gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Itch Signaling in the Nervous System (2011)

Itch is a major somatic sensation, along with pain, temperature, and touch, detected and relayed by the somatosensory system. Itch can be an acute sensation, associated with mosquito bite, or a chronic condition, like atopic dermatitis (29, 59). The origins of the stimulus can be localized in the periphery or systemic, and associated with organ failure or cancer. Itch is also a perception originating in the brain. Itch is broadly characterized as either histamine-dependent (histaminergic) or histamine-independent (nonhistaminergic), both of which are relayed by subsets of C fibers and by the second-order neurons expressing gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) and spinothalamic track (STT) neurons in the spinal cord of rodents. Historically, itch research has been primarily limited to clinical and psychophysical studies and to histamine-mediated mechanisms. In contrast, little is known about the signaling mechanisms underlying nonhistaminergic itch, despite the fact that the majority of chronic itch are mediated by nonhistaminergic mechanisms. During the past few years, important progress has been made in understanding the molecular signaling of itch, largely due to the introduction of mouse genetics. In this review, we examine some of the molecular mechanisms underlying itch sensation with an emphasis on recent studies in rodents.
Measuring pulse-front tilt in ultrashort pulses using GRENOUILLE (2003)

We show that the spatio-temporal distortion, pulse-front tilt, is naturally, easily, and sensitively measured by the recently demonstrated, extremely simple variation of single-shot second-harmonic generation frequency-resolved optical gating (SHG FROG): GRENOUILLE. While GRENOUILLE traces are ordinarily centered on the zero of delay, a pulse with pulse-front tilt yields a trace whose center is shifted to a nonzero delay that is proportional to the pulse-front tilt. As a result, the trace-center shift reveals both the magnitude and sign of the pulse-front tilt-independent of the temporal pulse intensity and phase. The effects of pulse-front tilt can then easily be removed from the trace and the intensity and phase vs. time also retrieved, yielding a full description of the pulse in space and time.
General strategies to set quality specifications for reliability performance characteristics (1999)

Many strategies have been promulgated for the setting of quality specifications in laboratory medicine. Based on the analysis of the effect of error on clinical decision making, general quality specifications for precision, bias, the allowable difference between two analytical methods, drugs, fixed limits for use in external quality assessment and reference methods seem best derived from components of biological variation.
Synthesis of an α‐Gal epitope α‐<scp>D</scp>‐Gal<i>p</i>‐(1→3)‐β‐<scp>D</scp>‐Galp‐(1→4)‐β‐<scp>D</scp>‐Glc<i>p</i> NAc–lipid conjugate (2005)

The synthesis of a neoglycoconjugate containing the Galili epitope trisaccharide connected to a spacer‐lipid entity is described. The α‐D‐Galp‐(1→3)‐β‐D‐Galp‐(1→4)‐β‐D‐GlcpNAc trisaccharide, equipped with a 3‐aminopropyl spacer, is efficiently assembled from easily accessible building blocks in a one‐pot procedure. Global deprotection of the trisaccharide and ensuing introduction of a bis(palmitamido)‐ propanamido moiety afforded title compound 1 as depicted in Scheme 1.
Perforating Unconsolidated Sands: An Experimental and Theoretical Investigation (2002)

Summary This paper describes the experiments and modeling undertaken to develop a perforating strategy for unconsolidated sand formations. The experimental program consists of single-shot perforations in cylindrical samples of three sizes (4-, 7-, and 10.5-in. diameters) of unconsolidated sand saturated with kerosene at residual brine saturation and placed under a high effective stress in a pressure vessel. The amount of sand produced during perforating, as well as that produced during post-shot flow, is measured, and a video probe is used to observe post-shot sand production. Computerized tomography (CT) scan equipment is used to map the geometry of the cavity. The sand features behind the casing are examined and interpreted, providing essential insights into the interaction of the charge with the sand sample. A theoretical model of the failure mode of unconsolidated sands has been developed that supports the observations. The main results so far from this study are as follows. Perforating does not generate a tunnel in unconsolidated sands. The intense pressures set up by shaped-charge penetration in the weak sand sample fluidize it and cause the initial tunnel to collapse. Production flow creates a dilated zone around the tunnel entrance. At a critical flow rate, a large volume of sand is produced and the sample collapses. This occurs when flowing out of a hole in an unperforated sample as well. The implications of these results for future work and for field applications are also addressed here.
Lossless Coding of Color Images using Block-Adaptive Inter-Color Prediction (2007)

This paper proposes a novel lossless coding scheme for color still images. The scheme employs a block-adaptive inter-color prediction technique to remove both spatial and spectral redundancy in RGB color signals. The resulting prediction errors are encoded using a context-adaptive arithmetic coding method. Several coding parameters which must be encoded as side information are iteratively optimized for each color signal. Experimental results show that the inter-color prediction technique provides better coding performance than a simple combination of reversible color transformation and intra-color prediction techniques.
Mechanisms of Taste Bud Cell Loss after Head and Neck Irradiation (2012)

Taste loss in human patients following radiotherapy for head and neck cancer is a common and significant problem, but the cellular mechanisms underlying this loss are not understood. Taste stimuli are transduced by receptor cells within taste buds, and like epidermal cells, taste cells are regularly replaced throughout adult life. This renewal relies on progenitor cells adjacent to taste buds, which continually supply new cells to each bud. Here we treated adult mice with a single 8 Gy dose of x-ray irradiation to the head and neck, and analyzed taste epithelium at 1-21 d postirradiation (dpi). We found irradiation targets the taste progenitor cells, which undergo cell cycle arrest (1-3 dpi) and apoptosis (within 1 dpi). Taste progenitors resume proliferation at 5-7 dpi, with the proportion of cells in S and M phase exceeding control levels at 5-6 and 6 dpi, respectively, suggesting that proliferation is accelerated and/or synchronized following radiation damage. Using 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine birthdating to identify newborn cells, we found that the decreased proliferation following irradiation reduces the influx of cells at 1-2 dpi, while the robust proliferation detected at 6 dpi accelerates entry of new cells into taste buds. In contrast, the number of differentiated taste cells was not significantly reduced until 7 dpi. These data suggest a model where continued natural taste cell death, paired with temporary interruption of cell replacement, underlies taste loss after irradiation.
Age-specific reference ranges for PSA in the detection of prostate cancer. (1997)

An association between age and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) has been documented: As men age, their serum PSA value increases. Currently, a single demarcation between normal and elevated PSA values, 4.0 ng/mL, is used as an indication for biopsy among men of all ages. The use of age-specific reference ranges might address several shortcomings of the PSA test. First, age-specific reference ranges could improve the sensitivity of PSA by detecting curable, organ-confined tumors in younger men when the threshold of 4.0 ng/mL is lowered. Second, age-specific reference ranges could improve the specificity of the PSA test by raising the PSA threshold for normal among older men. This would modulate PSA interpretation by taking into account the increasing prevalence of both benign prostatic growth and incidental, non-life-threatening cancers among successively older cohorts of men. Furthermore, many unnecessary (false-positive) biopsies would be avoided. However, the association between PSA values and age is not entirely clear, and whether age-specific reference ranges represent the best interpretive index for PSA remains problematic.
Enhancement of quality of downconverted white light (2011)

High-quality downconverted white light is important for many applications ,including general illumination. Downconversion of blue light from inorganic InGaN-based light emitting diodes to produce white light is demonstrated using red- and green-emitting phosphors. After characterization, films of the phosphors are prepared by mixing the powder into a polymethyl methacrylate host. The quality of light is improved and optimized by varying the weight ratio of green to red phosphors and the thickness of the phosphor layer.
Debating literacy in Australia: History lessons and popular f(r)ictions (1997)

In this article some responses to claims that literacy standards are falling are provided through an examination of Australia's socio-cultural history.
Lithium inhibits morphogenesis of the nervous system but not neuronal differentiation in <i>Xenopus laevis</i> (1987)

Xenopus embryos treated with 100 mM-lithium from the 2- to 4-cell stage to the early blastula stage (4h) failed to neurulate and developed without a discernible anteroposterior axis. The internal structure of defective embryos was grossly disorganized, but immunohistochemical staining with cell-type-specific antibodies revealed differentiated nerve and muscle cells. Quantitative assay in tissue cultures from control and acutely abnormal lithium-treated embryos showed that neural differentiation was enhanced and muscle differentiation unaffected. The embryos took up about 0.5 mM-lithium at threshold, maximal effects resulted at 2-3 mM. Most of the lithium was extruded from the cells into the blastocoel fluid, where lithium reached 17 mM. The threshold intracellular concentration was about 150 microM. Lithium uptake rose steeply as the osmotic/ionic strength of the bathing medium increased. Sodium, potassium and lithium were equally able to increase the permeability of the embryo. However, sodium ions enhanced, while potassium ions interfered with, the uptake of lithium. Treatment with lithium at progressively later stages reduced the developmental defects and neural differentiation returned to normal levels. The uptake of lithium did not decline concomitantly. We conclude that lithium does not inhibit neural induction, but interferes with dorsal patterning. The sensitivity of the embryo to lithium is determined by developmental stage. The very low, effective intracellular concentrations may be important in understanding the mechanism of lithium-generated defects.
Nanostructured Solar Cells for High Efficiency Photovoltaics (2006)

The use of nanostructures in photovoltaics offers the potential for high efficiency by either using new physical mechanisms or by allowing solar cells which have efficiencies closer to their theoretical maximum, for example by tailoring material properties. At the same time, nanostructures have potentially low fabrication costs, moving to structures or materials which can be fabricated using chemically or biologically formed materials. Despite this potential, there are multiple and significant challenges in achieving viable nanostructured solar cells, ranging from the demonstration of the fundamental mechanisms, device-level issues such as transport mechanisms and device structures and materials to implement nanostructured solar cells, and low cost fabrication techniques to implement high performance designs. This paper presents the challenges and approaches for using nanostructured solar cells in devices which can approach the thermodynamic limits for solar energy conversion
Multichannel active noise control and acoustic equalization using fast affine projection algorithms (2002)

In the field of adaptive signal processing, it is well known that affine projection algorithms or their low-computational implementations, fast affine projection algorithms, can produce a good trade-off between convergence speed and computational complexity. Although these algorithms typically do not provide the same convergence speed as recursive-least-squares algorithms, they can provide a much improved convergence speed compared to stochastic gradient descent algorithms, without the high increase of the computational load or the instability often found in recursive-least-squares algorithms. In this presentation, multichannel fast affine projection algorithms are introduced for active noise control or acoustic equalization. Multichannel fast affine projection algorithms have been previously published for acoustic echo cancellation, but the problem of active noise control or acoustic equalization is a very different one, leading to different structures. The computational complexity of the new proposed algorithm is evaluated, and it is shown through simulations that not only can the new algorithm provide the expected trade-off between convergence performance and computational complexity, it can also provide the best convergence performance (even over recursive-least-squares algorithms) when non-ideal noisy acoustic plant models are used in the adaptive systems.
Antibacterial Monoclonal Antibodies and the Dawn of a New Era in the Control of Infection (1984)

Literature reports concerned with monoclonal antibodies against bacteria, or their toxins, which are pathogens for man and animals were surveyed. These antibodies have important potential uses in human and veterinary pathology and medicine. They are likely to become key elements in a fast progression toward a more complete understanding and control of infectious diseases and of toxin poisoning. A new area of bacteriology relevant to sanitary engineering is also being advanced with the help of antibacterial monoclonal antibodies. This area involves bacteria that produce the biofuel methane, along with other molecules of nutritional value, through a process which brings about the recycling of organic wastes and thereby limits or controls microbial contamination of soil and water.
Linearly condensed polythiophenes: characteristic molecular aggregation of thieno[2″,3″:4′,5′]thieno[2′,3′-d]thieno[3,2-b]thiophene crystals revealed by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (1992)

Linearly-condensed polythiophenes (4 and 5) have been prepared and their characteristic aggregation behaviour as hydrogen-poor π compounds in the solid state has been investigated in comparison with those of the lower homologues (2 and 3); the photoelectron spectra of the series 2–5 were measured in the solid state as well as in the gas phase. For 4 the difference in the ionization energies for the gaseous (adiabatic; 7.22 eV) and solid (threshold; 4.86 eV) states is significant, giving rise to a large polarization energy (2.36 eV), which is larger than the calculated value (1.83 eV) based on the packing density and molecular polarizability. This has been interpreted in terms of the intermolecular orbital interactions in the solid state of 4. Such an interaction has not been observed in the lower homologues (2 and 3).
Extended direct mode for hierarchical B picture coding (2005)

In 3D subband coding, motion-compensated temporal filtering (MCTF) technique, especially with the adaptive 5/3 wavelet kernel, efficiently exploits the temporal correlation among neighboring pictures. It can be achieved alternatively by the hierarchical B picture coding technique with the same decomposition as the temporal 5/3 lifting structure but without update step. This technique has been supported by H.264/AVC (2003) with stored B technique. The performance of hierarchical B obviously outperforms that of the conventional IBBP...GOP structure. Direct mode which derives motion vectors from the co-located block of backward reference and does not require any bits for coding motion vectors is a very efficient bi-prediction technique for B pictures coding. Considering that the forward motion vectors in the backward reference is not available when it belongs to block only with backward motion vector, in this paper, we propose an extended direct mode for hierarchical B picture coding to further improve the accuracy of derived motion vectors. It effectively utilizes the forward and backward motion vectors of the co-located blocks in references for scaling.
Eddy Current Pulsed Thermography for Noncontact Nondestructive Inspection of Motor Winding Defects (2019)

Electrical rotating motor is one of kernel equipment of industrial applications. They are subjected to various thermal, environmental, load stresses that ultimately lead to failure and catastrophic accidents. Winding inter-turn fault is the most severe faults in the motors. Defects inspection is of great significance to ensure safety operation and reduce downtime. In this paper, eddy current pulsed thermography (ECPT) was firstly applied to defect four types of winding defects, namely, transverse crack, slot crack, insulation breakage and insulation thinning. The mechanisms of electromagnetic induction and heat conduction in the process of ECPT are introduced. The electromagnetic fields and temperature distributions of different types of defects are simulated and analyzed through multiphysics-based models. Experiments are conducted on a winding copper bar cracks sample covered by polyimide (PI) film. The validity of ECPT is verified with the analysis of IR images and thermal responses. In order to further improve the detection capability of ECPT, signal processing algorithms such as Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) are applied to enhance cracks characteristics in the original IR images by eliminating the non-uniform heating effect. Obtained results demonstrated that ECPT is a feasible and effective approach for motor winding defects inspection.
Chemokine receptor inhibition by AMD3100 is strictly confined to CXCR4 (2002)

This study was undertaken to demonstrate the unique specificity of the chemokine receptor CXCR4 antagonist AMD3100. Calcium flux assays with selected chemokine/cell combinations, affording distinct chemokine receptor specificities, revealed no interaction of AMD3100 with any of the chemokine receptors CXCR1 through CXCR3, or CCR1 through CCR9. In contrast, AMD3100 potently inhibited CXCR4-mediated calcium signaling and chemotaxis in a concentration-dependent manner in different cell types. Also, AMD3100 inhibited stromal cell-derived factor (SDF)-1-induced endocytosis of CXCR4, but did not affect phorbol ester-induced receptor internalization. Importantly, AMD3100 by itself was unable to elicit intracellular calcium fluxes, to induce chemotaxis, or to trigger CXCR4 internalization, indicating that the compound does not act as a CXCR4 agonist. Specific small-molecule CXCR4 antagonists such as AMD3100 may play an important role in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus infections and many other pathological processes that are dependent on SDF-1/CXCR4 interactions (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, asthma and breast cancer metastasis).
The management of laparoscopic injuries of the bowel or blood vessels (1993)

Laparoscopic associated injuries to vasculature or bowel are unusual and potentially catastrophic. Estimates of occurrence range from 0.06 to 0.3%. Manifestations can be early or delayed. Delayed diagnosis is definitely related to increased patient morbidity. The following article discusses the implications of these injuries in relationship to laparoscopic urological surgery.
Bleaching with alternative layered minerals: A comparison with acid‐activated montmorillonite for bleaching soybean oil (1989)

Abstract An extensive series of layered minerals including montmorillonite was studied to determine if the fundamental physicochemical properties responsible for pigment adsorption could be identified. Samples were subjected to a uniform preparation regimen to eliminate such secondary effects as particle size, moisture content, level of activation and degree of washing. By doing so, it has been possible to show that both carotene and chlorophyll adsorptions can be described by a rather simple model that employs both surface acidity and pore volume as key variables. Further, it was found that this model provides an adequate fit to the actual data only when specific regions for these variables are considered (i.e., concentration of sites of strong surface acidity, not just total surface acidity; pore volume in region 50\s‐200 Å, not just total pore volume).
Gallium desorption during growth of (Al,Ga)As by molecular beam epitaxy (1992)

A new two-phase model for gallium desorption can quantitatively explain the change of the desorption energy as a function of the III/V ratio. In this model, the gallium loss rate is described as a phenomenon of simultaneous desorption from a Ga fluid state and a GaAs solid state. This behavior was experimentally verified by accurate thickness measurements of epitaxial AlxGa1−xAs layers by transmission electron microscopy. The results show the Ga loss rate is directly dependent only on the Ga coverage on the surface, while the desorption energy is independent of the aluminum concentration. By varying the III/V ratio, we found that the Ga desorption energy increases from 3.1 eV at low arsenic flux to 4.7 eV at high arsenic flux.
AERODYNAMIC DRAG ON A BODY TRAVELING IN A TUBE (1967)

The purpose of the study is to continue the investigation of the aerodynamic drag on vehicles moving in guideways of varying degrees of enclosure. The reason for the study is that several potential high-speed ground transport system concepts involve high-speed motion of vehicles in enclosed guideways for significant portions of their travel time. Both analytical and experimental investigations were carried out. The analytical studies continued the development of the solution for the aerodynamic drag on a vehicle in an enclosed guideway in laminar flow. Experimental studies were carried out using cylindrical models in circular tunnels of various length and various degrees of wall porosity. A drop testing apparatus was employed in which water was the only test fluid and results were obtained for Reynolds numbers of the order of 100,000. Results to date indicate that for vehicle length-diameter ratios of the order of 15 and above, with tunnel to vehicle diameter ratios of 1.5 and greater, a drag coefficient based on the wetted surface area of the vehicle is independent of the vehicle length-diameter ratio for incompressible flow. Results also indicate that, for incompressible flow, employing a tunnel model with a closed end simulates a tunnel length-diameter ratio of infinity. Tunnel wall porosity, assuming relatively unobstructed motion of fluid outside the porous wall, has a marked effect on decreasing the aerodynamic drag on vehicles moving in enclosed guideways and for the range of variable investigated (clearance ratio as low as 1.4) tunnel wall porosity of 20 per cent is adequate for all the significant drag reduction that is possible. (Author)
Gaussian beam transfer through hard-aperture optics (1995)

We consider Gaussian beam diffraction by hard circular and rectangular-slit apertures. Both numerical results and accurate elementary analytic approximations are derived for the fraction of transmitted power (or energy) contained within the main central lobe of the far-field (or focal-plane) irradiation distribution as a function of the truncation ratio.