gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Teichoic acids: antigenic determinants, chain separation, and their location in the cell wall. (1966)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
A transistor performance figure-of-merit including the effect of gate resistance and its application to scaling to sub-0.25-μm CMOS logic technologies (1998)

This paper presents an improved figure-of-merit (FOM) for CMOS performance which includes the effect of gate resistance. Performance degradation due to resistive polysilicon gates is modeled as an additional delay proportional to the RC product of a polysilicon line. The new FOM is verified from delay measurements on inverter chains fabricated using a 0.25-/spl mu/m CMOS process. A furnace TiSi/sub 2/ process is used to underscore the effect of increased sheet resistance of narrow polysilicon lines. Excellent correlation between measured and predicted inverter chain delays is obtained over a variety of design, process and bias conditions. An expression for the gate sheet resistance requirement is derived from the new FOM. Using this expression, requirements on the gate sheet resistance are calculated corresponding to a technology roadmap for performance and oxide thickness.
Extrusion Processing Used to Convert Dead Poultry, Feathers, Eggshells, Hatchery Waste, and Mechanically Deboned Residue into Feedstuffs for Poultry (1993)

In Experiments 1 and 2, dead broilers (3 and 5 wk old) and dead turkeys (6 and 12 wk old), and broiler feathers were obtained from commercial sources and evaluated for nutritional contribution when co-extruded with soybean meal (48% CP). Samples of each age of dead birds and two feather treatments, with and without 5.13% proteolytic enzyme premix (INSTA-PRO®), were blended with soybean meal in an 25:75 ratio (wt/wt, wet basis) and processed through an INSTA-PRO® extruder. The resulting six extruded products were used in formulating isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets and were compared with a diet containing corn-soybean meal or corn-soybean meal with commercial feather meal when fed to broilers from 1 to 21 days of age. In Experiment 1, feeding diets containing dead broilers supported higher (P ≤ .05) body weight than those receiving the corn-soybean meal control diet. There was no difference (P > .05) in feed conversion. Enzyme treatment of the feathers improved growth rate but not feed conversion over the untreated feather diet in Experiment 1. In Experiment 2, dead poultry and enzyme-treated feather extruded products were good feed ingredients for broilers with feed efficiency and growth responses comparable to the corn-soybean meal control diet. In Experiments 3 and 4, centrifuged eggshells from egg-breaking plants (Source A or B), centrifuged hatchery solid (Source C or D), centrifuged hatchery solid plus liquid (Source C or D), and mechanically deboned turkey frame residue were each blended with ground corn to produce mixtures with 15 to 25% moisture and processed through an INSTA-PRO® extruder. Two experiments involving 480 Hy-Line® 36 laying hens were conducted for three 28-day periods to evaluate hen performance and egg quality when the extruded products were incorporated into the diet. No differences were found (P < .05) in egg production, egg weight, feed conversion, and egg specific gravity for all diets. The microbiological test (total aerobic count) indicated that the pre-extrusion blended mixtures had significant numbers of colony-forming units per gram of sample. The extruded products that exited from the extruder barrel were free of aerobic microorganisms. The results of these studies indicated that high temperature-short time extrusion is an alternative method for converting these poultry industry residues into feedstuffs.
The Longevity of the Immune Response to Filamentous Hemagglutinin and Pertussis Toxin in Patients with Pertussis in a Semiclosed Community (1992)

Titers of antibodies to the filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) and pertussis toxin (PT) of Bordetella pertussis were studied in patients from a semiclosed community after an outbreak of the disease in 1985 and in the general population. In convalescent-phase serum obtained after B. pertussis infection in patients in the semiclosed community, high anti-FHA IgG and anti-PT IgG titers were observed; these titers tended to disappear over the next 5 years. On the other hand, among the medical staff, high anti-FHA and anti-PT IgG titers persisted during the same 5-year period. It seems likely that anti-FHA and anti-PT IgG levels reflect the frequency of exposure to the bacteria and that B. pertussis is widespread in the Japanese population. Although the anti-FHA IgG antibody response decreased in patients from the semiclosed community, the cellular immune response was maintained.
Time-domain large-signal analysis of widely tunable DBR laser diodes with periodically sampled and chirped gratings (1998)

The time-domain large-signal model is improved for analyzing the widely tunable laser diodes integrated with both active and passive sections. The wide tunability and the dynamic properties of sampled- and chirped-grating distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) laser diodes are successfully simulated using the new time-domain dynamic model.
In Vivo Inhibitory Effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus Against Pathogenic Escherichia coli in Gnotobiotic Chicks (1982)

Chicks were hatched germfree in gnotobiotic isolators to determine the inhibitory effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus towards pathogeneic Escherichia coli in vivo. Twelve trials were conducted in two flexible film isolators utilizing a total of 221 chicks. One treatment consisted of inoculating 2-day-old chicks with L. acidophilus, then challenging with pathogenic E. coli with subsequent dosing with L. acidophilus. The other treatment consisted of challenging with the E. coli at 2 days of age, then subsequently dosing with L. acidophilus. Statistical analysis of the data showed initial dosing with L. acidophilus prevented excessive mortality when chicks were challenged with E. coli. Also, continued dosing with L. acidophilus lowered the pH in the crop, cecum, and rectum whether chicks were initially given L. acidophilus or E. coli. This strain of L. acidophilus was capable of competing with E. coli in the gut of gnotobiotic chicks.
Overview of Single-phase Grid-connected Photovoltaic Systems (2015)

A still booming installation of solar photovoltaic systems has been witnessed worldwide. It is mainly driven by the demand of “clean” power generation. Grid-connected photovoltaic systems will become an even more active player in future mixed power systems, which are linked by a vast of power electronics converters. To achieve reliable and efficient power generation from photovoltaic systems, stringent demands have been imposed on the entire photovoltaic system. In return, it advances the development of power converter technology in photovoltaic systems. This article thus takes an overview of the advancement of power electronics converters in single-phase photovoltaic systems, being commonly used in residential applications. Demands to single-phase grid-connected photovoltaic systems as well as the general system control strategies are also addressed in this article.
Secure and Efficient <i>k</i> NN Classification for Industrial Internet of Things (2020)

The k-nearest neighbors (kNN) classification has been widely used for defective product identification and anomaly detection in the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT). In this article, we propose a secure and efficient distributed kNN classification algorithm (SEED-kNN) to prevent information and control flow exposure while supporting large-scale data classification on distributed servers. Specifically, we first design a secure and efficient vector homomorphic encryption (VHE) scheme by constructing a key-switching matrix and a noise matrix for data encryption. Based on the designed VHE, SEEDkNN is proposed to efficiently achieve the confidentiality of data flow, kNN query, and class label, while enabling homomorphic operations on the encrypted data. Moreover, by leveraging the Map/Reduce architecture, SEED-kNN enables the kNN classification over the large-scale encrypted data on distributed servers for industrial control systems. Finally, we demonstrate that SEEDkNN achieves semantic security and high classification accuracy, and is applicable in IIoT due to its high efficiency.
Fabrication of Silver Patterns on Polyimide Films Based on Solid-Phase Electrochemical Constructive Lithography Using Ion-Exchangeable Precursor Layers (2011)

We report a fully additive-based electrochemical approach to the site-selective deposition of silver on a polyimide substrate. Using a cathode coated with ion-doped precursor polyimide layers, patterns of metal masks used as anodes were successfully reproduced at the cathode-precursor interface through electrochemical and ion-exchange reactions, which resulted in the generation of silver patterns on the polyimide films after subsequent annealing and removal from the substrate. Excellent interfacial adhesion was achieved through metal nanostructures consisting of interconnecting silver nanoparticles at the metal-polymer interface, which are electrochemically grown "in" the precursor layer. This approach is a resist- and etch-free process and thus provides an effective methodology toward lower-cost and high-throughput microfabrication.
Carrier-Mediated intestinal Transport of Drugs (1998)

Recent advances in the field of carrier-mediated intestinal absorption of of amino acids, oligopeptides, monosaccharides, monocarboxylic acids, phosphate, bile acids and several water-soluble vitamins across brush-border and basolateral membranes are summarized. An understanding of the molecular and functional characteristics of the intestinal membrane transporters will be helpful in the utilization of these transporters for the enhanced oral delivery of poorly absorbed drugs. Some successful examples of the synthesis of prodrugs recognized by the targeted transporters are described. Functional expression of the multidrug resistance gene product, P-glycoprotein, as a primary active transporter in the intestinal brush-border membrane leads to net secretion of some drugs such as anticancer agents in the blood-to-luminal direction, serving as a secretory detoxifying mechanism and as a part of the absorption barrier in the intestine.
One Mask Process For Stress-buffer And Passivation Applications Using Photosensitive Benzocyclobutene (1997)

Large die such as SRAMs and DRAMS are subject to significant strcsses resulting from ihe differences in the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE mismatch) of the die and packaging materials. The use of polymer a buffering medium between these two materials has bccn widely practiced in the industry to increase the I-eliability of these devices. This layer must be pattemed to allow clcctrical connection to the bond pads (SO ~ 250 ptn openings). In many of the newer devices, smaller windows (<IO pn) must also be opcncd up to allow access to other structures, such as “fusc links”, which arc used to reroute or reconfigure inactive circuits. This need for higher resolution polynicr layers, as well ;is the desire for shorter processing cycles, has moved the industry away from the use of wet etch polynierc toward photoscnsitivc materials. Traditional wafer level processing of memory dic has rcquired ti two mask operation for patterning features in the underlying primary passivation laycr (commonly SiRN4) followcd by coating and patteming of the polymer stress-buffer layer. A one mask manufacturing process has been developed using Photosensitive 15enzocyclobutene (Photo-BCB) for opening up features (bond pads and fuse links) in both layers using the polymer laycr 21s a pcrnm;mcnt etch mask for the Si3N4. This results in a significant reduction in both the number of processing steps and the processing time, versus the traditional two mask process, and therefore, significantly lowers the cost of ownership for passivationistrcss~buff‘cr layers.
A flexible futility monitoring method with time-varying conditional power boundary (2010)

Background In an ongoing multi-center randomized control clinical trial, the Carotid Occlusion Surgery Study (COSS), the study protocol specifies multiple interim analyses whose results will be reviewed by an independent DSMB to determine if the trial needs to be stopped early due to either efficacy or futility. Conditional power is used as the decision rule for the DSMB to recommend stopping the trial for futility. An aggressive rule for futility stopping sets a relatively high threshold for the conditional power which may result in significant loss of overall power of the study. A conservative rule using a lower threshold may not be able to stop the trial early when there is indeed no treatment efficacy. Purpose The goal of this article is to develop a flexible futility monitoring plan with a time-varying conditional power boundary that maintains the overall power of the study well, but has a better chance to stop the trial earlier for futility compared to a futility stopping rule with a fixed value for the minimum conditional power to continue. Methods The conditional power boundary for futility is developed using the β-spending function method for sequential test statistics and assuming no interim analysis for efficacy. It is then modified to account for the repeated interim analyses for efficacy. Results Simulation studies that mirror the design of the COSS trial show that the proposed method with sample size calculated without considering interim analyses will maintain the designed size and power well when the designed effect size holds, but will have a better chance to exit the trial earlier if the true effect size is smaller than the designed size such that it is not clinically meaningful to conduct the trial. Limitations The method is valid for sequential test statistics that constitute of a stochastic process which approximates the Brownian motion. It is not applicable to the monitored process that behaves quire differently from the Brownian motion. Conclusions The proposed conditional power method facilitates a flexible futility monitoring plan that can be easily implemented in long-term clinical trials where multiple interim analyses are required. It provides the DSMB an objective guideline to use in considering early stopping for futility. Clinical Trials 2010; 7: 209. http:// ctj.sagepub.com
The effect of local controlled release of sodium fluoride on the stimulation of bone growth (1989)

This study was performed to test the feasibility of using a biodegradable delivery system for the local controlled release of sodium fluoride as a mechanism for the stimulation of local bone growth. Sodium fluoride grains were mixed with poly-DL-lactic acid (PLA), and the mixture was then dissolved in acetone. After driving off the solvent, sheets of this material were rolled into rods 3.2 mm in diameter and 28.6 mm long. These were inserted into the intramedullary canals of the right femora of adult New Zealand White rabbits. A sham implant, made the same way but containing no fluoride, was inserted into the contralateral left leg. The effects of three different concentrations of sodium fluoride, 0.125 g NaF/g PLA, 0.250 g NaF/g PLA, and 0.500 g NaF/g PLA, were determined after a 4-week implantation period. In a second set of experiments, the concentration was fixed at 0.500 g NaF/g PLA with implantation durations of 4, 8, and 16 weeks. Expressed in terms of property ratios (experimental/control), bending strengths of the femora were significantly raised in most groups with the notable exception of Group 3 (0.500 g NaF/g PLA, 4 weeks). Cross-sectional area ratios in the distal femora were increased in all groups compared to right/left values for a normal unoperated group (p less than 0.05), with the highest ratio being 1.50 (SD = 0.44) for Group 4 (0.500 g NaF/g PLA, 8 weeks). Only Group 4 animals showed significant (p less than 0.05) increases in midshaft area ratio and none had responses proximally. Growth rates, measured by sequential fluorochrome labeling of bone followed the area ratio data and were only significant for the distal femora.
Dual-Mode Index Modulation Aided OFDM (2016)

Index modulation has become a promising technique in the context of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), whereby the specific activation of the frequency domain subcarriers is used for implicitly conveying extra information, hence improving the achievable throughput at a given bit error ratio (BER) performance. In this paper, a dual-mode OFDM technique (DM-OFDM) is proposed, which is combined with index modulation and enhances the attainable throughput of conventional index-modulation-based OFDM. In particular, the subcarriers are divided into several subblocks, and in each subblock, all the subcarriers are partitioned into two groups, modulated by a pair of distinguishable modem-mode constellations, respectively. Hence, the information bits are conveyed not only by the classic constellation symbols, but also implicitly by the specific activated subcarrier indices, representing the subcarriers' constellation mode. At the receiver, a maximum likelihood (ML) detector and a reduced-complexity near optimal log-likelihood ratio-based detector are invoked for demodulation. The minimum distance between the different legitimate realizations of the OFDM subblocks is calculated for characterizing the performance of DM-OFDM. Then, the associated theoretical analysis based on the pairwise error probability is carried out for estimating the BER of DM-OFDM. Furthermore, the simulation results confirm that at a given throughput, DM-OFDM achieves a considerably better BER performance than other OFDM systems using index modulation, while imposing the same or lower computational complexity. The results also demonstrate that the performance of the proposed low-complexity detector is indistinguishable from that of the ML detector, provided that the system's signal to noise ratio is sufficiently high.
Oversampling parallel delta-sigma modulator A/D conversion (1996)

Conventional delta-sigma analog-to-digital converters (/spl Delta//spl Sigma/ADC's) are widely used in low-bandwidth applications such as high-fidelity audio processing because they offer high-precision conversion yet are amenable to implementation using fine-line VLSI processes optimized for digital circuitry. However, their oversampling requirement so far has prevented their widespread application to higher bandwidth applications such as video processing. This paper extends a recently developed delta-sigma ADC architecture called the pi-delta-sigma ADC (/spl Pi//spl Delta//spl Sigma/ADC) that consists of multiple /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ modulator channels operating in parallel without time-interleaving. The extension developed in this paper allows for oversampling to be combined with parallelism such that an M-channel system with an oversampling ratio of N can achieve a conversion performance close to that of a conventional /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ADC with an oversampling ratio of M/spl times/N. Thus, for a given conversion precision, the architecture offers relaxed oversampling relative to conventional /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ADCs in return for increased analog circuit area. Moreover, as will be shown, the /spl Pi//spl Delta//spl Sigma/ADC retains much of the robustness of conventional /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ADC's with respect to nonideal circuit behavior.
Application of Small Interfering RNA (siRNA) for Modulation of Airway Epithelial Gene Expression (2005)

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was developed as a novel tool to inhibit gene function in human disease. The aim of the present study was to modify the function of NF-kappaB in airway epithelial cells by application of siRNA. 1HAEo cells were transfected with siRNA directed to the p65 subunit of NF- kappaB (siRNA.p65). Application of siRNA.p65 caused decreased levels of p65 mRNA or protein after 72 hours, as determined by quantitative RT-PCR or Western blot analysis. The tumor necrosis factor- alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced release of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8 was significantly inhibited by the application of siRNA.p65. Well-differentiated primary cells were resistant to transfection with siRNA.p65. However, when undifferentiated primary cells were transfected, an effect of the siRNA could still be observed when the cells were differentiated in an air-liquid interface culture system. In conclusion, siRNA can be used to regulate the activity of NF-kappaB in airway epithelial cells.
Influence of Electric Charge and Humidity Upon the Diffusion Coefficient of Radon Decay Products (1979)

The diffusivity of freshly formed thoron decay products was studied under a variety of conditions with respect to relative humidity and electric charge and over a range of thoron concentrations from 340 nCi/l to 3.4 × I05 nCi/l. 85–88% of ThB(212Pb) atoms carried a positive charge when formed. In moist air (30% < relative humidity < 90%) the diffusivity of the positively charged ThB atoms was 0.068 0.004 cm2/sec; it was the same for neutral ThB atoms, regardless of humidity. In very dry air, the diffusivity of the charged atoms could not be established unequivocally, but it was about 0.024 cm2/sec.
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 infection: overview on relevant clinico‐pathological features* (2007)

Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 (HSV-1) is a nuclear replicating enveloped virus, usually acquired through direct contact with infected lesions or body fluids (typically saliva). The prevalence of HSV-1 infection increases progressively from childhood, the seroprevalence being inversely related to socioeconomic background. Primary HSV-1 infections in children are either asymptomatic or following an incubation period of about 1 week gives rise to mucocutaneous vesicular eruptions. Herpetic gingivostomatitis typically affects the tongue, lips, gingival, buccal mucosa and the hard and soft palate. Most primary oro-facial HSV infection is caused by HSV-1, infection by HSV-2 is increasingly common. Recurrent infections, which occur at variable intervals, typically give rise to vesiculo-ulcerative lesions at mucocutaneous junctions particularly the lips (herpes labialis). Recurrent HSV-1 infection within the mouth is uncommon in otherwise healthy patients, although in immunocompromised patients, recurrent infection can be more extensive and/or aggressive. The diagnosis of common herpetic infection can usually be based upon the clinical history and presenting features. Confirmatory laboratory diagnosis is, however, required when patients are, or may be, immunocompromised.
Gnathic Bones and Hyperparathyroidism: A Review on the Metabolic Bony Changes Affecting the Mandible and Maxilla in case of Hyperparathyroidism (2020)

Parathyroid glands secrete the parathyroid hormone that plays an essential role in bone remodeling. Excessive production of parathyroid hormone causes a common metabolic bone disorder known as hyperparathyroidism that is classified into primary, secondary, or tertiary. In hyperparathyroidism, the late bony complication is manifested as a giant cell osteolytic lesion called "brown tumor." Primary hyperparathyroidism is usually a sporadic disorder, but in minority of cases it occurs in inherited forms, and one of these forms is the hyperparathyroidism-jaw tumor syndrome, which is characterized by primary hyperparathyroidism and ossifying fibroma in the mandible and/or maxilla.