gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Isolation of organic field-effect transistors by surface patterning with an UV/ozone process (2009)

The authors present a patterning technique for isolating organic field-effect transistors via an ultraviolet/ozone process. The technique relies on the conversion of a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) film to a silicon oxide (SiOx) which provides the selective growth of pentacene thin films on hydrophobic and smooth PDMS and hydrophilic and rough SiOx created by photoinduced conversion of the PDMS. They demonstrate that pentacene films grown on PDMS have five times greater channel conductivity than those grown on the SiOx film, and this difference in performance can be exploited to partially pattern active devices and reduce leakage using a photopatterning technique.
Multidimensional free‐energy calculations using the weighted histogram analysis method (1995)

Abstract The recently formulated weighted histogram analysis method (WHAM) 1 is an extension of Ferrenberg and Swendsen's multiple histogram technique for free‐energy and potential of mean force calculations. As an illustration of the method, we have calculated the two‐dimensional potential of mean force surface of the dihedrals gamma and chi in deoxyadenosine with Monte Carlo simulations using the all‐atom and united‐atom representation of the AMBER force fields. This also demonstrates one of the major advantages of WHAM over umbrella sampling techniques. The method also provides an analysis of the statistical accuracy of the potential of mean force as well as a guide to the most efficient use of additional simulations to minimize errors. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Analysis and control design of paralleled DC/DC converters with current sharing (1998)

This paper presents a general small-signal stability analysis of paralleled power converter systems. The framework specializes to include both the "democratic" and "master-slave" current-sharing schemes. Design examples illustrate how to obtain stable current sharing. The authors show how paralleled power converters can become unstable (even when active current sharing is absent) and discuss the influence of the number of converters paralleled.
Weighted-SNR-Based Fair Scheduling for Uplink OFDMA (2009)

In this paper, we study the sum rate maximization algorithms with long-term proportional rate fairness (PRF) for uplink orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems. In contrast to the rate-maximization schemes which used short-term PRF in the literature, we propose to use a selective multiuser diversity (SMuD) scheme to achieve a long-term PRF and improved sum rate performance. This scheme implements weighted channel signal-to-noise ratio (w-SNR)-based ranking for user selection on each subchannel, and then uses either water-filling (WF) or equal power allocation (EPA) along the assigned channels of each user. Both offline and online methods to find the optimal SNR weight factors are designed to achieve the target proportional rates for different users. The offline optimization technique requires to know the channel distribution information (CDI) at the scheduler. The online method uses the weight adaption combined with individual user rate tracking, which avoids the need to know the CDI. Analytical throughput metrics for the proposed w-SNR scheme with WF and EPA over Rayleigh channels are derived, and verified by simulations. Simulation results show that the proposed w-SNR PRF scheme can achieve significantly higher sum rates than the frequency diversity-based short-term and long-term fairness schemes. Besides the improved performance, the proposed schemes have a low complexity which is linear to numbers of users and subchannels.
A comprehensive study of the use of temporal moments in time-resolved diffuse optical tomography: part II. Three-dimensional reconstructions (2009)

This paper addresses the inverse problem of time-resolved (fluorescence) diffuse optical tomography from temporal moments of the measurements. A methodology that enables one to provide fairly comparable reconstructions is presented. The proposed reconstruction methodology is applied to infinite medium synthetic phantoms in the transmission geometry. Reconstructions are performed for moment orders increasing from 0 to 3. The reconstruction quality is shown to be increasing when higher moment orders are added. However, the value of the highest useful moments order strongly depends on the number of photons that can be acquired. In particular, it can be considered that the benefit of using higher order moments vanishes when fewer than 10(8) photons are detected. The evolution of the reconstruction quality with respect to the optical properties of the medium and fluorescence lifetime is also shown.
Preparation of novel fluorinated block copolyimide membranes for gas separation (2006)

Abstract We synthesized novel fluorinated block copolyimides with various diamine compositions and block chain lengths by chemical imidization in a two‐pod procedure. We describe the gas‐transport properties of the novel block copolyimide membranes. We demonstrate that the gas‐transport properties of the copolyimide membranes strongly depended on the block chain lengths. The gas permeabilities of the copolyimide membranes increased with increasing block chain length, and the gas selectivities increased with decreasing lengths. We clarify that the gas diffusivity of the block copolyimide membrane dominated the gas‐transport properties. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2436–2442, 2006
Shear Driven Micro-Fluidic Pump for Cardiovascular Applications (2017)

A valveless shear-driven micro-fluidic pump design (SDMFP) for hemodynamic applications is presented in this work. One of the possible medical and biomedical applications is in-vivo hemodynamic (human blood circulation) support/assist. One or more SDMFPs can be inserted/implanted into vascular lumens in a form of a stent/duct in series and/or in parallel (bypass duct) to support blood circulation in-vivo. A comprehensive review of various micro-pump designs up to about mid 2000’s is given in [1,2]. Many of micropump designs considered are not suitable for in-vivo or even in-vitro medical/biomedical applications. Operating principles, design, and SDMFP features are given in [3]. A particular design used in cardiovascular applications has no moving valves. SDMFP with Gourney-flap type valves to support high-pressure applications are developed for other applications. SDMFP could be fully bi-directional and can control its operation on the run using embedded microcontrollers and sensors. Estimated efficiency is high with low leakage resulting in low power consumption. Proprietary “fish-scale” surface coating ShearQ™ designs are implemented to improve unidirectional flow pumping efficiency. Bi-directional feature may be especially critical when clogging of blood vessels is detected. By automatically and temporarily switching into the reverse-mode operation and retrogressive flow, while inducing suction-head for a short time periods it is hoped that possibly blood conduits can be cleared/unclogged and the normal forward-flow operation resumed. Such may be an important feature if SDMFP is used in-vivo, such as, in coronary arteries which are prone to clogging leading to cardiac-arrest.
Real-Time Moving Object Detection for Video Surveillance (2009)

A common method for real time moving object detection in image sequences is background removal, also referred to as background subtraction. The numerous approaches differ in the type of background model used and the procedure used to update the model. This paper discusses modeling each 4 times 4 pixel patch of an image through a set of coefficient vectors which are obtained by means of a discrete cosine transform. The amount of vectors used to model a patch is adapted online for each patch separately. In contrast to most other background removal techniques foreground detection and background adaptation procedure also incorporates temporal and spacial characteristics of an object motion. The presented methods was shown to be very robust to arbitrary changes in the observed environment and was successfully tested in several video surveillance scenarios.
Multistage axial-flux PM machine for wheel direct drive (1996)

The design of direct-drive wheel motors must comply with diameter restrictions due to housing the motor in a wheel rim and allow the achievement of very high torque density and overload capability. Slotless axial-flux permanent magnet machines (AFPMs) prove to be the best candidate for application in electric vehicles as direct-drive wheel motors, as in comparison with conventional machines they allow designs with higher compactness, lightness and efficiency. The paper presents a newly conceived AFPM which has a multistage structure and a water-cooled ironless stator. In the proposed new topology of the machine, the space formerly occupied by the toroidal core becomes a water duct, which removes heat directly from the interior surface of the stator winding. The high efficiency of the machine cooling arrangement allows long-term 100% overload operation and great reduction of the machine weight. The multistage structure of the machine is suited to overcome the restriction on the machine diameter and meet the torque required at the wheel shaft. The paper gives guidelines for the design of a multistage AFPM with water-cooled ironless stator, and describes characteristics of a two-stage prototype machine rated 215 Nm, 1100 RPM.
The hypermetabolic response to burn injury and modulation of this response: an overview (2015)

Burn injuries are followed by a profound hypermetabolic response, which is characterised by circulatory, physiological, catabolic and immune system changes. This response can persist for up to 24 months post burn. It is mediated by a 50-fold elevation in plasma catecholamines, cortisol and inflammatory cells. This leads to whole body catabolism, significantly elevated resting energy expenditure (REE) and multi-organ dysfunction. These patients have a number of metabolic derangements, including increased REE, increased cardiac work, increased myocardial oxygen consumption, marked tachycardia, severe lipolysis, liver dysfunction, severe muscle catabolism, increased protein degradation, insulin resistance and growth retardation. Early excision and grafting is the cornerstone of management. No treatment modality supersedes early wound coverage. Early enteral nutrition, thermoregulation and resistance training are other components of care. Basic management should be correctly executed before pharmacological agents are employed.
Conservation Status of the Southern Appalachian Herpetofauna (1999)

Seventy one species of amphibians (55 salamanders, 16 anurans) and 46 species of reptiles (15 turtles, 8 lizards, 23 snakes) inhabit a five state area (Kentucky, North Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia) in the southern Appalachian region bordered by the Potomac River, the Blue Ridge Mountains, and the western margin of the Appalachian Plateau. Of these, 47.9 % of the amphibian fauna and 52.2 % of the reptilian fauna are listed as being of conservation concern by federal, state, and Natural Heritage programs in all or a portion of their ranges of this region. The Shenandoah salamander (Plethodon Shenandoah) is listed as Endangered and the Cheat Mountain salamander (Plethodon Shenandoah) is listed as Endangered and the Cheat Mountain salamander (Plethodon nettingi) is listed as Threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act. Nine others are classified as federal species at risk. State endangered species number 1-3 (per state), threatened 1-4, and special concern or declining 6-19. Three to 6 species per state are additionally listed as natural heritage S1 and 2-13 as S2. We review the existing and potential threats to species and populations (e.g., timbering, urbanization, collection for the wildlife trade, acid precipitation, introduced species) and provide an assessment of the conservation status of the southern Appalachian herpetofauna based on land ownership.
Balancing between usability and aesthetics of Web design (2010)

Web visual aesthetics and its usability play very important roles in determining the success of the Website. It is difficult to decide which aspect needs to be given more attention when it comes to designing a Website as aesthetics is focusing on the `look' and `feel' while usability is stressing on its functionalities. There is no perfect answer which aspects of the Web design are more important than the others. In addition, it is also difficult to have a balance of these two seemingly contrary objectives of Web design. This research focuses on how to balance the aesthetics design and the usability of Web design. This study also investigates methods to evaluate Web page's usability and aesthetic appeal, the role of these two aspects play in the Website design and also the relationship between these two aspects. The results of study provide a tangible concept on how the Web usability and the Web aesthetics design affect each other and methods to balance between the Web usability and aesthetics design. The contribution of this paper is to provide guiding principle to the Website developer in order to develop a Website which is wellbalance in usability as well as its aesthetics aspect.
Observation of molecular layering in a confined water film and study of the layers viscoelastic properties (2001)

A transverse dynamic force microscope, more commonly known as shear force microscope, has been used to investigate confined water films under shear. A cylindrically tapered glass probe was mounted perpendicularly to the sample surface. Pure water was confined between the probe and a freshly cleaved mica surface and a sinusoidal shear strain was applied by setting the probe into transverse oscillation. Repeated measurements of the probe oscillation amplitude and relative phase lag, at different tip-sample separations, exhibited a clear step-like behavior. The periodicity, recorded over several curves, ranged between 2.4 and 2.9 Å, which is similar to the diameter of the water molecule. The in-phase (elastic) and the out-of-phase (viscous) stress response of the confined water film was evaluated (from the experimental data) by assuming a linear viscoelastic behavior. Finally, by modeling the water film with the Maxwell mechanical model, the values for the shear viscosity and shear rigidity were obtained.
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition Increases Human Vascular Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator Release Through Endogenous Bradykinin (2003)

ACE inhibition increases constitutive endothelial t-PA release through endogenous bradykinin.
Location-dependent query processing (2010)

The continuous development of wireless networks and mobile devices has motivated an intense research in mobile data services. Some of these services provide the user with context-aware information. Specifically, location-based services and location-dependent queries have attracted a lot of interest. In this article, the existing literature in the field of location-dependent query processing is reviewed. The technological context (mobile computing) and support middleware (such as moving object databases and data stream technology) are described, location-based services and location-dependent queries are defined and classified, and different query processing approaches are reviewed and compared.
Electron-beam switching of thin-film ZnS electroluminescent devices (1977)

An electron beam of moderate current density (∼10−5 A/cm2) and energy (10–16 keV) has been used to change the luminance state of a thin-film ZnS : Mn electroluminescent device having hysteretic or memory-type behavior with respect to applied voltage. The dwell time of the beam required for writing is of the order of 0.05–1 ms, depending upon applied voltage and beam current density. The change in luminance is confined to the area bombarded and persists for hours, decaying approximately as erf(αt−1/2) for 50&lt;t&lt;104 s.
A laboratory for the study of graphical man-machine communication (1964)

Engineering has evolved rapidly during the last fifteen years as analysis techniques geared to the computational power of a slide rule and desk calculator have been replaced by techniques which make extensive use of computers. During these years, however, graphical techniques for conversion of design ideas to final products have not changed significantly, nor has the role of drawings in engineering design changed. The drawing plays a vital role in each phase of the evolution of a product. The original design proposals, the engineering analysis, the design compromises, and the prototype product fabrication all depend on graphical communication among engineers and designers. Whether the product is to be machined, assembled, stamped, wired, welded or hand modeled, a drawing is made so that a two-dimensional representation of the product may be reviewed by the engineers concerned with the product. Prior to the final product drawing, many ideas are exchanged by the use of sketches, drawings, plots, and engineering reports.
Estimating Currency Hedge Ratios for International Portfolios (1995)

The most common approach for controlling currency risk in an international portfolio uses mean–variance optimization to find a hedge ratio that maximizes the portfolio's risk-adjusted return. To calculate the optimal hedge ratio, an investor needs estimates of expected returns, variances, and covariances. These parameter estimates contain errors, which then become embedded in the optimal hedge ratio. This article examines the size of the estimation error of the optimal hedge ratio for a U.S. investor holding an internationally diversified portfolio. The results indicate that the estimation error is so large that the estimates of the optimal hedge ratio are of little practical use to an investor with moderate or low aversion to risk.
Efficient [<sup>18</sup>F]AlF Radiolabeling of Z<sub>HER3:8698</sub> Affibody Molecule for Imaging of HER3 Positive Tumors (2016)

The human epidermal growth factor receptor 3 (HER3) is overexpressed in several cancers, being linked to a more resistant phenotype and hence leading to poor patient prognosis. Imaging HER3 is challenging owing to the modest receptor number (<50000 receptors/cell) in overexpressing cancer cells. Therefore, to image HER3 in vivo, high target affinity PET probes need to be developed. This work describes two different [(18)F]AlF radiolabeling strategies of the ZHER3:8698 affibody molecule specifically targeting HER3. The one-pot radiolabeling of ZHER3:8698 performed at 100 °C and using 1,4,7-triazanonane-1,4,7-triacetate (NOTA) as chelator resulted in radiolabeled products with variable purity attributed to radioconjugate thermolysis. An alternative approach based on the inverse electron demand Diels-Alder (IEDDA) reaction between a novel tetrazine functionalized 1,4,7-triazacyclononane-1,4-diacetate (NODA) chelator and the trans-cyclooctene (TCO) functionalized affibody molecule was also investigated. This method enabled the radiolabeling of the protein at room temperature. The [(18)F]AlF-NOTA-ZHER3:8698 and [(18)F]AlF-NODA-ZHER3:8698 conjugates showed a specific uptake at 1 h after injection in high HER3-expressing MCF-7 tumors of 4.36 ± 0.92% ID/g and 4.96 ± 0.65% ID/g, respectively. The current results are encouraging for further investigation of [(18)F]AlF-NOTA-ZHER3:8698 as a HER3 imaging agent.
Evaluation of similarity measure methods for hyperspectral remote sensing data (2012)

Taking the standard vegetation spectral library data and the hyperspectral Hyperion remote sensing image, five similarity measure methods (i.e., Euclidean distance, spectral information divergence, spectral angle cosine, spectral correlation coefficient and spectral angle cosine-Euclidean distance) are comprehensively evaluated under a unified testing framework. The results indicate that the spectral angle cosine-Euclidean distance method demonstrates the most superior ability to distinguish various land cover types among five methods because it fully utilizes both the spectral amplitude and shape feature in the hyperspectral data. A combination of the spectral amplitude-sensitive method and the shape-sensitive method will effectively improve the identification accuracy of different land cover types. These evaluation results can be used to guide the selection of an optimal similarity measure method for automatic classification with hyperspectral data.
Efficacy of an E. coli phytase expressed in yeast for releasing phytate-bound phosphorus in young chicks and pigs1 (2003)

Four chick trials and one pig trial were conducted to investigate the phosphorus-releasing efficacy of two commercial phytase enzymes (Natuphos and Ronozyme) and an experimental E. coli phytase enzyme (ECP) when added to corn-soybean meal diets containing no supplemental inorganic P (iP). In the 13- or 14-d chick trials, three or four graded levels of iP (0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15%) from KH2PO4 were added to the basal diet to construct standard curves from which bioavailable P release could be calculated for the phytase treatments. In all cases, phytase supplementation levels were based on an assessment of phytase premix activity (i.e., P release from Na phytate at pH 5.5). Linear (P < 0.01) responses in tibia ash and weight gain resulted from iP supplementation in all assays. In the first chick trial, supplementation of 500 phytase units (FTU)/kg of ECP resulted in superior (P < 0.01) weight gain and tibia ash values compared with 500 FTU/kg of Natuphos. Results of the second chick trial revealed P-release values of 0.032 and 0.028% for 500 FTU/kg Natuphos and Ronozyme, respectively, and these were lower (P < 0.01) than the 0.125% P-release value for 500 FTU/kg of ECP. Tibia ash responded quadratically (P < 0.05) in response to graded levels of ECP up to 1,500 FTU/kg in the third chick trial. Combining Natuphos with either Ronozyme or ECP in Chick Trial 4 revealed no synergism between phytases with different initiation sites of P removal. The pig trial involved 10 individually fed weanling pigs per diet, and all phytase enzymes were supplemented to provide 400 FTU/kg in diets containing 0.60% Ca. Based on the linear regression of fibula ash on supplemental iP intake (r2 = 0.87), P-release values were 0.081% for Natuphos, 0.043% for Ronozyme, and 0.108% for ECP. These trials revealed an advantage of the E. coli phytase over the commercial phytases in young chicks.
Palladium Nanoparticles as Efficient Catalysts for Suzuki Cross-Coupling Reactions (2011)

In this Perspective, we discuss some of the most significant aspects in the development of nanosized catalysts for Suzuki cross-coupling reactions. Thus, the effect of the size and shape of Pd nanoparticles on the catalytic activity, together with their stability, recycling ability, and the influence of different reaction parameters, will be brought up for consideration. Furthermore, a comprehensive discussion on the homogeneous or heterogeneous nature of the mechanism for Pd-catalyzed carbon–carbon bond-forming reactions will be conducted. Understanding where the active sites are and how the reaction takes place at those sites is the key for the design of new and more effective nanocatalysts.
CLXXIII.—The polysulphides of the alkali metals. Part III. Potassium (1931)

T. G. Pearson and P. L. Robinson, J. Chem. Soc., 1931, 1304 DOI: 10.1039/JR9310001304
Toll-Like Receptors 2-Deficient Mice Are Protected Against Postischemic Coronary Endothelial Dysfunction (2007)

TLR2 contribute to coronary endothelial dysfunction after I/R, possibly through stimulation of neutrophil- (and free radical-) mediated endothelial injury.