gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gold in the international arena: how automatic is international adjustment? (1981)

While to the layman the idea of a modern day conjures up images of gold coins and bullion hidden in the crypts of Fort Knox backing the value of the American currency, to students of international economics, the connotation of a gold standard is quite different. To the latter, the gold standard is merely one of several alternative systems of international monetary adjustment—a system for settling, and ultimately correcting, payments imbalances in a country's international accounts. However, given the key role of the dollar in international trade (dollars are used in over 70 percent of all international transactions), it should be obvious to anyone, whether layman or international financier, that any unilateral move by the United States towards a gold standard would have dramatic implications for the international monetary system. This suggests that any judgment on the merits of such a move must take into consideration its international impact. This article focuses on one small aspect of the gold standard: the supposed automaticity of the international gold standard in restoring equilibrium in a country's balance of payments. Although there are numerous other issues pertinent to the evaluation of the gold standard as a system of international adjustment, many of these issues revolve around the responses of national economies to disturbances originating abroad. These responses depend upon the speeds of adjustment of a plethora of economic variables— questions that were considered beyond the scope of this article. Rather, we will focus here on the narrow question: To what extent does the international gold standard remove the discretionary ability of governments to control their national monetary supplies,thereby forcing the adjustments necessary to restore equilibrium in the balance of payments? To answer this question, we will first examine the intellectual roots of the idealized gold standard, the so-called price-specie flow mechanism, with a view towards understanding both the origins of the concept of international adjustment and the merits of the gold standard when it is left to operate freely. Second, we will examine the theoretical operation of the gold standard when we move from the realm of commodity money to the existence of fractionally backed or credit money. Finally, we will look briefly at the actual functioning of the gold standard during the period considered to be most representative of its operation in a pure form—the period 1879-1913. It will be argued below that while the pure international gold standard should, in principle, function well as a system of international adjustment, its operation in practice leaves considerable room for government manipulation. Moreover, the historical record indicates that it was the threat of reserve flows (which could exist under any system of fixed exchange rates) and a specific government focus on the balance of payments that ensured a general worldwide coordination of monetary policy rather than gold flows per se.
Power losses for space vector modulation techniques (2002)

Space vector modulation (SVM) allows 15% more bus utilization than sinusoidal pulse width modulation (PWM). In addition, variations of the SVM method can offer 33% less switching edges. With power losses in the inverter being a significant concern, a reduction in modulation losses can be a significant benefit. Different SVM techniques are discussed along with the calculations for determining both switching losses and conduction losses in the transistors and diodes. Equations for the average and RMS transistor and diode currents are derived based on a quantitative analysis of the current waveforms. The switching losses are plotted against power factor to illustrate the effect of power factor on switching losses for the various SVM techniques. The results are discussed and compared. In at least one case, an analysis of the strategy can lead to specialized power electronics optimized to the switching strategy.
An Optimized Method for Dynamic Measurement of Truck Loading Capacity (2018)

With the rapid development of the market economy, the volume of road freight is growing rapidly. At the same time, the overloading of trucks has become more and more serious. It is necessary to accurately monitor loading capacity in real time. Although the truck weighing technology has achieved a breakthrough in theoretical field, it made high financing costs and low accuracy. This paper presents an optimized method for dynamic measurement of truck loading capacity, which is mainly applied to accurately calibrate the load sensor, analyze the real-time dynamic data collected from trucks, and significantly improve the measurement accuracy of the truck load.
293. Synthesis of fluoranthenes. Part XIII. Synthesis of benzo[1 : 2-a, 3 : 4-a′]- and of benzo[1 : 2-a, 4 : 5-a′]-diacenaphthylene (1958)

S. H. Tucker, J. Chem. Soc., 1958, 1462 DOI: 10.1039/JR9580001462
Accounting, Finance & Executive Compensation (2004)

Is the misuse of stock options the cause of corporate failures such as Enron or WorldCom? Or are they a major factor in the success of tech Giants such as Microsoft? And if so, how can they be used properly and misuse prevented? In this Manager Update, Roger Mills answers these questions as well as shedding new light on the issue of executive compensation.
Semantic Web-based Source Code Search (2010)

Abstract. The ability to search for source code on the Internet has proven to be essential for many common software development and maintenance tasks. However, available code search engines are typically limited to lexical searches and do not take in consideration the underlying semantics of source code such as the program structure or language. Especially object-oriented source code, which includes inheritance and polymorphism, is often not modeled to a level in which it can be queried sufficiently. In this paper, we present a Semantic Web-based approach to source code search that uses ontologies to model and connect source code fragments extracted from repositories on the Internet. This modeling approach allows us to reason and search across project boundaries while dealing with incomplete knowledge and ambiguities. In comparison with other search tools, we incrementally build our knowledge base without the need to re-visit fragments or compile the source code. Our search engine is scalable and allows us to process and query a large code base collected from opensource projects.
Resistance risk to QoI fungicides and anti-resistance strategies. (2011)

This chapter deals with the biochemical mode of action of quinone outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicides, which are respiration inhibitors; their fungicidal activity comes from their ability to inhibit mitochondrial respiration by binding at the so-called Qo site (the outer quinol-oxidation site or ubiquinol site) of the cytochrome bc1 enzyme complex (complex III), located in the inner mitochondrial membrane of fungi and other eukaryotes. It discusses the resistance risk to the QoIs; history of resistance to these fungicides; mutations associated with QoI resistance; and the monitoring for resistance to QoI fungicides. It is hoped that the experience of the QoI fungicides will help learning for the future novel classes of fungicides that will be introduced.
A Systems Approach to Mapping DNA Damage Response Pathways (2006)

Failure of cells to respond to DNA damage is a primary event associated with mutagenesis and environmental toxicity. To map the transcriptional network controlling the damage response, we measured genomewide binding locations for 30 damage-related transcription factors (TFs) after exposure of yeast to methyl-methanesulfonate (MMS). The resulting 5272 TF-target interactions revealed extensive changes in the pattern of promoter binding and identified damage-specific binding motifs. As systematic functional validation, we identified interactions for which the target changed expression in wild-type cells in response to MMS but was nonresponsive in cells lacking the TF. Validated interactions were assembled into causal pathway models that provide global hypotheses of how signaling, transcription, and phenotype are integrated after damage.
Intelligent voice smoother for VBR voice over ATM networks (2002)

For distinctively transporting voice data with silence suppression over asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks via the variable bit rate (VBR) service, the problem of jitter introduced from the network often renders the speech unintelligible. It is thus indispensable to offer intramedia synchronization to remove jitter while retaining minimal playout delay. We propose a neural-network-based intra-voice synchronization mechanism, called the intelligent voice smoother (IVoS). The IVoS is composed of three components: smoother buffer, neural network (NN) traffic predictor, and constant bit rate (CBR) enforcer. Newly arriving frames, being assumed to follow a generic Markov modulated Bernoulli process (MMBP), are queued in the smoother buffer. The NN traffic predictor employs an on-line-trained backpropagation neural network (BPNN) to predict three traffic characteristics of every newly encountered talkspurt period. Based on the predicted characteristics, the CBR enforcer derives an adaptive buffering delay by means of a near-optimal, simple, closed-form formula. It then imposes such delay on the playout of the first frame in the talkspurt period. The CBR enforcer in turn regulates CBR-based departures for the remaining frames of the talkspurt, aimed at assuring minimal mean and variance of distortion of talkspurts (DOT) and mean playout delay (PD). Simulation results reveal that, compared to three other playout approaches, the IVoS achieves superior playout yielding negligible DOT and PD irrespective of traffic variation.
Generation and reactions of novel copper carbenoids through a stoichiometric reaction of copper metal with gem-dichlorides in dimethyl sulfoxide (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTGeneration and reactions of novel copper carbenoids through a stoichiometric reaction of copper metal with gem-dichlorides in dimethyl sulfoxideYasuyuki Tezuka, Akio Hashimoto, Koh Ushizaka, and Kiyokazu ImaiCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 1, 329–333Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00288a056https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00288a056research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views722Altmetric-Citations22LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The Uptake of Divalent Manganese Ion by Mature Normal Human Red Blood Cells (1960)

At physiological pH and concentrations of Mn(++) in excess of 5 x 10(-4)M, study of the Mn(++) ion movement into human red cells is complicated by physicochemical alterations of the ion itself. At concentrations below 5 x 10(x4)M, the rate of uptake bears a linear relationship to the Mn(++) concentration. The permeability constant for inward movement of Mn(++) is 2.87 +/- 0.13 (S.E.) x 10(-9) cm./sec. The rate is not influenced by the addition of metabolic substrates such as glucose or adenosine or the metabolic inhibitors iodoacetate or fluoride. Co(++), Ca(++), and Mg(++) do not appear to compete with Mn(++) for entry, but at high concentrations relative to Mn(++), they reduce the rate of entry. Ca(++) is far more effective than Co(++) or Mg(++) in this regard. The permeability constant for outward Mn(++) movement is 1.38 +/- 0.21 (S.E.) x 10(-9) cm./sec., about half of that for entry. This slower rate of outward movement is consistent with the finding that 40 to 60 per cent of the Mn(++) taken up by the red cells is non-ultrafilterable. Less than 5 to 10 per cent of the Mn(++) appears to be bound to the stroma. It is concluded that entry and exit of Mn(++) is a process of passive diffusion involving no carriers, transport, or metabolic linkage.
Encyclopedia of Environment and Society (2007)

The 'Encyclopedia of Environment and Society' brings together multiplying issues, concepts, theories, examples, problems, and policies, with the goal of clearly explicating an emerging way of thinking about people and nature
Synthesis of derivatives of thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine. Part II (1970)

An attempt to prepare thiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine-5,7-diol by the action of potassium hypobromite on thiazole-4,5-dicarboxamide revealed the instability of the thiazole portion of this condensed ring system when 2-substituents are lacking. The product obtained was bis-(4-amino-2,6-dihydroxpyrimidin-5-yl) disulphide, contrary to an earlier report. A number of thiazolo [4,5-d]pyrimidines have been prepared by cyclisation of the corresponding 4-aminopyrimidin-5-yl thiocyanates. Deamination of aminothiazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidines, with nitrous acid, has given a number of derivatives among which is the analogue of uric acid.
Review of the Explosibility of Nontraditional Dusts (2012)

This paper explores the explosion characteristics of three nontraditional dusts: nanomaterials, flocculent materials, and hybrid mixtures. Nanomaterials have a high likelihood of explosion with minimum ignition energies potentially less than 1 mJ. These low ignition energies may therefore allow nanomaterials to ignite due to electrostatic sparks, collision, or mechanical friction. The severity of nanomaterial explosions is affected by agglomeration and coagulation of the particles. Flocculent materials with a high length-to-diameter ratio exhibit explosion behavior patterns similar to those for spherical dusts. The length of flocculent particles plays a role in explosion likelihood which is not yet fully understood. High voltage discharge during the electrostatic flocking process is a common flocculent ignition hazard. Hybrid mixtures of a combustible dust and a flammable gas/vapor display a higher explosion severity and a lower minimum explosible concentration than that of the dust alone. Violent hybrid explosions may occur even if the dust and the gas/vapor are below their respective lean limit concentrations.
The independent sector (1998)

Mental health nurses' views on the independent sector have undergone a series of fundamental shifts in recent decades. Ian McMillan reports
A histochemical study of iron, transferrin, and ferritin in Alzheimer's diseased brains (1992)

Immunohistochemical and histochemical staining were performed on Alzheimer's diseased brain tissue obtained at autopsy. The iron-regulatory proteins transferrin and ferritin as well as iron are, in general, found predominantly in oligodendrocytes similar to that previously reported for normal brain tissue. However, in the vicinity of senile plaques, the staining pattern is altered for both proteins and iron. Transferrin is homogenously distributed around the senile plaques and is apparently extracellular. In addition, transferrin is found in astrocytes in the cerebral cortical white matter of the Alzheimer's tissue rather than its normal distribution in oligodendrocytes. A robust ferritin immunoreaction accompanies senile plaques and many blood vessels in the Alzheimer's brain tissue. Although many ferritin-positive oligodendrocytes are present in the Alzheimer's tissue, most of the ferritin-containing cells associated with senile plaques and blood vessels are microglia. Iron can also be demonstrated in the senile plaques. The iron reaction product is observed both diffusely in proximity of the plaques and in cells associated with the plaques. These data strongly suggest a disruption in brain iron homeostasis in Alzheimer's disease as demonstrated by alterations in the normal cellular distribution of iron and the proteins responsible for iron regulation. These data will contribute to understanding both the potential for oxidative damage and the potential for metal neurotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease.
Superamphiphobic Web of PTFEMA Fibers via Simple Electrospinning Without Functionalization (2010)

Abstract This paper reports on a web of superamphiphobic fluoro‐compound fibers that forms as a result of a typical electrospinning method without any additional treatment. An electrospun web of poly(2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl methacrylate) fibers exhibits superamphiphobicity when the water and hexadecane contact angles both exceed 150°. The morphology of a web is modulated by changing the polymer solution concentration from 24 to 30 wt.‐% with other fixed processing conditions. The fiber diameter length depends mainly on the polymer concentration. A web formed from a 26 wt.‐% solution has the smallest and most uniform fiber diameter; it also has the highest robustness parameter on wetting, thus the highest water and hexadecane contact angles. This result offers the possibility of simple industrial production of an amphiphobic surface. magnified image
Attitudes, awareness, and usage of medical antiaging treatments: results of a patient survey. (2010)

Physician experience and training is very important to patients who are considering medical antiaging treatments, and should therefore be addressed during the counseling of prospective patients.
Age-Appropriateness of Porcine Models Used for Cell Transplantation (2018)

Pigs have traditionally been used for preclinical experiments, and body size-matching is important for cell therapy in animal models used for preclinical trials. It has been shown that the efficacy of the transplanted cells is dependent on the response of the host heart and the age of experimental pigs.
Feature‐Size Dependence of Etch Rate in Reactive Ion Etching (1991)

Reactive ion etching (RIE) of silicon trenches has been studied as a function of trench width, ranging from 0.4 to 2.5 μm, in a plasma. The average etch rate inside a Si trench becomes slower as the trench width decreases. This etching phenomenon is called RIE lag. Also, we have measured the ion saturation current under a negative dc bias voltage with a miniature Faraday cup inside a cylindrical hole. The loss of the ion current occurs mostly within a depth equal to the hole diameter, independent of the hole size, and the current loss is directly proportional to both pressure and RF self‐bias voltage at the substrate electrode. The lighter the mass of the ions, the more ions are deflected to the sidewall. Theoretical simulation shows that the electric field is perturbed primarily by the shape of the trench, and that the space charge near the trench plays an important role in ion deflection. Since the field perturbation is greater at the edge of the trench, the ion loss becomes more severe in a narrower trench, leading to the RIE lag. The sidewall profile observed in Si trenches shows a consistent picture of the field effect, particularly at low pressure where ion‐neutral collisions become insignificant.
Partial protection of carbohydrate derivatives. Part 1. Specific N-debenzoylation of fully benzoylated adenosine and cytidine with phenols and alcohols; active N-benzoyl groups (1977)

Specific N-debenzoylation of N6,2′,3′,5′-tetrabenzoyladenosine (1), N6,N6,2′,3′,5′-pentabenzoyladenosine (3), and N4,2′,3′,5′-tetrabenzoylcytidine (4) was achieved by treatment with nitrophenols, phenol, p-methoxyphenol, and a series of alcohols to give the corresponding nucleoside benzoates with free amino-groups in high yields: the reaction can also be regarded as a benzoylation of hydroxy-compounds by nucleoside N-benzoyl groups. On the basis of these results, the order of activity of these nucleoside benzoates was found to be (3) > (1) > (4). N-Benzoylation of 2′,3′,5′-tri-O-benzoyladenosine (2) with 2,4-dinitrophenyl benzoate (5) and of cytidine (6) with the pentabenzoyladenosine (3) gave the tetrabenzoyladenosine (1) and N-benzoylcytidine (7), respectively, in high yields.
Trends Extracted From 800 Gulf Coast Blowouts During 1960-1996 (1998)

Abstract The cost of blowouts and the loss of lives incurred from blowouts warrant the study of past occurrences in order to reduce the possibilities of future blowouts. Even though we continuously learn more about how to handle an unstable well, it seems that the problems of detection, handling kicks and loosing control do not change much with time in the real world - out on the rig. The small changes and improvements that do occur are first of all seen thorough statistical data. A new data base resently compiled will soon contain extensive data on more than 800 blowouts from the Gulf Coast area and adjoining states during the period 1960 through 1996. At the moment the compiling work has not been completed. However, at the 1998 IADC/SPE Drilling Conference an updated version of this paper will be available. Five agencies contributed blowout report information. The State Oil and Gas Boards/Conservation Office of Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana, The Railroad Commission of Texas and the Mineral Management Service (MMS) of the Dept. of Interior. At the moment the Texas blowouts make up approximately 50% of the blowouts in the data base but range below the average blowout frequency of 0.15 blowouts pr. 100 well-ft. drilled. The three major operations in progress when blowouts occurred were exploratory drilling, workover and development drilling. Most frequently blowouts occurred during the activity of actual drilling, tripping out and circulating/killing. The analysis indicated also that the major causes were related to swabbing, drilling into a high pressure zone or formation break down while the secondary barrier after a kick has occurred which most often failed were either failure to close BOP, failure to stab string valve or BOP failed after closure. P. 539
A Low-Profile Linearly Polarized 3D PIFA for Handheld GPS Terminals (2010)

A 3D planar inverted F-antenna (PIFA) is proposed for a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver. The antenna is designed to be integrated in a portable device and must meet compact size requirements. The 3D PIFA consists of a single metal sheet properly cut and bent in order to minimize costs for realization, materials and series production. The linearly polarized antenna exhibits good impedance matching performance, wide beam radiation patterns and a relatively high gain, which allow the reception from a wide angle toward the satellite constellation. An antenna prototype has been embedded in a commercial GPS receiver and an experimental measurement campaign has been carried out to evaluate the most important performance parameters. Measurements have been performed out by collecting time sweeps signal samples along urban and suburban routes. Time to first fix, carrier to noise ratio distribution and horizontal dilution of precision have been calculated; these parameters are shown and discussed. Comparisons with respect to some reference circularly polarized antennas (a nearly square patch and a quadrifilar helix antenna) and to a simpler inverted-F antenna printed on the receiver PCB have been performed and are shown in the paper.