gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pancreatic Cancer - New Aspects of Molecular Biology Research (2000)

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) presently has an incidence of approximately 8 to 10 cases per 100,000 citizens in European countries, and the incidence has been increasing throughout the last decades. Approximately 30,000 patients die every year from PDAC in Western Europe and most of the newly diagnosed patients present with an already unresectable tumor stage. Self-sufficiency in growth signals, insensitivity to antigrowth signals, and evasion of apoptosis are hallmarks of malignant growth. In PDAC a variety of growth factors are expressed at increased levels. For example, the concomitant presence of the EGF-receptor and its ligands EGF, TGF-alpha, and/or amphiregulin is associated with enhanced tumor aggressiveness and shorter survival periods following tumor resection. In addition, PDACs often exhibit alterations in growth inhibitory pathways such as Smad4 mutations and Smad6 and Smad7 overexpression, and evade apoptosis through p53 mutations and aberrant expression of apoptosis regulating genes such as members of the Bcl family. Taken together, the abundance of growth promoting factors and the disturbance of growth inhibitory and apoptotic pathways give pancreatic cancer cells a distinct growth advantage which clinically results in rapid tumor progression and poor survival prognosis.
Molecules of Infectious Agents as Immunomodulatory Drugs (2004)

Microbes produce a wide range of molecules that can modulate eukaryotic immune responses. These include factors that subvert protective mechanisms in order to facilitate pathogen colonization and persistence. Viral, bacterial and parasite-derived molecules have been identified that can inhibit inflammatory responses. However, in addition to the plethora of microbial factors that suppress immune responses, the most potent immune activators are also of microbial origin. These include the bacterial enterotoxins, parasite-derived excretory-secretory products and viral nucleic acids. In fact, there are examples of immune modulators that can exert either stimulatory or suppressive effects depending on the mode of delivery, dose and experimental model. There is presently great interest in the therapeutic exploitation of these factors, for example as a means to stimulate enhanced immune responses to a new generation of subunit vaccines or to inhibit deleterious immune mediated diseases. This short review, describes representative microbial immunomodulators, their modes of action and the potential for therapeutic application. Keywords: Immunomodulatory Drugs, enterotoxins, immune responses
Management of Power and Performance with Stress Memorization Technique for 45nm CMOS (2007)

The effect of stress memorization technique (SMT) in performance and power reduction is maximized by choosing the appropriate stressor with large stress change by spike RTA. 30% mobility enhancement and 60% reduction of gate leakage have been achieved simultaneously. Stress distribution in channel region for SMT is confirmed to be uniform, hence layout dependency is minimized and performance is maximized in aggressively scaled CMOS with dense gate pitch rule(190nm) in 45nm technology node.
Creep and Fatigue Behavior of SnAg Solders With Lanthanum Doping (2008)

In this paper, extensive testing was conducted to study the effects of Lanthanum (La) doping on the creep and fatigue behavior of SnAg lead free solder alloys. Variables considered in this paper include doping amount, aging temperature, and aging time. The experimental data show that rare earth element (RE) doping increases SnAg solders creep resistance by about 15%. Meanwhile, RE doping does not affect thermal aging behavior of the solder alloy. A microstructure dependent Anand viscoplastic model is proposed to capture the RE doping effect on the creep behavior. Good agreement between the model predictions and experimental data are obtained. In addition, fatigue tests were performed with bulk specimen. It is found that La doping increases the fatigue life by about five times. The optimal doping level for better fatigue performance is around 0.1%.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of N‐Substituted Prodigiosenes. (1986)

Abstract Novel N‐substituted prodigiosenes (VI I), (X)‐(XII), some of which have interesting pharmacological actions, but are devoid of the cytotoxic properties of the natura] series, have been "prepared.
Paclitaxel Induces Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression through Reactive Oxygen Species Production (2008)

The antineoplastic drug paclitaxel is known to block cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle through stabilization of microtubules. The development of paclitaxel resistance in tumors is one of the most significant obstacles to successful therapy. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) are important regulators of neovascularization. HIF-1 regulates VEGF expression at the transcriptional level. Here, we investigated whether paclitaxel treatment affects VEGF expression for the development of paclitaxel resistance. Paclitaxel treatment induced dose-dependent cell death and increased VEGF expression. Paclitaxel also induced nuclear factor-kappaB activation and stabilized HIF-1alpha, which stimulated luciferase activity of HIF-1alpha response element on VEGF gene. As paclitaxel treatment produced reactive oxygen species (ROS), VEGF expression was increased by H2O2 treatment and reduced by various ROS scavengers such as N-acetyl-L-cysteine, pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate and diphenylene iodonium. Paclitaxel-induced cell death was aggravated by incubation with those ROS scavengers. Collectively, this suggests that paclitaxel-induced VEGF expression could be mediated by paclitaxel-induced ROS production through nuclear factor-kappaB activation and HIF-1alpha stabilization, which could affect resistance induction to antitumor therapeutics during cancer treatment.
The Metabolic Response to Acute Traumatic Brain Injury and Implications for Nutritional Support (1999)

An overview of the metabolic response to acute traumatic brain injury is presented. The consequences of hypermetabolism, hypercatabolism, and an altered immune function are discussed. Once a person with acute traumatic brain injury develops this hyperdynamic state, the resultant excessive protein breakdown ensues. This can lead to malnutrition. The feeding methods used to prevent malnutrition are discussed, along with the proper alimentation to provide to diminish the hyperdynamic state and improve immune function.
The evolution of mean curvature in image filtering (2002)

A new formulation for inhomogeneous image diffusion is presented in which the image is regarded as a surface in 3-space. The evolution of this surface under diffusion is analyzed by classical methods of differential geometry. A nonlinear filtering theory is introduced in which only the divergence of the direction of the surface gradient is averaged. This averaging preserves edges and lines, as their direction is non-divergent, while noise is averaged since it does not have non-divergent consistency. Our approach achieves this objective by evolving the surface at a speed proportional to mean curvature leading to the minimization of the surface area and the imposition of regularity everywhere. Furthermore, we introduce a new filter that renders corners, as well as edges, invariant to the diffusion process. Experiments demonstrating the adequacy of this new theory are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Universal Framework for Analysis of Self-Replication Phenomena (2009)

In this paper, we propose definitions for a general, domain-independent concept of replicability and specifically focus on the notion of self-replication. We argue that selfreplication should not be viewed as a binary property of a system, but rather as a continuously valued property of the interaction between a system and its environment. This property, selfreplicability, represents the effect of the presence of a system upon the future presence of similar systems. We demonstrate both analytical and computational analysis of self-replicability for four distinct systems involving both discrete and continuous, formal and physical behaviors.
Google Search and Tools in a Snap (Sams Teach Yourself) (2006)

These days, nobody really wants to learn everything there is about a product like Google Tools. And even if you did, who has the time to endlessly tinker and play with it until you figure everything out? You just want a book that will quickly show you how to do things with Google Tools, like perform power searches, find pictures with Google Images,i¾ find onlinei¾ bargains with Froogle, use thei¾ Google Toolbar, and discover the world with Google Earth.i¾ Google Search and Tools in a Snap does just that. Organized into a series of well-organized, bite-sized, quickly accomplished tasks, the book lets you zero right in on the one particular task you want to accomplish, quickly figure out what to do, do it, and then get back to using the plethora of Google Tools.
Survey of software tools for evaluating reliability, availability, and serviceability (1988)

In computer design, it is essential to know the effectiveness of different design options in improving performance and dependability. Various software tools have been created to evaluate these parameters, applying both analytic and simulation techniques, and this paper reviews those related primarily to reliability, availability, and serviceability. The purpose, type of models used, type of systems modeled, inputs, and outputs are given for each package. Examples of some of the key modeling elements such as Markov chains, fault trees, and Petri nets are discussed. The information is compiled to facilitate recognition of similarities and differences between various models and tools and can be used to aid in selecting models and tools for a particular application or designing tools for future needs. Tools included in the evaluation are CARE-III, ARIES-82, SAVE, MARKl, HARP, SHARPE, GRAMP, SURF, SURE, ASSIST, METASAN, METFAC, ARM, and SUPER. Modeling tools, such as REL70, RELCOMP, CARE, CARSRA, and CAST, that were forerunners to some of the current tools are noted for their contributions. Modeling elements that have gained widespread use for general systems, as well as fault-tolerant systems, are included. Tools capable of modeling both repairable and nonrepairable systems, accepting constant or time varying failure rates, and predicting reliability, availability, and serviceability parameters are surveyed.
Hysterosalpingo contrast sonography (HyCoSy) and its future role within the investigation of infertility in Europe (1994)

Abstract An important part of any protocol for investigation of the infertile couple is the assessment of Fallopian tube patency in the woman, as this can influence the future course of treatment. X‐ray hysterosalpingography and laparoscopy and dye tubation are currently the main procedures for investigating tubal patency, but the recent development of hysterosalpingo contrast sonography (HyCoSy) may offer some benefits over these two methods. HyCoSy involves a transvaginal ultrasound investigation of the Fallopian tubes both before and after the injection of an echo‐enhancing agent into the tubes via the uterine cavity. Evidence of tubal flow with B‐mode scanning is indicative of tubal patency. Clinical data using the echo‐enhancing agent, Echovist®, in over 600 patients, in addition to technical aspects of the HyCoSy procedures are reviewed. The data presented indicate that the sensitivity and specificity of HyCoSy compare favorably with the current ‘gold standard’ techniques. HyCoSy is a safe, well‐tolerated and relatively inexpensive procedure, which can be carried out in a short time during an outpatient consultation. Combining these undoubted benefits with the clinical results obtained to date would indicate that HyCoSy has the potential to be employed as a reliable and well‐accepted procedure for assessing tubal patency as part of the investigation of infertility. Copyright © 1994 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Prognostic factors in breast cancer: a brief review. (1998)

Prognostic factors, e.g. metastatic disease, lymph node status, tumour size, histologic grade, estrogen and progesterone receptors, and markers of proliferation are used to predict the clinical course of breast cancer at the time of primary treatment. Patients with a poor prognosis are offered adjuvant therapy. For the choice of adjuvant therapy (endocrine or cytotoxic) treatment predictive factors, e.g. estrogen and progesterone receptor; are useful. Putative new prognostic factors (e.g. oncogenes, tumour suppressor genes, and invasive factors) should be evaluated together with the clinical established factors in multivariate analyses.
8‐1: Standardization of Sparkle Measurement: A Solid Basis (2018)

This paper compares three classes and six methods for evaluation of display sparkle, it provides experimental data and theoretical background for comparison of the procedures, the results and their reproducibility, the sensitivity of the approaches, and their advantages and drawbacks, in order to establish a solid basis for the ongoing standardization process.
The ubiquitin‐protein ligase E6‐associated protein (E6‐AP) serves as its own substrate (1998)

Recognition of substrate proteins by the ubiquitin-conjugation system is a highly specific and regulated event and involves the action of ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2) and ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3). However, the E2 and E3 involved in the recognition of particular substrates have been identified in only a few cases. The ubiquitin-protein ligase E6-associated protein (E6-AP) was originally identified as a protein involved in the human papillomavirus E6-oncoprotein-induced degradation of p53. The substrate proteins of E6-AP in the absence of the E6 oncoprotein, however, have not been identified. We show here that E6-AP can target itself for ubiquitination in vitro and provide evidence that, under conditions of overexpression, E6-AP efficiently promotes its own degradation in vivo. Autoubiquitination of E6-AP is mediated mainly by intermolecular transfer of ubiquitin. In addition, highly ubiquitinated forms of E6-AP cannot bind to p53 in the presence of the E6 oncoprotein and, conversely, binding of E6-AP to p53 interferes with ubiquitination of E6-AP. These results suggest that autoubiquitination and subsequent degradation of E6-AP represents a mechanism to control intracellular E6-AP levels by inactivating E6-AP molecules that are not bound to substrate proteins.
[The synthesis of beta receptor blocking substances]. (1976)

<P>Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.</P> The <span style="font-style: italic;">Cancer Awareness Measure</span> (CAM) was developed in 2007-8 to address the absence of a validated measure of general public awareness of cancer (Stubbings, S., Robb, K., Waller, J., Ramirez, A., Austoker, J., Macleod, U., Hion, S., and Wardle, J. (2009) 'Development of a measurement tool to assess public awareness of cancer', British Journal of Cancer, 101(2), S13-S17.).<br><br>The survey includes measures of awareness of signs and symptoms of cancer, cancer risk factors, age-related risk, screening programmes and potential barriers to seeing the GP. Since then, Cancer Research UK (CRUK) has significantly revised and updated the survey, including a wider range of questions and collecting data online instead of face-to-face. The CAM was also previously known as the National Awareness and Early Diagnosis Initiative Cancer Awareness Measure (NAEDI-CAM).
Open labeled, single arm trial of denture shield for the treatment of dentures. (1994)

A new denture product, Denture Shield is described. This product was designed to aid denture wearers. It results in sealing the external surfaces of denture which provides comfort, cleansability and reduces odour while the denture is under function in the mouth. A trial was conducted in which 133 persons were recruited for a four week study. Each participant was well-informed about the product benefits. A total of 71 participants completed the study. The majority of the responses were positive (62 positive responds, representing 87.3% positive). Positive responses included: improved cleansability, food not sticking to the denture, reduced odour, better fitting dentures and more denture comfort. This product is intended as an additional treatment to current denture regimen and seems to provide improved characteristics for denture wearers.
MICROSPHERE: METHODS OF PREPRATION AND APPLICATIONS; A COMPARATIVE STUDY Review Article (2011)

A well designed controlled drug delivery system can overcome the problems of convention drug therapy and gives better therapeutic efficacy of a drug. Microsphere are also undersigned as novel/controlled drug delivery system having particle size less than 200 µm. microsphere after ball bearing effects because of their spherical shape. The therapeutic efficacy of microspheres containing drug depends upon their characteristics that can be altered in required terms by altering materials, methods, polymers or techniques used. This review is concerned with microspheres as novel drug delivery system. With emphasis on preparation, application, biocompatible and their stability to obtain the required or enhanced therapeutic efficacy of a given drug, it become necessary to deliver that particular agent to the target tissues in optimal amount at right period of time with minimum toxicity/side effect. Control drug delivery system is concerned with systemic release of a pharmaceutical agent to maintain a therapeutic level of drug in body for sustained period of time. This may be achieved by incorporating the therapeutic agent into biodegradable polymers, releasing the agent continuously as matrix erodes
Selection of <i>Apis mellifera</i> workers by the parasitic mite <i>Varroa destructor</i> using host cuticular hydrocarbons (2010)

The parasitic mite, Varroa destructor, is the most important threat for apiculture in most bee-keeping areas of the world. The mite is carried to the bee brood cell, where it reproduces, by a nurse bee; therefore the selection of the bee stage by the parasite could influence its reproductive success. This study investigates the role of the cuticular hydrocarbons of the European honeybee (Apis mellifera) in host-selection by the mite. Preliminary laboratory bioassays confirmed the preference of the varroa mite for nurse bees over pollen foragers. GC-MS analysis of nurse and pollen bees revealed differences in the cuticular hydrocarbons of the two stages; in particular, it appeared that pollen bees have more (Z)-8-heptadecene than nurse bees. Laboratory experiments showed that treatment of nurse bees with 100 ng of the pure compound makes them repellent to the varroa mite. These results suggest that the mite can exploit the differences in the cuticular composition of its host for a refined selection that allows it to reach a brood cell and start reproduction. The biological activity of the alkene encourages further investigations for the development of novel control techniques based on this compound.
The Tyramine Content of Cheese (1948)

The process of cheese ripening produces a variety of nitrogenous decomposition products, some of which must exert an important influence upon the ripening process. Yet relatively little is known concerning the nature of many of these compounds, their concentration in cheese, their specific rSle in ripening, and their nutritional value. For example, information is relatively meager on the amino acids freed in cheese during ripening, and even less is known concerning the respective amines which may be formed from these amino acids.
What is the optimal means of preparing the endometrium in frozen–thawed embryo transfer cycles? A systematic review and meta-analysis (2013)

BACKGROUND Frozen-thawed embryo transfer (FET) enables surplus embryos derived from IVF or IVF-ICSI treatment to be stored and transferred at a later date. In recent years the number of FET cycles performed has increased due to transferring fewer embryos per transfer and improved laboratory techniques. Currently, there is little consensus on the most effective method of endometrium preparation prior to FET. METHODS Using both MEDLINE and EMBASE database a systematic review and meta-analysis of literature was performed. Case-series, case-control studies and articles in languages other than English, Dutch or Spanish were excluded. Those studies comparing clinical and ongoing pregnancy rates as well as live birth rates in (i) true natural cycle FET (NC-FET) versus modified NC-FET, (ii) NC-FET versus artificial cycle FET (AC-FET), (iii) AC-FET versus artificial with GnRH agonist cycle FET and (iv) NC-FET versus artificial with GnRH agonist cycle FET were included. Forest plots were constructed and relative risks or odds ratios were calculated. RESULTS A total of 43 publications were selected for critical appraisal and 20 articles were included in the final review. For all comparisons, no differences in the clinical pregnancy rate, ongoing pregnancy rate or live birth rate could be found. Based on information provided in the articles no conclusions could be drawn with regard to cancellation rates. CONCLUSIONS Based on the current literature it is not possible to identify one method of endometrium preparation in FET as being more effective than another. Therefore, all of the current methods of endometrial preparation appear to be equally successful in terms of ongoing pregnancy rate. However, in some comparisons predominantly retrospective studies were included leaving these comparisons subject to selection and publication bias. Also patients' preferences as well as cost-efficiency were not addressed in any of the included studies. Therefore, prospective randomized studies addressing these issues are needed.
Update on the Chemopreventive Effects of Ginger and its Phytochemicals (2011)

The rhizomes of Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Zingiberaceae), commonly known as ginger, is one of the most widely used spice and condiment. It is also an integral part of many traditional medicines and has been extensively used in Chinese, Ayurvedic, Tibb-Unani, Srilankan, Arabic, and African traditional medicines, since antiquity, for many unrelated human ailments including common colds, fever, sore throats, vomiting, motion sickness, gastrointestinal complications, indigestion, constipation, arthritis, rheumatism, sprains, muscular aches, pains, cramps, hypertension, dementia, fever, infectious diseases, and helminthiasis. The putative active compounds are nonvolatile pungent principles, namely gingerols, shogaols, paradols, and zingerone. These compounds are some of the extensively studied phytochemicals and account for the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiemetic, and gastroprotective activities. A number of preclinical investigations with a wide variety of assay systems and carcinogens have shown that ginger and its compounds possess chemopreventive and antineoplastic effects. A number of mechanisms have been observed to be involved in the chemopreventive effects of ginger. The cancer preventive activities of ginger are supposed to be mainly due to free radical scavenging, antioxidant pathways, alteration of gene expressions, and induction of apoptosis, all of which contribute towards decrease in tumor initiation, promotion, and progression. This review provides concise information from preclinical studies with both cell culture models and relevant animal studies by focusing on the mechanisms responsible for the chemopreventive action. The conclusion describes directions for future research to establish its activity and utility as a human cancer preventive and therapeutic drug. The above-mentioned mechanisms of ginger seem to be promising for cancer prevention; however, further clinical studies are warranted to assess the efficacy and safety of ginger.