gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Engaging Multiple Actors in Large-Scale Transport Infrastructure Project Appraisal: An Application of MAMCA to the Case of HS2 High-Speed Rail (2018)

The most widespread approach to transport appraisal is to combine cost-benefit analysis (CBA) with environmental assessments and public consultations. However, large-scale transport projects such as the HS2 high-speed rail system in the UK seem to have pushed this approach beyond its limits, leading to broad discontent with the appraisal process. There is a need both to develop new methods capable of integrating a wide range of perspectives in a systematic manner and to test these for large-scale projects. Multicriteria analysis (MCA) has proven useful in supporting transport decision-making by including a broader set of criteria in the appraisal process. Multiactor multicriteria analysis (MAMCA) has extended this approach to include multiple actors and stakeholders in the judgment and decision-making process. This paper builds on the MAMCA method and demonstrates its practicability and usability by applying it to the case of HS2. The purpose of this paper is not to reach a definitive conclusion on the desirability of various project options, but to complement existing transport appraisal methods by making different perspectives explicit. For example, the results for this case show contrasting views for different groups of transport professionals: a favorable assessment of HS2 among transport planners employed in government, but an unfavorable assessment among transport researchers with a background in sustainability. In terms of contribution to the development of data collection methods, this research demonstrates the usefulness of conducting semistructured interviews in conjunction with an online questionnaire for the assessment and weighting process within MCA. Because MCA results are expressed in terms of relative desirability of projects, the approach also effectively systematizes the inclusion and assessment of multiple options. Overall, the proposed method enhances the capacity to analyze conflicting views in large-scale transport project appraisal processes.
Magnetophoretic Continuous Purification of Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes from Catalytic Impurities in a Microfluidic Device (2007)

A magnetophoretic continuous purification method is presented of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) from the superparamagnetic iron-catalyst impurities in a microfluidic device without any influence on inherent SWCNT properties. By employing microfluidics and a magnetic-field-induced saw-tooth nickel microstructure, a highly enhanced magnetic force in adjoining microchannels is exploited. The iron impurities of SWCNTs are attracted towards areas of higher magnetic-flux density in the microchannels where magnetic field was asymmetrically generated perpendicularly to the streamline. We obtained highly purified SWCNTs at a rate of 0.36 mg h(-1) and that are estimated to be about 99% purity.
Characterization of three cDNA species encoding plastid RNA polymerase sigma factors in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>: evidence for the sigma factor heterogeneity in higher plant plastids (1997)

By database search analysis, we identified three Arabidopsis EST (Expression Sequence Tag) entries having similarity to eubacterial RNA polymerase sigma factors. cDNA clones corresponding to these partial sequences were isolated, and the complete nucleotide sequences were determined. All three sequences encode proteins highly homologous to cyanobacterial and plastid sigma factors, and the gene products have N-terminal extensions which are assumed to function as plastid-targeting transit peptides. Thus we have concluded that the gene products are RNA polymerase sigma factors of plastids, and named sigA, sigB and sigC, respectively. Expression of these genes was analyzed by RNA gel-blot analysis and shown to be induced by illumination after a short-term dark adaptation. This strongly suggests that light regulation of the nuclear encoded sigma factor genes is involved in light-dependent activation of plastid promoters.
Synthesis, Structure Determination, and Reactivity of <i>C</i><sub>2</sub>-Symmetrical Ethylene-Bridged <i>ansa</i>-Bis(DiMeBCOCp)titanium Dichlorides (1996)

The bridging of C2-symmetric 8,10-dimethyltricyclo[5.2.2.02,6]-2,5-undecadiene (DMeBCOCpH) by silicon, methylene, and ethylene was investigated. The dimethylsilyl-bridged bis(BCOCp) ligand was accessible but could not be converted to its titanium, zirconium, or niobium chloride complexes. 8,10-Dimethyl-4-(1-methylethylidene)tricyclo[5.2.2.02,6]-2,5-undecadiene (DMeBCOCp-dimethylfulvene) was formed, but did not react with cyclopentadienyl anions. A regioisomeric mixture of 1,2-bis[(1R,7R,8R,10R)-8,10-dimethyltricyclo[5.2.2.02,6]-2,5-undecadienyl]ethane [en(DMeBCOCpH)] ligands could be formed and metalated to form (+)-[ethylene-1,2-bis[η5-(1R,7R,8R,10R)-8,10-dimethyltricyclo[5.2.2.02,6]-2,5-undecadien-4-yl]]titanium dichloride [(+)-β,β-en(DMeBCOCp)2TiCl2, (+)-11] along with its α,α- and α,β-bridged regioisomeric titanocene dichlorides. (+)-11 is unique in that it is a chiral ethylene-bridged ansa-metallocene which contains only homotopic cyclopentadienyl faces. (+)-11 was characterized by X-ray crystallography and was applied as a catalyst for the enantioselective isomerization of alkenes. (+)-11 was less active and less enantioselective than a known chiral ansa-bis(indenyl)titanium catalyst for the enantioselective alkene isomerization.
Comparison of Fluvoxamine alone, Fluvoxamine and cognitive psychotherapy and psychotherapy alone in the treatment of panic disorder in Kelantan--implications for management by family doctors. (2000)

This paper reports the result of a brief therapy attempt at treating panic in a busy outpatient psychiatric clinic. The patients were cases of panic referred from the various outpatient clinics within the hospital complex. The patients were divided into three groups at random using one of three modalities of treatment, i.e. cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT), CBT and Fluvoxamine (FVX), and FVX alone. The therapy was aimed for a maximum of nine sessions after which the patients were to be discharged. There were 14 patients in each group. The results show that all the groups were similar in the severity and scores pre treatment but after the different types of treatment there was a significant difference among them. The FVX alone group, showed significant improvement from the pretreatment levels but did not show as much improvement as the other groups and the mean score was only 9.07 after nine sessions. The best group was the CBT in combination with FVX. This indicates that the best way to treat panic is to combine drug treatment and psychological treatment. It is also shown from the study that the combination group requires less FVX than the FVX alone group. This finding has implications for the treatment of panic at the family physician clinic.
In-vivo activity and tolerance of conventional formulation versus fat emulsion formulation of amphotericin B in experimental disseminated candidiasis in neutropenic rabbits (1997)

Amphotericin B can cause significant toxicity but this can be reduced by direct dilution into a fat emulsion (Intralipid). To investigate the potential use of amphotericin B diluted in Intralipid, a study was made of its activity in the treatment of subacute disseminated candidiasis in persistently granulocytopenic rabbits, compared with the same dose of amphotericin B diluted in dextrose. Amphotericin-B-fat emulsion was at least as effective as amphotericin-B-dextrose. Amphotericin-B-fat emulsion was significantly more effective than amphotericin-B-dextrose therapy in reducing candida colony counts in both kidney and liver tissues (P < 0.05). Furthermore, amphotericin-B-fat emulsion was found less toxic on the renal function than conventional amphotericin B (P < 0.05). From these experimental results, we conclude that amphotericin-B-fat emulsion (Intralipid) was at least as effective and less toxic than conventional amphotericin B.
RANS predictions for high-speed flows using enveloping models (2017)

In this investigation, we outline an enveloping models methodology for estimating structural uncertainty bounds on RANS closures. This methodology incorporates both eigenvalue and eigenvector perturbations in the spectral representation of the Reynolds stress tensor. The underlying rationale of this enveloping models methodology are explicated in detail and the mathematical nuances are outlined. This methodology is validated via its application to a canonical case of separated turbulent flow, while contrasted against numerical data. It is exhibited that this procedure is able to provide prudent estimates on the uncertainty of quantities of interest. Furthermore, uncertainty bounds of engineering utility can be engendered using just two specific RANS simulations, minimizing the computational overheads associated with uncertainty estimation. Thence, this methodology is applied to a supersonic axisymmetric "submerged" jet flow. The epistemic uncertainty envelopes are contrasted against the aleatoric uncertainty bounds predicated upon the predictions of the RANS closure. The methodology is able to provide satisfactory results for this high-speed flow.
Export Markets for Poultry (1953)

(1953). Export Markets for Poultry. World's Poultry Science Journal: Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 280-285.
Isolation, purification and structure of exochelin MS, the extracellular siderophore from <i>Mycobacterium smegmatis</i> (1995)

The extracellular siderophore from Mycobacterium smegmatis, exochelin MS, was isolated from iron-deficiently grown cultures and purified to > 98% by a combination of ion-exchange chromatography and h.p.l.c. The material is unextractable into organic solvents, is basic (pI = 9.3-9.5), has a lambda max at 420 nm and a probable Ks for Fe3+ of between 10(25) and 10(30). Its structure has been determined by examination of desferri- and ferri-exochelin and its gallium complex. The methods used were electrospray-m.s. and one- and two-dimensional (NOESY, DQF-COSY and TOCSY) 1H n.m.r. The constituent amino acids were examined by chiral g.l.c analysis of N-trifluoroacetyl isopropyl and N-pentafluoropropionyl methyl esters after hydrolysis, and reductive HI hydrolysis, of the siderophore. The exochelin is a formylated pentapeptide: N-(delta-N-formyl,delta N-hydroxy-R-ornithyl) -beta-alaninyl-delta N-hydroxy-R-ornithinyl-R-allo-threoninyl-delta N-hydroxy-S-ornithine. The linkages involving the three ornithine residues are via their delta N(OH) and alpha-CO groups leaving three free alpha-NH2 groups. Although there are two peptide bonds, these involve the three R (D)-amino acids. Thus the molecule has no conventional peptide bond, and this suggests that it will be resistant to peptidase hydrolysis. The co-ordination centre with Fe3+ is hexadenate in an octahedral structure involving the three hydroxamic acid groups. Molecular modelling shows it to have similar features to other ferric trihydroxamate siderophores whose three-dimensional structures have been established. The molecule is shown to have little flexibility around the iron chelation centre, although the terminal (Orn-3) residue, which is not involved in iron binding except at its delta N atom, has more motional freedom.
Application of Mutated <i>Clostridium difficile</i> Toxin A for Determination of Glucosyltransferase-Dependent Effects (2006)

Mutation of tryptophan-101 in Clostridium difficile toxin A, a 308-kDa glucosyltransferase, resulted in a 50-fold-reduced cytopathic activity in cell culture experiments. The mutant toxin A was characterized and applied to distinguish between glucosyltransferase-dependent and -independent effects with respect to RhoB up-regulation as a cellular stress response.
Ribosomal DNA Sequencing for Identification of Aerobic Gram-Positive Rods in the Clinical Laboratory (an 18-Month Evaluation) (2003)

We have evaluated over a period of 18 months the use of 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequence analysis as a means of identifying aerobic gram-positive rods in the clinical laboratory. Two collections of strains were studied: (i) 37 clinical strains of gram-positive rods well identified by phenotypic tests, and (ii) 136 clinical isolates difficult to identify by standard microbiological investigations, i.e., identification at the species level was impossible. Results of molecular analyses were compared with those of conventional phenotypic identification procedures. Good overall agreement between phenotypic and molecular identification procedures was found for the collection of 37 clinical strains well identified by conventional means. For the 136 clinical strains which were difficult to identify by standard microbiological investigations, phenotypic characterization identified 71 of 136 (52.2%) isolates at the genus level; 65 of 136 (47.8%) isolates could not be discriminated at any taxonomic level. In comparison, 16S rDNA sequencing identified 89 of 136 (65.4%) isolates at the species level, 43 of 136 (31.6%) isolates at the genus level, and 4 of 136 (2.9%) isolates at the family level. We conclude that (i) rDNA sequencing is an effective means for the identification of aerobic gram-positive rods which are difficult to identify by conventional techniques, and (ii) molecular identification procedures are not required for isolates well identified by phenotypic investigations.
Controlled trial of a thymic hormone extract (Thymostimulin) in 'autoimmune' chronic active hepatitis. (1984)

A randomised controlled trial of thymic hormone extracts (Thymostimulin) (1 mg/kg/day for seven days; 1 mg/kg/weekly thereafter) was undertaken in 30 patients (21 women, nine men) with treated, apparently inactive 'autoimmune' chronic active hepatitis during withdrawal of maintenance corticosteroid and azathioprine therapy. Reactivation of disease occurred in 26 patients (86%) during or after treatment withdrawal and was as frequent in the Thymostimulin treated (11 of 13; 84%) and untreated (15 of 17; 88%; p greater than 0.05) groups. Reactivation of disease was accompanied by a severe defect in concanavalin A induced suppressor cell activity, the magnitude of which was similar in the Thymostimulin treated and untreated groups (mean % suppression = 16.4 and 3.2 respectively; p greater than 0.05 vs 84.4 in control subjects). Further studies assessing the optimal dose, duration of treatment, and mode of administration are required to establish a therapeutic role for thymic hormone extracts in 'autoimmune' chronic active hepatitis.
IL-7 inhibits fibroblast TGF-β production and signaling in pulmonary fibrosis (2002)

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a devastating disease with less than a 50% five-year survival (1, 2).While steroids and other immunosuppressive agents serve as the standard treatment for IPF, these agents have proved inadequate (3).In most instances immunosuppressive agents do little to affect the course of the disease and have serious adverse side effects.Thus, novel therapeutic strategies are clearly needed.Recent published findings suggest novel treatment paradigms based on a more complete understanding of the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis (3,4).IL-7 is a 25-kDa glycoprotein originally isolated from bone marrow stroma cells (5).IL-7 was originally defined as a pre-B lymphocyte growth factor and was subsequently found to augment the growth of T lymphocytes (6-8).We (9) and others (10-13) have documented that IL-7 can potently enhance T cell function and IFN- production.IL-7 synergizes with IL-12 in the induction of T cell proliferation, cytotoxicity, and IFN- release (11).In agreement with these findings are studies indicating that IL-7 plays a role in cell-mediated immune responses characteristic of type 1 cytokines (10).We have found that IL-7 downregulates macrophage (14), fibrosarcoma, and melanoma (15, 16) production of TGF-.IL-7 has the capacity to downregulate the transcriptional rate of the TGF- gene in murine macrophages in an IFN-independent manner (14).TGF- is a critical fibrogenic factor in the development of pulmonary fibrosis.Based on the importance of TGF- in the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis, we speculated that the most effective therapies would be those that decrease both the production and the cellular effects of TGF-.In the current study we investigate the role of IL-7 in TGF- production and signaling and the potential for IL-7 as a new antifibrotic agent in the treatment of interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. MethodsCell culture.Pulmonary fibrosis fibroblasts (PFFs) were isolated from lung resection specimens obtained from patients with IPF.Normal fibroblasts (NFs) were isolated from patients with nonfibrotic diseases.U4A, U3A, and U4A/JAK1 cell lines were generously provided by George R. Stark (Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, Ohio, USA).The cells were maintained in 5% CO 2 in air as monolayers at 37C in 75-cm 2 tissue culture flasks containing 20 ml of DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS, 100 units/ml penicillin, 0.1 mg/ml streptomycin, and 2 mM glutamine (JRH Biosciences, Lenexa, Kansas, USA).
Age-associated impairment in TNF-α cardioprotection from myocardial infarction (2003)

Age-associated dysfunction in cardiac microvascular endothelial cells with impaired induction of cardioprotective platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-dependent pathways suggests that alterations in critical vascular receptor(s) may contribute to the increased severity of cardiovascular pathology in older persons. In vivo murine phage-display peptide library biopanning revealed a senescent decrease in cardiac microvascular binding of phage epitopes homologous to tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), suggesting that its receptor(s) may be downregulated in older cardiac endothelial cells. Immunostaining demonstrated that TNF-receptor 1 (TNF-R1) density was significantly lower in the subendocardial endothelium of the aging murine heart. Functional studies confirmed the senescent dysregulation of TNF-alpha receptor pathways, demonstrating that TNF-alpha induced PDGF-B expression in cardiac microvascular endothelial cells of 4-mo-old, but not 24-mo-old, rats. Moreover, TNF-alpha mediated cardioprotective pathways were impaired in the aging heart. In young rat hearts, injection of TNF-alpha significantly reduced the extent of myocardial injury after coronary ligation: TNF-alpha, 7.9 +/- 1.9% left ventricular injury (n = 4) versus PBS, 16.2 +/- 7.9% (n = 10; P < 0.05). The addition of PDGF-AB did not augment the cardioprotective action of TNF-alpha. In myocardial infarctions of older hearts, however, TNF-alpha induced significant postcoronary occlusion mortality (TNF-alpha 80% vs. PBS 0%; n = 10 each, P < 0.05) that was reversed by the coadministration of PDGF-AB. Overall, these studies demonstrate that aging-associated alterations in TNF-alpha receptor cardiac microvascular pathways may contribute to the increased cardiovasular pathology of the aging heart. Strategies targeted at restoring TNF-alpha receptor-mediated expression of PDGF-B may improve cardiac microvascular function and provide novel approaches for treatment and possible prevention of cardiovascular disease in older individuals.
Iodoaminopotentidine and related compounds: a new class of ligands with high affinity and selectivity for the histamine H2 receptor (1992)

The synthesis and biological evaluation of a new class of histamine H2 antagonists with N-cyano-N'-[omega-[3-(1-piperidinylmethyl)phenoxy] alkyl]guanidine partial structure are described as part of an extensive research program to find model compounds for the development of new radioligands with high H2 affinity and specific activity. High receptor affinity is achieved by an additional (substituted) aromatic ring, which is connected with the third guanidine N by a carbon chain spacer and an amine, carboxamide, ester, or sulfonamide link ("polar group"). In functional studies for H2 antagonistic activity and other pharmacological actions [e.g. H1 antihistaminic, antimuscarinic, antiadrenergic (alpha 1, beta 1), 5-HT2 blocking activity] in the isolated guinea pig atrium and ileum and rat aorta and tail artery, the compounds proved to be highly potent and selective histamine H2 receptor antagonists. The H2 antagonistic activity is mainly depending on the length of both the N'-alkyl chain (chain A) and the N"-spacer (chain B). Compounds with a C3 chain A and a C2 chain B are most potent in the preferred group of substances, i.e., the carboxamide series. A wide variety of substituents at the aromatic ring is tolerated, among them iodine, amino, and azido groups. These compounds are up to 32 times more potent than cimetidine in the isolated guinea pig right atrium. The replacement of the carboxamide by an ester group (44c) is well tolerated, while replacement of the cyanoguanidine by an urea group results in nearly 100-fold decrease in activity (46c,e). The iodinated benzamides are among the most potent H2 antagonists known so far. The [125I]-labeled form of 31f ([125I]iodoaminopotentidine, [125I]-N-[2-(4-amino-3-iodobenzamido) ethyl]-N'-cyano-N"-[3-[3-(1-piperidinylmethyl) phenoxy]propyl]guanidine) and its photolabile analogue 31h ([125I]iodoazidopotentidine, [125I]-N-[2-(4-azido-3- iodobenzamido)ethyl]-N'-cyano-N"-[3-[3-(1-piperidinyl-methyl)pheno xy] propyl]guanidine) proved to be useful probes for reversible and irreversible labeling of the histamine H2 receptor. Radioligand binding studies in guinea pig cerebral membranes revealed considerably higher H2 receptor affinity for 31f (pKi = 9.15), 31h (pKi = 8.58), and some analogues than functional experiments (guinea pig atrium), presumably reflecting an easier access to the H2 receptors in membranes.