gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cold‐Pressing and Low‐Temperature Sintering of Alkoxy‐Derived PLZT (1972)

Multiorganometallic compounds were used to prepare high‐purity submicron‐size lead lanthanum zirconate‐titanate (PLZT) powders which can be consolidated at low sintering temperatures to high‐density piezoelectric and electrooptic ceramic bodies. Simultaneous hydrolytic decomposition of lead isoamyloxide, lanthanum isopropoxide, and zirconium and titanium tertiary amyloxides produced quaternary titanate powders with particle sizes of 75 to 300 Å and analyzed purity of 99.92%; the major contaminant was Na from an intermediate reaction product. Homogeneity and stoichiometry of the powders before and after processing were demonstrated by electron microscopy and chemical analysis. High‐temperature X‐ray diffraction indicated an amorphous material up to ∼600°C, where the crystalline phase was first observed. Powders prepared in this manner sintered to high‐density fine‐grained transparent bodies with uniform microstructure. The experimental results suggest that less rigorous consolidation methods are required with high‐purity homogeneous precursor materials with fine particle size.
Clustered Reinforcement Learning (2019)

Exploration strategy design is one of the challenging problems in reinforcement learning~(RL), especially when the environment contains a large state space or sparse rewards. During exploration, the agent tries to discover novel areas or high reward~(quality) areas. In most existing methods, the novelty and quality in the neighboring area of the current state are not well utilized to guide the exploration of the agent. To tackle this problem, we propose a novel RL framework, called \underline{c}lustered \underline{r}einforcement \underline{l}earning~(CRL), for efficient exploration in RL. CRL adopts clustering to divide the collected states into several clusters, based on which a bonus reward reflecting both novelty and quality in the neighboring area~(cluster) of the current state is given to the agent. Experiments on a continuous control task and several \emph{Atari 2600} games show that CRL can outperform other state-of-the-art methods to achieve the best performance in most cases.
Speech enhancement using psychoacoustic criteria (1993)

The technique uses the auditory masking threshold to extract information for the audible noise components. Those components are then removed using adaptive nonlinear spectral modification. The main advantage of such an approach is that the speech signal is not affected by processing. In addition, very little information on the features of the noise is required. The proposed method was found to perform well for SNRs better than 10 dB, while for lower SNRs its performance was superior to that of spectral subtraction.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
10% magnetic-field-induced strain in Ni-Mn-Ga seven-layered martensite (2003)

Magnetic-field-induced strain of approximately 10% is reported in Ni 48.8 Mn 29.7 Ga 21.5 alloy at ambient temperature in a magnetic field of the order of 1 T. It was confirmed by different experimental methods that the strain is contributed by twin boundary motion. The crystal structure of thermally-induced martensitic phase in this alloy was found to be close to orthorhombic one in temperature range from 245 K to 333 K. The lattice parameters are a=0.619 nm, b=0.580 nm, c=0.553 nm (relating to the cubic parent phase coordinates) at ambient temperature. Detailed x-ray study revealed seven-layer modulation along the (110) [110] p system. The results of mechanical tests and magnetic anisotropy property measurements are also reported. The necessary conditions for the observation of a giant magnetic field-induced strain in non-stoichiometric Ni 2 MnGa alloys based on the new experimental data are discussed.
The discovery of long-term potentiation (2003)

This paper describes circumstances around the discovery of long-term potentiation (LTP). In 1966, I had just begun independent work for the degree of Dr medicinae (PhD) in Per Andersen's laboratory in Oslo after an eighteen-month apprenticeship with him. Studying the effects of activating the perforant path to dentate granule cells in the hippocampus of anaesthetized rabbits, I observed that brief trains of stimuli resulted in increased efficiency of transmission at the perforant path-granule cell synapses that could last for hours. In 1968, Tim Bliss came to Per Andersen's laboratory to learn about the hippocampus and field potential recording for studies of possible memory mechanisms. The two of us then followed up my preliminary results from 1966 and did the experiments that resulted in a paper that is now properly considered to be the basic reference for the discovery of LTP.
Development of a zero-voltage-transition bidirectional DC-DC converter for a brushless DC machine EV propulsion system (2003)

This paper presents the development of a zero-voltage-transition (ZVT) bidirectional DC-DC converter for a brushless do machine (BLDCM) electric vehicle (EV) propulsion system. The DC-DC converter serves two main purposes. Firstly, it is used as the power electronics interface required for load leveling EV batteries. By employing high power ultracapacitors, the battery energy density and peak power density requirements are decoupled, offering opportunities to design and use EV batteries that are optimized for energy density, life and low cost, with less attention being given to the peak power. Secondly, the DC-DC converter is used to achieve speed extension and constant power operation of the BLDCM. To determine how well the DC-DC converter works together with the inverter/motor, and to develop a proper control method for the whole propulsion system, mathematical analysis and Matlab/Simulink simulations were carried out based on control theories. The zero-voltage-transition (ZVT) technique has been adopted in the bidirectional DC-DC converter to solve the problems associated with high frequency operation of PWM power converters, such as high switching loess resulting in low efficiency thus requiring larger heat sinks, and severe EMI noise. The final ZVT bidirectional DC-DC converter had an efficiency of greater than 96%.
A library of bacteriophage-displayed antibody fragments directed against proteins of the inner ear (2000)

Bacteriophage display of antibodies provides a method for the generation of immunological reagents against rare and uncharacterized antigens. To ascertain the usefulness of this approach for the characterization of inner-ear proteins, we produced a bacteriophage-displayed antibody-fragment library directed against proteins from the bullfrog's sacculus. This library was probed for bacteriophage that bound to proteins present in a lysate of hair cells, the sensory receptors of the inner ear. The predominant bacteriophage clone after selection expressed an antibody fragment that recognized a single protein in the inner ear. This antigen occurred in both the nonsensory and sensory epithelia of the sacculus. The specificity of the antibody fragment indicates that our bacteriophage-displayed library provides a useful source of immunological tools that should facilitate the identification and biochemical characterization of novel proteins in the inner ear.
Isomeric Substituted-Vinyl Phosphates as Systemic Insecticides (1955)

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General splicing factor SF2/ASF promotes alternative splicing by binding to an exonic splicing enhancer. (1993)

The general splicing factor SF2/ASF binds in a sequence-specific manner to a purine-rich exonic splicing enhancer (ESE) in the last exon of bovine growth hormone (bGH) pre-mRNA. More importantly, SF2/ASF stimulates in vitro splicing of bGH intron D through specific interaction with the ESE sequences. However, another general splicing factor, SC35, does not bind the ESE sequences and has no effect on bGH intron D splicing. Thus, one possible function of SF2/ASF in alternative and, perhaps, constitutive pre-mRNA splicing is to recognize ESE sequences. The stimulation of bGH intron D splicing by SF2/ASF is counteracted by the addition of hnRNP A1. The relative levels of SF2/ASF and hnRNP A1 influence the efficiency of bGH intron D splicing in vitro and may be the underlying mechanism of this alternative pre-mRNA processing event in vivo.
Abolishment of Proton Pumping and Accumulation in the E1P Conformational State of a Plant Plasma Membrane H+-ATPase by Substitution of a Conserved Aspartyl Residue in Transmembrane Segment 6 (2000)

The plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase AHA2 of Arabidopsis thaliana, which belongs to the P-type ATPase superfamily of cation-transporting ATPases, pumps protons out of the cell. To investigate the mechanism of ion transport by P-type ATPases we have mutagenized Asp(684), a residue in transmembrane segment M6 of AHA2 that is conserved in Ca(2+)-, Na(+)/K(+)-, H(+)/K(+)-, and H(+)-ATPases and which coordinates Ca(2+) ions in the SERCA1 Ca(2+)-ATPase. We describe the expression, purification, and biochemical analysis of the Asp(684) --> Asn mutant, and provide evidence that Asp(684) in the plasma membrane H(+)-ATPase is required for any coupling between ATP hydrolysis, enzyme conformational changes, and H(+)-transport. Proton pumping by the reconstituted mutant enzyme was completely abolished, whereas ATP was still hydrolyzed. The mutant was insensitive to the inhibitor vanadate, which preferentially binds to P-type ATPases in the E(2) conformation. During catalysis the Asp(684) --> Asn enzyme accumulated a phosphorylated intermediate whose stability was sensitive to addition of ADP. We conclude that the mutant enzyme is locked in the E(1) conformation and is unable to proceed through the E(1)P-E(2)P transition.
Learning and memory in children with Noonan syndrome (2013)

Genetic syndromes resulting from molecular alterations of the RAS-MAPK signaling cascade have become the focus of heightened interest among behavioral scientists due to discoveries that proteins within this pathway play an important role in memory formation and consolidation. Individuals with Noonan syndrome (NS), caused by germline mutations in the RAS-MAPK pathway, exhibit wide variability in cognitive and memory skills. The current study aimed to characterize memory deficits that occur in some affected individuals as a key step toward understanding the neurocognitive effects of dysregulated Ras signaling. Learning and memory skills were assessed among 29 children and adolescents with NS using the Wide Range Assessment of Memory and Learning, Second Edition. Performance across subdomains (verbal memory, visual memory and working memory) was compared, as well as the effect of response type (free recall vs. recognition). For immediate memory, children with NS performed significantly better on verbal memory tasks than on visual memory or working memory tasks. For delayed memory, verbal free recall tasks that depend heavily on prefrontal-hippocampal networks were more challenging than recognition tasks that rely on more distributed temporal cortical regions. Additionally, verbal information presented in context was more easily retained than that presented in a rote format. The current study contributes to our knowledge of the effects of dysregulated RAS-MAPK signaling on the brain and behavior. Continued research on neurocognitive skills in NS has the potential to generate a novel conceptualization of how learning disabilities can arise from altered molecular processes within a specific biological pathway.
Actively-controllable passively Q-switched laser (2005)

A new type of <i>Q</i>-switched pulsed lasers (CPQL, Controllable Passively Q-switched Laser) is presented. The laser is composite of a passively Q-switched laser with a saturable absorber and a controlling LD with a focus system. The performance of the laser output pulses, including the pulse energy, pulse width, pulse generation moment and repetition frequency, can be actively controlled by the operator with the controlling LD. The new type laser is discussed theoretically and the experiment results are present. Compare to the ordinary <i>Q</i>-switched laser, including passively Q-switched lasers and actively Q-switched lasers, CPQL’s have higher performance and will find important applications in many fields.
Evaluation of metal‐conjugated compounds as inhibitors of 3CL protease of SARS‐CoV (2004)

3C-like (3CL) protease is essential for the life cycle of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and therefore represents a key anti-viral target. A compound library consisting of 960 commercially available drugs and biologically active substances was screened for inhibition of SARS-CoV 3CL protease. Potent inhibition was achieved using the mercury-containing compounds thimerosal and phenylmercuric acetate, as well as hexachlorophene. As well, 1-10 microM of each compound inhibited viral replication in Vero E6 cell culture. Detailed mechanism studies using a fluorescence-based protease assay demonstrated that the three compounds acted as competitive inhibitors (Ki=0.7, 2.4, and 13.7 microM for phenylmercuric acetate, thimerosal, and hexachlorophene, respectively). A panel of metal ions including Zn2+ and its conjugates were then evaluated for their anti-3CL protease activities. Inhibition was more pronounced using a zinc-conjugated compound (1-hydroxypyridine-2-thione zinc; Ki=0.17 microM) than using the ion alone (Ki=1.1 microM).
Lambda Interferon Renders Epithelial Cells of the Respiratory and Gastrointestinal Tracts Resistant to Viral Infections (2010)

Virus-infected cells secrete a broad range of interferons (IFN) which confer resistance to yet uninfected cells by triggering the synthesis of antiviral factors. The relative contributions of the various IFN subtypes to innate immunity against virus infections remain elusive. IFN-alpha, IFN-beta, and other type I IFN molecules signal through a common, universally expressed cell surface receptor, whereas type III IFN (IFN-lambda) uses a distinct cell-type-specific receptor complex for signaling. Using mice lacking functional receptors for type I IFN, type III IFN, or both, we found that IFN-lambda plays an important role in the defense against several human pathogens that infect the respiratory tract, such as influenza A virus, influenza B virus, respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus. These viruses were more pathogenic and replicated to higher titers in the lungs of mice lacking both IFN receptors than in mice with single IFN receptor defects. In contrast, Lassa fever virus, which infects via the respiratory tract but primarily replicates in the liver, was not influenced by the IFN-lambda receptor defect. Careful analysis revealed that expression of functional IFN-lambda receptor complexes in the lung and intestinal tract is restricted to epithelial cells and a few other, undefined cell types. Interestingly, we found that SARS coronavirus was present in feces from infected mice lacking receptors for both type I and type III IFN but not in those from mice lacking single receptors, supporting the view that IFN-lambda contributes to the control of viral infections in epithelial cells of both respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts.
Elongation Factor SII Contacts the 3′-End of RNA in the RNA Polymerase II Elongation Complex (1996)

Elongation factor SII (also known as TFIIS) is an RNA polymerase II binding protein that allows bypass of template arrest sites by activating a nascent RNA cleavage reaction. Here we show that SII contacts the 3'-end of nascent RNA within an RNA polymerase II elongation complex as detected by photoaffinity labeling. Photocross-linking was dependent upon the presence of SII, incorporation of 4-thio-UMP into RNA, and irradiation and was sensitive to treatment by RNase and proteinase. A transcriptionally active mutant of SII lacking the first 130 amino acids was also cross-linked to the nascent RNA, but SII from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which is inactive in concert with mammalian RNA polymerase II, failed to become photoaffinity labeled. SII-RNA contact was not detected after a labeled oligoribonucleotide was released from the complex by nascent RNA cleavage, demonstrating that this interaction takes place between elongation complex-associated but not free RNA. This shows that the 3'-end of RNA is near the SII binding site on RNA polymerase II and suggests that SII may activate the intrinsic RNA hydrolysis activity by positioning the transcript in the enzyme's active site.
Augmented reality virtual glasses try-on technology based on iOS platform (2018)

With the development of e-commerce, network virtual try-on, as a new online shopping mode, fills the gap that the goods cannot be tried on in traditional online shopping. In the work, we discussed augmented reality virtual glasses try-on technology on iOS platform to achieve optimal purchase of online glasses, improving try-on speed of virtual glasses, user senses of reality, and immersion. Face information was collected by the input device-monocular camera. After face detection by SVM classifier, the local face features were extracted by robust SIFT. Combined with SDM, the feature points were iteratively solved to obtain more accurate feature point alignment model. Through the head pose estimation, the virtual model was accurately superimposed on the human face, thus realizing the try-on of virtual glasses. The above research was applied in iOS glasses try-on APP system to design the try-on system of augmented reality virtual glasses on iOS mobile platform. It is proved that the method can achieve accurate identification of face features and quick try-on of virtual glasses.
Activity Recognition in Smart Homes Based on Second-Order Hidden Markov Model (2013)

Hidden Markov Model is an important approach applied to activity recognition.In the first-order Hidden Markov Model, there is the hypothesis that the transition probability of state and the output probability of observation are only dependent on the current state of the model, which debases the precision of information extraction comparatively.In second-order Hidden Markov Model, the relevance between the current state and its previous two states is considered.Also, the relevance between the current observation and its previous state is considered.So second-order Hidden Markov Model has stronger performance of recognition of incorrect information.In my paper, second-order Hidden Markov Model is applied to activity recognition.The experiments show that our approach has higher precision than those approaches based on first-order Hidden Markov Model and based on Conditional Random Fields.
Activity-Based Costing for Hospitals (1996)

This article examines the application of activity-based costing to hospitals using current health care practices and procedures such as diagnosis-related groups, patient-activity systems, case management, and critical path analysis.
The herpes simplex virus latency-associated transcript is spliced during the latent phase of infection (1988)

The herpes simplex virus type 1 latency-associated transcript (LAT) is expressed as a major species 2,100 to 2,200 bases in length and a less abundant one ca. 730 bases shorter in latently infected mouse and rabbit neurons. RNA blot hybridization experiments using 20- to 22-base synthetic oligonucleotides and mung bean nuclease protection assays have demonstrated that the smaller LAT species is colinear with the larger one, except for a 730-base intron. On the basis of Northern blot analysis, the spliced species which comprises as much as 50% of the total LAT in latent infections of mice with several strains of herpes simplex virus type 1 and latent infections of rabbits with either the McKrae or the KOS(M) strains of virus is not present in the acute phase of infection. Further and rather surprisingly, in mice latently infected with the KOS(M) strain of virus, the spliced LAT species is considerably less abundant. This suggests that both the strain of virus and the animal in which the latent infection occurs are important in either the processing or stability of spliced LAT. Finally, an exhaustive series of experiments failed to provide convincing evidence that a unique, poly(A)+ species of LAT exists in the latent phase of infection.
Studies on heterocyclic compounds. VI. Syntheses of oudenone and its related compounds. 1. (1977)

Oudenone, a tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor, and related analogues were obtained upon heating a mixture of 1, 3-cyclopentanediones and 2, 2-diethoxytetrahydrofurans.
Vaccination Against Feline Pneumonitis (1977)

A commercially available modified live chlamydial vaccine against feline pneumonitis was tested in 26 cats for its ability to protect against aerosol challenge exposure to the feline pneumonitis strain of Chlamydia psittaci. After cats were challenge exposed (30 days after vaccination), pyrexia of greater than 40.0 C occurred in 81% of nonvaccinated (control) cats and in 13% of vaccinated cats (principals). Evidence of upper respiratory tract disease and the presence of the agent in ocular fluids were observed less frequently in principals than in nonvaccinated cats. In the cats euthanatized at intervals of 3 days after challenge exposure, C psittaci was demonstrated in 60% of tissues tested from nonvaccinated controls and in 34% of similar tissues obtained from principals.
Photonic wire bonding: An enabling technology for heterogeneous multi-chip integration (2013)

Photonic wire bonding enables advanced multi-chip assemblies that combine the specific strengths of different photonic integration platforms. The technique is based on in-situ fabrication of 3D freeform waveguides by two-photon polymerization. We introduce the concept and show first experimental demonstrations.
The architecture of a high performance mass store with GMR memory cells (1995)

A high output, GMR, sub-micron memory cell has been designed for a 16 Megabit die with an area of 0.9 square cm. Using die parameters, a study was made of a wafer scale, high performance memory system with on board cache units. The study shows that gigabyte per second throughputs can be achieved while using modest power.
Dietary intake estimates as a means to the harmonization of maximum residue levels for veterinary drugs. I. Concept (1995)

The harmonization of standards and procedures for establishing tolerances or maximum residue levels (MRLs) for veterinary drug residues in edible animal products is a major goal of the international veterinary drug community. Such harmonization would contribute to easing trade barriers. This paper proposes use of the toxicologically determined acceptable daily intake (ADI) for the drug as the safety standard for reaching conclusions on the acceptability of residues in meat for human consumption. Specifically, the 'equivalence' of different MRLs for the same veterinary drug would be determined by considering whether they are likely to result in dietary residues that exceed another country's ADI for the drug. Two methods of estimating dietary intake are described, and estimates are made for the veterinary drugs albendazole and ivermectin. Based on these estimates, the US and JECFA MRLs for each drug would be considered 'equivalent' for trade purposes.