gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
GaN growth on patterned silicon substrates. A thermo mechanical study on wafer bow reduction (2012)

Residual stresses and strains are unavoidable after growing GaN epitaxial films on silicon wafers because of lattice and thermal expansion coefficient mismatch between them. Due to the high processing temperatures (>;1000°C) and the difference in the coefficient of thermal expansion between the silicon substrate and the GaN layer, high tensile stresses are induced in the epitaxial layer when cooling from the growth temperature to room temperature. Besides possible dislocations and cracks in the GaN, these stresses have an effect also on the warpage of the wafer, making difficult or impossible the processing of subsequent steps. In this paper, we propose a solution to reduce, or even, eliminate the global wafer warpage over a wide range of temperatures. Deep patterned trenches are etched into the silicon substrate, eliminating the continuity of the GaN layer and isolating the stresses/strain into small islands. The effect of the geometry of these trenches on the mechanical behavior of the wafer has been studied by Finite Element Modeling (FEM). It has been found that by etching a trench of 80 μm and forming islands of 250 μm, the remaining warpage of the wafer is practically zero for the whole range of temperatures.
Coccidial infections in commercial broilers: epidemiological aspects and comparison of<i>Eimeria</i>species identification by morphometric and polymerase chain reaction techniques (2008)

The objective of this study was to add to existing knowledge of the epidemiology and the aetiology of coccidial infections in commercial broiler flocks. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and morphometric identification of the Eimeria species were compared as means of differentiation in the field samples of faeces and litter. For morphometry, the Eimeria species were categorized into three groups based on lengths of the oocysts. Two random samples of commercial broilers were studied, one during 2000/01 and the other during 2003/04. The prophylactic regime (in-feed narasin), husbandry and methods applied were broadly the same for both subpopulations. Coccidial infection prevalence increased from approximately 45% to approximately 75% during this period, but infection levels (oocysts per gram of faeces) did not significantly change. There were substantial geographical differences in both prevalence and infection levels. A change in Eimeria species profile occurred during the study period. Five Eimeria species were identified at slaughter, by PCR targeting the ITS-1 region of the genome; Eimeria acervulina (100%), Eimeria tenella (77%), Eimeria maxima (25%), Eimeria praecox (10%) and Eimeria necatrix (2%). PCR and morphometric tentative identification were in complete agreement in only 49% of the cases.
Oxygen-Enhanced MRI Accurately Identifies, Quantifies, and Maps Tumor Hypoxia in Preclinical Cancer Models (2015)

There is a clinical need for noninvasive biomarkers of tumor hypoxia for prognostic and predictive studies, radiotherapy planning, and therapy monitoring. Oxygen-enhanced MRI (OE-MRI) is an emerging imaging technique for quantifying the spatial distribution and extent of tumor oxygen delivery in vivo. In OE-MRI, the longitudinal relaxation rate of protons (ΔR1) changes in proportion to the concentration of molecular oxygen dissolved in plasma or interstitial tissue fluid. Therefore, well-oxygenated tissues show positive ΔR1. We hypothesized that the fraction of tumor tissue refractory to oxygen challenge (lack of positive ΔR1, termed "Oxy-R fraction") would be a robust biomarker of hypoxia in models with varying vascular and hypoxic features. Here, we demonstrate that OE-MRI signals are accurate, precise, and sensitive to changes in tumor pO2 in highly vascular 786-0 renal cancer xenografts. Furthermore, we show that Oxy-R fraction can quantify the hypoxic fraction in multiple models with differing hypoxic and vascular phenotypes, when used in combination with measurements of tumor perfusion. Finally, Oxy-R fraction can detect dynamic changes in hypoxia induced by the vasomodulator agent hydralazine. In contrast, more conventional biomarkers of hypoxia (derived from blood oxygenation-level dependent MRI and dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI) did not relate to tumor hypoxia consistently. Our results show that the Oxy-R fraction accurately quantifies tumor hypoxia noninvasively and is immediately translatable to the clinic.
Industrial Applications of Hall-Effect Devices (1963)

The Hall effect can be employed to obtain an output proportional to the product of the current through the element and the field cutting through it. A qualitative explanation aids in the visualization of the phenomena. There are several semiconductor materials that may be selected to emphasize a particular characteristic such as power transfer, temperature stability, etc. Maximum efficiency and improvement of dynamic range can be realized if care is taken in the assembly of the element-magnet structure and appropriate compensation techniques are employed. Since the two inputs are current and flux density and these may result from a variety of sources, the application becomes multitudinous. This creates an entirely new family of transducers that in many cases are improved in size, response and cost over conventional devices. The following applications are described: wattmeter, varmeter, gaussmeter, clip-on ammeter, resolvers and synchros, and magnetic tape readers.
Powder Metallurgical Near‐Net‐Shape Fabrication of Porous NiTi Shape Memory Alloys for Use as Long‐Term Implants by the Combination of the Metal Injection Molding Process with the Space‐Holder Technique (2009)

Abstract A new method was developed for producing highly porous NiTi for use as an implant material. The combination of the space‐holder technique with the metal injection molding process allows a net‐shape fabrication of geometrically complex samples and the possibility of mass production for porous NiTi. Further, the porosity can be easily adjusted with respect to pore size, pore shape, and total porosity. The influence of the surface properties of powder metallurgical NiTi on the biocompatibility was first examined using human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). It was found that pre‐alloyed NiTi powders with an average particle size smaller than 45 μm led to the surface properties most suitable for the adhesion and proliferation of hMSCs. For the production of highly porous NiTi, different space‐holder materials were investigated regarding low C‐ and O‐impurity contents and the reproducibility of the process. NaCl was the most promising space‐holder material compared to PMMA and saccharose and was used in subsequent studies. In these studies, the influence of the total porosity on the mechanical properties of NiTi is investigated in detail. As a result, bone‐like mechanical properties were achieved by the choice of Ni‐rich NiTi powder and a space‐holder content of 50 vol% with a particle size fraction of 355–500 μm. Pseudoelasticity of up to 6% was achieved in compression tests at 37 °C as well as a bone‐like loading stiffness of 6.5 GPa, a sufficient plateau stress σ 25 of 261 MPa and a value for σ 50 of 415 MPa. The first biological tests of the porous NiTi samples produced by this method showed promising results regarding proliferation and ingrowth of mesenchymal stem cells, also in the pores of the implant material.
Proceso de producción de techos a partir de espumas de poliuretano (2016)

espanolEn el presente documento se explican algunos de los procesos involucrados en la transformacion de mezclas determinadas de iscocianato y poliol en espuma de poliuretano; y esta en material de partida para conseguir piezas de interior del automovil, como las molduras de techo. El proceso de colada en molde abierto permite conseguir piezas de gran tamano de una manera rapida, economica y eficaz EnglishIn the current paper, it will be explained some of the most important processes involved in the conversion of Isocianate and Polyol in a Polyurethane foam and how this product will be used as the core material for manufacturing Interior trim parts for the Automotive Industry, like Headliners and Overhead Systems. Material casting in open molds is a reliable and cost-wise method to manufacture those large parts
Fiber to the home: practically a reality (2003)

Fiber to the home positions the telephone network to deliver services beyond telephony. The author suggests that the greatest potential lies in next-generation video-large screens, high definition, narrowcasting and flexible billing. Broadband access combined with end-to-end signaling makes the telephone network attractive for delivering these services. The key to positioning the network for video is to place fiber for passive optical telephone systems (POTS) and later upgrade it. Although the choice of architecture is fundamental to this strategy, the gating factors will be operational: splicing, patching, fault isolation. Early field experience with a first application delivering POTS, CATV, and ISDN is described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Novel SEI Formation of Maleimide Based Additives and its Improvement of Capability and Cyclicability in Lithium Ion Batteries (2008)

Abstract not Available.
POLYREACTIVITY AND ANTIGEN SPECIFICITY OF HUMAN XENOREACTIVE MONOCLONAL AND SERUM NATURAL ANTIBODIES (1991)

Naturally occurring antibodies that react with xenogeneic antigens are a clinically important subset of antibodies because they initiate hyperacute rejection of organs transplanted between disparate species. This currently precludes the use of nonprimate organs for human transplantation. Most antibodies that arise after immunization are monoreactive, i.e., bind only to the immunogen. Similarly, some "natural" antibodies, e.g., isohemagglutinins, bind in a monoreactive manner. In contrast, other natural antibodies, e.g., those that bind to actin, are polyreactive (i.e., bind to multiple ligands). Such polyreactive antibodies may be derived predominantly from CD5+ B cells. In this study, we demonstrate that the majority of xenoreactive natural antibodies in human serum are polyreactive, as indicated by the ability of ssDNA and thyroglobulin (ligands commonly used as targets of polyreactive antibodies) to block the binding of the antibodies to xenogeneic antigens, whereas these ligands could not block the binding of antitetanus antibodies to tetanus toxoid. Furthermore, we compared the ability of 8 polyreactive and 7 monoreactive human mAb to bind to porcine antigens. All of the polyreactive mAb reacted with porcine antigens at mAb concentrations less than 3 micrograms/ml, while none of the monoreactive mAb reacted at concentrations less than 3 micrograms/ml. Each polyreactive mAb reacted with partially overlapping, but distinct sets of porcine cell surface moieties. These results indicate that human polyreactive mAb can bind to multiple xenogeneic antigens in a selective manner and that xenoreactive natural antibodies in human serum are largely polyreactive.
Nanoscale characterisation of thickness and properties of interphase in polymer matrix composites (2003)

An overview is presented of the properties and effective thickness of the interphase formed between fibres and polymer matrices. Chemical and physical characterization of the interphase is discussed to portray molecular interactions comprising the interphase layers in silane-treated glass-fibre composites. The gap between physico-chemical investigation on one side and bulk material testing on the other side is bridged by implementation of novel techniques, such as nanoindentation, nanoscratch tests, and atomic force microscopy (AFM), which have been successfully used for nanoscopic characterization of the interphase in the past few years. Salient differences are identified between the major findings of these studies in terms of hardness/modulus of the interphase relative to the bulk matrix material. While there is a significant "fibre stiffening" effect that may cause misinterpretation of the interphase hardness very close to the fibre, the formation of both a softer and a harder interphase is possible, depending on the combination of reinforcement, matrix, and coupling agent applied. This is explained by different interdiffusion behaviour, chemical reactions, and molecular conformation taking place at the interphase region in different composite systems. The effective interphase thickness is found to vary from as small as a few hundred nanometers to as large as 10 µm, depending on the constituents, coupling agent, and ageing conditions.
Coherent study of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mi>χ</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mi>c</mml:mi><mml:mn>0</mml:mn><mml:mo>,</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mo>→</mml:mo><mml:mi>V</mml:mi><mml:mi>V</mml:mi></mml:math>,<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>P</mml:mi><mml:mi>P</mml:mi></mml:math>and<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>S</mml:mi><mml:mi>S</mml:mi></mml:math> (2005)

We investigate the decays of ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{c0,2}$ into vector meson pairs ($VV$), pseudoscalar pairs ($PP$), and scalar pairs ($SS$) in a general factorization scheme. The purpose is to clarify the role played by the OZI-rule violations and SU(3) flavour breakings in the decay transitions, and their correlations with the final-state meson wavefunctions. For ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{c0,2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}VV$ and $PP$, we obtain an overall self-contained description of the experimental data. Applying this factorization to ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{c0}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{f}_{0}^{i}{f}_{0}^{j}$, where $i,j=1,2,3$ denotes ${f}_{0}(1710)$, ${f}_{0}(1500)$ and ${f}_{0}(1370)$, respectively, we find that specific patterns will arise from the model predictions for the decay branching ratio magnitudes, and useful information about the structure of those three scalars can be abstracted.
<b>Identification and mRNA developmental profiles of two ultraspiracle isoforms in the epidermis and wings of</b> <b> <i>Manduca sexta</i> </b> (1997)

cDNAs were isolated from Manduca sexta that encode two isoforms of an ultraspiracle (USP) homologue MsUSP-1 and MsUSP-2 with different N-terminal A/B regions. The MsUSP-1 cDNA predicts a protein with 97% and 45% amino acid identities in the DNA- and ligand-binding domains respectively to the Drosophila USP and 89% overall identity with Bombyx mori CF1 (an USP homologue). Northern blot hybridizations with probes specific to MsUSP-1 and MsUSP-2 showed transcripts of an approximately equal size (4.5 kb), but with diverse developmental profiles in Manduca epidermis during the two final larval instars and the onset of the adult moult. The MsUSP-1 mRNA was expressed during the intermoult periods, with higher levels around the time of the larval ecdyses and at the onset of wandering behaviour. In contrast, the MsUSP-2 mRNA was up-regulated at times of high ecdysteroid titre during the larval moults, when the MsUSP-1 mRNA disappeared. Together, these conversely regulated isoform mRNAs contribute to the constitutive expression profile of total MsUSP mRNA.
Energetics and packing of fullerenes in nanotube peapods (2005)

We use structure-optimization techniques to study the equilibrium packing of fullerenes in carbon nanotube peapods. Our results for nanotubes containing ${\mathrm{C}}_{n}$ fullerenes with $60\ensuremath{\leqslant}n\ensuremath{\leqslant}84$ atoms indicate that the fullerenes are more densely packed in the nanotubes than in the bulk crystal, in agreement with experimental data. We find that the reduction of the interfullerene distance, as well as a structural relaxation of fullerenes and nanotubes, results from a high internal pressure within the peapods, suggesting the use of nanotubes as nanoscale autoclaves for chemical reactions.
Buried waveguides in terahertz quantum cascade lasers based on two-dimensional surface plasmon modes (2005)

A scheme for buried waveguides in terahertz quantum cascade lasers is demonstrated by combining a surface plasmon mode with ion implantation. The mode is bound to a metal strip deposited on the surface of the device that confines the light in both vertical and lateral directions without any etching requirements. Ion implantation is used to confine the current that selectively pumps the active region. Electrical and optical measurements demonstrate this two-dimensional confinement. Further, by taking advantage of the lower losses and a reduced thermal resistance, laser action is achieved in continuous wave up to 77K.
Copper( <scp>I</scp> )‐Catalyzed Photocycloaddition: 3,3‐Dimethyl‐ <i>cis</i> ‐bicyclo[3.2.0]heptan‐2‐one (2003)

Abstract Copper(I)‐catalyzed photocycloaddition: 3,3‐Dimethyl‐ cis ‐bicyclo[3.2.0]heptan‐2‐one intermediate: 2,2‐dimethyl‐4‐pentenal intermediate: 4,4‐dimethyl‐1,6‐heptadien‐3‐ol intermediate: 3,3‐dimethyl‐ cis ‐bicyclo[3.2.0]heptan‐2‐ol product: 3,3‐dimethyl‐ cis ‐bicyclo[3.2.0]heptan‐2‐one intermediate: 3,3‐dimethyl‐ endo ‐ cis ‐bicyclo[3.2.0]heptan‐2‐ol intermediate: 3,3‐dimethyl‐ exo ‐ cis ‐bicyclo[3.2.0]heptan‐2‐ol
Thermal dehydration treatment and glutaraldehyde cross-linking to increase the biostability of collagen–chitosan porous scaffolds used as dermal equivalent (2003)

A biodegradable scaffold for skin-tissue engineering was designed using collagen and chitosan, which are common materials for biomedical application. The scaffolds containing different amounts of chitosan were prepared by mixing the collagen and chitosan solutions followed by removal of the solvent using a freeze-drying method. The cross-linking treatment of these scaffolds was performed using the dehydrothermal treatment (DHT) method or glutaraldehyde (GA) to increase their biostability. The effect of the chitosan concentration and the cross-linking methods on the morphology of these scaffolds was studied by SEM. The water retention and the biodegradability in vitro of various collagen-chitosan scaffolds were investigated. Finally the biocompatibility of the collagen-chitosan (10 wt% chitosan) scaffold treated with different cross-linking methods was evaluated using a in vivo animal test. A mild inflammatory reaction could be detected in the early stages, and GA treatment can decrease the inflammatory reaction in a long-term implantation. After implantation for four weeks, all kinds of scaffolds, especially the GA-treated scaffolds (Col-GA) were filled with a large number of fibroblasts and were vascularized to a certain extent. These results suggest that the GA-treated scaffold has an increased biostability and excellent biocompatibility. It can be a potential candidate for skin-tissue engineering.
Zero-field spin transfer oscillators based on magnetic tunnel junction having perpendicular polarizer and planar free layer (2016)

We experimentally studied spin-transfer-torque induced magnetization oscillations in an asymmetric MgO-based magnetic tunnel junction device consisting of an in-plane magnetized free layer and an out-of-plane magnetized polarizer. A steady auto-oscillation was achieved at zero magnetic field and room temperature, with an oscillation frequency that was strongly dependent on bias currents, with a large frequency tunability of 1.39 GHz/mA. Our results suggest that this new structure has a high potential for new microwave device designs.
A One-Year Randomized Trial of Lorcaserin for Weight Loss in Obese and Overweight Adults: The BLOSSOM Trial (2011)

Lorcaserin administered in conjunction with a lifestyle modification program was associated with dose-dependent weight loss that was significantly greater than with placebo.
Cold face test in the assessment of trigeminal‐brainstem‐ vagal function in humans (1980)

Study of the reflex heart rate response in humans to apneic facial immersion (simulated diving) and its modifications showed that bradycardia caused by simple application of cold compresses to the face (cold face test) correlated well with that produced by the simulated diving reflex. Bilateral application of cold stimulus to the individual divisions of the trigeminal nerve revealed the ophthalmic division to be the most sensitive pathway for this reflex. The cold face test was standardized in 50 normal individuals and further validated in 10 patients by comparison with the simulated diving reflex, the Valsalva maneuver, and administration of atropine. Patients with diabetes mellitus, brainstem stroke, multiple sclerosis, or Shy-Drager syndrome developed less than normal bradycardia or minimal tachycardia in response to the cold facial stimulus. The cold face test is a novel, simple, safe, and economical test of the integrity of trigeminal-brainstem-vagal reflex pathways, can be utilized practically to assess vagal and brainstem dysfunctions, and has the special advantage of being applicable even in an uncooperative or comatose patient.
Sensitive Derivatization Reagents for Optical Resolution of Carboxylic Acids by High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection (1986)

Abstract Two highly sensitive, chiral derivatization reagents, 1-(1-anthryl)- and 1-(2-anthryl)ethylamines, have been developed. Condensation of carboxylic acids with the chiral reagent was effected in the presence of water-soluble carbodiimide and 1-hydroxybenzotriazole. The diastereomeric amides formed from N-acetylamino acid and naproxen enantiomers were efficiently resolved by normal phase chromatography (Resolve 5μ Spherical Silica column) with hexane/ethyl acetate as a mobile phase. With a fluorescence detector (excitation 260 nm, emission 400 nm), the detection limit was 100 fmol (S/N=10).
A shadow handler in a video-based real-time traffic monitoring system (2003)

A video-based system for traffic monitoring is presented. The objective of the system is to set up a high-level description of the traffic scene comprising the position, speed and class of the vehicles. Algorithms for detecting moving objects, separating the vehicles from their shadows, tracking and classification are presented. The classification of vehicles under sunny conditions is very difficult, if the shadow isn't separated from the vehicles. This approach for classification runs in real-time on low-cost hardware. the shadow can be separated from the vehicle and the knowledge about the shape of the shadow can be efficiently used. The shadow analysis algorithm itself uses high-level knowledge about the geometry of the scene (heading of the observed road) and about global data (date and time).< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Dehydrocoupling of Organosilanes with a Dinuclear Nickel Hydride Catalyst and Isolation of a Nickel Silyl Complex (2010)

The dehydrocoupling of organosilanes is an efficient method for producing polysilanes. Although this is traditionally done with group 4 metallocene catalysts, there are a few examples of nickel catalysts that are effective for this reaction. We report the dehydrocoupling of phenylsilane and phenylmethylsilane with [(dippe)Ni(μ-H)]2 (1) (dippe = 1,2-bis(diisopropylphosphino)ethane). As expected from thermodynamic and steric evidence, the primary silane is more active toward dehydrocoupling than the secondary silane. This catalyst compares favorably in required reaction conditions, molecular weight of polysilane product, and selectivity for linear oligomers. Possible mechanisms for the dehydrocoupling of silane are discussed. The hypothesized intermediate is a hydrido silyl nickel complex. We report the isolation and single-crystal X-ray structure of a stable analogue of the proposed catalytic intermediate, (dippe)Ni(SiCl3)Cl (2).