gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stratified Optimization Strategy Used for Restoration With Photovoltaic-Battery Energy Storage Systems as Black-Start Resources (2019)

With the rapid growth of installed capacity of photovoltaic (PV), the PV power stations equipped with energy storage (ES) have become a new type of black-start power supply. Taking the Photovoltaic-Battery Energy Storage Systems (PV-BESS) as the black-start power source can improve the black-start ability of the regional power grid and broaden the application prospect of PV power generation. In this paper, a stratified optimization strategy for black-start of PV-BESS is proposed, which combines the key issues in the process of black-start of PV-BESS. Stratified optimization strategy is divided into data analysis layer, optimization coordination layer and scheduling control layer. The data analysis layer combines the requirements of the black-start process. Firstly, the similarity matrix ranking method is used to improve the PV power prediction method. Secondly, based on probability inclination, the PV power index is designed to evaluate the feasibility of black-start by calculating the PV lower limit power and the executable probability inclination. The optimization coordination layer is based on the state space model of black-start of PV-BESS, combined with the control strategy of PV as the main part and ES as the auxiliary part, the optimization objectives of the maximum utilization rate of PV and tracking the ideal value of state of charge (SOC) of ES is formulated. The optimal model is solved by model predictive control, and the output power of PV and ES is controlled to complete the black-start process. The actual historical data in the power grid with a high proportion of PV sources are used as the basic data for simulation. The simulation of black-start based on MATLAB/Simulink verifies the rationality of the stratified optimization strategy, which provides a reference for the realization of black-start of PV-BESS.
Theory of the magnetic phase diagram of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>Li</mml:mi><mml:mi>Ho</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">F</mml:mi><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> (2004)

The properties of $\mathrm{Li}\mathrm{Ho}{\mathrm{F}}_{4}$ are believed to be well described by a long-range dipolar Ising model. We go beyond mean-field theory and calculate the phase diagram of the Ising model in a transverse field using a quantum Monte Carlo method. The relevant Ising degrees of freedom are obtained using a nonperturbative projection onto the low-lying crystal-field eigenstates. We explicitly take the domain structure into account, and the strength of the near-neighbor exchange interaction is obtained as a fitting parameter. The on-site hyperfine interaction is approximately taken into account through a renormalization of the transverse applied magnetic field. Finally, we propose a spectroscopy experiment to precisely measure the most important parameter controlling the location of the phase boundary.
Resist heating effect in direct electron beam writing (1988)

A new model for the analysis of resist heating is proposed and applied to the direct electron beam writing method using a variably-shaped electron beam system and a single-layer resist. From calculations based on the present model and experiment, it was found that the resist heating effect leads to resist ablation, difference in resist sensitivity between single exposure and multiple exposures, and depth dependence and beam size dependence of resist sensitivity. It also explains the degradation of shaped beam stitching accuracy as well as pattern size error. The resist heating effect is more serious for direct writing than the estimation obtained from a conventional model. In order to realize submicron patterns below 0.5 μm with considerable high throughput, the use of a highly sensitive resist is essential for overcoming the resist heating effect.
In-Plane Enyne Metathesis and Subsequent Diels−Alder Reactions on Self-Assembled Monolayers (2005)

We report in-plane enyne metathesis and subsequent Diels-Alder reactions on self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) terminating in vinyl and acetylenyl groups on gold. After the formation of SAMs of vinyl and acetylenyl group-containing dithiols on gold, in-plane enyne metathesis of the vinyl and acetylenyl groups, leading to the formation of 1,3-diene, was achieved on the SAMs, and Diels-Alder reactions were then successfully performed with tetracyanoethylene, maleic anhydride, and maleimide. The reactions were confirmed by FT-IR spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry. In-plane enyne metathesis developed herein would offer a versatile platform for the functionalization of surfaces with mild reaction conditions and a high compatibility in functional groups.
Development of a New Class of Low Cost, High Frequency Link Direct DC to AC Converters for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFC) (2003)

This project proposes to design and develop a new class of power converters (direct DC to AC) to drastically improve performance and optimize the cost, size, weight and volume of the DC to AC converter in SOFC systems. The proposed topologies employ a high frequency link; direct DC to AC conversion approach. The direct DC to AC conversion approach is more efficient and operates without an intermediate dc-link stage. The absence of the dc-link, results in the elimination of bulky, aluminum electrolytic capacitors, which in turn leads to a reduction in the cost, volume, size and weight of the power electronic converter. The feasibility of two direct DC to AC converter topologies and their suitability to meet SECA objectives will be investigated. Laboratory proto-type converters (3-5kW) will be designed and tested in Phase-1. A detailed design trade-off study along with the test results will be available in the form of a report for the evaluation of SECA Industrial partners. This project proposes to develop a new and innovative power converter technology suitable for Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) power systems in accordance with SECA objectives. The proposed fuel cell inverter (FCI) employs state of the art power electronic devices configured in two unique topologies to achieve direct conversion of DC power (24-48V) available from a SOFC to AC power (120/240V, 60Hz) suitable for utility interface and powering stand alone loads. The primary objective is to realize cost effective fuel cell converter, which operates under a wide input voltage range, and output load swings with high efficiency and improved reliability.
The HCI Paradigm of HyperPrinting (2008)

Today, printing and reverse printing (scanning, OCR, logical labeling etc.) technologies have become quite mature and thus allow for an easy transition of documents between physical and electronic world. However, there is no technology today which supports the lossless interpretation of paper-based user interaction with direct effects upon the electronic representation of that document. The HyperPrinting environment tries to fill in this gap and thus accounts for the personal favors of a majority of office workers: Not only managers and knowledge workers prefer to read longer documents, articles or news from paper in contrast to a computer monitor or handheld computer. With the help of HyperPrinting, users can annotate, send notes or initiate tasks and it thus offers a completely new paradigm in the usage and treatment of paper documents. As a side-effect, the use of HyperPrinting builds up a document repository which is not only searchable by full text but also by meta-information, which in turn is depending on the selected user scenario.
Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship of Various Endogenous Estrogen Metabolites for Human Estrogen Receptor α and β Subtypes: Insights into the Structural Determinants Favoring a Differential Subtype Binding (2006)

To search for endogenous estrogens that may have preferential binding affinity for human estrogen receptor (ER) alpha or beta subtype and also to gain insights into the structural determinants favoring differential subtype binding, we studied the binding affinities of 74 natural or synthetic estrogens, including more than 50 steroidal analogs of estradiol-17beta (E2) and estrone (E1) for human ER alpha and ER beta. Many of the endogenous estrogen metabolites retained varying degrees of similar binding affinity for ER alpha and ER beta, but some of them retained differential binding affinity for the two subtypes. For instance, several of the D-ring metabolites, such as 16 alpha-hydroxyestradiol (estriol), 16 beta-hydroxyestradiol-17 alpha, and 16-ketoestrone, had distinct preferential binding affinity for human ER beta over ER alpha (difference up to 18-fold). Notably, although E2 has nearly the highest and equal binding affinity for ER alpha and ER beta, E1 and 2-hydroxyestrone (two quantitatively predominant endogenous estrogens in nonpregnant woman) have preferential binding affinity for ER alpha over ER beta, whereas 16 alpha-hydroxyestradiol (estriol) and other D-ring metabolites (quantitatively predominant endogenous estrogens formed during pregnancy) have preferential binding affinity for ER beta over ER alpha. Hence, facile metabolic conversion of parent hormone E2 to various metabolites under different physiological conditions may serve unique functions by providing differential activation of the ER alpha or ER beta signaling system. Lastly, our computational three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship/comparative molecular field analysis of 47 steroidal estrogen analogs for human ER alpha and ER beta yielded useful information on the structural features that determine the preferential activation of the ER alpha and ER beta subtypes, which may aid in the rational design of selective ligands for each human ER subtype.
A Diels‐Alder/retro Diels‐Alder strategy to synthesize polymers bearing maleimide side chains (2007)

Abstract Polymers containing thiol‐reactive maleimide groups on their side chains have been synthesized by utilization of a novel methacrylate monomer containing a masked maleimide. Diels‐Alder reaction between furan and maleimide was adapted for the protection of the reactive maleimide double bond prior to polymerization. AIBN initiated free radical polymerization was utilized for synthesis of copolymers containing masked maleimide groups. No unmasking of the maleimide group was evident under the polymerization conditions. The maleimide groups in the side chain of the polymers were unmasked into their reactive form by utilization of retro Diels‐Alder reaction. This cycloreversion was monitored by thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopy. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4545–4551, 2007
Report of the committee on human mitochondrial DNA (1989)

Review Articles| July 01 2009 Report of the committee on human mitochondrial DNA Subject Area: Genetics D.C. Wallace D.C. Wallace Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics (1989) 51 (1-4): 612–621. https://doi.org/10.1159/000132809 Article history Published Online: July 01 2009 Content Tools Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation D.C. Wallace; Report of the committee on human mitochondrial DNA. Cytogenetics and Cell Genetics 31 December 1989; 51 (1-4): 612–621. https://doi.org/10.1159/000132809 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsCytogenetic and Genome Research Search Advanced Search Article PDF first page preview Close Modal This content is only available via PDF. 1989Copyright / Drug Dosage / DisclaimerCopyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug.Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements. You do not currently have access to this content.
Dearomatization of Normal Paraffin by Synthesized Nax Zeolite (2013)

Aromatic compounds produced in linear alkyl benzene (LAB) production process decrease the yield and quality of the product and enhance the deactivation rate of the catalysts. Therefore, the de-aromatization of different streams in LAB production complex is inevitable. In this research, the recycled paraffin from alkylation to dehydrogenation unit was de-aromatized by synthesized NaX zeolite. The effect of different parameters such as temperature, amount of the adsorbent, contact time and initial aromatic concentration was studied and optimized. The Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption models were applied to describe the equilibrium isotherms. It was concluded that the Langmuir model agreed very well with the experimental data. The calculated thermodynamic parameters of the adsorption showed that the adsorption process was spontaneous and exothermic. The reaction rate was estimated by the pseudo-second order kinetic model. To examine the re-generation ability of the adsorbent a fixed bed column was designed and the breakthrough curves were prepared for three successive regeneration cycles. The results indicated that the adsorbent capacity remained unchanged after three regeneration cycles.
Optical constants and film density of TiN<i>x</i>O<i>y</i> solar selective absorbers (1995)

Thin TiNxOy films were deposited on glass substrates in an activated reactive evaporation process. The influence of the reactive gas composition and pressure during deposition on the film density ρMass was investigated by grazing incidence x-ray-diffraction measurements. The density increases from 3.8 to 4.8 g/cm3 when lowering the total gas pressure ptotal from 10−3 h Pa down to 2.5×10−4 h Pa, whereas the ratio of the partial gas pressures of nitrogen and oxygen has no measurable effect on the film density. Data on the refractive index are presented, obtained from reflectance and transmittance measurements in the optical wavelength range (λ=0.3–2.5 μm). Bruggeman effective medium theory was applied to explain the optical behavior ñ(λ) as a result of the low density of the coatings. The high porosity of the films suppresses the metallic character of the phases TiN and TiO contained in the TiNxOy film. Its dielectriclike behavior in the infrared region is essential for low thermal emittances when deposited on copper to form a solar selective absorber.
Fortnightly review: tinnitus—investigation and management (1997)

Tinnitus (from the Latin tinnire , which means to ring or to tinkle) describes the sensation of any sound perceived in the head or in the ears without an evident external stimulus. Though tinnitus is subjective, for clinical purposes it is subdivided into subjective and objective tinnitus, the latter describing those few incidents in which the sound is detected or potentially detectable by another observer. Tinnitus is a manifestation of malfunction in the processing of auditory signals involving both perceptual and psychological components and should as such be differentiated from auditory hallucinations, which are generally considered to be a symptom of psychiatric or neurological disorders.

The characteristics used to classify tinnitus depend on the purpose of the classification (box).1 Furthermore, distinctions should be made between acute and chronic tinnitus and between chronic tinnitus occurring after an acute tinnitus and chronic tinnitus of insidious onset.2 Tinnitus is considered to be chronic when is has been present for more than three months without signs of spontaneously resolving.

### Box 1—Classification of tinnitus

Most people experience tinnitus occasionally, and most experience it in silent soundproofed rooms. The British national study of hearing found that 10% of adults had prolonged spontaneous tinnitus—that is, tinnitus “usually lasting for longer than 5 minutes”; 1% experienced severe annoyance due to tinnitus, and in 0.5% of adults tinnitus severely reduced the ability to lead a normal life. The same study ascertained that 7% of the population in the United Kingdom present to their general practitioners with tinnitus and 2.4% are referred to hospitals.3 A largescale Swedish study4 reported somewhat higher figures: for 2.4% of adults “tinnitus plagues me all day,” and 14.2% suffered …
High Wnt Signaling Represses the Proapoptotic Proteoglycan <i>syndecan-2</i> in Osteosarcoma Cells (2010)

Osteosarcoma is characterized by frequent relapse and metastatic disease associated with resistance to chemotherapy. We previously showed that syndecan-2 is a mediator of the antioncogenic effect of chemotherapeutic drugs. The purpose of this work was to elucidate molecular mechanisms responsible for the low expression of syndecan-2 in osteosarcoma. We compared the regulatory activity of cis-acting DNA sequences of the syndecan-2 gene in osteosarcoma and osteoblastic cell lines. We identified a DNA region that negatively regulates syndecan-2 transcription in the osteosarcoma cells. T-cell factors (TCF) bind to this sequence in vivo. Wnt3a stimulation, beta-catenin activation, and TCF overexpression resulted in syndecan-2 repression, whereas Wnt inhibition using sFRP-1 increased syndecan-2 expression in U2OS cells. RhoA activation blunted the stimulatory effect of sFRP-1 on syndecan-2 transcription, whereas RhoA inhibition enhanced syndecan-2 expression. These results indicate that Wnt/beta-catenin and Wnt/RhoA signaling contribute to syndecan-2 repression. The alteration of syndecan-2 expression in osteosarcoma cell lines also seemed to be related to a higher shedding, controlled by Wnt/RhoA. Conversely, syndecan-2 was found to activate its own expression in U2OS cells through RhoA inhibition. These data identify a molecular network that may contribute to the low expression of the proapoptotic proteoglycan syndecan-2 in osteosarcoma cells. The high activity of the canonical Wnt pathway in the different osteosarcoma cells induces a constitutive repression of syndecan-2 transcription, whereas Wnt/RhoA signaling blocks the amplification loop of syndecan-2 expression. Our results identify syndecan-2 as a Wnt target and bring new insights into a possible pathologic role of Wnt signaling in osteosarcoma.
Small Modular Reactors: Institutional Assessment (2012)

? Objectives include, among others, a description of the basic development status of “small modular reactors” (SMRs) focused primarily on domestic activity; investigation of the domestic market appeal of modular reactors from the viewpoints of both key energy sector customers and also key stakeholders in the financial community; and consideration of how to proceed further with a pro-active "core group" of stakeholders substantially interested in modular nuclear deployment in order to provide the basis to expedite design/construction activity and regulatory approval. ? Information gathering was via available resources, both published and personal communications with key individual stakeholders; published information is limited to that already in public domain (no confidentiality); viewpoints from interviews are incorporated within. Discussions at both government-hosted and private-hosted SMR meetings are reflected herein. INL itself maintains a neutral view on all issues described. Note: as per prior discussion between INL and CAP, individual and highly knowledgeable senior-level stakeholders provided the bulk of insights herein, and the results of those interviews are the main source of the observations of this report. ? Attachment A is the list of individual stakeholders consulted to date, including some who provided significant earlier assessments of SMR institutional feasibility. ? Attachments B, C, and D are included to provide substantial context on the international status of SMR development; they are not intended to be comprehensive and are individualized due to the separate nature of the source materials. Attachment E is a summary of the DOE requirements for winning teams regarding the current SMR solicitation. Attachment F deserves separate consideration due to the relative maturity of the SMART SMR program underway in Korea. Attachment G provides illustrative SMR design features and is intended for background. Attachment H is included for overview purposes and is a sampling of advanced SMR concepts, which will be considered as part of the current DOE SMR program but whose estimated deployment time is beyond CAP’s current investment time horizon. Attachment I is the public DOE statement describing the present approach of their SMR Program.
THE PARTITION OF UNITY METHOD (1997)

A new finite element method is presented that features the ability to include in the finite element space knowledge about the partial differential equation being solved. This new method can therefore be more efficient than the usual finite element methods. An additional feature of the partition-of-unity method is that finite element spaces of any desired regularity can be constructed very easily. This paper includes a convergence proof of this method and illustrates its efficiency by an application to the Helmholtz equation for high wave numbers. The basic estimates for a posteriori error estimation for this new method are also proved. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.