gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of Graphene Nanoplatelets addition on mechanical properties of pure aluminum using a semi-powder method (2014)

In recent years, graphene has attracted considerable research interest in all fields of science due to its unique properties. Its excellent mechanical properties lead it to be used in nano-composites for strength enhancement. This paper reports an Aluminum–Graphene Nanoplatelets (Al/GNPs) composite using a semi-powder method followed by hot extrusion. The effect of GNP nano-particle integration on tensile, compressive and hardness response of Al is investigated in this paper. It is demonstrated that 0.3 wt% Graphene Nanoplatelets distributed homogeneously in the matrix aluminum act as an effective reinforcing filler to prevent deformation. Compared to monolithic aluminum (in tension), Al–0.3 wt% GNPs composite exhibited higher 0.2% yield strength (+14.7%), ultimate tensile strength (+11.1%) and lower failure strain (−40.6%). Surprisingly, compared to monolithic Al (in compression), Al–0.3 wt% GNPs composite exhibited same 0.2% compressive yield strength and lower ultimate compression strength (−7.8%), and lower failure strain (−20.2%). The Al–0.3 wt% GNPs composite exhibited higher Vickers hardness compared to monolithic aluminum (+11.8%). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to investigate the surface morphology, elemental percentage composition, and phase analysis, respectively.
A Hydrogen Peroxide-Responsive Hyperpolarized <sup>13</sup>C MRI Contrast Agent (2011)

We report a new reaction-based approach for the detection of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) using hyperpolarized (13)C magnetic resonance imaging ((13)C MRI) and the H(2)O(2)-mediated oxidation of α-ketoacids to carboxylic acids. (13)C-Benzoylformic acid reacts selectively with H(2)O(2) over other reactive oxygen species to generate (13)C-benzoic acid and can be hyperpolarized using dynamic nuclear polarization, providing a method for dual-frequency detection of H(2)O(2). Phantom images collected using frequency-specific imaging sequences demonstrate the efficacy of this responsive contrast agent to monitor H(2)O(2) at pre-clinical field strengths. The combination of reaction-based detection chemistry and hyperpolarized (13)C MRI provides a potentially powerful new methodology for non-invasive multi-analyte imaging in living systems.
Microstructures, Processing, and Properties of Steels (1990)

Abstract This article describes microstructures and microstructure-property relationships in steels. It emphasizes the correlation of microstructure and properties as a function of carbon content and processing in low-alloy steels. The article discusses the iron-carbon phase diagram and the phase transformations that change the structure and properties at varying levels of carbon content. Microstructures described include pearlite, bainite, proeutectoid ferrite and cementite, ferrite-pearlite, and martensite. The article depicts some of the primary processing steps that result in ferrite-pearlite microstructures. It shows the range of hardness levels which may be obtained by tempering at various temperatures as a function of the carbon content of the steel. To reduce the number of processing steps associated with producing quenched and tempered microstructures, new alloying approaches have been developed to produce high-strength microstructures directly during cooling after forging.
Solvent‐Annealed Crystalline Squaraine: PC<sub>70</sub>BM (1:6) Solar Cells (2011)

It is demonstrated that squaraine:PC70BM blends can result in solar cells with high efficiency and fill factor when the nano­structure scale is increased to lead to conduction of photogenerated carriers to the electrodes. Morphological control occurs by a combination of thermal and solvent annealing of these small molecule, solution-processed bulk heterojunction cells. Peak efficiencies of a population of devices is 5.2% at fill factors of 0.5 are achieved under optimized conditions.
THE UNITED STATES FOOD INDUSTRY - PRODUCTIVITY, DISTRIBUTION COSTS AND TRENDS (1974)

Discusses trends in cost of labor, packaging material, transportation and energy in the food industry.
Multi-touch passwords for mobile device access (2012)

Draw-a-Secret password schemes, like the Google Android Pattern Lock, entail stroking out a shape on a touch screen. This paper explores techniques for expanding the richness of this input modality (multitouch input, off-target interaction) in order to increase password entropy and resistance to observation. A formative user study highlights user perceptions and usability issues relating to this design space and suggests directions for future development of this concept.
The Preparation of Activated Carbon form Furfural Residues (1924)

This method has been developed to utilize the residues from the manufacture of furfural by acid treatment of corn cobs or oat hulls. The residue is mixed with 7.5% by wt. ZnO and 70% HCl (Sp Gr 1.20) and allowed to stand 24 hours. It is then dried and destructively distilled at 550°C. The ash is leached out with 1% HCl and the char dried and heated to 850°C. Treatment yields a char which is the equal of any vegetable char now on the market.
Characterization and physical properties of polymethylphenylsilsesquioxane (PMPSQ) and hydroxyl‐functionalized polystyrene (PS–OH) hybrids (2003)

Abstract Polymethylphenylsilsesquioxane (PMPSQ–OH) and trimethylsilyl end‐blocked PMPSQ (PMPSQ–EC) were prepared. The thermal decomposition behavior of these polymers was studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and FT‐Raman spectroscopy. Hydroxyl‐functionalized polystyrene (PS–OH) was also prepared by anionic living polymerization. Thin hybrid films of PMPSQ/PS–OH with various blend ratios were obtained by spin‐coating on freshly cleaned glass. The surface morphology of the hybrid films was investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). In 80/20 PMPSQ/PS–OH hybrid film, the PS–OH component produced a very uniformly dispersed phase. This hybrid film contained small domains of PS–OH whose size ranged from 60 to 80 nm. As the content of PS–OH was increased, the domain morphology coarsened and phase inversion took place around 50 wt %. In the phase‐inversed system, the PMPSQ‐rich phase was uniformly distributed in the PS–OH‐rich continuous phase. In addition, temperature‐dependent dielectric properties of PMPSQ/PS–OH hybrids were investigated. Relaxation of the hybrids was observed with an increasing content of the PS–OH component due to the amorphous glass transition behavior of PS–OH. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 2801–2812, 2003
Peroxynitrite and Hydrogen Peroxide Induced Cell Death in the NSC34 Neuroblastoma × Spinal Cord Cell Line: Role of Poly(ADP‐Ribose) Polymerase (1998)

The reaction of superoxide and nitric oxide results in the formation of peroxynitrite, a long lived and highly reactive oxidant species. It has been suggested that the formation of peroxynitrite in vivo may contribute to cell death in some neurological conditions. We have examined the effect of peroxynitrite on cell death in the NSC34 spinal cord cell line. A brief (30 min) exposure to either peroxynitrite or hydrogen peroxide caused delayed cell death with an EC50 for both of approximately 1 mM. Cell death was prevented by the RNA synthesis inhibitor actinomycin D and included DNA damage as an early event. We sought to clarify the potential role of the DNA binding enzyme poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) in cell death in these cells. Several PARP inhibitors [benzamide, 3-aminobenzamide, nicotinamide, and 6(5H)-phenanthridinone] prevented cell death, but the inactive analogue benzoic acid did not. However, there was no evidence of cleavage of PARP, which occurs in apoptosis via the activation of the caspase CPP32. Therefore, we suggest that PARP contributes to neuronal injury as an early event, probably by lethal NAD depletion, without any requirement for proteolytic cleavage.
Transverse up-conversion method for recording infrared radiation with picosecond time resolution (1975)

A description is given of a new method for recording infrared radiation with picosecond time resolution. The method is based on the conversion of the investigated infrared radiation to the visible range by a transverse interaction with an ultrashort pump pulse in a nonlinear crsytal. This method makes it possible to time-scan the investigated infrared radiation directly during conversion to the visible range. A theory is given of the nonlinear transverse interaction which produces the sum frequency. The theoretical relationships are supported by experimental results. Advantages and disadvantages of the proposed method are considered.
[Effect of fasting, glucose load and dithizone injections on the zinc content in pancreatic islets of the rabbit]. (1991)

The content of zinc in the pancreatic islets was increased in fasting animals and reduced after a glucose load and dithizone injection. A negative correlation between the blood sugar level and the zinc content in the pancreatic islets was encountered. A changed content of zinc in the islet cells may serve as a sensitive indicator of changes in the functional condition of the pancreatic insular apparatus.
Efficient lifting based CDF9/7 wavelet transform using fixed point (2010)

Lifting based CDF9/7 wavelet transform is used for lossy coding. As the lifting coefficients are irrational numbers, floating point calculation lead the transform process slow. Using integer numbers instead of float numbers, fixed point calculation have a faster performance. However, where to make the floating point fixed should be determined, because the position of fixed point affects the kept accuracy of lifting coefficients, and then affects the effect of the wavelet transform. In this paper, by changing both the fixed point positions of lifting coefficients “Lifting Coefficients Shift” and the shifted bits of image signal values “Signal Values Shift”, combining with different rounding methods, we compare the quality of images after 6 levels of CDF9/7 forward and inverse wavelet transform, and find out: When the ratio of “Lifting Coefficients Shift” to “Signal Values Shift” is 12:5 with rounding towards +∞, it has the best result for fixed point CDF9/7 wavelet transform. For further validation, we test it by run time and implement of image compression. It has not only a faster performance but also a better quality for image compression.
IMPROVING PERFORMANCE OF INDUCTIVE MODELS THROUGH AN ALGORITHM AND SAMPLE COMBINATION STRATEGY (2001)

Multiple approaches have been developed for improving predictive performance of a system by creating and combining various learned models. There are two main approaches to creating model ensembles. This first is to create a set of learned models by applying an algorithm repeatedly to different training sample data, the second applies various learning algorithms to the same sample data. The predictions of the models are then combined accordings to a voting scheme. This paper presents a method for combining models that were developed using numerous samples, modeling algorithms, and modelers and compares it with the alternate approaches. The presented results are based on findings from an ongoing operational data mining initiative with respect to selecting a model set that is best able to meet defined goals from among trained models. The operational goals to be attained in this initiative are to deploy data mining model(s) that maximizes specificity with minimal negative impact to sensitivity. The results of the model combination methods are evaluated with respect to sensitivity and false alarm rates and are then compared against other approaches.
Ordered appearance of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nucleic acids following high multiplicity infection of macrophages (1992)

The order of appearance of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) nucleic acids was examined in monocyte-derived macrophages following a high multiplicity infection with macrophage-tropic virus. Using the polymerase chain reaction, viral DNA was first detected 2 h after infection and continued to accumulate over the next 24 h. Transcripts representing tat, rev and nef splicing were detected by 24 h, and transcripts representing env splicing were detected by 48 h after infection. Coincident with the appearance of env transcripts, new synthesis of cellular and extracellular p24 antigen began, multinucleated giant cells formed and progeny infectious virus emerged. This analytical system provides a foundation for further studies on the effects of antiviral agents and cellular factors on the replication cycle of HIV-1 in non-transformed, primary monocyte-derived macrophages.
Blogging: Genius Strategies for Instant Web Content (2002)

From the Publisher:
Turn your home page into a microportal with fresh content that will keep readers coming back. The first hands-on book on building blogs, this is an excellent tutorial for new bloggers, and includes many advanced techniques for veteran bloggers. Simply put, web logging, known as blogging, is an easy way of updating a web page via a browser without the hassle of launching an FTP client or HTML editor. With all the templates, add-ons, and extra features associated with building this microportal, the blog is a new take on the home page. The blog brings the voice of its creator to the surface, builds it into the design, and keeps the content fresh and meaningful. This book features hands-on tutorials for building a blog, adding a user based commenting system, adding team members, syndicating with JavaScript, adding searches to a site, and much more. This is the book for creative web-enthusiasts looking for the next thing and it's the first book of new ideas and advanced tutorials for bloggers already numbering in the hundreds of thousands.
Recombinant cell bioassays for endocrine disruptors: development of a stably transfected human ovarian cell line for the detection of estrogenic and anti-estrogenic chemicals. (2000)

The ability of a variety of compounds to disrupt normal endocrine homeostasis, and potentially, the physiological and reproductive capacity of an organism, has gained worldwide attention in recent years. In an attempt to identify such compounds, and to examine the mechanism(s) by which they may exert their actions, we have constructed reporter plasmid vectors that contain the firefly luciferase gene under hormone-inducible control of estrogen-, androgen-, or retinoic acid-responsive DNA enhancer elements. Transient transfection of these vectors into appropriate receptor-containing cell lines revealed their ability to respond to their respective hormones with the induction of luciferase. Here, we describe development and optimization of a recombinant human ovarian carcinoma (BG-1) line, which has been stably transfected with the estrogen responsive luciferase reporter plasmid. The resulting recombinant cell line (BG1Luc4E(2)) responds to 17beta-estradiol at concentrations as low as 1 pM. The utility of BG1Luc4E(2) cells as a bioassay screening system for environmental estrogens was demonstrated by their response to known xenoestrogens, and also by the putative identification of two polychlorinated biphenyls (2,3',4, 4,'-tetrachlorobiphenyl and 2,2',3,5',6-pentachlorobiphenyl) as novel estrogenic chemicals. These cell bioassay systems have applications for rapid screening, identification, and characterization of endocrine disrupting chemicals.
Metall‐Ligand‐Schwingungen in den Infrarot‐Absorptionsspektren von Komplexen mit leichten Zentralatomen und Sauerstoffkoordination: II. Bor‐ und Kohlenstoffverbindungen (1967)

Abstract In den IR‐Spektren mehrerer Borkomplexe mit vierzähliger Koordination werden (teilweise mit Hilfe des 10 B/ 11 B‐Isotopeneffekts) die antisymmetrischen Valenzschwingungen des BO 4 ‐Tetraeders zugeordnet. Die bei T d ‐Symmetrie dreifach entartete Schwingung ist meistens aufgespalten, manchmal in beträchtlichem Maße. Das untersuchte Material ergibt eine mittlere Wellenzahl von 1030 cm −1 . Der Vergleich der Borverbindungen mit einigen isoelektronischen Kohlenstoffverbindungen ergibt für die entsprechenden Schwingungen der CO 4 ‐Gruppe einen etwas höheren Wert von 1110 cm −1. Das entspricht den Verhältnissen bei Verbindungen des Bors und Kohlenstoffs mit zwei‐ und dreizahliger Koordination.
PGR Strategies to Increase Fruit Size of 'Hass' Avocado (2008)

Competition from Mexico, Chile and other countries requires that the California avocado industry not only increase production per acre, but also increase fruit size to remain profitable. The goal of this research is to increase net income per acre for growers of the 'Hass' avocado in California by developing plant growth regulator (PGR) strategies that increase yield of commercially valuable large size fruit. The specific objectives of this research are: (1) to demonstrate that the ability of three strategies to increase fruit size is reproducible in a second avocado orchard representing a different avocado-growing area of California and (2) to demonstrate that the yield of large size fruit responds incrementally to increases in PGR dose. The objectives are to satisfy the requirements of the California Department of Pesticide Regulation (DPR) necessary to add a plant growth regulator to an existing label so that the PGR can be legally used in avocado production in California.
High speed, high accuracy fractional-N frequency synthesizer using nested mixed-radix digital &#x0394;-&#x03A3; modulators (2013)

If the modulus of the DΔΣM in a fractional-N frequency synthesizer is a power of two, then the output frequency is constrained to be a rational multiple of the phase detector frequency (f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">PD</sub> ), where the denominator of the rational multiplier is a power of two. If the required output frequency is not related to f <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">PD</sub> in this way, one is forced to approximate the ratio by using a small programmable modulus DΔΣM or a very large power of two modulus. Both solutions involve additional hardware. In addition, the programmable modulus solution can suffer from spurs, while the large power of two lacks accuracy. This paper presents a new solution, based on mixed-radix algebra, where the required ratio is formed by combining two different moduli. The programmable modulus solves the accuracy problem, while the large power of two modulus minimizes the spur content. In addition, the phase detector can be clocked at high speed.
Botulinum-A Toxin Treatment of the Lower Eyelid Improves Infraorbital Rhytides and Widens the Eye (2001)

Botulinum-A exotoxin (BTX-A) can be used cosmetically to improve rhytides, particularly of the upper one-third of the face. In this study, fifteen women had BTX-A (BOTOX, Allergan, Inc.) injected into the orbicularis oculi muscle. One lower eyelid received two units just subdermally in the midpupillary line three millimeters below the ciliary margin. The opposite periocular area received two units BTX-A in the lower eyelid with 12 units BTX-A injected into the lateral orbital (“crow's foot”) area. Three injections of four units each were placed 1.5 cm from the lateral canthus, each 1 cm apart. Patients and physicians independently evaluated the degree of improvement (grade 0 = no improvement, grade 1 = mild improvement, grade 2 = moderate improvement, and grade 3 = dramatic improvement). An independent photographic analysis was performed. Patients reported a grade of 0.73 when two units were injected alone into the lower lid, and a grade of 1.9 when the lower eyelid and the lateral orbital areas were injected. Physician assessment was grade 0.7 with injection of the eyelid alone and grade 1.8 with injection of the lower eyelid and lateral orbital area. Single investigator photographic analysis demonstrated that 40% of the subjects who had injection of the lower eyelid alone had an increased palpebral aperture (IPA), while 86% of the subjects who had injection of the lower eyelid and lateral orbital area had an IPA. Subjects receiving two units alone had an average 0.5 mm IPA and a mean 1.3 mm IPA at full smile. Concomitant treatment of the lateral orbital area produced a mean 1.8 mm IPA at rest and a mean 2.9 mm IPA at full smile. The results were more notable in the Asian eye. Two units of BTX-A injected into the lower eyelid orbicularis oculi muscle improves infraorbital wrinkles, particularly when used in combination with BTX-A treatment of the lateral orbital area.
Dibenzothiophenes and related compounds. V. Reactions of 5-substituted dibenzothiophenium salts with organometallic reagents. (1974)

In order to compare the mechanisms of reactions of sulfonium salts with organolithiums and Grignard reagents, the reactions between 5-substituted dibenzothiophenium salts and methyllithium, methylmagnesium halides, and phenylmagnesium halides have been investigated to get a large difference as shown in Tables I and II, respectively. The reactions of 5-substituted dibenzothiophenium salts with methyllithium gave ring-opening products (I) as main products in Table I, whereas the reactions of those with methylmagnesium iodide gave no I or only little. Instead, these reactions gave ringopening products (III) as main products in Table II. The mechanisms of the formation of the products of the runs in Table I and II have been explained as shown in Chart 2 and Chart 4, respectively.
Significant Aspects of Certain Ternary Compounds and Solid Solutions (1952)

The discovery of the thermal contraction of β‐eucryptite has introduced some new problems regarding the basic assumptions upon which previous thermal expansion theory has been based. These problems are presented together with a discussion of the chemical control of the thermal expansion of β‐eucryptite‐β‐spodumene solid solutions. The relationship of the solid solutions to the physical control of the thermal expansion of ceramic mixtures is presented.
<title>Mass-limited laser-plasma cryogenic target for 13-nm point x-ray sources for lithography</title> (1994)

We propose the use of mass-limited, line emitting cryogenic targets for SXPL, which permit a continuous supply of targets without the problem of particulate debris and excessive heating of multilayer optics by an intense x-ray flux in wavelength regions outside the multilayer bandwidth. In preliminary experiments we measured the oxygen line emission in the vicinity of 13 nm. The x-ray emitting plasma was produced by using a laser intensity of 2 X 10<SUP>12</SUP> W/cm<SUP>2</SUP> on the surface of an ice target. From the observed crater on target we can deduce that clusters are also ejected from cryogenic targets.