gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fracture Conductivity Loss Due to Geochemical Interactions Between Man-Made Proppants and Formations (2008)

Abstract The selection of proppant to provide highly conductive pathways in hydraulically generated fractures is typically based on the proppant crush strength, permeability, availability, and cost. Extensive libraries of laboratory determined conductivity values, obtained using API standardized methods at a variety of simulated well conditions, are available for most proppants. However, post-fracture stimulation well testing indicates that these values are often one to two orders of magnitude too high. In many fields, the productivity of fractures declines rapidly, requiring frequent re-stimulation treatments to remain economically viable. Proppant crushing and embedment, fracturing fluid damage, and fines invasion are proppant-pack permeability damage mechanisms that have been used to explain this loss of productivity. This paper reports on recent studies that have determined that aluminum-based proppant materials may promote geochemical reactions that can occur at a surprisingly rapid rate, even at moderate temperatures, resulting in the loss of porosity and permeability and the creation of fines in the proppant pack. The compatibilities of several man-made proppants ranging from lightweight ceramics to high-strength bauxites with a variety of formations are presented. These findings indicate that the formation mineralogy plays a heretofore unrecognized role in determining proppant suitability. Most proppants were found to lose 50–60% permeability before stabilizing, while others were shown to lose up to 90% in only a few days. This paper describes the specialized methods that were developed to study these geochemical reactions and reports quantitative changes in permeability, proppant composition, and fluid changes. Surface analysis using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) provides dramatic visual confirmation of this damage mechanism. Results of this study have a great potential economic significance, suggesting new, important fracture design parameters that need to be determined to enable choosing the appropriate proppant for maximized stimulation longevity.
Nanoscale Adhesion Ligand Organization Regulates Osteoblast Proliferation and Differentiation (2004)

It was hypothesized that nanoscale adhesion ligand spacing regulates cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation, and that this control can be decoupled from the overall ligand density. Alginate was chemically modified with a peptide containing the cell adhesion sequence arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD), and the nanoscale spacing of RGD ligands in alginate gels was varied. A decrease in the RGD island spacing from 78 to 36 nm upregulated the proliferation rates of MC3T3-E1 cells from 0.59 ± 0.08 to 0.73 ± 0.03 day<sup>-1</sup> and resulted in 4-fold increase of the osteocalcin secretion rate. This finding was independent of the bulk ligand density of gels. These results indicate that nanoscale ligand organization may provide an important variable to regulate cell functions in many biomedical applications, including tissue engineering.
Deep face normalization (2019)

From angling smiles to duck faces, all kinds of facial expressions can be seen in selfies, portraits, and Internet pictures. These photos are taken from various camera types, and under a vast range of angles and lighting conditions. We present a deep learning framework that can fully normalize unconstrained face images, i.e., remove perspective distortions, relight to an evenly lit environment, and predict a frontal and neutral face. Our method can produce a high resolution image while preserving important facial details and the likeness of the subject, along with the original background. We divide this ill-posed problem into three consecutive normalization steps, each using a different generative adversarial network that acts as an image generator. Perspective distortion removal is performed using a dense flow field predictor. A uniformly illuminated face is obtained using a lighting translation network, and the facial expression is neutralized using a generalized facial expression synthesis framework combined with a regression network based on deep features for facial recognition. We introduce new data representations for conditional inference, as well as training methods for supervised learning to ensure that different expressions of the same person can yield to not only a plausible but also a similar neutral face. We demonstrate our results on a wide range of challenging images collected in the wild. Key applications of our method range from robust image-based 3D avatar creation, portrait manipulation, to facial enhancement and reconstruction tasks for crime investigation. We also found through an extensive user study, that our normalization results can be hardly distinguished from ground truth ones if the person is not familiar.
Reduction of T2* dephasing in gradient field-echo imaging. (1989)

Fast gradient field-echo imaging is becoming more common in morphologic studies but is not as widespread as might be hoped because of its susceptibility to local field inhomogeneities that lead to spin dephasing (reducing T2 to T2*) and geometric distortion (frequency misregistration). These problems are manifested in both the in-plane and section-select directions. The authors show that reversal of many of these adverse effects is possible through the acquisition of the gradient field echo in a three- and four-dimensional mode for a fixed echo time (TE), since phase-encoding leads to the capture of the echo within the sampling window. This echo centering is shown to be equivalent to the reduction of dephasing across a pixel. Improvements are also obtained by reducing TE to as short a value as possible.
The Synthesis of Dienecarbamates as Adapt Prodrug Models (1997)

Abstract An efficient process utilizing a modified Curtius rearrangement was developed for the synthesis of carbamate substrates 1a-c and 2. The potential of these compounds as prodrug structures 3 for antibody-directed abzyme prodrug therapy (ADAPT) has been chemically evaluated.
Florida-Helix Resistive Magnets (2004)

A new technology is being developed at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory in Tallahassee, Florida, USA for generating very high DC fields. The technique preserves the best features of the Florida-Bitter technology that has become the international standard for resistive magnets while eliminating the slit inherent in all disk solenoids. Thus, higher current densities and average stresses can be supported. While continuous helices for high field resistive magnets have been built at various laboratories, the new Florida-Helix shows potential to surpass today's state-of-the-art for field-to-power ratios.
A polymorphism in a <i>let‐7</i> microRNA binding site of <i>KRAS</i> in women with endometriosis (2012)

Endometriosis is found in 5-15% of women of reproductive age and is more frequent in relatives of women with the disease. Activation of KRAS results in de novo endometriosis in mice, however, activating KRAS mutations have not been identified in women. We screened 150 women with endometriosis for a polymorphism in a let-7 microRNA (miRNA) binding site in the 3'-UTR of KRAS and detected a KRAS variant allele in 31% of women with endometriosis as opposed to 5% of a large diverse control population. KRAS mRNA and protein expression were increased in cultured endometrial stromal cells of women with the KRAS variant. Increased KRAS protein was due to altered miRNA binding as demonstrated in reporter assays. Endometrial stromal cells from women with the KRAS variant showed increased proliferation and invasion. In a murine model, endometrial xenografts containing the KRAS variant demonstrated increased proliferation and decreased progesterone receptor levels. These findings suggest that an inherited polymorphism of a let-7 miRNA binding site in KRAS leads to abnormal endometrial growth and endometriosis. The LCS6 polymorphism is the first described genetic marker of endometriosis risk.
Online Calibration of Polytomous Items Under the Generalized Partial Credit Model (2016)

Online calibration is a technology-enhanced architecture for item calibration in computerized adaptive tests (CATs). Many CATs are administered continuously over a long term and rely on large item banks. To ensure test validity, these item banks need to be frequently replenished with new items, and these new items need to be pretested before being used operationally. Online calibration dynamically embeds pretest items in operational tests and calibrates their parameters as response data are gradually obtained through the continuous test administration. This study extends existing formulas, procedures, and algorithms for dichotomous item response theory models to the generalized partial credit model, a popular model for items scored in more than two categories. A simulation study was conducted to investigate the developed algorithms and procedures under a variety of conditions, including two estimation algorithms, three pretest item selection methods, three seeding locations, two numbers of score categories, and three calibration sample sizes. Results demonstrated acceptable estimation accuracy of the two estimation algorithms in some of the simulated conditions. A variety of findings were also revealed for the interacted effects of included factors, and recommendations were made respectively.
Expression of miR-34 is lost in colon cancer which can be re-expressed by a novel agent CDF (2012)

The loss of expression of miR-34 in colon cancer is in part due to promoter hypermethylation of miR-34, which can be re-expressed with our novel agent CDF, suggesting that CDF could be a novel demethylating agent for restoring the expression of miR-34 family, and thus CDF could become a newer therapeutic agent for the treatment of colon cancer.
The properties of powders. Part VI. The compressibility of powders (1923)

E. E. Walker, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1923, 19, 73 DOI: 10.1039/TF9231900073
N<sub>2</sub> Activation in Ni<sup>I</sup>–NN–Ni<sup>I</sup> Units: The Influence of Alkali Metal Cations and CO Reactivity (2011)

Abstract After single electron reduction of the dinitrogen complex [L t Bu Ni(μ‐η 1 :η 1 ‐N 2 )NiL t Bu ] ( I ) with KC 8 , reaction of the resulting compound K[L t Bu Ni(μ‐η 1 :η 1 ‐N 2 )NiL t Bu ] ( II ) with sodium sand yields KNa[L t Bu Ni(μ‐η 1 :η 1 ‐N 2 )NiL t Bu ] ( 1 ), which contains two different alkali metal ions. Treatment of I with two equivalents of sodium sand leads to the symmetric complex Na 2 [L t Bu Ni(μ‐η 1 :η 1 ‐N 2 )NiL t Bu ] ( 2 ). Complexes 1 and 2 were investigated by single crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis as well as by Raman spectroscopy, and the results were compared with the data of K 2 [L t Bu Ni(μ‐η 1 :η 1 ‐N 2 )NiL t Bu ] ( III ), which contains two K + ions. Thus, it became obvious that the nature of the alkali metal ion M in compounds M 2 [L t Bu Ni(μ‐η 1 :η 1 ‐N 2 )NiL t Bu ] has hardly any influence on the degree of NN bond activation. Furthermore, it was shown that treatment of the dinickel(I) complex III with CO leads to the dinickel(0) compound K 2 [L t Bu Ni(CO)] 2 ( 4 ) and N 2 . Reaction of the unreduced dinickel(I) complex I with CO leads to a more simple replacement of the N 2 ligand and formation of [L t Bu Ni(CO)] ( 3 ).
CONCRETE BRIDGE DECK WATERPROOFING SYSTEMS (1973)

After briefly reviewing the types of deterioration in concrete bridge decks and their causes. The author outlines the requirements for an effective waterproofing system as set out in the revised technical memorandum no.BE27, and describes two tests developed at TRRL to appraise the waterproofing materials against the requirements listed in the memorandum. Waterproofing materials available in the United Kingdom are reviewed: mastic asphalt, extended epoxy and polyurethane resins, rubberized mastics, and prefabricated waterproof sheeting. Attention is drawn to the need for preparation of the concrete deck before applying the selected material. The problem of blistering is examined and preventive measures proposed. Details are given of the composition and application of protective layers to prevent damage to the membrane during construction work on site. Methods of preventing leakage through the waterproofing system beneath the curbing expansion joints, footpaths, central reservations and service ducts are mentioned together with the selection of suitable materials. /TRRL/
Methane Upgrading of Acetic Acid as a Model Compound for a Biomass-Derived Liquid over a Modified Zeolite Catalyst (2017)

The technical feasibility of coaromatization of acetic acid derived from biomass and methane was investigated under mild reaction conditions (400 °C and 30 bar) over silver-, zinc-, and/or gallium-modified zeolite catalysts. On the basis of GC-MS, Micro-GC, and TGA analysis, more light aromatic hydrocarbons, less phenol formation, lower coke production, and higher methane conversion are observed over 5%Zn-1%Ga/ZSM-5 catalyst in comparison with catalytic performance over the other catalysts. Direct evidence of methane incorporation into aromatics over 5%Zn-1%Ga/ZSM-5 catalyst is witnessed in 1H, 2H, and 13C NMR spectra, revealing that the carbon from methane prefers to occupy the phenyl carbon sites and the benzylic carbon sites, and the hydrogen of methane favors the aromatic and benzylic substitutions of product molecules. In combination with the 13C NMR results for isotopically labeled acetic acid (13CH3COOH and CH313COOH), it can be seen that the methyl and carbonyl carbons of acetic acid are equally involved in the formation of ortho, meta and para carbons of the aromatics, whereas the phenyl carbons directly bonded with alkyl substituent groups and benzylic carbons are derived mainly from the carboxyl carbon of acetic acid. After various catalyst characterizations by using TEM, XRD, DRIFT, NH3-TPD, and XPS, the excellent catalytic performance might be closely related to the highly dispersed zinc and gallium species on the zeolite support, moderate surface acidity, and an appropriate ratio of weak acidic sites to strong acidic sites as well as the fairly stable oxidation state during acetic acid conversion under a methane environment. Two mechanisms of the coaromatization of acetic acid and methane have also been proposed after consulting all the collected data in this study. The results reported in this paper could potentially lead to more cost-effective utilization of abundant natural gas and biomass.
Streamlined chemoenzymatic total synthesis of prioritized ganglioside cancer antigens (2018)

A highly efficient streamlined chemoenzymatic strategy for total synthesis of four prioritized ganglioside cancer antigens GD2, GD3, fucosyl GM1, and GM3 from commercially available lactose and phytosphingosine is demonstrated. Lactosyl sphingosine (LacβSph) was chemically synthesized (on a 13 g scale), subjected to sequential one-pot multienzyme (OPME) glycosylation reactions with facile C18-cartridge purification, followed by improved acylation conditions to form target gangliosides, including fucosyl GM1 which has never been synthesized before.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of a Tubular Aerosol Reactor for Solar Thermal ZnO Decomposition (2007)

Computational fluid dynamics simulations were performed to model solar ZnO dissociation in a tubular aerosol reactor at ultrahigh temperatures (1900–2300K). Reactor aspect ratios ranged between 0.15 and 0.45, with the smallest ratio base case corresponding to a reactor diameter of 0.02286m. Gas flow rates were set such that the Ar:ZnO ratio was greater than 3:1 and the system residence time was below 2s. The system was found to exhibit highly laminar flow in all cases (Re∼10), but gas velocity profiles did not seriously affect temperature profiles. Particle heating was nearly instantaneous, a result of the high radiation heat flux from the wall. There was essentially no difference between gas and particle temperatures due to the high surface area for conductive heat exchange between the phases. Calculation of ZnO conversion showed that significant conversions (>90%) could be attained for residence times typical of rapid aerosol processing. Particle sizes of >1μm negatively affected conversion, but sizes of 10μm still gave acceptable conversion levels. Simulation of reaction of product oxygen with the reactor wall showed that a reactor constructed of an oxidation-sensitive material would not be a viable choice for a high temperature solar reactor.
Measurement of Flow around a Circular Cylinder by Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) (2007)

Flow around a circular cylinder at Re=500 in wind tunnel is measured by using 2-frame cross-correlation Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). The progress and the transmittal disciplinarian of vortex behind circular cylinder are analyzed via the display of the velocity vectors graphs, streamline graph, velocities and vorticity graph with constant instantaneous velocity of a vortex's generation, progress and cast etc.,
Unterschiede im protektiven Potential von Grün- und Schwarztee (2002)

In der vorliegenden Studie wurde der Einfluss des Herstellungsprozesses sowie der Aufbruhtemperatur auf die Inhaltsstoffe verschiedener Grun- und Schwarztees gepruft. Grun- und Schwarztee unterschieden sich deutlich in ihrem protektiven Potenzial
A comparison of methods for simulating computer bus architectures (1981)

This paper describes three methods that were used to investigate multiprocessor bus architectures. The models described were implemented in FORTRAN, GPSS, and SIMULA. Characteristics of the three implementations, such as program length, program memory requirements, execution time and ease of use are compared. Results of the simulation of a single bus system are presented to show how the various parameters affect system performance.
Hepatocyte growth factor‐induced enhancement of dendritic branching is blocked by inhibitors of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptors and calcium/calmodulin‐dependent kinases (2007)

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor, Met, are clustered at excitatory synapses and can enhance N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor current and promote formation of neurites and dendrites. In this study, we examine the effects of HGF on dendritic arborization in mature cultures of dissociated hippocampal neurons. Exogenous HGF treatment caused a dose-dependent increase in total dendritic branch tip number, total dendritic branch length, and dendritic complexity in these neurons. NMDA receptor activity has been linked to changes in dendritic structure, so we tested the effects of HGF on the dendritic arbor in the presence of DL-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (APV), an NMDA receptor inhibitor. APV blocked the HGF-induced enhancement of the dendritic arbor in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, pretreatment of neurons with KN62, an inhibitor of calcium-dependent kinases, suppressed changes in dendritic branching induced by HGF. These results suggest that HGF initiates Ca2+-dependent processes, so we examined the effect of HGF on intracellular calcium levels and autophosphorylation of the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). HGF caused a persistent increase in fluorescence in clusters along dendrites of neurons preloaded with the Ca2+ indicator Fluo-4. HGF treatment also enhanced autophosphorylation of CaMKII. The increases in Fluo-4 fluorescence and autophosphorylation of CaMKII were blocked by pretreatment of neurons with APV. These results indicate that HGF stimulates Ca2+ influx into dendrites through the NMDA receptor and that this effect is necessary for the changes in dendritic morphology induced by HGF.
Human cutaneous mast cells express basic fibroblast growth factor. (1995)

The results further elucidate the mechanism of involvement of MCs in tissue repair and angiogenesis and suggest that bFGF produced by MCs is bound to intracellular heparin. Thus, it seems possible that release of heparin by degranulation from MCs also may result in the release of biologically active bFGF in vivo.
Evidence and controversies on the role of XMRV in prostate cancer and chronic fatigue syndrome (2010)

The recent discovery of xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related virus (XMRV) in prostate cancer tissues and in the blood of individuals suffering from chronic fatigue syndrome has attracted considerable interest. However, the relevance and significance of XMRV to human disease remain unclear, since the association has not been confirmed in other studies. XMRV is the first gammaretrovirus to be found in humans. XMRV and murine leukaemia viruses share similar structures and genomic organisation. Human restriction factors such as APOBEC3 or tetherin inhibit XMRV replication. Although XMRV induces low rates of transformation in cell culture, it might be able to induce cancer by low-frequency insertional activation of oncogenes or through the generation of highly active transforming viruses. A preference for regulatory regions of transcriptional active genes has been observed after a genomic-wide analysis of XMRV integration sites. Genes related to carcinogenesis and androgen signalling have been identified in the vicinity of integration sites. The XMRV genome contains a glucocorticoid responsive element, and androgens could modulate viral replication in the prostate. Evidence supporting the involvement of XMRV in chronic fatigue syndrome is still very weak, and needs further confirmation and validation. Currently approved anti-retroviral drugs such as zidovudine, tenofovir and raltegravir are efficient inhibitors of XMRV replication in vitro. These drugs might be useful to treat XMRV infection in humans. The identification of XMRV has potentially serious health implications for the implementation of novel techniques including gene therapy or xenotransplantation, while raising concerns on the need for screening donated blood to prevent transmission through transfusion.
Relationship Between Endothelial Wall Shear Stress and High‐Risk Atherosclerotic Plaque Characteristics for Identification of Coronary Lesions That Cause Ischemia: A Direct Comparison With Fractional Flow Reserve (2016)

High WSS is associated with APCs independent of stenosis severity. WSS provided no added value beyond stenosis severity and APCs for detecting lesions with significant ischemia.
Effect of a non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug, diclofenac, on haemostasis in patients undergoing total hip replacement (1992)

Haemostasis was studied in patients receiving diclofenac for postoperative pain relief. Intravenous diclofenac 75 mg over 60 min, followed first by an infusion of 5 mg/h for 15 h and then by 50 mg every 8 h orally was administered to 20 patients undergoing total hip replacement. Eighteen patients receiving a placebo infusion and dextropropoxyfen per os served as controls. The results showed no statistically significant differences between the groups in blood loss, bleeding time (IVY), partial activated thromboplastin time and prothrombin complex assay or in platelet count. The measurements were performed preoperatively, 3 h postoperatively and on the fourth and tenth postoperative days. Plasma concentrations were also determined in ten patients undergoing knee arthroscopy. An i.v. diclofenac infusion of 75 mg over a period of 15 min was administered either once (to half of the patients) or twice. The mean diclofenac concentrations were 28 +/- 5 nmol/ml (+/- s.d.) after 15 min and 36 +/- 12 nmol/ml after the second infusion. The bleeding time in the arthroscopy patients receiving one or two bolus infusions of 75 mg diclofenac remained at the control level. It is concluded that diclofenac given as an intravenous infusion of 75 mg in 60 min, then 5 mg/h for 15 h, followed by 50 mg every 8 h orally, is a safe as dextropropoxyfen for pain relief in patients undergoing major orthopaedic surgery as far as coagulation data are concerned.