gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optical OFDM: A promising high-speed optical transport technology (2009)

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a widely used modulation/multiplexing technology in wireless and data communications. Leveraging recent advances in high-speed complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technologies and optical modulation and detection technologies, optical OFDM at a 40Gb/s or even a 100Gb/s information rate becomes feasible. At the optical transmitter, OFDM is realized by a digital signal processor (DSP) using inverse fast Fourier transformation (iFFT) with subsequent digital-to-analog conversion and Cartesian electro-optic modulation. At the receiver, the signal optical field is first reconstructed, e.g., by coherent detection. Then reverse signal processing is applied to recover the original data. OFDM enables efficient compensation of transmission effects such as chromatic dispersion and polarization mode dispersion that often are prohibiting impairments to cost-effective realization of high-speed optical transport systems. In light of the emerging demand for a 100+ Gb/s data rate in future optical transport systems, optical OFDM is considered to be a promising enabling technology. In this paper, the optical OFDM architectures will be reviewed, and their performance under various system conditions will be discussed and compared with alternative technologies. The challenges in the implementation of optical OFDM will also be discussed.
Active learning for piecewise planar 3D reconstruction (2011)

This paper presents an active-learning algorithm for piecewise planar 3D reconstruction of a scene. While previous interactive algorithms require the user to provide tedious interactions to identify all the planes in the scene, we build on successful ideas from the automatic algorithms and introduce the idea of active learning, thereby improving the reconstructions while considerably reducing the effort. Our algorithm first attempts to obtain a piecewise planar reconstruction of the scene automatically through an energy minimization framework. The proposed active-learning algorithm then uses intuitive cues to quantify the uncertainty of the algorithm and suggest regions, querying the user to provide support for the uncertain regions via simple scribbles. These interactions are used to suitably update the algorithm, leading to better reconstructions. We show through machine experiments and a user study that the proposed approach can intelligently query users for interactions on informative regions, and users can achieve better reconstructions of the scene faster, especially for scenes with texture-less surfaces lacking cues like lines which automatic algorithms rely on.
Robotic Latissimus Dorsi Muscle Harvest (2012)

Therapeutic, IV.
Carbon-carbon bond formation promoted by transition metal carbonyls. 19. General synthesis of tropane alkaloids via the polybromo ketone-iron carbonyl reaction (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCarbon-carbon bond formation promoted by transition metal carbonyls. 19. General synthesis of tropane alkaloids via the polybromo ketone-iron carbonyl reactionY. Hayakawa, Y. Baba, S. Makino, and R. NoyoriCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1978, 100, 6, 1786–1791Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00474a021https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00474a021research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views813Altmetric-Citations69LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Data augmentation for support vector machines (2011)

This paper presents a latent variable representation of regularized support vector machines (SVM's) that enables EM, ECME or MCMC algorithms to provide parameter estimates. We verify our representation by demonstrating that minimizing the SVM optimality criterion together with the parameter regularization penalty is equivalent to finding the mode of a mean-variance mixture of normals pseudo-posterior distribution. The latent variables in the mixture representation lead to EM and ECME point estimates of SVM parameters, as well as MCMC algorithms based on Gibbs sampling that can bring Bayesian tools for Gaussian linear models to bear on SVM's. We show how to implement SVM's with spike-and-slab priors and run them against data from a standard spam filtering data set.
Reassessing the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome during pathogenic influenza A virus infection via temporal inhibition (2016)

The inflammasome NLRP3 is activated by pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) during infection, including RNA and proteins from influenza A virus (IAV). However, chronic activation by danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) can be deleterious to the host. We show that blocking NLRP3 activation can be either protective or detrimental at different stages of lethal influenza A virus (IAV). Administration of the specific NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950 to mice from one day following IAV challenge resulted in hypersusceptibility to lethality. In contrast, delaying treatment with MCC950 until the height of disease (a more likely clinical scenario) significantly protected mice from severe and highly virulent IAV-induced disease. These findings identify for the first time that NLRP3 plays a detrimental role later in infection, contributing to IAV pathogenesis through increased cytokine production and lung cellular infiltrates. These studies also provide the first evidence identifying NLRP3 inhibition as a novel therapeutic target to reduce IAV disease severity.
Curcumin-glucoside, A Novel Synthetic Derivative of Curcumin, Inhibits &#945;-Synuclein Oligomer Formation: Relevance to Parkinson's Disease (2012)

α-Synuclein aggregation is centrally implicated in Parkinson's disease (PD). It involves multi-step nucleated polymerization process via the formation of dimers, soluble toxic oligomers and insoluble fibrils. In the present study, we synthesized a novel compound viz., Curcumin-glucoside (Curc-gluc), a modified form of curcumin and studied its anti-aggregating potential with α-synuclein. Under aggregating conditions in vitro, Curc-gluc prevents oligomer formation as well as inhibits fibril formation indicating favorable stoichiometry for inhibition. The binding efficacies of Curc-gluc to both α-synuclein monomeric and oligomeric forms were characterized by micro-calorimetry. It was observed that titration of Curc-gluc with α-synuclein monomer yielded very low heat values with low binding while, in case of oligomers, Curc-gluc showed significant binding. Addition of Curc-gluc inhibited aggregation in a dosedependent manner and enhanced α-synuclein solubility, which propose that Curc-gluc solubilizes the oligomeric form by disintegrating preformed fibrils and this is a novel observation. Overall, the data suggest that Curc-gluc binds to α-synuclein oligomeric form and prevents further fibrillization of α-synuclein; this might aid the development of disease modifying agents in preventing or treating PD.
FOXN1: A Master Regulator Gene of Thymic Epithelial Development Program (2013)

T cell ontogeny is a sophisticated process, which takes place within the thymus through a series of well-defined discrete stages. The process requires a proper lympho-stromal interaction. In particular, cortical and medullary thymic epithelial cells (cTECs, mTECs) drive T cell differentiation, education, and selection processes, while the thymocyte-dependent signals allow thymic epithelial cells (TECs) to maturate and provide an appropriate thymic microenvironment. Alterations in genes implicated in thymus organogenesis, including Tbx1, Pax1, Pax3, Pax9, Hoxa3, Eya1, and Six1, affect this well-orchestrated process, leading to disruption of thymic architecture. Of note, in both human and mice, the primordial TECs are yet unable to fully support T cell development and only after the transcriptional activation of the Forkhead-box n1 (FOXN1) gene in the thymic epithelium this essential function is acquired. FOXN1 is a master regulator in the TEC lineage specification in that it down-stream promotes transcription of genes, which, in turn, regulate TECs differentiation. In particular, FOXN1 mainly regulates TEC patterning in the fetal stage and TEC homeostasis in the post-natal thymus. An inborn null mutation in FOXN1 leads to Nude/severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) phenotype in mouse, rat, and humans. In Foxn1 (-/-) nude animals, initial formation of the primordial organ is arrested and the primordium is not colonized by hematopoietic precursors, causing a severe primary T cell immunodeficiency. In humans, the Nude/SCID phenotype is characterized by congenital alopecia of the scalp, eyebrows, and eyelashes, nail dystrophy, and a severe T cell immunodeficiency, inherited as an autosomal recessive disorder. Aim of this review is to summarize all the scientific information so far available to better characterize the pivotal role of the master regulator FOXN1 transcription factor in the TEC lineage specifications and functionality.
In situ measurement of linezolid and vancomycin concentrations in intravascular catheter-associated biofilm (2001)

We describe a new method for the measurement of antimicrobial concentrations in the biofilm associated with the endoluminal surface of intravascular catheters. We quantified endoluminal planktonic bacteria in haemodialysis catheters using the acridine orange method on catheter blood. After catheter removal, separate lumens were perfused in vitro with either vancomycin or linezolid to simulate in vivo antibiotic infusion. Biofilm was recovered using endoluminal brushes, weighed and assayed by fluoroimmunoassay for vancomycin and by bioassay for linezolid. Viable bacteria were counted by serial dilution and agar plating. Biofilm had measurable amounts of vancomycin in 11/11 catheter lumens post-infusion (0.3-18.2 mg biofilm per lumen, mean 6.8 mg; vancomycin concentration 0.2-89 mg/g biofilm, median 19 mg/g). By comparison, linezolid was detected in 4/11 catheter lumens post-infusion (0.5-18.1 mg biofilm per lumen, mean 5.9 mg; linezolid concentration 0.9-6.1 mg/g biofilm, median 1.5 mg/g). Percentage reductions in biofilm-associated bacterial counts post-antibiotic were 84-100%, median 95% (vancomycin) and 0-98%, median 91% (linezolid). We found a significant difference (P = 0.05; Wilcoxon rank sum test) in vancomycin concentrations in coagulase-negative staphylococcal biofilm (median 17.0 mg/g, mean 27.9 mg/g) compared with glycopeptide levels found in biofilm associated with other microorganisms (median 5.5 mg/g, mean 6.9 mg/g). Biofilm concentrations of vancomycin are generally higher than linezolid after antibiotic infusion, which can be explained partly by glycopeptide binding to glycocalyx. Neither antibiotic achieved consistent 100% kill of biofilm bacteria after single infusions, even when a very high concentration was present. The endoluminal brush technique can be used to measure antibiotic concentration in intravascular catheter-associated biofilm in situ. This approach can be exploited to measure biofilm antibiotic concentrations in vivo, without the need for catheter removal.
Chloroquine inhibits lysosomal enzyme pinocytosis and enhances lysosomal enzyme secretion by impairing receptor recycling. (1980)

Adsorptive pinocytosis of acid hydrolases by fibroblasts depends on phosphomannosyl recognition markers on the enzymes and high-affinity pinocytosis receptors on the cell surface. In this study, beta-glucuronidase binding to the cell surface of attached fibroblasts was found to be saturable and inhibitable by mannose-6-phosphate (Man-6-P). Dissociation of cell-bound beta-glucuronidase occurred very slowly at neutral pH, but was greatly accelerated by lowering the pH below 6.0, or by exposure to Man-6-P. Comparison of the maximal cell surface binding and the observed rate of enzyme pinocytosis suggests that the pinocytosis receptors are replaced or reused about every 5 min. Enzyme pinocytosis was not affected by inhibition of new protein synthesis for several hours, suggesting a large pool of internal receptors and/or reuse of internalized receptors. Chloroquine treatment of normal human fibroblasts had three effects: (a) greatly enhanced secretion of newly synthesized acid hydrolases bearing the recognition marker for uptake, (b) depletion of enzyme-binding sites from the cell surface, and (c) inhibition of pinocytosis of exogenous enzyme. Only the third effect was seen in I-cell disease fibroblasts, which were also less sensitive than control cells to this effect. These observations are consistent with a model for transport of acid hydrolases that proposes that delivery of newly synthesized acid hydrolases to lysosomes requires the phosphomannosyl recognition marker on the enzymes, and intracellular receptors that segregate receptor-bound enzymes into vesicles for transport to lysosomes. This model explains how chloroquine, which raises intralysosomal pH, can disrupt both the intracellular pathway for newly synthesized acid hydrolases, and the one for uptake of exogenous enzyme by cell surface pinocytosis receptors.
Rapidly switchable water-sensitive shape-memory cellulose/elastomer nano-composites (2012)

We report a new phenomenon in which the reversible formation and disruption of a cellulose nano-whisker (CNW) percolation network in an elastomeric thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) matrix leads to an unprecedentedly rapidly switchable shape-memory effect (SME) that may be activated by water. The materials have been fully characterized to investigate the SME phenomenon using a number of different experimental techniques including cyclic tensile deformation, dynamic mechanical analysis, FTIR and polarized Raman spectroscopy. A model is developed in which it is shown that exposure to water allows breakup of the CNW percolation network so that the flexible elastomer matrix can be deformed to the desired shape. The CNW percolation network reforms after drying to provide a fixing force for the temporary shape. The entropy elasticity of the TPU matrix then enables rapid shape recovery when the CNW percolation network is disrupted again during wetting. This completely athermal water-sensitive SME mechanism is totally different from traditional ones, in which the water or other solvents are used as plasticizers to lower the glass transition temperature of shape memory polymers, so as to allow triggering of the shape recovery at room temperature or lower. The reported work provides a novel and effective strategy to achieve rapidly switchable shape recovery in a material by a simple wetting process and fixing through an easily applicable programmed drying process.
Effect of the Nature of the Spacer on Gene Transfer Efficacies of Novel Thiocholesterol Derived Gemini Lipids in Different Cell Lines: A Structure–Activity Investigation (2008)

A structure-activity investigation was undertaken to see the effect of the nature of the spacer on the gene transfection efficacies of thiocholesterol-derived cationic gemini lipids possessing disulfide linkage between the cationic headgroup and the thiocholesterol moiety. Three gemini cationic lipids possessing hydrophobic flexible (-(CH 2) 5-; 1), hydrophobic rigid (-C 6H 4-; 2), and hydrophilic flexible (-CH 2-CH 2-O-CH 2-CH 2-; 3) spacer segments were synthesized. In HeLa cells, lipid formulations 1 and 2 were found to be more effective as compared to lipid 3 formulation. In HT1080 cell line, the order of transfectability was 3 > 1 > 2. Transfection studies in HeLa and HT1080 cell line also showed 40-50% transfection efficacy in the presence of 10% serum conditions. These formulations were also able to transfect gene across difficult cells like HaCaT. Cytotoxic studies showed the nontoxic nature of these lipid-DNA complexes at different N/P ratios used for transfection studies.
Modeling and analysis of die-to-die vertical coupling in 3-D IC (2009)

In this paper, die-to-die vertical coupling between clock tree and spiral inductor in three-dimension (3-D) IC is analyzed, and equivalent circuit model for analysis of vertical coupling mechanism is proposed. Analysis and modeling are verified by measurement results of a designed and fabricated test vehicle. The test vehicle has two stacked dies with clock tree or a spiral inductor.
Japanese named entity extraction evaluation (2000)

We will report on one of the two tasks in the IREX (Information Retrieval and Extraction Exercise) project, an evaluation-based project for Information Retrieval and Information Extraction in Japanese (Sekine and Isahara, 2000) (IREX Committee, 1999). The project started in 1998 and concluded in September 1999 with many participants and collaborators (45 groups in total from Japan and the US). In this paper, the Named Entity (NE) task is reported. It is a task to extract NE's, such as names of organizations, persons, locations and artifacts, time expressions and numeric expressions from newspaper articles. First, we will explain the task and the definition, as well as the data we created and the results. Second, the analyses of the results will be described, which include analysis of task difficulty across the NE types and system types, analysis of domain dependency and comparison to human performance.
Three-dimensional induction of dorsal, intermediate and ventral spinal cord tissues from human pluripotent stem cells (2018)

The spinal cord contains more than 20 distinct subclasses of neurons that form well-organized neural circuits capable of sensing the environment and generating motor behavior. Although recent studies have described the efficient <i>in vitro</i> generation of spinal motor neurons, the induction of the spinal cord as a whole tissue has not been achieved. In the present study, we demonstrate three-dimensional (3D) induction of dorsal spinal cord-like tissues from human pluripotent stem cells. Our 3D spinal cord induction (3-DiSC) condition recapitulates patterning of the developing dorsal spinal cord and enables the generation of four types of dorsal interneuron marker-positive cell populations. By activating Shh signaling, intermediate and ventral spinal cord-like tissues are successfully induced. After dissociation of these tissues, somatosensory neurons and spinal motor neurons are detected and express neurotransmitters in an <i>in vivo</i> manner. Our approach provides a useful experimental tool for the analysis of human spinal cord development and will contribute to research on the formation and organization of the spinal cord, and its application to regenerative medicine.
Word level script identification for scanned document images (2003)

In this paper, we compare the performance of three classifiers used to identify the script of words in scanned document images. In both training and testing, a Gabor filter is applied and 16 channels of features are extracted. Three classifiers (Support Vector Machines (SVM), Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) and k-Nearest-Neighbor (k-NN)) are used to identify different scripts at the word level (glyphs separated by white space). These three classifiers are applied to a variety of bilingual dictionaries and their performance is compared. Experimental results show the capability of Gabor filter to capture script features and the effectiveness of these three classifiers for script identification at the word level.
Study on method of extracting winter wheat area planted based on spectral features using Terra/MODIS (2005)

Terra / MODIS has spectral and spatial resolution advantage over NOAA/AVHRR. A method of automatically extracting winter wheat area planted was set up applying spectral features with overall remote sensing images. In the paper, extracting winter wheat area planted in Beijing China was taken as example. Firstly, according to winter wheat phonological stage, the best time phase of extraction is in the sowing stage and tillering stage. And the two time phases MODIS data are produced in Beijing China. Secondly, according to the spectral and biological characteristic of the crop, the spectral reflectances of MODIS are analyzed. Red, blue, NIR and ESWIR band were selected as working bands, and the enhanced vegetation index (EVI), which is defined by Red, NIR and Blue bands, and EVI21, which is defined by the difference EVI of the two time phase images were used to improve the precision. Finally, ISODATA algorithm in clustering was used with unsupervised classification. To verify the result, Landsat ETM+ was used to verify its precision. The result shows that the precision reaches 96%. This shows that it can obviously improve accuracy of extracting crop area planted with spectral features, and especially the extraction time can be advanced for more than three months compared with traditional method, which thought the best extracting winter wheat area planted time was in March. So the method of spectral features for extracting area planted can fine to meet the operating method for agricultural condition monitoring with remote sensing and information service system.
Packet switching with satellites (1973)

The first computer-communication networks put into operation were designed around the communications provided by the existing worldwide telephone network. Lucky has given a convincing rationale for that decision.
Di- and Tetracarboxydiphenylmethanes and Derivatives (1961)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDi- and Tetracarboxydiphenylmethanes and DerivativesJ. R. Le Blanc, D. B. Sharp, and J. G. MurrayCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1961, 26, 11, 4731–4733Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1961Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1961https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01069a540https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01069a540research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views308Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts