gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Qualitative and Quantitative Late Blight Resistance in the Potato Cultivar Sarpo Mira Is Determined by the Perception of Five Distinct RXLR Effectors (2012)

Potato defends against Phytophthora infestans infection by resistance (R)-gene-based qualitative resistance as well as a quantitative field resistance. R genes are renowned to be rapidly overcome by this oomycete, and potato cultivars with a decent and durable resistance to current P. infestans populations are hardly available. However, potato cultivar Sarpo Mira has retained resistance in the field over several years. We dissected the resistance of 'Sarpo Mira' in a segregating population by matching the responses to P. infestans RXLR effectors with race-specific resistance to differential strains. The resistance is based on the combination of four pyramided qualitative R genes and a quantitative R gene that was associated with field resistance. The qualitative R genes include R3a, R3b, R4, and the newly identified Rpi-Smira1. The qualitative resistances matched responses to avirulence (AVR)3a, AVR3b, AVR4, and AVRSmira1 RXLR effectors and were overcome by particular P. infestans strains. The quantitative resistance was determined to be conferred by a novel gene, Rpi-Smira2. It was only detected under field conditions and was associated with responses to the RXLR effector AvrSmira2. We foresee that effector-based resistance breeding will facilitate selecting and combining qualitative and quantitative resistances that may lead to a more durable resistance to late blight.
Pinocchio: Nearly Practical Verifiable Computation. (2013)

To instill greater confidence in computations outsourced to the cloud, clients should be able to verify the correctness of the results returned. To this end, we introduce Pinocchio, a built system for efficiently verifying general computations while relying only on cryptographic assumptions. With Pinocchio, the client creates a public evaluation key to describe her computation; this setup is proportional to evaluating the computation once. The worker then evaluates the computation on a particular input and uses the evaluation key to produce a proof of correctness. The proof is only 288 bytes, regardless of the computation performed or the size of the inputs and outputs. Anyone can use a public verification key to check the proof. Crucially, our evaluation on seven applications demonstrates that Pinocchio is efficient in practice too. Pinocchio’s verification time is typically 10ms: 5-7 orders of magnitude less than previous work; indeed Pinocchio is the first general-purpose system to demonstrate verification cheaper than native execution (for some apps). Pinocchio also reduces the worker’s proof effort by an additional 19-60×. As an additional feature, Pinocchio generalizes to zero-knowledge proofs at a negligible cost over the base protocol. Finally, to aid development, Pinocchio provides an end-to-end toolchain that compiles a subset of C into programs that implement the verifiable computation protocol. 1
Sleepiness in Different Situations Measured by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (1994)

This investigation examines how the sleep propensity (SP) in one test situation, such as the Multiple Sleep Latency Test (MSLT), is related to sleepiness in daily life, as assessed by the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). This is a self-administered questionnaire, the item scores from which provide a new method for measuring SPs in eight different real-life situations. The ESS item scores were analyzed separately in four groups of subjects: 150 adult patients with a variety of sleep disorders, 87 medical students who answered the ESS on two occasions 5 months apart, 44 patients who also had MSLTs and 50 patients whose spouses also answered the ESS about their partner's sleepiness. The ESS item scores were shown to be reliable (mean rho = 0.56, p < 0.001). The SP measured by the MSLT was related to three of the eight item scores in a multiple regression (r = 0.64, p < 0.001). The results of nonparametric ANOVA, Spearman correlations, Wilcoxon's t tests, item and factor analysis suggest that individual measurements of SP involve three components of variation in addition to short-term changes over periods of hours or days: a general characteristic of the subject (his average SP), a general characteristic of the situation in which SP is measured (its soporific nature) and a third component that is specific for both subject and situation. The SP in one test situation, including the MSLT, may not be a reliable indicator of a subject's average SP in daily life. Perhaps we should reexamine the current concept of daytime sleepiness and its measurement.
Small-angle x-ray scattering studies of human breast tissue samples (2002)

Small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) patterns are recorded from thin breast tissue samples containing healthy and cancerous regions. The SAXS patterns are compared with histo-pathological observations. The information available from SAXS is reviewed, and a model for scattering from collagen is presented. Scattering patterns of collagen at regions far from the tumours are essentially different from those at tumours. The axial period of collagen fibrils is 65.0 +/- 0.1 nm in healthy regions, and 0.3 nm larger in cancer-invaded regions. The average intensity of scattering from cancerous regions is an order of magnitude higher than the intensity from healthy regions. This is interpreted to arise from an increase of the specific surface area of the scatterers, which is due to a disruption of the molecular and supra-molecular structures in cancerous regions and invasion of new types of cells. The differences of the SAXS patterns are large and distinctive enough to suggest that these phenomena may be utilized in mammography.
Two-dimensional simulation of ac-driven microplasmas confined to 100–300μm diameter cylindrical microcavities in dielectric barrier devices (2006)

Cylindrical microcavity plasma devices with diameters (D) in the 100–300μm range and a dielectric barrier structure similar to that described by Park et al. [J. Appl. Phys. 99, 026107 (2006)] for Al∕Al2O3 devices have been investigated numerically. A two-dimensional fluid simulation of microplasmas in Ne/7% Xe gas mixtures with pD values (where p is the total gas pressure) in the 3–9Torrcm interval yields the temporal history of the spatially resolved electron and ion number densities in response to a 250kHz bipolar excitation wave form. Calculations show two distinct regions of plasma development, along the microcavity axis and near the wall, each of which dominates the plasma characteristics in separate pD regions. For low pD values (&lt;4Torrcm), the negative glow produced at the cavity wall extends to the microcavity axis which, in combination with the strong axial electric field, produces an intense glow discharge on axis. For 4≲pD≲6Torrcm, a weakened axial discharge is observed early in the life of the plasma but the radial variation of the electron density flattens. Further increases in the gas pressure (to the largest pD values investigated, 6–9Torrcm) result in the retreat of the negative glow to the vicinity of the microcavity wall, thereby producing a diffuse but annular discharge. Even at the higher pD values, the axial discharge appears to facilitate ignition of the negative glow. The predictions of the simulations are consistent with the behavior of Al∕Al2O3 microplasma devices for which D=100–300μm.
Process Mineralogy and Flotation Kinetic of a Copper Oxide Ore during Sulfuration Flotation (2013)

This study aims to investigate the process mineralogy of the Dishui copper ore in Xinjiang and determine the flotation kinetic equations of this copper ore during the sulfuration flotation process. The results indicate cuprite is the main form of oxide copper minerals, which is difficult to be vulcanized and floated. The fitting of flotation date to a flotation kinetic equation shows that the copper oxide ore, cuprite, malachite and chrysocolla in this ore are consistent with a first order kinetic equation. The rate constants for copper oxide, cuprite, malachite and chrysocolla are 0.152, 0.104, 0.248 and 0.210 respectively. Thus, the flotation of cuprite in the ore is very important to improve the total recovery of the copper oxide ore.
Detoxification of Staphylococcal   Toxin by Hydrocortisone and Methylprednisolone (1978)

SUMMARY The effects of hydrocortisone (HC) and methylprednisolone (MP) on the biological activities of staphylococcol α toxin were studied. Incubation of either HC or MP at concentrations of 4-8 mg per ml with purified a toxin (690 HU per ml) reduced or eliminated haemolytic activity for rabbit red cells, intraperitoneal lethality for mice, and dermonecrotic activity for rabbits. Detoxification was related to the dose of steroid, and MP was slightly more active than HC. The mechanism of detoxification apparently involves a direct molecular interaction between a toxin and steroid, and pretreatment of animals with HC or MP did not enhance their resistance to the subsequent effects of toxin.
High-power lasers (1978)

Since the first demonstrations of laser beams in the early 1960s, technological advances have extended the list of potential applications. Already proven in a variety of industrial applications, single lasers are used for welding, cutting, surface hardening, and surface alloying. Research on high-energy laser-induced thermonuclear fusion is underway in several laboratories. Research efforts include glass and chemical lasers and a magnetic confinement approach. Uranium isotope separation programs are using both visible and infrared laser light to develop a viable uranium enrichment process. Future research will explore laser space propulsion as a way to construct orbiting solar power stations.
Pilot program sheds light on improved services. (1999)

This report focuses on the individual reproductive health status of women of childbearing age in China. The sample population included 90.1% rural women and 9.9% urban women; 89.5% Han women and 10.5% ethnic minority women. 53.7% of the women had knowledge about menstruation, 68% had not attended any organized gynecological examinations in the past 2 years, and only a few of them (11.9%) had knowledge about breast self-examination. Furthermore, induced abortion was more frequent among urban women; the highest rate was found in the 35-49 age group. Although more women had prenatal health examination, the frequency was from 1 to 5 times, indicating unsatisfactory maternal and child health care. Contraceptive use was found among 87.2% of the women mostly following suggestions of family planning workers. Most of these women had a high degree of satisfaction for the method used. Awareness of IUDs was highest, followed by female sterilization. Finally, awareness of reproductive tract infections was below average level; awareness decreased with an increase in age.
The performance of multiprogrammed multiprocessor scheduling algorithms (1990)

Scheduling policies for general purpose multiprogrammed multiprocessors are not well understood. This paper examines various policies to determine which properties of a scheduling policy are the most significant determinants of performance. We compare a more comprehensive set of policies than previous work, including one important scheduling policy that has not previously been examined. We also compare the policies under workloads that we feel are more realistic than previous studies have used. Using these new workloads, we arrive at different conclusions than reported in earlier work. In particular, we find that the “smallest number of processes first” (SNPF) scheduling discipline performs poorly, even when the number of processes in a job is positively correlated with the total service demand of the job. We also find that policies that allocate an equal fraction of the processing power to each job in the system perform better, on the whole, than policies that allocate processing power unequally. Finally, we find that for lock access synchronization, dividing processing power equally among all jobs in the system is a more effective property of a scheduling policy than the property of minimizing synchronization spin-waiting, unless demand for synchronization is extremely high. (The latter property is implemented by coscheduling processes within a job, or by using a thread management package that avoids preemption of processes that hold spinlocks.) Our studies are done by simulating abstract models of the system and the workloads.
Heparin Reacts With and Inactivates Nitric Oxide (2001)

Although heparin is a well-known anticoagulant, in some cases it promotes a prothrombotic state and does so through both antibody-dependent and antibody-independent platelet activation. In this study, heparin was found to reverse the antiplatelet effect of an NO donor. S-nitroso-glutathione (SNO-Glu), with an EC(50) of 1.8 U/mL. Ultraviolet/visible spectral analysis and the Griess assay showed that increasing heparin concentrations on a dose-dependent basis eliminated acidified NO(x) species. Since heparin is a heterogeneous mixture of glycosaminoglycans, the effects of six different heparin disaccharides were compared with various substitutions on the hexose rings to determine which functional group(s) of the polysaccharide interact with acidified NO(x). Among the six disaccharides tested, only types I-S and II-S had the effect, suggesting that the sulfamino-group at the C2 position of the glucosamine moiety was critical for the elimination of acidified NO(x) species. Mass spectrometry experiments gave results consistent with these observations, indicating that only the I-S and II-S heparin disaccharides were modified upon treatment with NaNO(2)/HCl. Negative-ion electro-spray ionization MS and tandem MS analyses of the native compounds and their deuterium-labeled analogs confirmed that the reaction products from nitrosation of these N-sulfated disaccharides had eliminated the C2-sulfamino-moiety and replaced it with methoxide derived from the solvent. Participation of the 6-sulfato-substituent appears to facilitate the elimination reaction. These data show that heparin can impair the antiplatelet properties of nitric oxide by interacting with the nitrosating species, and suggest that heparin-like glycosamino-glycans may interact with endothelium-derived nitric oxide in vivo to regulate the bioactivity of this important antiplatelet and vasorelaxant substance.
A fast dose calculation method based on table lookup for IMRT optimization (2003)

This note describes a fast dose calculation method that can be used to speed up the optimization process in intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). Most iterative optimization algorithms in IMRT require a large number of dose calculations to achieve convergence and therefore the total amount of time needed for the IMRT planning can be substantially reduced by using a faster dose calculation method. The method that is described in this note relies on an accurate dose calculation engine that is used to calculate an approximate dose kernel for each beam used in the treatment plan. Once the kernel is computed and saved, subsequent dose calculations can be done rapidly by looking up this kernel. Inaccuracies due to the approximate nature of the kernel in this method can be reduced by performing scheduled kernel updates. This fast dose calculation method can be performed more than two orders of magnitude faster than the typical superposition/convolution methods and therefore is suitable for applications in which speed is critical, e.g., in an IMRT optimization that requires a simulated annealing optimization algorithm or in a practical IMRT beam-angle optimization system.
Surface-oxidation epitaxy of Ni-clad Ni-20wt%Cr and Ni-clad austenitic stainless steel tapes for Y-Ba-Cu-O coated conductors (2001)

We have prepared Ni-clad Ni-20wt%Cr (Ni/NiCr) and Ni-clad austenitic stainless steel (Ni/SS) tapes for YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub x/ (YBCO) coated conductors with higher strength and lower magnetism than those of pure nickel tape. Highly {100}<001> textured nickel outermost layers on those composite tapes were obtained by cold-rolling and subsequent heat treatment. The surfaces of Ni/NiCr composite tape and Ni/SS composite tape are favorable for epitaxial NiO growth by the surface-oxidation epitaxy (SOE) method. Highly {100}<001> textured NiO layers were formed on those textured composite tapes, as on cube-textured pure nickel tapes. Biaxially textured YBCO films were grown on SOE-NiO layers by the pulsed laser deposition (PLD) method. A thin MgO cap layer deposited on NiO layer improved the surface qualities of NiO, so that the YBCO films with a high critical current density (J/sub c/) of 1.0/spl times/10/sup 5/ A/cm/sup 2/ (77 K, 0 T) have been obtained on SOE-NiO with MgO cap layer on Ni/NiCr composite tape.
Epsin 1 Undergoes Nucleocytosolic Shuttling and Its Eps15 Interactor Nh2-Terminal Homology (Enth) Domain, Structurally Similar to <i>Armadillo</i> and Heat Repeats, Interacts with the Transcription Factor Promyelocytic Leukemia Zn2+ Finger Protein (Plzf) (2000)

Epsin (Eps15 interactor) is a cytosolic protein involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis via its direct interactions with clathrin, the clathrin adaptor AP-2, and Eps15. The NH(2)-terminal portion of epsin contains a phylogenetically conserved module of unknown function, known as the ENTH domain (epsin NH(2)-terminal homology domain). We have now solved the crystal structure of rat epsin 1 ENTH domain to 1.8 A resolution. This domain is structurally similar to armadillo and Heat repeats of beta-catenin and karyopherin-beta, respectively. We have also identified and characterized the interaction of epsin 1, via the ENTH domain, with the transcription factor promyelocytic leukemia Zn(2)+ finger protein (PLZF). Leptomycin B, an antifungal antibiotic, which inhibits the Crm1- dependent nuclear export pathway, induces an accumulation of epsin 1 in the nucleus. These findings suggest that epsin 1 may function in a signaling pathway connecting the endocytic machinery to the regulation of nuclear function.
Interactions Between Dietary Fat, Fish, and Fish Oils and Their Effects on Platelet Function in Men at Risk of Cardiovascular Disease (1997)

Recent studies have suggested that omega 3-fats of marine origin may have a protective role in heart disease. This study aimed to compare the effects of fish or fish oil, in the setting of a high- or low-fat diet, on platelet aggregation and platelet thromboxane in men with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. One hundred twenty men who were nonsmokers, 30 to 60 years old, with mildly elevated blood pressure and cholesterol were randomly allocated to one of five high-fat (40% of daily energy) or two low-fat (30%) groups for 12 weeks. The five high-fat groups took either 6 or 12 fish oil capsules daily; fish; a combination of fish and fish oil; or placebo capsules. The two low-fat groups took either fish or placebo capsules. Fish meals provided 1.3 g of eicosapentaenoic acid daily, equivalent to 6 fish oil capsules, and contained an average of 3.65 g/d of omega 3-fatty acids. Multiple regression analysis of the combined groups showed that all groups taking omega 3-fatty acids reduced platelet aggregation to both collagen (P < .0001) and platelet-activating factor (PAF) (P < .05) and platelet thromboxane B2 responses (P < .05) to collagen-induced aggregation. The low-fat diet alone had no effect on PAF-induced platelet aggregation and only a small effect on platelet responses to collagen (P < .05). Platelet aggregation responses to PAF were reduced more by fish oil than fish in a high-fat diet, whereas fish had a greater effect when part of a low-fat rather than a high-fat diet. There was no significant difference in collagen-induced platelet aggregation or platelet thromboxane between fish and fish oils on a high or low fat intake. In conjunction with our previous findings of improvements in lipoproteins, blood pressure, and heart rate in this population, these results on platelet function suggest that dietary omega 3-fatty acids incorporated into a low- rather than a high-fat diet have a wider spectrum of more favorable effects on cardiovascular risk factors.
The Arithmetic of Active Management (1991)

(1991). The Arithmetic of Active Management. Financial Analysts Journal: Vol. 47, No. 1, pp. 7-9.
Fatigue damage mechanisms and damage evolution near cyclically loaded edges (2010)

A combined experimental and numerical approach was applied to develop a basic understanding of the fatigue damage process taking place at edges exposed to cyclic mechanical loads.
KAHLUA: a hierarchical circuit disassembler (1987)

A new tool called a circuit disassembler has been developed to transform a mask level layout into an equivalent symbolic layout. This technique has been implemented in the program called KAHLUA that can handle mask layout containing arbitrary Manhattan geometry and is independent of the circuit technology. Circuits designed using physical layout systems can be automatically disassembled into a symbolic environment. Once converted, the disassembled cells can be manipulated further by any existing symbolic design or verification tools. In particular, these cells can be automatically remapped for a new technology. Our formulation of the problem consists of two major stages: device extraction, and net decomposition. In the first stage the transistors and contacts are extracted from the layout to form leaf cells. In the second stage a set of symbolic wires is derived from the remaining interconnect geometry. KAHLUA has been tested on a wide range of physical cells and has produced high quality results with modest execution times. An additional feature of the technique include the ability to disassemble hierarchically, which makes disassembling large layouts feasible.
On The D esign of Adiabatic SRAM s (1996)

In the design of low-power circuits, adiabatic logic shows great promise. However, research till date have concentrated on adiabatic logic circuits/families. Today's VLSlsystems integrate random logic, megamodules and memories. Hence, the success of adiabatic circuits will depend on the efficient implementation of not only random logic, but also the other components of a VLSI system. In this paper, we present a design of adiabatic Static RAM, which can be implemerited withorit greatly increasing area or circuit complexity. The design addresses the issue of building ultra-low power memory circuits in a VLSI system. Our results for a 41