gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
3D human posture estimation using the HOG features from monocular image (2008)

In this paper, we propose a method to estimate the 3D human posture from monocular image without using the markers. A 3D human body is expressed by a multi-joint model, and a set of the joint angles describes a posture. The proposed method estimates the posture using histograms of oriented gradients(HOG) feature vectors that can express the shape of the object in the input image obtained from monocular camera. In addition, the feature dimension of the background region is reduced for reliability by principal component analysis (PCA) computed at every block of HOG. The joint angles in human multi-joint model are estimated by linear regression analysis applied to its feature vector extracted from the input image. As a result of comparison experiment with the shape contexts features, the RMS error was reduced by about 5.35 degrees.
Amylocorticiales ord. nov. and Jaapiales ord. nov.: Early diverging clades of Agaricomycetidae dominated by corticioid forms (2010)

The Agaricomycetidae is one of the most morphologically diverse clades of Basidiomycota that includes the well known Agaricales and Boletales, which are dominated by pileate-stipitate forms, and the more obscure Atheliales, which is a relatively small group of resupinate taxa. This study focused taxon sampling on resupinate forms that may be related to these groups, aimed at resolving the early branching clades in the major groups of Agaricomycetidae. A specific goal was to resolve with confidence sister group relationships among Agaricales, Boletales and Atheliales, a difficult task based on conflicting results concerning the placement of the Atheliales. To this end we developed a six-locus nuclear dataset (nuc-ssu, nuc-lsu, 5.8S, rpb1, rpb2 and tef1) for 191 species, which was analyzed with maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. Our analyses of these data corroborated the view that the Boletales are closely related to athelioid forms. We also identified an additional early branching clade within the Agaricomycetidae that is composed primarily of resupinate forms, as well as a few morphologically more elaborate forms including Plicaturopsis and Podoserpula. This clade, which we describe here as the new order Amylocorticiales, is the sister group of the Agaricales. We introduce a second order, the Jaapiales, for the lone resupinate genus Jaapia consisting of two species only. The Jaapiales is supported as the sister group of the remainder of the Agaricomycetidae, suggesting that the greatest radiation of pileate-stipitate mushrooms resulted from the elaboration of resupinate ancestors.
Quantum‐chemical study of the relation between electronic structure and p<i>A</i><sub>2</sub> in a series of 5‐substituted tryptamines (1985)

Abstract We have analyzed the dependence of the serotonin receptor binding affinity on the electronic and steric reactivity indexes for a group of 5‐substituted tryptamines. The approaches employed are a new nonempirical Quantitative Structure—Activity relationship approach and multiple regression analyses. The results suggest that the variation of the receptor binding affinity in 5‐substituted tryptamines is related to the variation of the net charge of two atoms and to the steric bulk of the N‐substituent. A receptor model is proposed.
Target localization with a single-antenna monostatic radar via multipath exploitation (2011)

In urban sensing and through-the-wall radar, the existence of targets in proximity to walls or buildings results in multipath returns. In this paper, we exploit the multipath from the walls to achieve target localization with a single sensor. We deal with sparse scenes of single targets. A time-of-arrival wall association algorithm is derived to relate target multipath returns to the respective walls, followed by a nonlinear least squares optimization to determine the target location. Simulated and experimental data are used to validate the proposed algorithms.
Synthesis of isomeric bromo(diethoxyphosphorylmethyl)furans (2009)

Series of the previously unknown bromo(diethoxyphosphorylmethyl)furans including four of six possible regioisomers is synthesized. The target products were obtained by bromination of the corresponding (diethoxyphosphorylmethyl)furans or by a four-step synthesis including bromination of isomeric methyl-furancarboxylates, reduction of the products formed to the corresponding alcohols, substitution of hydroxy group with halogen and phosphorylation by the Michaelis-Becker reaction. It was established for the first fime that in the course of bromination of alkyl carboxylates and phosphonates of the furan series under the typical conditions of electrophilic reaction (Br2 + 10% molar of AlCl3, chloroform) the substituent enters not only into the heteroring, but also into the side chain. In the case of 5-methyl-2-(diethoxyphosphorylmethyl)furan only the last reaction pathway is observed. It is shown that bromo(chloromethyl)furans react with sodium diethyl phosphite not only according to the Michaelis-Becker scheme leading to phosphonates, but also by the pathway of debromination of the furan ring. The last unexpected reaction may acquire a practical use for removing a substituent protecting the α-position of the furan ring under mild conditions.
Synthese und Charakterisierung von InAs/InP- und InAs/CdSe-Kern/Schalen-Nanokristallen (1999)

Der Einfluß der Oberfläche auf die Fluoreszenz-Quantenausbeute von InAs/InP- und InAs/CdSe-Kern/Schalen-Nanokristallen (siehe Bild) wurde untersucht. Für InAs/CdSe beobachtete man eine erhebliche Steigerung der Fluoreszenz-Quantenausbeute gegenüber dem InAs-Kern – bis zu zweimal höher als die des Laserfarbstoffs IR-140. Solche Kern/Schalen-Nanokristalle haben potentiellen Nutzen für biologische Anwendungen als Fluoreszenzmarker im nahen Infrarotbereich.
Prioritizing Sales Force Decision Areas for Productivity Improvements using a Core Sales Response Function (2008)

The time and budgets that managers can devote to enhancing sales force productivity are limited, so sales managers must decide where it is worthwhile to invest in productivity improvements—to improve salespeople’s current effort allocation, realign territories, enhance sales force sizing, or provide more training. To prioritize these alternatives, management must assess the outcomes of investments on the basis of a common metric—profit. This paper proposes to estimate a core sales response function that allows for quantifying the profits derived from each possible action and demonstrates the benefits of this approach through an actual case study.
Cellular and molecular determinants of all‐ <i>trans</i> retinoic acid sensitivity in breast cancer: <i>Luminal</i> phenotype and <scp>RAR</scp> α expression (2015)

Forty-two cell lines recapitulating mammary carcinoma heterogeneity were profiled for all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) sensitivity. Luminal and ER(+) (estrogen-receptor-positive) cell lines are generally sensitive to ATRA, while refractoriness/low sensitivity is associated with a Basal phenotype and HER2 positivity. Indeed, only 2 Basal cell lines (MDA-MB157 and HCC-1599) are highly sensitive to the retinoid. Sensitivity of HCC-1599 cells is confirmed in xenotransplanted mice. Short-term tissue-slice cultures of surgical samples validate the cell-line results and support the concept that a high proportion of Luminal/ER(+) carcinomas are ATRA sensitive, while triple-negative (Basal) and HER2-positive tumors tend to be retinoid resistant. Pathway-oriented analysis of the constitutive gene-expression profiles in the cell lines identifies RARα as the member of the retinoid pathway directly associated with a Luminal phenotype, estrogen positivity and ATRA sensitivity. RARα3 is the major transcript in ATRA-sensitive cells and tumors. Studies in selected cell lines with agonists/antagonists confirm that RARα is the principal mediator of ATRA responsiveness. RARα over-expression sensitizes retinoid-resistant MDA-MB453 cells to ATRA anti-proliferative action. Conversely, silencing of RARα in retinoid-sensitive SKBR3 cells abrogates ATRA responsiveness. All this is paralleled by similar effects on ATRA-dependent inhibition of cell motility, indicating that RARα may mediate also ATRA anti-metastatic effects. We define gene sets of predictive potential which are associated with ATRA sensitivity in breast cancer cell lines and validate them in short-term tissue cultures of Luminal/ER(+) and triple-negative tumors. In these last models, we determine the perturbations in the transcriptomic profiles afforded by ATRA. The study provides fundamental information for the development of retinoid-based therapeutic strategies aimed at the stratified treatment of breast cancer subtypes.
Visualization of the Cerebral Circulation Using Three–dimensional Transcranial Power Doppler Ultrasound Imaging (1997)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anatomy of the cerebral circulation, particularly the circle of Willis, using three-dimensional ultrasound (3DUS) imaging. Image data were obtained through the right transtemporal window from 8 young, healthy volunteers by acquiring gray-scale and color Doppler spectral (CDI) and energy (CDE) images using two-dimensional ultrasound equipment with a 2-MHz probe. Images and transducer position coordinates were fed into a graphics workstation, reprojected, analyzed to extract the blood flow signal, volume rendered, and displayed interactively. The architecture of the cerebral circulation was evaluated from multiple orientations using stereo viewing glasses and rotation to enhance the understanding of vessel position. The primary vessels of the cerebral circulation including the circle of Willis and bilateral views of the branching arteries (middle, anterior, and posterior cerebral arteries and internal carotid artery) could be imaged readily with 3DUS through one transtemporal window. Acquisition time was typically less than 30 seconds. Volume-rendering methods greatly assisted in showing the overall spatial relationships and continuity of cranial vessels. Secondary branches of the cerebral arteries were seen in 2 patients. Color data from two-dimensional ultrasound imaging that otherwise might be identified as artifact was found to represent continuous small vessels on three-dimensional viewing. 3DUS facilitates imaging of cranial vascular anatomy by clarifying overall spatial relationships and enhancing comprehension, compared to two-dimensional ultrasound methods. The method is rapid and the circle of Willis can be visualized from one side of the head.
Development and Characterization of New Cyclodextrin Polymer-Based DNA Delivery Systems (2008)

In this study, we investigated whether a cyclodextrin polymer (polybetaCD) complexed with cationic adamantyl derivatives (Ada) could be used as a vector for gene delivery. DNA compaction as a function of adamantyl/DNA phosphate ratio (A/P) by this new class of vector was demonstrated using surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy, zeta potential measurements, and DNA retardation assays. Transfection data highlight the relationship between in vitro gene delivery efficiency and the combination of several physical properties of the polybetaCD/Ada/DNA polyplexes, including cationic polar headgroup valency and chemical structure of the spacer arm of Ada connectors, the adamantyl/DNA phosphate ratio (A/P) of the polybetaCD/Ada/DNA polyplexes, and the ionic strength of the medium. Finally, when associating the best formulation with a fusogenic peptide, we reached transfection levels which were of the same order as those obtained with DOTAP.
Intramuscular collagen and serum hydroxyproline as related to implanted testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and estradiol-17 β in growing wethers (1990)

Relationships of implanted testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and estradiol-17 beta to collagen degradation and intramuscular collagen concentration and stability were determined. Intramuscular collagen content, solubility and shrinkage temperature and serum hydroxyproline were analyzed in groups of six rams, wethers, and wethers implanted with various levels of testosterone or dihydrotestosterone and groups of 10 rams, wethers and wethers implanted with estradiol-17 beta, dihydrotestosterone or a combination of these two steroids. Intramuscular collagen content in both experiments was higher (P less than .05) in muscles of rams than in muscles of wethers. Administration of the highest level of testosterone to wethers raised (P less than .05) total and insoluble intramuscular collagen to concentrations noted in rams. Administration of the testosterone metabolite, dihydrotestosterone, to wethers had no effect on intramuscular collagen. Administration of estradiol-17 beta to wethers tended to raise concentrations of intramuscular collagen so that they were no longer lower (P less than .05) than those in rams. Collagen stability as measured by solubility and thermal shrinkage temperature did not differ among rams, wethers or implanted wethers (P greater than .05). Increases in collagen accretion due to hormone administration were observed to be the result of increases in the insoluble portion of the intramuscular collagen (P less than .05).
The infrared properties of reusable surface insulations (1973)

The total infrared scattering and absorption cross sections of both flexible and rigidized high temperature fibrous insulations have been measured. The methods for accomplishing these measurements are described. Infrared reflection and transmission spectra were obtained to study the dependence of the total cross sections on the spectral characteristics of the transported radiation. These results are applied to steady-state effective thermal conductivity measurements via a four-flux model of radiative heat transfer to separate the radiative component and to calculate the effective thermal conductivity under transient heating conditions. Data for both silica and mullite fibers are presented.
In situ-doped epitaxial silicon film growth at 250 degrees C by an ultra-clean low-energy bias sputtering (2003)

The use of ultraclean technology to produce a dramatic reduction in the processing temperature has been demonstrated for silicon epitaxy by low-energy bias sputtering. Damage-free in situ substrate surface cleaning by extremely low-energy Ar ion bombardment has been used for preparing an ultraclean wafer surface before film deposition. Concurrent bombardment of a growing film surface by low-energy Ar ions with precisely controlled energy and flux has been utilized to activate the film surface. As a result, in situ doped epitaxial silicon films with high crystal perfection have been successfully grown at temperatures as low as 250 degrees C. Perfect process-parameter control and the realization of an ultraclean processing environment and ultraclean wafer surfaces have been verified to be key factors that enable such a low-temperature high-performance process.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Ultraspiracle promotes the nuclear localization of ecdysteroid receptor in mammalian cells (2005)

The heterodimer consisting of ecdysteroid receptor (EcR) and ultraspiracle (USP), both of which are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, is considered to be the functional ecdysteroid receptor. Here we analyzed the subcellular distribution of EcR and USP fused to fluorescent proteins. The experiments were carried out in mammalian COS-7, CHO-K1 and HeLa cells to facilitate investigation of the subcellular trafficking of EcR and USP in the absence of endogenous expression of these two receptors. The distribution of USP tagged with a yellow fluorescent protein (YFP-USP) was almost exclusively nuclear in all cell types analyzed. The nuclear localization remained constant for at least 1 day after the first visible signs of expression. In contrast, the intracellular distribution of EcR tagged with a yellow fluorescent protein (YFP-EcR) varied and was dependent on time and cell type, although YFP-EcR alone was also able to partially translocate into the nuclear compartment. Coexpression of YFP-EcR with USP tagged with a cyan fluorescent protein (CFP-USP) resulted in exclusively nuclear localization of both proteins in all cell types analyzed. The USP-induced nuclear localization of YFP-EcR was stable for at least 20 hours. These experiments suggest that USP has a profound effect on the subcellular distribution of EcR.<br/>
The Membrane Topology of GAT-1, a (Na++ Cl−)-coupled γ-Aminobutyric Acid Transporter from Rat Brain (1997)

The membrane topology of GAT-1, a sodium- and chloride-coupled gamma-aminobutyric acid transporter from rat brain, has been probed using N-glycosylation scanning mutagenesis. Overall, the results support the theoretical 12-transmembrane segment model. This model (based on hydropathy analysis) was originally proposed for GAT-1 and adopted for all other members of the sodium- and chloride-dependent neurotransmitter transporter superfamily. However, our data indicate that the loop connecting putative transmembrane domains 2 and 3, which was predicted to be located intracellularly, can be glycosylated in vivo. Furthermore, studies with permeant and impermeant methanesulfonate reagents suggest that cysteine 74, located in the hydrophilic loop connecting transmembrane domains 1 and 2, is intracellular rather than extracellular. We present a model in which the topology deviates from the theoretical one in the amino-terminal third of the transporter. It also contains 12 transmembrane segments, but the highly conserved domain 1 does not form a conventional transmembrane alpha-helix.
Platinum nanoparticle deposition on polymeric membranes for fuel cell applications (2012)

This work aimed to show an alternative to produce platinum nanoparticles directly on a polymeric membrane using plasma technique, in order to make these nanoparticles adhere to the membrane, in size, shape and homogeneity controlled by the process without damaging the polymeric material. In this manner the cell's production time is reduced since the catalyst is directly deposited on the polymeric membrane; the time of the process is approximately five minutes for each side of the membrane, and the total time for each membrane is 10 minutes. With this exposure time, and the advantage of controlling the other parameters such as pressure, RF power, gas flow rate and temperature of the electrode, it was possible to obtain platinum nanoparticles with dimensions of about 50 nm scattered homogenously on the membrane, without damaging the structure of the polymeric material and, consequently, affecting its performance. Together with platinum nanoparticles were also deposited carbon nanoparticles, so that these acted as catalyst support, avoiding self poisoning. Electrochemical activity tests were performed to test the efficiency of the cell where it was exposed to different pressures and flow rates of O2 and H2, reaching open-circuit voltage of 750 mVolts.
Whispering-Gallery-Mode Gyrotron Operation with a Quasi-Optical Antenna (1985)

High-frequency gyrotron operation in the TE611 whispering gallery mode is reported. Powers as high as 112 kW and an efficiency as high as 25.4 percent have been obtained. In addition to the TE611 mode, ten other fundamental modes with frequencies between 133.9 and 216.4 GHz were observed. A quasi-optical antenna for whispering gallery modes has been tested for the TE611 mode. The combination of this antenna and a reflector produces a well-collimated linearly polarized RF beam suitable for electron cyclotron resonance heating (ECRH) or plasma diagnostics. The experimental conversion efficiency was determined to be 89 percent, and the cross polarization was down by 25 dB. A new quasi-optical transmission line employing this antenna has also been tested with the gyrotron. The absence of mode competition for the TE611 mode, as well as the efficient conversion of the output radiation into a linearly polarized Gaussian-like beam, substantiates the arguments for operation in surface modes in high-power gyrotrons. The implications of quasi-optical antennas for megawatt gyrotron window design are discussed.
Stimulus-Secretion Coupling of Arginine-Induced Insulin Release. Uptake of Metabolized and Nonmetabolized Cationic Amino Acids by Pancreatic Islets* (1989)

In order to assess the possible role of L-arginine accumulation in islet cells as a determinant of its insulinotropic action, the uptake of L-arginine and other cationic amino acids (L-ornithine, L-homoarginine, D,L-alpha-methylornithine, D,L-alpha-difluoromethylornithine) by rat pancreatic islets was compared to the ionic and secretory responses of the islets to the same amino acids. A tight correlation was found between the net uptake of these amino acids and their capacity to stimulate 86Rb efflux, 45Ca uptake and efflux, and insulin release. In the latter respect, there was little difference between metabolized and nonmetabolized amino acids. Thus, although L-homoarginine and 4-amino-1-guanylpiperidine-4-carboxylic acid failed to act as a substrate for either arginase or amino acid aminotransferase in islet homogenates, they both stimulated 86Rb efflux, 45Ca uptake and efflux, and insulin secretion in intact islets. These findings are compatible with the view that the accumulation of these positively charged amino acids in islet cells represents an essential determinant of their secretory action. Hence, the release of insulin evoked by these amino acids could be due to depolarization of the plasma membrane with subsequent gating of voltage-sensitive Ca2+ channels and/or to some other biophysical effect, as suggested by the persistence of a sizeable secretory response to L-arginine or L-ornithine in islets perifused at a high concentrations of extracellular K+ (50 mM).
Myocytes, Myometrium, and Uterine Contractions (2007)

The pregnant uterus is unique because of the dramatic functional changes that occur in the peripartum period. To promote the concept that we have a relatively poor understanding of the physiology of parturition, we will posit 10 facts that are so obvious and so clearly accepted as facts that they probably are not even facts at all. (1) The laboring uterus undergoes peristalsis to dilate the cervix, deliver the fetus, and expel the placenta. (2) The human uterus is composed of longitudinal and circular layers of smooth muscle. (3) The functional cells of the uterus are the myocytes, which are a homogeneous cell type responsible for the generation of contraction forces, passage of action potentials, and control of contractility. (4) The phasic contractions of the uterus are typical for visceral smooth muscle. (5) The primary, and perhaps only, role of gap junctions is to allow passage of action potentials through the tissue. (6) Action potential propagation as the mechanism for global communication (over many centimeters throughout the uterus) is sufficient to recruit all regions and all myocytes of the uterus. (7) Slow waves pace the contractions of human myometrium. (8) Calcium-activated potassium channels are responsible for repolarization of the membrane potential that terminates each contraction. (9) Chloride channels are not important in uterine electrophysiology. (10) With enough computing power, it would be straightforward to build a closed model of human labor, given our current understanding of the components of myometrium. This manuscript discusses each point to stimulate questions for future investigation.
Softbot: Software-based lead-through for rigid servo robots (2016)

In this paper, we present an interactive control method for rigid robotics. The core of the method is a neural network classifier that maps position and torque readings to a force direction in 3D space. We show that running our method online allows a human to move the robot along a desired path by performing intuitive pushes and pulls on the robot's joints. The setup is sensorless: no additional sensors, other than those already integral to the rigid joint itself, are added to the manipulator or used in the process.