gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fast-Response High-Temperature Microfiber Coupler Tip Thermometer (2012)

A compact temperature sensor based on a broadband microfiber coupler tip is demonstrated. The thermometer dynamic range spans from room temperature to 1511 with a response time of tens of milliseconds. This is the highest temperature measured with a silica optical fiber device. A resolution of 0.66°C was achieved for a coupler tip diameter of ~12.56 μm. Better resolution can be achieved with smaller sized microfiber coupler tips.
New Mutants of <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> Affected in the Transport of Proteins From the Endoplasmic Reticulum to the Golgi Complex (1996)

We have isolated new temperature-sensitive mutations in five complementation groups, sec31-sec35, that are defective in the transport of proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi complex. The sec31-sec35 mutants and additional alleles of previously identified sec and vacuolar protein sorting (vps) genes were isolated in a screen based on the detection of alpha-factor precursor in yeast colonies replicated to and lysed on nitrocellulose filters. Secretory protein precursors accumulated in sec31-sec35 mutants at the nonpermissive temperature were core-glycosylated but lacked outer chain carbohydrate, indicating that transport was blocked after translocation into the ER but before arrival in the Golgi complex. Electron microscopy revealed that the newly identified sec mutants accumulated vesicles and membrane structures reminiscent of secretory pathway organelles. Complementation analysis revealed that sec32-1 is an allele of BOS1, a gene implicated in vesicle targeting to the Golgi complex, and sec33-1 is an allele of RET1, a gene that encodes the alpha subunit of coatomer.
Position Specificity in n-Hexane Hydroxylation by Two Forms of Cytochrome P-450 in Rat Liver Microsomes (1983)

The hydroxylation of n-hexane by rat liver microsomes was studied and the contribution of different molecular species of cytochrome P-450 to the hydroxylation reaction was examined. In the case of untreated rats, the products of NADPH-dependent n-hexane hydroxylation were 1-, 2-, and 3-hexanols, and the major one was 2-hexanol. Phenobarbital (PB) treatment of animals resulted in a significant increase of the hydroxylation activity. The formation of 2- and 3-hexanols was much more significantly increased than that of 1-hexanol. On the other hand, 3-methylcholanthrene (MC) treatment stimulated the formation of 3-hexanol and the formation of the other two isomeric alcohols was rather decreased. These observations suggested the position specificities of the PB-inducible form (P-450(PB)) and MC-inducible form (P-450(MC)) of cytochrome P-450 in the hydroxylation of n-hexane. Inhibition experiments using antibodies specific to P-450(PB) and P-450(MC) also indicated that P-450(PB) was more active in the hydroxylation at the 2-position whereas P-450(MC) was more specific for the 3-position. NADPH-dependent n-hexane hydroxylation systems were reconstituted by the use of purified NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase and P-450(PB) or P-450(MC), and the activities of the reconstituted systems supported the proposed position specificities of these two forms of cytochrome P-450 in n-hexane hydroxylation.
On the use of the redundant wavelet transform for multisensor image fusion (2002)

This paper describes a multisensor image fusion scheme based on the use of the redundant wavelet transform. This transform duplicates features through scales when they are significantly dominant. In order to ensure that a fused image contains all significant features coming from multisensor images, we exploit the property of redundancy to develop a fusion rule applied in the wavelet domain. Simulated and remote sensing images are used to evaluate the fusion results and compare the performances for various rules.
On fusion of timbre-motivated features for singing voice detection and singer identification (2008)

Timbre is the quality of sound which allows the ear to distinguish between musical sounds. In this paper, we study timbre effects in identification of singing voice segments in popular songs. Firstly, we identify between singing voice and instrumental segments in a song. Then, singing voice segments are further categorized according to their singer identity. Timbre-motivated effects are formulated by fusion of systems that use the features from vibrato, harmonic information and other features extracted using Mel and Log frequency scale filter banks. Statistical methods to select singing voice segments with high confidence measure are proposed for better performance in singer identification process. The experiments conducted on a database of 214 popular songs show that the proposed approach is effective.
Effects of doxorubicin and gemcitabine on the induction of apoptosis in breast cancer cells (2014)

Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in females worldwide. The efficacy of chemotherapeutic drugs on breast cancer is hindered by many factors, including that cancer stem-like side population (SP) cells may contribute to tumorigenesis and resistance to chemotherapy. Doxorubicin and gemcitabine are two of the most effective and widely used chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of various human malignancies. To the best of our knowledge, the effects of doxorubicin and gemcitabine on breast cancer SP cells are poorly understood. In the present study, we examined the potential roles of doxorubicin and gemcitabine in breast cancer main population (MP) and SP cells, and the mechanisms of doxorubicin and gemcitabine. The results showed that doxorubicin and gemcitabine decreasede proliferation, and increased apoptosis in the MCF7 MP and SP cells in vitro. Furthermore, doxorubicin and gemcitabine inhibited tumor growth and improved the survival rate of mice in vivo. Additionally, the mechanisms of doxorubicin and gemcitabine in MCF7 MP and SP cells were determined.
Hedgehog: functions and mechanisms (2008)

The Hedgehog (Hh) family of proteins control cell growth, survival, and fate, and pattern almost every aspect of the vertebrate body plan. The use of a single morphogen for such a wide variety of functions is possible because cellular responses to Hh depend on the type of responding cell, the dose of Hh received, and the time cells are exposed to Hh. The Hh gradient is shaped by several proteins that are specifically required for Hh processing, secretion, and transport through tissues. The mechanism of cellular response, in turn, incorporates multiple feedback loops that fine-tune the level of signal sensed by the responding cells. Germline mutations that subtly affect Hh pathway activity are associated with developmental disorders, whereas somatic mutations activating the pathway have been linked to multiple forms of human cancer. This review focuses broadly on our current understanding of Hh signaling, from mechanisms of action to cellular and developmental functions. In addition, we review the role of Hh in the pathogenesis of human disease and the possibilities for therapeutic intervention.
Tuning the Magnetic Resonance Imaging Properties of Positive Contrast Agent Nanoparticles by Surface Modification with RAFT Polymers (2009)

A novel surface modification technique was employed to produce a polymer modified positive contrast agent nanoparticle through attachment of well-defined homopolymers synthesized via reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. A range of RAFT homopolymers including poly[N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide], poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), polystyrene, poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl acrylate), poly(((poly)ethylene glycol) methyl ether acrylate), and poly(acrylic acid) were synthesized and subsequently used to modify the surface of gadolinium (Gd) metal-organic framework (MOF) nanoparticles. Employment of a trithiocarbonate RAFT agent allowed for reduction of the polymer end groups under basic conditions to thiolates, providing a means of homopolymer attachment through vacant orbitals on the Gd3+ ions at the surface of the Gd MOF nanoparticles. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) confirmed the relaxivity rates of these novel polymer modified structures were easily tuned by changes in the molecular weight and chemical structures of the polymers. When a hydrophilic polymer was used for modification of the Gd MOF nanoparticles, an increase in molecular weight of the polymer provided a respective increase in the longitudinal relaxivity. These relaxivity values were significantly higher than both the unmodified Gd MOF nanoparticles and the clinically employed contrast agents, Magnevist and Multihance, which confirmed the construct's ability to be utilized as a positive contrast nanoparticle agent in MRI. Further characterization confirmed that increased hydrophobicity of the polymer coating on the Gd MOF nanoparticles yielded minimal changes in the longitudinal relaxivity properties but large increases in the transverse relaxivity properties in the MRI.
Effect of hysteresis on measurements of thin-film cell performance (2010)

Transient or hysteresis effects in polycrystalline thin film CdS/CdTe cells are a function of pre-measurement voltage bias and whether Cu is introduced as an intentional dopant during back contact fabrication. When Cu is added, the current-density (J) vs. voltage (V) measurements performed in a reverse-to-forward voltage direction will yield higher open-circuit voltage (Voc), up to 10 mV, andsmaller short-circuit current density (Jsc), by up to 2 mA/cm2, relative to scanning voltage in a forward-to-reverse direction. The variation at the maximum power point, Pmax, is however small. The resulting variation in FF can be as large as 3%. When Cu is not added, hysteresis in both Voc and Jsc is negligible however Pmax hysteresis is considerably greater. This behavior corroborates observedchanges in depletion width, Wd, derived from capacitance (C) vs voltage (V) scans. Measured values of Wd are always smaller in reverse-to-forward voltage scans, and conversely, larger in the forward-to-reverse voltage direction. Transient ion drift (TID) measurements performed on Cu-containing cells do not show ionic behavior suggesting that capacitance transients are more likely due toelectronic capture-emission processes. J-V curve simulation using Pspice shows that increased transient capacitance during light-soak stress at 100 degrees C correlates with increased space-charge recombination. Voltage-dependent collection however was not observed to increase with stress in these cells.
Lymphoid Reconstitution After Autologous PBSC Transplantation With FACS-Sorted CD34+ Hematopoietic Progenitors (1998)

T-cell and B-cell reconstitution was studied in nine patients who received fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS)-sorted autologous CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC). The mean numbers of T cells (CD3+), B cells (CD19+) and CD34+ HPC administered to each patient were .004, .002, and 1.8 x 10(6) cells/kg, respectively. After high-dose myeloablative chemotherapy (busulfan, cyclophosphamide, etoposide) CD34+) HPC were infused and lymphoid reconstitution was monitored using flow cytometry and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplification of VDJ T-cell receptor (TcR) sequences. Restoration of normal numbers of peripheral blood T cells and B cells among recipients of FACS-sorted CD34+ HPC was delayed compared to recipients of non-T-cell-depleted PBSC autografts. In both patient groups, the circulating T cells were primarily CD4-, CD8+, alphabeta TcR+, and CD45RO+, CD45RA- during the first 2 months after transplant. Subsequent increases in the frequency of CD45RA+ CD45RO- T cells occurred at 2 to 3 months after transplant, suggesting maturation of CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors to "naive" T cells. Analysis of the TcR repertoire after hematopoietic reconstitution demonstrated decreased diversity of Vbeta TcR expression associated with global decreases in the absolute number of total peripheral blood T cells and most Vbeta TcR+ subsets. Three of nine recipients of FACS-sorted CD34+ HPC demonstrated significant increases in the percentage of gammadelta+ peripheral T cells and CD5+ B cells at 3 to 9 weeks after transplantation, and all patients had transient oligoclonal expansions of T cells expressing specific Vbeta TcR. Transplantation with highly purified CD34+ HPC results in reduced diversity of the peripheral T-cell repertoire during the early post-transplant period compared with patients receiving unmanipulated or MoAb-depleted transplants.
Fiber laser welding of high integrity implantable medical devices (2007)

Medical implantable devices like pacemakers, ICDs and leads are progressively becoming more compact and lighter. Some of the components used for hermetic and structural welding are still large and thick enough for conventional Nd:YAG pulsed lasers. However, some of the welded components, particularly used for electrical connections, have become so small and thin that the conventional Nd:YAG laser performs like a big and rough tool. The greatest challenge for welding is that the miniature components have limited heat sink ability, particularly if the components contain heat sensitive elements, such as electronic chips, lower melting point plastics, and organic materials. Properly selected laser beam characteristics, such as diameter of the beam and energy distribution within the focused spot in welding area, may significantly improve welding process increasing yield during production. The results of this study have identified three fundamental criteria relating to the laser beam welding of the miniature components. First is a comparable diameter of the beam in welding area. Second is the consistency of energy output. Third is the minimization of the component heat input. The presentation discusses the analysis made on the application of the FiberStar® portable laser workstation, which incorporates the SPI High Power 1090 nm 100W air-cooled fiber laser engine, to production components such as super thin Pt, Cu-Ni, Cu and MP35N conductors, cables, electrodes and compact electronic subassemblies.
Efficient Generation of Stable Antibody Forming Hybridoma Cells by Electrofusion (1989)

A variety of modified electrofusion protocols designed to improve the efficiency of hybridoma production have recently appeared in the literature. We undertook to maximize the number of antibody secreting murine hybridomas by optimizing the temperature and fusion strength parameters of the conventional electrofusion technique. Anti-DNP secreting hybridomas were generated by fusing SP2/0 to immunized mouse splenic lymphocytes using an unmodified electrofusion protocol consisting of washing in a weakly conducting sorbitol fusion medium supplemented with bovine serum albumin, calcium and magnesium ions. This was followed by dielectrophoretic alignment and application of 3 short duration, high intensity field pulses in helical chambers. Optimal efficiencies of hybridomas were generated by the application of 2000 V/cm pulses at 25 degrees C (2.45 hybridomas x 10(-4) splenocytes) and as many as 63% of resulting hybridomas secreted anti-DNP monoclonal antibodies, the majority of which were IgG's. These data show that modification of the electrofusion protocol by pretreatment of fusion partners with proteolytic enzymes or the use of antigen bridging is not required for the successful and efficient production of specific monoclonal antibodies by electrofusion.
Inkjet Metrology: High-Accuracy Mass Measurements of Microdroplets Produced by a Drop-on-Demand Dispenser (2009)

We describe gravimetric methods for measuring the mass of droplets generated by a drop-on-demand (DOD) microdispenser. Droplets are deposited, either continuously at a known frequency or as a burst of known number, into a cylinder positioned on a submicrogram balance. Mass measurements are acquired precisely by computer, and results are corrected for evaporation. Capabilities are demonstrated using isobutyl alcohol droplets. For ejection rates greater than 100 Hz, the repeatability of droplet mass measurements was 0.2%, while the combined relative standard uncertainty (u(c)) was 0.9%. When bursts of droplets were dispensed, the limit of quantitation was 72 microg (1490 droplets) with u(c) = 1.0%. Individual droplet size in a burst was evaluated by high-speed videography. Diameters were consistent from the tenth droplet onward, and the mass of an individual droplet was best estimated by the average droplet mass with a combined uncertainty of about 1%. Diameters of the first several droplets were anomalous, but their contribution was accounted for when dispensing bursts. Above the limits of quantitation, the gravimetric methods provided statistically equivalent results and permit detailed study of operational factors that influence droplet mass during dispensing, including the development of reliable microassays and standard materials using DOD technologies.
A New Microstrip Isolator and Its Application to Distributed Diode Amplification (1970)

A new form of microstrip isolator is described here which was discovered during our search for an improved technique to obtain stable amplification with negative-resistance diodes distributed along a transmission line. We also report its successful application to that problem. This device uses a principle of nonreciprocal wave propagation which is also suitable for circulators. It may find other applications.
Recent Progresses on Some Coke Resistant Ni-Based Catalysts for Carbon Dioxide Reforming of Methane (2013)

Carbon dioxide reforming of methane (CDR) can convert two greenhouse gases, methane can carbon dioxide, into useful syngas. Nickel-based catalysts have been extensively investigated due to their high activity and low cost. However, coke formation over Ni catalyst is serious and leads to rapid deactivation of the catalyst. Coke resistant Ni catalyst for CDR reaction is desired. In this paper, recent progresses in the design and preparation of coke resistant Ni catalysts supported on solid solutions, zeolite, perovskites and perovskite type oxides, hexaaluminates or substituted hexaaluminates, pyrochlore, montmorillonites, and hydrotalcites for CDR were summarized. The progresses in the use of promoters, in the effect of supporting materials and in the preparation methods have been discussed. The future development of coke resistant Ni catalysts for these processes is briefly addressed.
A 1.0–4.0-Gb/s All-Digital CDR With 1.0-ps Period Resolution DCO and Adaptive Proportional Gain Control (2010)

This paper describes the design and implementation of an all-digital clock and data recovery circuit (ADCDR) for multigigabit/s operation. The proposed digitally-controlled oscillator (DCO) incorporating a supply-controlled ring oscillator with a digitally-controlled resistor (DCR) generates wide-frequency-range multiphase clocks with fine resolution. With an adaptive proportional gain controller (APGC) which continuously adjusts a proportional gain, the proposed ADCDR recovers data with a low-jitter clock and tracks large input jitter rapidly, resulting in enhanced jitter performance. A digital frequency-acquisition loop with a proportional control greatly reduces acquisition time. Fabricated in a 0.13-μm CMOS process with a 1.2-V supply, the ADCDR occupies 0.074 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and operates from 1.0 Gb/s to 4.0 Gb/s with a bit error rate of less than 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-14</sup> . At a 3.0-Gb/s 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">31</sup> - 1 PRBS, the measured jitter in the recovered clock is 3.59 ps <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">rms</sub> and 29.4 ps <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">pp</sub> , and the power consumption is 11.4 mW.
A Comparative Review of Toll-Like Receptor 4 Expression and Functionality in Different Animal Species (2014)

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) belong to the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) family, a key component of the innate immune system. TLRs detect invading pathogens and initiate an immediate immune response to them, followed by a long-lasting adaptive immune response. Activation of TLRs leads to the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and the expression of co-stimulatory molecules. TLR4 specifically recognizes bacterial lipopolysaccharide, along with several other components of pathogens and endogenous molecules produced during abnormal situations, such as tissue damage. Evolution across species can lead to substantial diversity in the TLR4's affinity and specificity to its ligands, the TLR4 gene and cellular expression patterns and tissue distribution. Consequently, TLR4 functions vary across different species. In recent years, the use of synthetic TLR agonists as adjuvants has emerged as a realistic therapeutic goal, notably for the development of vaccines against poorly immunogenic targets. Given that an adjuvanted vaccine must be assessed in pre-clinical animal models before being tested in humans, the extent to which an animal model represents and predicts the human condition is of particular importance. This review focuses on the current knowledge on the critical points of divergence between human and the mammalian species commonly used in vaccine research and development (non-human primate, mouse, rat, rabbit, swine, and dog), in terms of molecular, cellular, and functional properties of TLR4.
Symptomatic Reversal of Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients with Diabetes (2002)

Forty-nine consecutive subjects with established diabetic peripheral neuropathy were treated with monochromatic near-infrared photo energy (MIRE) to determine if there was an improvement of sensation. Loss of protective sensation characterized by Semmes-Weinstein monofilament values of 4.56 and above was present in 100% of subjects (range, 4.56 to 6.45), and 42 subjects (86%) had Semmes-Weinstein values of 5.07 or higher. The ability to discriminate between hot and cold sensation was absent (54%) or impaired (46%) in both groups prior to the initiation of MIRE treatment. On the basis of Semmes-Weinstein monofilament values, 48 subjects (98%) exhibited improved sensation after 6 treatments, and all subjects had improved sensation after 12 treatments. Therefore, MIRE may be a safe, drug-free, noninvasive treatment for the consistent and predictable improvement of sensation in diabetic patients with peripheral neuropathy of the feet.
Melt-spun Sm(CoFeCuZr)/sub z/M/sub x/ (M=B or C) nanocomposite magnets (1997)

The objective of this study was to produce a nanocrystalline Sm(CoFeCuZr)/sub z/ magnet consisting of magnetically hard Sm/sub 2/Co/sub 17//SmCo/sub 5/ phases and soft Fe(Co) phases. For this we have prepared melt-spun ribbons of Sm(Co/sub 0.65/Fe/sub 0.28/Cu/sub 0.05/Zr/sub 0.02/)/sub z/B/sub x/ with z=7.0, 7.7, 8.5, 9.0, x=0, 0.5, 1.0, and Sm(Co/sub 0.60/Fe/sub 0.23/Cu/sub 0.05/Zr/sub 0.02/C/sub 0.1/)/sub z/ with z=7.7, 8.5, 9.0 and 9.5 and determined their crystallization temperatures, crystal structure, structure morphology and magnetic properties. It was found that the magnetic properties were very sensitive to the nominal composition and processing parameters. Increasing the boron content from x=0.5 to x=1.0 resulted in samples with higher /spl alpha/-Fe content and reduced coercivity. Energy products up to 8 MGOe and reduced remanence as high as 0.72 were observed. In general the boron containing samples gave higher values of coercivity and of reduced remanence because their microstructure was finer.