gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Definite Noun Phrases in Statistical Machine Translation into Danish (2009)

There are two ways to express definiteness in Danish, which makes it problematic for statistical machine translation (SMT) from English, since the wrong realisation can be chosen. We present a part-of-speechbased method for identifying and transforming English definite NPs that would likely be expressed in a different way in Danish. The transformed English is used for training a phrase-based SMT system. This technique gives significant improvements of translation quality, of up to 22.1 % relative on Bleu, compared to a baseline trained on original English, in two different domains. 1
Combined algal processing: A novel integrated biorefinery process to produce algal biofuels and bioproducts (2016)

The development of an integrated biorefinery process capable of producing multiple products is crucial for commercialization of microalgal biofuel production. Dilute acid pretreatment has been demonstrated as an efficient approach to utilize algal biomass more fully, by hydrolyzing microalgal carbohydrates into fermentable sugars, while making the lipids more extractable, and a protein fraction available for other products. Previously, we have shown that sugar-rich liquor could be separated from solid residue by solid–liquid separation (SLS) to produce ethanol via fermentation. However, process modeling has revealed that approximately 37% of the soluble sugars were lost in the solid cake after the SLS. Herein, a Combined Algal Processing (CAP) approach with a simplified configuration has been developed to improve the total energy yield. In CAP, whole algal slurry after acid pretreatment is directly used for ethanol fermentation. The ethanol and microalgal lipids can be sequentially recovered from the fermentation broth by thermal treatment and solvent extraction. Almost all the monomeric fermentable sugars can be utilized for ethanol production without compromising the lipid recovery. The techno-economic analysis (TEA) indicates that the CAP can reduce microalgal biofuel cost by $0.95 per gallon gasoline equivalent (GGE), which is a 9% reduction compared to the previous biorefinery scenario.
Generation of Functional Broadside Tests for Transition Faults (2006)

Scan design allows a circuit to be tested using states that the circuit cannot enter during functional operation. It was observed that nonfunctional operation during testing may cause excessive currents that can cause a good chip to fail the test because of voltage droops caused by the excessive current demand. A good chip may also fail due to the propagation of signal transitions along nonfunctional long paths, especially during at-speed testing. This problem is studied in this paper in the context of tests for transition faults. A method for determining transition faults that are untestable under functional operation-conditions is described. Two procedures for generating transition-fault tests that use only functional operation conditions are also described. The first procedure accepts as input a broadside test set for transition faults. The second procedure accepts as input a test sequence for the nonscan circuit. Although such a test sequence is more complex to generate and simulate, it results in higher numbers of faults detected under functional operation conditions
Computational estimates of the gas-phase basicities, proton affinities and ionization potentials of the six isomers of dihydroxybenzoic acid (2005)

The gas-phase basicities (GBs), gas-phase proton affinities (PAs) and ionization potentials (IPs) of all six isomers of dihydroxybenzoic acid have been calculated using density functional theory at the B3LYP/6-311++G(2df,p)//B3LYP/6-31+G** level. A detailed conformational analysis of each isomer was performed, and the calculated thermodynamic properties were Boltzmann averaged over all conformations. Respectively, the GBs and the gas-phase PAs vary from 803.8 and 832.5 kJ mol−1 for the least basic species (3,5-DHB) to 830.1 and 861.4 kJ mol−1 for the most basic isomer (2,4-DHB). The reported GBs and gas-phase PAs of 2,3-DHB and 2,4-DHB, are in excellent agreement with previous experimental measurements. Agreement for the 2,5-DHB and 3,4-DHB isomers are not as good, but still close to or within the experimental error estimates. The calculated values for the GB and gas-phase PA of 2,6-DHB and especially 3,5-DHB are significantly outside the experimental error brackets. Repeating these calculations on the lowest energy conformation of each isomer at the MP2/6-311++G(2df,p)//MP2/6-31+G** level yielded significantly worse results. Our results indicate that protonation in all isomers takes place on the carboxylic sites. The vertical IPs vary from 8.14 eV for 2,5-DHB to 8.56 eV for 2,4-DHB.
A Metabolic and Neuropathological Approach to the Understanding of Plastic Changes That Occur in the Immature and Adult Rat Brain During Lithium‐Pilocarpine–Induced Epileptogenesis (2000)

The process of epileptogenesis and its effects differ in duration and functional consequences in P21 and adult rats. The factors that underlie these age-related differences remain to be explored.
Sparse Space-Time Deconvolution for Calcium Image Analysis (2014)

We describe a unified formulation and algorithm to find an extremely sparse representation for Calcium image sequences in terms of cell locations, cell shapes, spike timings and impulse responses. Solution of a single optimization problem yields cell segmentations and activity estimates that are on par with the state of the art, without the need for heuristic pre- or postprocessing. Experiments on real and synthetic data demonstrate the viability of the proposed method.
Application of differential evolution to tolerance design (2010)

Most of the optimization algorithms in machining operations deal with the methods, which derive the exact optimal machining variables for an optimal manufacturing process design. Actually, the exact design is not easy to be set because of multi-constraints, like variables bounds and such as machining quality and manufacturing cost. In addition, most of these variables obtained from the optimal methods would not be robust subject to environment disturbances. In real situation, a robust solution has to perform and maintain its functions in routine circumstances, as well as hostile or unexpected circumstances. It would be reasonably that it should be a feasible solution even when some specific tolerances are imposed on. In this paper, a new robust optimization approach, which combines the differential evolution algorithm with the Taguchi outer array, is proposed to solve the problem of optimization for the surface grinding process when considering the tolerance design of machining variables. The purpose of this paper is to use the proposed new approach, named the IDETA, optimize the grinding variables when considering the tolerance design, simultaneously subject to a comprehensive set of multi-constraints. Simultaneously, a distinctive characteristic of reliability has been defined and handled as a measure of robustness for the variables.
How does ownership structure invfluence bank risk?: Analyzing the role of managerial incentives (2012)

This paper analyzes how ownership concentration and managerial incentives influences bank risk for a large sample of US banks over the period 1997-2007. Using 2SLS simultaneous equations models, we show that ownership concentration has a positive total effect on bank risk. This is the result of a positive direct effect, which reflects monitoring and opportunistic behavior, and a negative indirect effect, which works through the design of managerial incentive contracts and reflects shareholder preferences toward risk. Large shareholders reduce bank risk by reducing the sensitivity of CEO wealth to stock volatility (Vega) and by increasing the CEO pay-performance sensitivity (Delta). In addition, we show that the direct and indirect effect of ownership concentration on bank risk depends on the type of the largest shareholder (a family, a bank, a corporation or an institutional investor), as well as, on the total shareholding held by each type as a group. Our results suggest that the positive relation between ownership concentration and risk is not the result of preferences towards more risk. Rather, they point at opportunistic behavior of large shareholders.
[Effects of deltamethrin on gene expression of some antioxidase, gamma glutamylcysteine synthetase and NFE2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) in brain tissue]. (2006)

Under the experimental conditions, there is no obvious effect in the mRNA expression level of CuZn-SOD, GR gene, as well as on expression of both mRNA and protein of Nrf2 gene in both cerebral cortex and hippocampus tissue in rats administered with DM. DM depresses the mRNA expression of GCSl gene, but does not affect the mRNA expression of GCSh gene.
Simultaneous polymerization and adhesion under hypoxia in sickle cell disease (2018)

Polymerization and adhesion, dynamic processes that are hallmarks of sickle cell disease (SCD), have thus far been studied in vitro only separately. Here, we present quantitative results of the simultaneous and synergistic effects of adhesion and polymerization of deoxygenated sickle hemoglobin (HbS) in the human red blood cell (RBC) on the mechanisms underlying vasoocclusive pain crisis. For this purpose, we employ a specially developed hypoxic microfluidic platform, which is capable of inducing sickling and unsickling of RBCs in vitro, to test blood samples from eight patients with SCD. We supplemented these experimental results with detailed molecular-level computational simulations of cytoadherence and biorheology using dissipative particle dynamics. By recourse to image analysis techniques, we characterize sickle RBC maturation stages in the following order of the degree of adhesion susceptibility under hypoxia: sickle reticulocytes in circulation (SRs) → sickle mature erythrocytes (SMEs) → irreversibly sickled cells (ISCs). We show that (<i>i</i>) hypoxia significantly enhances sickle RBC adherence; (<i>ii</i>) HbS polymerization enhances sickle cell adherence in SRs and SMEs, but not in ISCs; (<i>iii</i>) SRs exhibit unique adhesion dynamics where HbS fiber projections growing outward from the cell surface create multiple sites of adhesion; and (<i>iv</i>) polymerization stimulates adhesion and vice versa, thereby establishing the bidirectional coupling between the two processes. These findings offer insights into possible mechanistic pathways leading to vasoocclusion crisis. They also elucidate the processes underlying the onset of occlusion that may involve circulating reticulocytes, which are more abundant in hemolytic anemias due to robust compensatory erythropoiesis.
MOLECULAR STRUCTURE AND PROTON MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTRA OF METHYLENE-AND ETHYLENE-BRIDGED DICYCLOPENTADIENYLTITANIUM COMPOUNDS (1979)

Summary The molecular structure of the methylene-bridged titanocene dichloride, CH2 (CsH 4)zTiCI 2 , and that of the novel, ethylene-bridged derivative, (CH2 h­ (CsHqhTiCIZ have been determined by X-ray diffraction methods. In these molecules the cyclopentadienylligands are highly restricted in their torsional mobility. An angle of 65° between the two ring planes, a C-C-C angle of 97.5° at the methylene carbon atom, and other geometrical data, indicate a high degree of strain in the methylene-bridged derivative, whereas the ligand geometry of the ethylene-bridged derivative does not deviate significantly from that of unbridged titanocene dichloride. IH NMR spectra for ansa-titanocene derivatives of general type (CH2 )n­ (CsH4hTiX2 (n = 1-3, X = CI, CH3 , CO) are reported; the varying degrees of splitting between the high-field and the low-field portions of an A2B2 resonance pattern due to the cyclopentadienyl hydrogen atoms are interpreted in terms of bonding geometries.
Preparation and Microstructural Investigation of the High?Tc Superconductor Pb2Sr2Y0.5Ca0.5Cu308 (1989)

Simple conditions for the preparation of the high-Tc superconductor Pb2Sr2Yo-sCao·sCu308+o in single phase are given. High resolution electron microscope studies of this material confirm the basic orthorhombic structure having Cmmm symmetry. Overlaying this structure is a perturbation due to random displacements of Pb from the ideal square-symmetric Sites, attributed to a randomness in oxygen sub-stoichiometry. This and the absence of superstructure ordering appears to characterise the uperconducting form of this compound.
Ray-Based Synthesis of Bistatic Ground-Penetrating Radar Profiles (1994)

2-D bistatic ground-penetrating radar (GPR) profiles may be numerically synthesized by combining ray tracing (for the kinematic properties) with transmitter and receiver directivities, reflection and transmission coefficients, geometrical spreading, and attenuation coefficients (for the dynamic properties). The main limitations are that wave effects, such as diffractions, and offline (3-D) effects are not included. The algorithm is applied to iterative modeling of multioffset, multi-frequency GPR data acquired over an outcrop of fractured Austin Chalk in Dallas county in northeast Texas. Modeling is able to simulate the main time and amplitude behaviors observed in GPR reflections at 50, 100 and 200 MHz at each of 1, 3 and 5 meter antenna separations, from a single model.
MPEG: a technological basis for multimedia applications (1995)

The Moving Picture Experts Group was established in 1988 in the framework of the Joint ISO/IEC Technical Committee (JTC 1) on Information Technology. They were given the mandate to develop standards for coded representation of moving pictures, associated audio, and their combination when used for storage and retrieval on digital storage media (DSM). In April 1990 they became Working Group 11 of JTC 1/SC 2, then in November 1991, WG 11 of JTC 1/SC 29. The three original work items of the group-coding up to 1.5, 10, and 40 Mbps-were nicknamed MPEG-1, -2 and -3, respectively. The group dropped the MPEG3 work item in July 1992 when it became apparent that the functionalities supported by the MPEG-2 requirements made it redundant. The current MPEG-4 work item, first proposed in May 1991 and approved in July 1993, targets audiovisual coding at very low bit-rates.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Amplification Mechanisms of Inflammation: Paracrine Stimulation of Arachidonic Acid Mobilization by Secreted Phospholipase A2 Is Regulated by Cytosolic Phospholipase A2-Derived Hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic Acid (2003)

In macrophages and other major immunoinflammatory cells, two phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) enzymes act in concert to mobilize arachidonic acid (AA) for immediate PG synthesis, namely group IV cytosolic phospholipase A(2) (cPLA(2)) and a secreted phospholipase A(2) (sPLA(2)). In this study, the molecular mechanism underlying cross-talk between the two PLA(2)s during paracrine signaling has been investigated. U937 macrophage-like cells respond to Con A by releasing AA in a cPLA(2)-dependent manner, and addition of exogenous group V sPLA(2) to the activated cells increases the release. This sPLA(2) effect is abolished if the cells are pretreated with cPLA(2) inhibitors, but is restored by adding exogenous free AA. Inhibitors of cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase have no effect on the response to sPLA(2). In contrast, ebselen strongly blocks it. Reconstitution experiments conducted in pyrrophenone-treated cells to abolish cPLA(2) activity reveal that 12- and 15-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HPETE) are able to restore the sPLA(2) response to levels found in cells displaying normal cPLA(2) activity. Moreover, 12- and 15-HPETE are able to enhance sPLA(2) activity in vitro, using a natural membrane assay. Neither of these effects is mimicked by 12- or 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, indicating that the hydroperoxy group of HPETE is responsible for its biological activity. Collectively, these results establish a role for 12/15-HPETE as an endogenous activator of sPLA(2)-mediated phospholipolysis during paracrine stimulation of macrophages and identify the mechanism that connects sPLA(2) with cPLA(2) for a full AA mobilization response.
Auditory Integration Training (AIT): Sound Therapy? Case Studies of Three Boys with Autism who Received AIT (1997)

Auditory Integration Training (AIT) is an experimental ‘alternative’ therapy aimed at individuals with hypersensitive hearing. Developed by Otorhinolaryngologist Dr. Guy Berard, AIT involves listening to electronically‐processed music through headphones for 20 half‐hour sessions. Berard (1993) believes that many cognitive and behavioural problems, including autism, dyslexia and depression, result partially from distortions in hearing, and thus, that clinical symptoms can be alleviated by use of AIT. For example, Berard (1993) considers autistic behaviours to be largely an avoidance reaction to noises heard too acutely. The progress of three boys with autism receiving AIT was closely monitored. Few if any beneficial effects on behaviour were observed. Sound hypersensitivity remained unchanged. The paper also questions the validity of the AIT technique used, and highlights a need for an AIT ‘watchdog’ in the UK.
A Tribute to Roswitha Mueller (2012)

Over twenty years ago a small group of graduate students from the University of California at Berkeley met to discuss the founding of a new journal. Many of these were students of Bertrand Augst, a professor of Film and Comparative Literature at the University, who would later serve on its board of editors. The idea for the journal had come from a young German woman named Roswitha Mueller. Roswitha had been interested in publishing since she was a young girl. Her grandfather owned a print shop in Germany and was a well-known graphic artist and drama critic in his town, and the craftsmanship that printing involved intrigued her. She enjoyed seeing a publishing project through from beginning to end, which made it seem like an artistic rather than an industrial process. Publishing involved multiple skills, which required that one be not only writer and editor, but graphic artist, lay-out person, printer, and business manager. Roswitha brought these skills to Discourse , and before the days of electronic publishing, laid out and pastedup the first three issues in a small print shop in Berkeley. Roswitha also got the journal on a stable financial footing by arranging with the exchange division of the U.C. Library for the sale of 400 copies of Discourse to other libraries throughout the world, which helped establish it as an international forum. Without her help it is certain that the journal would not have survived. Many times she has edited complete issues by herself and when the need for monetary assistance arose she became its financial angel. Discourse' s long tenure is in no small measure a result of
Reducing Structural Bias in Technology Mapping (2006)

Technology mapping, based on directed acyclic graph covering, suffers from the problem of structural bias: The structure of the mapped netlist depends strongly on the subject graph. In this paper, the authors present a new mapper aimed at mitigating structural bias. It is based on a simplified cut-based Boolean-matching algorithm, and using the speed afforded by this simplification, they explore two ideas to reduce structural bias. The first, called lossless synthesis, leverages recent advances in structure-based combinational-equivalence checking to combine the different networks seen during technology-independent synthesis into a single network with choices in a scalable manner. They show how cut-based mapping extends naturally to handle such networks with choices. The second idea is to combine several library gates into a single gate (called a supergate) in order to make the matching process less local. They show how supergates help address the structural-bias problem and how they fit naturally into the cut-based Boolean-matching scheme. An implementation based on these ideas significantly outperforms state-of-the-art mappers in terms of delay, area, and run-time on academic and industrial benchmarks
Titanium: Rapid solidification technology (1986)

This book presents the papers given at a symposium on the solidification of titanium. Topics considered at the symposium included the development of novel titanium alloys, solidification structure, laser surface melting, powder metallurgy, yttrium tin particles, microstructure, dislocations, and the effects of heat treatment on fatigue crack growth.
Embossable Grating Couplers for Planar Waveguide Optical Sensors (1996)

Planar optical waveguides are an attractive tool for use in analytical chemistry and spectroscopy. Although similar to fiber optics, planar waveguides have been slow to be commercially accepted due to the difficulty of coupling light into the guide. Generally, prism coupling is the method of choice in the laboratory, as efficiencies approaching 80% can be reached. However, prisms are impractical for routine use for several reasons: expensive positioning equipment is required, coupled power is sensitive to environmental fluctuations, and prism coupling prohibits the fabrication of a truly planar device. The use of thin gratings on the surface of the waveguide allows for a two-dimensional structure to be maintained, while providing enough efficiency to be useful as a sensor. Our research efforts focus on developing a technique to make inexpensive, reproducible gratings that are easy to fabricate. By chemically modifying the surface of a commercial grating with a suitable release agent, it is possible to emboss replica gratings onto a variety of waveguide types. The fabrication of embossed gratings will be described, and their performance on glass, ion-diffused, polymer, and semiconductor waveguides will be presented.
25th Annual San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium, San Antonio, Texas, USA, 10–14 December 2002 Update on clinical research (2003)

The Annual San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium has become a key forum for the presentation and discussion of both translational scientific aspects as well as clinical aspects of breast cancer care. In this report of the 25th Annual Meeting, an update of the salient clinical data is presented. The findings of the CALGB 9741 trial, an updated analysis of the Arimidex, Tamoxifen, Alone or in Combination study, and other significant paper and poster presentations are discussed. Summaries are also given of the clinical plenary lectures and minisymposia on adjuvant therapy and aromatase inhibitors.
Trusted execution environments on mobile devices (2013)

A trusted execution environment (TEE) is a secure processing environment that is isolated from the normal processing environment where the device operating system and applications run. The first mobile phones with hardware-based TEEs appeared almost a decade ago, and today almost every smartphone and tablet contains a TEE like ARM TrustZone. Despite such a large-scale deployment, the use of TEE functionality has been limited for developers. With emerging standardization this situation is about to change. In this tutorial, we explain the security features provided by mobile TEEs and describe On-board Credentials (ObC) system that enables third-party TEE development. We discuss ongoing TEE standardization activities, including the recent Global Platform standards and the Trusted Platform Module (TPM) 2.0 specification, and identify open problems for the near future of mobile hardware security.