gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of Surface Roughness and Aging on the Electrical Contact Resistance and Residual Stress in Gold-Nickel-Copper Connector Materials (2014)

Abstract : The purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of surface roughness and aging environment on the electrical contact resistance and residual stress in nickel and nickel/gold coated copper. In order to accomplish these research objectives, oxygen free copper coupons were prepared to a variety of average surface roughnesses (Ra ranging from 0.05 urn to 2.5 urn) prior to coating application. Three coating systems were investigated: Au/Ni plating, Ni plating, and Ni sputtering. The majority of this research focuses on the Au/Ni plated samples, with Ni plated and Ni sputtered data included for comparison. Nickel, gold, and copper are commonly used in electrical components, such as electrical contacts, in which component reliability is of great importance. As there are a wide variety of environments to which electrical components could be exposed to during service, the coated samples were aged for up to nine weeks in one of three aging environments: mixed flowing gas/atmospheric corrosion (MFG), elevated temperature and relative humidity (TRH), and thermal cycling (TC). The mixed flowing gas/atmospheric corrosion environment was created by using a Battelle Class 2 environment with the following conditions: 30 C, 70 % relative humidity, 200 ppb N02, 10 ppb H2S, and 10 ppb CU. The elevated temperature and relative humidity environment maintained samples at a constant temperature and relative humidity of 40 C and 85%, respectively. Samples in the thermal cycling environment were cycled between temperatures of-40 C and 60 C with a 15 minute dwell time and an approximately 4.5 C/minute ramp rate. Characterization using optical profilometry, optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), x-ray diffraction (XRD), and electrical contact resistance (ECR) measurements allowed for the determination of changes in the coupons due to the coating system, surface preparation, and environmental exposure.
Prevention and treatment of chemo- and radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis. (2002)

The administration of many chemo-radiotherapy regimens in patients with cancer may be complicated by toxicities that limit the clinicians' abilities to deliver the most effective doses of active agents. Oral mucositis is a major dose-limiting toxic effect and the most important cause of morbidity in patients undergoing chemo-radiotherapy for head and neck cancers, in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation and those receiving certain chemotherapeutic agents for a variety of human malignancies. The intent of this paper is to review preventive strategies and treatment approaches for patients with established oral mucositis. Many agents of differing mechanisms of action have been used in the prevention and treatment of oral mucositis induced by anticancer therapies. Currently, no intervention is completely successful at preventing or treating oral mucositis. The several solutions, drugs and methods used and studied in the prophylaxis and therapy of chemotherapy or radiotherapy-induced oral mucositis reflects the need of new, more efficient tools in the management of this complication. Current studies and our increasing understanding of the etiology and pathogenesis of oral mucositis will lead to new approaches to the management and improved quality of life for these patients.
Electron donor effect on nitrate reduction pathway and kinetics in a mixed methanogenic culture (2007)

The effect of different electron donors on the pathway and kinetics of nitrate reduction in a sulfide-acclimated mixed, mesophilic (35 degrees C) methanogenic culture was investigated. A mixture of dextrin and peptone, glucose, propionate, acetate, and H(2)/CO(2) were used as substrates at an initial chemical oxygen demand of 1,500 mg/L and the initial nitrate concentration ranged between 0 and 300 mg N/L. The fastest nitrate reduction was observed in the H(2)/CO(2) and acetate-fed cultures. In the case of propionate, nitrate reduction was the slowest followed by partial recovery of methanogenesis and accumulation of volatile fatty acids due to inhibition as a result of accumulation of denitrification intermediates. Similarly, accumulation of nitrite and nitric oxide and partial or complete inhibition of methanogenesis was observed in the H(2)/CO(2)-fed cultures. Methanogenesis completely recovered in the dextrin/peptone-, glucose-, and acetate-fed cultures at all nitrate levels. Denitrification was the dominant pathway of nitrate reduction in the propionate-, acetate-, and H(2)/CO(2)-fed cultures regardless of the COD/N value. However, both denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia (DNRA) were observed in the dextrin/peptone- and glucose-fed cultures and the degree of predominance of either of the two pathways was a function of the COD/N value. Therefore, the type of electron donor used affected both the nitrate reduction pathway and kinetics, as well as the recovery of fermentation and/or methanogenesis in the mixed methanogenic culture.
A Comparison of the Bem Sex-Role Inventory and the Heilbrun Masculinity and Femininity Scales (1979)

This study compares two instruments which have recently been devised to measure sex-role identification, Heilbrun's Masculinity and Femininity Scales and the Bem Sex-Role Inventory. Correlations between the masculine and feminine scales of these instruments were significant for male but not female subjects; intrascale comparisons found no relationship between the Bem scales but moderate correlations between the Heilbrun scales for male subjects. There was agreement between the two measures in classifying approximately 47% of the subjects into one of the four sex-role categories. Misclassification occurred primarily on categories which have been found to show considerable overlap in personality characteristics.
Genetic expression profiles during physiological and pathological cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure in rats (2004)

Cardiac hypertrophy is a complex and nonhomogenous response to various stimuli. In this study, we used high-density oligonucleotide microarray to examine gene expression profiles during physiological hypertrophy, pathological hypertrophy, and heart failure in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. There were changes in 404/3,160 and 874/3,160 genes between physiological and pathological hypertrophy and the transition from hypertrophy to heart failure, respectively. There were increases in stress response genes (e.g., heat shock proteins) and inflammation-related genes (e.g., pancreatitis-associated protein and arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase) in pathological processes but not in physiological hypertrophy. Furthermore, atrial natriuretic factor and brain natriuretic protein showed distinctive changes that are very specific to different conditions. In addition, we used a resampling-based gene score-calculating method to define significantly altered gene clusters, based on Gene Ontology classification. It revealed significant alterations in genes involved in the apoptosis pathway during pathological hypertrophy, suggesting that the apoptosis pathway may play a role during the transition to heart failure. In addition, there were significant changes in glucose/insulin signaling, protein biosynthesis, and epidermal growth factor signaling during physiological hypertrophy but not during pathological hypertrophy.
Polysialic acid bioengineering of neuronal cells by N-acyl sialic acid precursor treatment (2006)

The inherent promiscuity of the polysialic acid (PSA) biosynthetic pathway has been exploited by the use of exogenous unnatural sialic acid precursor molecules to introduce unnatural modifications into cellular PSA, and has found applications in nervous system development and tumor vaccine studies. The sialic acid precursor molecules N-propionyl- and N-butanoyl-mannosamine (ManPr, ManBu) have been variably reported to affect PSA biosynthesis ranging from complete inhibition to de novo production of modified PSA, thus illustrating the need for further investigation into their effects. In this study, we have used a monoclonal antibody (mAb) 13D9, specific to both N-propionyl-PSA and N-butanoyl-PSA (NPrPSA and NBuPSA), together with flow cytometry, to study precursor-treated tumor cells and NT2 neurons at different stages of their maturation. We report that both ManPr and ManBu sialic acid precursors are metabolized and the resultant unnatural sialic acids are incorporated into de novo surface sialylglycoconjugates in murine and human tumor cells and, for the first time, in human NT2 neurons. Furthermore, neither precursor treatment deleteriously affected endogenous PSA expression; however, with NT2 cells, PSA levels were naturally downregulated as a function of their maturation into polarized neurons independent of sialic acid precursor treatment.
Emerging from the Experiment: A Systematic Methodology for Creative Writing Teaching (2006)

This paper argues for a particular teaching methodology for creative writing that produces a multilayered poetics of writing. This methodology is the basis for my book The Writing Experiment: Strategies for Innovative Creative Writing, and is specifically designed for higher-education creative writing students, though it can be used by others. The methodology conceptualises the process of writing as systematic, and breaks it down into incremental stages that nevertheless have open-ended outcomes. It emphasises experimental writing and a politics and ethics of form; it also uses literary and cultural theory to theorise the process of writing. In addition it approaches writing as an endeavour that extends beyond the written page into performance and new media work. All these different aspects of the methodology are interrelated and overlapping. In this paper I elucidate contexts and specifics of these different approaches, and show how they are integrated so that they reverberate with, and extend, each other.
High-Resolution Physical Map and Transcript Identification of a Prostate Cancer Deletion Interval on 8p22 (2000)

A genomic interval of approximately 1-1.5 Mb centered at the MSR marker on 8p22 has emerged as a possible site for a tumor suppressor gene, based on high rates of allele loss and the presence of a homozygous deletion found in metastatic prostate cancer. The objective of this study was to prepare a bacterial contig of this interval, integrate the contig with radiation hybrid (RH) databases, and use these resources to identify transcription units that might represent the candidate tumor suppressor genes. Here we present a complete bacterial contig across the interval, which was assembled using 22 published and 17 newly originated STSs. The physical map provides twofold or greater coverage over much of the interval, including 17 BACs, 15 P1s, 2 cosmids, and 1 PAC clone. The position of the selected markers across the interval in relation to the other markers on the larger chromosomal scale was confirmed by RH mapping using the Stanford G3 RH panel. Transcribed units within the deletion region were identified by exon amplification, searching of the Human Transcript Map, placement of unmapped expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from the Radiation Hybrid Database (RHdb), and from other published sources, resulting in the isolation of six unique expressed sequences. The transcript map of the deletion interval now includes two known genes (MSR and N33) and six novel ESTs.
A comparison of the effects of dietary cellulose and fermentable galacto-oligosaccharide, in a rat model of colorectal carcinogenesis: fermentable fibre confers greater protection than non-fermentable fibre in both high and low fat backgrounds (1999)

The objective of this experiment was to compare the effects of diets with either a non-fermentable fibre source (cellulose) or a fermentable fibre source [galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS)], combined with different levels of dietary fat, on the development of colorectal cancer. Male Wistar rats were fed AIN76-based diets with either a low or high level of cellulose, or a low or high level of GOS, for 9 months. The fat content of the diets was low, medium or high. All rats were treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine to induce colorectal tumours. Generally, the tumour incidence increased with increasing fat content in the diet. Despite marked faeces bulking, dietary cellulose either had no effect or an enhancing effect on the formation of colorectal tumours in general, although the development of carcinomas was decreased. GOS appeared to be highly protective against the development of colorectal tumours, as was demonstrated by an inhibitory effect on tumour incidence, multiplicity and size, regardless of the fat content of the diet. Neither fibre source influenced the bromodeoxyuridine labelling index determined in colon crypts or tumours. In animals fed high-GOS diets, the caecal content was significantly increased in weight and significantly decreased in pH. It was concluded that tumorigenesis was enhanced by increased fat content of the diet, and that the diets containing fermentable GOS conferred a greater protection against colorectal cancer than did the diets containing non-fermentable cellulose.
New Bivalent Thrombin Inhibitors with N? (Methyl)Arginine at the P1-Position (2000)

A series of bivalent thrombin inhibitors was synthesized, consisting of a d-phenylalanyl-prolyl-N(alpha)(methyl)arginyl active site blocking segment, a fibrinogen recognition exosite inhibitor part, and a peptidic linker connecting these fragments. The methylation of the P1 amino acid led to a moderate decrease in affinity compared with the unmethylated analog. In addition, it prevented the thrombin catalyzed proteolysis, independent of the P1' amino acid used. This is a significant advantage compared to the original hirulogs, which strictly require a proline as P1' amino acid to reduce the cleavage C-terminal to the arginyl residue. Several analogs were prepared by incorporation of different P1' amino acids found in natural thrombin substrates. The most potent inhibitor was I-11 [dCha-Pro-N(Me)Arg-Thr-(Gly)5-DYEPIPEEA-Cha-dGlu] with a Ki of 37 pM. I-11 is highly selective and no inhibition of the related serine proteases trypsin, factor Xa and plasmin was observed. The stability of I-11 in human plasma in vitro was strongly improved compared to hirulog-1. In addition, a significantly reduced plasma clearance of I-11 was observed after intravenous injection in rats. Results from molecular modeling suggest that a strong reorganization of the hydrogen bonds in the active site of thrombin may result in the proteolytic stability found in this inhibitor series.
Successive-erasure decoding of RS-coded MPSK schemes in a Rayleigh fading channel (2003)

A soft-decision decoding algorithm, successive-erasure decoding (SED), is presented for decoding of Reed-Solomon- (RS-) coded M-ary phase-shift-keying (MPSK) schemes. This decoding procedure, originally introduced by G.D. Forney (1963) in connection with generalized minimum-distance (GMD) decoding, utilizes channel measurement information, (CMI) in its algebraic decoding algorithm, The performance evaluation of some RS-coded MPSK schemes shows that the use of such information bridges the gap in performance between hard-decision decoding (HDD) and maximum-likelihood decoding (MLD). For example, for RS (7, 5)-coded, 8PSK, SED provides 3.5-6-dB coding gain, at P/sub b/=10/sup -5/, compared to errors-and-erasures and errors-only decodings, respectively. This coding gain is only 1.4 dB less than the gain achievable by MLD. The performance of the SED algorithm is improved by an additional 0.7 dB when the channel state information (CSI) is used.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Design Considerations for Antibody-Based Fiber-Optic Chemical Sensors (1989)

Fiber optic chemical sensors that employ immunochemical reagent phases are described. Relying on the specificity of antibody-antigen immune complex formation and the sensitivity of fluoroimmunoassay techniques, these sensors are capable of remotely detecting very low concentrations of biomolecules with a high degree of analytical selectivity. The type of analyte to be measured and the assay procedure that is employed influence the optimum design of the sensor. Optical and sensing termini configurations that we have successfully employed in the design of sensors based on competitive-binding and direct assay protocols are described and important experimental considerations are briefly discussed. In addition, we demonstrate how these sensors can be configured to permit relatively rapid in situ regeneration, thereby permitting pseudo-continuous operation.
Designing gaze-based user interfaces for steering in virtual environments (2012)

Since eye gaze may serve as an efficient and natural input for steering in virtual 3D scenes, we investigate the design of eye gaze steering user interfaces (UIs) in this paper. We discuss design considerations and propose design alternatives based on two selected steering approaches differing in input condition (discrete vs. continuous) and velocity selection (constant vs. gradient-based). The proposed UIs have been iteratively advanced based on two user studies with twelve participants each. In particular, the combination of continuous and gradient-based input shows a high potential, because it allows for gradually changing the moving speed and direction depending on a user's point-of-regard. This has the advantage of reducing overshooting problems and dwell-time activations. We also investigate discrete constant input for which virtual buttons are toggled using gaze dwelling. As an alternative, we propose the Sticky Gaze Pointer as a more flexible way of discrete input.
Simulierte Gegenstromchromatographie (1994)

Abstract Simulated Countercurrent Chromatography. This paper reviews simulated countercurrent chromatography, a separation process that has received only little attention. In contrast to standard batchwise operated chromatography, a periodical mode of operation is used. The feed and collection lines are shifted along the column, thus simulating countercurrent operation of the liquid phase and the stationary solid phase. As a result, higher product yield and higher product purity are obtained. At the same time the amount of solid phase and solvent phase required in comparison to discontinuous chromatography is reduced. Industrial applications have been developed since 1964 by Universal Oil Products (UOP). Large scale separation processes in the petrochemical and the sugar industries are already in operation. On the bench scale this process is used to separate biotechnological products and pharmaceuticals. The need to solve difficult separation problems (isomeric or racemic mixtures, biomolecules, polymers) will encourage further developments. Together with improved process‐simulation tools and process control, simulated countercurrent chromatography will be established as a powerful separation technique with widespread industrial applicability.
First Human Imaging Studies with the EXPLORER Total-Body PET Scanner* (2019)

Within the EXPLORER Consortium, the construction of the world's first total-body PET/CT scanner has recently been completed. The 194-cm axial field of view of the EXPLORER PET/CT scanner is sufficient to cover, for the first time, the entire human adult body in a single acquisition in more than 99% of the population and allows total-body pharmacokinetic studies with frame durations as short as 1 s. The large increase in sensitivity arising from total-body coverage as well as increased solid angle for detection at any point within the body allows whole-body <sup>18</sup>F-FDG PET studies to be acquired with unprecedented count density, improving the signal-to-noise ratio of the resulting images. Alternatively, the sensitivity gain can be used to acquire diagnostic PET images with very small amounts of activity in the field of view (25 MBq, 0.7 mCi or less), with very short acquisition times (∼1 min or less) or at later time points after the tracer's administration. We report here on the first human imaging studies on the EXPLORER scanner using a range of different protocols that provide initial evidence in support of these claims. These case studies provide the foundation for future carefully controlled trials to quantitatively evaluate the improvements possible through total-body PET imaging.
Non-Commutative Polynomials and Cyclic Algebras (1934)

where a is an element of a' such that the correspondence a into a(l) generates the Galois group of a' over a. We consider a'(II) as a residue algebra of the polynomial H in the domain a'[x] of all polynomials in x whose coefficients C a' and for which multiplication is defined by (1). The main purpose of the present paper is to show that the problem of determining the division algebra part of a'(H) in the Wedderburn decomposition may be reduced to the problem of finding a single irreducible factor of II in a' [x]. In ?1 we discuss the factorization theory in a' [x]. In ?2 and ?3 we determine the relation between a'(H) and an algebra associated with a factor of H. Finally, in ?4 we derive a condition in order that H have an irreducible factor of degree t and from this condition the usual norm conditions for cyclic algebras follow as simple corollaries. The methods used are applicable to the algebras defined by (1) and (2) where a' is any division algebra of finite order over 0. We hope to consider this case in a later paper. In the course of the preparation of this paper, I had the privilege of discussing its details with Professor Wedderburn. I am very grateful to him for the stimulus of these discussions.
Quality control of eukaryotic mRNA: safeguarding cells from abnormal mRNA function (2007)

Cells routinely make mistakes. Some mistakes are encoded by the genome and may manifest as inherited or acquired diseases. Other mistakes occur because metabolic processes can be intrinsically inefficient or inaccurate. Consequently, cells have developed mechanisms to minimize the damage that would result if mistakes went unchecked. Here, we provide an overview of three quality control mechanisms--nonsense-mediated mRNA decay, nonstop mRNA decay, and no-go mRNA decay. Each surveys mRNAs during translation and degrades those mRNAs that direct aberrant protein synthesis. Along with other types of quality control that occur during the complex processes of mRNA biogenesis, these mRNA surveillance mechanisms help to ensure the integrity of protein-encoding gene expression.
Ploidy of lymphoblasts is the strongest predictor of treatment outcome in B-progenitor cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia of childhood: a Pediatric Oncology Group study. (1992)

Use of the DNA index, leukocyte count, and age--data that are relatively inexpensive and simple to obtain--may be sufficient to stratify patients with B-progenitor cell ALL for risk-directed therapy. Patients at an extremely low risk of failing therapy (approximately 20% of cases in this study) can thus be identified and spared the toxic short-term and late effects of more intensive therapies that may be needed for children with less favorable clinical and biologic features.