gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pricing in computer networks: motivation, formulation, and example (1993)

The role of pricing policies in multiple service class networks is studied. An abstract formulation of service disciplines and pricing policies that allows the interplay between service disciplines and pricing policies in determining overall network performance to be described more clearly is presented. Effective multiclass service disciplines allow networks to focus resources on performance-sensitive applications, while effective pricing policies allows the benefits of multiple service classes to be spread around to all users. Furthermore, the incentives formed by service disciplines and pricing policies must be carefully tuned so that user self-interest leads to optimal overall network performance. These concepts are illustrated through simulation of several simple example networks. It is found that it is possible to set the prices so that users of every application type are more satisfied with the combined cost and performance of a network with service-class-sensitive prices.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Involvement of cytokines in normal CNS development and neurological diseases: Recent progress and perspectives (1998)

Cytokines have been recognized to play an important role both in normal development of the brain, when they act as neurotrophic factors, as well as following injury. While both the cytokines and their receptors are synthesized and expressed in the brain normally (albeit at low levels), it has become clear that elevated levels are associated with many neurological disorders. In this review, we have chosen to present the data for only a few of the cytokines, including interleukin-1beta, interleukin-3, interleukin-6, interferon-gamma, transforming growth factor-beta, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Data are presented that suggest roles they may play in human disorders, including stroke, multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease, and several psychiatric disorders. The results in human disease are compared with results obtained in a variety of transgenic animal models. The mouse models have very different disorders depending on whether a cytokine is overexpressed either peripherally or in either astrocytes or neurons. The potential significance of this to the understanding of human disease is discussed.
TEM Study of Over-Stoichiometric Ba<i>R</i>Co<sub>4</sub>O<sub>7+δ</sub> (<i>R</i>: Y, Dy-Lu) (2009)

Over-stoichiometric BaRCo4O7+δ phases have been investigated by powder XRD, TG-DTA, and high resolution TEM. Three ordered structures of excess oxygen atoms were confirmed. In the case of Lu compound with the oxygen composition of δ = 0.80, an orthorhombic superlattice with the triple periods, 3ao, based on the fundamental orthorhombic structure of stoichiometeric phase. In the case of Y compound with the oxygen composition of δ = 0.96 equilibrated in the 1 atm O2 at 364℃, we observed the 2ao superlattice, which agrees with the results of recent neutron diffraction study. For the Y compound slowly cooded down to room temperature, a superlattice with a = 5ao was observed although the superlattice period is heavily disordered.
Two-dimensional pca: a new approach to appearance-based face representation and recognition (2004)

In this paper, a new technique coined two-dimensional principal component analysis (2DPCA) is developed for image representation. As opposed to PCA, 2DPCA is based on 2D image matrices rather than 1D vectors so the image matrix does not need to be transformed into a vector prior to feature extraction. Instead, an image covariance matrix is constructed directly using the original image matrices, and its eigenvectors are derived for image feature extraction. To test 2DPCA and evaluate its performance, a series of experiments were performed on three face image databases: ORL, AR, and Yale face databases. The recognition rate across all trials was higher using 2DPCA than PCA. The experimental results also indicated that the extraction of image features is computationally more efficient using 2DPCA than PCA.
The Synthesis and Properties of N-Substituted Cyclotrisilazanes (1964)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Synthesis and Properties of N-Substituted CyclotrisilazanesL. W. Breed and R. L. ElliottCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1964, 3, 11, 1622–1627Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1964Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1964https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic50021a033https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50021a033research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views189Altmetric-Citations22LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Application of atomic force microscopy for characteristics of single intermolecular interactions (2012)

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) can be used to make measurements in vacuum, air, and water. The method is able to gather information about intermolecular interaction forces at the level of single molecules. This review encompasses experimental and theoretical data on the characterization of ligand-receptor interactions by AFM. The advantage of AFM in comparison with other methods developed for the characterization of single molecular interactions is its ability to estimate not only rupture forces, but also thermodynamic and kinetic parameters of the rupture of a complex. The specific features of force spectroscopy applied to ligand-receptor interactions are examined in this review from the stage of the modification of the substrate and the cantilever up to the processing and interpretation of the data. We show the specificities of the statistical analysis of the array of data based on the results of AFM measurements, and we discuss transformation of data into thermodynamic and kinetic parameters (kinetic dissociation constant, Gibbs free energy, enthalpy, and entropy). Particular attention is paid to the study of polyvalent interactions, where the definition of the constants is hampered due to the complex stoichiometry of the reactions.
COMPLICATIONS OF AIRWAY INTRUSION IN 100 CONSECUTIVE CASES IN A PEDIATRIC INTENSIVE CARE UNIT (1979)

Orlowski, James P.; Ellis, Nancy G.; Amin, Navin P.; Crumrine, Robert S. Author Information
Salmonella control in poultry by ‘competitive exclusion’ or immunization (1990)

Journal Article Salmonella control in poultry by 'competitive exclusion' or immunization Get access G. C. Mead, G. C. Mead †Agricultural and Food Research Council, Institute of Food Research—Bristol Laboratory, Langford, Bristol BS18 7DY Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar P. A. Barrow P. A. Barrow ‡Agricultural and Food Research Council, Institute for Animal Health—Houghton Laboratory, Houghton, Huntingdon, Cambs. PE17 2DA, U K Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Letters in Applied Microbiology, Volume 10, Issue 6, 1 June 1990, Pages 221–227, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-765X.1990.tb00113.x Published: 01 June 1990 Article history Received: 03 January 1990 Accepted: 29 January 1990 Published: 01 June 1990
Peanut Composition, Relation to Processing and Utilization (1953)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPeanut Composition, Relation to Processing and UtilizationCarroll L. HoffpauirCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1953, 1, 10, 668–671Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1953Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1953https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf60010a004https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60010a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views347Altmetric-Citations30LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Microscopic measurement of the pair interaction potential of charge-stabilized colloid (1994)

We present a microscopic measurement of the interaction potential between isolated pairs of charged colloidal spheres. The measured spatial dependence of the potential is consistent with the screened Coulomb repulsion expected from the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory of colloidal interactions.
Optical material stress measurement using two orthogonally polarized sinusoidally intensity-modulated semiconductor lasers (2001)

A novel, compact, robust and highly versatile polarization-modulated electro-optical instrument for measuring material properties, fluid flow parameters, stress, strain and molecular structure of optically anisotropic materials has been developed in this paper. The new instrumentation uses two polarized laser beams. Each beam is linearly polarized with the two polarization states orthogonal to each other. The laser beams are sinusoidally intensity modulated with 180° phase difference by two laser drivers and a signal inverter connected to the output of one of the laser driver circuits. The anti-phase intensity modulation of each orthogonal polarization increases the instrument's sensitivity through the use of heterodyning signal analysis techniques with a single lock-in amplifier (LIA). When the two semiconductor laser beams are optically combined, the result produces a laser beam with a constant optical power level comprised of time-varying power levels in each orthogonal polarization state. The polarization state of the laser light is modulated without the use of a traditional modulator. The instrument photodetector produces a direct-current signal along with a periodic signal at the modulation frequency that is recovered by a LIA tuned to the modulation frequency. By combining these signals in the appropriate relationship, a material's phase retardance or average molecular orientation angle may be measured. The main advantages of this technique over existing methods are lower cost due to the lack of an optical modulator, small size when compared to a photoelastically modulated system and improved sensitivity over continuous-wave laser crossed-polarizer instruments.
Balanced Ambipolar Organic Thin-Film Transistors Operated under Ambient Conditions: Role of the Donor Moiety in BDOPV-Based Conjugated Copolymers (2015)

Organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) are receiving an increased amount of attention because of their intriguing advantages such as flexibility, low cost, and solution processability. Development of organic conjugated polymers with balanced ambipolar carrier transportation operated under ambient conditions, in particular, is considered to be one of the central issues in OFETs. In this work, the 3,7-bis[(E)-2-oxoindolin-3-ylidene]-3,7-dihydrobenzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]difuran-2,6-dione (BDOPV) unit as a good acceptor unit was copolymerized with three donor moieties, thieno[3,2-b]thiophene (TT), benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene (BDT), and benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]diselenophene (BDSe), to construct three donor–acceptor (D–A) conjugated polymers, BDOPV–TT, BDOPV–BDT, and BDOPV–BDSe. Photophysical and electrochemical properties of all the polymers were characterized. The fabrication of OFETs using three polymers as the active layers demonstrated that all the three polymers showed balanced ambipolar transport properties tested under ambient conditions, which is of great importance in complementary circuits. In particular, both electron and hole mobilities of BDOPV–TT were achieved above 1 cm2 V–1 s–1 under ambient conditions (1.37 and 1.70 cm2 V–1 s–1, respectively), showing great potential in balanced ambipolar OFETs.
ASR - Traction Control - A Logical Extension of ABS (1987)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Control of a car is lost, or considerably reduced, whenever one or more of the wheels exceed the stability limit during braking or accelerating due to excessive brake or drive slip.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The problem of ensuring optimum stability, steerability and brake distance of a car during hard braking is solved by means of the well-known Anti-lock Braking System (ABS). The task to guarantee stability, steerability and optimum traction during acceleration, particularly on asymmetrical road surfaces and during cornering maneuvers, is being performed by the traction control system (ASR).</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Several means to provide an optimum traction control are described, e. g the control of engine torque by influencing the throttle plate and/or the ignition and/or the fuel injection. Besides these means serving mainly the car's stability, means for the optimization of the traction, especially on split u surfaces, through brake-force control of the driven wheels or through a variable limited-slip differential are explained.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Closed-loop control of the engine drag torque (MSR) is an advantageous addition to ABS in order to guarantee stability and steerability, especially on cars with manual transmissions.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Several ASR-system configurations are described and evaluated.</div>
Visualizing axon regeneration after peripheral nerve injury with magnetic resonance tractography (2014)

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) with tractography is an MRI technique that can visualize nerve pathways by taking advantage of anisotropy of water diffusion in tracts with longitudinally oriented fibers. To date, no study in humans has shown that DTI and tractography can follow regeneration of axons during recovery from traumatic peripheral nerve injury. We show that tractography is able to identify regenerating axons advancing through a graft repair of an injured nerve, and demonstrate correlation with evidence of recovery on serial clinical, electrodiagnostic, and muscle MRI assessments.
Membrane technology and dynamic response of ion-selective liquid-membrane electrodes (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMembrane technology and dynamic response of ion-selective liquid-membrane electrodesMarin. Huser, Peter M. Gehrig, Werner E. Morf, Wilhelm. Simon, Erno. Lindner, Judit. Jeney, Klara. Toth, and Erno. PungorCite this: Anal. Chem. 1991, 63, 14, 1380–1386Publication Date (Print):July 15, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 15 July 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00014a009https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00014a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views488Altmetric-Citations119LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Pitch-based emphasis detection for segmenting speech recordings (1994)

This paper describes a technique to automatically locate emphasized segments of a speech recording based on pitch. These salient portions can be used in a variety of applications, but were originally designed to be used in an interactive system that enables high-speed skimming and browsing of speech recordings. Previous techniques to detect emphasis have used Hidden Markov Models; emphasized regions in close temporal proximity were found to successfully create useful summaries of the recordings. The new research described herein presents a sim pler technique to detect salient segments and summarize a recording without using statistical models that require large amounts of training data. The algorithm adapts to the pitch range of a speaker, then automatically selects the regions of highest pitch activity as a measure of emphasis.
The use of sodium salts as nucleation agents for polyethylene terephthalate with minimal molecular weight reduction (1995)

Abstract The sodium salts of carboxylic acids and other weak acids are routinely used as nucleation agents for injection moldable poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) resins. One of the primary drawbacks accompanying their use is the degradation of the PET resulting from the attack of the ester by the sodium carboxylate. Several sodium carboxylates have been found based on pyrrole carboxylic acid that are effective as nucleants but which do not cause a reduction in the molecular weight of PET. In addition, tetraphenyl borate salts, although only marginally effective as nucleants, were observed to be efficient additives to PET for counteracting molecular weight loss caused by chemical nucleants.
Angular Distribution of Sputtered Material (1960)

The angular distribution of material sputtered under normal Hg+-ion incidence from flat, polycrystalline targets at 100 to 1000 ev was measured and plotted in polar diagrams. The distribution is ``under cosine,'' approaching a cosine distribution, at higher ion energies. Mo and Fe show a more pronounced tendency to eject to the sides than Ni or Pt. Under oblique ion incidence atoms are sputtered preferentially in the forward direction.
Reduction of mutual coupling using perfectly conducting fences (1971)

A theoretical and experimental study of the use of thin perfectly conducting fences to reduce the mutual coupling of two parallel-plane waveguides radiating through a ground plane is described. The two cases which are studied are <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">E</tex> -plane coupling of parallel planes with transverse electromagnetic mode propagation and <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">H</tex> -plane coupling of parallel planes with the fundamental transverse electric mode propagation. The analysis presented accounts for a number of higher order modes in the waveguide apertures and uses a Fourier series approximation to the fence currents. Close agreement with experimental results is demonstrated.
Random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis of culture collection strains of<i>Candida</i>species (1996)

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profiles, obtained when screening culture collection strains of Candida spp., showed several species to be highly heterogeneous. The RAPD-defined groups were as follows: C. catenulata, two groups among five strains; Debaryomyces hansenii (anamorph C. famata), three groups among five strains; C. sake, three groups among three strains; C. intermedia, two groups among two strains; C. rugosa, two groups among three strains and C. parapsilosis, three groups among four strains. The five strains of Issatchenkia orientalis (anamorph C. krusei) belonged to a single RAPD-defined group. The two strains of the teleomorphic yeast Arxiozyma telluris had distinct RAPD profiles but neither resembled profiles of its anamorph, C. pintolopesii. The two varieties of C. pintolopesii had different RAPD profiles. Researchers are cautioned that organisms with the same name may not be closely related.
Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase and Dendritic Cell Tolerogenicity (2012)

This article summarizes the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate the activity of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), a potent immune-suppressive enzyme, in dendritic cells (DCs). Specific attention is given to differential up-regulation of IDO in distinct DC subsets, its function in immune homeostasis/autoimmunity, infection and cancer; and the associated immunological outcomes. The review will conclude with a discussion of the poorly defined mechanisms that mediate the long-term maintenance of IDO-expression in response to inflammatory stimuli and how selective modulation of IDO activity may be used in the treatment of disease.
Generalized Framework for Real Aperture, Synthetic Aperture, and Tomographic Sonar Imaging (2009)

When an underwater object is insonified over a range of aspect angles, the signals that are backscattered from the object can be sampled in space and time by an array of sensors, which can form either a real or a synthetic aperture. The spatial information contained in the backscattered signals can be processed using inverse transform methods to form an image of the 2-D spatial distribution of the object's acoustic reflectivity function. The signal measurement space (or data space) defines a sector of the polar wave number spectrum that quantifies the variation with aspect angle of the spatial frequency components that contribute to the backscattered signal. The temporal bandwidth of the incident sonar pulse determines the <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">radial</i> extent of the sector, while the range of aspect angles over which the object is insonified defines the <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">angular</i> extent of the sector. Equivalently, the extent of the aperture that is formed by the sensor positions relative to the object determines the angular extent of the sector. This concept provides a generalized framework that unifies sonar imaging techniques such as reconstructive tomography (image reconstruction from projections), synthetic aperture sonar, and real aperture sidescan sonar. The difference in these techniques is simply due to the azimuthal angle subtended by the aperture of the sensing array, which is typically a fraction of a degree for a real aperture sonar, several degrees for a strip map synthetic aperture sonar, tens of degrees for a spotlight synthetic aperture sonar, and 360deg for a tomographic imaging sonar. Experimental results are presented for a real aperture sidescan sonar, a synthetic aperture sonar, and a tomographic sonar that demonstrate the development of an acoustic image from a single blurred point to a clearly identifiable object as the azimuthal extent of the angle subtended by the sonar aperture is increased.