gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ueber die Erregung von Electricität und Wärme in Electrolyten (1890)

Wahrend unsere Kenntnisse iiber die Electricitatsleitung in Metallen noch derartig unsicher sind, dass bekanntlich noch heutzutage gilnzlich verschiedenartige Anschauungen nebeneinander Platz haben, ist in neuerer Zeit ein bis ins einzelne gehender Einblick in die entsprechenden Vorgange bei electrolytischen Leitern moglich geworden.Diesen Portschritt verdankt man in erster Linie den Untersuehungen von F
Tumor-targeting <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> A1-R in combination with doxorubicin eradicate soft tissue sarcoma in a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) model (2016)

A patient with high grade undifferentiated pleomorphic soft-tissue sarcoma from a striated muscle was grown orthotopically in the right biceps femoris muscle of mice to establish a patient-derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) model. Twenty PDOX mice were divided into 4 groups: G1, control without treatment; G2, Salmonella typhimurium (S. typhimurium)A1-R administered by intratumoral (i.t.) injection once a week for 4 weeks; G3, doxorubicin (DOX) administered by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection once a week for 4 weeks; G4, S. typhimurium A1-R (i.t.) administered once a week for 2 weeks followed by i.p. doxorubicin once a week for 2 weeks. On day 25 from the initiation of treatment, tumor volume in G2, G3, and G4 was significantly lower than G1. Mice found without gross tumor included one mouse (20%) in G2; one mouse (20%) in G3; and 3 mice (60%) in G4. Body weight loss did not significantly differ between the 3 treated groups or from the untreated control. Histological examination revealed eradication of tumor only in G4 where mice were treated with S. typhimurium A1-R followed by DOX. Our present study indicates future clinical potential of combining S. typhimurium A1-R with chemotherapy such as DOX for soft tissue sarcoma patients.
Schon, Donald A. The Reflective Practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action . New York: Basic Books, 1983. (1983)

Describes various facets of reflection-in-action by practitioners in diverse fields, including education.
Ultralow-voltage image intensifiers (1976)

A novel reflective image intensifier based on the twisted nematic electro-optic effect is described. The device can be read out with intense actinic radiation without need for an optical blocking layer. Images of very high resolution and excellent tonal range can be obtained at voltage levels as low as 1.6 Vrms.
Application of Lignin (I). Preparation of Active Carbon and It's Adsorptivity (1976)

1기압하에서 한국산 소나무로부터 lignin을 추출할 수 있는 실험실에서의 최적 조건을 구했고, m.p, 증색반응, IR등의 방법으로 순수한 lignin임을 확인했다. 추출한 순수 lignin을 진한 황산으로 탄화한 후 전기로 속에서 650 $^{\circ)C$ 로 공기 부활하여 활성탄을 제조하였다. 이 활성탄의 광전 비색계에 의한 흡착능을 조사한 결과 89%였다 【The purpose of this paper is to use lignin. Lignin was obtained by digestion of Korean pine wood, purified, and identified. After carbonizing lignin by con $c-H_2SO_4$ , the resulting carbon was converted into active carbon by activating it in the electric kiln. The adsorptivity of this active carbon was obtained by measurement with a spectro-photometer. It has been found as a result that adsorption power is 89%】
An anti‐hapten camelid antibody reveals a cryptic binding site with significant energetic contributions from a nonhypervariable loop (2011)

Conventional anti-hapten antibodies typically bind low-molecular weight compounds (haptens) in the crevice between the variable heavy and light chains. Conversely, heavy chain-only camelid antibodies, which lack a light chain, must rely entirely on a single variable domain to recognize haptens. While several anti-hapten VHHs have been generated, little is known regarding the underlying structural and thermodynamic basis for hapten recognition. Here, an anti-methotrexate VHH (anti-MTX VHH) was generated using grafting methods whereby the three complementarity determining regions (CDRs) were inserted onto an existing VHH framework. Thermodynamic analysis of the anti-MTX VHH CDR1-3 Graft revealed a micromolar binding affinity, while the crystal structure of the complex revealed a somewhat surprising noncanonical binding site which involved MTX tunneling under the CDR1 loop. Due to the close proximity of MTX to CDR4, a nonhypervariable loop, the CDR4 loop sequence was subsequently introduced into the CDR1-3 graft, which resulted in a dramatic 1000-fold increase in the binding affinity. Crystal structure analysis of both the free and complex anti-MTX CDR1-4 graft revealed CDR4 plays a significant role in both intermolecular contacts and binding site conformation that appear to contribute toward high affinity binding. Additionally, the anti-MTX VHH possessed relatively high specificity for MTX over closely related compounds aminopterin and folate, demonstrating that VHH domains are capable of binding low-molecular weight ligands with high affinity and specificity, despite their reduced interface.
The First Approved Agent in the Glitazar’s Class: Saroglitazar (2014)

The new chemical entity (NCE) has been knocked as novel antidiabetic agent, e.g. Saroglitazar. Saroglitazar is a drug for the treatment of Type II diabetes. Saroglitazar is marketed under the trade name Lipaglyn, developed by the Zydus Cadila. Lipaglyn is the first indigenously developed NCE by any Indian pharmaceutical company, ever. Lipaglyn has been approved for the treatment of Type II diabetes by the Drug Controller General of India in June 2013. Lipaglyn is indicated for the patients suffering from diabetes dyslipidemia. It also provides the option of a once-daily oral therapy. Saroglitazar regulates the lipid parameters as well as glycemic control. The present article describes Saroglitazar with its chemical synthesis and patent status with its summary of clinical studies.
<i>Ab initio</i>study of the stabilities of and mechanism of superionic transport in lithium-rich antiperovskites (2013)

Recently, a family of halogen-based Li-rich antiperovskites were synthesized [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 134, 15042 (2012)], and the measured superionic conductivity makes these materials promising candidates as solid electrolytes for applications in Li-ion and Li-air batteries. This discovery raises several pressing issues on the fundamental physics concerning the thermodynamic and electrochemical stability of the synthesized materials and the mechanism of the observed superionic Li${}^{+}$ transport. Here, we study the reported antiperovskites Li${}_{3}$OCl, Li${}_{3}$OBr, and their mixed compounds using first-principles density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulations. Our calculations show that these materials are thermodynamically metastable. Their large electronic band gaps and chemical stability against electrodes suggest the excellent electrochemical performance, which bodes well for the use in potentially harsh working conditions in practical battery applications. The calculated low activation enthalpy for Li-ion migration well below the crystal melting temperature and superionic transport near the Li sublattice melting state explain the experimentally observed phenomena. Our study identifies mobile Li vacancies and anion disorder as the primary driving mechanisms for superionic Li${}^{+}$ conductivity in the antiperovskites. This work unveils essential working principles of the Li-rich antiperovskites, which are crucial to further exploration, development, and application of these and other charge-inverted materials with tailored properties.
Theoretical Prediction of New High-Performance Lead-Free Piezoelectrics (2005)

We predict the occurrence of large ferroelectric polarization and piezoelectricity in the hypothetical perovskite-structure oxides, bismuth aluminate (BiAlO3) and bismuth gallate (BiGaO3), using density functional theory within the local density approximation. We show that BiGaO3 will have a similar structure to PbTiO3, although with much stronger tetragonal distortion and therefore improved ferroelectric properties. Likewise, BiAlO3 shares structural characteristics with antiferrodistortive PbZrO3, but it is also a ferroelectric with large polarization. Therefore, we propose the Bi(Al,Ga)O3 system as a replacement for the widely used piezoelectric material, Pb(Zr,Ti)O3 (PZT), that will avoid the environmental toxicity problems of lead-based compounds. Finally, we show that, in both BiAlO3 and BiGaO3, the large distortions from the prototypical cubic structure are driven by the stereochemical activity of the Bi lone pair.
Direct imaging of two-phase flows by electrical impedance measurements (1998)

This paper presents a two-phase flow direct imaging sensor, based on multiple electrical impedance measurements. The electrode configuration is optimized to provide imaged information on the phase distribution within the probe's sensing volume. As a consequence, the time evolution of the flow topology can be represented by simply plotting the signals corresponding to the peripheral impedance measurements, and therefore needs no numerical reconstruction from the experimental data. Several transient tests are performed in a two-phase air-water loop. They demonstrate that the sensor exhibits not only large structures such as slugs and plugs, but also some finer details such as the wavy or rugged interface in stratified flow, or liquid film drainage during the transition between intermittent and annular flows. The methodology proposed in this work constitutes a simple and inexpensive alternative to tomographic imaging techniques, and is thus fully adapted to online process monitoring of multiphase flow systems.
Integration Site‐Dependent Transgene Expression Used to Mark Subpopulations of Cells <i>in vivo</i>: An Example from the Neuromuscular Junction (1991)

To produce transgenic mice, an exogenous gene is inserted into the germ line, usually by injection of the DNA construct into a pronucleus of a fertilized egg. In most cases the transgene is integrated into the genome at a single random site. Frequently, the transgenes are combinations of regulatory elements from one gene and protein coding sequences from another gene, the reporter. As expected, the promoter in the construct usually controls the expression pattern of the reporter. In some cases, however, transgenes have been constructed with regulatory elements that are not able to direct transcription on their own. In animals containing such transgenes, the expression of the reporter is dependent on endogenous regulatory elements near the chromosomal site of transgene integration. In the present study, an Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase (lacZ) reporter gene linked to a weak promoter was selectively expressed in discrete subpopulations of cells in each of eight independently derived lines of mice. In one line (line 42), which we analyzed in detail, a subset of cells in skeletal muscle were lacZ-positive. Specifically, fibroblasts close to neuromuscular junctions expressed the lacZ-protein, whereas skeletal muscle fibroblasts far from synaptic sites and fibroblasts in other organs were lacZ-negative. Moreover, Schwann cells at nerve terminals were lacZ-positive, whereas Schwann cells in extramuscular nerves were lacZ-negative. These results indicate the existence of differences between perisynaptic and extrasynaptic fibroblasts in normal skeletal muscle. They also demonstrate how such transgenic mice can be used to identify and mark discrete cell populations.
Attempts to increase the yield of influenza virus from stored infected allantoic fluids. (1961)

The deposit or precipitate formed after storage at -20 degrees C of allantoic fluids infected with influenza virus contains a considerable amount of the virus. It has been found that by treatment of this material, after thawing, with sodium chloride and subsequent purification of the treated fluid, all the virus originally present can be recovered, thus ensuring against loss of virus and irregular titration results. The authors describe in detail the method developed, which should prove useful in large-scale production of influenza vaccine when the material has to be stored in the deep-freeze for some time.
Design of bipolar pulse generator for ferroelectric electron emission excitation (2000)

A versatile high voltage (0/spl sim//spl plusmn/8 kV) bipolar pulse generator is being developed, which generates two rectangular pulses, i.e. a negative pulse with a subsequent positive pulse or vice versa. The negative pulse is applied to excite ferroelectric electron emission by polarization reversal while the successive positive pulse is applied to rapidly recover the remnant polarization and prepare for the next ferroelectric electron emission process. The amplitudes and widths, as well as the interval and repetition rate of the bipolar pulses can be adjusted continuously and independently. Two Blumlein pulse forming lines (PFLs) with fast-turn-on, fast-turn-off high voltage switches are used to build the bipolar pulse generator for a ferroelectric electron emission project. One Blumlein PFL generates a positive pulse and the other Blumlein PFL generates a negative pulse. The two Blumlein PFLs are charged at the same time and are discharged at different times, in order to generate the bipolar pulses. The circuit design was simulated by PSpice simulation software. The results of low voltage and high voltage tests are described.
Synthesis of Various 3-Substituted 1,2,4-Oxadiazole-Containing Chiral β<sup>3</sup>- and α-Amino Acids from Fmoc-Protected Aspartic Acid (2003)

Various 3-substituted chiral 1,2,4-oxadiazole-containing Fmoc-beta(3)- and -alpha-amino acids were synthesized from Fmoc-(l or d)-Asp(OtBu)-OH and Fmoc-l-Asp-OtBu, respectively, in three steps (i.e., condensation of an aspartyl derivative with differentially substituted amidoximes, formation of the 1,2,4-oxadiazole, and cleavage of the tert-butyl ester). These compounds represent new series of nonnatural amino acids, which could be used in combinatorial synthesis. A simple protocol has been developed to generate the 1,2,4-oxadiazole ring. Indeed, common methods resulted in cleavage of the Fmoc group or required long reaction times. We found that sodium acetate in refluxing ethanol/water (86 degrees C) was a convenient and efficient catalyst to promote conversion of Fmoc-amino acyl amidoximes to 1,2,4-oxadiazoles, and this procedure proved to be compatible with Fmoc protection. It is shown that these compounds can be prepared without significant loss of enantiomerical purity. Furthermore, the alkaline conditions used to cleave the Fmoc protecting group from these compounds did not induce epimerization of their chiral center.
Survival enhancement and hemopoietic regeneration following radiation exposure: therapeutic approach using glucan and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. (1990)

C3H/HeN female mice were exposed to wholebody cobalt-60 radiation and administered soluble glucan (5 mg i.v. at 1 h following exposure), recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF; 2.5 micrograms/day s.c., days 3-12 following exposure), or both agents. Treatments were evaluated for their ability to enhance hemopoietic regeneration, and to increase survival after radiation-induced myelosuppression. Both glucan and G-CSF enhanced hemopoietic regeneration alone; however, greater effects were observed in mice receiving both agents. For example, on day 17 following a sublethal 6.5-Gy radiation exposure, mice treated with saline, G-CSF, glucan, or both agents, respectively, exhibited 36%, 65%, 50%, and 78% of normal bone marrow cellularity, and 84%, 175%, 152%, and 212% of normal splenic cellularity. At this same time, granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cell (GM-CFC) values in saline, G-CSF, glucan, or combination-treated mice, respectively, were 9%, 46%, 26%, and 57% of normal bone marrow values, and 57%, 937%, 364%, and 1477% of normal splenic values. Endogenous spleen colony formation was also increased in all treatment groups, with combination-treated mice exhibiting the greatest effects. Likewise, although both glucan and G-CSF alone enhanced survival following an 8-Gy radiation exposure, greatest survival was observed in mice treated with both agents. These studies suggest that glucan, a macrophage activator, can synergize with G-CSF to further accelerate hemopoietic regeneration and increase survival following radiation-induced myelosuppression.
Role of intracellular freezing in the death of cells cooled at supraoptimal rates. [Preservation of erythrocytes, bone marrow cells, and yeasts by freezing] (1976)

Cooling velocity is one of the major factors that determines whether viable cells can be frozen to temperatures that permit indefinite storage. Cooling either too slowly or too rapidly tends to be damaging. Optimum cooling rates are reported for mouse marrow stem cells, yeast, and human red cells.
원보 ; 장기저장 홍삼의 품질안정성 (1988)

Samples of red ginseng, which had been manufactured and packaged by the Korean Monopoly Corporation, were stored at ambient temperatures and humidities (12∼28° and 55∼68 percent) for one to nine years to examine their overall quality stability. The proximate compositions, contents of 50% ethanol and water extracts of the samples and the TLC and HPLC patterns of ginsenosides in the samples remained almost unchanged in all cases. The lipids and fatty acids in the samples, which are otherwise susceptible to oxidation, were stable judged on the basis of the changes of the TLC and GLC patterns of the lipids and fatty acids. It was also found that polyunsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic(C18:2) and linolenic acid(C18:3) present in the samples had been very stable during the long storage periods. It, therefore, seems that the autoxidations of the lipid and fatty acids of red ginseng were prevented by antioxidative compounds which will be progressively formed in red ginseng through non-enzymatic browning reactions during manufacturing process and long-term storage.
Review of Artificial Intelligence (2019)

Over numerous hundreds of years, devices of expanding refinement have been created to serve humankind Digital PCs are, in numerous regards, simply one more instrument. They can play out the very kind of mathematical and representative controls that a standard individual can, yet quicker and all the more dependably. This paper speaks to audit of man-made consciousness calculations applying in PC application and programming. Incorporate information based frameworks; computational knowledge, which prompts artificial insight, is the study of emulating human intellectual capacities in a PC. That helps Physician to make dismemberment in clinical finding.
CDK inhibitor enhances the sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil in colorectal cancer cells (2008)

Thymidylate synthase (TS) is a dNTP synthetic enzyme and is also a target enzyme of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). 5-FU is one of the anticancer agents most frequently used for the treatment of colorectal cancers. However, the clinical rate of response to its use as a single agent is not exceptionally high. Therefore, various combination chemotherapies have been devised. The elevated expression of TS in cancer cells is a serious obstacle in the clinical use of 5-FU. In the present study, TS expression was up-regulated by the knockout of the p21WAF1/CIP1 gene in human colorectal cancer HCT116 cells, suggesting that TS expression is mediated through the inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK). Based on these findings, we tested whether the CDK inhibitor (CDKI) SU9516, acted as a suppressor of TS. SU9516 effectively reduced the expression of TS in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the reduction of TS expression resulted in enhancement of the sensitivity to 5-FU in human colon cancer DLD-1 cells. Thus, SU9516 might be a promising compound for combination chemotherapy with 5-FU.
A Novel Technique for Data Extraction from Hidden Web Databases (2011)

The large amount of information on web is stored in backend databases which are not indexed by traditional search engines. Such databases are referred to as Hidden web databases and extraction of this hidden web content is a potential research area as the pages are dynamically created through search query interfaces. However, direct query through this search interface is laborious way to search. Hence, there has been increased interest in retrieval and integration of hidden web data with a view to give high quality information to the web user. This paper proposes a novel approach that identifies Web page templates and the tag structures of a document in order to extract structured data from hidden web sources as the results returned in response to a user query are typically presented using template generated Web pages.
A 300 MHz digital double-sideband to single-sideband converter in 1 μm CMOS (1995)

A 43-tap FIR Hilbert transform digital filter chip is described which implements both a double-sideband (DSB) to single-sideband (SSB) conversion with a decimation-by-2 and the converse operation of a SSB to DSB conversion with an interpolation-by-2. Over 70 dB of image rejection is achieved by the Hilbert transform filter. The 3.57/spl times/7.07 mm/sup 2/, 45 000 transistor chip was fabricated in a 1 /spl mu/m N-well CMOS process and operates at sample rates in excess of 300 MHz.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Increased levels of fibroblast growth factor-like activity in urine from patients with bladder or kidney cancer. (1988)

Growth factor activity was partially purified from human renal tumors and a human bladder cancer cell line by heparin-Sepharose chromatography. This activity stimulated bovine capillary endothelial cell proliferation and DNA synthesis in BALB/c 3T3 cells. Partially purified growth factor preparations from these tumors contained a protein with an approximate molecular weight of 17,000 which was recognized by a polyclonal antiserum raised against a peptide fragment of basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF). This growth factor activity appears to be related to basic fibroblast growth factor. Measurement of FGF-like activity in 50 urine samples from 32 adult males showed that 55% (6 of 11) of the urine samples from patients with bladder cancer and 100% (7 of 7) of the urine samples from patients with kidney cancer contained activity equivalent to more than 20 ng of basic FGF/h of urine production. In contrast, only 6% (2 of 32) of the urine samples from controls, patients with a benign disease, or patients with a history of bladder or kidney cancer contained this level of growth factor activity. These results suggest that patients with bladder or kidney cancer release an FGF-like factor into urine which may be used as a marker for these tumors.
Photo-curable Resins for UV Nanoinprint and their Evaluation Methods (2009)

ナノインプリント法は近年ナノ加工の有望な手段として注目を集めている．とくに光硬化性樹脂を被転写材料として使用する光ナノインプリントは，低コスト化を可能とし量産プロセスへの適用が期待できる．この技術に使用する光硬化性樹脂の要求される特性は，基本プロセス特性と用途別特性に大別される．本報では，7 種類の樹脂を用い，それぞれの特性評価方法を例示し，その違いを述べた．基本プロセス特性は，インプリントプロセスを歩留まり良く行うために必要であり，離型性，機械的特性，反応率についての検討結果を示した．とくに離型性についての検討は重要であり，改善検討が進められている．用途別特性は，最終製品の機能発現に関係し，その製品ごとに要求項目が異なる．本報では，熱特性，透明性，RTR 転写，ドライエッチング，めっきプロセスの検討結果を示した．