gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Catalytic Asymmetric Mannich Reactions of Glycine Derivatives with Imines. A New Approach to Optically Active α,β-Diamino Acid Derivatives (2003)

Imines of glycine alkyl esters react with imines in a diastereo- and highly enantioselective Mannich reaction in the presence of chiral copper(I) complexes as the catalyst to give optically active alpha,beta-diamino acid derivatives. A series of imines of glycine esters derived from glycine and aromatic carbonyl compounds has been screened as substrates for the Mannich reaction with different imines in the presence of various combinations of metal salts and chiral ligands. The benzophenone imine of glycine esters was found to react with N-protected imines in a diastereoselective fashion giving functionalized alpha,beta-diamino acid esters with excellent enantioselectivities. The most effective chiral catalysts are chiral copper(I) complexes having phosphino-oxazoline (P,N)-ligands, and among these ligands, those derived from (1R,2S)-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene gave the best results. The scope of this new catalytic asymmetric reaction of the benzophenone imine glycine esters is demonstrated for the reaction with different N-protected-C-aryl and C-alkyl imines giving the Mannich adducts with excellent optical purity. Furthermore, the synthetic aspects of the reaction are presented by converting the Mannich adducts into alpha,beta-diamino acid derivatives. The relative and absolute configuration of the Mannich adduct have been determined and based on the stereochemical outcome of the reaction a tetrahedral chiral-copper(I)-imino glycine alkyl ester intermediate is proposed. In this intermediate the Re-face of the benzophenone imine glycine ester is shielded by the chiral ligand leaving the Si-face available for approach of the Si-face of the imine. A series of semiempirical calculations has been performed to support the structure of the tetrahedral chiral-copper(I) complex and to account for the influence of the substituents in the chiral phosphino-oxazoline ligands.
The Use of a Sound-enabled Device to Measure Pressure During Insertion of an Epidural Catheter in Women in Labor (2012)

Log in or Register Subscribe to journalSubscribe Get new issue alertsGet alerts Enter your Email address: Wolters Kluwer Health may email you for journal alerts and information, but is committed to maintaining your privacy and will not share your personal information without your express consent. For more information, please refer to our Privacy Policy. Subscribe to eTOC Secondary Logo Journal Logo All Articles Images Videos Podcasts Blogs Advanced Search Toggle navigation Subscribe Register Login Articles & Issues Current IssuePrevious Issues Collections Obstetric Airway ManagementMaternal EmbolismRegional Anesthesia for Cesarean SectionGeneral Anesthesia for Cesarean SectionAnalgesia for LaborObstetric HemorrhagePre-Eclampsia/EclampsiaPharmacologyTraumaInfection and SepsisMaternal ObesityMaternl Morbidity and MortalityNeonatal Morbidity and MortalityObstetric ComplicationsAnesthetic ComplicationsNon-Obstetric Maternal DiseaseCritical CareDrug Abuse in PregnancyEthicsSystems Based Practice For Authors Information for AuthorsLanguage Editing Services Journal Info About the JournalEditorial BoardAdvertisingOpen AccessSubscription ServicesReprintsRights and Permissions All Articles Images Videos Podcasts Blogs Advanced Search
Electrical Power Generation in Aircraft: Review, Challenges, and Opportunities (2018)

The constant growth of air traffic, the demand for performance optimization, and the need for decreasing both operating and maintenance costs have encouraged the aircraft industry to move toward more electric solutions. As a result of this trend, electric power required on-board of aircraft has significantly increased through the years, causing major changes in electric power system architectures. Considering this scenario, this paper gives a review about the evolution of electric power generation systems in aircraft. The major achievements are highlighted and the rationale behind some significant developments discussed. After a brief historical overview of the early dc generators (both wind- and engine-driven), the reasons which brought the definitive passage to the ac generation, for larger aircraft, are presented and explained. Several ac generation systems are investigated with particular attention being focused on the voltage levels and the generator technology. Furthermore, examples of commercial aircraft implementing ac generation systems are provided. Finally, the trends toward modern generation systems are also considered giving prominence to their challenges and feasibility.
Socioeconomic Disparities Affect Prefrontal Function in Children (2008)

Social inequalities have profound effects on the physical and mental health of children. Children from low socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds perform below children from higher SES backgrounds on tests of intelligence and academic achievement, and recent findings indicate that low SES (LSES) children are impaired on behavioral measures of prefrontal function. However, the influence of socioeconomic disparity on direct measures of neural activity is unknown. Here, we provide electrophysiological evidence indicating that prefrontal function is altered in LSES children. We found that prefrontal-dependent electrophysiological measures of attention were reduced in LSES compared to high SES (HSES) children in a pattern similar to that observed in patients with lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) damage. These findings provide neurophysiological evidence that social inequalities are associated with alterations in PFC function in LSES children. There are a number of factors associated with LSES rearing conditions that may have contributed to these results such as greater levels of stress and lack of access to cognitively stimulating materials and experiences. Targeting specific prefrontal processes affected by socioeconomic disparity could be helpful in developing intervention programs for LSES children.
Conducting Polymer Materials (1969)

Abstract : In contrast to the metal conductors used at present, conducting polymer materials have the following advantages: high corrosion resistance, ease of workability when manufacturing products of complex shapes, lower specific weight, elasticity and bend resistance, the possibility of operation with multiple deformations, cheapness and great accessibility in comparison with metals. They can replace rare nonferrous and precious metals -- lead, copper, aluminum, silver and so on. Several basic areas of utilization of conducting polymer materials, for example heating various media by an electric current, are known. As examples of utilization of conducting polymer materials for heating purposes, let us mention the following: the manufacture of rubber or plastic heating elements for heating indoor facilities instead of steam radiators; heating work areas on oil drilling rigs and at open air installations of chemical plants; electrical heating of concrete and reinforced concrete structural elements; manufacture of heating stoves, and so on; manufacture of elastic electrodes used in medical practice for physiotherapy instead of lead, heating hothouse incubators and so on. The development of such branches of the national economy as agriculture, machine-building, the aviation industry and also the development of railroad transportation with a simultaneous sharp increase in the power base have set the problem of development and creation of new materials by means of which it would be possible to insure accurate, safe thermostating of various units and systems and also heating accommodations and various devices with a high degree of reliability for appreciable time intervals.
Diagnostic Mammography: Identifying Minimally Acceptable Interpretive Performance Criteria (2013)

Interpreting physicians who fall outside one or more of the identified cut points should be reviewed in the context of an overall assessment of all their performance measures and their specific practice setting to determine if remedial training is indicated.
Coefficients Optimization Based Quasi-constant Envelope Multiplexing Technique and Its Applications (2014)

A significant feature of the modernized GNSS signals is that there are more than one service signal at a carrier frequency, and each service signal includes a data component and a pilot component. That means there may be more than four signal components needing to be transmitted at the same carrier frequency. Therefore it is a problem how to combine multiple signals becoming a constant envelope composite signal with the highest combination efficiency. To solve this problem, we propose a coefficients optimization based quasi-constant-envelope multiplexing technique in this paper. This method is based on the following conclusion, namely final composite signal can be seen as the sum of useful single signals, undesirable 2-order inter-modulation (IM) signals, … , N-1 order IM signals and N-order IM signals. Our method achieves the constant envelope composite signal by optimizing these complex coefficients of all signals. All combinations of N binary PRN signals form a matrix, and all complex coefficients form a column vector. Each complex coefficient is expressed by amplitude and phase angle. The power constraint and phase constraint among signals can be directly achieved by setting coefficients, thus there is not 180 degrees phase ambiguity problem. Only the constant envelope constraint needs to be considered in our method. When we need to suppress some IM signals due to special requirements, we can reach it by setting corresponding coefficients to be 0. This method can work in two ways, and corresponding objective functions are given out. One is to obtain the highest combination efficiency, which is the same with POCET technique. The other is to pre-set the combination efficiency, which may help us further understand the nature of signal combination. It is noted that the final envelope is close to constant in our method, thus we call it as quasi-constant envelope multiplexing technique. To verify its performance, we present several fact application examples. Results show our method is effect and achieves above expected function.
Catalytic Benzene Formation in the Gas-Phase Reactions of MC<sub>4</sub>H<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> (M = Ru, Rh) with C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub> (1997)

A catalytic cycle for the formation of benzene from butadiene and ethyne, mediated by Ru+ and Rh+ with a turnover number of 6 for the rhodium and 4 for the ruthenium system, has been realized in an FT-ICR mass spectrometry experiment. In the first step, dehydrogenation of butadiene by M+ generates MC4H4+ (M = Ru, Rh); this key intermediate reacts with ethyne to yield C6H6 and “bare” M+. Structural investigations of the MC4H4+ intermediate by CID and ion−molecule reactions suggest a metallacyclopentadiene for RuC4H4+ and a rhodium-cyclobutadiene complex as the most probable structures. In addition, C4H4 complexes of all other group 8 transition metal cations have been generated and reacted with ethyne. While FeC4H4+ and C2H2 also produce benzene and Fe+, the analogous complexes of Co+ and Ni+ are unreactive toward ethyne. The C4H4 complexes of Os+, Ir+, and Pt+ and ethyne give rise to MC6H4+ which probably correspond to the benzyne complexes of these metal ions.
Allergen-induced CD11b+ CD11cint CCR3+ macrophages in the lung promote eosinophilic airway inflammation in a mouse asthma model (2007)

Although the recruitment of macrophages to the lung is a central feature of airway inflammation, its function in ongoing T(h)2 cell-mediated eosinophilic airway inflammation remains controversial. Here, we have demonstrated that the allergen-induced CD11b(+) CD11c(int) macrophage expressing CC chemokine receptor 3 (CCR3) in the lung performs a crucial function in the induction of eosinophilic asthma in a murine model. In the lungs of normal mice, residential cells evidencing high granularity phenotypically evidenced CD11b(int) CD11c(+) or CD11b(+) CD11c(int) cells, appearing at a 2:1 ratio. After allergen challenge, however, this reverses dramatically, up to a ratio of one to six. Approximately 91% of increased CD11b(+) CD11c(int) cells evidenced the expression of the CCR3 eotaxin receptor, but not other chemokine receptors, such as CCR5 and CXCR4. Interestingly, the CD11b(+) CD11c(int) cells purified from the lungs of OVA (ovalbumin)-sensitized and challenged mice evidenced higher antigen-presenting activity than was observed in CD11b(int) CD11c(+) cells. In order to investigate the in vivo function of CD11b(+) CD11c(int) cells, the cells were isolated from the lungs of OVA-sensitized and challenged mice and then adoptively transferred prior to the allergen challenge of normal mice. In the CD11b(+) CD11c(int)-transferred mice airway hyperresponsiveness, eosinophilic inflammation in the lung and T(h)2 cytokine secretion in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluids were significantly enhanced as the result of OVA challenge, as compared with the mice that received OVA-primed CD90(+) T cells or CD11b(int) CD11c(+) cells. These findings show that CD11b(+) CD11c(int) macrophages expressing CCR3 as key pro-inflammatory cells are both necessary and sufficient for allergen-specific T cell stimulation during ongoing eosinophilic airway inflammation.
Expression of neurotrophins in skeletal muscle: Quantitative comparison and significance for motoneuron survival and maintenance of function (1995)

Neurotrophins play a crucial role in the regulation of survival and maintenance of specific functions of various populations of neurons. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) and neurotrophin 4/5 (NT-4) have been shown to support motoneuron survival during embryonic development and, after birth, to protect motoneurons from degeneration after nerve lesion. We have compared the levels of these neurotrophins in skeletal muscle by quantitative Northern blot analysis, both during embryonic development and postnatally. We localized the sites of expression of these neurotrophins by in situ hybridisation and analysed the expression of trkB in the spinal cord by in situ hybridisation and immunohistochemistry. NT-3 is most abundantly expressed both during embryonic development and in the postnatal phase, followed by NT-4. The levels of BDNF are very low, in particular after birth. After nerve lesion, NT-3 mRNA essentially remained unchanged, whereas NT-4 mRNA rapidly decreased. The slow increase in BDNF expression seems to be essentially due to the expression in Schwann cells rather than skeletal muscle, demonstrated by in situ hybridisation. Our data indicate that motoneurons can receive trophic support from several members of the neurotrophin gene family during the period of naturally occurring cell death. Postnatally, the predominant ligand acting via trkB on motoneurons is NT-4, whereas BDNF expression seems to play a role mainly after nerve lesion.
Lineage-related polypeptide markers in acute lymphoblastic leukemia detected by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. (1986)

We have utilized two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, coupled with ultrasensitive silver staining, to identify lineage-related polypeptide markers in lymphoblasts from children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Twelve polypeptides were detected that could distinguish between the major subgroups of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. These included a new marker for common acute lymphoblastic leukemia and markers for cells of B and T lineages. Analysis of the two-dimensional patterns also allowed the tentative identification of T-cell lineage in two cases with an otherwise undifferentiated non-T-cell non-B-cell phenotype. Two-dimensional electrophoresis thus provides a powerful tool for the delineation of the cell of origin in leukemia.
<title>Depth Of Modulation And Spot Size Selection In Bar-Code Laser Scanners</title> (1982)

Many optical and electronic considerations enter into the selection of optical spot size in flying spot laser scanners of the type used in modern industrial and commerical environments. These include: the scale of the symbols to be read, optical background noise present in the symbol substrate, and factors relating to the characteristics of the signal processor. Many 'front ends' consist of a linear signal conditioner followed by nonlinear conditioning and digitizing circuitry. Although the nonlinear portions of the circuit can be difficult to characterize mathematically, it is frequently possible to at least give a minimum depth of modulation measure to yield a worst-case guarantee of adequate performance with respect to digitization accuracy. Depth of modulation actually delivered to the nonlinear circuitry will depend on scale, contrast, and noise content of the scanned symbol, as well as the characteristics of the linear conditioning circuitry (eg. transfer function and electronic noise). Time and frequency domain techniques are applied in order to estimate the effects of these factors in selecting a spot size for a given system environment. Results obtained include estimates of the effects of the linear front end transfer function on effective spot size and asymmetries which can affect digitization accuracy. Plots of convolution-computed modulation patterns and other important system properties are presented. Considerations are limited primarily to Gaussian spot profiles but also apply to more general cases. Attention is paid to realistic symbol models and to implications with respect to printing tolerances.
Influence of the Structure Parameters on the Relaxation of Semipolar InGaN/GaN Multi Quantum Wells (2013)

The influence of semipolar (202̄1) InGaN/GaN multi quantum well (MQW) structure parameters such as well composition and thickness ( d w ), barrier thickness, as well as total number of periods on the structural and optical properties of the MQWs grown on (202̄1) GaN by metal organic chemical vapor deposition was investigated. At d w < 3 nm, the MQW stacks were very robust with respect to changes in the barrier thickness or the number of periods in the MQW stack, and 30 period (2.5 nm In 0.25 Ga 0.75 N/8.5 nm GaN) MQWs exhibiting bright luminescence at 465 nm were demonstrated. For all samples with d w <3 nm in this study, one-dimensional relaxation via misfit dislocations did not lead to any deterioration of the optical properties of the films, and a decrease in the photoluminescence intensity was only observed after the on-set of two-dimensional relaxation via non-basal plane defects.
Reflection coefficients of P-SV waves in weak anisotropic media (2008)

我们介绍进为 P-SV 的近似线性思考系数方程的各向异性的参数在弱各向异性的 HTI 媒介挥动的 Thomsen。从这，我们得到一个新、更有效、实际的思考系数方程。我们执行了到 AVO 属性的前面的建模，获得优秀结果。PP 和 PS 思考数据的联合 AVO 属性分析能极大地减少歧义，获得更好的 petrophysical 参数，并且改进参数精确性。
Host ER–parasitophorous vacuole interaction provides a route of entry for antigen cross-presentation in <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> –infected dendritic cells (2009)

Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites infect host cells by an active invasion process leading to the formation of a specialized compartment, the parasitophorous vacuole (PV). PVs resist fusion with host cell endosomes and lysosomes and are thus distinct from phagosomes. Because the parasite remains sequestered within the PV, it is unclear how T. gondii-derived antigens (Ag's) access the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I pathway for presentation to CD8(+) T cells. We demonstrate that recruitment of host endoplasmic reticulum (hER) to the PV in T. gondii-infected dendritic cells (DCs) directly correlates with cross-priming of CD8(+) T cells. Furthermore, we document by immunoelectron microscopy the transfer of hER components into the PV, a process indicative of direct fusion between the two compartments. In strong contrast, no association between hER and phagosomes or Ag presentation activity was observed in DCs containing phagocytosed live or dead parasites. Importantly, cross-presentation of parasite-derived Ag in actively infected cells was blocked when hER retrotranslocation was inhibited, indicating that the hER serves as a conduit for the transport of Ag between the PV and host cytosol. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that pathogen-driven hER-PV interaction can serve as an important mechanism for Ag entry into the MHC class I pathway and CD8(+) T cell cross-priming.
Wolframheterocyclen mit Phosphor, Schwefel und Stickstoff als Ringbausteine (1989)

Heterocycles Containing Tungsten, Phosphorus, Sulphur, and Nitrogen in the Ring Skeleton The new ligand Me 2 S(NPPh 2 NSiMe 3 ) 2 ( 2 ), prepared from Me 2 S‐(NPPh 2 ) 2 ( 1 ) and Me 3 SiN 3 , reacts with WF 6 and WCl 6 to form the heterocycles Me 2 S(NPPh 2 N) 2 WF 4 ( 3a ) and Me 2 S(NPPh 2 N) 2 WCl 4 ( 3b ). The X‐ray single‐crystal structure analysis exhibits a puckered eight‐membered ring with alternating short and long bond lengths. 3a crystallizes with one molecule of dimethylformamide in the space group Cc with a = 1247.3(6), b = 1728.5(9), c = 1543.1(8) pm and β = 102.41(3)°.
On the Line Card Collection Model for Bandwidth Utilization and Latency Measurement in High-speed IP Networks (2007)

It's one of the most significant issues to acquire path latency and bandwidth utilization ratio of every link in high-speed IP networks for it takes dramatic influence on the performance of resource management, congestion control and multi-route control. In this paper, a novel mixed cover model with line card gathering agent is proposed and implemented for the simultaneous measurement of path latency and bandwidth utilization. Furthermore, the design and simulation of this model has been realized based on FPGA and the test results indicate that this kind of line card can realize the function of link- speed statistics and link-speed management for probe packet. Consequently, the measurement requirements of Gigabit Ethernet can be met appropriately.
The transfluxor (1956)

In a recent paper the authors have announced a novel device showing that completely new switching and storing functions can be performed by employing magnetic cores with two or more apertures, (Magnetic circuits using multiaperature cores have also been reported elsewhere.) instead of the conventional single-aperture cores, thereby creating a number of distinct flux paths via the legs of the core. The new device operates by the controlled transfer of flux from leg to leg in the magnetic circuit and was consequently named transfluxor.
Concurrent support of multiple page sizes on a skewed associative TLB (2004)

Some architecture definitions (e.g., Alpha) allow the use of multiple virtual page sizes even for a single process. Unfortunately, on current set-associative TLBs (translation lookaside buffers), pages with different sizes cannot coexist together. Thus, processors supporting multiple page sizes implement fully associative TLBs. In this research note, we show how the skewed-associative TLB can accommodate the concurrent use of multiple page sizes within a single process. This allows us to envision either medium size L1 TLBs or very large L2 TLBs supporting multiple page sizes.
Printability of buried mask defects in extreme UV lithography (2011)

A programmed-defect mask consisting of both bump- and pit-type defects on the LTEM mask substrate has been successfully fabricated. It is seen that pit-type defects are less printable because they are more smoothed out by the employed MLM deposition process. Specifically, all bump-type defects print even at the smallest height split of 1.7 nm whereas pit-type defects print only at the largest depth split of 5.7 nm. At this depth, the largest nonprintable 1D and 2D defect widths are about 23 nm and 64 nm, respectively.