gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fast, layout-aware validation of test-vectors for nanometer-related timing failures (2004)

ATPG tools generate test vectors assuming the zero delay model for logic gates. In reality, however, gates have finite rise and fall delays that are dependent on process, voltage, and temperature variations across different dies on a wafer and within a die. A test engineer must verify the vectors for timing correctness before they are handed off to the product engineer. Currently, validation of test vectors is done using dynamic simulation of the circuit using the test vectors. A test vector is invalidated if it cannot reliably distinguish between a good and a faulty circuit under the signal placement and observation error window of the tester equipment. As chips become faster, the need to test them at their intended speed of operation has been recognized; accordingly, at-speed functional tests, memory BIST, and transition delay tests are being used for modern ASICs. Since structural tests can result in much more switching activity in the circuit than what is estimated during normal functioning, they may fail delay testing due to nanometer effects such as crosstalk and IR drop. As a result, the validation performed by a dynamic simulation can be prone to error. Here is a case of a test that over-exercises the chip and declares it faulty even when the chip may work correctly in functional mode at the intended speed. One solution to this problem is to overdesign, e.g. oversize the power rails or increase wiring pitch, but this will impact the yield of the product. We propose layout-aware verification of at-speed test vectors and eliminating test vectors that can result in misclassification. Attempting to address this verification in dynamic simulation will force the use of circuit simulation or mixed-level simulation techniques, which are expensive in terms of run time. We discuss a static approach to validate the test vectors to save valuable cycle time. Experimental results on two designs will be presented to illustrate our approach.
A novel synthesis of α- and γ- fluoroalkylphosphonates (1981)

α-Hydroxybenzylphosphonate esters are efficiently converted into α-fluorobenzylphosphonate esters by diethylaminosulphur trifluoride while the corresponding α-hydroxyallyl- and α-hydroxycinnamyl-phosphonates undergo fluorination with allylic re-arrangement; the corresponding phosphonic acids are formed by de-esterification using bromo- or iodotrimethylsilane.
Fabrication and assembly considerations for a base load MHD superconducting magnet system (1979)

The development of a Base Load Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Power Generation System will necessitate the evolution of fabrication, transportation, and on-site assembly techniques which are new relative to present superconducting magnets. The magnet considered in this paper consists of an assembly of two rectangular saddle coils and six racetrack coils, has a stored energy of 6.7 GJ, has overall dimensions of 23.1 × 6.4 × 5.8 m, requires 86.7 km of conductor, and weighs 775,000 kg. The coil external support structure adds another 1,106,000 kg. The largest single component, a single saddle coil with sufficient support structure for shipment, has overall dimensions of 23.3 × 6.2 × 4.0 m and weighs 437,000 kg. The shear size and weight of such components present many problems in shipment; however, items of comparable size have been transported and are discussed. This paper gives a description of the reference design and presents possible techniques for coil fabrication, component shipment, and on-site assembly of the superconducting magnet.
对“智慧圈”的研究——当代的人本主义 (1990)

下面这篇论文是关于全球环境变化中有关人类方面的辩论的继续。这是本刊上一期(英文版1989年8月号,第121期;中文版1990年第3期。)的主题,题目是协调圈与生物圈。苏联科学院院士尼基塔·N·莫伊西耶夫在此文中提出一种基于智慧圈概念的生态需要和新的人本主义。他是受到了俄国科学家维尔纳茨基的观点和法国耶稣会古人类学家、哲学家P·T·德·夏尔丹(PierreTeilhard de chardin又译查尔丁,中文名为德日进——译者注)著作的启发提出这一论点的。维尔纳茨基在本世纪 20年代就研究全球变化,是这方面的先驱者。
Cuticular retention, foliar absorption and translocation of Fe, Mn and Zn supplied in organic and inorganic form (1988)

Abstract As chelates are commonly used in practice for soil fertilization and the interest of their extension to foliar fertilization is still in discussion, the purpose of this study was to specify some aspects of their behaviour when applied to leaves in comparison with inorganic forms. Since the first barrier to overcome in foliar nutrition is the cuticle, experiments were carried out with isolated Tomato fruit cuticles considered as model, in order to compare the cuticular affinities for respectively, inorganic and organic (EDTA) forms of iron, manganese and zinc. It was found that, except in the case of iron where no significant difference was observed, the cuticular Sorption was lower with EDTA than with the inorganic forms. Parallel experiments were performed on whole Pea plants, in order to measure the levels of absorption and translocation in situ of Fe, Mn and Zn applied on leaves, in the form of either the EDTA chelate or the sulfate salt. For both kinds of compounds extensive fixation occurred in the treated area. The three elements were less absorbed as chelates than as inorganic salts, in accordance with results on isolated cuticles, while further translocation within the plant was much greater with chelates. However, the combination of these two parameters, uptake and translocation, sometimes raises the question of the actual interest of chelates as foliar fertilizers with respect to their higher cost, and that without regard to any possible positive effect they may have on other components of the yield.
Characteristics of the attenuated oral vaccine strain "S. typhi" Ty 21a. (1983)

The lack of a reliable in vitro test or animal model that can predict the potency of typhoid vaccines in man makes it extremely difficult to develop guidelines for the quality control of these vaccines. Attenuated S. typhi strain Ty 21a that has been shown to be safe and efficacious as live oral vaccine in clinical studies and in a controlled field trial, has been extensively characterized by genetical, biochemical and biological data. Production of live oral typhoid vaccine Ty 21a is based on a parent and working seed lot system. Characteristics of the seed lot cultures have to correspond with the original strain. Characteristics of strain Ty 21a relevant to its avirulence and potency are discussed.
Equipment for rapid homogenization of high numbers of plant tissue for electrophoretic analysis of proteins (1992)

A homogenizing system was developed to process multiple samples of various plant tissues. The equipment consists of a motor-driven stainless steel homogenizer that fits perfectly into a hole of a disposable plate. Hard plant material like melon or squash seeds (maximal length of 1.4 cm) could be homogenized within 10 s by forcing the homogenizer towards the bottom of a 24- or 48-well tissue culture plate. Smaller seeds could be homogenized within 10 s in a similar way using a 96-well tissue culture plate. Leaf tissue, or other types of soft plant tissue, could be homogenized with the same equipment. For homogenization of small samples, e.g. pistils of small flowers, a 60-well Terasaki plate was used. For homogenization of several hundreds of leaf tissue samples, an apparatus was developed that contains 12 homogenizers driven simultaneously by an electromotor. A tissue culture plate containing 96 leaf samples could be handled in this way in less than 10 min. The performance of the equipment was evaluated by analyzing homogenates of several types of plant tissue by different electrophoretic techniques.
Noncoding RNAs and chromatin structure (2007)

A number of examples of noncoding RNA-connected chromatin modifications in eukaryotes has been recently revealed. Four cases are under detailed consideration in the present review, namely Xist RNA-dependent X-chromosome inactivation in mammals, roX RNA-dependent hyperactivation of X-chromosome in the fruit fly (in both cases the goal is dosage compensation, equalization of transcription level from two X chromosomes in females and one in males), and two examples of RNAi-connected down-regulation of transcription--siRNA-dependent heterochromatin formation in fission yeast and RdDM (RNA-dependent DNA methylation) in plants (FWA gene regulation in Arabidopsis). Although overall quite different, each phenomenon demonstrates some common features of RNA-driven chromatin modification process, including the role of RNA in aiming of chromatin-modifying protein complexes to their targets and subsequent formation of self-maintaining specific chromatin conformation (DNA methylation, changes in histone code, and binding of self-assembling protein complexes).
MODBASE: a database of annotated comparative protein structure models and associated resources (2005)

MODBASE (http://salilab.org/modbase) is a database of annotated comparative protein structure models for all available protein sequences that can be matched to at least one known protein structure. The models are calculated by MODPIPE, an automated modeling pipeline that relies on MODELLER for fold assignment, sequence-structure alignment, model building and model assessment (http:/salilab.org/modeller). MODBASE is updated regularly to reflect the growth in protein sequence and structure databases, and improvements in the software for calculating the models. MODBASE currently contains 3 094 524 reliable models for domains in 1 094 750 out of 1 817 889 unique protein sequences in the UniProt database (July 5, 2005); only models based on statistically significant alignments and models assessed to have the correct fold despite insignificant alignments are included. MODBASE also allows users to generate comparative models for proteins of interest with the automated modeling server MODWEB (http://salilab.org/modweb). Our other resources integrated with MODBASE include comprehensive databases of multiple protein structure alignments (DBAli, http://salilab.org/dbali), structurally defined ligand binding sites and structurally defined binary domain interfaces (PIBASE, http://salilab.org/pibase) as well as predictions of ligand binding sites, interactions between yeast proteins, and functional consequences of human nsSNPs (LS-SNP, http://salilab.org/LS-SNP).
A Population Pharmacokinetic Meta-analysis of Sunitinib Malate (SU11248) and Its Primary Metabolite (SU12662) in Healthy Volunteers and Oncology Patients (2009)

The magnitude of the predicted changes in exposure with the covariates studied minimizes the necessity for dose adjustment in any of these subpopulations.
Surfactant Protein A Is a Principal and Oxidation-sensitive MicrobialPermeabilizing Factor in the Alveolar LiningFluid (2005)

We have reported that surfactant protein A kills some Gram-negative organisms by increasing membrane permeability. In this study, we investigated the physiologic importance of this activity and the effect of oxidative stress on the antimicrobial functions of SP-A in vitro and in vivo. Concentrated bronchoalveolar lavage fluids from SP-A+/+ mice increased the permeability of the Escherichia coli K12 cell membrane to a greater extent than lavage from SP-A-/- animals. Similarly, calcium-dependent surfactant-binding proteins of SP-A+/+ mice increased membrane permeability more than those from SP-A-/- mice and produced greater zonal killing of agar-embedded bacteria in a radial diffusion assay. Exposure of human SP-A to copper-initiated surfactant phospholipid peroxidation or to free radicals generated by human neutrophils in vitro increased the level of SP-A-associated carbonyl moieties and blocked the permeabilizing function of the protein. We also found that exposure of mice to 90% O2 for 4 days, sufficient to lead to consumption of glutathione, oxidation of protein thiols, and accumulation of airspace protein-associated carbonyl moieties, blocked the permeabilizing activity of lavage fluid from SP-A+/+ mice. We conclude that SP-A is a major microbial permeablizing factor in lavage fluid and that oxidative stress inhibits the antibacterial activity of SP-A by a mechanism that includes oxidative modification and functional inactivation of the protein.
Establishment of rat pancreatic endocrine cell lines by infection with simian virus 40 (1979)

The feasibility of infection and transformation by SV40 (simian virus 40) of primary cell cultures derived from newborn-rat pancreas was investigated. As judged by the presence of intranuclear SV40 T-antigen, exposure to the virus resulted specifically in infection and transformation of epithelioid (predominantly endocrine) cells. The transformed cells were subcultured (more than 64 passages) and cloned. Culture medium and acid/ethanol extracts of the cells did not contain detectable amounts of immunoreactive insulin after the third subculture. However, inoculation of such SV40-transformed pancreatic cells into immunodeficient rats results in tumours in which insulin production was partially restored through the passage in vivo, since the tumour cells contained and synthesized small amounts of immunoreactive insulin which co-migrated with an insulin marker on gel chromatography. Interestingly, the transformed cells maintained under tissue-culture conditions produced a protein immunologically related to insulin, soluble in aqueous buffer but insoluble in acid/ethanol. This 3000-dalton protein is too large to be a translation product of the rat preproinsulin 9S mRNA. SV40-transformed pancreatic cells might prove useful in the investigation of the factors controlling and maintaining insulin biosynthesis.
Use of laser scanning system on mobile underwater platforms (2003)

An underwater laser-based synchronous scanning system which produces high quality images through turbid waters is described. A prototype system has been developed to demonstrate the operational feasibility of the synchronous line scan architecture. This prototype system incorporated an argon ion laser operating at 488 and 514.5 nm. Operational systems could incorporate a frequency doubled Nd:YAG solid-state laser operating at a wavelength of 532 nm. Both laser configurations operate at wavelengths attractive for use in underwater systems due to minimum light attenuation at these wavelengths. The operational platform results presented were performed on a research submarine and a towed body.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Biochemical adaptation for cold hardiness in insects (1990)

Abstract Specific biochemical adaptations permit winter survival at subzero temperatures by both freeze-tolerant and freeze-avoiding insects. Common to both survival strategies is the accumulation of high concentrations of polyols, providing deep supercooling point depression for freeze-avoiding forms and regulating cell volume reduction during extracellular freezing in freeze-tolerant insects. Studies in my laboratory have elucidated the molecular mechanisms (temperature effects on enzyme properties, allosteric regulation, reversible protein phosphorylation) that control the massive conversion of glycogen to polyols and, in some species, regulate the differential synthesis of dual polyols. New studies have highlighted the importance of aerobic ATP production for glycerol biosynthesis, suggested the importance of microcompartmentation for optimal conversion efficiency, documented seasonal changes in the capacity for polyol synthesis versus reconversion to glycogen and analysed the role of protein phosphorylation in enzyme regulation during polyol synthesis.
La implantación de la directiva europea de servicios y sus consecuencias sobre las licencias, en especial la de establecimiento y funcionamiento de actividades turísticas (2010)

El presente articulo pretende abordar en el marco de la liberalizacion de servicios y la supresion general de autorizaciones previas de caracter administrativo, operado desde la aprobacion de la directiva 2006/123/CE del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo de 12 de diciembre de 2006, relativa a los servicios en el mercado interior, mas conocida como directiva de Servicios o directiva Bolkenstein, consagrado en el panorama legislativo de caracter administrativo espanol por las leyes 17/2009, de 23 de noviembre, sobre el libre acceso a las actividades de servicios y su ejercicio y 25/2009, de 22 de diciembre, de modificacion de diversas Leyes para su adaptacion a la Ley sobre el libre acceso a las actividades de servicios y su ejercicio, asi como a nivel reglamentario por el Real Decreto 2009/2009, de 23 de diciembre, por el que se modifica el Reglamento de servicios de las corporaciones locales, abordar un analisis de la incidencia de esta normativa en la prolija estructura y normativa de intervencion administrativa sobre la prestacion de servicios turisticos, tanto la supletoria legislacion estatal, como en la correspondiente legislacion de las diferentes comunidades autonomas. En ese sentido se analizan las formulas de declaracion responsable y comunicacion previa sustitutivas de las calificaciones y licencias autonomicas y locales.
Holographic light scattering in centrosymmetric sodium nitroprusside upon generation of light-induced metastable states (2006)

The phenomenon of holographic light scattering in centrosymmetric crystals of sodiumnitroprusside is investigated by analyzing (1) the effect of light polarization and wavelength of pump- and readout beams, (2) the angular intensity distribution, and (3) the kinetics of scattered light. It is shown that the scattering phenomenon and the corresponding properties can be entirely explained by diffraction processes of the pump beam from parasitically recorded slanted phase gratings without assuming any beam-coupling processes. The kinetics originates from the nonlinear photorefractive recording mechanism. Further we present an approach for three-wave interaction including diffraction processes at higher harmonics, that explains the temporal build-up of wide-angle scattering in media with a nonlinear photorefractive response.
Identification of an Allele of VAM3/SYP22 that Confers a Semi-dwarf Phenotype in Arabidopsis thaliana (2005)

The short stem and midrib (ssm) mutants of Arabidopsis thaliana show both semi-dwarf and wavy leaf phenotypes due to defects in the elongation of the stem internodes and leaves. Moreover, these abnormalities cannot be recovered by exogenous phytohormones. ssm was originally identified as a single recessive mutant of the ecotype Columbia (Col-0), but genetic crossing experiments have revealed that this mutant phenotype is restored by another gene that is functional in the ecotype Landsberg erecta (Ler) and not in Col-0. Map-based cloning of the gene that is defective in ssm mutants has uncovered a small deletion in the sixth intron of a gene encoding a syntaxin, VAM3/SYP22, which has been implicated in vesicle transport to the vacuole. This mutation appears to cause a peptide insertion in the deduced VAM3/SYP22 polypeptide sequence due to defective splicing of the shortened sixth intron. Significantly, when compared with the wild-type Ler genome, the wild-type Col-0 genome has a single base pair deletion causing a frameshift mutation in SYP23, a gene with the highest known homology to VAM3/SYP22. These findings suggest that VAM3/SYP22 and SYP23 have overlapping functions and that the vesicle transport mediated by these syntaxins is important for shoot morphogenesis.
[Christopherson's tumor. Review of the literature apropos of a retroperitoneal localization]. (1992)

Alveolar soft-part sarcoma is rare, and its retroperitoneal localization in psoas major muscle, exceptional. Concerning a case occurred in a young woman, the authors focus on the characters of this tumor of unknown histogenesis which affects predominantly young adults, mainly females. This disease, which symptomatology is poor and which evolution is particularly long for such a neoplasm, leads inexorably to death despite surgical treatment that represents to date, the unique efficient therapeutic modality.
Room-Temperature Phosphorescence of Amorphous Metal Complexes of Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids with Basic Amino Acids (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRoom-Temperature Phosphorescence of Amorphous Metal Complexes of Aliphatic Carboxylic Acids with Basic Amino AcidsRichard S. Turk, Joel I. Dulebohn, and DeLynne VailCite this: Chem. Mater. 1995, 7, 2, 385–390Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cm00050a024https://doi.org/10.1021/cm00050a024research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views199Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A non-Gaussian option pricing model with skew (2007)

Closed form option pricing formulae explaining skew and smile are obtained within a parsimonious non-Gaussian framework.We extend the non-Gaussian option pricing model of L. Borland (Quantitative Finance, 2, 415-431, 2002) to include volatility-stock correlations consistent with the leverage effect.A generalized Black-Scholes partial differential equation for this model is obtained, together with closedform approximate solutions for the fair price of a European call option.In certain limits, the standard Black-Scholes model is recovered, as is the Constant Elasticity of Variance (CEV) model of Cox and Ross.Alternative methods of solution to that model are thereby also discussed.The model parameters are partially fit from empirical observations of the distribution of the underlying.The option pricing model then predicts European call prices which fit well to empirical market data over several maturities.