gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Seizure-induced neuronal injury (2002)

One of the oldest questions in epilepsy is whether seizures are a cause or a result of brain damage. Animal data have provided us with insights into the relationship between seizures and subsequent brain damage. It is now recognized that seizures can be caused by brain injury and that, in certain conditions, can cause brain damage. Whether seizures result in brain damage depends on a number of variables, including age of the animal, seizure type and duration, etiology of the seizures, and genetic substrate on which the seizures occur. Seizures lasting for hours can cause injury to the brain regardless of whether they are generalized or focal in onset. The cell loss that occurs after the seizure is secondary to excessive excitability, with seizures causing massive depolarization of neurons leading to excessive glutamate release. This glutamate release results in increased intracellular calcium, causing a cascade of changes that ultimately result in cell death. Hypoxia and ischemia can exacerbate the injury. However, even in animals that are well ventilated and oxygenated, prolonged seizures can lead to cell loss and subsequent reorganization of synaptic networks. Although prolonged seizures at any age can result in cell loss, the immature brain fares much better than the mature brain with regard to cell loss after a prolonged seizure. Evidence that prolonged seizures result in neuronal loss is firmly established. It is less clear how detrimental recurrent seizures are. Although cell loss and synaptic reorganization have been reported in recurrent seizure models, such as kindling, it is generally modest compared to status epilepticus. When seizure-induced changes do occur, the pathologic patterns in the brain differ from those in status epilepticus.
High-current stream of energetic α particles from laser-driven proton-boron fusion (2020)

The nuclear reaction known as proton-boron fusion has been triggered by a subnanosecond laser system focused onto a thick boron nitride target at modest laser intensity (∼10^{16}W/cm^{2}), resulting in a record yield of generated α particles. The estimated value of α particles emitted per laser pulse is around 10^{11}, thus orders of magnitude higher than any other experimental result previously reported. The accelerated α-particle stream shows unique features in terms of kinetic energy (up to 10 MeV), pulse duration (∼10 ns), and peak current (∼2 A) at 1 m from the source, promising potential applications of such neutronless nuclear fusion reactions. We have used a beam-driven fusion scheme to explain the total number of α particles generated in the nuclear reaction. In this model, protons accelerated inside the plasma, moving forward into the bulk of the target, can interact with ^{11}B atoms, thus efficiently triggering fusion reactions. An overview of literature results obtained with different laser parameters, experimental setups, and target compositions is reported and discussed.
OpenCL programming guide (2011)

Using the new OpenCL (Open Computing Language) standard, you can write applications that access all available programming resources: CPUs, GPUs, and other processors such as DSPs and the Cell/B.E. processor. Already implemented by Apple, AMD, Intel, IBM, NVIDIA, and other leaders, OpenCL has outstanding potential for PCs, servers, handheld/embedded devices, high performance computing, and even cloud systems. This is the first comprehensive, authoritative, and practical guide to OpenCL 1.1 specifically for working developers and software architects. Written by five leading OpenCL authorities, OpenCL Programming Guide covers the entire specification. It reviews key use cases, shows how OpenCL can express a wide range of parallel algorithms, and offers complete reference material on both the API and OpenCL C programming language. Through complete case studies and downloadable code examples, the authors show how to write complex parallel programs that decompose workloads across many different devices. They also present all the essentials of OpenCL software performance optimization, including probing and adapting to hardware. Coverage includes Understanding OpenCL’s architecture, concepts, terminology, goals, and rationale Programming with OpenCL C and the runtime API Using buffers, sub-buffers, images, samplers, and events Sharing and synchronizing data with OpenGL and Microsoft’s Direct3D Simplifying development with the C++ Wrapper API Using OpenCL Embedded Profiles to support devices ranging from cellphones to supercomputer nodes Case studies dealing with physics simulation; image and signal processing, such as image histograms, edge detection filters, Fast Fourier Transforms, and optical flow; math libraries, such as matrix multiplication and high-performance sparse matrix multiplication; and more Source code for this book is available at https://code.google.com/p/opencl-book-samples/
Poly(β‐Amino Esters): Synthesis, Formulations, and Their Biomedical Applications (2018)

Poly(β-amino ester) (abbreviated as PBAE or PAE) refers to a polymer synthesized from an acrylate and an amine by Michael addition and has properties inherent to tertiary amines and esters, such as pH responsiveness and biodegradability. The versatility of building blocks provides a library of polymers with miscellaneous physicochemical and mechanical properties. When used alone or together with other materials, PBAEs can be fabricated into different formulations in order to fulfill various requirements in drug delivery (for instance, gene, anticancer drugs, and antimicrobials delivery) and natural complex mimicry (nanochaperones). This progress report discusses the recent developments in design, synthesis, formulations, and applications of PBAEs in biomedical fields and provides a perspective view for the future of the PBAEs.
A Novel Magnetic Nanoparticle Drug Carrier for Enhanced Cancer Chemotherapy (2012)

This simple and adaptive nanoparticle design may accommodate chemotherapy for drug delivery optimization and in vivo drug-target definition in system biology profiling, increasing the margin of safety in treatment of cancers in the near future.
Pedestrian Detection via Mixture of CNN Experts and Thresholded Aggregated Channel Features (2015)

In this paper, we propose a two stage pedestrian detector. The first stage involves a cascade of Aggregated Channel Features (ACF) to extract potential pedestrian windows from an image. We further introduce a thresholding technique on the ACF confidence scores that segregates candidate windows lying at the extremes of the ACF score distribution. The windows with ACF scores in between the upper and lower bounds are passed on to a Mixture of Expert (MoE) CNNs for more refined classification in the second stage. Results show that the designed detector yields better than state-of-the-art performance on the INRIA benchmark dataset and yields a miss rate of 10.35% at FPPI=10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> .
Effect of BF/sub 2//sup +/ induced Mo/sup ++/ on long retention time in 0.25 μm DRAM technology (2003)

The aim of this work was to establish if molybdenum (Mo) is detrimental to DRAM performance. If so, to determine the limits for the ion source parameters and in turn for the beam currents used in BF/sub 2//sup +/ implants, in order to prevent deleterious levels of Mo occurring. The effect of increased beam current has also been investigated. The implanted element profiles and their diffusion following RTA have been analysed by SIMS, the damage level by XTEM, while MOS test structures were used to analyse relevant electrical parameters and cell retention time. Reliability tests were finally performed on the wafers with the highest Mo level. Mo peak concentration of above 1E19/cc was measured in the wafers implanted with the highest Arc Current (Arc I). The main source parameter responsible for the high Mo/sup ++/ production was found to be the Arc I. Tests performed on wafers implanted at different Arc I, show a deleterious effect of Mo on the retention time of DRAM cells. However, provided an appropriate Arc I limit is used, there is no need for the more expensive and more maintenance dependent tungsten ion source.
Time-resolved detection of Cu atoms during photochemical laser metal vapor deposition (1985)

A pump/probe laser approach is utilized to investigate in a time-resolved manner the photochemistry of copper coordination complexes in the gas phase. These compounds are metal atom precursors for photochemical laser metal vapor deposition. Dissociation is effected by a KrF excimer laser and the copper atoms are detected via laser induced fluorescence. Evidence is provided that suggests that under excimer laser photolysis, the metal atom generation may proceed via unimolecular decomposition.
Protective role of HSF1 and HSP70 against gastrointestinal diseases (2009)

This study provides the first genetic evidence that HSF1 and Hsp70 play a role in protecting against both irritant-induced gastric lesions and IBD-related colitis. The aggravation of irritant-induced gastric lesions in HSF1-null mice is due to their inability to up-regulate Hsp70, leading to apoptosis. On the other hand, this protective role of Hsp70 against colitis seems to involve various mechanisms, such as suppression of expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and CAMs, and cell death.
Studies in High Frequency Oscillating Compressible Flow for Application in a Micro Regenerative Cryocooler (2006)

Phenomena associated with oscillating flow in the regenerator and other cryocooler components are crucial, especially in micro regenerative systems that must operate at higher frequencies. The dependence of the phase angle and friction factor on operating frequency has been discussed quite extensively with some contradictions being reported experimentally. Recent published models have addressed this issue analytically, and pointed to fluid inertial effects as the possible cause of this dependence. When addressed analytically, an incompressible fluid with constant material properties was assumed, for simplicity. The results of these studies show considerable discrepancies when compared to the aforementioned experimental results. These discrepancies seem to be rooted in the simplifying assumptions. The helium employed in cryocoolers is hardly incompressible, nor does it possess constant properties. This paper extends earlier work to consider a compressible, temperature dependent fluid in high frequency oscillating flow. The problem is solved using a CFD numerical package. Results show that the phase angle is dependent on operating frequency at typical regenerator operating conditions while the friction factor should have no dependence at these typical frequencies. This study shows how the inclusion of compressibility and temperature dependence significantly adjusts the theoretical results to values much closer to those observed experimentally.
DNA Methylation Is Required for Silencing of <i>Ant4</i> , an Adenine Nucleotide Translocase Selectively Expressed in Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells and Germ Cells (2005)

The capacity for cellular differentiation is governed not only by the repertoire of available transcription factors but by the accessibility of cis-regulatory elements. Studying changes in epigenetic modifications during stem cell differentiation will help us understand how cells maintain or lose differentiation potential. We investigated changes in DNA methylation during the transition of pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) into differentiated cell types. Using a methylation-sensitive restriction fingerprinting method, we identified a novel adenine nucleotide (ADP/ATP) translocase gene, Ant4, that was selectively hypomethylated and expressed in undifferentiated mouse ESCs. In contrast to other pluripotent stem cell-specific genes such as Oct-4 and Nanog, the Ant4 gene was readily derepressed in differentiated cells after 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine treatment. Moreover, expression of de novo DNA methyltransferases Dnmt3a and Dnmt3b was essential for repression and DNA methylation of the Ant4 gene during ESC differentiation. Although the deduced amino acid sequence of Ant4 is highly homologous to the previously identified Ant isoforms, the expression of Ant4 was uniquely restricted to developing gametes in adult mice, and its promoter hypomethylation was observed only in testis. Additionally, Ant4 was expressed in primordial germ cells. These data indicate that Ant4 is a pluripotent stem cell- and germ cell-specific isoform of adenine nucleotide translocase in mouse and that DNA methylation plays a primary role in its transcriptional silencing in somatic cells.
The Relationship Between Hardiness and Psychosocial Adjustment of Persons With a Colostomy (1991)

The problem addressed by this study were to explore the effect of hardiness on psychosocial adjustment of persons with a colostomy and to identify factors which influence that psychosocial adjustment. The purpose was to suggest a theoretical base for the planning of supportive nursing interventions to increase the level of adjustment. Among members of the Korea Ostomy Association, 34 subjects who had undergone colostomy from March, 1990 to March, 1991 were selected as the sample. Data were collected from April 8 to May 8, 1991 using a mailed questionnaire. The instruments used for this study were the Health-Related Hardiness Scale (Pollock, 1984) and the Psychosocial Adjustment to Illness Scale (Derogatis, 1975). ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficient and Stepswise Multiple Regression were used for data analysis. The results of the study are summarized as follows. 1. Hardiness was significantly related to psychosocial adjustment (p = 0.009). That is, the higher the hardiness, the higher the level of psychosocial adjustment. 2. Among the demographic variables, only economic level was significantly related to the level of psychosocial adjustment. (p = 0.005). 3. The important factors influencing the level of psychosocial adjustment of persons with a colostomy were economic level, commitment, challenge (subconcepts of hardiness). Therefore, in order to increase the level of the psychosocial adjustment, it might be helpful to provide them with hardiness training to strengthen their commitment and their challenge.
Mid Infrared Polarized Light Scattering; Applications for the Remote Detection of Chemical and Biological Contaminations (1992)

A polarized IR scattering facility that measures all elements of the Mueller matrix was built here at the U.S. Army Chemical Research, Development and Engineering Center (CRDEC) for remote detection of contaminants (analytes) spread on natural and manufactured surfaces (background scattering interferent). The ellipsometer is a two-modulator design that when interfaced to a mathematical algorithm can be trained to emit beam CO2 laser energies at incident angles that best contrast various analyte target backscattering signatures from background signatures. For a probable detection event, sets of Mueller matrices are measured at beam energies coinciding with resonant IR absorptions by the analyte and at incident angle where backscattering by that analyte surface is strong. Identification of the contaminant(s) in situ is determined by another algorithm that operates on a vector whose N is equal or more than 16 components are the independent Mueller elements measured at the susceptible beam energy/angle parameters. This work documents the phase sensitive detection program at CRDEC from past developments to future applications.
Agenda setting in real-life negotiations (1999)

Many negotiators in union/management disputes or business, academic, legal, political, religious and social settings work with multiple parties. Frequently several parties join together against a more powerful employer or group despite not having identical needs, goals and interests. This article compares âreal lifeâ accounts of the strategies used by three experienced union and management negotiators with recommendations derived from laboratory research which examine the effect of issue agendas, decision rules and power imbalances on the quality of negotiated agreements in classroom settings using simulated problems.
Hemodialysis for Chronic Renal Failure (1967)

REPETITIVE maintenance hemodialysis can be a satisfactory means of life prolongation and rehabilitation for selected patients with terminal, irreversible renal failure.<sup>1</sup>This communication summarizes the experience of a program of intermittent maintenance hemodialysis for 21 patients treated for periods of one to 21 months, as of July 1966. <h3>Methods</h3> Patients were selected for maintenance hemodialysis by a committee composed of the authors. Selection criteria included (1) presence of terminal, irreversible renal failure of such severity that conservative management would not support life, (2) absence of other life-threatening diseases, (3) a sufficient degree of understanding and motivation on the part of the patient suggesting his ability to participate in continuing hemodialysis without forseeable ending. Twenty of the patients selected were residents of New York city, and one patient was referred from Israel. Approximately one third of the patients reviewed by the committee were rejected. The most frequent reason for rejection
An approach to real-time position estimation at zero and low speed for a PM motor based on saliency (1998)

This paper presents a magnetic saliency-based position estimation approach for a permanent magnet (PM) motor fed by a voltage-source pulse width modulation (PWM) inverter. The proposed real-time estimation algorithm detects motor current harmonics and calculates the inductance matrix, including rotor position information. Position estimation can be performed every period of PWM or carrier cycle. An experimental system using an interior permanent magnet (IPM) synchronous motor has been constructed. Experimental results verify that position estimation within 10/spl deg/ in electrical angle is obtained at standstill and at speeds as low as 1 r/min by the proposed approach.
Mechanisms of ferroptosis (2016)

Ferroptosis is a non-apoptotic form of cell death that can be triggered by small molecules or conditions that inhibit glutathione biosynthesis or the glutathione-dependent antioxidant enzyme glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4). This lethal process is defined by the iron-dependent accumulation of lipid reactive oxygen species and depletion of plasma membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids. Cancer cells with high level RAS-RAF-MEK pathway activity or p53 expression may be sensitized to this process. Conversely, a number of small molecule inhibitors of ferroptosis have been identified, including ferrostatin-1 and liproxstatin-1, which can block pathological cell death events in brain, kidney and other tissues. Recent work has identified a number of genes required for ferroptosis, including those involved in lipid and amino acid metabolism. Outstanding questions include the relationship between ferroptosis and other forms of cell death, and whether activation or inhibition of ferroptosis can be exploited to achieve desirable therapeutic ends.
Performance Improvement in Satellite Networks Based on Markovian Weather Prediction (2010)

Prediction of channel characteristics can be of immense value in improving the quality of signals in high frequency satellite systems. Making prediction of rainfall rate (RR) using Markov theory and using that prediction in an intelligent system (IS) to maintain the quality of service (QoS) in channels impacted by attenuation due to weather is the object of this paper. The paper describes the method of prediction rainfall rate using weather collected by environment agencies and applying the predictions to gateway and ground terminal for optimal control of channel characteristics. This novel method of predicting weather characteristics using Markov theory supplies valuable data to develop an enhanced back propagation-learning algorithm to iteratively tune the IS to adapt to changing weather conditions. The effectiveness of the algorithm was tested on a simulated model for activating the weighted modulation and codepoint control. It demonstrated marked improvements in channel parameter tuning and signal quality.
Interface Electrostatics Dictates the Electron Transport via Bioelectronic Junctions (2018)

Different batches of Si wafers with nominally the same specifications were found to respond differently to identical chemical surface treatments aimed at regrowing Si oxide on them. We found that the oxides produced on different batches of wafer differ electrically, thereby affecting solid-state electron transport (ETp) via protein films assembled on them. These results led to the another set of experiments, where we studied this phenomenon using two distinct chemical methods to regrow oxides on the same batch of Si wafers. We have characterized the surfaces of the regrown oxides and of monolayers of linker molecules that connect proteins with the oxides and examined ETp via ultrathin layers of the protein bacteriorhodopsin, assembled on them. Our results illustrate the crucial role of (near) surface charges on the substrate in defining the ETp characteristics across the proteins. This is expressed most strikingly in the observed current's temperature dependences, and we propose that these are governed by the electrostatic landscape at the electrode-protein interface rather than by intrinsic protein properties. This study's major finding, relevant to protein bioelectronics, is that protein-electrode coupling in junctions is a decisive factor in ETp across them. Hence,surface electrostatics can create a barrier that dominates charge transport and controls the transport mode across the junction. Our findings' wider importance lies in their relevance to hybrid junctions of Si with (polyelectrolyte) biomolecules, a likely direction for future bioelectronics. A remarkable corollary of presented results is that once an electron is injected into the protein, transport within the proteins is so efficient that it does not encounter a measurable barrier down to 160 K.
Bunina Bodies in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (1993)

Bunina bodies (BBs), small eosinophilic intraneuronal inclusions in the remaining lower motor neurons, are the only specific pathological hallmarks of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). This report deals with the study of and provides a review on the morphology and morphogenesis of BBs. Immunohistochemical studies disclosed that BBs express cystatin C, but they failed to react with a variety of other antibodies. Serial electron microscopic investigations documented that BBs consisted of electron‐dense amorphous material that contains tubular and vesicular structures and that in the early stages of BB formation the amorphous material was sometimes present around the tubular and vesicular structures. From immunoelectron microscopic studies with the antiserum to cystatin C, there was evidence for the presence of immunoperoxidase reaction products in the periphery of BBs. Furthermore, cystatin C was mainly localized in the Golgi apparatus of anterior horn cells of an adult cat. It would appear that BBs may represent abnormal accumulations of unknown proteinaceous materials that are associated with the Golgi apparatus.