gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Radio frequency glow discharge source with integrated voltage and current probes used for evaluation of discharge parameters (2006)

A radio frequency (rf) Grimm-type glow discharge source for the chemical analysis of solid samples, with integrated voltage and current probes, was developed. All elements of a plasma equivalent circuit are determined from the measured current-voltage characteristics. The procedure is based on the independent evaluation of the ion current and electron current region. The physical meaning of the parameters is investigated by comparisons with measurements from dc glow discharges. We found that the reduced rf current of the powered electrode is comparable to the reduced current in dc discharges. A formula is developed that corrects the reduced current due to gas heating. The sheath thickness at the powered rf electrode is evaluated and is between 75 and 1100μm. The voltage of the bulk plasma is in the range 2–15V, and the resistance is between 30 and 400Ω. The bulk plasma consumes about 3% of the total power, and the reduced voltage is comparable to the reduced electrical field in the positive column of direct current discharges. The sheath voltage at the grounded electrode is in the range 25–100V, the capacities are between 10 and 400pF, and the resistances are in the range 100Ω–5000Ω. We also found invariants for the evaluated sheath parameters.
Extensions to the Visual Odometry Pipeline for the Exploration of Planetary Surfaces (2012)

Mars represents one of the most important targets for space exploration in the next 10 to 30 years, particularly because of evidence\n of liquid water in the planet's past. Current environmental conditions dictate that any existing water reserves will be in the form of ice; finding and sampling these ice deposits would further the study of the planet's climate history, further the search for evidence of life, and facilitate in-situ resource utilization during future manned exploration missions. This thesis presents a suite of algorithms to help enable a robotic ice-prospecting mission to Mars. Starting from visual odometry---the estimation of a rover's motion using a stereo camera as the primary sensor---we develop the following extensions: (i) a coupled surface/subsurface modelling system that provides novel data products to scientists working remotely, (ii) an autonomous retrotraverse system that allows a rover to return to previously visited places along a route for sampling, or\n to return a sample to an ascent vehicle, and (iii) the extension of the appearance-based visual odometry pipeline to an actively illuminated light detection and ranging sensor that provides data similar to a stereo camera but is not reliant on consistent ambient lighting, thereby enabling appearance-based vision techniques to be used in environments that are not conducive to passive cameras, such as underground mines or permanently shadowed craters on the moon. All algorithms are evaluated on real data collected using our field robot at the University of Toronto Institute for Aerospace Studies, or at a planetary analogue site on Devon Island, in the Canadian High Arctic.
A Dangerous Disappearing Act: Preserving Affordable Housing in the Face of Maturing Mortgages (2015)

By the year 2020, almost all of the affordable housing units created by Sections 221(d)(3) and 226 of the Housing Act of 1937 could disappear. These units were created in the late 1960s in an effort to draw more private equity to the affordable housing market. The federal government entered into contracts with developers, exchanging mortgage subsidies and insurance for affordability clauses in the developers’ mortgages that required a certain percentage of their developments be kept for affordable housing for the life of the mortgage. These mortgages were set for a term of forty years. The country is now faced with an unprecedented housing crisis as these mortgages reach their maturity mark. Unfortunately, the federal government lacks the funding and political will to pass the necessary legislation to protect the current stock of affordable housing. Furthermore, only a handful of states have taken the lead in efforts to preserve affordability through new laws that impose notice requirements on owners of developments reaching maturity, and afford rights of first offer and first refusal to local housing authorities so that they may purchase these properties to retain affordability. This Note argues that more states should adopt such laws to ensure that the tens of thousands of families who are bound to lose their subsidized housing are provided reasonable protections.
Measuring and modeling the appearance of finished wood (2005)

Wood coated with transparent finish has a beautiful and distinctive appearance that is familiar to everyone. Woods with unusual grain patterns. such as tiger, burl, and birdseye figures, have a strikingly unusual directional reflectance that is prized for decorative applications. With new, high resolution measurements of spatially varying BRDFs. we show that this distinctive appearance is due to light scattering that does not conform to the usual notion of anisotropic surface reflection. The behavior can be explained by scattering from the matrix of wood fibers below the surface, resulting in a subsurface highlight that occurs on a cone with an out-of-plane axis. We propose a new shading model component to handle reflection from subsurface fibers, which is combined with the standard diffuse and specular components to make a complete shading model. Rendered results from fits of our model to the measurement data demonstrate that this new model captures the distinctive appearance of wood.
Improvement of a Vertical Thin Film Transistor Based on Low-Temperature Polycrystalline Silicon Technology by Introduction of an Oxide Barrier between Drain and Source Layers (2012)

After the demonstration of feasibility of a new vertical thin film transistor (VTFT) based on low-temperature (T≤600°C) polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) technology, some improvements were performed. The first fabrications gave evidence of some remaining drawbacks due to the relatively large area of common coverage between drain and source. As a result, relatively high offcurrent was observed that decreased the Ion/Ioff ratio. A way to significantly decrease the I off current consists in inserting a thin insulating layer between source and drain. Fabrication and electrical characterization of this new device confirmed the good approach that can be extended to other vertical architectures that are on progress.
Object lifetime manager a complementary pattern for controlling object creation and destruction (2001)

Factory and Factory Method. Implementations of these patterns could register dynamically allocated objects for deletion at program termination. Alternatively (or additionally), they could provide interfaces for object destruction, corresponding to those for object creation. Cargill presented a taxonomy of the dynamic C++ object lifetime [16]. The Localized Ownership pattern language includes patterns, such as Creator-as-Owner, Sequence-ofOwners, and Shared Ownership, which primarily address object ownership. Ownership conveys the responsibility for destruction. Creator-as-Owner is further subdivided into Function-asOwner, Object-as-Owner, and Class-as-Owner. The Singleton destruction capability of Object Lifetime Manager may be viewed as new category of Creator-as-Owner: Program-asOwner. It is distinct from Function-as-Owner, because static objects outlive the program entry point (main). Object Lifetime Manager&apos;s Preallocated Objects similarly can be viewed logically, at least, as ou...
Bulk density and porosity distributions in a compost pile (1999)

This paper mainly deals with the description of the initial distribution of bulk density and porosity at the moment a compost pile is built or rebuilt. A relationship between bulk density and vertical position in a pile is deduced from theoretical and empirical considerations. Formulae to calculate the air filled volume fraction and the true densities of the solid phase and of the organic matter are derived. The true density of dry matter is used in the computation of porosity distributions. The relationships between bulk density and height and between air-filled volume fraction and height are shown to be valid for composting material consisting of chopped wheat straw and chicken manure. The check of this validity is limited to total bulk density values ranging from 150 to 950 kg/msuperscript 3, with values of dry matter content varying between 18 and 28% (w.b.). Moreover, the gravimetric dry matter content must be constant throughout the total cross section of the pile. The error in the calculated bulk densities and air-filled volume fractions was found to be 12% at a reliability level of 95%. It was concluded that the presented equations will give reasonable results for other values of dry matter content and other kinds of chopped fibrous materials as long as the gravimetric dry matter content remains independent of height.
Anode Aging during PEMFC Start-Up and Shut-Down: H<sub>2</sub>-Air Fronts vs Voltage Cycles (2018)

Start-up and shut-down (SUSD) events in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are a major source of cathode degradation, causing a loss of electrochemical surface area (ECSA) and carbon corrosion. Our study reveals that also the anode suffers significant damage during SUSD, dominated by the loss of ECSA, induced by potential cycling between ≈0 and ≈1 V upon the passage of H2/air fronts. Furthermore, we demonstrate the analogy of SUSD-induced anode degradation and that originating from quasi-square wave potential cycling between 0.05 and 1.05 VRHE. The performance penalties arising from a decrease of the kinetics of the hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR) and growing H2 mass-transport resistances are measured via H2-pump experiments. The thus projected anode voltage losses for low anode Pt loadings (25 μgPt cm−2) predict HOR kinetic losses of ≈40 mV at 80°C and 3 A cm−2 for aged anode catalyst layers, suggesting that anode degradation by SUSD could be a significant durability issue in future PEMFC systems with ultra-low Pt loadings and with more stable cathode catalyst carbon supports. Moreover, SUSD-induced H2 mass-transport related overpotentials were identified and attributed to carbon corrosion, indicated by a thinning of the anode catalyst layer upon aging.
The priority broadcast scheme for dynamic broadcast in hypercubes and related networks (1999)

Dynamic broadcast is a communication problem where each node in a parallel computer generates packets to be broadcast to all the other nodes according to a certain random process. The lower bound on the average time required by any oblivious dynamic broadcast algorithm in an n-dimensional hypercube is /spl Omega/(n+1/(1-/spl rho/)) when packets are generated according to a Poisson process, where /spl rho/ is the load factor. The best previous algorithms, however only achieve /spl Omega/(n/(1-/spl rho/)) time, which is suboptimal by a factor of /spl Theta/(n). In this paper we propose the priority broadcast scheme for designing dynamic broadcast algorithms that require optimal O(n+1/(1-/spl rho/)) time in an n-dimensional hypercube. We apply the routing scheme to other network topologies, including k-ary n-cubes, meshes, tori, star graphs, generalized hypercubes, as well as any symmetric network, for efficient dynamic broadcast. In particular the algorithms for star graphs, generalized hypercubes, and k-ary n-cubes with k=0(1) are also asymptotically optimal. We also propose a method for assigning priority classes to packets, called optimal priority assignment, which achieves the best possible performance for dynamic multiple broadcast in any network topology.
Elevated levels of plasma symmetric dimethylarginine and increased arginase activity as potential indicators of cardiovascular comorbidity in rheumatoid arthritis (2018)

Global L-arginine bioavailability was diminished, whereas plasma arginase activity, ADMA, and SDMA levels were elevated, in patients with RA compared with healthy control subjects. Plasma SDMA was associated with hypertension and hyperlipidemia in patients with RA. This dysregulated L-arginine metabolism may function as a potential indicator of CVD risk in patients with RA.
Aerosol Medications for Treatment of Mucus Clearance Disorders (2015)

Airway mucus hypersecretion and secretion retention can result from inflammation, irritation, stimulation, or mucus-producing tumors. Secretion clearance can be furthered hampered by ciliary dysfunction and by weakness or restrictive lung disease, leading to an ineffective cough. There are a number of different mucoactive medications that have been used to reduce hypersecretion, make secretions easier to transport, or increase the efficiency of cough or mucus clearance. In this paper, I review the pathophysiology of secretory hyper-responsiveness and mucus hypersecretion and discuss the different aerosol medications that can be used to augment secretion clearance.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND MUTAGENIC ACTION OF 6‐CHLOROMETHYL, CYANOMETHYL, AND β‐AMINOETHYL DERIVATIVES OF SUBSTITUTED 1,3,5‐TRIAZINES (1978)

Abstract Die Biguanidine (I) werden in methanolischer Natronlauge mit Chloressigsäureethylester (II) zu den Triazinen (III) cyclisiert.
Cardiolipin is synthesized on the matrix side of the inner membrane in rat liver mitochondria. (1993)

In the mitochondrial inner membrane, cardiolipin is a specific lipid component associated with various protein complexes. The assembly of such complexes has been studied, and it seems that most protein subunits enter the inner membrane from the matrix side, but nothing is known about the path of cardiolipin. In this paper, the topography of cardiolipin biosynthesis is investigated. Cardiolipin synthase, a membrane-bound protein, could not be released by sonication or 1 M KCl. In sucrose density gradient subfractionation, cardiolipin synthase co-migrated with the inner membrane marker cytochrome oxidase. no indication was obtained for a preferential localization of this enzyme at contact sites between the outer and inner membranes. Protease digestion experiments showed that cardiolipin synthase exposed protease-susceptible domains mainly to the matrix side of the inner membrane. In intact mitochondria, the Mn(2+)-dependent stimulation of cardiolipin synthesis was abolished when the Mn2+ influx into the matrix was blocked by ruthenium red. 1-Decanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphorylcholine, a water-soluble inhibitor of cardiolipin synthase, was only effective after disintegration of mitochondria. The metabolic precursor of cardiolipin, CDP-diacylglycerol, was synthesized by an inner membrane enzyme whose protease-susceptible domains were mainly exposed to the matrix side. It is concluded that cardiolipin is synthesized in the inner leaflet of the mitochondrial inner membrane.
Uncomplicated Urinary Tract Infection (2012)

Nitrofurantoin, trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, fosfomycin, and pivmecillinam are considered first-line agents for cystitis. Fluoroquinolones should not be routine first-line choices for cystitis, although they are first-line empirical therapy for pyelonephritis.
Temporal Extension to Exemplar-based Inpainting Applied to Scratch Correction in Damaged Images Sequences. (2005)

International audience
Focal Adhesion Kinase Targeting Using<i>In vivo</i>Short Interfering RNA Delivery in Neutral Liposomes for Ovarian Carcinoma Therapy (2006)

Taken together, these findings suggest that FAK siRNA-DOPC plus docetaxel or platinum might be a novel therapeutic approach against ovarian cancer.
High-Throughput Viability Assay Using an Autonomously Bioluminescent Cell Line with a Bacterial Lux Reporter (2014)

Cell viability assays are extensively used to determine cell health, evaluate growth conditions, and assess compound cytotoxicity. Most existing assays are endpoint assays, in which data are collected at one time point after termination of the experiment. The time point at which toxicity of a compound is evident, however, depends on the mechanism of that compound. An ideal cell viability assay allows the determination of compound toxicity kinetically without having to terminate the assay prematurely. We optimized and validated a reagent-addition-free cell viability assay using an autoluminescent HEK293 cell line that stably expresses bacterial luciferase and all substrates necessary for bioluminescence. This cell viability assay can be used for real-time, long-term measurement of compound cytotoxicity in live cells with a signal-to-basal ratio of 20- to 200-fold and Z-factors of ~0.6 after 24-, 48- 72-, or 96-h incubation with compound. We also found that the potencies of nine cytotoxic compounds correlated well with those measured by four other commonly used cell viability assays. The results demonstrated that this kinetic cell viability assay using the HEK293(lux) autoluminescent cell line is useful for high-throughput evaluation of compound cytotoxicity.
Identification of Collagenase as a Critical Virulence Factor for Invasiveness and Transmission of Pathogenic Leptospira Species (2013)

The product of colA gene is a collagenase as a crucial virulence factor in the invasiveness and transmission of L. interrogans.
Validation of the Danish National Diabetes Register (2014)

The Danish National Diabetes Register (NDR) was established in 2006 and builds on data from Danish health registers. We validated the content of NDR, using full information from the Danish National Patient Register and data from the literature. Our study indicates that the completeness in NDR is ≥95% concerning ascertainment from data sources specific for diabetes, ie, prescriptions with antidiabetic drugs and diagnoses of diabetes in the National Patient Register. Since the NDR algorithm ignores diabetes-related hospital contacts terminated before 1990, the establishment of the date of inclusion is systematically delayed for ≥10% of the registrants in general and for ≥30% of the inclusions before 1997 in particular. This bias is enhanced for ascertainment by chiropody services and by frequent measurements of blood glucose because the date of reimbursement of services, rather than the date of encounter, has been taken as the date of inclusion in NDR. We also find that some 20% of the registrations in NDR may represent false positive inclusions of persons with frequent measurements of blood glucose without having diabetes. We conclude that NDR is a novel initiative to support research in the epidemiological and public health aspects of diabetes in Denmark, but we also present a list of recommended changes for improving validity, by reducing the impact of current sources of bias and misclassifications.
CAF@ZIF-8: One-Step Encapsulation of Caffeine in MOF (2012)

Two strategies for encapsulating caffeine in ZIF-8 were carried out in this work: (1) one-step, in situ encapsulation where caffeine is added to a ZIF-8 synthesis solution and the MOF structure is formed around the entrapped molecule; and (2) ex situ encapsulation whereby caffeine is put into contact with previously synthesized or purchased ZIF-8. The products obtained were analyzed with XRD, TGA, Vis-UV, GC-MS, FTIR, (13)C NMR, and N 1s XPS to compare both encapsulation methods. Chemical and structural evidence indicated that the preferential adsorption site of caffeine molecules inside the ZIF-8 structure is near the methyl and CH groups of 2-methylimidazole ligand. These two groups interact with caffeine by van der Waals forces with methyl groups and via CH···O hydrogen bonds with C═O groups, respectively. In addition, the one-step encapsulation of caffeine in ZIF-8 produced high guest loading (ca. 28 wt % in only 2 h at 25 °C) and controlled release (during 27 days).
Numerical Modeling of Gas-Phase Nucleation and Particle Growth during Chemical Vapor Deposition of Silicon (2000)

A numerical model was developed to predict gas‐phase nucleation of particles during silane pyrolysis. The model includes a detailed clustering mechanism for the formation of hydrogenated silicon clusters containing up to ten silicon atoms. This mechanism was coupled to an aerosol dynamics moment model to predict particle growth, coagulation, and transport. Both zero‐dimensional transient simulations, at 1–2 atm pressure, and one‐dimensional steady‐state stagnation‐point flow simulations, at 1–2 Torr pressure, were conducted. The effects of carrier gas, temperature, pressure, silane concentration, and flow rate were examined. The results predict that hydrogen as carrier gas, compared to helium, suppresses nucleation, and that particle formation for the case of hydrogen carrier gas increases strongly with increasing initial silane‐to‐hydrogen ratio. For the conditions examined, predicted particle nucleation rates increase dramatically with increasing temperature. The effect of total pressure depends on the pressure regime: at 1–2 atm pressure particle formation is predicted to be insensitive to pressure, whereas at 1–2 Torr particle formation is predicted to increasing strongly with increasing pressure.The predicted effects on particle formation of temperature, pressure, carrier gas, and silane concentration are all qualitatively consistent with published experimental results. In the stagnation‐point flow simulations the flow rate is found to affect particle dynamics because of the opposed effects of convective transport toward the heated water and thermophoretic transport away from the wafer. © 2000 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Computational Fracture Mechanics (2004)

Abstract An overview of computational fracture mechanics (CFM) is presented in the framework of a taxonomy of methods of representation of cracks in computational models. This taxonomy has two main branches: geometrical and nongeometrical approaches to representation. Within each branch, there are numerous methods, each of which is described by way of example applications, and evaluated for its relative advantages and disadvantages with respect to computational difficulty and ability to support fundamental physics and mechanics of cracking processes. The purpose of this chapter is to survey examples of historical and state‐of‐the‐art techniques of CFM for its role in determining crack driving forces, and in predicting material resistance to cracking. It is intended for the student of CFM trying to make sense of its vast literature and myriad methods. It is hoped that the chapter will provide a basis for deciding which of these methods would be better suited for providing support for improved physics or mechanics, or at least improved efficiency, whether research or practice oriented, the student is addressing.
Control loop design for two-stage DC-DC converters with low voltage/high current output (2004)

This paper presents a general analysis framework for control loop design of two-stage converters. The results yield a thorough explanation of various loop design approaches. A three-loop method to extend the system bandwidth is proposed. The new control design algorithm is applied to a 48 V/3.3 V two-stage converter. Experiments verify the effectiveness of the control loop design approach.