gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spontaneous symmetry breaking in graphene subjected to an in-plane magnetic field (2007)

Application of the magnetic field parallel to the plane of the graphene sheet leads to the formation of electron- and holelike Fermi surfaces. Such situation is shown to be unstable with respect to the formation of an excitonic condensate even for an arbitrary weak magnetic field and interaction strength. At temperatures lower than the mean-field temperature, the order parameter amplitude is formed. The order parameter itself is a U(2) matrix allowing for the combined rotations in the spin and valley spaces. These rotations smoothly interpolate between site and bond centered spin-density waves and spin-flux states. The trigonal warping, short-range interactions, and the three-particle umklapp processes freeze some degrees of freedom at temperatures much smaller than the mean-field transition temperature, and make either Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless [Sov. Phys. JETP 32, 493 (1971); J. Phys. C 5, L124 (1972); 6, 1181 (1973)] (driven either by vortices or half-vortices) or Ising type transitions possible. Strong logarithmic renormalization for the coupling constants of these terms by the Coulomb interaction is calculated within one-loop renormalization group. It is found that in the presence of the Coulomb interaction, some short-range interaction terms become much greater than one might expect from the naive dimensionality counting.
Stochastic adaptive prediction and model reference control (1994)

Guo and Chen (1991) have recently shown how to establish the self-optimality and mean square stability of a self-tuning regulator. The idea allows us to proceed with the development of a more comprehensive theory of stochastic adaptive filtering, control and identification. In adaptive filtering, we examine both indirect and noninterlaced direct schemes for prediction, using both least-squares and gradient parameter estimation algorithms. In addition to analyzing similar direct adaptive control algorithms, we propose new generalized certainty equivalence adaptive model reference control laws with simultaneous disturbance rejection. We also establish that the parameters converge to the null space of a certain matrix. From this one may deduce the convergence of several adaptive controllers.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Structural and functional analyses of pyroglutamate-amyloid-β-specific antibodies as a basis for Alzheimer immunotherapy (2017)

Alzheimer disease is associated with deposition of the amyloidogenic peptide Aβ in the brain. Passive immunization using Aβ-specific antibodies has been demonstrated to reduce amyloid deposition both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> Because N-terminally truncated pyroglutamate (pE)-modified Aβ species (Aβ<sub>pE3</sub>) exhibit enhanced aggregation potential and propensity to form toxic oligomers, they represent particularly attractive targets for antibody therapy. Here we present three separate monoclonal antibodies that specifically recognize Aβ<sub>pE3</sub> with affinities of 1-10 nm and inhibit Aβ<sub>pE3</sub> fibril formation <i>in vitro. In vivo</i> application of one of these resulted in improved memory in Aβ<sub>pE3</sub> oligomer-treated mice. Crystal structures of F<sub>ab</sub>-Aβ<sub>pE3</sub> complexes revealed two distinct binding modes for the peptide. Juxtaposition of pyroglutamate pE3 and the F4 side chain (the "pEF head") confers a pronounced bulky hydrophobic nature to the Aβ<sub>pE3</sub> N terminus that might explain the enhanced aggregation properties of the modified peptide. The deep burial of the pEF head by two of the antibodies explains their high target specificity and low cross-reactivity, making them promising candidates for the development of clinical antibodies.
Spamato - An Extendable Spam Filter System. (2005)

Reactivation of human herpesvirus (HHV)-6B is relatively common after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and HHV-6B diseases may consequently develop. Among them, HHV-6B encephalitis is a serious and often fatal complication. The aim of these clinical practice recommendations is to provide diagnostic and therapeutic guidance for HHV-6B encephalitis after allogeneic HSCT. In this evidence-based review, we critically evaluated data from the published literature. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology was used to assist in generating recommendations. We have summarized the findings that contribute to decision-making and we have provided our recommendations. In cases where rigorous clinical data are unavailable, recommendations have been developed in discussions with physicians who have relevant expertize.
ON THE INFRARED ABSORPTION OF WATER AND HEAVY WATER IN CONDENSED STATES (1956)

The infrared spectra (from 2 to 30 μ) of thin films of H 2 O and D 2 O were measured at various temperatures between 20 ° and −180 °C. A strong absorption band due to the librational mode of the water molecule has its maximum around 710 cm. −1 in the liquid. In ice it is shifted to 800 cm. −1 at −15 °C. and 850 cm. −1 at −170 °C. The corresponding D 2 O bands show the normal isotope shift. Thin films of water pressed between silver chloride plates could not be crystallized even at liquid air temperature as confirmed by their spectra, which were almost identical with those of the liquid.
Gastroesophageal Reflux: Management Guidance for the Pediatrician (2013)

Recent comprehensive guidelines developed by the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition define the common entities of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) as the physiologic passage of gastric contents into the esophagus and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) as reflux associated with troublesome symptoms or complications. The ability to distinguish between GER and GERD is increasingly important to implement best practices in the management of acid reflux in patients across all pediatric age groups, as children with GERD may benefit from further evaluation and treatment, whereas conservative recommendations are the only indicated therapy in those with uncomplicated physiologic reflux. This clinical report endorses the rigorously developed, well-referenced North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition guidelines and likewise emphasizes important concepts for the general pediatrician. A key issue is distinguishing between clinical manifestations of GER and GERD in term infants, children, and adolescents to identify patients who can be managed with conservative treatment by the pediatrician and to refer patients who require consultation with the gastroenterologist. Accordingly, the evidence basis presented by the guidelines for diagnostic approaches as well as treatments is discussed. Lifestyle changes are emphasized as first-line therapy in both GER and GERD, whereas medications are explicitly indicated only for patients with GERD. Surgical therapies are reserved for children with intractable symptoms or who are at risk for life-threatening complications of GERD. Recent black box warnings from the US Food and Drug Administration are discussed, and caution is underlined when using promoters of gastric emptying and motility. Finally, attention is paid to increasing evidence of inappropriate prescriptions for proton pump inhibitors in the pediatric population.
IMPINGING JET DRYER (1992)

ABSTRACT In coating and gravure printing, an impinging jet nozzle with high thermal efficiency for drying of coated film was developed. Trial production 0f 40 kinds of nozzle enables to develop a high-performance impinging jet nozzle with heat transfer coefficient 1.5 times larger than that of current slit nozzle, through measurement of heat transfer coefficient, visualizations of air flow and heat transfer, and measuremenu of jet velocity and turbulence distribution. The purpose of the trial production was to expand a range of high heat transfer and promote turbulence compared with the current nozzle. Paying attention to mass transfer within gravure ink coated film, drying characteristic of the film was analyzed by numerical solution of a set of equations governing the drying process in which concentration dependencies 0f the diffusion coefficient and the equilibrium vapor pressure were considered. Applying these analyses. an industrial scale dryer with excellent drying efficiency has finally been developed.
Laser ablation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (1997)

Laser ablation of a poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) film with an excimer laser beam, 248 nm, was analyzed by various analysis methods, and the mechanism was studied. The ablation was carried out in an argon gas atmosphere at room temperature. Produced gases and some fragments were collected and analyzed by GC-MS. The photochemical fragmentation of PET through the Norrish type I reaction was dominant, but above the threshold fluence, ca. 30 mJ/cm2, thermal reactions such as cyclic oligomerization occurred and photochemical fragmentation was accelerated by the thermal energy. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 64: 1203–1209, 1997
Polyp detection and radius measurement in small intestine using video capsule endoscopy (2014)

Video Capsule Endoscopy (VCE) was invented in the year 2000 and rapidly became one of the most popular noninvasive non-surgical inspection techniques in the diagnosis of gastrointestinal (GI) tract, especially in small intestine. A critical issue of capsule endoscopic examination is to determine the location and size of polyps. A critical problem associated with capsule endoscopic examination is to localize and correctly estimate the size of polyps for proper clinical treatment. In this paper we present a global statistical method which could automatically detect the polyps in VCE frames and determine their radii. The proposed method gathers the statistical information from available RGB channels. The statistical information is then fed to a support vector machine (SVM) to determine the existence and radii of polyps. The experimental result of this approach shows its improvement of accuracy when compared with other methods in the literature.
FULSOME: fuzzy logic for software metric practitioners and researchers (2003)

There has been increasing interest in recent times for using fuzzy logic techniques to represent software metric models, especially those predicting the software development effort. The use of fuzzy logic for this application area offers several advantages when compared to other commonly-used techniques. These include the use of a single model with different levels of precision for the inputs and outputs used throughout the development life-cycle, the possibility of model development with little or no data, and its effectiveness when used as a communication tool. The use of fuzzy logic in any applied field, however, requires that suitable tools are available for both practitioners and researchers-satisfying both interface- and functionality-related requirements. After outlining some of the specific needs of the software metrics community, including results from a survey of software developers on this topic, this paper describes the use of a set of tools called FULSOME (FUzzy Logic for SOftware MEtrics). The development of a simple fuzzy logic system by a software metrician and its subsequent tuning are then discussed using a real-world set of software metric data. The automatically generated fuzzy model performs acceptably when compared to regression-based models.
Synaptic dynamics in complex self-assembled nanoparticle networks (2018)

We report a detailed study of neuromorphic switching behaviour in inherently complex percolating networks of self-assembled metal nanoparticles. We show that variation of the strength and duration of the electric field applied to this network of synapse-like atomic switches allows us to control the switching dynamics. Switching is observed for voltages above a well-defined threshold, with higher voltages leading to increased switching rates. We demonstrate two behavioral archetypes and show how the switching dynamics change as a function of duration and amplitude of the voltage stimulus. We show that the state of each synapse can influence the activity of the other synapses, leading to complex switching dynamics. We further demonstrate the influence of the morphology of the network on the measured device properties, and the constraints imposed by the overall network conductance. The correlated switching dynamics, device stability over long periods, and the simplicity of the device fabrication provide an attractive pathway to practical implementation of on-chip neuromorphic computing.
不一样的“打开／保存”不一样的感觉 (2003)

只要使用过Windows的人,就一定会和“打开/保存(另存为)”这个窗口打过交道。虽然它是这么的常用,可是微软好像并没有打算加强它的功能,从Windows 95到Windows XP不仅样子并没有太大改观,而且一直只提供了最简单的功能,看来要想提高工作效率,我们要另寻他路了——
Separation and determination of isoflavones in the protein concentrate from red clover leaves (1972)

Abstract Oestrogenic isoflavones were extracted from the protein concentrate of red clover leaves, isolated on columns of Sephadex G‐25 using 0.1 M‐ammonia and determined spectrophotometrically in the eluted fractions. Most of the chlorophyll and its breakdown products were precipitated from the original aqueous ethanolic extract before the lipids and then the isoflavones were finally extracted.
An unsplit convolutional perfectly matched layer improved at grazing incidence for the seismic wave equation (2007)

Abstract The perfectly matched layer (PML) absorbing boundary condition has proven to be very efficient from a numerical point of view for the elastic wave equation to absorb both body waves with nongrazing incidence and surface waves. However, at grazing incidence the classical discrete PML method suffers from large spurious reflections that make it less efficient for instance in the case of very thin mesh slices, in the case of sources located close to the edge of the mesh, and/or in the case of receivers located at very large offset. We demonstrate how to improve the PML at grazing incidence for the differential seismic wave equation based on an unsplit convolution technique. The improved PML has a cost that is similar in terms of memory storage to that of the classical PML. We illustrate the efficiency of this improved convolutional PML based on numerical benchmarks using a finite-difference method on a thin mesh slice for an isotropic material and show that results are significantly improved compared with the classical PML technique. We also show that, as the classical PML, the convolutional technique is intrinsically unstable in the case of some anisotropic materials.
A new time-scale adaptive denoising method based on wavelet shrinkage (1999)

The wavelet shrinkage denoising approach is able to maintain local regularity of a signal while suppressing noise. However, the conventional wavelet shrinkage based methods are not time-scale adaptive to track the local time-scale variation. In this paper, a new time-scale adaptive denoising method for deterministic signal estimation is presented, based on the wavelet shrinkage. A class of smooth shrinkage functions and the local SURE (Stein's unbiased risk estimate) risk are employed to achieve time-scale adaptive denoising. The system structure and the learning algorithm are developed. The numerical results of our system are presented and compared with the conventional wavelet shrinkage techniques as well as their optimal solutions. Results indicate that the new time-scale adaptive method is superior to the conventional methods. It is also shown that the new method sometimes even achieves better performance than the optimal solution of the conventional wavelet shrinkage techniques.
Real Property—Easements—Implied Grants and Reservations of Ways of Necessity Abolished (1957)

Real Property—Easements—Implied Grants and Reservations of Ways of Necessity Abolished (Simonson v. McDonald, Mont. 1957)
PI3K Inhibitors for Cancer Therapy: What has been Achieved So Far? (2009)

PI3K is a large duel lipid and protein kinase that catalyzes phosphorylation of the 3-hydroxyl position of phosphatidylinositides (PIs) and plays a crucial role in the cellular signaling network. Inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway is a newly identified strategy for the discovery and development of certain therapeutic agents. Among the various subtypes of PI3K, class IA PI3Kalpha has gained increasing attention as a promising drug target for the treatment of cancer due to its frequent mutations and amplifications in various human cancers. Here, we discuss the insights gained so far relevant to the development of PI3K inhibitors for the treatment of human cancers. Emphasis is on the structure-activity relationship of PI3K inhibitors which bear the most significant PI3Kalpha inhibitory activities. We also highlight PI3K inhibitors that are currently under clinical trials for cancers.
An Efficient and Simple Aqueous N-Heterocyclization of Aniline Derivatives:  Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of <i>N</i>-Aryl Azacycloalkanes (2005)

[reaction: see text] An efficient and clean synthesis of N-aryl azacycloalkanes from alkyl dihalides and aniline derivatives has been achieved using microwave irradiation in an aqueous potassium carbonate medium. The phase separation can simplify the product isolation and reduce usage of volatile organic solvents.
The Fanconi anemia pathway requires FAA phosphorylation and FAA/FAC nuclear accumulation (1998)

Fanconi anemia (FA) is an autosomal recessive cancer susceptibility syndrome with at least eight complementation groups (A-H). Two FA genes, corresponding to complementation groups A and C, have been cloned, but the function of the FAA and FAC proteins remains unknown. We have recently shown that the FAA and FAC proteins bind and form a nuclear complex. In the current study, we analyzed the FAA and FAC proteins in normal lymphoblasts and lymphoblasts from multiple FA complementation groups. In contrast to normal controls, FA cells derived from groups A, B, C, E, F, G, and H were defective in the formation of the FAA/FAC protein complex, the phosphorylation of the FAA protein, and the accumulation of the FAA/FAC protein complex in the nucleus. These biochemical events seem to define a signaling pathway required for the maintenance of genomic stability and normal hematopoiesis. Our results support the idea that multiple gene products cooperate in the FA Pathway.
Theoretical study on the mechanism of the DNA repair protein Fpg (2010)

Abstract In this article, theoretical and calculational study at the DFT and ONIOM level are carried out on the Fpg glycosylase catalytic mechanism, to answer some mechanistic questions unclear yet. Representative S N 2 mechanism has been confirmed for all the models. The value 21.35 kcal/mol of the intrinsic activation barrier computed by the ONIOM (BP86/6‐311G**:AM1) approach agrees quite well with the experimental result of 20.66 kcal/mol. It has been found out that the electrostatic interaction between the positively charged Arg222 residue and the electronegative oxoG base is the most important influence on the excision process. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2011
A Review Of Sampling Procedures Available For Ipm Decision-Making Of Forest And Shade Tree Insects In North America (2005)

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs attempt to reduce insect associated losses to acceptable levels using multiple techniques that are effective, economically viable, and ecologically compatible. Sampling is the cornerstone of any IPM program, and significant effort has been devoted to the development, theory, and application of sampling methods. Relatively few IPM programs exist for managing forest and shade tree pests despite the availability of sampling procedures that are potentially useful for control decision-making. The majority of these sampling procedures are published on defoliating insects (58% of all publications). The most commonly referenced defoliators are the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.); Douglas-fir tussock moth, Orgyia pseudotsugata (McDunnough); spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens); and western spruce budworm, C. occidentalis Freeman. These four species alone account for 35% of all sampling publications relevant to IPM programs. The second largest group is bud, shoot, and root insects (16%) followed closely by wood- and bark-boring insects (11%). The piercing­sucking feeding group (10%) and seed and cone insects (5%) have relatively few sampling procedures available. Ninety-two percent of the species represented are predominately forest pests, with the order Lepidoptera and family Tortricidae most commonly reported. A significant opportunity exists for developing similar tools to aid in control decision-making for a large number of other pests. Current trends suggest that efforts should concentrate on species important to the urban forest and intensively managed forest plantations.
The Synthesis of 2-Fluoro-4- and 2-Fluoro-6-pyridinecarboxylic Acid and Derivatives (1949)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Synthesis of 2-Fluoro-4- and 2-Fluoro-6-pyridinecarboxylic Acid and DerivativesArthur. Roe, P. H. Cheek, and G. F. HawkinsCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1949, 71, 12, 4152–4153Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1949Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1949https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01180a511https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01180a511research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views200Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Web-based simulation (1996)

The web has a short history, but has grown at an exponential pace since its introduction six years ago. Web-based simulation represents the connection between the web and the field of simulation. Web based simulation is not an existing field but rather an idea which represents an interest on the part of simulationists to exploit web technology. To further this cause, I present some issues and concepts in web based simulation to serve as a back drop for a more formal discussion, and potentially the formation of a new simulation sub-area.