gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Use of an Immunochromatographic Assay for Rapid Detection of <i>Trichomonas vaginalis</i> in Vaginal Specimens (2005)

Trichomonas vaginalis infection is estimated to be the most widely prevalent nonviral sexually transmitted infection in the world. Wet-mount microscopy is the most common diagnostic method, although it is less sensitive than culture. The OSOM Trichomonas Rapid Test (Genzyme Diagnostics, Cambridge, Mass.) (referred to here as OSOM) is a new point-of-care diagnostic assay for T. vaginalis that uses an immunochromatographic capillary flow (dipstick) assay and provides results in 10 min. The purpose of this study was to determine the test characteristics of OSOM compared to those of a composite reference standard (CRS) comprised of wet-mount microscopy and T. vaginalis culture. This multicenter cross-sectional study enrolled sexually active women > or =18 years of age who presented with symptoms of vaginitis, exposure to T. vaginalis, or multiple sexual partners. Vaginal-swab specimens were obtained for T. vaginalis culture, wet mount, and rapid testing. The prevalence of T. vaginalis in this sample was 23.4% (105 of 449) by the CRS. The sensitivity and specificity of OSOM vaginal-swab specimens were 83.3 and 98.8%, respectively, while wet mount had a sensitivity and specificity of 71.4 and 100%, respectively, compared to the CRS. OSOM performed significantly better than wet mount (P = 0.004) and detected T. vaginalis in samples that required 48 to 72 h of incubation prior to becoming culture positive. The performance of the rapid test was not affected by the presence of coinfections with chlamydia and gonorrhea. The OSOM Trichomonas Rapid Test is a simple, objective test that can be expected to improve the diagnosis of T. vaginalis, especially where microscopy and culture are unavailable.
Enhanced membrane bioreactor process without chemical cleaning (2010)

In membrane bioreactors (MBR) for wastewater treatment, the separation of activated sludge and treated water takes place by membrane filtration. Due to the small footprint and superior effluent quality, the number of membrane bioreactors used in wastewater treatment is rapidly increasing. A major challenge in this process is the fouling of the membranes which results in permeability decrease and the demand of chemical cleaning procedures. With the objective of a chemical-free process, the removal of the fouling layer by continuous physical abrasion was investigated. Therefore, particles (granules) were added to the activated sludge in order to realise a continuous abrasion of the fouling layer. During operation for more than 8 months, the membranes showed no decrease in permeability. Fluxes up to 40 L/(m(2) h) were achieved. An online turbidity measurement was installed for the effluent control and showed no change during this test period. For comparison, a reference (standard MBR process without granules) was operated which demonstrated permeability loss at lower fluxes and required chemical cleaning. Altogether with this process an operation at higher fluxes and no use of cleaning chemicals will increase the cost efficiency of the MBR-process.
Surfactant Effects on Cuticular Penetration of Neutral Polar Compounds:  Dependence on Humidity and Temperature (1999)

Effects of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG 400) and polydisperse fatty alcohol ethoxylates ("Genapols") on methylglucose penetration across cuticles of Pyrus communis were studied under different humidities and temperatures. All surfactants increased methylglucose penetration better than PEG 400. The efficacy was proportional to their own penetration. Genapol C-100 (C12.5E8.4; C, average number of carbon atoms in the alkyl chain; E, average number of ethoxy groups) effects were strongly concentration dependent (0.2-5 g/L). At 2 g/L distinct differences between surfactants were observed. Effects of Genapol C-050 (C12.5E5.8) did not depend on humidity (11-93% RH) and temperature (15-35 degrees C). They were maximal after application but decreased rapidly due to surfactant penetration. Genapol C-200 (C12.5E17) effects increased strongly with humidity and temperature both of which prevented its solidification. Genapol C-100 was superior under most conditions and never failed to increase penetration. There was no simple relationship between ethylene oxide content and surfactant effect.
An Investigation on Asymmetry Effects in Linear Induction Machines (2007)

Linear Induction Machines (LIM) present advantages in a broad range of applications such as military, transportation, and automotive products. The asymmetry effects influence the performance of LIM under motoring and generating conditions significantly. This means that one can not use the force characteristic under motoring to predict the performance under generating mode of operation. This must be taken into account in the control scheme of LIM. The present electromagnetic investigation shows that under field oriented control, Iq (quadrature axis current) illustrates asymmetric magnetization response. Furthermore, the asymmetric magnetization performance can cause asymmetric thrust force and normal force characteristics. However, Id (direct axis current) displays a symmetric response. Furthermore, the origin of the asymmetry effects is explained using the spatial distribution of the magnetomotive force which is influenced by relative positioning of three phase excitation windings during motoring and generating.
You're Hired! An Examination of Crowdsourcing Incentive Models in Human Resource Tasks (2011)

Many human resource tasks, such as screening a large number of job candidates, are labor-intensive and rely on subjective evaluation, making them excellent candidates for crowdsourcing. We conduct several experiments using the Amazon Mechanical Turk platform to conduct resume reviews. We then apply several incentive-based models and examine their effects. Next, we assess the accuracy measures of our incentive models against a gold standard and ascertain which incentives provide the best results. We find that some incentives actually encourage quality if the task is designed appropriately.
2-Chloro-1,3-dimethylimidazolidium Hexafluorophosphate (2002)

[101385-69-7] C5H10N2Cl·PF6 (MW 278.57)





InChI = 1S/C5H10ClN2.F6P/c1-7-3-4-8(2)5(7)6;1-7(2,3,4,5)6/h3-4H2,1-2H3;/q+1;-1



InChIKey = CNAKHAGVVMOXFE-UHFFFAOYSA-N



(reagent used for the coupling and esterification of sterically hindered amino acids1)



Physical Data: mp 227–229 °C.



Solubility: soluble in DMF; partially soluble in H2O, MeOH, EtOAc, CH2Cl2, and CHCl3.



Form Supplied in: colorless solid; available from Aldrich, Fluka, and Watanabe Chemical Industries.



Analysis of Reagent Purity: IR (KBr), 1650, 1555, 1420, 1345, 1310, 840 cm−1. 1H NMR (270 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 3.07 (s, 6H), 3.64 (s, 4H).



Handling, Storage, and Precautions: can be stored refrigerated for at least 5 years without loss of reactivity. 2-Chloro-1,3-dimethylimidazolidium hexafluorophosphate (CIP) is an irritant and should be used in a fumehood, when possible.
Long-term Course and Effectiveness of Combination Therapy in Alzheimer Disease (2008)

COMBO therapy slows cognitive and functional decline in AD compared with CI monotherapy and no treatment. These benefits had small-to-medium effect sizes that increased with time on treatment and were sustained for years.
Cyclialkylation of phenol with 1,5-hexadiene (1971)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCyclialkylation of phenol with 1,5-hexadieneJames M. Balquist and Edward R. DeggingerCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1971, 36, 22, 3345–3349Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1971Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1971https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00821a017https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00821a017research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views97Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Minimizing Broadcast Latency and Redundancy in Ad Hoc Networks (2008)

Network wide broadcasting is a fundamental operation in ad hoc networks. In broadcasting, a source node sends a message to all the other nodes in the network. In this paper, we consider the problem of collision-free broadcasting in ad hoc networks. Our objective is to minimize the latency and the number of transmissions in the broadcast. We show that minimum latency broadcasting is NP-complete for ad hoc networks. We also present a simple distributed collision-free broadcasting algorithm for broadcasting a message. For networks with bounded node transmission ranges, our algorithm simultaneously guarantees that the latency and the number of transmissions are within O(1) times their re spective optimal values. Our algorithm and analysis extend to the case when multiple messages are broadcast from multiple sources. Experimental studies indicate that our algorithms perform much better in practice than the analytical guarantees provided for the worst case.
Urea‐based fractionation of seed oil samples containing fatty acids and acylglycerols of polyunsaturated and hydroxy fatty acids (2000)

Abstract The selectivity and efficiency of urea complex (UC) formation‐based fractionation of free fatty acids (FFA) were examined. A rapid, simple, and inexpensive procedure recently developed for urea fractionation was applied to lipid mixtures containing various polyunsaturated and hydroxy FFA species. Urea treatment proved useful for isolating polyunsaturated FFA (PUFA) from FFA derived from fish, borage, and linseed oils by removal of saturated and monounsaturated FFA, but was not effective for isolating hydroxy FFA from the FFA derived from castor, Lesquerella , and Dimorphotheca oils. In situations where FFA within the crystalline or UC phase were rich in PUFA, the urea/FFA mole ratio of the UC was relatively higher, with lower recovery of FFA in this phase. The distribution of urea between the crystalline phase and the solvent was not significantly affected by the FFA composition of feed nor the overall ratio of FFA to urea. It was strongly dependent on the overall mass fraction of solvent. Phospholipids and mono‐, di‐, and triacylglycerols were poor templates for UC formation relative to FFA. Their inclusion in acylglycerol mixtures containing FFA reduced UC formation.
Comparison of slope estimates from low resolution DEMs: scaling issues and a fractal method for their solution (1999)

Five different algorithms for calculating slope from digital elevation models (DEMs) have been compared from regional to global scales. Though different methods produce different results, the most significant outcome is that slope varies inversely with the DEM grid size. Thus, slopes estimated from coarse resolution data can be considered to produce significant underestimates of the true slope. A fractal theory is adapted to solve this problem. The variogram technique for the definition of fractal parameters is demonstrated to provide a relationship between slope and the spatial resolution of measurement. The variation of fractal parameters is discussed at various scales, and a model is developed to estimate the high resolution slope based on the coarse resolution DEM by using fractal parameters. The fractal parameters are estimated from the standard deviation of elevation in a 3 × 3 window of the DEM to account for local variability in the surface. Standard deviation of elevation is found to be the most invariant property of different scale DEMs of the same area. The model is validated using different resolution DEMs in southern Spain and it is used to estimate the high resolution slope values at global scales based on a coarse resolution DEM. The slopes estimated using the technique outlined are a significant improvement on those estimated directly from the coarse resolution data. Slopes estimated in this way allow the more effective use of available coarse resolution data in regional and global scale modelling studies. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the use of convolutional neural networks for speech presentation attack detection (2018)

Research in the area of automatic speaker verification (ASV) has advanced enough for the industry to start using ASV systems in practical applications. However, these systems are highly vulnerable to spoofing or presentation attacks(PAs), limiting their wide deployment. Several speech-based presentation attack detection (PAD) methods have been proposed recently but most of them are based on hand crafted frequency or phase-based features. Although convolutional neural networks (CNN) have already shown breakthrough results in face recognition, little is understood whether CNNs are as effective in detecting presentation attacks in speech. In this paper, to investigate the applicability of CNNs for PAD, we consider shallow and deep examples of CNN architectures implemented using Tensorflow and compare their performances with the state of the art MFCC with GMM-based system on two large databases with presentation attacks: publicly available voicePA and proprietary BioCPqD-PA. We study the impact of increasing the depth of CNNs on the performance, and note how they perform on unknown attacks, by using one database to train and another to evaluate. The results demonstrate that CNNs are able to learn a database significantly better (increasing depth also improves the performance), compared to hand crafted features. However, CNN-based PADs still lack the ability to generalize across databases and are unable to detect unknown attacks well.
Synthesis and Immunological Evaluation of Disaccharide Bearing MUC-1 Glycopeptide Conjugates with Virus-like Particles (2019)

Mucin-1 (MUC1) is a highly attractive antigenic target for anticancer vaccines. Naturally existing MUC1 can contain multiple types of O-linked glycans, including the Thomsen-Friedenreich (Tf) antigen and the Sialyl Thomsen-nouveau (STn) antigen. In order to target these antigens as potential anticancer vaccines, MUC1 glycopeptides SAPDT*RPAP (T* is the glycosylation site) bearing the Tf and the STn antigen, respectively, have been synthesized. The bacteriophage Qβ carrier is a powerful carrier for antigen delivery. The conjugates of MUC1-Tf and -STn glycopeptides with Qβ were utilized to immunize immune-tolerant human MUC1 transgenic (MUC1.Tg) mice, which elicited superior levels of anti-MUC1 IgG antibodies with titers reaching over 2 million units. The IgG antibodies recognized a wide range of MUC1 glycopeptides bearing diverse glycans. Antibodies induced by Qβ-MUC1-Tf showed strongest binding, with MUC1-expressing melanoma B16-MUC1 cells, and effectively killed these cells <i>in vitro</i>. Vaccination with Qβ-MUC1-Tf first followed by tumor challenge in a lung metastasis model showed significant reductions of the number of tumor foci in the lungs of immunized mice as compared to those in control mice. This was the first time that a MUC1-Tf-based vaccine has shown <i>in vivo</i> efficacy in a tumor model. As such, Qβ-MUC1 glycopeptide conjugates have great potential as anticancer vaccines.
Electrophysiological correlates of error correction (2005)

Evidence in the literature for the proposed relationship between the error-related negativity (ERN) and error correction is rather limited and inconsistent. We investigated corrective behavior and the ERN in two groups of participants who performed a flanker task. The correction-instructed group was asked to immediately correct all encountered errors. The noninstructed group was unaware that corrective responses were recorded. We found a negative deflection following corrected errors that peaked at 200-240 ms after the error. We refer to this negativity in the ERP waveform as correction-related negativity (CoRN). We assume that the correction-related negativity reflects evaluative functions of the motor system necessary for error corrections. ERN latency and amplitude were modulated by the occurrence and temporal characteristics of immediate corrections. These results are discussed within the framework of current models of performance monitoring.
A paper-based skin patch for the diagnostic screening of cystic fibrosis (2015)

A thin and flexible paper-based skin patch was developed for the diagnostic screening of cystic fibrosis. It utilized a unique combination of both anion exchange and pH test papers to enable the quantitative, colorimetric and on-skin detection of sweat anions.
Catastrophic failure in GaAs double-heterostructure injection lasers (1974)

Catastrophic failure in GaAs double-heterostructure (DH) injection lasers is shown to manifest itself in two ways concurrently: rupture of one or both laser mirrors, and internal damage to the laser active region. When the electroluminescent emission is observed in a direction normal to the plane of the junction, internal damage takes the form of a dark line which starts from the damaged mirror and extends normal to it into the active region. The increase in lasing threshold and decrease of external efficiency of a catastrophically damaged laser are due to (i) decrease in reflectivity of the damaged mirror, (ii) reduction of electronic gain (and possible conversion into loss) of the active region immediately adjacent to the dark line, and (iii) optical scattering due to internal crystal damage associated with the dark line. It is shown that catastrophic damage in GaAs is consistent with a model whereby failure occurs when the optical electric field intensity at the GaAs mirror exceeds a certain critical value. In the best-quality GaAs material available, this critical optical field intensity is ≈120 kV/cm for 100-ns pulse lengths.
SFSI: Canada's First Airborne SWIR Imaging Spectrometer (1995)

RÉSUMÉL'imageur SFSI est un spectromètre imageur couvrant le domaine spectral du proche infrarouge, dans la région allant de 1220 nm à 2420 nm, pour utilisation en télédétection aéroportée. Le capteur a été conçu pour acquérir des données dans toute cette bande avec, simultanément, une haute résolution spectrale (10,4 nm) et une haute résolution spatiale (jusqu'à 20 cm) dans tout le champ de visée du capteur. L'appareil utilise un ensemble bidimensionnel de détecteurs, un système optique par réfraction et une transmission par réseau. L'optique frontale et le spectrographe sont à f/1,8 et l'angle de vue est de 9,4°. Le détecteur est formé d'une matrice de 488 lignes sur 512 colonnes de photodiodes Schottky PtSi à barrière. Un ordinateur à bus de Motorola (VME) communique avec l'unité de contrôle vectorielle, acquiert les données et assure l'interface avec l'opérateur. La conception du système optique et du capteur est décrite et les mesures de performance du capteur sont présentées ainsi que les données images du premier essai en vol du système SFSI complet. Les méthodes d'étalonnage spectral, géométrique et radiométrique de ce capteur sont également présentées.
Pulmonary Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene Expression is Decreased in a Rat Model of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (1995)

Nitric oxide (NO) produced by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is critically involved in the cardiopulmonary transition from fetal to neonatal life. In congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) this transition often does not occur normally, resulting in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN). We sought to determine if pulmonary NOS expression is altered in a rat model of CDH induced by maternal ingestion of the herbicide 2,4-dichlorophenyl-p-nitrophenyl ether (Nitrofen) on day 9 of gestation (term = 22 days). Sixty-three percent of Nitrofen-exposed fetuses developed CDH. Endothelial NOS (eNOS) and neuronal NOS (nNOS) protein expression were assessed in ipsilateral CDH lungs and in control lungs (Nitrofen-treated, no hernia) at 20 d gestation using immunoblot analyses. eNOS and nNOS have been immunohistochemically localized to rat pulmonary endothelium and bronchiolar epithelium, respectively, and we have previously demonstrated that their expression normally increases during late gestation to be maximal near term. eNOS protein expression was decreased in CDH versus control lung (58 +/- 6 versus 100 +/- 6% of control, n = 5). In contrast, nNOS protein abundance was similar. Factor VIII-associated antigen expression was comparable in CDH and control lung, indicating that the change in eNOS is not related to differences in endothelial cell density. eNOS mRNA abundance was evaluated in semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays. Paralleling the decline in eNOS protein expression, eNOS mRNA was decreased in CDH versus control lung (22 +/- 8 versus 100 +/- 31% of control, n = 4).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Signaling through CD28 and CTLA-4 controls two distinct forms of T cell anergy (2001)

Primary T cell proliferative responses to TCR ligation plus CD28 costimulation are surprisingly heterogeneous. Many cells that enter G1 fail to progress further through the cell cycle, and some of these cells subsequently fail to divide upon restimulation, even in the presence of IL-2. Such IL-2-refractory anergy is distinct from the IL-2-reversible anergy induced by TCR occupancy in the absence of CD28 costimulation. Here, we focus on the contributions of cell cycle progression and costimulatory (CD28/CTLA-4) signals in the regulation of anergy. We show that CD28 costimulation is not sufficient for anergy avoidance and that activated T cells must progress through the cell cycle in order to escape anergy. Induction of this "division-arrest" form of anergy requires CTLA-4 signaling during the primary response. Also, cell division per se is not sufficient for anergy avoidance: the few T cells that undergo multiple rounds of cell division during overt CD28 costimulatory blockade do not escape the ultimate induction of clonal anergy. Anergy avoidance by primary T cells is thus a multistep process: in order to participate in a productive immune response, an individual T cell activated through its antigen receptor must receive CD28 costimulation and progress through the cell cycle. Anergy may be induced either through a combination of CTLA-4 signaling and the failure of cell cycle progression, or through a proliferation-independent mechanism in which TCR ligation occurs in the absence of CD28.
Niobium‐doped TiO<sub>2</sub> films as window layer for chalcopyrite solar cells (2008)

Abstract Smooth and semitransparent Nb x Ti 1– x O y ( x = 0.03, y = 1.84–1.91) films have been prepared by reactive magnetron sputtering at temperatures below 420 K. Structural investigations by RAMAN‐spectroscopy together with resistivity‐ and temperature‐dependent Hall‐measurements were used in order to analyze the film structure and the nature of the charge transport in this material. These films can be used as a window layer (TCO) for thin film solar cells. Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 solar cells equipped with the new window layer keep their functionality which excludes first, the presence of strong energetic barriers and second, a strong interfacial recombination. The development of TiO 2 ‐based window layers is expected to make thin film solar cells less sensitive against corrosion after contact with humidity. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)