gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A review of plasma-assisted catalytic conversion of gaseous carbon dioxide and methane into value-added platform chemicals and fuels (2018)

CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> contribute to greenhouse gas emissions, while the production of industrial base chemicals from natural gas resources is emerging as well. Such conversion processes, however, are energy-intensive and introducing a renewable and sustainable electric activation seems optimal, at least for intermediate-scale modular operation. The review thus analyses such valorisation by plasma reactor technologies and heterogeneous catalysis application, largely into higher hydrocarbon molecules, that is ethane, ethylene, acetylene, propane, <i>etc.</i>, and organic oxygenated compounds, <i>i.e.</i> methanol, formaldehyde, formic acid and dimethyl ether. Focus is given to reaction pathway mechanisms, related to the partial oxidation steps of CH<sub>4</sub> with O<sub>2</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>O and CO<sub>2</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub> reduction with H<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub> or other paraffin species, and to a lesser extent, to mixtures' dry reforming to syngas. Dielectric barrier discharge, corona, spark and gliding arc sources are considered, combined with (noble) metal materials. Carbon (C), silica (SiO<sub>2</sub>) and alumina (Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>) as well as various catalytic supports are examined as precious critical raw materials (<i>e.g.</i> platinum, palladium and rhodium) or transition metal (<i>e.g.</i> manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel and copper) substrates. These are applied for turnover, such as that pertinent to reformer, (reverse) water-gas shift (WGS or RWGS) and CH<sub>3</sub>OH synthesis. Time-on-stream catalyst deactivation or reactivation is also overviewed from the viewpoint of individual transient moieties and their adsorption or desorption characteristics, as well as reactivity.
Microstructural evolution in the processing of auxetic microporous polymers (2007)

Abstract Microstructural formation in auxetic microporous UHMWPE has been studied in detail using extensive mapping of the microstructure during its processing. To ease sectioning for microstructural examination, a sintering and extrusion route was used. The fibrillar microstructure was found to occur in both the radial and longitudinal directions. Fibril generation was also seen to occur prior to extrusion with enough fibrils of sufficient size to lead to auxetic behaviour. A mechanism for fibril generation is proposed which is based on surface melting of the particles and drawing out of the interparticle contact points by particle movement, which is not necessarily the result of extrusion through a die. These findings will aid in the understanding of processing of auxetic microporous polymers and in the drive to extending the range available to include other polymeric materials and different processing routes. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Twelve novel <i>FBN1</i> mutations in Marfan syndrome and Marfan related phenotypes test the feasibility of <i>FBN1</i> mutation testing in clinical practice (2002)

Marfan syndrome (MFS) is one of the major heritable disorders of connective tissue with a prevalence of between 1 in 5-10 000.1,2 It is characterised by features in the cardiovascular, ocular, and musculoskeletal systems and the Ghent criteria form a useful framework for its diagnosis.3 Mutations in FBN1 encoding the extracellular matrix protein fibrillin-1 classically cause MFS.4 Fibrillin-1, comprising multiple repeating subunits, of which the most common is the calcium binding epidermal growth factor (cbEGF) domain, is a key component of 10-12 nm microfibrils.5

Mutation detection has not been performed routinely in MFS because of the size and complexity of FBN1, which contains 65 exons extending over 200 kb of genomic DNA.5,6 Mutations are nearly always specific to each family and to date ∼300 mutations have been reported.7–10 FBN1 mutations have been found in 20-80% of patients with MFS depending upon the clinical selection of patients and the mutation detection method used.11–17 FBN1 mutations have been reported in a wide range of phenotypes in the Marfan spectrum1; neonatal MFS is associated with some FBN1 mutations in exons 24-3218; mutations of various types throughout FBN1 have been associated with classical MFS8; and FBN1 mutations have also been reported in many of the non-classical Marfan related phenotypes.1 The Ghent criteria propose that an FBN1 mutation is only of help diagnostically if it has been previously found in a person who independently meets the criteria for diagnosis of MFS.3

Other than mutations causing neonatal MFS, which occur in exons 24-32, correlation between genotype and phenotype is poor. The majority of patients with cysteine substitutions have classical MFS, and cysteine substitutions in exons 26-32 appear to be associated with classical disease manifesting early in life. …
Diffusion and Solubility of Ag in CdS (1965)

The solubility of Ag in CdS has been measured under conditions of excess sulfur between 375° and 900°C. Also, the distribution coefficient of Ag between CdS and liquid Cd for dilute Ag concentrations has been measured between 500° and 900°C. In addition, the distribution coefficient has been measured at 800°C as a function of the composition of the Cd-Ag alloy. These solubility measurements are interpreted to indicate at least two and probably three different forms of Ag in CdS. Diffusion profiles have been obtained between 300° and 500°C. The rate of diffusion of Ag shows a strong concentration dependence and is extremely rapid for dilute Ag concentrations. The profiles are discussed in terms of three independent steps in the incorporation of Ag in CdS.
Partial Boundary Match Algorithm and Spatio-Temporal Texture Synthesis in Distributed Video Coding (2009)

The Stanford's WZ codec, Berkeley's PRISM and Europe's DISCOVER, are considered to be three early major research groups in the distributed video coding (DVC) with better performance. In this paper, we propose a new architecture of DVC, which does not follow the abovementioned solutions. Basically, we adopt the PBMA (partial boundary matching algorithm) and ZMVR (zero motion vector replacement) at decoder to replace the motion estimation at encoder. To achieve the desired performance, in other parts we use the STTS (spatio-temporal texture synthesis) and image inpainting for further processing. From experimental results we show that 4dB (at 300 kbps, PSNR is 34 dB) gain higher than H.264/AVC intra-frame video coding approach could be attained.
2-Phenylacetylenesulfonamide Upregulates Noxa and Induces p53-Independent Apoptosis of CLL Cells. (2007)

Abstract The classical pathway of p53-mediated apoptosis involves transcriptional upregulation of pro-apoptotic proteins including Puma and Noxa. However, recent studies have identified a novel non-transcriptional mechanism mediated by direct binding of p53 to Bcl-2 or Bcl-XL at the mitochondrial surface and consequent neutralization of their anti-apoptotic function (Chipuk and Green, Cell Cycle, 2004; 3: 429–431). Induction of apoptosis of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) cells by cytotoxic agents is strongly dependent on a functional p53 system and genetic changes which compromise p53 function result in drug resistance. We are therefore attempting to identify novel therapeutic agents which induce selective apoptosis of CLL cells by mechanisms independent of p53. Here we present data suggesting that 2-phenylacetylenesulfonamide (PAS; trivial name pifithrin μ) is a potential therapeutic agent for CLL. PAS was toxic to CLL cells, with a median LC50 of 10.72 μM (SD 3.8 μM n=20) as measured by a dye reduction cytotoxicity assay. Killing of CLL cells was by apoptosis, documented by the ability of 10–20 μM PAS to induce cytochrome c release from mitochondria (Fn2) to the cytosol (Fn1; Figure 1, upper), conformational change of Bax to a pro-apoptotic conformation, translocation of Bax from the cytosol to mitochondria (Figure 1, lower) and cleavage of the caspase 3 substrate poly(ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP). PAS toxicity was p53-independent, since p53-deleted CLL isolates were susceptible to killing. Furthermore, PAS was toxic towards leukemic cell lines with either inducible (Daudi), non-functional (Raji) or deleted (K562) p53. PAS treatment of CLL cells resulted in upregulation of Noxa and the subsequent displacement by Noxa of the pro-apoptotic Bim long (L) and extra-long (EL) isoforms from Bcl-2, as determined by western blot analysis of Bcl-2 immunoprecipitates (Figure 2). These observations contrast with those of Strom et al (Nat Chem Biol, 2006; 2: 474–479), who reported that PAS caused the displacement of p53 from mitochondria to the cytosol and thereby protected the cells from p53-dependent apoptosis. These differences may result from ectopic viral expression of p53 in the latter study whereas this protein was under normal cellular regulation in CLL cells. Normal T lymphocytes were relatively resistant to PAS, with IC50 values four times greater than those observed for CLL cells. In conclusion, our data suggest that PAS represents a novel class of agent which is toxic towards CLL cells via a mechanism involving p53-independent upregulation of Noxa and the subsequent unleashing of pro-apoptotic Bim from anti-apoptotic Bcl-2. This p53-independent toxicity may be of particular value in the treatment of drug-resistant CLL patients with compromised p53 pathways. Figure 1. Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 2.
Phase I Trial of Polifeprosan 20 With Carmustine Implant Plus Continuous Infusion of Intravenous <i>O</i><sup>6</sup>-Benzylguanine in Adults With Recurrent Malignant Glioma: New Approaches to Brain Tumor Therapy CNS Consortium Trial (2007)

Systemically administered O6-BG can be coadministered with intracranially implanted carmustine wafers, without added toxicity. Future trials are required to determine if the inhibition of tumor AGT levels results in increased efficacy.
Impact of Fluid Behavior Modification under Elevated Pressure and Temperature Conditions on Shale-Gas/Condensate Reservoir Engineering and Production Analysis (2013)

Abstract This paper primarly focuses on the proper description of single- and multi-component hydrocarbon transport in nanoporous organic-rich shales and therefore presents the relevant issues and exploratory modeling studies to account for the effects necessary for accurate reservoir simulation. The deviation from the Darcian flow behavior of the gas/condensate transport through shale reservoirs is shown to occur mainly by alteration of fluid properties because of pore proximity effects at elevated reservoir pressure and temperature conditions although the Knudsen and Klinkenberg type corrections may involve at low pressures at later stages of hydraulically-fractured wells in shale reservoirs. A systematic methodology is presented for modification of the fluid and phase behavior relevant to transport at elevated pressure and temperature conditions. The modifications of the phase diagram, density, viscosity, and surface tension for typical hydrocarbon components and mixtures in various size pores reduced further by adsorbed components layers are compared with those of the bulk systems. Further, the role of organic connectivity in shales characterized by organic and inorganic nanopores on production from shale wells is investigated. The role and performance of isolated organics in the form of a ‘raisin-bread’ model in comparion with organics that are organized in slabs with relatively longer correlation lengths are demosntrated by simulation. The methodology for haldling of the organic connectivity and the pore-proximity effects on fluid properties provided here may be instrumental for accurate shale gas and liquids-rich shale reservoir simulation.
Very low incidence of p53 antibodies in adult non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma and multiple myeloma (1998)

In several types of solid tumours, circulating antibodies to p53 are seen in about a third of cases with a p53 mutation, but are absent in cases without p53 mutation. Therefore detection of those antibodies has relatively low sensitivity but high specificity in the detection of p53 mutations. We looked for circulating p53 antibodies by ELISA in 56 adult non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and 80 multiple myeloma cases. A certain or highly probable p53 mutation was found by SSCP analysis, immunocyto- or immunohistochemistry in 8/35 (23%) NHL cases and 2/19 (10%) MM cases analysed by these techniques. None of the 80 MM cases and only one of the 56 cases of NHL had circulating p53 antibodies. The positive case had Burkitt's lymphoma and a p53 missense mutation at codon 273. Thus, very few MM and NHL patients with a p53 mutation develop p53 antibodies and this test does not appear to be useful in haematological malignancies.
Effects of multiple yeast rad3 mutant alleles on UV sensitivity, mutability, and mitotic recombination (1990)

A yeast strain was constructed that had a disruption of the chromosomal RAD3 gene and carried a series of centromeric plasmids with defined mutations in this gene. Using this isogenic collection, we examined sensitivity to UV radiation, spontaneous and UV radiation-induced mutagenesis, and mitotic recombination. Several alleles resulted in a marked increase in UV sensitivity. Most of these alleles were found to carry mutations located in consensus motifs for DNA helicases. Other alleles caused a modest or no increase in UV sensitivity and carried mutations in regions of the Rad3 polypeptide that are apparently not conserved. This correlation suggests that the DNA helicase activity of Rad3 protein is required for nucleotide excision repair of DNA. Some rad3 alleles conferred a marked increase in the frequency of spontaneous mutagenesis, including nonsuppressor reversion of the lys2-1 ochre mutation. These alleles also showed a good correlation with conserved DNA helicase domains, suggesting that the Rad3 DNA helicase also plays a role in the fidelity of DNA synthesis or postreplicative mismatch correction. Several rad3 mutator alleles also resulted in increased levels of mitotic recombination. Increased spontaneous mutagenesis and mitotic recombination are characteristic features of the Rem- phenotype. However, in contrast to the prototypic Rem- phenotype, the rad3 mutator alleles identified in this study did not confer inviability in the presence of mutations in the RAD50 or RAD52 gene required for strand break repair of DNA.
Analysis of retinoic acid receptor beta expression in normal and malignant laryngeal mucosa by a sensitive and routine applicable reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. (1997)

Retinoic acid receptor beta (RAR-beta) seems to be a useful intermediate marker in trials of retinoids, and the aim of this work was to describe a fast, sensitive, and routine applicable method to measure RAR-beta expression in tumor biopsies. We developed a new technique combining reverse transcription-PCR with a colorimetric ELISA detection of amplification products. The principle of this nonradioactive method is based on digoxigenin labeling of PCR products during amplification. Amplified DNA is hybridized with a biotinylated capture probe. The generated hybrid is immobilized on a streptavidin-coated microtiter plate, and detection is performed with the use of an antidigoxigenin peroxidase conjugate. We applied this method to quantify the expression of RAR-beta and an internal control (beta2 microglobulin) in laryngeal tumors. We found a detection threshold at 50 pg of PCR products, which represents a 100-fold improvement when compared to the detection limit of ethidium bromide detection. The method was reproducible (intra- and interassay reproducibilities at 7 and 5%, respectively). We used this technique for determining RAR-beta expression in 20 patients with laryngeal carcinoma and in 20 patients without cancer. The data show that the value of the RAR-beta:beta2 microglobulin ratio is decreased in tumoral versus nontumoral specimens (P = 0.0012), which is consistent with previously published results.
The detection of fibrinogen/fibrin degradation products by means of a new antibody-coated latex particle (1972)

A rapid slide test for the detection of degradation products of fibrinogen/fibrin (FDP) using a new antibody-coated latex particle is described. The latex particle has been specifically coated with antibody to fragments D and E. The latex agglutination test (Thrombo-Wellcotest) has been compared with the tanned red cell haemagglutination inhibition immunoassay (TRCHII) in 143 patients with a variety of clinical conditions. There is a high degree of agreement between the methods with a coefficient of correlation of 0.83. The method provides a rapid, simple screening test for fibrin degradation products.
READING COMPLEXITY IN CHUA'S OSCILLATOR THROUGH MUSIC. PART I: A NEW WAY OF UNDERSTANDING CHAOS (2005)

Modern Science is finding new methods of looking at biological, physical or social phenomena. Traditional methods of quantification are no longer sufficient and new approaches are emerging. These approaches make it apparent that the phenomena the observer is looking at are not classifiable by conventional methods. These phenomena are complex. A complex system, as Chua's oscillator, is a nonlinear configuration whose dynamical behavior is chaotic. Chua's oscillator equations allow to define the basic behavior of a dynamical system and to detect the changes in the qualitative behavior of a system when bifurcation occurs, as parameters are varied. The typical set of behavior of a dynamical system can be detailed as equilibrium points, limit cycles, strange attractors. The concepts, methods and paradigms of Dynamical Systems Theory can be applied to understand human behavior. Human behavior is emergent and behavior patterns emerge thanks to the way the parts or the processes are coordinated among themselves. In fact, the listening process in humans is complex and it develops over time as well. Sound and music can be both inside and outside humans. This tutorial concerns the translation of Chua's oscillators into music, in order to find a new way of understanding complexity by using music. By building up many computational models which allow the translation of some quantitative features of Chua's oscillator into sound and music, we have created many acoustical and musical compositions, which in turn present the characteristics of dynamical systems from a perceptual point of view. We have found interesting relationships between dynamical systems behavior and their musical translation since, in the process of listening, human subjects perceive many of the structures as possible to perceive in the behavior of Chua's oscillator. In other words, human cognitive abilities can analyze the large and complicated patterns produced by Chua's systems translated into music, achieving the cognitive economy and the coordination and synthesis of countless data at our disposal that occur in the perception of dynamic events in the real world. Music can be considered the semantics of dynamical systems, which gives us a powerful method for interpreting complexity.
Structural Alignment Sensor Feasibility Demonstration (1978)

A structural alignment sensor (SAS) was developed for use with large deployable antenna systems for contour measurement and/or active control. The SAS is a laser ranging system using frequency modulation and accurate phase measurement to determine distance. Work was done with a CO2 and HeNe laser. The capability of the SAS to measure antenna rib contours was studied over ranges of 50 meters to a resolution of 100 microns. Initial resolution data was taken with the CO2 system. This data shows that it will indeed meet the SAS requirements. The development of the HeNe system was initiated because it offers substantial improvement in size, weight, and power over the CO2 system. The final demonstration was made with the HeNe system and it too showed that the SAS requirements could be met with this alternate approach. The projection of these results to a conceptual design for a flight system and its application are described.
ADOPT-a CAD tool for analog circuit design (1988)

The structure and use of the ADOPT (Analog Design via Optimization) system are described. The ADOPT system consists of the circuit-simulation program SPICE, the nonlinear optimization program SUXES (Stanford University extractor of model parameters), and an interface subroutine called OPTLINK to link the two programs. The design of a third-order low-pass filter made up of seven transconductance elements is given as an example.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
[Effect of lamellar keratoplasty time on the production of serum specific antibody in corneal alkali burns]. (2004)

Early lamellar keratoplasty after corneal alkali burns can significantly decrease the immune response. Histopathological data also indicate that early lamellar keratoplasty can improve the tissue regeneration and recovery, prevent topical inflammatory reaction, and abate corneal neovascularization. This study suggests that early lamellar keratoplasty is more effective than the conservative treatment.
Scan conversion between 1050 2:1 60 Hz and 525 1:1 30 Hz U and V color components (1993)

In an MPEG (Motion Pictures Experts Group) video coding system, a color component downsampling from 1050 2:1 60 Hz to 525 1:1 30 Hz line scan formats must be carried out on the U and V color component source signals. One scheme presently used to accomplish the required U and V downsampling, called frame-based color subsampling, is thoroughly analyzed. In addition, field-based color downsampling is analyzed and compared with the frame-based color downsampling. The maximum vertical and temporal resolution of the original U, V signals is 1050 tvl and 30 Hz. An analysis in the vertical-temporal Fourier-transform domain shows that the best possible vertical and temporal resolution of the frame-based approach is 525 tvl and 15 Hz. For the field-based approach the maximum possible vertical and temporal resolution is 265.5 tvl and 30 Hz. The fact that the temporal resolution is reduced by one half in the frame-based approach leads to blurring of horizontal edges on moving objects, although in quasi-stationary picture sequences this approach performs well in the sense that vertical aliasing artifacts can be reduced by the use of a proper vertical filter.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Mitochondrial Respiratory Complex I Regulates Neutrophil Activation and Severity of Lung Injury (2008)

These results demonstrate that mitochondrial complex I plays an important role in modulating Toll-like receptor 4-mediated neutrophil activation and suggest that metformin, as well as other agents that inhibit mitochondrial complex I, may be useful in the prevention or treatment of acute inflammatory processes in which activated neutrophils play a major role, such as acute lung injury.
Synthesis of new derivatives of 4‐amino‐2,4‐dihydro‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐one as potential antibacterial agents (1984)

Abstract Thirty new 2‐substituted‐4‐amino‐5‐alkyl or aryl‐2,4‐dihydro‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐ones and ten 2‐substituted‐5‐alkyl or aryl‐4‐(5‐nitro‐2‐furfurylidene)amino‐2,4‐dihydro‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐ones were synthesized and characterised by their sharp melting points, elemental analysis, ir and 1 H nmr spectra. These new derivatives of 5‐nitro‐2‐furaldehyde were screened for their antibacterial activities. Most of the compounds showed good activity against one test organism, Staphylococcus aureus. For a few compounds, C.M.I. ranged from 4 to 8 μg/ml (higher results than nitrofurantoin).