gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Three-Dimensional Tracking of Interfacial Hopping Diffusion (2017)

Theoretical predictions have suggested that molecular motion at interfaces-which influences processes including heterogeneous catalysis, (bio)chemical sensing, lubrication and adhesion, and nanomaterial self-assembly-may be dominated by hypothetical "hops" through the adjacent liquid phase, where a diffusing molecule readsorbs after a given hop according to a probabilistic "sticking coefficient." Here, we use three-dimensional (3D) single-molecule tracking to explicitly visualize this process for human serum albumin at solid-liquid interfaces that exert varying electrostatic interactions on the biomacromolecule. Following desorption from the interface, a molecule experiences multiple unproductive surface encounters before readsorption. An average of approximately seven surface collisions is required for the repulsive surfaces, decreasing to approximately two and a half for surfaces that are more attractive. The hops themselves are also influenced by long-range interactions, with increased electrostatic repulsion causing hops of longer duration and distance. These findings explicitly demonstrate that interfacial diffusion is dominated by biased 3D Brownian motion involving bulk-surface coupling and that it can be controlled by influencing short- and long-range adsorbate-surface interactions.
Optimum Electrode Materials for Ta<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> Capacitors for High- and Low-Temperature Processes (1994)

In this paper, we describe the effects of electrode materials on the leakage current of Ta 2 O 5 films, and show optimum electrode materials for high- and low-temperature processes. The leakage current depends on the electrode material and varies with the annealing temperature. The leakage current is mainly determined by the work function of the electrode before and after low-temperature annealing (400° C). On the other hand, after high-temperature annealing (800° C), the leakage current is also affected by the reaction between Ta 2 O 5 and the electrode. From the viewpoint of the leakage current, TiN and Mo (or MoN) are optimum materials for low- and high-temperature processes, respectively.
Fluoroazomycin arabinoside (FAZA): synthesis, 2H and 3H‐labelling and preliminary biological evaluation of a novel 2‐nitroimidazole marker of tissue hypoxia (1999)

1-α-D-(5-Fluoro-5-deoxyarabinofuranosyl)-2-nitroimidazole (fluoroazomycin arabinoside, FAZA) 6, a putative PET imaging agent when labelled with 18F, was synthesized by fluorination of 1-α-D-(2,3-di-O-acetylarabinofuranosyl)-2-nitroimidazole 3 with DAST followed by deprotection. The C-5′-deuterated and tritiated analogues were prepared by NaCNBD3 or NaCNBT3 reduction of the protected C-5′-carbonyl intermediate 5, followed by C-5′ fluorination and deprotection, to afford C-5′ deuterated and C-5′ tritiated FAZA, respectively. Preliminary in vivo biodistribution studies in a murine tumour model, and pharmacokinetic studies in rats indicated that 3H-FAZA has biodistribution, tumour uptake and pharmacokinetic properties similar to those of 123I-IAZA, a clinically-proven radiopharmaceutical for SPECT-imaging of hypoxic tissues. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A double-gate-type static-induction thyristor (1987)

A double-gate-type static-induction thyristor (DG-SIThy) with a high blocking voltage and a high current rating has been fabricated. In this paper, a basic operational mechanism, a fabrication procedure, and the electrical characteristics of the DG-SIThy are described. In the DG-SIThy, both electron injection and hole injection are controlled by signals applied to two gale regions so that the DG-SIThy is capable of higher frequency operations than a single-gate SIThy. In the DG-SIThy, described here, both a cathode and a gate (first gate) regions have been fabricated on one side of a semiconductor wafer and both an anode and gate.(second gate) regions on another side. For realizing the DG-SIThy with a high blocking voltage and a high current rating, we have tried attentively to form a p-n junction on one side of the wafer without influencing the p-n junction on the other side, and have developed a new counter-doping technique for epitaxial growth and an improved package structure for a compression-mounted device. The DG-SIThy fabricated with these techniques has shown a for-Ward blocking voltage of 1000 V, an average current rating of 100 A, and a forward voltage drop of 1.44 V at the rated anode current. A turn-on time of 0.95 its and a turn-off time of 0.48 µs have been observed at the rated anode current and at anode voltages of 650 and 550 V, respectively. As already speculated, the DG-SIThy shows a higher switching speed and a lower forward drop than the single-gate SIThy.
Virulence mechanisms of Group A Streptococcus (2008)

Fifty patients undergoing routine diagnostic jejunal biopsy with a Crosby capsule were entered into a double-blind study of intravenous domperidone 10 mg versus placebo given at the start of the procedure to see if transit time of the capsule could be reduced. In 3 patients from each group the capsule did not reach the jejunum. The mean time taken for the procedure (+/- SE) in the remaining patients was 25.1 +/- 4.4 minutes in the domperidone group and 27.3 +/- 3.8 minutes in the placebo group, showing that domperidone did not reduce the time taken for jejunal biopsy in this study. No side-effects were noted.
Text mining with information extraction (2004)

Teat mining concerns looking for patterns in unstruc-tured text. The related task of In/ormation Eztractio, (IE) is about locating specific items in natural-language documents. This paper presents a framework for text mining, called DxscoTEX (Discovery from Text EX-traction), using a learned information extraction sys-tem to transform text into more structured data which is then mined for interesting relationships. The initial version of DmcoTEX integrates an IE module acquired by an IE learning system, and a standard rule induction module. However, this approach has problems when the same extracted entity or feature is represented by similar but not identical strings in different documents. Consequently, we also develop an alternate rule induc-tion system called T~.xTRISE, that allows for partial matching of textual items. Encouraging preliminary results are presented on applying these techniques to a corpus of Internet documents.
Characterization of Two Alternately Spliced Forms of Phospholipase D1 (1997)

We previously reported the cloning of a cDNA encoding human phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase D1 (PLD1), an ADP-ribosylation factor (ARF)-activated phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase D (Hammond, S. M., Tsung, S., Autschuller, Y., Rudge, S. A., Rose, K., Engebrecht, J., Morris, A. J., and Frohman, M. A. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 29640-29643). We have now identified an evolutionarily conserved shorter splice variant of PLD1 lacking 38 amino acids (residues 585-624) that arises from regulated splicing of an alternate exon. Both forms of PLD1 (PLD1a and 1b) have been expressed in Sf9 cells using baculovirus vectors and purified to homogeneity by detergent extraction and immunoaffinity chromatography. PLD1a and 1b have very similar properties. PLD1a and 1b activity is Mg2+dependent but insensitive to changes in free Ca2+ concentration. Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate activate PLD1a and 1b but a range of other acidic phospholipids are ineffective. PLD1a and 1b are highly responsive to activation by GTP-gammaS-liganded ADP-ribosylation factor-1 (ARF-1) and can also be activated to a lesser extent by three purified RHO family monomeric GTP-binding proteins, RHO A, RAC-1, and CDC42. Activation of PLD1a and 1b by the RHO family monomeric GTP-binding proteins is GTP-dependent and synergistic with ARF-1. Purified protein kinase C-alpha activates PLD1a and 1b in a manner that is stimulated by phorbol esters and does not require ATP. Activation of PLD1a and 1b by protein kinase C-alpha is synergistic with ARF and with the RHO family monomeric GTP-binding proteins, suggesting that these three classes of regulators interact with different sites on the enzyme.
Multifactorial and functional mobility assessment tools for fall risk among older adults in community, home-support, long-term and acute care settings (2007)

fall-risk assessment tools exist that show moderate to good validity and reliability in most health service delivery areas. However, few tools were tested more than once or in more than one setting. Therefore, no single tool can be recommended for implementation in all settings or for all subpopulations within each setting.
On the development of in-flight autonomous integrity monitoring of stored geo-spatial data using forward-looking remote sensing technology (2005)

Synthetic Vision Systems have been proposed that integrate traditional information provided by Primary Flight Displays with depictions of terrain and other geo-spatial features. As validation is impractical, the geo-spatial models used by an SVS typically have no inherent integrity. This has been a primary constraint to approved use as other than “advisory-only” in civil aviation. This dissertation describes a general approach to using forward-looking remote sensing technology as part of an in-flight monitor that provides a bounded level of integrity for geo-spatial feature data. After reviewing a taxonomy of sensor technologies and applications relevant to the premise, a specific proof-of-concept implementation using X-band radar is discussed. Terrain shadowing features, as seen by the radar, are compared in a statistical manner against estimated shadow features extracted from a stored terrain model as viewed from the perspective of the airborne observer. A test statistic is defined that enables detection of errors as small as the range resolution of the radar. Experimental results obtained from multiple aircraft platforms hosting certified commercial-off-the-shelf X-band radars test the premise.
Plug−Plug Kinetic Capillary Electrophoresis:  Method for Direct Determination of Rate Constants of Complex Formation and Dissociation (2006)

We present a method for direct determination of rate constants of complex formation, k(on), and dissociation, k(off). The method is termed plug-plug kinetic capillary electrophoresis (ppKCE). To explain the concept of the method, we consider the formation of a noncovalent complex C between molecules A and B; A is assumed to migrate slower in electrophoresis than B. In ppKCE, a short plug of A is injected into a capillary, followed by a short plug of B. When a high voltage is applied, the electrophoretic zone of B moves through that of A, allowing for the formation of C. When the zones of A and B are separated, C starts dissociating. The features of the resulting electropherogram are defined by both binding and dissociation. We developed a unique mathematical approach that allows finding k(on) and k(off) from a single electropherogram without nonlinear regression analysis. The approach uses algebraic functions with the only input parameters from electropherograms being areas and migration times of electrophoretic peaks. In this work, we explain theoretical bases of ppKCE and prove the principle of the method by finding k(on) and k(off) for a protein-ligand complex. The unique capability of the method to directly determine both k(on) and k(off) along with its simplicity make ppKCE highly attractive to a broad community of molecular scientists.
The role of sialic acid in the expression of human MN blood group antigens. (1979)

Human MN blood group activity has been restored to neuraminidase-treated erythrocytes by resialylation with different homogeneous sialyltransferases. The antigenicity of the resialylated cells always corresponded to that of the native cells from which they were prepared. In no case was a cell converted to an MN phenotype different from that of the blood donor. Either one of two sialyltransferases could restore the native MN phenotype to asialoerythrocytes, although some antisera appear to recognize selectively the products of only one of these enzymes. One sialyltransferase forms the structure, NeuAccw2 -+ 3Galpl-+ 3GalNAcal + OThr/Ser, and the other forms the structure, Galfil + 3meuAca2 + G]GalNAccul + 0-Thr/Ser. Both linkages are found in the Thr/Ser-linked tetrasaccharides of glycophorin, confirming the participation of alkali-labile oligosaccharides in MN blood group activity. A third sialyltransferase that forms the structure, NeuAca2 + 6Ga1/31+ 4GlcNAc, with asparagine-linked oligosaccharides did not restore MN blood group activity. Together these three sialyltransferases replace -60% of the sialic acid removed by neuraminidase. Radioactivity profiles obtained following gel electrophoresis of the 14C-labeled glycoproteins of ghosts from resialylated MM or NN cells were virtually identical. In each case, about 85 to 90% of the incorporated sialic acid was found associated with the major erythrocyte glycoprotein, glycophorin A. Since the modification of cell surface oligosaccharides by either of two sialyltransferases can restore both M and N activity, specific carbohydrate structures cannot be responsible for the difference between M and N antigens. These results are consistent with the proposal that the MN alleles specify the polypeptide sequence of glycophorin A. However, the selectivity of some antisera for erythrocytes modified by only one sialyltransferase shows that specific sialic acid structures may still be important for antibody recognition.
Introduction to cell–hydrogel mechanosensing (2014)

The development of hydrogel-based biomaterials represents a promising approach to generating new strategies for tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In order to develop more sophisticated cell-seeded hydrogel constructs, it is important to understand how cells mechanically interact with hydrogels. In this paper, we review the mechanisms by which cells remodel hydrogels, the influence that the hydrogel mechanical and structural properties have on cell behaviour and the role of mechanical stimulation in cell-seeded hydrogels. Cell-mediated remodelling of hydrogels is directed by several cellular processes, including adhesion, migration, contraction, degradation and extracellular matrix deposition. Variations in hydrogel stiffness, density, composition, orientation and viscoelastic characteristics all affect cell activity and phenotype. The application of mechanical force on cells encapsulated in hydrogels can also instigate changes in cell behaviour. By improving our understanding of cell-material mechano-interactions in hydrogels, this should enable a new generation of regenerative medical therapies to be developed.
Protein-protein interactions facilitate DNA binding by the glucocorticoid receptor DNA-binding domain. (1990)

We have studied the interaction of the DNA-binding domain of the glucocorticoid receptor with a glucocorticoid response element from the tyrosine aminotransferase gene. This response element consists of two binding sites (half-sites) for the glucocorticoid receptor DNA-binding domain. The sequences of these two half-sites are not identical, and we have previously shown that binding occurs preferentially to one of the half-sites (Tsai, S.-Y., Carlstedt-Duke, J., Weigel, N. L., Dahlman, K., Gustafsson, J.-A., Tsai, M.-J., and O'Malley, B. W. (1988) Cell 55, 361-369). We show here that binding to the low affinity half-site is dependent on previous occupancy of the high affinity half-site. This facilitated binding is dependent on the distance between the two half-sites and their relative orientation but is not dependent on the integrity of the DNA backbone. This is consistent with a model where DNA binding is not only dependent on interactions between the protein and its DNA target sequence but is also influenced by interactions between the protein molecules bound.
Molecular Basis of the Interaction between Proteins of Plant Origin and Proanthocyanidins in a Model Wine System (2010)

Plant proteins are being used as a replacement for animal proteins in wine fining. The surface hydrophobicity of plant proteins in four commercial preparations differing for their origin and processing was assessed by using a fluorescent hydrophobic probe in wine-like media. Displacement of the probe by addition of wine phenolics was measured as a way to compare and predict to some extent the efficiency of these proteins in wine fining. It was found that the binding of polyphenols was much more specific than that of the hydrophobic probe. Further analysis of the polyphenol pattern in protein-treated wine-like solutions pointed out two relevant facts: (1) proteins may interfere with the chemistry of the interactions between polyphenols and other wine components; (2) individual protein preparation having different surface hydrophobicities also have different specificities in binding different polymeric forms of the polyphenols and in their substitution products. These findings are related to the possible carry-over of transition metals and may be worth exploring for custom tailoring the fining process. Whether the practical application of the latter finding will call for production and/or screening of plant-derived proteins with features appropriate to this task remains to be investigated. However, the approaches presented in this study may be used for large-scale screening of protein suitability for fining application under laboratory conditions, providing guidelines for their use in actual winemaking applications.
The Role of<i>Pax</i>Genes in the Development of Tissues and Organs:<i>Pax3</i>and<i>Pax7</i>Regulate Muscle Progenitor Cell Functions (2007)

Pax genes play key roles in the formation of tissues and organs during embryogenesis. Pax3 and Pax7 mark myogenic progenitor cells and regulate their behavior and their entry into the program of skeletal muscle differentiation. Recent results have underlined the importance of the Pax3/7 population of cells for skeletal muscle development and regeneration. We present our current understanding of different aspects of Pax3/7 function in myogenesis, focusing on the mouse model. This is compared with that of other Pax proteins in the emergence of tissue specific lineages and their differentiation as well as in cell survival, proliferation, and migration. Finally, we consider the molecular mechanisms that underlie the function of Pax transcription factors, including the cofactors and regulatory networks with which they interact.
An alternative approach to macro processing (1971)

This paper presents the basic principles of, and the motivation for, an alternative method of processing syntax macros. The inspiration for this work derives from some obvious shortcomings and inefficiencies in conventional macro processing schemes. However, our primary interest is not in designing a faster macro processor; rather it lies in isolating the underlying ideas of syntax macros, realizing their implications, and producing a clean and economical scheme based on these principles. The compiler model in terms of which we shall couch our discussions is a very familiar one, namely that of the two-pass compilation process. The first pass consists of syntactic and semantic analysis, and converts a source language program into an intermediate language (computation tree) form, which represents the meaning of the program. The second pass is then either an object code selector or an interpreter.
Energy-efficient high-voltage switch based on parallel connection of IGBT and IGCT (2011)

This paper presents an analysis of a hybrid high-voltage switch based on the parallel connection of IGBT and IGCT. The proposed configuration allows combining the advantages of both semiconductors, resulting in substantially reduced power losses. Such energy efficient switches could be used in high-power systems where decreased cooling system requirements are a major concern. The operation principle of the switch is described and simulated and power dissipation is estimated at different operation conditions.
A design of PET detector using microchannel plate PMT with transmission line readout (2009)

A computer simulation study has been conducted to investigate the design of a PET detector module. The detector unit consisted of a 24×24 array of pixelated LSO crystals, each was 4×4×25 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> in size, and two 102×102 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> microchannel plate (MCP) PMTs coupled to both sides of scintillators. The crystal pitch was 4.25 mm and reflective media was inserted between crystals. The signals from MCP were readout using a transmission-line scheme. The optical photon inside scintillator was simulated by using the Geant4 package and the output signals of the MCP was formed by applying the electrical responses measured of the MCP to each individual detected photon. A experimental setup was built using a Photonis planacon MCP(XP85022) and a Transmission line board to measure the characteristics of MCP/TL. The measured single photoelectron response(SER) was fed to the simulation of the electrical signal. The responses to 511 keV gamma of the test setup were compared to the simulation results for the validation. The simulation study results showed an energy resolution of ~11% at 511 keV for the detector module. When using a 400-600 keV energy window, we obtained a coincidence timing resolution of ~323 ps FWHM and a coincidence detection efficiency of ~40% for normally incident 511 keV photons. The position resolution was measured to be ~4.25 mm. The readout at both ends of scintillator made it possible to infer depth of interaction(DOI) based on the energy asymmetry and time differences. The simulation study showed that the design is suitable for Time of Flight(TOF) PET with DOI capability.
RF Rendez-Blue: reducing power and inquiry costs in Bluetooth-enabled mobile systems (2003)

In resource-limited mobile computing devices, Bluetooth wireless technology imposes a weighty burden due to inefficient power utilization and a sluggish device discovery process. Buttressing Bluetooth with radiofrequency identification (RFID) technology by performing an operation we call "Rendez-Blue" alleviates these limitations. In the Rendez-Blue process, an RFID signal is used as a cue to "wake-up" a sleeping Bluetooth radio. This ensures that the Bluetooth radio is active only when needed, significantly reducing power consumption. In addition, RFID is used to communicate Bluetooth device information, allowing the user to bypass the traditional 10.24-second discovery process.
Vertical Packet Switching Elevator Network Using Inductive Coupling ThruChip Interface (2016)

A wireless inductive coupling ThruChip Interface (TCI) is a flexible system-in-package (SiP) technique which enables to build a powerful interconnection network between stacked chips. For easy use of TCI, intellectual properties (IPs) are developed, and interconnection networks which can make the use of IPs are proposed and evaluated based on the real chip implementation. The new proposed elevator network which uses piggyback of the credit packets outperforms the ring network used in the first prototype by 28%-59% in terms of throughput. The performance overhead by the piggyback control is less than 3%-4%.