gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dosimetric verification of intensity‐modulated fields (1996)

The optimization of intensity distributions and the delivery of intensity-modulated treatments with dynamic multi-leaf collimators (MLC) offer important improvements to three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy. In this study, a nine-beam intensity-modulated prostate plan was generated using the inverse radiotherapy technique. The resulting fluence profiles were converted into dynamic MLC leaf motions as functions of monitor units. The leaf motion pattern data were then transferred to the MLC control computer and were used to guide the motions of the leaves during irradiation. To verify that the dose distribution predicted by the optimization and planning systems was actually delivered, a homogeneous polystyrene phantom was irradiated with each of the nine intensity-modulated beams incident normally on the phantom. For each exposure, a radiographic film was placed normal to the beam in the phantom to record the deposited dose. The films were calibrated and scanned to generate 2-D isodose distributions. The dose was also calculated by convolving the incident fluence pattern with pencil beams. The measured and calculated dose distributions were compared and found to have discrepancies in excess of 5% of the central axis dose. The source of discrepancies was suspected to be the rounded edges of the leaves and the scattered radiation from the various components of the collimation system. After approximate corrections were made for these effects, the agreement between the two dose distributions was within 2%. We also studied the impact of the "tongue-and-groove" effect on dynamic MLC treatments and showed that it is possible to render this effect inconsequential by appropriately synchronizing leaf motions. This study also demonstrated that accurate and rapid delivery of realistic intensity-modulated plans is feasible using a dynamic multi-leaf collimator.
Molecules relevant for T cell‐target cell interaction are present in cytolytic granules of human T lymphocytes (1989)

An ultrastructural analysis of human cytotoxic T lymphocyte-target cell (CTL-TC) interaction has been undertaken to enable a better understanding of the killing mechanism. Attention was focused on granules in the CTL, which are known to contain lethal compounds. Within the membrane-delimited cytotoxic granule an electron-dense core as well as numerous membrane vesicles were identified. In CTL-TC conjugates, specific membrane interactions take place, allowing the formation of intercellular clefts into which the granule cores and internal vesicles are released. T cell surface membrane molecules known to be involved in CTL-TC interaction (T cell receptor, CD3 and CD8) are present on the membranes of the granule cores and internal vesicles, facing outward. An explanation for this localization of the membrane may be found in the fact that the granule is connected with an endocytotic pathway. Moreover, the lumen of the granule is rich in the enzyme cathepsin D, which indicates an association with a lysosomal compartment. Exocytosed vesicles and cores are seen to adhere to the plasma membrane of the TC. Although the exact contents of the granule vesicles and core remain to be identified, we suggest that specific interaction of CTL membrane molecules on the cytolytic granule components with molecules on the plasma membrane of the TC may ensure the unidirectional delivery of the lethal hit.
Sequence and organization of barley yellow dwarf virus genomic RNA (1988)

The nucleotide sequence of the genomic RNA of barley yellow dwarf virus, PAV serotype was determined, except for the 5'-terminal base, and its genome organization deduced. The 5,677 nucleotide genome contains five large open reading frames (ORFs). The genes for the coat protein (1) and the putative viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase were identified. The latter shows a striking degree of similarity to that of carnation mottle virus (CarMV). By comparison with corona- and retrovirus RNAs, it is proposed that a translational frameshift is involved in expression of the polymerase. An ORF encoding an Mr 49,797 protein (50K ORF) may be translated by in-frame readthrough of the coat protein stop codon. The coat protein, an overlapping 17K ORF, and a 3'6.7K ORF are likely to be expressed via subgenomic mRNAs.
System design considerations for laser angioplasty. (1989)

Laser angioplasty, or the use of laser radiation to vaporize or remove obstructure atherosclerotic plaque, has been an active area of research for the past several years. This article reviews current design considerations for developing a safe, effective clinical laser angioplasty system. The choice of laser, fiber, and catheter determines the performance characteristics of such a system. The laser provides the power source for ablative radiation, the fiber furnishes a means of transmitting the laser radiation, and the catheter provides a way of directing the fiber at the target tissue. Other considerations, such as the need for feedback control of laser ablation and the planned application of the system in the coronary or peripheral circulation, also determine the ultimate design.
LDPC Codes for Fading Gaussian Broadcast Channels (2005)

In this work, we study coding over a class of two-user broadcast channels (BCs) with additive white Gaussian noise and multiplicative fading known at the receivers only. Joint decoding of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes is analyzed. The message update rule at the mapping node linking the users' codes is derived and is found to exhibit an interesting soft interference cancellation property. High performance codes are found using the differential evolution optimization technique and extrinsic information transfer analysis adapted to our multiuser setting. The optimized codes have rates very close to the boundary of the achievable region for binary constrained input for both faded and unfaded channels. Simulation results for moderate block lengths show that our codes operate within less than 1 dB of their respective threshold.
Multi-Differential Slightly Frequency-Shifted Reference Ultra-wideband (UWB) Radio (2006)

The frequency-shifted reference (FSR) ultra-wideband (UWB) communication scheme has been recently proposed by the authors. The key idea of the FSR-UWB system is to employ a reference signal that is slightly shifted in frequency from the data-bearing signal, and it has been shown that this results in a very simple receiver architecture. In particular, such a scheme obviates the need for the delay element that greatly complicates implementation of the receiver in standard transmitted reference UWB (TR-UWB) systems. In this paper, we propose a multi-differential FSR-UWB system, where multiple data carriers employ a single reference carrier. This modification essential increases the number of (differential) degrees of freedom available for signaling in the system. However, unlike most communication systems that provide such a dimensionality increase, the large ratio between the UWB system bandwidth and the carrier separation allows the multi-differential FSR-UWB to achieve this significant increase in signal space dimensionality over the standard FSR-UWB system with only a negligible increase in bandwidth. After a general performance characterization, applications to parallel data signaling, multidimensional signaling, and narrowband interference cancellation are considered that demonstrate the utility of the proposed scheme.
The Mechanics and Biology of Intramedullary Fracture Fixation (1986)

Intramedullary (IM) fracture fixation serves to stabilize fracture fragments and maintains alignment, while permitting motion at the fracture site during functional activities. Acting as an internal splint, the implant serves as a load-sharing device and fracture healing progresses with the formation of peripheral callus. By allowing motion of adjacent joints, rehabilitation is concurrent with treatment, and stress-shielding is thought to be minimal using these techniques. Recently, IM nails have been introduced to widen indications for their use based on variations in the cross-sectional geometry, length and shape of nails, interlocking designs, and surgical techniques. Although the most important mechanical factors in the design of IM nails are strength, stiffness, and rigidity, anatomic constraints and surgical technique limit nail variations. Closed nailing is preferred to open procedures to preserve periosteal blood supply and minimize surgical trauma adjacent to the fracture. Blood flow to the fractured bone is elevated in nailing experiments, although callus maturation is somewhat delayed. However, the end result in terms of healing was similar to that of plate fixation.
Chapter 6. Organometallic chemistry. Part (i) The transition elements (1978)

H. M. Colquhoun, J. Holton and M. V. Twigg, Annu. Rep. Prog. Chem., Sect. B: Org. Chem., 1978, 75, 97 DOI: 10.1039/OC9787500097
Visualization techniques to explore data mining results for document collections (1997)

Data mining has informally been introduced as large scale search for interesting patterns in data. It is often an explorative task iteratively performed within the process of knowledge discovery in databases. In this process, interactive visualization techniques are also successfully applied for data exploration. We deal with the synergy of these two complemental approaches. Whereas datamining typically relies on strategies for systematic search in large hypotheses spaces guided by the autonomous evaluation of statistical tests, interactive visualization activates the visual capacities of an analyst to identify patterns that may also stimulate the further direction of the exploration process. We demonstrate some possibilities to combine these approaches for the area of data mining in document collections. Document Explorer is a system that offers various preprocessing tools to prepare collections of text or multimedia documents which are available in distributed environments (e.g. Internet and Intranet) for data mining applications, and includes data mining methods based on searching for patterns like frequent sets or association rules. Keyword graphs are used in this system as an highly interactive technique to present the mining results. The user can operate on the visualized results, either to redirect the data mining process, to filter and structure the results, to link several graphs, or to browse into the document
Synthesis and Self-Assembling Properties of Diacetylene-Containing Glycolipids (2006)

Diacetylene-containing glycolipids are interesting molecules that have many potential applications. The polydiacetylenes formed by the cross-linking of the diacetylene lipids are new stimuli-responsive materials. In particular, diacetylene lipids that can form gels in aqueous solution are of great interest in designing functional biocompatible materials. We have synthesized a series of diacetylene-containing sugar lipids with different chain lengths, substituents, and positions of diyne and studied their self-assembling properties in several solvents including hexane, ethanol, and ethanol/water mixture. Among the 24 diacetylene-containing glycolipids synthesized, many of them exhibited excellent gelation properties in ethanol or ethanol/water mixture. Typically very long chain diacetylene lipids formed gels in ethanol and hexane. Shorter chain diacetylene lipids and compounds with one free hydroxyl group can form gels in aqueous solution. The position of the diyne and chain length affect the self-assembling properties significantly. The systematic study of the gelation properties for diacetylene lipids with different lipid chains can help us to understand the structure requirement for the desired physical properties. Optical microscopy studies showed that the molecules form interesting architectures such as tubules, rods, sheets, and belts. The resulting organogels can also be cross-linked and give different colored polymerized gels depending on their structures.
The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci (1962)

There is a large amount of illustrative material relating to the history of dentistry, and this remarkable book makes extensive use of it.It traces the history of odontology and stomatology from the earliest civilizations up to the present day, covering the East as well as the West, and the text, which is extensively documented, is supported by a superb sequence of prints, drawings, and pictures, many in colour.These mainly depict extraction, instruments, anatomical structures, and operations and operative techniques.Many are cartoons, some well known, others rare.There are also photo- graphs, title-pages, hand-bills, anatomical charts, manuscript pages, etc.An especially useful section deals with the teaching and evolution of dentistry in various countries of Western and Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and of America, and the names of outstanding practitioners in each area are listed.The authors and the publishers have produced a most attractive book, which will have wide appeal.It is that rare mixture of a scholarly presentation which combines with an aesthetically pleasing format to create an outstanding contribution to the history of dentistry.
Photochimie d'hétérocycles azotés. IV. Transposition de type photo‐fries des <i>N</i>‐acétyl benzimidazolones (1978)

Abstract La photolyse des N ‐acé'tyl et N,N ‐diacétyl benzimidazolones en solution dans le benzéne ou l'alcool 95 conduit à des mélanges de produits de désacétylation, d' ortho ‐transposition et de para‐transposition. Les différents produits obtenus ont été identifiés par rmn, spectrométrie de masse et synthése univoque.
Binuclear Heteroligated Titanium Catalyst Based on Phenoxyimine Ligands: Synthesis, Characterization, and Ethylene (Co)polymerization (2012)

A binuclear heteroligated titanium(IV) catalyst based on phenoxyimine ligands (FI2-Ti2) with its crystal structure elucidated has been developed for the first time for olefin (co)polymerization. In ethylene polymerization, the activity of the binuclear catalyst FI2-Ti2 can reach 3.0 × 106 g mol–1 h–1, and the polydispersity of the resulting polymers is narrow. In copolymerization of ethylene and other olefins, similar incorporation ratios for monoenes are obtained for FI2-Ti2 and FI-Ti1. However, the incorporation ratio of 1,5-hexadiene increases from 3.2% using FI-Ti1 to 8.8% with FI2-Ti2. In comparison, the binuclear monophenoxyimine catalyst, [FI2-Ti2(THF)2], exhibits higher catalytic activity and incorporates more α-olefins than its mononuclear analogue [FI-Ti1(THF)] in the copolymerization. These results are interpreted as consequences of two effects. First, the cooperativity between the two metal centers facilitates the coordination of olefin. Second, the substitutions near the active sites exert a steric effect by blocking and suppressing the binding of comonomers.
Integrated divergent beam for FinFET Conformal Doping (2014)

In order to achieve high performance finFET devices, it is important to achieve a high concentration and conformal doping within the Fin. In this paper, a solution for conformal finFET doping method is demonstrated. We present a novel implantation condition called Integrated Divergent Beam (IDB) that consists of various implant angle distribution. We perform the IDB Arsenic implantation by Monte-Carlo simulation.
Integrin-Linked Kinase (ILK) Deletion Disrupts Oligodendrocyte Development by Altering Cell Cycle (2016)

Integrin-linked kinase (ILK) is a scaffolding protein involved in integrating signals from the extracellular environment and communicating those signals to downstream effectors within cells. It has been proposed to regulate aspects of oligodendrocyte process extension and thereby myelination. However, the current studies demonstrate that it has an earlier impact on cells in this lineage. Knocking down ILK in Olig1-Cre-expressing cells reduces the pool of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). This smaller pool of OPCs results from altered cell cycle and reduced cell proliferation. These cells myelinate fewer axons than in wild-type mice and, in corpus callosum, the myelin is thinner than in controls. Interestingly, the smaller pool of spinal cord oligodendrocytes generates myelin that is of normal thickness.
Extending the High-Voltage Capacity of LiCoO<sub>2</sub> Cathode by Direct Coating of the Composite Electrode with Li<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> via Magnetron Sputtering (2015)

Surface coating of composite electrode has recently received increasing attention and has been demonstrated to be effective in enhancing the electrochemical performance of lithium ion battery (LIB) materials. In this work, an electronic-insulating but ionic-conductive lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) is rationally selected as the unique coating material for commercial LiCoO2 (LCO) cathode. Li2CO3 is a well-known constitute in conventional solid electrolyte interface (SEI) layer, which can electrochemically protect the electrode. The carbonate coating layer is deposited on LCO composite electrodes via a facial magnetron sputtering approach. The sputtered Li2CO3 layer serves as an artificial SEI layer between the active material and electrolyte and can impede the formation of the primary SEI layer, which will permanently consume Li+ and reduce the reversible capacity of the electrode. After a 10 min Li2CO3 coating, the capacity retention of the composite electrode is improved from 64.4% to 87.8% when cycled at room temperature in the potential range of 3.0–4.5 V vs Li/Li+ for 60 cycles. The obtained discharge capacity is extended to 161 mAh g–1, which is 36% higher than the uncoated one (118 mAh g–1). When further increasing the charging potential up to 4.7 V, or elevating the operation temperature to 55 °C, the Li2CO3-coated LCO electrodes still display remarkably improved cycling stability.
A 0.45-to-1.2-V Fully Digital Low-Dropout Voltage Regulator With Fast-Transient Controller for Near/Subthreshold Circuits (2015)

A low quiescent current digital low-dropout (DLDO) voltage regulator with fast-transient response time is proposed for self-powered wireless sensor applications operating at near/subthreshold supply voltage. The D-LDO regulator incorporates both hill-climbing and binary search algorithms (HCBS) in the control logic, thus leveraging on each other's strengths to minimize the output voltage's ripple and the quiescent current during the steady-state period as well as output voltage's spike and response time during the transition period. Additional features such as hysteresis mode control and freeze mode control are incorporated into the system to improve the performance of the D-LDO regulator. A dynamic comparator is proposed for the near/subthreshold supply voltage operation, which minimizes the voltage error and improves the maximum operating frequency. Fabricated in 130-nm CMOS technology, the D-LDO regulator regulates the output voltage V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OUT</sub> from 350 to 1150 mV, while the input supply voltage VIN ranges from 450 to 1200 mV. At a V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OUT</sub> of 450 mV, V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">IN</sub> of 500 mV and an operating frequency of 10 MHz, the regulator delivers 1500-μA load current with I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">QUIESCENT</sub> of 8.9 μA and a transient response time of 1.6 μs. The maximum current and power efficiencies reach 99.9% and 89.9%, respectively. The measured line regulation and load regulation are 1.6 and 0.6 mV/mA, respectively.
Cell cycle gene expression and E2F transcription factor complexes in human melanoma cells induced to terminally differentiate. (1995)

Defects in cellular differentiation are a common occurrence in human cancers. The combination of recombinant human fibroblast interferon (IFN-beta) and the antileukemic compound mezerein (MEZ) results in an irreversible loss of proliferative capacity and terminal cell differentiation in H0-1 human melanoma cells. In contrast, either agent alone induces reversible growth arrest and/or specific components of the differentiation process without inducing terminal differentiation. The current study investigates changes in cell cycle, cell cycle gene expression and E2F transcription factor complex formation during the processes of reversible and irreversible (terminal) differentiation. Induction of both terminal differentiation and reversible differentiation (MEZ treatment) results in a temporal decrease in DNA synthesis and the percentage of cells in S phase and a decrease in the expression of cell cycle and growth regulated genes, including cdc2, cyclin A, cyclin B, histone H1, histone H4, nm23-H1, p53 and c-myc. Persistent gene expression changes occur in terminally differentiated cells, but not in reversibly differentiated cells. H0-1 cells contain several E2F binding activities, including uncomplexed E2F, an E2F-p107-cyclin A-cdk2 kinase complex and an Rb-E2F complex. Induction of growth arrest by MEZ results in a slow migrating gelshift band that contains E2F associated with the pRb2/p130 protein. There is also a loss of the Rb-E2F complex. Induction of terminal differentiation after treatment with IFN-beta + MEZ generates a second pRb2/p130-E2F complex that migrates considerably faster than the pRb2/p130-E2F complex resulting from growth arrest. The slower migrating complex may contribute to growth arrest, whereas the faster migrating complex may play a role in terminal differentiation. Our results demonstrate that terminal cell differentiation involves a co-ordinate and continuous suppression of a number of cell cycle and growth related genes and results in the development of a novel E2F transcription factor complex not apparent in growth arrested and reversibly differentiated human melanoma cells.
High Genetic Load in the Pacific Oyster <i>Crassostrea gigas</i> (2001)

The causes of inbreeding depression and the converse phenomenon of heterosis or hybrid vigor remain poorly understood despite their scientific and agricultural importance. In bivalve molluscs, related phenomena, marker-associated heterosis and distortion of marker segregation ratios, have been widely reported over the past 25 years. A large load of deleterious recessive mutations could explain both phenomena, according to the dominance hypothesis of heterosis. Using inbred lines derived from a natural population of Pacific oysters and classical crossbreeding experiments, we compare the segregation ratios of microsatellite DNA markers at 6 hr and 2-3 months postfertilization in F(2) or F(3) hybrid families. We find evidence for strong and widespread selection against identical-by-descent marker homozygotes. The marker segregation data, when fit to models of selection against linked deleterious recessive mutations and extrapolated to the whole genome, suggest that the wild founders of inbred lines carried a minimum of 8-14 highly deleterious recessive mutations. This evidence for a high genetic load strongly supports the dominance theory of heterosis and inbreeding depression and establishes the oyster as an animal model for understanding the genetic and physiological causes of these economically important phenomena.
Infectivity to mosquitoes of Plasmodium falciparum clones grown in vitro from the same isolate (1984)

In an attempt to produce a line of cultured Plasmodium falciparum parasites consistently infective to mosquites, a Brazilian isolate, IMTM 22, was cloned by the limiting dilution method. Five of the resulting clones were examined in detail. The clones were found to differ in their ability to produce micro- and macrogametocytes, to exflagellate and to infect Anopheles freeborni mosquitoes. The stability of one clone in producing microgametocytes and in its ability to produce oocysts and sporozoites in mosquitoes has been documented through 15 subcultures. This clone should provide a reliable source of infectious gametocytes for genetic studies and vaccine development.