gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Efficient Synthesis of Antibiotic SF-2312 (3-Dihydroxyphosphoryl-1,5-dihydroxy-2-pyrrolidone) (2010)

pent-4-enamide (6) was prepared from ethyl diethoxyphosphorylacetate in a 3-step sequence.Oxidative cleavage of the terminal olefin of 6 with osmium tetroxide and sodium periodate afforded 1-benzyloxy-3-diethoxyphosphoryl-5-hydroxy-2-pyrrolidone (7).The first synthesis of racemic SF-2312 was achieved by treatment of 7 with trimethylsilyl bromide, followed by hydrogenolysis.Phosphonic acid antibiotics containing a hydroxamic acid function have attracted considerable interest in medicinal chemistry because of their antimicrobial activities.For example, fosmidomycin (1) 1 and its N-acetyl analog FR-900098 (2), 2 isolated from Streptomyces lavendulae and S. rubellomurinus sp., respectively, were found to be potent inhibitors for the 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase. 3In recent years, a number of analogs of these compounds have been synthesized owing to the investigation of structure-activity relationships and development of antimalarial agents. 4,5 Meanwhile, SF-2312 (3), a phosphonic acid antibiotic active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, was isolated from Micromonospora sp. 6,7Despite its unique structure in having a 1,5-dihydroxy-2-pyrrrolidone ring, attempts at preparation of 3 and the assignment of the stereochemistry have not been made so far.We describe herein the first, efficient synthesis of racemic SF-2312 (3) as a preliminary study for asymmetric synthesis of 3.
Unesterified long‐chain fatty acids inhibit thyroid hormone binding to the nuclear receptor (1989)

Unesterified long-chain fatty acids strongly inhibited thyroid hormone (T3) binding to nuclear receptors extracted from rat liver, kidney, spleen, brain, testis and heart. Oleic acid was the most potent inhibitor, attaining 50% inhibition at 2.8 microM. Oleic acid similarly inhibited the partially purified receptor and enhanced dissociation of the preformed T3-receptor complex. The fatty acid acted in a soluble form and in a competitive manner for the T3-binding sites, thereby reducing the affinity of the receptor for T3. The affinity of the receptor for oleic acid (Ki) was 1.0 microM. In HTC rat hepatoma cells in culture, fatty acids added to the medium reached the nucleus and inhibited nuclear T3 binding; oleic acid being the most potent. T3 binding of the cells was reversibly restored in fresh medium free of added fatty acids. Oleic acid did not affect all the T3-binding sites in the HTC cells: one form (80%) was inhibited and the other was not and these two forms were commonly present in all rat tissues examined. Thus, fatty acids inhibited the solubilized nuclear receptor as well as a class of nuclear T3-binding sites in cells in culture.
Gas-Solid Chromatography of Hydrocarbons on Activated Alumina. Effect of Carrier Gas on Retention Time and Column Efficency. (1966)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTGas-Solid Chromatography of Hydrocarbons on Activated Alumina. Effect of Carrier Gas on Retention Time and Column Efficency.R. L. Hoffmann and C. D. EvansCite this: Anal. Chem. 1966, 38, 10, 1309–1312Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1966Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1966https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60242a006https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60242a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views58Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Image Appearance Modeling (2007)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction From simple to complex color appearance Image appearance modeling The general iCAM framework for image appearance An implementation of image appearance for calculating image differences Conclusions and future considerations References
Monodisperse Gold–Copper Bimetallic Nanocubes: Facile One‐Step Synthesis with Controllable Size and Composition (2010)

Precision preparation: A facile, one-step, polyol protocol has been developed to prepare monodisperse, single-crystalline Au–Cu bimetallic nanocubes. Through the careful adjustment of the reaction parameters, both the dimensions of the nanocubes (two examples with edge lengths of 23 and 5 nm are shown) and their gold and copper stoichiometry can be controlled. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Comfrey root: from tradition to modern clinical trials (2012)

Comfrey (Symphytum officinale L.) has been used over many centuries as a medicinal plant. In particular, the use of the root has a longstanding tradition. Today, several randomised controlled trials have demonstrated the efficacy and safety. Comfrey root extract has been used for the topical treatment of painful muscle and joint complaints. It is clinically proven to relieve pain, inflammation and swelling of muscles and joints in the case of degenerative arthritis, acute myalgia in the back, sprains, contusions and strains after sports injuries and accidents, also in children aged 3 years and older. This paper provides information on clinical trials, non-interventional studies and further literature published on comfrey root till date.
Hip-simulator ranking of polyethylene wear:Comparisons between ceramic heads of different sizes (1996)

We carried out simulator studies on ceramic-polyethylene total-hip combinations to determine the volumetric wear-rates of 22 mm, 26 mm and 28 mm femoral-head sizes. Bovine-serum lubrication and 2 kN peak sinusoidal load-profile were used with poly-ethylene (UHMWPE) cups. Wear was assessed by gravimetric technique. Precision (9%) was ensured by the use of multiple specimens, multiple wear-events, and the linear-regression method of estimating the average wear trend, thereby reducing the inherent, unpredictable nature of each wear-event. Volumetric wear-rates for polyethylene averaged 23 mm3 per 106 cycles for the 22 mm ceramic head and up to 32 mm3 per 106 cycles for the 28 mm head. The difference between 22 mm and the larger head-sizes was significant. This may well be the first laboratory confirmation of Charnley's original clinical Low-Friction Arthroplasty concept with regard to wear rate. The wear penalty increased linearly at the rate of 6% to 9% per mm of diameter increase.
Centrifugation: Essential Data (1994)

Centrifugation D. Rickwood, T.C. Ford and J. Steensgaard Centrifugation is at the center of most fractionation methods in a wide range of disciplines. This volume provides the core data required by researchers carrying out any centrifugal separation, whether working with cells, organelles or macromolecules. The Essential Data Series provides rapid access to the core data required by researchers on a daily basis, in convenient pocket-sized volumes.
Cyclooxygenase Involvement in Thromboxane-Dependent Contraction in Rat Mesenteric Resistance Arteries (2004)

The influence of cyclooxygenase pathway activation following thromboxane-endoperoxide (TP) receptor stimulation was studied in rat mesenteric resistance arteries (n=6 to 10 per group). We studied isolated, perfused, and pressurized mesenteric resistance arteries (mean internal diameter 214 microm) using an arteriograph, enabling us to study arteries in physiological conditions of flow and pressure. Changes in diameter were continuously recorded, and contractions measured as internal diameter reduction. Release of cyclooxygenase pathway metabolites was also assessed by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) analysis of mesenteric bed perfusions. The thromboxane A2 (TxA2) analog U-46619 (1 micromol/L) induced a significant contraction (108 microm maximal diameter reduction). Inhibition by 3 chemically different cyclooxygenase inhibitors (ie, flurbiprofen, indomethacin, and aspirin) potently reduced the contraction to 27%, 25%, and 6% of control, respectively. The selective cyclooxygenase-1 inhibitor SC-58560 inhibited U-46619 contraction, whereas selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibition (SC-58236) had no effect. Thromboxane synthase inhibition (furegrelate) did not affect U-46619-induced contraction, but it was reduced by cytosolic phospholipase A2 inhibition. Measurement of cyclooxygenase derivatives produced by the isolated mesenteric bed showed that PGE2 was produced after TxA2-receptor stimulation with U-46619. Exogenous prostaglandin E2 (in the presence of the TxA2 receptor antagonist SQ 29 548) and U-46619 contracted mesenteric arteries with a similar potency (EC50: 0.30 and 0.48 micromol/L, respectively). This study provides the first evidence that TxA2-receptor-dependent contraction in a resistant artery involved cyclooxygenase stimulation and, at least in part, a PGE2 formation. This mechanism of TxA2-dependent contraction in resistant arteries might be of importance in the understanding of diseases affecting resistant arteries and involving TxA2, such as hypertension.
Phenotypic modulation of keratins, vimentin, and α‐fetoprotein in cultured rat liver epithelial cells after chemical, oncogene, and spontaneous transformation (1994)

Several lines of evidence have indicated that rat liver epithelial (RLE) cell lines may be related to a dormant stem cell compartment in the liver in vivo. We have demonstrated that keratin 14 (K14) is expressed together with vimentin in undifferentiated RLE cells. However, upon spontaneous transformation and differentiation to hepatoblast-like progeny the expression of these intermediate filaments (IF) is abrogated, while expression of another set of genes, among others keratin 18 (K18) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), is induced (Bisgaard et al., 1994, J. Cell. Physiol., in press). To better understand the mechanisms underlying IF expression during transformation and differentiation of RLE cells we examined the expression and regulation of IFs in clonal cell lines of chemically, oncogene, and spontaneously transformed RLE cells and their resulting tumors. These clonal lines provided a wide variety of tumor phenotypes including trabecular, solid and tubular adenocarcinomas, undifferentiated carcinomas, and spindle cell carcinomas. Northern blot analysis of the cell lines confirmed the differential expression of IF mRNAs. While keratin 8 (K8) was expressed at similar steady-state levels in all cell lines, K14 and vimentin but not K18 were expressed in the majority of cell lines chemically transformed with aflatoxin B1 or by transduction of oncogenes. In contrast, cell lines transformed spontaneously by prolonged passage in vitro expressed K18, while K14 and vimentin were absent. The keratin expression pattern in vitro was retained in the majority of the resulting tumors. However, the keratins expressed in vitro did not accurately predict the tumor phenotype in vivo. In particular, in tumors typed morphologically as adenocarcinomas, the keratin pair typically expressed in chemically transformed tumor cells was K8/K14, whereas K8/K18 was expressed in the tumors derived from spontaneously transformed cell lines. Finally we showed by nuclear run-on and in vitro translation analyses that the expression of K14, K18, and vimentin in transformed RLE cell lines was regulated at the transcriptional level, whereas that of K8 appeared to be posttranslational. These findings suggest that events controlling the differential expression of IF genes are involved in the processes leading to transformation and differentiation of the RLE cell lines. We conclude that the transformed RLE cell lines provide a valuable model to further examine the regulatory mechanisms involved in hepatic differentiation of undifferentiated "progenitor-like" RLE cells.
Quality improvement of LPC-processed noisy speech by using spectral subtraction (1989)

Numerous noise-suppression techniques have been developed for operating at the front end of low-bit-rate digital voice terminals. Some of these techniques have been evaluated by standardized intelligibility tests such as the diagnostic rhyme test (DRT). It is well known that the use of a noise suppressor seldom improves the DRT score even though listeners have had the impression that speech quality was enhanced. Unfortunately, noise suppressors have only occasionally been evaluated by standardized quality tests. The authors supplement quality test data for reference purposes. They use the diagnostic acceptability measure (DAM) to evaluate speech quality of the latest 2400-b/s linear-predictive coder (LPC) with a noise suppressor at the front end. They used a spectral subtraction technique for noise suppression. Ten different sets of noisy speech recorded at actual military platforms (such as a helicopter, tank, turboprop, helicopter carrier, or jeep) were input sources. The magnitude of the DAM improvement is substantial: as much as six points on the average, which is large enough to upgrade speech quality somewhat.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Distributed avatar management for Second Life (2009)

Second Life (SL) is currently the most popular social virtual world, i.e., a digitalization of the real world where avatars can meet, socialize and trade. SL is managed through a Client/Server (C/S) architecture with a very high cost and limited scalability. A scalable and cheap alternative to C/S is to use a Peer-to-Peer (P2P) approach, where SL users rely only on their own resources (storage, CPU and bandwidth) to run the virtual world. We develop a SL client that allows its users to take advantage of a P2P network structured as a Delaunay overlay. We compare the performance of a P2P and C/S architecture for Second Life, executing several instances of our client over Planetlab and populating a SL region with our controlled avatars. Avatar mobility traces collected in SL are used to drive avatar behaviors. The results show that P2P improves user experience by about 20% compared to C/S (measured in term of consistency). Avatar interactivity is also 5 times faster in P2P than in C/S.
Analysis of Information Management and Scheduling Technology in Hadoop (2014)

Development of big data computing has brought many changes to society and social life is constantly digitized. 'How to handle vast amounts of data' has become a more and more fashionable topic. Hadoop is a distributed computing software framework, which includes HDFS and MapReduce distributed computing method, make distributed processing huge amounts of data possible. Then job scheduler determines the efficiency of Hadoop clusters and user experience. Under the premise of familiar with the mechanism of Hadoop's running tasks, make a full analysis of the existing Hadoop task scheduling algorithm, such as FIFO-Scheduler, Capacity -Scheduler, FairShare-Scheduler and LATE-Scheduler, found that the existing scheduling algorithms do not perceive the performance of the computing node, so that it cannot assign different tasks depending on the machine performance in heterogeneous Hadoop cluster.
UNIMARC and linked data (2011)

The main objective of this paper is to present arguments for and recommendations to representing UNIMARC formats for bibliographic and authority data in RDF (Resource Description Framework), the W3C standard for structuring data in Semantic Web and Linked Data environment. This is a continuation of the work already started by IFLA’s respective groups in representing International Standard Bibliographic Description, and conceptual models Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records, Functional Requirements for Authority Data and Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Data. The authors highly recommend that the Permanent UNIMARC Committee propose to IFLA the funding of the development of UNIMARC representation in RDF as a research and development project.
Flexible Inner-Outer Krylov Subspace Methods (2002)

Flexible Krylov methods refers to a class of methods which accept preconditioning that can change from one step to the next. Given a Krylov subspace method, such as CG, GMRES, QMR, etc. for the solution of a linear system Ax=b, instead of having a fixed preconditioner M and the (right) preconditioned equation AM-1y = b (Mx =y), one may have a different matrix, say Mk, at each step. In this paper, the case where the preconditioner itself is a Krylov subspace method is studied. There are several papers in the literature where such a situation is presented and numerical examples given. A general theory is provided encompassing many of these cases, including truncated methods. The overall space where the solution is approximated is no longer a Krylov subspace but a subspace of a larger Krylov space. We show how this subspace keeps growing as the outer iteration progresses, thus providing a convergence theory for these inner-outer methods. Numerical tests illustrate some important implementation aspects that make the discussed inner-outer methods very appealing in practical circumstances.
Three-dimensional image compression with integer wavelet transforms (2000)

A three-dimensional (3-D) image-compression algorithm based on integer wavelet transforms and zerotree coding is presented. The embedded coding of zerotrees of wavelet coefficients (EZW) algorithm is extended to three dimensions, and context-based adaptive arithmetic coding is used to improve its performance. The resultant algorithm, 3-D CB-EZW, efficiently encodes 3-D image data by the exploitation of the dependencies in all dimensions, while enabling lossy and lossless decompression from the same bit stream. Compared with the best available two-dimensional lossless compression techniques, the 3-D CB-EZW algorithm produced averages of 22%, 25%, and 20% decreases in compressed file sizes for computed tomography, magnetic resonance, and Airborne Visible Infrared Imaging Spectrometer images, respectively. The progressive performance of the algorithm is also compared with other lossy progressive-coding algorithms.
Ophthalmic Toxicology (1999)

Thoroughly revised and updates, this new edition of Ophthalmic Toxicology retains its uniqueness in covering all aspects of ophthalmic toxicology. With chapters from leading authorities incorporating the latest developments in the field, including a new chapter on the molecular basis of ophthalmic toxicity, this edition covers such topics as:*t
770. Amino-oxy-derivatives. Part III. Dihydrotriazines and related heterocycles (1962)

P. Mamalis, J. Green, D. J. Outred and M. Rix, J. Chem. Soc., 1962, 3915 DOI: 10.1039/JR9620003915
Synthesis and characterization of a novel cholesterol nitroxide spin label. Application to the molecular organization of human high-density lipoprotein (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and characterization of a novel cholesterol nitroxide spin label. Application to the molecular organization of human high-density lipoproteinJohn F. W. Keana, Toshinari Tamura, Debra A. McMillen, and Patricia C. JostCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 16, 4904–4912Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00406a039https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00406a039research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views153Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and high spin-polarization ratio in epitaxial Fe-N thin films (2011)

We have demonstrated a general framework for realizing and modulating perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in a rare-earth-element and heavy-metal-free material system. Using GaAs(001)/Fe(001) template, we have developed a synthesis scheme to produce epitaxial body center tetragonal Fe-N with (001) texture. By varying the N doping concentration, the crystal tetragonality ($c$/$a$) can be tuned in a relatively wide range. It is found that the Fe-N layer developed a strong perpendicular magnetic crystalline anisotropy (MCA) as it approaches the iron nitride interstitial solubility limit. Further annealing significantly improves the MCA due to the formation of chemically ordered Fe${}_{16}$N${}_{2}$. In addition to realizing an MCA up to 10${}^{7}$ erg/cm${}^{3}$, the spin polarization ratio ($P$ \ensuremath{\sim} 0.52), as probed directly by a point-contact Andreev reflection (PCAR) method, even shows a moderate increase in comparison with normal metal Fe ($P$ \ensuremath{\sim} 0.45). These combined properties make this material system a promising candidate for applications in spintronic devices and also potential rare-earth-element free magnets.
Management of Articular Cartilage Defects of the Knee (2012)

Articular cartilage injuries of the knee present a difficult clinical dilemma and their treatment is controversial. Hyaline articular cartilage is an avascular, low-friction, and wear-resistant weightbearing surface that has limited capacity for self-repair. The optimal treatment for cartilage lesions has yet to be established. Various treatment methods are employed to reestablish a stable cartilage surface, including microfracture, autologous and allograft osteochondral transplantation, autologous chondrocyte implantation, matrix-associated chondrocyte implantation, and scaffold-assisted methods. Treatment algorithms help to guide physicians' decision making in the care of these injuries. In this article, results from outcomes studies as well as prospective randomized clinical trials comparing treatment methods are reviewed, and current practice guidelines are summarized.