gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Manganese neurotoxicity: new perspectives from behavioral, neuroimaging, and neuropathological studies in humans and non-human primates (2013)

Manganese (Mn) is an essential metal and has important physiological functions for human health. However, exposure to excess levels of Mn in occupational settings or from environmental sources has been associated with a neurological syndrome comprising cognitive deficits, neuropsychological abnormalities and parkinsonism. Historically, studies on the effects of Mn in humans and experimental animals have been concerned with effects on the basal ganglia and the dopaminergic system as it relates to movement abnormalities. However, emerging studies are beginning to provide significant evidence of Mn effects on cortical structures and cognitive function at lower levels than previously recognized. This review advances new knowledge of putative mechanisms by which exposure to excess levels of Mn alters neurobiological systems and produces neurological deficits not only in the basal ganglia but also in the cerebral cortex. The emerging evidence suggests that working memory is significantly affected by chronic Mn exposure and this may be mediated by alterations in brain structures associated with the working memory network including the caudate nucleus in the striatum, frontal cortex and parietal cortex. Dysregulation of the dopaminergic system may play an important role in both the movement abnormalities as well as the neuropsychiatric and cognitive function deficits that have been described in humans and non-human primates exposed to Mn.
Methyl jasmonate vapor increases the developmentally controlled synthesis of alkaloids in <i>Catharanthus</i> and <i>Cinchona</i> seedlings (1994)

Summary Shortly after germination, alkaloids are rapidly synthesized in seedlings of both Catharanthus roseus L.G. Don and Cinchona ledgeriana Moens. The effect of low‐level, atmospheric methyl jasmonate on this developmentally controlled process was studied. In both species, about 1 p.p.m. of methyl jasmonate vapor significantly enhanced alkaloid synthesis during germination, resulting in a doubling of alkaloid content in seedlings. Treatment with methyl jasmonate resulted in increased allocation of alkaloid precursors and in enhanced enzyme activities in alkaloid biosynthesis. The ability of methyl jasmonate to increase alkaloid biosynthesis decreased with age of the seedlings. Susceptibility of the process to methyl jasmonate was confined to a narrow time interval where the developmentally regulated onset of alkaloid synthesis occurred. When methyl jasmonate was applied at later developmental stages, its ability to enhance alkaloid content in the seedlings declined sharply.
Effects of micronutrient supplements on u.v.-induced skin damage (2002)

Development of an orally-administered systemic agent that could reduce the effects of u.v. exposure on skin could potentially have a major effect on the incidence of skin cancers and photo-ageing. A number of micronutrients have been suggested to have metabolic properties that could induce this protection, and our data indicate that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are particularly effective in this role. The mechanisms of action of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids appear to depend on their anti-inflammatory properties, acting to reduce the u.v.-induced release of cytokines and other mediators from a variety of skin cell types.
Self-organization in a multicore fiber laser array (2003)

We explain an observed spontaneous transition to the high-brightness, in-phase array state of a seven-core ytterbium-doped fiber laser array [IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 13, 439 (2001)]. The responsible mechanism is nonlinear refraction, and either in-phase or antiphase array modes can be selected by control of pump intensity. The phenomenon appears to be robust and scalable.
DTPA-coupled antibodies labeled with yttrium-90. (1985)

Yttrium-90 has been described as one of the best radionuclides for tumor therapy when chelated to tumor-associated antibodies. This evaluation is based on the superior properties of this radionuclide (suitable half-life, pure beta-ray emitter of intermediate energy, stable daughter, and suitable chemical properties) and because it is available as a radionuclide generator product by decay of its 28-yr parent 90Sr. We have determined that 90Y obtained from one such generator is suitable for labeling antibodies coupled with DTPA. Furthermore, we have shown that the dissociation rate of [90Y]DTPA-IgG in serum at 37 degrees C is similar to that of [111In]DTPA-IgG at about 8-9%/day. Biodistribution studies of 111In- and 90Y-labeled to DTPA-coupled IgG show that the labels distribute nearly identically at 1 hr postadministration, although differences in distribution are apparent at 24 hr. It is possible that these differences reflect the redistribution of the labels following catabolism at the site of localization.
ChemInform Abstract: AN EFFICIENT, STEREOSELECTIVE METHOD FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF ANTI‐TRANS‐4,5‐(4′‐OXO‐1′,2′,3′,4′‐TETRAHYDROBENZO)HYDRINDAN ‐ A POSSIBLE INTERMEDIATE TO ESTRADIOL AND CORTISONE (1981)

Abstract A Possible Intermediate to Estradiol and Cortisone.
Visualization of Latent Fingermarks by Nanotechnology: Reversed Development on Paper—A Remedy to the Variation in Sweat Composition (2012)

Don′t sweat it: “Negative” fingermarks are developed on paper by the application of gold nanoparticles (gold circles) that are capped by a bifunctional ligand, and then silver precipitation. In this process, paper is the substrate and the fingermarks serve as a mask. This approach may contribute to the successful recovery of latent fingermarks by law enforcement agencies.
Analysis of urinary microRNAs in chronic kidney disease (2012)

Kidney biopsy is the gold-standard diagnostic test for intrinsic renal disease, but requires hospital admission and carries a 3% risk of major complications. Current non-invasive prognostic indicators such as urine protein quantification have limited predictive value. Better diagnostic and prognostic tests for chronic kidney disease patients are a major focus for industry and academia, with efforts to date directed largely at urinary proteomic approaches. microRNAs constitute a recently identified class of endogenous short non-coding single-stranded RNA oligonucleotides that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. Quantification of urinary microRNAs offers an alternative approach to the identification of chronic kidney disease biomarkers.
Evaluation of the Upper Airway in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea (1991)

Multiple methods have been used to study the structure and physiological behavior of the upper airway (UA) in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Valuable information may be obtained from the physiologic measurement of pressure and resistance along the UA, as well as from imaging techniques that include: direct or fiberoptic visualization, cephalometric roentgenograms, fluoroscopy, acoustic reflection, computerized tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. This review summarizes the information that each of these methods has contributed to our understanding of the UA. The results obtained with these different methodologies have generally been complementary with structural narrowing being identified in the majority of patients with OSA. This narrowing is usually focal and located in the velopharyngeal or retropalatal segment of the UA. This is also the predominant site of initial UA collapse. Although obesity with enlargement of soft tissue structures is considered the predominant mechanism leading to UA narrowing, abnormal craniofacial development on a genetic or developmental basis plays an important contributory role.
GABAergic Mechanisms in Epilepsy (2001)

gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), the principal inhibitory neurotransmitter in the cerebral cortex, maintains the inhibitory tone that counterbalances neuronal excitation. When this balance is perturbed, seizures may ensue. GABA is formed within GABAergic axon terminals and released into the synapse, where it acts at one of two types of receptor: GABAA, which controls chloride entry into the cell, and GABAB, which increases potassium conductance, decreases calcium entry, and inhibits the presynaptic release of other transmitters. GABAA-receptor binding influences the early portion of the GABA-mediated inhibitory postsynaptic potential, whereas GABAB binding influences the late portion. GABA is rapidly removed by uptake into both glia and presynaptic nerve terminals and then catabolized by GABA transaminase. Experimental and clinical study evidence indicates that GABA has an important role in the mechanism and treatment of epilepsy: (a) Abnormalities of GABAergic function have been observed in genetic and acquired animal models of epilepsy; (b) Reductions of GABA-mediated inhibition, activity of glutamate decarboxylase, binding to GABAA and benzodiazepine sites, GABA in cerebrospinal fluid and brain tissue, and GABA detected during microdialysis studies have been reported in studies of human epileptic brain tissue; (c) GABA agonists suppress seizures, and GABA antagonists produce seizures; (d) Drugs that inhibit GABA synthesis cause seizures; and (e) Benzodiazepines and barbiturates work by enhancing GABA-mediated inhibition. Finally, drugs that increase synaptic GABA are potent anticonvulsants. Two recently developed antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), vigabatrin (VGB) and tiagabine (TGB), are examples of such agents. However, their mechanisms of action are quite different (VGB is an irreversible suicide inhibitor of GABA transaminase, whereas TGB blocks GABA reuptake into neurons and glia), which may account for observed differences in drug side-effect profile.
THE MECHANISM OF DRAINAGE OF THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (1973)

Journal Article THE MECHANISM OF DRAINAGE OF THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID Get access H. DAVSON, H. DAVSON Department of Physiology, University CollegeGower Street, London W.C.I Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar F. R. DOMER, F. R. DOMER Department of Physiology, University CollegeGower Street, London W.C.I Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar J. R. HOLLINGSWORTH J. R. HOLLINGSWORTH Department of Physiology, University CollegeGower Street, London W.C.I Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Brain, Volume 96, Issue 2, June 1973, Pages 329–336, https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/96.2.329 Published: 01 June 1973 Article history Received: 22 November 1972 Published: 01 June 1973
An Attempted Preparation of a Simple Tetrahydroporphine<sup>1</sup> (1952)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAn Attempted Preparation of a Simple Tetrahydroporphine1G. D. Dorough and J. R. MillerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1952, 74, 23, 6106–6108Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1952Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1952https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01143a508https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01143a508research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views112Altmetric-Citations24LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Allergic Rhinitis, Asthma, and Rhinosinusitis: Diseases of the Integrated Airway (2004)

Several recent studies have suggested that allergic rhinitis, rhinosinusitis, and asthma may be manifestations of a common underlying pathology, but there are many unanswered questions. More studies are needed to better define all the underlying pathologic mechanisms as well as treatments to optimize outcomes for patients with allergic rhinitis, rhinosinusitis, and asthma.
Novel Optimization of Total Alignment Error Factors (1997)

A novel optimization method has been developed for reducing total alignment error. We have investigated alignment errors induced by the interaction between the exposure tool and the wafer process, including measurement methodologies. We discovered that the chromatic image shift (CIS) in image processing alignment sensors has a strong effect on the alignment offset in processed wafers. The minimization of alignment offsets between various layers has been achieved. This improvement is realized by: (1) measuring the CIS as a measurement offset between two different illumination wavelengths on an alignment mark of an etched silicon step whose height is λ/8, where λ is the averaged illumination wavelength; (2) adopting electrical measurement to verify alignment accuracy; (3) clarifying the relationship between the CIS and alignment offsets of actual devices to obtain the tolerance of CIS; (4) adjusting optical elements of the alignment system to suppress CIS within tolerance; and (5) determining which alignment marks will induce the smallest alignment offset. This methodology contributes significantly to process automation and the elimination of the need for a send-ahead wafer.
Introduction to Mathematical Optimization: From Linear Programming to Metaheuristics (2008)

This book strives to provide a balanced coverage of efficient algorithms commonly used in solving mathematical optimization problems. It covers both the convectional algorithms and modern heuristic and metaheuristic methods. Topics include gradient-based algorithms such as Newton-Raphson method, steepest descent method, Hooke-Jeeves pattern search, Lagrange multipliers, linear programming, particle swarm optimization (PSO), simulated annealing (SA), and Tabu search. Multiobjective optimization including important concepts such as Pareto optimality and utility method is also described. Three Matlab and Octave programs so as to demonstrate how PSO and SA work are provided. An example of demonstrating how to modify these programs to solve multiobjective optimization problems using recursive method is discussed.
Highly Conductive HfN[sub x] Films Prepared by Plasma-Assisted Atomic Layer Deposition (2006)

Highly conductive and conformal hafnium nitride thin films were prepared by plasma-assisted atomic layer deposition using tetrakis(dimethylamido)hafnium and hydrogen plasma. The effects of deposition temperature, plasma pulse time, radio frequency power, and the ratio on the electrical characteristics of the films were investigated. The growth rate (thickness/cycle) was in the range of , and the resistivity of the films varied from 4.0 to , depending on the deposition conditions. Higher deposition temperature combined with higher power and longer exposure time of the hydrogen plasma was effective in decreasing the film resistivity.
Measurement of IgG-Blocking Antibodies: Development and Application of a Radioimmunoassay (1976)

Abstract A radioimmunoassay for measuring blocking antibodies has been developed. We used the ragweed antigen E system to show that the same blocking antibodies (IgG) measured by inhibition of antigen-induced leukocyte histamine release were precipitated in the binding assay (rs = 0.96, p &lt; 0.001), thus validating a widely applicable technique for measuring blocking antibodies. Binding of phospholipase-A (Phos-A), the major allergen in honey bee venom, was also shown to correlate significantly with inhibition of histamine release. Hymenoptera (insect) hypersensitivity was used as a model to demonstrate application of the binding assay. Sera obtained from patients undergoing whole body extract therapy contained negligible amounts of specific blocking antibodies. Significantly higher blocking antibody titers to both whole honey bee venom and Phos-A were measured in sera drawn from patients immunized with whole venom. The use of the binding radioimmunoassay should facilitate management of allergic disease processes in which blocking antibodies are thought to be protective.
Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA) over IP Problem Statement (2005)

Overhead due to the movement of user data in the end-system network
I/O processing path at high speeds is significant, and has limited the
use of Internet protocols in interconnection networks, and the
Internet itself -- especially where high bandwidth, low latency,
and/or low overhead are required by the hosted application. This
document examines this overhead, and addresses an architectural, IP-
based copy avoidance solution for its elimination, by enabling
Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA). This memo provides information for
the Internet community.
Optical filters using coupled light waves in mixed crystals (1976)

Coupling of polarized optical waves in wurtzite II-VI mixed crystals is studied. It is shown that these crystals provide narrow-band optical filters over a wide spectral range.
Nitroimidazole drugs-action and resistance mechanisms I. Mechanism of action (1993)

Journal Article Nitroimidazole drugs-action and resistance mechanisms I. Mechanism of action Get access David I. Edwards David I. Edwards Chemotherapy Research Unit, University of East LondonRomford Road, London E15 4LZ, UK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Volume 31, Issue 1, January 1993, Pages 9–20, https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/31.1.9 Published: 01 January 1993 Article history Received: 06 March 1992 Accepted: 11 May 1992 Published: 01 January 1993
America's Hottest Transit Town (2006)

This article describes a new light rail system that will eventually link Phoenix, Tempe and Mesa, Arizona. The Phoenix metropolitan area has seen its growth double over the past 15 years, and the population is expected to continue to increase at a rate of 100,000 each year. A new transportation strategy includes a bus network that will be implemented in four phases and completed in 2025. The new 20-mile light rail line called METRO will open for service in December 2008. More than 60 consultants are working with Valley Metro Rail (VMR) to design and construct the new line. The article describes how VMR is handling the construction in order to minimize the impact on businesses located along the new rail corridor, as well as changing attitudes in general about light rail.
Organic Fluorine Hardly Ever Accepts Hydrogen Bonds (1997)

Abstract Statistical analysis of structural data and detailed inspection of individual crystal structures culled from the Cambridge Structural Database and the Brookhaven Protein Data Bank show that covalently bound fluorine (in contrast to anionic fluoride) hardly ever acts as a hydrogen‐bond acceptor. The weakness of covalently bound fluorine as hydrogen‐bond acceptor is backed by results of new molecular orbital calculations on model systems using ab initio intermolecular perturbation theory (IMPT), and is in accord with results of other physicochemical studies and with the physical properties of fluorinated organic compounds. Factors influencing the strength of hydrogen bonding in extended systems are discussed.
Reactions of 2-vinylindoles with carbodienophiles: synthetic and mechanistic aspects (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReactions of 2-vinylindoles with carbodienophiles: synthetic and mechanistic aspectsManfred Eitel and Ulf PindurCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 19, 5368–5374Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1990https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00306a014RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views459Altmetric-Citations80LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (840 KB) Get e-AlertsSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Invasion by Matrix Metalloproteinase-Expressing Cells Is Important for Primitive Streak Formation in Early Chick Blastoderm (2010)

Epiblast cells in the early chick embryo differentiate to form all three germ layers through ingression of cells at the primitive streak across the basement membrane that underlies the epiblast. We tested the idea that degradation of the extracellular matrix components by matrix metalloproteinase(s) (MMPs) is involved in this process. Epiblast cells and primitive streak cells were dissociated into single cells and seeded onto a reconstituted basement membrane gel in vitro. Following overnight culture, approximately half the cells made holes in the substratum by dissolving the gel matrix. This invasive phenomenon was reproduced in vitro even when the cells were cultured upside down using a hanging culture system. We detected gelatinase activity in the culture supernatants from both prestreak epiblast cells and primitive streak cells. Pro-MMP-2 was detected in the culture media of the prestreak/streak cells as a 72-kDa band by gelatin zymography. In RT-PCR experiments, mRNAs for MMP-2, membrane-type (MT)3-MMP and MMP-11(stromelysin-3) were expressed in the epiblast cells before and during primitive streak formation. Injection of GM 6001 or other MMP inhibitors into the subgerminal cavity of the embryo inhibited the formation of the primitive streak and/or the primitive groove in more than 82% of the injected embryos. On the other hand, injection of a negative control compound instead of GM 6001 did not cause substantial inhibition. These results suggest that MMPs are involved in the enzymatic degradation of the basement membrane underlying the epiblast and are thus important for the ingression of mesendodermal cells along the primitive streak.