gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Critical Analysis of the Classical Experiments on the Relativistic Variation of Electron Mass (1938)

In the course of a previous mathematical analysis of an improved method for the determination of the ratio $\frac{e}{m}$ it was suggested that the generally accepted interpretations of the classical experiments of Bucherer and of Neumann might be subject to serious limitations. A similar analysis for the unmodified Bucherer-Neumann experiment is therefore carried out in the present paper. By this means it is discovered that Neumann's supposed velocity filter, even for the case of negligible scattering of electrons along the condenser plates, must have been completely broken down on the high velocity side, for values of $\ensuremath{\beta}>0.7$; and that, even for the lower velocities observed, the resolution width was approximately as great as that equivalent to the whole relativistic mass effect. Besides, it is found from this analysis that, with a certain choice of geometrical constants, a very poor resolving power may be concealed by spurious focusing effects---and that it was just this choice that Neumann, by trial, found it necessary to make in order to obtain sharp lines. It is also seen that, when the filter is open on the high velocity side, one may still obtain an apparent line, which may be considerably shifted from the position predicted by the simple theory, and which in extreme cases may form the edge of a heavily fogged region extending inward to the central zero line corresponding to $\ensuremath{\beta}=1$. This fogging can actually be seen very clearly in Neumann's photographs for $\ensuremath{\beta}=0.8$. Further, a consideration of the possible effect of scattering on such experiments shows that, when the resolving power is very near the critical limit at which the filter breaks down, the probability of leakage of high velocity scattered electrons through the filter becomes relatively large, especially when the spectrum of the source is distributed largely amongst velocities above that to be observed. Under these latter circumstances it is suggested that one might obtain seriously shifted lines, and even mistake for the expected line a spurious maximum due to the source distribution itself. Since the interpretations of Bucherer and of Neumann are based on such doubtful premises, a short discussion is given of other similar experiments designed to distinguish between the Abraham and the Lorentz electrons. So far as is known to the authors, it appears that, at least for the higher velocities, no very satisfactory experimental distinction between the two types of electron has as yet been made by direct electric and magnetic deflection methods. In view of the fundamental importance of such experiments it seems that much is left to be desired.
Cloning and analysis of two new isoforms of multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase. Expression in multiple human tissues. (1993)

Multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaM kinase) is a mediator of calcium signals in diverse signaling pathways. In human lymphocytes and epithelial tissues, CaM kinase activates a chloride channel via a Ca(2+)-dependent pathway which is preserved in cystic fibrosis. To characterize the CaM kinase present in these tissues we have cloned an isoform of this kinase from human T lymphocytes. We show the cDNA structure of two variants of this human CaM kinase, gamma B and gamma C, which are predicted to translate to 518 and 495 amino acids, respectively. Amino acid differences between these isoforms and the rat brain gamma isoform (which we refer to as gamma A) are localized to the variable domain. We used RNase protection of this variable region to reveal the level of expression of gamma B and gamma C CaM kinase mRNAs in nine human tissues and cell lines. When transfected into Jurkat T cells, the gamma B cDNA encoded a functional kinase which cosedimented on sucrose gradients with endogenous T cell CaM kinase activity and formed a large multimeric enzyme. The recombinant gamma B isoform displayed two phases of autophosphorylation characteristic of CaM kinases, including the phase which converts it to a partially Ca(2+)-independent species. Site-directed mutagenesis of the predicted autoinhibitory domain yielded a mutant which was approximately 37% active in the absence of Ca2+/calmodulin, confirming the region as critical for autoregulation, and suggesting this mutant as a tool for studying the role of CaM kinase in nonneuronal tissues.
AUTO-EXTRACTION OF URBAN FEATURES FROM VEHICLE-BORNE LASER DATA (2002)

Laser mapping has become quite popular in recent days due to its capability of providing information directly in three dimensions. These days, we observe the emergence of new demands for ‘along-street’ 3-D data. ‘Along-street’ 3-D data provide a real or true visualization of the environment that is different from virtual reality. However, there still lacks a reliable and quick method of acquiring 3-D ‘along-street’ data of the urban area at higher resolution. Most of the vehicle-borne systems developed so far are based on stereo photographs as the main source of data. In order to overcome the problem of acquiring 3-D data in urban area reliably, quickly and at high resolution, we have developed a vehicle-borne laser mapping system (VLMS). The system is equipped with laser scanners and line cameras for data acquisition. The system will assist in building 3-D GIS database of urban areas. In this paper we focus our discussions on auto-extraction of building faces from the laser data captured by VLMS. In an urban area we encounter many different types of features like buildings, roads, utility facilities, vehicles, trees and others. Geo-referenced raw laser data were used for extraction of urban features. The raw laser data were simply point cloud data in 3-D space without any other information like intensity value. We have classified the laser data into various classes like building faces, road surfaces, tunnels, utility poles, vehicles and trees. Our discussions will be basically limited to the extraction of building faces with some explanation on extraction of road surfaces, trees and tunnels.
Contents of toothpaste - safety implications (1994)

A typical toothpaste contains an abrasive, humectant, binder, detergent, flavour, preservative and
Subspace fitting with diversely polarized antenna arrays (1993)

Diversely polarized antenna arrays are widely used in RF applications. The diversity of response provided by diversely polarized antenna arrays can greatly improve direction-finding performance over arrays sensitive to only one polarization component. For d emitters, directly implementing a multidimensional estimation algorithm would require a search for 3d parameters: d directions of arrival (DOAs), and 2d polarization parameters. A more efficient solution is presented based on the noise subspace fitting (NSF) algorithm. It is shown how to decouple the NSF search into a two-step procedure, where the DOAs are estimated separately. The polarization parameters are then obtained by solving a linear system of equations. The advantage of this approach is that the search dimension is reduced by a factor of three, and no initial polarization estimate is required. The algorithm can be shown to yield asymptotically minimum variance estimates: provided no perfectly coherent signals are present. Simulation examples are included.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Naturally Acquired Quotidian-Type Malaria in Man Transferable to Monkeys (1965)

A quotidian-type parasite, Plasmodium knowlesi, has been found as a ndtural infection in man. The infection was acquired by a white male during a short visit to peninsular Malaysia. This occurrence constitutes the first proof that simian malaria is a true zoonosis.
Measurement of Ankle Brachial Index for Assessment of Atherosclerosis in Patients with Stroke (2003)

A strong relationship between ischemic stroke and atherosclerosis was demonstrated quantitatively by ABI measurement. A decrease in ABI may be a risk factor for ischemic stroke.
Evaluation of serum and salivary lipid profile: A correlative study (2014)

From the present study we conclude that saliva can be used as a non-invasive diagnostic tool for assessing lipid profile.
R Factor in <i>Enterobacter cloacae </i>Resistant to Silver Sulfadiazine (1975)

A strain of Enterobacter cloacae resistant to silver sulfadiazine was recovered from a unit in which this antimicrobial agent was in use. This strain was found to harbor an R factor responsible for resistance to carbenicillin, kanamycin and ampicillin. These antibiotic resistances were transferable to Escherichia coli by mating. Resistance to silver sulfadiazine was not, however, transmissible.
A SYSTEM OF WORT ANALYSIS (1943)

When an abnormally high or low figure is obtained in either the primary or secondary attenuation of a beer or an abnormally fast or slow fermentation occurs, the first question to be settled, even if it is not the most likely cause, is whether the proportion of fermentable carbohydrates in the wort is abnormal; and this requires a satisfactory method of determining the attenuation limit. Such a method is also required for investigating the scientific aspects of the carbohydrate composition of worts. In the course of attenuation limit determinations on worts with high proportions of sugar incorrect results were obtained, and it became necessary to find satisfactory conditions. Those found comprised (a) continuous mechanical shaking, (b) a yeast dose approximating to 0.5 grm. per 100 ml., (c) addition of sufficient yeast nutrients to ensure an excess of assimilable nitrogen, minerals and yeast bios, (d) the use of fresh yeast, (e) a fermentation time of 40 to 60 hours, (f) a standard temperature for fermentation and for the subsequent filtration. Under these conditions the result appeared to be unaffected by the (a) exact fermentation time, (b) the gas originally present above the wort (air, nitrogen or carbon dioxide), or (c) the pH of the wort within reasonable limits. Once the nutrient solution has been prepared the determination is simple; and there is no need to distil in order to determine the real attenuation, as this can be accurately calculated from the original gravity and the apparent attenuation by means of a factor which has been determined for these conditions. Even the need to add nutrients can be avoided by using a yeast dose of 5 grms. per 100 ml. and measuring the attenuation after 18 to 20 hrs. It is desirable, however, that the yeast should first be washed in an equal volume of the same wort (a) in order to replace the liquid surrounding the cells with wort of the same composition as that to be analysed, (b) in order to prevent abnormally low and drifting end-points, which may be attributable to traces of diastase excreted by the yeast. With the precautions given the two methods agree satisfactorily. A third possibility is the use of 15 to 20 grms. of yeast of the Burton type prewashed with the wort to be used and shaken rapidly for 5 to 6 hours.
Digital Standards Converter by Adaptive Intra-Frame Line Interpolation (1978)

This paper introduces a new technique for TV standards conversion called "adaptive intra-frame line interpolation". The configuration and the performance of a digital converter developed by using the technique are also described. In the present converter, an input picture is divided into still and moving areas by measuring frame difference signals, and suitable interpolation parameters are adaptively chosen for each area. This method brings good results to both areas. Especially, the converter has enabled the converted picture to recover high vertical resolution of more than 350 TV lines in still pictures, which has never been obtained by any conventional intra-field line interpolation.
Robust Mechanochromic Elastic One‐Dimensional Photonic Hydrogels for Touch Sensing and Flexible Displays (2014)

Mechanochromic materials which control their color variation by straightforward effective mechanical stimuli are useful for applications including switches, display devices, and sensors. It is still challenging to create mechnochromic materials with wide‐range color tunability, fast response, and sensitivity to pressure <10 kPa. Here a facile strategy to fabricate very sensitive and reversibly mechanochromic elastic photonic hydrogels (EPHs) is demonstrated. The hydrogels exhibit reversible full‐color variation within 1 s under each compression–decompression cycle. Importantly, EPH films display versatile touch‐induced chromatic behavior even under forces below 0.5 N or pressures down to 1 kPa. Furthermore, rewritable displays on EPH films are realized by the exertion of forces without any external inks. This work may provide a new way to develop smart skin materials with integrated functions of tactile sensing and color variation, as well as touch‐based flexible displays.
Determination of vibration phase with electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) (1992)

A novel stroboscopically-illuminated ESPI system is described for the simultaneous measurement of vibration amplitude and phase. The technique involves modulating both the illuminating pulse phase relative to the vibration, and the optical phase of the interferometer reference beam to generate eight video frames which are processed to yield vibration amplitude and phase.
Prediction of hot spot residues at protein-protein interfaces by combining machine learning and energy-based methods (2009)

We have developed an hybrid scheme in which energy terms are used as input features of machine learning models. This strategy combines the strengths of machine learning and energy-based methods. Although so far these two types of approaches have mainly been applied separately to biomolecular problems, the results of our investigation indicate that there are substantial benefits to be gained by their integration.
Adaptive Multivarable Drug Delivery: Control of Artenal Pressure and Cardiac Output in Anesthetized Dogs (1987)

An adaptive algorithm (CAMAC, control advance moving average controller) to control multiinput/multioutput physiological systems has been implemented and tested. The algorithm is a self-tuning controller that determines the input on the basis of the expected difference between the output and desired output at a time interval equal to or greater than the system dead time. The algorithm was used to simultaneously control mean arterial pressure and cardiac output in anesthetized dogs by the simultaneous computer-controlled infusion of sodium nitroprusside and dobutamine. The results demonstrate the feasibility of using CAMAC for multivariable drug delivery, but they indicate the need for further work before clinical applications are attempted.
Determinants of Antipsychotic Response in Schizophrenia (2014)

Proof-of-concept trials can be shorter and efficiency improved by including an even distribution of sexes and of patients with prominent symptomatology, thus reducing patient exposure to placebo and experimental treatments.
The Mimicking Octopus: Towards a one-size-fits-all Database Architecture (2010)

Modern enterprises need to pick the right DBMSs e.g. OLTP, OLAP, streaming systems, scan-oriented systems among others, each tailored to a specific use-case application, for their data managing problems. This makes using specialized solutions for each application costly due to licensing fees, integration overhead and DBA costs. Additionally, it is tedious to integrate these specialized solutions together. Alternatively, enterprises use a single specialized DBMS for all applications and thereby compromise heavily on performance. Further, a particular DBMS (e.g. row store) cannot adapt and change into a different DBMS (e.g. streaming system), as the workload changes, even though much of the code and technology is replicated anyways. In this paper we discuss building a new type of database system which fits several use-cases while reducing costs, boosting performance, and improving the ease-of-use at the same time. We present the research challenges in building such a system. We believe that by dropping the assumption of a fixed store, as in traditional systems like row store and column store, and instead having a flexible storage scheme we can realize much better performance without compromising the cost. We outline OctopusDB as our plan for such a system and discuss how it can mimic several existing as well as newer systems. To do so, we present the concept of storage view as an abstraction of all storage layouts in OctopusDB. We discuss how the heterogenous optimization problems in OctopusDB can be reduced to a single problem: storage view selection; and describe how a Holistic Storage View Optimizer can deal with it. We present simulation results to justify our core idea and experimental evidence on our initial prototype to demonstrate our approach. Finally, we detail the next steps in our work.
Rap1-GTP Is a Negative Regulator of Th Cell Function and Promotes the Generation of CD4+CD103+ Regulatory T Cells In Vivo (2005)

The small GTPase Rap1 is transiently activated during TCR ligation and regulates integrin-mediated adhesion. To understand the in vivo functions of Rap1 in regulating T cell immune responses, we generated transgenic (Tg) mice, which express the active GTP-bound mutant Rap1E63 in their T lymphocytes. Although Rap1E63-Tg T cells exhibited increased LFA-1-mediated adhesion, ERK1/2 activation and proliferation of Rap1E63-Tg CD4+ T cells were defective. Rap1E63-Tg T cells primed in vivo and restimulated with specific Ag in vitro, exhibited reduced proliferation and produced reduced levels of IL-2. Rap1E63-Tg mice had severely deficient T cell-dependent B cell responses, as determined by impaired Ig class switching. Rap1E63-Tg mice had an increased fraction of CD4+CD103+ regulatory T cells (Treg), which exhibited enhanced suppressive efficiency as compared with CD4+CD103+ Treg from normal littermate control mice. Depletion of CD103+ Treg significantly restored the impaired responses of Rap1E63-Tg CD4+ T cells. Thus Rap1-GTP is a negative regulator of Th cell responses and one mechanism responsible for this effect involves the increase of CD103+ Treg cell fraction. Our results show that Rap1-GTP promotes the generation of CD103+ Treg and may have significant implications in the development of strategies for in vitro generation of Treg for the purpose of novel immunotherapeutic approaches geared toward tolerance induction.
Immunochemical examination of the <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> glycocalyx: a monoclonal antibody which recognizes <scp>L</scp>-guluronic acid residues of alginic acid (1985)

Mice immunized with Formalin-fixed mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells developed an immune response directed, in part, towards the P. aeruginosa glycocalyx. The polyclonal mouse sera produced good immunofluorescent staining of the P. aeruginosa glycocalyx and cell surface. A library of 250 hybridoma cell lines which produced monoclonal antibodies directed against P. aeruginosa was established. Twelve clones (4.8%) produced antibody which reacted with alginate in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Clone Ps 53 was chosen for further study, cloned, and an ascites tumor established. Clone Ps 53 was chosen for further study because the antibody produced demonstrated a specificity similar to that of a recently isolated heparin--rat-lung lectin which recognizes alginates of the Homma nontypable P. aeruginosa strains. The Ps 53 clone produced an immunoglobulin M which reacted with P. aeruginosa alginate and produced good immunofluorescent staining of the P. aeruginosa glycocalyx. The Ps 53 monoclonal antibody has an apparent specificity for L-guluronic residues in ELISA. Competitive binding studies with various alginates and monosaccharides suggest that the C6 carboxyl group of uronic acids are recognized by the antibody and that the antigen-binding site is fairly large and may recognize a particular sequence or epitope of alginic acid which is rich in L-guluronic acid. The Ps 53 monoclonal antibody did not react uniformily with all P. aeruginosa alginates but did react with all of the alginates of the Homma nontypable strains tested, suggesting that acetylation or various modifications found in P. aeruginosa alginates may interfere with antibody binding and define specific epitopes. The Ps 53 antibody also reacted with purified outer membrane, indicating that some alginate or L-guluronic acid is intimately associated with outer membrane.
Molecular epidemiology of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. (2009)

1. Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains with diverse genetic backgrounds are emerging in Hong Kong. 2. Intra-familial spread of community-associated MRSA is common.
Cellular Magnetic Resonance Imaging Using Superparamagnetic Anionic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Applications to In Vivo Trafficking of Lymphocytes and Cell-Based Anticancer Therapy (2009)

In current cancer research, the application of cytotoxic T lymphocytes with specificity to tumor antigens is regarded as a real therapeutic hope. The objective of imaging is to provide a follow-up of these killer cells in real time, in order to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms and action modes of lymphocytes on the tumor. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has the advantage of the innocuousness of the applied magnetic field. Moreover, it has an exceptional spatial resolution allowing the visualization of anatomical areas without in-depth limitations. These features make MRI particularly adapted for cellular imaging. The use of " (ultrasmall) superparamagnetic iron oxide " particles [(U) SPIO] offers the adequate sensitivity required for cellular imaging. To promote a sufficient capture of these particles in nonphagocytic cells and make the cell of interest " detectable " by MRI after its injection, an important challenge in cellular imaging is to develop improved cell-labeling techniques. Superparamagnetic anionic nanoparticles (iron oxides of 10-nm diameter) are adsorbed in a nonspecific way on the membrane of the majority of cells, allowing their spontaneous internalization in intracellular vesicles. This pathway of cellular labeling confers a particular status to these nanoparticles as MRI contrast agents; the cells labeled in this manner possess magnetic and contrast properties that allow their in vivo detection and follow-up by MRI. This chapter describes the synthesis, the potential use, and the features of cellular labeling with these types of anionic nanoparticles. We also focus on the MRI contrast properties of the labeled cells, as well as on the feasibility of in vivo detection of immunizing circulating cells by MRI, with direct implications in cell-based anticancer therapy using lymphocytes.
Synthesis of rare gas-halide mixtures resulting in efficient XeF(<i>C</i>→<i>A</i>) laser oscillation (1984)

Significantly improved XeF(C→A) laser performance has been achieved using electron beam excitation of complex, multicomponent gas mixtures specifically tailored so as to reduce medium transient absorption in the blue-green region. Use of Ar and Kr together as the effective rare gas buffer-energy transfer species, along with a combination of NF3 and F2 to produce the desired F-donor molecule characteristics, has permitted synthesis of near optimum medium properties for which XeF(C) is produced efficiently while transient absorption is minimized. With this technique we have achieved laser pulse energy density and intrinsic efficiency of 2.2±0.3 J/l and ∼1.5%, respectively, values that are comparable to those of the B→X rare gas-halide lasers.