gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Deterministic Compressed GNSS Acquisition Technique (2012)

In the cold start of a Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receiver, fast acquisition of the GNSS signal requires either an extensive usage of hardware resources for massive parallel correlators or a high computational complexity for fast Fourier transform (FFT) and inverse FFT operations. Because GNSS uses direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) signaling with binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) or with BPSK and binary offset carrier, any GNSS signal can have a sparse representation so that the concept of compressed sensing can be applied to detect GNSS signals. To achieve a fast acquisition of the GNSS signal with a reduced number of correlators and low computational complexity, we propose a two-stage deterministic compressed GNSS acquisition technique using the Walsh-Hadamard matrix. The proposed technique makes fast acquisition possible for a receiver using a much smaller number of correlators than the conventional parallel-correlator-based technique, which requires much less computational complexity than the FFT-based technique. We provide complexity analysis of the proposed technique and compare the statistical performance of the proposed technique with other techniques applicable to the fast GNSS acquisition. The proposed technique is easy to implement and is the first compressed-sensing-based GNSS acquisition technique.
The Matter of Size: A Review of the Research on Relationships between School and District Size, Pupil Achievement and Cost. (1988)

This article reviews the research on relationships between school and district size, pupil achievement and cost. The evidence is evaluated in terms of the educational reform movement and the growing sophistication of telecommunications. Policy implications for school district consolidation and the role of intermediate districts are discussed. Optimal school size and school district consolidation has been a concern of educators and other state and national officials for over a century. Conclusions from studies on relationships between school and district size, pupil achievement and cost have taken a dramatic turn in recent years. From the beginning of this century through the 1960s, the overwhelming evidence seemed to support large and school districts in terms of economies, program quality and caliber of staff. Asresearch designs began to take into account total cost and socioeconomic status of pupils, and to include additional criteria such as achievement, pupil self-image, and success in college, economies of scale evaporated at relatively low numbers of pupils and the disadvantages oflarge size become readily apparent. The current interest in effective has highlighted the importance of school climate and school culture in affecting pu pil achievement, especially for at risk populations. The supportive social environment of small rural had long been recognized [2], but not appreciated for its pedagogical merit. The size research has two foci: the district and the school. For very small districts, these are one and the. same thing. Large districts have a choice, however; they may operate over a wide range of sizes. Thus, a large district may operate small as a matter of district policy, though most do not. Large also have an option of organizing into houses, or, schools within schools, in an attempt to secure the advantages inherent in both large and small size without the corresponding disadvantages. The review will consider research related to both school size and school district size.
Searching with quantization: approximate nearest neighbor search using short codes and distance estimators (2009)

We propose an approximate nearest neighbor search method based on quantization. It uses, in particular, product quantizer to produce short codes and corresponding distance estimators approximating the Euclidean distance between the orginal vectors. The method is advantageously used in an asymmetric manner, by computing the distance between a vector and code, unlike competing techniques such as spectral hashing that only compare codes. Our approach approximates the Euclidean distance based on memory efficient codes and, thus, permits efficient nearest neighbor search. Experiments performed on SIFT and GIST image descriptors show excellent search accuracy. The method is shown to outperform two state-of-the-art approaches of the literature. Timings measured when searching a vector set of 2 billion vectors are shown to be excellent given the high accuracy of the method.
Readiness for banking technologies in developing countries (2010)

6Banks in developing countries are increasingly relying on innovative technologies such as cellphone banking, landline telephone banking, internet banking and automated teller machine (ATM) banking to penetrate existing markets and to create new markets. The banking industry in South Africa, as a developing economy, is regarded as sophisticated, but providing banking facilities to the ‘unbanked ’ in South Africa remains a challenge. Consumers are not equally ready to adopt technology-based products, with technology readiness defi ned as “people’s propensity to embrace and use new technologies for accomplishing goals in home life and at work”. In the developing economy examined, a Technology Readiness Index (TRI) score of 2.53 for urban consumers was calculated. Such a TRI score is well below that of a developed economy such as the USA, whose score is 2.88. This could imply that consumers are not as ready to adopt technology, which needs to be taken into account by banks when doing product development and investing resources to increase customer satisfaction. 7Key words: Technology Readiness Index (TRI), developing economies, technology readiness
A 10 mW 60GHz 65nm CMOS DCO with 24% tuning range and 40 kHz frequency granularity (2015)

This paper presents a wide tuning range mm-wave digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) with very fine frequency tuning granularity. Switched coupled-inductor and switched-capacitor banks provide the coarse tuning to achieve 24% tuning range from 48.1 GHz to 61.3 GHz. A fine frequency tuning resolution of 39 kHz is achieved using capacitive degeneration. The 65 nm CMOS DCO consumes 10mA from 1V supply voltage, and the DCO with output shunt-peaking buffer occupy an active area of 0.0322mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . The measured max/average/min phase noise at 1 MHz and 10MHz offset are -88.8/-91.9/-95.1dBc/Hz and -114/-116.8/-119.5dBc/Hz respectively. The figure-of-merit varies from -186.4dB to -182.2dB which is better than figure-of-merit of recent mm-wave DCO benchmarks.
Proteolytic processing of peptides in the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum for antigen presentation by major histocompatibility class I (2000)

We have tested the hypothesis that MHC class I molecules are actively involved as protease in the production of natural MHC class I ligands. First, the structure of a class I molecule was analyzed for homology with catalytic sites of known proteases. While several clusters of amino acids in the restriction element resembled protease active sites, structural discrepancies and the influence of nearby residues suggest that these sites are unlikely to have protease activity. Second, we have tested the presentation of viral cytotoxic T cell determinants with affinity for the same restriction element (H-2K(d) or K(k)), when targeted as tandem peptides into the endoplasmic reticulum. Peptide transporter-defective cells were used to exclude cleavage of the tandem peptides by cytosolic proteases. Cleavage by signal peptidase of the tandem peptides was ascertained. The C-terminal peptides in the tandem arrays were almost exclusively presented, suggesting that an aminopeptidase in the endoplasmic reticulum degraded the N-terminally positioned peptides. This result is inconsistent with an MHC class I-catalyzed cleavage following binding of longer peptides in the cleft of the restriction elements. Finally, we conclusively show that an aminopeptidase in the endoplasmic reticulum is also involved in antigen presentation in cells with a functional peptide transporter.
Coupling between refractive waveguides and two dimensional photonic crystal Bloch modes (2008)

A low loss refractive waveguided mode can be efficiently coupled to Bloch modes in two dimensional array of nanopillars, in a two-level high index membrane structure, according to a numerical study. More specifically, when using a slow Bloch mode above the light line, a wavelength selective, directional extraction can occur from the waveguide to the free space. The main conditions to be achieved, such as phase matching, strength of the coupling, photon lifetime in the photonic crystal, influence of embedding... will be discussed.
Restoration and reconstruction from overlapping images for multi-image fusion (2001)

This paper describes a technique for restoring and reconstructing a scene from overlapping images. In situations where there are multiple, overlapping images of the same scene, it may be desirable to create a single image that most closely approximates the scene, based on the data in all of the available images. For example, successive swaths acquired by NASA's moderate imaging spectrometer (MODIS) will overlap, particularly at wide scan angles, creating a severe visual artifact in the output image. Resampling the overlapping swaths to produce a more accurate image on a uniform grid requires restoration and reconstruction. The one-pass restoration and reconstruction technique developed in this paper yields mean-square optimal resampling, based on a comprehensive end-to-end system model that accounts for image overlap and is subject to user-defined and data-availability constraints on the spatial support of the filter.
Pregnancy and Multiple Sclerosis (<scp>MS</scp>): A Beneficial Association. Possible therapeutic application of embryo‐specific Pre‐implantation Factor (<scp>PIF</scp>*) (2012)

A typical autoimmune neuro-inflammatory disease (NID), multiple sclerosis (MS), is more prevalent in women than in men. Majority of patients with MS are of child-bearing age; therefore, occurrence in pregnancy is common. Herein, we review proposed disease mechanisms and suggest therapeutic interventions, focusing on the remarkable pregnancy-induced protection against MS - insofar considered as best, albeit temporary therapy for such harsh NID. Current drugs used for MS therapy in pregnancy are described. Role of non-pregnancy-specific agents considered involved in amelioration of disease is also presented. This review highlights pregnancy-derived neuro-protective agents, proposing that unique pregnancy-induced immune-protective environment is because of the conceptus and its direct action. The essential role of pre-implantation factor (PIF) in pregnancy is delineated. Finally, PIF immune-modulatory effects and efficacy in chronic model of neuro-inflammation to reduce inflammation and paralysis coupled with neural regeneration is presented. Overall, we postulate that this embryo-derived-compound holds great promise to improve MS and possibly neuro-inflammation in general.
The opposite effects of IL-15 and IL-21 on CLL B cells correlate with differential activation of the JAK/STAT and ERK1/2 pathways (2007)

The clonal expansion of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells requires the interaction with the microenvironment and is under the control of several cytokines. Here, we investigated the effect of IL-15 and IL-21, which are closely related to IL-2 and share the usage of the common gamma chain and of its JAK3-associated pathway. We found remarkable differences in the signal transduction pathways activated by these cytokines, which determined different responses in CLL cells. IL-15 caused cell proliferation and prevented apoptosis induced by surface IgM cross-linking. These effects were more evident in cells stimulated via surface CD40, which exhibited increased cell expression of IL-15Ralpha chain and, in some of the cases, also of IL-2Rbeta. IL-21 failed to induce CLL cell proliferation and instead promoted apoptosis. Following cell exposure to IL-15, phosphorylation of STAT5 was predominantly observed, whereas, following stimulation with IL-21, there was predominant STAT1 and STAT3 activation. Moreover, IL-15 but not IL-21 caused an increased phosphorylation of Shc and ERK1/2. Pharmacological inhibition of JAK3 or of MEK, which phosphorylates ERK1/2, efficiently blocked IL-15-induced CLL cell proliferation and the antiapoptotic effect of this cytokine. The knowledge of the signaling pathways regulating CLL cell survival and proliferation may provide new molecular targets for therapeutic intervention.
Characterization of gp120 and Its Single-chain Derivatives, gp120-CD4 and gp120-M9: Implications for Targeting the CD4i Epitope in HIV-1 Vaccine Design (2005)

Single-chain derivatives of gp120 linked to the first two domains of CD4 (gp120-CD4D12) or to the CD4 analogue CD4M9 were assessed for their abilities to elicit CD4induced neutralizing antibodies. Both complexes showed binding to a CD4i epitope as defined by the mAb 17b. Addition of exogenous CD4 did not increase 17b binding to gp120-CD4D12 but augmented binding to gp120-M9 perhaps reflecting the lower binding affinity of M9 to gp120 compared to CD4D12 or suggesting that M9 does not completely fill the CD4 binding site of gp120. Vaccination of guinea pigs and rhesus monkeys with recombinant protein or DNA prime followed by protein boosting generated broadly neutralizing antibodies only for sera generated against gp120-CD4D12. Passage of these sera over a CD4D12 affinity column removed neutralizing activities. Rhesus monkeys were also immunized with gp120-human CD4 or gp120-rhesus CD4 complex. Virusneutralizing antisera were observed for each of these groups, but titers were much greater for the gp120-human CD4 complex. Neutralizing antibody titers showed a significant correlation to CD4 antibody titer for both vaccine groups. These data suggest that most neutralizing antibodies generated by gp120-CD4 complexes are directed against CD4. from 2005 International Meeting of The Institute of Human Virology Baltimore, USA, 29 August – 2 September 2005
Efficient simulation of finite automata by neural nets (1991)

Let K ( m ) denote the smallest number with the property that every m -state finite automaton can be built as a neural net using K ( m ) or fewer neurons. A counting argument shows that K ( m ) is at least Ω(( m log m ) 1/3 ), and a construction shows that K ( m ) is at most O ( m 3/4 ). The counting argument and the construction allow neural nets with arbitrarily complex local structure and thus may require neurons that themselves amount to complicated networks. Mild, and in practical situations almost necessary, constraints on the local structure of the network give, again by a counting argument and a construction, lower and upper bounds for K ( m ) that are both linear in m .
Bi 1 − x Sr x CuSeO oxyselenides as promising thermoelectric materials (2010)

p -type BiCuSeO, a layered oxyselenide composed of conductive (Cu2Se2)2− layers alternately stacked with insulating (Bi2O2)2+ layers, shows an enhancement of the electrical conductivity after substituting Bi3+ by Sr2+, from 470 S m−1 (BiCuSeO) to 4.8×104 S m−1 (Bi0.85Sr0.15CuSeO) at 293 K. Coupled to high Seebeck coefficients, this leads to promising values of the thermoelectric power factor that exceeds 500 μW m−1 K−2 at 873 K. Moreover, the thermal conductivity of these layered compounds is lower than 1 W m−1 K−1 at 873 K. Maximum ZT values reach 0.76 at 873 K, making this family promising for thermoelectric applications in the medium temperature range.
PMI: A ΔΨm Independent Pharmacological Regulator of Mitophagy (2014)

Mitophagy is central to mitochondrial and cellular homeostasis and operates via the PINK1/Parkin pathway targeting mitochondria devoid of membrane potential (ΔΨm) to autophagosomes. Although mitophagy is recognized as a fundamental cellular process, selective pharmacologic modulators of mitophagy are almost nonexistent. We developed a compound that increases the expression and signaling of the autophagic adaptor molecule P62/SQSTM1 and forces mitochondria into autophagy. The compound, P62-mediated mitophagy inducer (PMI), activates mitophagy without recruiting Parkin or collapsing ΔΨm and retains activity in cells devoid of a fully functional PINK1/Parkin pathway. PMI drives mitochondria to a process of quality control without compromising the bio-energetic competence of the whole network while exposing just those organelles to be recycled. Thus, PMI circumvents the toxicity and some of the nonspecific effects associated with the abrupt dissipation of ΔΨm by ionophores routinely used to induce mitophagy and represents a prototype pharmacological tool to investigate the molecular mechanisms of mitophagy.
A strategy for improving reliability of field-oriented controlled induction motor drives (1993)

Although design of induction motor drives employing field-oriented control has reached a relatively mature state, relatively little effort has been expended on improving the reliability of these drives. A new, improved induction motor drive topology and control strategy are proposed that allow for continuous, disturbance-free operation of the drive even with complete loss of one leg of the inverter or motor phase. A complete analysis and computer simulation of the control and circuit concepts is included.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Alterations in Serum Protein Levels in Patients with Cushing’s Syndrome before and after Successful Treatment (2000)

Alteration in serum protein concentration is used commonly in clinical practice as a nonspecific indicator of underlying disease or to monitor disease activity. Although hypercortisolemia may affect protein metabolism directly or indirectly, data regarding alterations of levels of serum protein in a large series of patients with Cushing's syndrome (CS) have been lacking. We have now evaluated, retrospectively, the levels of circulating serum albumin, globulins, total proteins, and the albumin to globulin ratio in 99 patients with endogenous CS before, immediately after, and 3, 6, and 12 months following successful treatment. Subjects with concomitant infections or other chronic diseases were excluded from the analysis. Although mean serum albumin and total protein levels were within the normal reference ranges, in general, they gradually increased after treatment with maximal values being reached at 12 months after normalization of hypercortisolemia (P < 0.0001 for both); there were no significant changes in serum globulin levels or in the albumin to globulin ratio. Patients with CS as a whole showed a weak but significant negative correlation between serum albumin and 0900 h cortisol level (r = -0.303; P = 0.0035). In conclusion, our data suggest that CS is associated with a small but significant reduction in circulating serum protein levels, which are restored following treatment of hypercortisolemia, although these changes occur within the reference range. Thus, extreme alterations in serum total protein or albumin levels in patients with CS should alert physicians to the presence of concomitant pathology, and additional specific investigation should be undertaken to elucidate the cause.
Immobilization and Detection of <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> (2006)

A procedure was developed for immobilization of Listeria monocytogenes cells on metal hydroxides coupled with detection and enumeration using an automated optical system. The results of the immobilization procedure (<1 h) and detection during overnight incubation agreed with calculated plate counts, and this technique is simple and rapid and provides samples that are ready for confirmation of the presence of the pathogen by rapid methods.
Indoor Navigation by People with Visual Impairment Using a Digital Sign System (2013)

There is a need for adaptive technology to enhance indoor wayfinding by visually-impaired people. To address this need, we have developed and tested a Digital Sign System. The hardware and software consist of digitally-encoded signs widely distributed throughout a building, a handheld sign-reader based on an infrared camera, image-processing software, and a talking digital map running on a mobile device. Four groups of subjects-blind, low vision, blindfolded sighted, and normally sighted controls-were evaluated on three navigation tasks. The results demonstrate that the technology can be used reliably in retrieving information from the signs during active mobility, in finding nearby points of interest, and following routes in a building from a starting location to a destination. The visually impaired subjects accurately and independently completed the navigation tasks, but took substantially longer than normally sighted controls. This fully functional prototype system demonstrates the feasibility of technology enabling independent indoor navigation by people with visual impairment.
Oscillator-based Ising Machine (2017)

Many combinatorial optimization problems can be mapped to finding the ground states of the corresponding Ising Hamiltonians. The physical systems that can solve optimization problems in this way, namely Ising machines, have been attracting more and more attention recently. Our work shows that Ising machines can be realized using almost any nonlinear self-sustaining oscillators with logic values encoded in their phases. Many types of such oscillators are readily available for large-scale integration, with potentials in high-speed and low-power operation. In this paper, we describe the operation and mechanism of oscillator-based Ising machines. The feasibility of our scheme is demonstrated through several examples in simulation and hardware, among which a simulation study reports average solutions exceeding those from state-of-art Ising machines on a benchmark combinatorial optimization problem of size 2000.
A Long-Short Demands-Aware Model for Next-Item Recommendation (2019)

Recommending the right products is the central problem in recommender systems, but the right products should also be recommended at the right time to meet the demands of users, so as to maximize their values. Users' demands, implying strong purchase intents, can be the most useful way to promote products sales if well utilized. Previous recommendation models mainly focused on user's general interests to find the right products. However, the aspect of meeting users' demands at the right time has been much less explored. To address this problem, we propose a novel Long-Short Demands-aware Model (LSDM), in which both user's interests towards items and user's demands over time are incorporated. We summarize two aspects: termed as long-time demands (e.g., purchasing the same product repetitively showing a long-time persistent interest) and short-time demands (e.g., co-purchase like buying paintbrushes after pigments). To utilize such long-short demands of users, we create different clusters to group the successive product purchases together according to different time spans, and use recurrent neural networks to model each sequence of clusters at a time scale. The long-short purchase demands with multi-time scales are finally aggregated by joint learning strategies. Experimental results on three real-world commerce datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of our model for next-item recommendation, showing the usefulness of modeling users' long-short purchase demands of items with multi-time scales.