gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Automatic fault tree synthesis and real-time tree trimming, based on computer models (2002)

This paper introduces a computer aided reliability system, which allows the modelling of production systems and which is able to generate causal trees, fault trees and cause consequence diagrams automatically, using the predefined component and system models.
Survival and resistance of Trichophyton mentagrophytes arthrospores (1978)

The effects of several physical and chemical agents on the survival of Trichophyton mentagrophytes arthrospores were investigated. Although arthrospores of this dermatophyte were highly resistant to chilling and freezing, they were extremely susceptible to moderate heat (above 50 degrees C) and desiccation. This high susceptibility could be significantly reduced when they were dried in the presence of exogenous proteins. These arthrospores were markedly susceptible to glutaraldehyde. They appeared to be significantly more resistant than their hyphal counterparts to common antimycotics such as clotrimazole, griseofulvin, miconazole nitrate, and nystatin. Clinical and epidemiological implications of these observations are discussed.
Constitutive endothelin-1 overexpression promotes smooth muscle cell proliferation via an external autocrine loop (1994)

Endothelin-1 (ET-1) is a potent vasoconstrictor peptide originally purified from endothelial cell-conditioned medium. It has multiple biological activities and has been implicated in a number of human diseases, including hypertension and atherosclerosis. Contradictory reports have been published regarding whether ET-1 is a mitogen for vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC); thus, this issue is presently unresolved. In this study, we demonstrate that rat aortic SMC express functional endothelin cell surface receptors but do not proliferate when ET-1 is added to serum-free culture medium on every other day for a period of 1 week. To determine whether ET-1 could function in an autocrine manner to promote SMC growth, we transfected this same cell line with an ET-1 expression plasmid. Several independent lines expressing variable levels of ET-1 mRNA and biologically active ET-1 were obtained. Cell proliferation assays indicated that the transfected SMC line secreting the highest level of ET-1 had an enhanced growth rate when compared with untransfected or vector-alone transfected cells. The growth rate of this SMC line, but not of untransfected cells, was significantly reduced when the ETA receptor subtype-selective antagonist BQ-123 was included in the culture medium. These results indicate that constitutive ET-1 overexpression can promote SMC proliferation. Therefore, it is possible that under certain conditions ET-1 could be an important factor controlling SMC replication in vivo.
A Comparison of Transtracheal Aspiration with Other Methods of Determining the Bacterial Flora of the Lower Respiratory Tract (1963)

INFECTION of the lower respiratory tract is receiving increasing attention as a possible cause of chronic bronchitis and emphysema. For many years culture of expectorated material has been performed in an attempt to identify pathogenic bacteria that are assumed to emanate from the bronchial tree. There is much evidence that Haemophilus influenzae and pneumococci, organisms said to be the most frequent pathogens in chronic bronchitis,1 are commonly isolated from the mouth and pharynx of persons who have no respiratory ailment, and that oropharyngeal secretions mask the bacteriology of those expectorated from the lower respiratory passages.2 Attempts to refine technic by . . .
Surface activated bonding of GaAs and SiC wafers at room temperature for improved heat dissipation in high-power semiconductor lasers (2015)

Thermal management of high-power semiconductor lasers is of great importance since the output power and beam quality are affected by the temperature rise of the gain region. Thermal simulations of a vertical-external-cavity surface-emitting laser by a finite-element method showed that the solder layer between the semiconductor thin film consisting of the gain region and a heat sink has a strong influence on the thermal resistance and direct bonding is preferred to achieve effective heat dissipation. To realize thin-film semiconductor lasers directly bonded on a high-thermal-conductivity substrate, surface-activated bonding using an argon fast atom beam was applied to the bonding of gallium arsenide (GaAs) and silicon carbide (SiC) wafers. The GaAs/SiC structure was demonstrated in the wafer scale (2 in. in diameter) at room temperature. The cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy observations showed that void-free bonding interfaces were achieved.
Wavelength-Selective Device Using a Phase Delay Layer and Two Polarization-Sensitive Gratings (2007)

Wavelength-selective optical device comprising an optimal phase delay layer (PDL) and two polarization-sensitive gratings has been reported and experimentally demonstrated. In our method, two incident wavelengths have orthogonal polarization states after through PDL and have diffracted by different gratings, independently. From the experimental results, the intensity ratios at 660 nm are 1.171 and 0.0072 for p- and s-polarization, meanwhile, the ratios at 780 nm are 1.980 for s-polarization and 0.084 for p-polarization state, respectively
Physical properties of hydrate‐bearing sediments (2009)

Methane gas hydrates, crystalline inclusion compounds formed from methane and water, are found in marine continental margin and permafrost sediments worldwide. This article reviews the current understanding of phenomena involved in gas hydrate formation and the physical properties of hydrate‐bearing sediments. Formation phenomena include pore‐scale habit, solubility, spatial variability, and host sediment aggregate properties. Physical properties include thermal properties, permeability, electrical conductivity and permittivity, small‐strain elastic P and S wave velocities, shear strength, and volume changes resulting from hydrate dissociation. The magnitudes and interdependencies of these properties are critically important for predicting and quantifying macroscale responses of hydrate‐bearing sediments to changes in mechanical, thermal, or chemical boundary conditions. These predictions are vital for mitigating borehole, local, and regional slope stability hazards; optimizing recovery techniques for extracting methane from hydrate‐bearing sediments or sequestering carbon dioxide in gas hydrate; and evaluating the role of gas hydrate in the global carbon cycle.
Automatic model-based semantic object extraction algorithm (2001)

Automatic image segmentation and object extraction play an important role in supporting content-based image coding, indexing, and retrieval. However, the low-level visual homogeneity critical (like color, texture, intensity, and so on) for segmentation do not lead to semantic objects directly because a semantic object can contain totally different gray levels, color, or texture. We propose an automatic model-based semantic object extraction algorithm by integrating object seeds with their region constraint graphs (perceptual models). Images are first partitioned into a set of homogeneous regions with accurate boundaries by integrating the results obtained by similarity-based region growing and edge detection procedures. We propose a 1-D fast entropic thresholding technique for determining the thresholds used in region growing and edge detection automatically. The object seeds, which are the intuitive and representative parts of semantic objects, are then distinguished from these homogeneous image regions. A seeded region aggregation procedure is used for merging the adjacent regions of a detected object seed to give a semantic object according to the perceptual model of the object. We focus on semantic human object generation by taking faces as object seeds and using a ratio-based perceptual model.
Flowmeter for Measurement of Low Velocities in Liquids with Weak Electrical Conductance (1966)

The performance of a probe for measuring low velocities in weak electrolytes is reported; its sensing element, dipped into the fluid, consists of two Pt electrodes supplied with direct current. The calibration was made for two types of probes in water and dilute solutions of H2SO4 and NaCl. Data are presented concerning the reproducibility of the measurements and the sensitivity of the apparatus at different current intensities. The possibilities of using the probe to yield the kinematic properties of a liquid in motion are studied.
Immigration et économie ethnique dans les villes géantes (2004)

<titre>Résumé</titre>D’après les études qui ont été menées sur la mondialisation, l’afflux massif d’immigrants vers les villes « mondiales » est dû à une modification de la répartition des revenus. Ce raisonnement est confirmé par le fait que cette répartition des revenus prend de plus en plus la forme d’une sablier dans les villes mondiales, suite aux restructurations mondiales, ce qui y génère le renouvellement automatique de la demande de main d’œuvre qualifiée et non qualifiée. Des critiques ont déjà montré que ce raisonnement omet le rôle d’intermédiaire des réseaux de migration, et que lorsque ces derniers sont pris en considération, on dispose alors d’éléments pour expliquer que les migrations vers les villes mondiales se poursuivent et s’accélèrent en dépit de la détérioration des conditions de vie qu’elles y produisent. Cette étude traitera du rôle de l’économie ethnique au sein de ce processus obscur et défendra l’idée selon laquelle cette économie agit comme un tampon contre l’effet néfaste des migrations sur les conditions économiques des villes d’accueil. Ce tampon accroît la demande réelle de main-d’œuvre immigrée tout en procurant aux immigrants candidats, avant leur départ, l’assurance de trouver un emploi et un logement dans leurs villes de destination. Si l’on suppose une immigration continue, résultant de la mondialisation, le tampon se voit, après un temps, lui-même saturé. Lorsqu’on ajoute à cela une moindre tolérance politique qui va de pair avec l’accroissement de la pauvreté parmi les migrants, cette saturation économique détourne finalement le réseau de migration vers des villes de moindre importance, sur une échelle hiérarchique, où se répète le processus saturation de l’économie traditionnelle – expansion du tampon économique – saturation du tampon – redéploiement. La longévité des économies-tampons selon les régions ne dépend pas seulement des conditions économiques. Le degré de tolérance politique locale à leur égard pèse lourdement sur la durabilité du processus d’absorption de l’immigration dans toutes les villes. En ce sens, la politique menée en matière d’immigration est entre les mains des villes, et non pas des États.
Twenty-five nm features patterned with trilevel e-beam resist (1981)

We describe a trilevel e-beam resist process based on the high resolution resist PMMA. This process has been used to form metal features 25 nm wide on thick Si substrates by liftoff. Ni–Cr films patterned in this way have been used as masks for reactive ion etching of Si. The resulting structures were arrays of fins ∠ 30 nm wide and 330 nm high on 95 nm centers with a total length of 3 μm. We also discuss the resolution improvement obtained in a trilevel process based on a higher speed resist, P (MMA/MAA).
A TECHNIQUE FOR STEPWISE DEGRADATION OF PROTEINS FROM THE AMINO-END<sup>1</sup> (1954)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA TECHNIQUE FOR STEPWISE DEGRADATION OF PROTEINS FROM THE AMINO-END1H. Fraenkel-ConratCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1954, 76, 13, 3606–3607Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1954Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1954https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01642a085https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01642a085research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views56Altmetric-Citations86LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
PtCl<sub>2</sub>-Catalyzed Cycloisomerizations of 5-En-1-yn-3-ol Systems (2004)

5-En-1-yn-3-ol substrates bearing a free hydroxyl group or an acyl group are highly versatile partners for PtCl2-catalyzed cycloisomerizations. Electrophilic activation of the alkyne moiety triggers at wish a hydride or an O-acyl migration yielding at the end to regioisomeric keto derivatives. The efficient preparation of Sabina ketone, an important monoterpene precursor, has been worked out.
Facile and Selective Synthesis of Chloromethylpyridines and Chloropyridines Using Diphosgene/Triphosgene (2004)

Abstract Diphosgene and triphosgene in the presence of amines were found to be an excellent chlorinating agents with high selectivity for the preparation of chloromethylpyridines and chloropyridines from picoline‐N‐oxides and pyridine‐N‐oxides respectively.
Use of selected plastics in controlled release granular formulations of aldicarb and dimethoate (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTUse of selected plastics in controlled release granular formulations of aldicarb and dimethoateRichard A. Stokes, James R. Coppedge, Don L. Bull, and Richard L. RidgwayCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1973, 21, 1, 103–108Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1973https://doi.org/10.1021/jf60185a032Request reuse permissionsArticle Views54Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (748 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Magnetization and<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">C</mml:mi><mml:mprescripts/><mml:none/><mml:mn>13</mml:mn></mml:mmultiscripts></mml:math>NMR spin-lattice relaxation of nanodiamond powder (2008)

The bulk magnetization at temperatures of $1.8--400\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ and in magnetic fields up to $70\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kOe}$, the ambient temperature $^{13}\mathrm{C}$ NMR spin-lattice relaxation, ${T}_{1,C}$, and the elemental composition of three nanodiamond powder samples have been studied. The total magnetization of nanodiamond can be explained in terms of contributions from (1) the diamagnetic effect of carbon, (2) the paramagnetic effect of unpaired electrons present in nanodiamond grains, and (3) ferromagneticlike and (4) superparamagnetic contributions from Fe-containing particles detected in spatially resolved energy-dispersive spectroscopy. Contributions (1) and (2) are intrinsic to nanodiamond, while contributions (3) and (4) arise from impurities naturally present in detonation nanodiamond samples. $^{13}\mathrm{C}$ NMR ${T}_{1,C}$ relaxation would be unaffected by the presence of the ferromagnetic particles with the bulk magnetization of $\ensuremath{\sim}0.01\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{emu}∕\mathrm{g}$ at $300\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$. Thus, a reduction of ${T}_{1,C}$ by 3 orders of magnitude compared to natural and synthetic microdiamonds confirms the presence of unpaired electrons in the nanodiamond grains. The spin concentration in nanodiamond powder corresponds to $\ensuremath{\sim}30$ unpaired electrons per $\ensuremath{\sim}4.6\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ diameter nanodiamond grain.
Presentación Vol.36 (2016)

Es un privilegio presentar la trigésima sexta edición de la Revista de Derecho del Instituto de Investigación Jurídica de la Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras. Dicho instituto asume ya, una tradición de investigación consolidada desde su creación en el año de 1969, convirtiéndose así, en un ente generador de aportes académicos donde intelectuales y estudiosos han dado a conocer sus hallazgos científicos ajustados a nuestra realidad jurídica a nivel nacional como internacional.En la actual edición de la Revista de Derecho, se marca una nueva propuesta en su edición marcada por el actual momento institucional, como lo es la efervescencia intelectual y académica que marca la actual reforma universitaria gestada esta desde el año 2005, misma, que ha permitido la contribución de nuevos colaboradores universitarios que han influido en la actual propuesta de trabajo marcada por la época digital y la reflexión crítica del ámbito jurídico en el marco nacional e internacional.El recorrido temático nos lleva por el análisis de situaciones jurídicas en materias del Derecho Mercantil y del Derecho Penal, desde un enfoque internacional, haciendo énfasis en las nuevas formas de construcción jurídica y de interpretación jurídica. Analizando las problemáticas desde los aportes de la legislación, la doctrina y jurisprudencia tanto de las sedes internas como externas a las que estamos sometidos por su jurisdicción los estados y sus habitantes.Reflexionar sobre la gran tarea del estado democrático en su trabajo de administración del sistema de justicia como uno de sus rolés fundamentales para asegurar el bien común para sus habitantes, así como la investigación de la tarea del juez en particular que a traves del abordaje del caso concreto donde se vuelve operativa la norma para resolver la pretensión de las partes, es una porción de los análisis que se nos presenta en la actual edición.La importancia de la relación armónica que se debe dar entre la producción de una legislación vigente , coherente y legítima que garantice el pacto social que se traduce a través de la Carta Fundamental de cada país, así como como de los otros sistemas normativos nacionales e internacionales es parte de los análisis.La impartición de justicia y las nuevas formas de interpretación jurídica que nos impone la realidad jurídica contemporánea en el marco de la legislación interna e internacional, la doctrina y la jurisprudencia se plantean como los nuevos retos a los que están sometidos en su actuación los nuevos Juristas.¿Es el juez el verdadero productor legislativo a través del desarrollo de función jurisdiccional y la producción de sentencias? es una de la interrogantes que transversalmente se presentan en cada trabajo aportado. Nos detona la reflexión sobre nuestra realidad jurídica y los mecanismos de interpretación. Agrega un gran valor para el análisis y la reflexión de los académicos y lectores de la Revista de Derecho en general?
Least squares IIR filter design on a logarithmic frequency scale (2002)

A technique is described for designing infinite impulse response (IIR) digital filters where the arbitrary desired frequency response is approximated with respect to the log of frequency. The technique uses the inverse of a spectral transformation to produce a prewarped specification, from which a prototype filter is designed using a suitable least-squares algorithm. The forward spectral transformation is then used on the filter to realign its frequency response with the original specification. The prewarping operation reduces the frequency resolution required in the filter design process, making it possible to use efficient, optimal design techniques that use a linear frequency scale. An algorithm is presented for the computation of the spectral transformation parameters which maximize the advantages of the prewarping operation. The error weighting function it introduces is derived and compensated for in the filter design process. The utility of the method is demonstrated with a design example.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Optimizing non-recursive digital filters to non-liner phase characteristics (1974)

Various methods based on optimization have been used to design linear phase filters. One such method has been to use a general-purpose optimization program to minimize some error criterion, a function of the filter coefficients and of the error between the specified and achieved gain responses. However, if this were to be used with arbitrary phase designs, the error criterion would have to be formulated as a function that combines the gain and phase errors in a meaningful way. It is shaown here that this particular difficulty can be avoided by regarding the phase specification as a deviation from the linear phase and splitting the characteristic into real and imaginary components, rather than gain and phase, and optimizing separately.
Real-Time 4D Passive Seismic Imaging of Hydraulic Fracturing (2002)

Abstract Passive microseismic imaging of fracture growth during hydraulic fracturing provides detailed images of the fracture geometry, including fracture dimension, orientation and complexity. The technology can be applied in real-time, during the stimulation, to provide time-lapse, 4D seismic images of the fracture growth. Here we present a number of case studies that illustrate how these images can then be used to improve the implementation of intended stimulation designs. The case studies demonstrate the feasibility of assessing the effectiveness of flushing an unexpected screen-out, imaging proppant placement, and controlling fracture geometry.
Verkaufen Lernen (1987)

In den sechziger Jahren unterrichtete ich nebenberuflich in der Kreisberufsschule einer ländlichen rheinischen Kleinstadt angehende Verkäuferinnen. Auf die kaufmännischen Fächer war ich vorbereitet durch ein volkswirtschaftliches Studium. Für Verkaufskunde war ich, wie meine Schülerinnen, angewiesen auf die gängigen Schulbücher. Die enthielten eine Grobeinteilung von Kundenzielgruppen, vor allem nach Alter und Geschlecht, Rezepturen, wie Kaufwünsche geweckt und bis zum Kaufabschluß gebracht werden sollten 1), Anweisungen zum Umgang mit Kunden — von der Begrüßung an der Ladentür bis zur Verabschiedung — und zur Führung des Verkaufsgesprächs: dies alles zugleich so akademisch formuliert und psychologisch so vereinfacht, dazu didaktisch so nachlässig aufgemacht — weil im Lehrplan bzw. im Unterricht der Berufsschule von vergleichsweise geringem Interesse -, daß weder Schülerinnen noch Lehrerin viel damit anfangen konnten.
Evaluation of Hindfoot Dimensions: A Radiological Study (2006)

Several easily accessible measures on radiographs were found to be reliable in describing normal hindfoot anatomy and therefore may be used to evaluate hindfoot disorders. Additionally, because any reconstruction of the hindfoot should aim to correct the feet in a physiological way, these references may be helpful in the preoperative planning for treatment of complex deformities and posttraumatic disorders.