gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of radiotherapy on pituitary corticotroph macrotumors in dogs: a retrospective study of 12 cases. (2007)

The efficacy of low doses of radiotherapy for the treatment of pituitary corticotroph macrotumors in dogs is evaluated retrospectively. Twelve dogs with pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism and a large pituitary tumor treated with 36 Gy of radiation were included. Radiation was delivered in 12 fractions of 3 Gy over a 4- to 6-week period. Effects of radiation therapy on tumor size were assessed by computed tomography scans; a decrease was observed in 11 dogs (decrease > 50% in 6 dogs). Three dogs were reirradiated due to major tumor regrowth or a lack of tumor decrease (mean total dose: 22 Gy given in 3-Gy fractions over 3 or 4 weeks). The mean and median survival times following the initiation of radiotherapy were 22.6 months (688 days) and 17.7 months (539 days), respectively. These data are consistent with previous findings, based on high-dose radiation, showing that radiotherapy is a useful option for treating pituitary corticotroph macrotumors in dogs. Furthermore, computed tomography follow-up of the treated dogs demonstrates objectively the efficacy of radiotherapy against corticotroph tumors in dogs.
Stability Robustness of Repetitive Control Systems With Zero Phase Compensation (1990)

It is shown that a special zero phase control (ZPC) system introduced by Tomizuka is L∞ stable against a large class of common nonlinearities. However, it still suffers from the generic nonrobustness problem associated with a linear repetitive control system when subjected to a saturation nonlinearity. For the special ZPC system, however, three solutions exist for the problem, two of which do not degrade the repetitive tracking performance.
On-chip anticancer drug test of regular tumor spheroids formed in microwells by a distributive microchannel network (2012)

This paper proposes a new cytotoxicity assay in a microfluidic device with microwells and a distributive microfluidic channel network for the formation of cancer cell spheroids. The assay can generate rapid and uniform cell clusters in microwells and test in situ cytotoxicity of anticancer drugs including sequential drug treatments, long term culture of spheroids and cell viability assays. Inlet ports are connected to the microwells by a hydraulic resistance network. This uniform distribution of cell suspensions results in regular spheroid dimensions. Injected cancer cells were trapped in microwells, and aggregated into tumor spheroids within 3 days. A cytotoxicity test of the spheroids in microwells was subsequently processed in the same device without the extraction of cells. The in situ cytotoxicity assay of tumor spheroids in microwells was comparable with the MTT assay on hanging drop spheroids using a conventional 96-well plate. It was observed that the inhibition rate of the spheroids was less than that in the 2D culture dish and the effect on tumor spheroids was different depending on the anticancer drug. This device could provide a convenient in situ assay tool to assess the cytotoxicity of anticancer drugs on tumor spheroids, offering more information than the conventional 2D culture plate.
Frontispiece: Mutual Cooperation in the Formal Allyl Alcohol Nucleophilic Substitution and Hydration of Alkynes for the Construction of γ‐Substituted Ketones (2016)

Ring-Opening Reactions Mutual-cooperation of the formal allyl alcohol direct nucleophilic substitution reaction and highly regioselective hydration of internal alkynes was realized in one pot. A dihydrofuran intermediate was formed through intramolecular O−H insertion cyclization of alkyne activated by gold catalyst, and thus the C−O bond of allyl alcohol was weakened and simultaneously the regioselective hydration of internal alkyne was directed, resulting in the γ-functionalized ketones. The full story can be found in the Communication by L. Liu, J. Li and colleagues on page 6458 ff.
Purification and Properties of Penicillin Amidase from <i>Bacillus megaterium</i> (1967)

A penicillin amidase, obtained from the exogenous medium of a Bacillus megaterium culture, was purified approximately 96-fold by means of two cycles of adsorption on, and elution from, Celite, followed by a further fractionation on carboxymethylcellulose. On the basis of sedimentation centrifugation analysis, the final preparation was deemed to be homogeneous with an apparent molecular weight of approximately 120,000. The enzyme is specific for benzylpenicillin and has a pH optimum between 8 and 9. Complete hydrolysis of benzylpenicillin was obtained at low substrate concentrations. At higher substrate concentrations, the hydrolysis of benzylpenicillin was incomplete, apparently due to enzyme inhibition by phenylacetic acid and 6-aminopenicillanic acid, which were formed during the hydrolysis. Under the assay conditions, phenylacetic acid was a competitive inhibitor of penicillin amidase with an inhibitor constant (K(i)) of 0.45 m, whereas 6-aminopenicillanic acid was noncompetitive in nature with a K(i) of 2.6 x 10(-2)m. The Michaelis constant of this enzyme was found to be 4.5 x 10(-3)m when benzylpenicillin was used as substrate.
A prophylactic vaccine for breast cancer? (2010)

Cancer vaccines are the Holy Grail for patients and clinicians alike. The possibility that we can be vaccinated against common cancers is very appealing and the socioeconomic consequences are significant. A recent paper from Vincent Tuohy's group, published in the journal Nature Medicine, suggests a new approach for the development of a prophylactic vaccine for breast cancer. Their strategy was to induce mammary gland failure in mice by immunisation with an antibody specific to a milk protein that resulted in autoimmunity during lactation. This also showed some efficacy as a therapeutic vaccine. Can we look forward to the elimination of breast cancer?
In vitro hemolysis and buffer capacity studies with the novel marine anticancer agent kahalalide F and its reconstitution vehicle cremophor EL/ethanol. (2001)

An in vitro biocompatibility study was performed with the pharmaceutical formulation of the investigational, marine-derived anticancer agent kahalalide F developed for early clinical studies. The pharmaceutical formulation consists of a lyophilized product containing 150 micrograms kahalalide F, 3 mg citric acid, 3 mg polysorbate 80, and 150 mg of sucrose per dosage unit, to be reconstituted with 3 mL of a mixture composed of Cremophor EL, ethanol, and water (5/5/90% v/v/v), resulting in a solution of pH 3 and to be further diluted in normal saline for infusion. The reconstituted product, infusion solutions, and Cremophor/ethanol (CE) vehicle were tested for hemolytic potential and buffer capacity. No significant hemolysis due to the kahalalide F formulation as well as the CE vehicle was found using both a static and dynamic test model. FB-ratio's (ratio of formulation solution (F) and volume of blood simulant (B) necessary to maintain physiological pH) as a measure of the buffer capacity of the kahalalide F infusion solutions examined indicated that no vascular irritation due to pH effects is expected in the intended administration schedule in the forthcoming Phase I study.
Radiation defects in n-type silicon irradiated with alpha particles (1979)

Diffusion of boron in n-type silicon produced p/sup +/-n junctions. These junctions were irradiated at 300 /sup 0/K with 5.5 MeV ..cap alpha.. particles in doses up to 10/sup 11/ cm/sup -2/. Such irradiation created large defect clusters which acted as effective recombination centers. The energy levels of these clusters and the majority-carrier capture cross sections were determined by capacitance spectroscopy and other methods. (AIP)
Heme enzyme patterns in genetically and chemically induced mouse liver tumors. (1986)

Chemically induced rat hepatocyte nodules and hepatomas have repeatedly been shown to be deficient in Phase I drug-metabolizing enzymes. Some of these reduced activities are attributable to a diminution of the heme-containing terminal electron acceptor, cytochrome P-450. We recently demonstrated that spontaneous mouse liver tumors exhibit the same deficiency. Therefore, chemically induced and spontaneous liver tumors share common metabolic alterations which are likely to represent intrinsic characteristics of the tumorigenic process and are independent of its etiology. To determine whether the cytochrome P-450 deficit was the result of an altered heme metabolism, we quantitated four heme-containing proteins in normal mouse liver, spontaneous mouse liver tumors, and those induced by a single injection of diethylnitrosamine: cytochrome P-450; cytochrome b5; tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.11); and catalase (EC 1.11.1.6). The amounts of these components in spontaneous tumors relative to normal liver were 0.35, 0.68, 0.76, and 0.51, respectively. Similar values were obtained with chemically induced tumors. The enzymes delta-aminolevulinic acid synthase (EC 2.3.1.37), the rate-limiting enzyme in the heme synthetic pathway, and heme oxygenase (EC 1.14.99.3), a degradative enzyme, were also quantitated. The amounts of these enzymes in spontaneous tumor relative to liver were 0.49 and 1.51, respectively. Again, similar values were observed for the chemically induced tumors. Alteration of the latter two enzyme activities may be sufficient for the altered hemoprotein patterns seen in mouse liver tumors. Further, this pattern of metabolic alteration is common to both chemically induced and spontaneous tumors. Thus, tumor resistance to cytotoxic agents activated by the monooxygenase system is not necessarily induced by exposure to these agents, nor as a result of selection.
Distributed rateless coding with cooperative sources (2012)

In this paper, we propose a distributed rateless coding (DRC) scheme for a two-user cooperative system. In DRC, the overall transmission is divided into two phases, a broadcast phase and a cooperation phase. In the broadcast phase, each user keeps transmitting its rateless coded symbols to the other user and the destination until its message has been successfully decoded by the destination or the other user. In the cooperation phase, each user encodes both users' messages by using a rateless code and transmits them to the destination. A linear programming optimization problem is then formulated to find the optimal degree distribution for the proposed distributed rateless code. The performance of the proposed code is analyzed and validated by simulations.
Microfluidic device for analyzing preferential chemotaxis and chemoreceptor sensitivity of bacterial cells toward carbon sources (2011)

We present a novel microfluidic device that enables high sensitive analyses of the chemotactic response of motile bacterial cells (Escherichia coli) that swim toward a preferred nutrient by sorting and concentrating them. The device consists of the Y-shaped microchannel that has been widely used in chemotaxis studies to attract cells toward a high concentration and a concentrator array integrated with arrowhead-shaped ratchet structures beside the main microchannel to trap and accumulate them. Since the number of accumulated cells in the concentrator array continuously increases with time, the device makes it possible to increase the sensitivity of detecting chemotactic responses of the cells about 10 times greater than Y-shaped channel devices in 60 min. In addition, the device can characterize the relative chemotactic sensitivity of chemoreceptors to chemoeffectors by comparing the number of cells in the concentrator array at different distances from the channel junction. Since the device allows the analysis of both the chemotactic responses and the sensitivity of chemoreceptors with high resolution, we believe that not only can the device be broadly used for various microbial chemotaxis assays but it also can further the advancement of microbiology and even synthetic biology.
Adaptive Structures (1990)

The performance requirements of advanced space systems of the future have motivated a new approach to structural design. This paper surveys the field of adaptive structures and proposes a general framework for categorizing the various approaches be ing pursued. Examples are described in each category to place the work in relative per spective and to describe the similarities and differences between the approaches.
A bio-telemetric device for measurement of left ventricular pressure–volume loops using the admittance technique in conscious, ambulatory rats (2011)

This paper presents the design, construction and testing of a device to measure pressure-volume loops in the left ventricle of conscious, ambulatory rats. Pressure is measured with a standard sensor, but volume is derived from data collected from a tetrapolar electrode catheter using a novel admittance technique. There are two main advantages of the admittance technique to measure volume. First, the contribution from the adjacent muscle can be instantaneously removed. Second, the admittance technique incorporates the nonlinear relationship between the electric field generated by the catheter and the blood volume. A low power instrument weighing 27 g was designed, which takes pressure-volume loops every 2 min and runs for 24 h. Pressure-volume data are transmitted wirelessly to a base station. The device was first validated on 13 rats with an acute preparation with 2D echocardiography used to measure true volume. From an accuracy standpoint, the admittance technique is superior to both the conductance technique calibrated with hypertonic saline injections, and calibrated with cuvettes. The device was then tested on six rats with 24 h chronic preparation. Stability of animal preparation and careful calibration are important factors affecting the success of the device.
Architectural support of multiple hypervisors over single platform for enhancing cloud computing security (2012)

This paper presents MultiHype, a novel architecture that supports multiple hypervisors (or virtual machine monitors) on a single physical platform by leveraging many-core based cloud-on-chip architecture. A MultiHype platform consists of a control plane and multiple hypervisors created on-demand, each can further create multiple guest virtual machines. Supported at architectural level, a single platform using MultiHype can behave as a distributed system with each hypervisor and its virtual machines running independently and concurrently. As a direct consequence, vulnerabilities of one hypervisor or its guest virtual machine can be confined within its own domain, which makes the platform more resilient to malicious attacks and failures in a cloud environment. Towards defending against resource exhaustion attacks, MultiHype further implements a new cache eviction policy and memory management scheme for preventing resource monopolization on shared cache, and defending against denial of resource exploits on physical memory resource launched from malicious virtual machines on shared platform. We use Bochs emulator and cycle based x86 simulation to evaluate the effectiveness and performance of MultiHype.
Wavelength-Dependent Coupling in Single-Mode Fused Biconical Taper Couplers (1987)

Many fiber optic systems in operation today require low loss single-mode couplers to passively split or combine light between two or more single-mode fibers. At present, this need is best met by standard fused biconical taper couplers because of their ease of fabrication and very stable performance over a wide range of operating conditions. However, as single-mode fiber technology transitions from today's predominately long haul applications to tomorrow's local area networks (LANs) and subscriber loops, more sophisticated single-mode couplers will be required. For example, many of these systems will likely incorporate wavelength division multiplexing techniques and, as such, will require several types of wavelength dependent couplers. In anticipation of this growing need, three different types of single-mode, wavelength-dependent couplers have been developed at Gould. A discussion of the wavelength dependent coupling in these fused couplers is presented in this paper.
Time Effects on Morphology and Bonding Ability in Mercerized Natural Fibers for Composite Reinforcement (2011)

Properties of cellulose-derived fibers are extremely sensitive to surface treatment. Many studies have investigated the effects of varying surface treatment parameters in natural fibers to improve fiber-matrix bonding; however, work is still needed to assist with developing better quality control methods to use these fibers in more load-bearing composites. Kenaf fibers were alkali treated, and the surface and morphology were analyzed to determine how treatment time affected the bonding sites in natural fibers. The mechanical behavior was also characterized, and tensile testing reported a 61% increase in strength and a 25% increase in modulus in fibers treated for 16 hours. The increase in tensile properties was assumed to result from increased intermolecular interaction and increased crystallinity in cellulose, which was supported by XRD. On the other hand, FTIR spectroscopy and XPS showed that the amount of hydroxyl groups needed for fiber-matrix bonding decreased at longer treatment times.
The Role of Sulfur in the Thermal Stability of Jet Fuel (1999)

The autoxidation of Jet A, dodecane, and a dodecane-15%-cumene blend doped with sulfur compounds were studied at 433 K. Oxygen, hydro peroxide and soluble gum were monitored during the autoxidation. Dodecane, cumene, and the dodecane-15%-cumene blend autoxidized rapidly, while Jet A had an induction period followed by a relatively slow post autoxidation. The results suggest that an inhibitor formed early in the post autoxidation of Jet A. Gum formed in the autoxidation of Jet A, whereas none was detected in dodecane, cumene, or dodecane-15% cumene. However, gum was detected in dodecane and dodecane-15% cumene doped with thiols and disulfides. Alkyl thiols and disulfides reduced the rate of autoxidation of dodecane, and there was an induction period in the formation of gum. Traces of sulfur (≈4 ppm) inhibited the autoxidation of dodecane-15% cumene in a way that resembled the post autoxidation of Jet A. Adding an organic base increased the rate of post autoxidation in Jet A and prevented formation of the oxidation inhibitor. An inhibition mechanism is proposed in which phenois are formed via acid-catalyzed decomposition of benzylic hydro peroxides.
GVHD: A Continuing Barrier to the Safety of Allogeneic Transplantation (2009)

Acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD, cGVHD) remain the major clinical complication of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) limiting survival and inducing major morbidity, sometimes for several years posttransplant. In this article, 3 authors review components of GVHD that underlie these hazards. Dr. Pavan Reddy outlines preclinical, mostly murine data detailing the current understanding of the pathophysiology of aGVHD. cGVHD, the major ongoing immunologic limitation to transplant success has complexities in its assessment and management, and unfortunately, no defined best therapy.
Osteoclast activating factor is now interleukin‐1 beta: historical perspective and biological implications (1988)

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) represents a family of polypeptides with widespread immunological and non-immunological activity. Recent studies show that osteoclast activating factor (OAF) is homologous to IL-1B. In this review, the biological properties, cell sources and actions of IL-1 are discussed. The numerous biological effects of IL-1 on various host systems suggest that elevated levels of the mediator may be an indicator of a pathological process. Since the IL-1 family plays an important role as a key mediator of the inflammatory, immunological and bone resorptive responses it is of considerable concern to dentists.
Computer-generated holograms by means of a magnetooptic spatial light modulator (1989)

A magnetooptic spatial light modulator is used to reconstruct computer-generated Fourier holograms. Different methods for designing the holgrams are considered including binary and complex quantization in conjunction with an iterative algorithm, carrier techniques, phase manipulations, and cell oriented binary coding. The limitations of binary quantization are discussed, and the trade-offs between space-bandwidth and quantization error are considered. Using a device having an array of 48 x 48 elements the best compromise is achieved using carrier techniques in conjunction with phase manipulations and binary quantization.
Tracking antigen‐driven responses by flow cytometry: Monitoring proliferation by dye dilution (2008)

Cell-tracking reagents such as the green-fluorescent protein labeling dye CFSE and the red-fluorescent lipophilic membrane dye PKH26 are commonly used to monitor cell proliferation by flow cytometry in heterogeneous cell populations responding to immune stimuli. Both reagents stain cells with a bright homogeneous fluorescence, which is partitioned between daughter cells during each cell division. Because daughter cell fluorescence intensities are approximately halved after each division, the intensity of a cell relative to its intensity at the time of staining provides information about how many divisions it has undergone. Knowing how many rounds of division have occurred and the relative number of cells in each daughter generation, one can back-calculate the number of cells in the original population (i.e., cells present at the time of stimulus) that went on to respond by proliferating. Using this information, the precursor cell frequencies and extent of expansion to a specific antigen or mitogen of interest can be calculated. Concurrently, the phenotype of the cells can be determined, as well as their ability to bind antigen or synthesize cytokines, providing more detailed characterization of all cells responding to the antigen, not just effector cells. In multiparameter flow cytometric experiments to simultaneously analyze antigen-specific tetramer binding, cytokine production and T-cell proliferation, we found that only approximately half of the cells that exhibited specific binding to influenza tetramer also proliferated, as measured by dye dilution, and synthesized IFNgamma in response to antigen. We expect the advent of new cell tracking dyes emitting from the violet to the near infrared combined with the increasing number of lasers and detectors on contemporary flow cytometers to further expand the usefulness of this approach to characterization of complex antigen-driven immunological responses.