gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Effective Training Method For Deep Convolutional Neural Network (2017)

In this paper, we propose the nonlinearity generation method to speed up and stabilize the training of deep convolutional neural networks. The proposed method modifies a family of activation functions as nonlinearity generators (NGs). NGs make the activation functions linear symmetric for their inputs to lower model capacity, and automatically introduce nonlinearity to enhance the capacity of the model during training. The proposed method can be considered an unusual form of regularization: the model parameters are obtained by training a relatively low-capacity model, that is relatively easy to optimize at the beginning, with only a few iterations, and these parameters are reused for the initialization of a higher-capacity model. We derive the upper and lower bounds of variance of the weight variation, and show that the initial symmetric structure of NGs helps stabilize training. We evaluate the proposed method on different frameworks of convolutional neural networks over two object recognition benchmark tasks (CIFAR-10 and CIFAR-100). Experimental results showed that the proposed method allows us to (1) speed up the convergence of training, (2) allow for less careful weight initialization, (3) improve or at least maintain the performance of the model at negligible extra computational cost, and (4) easily train a very deep model.
Fundamentals of Nitriding and Nitrocarburizing (2013)

Abstract The nitriding process typically involves the introduction of nitrogen into the surface-adjacent zone of a component, usually at a temperature between 500 and 580 deg C. This article provides an overview of the essential aspects of the thermodynamics and kinetics of nitriding and nitrocarburizing of iron-base materials with gaseous processes. It describes nitriding potentials and the Lehrer diagram, carburizing potentials, controlled nitriding and nitrocarburizing, and the microstructural evolution of the compound layer and the diffusion zone.
Preferential degradation of protein-bound (ADP-ribose)n by nuclear poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase from human placenta. (1993)

Poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase, extensively purified to homogeneity from nuclei of human placenta, is composed of a single polypeptide with a molecular mass of 71,000 daltons on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel. Judging from its physico-chemical and catalytic properties, the enzyme is similar to the nuclear glycohydrolase (glycohydrolase I), but not to the cytoplasmic glycohydrolase (glycohydrolase II) that has been purified from guinea pig liver (Tanuma, S., Kawashima, K., and Endo, H. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 965-969; Maruta, H., Inageda, K., Aoki, T., Nishina, H., and Tanuma, S. (1991) Biochemistry 30, 5907-5912). The rates of hydrolysis of (ADP-ribose)n bound to various proteins by the purified nuclear glycohydrolase were higher than those of the corresponding free polymers. Kinetic analyses revealed that the enzyme had more activity toward poly(ADP-ribose) bound to histone H1 or to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase than toward oligo(ADP-ribose) bound to cytoplasmic proteins from mitochondria or mRNA ribonucleoprotein although the Km and Vmax values were dependent on the chain length (n). In contrast, cytoplasmic glycohydrolase purified from human erythrocytes was more active toward oligo(ADP-ribose) (n = 2.6 or 4.2) bound to the cytoplasmic proteins than to poly(ADP-ribose) (n = 14.6) bound to histone H1, and their kinetic parameters of glycohydrolase II were rather dependent on the acceptor molecules for (ADP-ribose)n. These results suggest that poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase I may play an important role in regulation of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation levels on chromosomal proteins in nuclei.
On the periodic fundamental solutions of the Stokes equations and their application to viscous flow past a cubic array of spheres (1959)

Spatially periodic fundamental solutions of the Stokes equations of motion for a viscous fluid past a periodic array of obstacles are obtained by use of Fourier series. It is made clear that the divergence of the lattice sums pointed out by Burgers may be rescued by taking into account the presence of the mean pressure gradient. As an application of these solutions the force acting on any one of the small spheres forming a periodic array is considered. Cases for three special types of cubic lattice are investigated in detail. It is found that the ratios of the values of this force to that given by the Stokes formula for an isolated sphere are larger than 1 and do not differ so much among these three types provided that the volume concentration of the spheres is the same and small. The method is also applied to the two-dimensional flow past a square array of circular cylinders, and the drag on one of the cylinders is found to agree with that calculated by the use of elliptic functions.
Technology development of a high-density 32-channel 16-Gb/s optical data link for optical interconnection applications for the optoelectronic technology consortium (OETC) (1995)

A parallel, 32-channel, high density (140 /spl mu/m pitch), 500 Mb/s NRZ, point-to-point, optical data link has been fabricated using existing GaAs IC, silicon optical bench (SiOB), and multichip module (MCM-D) technologies. The main components of the transmitter and the receiver modules are a GaAs-based vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) array at 850 mn with its IC driver array chip and an integrated metal-semiconductor-metal (MSM) receiver (photodetector and signal processing circuits) array at 850 nm. The package module uses a modified 164 I/O JEDEC premolded plastic quad flat pack (PQFP) in combination with a polymer film integrated circuit (POLYFIC) chip carrier. The electrical input and output are 500 Mb/s NRZ binary signals. The optical I/O in both modules consists of a directly-connectorized (nonpigtail) fiber array block that plugs into the 32/spl times/1 optical fiber ribbon directly on one side and accepts 32 optical signals from the SEL array or delivers them to the MSM receiver array via a gold-coated 45/spl deg/ polished fiber array mirror. The MACII-32 ribbon cable is an enhanced version of the standard MACII connector ribbon cable. This paper characterizes key components of the optical data link, describes its package design, and discusses preliminary component and optical data link test results.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Maintaining order and consistency in multi-access data (1979)

The problem of controlling simultaneous access to shared data runs throughout the history of computer science. In order to preserve the consistency and integrity of such data, computer scientists and programmers have developed locks, 6 semaphores, 3 the notion of critical sections, 4 , 3 monitors, 5 and innumerable other techniques, both concrete and abstract. The great interest in such mechanisms throughout the computer community, both in the literature and in practice, is indicative of the importance of the problem.
Effects of Oral L-Citrulline Supplementation on Lipoprotein Oxidation and Endothelial Dysfunction in Humans with Vasospastic Angina (2013)

L-Citrulline supplementation improves endothelial dysfunction, probably due to potentiating NO-dependent reactions and decreasing the state of lipoprotein oxidation in humans.
STRATEGIC SUPPLY CHAIN MAPPING APPROACHES (2003)

There are a number of compelling reasons to build a strategic supply chain map. However, widely accepted conventions for this kind of mapping do not yet exist. The strategic map provides a tool for linking corporate strategy to supply chain strategy and for helping to manage and modify the supply chain structure. Before the discipline addresses the process of building strategic supply chain maps, there is a need for mapping conventions and a framework for categorizing strategic supply chain maps.
Planning Battery Swapping Stations for Urban Electrical Taxis (2015)

Despite the clear benefits of electric vehicles (EVs) in terms of reducing greenhouse gas emissions and traditional energy consumptions, the popularization of EVs remains a challenge in the short run. When considering electric taxis, urban planners must face the additional issue of providing battery swapping services. While previous studies focused on planning battery swapping stations for private EVs, we investigate ways of supporting the upgrade of an entire urban taxi system, with demands differing both in scale and nature. With this insight, we analyze the historical sensing data of taxi routes, and evaluate the battery swapping demand profile, as well as the driving time between positions in the road network. Based on these inputs, we propose a method to calculate an optimized battery swapping station scheme. Our strategies are then evaluated via a real world 366-day, 3,976-taxi dataset. The results show that compared to uniform deployment, our planning scheme reduces the average time-cost by 67.2%.
Primary structure polymorphism at amino acid residue 72 of human p53. (1987)

We analyzed p53 cDNA and genomic clones from a variety of normal and transformed cells. Sequence analysis of these clones revealed that amino acid residue 72 can be an arginine, proline, or cysteine. This single codon difference results in electrophoretically distinct forms of human p53 seen in normal and transformed cells.
Proceedings of the 14th Eurographics Symposium on Parallel Graphics and Visualization (2014)

EGPGV is the premier international event focusing on parallel graphics and visualization. The importance of parallel computing is increasing rapidly with the ubiquitous availability of multicore CPUs, GPUs, and cluster systems. Computationally demanding and data-intensive applications in graphics and visualization are strongly affected by this trend and require novel efficient parallel solutions. The symposium has been successful in encouraging an exchange of experiences and knowledge and in exploiting and defining new trends in parallel graphics and visualization.
SONET: the synchronous optical interface (1989)

For the past three years, there has been activity to define a standard optical interface in the ECSA T1X1 committee that could be used to connect equipment from different suppliers optically. The first set of specifications for this interface, commonly referred to as SONET (synchronous optical network), has been published as ANSI standards. In addition, CCITT has finalized the recommendation for SONET and it will be included in this study period’s set of recommendations. The standard will have a major impact on the next generation network equipment. Much information exists about this standard but it is sometimes hard to obtain or interpret. This tutorial explains what the specification is, how it is used and what effect it will have on the network of the future.
PDGF stimulation induces phosphorylation of talin and cytoskeletal reorganization in skeletal muscle. (1993)

Modifications in the interactions of the muscle cytoskeleton with the cell membrane occur during cell growth and adaptation, although the mechanisms regulating these interactions are unknown. We have observed that myotendinous junctions (MTJs), which are the primary sites of turnover of the thin filament-membrane associations in skeletal muscle, are greatly enriched in receptors for PDGF. The high concentration of PDGF receptors at MTJs suggested to us that receptor binding may initiate cytoskeletal remodeling in skeletal muscle. We tested this possibility by examining the organization and phosphorylation of cytoskeletal components of L6 myocytes after PDGF stimulation. We have found that 10 min after PDGF stimulation, L6 myoblasts exhibit no stress fibers discernible by phalloidin binding, and that vinculin relocates from focal contacts into a diffuse cytoplasmic distribution. After 60 min of incubation, these changes are largely reversed. Indirect immunofluorescence shows that at 10-min PDGF stimulation, there are no changes in the distribution of talin, the beta 1 subunit of integrin, pp125FAK or desmin. Phosphotyrosine distribution changes upon stimulation from focal contacts to being located both in focal contacts and granules concentrated in perinuclear regions. These granules also immunolabel with anti-PDGF receptor Immunoprecipitations with anti-phosphotyrosine show that polypeptides at 180 and 230 kD show the greatest increase in tyrosine phosphorylation after PDGF stimulation. Immunoblots of anti-phosphotyrosine precipitates show that these polypeptides are the PDGF receptor and talin. We also examined the possibility that the cytoskeletal reorganization observed may result from calpain activation caused by elevated intracellular calcium induced by PDGF stimulation. However, immunoblots of control and stimulated cells show no decrease in the inactive calpain proenzyme or increase in the proteolytic, autolyzed forms of calpain pursuant to stimulation. Furthermore, stimulation produces no increase in the proportion of the 190-kD talin fragment characteristic of calpain-mediated cleavage. The retention of talin and integrin at focal contacts after talin phosphorylation, while vinculin is redistributed, indicate that phosphorylation of talin in PDGF-stimulated cells leads to separation of talin-vinculin associations but not talin-integrin associations. We propose that PDGF binding to PDGF receptors at MTJs may provide one means of regulating myofibril associations with the muscle cell membrane.
A Compact Microelectrode Array Chip with Multiple Measuring Sites for Electrochemical Applications (2014)

In this paper we demonstrate the fabrication and electrochemical characterization of a microchip with 12 identical but individually addressable electrochemical measuring sites, each consisting of a set of interdigitated electrodes acting as a working electrode as well as two circular electrodes functioning as a counter and reference electrode in close proximity. The electrodes are made of gold on a silicon oxide substrate and are passivated by a silicon nitride membrane. A method for avoiding the creation of high edges at the electrodes (known as lift-off ears) is presented. The microchip design is highly symmetric to accommodate easy electronic integration and provides space for microfluidic inlets and outlets for integrated custom-made microfluidic systems on top.
Water And Sanitation in Developing Countries: Including Health in the Equation (2007)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVFEATURENEXTWater And Sanitation in Developing Countries: Including Health in the EquationMaggie A. Montgomery and Menachem ElimelechCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 2007, 41, 1, 17–24Publication Date (Web):January 1, 2007Publication History Published online1 January 2007Published inissue 1 January 2007https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es072435thttps://doi.org/10.1021/es072435tnewsACS Publications. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissions This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views57216Altmetric-Citations641LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (264 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Ultrasound-promoted synthesis of .alpha.-difluoromethylated carboxylic acids (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTUltrasound-promoted synthesis of .alpha.-difluoromethylated carboxylic acidsTomoya Kitazume, Takeshi Ohnogi, Hirofumi Miyauchi, Takashi Yamazaki, and Shoji WatanabeCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 23, 5630–5632Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00284a047https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00284a047research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views599Altmetric-Citations56LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
An extensible user interface for an object-oriented VLSI CAD framework (2002)

A user interface/view editor for a VLSI CAD database in an object-oriented framework called Cbase is described. The interface provides a platform for invoking and integrating diverse tools besides providing graphic capability for editing various views of the circuit. The object-oriented nature of Cbase leads to an adaptive and customizable user interface. The most important aspect of the user interface is its extensibility. New object types can be added to the system type hierarchy with practically no change to the user interface code. This is accomplished through judicious use of polymorphism and metainformation to avoid hard coding in the program. Another question addressed is whether or not a persistent data structure can support an interactive application such as a user interface. Performance figures for some typical user interface operations are presented. These figures reveal that the performance, though quite satisfactory for small-to-medium-size systems, may require close attention to object caching, clustering, and storage management for large circuits.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Achieving global food security: Building a new food system where nutrition, climate change and sustainability collide (2014)

We stand at the confluence of three of the greatest challenges that humanity faces in the 21st century: achieving global food and nutrition security; climate change; and agriculture’s environmental footprint. A business-as-usual approach to agriculture will not effectively address these challenges and feed and nourish the world’s growing population while protecting the planet. Only an integrated holistic approach that preserves vital natural resources such as water, land, forests and fisheries will enable us to achieve our development goals. At the heart of this solution is ‘climate-smart agriculture’, which seeks to address challenges head-on by pursuing a triple win: sustainably increasing productivity; enhancing resilience and farmers’ capacity to adapt; and reducing greenhouse gas emissions and increasing carbon storage. Climatesmart agriculture is at the heart of a paradigm shift in the food system and how we manage the fragile ecosystems that sustain rural livelihoods. It combines sustainable intensification – producing good quality food with fewer inputs – with a landscapes approach, so that progress on farms does not come at the expense of forests, streams, and biodiversity, the loss of which will have impacts on farmers’ productivity and resilience down the line. Diverse farming systems also provide more diverse and nutritious diets. This will have to be accompanied by a reduction in food waste and significant changes in the nitrogen cycle. Capitalising on the potential of climate-smart agriculture requires broad, strategic partnerships and significant investment in research – particularly the global public goods that CGIAR and its partners may uniquely provide – to generate the scientific, political, financial and technological innovations needed to transform agriculture for the benefit of poor people and the planet.
Coordination of Eu<sup>3+</sup>Ions in Siliceous Nanohybrids Containing Short Polyether Chains and Bridging Urea Cross-links (2001)

Infrared and photoluminescence spectroscopies have been used to investigate the local environment of the Eu3+ ions in luminescent sol-gel derived materials-di-ureasils-based on a hybrid framework represented by U(600). This host is composed of a siliceous backbone grafted, through urea cross-links, to both ends of polymer segments incorporating 8.5 oxyethylene repeat units. The active centers have been introduced as europium perchlorate, Eu(ClO4)3. Samples with compositions n = 232, 62, 23, 12, and 6 (where n denotes the ratio of (OCH2CH2) moieties per lanthanide ion) have been examined. The combination of the information retrieved from the analysis of characteristic bands of the FTIR spectra-the perchlorate and the Amide I/Amide II features-with that obtained from the photoluminescence data demonstrates that at compositions n = 232 and 62 the anions are free, whereas the Eu3+ ions are complexed by the heteroatoms of the polyether chains. At higher salt concentration, the cations are bonded, not only to the ClO4 - ions, but also to the ether oxygen atoms of the organic segments and to the carbonyl oxygen atoms of the urea linkages. The dual behavior of U(600) with respect to cation coordination has been attributed to the presence in this nanohybrid of strong hydrogen-bonded urea-urea structures, which, at low salt content, cannot be disrupted, thus inhibiting the formation of Eu3+-O=C(urea) contacts and promoting the interaction between the lanthanide ions and the (OCH2CH2) moieties. The present work substantiates the claim that the activation of the coordinating sites of the di-ureasil framework can be tuned by varying either the guest salt concentration at constant chain length or the length of the.organic segments at constant salt concentration. This relevant property opens challenging new prospects in the fields of application of this class of hybrids. © 2001 American Chemical Society.
Quasi-TEM mode propagation in twin-wire THz waveguides (Invited Paper) (2011)

We numerically investigate the trade-offs between the dispersion properties, coupling efficiency, and geometrical constraints in dual-wire (twin-lead) terahertz (THz) waveguides. In particular, we show that their inherent linearly polarized quasi-transverse electromagnetic (TEM) modes exist for waveguide transverse dimensions comparable with the wavelength, enabling significant end-fire coupling (>10%) for numericalaperture limited Gaussian beams while supporting a relatively low-dispersion propagation of below 0.5 ps 2 /m, as desired for short-pulse time-domain spectroscopy applications. Starting from the dual-wire structure, we also demonstrate that low-dispersion tapers can be designed to improve coupling efficiency.