gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pressure-Induced Stable Li<sub>5</sub>P for High-Performance Lithium-Ion Batteries (2017)

Black phosphorus, the result of white P under high pressure, has received much attention as a promising anode material for Li-ion batteries (LIBs). However, the final product of lithiation, P63/mmc Li3P, is not satisfactory due to its poor conductivity. In this article we explore the high-pressure phase diagram of the Li–P system through first-principles swarm-intelligence structural search and present two hitherto unknown stable Li-rich compounds, Fm-3m Li3P at 4.2 GPa and P6/mmm Li5P at 10.3 GPa. Metallic Li5P exhibits interesting structural features, including graphene-like Li layers and P-centered octadecahedrons, where P is 14-fold coordinated with Li. Interestingly, both compounds exhibit good dynamical and thermal stability properties at ambient pressure, and the theoretical capacity of P6/mmm Li5P reaches 4326 mAhg–1, the highest among the already known Li–P compounds. Additionally, their mechanical properties are also favorable for electrode materials. Our work represents a significant step toward the performance improvement of Li–P batteries and understanding Li–P compounds.
Development of an EUVL collector with infrared radiation suppression (2014)

Laser-produced plasma (LPP) sources for extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) systems utilize CO<sub>2</sub> lasers operating with wavelength 10.6μm. Since multilayer-coated optics have high reflectivity for this infrared radiation (IR), a significant and detrimental amount of IR is passed through the EUVL system. One method to remove the IR from the system is to utilize a binary diffraction grating. When this grating is applied directly to the surface of the primary collector optic of the source, the majority of the IR is diverted outside the radius of the exit aperture at the intermediate focus (IF). This paper will report details on the performance of a full size (410mm diameter) Demonstration Collector utilizing IR rejection (IRR) technology with the capability to produce over 125X suppression of IR, equaling the performance of a IR spectral filter. Additional details will be reported on the technology development and use of a glassy smoothing layer to enable high EUV performance, a weighted average multilayer reflectance of 50.9% for unpolarized EUV radiation.
Hearing Conservation Surgery Using the Hybrid-L Electrode (2009)

Patients with high-frequency deafness and/or substantial residual hearing across frequencies might benefit from combined electro-acoustic stimulation. The Hybrid-L electrode was designed to address the issues of both hearing conservation and effective electrical stimulation in those recipients. The electrode with 22 contacts should be inserted through the round window membrane, and covers approximately 270 degrees of the basal turn of the cochlear. This insertion length is equivalent to the one seen in many patients using the former Nucleus straight electrode. Twenty-four patients with low-frequency thresholds of 60 dB or better, up to 500 Hz, were implanted with a Hybrid-L device in a clinical trial at the Medical University of Hannover. Another group of 8 recipients with less residual hearing was included under extended inclusion criteria. Residual hearing was conserved in the majority of cases. One patient had a loss of more than 30 dB, but hearing partially recovered after 9 months. The median loss in all patients was 10 dB in both the Hybrid group and the extended group. Patients were able to use the residual hearing postoperatively to the same extent as preoperatively. In the Hybrid mode (cochlear implant + ipsilateral hearing aid), patients showed a significant improvement of 21% (p = 0.002) in speech understanding in quiet using the Freiburger Monosyllabic Word Test compared to the preoperative scores under aided conditions with their hearing aid. The Oldenburg Sentence Test in noise showed a remarkable average improvement of 10.2 dB (p < 0.001) compared to the preoperative hearing aid only mode. An additional improvement could be seen in the combined mode using an additional contralateral hearing aid. Recipients with a shorter duration of high-frequency hearing loss showed a larger benefit than those with a longer duration of hearing loss. Hearing conservation using the Hybrid-L electrode and a given surgical technique is possible with high probability in patients with high-frequency deafness or pantonal hearing loss. The use of the residual acoustic hearing offers specific advantages, especially for understanding speech in noise and for spatial hearing.
Hash, don't cache (2009)

As forwarding tables and link speeds continue to grow, fast packet forwarding becomes increasingly challenging for enterprise edge routers. Simply building routers with ever larger amounts of ever faster memory is not appealing, since high-speed memory is both expensive and power hungry. Instead, we believe future enterprise routers should leverage a hierarchical memory architecture consisting of a small, fast memory and a large, slow memory. However, the conventional approach of caching popular forwarding-table entries in the fast memory does not perform well in practice, especially under worst-case workloads with a wide range of destination IP addresses. Instead, the small memory could be used to store one Bloom filter of the address blocks associated with each outgoing link. In this paper, we present techniques to make the use of Bloom filters practical for enterprise edge routers, including optimizing the sizes of Bloom filters with limited fast memory, handling routing changes and dynamically tuning Bloom filter sizes using counting Bloom filters in slow memory, and handling the small number of false positives. Our evaluation shows that our scheme works well with less than 1 MB of fast memory.
The First Planar-Chiral Stable Carbene and Its Metal Complexes (2002)

Starting from (S)-S-ferrocenyl-S-4-tolyl sulfoxide the planar-chiral imidazolium salt (Rp)-1-[2-(trimethylsilyl)ferrocenylmethyl]-3-methylimidazolium iodide was synthesized utilizing the directed ortho-metalation strategy. Deprotonation thereof yielded the first planar-chiral carbene, (Rp)-3-methyl-1-[2-(trimethylsilyl)ferrocenylmethyl]imidazolin-2-ylidene, which is stable in tetrahydrofuran at room temperature for several hours. Conversion with sulfur resulted in the formation of the corresponding thiourea derivative. Reaction with the metal precursors [Rh(COD)Cl]2 and Cr(CO)6 gave air-stable complexes. For the latter product an X-ray structural analysis was conducted.
InAsSb strained-layer superlattices for long wavelength detector applications (1984)

InAsSb strained-layer superlattices (SLS’s) are proposed as novel III–V semiconductor materials with the potential for long wavelength intrinsic detector applications. Theoretical studies of the band gaps of various InAs0.4Sb0.6/InAs1−xSbx SLS’s with x &gt; 0.6 have been carried out. The results indicate that the wavelength response of various SLS’s with x ≳ 0.73 can be extended to 12 μm at 77 K through the intentional use of layer strains. These new structures offer the metallurgical and processing advantages of III–V semiconductors for 12 μm detector applications. Further advantages include a weaker dependence of the SLS band gap on composition and reduced band-to-band tunneling in the SLS compared to bulk Hg0.8Cd0.2Te.
Bidirectional reaction steps in metabolic networks: IV. Optimal design of isotopomer labeling experiments (1999)

This article generalizes the statistical tools for the evaluation of carbon-labeling experiments that have been developed for the case of positional enrichment systems in part II of this series to the general case of isotopomer systems. For this purpose, a new generalized measurement equation is introduced that can describe all kinds of measured data, like positional enrichments, relative (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance ((13)C NMR) multiplet intensities, or mass isotopomer fractions produced with mass spectroscopy (MS) instruments. Then, to facilitate the specification of the various measurement procedures available, a new flexible textual notation is introduced from which the complicated generalized measurement equations are generated automatically. Based on these measurement equations, a statistically optimal flux estimator is established and parameter covariance matrices for the flux estimation are computed. Having implemented these tools, different kinds of labeling experiments can be compared by using statistical quality measures. A general framework for the optimal design of carbon-labeling experiments is established on the basis of this method. As an example it is applied to the Corynebacterium network from part II extended by various NMR and MS measurements. In particular, the positional enrichment, multiplet, or mass isotopomer measurements with the greatest information content for flux estimation are computed (measurement design) and various differently labeled input substrates are compared with respect to flux estimation (input design). It is examined in detail how the measurement procedure influences the estimation quality of specific fluxes like the pentose phosphate pathway influx.
Corrosion and Thermal Cycling Tests on Plated ABS Plastics (1970)

SummaryStatic atmospheric corrosion tests on plated plastics have shown that the worst cases of failure in laboratory thermal cycling tests indicate likely failure on exposure outdoors. The appearance of corroded samples of plastics plated with conventional chromium systems has been shown to be acceptable for longer periods than for similarly plated metals and was not dependent on nickel thickness. A correlation has been established between the results of CASS and atmospheric exposure tests.
Graphene nanosheets derived from plastic waste for the application of DSSCs and supercapacitors (2021)

Abstract The present study reports the upcycling process of waste plastics into value-added product graphene nanosheets (GNs) and their subsequent applications in dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) and supercapacitors. Bentonite nanoclay has been used as an agent for the degradation of waste plastics with two step pyrolysis processes at 450 °C and 945 °C in an inert atmosphere of N 2 gas to obtain GNs. The GNs with few layers were confirmed by the RAMAN spectroscopy, XRD and HRTEM analyses. Further, FT-IR and EDX analyses also performed for the identification and quantitative analysis of functional groups in GNs. The GNs thus synthesized from plastic waste have been used for the fabrication of DSSCs and supercapacitors. The DSSC fabrication with GNs as part of photo-anode with polymeric electrolyte showed a high fill factor of 86.4% and high V oc of 0.77 V, which were also supported by the computational findings. On the other hand, the utilization of GNs as an active layer material of supercapacitor electrodes offered a high specific capacitance of 398 F/g with a scan rate of 0.005 V/s. The supercapacitor also exhibited significant energy density (E d ) and power density (P d ) of 38 Wh/kg and 1009.74 W/kg, respectively. Thus, the process illustrated the utility of waste plastics upcycling for conservation of EEE i.e., ecology, economy and energy for better tomorrow.
Optical Force Stamping Lithography (2011)

Here we introduce a new paradigm of far-field optical lithography, optical force stamping lithography. The approach employs optical forces exerted by a spatially modulated light field on colloidal nanoparticles to rapidly stamp large arbitrary patterns comprised of single nanoparticles onto a substrate with a single-nanoparticle positioning accuracy well beyond the diffraction limit. Because the process is all-optical, the stamping pattern can be changed almost instantly and there is no constraint on the type of nanoparticle or substrates used.
Transient Homologous Chromosome Pairing Marks the Onset of X Inactivation (2006)

Mammalian X inactivation turns off one female X chromosome to enact dosage compensation between XX and XY individuals. X inactivation is known to be regulated in cis by Xite, Tsix, and Xist, but in principle the two Xs must also be regulated in trans to ensure mutually exclusive silencing. Here, we demonstrate that interchromosomal pairing mediates this communication. Pairing occurs transiently at the onset of X inactivation and is specific to the X-inactivation center. Deleting Xite and Tsix perturbs pairing and counting/choice, whereas their autosomal insertion induces de novo X-autosome pairing. Ectopic X-autosome interactions inhibit endogenous X-X pairing and block the initiation of X-chromosome inactivation. Thus, Tsix and Xite function both in cis and in trans. We propose that Tsix and Xite regulate counting and mutually exclusive choice through X-X pairing.
Luminescence and energy transfer in EuAl3B4O12 (1981)

The emission and excitation spectra of the Eu3+ luminescence and the energy transfer phenomena in single crystals of Gd1−xEuxAl3B4O12 (0&lt;x?1) have been investigated using time-resolved site-selection techniques. In addition, the luminescence properties of single crystals and powders have been compared. The results show that in these compounds there are three major types of Eu3+ sites. Most Eu3+ ions are on the regular crystallographic sites, but a relatively high percentage of these ions are at nonregular (Al3+ and interstitial) sites. The crystals of EuAl3B4O12 show quenching at lower temperatures than do the powder samples. This behavior can be explained with the help of a model which takes into account diffusion-limited migration within the regular Eu3+ system and quenching by transfer to Mo3+ impurities. These impurities are incorporated into the crystals unintentionally during their growth. The concentration quenching in the single crystals is quite strong and can be explained by means of the percolation concept. In the powder samples, however, the concentration and temperature quenching had less influence due to the relatively low concentration of the quenching centers in these samples. In all samples there was evidence of direct transfer from ’’nonregular’’ Eu3+ ions to ’’regular’’ ions. The critical transfer distance was derived.
Markers of Inflammation and Cellular Adhesion Molecules in Relation to Insulin Resistance in Nondiabetic Elderly: The Rotterdam Study (2001)

Insulin resistance, which is highly prevalent in the elderly, is suggested to be accompanied by an increased acute phase response. Until now, it is unclear whether cellular adhesion molecules are involved in the clustering of insulin resistance. In the present study, we examined the relationship of insulin resistance (measured by postload insulin) with levels of markers of inflammation and cellular adhesion molecules in a random sample of 574 nondiabetic elderly men and women participating in the Rotterdam Study. Associations were assessed by regression analysis, with ln-insulin as the dependent variable [regression coefficient (95% confidence interval)]. In our population, insulin was strongly and significantly (P < 0.001) associated with the markers of inflammation C-reactive protein [1.52 (0.96-2.08)], alpha-1-antichymotrypsin [1.25 (0.82-1.69)], and IL-6 [2.60 (1.69-3.52)], adjusted for age and gender. Associations weakened, to some extent, after additional adjustment for measures of obesity, smoking, and cardiovascular disease. Insulin was associated with the soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 [2.22 (1.29-3.16; P < 0.001)], whereas no association with the soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 was found. The strength of the associations of insulin with C-reactive protein, alpha-1-antichymotrypsin, IL-6, and soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1, as assessed by standardized regression coefficients, was comparable with the strength of the associations of insulin with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, body mass index, and waist-to-hip ratio. The results of this population-based study indicate that low-grade inflammation and the cellular adhesion molecule soluble intercellular adhesion molecule 1 are an integral part of insulin resistance in nondiabetic elderly. These factors may contribute to the well-known relationship between insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease risk and might potentially become therapeutic targets in insulin resistant subjects.
Scale-Dependent 3D Geometric Features (2007)

Three-dimensional geometric data play fundamental roles in many computer vision applications. However, their scale-dependent nature, i.e. the relative variation in the spatial extents of local geometric structures, is often overlooked. In this paper we present a comprehensive framework for exploiting this 3D geometric scale variability. Specifically, we focus on detecting scale-dependent geometric features on triangular mesh models of arbitrary topology. The key idea of our approach is to analyze the geometric scale variability of a given 3D model in the scale-space of a dense and regular 2D representation of its surface geometry encoded by the surface normals. We derive novel corner and edge detectors, as well as an automatic scale selection method, that acts upon this representation to detect salient geometric features and determine their intrinsic scales. We evaluate the effectiveness and robustness of our method on a number of models of different topology. The results show that the resulting scale-dependent geometric feature set provides a reliable basis for constructing a rich but concise representation of the geometric structure at hand.
Augmenting LIDC dataset using 3D generative adversarial networks to improve lung nodule detection (2019)

One drawback of Computer Aided Detection (CADe) systems is the large amount of data needed to train them, which may be expensive in the medical field. We propose using a generative adversarial network (GAN) as a potential data augmentation strategy to generate more training data to improve CADe. In our preliminary results, using the NIH/NCI Lung Image Database Consortium, we obtained a higher sensitivity when training a CADe system on our augmented lung nodule 3D data than training it without. We show that GANs are a viable method of data augmentation for lung nodule detection and are a promising area of potential research in the CADe domain.
Genomic characterization of genes encoding histone acetylation modulator proteins identifies therapeutic targets for cancer treatment (2019)

A growing emphasis in anticancer drug discovery efforts has been on targeting histone acetylation modulators. Here we comprehensively analyze the genomic alterations of the genes encoding histone acetylation modulator proteins (HAMPs) in the Cancer Genome Atlas cohort and observe that HAMPs have a high frequency of focal copy number alterations and recurrent mutations, whereas transcript fusions of HAMPs are relatively rare genomic events in common adult cancers. Collectively, 86.3% (63/73) of HAMPs have recurrent alterations in at least 1 cancer type and 16 HAMPs, including 9 understudied HAMPs, are identified as putative therapeutic targets across multiple cancer types. For example, the recurrent focal amplification of BRD9 is observed in 9 cancer types and genetic depletion of BRD9 inhibits tumor growth. Our systematic genomic analysis of HAMPs across a large-scale cancer specimen cohort may facilitate the identification and prioritization of potential drug targets and selection of suitable patients for precision treatment.
Efficient derivation of microglia-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells (2016)

Microglia, the only lifelong resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), are highly specialized macrophages that have been recognized to have a crucial role in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD). However, in contrast to other cell types of the human CNS, bona fide microglia have not yet been derived from cultured human pluripotent stem cells. Here we establish a robust and efficient protocol for the rapid production of microglia-like cells from human (h) embryonic stem (ES) and induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells that uses defined serum-free culture conditions. These in vitro pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia-like cells (termed pMGLs) faithfully recapitulate the expected ontogeny and characteristics of their in vivo counterparts, and they resemble primary fetal human and mouse microglia. We generated these cells from multiple disease-specific cell lines and find that pMGLs derived from an hES model of Rett syndrome are smaller than their isogenic controls. We further describe a platform to study the integration and live behavior of pMGLs in organotypic 3D cultures. This modular differentiation system allows for the study of microglia in highly defined conditions as they mature in response to developmentally relevant cues, and it provides a framework in which to study the long-term interactions of microglia residing in a tissue-like environment.
Combining Ketamine and Virtual Reality Pain Control During Severe Burn Wound Care: One Military and One Civilian Patient (2011)

Results from these first two cases suggest that a moderate dose of ketamine combined with immersive virtual reality distraction may be an effective multimodal analgesic regimen for reducing acute procedural pain during severe burn wound cleaning.
Palladium Activation on TaN[sub x] Barrier Films for Autocatalytic Electroless Copper Deposition (2002)

Palladium activation on dc magnetron sputtered tantalum and tantalum nitrides for autocatalytic electroless copper deposition has been investigated with various nitrogen content by using X-ray diffraction, sheet resistance measurement, field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), plan view transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The addition of a small amount of nitrogen induced a phase transformation of as-deposited films. As the nitrogen flow rate was increased, the electrical resistivity of the as-deposited films initially decreased for nitrogen flow rate up to 10 standard cubic centimeters per minute (sccm) followed by an increase for a nitrogen flow rate above about 20 sccm. FE-SEM and plan view TEM analyses showed that the density of palladium nuclei increased with nitrogen content. In contrast, the grain size of films decreased with increasing nitrogen flow rate. XPS results of palladium-activated films showed that no chemical shift of metallic palladium peak was observed after the activation process. © 2001 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Grain-Size-Limited Mobility in Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite Thin Films (2016)

We report a systematic study of the gigahertz-frequency charge carrier mobility found in methylammonium lead iodide perovskite films as a function of average grain size using time-resolved microwave conductivity and a single processing chemistry. Our measurements are in good agreement with the Kubo formula for the AC mobility of charges confined within finite grains, suggesting (1) that the surface grains imaged via scanning electron microscopy are representative of the true electronic domain size and not substantially subdivided by twinning or other defects not visible by microscopy and (2) that the time scale of diffusive transport across grain boundaries is much slower than the period of the microwave field in this measurement (∼100 ps). The intrinsic (infinite grain size) minimum mobility extracted form the model is 29 ± 6 cm2 V–1 s–1 at the probe frequency (8.9 GHz).