gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Surface plasmon-polariton fiber-optic polarizers using thin chromium films (1990)

High-quality optical fiber polarizers have been fabricated by depositing thin chromium films thermally onto polished fibers. Surface plasmon-polariton (SPP) waves which are supported by the thin chromium films are optically excited by evanescent field interaction with the propagating fundamental fiber mode and utilized as the polarization selective mechanism. Transverse-magnetic-like polarized light is extinguished when precise phase-matching conditions with the symmetric-bound SPP mode are achieved. The transverse-electric-like polarization, on the other hand, passes through with minimal losses. Devices with polarization extinction ratio in excess of 50 dB and insertion losses less than 1 dB are demonstrated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
HYDROLYSIS OF SALMON MUSCLE PROTEINS BY AN ENZYME MIXTURE EXTRACTED FROM ATLANTIC SALMON (SALMO SALAR) PYLORIC CAECA (2000)

An extract of serine proteases from thepyloric caeca of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) was recovered by (NH4)2SO4 and stabilized in 20% gfycerol. Proteolytic activity was determined using Azocoll and hydrofytic efficiency evaluated on salmon muscle mince. Activity assays identified chymotrypsin as the most active serine protease component, followed by trypsin and elastase. The caeca extract more efficiently hydrolyzed a salmon muscle mince substrate at 40C compared to 21.5C, and was very efficient compared to four commercial protease preparations in terms of degrees of hydrolysis (DH) achieved after a 180 min reaction. Salmon protein hydrotysates made from the enzymatic hydrolysis with the pyloric caeca enzymes had different peptide profiles at the same DH when the reaction took place at 2I.5C compared to 40C, suggesting that relative activities of these serine proteases may be different at different reaction temperatures.
Control of active liquid crystals with a magnetic field (2016)

Living cells sense the mechanical features of their environment and adapt to it by actively remodeling their peripheral network of filamentary proteins, known as cortical cytoskeleton. By mimicking this principle, we demonstrate an effective control strategy for a microtubule-based active nematic in contact with a hydrophobic thermotropic liquid crystal. By using well-established protocols for the orientation of liquid crystals with a uniform magnetic field, and through the mediation of anisotropic shear stresses, the active nematic reversibly self-assembles with aligned flows and textures that feature orientational order at the millimeter scale. The turbulent flow, characteristic of active nematics, is in this way regularized into a laminar flow with periodic velocity oscillations. Once patterned, the microtubule assembly reveals its intrinsic length and time scales, which we correlate with the activity of motor proteins, as predicted by existing theories of active nematics. The demonstrated commanding strategy should be compatible with other viable active biomaterials at interfaces, and we envision its use to probe the mechanics of the intracellular matrix.
Sarpogrelate: cardiovascular and renal clinical potential (2004)

Sarpogrelate is a selective 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor subtype 2A (5-HT2A) antagonist. It is metabolised to racemic M-1 and both enantiomers of M-1 are also antagonists of 5-HT2A receptors. Sarpogrelate inhibits responses to 5-HT mediated by 5-HT2A receptors such as platelet aggregation, vasoconstriction and vascular smooth muscle proliferation. There is no information available on the pharmacokinetics of sarpogrelate. Sarpogrelate is efficacious in animal models of thrombosis, coronary artery spasm, atherosclerosis, restenosis, peripheral vascular disease, pulmonary hypertension, ischaemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, diabetes and kidney disease. Small clinical trials indicate that sarpogrelate may be beneficial in the treatment of coronary artery disease, angina, restenosis, heart valve prostheses surgery, diabetes mellitus, Raynaud's phenomenon, systemic sclerosis and Buerger's disease. Larger, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trials of sarpogrelate in intermittent claudication, coronary artery disease, restenosis and diabetes should be considered.
Fundamental Limits of Energy-Efficient Resource Sharing, Power Control and Discontinuous Transmission (2013)

The achievable gains via power-optimal scheduling are investigated. Under the QoS constraint of a guaranteed link rate, the overall power consumed by a cellular BS is minimized. Available alternatives for the minimization of transmit power consumption are presented. The transmit power is derived for the two-user downlink situation. The analysis is extended to incorporate a BS power model (which maps transmit power to supply power consumption) and the use of DTX in a BS. Overall potential gains are evaluated by comparison of a conventional SOTA BS with one that employs DTX exclusively, a power control scheme and an optimal combined DTX and power control scheme. Fundamental limits of the achievable savings are found to be at 5.5 dB under low load and 2 dB under high load when comparing the SOTA consumption with optimal allocation under the chosen power model.
Genetic algorithms and simulated annealing for robustness analysis (1997)

Genetic algorithms (GAs) and simulated annealing (SA) have been promoted as useful, general tools for nonlinear optimization. This paper explores their use in robustness analysis with real parameter variations, a known NP hard problem which would appear to be ideally suited to demonstrate the power of GAs and SA. Numerical experiment results show convincingly that they turn out to be poorer than existing branch and bound (B&B) approaches. While this may appear to shed doubt on some of the hype surrounding these stochastic optimization techniques, we find that they do have attractive features, which are also demonstrated in this study. For example, both GAs and SA are almost trivial to understand and program, so they require essentially no expertise, in sharp contrast to the B&B methods. They may be suitable for problems where programming effort is much more important than running time or the quality of the answer. Robustness analysis for engineering problems is not the best candidate in this respect, but it does provide an interesting test case for the evaluation of GAs and SA. A simple hill climbing algorithm is also studied for comparison.
Machine learning approaches for predicting high cost high need patient expenditures in health care (2018)

This study shows that there is significant temporal correlation in health care expenditures. Machine learning models can help to accurately forecast the expenditures. These results could advance the field toward precise preventive care to lower overall health care costs and deliver care more efficiently.
Attitude Estimation Adaptively Compensating External Acceleration (2006)

This paper is concerned with attitude estimation using low cost, small-sized accelerometers and gyroscopes. A two step extended Kalman filter is proposed, which adaptively compensates external acceleration. External acceleration is the main source of estimation error. In the proposed filter, direction of external acceleration is estimated. According to the estimated direction, the accelerometer measurement covariance matrix of the two step extended Kalman filter is adjusted. The proposed algorithm is verified through experiments.
Holliday Junction Crossover Topology (1994)

The Holliday junction is a key intermediate in genetic recombination. It consists of four strands of DNA that associate to form four double-helical arms. Studies over the past decade with asymmetric analogs of Holliday junctions have shown that the four arms stack to generate two stacking domains. This arrangement of arms results in two strands with a roughly helical structure, and two that contain a crossover structure connecting the domains. Both parallel and antiparallel orientations of the helical strands are possible, although the antiparallel orientation is favored. In principle, there are two possible isomers of the Holliday junction, depending on which pairs of strands contain the crossover structure; isomerization between these two structures is key to many molecular models of recombination. Isomerization of parallel domain structures entails large end-to-end helical rotations if braiding of the crossover strands is to be avoided. We have examined the ability of the crossover strands to braid. This has been done by employing a double crossover molecule, whose termini are all hairpin loops. Such a molecule is a catenane of two single strands of DNA, whose linking number is a function of the sign of the node at the crossover. We have prepared linking standards by means of topological protection techniques, and have compared them to the catenane formed by the double crossover molecule. We find no evidence for braiding of the strands. Furthermore, no braided structures can be detected when the double crossover molecule is treated with Escherichia coli DNA topoisomerase I in the presence of varying amounts of Mg2+ cations.
Fabrication of immunosensor microwell arrays from gold compact discs for detection of cancer biomarker proteins (2011)

A simple method is reported to fabricate gold arrays featuring microwells surrounding 8-electrodes from gold compact discs (CDs) for less than $0.2 per chip. Integration of these disposable gold CD array chips with microfluidics provided inexpensive immunoarrays that were used to measure a cancer biomarker protein quickly at high sensitivity. The gold CD sensor arrays were fabricated using thermal transfer of laserjet toner from a computer-printed pattern followed by selective chemical etching. Sensor elements had an electrochemically addressable surface area of 0.42 mm(2) with RSD <2%. For a proof-of-concept application, the arrays were integrated into a simple microfluidic device for electrochemical detection of cancer biomarker interleukin-6 (IL-6) in diluted serum. Capture antibodies of IL-6 were chemically linked onto the electrode arrays and a sandwich immunoassay protocol was developed. A biotinylated detection antibody with polymerized horseradish peroxidase labels was used for signal amplification. The detection limit of IL-6 in diluted serum was remarkably low at 10 fg mL(-1) (385 aM) with a linear response with log of IL-6 concentration from 10 to 1300 fg mL(-1). These easily fabricated, ultrasensitive, microfluidic immunosensors should be readily adapted for sensitive detection of multiple biomarkers for cancer diagnostics.
The European experience of Novacor left ventricular assist (LVAS) therapy as a bridge to transplant: a retrospective multi-centre study (1999)

Optimal selection and management of LVAS patients has still to be established. While the data available for this report lacked the detail necessary to demonstrate direct causal relationships between selection and management, it was clear from the inter-centre differences that these two factors have a major impact on outcomes. This early experience has directed attention towards improved management regimes. Given the results obtained from the best centres and the ability to discharge patients to lead near-normal lives in the community, the authors believe that the Novacor LVAS now offers a real therapeutic alternative for selected end-stage heart failure patients for whom a donor heart is unavailable or who are unsuitable for transplantation.
Automatic Renewal of Applying Software Edition in System of MIS (2005)

According to present majority MIS system can not seek and update the weakness of software edition voluntarily, puts forward the method of updating and controlling that carries out customer end software edition efficiently , and uses Delphi5.The side of 3th control have developed the software that the software edition real time of client computer updates , realizes better the function of MIS systematic application software that software edition updates and controls.
Atomistic Mechanisms Underlying Selectivities in C<sub>1</sub> and C<sub>2</sub> Products from Electrochemical Reduction of CO on Cu(111) (2016)

Practical environmental and energy applications of the electrochemical reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> to chemicals and fuels require far more efficient and selective electrocatalysts beyond the only working material Cu, but the wealth of experimental data on Cu can serve to validate any proposed mechanisms. To provide design guidelines, we use quantum mechanics to predict the detailed atomistic mechanisms responsible for C<sub>1</sub> and C<sub>2</sub> products on Cu. Thus, we report the pH dependent routes to the major products, methane and ethylene, and identify the key intermediates where branches to methanol, ketene, ethanol, acetylene, and ethane are kinetically blocked. We discovered that surface water on Cu plays a key role in the selectivity for hydrocarbon products over the oxygen-containing alcohol products by serving as a strong proton donor for electrochemical dehydration reductions. We suggest new experiments to validate our predicted mechanisms.
Condensed-Purines Syntheses of Tetrahydro-1,4-diazepino(1,2,3-gh)purin-2-one and Hexahydro-1,4-diazocino(1,2,3-gh)purin-2-one. (1999)

1, 4-Pyrimido- (2a), 1, 4-diazepino- (2b), and 1, 4-diazocino[1, 2, 3-gh]purine (2c) were designed as selective cAMP-phosphodiesterase 4 (PDE 4) inhibitors. The desired condensed-purines(2b, c) were synthesized by reaction of 7-aminoalkyl-3-propylpurine-2, 4-diones (6b, c) with hexamethyldisilazane by intramolecular cyclization via silylation-amination.
Deuterium NMR tissue perfusion measurements using the tracer uptake approach: I. optimization of methods (1999)

This paper considers potential problems encountered when using the Kety approach to measure perfusion in small laboratory animals with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) tracer uptake methods: a) the need to measure the arterial input function (AIF) in each animal; b) sensitivity to perfusion heterogeneity; c) sensitivity to low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR); and d) influence of changes in the AIF. A method to estimate the AIF in rats is presented that derives an AIF from the time course of a tracer passing through a carotid chamber. The results of computer simulations indicate that a common AIF obtained in one set of animals can be used for perfusion estimations in another set of animals if the tracer is delivered as a dose and that optimal data analysis (fitting data vs. integration approach) is dictated by SNR and perfusion heterogeneity. Experimental strategies are suggested to minimize the effects of changes in the individual AIF that could distort perfusion estimates.
Acharan sulfate, the new glycosaminoglycan from <i>Achatina fulica</i> Bowdich 1822 (2004)

Acharan sulfate, a recently discovered glycosaminoglycan isolated from Achatina fulica, has a major disaccharide repeating unit of -->4)-2-acetyl,2-deoxy-alpha-d-glucopyranose(1-->4)-2-sulfo-alpha-l-idopyranosyluronic acid (1-->, making it structurally related to both heparin and heparan sulfate. It has been suggested that this glycosaminoglycan is polydisperse, with an average molecular mass of 29 kDa and known minor disaccharide sequence variants containing unsulfated iduronic acid. Acharan sulfate was found to be located in the body of this species using alcian blue staining and it was suggested to be the main constituent of the mucus. In the present work, we provide further information on the structure and compartmental distribution of acharan sulfate in the snail body. Different populations of acharan sulfate presenting charge and/or molecular mass heterogeneities were isolated from the whole body, as well as from mucus and from the organic shell matrix. A minor glycosaminoglycan fraction susceptible to degradation by nitrous acid was also purified from the snail body, suggesting the presence of N-sulfated glycosaminoglycan molecules. In addition, we demonstrate the in vivo metabolic labeling of acharan sulfate in the snail body after a meal supplemented with [35S]free sulfate. This simple approach might be applied to the study of acharan sulfate biosynthesis. Finally, we developed histochemical assays to localize acharan sulfate in the snail body by metachromatic staining and by histoautoradiography following metabolic radiolabeling with [35S]sulfate. Our results show that acharan sulfate is widely distributed among several organs.
The chemistry of deposits formed from acrylic acid plasmas (1998)

SIMS and XPS were used to characterise the chemistry of thin plasma polymerised acrylic acid films (ppAAc), and to determine how this was influenced by plasma power. Quartz microbalance weight measurements were used to monitor the effect of power on the deposition rate and identify the uptake of water vapour by the films upon exposure to the atmosphere. Functional group derivatisation and XPS were used to quantify the proportion of carboxylic acid and ester functionalities. Derivatisation revealed that the level of retention in the deposit could be controlled by the plasma deposition power (P) up to a maximum of 66% at P=2 W. TOF SIMS analysis identified the presence of linear structures with up to five monomer units in the high retention deposit. The role of such structures in functional retention is discussed with reference to mass spectrometry data in the literature.
Association between vascular basement membrane components and the lesions of Alzheimer's disease (1991)

A relationship between the microvasculature and Alzheimer senile plaques has been suggested by several lines of evidence. Besides close anatomic and biochemical relationships, both extrinsic (fibronectin) and intrinsic [heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG)] components of the vascular basement membrane (VBM) have been colonized with amyloid plaques. The present study was designed to examine the association between three intrinsic components of the VBM [HSPG, collagen type IV (CIV), and laminin] and the histopathologic lesions of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Six cases with neuropathologically confirmed AD were immunocytochemically labeled for the presence of HSPG, CIV, laminin, or tau-2 (a marker for degenerating neurites) and examined at the light and electron microscopic levels. For light microscopic analyses, sections were counterstained with a fluorescent marker for amyloid. The present study illustrates an involvement of VBM components in the lesions associated with AD. First, we replicate our previous finding that HSPG antibodies immunolabel a subset of neurons; ultrastructural analyses indicate that at least some of these are actually extracellular neurofibrillary tangles. Second, we report that CIV and laminin immunoreaction product was not associated with neurons but did label several perivascular cells with the morphologic characteristics of microglia. Finally, we demonstrate that all three intrinsic VBM components, CIV and laminin as well as HSPG, are localized to senile plaques. Both light and electron microscopic studies indicate that the VBM components are associated with amyloid rather than degenerating neurites. These findings suggest that the VBM or its components may play a role in the AD pathogenetic cascade.
Frequency spectrum analysis of water hammer events during hydraulic fracturing and the associated diagnostic applications (2018)

A "water hammer" is a hydraulic impulse created due to the shutdown of pumps at any point during fracturing operations.These hydraulic impulses oscillate between the wellhead and the isolating tools of the current treatment stage at the resonant frequencies of the wellbore, which are controlled primarily by hydraulic length.Analysis of the interaction of hydraulic impulses with the well and fracture network has the potential to provide diagnostic data cheaply and simply, facilitating design optimization.In this work, signal processing techniques are applied to pressure data recorded at high sample-rates at the wellhead, to identify the contributions to pressure oscillations at the wellhead on the frequency spectrum.The resonant frequencies of the wellbore are then identified as strong peaks in the frequency spectrum.By understanding the boundary conditions that exist downhole, the resonant frequencies can be normalized to accurately determine depth of isolation tools.The methods were applied to a sample dataset of water hammer events from 27 fracturing treatment stages.The frequencies identified through processing the recorded data were used to calculate the depth of impulse reflection, as a novel technique to confirm bridge plug depth after treatment stages in horizontal multi-stage completions.The predicted depth of the isolating plugs was identified and indicated an average error of 26' off of the depth the plugs were set at according to the wireline counter.The maximum deviation between the hydraulic impulse measurement and the setting depth of a bridge plug was 137', and was verified as an observed tool failure during drillout operations when no tag was recorded at the setting depth.The results of this work demonstrate frequency spectrum analysis as a promising technique for characterizing hydraulic impulse events.
Effects of temperature on the aging rate of piezoelectric polymer (1977)

Results of aging measurements at 20°C, 57°C, and 66°C are presented for commercially available piezoelectric polymer (28-μm thick, poled polyvinylidene fluoride). The g31 (electric field/stress) and d31 (charge density/stress) piezoelectric constants were measured by a static dead weight tension test. The relative dielectric constant K33T was obtained from a 1-kHz capacitance measurement. At room temperature (20°C), aging rates of 10%/time decade for g31, 15%/time decade for d31, and 7%/time decade for K33T were obtained over a 100-day period from date of poling. Values of g31 and K33T were measured (at room temperature) for samples held at 57°C and 66°C for 100 days starting at 400 days from poling. For the 57°C case, g31 values at 401, 410, and 500 days showed a 3%, 10%, and 16% decrease over the 400-day value. The 66°C case showed decreases of 16%, 19%, and 21% in g31 over the same time period. No change in K33T was observed for either of these cases. [Work supported by R. R. Smith, Code 302, Naval Ocean Systems Center, San Diego, CA.]
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Science and Engineering Apprentice Program (2013)

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Science and Engineering Apprentice Program for high school students is one of NASA's many efforts toward a goal of scientific literacy. It embraces science, mathematics, and technology as keys to purposeful and sustained progress and security for our nation and its people. It serves as a model for helping reform education by striving to address mechanisms to influence the knowledge, skills, and attitudes of our students. It focuses on what to do today to meet the challenges of tomorrow.