gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
(H+, K+)-ATPase inhibiting 2-[(2-pyridylmethyl)sulfinyl]benzimidazoles. 4. A novel series of dimethoxypyridyl-substituted inhibitors with enhanced selectivity. The selection of pantoprazole as a clinical candidate (1992)

[(Pyridylmethyl)sulfinyl]benzimidazoles 1 (PSBs) are a class of highly potent antisecretory (H+,K+)-ATPase inhibitors which need to be activated by acid to form their active principle, the cyclic sulfenamide 4. Selective inhibitors of the (H+,K+)-ATPase in vivo give rise to the nonselective thiophile 4 solely at low pH, thus avoiding interaction with other thiol groups in the body. The propensity to undergo the acid-catalyzed transformation is dependent on the nucleophilic/electrophilic properties of the functional groups involved in the formation of 2 since this step is both rate-determining and pH-dependent. The aim of this study was to identify compounds with high (H+,K+)-ATPase inhibitory activity in stimulated gastric glands possessing acidic pH, but low reactivity (high chemical stability) at neutral pH as reflected by in vitro (Na+,K+)-ATPase inhibitory activity. The critical influence of substituents flanking the pyridine 4-methoxy substituent present in all derivatives was carefully studied. The introduction of a 3-methoxy group gave inhibitors possessing a combination of high potency, similar to omeprazole and lansoprazole, but increased stability. As a result of these studies, compound 1a (INN pantoprazole) was selected as a candidate drug and is currently undergoing phase III clinical studies.
Atherosclerotic plaque segmentation at human carotid artery based on multiple contrast weighting MR images (2002)

The aims of this study are (1) to propose an image segmentation framework for multiple contrast weighting MR images; and (2) to analyze the agreement between segmentation results and histology sections. The proposed technique is actually based on the mean-shift density estimation algorithm and carefully designed to overcome the drawbacks in other existing methods. First, it has a very reliable and accurate initialization scheme that guarantees all potential clusters are within estimation. Secondly, the proposed method introduces a dynamic sphere mechanism that makes the mean-shift vector more reliable even with poor initialization. It can also enhance the accuracy of cluster center estimation when the searching processing is approaching the mode. Experimental results and comparison with histology sections demonstrate its encouraging performance. Moreover, the proposed approach can be easily extended to other general-purpose low-level image analysis problems.
Regulation of reactive oxygen species in stem cells and cancer stem cells (2011)

Stem cells are defined by their ability to self-renew and their multi-potent differentiation capacity. As such, stem cells maintain tissue homeostasis throughout the life of a multicellular organism. Aerobic metabolism, while enabling efficient energy production, also generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), which damage cellular components. Until recently, the focus in stem cell biology has been on the adverse effects of ROS, particularly the damaging effects of ROS accumulation on tissue aging and the development of cancer, and various anti-oxidative and anti-stress mechanisms of stem cells have been characterized. However, it has become increasingly clear that, in some cases, redox status plays an important role in stem cell maintenance, i.e., regulation of the cell cycle. An active area of current research is redox regulation in various cancer stem cells, the malignant counterparts of normal stem cells that are viewed as good targets of cancer therapy. In contrast to cancer cells, in which ROS levels are increased, some cancer stem cells maintain low ROS levels, exhibiting redox patterns that are similar to the corresponding normal stem cell. To fully elucidate the mechanisms involved in stem cell maintenance and to effectively target cancer stem cells, it is essential to understand ROS regulatory mechanisms in these different cell types. Here, the mechanisms of redox regulation in normal stem cells, cancer cells, and cancer stem cells are reviewed.
BQ123, an ETA-receptor antagonist, attenuates hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in rats (1994)

To investigate the role of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in the pathogenesis of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension, we studied the effects of a recently described endothelin-receptor antagonist (ETA), BQ123, on the development of this process. Intraperitoneal osmotic pumps were placed into 8-wk-old Sprague-Dawley rats that received either saline or BQ123 (0.15 mg/h). The rats were maintained in room air normoxia or placed in a hypobaric chamber (380 Torr) for 2 wk to induce hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. There were no hemodynamic differences between normoxic rats treated with either saline or BQ123. However, treatment with BQ123 attenuated the hypoxia-induced increase in pulmonary arterial mean pressure and total pulmonary resistance index by 60 and 87% respectively. There was also a reduction in hypoxia-induced right ventricular hypertrophy in the BQ123 group. Histological studies performed using a barium-gelatin fixation technique in hypoxic BQ123-treated animals demonstrated a decrease in medial wall thickness in arteries corresponding to the respiratory and terminal bronchioles, respectively. Similarly, there was a significant reduction in the degree of muscularization of more distal vessels at the level of alveolar ducts in BQ123-treated hypoxic rats. We conclude that the ETA-receptor antagonist BQ123 attenuates the development of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in rats in vivo, thereby suggesting a possible contributing role for ET-1 and the ETA receptor in the pathogenesis of this process.
Dusty: A Teleoperated Assistive Mobile Manipulator that Retrieves Objects from the Floor (2010)

Presented at the Second International Symposium on Quality of Life Technology\nJune 28 - June 29, 2010, Las Vegas, NV.
Interactive image tools for autonomous spelling robot (2012)

This research proposes a simple but reliable command card encoding system, image recognition, and interpretation techniques for reading the command cards and a letter cube image recognition system for a two-armed autonomous spelling and cube-stacking robot. The command cards are used for issuing commands to the robot so that people can ask the robot to execute specific actions. By using unique identification marks and encoding systems, the command cards can be quickly recognized and correctly interpreted by the robot. The card is still readable even when one corner is covered by fingers. The letter cube recognition system developed in this research uses a white background inside a black square frame as the target feature. This system can identify a letter cube viewed from different angles and distances, and then recognize the letters printed on the cube by a template matching method. The two vision-recognition systems serve as reliable image interaction tools for the multifunctional robot to receive commands from the card and execute the requested actions in a fully autonomous manner.
Comparison of Different Enhanced Oil Recovery Techniques for Better Oil Productivity. (2011)

Most of the studies and reviews show that the amount of oil that can be extracted with primary drive mechanisms is about 20 – 30% and by secondary recovery can reach up to 40% but using modern enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques, recovery can reach up to 60 – 65%. These techniques of enhanced oil recovery (EOR) are essentially designed to recover oil commonly described as residual oil. The oil that cannot be extracted by primary recovery as well as secondary recovery techniques, this amount of recovery depends on the amount of oil produced from the primary recovery [1]. According to the Department of Energy U.S.A, the amount of oil produced worldwide is only one third of the total oil available. So by using the EOR techniques we will be able to produce more oil as the demand increase while we have a shortage in the supply. The project is research and experiment based on the advancement in enhanced oil recovery techniques, it aims reviewing the current used techniques and what are the advancements in these techniquesthat results in better production of oil. Experimenting (two of these techniques; direct carbon dioxide injection and WAG injection) and then comparing the laboratory results for the recovery through a series of laboratory experiments on core flooding and lastly the discussion on the obtained results.
Claudin Promotes Activation of Pro-matrix Metalloproteinase-2 Mediated by Membrane-type Matrix Metalloproteinases (2001)

Genes associated with regulation of membrane-type matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MT1-MMP)-mediated pro-MMP-2 processing were screened in 293T cells by a newly developed expression cloning method. One of the gene products, which promoted processing of pro-MMP-2 by MT1-MMP was claudin-5, a major component of endothelial tight junctions. Expression of claudin-5 not only replaced TIMP-2 in pro-MMP-2 activation by MT1-MMP but also promoted activation of pro-MMP-2 mediated by all MT-MMPs and MT1-MMP mutants lacking the transmembrane domain (DeltaMT1-MMP). A carboxyl-terminal deletion mutant of pro-MMP-2 (proDeltaMMP-2) was processed to an intermediate form by MT1-MMP in 293T cells and was further converted to an activated form by introduction of claudin-5. In contrast to the stimulatory effect of TIMP-2 on pro-MMP-2 activation by MT1-MMP, activation of pro-MMP-2 by DeltaMT1-MMP in the presence of claudin-5 and proDeltaMMP-2 processing by MT1-MMP were both inversely repressed by expression of exogenous TIMP-2. These results suggest that TIMP-2 is not involved in cluadin-5-induced pro-MMP-2 activation by MT-MMPs. Stimulation of MT-MMP-mediated pro-MMP-2 activation was also observed with other claudin family members, claudin-1, claudin-2, and claudin-3. Amino acid substitutions or deletions in ectodomain of claudin-1 abolished stimulatory effect. Direct interaction of claudin-1 with MT1-MMP and MMP-2 was demonstrated by immunoprecipitation analysis. MT1-MMP was co-localized with claudin-1 not only at cell-cell borders, but also at other parts of the cells. TIMP-2 enhanced cell surface localization of MMP-2 mediated by MT1-MMP, and claudin-1 also stimulated it. These results suggest that claudin recruits all MT-MMPs and pro-MMP-2 on the cell surface to achieve elevated focal concentrations and, consequently, enhances activation of pro-MMP-2.
Inference and Checking of Object Immutability (2016)

Reference immutability guarantees that a reference is not used to modify the referenced object. It is well-understood and there are several scalable inference systems. Object immutability, a stronger immutability guarantee, guarantees that an object is not modified. Unfortunately, object immutability is not as well-understood; specifically, we are unaware of an inference system that infers object immutability across large Java programs and libraries.
Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease after liver transplantation (1995)

We report a 57-year-old woman who died from Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease 2 years after a liver transplantation. The liver donor had no history of neurological disease. In one albumin donor, possible Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease developed 3 years later. The patient initially had cerebellar symptoms. Neuropathology included "Kuru-type" plaques and prion protein (PrP) deposits involving the cerebellum predominantly. The patient was homozygote valine at codon 129 of the PrP gene while the liver was homozygote methionine. This observation raises the possibility of transmission of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease by the graft itself or the associated albumin transfusions and, on a wider extent, by nonneural tissue.
Alluvial platinum-group minerals and gold in Alberta: results from the "Orientation Studies Project" and their significance to exploration (1997)

This project characterizes heavy mineral concentrates (HMC), gold and platinum-group minerals (PGM) in modern river placer deposits and unconsolidated paleoplacer fluvial systems. Gold and PGM grains of 25 µm and larger were recovered consistently in the field using washed/sieved material which was panned using a conical pan (metal batelle). Gold and PGM grains also were donated by individuals and mineral exploration companies. Gold morphology varies throughout the grain sizes examined (tens of micrometres to millimetres). Chemical composition ranges from electrum to gold (550-950 fineness). Rivers draining the Mid-Cretaceous Shaftesbury Formation in northeastern Alberta contain pristine-shaped gold grains encrusted with Cu-Fe and Fe-sulphides. Edmonton district preglacial to interglacial Saskatchewan sands and gravels yielded alluvial gold grains and pristine bacterial gold growths on paleoplacer gold substrates. Some homogeneous gold grains contain up to 14.1 wt.% Pt, 8.0 wt.% Pd, and 4.0 wt.% Ag. The most abundant PGM discrete phases are Pt-Fe and Os-Ir-Ru-Pt alloys, occurring as platelets, discs, rods, spheres and crystals. Compositions of the Os-Ir-Ru-Pt alloys plot in the fields of osmium, iridium, ruthenium and rutheniridasmine: these alloys also commonly contain inclusions of chalcopyrite, bornite, osmium, PGM sulphides, tellurides or arsenides. Alluvial chrome spinels also recovered from HMC from central Alberta have major and trace element compositions strongly supporting derivation from deep mantle sources. The occurrence of placer gold-PGM in gravels is uncommon worldwide; comparison to ore deposit settings globally may offer explanations.
An improved non-intrusive intelligibility metric for noisy and reverberant speech (2014)

Non-intrusive speech intelligibility metrics are based solely on the corrupted speech information and a prior model of the speech signal in a given representation. As such, any sources of variability not taken into account by the model will affect the metric's per-formance. In this paper, we investigate two sources of variability in the auditory-inspired model used by the speech-to-reverberation modulation energy ratio (SRMR) metric, namely speech content and pitch, and propose two updates that aim to reduce the variability caused by these sources. First, we limited the dynamic range of the energies in the modulation spectrum bands in order to reduce the effect of speech content and speaker variability. Second, the range of the modulation filter bank was modified to reduce the variability due to pitch. Experimental results show that the updated metric presents higher performance and lower variability relative to the original SRMR when assessing speech intelligibility in noisy and reverberant environments, as well as outperforms several standard intrusive and non-intrusive benchmark metrics.
The Peroxy Complexes of Plutonium (IV) (1949)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Peroxy Complexes of Plutonium (IV)Robert E. Connick and William H. McVeyCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1949, 71, 5, 1534–1542Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1949Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1949https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01173a003https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01173a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views176Altmetric-Citations20LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Glutamate transporters in bone. (2002)

In the central nervous system Na(+)-dependent glutamate transporters bind extracellular glutamate and transport it into cells surrounding the synapse, terminating excitatory signals. These glutamate transporters also function as ion channels. The glutamate transporter, GLAST-1, is expressed in the plasma membrane of osteoblasts and osteocytes and is the same molecular weight as in brain. Thus in bone cells GLAST-1 may transport glutamate or operate as a glutamate gated ion channel. A splice variant, GLAST-1a, is also expressed in bone. Hydropathy and Western blot analysis suggest GLAST-1a adopts a reversed orientation within the cell membrane. Sodium and potassium ion gradients drive glutamate transport but glycosylation, oxidation and phosphorylation modulate transporter activity. Reversal of GLAST-1a would alter these modifications varying its transport activity under the same ionic gradients. The significance of GLAST-1/1a in bone in vivo is unknown. GLAST-1 knockout mice show no major disruption of skeletal development but have not been investigated in detail. Glutamate affects both osteoclast and osteoblast biology and the regulation of GLAST-1 by mechanical loading in bone suggests a role for glutamate transporters in osteogenesis. Differential regulation and modification of GLAST variants may provide an intricate mechanism controlling extracellular glutamate levels and thus its downstream signalling effects in bone.
Intrinsic point defects and complexes in the quaternary kesterite semiconductor<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>Cu</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>ZnSnS</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> (2010)

Current knowledge of the intrinsic defect properties of ${\text{Cu}}_{2}{\text{ZnSnS}}_{4}$ (CZTS) is limited, which is hindering further improvement of the performance of CZTS-based solar cells. Here, we have performed first-principles calculations for a series of intrinsic defects and defect complexes in CZTS, from which we have the following observations. (i) It is important to control the elemental chemical potentials during crystal growth to avoid the formation of secondary phases such as ZnS, CuS, and ${\text{Cu}}_{2}{\text{SnS}}_{3}$. (ii) The intrinsic $p$-type conductivity is attributed to the ${\text{Cu}}_{\text{Zn}}$ antisite which has a lower formation energy and relatively deeper acceptor level compared to the Cu vacancy. (iii) The low formation energy of many of the acceptor defects will lead to the intrinsic $p$-type character, i.e., $n$-type doping is very difficult in this system. (iv) The role of electrically neutral defect complexes is predicted to be important, because they have remarkably low formation energies and electronically passivate deep levels in the band gap. For example, $[{\text{Cu}}_{\text{Zn}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+{\text{Zn}}_{\text{Cu}}^{+}]$, $[{V}_{\text{Cu}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+{\text{Zn}}_{\text{Cu}}^{+}]$, and $[{\text{Zn}}_{\text{Sn}}^{2\ensuremath{-}}+2{\text{Zn}}_{\text{Cu}}^{+}]$ may form easily in nonstoichiometric samples. The band alignment between ${\text{Cu}}_{2}{\text{ZnSnS}}_{4}$, ${\text{CuInSe}}_{2}$ and the solar-cell window layer CdS has also been calculated, revealing that a type-II band alignment exists for the $\text{CdS}/{\text{Cu}}_{2}{\text{ZnSnS}}_{4}$ heterojunction. The fundamental differences between CZTS and ${\text{CuInSe}}_{2}$ for use in thin-film photovoltaics are discussed. The results are expected to be relevant to other ${\text{I}}_{2}{\text{-II-IV-VI}}_{4}$ semiconductors.
Suppression of Plasma-Activated Factor VII Levels by Warfarin Therapy (1995)

To investigate the effect of warfarin treatment on the early phase of tissue factor-induced coagulation, we measured plasma-activated factor VII (factor VIIa) levels by a direct fluorogenic assay in 74 cardiovascular disease patients on long-term oral anticoagulation. We divided the patients into three groups based on the international normalized ratio (INR). In the patients with INR ranges of < 1.7 and 1.7 to 2.5, factor VIIa levels were 42% and 61% lower, respectively, than in age- and sex-matched controls. Factor VII coagulant activity (factor VIIc), factor VII antigen (factor VIIag), protein C, and factor X levels were also reduced to a similar extent in both groups. However, in patients with an INR > 2.5, the factor VIIa level was not decreased compared with that at an INR of 1.7 to 2.5, although the factor VIIc, factor VIIag, factor X, and protein C levels were all decreased further. Although the precise relation between the reduction of factor VIIa levels and the increase of INR requires appropriately designed long-term clinical trials, our data suggest that an INR range of 1.7 to 2.5 is sufficient for the suppression of factor VIIa. During the long-term follow-up of three patients with congenital antithrombin III or protein C deficiency, the factor VIIa level was more responsive to changes in the warfarin dose than the INR, and there were generally no corresponding changes of the thrombin-antithrombin III complex (TAT) level. However, one patient showed a transient marked increase of factor VIIa during the discontinuation of warfarin that was accompanied by an increase in TAT. Based on these findings, factor VIIa could be useful for monitoring both hypercoagulable and hypocoagulable states.
Measuring Available Bandwidth: pathChirp's Chirp Train Structure Remodeled (2008)

Measuring available bandwidth over a network path is required by many applications including end-to-end admission control and server selection. In order to measure the available bandwidth, the end hosts need network information, such as packet delay, at intermediate systems. Several techniques have been proposed to address this problem. We have selected the most recently proposed algorithm called pathChirp and proposed an alternative approach. The main goal of pathChirp is to get the delay information at the intermediate systems by using the concept of self-induced congestion (which uses chirp train packets) in order to estimate the available bandwidth. However there are scenarios where pathChirp cannot provide accurate available bandwidth. We use the pathChirp mechanism as our underlying tool and modify its structure of chirp train. In the modified structure, the rate of the odd inter-chirp packet will be the same as the rate of previous even inter-chirp packet. Additionally, rate of inter-chirp packets will be increased exponentially with even power rather than both even and odd power as done in pathChirp scheme. Purpose of this new structure is to capture more network information using three different time-shifted chirp trains, and subsequently to find a better estimate for the available bandwidth. Our theory and simulation results support this claim.
TimeMines : Constructing Timelines with Statistical Models of Word Usage (2000)

We present a system, TimeMines, that automatically generates timelines from date-tagged free text corpora. TimeMines detects, ranks, and groups semantic features based on their statistical properties. We use these features to discover sets of related stories that deal with a single topic.
Mechanical properties and structure of alpha-keratin fibres : wool, human hair, and related fibres (1997)

The mechanical properties of wool, hair and other alpha-keratin fibres represent the most important physical properties for which these fibres are used, whether this be in the manufacture of textile garments, reshaping human hair, or in the alignment of fibres in paint brushes.