gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Energy weighting improves dose efficiency in clinical practice: implementation on a spectral photon-counting mammography system (2014)

In x-ray imaging, contrast information content varies with photon energy. It is, therefore, possible to improve image quality by weighting photons according to energy. We have implemented and evaluated so-called energy weighting on a commercially available spectral photon-counting mammography system. The technique was evaluated using computer simulations, phantom experiments, and analysis of screening mammograms. The CNR benefit of energy weighting for a number of relevant target-background combinations measured by the three methods fell in the range of 2.2 to 5.2% when using optimal weight factors. This translates to a potential dose reduction at constant CNR in the range of 4.5 to 11%. We expect the choice of weight factor in practical implementations to be straightforward because (1) the CNR improvement was not very sensitive to weight, (2) the optimal weight was similar for all investigated target-background combinations, (3) aluminum/PMMA phantoms were found to represent clinically relevant tasks well, and (4) the optimal weight could be calculated directly from pixel values in phantom images. Reasonable agreement was found between the simulations and phantom measurements. Manual measurements on microcalcifications and automatic image analysis confirmed that the CNR improvement was detectable in energy-weighted screening mammograms.
Blockade of four-transmembrane L6 family member 5 (TM4SF5)-mediated tumorigenicity in hepatocytes by a synthetic chalcone derivative # (2008)

These observations suggest that TM4SF5-enhanced tumorigenic proliferation and metastatic potential can be blocked by TSAHC, likely through targeting the extracellular region of TM4SF5, which is important for protein-protein interactions.
Memory Augmented Neural Network Adaptive Controllers: Performance and Stability (2019)

In this paper, we propose a novel control architecture, inspired from neuroscience, for adaptive control of continuous-time systems. The proposed architecture, in the setting of standard Neural Network (NN) based adaptive control, augments an external working memory to the NN. The controller, through a write operation, writes the hidden layer feature vector of the NN to the external working memory and can also update this information with the observed error in the output. Through a read operation, the controller retrieves information from the working memory to modify the final control signal. First, we consider a simpler estimation problem to theoretically study the effect of an external memory and prove that the estimation accuracy can be improved by incorporating memory. We then consider a model reference NN adaptive controller for linear systems with matched uncertainty to implement and illustrate our ideas. We prove that the resulting controller leads to a Uniformly Bounded (UB) stable closed loop system. Through extensive simulations and specific metrics, such as peak deviation and settling time, we show that memory augmentation improves learning significantly. Importantly, we also provide evidence for and insights on the mechanism by which this specific memory augmentation improves learning.
The group 7 metal carbonyl complexes from a stable heteroleptic silylene PhC(NtBu)2SiNPh2 (2012)

Two silylene transition metal complexes were prepared by reacting stable N-heterocyclic silylene L {L = PhC(NtBu)(2)SiNPh(2)}with Mn(2)(CO)(10) and Re(2)(CO)(10) respectively in a 2 : 1 ratio to yield [L(2)Mn(CO)(4)](+)[Mn(CO)(5)](-) (1) and [L(2)Re(CO)(4)](+)[Re(CO)(5)](-) (2). Both complexes and were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, EI-MS spectrometry and elemental analysis. The molecular structures of complexes 1 and 2 were established by single crystal X-ray analysis.
Halogenlipide. III. Alkyl‐glyceryl‐ether‐Analoga (1979)

Halogenolipids. III. Alkyl Glyceryl Ether Analogues Synthesis of the halogeno analogues of alkyl glycerol ether, 3‐fluoro‐1‐O‐hexadecyl‐(octadecyl)‐propane‐1, 2‐diol, 2‐fluoro‐1‐O‐hexadecyl(octadecyl)‐propane‐1, 3‐diol, 2‐chloro‐1‐O‐hexadecyl‐propane‐1,3‐diol and 3‐fluoro‐2‐O‐hexadecyl‐propane‐1,2‐diol, which are of interest as potential cytostatic agents, is described.
Whole-Brain Analysis of Cells and Circuits by Tissue Clearing and Light-Sheet Microscopy (2018)

In this photo essay, we present a sampling of technologies from laboratories at the forefront of whole-brain clearing and imaging for high-resolution analysis of cell populations and neuronal circuits. The data presented here were provided for the eponymous Mini-Symposium presented at the Society for Neuroscience's 2018 annual meeting.
Stable Silylenes (2000)

The field of stable silylene research has grown dramatically since the first isolation of a stable silylene in 1994. Prior to 1994, silylenes existed only as reactive intermediates, isolable only in low-temperature matrixes. Since then, several stable silylenes have been synthesized, some in fact showing remarkable thermal stability. This Account highlights the developments in stable silylene chemistry, including theoretical and experimental studies attempting to explain the remarkable stability of the silylenes as well as the rapidly expanding reaction chemistry of the stable silylenes.
Identification of a Novel NF-κB-binding Site with Regulation of the Murine α2(I) Collagen Promoter (2004)

Hepatic fibrosis is due to the increased synthesis and deposition of type I collagen. Acetaldehyde activates type I collagen promoters. Nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) was previously shown to inhibit expression of murine alpha(1)(I) and human alpha(2)(I) collagen promoters. The present study identifies binding of NF-kappaB, present in nuclear extracts of stellate cells, to a region between -553 and -537 of the murine alpha(2)(I) collagen promoter. The NF-kappaB (p65) expression vector inhibited promoter activity. Mutation of the promoter at the NF-kappaB-binding site increased basal promoter activity and abrogated the activating and inhibitory effects of transforming growth factor beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha, respectively, on promoter activity. Acetaldehyde increased IkappaB-alpha kinase activity and phosphorylated IkappaB-alpha, NF-kappaB nuclear protein, and its binding to the promoter. However, the activating effect of acetaldehyde was not affected by the mutation of the promoter. In conclusion, although acetaldehyde increases the binding of NF-kappaB to the murine alpha(2)(I) collagen promoter, this binding does not mediate the activating effect of acetaldehyde on promoter activity. The effects of acetaldehyde in increasing the translocation of NF-kappaB to the nucleus with increased DNA binding activity may be important in mediating the effects of acetaldehyde on other genes.
A microfabricated floating-element shear stress sensor using wafer-bonding technology (1992)

A microfabricated floating-element (120 mu m*140 mu m*5 mu m) liquid shear stress sensor has been developed using wafer-bonding technology. The sensor has been designed for high shear stresses (1-100 kPa) and high-pressure environments (up to 6600 psi) and utilizes a piezoresistive transduction scheme. Analytical and finite-element method (FEM) modeling have been performed to predict the sensor response. The sensor has been tested for both its mechanical integrity in high-pressure environments and its output response in the controlled environment of a cone and plate viscometer. The processing steps in the fabrication of the sensor, the analytical and FEM modeling, the experimental procedures, and the results of the experiments are described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Rare Earth Industry (1949)

The industrial extraction of cerium and other rare earths from monazite sand is reviewed briefly, and the principal uses of the rare earths are discussed.
MULTIPLE ACCESS TO A COMMUNICATION SATELLITE WITH A HARD-LIMITING REPEATER. (1965)

Contents: Multiple Access Modulation Techniques; Time-Division Multiple Access; Frequency-Division Multiple Access; Spread-Spectrum Multiple Access; Pulse-Address Multiple Access With Narrow-Band Pulses; Pulse-Address Multiple Access with Spread Spectrum Pulses; Network Timing; Signal Waveform Analysis; Probability Distributions.
The use of enamines in the synthesis of heterocycles (1972)

Abstract The reaction of the enamine N ‐styryl pyrrolidine with 4,6‐dichloro‐5‐nitropyrimidine and 4‐amino‐6‐chloro‐5‐nitropyrimidine was investigated. Reduction of resultant compounds was followed by spontaneous ring closure to the pyrrolo[3,2‐ d ]pyrimidine ring system. This reaction sequence should provide a general method for the preparation of 4,7‐disubstituted pyrrolo[3,2‐ d ]‐pyrimidines.
Quantum pillar structures on <i>n</i>+ gallium arsenide fabricated using ‘‘natural’’ lithography (1993)

Random arrays of CsCl hemispherically shaped islands with average diameters as small as 500 Å have been made on n+GaAs substrates. The CsCl behaves as a resist of high selectivity when the GaAs is reactively ion etched in a BCl3 plasma. The resulting structure is a set of pillars all the same height, but with varying diameters, typically ±15% of the average value, 〈D〉. Typical pillar packing density, S, is 20%. Photoluminescence (PL) studies were made at 10 K on n+ and semi-insulating GaAs using 514.5 nm exciting radiation. PL spectra from n+GaAs structures of 〈D〉=520±78 Å, h=800 Å, S=20%; 〈D〉=610±97 Å, h=450 Å, S=12%; 〈D〉=1215±210 Å, h=600 Å, S=20%, as well as a plane surface, are reported. There is a shift in the peak value of the PL curves with respect to the planar structure of 26, 13, and 2.5 meV, respectively. It may be possible to understand these shifts in terms of quantum confinement effects if the effective pillar size is reduced by surface space charge effects.
Variation in chemical properties and antigenic determinants among type II heat-labile enterotoxins of Escherichia coli (1986)

Type II heat-labile enterotoxin (LT-II) from Escherichia coli 41 was purified and compared with prototype LT-II encoded by genes from E. coli SA53. Both toxins were oligomeric proteins consisting of polypeptides A (Mr, 28,000) and B (Mr, 11,800). The A polypeptides were cleaved by trypsin into fragments A1 (Mr, 21,000) and A2 (Mr, about 7,000). These two toxins were shown to belong to two different subclasses of LT-II. We propose to designate the prototype toxin LT-IIa and the new variant LT-IIb. The pI of LT-IIb was between 5.2 and 5.6, significantly lower than the pI of 6.8 for LT-IIa, and the behavior of LT-IIb during purification differed significantly from that of LT-IIa. The toxic dose of unnicked LT-IIb in the Y1 adrenal-cell assay was 94 pg, but trypsin-treated, nicked LT-IIb was toxic at about 3 pg. In contrast, the toxic dose of LT-IIa was previously shown to be 0.5 to 1 pg for several preparations that varied from unnicked to partially nicked, and treatment with trypsin was not required for full toxicity. The titer of LT-II antiserum in neutralization tests was 100-fold greater against LT-IIa than against LT-IIb. In immunodiffusion tests, LT-IIa and LT-IIb gave a reaction of partial identity. In a radioimmunobinding assay, the titer of LT-IIa antiserum against homologous LT-IIa was approximately 10-fold greater than against LT-IIb. The cholera-E. coli family of heat-labile enterotoxins has been divided into serogroup I, which includes cholera toxin and the antigenic variants of E. coli heat-labile toxin designated LTh-I and LTp-I, and serogroup II, which includes LT-IIa and LT-IIb. The type I and type II toxins do not cross-react in neutralization or immunodiffusion tests. By using very sensitive radioimmunobinding assays, it was possible to demonstrate common antigenic determinants between the type I and type II toxins. However, the titers of antibodies in hyperimmune sera that recognized these common determinants were very low.
Acute and Subacute Oral Toxicity Evaluation of <i>Eriobotrya japonica</i> Leaf Triterpene Acids in ICR Mice (2017)

The interest focusing on <i>Eriobotrya japonica</i> leaf triterpene acid (ELTA) has increased recently because of its beneficial effects on health. However, there has been a lack of experimental data on its toxicity. The present study therefore was conducted to evaluate its toxicity in ICR mice. The results showed that ELTA produced neither mortality nor toxicity of the main organs in ICR male and female mice in both acute (0.30, 0.65, 1.39, and 3.00 g·kg<sup>-1</sup> body weight) and subacute (150, 300, and 600 mg·kg<sup>-1</sup> BW) 28-day toxicity studies. Because of lacking apparently adverse effects found in the hematology, clinical biochemistry, and histopathology evaluation, results of the present study together with the beneficial effects make ELTA as a promising dietary supplement and indicated that ELTA administered orally might have a large safety margin for human.
Evolution of Cool-Roof Standards in the US (2008)

Abstract Roofs that have high solar reflectance and high thermal emittance stay cool in the sun. A roof with lower thermal emittance but exceptionally high solar reflectance can also stay cool in the sun. Substituting a cool roof for a non-cool roof decreases cooling electricity use, cooling power demand and cooling equipment capacity requirements, while slightly increasing heating energy consumption. Cool roofs can also lower the citywide ambient air temperature in summer, slowing ozone formation and increasing human comfort. Provisions for cool roofs in energy efficiency standards can promote the building and climate-appropriate use of cool roofing technologies. Cool-roof requirements are designed to reduce building energy use, while energy-neutral cool-roof credits permit the use of less energy-efficient components (e.g. larger windows) in a building that has energy-saving cool roofs. Both types of measures can reduce the life-cycle cost of a building (initial cost plus lifetime energy cost). Since 1999, several widely used building energy efficiency standards, including ASHRAE 90.1, ASHRAE 90.2, the International Energy Conservation Code and California's Title 24 have adopted cool-roof credits or requirements. This chapter reviews the technical development of cool-roof provisions in the ASHRAE 90.1, ASHRAE 90.2 and California Title 24 Standards, and discusses the treatment of cool roofs in other standards and energy efficiency programmes. The techniques used to develop the ASHRAE and Title 24 cool-roof provisions can be used as models to address cool roofs in building energy efficiency standards worldwide.
Multi‐loop control of stand‐alone inverters with minimum number of sensors (2016)

This study deals with the design of a load sensorless multi‐loop control system for the stand‐alone inverter. In the proposed strategy, only the inverter current is measured, which is practically required for both control and protection purposes, then the load voltage and current are both estimated using the linear Kalman filter algorithm, and the gradient descent adaptive control method, respectively. The estimated quantities are used as feedback signals of an inner‐outer double‐loop controller, which uses a proportional‐resonant outer‐controller to regulate the output voltage with minimum steady‐state error and a simple proportional inner‐controller to provide active damping and improve the transient performance. The controller parameters are designed in the frequency domain based on the required bandwidth and stability margin. Furthermore, the controllability and observability, as well as the stability of overall digital control system, including the dynamics of estimators, are analytically investigated. Simulation and experimental results, with a 600 VA prototype, confirm the theoretical achievements and illustrate the excellent performance of the proposed estimation and control scheme.
The use of conflict detection tools in air traffic management (2014)

This study aims at explaining loss of separation events over the Swedish air space in 2011-2012, which occurred despite an automated conflict detection tool working as designed. The study suggests that there may be a trade-off between spending visual scan time on own conflict detection versus visual scan time spent on examining potential conflicts presented by the conflict detection automation. The issue is hard to solve, and is unfortunately far from resolved. This area of research requires a substantial applied research effort, if the goal is to both increase safety and capacity of ATM through the use of automation.
Impact of Substrate Glycoside Linkage and Elemental Sulfur on Bioenergetics of and Hydrogen Production by the Hyperthermophilic Archaeon <i>Pyrococcus furiosus</i> (2007)

Glycoside linkage (cellobiose versus maltose) dramatically influenced bioenergetics to different extents and by different mechanisms in the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus when it was grown in continuous culture at a dilution rate of 0.45 h(-1) at 90 degrees C. In the absence of S(0), cellobiose-grown cells generated twice as much protein and had 50%-higher specific H(2) generation rates than maltose-grown cultures. Addition of S(0) to maltose-grown cultures boosted cell protein production fourfold and shifted gas production completely from H(2) to H(2)S. In contrast, the presence of S(0) in cellobiose-grown cells caused only a 1.3-fold increase in protein production and an incomplete shift from H(2) to H(2)S production, with 2.5 times more H(2) than H(2)S formed. Transcriptional response analysis revealed that many genes and operons known to be involved in alpha- or beta-glucan uptake and processing were up-regulated in an S(0)-independent manner. Most differentially transcribed open reading frames (ORFs) responding to S(0) in cellobiose-grown cells also responded to S(0) in maltose-grown cells; these ORFs included ORFs encoding a membrane-bound oxidoreductase complex (MBX) and two hypothetical proteins (PF2025 and PF2026). However, additional genes (242 genes; 108 genes were up-regulated and 134 genes were down-regulated) were differentially transcribed when S(0) was present in the medium of maltose-grown cells, indicating that there were different cellular responses to the two sugars. These results indicate that carbohydrate characteristics (e.g., glycoside linkage) have a major impact on S(0) metabolism and hydrogen production in P. furiosus. Furthermore, such issues need to be considered in designing and implementing metabolic strategies for production of biofuel by fermentative anaerobes.
Saw palmetto for prostate disorders. (2003)

Saw palmetto is an herbal product used in the treatment of symptoms related to benign prostatic hyperplasia. The active component is found in the fruit of the American dwarf palm tree. Studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of saw palmetto in reducing symptoms associated with benign prostatic hyperplasia. Saw palmetto appears to have efficacy similar to that of medications like finasteride, but it is better tolerated and less expensive. There are no known drug interactions with saw palmetto, and reported side effects are minor and rare. No data on its long-term usage are available. The herbal product also has been used to treat chronic prostatitis, but currently there is no evidence of its efficacy.
From the Infectious Diseases Society of America Guidelines for Improving the Use of Antimicrobial Agents in Hospitals: A Statement by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (1988)

Journal Article From the Infectious Diseases Society of America Guidelines for Improving the Use of Antimicrobial Agents in Hospitals: A Statement by the Infectious Diseases Society of America Get access J. Joseph Marr, J. Joseph Marr Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; and the Department of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Hugh L. Moffet, Hugh L. Moffet Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; and the Department of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Calvin M. Kunin Calvin M. Kunin Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin; and the Department of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio Please address requests for reprints to Dr. Calvin M. Kunin, Ohio State University, Room M110, Starling-Loving Hall, 320 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Journal of Infectious Diseases, Volume 157, Issue 5, May 1988, Pages 869–876, https://doi.org/10.1093/infdis/157.5.869 Published: 01 May 1988 Article history Received: 16 November 1987 Published: 01 May 1988
A novel histone acetyltransferase inhibitor A485 improves sensitivity of non-small-cell lung carcinoma cells to TRAIL (2020)

Transcriptional coactivators p300 and CBP catalyze the acetylation of lysine residues in histone proteins. Upregulation of p300 and CBP has been associated with lung, colorectal and hepatocellular cancer, indicating an important role of p300 and CBP in tumorigenesis. Recently, the novel p300 and CBP-selective inhibitor A485 became available, which was shown to inhibit proliferation of 124 different cancer cell lines. Here, we found that downregulation of EP300 or CREBBP enhances apoptosis upon TRAIL stimulation in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. A485 upregulates pro- and anti-apoptotic genes at the mRNA level, implying an apoptosis-modulating effect in NSCLC cells. However, A485 alone does not induce apoptosis. Interestingly, we observed that the number of apoptotic cells increases upon combined treatment with A485 and TRAIL. Therefore, A485, as a TRAIL-sensitizer, was used in combination with TRAIL in wild type of NSCLC cell lines (HCC827 and H1650) and cells with acquired erlotinib resistance (HCC827-ER and H1650-ER). Our results show that the combination of A485 and TRAIL synergistically increases cell death and inhibits long-term cell proliferation. Furthermore, this combination inhibits the growth of 3D spheroids of EGFR-TKI-resistant cells. Taken together, we demonstrate a successful combination of A485 and TRAIL in EGFR-TKI-sensitive and resistant NSCLC cells.
Disruption of an RNA helicase/RNAse III gene in <i>Arabidopsis</i> causes unregulated cell division in floral meristems (1999)

Arabidopsis thaliana floral meristems are determinate structures that produce a defined number of organs, after which cell division ceases. A new recessive mutant, carpel factory (caf), converts the floral meristems to an indeterminate state. They produce extra whorls of stamens, and an indefinite number of carpels. Thus, CAF appears to suppress cell division in floral meristems. The function of CAF is partially redundant with the function of the CLAVATA (CLV) and SUPERMAN (SUP) genes, as caf clv and caf sup double mutants show dramatically enhanced floral meristem over-proliferation. caf mutant plants also show other defects, including absence of axillary inflorescence meristems, and abnormally shaped leaves and floral organs. The CAF gene was cloned and found to encode a putative protein of 1909 amino acids containing an N-terminal DExH/DEAD-box type RNA helicase domain attached to a C-terminal RNaseIII-like domain. A very similar protein of unknown function is encoded by a fungal and an animal genome. Helicase proteins are involved in a number of processes, including specific mRNA localization and mRNA splicing. RNase III proteins are involved in the processing of rRNA and some mRNA molecules. Thus CAF may act through some type of RNA processing event(s). CAF gives rise to two major transcripts of 2.5 and 6.2 kb. In situ hybridization experiments show that CAF RNA is expressed throughout all shoot tissues.