gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
DECO (1982)

DECO is a textual database system for online searching and retrieval of documents, combined with offline index production. DECO is available from Unilever Computer Services Limited (UCSL) as a software package for Prime & Harris computers or as a bureau service. The design approach adopted for the software package enables it to be readily adapted for other host machines. The features of the system include both direct searching of an inverted file, derived from source data by means of one or more key extraction routines chosen by the user, and string searching of the text of retrieved document sets for both text strings and numeric values and ranges. In both cases, sophisticated truncation and masking facilities are available. All the keys in the inverted files or any subset of them may be displayed for selection online. Full Boolean logic and brackets may be used in combining search terms and/or previous search result sets. Retrieved document sets may be displayed either online or offline in formats determined by the user, and may be sorted prior to display to meet specific user needs. The whole database or any subset resulting from an online search can be made available for offline KWAC index production, using specified keys and user‐defined formats. Search strategies or groups of search terms can be saved using macros which offer permanent or temporary storage from which searches can be re‐executed. Switching between databases is easily achieved online.
SuomiNet: A Real–Time National GPS Network for Atmospheric Research and Education (2000)

“SuomiNet,” a university-based, real-time, national Global Positioning System (GPS) network, is being developed for atmospheric research and education with funding from the National Science Foundation and with cost share from collaborating universities. The network, named to honor meteorological satellite pioneer Verner Suomi, will exploit the recently shown ability of ground-based GPS receivers to make thousands of accurate upper- and lower-atmospheric measurements per day. Phase delays induced in GPS signals by the ionosphere and neutral atmosphere can be measured with high precision simultaneously along a dozen or so GPS ray paths in the field of view. These delays can be converted into integrated water vapor (if surface pressure data or estimates are available) and total electron content (TEC), along each GPS ray path. The resulting continuous, accurate, all-weather, real-time GPS moisture data will help advance university research in mesoscale modeling and data assimilation, severe weather, precipitation, cloud dynamics, regional climate, and hydrology. Similarly, continuous, accurate, all-weather, real-time TEC data have applications in modeling and prediction of severe terrestrial and space weather, detection and forecasting of low-altitude ionospheric scintillation activity and geomagnetic storm effects at ionospheric midlatitudes, and detection of ionospheric effects induced by a variety of geophysical events. SuomiNet data also have potential applications in coastal meteorology, providing ground truth for satellite radiometry, and detection of scintillation associated with atmospheric turbulence in the lower troposphere. The goal of SuomiNet is to make large amounts of spatially and temporally dense GPS-sensed atmospheric data widely available in real time, for academic research and education. Information on participation in SuomiNet is available via www.unidata.ucar.edu/suominet.
Progress in dairy starter culture technology (1984)

Progress in the use of mesophilic lactic streptococci as dairy starters for the production of cheese and cheese products is reviewed, with emphasis placed on approaches for overcoming the problem of bacteriophage inhibition. This problem remains the major cause of starter failure in cheesemaking. Approaches include: improvements in starter selection and production methods; the preparation of bulk starter; culture use with and without strain rotation; the development of phage-insensitive starter strains; and methods to minimize phage build-up (by optimizing factory process design, airflow control, and by thorough sanitation control). Genetic approaches to improving starters also are discussed. (wz)
Effect of substrate temperature on structural and optical properties ofthermally evaporated thin films of F16CuPc (2014)

Effect of substrate temperature on optical and structural properties of thin films of Hexadecafluorophthalocyanine (F16CuPc) has been studied. Thin films of F16CuPc were deposited onto glass substrates using thermal evaporation technique at different substrates temperatures. Structural characterization has been carried using XRD analysis. Average grain size has been found to be increasing with increasing substrate temperature. Optical characterization has been carried out using the absorption spectra, at normal incidence, in range 200-900 nm. Absorption and extinction coefficients of the films so obtained has been evaluated. Both of these have been observed to vary with wavelength. The values of extinction coefficients have been found to decrease with increasing substrate temperature whereas increase in Optical band gap energy, for direct allowed transitions, with increasing substrate temperature has been noticed
High training workloads alone do not cause sports injuries: how you get there is the real issue (2016)

Clinicians or strength and conditioning professionals who prescribe training workloads aim for workloads that are high enough to improve fitness (ie, performance), but not so high as to risk injury. At the extremes, no training results in an unprepared athlete, whereas an overuse injury is, by definition, an error in training prescription.1 Banister et al 2 first described an athlete's training state as the difference between positive (ie, ‘fitness’) and negative (ie, ‘fatigue’) influences. To quantify this concept, ‘fitness’ was represented as the workload (an arbitrary ‘training impulse’) of the athlete over a 3–6 weeks period and ‘fatigue’ was represented by the workload performed over a shorter time frame of 1 week. We recommend the terms ‘chronic workload’ for the longer window of training (ie, Banister's ‘fitness’) and ‘acute workload’ for the immediate window of training (ie, Banister's ‘fatigue’) (figure 1). High chronic workloads (ie, intense training), combined with reductions in acute workloads before important competition (ie, taper), would be expected to improve sporting performance.2



Figure 1 
Acute and chronic workloads and the calculation of the acute:chronic workload ratio as a …
Symbol manipulation with an associative memory (1961)

In extending the capabilities of a computer in the direction of solving what might be called problems of higher intellect, much work has been done, on association list structures and on programs for processing lists. A typical word in such a structure would be divided into two halves, each of which would “point” to, i.e., give the address of, another word. From such a word it is possible to determine a pair of successor words. Determining the predecessor may not be easy, particularly where common substructure is permitted, that is, where some list may serve as a portion of two or more lists without in itself being repeated.
The synthesis of methyl 1‐aryl‐2‐pyrrolecarboxylates (1987)

Abstract A series of alkyl 1‐(aryl)‐2‐pyrrolecarboxylates were prepared by the condensation of the appropriate aniline with methyl tetrahydro‐2,5‐dimethoxy‐2‐furancarboxylate in refluxing acetic acid. It was found that condensation proceeds even in substituents possessing steric bulk are present in the ortho positions of the aniline. Strong electron withdrawing substituents if conjugated to the nitrogen diverts the reaction from product to unidentified tars.
Mixed crystals of the KH<sub>2</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>family (1987)

Abstract A review of past and current work with mixed crystals of the KH2PO4 family is presented. It concentrates on solid solutions where the cations have been mixed in large proportions to achieve properties different from those of the parent crystals. A large part of the review is devoted to mixed crystals of RbH2PO4 and NH4H2PO4, or RADP, which is a model system for structural glasses that has recently received considerable attention.
Specific radiolabeling of a cell surface receptor for epidermal growth factor. (1977)

A photoreactive derivative of epidermal growth factor (EGF) has been used to identify and specifically label a membrane receptor for EGF on mouse 3T3 cells. Photoactivable EGF, labeled with 125I, was incubated with 3T3 cells and then photolyzed in situ to generate a nitrene capable of reacting with a wide variety of chemical bonds. Analysis of the system by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed, besides the band of EGF, only one other major radioactive band, at a position indicating an apparent molecular weight of 190,000. This band was absent when a nonresponsive and nonbinding variant of 3T3 was used. A direct proportionality between binding activity and crosslinked complex formation was demonstrated using a variety of binding conditions. "Down regulated" cells, in which EGF binding activity was greatly reduced by prolonged incubation with an appropriate concentration of EGF, also had a decrease in covalent complex formation proportional to the decrease in EGF binding activity.
The radix-2/sup k/ Viterbi decoding with transpose path metric processor (2002)

In this paper, we present a radix-2/sup k/ Viterbi decoding with Transpose Path Metric (TPM) processor. The TPM processor can provide a permutation function for state rearrangement with simple local interconnection. For interconnection realization, the routing complexity is less than that of the delay-commutator reported previously. In addition, a higher memory length Viterbi processor can be constructed with lower radix-2/sup k/ modules. With features of modulation and cell regularity, the radix-2/sup k/ Viterbi decoding with TPM processor is very suitable for VLSI implementation.
Directivity Quantification in Hearing Aids: Fitting and Measurement Effects (2000)

The variation in the measured directivity both within and across the directional microphone hearing aid brands suggests that manufacturer's specification of directivity may not provide an accurate index of the actual performance of all individual instruments. The significant impact of venting and microphone port orientation on directivity indicate that these variables must be addressed when fitting directional hearing aids on hearing-impaired listeners. Modified front-to-back ratio results suggest that compression does not affect the directivity of hearing aids, if it is assumed that the signal of interest from one azimuth, and the competing signal from a different azimuth, occur at the same time.
Low-temperature growth and direct transfer of graphene–graphitic carbon films on flexible plastic substrates (2012)

We demonstrate low-temperature growth and direct transfer of graphene-graphitic carbon films (G-GC) onto plastic substrates without the use of supporting materials. In this approach, G-GC films were synthesized on copper layers by using inductively coupled plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition, enabling the growth of few-layer graphene (G) on top of Cu and the additional growth of graphitic carbon (GC) films above the graphene layer at temperatures as low as 300 °C. The patterned G-GC films are not easily damaged or detached from the polymer substrates during the wet etching and transfer process because of the van der Waals forces and π-π interactions between the films and the substrates. Raman spectroscopy reveals the two-dimensional hexagonal lattice of carbon atoms and the crystallinity of the G-GC films. The optical transparency and sheet resistance of the G-GC films are controlled by modulating the film thickness. Strain sensors are successfully fabricated on plastic substrates, and their resistance modulation at different strains is investigated.
Laser surgery: CO<sub>2</sub>or HF (1984)

Laser surgery may be improved by modifications based on similar processes in industrial applications. A major problem in materials processing is minimizing heat diffusion from the site of laser exposure. The same problem exists in the surgery of tissue with a CO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> laser. A model based on vitreous surgery is described which indicates that radiation at 2.9 μm (HF laser) in short duration pulses, shorter than the thermal relaxation time (1.7 μs) of its 1μm thick absorption depth in water, will minimize thermal diffusion, and also take advantage of the large amount of heat removed by the phase change of water into steam. This model suggests that, for deep cuts, many pulses are preferable to a single long duration exposure, and that more delicate surgery may be possible with such short pulse, shallow absorption depth types of energy delivery. For coagulation (hemostasis control) as well as ablation, two simultaneous wavelengths are required: 2.9μm for cutting, and another with less absorption (such as Nd: YAG or argon lasers) for more penetration and heating of deeper layers and blood vessels. Among the secondary benefits of the use of the HF laser at 2.9μm is the ready availability of flexible optical fibers for a delivery system.
Spectrum optimization in photon counting detector based iodine K-edge CT imaging (2019)

Iodine K-edge CT imaging utilizes the sudden increase in the attenuation coefficient of iodine when the x-ray energy exceeds the K-shell binding energy of iodine. Early works on K-edge CT used multiple K-edge filters to generate different quasi-monoenergetic spectra with mean energies that straddled the iodine K-edge, and then multiple projections acquired with these spectra were processed to enhance the sensitivity of imaging iodine. Recent developments in energy-resolving photon counting detector (PCD) technology offer the potential for single-shot K-edge CT imaging. However, the performance of PCD-based iodine K-edge CT is often limited by the relatively low energy of the iodine K-edge (33.2 keV) compared with the mean energy of a polychromatic spectrum used in CT. This work explored the potential of introducing an iodine beam filter to PCD-based iodine K-edge CT to improve its imaging performance. To optimize the beam filtration condition, a realistic energy response function of an experimental PCD system was used when calculating the Cramér-Rao Lower Bounds (CRLBs) of three-material (iodine, bone, and water) decomposition estimators for each filtration condition. Experimental studies with a benchtop PCD CT system were performed to confirm the CRLB results. Both theoretical and experimental results demonstrated that by using an optimized iodine filter, quantitative accuracy of material basis images was improved. Compared with a commercial dual-energy-CT system, the optimized experimental K-edge CT system effectively reduced residual iodine signal in the bone basis image and reduced residual bone signal in the water-basis image.
Evaluation of three mRNA markers for the detection of lymph node metastases. (2006)

The expressions of three mRNA markers were correlated with the results of extensive histopathological examination of a total of 290 axillary lymph nodes from 29 breast carcinoma patients. Included were two established markers for breast cancer (cytokeratin-19 and mammaglobin) and the novel marker DNA methyltransferase 3b (DNMT3b). DNMT3b was significantly overexpressed in breast cancer compared to normal breast tissue. The expression of the three markers in axillary lymph nodes was determined using quantitative real-time RT-PCR. DNMT3b expression showed a specificity of more than 99%, which was comparable to that of cytokeratin-19 and better than that of mammaglobin. The sensitivity of RT-PCR relative to histopathology was highest for cytokeratin-19 (96%), followed by DNMT3b (88%) and mammaglobin (68%). The overall agreement of histological and RT-PCR results was 96-99%. The results indicate that expression analysis of marker genes by quantitative RT-PCR can be a useful tool for lymph node diagnosis in breast cancer.
Current Status of Nonviral Vectors for Gene Therapy in China (2018)

With the growing interest in application of nonviral vectors for drug delivery, diagnosis, and imaging, progress has been made in the field of nonviral vector gene therapy in China. Nanobiotechnology studies are important to the development plan for China's research priorities in the 21st century; the National 973 Plan and "Strategic Priority Research Program" classify nanobiotechnology as a special project and give priority to supporting its development. From 2000 to 2017, many articles on nonviral vector gene therapy were published, and cancer gene therapy is one of the most active and important gene therapy research fields. Although the use of nonviral vectors for gene therapy faces enormous problems, Chinese scientists have also begun to realize both the challenges and opportunities that lie ahead. However, a nonviral gene therapy drug has yet to be approved for sale. Therefore, more work is needed in this field. The present review examines the progress and challenges of nonviral gene therapy in China. Efforts to optimize nonviral vectors with structural modifications and gene delivery systems are described, and clinical translation challenges are highlighted.
Targeting of green fluorescent protein to neuroendocrine secretory granules: a new tool for real time studies of regulated protein secretion. (1997)

Human chromogranin B (hCgB), a soluble marker protein of neuroendocrine secretory granules, was fused to green fluorescent protein (GFP). Two GFP-mutants with different folding properties, S65T and EGFP, were used to produce two recombinant proteins, hCgB-GFP(S65T) and hCgB-EGFP, respectively. After transient expression only hCgB-EGFP elicited green fluorescence in the neuroendocrine cell line PC12. Pulse-chase experiments with [35S]sulfate followed by subcellular fractionation showed that hCgB-EGFP was sorted with high efficiency to immature secretory granules (ISG). Confocal microscopy revealed that fluorescent hCgB-EGFP colocalized largely with synaptotagmin, a membrane marker of secretory granules and synaptic-like microvesicles, and significantly with endogenous rat chromogranin B (rCgB), a soluble marker of secretory granules. Upon stimulation of transfected cells with 5 mM Ba2+ or by depolarization with 50 mM K+ hCgB-EGFP underwent regulated exocytosis. The dynamics of green fluorescent secretory granules beneath the plasma membrane (PM) of living PC12 cells were visualized by confocal microscopy. The majority of these vesicles did not move within 8.5 sec as if they were docked. In contrast, in NGF-induced cells most of the secretory granules beneath the somatic PM moved within the same time period whereas only little movement was observed in the neurites. These findings indicate that in differentiated PC12 cells the majority of the docking zones are not in the soma but are distributed along the neurites. In conclusion, the fusion protein hCgB-EGFP provides a powerful tool to study in real time vesicular traffic in the regulated pathway of protein secretion.
Vascular endothelial growth factor and its receptor expression during the process of fracture healing (2008)

The expression of VEGF and flt1 receptor appears during the whole course of fracture healing, especially from 1 to 3 weeks. Flk1 receptor is highly expressed in a definite period after fracture. VEGF is proved to be involved in the vascular reconstruction and fracture healing.
Gene Expression for Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase and Thymidine Phosphorylase Influences Outcome in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer (2000)

Downregulation of DPD gene expression may enhance the negative prognostic effect of high TP gene expression in patients with epithelial ovarian cancer. Certain newly available chemotherapeutic choices may take the TP:DPD ratio into consideration.
Classification of coronary artery bifurcation lesions and treatments: Time for a consensus! (2007)

The EBC proposes a new classification of bifurcation lesions and their treatments to permit accurate comparisons of well described techniques in homogeneous lesion groups.
Inhibition of p97-dependent Protein Degradation by Eeyarestatin I (2008)

Elimination of misfolded proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) by ER-associated degradation involves substrate retrotranslocation from the ER lumen into the cytosol for degradation by the proteasome. For many substrates, retrotranslocation requires the action of ubiquitinating enzymes, which polyubiquitinate substrates emerging from the ER lumen, and of the p97-Ufd1-Npl4 ATPase complex, which hydrolyzes ATP to dislocate polyubiquitinated substrates into the cytosol. Polypeptides extracted by p97 are eventually transferred to the proteasome for destruction. In mammalian cells, ERAD can be blocked by a chemical inhibitor termed Eeyarestatin I, but the mechanism of EerI action is unclear. Here we report that EerI can associate with a p97 complex to inhibit ERAD. The interaction of EerI with the p97 complex appears to negatively influence a deubiquitinating process that is mediated by p97-associated deubiquitinating enzymes. We further show that ataxin-3, a p97-associated deubiquitinating enzyme previously implicated in ER-associated degradation, is among those affected. Interestingly, p97-associated deubiquitination is also involved in degradation of a soluble substrate. Our analyses establish a role for a novel deubiquitinating process in proteasome-dependent protein turnover.
Phosphatidylserine; Membrane Nutrient for Memory. A Clinical and Mechanistic Assessment (1996)

Working in the cell membrane milieu, phosphatidylserine (PS) is a nutrient that supports membrane proteins crucial for homeostasis, maintenance, and specialized cell functions. PS is found most concentrated in the brain, where its relative abundance reflects its involvement in specialized nerve cell functions such as chemical transmitter production and release, receptor action, and synaptic activity. The fundamental contributions of PS to the structure and function of individual nerve cells are expressed in the performance of the brain as a whole. More than 35 human studies that span almost 3 decades, together with numerous animal studies, indicate PS supports EEG integration, the HPAA (hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis), and circadian rhythms of hormone release. Some sixteen clinical trials indicate that PS benefits measurable cognitive functions which tend to decline with age; these include memory, learning, vocabulary skills and concentration, as well as mood, alertness, and sociability. PS is a phospholipid, ubiquitous in membranes and obligatory for all the cells of the body. Present in common foods in small amounts, PS may be a semi-essential nutrient. Although it can be synthesized in vivo from precursors, its multistep biosynthesis is energetically costly. Until recently, supplemental PS was available only from bovine brain. Now PS is available as a soy lecithin-based concentrate. With its proven benefits against agerelated mental decline, phosphatidylserine might represent a truly safe and effective means for improving the quality of life of the elderly. (Alt Med Rev 1996;1(2):70-84)
Synthesis of Oligodeoxyribonucleotides Involving a Rapid Procedure for Removal of Base-Protecting Groups by Use of the 4,4′,4″-Tris(benzoyloxy)trityl (TBTr) Group (1986)

Abstract Fully protected building units for oligodeoxyribonucleotide synthesis in the phosphoramidite approach were prepared in high yields by the 5′-dimethoxytritylation of N-[4,4′,4″-tris(benzoyloxy)trityl]deoxyribonucleosides followed by the 3′-phosphitylation with methoxymorpholinochlorophosphine. The solid phase synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides on a controlled pore glass gel using the amidite units was examined. The efficiency of condensation was discussed in detail. The 4,4′,4″-tris(benzoyloxy)trityl (TBTr) group was removed rapidly from a protected tetramer synthesized on the controlled pore glass gel to give dGpCpApT.