gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Processing of hydrophobic pulmonary surfactant protein B in rat type II cells (1989)

The amino acid sequence of surfactant protein B (SP-B), derived from human genomic and cDNA sequences, indicates that the active polypeptide is contained within the sequence of a preproprotein of 381 residues. Synthesis of mature SP-B, which requires proteolytic processing at both the NH2- and COOH-termini of the proprotein, was studied in primary cultures of rat alveolar type II epithelial cells. Type II cells were pulse labeled with [35S]methionine-cysteine for 15-30 min and chased for 0-18 h. SP-B proprotein (Mr = 42,000) accumulated in the medium at early time points but declined at later time points suggesting extracellular proteolysis of the proprotein. In contrast, surfactant protein A (SP-A), another surfactant protein, continued to accumulate extracellularly during this time period. A proteolytic fragment of SP-B (Mr = 25,000) accumulated in the medium with a slightly slower time course, consistent with extracellular proteolysis of the proprotein. Intracellular processing of SP-B was also detected. SP-B polypeptides of Mr 8,000 and 12,000 were detected intracellularly and in the medium at late time points. These forms of SP-B (Mr = 8,000 and 12,000) comigrated in two-dimensional isoelectric-focusing sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with mature SP-B isolated from rat alveolar lavage fluid. The mature form of SP-B (Mr = 8,000), but not the Mr 42,000 and 25,000 SP-B precursors, was also detected in lamellar bodies isolated from rat lung homogenates. These experiments demonstrate complete proteolytic processing of prepro-SP-B to the alveolar Mr 8,000 form by type II epithelial cells in vitro.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A Quantitative Study of Fixation Stability in Amblyopia (2013)

Fixation instability in amblyopic eyes of children with strabismus and/or anisometropia, and the associated poor stereoacuity probably is the consequence of decorrelated binocular experience early in life. Longer duration of decorrelated visual experience is associated with increased fixation instability, poorer stereoacuity, and more severe amblyopia. Treatments that minimize the duration of decorrelated visual experience may improve stereoacuity and decrease fixation instability.
Classifying architectural elements as a foundation for mechanism matching (2002)

Building a system at the architectural level can be thought of as decomposition into components followed by a series of exercises in matching. Components must be composed with each other via matching mechanisms; matching signatures within those mechanisms ensures that data and control flows through the system; and matching semantics among the components ensures that the system meets its behavioral requirements. The standard concepts of software architecture (components, connectors, styles) have been widely used with little more than intuitive understanding of their meaning. Mechanism matching is currently an ad hoc exercise that relies on the peculiarities of programming language facilities. This paper presents a set of well-known but informally described software architectural elements used in system composition, and taxonomizes them under a basic set of characteristic features. This classification allows us to describe legal combinations of architectural elements by performing a simple matching exercise on the relevant features of the member elements. This classification also allows us to identify architectural elements that can be substituted for each other and satisfy the same mechanism matching requirements. This leads to delayed binding of architectural mechanisms, which in turns provides increased flexibility and greater opportunities for reuse of units of computation.
Fluoro‐modified chemotactic peptides: fmlf analogues (2003)

A small library of peptide analogues of the chemotactic tripeptide For-Met-Leu-Phe-NH2 modified by substitution of Leu at position 2 by three different fluorinated amino acids varying in content of fluorine, length of the fluorinated side chain, and alkylation degree at the alpha-carbon atom was synthesized. The influence of the fluorine substitution on the biological activity was investigated by measuring the oxidative activity of neutrophils using a luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay.
On Developing One-Chip Integration of 1.2 kV SiC MOSFET and JBS Diode (JBSFET) (2017)

This paper presents the design, fabrication, and characterization of the SiC JBSFET (junction barrier Schottky (JBS) diode integrated MOSFET). The fabrication of the JBSFET adopted a novel single metal, single thermal treatment process to simultaneously form ohmic contacts on n+, p+ implanted regions, and Schottky contact on the n-4H-SiC epilayer. The presented SiC JBSFET uses 40% smaller wafer area because the diode and MOSFET share the edge termination as well as the current conducting drift region. The proposed single chip solution of MOSFET/JBS diode functionalities eliminates the parasitic inductance between separately packaged devices allowing a higher frequency operation in a power converter.
Chemical Verification of the EOR Mechanism by Using Low Saline/Smart Water in Sandstone (2011)

Recently, a chemical mechanism for enhanced oil recovery by low salinity water flooding was suggested. The key step in the mechanism was a localized increase in the pH at the clay surface due to desorption of active cations, especially Ca2+, as the low saline injection water invaded the porous medium. An increase in pH will remove adsorbed acidic and basic material from the clay surface and increase the water wetness of the rock. In the present paper, parametric studies have been performed to verify the different steps in the suggested mechanism. Both dynamic core floods and static adsorption studies of model base and acid on three different clay minerals have been performed. The results from the dynamic experiments were supported by the static adsorption/desorption studies. The main observation regarding adsorption/desorption of basic organic material onto clays was that changes in pH appeared to play a greater role than the salinity of the brine. Thus, both the dynamic and the static studies supported the suggested chemical mechanism for the low salinity EOR process.
Thermal Design of Electronic Equipment (2010)

In a field where change and growth is inevitable, new electronic packaging problems continually arise. Smaller, more powerful devices are prone to overheating, causing intermittent system failures, corrupted signals, lower MTBF, and outright system failure. Since convection cooling is the heat transfer path most engineers take to deal with thermal problems, it is appropriate to gain as much understanding about the underlying mechanisms of fluid motion as possible. Thermal Design of Electronic Equipment is the only book that specifically targets the formulas used by electronic packaging and thermal engineers. It presents heat transfer equations dealing with polyalphaolephin (PAO), silicone oils, perfluorocarbons, and silicate ester-based liquids. Instead of relying on theoretical expressions and text explanations, the author presents empirical formulas and practical techniques that allow you to quickly solve nearly any thermal engineering problem in electronic packaging.
Bulk Diffusion of Carbon-14 through Polycrystalline Nickel Foil between 350 and 700°C (1971)

The bulk diffusion of C-14 through polycrystalline Ni foil was investigated in the temperature range of 350 to 700°C. A thin Ni foil was bombarded by a molecular beam of acetylene tagged with C-14. A masking device situated very close to the ribbon surface shielded part of the surface from this beam, producing a well-defined pattern of high and low concentration of absorbed acetylene on the top surface of the foil. After diffusion annealing, this pattern would appear on the underside of the ribbon. Autoradiographic techniques were used to obtain radiation intensities from both surfaces. The ratio of these intensities determined bulk diffusion coefficients after the method of Kryukov. Most previous data had been obtained at temperatures of 700°C or higher. There is acceptable agreement between these data and the higher-temperature experiments of the present work. However, the present results show an activation energy of approximately 20 kcal/mole from 350 to 700°C, while there is substantial evidence that above 700°C the activation energy for this process is of the order of 40 kcal/mole.
Invited Review: Use of Indirect Calorimetry in Clinical Nutrition (1992)

The tremendous variability in resting energy expenditure makes efforts to predict caloric requirements difficult. Indirect calorimetry has provided a valuable tool in assessing energy expenditure, evaluating the way in which the body uses nutrient fuel, and designing nutritional regimens that best fit the clinical condition of the patient. The many indirect calorimetric instruments available vary in their application to clinical nutrition. The best metabolic studies are achieved by controlling the testing environment, accounting for the many clinical factors that may affect measurements, and eliminating potential sources for error. Although indirect calorimetry would seem to reduce the likelihood of complications from overfeeding, its greatest effect may be in cost savings by avoiding unnecessary nutritional support and in providing a means for clinical research.
Evaluation of Nucleocapsid and Spike Protein-Based Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays for Detecting Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 (2020)

At present, PCR-based nucleic acid detection cannot meet the demands for coronavirus infectious disease (COVID-19) diagnosis. Two hundred fourteen confirmed COVID-19 patients who were hospitalized in the General Hospital of Central Theater Command of the People's Liberation Army between 18 January and 26 February 2020 were recruited. Two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits based on recombinant severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) nucleocapsid protein (rN) and spike protein (rS) were used for detecting IgM and IgG antibodies, and their diagnostic feasibility was evaluated. Among the 214 patients, 146 (68.2%) and 150 (70.1%) were successfully diagnosed with the rN-based IgM and IgG ELISAs, respectively; 165 (77.1%) and 159 (74.3%) were successfully diagnosed with the rS-based IgM and IgG ELISAs, respectively. The positive rates of the rN-based and rS-based ELISAs for antibody (IgM and/or IgG) detection were 80.4% and 82.2%, respectively. The sensitivity of the rS-based ELISA for IgM detection was significantly higher than that of the rN-based ELISA. We observed an increase in the positive rate for IgM and IgG with an increasing number of days post-disease onset (d.p.o.), but the positive rate of IgM dropped after 35 d.p.o. The positive rate of rN-based and rS-based IgM and IgG ELISAs was less than 60% during the early stage of the illness, 0 to 10 d.p.o., and that of IgM and IgG was obviously increased after 10 d.p.o. ELISA has a high sensitivity, especially for the detection of serum samples from patients after 10 d.p.o., so it could be an important supplementary method for COVID-19 diagnosis.
<sup>19</sup>F Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): From Design of Materials to Clinical Applications (2014)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXT19F Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): From Design of Materials to Clinical ApplicationsIlaria Tirotta†‡, Valentina Dichiarante†‡, Claudia Pigliacelli†‡, Gabriella Cavallo†‡, Giancarlo Terraneo†‡, Francesca Baldelli Bombelli*†‡§, Pierangelo Metrangolo*†‡∥, and Giuseppe Resnati*†‡View Author Information† ‡ †Laboratory of Nanostructured Fluorinated Materials (NFMLab), Department of Chemistry, Materials, and Chemical Engineering "Giulio Natta" and ‡Fondazione Centro Europeo Nanomedicina, Politecnico di Milano, Milan 20131, Italy§ School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom∥ VTT-Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo FI-02044, Finland*E-mail: [email protected]*E-mail: [email protected]*E-mail: [email protected]Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2015, 115, 2, 1106–1129Publication Date (Web):October 20, 2014Publication History Received30 May 2014Published online20 October 2014Published inissue 28 January 2015https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr500286dhttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr500286dreview-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2014 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views12461Altmetric-Citations399LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Biological imaging,Emulsions,Fluorine,Magnetic resonance imaging,Probes Get e-Alerts
Active site labeling of erythrocyte transglutaminase by o-phthalaldehyde. (1998)

Tissue-type transglutaminase is inactivated in a time-dependent way during incubation with submillimolar concentrations of o-phthalaldehyde, with affinity labeling kinetics. The rate of inactivation by the reagent is greatly enhanced in the presence of the essential enzyme cofactor calcium and is decreased by GTP, an allosteric inhibitor. A fluorescent isoindole derivative is formed during the modification apparently through crosslinkage of active site Cys 277 to a lysine residue. These data and the quenching of fluorescence by addition of calcium ions suggest that the enzyme active site is directly involved in the inactivation process.
Design of Structural Members for Crashworthiness Using Three Dimensional Topology Optimization (2003)

In this paper, we propose a topology optimization method of a structural members for crash-safety by using density approach. This method is based on the generalized layout optimization method and design variable is a virtual isotropic material whose properties are functions of the element density. Since this virtual material is isotoropic, we can employ a well known flow theory in a crash analysis and make the calculation time much shorter than the generalized layout optimization method with the homogenization mehod which requires a complex material database for the elasto-plastic stress-strain relation of a porous material. Moreover, we also utilize the MPI (Mesaage Parallel Interface) of parallel computing to reduce the calculation cost. Several numerical examples are shown to verify the present method.
Discovery and Synthesis of Hydronaphthoquinones as Novel Proteasome Inhibitors (2012)

Screening efforts led to the identification of PI-8182 (1), an inhibitor of the chymotrypsin-like (CT-L) activity of the proteasome. Compound 1 contains a hydronaphthoquinone pharmacophore with a thioglycolic acid side chain at position 2 and thiophene sulfonamide at position 4. An efficient synthetic route to the hydronaphthoquinone sulfonamide scaffold was developed, and compound 1 was synthesized in-house to confirm the structure and activity (IC(50) = 3.0 ± 1.6 μM [n = 25]). Novel hydronaphthoquinone derivatives of 1 were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as proteasome inhibitors. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) guided synthesis of more than 170 derivatives revealed that the thioglycolic acid side chain is required and the carboxylic acid group of this side chain is critical to the CT-L inhibitory activity of compound 1. Furthermore, replacement of the carboxylic acid with carboxylic acid isosteres such as tetrazole or triazole greatly improves potency. Compounds with a thio-tetrazole or thio-triazole side chain in position 2, where the thiophene was replaced by hydrophobic aryl moieties, were the most active compounds with up to 20-fold greater CT-L inhibition than compound 1 (compounds 15e, 15f, 15h, 15j, IC(50) values around 200 nM, and compound 29, IC(50) = 150 nM). The synthetic iterations described here not only led to improving potency in vitro but also resulted in the identification of compounds that are more active such as 39 (IC(50) = 0.44 to 1.01 μM) than 1 (IC(50) = 3.54 to 7.22 μM) at inhibiting the proteasome CT-L activity in intact breast cancer cells. Treatment with 39 also resulted in the accumulation of ubiquitinated cellular proteins and inhibition of tumor cell proliferation of breast cancer cells. The hit 1 and its analogue 39 inhibited proteasome CT-L activity irreversibly.
Severe cartilage damage by broken poly–<scp>L</scp>–lactic acid (PLLA) interference screw after ACL reconstruction (2004)

Poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) bioabsorbable interference screws are widely used for fixation of tendon to bone and bone to bone in anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) reconstructions. Complications are rare. To our knowledge this is the first report of severe chondral damage caused by late breakage of the screw. Breakage of bioscrews has only been published in cases with tendon to bone fixation.
Single-pass thin-film electro-optic modulator based on an organic molecular salt (1999)

Single crystal films of 4′-dimethylamino-N-methyl-4-stilbazolium tosylate (DAST) with excellent optical quality have been prepared by modified shear method. Electro-optic modulation for light propagating perpendicular to the film surface was measured at a wavelength (720 nm) where absorption is small. Very large electro-optic modulation (20%) was demonstrated in a 3 μm thick film at a low ac field (1 V/μm, at 4 kHz). Electro-optic modulation in such thin films is suitable for a wide range of applications in free-space interconnects and various modulator structures with light propagating perpendicular to the film. The magnitude of the electro-optic coefficient at 720 nm, r11∼530 pm/V, is significantly larger than that of bulk crystals.
UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot (2007)

The Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics (SIB), the European Bioinformatics Institute (EBI), and the Protein Information Resource (PIR) form the Universal Protein Resource (UniProt) consortium. Its main goal is to provide the scientific community with a central resource for protein sequences and functional information. The UniProt consortium maintains the UniProt KnowledgeBase (UniProtKB) and several supplementary databases including the UniProt Reference Clusters (UniRef) and the UniProt Archive (UniParc). (1) UniProtKB is a comprehensive protein sequence knowledgebase that consists of two sections: UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot, which contains manually annotated entries, and UniProtKB/TrEMBL, which contains computer-annotated entries. UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entries contain information curated by biologists and provide users with cross-links to about 100 external databases and with access to additional information or tools. (2) The UniRef databases (UniRef100, UniRef90, and UniRef50) define clusters of protein sequences that share 100, 90, or 50% identity. (3) The UniParc database stores and maps all publicly available protein sequence data, including obsolete data excluded from UniProtKB. The UniProt databases can be accessed online (http://www.uniprot.org/) or downloaded in several formats (ftp://ftp.uniprot.org/pub). New releases are published every 2 weeks. The purpose of this chapter is to present a guided tour of a UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot entry, paying particular attention to the specificities of plant protein annotation. We will also present some of the tools and databases that are linked to each entry.
18F-FLT PET for visualization of laryngeal cancer: comparison with 18F-FDG PET. (2004)

The numbers of laryngeal cancers detected with (18)F-FLT PET and (18)F-FDG PET were equal. In laryngeal cancer, the uptake of (18)F-FDG is higher than that of (18)F-FLT.
EXPLICIT FINITE ELEMENT METHOD FOR TRANSPARENCY IMPACT ANALYSIS. (1991)

Abstract : This report documents new analytical methods for the solution of soft-body impact problems, including birdstrike. The approach is based on explicit finite element techniques which allow for very detailed material modeling and make efficient use of the current generation of supercomputers. The most important improvements in the present work over previous efforts are in the areas of soft-body impact loading, material modeling, and treatment of layered wall constructions. Impact loads are obtained directly by including the impacting body in the finite element model, eliminating the need for ad hoc loading models. Both the transparency and the soft body materials may be rate- sensitive, exhibit nonlinear bulk behavior, and may fail during the finite element solution. Methods have been developed to make commercial graphics software (PATRAN) deal correctly with failed elements for results output. An improved model of laminated shells is included in the plate and shell element so that each layer of a multilayered transparency need not be modeled with distinct elements, even when soft interlayers are present. The methods described have been implemented in an explicit finite element code X3D. User and programmer information are included in the report as appendices. Applications described in the report include two standard test problems and an F-16 birdstrike simulation.
L-DOPA Is an Endogenous Ligand for OA1 (2008)

Albinism is a genetic defect characterized by a loss of pigmentation. The neurosensory retina, which is not pigmented, exhibits pathologic changes secondary to the loss of pigmentation in the retina pigment epithelium (RPE). How the loss of pigmentation in the RPE causes developmental defects in the adjacent neurosensory retina has not been determined, but offers a unique opportunity to investigate the interactions between these two important tissues. One of the genes that causes albinism encodes for an orphan GPCR (OA1) expressed only in pigmented cells, including the RPE. We investigated the function and signaling of OA1 in RPE and transfected cell lines. Our results indicate that OA1 is a selective L-DOPA receptor, with no measurable second messenger activity from two closely related compounds, tyrosine and dopamine. Radiolabeled ligand binding confirmed that OA1 exhibited a single, saturable binding site for L-DOPA. Dopamine competed with L-DOPA for the single OA1 binding site, suggesting it could function as an OA1 antagonist. OA1 response to L-DOPA was defined by several common measures of G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) activation, including influx of intracellular calcium and recruitment of beta-arrestin. Further, inhibition of tyrosinase, the enzyme that makes L-DOPA, resulted in decreased PEDF secretion by RPE. Further, stimulation of OA1 in RPE with L-DOPA resulted in increased PEDF secretion. Taken together, our results illustrate an autocrine loop between OA1 and tyrosinase linked through L-DOPA, and this loop includes the secretion of at least one very potent retinal neurotrophic factor. OA1 is a selective L-DOPA receptor whose downstream effects govern spatial patterning of the developing retina. Our results suggest that the retinal consequences of albinism caused by changes in melanin synthetic machinery may be treated by L-DOPA supplementation.