gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of Chemical Sensing Platforms Based on Sol−Gel-Derived Thin Films:  Origin of Film Age vs Performance Trade-Offs (1996)

We present a detailed investigation on the evolution and performance of sol−gel-derived thin films as used for chemical sensing platforms. In order to develop an understanding of how the sol−gel matrix affects the entrapped recognition chemistry and determine how and whether the analyte interacts with the sensing element, we have chosen to investigate a simple model probe−analyte system. Specifically, we use static and time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy to report on the photophysics and O2 quenching of pyrene entrapped within sol−gel-derived thin films as a function of precursor form, processing conditions, and storage time. The results of this year-long study show that the analytical response of the pyrene-doped film/sensor to O2 decreases as a function of storage time. This response decrease results from two separate factors. First, the average bimolecular quenching constant decreases from (1.3−1.4) × 107 to (0.4−0.6) × 107 M-1 s-1 for fresh and 300-day-old films, respectively. Second, the average pyrene excited-state fluorescence lifetime, in the absence of quencher, decreases as a function of storage time. The simultaneous decrease in bimolecular quenching constant and average fluorophore lifetime are directly related to the change in analytical signal (i.e., response). These results demonstrate that single-component sol−gel-derived sensing platforms are unstable over time. However, we find that most of the observed instability occurs during the first month following film preparation.
Constant Current  N 2 O  Plasma Anodization of Silicon (1997)

A helical resonator plasma source was used to perform constant‐current plasma anodization of silicon. Growth rates in plasmas were lower than those in plasmas. Angle‐resolved x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (ARXPS) was used to study nitrogen incorporation in the oxides as a function of oxidation time and annealing temperature. At an oxide thickness of 4.5 nm, a bonding structure was observed in the interfacial region. Growth of a 9.4 nm oxide revealed the same bonding structure at the interface, with low intensity and broad signals at higher binding energies in the bulk oxide. Distinct peaks at higher binding energies in the bulk oxide corresponding to oxynitride bonding structures emerged in 15 nm oxides. Both 9.4 and 15 nm oxides were etched to 4.5 nm in HF solution and analyzed using angle‐resolved x‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy for comparison of nitrogen incorporation within the same oxide/interfacial region. Within the 4.5 nm region, longer oxidation times yielded higher nitrogen concentrations and the formation of oxynitride bonding arrangements in addition to the bonding structure. Nitrogen annealing at temperatures above 500°C decreased the total nitrogen concentration, primarily due to a reduction of nitrogen in the oxynitride bonding arrangement.
High-Gain AlGaN Solar-Blind Avalanche Photodiodes (2014)

This letter reports high performance AlGaN solar-blind avalanche photodiodes (APDs) with separate absorption and multiplication structure grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition on AlN templates. In fabricating APD devices, we applied a photo-electrochemical treatment process after mesa etching to reduce damage induced by etching. After introducing this process, the leakage current of the fabricated devices was reduced obviously and a record-high gain of 1.2×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sup> at the reverse bias of 84 V was achieved under the measurement condition with the protection current constrained to 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-5</sup> A.
Regulation of APP Processing by Intra‐ and Intercellular Signalsa (1996)

APP processing appears to be under complex regulation. This regulation is apparently important under both normal and pathological conditions. Of direct clinical interest is the observation that A beta formation can be regulated by various means. This raises the possibility that altered APP processing may cause an increase in A beta formation in AD, and suggests that it may be possible to regulate the production of A beta as a therapeutic approach in AD. As an example of the utility of the latter approach, consider a patient carrying the Swedish APP mutation. If it is true that the cause of AD in such a patient is due to increased A beta production, then decreasing A beta production should delay the onset of the disease. Even in individuals where increased A beta formation is not the cause of AD but there is some other causes, such as the presence of an allele of apolipoprotein E which causes A beta accumulation and hence synaptic loss, decreasing A beta formation may be beneficial. It is of course a very long way from in vitro experiments to therapy. The current emphasis on studying APP processing in vivo represents the next step towards this goal.
The method of vector fields for catadioptric sensor design with applications to panoramic imaging (2004)

We present a design technique for realizing given projections as catadioptric sensors. In general, these problems do not have solutions, but approximate solutions may often be found that are visually acceptable. Our approach, which we call the "method of vector fields", reduces the problem to solving a linear system. A given transformation between the image plane object surface is shown to determine a vector field which is normal to the surface in the case where the vector field is a gradient. If the vector field is not a gradient, we present several functional that may be minimized to give approximate solutions.
Modeling a Ground Water Circulation Well Alternative (2004)

Abstract Ground water circulation wells (GCWs) provide an appealing alternative to typical pump‐and‐treat ground water remediation systems because of the inherent resource‐conservative nature of the GCW systems. GCW performance prediction is challenging because the consideration of extraction and recharge in a single well is unusual for most practitioners, the technology is relatively new, and a meaningful body of literature has not been published. A three‐part evaluation process using state‐of‐the‐practice numerical ground water flow and mass transport models was developed for application during GCW pilot studies at the former Nebraska Ordnance Plant site. A small‐scale ground water flow model was developed during the pilot study planning process to predict the system performance and to locate performance‐measuring monitoring wells. Key predictions included the capture zone predicted to develop upgradient of the GCW, the downgradierit GCW recharge zone, and the circulation zone centered on the GCW. The flow model was subsequently verified using ground water elevation data and contaminant concentration data collected during pilot study operation. Aquifer parameters were reestimated as a result of the verification process. Those parameter values were used as input to a larger scale model, which was used to develop a remedial alternative consisting of multiple GCW systems.
Resolution and SNR effects on carotid plaque classification (2006)

Multicontrast-weighted MRI, which is increasingly being used in combination with automatic classification algorithms, has the potential to become a powerful tool for assessing plaque composition. The current literature, however, does not address the relationship between imaging conditions and segmentation viability well. In this study 13 carotid endarterectomy samples were imaged with a 156-microm in-plane resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) using proton density (PD), T1, T2, and diffusion weightings. The maximum likelihood (ML) algorithm was used to classify plaque components, with sets of three contrast weighting intensities used as features. The resolution and SNR of the images were then degraded. Classification accuracy was found to be independent of in-plane resolution between 156 microm and 1250 microm, but dependent on SNR. Accuracy decreased less than 10% for degradation in SNR down to 25% of original values, and decreased sharply thereafter. The robustness of automatic classifiers makes them applicable to a wide range of imaging conditions, including standard in vivo carotid imaging scenarios.
Memristive devices for stochastic computing (2014)

We show resistive switching effects in memristive devices exhibit significant stochasticity. When the switching is dominated by a single filament, the switching time is fully random and shows a broad distribution. However, the switching distribution can be predicted and responds well to controlled changes in the programming conditions. The native stochastic characteristic can be used to generate random bit streams with predictable biases that can lead to efficient and error-tolerant computing.
NOTES ON TRIFACIAL NEURALGIA TREATED BY DEEP INJECTIONS (1911)

For the privilege of observing and treating these cases I am indebted to the courtesy of Drs. Baker, Behrens, Bliss, Boislinière, Butler, Falk, Fry, Graves, Hauck, Hoge, Kennerly, and Remme. It is important that the surgeon who intends to treat this form of neuralgia be able to diagnose the condition when present and to differentiate it from other painful affections, which might more or less closely counterfeit the genuine tic douloureux; otherwise he will miss appropriate cases or will throw obloquy on a valuable procedure by using it under inappropriate circumstances. A very slight acquaintance with the symptoms of the disease will exclude the possibility of not recognizing it when present. The recognition of its counterfeits is in most cases quite as simple, but may be so difficult as ultimately to baffle the most skilful and painstaking neurologists. There were certain common features present in all of the true trifacial
Design and Implementation of the Web-Based Book Recommendation System (2013)

The book recommendation system is mainly designed with Struts2 + Hibernate + Spring technologies in the Web design. This paper analyzes the functions of the system, introduces the systems architecture and the key technologies of system implementation, and proves the effectiveness and practicability of the system through experiment.
<title>Cathode-Ray Stereovectorscope</title> (1979)

Stereoscopic oscilloscope displays have been slow in gaining acceptance due in part to the past scarcity of applications, but perhaps mainly due to the apparent unavailability of a general-purpose instrument. But now the increasing use of computer-generated displays has begun to focus attention on them. The stereovectorscope, developed in our laboratories, is a new stereo oscilloscope with an initial 4-6 month availability. In addition to stereo, it provides linear perspective and two axes of manually-controlled spaceform rotation. Use of a proprietary spaceform rotation mechanism results in a simple, compact, lightweight instrument. One embodiment of the stereovectorscope is as a compact desktop laboratory instrument, designed to be viewed in the same manner as a stereo microscope. It has provisions for connecting a large-screen monoscopic monitor for group viewing. One immediate application is as a device for displaying vectorcardiograms. Another immediate application is as an OEM device for displaying computer-generated spaceforms. In this application, the stereovectorscope frees the computer and programmer from the requirement to provide rotation, perspective, and stereo transformations. In all applications it provides a highly natural man-machine interface for spaceform rotation via its "integrated" rotator.
Carbonation of Epoxy Methyl Soyate at Atmospheric Pressure (2007)

Vegetable oils are important substrates for the development of biobased products that may replace products derived from petroleum. Carbonated methyl soyates were prepared at atmospheric pressures from epoxy methyl soyate by the introduction of carbon dioxide at the oxirane position. Carbonation was performed by sparging carbon dioxide gas through the neat epoxy esters at atmospheric pressure in the presence of tetrabutylammonium bromide catalyst. Analysis of reaction mixtures showed that 42% of the epoxide groups were carbonated after 18 h at 80 degrees C with 1 wt% catalyst compared to 63% using liquid carbon dioxide at 54 atm pressure.
United States-based international mutual funds: Performance and persistence (2012)

This study examines market behavior of U.S.-based international mutual funds that invest solely in the international equity markets from 2005 to 2009. With a reputation of high expense ratio, these funds outperform the stock market indices; and their performances can be explained by fund characteristics, such as size, turnover ratio, and beta. Funds are categorized as winners or losers based on their relative performance in the category. The probability of winner funds becoming loser funds or vice versa is close to 50%. The post one- to three-year annualized returns for winner funds and loser funds are very similar. Thus, the relative performance of one fund to another appears more like a random walk than a persistent trend.
[New virological data: replication and persistence of the human immunodeficiency virus]. (1992)

Human immunodeficiency virus behaves in vitro as an acutely replicating, cytopathic retrovirus. However, HIV infection in vivo is persistent and slowly progressive. Many virological properties of HIV could be involved in establishing the persistence of infection: the complex regulation of HIV replication, particularly of HIV gene expression; the requirement of cell activation for several steps of HIV replication; the role of HIV accessory genes; the great genetic variability of HIVs, allowing their adaptation to host responses in vivo.
Melittin, a Major Component of Bee Venom, Sensitizes Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells to Tumor Necrosis Factor-related Apoptosis-inducing Ligand (TRAIL)-induced Apoptosis by Activating CaMKII-TAK1-JNK/p38 and Inhibiting IκBα Kinase-NFκB (2008)

Promoting apoptosis is a strategy for cancer drug discovery. Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) induces apoptosis in a wide range of malignant cells. However, several cancers, including human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), exhibit a major resistance to TRAIL-induced cell death. Melittin, a water-soluble 26-amino acid peptide derived from bee venom of Apis mellifera, can exert toxic or inhibitory effects on many types of tumor cells. Here we report that melittin can induce apoptosis of HCC cells by activating Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, transforming growth factor-beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), and JNK/p38 MAPK. We show that melittin-induced apoptosis can be inhibited by calcium chelator, by inhibitors for Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase, JNK and p38, and by dominant negative TAK1. In the presence of melittin, TRAIL-induced apoptosis is significantly increased in TRAIL-resistant HCC cells, which may be attributed to melittin-induced TAK1-JNK/p38 activation and melittin-mediated inhibition of IkappaBalpha kinase-NFkappaB. Our data suggest that melittin can synergize with TRAIL in the induction of HCC cell apoptosis by activating the TAK1-JNK/p38 pathway but inhibiting the IkappaBalpha kinase-NFkappaB pathway. Therefore, the combination of melittin with TRAIL may be a promising therapeutic approach in the treatment of TRAIL-resistant human cancer.
Refractory period and habituation of acoustic startle response in rats. (1973)

The time course of the recovery cycle (refractory period) of the acoustic startle response in rats was determined. The refractory effect was shown to be highly dependent upon the interval between two startle stimuli but independent of the intensity of the stimuli at a given interval, provided that the intensity of both stimuli was the same. A model based on summation of refractory effects to repetitive stimulation did not predict habituation to repetitive stimulation. The interaction between refractory effect and habituation was discussed, and it was suggested that short interstimulus intervals reduce the effective intensity of the habituation stimulus so that the effects of frequency and intensity become confounded in habituation studies where the interval between habituation stimuli invades the refractory period of the response being studied.
Ion selectivities of the Ca<sup>2+</sup> sensors for exocytosis in rat phaeochromocytoma cells (2001)

1. The ion selectivities of the Ca(2+) sensors for the two components of exocytosis in rat phaeochromocytoma (PC12) cells were examined by measurement of membrane capacitance and amperometry. The cytosolic concentrations of metal ions were increased by photolysis of caged-Ca(2+) compounds and measured with low-affinity indicators benzothiazole coumarin (BTC) or 5-nitrobenzothiazole coumarin (BTC-5N). 2. The Ca(2+)-induced increases in membrane capacitance comprised two phases with time constants of 30--100 ms and 5 s. Amperometric events reflecting the exocytosis of large dense-core vesicles occurred selectively in the slow phase, even with increases in the cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration of > 0.1 mM. 3. The slow component of exocytosis was activated by all metal ions investigated, including Cd(2+) (median effective concentration, 18 pM), Mn(2+) (500 nM), Co(2+) (900 nM), Ca(2+) (8 microM), Sr(2+) (180 microM), Ba(2+) (280 microM) and Mg(2+) (> 5 mM). In contrast, the fast component of exocytosis was activated by Cd(2+) (26 pM), Mn(2+) (620 nM), Ca(2+) (24 microM) and Sr(2+) (320 microM), but was only slightly increased by Ba(2+) (> 2 mM) and Co(2+) and not at all by Mg(2+). 4. The fast component, but not the slow component, was competitively blocked by Na(+) (median effective concentration, 44 mM) but not by Li(+), K(+) or Cs(+). Thus, the Ca(2+) sensor for the fast component of exocytosis is more selective than is that for the slow component; moreover, this selectivity appears to be based on ionic radius, with cations with radii of 0.84 to 1.13 A (1 A = 0.1 nm) being effective. 5. These data support a role for synaptotagmin--phospholipid as the Ca(2+) sensor for the exocytosis of large dense-core vesicles and they suggest that an additional Ca(2+)-sensing mechanism operates in the synchronous exocytosis of synaptic-like vesicles.
A 1-V Wideband Low-Power CMOS Active Differential Power Splitter for Wireless Communication (2007)

A 1-V wideband CMOS phase and power splitter (PPS) with an RLC network load and frequency compensation capacitor is proposed. Adopting the RLC network load and the frequency compensation capacitor, the gain and phase imbalances of the output can be improved and the wideband response can be achieved, respectively. Moreover, this architecture can not only offer high transfer power gain, but also adopts the tuning current source to overcome the power imbalance caused by process variation. An example with a differential phase condition (180deg) has been designed and fabricated. Based on our measured results, in the frequency range from 3.5 to 6 GHz, the phase error is less than 7deg and the power imbalance is less than 1.4 dB. For wireless local area network 802.11a applications in the frequency range from 5.15 to 5.35 GHz, the phase error is less than 0.6deg, and the power imbalances are less than 0.27 dB, respectively. In addition, the transfer power gain is 9.66 dB under the power consumption of 15 mW and 1-V supply voltage. This architecture is different from the passive PPS circuit, and it has the advantages of no conversion loss and a small chip area with 0.8 mm times 0.7 mm. Compared with the conventional active PPSs, such as using the GaAs and BiCMOS process, this architecture implemented by the TSMC 0.18-mum CMOS process is competitive in cost and possesses the characteristics of low voltage and low power, and it is more easily integrated and suitable for system-on-a-chip applications.
Structural and Functional Characteristics of the Val44Met Insulin-Like Growth Factor I Missense Mutation: Correlation with Effects on Growth and Development (2004)

We have previously described the phenotype resulting from a missense mutation in the IGF-I gene, which leads to expression of IGF-I with a methionine instead of a valine at position 44 (Val44Met IGF-I). This mutation caused severe growth and mental retardation as well as deafness evident at birth and growth retardation in childhood, but is relatively well tolerated in adulthood. We have conducted a biochemical and structural analysis of Val44Met IGF-I to provide a molecular basis for the phenotype observed. Val44Met IGF-I exhibits a 90-fold decrease in type 1 IGF receptor (IGF-1R) binding compared with wild-type human IGF-I and only poorly stimulates autophosphorylation of the IGF-1R. The ability of Val44Met IGF-I to signal via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 and Akt/protein kinase B pathways and to stimulate DNA synthesis is correspondingly poorer. Binding or activation of both insulin receptor isoforms is not detectable even at micromolar concentrations. However, Val44Met IGF-I binds IGF-binding protein-2 (IGFBP-2), IGFBP-3, and IGFBP-6 with equal affinity to IGF-I, suggesting the maintenance of overall structure, particularly in the IGFBP binding domain. Structural analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance confirms retention of near-native structure with only local side-chain disruptions despite the significant loss of function. To our knowledge, our results provide the first structural study of a naturally occurring mutant human IGF-I associated with growth and developmental abnormalities and identifies Val44 as an essential residue involved in the IGF-IGF-1R interaction.
T Follicular Helper (T<sub>FH</sub>) Cells in Normal and Dysregulated Immune Responses (2008)

T cell help for antibody production is a fundamental aspect of immune responses. Only recently has a better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms for T cell help emerged. A subset of T cells, termed T follicular helper cells (T(FH) cells), provides a helper function to B cells and represents one of the most numerous and important subsets of effector T cells in lymphoid tissues. T(FH) cells are distinguishable from Th1 and Th2 cells by several criteria, including chemokine receptor expression (CXCR5), location/migration (B cell follicles), and function (B cell help). Central to the function of CD4(+) T cells is IL-21, a "helper" cytokine produced by T(FH) cells that potently stimulates the differentiation of B cells into Ab-forming cells through IL-21R. Consequently, dysregulation of T(FH) cell function, and over- or under-expression of T(FH) cell-associated molecules such as ICOS or IL-21, most likely contributes to the pathogenesis of certain autoimmune diseases or immunodeficiencies.
Virtual reality and augmented reality as a training tool for assembly tasks (2003)

In this paper we investigate whether virtual reality (VR) and augmented reality (AR) offer potential for the training of manual skills, such as for assembly tasks, in comparison to conventional media. We present results from experiments that compare assembly completion times for a number of different conditions. We firstly investigate completion times for a task where participants can study an engineering drawing and an assembly plan and then conduct the task. We then investigate the task under various VR conditions and context-free AR. We discuss the relative advantages and limitations of using VR and AR as training media for investigating assembly operations, and we present the results of our experimental work.