gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Isolation of Sertoli Cells from Adult Rat Testes: An Approach to Ex Vivo Studies of Sertoli Cell Function1 (2003)

Much of what is known about the molecular regulation and function of adult Sertoli cells has been inferred from in vitro studies of immature Sertoli cells. However, adult and immature cells differ in significant ways and, moreover, many Sertoli cell functions are regulated by conditions that are difficult to replicate in vitro. Our objective was to develop a procedure to isolate Sertoli cells rapidly and in sufficient number and purity to make it possible to assess Sertoli cell function immediately after the isolation of the cells. The isolation procedure described herein takes less than 4 h and does not require culturing the cells. From a single 4-mo-old adult rat, we routinely obtain 7.0 +/- 0.4 x 10(6) Sertoli cells per testis, and from a 21-mo-old rat, 7.2 +/- 0.4 x 10(6) Sertoli cells per testis. The purity, determined by morphologic analyses of plastic-embedded cells or after staining for tyrosine-tubulin or vimentin, averaged 80%. The contaminants typically included germ cells (10%) and myoid cells (10%). The germ cell-expressed genes protamine-2 and hemiferrin were not detected in the Sertoli cell preparations by Northern blot analyses, but the Sertoli cell-expressed genes clusterin, cathepsin L, and transferrin were highly expressed. Transferrin mRNA levels were greater in Sertoli cells isolated from aged than from young adult rats, consistent with previous analyses of whole testes; and cathepsin L mRNA levels were far more highly expressed in Sertoli cells isolated from stages VI-VII than from other stages of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium, also consistent with previous analyses of whole testes and isolated tubules. These studies indicate that the freshly isolated cells retain differentiated function, and thus it should be possible to assess the in vivo function of adult Sertoli cells by isolating the Sertoli cells and immediately assessing their function.
205 Estimation of inner state by detecting the frequency modulation in supersonic wave (2009)

With a conventional ultrasonic inspection, it is difficult to detect an obscure crack which does not show an indistinct reflection. In this paper, we regard the supersonic wave as an oscillatory waveform and detect the minute abnormality by means of the slight modulation of the supersonic frequency. In the experiment, we use rubber plates to make an obscure crack because of its manageability. A new technique is employed to evaluate the frequency modulation of supersonic wave. A significant difference is observed in the supersonic frequency by means of the proposed method.
Tissue plasminogen activator: peptide analyses confirm an indirectly derived amino acid sequence, identify the active site serine residue, establish glycosylation sites, and localize variant differences (1984)

Tissue plasminogen activator, separated into variants I and II (differing in Mr by 2000-3000), was reduced and [14C]carboxymethylated. Fragments from cleavages with enzymes and cyanogen bromide (CNBr) were separated by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and subjected to sequence degradations. All seven CNBr fragments were purified and found to be compatible with the cDNA-derived amino acid sequence [Pennica, D., Holmes, W. E., Kohr, W. J., Harkins, R. N., Vehar, G. A., Ward, C. A., Bennett, W. F., Ylverton, E., Seeburg, P. H., Heynecker, H. L., Goeddel, D. V., & Collen, D. (1983) Nature (London) 301, 214-221]. Chemical characterization of 93% of the 527 residues recovered in 50 peptides confirmed the indirectly deduced primary structure of the protein. The tryptic peptide patterns from the two variants were found to differ for one peptide (T15). Since carbohydrate was present in this peptide for variant I and since a marked difference in chromatographic behavior for T15 was observed in variant II, we conclude that carbohydrate differences in this peptide (i.e., Asn-184 in the numbering system of the cDNA-derived amino acid sequence) are the explanation for the size differences between variants I and II. Carbohydrate was also found at two other positions in the protein, corresponding to Asn-117 and Asn-448. However, a fourth potential glycosylation site, Asn-218, is apparently not utilized for carbohydrate attachment. The enzyme is inactivated by diisopropyl phosphorofluoridate, which covalently modifies the serine residue corresponding to position 478, identifying this as the active site serine residue.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
T-burner data and combustion instability in solid propellant rockets. (1969)

It has long been a cherished hope of some people that
measurements of unsteady burning in the laboratory
should be applicable to the very important practical problem
of instabilities in a rocket chamber. In this Note, we wish
to describe what appears to be the first experimental verification
of this idea.
In vitro time-dependent response of periodontal ligament to mechanical loading (2005)

This study examined the time-dependent response of bovine periodontal ligament (PDL). Applying linear viscoelastic theory, the objective was 1) to examine the linearity of the PDL's response in terms of its scaling and superposition property and 2) to generate the phase lag-vs.-frequency spectrum graph. PDL specimens were tested under three separate straining conditions: 1) tension ramp tests conducted at different strain rates, 2) pulling step-straining to 0.3 in discrete tests and to 0.3 and 0.6 in one continuous run, and 3) tension-compression sinusoidal oscillations. To this effect, bar-shaped specimens of bovine roots that comprised portions of dentin, PDL tissue, and alveolar bone were produced and strained in a microtensile machine. The experimental data demonstrated that neither the scaling nor the superposition properties were verified and that the viscoelastic response of the PDL was nonlinear. The PDL's elastic response was essentially stiffening, and its viscous component was pseudoplastic. The tangent of the PDL's strain-stress phase lag was in the 0-0.1 range in the tensile direction and in the 0.35-0.45 range in the compressive direction. In line with other biological tissues, the phase lag was largely independent of frequency. By use of the data generated, a mathematical model is outlined that reproduces both the elastic stiffening and viscous thinning of the PDL's response.
Transmit diversity and equalization for frequency selective fading channels (2002)

As a coding technique designed for use with multiple transmit antennas, space-time coding (STC) has been gaining more attention due to its attractive characteristics to provide diversity at the receiver and coding gain over an uncoded system without sacrificing the bandwidth, and increase the effective transmission rate as well as the potential system capacity. This paper presents both minimum mean-square error (MMSE) and zero-forcing (ZF) equalization schemes to combat intersymbol interference (ISI) and obtain diversity gain in a system with the transmit diversity technique using space-time block coding. General linear equalizers are derived for the transmit diversity case with two transmit antennas and M receive antennas. We investigate the conditions under which FIR channels can be equalized perfectly using linear FIR filters in noise-free environments. A BPSK modulation scheme is assumed to simulate the proposed diversity and equalization methods. Numerical results show significant performance improvement compared to the case without equalization.
Joint Prediction of Truecasing and Punctuation for Conversational Speech in Low-Resource Scenarios (2021)

Capitalization and punctuation are important cues for comprehending written texts and conversational transcripts. Yet, many ASR systems do not produce punctuated and case-formatted speech transcripts. We propose to use a multi-task system that can exploit the relations between casing and punctuation to improve their prediction performance. Whereas text data for predicting punctuation and truecasing is seemingly abundant, we argue that written text resources are inadequate as training data for conversational models. We quantify the mismatch between written and conversational text domains by comparing the joint distributions of punctuation and word cases, and by testing our model cross-domain. Further, we show that by training the model in the written text domain and then transfer learning to conversations, we can achieve reasonable performance with less data.
An alternative derivation of Orlov's synthesis formula for non-uniform lines (1962)

Orlov's synthesis formula is a Fourier-type relationship between the distribution function of a non-uniform line and the input and output reflection coefficients. It is shown that Orlov's result can be derived by treating the analysis of a non-uniform line as a one-dimensional scattering problem. The transmission-line equations are first transformed into an integral equation by employing the appropriate Green's function. The approximate solution of this equation obtained by truncating the Fredholm series leads to Orlov's formula.
Adaptive control of a MEMS gyroscope using Lyapunov methods (2006)

Two adaptive controllers for a vibrational MEMS gyroscope are described. Both controllers tune the drive axis natural frequency to a preselected frequency, regulate the amplitude of the drive axis vibration, cancel out quadrature error due to stiffness coupling, and drive the sense axis vibration to zero for force-to-rebalance operation. The first controller is based on an averaged, low frequency model, and the second is based on the full gyroscope model. Both controllers are successfully simulated for the Berkeley Z-axis gyro. The Lyapunov function used is critical in obtaining a good transient response, especially for the force-to-rebalance and automatic gain control loops. To implement the full model controller with displacement measurements only, and no velocity measurements, the controller is approximated.
Regulation of Macrophage Functions by PPAR-α, PPAR-γ, and LXRs in Mice and Men (2008)

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) and (liver X receptors) LXRs are ligand-activated transcription factors that control lipid and glucose metabolism, as well as the inflammatory response. Because the macrophage plays an important role in host defense and immunoinflammatory pathologies, particular attention has been paid to the role of PPARs and LXRs in the control of macrophage gene expression and function. Research over the last few years has revealed important roles for PPAR-alpha, PPAR-gamma, and LXRs in macrophage inflammation and cholesterol homeostasis with consequences for atherosclerosis development. In this review we will discuss the role of these transcription factors in the control of macrophage activities, with particular attention to species-differences in macrophage function control by PPARs and LXR between rodents and humans.
A fully packaged true time delay module for a K-band phased array antenna system demonstration (2002)

A 1-to-64 [6-bit(2/sup 6/)] optical true-time delay module is designed, fabricated, and packaged for squint-free beam steering in phased array antennas, providing linear time delays ranging from 0 to 443.03 ps. The phases versus RF frequencies are measured to verify that the time delay is independent of RF frequencies. The optical true-time delay module is integrated into a K-band (18-26.5 GHz) phased-array antenna system. Far-field patterns at different frequencies over the entire K-band are measured and compared with simulated results to verify the system's wide instantaneous RF bandwidth. The Q factor is measured to be 10.20 of the true-time delay optical link transmitting 2.5-Gb/s random digital signal.
<i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i>II. Phagocytosis by Human Leukocytes (1967)

Twenty-four per cent of the leukocytes from healthy human subjects phagocytized an encapsulated strain of Cryptococcus neoformans. Phagocytosis was approximately three times more effective with nonencapsulated mutants of C. neoformans. When the mutants reverted to the encapsulated state, the percentages of phagocytosis decreased. These data indicate that cryptococcal polysaccharide inhibits the phagocytosis of C. neoformans by human leukocytes.
A sensor that extracts both 3D shape and surface texture (2002)

A sensor is proposed with interesting characteristics for applications such as autonomous navigation and virtual reality. The system extracts both 3D shape and surface texture. It is based on the projection of a regular pattern, observed by a single camera. It is cheap, requiring only a slide projector and a camera. Shape and intensity are extracted from one and the same image, thereby avoiding shape/texture alignment problems. Furthermore, the system is easy to use and calibrate. Because both the shape and the intensity information is obtained from a single image, the system can be used in dynamic environments, allowing robots to navigate during data acquisition or graphics designers to model moving objects for animation and virtual reality purposes. The system combines advantages of passive and active range acquisition.
Immunocytochemistry of Kv1.5 potassium channel protein in cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes. (1997)

Of the six voltage-gated potassium channel subunits detected in adult rat heart, Kv1.5 channel is abundant and its expression is depressed in hypertrophied and infarcted myocardium. The effect of nonmyocyte cells (NMCs) on cardiac Kv1.5 channel expression was studied in cultured neonatal rat ventricular cells, using immunofluorescent cytochemistry with a polyclonal antibody against rat Kv1.5 channel protein. Co-culture with NMCs induced myocyte hypertrophy, but a downregulation of Kv1.5 channel expression. Similar changes were observed when pure myocyte culture was treated with medium supernatant of pure NMC culture. These findings suggested that some soluble factors produced by cardiac NMCs play important roles in the regulation of potassium channel density during myocardial hypertrophy.
Interactively exploring hierarchical clustering results [gene identification] (2002)

To date, work in microarrays, sequenced genomes and bioinformatics has focused largely on algorithmic methods for processing and manipulating vast biological data sets. Future improvements will likely provide users with guidance in selecting the most appropriate algorithms and metrics for identifying meaningful clusters-interesting patterns in large data sets, such as groups of genes with similar profiles. Hierarchical clustering has been shown to be effective in microarray data analysis for identifying genes with similar profiles and thus possibly with similar functions. Users also need an efficient visualization tool, however, to facilitate pattern extraction from microarray data sets. The Hierarchical Clustering Explorer integrates four interactive features to provide information visualization techniques that allow users to control the processes and interact with the results. Thus, hybrid approaches that combine powerful algorithms with interactive visualization tools will join the strengths of fast processors with the detailed understanding of domain experts.
Computer brainstorms: More heads are better than one. (1993)

Research has consistently found nominal group brainstorming (in which members work separately without communicating) to be superior to brainstorming in which group members interact verbally. This article presents the results of an experiment that found the reverse to be true for computer-mediated electronic brainstorming. In this experiment, 12-member electronically interacting groups generated more ideas than did 12-member nominal groups, and there were no differences between 6-member electronic and 6-member nominal groups. The authors attribute these results to the ability of electronic brainstorming to introduce few process losses(production blocking, evaluation apprehension, and free riding) while enabling process gains (synergy and the avoidance of redundant ideas)
Magnetization and magnetic anisotropy of R2Fe14B measured on single crystals (1986)

The temperature dependence of the saturation magnetization and the magnetocrystalline anisotropy field have been measured on single-crystal samples of the R2Fe14B compounds for R=Y, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, and Tm from 4.2 K to the magnetic ordering temperatures. A spin reorientation transition of the Nd2Fe14B type has been found in Ho2Fe14B at 57.6 K in zero field. Another type of spin reorientation caused by anisotropy compensation between the Fe and the R sublattices exists in Er2Fe14B and Tm2Fe14B. The temperature dependence of the angle of the easy direction of magnetization from the c axis has been measured for R=Nd, Ho, Er, and Tm. The relation between the magnetocrystalline anisotropy and the sublattice magnetization is investigated by employing a simplified two-sublattice molecular field model.
Middle-ear endoscopy and trans-tympanic drug delivery using an interventional sialendoscope: feasibility study in human cadaveric temporal bones (2010)

The 1.3 mm, interventional sialendoscope allowed adequate visualisation of the eustachian tube, middle-ear space and round window niche, with interventional capabilities, in a cadaveric model. Our result validates the feasibility of its use for trans-tympanic drug delivery.
Evaluation of performance of random generators employing chaincodes (1969)

The objective of this paper is to contrast random generators built by Redshaw and Robinson with simpler generators devised by the author. The test procedures laid down in an earlier paper are followed. Both types of random generator were designed for the simulation of random arrivals of vehicles at road-traffic intersections. There is, however, a wide variety of other applications for such generators. These include message-switching simulation, and the simulation of the operation of the central processor of a multiprogram computer. The tests performed indicated that both classes of generator satisfied criteria for randomness, provided that care was exercised at the design stage.
Production and Characterization of Oil-in-Water Emulsions Containing Droplets Stabilized by β-Lactoglobulin−Pectin Membranes (2003)

Oil-in-water emulsions containing droplets stabilized by beta-lactoglobulin (beta-Lg)-pectin membranes were produced using a two-stage process. A primary emulsion containing small droplets (d(32) approximately 0.3 microm) was prepared by homogenizing 10 wt % corn oil with 90 wt % aqueous solution (1 wt % beta-Lg, 5 mM imidazole/acetate buffer, pH 3.0) using a high-pressure valve homogenizer. The primary emulsion was then diluted with pectin solutions to produce secondary emulsions with a range of pectin concentrations (5 wt % corn oil, 0.45 wt % beta-Lg, 5 mM imidazole/acetate buffer, 0-0.22 wt % pectin, pH 3.0). The electrical charge on the droplets in the secondary emulsions decreased from +33 +/- 3 to -19 +/- 1 mV as the pectin concentration was increased from 0 to 0.22 wt %, which indicated that pectin adsorbed to the droplet surfaces. The mean particle diameter of the secondary emulsions was small (d(32) < 1 microm) at relatively low pectin concentrations (<0.04 wt %), but increased dramatically at higher pectin concentrations (e.g., d(32) approximately 13 microm at 0.1 wt % pectin), which was attributed to charge neutralization and bridging flocculation effects. Emulsions with relatively small mean particle diameters (d(32) approximately 1.2 microm at 0.1 wt % pectin) could be produced by disrupting flocs formed in secondary emulsions containing highly negatively charged droplets, for example, by sonication, blending, or homogenization. The particles in these emulsions probably consisted of small flocs containing a number of protein-coated droplets bound together by pectin molecules. These emulsions had good stability to further particle aggregation up to relatively high ionic strengths (< or =500 mM NaCl) and low pH (pH 3). The interfacial engineering technology used in this study could lead to the creation of food emulsions with improved physicochemical properties or stability.
Tortuosity Factors for Highly Tortuous Wells: A Practical Approach (2005)

Abstract Tortuosity is one of the critical factors to be considered for complex directional well trajectories, complicated build rates, precise steering in thin reservoirs and extended reach wells. When planning a well, wellpath modeling commonly generates smooth curves, whereas an actual well contains severe doglegs and other irregularities. Determining the tortuosity factors to apply in the well path is always a challenge during the planning phase. Presently no quantification method is available and field tests have shown that the present calculations gravely underestimate the drillstring torque and drag values for highly deviated, tortuous deep wells. Problems mostly occur when the drillstring lies in a strongly curved wellpath. In the long transitional region that covers most of the operational range in field applications, the conventional equations used for torque and drag calculation results in underprediction. Due to increased extended and steered wells the torque and drag calculations need correction to take care of the tortuous effects of the wellbore. This paper addresses the adverse impact of the torque and drag calculations in highly tortuous wells and presents an approach to calibrate the tortuosity factors whereby the accuracy of the calculations is enhanced. The methodology uses actual survey data and known surface hook loads for different operating conditions, such as tripping in, tripping out, and rotating off bottom, to arrive at appropriate friction factor values that can be used further in torque and drag calculations. Once the friction factors for both cased hole and open hole are determined, sensitivity analyses can be done on the planned survey. Appropriate tortuosity values are derived at by comparing predicted results with the field driller's data. This paper also describes four methods, Sine Wave, Random-Azimuth, Random-Inclination-Azimuth and helix used to calibrate the tortuosity factors that better represent the actual curved wellbore. The simple guidelines are presented along with two field examples from Gulf of Mexico. The simple, pragmatic approach provides a comprehensive framework for calibrating tortuosity values for complicated tortuous wellpaths.
Carrier frequency offset estimation for OFDM systems using null subcarriers (2006)

Carrier frequency offset (CFO) in orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing(OFDM) systems, which can induce the loss of orthogonality among subcarriersand result in significant performance degradation, is critical to be estimatedand compensated for. In this paper, a suboptimal scheme is proposed to estimatethe CFO using null subcarriers. In the proposed scheme, the CFO is dividedinto the fractional part and the integer part, with the fractional CFO estimatedfollowed by the integer CFO estimation. Compared with previous work usingnull subcarriers and exhaustive search, the implementation complexity of theproposed scheme is significantly lower due to the fact that the main componentrequired is a simple correlator. Furthermore, with only one trainingOFDM symbol and proper null subcarrier allocation, the estimation range ofthe proposed scheme can be the inverse of the sampling duration. In contrast,conventional schemes with the same estimation range and complexity require two OFDM symbols. To achieve good performance,it will be shown that the null subcarrier allocation should be based uponsome specific binary sequences such as the proposed extended m-sequences. It willalso be shown by simulations that the same null subcarrier allocation criterionshould be employed for optimal maximum-likelihood CFO estimation.