gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Self-assembly of well-aligned gallium-doped zinc oxide nanorods (2003)

Highly oriented Ga-doped ZnO nanorod arrays have been fabricated on GaN and sapphire substrates by pulsed laser deposition. X-ray diffraction shows that these nanorods are grown epitaxially with the c-axis normal to the substrate. The ZnO nanorod formation proceeds as follows. After a wetting layer of ZnO film grows to approximately 14 nm in thickness, the Stranski–Krastanov instability takes place due to interface strain. As a result, ZnO nanodots are formed uniformly on the ZnO layer. These nanodots then serve as nucleation sites for the subsequent electric-field-assisted growth of nanorods. Ga-doping level plays a key role in the formation of ZnO nanorods, while the oxygen partial pressure and the substrate temperature also affect the morphology of nanorods. These self-assembled and ordered ZnO nanorod arrays may be used in field emission and optoelectronic applications.
Design and control of the propulsion for a series Hybrid Electric Vehicle (2010)

As one of the future most popular vehicles, Hybrid Electric Vehicle has to satisfy the challenging and often conflicting requirements. Environment concerns have motivated the legislated action by government around the world to reduce nocuous emissions. The requirements for reduction of CO2 need a high fuel economy. The people's demands for low cost and efficient require a high reliability control system. Modern Hybrid Electric Vehicle advanced techniques can meet above requirements. In this paper, the authors described advanced methodologies for a Hybrid Electric Vehicle. The HEV system configuration is introduction firstly. The microcontroller named MPC566 was selected for the HCU and discussed in the second section. Advanced simulation techniques were developed for the Goble system based on Powertrain System Analysis Toolkit (PSAT). A simulation with developed models in the Matlab/Simulink has been taken to fully explore the potential of these advanced vehicles. Furthermore, a road test for the hybrid vehicle equipped with designed controller based on some drive cycles has been taken. Test results showed that the fuel cost is almost the same with that of simulation.
Constrained floorplan design for flexible blocks (2003)

The authors propose a simple and fast iterative improvement algorithm for solving the constrained floorplan design problem. The algorithm allows users to specify an aspect ratio for the bounding rectangle and constraints on the relative positions and separation requirements of blocks. In the first phase of the algorithm, two scaling factors for each flexible block are computed for adjusting the block dimensions iteratively. In the second phase, blocks are placed according to the constraint graphs. If no overlaps are detected, the algorithm stops; otherwise an edge is inserted into one of the constraint graphs to resolve the overlap between one pair of blocks. The algorithm then goes back to the first phase. Experimental results show that this algorithm tends to achieve the prespecified overall aspect ratio and produces floorplans with small overall area.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Faraday Rotation of Rare-Earth (III) Phosphate Glasses (1964)

The optical Faraday rotation of trivalent rare-earth phosphate glasses has been investigated at room temperature. The rotation is ascribed primarily to strong electric dipole transitions involving the rare-earth $4f$ electrons and is described as a function of the incident light wavelength by a simplified equation involving an effective transition wavelength. The linear dependence of the rotation on the concentration is experimentally demonstrated. The relative magnitudes of the magnetic rotation of the rare-earth ions are compared to the quantity $\frac{{p}^{2}}{g}$, where $p$ is the effective magneton number and $g$ is the spectroscopic splitting factor. This comparison demonstrates the importance of the other parameters, especially the transition wavelengths and electric dipole matrix elements. It also indicates that a prediction of relative rotations of ions, molecules, etc., on the basis of relative magnitudes of magnetic susceptibility and concentration alone is not meaningful.
Mixed Former Effect: A Kind of Composition Adjusting Method of Er-Doped Glass for Broadband Amplification (2002)

A compositional adjusting method called the mixed former effect is proposed to improve effectively optical properties such as the emission cross section, the fluorescence full width at half maximum (FWHM) and the lifetime of the 4I13/2 level of Er-doped glass. A kind of Er-doped bismuth-based glass illustrated high emission cross section (σep = 0.66-0.90 pm2), large fluorescence FWHM (68-85 nm), and relatively long lifetime of the 4I13/2 level (τm = 1.6-4.3 ms) using this method. A comparison of spectroscopic parameters shows that bismuth-based glass is much better for broadband amplifiers than other glass hosts.
Rydberg-Atoms Based Radio-Frequency Electric Field and Power Sensors for Quantum SI-Traceable Measurements (2019)

We discuss a fundamentally new method for electric (E) field strength (V/m) and power (W) metrology based on the interaction of radio-frequency (RF) E-fields with Rydberg atoms (alkali atomic vapor excited optically to Rydberg states). © 2019 The Author(s)
The two TonB systems of <i>Vibrio cholerae</i>: redundant and specific functions (2001)

The two TonB systems in Vibrio cholerae were found to have unique as well as common functions. Both systems can mediate transport of haemin and the siderophores vibriobactin and ferrichrome. However, TonB1 specifically mediates utilization of the siderophore schizokinen, whereas TonB2 is required for utilization of enterobactin by V. cholerae. Although either TonB system was sufficient for the use of haemin as an iron source, in vitro competition between TonB1 and TonB2 system mutants indicates a preferential role for TonB1 in haemin utilization. This was most pronounced in conditions of high osmolarity, in which TonB1 system mutants were unable to grow with haemin as the sole iron source. Sequence analysis predicted that the two TonB proteins differ in both amino acid sequence and protein size. An internal deletion in TonB1 was constructed in order to generate a protein of approximately the same size as TonB2. A strain expressing the TonB1 deletion protein, and no other TonB, used haemin as the iron source in low-osmolarity medium, but could not use haemin in high osmolarity. This is the same phenotype as a strain expressing only TonB2 and suggests that TonB1, but not TonB2, can span the increased periplasmic space in high osmolarity and thus mediate haemin transport. Mouse colonization assays indicated a role for both TonB systems, and mutations in either system resulted in reduced ability to compete with the wild type in vivo.
In(Ga)As self-assembled quantum ring formation by molecular beam epitaxy (2003)

The effect of growth conditions on the morphological properties of InAs/GaAs(001) quantum dots covered by a thin (&lt;3 nm) GaAs cap has been studied by atomic force microscopy. Each dot turns into an elongated nanostructure at 540 °C upon deposition of the cap in As4 atmosphere, while structures with two humps are obtained when capping at 500 °C. The use of As2 atmosphere instead of As4 at 500 °C leads to the formation of quantum rings. Photoluminescence spectroscopy and polarization photoluminescence (PL) at 15 K show dramatic changes due to the different kinds of confinement. This allows the possibility of tailoring PL emission by controlling the size and shape.
The “Rebound Controversy”: An Overview and Theoretical Modeling of the Rebound Step in C−H Hydroxylation by Cytochrome P450 (2004)

Abstract C−H hydroxylation by the enzyme cytochrome P450 is one of Nature’s important and most ubiquitous processes. There is strong evidence that the mechanism proceeds by initial hydrogen abstraction, from the alkane, by the high‐valent iron−oxo species of the enzyme, followed by a rebound of the alkyl radical to form the ferric−alcohol product complex (the Groves “rebound” mechanism). Nevertheless, the “rebound” mechanism is still controversial due to the ultrashort radical lifetimes deduced from radical‐clock experiments. This review describes the main elements of the controversy and its updated resolution by theory, with an emphasis on the controversial rebound step. The theoretically derived model for alkane hydroxylation is found to involve two‐state reactivity (TSR). In TSR, radicals are produced on two different spin‐state surfaces, and thereafter they react differently; on the low‐spin surface, the rebound proceeds with no product rearrangement and the lifetime of the radicals is ultrashort (or zero), while on the high‐spin surface the barrier for rebound is substantial and the lifetime of the radical is sufficiently long that rearrangement may compete with product formation by rebound. A new valence‐bond model is developed to model the rebound barrier on the high‐spin surface and conceptualize its dependence on the nature of the alkyl radical. The possible intermediacy of carbocationic intermediates alongside radicals is discussed. It is shown that the TSR scenario provides a satisfactory rationale for the controversial findings in the field, and makes verifiable predictions. One of the predictions of TSR is that the ratio of unrearranged to rearranged products, [ U / R ], will be subject to an intrinsic isotope effect that is substrate‐dependent. This prediction and its possible verification by experiment are discussed. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Pain intensity following laparoscopy. (1996)

The temperature of the gas used for insufflation during laparoscopy has a significant influence on postoperative shoulder and subphrenic pain according to a prospective randomized study of 103 female patients who filled out a standardized pain assessment questionnaire with a visual analogue scale from 0 to 10. Women in group B (n = 53), who had been insufflated with warm CO2 gas during laparoscopy, had significantly less pain than women in the control group (group A; n = 50). The declared value for shoulder pain at the first postoperative day was 3.6 with cold gas versus 2.5 with warm CO2 (p = 0.013). The strongest pain was found following long operations (5.4 vs. 4, respectively) and following high CO2 gas use (5.5 vs. 2.3); in both cases, a significant advantage was noted for the group treated with warmed CO2. Further research is needed regarding the etiology and possible prevention of postoperative pain following laparoscopy. As the use of warm CO2 gas leads to significant reduction of pain, technical and mechanical parameters should be changed accordingly.
A 15-kDa interferon-induced protein is derived by COOH-terminal processing of a 17-kDa precursor. (1988)

An interferon-induced 15-kDa protein is synthesized from a precursor of higher molecular weight; the precursor contains 165 amino acids (17 kDa), whereas the stable product (15 kDa) contains 156 amino acids. The stable 15-kDa form is derived from the precursor 17-kDa form by the removal of eight amino acids from the COOH terminus and the methionine from the NH2 terminus. The existence of the precursor 17-kDa protein can be demonstrated after brief periods of in vivo labeling with [35S]methionine and by translation of mRNA in vitro.
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>11</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">B</mml:mi></mml:math>NMR and relaxation in the<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">MgB</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>superconductor (2001)

${}^{11}\mathrm{B}$ NMR and nuclear-spin-lattice relaxation rate (NSLR) are reported at 7.2 T and 1.4 T in powder samples of the intermetallic compound ${\mathrm{MgB}}_{2}$ with the superconducting transition temperature in zero field ${T}_{c}=39.2 \mathrm{K}.$ From the first-order quadrupole perturbed NMR spectrum a quadrupole coupling frequency of $835\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}5 \mathrm{kHz}$ is obtained. The Knight shift is very small and it decreases to zero in the superconducting phase. The NSLR follows a linear law with ${T}_{1}T=165\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}10 (\mathrm{sec}\mathrm{}\mathrm{K}).$ The results in the normal phase indicate a negligible s character of the wave function of the conduction electrons at the Fermi level. Below ${T}_{c}$ the NSLR is strongly field dependent indicating the presence of an important contribution related to the density and the thermal motion of flux lines. No coherence peak is observed at the lower field investigated (1.4 T).
Stencil printing process development for flip chip interconnect (2000)

Traditional methods for forming flip chip interconnection include evaporation and electroplating. While both options have proven performance records, their costs are too high for many of today's cost-sensitive applications. Motorola's Interconnect Systems Laboratory (ISL) developed a low cost flip chip interconnect alternative, which electroless plates Ni/Au as the under bump metallurgy (UBM), deposits solder paste using a stencil or photoresist mask, and reflows the paste to form solder bumps. This paper is focused on the stencil print process development for wafer solder bumping. Solder paste selection, characterization, stencil design, and process parameter optimizations are critical factors for successful fine pitch stencil printing. Fine mesh eutectic solder pastes (Type 5: -500+635, Type 6: -635) with different flux vehicles were evaluated for printability and reflow studies. Paste and flux modification and co-development with vendors for this specific application were conducted. An optimal paste, with specified viscosity and desired print, reflow, and cleaning behavior, was developed. Wafer stencil design rules were established to deposit the right amount of solder paste to form the required reflowed solder bump height without bridges between pads. Printing and reflow design of experiments were performed to establish the baseline and optimum process parameters. Solder bump characterizations, including bump height and uniformity, composition, shear force, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) bump profile and cross section microstructure analysis, were conducted. Development and characterization results are reported. This stencil print solder bump process is demonstrated on 4, 5, 6, and 8-in device wafers with pitches down to 200 /spl mu/m. Solder bumps are formed on wafers without bridges or missing bumps. Wafer level yield is >95% on die basis. Bump height standard deviation within die is less than 3%, and range is less than 15% of the average bump height. The 63 Sn/37 Pb eutectic-bumped functional device dice were flip chip assembled to test boards with Cu/Ni/Au pad metallization, and underfilled for interconnect reliability studies. All reliability requirements were met.
On the Manufacture of 13 Cr Stainless Steel Powder by Liquid Atomization (1965)

In the manufacture of 13 Cr stainless steel powder by atomization using high velocity water jet, the influence of components in the melt upon particle shapes and properties was investigated. The results can be summarized as follows;1) Increasing the silicon content in the melt reduces the amount of oxygen in the powder and leads to the powder of low apparent density. The optimum amount of silicon to be added is in the range of 0.5 to 0.7% by weight.2) The oxygen content and apparent density of the powder increase with increasing manganese content, and, therefore, it is desirable that the amount of manganese is no more than 0.15%, for the containing 0.5-0.7% of silicon. The amount of silicon should be increased to the melt with a high manganese content.3) The addition of carbon and nickel up to 0.15% and 0.5% respectively has little effect on the oxygen content and apparent density of the powder.4) The high hardness of the as atomized powder leads to poor pressing properties, and so the powder atomized should be annealed before pressing.
Nickel/Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Carbocyanation of Alkynes Using Acetonitrile and Substituted Acetonitriles (2010)

Abstract Nickel/Lewis acid dual catalysis is found to effect the carbocyanation reaction of alkynes using acetonitrile and substituted acetonitriles to give a range of variously substituted acrylonitriles. The addition of propionitrile across alkynes is also demonstrated briefly to give the corresponding ethylcyanation products in good yields, whereas the reaction of butyronitrile gives significant amounts of hydrocyanation products due possibly to β-hydride elimination of a propylnickel intermediate. The reaction of optically active α-phenylpropionitrile suggests a reaction mechanism that involves oxidative addition of a C–CN bond with retention of its absolute configuration.
Metallothionein: A Bifunctional Chelator for the Radiolabeling of Biologically Active Molecules (1987)

Cysteine-rich metallothionein has been shown to bind as many as seven TcO3+ cores in TcO (Cys) units which adopt square-base pyramidal geometry. The Tc atoms in 99mTc,Zn-MT and 99mTc,Zn-MT-MAb species formed in the exchange reaction with the labile 99mTcO (glucoheptonate) complex are stable to oxidation and transchelation in vivo. The kinetics of labeling with the carrier-free radionuclide 99mTc are diffusion-limited at MT concentrations below 10(-5) M. Zinc-MT-MAb conjugates can be efficiently radiolabeled at concentrations greater than or equal to 10(-5) M. The conjugation of MT to tumor specific MAb's has been accomplished with the preservation of the in vivo tumor targeting capability of the MAb and the excellent metal-binding properties of MT. The success achieved in this research demonstrates the potential of metallothionein as a carrier of medically useful metallic radionuclides in labeling of important biologically active molecules.
TRANSFORMING GROWTH FACTOR (TGF)-?? MIMICS AND ANTI-TGF-?? ANTIBODY ABROGATES THE IN VIVO EFFECTS OF CYCLOSPORINE (1999)

The study demonstrates the in vivo modulation of the effects of CsA by manipulating TGF-beta levels and suggests that TGF-beta at least in part mediates CsA's beneficial and detrimental effects.
A technique for avoiding isomorphic netlists in architectural synthesis (1996)

Register-Transfer (RT-) level netlists are said to be isomorphic if they can be made identical by relabelling RT-components. RT-netlists can be generated by architectural synthesis. In order to consider just the essential design decisions, architectural synthesis should consider only a single representative of sets of isomorphic netlists. In this contribution, we are using netlist isomorphism for the very first time in architectural synthesis. Furthermore, we describe how an integer-programming (IP-) based synthesis technique can be extended to take advantage of netlist isomorphism. By restricting synthesis systems to consider only the essential decisions, (decisions which may actually affect the resulting hardware structure), a lot of computation time can be saved.
Flexible, transparent patterned electrodes based on graphene oxide/silver nanowire nanocomposites fabricated utilizing an accelerated ultraviolet/ozone process to control silver nanowire degradation (2019)

We developed flexible, transparent patterned electrodes, which were fabricated utilizing accelerated ultraviolet/ozone (UV/O<sub>3</sub>)-treated graphene oxide (GO)/silver nanowire (Ag-NW) nanocomposites via a simple, low-cost pattern process to investigate the feasibility of promising applications in flexible/wearable electronic and optoelectronic devices. The UV/O<sub>3</sub> process of the GO/Ag-NW electrode was accelerated by the pre-heat treatment, and the degradation interruption of Ag NWs was removed by the GO treatment. After the deposition of the GO-treated Ag NW electrodes, the sheet resistance of the thermally annealed GO-treated Ag-NW electrodes was significantly increased by using the UV/O<sub>3</sub> treatment, resulting in a deterioration of the GO-treated Ag NWs in areas exposed to the UV/O<sub>3</sub> treatment. The degradation of the Ag NWs caused by the UV/O<sub>3</sub> treatment was confirmed by using the sheet resistances, scanning electron microscopy images, X-ray photoelectron microscopy spectra, and transmittance spectra. While the sheet resistance of the low-density Ag-NW electrode was considerably increased due to the pre-thermal treatment at 90 °C for 10 min, that of the high-density Ag-NW electrode did not vary significantly even after a UV/O<sub>3</sub> treatment for a long time. The degradation interference phenomenon caused by the UV/O<sub>3</sub> treatment in the high-density Ag NWs could be removed by using a GO treatment, which resulted in the formation of a Ag-NW electrode pattern suitable for promising applications in flexible organic light-emitting devices. The GO treatment decreased the sheet resistance of the Ag-NW electrode and enabled the pattern to be formed by using the UV/O<sub>3</sub> treatment. The selective degradation of Ag NWs due to UV/O<sub>3</sub> treatment decreased the transparency of the Ag-NW electrode by about 8% and significantly increased its sheet resistance more than 100 times.
Effects of Na2MoO4 and Na2 WO 4 on Molybdenum and Tungsten Electrodes for the Alkali Metal Thermoelectric Converter (AMTEC) (1988)

Performance and impedance characteristics of porous molybdenum and tungsten electrodes, to which and, respectively, have been added, are significantly altered from the characteristics of similar but untreated electrodes. High initial power levels are more persistent in treated electrodes, and regeneration during discharge is observed during initial stages of degradation. Sheet resistances of treated electrodes at are higher but decrease as performance degradation proceeds. AC impedance complex plane plots show an enhanced, high frequency, potential‐independent RC loop due to the ionic conducting molten salt and a large capacitance in the low frequency, potential‐dependent loop due to a greatly increased interfacial area, as well as a reaction at the electrode/solid electrolyte and molten salt interface in the case of electrodes. Corrosion of the porous electrode by or to form and , respectively, and recrystallization of the molybdenum or tungsten as the salt evaporates, results in major morphological changes including loss of columnar structure and a significant increase in porosity. This effect is more pronounced in electrodes due to the lower stability of relative to compounds with intermediate oxidation states of Mo. If there is not a very large accompanying increase in sheet resistance, the resulting electrode may retain significant improved performance after loss of the molten salt.
Dose-dependent functions of<i>Fgf8</i>in regulating telencephalic patterning centers (2006)

Mouse embryos bearing hypomorphic and conditional null Fgf8 mutations have small and abnormally patterned telencephalons. We provide evidence that the hypoplasia results from decreased Foxg1 expression, reduced cell proliferation and increased cell death. In addition, alterations in the expression of Bmp4, Wnt8b, Nkx2.1 and Shh are associated with abnormal development of dorsal and ventral structures. Furthermore, nonlinear effects of Fgf8 gene dose on the expression of a subset of genes, including Bmp4 and Msx1, correlate with a holoprosencephaly phenotype and with the nonlinear expression of transcription factors that regulate neocortical patterning. These data suggest that Fgf8 functions to coordinate multiple patterning centers, and that modifications in the relative strength of FGF signaling can have profound effects on the relative size and nature of telencephalic subdivisions.