gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Decriminalaization in China (2006)

Today decriminalization,which is based on the modest penal spirit to protect the civil right,is on of the development tendencies in the criminal law.If we want to transplant it into our criminal law, we should limit its field in which the methods of non-punishment can be operated and can be enforced.In order to realize not only the civilright,but also the socilogical defend,this article wants to analysis these questions for finding the fate and the embodiment of the decrimialization in China,and wants to carry it further.
Estrogen Receptor β in Melanoma: From Molecular Insights to Potential Clinical Utility (2016)

Cutaneous melanoma is an aggressive tumor; its incidence has been reported to increase fast in the past decades. Melanoma is a heterogeneous tumor, with most patients harboring mutations in the BRAF or NRAS oncogenes, leading to the overactivation of the MAPK/ERK and PI3K/Akt pathways. The current therapeutic approaches are based on therapies targeting mutated BRAF and the downstream pathway, and on monoclonal antibodies against the immune checkpoint blockade. However, treatment resistance and side effects are common events of these therapeutic strategies. Increasing evidence supports that melanoma is a hormone-related cancer. Melanoma incidence is higher in males than in females, and females have a significant survival advantage over men. Estrogens exert their effects through estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) that affect cancer growth in an opposite way: ERα is associated with a proliferative action and ERβ with an anticancer effect. ERβ is the predominant ER in melanoma, and its expression decreases in melanoma progression, supporting its role as a tumor suppressor. Thus, ERβ is now considered as an effective molecular target for melanoma treatment. 17β-estradiol was reported to inhibit melanoma cells proliferation; however, clinical trials did not provide the expected survival benefits. <i>In vitro</i> studies demonstrate that ERβ ligands inhibit the proliferation of melanoma cells harboring the NRAS (but not the BRAF) mutation, suggesting that ERβ activation might impair melanoma development through the inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway. These data suggest that ERβ agonists might be considered as an effective treatment strategy, in combination with MAPK inhibitors, for NRAS mutant melanomas. In an era of personalized medicine, pretreatment evaluation of the expression of ER isoforms together with the concurrent oncogenic mutations should be considered before selecting the most appropriate therapeutic intervention. Natural compounds that specifically bind to ERβ have been identified. These phytoestrogens decrease the proliferation of melanoma cells. Importantly, these effects are unrelated to the oncogenic mutations of melanomas, suggesting that, in addition to their ERβ activating function, these compounds might impair melanoma development through additional mechanisms. A better identification of the role of ERβ in melanoma development will help increase the therapeutic options for this aggressive pathology.
Characterization of the 4-Hydroxybenzoyl-Coenzyme A Thioesterase from <i>Arthrobacter</i> sp. Strain SU (2003)

The Arthrobacter sp. strain SU 4-chlorobenzoate (4-CBA) dehalogenation pathway converts 4-CBA to 4-hydroxybenzoate (4-HBA). The pathway operon contains the genes fcbA, fcbB, and fcbC (A. Schmitz, K. H. Gartemann, J. Fiedler, E. Grund, and R. Eichenlaub, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58:4068-4071, 1992). Genes fcbA and fcbB encode 4-CBA-coenzyme A (CoA) ligase and 4-CBA-CoA dehalogenase, respectively, whereas the function of fcbC is not known. We subcloned fcbC and expressed it in Escherichia coli, and we purified and characterized the FcbC protein. A substrate activity screen identified benzoyl-CoA thioesters as the most active substrates. Catalysis of 4-HBA-CoA hydrolysis to 4-HBA and CoA occurred with a k(cat) of 6.7 s(-1) and a K(m) of 1.2 micro M. The k(cat) pH rate profile for 4-HBA-CoA hydrolysis indicated optimal activity over a pH range of 6 to 10. The amino acid sequence of the FcbC protein was compared to other sequences contained in the protein sequence data banks. A large number of sequence homologues of unknown function were identified. On the other hand, the 4-HBA-CoA thioesterases isolated from 4-CBA-degrading Pseudomonas strains did not share significant sequence identity with the FcbC protein, indicating early divergence of the thioesterase-encoding genes.
Virus-Inspired Membrane Encapsulation of DNA Nanostructures To Achieve <i>In Vivo</i> Stability (2014)

DNA nanotechnology enables engineering of molecular-scale devices with exquisite control over geometry and site-specific functionalization. This capability promises compelling advantages in advancing nanomedicine; nevertheless, instability in biological environments and innate immune activation remain as obstacles for in vivo application. Natural particle systems (i.e., viruses) have evolved mechanisms to maintain structural integrity and avoid immune recognition during infection, including encapsulation of their genome and protein capsid shell in a lipid envelope. Here we introduce virus-inspired enveloped DNA nanostructures as a design strategy for biomedical applications. Achieving a high yield of tightly wrapped unilamellar nanostructures, mimicking the morphology of enveloped virus particles, required precise control over the density of attached lipid conjugates and was achieved at 1 per ∼180 nm(2). Envelopment of DNA nanostructures in PEGylated lipid bilayers conferred protection against nuclease digestion. Immune activation was decreased 2 orders of magnitude below controls, and pharmacokinetic bioavailability improved by a factor of 17. By establishing a design strategy suitable for biomedical applications, we have provided a platform for the engineering of sophisticated, translation-ready DNA nanodevices.
12-<i>O</i>-Tetradecanoyl-Phorbol-13-Acetate Induction of the Human Collagenase Gene Is Mediated By an Inducible Enhancer Element Located in the 5′-Flanking Region (1987)

Genomic clones coding for human fibroblast collagenase were isolated. By constructing and transfecting mutants with 5' and 3' deletion mutations of the 5' control region of the gene into human or murine cells, we delimited a 32-base-pair sequence at positions -73 to -42 which is required for the induction of transcription by the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate. The DNA element behaves as a 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate-inducible enhancer: it mediates the stimulation of transcription to the heterologous herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase promoter and acts in a position- and orientation-independent manner. Differences in enhancer efficiency in different cell lines are interpreted to indicate differences in the activity of a trans-acting factor.
GraphJet (2016)

This paper presents GraphJet, a new graph-based system for generating content recommendations at Twitter. As motivation, we trace the evolution of our formulation and approach to the graph recommendation problem, embodied in successive generations of systems. Two trends can be identified: supplementing batch with real-time processing and a broadening of the scope of recommendations from users to content. Both of these trends come together in Graph-Jet, an in-memory graph processing engine that maintains a real-time bipartite interaction graph between users and tweets. The storage engine implements a simple API, but one that is sufficiently expressive to support a range of recommendation algorithms based on random walks that we have refined over the years. Similar to Cassovary, a previous graph recommendation engine developed at Twitter, GraphJet assumes that the entire graph can be held in memory on a single server. The system organizes the interaction graph into temporally-partitioned index segments that hold adjacency lists. GraphJet is able to support rapid ingestion of edges while concurrently serving lookup queries through a combination of compact edge encoding and a dynamic memory allocation scheme that exploits power-law characteristics of the graph. Each GraphJet server ingests up to one million graph edges per second, and in steady state, computes up to 500 recommendations per second, which translates into several million edge read operations per second.
Electrooptic Bistability of a Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Device Prepared Using Charge-Transfer Complex-Doped Polyimide-Orientation Films (1989)

Enhancement of bistability and response speed in a surface stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal (SSFLC) electrooptic device was realized by doping polyimide-orientation films with a charge-transfer complex (CTC) and performing appropriate rubbing. The effects of the enhancement are thought to be attributable to the appropriate AC conductivity of CTC-doped polyimide films which are capable of neutralizing accumulated surface charges brought about by electrical polarization contributing to the spontaneous polarization of the ferroelectric liquid crystal.
A Hybrid Cloud Infrastructure for Big Data Applications (2015)

The trending evolution towards the Internet of things and the general increase in broadband are constantly creating large volumes of data that need to be processed to extract further knowledge. Recently, the cloud computing model has seen the evolution from the initial scenario of a public cloud offering its resources to customers through virtualization and Internet, toward the concept of hybrid cloud, where the classic scenario is enriched with a private (company owned) cloud e.g., for the management of sensible data. In this work, we propose a software layer for the deployment and dynamic scaling of virtual clusters on a hybrid cloud. This system can be used for cloud bursting in the context of big data applications. Our work shows that although the execution is significantly influenced by the inter-cloud bandwidth, a dynamic off-premise provisioning mechanism could allow the user to significantly increase the application performance.
Sams Teach Yourself Microsoft Visual C# .NET 2003 in 24 Hours Complete Starter Kit (2003)

In just 24 lessons of one hour or less, you will be creating your own Windows applications using the power and functionality of Visual C# .NET. Using a straightforward, step-by-step approach, each lesson builds on the previous ones, enabling you to learn the essentials of Visual C# .NET from the ground up.As an added bonus, the book includes a 60-day Trial Version of Microsoft Visual Studio .NET 2003 on DVD-ROM so you will have every tool you need to create the applications demonstrated in the book.Step-by-step instructions walk you through the most common Visual C# .NET tasks while questions and answers, quizzes, and exercises at the end of each hour help you test your knowledge. Notes and tips point out shortcuts and solutions and help steer you clear of potential problems.You will learn... The basics of Visual C# and then quickly begin applying your knowledge to real-world Windows programming tasks. Important features such as building forms, working with controls, looping, debugging, and working with data in the world of .NET. Tips that ease migration from Visual C++ and Visual Basic 6 to Visual c# .NET 2003.
Increase of Relative Intensity Noise after Fiber Transmission in Co-propagating Raman Pump Lasers (2002)

We found that relative intensity noise of pump laser was increased after fiber transmission by mode partitioning noise and stimulated Brillouin scattering. Our novel innergrating-multimode laser can sufficiently suppress this increase of noise.
Crowdsourced Decision Support for Emergency Responders (2013)

Abstract : Real-time citizen interaction has the potential to transform society's response to crisis situations. New systems and processes must be developed to support citizen involvement and first responders must be trained in their use. The Citizens' Emergency Response Portal System (CERPS) Simulation Experiment (CERPS SIMEX) examined the role of public interaction through social media during emergency situations. The SIMEX was conducted over five days in October 2012 at the Net-Centric C4ISR Experimentation Lab (NCEL) housed at The MITRE Corporation's McLean, Va., headquarters and on the George Mason University (GMU) campus in Fairfax, Va. No actual emergency activities occurred on the campus; the SIMEX was conducted behind a firewall to avoid unintentional public panic. The SIMEX brought together emergency response personnel from federal, state, county, and city jurisdictions in the National Capital Region of Washington, D.C. Emergency operators used real command and control systems with simulated reporting and sensor systems. Citizen participants were volunteers recruited from the GMU student body. The primary purpose of the SIMEX was to examine the hypothesis that citizen participation via social media in crisis response decision-making can improve the outcome of a crisis. This SIMEX was intended to establish a baseline for future research on crisis response decision support employing citizen participation.
Source-drain engineering for Sub-90 nm junction-field-effect transistors (2009)

This paper presents sub-90 nm symmetric and asymmetric source-drain junction-field-effect transistor (JFET) devices for ultra-low voltage operation. The JFET devices are suitable for ultra-low voltage analog applications by overcoming the limitations of advanced MOSFET devices and CMOS technologies. However, the performance of sub-90 nm channel-JFETs is limited by higher off-state leakage current and lower ON/OFF current ratio. In this paper, we introduce asymmetric source-drain device architecture to improve the ON/OFF performance of JFET devices. The numerical device simulation results show that the proposed asymmetric devices significantly reduce the off-state leakage current in contrast to the symmetric devices for high performance operation at ultra-low power supply voltage of 0.5 V.
A Variational Model for Joint Motion Estimation and Image Reconstruction (2018)

The aim of this paper is to derive and analyze a variational model for the joint estimation of motion and reconstruction of image sequences, which is based on a time-continuous Eulerian motion model. The model can be set up in terms of the continuity equation or the brightness constancy equation. The analysis in this paper focuses on the latter for robust motion estimation on sequences of two-dimensional images. We rigorously prove the existence of a minimizer in a suitable function space setting. Moreover, we discuss the numerical solution of the model based on primal-dual algorithms and investigate several examples. Finally, the benefits of our model compared to existing techniques, such as sequential image reconstruction and motion estimation, are shown.
39 CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES IN BOVINE NUCLEAR TRANSFER EMBRYOS PRODUCED BY “HANDMADE CLONING” (2004)

Embryos produced by nuclear transfer using somatic cells as donors exhibit a lower developmental competence compared to in vivo developed and IVM/IVF/IVC embryos. The so-called handmade somatic cell nuclear transfer (HSCNT or handmade cloning) that was recently presented (Vajta et al. 2003 Biol. Reprod. 68, 571–578) has, however, improved the reconstructed embryo and subsequent blastocyst rate. Further, the high total cell number (n = 216) and the high ratio of cells allocated to the inner cell mass (35%) as well as the initial pregnancy rate of 48% on Day 28 following nonsurgical transfer of HSCNT embryos indicated a high average quality. But still the pregnancy loss of HSCNT embryos was high and resulted in a birth rate of 8%. The aim of this study was to estimate the chromosomal variation in HSCNT embryos using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and to evaluate this as an additional parameter of embryo quality. Nuclei from 49 Day 7 HSCNT embryos from five independent trials were isolated by hypotonic treatment and fixed. Then the nuclei were hybridized with differentially labelled cJAB8 and p33E39 probes that hybridize specifically to the centromeric region of chromosome 6 and 7 (Viuff et al. 2000 Biol. Reprod. 63, 1143–1148). A total of 6715 nuclei were analyzed for chromosomal abnormalities, and the percentage of nuclei with false negative scores represented 1.8%. Only 4.1% of the embryos (2 of 49) had a completely normal diploid composition, while the remaining 47 embryos exhibited different types of mixoploidy. Of the 47 mixoploid embryos, 87% contained more than one type of chromosomal variation with diploid/triploid/tetraploid being the most frequent constitution (43% of the 47 mixoploid embryos). No pure polyploid embryos were observed. The percentages of HSCNT embryos in the groups of 0%, 1–25%, and 26–100% polyploid cells were 4.1%, 67.5%, and 28.6%, respectively. This is significantly higher than the corresponding figures produced and analyzed by comparable methodology of bovine IVM/IVF/IVC embryos (Viuff et al. 1999 Biol. Reprod. 60, 1273–1278). However, 71.4% of the HSCNT embryos contained less than 25% polyploid cells; this low level may not have compromised the developmental competence of these embryos.
Pathology of Inhalational Anthrax Animal Models (2010)

Anthrax is a lethal disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis. There are three principal forms of the disease in humans-cutaneous, gastrointestinal, and inhalational-depending on the route of exposure. Of these, inhalational anthrax is the most dangerous; it is rapidly fatal; and it has been used as a deadly biological warfare agent in the last decade. Suitable animal models of inhalational anthrax have been utilized to study pathogenesis of disease, investigate bacterial characteristics such as virulence, and test effectiveness of vaccines and therapeutics. To date, mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, and nonhuman primates are the principal animal species used to study inhalational anthrax. Mice are valuable in studying early pathogenesis and bacterial characteristics. Few pathologic changes occur in the mouse models but may include marked bacteremia and lymphocyte destruction in the spleen and mediastinal lymph nodes. Rabbits and guinea pigs rapidly develop fulminate systemic disease, and pathologic findings often include necrotizing lymphadenitis; splenitis; pneumonia; vasculitis; and hemorrhage, congestion, and edema in multiple tissues. Nonhuman primates consistently develop the full range of classic lesions of human inhalational anthrax, including meningitis; lymphadenitis; splenitis; mediastinitis; pneumonia; vasculitis; and hemorrhage, congestion, and edema in multiple tissues. This review focuses on basic characteristics of the bacterium and its products, key aspects of pathogenesis, and the pathologic changes commonly observed in each animal model species.
Recent progress in heuristic search: a case study of the four-peg towers of Hanoi problem (2007)

We integrate a number of new and recent advances in heuristic search, and apply them to the fourpeg Towers of Hanoi problem. These include frontier search, disk-based search, parallel processing, multiple, compressed, disjoint, and additive pattern database heuristics, and breadth-first heuristic search. New ideas include pattern database heuristics based on multiple goal states, a method to reduce coordination among multiple parallel threads, and a method for reducing the number of heuristic calculations. We perform the first complete breadth-first searches of the 21 and 22-disc fourpeg Towers of Hanoi problems, and extend the verification of “presumed optimal solutions ” to this
High-temperature protonic conductors with perovskite-related structures (1995)

The various perovskite-structured oxides found to be high-temperature protonic conductors are reviewed. They fall into two groups: the simple or ABO3 types and the complex (or mixed) types of formula A2B′B″O6 and A3B′B2″O9. Some microstructural features observed by TEM and electron diffraction are pointed out. A simple “first-order” model is then given to serve as a basis for consideration of various fundamental aspects of these protonic conductors. Three fundamental aspects are considered: the nature of proton incorporation by exposure to water vapor at high temperatures, the environment in which protons are located in the lattice, and the nature of proton migration. Proton incorporation is studied by water uptake experiments and the proton environment by spectroscopic techniques. Proton migration is studied by conductivity and isotope-effect experiments, which show that migration occurs by simple hopping of protons from one O2− ion to the next. However, the classical absolute rate theory (ART) requires modification because of the low efficiency of energy transfer between an excited proton and the cage of heavy ions that surrounds it.
The multicatalytic proteinase (prosome) is ubiquitous from eukaryotes to archaebacteria (1989)

From the thermoacidophilic archaebacterium, Thermoplasma acidophilum, a proteolytically active particle has been isolated which is almost identical in size and shape with the multicatalytic proteinase (prosome) from rat. This result indicates that prosomes have been developed early in evolution and that they possibly serve functions common to all living cells.
Artificial Neural Networks and Multivariate Statistics (2000)

Abstract The mechanistic modelling of processes can present major challenges in practice and attention has turned to the sophisticated use of monitored plant data. As a result of this transfer of interest, two major areas of strategic research have emerged since the mid-1980s: multivariate statistics and artificial neural networks. This chapter introduces the key methodologies and describes a number of related issues prior to applying such techniques to complex engineering problems. A number of industrially based examples are presented which contrast multivariate statistical approaches with those of neural network techniques. An additional example is included which focuses upon a situation where linear statistical approaches are not applicable. The first case study compares the techniques of principal components regression, projection to latent structures, orthogonal least squares based regression, feedforward neural networks, radial basis function neural networks and locally weighted regression using, as an example, near-infra-red spectral data. For the second example, some aspects of neural networks are considered and different approaches assessed for the prediction of polymer properties. An industrial application is then presented which is analysed using dynamic artificial neural networks since multivariate statistical techniques are inappropriate for the study. The application of linear projection to latent structures and nonlinear projection to latent structures to the prediction of pH are presented and the results compared. The final case study focuses upon principal components analysis (PCA) and its nonlinear variants. A number of examples are discussed including its application to fault detection and diagnosis.