gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Overexpression of Cu,Zn Superoxide Dismutase Attenuates Oxidative Inhibition of Astrocyte Glutamate Uptake (2000)

Glutamate neurotoxicity in brain is normally prevented by rapid uptake of glutamate by astrocytes. Increased expression of Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) can increase resistance to cerebral ischemia and other oxidative insults, but the cellular mechanisms by which this occurs are not well established. Here we examine whether increased SOD1 expression can attenuate inhibition of astrocyte glutamate uptake by reactive oxygen species. Primary cortical astrocyte cultures were prepared from transgenic mice that overexpress human SOD1 and from nontransgenic littermate controls. Glutamate uptake was assessed after exposure of these cultures to xanthine oxidase plus hypoxanthine, an extracellular superoxide generating system, or to menadione, which generates superoxide in the cytosol. These treatments produced dose-dependent reductions in astrocyte glutamate uptake, and the reductions were significantly attenuated in the SOD1 transgenic astrocytes. A specific effect of reactive oxygen species on glutamate transporters was suggested by the much smaller inhibitory effects of xanthine oxidase/hypoxanthine and menadione on GABA uptake than on glutamate uptake. These findings suggest that the cerebroprotective effects of increased SOD1 expression during cerebral ischemia-reperfusion could be mediated in part by astrocyte glutamate transport.
Effect of Smoking Cessation on Airway Inflammation in Chronic Bronchitis (1995)

To investigate the effect of smoking cessation on the airway inflammatory process present in nonatopic subjects with chronic bronchitis, we obtained bronchial biopsies from nine current smokers and seven exsmokers, all with symptoms of chronic bronchitis at the time of the study, and from seven healthy nonsmoking subjects. The exsmokers had stopped smoking on average 13 yr before the study, yet cough and production of sputum had persisted. Bronchial biopsies were assessed using immunohistochemical techniques to investigate the number of inflammatory cells, the markers of mononuclear cell activation, and the expression of endothelial adhesion molecules and cytokines in the subepithelium. Current smokers and exsmokers had an increased number of macrophages, IL-2R-positive cells, VLA-1-positive cells, ICAM-1-positive vessels, and E-selectin-positive vessels compared with normal nonsmoking subjects, but the number of cells positive for neutrophils, EG-2, CD3, CD4, CD8, TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta were similar among the three groups. No differences were observed between current smokers and exsmokers for any parameter examined. In conclusion, the inflammatory process present in the airway mucosa of current smokers may persist after smoking cessation in subjects who continue to have symptoms of chronic bronchitis.
MonitorMining: creating domain knowledge for system automation using a gray-box approach (2005)

The effectiveness of automated system management is dependent on the domain-specific information that is encoded within the management framework. Existing approaches for defining the domain knowledge are categorized into white-box and black-box approaches, each of which has limitations. White-box approaches define detailed formulas for system behavior, and are limited by excessive complexity and brittleness of the information. On the other hand, black-box techniques gather domain knowledge by monitoring the system; they are error-prone and require an infeasible number of iterations to converge in real-world systems. Monitormining is a gray-box approach for creating domain knowledge in automated system management; it combines simple designer-defined specifications with the information gathered using machine learning. The designer specifications enumerate input parameters for the system behavior functions, while regression techniques (such as neural networks, support vector machines) are used to derive the mathematical function that relates these parameters. These functions are constantly refined at run-time, by periodically invoking regression on the newly monitored data. Monitormining has the advantage of reduced complexity of the designer specifications, better accuracy of regression functions due to a reduced parameter set, and self-evolving with the changes in the system. Our initial experimental results of applying monitormining are quite promising.
The Mammalian Adult Neurogenesis Gene Ontology (MANGO) Provides a Structural Framework for Published Information on Genes Regulating Adult Hippocampal Neurogenesis (2012)

The resource we present allows relevant interpretation of gene expression screens in terms of defined stages of postnatal neuronal development. Annotation of genes by hand from the adult neurogenesis literature ensures the data are directly applicable to the system under study. We believe this approach could also serve as an example to other fields in a 'bottom-up' community effort complementing the already successful 'top-down' approach of the Gene Ontology.
Development of a micro-blood-typing system using micro-stereolithography technology (2005)

ABO typing is the first test done on blood used for transfusion. A person must receive ABO-matched blood, as ABO incompatibility is the major cause of fatal transfusion reactions. Until now, this blood typing has been done manually. There is a need for an automated typing machine that uses a very small volume of blood. In this paper, we present a new micro-blood-typing system with a fully 3-dimensional geometry, which was realized using micro-stereolithography. This system was fabricated using a novel integration process based on a virtual environment, and blood-typing experiments using this system were successfully performed.
The use and understanding of style differences to enhance learning (2009)

The papers included in this Special Issue are from the thirteenth annual European Learning Styles Information Network (ELSIN) conference held at the Vlerick Leuven Gent Management School in Ghent, Belgium, June 2008. One of the key aims of ELSIN is to internationally promote understanding of individual style differences through dissemination of key research in learning styles. The six papers demonstrate how, in different higher education contexts, practitioners are engaged in learner-centred approaches by using cognitive and learning styles and approaches to studying models to enhance the learning experiences of their students in education and training. Such diverse higher education contexts include: business and management education in Belgium (Cools); teacher education in Belgium (Vanthournout, Donche, Gijbels and Van Petegem); undergraduate Spanish studies in the UK (Fernández-Toro); undergraduate hospitality management in Switzerland (Charlesworth); undergraduate Business Economics and Psychology in Denmark (Nielsen, Hvas and Kjaergaard); and undergraduate and postgraduate study in Health and Social Science in Scotland (Duffy and Rimmer).
Is the Ether Group Hydrophilic or Hydrophobic? (2005)

A series of six surfactants, each with two ether oxygens within otherwise all-hydrocarbon chains, were synthesized and examined for their colloidal properties. Since an ether oxygen is sterically and conformationally similar to the methylene group it has replaced, the ether effect on micellization should stem mainly from solvation of the oxygen and, possibly, disrupted hydrophobicity of its adjacent carbons. It was found that critical aggregation values among the surfactants differ only modestly despite the total length of the ether-separated carbon segments ranging from 12 to 18. Shorter ether surfactants with only 12 or 14 total carbons appear to form small, loose aggregates owing, presumably, to a mild hydrophilicity of the ether groups. A surfactant with 18 chain carbons has a greater tendency to associate hydrophobically, but this is counterbalanced by a relatively water-free environment encountered by the ether groups within a more conventional micelle interior. The result is a leveling effect in which the critical aggregation concentration (cac) loses it sensitivity to chain length. Above their cac's, none of the ether surfactants is a good solubilizer of tetramethysilane or mesitylene. This is not necessarily a predictable finding since it was conceivable that the presence of interior ether groups might actually enhance solubilization (much as ether is a better solvent than hexane). Foamability and solid adsorption studies also indicate that the ethers impair surface activity. In response to the question posed in the paper's title, two ether groups are not sufficiently hydrophilic to prevent aggregation, but they do manage to alter the micelles' morphology and properties considerably.
Boosters of a therapeutic HIV-1 vaccine induce divergent T cell responses related to regulatory mechanisms (2013)

Therapeutic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccines aim to reduce disease progression by inducing HIV-specific T cells. Vacc-4x are peptides derived from conserved domains within HIV-1 p24 Gag. Previously, Vacc-4x induced T cell responses in 90% of patients which were associated with reduced viral loads. Here we evaluate the effects of Vacc-4x boosters on T cell immunity and immune regulation seven years after primary immunization. Twenty-five patients on effective antiretroviral therapy received two Vacc-4x doses four weeks apart and were followed for 16 weeks. Vacc-4x T cell responses were measured by proliferation (CFSE), INF-γ, CD107a, Granzyme B, Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity test (DTH) and cytokines and chemokines (Luminex). Functional regulation of Vacc-4x-specific T cell proliferation was estimated in vitro using anti-IL-10 and anti-TGF-ß monoclonal antibodies. Vacc-4x-specific CD8(+) T cell proliferation increased in 80% after either the first (64%) or second (16%) booster. Only 40% remained responders after two boosters with permanently increased Vacc-4x-specific proliferative responses (p=0.005) and improved CD8(+) T cell degranulation, IFN-γ production and DTH. At baseline, responders had higher CD8(+) T cell degranulation (p=0.05) and CD4(+) INF-γ production (p=0.01), whereas non-responders had higher production of proinflammatory TNF-α, IL-1α and IL-1ß (p<0.045) and regulatory IL-10 (p=0.07). Notably, IL-10 and TGF-ß mediated downregulation of Vacc-4x-specific CD8(+) T cell proliferation increased only in non-responders (p<0.001). Downregulation during the study correlated to higher PD-1 expression on Vacc-4x-specific CD8(+) T cells (r=0.44, p=0.037), but was inversely correlated to changes in Vacc4x-specific CD8(+) T cell proliferation (r=-0.52, p=0.012). These findings show that Vacc-4x boosters can improve T cell responses in selected patients, but also induce vaccine-specific downregulation of T cell responses in others. Broad surveillance of T cell functions during immunization may help to individualize boosting, where assessment of vaccine-related immune regulation should be further explored as a potential new parameter.
The production of high-quality materials by special melting processes (1987)

The three principal methods for aerospace engine alloy melting are vacuum induction melting, vacuum ore remelting, and electroslag remelting. These processes are now mature technologies with distinct limitations on producing defect-free materials. As the mechanical design of engines has advanced, particularly in respect of criteria related to fracture mechanics, these process limits have become critical in restricting advances in material performance. This paper outlines the defect types, their origins, and their relation to melting technologies. The solutions lie in the development of new melting methods, some of which are already being developed. These new methods show great promise in solving the present problems and could possibly supplant powder technologies as preferred routes for engine forging manufacture in the future. Most of the methods involve electron beam techniques which are now held to be acceptable and routine industrial practice. The vacuum induction melting system, vacuum arc remelting technique, and electroslag remelting processes will, however, continue to produce large quantities of alloys for less-demanding uses, while the new technologies will be used only for that small market fraction requiring the ultimate in alloy performance.
Metabolic Considerations in Prodrug Design (2003)

Abstract This review concentrates on prodrugs designed by pharmaceutical chemists to overcome biopharmaceutical or pharmacokinetic (essentially metabolic) problems encountered with active principles. The investigations presented in this review illustrate the types of problems pharmaceutical chemists have tried to solve and the metabolic, kinetic, or biopharmaceutical rationale behind these attempts. Although very little published information is available on pharmacokinetic methods useful in the study of prodrugs and on the regulatory requirements needed for prodrug development, the authors have tried to develop some general ideas that might be useful in this regard.
Differential Role of p38 and c-Jun N-Terminal Kinase 1 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases in NK Cell Cytotoxicity (2000)

The serine-threonine mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family includes extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK), and p38 kinases. In NK cells, spontaneous or Ab-mediated recognition of target cells leads to activation of an ERK-2 MAPK-dependent biochemical pathway(s) involved in the regulation of NK cell effector functions. Here we assessed the roles of p38 and JNK MAPK in NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Our data indicate that p38 is activated in primary human NK cells upon stimulation with immune complexes and interaction with NK-sensitive target cells. FcgammaRIIIA-induced granule exocytosis and both spontaneous and Ab-dependent cytotoxicity were reduced in a dose-dependent manner in cells pretreated with either of two specific inhibitors of this kinase. Target cell-induced IFN-gamma and FcgammaRIIIA-induced TNF-alpha mRNA accumulation was similarly affected under the same conditions. Lack of inhibition of NK cell cytotoxicity in cells overexpressing an inactive form of JNK1 indicates that this kinase, activated only upon FcgammaRIIIA ligation, does not play a significant role in cytotoxicity. These data underscore the involvement of p38, but not JNK1, in the molecular mechanisms regulating NK cell cytotoxicity.
Noise during Rest Enables the Exploration of the Brain's Dynamic Repertoire (2008)

Traditionally brain function is studied through measuring physiological responses in controlled sensory, motor, and cognitive paradigms. However, even at rest, in the absence of overt goal-directed behavior, collections of cortical regions consistently show temporally coherent activity. In humans, these resting state networks have been shown to greatly overlap with functional architectures present during consciously directed activity, which motivates the interpretation of rest activity as day dreaming, free association, stream of consciousness, and inner rehearsal. In monkeys, it has been shown though that similar coherent fluctuations are present during deep anesthesia when there is no consciousness. Here, we show that comparable resting state networks emerge from a stability analysis of the network dynamics using biologically realistic primate brain connectivity, although anatomical information alone does not identify the network. We specifically demonstrate that noise and time delays via propagation along connecting fibres are essential for the emergence of the coherent fluctuations of the default network. The spatiotemporal network dynamics evolves on multiple temporal scales and displays the intermittent neuroelectric oscillations in the fast frequency regimes, 1-100 Hz, commonly observed in electroencephalographic and magnetoencephalographic recordings, as well as the hemodynamic oscillations in the ultraslow regimes, <0.1 Hz, observed in functional magnetic resonance imaging. The combination of anatomical structure and time delays creates a space-time structure in which the neural noise enables the brain to explore various functional configurations representing its dynamic repertoire.
Purification and Characterization of the Cytochrome b6 f Complex from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (1995)

A protocol has been developed for the purification of the cytochrome b6 f complex from the unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. It is based on the use of the neutral detergent Hecameg (6-O-(N-heptylcarbamoyl)-methyl-alpha-D-glycopyranoside) and comprises only three steps: selective solubilization from thylakoid membranes, sucrose gradient sedimentation, and hydroxylapatite chromatography. The purified complex contains two b hemes (alpha bands, 564 nm; Em,8 = -84 and -158 mV) and one chlorophyll alpha (lambda max = 667-668 nm) per cytochrome f (alpha band, 554 nm; Em,8 = +330 mV). It is highly active in transferring electrons from decylplastoquinol to oxidized plastocyanin (turnover number 250-300 s-1). The purified complex contains seven subunits, whose identity has been established by N-terminal sequencing and/or peptide-specific immunolabeling, namely four high molecular weight subunits (cytochrome f, Rieske iron-sulfur protein, cytochrome b6, and subunit IV) and three approximately 4-kDa miniproteins (PetG, PetL, and PetX). Stoichiometry measurements are consistent with every subunit being present as two copies per b6 f dimer.
Generalized Recursive Algorithm for Adaptive Multiparameter Regression (2005)

We derive and implement an algorithm that can accommodate an arbitrary number of model parameters, thereby allowing for more complicated battery models to be employed in formulating model reference adaptive systems as part of an energy management scheme for systems employing batteries. We employ the (controls) methodology of weighted recursive least squares with exponential forgetting. The output from the adaptive algorithm is the battery state of charge (remaining energy), state of health (relative to the battery's nominal rating), and power capability. The adaptive characterization of lead acid, nickel metal hydride, and lithium-ion batteries is investigated with the algorithm. The algorithm works well for lithium-ion and lead-acid batteries; more work is needed on nickel metal hydride batteries.
Tropical Canine Pancytopenia (1970)

SUMMARY Tropical canine pancytopenia ( tcp ) is a newly recognized disease of dogs in diverse tropical and subtropical areas. The disease has been responsible for the death of large numbers of military dogs in Southeast Asia. Unilateral or bilateral epistaxis is the most dramatic clinical sign of the disease. Coagulation time and prothrombin time are normal; however, bleeding time is prolonged. Affected dogs develop severe anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. A large number of dogs with similar hematologic signs become progressively debilitated and die without manifesting overt epistaxis. Necropsy findings consist of lymphadenopathy and petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages on serosal and mucosal surfaces of numerous organs and in subcutaneous tissues. The most prominent histologic finding is perivascular infiltration of plasma cells in numerous organs. Laboratory dogs inoculated with fresh blood from affected dogs from different geographic areas developed disease consistent with tropical canine pancytopenia. Cytoplasmic inclusions identical to those described for Ehrlichia canis have been found in mononuclear cells in capillary blood smears and in impression smears prepared from tissues of naturally and experimentally infected dogs. Heavy tick infestations have been associated with epizootics of tropical canine pancytopenia. Effective means of treatment of the disease have not been developed.
Restimulation Design Considerations and Case Studies of Haynesville Shale (2015)

Abstract This paper discusses a method for, and case histories of, using an environmentally acceptable, self-removing particulate diverter that has proven to be successful in the refracturing efforts of horizontal unconventional reservoirs. This method is typically chosen for its low cost, self-assembly, self-removal, and ease of addition into treatment. An outline of the evolution of restimulation design, typical procedures, and candidate selection strategies is provided. The ability to add reservoir contact, restore conductivity, and remediate blockage makes this technique desirable. Different strategies can be applied when using this product and are typically customized to the particular candidate well selected for the refracturing treatment. The treatment design is also often customized to the particular candidate well; however, key components of the design are outlined. Candidate wells for refracturing typically fall into one or more categories: Understimulation occurred in the original completion.Production damaging mechanisms are present.A low investment lease retention strategy is required.A pressure-sink mitigation strategy is necessary for infill completions. A typical procedure will consist of casing inspection, wellbore cleanout, addition of perforations, and flowback considerations. In this study, different Haynesville shale refracturing treatments and results are compared. The evolution of treatment designs, such as carrier fluid, fluid volume, proppant volume, and diverting methodology, are explained. The results and the theory behind these changes are outlined, along with the economic viability of refracturing treatments. Pre/post-treatment estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) calculations are compared, along with treatment pressure trend analysis. The EUR uplift from the refracturing treatments is used to show the economic viability. Although performing secondary stimulation treatments is not uncommon, the industry's focus on improving production decline curves has led to a surging interest in refracturing horizontal unconventional reservoirs. Decline rates in unconventional reservoirs tend to be more rapid compared to conventional reservoirs because of their ultralow permeability, limited reservoir contact, and original completion strategy. Restimulation of these reservoirs enables the recovery of hydrocarbons trapped by these restrictions.
Fabrication and microscopic photoluminescence imaging of ridge-type InGaAs quantum wires grown on a (110) cleaved plane of AlGaAs/GaAs superlattice (1996)

We have fabricated ridge-type InGaAs quantum wire structures on a (110) cleaved plane of AlGaAs/GaAs superlattice using selective metalorganic chemical vapor deposition growth. The lateral width of the quantum wires was about 25 nm. Spatially resolved photoluminescence (PL) of the quantum wires was observed by using microscopic photoluminescence measurement at low temperature, showing PL from the quantum wire region and its polarization dependence.
The Relationship between Aquatic Macrophytes and Sport Fish Production in Illinois Ponds: A Simple Model (1984)

A model based upon simple assumptions about pond trophic dynamics was developed and used to examine the effects of various levels of plant control on sport fish populations. The model predicts a parabolic relationship between plant standing crops (mean concentrations) during the growing season in grams/m 3 and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) production, implying the existence of an optimal target for macrophyte control efforts. Field data from experimental ponds were used to estimate model coefficients. As predicted by the model, invertebrate production and the production of insectivorous forage fishes were positively correlated with macrophyte population size, while piscivorous largemouth bass production was reduced at both high and low weed concentrations. Preliminary fits of the yield equation for largemouth bass gave an optimal macrophyte standing crop of 52 grams dry weight/m 3 for small ponds in central Illinois dominated by Potamogeton crispus and Najas flexilis.