gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of a robust hydrogel system based on agar and sodium alginate blend (2007)

Abstract BACKGROUND: As part of an ongoing research and development programme of our laboratory on functional modification of seaweed polysaccharides for preparing hydrogels with improved properties, we report herein the preparation of a robust hydrogel system based on grafting of agar and sodium alginate blend (Agar/Na‐Alg) with acrylamide (AAm) to obtain the copolymer Agar/Na‐Alg‐ graft ‐PAAm. RESULTS: A robust hydrogel system with superior absorbency and pH resistance has been developed based on a PAAm‐grafted seaweed polysaccharide blend of Agar/Na‐Alg. The blend (Agar/Na‐Alg) and grafted product (Agar/Na‐Alg‐ graft ‐PAAm) were evaluated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, swelling capacity, rheology and scanning electron microscopy. The swelling capacity of the grafted copolymer exhibited an enhancement over that of the blend from 14 to 24 g g −1 in acidic medium. The blend and grafted copolymer produced hydrogels with lower gelling points of 31 and 29 °C and gel strengths were 170 and 120 g cm −2 , respectively. CONCLUSION: This study constitutes an example of value addition of seaweed polysaccharides targeting new applications. The copolymer hydrogel may be useful in health, personal care and agricultural applications. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Update on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (2002)

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is now recognized as the most common liver disease in the United States, with a prevalence of approximately 5% in the general population and up to 25% to 75% in patients with obesity and type II diabetes mellitus. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is a clinicopathologic syndrome with a wide spectrum of histologic abnormalities and clinical outcomes. Hepatic steatosis has a benign clinical course. In contrast, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) may progress to cirrhosis and liver-related death in 25% and 10% of patients, respectively. Cases occur most commonly in obese, middle-aged women with diabetes. However, NASH may also occur in children and normal-weight men with normal glucose and lipid metabolism. The pathophysiology involves two steps. The first is insulin resistance, which causes steatosis. The second is oxidative stress, which produces lipid peroxidation and activates inflammatory cytokines resulting in NASH. Liver biopsy provides prognostic information and identifies NASH patients who may benefit from therapy. Treatment consists of managing the comorbidities: obesity, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia. Although antioxidant therapy with vitamin E is often used, ursodeoxycholic acid is the only drug that has shown benefit and is the most promising of the drugs currently being investigated. Future therapies will depend on a greater understanding of the pathophysiology and should focus on diminishing fibrosis.
Attention-based Hierarchical Neural Query Suggestion (2018)

Query suggestions help users of a search engine to refine their queries. Previous work on query suggestion has mainly focused on incorporating directly observable features such as query co-occurrence and semantic similarity. The structure of such features is often set manually, as a result of which hidden dependencies between queries and users may be ignored. We propose an AHNQS model that combines a hierarchical structure with a session-level neural network and a user-level neural network to model the short- and long-term search history of a user. An attention mechanism is used to capture user preferences. We quantify the improvements of AHNQS over state-of-the-art RNN-based query suggestion baselines on the AOL query log dataset, with improvements of up to 21.86% and 22.99% in terms of MRR@10 and Recall@10, respectively, over the state-of-the-art; improvements are especially large for short sessions.
A Poly(3,4‐alkylenedioxythiophene) Electrochromic Variable Optical Attenuator with Near‐Infrared Reflectivity Tuned Independently of the Visible Region (2007)

Abstract Disubstituted poly(3,4‐propylenedioxythiophene)s (PProDOTs) exhibit large electrochromic contrasts in the near infrared (NIR) while showing essentially no color change in the visible region when incorporated into a reflective device platform. The source of this is attributed to a conductive front that propagates through the insulating polymer film, extending from the polymer/electrode interface to the top of the polymer film. A utility of the large contrasts seen in the NIR region is demonstrated with application of the device as an electrochromic variable optical attenuator modulating fiber‐optic signals for optical telecommunications. With bis(ethylhexyloxy)‐substituted PProDOT as the active electrochromic polymer in the device, an optical attenuation of 11 dB at the telecommunications wavelengths of 1.31 and 1.55 μm is achieved with only a 0.1–0.2 dB optical loss in the bleached state. Other favorable properties include optical memory in the absorbing state, switching speeds of under 1 s, a low operating voltage of ±1.2 V, and an improved processability that allows spray‐casting from organic solvents.
Polyalkylbenzenes. XXXIII.<sup>1</sup> 4,6,7-Trimethylcoumaran-3-one and its Conversion into 2-Isopropyl-4,6,7-trimethyl-5-hydroxycoumaran (1943)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPolyalkylbenzenes. XXXIII.1 4,6,7-Trimethylcoumaran-3-one and its Conversion into 2-Isopropyl-4,6,7-trimethyl-5-hydroxycoumaranLee Irvin Smith, John A. King, Willa Irwin Guss, and Joseph NicholsCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1943, 65, 8, 1594–1599Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1943Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1943https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01248a041https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01248a041research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views99Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Cyanopyridine complexes of pentaammineruthenium(II) (1970)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCyanopyridine complexes of pentaammineruthenium(II)Richard E. Clarke and Peter C. FordCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1970, 9, 3, 495–499Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1970Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1970https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic50085a013https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50085a013research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views200Altmetric-Citations46LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Cavity-resonant optical position sensor-a new type of optical position sensor (1998)

Summary form only given. To date, it has been difficult to produce high resolution, medium-range optical position sensors at low cost. In this paper, we describe a novel sensor, the cavity resonant optical position sensor, which can measure absolute position using an extremely simple optical system not involving interferometric techniques and yet providing micron resolution over a range of between a few centimeters and several meters. The sensor is rugged, extremely stable, requires only one optoelectronic component, and is therefore low cost.
Alopecia universalis treated with bone morphogenetic protein? (2005)

Sir, A 21‐year‐old man presented to the Dermatology Department at Norfolk & Norwich University Hospital in March 2004 with alopecia universalis (AU). He had first noticed patches of scalp hair loss 2 years previously. This had been rapidly progressive and within 6 months he had AU. His past medical history included asthma and childhood eczema, his maternal grandmother and one cousin both having had alopecia areata. Full blood count, urea and electrolytes, and liver function tests were normal and antinuclear factor was negative. One month later, he sustained a closed fracture of his left tibia while playing football. The fracture was fixed with a locked, reamed Russell–Taylor intramedullary tibial nail. Six days later, the patient consented to participate in a phase 1 trial using recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein‐2 (rhBMP‐2) with a new calcium phosphate matrix carrier (Wyeth Genetic/Research Institute, Cambridge, MA, U.S.A.). The closed tibial fracture was injected with rhBMP‐2 in a calcium phosphate matrix and he was subsequently discharged from hospital. Six weeks later, the patient noticed hair regrowth initially on his scalp. This became more extensive with hair returning to eyebrows, axillae, arms and pubic area. Hair regrowth was maintained for 6 months following the treatment with rhBMP‐2. Subsequently, he relapsed with the AU returning. His tibial fracture has healed without other complications.
Neuromuscular blocking activity of a new series of quaternary N‐substituted choline esters (1971)

1. The neuromuscular blocking activity of a new group of mono- and diquaternary N-substituted choline esters of several carboxylic acids has been evaluated in various whole animal preparations in the mouse, rat and cat.2. A basic non-depolarizing mechanism was present in all but one compound-a depolarizing agent, which was studied for comparison. There was evidence of facilitatory activity and nicotinic stimulation in the monoquaternary compounds. These effects were diminished in the diquaternary compounds.3. The presence of a bulky aromatic ring system on the nitrogen atom appeared to increase both neuromuscular blocking potency and facilitatory activity in the experimental animal. A similar relationship had previously been demonstrated in vitro in another study.4. The duration of action, although short in most compounds, did not correlate well with previously determined in vitro hydrolysis rates, possibly because of species differences.5. The general pharmacology of each compound appeared to depend considerably upon the structure of the choline moiety.
Salivary interleukin‐1<i>β</i> concentration and the presence of multiple pathogens in periodontitis (2009)

We suggest that salivary IL-1beta and the presence of multiple periodontal pathogens in saliva should be studied more thoroughly as markers of periodontitis.
Electronic structure of ordered silicon alloys: Direct-gap systems (1996)

Density functional theory (within the local density approximation) is applied to minimize the total energy of a set of Si/(group IV) ordered alloys and to calculate the associated electronic band structures. A series of fully relaxed Si/Sn alloys show direct gaps when constructed on the (100) surface of silicon in cubic-based superlattices, with the band gap of the Si/Sn alloys decreasing nearly linearly with increased atomic Sn fraction. Equivalent calculations performed with Ge and C substitutions are predicted to have direct and indirect gaps, respectively. Ternary alloys of Si/Ge/Sn and Si/Ge/C have band-structure features dominated by either the Sn or C substitutions having band gaps of the respective binary alloys. The magnitude of the conduction-band curvature (the effective mass) at the zone center of these alloys shows a strong variation dependent on the particular substitution. Energy barriers of the minor constituents are computed to estimate the stability of the binary alloys with resulting barriers near 0.25 eV for Sn and Ge atoms in a silicon matrix. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Propagation of sound through a spicy ocean: Analysis (2002)

We derive some of the parameters for a simple model of spice and internal wave scatter, using the canonical ocean sound channel. A distant goal is for long-range acoustic transmissions to provide a measure of upper ocean stirring from abyssal ocean acoustic signatures.
CHEMISORPTION OF CARBON-MONOXIDE AND HYDROGEN ON AGNA MORDENITE (1979)

It has been established, with the help of volumetric, i.r. and mass spectroscopic methods, that silver mordenites are capable of chemisorbing hydrogen and carbon monoxide.The silver ions in the large pores chemisorb one CO molecule, while only a quarter of them can retain hydrogen molecules. This amount corresponds to the occupancy of site VI. Hydrogen is also slowly chemisorbed in the side pockets of the structure in a similar way. A model for the chemisorption site is proposed.
PRKCSH/80K-H, the protein mutated in polycystic liver disease, protects polycystin-2/TRPP2 against HERP-mediated degradation (2009)

Autosomal dominant polycystic liver disease (PCLD) is caused by mutations of either PRKCSH or Sec63, two proteins associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Both proteins are involved in carbohydrate processing, folding and translocation of newly synthesized glycoproteins. It is postulated that defective quality control of proteins initiates endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD), which disrupts hepatic homeostasis in patients with PRKCSH or Sec63 mutations. However, the precise molecular mechanisms are not known. Here, we show that over-expression or depletion of PRKCSH in zebrafish embryos leads to pronephric cysts, abnormal body curvature and situs inversus. Identical phenotypic changes are induced by depletion or over-expression of TRPP2. Increased PRKCSH levels ameliorate developmental abnormalities caused by over-expressed TRPP2, whereas excess TRPP2 can compensate the loss PRKCSH, indicating that the proteins share a common signaling pathway. PRKCSH binds the C-terminal domain of TRPP2, and both proteins co-localize within the ER. Furthermore, PRKCSH interacts with Herp, and inhibits Herp-mediated ubiquitination of TRPP2. Our findings suggest that PRKCSH functions as a chaperone-like molecule, which prevents ERAD of TRPP2. Dysequilibrium between TRPP2 and PRKCSH may lead to cyst formation in PCLD patients with PRKCSH mutations, and thereby account for the overlapping manifestations observed in PCLD and autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.
An Enriched MT Grammar for Under $100 (2010)

We propose a framework for improving output quality of machine translation systems, by operating on the level of grammar rule features. Our framework aims to give a boost to grammar rules that appear in the derivations of translation candidates that are deemed to be of good quality, hence making those rules more preferable by the system. To that end, we ask human annotators on Amazon Mechanical Turk to compare translation candidates, and then interpret their preferences of one candidate over another as an implicit preference for one derivation over another, and therefore as an implicit preference for one or more grammar rules. Our framework also allows us to generalize these preferences to grammar rules corresponding to a previously unseen test set, namely rules for which no candidates have been judged. 1
An algorithmic approach for feature interaction detection (2002)

State-of-the-art telecommunication switching systems provide an enormous variety of subscriber and network features. This feature set is dramatically increased with every software release as new features are delivered to the highly competitive market of deregulated public telecom networks. This causes the number of features in a switching system to increase enormously. There are hundreds of different features implemented in the existing switching systems and a lot of these features can influence each other. Therefore it is a critical issue for the switching software to control multiple features interacting within one call over the PSTN/ISDN in a robust and flexible way. The paper presents an algorithmic approach for a systematic feature interaction design in a telecommunication switching system. This approach can be used for interaction detection of features already implemented in the PSTN/ISDN as well as for investigation how new features will interact with those already existing. The algorithm can also be used for interaction detection of IN services and their service features with features provided by the PSTN/ISDN. Moreover, it can give some assistance to system designers in the cases where the system behaviour must be defined when new complex features (e.g. Call Party Handling (CPH) or Large Conference (CONF)) are being implemented. The presented approach is based on a structured feature description based on the "Feature Points in Call (FPIC)" concept. This description method represents a feature as an information (parameter) flow through functional units of a network based call model. Consequently, the interaction of features is understood as an interaction of different information flows. This approach is the base for the development of a software tool for detection of feature interaction in telecommunication systems.
An object oriented layout for directed graphs (2003)

This paper discusses a clustering and layout approach for representing certain types of directed graphs in an object notation. The approach is particularly interesting when applied to program call graphs. An object-oriented abstraction of a call graph simplifies the diagram while highlighting the shared attributes among the programs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Selective, covalent modification of β-tubulin residue Cys-239 by T138067, an antitumor agent with <i>in vivo</i> efficacy against multidrug-resistant tumors (1999)

Microtubules are linear polymers of alpha- and beta-tubulin heterodimers and are the major constituents of mitotic spindles, which are essential for the separation of chromosomes during mitosis. Here we describe a synthetic compound, 2-fluoro-1-methoxy-4-pentafluorophenylsulfonamidobenzene (T138067), which covalently and selectively modifies the beta1, beta2, and beta4 isotypes of beta-tubulin at a conserved cysteine residue, thereby disrupting microtubule polymerization. Cells exposed to T138067 become altered in shape, indicating a collapse of the cytoskeleton, and show an increase in chromosomal ploidy. Subsequently, these cells undergo apoptosis. Furthermore, T138067 exhibits cytotoxicity against tumor cell lines that exhibit substantial resistance to vinblastine, paclitaxel, doxorubicin, and actinomycin D. T138067 is also equally efficacious in inhibiting the growth of sensitive and multidrug-resistant human tumor xenografts in athymic nude mice. These observations suggest that T138067 may be clinically useful for the treatment of multidrug-resistant tumors.
Monitoring program behaviour on SUPRENUM (1992)

It is often very difficult for programmers of parallel computers to understand how their parallel programs behave at execution time, because there is not enough insight into the interactions between concurrent activities in the parallel machine. Programmers do not only wish to obtain statistical information that can be supplied by profiling, for example. They need to have detailed knowledge about the functional behaviour of their programs. Considering performance aspects, they need timing information as well. Monitoring is a technique well suited to obtain information about both functional behaviour and timing. Global time information is essential for determining the chronological order of events on different nodes of a multiprocessor or of a distributed system, and for determining the duration of time intervals between events from different nodes. A major problem on multiprocessors is the absence of a global clock with high resolution. This problem can be overcome if a monitor system capable of supplying globally valid time stamps is used.
Reflective Particle Tag for Arms Control and Safeguards Authentication. (2009)

Abstract not provided.
Automatic Generation and Validation of Road Maps from GPS Trajectory Data Sets (2016)

With the popularity of mobile GPS devices such as on-board navigation systems and smart phones, users can contribute their GPS trajectory data for creating geo-volunteered road maps. However, the quality of these road maps cannot be guaranteed due to the lack of expertise among contributing users. Therefore, important challenges are (i) to automatically generate accurate roads from GPS traces and (ii) to validate the correctness of existing road maps. To address these challenges, we propose a novel Spatial-Linear Clustering (SLC) technique to infer road segments from GPS traces. In our algorithm, we propose the use of spatial-linear clusters to appropriately represent the linear nature of GPS points collected from the same road segment. Through inferring road segments our algorithm can detect missing roads and checking the correctness of existing road network. For our evaluation, we conduct extensive experiments that compare our method to the state-of-the-art methods on two real data sets. The experimental results show that the F1 score of our algorithm is on average 10.7% higher than the best state-of-the-art method.
The effect of nonenzymatic glucosylation on the binding of the main noncollagenous NC1 domain to type IV collagen. (1988)

Type IV collagen has the ability to self-assemble by amino end, carboxyl end, and lateral associations to complex network-like structures which can be visualized by rotary shadowing. The main noncollagenous NC1 domain which is located at the carboxyl end of type IV collagen molecules binds to itself to form dimers and also binds along the length of type IV collagen. The latter binding initiates lateral assembly. Following in vitro nonenzymatic glucosylation of the isolated NC1 domain, binding to the helix-rich domain of type IV collagen was impaired. In turbidity experiments, the nonenzymatically glucosylated NC1 domain minimally suppressed the development of turbidity of collagen solutions when compared to control NC1 domain. In rotary shadowing experiments nonenzymatically glucosylated NC1 domain did not significantly inhibit lateral associations or networks formed by type IV collagen, whereas control NC1 domain caused a drastic decrease in laterally assembled structures. These data suggest that nonenzymatic glucosylation of the NC1 domain may interfere with normal assembly of type IV collagen in diabetes mellitus and may be related to abnormal functions of basement membranes in this pathological condition.