gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Laser recording in tellurium suboxide thin films (1986)

Tellurium suboxide (TeOx) films prepared by coevaporation consist of tiny grains of tellurium embedded in a TeO2 matrix. The size of the tellurium grains depends on the preparation conditions. Except for samples with exceedingly small grains, crystalline diffraction patterns can be observed by using selected-area electron diffraction even though these samples show amorphous x-ray diffraction patterns. Heat treatment causes a transition in optical properties and the appearance of peaks for crystalline tellurium in x-ray diffraction. Thermal writing with a focused diode laser on both heat-treated and as-deposited samples gave recorded marks with high sensitivity and good contrast, although an incubation period of many seconds is required for the full development of the marks. The observed laser recording behavior cannot be explained by a simple amorphous-to-crystalline transition, and a new writing mechanism is proposed.
The Medical Information Bus (1991)

The Medical Information Bus (MIB) reference model defines a new, object-oriented Medical Device Data Language (MDDL), under development by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers Society (IEEE) P1073 MIB Standard Committee. The MDDL treats medical devices, host computers, humans and device parameters as objects, and provides a flexible and extensible language for describing and passing messages between objects. This paper describes the MDDL semantic reference model and presents an overview of the MDDL structure, within the framework of the International Standards Organization (ISO) System Management Overview (SMO) model. A simple example of how the MDDL can be used to construct a device event report is also described.
Evaluating Spatial Model Accuracy in Mass Real Estate Appraisal: A Comparison of Geographically Weighted Regression and the Spatial Lag Model (2014)

Geographically weighted regression (GWR) has been shown to greatly increase the performance of ordinary least squares-based appraisal models, specifically regarding industry standard measurements of equity, namely the price-related differential and the coefficient of dispersion (COD; Borst and McCluskey, 2008; Lockwood and Rossini, 2011; McCluskey et al., 2013; Moore, 2009; Moore and Myers, 2010). Additional spatial regression models, such as spatial lag models (SLMs), have shown to improve multiple regression real estate models that suffer from spatial heterogeneity (Wilhelmsson, 2002). This research is performed using arms-length residential sales from 2010 to 2012 in Norfolk, Virginia, and compares the performance of GWR and SLM by extrapolating each model's performance to aggregate and subaggregate levels. Findings indicate that GWR achieves a lower COD than SLM.
Interleukin-13 gene expression by malignant and EBV-transformed human B lymphocytes. (1995)

Expression of the IL-13 gene in malignant tissues from 26 human B-cell lymphoid malignancies was analyzed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). A positive signal was detected in 16 cases, which included high grade B lymphomas, follicular lymphomas and B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemias. IL-13 mRNA was also detected in the 9 malignant B cell lines and in the 6 lymphoblastoid cell lines tested, as well as in freshly isolated malignant B cells from 2 patients with a Burkitt's lymphoma. Two of 8 T-cell lymphomas and 2 of 4 T-cell lines expressed the IL-13 gene. In contrast, IL-13 gene expression was not detected in any of the 5 non-lymphoid cell lines tested. No specific binding of radiolabeled IL-13 was detected on B cell lines, suggesting an absence of IL-13 receptors on such cells. This conclusion was also supported by the inability of IL-13 or anti-IL-13 antibodies to affect the growth of malignant B cells. Taken together, these results show that both malignant and EBV-transformed B lymphocytes, either freshly isolated or maintained as cell lines, express the IL-13 gene. This raises the question of the role of B lymphocyte-derived IL-13, a B lymphocyte stimulating cytokine, on the in vivo function of normal B lymphocytes as well as on the in vivo behaviour of B lymphoid malignancies.
Specification of axial identity in the mouse: role of the Hoxa-5 (Hox1.3) gene. (1993)

Numerous lines of study have suggested that the Hox genes, encoding putative transcription factors, are key genes in the establishment of the body plan of the mammalian embryo. To examine the role of Hoxa-5 (Hox1.3) gene during development, we have used targeted mutagenesis in embryonic stem cells to produce a strain of mice carrying a disrupted Hoxa-5 allele. The viability of homozygous mutant mice is markedly reduced, with 50% of the mutant animals dying at birth or shortly thereafter. Analysis of the skeleton of Hoxa-5 mutants reveals a number of homeotic transformations restricted to the cervical and thoracic regions. Of these, one of the most frequent morphological abnormalities is the posterior transformation of the seventh cervical vertebra into the likeness of a thoracic vertebra complete with a pair of ribs. These results demonstrate that the Hoxa-5 gene has an important role in the establishment of the skeleton during development and contributes to the process whereby the axial structures are determined.
Efficient Search of Girth-Optimal QC-LDPC Codes (2016)

In this paper, we study the cycle structure of quasi-cyclic (QC) low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes with the goal of obtaining the shortest code with a given degree distribution and girth. We focus on QC-LDPC codes, whose Tanner graphs are cyclic liftings of fully connected base graphs of size 3 × n, n ≥ 4, and obtain minimal lifting degrees that result in girths 6 and 8. This is performed through an efficient exhaustive search, and as a result, we also find all the possible non-isomorphic codes with the same minimum block length, girth, and degree distribution. The exhaustive search, which is ordinarily a formidable task, is made possible by pruning the search space of many codes that are isomorphic to those previously examined in the search process. Many of the pruning techniques proposed in this paper are also applicable to QC-LDPC codes with base graphs other than the 3 × n fully connected ones discussed here, as well as to codes with a larger girth. To further demonstrate the effectiveness of the pruning techniques, we use them to search for QC-LDPC codes with girths 10 and 12, and find a number of such codes that have a shorter block length compared with the best known similar codes in the literature. In addition, motivated by the exhaustive search results, we tighten the lower bound on the block length of QC-LDPC codes of girth 6 constructed from fully connected 3 × n base graphs, and construct codes that achieve the lower bound for an arbitrary value of n ≥ 4.
Oxidative stress in yeast (2010)

The mechanisms of production and elimination of reactive oxygen species in the cells of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae are analyzed. Coordinative role of special regulatory proteins including Yap1p, Msn2/4p, and Skn7p (Pos9p) in regulation of defense mechanisms in S. cerevisiae is described. A special section is devoted to two other well-studied species from the point of view of oxidative stress -- Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Candida albicans. Some examples demonstrating the use of yeast for investigation of apoptosis, aging, and some human diseases are given in the conclusion part.
Stem Cells (2006)

Aging is associated with a progressive failing of tissues and organs of the human body leading to a large number of age-related diseases. Regenerative medicine is an emerging clinical discipline that aims to employ cellular medicines (normal cells, ex vivo expanded cells, or tissue-engineered organs) to restore the functions of damaged or defective tissues and organs and thus to "rejuvenate" the failing aging body. One of the most important sources for cellular medicine is embryonic and adult (somatic) stem cells (SSCs). One example of SCCs with enormous clinical potential is the mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) that are present in the bone marrow and are able to differentiate into cell types such as osteoblasts, chondrocytes, endothelial cells, and probably also neuron-like cells. Because of the ease of their isolation and their extensive differentiation potential, MSCs are among the first stem cell types to be introduced in the clinic. Some recent studies have demonstrated the possible use of MSCs in systemic transplantation for systemic diseases, local implantation for local tissue defects, as a vehicle for genes in gene therapy protocols, or to generate transplantable tissues and organs in tissue-engineering protocols. However, several challenges confront the use of these cells in the clinic, ranging from biological challenges (e.g., how to isolate a homogenous populations of the cells with specific criteria from the bone marrow and how to expand them ex vivo without affecting their differentiation potential) to biotechnological challenges (e.g., how to develop easy methods for quality control of the cellular-based products). While it is expected that cellular medicines will decrease the burden of several age-related diseases, it is not clear whether they can change the course of the aging process itself and thus prolong human life.
Interleukin 18 Contributes to Host Resistance and Gamma Interferon Production in Mice Infected with Virulent<i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> (1999)

Spleen and peritoneal macrophages obtained from innately resistant A/J mice released low levels of interleukin 18 (IL-18) upon infection with Salmonella typhimurium C5 RP4. Incubating the cells with recombinant gamma interferon (rIFN-gamma) enhanced IL-18 production. A/J mice treated in vivo with anti-IL-18 antibodies showed impaired resistance to infection, with increased bacterial loads in the liver and spleen. Administration of rIL-18 could protect A/J mice from challenge with a lethal dose of virulent salmonellae, with a dramatic reduction in bacterial numbers in the tissues. rIL-18 administration did not ameliorate the disease in IFN-gamma-R-/- mice. IL-18 proved to be required for IFN-gamma production by mouse splenocytes from conventional, scid, and rag-1(-/-) mice; in vivo IL-18 neutralization caused a decrease in circulating IFN-gamma levels. Thus, IL-18 is a key factor in early host resistance to Salmonella and probably acts via IFN-gamma.
Telavancin and vancomycin pharmacodynamics with Staphylococcus aureus in an in vitro dynamic model (2008)

These in vitro data suggest that the effects of clinically attainable AUC/MIC ratios of TLV are similar to those of VAN on S. aureus 43300 and 2-fold greater on GISA Mu-50.
A dry powder micro delivery device for multiple material additive manufacturing (2015)

This thesis focuses on developing a novel material delivery device for a Multiple Material Additive Manufacturing (MMAM) system using a Dry Powder Printing (DPP) technique developed recently. The goal of the thesis was to study in detail the characteristic of a micro dispensing device utilizing ultrasonic vibration via a piezoelectric transducer, which was designed and constructed to handle a wide range of fine powder materials. The research systematically investigated the nature of the interaction between the device and the materials, which allowed the design and processing parameters to be understood. Experiments were conducted to explain the effects of the printing parameters on printing results so as to discover the basic characteristics of the new dry powder printing device. Moreover, weight measurements of the deposited powder, microscopy and image visualization was used to assess the behavior of the device. The device developed can successfully provide continuity, consistency and reliability of layer printing of multiple material powders. The results demonstrated that the device is capable of dispensing various types of fine powders, such as metals, polymers and ceramics, with particle sizes of between 14-72?m. The relative standard deviation of the device is less than 7%. The minimum mass flow rate can be reached at 0.14 mg/s for a cohesive powder such as a copper powder. The maximum moving speed is up to 50 mm/s for a free flowing powder such as a solder powder. Currently, the precise printing of micro geometries can be achieved up to a diameter as small as 85?m. Moreover, the study also reveals that the performance of the device mainly depends on the dispensing parameters (e.g. nozzle diameter, nozzle angle, and piezo electric position), material parameters (e.g. type, particle size, flowability) and process parameters (e.g. moving speed, signal voltage and standoff distance). High resolution printing by the device can be achieved by controlling these parameters. This work has shown that the dispenser can deliver different powders in very precise and small quantities at almost any designated position. This demonstrates the potential of this method for a multiple material delivery system for MMAM in the near future.
Nanoliter Serum Sample Analysis by Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy for Minimally Invasive Blood-Glucose Monitoring (2005)

The aim of this study was to demonstrate that mid-infrared spectroscopy is able to quantify glucose in a serum matrix with sample volumes well below 1 muL. For this, we applied mid-infrared attenuated total reflectance (ATR) or transmission-based spectroscopic methods to glucose quantification in microsamples of dry-film sera, either undiluted or diluted 10 times in distilled water. The sample series spanned physiological glucose concentrations between 50 and 600 mg/dL and volumes of 80, 8, and 1 nL. Calibration was carried out using multivariate partial least-squares (PLS) modeling with spectral data between 1180 and 940 cm(-1). Best performance was achieved in the ATR experiments. For raw ATR spectra, the optimum standard error of prediction (SEP) of 13.3 mg/dL was obtained for the 8 nL sample series with subsequent 10-fold dilution. With respect to the coefficient of variation of the glucose assay, CV(pred), we obtained a value of 3% for the 80 nL volume samples with spectral preprocessing using matrix protein absorption bands as an internal standard, 4% for the 8 nL samples, and 6% for the 1 nL samples with raw data. Spectral standardization resulted in significant improvement, especially for the 80 nL volume sample series. By contrast, the accuracy of the glucose assay for the 1 nL sample volume series could not be improved either by internal standardization or by considering the dry film areas for normalization, which we attribute to varying topographies of the dry films.
Chemical kinetics and diffusion in poly(butylene terephthalate) solid‐state polycondensation: Experiments and theory (1984)

Abstract Postpolymerization was obtained in solid PBT sheets, by annealing in a dry nitrogen stream at 214°C. After different reaction times, the samples were cut into thin slices. The M w profile within the sample was obtained through intrinsic viscosity measurements in a phenol–TCE mixture. At each location inside the sample, the [η] vs. time curve typically shows a maximum, which is rather broad at the midplane and much sharper at the external surface. The phenomenon was mathematically described by accounting for both diffusion and chemical reactions within the slab; five simultaneous chemical reactions have been considered. The observed behavior is found to be essentially due to two competing processes, i.e., the diffusion of the low molecular weight species generated during the polycondensation and the thermal degradation reaction. The model predictions are compared with the experimental data showing a satisfactory agreement.
Super-resolution in SAR imaging: Analysis with the atomic norm (2016)

In this paper, we investigate the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imaging problem via sparse atomic norm reconstruction. A stepped-frequency radar operation and a side looking radar is assumed. However, the analysis presented is general, and extensions to other SAR types, scenes and other radar waveforms are straightforward. The atomic norm is formulated and employed as a penalizer for SAR denoising and reconstruction, as a convex problem. The target positions are readily estimated through the peaks of the dual polynomial. Furthermore, due to strong duality in our convex formulation, we show that the target positions are obtained from either the primal or dual problem solution. Through simulations, we demonstrate the advantages of our approach when compared with traditional back-projection imaging and recent sparse reconstruction techniques.
A Plausible Mechanism for the Velocity of Hyper-fast Pulsars With Potential Application for Interstellar Propulsion (2021)

Hyper-fast pulsars are a class of neutron star with extreme velocities relative to the stellar background. These objects elude existing theories of neutron star synthesis. Of relevance to their understanding is the emergence of Information as a fundamental principle in Physics and Astrophysics. This leads to an examination of Information Theory as it relates to Einstein's century-old postulate that Quantum Mechanics is incomplete. The result is a model of spacetime as a noiseless Information Channel with a finite Channel Capacity defined by the Holevo Limit of Information transmission through the Quantum vacuum. A premise is presented that within the context of Information Theory, General Relativity Theory is applicable not only to velocities approaching C, but to hyper-complexity of physical state approaching the Holevo Limit. It is hypothesized that the extreme flux density and chaotic nature of magnetic fields during neutron star coalescence approaches the Holevo Limit, and this results in spatial dilation in a static inertial frame of reference. Under General Relativity Theory, dilation of spacetime in a static inertial frame manifests as an acceleration, and this is proposed as the mechanism imparting the extreme velocity of hyper-fast pulsars. It is proposed that existing computer simulations of stellar core collapse supernovae, modified to address the above theoretical premise, may demonstrate high velocity ejection of a neutron star. Algorithms derived from such a successful simulation may be hosted on a compact supercomputer serving as a real-time device driver for a benchtop supermagnet apparatus. This may yield controlled spatial dilation and a detectable acceleration upon the magnet apparatus. Such an experimental result will prove that Einstein was correct in his assertion, to the end of his life, that Quantum Mechanics is an incomplete description of Physical reality. A discussion of interstellar spaceflight from an engineering perspective based upon such a propulsion principle follows
A 1.0-ns 5-kbit ECL RAM (1986)

A bipolar 512/spl times/10-bit emitter-coupled logic (ECL) RAM with an access time of 1.0 ns and a power dissipation of 2.4 W, achieving an access-time power/bit product of 0.48 pJ/bit, has been developed. The RAM was fabricated using an advanced bipolar technology featuring poly-base self-alignment, poly-emitter shallow profile, and silicon-filled trench isolation with a minimum mask dimension of 1.2 /spl mu/m. A Schottky-clamped multiemitter cell with a cell size of 760 /spl mu/m/SUP 2/ is obtained as a result of compact cell layout and the use of 1.2-/spl mu/m trench isolation.
Modulating the Bcl-2 Family of Apoptosis Suppressors for Potential Therapeutic Benefit in Cancer (2005)

Members of the BCL-2 family of proteins regulate and execute many cell intrinsic apoptosis pathways, including those arising from dysregulated expression of cellular oncogenes. Since pro-survival members of the family are often strongly elevated in diverse cancers, with the potential to confer resistance to both endogenous cell death stimuli and many cancer treatments, there has been intense interest to develop strategies to therapeutically modulate their activity. Although encouraging genetic and pharmacological preclinical proof of concept has been obtained, the challenge for clinical development will be to devise strategies that address the fact that multiple pro-survival members are typically up-regulated in a given cancer and the family operates primarily through protein-protein interactions. Moreover, since several current therapies themselves are known to stimulate the levels of one or more family members, there will be additional challenges (and opportunities) in exploiting this target in the clinic. In this review, we describe the rationale for targeting the BCL-2 family of apoptosis suppressors in cancer and the progress that has been made in modulating the family by small molecule antagonists.
The 2015 guidelines for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: an important chapter in the evolution of the management of patients with IPF (2015)

During the past 15 years, clinical practice guidelines have evolved from the consensus-based opinions of experts to evidence-based documents developed using a rigorous systematic approach. In 2000, a selected panel of international experts in the field of interstitial lung diseases developed a guideline for the diagnosis and management of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) [1]. The guideline was based upon the consensus opinions of the few expert panel members; the panel members' decisions were not informed by a systematic review of the literature, meaning that there was no formal synthesis of the evidence or appraisal of the quality of the evidence. Despite these limitations, the guideline was considered state of the art for the time. It provided important direction to clinicians, including the first concrete definition for IPF, and provoked new studies. During the following decade, abundant evidence accumulated at a rapid rate, making it difficult for the average clinician to synthesise, interpret, and apply the evidence to their clinical practice. To address this, and to improve upon the previous document, the IPF guideline was updated in 2011 using an evidence-based approach for the first time [2]. The updated guideline redefined IPF using precise diagnostic criteria based on the clinical, radiological and histopathological features of IPF; it also it provided evidence-based treatment recommendations for the first time in the field of IPF. 2015 guidelines for treatment of IPF empowers the clinician and patient to make individualised treatment decisions <http://ow.ly/R37nz>
Antimicrobial activity of the semisynthetic compound, hexahydrocolupulone (1998)

In this study we demonstrate that hexahydrocolupulone (HHC) more effectively inhibits the growth in vitro of Gram-positive organisms than Mycobacterium tuberculosis or Escherichia coli. Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and coagulase-negative staphylococci were inhibited by HHC at concentrations < or = 4.06 mg/L. Growth inhibition profiles varied according to the microorganism evaluated (static for S. aureus and bactericidal for Bacillus subtilis).
The impact of policy and screening on cervical cancer in England (2012)

There has been a significant statistical decrease in the incidence of cervical cancer since screening programmes have been introduced. This article will explore and evaluate the impact of the Cancer Reform Strategy on cervical screening in England, which preceded the Government's policy for cancer care announced in January 2011. The Strategy raised the initial age of screening from 20 to 25 years of age. This left a group of the population who could not access screening while also not being eligible for vaccines against cervical cancer. Although this caused concern for many people, the media coverage and reaction to the human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccine and the death of Jade Goody, for example, encouraged women to consider cervical screening. The barriers to screening have been identified but overall the Cancer Reform Strategy was found have a positive impact both economically and socially. The Strategy has led the way for the Government's policy for cancer care, which needs to continue achieving the same positive outcomes.