gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biological Fuel Cell Incorporating a Selective Anode Catalyst (1976)

Abstract A fuel cell detector has been constructed with an activated carbon anode. The detector responds to creatinine, uric acid and lactic acid but not to glucose or urea. It is therefore suitable as the basis of a selective detector for certain blood metabolites. Methods for improving the selectivity are discussed. Key Words: biological fuel cellactivated carbonselective catalystcreatinine
Experience and assessment of the DOE-NASA Mod-1 2000-kilowatt wind turbine generator at Boone, North Carolina (1982)

The broad objectives of the Mod-1 program are defined, including the background information leading to the inception of the program. Activities on the Mod-1 program began in 1974, and the turbine was dedicated in July 1979. Rated power generation was accomplished in February 1980. The Mod-1 wind turbine is described in this report. In addition to the steel blade operated on the wind turbine, a composite blade was designed and manufactured. During the early phase of the manufacturing cycle a Mod-1A configuration was designed that identified concepts such as partial span control, a soft tower, and upwind teetered rotors that have been incorporated in second- and third-generation industry designs. The Mod-1 electrical system performed as designed, with voltage flicker characteristics within acceptable utility limits. Power output versus wind speed has equaled or exceeded design predictions. The wind turbine control system was operated successfully at the site and remotely from the utility dispatcher's office in Lenior, NC. During wind turbine operations, television interference was experienced by the local residents. As a consequence, operations were restricted. Although not implemented, two potential solutions were identified. In addition to television interference, a few local residents complained about objectionable sound, particularly the thump as the blade passed behind the tower. To eliminate the residents' objections, the sound generation level was reduced by 10 dB by reducing the rotor speed from 35 rpm to 23 rpm. During January 1981, bolts in the drive train fractured. A solution has been identified but not implemented as yet. During the past 2 years the public reaction toward the Mod-1 Turbine program has been overwhelmingly favorable. This includes the vast majority of Boone residents.
Patterns of brain angiogenesis after vascular endothelial growth factor administration <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> (1998)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a secreted endothelial cell mitogen that has been shown to induce vasculogenesis and angiogenesis in many organ systems and tumors. Considering the importance of VEGF to embryonic vascularization and survival, the effects of administered VEGF on developing or adult cerebrovasculature are unknown: can VEGF alter brain angiogenesis or mature cerebrovascular patterns? To examine these questions we exposed fetal, newborn, and adult rat cortical slice explants to graduated doses of recombinant VEGF. The effects of another known angiogenic factor, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), were evaluated in a comparable manner. In addition, we infused VEGF via minipump into the adult cortex. Significant angiogenic effects were found in all VEGF experiments in a dose-responsive manner that were abolished by the addition of VEGF neutralizing antibody. Fetal and newborn explants had a highly complex network of branched vessels that immunoexpressed the flt-1 VEGF receptor, and flk-1 VEGF receptor expression was determined by reverse transcription-PCR. Adult explants had enlarged, dilated vessels that appeared to be an expansion of the existing network. All bFGF-treated explants had substantially fewer vascular profiles. VEGF infusions produced both a remarkable localized neovascularization and, unexpectedly, the expression of flt-1 on reactive astrocytes but not on endothelial cells. The preponderance of neovascularization in vitro and in vivo, however, lacked the blood-brain barrier (BBB) phenotype marker, GLUT-1, suggesting that in brain the angiogenic role of VEGF may differ from a potential BBB functional role, i.e., transport and permeability. VEGF may serve an important capacity in neovascularization or BBB alterations after brain injury.
Covalent cross-linking of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide to its receptors on intact human lymphoblasts. (1985)

125I-labeled vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (125I-VIP) was covalently cross-linked with its binding sites on intact cultured human lymphoblasts by each of three bifunctional reagents: disuccinimidyl suberate (DSS), ethylene glycol bis(succinimidyl succinate) (EGS), and N-succinimidyl 6-(4'-azido-2'-nitrophenylamino) hexanoate (SANAH). A fourth cross-linking agent with a shorter chain length, N-hydroxysuccinimidyl 4-azidobenzoate (HSAB), was much less effective in cross-linking 125I-VIP to the site. Analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography demonstrated a band of Mr approximately equal to 50,000 +/- 3,000, regardless of which cross-linker was used. The labeling of this band was specific in that it was prevented by 10(-6) M unlabeled VIP and was partially blocked by the homologous hormones secretin and glucagon. The relative potencies of these peptides in blocking the cross-linking of 125I-VIP to the Mr approximately equal to 50,000 band of the lymphoblasts (VIP greater than secretin greater than or equal to glucagon) were similar to those previously found for competitive inhibition of 125I-VIP binding to its putative high-affinity receptor on these cells. The covalent cross-linking required a bifunctional reagent; it was dependent on both the number of Molt cells and the concentration of 125I-VIP. The apparent molecular weight of the cross-linked species was unchanged by treatment with dithiothreitol. These observations suggest that the Mr = 50,000 species represents 125I-VIP cross-linked to a specific plasma membrane receptor and that the receptor does not contain interchain disulfide bonds.
Power Losses in Long String and Parallel-Connected Short Strings of Series-Connected Silicon-Based Photovoltaic Modules Due to Partial Shading Conditions (2011)

Configuration of a photovoltaic (PV) power generator has influence on the operation of the generator, especially if it is prone to partial shading. In this paper, the mismatch losses and the power losses due to failure in tracking of the global maximum power point of a long string of 18 series-connected PV modules and three short strings of six series-connected PV modules connected in parallel are investigated under different partial shading conditions by using a MATLAB Simulink simulation model. The generators with parallel-connected short strings are studied in case when they have the same operating voltage and when they operate as separate strings. The results show that long series connection of modules and parallel connections of strings via a single inverter to the electrical grid should be minimized to avoid losses in case of partial shading conditions. Under partial shading conditions, short strings operating separately have the lowest power losses.
Review of Estrone Sulfatase and its Inhibitors - An Important New Target Against Hormone Dependent Breast Cancer (2002)

A high proportion (approximately 40%) of breast cancers are hormone dependent. The female hormones estradiol and androstenediol are believed to play a key role in the initiation and promotion of this disease. In the fight against hormone dependent breast cancers, extensive research has been undertaken to produce compounds which are potent inhibitors against the cytochrome P-450 enzyme aromatase (AR), which converts the C19 androgens to the C18 estrogens. However, the administration of AR inhibitors alone has failed to produce the expected decrease in plasma levels of estrone. The major impetus to the development of steroid sulfatase inhibitors has therefore been the realisation that in order to improve therapeutic response for women with hormone-dependent breast cancer, not only must the AR enzyme be inhibited, but also the synthesis of estrogens via alternative routes. The steroid sulfatase enzyme regulates the formation of estrone (which can subsequently be converted to the potent estrogen estradiol) from estrone sulfate, a steroid conjugate present in high concentrations in tissue and blood in women with breast cancer. The sulfatase enzyme system also controls the formation of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) from the DHEA-sulfate. This is important since DHEA can be converted to 5-androstene-3 beta,17 beta-diol, which possesses estrogenic properties capable of stimulating the growth of breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Considerable progress has been made in recent years in the development of a number of potent steroid/estrone sulfatase inhibitors, as such both steroidal and non-steroidal compounds have been considered and a number of highly potent inhibitors have been produced and evaluated against what is now considered a crucial enzyme in the fight against hormone dependent breast cancer. The review therefore considers the work that has been undertaken to date, as well as possible future development with respect to dual inhibitors of both estrone sulfatase and AR.
Adipose tissue is an extramedullary reservoir for functional hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (2009)

The stromal vascular fraction (SVF) in adipose tissue contains a pool of various stem and progenitor cells, but the existence of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in the SVF has not been seriously considered. We detected the presence of HSPCs in the SVF by phenotypically probing with Lin(-)Sca-1(+)c-kit(+) (LSK) and functionally confirming the presence using colony-forming cell assay and assessing the long-term multilineage reconstitution ability after SVF transplantation. The LSK population in the SVF was 0.004% plus or minus 0.001%, and 5 x 10(5) freshly isolated SVF cells gave rise to 13 plus or minus 4 multilineage colonies. In addition, 0.15% plus or minus 0.03% of SVF cells was home to bone marrow (BM), especially near vascular and endosteal regions, 24 hours after blood transplantation. SVF transplantation was capable of generating a long-term (> 16 weeks), but variable extent (2.1%-32.1%) multilineage reconstitution in primary recipients, which was subsequently transferred to the secondary recipients by BM transplantation. All HSPCs within the SVF originated from the BM. Furthermore, the granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) mobilization of HSPCs from BM markedly elevated the number of phenotypic and functional HSPCs in the SVF, which induced a high efficiency long-term reconstitution in multilineage hematopoiesis in vivo. Our results provide compelling evidence that adipose tissue is a novel extramedullary tissue possessing phenotypic and functional HSPCs.
Mutant U2AF1-expressing cells are sensitive to pharmacological modulation of the spliceosome (2017)

Somatic mutations in spliceosome genes are detectable in ∼50% of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). We hypothesize that cells harbouring spliceosome gene mutations have increased sensitivity to pharmacological perturbation of the spliceosome. We focus on mutant U2AF1 and utilize sudemycin compounds that modulate pre-mRNA splicing. We find that haematopoietic cells expressing mutant U2AF1(S34F), including primary patient cells, have an increased sensitivity to in vitro sudemycin treatment relative to controls. In vivo sudemycin treatment of U2AF1(S34F) transgenic mice alters splicing and reverts haematopoietic progenitor cell expansion induced by mutant U2AF1 expression. The splicing effects of sudemycin and U2AF1(S34F) can be cumulative in cells exposed to both perturbations-drug and mutation-compared with cells exposed to either alone. These cumulative effects may result in downstream phenotypic consequences in sudemycin-treated mutant cells. Taken together, these data suggest a potential for treating haematological cancers harbouring U2AF1 mutations with pre-mRNA splicing modulators like sudemycins.
Output power and threshold gain of apodized DFB fiber laser (2009)

Effects of apodization on distributed feedback fiber laser (DFB FL) output power and threshold gain are theoretically investigated by employing the transfer matrix method. Three distinct types of profile are investigated: the gaussian, flat or nonapodize, and sigmoid profile. The gaussian and sigmoid profiles are the two extreme cases examined; the former has a strong profile around a centrally located phase shift, while the latter is with a weaker profile. Findings indicate that the tradeoff between output power and higher order mode threshold performance are resulting from the interplay between these profile shapes. The comprehensive results presented in this paper should assist the development of high performance DFB FLs.
Preparation of thin films (1992)

Vacuum Evaporation Sputtering Ion Beam and Ion-Assisted Deposition Reactive Deposition Techniques Ionized Cluster Beam Methods Chemical Methods of Film Deposition Epitaxial Film Deposition Techniques Other Methods of Film Deposition Summary
Identification of Pedigree Relationship from Genome Sharing (2013)

Determination of degree of relationship traditionally has been undertaken using genotypic data on individual loci, typically assumed to be independent. With dense marker data as now available, it is possible to identify the regions of the genome shared identical by descent (ibd). This information can be used to determine pedigree relationship (R), e.g., cousins vs. second cousins, and also to distinguish pedigrees that have the same Wright's relationship (R) such as half-sibs and uncle-nephew. We use simulation to investigate the accuracy with which pedigree relationship can be inferred from genome sharing for uniparental relatives (a common ancestor on only one side of their pedigree), specifically the number, position (whether at chromosome ends), and length of shared regions ibd on each chromosome. Moments of the distribution of the likelihood ratio (including its expectation, the Kullback-Leibler distance) for alternative relationships are estimated for model human genomes, with the ratio of the mean to the SD of the likelihood ratio providing a useful reference point. Two relationships differing in R can be readily distinguished provided at least one has high R, e.g., approximately 98.5% correct assignment of cousins and half-cousins, but only approximately 75% for second cousins once removed and third cousins. Two relationships with the same R can be distinguished only if R is high, e.g., half-sibs and uncle-nephew, with probability of correct assignment being approximately 5/6.
Six‐Electron Chemistry of a Binuclear Fe(III) Fused Porphyrin (2021)

Abstract In this special collection dedicated to Prof. Jean‐Michel Savéant, we report on the synthesis and characterization of a novel binuclear Fe(III) fused porphyrin. Ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy confirms the extended electronic structure of this macrocycle. In addition, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicates the Fe centers experience a relatively rigid ligand environment as compared to a structurally related mononuclear complex featuring an 18 π‐aromatic porphyrin ligand. X‐ray photoelectron and X‐ray absorption near edge spectroscopies confirm the iron centers of both assemblies are Fe(III) in the as prepared, resting state. In comparison with the mononuclear porphyrin, electrochemical measurements show there is a doubling of the number of redox events associated with the fused, binuclear complex. In summary, key features of the fused‐iron‐porphyrin include: 1) bimetallic‐iron sites, 2) a π‐extended ligand capable of delocalizing electrons across the multimetallic scaffold, and 3) the ability to store up to six electrons.
Forty-Year Trends in Cholangiocarcinoma Incidence in the U.S.: Intrahepatic Disease on the Rise (2016)

Clinical distinctions between cholangiocarcinoma (particularly intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma [ICC]) and cancer of unknown primary (CUP) can be challenging. Recent discoveries have identified recurrent and potentially targetable genomic abnormalities in ICC, highlighting the importance of improving diagnosis. This study demonstrates that the incidence of ICC is increasing in the U.S., whereas the incidence of extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma is stable. Concomitantly, the incidence of CUP has declined dramatically, suggesting that improved distinction between ICC and CUP may be a major driver of the increasing recognized incidence of ICC. The increasing incidence of ICC warrants further study of prevention and treatment approaches.
Modeling thermal comfort in stratified environments (2005)

Some HVAC systems save energy by creating stratified air temperature distributions in which the occupied lower regions are cooler and the upper regions warmer. Comfort standards prescribe a 3°C limit to vertical stratification, independent of where the mean temperature is relative to the comfort zone. This paper evaluates thermal comfort in stratified environments using a model developed to predict local thermal sensation and comfort. The results indicate that near the center of the comfort zone, acceptable stratification is up to 7ºC, considerably larger than the 3°C limit imposed by standards. As the mean temperature moves from the center of the comfort zone, the acceptable stratification becomes smaller. At the lower and upper ends of the comfort zone, even a small amount of stratification causes cool feet or warm head discomfort. We briefly explore the potential of using local air motion to reduce local discomfort in highly stratified conditions. INDEX TERMS Thermal stratification, stratified environment, local comfort, local sensation, comfort modeling, perimeter zone, local air motion
Syntheses, Structures, Spectroscopic Properties, and π-Dimeric Interactions of [<i>n</i>.<i>n</i>]Quinquethiophenophanes (2005)

A cyclophane-type of dimeric quinquethiophenes (4a-e) with the bridge chains consecutively varying from two to six methylenes has been synthesized and studied as ideal pi-dimer models. The double-decker structures of these compounds are verified by upfield shifts for the proton NMR signals of the inside thiophenes, as compared to those of monomeric dimethylquinquethiophene (3). The electronic absorption and emission spectra of 4a-e are perturbed by through-space pi-electronic interactions involving exciton-exciton coupling between the two overlapped quinquethiophenes, which become marked with shortening of the bridged alkylene chains. One-electron oxidation of 4a-e with FeCl(3) in dichloromethane results in the appearance of specific polaronic bands in the near-infrared region of the electronic absorption spectra, due to the generation of a radical cation species (polaron) on one of the quinquethiophenes, which electronically interacts with the remaining neutral species. Two-electron oxidation of 4a-e introduces spectral changes, revealing that the resulting two quinquethiophene radical cations readily form an intramolecular pi-dimer, thanks to their close stacking, in contrast to the difficult formation of an intermolecular pi-dimer from 3. The pi-dimeric spectra of 4b-e are comprised of two strong absorption bands, similar to that of 3, the low-energy band of which is considerably red-shifted by an effective pi-dimeric interaction depending on the lengths of the bridged alkylene chains. Quite different is the spectrum of 4a with three absorption bands inherent in pi-dimer, presumably because the two short bridging chains of 4a force the pi-dimer to take a constrained, strongly interactive structure.
Circulating immune complexes in myocardial infarction. (1983)

Thirty-one patients with proven acute myocardial infarction (MI) were studied prospectively at the time of admission to hospital and at 3, 7 and 18 days using 4 immune complex (IC) assays. Each assay showed an increased incidence of IC activity in MI with 76% of patients being positive in at least 1 assay on one or more of the sampling days. A positive IC assay did not show a significant correlation with cardiac failure, pericarditis, post MI syndrome or previous infarction. The presence of IC was found to correlate with serum C-reactive protein (CRP), serum enzymes and ESR and suggested that complexed CRP or other acute phase proteins may account for some of the IC activity found with less specific assays. The measurement of IC levels in MI has not proved helpful in the diagnosis, management or prediction of outcome in this disorder.
Effects of simulated spectral holes on speech intelligibility and spatial release from masking under binaural and monaural listening (2010)

The possibility that "dead regions" or "spectral holes" can account for some differences in performance between bilateral cochlear implant (CI) users and normal-hearing listeners was explored. Using a 20-band noise-excited vocoder to simulate CI processing, this study examined effects of spectral holes on speech reception thresholds (SRTs) and spatial release from masking (SRM) in difficult listening conditions. Prior to processing, stimuli were convolved through head-related transfer-functions to provide listeners with free-field directional cues. Processed stimuli were presented over headphones under binaural or monaural (right ear) conditions. Using Greenwood's [(1990). J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 87, 2592-2605] frequency-position function and assuming a cochlear length of 35 mm, spectral holes were created for variable sizes (6 and 10 mm) and locations (base, middle, and apex). Results show that middle-frequency spectral holes were the most disruptive to SRTs, whereas high-frequency spectral holes were the most disruptive to SRM. Spectral holes generally reduced binaural advantages in difficult listening conditions. These results suggest the importance of measuring dead regions in CI users. It is possible that customized programming for bilateral CI processors based on knowledge about dead regions can enhance performance in adverse listening situations.
Learning to Summarize Radiology Findings (2018)

The Impression section of a radiology report summarizes crucial radiology findings in natural language and plays a central role in communicating these findings to physicians. However, the process of generating impressions by summarizing findings is time-consuming for radiologists and prone to errors. We propose to automate the generation of radiology impressions with neural sequence-to-sequence learning. We further propose a customized neural model for this task which learns to encode the study background information and use this information to guide the decoding process. On a large dataset of radiology reports collected from actual hospital studies, our model outperforms existing non-neural and neural baselines under the ROUGE metrics. In a blind experiment, a board-certified radiologist indicated that 67% of sampled system summaries are at least as good as the corresponding human-written summaries, suggesting significant clinical validity. To our knowledge our work represents the first attempt in this direction.
Effects of several inhibitors on pure cultures of ruminal methanogens* (2004)

Differences among methanogens regarding their resistance to chemical inhibitors should be considered when designing strategies of inhibition of ruminal methanogenesis, as selection of resistant species may result.