gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Packet recovery and error correction in high-speed wide-area networks (2003)

The author presents a novel technique for reducing packet loss rate in high-speed wide-area networks in which the BER (bit-error rate) is low. Grouping packets into blocks and adding a packet that computes parity over bits of all packets in a block allow a data recipient to reconstruct any single packet in a block, using the other packets and the block parity packet. The missing packet is identified by observing a sequence-number gap in the stream of incoming packets. Adding another packet containing parity information over the diagonals of a series of blocks allows the decoder to correct a single bit error and reconstruct a missing packet, both occurring in the same block. The performance of the scheme was evaluated using a model of a single-server, discrete-time, finite-capacity queue. It was found that, if the input rate of packets to the queue is such that the packet rejection probability is 10/sup -3/ and below, it is possible to find a proper value of block size for which the decoding yields a substantial reduction in packet loss rate. Further reductions are possible if the server discards not necessarily newly arrived packets but takes into consideration their block affiliations and attempts to distribute the rejected packets among the blocks to maximize the decoding capability.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Symmetrical Clock Synchronization with Time-Correlated Photon Pairs (2019)

We demonstrate a distance-independent clock synchronization protocol, using counter-propagating photons from spontaneous parametric down-conversion pair sources, secure against symmetric-delay attacks. With rates of 200 coincidences/s, we record a precision of 51 ps over 100 s. © 2019 The Author(s)
Geosmin Production and Excretion in a Planktonic and Benthic Oscillatoria (1992)

Geosmin and carotenoid contents for the benthic Oscillatoriabrevis and the planktonic Oscillatoriabornetii were examined under different growth conditions. The results obtained when the effects of light intensity, light quality and growth rate were examined indicate that geosmiri could be a by-product of the isoprenoid pathway leading to chlorophyll and carotenoids in Oscillatoria and not a overflow product of this pathway as earlier suggested. The connection between geosmin and pigment synthesis suggests that geosmin production by a cyanobacterial bloom might be lowest at the surface and increase with depth in the water column. Geosmin is also found to be an intracellular compound, which is released upon death and decay of the organisms.
Basic fibroblast growth factor: an autocrine mitogen of rat thyroid follicular cells? (1992)

Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) is a mitogen for the rat thyroid cell line FRTL-5. A possible autocrine role for this growth factor has been investigated in rat thyroid follicular cells both in vitro and in vivo. We report here the synthesis and localisation of basic FGF and one of its high affinity receptors (flg) in FRTL-5 cells, shown by Northern hybridization analysis, Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. Two major species of basic FGF mRNA of approximately 2.2 and 7.0 kilobases and one major species of flg mRNA of approximately 4.2 kilobases were identified in FRTL-5 cells. The basic FGF immunoreactivity observed histologically was attributed to a heparin-binding protein of approximately 20 kilodaltons mol wt. The physiological relevance of basic FGF to the thyroid is underlined by the demonstration of significant stores of immunoreactive protein, predominantly in the basement membrane of thyroid follicular cells, in paraffin sections of the normal rat thyroid, although basic FGF mRNA was not detected by in situ or Northern hybridization analysis. The mitogenic response of FRTL-5 cells to human recombinant basic FGF has been further characterized, and the factor shown to stimulate with an ED50 of 4 ng/ml. The mitogenic effects of exogenously supplied and endogenously produced basic FGF were shown to be potentiated by heparin. Examination of the mitogenic activity of both exogenous and endogenous basic FGF and its immunoneutralization in vitro suggests that locally produced basic FGF may be an important autocrine regulator of thyroid follicular cell growth.
Localization of<i>Ds</i>-transposon containing T-DNA inserts in the diploid transgenic potato: linkage to the<i>R1</i>resistance gene against<i>Phytophthora infestans</i>(Mont.) de Bary (1996)

The Dissociation transposable element (Ds) of maize containing NPTII was introduced into the diploid potato (Solanum tuberosum) clone J91-6400-A16 through Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation. Genomic DNA sequences flanking the T-DNAs from 312 transformants were obtained with inverse polymerase chain reaction or plasmid rescue techniques and used as probes for RFLP linkage analysis. The RFLP map location of 60 T-DNAs carrying Ds-NPTII was determined. The T-DNA distribution per chromosome and the relative distance between them appeared to be random. All 12 chromosomes have been covered with Ds-containing T-DNAs, potentially enabling tagging of any gene in the potato genome. The T-DNA insertions of two transformants, BET92-Ds-A16-259 and BET92-Ds-A16-416, were linked in repulsion to the position of the resistance gene R1 against Phytophthora infestans. After crossing BET92-Ds-A16-416 with a susceptible parent, 4 desired recombinants (Ds carrying T-DNA linked in coupling phase with the R1 gene) were discovered. These will be used for tagging the R1 gene. The efficiency of the pathway from the introduction to localization of T-DNAs is discussed. Key words : Solanum tuberosum, Phytophthora infestans, Ds element, transposon tagging, R genes, euchromatin.
Measurement of polyethylene glycol 400 in urine by direct-injection high-performance liquid chromatography (1990)

We describe a new "high-performance" liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for estimating polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) in urine. Direct injection of diluted urine samples onto the column eliminates the necessity for lengthy preparative steps, resulting in considerable saving of both time and chemicals. High analytical recoveries (94-102%) and a rapid rate of analysis are achieved. Results vary linearly with concentrations from 0.2 to 1.6 g/L and the six major components can be individually quantified precisely at all concentrations in this range. This method shows better sample recovery, sensitivity, and reproducibility than does a previously described method. The increased sensitivity should allow the use of lower oral doses of polyethylene glycol 400 in future studies of intestinal permeability.
Optical isolator based on mode conversion in magnetic garnet films (1987)

Calculations are presented describing a novel optical isolator which works by complete TE(0)-TM(0) mode conversion in magnetic garnet films caused by stress-induced optical anisotropy (50%) and by Faraday rotation (50%). These conversions take place along two different, perpendicular light paths in the same crystal that are connected by an integrated mirror. Possible tolerances of the film parameters are given so that a 30-dB isolation is still guaranteed.
Enzymatic MPG DNA repair assays for two different oxidative DNA lesions reveal associations with increased lung cancer risk (2014)

DNA repair is a major mechanism for minimizing mutations and reducing cancer risk. Here, we present the development of reproducible and specific enzymatic assays for methylpurine DNA glycosylase (MPG) repairing the oxidative lesions 1,N6-ethenoadenine (εA) and hypoxanthine (Hx) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells protein extracts. Association of these DNA repair activities with lung cancer was determined using conditional logistic regression with specimens from a population-based case-control study with 96 lung cancer cases and 96 matched control subjects. The mean MPG-εA in case patients was 15.8 units/μg protein (95% CI 15.3-16.3), significantly higher than in control subjects-15.1 (14.6-15.5), *P = 0.011. The adjusted odds ratio for lung cancer associated with a one SD increase in MPG-εA activity (2.48 units) was significantly bigger than 1 (OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.1-2.4; *P = 0.013). When activity of OGG1, a different DNA repair enzyme for oxidative damage, was included in the model, the estimated odds ratio/SD for a combined MPG-εA-OGG1 score was 2.6 (95% CI 1.6-4.2) *P = 0.0001, higher than the odds ratio for each single assay. The MPG enzyme activity assays described provide robust functional risk biomarkers, with increased MPG-εA activity being associated with increased lung cancer risk, similar to the behavior of MPG-Hx. This underscores the notion that imbalances in DNA repair, including high DNA repair, usually perceived as beneficial, can cause cancer risk. Such DNA repair risk biomarkers may be useful for risk assessment of lung cancer and perhaps other cancer types, and for early detection techniques such as low-dose CT.
Some aspects of the design of balanced rectifier modulators for precision applications (1948)

The design of balanced rectifier modulators of ring and Cowan types is discussed, and it is shown how the performance of the modulator depends on rectifier characteristics, the circuit impedance in which the modulator operates, the resistance of the carrier generator and the carrier voltage.The main performance features discussed are efficiency, stability, production of unwanted modulation products, impedance, and carrier leak.It is shown that there are advantages in designing a modulator for maximum efficiency by choosing a circuit impedance of optimum value and a carrier supply of high resistance. Variations in efficiency due to variations in carrier voltage, circuit impedance and temperature are then a minimum although it may be necessary to have each rectifier shunted with a constant resistance to achieve this. The production of modulation products of higher order is greatest in a modulator of maximum efficiency in which the circuit providing the carrier is of high resistance, and is reduced considerably if inefficient working and a low-resistance circuit are used. Further reduction, if desired, can be obtained by the use of a large bias on the rectifiers, and it has been found possible to reduce the 3fc±f sidebands to over 26 db below the fc + f sidebands (where fc = carrier frequency and f = signal frequency). This method is of value only in ring modulators, as with the Cowan circuit it introduces products of the type 2fc + f.It is shown that the ordinary potentiometer adjustment for carrier leak compensates only the unbalances between the low forward resistances of the rectifiers, and there remains an out-of-balance current at small values of the instantaneous carrier voltage. This effect can be reduced by using a high-resistance carrier supply and by appropriate selection of the rectifiers; a further improvement, in the case of ring modulators, can be obtained by the use of large biases on the rectifiers. Carrier leaks as low as − 60 db relative to 1 volt in 600 ohms, or 40 db below sideband-level, when high-level signals are applied, can readily be obtained and maintained in modulators with at least 1 volt carrier peak voltage across the rectifiers.It is assumed throughout that the rectifiers are purely resistive, as with the diodes and crystal valves now available, the effect of the capacitance is negligible up to frequencies of the order of 1 Mc/s.A method of design of a ring modulator is described in which the input impedance remains relatively constant over the cycle of carrier voltage; this may have important applications in precision circuits.
Discrete-time modelling of musical instruments (2005)

This article describes physical modelling techniques that can be used for simulating musical instruments. The methods are closely related to digital signal processing. They discretize the system with respect to time, because the aim is to run the simulation using a computer. The physics-based modelling methods can be classified as mass-spring, modal, wave digital, finite difference, digital waveguide and source-filter models. We present the basic theory and a discussion on possible extensions for each modelling technique. For some methods, a simple model example is chosen from the existing literature demonstrating a typical use of the method. For instance, in the case of the digital waveguide modelling technique a vibrating string model is discussed, and in the case of the wave digital filter technique we present a classical piano hammer model. We tackle some nonlinear and time-varying models and include new results on the digital waveguide modelling of a nonlinear string. Current trends and future directions in physical modelling of musical instruments are discussed.
Development of Miniature Base Transceiver Station using Radio Frequency Energy Harvesting (2019)

This study developed miniature of base transceiver station powered up by radio frequency energy harvesting. Base transceiver station is one of the major equipment in telecommunication system that able to transmit the signal to the receiver such as mobile phones which let it to complete the communication process. However, the base station need to have power supply to powered up the equipment. Previously studied, the base station's power supply was from nature sources such as solar energy or wind energy. Due to the unstable condition of the weather, the power radiated might not be able to power up the base station hence, RF energy harvested was introduced. There are 3 main objectives of the project, firstly is to develop the basic concept of base transceiver station with radio frequency energy harvesting. Second, to implement the hall effect sensor into the concept of the base transceiver station. Third, to analyze the idea of the miniature of base transceiver station by look through the output and radio frequency energy harvesting. The RF energy harvested shows one of the methods to overcome this problem. RF energy harvested are one of the tools that need low frequency signal for it to transmit the power to the base transceiver station. The LEDs as the output which indicated as the antenna on the base transceiver station lights up as the hardware connection being made. Hence, the circuit for the RF energy harvesting and the hall sensor effect that will light up the LEDs shown. This study will show the implementation of the RF energy harvesting to the equipment.
Development and characterization of efficient xenograft models for benign and malignant human prostate tissue (2005)

These data suggest that sub-renal capsule and orthotopic grafting of human prostate tissue can be used for many basic scientific and translational studies.
Substrate specificity, regioselectivity and cryptoregiochemistry of plant and animal ω-3 fatty acid desaturases (2000)

In order to define the substrate requirements, regiochemistry and cryptoregiochemistry of the omega-3 fatty acid desaturases involved in polyunsaturated fatty acid formation, the genes Fad3 and fat-1 from Brassica napus and the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans respectively were expressed in baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). Various fatty acids, including deuterium-labelled thia-fatty acids, were supplied to growing cultures of transformed yeast. The results from GC-MS analysis of the desaturated products indicate that both the plant and animal desaturases act on unsaturated substrates of 16-20 carbons with a preference for omega-6-unsaturated fatty acids. The regioselectivities of both enzymes were confirmed to be that of omega-3 desaturases. The primary deuterium kinetic isotope effects at C-15 and C-16 of a C(18) fatty acid analogue were measured via competitive incubation experiments. Whereas k(H)/k(D) at the omega-3 position was shown to be large, essentially no kinetic isotope effect at the omega-2 position was observed for the plant or the nematode enzymes. These results indicate that omega-3 desaturation is initiated by an energetically difficult C-H bond cleavage at the carbon closer to the carboxyl terminus. These results will be discussed in the context of a general model relating the structure and function of membrane-bound fatty acid desaturases featuring different regioselectivities.
A Brief Survey of Deep Reinforcement Learning (2017)

Deep reinforcement learning is poised to revolutionise the field of AI and represents a step towards building autonomous systems with a higher level understanding of the visual world. Currently, deep learning is enabling reinforcement learning to scale to problems that were previously intractable, such as learning to play video games directly from pixels. Deep reinforcement learning algorithms are also applied to robotics, allowing control policies for robots to be learned directly from camera inputs in the real world. In this survey, we begin with an introduction to the general field of reinforcement learning, then progress to the main streams of value-based and policy-based methods. Our survey will cover central algorithms in deep reinforcement learning, including the deep $Q$-network, trust region policy optimisation, and asynchronous advantage actor-critic. In parallel, we highlight the unique advantages of deep neural networks, focusing on visual understanding via reinforcement learning. To conclude, we describe several current areas of research within the field.
Development of novel functional conducting elastomer blends containing butyl rubber and low‐density polyethylene for current switching, temperature sensor, and EMI shielding effectiveness applications (2005)

Abstract A new class of functional conductive butyl rubber (IIR) with different loadings of low‐density polyethylene (PE) was prepared by roll mixing in a milling at a rotor speed of 24 rpm. To understand the filler dispersion and filler/matrix interaction, the network structure of the specimens was examined by evaluating of the crosslinking density, volume fraction of elastomer, interparticle distance among conductive phases, interfacial area per unit volume, torque rheometer, hardness, tensile strength, elongation at break, X‐ray, glass transition temperature, thermal gravemetry, differential scanning calorimetry, degree of crystallinity, and SEM microanalysis. Static conductivity, mobility carrier's concentration, number of charge carriers, and thermoelectric power as a function of PE content were investigated. The temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity as well as the conduction mechanism of IIR–PE blends were also analyzed. The isothermal resistance stability test was examined by displaying the resistance–time curve at certain temperatures. The relationship between current and DC applied voltage was measured for all samples. The self‐electrical heater with PE content of 10 wt % exhibited the highest nonlinearity. The thermal stability was tested by means of temperature–time curve at certain applied power, on and off, for two cycles. Dielectric constant and relative loss factor of the blends are reported. The applicability of the rubber system for switching current, temperature sensor, and electromagnetic shielding effectiveness (EMI) was examined. The experimental results of EMI were compared with theoretical predictions. The results of the present study indicate that these blends are suitable for switching current, temperature‐sensitive sensor, and EMI shielding effectiveness applications with good thermal stability for consumer products. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 1125–1138, 2005
BACE1 Dependent Neuregulin Processing: Review (2012)

Neuregulin-1 (NRG1), known also as heregulin, acetylcholine receptor inducing activity (ARIA), glial growth factor (GGF), or sensory and motor neuron derived factor (SMDF), plays essential roles in several developmental processes, and is required also later in life. Many variants of NRG1 are produced via alternative splicing and usage of distinct promoters. All contain an epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domain, which alone is sufficient to bind and activate the cognate receptors, members of the ErbB family. NRG1 mediated signaling is crucial for cardiogenesis and the development of the mammary gland and ErbB2 (HER2), an orphan co-receptor for NRG1 is the target of the drug Herceptin� (trastuzumab) used for treatment of metastatic breast cancer. In the nervous system, NRG1 controls the early development of subpopulations of neural crest cells. In particular, NRG1 acts as an essential paracrine signaling molecule expressed on the axonal surface, where it signals to Schwann cells throughout development and regulates the thickness of the myelin sheath. NRG1 is required also by other cell types in the nervous system, for instance as an axonal signal released by proprioceptive afferents to induce development of the muscle spindle, and it controls aspects of cortical interneuron development as well as the formation of thalamocortical projections. Work from several laboratories implicates dysregulation of NRG1/ErbB4 signaling in the etiology of schizophrenia. Biochemical studies have shown that the precursor proteins of NRG1 can be released from the membrane through limited proteolysis. In addition, most NRG1 isoforms contain a transmembrane domain, which is processed by γ-secretase after shedding. Thereby the intracellular domain is released into the cytoplasm. Despite this, the importance of NRG1 cleavage for its functions in vivo remained unclear until recently. β- Secretase (β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1, BACE1) was first identified through its function as the rate limiting enzyme of amyloid-β-peptide (Aβ) production. Aβ is the major component of amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD). More recently it was shown that Neuregulin-1 is a major physiological substrate of BACE1 during early postnatal development. Mutant mice lacking BACE1 display severe hypomyelination of peripheral nerves similar to that seen in mice lacking NRG1/ErbB signaling in Schwann cells, and a BACE1-dependent activation of NRG1 in the process of peripheral myelination was proposed. Here we summarize the current knowledge about the role of NRG1 proteolysis for ErbB receptor mediated signaling during development and in Alzheimer's disease.
Service Identification and Design – A Hybrid Approach In Decomposed Financial Value Chains (2007)

Abstract: Service-orientation is recognized as an important enabler for increasing efficiency and flexibility of transformation processes in business. Based upon the necessity of meeting dynamic customer needs and supporting organization concepts with numerous partners within emerging networks, flexible bundling of business processes is a key requirement. Service models derived from business and shared within a network can foster this flexibility. However, there is a lack of methodologies for combining technical-driven and business-driven service identification and clustering as well as aligning it with business network design. For this purpose this research paper discusses different techniques of service identification and design and presents two techniques and its instruments how a business driven discovery of services can enhance the financial networks design. The Swiss Banking sector serves to motivate and demonstrate the applicability of the suggested model due to the ongoing structural transformation driven by competence orientation, increased competition and business model adjustment.