gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A finite-element simulation model for saturated-unsaturated, fluid-density-dependent ground-water flow with energy transport or chemically- reactive single-species solute transport (1984)

SUTRA (Saturated-Unsaturated Transport) is a computer program which can be used to simulate the movement of fluid and the transport of either energy or dissolved substances in a subsurface environment. The model employs a two-dimensional hybrid finite-element and integrated-finite-difference method to approximate the governing equations that describe the two interdependent processes that are simulated by SUTRA: (1) fluid density-dependent saturated or unsaturated groundwater flow, and either (2a) transport of a solute in the groundwater, in which the solute may be subject to: equilibrium adsorption on the porous matrix, and both first-order and zero-order production or decay, or, (2b) transport of thermal energy in the groundwater and solid matrix of the aquifer. SUTRA provides, as the primary calculated results, fluid pressures and either solute concentrations or temperatures, as they vary with time, everywhere in the simulated subsurface system. SUTRA may also be used to simulate simpler subsets of the above process. SUTRA may be employed for areal and cross-sectional models of saturated groundwater flow systems, and for cross-sectional models of unsaturated zone flow. Solute transport simulation using SUTRA may be used to simulate natural or man-induced chemical transport, solute sorption, production and decay. SUTRA may be used for simulation of variable density leachate movement, and for cross-sectional simulation of salt-water intrusion in aquifers at near-well or regional scales, with either dispersed or relatively sharp transition zones between fresh water and salt water. SUTRA energy transport simulation may be employed to model thermal regimes in aquifers, subsurface heat conduction, aquifer thermal energy storage systems, geothermal reservoirs, thermal pollution of aquifers, and natural hydrogeologic convection systems. (USGS)
Modifying Methoxycarbonyl Etomidate Inter-Ester Spacer Optimizes In Vitro  Metabolic Stability and In Vivo  Hypnotic Potency and Duration of Action (2012)

We created 13 new analogs of methoxycarbonyl etomidate and identified two that have significantly higher potency and potentially address the too-brief duration of action for methoxycarbonyl etomidate. This work may provide a blueprint for optimizing the pharmacological properties of other soft drugs.
Characterization of Large-Area SiPM Array for PET Applications (2016)

The performance of an 8 × 8 array of 6.0 × 6.0 mm<sup>2</sup> (active area) SiPMs was evaluated for PET applications using crystal arrays with different pitch sizes (3.4 mm, 1.5 mm, 1.35 mm and 1.2 mm) and custom designed five-channel front-end readout electronics (four channels for position information and one channel for timing information). The total area of this SiPM array is 57.4 × 57.4 mm<sup>2</sup>, and the pitch size is 7.2 mm. It was fabricated using enhanced blue sensitivity SiPMs (MicroFB-60035-SMT) with peak spectral sensitivity at 420 nm. The performance of the SiPM array was characterized by measuring flood histogram decoding quality, energy resolution, timing resolution and saturation at several bias voltages (from 25.0 V to 30.0 V in 0.5 V intervals) and two different temperatures (5 °C and 20 °C). Results show that the best flood histogram was obtained at a bias voltage of 28.0 V and 5 °C and an array of polished LSO crystals with a pitch as small as 1.2 mm can be resolved. No saturation was observed up to a bias voltage of 29.5 V during the experiments, due to adequate light sharing between SiPMs. Energy resolution and timing resolution at 5 °C ranged from 12.7 ± 0.8% to 14.6 ± 1.4 % and 1.58 ± 0.13 ns to 2.50 ± 0.44 ns, for crystal array pitch sizes of 3.4 mm and 1.2 mm respectively. Superior flood histogram quality, energy resolution and timing resolution were obtained with larger crystal array pitch sizes and at lower temperature. Based on our findings, we conclude that this large-area SiPM array can serve as a suitable photodetector for high-resolution small-animal PET or dedicated human brain PET scanners.
Freeze-Form Extrusion Fabrication of Composite Structures (2011)

A Freeze-form Extrusion Fabrication (FEF) process capable of making three-dimensional (3D) parts and structures with graded composite materials is presented in this paper. The process development includes the design and manufacture of a gantry machine with a triple-extruder mechanism and the associated electronics hardware and computer software for fabricating functionally graded parts from multiple aqueous pastes. A rheological behavior study with Al2O3 paste is performed to identify an efficient binder for transforming the paste into a pseudoplastic with a high yield stress. A green part is first fabricated using the triple-extruder FEF machine in a layer-by-layer manner with the desired material gradients. The green part is then freeze-dried, its binder removed through a burnout process to obtain a brown part, and the final part obtained by sintering. The final part is analyzed using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) to determine its material composition. The results demonstrate that the FEF process can be used to fabricate functionally graded composite parts with pre-specified gradients.
Liquid-Crystal-on-Silicon microdisplays with novel frame buffer pixels (2003)

Liquid Crystal on Silicon (LCOS) microdisplay combines high birefringence and low operating voltage liquid crystalline (LC) materials with crystalline silicon VLSI technology that provides a flexible technology to control and hold the state of the LC in a high resolution, small sized display [1]. The crystalline silicon VLSI technology is well recognized as a competitive alternative for active matrix liquid crystal display (AMLCD) [2]. Due to the low cost and compact system size achievable for display systems using LCOS technology, these devices have been integrated into camera view finders, head mount displays (HMD) [3], head-up-displays [4], and projection display systems such as front projector and rear projector for high definition televisions and computer monitors. The image quality of AMLCD is however limited by the electronic data write time since data is addressed by line-at-a-time, the display should not be viewed during the data write time to maintain good image contrast ratio. The loss of brightness due to the data write time is very detrimental for a single panel light engine with Field Sequential Color technique, where new image is updated at the frame rate of 180 Hz. The time to write the data (up to 1-2 milliseconds) becomes a significant fraction of the sub-frame time (5.5 milliseconds). Hence there is a serious brightness and contrast ratio tradeoff.
Temporal Heterogeneity in Blood Supply in Human Tumor Xenografts (2008)

Temporal heterogeneities in tumor blood supply were studied by using a recently developed first-pass imaging technique. First-pass imaging movies of A-07-GFP human tumor xenografts growing in window chambers were recorded at a frame rate of approximately 9 fps and a spatial resolution of 10.8 x 10.8 microm(2) after a bolus of 155-kDa tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate-labeled dextran had been administered intravenously. Each tumor was subjected to imaging thrice, with 20 minutes between each repetition. Highly specific maps of the vascular network and blood supply time (BST) images (i.e., images of the time from when arterial blood enters a tumor through the main supplying artery until it reaches a vessel segment within the tumor) were produced from the movies. The tumors had one to three supplying arterioles and showed substantial temporal heterogeneity in BST. Homogeneous changes in BST in the entire vascular network were seen in tumors supplied by one arteriole. Blood supply time fluctuations in tumor subregions were observed in tumors having two or three supplying arterioles. In addition, individual vessel segments frequently showed significant changes in BST with time. High-magnification transmission microscopy imaging substantiated that BST changes could be a consequence of arterial/arteriolar vasomotor activity, vessel wall compression, varying flow rate, and vascular stasis.
Phononic gaps in thin semiconductor superlattices (2010)

We have studied one-dimensional phononic gaps in thin semiconductor superlattices. A general methodology has been developed for predicting the locations of these gaps in both thin and thick superlattices. Quantitative analysis of results for the phonon dispersions of Si/Ge[001] and GaAs/AlAs[001] superlattices are presented as both a function of period and composition. The effect of interface mixing is studied and its effects are found to be smaller than previously guessed. The introduction of the defects is shown to not change the phononic gap characteristics significantly. Finally, we present a discussion on the merits and uses of one-dimensional phononic structures.
Factors Determining Specificity of Signal Transduction by G-protein-coupled Receptors (1995)

Among subfamilies of G-protein-coupled receptors, agonists initiate several cell signaling events depending on the receptor subtype (R) and the type of G-protein (G) or effector molecule (E) expressed in a particular cell. Determinants of signaling specificity/efficiency may operate at the R-G interface, where events are influenced by cell architecture or accessory proteins found in the receptor's microenvironment. This issue was addressed by characterizing signal transfer from R to G following stable expression of the alpha 2A/D adrenergic receptor in two different membrane environments (NIH-3T3 fibroblasts and the pheochromocytoma cell line, PC-12). Receptor coupling to endogenous G-proteins in both cell types was eliminated by pertussis toxin pretreatment and R-G signal transfer restored by reconstitution of cell membranes with purified brain G-protein. Thus, the receptor has access to the same population of G-proteins in the two different environments. In this signal restoration assay, agonist-induced activation of G was 3-9-fold greater in PC-12 as compared with NIH-3T3 alpha 2-adrenergic receptor transfectants. The cell-specific differences in signal transfer were observed over a range of receptor densities or G-protein concentration. The augmented signal transfer in PC-12 versus NIH-3T3 transfectants occurred despite a 2-3-fold lower level of receptors existing in the R-G-coupled state (high affinity, guanyl-5'-yl imidodiphosphate-sensitive agonist binding), suggesting the existence of other membrane factors that influence the nucleotide binding behavior of G-protein in the two cell types. Detergent extraction of PC-12 but not NIH-3T3 membranes yielded a heat-sensitive, macromolecular entity that increased 35S-labeled guanosine 5'-O-(thiotriphosphate) binding to brain G-protein in a concentration-dependent manner. These data indicate that the transfer of signal from R to G is regulated by a cell type-specific, membrane-associated protein that enhances the agonist-induced activation of G.
Efficacy and Clinical Relevance of Cognition Enhancers (1991)

Changes from the end of 4-week placebo (washout) baselines to the end of 3-month therapy with three chemically different cognition enhancers (CEs) [i.e., piracetam, acetyl-L-carnitine, and nimodipine (NIM)], and parallel changes in placebo controls, were compared to determine the influence of the severity of disease at study entry. Four trials published elsewhere, showing significant treatment differences between active drugs and placebo, were selected according to their (a) sharing at least one global measure for treatment outcome and having shown effects on at least one additional scale or test, and (b) presenting an obvious rank order in the severity of disease. Each study was a standard-controlled clinical phase III trial with greater than 100 psychogeriatric in-or outpatients. The patients' symptoms met the criteria for mild to moderate/severe age-related organic brain syndrome, a core syndrome of senile dementia, either from the primary degenerative, mixed, or multi-infarct type. The extent of changes on placebo was clearly influenced by the mean pretreatment severity of disease. On the whole, the improvements on active drugs reached or exceeded the baseline variability of psychogeriatric scales and tests.
Development and Characterization of an Ultrathin Barium Oxide Film on a Surface Oxidized Ni(110) Substrate (2008)

In this work we develop an ultrathin barium oxide film by Ba adsorption on a pre‐oxidized Ni(110) surface, and characterize it by means of Auger electron spectroscopy, low energy electron diffraction and work function measurements. The results show that the Ba adatoms reduce the NiO surface oxide forming an amorphous and incomplete BaO layer. At higher coverages, the Ba adsorbate seems to approach the metallic state, with the BaO layer confined between NiO and the metallic Ba. The measured energy decreases of the atomic Ba(75 eV) and interatomic BaO(68 eV) low energy Auger transition lines are analyzed in terms of low core atomic levels, valence band and extra‐atomic relaxation energy changes.
Use of Automated Bolus Calculators for Diabetes Management (2013)

Less than 30 % of patients with diabetes who are on insulin therapy achieve target glycated hemoglobin (HbA 1C ) levels. Automated bolus calculators (ABCs) are now almost universally used for patients on insulin pump therapy to calculate pre-meal insulin doses. Use of ABCs in glucose monitors and smart phone applications have the potential to improve glucose control in a larger population of individuals with diabetes on insulin therapy by overcoming the fear of hypoglycemia and assisting those with low numeracy skills.
Structure of the Human Telomere in K <sup>+</sup> Solution:  An Intramolecular (3 + 1) G-Quadruplex Scaffold (2006)

We present the intramolecular G-quadruplex structure of human telomeric DNA in physiologically relevant K(+) solution. This G-quadruplex, whose (3 + 1) topology differs from folds reported previously in Na(+) solution and in a K(+)-containing crystal, involves the following: one anti.syn.syn.syn and two syn.anti.anti.anti G-tetrads; one double-chain reversal and two edgewise loops; three G-tracts oriented in one direction and the fourth in the opposite direction. The topological characteristics of this (3 + 1) G-quadruplex scaffold should provide a unique platform for structure-based anticancer drug design targeted to human telomeric DNA.
Allergenic Fragments of Ryegrass <i>(Lolium perenne)</i> Pollen Allergen <i>Lol </i><i>p</i> IV (1989)

To facilitate studies on establishing the nature of structure/function relationships of allergens, ryegrass pollen allergen, Lol p IV, was cleaved into smaller fragments by cyanogen bromide (CNBr) and the resulting peptides were further digested with trypsin. The resulting peptides were then fractionated by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a C-18 reverse phase column. The allergenic activity of the HPLC fractions was evaluated in terms of their ability to inhibit the binding of 125I-Lol p IV to serum IgE antibodies of a grass-allergic patient. Many of these fractions inhibited the binding between the native allergen and IgE antibodies in a dose-dependent manner. The inhibitions were specific, i.e., the fractions did not inhibit the binding between 125I-Lol p I (a group-I ryegrass pollen allergen) and the IgE antibodies present in the allergic human serum. The possibility that the allergenic peptide fractions were contaminated by the native undegraded allergen, which might have accounted for the observed inhibition, was ruled out by the fact that the native allergen could not be detected by SDS-PAGE and the elution profiles of allergenically active peptides did not coincide with that of native allergen. One of the allergenic sites recognized by monoclonal antibody (Mab) 90, i.e., site A, was located in HPLC fractions 90-100 while another allergenic site B (recognized by Mab 12) appeared to be lost following the sequential digestion of Lol p IV with CNBr and trypsin.
Control of the Molecular Packing in Guanidinium Monolayers through Binding with Aqueous Polycarboxylates (1996)

Abstract By using newly developed guanylating agents, octadecyl- and dioctadecylguanidinium amphiphiles were synthesized. The interaction between each guanidinium monolayer and polycarboxylates in the subphase was investigated on the basis of the π–A isotherm, FT-IR spectroscopy, and XPS measurements. When linear dicarboxylates were used, the molecular areas of the monolayer increased, as the length of the methylene chain between the carboxylate groups increased. The expansion of the molecular area was greater for the octadecylguanidinium monolayers than for the dioctadecylguanidinium monolayers. The molecular packing was affected by the shape of polycarboxylate molecules in the case of phthalate, cis-1,2-cyclohexanedicarboxylate, and 1,1-cyclohexanediacetate. It is clear that, the molecular packing in the complexed monolayers is governed by the distance and relative orientation of the two carboxylate groups in a polycarboxylate. With all of the dicarboxylates, excluding oxalate, FT-IR and XPS measurements of the LB films indicated the formation of 1 : 1 guanidinium/carboxylate pairs with hydrogen bonding interactions. Oxalate produced an asymmetric complex where one guanidinium was bound to oxalate through hydrogen bonding, and the other guanidinium existed as a non-hydrogen bonded counter ion. These results are useful for the development of two-dimensional molecular patterns.
Studies on Tissue Thromboplastin - Its Splitting into Two Separable Parts (1969)

Summary 1. Sodium deoxycholate (DOC) splits tissue thromboplastin into two inactive parts, fraction A and fraction B, separable by gel filtration in the presence of DOC. 2. By recombination and subsequent removal of the DOC, the fractions reaggregate and regain full thromboplastic activity. 3. Fraction A consists mainly of protein, while phospholipid is the main constituent of fraction B.
Use of Pressure Activated Sealants to Cure Sources of Casing Pressure (1999)

Abstract Pressure leaks in a wellhead or in downhole tubulars or equipment can lead to inoperable subsurface safety valves, casing pressure, environmental pollution, loss of production and, in extreme cases, blowouts. As such, it is essential to the safe and environmentally sound operation of a well that the sources of the pressure leaks be identified and cured. Use of a new and unique pressure activated sealant technology allows utilization of a method of repairing wellhead and downhole leaks in-situ without employing any mechanical downhole operations. Only at the point of differential pressure, through the leak site, will the sealant reaction occur and create a bond across the leak. Use of the pressure activated sealant technology obviates the need to employ expensive and risky rig or wireline operations to cure downhole leaks.
Neurogenesis and Neuroprotection Induced by Peripheral Immunomodulatory Treatment of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (2005)

Brain insults such as the autoimmune inflammatory process in multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induce a measure of neurogenesis, but its regenerative therapeutic consequence is limited, because it fails to regenerate functional neurons and compensate the damage. Here, we investigated whether peripheral immunomodulatory treatment for MS/EAE, glatiramer acetate (GA), can enhance neurogenesis and generate neuroprotection in the CNS of EAE-inflicted mice. EAE was induced by myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide, either in yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) 2.2 transgenic mice, which selectively express YFP on their neuronal population, or in C57BL/6 mice. The in situ effect of GA was studied in various brain regions; neuroprotection and neurogeneration were evaluated and quantified by measuring the expression of different neuronal antigens and in vivo proliferation markers. The results demonstrated that in EAE-inflicted mice, neuroproliferation was initially elevated after disease appearance but subsequently declined below that of naive mice. In contrast, GA treatment in various stages of the disease led to sustained reduction in the neuronal/axonal damage typical to the neurodegenerative disease course. Moreover, three processes characteristic of neurogenesis, namely cell proliferation, migration, and differentiation, were augmented and extended by GA treatment in EAE mice compared with EAE-untreated mice and naive controls. The newborn neuroprogenitors manifested massive migration through exciting and dormant migration pathways, into injury sites in brain regions, which do not normally undergo neurogenesis, and differentiated to mature neuronal phenotype. This suggests a direct linkage between immunomodulation, neurogenesis, and an in situ therapeutic consequence in the CNS.
Activation of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor in the Limbic System During Cannabinoid Withdrawal (1997)

Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) has been implicated in the mediation of the stress-like and negative affective consequences of withdrawal from drugs of abuse, such as alcohol, cocaine, and opiates. This study sought to determine whether brain CRF systems also have a role in cannabinoid dependence. Rats were treated daily for 2 weeks with the potent synthetic cannabinoid HU-210. Withdrawal, induced by the cannabinoid antagonist SR 141716A, was accompanied by a marked elevation in extracellular CRF concentration and a distinct pattern of Fos activation in the central nucleus of the amygdala. Maximal increases in CRF corresponded to the time when behavioral signs resulting from cannabinoid withdrawal were at a maximum. These data suggest that long-term cannabinoid administration alters CRF function in the limbic system of the brain, in a manner similar to that observed with other drugs of abuse, and also induces neuroadaptive processes that may result in future vulnerability to drug dependence.
Study on recorded domain characteristics of magneto-optical TbFeCo disks (1988)

Domain characteristics (size and shape) of TbFeCo disks of several compositions are studied systematically through direct optical observation under various recording conditions. The relationships among recorded domains, magnetic properties, and recording conditions are also investigated. Magnetic films suitable for very high-density recording are found to have a compensation temperature between room temperature and 100 °C and a Curie temperature near 200 °C. In those films, the formation of domains is stable against fluctuations in laser power and external field. These results can be explained by a simple domain formation model in which coercive force, demagnetizing field, and wall energy at the domain wall are taken into account. Teardroplike domains are observed in the case of relatively long laser pulse recording. Such domains cause detection errors during the domain edge detection. It is also found that recording noise is high under certain recording conditions. The origin of this noise is supposed to be caused by inversely magnetized regions existing in a domain and irregularities in the outline of domains.