gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Discrepancies in current practice of pathological evaluation of sentinel lymph nodes in breast cancer. Results of a questionnaire based survey by the European Working Group for Breast Screening Pathology (2004)

Pathological examination of SLNs throughout Europe varies considerably and is not standardised. The European guidelines should focus on standardising examination. They should recommend techniques that identify metastases > 2 mm as a minimum standard. Uniform reporting of additional findings may also be important, because micrometastases and ITCs may in the future be shown to have clinical relevance.
Biochemical Analyses of Multiple Endoxylanases from the Rumen Bacterium Ruminococcus albus 8 and Their Synergistic Activities with Accessory Hemicellulose-Degrading Enzymes (2011)

Ruminococcus albus 8 is a ruminal bacterium capable of metabolizing hemicellulose and cellulose, the major components of the plant cell wall. The enzymes that allow this bacterium to capture energy from the two polysaccharides, therefore, have potential application in plant cell wall depolymerization, a process critical to biofuel production. For this purpose, a partial genome sequence of R. albus 8 was generated. The genomic data depicted a bacterium endowed with multiple forms of plant cell wall-degrading enzymes. The endoxylanases of R. albus 8 exhibited diverse modular architectures, including incorporation of a catalytic module, a carbohydrate binding module, and a carbohydrate esterase module in a single polypeptide. The accessory enzymes of xylan degradation were a β-xylosidase, an α-l-arabinofuranosidase, and an α-glucuronidase. We hypothesized that due to the chemical complexity of the hemicellulose encountered in the rumen, the bacterium uses multiple endoxylanases, with subtle differences in substrate specificities, to attack the substrate, while the accessory enzymes hydrolyze the products to simple sugars for metabolism. To test this hypothesis, the genes encoding the predicted endoxylanases were expressed, and the proteins were biochemically characterized either alone or in combination with accessory enzymes. The different endoxylanase families exhibited different patterns of product release, with the family 11 endoxylanases releasing more products in synergy with the accessory enzymes from the more complex substrates. Aside from the insights into hemicellulose degradation by R. albus 8, this report should enhance our knowledge on designing effective enzyme cocktails for release of fermentable sugars in the biofuel industry.
Antiviral Agents (2003)

Abstract Since the discovery of the first virus >100 years ago, thousands of different viruses have been identified and characterized, and a number of plant, animal, and human ailments have been traced to viral origin. The rapid advances made in tools and techniques of molecular biology in the last 40 years, coupled with cooperative efforts in genetics and biochemical fronts, have afforded intricate details of the structure, function, replication, and genomic makeup of a host of viruses. As there are too many viruses to give even short accounts, this article focuses on only those that have some relevance to human diseases. But, since the list of all human viruses would still be too long to give detailed descriptions for each, the focus is further narrowed down to four major viruses that are currently perceived to threaten global health. These four viruses include HIV (human immunodeficiency virus, which causes AIDS), HBV and HCV (hepatitis B and C viruses that cause liver damage), and the more recent WNV (West Nile virus that causes brain inflammation). Nevertheless, an attempt has been made to classify all the known major viruses based on their shape, size, symmetry, hosts, and chemical composition that includes nucleic acid, protein, and presence or absence of lipid envelope. As they are a form of life that cannot replicate outside a host cell, viruses have evolved to develop complex and diverse interactions with higher organisms. Therefore, it was long believed that the development of antiviral agents that would specifically disrupt the viral replication process without affecting the normal metabolic events of the host would be difficult. Thanks to excellent advances in virology, several targets that are unique to the viruses have now been identified and successfully explored. This article briefly describes the general processes of viral infection to point out potential targets for selective antiviral agents. These targets are then classified into two major virus‐specific processes, including ( a ) early events of viral adsorption, penetration and uncoating, and ( b ) later synthetic events that concern intracellular replication of the virus. While there are only limited choices of candidates dealing with the early events, a much larger pool of candidates exists for targeting the later events in a virus life cycle, and they are known to be virus‐specific. The viruses synthesize and utilize specific enzymes and proteins, and more importantly, the replication of viral genomes is also virus‐specific. Nucleoside analogues which target these later events of viral life cycles have played major roles as antiviral agents against almost all the major viruses, and therefore, a special emphasis has been placed on this class of compounds in this review article. Prophylactic measures such as vaccine immunization have also been discussed under each of the four major viruses mentioned.
Toward Biocompatible Nuclear Hyperpolarization Using Signal Amplification by Reversible Exchange: Quantitative <i>in Situ</i> Spectroscopy and High-Field Imaging (2014)

Signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) of a substrate and parahydrogen at a catalytic center promises to overcome the inherent insensitivity of magnetic resonance. In order to apply the new approach to biomedical applications, there is a need to develop experimental equipment, in situ quantification methods, and a biocompatible solvent. We present results detailing a low-field SABRE polarizer which provides well-controlled experimental conditions, defined spins manipulations, and which allows in situ detection of thermally polarized and hyperpolarized samples. We introduce a method for absolute quantification of hyperpolarization yield in situ by means of a thermally polarized reference. A maximum signal-to-noise ratio of ∼10(3) for 148 μmol of substance, a signal enhancement of 10(6) with respect to polarization transfer field of SABRE, or an absolute (1)H-polarization level of ≈10(-2) is achieved. In an important step toward biomedical application, we demonstrate (1)H in situ NMR as well as (1)H and (13)C high-field MRI using hyperpolarized pyridine (d3) and (13)C nicotinamide in pure and 11% ethanol in aqueous solution. Further increase of hyperpolarization yield, implications of in situ detection, and in vivo application are discussed.
Observation of magnetoelectric coupling in Bi0.7Dy0.3FeO3 thin films at room temperature (2008)

Spatial coexistence of ferroelectric and magnetic domains in micrometer scale is confirmed by multimode scanning probe microscopy of pulsed laser deposited Bi0.7Dy0.3FeO3 thin films. The observed change in ferroelectric polarization with applied magnetic field proves the coupling between magnetic and ferroelectric order parameters. Moreover, the alignment of magnetic domains with externally applied electric field further confirms the presence of coupling in this system. Remarkably, the effect persists even after the electric field is removed, thereby implying an electric field induced magnetic hysteresis phenomenon in the magnetic domain structure. The results suggest an in-principle usability of this system for multifunctional applications.
Pinzettenförmige Kohlenwasserstoffe (1992)

Tweezer‐Shaped Hydrocarbons 1,8‐Bis[(arylethynyl)phenyl]‐ and ‐[(arylethenyl)phenyl]anthracenes of type I (e.g. 9, 6a ) and 1,8‐bis{[(arylethynyl)phenyl]‐ethynyl}‐ and ‐{[(arylethenyl)phenyl]ethynyl}anthracenes of type II (e.g. 16 , 13) were synthesized for the first time. Their hydrocarbon framework is formed by Grignard coupling and by Hagihara coupling, respectively. An X‐ray analysis of 13 exhibits an approximate planar skeleton, only one aromatic ring showing a considerable deviation from that plane (Figure 2). The UV and fluorescence properties are discussed. In spite of their preorganized and rather rigid tweezer‐shape the new hydrocarbons do not seem to use their multiple bonds for the cooperative binding of transition metal cations.
Fluazifop, a grass-selective herbicide which inhibits acetyl-CoA carboxylase in sensitive plant species (1988)

Fluazifop is a grass-selective herbicide that appears to act by inhibiting fatty acid synthesis de novo in sensitive species. Results from four different types of experiment show that this inhibition is due to an action of fluazifop on acetyl-CoA carboxylase and not on fatty acid synthetase. The acetyl-CoA carboxylase from sensitive barley (Hordeum vulgare), but not from resistant pea (Pisum sativum), is inhibited by the R stereoisomer, a finding that agrees with the herbicidal specificity of fluazifop.
Proliferation of early human myeloid precursors induced by interleukin- 1 and recombinant soluble CD23 (1990)

Low affinity Fc epsilon receptors (Fc epsilon RII/CD23) or their soluble fragments have various biologic effects on B- and T-cell lineages. In this study, we have assessed the effect of recombinant soluble CD23 (rsCD23) on the proliferation of human bone marrow (BM)- derived myeloid precursors with or without recombinant interleukin-1 (rIL-1) addition. Non-adherent CD2- or CD34+ BM cell subsets were used as target cells. Our results show that rsCD23 in synergy with rIL-1 displays an interleukin-3-like activity as it promotes the proliferation of multipotential marrow precursors. This effect was abolished by anti-CD23 addition to these cultures, but was not affected by anti-IL-3 monoclonal antibody. Furthermore, sequential study indicates that rIL-1 induces bone marrow cell responsiveness to rsCD23.
A Taxonomy and Future Directions for Sustainable Cloud Computing: 360 Degree View (2017)

The cloud computing paradigm offers on-demand services over the Internet and supports a wide variety of applications. With the recent growth of Internet of Things (IoT) based applications the usage of cloud services is increasing exponentially. The next generation of cloud computing must be energy-efficient and sustainable to fulfil the end-user requirements which are changing dynamically. Presently, cloud providers are facing challenges to ensure the energy efficiency and sustainability of their services. The usage of large number of cloud datacenters increases cost as well as carbon footprints, which further effects the sustainability of cloud services. In this paper, we propose a comprehensive taxonomy of sustainable cloud computing. The taxonomy is used to investigate the existing techniques for sustainability that need careful attention and investigation as proposed by several academic and industry groups. Further, the current research on sustainable cloud computing is organized into several categories: application design, sustainability metrics, capacity planning, energy management, virtualization, thermal-aware scheduling, cooling management, renewable energy and waste heat utilization. The existing techniques have been compared and categorized based on the common characteristics and properties. A conceptual model for sustainable cloud computing has been proposed along with discussion on future research directions.
CLICKS: Mining Subspace Clusters in Categorical Data via K-Partite Maximal Cliques (2005)

We present a novel algorithm called CLICKS, that finds clusters in categorical datasets based on a search for k-partite maximal cliques. Unlike previous methods, CLICKS mines subspace clusters. It uses a selective vertical method to guarantee complete search. CLICKS outperforms previous approaches by over an order of magnitude and scales better than any of the existing method for high-dimensional datasets. We demonstrate this improvement in an excerpt from our comprehensive performance studies.
Narrow bandwidth dye laser suitable for pumping by a short pulse duration N_2 laser (1976)

The design criteria and performance characteristics are reported of a tunable, narrow bandwidth dye laser that is suitable for pumping by a short pulse duration high power N(2) laser. The dye laser system is characterized by a relatively short over-all length of 15 cm. Bandwidths of from 0.015 nm to 0.05 nm are obtained along with conversion efficiencies in the neighborhood of 10% using a 4-5 nsec pulse duration N(2) pump. Bandwidths of 0.001 nm are observed with an intracavity etalon in the system. More important, however, it is shown that the conversion efficiency of an intracavity etalon dye laser system can be greatly improved if the temporal distribution of the N(2) pump pulse is adjusted so a single dye cell in a dye laser system is used first as an oscillator and then as an amplifier. Finally, using the above technique of processing the N(2) pump pulse, a 5-nsec N(2) laser is used to pump an intracavity etalon dye laser, which is followed by a large gap external etalon and then by an amplifier; the resulting bandwidth is 0.0005 nm at 480 nm with a conversion efficiency of 4.5%.
The Efficacy of Clarithromycin and the Bicyclolide EDP‐420 against<i>Mycobacterium avium</i>in a Mouse Model of Pulmonary Infection (2008)

Lung disease caused by Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) is increasing in prevalence. MAC disease occurs in patients with chronic preexisting obstructive pulmonary diseases but is also diagnosed in individuals with no history of lung pathology or identifiable immune defect. Histologically, the disease is characterized by either the development of nodular granulomatous lesions in the peribronchial region or cavitary peripheral disease in smokers. Response to long-term treatment is poor. Limited comparative-efficacy data on treatment exist. A model that resembles nodular MAC disease was established in C57 (bg+/bg+) mice infected intranasally. Therapy with clarithromycin, a compound commonly used to treat MAC disease, was evaluated in parallel with treatment using a new bicyclolide, EDP-420, that achieves high levels of intrapulmonary concentrations. Although clarithromycin administered daily resulted in a reduction in the bacterial load in the lung, EDP-420 administered either daily or twice a week was significantly more effective. These results suggest that this animal model can be used to evaluate novel regimens against MAC disease and that compounds with high concentration in the lung might have a significant impact on the outcome of MAC lung disease.
Epoxidized natural rubber‐bonded para rubber wood particleboard (2007)

Abstract Para rubber wood particleboard (PB) was prepared using NR based adhesives and hot pressing processes. Two types of NR based adhesives were used; epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) and unmodified NR. The ENR latex was prepared using in situ performic epoxidation. Molecular weight of the ENR molecules was then reduced by incorporating of a reducing agent; sodium nitrite solution. A chain scission reaction and epoxidation simultaneous occurred via a chain‐scission parallel epoxidation mechanism. Sulphur and multifunctional amine (i.e., hexamethoxymethylmelamine) curing systems were used to cure the adhesives. It was found that the hexamethoxymethylmelamine gave the PB with higher tensile strength than that of the sulphur vulcanization system. Furthermore, the tensile strength increased with increasing concentration of citric acid in the compounding formulation. Adhesion of the ENR adhesive with Parawood sawdust was observed to imporve by reducing molecular weight of the ENR molecules. That is, the highest tensile strength of the PB was observed for the ENR adhesive with the lowest $ {\overline {M}_{n}} $ (i.e., 1.10 × 10 5 ). This may be attributed to the adhesive with lower molecular weight exhibited greater ability to wet or cover the wood particle surfaces. As a consequence, greater chemical interaction between the adhesive and the wood particles was observed. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:421–428, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Effect of sublethal ethylene oxide exposure on Bacillus subtilis spores and biological indicator performance. (1980)

Ethylene oxide gas (EO) is shown to affect Bacillus subtilis spore outgrowth kinetics without detectably affecting germination kinetics. Outgrowth of EOtreated spores is delayed up to 18 hr. The delay is not the result of an alteration in the exponential growth rate of the resulting vegetative cell population. Post-process B. subtilis biological indicators (BI’s) utilizing paper carriers, retain detectable residual EO levels for at least 48 hr. The data indicate that these levels are absorbed to the spores. Consequently. small EO residual levels potentially have significant biological consequences. As a result of the evidence of EO spore injury and retained EO residual levels, it is important that EO, BI recovery systems must be designed with meticulous care. Specific considerations for the design of a BI recovery system are outlined.
Recovery of Oil from Drilled Cuttings by Liquefied Gas Extraction (2005)

Abstract It has long been accepted that non-aqueous invert emulsion drilling fluids provide improved drilling performance compared to traditional water-based systems. Use of diesel, mineral oil, and more recently, synthetic materials such as olefins and paraffins as base fluids has gained global acceptance. However, the disposal of these materials and associated drill cuttings can generate environmental concerns. The capability to remove oil or synthetic oil from the cuttings before disposal can significantly reduce the long-term environmental effects of disposal. In addition, effective recovery of costly synthetic fluids could improve the overall economics of drilling. This paper summarizes research efforts into development of a technique that uses liquefied hydrocarbon gases as solvents to extract oil from cuttings. The laboratory data presented shows that a wide variety of fluids can be efficiently recovered from cuttings. Residual oil on cuttings levels can be reduced to concentrations exceeding the standards typically required for disposal or discharge, with no thermal energy requirements and recycling of the solvent phase and recovered fluid. Risk assessments indicate that the technique can be safely applied at both onshore and offshore operations.
A New Priority-Guaranteed MAC Protocol for Emerging Body Area Networks (2009)

In the newly emerging body area networks (BANs), substantial demands come from both medical applications and consumer electronics (CE) applications. Due to the heterogeneous service requirements, MAC protocol design becomes a new challenge for BANs. To address this problem, a priority-guaranteed MAC protocol is proposed in this paper. In this protocol, data and control channels are split to support collision-free high data rate communication. Application-specific control channels are adopted to provide priority guarantee to the life-critical medical applications. Furthermore, traffic-specific data channels are deployed to improve resource efficiency and latency performance. Monte Carlo simulations are carried out for performance evaluation. Simulation results demonstrate that significant improvements on throughput and energy efficiency are achieved with the priority-guaranteed MAC protocol.
The electromechanics of a fluidized bed of insulating particles. (1974)

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Electrical Engineering. Thesis. 1974. M.S.
Abnormal lipopolysaccharide binding protein as marker of gastrointestinal inflammation in Parkinson disease (2015)

Our data suggests that LBP is one GI biomarker related to LPS induced neurotoxicity. However, there was significant variability in LBP levels within the PD and control groups, limiting its utility as a stand-alone biomarker. This study supports the role of LPS induced neurotoxicity in PD and further exploration of this pathway may be useful in developing sensitive and specific biomarkers for PD.
Status Epilepticus: An Overview of the Clinical Problem (1999)

Status epilepticus has been recognized since antiquity. The terms état de mal and "status epilepticus" are derived from the slang used by epilepsy patients housed in Salpêtrière and Bicêtre hospitals in Paris during the 1800s. The definition of status epilepticus has been evolving, and is still not precise. In 1903-04 it was described as a development of epilepsy in which seizures are so frequent that "coma and exhaustion are continuous between seizures." In 1964 the International League Against Epilepsy adopted the definition "a seizure [that] persists for a sufficient length of time or is repeated frequently enough to produce a fixed and enduring epileptic condition." 30 min has been the most common specified duration of seizures for the diagnosis of status epilepticus, although a duration of 10 or 20 min has been suggested as well. However, a new set of definitions for generalized, convulsive status epilepticus in adults has been proposed and includes an operational definition (specifying a seizure duration of a least 5 min) and a mechanistic definition. In the future, laboratory tests will provide the means for detecting and defining the critical factors that distinguish a single epileptic seizure from status epilepticus. Recent epidemiological studies suggest status epilepticus occurs in 100,000 to 150,000 people in the US each year, and is associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. Etiology, duration of the seizures, and the patient's age seem to be important determinants of the outcome in status epilepticus.
A high output mode for submicron M-R memory cells (1992)

A mode which substantially increases the nondestructive read output from submicron magnetoresistive (MR) memory elements has been demonstrated. This mode increases the output for large cells by 50% and the outputs of cells less than a micron wide by 150% to 300%. In this mode, information is stored in the direction of the edge magnetization, and the body of the element serves as a sensor. Outputs of +or-1.2 mV were obtained with cells with an active area of 0.7*3.0 microns. By appropriate use of a step in the field oxide and a word line keeper, the demagnetizing field in the long dimensions of a memory element can be tailored to one desired value to optimize the response characteristics. The mode requires an additional drive strap to write the edge magnetization by coincident selection. For memory application the threshold for switching the edge magnetization must be tightly controlled.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Two‐Dimensional NMR Spectroscopy: Background and Overview of the Experiments [New Analytical Methods (36)] (1988)

Abstract An exact knowledge of the structure, dynamics, and reactions of molecules provides the key to understand their functions and properties. NMR spectroscopy has developed, through the introduction of two‐dimensional methods, into the most important method for the investigation of these questions in solution. A great variety of different techniques is available. However, for their successful application not only the appropriate equipment is required, but also the right choice of experiments and optimum measurement parameters, as well as a careful evaluation of the spectra. This contribution describes the necessary background for modern NMR spectroscopy. With the aid of the so‐called product operator formalism it is possible to understand pulsed Fourier transform NMR spectroscopy both qualitatively and quantitatively. Very few, readily understandable assumptions are sufficient for confident application of these methods. This article attempts to introduce in a simple manner this formalism as well as phase cycles necessary for the understanding of pulse sequences, and to train the reader through the discussion of several 2D NMR techniques. An overview of the most important techniques is given in the second part of this article.