gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Engineered nanomedicine for myeloma and bone microenvironment targeting (2014)

Bone is a favorable microenvironment for tumor growth and a frequent destination for metastatic cancer cells. Targeting cancers within the bone marrow remains a crucial oncologic challenge due to issues of drug availability and microenvironment-induced resistance. Herein, we engineered bone-homing polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) for spatiotemporally controlled delivery of therapeutics to bone, which diminish off-target effects and increase local drug concentrations. The NPs consist of poly(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and bisphosphonate (or alendronate, a targeting ligand). The engineered NPs were formulated by blending varying ratios of the synthesized polymers: PLGA-b-PEG and alendronate-conjugated polymer PLGA-b-PEG-Ald, which ensured long circulation and targeting capabilities, respectively. The bone-binding ability of Ald-PEG-PLGA NPs was investigated by hydroxyapatite binding assays and ex vivo imaging of adherence to bone fragments. In vivo biodistribution of fluorescently labeled NPs showed higher retention, accumulation, and bone homing of targeted Ald-PEG-PLGA NPs, compared with nontargeted PEG-PLGA NPs. A library of bortezomib-loaded NPs (bone-targeted Ald-Bort-NPs and nontargeted Bort-NPs) were developed and screened for optimal physiochemical properties, drug loading, and release profiles. Ald-Bort-NPs were tested for efficacy in mouse models of multiple myeloma (MM). Results demonstrated significantly enhanced survival and decreased tumor burden in mice pretreated with Ald-Bort-NPs versus Ald-Empty-NPs (no drug) or the free drug. We also observed that bortezomib, as a pretreatment regimen, modified the bone microenvironment and enhanced bone strength and volume. Our findings suggest that NP-based anticancer therapies with bone-targeting specificity comprise a clinically relevant method of drug delivery that can inhibit tumor progression in MM.
Corneal Anesthesia With Site 1 Sodium Channel Blockers and Dexmedetomidine (2015)

Coadministration of S1SCBs with dexmedetomidine provided prolonged corneal anesthesia without delaying corneal wound healing. Such formulations may be useful for the management of acute surgical and nonsurgical corneal pain.
Functional Thermoplastics from Linear Diols and Diisocyanates Produced Entirely from Renewable Lipid Sources (2010)

An unsaturated terminal diol, 1,18-octadec-9-endiol (ODEDO), and a saturated terminal diol, 1,9-nonanediol (NDO), were synthesized from oleic acid. The feasibility of utilizing these new diols for the production of thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) was demonstrated by reacting them with a fatty acid-derived diisocyanate, 1,7-heptamethylene diisocyanate (HPMDI), and a commercially available petroleum-derived diisocyanate, 1,6-hexamethylene diisocyanate (HDI). One type of phase structure was obtained for both TPUs in this study, owing to the similarity between the ODEDO and NDO molecular structure. In addition, double yielding behavior (observed for the first time in polyurethanes) was observed in the stress-strain curves for both TPU systems. Compared to the TPUs prepared from HDI, the totally biobased TPUs (ODEDO-NDO-HPDMI) demonstrated comparable properties within acceptable tolerances, considering the impacts on physical properties due to the odd-even effect introduced by the HPDMI. This work is the first that establishes the production of linear thermoplastic polyurethanes entirely from lipid feedstock.
A Decision-theoretic Multi-dimensional Model for Meeting Users' Information Filtering Needs (2004)

The overall objective of this study is to comprehensively investigate the various factors that lead to effective information filtering.We propose a decision-theoretic approach for the information filtering process.The novelty of the current study lies in the focus on the user aspect and the coverage of the knowledge it produces.A decision-theoretic multi-dimensional model from a user-centered viewpoint is derived, and the model is used to describe user information filtering needs can be met effectively and efficiently.
Hyperspectral Image Classification via Kernel Sparse Representation (2012)

In this paper, a novel nonlinear technique for hyperspectral image (HSI) classification is proposed. Our approach relies on sparsely representing a test sample in terms of all of the training samples in a feature space induced by a kernel function. For each test pixel in the feature space, a sparse representation vector is obtained by decomposing the test pixel over a training dictionary, also in the same feature space, by using a kernel-based greedy pursuit algorithm. The recovered sparse representation vector is then used directly to determine the class label of the test pixel. Projecting the samples into a high-dimensional feature space and kernelizing the sparse representation improve the data separability between different classes, providing a higher classification accuracy compared to the more conventional linear sparsity-based classification algorithms. Moreover, the spatial coherency across neighboring pixels is also incorporated through a kernelized joint sparsity model, where all of the pixels within a small neighborhood are jointly represented in the feature space by selecting a few common training samples. Kernel greedy optimization algorithms are suggested in this paper to solve the kernel versions of the single-pixel and multi-pixel joint sparsity-based recovery problems. Experimental results on several HSIs show that the proposed technique outperforms the linear sparsity-based classification technique, as well as the classical support vector machines and sparse kernel logistic regression classifiers.
A combined cell-free transcription-translation system from<i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>for rapid and robust protein synthe (2014)

Cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) provides a valuable platform for understanding, using, and expanding the capabilities of the translation apparatus. For example, high-throughput CFPS is helping to address the increasing discrepancy between genome sequence data and their translation products. Here, we report the development of a combined cell-free transcription-translation (Tx/Tl) system from Saccharomyces cerevisiae that is suitable for such efforts. First, we show the ability to enable translation initiation in a cap-independent manner. The performance of various genetic elements was assessed, including 5'-UTR, 3'-UTR, and length of poly(A) tail. A specific vector harboring the 5'-UTR fragment of the Ω sequence from the tobacco mosaic virus and a poly(A) tail of 50 nucleotides led to optimal performance. Second, we developed a simple, two-step polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method for high-throughput production of linear templates for yeast CFPS. This procedure allows all functional elements needed for Tx/Tl to be added to an open-reading frame directly by overlap extension PCR. Our two-step PCR method was successfully applied to three reporter proteins: luciferase, green fluorescence protein, and chloramphenicol acetyl transferase, yielding 7 to 12.5 μg mL-1 active protein after 1.5-h batch reactions. Surprisingly, the linear templates outperformed plasmid DNA by up to 60%. Hence, the presented CFPS method has the potential to rapidly prepare tens to thousands of DNA templates without time-consuming cloning work. Further, it holds promise for fast and convenient optimization of expression constructs, study of internal ribosome entry site, and production of protein libraries for genome-scale studies. See accompanying commentary by Russ and Dueber DOI: 10.1002/biot.201400071.
Evaluation of Emulsifying Activity of Saturated Egg Phosphatide by Hydrogenation for O/W Type Emulsion (1985)

Lecithin is a useful surfactant in many diverse fields, such as food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic products. However, it has a few weakness properties, for example, as an easily oxidizable and change of brown color for a long stored time. In this study, egg phosphatide saturated by hydrogenation was selected as a surfactant instead of regular egg phosphatide and its emulsifying activity was examined for pharmaceutical emulsion bases. The emulsion stability was evaluated in terms of (1) particle size and its distribution, (2) rheological properties, (3) zeta potential and (4) separated rate of dispersed phase. The following results were obtained. (1) the particle size of emulsion prepared with phosphatide saturated by hydrogenation was smaller than that with usual phosphatide, and (2) phosphatide saturated by hydrogen has a better stability action on emulsion than un-saturated phosphatide.
Use alone or in Combination of Red and Infrared Laser in Skin Wounds. (2014)

A systematic review was conducted covering the action of red laser, infrared and combination of both, with emphasis on cutaneous wound therapy, showing the different settings on parameters such as fluency, power, energy density, time of application, frequency mode and even the type of low-power lasers and their wavelengths. It was observed that in general, the lasers brings good clinical and histological results mainly, but there is not a protocol that defines a dosage of use that has predictability of therapeutic success in repairing these wounds.
Rivaroxaban and other novel oral anticoagulants: pharmacokinetics in healthy subjects, specific patient populations and relevance of coagulation monitoring (2013)

Unlike traditional anticoagulants, the more recently developed agents rivaroxaban, dabigatran and apixaban target specific factors in the coagulation cascade to attenuate thrombosis. Rivaroxaban and apixaban directly inhibit Factor Xa, whereas dabigatran directly inhibits thrombin. All three drugs exhibit predictable pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics that allow for fixed oral doses in a variety of settings. The population pharmacokinetics of rivaroxaban, and also dabigatran, have been evaluated in a series of models using patient data from phase II and III clinical studies. These models point towards a consistent pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile, even when extreme demographic factors are taken into account, meaning that doses rarely need to be adjusted. The exception is in certain patients with renal impairment, for whom pharmacokinetic modelling provided the rationale for reduced doses as part of some regimens. Although not routinely required, the ability to measure plasma concentrations of these agents could be advantageous in emergency situations, such as overdose. Specific pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics must be taken into account when selecting an appropriate assay for monitoring. The anti-Factor Xa chromogenic assays now available are likely to provide the most appropriate means of determining plasma concentrations of rivaroxaban and apixaban, and specific assays for dabigatran are in development.
Pathways of aggrecan processing in joint tissues Implications for disease mechanism and monitoring (1995)

Aggrecan is an essential matrix constituent of the soft tissues of the joint, which include the articular and meniscal cartilages and the supporting intraarticular ligaments. Our understanding of the pathways of aggrecan turnover in these tissues is limited. However, recent evidence obtained from analysis of human synovial fluids (Sandy et al. 1992, Lohmander et al. 1993), human articular cartilages (Bayne et al. 1995) cartilage explant cultures (Sandy et al. 1991) and chondrocyte cultures (Lark et al. 1995) has suggested a central role for a novel proteoglycan-degrading proteinase (aggrecanase) which cleaves the Glu 373- Ala374 bond within the interglobular domain of aggrecan.
Abstract 1549: Regulation of inflammation and tumor growth by the novel XL313 cryptic ECM element (2011)

Abstract Experimental evidence suggests that multiple cell types within the tumor microenvironment such as fibroblast, endothelial cells and inflammatory cells contribute to tumor growth. Recent evidence indicates that biomechanical alterations in the structural integrity of ECM proteins may result in exposure of cryptic regulatory elements that play roles in differentially controlling cell signaling pathways. Therefore, exposure of cryptic regulatory sites may function as biomechanical switches, allowing various cell populations to respond in distinct ways to localized structural alterations within the tumor microenvironment. Thus, identifying and characterizing biomechanical ECM switches may provide selective new therapeutic targets to regulate tumor progression. In this regard, triple helical collagen has numerous RGD containing cryptic integrin binding sites. However, it is not known whether all these cryptic RGD elements are functionally redundant or whether distinct flanking sequences may convey differential control of cellular behavior. To examine potential functional differences between distinct RGD containing cryptic sites, we generated a series of Mabs directed to synthetic RGD containing peptides found within type-I collagen. One Mab termed XL313 selectively recognized a cryptic element containing the amino acid sequence RGDKGE, but failed to bind other RGD containing sites. Mab XL313 failed to recognize intact triple helical collagen, but did bind proteolytically cleaved collagen. Importantly, Mab XL313 significantly (P&lt;0.05) inhibited B16F10 melanoma tumor growth by greater than 50%. Given the possibility that inflammation may contribute to tumor development, we examined the impact of the XL313 epitope on growth factor induced inflammation. Our studies suggest that the XL313 cryptic site may regulate inflammation as Mab XL313 significantly (P&lt;0.05) inhibited inflammation / CAM thickening in the chick embryo model. Collectively, our studies suggest that the XL313 biomechanical ECM switch may represent an important new therapeutic target for the control of tumor growth and inflammation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1549. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-1549
Maize <i>Y9</i> Encodes a Product Essential for 15-cis-<i>ζ</i>-Carotene Isomerization (2007)

Carotenoids are a diverse group of pigments found in plants, fungi, and bacteria. They serve essential functions in plants and provide health benefits for humans and animals. In plants, it was thought that conversion of the C40 carotenoid backbone, 15-cis-phytoene, to all-trans-lycopene, the geometrical isomer required by downstream enzymes, required two desaturases (phytoene desaturase and zeta-carotene desaturase [ZDS]) plus a carotene isomerase (CRTISO), in addition to light-mediated photoisomerization of the 15-cis-double bond; bacteria employ only a single enzyme, CRTI. Characterization of the maize (Zea mays) pale yellow9 (y9) locus has brought to light a new isomerase required in plant carotenoid biosynthesis. We report that maize Y9 encodes a factor required for isomerase activity upstream of CRTISO, which we term Z-ISO, an activity that catalyzes the cis- to trans-conversion of the 15-cis-bond in 9,15,9'-tri-cis-zeta-carotene, the product of phytoene desaturase, to form 9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene, the substrate of ZDS. We show that recessive y9 alleles condition accumulation of 9,15,9'-tri-cis-zeta-carotene in dark tissues, such as roots and etiolated leaves, in contrast to accumulation of 9,9'-di-cis-zeta-carotene in a ZDS mutant, viviparous9. We also identify a locus in Euglena gracilis, which is similarly required for Z-ISO activity. These data, taken together with the geometrical isomer substrate requirement of ZDS in evolutionarily distant plants, suggest that Z-ISO activity is not unique to maize, but will be found in all higher plants. Further analysis of this new gene-controlled step is critical to understanding regulation of this essential biosynthetic pathway.
System architecture issues related to multiple-user VR systems: teaching your system to share (1993)

An eight-year-old female presented with symptoms and signs of orbital inflammation and proptosis. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and magnetic resonance imaging confirmed the diagnosis of extraocular myocysticercosis. Oral treatment with albendazole and steroids was followed by spontaneous extrusion and resolution of the disease.
Association of gankyrin protein expression with early clinical stages and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein 5 expression in human hepatocellular carcinoma (2007)

These results suggest that gankyrin plays an oncogenic role(s) mainly at the early stages of human hepatocarcinogenesis, and that IGFBP-5 inducible by gankyrin overexpression may be involved in it.
A new layered aluminophosphate [Al2P4O16][C6H22N4][C2H10N2] with 4.12-net porous sheets (2000)

Employing phenol, an aromatic and acidic organic solid, as the solvent, and triethylene tetramine as the template, a new two-dimensional layered aluminophosphate [Al2P4O16][C6H22N4][C2H10N2] has been solvothermally synthesized for the first time, which contains novel 4.12-net porous sheets.
Metallkunde der Stähle (1992)

Stahl zeichnet sich im Vergleich zu den anderen in der technischen Anwendung stehenden Werkstoffen durch eine besonders große Vielfalt herausragender Eigenschaften aus. Diese beruhen in erster Linie auf seiner Gefügeumwandlung, seiner vielfältigen Legierbarkeit mit anderen metallischen und nichtmetallischen Elementen, seiner im Verlauf der Erstarrung und im festen Zustand beeinflußbaren Kristallisation, seinem hohen Formänderungsvermögen bei der Warm- und Kaltumformung, seiner Schweißbarkeit und seiner Magnetisierbarkeit bzw. auch Nichtmagnetisierbarkeit. Hinzu kommt, daß Stahl ein problemloser Recycling-Werkstoff ist.
Self-assembly of biomorphic carbon/sulfur microstructures in sulfidic environments (2016)

In natural and laboratory-based environments experiencing sustained counter fluxes of sulfide and oxidants, elemental sulfur (S(0))-a key intermediate in the sulfur cycle-can commonly accumulate. S(0) is frequently invoked as a biomineralization product generated by enzymatic oxidation of hydrogen sulfide and polysulfides. Here we show the formation of S(0) encapsulated in nanometre to micrometre-scale tubular and spherical organic structures that self-assemble in sulfide gradient environments in the absence of any direct biological activity. The morphology and composition of these carbon/sulfur microstructures so closely resemble microbial cellular and extracellular structures that new caution must be applied to the interpretation of putative microbial biosignatures in the fossil record. These reactions between sulfide and organic matter have important implications for our understanding of S(0) mineralization processes and sulfur interactions with organic carbon in the environment. They furthermore provide a new pathway for the synthesis of carbon-sulfur nanocomposites for energy storage technologies.
Multinuclear magnetic resonance studies of the hydrolysis of aluminium(III). Part 8. Base hydrolysis monitored at very high magnetic field (1988)

New studies of base-hydrolysed aluminium(III) solutions were made using high-field 1H and 27Al n.m.r. spectroscopy. The increased sensitivity of the modern equipment has allowed data to be obtained at concentrations as low as 1 × 10–3 mol dm–3, some of it quantitative, and the 1H n.m.r. spectra of solutes transferred to non-aqueous solvents has provided new structural data. The results enable it to be stated quite unequivocally that the tridecameric cation [AlO4Al12(OH)24(H2O)12]7+ is the principal species formed at lower concentrations, and is virtually the only one formed below 20 × 10–3 mol dm–3. At concentrations higher than this, and at intermediate levels of hydrolysis, an oligomeric mixture is formed with a stoicheiometry close to {[Al(OH)2.5]1/2+}n and which could be composed of species such as [Al2(OH)5]+, [Al3(OH)8]+, [Al4(OH)10]2+, and [Al5(OH)13]2+. Partial deuteriation produces isotopic splitting of the proton resonances of bound water which allows these to be distinguished from the resonances of OH-bridge protons. An indication of fine structure due to hydrogen–deuterium substitution on AlO6 fragments is also obtained which favours the more condensed structures and this is in accord with the ease with which the oligomer is converted into the tridecamer on simple dilution. It is now certain that the dihydroxo-bridged dimer found in the solid state is not a significant constituent of these solutions. Oxygen-17 n.m.r. data are also briefly reported.
Using value queries in combinatorial auctions (2003)

Combinatorial auctions, where bidders can bid on bundles of items, are known to be desirable auction mechanisms for selling items that are complementary and/or substitutable. However, there are 2k --1 bundles, and each agent may need to bid on all of them to fully express its preferences. We address this by showing how them auctioneer can recommend to the agents incrementally which bundles to bid on so that they need to only place a small fraction of all possible bids. These algorithms impose a great computational burden on the auctioneer; we show how to speed them up dramatically. We also present an optimal elicitor, which is intractable but may be the basis for future algorithms. Finally, we introduce the notion of a universal revelation reducer, demonstrate a randomized one, and prove that no deterministic one exists.The full paper is available in draft form at http://www.cs.cmu.edu/ sandholm/using_value_queries.pdf.
Advanced SCAMP's demodulator design for performing envelope recovery from hardlimited samples (2003)

A digital demodulator is described for use in envelope detection in Advanced SCAMP, a prototype portable EHF satellite communications terminal. A simple hardware implementation is made possible by processing one-bit hardlimited samples of the received signal and by carefully choosing the sample period and the frequency of the reference oscillator. A nonlinear transformation was performed on the I and Q accumulations to reduce the output variation due to input phase angle. Performance data for the Advanced SCAMP implementation showed that using the proposed transformation extended the linear operating region by approximately 8 dB, resulting in a well-behaved envelope discriminant up to 75 dB-Hz.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Patients With Early-Onset Peripheral Vascular Disease Have Increased Levels of Autoantibodies Against Oxidized LDL (1995)

Oxidative modification of LDL has been proposed as an early and crucial step in the development of atherosclerosis, and antibodies against such modified LDL are found in both healthy individuals and patients with atherosclerosis. In this study, 62 patients who were surgically treated for peripheral arterial occlusive disease below the age of 50 were investigated and compared with age- and sex-matched healthy individuals in a case-control study. Autoantibodies against oxidized LDL were measured with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Risk factors such as smoking, hypertension, family history of premature cardiovascular events, and lipoprotein levels were also determined. The patients had significantly higher levels of autoantibodies against oxidized LDL; significantly higher levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and apo A-I; and significantly lower levels of HDL cholesterol than did control subjects. In multivariate analyses autoantibodies against oxidized LDL discriminated better between patients and control subjects than did any of the different lipoprotein analyses. Among patients, the presence of hypertension and a family history of cardiovascular events were the only factors significantly associated with increased levels of autoantibodies against oxidized LDL.