gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ultraviolet disinfection of marginal effluents: determining ultraviolet absorbance and subsequent estimation of ultraviolet intensity (1998)

The ultraviolet (UV) absorbance characteristics of effluents with a wide range of water quality were measured using direct and integrating sphere spectroscopy. The point source summation (PSS) method was used to estimate the effect of three UV absorbance measurement techniques (filtered direct, unfiltered direct, and unfiltered integrating sphere) on estimation of UV intensity in a UV reactor. Intensity values estimated from the PSS model were compared with direct intensity measurements made with a chemical actinometer. Use of the integrating sphere method for measuring the UV absorbance of the bulk wastewater was validated experimentally with UV absorbance coefficients derived from chemical actinometry. Absorbance coefficient values derived from direct spectroscopy were significantly different from the actinometrically derived absorbance coefficients. Particulates in wastewater both absorbed and scattered UV light, decreasing the overall available UV radiation for disinfection. As compared to the integrating sphere method, use of either filtered or unfiltered direct absorbance to determine the UV intensity with the PSS model provided an overestimate or underestimate of UV intensity, respectively. No significant differences were observed between the chemical actinometry and point source summation methods of estimating UV intensity after accounting for experimental differences.
Degradation of High-Molar-Mass Hyaluronan and Characterization of Fragments (2007)

A sample of high-molar mass hyaluronan was oxidized by seven oxidative systems involving hydrogen peroxide, cupric chloride, ascorbic acid, and sodium hypochlorite in different concentrations and combinations. The process of the oxidative degradation of hyaluronan was monitored by rotational viscometry, while the fragments produced were investigated by size-exclusion chromatography, matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and non-isothermal chemiluminometry. The results obtained imply that the degradation of hyaluronan by these oxidative systems, some of which resemble the chemical combinations present in vivo in the inflamed joint, proceeds predominantly via hydroxyl radicals. The hyaluronan fragmentation occurred randomly and produced species with rather narrow and unimodal distribution of molar mass. Oxidative degradation not only reduces the molecular size of hyaluronan but also modifies its component monosaccharides, generating polymer fragments that may have properties substantially different from those of the original macromolecule.
Communication with Chaotic Lasers (1998)

Recent experiments with chaotic electronic circuits have shown the possibility of communication with chaos. The experimental demonstration of chaotic communication with an optical system is described. An erbium-doped fiber ring laser (EDFRL) was used to produce chaotic light with a wavelength of 1.53 micrometers. A small 10-megahertz message was embedded in the larger chaotic carrier and transmitted to a receiver system where the message was recovered from the chaos. Chaotic optical waveforms can thus be used to communicate masked information at high bandwidths.
Post-transcriptional Regulation of Gene Expression in Plants during Abiotic Stress (2009)

Land plants are anchored in one place for most of their life cycle and therefore must constantly adapt their growth and metabolism to abiotic stresses such as light intensity, temperature and the availability of water and essential minerals. Thus, plants' subsistence depends on their ability to regulate rapidly gene expression in order to adapt their physiology to their environment. Recent studies indicate that post-transcriptional regulations of gene expression play an important role in how plants respond to abiotic stresses. We will review the different mechanisms of post-transcriptional regulation of nuclear genes expression including messenger RNA (mRNA) processing, stability, localization and protein translation, and discuss their relative importance for plant adaptation to abiotic stress.
Nonxenogeneic Growth and Retinal Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (2013)

Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) possess tremendous potential for the field of regenerative medicine because of their ability to differentiate into any cell type of the body. Such ability has profound implications for translational medicine, because these cells have been implicated for use in cell replacement, disease modeling, and pharmacological screening. However, the translation of established methods for deriving retinal cell types from hiPSCs has been hindered by the use of xenogeneic products for their growth and differentiation. Thus, the ability to derive retinal cell types in the absence of xenogeneic products would represent a significant advancement. The following studies were therefore undertaken to test the ability of hiPSCs to give rise to retinal cells under nonxenogeneic conditions. hiPSCs were maintained in traditional, feeder-free, or xeno-free culture conditions, and their ability to differentiate to a retinal fate was tested. Upon differentiation under all three conditions, cells acquired advancing features of retinal development, eventually yielding cell types of the mature retina. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemistry confirmed early trends in gene and protein expression patterns in xeno-free derived hiPSCs similar to those in cells derived in mouse embryonic fibroblasts and in feeder-free conditions. Results from this study demonstrate that hiPSCs can be maintained and directed to differentiate into retinal cell types under nonxenogeneic conditions, similar to cells derived using current xenogeneic methodologies. The demonstration of this capability will facilitate future efforts to develop hiPSC-based therapies for retinal disorders and also help to advance in vitro studies of human retinal development.
Dry reforming of methane over a Ni/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> catalyst in a coaxial dielectric barrier discharge reactor (2011)

A coaxial double dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) reactor is developed for plasma-catalytic conversion of CH 4 and CO 2 into syngas and other valuable products. A supported metal catalyst (Ni/Al 2 O 3 ) reduced in a methane discharge is fully packed into the discharge region. The influence of the Ni/Al 2 O 3 catalyst packed into the gas gap on the electrical characteristics of the discharge is investigated. The introduction of the catalyst pellets leads to a transition in discharge behaviour from a typical filamentary microdischarge to a combination of spatially limited microdischarges and a predominant surface discharge on the catalyst surface. It is also found that the breakdown voltage of the CH 4 /CO 2 discharge significantly decreases when the reduced catalyst is fully packed in the discharge area. Conductive Ni active sites dispersed on the catalyst surface contribute to the expansion of the discharge and enhancement of charge transfer. In addition, plasma-catalytic dry reforming of CH 4 is carried out with the reduced Ni/Al 2 O 3 catalyst using a mixing ratio of CH 4 /CO 2 = 1 and a total flow rate of 50 ml min −1 . An increase in H 2 selectivity is observed compared with dry CH 4 reforming with no catalyst, while the H 2 /CO molar ratio significantly increases from 0.84 to 2.53 when the catalyst is present.
On a framework for employment of cryptographic components in software defined radio (2003)

This paper considers two elements relevant for developing a security framework in software defined radio systems. The following two issues are addressed: (i) an architecture for exchanging the cryptographic components which includes the tamper resistant hardware; and (ii) a discussion of pull versus push technologies for updating the software for the software defined terminals reconfiguration.
KlAft, the <i>Kluyveromyces lactis</i> Ortholog of Aft1 and Aft2, Mediates Activation of Iron-Responsive Transcription Through the PuCACCC Aft-Type Sequence (2009)

Iron homeostasis in fungi is regulated at the transcriptional level by two different mechanisms. It is mediated by a conserved GATA-type repressor in most fungi except in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, where it is controlled by the transcription activators Aft1 and Aft2. These activators are encoded by the paralogous genes AFT1 and AFT2, which result from the whole-genome duplication. Here, we explore regulation of iron homeostasis in the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis that diverged from S. cerevisiae before this event. We identify an ortholog of AFT1/AFT2, designated KlAFT, whose deletion leads to the inability to grow under iron limitation. We show with quantitative real-time PCR analysis that KlAft activates the transcription of all homologs of the Aft1-target genes involved in the iron transport at the cell surface in response to iron limitation. However, homologs of Aft2-specific target genes encoding intracellular iron transporters are regulated neither by KlAft nor by iron. Both bioinformatic and DNA binding and transcription analyses demonstrate that KlAft activates iron-responsive gene expression through the PuCACCC Aft-type sequence. Thus, K. lactis is the first documented species with a positive iron-transcriptional control mediated by only one copy of the Aft-type regulator. This indicates that this function was acquired before the whole-genome duplication and was then diversified into two regulators in S. cerevisiae.
Analytical modeling of silicon thermoelectric microcooler (2006)

Due to its inherently favorable properties, doped single-crystal silicon has potential application as an on-chip thermoelectric microcooler for advanced integrated circuits. In this paper, an analytical thermal model for silicon microcooler, which couples Peltier cooling with heat conduction and heat generation in the silicon substrate, and which includes heat conduction and heat generation in the metal lead, is derived and used to study the thermal characteristics of silicon thermoelectric microcoolers. The analytical modeling results are shown to be in good agreement with the experimental data and the results from electrothermal numerical simulations. The effects of metal lead, electric contact resistance, silicon doping concentrations, and microcooler sizes on the cooling performance are investigated. The cooling potential of such thermoelectric devices, represented by peak cooling and maximum cooling heat flux on the microcooler surface, is addressed.
DEVELOPING MEANINGFUL AGE-APPROPRIATE COMPETENCIES FOR CLINICAL SERVICES (1999)

The process used by one large urban hospital to develop a comprehensive program for all patient care services related to the delivery of age appropriate care is discussed. The experience of this organization in identifying age appropriate competencies, educating staff about these competencies, ensuring that all staff providing direct patient care were able to demonstrate these competencies in their practices, and documenting each step of the process can serve as a guide to other organizations facing similar challenges.
Synthesis of sequential circuits for easy testability through performance-oriented parallel partial scan (2002)

Testing of sequential circuits is greatly facilitated by using scan techniques to directly control and observe the latches. Adding scan capability after logic synthesis may incur significant area and delay overheads. For such cases, we present a technique called synthesis for parallel partial scan in which latches are incrementally selected for partial scan based on some new structural analysis criteria that we introduce. Delay overhead is minimized, in most cases made zero or nearly zero, by judiciously selecting the latches in the non-critical paths. A heuristic is used to maximally merge the scan logic with the combinational logic of the sequential circuit to minimize the area overhead. The latches used in our scheme are normal, non-scan latches. Experimental results on ISCAS '89 benchmarks resynthesized by our method indicate that we can, in general, achieve the same level of testability with fewer latches selected for partial scan, as compared to previous methods based on structural analysis.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Analysis of the role of the <i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> pv. <i>syringae</i> HrpZ harpin in elicitation of the hypersensitive response in tobacco using functionally non‐polar <i>hrpZ</i> deletion mutations, truncated HrpZ fragments, and <i>hrmA</i> mutations (1996)

Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae, like many plant pathogenic bacteria, secretes a 'harpin' protein that can elicit the hypersensitive response (HR), a defensive cellular suicide, in non-host plants. The harpin-encoding hrpZ gene is located in an operon that also encodes Hrp secretion pathway components and is part of the functional cluster of hrp genes carried on cosmid pHIR11 that enables saprophytic bacteria like Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens to elicit the HR in tobacco leaves. We have constructed functionally non-polar hrpZ deletion mutations, revealing that HrpZ is necessary for saprophytic bacteria carrying pHIR11 to elicit a typical HR, whereas it only enhances the elicitation activity of P. s. syringae. Partial deletion mutations revealed that the N-terminal 153 amino acids of HrpZ can enable E. coli MC4100-(pHIR11) to elicit a strong HR. hrpZ subclone products comprising the N-terminal 109 amino acids and C-terminal 216 amino acids, respectively, of the 341 amino acid protein were isolated and found to elicit the HR. P. fluorescens (pHIR11 hrmA::TnphoA) mutants do not elicit the HR, but cell fractionation and immunoblot analysis revealed that they produce and secrete wild-type levels of HrpZ. Therefore, elicitor activity resides in multiple regions of HrpZ, P. syringae produces elicitor(s) in addition to HrpZ, and HrpZ is essential but not sufficient for HR elicitation by saprophytic bacteria carrying pHIR11.
P<sub>2</sub> receptor: Subclassification and structure‐activity relationships (1993)

Abstract Structure‐activity relationships (SAR) at P2 receptors that support their subclassification into at least five nucleotide receptor subtypes, P 2Z , P 2T , P 2Y , P 2U , and P 2X , are reviewed. The P 2Z receptor is the most sensitive to alterations to ATP. The adenine base, D‐ribose sugar, and 5′‐triphosphate chain are absolute requirements, but substitutions are tolerated at the C‐2 position and replacement by sulphur of an ionized phosphate oxygen leads to enhanced potency. The P 2T receptor, where ADP is the only endogenous agonist, has an absolute requirement for the adenine base, D‐ribose sugar, and a 5′‐diphosphate chain. C‐2 substitution and replacement by sulphur of an ionized oxygen is tolerated. Many analogs of AMP and of ATP are antagonists. The P 2Y receptor requires an adenine base, D‐ribose, and a 5′‐polyphosphate for maximal potency only. C‐2 substitution, and replacement of an ionized oxygen by sulphur, can enhance potency. Methylenephosphonate potencies depend on the position of the methylene group. ADP‐β‐F is a specific agonist. The P 2X receptor is least sensitive to alterations to ATP. There is no requirement for and adenine base, D‐ribose sugar, or triphosphate chain. Methylenephosphonates and some phosphorothioates have enhanced potencies. L‐AMP‐PCP is a specific agonist. Evidence from SAR for a P 2U subtype is reviewed. SAR studies are complicated by the presence of ectonucleotidases. The overall subclassification of P2 receptors is inadequate and awaits the availability of selective competitive antagonists. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acidities of strong neutral Brønsted acids in different media (2012)

Acidities of different families of acids are examined in media of different physical and chemical nature: water, acetonitrile (AN), 1,2‐dichloroethane (DCE) and the gas phase, with special emphasis on strong acids. Included are OH (carboxylic acids, alcohols, and phenols), NH (sulfonamides, imides), and CH (phenylmalononitriles, etc.) acids as well as HCl, HBr, and HI. Dependence of the acidity trends on moving from water to the gas phase on the nature of the acidity center, and the molecular structure are analyzed. The acidity orders are different in water, AN, DCE, and the gas phase. In some cases the differences are dramatic. AN and DCE display similar acidity order in the set of the investigated acids. It is demonstrated that the decisive factor for the behavior of the acids when transferring between different media is the extent of charge delocalization in the anion and that the recently introduced weighted average positive sigma parameter in spite of its simplicity enables interpretation of the trends in the majority of cases. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Applications of Sol−Gel-Derived Membranes to Neutral Carrier-Type Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistors (1997)

Sol-gel-derived membranes encapsulating neutral carriers, such as valinomycin and a bis(crown ether) derivative, were fabricated as novel ion-sensing membranes for neutral carrier-type ion-sensitive field-effect transistors (ISFETs). The neutral carrier-type sol-gel-derived membranes obtained with an initial diethoxydimethylsilane/tetraethoxysilane ratio of 3 gave excellent results for membrane processibility and sensitivity, response time, and selectivity in the resulting ion sensors. The sol-gel-derived ion-sensing membranes containing neutral carriers are superior in the thrombogenic property to their corresponding plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) membranes. The potassium and sodium ISFETs thus obtained were successfully applied to the ion assay in blood sera.
The Fluid Dynamics of LPT Blade Separation Control Using Pulsed Jets (2001)

The effects of pulsed vortex generator jets on a naturally separating low pressure turbine boundary layer have been investigated experimentally. Blade Reynolds numbers in the linear turbine cascade match those for high altitude aircraft engines and industrial turbine engines with elevated turbine inlet temperatures. The vortex generator jets (30 degree pitch and 90 degree skew angle) are pulsed over a wide range of frequency at constant amplitude and selected duty cycles. The resulting wake loss coefficient vs. pulsing frequency data add to previously presented work by the authors documenting the loss dependency on amplitude and duty cycle. As in the previous studies, vortex generator jets are shown to be highly effective in controlling laminar boundary layer separation. This is found to be true at dimensionless forcing frequencies (F+) well below unity and with low (10%) duty cycles. This unexpected low frequency effectiveness is due to the relatively long relaxation time of the boundary layer as it resumes its separated state. Extensive phase-locked velocity measurements taken in the blade wake at an F+ of 0.01 with 50% duty cycle (a condition at which the flow is essentially quasi-steady) document the ejection of bound vorticity associated with a low momentum fluid packet at the beginning of each jet pulse. Once this initial fluid event has swept down the suction surface of the blade, a reduced wake signature indicates the presence of an attached boundary layer until just after the jet termination. The boundary layer subsequently relaxes back to its naturally separated state. This relaxation occurs on a timescale which is 5–6 times longer than the original attachment due to the starting vortex. Phase-locked boundary layer measurements taken at various stations along the blade chord illustrate this slow relaxation phenomenon. This behavior suggests that some economy of jet flow may be possible by optimizing the pulse duty cycle and frequency for a particular application. At higher pulsing frequencies, for which the flow is fully dynamic, the boundary layer is dominated by periodic shedding and separation bubble migration, never recovering its fully separated (uncontrolled) state.
Poetry and Prose in the Arts (I) (1932)

I Shall begin by a distinction which will limit my subject. I propose to speak only of beautiful poetry and beautiful prose, or if the phrase be preferred, artistic poetry and prose. The distinction I wish to draw is between art and craft, between making a competent and useful thing which exactly fits its purpose and making it beautifully, between technical skill and artistry, between good workmanship and design and that touch of rareness which makes not merely good but fine and lovely. The boundaries are difficult to draw. For much craft is also beautiful, and the craftsman is always in doing his best, striving to be an artist and often succeeding. But they are not the same things. Mere technical skill will not make a work beautiful but only correct, and on the other hand art may possess beauty, even if not of the highest order; though it fails in skill, the conception in some degree makes up for the defect of skill, as for instance much primitive Italian painting or Greek sculpture, which is defective in drawing or modelling and yet beautiful. Now a large part, perhaps the greater part, of what is called art is not art at all, but craft, good correct painting or drawing or sculpture; pleasing, but not pleasing with the pleasure or even rapture which beauty gives. It is so with prose and poetry. Many poems are not poetry, though written in impeccable verse, and long poems are always apt to drop in places into what is only not called prose because it is metrical. By far the greatest part of prose is merely good workmanlike writing, and in no sense art. I am not intending to depreciate craft, and still less the value and difficulty of attaining it.
Carbohydrase Systems of Saccharophagus degradans Degrading Marine Complex Polysaccharides (2011)

Saccharophagus degradans 2-40 is a γ-subgroup proteobacterium capable of using many of the complex polysaccharides found in the marine environment for growth. To utilize these complex polysaccharides, this bacterium produces a plethora of carbohydrases dedicated to the processing of a carbohydrate class. Aiding in the identification of the contributing genes and enzymes is the known genome sequence for this bacterium. This review catalogs the genes and enzymes of the S. degradans genome that are likely to function in the systems for the utilization of agar, alginate, α- and β-glucans, chitin, mannans, pectins, and xylans and discusses the cell biology and genetics of each system as it functions to transfer carbon back to the bacterium.
Microimmunodiffusion Test for Nocardiosis (1979)

Sera from 71 patients with culturally proven nocardiosis were tested for precipitins against a pool of Nocardia asteroides and N. brasiliensis culture filtrates and against antigens from the supernatant of homogenized N. asteroides cells. A human nocardiosis case serum was used as a reference. Sera from 56 of the 71 cases were reactive with either the culture filtrate antigen, the homogenate antigen, or both antigens, resulting in an overall sensitivity of 79%. Sera from 35 of the patients (49%) were positive with the homogenate antigens, and 28 (39%) showed bands of identity with the reference serum. Sera from 50 nocardiosis cases (70%) were positive with the pooled culture filtrate antigens, and 29 (41%) produced bands of identity with the reference serum. Of 89 sera from patients with various systemic mycotic diseases, tuberculosis, or actinomycosis, 24 (27%) were positive with the nocardial homogenate antigens and 4 (4.5%) showed precipitin bands of identity. Thirty-five of the 89 sera (42%) were positive with the nocardial culture filtrate antigens, and 6 (6.7%) showed bands of identity. The majority of sera demonstrating false-positive reactions were from tuberculosis and actinomycosis cases. One of seven sera from well individuals produced a precipitin band with the culture filtrate antigen, but this was not a band of identity with reference serum. These antigens did not distinguish antibodies from patients with N. asteroides, N. brasiliensis, or N. cavia infections.