gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Conceptual retrieval and case law (1987)

Case law retrieval is a major problem of legal research. Keyword boolean retrieval systems generally are'less than satisfactory because they select documents by word matching, disregarding the meaning of information. The goals of my research are to facilitate case law searching by using argument content and structures and to find ways to improve upon the design of retrieval systems in general.
Fabrication studies for scaling photonic MEMS micro-shutter designs (2008)

This paper will investigate micro-shutter MEMS "fabrication techniques" and processes to identify opportunities and barriers for successful implementation of micro-shutter technologies to enable adaptive coded aperture imaging and nonimaging systems. The use of photonic MEMS for creating adaptive coded apertures has been gaining momentum since 2007. Both Industry-based1, 2 and University-based3 studies have demonstrated their unique solutions for implementing MEMS-based micro-shutter technologies; however, there are many unique and novel MEMS-based "fabrication and characterization" processes and solutions that will be considered herein as we explore micro-shutter technologies. This paper discusses challenges and opportunities that may arise from in-house fabrication of MEMS which may prevent and/or improve structural uniformity, reproducibility, & reliability. This paper will also discuss characterization of the micro-shutters to include mechanical, electrical and optical properties. The "open and close" speeds of the micro-shutter device will also be assessed from a scaling perspective to determine usability.
Differences in zoospore germination and host penetration in response to temperature among Western Australian isolates of Plasmopara viticola (2007)

Plasmopara viticola, causal agent of grape downy mildew, was first detected in Western Australia (WA) in widespread commercial viticulture in the Swan Valley (–31.85 S, 116.02 E) in 1998. It has since been found in all viticultural areas in WA, which extend from the far north (–15.75 S, 128.74 E) to the far south (–35.02 S, 117.80 E) of the state across a diverse range of climate zones. Not all of these zones are considered conducive for the development of grape downy mildew. The early infection behaviour of P. viticola isolates, obtained from climatically different grape-growing locations, was examined under different temperatures of incubation (10, 20, and 30°C). Variation in early infection behaviour was used to discern ecotypes of the pathogen. Ten isolates were obtained from WA and 8 of these responded similarly. Three isolates obtained from the east of Australia and used as comparisons in the study behaved similarly to most of the WA isolates. Zoospore germination and host penetration occurred at 10 and 20°C for all isolates. None of the isolates penetrated the host at 30°C. Only 2 isolates, from WA, germinated at 30°C. The early infection behaviour of most of the P. viticola isolates examined in this study appears to be reasonably analogous, despite the influence of varied local environmental conditions. The capacity of certain isolates to germinate under a wider spectrum of temperatures could be indicative of ecotypic specialisation. Such behaviour could confer advantage for the pathogen in viticultural regions that experience high temperatures throughout the growing season.
Collision‐induced dissociative chemical cross‐linking reagent for protein structure characterization: applied Edman chemistry in the gas phase (2009)

Chemical cross-linking combined with a subsequent enzymatic digestion and mass spectrometric analysis of the created cross-linked products presents an alternative approach to assess low-resolution protein structures and to gain insight into protein interfaces. In this contribution, we report the design of an innovative cross-linker based on Edman degradation chemistry, which leads to the formation of indicative mass shifted fragment ions and constant neutral losses (CNLs) in electrospray ionization (ESI)-tandem-mass spectrometry (MS/MS) product ion mass spectra, allowing an unambiguous identification of cross-linked peptides. Moreover, the characteristic neutral loss reactions facilitate automated analysis by multiple reaction monitoring suited for high throughput studies with good sensitivity and selectivity. The functioning of the novel cross-linker relies on the presence of a highly nucleophilic sulfur in a thiourea moiety, safeguarding for effective intramolecular attack leading to predictive and preferred cleavage of a glycyl-prolyl amide bond. Our innovative analytical concept and the versatile applicability of the collision-induced dissociative chemical cross-linking reagent are exemplified for substance P, luteinizing hormone releasing hormone LHRH and lysozyme. The novel cross-linker is expected to have a broad range of applications for probing protein tertiary structures and for investigating protein-protein interactions.
The magnetic and electronic structure of vanadyl pyrophosphate from density functional theory (2011)

We have studied the magnetic structure of the high symmetry vanadyl pyrophosphate ((VO)(2)P(2)O(7), VOPO), focusing on the spin exchange couplings, using density functional theory (B3LYP) with the full three-dimensional periodicity. VOPO involves four distinct spin couplings: two larger couplings exist along the chain direction (a-axis), which we predict to be antiferromagnetic, J(OPO) = -156.8 K and J(O) = -68.6 K, and two weaker couplings appear along the c (between two layers) and b directions (between two chains in the same layer), which we calculate to be ferromagnetic, J(layer) = 19.2 K and J(chain) = 2.8 K. Based on the local density of states and the response of spin couplings to varying the cell parameter a, we found that J(OPO) originates from a super-exchange interaction through the bridging -O-P-O- unit. In contrast, J(O) results from a direct overlap of 3d(x(2)-y(2)) orbitals on two vanadium atoms in the same V(2)O(8) motif, making it very sensitive to structural fluctuations. Based on the variations in V-O bond length as a function of strain along a, we found that the V-O bonds of V-(OPO)(2)-V are covalent and rigid, whereas the bonds of V-(O)(2)-V are fragile and dative. These distinctions suggest that compression along the a-axis would have a dramatic impact on J(O), changing the magnetic structure and spin gap of VOPO. This result also suggests that assuming J(O) to be a constant over the range of 2-300 K whilst fitting couplings to the experimental magnetic susceptibility is an invalid method. Regarding its role as a catalyst, the bonding pattern suggests that O(2) can penetrate beyond the top layers of the VOPO surface, converting multiple V atoms from the +4 to +5 oxidation state, which seems crucial to explain the deep oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride.
Electro-mechanical analysis of a magnetorheological damper with electrical steel laminations (2013)

The study outlines the concept of piston for a magnetorheological (MR) damper. The piston configuration that is analyzed in the paper utilizes a core made out of six SiFe laminated stacks having radially projecting arms away from the centre of the core. The coil is then wound around the radially projecting arms. There has been no published data on the performance characteristics of MR dampers with such pistons. Therefore, in the author focuses on a parametric magneto-static study of such a piston configuration followed by calculations of its steady-state force-velocity maps. Damping force calculations were performed using the so-called biplastic Bingham model. The results are presented in the form of magnetic field’s contour maps, averaged flux density levels in the annulus and steady-state force-velocity maps, respectively, two different annular gap sizes in the piston and a range of coil currents from 0 to 5 A. Streszczenie. W artykule przedstawiono koncepcje tloka amortyzatora samochodowego z cieczą magnetoreologiczną (MR). Analizowana w artykule konfiguracja tloka zawiera rdzen, na ktorym promieniowo rozmieszczono sześc stosow z blachy elektrotechnicznej. Cewka rdzenia nawinieta jest wokol ramion kazdego stosu. Opisano zasade dzialania takiej konstrukcji amortyzatora. Zgodnie z aktualnym stanem wiedzy autora, do tej pory nie pojawily sie zadne publikacje dotyczące spodziewanych osiągow amortyzatorow MR tego typu. Przedstawiono wyniki obliczen charakterystyk sil tlumienia takiego amortyzatora, przeprowadzając obliczenia numeryczne rozkladu pola magnetycznego oraz hydrauliczne z wykorzystaniem modelu biplastycznego Binghama. Wyznaczono rozklady indukcji magnetycznej w tloku oraz charakterystyki sil tlumienia w funkcji predkości tloka dla dwoch roznych wartości szczeliny w tloku i zakresu prądu cewki od 0 do 5 A. (Koncepcja tloka amortyzatora samochodowego z cieczą magnetoreologiczną)
An Improved Multi-Level Framework for Force-Directed Placement (2005)

One of the greatest impediments to achieving high quality placements using force-directed methods lies in the large amount of overlap initially present in these techniques. This overlap makes the determination of cell ordering difficult and can lead to the inadvertent separation of highly connected cells by the spreading forces. We show that a multi-level clustering strategy can minimize the ill effects of overlap and improve the quality of placements generated by the force-directed tool FDP. Moreover, we present a means of improving initial cell ordering through the unification of min-cut partitioning and force-based placement, and describe an enhanced median improvement heuristic which further aids in minimizing HPWL. Numerical results are presented showing that our flow generates placements which are, on average, 15% better than mPG and 4% better than Capo 9.0 on mixed-size designs.
Natural Selection on the Erythrocyte Surface (2002)

Surface glycoproteins are principal receptors used by pathogens to invade target cells. It has been suggested that mammalian erythrocyte surface glycoproteins function as decoy receptors attracting pathogens to the anucleated erythrocyte and away from their target tissues. Glycophorin A (GYPA) is solely expressed on the erythrocyte surface where it is the most abundant sialoglycoprotein, although its function is unknown. The pathogen decoy hypothesis may be relevant here, as GYPA has been shown in vitro to bind numerous viruses and bacteria, which do not infect erythrocytes. However, it is also a receptor for erythrocyte invasion by the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Analyses of gypa sequence variation among six higher primates and within a human population show that there is a large excess of replacement (nonsynonymous) substitutions along each primate lineage (particularly on exons 2-4 encoding the extracellular glycosylated domain of GYPA) and a significant excess of polymorphisms in exon 2 (encoding the terminal portion of the extracellular domain) within humans. These two signatures suggest that there has been exceptionally strong positive selection on this receptor driving GYPA divergence during primate evolution and balancing selection maintaining allelic variation within human populations. The pathogen decoy hypothesis alone is adequate to explain both these signatures of between-species and within-species diversifying selection. This has implications for understanding the functions of erythrocyte surface components and their roles in health and disease.
New Antitumor Substances, FR901463, FR901464 and FR901465. I. Taxonomy, Fermentation, Isolation, Physico-chemical Properties and Biological Activities. (1996)

New antitumor substances, FR901463, FR901464 and FR901465 were isolated from the culture broth of a bacterium of Pseudomonas sp. No.2663. FR901463, FR901464 and FR901465 remarkably enhanced the transcriptional activity of the promoter of SV40 DNA virus. Further, these compounds exhibited potent antitumor activities against murine and human tumor cell lines in vitro.
ChemInform Abstract: LANTHANOIDS IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS. 4. SELECTIVE KETALIZATION AND REDUCTION OF CARBONYL GROUPS (1980)

Abstract Lanthan(III)‐chloride bewirken bei der Reduktion von Mischungen verschiedener Oxo‐Verbindungen bzw. von Verbindungen mit unterschiedlichen Oxo‐Funktionen eine selektive Reaktion.
The Biosynthesis of Cell Wall Lipopolysaccharide in Escherichia coli (1966)

An acidic component of the cell wall lipopolysaccharide ofEscherichia coli 0111-B 4 was isolated from mild acid hydrolysates of the polymer.It was concluded that this compound was 3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonic acid on the basis of the following criteria: (a) paper chromatography in a variety of solvent systems; (b) degradation with ceric sulfate following borohydride reduction; (c) enzymatic degradation by 3-deoxyoctulosonate (KDO) aldolase to yield pyruvate and D-arabinose; (d) the rate of liberation of -formyl pyruvate by periodate oxidation; (e) chemical synthesis of crystalline penta-O-acetyl-KDO methyl ester, which, upon alkaline saponification, yielded KDO which corresponded chromatographically to KDO from lipopolysaccharide.Further, the product of saponification was identical with natural KDO with regard to the specificities of cytidine 5'-phosphate-KDO synthetase and KDO aldolase.The procedure employed for the chemical synthesis of KDO provides a method for the preparation of a chemically pure standard of this compound.The complex lipopolysaccharide of the cell wall of Escherichia coli 0111-B 4 consists of a lipid portion containing hexosamine, organic phosphate, and fatty acids, and a polysaccharide portion, containing heptose, O-phosphorylethanolamine, organic phosphate, glucose, galactose, N-acetylglucosamine, and colitose ( 3 ,6-dideoxy-L-xylohexose) (1).In a preliminary communica-
Inhibition site of dexamethasone on extravasation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes in the hamster cheek pouch microcirculation (1992)

A video system was used to investigate the inhibitory effect(s) of the glucocorticoid dexamethasone (DEX) on polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) extravasation in the microcirculation of hamster cheek pouch. DEX was given intraperitoneally at 0.1 or 0.3 mg/kg body weight 2 h before induction of extravasation by topical application of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) or formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) on the microvasculature. The number, time course, and behavior of PMNs were examined in the following five steps of extravasation: (1) rolling on the venular endothelium, (2) adhesion on the endothelium, (3) passage between the endothelial cells, (4) staying in the venular wall, and (5) migration from the venular wall into the interstitial space. In either the presence or absence of DEX, topical application of LTB4 (15 pmol/50 microliters) or fMLP (10 nmol/50 microliters) caused an increase in the number of PMNs that adhered to the venules. Thus, DEX did not inhibit the adhesion of PMNs on the endothelial cells. The adhered PMNs induced by these chemoattractants became gradually smaller, finally disappearing in the vascular lumen, as observed on the monitor screen. The whole process took about 10 min. This passage of PMNs between the endothelial cells was also not inhibited by DEX, as over 90% of the adhered PMNs passed through the endothelial cells and advanced to the next step of extravasation in the presence or absence of DEX. When these chemoattractants were applied to DEX-untreated animals, the PMNs that passed through the endothelial cells stayed for about 30 min in the venular wall. Thereafter, PMNs migrated into the interstitial space. The numbers of PMNs in the interstitial space were counted at 30, 60, and 90 min after the application of chemoattractants. In the DEX-untreated animals, PMNs in the interstitial space started to appear by 30 min, and thereafter the number further increased. However, in the DEX-treated animals, the number of PMNs at 60 and 90 min was significantly suppressed. Since DEX may inhibit the synthesis and/or release of a proteinase(s) in the PMN granules, which would normally degrade the basement membrane, this inhibition may be due to the inability of PMNs to penetrate the basement membrane.
Deep Hyperedges: a Framework for Transductive and Inductive Learning on Hypergraphs (2019)

From social networks to protein complexes to disease genomes to visual data, hypergraphs are everywhere. However, the scope of research studying deep learning on hypergraphs is still quite sparse and nascent, as there has not yet existed an effective, unified framework for using hyperedge and vertex embeddings jointly in the hypergraph context, despite a large body of prior work that has shown the utility of deep learning over graphs and sets. Building upon these recent advances, we propose \textit{Deep Hyperedges} (DHE), a modular framework that jointly uses contextual and permutation-invariant vertex membership properties of hyperedges in hypergraphs to perform classification and regression in transductive and inductive learning settings. In our experiments, we use a novel random walk procedure and show that our model achieves and, in most cases, surpasses state-of-the-art performance on benchmark datasets. Additionally, we study our framework's performance on a variety of diverse, non-standard hypergraph datasets and propose several avenues of future work to further enhance DHE.
Ultrasonic Visualization System Employing New Scanning and Presentation Methods (1968)

New methods for the ultrasonic visualization of tissue, achieved by employing a newly developed versatile instrumentation system, are outlined and their application to the examination of brain is illustrated. The complete system, whose operating characteristics are described in detail, incorporates an on-line medium-sized digital computer, implementing omnidirectional scanning, utilizing three translational and two rotational degrees of freedom; relief display, which combines intensity modulation and deflection of the oscillograph beam by the echo signals; and segmental construction of echograms, which incorporates wide dynamic range combined with high resolution via program control of receiver gain as a function of range and echo strength. Omnidirectional scanning permits the more complete viewing of tissue interfaces than is possible with the usual compound-scanning methods. Relief display provides an additional parameter as compared to the common flat format for the presentation of echo information in a two-dimensional picture, and the type of echo signal composition at individual positions on an echogram thus can be represented The relief format also facilitates detection of significant echo signals against the background. Comprehensive presentation eliminates the need for, and problems associated with, time-variable gain in receiver amplification and also provides for much greater flexibility in the choice of an amplifier gain characteristic as a function of signal amplitude. The illustrative results presented demonstrate that new ultrasonic visualization methods can be used to detect and localize (1) internal structural features of the cranial vault, (2) external features of the brain (ventricular, cisternal, and fissural surfaces); and (3) major blood vessels (midsagittal sinuses) in considerable detail, under the condition that acoustic energy does not traverse bone.
Translocating a High-Affinity Designer TIMP-1 to the Cell Membrane for Total Renal Carcinoma Inhibition: Putting the Prion Protein to Good Use (2019)

<u>M</u>embrane <u>t</u>ype <u>1</u>-<u>m</u>atrix <u>m</u>etallo<u>p</u>roteinase (MT1-MMP) and <u>t</u>umor necrosis factor <u>α</u> (TNF-α)-<u>c</u>onverting <u>e</u>nzyme (TACE) are prominent membrane-anchored metalloproteinases that regulate the turnover of extracellular matrix (ECM) components and bioactive molecules required for cancer proliferation. In this study, we describe a novel approach that would allow tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP-1), the endogenous inhibitor of the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), to be translocated to the cell membrane for simultaneous MT1-MMP/TACE inhibition. We achieve this by fusing T1<sup>TACE</sup>, a designer TIMP-1 with superb affinities for MT1-MMP and TACE, to the glycosyl-phosphatidyl inositol anchor of prions to create a membrane-tethered, broad-spectrum inhibitor, named T1<sup>Pr αTACE</sup>, that colocalizes with MT1-MMP and TACE on the cell surface. Transduction of T1<sup>Pr αTACE</sup> in human fibrosarcoma cells results not only in a substantial reduction in gelatinolytic and TNF-α/heparin binding epithelial growth factor shedding activities but also in a loss of tubulogenic capability in three-dimensional matrices. In renal carcinoma, T1<sup>Pr αTACE</sup> triggers cellular senescence and disrupts MMP-mediated proteolysis of ECM components such as fibronectin and collagen I, leading to an impairment in cell motility and survival under both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> conditions. Taken together, our findings may provide a new perspective in TIMP targeting that could be exploited to halt metastatic renal carcinoma progression.
Monoclonal antibodies directed to human insulin‐like growth factor I (IGF I) (1982)

Mouse hybridomas secreting antibodies to human insulin-like growth factor I (IGF I) were produced by fusion of spleen cells of hyperimmunised mice with FO mouse-myeloma cells. Eight clones producing antibodies against human IGF I have been isolated, two of which have been characterised. One was used in a radioimmunoassay, the other for immunopurification of IGF.
Micro-CT enables microlocalisation and quantification of Her2-targeted gold nanoparticles within tumour regions (2011)

In this pre-clinical study, antibody-targeted 15 nm gold nanoparticles showed preferential uptake in cognate tumours, but even untargeted gold nanoparticles enhanced the visibility of tumour peripheries and enabled detection of millimetre-sized tumours. Micro-CT enabled quantification within various regions of a tumour.
Design of ultra-broadband terahertz polymer waveguide emitters for telecom wavelengths using coupled mode theory (2013)

We use coupled mode theory, adequately incorporating optical losses, to model ultra-broadband terahertz (THz) waveguide emitters (0.1-20 THz) based on difference frequency generation of femtosecond infrared (IR) optical pulses. We apply the model to a generic, symmetric, five-layer, metal/cladding/core waveguide structure using transfer matrix theory. We provide a design strategy for an efficient ultra-broadband THz emitter and apply it to polymer waveguides with a nonlinear core composed of a poled guest-host electro-optic polymer composite and pumped by a pulsed fiber laser system operating at 1567 nm. The predicted bandwidths are greater than 15 THz and we find a high conversion efficiency of 1.2 × 10(-4) W(-1) by balancing both the modal phase-matching and effective mode attenuation.