gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
FROM AWARENESS TO TEAMROOMS, GROUPWEB AND TURBOTURTLE: EIGHT SNAPSHOTS OF RECENT WORK IN THE GROUPLAB PROJECT (1995)

This report contains eight short papers that serve as snapshots of recent work by members and collaborators of the GroupLab team. All papers are concerned with groupware, and all but one of the systems described were implemented using GroupKit, our groupware toolkit. The first five papers are a suite of articles that considers how awareness of others can be supported in groupware systems. The papers cover theoretical considerations of awareness (#2), practical efforts in building systems and widgets to support awareness (#1,3,4) and evaluation of widgets to determine their effectiveness and usability (#5). Suite Overview: Supporting Awareness of Others in Groupware 1. Peepholes: Low Cost Awareness of One's community 2. Workspace Awareness for Groupware 3. Workspace Awareness Support With Radar Views 4. A Fisheye Text Editor for Relaxed-WYSIWIS Groupware 5. A Usability Study of Workspace Awareness Widgets The next three papers cover individual projects. TeamRooms (#6) is a groupware equivalent of a physical team room. Group members can stock the room with applications, and can enter the room at any time to continue their work individually or collectively. GroupWeb (#7) is a World Wide Web browser that is group-aware. People can share their views of pages in real time, can gesture around it with telepointers, and can add group annotations to a page with a groupware editor. TurboTurtle (#8) is a microworld for Newtonian physics designed for children. Children were observed using TurboTurtle, and their collaboration styles are analyzed. 6. TeamRooms: Groupware for Shared Electronic Spaces 7. GroupWeb: A WWW Browser as Real Time Groupware 8. Children's Collaboration Styles in a Newtonian MicroWorld
Equine assisted social work as a mean for authentic relations between clients and staff (2014)

Abstract The purpose of this study was to explore, by qualitative methods, the meaning of equine-assisted social work (EASW) both to young women with self-harm problems and their staff in residential treatment. Data were collected by in-depth interviews with eight staff members and nine clients. Human-horse interaction was observed subsequently in three of the staff and four of the clients. Based on the narratives of the staff members and the clients, who agreed, the horse’s ability to read human emotions made the staff and clients aware of their own emotions. In order not to alienate the horse or make the situation dangerous, which intensified their sense of being in the present, both the clients and staff had to regulate their emotions. As a result the resistance for change decreased, made the participants more likely to regulate their emotions and change behavior rather than avoid the situation or the information. The horse seemed to set the framework for the interaction between the staff and young women. The fact that even the staff could fail in the interaction with the horse, affected the interaction between staff and clients making it more informal and dynamic. A relationship based on empathy, trust, respect and negotiation, where clients shared private matters, resulted in the perception of a more authentic relationship. Further research is needed to see which conditions are favourable for achieving an authentic relationship and which conditions possibly fail.
Prediction of Pre-Impact Occupant Kinematic Behavior Based on the Muscle Activity During Frontal Collision (2009)

The objective of this study is to predict the behaviors of the human body in pre-crash conditions based on the experiment with active human models. In order to simulate the actual pre-crash condition of a car that occurs when the drivers brakes or pre-crash safety system activates in an emergency situation, low speed front impact tests on human volunteers were conducted using a sled-mounted rigid seat, on which each subject sat, sliding backwards on the rails. It was observed that when the subject's muscles were initially relaxed, muscle responses started activation at around 100ms after the onset of acceleration and reached its maximum value at around 200ms. During this time period, most of the individual body region acceleration responses and restraint system reaction forces also peaked. Furthermore, the head-neck-torso kinematics was strongly influenced by the muscle activity. This experiment indicates that muscles can react quickly enough to control the driver's behavior significantly during the low-speed impact, relating to the driver's posture just before the collision. Thus, the active human model with the Hill-type multi-bar muscle was employed to estimate the possible driving posture in an emergency. From the result of this experiment, pre- and post- crash occupant behavior was predicted. For a more detailed understating, a parametric study was conducted that distinguishes the factors presented in real accident cases. The full text of this paper may be found at: http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/pdf/esv/esv21/09-0193.pdf For the covering abstract see ITRD E145407.
Incentives to innovations in road and rail maintenance and operations (2004)

Worried voices in the Swedish road maintenance and operations industry claim that innovations and technical development has ceased in the last decades. One hypothesis is that it is an effect of the public tendering reform introduced in 1992. Since 2001, the Swedish railroad industry has also introduced public tendering and awarded contracts to private contractors. This study examines the validity of these claims by analyzing the incentives to innovation in the past and at present. The analysis is concluded by proposals how the innovative climate can be improved between the road and rail administrations and their contractors.
Technology development for the Next-Generation Space Telescope: an overview (1998)

NASA has embarked on the development of the NGST. The NGST is envisioned to be a large aperture deployable IR telescope with sensitivity 1000 times greater than any currently existing or planned IR telescope. The scientific goals of NGST include imaging the earliest galaxies and proto- galaxies which formed following the 'big bang'. Several studies have concluded that the mission is feasible within the proposed cost if a well-planned, aggressive technology development effort is implemented early in the development phase. This paper present an overview of the technology program NASA is pursuing to provide the necessary technology to enable an exciting, affordable NGST mission to launch early in the next century.
AtCYS1, a cystatin from <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i>, suppresses hypersensitive cell death (2003)

In plants, cysteine protease inhibitors are involved in the regulation of protein turnover and play an important role in resistance against insects and pathogens. AtCYS1 from Arabidopsis thaliana encodes a protein of 102 amino acids that contains the conserved motif of cysteine protease inhibitors belonging to the cystatin superfamily (Gln-Val-Val-Ala-Gly). Recombinant A. thaliana cystatin-1 (AtCYS1) was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. AtCYS1 inhibits the catalytic activity of papain (Kd = 4.0 x 10-2 micro m, at pH 7.0 and 25 degrees C), generally taken as a molecular model of cysteine proteases. The molecular bases for papain inhibition by AtCYS1 have been analysed taking into account the three-dimensional structure of the papain-stefin B complex. AtCYS1 is constitutively expressed in roots and in developing siliques of A. thaliana. In leaves, AtCYS1 is strongly induced by wounding, by challenge with avirulent pathogens and by nitric oxide (NO). The overexpression of AtCYS1 blocks cell death activated by either avirulent pathogens or by oxidative and nitrosative stress in both A. thaliana suspension cultured cells and in transgenic tobacco plants. The suppression of the NO-mediated cell death in plants overexpressing AtCYS1 provides the evidence that NO is not cytotoxic for the plant, indicating that NO functions as cell death trigger through the stimulation of an active process, in which cysteine proteases and theirs proteinaceous inhibitors appear to play a crucial role.
Control of stored grain fungi and off odors with ozone in a grain treatment system (2009)

Stored grain products, such as corn, can harbor multiple microorganisms, including fungi such as Aspergillus species that produce toxins harmful to both humans and animals. In previous studies, we have demonstrated that ozone-treatment can significantly reduce the level of viable microorganisms on the surface of corn kernels. Ozone is a strong oxidizing agent, which is used in a growing number of industrial applications to control harmful microbes and volatiles. The ultimate goal of this project is to develop a semi-continuous flow grain treatment system and predictive model that will reduce microorganisms on grain kernel surfaces with ozone. To achieve this goal, a better understanding of the properties of ozone are needed, especially with respect to the half-life of ozone and time/concentration criteria to reduce microbes on corn. The focus of this project was to determine the concentration-time product (CTP) of ozone required to eliminate various levels of microbial growth on grain kernels and to determine the half-life time of ozone in air as a function of air speed (0 to 220 cfm), temperature (4 to 40°C) and relative humidity (0 to 80%). Half-life time (HLT) of ozone was determined in a plexiglass cylinder equipped with a combination temperature/humidity sensor and fans of varying speeds. HLT averaged 1524 minutes (25.4 h) in still air at room temperature (24°C) and zero humidity, which was substantially longer than previously published data (i.e., 30-40 minutes). As air speed, temperature and humidity increased, HLT decreased to 39, 796 and 451 minutes, respectively. The results suggest that ozonation will be more effective in still air at low temperature and humidity (e.g., headspace ozonation of rail cars in the early spring) than at high flow rates of ozonated air at high temperature and humidity (e.g., grain storage silo in the middle of summer). To examine the effect of ozone on surface microbes, samples of freshly-harvested and stored corn were treated with ozone for 1 and 3 hours at average ozone concentrations of 1752 ppm, 915 ppm and 37 ppm. Microorganisms were significantly decreased by 28 to 57% after corn samples were ozonated for 1 h at 37 to 1752 ppm and 45 to 80% for 3 h at 37 to 1752 ppm. Linear regression analysis of the CTP data indicated that percent mold reduction increased at a rate of 0.0088 times the CTP. The modified Gompertz equation applied to the microbial inactivation data indicated that a 0.5 to ∼1 log mold reduction on corn kernels was attained for ozone concentrations between 37 and 1752 ppm. When compared to preliminary field data from a semi-continuous flow grain treatment system, the laboratory data and the model-predicted values were reasonably close with respect to the microbial load reduction observed on corn samples taken from the system.
National Collective Identity: Social Constructs and International Systems (1999)

Preface and AcknowledgmentsPart I. Collective Identity and International Relations Theory 1. International Relations Without Nations?2. Social Identities and Social System3. Identities and Social Orders: International Systems in Modern HistoryPart II. Territorial-Sovereign Identity 4. Raison d'Etat and Territorial Sovereignty: Mercantilist Absolutism and Eighteenth-Century Imperialism5. Territorial-Sovereign Identity and the Seven Years' WarPart III. National-Sovereign Identity 6. The Emergence of National-Sovereign Identity: Revolutionary Nationalism and Reaction7. Use and Misuse of the Principle of Nationality: The Demise of the Second Empire and the Birth of the Second Reich8. National Sovereignty and the New Imperialism: The Global Transmission of Bourgeois-National Identity and Culture9. Over-the-Top and Over There: Status Contests Among National-SovereignsPart IV. Conclusions and Implications 10. The Helpless Colossus: The Politics of Identity and Hopeful Nondeterminism
In Vitro Testing for Direct Immunotoxicity: State of the Art (2009)

Immunotoxicity is defined as the toxicological effects of xenobiotics including pharmaceuticals on the functioning of the immune system and can be induced in either direct or indirect ways. Direct immunotoxicity is caused by the effects of chemicals on the immune system, leading to immunosuppression and subsequently to reduced resistance to infectious diseases or certain forms of nongenotoxic carcinogenicity.In vitro testing has several advantages over in vivo testing, such as detailed mechanistic understanding, species extrapolation (parallelogram approach), and reduction, refinement, and replacement of animal experiments. In vitro testing for direct immunotoxicity can be done in a two-tiered approach, the first tier measuring myelotoxicity. If this type of toxicity is apparent, the compound can be designated immunotoxic. If not, the compound is tested for lymphotoxicity (second tier). Several in vitro assays for lymphotoxicity exist, each comprising specific functions of the immune system (cytokine production, cell proliferation, cytotoxic T-cell activity, natural killer cell activity, antibody production, and dendritic cell maturation). A brief description of each assay is provided. Only one assay, the human whole blood cytokine release assay, has undergone formal prevalidation, while another one, the lymphocyte proliferation assay, is progressing towards that phase.Progress in in vitro testing for direct immunotoxicity includes prevalidation of existing assays and selection of the assay (or combination of assays) that performs best. To avoid inter-species extrapolation, assays should preferably use human cells. Furthermore, the use of whole blood has the advantage of comprising multiple cell types in their natural proportion and environment. The so-called "omics" techniques provide additional mechanistic understanding and hold promise for the characterization of classes of compounds and prediction of specific toxic effects. Technical innovations such as high-content screening and high-throughput analysis will greatly expand the opportunities for in vitro testing.
Coordinate-friendly structures, algorithms and applications (2016)

This paper focuses on coordinate update methods, which are useful for solving problems involving large or high-dimensional datasets. They decompose a problem into simple subproblems, where each updates one, or a small block of, variables while fixing others. These methods can deal with linear and nonlinear mappings, smooth and nonsmooth functions, as well as convex and nonconvex problems. In addition, they are easy to parallelize.
Effects of Manganese Content and Heat Treatment Condition on Mechanical Properties and Microstructures of Fine-Grained Low Carbon TRIP-Aided Steels (2010)

The mechanical properties and microstructures of alternative low carbon TRIP-aided steels in which manganese contents mediate between conventional low-alloyed TRIP-aided steels and TWIP steel have been investigated. A variety of microstructures, from a single austenite phase to multiple phase mixtures, was attained according to chemical compositions as well as heat treatment schedule. By means of reverse transformation of martensite combined with controlled annealing, a remarkable grain refinement being responsible for stabilization of austenite could be achieved. In case of the duplex (+ ) microstructures in 6Mn and 7Mn alloys, large amount of retained austenite more than 30 % contributed to substantial improvement of ductility compared to the conventional TRIP-aided steels having similar tensile strength level. In nearly single austenitic 13Mn alloy, the annealed sheet steel exhibited high tensile strength of 1.3 GPa with sufficient ductility due to the stain induced martensite transformation of fine grained austenite.
Optimization of entanglement witnesses (2000)

An entanglement witness (EW) is an operator that allows the detection of entangled states. We give necessary and sufficient conditions for such operators to be optimal, i.e., to detect entangled states in an optimal way. We show how to optimize general EW, and then we particularize our results to the nondecomposable ones; the latter are those that can detect positive partial transpose entangled states (PPTES's). We also present a method to systematically construct and optimize this last class of operators based on the existence of ``edge'' PPTES's, i.e., states that violate the range separability criterion [Phys. Lett. A 232, 333 (1997)] in an extreme manner. This method also permits a systematic construction of nondecomposable positive maps (PM's). Our results lead to a sufficient condition for entanglement in terms of nondecomposable EW's and PM's. Finally, we illustrate our results by constructing optimal EW acting on $H={C}^{2}\ensuremath{\bigotimes}{C}^{4}.$ The corresponding PM's constitute examples of PM's with minimal ``qubit'' domains, or---equivalently---minimal Hermitian conjugate codomains.
Diagnosis and treatment of testicular cancer. (2008)

Testicular cancer is the most common malignancy in men 20 to 35 years of age and has an annual incidence of four per 100,000. If diagnosed early, the cure rate is nearly 99 percent. Risk factors for testicular cancer include cryptorchidism (i.e., undescended testicles), family history, infertility, tobacco use, and white race. Routine self-examination and physician screening have not been shown to improve outcomes, and the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force and American Cancer Society do not recommend them in asymptomatic men. Patients presenting with a painless testicular mass, scrotal heaviness, a dull ache, or acute pain should receive a thorough examination. Testicular masses should be examined with scrotal ultrasonography. If ultrasonography shows an intratesticular mass, the patient should be referred to a urologist for definitive diagnosis, orchiectomy, and further evaluation with abdominal computed tomography and chest radiography. The family physician's role after diagnosis of testicular cancer includes encouraging the patient to bank sperm because of possible infertility and evaluating for recurrence and future complications, especially cardiovascular disease.
Source parameters of the damaging Cornwall-Massena earthquake of 1944 from regional waveforms (1996)

Abstract The Cornwall-Massena earthquake (MW 5.8) of 5 September 1944 was one of the most damaging earthquakes in Canadian history. Its epicenter, near the Canada-United States border and the southern end of the Western Quebec seismic zone, lies within a heavily populated region, rendering this earthquake significant for regional seismic hazard analysis. The reappearance of a seismogram collection from the 1940s previously unavailable to (recent) researchers helps provide new insight into this earthquake. Waveforms recorded at regional distances indicate that this was a mid-crustal (20-km deep) oblique thrust event (strike 313°, dip 70°, rake 52°). Either nodal plane is a plausible fault plane in terms of the local and regional seismotectonics—one is more consistent with the seismicity pattern and the other with the mapped faults. The mechanism is similar to those determined for many smaller and more recent events in the Western Quebec seismic zone and is consistent with the regional stress field. The low value of a previously determined mb (4.6) relative to the moment magnitude is at least partially a result of the P-wave radiation pattern and the distribution of stations used to calculate mb. Previously calculated values for MS range from 5.1 to 5.6. While the larger number is more consistent with the MW determined in this study, the reason for the large variation in MS values has not yet been fully explained.
Dominant and recessive inheritance of morbid obesity associated with melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency (2000)

Over 20 severely obese subjects in 11 independent kindreds have been reported to have pathogenic heterozygous mutations in the gene encoding the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R), making this the most common known monogenic cause of human obesity. To date, the detailed clinical phenotype of this dominantly inherited disorder has not been defined, and no homozygous subjects have been described. We determined the nucleotide sequence of the entire coding region of the MC4R gene in 243 subjects with severe, early-onset obesity. A novel two-base pair GT insertion in codon 279 was found in two unrelated subjects, and four novel missense mutations, N62S, R165Q, V253I, C271Y, and one mutation (T112M) reported previously were found in five subjects. N62S was found in homozygous form in five children with severe obesity from a consanguineous pedigree. All four heterozygous carriers were nonobese. Several features of the phenotype, e.g. hyperphagia, tendency toward tall stature, hyperinsulinemia, and preserved reproductive function, closely resemble those reported previously in Mc4r knock-out mice. In addition, a marked increase in bone mineral density was seen in all affected subjects. In transient transfection assays, the N62S mutant receptor showed a responsiveness to alphaMSH that was intermediate between the wild-type receptor and mutant receptors carrying nonsense and missense mutations associated with dominantly inherited obesity. Thus MC4R mutations result in a syndrome of hyperphagic obesity in humans that can present with either dominant or recessive patterns of inheritance.
Elucidating the Interdependence of Drug Resistance from Combinations of Mutations (2017)

HIV-1 protease is responsible for the cleavage of 12 nonhomologous sites within the Gag and Gag-Pro-Pol polyproteins in the viral genome. Under the selective pressure of protease inhibition, the virus evolves mutations within (primary) and outside of (secondary) the active site, allowing the protease to process substrates while simultaneously countering inhibition. The primary protease mutations impede inhibitor binding directly, while the secondary mutations are considered accessory mutations that compensate for a loss in fitness. However, the role of secondary mutations in conferring drug resistance remains a largely unresolved topic. We have shown previously that mutations distal to the active site are able to perturb binding of darunavir (DRV) via the protein's internal hydrogen-bonding network. In this study, we show that mutations distal to the active site, regardless of context, can play an interdependent role in drug resistance. Applying eigenvalue decomposition to collections of hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions from a series of molecular dynamics simulations of 15 diverse HIV-1 protease variants, we identify sites in the protease where amino acid substitutions lead to perturbations in nonbonded interactions with DRV and/or the hydrogen-bonding network of the protease itself. While primary mutations are known to drive resistance in HIV-1 protease, these findings delineate the significant contributions of accessory mutations to resistance. Identifying the variable positions in the protease that have the greatest impact on drug resistance may aid in future structure-based design of inhibitors.
Antibiotic Treatment of Gastric Lymphoma of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue: An Uncontrolled Trial (1999)

A subset of H. pylori-positive gastric MALT lymphomas, including infiltrative tumors, may respond to antibiotics. The likelihood of early complete remission seems to be greatest for superficial and distal tumors.