gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Informal Qualitative Models: A Systematic Approach to their Generation (1995)

This paper discusses the concept of an IQM (Informal Qualitative Model) which is seen as a bridge between rigorous, and often intractable, theories on the one hand, and experimental data on the other. We argue that the selection of variables to be explored using quantitative law discovery should be made using background knowledge. However, domain theories are often intractable, and to make progress it is therefore necessary to add assumptions; i.e. one is forced to take particular and often simplifying, perspectives on the domain. IQMs essentially capture these ideas. This paper demonstrates how a set of IQMs for a domain (colligative properties of solutions) can be generated from a base IQM and a set of operators. Introduction Early work in the physical sciences involved the investigation of quantitative relationships between variables (such as Newton&apos;s and Kepler&apos;s laws), and also qualitative relationships, such as objects of type A react chemically with objects of type...
Evidence for alternating head catalysis by kinesin during microtubule-stimulated ATP hydrolysis. (1994)

The N-terminal 392 amino acids of the Drosophila kinesin alpha subunit (designated DKH392) form a dimer in solution that releases only one of its two tightly bound ADP molecules on association with a microtubule, whereas a shorter monomeric construct (designated DKH340) releases > or = 95% of its one bound ADP on association with a microtubule. This half-site reactivity of dimeric DKH392 is observed over a wide range of ratios of DKH392 to microtubules and steady-state ATPase rates, indicating that it is characteristic of the mechanism of microtubule-stimulated ATP hydrolysis and not the result of a fortuitous balance of rate constants. When [alpha-32P]ATP is included in the medium, incorporation of 32P label into the pool of ADP that is bound to the complex of DKH392 and microtubules occurs rapidly enough for the bound ADP to be an intermediate on the main pathway of ATP hydrolysis. These and other results are consistent with the half-site reactivity being a consequence of the tethering of dimeric DKH392 to the microtubule through one head domain, which is attached in a rigor-like manner without bound nucleotide, whereas the other head is not attached to the microtubule and still contains a tightly bound ADP. An intermediate of this nature and the tight binding of DKH392 to microtubules in the presence of ATP suggest a mechanism for directed motility in which the head domains of dimeric DKH392 alternate in a sequential manner.
Photovoltaics: environmental, health and safety issues and perspectives (2000)

The photovoltaic (PV) industry must continue its pro-active approach to prevent accidents and environmental damage, and to sustain PV's inherent environmental, health, and safety (EHS) advantages. This paper presents an overview of EHS issues related to current and emerging PV technologies and gives examples of this pro-active approach. We summarize the hazards related to potential accidental releases of toxic or flammable gases used in photovoltaic cell production, and strategies for reducing such risks (e.g., choosing material and process options which inherently have small risks, and preventing accident-initiating events). Other issues discussed herein include reducing the use of toxic or carcinogenic materials in powder form, managing liquid hazardous waste, and recycling solid waste and spent modules. As the PV industry approaches these issues and mitigation strategies in a vigilant, systematic way, the risk to the industry, the workers, and the public will become minimal. An example is also discussed of environmental benefits from a large scale PV implementation, that is the potential of PV in reducing CO2 emissions. Published in 2000 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast global kernel density mode seeking with application to localization and tracking (2005)

We address the problem of seeking the global mode of a density function using the mean shift algorithm. Mean shift, like other gradient ascent optimization methods, is susceptible to local maxima, and hence often fails to find the desired global maximum. In this work, we propose a multi-bandwidth mean shift procedure that alleviates this problem, which we term annealed mean shift, as it shares similarities with the annealed importance sampling procedure. The bandwidth of the algorithm plays the same role as the temperature in annealing. We observe that the over-smoothed density function with a sufficiently large bandwidth is uni-modal. Using a continuation principle, the influence of the global peak in the density function is introduced gradually. In this way the global maximum is more reliably located. Generally, the price of this annealing-like procedure is that more iteration is required since it is imperative that the computation complexity is minimal in real-time applications such as visual tracking. We propose an accelerated version of the mean shift algorithm. Compared with the conventional mean shift algorithm, the accelerated mean shift can significantly decrease the number of iterations required for convergence. The proposed algorithm is applied to the problems of visual tracking and object localization. We empirically show on various data sets that the proposed algorithm can reliably find the true object location when the starting position of mean shift is far away from the global maximum, in contrast with the conventional mean shift algorithm that will usually get trapped in a spurious local maximum.
The Transport and Affinity of Substituted Benzenes in Soybean Stems (1987)

Journal Article The Transport and Affinity of Substituted Benzenes in Soybean Stems Get access JOEL K. McCRADY, JOEL K. McCRADY 3 1Toxics and Pesticide Branch, Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency200 S.W. 35th Street, Corvallis, Or 97333, U.S.A. 3To whom correspondence should be addressed Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar CRAIG McFARLANE, CRAIG McFARLANE 1Toxics and Pesticide Branch, Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency200 S.W. 35th Street, Corvallis, Or 97333, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar F. T. LINDSTROM F. T. LINDSTROM 2Department of Mathematics, Oregon State UniversityCorvallis, Or 97331, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Experimental Botany, Volume 38, Issue 11, November 1987, Pages 1875–1890, https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/38.11.1875 Published: 01 November 1987 Article history Received: 22 January 1987 Published: 01 November 1987
Atrial antitachycardia pacing: do we still need to talk about it? (2009)

Since first described in 1968,1 sick sinus syndrome (SSS) has become one of the most frequent indications for pacemaker implantation. Although in early days, the presence of atrial fibrillation (AF) limited the use of pacemakers in patients with SSS, nowadays pacemakers play an important role in the management of AF in patients with SSS. Highly sophisticated devices have been developed with increased Holter capabilities allowing continuous rhythm monitoring. Although the prevalence of AF prior to pacemaker implantation has been found in the range of 40–45%,2 AF detection during follow-up using pacemaker Holter data is reported in 50–65% of patients with SSS.3,4 In the Mode Selection Trial (MOST), pacemaker-detected paroxysmal AF was a strong independent predictor of stroke, death, and persistent AF, whereas symptoms as a clinical comparator could not reliably predict AF recurrence.4 The known limited success rate of drug therapy for rhythm control and the overwhelming number of pacemaker patients with paroxysmal AF prompted interest in using pacing therapy to treat AF. Therapy options developed included alternative single-site atrial pacing, multisite atrial pacing, pacing algorithms to prevent AF by increasing the amount of atrial pacing suppressing triggers of AF, and atrial antitachycardia pacing (ATP) to terminate AF.

Many clinical trials have been conducted over the past 10 years studying the efficacy of pacing algorithms for AF prevention and termination. The present paper by Gillis et al. 5 reports the first long-term data on atrial ATP. Neither ATP alone nor ATP in combination with preventive pacing algorithms could successfully suppress atrial tachycardia (AT)/AF during a follow-up period of 3 years. The trial was early terminated due to phasing out of the AT500/501 pacemaker and study results may have been underpowered to detect any differences. However, the results correlate well with other ATP studies like … 

*Corresponding author. Tel: +49 89 9270 2071, Fax: +49 89 9270 2683, Email: ellen.hoffmann{at}klinikum-muenchen.de
Exploring the Context of the Lung Proteome within the Airway Mucosa Following Allergen Challenge (2004)

The lung proteome is a dynamic collection of specialized proteins related to pulmonary function. Many cells of different derivations, activation states, and levels of maturity contribute to the changing environment, which produces the lung proteome. Inflammatory cells reacting to environmental challenge, for example from allergens, produce and secrete proteins which have profound effects on both resident and nonresident cells located in airways, alveoli, and the vascular tree which provides blood cells to the parenchyma alveolar bed for gas exchange. In an experimental model of allergic airway inflammation, we have compared control and allergen challenged lung compartments to determine global protein expression patterns using 2D-gel electrophoresis and subsequent spot identification by MS/MS mass spectrometry. We have then specifically isolated the epithelial mucosal layer, which lines conducting airways, from control and allergen challenged lungs, using laser capture technology and performed proteome identification on these selected cell samples. A central component of our investigations has been to contextually relate the histological features of the dynamic pulmonary environment to the changes in protein expression observed following challenge. Our results provide new information of the complexity of the submucosa/epithelium interface and the mechanisms behind the transformation of airway epithelium from normal steady states to functionally activated states.
Prevalence of Enteropathogenic, Enteroaggregative., and Diffusely Adherent Escherichia coli among Isolates from Children with Diarrhea in New Caledonia (1996)

The clinical significance of HEp-2-adherent Escherichia coli in children with diarrhea in New Caledonia has been examined by testing isolates from stools of ill children and matched controls in a HEp-2 cell binding assay and by hybridizing the same clones with DNA probes identifying the enteropathogenic (EPEC), enteroaggregative (EAggEC), and diffusely adherent (DAEC) E. coli. From the 100 patient-control pairs, 35 HEp-2-adherent strains were isolated; 24 were identified as the only pathogen in stools of ill children, and 11 were from controls. EPEC strains were significantly associated with diarrheal disease (P < .008) in children in the first 2 years of life. For the DAEC strains, the difference in rate of isolation between patients and controls was significant only when the presence of afa/daa sequences in the strains was considered (P = .03, Fisher's exact test). The afa/daa-positive DAEC isolates were characterized from children 2-6 years old. EAggEC strains were isolated equally in patients and controls.
Regulatory CD4 T cells: expression of IL-2R alpha chain, resistance to clonal deletion and IL-2 dependency (1998)

We recently characterized a CD4+ T cell population expressing the IL-2R alpha chain (CD25), producing IL-10 and resisting clonal deletion induced by viral superantigen (vSAG) encoded by mouse mammary tumor virus [MMTV(SW)]. We now report that these apoptosis-resistant cells are generated in the thymus but not from the immature CD4+ CD8+ thymocytes. They migrate from the thymus and are found in the periphery from at least the 10th day of life, after which they expand with the same kinetics in normal and MMTV(SW)-infected mice. Their strong capacity for expansion in the periphery makes this population insensitive to thymectomy in adulthood. CD4+ CD25+ cells were totally dependent on exogenous IL-2 for growth in vitro and in vivo, and were missing in IL-2 knockout (KO) mice. The absence of this population and/or an inability to produce IL-10 may be the missing link between IL-2R alpha KO, IL-2 KO and IL-10 KO mice, which all die of inflammatory bowel disease.
Activation of peripheral cannabinoid receptors attenuates cutaneous hyperalgesia produced by a heat injury (2004)

Accumulating evidence suggests that cannabinoids can produce antinociception through peripheral mechanisms. In the present study, we determined whether cannabinoids attenuated existing hyperalgesia produced by a mild heat injury to the glabrous hindpaw and whether the antihyperalgesia was receptor-mediated. Anesthetized rats received a mild heat injury (55 degrees C for 30 s) to one hindpaw. Fifteen minutes after injury, animals exhibited hyperalgesia as evidenced by lowered withdrawal latency to radiant heat and increased withdrawal frequency to a von Frey monofilament (200 mN force) delivered to the injured hindpaw. Separate groups of animals were then treated with an intraplantar (i.pl.) injection of vehicle or the cannabinoid receptor agonist WIN 55,212-2 at doses of 1, 10, or 30 microg in 100 microl. WIN 55,212-2 attenuated both heat and mechanical hyperalgesia dose-dependently. The inactive enantiomer WIN 55,212-3 did not alter mechanical or heat hyperalgesia, suggesting the effects of WIN 55,212-2 were receptor-mediated. The CB1 receptor antagonist AM 251 (30 microg) co-injected with WIN 55,212-2 (30 microg) attenuated the antihyperalgesic effects of WIN 55,212-2. The CB2 receptor antagonist AM 630 (30 microg) co-injected with WIN 55,212-2 attenuated only the early antihyperalgesic effects of WIN 55,212-2. I.pl. injection of WIN 55,212-2 into the contralateral paw did not alter the heat-injury induced hyperalgesia, suggesting that the antihyperalgesia occurred through a peripheral mechanism. These data demonstrate that cannabinoids primarily activate peripheral CB1 receptors to attenuate hyperalgesia. Activation of this receptor in the periphery may attenuate pain without causing unwanted side effects mediated by central CB1 receptors.
Defining the Disulfide Bonds of Insulin-like Growth Factor-binding Protein-5 by Tandem Mass Spectrometry with Electron Transfer Dissociation and Collision-induced Dissociation (2011)

The six high-affinity insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBPs) comprise a conserved family of secreted molecules that modulate IGF actions by regulating their half-life and access to signaling receptors, and also exert biological effects that are independent of IGF binding. IGFBPs are composed of cysteine-rich amino- (N-) and carboxyl- (C-) terminal domains, along with a cysteine-poor central linker segment. IGFBP-5 is the most conserved IGFBP, and contains 18 cysteines, but only 2 of 9 putative disulfide bonds have been mapped to date. Using a mass spectrometry (MS)-based strategy combining sequential electron transfer dissociation (ETD) and collision-induced dissociation (CID) steps, in which ETD fragmentation preferentially induces cleavage of disulfide bonds, and CID provides exact disulfide linkage assignments between liberated peptides, we now have definitively mapped 5 disulfide bonds in IGFBP-5. In addition, in conjunction with ab initio molecular modeling we are able to assign the other 4 disulfide linkages to within a GCGCCXXC motif that is conserved in five IGFBPs. Because of the nature of ETD fragmentation MS experiments were performed without chemical reduction of IGFBP-5. Our results not only establish a disulfide bond map of IGFBP-5 but also define a general approach that takes advantage of the specificity of ETD and the scalability of tandem MS, and the predictive power of ab initio molecular modeling to characterize unknown disulfide linkages in proteins.
Friedel-Crafts Acylations of 3-Chloro-4-methoxybiphenyl (1957)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFriedel-Crafts Acylations of 3-Chloro-4-methoxybiphenylNG. PH. BUU-HOÏ, MICHEL SY, and JEAN RICHÉCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1957, 22, 6, 668–671Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1957Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1957https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01357a022https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01357a022research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views121Altmetric-Citations6LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Classification of the Spectrum of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (1995)

Mild traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a very common injury, resulting in immediate and possible long-term symptoms. The accurate and consistent definition of mild TBI is important in the initial and rehabilitation management of the injury, and in research concerning mild TBI. A definition of mild TBI has been developed by the Head Injury Interdisciplinary Special Interest Group of the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine. Within the spectrum of injury severity in mild TBI there are several classification systems, primarily used in management of acute mild TBI, that breakdown mild TBI into grades of injury severity. These are based upon the presence or absence of mental status changes, amnesia, loss of consciousness, anatomical lesion or neurological deficit.
Standard assays do not predict the efficiency of commercial cellulase preparations towards plant materials (2005)

Commercial cellulase preparations are potentially effective for processing biomass feedstocks in order to obtain bioethanol. In plant cell walls, cellulose fibrils occur in close association with xylans (monocotyls) or xyloglucans (dicotyls). The enzymatic conversion of cellulose/xylans is a complex process involving the concerted action of exo/endocellulases and cellobiases yielding glucose and xylanases yielding xylooligomers and xylose. An overview of commonly measured cellulase-, cellobiase-, and xylanase-activity, using respectively filter paper, cellobiose, and AZCL-dyed xylan as a substrate of 14 commercially available enzyme preparations from several suppliers is presented. In addition to these standardized tests, the enzyme-efficiency of degrading native substrates was studied. Grass and wheat bran were fractionated into a water unsoluble fraction (WUS), which was free of oligosaccharides and starch. Additionally, cellulose- and xylan-rich fractions were prepared by alkaline extraction of the WUS and were enzymatically digested. Hereby, the capability of cellulose and xylan conversion of the commercial enzyme preparations tested was measured. The results obtained showed that there was a large difference in the performance of the fourteen enzyme samples. Comparing all results, it was concluded that the choice of an enzyme preparation is more dependent on the characteristics of the substrate rather than on standard enzyme-activities measured.
Scalability Terminology: Farms, Clones, Partitions, Packs, RACS and RAPS (1999)

Defines a vocabulary for scaleable systems: Geoplexes, Farms, Clones, RACS, RAPS, clones, partitions, and packs and dicusses the design tradeoffs of using clones, partitons, and packs.
Parallel optical interconnect between ceramic BGA packages on FR4 board using embedded waveguides and passive optical alignments (2006)

We have studied technologies to design and fabricate high-bit-rate chip-to-chip optical interconnects on printed circuit boards (PCBs) using board-embedded polymer waveguides and surface-mounted component packages or modules. In order to demonstrate the developed technologies, a 4times10 Gb/s optical interconnect was completely integrated on a standard FR4 PCB. The optical link demonstrator consists of 4-channel BGA-mounted transmitter and receiver modules as well as of four parallel multimode optical waveguides fabricated on top of the solder mask of the PCB using lithographic patterning. The transmitters and receivers built on low-temperature co-fired ceramic (LTCC) substrates include 4times10 Gb/s flip-chip mounted VCSEL or photodiode array, wire-bonded driver and receiver ICs, and optical coupling structures. Two microlens arrays and a micro-mirror enable optical coupling between the optoelectronic devices and the waveguide array. The passive optical alignment was based on the marks and structures fabricated both in the LTCC process and in the patterning of the optical layers. The characterized optical alignment tolerances are in the limits of accuracy of the surface-mount technology. The demonstrated technology is suitable for interconnecting CBGA-packaged ICs or multi-chip-modules
Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Substituted 3,6‐Di(2‐pyridyl)pyridazine Metal‐Coordinating Ligands (2003)

Abstract The synthesis of novel functionalized 3,6‐di(2‐pyridyl)pyridazines via an inverse electron demand Diels−Alder reaction between the corresponding 3,6‐di(2‐pyridyl)‐1,2,4,5‐tetrazine and various alkynes is reported. The resulting 3,6‐di(2‐pyridyl)pyridazines were investigated using X‐ray crystallography, IR spectroscopy, and NMR spectroscopy, whereby several 2D NMR spectroscopic techniques were exploited to conclusively assign all proton‐ and carbon‐resonances. In addition, it was demonstrated that the functionalized 3,6‐di(2‐pyridyl)pyridazines are capable of forming [2 × 2] grid‐like metal complexes with copper( I ) and silver( I ) ions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Low Cost Routes to Acetylenic Intermediates (1979)

A number of palladium catalyst systems were prepared and evaluated for their rate of displacement of bromine from bromobenzene by 2-methyl-3-butyn- 2-ol. Initial results showed no rate increase over state-of-the-art catalysts. A new approach to the synthesis of 4,4'-di(3-ethynylphenoxy)diphenyl (ATS) was conceived and successfully carried out. The new method is eased upon reaction of 4,4'-di(3-bromophenoxy)diphenyl sulfone, followed by replacement of the bromines by 2-methyl-3-butyn-3-ol and hydrolytic removal of acetone. This method should provide a substantial improvement in cost over the current method which requires the use of 3-hydroxyphenylacetylene.