gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhanced detection of the t(14;18) translocation in malignant lymphoma using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (1991)

The t(14;18) chromosomal translocation that results in the juxtaposition of the bcl-2 proto-oncogene with the heavy chain JH locus is a common cytogenetic abnormality in human lymphoma. In particular, it is seen in about 85% of follicular lymphoma (FL) and up to one-third of diffuse lymphomas (DL). The chromosome 18 breakpoints have been shown to cluster into two regions. The major breakpoint region (mbr) within the 3′ untranslated region of the bcl-2 proto-oncogene accounts for approximately 60% of the cases and the minor cluster region (mcr) 30 kb 3′ of bcl-2 accounts for approximately 25% of the breakpoints. Because of variability in the position of the breakpoint, detection of the t(14;18) by Southern blot analysis provides an important clonal marker for the tumor. However, conventional electrophoresis (CE) fails to detect the translocation in 15% to 25% of cases. We have applied pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) to the detection of the t(14;18) in a series of lymphoma prospectively analyzed by CE, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and cytogenetic analysis. PFGE readily detected t(14;18) rearrangements as indicated by comigration of bands detected with probes for the mbr region (chromosome 18) and the JH locus (chromosome 14). In a series of 40 patients with FL, this method proved to be the most comprehensive for detection of the translocation compared with standard methods; in fact, in one case only PFGE was able to detect the chromosomal rearrangement. Ten percent of the FL cases were negative by all methods tested. In a separate analysis of matched tissue specimens from cases of tumor progression of FL to diffuse lymphoma, PFGE detected a common t(14;18) rearrangement confirming a clonal origin in seven of seven cases, whereas CE detected a rearrangement in only three of seven cases. Overall, PFGE was able to detect a translocation in 8 of 12 cases that were negative by CE and four of eight negative by cytogenetic analysis. In conclusion, PFGE analysis is more comprehensive than CE, PCR, and cytogenetic analysis for the detection of the t(14;18) breakpoint in tissue biopsies of malignant lymphoma.
Progress in inertial confinement fusion (1988)

Reviews the current status of inertial confinement fusion. The recent results of high compression (100*liquid density) and high neutron yields (1012, 1013 per shot) obtained in separate laser experiments are discussed. The joint attainment of high densities and high temperature will require larger drivers (laser or ion beam). For direct drive laser fusion, high uniformity of illumination at short wavelength ( lambda <or=1/3 mu m ) remains an outstanding problem which may be resolvable by advances in the induced spatial incoherence technique.
Mitochondrial fusion supports increased oxidative phosphorylation during cell proliferation (2019)

Proliferating cells often have increased glucose consumption and lactate excretion relative to the same cells in the quiescent state, a phenomenon known as the Warburg effect. Despite an increase in glycolysis, however, here we show that non-transformed mouse fibroblasts also increase oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) by nearly two-fold and mitochondrial coupling efficiency by ~30% during proliferation. Both increases are supported by mitochondrial fusion. Impairing mitochondrial fusion by knocking down mitofusion-2 (Mfn2) was sufficient to attenuate proliferation, while overexpressing Mfn2 increased proliferation. Interestingly, impairing mitochondrial fusion decreased OXPHOS but did not deplete ATP levels. Instead, inhibition caused cells to transition from excreting aspartate to consuming it. Transforming fibroblasts with the <i>Ras</i> oncogene induced mitochondrial biogenesis, which further elevated OXPHOS. Notably, transformed fibroblasts continued to have elongated mitochondria and their proliferation remained sensitive to inhibition of Mfn2. Our results suggest that cell proliferation requires increased OXPHOS as supported by mitochondrial fusion.
Synthesis, Molecular Structure, and Reactivity of the Isolable Silylenoid with a Tricoordinate Silicon (2006)

The first tricoordinate fluorosilylenoid, (t-Bu2MeSi)2SiFLi.3THF (1), was synthesized, and its X-ray molecular structure was determined. 1 was synthesized in 40% yield by a bromine-lithium exchange reaction in THF of the corresponding fluorobromosilane with t-Bu2MeSiLi. 1 is best described as an R2SiF- anion attracted to a (Li.3THF)+ cation with a small contribution of resonance structure that consists of a silylene fragment and FLi.3THF. 1 reacts as a nucleophile with MeCl, PhH2SiCl, H2O, and MeOH, as an electrophile with MeLi, and as a silylene with Li (or t-BuLi) and Na, yielding alpha-lithium and alpha-sodium silyl radicals, respectively. Either photolysis or thermolysis of 1 yields the corresponding disilene R2Si=SiR2 (R = t-Bu2MeSi), probably via dimerization of R2Si:.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Enantipure β-Amino Alcohols via Nucleophilic β-Amino-α-hydroxyalkylation by Means of 1-Lithiated 2-[N-(Diphenylmethyleneamino)]alkyl Carbamates (1997)

2-[N-(Diphenylmethyleneamino)]alkyl carbamates are deprotonated by means of sec-butyllithium in the presence of TMEDA or (-)-sparteine and the diastereomeric ion pairs of α-oxycarbanions formed are substituted by several electrophiles. Deprotection proceeds smoothly to yield chain-elongated β-amino alcohols. Problems arise due to nucleophilic attack of the alkyllithium at one aryl ring of the benzophenone imines under certain reaction conditions.
On the design, selection algorithm and performance analysis of limited feedback transmit beamforming (2008)

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems achieve significant diversity and array gains by using transmit beamforming. When complete channel state information (CSI) is not available at the transmitter, a common set of beamformers (codebook) is used by both the transmitter and the receiver. For each channel realization, the best beamformer is selected at the receiver and its index is sent back to the transmitter via a limited feedback channel. In this paper, a codebook design method using the genetic algorithm is proposed, which reduces the design complexity and achieves large minimum-distance codebooks. Exploiting the specific structure of these beamformers, an order and bound algorithm is proposed to reduce the beamformer selection complexity at the receiver side. The exact bit error rate (BER) of the optimal beamforming in finite-series expression is used to facilitate the BER analysis of limited feedback beamforming. By employing a geometrical approach, an approximate BER of limited feedback beamforming is derived when the codebook size is relatively large (high resolution analysis). The simulation results show that the approximate BER is comparatively tight even for small size codebooks.
Shuffle block SRGAN for face image super-resolution reconstruction (2020)

When low-resolution face images are used for face recognition, the model accuracy is substantially decreased. How to recover high-resolution face features from low-resolution images precisely and efficiently is an essential subtask in face recognition. In this study, we introduce shuffle block SRGAN, a new image super-resolution network inspired by the SRGAN structure. By replacing the residual blocks with shuffle blocks, we can achieve efficient super-resolution reconstruction. Furthermore, by considering the generated image quality in the loss function, we can obtain more realistic super-resolution images. We train and test SB-SRGAN in three public face image datasets and use transfer learning strategy during the training process. The experimental results show that shuffle block SRGAN can achieve desirable image super-resolution performance with respect to visual effect as well as the peak signal-to-noise ratio and structure similarity index method metrics, compared with the performance attained by the other chosen deep-leaning models.
Nutraceutical augmentation of circulating endothelial progenitor cells and hematopoietic stem cells in human subjects (2010)

The medical significance of circulating endothelial or hematopoietic progenitors is becoming increasing recognized. While therapeutic augmentation of circulating progenitor cells using G-CSF has resulted in promising preclinical and early clinical data for several degenerative conditions, this approach is limited by cost and inability to perform chronic administration. Stem-Kine is a food supplement that was previously reported to augment circulating EPC in a pilot study. Here we report a trial in 18 healthy volunteers administered Stem-Kine twice daily for a 2 week period. Significant increases in circulating CD133 and CD34 cells were observed at days 1, 2, 7, and 14 subsequent to initiation of administration, which correlated with increased hematopoietic progenitors as detected by the HALO assay. Augmentation of EPC numbers in circulation was detected by KDR-1/CD34 staining and colony forming assays. These data suggest Stem-Kine supplementation may be useful as a stimulator of reparative processes associated with mobilization of hematopoietic and endothelial progenitors.
IN-PIPE INSPECTION CRAWLER ADAPTABLE TO THE PIPE INTERIOR DIAMETER (2011)

Abstract Oneofthemostimportantrequirementsofrepairingandmaintainingofpipelinesistheabilitytomonitorandevaluatethepipe’sinterior.In this paper, a novel apparatus to traverse pipes is introduced.Themechanismemploysthreeindependentrubbertrackunitswhichare circumferentially spaced out 120 ◦ apart symmetrically. Theapparatus employs an active mode to adapt to a wide range ofpipelinediametersfrom250to350mm. However,thisrangecanbeeasily extended by increasing the length of the robot’s linkages. Italso has the capability of traversing vertical, horizontal and curvedpipes. Further, it can passively pass over small obstacles of theinterior surface of the pipes and navigate through various elbowjointsinthepipingsystemwiththehelpofthespecialdesignofthespringed arms. Moreover, a novel autonomous adjusting algorithmispresentedtoassisttheoperatorinbetterregulationofthecontactforce without utilizing any force sensor. Finally, a prototype unit isbuilt andtestedindiﬀerent situations. Key Words In-pipe inspection, robot design, active pipe-diameter adaptability,tractiveforceadjusting
Exploiting Semantic Annotations and<i>Q</i>‐Learning for Constructing an Efficient Hierarchy/Graph Texts Organization (2015)

Tremendous growth in the number of textual documents has produced daily requirements for effective development to explore, analyze, and discover knowledge from these textual documents. Conventional text mining and managing systems mainly use the presence or absence of key words to discover and analyze useful information from textual documents. However, simple word counts and frequency distributions of term appearances do not capture the meaning behind the words, which results in limiting the ability to mine the texts. This paper proposes an efficient methodology for constructing hierarchy/graph-based texts organization and representation scheme based on semantic annotation and Q-learning. This methodology is based on semantic notions to represent the text in documents, to infer unknown dependencies and relationships among concepts in a text, to measure the relatedness between text documents, and to apply mining processes using the representation and the relatedness measure. The representation scheme reflects the existing relationships among concepts and facilitates accurate relatedness measurements that result in a better mining performance. An extensive experimental evaluation is conducted on real datasets from various domains, indicating the importance of the proposed approach.
Novel mutations in 13 probands with galactokinase deficiency (2000)

Galactokinase is an essential enzyme in the metabolism of galactose. Patients with deficiencies in galactokinase exhibit early-onset cataracts. We examined the sequence of the human galactokinase gene (GK1) from 13 patients exhibiting galactokinase deficiency and identified 12 novel mutations. One of the mutations occurred in six of the 13 probands examined, and the remaining 11 were unique mutations. Expression of each of the mutant GK1 genes in Xenopus oocytes resulted in very low galactokinase activity levels. These results provide important information regarding the types of GK1 mutations that occur in the human population.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF RECOVERY IN PNEUMONIA DUE TO FRIEDLADER'S BACILLUS (1947)

Phagocytosis of encapsulated Friedländer's bacilli has been demonstrated in the lungs of rats in the absence of both circulating and local antibody. The mechanism of phagocytosis independent of antibody has been shown to be due to the same surface factors that operate in the phagocytosis of Type I pneumococcus under similar conditions. Direct observation of the phagocytic process reveals that leucocytes in the lung can phagocyte unopsonized Friedländer's bacilli only by trapping them against the surfaces of alveolar walls or bronchi, or by pinning them against the surfaces of adjacent leucocytes. Evidence is presented that Friedländer's bacilli thus phagocyted are rapidly killed in the cytoplasm of the phagocytic cells. Reasons are discussed for the failure of prolonged chemotherapy to cure lung abscesses that not infrequently complicate the pneumonia due to Friedländer's bacillus.
The regulatory component of adenylate cyclase. Purification and properties. (1981)

The regulatory component (G/F) of adenylate cyclase, which has been purified previously, contains three putative subunits with molecular weights of 52,000, 45,000, and 35,000 (Northup, J. K., Sternweis, P. C., Smigel, M. D., Schleifer, L. S., Ross, E. M., and Gilman, A. G. (1980) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 77, 6516-6520). The published procedure has been modified to reduce the time required for preparation and to increase the yield. Application of the improved procedure allows purification of .5 to 1.0 mg of purified G/F from 1.5 kg of frozen rabbit liver. Greater than 95% of the protein observed on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels is found in the three bands mentioned above. Purified G/F has the following properties: 1. Hydrodynamic measurements in cholate indicate that purified hepatic G/F has a molecular weight of about 70,000. If G/F is activated with either fluoride or GTP analogs, its apparent molecular weight is reduced to 50,000. 2. The measurement of G/F by reconstitution with the catalytic moiety of adenylate cyclase is dependent on the concentrations of both G/F and catalytic moiety. This interaction is consistent with a model derived from a simple bimolecular binding equilibrium. 3. Purified G/F can be activated by fluoride and guanine nucleotide analogs in a Mg2+-dependent reaction. The rate of activation by guanine nucleotides is markedly stimulated by high concentrations of Mg2+, indicating a site of action of divalent metallic cations on G/F. 4. The 52,000- and 45,000-dalton polypeptides can be partially resolved by heptylamine-Sepharose chromatography. G/F fractions that are enriched in the 52,000-dalton protein reconstitute hormone-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity more efficiently and are activated by GTP analogs more rapidly than are fractions that are essentially free of this polypeptide. The 35,000-dalton protein is present in all cases.
Effect of Inorganic Phosphate Concentration on the Nature of Inner Mitochondrial Membrane Alterations Mediated by Ca2+ Ions (1996)

Addition of high concentrations (>1 mm) of inorganic phosphate (Pi) or arsenate to Ca2+-loaded mitochondria was followed by increased rates of H2O2 production, membrane lipid peroxidation, and swelling. Mitochondrial swelling was only partially prevented either by butylhydroxytoluene, an inhibitor of lipid peroxidation, or cyclosporin A, an inhibitor of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. This swelling was totally prevented by the simultaneous presence of these compounds. At lower Pi concentrations (1 mm), mitochondrial swelling is reversible and prevented by cyclosporin A, but not by butylhydroxytoluene. In any case (low or high phosphate concentration) exogenous catalase prevented mitochondrial swelling, suggesting that reactive oxygen species (ROS) participate in these mechanisms. Altogether, the data suggest that, at low Pi concentrations, membrane permeabilization is reversible and mediated by opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore, whereas at high Pi concentrations, membrane permeabilization is irreversible because lipid peroxidation also takes place. Under these conditions, lipid peroxidation is strongly inhibited by sorbate, a putative quencher of triplet carbonyl species. This suggests that high Pi or arsenate concentrations stimulate propagation of the peroxidative reactions initiated by mitochondrial-generated ROS because these anions are able to catalyze Cn-aldehyde tautomerization producing enols, which can be oxidized by hemeproteins to yield the lower Cn - 1-aldehyde in the triplet state. This proposition was also supported by experiments using a model system consisting of phosphatidylcholine/dicethylphosphate liposomes and the triplet acetone-generating system isobutanal/horseradish peroxidase, where phosphate and Ca2+ cooperate to increase the yield of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances.
Enterotoxigenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> TibA Glycoprotein Adheres to Human Intestine Epithelial Cells (2001)

Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is capable of invading epithelial cell lines derived from the human ileum and colon. Two separate invasion loci (tia and tib) that direct noninvasive E. coli strains to adhere to and invade cultured human intestine epithelial cells have previously been isolated from the classical ETEC strain H10407. The tib locus directs the synthesis of TibA, a 104-kDa outer membrane glycoprotein. Synthesis of TibA is directly correlated with the adherence and invasion phenotypes of the tib locus, suggesting that this protein is an adhesin and invasin. Here we report the purification of TibA and characterization of its biological activity. TibA was purified by continuous-elution preparative sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Purified TibA was biotin labeled and then shown to bind to HCT8 human ileocecal epithelial cells in a specific and saturable manner. Unlabeled TibA competed with biotin-labeled TibA, suggesting the presence of a specific TibA receptor in HCT8 cells. These results show that TibA acts as an adhesin. Polyclonal anti-TibA antiserum inhibited invasion of ETEC strain H10407 and of recombinant E. coli bearing tib locus clones, suggesting that TibA also acts as an invasin. The ability of TibA to direct epithelial cell adhesion suggests a role for this protein in ETEC pathogenesis.
The return of the chatbots (2016)

Abstract By all accounts, 2016 is the year of the chatbot. Some commentators take the view that chatbot technology will be so disruptive that it will eliminate the need for websites and apps. But chatbots have a long history. So what's new, and what's different this time? And is there an opportunity here to improve how our industry does technology transfer?
Equivalence of Postoperative Analgesia with Patient-Controlled Intravenous or Epidural Alfentanil (1993)

The analgesia and the frequency and severity of oxyhemoglobin desaturation related to alfentanil administration were compared in 32 patients randomly selected to receive patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) by either the epidural (EPI) or intravenous (i.v.) route for a mean period of 16 h after major abdominal surgery. Bolus increments of 250 micrograms of alfentanil with a lockout interval of 5 min for i.v. and of 10 min for EPI route were administered by a programmable pump. Oxygen saturation (SpO2) was monitored for 16 h, using a pulse oximeter; data were collected continuously and stored every 30 s via an interface connected to a computer. For the purpose of analysis, SpO2 was divided into six categories: 95%-100%, 90%-94%, 85%-89%, 80%-84%, 75%-79%, and 70%-74%. Both routes provided similar degrees of analgesia at rest and on coughing. Maximum pain relief was obtained earlier in the i.v. group (P < 0.01). The total consumption of alfentanil was 13,141 +/- 3471 micrograms (mean +/- SD) in the i.v. group and 8000 +/- 4213 micrograms in the EPI group (P < 0.001). The effects on SpO2 were not statistically different between the two groups. Cumulative time spent in each saturation category was similar for the EPI and i.v. groups. Severe desaturation episodes, defined as SpO2 < or = 85% for at least 60 s, occurred in 69% of patients in the EPI group and 56% in the i.v. group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Microglia Initiate Central Nervous System Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses through Multiple TLRs (2004)

Microglia are the resident macrophage-like population in the CNS. Microglia remain quiescent until injury or infection activates the cells to perform effector inflammatory and APC functions. Our previous studies have shown that microglia infected with a neurotropic strain of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus secreted innate immune cytokines and up-regulated costimulatory molecules and MHC class II, enabling the cells to present viral and myelin Ags to CD4+ T cells. Recently, TLRs have been shown to recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns and initiate innate immune responses upon interaction with infectious agents. We examined TLR expression on brain microglia and their functional responses upon stimulation with various TLR agonists. We report that mouse microglia express mRNA for all of the recently identified TLRs, TLR1-9, used for recognition of bacterial and viral molecular patterns. Furthermore, stimulation of quiescent microglia with various TLR agonists, including LPS (TLR4), peptidoglycan (TLR2), polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (TLR3), CpG DNA (TLR9), and infection with viable Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus, activated the cells to up-regulate unique patterns of innate and effector immune cytokines and chemokines at the mRNA and protein levels. In addition, TLR stimulation activated up-regulation of MHC class II and costimulatory molecules, enabling the microglia to efficiently present myelin Ags to CD4+ T cells. Thus, microglia appear to be a unique and important component of both the innate and adaptive immune response, providing the CNS with a means to rapidly and efficiently respond to a wide variety of pathogens.
Bacterial rhodopsins of newly isolated halobacteria (1992)

SUMMARY: Several new halobacterial strains were isolated from crude solar salts commercially produced in Mexico and Australia. The presence of bacteriorhodopsin (BR)- and halorhodopsin (HR)-like pigment in their total membrane fraction was measured by flash spectroscopy and light-induced ion pumping activity. Two of these strains contained both BR- and HR-like pigments; the others contained only BR-like pigment. DNA hybridization analysis with probes from bacterioopsin and haloopsin genes revealed that the genes encoding the BR- and HR-like pigments were not homologous to those found in Halobacterium halobium R1. In addition, the presence of sensory rhodopsin (SR)- and phoborhodopsin (PR)-like pigment in these membranes was detected by flash spectroscopy. The kinetics of the cyclic photoreaction of the SR-like pigment was more than 15 times slower than that of H. halobium. A PR-like pigment existed in two strains, and the kinetics of the cyclic photoreaction of the PR-like pigment was similar to that found in H. halobium.