gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chemistry of Iron and Its Corrosion Products in Boiler Systems (1988)

This paper reviews prominent investigations of magnetite formation and internal corrosion in boilers. This review includes publications that have been cited extensively in the past few years, as well as some important recent contributions to the subject. The classic proposals of Potter and Mann4,6-8 regarding magnetite formation in boilers are summarized and contrasted with some more recently suggested mechanisms. Following this, a brief description of the various pathways of internal boiler corrosion is presented.
A new CFAR processor based on guard cells information (2012)

Radar detection procedures involve the comparison of the received signal amplitude to a threshold. In order to obtain a constant false-alarm rate (CFAR), an adaptive threshold must be applied reflecting the local clutter situation. This paper presents an intelligent CFAR technique based on comparing the performance of five existing CFAR processors at different target and clutter situations. The proposed intelligent CFAR processor selects the adaptive threshold which is calculated by the best CFAR processor for certain environmental condition. The selection criterion based on comparing the information contained in the guard cells to those contained in test and window cells. This comparison is done to differentiate between single target, multiple targets, and clutter transition situations. Performance comparison through the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) is carried out to validate the superiority of the proposed CFAR technique at different target and clutter situations.
Preparation of Swine for the Laboratory (2006)

Swine are an important model in many areas of biomedical research. These animals have been used predominantly as preclinical models involving surgical and interventional protocols. The systems most commonly studied include cardiovascular, integumentary, digestive, and urological. Swine are intelligent social animals and require species-specific socialization and handling techniques. It is important to acclimate the animals to the facility and to personnel before they are placed on chronic protocols. Gentle handling techniques instead of forceful procedures are essential to their socialization. They require sturdy caging with specific construction standards, and toys for environmental enrichment. Because the species is covered by both the Animal Welfare Act and the US Department of Agriculture, interstate transport requires a health certificate with destination state-specific disease screening standards. This manuscript provides an overview of best practices that have been utilized in the authors' facility.
Monte Carlo methods in portal imaging (2002)

An overview of applications of Monte Carlo methods in portal imaging is presented.
Estrogen Replacement Therapy and Colon Cancer: A Clinical Review (1999)

Colorectal cancer is the third leading cause of cancer death in women. Studies on the potential protective effect of postmenopausal hormone replacement on the incidence of colon cancer have been contradictory. To attempt to clarify the potential protective effect of hormone replacement therapy (HRT), an English-language key word (KW) search of MEDLINE, up to August 1999, was performed for KW colon cancer or colorectal adenoma or colon adenoma or adenomatous polyp and KW estrogen replacement or hormone replacement. Additional references were obtained from reading of the reference lists. Thirty-five studies, including 3 meta-analyses, were found. Of these, 23 suggested any degree of protective effect of HRT, 11 reported neutral results, and 1 reported negative impact of hormone replacement. The single prospective randomized controlled trial included small numbers of inpatients taking high-dose estrogen. However, studies did not uniformly specify hormone type, dose, duration, and potential differential effects on right and left colon. Estrogen and progesterone effects were not often considered separately. Many studies had inadequate control of confounders, for example, family history of colon cancer or indication for endoscopy. Therefore, although the majority of studies, especially more rigorously designed recent studies, support the conclusion that postmenopausal estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) has a protective effect against colon adenomas and colon cancer, methodological limitations preclude practical application of study results at present. Prospective studies are needed to confirm the existence and degree of protective effect, as well as to specify the mechanism of protection.
Expanding the Weed Science Society of America Beyond Weed Science (1995)

The Weed Society of America (WSA) was organized in 1954. At that time, 114 scientists were identified as conducting research on weeds and their control, although only part of these scientists' time was devoted to weeds. Although “selective” herbicides were used in the late 1800s and the “sinox” or “dinitro” herbicides were fairly important from the 1930s, the discovery of the broadleaf selective phenoxy herbicides in the 1940s gave scientists and farmers an exciting new way to manage weeds and played a major role in advancing the notion that there was a need for a separate discipline of weed science. It was noted by C. J. Willard in 1954 at an address to the American Society of Agronomy (ASA) that there was an urgent need for research on weed biology and ecology and on the behavior of herbicides in plants and soils. WSA held its first meeting in January, 1956. There were 621 charter members of WSA.
<title>Common path interferometric microellipsometry</title> (1996)

Common path interferometric microellipsometry based on the Young's interference principle is presented. Interference of the pure p and s reflections at the back focal plane of a microscopic objective takes place by means of Young's interferometry. Therefore, the amplitude ratio, tan (psi) , and the phase different, (Delta) , of the two polarization components are represented as the contrast and the phase shift of the Young's fringe pattern. Hence, the complex refractive index of the sample can be calculated using well- known equations. This technique is particularly applicable in pure topography where the measured optical phase is actually a contribution of both the surface height change and material change as well.
Emission and Fuel Consumption Reduction ina Two-Stroke Engine Using Delayed-Charging (1995)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">To reduce fuel losses during the gas-exchange-process in a two-stroke engine cylinder, a simple Delayed-Charging Device was developed to first scavenge burnt gases with fresh air and then introduce a fresh charge. This paper presents recent work done on a 50cc engine (i. e. through geometry changes of the delayed-charging circuit) to reduce torque losses and further improve fuel consumption and hydrocarbon emission reduction:</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph"> <ul class="list disc"> <li class="list-item"><div class="htmlview paragraph">a fuel trapping efficiency up to 87% (to be compared to the 74% production engine's),</div> </li> <li class="list-item"><div class="htmlview paragraph">a mean specific fuel consumption lower than 400 g/kW.h (a mean 200 g/kW.h reduction compared to the rich-carbureted production engine),</div> </li> <li class="list-item"><div class="htmlview paragraph">a HC emission down to 45 g/kW.h (lower than 1 3%),</div> </li> <li class="list-item"><div class="htmlview paragraph">a delivery ratio reduction, due to the device presence, less than 6%,</div> </li> <li class="list-item"><div class="htmlview paragraph">a maximum torque loss of 8% for the best delayed-charging circuit geometry,</div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Moreover, an estimate of the delayed-charging device efficiency has been done by comparing the trapping efficiency of delayed-charging modified engines equipped with either classical carburation or with delayed-charging-duct carburation. The further improvement potentialities have been studied through combustion-used trapped-air evaluation and through simulation of the triple-carburation due to the device-produced burnt-gas back-flow.</div>
Synaptic Ensemble Underlying the Selection and Consolidation of Neuronal Circuits during Learning (2017)

Memories are crucial to the cognitive essence of who we are as human beings. Accumulating evidence has suggested that memories are stored as a subset of neurons that probably fire together in the same ensemble. Such formation of cell ensembles must meet contradictory requirements of being plastic and responsive during learning, but also stable in order to maintain the memory. Although synaptic potentiation is presumed to be the cellular substrate for this process, the link between the two remains correlational. With the application of the latest optogenetic tools, it has been possible to collect direct evidence of the contributions of synaptic potentiation in the formation and consolidation of cell ensemble in a learning task specific manner. In this review, we summarize the current view of the causative role of synaptic plasticity as the cellular mechanism underlying the encoding of memory and recalling of learned memories. In particular, we will be focusing on the latest optoprobe developed for the visualization of such "synaptic ensembles." We further discuss how a new synaptic ensemble could contribute to the formation of cell ensembles during learning and memory. With the development and application of novel research tools in the future, studies on synaptic ensembles will pioneer new discoveries, eventually leading to a comprehensive understanding of how the brain works.
Rapid induction of autoantibodies during ARDS and septic shock (2010)

The rapid induction of autoantibodies in ARDS and severe sepsis suggests that ongoing systemic inflammation and associated tissue destruction mediate the break in tolerance against these self proteins.
A Moving Target Detection Algorithm Based on the Dynamic Background (2009)

Advantages and disadvantages of two common algorithms frequently used in the moving target detection: background subtraction method and frame difference method are analyzed and compared in this paper. Then based on the background subtraction method, a moving target detection algorithm is proposed. The background image used to process the next frame image is generated through superposition of the current frame image and the current background image with a certain probability. This algorithm makes the objects which stay long time to be a part of the background after a certain period of time, but not be detected as a part of foreground. The experimental results show that this algorithm can detect moving targets more effectively and precisely.
Crystal structures of (Ph<sub>2</sub>CNLi·NC<sub>5</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)<sub>4</sub>and [CILi·OP(NMe<sub>2</sub>)<sub>3</sub>]<sub>4</sub>; discrete tetrameric pseudo-cubane clusters with bridging of Li<sub>3</sub>triangles by nitrogen and by chlorine atoms (1984)

X-Ray crystallographic studies of the title compounds (Ph2CNLi·NC5H5)4, (1), and [CILi·OP(NMe2)3]4, (2) show them to have pseudo cubane tetrameric structures in which triply-bonding methyleneamino -nitrogen atoms [(1)] or chlorine atoms [(2)] hold together the tetrahedral Li4 frameworks.
Adoptive cancer immunotherapy using DNA-demethylated T helper cells as antigen-presenting cells (2018)

In cancer cells, cancer/testis (CT) antigens become epigenetically derepressed through DNA demethylation and constitute attractive targets for cancer immunotherapy. Here we report that activated CD4<sup>+</sup> T helper cells treated with a DNA-demethylating agent express a broad repertoire of endogenous CT antigens and can be used as antigen-presenting cells to generate autologous cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer cells. In vitro, activated CTLs induce HLA-restricted lysis of tumor cells of different histological types, as well as cells expressing single CT antigens. In a phase 1 trial of 25 patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme, cytotoxic lymphocytes homed to the tumor, with tumor regression ongoing in three patients for 14, 22, and 27 months, respectively. No treatment-related adverse effects were observed. This proof-of-principle study shows that tumor-reactive effector cells can be generated ex vivo by exposure to antigens induced by DNA demethylation, providing a novel, minimally invasive therapeutic strategy for treating cancer.
[Effect of pH on suppressing the growth of other bacteria and fungi in culturing Phanerochaete chrysosporium in liquid medium]. (2005)

Effect of different pH value on suppressing the growth of other bacteria and fungi in culturing Phanerochaete chrysosporium in liquid medium under non-sterile were investigated in agitated Erlenmeyer flasks. Results showed that nitrogen-limited liquid medium with pH3.6 and pH4.4 were contaminated only by yeast fungi when the Phanerochaete chrysosporium was incubated with spore inoculation under non-sterile condition for one day; however, nitrogen-limited liquid medium with pH5.6 was contaminated not only by yeast, but also by bacteria. These contaminated yeast and bacteria reduced the dye decolorizing ability of Phanerochaete chrysosporium . If after the Phanerochaete chrysosporium was incubated under sterile condition for 5 days, it can decolorize over 70% of the reactive brilliant red K-2BP within 45 hours under non-sterile condition, and this removal rate was close to or even higher than that under sterile condition. Phanerochaete chrysosporium cultured in the liquid medium with pH4.4 have the best decolorizing effect under non-sterile condition, and can decolorize up to 80% of the reactive brilliant red K-2BP in 24 hours. In additions, it was observed that by using the Phanerochaete chrysosporium incubated in above nitrogen-limited liquid medium with different pH under sterile condition for 5 days, the system were also contaminated by the other bacteria and yeast during decolorizing reactive brilliant red K-2BP under non-sterile condition, but the amount of these bacteria and yeast in liquid medium were too little to influence the Phanerochaete chrysosporium decolorizing reactive brilliant red K-2BP. So that, when Phanerochaete chrysosporium was used to decolorize reactive dyes under non-sterile condition, the incubation of Phanerochaete chrysosporium must be operated under sterile condition in order to achieve the higher decolorization.
Phase II. Trial of 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m-anisidide (AMSA) in the treatment of advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. (1981)

A disease-oriented trial of 4'-(9-acridinylamino)methanesulfon-m-anisidide) given once every 3 weeks was undertaken in patients with advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. None of 15 adequately treated patients achieved complete or partial remissions. Toxicity was mild-to-moderate, consisting of myelosuppression (principally granulocytopenia) and malaise. The lack of any major responses in this number of patients suggests that, in this schedule, the drug is not useful in therapy for advanced non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
On tests for hypothetical reasoning (1992)

Suppose that HY P is a set of hypotheses which we currently entertain about some state of affairs represented by a propositional sentence \\Sigma. In a diagnostic setting, HY P might consist of all the diagnoses of some device whose description is given by \\Sigma, although our analysis is not restricted to diagnosis. Our concern is with tests -- how they can be designed, and what conclusions can be drawn about the hypotheses in HY P as a result of performing tests. Specifically, we define the concept of a test and the concept of the outcome of a test. We characterize those tests whose outcomes refute or confirm an hypothesis, and discriminate between competing hypotheses. These characterizations are in terms of the prime implicates of \\Sigma, and hence are implementable using assumption-based truth maintenance systems. In addition, we characterize the impact of a test outcome on consistency-based and abductive hypothesis spaces. Finally, we provide a characterization of differential dia...
Condensation of α-Cyanothioacetamide with Aldehydes Catalyzed by Envirocat EPZG<sup>1</sup> (1997)

Abstract Condensation of α-cyanothioacetamide with aldehydes has been carried out in excellent yield under mild conditions by using Envirocat EPZG as a heterogenous reusable catalyst.
Bruton's tyrosine kinase prevents activation of the anti‐apoptotic transcription factor STAT3 and promotes apoptosis in neoplastic B‐cells and B‐cell precursors exposed to oxidative stress (2007)

Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) was previously demonstrated to be a mediator of oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in irradiated neoplastic B-cells and B-cell precursors. Defective BTK expression in leukaemic B-cell precursors from infants with t(4;11) acute lymphoblastic leukaemia has been associated with radiation resistance. The present study examined whether BTK mediates apoptosis during oxidative stress by interfering with the anti-apoptotic function of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). BTK physically associated with and tyrosine phosphorylated STAT3; this association was promoted by pervanadate (PV)-induced oxidative stress. The BTK/STAT3 interaction appeared to prevent STAT3 response to oxidative stress, because PV-induced STAT3 activation was markedly enhanced in DT40 chicken lymphoma B-cells that were rendered BTK-deficient by targeted disruption of the btk gene as well as in BTK-deficient RAMOS-1 human lymphoma B-cells. These BTK-deficient cells were highly resistant to oxidative stress-induced apoptosis triggered by PV treatment. Reconstitution of BTK-deficient DT40 cells with wild-type human BTK gene eliminated the amplification of the STAT3 response and restored the PV-induced apoptotic signal. Similarly, while the BTK-positive NALM-6 human leukaemic B-cell precursor cell line showed no STAT3 activation after PV treatment and was exquisitely sensitive to PV-induced apoptosis, PV failed to induce apoptosis in BTK-deficient RAMOS-1 human lymphoma B-cells that showed a robust STAT3 response. These results provide unprecedented biochemical and genetic evidence for a unique mode of cross-talk that occurs between BTK and STAT3 pathways during oxidative stress, whereby BTK may trigger apoptosis via negative regulation of the anti-apoptotic STAT3 activity.
A new method in obtaining a better generalization in artificial neural networks (2002)

Overtraining is a serious problem in the neural network algorithms, including the backpropagation algorithm. In order to measure the performance of a neural network, ordinarily some of the data is sacrificed and used as a test set (cross-validation method). When the data is very scarce or is expensive, e.g. medical applications such as computer aided diagnosis, this waste of the data becomes intolerable. A new technique is introduced which uses the shape of the training mean squared error graph versus number of epochs and predicts when is the best time (epoch number) to discontinue the training.
Active Platform Management Demystified: Unleashing the Power of Intel VPro (TM) Technology (2009)

The utilization of agrochemicals has been of significant importance in both the cultivation and disease control of crops. The development of advanced agrochemicals that are both effective and eco-friendly has been made possible through the use of slow delivery platforms and surface modification technology. Inspired by the nature of mussel adhesion, polyphenolic platforms with versatile properties have been extensively employed in various applications, including agro-food, owing to their ability to flexibly modulate chemical and surface characteristics. This mini-review highlights the development of polyphenols, such as polydopamine and tannic acid, in the field of agrochemicals, particularly in the design and production of novel fertilizers and pesticides. The synthetic approach, active ingredient release performance, foliar adhesion, and design of polyphenolic-based agrochemicals in recent years have been discussed to explore their potential applications and limitations. We believe that utilizing versatile polyphenolic materials and their characteristics for agro-food applications can provide innovative ideas and suggestions for developing novel agrochemicals suitable for modern and sustainable horticulture and agriculture.
CNS Region-Specific Oxytocin Receptor Expression: Importance in Regulation of Anxiety and Sex Behavior (2001)

The oxytocin receptor (OTR) is differentially expressed in the CNS. Because there are multiple mechanisms by which the OTR can be transcriptionally induced, we hypothesized that differences in OTR expression may be explained by activation of distinct signal transduction pathways and may be critical for the control of anxiety and sex behaviors. To determine the regulation and functional significance of this expression, we infused female rats with modifiers of protein kinases before assaying for behavior and oxytocin receptor binding. In the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH), estrogen-dependent induction of oxytocin receptors required protein kinase C activation, and oxytocin infused here promoted female sex behavior but had no effect on anxiety. In contrast, dopamine controlled tonic oxytocin receptor expression in the central nucleus of the amygdala (cAmyg) through activation of protein kinase A, and oxytocin infused here was anxiolytic but had no effect on female sex behavior. Therefore, we have identified brain region-specific regulation of the OTR in the VMH and cAmyg. Distinct signal transduction pathways regulating receptor expression and binding in each brain region may mediate in part the ability of oxytocin to exert these differential behavioral effects.
THz transmission characteristics of dielectric-filled parallel-plate waveguides (2007)

THz transmission characteristics of dielectric-filled (DF) metallic parallel-plate waveguides (PPWGs) are experimentally and theoretically investigated via the propagation of sub-ps THz pulses. It is found that a PPWG having a high-resistivity (&gt;10 kΩ cm) silicon filling can, in fact, exhibit a higher transmission loss compared to one having a polythene filling, despite the significantly lower THz absorption in the bulk silicon. Consequently, it is shown that the key to achieving low-loss transmission in DF-PPWGs is to use a dielectric filling having not only a low absorption, but also a low refractive index. The application of this guided-wave geometry for THz spectroscopy of minute (film) substances is also predicted.