gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A 5-GHz CMOS Frequency Synthesizer With an Injection-Locked Frequency Divider and Differential Switched Capacitors (2009)

A phase-locked loop (PLL)-based frequency synthesizer at 5 GHz is designed and fabricated in 0.18- <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">mu</i> m CMOS technology. The power consumption of the synthesizer is significantly reduced by using an injection-locked frequency divider (ILFD) as the first frequency divider in the PLL feedback loop. The synthesizer chip consumes 18 mW of power, of which only 3.93 mW is consumed by the voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) and the ILFD at 1.8-V supply voltage. The VCO has the phase noise of - 104 dBc/Hz at 1-MHz offset and an output tuning range of 740 MHz. The chip size is 1.1 mm times 0.95 mm.
Molecular Entanglement Theory of Flow Behavior in Amorphous Polymers (1965)

An approximate molecular theory of steady flow in amorphous polymers has been developed by considering the properties of a deforming entanglement network. The dynamics of entanglement formation between pairs of molecules and its influence on the density of entanglements during steady deformation were examined. From a simple model for these processes, apparent viscosity was calculated as a function of the shear rate. An approximate calculation of the normal-stress differences was also made. The viscosity was found to be dependent on the rate of deformation, and at sufficiently high shear rates it approached proportionality with (shear rate)−¾. The onset of non-Newtonian behavior occurs in the same region of shear rates as that predicted by the coil-distortion theory of steady flow. However, unlike the predictions of the latter theory, dynamic-viscosity frequency curves and apparent-viscosity shear-rate curves should not necessarily superimpose, because the dispersion mechanisms are fundamentally different in the two cases. Comparison with experimental results reported in the literature showed generally satisfactory agreement in both the shape of the viscosity master curves and in the order of magnitude of the normal-stress differences.
IMPACT: working together to address the challenges involving mass digitization of historical printed text (2009)

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to address the most urgent challenges that libraries face in the mass digitization of historical printed text: the unsatisfactory result of the conversion of scanned images to full featured electronic text by means of automated optical character recognition (OCR); the historical language barrier around 1850, caused by inadequacy of most existing lexica for historical language for OCR or post‐correction and a lack of institutional knowledge and expertise in libraries, museums and archives. Design/methodology/approach In the EC‐funded project IMPACT (Improving Access to Text), seven libraries, six research institutes and two private sector companies across Europe work together to address the challenges by the development of OCR software and technologies which exceed the accurateness of current state‐of‐the‐art software significantly. The IMPACT solutions focus on the entire process of recognition after the document leaves the scanner: Image processing, OCR processing (including use of dictionaries), OCR correction and Document formatting. IMPACT will also build capacity in mass digitization by sharing best practice and expertise with the cultural heritage communities in Europe. Findings Technical results will include toolkits for image enhancement and segmentation, an adaptive OCR engine and several prototypes of experimental OCR engines, computational lexica and several post‐correction modules including a web based collaborative correction system and a parser for structural metadata. Strategic tools include several decision support tools, guidelines, a web site with demonstrator platform, a training programme and ultimately, a sustainable Centre of Competence for mass digitization in Europe. Originality/value The IMPACT solutions will allow for the first time to transform large amounts of digitized historical texts into electronic text with a minimum of manual interference and a significantly improved accessibility for the user.
Low pressure sintering of sialon using different sintering additives (2008)

The sintering behavior and the mechanical and oxidation properties of Sialon were investigated by varying the composition, amount, and cationic radii of sintering additives composed of AlN-Er2O3-M2O3 (M=Y or Sc). The optimum additive composition for the pressureless sintering of Sialon was determined to be (0.6 AlN:0.4 [0.3 Er2O3:0.7 M2O3]) and the optimum content was 10-15 mass%. The maximum relative densities of Sialon using AlN-Er2O3-Y2O3 and AlN-Er2O3-Sc2O3 additives (termed SAEY and SAES) were 94.4 and 97.9% at 0.1 MPa N2, respectively. The pressureless sintered SAES sample showed fairly high strength (506 MPa) using the optimized additive composition. In both systems, the oxidation resistance was improved by decreasing the total amount of sintering additives.
Intragenic sequences of the human glucocorticoid receptor complementary DNA mediate hormone-inducible receptor messenger RNA down-regulation through multiple mechanisms. (1994)

Glucocorticoid receptors (GR) are ligand-dependent transcription factors that play a critical role in the endocrine control of cell growth, differentiation, and death. These steroid receptors are widely recognized to undergo down-regulation after exposure to ligand in cell cultures and animals, including humans. This reduction in cellular receptor levels leads to insensitivity to subsequent hormone administration. The mechanisms controlling homologous down-regulation of the GR are, however, poorly understood. We have previously shown (1) that a transfected human GR (hGR) complementary DNA (cDNA) contains sequences that are sufficient to recapitulate the down-regulation of both hGR messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein seen in vivo. We have now evaluated potential mechanisms involved in the hormonal regulation of the hGR mRNA and, further, have identified an intragenic domain of the hGR cDNA that contains the down-regulatory signal. Glucocorticoid treatment of COS-1 cells expressing a transfected hGR cDNA resulted in down-regulation of the hGR mRNA in the presence of cycloheximide or actinomycin-D, suggesting that a glucocorticoid-inducible protein was not essential for down-regulation. We show that prolonged receptor occupation by ligand leads to increased GR mRNA turnover, and furthermore, that either the agonist dexamethasone or the antagonist RU486 decreased transcription of the hGR cDNA. To resolve which receptor cDNA sequences are critical in down-regulation, a cotransfection strategy was employed in which a series of hGR cDNA deletion mutants was transfected in conjunction with the full-length hGR cDNA. The effects of glucocorticoid on the regulation of receptor mRNAs encoded by the mutant receptor cDNAs were examined. Deletions within the 5' half of the receptor cDNA produced transcripts that were susceptible to glucocorticoid-mediated down-regulation, whereas deletion of sequences located in the 3'-end of the receptor-coding sequence (corresponding to amino acids 550-697) resulted in receptor transcripts that were only minimally down-regulated by glucocorticoid. Together these studies indicate that multiple mechanisms control GR mRNA abundance, and an intragenic element within the ligand-binding domain is critical for this down-regulation.
Oxygen‐Independent Decarbonylation of Aldehydes by Cyanobacterial Aldehyde Decarbonylase: A New Reaction of Diiron Enzymes (2011)

Just add water: Structurally, cyanobacterial aldehyde decarbonylases are members of the non-heme diiron oxygenase family of enzymes. However, the enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of aliphatic aldehydes to alkanes and formate (see scheme), in an oxygen-independent reaction. This unusual and chemically difficult reaction most likely involves free radical intermediates. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Enhancement of normally directed light outcoupling from organic light-emitting diodes using nanoimprinted low-refractive-index layer (2008)

The authors have demonstrated increased light outcoupling from organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on nanoimprinted amorphous fluoropolymer, poly[perfluoro(4-vinyloxy-l-butene)] (PPFVB). Because PPFVB has a low refractive index and a high transmittance over wide wavelength range, the first-order Bragg diffracted light shows high directionality and decreased waveguide absorption. These characteristics provide an advantage for small- or medium-sized OLEDs, which are mainly viewed from the normal direction.
CONDENSATION OF THIOBARBITURIC ACID WITH AROMATIC ALDEHYDES. (1916)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCONDENSATION OF THIOBARBITURIC ACID WITH AROMATIC ALDEHYDES.Arthur W. Dox and G. P. PlaisanceCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1916, 38, 10, 2164–2166Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1916Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1916https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja02267a027https://doi.org/10.1021/ja02267a027research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views338Altmetric-Citations27LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Multiple-route and multiple-state current-voltage characteristics of an InP/AlInGaAs switch for multiple-valued logic applications (2000)

A novel multiple-state switching device based on an InP/AlInGaAs heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) structure has been successfully fabricated and demonstrated. The common-emitter current gain up to 25 is obtained under the forward operation mode. However, the anomalous multiple-negative-differential-resistance (MNDR) phenomena controlled either by electrical or optical input signals are observed under the inverted operation mode. The studied device exhibits a single-route S-shaped NDR behavior in the dark and a distinct significant S-shaped MNDR phenomena by introducing an incident light source at room temperature. Moreover, the anomalous multiple-route and multiple-step current-voltage (I-V) characteristics are also observed at 77 K. The switching behaviors are attributed to the avalanche multiplication, barrier lowering effect and potential redistribution process. Experimental results show that the studied device provides a good potentiality for multiple-valued logic and optoelectronic switching system applications.
Role-based application model for supporting spontaneous interaction (2010)

One important requirement of ubiquitous computing is spontaneous interaction, which means the capability of objects to carry out a task without human intervention. The concept of role is an efficient tool to model participant entities, their relationship, and collaboration, so role-based model are appropriate to represent application models for ubiquitous environments. Little attention has been given to reflect the characteristics of ubiquitous application to role-based models. This study proposes a role-based application model to describe the dynamic collaboration among participants, considering characteristics of ubiquitous applications. We call the role-based model for ubiquitous application as the community model. This paper discusses the community model in perspective of three concerns; the structural, behavioral, and context-aware concern. This paper also defines the life model of community with state-machine.
Real-time transmission-type terahertz microscope, with palm size terahertz camera and compact quantum cascade laser (2012)

This paper describes a real-time transmission-type Terahertz (THz) microscope, with palm-size THz camera and compact quantum cascade laser (QCL). The THz camera contains 320x240 microbolometer focal plane array which operates at 30 Hz frame rate and has lock-in imaging function as well as integration functions such as frame integration and spatial filter. These functions are found very powerful in improving signal-to-noise ratio. QCL is installed in compact Stirling cycle cooler. A variety of QCLs covers frequency range from 1.5 to 5 THz and provides time-average power of 0.5~2 mW. The illumination area for sample is changed by adjusting one lens in the illumination optics. Performances of the THz microscope, such as signal-to-noise ratio and so on, were measured and are found consistent with the calculations. THz images taken with the THz microscope are finally presented.
Cancer Incidence in Atomic Bomb Survivors. Part III: Leukemia, Lymphoma and Multiple Myeloma, 1950-1987 (1994)

This paper presents an analysis of data on the incidence of leukemia, lymphoma and myeloma in the Life Span Study cohort of atomic bomb survivors during the period from late 1950 through the end of 1987 (93,696 survivors accounting for 2,778,000 person-years). These analyses add 9 additional years of follow-up for leukemia and 12 for myeloma to that in the last comprehensive reports on these diseases. This is the first analysis of the lymphoma incidence data in the cohort. Using both the Leukemia Registry and the Hiroshima and Nagasaki tumor registries, a total of 290 leukemia, 229 lymphoma and 73 myeloma cases were identified. The primary analyses were restricted to first primary tumors diagnosed among residents of the cities or surrounding areas with Dosimetry System 1986 dose estimates between 0 and 4 Gy kerma (231 leukemias, 208 lymphomas and 62 myelomas). Analyses focused on time-dependent models for the excess absolute risk. Separate analyses were carried out for acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL), acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), chronic myelocytic leukemia (CML) and adult T-cell leukemia (ATL). There were few cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia in this population. There was strong evidence of radiation-induced risks for all subtypes except ATL, and there were significant subtype differences with respect to the effects of age at exposure and sex and in the temporal pattern of risk. The AML dose-response function was nonlinear, whereas there was no evidence against linearity for the other subtypes. When averaged over the follow-up period, the excess absolute risk (EAR) estimates (in cases per 10(4) PY Sv) for the leukemia subtypes were 0.6, 1.1 and 0.9 for ALL, AML and CML, respectively. The corresponding estimated average excess relative risks at 1 Sv are 9.1, 3.3 and 6.2 respectively. There was some evidence of an increased risk of lymphoma in males (EAR = 0.6 cases per 10(4) PY Sv) but no evidence of any excess in females. There was no evidence of an excess risk for multiple myeloma in our standard analyses.
Dual‐Design of Nanoporous to Compact Interface via Atomic/Molecular Layer Deposition Enabling a Long‐Life Silicon Anode (2021)

Abstract The rapid and reversible lithiation/delithiation of silicon materials remains a challenging yet marvelous goal. Herein, harnessing the “nanoporous to compact” gradient design, a dual‐film consisting of flexible porous zincone and rigid compact TiO 2 (zincone/TiO 2 ) is controllably deposited onto a silicon electrode using molecular layer deposition and atomic layer deposition techniques. This dual‐film can tailor the stress and ionic diffusion kinetics for silicon anodes. That is, the elastic zincone acts as a buffer layer to dissipate inner stress through the deformation of pores, while the rigid TiO 2 (≈5 nm) provides silicon particles a satisfying mechanical strength and protects the silicon from engulfing by the solid electrolyte interphase. The density functional theory and galvanostatic intermittent titration technique results indicate the fast Li + diffusion kinetics in Si@zincone/TiO 2 electrode, resulting in a high initial Coulombic efficiency of 81.9% and an advantageous rate capability of 1224 mAh g −1 at 4 A g −1 . More importantly, a low capacity‐fading rate of only 0.051% per cycle can be achieved (discharge capacity of 753 mAh g −1 after 1000 cycles). Additionally, fractal theory verifies the Si@zincone/TiO 2 undergoes gentle reversible evolutions during cycling with a box fractal dimension ( D B ) of 1.73.
The clinical importance of white matter hyperintensities on brain magnetic resonance imaging: systematic review and meta-analysis (2010)

White matter hyperintensities predict an increased risk of stroke, dementia, and death. Therefore white matter hyperintensities indicate an increased risk of cerebrovascular events when identified as part of diagnostic investigations, and support their use as an intermediate marker in a research setting. Their discovery should prompt detailed screening for risk factors of stroke and dementia.
양면조직(ambidextrous organization)의 작동 메커니즘 : 사례연구를 통한 탐색 (2004)

양면조직을 주장하는 연구들이 증가하고 있지만 이들 조직이 어떻게 작동되는지에 대한 메커니즘은 잘 설명되지 못하고 있다. 본 연구는 양면조직의 구체적 작동 메커니즘을 제시하는 것을 연구목적으로 한다. 다음의 연구가 진행되었다. 첫째, 양면조직은 어떤 조직적 속성을 양립시키고자 하는가를 이론적으로 살펴보았다. 둘째, 양면조직 연구의 역사적 흐름을 정리하였다....
Influence of oral contraceptive therapy on the activity of systemic lupus erythematosus (1982)

Since harmful effects of estrogens in murine lupus are well established, we studied the influence of oral contraceptive therapy on systemic lupus erythematosus activity in 26 female patients with lupus nephropathy. Combined preparations containing either 50 micrograms (14 patients) or 30 micrograms (7 patients) of ethinyl-estradiol were used in 21 courses in 20 patients. Initial manifestations or exacerbations of systemic lupus activity appeared within 3 months of beginning hormonal therapy in 9 patients, an overall incidence of lupus flare-up of 43%; there was major renal involvement in 4 patients. Conversely, evidence of lupus exacerbation did not develop in any of 11 patients who received pure progestogen oral contraceptive therapy with either continuous low-dose norsteroids (6 patients) or discontinuous progestogens at normal dosage (5 patients). These patients were followed for 5--30 months. Our data indicated that oral contraceptive therapy that used estrogens, even at low doses, often induced exacerbation of systemic lupus erythematosus activity. Pure progestogens, which were effective and devoid of such unfavorable effects, may be preferred in these patients.
Conductive inks of graphitic nanoparticles from a sustainable carbon feedstock (2016)

Microwave plasma splitting of biogas to solid carbon forms is a promising technique to produce large quantities of sustainable carbon based nano materials. Well defined graphitic nano carbons have been produced exhibiting graphene multilayers in turbostratic packing. After heat treatment, the purified material has been used to formulate stable, aqueous dispersions. These dispersions are used directly as inks, allowing the preparation of conductive membranes with remarkable resistivity. Nano carbons derived by plasma processes constitute a promising alternative to carbon black because they can be prepared from renewable sources of methane or natural gas, are calibrated in size, exhibit high conductivity, and have promising perspectives for chemical and material science purposes.
Preparation and Super-Water-Absorbency of Poly(sodium acrylate-co-acrylamide-co-2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) (2006)

Super water-absorbent resins were prepared by inverse suspension copolymerization of sodium acrylate, acrylamide and 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate using N, N'-methylene-bis-acrylamide as cross-linker. For the suspension copolymerization, monohexadecyl phosphate was employed as the dispersing agent, cyclohexane as the dispersing medium and potassium persulfate as the initiator. The dependence of water-absorption capacity on the amount of crosslinking agent, oil/water ratio, degree of neutralization and the composition of the copolymer were systematically investigated. Furthermore, the swelling kinetics of the super water-absorbent copolymer was carried out. The absorption of the resins is more than 1800 g/g for deionized water and 100 g/g for 0.9% NaCl solution, respectively. The copolymers showed an increased salt resistance and enhanced water retention of soil.
Thin-film circuits for scalable interfacing between large-area electronics and CMOS ICs (2014)

Hybrid systems based on large-area electronics (LAE) and CMOS ICs aim to exploit the complementary strengths of the two technologies: the scalability of LAE for forming interconnects and transducers (for sensing and energy harvesting), and the energy efficiency of CMOS for instrumentation and computation. The viability of large-scale systems depends on maximizing the robustness and minimizing the number of interfaces between the LAE and CMOS domains. To maximize robustness, inductive and capacitive coupling has been explored, avoiding the need for metallurgical bonding [1]. To minimize the number of interfaces, a method to access and readout individual sensors via minimal coupling channels, is crucial. In this abstract, we present a thin-film transistor (TFT) based scanning circuit that requires only three capacitively-coupled control signals from the IC to sequentially access an arbitrarily large number of LAE sensors, enabling a single readout interface (Fig. 1). A key attribute of the presented circuit is the low power consumption, which remains nearly constant even as the number of sensors scales.
A novel CPW-fed ultra-wideband antenna design (2005)

A novel ultra-wideband (UWB) antenna fed by coplanar waveguide (CPW) is designed, fabricated, and measured for UWB communications. It is designed to work on a substrate TMM4 of thickness 0.762 mm and relative permittivity 4.5, and to operate from 3.1 to 8.3 GHz. Details of the proposed antenna design and the measured results are presented and discussed. Measured insertion loss is almost constant across the frequency band and the group-delay variation is less than 1 ns, thus indicating that the proposed antenna is a good candidate for UWB applications. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 44: 393–396, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.20646
Parallel Spectral Clustering in Distributed Systems (2010)

Spectral clustering algorithms have been shown to be more effective in finding clusters than some traditional algorithms, such as k-means. However, spectral clustering suffers from a scalability problem in both memory use and computational time when the size of a data set is large. To perform clustering on large data sets, we investigate two representative ways of approximating the dense similarity matrix. We compare one approach by sparsifying the matrix with another by the Nyström method. We then pick the strategy of sparsifying the matrix via retaining nearest neighbors and investigate its parallelization. We parallelize both memory use and computation on distributed computers. Through an empirical study on a document data set of 193,844 instances and a photo data set of 2,121,863, we show that our parallel algorithm can effectively handle large problems.