gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antimicrobial activity of Ro 23-9424, a novel ester-linked codrug of fleroxacin and desacetylcefotaxime (1989)

Ro 23-9424 is a novel ester-linked codrug of fleroxacin (Ro 23-6240; AM-833) and the cefotaxime metabolite desacetylcefotaxime. Its potency was determined against over 1,000 organisms and found to be intermediate between those of the two components. More than 99% of members of the family Enterobacteriaceae were inhibited by greater than or equal micrograms of Ro 23-9424 per ml; its MIC for 50% of strains tested ranged from greater than or equal to 0.06 to 1 micrograms/ml. Staphylococci, streptococci, Branhamella catarrhalis, Corynebacterium jeikeium, Bacillus spp., Haemophilus influenzae, Listeria monocytogenes, and the pathogenic Neisseria spp., including oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, beta-lactamase-producing strains, and penicillin-resistant pneumococci, were also inhibited by Ro 23-9424. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus spp., and Bacteroides fragilis group isolates were more refractory to Ro 23-9424 (the MIC for 90% of strains tested was less than or equal to 32 micrograms/ml). Overall, Ro 23-9424 inhibited 97% of the aerobic strains, compared with 90% for ceftazidime and 92% for cefoperazone. Ro 23-9424 was bactericidal, was relatively stable to inoculum effects on MICs at 10(7) CFU/ml, and was determined to be highly active against organisms resistant to fluoroquinolones or ceftazidime. Preliminary quality control guidelines were determined, and a 30-micrograms disk concentration appears to be the most usable form.
Fully boosted 64K dynamic RAM with automatic and self-refresh (1981)

A novel high-speed low-power 64K dynamic RAM with enough margin has been attained using a double polysilicon and 3-/spl mu/m process technologies. To obtain a low soft error rate below 1/spl times/10/SUP -6/ errors per device hour without sacrificing the high-speed and low-power operation, some novel approaches are proposed in the circuit and device designs. In particular, fully boosted circuits and the Hi-C cell structure with polysilicon bit line are designed to increase the margin of the single 5-V power supply 64K dynamic RAM. The fabricated device provides a typical access time of 90 ns and an operating power of 190 mW at 25/spl deg/C. Also, the design features of the automatic and self-refresh functions on the same chip are described.
Local and systemic effects of cat allergen nasal provocation (2014)

Cat allergen nasal challenge produces local and systemic Th2-driven inflammatory responses and has potential as a surrogate outcome measure in clinical trials.
Understanding Cannabinoid Psychoactivity with Mouse Genetic Models (2007)

Thanks to recent advances in the cannabinoid field, investigators have begun to relate cannabis's cellular mechanisms to its psychoactive behavioral effects.
Parathyroid Hormone Regulation of the Rat Collagenase-3 Promoter by Protein Kinase A-dependent Transactivation of Core Binding Factor α1 (2000)

Previously we showed that the activator protein-1 site and the runt domain binding site in the collagenase-3 promoter act cooperatively in response to parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the rat osteoblastic osteosarcoma cell line, UMR 106-01. Our results of the expression pattern of core binding factor alpha1 (Cbfa1), which binds to the runt domain site, indicated that there is no change in the levels of Cbfa1 protein or RNA under either control conditions or after PTH treatment. The importance of posttranslational modification of Cbfa1 in the signaling pathway for PTH-induced collagenase-3 promoter activity was analyzed. PTH stimulation of collagenase-3 promoter activity was completely abrogated by protein kinase A (PKA) inhibition. To determine the role of PKA activity with respect to Cbfa1 activation (in addition to its known activity of phosphorylating cAMP-response element-binding protein to enhance c-fos promoter activity), we utilized the heterologous Gal4 transcription system. PTH stimulated the transactivation of activation domain-3 in Cbfa1 through the PKA site. In vitro phosphorylation studies indicated that the PKA site in the wild type activation domain-3 is a substrate for phosphorylation by PKA. Thus, we demonstrate that PTH induces a PKA-dependent transactivation of Cbfa1, and this transactivation is required for collagenase-3 promoter activity in UMR cells.
Dense growth of aerobic bacteria in a bench‐scale fermentor (1976)

Escherichia coli B, Escherichia coli MRE 600, Escherichia coli K 12-3300, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Aerobacter aerogenes were grown exponentially in a bench-scale fermentor to cell concentrations in the range of 20 to 41 g dry cells/liter at 30 degrees C and 30 to 55 g dry cells/liter at 25 degrees C. The high cell concentrations were achieved in a growth system previously described for growth of Escherichia coli W (Biotechnol. Bioeng., 16, 933 (1974); ibid. 17, 227 (1975)). Various enzyme activity levels in the high-concentration cells were compared to those in cells grown in conventional low-density cultures. No significant differences were found. The culture supernatants were found to be essentially free of high-molecular weight metabolic or cell lysis products. Yield constants for glucose, nitrogen, oxygen, and phosphorus were also determined in the dense cultures and some of their relations to the growth conditions are discussed.
Experimental Study of Automotive Brake System Temperatures (1997)

Abstract Modern automotive disk brake systems can generate extremely high temperatures under high but short time braking loads or relatively light but continuous braking. One consequence of the high disk and pad temperatures is a gradual heating of the brake hydraulic fluid which can lead to boiling of absorbed water and loss of braking. This paper describes an experiment in which fluid and braking system temperatures, pressures, and operating conditions (vehicle speed, braking energy dissipation, etc) were measured in three different classes of operating vehicles during brake application and subsequent brake release. Brake failure was observed and correlated to moisture content of the fluid, severity of brake application and application time. Temperatures predicted by a finite element analysis agree well with the measured temperatures and can be used to estimate the time at which the fluid boils.
Review of intravesical therapies for bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis. (2015)

Bladder pain syndrome/interstitial cystitis (BPS/IC) is a chronic pain condition characterised by urinary frequency, urgency and pain or discomfort which the patient attributes to the bladder. It is a complex condition to manage and treat and requires a multi-disciplinary and multi-modal approach. As well as lifestyle and behavioural modifications, physical therapy and oral medications, intravesical treatments can be used in the treatment algorithm for BPS/IC. A number of intravesical agents are reviewed in this paper along with the available evidence for their use.
Signature recognition through spectral analysis (2005)

Features such as shape, motion and pressure, minutiae details and timing, and transformation methods such as Hadamard and Walsh have been used in signature recognition with various degrees of success. One of the better studies was done by Sato and Kogure using nonlinear warping function. However, it is time consuming in terms of computer time and programming time. In this research, the signatures were normalized for size, orientation, etc. After normalization, the X and Y coordinates of each sampled point of a signature over time (to capture the dynamics of signature writing) were represented as a complex number and the set of complex numbers transformed into the frequency domain via the fast Fourier transform. A Gaussian probabilistic model was developed to screen and select from the large set of features (e.g. amplitude of each harmonics). The significant harmonics of the signature were sorted according to the chi-square value, which is equivalent to the signal-to-noise ratio. Fifteen harmonics with the largest signal-to-noise ratios from the true signatures were used in a discriminant analysis. A total of eight true signatures from a single person and eight each from nineteen forgers were used. It results in an error rate of 2.5%, with the normally more conservative jacknife procedure yielding the same small error rate.
Metabolic control theory: its role in microbiology and biotechnology (1986)

Many areas of microbiology and biotechnology are directly concerned with the isolation, study or engineering of cells capable of (over)producing metabolites of commercial significance. Yet the study, production or improvement of such strains has often been at best semi-empirical. The metabolic control theory developed by Kacser, Burns, Heinrich and Rapoport can provide a rational and quantitative basis for the description and improvement of such processes.
Visualization of microscale particle focusing in diluted and whole blood using particle trajectory analysis (2012)

Inertial microfluidics has demonstrated the potential to provide a rich range of capabilities to manipulate biological fluids and particles to address various challenges in biomedical science and clinical medicine. Various microchannel geometries have been used to study the inertial focusing behavior of particles suspended in simple buffer solutions or in highly diluted blood. One aspect of inertial focusing that has not been studied is how particles suspended in whole or minimally diluted blood respond to inertial forces in microchannels. The utility of imaging techniques (i.e., high-speed bright-field imaging and long exposure fluorescence (streak) imaging) primarily used to observe particle focusing in microchannels is limited in complex fluids such as whole blood due to interference from the large numbers of red blood cells (RBCs). In this study, we used particle trajectory analysis (PTA) to observe the inertial focusing behavior of polystyrene beads, white blood cells, and PC-3 prostate cancer cells in physiological saline and blood. Identification of in-focus (fluorescently labeled) particles was achieved at mean particle velocities of up to 1.85 m s(-1). Quantitative measurements of in-focus particles were used to construct intensity maps of particle frequency in the channel cross-section and scatter plots of particle centroid coordinates vs. particle diameter. PC-3 cells spiked into whole blood (HCT = 45%) demonstrated a novel focusing mode not observed in physiological saline or diluted blood. PTA can be used as an experimental frame of reference for understanding the physical basis of inertial lift forces in whole blood and discover inertial focusing modes that can be used to enable particle separation in whole blood.
The use of sulfur and sulfide in packed bed reactors for autotrophic denitrification (1978)

In recent years there has developed con siderable interest in the removal of nitrates from waste streams. One of the most eco nomical and effective means of nitrate re moval is biological denitrification. In water and wastewater treatment studies denitrifica tion is usually a heterotrophic process in which methanol is generally considered the most effective organic carbon supplement. However, the rising cost of organic com pounds makes methanol, and similar organic compounds, undesirable as chemical additives. It would be advantageous to develop an autotrophic denitrification system and thereby eliminate process dependence on organic sup plements. ThiobaciUus denitrificans is a motile, fac ultative, gram-negative, non-spore forming, autotrophic bacteria. It oxidizes sulfur and sulfur compounds while reducing nitrate to free nitrogen. This organism may be used as part of a water or wastewater treatment process to remove nitrates if an exogenous sulfur source and an anaerobic environment are provided. Several investigators have demonstrated the ability of T. denitrificans to denitrify.1' 2 Sikora and Keeney3 demonstrated the ability of T. denitrificans to denitrify a nitrified septic tank effluent in a packed bed sulfur reactor. Batchelor4 used powdered sulfur as an elec tron donor in complete mix slurry-type re actors to obtain good nitrate removals. Bisogni and Driscoll7 used thiosulfate as an electron source for denitrification in semi-continuous
Respiratory bellows revisited for motion compensation: Preliminary experience for cardiovascular MR (2010)

For many cardiac MR applications, respiratory bellows gating is attractive because it is widely available and not disruptive to or dependent on imaging. However, its use is uncommon in cardiac MR, because its accuracy has not been fully studied. Here, in 10 healthy subjects, the bellows and respiratory navigator (NAV) with the displacement of the diaphragm and heart were simultaneously monitored, during single-shot imaging. Furthermore, bellows-gated and NAV-gated coronary MRI were compared using a retrospective reconstruction at identical efficiency. There was a strong linear relationship for both the NAV and the abdominal bellows with the diaphragm (R = 0.90 ± 0.05 bellows, R = 0.98 ± 0.01 NAV, P < 0.001) and the heart (R = 0.89 ± 0.06 bellows, R = 0.96 ± 0.02 NAV, P = 0.004); thoracic bellows correlated less strongly. The image quality of bellows-gated coronary MRI was similar to NAV-gated and superior to no-gating (P < 0.01). In conclusion, bellows provides a respiratory monitor which is highly correlated with the NAV and suitable for respiratory compensation in selected cardiac MR applications.
On the design of robust and adaptive IEEE 802.11 multicast services for video transmissions (2013)

Video communications require the use of networks capable of optimally allocating resources and adapting dynamically themselves to the changing operating conditions. When a video stream has to be delivered to various receivers, the appropriate service to accomplish the delivery process is the multicast communication service. In the particular case of the widely used IEEE 802.11 Wireless LANs (WLANs), the multicast service is simply specified as an unreliable broadcasting service, i.e., it does not include any error recovery mechanism. The absence of feedback from the receivers does not only prevent the sender from taking proper action to recover the corrupted packets, but it also makes unfeasible the implementation of a channel rate adaptation mechanism as the one used by the IEEE 802.11 unicast service. The absence of such mechanism may render the multicast service useless if the channel conditions are so that it makes unreliable the delivery process of the multicast traffic. Even though the IEEE has been working on an amendment to the standard specifying the operation of various error recovery mechanisms for the multicast service, these services have not been designed to support any rate adaptation mechanism. In this paper, we present a novel auto rate selection multicast mechanism, whose design is based on the collision prevention to increase the reliability. We have developed QoS and QoE evaluations via simulation, demonstrating that our proposal outperforms the video quality perceived by the end-user.
1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Induces Phospholipase D-1 Expression in Primary Mouse Epidermal Keratinocytes (1999)

The hormone 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) elicits the programmed pattern of differentiation in epidermal keratinocytes. Based on data indicating a potential role of phospholipase D (PLD) in mediating keratinocyte differentiation, we investigated the effect of 1,25(OH)2D3 on PLD expression. A 24-h exposure to 1, 25(OH)2D3 stimulated PLD-1, but not PLD-2, mRNA expression. This 1, 25(OH)2D3-enhanced expression was accompanied by increased total PLD and PLD-1 activity. Time course studies indicated that 1,25(OH)2D3 induced PLD-1 expression by 8 h, with a maximal increase at 20-24 h. Exposure to 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibited proliferation over the same time period with similar kinetics. Expression of the early (spinous) differentiation marker keratin 1 decreased in response to 1, 25(OH)2D3 over 12-24 h. Treatment with 1,25(OH)2D3 enhanced the activity of transglutaminase, a late (granular) differentiation marker, by 12 h with a maximal increase after 24 h. In situ hybridization studies demonstrated that the highest levels of PLD-1 expression are in the more differentiated (spinous and granular) layers of the epidermis, with little expression in basal keratinocytes. Our results suggest a role for PLD expression/activity during keratinocyte differentiation.
Hyperleptinaemia and hypoadiponectinaemia are associated with gallstone disease (2006)

Our study indicated that hyperleptinaemia and hypoadiponectinaemia might be involved in the occurrence of gallstone disease. However, the causal relationship of hyperleptinaemia and hypoadiponectinaemia with gallstone disease might require further investigation.
Fischer indole synthesis on unsymmetrical ketones. The effect of the acid catalyst (1969)

The products of the Fischer indole synthesis on the unsymmetrical ketones MeCO·CHR1R2(R1= H or Me; R2= Me or Ar) have been found to vary with the acid catalyst, and particularly with the concentration of phosphoric oxide dissolved in orthophosphoric acid. Ethyl, phenethyl, and p-nitrophenethyl methyl ketones give mixtures of substituted 1H-indoles [(II) and (III)] while isopropyl methyl ketone gives a mixture of substituted 1H-(III) and 3H-indoles (IV). In all of the reactions the proportion of the 2-substituted indole (III) increases from 0% in acid mixtures such as 90%(w/w) orthophosphoric acid or 30%(w/w) sulphuric acid, to become the major component in the mixtures near 83%(w/w) phosphoric oxide in water or 70%(w/w) sulphuric acid. A mechanistic interpretation of these results is presented.
WAVELET DE-NOISING OF OPTICAL TERAHERTZ PULSE IMAGING DATA (2001)

Terahertz pulse imaging (TPI) systems are used to obtain sub-millimeter spectroscopic measurements for a wide range of applications. This letter highlights the use of wavelet de-noising to markedly improve the SNR of the obtained data, increasing the SNR by up to 10 dB. A comparison of different wavelet families and properties is presented and the results demonstrated on THz image data of an oak leaf and an Australian $100 note.
Three-dimensional structures of the cysteine proteases cathepsins K and S deduced by knowledge-based modelling and active site characteristics (1998)

Human cathepsins K and S are recently identified proteins with high primary sequence homology to members of papain superfamily, including cathepsins B, L, H and papain. Models of the tertiary structures of cathepsins K and S and their complexes with a specific substrate and inhibitor were constructed and compared with the recently determined X-ray structure of cathepsin K. A major problem in the determination of the three-dimensional structure of proteins concerns the quality of the structural models obtained from the interpretation of experimental data. The framework of the tertiary structures of cathepsins K and S consisted of structurally conserved regions from the tertiary structure of the papain superfamily and the variable regions were constructed with fragments of other proteins from the protein data base. Based on docking studies the non-bonded interaction energies of ligands with the cathepsins were estimated. These energies correlate with experimentally determined substrate and inhibitory potency.
A heavy isotope in a solid drifts down a thermal energy gradient (1976)

Isotopic substitution is the simplest of all defects in solids. The enthalpy of substitution is commonly zero, and for this reason, the sign of isotopic thermomigration is significant. The observed sign is a severe embarrassment to currently accepted theories. An alternative is offered.
Effective Heights of the Kennelly-Heaviside Layer in December, 1927 and January, 1928 (1928)

Effective heights of the Kennelly-Heaviside layer have been measured from December 19, 1927 to January 16, 1928. It is found, with the improved conditions, that the heights of successive reflections are approximately in the ratios 1, 2, 4.
A self-governing rate buffer control strategy for pseudoconstant bit rate video coding (1993)

Video coding is a key to successful visual communications. An interframe video coding algorithm using hybrid motion-compensated prediction and interpolation is considered for coding studio quality video at a bit rate of over 5 Mb/s. Interframe coding without a buffer control strategy usually results in variable bit rates. Although packet networks may be capable of handling variable bit rates, in some applications, a constant bit rate is more desirable either for a simpler network configuration or for channels with fixed bandwidth. A self-governing rate buffer control strategy that can automatically steer the coder to a pseudoconstant bit rate is considered. This self-governing rate buffer control strategy employs more progressive quantization parameters, and constrains quantizer adjustments so that a smoother quality transition can be attained. Simulation results illustrate the performance of the pseudoconstant bit rate coder with this buffer control strategy.
Hierarchical content description and object formation by learning (2003)

Efficient management of digital multimedia databases requires the storage, searching, browsing and retrieval of large amounts of visual information effectively. This paper proposes a hierarchical representation scheme and a hierarchical content matching technique that provide a learning mechanism for effective and efficient retrieval from user profiles and search patterns. The proposed representation, together with a low-level image analysis procedure, also enables the automatic analysis of images into meaningful objects for object-based content description. Experimental results are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed representation scheme, the hierarchical matching technique and the learning concept.
Infrared reflectance and photoemission spectroscopy studies across the phase transition boundary in thin film vanadium dioxide (2008)

Optical properties and valence band density of states near the Fermi level of high-quality VO(2) thin films have been investigated by mid-infrared reflectometry and hard-UV (hν = 150 eV) photoemission spectroscopy. An exceptionally large change in reflectance from 2 to 94% is found upon the thermally driven metal-insulator transition (MIT). The infrared dispersion spectra of the reflectance across the MIT are presented and evidence for the percolative nature of the MIT is pointed out. The discrepancy between the MIT temperatures defined from the electrical and optical properties is found and its origin is discussed. The manifestation of the MIT is observed in the photoemission spectra of the V 3d levels. The analysis of the changes of the V 3d density of states is done and the top valence band shift upon the MIT is measured to be 0.6 eV.
Investigation of computer-generated diffractive beam shapers for flattening of single-modal CO_2 laser beams (1995)

A full cycle was realized of the photolithographic development and detailed testing of a diffractive optical element that transforms the diverging Gaussian beams of CO2 lasers into a uniformly filled-in rectangle. The zone feature size of the beam shaper, the diffractive efficiency and accuracy, the focus depth, and the stability with respect to the size and the divergence of incident Gaussian beams are studied by computer modeling. Calculated flattop intensity distributions are presented in the same form of gray-level pictures and three-dimensional plots as the corresponding results measured by an IR camera.