gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reviewer Recommender of Pull-Requests in GitHub (2014)

Pull-Request (PR) is the primary method for code contributions from thousands of developers in GitHub. To maintain the quality of software projects, PR review is an essential part of distributed software development. Assigning new PRs to appropriate reviewers will make the review process more effective which can reduce the time between the submission of a PR and the actual review of it. However, reviewer assignment is now organized manually in GitHub. To reduce this cost, we propose a reviewer recommender to predict highly relevant reviewers of incoming PRs. Combining information retrieval with social network analyzing, our approach takes full advantage of the textual semantic of PRs and the social relations of developers. We implement an online system to show how the reviewer recommender helps project managers to find potential reviewers from crowds. Our approach can reach a precision of 74% for top-1 recommendation, and a recall of 71% for top-10 recommendation.
Update on the Mechanisms of Immune Suppression of Injury and Immune Modulation (1996)

Major trauma results in massive impairment of immunologic reactivity, the clinical consequence of which consists in the high susceptibility of the traumatized individual toward serious infection. Whereas parts of the immune system are stimulated within a systemic, nondiscriminant, excessive whole-body inflammation, other functions within the complex of cell-mediated immunity (CMI) are dramatically paralyzed. Immune abnormalities in the aftermath of trauma occur in a sequence of states of cellular activation and within a complex order of events that is not yet well understood. Traumatic stress is causing disintegration of the intact monocyte (Mphi)-T cell interaction, which is associated with profound changes in Mphi forward-regulatory capacities and substantial depression of T cell function. Extensive tissue destruction results in the generation of numerous stimuli, such as phagocytosis, immune complexes, complement split products, and endo- and exotoxins, all of which contribute to excessive Mphi activation. Mphi then rapidly produce and release prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a powerful endogenous immune suppressant. PGE2 is an inhibitor of T cell mitogenesis, interleukin 2 (IL-2) production, and IL-2 receptor expression; and it has a massive impact on the quality of B cell antibody synthesis. Most importantly, PGE2 represents an important cofactor for the induction of T-helper lymphocyte (TH) activity toward the TH2 direction. TH2 cells are associated with the synthesis of immunosuppressive cytokines, such as IL-4 and IL-10. Although immunosuppressive substrates are inhibitory for TH1 cells-the functional carriers of CMI-they support TH2 activity, which predisposes the host to develop infection. The endogenous ability of the organism to survive overwhelming trauma is insufficient and requires major exogenous support. Immune modulatory interventions, depending on the immune abnormalities seen in the traumatized host, should be started as early as possible after trauma in a preventive fashion to protect against organ tissue destruction. Ideally, it should protect all cellular host defense compartments from hyperactivation as well as from exhaustion. We do believe that only a combination of drugs can effectively control the posttraumatic dyshomeostasis of the various cell systems.
Oxidative stress response of tumor cells: microarray-based comparison between artemisinins and anthracyclines (2004)

The antimalarial artemisinins also reveal profound cytotoxic activity against tumor cells. Artemisinins harbor an endoperoxide bridge whose cleavage results in the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and/or artemisinin carbon-centered free radicals. Established cancer drugs such as anthracyclines also form ROS and free radicals that are responsible for the cardiotoxicity of anthracyclines. In contrast, artemisinins do not reveal cardiotoxicity. In the present investigation, we compared the cytotoxic activities of different artemisinins (artemisinin, artesunate, arteether, artemether, artemisitene, dihydroartemisinylester stereoisomers) in 60 cell lines of the National Cancer Institute (NCI), USA, with those of anthracyclines (doxorubicin, daunorubicin, 4'-epirubicin, idarubicin, deoxydoxorubicin, trifluoroacetyl-doxorubicin-14-valerate). The inhibition concentration 50% (IC(50)) values of artemisinins and anthracyclines were correlated with the mRNA expression of 170 genes involved in oxygen stress response and metabolism as recently determined by microarray analysis and deposited in the NCI database (http://dtp.nci.nih.gov). The genes whose expression was significantly linked to cellular drug response in Kendall's tau tests were subjected to hierarchical cluster analysis and cluster image mapping. Mathematical correction for false-positive correlations was done by a false discovery rate algorithm. One cluster contained predominantly genes with a relationship to artemisinins and another one genes with a relationship to anthracyclines. In a third cluster, genes correlating to both drug classes were assembled. This indicates that different sets of genes involved in oxidative stress response and metabolism may contribute to the cytotoxic and differing toxic side effects of these drug classes.
A single processor packet radio modem for land mobile vehicle tracking applications (2002)

Data communication over VHF/UHF land mobile radio channels presents a difficult, yet well understood set of technical challenges. These challenges include time-varying multipath profiles, Rayleigh fading, and low to moderate signal-to-noise ratio. Modem designs must support additional application based constraints including rapid synchronization, spectrally efficient modulation, a reliable over-the-air protocol, and relatively low cost. The cost constraint, along with an interest for easy support and upgradability, motivated a single DSP processor radio modem design that supports both control and modem applications. An implementation of such a modem is described which meets all of the design criteria.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Attractiveness of Fermentation and Related Products to Spotted Wing Drosophila (Diptera: Drosophilidae) (2014)

Laboratory screening bioassays and field trapping experiments of spotted wing drosophila flies, Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae), were conducted to determine the attractiveness of 17 compounds as well as to compare attractant efficiency during peak fruit ripeness and postharvest captures late in the season. Compounds structurally related to each of the fermentation products acetic acid, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and 2-phenethyl alcohol were screened for attractiveness compared with a soap water control in greenhouse cage bioassays. The compounds determined to be attractive in the greenhouse bioassay (methanol, ethanol, propanol, formic acid, acetic acid, ethyl acetate, propyl acetate, phenethyl acetate, phenethyl propionate, and phenethyl butyrate) were individually tested in the field added to apple cider vinegar (ACV). The acids were also tested individually in neutralized ACV (NACV; pH ≍7). Combinations of the compounds were tested in NACV. The capture numbers in ACV traps were not significantly increased by the addition of any of the compounds tested, although significant deterrent effects of some of the compounds allowed differences between treatments to be observed. Compounds that are most prevalent in wine and vinegar (methanol, ethanol, acetic acid, and ethyl acetate) as well as phenethyl propionate and phenethyl butyrate were less deterrent than the other compounds tested in the field. Captures during peak fruit ripeness were compared with the postharvest period when fruit hosts were not available or were overripe. Although the total number of flies captured late in the season was lower, the trends in treatment performance were similar, indicating a consistent performance of these baits from peak fruit ripeness through postharvest.
Whispering-gallery modes and resonances of an elliptic cavity (2001)

Eigenfunctions of the whispering-gallery type in elliptic cavities are considered. Asymptotic expansions for resonances are derived from the uniform asymptotic expansions of Mathieu functions and modified Mathieu functions constructed by applying the Langer-Olver method. These asymptotic expansions are improved by including exponentially small terms which lie beyond all orders of the perturbative series and can be captured by carefully taking into account Stokes's phenomenon. A classification of resonances along the four irreducible representations of 2v (the symmetry group of the elliptic cavity) is provided, and the splitting up of resonances is then understood in connection with the breaking of O(2)-symmetry (invariance under any rotation).
Phase I/II and Pharmacodynamic Study of Dovitinib (TKI258), an Inhibitor of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptors and VEGF Receptors, in Patients with Advanced Melanoma (2011)

At a dose of 400 mg/d, dovitinib showed an acceptable safety profile and limited clinical benefit and inhibited FGFR and VEGFR.
Thickness variation in the thermoforming of poly(methyl methacrylate) and high‐impact polystyrene sheets (1975)

Abstract The influence of material flow properties on the variation of wall thickness in a thermoformed part was investigated by measuring the thickness reduction at the pole of free‐formed axisymmetric domes of poly(methyl methacrylate) and high‐impact polystyrene. It was found that at a given pole height, the thickness reduction in poly(methyl methacrylate) was less than in high‐impact polystyrene, i.e., the wall thickness in a part formed from poly(methyl methacrylate) will be more uniform than in a part formed from high‐impact polystyrene by the same technique. This difference in formability was ascribed to a difference in the dependence of the flow stress σ at the thermoforming temperatures on time. The flow stress of both materials was given by σ = Kt m ′ ϵ n , but whereas n was approximately 1 for both materials, m ′ was −0.052 and −0.33 for poly(methyl methacrylate) and high‐impact polystyrene, respectively. A physical argument and simple analysis led to the conclusion that a large (negative) value of the “stress relaxation index” in a material reduces the degree of uniformity of sheet thickness in a formed part.
Toward an uncertainty principle for weighted graphs (2015)

The uncertainty principle states that a signal cannot be localized both in time and frequency. With the aim of extending this result to signals on graphs, Agaskar & Lu introduce notions of graph and spectral spreads. They show that a graph uncertainty principle holds for some families of unweighted graphs. This principle states that a signal cannot be simultaneously localized both in graph and spectral domains. In this paper, we aim to extend their work to weighted graphs. We show that a naive extension of their definitions leads to inconsistent results such as discontinuity of the graph spread when regarded as a function of the graph structure. To circumvent this problem, we propose another definition of graph spread that relies on an inverse similarity matrix. We also discuss the choice of the distance function that appears in this definition. Finally, we compute and plot uncertainty curves for families of weighted graphs.
The Theory of Heat Radiation (1959)

Nobel laureate's classic exposition of the theory of radiant heat in terms of quantum action. Kirchoff's law, black radiation, Maxwell's radiation pressure, entropy, other topics. 1914 edition. Bibliography.
Branched DNA for Quantification of Viral LOAD (1997)

This is a summary of a presentation made at the 13th International Convocation on Immunology. Nucleic acids in patient samples can be quantified directly using a solid phase nucleic acid hybridization assay based on branched DNA (bDNA) signal amplification technology. For example, HIV RNA is detected in a plasma sample by hybridization of multiple specific synthetic oligonucleotides to the target, 10 of which capture the target onto the surface of a microwell plate and 39 of which mediate hybridization of branched DNA molecules to the pol region of each HIV RNA molecule. Alkaline phosphatase-labeled probes bind to each arm of the branched DNA molecules. Detection is achieved by incubating the complex with a chemiluminescent substrate and measuring the light emission. The signal is directly proportional to the level of target nucleic acid, and the quantity of HIV RNA in a sample is determined by comparison with a 4-point standard curve. In order to ensure that different subtypes of HIV-1 were detected and quantified equally, in vitro RNA transcripts of the pol region of HIV subtypes A-F were purified and quantified by OD 260, phosphate analysis, and hyperchromicity. These characterized transcripts were then quantified using the bDNA assay. Comparisons were made using a ratio of signal per attomole for each transcript. Genetic subtypes A-F quantified within a factor of 1.5, indicating that the bDNA assay can be used to measure viral load in clinical samples regardless of genotype. Accuracy is important because several studies indicate that there may be a threshold level of virus which predicts progression of HIV disease. Detection of change in viral load is important in determining the efficacy of therapy. The bDNA assay for HCV RNA can be used to determine level of virus in HCV-infected individuals and assist in establishing prognosis prior to initiation of alpha-interferon therapy. Patients with lower levels of virus are more likely to have a sustained response to therapy. Patients who respond to treatment typically have a rapid decline in virus load within one to four weeks of the start of therapy. Many patients relapse when therapy is discontinued as evidenced by a rise in virus load to near pre-treatment levels. Sustained response is most often seen with patients who have lower pre-treatment levels of RNA.
Sensitivity analysis of energy inputs in crop production using artificial neural networks (2018)

Sensitivity analysis establishes priorities for research and allows to identify and rank the most important factors which lead to great improvements in output factors. The aim of this study is to examine sensitivity analysis of inputs in grape production. We are proposing to perform sensitivity analysis using partial rank correlation coefficient (PRCC) which is the most reliable and efficient method, and we apply this for the first time in crop production. This research investigates the use of energy in the vineyard of a semi-arid zone of Iran. Energy use efficiency, energy productivity, specific energy and net energy were calculated. Various artificial neural network (ANN) models were developed to predict grape yield with respect to input energies. ANN models consist of a multilayer perceptron (MLP) with seven neurons in the input layer, one and two hidden layer(s) with different number of neurons, and an output layer with one neuron. Input energies were labor, machinery, chemicals, farmyard manure (FYM), diesel, electricity and water for irrigation. Sensitivity analysis was performed on over 100 samples of parameter space generated by Latin hypercube sampling method, which was then fed to the ANN model to predict the yield for each sample. The PRCC between the predicted yield and each parameter value (input) was used to calculate the sensitivity of the model to each input. Results of sensitivity analysis showed that machinery had the greatest impact on grape yield followed by diesel fuel and labor.
The effect of waveform substitution on the quality of PCM packet communications (1988)

Missing packets are a major cause of impairment in packet voice networks. While it is easiest to allow these gaps in received speech to appear as silent intervals in reconstructed speech, speech quality is improved by filling the gaps with estimates of the transmitted waveform. Several estimation techniques have been investigated for packets containing 16 ms of speech in a pulse-code-modulation format. The simplest method, packet repetition, extends from 2% to 5%, the acceptable ratio of missing packets. Here, acceptability is defined as a mean opinion score midway between fair and good on a five-point opinion scale. The most effective estimation technique (although not the most complex) is pitch waveform replication. It extends the acceptable ratio of missing packets to 10%.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Tunneling in HTS junctions (1998)

The effects caused by the layered structure of high-temperature superconductors (HTS) ought to be taken into consideration at the time of constructing different HTS junction devices. The authors demonstrate this by studying tunneling phenomena in HTS. The tunneling current-voltage characteristics of different structures such as "Normal Metal-Insulator-HTS" (NIS-structure) and "HTS-Insulator-HTS" (SIS-structure) are calculated. The real layered structure of HSS is taken into account and corresponding peculiarities on I(V) are obtained. The authors have analyzed different types of contacts which are realized in the NIS- and SIS-junctions. The contributions of the superconducting and normal layers of HTS to the tunneling current of NIS- and SIS-structures are found.
Chronic upregulation of activated microglia immunoreactive for galectin-3/Mac-2 and nerve growth factor following diffuse axonal injury (2010)

Our results suggest that galectin-3/Mac-2+ microglia play an important role in the pathogenesis of diffuse axonal injury both acutely and chronically and that they mediate their effects, at least in part by releasing nerve growth factor.
Sitosterolemia. (1992)

Sitosterolemia is a rare inherited lipid storage disease characterized chemically by the accumulation of plant sterols and 5 alpha-saturated stanols in plasma and tissues. Very low cholesterol synthesis due to a deficiency of HMG-CoA reductase associated with increased intestinal plant sterol absorption and slow hepatic sterol removal are major biochemical features. Because cholesterol synthesis cannot up-regulate, bile acid malabsorption mobilizes body sterols for bile acid synthesis and dramatically lowers plasma and monocyte sterol concentrations and may halt the progression of the atherosclerotic process.
SUMOylation plays a role in gemcitabine- and bortezomib-induced cytotoxicity in human oropharyngeal carcinoma KB gemcitabine-resistant clone (2006)

Bortezomib, a novel dipeptide boronic acid proteasome inhibitor, has been shown in previous studies to be synergistic with gemcitabine; however, the molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. Because post-translational modification of proteins, such as ubiquitination and SUMOylation, plays a critical role in governing cellular homeostasis, we explored this further by treating human oropharyngeal carcinoma KB wild-type (KBwt) and gemcitabine-resistant (KBGem) cells with gemcitabine and bortezomib in a time-dependent and sequence-dependent manner. Treatment with bortezomib at 4 to 8 hours post-gemcitabine significantly induced cell death in KBwt cell lines. However, in KBGem cells, bortezomib alone was just as cytotoxic. Using reporter assays, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) activity was found to be 5-fold higher in KBGem cells than that in KBwt cells, and the combination treatment decreased NF-kappaB activity by 44% in KBwt cells and 28% in KBGem cells, respectively. By Western blot analyses, treatment with gemcitabine and bortezomib resulted in a cleavage of NF-kappaB in KBwt but not in KBGem cells. SUMOylation capacity was modulated by transducing KBwt and KBGem cells with lenti-SUMO-1 or the unconjugatable lenti-SUMO-1aa followed by drug treatment. The expression of cyclins A, D1, and E was differentially regulated by SUMOylation capacity in KBGem but not in KBwt cells. We report herein that the activation of NF-kappaB signaling plays a critical role in eliciting KBwt cell survival against gemcitabine, whereas the role of SUMOylation in modulating the steady-state levels of key cell cycle regulator proteins seems more significant in KBGem cells.
A Simple Conversion of 2'-Benzyloxyflavanone to Pterocarpan (2002)

A new synthesis of cis-6aH,11aH-pterocarpan (1a) was achieved via its trans-isomer 1b starting from the readily available 2'-benzyloxyflavanone (2b).
Ultrasensitive two-color fluorescence probes for dipole potential in phospholipid membranes (2003)

The principle of electrochromic modulation of excited-state intramolecular proton-transfer reaction was applied for the design of fluorescence probes with high two-color sensitivity to dipole potential, Ψ d , in phospholipid bilayers. We report on the effect of Ψ d variation on excitation and fluorescence spectra of two new 3-hydroxyflavone probes, which possess opposite orientations of the fluorescent moiety in the lipid bilayer. The dipole potential in the bilayer was modulated by the addition of 6-ketocholestanol or phloretin and by substitution of dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine lipid with its ether analog 1,2-di- o -tetradecyl- sn -glycero-3-phosphocholine, and its value was estimated by the reference styryl dye 1-(3-sulfonatopropyl)-4-{β[2-(di- n -octylamino)-6-naphthyl]vinyl}pyridinium betaine. We demonstrate that after Ψ d changes, the probe orienting in the bilayer similarly to the reference dye shows similar shifts in the excitation spectra, whereas the probe with the opposite orientation shows the opposite shifts. The new observation is that the response of 3-hydroxyflavone probes to Ψ d in excitation spectra is accompanied by and quantitatively correlated with dramatic changes of relative intensities of the two well separated emission bands that belong to the initial normal and the product tautomer forms of the excited-state intramolecular proton-transfer reaction. This provides a strong response to Ψ d by change in emission color.
Sand Production Prediction in High Rate, Perforated and Open-hole Gas Wells (2000)

Abstract This paper presents an analytical model for the prediction of the on-set of sand production or critical drawdown pressure (CDP) in high rate gas wells. The model describes the perforation and open-hole cavity stability incorporating both rock and fluid mechanics fundamentals. The pore pressure gradient is calculated using the non-Darcy gas flow equation and coupled with the stress-state for a perfectly Mohr-Coulomb material. Sand production is assumed to initiate when the drawdown pressure condition (i.e. at CDP) induces tensile stresses across the cavity face. Both spherical and cylindrical models are presented. The spherical model is suitable for cased and perforated applications while the cylindrical model is used for a horizontal open-hole completion. For input, the model requires cohesive strength and an internal friction angle that characterizes a Mohr-Coulomb material; preferably predicted using a log-based mechanical properties algorithm in order to generate a foot-by-foot profile of the maximum sand free drawdown for gas wells. The example GOM well illustrates a continuous profile of critical drawdown with depth, providing quick identification of potential sand producing zones. This allows a gravel pack decision to be made in the period between logging and completion. It also facilitates the design of selective perforation programs. The model demonstrates that non-Darcy flow has a considerable effect on the sanding tendency of weak but competent rock, and completion decisions in high gas-rate wells that neglect the influence of non-Darcy flow could be overly optimistic. It also shows that the CDP of a horizontal well with slotted liner is less than that of the corresponding cased and perforated completion.
Power digital-to-analogue conversion using a sigma-deltamodulatorwith controlled limit cycles (1995)

A new technique for power digital-to-analogue conversion (DAC) is presented, based on a modified sigma-delta modulator (SDM) with a reduced transition rate in the bitstream. The technique is also shown to linearise the SDM.