gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Real-time PCR for quantification of viable Renibacterium salmoninarum in chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta (2007)

Quantification of msa gene mRNA of Renibacterium salmoninarum, the causative agent of bacterial kidney disease (BKD), was investigated using reverse transcription followed by real-time PCR assay on R. salmoninarum in culture, and in experimentally challenged chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta fry kidney tissues (total of 70 samples) after intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection and bath infection. Correlations of msa gene mRNA concentrations with culturable cell concentrations (as colony forming units [CFU]), determined by drop-plate culture method on selective kidney disease medium (SKDM) agar through a 12 wk incubation time, and msa gene DNA concentrations by real-time PCR assay were examined. Furthermore, ovarian fluid samples from wild chum salmon adults with no clinical signs of disease were collected from 8 rivers and from clinically infected kokanee 0. nerka and masu salmon O. masou that were reared in 1 and 2 hatcheries, respectively (total of 414 samples). All samples were examined by nested PCR assay. Then, positive samples were examined by real-time PCR assays for mRNA and DNA; mRNA was detectable at 8 log units (5.0 x 101 to 5.0 x 10(9) copies p11(-1)) with high correlation (R2 = 0.999). The mRNA concentration correlated with CFU in kidney tissue from fish infected by i.p. injection (R2 = 0.924), by bath infection (R2 = 0.502) and in culture (R2 = 0.888). R. salmoninarum was detected and quantified by real-time PCR assay for mRNA in ovarian fluid samples in both subclinically infected chum salmon adults and clinically infected kokanee and masu salmon adults; detection rates ranged from 0 to 44.4% and concentrations ranged from 9.7 x 10(2) to 5.6 x 10(5) copies pl(-1). These results indicate that real-time PCR assay for the mRNA is a rapid, sensitive and reliable method to detect and quantify the viability of R. salmoninarum in kidney and ovarian fluid samples of salmonid fishes with both clinical and subclinical infection of the pathogen.
A New Tumorsphere Culture Condition Restores Potentials of Self-Renewal and Metastasis of Primary Neuroblastoma in a Mouse Neuroblastoma Model (2014)

Tumorsphere culture enriches and expands tumor cells, thus providing important resources for cancer studies. However, as compared with metastatic tissues, primary tumors in the nervous system rarely give rise to long-surviving tumorspheres, thereby seriously limiting studies on these cancers. This might be due to the limited self-renewal capability of tumor cells and/or to inappropriate culture conditions. The growth and maintenance of tumor cells may depend on microenvironments and/or cell origins (e.g., primary or metastatic; stem cell-like or progenitor-like). Here, we attempted to establish a tumorsphere culture condition for primary neuroblastoma (NB). Primary tumors in MYCN transgenic mice, a NB model, could be serially transplanted, suggesting that these tumors contain cells with a high self-renewal potential. However, primary tumors did not give rise to tumorspheres under a serum-free neurosphere culture condition. The newly established culture condition (named PrimNeuS) contained two critical ingredients: fetal bovine serum and β-mercaptoethanol were essential for tumorsphere formation as well as indefinite passages. The spheres could be passaged more than 20 times without exhaustion under this condition, exhibited a property of differentiation and formed tumors in vivo. Unexpectedly, PrimNeuS revealed that the MYCN transgenic mice had bone marrow metastasis. Furthermore, subcutaneous tumors derived from tumorspheres of primary tumors showed bone marrow metastasis. Taken together, PrimNeuS provides resources for the study of NB and can be used as a powerful tool for the detection of minimal residual disease and for in vitro evaluation prior to personalized therapy.
On Diversity Reception Over Fading Channels With Impulsive Noise (2005)

In this paper, we analyze the performance of different diversity combining techniques over fading channels with impulsive noise. We use Middleton's Class A model for the noise distribution and adopt two noise models, which assume dependent and independent noise components on each branch. We systematically analyze the performance of maximum ratio combing (MRC), equal gain combining (EGC), selection combining (SC), and post-detection combining (PDC) under these impulsive noise models, and derive insightful lower and upper bounds. We show that even under impulsive noise, the diversity order is retained for each combining scheme. However, we also show that under both models, there is a fundamental tradeoff between diversity gain and coding gain. Under the independent noise model, PDC is shown to combat impulsive noise more effectively than MRC, EGC, and SC. Our simulation results also corroborate our analysis.
Vaginal transmission of cell-associated HIV-1 in the mouse is blocked by a topical, membrane-modifying agent (2002)

Because both HIV-1 virions and HIV-infected cells are present in the semen and cervical mucus of infected individuals, HIV-1 prevention strategies must consider both cell-free and cell-associated virus. Antibodies that target HIV-1 virions have been shown to prevent vaginal transmission of cell-free virus in macaques, but since cell-associated transmission has not been reliably demonstrated in this model system, no strategies to prevent such transmission have been tested. We have employed a mouse model in which SCID mice carry human peripheral blood leukocytes (HuPBLs). In these mice, vaginal transmission of cell-associated, but not cell-free, HIV-1 transmission occurs, mediated by transepithelial migration of HIV-infected cells. Topical application of β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), a cholesterol-sequestering agent that interferes with cell migration and budding of virus from lipid rafts, blocks transmission of cell-associated HIV-1. The HuPBL-SCID model of vaginal HIV-1 transmission should prove useful for investigating cell-associated HIV-1 transmucosal HIV-1 transmission, as well as for screening reagents for their potential efficacy in preventing sexual HIV-1 transmission.
Exploring Microbial Diversity Using 16S rRNA High-Throughput Methods (2009)

As a result of advancements in high-throughput technology, the sequencing of the pioneering 16S rRNA gene marker is gradually shedding light on the taxonomic characterization of the spectacular microbial diversity that inhabits the earth.
Novel Solar-Cell Power Supply System Using a Multiple-Input DC–DC Converter (2006)

Recently, the clean electric power generation systems have attracted a great deal of social attention to exploit the clean-energy resources such as solar arrays, wind generators, fuel cells, and so forth. In this case, a multiple-input dc–dc converter is useful to combine the several input power sources and to supply the regulated output voltage for the load from the power sources. The novel solar-cell power supply system using the buck–boost-type two-input dc–dc converter is proposed, in which a solar array and a commercial ac line are employed as power sources and are combined by two input windings of the energy-storage reactor. Also, its operation principle and performance characteristics are discussed. Furthermore, the solar-cell optimum-operating-point tracker is proposed and examined. It is confirmed by the experiment that the proposed solar-cell power supply system has excellent performance characteristics.
Spatially filtering functional magnetic resonance imaging data (1997)

When constructing MR images from acquired spatial frequency data, it can be beneficial to apply a low-pass filter to remove high frequency noise from the resulting images. This amounts to attenuating high spatial frequency fluctuations that can affect detected MR signal. A study is presented of spatially filtering MR data and possible ramifications on detecting regionally specific activation signal. It is shown that absolute activation levels are strongly dependent on the parameters of the filter used in image construction and that significance of an activation signal can be enhanced through appropriate filter selection. A comparison is made between spatially filtering MR image data and applying a Gaussian convolution kernel to statistical parametric maps.
<b>The Structures of the Basidiomycete Metabolites Illudin S and Illudin M</b> (1963)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Structures of the Basidiomycete Metabolites Illudin S and Illudin MT. C. McMorris and Marjorie. AnchelCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1963, 85, 6, 831–832Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1963Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1963https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00889a052https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00889a052research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views214Altmetric-Citations78LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Automatic Clock: A Promising Approach toward GALSification (2016)

Hardware design abstraction has significantly favoured productivity in the recent years. The clock is known to be the beating heart of every digital design which coordinates the communications and computations. Due to the critical role of this signal a proper management of it is essential. Newly emerged high-level synthesis and hardware construction tools either reflect this responsibility to the designer at high level or make some general assumptions based upon critical paths which may also require the designer to re-architecture the design when the assumptions encounter failure. This can exert a profound impact on designer's productivity. We propose the AutoCLK technique to handle the clock automatically which calls for specific properties, such as 'slack elasticity' and distributed control flow, in the target architecture. Our experiments demonstrate that both low-level and high-level factors have to be taken into account for efficient clock management.
Dinuclear Asymmetric Zn Aldol Additions:  Formal Asymmetric Synthesis of Fostriecin (2005)

Direct asymmetric aldol reactions constitute a powerful methodology for the efficient synthesis of complex natural products. Herein we report the first application of our recently reported dinuclear Zn-catalyzed direct aldol addition of alkynyl ketones to aldehydes in a short and efficient formal asymmetric synthesis of fostriecin, a potent cyctotoxic natural product. This work highlights not only the power of the aldol methodology but also the utility of the akynyl silane aldol adducts, as it is subsequently utilized in a vinyl silane cross-coupling reaction which affords the target molecule in 14 steps for the longest linear sequence in 8.5% overall yield.
Role of mucoadhesive polymers in enhancing delivery of nimodipine microemulsion to brain via intranasal route (2014)

Intranasal drug administration is receiving increased attention as a delivery method for bypassing the blood-brain barrier and rapidly targeting therapeutics to the CNS. However, rapid mucociliary clearance in the nasal cavity is a major hurdle. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of mucoadhesive polymers in enhancing the delivery of nimodipine microemulsion to the brain via the intranasal route. The optimized mucoadhesive microemulsion was characterized, and the in vitro drug release and in vivo nasal absorption of drug from the new formulation were evaluated in rats. The optimized formulation consisted of Capmul MCM as oil, Labrasol as surfactant, and Transcutol P as co-surfactant, with a particle size of 250 nm and zeta potential value of -15 mV. In vitro and ex vivo permeation studies showed an initial burst of drug release at 30 min and sustained release up to 6 h, attributable to the presence of free drug entrapped in the mucoadhesive layer. In vivo pharmacokinetic studies in rats showed that the use of the mucoadhesive microemulsion enhanced brain and plasma concentrations of nimodipine. These results suggest that incorporation of a mucoadhesive agent in a microemulsion intranasal delivery system can increase the retention time of the formulation and enhance brain delivery of drugs.
Performance of MAP in the remote operation of a CNC (1990)

A major issue for the users of the Manufacturing Automation Protocol (MAP) is its performance in servicing time-critical applications. The author describes an experiment in which a computerized numerical controller (CNC) is remotely operated using MAP. A set of critical timing parameters is defined, a performance analysis of the system from the user's point of view is carried out, and a comparison with other similar systems is made. The transfer time between two front-end processors, implementing the seven MAP layers, for a 100-byte-long message is found to be about 18 ms, and the transfer time for the same message between two user processes on the hosts is about 40 ms.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Renoprotective potency of amifostine in rat renal ischaemia-reperfusion (2010)

Amifostine decreased the degree and severity of tubular damage after reperfusion, probably by scavenging oxygen free radicals and attenuating the cytotoxic effects of inflammatory infiltrates and apoptosis.
Preparation and reactions of o-(cyanomethyl)benzeneboronic acid (1969)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPreparation and reactions of o-(cyanomethyl)benzeneboronic acidJoseph C. Catlin and Harold Roy SnyderCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1969, 34, 6, 1660–1663Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1969Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1969https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01258a027https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01258a027research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views519Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Plane Wave Representation (2011)

This chapter contains sections titled: Plane Waves Angular Spectrum of Plane Waves
Diazene-N-(di-imide) and hydrazido-(2–)N-(aminoimido) complexes: the addition of acids to dinitrogen complexes (1974)

The protonation and reduction of dinitrogen in a mononuclear complex are described. The diazene compounds [MX2(N2H2)(dpe)2](I; M = W, X = Cl or Br; M = MO, X = Br; dpe = Ph2PCH2CH2PPh2), and hydrazido (2–)N complex salts, [Mo(N2H2)(depe)2]X (X = Cl or Br; depe = Et2PCH2CH2PEt2) and trans-[WCl(N2H2)(PMe2Ph)4]Cl were prepared by the reaction of trans-[M(N2)2(diphos)2](M = MO or W; diphos = dpe or depe) or cis-[W(N2)2(PMe2Ph)4] with an excess of the appropriate hydrogen halide. Compounds (I) contain labile halogen and are converted into the hydrazido-(2–)N complex salts [MX(N2H2)(dpe)2]Y (Y = BPh4, ClO4, or PF6, M = W; Y = BF4, M = MO) by treatment with NaBPh4, LiClO4, NaPF6, or [NEt4]BF4 as appropriate. The structural implications of the i.r., 1H and 31P n.m.r. spectroscopic properties of the N2H2 compounds and of their 15N analogues are discussed.With only 2 mol equiv. of HCl, trans-[W(N2)2(dpe)2] gives the hydride [WH(N2)2(dpe)2]HCl2 and trans-[Mo(N2)2(dpe)2] gives the dihydride [MoH2Cl2(dpe)2]. [WH(N2)2(dpe)2]HCl2 is converted into [WH2Cl2(dpe)2] in refluxing methanol and [WCl2(N2H2)(dpe)2] gives [WCl2{N2H(COCH3)}(dpe)2] with acetyl chloride or acetic anhydride.This work provides the first chemical evidence that dinitrogen is as likely to be reduced at a mono- as at a bi-metal site in nitrogenase.
Extraction of Chinese compound words (2000)

This paper is to introduce a statistical method to extract Chinese compound words from a very large corpus. This method is based on mutual information and context dependency. Experimental results show that this method is efficient and robust compared with other approaches. We also examined the impact of different parameter settings, corpus size and heterogeneousness on the extraction results. We finally present results on information retrieval to show the usefulness of extracted compounds.
The No-Scalpel Vasectomy (1991)

A refined method of delivering the vas deferens for vasectomy has been developed and used in China since 1974. This method eliminates the scalpel, results in fewer hematomas and infections, and leaves a smaller wound than conventional techniques. An extracutaneous fixation ring clamp encircles and firmly secures the vas without penetrating the skin. A sharp curved hemostat punctures and dilates the scrotal skin and vas sheath. The vas is delivered, cleaned and occluded by the surgeon's preferred technique. The contralateral vas is delivered through the same opening. The puncture wound contracts to about 2 mm., is not visible to the man and requires no sutures for closure. The reported incidence of hematoma in 179,741 men followed in China was 0.09%. No hematomas or infections were identified in the first 273 procedures performed by a surgeon in the United States. The operating time in China and for the last 50 United States procedures has ranged from 5 to 11 minutes. The disadvantage of the technique is the hand-on training and number of cases necessary to gain proficiency. However, the advantages for surgeons and patients should enhance the popularity of vasectomy.
A novel calmodulin-binding protein, belonging to the WD-repeat family, is localized in dendrites of a subset of CNS neurons. (1996)

A rat brain synaptosomal protein of 110,000 M(r) present in a fraction highly enriched in adenylyl cyclase activity was microsequenced (Castets, F., G. Baillat, S. Mirzoeva, K. Mabrouk, J. Garin, J. d'Alayer, and A. Monneron. 1994. Biochemistry. 33:5063-5069). Peptide sequences were used to clone a cDNA encoding a novel, 780-amino acid protein named striatin. Striatin is a member of the WD-repeat family (Neer, E.J., C.J. Schmidt, R. Nambudripad, and T.F. Smith. 1994. Nature (Lond.). 371:297-300), the first one known to bind calmodulin (CaM) in the presence of Ca++. Subcellular fractionation shows that striatin is a membrane-associated, Lubrol-soluble protein. As analyzed by Northern blots, in situ hybridization, and immunocytochemistry, striatin is localized in the central nervous system, where it is confined to a subset of neurons, many of which are associated with the motor system. In particular, striatin is conspicuous in the dorsal part of the striatum, as well as in motoneurons. Furthermore, striatin is essentially found in dendrites, but not in axons, and is most abundant in dendritic spines. We propose that striatin interacts, through its WD-repeat domain and in a CaM/Ca(++)-dependent manner, with one or several members of a surrounding cluster of molecules engaged in a Ca(++)-signaling pathway specific to excitatory synapses.
Korean Multiculturalism and the Marriage Squeeze (2011)

An imbalanced sex ratio in the 1970s and 1980s has led South Korean men to seek wives abroad. Though a solution to one problem, this spike in interracial marriage has posed new social conundrums for the formerly homogenous society.
Synthesis and properties of some cyclic AMP alkyl phosphotriesters (1974)

Cyclic AMP was converted to its phosphotriesters according to the classical approach of phosphate activation with a sulfonyl chloride, followed by esterification with an alcohol. The methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl and cetyl triesters were prepared, and some of their physical-chemical properties determined. Alkaline hydrolysis of these alkyl phosphotriesters resulted predominantly in ring opening. On the other hand, nucleophilic attack by thiourea led to the formation of cAMP as the main product. The conclusion can be drawn from these results that cAMP phosphotriesters could serve as suitable storage forms of cAMP, and cyclic triesters may be the best vehicle of transporting nucleotides through biological membranes.
CONNECTIVE TISSUE GROWTH FACTOR AND ITS REGULATION: A NEW ELEMENT IN DIABETIC GLOMERULOSCLEROSIS (2001)

Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), a member of the closely related CCN family of cytokines appears to be fibrotic in skin. To determine whether CTGF is implicated in diabetic glomerulosclerosis we studied cultured rat mesangial cells (MC) as well as kidney cortex and microdissected glomeruli from obese, diabetic db/db mice and their normal counterparts. Exposure of MC to rhCTGF significantly increased fibronectin and collagen type I secretion. Further, unstimulated MC expressed low levels of CTGF message and secreted minimal amounts of CTGF protein (36-38 kDa). However, exposure to TGF-beta, increased glucose concentrations, or cyclic mechanical strain, all causal factors in glomerulosclerosis, markedly induced the expression of CTGF transcripts. With all but mechanical strain there was a concomitant stimulation of CTGF protein secretion. TGF-beta also induced abundant quantities of a small molecular weight form of CTGF (18 kDa). The induction of CTGF protein by a high glucose concentration was mediated by TGF-beta, since a TGF-beta neutralizing antibody blocked this stimulation. In vivo studies using quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated that while CTGF transcripts were low in the glomeruli of control mice, expression was increased 27-fold after approximately 3.5 months of diabetes. These changes occurred early in diabetic nephropathy when mesangial expansion was mild, and interstitial disease and proteinuria were absent. A substantially reduced elevation of CTGF mRNA (2-fold) observed in whole kidney cortices indicted that the primary alteration of CTGF expression was in the glomerulus. These results suggest that CTGF upregulation is an important factor in the pathogenesis of mesangial matrix accumulation in both diabetic and non-diabetic glomerulosclerosis, acting downstream of TGF-beta.