gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Intent Inference-Based Ship Collision Avoidance in Encounters With Rule-Violating Vessels (2021)

All vessels operating in a marine environment are required to comply with the international regulations for preventing collisions at sea (COLREGs), which provide the guidelines and evasive procedures required to resolve potential conflicts between vessels. However, not all vessels strictly abide by COLREGs, often leading to dangerous situations. This paper presents a novel approach for robust collision avoidance in encounter situations involving COLREG-violating vessels. A probabilistic velocity obstacle algorithm based on intent inference is designed and implemented with consideration of the tradeoff between the adherence to traffic rules and the proactive evasive actions for safety. One-to-one and multi-ship encounter situations in the presence of rule-violating vessels are examined through Monte-Carlo simulations, and the results are discussed to demonstrate the feasibility and performance of the proposed approach.
A low-power sync processor with a floating-point timer and universal edge tracer for 3DTV active shutter glasses (2011)

A low-power sync processor chip for 3DTV shutter glasses has been proposed and implemented. The proposed sync processor adopts a newly designed floating point timer to synchronize without any sync reception and an edge tracer for universal sync-packet detection without running the CPU. The floating-point timer allows the input wireless sensor to be turned off, and the edge tracer enables the CPU to hibernate most of the time to reduce the current. The implemented chip uses less than about 25% of the operating current that major commercial shutter glasses use.
Fluorescent pH Sensor Based on Ag@SiO<sub>2</sub> Core–Shell Nanoparticle (2013)

We have demonstrated a novel method for the preparation of a fluorescence-based pH sensor by combining the plasmon resonance band of Ag core and pH sensitive dye (HPTS). A thickness-variable silica shell is placed between Ag core and HPTS dye to achieve the maximum fluorescence enhancement. At the shell thickness of 8 nm, the fluorescence intensity increases 4 and 9 times when the sensor is excited at 405 and 455 nm, respectively. At the same time, the fluorescence intensity shows a good sensitivity toward pH value in the range of 5-9, and the ratio of emission intensity at 513 nm excited at 455 nm to that excited at 405 nm versus the pH value in the range of 5-9 is determined. It is believed that the present pH sensor has the potential for determining pH real time in the biological sample.
Randomized motion estimation (2010)

Motion estimation is known to be a non-convex optimization problem. This non-convexity comes from several ambiguities in motion estimation such as the aperture problem, or fast motion relative to the magnitude of the image gradient. In this paper, we propose a fast random search algorithm to estimate motion. Randomized algorithms are very popular in computer science and optimization for non-convex problems. However, to the best of our knowledge none has been used so far for motion estimation, due to complexity constraints. In this paper, we propose two fast algorithms to perform random search on image pixels. One produces a dense optical flow by matching patches. The other one takes advantage of a quad tree or segmentation tree structure of the image to estimate motion in regions of increasing size. Quantitative and visual results show that the motion obtained seems to be a very advantageous compromise between speed and quality of estimated motion.
The therapeutic potential of melatonin: a review of the science. (2004)

Melatonin is a ubiquitous natural neurotransmitter-like compound produced primarily by the pineal gland. This agent is involved in numerous aspects of the biological and physiologic regulation of body functions. The role of endogenous melatonin in circadian rhythm disturbances and sleep disorders is well established. Some studies have shown that melatonin may also be effective in breast cancer, fibrocystic breast diseases, and colon cancer. Melatonin has been shown to modify immunity, the stress response, and certain aspects of the aging process; some studies have demonstrated improvements in sleep disturbances and “sundowning” in patients with Alzheimer's disease. The antioxidant role of melatonin may be of potential use for conditions in which oxidative stress is involved in the pathophysiologic processes. The multiplicity of actions and variety of biological effects of melatonin suggest the potential for a range of clinical and wellness-enhancing uses. This review summarizes the physiology of melatonin and discusses the potential therapeutic uses of melatonin.

Melatonin is a widely occurring neurotransmitter-like compound derived primarily from the pineal gland. It is also produced in a number of other areas, for example the gastrointestinal tract.[1–3] Once labeled as a master hormone, it has been found to be involved in numerous aspects of biological and physiologic regulation.

Synthesis and Physiologic Role in Humans
Melatonin is an indole hormone, widely distributed in both plant and animal sources, such as human milk,[4] bananas, beets, cucumbers, and tomatoes.[5] Chemically, melatonin is N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine, a derivative of serotonin, which in turn is derived from tryptophan. Serotonin is first acetylated by N-acetyltransferase (probably the rate-limiting step) and then methylated by hydroxyindole orthomethyltransferase to form melatonin.[6] Melatonin synthesis depends on intact beta-adrenergic receptor function.[7] Norepinephrine activates the N-acetyltransferase and beta-receptor blockers depress melatonin secretion.[8]

The enzymes of melatonin synthesis are activated and depressed, respectively, by darkness and light. Release of melatonin follows a circadian (circa: about; dias: a day) rhythm generated by the suprachiasmatic nuclei in response to daylight alterations.

Through melatonin release, the pineal gland maintains the internal clock governing the natural rhythms of body function. This apparent clock-setting property of melatonin has led to the suggestion that it is a “chronobiotic” substance that alters and potentially normalizes biological rhythms and adjusts the timing of other critical processes and biomolecules (hormones, neurotransmitters, etc) that, in turn, exert numerous peripheral actions.[9]
VDTN Layered Architecture (2014)

This paper provides an introductory overview of Vehicular Delay-Tolerant Networks and its layer Architecture with function of each layer. First, an introduction of Delay-Tolerant Networks and Vehicular Delay-Tolerant Networks is given. Where there is no end to end connectivity or network connectivity is sparse or variable density area, at that place Delay-Tolerant schemes and protocol help by providing communication solution for non real time application. Vehicular Delay-Tolerant Networks (VDTNs) are a new approach for vehicular communications where vehicles cooperate with each other, acting as the communication infrastructure, to provide low-cost asynchronous opportunistic communications. These communication technologies assume variable delays and bandwidth constraints characterized by a non-transmission control protocol/internet protocol architecture but interacting with it at the edge of the network. VDTNs are based on the principle of asynchronous communications, bundleoriented communication from the DTN architecture, employing a store-carry-and-forward routing paradigm. VDTN network provide IP over DTN.
Site-specific mutagenesis of Clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin: replacement of Asp-56, Asp-130, or Glu-152 causes loss of enzymatic and hemolytic activities (1997)

The current study has investigated the role of D-56, D-130, and E-152 in zinc ion binding properties, as well as the hemolytic, phospholipase C (PLC), and sphingomyelinase (SMase) activities of Clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin, based upon crystallography studies of the Bacillus cereus PLC, which had suggested these residues might be important for these functional activities. The replacement of D-56 in alpha-toxin resulted in complete loss of hemolytic, PLC, and SMase activities. The variant toxins at D-130 showed an approximately 100-fold reduction of biological activities compared to that of the wild-type toxin. The substitution of glutamine or glycine for E-152 caused complete loss of these activities, but substitution of aspartic acid for E-152 reduced but did not completely inhibit these activities. The variant toxins at D-56 and D-130, as well as the wild-type toxin, possessed approximately 2 mol of zinc atoms per mol of the protein, but E152G and E152Q contained approximately 1 mol of zinc metal per mol of the protein. On the other hand, the zinc content in E152D was calculated as about 1.4 mol in the toxin molecule. The replacement of D-56, D-130, or E-152 had no effect on binding to sheep erythrocytes and uptake of free zinc ion from the solution. The variant toxins at D-130 showed partial antigenic identity with the wild-type toxin on a double gel diffusion test. These observations suggest that D-56 in alpha-toxin is required for catalytic activity of alpha-toxin, D-130 is essential for maintenance of structure, and the carboxyl group of E-152 tightly ligands one zinc ion, which is essential for catalytic activity of the toxin.
The Intestinal Chemokine Thymus-expressed Chemokine (CCL25) Attracts IgA Antibody-secreting Cells (2002)

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) provides protection against pathogens at mucosal surfaces. Chemotactic responses have been hypothesized to target IgA plasma cells involved in mucosal immune responses. We show here that thymus-expressed chemokine (TECK, CCL25) is a potent and selective chemoattractant for IgA antibody-secreting cells (ASC), efficiently recruiting IgA-producing cells from spleen, Peyer's patches, and mesenteric lymph node. Cells secreting IgA antibody in response to rotavirus, an intestinal pathogen, also respond well. In contrast, IgG- and IgM-ASC respond poorly. Epithelial cells in the small intestines, a principal site of IgA-ASC localization and IgA production in the body, highly and selectively express TECK. The migration of IgA-ASC to the intestinal epithelial cell chemokine TECK may help target IgA-producing cells to the gut wall, thus helping define and segregate the intestinal immune response.
In silico characterization of the family of PARP-like poly(ADP-ribosyl)transferases (pARTs) (2005)

The pART family, which encompasses 17 members in the human and 16 members in the mouse, can be divided into five subgroups on the basis of sequence similarity, phylogeny, conserved intron positions, and patterns of genetically fused protein domains.
Simultaneous vehicle routing and charging station siting for commercial Electric Vehicles (2012)

As organizations electrify their vehicle fleets in order to lower costs, reduce emissions, and improve their public image, they face the problem of providing charging access to their vehicles on the road. Electric vehicles (EVs) have a much shorter driving range than comparable gasoline-powered vehicles, and without charging capabilities away from the depot, an EV's route length is constrained by its battery capacity. This is especially problematic if customers are located far from the depot, since it may not be possible to visit a customer and return to the depot on a single charge. Because public charging access is not usually available for EVs, the fleet owner may need to install or rent charging stations away from the depot for the EVs to use.
Roles of caudal-related homeobox gene Cdx1 in oesophageal epithelial cells in Barrett’s epithelium development (2009)

Bile acid-induced sequential expression of Cdx1 followed by Cdx2 may have an important role in the development of Barrett's epithelium.
WMS and GML based interoperable web mapping system (2001)

Recently the World Wide Web has become a popular vehicle for information distributation and web based geographic information system (GIS) are rapidly evolving and adapting to these new environments. The main hindrance for building true interoperable distributed geographic information systems is the lack of any standard exchange mechanism between the diverse GISes connected over the web. Recent efforts by the OpenGIS Consortium have resulted in several specifications to alleviate these problems. Web Map Server (WMS) and Geographic Markup Language (GML) are such standards for developing interoperable web based Geographic Information Systems (Web-GIS). GML is an XML (eXtensible Markup Language) encoding for the transport and storage of geographic information, including both geometry and properties of geographic features. In this paper we describe a WMS compliant map server and GML based client. This integrated system leads to a true interoparable Web-GIS. GML based client for the first time offers client side query processing capabilities and at the same time provides several challenges. The parsing techniques have performance considerations since the size of GML documents is generally huge and often the queries result in multiple passes over these documents. In this study we also evaluated the two well known parsing approaches - simple API for XML (SAX) and the documents object model (DOM) for single and multiple passes. Our study shows that SAX performs better than DOM for single pass; thus for simple applications like visualization, subsetting, the SAX model is superior. However, for intensive applications involving queries requiring multiple passes over documents or integration of multiple documents in a distributed environment, DOM based parsing offers a better solution.
UV Photofragmentation Dynamics of Protonated Cystine: Disulfide Bond Rupture (2014)

Disulfide bonds (S-S) play a central role in stabilizing the native structure of proteins against denaturation. Experimentally, identification of these linkages in peptide and protein structure characterization remains challenging. UV photodissociation (UVPD) can be a valuable tool in identifying disulfide linkages. Here, the S-S bond acts as a UV chromophore and absorption of one UV photon corresponds to a σ-σ* transition. We have investigated the photodissociation dynamics of protonated cystine, which is a dimer of two cysteines linked by a disulfide bridge, at 263 nm (4.7 eV) using a multicoincidence technique in which fragments coming from the same fragmentation event are detected. Two types of bond cleavages are observed corresponding to the disulfide (S-S) and adjacent C-S bond ruptures. We show that the S-S cleavage leads to three different fragment ions via three different fragmentation mechanisms. The UVPD results are compared to collision-induced dissociation (CID) and electron-induced dissociation (EID) studies.
Dielectric properties of microwave absorbing sheets produced with silicone and polyaniline (2010)

The aim of this study was to produce sheets of microwave absorbing materials using conductive polyaniline dispersed in a silicone rubber matrix and to characterize the electromagnetic properties (absorption, transmission and reflection of electromagnetic energy; and electric permittivity and magnetic permeability) of these sheets in the X-band (8 - 12 GHz). Two sheets were produced: one 2.80 mm thick and the other 4.39 mm thick. The thinner sheet absorbed incident microwave energy more efficiently, attenuating up to 88% of the incident electromagnetic energy. Also, calculations were performed in order to determine the electromagnetic parameters that optimize the absorbent properties of these sheets. These calculations showed that these materials can be combined and altered to produce absorbing materials with a wide range of absorbing characteristics.
Peer-to-peer and distributed search in fixed and mobile environments (2004)

Distributed search has become a very important research area in light of the proliferation of peer-to-peer (P2P) networks. The convergence of fixed and mobile networks increases node dynamics further and adds to the complexity of the problem. This paper presents an exhaustive two-dimensional design space and a comprehensive survey of search designs. In the functional dimension, it identifies a series of mappings and integrated approaches like keyword lookup or semantic routing. In the structural dimension, design options for each mapping include computational approaches, central or completely replicated tables, classic or symmetric hierarchies, ordered spaces, and random structures and topologies. An evaluation of these design options serves as a guideline for system designers. Finally, it enables us to derive general implications and recommendations for P2P search design.
Implication of tumor microenvironment in the resistance to chemotherapy in breast cancer patients (2010)

Preliminary data from pioneer studies suggest that tumor microenvironment could be involved in chemotherapy sensitivity and resistance. Such knowledge could generate two advances: simple predictors for chemotherapy efficacy based on pathology could be generated and strategies that aim at reversing drug resistance could be developed.
A high resolution SPECT detector based on thin continuous LYSO (2013)

Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) detectors with improved spatial resolution can be used to build multi-pinhole SPECT systems that have a higher sensitivity or a higher spatial resolution. In order to improve the spatial resolution we investigate the performance of a 2 mm thick continuous Lutetium Yttrium Orthosilicate (LYSO) scintillator and compare it to the performance of a 5 mm thick continuous NaI(Tl) scintillator. The advantages of LYSO are its high stopping power and its non-hygroscopicity. Drawbacks are the lower light output and the intrinsic radioactivity. The hypothesis of this study is that such a thin LYSO scintillator will have a small light spread and, as a consequence, will also have an improved spatial resolution when coupled to a Hamamatsu H8500 position sensitive photomultiplier tube. To optimize the spatial resolution and the useful detector area we used a mean nearest neighbor event-positioning method. Beam source measurements ((99m)Tc, 140 keV) were done to investigate the energy resolution and the spatial resolution of both detectors. The effect of the intrinsic radioactivity of the LYSO scintillator in the energy window was quantified. The mean energy resolution is 9.3% for the NaI(Tl) scintillator and 21.3% for the LYSO scintillator. The LYSO spectrum shows an X-ray escape peak which decreases the detection efficiency with 9.1%. The spatial resolution of the LYSO detector (0.93 mm full width at half maximum (FWHM)) is superior to the spatial resolution of the NaI(Tl) detector (1.37 mm FWHM). The intrinsic radioactivity in the energy window (42% window centered at 140 keV) is low (125.6 cps, 0.024 cps mm(-3)). LYSO is a promising scintillator for small-animal SPECT imaging, where spatial resolution is more important than energy resolution.
Micellar Nanoreactors—Preparation and Characterization of Hexagonally Ordered Arrays of Metallic Nanodots (2003)

Abstract The preparation of hexagonally ordered metallic nanodots was studied in detail with emphasis on the chemical state of the resulting particles. To obtain these dots, in a first step micellar structures were formed from diblock copolymers in solution. The reverse micelles themselves are capable of ligating defined amounts of a metal salt within their cores, acting as nanoreactors. After transfer of the metal‐loaded reverse micelles onto a substrate, the polymer was removed by means of different plasmas (oxygen and/or hydrogen), which also allow the metal salt to be reduced to the metallic state. In this way, ordered arrays of metallic nanodots can be prepared on various substrates. By adjusting the appropriate parameters, the separation and the size of the dots can be varied and controlled. To determine their purity, chemical state, and surface cleanliness—all of which are crucial for subsequent experiments since nanoscale structures are intrinsically surface dominated—in‐situ X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and ex‐situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were applied, also giving information on the formation of the nanodots.
Hydroformylation of alkenes by use of rhodium complex catalysts (1968)

The use of complexes of rhodium of the type trans-RhX(CO)(PR3)2, (X = halogen, R = aryl) as hydroformylation catalysts for alkenes is studied. It is shown that an inhibition period is removed by addition of hydrogen halide acceptors and that the halide complex undergoes hydrogenolysis to form a hydrido-species. The hydrido-species is only one of several complexes in equilibrium but it appears that the principal active catalytic species is RhH(CO)2(PPh3)2. This species is formed by addition of carbon monoxide to the monocarbonyl complex RhH(CO)(PPh3)2. The latter is also formed by dissociation when the stable crystalline complex RhH(CO)(PPh3)3 is dissolved in benzene or other solvents. With RhH(CO)(PPh3)3 as catalyst, alkenes undergo rapid hydroformylation even at 25°/1 atm.; with alk-1-enes the ratio of straight- to branched-chain aldehyde formed is considerably higher than the ratios normally found in hydroformylation reactions, being ca. 20 at 25°. Hydrogen atom exchange and isomerisation reactions of alkenes with RhH(CO)(PPh3)3 are described.
An investigation of the modal characteristics of nonrectangular reverberation rooms (1989)

The finite element method is used to study the modal characteristics of a class of reverberation rooms with parallel floors and ceilings. Special numerical procedures are developed to express acoustic finite element matrices as functions of room shape and to reduce the computational requirements for room evaluation. The modal distribution function proposed by Louden [M. M. Louden, Acustica 24, 101–104 (1971)] is used to evaluate room performance. Two studies of rooms with one nonparallel wall illustrate the typical influence of room shape on the modal distribution in the room. A global optimization is attempted for a room with five independent shape variables. A solution 40% better than the best rectangular reverberation room was found using approximately 450 000 room evaluations.
[Repair of large cranial defect using allogeneic cranial bone and bone morphogenetic protein]. (1995)

We have successfully treated 4 patients with large cranial defects using a composite of allogeneic cranial bone, BMP (bone morphogenetic protein), pedicled periosteum and skin flap. The size of the cranial defects ranged from 9 cm x 7 cm to 13 cm x 11.5 cm. One to two years' follow-up showed that the wounds in all patients healed primarily with good appearance. The allogeneic bone graft was absorbed and substituted by new bone formation.
Mechanisms of oxidative stress and vascular dysfunction (2003)

The endothelium regulates vascular homoeostasis through local elaboration of mediators that modulate vascular tone, platelet adhesion, inflammation, fibrinolysis, and vascular growth. Impaired vascular function contributes to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and acute coronary syndromes. There is growing pathophysiological evidence that increased generation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress participates in proatherogenic mechanisms of vascular dysfunction and atherothrombosis. In this review, the role of oxidative stress in mechanisms of vascular dysfunction is discussed, and potential antioxidant strategies are reviewed.
Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1? by macrophages in the rheumatoid synovium: Implications for targeting of therapeutic genes to the inflamed joint (2001)

These observations indicate that macrophages transduced with a therapeutic gene under the control of a hypoxia-inducible promoter could be administered to RA patients systemically. Migration of these cells to synovial tissue would result in the transgene being switched on in diseased joints but not in healthy tissues.