gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Impact of LER and misaligned vias on the electric field in nanometer-scale wires (2008)

Electric field enhancement due to LER and misaligned vias is analyzed, modeled and quantified in nanometer-scale wires. For LER, the statistical and wirelength-dependent impact of field enhancement on dielectric breakdown is analyzed and compared with experimental results on wire test structures.
Thy-1- and Ly-6-mediated lymphokine production and growth inhibition of a T cell hybridoma require co-expression of the T cell antigen receptor complex. (1988)

Repetitive subcloning of an Ag-specific T cell hybridoma yielded a variant that lacked functional mRNA for the Ag receptor (Ti, T cell Ag receptor alpha/beta heterodimer) beta-chains and failed to express CD3/Ti on the cell surface. Transfection with the original Ti alpha- and beta-chain genes restored CD3/Ti expression to normal levels. Whereas the parental T cell hybridoma produced IL-2 when stimulated with mAb against CD3, Thy-1, and Ly-6, the CD3/Ti negative cell failed to do so. Reconstitution of CD3/Ti expression restored normal IL-2 production in response to these mAb. A separate response to activation, the inhibition of transformed growth, was also dependent upon co-expression of CD3/Ti. These data demonstrate that cell surface expression of CD3/Ti is required for IL-2 production and growth inhibition initiated by two distinct activating molecules, and suggest that CD3/Ti may be a final common pathway for many transmembrane activation signals.
Fast inversion of banded Toeplitz matrices by circular decompositions (1978)

Banded Toeplitz matrices of large size occur in many practical problems [1]-[6]. Here the problem of inversion as well as the problem of solving simultaneous equations of the type Hx = y, when H is a large banded Toeplitz matrix, are considered. It is shown via certain circular decompositions of H that such equations may be exactly solved in <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">O(N \log_{2} N)</tex> rather than in O(N <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) computations as in Levinson-Trench algorithms. Furthermore, the algorithms of this paper are nonrecursive (as compared to the Levinson-Trench algorithms), and afford parallel processor architectures and others such as transversal filters [17] where the computation time becomes proportional to N rather than to <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N \log N</tex> . Finally, a principle of matrix decomposition for fast inversion of matrices is introduced as a generalization of the philosophy of this paper.
Production and characterization of a thermostable chitinase from a new alkalophilic Bacillus sp. BG-11 (2000)

An alkalophilic, environmental micro-organism, Bacillus sp. BG-11, has been isolated and characterized. It produced 76 U ml-1 of chitinase in liquid batch fermentation after 72 h of incubation at 50 degrees C using chitin-enriched medium. The molecular weight of purified chitinase was estimated to be 41 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The pH and temperature optima of chitinase immobilized on chitosan and calcium alginate were 8.5 and 50 degrees C, respectively, which were same as that of free enzyme. The pH and thermostability of immobilized chitinase were enhanced significantly. The chitinase immobilized on chitosan was stable between pH 5.0 and 10.0, and the half-life of chitosan-immobilized enzyme at 70, 80 and 90 degrees C was 90, 70 and 60 min, respectively. The end-products formed during the enzyme-substrate reaction were identified by 13C-NMR, and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine was found to be the major end-product. GlcNAc (GlcNAc)2 and (GlcNAc)3 inhibited the chitinase activity by 32, 25 and 18%, respectively, at a concentration of 10 mmol l-1. The shelf-life of chitinase (retained 100% activity) at 4 degrees C was 8 weeks in the presence of either sodium azide (100 microgram ml-1), sodium metabisulphite (0.1% w/v) or KCl (15% w/v). The enzyme was resistant to the action of proteases and allosamidin.
Therapeutic Effects of Recombinant Human Epidermal Growth Factor (rhEGF) in a Murine Model of Concurrent Chemo- and Radiotherapy-Induced Oral Mucositis (2010)

Concurrent chemotherapy with radiotherapy (CCRT) has been applied for the treatment of advanced stage of head and neck cancer patients. However CCRT is associated with several complications including mucositis, dermatitis, stomatitis, etc. This study was conducted to evaluate the therapeutic effect of systemically administrated recombinant human epidermal growth factor (rhEGF) in CCRT-induced oral mucositis in a mouse model. Oral mucositis was induced in male BALB/c mice through combination treatment with cisplatin (11 mg/kg, i.p.) and irradiation (17 Gy) of the head and neck area. rhEGF (1.0 mg/kg/day for consecutive 3 days) was administered systemically, and the therapeutic effect was determined by histological evaluation of the oral mucosa. To elucidate optimal dose of rhEGF on CCRT-induced mucositis, various concentrations (0.04-3 mg/kg) of rhEGF were injected for 3 days. Systemic rhEGF administration accelerated the recovery of body weight. Histologically, rhEGF-treated mice showed significantly increased epithelial cell layer thickness, basal cell number, and expression of Ki-67 compared to control mice. Most effective dose was 1 mg/kg among other doses tested. Systemic administration of 1 mg/kg of rhEGF reduces the severity of oral mucositis induced by CCRT in a mouse model, suggesting that rhEGF can be used for treating CCRT-induced mucositis during the cancer treatment.
Epidermal Growth Factor Induces CD44 Gene Expression through a Novel Regulatory Element in Mouse Fibroblasts (1997)

Growth factors coordinately regulate a variety of genes associated with pathological states including tumor invasion and metastasis. Overexpressed epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) on tumor cell surfaces is associated with enhanced cell attachment and migration into extracellular matrices, which promotes tumor aggressiveness. We have demonstrated that epidermal growth factor (EGF) up-regulates the cell surface adhesion molecule CD44 at both the mRNA and protein levels on mouse fibroblasts expressing full-length wild-type EGFR (NR6-WT) but not on EGFR-deficient cells (NR6-P). This increases cell attachment to hyaluronic acid. In this investigation, transcriptional regulation of CD44 by EGF was confirmed by defining an EGF-regulatory element. By employing human CD44 gene promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) constructs transfected into NR6-WT cells, EGF inducibility was observed within a 120-base pair (bp) DNA fragment located 450 bp upstream of the RNA initiation site. Differential EGF inducibility was found among different cell lines chosen, indicating a 3.2- and 1.8-fold enhancement in DU145 cells carrying exogenous wild-type EGFR and in MCF-7 cells, respectively, while minimal EGF induction was found in cervical cancer HeLa cells. Utilizing gel shift assays, a time-dependent increase of DNA-protein complex formation was found upon EGF stimulation in NR6-WT cells but not in NR6-P cells. Based upon these observations, a novel 22-bp EGF regulatory element (ERE) (5'--604CCCTCTCTCCAGCTCCTCTCCC-583-3') was isolated from the CD44 gene promoter. This ERE conferred DNA-protein binding ability in vitro, as well as the full functional recovery of EGF inducibility of CAT activity when linked to a homologous CD44 promoter or a SV40 promoter driving a CAT reporter gene. A two-base mutation of the ERE completely eliminated its binding activity as well as its EGF inducibility of CAT expression. Our studies indicate that EGF induces CD44 gene expression through an interaction between a specific ERE and putative novel transcriptional factor so as to regulate cell attachment to extracellular matrix.
Dynamic Analysis of Granular Battery Assembly (2014)

Collisions and impacts are an inevitable reality when it comes to commercial cars and vehicles, but as batteries become more prevalent it is vital to understand how they react dynamically and as a system to better protect both the passengers and toxic chemicals inside of the batteries. One potential solution is to surround these batteries with non-vital tubes that can be sacrificed and help protect the batteries. This study is done to understand the structure of batteries and to test how an assembly of sacrificing cells and batteries reacts in an impact situation to see if there is significant energy absorption to justify their use. Several methods were used to analyze the structures of both batteries and sacrificing tubes. First, the individual batteries and tubes underwent both static and dynamic testing. The force versus deflection was then found and from that the energy absorption could be calculated. It was found that the battery assembly absorbs significantly more energy than the base system; however, the thickness of the sacrificing tube plays a big role in the impact. If the tubes are too thin relative to the forces applied, then they are too easily deformable and act as a solid material. On the other hand, if they are too thick, then they will not deform fully. So it was found that depending on the forces involved, different tube thicknesses should be chosen. Additional work can be done on different assemblies at different forces and energies.
Multi-slice imAGe generation using intra-slice paraLLel imaging and Inter-slice shifting (MAGGULLI) (2016)

For acceleration of imaging time, multi-band imaging techniques (e.g. CAIPIRINHA) use the sensitivity differences of the multi-channel RF coils in the slice selection direction. To more effectively utilize the RF coil characteristics than the conventional multi-band imaging techniques, we propose a new imaging technique, called multi-slice image generation using intra-slice parallel imaging and inter-slice shifting (MAGGULLI). The proposed technique used an inter-slice shifting gradient in slice selection direction to make multi-slice images shift in the frequency encoding direction. Thus, aliasing caused by sub-sampling in the phase encoding direction is orthogonal to that by multi-band imaging with the inter-slice shifting, both of which are resolved by using the sensitivity information of the RF coil. Phantom and in vivo imaging experiments for the acceleration factors up to 10 demonstrate that the quality of the images reconstructed by MAGGULLI are better than that of CAIPIRINHA for high acceleration factors in the qualitative and quantitative analysis.
Activation of the Cholinergic Antiinflammatory Pathway Ameliorates Obesity-Induced Inflammation and Insulin Resistance (2011)

Obesity is associated with a chronic inflammatory state characterized by adipose tissue macrophage infiltration and inflammation, which contributes to insulin resistance. The cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway, which acts through the macrophage α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR), is important in innate immunity. Here we show that adipose tissue possesses a functional cholinergic signaling pathway. Activating this pathway by nicotine in genetically obese (db/db) and diet-induced obese mice significantly improves glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity without changes of body weight. This is associated with suppressed adipose tissue inflammation. In addition, macrophages from α7nAChR-/- [α7 knockout (α7KO)] mice have elevated proinflammatory cytokine production in response to free fatty acids and TNFα, known agents causing inflammation and insulin resistance. Nicotine significantly suppressed free fatty acid- and TNFα-induced cytokine production in wild type (WT), but not α7KO macrophages. These data suggest that α7nAChR is important in mediating the antiinflammatory effect of nicotine. Indeed, inactivating this pathway in α7KO mice results in significantly increased adipose tissue infiltration of classically activated M1 macrophages and inflammation in α7KO mice than their WT littermates. As a result, α7KO mice exhibit more severely impaired insulin sensitivity than WT mice without changes of body weight. These data suggest that the cholinergic antiinflammatory pathway plays an important role in obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance. Targeting this pathway may provide novel therapeutic benefits in the prevention and treatment of obesity-induced inflammation and insulin resistance.
Chapter 4 General clauses (2000)

: 4.1 Duty of care 4.2 Warranties for fitness for purpose 4.3 Absolute or strict obligations 4.4 Best endeavours 4.5 Timescale for professional services 4.6 Reliance 4.7 Deleterious/prohibited materials 4.8 Confidentiality 4.9 Key personnel 4.10 Client obligation to provide information and decisions
Controlled synthesis of CeO<sub>2</sub>nanorods by a solvothermal method (2005)

Pure phase CeO2 nanorods (about 40–50 nm in diameter and 0.3–2 µm in length) were synthesized through a solvothermal synthesis method. The addition of ethylenediamine is critical to obtain CeO2 nanorods. Other experimental conditions, such as the solvent composition, surfactant and the cerium source precursor were of importance in the final product morphology. The reaction temperature and reaction time also had significant influence on the yield of CeO2 nanorods. A possible formation mechanism of CeO2 nanorods was discussed mainly based on the dependences of controlling parameters on the final morphologies. In addition, the optical properties of CeO2 nanorods were investigated. The UV–visible adsorption spectrum and photoluminescence spectrum of the CeO2 nanorods showed unusual red-shift and enhanced light emission, respectively.
Chronic thalamic stimulation for the tremor of multiple sclerosis (1999)

The authors studied chronic high-frequency stimulation of the ventral intermediate nucleus of the thalamus (Vim) for controlling upper extremity tremor in patients with MS using MRI, CT, and microelectrode recordings and stimulation to locate optimal target sites. Fifteen patients underwent surgery. All patients had reduced tremor but developed tolerance requiring repeated programming of the stimulator. Benefit at optimal stimulator settings was maintained. Two patients experienced complications: intracerebral hematoma and MS exacerbation. Chronic high-frequency stimulation of Vim provides tremor reduction if patients have access to frequent stimulator adjustments. This surgery is relatively safe.
Microwave-Assisted Silver(I)-MediatedSelective O-Alkylation of Aromatic Imidate Systems (2009)

A novel microwave-assisted protocol has been developed for the selective O-alkylation of aromatic imidate systems with various halides under microwave irradiation using silver carbonate as the base. Products were obtained in short reaction time and in excellent yields.
Measuring Myelin Repair and Axonal Loss with Diffusion Tensor Imaging (2010)

We observed changes in DTI measures during 1 year in both gadolinium-enhancing lesions and NABT. The DTI results may represent possible remyelination within acute lesions and chronic axonal degeneration in NAWM. These results support the use of DTI as a measure of tissue integrity for studies of neuroprotective therapies.
Cloaking malware with the trusted platform module (2011)

The Trusted Platform Module (TPM) is commonly thought of as hardware that can increase platform security. However, it can also be used for malicious purposes. The TPM, along with other hardware, can implement a cloaked computation, whose memory state cannot be observed by any other software, including the operating system and hypervisor. We show that malware can use cloaked computations to hide essential secrets (like the target of an attack) from a malware analyst. We describe and implement a protocol that establishes an encryption key under control of the TPM that can only be used by a specific infection program. An infected host then proves the legitimacy of this key to a remote malware distribution platform, and receives and executes an encrypted payload in a way that prevents software visibility of the decrypted payload. We detail how malware can benefit from cloaked computations and discuss defenses against our protocol. Hardening legitimate uses of the TPM against attack improves the resilience of our malware, creating a Catch-22 for secure computing technology. 1
Interaction of proflavine with the RNA polynucleotide polyriboadenylic acid–polyribouridylic acid: photophysical and calorimetric studies (2019)

The binding of proflavine, an acriflavine derivative, with the RNA polynucletodide polyadenylic acid-polyuridylic acid is investigated here to understand the structural and thermodynamic basis of the binding process. Such binding data are crucial for designing viable theraperutic agents. Spectroscopic studies clearly suggest a strong binding interaction between proflavine and polyadenylic acid-polyuridylic acid leading to efficient energy transfer between the poly AU base pairs and proflavine. The stoichiometry of proflavine polyadenylic acid-polyuridylic acid binding was independently estimated by continuous variation analysis of Job. An intercalative binding model is envisaged for the binding from hydrodynamic studies. Circular dichroism experiments revealed that the binding induced conformational changes in the RNA, and also led to induction of optical activity in the bound dye molecules. The binding affinity of the complex was deduced to be (6.57 ± 0.75) 10<sup>5</sup> M<sup>-1</sup> at (298.15 ± 0.10) K from isothermal titration calorimetry experiment. Positive entropy and negative enthalpy changes characterized the complexation. The binding was observed to be weaker both at higher temperatures and increased [Na<sup>+</sup>]. The affinity of binding decreased with increasing [Na<sup>+</sup>]. When the Gibbs energy was parsed between polyelectrolytic and nonpolyelectropytic components, it surprisingly revealed a higher role for the non-polyelectrolytic forces. These results present new data for developing RNA targeted ligands.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
Scaling laws and vector effects in bandgap-guiding fibres (2004)

Scaling laws for photonic bandgaps in photonic crystal fibres are described. Although only strictly valid for small refractive index contrast, they successfully identify corresponding features in structures with large index contrast. Furthermore, deviations from the scaling laws distinguish features that are vector phenomena unique to electromagnetic waves from those that would be expected for generic scalar waves.
Regioselective Friedel–Crafts acylation of 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine and related nitrogen heterocycles (1994)

It is revealed that NH-protected 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine 4 is acylated on C-8 with greater than 95% regioselectivity. This regioselectivity has been applied to the synthesis of 3-(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)-1-(2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepin-8-yl)propan-1-one 3a, an inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The regioselectivities of the acylation of the following nitrogen heterocycles have also been studied: 4-formyl-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,4-benzoxazepine 6, 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepin-3-one 7, 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-3-benzazepin-2-one 8, 7,11b,12,13-tetrahydro-5H-isoindolo[2,1-b][2]benzazepin-7-one 9 and 6,7,9,13b-tetrahydro-5H-isoindolo[1,2-a][2]benzazepin-9-one 10. A molecular orbital (MO) calculation on the Lewis acid coordinated substrates has been used for predicting regioselectivity.
Influence of <i>gag</i> on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Species-Specific Tropism (2004)

The narrow host range of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is due in part to dominant acting restriction factors in humans (Ref1) and monkeys (Lv1). Here we show that gag encodes determinants of species-specific lentiviral infection, related in part to such restriction factors. Interaction between capsid and host cyclophilin A (CypA) protects HIV-1 from restriction in human cells but is essential for maximal restriction in simian cells. We show that sequence variation between HIV-1 isolates leads to variation in sensitivity to restriction factors in human and simian cells. We present further evidence for the importance of target cell CypA over CypA packaged in virions, specifically in the context of gp160 pseudotyped HIV-1 vectors. We also show that sensitivity to restriction is controlled by an H87Q mutation in the capsid, implicated in the immune control of HIV-1, possibly linking immune and innate control of HIV-1 infection.
Psychoanalysis: Science or nonscience (1986)

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Structural Transformations in the Decomposition of Mg(OH) <sub>2</sub> and MgCO <sub>3</sub> (1987)

A transmission electron microscopy study has been carried out to understand the structural transformation mechanisms of decomposition of Mg(OH) 2 and MgCO 3 under vacuum. Both Mg(OH) 2 and MgCO 3 decompose topotactically to yield porous pseudomorphic MgO of normal structure with definite orientation relationships. The decomposition of Mg(OH) 2 yields MgO with a single orientation relationship, but that of MgCO 3 leads to one major and two minor orientation relationships with two, six, and three variants, respectively. The major orientation relationships in the formation of 2‐ to 3‐nm cubic MgO particles are discussed in terms of a correlation between oxygen octahedra in the reactant solids. The small cubic MgO particles may aggregate spontaneously to reduce the excess surface energy and result in minute cracks.
Spin-exchange optical pumping of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mmultiscripts><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">He</mml:mi><mml:mprescripts/><mml:none/><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mmultiscripts></mml:math>with Rb-K mixtures and pure K (2007)

We have studied the efficiency of spin-exchange optical pumping (SEOP) in cells that contain either pure rubidium, mixtures of rubidium and potassium, or pure potassium. Optical pumping was performed with spectrally narrowed diode array lasers operating at either the wavelength of the Rb $5{s}_{1∕2}\ensuremath{-}5{p}_{1∕2}$ transition $(795\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})$ or the K $4{s}_{1∕2}\ensuremath{-}4{p}_{1∕2}$ transition $(770\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm})$. Calculations of the expected efficiency are shown for practical conditions and compared to measurements. We have measured the vapor density ratio in Rb-K mixture cells using absorption of white light. Our focus is on the conditions that are relevant for neutron spin filters, but the results are relevant to all applications of SEOP. We find that both Rb-K and pure K cells yield improvements in the spin-exchange efficiency, and each approach has its own advantages. Overall, the best results for high polarizing rate with high polarization were obtained with mixture cells with K-Rb vapor density ratios between 2 and 6.
Homogeneous catalysis. Use of a ruthenium(II) complex for catalysing the ene reaction (1998)

W. W. Ellis and W. Odenkirk, Chem. Commun., 1998, 1311 DOI: 10.1039/A801215F
Deliberate Expansion 3 (2004)

Abstract The justification of deliberate expansion is the topic of this chapter, and it is argued that any possible expansion should be assessed with respect to two desiderata: the enquirer should seek to avoid error by adding new information that is false; and the enquirer should seek to acquire new, valuable information. The ways in which the legitimacy of an inductive expansion is heavily dependant on contextual parameters are set out, and five such parameters are identified. The notions of “degrees of surprise” and “degrees of belief” (plausibility) are defined and discussed.