gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ski acts as a co-repressor with Smad2 and Smad3 to regulate the response to type β transforming growth factor (2000)

The c-ski protooncogene encodes a transcription factor that binds DNA only in association with other proteins. To identify co-binding proteins, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen. The results of the screen and subsequent co-immunoprecipitation studies identified Smad2 and Smad3, two transcriptional activators that mediate the type beta transforming growth factor (TGF-beta) response, as Ski-interacting proteins. In Ski-transformed cells, all of the Ski protein was found in Smad3-containing complexes that accumulated in the nucleus in the absence of added TGF-beta. DNA binding assays showed that Ski, Smad2, Smad3, and Smad4 form a complex with the Smad/Ski binding element GTCTAGAC (SBE). Ski repressed TGF-beta-induced expression of 3TP-Lux, the natural plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 promoter and of reporter genes driven by the SBE and the related CAGA element. In addition, Ski repressed a TGF-beta-inducible promoter containing AP-1 (TRE) elements activated by a combination of Smads, Fos, and/or Jun proteins. Ski also repressed synergistic activation of promoters by combinations of Smad proteins but failed to repress in the absence of Smad4. Thus, Ski acts in opposition to TGF-beta-induced transcriptional activation by functioning as a Smad-dependent co-repressor. The biological relevance of this transcriptional repression was established by showing that overexpression of Ski abolished TGF-beta-mediated growth inhibition in a prostate-derived epithelial cell line.
Conformational changes of yeast tRNAPhe and E. coli tRNA2Glu as indicated by different nuclease digestion patterns. (1979)

The susceptibility of yeast tRNAPhe and Escherichia coli tRNA2Glu to digestion by nucleases Tl and Sl are examined in a variety of environments, and the results are interpreted in view of the available three-dimensional structural information. Significant differences are found in the digestion pattern of the two tRNAs using the guanosine-specific Tl nuclease. In particular, differences are seen due to varying the type of salts in the environment. However, the Sl nuclease results on the two tRNAs do not differ greatly. E. coli tRNA2Glu is known to exist in two different conformations. Nuclease digestion results are presented revealing differences which make it possible to draw some inferences about the structural differences in these two conformations. In carrying out these analyses, the tRNA molecules are labeled either by putting 32P at the 5'-end of the molecular or by adding 32P-labeled pCp at the 3'-end. It is found that both yeast tRNAPhe and E. coli tRNA2Glu have modified Tl nuclease digestion patterns when pCp is added at the 3'-end of the molecule.
"Domain" Coil-Globule Transition in Homopolymers (1995)

The temperature-induced coil-globule transition has been studied in dilute aqueous solutions (with 200 mg/L SDS) for different fractions of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) and poly(N-isopropylmethacrylamide) (PNIPMAM) using scanning microcalorimetry, diffusion, and size-exclusion chromatography (FPLC). It has been shown that both these polymers undergo a coil-globule transition upon temperature increase. This transition is accompanied by cooperative heat absorption and a decrease of heat capacity, which makes it similar to the cold denaturation of globular proteins. The globule-coil transition is an "all-or-none" process only for the fraction with the lowest molecular weight (~10x10^3), while fractions of larger molecular weights behave as if they consist of quasi-independent cooperative units, the "domains". The number of "domains" in a macromolecule is proportional to the molecular weight of the polymer. This suggests that the "domain" character of cooperative transitions in large proteins does not, in principle, need evolutionary-selected amino acid sequences but can occur even in homopolymers.
Postcolumn Radionuclide Detection of Low-Energy .beta. Emitters in Capillary Electrophoresis (1994)

A postcolumn radionuclide detection system for capillary electrophoresis (CE) is described. Eluant from an electrophoresis capillary is directed onto a peptide binding membrane that has been previously coated with a solid scintillator. The membrane is moved in a preselected pattern relative to the fixed capillary outlet during electrophoresis. Light emission from scintillation is imaged onto a charge-coupled device (CCD) using a series of 35-mm camera lenses. Detection of two low-energy beta- emitters (35S and 3H) not previously reported for capillary electrophoresis is demonstrated. The separation efficiencies are similar to those obtained with on-line UV detection. The response for 35S-labeled methionine is linear (r2 = 0.996) from 66 amol to 11 fmol. Detection limits are 88 zmol (0.03 Bq) for 32P-labeled analytes, 17 amol (0.94 Bq) for 35S-labeled analytes, and 8 fmol (8.5 Bq) for 3H-labeled analytes.
Multiple regulatory elements control expression of the gene encoding the Saccharomyces cerevisiae cytochrome P450, lanosterol 14 alpha-demethylase (ERG11). (1992)

The major cytochrome P450 in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, lanosterol 14 alpha-demethylase (ERG11), catalyzes an essential reaction in the biosynthesis of ergosterol, the predominant sterol of yeast. Protein levels of this cytochrome P450 are known to be affected by carbon source, oxygen, and heme, as well as the growth state of the culture. We have determined that ERG11 message levels increase during growth on glucose, in the presence of heme, and during oxygen limiting growth conditions and, unexpectedly, during anaerobic growth. To determine the cis-acting regions responsible for regulation of expression of the ERG11 promoter under optimal conditions of fermentative growth, deletion analysis was performed using the Escherichia coli lacZ as a reporter gene. Two upstream activating sequences, UAS1 and UAS2, and an upstream repressor element, URS1, plus a second possible or cryptic repressor element, URS2, were identified in the ERG11 promoter. The HAP1 protein product apparently participates in activation from UAS1 but not from UAS2. Sequences resembling ERG11 UAS2 were identified in seven additional oxygen-regulated genes. Repression of ERG11 expression was dependent upon the ROX1 repressor and additional repressor(s) designated as Old (overexpression of lanosterol demethylase). These data indicate that ERG11 is a member of the hypoxic gene family which includes ANB1, COX5b, CYC7, and HEM13. Furthermore, NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR1), another component in this P450 system, appears to be coordinately regulated with ERG11.
Instantaneous Dispersion: A Window into Property Relationships for Optical Glass (2015)

Optical applications in the 21st century are rapidly evolving, and materials with new capabilities are needed. Applications covering wide wavelength ranges are a particular challenge as materials can behave very differently in the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared spectral regions. A generalized model for selecting optical materials based on descriptions of dispersion and partial dispersion is presented. The relative behavior of various optical glasses is discussed based on glass composition. This is useful for both the optical designer and the glass maker as it illustrates the chemical origin of the dispersion curve and a possible path toward compositional tailoring of the optical properties to fit specific applications. This method can be extended from traditional optical glasses into the UV and infrared spectral ranges as it does not rely on predefined wavelengths at Fraunhofer lines.
Guanidine‐Containing Molecular Transporters: Sorbitol‐Based Transporters Show High Intracellular Selectivity toward Mitochondria (2007)

Special delivery: Transporters constructed on a sorbitol scaffold with eight guanidine residues show significant translocation across the cell membrane and the blood–brain barrier and high affinities toward mitochondria in HeLa and KG1a leukemia cells. The picture shows colocalisation of one such transporter (T) with MitoTracker red in KG1a cells (scale bars: 10 μm).
Calibration Technique for Polarization-Sensitive Lidars (2006)

Abstract Polarization-sensitive lidars have proven to be highly effective in discriminating between spherical and nonspherical particles in the atmosphere. These lidars use a linearly polarized laser and are equipped with a receiver that can separately measure the components of the return signal polarized parallel and perpendicular to the outgoing beam. In this work a technique for calibrating polarization-sensitive lidars is described that was originally developed at NASA's Langley Research Center (LaRC) and has been used continually over the past 15 yr. The procedure uses a rotatable half-wave plate inserted into the optical path of the lidar receiver to introduce controlled amounts of polarization cross talk into a sequence of atmospheric backscatter measurements. Solving the resulting system of nonlinear equations generates the system calibration constants (gain ratio and offset angle) required for deriving calibrated measurements of depolarization ratio from the lidar signals. In addition, this procedure also determines the mean depolarization ratio within the region of the atmosphere that is analyzed. Simulations and error propagation studies show the method to be both reliable and well behaved. Operational details of the technique are illustrated using measurements obtained as part of LaRC's participation in the First International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project Regional Experiment.
Interference Mitigation Approaches for the Global Positioning System (2003)

■ The satellite-based Global Positioning System (GPS) has evolved from its origins as a worldwide military navigation aid to a pervasive utility affecting all walks of life in the civil and military communities. As a result, the system must operate in a much wider range of environments than originally planned. Performance requirements have expanded, with a greater emphasis on substantially enhanced interference resistance and accuracy. This article focuses on these recent shifts and describes current efforts to address the updated requirements. First, we describe the GPS architecture and review its principles of operation. Then we outline the pressures in both the military and civil communities to upgrade performance. Next we cover some enhancements to GPS, and the program to implement them. We then examine efforts in the military community to address intentional interference, or jamming, with GPS operation. Mitigation of such jamming can be included in a user’s equipment or in the signals transmitted to this equipment. Finally, we describe a GPS augmentation approach, known as a GPS military pseudolite, which was designed to substantially reduce interference susceptibility. Research on the technical challenges associated with such a pseudolite system is currently being conducted at Lincoln Laboratory.
Reprogramming in Inter-Species Embryonal Carcinoma–Somatic Cell Hybrids Induces Expression of Pluripotency and Differentiation Markers (2003)

Somatic cell reprogramming holds great promise for the development of novel cellular therapeutics. A number of sources of reprogramming potential have been identified, including oocytes, embryonic germ (EG) cells and embryonic stem (ES) cells. However, each of these sources of reprogramming factors is problematic, since they are either not freely available or have special growth requirements. Embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells are another source of pluripotent cells that, unlike ES and EG cells, do not usually require special growth conditions. Since they share many of the key characteristics of ES cells, such as pluripotency, EC cells may provide a readily amenable alternative source of reprogramming factors and could serve as a model for ES cells in this respect. Here we show that mouse EC cells can also function as donors of reprogramming factors. PEG-mediated fusion between murine EC cells (P19) and the cells of a human T-lymphoma cell line (CEM-GFP) resulted in inter-species hybrid colony formation. Colonies of hybrid cells displayed heterogeneity in cellular morphology as well as in their pattern of human gene expression. Expression of two human transcription factors characteristic of undifferentiated pluripotent stem cells, Oct-4 and Sox-2, was detected in the hybrid cells, demonstrating activation of endogenous human markers of pluripotency. Simultaneously, down-regulation of CD45, a marker present in lymphocytic cells, was observed in some hybrids. The detection of human specific markers of differentiation, such as nestin, lamininbeta1, and collagen IValpha1, indicates that fusion resulted in reprogramming of the human cells to reflect the differentiation potential of the murine EC partner.
[Failure of differentiation of the trophoblast in trisomy 21]. (2000)

The syncytiotrophoblast is the major component of the human placenta as it is involved in the feto-maternal exchanges and the secretion of pregnancy-specific hormones. In normal placenta, the multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast is formed by fusion of mononuclear cytotrophoblast cells. In trisomy 21-affected placenta, we show that it exists a defect (or a delay) in the syncytiotrophoblast formation and a decrease of the production of pregnancy-specific hormones. We show that it is related to the over expression of the SOD-1 located on chromosome 21. These results will be of help for the understanding of maternal hormonal markers of fetal trisomy 21 and the consequences of the placental defects on the fetal development.
Fabrication and Accelerated Hermeticity Testing of an On-Wafer Package for RF MEMS (2004)

A hermetic silicon micromachined on-wafer dc-to-40-GHz packaging scheme for RF microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) switches is presented. The designed on-wafer package has a deembedded insertion loss of 0.03 dB per transition up to 40 GHz (a total measured loss of 0.3 dB including a 2.7-mm-long through line) and a return loss below -18dB up to 40 GHz. The hermeticity of the packaged is tested using an autoclave chamber with accelerated conditions of 130/spl deg/C, 2.7 atm of pressure, and 100% relative humidity. The fabrication process is designed so as to be completely compatible with the MEMS switch process, hence, allowing the parallel fabrication of all the components on a single wafer. The on-wafer proposed packaging approach requires no external wiring to achieve signal propagation and, thus, it has the potential for lower loss and better performance at higher frequencies.
Autoactivation of human Hageman factor. Demonstration utilizing a synthetic substrate. (1980)

The kallikrein substrate H-D-Pro-Phe-Arg-p-nitroanilide was used in a direct spectrophotometric assay for activated Hageman factor (HF). An 80,000-dalton two-chain, disulfide-linked enzyme, termed HFa, and a 28,000-dalton Hageman factor cleavage product, HFf, were not distinguished in this assay and had a Km of 190 microM and kcat of 15/s. Treatment of HF with 10(-2) M diisopropylfluorophosphate yielded preparations containing 0.2 to 0.9% activated HF as assessed in plastic cuvettes. In quartz cuvettes, concave upward progress curves were obtained. Secondary plots of absorbance/time against time were also nonlinear and consistent with an increased rate of formation of activated enzyme. The curves varied with total protein content and synthetic substrate concentration in a manner consistent with autoactivation; increasing synthetic substrate competed with native HF for interaction with activated HF. Accelerated cleavage of surface-bound radiolabeled HF was demonstrated after incubation with HFa but not HFf, indicating that HFa is the form of active enzyme responsible for autocleavage. The autoactivation described herein may provide a sufficient initial concentration of activated HF to initiate the intrinsic coagulation, fibrinolytic, and kinin-forming cascade.
Conjugated Polymers: Catalysts for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution (2016)

Conjugated polymers, comprising fully π-conjugated systems, present a new generation of heterogeneous photocatalysts for solar-energy utilization. They have three key features, namely robustness, nontoxicity, and visible-light activity, for photocatalytic processes, thus making them appealing candidates for scale-up. Presented in this Minireview, is a brief summary on the recent development of various promising polymer photocatalysts for hydrogen evolution from aqueous solutions, including linear polymers, planarized polymers, triazine/heptazine polymers, and other related organic conjugated semiconductors, with a particular focus on the rational manipulation in the composition, architectures, and optical and electronic properties that are relevant to photophysical and photochemical properties. Some future trends and prospects for organic conjugated photocatalysts in artificial photosynthesis, by water splitting, are also envisaged.
Large Panel Level Fan Out Package Built up Study with Film Type Encapsulation Material (2016)

Die first and face up type FO-PLP preparation was studied referring the organic substrate fabrication process. 660 mm x 515 mm size carrier was used and 640 mm x 495 mm area was encapsulated with the film molding material comparing with granule material. 3 mm x 3mm to 10 mm x 10 mm dies were mounted on the panel using temporary adhesive. Die shift at compression molding was evaluated in each die size. Larger die showed smaller die shift distance. The affection of the carrier CTE to the die shift was also investigated. The board which had CTEs of 6, 8, and 14 ppm/K were used. CTE of 14 ppm/K material showed the minimum di shift. Tracking of the warpage during the preparation process by each process step indicated that each material selection can control the warpage. Wiring layer was fabricated on the die molded panel which had the size of 510 mm x 407 mm. Laminate type insulation material was used. Filled via of 35 micron diameter and L/S = 15 / 15 micron was formed by 355 nm laser drilling and SAP.
항공사진측량 기술의 지적측량 분야 활용 현황과 적용방안 (2011)

본 연구에서는 지적측량을 위한 항공사진측량의 국내외 활용 현황을 연구 조사하고 이의 국내적용방안을 제시하고자 한다. 항공사진측량은 지형도 제작을 위한 지형측량 분야에서는 오랜 기간 동안 보편적인 기술로 적용되고 있는 반면 지적측량 분야에서는 상대적으로 드물게 활용되고 있다. 이의 주된 원인으로는 일반적인 지상측량에 비해 항공사진측량 기술의 복잡성, 고가의 관련 장비 및 제한된 정확도 등을 그 이유로 들 수 있다. 그럼에도 불구하고 항공사진측량은 전 세계적으로 20세기 초부터 지상측량의 대체방안으로 연구와 시험사업이 꾸준히 이어져 오고 있다. 한편, 최근 디지털카메라의 개발과 정보기술의 발달로 이러한 문제들이 크게 해소되고 있어 수치사진측량에 의한 국내 지적측량에의 적용방안과 함께 향후 지적재조사 사업에 이를 활용하는 방안을 적극 검토해야 할 것으로 판단된다.
Onychomycosis by Scytalidium dimidiatum: report of two cases in Santa Catarina, Brazil (2005)

Onychomycoses constitute pathologies frequently seen in dermatological practice worldwide. Usually, they are caused by two groups of pathogenic fungi: dermatophytes and yeasts of the Candida genus. However, in a small fraction of the cases, the etiologic agents comprise nondermatophyte molds, belonging to several genera and species. The objective of this study was to present two cases of onychomycosis associated to the mold Scytalidium dimidiatum in patients residing in two cities of Santa Catarina State, Brazil. Aspects of fungal pathogenesis, as well as the epidemiological characteristics and laboratory diagnosis, are discussed.
Brainwaves in concert: the 20th century sonification of the electroencephalogram (2016)

Sonification of the EEG – the transformation of brainwaves into sound – has given rise to a variety of medical and artistic applications. Lutters & Koehler explore the history of EEG sonification and its contribution to brain-computer music interfacing, and illustrate how science and art may occasionally enhance one another.
Near optimal online algorithms and fast approximation algorithms for resource allocation problems (2011)

We present algorithms for a class of resource allocation problems both in the online setting with stochastic input and in the offline setting. This class of problems contains many interesting special cases such as the Adwords problem. In the online setting we introduce a new distributional model called the adversarial stochastic input model, which is a generalization of the i.i.d model with unknown distributions, where the distributions can change over time. In this model we give a 1-O(ε) approximation algorithm for the resource allocation problem, with almost the weakest possible assumption: the ratio of the maximum amount of resource consumed by any single request to the total capacity of the resource, and the ratio of the profit contributed by any single request to the optimal profit is at most (ε2/log(1/ε)2)/(log n + log (1/ε)) where n is the number of resources available. There are instances where this ratio is #949;2/log n such that no randomized algorithm can have a competitive ratio of 1-o(ε) even in the i.i.d model. The upper bound on ratio that we require improves on the previous upper-bound for the i.i.d case by a factor of n.
Quantitative Methods for Software Selection and Evaluation (2006)

When performing a buy analysis and selecting a product as part of a software acquisition strategy, most organizations will consider primarily the requirements (the ability of the product to meet the need) and the cost. The method used for the analysis and selection activities can range from the use of basic intuition to counting the number of requirements fulfilled, or something in between. The selection and evaluation of the product must be done in a consistent, quantifiable manner to be effective. By using a formal method, it is possible to mix very different criteria into a cohesive decision; the justification for the selection decision is not just based on technical, intuitive, or political factors. This report describes various methods for selecting candidate commercial off-the-shelf packages for further evaluation, possible methods for evaluation, and other factors besides requirements to be considered. It also describes the use of a decision analysis spreadsheet as one possible tool for use in the evaluation process.
Expression of the NKTa clonotype in a series of human natural killer clones with identical cytotoxic specificity. (1986)

Over a period of 3 yr, a series of ten NK clones that express a unique clonotypic T cell receptor-like structure, termed NKTa, has been generated from a single individual. These clones were derived from either peripheral blood nonadherent cell fractions (JT9, JT10, JT11), NKH2-purified cells (CNK8, CNK9), or NKTa-purified cells (CNK11, CNK12, CNK13, CNK14, CNK15). Flow cytometric analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from this individual showed that NKTa+ cells occur with a frequency of approximately 0.15%. The existence of NKTa+ cells in peripheral blood was confirmed by use of immunorosette enrichment techniques, flow cytometric purification, and subsequent clonal expansion of NKTa+ cells. Phenotypic analysis of NKTa+ clones showed that all expressed NKH1 as well as T3, T8, T11, T12, and Mo1 antigens. Only five of ten clones expressed NKH2 antigen. All NKTa+ clones had broad cytolytic activity against a series of seven different target cells that was similar to that of other NK clones. In addition, cytotoxicity of each clone could be inhibited by preincubation of effector cells with monoclonal anti-NKTa or by preincubation of target cells with monoclonal anti-TNKTAR. Although half of the NKTa+ clones appeared phenotypically different from the other half with regard to the expression of NKH2 antigen, analysis of T cell receptor gene rearrangements indicated that all NKTa+ clones contained identical gene rearrangements of C beta 2.