gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Modular and Size‐Selective Synthesis of [<i>n</i>]Cycloparaphenylenes: A Step toward the Selective Synthesis of [<i>n</i>,<i>n</i>] Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes (2010)

A modular strategy served in the size-selective syntheses of [14]-, [15]-, and [16]cycloparaphenylenes (CPPs). A Suzuki–Miyaura coupling was used to assemble a terphenyl-equivalent, L-shaped cis-1,4-diphenylcyclohexane unit and a linear benzene/biphenyl unit in a 3+1+3 or 3+2+3 mode to give U-shaped septi- and octiphenyl units. The cyclizative dimerization of these U-shaped units and subsequent aromatization yielded the CPPs. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Surface analysis of all elements with isotopic resolution at high ambient pressures using ion spectroscopic techniques (1997)

The authors have developed a mass spectrometer capable of surface analysis using the techniques of secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) and mass spectroscopy of recoiled ions (MSRI). For SIMS, an energetic ion beam creates a collision cascade which results in the ejection of low kinetic energy secondary ions from the surface being analyzed. The low kinetic energy SIMS ions are very susceptible to charge neutralization with the surface, and as a result, the SIMS ion yield varies by orders of magnitude depending on the chemical state of the surface. SIM spectra contain elemental ions, and molecular ions. For MSRI, a pulsed ion beam induces a binary collision with the surface being analyzed and the surface species are recoiled into the forward scattering direction with a large kinetic energy. The violence of the binary collision results in complete molecular decomposition, and only elemental ions are detected. The high kinetic energy MSRI ions are much less susceptible to charge neutralization with the surface than the low kinetic energy SIMS ions. In MSRI, the ion yield typically varies by less than a factor of ten as the chemical state of the surface changes--simplifying quantitative analysis vs. SIMS. In this paper, they authors will demonstrate that the high kinetic energy MSRI ions are able to transverse high pressure paths with only a reduction in peak intensity--making MSRI an ideal tool for real-time, in-situ film growth studies. The use of a single analyzer for both MSRI and SIMS is unique and provides complimentary information.
Grasping the not-so-obvious (2005)

This article reports on several industrial applications of a visually guided system for robot grasping using an inexpensive two-finger gripper. In all cases, the robot uses visual information as input and is able to reason about the shapes of objects in a scene in order to decide the best stable grasp online. The first version of this system was able to grasp rectangular parts in arbitrary positions in the scene and was successfully deployed. New applications in industry have been addressed that must cope with the cost, time, and reliability requirements imposed by the industrial process. The results show that the capabilities of the underlying methodology make it feasible to deal with more complex shapes, even a priori unknown, opening up new possibilities within industrial domains, such as the food industry, that has traditionally not been fully automated due to a large variability in the shaper of the objects to be handled.
On the Study of Noise Allocation for Speech Signal in Low Bit-Rate Audio Coding (2009)

This letter proposes a new masking threshold adjustment method to improve the quality for the speech signals in low bit-rate audio coding. The Enhanced aacPlus (EAAC) audio codec increases the masking threshold of all frequency bands to be suitable for the given encoding rate by considering equal loudness noises only, which is a representative way for implementing the adjustment technique. The proposed method, however, dynamically adjusts the masking threshold of each frequency band based on the energy ratio of each band to the average band energy. More quantization noises are added to formant regions that have relatively large energy ratio values, but less distortion is allowed in spectral valley regions, which eventually helps to enhance perceptual quality for speech signals. The proposed idea reflects the spectral weighting criterion in searching optimal excitation codebooks used in many speech coding algorithms. Simulation results confirm that the proposed method implemented on the EAAC coder improves quality for the speech input signals at the same bit-rate while keeping equivalent quality for music contents.
Purification of the DNA binding domain of herpes simplex virus type 1 immediate-early protein Vmw175 as a homodimer and extensive mutagenesis of its DNA recognition site (1991)

The herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) Immediate-Early (IE) polypeptide Vmw175 is essential for the activation of transcription from viral early and late promoters. Vmw175 also reduces the activity of its own (IE-3) promoter in transfection assays. Both transactivation and repression mediated by Vmw175 require the integrity of a conserved domain of the polypeptide which has been shown to bind to specific DNA sequences. We have investigated the DNA sequence requirements for Vmw175 binding using a randomly mutated target. The results indicate that the binding site covers a region of 13 nucleotides divided into proximal and distal parts which are consistent with the consensus ATCGTNNNNNYSG. We have also expressed several different constructs encompassing the DNA binding domain of Vmw175 in bacteria, and obtained preparations of greater than 90% purity. The DNA binding domain is a dimer in solution, and binds DNA with a specificity similar to that of the intact protein, although the smallest DNA binding competent protein has a slightly reduced specificity.
Phase transitions with spontaneous modulation-the dipolar Ising ferromagnet (1982)

A uniaxial ferromagnet of finite thickness spontaneously breaks into parallel "striped" domains as a result of demagnetizing forces. In a sufficiently large applied magnetic field a transition takes place to a hexagonal or "bubble" phase. We study the phase diagram of this system with the use of a Ginzburg-Landau approach and we investigate the effects of dislocations on the two-dimensional order of the modulated phases.
Entropy-constrained tree-structured vector quantizer design (1996)

Current methods for the design of pruned or unbalanced tree-structured vector quantizers such as the generalized Breiman-Friedman-Olshen-Stone (GBFOS) algorithm proposed in 1980 are effective, but suffer from several shortcomings. We identify and clarify issues of suboptimality including greedy growing, the suboptimal encoding rule, and the need for time sharing between quantizers to achieve arbitrary rates. We then present the leaf-optimal tree design (LOTD) method which, with a modest increase in design complexity, alters and reoptimizes tree structures obtained from conventional procedures. There are two main advantages over existing methods. First, the optimal entropy-constrained nearest-neighbor rule is used for encoding at the leaves; second, explicit quantizer solutions are obtained at all rates without recourse to time sharing. We show that performance improvement is theoretically guaranteed. Simulation results for image coding demonstrate that close to 1 dB reduction of distortion for a given rate can be achieved by this technique relative to the GBFOS method.
An intelligent assistant for financial hedging (2002)

The authors describe the knowledge representation used to develop a prototype expert system for financial hedging. This representation captures the deep domain knowledge that experts use to reason about hedging decisions. It allows for reasoning qualitatively based on first principles using the fundamental quantitative valuation models that characterize each financial instrument. It also uses object-oriented concepts and inheritance to minimize the effort needed to set up the knowledge base and keep it current. It includes a calculus for derivation of qualitative knowledge of one-dimensional-order, which allows it to solve problems where optimality constraints are qualitative. It is flexible enough to reason in terms of the basic principles of risk assessment.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Time-dependent Landauer-Büttiker formula: Application to transient dynamics in graphene nanoribbons (2014)

In this work, we develop a time-dependent extension of the Landauer-B\"uttiker approach to study transient dynamics in time-dependent quantum transport through molecular junctions. A key feature of the approach is that it provides a closed integral expression for the time dependence of the density matrix of the molecular junction after switch-on of a bias in the leads or a perturbation in the junction, which in turn can be evaluated without the necessity of propagating individual single-particle orbitals or Green's functions. This allows for the study of time-dependent transport in large molecular systems coupled to wide-band leads. As an application of the formalism, we study the transient dynamics of zigzag and armchair graphene nanoribbons of different symmetries. We find that the transient times can exceed several hundreds of femtoseconds while displaying a long-time oscillatory motion related to multiple reflections of the density wave in the nanoribbons at the ribbon-lead interface. This temporal profile has a shape that scales with the length of the ribbons and is modulated by fast oscillations described by intraribbon and ribbon-lead transitions. Especially in the armchair nanoribbons there exists a sequence of quasistationary states related to reflections at the edge state located at the ribbon-lead interface. In the case of zigzag nanoribbons, there is a predominant oscillation frequency associated with virtual transitions between the edge states and the Fermi levels of the electrode. We further study the local bond currents in the nanoribbons and find that the parity of the edges strongly affects the path of the electrons in the nanoribbons. We finally study the behavior of the transients for various added potential profiles in the nanoribbons.
Neuromuscular Stimulation for Upper Extremity Motor and Functional Recovery in Acute Hemiplegia (1998)

Background and Purpose —The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of neuromuscular stimulation in enhancing the upper extremity motor and functional recovery of acute stroke survivors. Methods —Forty-six stroke survivors admitted to an inpatient rehabilitation unit were randomly assigned to receive either neuromuscular stimulation or placebo. Twenty-eight subjects completed the study. The treatment group received surface neuromuscular stimulation to produce wrist and finger extension exercises. The control group received placebo stimulation over the paretic forearm. All subjects were treated 1 hour per day, for a total of 15 sessions. Outcomes were assessed in a blinded manner with the upper extremity component of the Fugl-Meyer Motor Assessment and the self-care component of the Functional Independence Measure at pretreatment, after treatment, and at 4 and 12 weeks after treatment. Results —The treatment subjects and control subjects had comparable baseline characteristics. Parametric analyses revealed significantly greater gains in Fugl-Meyer scores for the treatment group after treatment (13.1 versus 6.5; P =0.05), at 4 weeks after treatment (17.9 versus 9.7; P =0.05), and at 12 weeks after treatment (20.6 versus 11.2; P =0.06). Functional Independence Measure scores were not different between groups at any of the time periods ( P >0.10). Conclusions —Data suggest that neuromuscular stimulation enhances the upper extremity motor recovery of acute stroke survivors. However, the sample size in this study was too small to detect any significant effect of neuromuscular stimulation on self-care function.
环境司法无国界：建立国际环境法院，保护基本环境权利的必要性 (2002)

自《世界人权宣言》签署之日起至今已愈五十年。国际法所认可的基本人权的范围也得到了不断的扩展，传统上所重视的是种族灭绝、战争罪行及反人道罪等问题，现在已扩展到对限制与剥夺非基本人权的关注。与此同时，尤其是Rachel Carson的震憾性著作《寂静的春天》在20世纪60年代出版之后，人们逐渐认识到一个事实，人类正在以前所未有的、惊人的速度污染着我们的星球，我们释放到自然环境中去的有毒物质对全球生态系统和无数物种，包括人类自己，构成了严重的威胁：
Road extraction in high resolution remote sensing images based on mathematic morphology and snake model (2010)

This paper proposes an algorithm for road extraction in high resolution remote sensing images based on mathematic morphology and snake model, which can divide up the area of objective directly from an image and combine with snake model to extract the road. Accordingly, the first step consists in extracting the road area from the high resolution remote sensing image based on morphology. In a second step, get the contour line of the area as the initial contour of Snake to track the road. Experiments turn out that the algorithm is extremely fast in image division and effective in extracting roads in high resolution remote sensing images.
Giant magnetoresistance in the granular Co-Ag system (1992)

We report giant magnetoresistance (GMR) as much as 75% at 5 K and 24% at room temperature in granular Co-Ag. We show that the GMR is isotropic and is the consequence of the departure from ferromagnetic alignment of the Co particles. We have also determined the resistivity component responsible for GMR and its temperature dependence.
Optical Properties and Mechanism of Formation of Some<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>F</mml:mi></mml:math>-Aggregate Centers in LiF (1967)

A study of positively charged, neutral, and negatively charged centers in LiF has been made. Effects observed include the induced transformations of ionized centers to $F$-aggregate centers, and reformation of the ionized centers in the dark, when samples reirradiated at low temperatures are warmed up. Polarization properties of the luminescence from various centers have also been studied. From the temperature dependence of the emission bands and the associated excitation bands for the ${M}^{+}$ and ${R}^{+}$ centers, vibrational frequencies were determined and were found to be close to a theoretical normal-lattice phonon frequency. From detailed studies of transformations among the various centers observed under varying conditions, it was possible to propose a mechanism of formation of the $M$ and $R$ centers and other complex centers. $M$- and $R$-center formation seems to occur through diffusion of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ and ${M}^{+}$ centers, respectively, towards $F$ centers ($\ensuremath{\alpha}+F\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{M}^{+}$ and ${M}^{+}+F\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{R}^{+}$) followed by capture of a single electron. Experiments indicated that ${M}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ and ${R}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ centers are produced from the corresponding ${M}^{+}$ and ${R}^{+}$ centers apparently by a process involving two-electron capture.
Chloroquine Inhibits Dengue Virus Type 2 Replication in Vero Cells but Not in C6/36 Cells (2013)

Dengue viruses are the most important arthropod-borne viruses in terms of morbidity and mortality in the world. Since there is no dengue vaccine available for human use, we have set out to investigate the use of chloroquine as an antiviral drug against dengue. Chloroquine, an amine acidotropic drug known to affect intracellular exocytic pathways by increasing endosomal pH, was used in the in vitro treatment of Vero and C6/36 cells infected with dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2). Real-time RT-PCR and plaque assays were used to quantify the DENV-2 load in infected Vero and C6/36 cells after chloroquine treatment. Our results showed that a dose of 50 μg/ml of chloroquine was not toxic to the cells and induced a statistically significant inhibition of virus production in infected Vero cells when compared to untreated cells. In C6/36 cells, chloroquine does not induce a statistically significant difference in viral replication when compared to untreated cells, showing that this virus uses an unlikely pathway of penetration in these cells, and results were also confirmed by the plaque assay (PFU). These data suggest that the inhibition of virus infection induced by chloroquine is due to interference with acidic vesicles in mammalian cells.
Simulator Sickness During Emergency Procedures Training in a Helicopter Simulator: Age, Flight Experience, and Amount Learned (2007)

This research measured simulator sickness both before and after exposure to a helicopter simulator that was being used for emergency procedures training. Research issues were the incidence and magnitude of simulator sickness, after effects, susceptibility, and the effect of simulator sickness on training effectiveness. A total of 474 AH-64A (Apache) Army aviators participated in this research. The Simulator Sickness Questionnaire (SSO) was administered prior to simulator exposure, immediately after simulator exposure, and twelve hours later. The incidence rate following simulator exposure was 68 percent. The SSQ Total Severity score was significantly larger immediately after exposure than it was prior to simulator exposure or twelve hours later. Age was significantly and positively correlated with SSO score, after the effect of total flight hours was held constant. Flight hours did not correlate with SSO score, after the effect of age was held constant. These results were consistent with postural instability theory. Both prior history of motion sickness and prior history of simulator sickness were significantly and positively correlated `with SSO score. The strongest susceptibility factor noted in this research was prior history of simulator sickness. SSO score was not correlated with training effectiveness, as measured by a short behavioral test.
Shape from focus system (2003)

A shape-from-focus method that uses different focus levels to obtain a sequence of object images is described. A sum-modified-Laplacian operator is developed to provide local measures of the quality of image focus. The operator is applied to the sequence of images of the object to determine a set of focus measures as each image point. A model is developed to describe the variation of focus measure values due to defocusing. This model is used by a depth estimation algorithm to interpolate focus measure values and obtain accurate depth estimates. A fully automated system that has been implemented using an optical microscope and tested on a variety of industrial samples is described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Поширення абортів корів заразної етіології в Україні (2020)

Abstract . Abortions in cows cause significant economic losses for cattle farms. Etiology of cow abortions can be infectious and non- infectious etiology. Mostly an infectious abortions are diagnosed, because diagnostics of an infections abortions are better developed and some of these diseases are common to animals and humans. This article presents the results of the analysis of data from the Molecular Diagnostics Laboratory of LLC “Center for Veterinary Diagnostics” concerning abortions of infectious etiology in cows and their distribution in Ukraine for 2014–2018. Pathogens of infectious diseases that cause abortion were recorded in 17 regions of Ukraine from 18 investigated regions. All samples received from the laboratory were tested for 12 pathogens by PCR real-time. The highest percentage was recorded by bacterial infections - 43.43 %, viral infections - 23.23 %, protozoonoses - 2.2 % and mixed infections - 31.32 %. Data of the high percentage of isolation of infectious disease pathogens from samples from cows that had abortion and detection of poorly studied pathogens (BHV-4, Coxiella burnetii, Neospora caninum) in Ukraine indicate the relevance of the problem and the necessity for its study. Keywords : cattle, cow, pregnancy, infectious diseases, abortion, diagnosis, PCR method
The New <i>RGA</i> Locus Encodes a Negative Regulator of Gibberellin Response in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> (1997)

We have identified a new locus involved in gibberellin (GA) signal transduction by screening for suppressors of the Arabidopsis thaliana GA biosynthetic mutant gal-3. The locus is named RGA for repressor of gal-3. Based on the recessive phenotype of the digenic rga/gal-3 mutant, the wild-type gene product of RGA is probably a negative regulator of GA responses. Our screen for suppressors of gal-3 identified 17 mutant alleles of RGA as well as 10 new mutant alleles at the previously identified SPY locus. The digenic (double homozygous) rga/gal-3 mutants are able to partially repress several defects of gal-3 including stem growth, leaf abaxial trichome initiation, flowering time, and apical dominance. The phenotype of the trigenic mutant (triple homozygous) rga/spy/gal-3 shows that rga and spy have additive effects regulating flowering time, abaxial leaf trichome initiation and apical dominance. This trigenic mutant is similar to wild type with respect to each of these developmental events. Because rga/spy/gal-3 is almost insensitive to GA for hypocotyl growth and its bolting stem is taller than the wild-type plant, the combined effects of the rga and spy mutations appear to allow GA-independent stem growth. Our studies indicate that RGA lies on a separate branch of the GA signal transduction pathway from SPY, which leads us to propose a modified model of the GA response pathway.
Composite Materials and Their Use in Structures (1976)

This volume is a substantial contribution to the literature on fatigue, providing a wealth of information on the fatigue properties of many engineering alloys, and a comprehensive review of the existing literature in most areas of fatigue damage and crack propagation; nonetheless, this reviewer found it to be a disappointing book as there is very scant coverage of several areas of current interest and importance to engineers and metallurgists involved in fatigue studies or in design methods to obviate fatigue failure.In particular, the authors do not provide a satisfactory coverage of the important matter of elevated temperature fatigue and lifetime prediction where> creep deformation also becomes important, thermal ratchetting phenomena are not discussed, nor is an adequate review of low-cycle fatigue presented.These topics are of considerable importance at the present time, particularly as they relate to nuclear power plants, and this fact is illustrated by the number of recent conferences devoted to them and by the number of such papers appearing in the current literature on fatigue.These criticisms apart, the authors have provided a most useful compendium of information relating to more conventional fatigue properties and test methods which will serve as a good reference source for many workers.The authors have chosen to present their book in an essentially classical format, dealing in turn with crack initiation, fatigue strength of plain specimens, effect of notches on fatigue strength, and fatigue crack growth, followed by an extensive chapter entitled "Notes on Various Other Aspects of Fatigue," and a number of Appendixes dealing with elementary concepts.While this order does indeed help the reader to trace the historical development of the understanding of metal fatigue, as the writers indicate to be their intention in their Introduction, it may be that it has also contributed to the relative neglect of the topics of more recent interest and activity as mentioned above.It is to be hoped that, when preparing a revised edition of this work in due course, the authors will expand its already extensive coverage to make it a truly up-to-date reference book for the whole subject of metal fatigue.