gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ENDOTOXIN CONTAMINATION MAY BE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE UNEXPLAINED FAILURE OF HUMAN PANCREATIC ISLET TRANSPLANTATION1 (1998)

Clinical transplantation of human islets has a disappointingly low rate of success. We report here the identification of a possible causative factor: endotoxin present in the collagenase preparations used to disperse the pancreatic tissue before islet purification and transplantation. Supporting evidence includes (1) detection of unexpectedly high levels of endotoxin in most collagenase solutions currently used to digest human pancreases; (2) demonstration that supernatants generated during islet separation are able to induce the inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in macrophages; and (3) induction of IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-alpha in the islets during the separation procedure. Cytokine expression was assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and, for TNF-alpha, confirmed by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay. It is proposed that endotoxin and locally induced cytokines carried over with the graft activate the endothelium and promote lymphomonocytic infiltration of grafted islets and surrounding liver tissue favoring primary nonfunction and early rejection. These results also have implications for the numerous experimental procedures that use collagenase, and they point to possible ways to improve islet preparation and transplantation protocols.
A modeling approach for verification of IEC1499 function blocks using net condition/event systems (2003)

This paper presents a preliminary report on verification of discrete control applications defined by a new international standard draft IEC 1499. As a first step to verification, the structures presented in the IEC1499 are modeled with Net Condition/Event Systems, for which there exist formal methods and tools of proofing various qualitative and quantitative properties. The paper illustrates the methodology of modeling and outlines further steps towards the full-scale verification of execution control of IEC1499 applications.
Investigation of event-based memory surfaces for high-speed tracking, unsupervised feature extraction and object recognition (2016)

In this paper we compare event-based decaying and time based-decaying memory surfaces for high-speed eventbased tracking, feature extraction, and object classification using an event-based camera. The high-speed recognition task involves detecting and classifying model airplanes that are dropped free-hand close to the camera lens so as to generate a challenging dataset exhibiting significant variance in target velocity. This variance motivated the investigation of event-based decaying memory surfaces in comparison to time-based decaying memory surfaces to capture the temporal aspect of the event-based data. These surfaces are then used to perform unsupervised feature extraction, tracking and recognition. In order to generate the memory surfaces, event binning, linearly decaying kernels, and exponentially decaying kernels were investigated with exponentially decaying kernels found to perform best. Event-based decaying memory surfaces were found to outperform time-based decaying memory surfaces in recognition especially when invariance to target velocity was made a requirement. A range of network and receptive field sizes were investigated. The system achieves 98.75% recognition accuracy within 156 milliseconds of an airplane entering the field of view, using only twenty-five event-based feature extracting neurons in series with a linear classifier. By comparing the linear classifier results to an ELM classifier, we find that a small number of event-based feature extractors can effectively project the complex spatio-temporal event patterns of the dataset to an almost linearly separable representation in feature space.
Stabilizing the Imidazolium Cation in Hydroxide‐Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cells (2013)

Stable and able: The hydroxide-conducting cationic functional group used in the hydroxide-exchange membranes of fuel cells is key to controlling chemical stability and solubility. A new imidazolium cation, 1,4,5-trimethyl-2-(2,4,6-trimethoxyphenyl)imidazolium, is designed to take advantage of both strong electron-donation properties and steric hindrance. Synergy between these two effects leads to an efficient hydroxide-exchange membrane, with increased alkaline stability and improved OH(-) conductivity.
The Potential for Combination Treatment Using STAT-C Drugs (2009)

Given the limitations of pegylated interferon (IFN) and ribavirin (RBV) therapy for chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, new antiviral medication and treatment approaches are sought. Specifically targeted antiviral therapies for hepatitis C (STAT-C) refers to the use of these new inhibitors, either in combination with IFN and RBV or other STAT-C agents, to improve therapy for HCV. Although many classes of inhibitors are being developed, NS3 protease and NS5B polymerase inhibitors are likely to be among the first STAT-C agents approved. The preclinical and clinical characteristics of HCV protease and polymerase inhibitors are reviewed in this article. Strengths and weaknesses of each class in the context of developing future all–STAT-C regimens are explored, with a particular focus on viral resistance and the prospects for eliminating IFN and/or RBV.
Characteristics of Ferrite Microwave Limiters (1959)

Microwave ferrites that exhibit a nonlinear RF absorption as a function of RF power level can be utillzed in the construction of a passive microwave device which will allow small RF signals to be transmitted with very little attenuation but which will attenuate large RF signals considerably. Such a device tends to "limit" the amplitude of the microwave energy passing through the device and is therefore called a ferrite microwave limiter. One application of the ferrite limiter is in the protection of crystal detectors in pulsed radar sets. However, when a rectangular pulse of X-band RF energy is transmitted through the limiter, the output waveform is no longer rectangular but consists of a leading edge spike of 0.1-µsec duration followed by a plateau of highly attenuated RF energy. At the present time the leading edge spike is the major obstacle in the successful use of the ferrite microwave limiter as a TR cell in the protection of crystal detectors. Experimental techniques used to improve the performance of the limiter are presented, and the performance characteristics of an X-band ferrite microwave limiter are shown.
Antidepressants Inhibit P2X<sub>4</sub>Receptor Function: a Possible Involvement in Neuropathic Pain Relief (2009)

These results suggest that paroxetine acts as a potent analgesic in the spinal cord via a mechanism independent of its inhibitory effect on serotonin transporters. Powerful inhibition on P2X4 receptors may underlie the analgesic effect of paroxetine, and it is possible that some antidepressants clinically used in patients with neuropathic pain show antiallodynic effects, at least in part via their inhibitory effects on P2X4 receptors.
Relationship among p53, stage, and prognosis of large bowel cancer (1994)

This data suggest that lack of p53 expression may also predict an adverse outcome in colorectal cancer. However, before the immunocytochemical method can be used clinically as a prognostic indicator, the colorectal cancer patients with zero expression should be studied further to clarify the functional status of p53 in their tumors.
<title>Noncontact lifetime characterization technique for LWIR HgCdTe using transient millimeter-wave reflectance</title> (1991)

A noncontact, noninvasive lifetime characterization technique for measuring the excess carrier lifetime in long wavelength infrared (LWIR) Hg<sub>1-x</sub>Cd<sub>x</sub>Te (x approximately equals 0.20-0.225) using transient millimeter-wave (90 GHz) reflectance is presented. Excess carrier lifetime results for both p-type (vacancy-doped >= 1 X 10<sup>16</sup> cm<sup>-3</sup>) and n-type (annealed <= 1x10<sup>15</sup> cm<sup>-3</sup> epilayer material are given. The lifetimes in vacancy-doped p-type HgCdTe are short, i.e., approximately 25 ns at 80 K, thereby requiring a short-pulsed laser source and high-bandwidth electronics in the lifetime test system. The lifetime test system employs either YAG (1.06 micrometers ) or CO<sub>2</sub> (9-11 micrometers ) pulsed laser excitation. Lifetime results for both frontside and backside laser illumination of the epilayer HgCdTe are presented. The effect of surface recombination of lifetime and reflected millimeter-wave signal amplitude is discussed.
Metal Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications (2001)

Introduction to particle synthesis, optical, and electronic properties solution-phase nanocluster synthesis and mechanisms of formation magic number metal clusters electrochemical synthesis of high aspect ratio gold particles template synthesis of metal nanostructures synthesis of metal nanoclusters using dendrimer templates nanosphere lithography electrochemistry of monolayer protected gold clusters modelling of nanoparticle optical properties hyper-Raleigh scattering of nanoparticles nanoparticle single electron devices DNA detection using gold nanoparticles conductance-based nanoparticle chemical sensors surface plasmon resonance detection of biomolecules synthesis of conductive polymer-gold particle composites optical properties of complex metal nanostructures si-coated nanoparticles nanoparticle arrays mixed particle arrays nanoparticles in electronic devices.
The presence or absence of a vimentin-type intermediate filament network affects the shape of the nucleus in human SW-13 cells (1994)

Human SW-13 cells express the intermediate filament protein vimentin in a mosaic pattern (Hedberg, K. K. and Chen, L. B. (1986). Exp. Cell Res. 163, 509-517). We have isolated SW-13 clones that do (vim+) or do not (vim-) synthesize vimentin as analyzed using anti-intermediate filament immunofluorescence, electron microscopy and two-dimensional gel analysis of detergent-extracted preparations. Vimentin is the only cytoplasmic intermediate filament protein present in the vim+ cells, and the vim- cells do not contain any detectable cytoplasmic intermediate filament system. The presence or absence of intermediate filaments did not observably affect the distribution of mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, microtubules or actin stress fibers when these structures were visualized by fluorescence microscopy. However, electron microscopy and anti-lamin A/C immunofluorescence studies showed that nuclear morphology in vim- cells was frequently characterized by large folds or invaginations, while vim+ cells had a more regular or smooth nuclear shape. When vim- cells were transfected with a mouse vimentin expression plasmid, the synthesis of a mouse vimentin filament network restored the smooth nuclear morphology characteristic of vim+ cells. Conversely, when vim+ cells were transfected with a carboxy-terminally truncated mutant vimentin, expression of the mutant protein disrupted the organization of the endogenous vimentin filaments and resulted in nuclei with a prominently invaginated morphology. These results indicated that in SW-13 cells the vimentin filament system affects the shape of the nucleus.
Using Copper to Improve the Well-Being of the Skin (2015)

Copper has two key properties that are being exploited in consumer and medical device products in the last decade. On the one hand, copper has potent biocidal properties. On the other hand, copper is involved in numerous physiological and metabolic processes critical for the appropriate functioning of almost all tissues in the human body. In the skin, copper is involved in the synthesis and stabilization of extracellular matrix skin proteins and angiogenesis. This manuscript reviews clinical studies that show that the use of textile consumer and medical device products, embedded with microscopic copper oxide particles, improve the well-being of the skin. These include studies showing a) cure of athlete's foot infections and improvement in skin elasticity, especially important for individuals suffering from diabetes; b) reduction of facial fine line and wrinkles; and c) enhancement of wound healing; by copper oxide embedded socks, pillowcases and wound dressings, respectively. The manuscript also reviews and discusses the mechanisms by which the presence of copper in these products improves skin well-being.
Investigation of the Structural Requirements for Peptide Precursor Processing in AtT-20 Cells Using Site-Directed Mutagenesis of Proadrenocorticotropin/Endorphin (1991)

Mouse pro-ACTH/endorphin (or POMC) contains in its sequence each of the four possible pairs of basic amino acids recognized as potential cleavage sites in the production of bioactive peptides from higher mol wt precursors: KR (lysine-arginine), RR, RK, and KK. To examine the structural requirements for processing and routing in one region of pro-ACTH/endorphin, a reporter mutation was introduced into the mouse pro-ACTH/endorphin cDNA; a methionine residue was mutated to an isoleucine residue to allow biosynthetic double labeling with [3H]Ile and [35S]Met. Analysis of stable cell lines expressing the reporter cDNA indicated that this mutation did not affect processing or secretion. Therefore, additional mutations were introduced on the reporter background to investigate important structural features of the precursor. First, the tripeptide signal for N-linked glycosylation in the N-terminal glycopeptide (Asn65,Ser66,Ser67) was disrupted by the conservative substitution of asparagine65 with a glutamine residue. Secondly, O-glycosylation was prevented by substitution of threonine45 with an alanine residue. Finally, lysine50 was mutated to an arginine residue, transforming the RK doublet preceding the gamma 3MSH sequence into an RR doublet. The results show that the enzymatic machinery of AtT-20 cells fails to cleave efficiently at the Arg-Lys (RK) site even after elimination of any possible structural hindrance by carbohydrate side-chains. Elimination of O-linked oligosaccharides to the N-terminal side of gamma 3MSH did not allow cleavage at the RK site, and elimination of N-linked oligosaccharides did not alter the processing and routing of pro-ACTH/endorphin in AtT-20 cells. However, mutation of the RK sequence to RR allowed extensive cleavage regardless of the occurrence of O- or N-glycosylation.
Localizing transient faults using dynamic bayesian networks (2009)

Transient faults are a major concern in today's deep sub-micron semiconductor technology. These faults are rare but they have been known to cause catastrophic system-level failures. Transient errors often occur due to physical effects on deployed systems and hence, diagnosis of transient errors must be performed over manufactured chips or systems assembled from black-box components where arbitrary instrumentation of the system is not possible and hence, the system state is only partially observable. Further, these systems are often composed of components that are third party IP which further adds opaqueness to the system. In this paper, we propose a probabilistic approach to localize transient faults in space and time for such partially observable systems. From a set of correct traces and a failure trace, we seek to locate the faulty component and the cycle of operation at which the fault occurred. Our technique uses correct system traces over monitored components of the system to learn a dynamic Bayesian network (DBN) summarizing the temporal dependencies across the monitored components. This DBN is augmented with different error hypotheses allowed by the fault model. The most probable explanation (MPE) among these hypotheses corresponds to the most likely location of the error. We evaluated the effectiveness of our technique on a set of ISCAS89 benchmarks and a router design used in on-chip networks in a multi-core design.
Stat6 Signaling Promotes Protective Immunity Against <i>Trichinella spiralis</i> Through a Mast Cell- and T Cell-Dependent Mechanism (2000)

Studies in mice infected with the gastrointestinal nematode parasite Nippostrongylus brasiliensis demonstrated that IL-4/IL-13 activation of Stat6 suppresses development of intestinal mastocytosis and does not contribute to IL-4/IL-13 production, but is still essential for parasite expulsion. Because expulsion of another gastrointestinal nematode, Trichinella spiralis, unlike N. brasiliensis expulsion, is mast cell dependent, these observations suggested that T. spiralis expulsion would be Stat6 independent. Instead, we find that Stat6 activation by IL-4/IL-13 is required in T. spiralis-infected mice for the mast cell responses that induce worm expulsion and for the cytokine responses that induce intestinal mastocytosis. Furthermore, although IL-4 induces N. brasiliensis expulsion in the absence of B cells, T cells, and mast cells, mast cells and T cells are required for IL-4 induction of T. spiralis expulsion. Thus, Stat6 signaling is required for host protection against N. brasiliensis and T. spiralis but contributes to expulsion of these two worms by different mechanisms. The induction of multiple effector mechanisms by Stat6 signaling provides a way for a cytokine response induced by most gastrointestinal nematode parasites to protect against most of these parasites, even though different effector mechanisms are required for protection against different nematodes.
Mechanism and electro‐optic properties of multidomain vertically aligned mode LCDs (1999)

Abstract— We considered the electro‐optical properties of twisted and non‐twisted modes in vertically aligned (VA) nematic liquid crystals with the main objective of improving their viewing angle, response speed, and luminance. Several modes appropriate for applications in multidomain and amorphous VA textures are outlined. Mechanisms of multidomain texture formation in displays with dielectric patterns between the electrodes are analyzed by computer simulations and verified with experimental samples. It is shown that by depositing dielectric patterns on the electrodes it is possible to fabricate multidomain liquid‐crystal displays without inversion of gray levels, sacrificing only 20% of the luminance of conventional single‐domain displays.
Erythritol Attenuates the Diabetic Oxidative Stress through Modulating Glucose Metabolism and Lipid Peroxidation in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats (2002)

We investigated the effects of erythritol on rats with streptozotocin- (STZ-) induced diabetes mellitus. Oral administration of erythritol [100, 200, or 400 mg (kg body weight)(-1) day(-1) for 10 days] to rats with STZ-induced diabetes resulted in significant decreases in the glucose levels of serum, liver, and kidney. Erythritol also reduced the elevated serum 5-hydroxymethylfurfural level that is glycosylated with protein as an indicator of oxidative stress. In addition, thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance levels of serum and liver and kidney mitochondria were dose-dependently lower in the erythritol-treated groups than in the control diabetic group. Furthermore, the serum creatinine level was reduced by oral administration of erythritol in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that erythritol affects glucose metabolism and reduces lipid peroxidation, thereby improving the damage caused by oxidative stress involved in the pathogenesis of diabetes.
Building a spatially immersive display - HUTCAVE (2000)

A spatially immersive display is a display that surrounds the user, thus removing or alleviating many disadvantages the common virtual reality systems, such as head-mounted displays have. The most common example of these spatially immersive displays is the CAVE, “CAVE Automatic Virtual Environment”, first built at University of Illinois, in 1993. It combines a large field-of-view with high-resolution images and a high frame refresh rate. In this work, the current Virtual Reality (VR) and Virtual Environment (VE) systems are examined, and then the CAVE construction is presented. Principles of stereo vision are explained and current methods of obtaining both autostereoscopic and stereopsis-based vision are reviewed. Aspects of different projection methods, screens, mirrors, projectors, tracking equipment, and computing systems are examined. Also, recent work in CAVE audio, so far neglected in research, is presented. Some of the mathematics is also explained, since in most CAVE-systems some sort of optical folding is necessary. Two cases of CAVE construction are presented, both at the Helsinki University of Technology. The first is a single-wall installation built as a temporary system, and the second is a four-sided CAVE at a new location, superseding the temporary installation. Finally the conclusions are presented, both from the process management point of view, and from the technical point of view, examining the good and bad points of the chosen solutions.
SEED: A Statically Greedy and Dynamically Adaptive Approach for Speculative Loop Execution (2012)

Research on compiler techniques for thread-level loop speculation has so far remained on studying its performance limits: loop candidates that are worthy of parallelization are manually selected by the researchers or based on extensive profiling and preexecution. It is therefore difficult to include them in a production compiler for speculative multithreaded multicore processors. In a way, existing techniques are statically adaptive ("realized"; by the researchers for different inputs) yet dynamically greedy (since all iterations of all selected loop candidates are always parallelized at run time). This paper introduces a Statically GrEEdy and Dynamically Adaptive (SEED) approach for thread-level speculation on loops that is quite different from most other existing techniques. SEED relies on the compiler to select and optimize loop candidates greedily (possibly in an input-independent way) and provides a runtime scheduler to schedule loop iterations adaptively. To select loops for parallelization at runtime (subject to program inputs), loop iterations are prioritized in terms of their potential benefits rather than their degree of speculation as in many prior studies. In our current implementation, the benefits of speculative threads are estimated by a simple yet effective cost model. It comprises a mechanism for efficiently tracing the loop nesting structures of the program and a mechanism for predicting the outcome of speculative threads. We have evaluated SEED using a set of SPECint2000 and Olden benchmarks. Compared to existing techniques with a program's loop candidates being ideally selected a priori, SEED can achieve comparable or better performance while aututomating the entire loop candidate selection process.