gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Partial epilepsy with pericentral spikes: A new familial epilepsy syndrome with evidence for linkage to chromosome 4p15 (2002)

The genetic analysis of simple Mendelian epilepsies remains a key strategy in advancing our understanding of epilepsy. In this article, we describe a new family epilepsy syndrome, partial epilepsy with pericentral spikes, which we map to chromosome 4p15. We distinguish it clinically, electrophysiologically, and genetically from previously described Mendelian epilepsies. The family described is a large Brazilian kindred of Portuguese extraction in which affected family members manifest a variety of seizure types, including hemiclonic, hemitonic, generalized tonic-clonic, simple partial (stereotyped episodes of epigastric pain), and complex partial seizures consistent with temporal lobe epilepsy. The syndrome is benign, either requiring no treatment or responding to a single antiepileptic medication. Seizure onset is in the first or second decades of life, with seizures in individuals up to the age of 71 years and documented encephalogram changes up to the age of 30 years. A key feature of partial epilepsy with pericentral spikes is a characteristic encephalogram abnormality of spikes or sharp waves in the pericentral region (centroparietal, centrofrontal, or centrotemporal). This distinctive encephalogram abnormality of pericentral spikes unites these several seizure types into a discrete family epilepsy syndrome. As with other familial epilepsies, the inherited nature of this new syndrome may be overlooked because of the variability in penetrance and seizure types among affected family members.
Genetic Analysis of Sunflower Domestication (2002)

Quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling phenotypic differences between cultivated sunflower and its wild progenitor were investigated in an F(3) mapping population. Composite interval mapping revealed the presence of 78 QTL affecting the 18 quantitative traits of interest, with 2-10 QTL per trait. Each QTL explained 3.0-68.0% of the phenotypic variance, although only 4 (corresponding to 3 of 18 traits) had effects >25%. Overall, 51 of the 78 QTL produced phenotypic effects in the expected direction, and for 13 of 18 traits the majority of QTL had the expected effect. Despite being distributed across 15 of the 17 linkage groups, there was a substantial amount of clustering among QTL controlling different traits. In several cases, regions influencing multiple traits harbored QTL with antagonistic effects, producing a cultivar-like phenotype for some traits and a wild-like phenotype for others. On the basis of the directionality of QTL, strong directional selection for increased achene size appears to have played a central role in sunflower domestication. None of the other traits show similar evidence of selection. The occurrence of numerous wild alleles with cultivar-like effects, combined with the lack of major QTL, suggests that sunflower was readily domesticated.
FATTY ACID, TOCOPHEROL AND STEROL COMPOSITION AS WELL AS OXIDATIVE STABILITY OF THREE UNUSUAL SUDANESE OILS (2004)

ABSTRACT Three unusual oils, obtained from Sclerocarya birrea (Marula), Aspongopus viduatus (melon bug) and Agonoscelis pubescens (sorghum bug), collected in Sudan from Abu Gibaiha, Ghibaish and Rahad agricultural areas, respectively, were investigated. In addition to the oil content, the fatty acid as well as sterol composition was determined by capillary gas chromatography and the tocopherols were evaluated by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Oxidative stability of the oils was investigated by the Rancimat method. The oil content of seeds from S. birrea amounted to 53.5%, whereas bugs of A. viduatus and A. pubescens came to 45 and 60%, respectively. The oils contained 67.2, 46.5 and 40.9% oleic acid, 5.9, 3.4 and 34.5% linoleic acid, 14.1, 44.2 and 12.1% palmitic acid and traces of linolenic acid, respectively. The tocopherol content of these oils amounted to 13.7, 0.3 and 34.0 mg/100 g oil, respectively. Gamma‐tocopherol was the predominant tocopherol in the oil of S. birrea and A. pubescens . The total content of sterols in the three oils was 287, 17 and 450 mg/100 g oil, respectively, whereas β‐sitosterol was determined as the main compound in all oils with about 60% of the total sterols. In the oil of S. birrea higher amounts of 5‐avenasterol (4.8 mg/100 g) were found. The oxidative stability of the oils, as measured by the Rancimat test at 120C, was 43, 38 and 5.1 h, respectively.
Transbilayer movement of various phosphatidylcholine species in intact human erythrocytes (1982)

Phosphatidylcholine specific phospholipid exchange protein was used to introduce (14C)-labeled phosphatidylcholine of different fatty acyl compositions into the intact human erythrocyte. Hydrolysis by a combination of phospholipase A2 and sphingomyelinase was applied to prove that originally all newly introduced phosphatidylcholine resided in the outer monolayer. Subsequently the erythrocytes were reincubated at 37 degrees C, and redistribution of the introduced (14C)phosphatidylcholine was monitored by applying the combination of phospholipases after different times of incubation. In the situation where 20% of the native erythrocyte phosphatidylcholine had been replaced by phosphatidylcholine from (14C)choline-labeled rat liver microsomal membranes, a slow translocation of the (14C)microsomal phosphatidylcholine was found, with a half-time of transbilayer equilibration of 10.8 hr. Furthermore, the transbilayer movement of probe amounts of (14C)dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine, (14C)egg phosphatidylcholine and (14C)soybean phosphatidylcholine was studied under conditions whereby the fatty acyl composition of the bulk erythrocyte phosphatidylcholine remained unchanged. In correlation to the increasing unsaturation of the probe, half-times for the transbilayer equilibration were calculated to be 26.9, 12.8, and 8.1 hr, respectively.
Narrow Band High Resolution Radar Imaging (2006)

We present a technique for generating imagery with high spatial resolution but from low bandwidth radar transmissions. The high spatial resolution is obtained by applying the principles of tomography to a multi-site monochromatic continuous wave (CW) radar system that can illuminate the target over a complete angular range of 360 degrees. A simulation has been developed to investigate the technique. Further, full-scale imagery of corner reflector and vehicle targets derived from an ISAR data collection has been modified to emulate and examine the performance of a multi-static monochromatic CW system. The approach also provides valuable insight into the fundamental resolution limits possible in microwave imaging. It is shown how resolution can be improved beyond the limits normally attributed to the SAR and ISAR forms of imaging. In fact, there is no theoretical limit of the resolution of the sensor.
Approaches to Phase 1 Clinical Trial Design Focused on Safety, Efficiency, and Selected Patient Populations: A Report from the Clinical Trial Design Task Force of the National Cancer Institute Investigational Drug Steering Committee (2010)

The goals and objectives of phase 1 clinical trials are changing to include further evaluation of endpoints such as molecular targeted effects, in addition to dose-toxicity profile of the investigational agent. Because of these changes in focus, the National Cancer Institute and Investigational Drug Steering Committee's Task Force on Clinical Trial Design met to evaluate the most efficient ways to design and implement early clinical trials with novel therapeutics. Clinical approaches discussed included the conventional 3 + 3 cohort expansion phase 1 design, multi-institutional phase 1 studies, accelerated titration designs, continual reassessment methods, the study of specific target patient populations, and phase 0 studies. Each of these approaches uniquely contributes to some aspect of the phase 1 study, with all focused on dose and schedule determination, patient safety, and limited patient exposure to ineffective doses of investigational agent. The benefit of labor-intensive generation of preliminary biomarker evidence of target inhibition, as well as the value of molecular profiling of the study population, is considered. New drug development is expensive and the failure rate remains high. By identifying patient populations expected to respond to the study agent and tailoring the treatment with a novel drug, investigators will be one step closer to personalizing cancer treatment. The "fail early and fast" approach is acceptable if the appropriate patient population is evaluated in the phase 1 trial. The approaches outlined in this overview address the merits, advantages, disadvantages, and obstacles encountered during first in human studies.
The path of mRNA through the bacterial ribosome: a site-directed crosslinking study using new photoreactive derivatives of guanosine and uridine. (1997)

Two new photoreactive nucleotide derivatives have been applied in site-directed crosslinking studies with mRNA analogues. 6-Thioguanosine triphosphate or 5-methyleneaminouridine triphosphate was incorporated into mRNA analogues by T7 transcription; after transcription, the 5-methyleneaminouridine residues were converted to a diazirine derivative. mRNA analogues carrying either 6-thioguanosine or the diazirine derivative were bound to Escherichia coli ribosomes in the presence of tRNA(f)(Met), and photo-crosslinking was induced by irradiation at 350 nm. With 6-thioguanosine, specific crosslinks were observed from downstream positions +8 or +9 of the mRNA to nt 1196 in helix 34 of the 16S rRNA, and from position +12 to nt 530 in helix 18. With the diazirine derivative, a crosslink from position +2 (within the AUG codon) to nt 926 in helix 28 was found. Taken together with previous data obtained from downstream sites in mRNA analogues carrying 4-thiouridine residues, specific crosslinks have now been identified from downstream mRNA positions +2, +4, +6, +7, +8, +9, +11, and +12. The data confirm that the three 16S rRNA regions involved-helices 18, 28, and 34-are in the direct neighborhood of the decoding area of the 30S subunit.
The photosensitised explosion of hydrogen and oxygen by chlorine (1932)

Abstract The kinetic mechanism of the explosion of hydrogen and oxygen has recently been the subject of numerous experiments, notably by Haber and his co-workers, and it would appear that the chain mechanism put forward by Bonhöffer and Haber* has with some slight modifications been substantiated. According to this view the hydrogen-oxygen flame is propagated by chains involving hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl molecules, according to the scheme H + H2 + O2 = H2O + OH + 100 k. cal. OH + H2 = H2O + H + 11 k. cal. The first reaction is strongly exothermic, but the second is of much lower affinity, and is only propagated appreciably at temperatures approaching 400° C., with the result that at lower temperatures, hydrogen peroxide makes its appearance : OH + OH + X = H2O2 + X´.
The effects of topic familiarity on information search behavior (2002)

We describe results from a preliminary investigation of the relationship between topic familiarity and information search behavior. Two types of information search behaviors are considered: reading time and efficacy. Our results indicate that as one's familiarity with a topic increases, one's searching efficacy increases and one's reading time decreases. These results suggest that it may be possible to infer topic familiarity from information search behavior.
Stem Cells 101 (2008)

Review Summary1. Stem cells (SCs) are divided into two main types:Embryonic stem cells derive from the blastocyst and can, in theory, give rise to all
Different Effects of Subnormal Levels of Progesterone on the Pulsatile and Surge Mode Secretion of Luteinizing Hormone in Ovariectomized Goats1 (2003)

This study tested the hypothesis that endocrinological threshold levels of progesterone that induce negative feedback effects on the pulsatile and surge modes of LH secretion are different. Our approach was to examine the effects of subnormal progesterone concentrations on LH secretion. Long-term ovariectomized Shiba goats that had received implants of silastic capsules containing estradiol were divided into three groups. The high progesterone (high P) group received a subcutaneous implant of a silastic packet (50 x 70 mm) containing progesterone, and the low progesterone (low P) group received a similar implant of a small packet (25 x 40 mm) containing progesterone. The control (non-P) group received no treatment with exogenous progesterone. Blood samples were collected daily throughout the experiment for the analysis of gonadal steroid hormone levels and at 10-min intervals for 8 h on Days 0, 3, and 7 (Day 0: just before progesterone treatment) for analysis of the pulsatile frequency of LH secretion. Then estradiol was infused into the jugular vein of all animals at a rate of 3 microg/h for 16 h on Day 8 to determine whether an LH surge was induced. Blood samples were collected every 2 h from 4 h before the start of the estradiol infusion until 48 h after the start of the infusion. In each group, the mean +/- SEM concentration after progesterone implant treatment was 3.3 +/- 0.1 ng/ml for the high P group, 1.1 +/- 0.1 ng/ml for the low P group, and <0.1 ng/ml for the non-P group, concentrations similar to the luteal levels, subluteal levels, and follicular phase levels of the normal estrous cycle, respectively. The estradiol concentration ranged from 4 to 8 pg/ml after estradiol capsule implants in all groups. The LH pulse frequency was significantly (P < 0.05) suppressed on Day 3 (6.2 +/- 0.5 pulses/8 h) and on Day 7 (2.6 +/- 0.9 pulses/8 h) relative to Day 0 (9.0 +/- 0.5 pulses/8 h) in the high P group. In both the low P and non-P groups, however, the changes of pulsatile frequency of LH were not significantly different, and high pulses (7-9 pulses/8 h) were maintained on each of the 3 days they were tested. An LH surge (peak concentration, 100.3 +/- 11.0 ng/ml) occurred in all goats in the non-P group, whereas there was no surge mode secretion of LH in either the high P or the low P group. The results of this study support our hypothesis that the threshold levels of progesterone that regulate negative feedback action on the LH pulse and the LH surge are different. Low levels of progesterone, around 1 ng/ml, completely suppressed the LH surge but did not affect the pulsatile frequency of LH secretion.
Stability of the temporal and energy characteristics of a picosecond lanthanum beryllate laser (1984)

An investigation was made of the stability of the energy and temporal parameters of the radiation from a passively mode-locked La2Be2O5:Nd laser under conditions of two-threshold lasing. Minimum pulse durations of ~7 psec were achieved with an energy stability typical of similar YAG:Nd lasers. An investigation was made of the amplification of picosecond pulses in an La2Be2O5:Nd amplifier. An La2Be2O5:Nd laser was used to drive a synchronously pumped parametric oscillator.
739. Stability constants and spectra of some lanthanide complexes (1964)

J. C. Barnes, J. Chem. Soc., 1964, 3880 DOI: 10.1039/JR9640003880
Dynamic accommodation revealed by three dimensional optometer and its control center in a brain (2002)

Three dimensional optometer (TDO) can measure dynamic accommodation, eye movement and pupil diameter simultaneously, while subjects are looking at visual objects by moving their eyes. While three-dimensional visual stimulator (TVS) can present independent binocular targets changing its distance, direction and image size. Using the TDO and the TVS, simultaneous accommodation and vergence responses toward a real image and/or a stereoscopic image created by the TVS were measured. It was found that the accommodation toward the stereoscopic image showed peculiar responses that had less amplitude compared with the response toward the real image, and recede movement of accommodation from the initial peak in the response. A 64-channel whole-cortex magnetoencephalography (MEG) system was also used to study the control mechanism of the accommodation by the central nervous system. A special relay lens system has been developed both to impose visual stimuli and to measure accommodation responses with a dynamic refractometer. Using these systems, MEG and accommodation responses were measured simultaneously. Consequently, an accommodation response toward stepwise stimuli was found after about 300 ms from the onset of the stimuli. Two highly synchronized MEG responses probably related to the accommodative control were found at about 100, 200 ms from the onset of the stimuli prior to the accommodative response.
Assessment of the mechanical properties of the musculoskeletal system using 2-D and 3-D very high frame rate ultrasound (2008)

One of the great challenges for understanding muscular diseases is to assess noninvasively the active and passive mechanical properties of the musculoskeletal system. In this paper we report the use of ultrafast ultrasound imaging to explore with a submillimeter resolution the behavior of the contracting tissues in vivo (biceps brachii). To image the contraction, which is a very brief phenomenon (100 ms), a recently designed ultrasound scanner prototype able to take up to 6000 frames/s was used. A very high frame rate from 1000 to 2500 frames/s was used to image the cross section plane of the muscle (transverse to fibers) enabling us to catch in real time the muscle contraction during a transient electrostimulation. Tissue velocities were obtained from radiofrequency based speckle tracking techniques and their profiles are discussed with respect to electrostimulation intensities and pulse repetition frequencies for different volunteers. Three-dimensional (3-D) very high frame rate movies were also acquired by repeating the experiment for different acquisition planes while triggering the imaging system with the electrostimulation device. The reconstructed 3-D velocity field allows the full localization of the contracting fibers bundle. This ultrasound technique, referred to as echo mechanomyography, offers new perspectives for in vivo and in situ noninvasive muscle diagnosis of an active contractile tissue.
A GABA<sub>A</sub>receptor of defined subunit composition and positioning: Concatenation of five subunits (2006)

We show that the five subunits of a gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor (GABA(A) receptor) can be concatenated to yield a functional receptor. This concatenated receptor alpha(1)-beta(2)-alpha(1)-gamma(2)-beta(2) has the advantage of a known subunit arrangement. Most of its functional properties are not significantly different from a receptor formed by individual subunits. Extent of expression amounted to about 40% of that of non-concatenated receptors in Xenopus oocytes, after injection of oocytes with comparable amounts of cRNA coding for concatenated and non-concatenated receptors. The ability to express receptors consisting of five subunits enables detailed studies of GABA(A) receptor subtype selective compounds.
BenR, a XylS Homologue, Regulates Three Different Pathways of Aromatic Acid Degradation in <i>Pseudomonas putida</i> (2000)

Pseudomonas putida converts benzoate to catechol using two enzymes that are encoded on the chromosome and whose expression is induced by benzoate. Benzoate also binds to the regulator XylS to induce expression of the TOL (toluene degradation) plasmid-encoded meta pathway operon for benzoate and methylbenzoate degradation. Finally, benzoate represses the ability of P. putida to transport 4-hydroxybenzoate (4-HBA) by preventing transcription of pcaK, the gene encoding the 4-HBA permease. Here we identified a gene, benR, as a regulator of benzoate, methylbenzoate, and 4-HBA degradation genes. A benR mutant isolated by random transposon mutagenesis was unable to grow on benzoate. The deduced amino acid sequence of BenR showed high similarity (62% identity) to the sequence of XylS, a member of the AraC family of regulators. An additional seven genes located adjacent to benR were inferred to be involved in benzoate degradation based on their deduced amino acid sequences. The benABC genes likely encode benzoate dioxygenase, and benD likely encodes 2-hydro-1,2-dihydroxybenzoate dehydrogenase. benK and benF were assigned functions as a benzoate permease and porin, respectively. The possible function of a final gene, benE, is not known. benR activated expression of a benA-lacZ reporter fusion in response to benzoate. It also activated expression of a meta cleavage operon promoter-lacZ fusion inserted in an E. coli chromosome. Third, benR was required for benzoate-mediated repression of pcaK-lacZ fusion expression. The benA promoter region contains a direct repeat sequence that matches the XylS binding site previously defined for the meta cleavage operon promoter. It is likely that BenR binds to the promoter region of chromosomal benzoate degradation genes and plasmid-encoded methylbenzoate degradation genes to activate gene expression in response to benzoate. The action of BenR in repressing 4-HBA uptake is probably indirect.
Long-Term <i>n</i>-Caproic Acid Production from Yeast-Fermentation Beer in an Anaerobic Bioreactor with Continuous Product Extraction (2015)

Multifunctional reactor microbiomes can elongate short-chain carboxylic acids (SCCAs) to medium-chain carboxylic acids (MCCAs), such as n-caproic acid. However, it is unclear whether this microbiome biotechnology platform is stable enough during long operating periods to consistently produce MCCAs. During a period of 550 days, we improved the operating conditions of an anaerobic bioreactor for the conversion of complex yeast-fermentation beer from the corn kernel-to-ethanol industry into primarily n-caproic acid. We incorporated and improved in-line, membrane liquid-liquid extraction to prevent inhibition due to undissociated MCCAs at a pH of 5.5 and circumvented the addition of methanogenic inhibitors. The microbiome accomplished several functions, including hydrolysis and acidogenesis of complex organic compounds and sugars into SCCAs, subsequent chain elongation with undistilled ethanol in beer, and hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis. The methane yield was 2.40 ± 0.52% based on COD and was limited by the availability of carbon dioxide. We achieved an average n-caproate production rate of 3.38 ± 0.42 g L(-1) d(-1) (7.52 ± 0.94 g COD L(-1) d(-1)) with an n-caproate yield of 70.3 ± 8.81% and an n-caproate/ethanol ratio of 1.19 ± 0.15 based on COD for a period of ∼55 days. The maximum production rate was achieved by increasing the organic loading rates in tandem with elevating the capacity of the extraction system and a change in the complex feedstock batch.