gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Si-TaSi2 <i>i</i> <i>n</i> <i>s</i> <i>i</i> <i>t</i> <i>u</i> junction eutectic composite diodes (1986)

Nearly ideal diodes have been fabricated using the in situ junctions present in Si-TaSi2 semiconductor-metal eutectic composites. The composites, prepared by directional solidification at the eutectic composition, have a high density of TaSi2 rods in a quasi-single crystalline P-doped, n-type Si matrix. Analysis of the diodes using current-voltage and capacitance-voltage techniques yields a TaSi2/Si Schottky barrier height of 0.62 eV and evidence that the voltage-dependent depletion zones can be made comparable to the interrod spacing to produce a ‘‘pinch-off’’ condition.
Data selection for speech recognition (2007)

This paper presents a strategy for efficiently selecting informative data from large corpora of transcribed speech. We propose to choose data uniformly according to the distribution of some target speech unit (phoneme, word, character, etc). In our experiment, in contrast to the common belief that "there is no data like more data", we found it possible to select a highly informative subset of data that produces recognition performance comparable to a system that makes use of a much larger amount of data. At the same time, our selection process is efficient and fast.
Critical roles for Akt kinase in controlling HIV envelope-mediated depletion of CD4 T cells (2013)

Specific inhibition of Akt activation increased Env-dependent cell death of CCR5+ CD4 T cells. The same inhibitor, antibodies blocking the CD4 binding site on gp120, or soluble CD4 also prevented the increase in expression of CXCR5 or PD-1, and reduced the levels of Fas-dependent cell death. The Akt kinase and related signaling events, are key to cell survival that is needed for productive infection, and may be targets for the development of antivirals. Specific inhibitors of Akt would decrease productive infection, by favoring cell death during virus attachment to CD4+ CCR5+ target cells, and reduce immune activation to prevent Fas-dependent death of uninfected CXCR5+ PD-1+ CD4 T cells including T follicular helper cells that share this phenotype.
A selective motility medium for routine isolation of<i>Salmonella</i> (1969)

SUMMARY A modified Shigella—Salmonella medium in semi-solid agar was shown to inhibit the spread of most faecal organisms through a Craigie tube, while selectively allowing the passage of Salmonella . A medium for routine use is described. Over a period of 3 years, in this laboratory, 90% of specimens from which salmonellas were isolated gave positive results with this medium. Over 40% of these specimens would have been reported as negative if the method had not been in use. However, 10% would have been missed if this method alone had been used. It should therefore be used in conjunction with other culture methods, of which direct plating on SS agar was the most successful in this series.
Phenolic Azo Dye Oxidation by Laccase from Pyricularia oryzae (1995)

Laccase oxidation of phenolic azo dyes was examined with a commercially available laccase from Pyricularia oryzae as the model. Methyl-, methoxy-, chloro-, and nitro-substituted derivatives of 4-(4(prm1)-sulfophenylazo)-phenol were examined as substrates for this laccase. Only the substituents on the phenolic ring were changed. Among the dyes examined, only 2-methyl-, 2-methoxy-, 2,3-dimethyl-, 2,6-dimethyl-, 2,3-dimethoxy-, and 2,6-dimethoxy-substituted 4-(4(prm1)-sulfophenylazo)-phenol served as substrates. Preliminary kinetic studies suggest that 2,6-dimethoxy-substituted 4-(4(prm1)-sulfophenylazo)-phenol is the best substrate. Laccase oxidized the 2,6-dimethyl derivative of 4-(4(prm1)-sulfophenylazo)-phenol to 4-sulfophenylhydroperoxide (SPH) and 2,6-dimethyl-1,4-benzoquinone. The 2-methyl- and 2-methoxy-substituted dyes were oxidized to SPH and either 2-methyl- or 2-methoxy-benzoquinone. Six products were formed from laccase oxidation of the 2,6-dimethoxy-substituted dye. Three of them were identified as SPH, 4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid, and 2,6-dimethoxybenzoquinone. A mechanism for the formation of benzoquinone and SPH from laccase oxidation of phenolic azo dyes is proposed. This study suggests that laccase oxidation can result in the detoxification of azo dyes.
Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin interaction with A beta (1-42) does not inhibit fibril formation but attenuates the peptide toxicity. (1996)

alpha 1-Antichymotrypsin (ACT) is intimately associated with senile plaques in the Alzheimer's diseased (AD) brain. It was reported that ACT can promote the polimerization of A beta (1-42) into amyloid filaments. It was suggested that neurotoxic amyloid deposits arise when beta-peptide is induced to form fibrils by ACT or other amyloid-promoting factors (pathological chaperones) expressed in AD brain. However, it was reported recently that ACT can inhibit fibrillization of A beta (1-40) and disaggregate pre-formed beta-amyloid fibrils of this synthetic A beta peptide. Our previous study [Aksenova et al., Neurosci. Lett., 411 (1996) 43-48] confirmed that ACT is able to inhibit A beta (1-40) aggregation into fibrils, but it was shown that at the same time ACT does not change the peptide cytotoxicity. In this report we have observed that interaction of ACT with A beta (1-42), unlike that for ACT-A beta (1-40) interaction, does not prevent the formation of insoluble A beta (1-42) aggregates, but completely blocks the peptide's toxicity in rat hippocampal cell cultures. These results are discussed in terms of the potential double role of peptide-protein interactions on A beta aggregation and neurotoxicity.
T cell : B cell collaboration--the response to polysaccharide antigens. (1989)

The humoral response to polysaccharide antigens occurs as a result of T cell-B cell collaboration that is very different from the present understanding of the mechanisms whereby protein antigens are taken up, processed and exposed on the cell membrane in the context of MHC class II molecules in a manner suitable for recognition by a T cell antigen receptor. Two models, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome and CBA/N mice bearing the xid mutation, are examined because in both cases there is a failure to respond to polysaccharide antigens.
Atomic force microscopy nanomanipulation of silicon nanocrystals for nanodevice fabrication (2003)

An atomic force microscopy (AFM) tip has been used to manipulate silicon nanocrystals deposited by low-pressure chemical vapour deposition on thermally oxidized p-type Si wafer. Three nanomanipulation methods are presented. The first one catches a nanocrystal with the AFM tip and deposits it elsewhere: the tip is used as an electrostatic 'nano-crane'. The second one simultaneously manipulates a set of nanocrystals in order to draw well-defined unidimensional lines: the tip is used as a 'nano-broom'. The third one manipulates individual nanocrystals with a precision of about 10 nm using both oscillating and contact AFM modes. Switching from strong interaction forces (chemical) to weak ones (van der Waals, electrostatic or capillarity) is the basis of these manipulation methods. We have applied the second method to connect two electrodes drawn by e-beam and lift-off with a 70 nm long silicon nanocrystal chain. Current versus voltage characterization of the nanofabricated device shows that the increase in nanocrystal density gives rise to conduction between the connected electrodes. Resonant tunnelling effects resulting from Si nanocrystal (nc-Si) multiple tunnel junctions have been observed at 300 K. We also show that offset charges directly influence the position of the resonant tunnelling peaks. Finally, the possibility of manipulating nc-Si with a diameter of around 5 nm is shown to be a promising way to fabricate single electron devices operating at room temperature and fully compatible with silicon technology.
Smoking as a Cause of Erythrocytosis (1975)

Five smokers had erythrocyte masses sufficiently larger than normal to pose a problem in the differential diagnosis of polycythemia. Evaluation excluded lung disease, shunt physiology, hemoglobin with increased oxygen affinity, erythropoietin-producing tumor, renal disease, or polycythemia rubra vera as the primary cause of erythrocytosis in these patients. All were found to have levels of carboxyhemoglobin sufficient to cause clinically significant hypoxemia and to account for the increased erythrocyte masses. In two patients the erythrocytosis improved when they stopped smoking. Heavy smoking is a reversible cause of polycythemia and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of this problem.
Differences of durations of action potentials at various parts of ventricle and T wave. (1989)

T波は心室筋活動電位の (AP) の空間差分変化により生じる.そのため, 心室筋局所活動電位分布ならびに各種異常状態によるAPの変化を知ることが一次性T波異常を考える上で肝要となる.本研究は犬左室表面の活動電位持続時間 (APD) の分布を測定, 正常心の心筋局所APD較差を明らかにした.左室心内膜 (Ed) , 同心外膜面 (Ep) より同時に一対のAPを記録し, (1) 刺激頻度, (2) K+濃度, (3) 代謝抑制前後の, APD較差 (Ed-Ep) の変化を記録した.また実験結果を基に冠性T波のsimulationを施行した.その結果, 一次性T波は, Epi-Endocardial gradientが主原因と考えられ, 頻脈や高K血症時のT波の形態変化は, EdとEpのAPD較差に類似していた.冠性T波は, 正常一梗塞境界部にてAPDが正常の20%延長すると仮定するとsimulation可能であった.以上の結果を基にT波の一次的構成と, APD較差の意味と原因について考察した.
Comparing object-oriented database systems benchmark methods (2002)

With the increasing use of object-oriented database software, system performance has become an important issue in the system procurements and evaluation process. It is vital to understand and predict the functionality and performance characteristics of the systems to be procured in the real world settings so as to justify the use of the object-oriented systems over the traditional systems. Benchmarks are considered the most common approach to test and measure the quantitative performance of database systems. We have seen a set of de facto standard benchmarks such as the OO1, HyperModel, ACOB, and OO7 benchmarks receiving more and more attention and acceptance. It is hence the intent of this paper to provide an elaborate version of analysis of these benchmarks and to give a systematic comparison of these standards with a multi-set of comparison criteria. Through the comparison and contrast, we point out the essence of features of a desirable database benchmark.
Indazole‐3‐carboxylic acids and their derivatives (1964)

Abstract The preparation of indazole‐3‐carboxylic acids from the appropriate isatins by von Auwers' method has been investigated; these acids were used for acceding to the corresponding indazoles and for preparing hydrazides and hydrazones in the indazole series.
Direct strain tensor approximation for full‐field strain measurement methods (2013)

SUMMARY Full‐field strain measurement techniques are based on computing the spatial derivatives of numerical or functional approximations of the underlying displacement fields extracted from digital imaging methods. These methods implicitly assume that the medium satisfies the strain compatibility conditions, which are only true in the case of a continuum body that remains continuum throughout its deformation history. In the present work, we introduce a method that can be used to calculate the strain components directly from typical digital imaging data, without the need of the continuum hypothesis and the need for displacement field differentiation. Thus, it enables the measurement of strain fields from imaged surfaces that may or may not contain discontinuities. Numerical comparisons are performed on the basis synthetic data produced from an analytical solution for an elastically orthotropic open‐hole domain in tension. For performance comparison purposes, the mean absolute error distributions are calculated for the cases of both the traditional meshless random grid method, and the direct strain method introduced herein. It is established that the more refined representation of strain provided by our present approach is more accurate everywhere in the domain, but most importantly, near its boundaries. Published 2013. This article is a US Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Inhibitory Effects of Lactic Acid Bacteria from Fermented Milk on the Mutagenicities of Volatile Nitrosamines (1990)

Inhibitory effects of lactic acid bacteria for dairy use on the mutagenicities of some volatile nitrosamines were investigated in vitro using a Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 streptomycin-dependent strain (SD 510) as an indicator bacterium. Among 40 strains examined, Leuconostoc paramesenteroides R-62, R-8, Streptococcus lactis subsp. diacetylactis R-63, and St. cremoris R-48 strongly inhibited the mutagenicity of N-nitroso-diethylamine (NDEA) and moderately N-nitroso-dimethylamine (NDMA), but not N-nitroso-piperidine (NPIP) or N-nitroso-pyrrolidine (NPYR). In addition, the filtrates obtained from cell suspensions of the lactic acid bacteria examined inhibited the mutagenicity of NDEA.
Tunnel junctions using oxide superconducting thin films epitaxially grown on SrTiO3 (1988)

Normal-metal/insulator/superconductor (NIS) junctions were fabricated using thin films of YBa2Cu3O7−x (YBCO) or ErBa2Cu3O7−x. These were epitaxially grown on single-crystal SrTiO3 by the activated reactive evaporation method. For some NIS junctions prepared on SrTiO3 (110) substrates, we observed multipeaks in the differential conductance versus voltage curve. NIS junctions using single-crystal YBCO films on SrTiO3 (100) showed a set of peaks, from which we obtained a gap parameter of 11.5±1.5 meV at 4.4 K and a coupling constant of 3.2±0.4.
Magnetization Reversal in Ultrashort Magnetic Field Pulses (1998)

Strong in-plane magnetic field pulses of 2--4.4 ps duration are used to study magnetization reversal in perpendicularly magnetized Co/Pt films. Ring domains, reminiscent of the field contour during exposure, are observed later with Kerr microscopy. Their radii represent switching fields which are in quantitative agreement with the coherent rotation model. The observation of intrinsic transition broadening is attributed to the existence of static and dynamic fluctuations of the magnetic anisotropy.
Exploration of Numerical Precision in Deep Neural Networks (2018)

Reduced numerical precision is a common technique to reduce computational cost in many Deep Neural Networks (DNNs). While it has been observed that DNNs are resilient to small errors and noise, no general result exists that is capable of predicting a given DNN system architecture's sensitivity to reduced precision. In this project, we emulate arbitrary bit-width using a specified floating-point representation with a truncation method, which is applied to the neural network after each batch. We explore the impact of several model parameters on the network's training accuracy and show results on the MNIST dataset. We then present a preliminary theoretical investigation of the error scaling in both forward and backward propagations. We end with a discussion of the implications of these results as well as the potential for generalization to other network architectures.
Optical polarization–based seismic and water wave sensing on transoceanic cables (2021)

Seafloor geophysical instrumentation is challenging to deploy and maintain but critical for studying submarine earthquakes and Earth's interior. Emerging fiber-optic sensing technologies that can leverage submarine telecommunication cables present an opportunity to fill the data gap. We successfully sensed seismic and water waves over a 10,000-kilometer-long submarine cable connecting Los Angeles, California, and Valparaiso, Chile, by monitoring the polarization of regular optical telecommunication channels. We detected multiple moderate-to-large earthquakes along the cable in the 10-millihertz to 5-hertz band. We also recorded pressure signals from ocean swells in the primary microseism band, implying the potential for tsunami sensing. Our method, because it does not require specialized equipment, laser sources, or dedicated fibers, is highly scalable for converting global submarine cables into continuous real-time earthquake and tsunami observatories.
Circulating CD31+/Annexin V+ microparticles correlate with cardiovascular outcomes (2010)

The level of circulating CD31+/Annexin V+ MPs is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events in stable CAD patients and may be useful for risk stratification.
Epitaxial Growth of Molecular Crystals on van der Waals Substrates for High‐Performance Organic Electronics (2014)

Epitaxial van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures of organic and layered materials are demonstrated to create high-performance organic electronic devices. High-quality rubrene films with large single-crystalline domains are grown on h-BN dielectric layers via vdW epitaxy. In addition, high carrier mobility comparable to free-standing single-crystal counterparts is achieved by forming interfacial electrical contacts with graphene electrodes.
Surface-science aspects of vacuum microelectronics (1995)

Vacuum microelectronics (VME) concerns the design and manufacture of vacuum devices and components built to sizes and tolerances similar to those found in solid state microelectronic devices. This technology is well suited for use in electron devices of commercial importance, particularly flat-panel displays. The flat-panel display industry is projected to have annual revenues measured in the tens of billions of dollars by the turn of the century. As opposed to conventional electron tubes that utilize cathodes based on thermionic emission, vacuum microelectronic devices principally utilize cold cathodes based on field-electron emission. The introduction of field-electron emission cathodes can yield unique device performance; however, attaining the level of reliability required for commercial applications requires addressing a host of challenging surface physics and chemistry problems. In this review we outline the surface-science-related issues of importance in VME. These issues cover a large realm of surface science ranging from adsorption/desorption phenomena, surface diffusion, surface passivation, and the deposition of overlayers to cathode bombardment, field-electron current density limits, emission noise, low-voltage phosphors, thin-film growth, and voltage breakdown. As the field of VME is relatively new, many of these surface aspects have not been thoroughly investigated and many more remain to be identified.
Binary Factor Analysis with Help of Formal Concepts (2004)

Binary factor analysis (BFA, also known as Boolean Factor Analysis) is a nonhierarchical analysis of binary data, based on reduction of binary space dimension. It allows us to find hidden relationships in binary data, which can be used for data compression, data mining, or intelligent data comparison for information retrieval. Unfortunately, we can't eectively use classical (i.e. non-binary) factor analysis methods for binary data. In this article we show an approach based on utilizing formal concept analysis to compute nonhierarchical BFA. Computation of a concept lattice is a computationally expensive task too, still it helps us to speed up the BFA computation.
Process of Magnetization Reversal in a Spot Heated by Pulsed Laser Beam (1987)

A pulsed laser beam was fired at Tb(FeCo) films (2 μm spot diameter) and its effect on Kerr rotation angle (θ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">K</sub> ) aging was studied, using an avalanche photo diode (APD) as a monitor. It was found that in RE-rich films, the magnetization changed whether or not a bias magnetic field was applied. No such signal was observed in TM-rich films in zero magnetic fields, possibly because of the formation of alternating maze domains within the laser spot which cancel out the Kerr rotation angle.
Phenol and Benzoate Metabolism by <i>Pseudomonas putida:</i> Regulation of Tangential Pathways (1969)

Catechol occurs as an intermediate in the metabolism of both benzoate and phenol by strains of Pseudomonas putida. During growth at the expense of benzoate, catechol is cleaved ortho (1,2-oxygenase) and metabolized via the beta-ketoadipate pathway; during growth at the expense of phenol or cresols, the catechol or substituted catechols formed are metabolized by a separate pathway following meta (2,3-oxygenase) cleavage of the aromatic ring of catechol. It is possible to explain the mutually exclusive occurrence of the meta and ortho pathway enzymes in phenol- and benzoate-grown cells of P. putida on the basis of differences in the mode of regulation of these two pathways. By use of both nonmetabolizable inducers and blocked mutants, gratuitous synthesis of some of the meta pathway enzymes was obtained. All four enzymes of the meta pathway are induced by the primary substrate, cresol or phenol, or its analogue. Three enzymes of the ortho pathway that catalyze the conversion of catechol to beta-ketoadipate enol-lactone are induced by cis,cis-muconate, produced from catechol by 1,2-oxygenase-mediated cleavage. Observations on the differences in specificity of induction and function of the two pathways suggest that they are not really either tangential or redundant. The meta pathway serves as a general mechanism for catabolism of various alkyl derivatives of catechol derived from substituted phenolic compounds. The ortho pathway is more specific and serves primarily in the catabolism of precursors of catechol and catechol itself.
Pulmonary transvascular fluid flux and cardiovascular function in sheep with chronic sepsis (1993)

We studied the mechanisms responsible for the changes in lung lymph flow (QL) in chronic sepsis induced by the continuous infusion of endotoxin [lipopolysaccharide (LPS), 10 ng.kg-1.min-1]. Sheep (n = 11) were studied in the unanesthetized state 7 days after preparation, and cardiopulmonary variables were measured. In the control group (n = 5) given lactated Ringer solution, no significant changes were observed in any measured variables. In the LPS group (n = 6), QL increased from 11.7 +/- 3.8 to 54.0 +/- 15.0 (SE) ml/h 24 h after LPS infusion had begun. This elevation in QL was associated with little or no change (P > 0.05) in reflection coefficient (0.80 +/- 0.03 to 0.87 +/- 0.05) or pulmonary microvascular pressure (14.3 +/- 0.4 to 16.7 +/- 1.2 mmHg). The filtration coefficient, however, was significantly elevated (0.018 +/- 0.006 to 0.083 +/- 0.024 ml.min-1.mmHg-1). In association with changes in QL that occur as a result of LPS administration, there was a significant increase in cardiac index (6.1 +/- 0.5 to 10.2 +/- 0.3 l.min-1.m-2) and a reduction in mean arterial pressure (90.2 +/- 4.4 to 73.7 +/- 7.3 mmHg) and systemic vascular resistance index (1,229 +/- 134 to 583 +/- 62 dyn.s.cm-5.m2), findings similar to those noted in septic humans.
THE EFFECT OF BLOOD LEUCOCYTES FROM PATIENTS WITH HASHIMOTO'S DISEASE ON HUMAN THYROID CELLS IN MONOLAYER CULTURE (1973)

SUMMARY Peripheral blood leucocytes from healthy subjects (control leucocytes) and from patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis or idiopathic myxoedema, were incubated with 2‐3‐day‐old human thyroid cells in monolayer cultures. After 5‐6 days the Hashimoto leucocytes appeared to induce more thyroid cell destruction than control leucocytes. Thyroid cell function (measured by cell to medium (C/M) ratios of 131 I) was reduced in cultures incubated with Hashimoto leucocytes, compared to those incubated with control leucocytes. This effect was not mediated by liberation of thyroid antibodies into the medium, but rather from a direct leucocyte/thyroid cell interaction with a resultant liberation of lysozymes. Preliminary observations indicated that the effect of the Hashimoto leucocytes on thyroid cells could be prevented by prior incubation of the former with anti‐thymocyte globulin; this suggested that sensitized lymphocytes may be directly responsible for the thyroid tissue injury of Hashimoto's disease, perhaps with the adjunctive cooperation of the non‐specific macrophages. Leucocytes from patients with idiopathic myxoedema (with low or absent circulating thyroid antibodies) did not have any effect on the thyroid cells, perhaps because the concentration of peripheral sensitized lymphocytes may possibly have declined in these patients.