed application in the area of distance and interactive training, and then the details of the mechanism are presented. This presentation starts with an informal discussion on simple examples, which is followed by a formal specification of the mechanism based on the use of a temporal extension of the Formal Description Technique LOTOS.
Myocarditis and cardiomyopathy (2018)

Although overall myocarditis accounts for a minority of cardiomyopathy and heart failure presentations, the clinical presentation is variable and the pathophysiology of myocardial damage is unique. Cardiac MRI has significantly improved diagnostic abilities, but endomyocardial biopsy remains the gold standard. However, current treatment strategies are still focused on routine heart failure pharmacotherapies and supportive care or cardiac transplantation/mechanical support for those with end-stage heart failure.
Human Papillomavirus Mutational Insertion: Specific Marker of Circulating Tumor DNA in Cervical Cancer Patients (2012)

We report that HPV mutational insertion constitutes a highly specific molecular marker of ctDNA in HPV-associated tumor patients. Using this original approach, ctDNA was detected in most cervical cancer patients over stage I and ctDNA concentration was found to reflect tumor burden. In addition to its potential prognostic and predictive value, HPV mutation insertion is likely to constitute a new molecular surrogate of minimal residual disease and of subclinical relapse in HPV-associated tumor. This is of major importance in the perspective of specific anti-HPV therapy.
Structure of the Fusion Core and Inhibition of Fusion by a Heptad Repeat Peptide Derived from the S Protein of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (2013)

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) recently emerged as a severe worldwide public health concern. The virus is highly pathogenic, manifesting in infected patients with an approximately 50% fatality rate. It is known that the surface spike (S) proteins of coronaviruses mediate receptor recognition and membrane fusion, thereby playing an indispensable role in initiating infection. In this process, heptad repeats 1 and 2 (HR1 and HR2) of the S protein assemble into a complex called the fusion core, which represents a key membrane fusion architecture. To date, however, the MERS-CoV fusion core remains uncharacterized. In this study, we performed a series of biochemical and biophysical analyses characterizing the HR1/HR2 complexes of this novel virus. The HR sequences were variably truncated and then connected with a flexible amino acid linker. In each case, the recombinant protein automatically assembled into a trimer in solution, displaying a typical α-helical structure. One of these trimers was successfully crystallized, and its structure was solved at a resolution of 1.9 Å. A canonical 6-helix bundle, like those reported for other coronaviruses, was revealed, with three HR1 helices forming the central coiled-coil core and three HR2 chains surrounding the core in the HR1 side grooves. This demonstrates that MERS-CoV utilizes a mechanism similar to those of other class I enveloped viruses for membrane fusion. With this notion, we further identified an HR2-based peptide that could potently inhibit MERS-CoV fusion and entry by using a pseudotyped-virus system. These results lay the groundwork for future inhibitory peptidic drug design.
Leveraging models of cell regulation and GWAS data in integrative network-based association studies (2012)

inaccurate models for studying the complex
Direct Cross-Coupling Access to Diverse Aromatic Sulfide: Palladium-Catalyzed Double C–S Bond Construction Using Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> as a Sulfurating Reagent (2014)

The Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling of aryl halides, alkyl halides, and Na2S2O3·5H2O to deliver aromatic thioethers is described. Pyridine, furan, thiophene, benzofuran, benzoxazole, benzothiophene, benzothiazole, and pyrazine are all amenable to this protocol. The odorless and stable solid Na2S2O3·5H2O was used as a convenient and environmentally friendly source of sulfur. Pd-catalyzed cross-couplings without thiols or thiophenols to build C-S bonds have not previously been achieved, which renders our observation more striking.
Linear electro-optic properties of orthorhombic PZN-8%PT single crystal (2011)

The optical transmittance spectra of relaxor ferroelectric 0.92Pb(Zn(1/3)Nb(2/3))O(3)-0.08PbTiO(3) (PZN-8%PT) single crystals poled along different directions have been systematically studied at room temperature. After being poled along the [011] direction, the transmittance of induced orthorhombic PZN-8%PT single crystal is more than 50% from 0.5 to 5.7 μm, which is much higher than that poled along the [001] and [111] directions. The refractive indices and linear electro-optic properties of the orthorhombic PZN-8%PT single crystal were characterized at a wavelength of 632.8 nm. Large electro-optic responses were observed, (γ33) = 220 pm/V, (γ13) = 62 pm/V, and (γ23) = 23 pm/V. Thus, orthorhombic PZN-8%PT single crystal is a promising material for high-performance electro-optic devices.
INVERSE MICELLAR PHASES IN TERNARY SYSTEMS OF POLAR LIPIDS/ /FAT/WATER AND PROTEIN EMULSIFICATION OF SUCH PHASES TO W/O/W-MICROEMULSION-EMULSIONS (1980)

ABSTRACT A new approach to prepare W/O/W-double emulsions is described. The inner W/O-phase is composed of a thermodynamically stable micellar solution of inverse type, an L2-phase. A protein, caseinate, is then used to stabilize the dispersion of this phase in water. Release from the inner to the outer water phase was followed by dialysis. Phase equilibria of the two ternary systems monolaurin-water-soybean oil and tetraglycerol monolaurin-water-soybean oil are described.
Glucose tolerance status and risk of dementia in the community (2011)

Our findings suggest that diabetes is a significant risk factor for all-cause dementia, AD, and probably VaD. Moreover, 2-hour PG levels, but not FPG levels, are closely associated with increased risk of all-cause dementia, AD, and VaD.
Genetic Encoding of a Bicyclo[6.1.0]nonyne‐Charged Amino Acid Enables Fast Cellular Protein Imaging by Metal‐Free Ligation (2012)

Visualizing biomolecules by fluorescent tagging is a powerful method for studying their behaviour and function inside cells. We prepared and genetically encoded an unnatural amino acid (UAA) that features a bicyclononyne moiety. This UAA offered exceptional reactivity in strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloadditions. Kinetic measurements revealed that the UAA reacted also remarkably fast in the inverse-electron-demand Diels-Alder cycloaddition with tetrazine-conjugated dyes. Genetic encoding of the new UAA inside mammalian cells and its subsequent selective labeling at low dye concentrations demonstrate the usefulness of the new amino acid for future imaging studies.
Lamellarins, from A to Z: A Family of Anticancer Marine Pyrrole Alkaloids (2004)

The lamellarins form a group of more than 30 polyaromatic pyrrole alkaloids, isolated from diverse marine organisms, mainly but not exclusively ascidians and sponges. These molecules fall in three structural groups, with the central pyrrole ring fused or unfused (lamellarins O-R) to adjacent aromatic rings and with the quinoline moiety containing a 5, 6-single--as in lamellarins I-L--or a double bond, as it is the case for lamellarins D and M which are both potent cytotoxic agents. The family also includes sulphated members, such as the integrase inhibitor lamellarin alpha 20-sulfate. This review presents the origin and structure of the lamellarins and summarizes the various chemical pathways which have been proposed to synthesize all lamellarins and different structurally related marine pyrrole alkaloids, including ningalins, storniamides and lukianols. The mechanisms of actions of these marine products are also discussed. Inhibition of HIV-1 integrase by lamellarin alpha 20-sulfate and human topoisomerase I by lamellarin D and Molluscum contagiosum virus topoisomerase by lamellarin H, along with other effects on nuclear proteins, provide an experimental basis indicating that DNA manipulating enzymes are important targets for the lamellarins. Some of these marine compounds exhibit cytotoxic activities against tumor cells in vitro and are insensitive to Pgp-mediated drug efflux. The structure-activity relationships are discussed. Other compounds in the series, without being strongly cytotoxic, can reverse the multidrug resistance phenotype and thus may be useful to promote the therapeutic activity of conventional cytotoxic drugs toward chemoresistant tumors. A complete description of the chemistry and pharmacological profiles of the lamellarins is presented here to shed light on this undervalued family of marine alkaloids.
Mask substrate requirements and development for extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) (1999)

The mask is deemed one of the areas that require significant research and development in EUVL. Silicon wafers will be used for mask substrates for an alpha-class EUVL exposure tool due to their low-defect levels and high quality surface finish. However, silicon has a large coefficient of thermal expansion that leads to unacceptable image distortion due to absorption of EUV light. A low thermal expansion glass or glass-ceramic is likely to be required in order to meet error budgets for the 70 nm node and beyond. Since EUVL masks are used in reflection, they are coated with multilayers prior to patterning. Surface imperfections, such as polishing marks, particles, scratches, or digs, are potential nucleation sites for defects in the multilayer coating, which could result in the printed defects. Therefore we are accelerating developments in the defect reduction and surface finishing of low thermal expansion mask substrates in order to understand long-term issues in controlling printable defects, and to establish the infrastructure for supplying masks. In this paper, we explain the technical requirements for EUVL mask substrates and describe our efforts in establishing a SEMI standard for EUVL masks. We will also report on the early progress of our suppliers in producing low thermal-expansion mask substrates for our development activities.
The elastic field outside an ellipsoidal inclusion (1959)

Abstract The results of an earlier paper are extended. The elastic field outside an inclusion or inhomogeneity is treated in greater detail. For a general inclusion the harmonic potential of a certain surface distribution may be used in place of the biharmonic potential used previously. The elastic field outside an ellipsoidal inclusion or inhomogeneity may be expressed entirely in terms of the harmonic potential of a solid ellipsoid. The solution gives incidentally the velocity field about an ellipsoid which is deforming homogeneously in a viscous fluid. An expression given previously for the strain energy of an ellipsoidal region which has undergone a shear transformation is generalized to the case where the region has elastic constants different from those of its surroundings. The Appendix outlines a general method of calculating biharmonic potentials.
Model-Based Low-Noise Readout Integrated Circuit Design for Uncooled Microbolometers (2013)

This paper presents a design model for uncooled microbolometers readout integrated circuits (ROIC). The relation between infrared focal-plane array (FPA) performance and ROIC design specification limits is shown distinctly. A simple way to find optimal operating conditions for a certain ROIC construction is also described. The signal and noise model of the ROIC is investigated in detail. A reasonable estimate of noise equivalent temperature differences for uncooled microbolometer detectors can be calculated with this model. A capacitor feedback transimpedance amplifier readout circuit is treated as an example. An experimental readout chip based on this model has been designed and implemented on silicon using a 0.5- <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\mu{\rm m}$</tex></formula> COMS technology. The temporal root mean square output noise voltage is 424 <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\mu{\rm V}$</tex></formula> , which corresponds well with the measurement result. The result demonstrates the reliable prediction of achievable improvements for FPA by using this model.
TRAF Family Proteins Link PKR with NF-κB Activation (2004)

The double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-dependent protein kinase PKR activates NF-kappa B via the I kappa B kinase (IKK) complex, but little is known about additional molecules that may be involved in this pathway. Analysis of the PKR sequence enabled us to identify two putative TRAF-interacting motifs. The viability of such an interaction was further suggested by computer modeling. Here, we present evidence of the colocalization and physical interaction between PKR and TRAF family proteins in vivo, as shown by immunoprecipitation and confocal microscopy experiments. This interaction is induced upon PKR dimerization. Most importantly, we show that the binding between PKR and TRAFs is functionally relevant, as observed by the absence of NF-kappa B activity upon PKR expression in cells genetically deficient in TRAF2 and TRAF5 or after expression of TRAF dominant negative molecules. On the basis of sequence information and mutational and computer docking analyses, we favored a TRAF-PKR interaction model in which the C-terminal domain of TRAF binds to a predicted TRAF interaction motif present in the PKR kinase domain. Altogether, our data suggest that TRAF family proteins are key components located downstream of PKR that have an important role in mediating activation of NF-kappa B by the dsRNA-dependent protein kinase.
On the Mechanism behind the Association between ABO Blood Groups and Gastric Carcinoma (1987)

It has been hypothesized that the mechanisms behind the association between blood group A and gastric carcinoma is that the carcinoma cells produce an antigen immunologically related to blood group A, which particularly in O-individuals may have a protective effect by preventing the growth and spread of the tumour. The hypothesis predicts that O-individuals would have a longer survival time than A-individuals and that eventually the protective effect in blood group O would be somewhat stronger in women with multiple pregnancies. The results showed a significantly lower frequency of blood group O in females and a tendency towards a longer survival time in O-individuals among gastric cancer patients, but the relationship between blood group O and number of children was not in the expected direction. Thus the observations gave only partial support for the hypothesis that the association between ABO blood groups and gastric carcinoma is dependent on the antigenicity of the neoplasm. The data showed a significantly higher prevalence of gastric carcinoma and a lower average survival time in male patients.