gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Binary-code obfuscations in prevalent packer tools (2013)

The first steps in analyzing defensive malware are understanding what obfuscations are present in real-world malware binaries, how these obfuscations hinder analysis, and how they can be overcome. While some obfuscations have been reported independently, this survey consolidates the discussion while adding substantial depth and breadth to it. This survey also quantifies the relative prevalence of these obfuscations by using the Dyninst binary analysis and instrumentation tool that was recently extended for defensive malware analysis. The goal of this survey is to encourage analysts to focus on resolving the obfuscations that are most prevalent in real-world malware.
Effect of Annealing on the ZnS Nanocrystals Prepared by Chemical Precipitation Method (2013)

Nanocrystals of ZnS have been synthesized through simple chemical precipitation method using thiourea as sulphur source. The synthesized products were annealed at different temperatures in the range of 200–800 ∘ C. The as‐synthesized and annealed samples were characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), UV‐Visible absorption (UV‐Vis), and room temperature photoluminescence (PL) measurements. The morphological features of ZnS annealed at 200 and 500 ∘ C were studied by atomic force microscope (AFM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) techniques. The phase transformation of ZnS and formation of ZnO were confirmed by thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) curves.
Intramolecular cyclopentene annulation. 3. Synthesis and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of bicyclic cyclopentene lactones as potential perhydroazulene and/or monoterpene synthons (1983)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIntramolecular cyclopentene annulation. 3. Synthesis and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of bicyclic cyclopentene lactones as potential perhydroazulene and/or monoterpene synthonsTomas Hudlicky, D. Bhaskar Reddy, S. V. Govindan, Thomas Kulp, Bobbi Still, and Jagdish P. ShethCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1983, 48, 20, 3422–3428Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1983Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1983https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00168a010https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00168a010research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views285Altmetric-Citations49LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Reclassification of Trichlorobacter thiogenes as Geobacter thiogenes comb. nov. (2007)

Reclassification of the species Trichlorobacter thiogenes as Geobacter thiogenes comb. nov. is proposed on the basis of physiological traits and phylogenetic position. Characteristics additional to those provided in the original description revealed that the type strain (strain K1(T)=ATCC BAA-34(T)=JCM 14045(T)) has the ability to use Fe(III) as an electron acceptor for acetate oxidation and has an electron donor and acceptor profile typical of a Geobacter species, contains abundant c-type cytochromes, and has a temperature optimum of 30 degrees C and a pH optimum near pH 7.0; traits typical of members of the genus Geobacter. Phylogenetic analysis of nifD, recA, gyrB, rpoB, fusA and 16S rRNA genes further indicated that T. thiogenes falls within the Geobacter cluster of the family Geobacteraceae. Based on extensive phylogenetic evidence and the fact that T. thiogenes has the hallmark physiological characteristics of a Geobacter species, Trichlorobacter thiogenes should be reclassified as a member of the genus Geobacter.
Integrity of the methylation cycle is essential for mammalian neural tube closure (2006)

Adequate functioning of the methylation cycle is essential for cranial neural tube closure in the mouse, suggesting that suppression of the methylation cycle could also increase the risk of human NTDs. We hypothesize that inhibition of the methylation cycle causes NTDs due to disruption of crucial reactions involving methylation of DNA, proteins or other biomolecules.
Highly Scalable Vertical Double Gate NOR Flash Memory (2007)

A Sub-50 nm body thickness (TSi), vertical channel (not FINFET), double gate, multi-bit NOR flash cell is fabricated on bulk-silicon substrate and is electrically characterized. This floating gate, conventional flash cell (no exotic materials), is potentially scalable with below 8F <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> size beyond 32 nm node and is enabled by several key unit process innovations. The device is extensively characterized for program/erase, endurance, and charge interference on a shared thin body, which is important for scalability, density and multi-bit operation.
Self-Healing of Wind Turbine Blades Using Microscale Vascular Vessels (2017)

Development of high bending stresses due to a sudden gust of wind is a significant cause for the failure of wind turbine blades. Self-healing provides a fool proof safety measure against catastrophic failure by healing the damages autonomously, as they originate. In this study, biomimetic, vascular channel type of self-healing was implemented in glass fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite that is used in wind turbine blades. Microscale borosilicate tubes are used to supply the healing agent to the epoxy type of thermoset polymer matrix, and the healing was very effective. However, 25% decrease in tensile strength and 9% decrease in three-point bending flexural strength were imminent with the inclusion of a single layer of vascular vessels in the composite material. Three-point bending tests were performed before and after self-healing of flat specimens to find the extent of recovery of flexural strength on using vascular channel type of self-healing. An average recovery of flexural strength of 84.52% was obtained using a single layer of vascular vessels on the tensile stress side of three-point bending. Breakage and bleeding of the healing agent within the composite specimens during three-point bending tests were observed in real-time. Based on the encouraging findings, the above self-healing feature was successfully implemented in a prototype wind turbine.
McCLEC, a robust and stable enzymatic based microreactor platform (2015)

A microfluidic chip for cross-linked enzyme crystals (McCLEC) is presented and demonstrated to be a stable, reusable and robust biocatalyst-based device with very promising biotechnological applications. The cost-effective microfluidic platform allows in situ crystallization, cross-linking and enzymatic reaction assays on a single device. A large number of enzymatic reuses of the McCLEC platform were achieved and a comparative analysis is shown illustrating the efficiency of the process and its storage stability for more than one year.
Neurotransmission of cognition, part 3. Mechanism of action of selective NRIs: both dopamine and norepinephrine increase in prefrontal cortex. (2003)

Selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors exploit the fact that dopamine transporters are absent in prefrontal cortex, so dopamine has to hitchhike a ride on the norepinephrine transporter in order to be inactivated. Thus, blocking norepinephrine transporters leads to an increase in both dopamine and norepinephrine levels in prefrontal cortex as well as improvement in cognition in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
Evidence for the Regulation of Urokinase and Tissue Type Plasminogen Activators by the Serpin, Protein C Inhibitor, in Semen and Blood Plasma (1993)

Since the serine protease inhibitor, protein C inhibitor (PCI), is present in seminal plasma at approximately 3 microM, complexes of PCI with urokinase (uPA) and tissue type (tPA) plasminogen activator were quantitated using sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA's). Seminal plasma (N = 10) collected in the absence of extrinsic inhibitors had a mean of 25 +/- 5 ng/ml uPA:PCI, 76 +/- 23 ng/ml tPA:PCI, and 4 +/- 2 ng/ml of tPA complexes with plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (tPA:PAI-1). 93% of the uPA and 17% of the tPA antigen in seminal plasma was in complex with PCI and, when complexation was inhibited by collecting semen into an 1,10-phenanthrolinium solution, 33% of the uPA and 7% of the tPA was complexed to PCI. Urine (N = 10) contained 4 +/- 1 ng/ml uPA:PCI. In purified system, complexation of uPA and tPA to PCI paralleled the inhibition of the enzymes. In vitro studies in blood and seminal plasma showed that heparin stimulated complexation of uPA and tPA with PCI, suggesting that negatively charged glycosaminoglycans in blood vessels and in the reproductive system may regulate PCI reactions with uPA and tPA. These results suggest that PCI is a physiologic regulator of uPA and tPA in male reproductive tissues and raises questions about a potential role of PCI in human fertility and in uPA-dependent cell invasiveness.
Automatic adjustment of bidimensional transfer functions for direct volume visualization of intracranial aneurysms (2004)

Direct volume visualization of computer tomography data is based on the mapping of data values to colors and opacities with lookup-tables known as transfer functions (TF). Often, limitations of one-dimensional TF become evident when it comes to the visualization of aneurysms close the skull base. Computer tomography angiography data is used for the 3D-representation of the vessels filled with contrast medium. The reduced intensity differences between osseous tissue and contrast medium lead to strong artifacts and ambiguous visualizations. We introduced the use of bidimensional TFs based on measured intensities and gradient magnitudes for the visualization of aneurysms involving the skull base. The obtained results are clearly superior to a standard approach with one-dimensional TFs. Nevertheless, the additional degree of freedom increases the difficulty involved in creating adequate TFs. In order to address this problem, we introduce automatic adjustment of bidimensional TFs through a registration of respective 2D histograms. Initially, a dataset is set as reference and the information contained in its 2D histogram (intensities and gradient magnitudes) is used to create a TF template which produces a clear visualization of the vessels. When a new dataset is examined, elastic registration of the reference and target 2D histograms is carried out. The resulting free form deformation is then used for the automatic adjustment of the reference TF, in order to automatically obtain a clear volume visualization of the vascular structures within the examined dataset. Results are comparable to manually created TFs. This approach makes it possible to successfully use bidimensional TFs without technical insight and training.
Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Induce Necrosis and Apoptosis in Macrophages in a p47phox- and Nrf2-Independent Manner (2013)

In view of the steadily increasing use of zinc oxide nanoparticles in various industrial and consumer applications, toxicological investigations to evaluate their safety are highly justified. We have investigated mechanisms of ZnO nanoparticle-induced apoptosis and necrosis in macrophages in relation to their important role in the clearance of inhaled particulates and the regulation of immune responses during inflammation. In the murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cell line, ZnO treatment caused a rapid induction of nuclear condensation, DNA fragmentation, and the formation of hypodiploid DNA nuclei and apoptotic bodies. The involvement of the essential effector caspase-3 in ZnO-mediated apoptosis could be demonstrated by immunocytochemical detection of activated caspase-3 in RAW 264.7 cells. ZnO specifically triggered the intrinsic apoptotic pathway, because Jurkat T lymphocytes deficient in the key mediator caspase-9 were protected against ZnO-mediated toxicity whereas reconstituted cells were not. ZnO also caused DNA strand breakage and oxidative DNA damage in the RAW 264.7 cells as well as p47(phox) NADPH oxidase-dependent superoxide generation in bone marrow-derived macrophages. However, ZnO-induced cell death was not affected in bone marrow-derived macrophages of mice deficient in p47(phox) or the oxidant responsive transcription factor Nrf2. Taken together, our data demonstrate that ZnO nanoparticles trigger p47(phox) NADPH oxidase-mediated ROS formation in macrophages, but that this is dispensable for caspase-9/3-mediated apoptosis. Execution of apoptotic cell death by ZnO nanoparticles appears to be NADPH oxidase and Nrf2-independent but rather triggered by alternative routes.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. (2009)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the fourth-leading cause of death in the United States, and the mortality rate continues to rise. Cigarette smoking is the major cause. COPD is preventable and treatable. Early recognition is important to decrease morbidity and mortality.
Vorläufige Beschreibungen neuer papuanischer Ericaceae (1915)

Fruticulus pusillus, 6â17 cm. altus, ramulis tenuibus, densius angulato-lepidotis. Folia minima, alterna, oblongo-ovata, utrinque obtusa, crenulata, sparse lepidota, rigide carnosa, 0.37â0.75 cm. longa, 0.2â0.3 cm. lata; petiolus lepidotus, 0.1â0.225 cm. longus. Inflorescentiae 1â2 florae, ramentis ovatis, glabris. Flores parvi, pedicello tenui, dense lepidoto, 1â2 cm. longo. Calyx discoideus, lepidotus. Corolla campanulato-hypocrateriformis, 5 loba, utrinque glabra, explanata 2 cm. longa, limbo 2.75 cm. lata, tubo cylindrico, lobis subquadrangulo-orbicularibus, apice rotundato-bilobis, 0.7â0.8 cm. longis, 0.725â0.9 cm. latis. Stamina 0.87â1.1 cm. longa; filamentum lineare, glabrum; anthera ambitu suborbicularis, apice retusa, 0.14â0.16 cm. longa, poris magnis hians. Ovarium crasse subconicum, creberrime lepidotum, 0.325 cm. longum, 0.25 cm. diam.; stylus brevis, basi lepidota excepta glaber, 0.4 cm. longus. Discus annularis, 10 dentatus, glaber, 0.2 cm. diam.\nNiederl. Neu-Guinea: Oranje-Gebirge in 3600 m. Ã¼. d. M. (A. PULLE n. 2499, leg. G. M. VERSTEEG).
Suçu Önleyici Tedbirler Bağlamında Ceza İnfaz Kurumlarında Çalışma ve Eski Hükümlü İstihdamı (2012)

Ceza adaletinin temel amacı hükümlülerin topluma yeniden kazandırılması ve tekerrürün önlenmesidir. Ceza infaz sistemi, yeniden sosyalleştirme programlarının suçtan uzaklaştırmayı sağlayacak düzeye getirilmesini esas alır. Bu nitelikte bir infaz rejiminin unsurları, cezaevinde çalışma, tekrar topluma katılmayı sağlayıcı eğitim ve alıştırma tedbirleri ile yeniden sosyalleştirmedir. Yeniden sosyalleştirmenin en önemli konusu hükümlülere yönelik eğitim-öğretim programları ile meslek ve iş kazandırma faaliyetleridir. Ceza infaz kurumlarında yürütülen mesleki eğitim ve işe alıştırma faaliyetinin tahliye sonrasında eski hükümlünün istihdamıyla tamamlanması gerekir. Bununla birlikte, bir yandan eğitim yetersizliği, diğer yandan toplum tarafından duyulan güvensizlik ve önyargı nedeniyle eski hükümlülerin istihdamları çok zor olmaktadır. Tekrar suça yönelmesi ihtimali büyük olan bu kişilerin istihdamının sağlanması için yasal koruyucu tedbirlerin alınması sosyal devlet ilkesinin bir gereği olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır.
SU‐GG‐J‐147: Quantification of Tumor Response in Serial PET Imaging Using Level Set Clustering (2010)

Purpose : Simple comparison tools and measures such as the maximum standardized uptake value (SUV) are currently used to gauge treatment response with PET imaging. In reality, the tumor and its response are heterogeneous and metabolic changes should be characterized by local measures. This study presents a tumor response algorithm that corrects for anatomical changes and robustly identifies local changes in serial PET images through a clustering algorithm. Materials and Methods : A two‐step analysis was performed for this study. First, pre and post‐treatment images are rigorously aligned using a deformable registration to correct for posture and soft tissue changes. The detailed mapping is modeled by free form deformations B‐spline optimized using the limited memory BFGS algorithm. A clustering algorithm further detects voxel changes in proximity to the user‐delineated structures. The level set clustering is an advanced approach that combines the advantages of pixel‐based and distance‐based techniques to classify the dataset into regions of both signal enhancement and reduction. The enhancing regions, where the treatment failed, are correlated with the RT Dose and Structure Set objects from the treatment plan. While enhancing regions inside the tumor receiving a high dose are associated with poor biological response, enhancing regions near tumor margins are associated with geometrical misses due to setup errors or targeting inaccuracies. Results : Results of the level‐set based clustering algorithm are presented to the user as colorwash displays overlaid over the original anatomy. The technique was instrumental in detecting geometrical and segmentation misses on actual clinical cases and provided an indispensable tool for accurate, outcome‐based quality assurance of the radiation treatment process. Conclusions : Patient studies have indicated that the method is reliable and provides a valuable tool to integrate imaging information into treatment assessment for image guided radiation therapy.
Nonstandard finite difference schemes for reaction-diffusion equations (1999)

We construct finite difference schemes for a particular class of one-space dimension, nonlinear reaction-diffusion PDEs. The use of nonstandard finite difference methods and the imposition of a positivity condition constrain the schemes to be explicit and allow the determination of functional relations between the space and time step-sizes. The general procedure is illustrated by applying it to several important model systems of PDEs © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq 15: 201–214, 1999
Rate Aspects of Instalment Legislation (1935)

A realistic approach to the problem of instalment credit charges requires concentration on conditions as they are.It should not mark off sectors of the field with boundaries determined by theoretical concepts; nor should it ignore all but a few outstanding agencies, such as the largest finance companies and the largest merchandise distributors.It should embrace the whole field.To draw an accurate statistical picture of such a large field, however, is impossible with the meagre materials at present available.We do not know how large is the whole; we do not know the size even of any of the constituent parts.We do not know the dollar volume of instalment sales, the volume of instalment credit outstanding at any one time, nor the average rates charged for that credit.Fortunately, we do not need to know any of these things in order to appraise the social worth of present methods of instalment business conduct.Large numbers of case studies, distributed over many states and many commodities, show clearly the nature of the problem.We assume at the outset-considerable evidence to the contrary notwithstandingthat the consumer is interested in the price he pays for anything, whether that price is for merchandise or for credit granted in connection with the sale of merchandise, and that he would make comparisons of credit costs if the necessary information were provided in sufficiently plain terms.Does the consumer in fact get that information?In search of an answer, let us consider what we found in one Mid-Western state.'In the sixty stores visited, there were at least twenty-four plans in operation.These twenty-four plans, grouped according to the methods of stating the credit charge, fall into eight broad classifications: (i) a flat dollars and cents charge, with the system for determining that charge undisclosed; (2) a discount from the advertised or list price for cash payment, granted in some stores only if the customer demands it; (3) a flat percentage levied on the
Polyethylenes bearing a terminal porphyrin group (2011)

An α-[Cu(II)-porphyrin]-polyethylene was synthesized for the first time using copper catalyzed 1,3-dipolar azide-alkyne Huisgen cycloaddition yielding highly colored moiety-substituted polyethylene.
Using the operator function model and OFMspert as the basis for an intelligent tutoring system: towards a tutor/aid paradigm for operators of supervisory control systems (1995)

Training is a critical issue for operators responsible for the safe and efficient operation of large-scale complex dynamic systems. This paper proposes and articulates a set of requirements for an intelligent tutoring system. The requirements specify what (instructional content) and how (instructional strategies) to teach a novice operator to supervise and control a complex dynamic system. The instructional content teaches system structure and behavior (i.e., declarative knowledge), system procedures (i.e., procedural knowledge), and how to use this declarative and procedural knowledge to manage a complex dynamic system in real time (i.e., operational skill). Using the underlying representations of the operator function model (OFM) and OFMspert, the OFM's computational implementation. GT-VITA (Georgia Tech Visual and Inspectable Tutor and Assistant) realizes these requirements. As a proof-of-concept demonstration, an instance of the generic GT-VITA tutoring architecture was implemented for satellite ground controllers. The empirical evaluation, utilizing NASA satellite ground control personnel, showed that GT-VITA was a flexible and useful training system. In fact, NASA has adopted VITA as the foundation for required training for all satellite ground control personnel. In addition to an intelligent tutoring system architecture, by using and extending the operator function model and OFMspert, GT-VITA demonstrates a robust methodology for conceptualizing the tutor-aid paradigm. The tutor-aid paradigm defines a conceptual framework in which learning with a intelligent tutor gradually becomes collaboration with an intelligent associate. Using the same structures (i.e., OFM and OFMspert) and the same domain knowledge, GT-VITA specifies a tutor and GT-MOCA (Jones and Mitchell, 1995) specifies an aid.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>