gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The perplexing multifunctionality of janusin, a tenascin-related molecule. (1994)

The extracellular matrix glycoprotein janusin, closely related to tenascin in its repeated motifs of epidermal growth factor, fibronectin type III, and fibrinogen-like domains, displays in vitro a broad spectrum of functional diversity. Synthesized by oligodendrocytes and subpopulations of neurons at late developmental stages in the rodent central nervous system, it can be adhesive or antiadhesive, depending on the neural cell type that interacts with it. It promotes neurite outgrowth of some neural cell types, when offered as a uniform culture substrate, but inhibits neurite outgrowth of other neuronal populations. When offered as a sharp substrate boundary in congruence with a permissive substrate, it acts as a barrier for neurite outgrowth. Like tenascin, it can modify the adhesive substrate properties of another extracellular matrix glycoprotein, fibronectin, whereby the smaller, 160 kD component of janusin exerts its effects by interaction with fibronectin and the 180 kD janusin component functionally modifies the fibronectin receptor via a disialoganglioside receptor. In neurons, the antiadhesive and neurite outgrowth inhibiting signal is mediated by the F3/11 immunoglobulin superfamily recognition molecule. In oligodendrocytes, yet another receptor for janusin mediates adhesion and process formation. A prerequisite for any intracellular response to occur is a transient lock-and-key recognition manifesting itself in short-term binding between the interacting partners. As for tenascin, the different functions exerted by janusin are likely to be encoded in the different domains of the janusin molecule, which can act on different receptors, whereby the receiving cell is able to interpret the cell surface trigger in different ways, depending on the particular cell type involved.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Cell-killing effect in bystander cells induced by monochromatic X-ray microbeams (2009)

A central paradigm in radiation biology has been that only cells “hit” by a track of radiation would be affected to induce radiobiological consequences, and cells “not hit” should not be. This paradigm is the basis for the current system for risk estimation of radiobiological effects. However, it recently has been challenged by so called non-targeted effects, such as bystander effect, and such radiation-induced non-targeted effects may have important implications for risk evaluation of low dose / low dose rate radiations. Microbeams must be a powerful technique for radiobiological studies, especially non-targeted effects, however almost all of the studies were carried out using high-LET charged particle microbeams. In this study we have begun to investigate cellular bystander responses in normal human fibroblasts induced by low-LET X-ray microbeams.
Implant position calculation for acetabular cup placement considering pelvic lateral tilt and inclination (2006)

Using computer navigation, it is possible to determine pelvic inclination and lateral tilt during an operation by calculating the angular difference between the anatomic frontal plane and the "real world" frontal plane (i.e., the OR table). This method may be helpful in increasing the accuracy of positioning of acetabular cups.
Ultra-Shallow Junction Formation by Non-Melt Laser Spike Annealing and its Application to Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Devices in 65-nm Node (2006)

We activated source/drain junctions of complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) by simply replacing rapid thermal annealing (RTA) in the conventional production flow by non-melt laser spike annealing (LSA). We did not form any additional layers, unlike the conventional laser annealing. The 50-nm gate CMOS devices thus formed had overwhelmingly better V th roll-offs and larger drain currents compared to those formed by RTA. We found that the LSA-devices without offset spacers had better performance than those with offset spacers, and that the optimization of the overlap length between the gate and source/drain extensions was important due to the minimal lateral diffusion during the sub-millisecond annealing of LSA.
Implementing multiply-accumulate operation in multiplication time (2002)

Multiply-accumulate is an important and expensive operation. It is frequently used in digital signal processing and video/graphics applications. As a result, any improvement in the delay for performing this operation could have a positive impact on clock speed, instruction time and processor performance. In this paper, we show how, by extending our view of a parallel multiplier, we can apply recent innovations in parallel multiplier design to multiply-accumulators. This application results in multiply-accumulators that are as fast as multipliers of the same size (these multipliers have been shown to result in provably optimal delays faster than current designs). This allows a single (optimal multiply-accumulate) circuit to be used for both operations without delay penalty. As a result, multiply-accumulate can be efficiently and effectively implemented as an instruction in RISC CPUs. Additionally, the circuit design reduces the number of devices needed over current fast multiplier designs, so that real estate and power savings also result.
Adhesion of Styrene-Butadiene and Silicons Elastomers to Rigid Substrates at Quasi-Equilibrium (1991)

Abstract Adhesion threshold values for elastomers (SBR or silicone) in contact with rigid substrates (glass or polycarbonate) are obtained from the Johnson, Kendall and Roberts' test. The energy WF involved in the formation of the contact at quasi-equilibrium shows no significant effect of the molecular weight of the elastomer. Moreover, WF is of the same order of magnitude as the reversible energy of adhesion WO. On the contrary, the energy WR at quasi-equilibrium after forced contact depends on the molecular weight between crosslinks. However, the dependence is not universal for the different elastomers considered. It has not yet been possible to find the characteristics of the network which are responsible for the observed behaviours
Analysis and Optimization of the Thermal Management System for the Pure Electric Vehicle Battery Packs (2012)

Under high load conditions the battery packs of the pure electric vehicle will have a high heat production rate with high-current discharge, causing the rapidly increasing temperature of the battery, and resulting in a reduction of the battery cycle life and vehicle endurance mileage. In order to solve the problem, the paper used computer-aided analysis and simulated the temperature distribution of the electric vehicle battery pack for urban road conditions and high temperature conditions. Comparing the maximum temperature of the battery pack with or without using the thermal management system, such a conclusion was obtained that with the optimized thermal management system, the battery pack can work in a better environment and the battery cycle life and endurance mileage can be improved.
Fast link control protection for surviving channels in multiwavelength optical networks (1996)

Link control, a new technique for protecting surviving channels from fast power transients resulting from network reconfigurations or line failures, is demonstrated in a 570 km, eight amplifier wavelength division multiplexed link carrying seven 2.5 Gb/s channels plus the link control channel.
Polyolefin blends (1992)

Abstract Polyolefin blends of proper morphology exhibit physical properties from high‐extension, low‐modulus elastomers to high‐modulus tough resins. The morphology is controlled by rheology of the polymers, blending conditions and the use of graft polymer compatibilizers. The graft polymers were synthesized by polymerizing isotactic polypropylene with unsaturation in an ethylene‐propylene‐diene terpolymer. Graft copolymers result in smaller phase sizes and a more stable morphology for the blends. The development of polyolefin blends is reviewed with emphasis on materials with high concentration of elastomer phase.
Entry of diphtheria toxin into cells: possible existence of cellular factor(s) for entry of diphtheria toxin into cells was studied in somatic cell hybrids and hybrid toxins. (1984)

Ehrlich ascites tumor cells were found to be very insensitive to diphtheria toxin. We formed 37 hybrids from Ehrlich tumor cells and diphtheria toxin-sensitive human fibroblasts. The effects of diphtheria toxin on protein synthesis in those hybrids were examined. The hybrids were divided into three groups on the basis of toxin sensitivity. Group A hybrids were as sensitive to diphtheria toxin as human fibroblasts, Group C were as resistant as Ehrlich tumor cells, and Group B had intermediate sensitivity. Group A hybrids had diphtheria toxin-binding sites but Group B and C had no detectable binding sites. Elongation factor-2 of all the hybrids was susceptible to ADP-ribosylation by fragment A of diphtheria toxin. Cells of Group A and B became more sensitive to CRM 45 (cross-reacting material 45 of diphtheria toxin) after they were exposed to low pH (pH = 4.5). The resistance of Group C to CRM 45 was not affected by the same treatment. Group A and B hybrids and human fibroblasts had similar sensitivities to a hybrid toxin composed of wheat germ agglutinin and fragment A of diphtheria toxin, but Group C and Ehrlich tumor cells were resistant to this hybrid toxin. All the hybrids and Ehrlich tumor cells were more sensitive to a hybrid toxin composed of wheat germ agglutinin and subunit A of ricin than were human fibroblasts. On subcloning of Group B hybrids, one Group C hybrid was obtained, but no Group A hybrid. These facts suggest that Ehrlich ascites tumor cells differ from human fibroblasts in the expression of a factor(s) that is involved in entry of fragment A of diphtheria toxin into the cytoplasm after the toxin binds to its surface receptors.
A Stochastic Model of Airline Operations (2002)

We present a stochastic model of the daily operations of an airline. Its primary purpose is to evaluate plans, such as crew schedules, as well as recovery policies in a random environment. We describe the structure of the stochastic model, sources of disruptions, recovery policies, and performance measures. Then, we describe SimAir—our simulation implementation of the stochastic model, and we give computational results. Finally, we give future directions for the study of airline recovery policies and planning under uncertainty.
On the Theory and Design of Acoustic Resonators (1953)

Absorption and scattering from resonators in a free field as well as in walls are discussed. The effect of different aperture geometries on the resonance frequency of resonators is considered and illustrated by examples. Considering losses due to viscosity, heat conduction, and radiation, the optimum design for maximum resonance absorption is analyzed, and the results are expressed in terms of design charts. Nonlinear effects on the absorption and resonance frequency are also included, and a discussion of the onset of turbulence is presented.
Dry Friction of Oxide Ceramics Against Metals: The Effect of Humidity (1990)

Reciprocating friction experiments were conducted to determine the effect of humidity on the friction characteristics of oxide ceramics slid against pure metals. Aluminum oxide and zirconium oxide had similar friction properties against metals. The friction coefficients of the oxide ceramics were affected by the type of metal (the chemical activity of the metal) and the relative humidity (RH). Especially in highly humid air, the friction coefficients were well correlated with the Gibbs free energy of ionization of the metals; that is, the more active metals showed higher friction coefficients. This result was considered to be attributable to the metal oxides caused by an oxidizing atmosphere (highly humid air). Another experiment in which Ti specimens with preoxidized surfaces were slid on the ceramic specimens was carried out, and the enhancing effect of the surface metal oxides on adherence characteristics was confirmed. On the other hand, the lubricative effect of water adsorbed on the surfaces of the specimens was confirmed by the experiment in which the Ag specimens were slid on the ceramics for specific time intervals.
Electrophilic heterocyclization of 6-alken(yn)ylsulfanyl-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(5H)-ones (2008)

6-Allylsulfanyl-1-arylpyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(5H)-ones react with iodine and sulfuric acid to give angular pyrazolothiazolopyrimidine derivatives. The reaction of 6-(prop-2-yn-1-ylsulfanyl)-1-(4-tolyl)-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(5H)-one with sulfuric acid gives angularly fused pyrazolo[4,3-e][1,3]thiazolo-[3,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one, whereas in the reaction with sodium methoxide linearly fused pyrazolo[3,4-d][1,3]-thiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-4-one was formed. Linearly fused pyrazolo[3′,4′:4,5]pyrimido[2,1-b][1,3]thiazole derivatives were also obtained by reaction of 1-aryl-6-(3-phenylprop-2-en-1-ylsulfanyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4(5H)-ones with sulfuric acid.
<title>Holographic Coupler For Fibre Optics Communications</title> (1980)

The paper is devoted to the analysis and demonstration of a noiograpnic coupler or single-mode fibres and cables. It consists of hologram output windows for each cable end. Coupling between the two terminations proceeds by means of pseudo plane waves. This desensi-tizes the tolerances to some critical coupler parameters, namely transverse alignment. Assembly in the field is relatively undemanding. Precision work in the factory production is comparatively simple.
Optimising hidden Markov models using discriminative output distributions (1991)

Models similar to Doddington's (1989, 1990) hidden Markov models (HMMs) that use phonetically sensitive discriminants are discussed. In this style of HMM, each state models a subspace of the overall acoustic vector; the subspace is chosen to increase discrimination between the in-class and potentially confusable out-of-class utterances. The theoretical basis is presented and various aspects of using these models are discussed, such as the method of gathering confusion statistics; obtaining the correct normalization for the subspace Gaussian distribution and the effects of this term; and the computational requirements for the method. A large number of experiments on a 104 talker British English E-set database were performed that illustrate the utility of the method on a difficult speech recognition task. The experiments give a best speaker-independent error rate 7.9%, and a best multiple speaker error rate of 3.8%.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
STUDY ON THE HPLC DETERMINATION OF POLYAMINES IN PERSIMMON (2004)

Polyamines, including spermine (SPM), spermidine (SPD), cadaverine (CAD), and putrescine (PUT) in persimmon were separated by HPLC, after DNS-Cl derivatization, on a Lichrosorb-NH_2 column (5μm, 200mm×4.0mm), using a mixed solution composed of chloroform, ethyl ether and triethylamine in a ratio of 98.4 to 1.5 and to 0.1 correspondingly, as the mobile phase with a flow rate of 1.5ml·min~(-1). Fluorimetric detector was used in the final determination with λ_(ex)=366nm and λ_(em)=495nm. Average recoveries found were 98.99% (for spermidine), 94.02% (for spermine), 96.46% (for cadaverine) and 105.44% (for putrescine).
Rate of deoxygenation and rheologic behavior of blood in sickle cell anemia (1991)

To understand the relationship between deoxygenation rate, rheologic behavior, and red blood cell (RBC) morphologic characteristics of blood in sickle (SS) cell anemia, washed oxy SS RBC suspensions (hematocrit, 40%) were subjected to relatively fast and gradual deoxygenation procedures. Relatively fast deoxygenation resulted in 50% decline in percent hemoglobin oxygen saturation (%HbO2) within 1 minute. The SS suspensions following relatively fast deoxygenation showed two distinct phases in viscosity profiles. First, there was a sharp increase in individual viscosities to a peak value at 7 minutes of deoxygenation. Second, prolonged deoxygenation resulted in a 27% to 37% decrease in individual viscosities at 30 minutes as compared with the respective peak values at 7 minutes. Most of the viscosity increase (ie, about fourfold) occurred within the first 3 minutes of relatively fast deoxygenation. Scanning electron microscopy and differential morphologic analysis of deoxy cells showed that at 7 minutes a majority of cells had a granular appearance that was characterized by a bumpy irregular surface and the presence of small spicule-like projections. Prolonged deoxygenation resulted in the appearance of a large percentage of elongated cells that were unlike typical sickle cells. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the elongated shape resulted from the alignment of HbS polymers into long projections. In contrast, gradual deoxygenation over a period of 30 minutes resulted in a progressive increase in viscosity and in the formation of typical sickle shapes and holly leaf cells. The results show that at matching %HbO2, the SS suspensions containing mainly granular shaped cells after 7 minutes of relatively fast deoxygenation are as viscous as the gradually deoxygenated suspensions that contain classic sickle shapes and holly leaf forms, while the suspensions having a large percentage of elongated cells (30 minutes after relatively fast deoxygenation) are the least viscous. The two distinct time-dependent viscosity phases observed after relatively fast deoxygenation probably result from differences in the RBC shape characteristics reflecting physical attributes of the polymer, which could affect cell orientation in the viscometric flow.
Wave pipelining for majority-based beyond-CMOS technologies (2017)

The performance of some emerging nanotechnologies benefits from wave pipelining. The design of such circuits requires new models and algorithms. Thus we show how Majority-Inverter Graphs (MIG) can be used for this purpose and we extend the related optimization algorithms. The resulting designs have increased throughput, something that has traditionally been a weak point for the majority of non-charge-based technologies. We benchmark the algorithm on MIG netlists with three different technologies, Spin Wave Devices (SWD), Quantum-dot Cellular Automata (QCA), and NanoMagnetic Logic (NML). We find that the wave pipelined version of the netlists have an improvement in throughput over power of 23×, 13×, and 5× for SWD, QCA, and NML, respectively. In terms of throughput over area ratio, the improvement is 5×, 8×, and 3×, respectively.
Recent advances in transition metal phosphide nanomaterials: synthesis and applications in hydrogen evolution reaction (2016)

The urgent need of clean and renewable energy drives the exploration of effective strategies to produce molecular hydrogen. With the assistance of highly active non-noble metal electrocatalysts, electrolysis of water is becoming a promising candidate to generate pure hydrogen with low cost and high efficiency. Very recently, transition metal phosphides (TMPs) have been proven to be high performance catalysts with high activity, high stability, and nearly ∼100% Faradic efficiency in not only strong acidic solutions, but also in strong alkaline and neutral media for electrochemical hydrogen evolution. In this tutorial review, an overview of recent development of TMP nanomaterials as catalysts for hydrogen generation with high activity and stability is presented. The effects of phosphorus (P) on HER activity, and their synthetic methods of TMPs are briefly discussed. Then we will demonstrate the specific strategies to further improve the catalytic efficiency and stability of TMPs by structural engineering. Making use of TMPs as cocatalysts and catalysts in photochemical and photoelectrochemical water splitting is also discussed. Finally, some key challenges and issues which should not be ignored during the rapid development of TMPs are pointed out. These strategies and challenges of TMPs are instructive for designing other high-performance non-noble metal catalysts.
Enhancement of Strength through Sinter Forging (1987)

Packing defects in powder compacts can develop into microcracks during the sintering process. For example, an agglomerate which sinters differently than its surroundings can open up large, cracklike defects which are difficult to remove in free sintering. Traditionally, hot‐pressing or hot isostatic pressing has been used to prevent the formation of such defects. Here we show that processing defects can be virtually eliminated by sinter forging. In sinter forging the powder preform is compacted under a uniaxial compressive stress without any lateral constraint. In this way both densification and shear strain are imposed on the specimen. We have found that the shear strain can eliminate large pores by changing their shape. Eventually the flattening of the pore under compressive strain causes it to disintegrate into small pores which are then removed by sintering, leading to an increase in the strength of the ceramic. In alumina, a sigmoidal curve for the change in strength with strain is obtained where the strength begins to increase at 20% shear strain and reaches a maximum value at 60% strain. The shear strain required for the improvement in strength is compared with theoretical estimates.
Performance Measures Independent of Adjustment: An Explanation and Extension of Taguchi's Signal-to-Noise Ratios (1987)

Abstract Parameter design is a method, popularized by Japanese quality expert G. Taguchi, for designing products and manufacturing processes that are robust to uncontrollable variations. In parameter design, Taguchi's stated objective is to find the settings of product or process design parameters that minimize average quadratic loss—that is, the average squared deviation of the response from its target value. Yet, in practice, to choose the settings of design parameters he maximizes a set of measures called signal-to-noise ratios. In general, he gives no connection between these two optimization problems. In this article, we show that for certain underlying models for the product or process response maximization of the signal-to-noise ratio leads to minimization of average quadratic loss. The signal-to-noise ratios take advantage of the existence of special design parameters called adjustment parameters. When these parameters exist, use of the signal-to-noise ratio allows the parameter design optimization procedure to be conveniently decomposed into two smaller optimization steps, the first being maximization of the signal-to-noise ratio. We show, however, that under different models (or loss functions) other performance measures give convenient two-step procedures, but the signal-to-noise ratios do not. KEY WORDS: Parameter designQualityRobust product design
Combining elegance and readability: Walker Gibson's tough, sweet, and stuffy (1987)

The author suggests that answers to some of the more difficult questions in the readability-formula debate may be found in W. Gibson's book, Tough, Sweet, and Stuffy (1966). Gibson, in his analysis of style, develops a set of quantifiable characteristics of language that will produce tough talkers, sweet talkers, and stuffy talkers. In specifically analyzing these three familiar American voices, he is able to combine two necessary attributes of readability for technical communicators: a set of specific rules and a rationale for applying them, providing another slant on the readability issue.