gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) guidelines for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2002)

The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) was developed recently to unify international efforts in the management of the disease. The most important GOLD objective is raising awareness that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is an increasing health problem. The first step in the GOLD program was to prepare a consensus report, named "Global Strategy for the Diagnosis, Management, and Prevention of COPD," based on best-validated evidence and current pathogenetic and clinical knowledge. It encourages implementation of effective strategies for prevention, diagnosis, and management of the disease in all countries, and emphasizes the importance of renewed research initiatives.
Implementation of a miniaturised antenna array with predefined orthogonal radiation patterns (2006)

This paper describes the realisation of an antenna array system consisting of three, quarter-wavelength spaced, monopoles and a passive network. This compact planar network decouples and matches the antenna array, in order to prevent gain reduction. At the same time, the network forms orthogonal radiation patterns at the system ports, which divide the space into three different sections. The described system promises switched beam applications in small mobile platforms, where lack of space and processing power prevents the use of conventional antenna arrays.
Transformer design considerations for mitigating geomagnetic induced saturation (1999)

This paper shows that the placement of an auxiliary winding, used to compensate for GIC, significantly influences its rating and that of the associated DC power supply. This paper considers stresses in a banked step-up transformer under system fault conditions. Finite element simulations using the commercially available software package Magnet 5.2 are used to calculate the magnetic flux density distribution and the induced winding voltage per turn under the worst case condition of a short circuited high voltage winding. The variation in the induced voltage is greater if the winding is moved up from its optimal position and less if the auxiliary winding is moved towards the geometric centre of the transformer.
An Efficient Synthesis of 4(S)-Hydroxycyclopent-2-enone (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAn Efficient Synthesis of 4(S)-Hydroxycyclopent-2-enoneSubhash P. Khanapure, Nahid Najafi, Sukumar Manna, Jing-Jing Yang, and Joshua RokachCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 23, 7548–7551Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00128a029https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00128a029research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1903Altmetric-Citations38LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Impact of Species Diversity on the Design of RNA-Based Diagnostics for Antibiotic Resistance in <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i> (2019)

Quantitative assessment of antibiotic-responsive RNA transcripts holds promise for a rapid point-of-care (POC) diagnostic tool for antimicrobial susceptibility testing. These assays aim to distinguish susceptible and resistant isolates by transcriptional differences upon drug exposure. However, an often-overlooked dimension of designing these tests is that the genetic diversity within a species may yield differential transcriptional regulation independent of resistance phenotype. Here, we use a phylogenetically diverse panel of <i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i> and transcriptome profiling coupled with reverse transcription-quantitative PCR to test this hypothesis, to identify azithromycin responsive transcripts and evaluate their potential diagnostic value, and to evaluate previously reported diagnostic markers for ciprofloxacin resistance (<i>porB</i> and <i>rpmB</i>). Transcriptome profiling confirmed evidence of genetic distance and population structure impacting transcriptional response to azithromycin. Taking this into account, we found azithromycin-responsive transcripts overrepresented in susceptible strains compared to resistant strains and selected four candidate diagnostic transcripts (<i>rpsO</i>, <i>rplN</i>, <i>omp3</i>, and NGO1079) that were the most significantly differentially regulated between phenotypes across drug exposure. RNA signatures for these markers categorically predicted resistance in 19/20 cases, with the one incorrect categorical assignment for an isolate at the threshold of reduced susceptibility. Finally, we found that <i>porB</i> and <i>rpmB</i> expression were not uniformly diagnostic of ciprofloxacin resistance in a panel of isolates with unbiased phylogenetic sampling. Overall, our results suggest that RNA signatures as a diagnostic tool are promising for future POC diagnostics; however, development and testing should consider representative genetic diversity of the target pathogen.
SELECTIVE S-ALKYLATION IN PHASE TRANSFER CATALYSIS OF 2-PYRIDINE-, -PYRIMIDINE- AND BENZOXAZOLE-THIONE (1977)

Abstract Alkylation via phase transfer catalysis of several ambident anions of the |N–C–S|− type leads exclusively to S-substitution. Yields obtained are better or equal to those given by conventional methods and experimental work-up is very much simplified compared to the latter.
Molecular signatures for diagnosis of infection: application of microarray technology (2003)

Technological developments such as microarray-based DNA, RNA and protein detection have opened new fields in genomics and proteomics. This review aims to highlight the potential value and limitation of this methodology to design and extract signature-based diagnostic markers for infectious disease.
Haemolytic effects of exercise (1992)

1. Exercise-induced haemolysis has been implicated in the sub-optimal iron status of endurance-trained athletes. Accordingly, erythrocyte survival studies using 51Cr were performed on male and female distance runners (n = 20) and sedentary control subjects (n = 10) in order to determine whether the rate of erythrocyte destruction was altered as a consequence of repetitive exercise training. 2. The chromium half-disappearance time of the male (25.4 +/- 3.6 days, mean +/- SD) but not the female (28.3 +/- 4.6 days) athletes was significantly lower than that of the male (33.1 +/- 4.5 days) and female (32.3 +/- 2.6 days) control subjects (P less than 0.01). The mean erythrocyte lifespan of the male and female distance runners (67.2 +/- 22.2 and 72.4 +/- 26.0 days, respectively) was significantly shorter than that of the non-exercising male and female subjects (113.4 +/- 31.0 and 114.1 +/- 29.0 days, respectively) (P less than 0.01). 3. There was no correlation between the mean erythrocyte lifespan and the haemoglobin concentration, serum ferritin levels, body mass, weekly training distance, number of years running or daily protein intake. The mean cell volume and reticulocyte count measured in the same athletes before and after completing a standard 42 km marathon race were within the normal range, whereas the plasma haemoglobin levels were elevated (77.0 +/- 50.5 mg/l) and the serum haptoglobin levels were decreased (0.89 +/- 0.4 g/l) at rest, with a further significant decrease after running (0.69 +/- 0.4 g/l) in the latter measurement (P less than 0.05). 4. It is concluded that the demonstrated increase in erythrocyte turnover may be sufficient to precipitate an iron deficiency in endurance athletes when dietary intake or absorption does not meet the accelerated erythropoietic demands.
Human trophoblast cells express CD4 and are permissive for productive infection with HIV-1 (1992)

The European collaborative study of HIV-infected pregnant women in Europe now indicates a 13% risk of fetal HIV infection (originally thought to be about 30%, and possibly higher in some countries). Several reports suggest trans-placental passage. However, the detailed mechanisms associated with such vertical transmission have not yet been clarified. We have examined the possibility that HIV enters placental tissue from maternal blood via binding to CD4 and Fc receptors (FcR) at the trophoblast level, allowing intraplacental infection. Here we report the detection of several FcR with distinct localization in the placental villus as well as CD4 surface expression on human trophoblast cells. In addition, we show that trophoblastic cells interact specifically with the gp120/gp160 viral envelope protein. By their tissue localization, these receptors could be responsible for the entry of HIV into the fetal placental cells. Furthermore, purified placental cells can be directly infected by HIV in vitro, and the infection is inhibited by soluble CD4. This suggests a crucial role of the CD4 receptor but an additional way of entry cannot be excluded. Such an in vitro model may be suitable for further studies concerning placental HIV transmission and its prevention.
Tyre pressure monitoring using a dynamical model-based estimator (2015)

In the last few years, various control systems have been investigated in the automotive field with the aim of increasing the level of safety and stability, avoid roll-over, and customise handling characteristics. One critical issue connected with their integration is the lack of state and parameter information. As an example, vehicle handling depends to a large extent on tyre inflation pressure. When inflation pressure drops, handling and comfort performance generally deteriorate. In addition, it results in an increase in fuel consumption and in a decrease in lifetime. Therefore, it is important to keep tyres within the normal inflation pressure range. This paper introduces a model-based approach to estimate online tyre inflation pressure. First, basic vertical dynamic modelling of the vehicle is discussed. Then, a parameter estimation framework for dynamic analysis is presented. Several important vehicle parameters including tyre inflation pressure can be estimated using the estimated states. This method aims to work during normal driving using information from standard sensors only. On the one hand, the driver is informed about the inflation pressure and he is warned for sudden changes. On the other hand, accurate estimation of the vehicle states is available as possible input to onboard control systems.
Effects of dialyzable leukocyte extracts with transfer factor activity on leukocyte migration in vitro. 1. Antigen-dependent inhibition and antigen-independent inhibition and enhancement of migration. (1979)

The effects of DLE containing TFd activity from immune human donors on PBL, obtained from individuals nonresponsive to either PPD or Cocci antigen, were evaluated in vitro by the agarose LMl technique. Several different preparations of DLE were employed to evaluate the specificity and reproducibility of the effects: (1) from donors skin test positive to PPD but negative to Cocci, (2) from donors skin test negative to PPD but positive to Cocci, (3) from donors skin test positive to both antigens, and (4) from donors skin test negative to both antigens. With PBL from other human donors used as target cells in the direct agarose LMi technique, three types of effects were demonstrated for all preparations of DLE: (1) antigen-dependent specific LMl, (2) antigen-independent or nonspecific LMl, and (3) antigen-independent enhancement of migration. The demonstration of each activity was found to depend on the concentration of DLE used and the time allowed for migration. In experiments employing purified PMN and MNL as target cells and a two-step indirect LMl assay, it was shown that the antigen-independent effects resulted from the direct of components in DLE on PMN. The antigen-independent inhibition was shown not to result from toxic effects of DLE. It was produced by DLE but not by dialyzable liver or skin extracts when tested using an amount equivalent to DLE as judged by the absorbance at 260 and 280 nm. The antigen-dependent LMl was found to require secretion of a soluble mediator of molecular weight near 69,000, believed to be LMl. Our results indicate that the agarose LMl technique is a useful in vitro assay for studies of the mechanism of action of components in DLE which can specifically convert nonimmune lymphocytes to a measurable antigen-sensitive state (i.e., transfer factor). The antigen-independent effects of DLE may be responsible in part for previously reported nonspecific beneficial effects of DLE when used in immunotherapy.
Molecular Structure and Biological Activity of Steroids (2018)

Focuses on the identification of steroid structural features that control particular biological effects. Steroid geometry plays a critical role in steroid activity, therefore the results of X-ray crystallographic, NMR spectroscopic and theoretical studies on structure-activity relationships form an integral part of the book. Well-established observations and proposed models are presented, summarizing knowledge of molecular features that can effect steroid action.
Photonic switching applications of 2-D and 3-D crossover networks based on 2-input, 2-output switching nodes (1991)

Optical implementations of both 2-D and 3-D crossover networks are described, and we show that these networks can be used for connecting multiple stages of 2-input, 2-output switching elements. We also show that simple conversion steps can be used to convert 2-D crossover networks into 3-D crossover networks. Both network types can be implemented with low loss optical imaging systems, and we show that the same optics can be used to implement the intranode connections and the internode for various types of 2-input, 2-output switching elements. In addition, we discuss the difficulties that arise when the same optical hardware is applied to switching elements of larger dimensionality.
Hibernation during Hypoxia in Cardiomyocytes (1998)

During myocardial hibernation, decreases in coronary perfusion elicit inhibition of contraction, suggesting that energy demand is attenuated. We previously found an inhibition of contraction and O2 consumption during hypoxia (3% O2; PO2 = 20 torr for >2 h) in cardiomyocytes, which was reversible after reoxygenation. This study sought to determine whether mitochondria function as cellular O2 sensors mediating this response. Embryonic cardiomyocytes were studied under controlled O2 conditions. Hypoxia produced no acute decrease in mitochondrial potential as assessed using tetramethylrhodamine ethylester (TMRE). Cellular [ATP] was preserved throughout hypoxia, as assessed using the probe Magnesium Green. Thus, ATP synthesis and utilization remained closely coupled. Cells adapted to hypoxia for >2 h exhibited a 4% increase in mitochondrial potential upon reoxygenation, suggesting that a partial inhibition of cytochrome c oxidase had existed. To test whether the oxidase serves as an O2 sensor, azide was administered (1 mM) to simulate the effects of hypoxia by lowering the Vmax of the oxidase. The effects of azide on contraction and mitochondrial potential mimicked the response to hypoxia. We conclude that partial inhibition of cytochrome oxidase during hypoxia allows mitochondria to function as the O2 sensor mediating the decreases in ATP utilization and O2 consumption during hypoxia.
The Influence of Chain Length and Base Composition on the Specific Association of Oligoribonucleotides with Denatured Deoxyribonucleic Acid (1969)

Abstract RNA made in vitro on a DNA (from T2, T3, T4, or T7 phage) template was subjected to a limited digestion with ribonuclease T1 and fractionated according to chain length. The oligonucleotides of various chain lengths were annealed at various temperatures to denatured DNAs immobilized on membrane filters. In the absence of Mg++, a chain length of 10 or more ribonucleotides is required to form a ribonuclease-resistant complex with denatured DNA. In the presence of Mg++, oligonucleotides as small as octanucleotides can form a detectable complex with denatured DNA. The shortest oligonucleotides capable of forming a complex with denatured DNA do so with a high degree of specificity for species; oligonucleotides produced from T-even phage DNAs will form a complex only with T-even DNAs, not with T-odd DNAs, and vice versa. The expression of heterology between the T-even and T-odd phage DNAs seems to occur on passing from a chain length of 9 to 10. As expected, the temperatures for optimum complex formation and the melting temperatures of the oligoribonucleotide-denatured DNA complexes increase with the chain length of the oligonucleotides. When chain length is constant, these temperatures are considerably higher for the oligonucleotides produced from T-odd phage DNAs than for those produced from T-even ones, suggesting that the former oligonucleotides, having higher guanine + cytosine contents, form complexes that are considerably more stable than those formed by the latter.
Review of Canadian Airborne and Space Activities in Hyperspectral Remote Sensing (2002)

This paper reviews Canadian airborne and spaceborne hyperspectral Earth observation (EO) activities. Civilian uses for hyperspectral imaging include agriculture, environment, fisheries (including aquaculture), forestry, geoscience, disaster mitigation, and other areas. Canadian progress in applications development, space technology, and ground processing and analysis is discussed. Current and future hyperspectral satellite missions are listed, along with Canadian participation. The paper concludes by outlining the Canadian Space Agency's current plans to develop a spaceborne hyperspectral imager.
Hyperpolarized 3He Ventilation Defects and Apparent Diffusion Coefficients in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (2007)

ADC values for emphysematous lungs were significantly increased compared with healthy lungs in age-matched subjects, and all values were comparable to those reported previously at 1.5 Tesla. Ventilation defect score and ventilation defect volume results were also comparable to results previously reported in COPD subjects Reproducibility of ADC for same-day scan-rescan and 7-day rescan was high and similar to previously reported results.
Hormone Replacement Therapy and Cognition: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2001)

ContextSome observational data suggest that hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
may reduce the risk of cognitive decline and dementia but results have been
conflicting.ObjectiveTo review and evaluate studies of HRT for preventing cognitive decline
and dementia in healthy postmenopausal women.Data SourcesStudies with English-language abstracts identified in MEDLINE (1966-August
2000), HealthSTAR (1975-August 2000, PsychINFO (1984-August 2000); Cochrane
Library databases; and articles listed in reference lists of key articles.Study SelectionRandomized controlled trials and cohort studies were reviewed for the
effects of HRT on cognitive decline; cohort and case-control studies were
reviewed for dementia risk. No randomized controlled trials regarding dementia
risk were identified.Data ExtractionTwenty-nine studies met inclusion criteria and were rated. Two reviewers
rated study quality independently and 100% agreement was reached on Jadad
scores and 80% agreement was reached on US Preventive Services Task Force
quality scores. A final score was reached through consensus if reviewers disagreed.Data SynthesisStudies of cognition were not combined quantitatively because of heterogeneous
study design. Women symptomatic from menopause had improvements in verbal
memory, vigilance, reasoning, and motor speed, but no enhancement of other
cognitive functions. Generally, no benefits were observed in asymptomatic
women. A meta-analysis of observational studies suggested that HRT was associated
with a decreased risk of dementia (summary odds ratio, 0.66; 95% confidence
interval, 0.53-0.82). However, possible biases and lack of control for potential
confounders limit interpretation of these studies. Studies did not contain
enough information to assess adequately the effects of progestin use, various
estrogen preparations or doses, or duration of therapy.ConclusionsIn women with menopausal symptoms, HRT may have specific cognitive effects,
and future studies should target these effects. The meta-analysis found a
decreased risk of dementia in HRT users but most studies had important methodological
limitations.
Emergence of intraembryonic hematopoietic precursors in the pre-liver human embryo (1999)

Hepatic hematopoiesis in the mouse embryo is preceded by two hematopoietic waves, one in the yolk sac, and the other in the paraaortic splanchnopleura, the presumptive aorta-gonad-mesonephros region that gives rise to prenatal and postnatal blood stem cells. An homologous intraembryonic site of stem cell emergence was previously identified at 5 weeks of human gestation, when hundreds of CD34(++ )Lin- high-proliferative potential hematopoietic cells border the aortic endothelium in the preumbilical region. In the present study, we have combined immunohistochemistry, semithin section histology, fluorescence-activated cell sorting and blood cell culture in an integrated study of incipient hematopoiesis in the human yolk sac, truncal arteries and embryonic liver from 21 to 58 days of development. The chronology of blood precursor cell emergence in these distinct tissues suggests a pivotal role in the settlement of liver hematopoiesis of endothelium-associated stem cell clusters, which emerge not only in the dorsal aorta but also in the vitelline artery. Anatomic features and in vitro functionality indicate that stem cells develop intrinsically to embryonic artery walls from a presumptive territory whose blood-forming potential exists from at least 24 days of gestation.
Properties of Catalyst Layers Prepared by Electrospray Deposition (2009)

Catalyst layers composed of Pt/C catalyst with ionomer (NafionR), for proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) electrodes, have been prepared by electrospray deposition. Relevant properties for electrochemical fuel cell reactions are studied, related with total surface area (BET), platinum electroactive area, and single cell testing. Studies of surface area show lower values on electrospray deposited layers, compared with layers prepared by other methods (airbrush). It appears that a higher proportion of mesopores is filled with the ionomer, which reflects closer interaction between the ionomer and the catalyst aggregates. On the other hand, the electrochemical active area of Pt/C electrosprayed films shows values above those of films deposited by other common techniques or commercial electrodes. Electrode testing as cathodes in single cells shows better performance of electrosprayed layers due to lower electrode resistance, as a consequence of the improved distribution and interaction of the ionomer film among Pt/C catalyst aggregates.