gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Studies of in vitro activated CD5+ B cells (1989)

Human B lymphocytes undergo distinct phenotypic changes following activation with antigen and polyclonal mitogens. Increasing interest has focused on the unique subpopulation of B cells that expresses the CD5 antigen. In this study, we examined the signals that induce the expression of CD5 on normal splenic B cells. Only 12-O- tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) induced CD5 expression on highly purified splenic B cells, whereas anti-immunoglobulin (anti-Ig), Epstein-Barr virus, anti-CD20, recombinant interleukin-1 (rIL-1), rIL- 2, rIL-4, recombinant interferon-gamma (rINF-gamma), and B-cell growth factor all failed to induce CD5 expression. The expression of CD5 was detected on the cell surface by 48 hours and decreased by 96 hours. Dual-fluorochrome analysis demonstrated that the CD5+ B cells coexpressed the B-cell activation antigens B5, IL-2 receptor, and CD23, thereby providing phenotypic evidence that this B-cell subpopulation is activated. In vitro studies of dual-fluorochrome-sorted, TPA-stimulated splenic B cells demonstrated significantly greater tritiated thymidine incorporation and Ig secretion by the CD20+ CD5- cells than by the CD20+ CD5+ subset. These phenotypic and functional studies are consistent with the notion that TPA-induced CD5+ B cells are a subset of in vitro activated B lymphocytes.
Intracellular zinc in insulin secretion and action: a determinant of diabetes risk? (2015)

Zinc is an important micronutrient, essential in the diet to avoid a variety of conditions associated with malnutrition such as diarrhoea and alopecia. Lowered circulating levels of zinc are also found in diabetes mellitus, a condition which affects one in twelve of the adult population and whose treatments consume approximately 10 % of healthcare budgets. Zn2+ ions are essential for a huge range of cellular functions and, in the specialised pancreatic β-cell, for the storage of insulin within the secretory granule. Correspondingly, genetic variants in the SLC30A8 gene, which encodes the diabetes-associated granule-resident Zn2+ transporter ZnT8, are associated with an altered risk of type 2 diabetes. Here, we focus on (i) recent advances in measuring free zinc concentrations dynamically in subcellular compartments, and (ii) studies dissecting the role of intracellular zinc in the control of glucose homeostasis in vitro and in vivo. We discuss the effects on insulin secretion and action of deleting or over-expressing Slc30a8 highly selectively in the pancreatic β-cell, and the role of zinc in insulin signalling. While modulated by genetic variability, healthy levels of dietary zinc, and hence normal cellular zinc homeostasis, are likely to play an important role in the proper release and action of insulin to maintain glucose homeostasis and lower diabetes risk.
Space-charge effects in klystrons (1957)

The effects due to the dc field of the space charge in a reflex klystron have been calculated on a digital computer. It is found that the electronic efficiency may be reduced by a factor as large as 10 under space charge conditions which may exist in a typical low-voltage tube. Small signal theories which include the effects of the dc space charge are presented for the reflex klystron and two-gap klystron amplifiers and oscillators. The small signal theory is used primarily to aid in the interpretation of the computer calculations. The theory predicts that the efficiency of the two-gap oscillator may be reduced by a factor no greater than 3.7, but that the power gain of the two-cavity amplifier may be increased by as much as 13.7. It is also found that the inclusion of space charge effects will in general require different applied dc voltages for operation at the center of the various electronic modes, as compared with the infinitesimal-space-charge conditions. Upon comparing the theoretical calculations with actual reflex klystron data, it has been found that the theory adequately explains the behavior of the power output, efficiency, and electronic bandwidth as the beam current is varied, for conditions of moderate or small space charge. For conditions of large space charge the theoretical model does not represent the conditions in an actual tube with sufficient accuracy; it is pointed out how the theory may be improved and how the present work may be useful as a starting point for further calculations.
Contribution of recombination and selection to molecular evolution of Citrus tristeza virus (2009)

The genetic variation of Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) was analysed by comparing the predominant sequence variants in seven genomic regions (p33, p65, p61, p18, p13, p20 and p23) of 18 pathogenically distinct isolates from seven different countries. Analyses of the selective constraints acting on each codon suggest that most regions were under purifying selection. Phylogenetic analysis shows diverse patterns of molecular evolution for different genomic regions. A first clade composed of isolates that are genetically close to the reference mild isolates T385 or T30 was inferred from all genomic regions. A second clade, mostly comprising virulent isolates, was defined from regions p33, p65, p13 and p23. For regions p65, p61, p18, p13 and p23, a third clade that mostly included South American isolates could not be related to any reference genotype. Phylogenetic relationships among isolates did not reflect their geographical origin, suggesting significant gene flow between geographically distant areas. Incongruent phylogenetic trees for different genomic regions suggested recombination events, an extreme that was supported by several recombination-detecting methods. A phylogenetic network incorporating the effect of recombination showed an explosive radiation pattern for the evolution of some isolates and also grouped isolates by virulence. Taken together, the above results suggest that negative selection, gene flow, sequence recombination and virulence may be important factors driving CTV evolution.
Radiation scintillator embedded with a converting medium to detect and discriminate the four species of ionizing radiation (2010)

A new nanoparticle loaded plastic scintillator embedded in a glass substrate detects and discriminates all species of radiation emitted from fissionable bomb making materials. The fast electron scintillating resin is doped with tailored charge conversion nanoparticles to produce characteristic optical pulses. The created optical pulses exit the detector, since the nanoparticles are appreciably smaller than the wavelength of light. Microsandblasting is used to etch deep cavities in the glass substrate forming independent optical paths. The doped resin is injected into the cavities and cured. A separate off-the-shelf PM tube linearly amplifies the created light pulse into a usable electrical signal. By using tailored nanoparticles, the physical mechanisms for converting different species of radiation into lower energy electrons allows for pulse height spectroscopy to discriminate between alpha, beta, gamma, and neutron radiation. A <sup>90</sup>Sr source was used to test the beta detector, which is loaded with W. The drop in count rates versus distance was found to be similar to traditional detectors. The gamma detector loaded with Pb nanoparticles was tested with a <sup>60</sup>Co source. The addition of Pb provided greater sensitivity to the gamma radiation. A <sup>210</sup>Pl source was used to test the glass doped scintillator. The count rates remained fairly constant for varying distances since alpha particles tend to travel in straight paths until losing most of their initial energy. The <sup>157</sup>Gd loaded scintillator was tested with an Am/Be source. <sup>157</sup>Gd has the largest thermal neutron absorption cross section at 255,000 barns and releases a usable characteristic 72keV electron in 39% of the capture reactions.
Rabbit liver microsomal endopeptidase with substrate specificity for processing proproteins is structurally related to rat testes metalloendopeptidase 24.15 (1993)

The detergent extract of rabbit liver microsomes contains an endopeptidase (MEP) with substrate specificity for peptides containing Arg residues at the P1 and P4 positions in the cleavage site (Kawabata, S., and Davie, E. W. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 10331-10336). These sequences occur in many proproteins such as the vitamin K-dependent proproteins and prohormones. A cDNA coding for MEP has been obtained from three overlapping clones isolated from two rabbit liver lambda gt10 cDNA libraries. The longest open reading frame of the 3507-base pair cDNA codes for a protein of 704 amino acids, of which 406 residues were confirmed by amino acid sequence analysis. MEP contains a putative active site of -His-Glu-X-X-His-, which is typical of mammalian zinc metallopeptidases. Based on a hydropathy plot, MEP is a hydrophilic protein with no transmembrane domain and no NH2-terminal signal sequence. Amino acid sequence analysis identified Asn at the three potential N-glycosylation sites in the enzyme, indicating that MEP contains no N-linked sugar. MEP is homologous with rat testes metalloendopeptidase 24.15 (60% identity), rat mitochondrial intermediate peptidase (24% identity), Escherichia coli dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase (25% identity), and the open reading frame YCL57w present in yeast chromosome III (35% identity).
Real-time communication services in a DQDB network (1994)

Addresses the problem of transmitting real-time periodic traffic in a DQDB network. In a DQDB network, connection-oriented isochronous services use the pre-arbitrated (PA) access. The standard specifies that isochronous connections must have guaranteed periodic bandwidth but mechanisms to provide it, such as the slot allocation scheme, are not described. We propose a real-time service provider (RTSP) based on the use of the PA access. The RTSP consists of an off-line centralized scheduling algorithm and an on-line mode change algorithm which allows to take into account load changes. Means are also provided to guarantee a minimum fairness level for the asynchronous traffic.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
On an AlGaInP-Based Light-Emitting Diode With an ITO Direct Ohmic Contact Structure (2009)

An interesting AlGaInP multiple-quantum-well light-emitting diode (LED) with a direct ohmic contact structure, formed by an indium-tin-oxide (ITO) transparent film and AuBe diffused thin layer, is fabricated and studied. The direct ohmic contact structure is performed by the deposition of an AuBe diffused thin layer and the following activation process on the surface of a Mg-doped GaP window layer. Experimental results demonstrate that a dynamic resistance of 5.7 Omega and a forward voltage of 1.91 V, under an injection current of 20 mA, are obtained. In addition, the studied LED exhibits a higher external quantum efficiency of 9.7% and a larger maximum light-output power of 26.6 mW. The external quantum efficiency is increased by 26% under the injection current of 100 mA, as compared with the conventional LED without this structure. This is mainly attributed to the reduced series resistance resulted from the relatively uniform distribution of AuBe atoms near the GaP layer surface and the effective current spreading ability by the use of ITO film. Moreover, the life behavior of the studied LED, under a 20-mA operation condition, is comparable to the conventional LED without this structure.
User interfaces for authoring systems with object stores (2002)

In an authoring system with an object store, the user interacts with objects directly rather than through textual scripts. Although there is a history of tools and practices for using scripts, there are a number of authoring and user interface problems that can be uniquely addressed by a system based on an object store. We discuss the advantages of authoring systems that have an object store. We then detail a set of functionality and a direct manipulation interface makes full use of these advantages. In so doing, we describe a system that achieves a much greater ease of use and new levels of dynamism.
β-Cell Loss and β-Cell Apoptosis in Human Type 2 Diabetes Are Related to Islet Amyloid Deposition (2011)

Amyloid deposition and reduced β-cell mass are pathological hallmarks of the pancreatic islet in type 2 diabetes; however, whether the extent of amyloid deposition is associated with decreased β-cell mass is debated. We investigated the possible relationship and, for the first time, determined whether increased islet amyloid and/or decreased β-cell area quantified on histological sections is correlated with increased β-cell apoptosis. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded human pancreas sections from subjects with (n = 29) and without (n = 39) diabetes were obtained at autopsy (64 ± 2 and 70 ± 4 islets/subject, respectively). Amyloid and β cells were visualized by thioflavin S and insulin immunolabeling. Apoptotic β cells were detected by colabeling for insulin and by TUNEL. Diabetes was associated with increased amyloid deposition, decreased β-cell area, and increased β-cell apoptosis, as expected. There was a strong inverse correlation between β-cell area and amyloid deposition (r = -0.42, P < 0.001). β-Cell area was selectively reduced in individual amyloid-containing islets from diabetic subjects, compared with control subjects, but amyloid-free islets had β-cell area equivalent to islets from control subjects. Increased amyloid deposition was associated with β-cell apoptosis (r = 0.56, P < 0.01). Thus, islet amyloid is associated with decreased β-cell area and increased β-cell apoptosis, suggesting that islet amyloid deposition contributes to the decreased β-cell mass that characterizes type 2 diabetes.
Superior power handling in fiber optic cables for multi-kW lasers (2014)

Transmitting high power laser light through fiber optic cables has been used in industrial environments for years. Designing fiber optic cables for industrial environments requires robust solutions able to handle high power losses without compromise either to process quality or to safety. Internal water cooling, where the optical fiber is in direct contact with water, in combination with an efficient cladding mode-stripper the optical fiber cable has superior advantages handling high power losses. In this paper we will present recent power-handling data for the new series of the well-known standards QBH and QD (LLK-D) fiber optic cables launched by Optoskand. The new series are designed with a combination of materials and internal water cooling.
Comparison of an Improved Rose Bengal‐Chlortetracycline Agar with Other Media for the Selective Isolation and Enumeration of Moulds and Yeasts in Foods (1973)

S ummary . A modification of the medium (RBC) of Overcast & Weakley (1969) containing 50 p/m of rose bengal and 10 p/m of chlortetracycline was compared with the oxytetracycline‐glucose‐yeast extract medium (OGY) of Mossel, Visser & Mengerink (1962) and with acidified (pH 4·5) malt extract agar for the selective isolation and enumeration of moulds and yeasts in foods. The results obtained from several foods confirm earlier observations that media containing antibacterial agents are superior to acidified ones for isolating moulds from foods. Little difference in counts was observed for yeasts on the 3 media and there was no significant difference in the counts of moulds or the incidence of recovery of moulds on the RBC or OGY. Both media suppressed growth of bacteria but the RBC medium restricted the diameter of mould colonies thereby aiding counting and preventing overgrowth of slowly growing strains by more luxuriant species such as occurs on OGY.
Transcriptional Regulation of Rat Cyclin D1 Gene by CpG Methylation Status in Promoter Region (1999)

Cyclin D1, a G(1)/S cell cycle-regulating oncogene, is known to be transcriptionally regulated by numerous growth factors. We cloned and characterized the rat cyclin D1 gene 5'-flanking region and, by species- and subspecies-matched transient transfection studies, found that a basic promoter structure with a cAMP response element and two continuous Sp1-binding sites was crucial for the steady-state expression of the cyclin D1 gene. Furthermore, the methylation status especially around two continuous Sp1-binding sites was found to be an important epigenetical mechanism determining the steady-state expression level in rat leukemic cell lines K4D, K4DT, and K4D16. Whether or not epigenetic control of the cyclin D1 gene existed among normal rat tissues was further examined by high sensitivity mapping of the methylated cytosine. In normal rat tissues, the methylated cytosines at non-CpG loci within two continuous Sp1-binding sites were observed in uterine stromal cells of the basal layer and found to be demethylated in the functioning layer, possibly by a passive demethylation mechanism through cell division. Since in the passive demethylation process Sp1-binding sites remain methylated in a part of the cell population, methylated cytosines at Sp1-binding sites may be essential for keeping a number of the stromal cells in the basal layer live against estrogen-induced proliferation that leads to either apoptosis or compaction.
A quadruplex real-time PCR assay for rapid detection and differentiation of the Clostridium botulinum toxin genes A, B, E and F (2009)

Clostridium botulinum is the aetiological agent of botulism, a disease marked by flaccid paralysis that can progress to asphyxiation and death. This species is defined by the production of one of the botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), which are the most potent toxins known. Because of their potency, these toxins have the potential to be used as biological weapons, and therefore C. botulinum has been classified as a category A select agent. There are four related but antigenically distinct BoNT types that cause disease in humans, A, B, E and F. The mouse bioassay is the current gold standard by which BoNTs are confirmed. However, this method is expensive, slow and labour-intensive. Although PCR-based assays have been used extensively for the detection of BoNT-producing bacteria in food, animals and faecal samples, and recently to help diagnose disease in humans, no real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay has yet been developed that can identify and differentiate all four BoNTs that cause disease in humans. This report describes the development of a qPCR single-tube assay that uniquely identifies these four BoNTs responsible for human disease. A total of 79 C. botulinum isolates with varying toxin types was evaluated in this study, as well as numerous near-neighbours and other bacterial species. The results showed that this quadruplex assay was capable of detecting any of the four toxin genes in a given sample at a sensitivity of about 130-840 fg genomic DNA and could detect the presence of up to all four BoNT genes simultaneously in a given sample. The assay was also functional in the presence of extraneous organic matter commonly found in various environmental samples.
CELLULAR CARDIOMYOPLASTY IN A TRANSGENIC MOUSE MODEL (2002)

This novel approach enables reliable cellular replacement therapy in mouse and greatly facilitates the analysis of its molecular, cellular, and functional efficacy.
Diversity in the Regulatory B-Subunits of Protein Phosphatase 2A: Identification of a Novel Isoform Highly Expressed in Brain (1994)

The physiological role of type 2A protein phosphatases (PP2A) is dependent upon the association of the catalytic subunit with a variety of regulatory subunits. In order to understand the function of PP2A, we have undertaken purification of the holoenzymes and molecular cloning of the regulatory subunits. Two trimeric forms containing distinct B-subunits, PP2A0 and PP2A1, have been purified from rabbit skeletal muscle. The B-subunits associated with PP2A0 and PP2A1 migrated on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with slightly different mobility, approximately 52.5 and approximately 51.5 kDa, respectively and showed distinct immunological properties. The B' form of B-subunit associated with PP2A0 was recognized by antibodies against the B-subunit present in bovine heart PP2A but not by antibodies specific to the B subunit isoforms of rabbit PP2A1. Cloning of cDNAs encoding the B subunit of PP2A1 resulted in the isolation of a cDNA highly homologous to, but distinct from, the B alpha subunit isoform. The deduced amino acid sequence of this novel isoform, which was designated B gamma, encoded a protein which was 81% and 87% identical to the B alpha and B beta isoforms, respectively. Northern blot analysis indicated that the B gamma isoform is highly expressed in rabbit brain as a transcript of 3.9 kb. Analysis of B-subunit expression by Western blot indicated a general parallel with the message levels. In conclusion, our data reveal even greater complexity of PP2A trimeric holoenzymes due to the identification of a novel B regulatory subunit isoform of PP2A1 and a distinct B' subunit associated with PP2A0.
Phase Diagrams and Thermodynamic Properties of Ternary Copper-Sulfur-Metal Systems (1979)

Phase diagram and thermodynamic data for twenty ternary copper‐silver‐X alloy systems—where X represents Al,Au,Cd,Fe,Ge,In,Mg,Mn,Ni,P,Pb,Pd,Re,S,Sb,Se,Sn,Te,Ti or Zn—were compiled and critically evaluated. Of the twenty ternary systems, thermodynamic data are available for only the seven systems containing Au,Pb,Pd,S,Sn,Te and Zn. The high‐temperature phase relationships in the iron‐rich region of the Cu‐Fe binary system were also evaluated and a recommended phase diagram is presented.
Superhydrophobic Cuprous Oxide Nanostructures on Phosphor-Copper Meshes and Their Oil–Water Separation and Oil Spill Cleanup (2015)

A simple aqueous solution-immersion process was established to fabricate highly dense ordered Cu2O nanorods on commercial phosphor-copper mesh, with which the preparation was accomplished in distilled water. The present method, with the advantages of simple operation, low cost, short reaction time, and environmental friendliness, can be well adopted to fabricate desired Cu2O nanostructures on the phosphor-copper mesh under mild conditions. After surface modification with 1-dodecanethiol, the Cu2O nanostructure obtained on the phosphor-copper mesh exhibits excellent superhydrophobicity and superoleophilicity. Besides, a "mini boat" made from the as-prepared superhydrophobic phosphor-copper mesh can float freely on water surface and in situ collect oil from water surface. This demonstrates that the present approach, being facile, inexpensive, and environmentally friendly, could find promising application in oil-water separation and off shore oil spill cleanup.