gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rolling and transient tethering of leukocytes on antibodies reveal specializations of selectins (1997)

Antibodies immobilized on the wall of a flow chamber can support leukocyte rolling in shear flow. IgM mAb to Lewis(x) (CD15) and sialyl Lewis(x) (CD15s), which are carbohydrate antigens related to selectin ligands, plus mAb to CD48 and CD59, could mediate rolling. IgM and IgG mAb to L-selectin (CD62L), lymphocyte function-associated antigen 1 (CD11a), CD43, intercellular adhesion molecule 3 (CD50), and CD45 mediated only firm adhesion. In contrast to selectins, antibodies supported rolling only within a restricted range of site densities and wall shear stresses, outside of which firm adhesion or detachment occurred. When wall shear stress was increased, rolling velocity increased rapidly for antibodies but not for selectins. The kinetics of dissociation from the substrate of transiently tethered cells also increased more rapidly as a function of shear stress for antibodies than for selectins. These comparisons emphasize a number of remarkable features of selectins, including the lack of development of firm adhesion, and suggest that specialized molecular or cellular mechanisms must be required to explain their ability to support rolling over a wide range of environmental variables.
Advances in the laboratory diagnosis of prosthetic joint infection (2003)

Prosthetic joint implant surgery (arthroplasty) provides restoration of movement to almost half a million people each year in the USA, with major health and economic benefits. While the majority of recipients experience dramatic relief of preoperative pain at the arthroplasty site, some prostheses fail to achieve this result. This is most commonly the result of aseptic biomechanical failure or prosthetic joint infection (PJI), both of which are associated with significant morbidity. Because the management of PJI differs from that of aseptic failure, it is important to accurately differentiate these two entities. Current laboratory methods for diagnosis of PJI depend on isolation of a pathogen by culture from a clinical specimen (e.g., synovial fluid, periprosthetic tissue). However, as PJI is typically a low organism burden and focal infection caused by commensal micro-organisms, these methods have neither ideal sensitivity nor ideal specificity. Therefore, culture-independent molecular methods have been used to improve the diagnosis of PJI. In the research setting, detection of 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) by polymerase chain reaction has been the prime focus of the molecular diagnosis of PJI. In this article, advantages and limitations of conventional and molecular methods for the laboratory diagnosis of PJI are reviewed, as is the use of methods that may improve detection of organisms in the biofilm environment. The diagnosis of PJI remains challenging and a rapid, sensitive and specific method is needed for appropriate surgical and medical treatment decisions in the growing arthroplasty population.
ELECTROSTATIC ACTUATORS WITH MECHANICAL BRAKES (2004)

New DRIE actuator systems have been developed which use a high-force, linear actuator to wrap a flexible brake band around the rigid brake shoe of a large-deflection, rotary actuator. The brake can hold the rotary actuator at any arbitrary location within its full range of travel. A third actuator may be used to engage a pair of locking pins in order to keep the brake motor extended in the event of a power failure. The 100 increase in rotational stiffness after the brake is applied raises the fundamental resonant frequency by more than an order of magnitude, enabling precision optical adjustments over a large tuning range in the presence of external shock and vibration.
Decoding real-number convolutional codes: change detection, Kalman estimation (1997)

Convolutional codes which employ real-number symbols are difficult to decode because of the size of the alphabet and the numerical and roundoff noise inherent in arithmetic operations. Such codes find applications in both channel coding for communication systems and in fault-tolerance support for signal processing subsystems. A new method for error correction based on optimum mean-square recursive Kalman estimation techniques incorporates time-varying models for the system and associated disruptive noise sources. The underlying common model for communications and fault tolerance applications assumes the system operates nominally with low levels of channel or numerical and roundoff noise, occasionally experiencing temporarily larger noise statistics. A time-varying Kalman estimation structure which uses single-step and fixed-lag smoothing predictors can correct errors to within the nominal low-noise levels. Correction actions may be activated only when larger activity is detected, so methods for detecting possible error situations are developed. However, misdetection is not a serious problem because the Kalman correction methods only track significant errors in the data. Two activity detection techniques are examined; one is based on likelihood ratio tests while another uses clipped samples and binary pattern matching. Several examples showing simulated mean-square error performance and decoded waveforms from error injection experiments are presented.
A single-stage bidirectional dual-active-bridge AC-DC converter based on enhancement mode GaN power transistor (2018)

This paper presents a high step-down ratio single-stage AC-DC converter based on GaN HEMT and dual-active-bridge (DAB) topology. The dual-phase-shift (DPS) modulation and variable-frequency (VF) modulation control strategy are adopted to realize zero voltage switching (ZVS) over wide input voltage range and load conditions. Compared with conventional two-stage AC-DC converter, the elimination of DC link capacitor, protective relay and single power conversion stage enables a high efficiency and higher power density solution for energy storage applications. In addition, ZVS range of both buck and boost mode is fully analyzed in this paper. A 240 V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">rTOS</sub> AC-48V DC, 80-250 kHz prototype was developed to verify the novel converter.
Surgically Returning to Randomized lib(c) (2009)

To strengthen systems against code injection attacks, the write or execute only policy (W¿X) and address space layout randomization (ASLR) are typically used in combination. The former separates data and code, while the latter randomizes the layout of a process. In this paper we present a new attack to bypass W¿X and ASLR. The state-of-the-art attack against this combination of protections is based on brute-force, while ours is based on the leakage of sensitive information about the memory layout of the process. Using our attack an attacker can exploit the majority of programs vulnerable to stack-based buffer overflows surgically, i.e., in a single attempt. We have estimated that our attack is feasible on 95.6% and 61.8% executables (of medium size) for Intel x86 and x86-64 architectures, respectively. We also analyze the effectiveness of other existing protections at preventing our attack. We conclude that position independent executables (PIE) are essential to complement ASLR and to prevent our attack. However, PIE requires recompilation, it is often not adopted even when supported, and it is not available on all ASLR-capable operating systems. To overcome these limitations, we propose a new protection that is as effective as PIE, does not require recompilation, and introduces only a minimal overhead.
A sacrificial layer approach to highly laminated magnetic cores (2003)

The incorporation of laminations into micromachined magnetic components has the potential to reduce eddy current losses induced in the cores of these components. This paper reports a manufacturing technique for the fabrication of highly laminated cores. The approach is based on an alternating, conformal sequential electroplating of layers of NiFe and Cu, followed by selective sacrificial etching of the Cu. Since the copper sacrificial interlayer is itself conducting, it can act as a plating base for the subsequent deposition of NiFe without the necessity of multiple vacuum steps, multiple coating of insulating layers, or multiple photolithography steps. Highly laminated structures can therefore be achieved merely by alternating plating baths during fabrication, followed by selective removal of the Cu layers to provide electrical insulation between the magnetic layers. The fabrication approach can be readily adapted to a wide range of core geometries. To illustrate the improvements in magnetic properties achievable using this technique, the magnetic core fabrication technology has been successfully combined with integrated solenoid-like coils in order to fabricate a complete integrated inductor, which has been designed to operate in the low MHz range for power conversion applications. Inductors with highly laminated cores fabricated using the sacrificial layer approach exhibit quality factors exceeding those of unlaminated core devices by a factor of 2-3 at a frequency of 1 MHz.
Optimizing polynomials for floating-point implementation (2008)

The floating-point implementation of a function on an interval often reduces to polynomial approximation, the polynomial being typically provided by Remez algorithm. However, the floating-point evaluation of a Remez polynomial sometimes leads to catastrophic cancellations. This happens when some of the polynomial coefficients are very small in magnitude with respects to others. In this case, it is better to force these coefficients to zero, which also reduces the operation count. This technique, classically used for odd or even functions, may be generalized to a much larger class of functions. An algorithm is presented that forces to zero the smaller coefficients of the initial polynomial thanks to a modified Remez algorithm targeting an incomplete monomial basis. One advantage of this technique is that it is purely numerical, the function being used as a numerical black box. This algorithm is implemented within a larger polynomial implementation tool that is demonstrated on a range of examples, resulting in polynomials with less coefficients than those obtained the usual way.
The Selective Halogenation of Methylhydropolysiloxanes : Syntheses of Methylhalopolysiloxanes and Their Derivatives (1965)

Abstract Bromine was utilized in the presence of stoichiometric amount of pyridine to brominate silanic hydrogen of methylhydropolysiloxanes. Methylbromopolysiloxanes thus obtained and methylchloropolysiloxanes prepared from photo-chlorination of methylhydropolysiloxanes were hydrolyzed with or without methylchlorosilanes to yield new methylhydroxypolysiloxanes and branched methylpoly siloxanes. Preparation of methylhydrocyclopentasiloxanes was also reported.
Passive immunization against tumor necrosis factor partially abrogates interleukin 2 toxicity. (1989)

Passive immunization against TNF allowed non-tumor-bearing C3H/HEN mice and tumor-bearing C57BL/6 mice to tolerate significantly more doses of IL-2 before death (p less than 0.005 and p less than 0.001, respectively). The antitumor effect of IL-2 against both 3-d and 10-d pulmonary metastases was maintained in mice treated concurrently with neutralizing antibodies to TNF. In one experiment with 10-d pulmonary metastases, increased administration of IL-2 made possible by passive immunization against TNF significantly improved the antitumor response compared to equitoxic doses of IL-2 and control antibody. The results indicate that TNF is a mediator of IL-2 toxicity but contributes minimally to the antitumor effects of IL-2. Strategies to inhibit TNF may improve the therapeutic index of IL-2 as a neoplastic agent.
Enzymic Synthesis of Indole-3-Acetyl-1-<i>O</i>-β-d-Glucose (1988)

The synthesis of indole-3-acetyl-1-O-beta-D-glucose from indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and uridine diphosphoglucose (UDPG) has been shown to be a reversible reaction with the equilibrium away from ester formation and toward formation of IAA. The enzyme occurs primarily in the liquid endosperm of the corn kernel but some activity occurs in the embryo. It is relatively specific showing no glucose ester formation with oxindole-3-acetic acid or 7-hydroxy-oxindole-3-acetic acid, and low activity with phenylpropene acids, such as rho-coumaric acid. The enzyme is also specific for the nucleotide sugar showing no activity with UDPGalactose or UDPXylose. The enzyme is inhibited by inorganic pyrophosphate, by phosphate esters and by phospholipids, particularly phosphatidyl ethanolamine. The enzyme is inhibited by zeatin, by 2,4-dichlorophenoxy-acetic acid, by IAA-myo-inositol and IAA-glucan, but not by zeatin riboside, and only weakly by gibberellic acid, abscisic acid and kinetin. The reaction is slightly stimulated by both calcium and calmodulin and, in some cases, by thiol compounds. The role of this enzyme in the homeostatic control of indole-3-acetic acid levels in Zea mays is discussed.
Integral Sliding-Mode Direct Torque Control of Doubly-Fed Induction Generators Under Unbalanced Grid Voltage (2009)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> An integral sliding-mode direct torque control (ISM-DTC) scheme with space-vector modulation for wind-energy conversion systems based on doubly-fed induction generators (DFIGs) under unbalanced grid voltage is proposed. The torque and power pulsations at twice the grid frequency caused by unbalanced grid voltage can be minimized by the proposed ISM-DTC scheme. Compared with existing control schemes of DFIGs under unbalanced grid voltage, the parametric uncertainties are included into the design procedure of sliding-mode controller, which guarantees the robustness of the controller. Because the torque and reactive power are directly controlled by the rotor voltage, the measurement, coordinate transformation, and symmetrical component extraction of rotor current are eliminated, which simplifies the structure of the controller. Simulation and hardware implementation results validate the effect and parametric robustness of the proposed ISM-DTC scheme. </para>
The 39 Steps: A Cautionary Tale of Quantitative 3-D Fluorescence Microscopy (2000)

The new BioImaging column of BioTechniques will feature short articles devoted to microscopy and digital imaging.The subject matter will address details of the methods used to produce images of cells and tissues at any magnification and resolution, and might include "tricks-of-the-trade", novel methods of specimen preparation, practices of image collection, tips on the digital manipulation and publication of images and historical perspectives.
Identification of a new, abundant superfamily of mammalian LTR-transposons (1993)

A new superfamily of mammalian transposable genetic elements is described with an estimated 40,000 to 100,000 members in both primate and rodent genomes. Sequences known before as MT, ORR-1, MstII, MER15 and MER18 are shown to represent (part of) the long terminal repeats of retrotransposon-like elements related to THE1 in humans. These transposons have structural similarities to retroviruses. However, the putative product of a 1350 base pair open reading frame detected in the consensus internal sequence of THE1 does not resemble retroviral proteins. The elements are named 'Mammalian apparent LTR-retrotransposons' (MaLRs). The internal sequence is usually found to be excised. Their presence in rodents, artiodactyls, lagomorphs, and primates, the divergence of the individual elements from their consensus, and the existence of a probably orthologous element in mouse and man suggest that the first MaLRs were distributed before the radiation of eutherian mammals 80-100 million years ago. MaLRs may prove to be very helpful in determining the evolutionary branching pattern of mammalian orders and suborders.
Effect of Aspirin on Vascular and Nonvascular Outcomes (2012)

Despite important reductions in nonfatal MI, aspirin prophylaxis in people without prior CVD does not lead to reductions in either cardiovascular death or cancer mortality. Because the benefits are further offset by clinically important bleeding events, routine use of aspirin for primary prevention is not warranted and treatment decisions need to be considered on a case-by-case basis.
Compatibility of H9N2 avian influenza surface genes and 2009 pandemic H1N1 internal genes for transmission in the ferret model (2011)

In 2009, a novel H1N1 influenza (pH1N1) virus caused the first influenza pandemic in 40 y. The virus was identified as a triple reassortant between avian, swine, and human influenza viruses, highlighting the importance of reassortment in the generation of viruses with pandemic potential. Previously, we showed that a reassortant virus composed of wild-type avian H9N2 surface genes in a seasonal human H3N2 backbone could gain efficient respiratory droplet transmission in the ferret model. Here we determine the ability of the H9N2 surface genes in the context of the internal genes of a pH1N1 virus to efficiently transmit via respiratory droplets in ferrets. We generated reassorted viruses carrying the HA gene alone or in combination with the NA gene of a prototypical H9N2 virus in the background of a pH1N1 virus. Four reassortant viruses were generated, with three of them showing efficient respiratory droplet transmission. Differences in replication efficiency were observed for these viruses; however, the results clearly indicate that H9N2 avian influenza viruses and pH1N1 viruses, both of which have occasionally infected pigs, have the potential to reassort and generate novel viruses with respiratory transmission potential in mammals.
Interface atomic structure of Si/SiO2/Si formed by molecular beam deposition (1989)

The interface structures of SiOx/Si and Si/SiOx/Si (x≂2) formed by molecular beam deposition (MBD) were examined by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The MBD SiO2/Si buffer layer interface was atomically flat in both samples. On the other hand, the Si overlayer/MBD SiO2 layer interface had a rough configuration. In the Si/SiO2/Si sample with a 7.5-Å-thick SiO2 buried layer, the polycrystalline Si overlayer was separated from the Si buffer layer by the thin SiO2 layer. A 2.5 Å reduction of the SiO2 buried layer thickness to 5.0 Å led to the epitaxial growth of the Si overlayer. In this sample, the SiO2 layer formed island morphology and epitaxial information was given to the overlayer through the exposed surface of the buffer layer. The epitaxial growth mechanism of the Si overlayer was also discussed.
Tree2Tree Neural Translation Model for Learning Source Code Changes. (2018)

The way developers edit day-to-day code tends to be repetitive, often using existing code elements. Many researchers have tried to automate repetitive code changes by learning from specific change templates which are applied to limited scope. The advancement of deep neural networks and the availability of vast open-source evolutionary data opens up the possibility of automatically learning those templates from the wild. However, deep neural network based modeling for code changes and code in general introduces some specific problems that needs specific attention from research community. For instance, compared to natural language, source code vocabulary can be significantly larger. Further, good changes in code do not break its syntactic structure. Thus, deploying state-of-the-art neural network models without adapting the methods to the source code domain yields sub-optimal results. To this end, we propose a novel tree-based neural network system to model source code changes and learn code change patterns from the wild. Specifically, we propose a tree-based neural machine translation model to learn the probability distribution of changes in code. We realize our model with a change suggestion engine, CODIT, and train the model with more than 24k real-world changes and evaluate it on 5k patches. Our evaluation shows the effectiveness of CODITin learning and suggesting patches. CODIT can also learn specific bug fix pattern from bug fixing patches and can fix 25 bugs out of 80 bugs in Defects4J.
SARCOMAS IN ORGAN ALLOGRAFT RECIPIENTS1,2 (1995)

In a review of 8724 de novo malignancies that occurred in 8191 organ allograft recipients sarcomas were 7.4% of cancers. Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) made up 5.7%, and other sarcomas (OS) 1.7% a much higher proportion than in the general population. KS was most common in Arab, black, Italian, Jewish, or Greek patients. In 60% of patients with KS the lesions were confined to the skin and/or oropharynx while 40% involved internal organs and/or lymph nodes. Complete remissions following various treatments occurred in 53% of the former group and 27% of the latter. In both groups 32% and 60% of remissions, respectively, occurred when the only treatment was reduction or cessation of immunosuppressive therapy. However, this treatment caused impaired function or allograft loss from rejection in 22 of 34 kidney recipients. Recurrent KS occurred in 5% of patients in remission when immunosuppressive therapy was resumed. Nine of 114 patients (8%) tested for human immunodeficiency virus were positive. Most OS arose in internal organs or soft tissues. The major types were fibrous histiocytoma (20 patients), leiomyosarcoma (15), fibrosarcoma (12), rhabdomyosarcoma (9), hemangiosarcoma (8), undifferentiated sarcoma (7) and mesothelioma (6). Several unusual features were noted. Remarkably, 10 of 105 (10%) sarcomas occurred adjacent to or in a renal (6) or hepatic (4) allograft. Leiomyosarcomas are rare in children, yet 5 of 15 (33%) occurred in pediatric patients. Three hemangiosarcomas occurred in forearms at sites of arteriovenous fistulas used for pretransplant hemodialysis access. One leiomyosarcoma and one fibrosarcoma occurred in previously irradiated areas. One patient with mesothelioma had a history of asbestos exposure and two others had possible exposure.
Oil Content in a European × Chinese Rapeseed Population (2005)

Rapeseed ( Brassica napus L.) is one of the most important oilseed crops both in Europe and in China. The objective of this study was to investigate whether the European and the Chinese gene pools of winter oilseed rape contain different alleles for high seed oil content. A linkage map of rapeseed comprising 125 SSR markers and covering 1196‐cM genome length was constructed from an F 1 derived doubled haploid (DH) population from a cross between the German cultivar Sollux and the Chinese cultivar Gaoyou, both selected for high oil content. In total, 282 DH lines were evaluated in replicated field experiments in four environments, two each in Germany and in China. QTL were mapped and their additive and epistatic effects as well as interactions with environments were estimated by a mixed model approach implemented in the mapping software QTLMapper. Eight QTL with additive effects and nine pairs of loci with additive × additive epistasis were detected, which together accounted for 80% of the phenotypic variation. The alleles increasing oil content were dispersed between the parents, which explained the transgressive segregation observed: seven DH lines surpassed the better parent by more than 3% oil content. Five of the eight QTL with additive effects showed significant genotype × environment interactions, and 10 additional QTL with genotype × environment interactions, but no significant additive main effect were observed. Epistatic interactions mainly occurred between QTL which also showed additive effects or additive × environment interactions. In conclusion, a marker assisted selection to recombine positive alleles from European and Chinese material is a powerful approach to further increase the oil content of rapeseed, but epistatic effects and genotype × environment interactions have to be considered.