gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Towards a Methodology for the Quantitative Evaluation of Automotive Architectures (2007)

Architecture design is a critical stage of the electronics/controls/software (ECS)-based vehicle design flow. Traditional approaches relying on component-level design and analysis are no longer effective as they do not always allow for the quantitative evaluation of properties arising from the composition of subsystems. This paper presents a system level architecture design methodology that is supported by tools and methods for the quantitative evaluation of key metrics of interest related to timing, dependability and cost. An example of its application to a by-wire system case study is presented, and the challenges faced in its application in the context of the actual development process are discussed
Methods and Principles of Fixation by Freeze-Substitution (1958)

Freeze-substitution is based on rapid freezing of tissues followed by solution ("substitution") of ice at temperatures well below O degrees C. A 1 to 3 mm. specimen was thrown into 3:1 propane-isopentane cooled by liquid nitrogen to -175 degrees C. (with precautions). The frozen tissue was placed in substituting fluid at -70 degrees C. for 1 week to dissolve ice slowly without distorting tissue structure. Excess substituting agent was washed out, and the specimen was embedded, sectioned, and stained conventionally. For best morphological and histochemical preservation, substituting fluids should in general contain both chemical fixing agent and solvent for ice, e.g., 1 per cent solutions of osmium tetroxide in acetone, mercuric chloride in ethanol, and picric acid in ethanol. Preservation of structure was poorer after substitution in solvent alone. Evidence was obtained that the chemical agent fixes tissue at low temperatures. The chemical mechanisms of fixation are probably similar to those operating at room temperature: new chemical cross-linkages, which contain the fixing agent, join tissue constituents together. This process is distinguished from denaturation by pure solvents. Freeze-substitution has many advantages, particularly the preservation of structure to the limit of resolution with the light microscope, and the accurate localization of many soluble and labile substances.
TGF-β Signaling (2009)

Targeted therapies for breast cancer rely on an understanding of cellular signaling in both normal and neoplastic tissue. The transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway is an important regulator of both normal mammary gland development and mammary carcinogenesis. The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates numerous cellular processes in breast tissue, including proliferation, apoptosis, migration, and invasion, in addition to contributing to angiogenesis and modulation of the immune system. TGF-β often has opposing effects on these cellular processes, with its effects being both cell and context specific. Moreover, TGF-β possesses a unique dichotomy of function in breast cancer progression, acting as a tumor suppressor early in breast cancer carcinogenesis and then as a tumor promoter in the later stages of breast cancer progression. Highlighting the complexities inherent in TGF-β signaling, along with our current efforts to better our understanding of it, we outline several strategies that may enable us to create focused therapies in the prevention and treatment of breast cancer.
Digital phased array beamforming using single-bit delta-sigma conversion with non-uniform oversampling (2001)

Digital beamforming based on oversampled delta-sigma (delta sigma) analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion can reduce the overall cost, size, and power consumption of phased array front-end processing. The signal resampling involved in dynamic delta sigma beamforming, however, disrupts synchronization between the modulators and demodulator, causing significant degradation in the signal-to-noise ratio. As a solution to this, we have explored a new digital beamforming approach based on non-uniform oversampling delta sigma A/D conversion. Using this approach, the echo signals received by the transducer array are sampled at time instants determined by the beamforming timing and then digitized by single-bit delta sigma A/D conversion prior to the coherent beam summation. The timing information involves a non-uniform sampling scheme employing different clocks at each array channel. The delta sigma coded beamsums obtained by adding the delayed 1-bit coded RF echo signals are then processed through a decimation filter to produce final beamforming outputs. The performance and validity of the proposed beamforming approach are assessed by means of emulations using experimental raw RF data.
X-RAY MONOCHROMATORS AND RESONATORS FROM SINGLE CRYSTALS (1968)

Single-crystal specimens shaped so as to permit successive x-ray diffraction by two nonparallel atomic planes are fixed wavelength monochromators. It is shown that certain plane pairs in Si and Ge pass wavelengths sufficiently close to strong characteristic lines to allow production of intense highly monochromatic beams. For tautozonal planes belonging to the same crystal form, resonators and retroreflectors are possible.
High-frequency response of 100 nm integrated CMOS transistors with high-K gate dielectrics (2002)

This paper reports, for the first time, the high-frequency response of NMOS and PMOS transistors in an integrated CMOS technology with 100 nm physical gate length and alternative gate dielectrics such as ZrO/sub 2/ and HfO/sub 2/ with TiN/PolySi gate electrode. It is shown that the dielectric constants of ZrO/sub 2/, HfO/sub 2/ and SiO/sub 2/ are invariant with respect to operating frequency at least up to 20 GHz. In addition, the cutoff frequency f/sub t/ of the 100 nm CMOS transistor test structures with ZrO/sub 2/ gate dielectric was measured to be equal to 46 GHz for NMOS and 47 GHz for PMOS. The corresponding f/sub t/ values for HfO/sub 2/ were 45 GHz for NMOS and 35 GHz for PMOS. High-K film transistors with 80 nm physical gate lengths, 7 /spl mu/m gate width and layout optimized for high frequency testing were also fabricated. The NMOS devices achieved an f/sub t/ of 83 GHz and an f/sub max/ of 35 GHz, while the PMOS yielded 41 GHz and 25 GHz respectively. These results are very similar to those of CMOS transistors with SiO/sub 2/ gate dielectric at similar physical gate lengths and widths. These results are very encouraging and suggest that high-K gate dielectrics can be used for high-frequency logic applications.
A dual-frequency strip-sleeve monopole antenna for a laptop computer (2002)

In this paper a dual-frequency strip-sleeve monopole antenna is described for use on a laptop computer. While a conventional monopole operates at only a single frequency band, the new antenna can operate in the 0.824-0.894 GHz and the 1.85-1.99 GHz frequency bands. The operation of the new antenna in two frequency bands is achieved by use of the two parasitic sleeves. This design is based on the principles described by M. Ali et al. (see Journal Electromagnetic Waves Applications, vol.10, no.9, p.1223-36, 1996) The laptop models are highly simplified and each of them consists of two metal boxes: a keyboard and a screen at an angle /spl alpha/. The new antenna is analyzed using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method.
9-NITROCAMPTOTHECIN LIPOSOME AEROSOL: LACK OF SUBACUTE TOXICITY IN DOGS (2002)

9-Nitrocamptothecin (9-NC) dilauroylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC) liposome aerosol was evaluated for potential toxicity in an 8-wk, subacute toxicity study in dogs. Fourteen adult dogs were divided into 2 groups with 10 animals in the 9-NC-DLPC treatment group and 4 animals in the DLPC-only vehicle control group. 9-NC-DLPC was administered to the animals using an Aerotech II nebulizer flowing at 10 L/min. Full-face exposures for 60 min were conducted for 5 consecutive days a week for 8 wk. The estimated deposited aerosol dose was 24.7 microg/kg/day. Animals in the vehicle control group received aerosolized DLPC only. Body weight, food consumption, urinalysis, in-life observations, hematology, plasma chemistry, and necropsy and histopathology were monitored before and during the treatment period and in a subset of animals for 2 wk following the end of treatment. Animals were observed for signs of pharmacologic and/or toxicologic effects three times on days of dosing and once daily on nondosing days. 9-NC-DLPC liposomes administered as a small-particle aerosol were determined to be nontoxic to dogs when given for 5 days/wk, for a duration of 8 wk. DLPC-only liposome also had no toxic effects.
Expression and function of NKG2D in CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells specific for human cytomegalovirus (2006)

The human NKG2D killer lectin-like receptor (KLR) is coupled by the DAP10 adapter to phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3 K) and specifically interacts with different stress-inducible molecules (i.e. MICA, MICB, ULBP) displayed by some tumour and virus-infected cells. This KLR is commonly expressed by human NK cells as well as TCRgammadelta(+) and TCRalphabeta(+)CD8(+) T lymphocytes, but it has been also detected in CD4(+) T cells from rheumatoid arthritis and cancer patients. In the present study, we analysed NKG2D expression in human cytomegalovirus (HCMV)-specific CD4(+) T lymphocytes. In vitro stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from healthy seropositive individuals with HCMV promoted variable expansion of CD4(+)NKG2D(+) T lymphocytes that coexpressed perforin. NKG2D was detected in CD28(-) and CD28(dull )subsets and was not systematically associated with the expression of other NK cell receptors (i.e. KIR, CD94/NKG2 and ILT2). Engagement of NKG2D with specific mAb synergized with TCR-dependent activation of CD4(+) T cells, triggering proliferation and cytokine production (i.e. IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha). Altogether, the data support the notion that NKG2D functions as a prototypic costimulatory receptor in a subset of HCMV-specific CD4(+) T lymphocytes and thus may have a role in the response against infected HLA class II(+) cells displaying NKG2D ligands.
A Scalable Multiple Description Scheme for 3D Video Coding Based on the Interlayer Prediction Structure (2010)

The most recent literature indicates multiple description coding (MDC) as a promising coding approach to handle the problem of video transmission over unreliable networks with different quality and bandwidth constraints. Furthermore, following recent commercial availability of autostereoscopic 3D displays that allow 3D visual data to be viewed without the use of special headgear or glasses, it is anticipated that the applications of 3D video will increase rapidly in the near future. Moving from the concept of spatial MDC, in this paper we introduce some efficient algorithms to obtain 3D substreams that also exploit some form of scalability. These algorithms are then applied to both coded stereo sequences and to depth image-based rendering (DIBR). In these algorithms, we first generate four 3D subsequences by subsampling, and then two of these subsequences are jointly used to form each of the two descriptions. For each description, one of the original subsequences is predicted from the other one via some scalable algorithms, focusing on the inter layer prediction scheme. The proposed algorithms can be implemented as pre- and postprocessing of the standard H.264/SVC coder that remains fully compatible with any standard coder. The experimental results presented show that these algorithms provide excellent results.
Switch-Off Transients in Cellular Access Networks with Sleep Modes (2011)

The introduction of sleep modes in the operations of base stations is today considered one of the most promising approaches to reduce the energy consumption of cellular access networks. Several papers have considered this option, assuming that the switch-on and switch-off transients are of negligible duration. In this paper we study the switch-off transients for one cell, investigating the amount of time necessary to implement the switch-off, while allowing terminals to handover to a new BS without overloading the signaling channels, and we show that the switch-off times have a marginal impact on the energy savings achievable with the sleep mode scheme.
Wood Chemistry in Relation to Quality (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Refractive lens exchange with the Array multifocal intraocular lens (2002)

Refractive lens exchange was a safe and effective refractive surgery modality in presbyopic patients.
Biosynthesis of Acyl Lipids Containing Very-Long Chain Fatty Acids in Microspore-Derived and Zygotic Embryos of <i>Brassica napus</i> L. cv Reston (1992)

Biosynthesis of very long chain (>C(18)) fatty acids (VLCFAs) and the pathway for their incorporation into acyl lipids was studied in microspore-derived (MD) and zygotic embryos of Brassica napus L. cv Reston. In the presence of [1-(14)C]oleoyl-coenzyme A or [1-(14)C] eicosenoyl-coenzyme A, malonyl-coenzyme A, and reducing equivalents, maximal in vitro elongation activity was expressed in protein preparations from early-mid cotyledonary stage MD embryos (17-20 days in culture), when endogenous eicosenoic (20:1) and erucic (22:1) acids were just beginning to accumulate (approximately 1.5 milligrams per gram dry weight). The biosynthesis of VLCFAs and their incorporation into glycerolipids in vitro in the MD embryo system occurred at rates comparable to those measured in developing zygotic Reston embryos at about 20 days postanthesis. When glycerol-3-phosphate was supplied as acyl acceptor in time-course experiments using homogenates prepared from 18-day MD embryos, newly synthesized [(14)C]20:1 and [(14)C]22:1 were incorporated primarily into triacylglycerols (TAGs) and, to a lesser extent, into lyso-phosphatidic/phosphatidic acids, diacylglycerols, and phosphatidylcholines as well as the acyl-coenzyme A and free fatty acid pools. [(14)C]24:1 was not detected in any acyl lipid. Stereospecific analyses of the radiolabeled TAGs indicated that [(14)C]20:1 and [(14)C]22:1 moieties were esterified predominantly at the sn-3 position, but were also found at the sn-1 position. [(14)C]20:1, but not [(14)C]22:1, was detected at the sn-2 position. Similar patterns of (14)C-labeled VLCFA distribution were obtained in experiments conducted using a 15,000g pellet fraction from 18-day MD embryos. All trends observed in the formation of TAGs containing VLCFAs in the Reston MD embryo system were also confirmed in studies of zygotic embryos of the same cultivar. The data support the biosynthesis of 20:1 and then 22:1 via successive condensations of malonyl-coenzyme A with oleoyl-coenzyme A and, for the first time in B. napus, demonstrate the incorporation of newly synthesized VLCFAs into TAGs via the Kennedy pathway.
Effect of a Collagen Matrix on Healing in Periodontal Fenestration Defects in Dogs (1993)

Contralateral periodontal fenestration defects in seven beagle dogs were used to evaluate influence of a collagen matrix on periodontal wound healing. The defects (6 x 4 mm) were created through the buccal cortical plates of the maxillary canine teeth following elevation of mucoperiosteal flaps. The collagen was fitted to the defects on one side. Contralateral defects served as controls. Flaps were repositioned and sutured. Dogs were sacrificed 4 weeks after surgery and block sections including teeth and surrounding structures were prepared for histometric analysis. No meaningful differences in cementum and bone regeneration were observed between treatments. There was seemingly more bone regeneration in the apical than in the coronal aspect of the defects and significantly more cementum regeneration. Root resorption was observed in one collagen and one control defect. Ankylosis was not observed. The results suggest that the maxillary canine periodontal fenestration defect can be used as a model to evaluate factors that may enhance cementum and bone regeneration. The collagen matrix neither enhanced nor inhibited periodontal wound healing in this model.
Recombination of Chromosomes 3Am and 5Am of Triticum monococcum With Homeologous Chromosomes 3A and 5A of Wheat: The Distribution of Recombination Across Chromosomes (2000)

Recombination of chromosomes 3A(m) and 5A(m) of Triticum monococcum with closely homeologous chromosomes 3A and 5A of T. aestivum was compared with recombination across corresponding homologous chromosome pairs. Differentiation between the homeologues impacted recombination in the proximal regions of the long arms the most and in the distal regions of the long arms the least. It is concluded that this variation principally reflects allocation of multiple crossovers across an arm and positive crossover interference across chromosome arms. Recombination rates between homeologous chromosomes 5A(m) and 5A differed in the opposite sexes.
Demonstration of a single-aperture, full-duplex communication system (2013)

The ability to simultaneously transmit and receive (STAR) through the same aperture is a key capability that will enable full duplex use of communications channels. We report the first demonstration of a single-aperture STAR system, which was enabled by a recent advance in microwave photonics: a new type of optical link that has high transmit- to-receive (T/R) isolation over a broad bandwidth. We measured 14 key performance metrics on a prototype system; key among these was T/R isolation. T/R isolation > 100 dB is projected for the technique; isolation as high as 85 dB was measured, which is the highest reported to date.
Non-specific protein–DNA interactions control I-CreI target binding and cleavage (2012)

Homing endonucleases represent protein scaffolds that provide powerful tools for genome manipulation, as these enzymes possess a very low frequency of DNA cleavage in eukaryotic genomes due to their high specificity. The basis of protein-DNA recognition must be understood to generate tailored enzymes that target the DNA at sites of interest. Protein-DNA interaction engineering of homing endonucleases has demonstrated the potential of these approaches to create new specific instruments to target genes for inactivation or repair. Protein-DNA interface studies have been focused mostly on specific contacts between amino acid side chains and bases to redesign the binding interface. However, it has been shown that 4 bp in the central DNA sequence of the 22-bp substrate of a homing endonuclease (I-CreI), which do not show specific protein-DNA interactions, is not devoid of content information. Here, we analyze the mechanism of target discrimination in this substrate region by the I-CreI protein, determining how it can occur independently of the specific protein-DNA interactions. Our data suggest the important role of indirect readout in this substrate region, opening the possibility for a fully rational search of new target sequences, thus improving the development of redesigned enzymes for therapeutic and biotechnological applications.
Application-Specific Customization of Dynamic Profiling Mechanisms for Sensor Networks (2015)

To reduce the complexity associated with application-specific tuning of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), dynamic profiling enables an accurate view of an application's runtime behavior, such that the network can be reoptimized at runtime in response to changing application behavior or environmental conditions. However, the dynamic profiling must be able to accurately capture application behavior without incurring significant runtime overheads. Since application- and sensor-specific constraints dictate the profiling requirements and tolerated overheads, designers require design assistance to quickly evaluate and select appropriate profiling methodologies. To increase designer productivity, we formulate profiling methodology design guidelines based on extensive evaluation and analysis of a variety of profiling methodologies suitable for dynamically monitoring WSNs with respect to network traffic overhead, power, and code impacts associated with each method. While energy consumption increases are reasonable, ranging from 0.5% to 2.6%, network traffic, code size, and computation time overheads can be as high as 66.2%, 75.9%, and 136.6%, respectively. Our results show that these overhead variations are highly application specific, and a single profiling method is not suitable for all types of application behavior, thus necessitating, application-specific profiling methodology customization. To facilitate rapid development of these profiling methodologies, we present a profiler-customization methodology consisting of a code generator module, overhead estimation module, and profile data management module. Using our profiling-customization methodology, designers can rapidly evaluate the overhead of different profiling methodologies, and automatically integrate the most appropriate methodology into the application at design time.
Targeted online advertising : persuasion in an era of massless communication (2008)

Thesis (M.B.A.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2008.
Identification of the Serine Biosynthesis Pathway as a Critical Component of BRAF Inhibitor Resistance of Melanoma, Pancreatic, and Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells (2017)

Metastatic melanoma cells commonly acquire resistance to <i>BRAF</i> V600E inhibitors (BRAFi). In this study, we identified serine biosynthesis as a critical mechanism of resistance. Proteomic assays revealed differential protein expression of serine biosynthetic enzymes PHGDH, PSPH, and PSAT1 following vemurafenib (BRAFi) treatment in sensitive versus acquired resistant melanoma cells. Ablation of PHGDH via siRNA sensitized acquired resistant cells to vemurafenib. Inhibiting the folate cycle, directly downstream of serine synthesis, with methotrexate also displayed similar sensitization. Using the DNA-damaging drug gemcitabine, we show that gemcitabine pretreatment sensitized resistant melanoma cells to BRAFis vemurafenib and dabrafenib. We extended our findings to BRAF WT tumor cell lines that are intrinsically resistant to vemurafenib and dabrafenib. Pretreatment of pancreatic cancer and non-small cell lung cancer cell lines with sublethal doses of 50 and 5 nmol/L of gemcitabine, respectively, enhanced killing by both vemurafenib and dabrafenib. The novel aspects of this study are the direct identification of serine biosynthesis as a critical mechanism of <i>BRAF</i> V600E inhibitor resistance and the first successful example of using gemcitabine + BRAFis in combination to kill previously drug-resistant cancer cells, creating the translational potential of pretreatment with gemcitabine prior to BRAFi treatment of tumor cells to reverse resistance within the mutational profile and the WT. <i>Mol Cancer Ther; 16(8); 1596-609. ©2017 AACR</i>.
Perceiving mass in mixed reality through pseudo-haptic rendering of Newton's third law (2015)

In mixed reality, real objects can be used to interact with virtual objects. However, unlike in the real world, real objects do not encounter any opposite reaction force when pushing against virtual objects. The lack of reaction force during manipulation prevents users from perceiving the mass of virtual objects. Although this could be addressed by equipping real objects with force-feedback devices, such a solution remains complex and impractical. In this work, we present a technique to produce an illusion of mass without any active force-feedback mechanism. This is achieved by simulating the effects of this reaction force in a purely visual way. A first study demonstrates that our technique indeed allows users to differentiate light virtual objects from heavy virtual objects. In addition, it shows that the illusion is immediately effective, with no prior training. In a second study, we measure the lowest mass difference (JND) that can be perceived with this technique. The effectiveness and ease of implementation of our solution provides an opportunity to enhance mixed reality interaction at no additional cost.