gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preclinical Testing of a Wedge-Rod System for Fusionless Correction of Scoliosis (2003)

Based on the results of this biomechanical comparison, the calf spines instrumented with the wedge-rod system for fusionless correction were significantly stiffer as compared to the intact calf spine. The wedges alone were not as stiff as the intact spine. This suggests that the theory of performing transverse osteotomies of vertebral bodies with fixation with wedge-rod construct for 8 to 12 weeks, followed by removal of the rod, could provide adequate fixation and correction of a scoliotic deformity without requiring fusion of motion segments.
IEEE 1451.2: An interpretation and example implementation (2002)

The IEEE 1451 set of standards define an architecture which allows sensor and actuator nodes to connect into a live distributed control network, in a true 'plug and play' fashion. The standard itself is composed of four parts. IEEE 1451.1 through to IEEE 1451.4. Although the extent of each part is well defined currently only the first two parts (IEEE 1451.1 and IEEE 1451.2) exist as fully released, balloted standards. This paper provides an explanatory oveview of the various parts of the IEEE 1451 standard. A target hardware environment for an IEEE 1451.2 STIM (Standard Transducer Interface Module) is introduced, in the guise of the Analog Devices ADuC812 Microconverter chip, which was designed abinitio to meet the IEEE 1451.2 standard hardware requirements. A software environment has been developed by the authors to realise the full STIM functionality in the ADuC812. This software is designed on a modular basis, and it is mapped to the ADuC812 hardware to realise a fully compliant IEEE 1451.2 STIM. Based on the implementation experience the STIM resource requirements in terms of program and data memory are defined. The software model is composed and presented, so that a functional breakdown of the IEEE 1451.2 implementation can be extracted. The software code described can be easily ported to various proprietary hardware platforms. To provide a meaningful demonstration, this STIM implementation is interfaced to a HP BFOOT-66501 NCAP to demonstrate a remote temperature control application, operating over the World-Wide-Web (via an Ethernet network). The STIM implementation described in this paper is independent of any particular type of host network, as the IEEE 1451 standard is intended to fit around any existing network solution.
Influence of blend miscibility on the proton conductivity and methanol permeability of polymer electrolyte blends (2006)

Abstract The influence of miscibility on the transport properties of polymer electrolyte blends composed of a proton conductor and an insulator was investigated. The proton‐conductive component in the blends was sulfonated poly(ether ketone ketone) (SPEKK), while the nonconductive component was either poly(ether imide) (PEI) or poly(ether sulfone) (PES). The phase behavior of PEI‐SPEKK blends was strongly influenced by the sulfonation level of the SPEKK. At low sulfonation levels (ion‐exchange capacity (IEC) = 0.8 meq/g), the blends were miscible, while at a slightly higher level (IEC = 1.1 meq/g), they were only partially miscible and for IEC ≥ 1.4 meq/g they were effectively immiscible over the entire composition range. The PES‐SPEKK blends were miscible over the entire range of SPEKK IEC considered in this study (0.8–2.2 meq/g). At high IEC (2.2 meq/g) and at low mass fractions of SPEKK (<0.5), the miscible blends (PES‐SPEKK) had higher proton conductivities and methanol permeabilities than the immiscible ones (PEI‐SPEKK). The opposite relationship was observed for high mass fractions of SPEKK (>0.5). This behavior was explained by the differences in morphology between these two blend systems. At low IEC of SPEKK (0.8 meq/g), where both PEI‐SPEKK and PES‐SPEKK blend systems exhibited miscibility, the transport properties were not significantly different. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 2253–2266, 2006
Low-loss all-optical quantum switching (2013)

We present a two-input, two-output, single-photon switch prototype that is capable of achieving insertion loss <; 0.6 dB and switching speed > 5 GHz.
Vasculogenesis and angiogenesis: Two distinct morphogenetic mechanisms establish embryonic vascular pattern (1989)

We are using a monoclonal antibody, QH-1, as a label for angioblasts in quail embryos to study vascular development. Our previous experiments showed that major embryonic blood vessels, such as the dorsal aortae and posterior cardinal veins, develop from angioblasts of mesodermal origin that appear in the body of the embryo proper (Coffin and Poole: Development, 102:735-748, '88). We theorized that there are two separate processes for blood vessel development that occur in quail embryos. One mechanism termed "vasculogenesis" forms blood vessels in place by the aggregation of angioblasts into a cord. The other mechanism, termed "angiogenesis," is the formation of new vessels by sprouting of capillaries from existing vessels. Here we report the results of microsurgical transplantation experiments designed to determine the extent of cell migration taking place during blood vessel formation. Comparison of the chimeras to normal embryos suggests that the vascular pattern develops, in part, from the normally restricted points of entry of angioblasts into the head from the ventral and dorsal aortae. Transplantations of quail mesoderm (1-15 somite stage) into the head of 5-15 somite chick hosts resulted in extensive sprouting and in migration of single and small groups of angioblasts away from the graft sites. Transplantations into the trunk resulted in incorporation of the graft into the normal vascular pattern of the host. Lateral plate mesoderm was incorporated into the dorsal aortae and individual sprouts grew between somites and along the neural tube to contribute to the intersomitic and vertebral arteries, respectively.
On efficient utilization of transceivers for shared restoration in flexible grid optical networks (2014)

We propose transceiver sharing schemes at ROADM nodes for shared restoration in flexible grid optical networks in order to improve the utilization of transceivers for backup paths. The flexible ROADM architecture with a pool of transceivers achieves the highest utilization.
Design considerations of a digital pressure sensor array (2002)

A digital pressure sensor array is described which is designed using aligned wafer bonding. The array produces a digital output describing the pressure differential range in the interval of 0.25 to 1.0 atmospheres of pressure. The digital pressure sensors operate on the principle of closing electrical contacts at desired pressure points.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Safety and Efficacy of Breast Implants for Augmentation Mammaplasty (1984)

This review of the efficacy and safety of breast implants was intended to focus on our current body of knowledge about these devices. There are informational gaps, but not all of these can be laid at the door of imperfect studies or failed scientific methods. Certain properties of the implants are still unmeasurable, immunologic investigation is still evolving, the cause of wound contraction is inexplicable here or in the burnscar contracture, and the indications for and results of this surgery necessarily are subjective. Still, there are a number of investigative avenues open to us, and our cumulative experience shows no reluctance on the part of plastic surgeons to initiate further studies.
Application of discrete events systems for modeling and controlling robotic agents (2002)

In this paper we present a framework for modeling behaviors and tasks for heterogeneous robotic agents. For this purpose we have adopted a formalism from the discrete events systems (DES) theory. We distinguish two kinds of scenarios. In the first one, reactive behaviors of mobile agents directly connect observations with actions. The overall objective is to achieve controllability of the system which is composed from modular components operating in parallel. In the second one, observations are implicitly connected with actions and the objective is to design an observer for manipulatory tasks which would guarantee the task's observability. The use of the DES formalism allows one to describe complex interactions between different components in a systematic fashion and guarantee some control-theoretic properties. We demonstrate our approach by presenting examples of navigation, obstacle avoidance, piercing and picking.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Established and novel disease‐modifying treatments in multiple sclerosis (2014)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a presumed autoimmune disorder of the central nervous system, resulting in inflammatory demyelination and axonal and neuronal injury. New diagnostic criteria that incorporate magnetic resonance imaging have resulted in earlier and more accurate diagnosis of MS. Several immunomodulatory and immunosuppressive therapeutic agents are available for relapsing forms of MS, which allow individualized treatment based upon the benefits and risks. Disease-modifying therapies introduced in the 1990s, the beta-interferons and glatiramer acetate, have an established track record of efficacy and safety, although they require administration via injection. More recently, monoclonal antibodies have been engineered to act through specific mechanisms such as blocking alpha-4 integrin interactions (natalizumab) or lysing cells bearing specific markers, for example CD52 (alemtuzumab) or CD20 (ocrelizumab and ofatumumab). These agents can be highly efficacious, but sometimes have serious potential complications (natalizumab is associated with progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy; alemtuzumab is associated with the development of new autoimmune disorders). Three new oral therapies (fingolimod, teriflunomide and dimethyl fumarate, approved for MS treatment from 2010 onwards) provide efficacy, tolerability and convenience; however, as yet, there are no long-term postmarketing efficacy and safety data in a general MS population. Because of this lack of long-term data, in some cases, therapy is currently initiated with the older, safer injectable medications, but patients are monitored closely with the plan to switch therapies if there is any indication of a suboptimal response or intolerance or lack of adherence to the initial therapy. For patients with MS who present with highly inflammatory and potentially aggressive disease, the benefit-to-risk ratio may support initiating therapy using a drug with greater potential efficacy despite greater risks (e.g. fingolimod or natalizumab if JC virus antibody-negative). The aim of this review is to discuss the clinical benefits, mechanisms of action, safety profiles and monitoring strategies of current MS disease-modifying therapies in clinical practice and of those expected to enter the market in the near future.
The Caenorhabditis elegans gene sdc-2 controls sex determination and dosage compensation in XX animals. (1989)

We have identified a new X-linked gene, sdc-2, that controls the hermaphrodite (XX) modes of both sex determination and X chromosome dosage compensation in Caenorhabditis elegans. Mutations in sdc-2 cause phenotypes that appear to result from a shift of both the sex determination and dosage compensation processes in XX animals to the XO modes of expression. Twenty-eight independent sdc-2 mutations have no apparent effect in XO animals, but cause two distinct phenotypes in XX animals: masculinization, reflecting a defect in sex determination, and lethality or dumpiness, reflecting a disruption in dosage compensation. The dosage compensation defect can be demonstrated directly by showing that sdc-2 mutations cause elevated levels of several X-linked transcripts in XX but not XO animals. While the masculinization is blocked by mutations in sex determining genes required for male development (her-1 and fem-3), the lethality, dumpiness and overexpression of X-linked genes are not, indicating that the effect of sdc-2 mutations on sex determination and dosage compensation are ultimately implemented by two independent pathways. We propose a model in which sdc-2 is involved in the coordinate control of both sex determination and dosage compensation in XX animals and acts in the regulatory hierarchy at a step prior to the divergence of the two pathways.
Detection of thermal and resonance neutrons using oxide scintillators (2000)

Results are presented for pulse amplitude spectra of crystals based on complex oxides irradiated in mixed fields of neutron and gamma-radiation. These crystals-CdWO/sub 4/ (CWO), Gd/sub 2/Si/sub 2/O/sub 5/(Ce) (GSO(Ce)) and NaBi(WO/sub 4/)/sub 2/-include elements with large radiation capture section of thermal and resonance neutrons. It has been shown that it is possible in principle to separately detect products of nuclear reactions of radiation capture of neutrons on Cd, W, Gd and Na nuclei. This is realized by the appropriate choice of energy windows during detection of nuclear reaction products and the accompanying gamma-radiation using scintillators with different decay times and different interaction cross-sections, as well as with the help of screens selectively absorbing neutrons or gamma-quanta.
Noncytotoxic drug therapy for intra-abdominal desmoid tumor in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (1992)

Forty of 416 patients with familial adenomatous polyposis were noted to have intra-abdominal desmoid tumors, and a subgroup of 16 were treated with noncytotoxic drug therapy. Drugs used were sulindac (14 patients), sulindac plus tamoxifen (3 patients), indomethacin (4 patients), tamoxifen (4 patients), progesterone (DEPO-PROVERA; Upjohn Co., Kalamazoo, MI) (2 patients), and testolactone (1 patient). Therapy with these drugs for continuous periods of six months or more resulted in three complete and seven partial remissions. When treated patients were compared with untreated patients (n = 12), there were significant benefits for the treated group, both in reduction of desmoid size and in improvement of symptoms, despite the inherent selection bias against this. Sulindac was the only drug used in enough patients to permit independent evaluation of its effect, with one complete and seven partial reductions of tumor size. Some patients had a delayed response to sulindac, with tumor shrinkage occurring after an initial period of tumor enlargement. When using sulindac for the treatment of desmoid tumors, this phenomenon should be considered.
Cultured neuronal networks as environmental biosensors (2004)

Contamination of water by toxins, either intentionally or unintentionally, is a growing concern for both military and civilian agencies and thus there is a need for systems capable of monitoring a wide range of natural and industrial toxicants. The EILATox-Oregon Workshop held in September 2002 provided an opportunity to test the capabilities of a prototype neuronal network-based biosensor with unknown contaminants in water samples. The biosensor is a portable device capable of recording the action potential activity from a network of mammalian neurons grown on glass microelectrode arrays. Changes in the action potential fi ring rate across the network are monitored to determine exposure to toxicants. A series of three neuronal networks derived from mice was used to test seven unknown samples. Two of these unknowns later were revealed to be blanks, to which the neuronal networks did not respond. Of the five remaining unknowns, a significant change in network activity was detected for four of the compounds at concentrations below a lethal level for humans: mercuric chloride, sodium arsenite, phosdrin and chlordimeform. These compounds--two heavy metals, an organophosphate and an insecticide--demonstrate the breadth of detection possible with neuronal networks. The results generated at the workshop show the promise of the neuronal network biosensor as an environmental detector but there is still considerable effort needed to produce a device suitable for routine environmental threat monitoring.
THE ADDITION OF PROTEASES TO THE FERMENTER TO CONTROL CHILL-HAZE FORMATION (1987)

The addition of papain and proteases isolated from various yeast strains to fermentation to reduce chill-haze formation is discussed. Particular attention is paid to the behaviour of the yeast throughout fermentation and to the character of the final beers. The results suggest that fermentation in the presence of papain and a protease preparation prepared from Candida olea 148 progress normally and in the case of C. olea 148 protease-treated fermentation no change in beer flavour was detected.
Are muscle synergies useful for neural control? (2013)

The observation that the activity of multiple muscles can be well approximated by a few linear synergies is viewed by some as a sign that such low-dimensional modules constitute a key component of the neural control system. Here, we argue that the usefulness of muscle synergies as a control principle should be evaluated in terms of errors produced not only in muscle space, but also in task space. We used data from a force-aiming task in two dimensions at the wrist, using an electromyograms (EMG)-driven virtual biomechanics technique that overcomes typical errors in predicting force from recorded EMG, to illustrate through simulation how synergy decomposition inevitably introduces substantial task space errors. Then, we computed the optimal pattern of muscle activation that minimizes summed-squared muscle activities, and demonstrated that synergy decomposition produced similar results on real and simulated data. We further assessed the influence of synergy decomposition on aiming errors (AEs) in a more redundant system, using the optimal muscle pattern computed for the elbow-joint complex (i.e., 13 muscles acting in two dimensions). Because EMG records are typically not available from all contributing muscles, we also explored reconstructions from incomplete sets of muscles. The redundancy of a given set of muscles had opposite effects on the goodness of muscle reconstruction and on task achievement; higher redundancy is associated with better EMG approximation (lower residuals), but with higher AEs. Finally, we showed that the number of synergies required to approximate the optimal muscle pattern for an arbitrary biomechanical system increases with task-space dimensionality, which indicates that the capacity of synergy decomposition to explain behavior depends critically on the scope of the original database. These results have implications regarding the viability of muscle synergy as a putative neural control mechanism, and also as a control algorithm to restore movements.
Blockchain Tracking and Cannabis Regulation: Developing a permissioned blockchain network to track Canada's cannabis supply chain (2018)

Achieving government’s goals for cannabis regulation requires legal cannabis to be a cheaper, more attractive consumer alternative compared to the illegal market. This goal may be undermined by the costs and disadvantages of traditional regulatory management. A Canada wide, real-time blockchain tracking system appears to be a viable technical solution architecture. A permissioned blockchain network could be tested alongside traditional tracking. This investment, if proven effective, could reduce regulatory costs for government and red tape for business, helping to achieve Governments’ objectives to:Enhance public safety by ensuring quality and monitoring product salesUndermine illegal markets to reduce crime and prevent product diversion
Inhibition of phosphate-metabolizing enzymes by oxovanadium(V) complexes. (1995)

The chemical similarities between vanadate and phosphate combined with the ability of vanadate to readily undergo changes in coordination geometry allows this ion to strongly influence the function of a large variety of phosphate-metabolizing enzymes. As transition state analogs, spontaneously formed vanadate complexes are potent inhibitors of a number of enzymes, including some ribonucleases, mutases, and phosphatases. In addition, vanadate is an effective inhibitor of many ATPases, kinases, lyases, and synthases. Vanadate oligomers tend to be weaker inhibitors than vanadate but do influence the function of dehydrogenases, mutases, aldolases, kinases, and others. Of the oligomers, decavanadate is unique in that it seems to bind only in polyphosphate binding domains. Peroxovanadate has not yet been well studied but it seems to inhibit enzymes that do not utilize a pentacoordinate vanadate in the catalysis cycle. Additional detailed studies of vanadate-initiated inhibition of enzymes will expand our understanding of the various mechanisms of action of vanadate and its derivatives that have been briefly described here and will doubtless provide insight into other functions of this unique material.
Boron cation homomorphs of norbornane (1969)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTBoron cation homomorphs of norbornaneGeorge E. RyschkewitschCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1969, 91, 23, 6535–6536Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1969Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1969https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01051a088RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views196Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (303 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Lycopodium triterpenoids. VIII. The structures of lycoclavanin, a triterpenoid-tetraol possessing conjugated ketone chromophor, and a new tetraol, lyclaninol. (1975)

Lycoclavanin, a Lycopodium triterpenoid containing four hydroxy-groups and a conjugated ketone, was established as 16-oxoserrat-14-ene-3α, 20β, 21β, 24-tetraol (7a) by spectral and chemical means. Correlations of lycoclavanin with 16-oxo-lycoclavanol (6a) and with serratenediol (17a) were described. A new tetraol occurring in L. clavatum was also established as serrat-14-ene-3α, 20β, 21β, 24-tetraol (23a).