gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The incidence and distribution of CpG←Tpg transitions in the coagulation factor IX gene. A fresh look at CPG mutitional hospots (1990)

The mutations of 76 haemophilia B patients representing the whole population registered with the Malmö haemophilia centre (42) and referrals from the UK, were characterised. RFLP haplotype analysis of the defective genes indicated that 51 single base pair substitutions were definitely of independent origin and 27 of these were CpG----TpG or CpA transitions. This represents a 38-fold excess over other single-base changes. Most of such transitions (82%) occur at 9 CpG sites occupying critical positions (transitions at 3 sites substitute essential arginines, while at 6 sites transition to TpG creates stop codons). Sixteen of the 18 possible transitions at these 9 sites cause clear haemophilia B and should be fully ascertained in our haemophilia B population. This allowed the direct estimate of the rate of CpG transitions. This is 1.05 x 10(-7) substitutions per base per gamete per generation. The marked excess of CpG transitions in haemophilia B appears partly due to the high proportion of CpG sites at critical positions (at least 9 out of 20). We propose that this follows from the fact that male hemizygosity makes X-linked genes particularly susceptible to selective forces that tend to fix CpG sites arising at critical positions.
Smart antennas for wireless communications systems (2010)

The fundamental idea behind smart antennas is to improve the performance of the wireless communication system by increasing the gain in a chosen direction. This can be achieved by pointing the main lobes of the antenna-beam patterns towards the desired users. Smart antenna system combines multiple antenna elements with a signal processing capability to automatically optimise its radiation and/or reception pattern in response to the signal environment. In addition to pointing the direction of the main lobe towards a chosen user the smart antenna system can automatically steer one or more nulls of the directivity pattern towards one or several sources of interferences. There are several benefits of using a smart antenna system for a wireless system and among these are the following: larger covering area, increased SNR and capacity, saving energy for the same performances, providing spatial diversity etc. In this paper both switched and adaptive beamforming techniques are analysed in order to point out the advantages of using smart antenna technique in wireless communications systems.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of the First Tricoordinate Silyl Cation (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Electronic properties of straight, kinked, and branched<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Cu</mml:mi><mml:mo>∕</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Cu</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mn>111</mml:mn><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:math>quantum wires: A low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy study (2006)

Low-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy at $7\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ is used to assemble monatomic native adatom chains on a Cu(111) surface and to study their $sp$-derived quantum states. The adatoms within the structure reside on equivalent nearest-neighbor lattice sites of the substrate surface (intrinsic Cu-Cu spacing $2.55\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{\AA{}}$). Starting from linear chain segments, kinked chains and triple-terminal junctions are created, and the impact of the different structural details of the junction on the electronic properties is investigated by spectroscopic measurements. A simple tight-binding (TB) parametrization scheme is applied to discuss the experimentally observed energies and densities of the quantum states inherent to these chain structures of advanced complexity. The TB model also reveals potential overlaps of resonance-broadened states, which are not resolved in the experiment.
Seeking after the truth in computer evidence: any proof of ATM fraud? (1996)

‘The revelation that Save & Prosper, the retail banking arm of Robert Fleming & Co, has been the victim of a £200,000 credit card fraud…shows how easy it can be to fool…card security systems. Details of customers’ cards were stolen and encoded on to other cards, such as those for petrol points. The bank suspected internal collusion after print-outs containing card details went missing, but an enquiry proved inconclusive. All affected customers have been reimbursed. Last month, it was revealed that £130,000 had been stolen from Abbey National cardholders during 1994 and 1995 with counterfeit cards. Andrew Stone, a bank security consultant who had been advising Which?, the magazine of the Consumers' Association, was jailed for five and a half years for the theft. This fraud involved spying on Abbey customers as they used their cards in automated teller machines (ATMs) or cash dispensers… [Stone] recorded card details and personal identification numbers (PINs) using powerful video cameras. The details were then encoded on the magnetic strips of other cards. Although all 500 victims were reimbursed by the bank, the stolen money has not been recovered… Such cases have highlighted yet again the serious issue of plastic card security…Card-issuers have been forced to admit that their security systems are not infallible and that ‘phantom’ withdrawals from ATMs are not always explained by the cardholder's negligence, or fraud by friends and relatives…’ From ‘Where the bucks stop’, Matthew Wall, Financial Times, October 19, 1996 ‘Experts agree…that technological failures account for only a tiny percentage of ATM losses’ From ‘Phantom withdrawals continue to haunt banks’, Financial Times, Alan Cane, September 21, 1996
New insight into particulate mineral and organic matter in coastal ocean waters through optical inversion (2014)

Suspended particulate inorganic matter (PIM) and particulate organic matter (POM) often exhibit significant variation both spatially and temporally in coastal oceans. The size distributions and optical properties of these particles are poorly known. Utilizing a newly developed inversion technique from the measured angular scattering pattern, we were able to examine POM and PIM in terms of detailed particle size distributions (PSD) and optical volume scattering functions (VSF), gaining further insights and knowledge of particles that will greatly improve biogeochemical investigations and remote-sensing algorithms. We report the results on two extremes or end-members of possible coastal environments, sediment-laden, turbid Mobile Bay, Alabama, USA and biologically productive, clear water Monterey Bay, California, USA. The optically inferred mass concentrations of PIM and POM, when accounting for the fractal nature of suspended particles, agreed well with the respective gravimetric determinations within the analysis and inversion uncertainty. Despite intra- and inter-site variability, the inferred PSDs in both coastal regions commonly showed an apparent background population of PIM at radii <0.6–1 μm overlaid by POM of radii between 2 and 20 μm. The PSDs also saw increased contribution by PIM at radii >50 μm. The clearly distinctive PSDs between PIM and POM provide evidence to support the Risović two-component model for suspended particulates. The shape of the VSFs, i.e., the scattering phase functions, for POM are similar between the two sites (backscattering ratio ≈ 0.0015), but the PIM in Monterey Bay exhibited a higher backscattering ratio than in Mobile Bay (backscattering ratios 0.012 vs. 0.008, respectively). At both sites, the mass-specific scattering cross section values for PIM (σ [PIM]) are about 70–80% lower than σ[POM], while the mass-specific backscattering cross section values for PIM (σb[PIM]) are 10–25% greater than σb[POM].
Relation Between Diastolic Perfusion Time and Coronary Artery Stenosis During Stress-Induced Myocardial Ischemia (1995)

Despite differences in associated hemodynamic responses to various stress tests, a close relation exists between stenosis severity and diastolic perfusion time at the onset of stress-induced myocardial ischemia. Therefore, diastolic perfusion time at the ischemic threshold may be an indirect estimate of the hemodynamic significance of coronary stenosis.
Simple and efficient synthesis of novel <i>N</i> -dichloroacetyl-3,4-dihydro-2 <i>H</i> -1,4-benzoxazines (2012)

Abstract An easy synthetic route to N -dichloroacetyl-3,4-dihydro-2 H -1,4-benzoxazine derivatives 3 involves cyclization of 2-aminophenols 1 with 1,2-dibromoethane and subsequent acylation of the resultant 3,4-dihydro-2 H -1,4-benzoxazine derivatives 2 with dichloroacetyl chloride. All compounds were characterized by IR, 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, ESI-MS and elemental analysis. The structure of 3a was determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis.
Chronic Pancreatitis Possibly Caused by Occupational Exposure to Organic Solvents (1985)

Acute pancreatic injury has been attributed to occupational exposure to chemical agents in workers, but there have been no previous reports of occupationally induced chronic pancreatitis. Severe chronic exocrine pancreatic insufficiency was found in a 29-year-old house painter, where other known causes of chronic pancreatitis could be ruled out. The patient had previously experienced abdominal pain and diarrhoea associated with exposure to spray paints followed by remission of the symptoms during vacations. Although the association between exposure and pancreatic insufficiency may be a random one, a possible causal relation should be further evaluated.
Clinical phenotype of Parkinson disease dementia (2006)

Parkinson disease dementia (PDD) shares identical clinical features with dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB); both entities can be distinguished from Alzheimer disease. The presence of PDD/DLB features at any time during the course of PD is highly predictive of dementia and the presence of LB at autopsy; in particular, male gender and visual hallucinations in PD predict dementia.
Understanding service-oriented software (2004)

Many hail service-oriented software as the next revolution in software development. Web services' capabilities are constantly expanding from simple message passing toward the construction of full-fledged applications such as those envisaged by the UK's Pennine Group in their Software as a Service (SaaS) framework. These new, service-oriented approaches appear to many to solve the significant issue of software inflexibility that arises during maintenance and evolution. While they address sonic aspects of the problem, however, understanding the software still poses some difficulty. This shift toward service orientation compels us to consider its implications for software understanding, which is potentially the primary cost in software engineering. Using an example of on-the-fly software services construction, we discuss the problems software engineers still face when working with service-oriented software. We also introduce some new issues that they must consider, including how to address service provision difficulties and failures.
Mammary stem cell number as a determinate of breast cancer risk (2007)

The 'cancer stem cell hypothesis' posits that cancers, including breast cancer, arise in tissue stem or progenitor cells. If this is the case, then it follows that the risk for developing breast cancer may be determined in part by the number of breast stem/progenitor cells that can serve as targets for transformation. Stem cell number may be set during critical windows of development, including in utero, adolescence, and pregnancy. The growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor-1 axis may play an important role in regulating breast stem cell number during these developmental windows, suggesting an important link between this signaling pathway and breast cancer risk.
Synthesis and insecticidal activity of oxazaphospholidines, oxathiaphospholanes, and thiazaphospholidines. (1988)

Fifty-five new five-membered cyclic organophosphorus compounds including oxazaphospholidines, thiazaphospholidines, and Oxathiaphospholanes were synthesized, which have substituents at 4- or /and 5-positions besides at the 2-position. The thiazaphospholidines showed the highest insecticidal activity followed by Oxathiaphospholanes and Oxazaphospholidines. The position preference of substituents in insecticidal activity was most obvious in the Oxazaphospholidines. It was preferable for insecticidal activity to have the substituent near the more basic atom: the 4-position for thiazaphospholidine and oxazaphospholidine, the 5-position for oxathiaphospholane, with the exception of 4- or 5-phenyl oxazaphospholidine.
Derivation of a biologically contained replication system for human immunodeficiency virus type 1. (1992)

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) proviral mutants that lack viral regulatory genes are unable to replicate unless rescued by complementation in trans. Structurally intact virus can be produced by infecting recombinant cell lines expressing the deficient genes. A HIV-1 mutant functionally defective in tat and rev (vIIIB delta Tat/Rev), which replicates only in a recombinant T-cell line expressing tat and rev (CEMTART), is described in this report. Infection of the CEMTART cell line with vIIIB delta Tat/Rev permits the complete HIV-1 life cycle, including cytopathology, decreased expression of CD4, and production of viral structural proteins, to be biologically contained. Culture supernatants from infected CEMTART contain virus that is able to replicate only in uninfected CEMTART. No reversion of vIIIB delta Tat/Rev to wild-type HIV-1 was observed as measured either by sequencing proviral vIIIB delta Tat/Rev or by detecting the ability of vIIIB delta Tat/Rev to replicate in CEM or activated CD4-bearing T lymphocytes. Defective HIV-1 mutants produced by trans complementation of essential genes permit infection and analysis of defined genotypes on cellular function and phenotype. Authentic HIV-1 structural proteins and infected cells can be prepared in mass, and agents that interfere with the HIV-1 life cycle can be studied on a large scale with minimum risk of exposing workers to virulent HIV-1.
Process optimization tweaking tool (POTT) and its application in controlling oxidation thickness (1989)

This computer utility extracts process data from a manufacturing statistical process control database, calculates oxidation times appropriate to recenter the thickness to the desired process mean, and inserts the values of new oxidation times directly into furnace oxidation recipes resident in the main BTU host computer so that production furnace recipes downloaded to the furnace controller automatically contain the new oxidation times. The major attributes of POTT are summarized and its application in controlling oxidation thickness for silicon integrated-circuit fabrication as well as results obtained using two different retargeting strategies are described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Construction of a Self-Excisable Bacterial Artificial Chromosome Containing the Human Cytomegalovirus Genome and Mutagenesis of the Diploid TRL/IRL13 Gene (2002)

The full-length genome of human cytomegalovirus strain AD169 was cloned as an infectious bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) plasmid, pAD/Cre. The BAC vector, flanked by LoxP sites, was inserted immediately after the Us28 open reading frame without deletion of any viral sequences. The BAC vector contained the Cre recombinase-encoding gene disrupted by an intron under control of the simian virus 40 early promoter. When pAD/Cre was transfected into primary human foreskin fibroblast cells, Cre was expressed and mediated site-specific recombination between the two LoxP sites, excising the BAC DNA backbone. This gave rise to progeny virus that was wild type with the exception of an inserted 34-bp LoxP site. We performed site-directed mutagenesis on pAD/Cre to generate a series of viruses in which the TRL/IRL13 diploid genes were disrupted and subsequently repaired. The mutants reach the same titer as the wild-type virus, indicating that the TRL/IRL13 open reading frames are not required for virus growth in cell culture. The sequence of the TRL13 open reading frame in the low-passage Toledo strain of human cytomegalovirus is quite different from the corresponding region in the AD169 strain. One of multiple changes is a frameshift mutation. As a consequence, strain Toledo encodes a putative TRL13 protein whose C-terminal domain is larger (extending through the TRL14 coding region) and encodes in a reading frame different from that of strain AD169. We speculate that the strain AD169 coding region has drifted during passage in the laboratory. We propose that TRL13 has been truncated in strain AD169 and that the partially overlapping TRL14 open reading frame is not functional. This view is consistent with the presence of both TRL13 and -14 on all mRNAs that we have mapped from this region, an organization that would include the much longer strain Toledo TRL13 open reading frame on the mRNAs.
Functional Properties of Proteins Immobilized on Albumin Microspheres (1988)

Bovine serum albumin (BSA) microspheres with an average diameter of 12.5 micron were prepared by crosslinking of BSA molecules with glutaraldehyde in the presence of polymethylmethacrylate dissolved in chloroform-toluene. Trypsin and anti-human IgG antibody were immobilized onto their surfaces by the glutaraldehyde-activation method. The catalytic activity and storage stability of the immobilized trypsin were satisfactorily high. The enzyme immunoassay (EIA) method using BSA-microspheres as a solid phase has a high sensitivity (the minimum concentration of detectable antigen in the sample: 0.2 ng/ml) and a wide concentration range (final concentration 0.027-3000 ng/ml) for the detection of human IgG.
Effect of Material and Environmental Variables on Localized Corrosion of Zirconium Alloys (1979)

The nodular attack of α-annealed Zircaloy-2 and Zircaloy-4 in steam at 500°C is dependent upon the presence of hydrogen in the environment, the important function being the hydrogen to steam ratio rather than partial pressures. The uniform corrosion between the nodules was unaffected by the hydrogen in the steam. β-quenched Zircaloy-2 showed the opposite behavior, suffering nodular corrosion in hydrogen-free steam and corroding uniformly in steam with hydrogen additions. Nodules did initiate on Ozhenite-0.5, but did not develop into serious localized attack for α-annealed material. Alloys with higher niobium content and Valoy were independent of hydrogen in the steam and they never suffered localized corrosion. The chromium-rich particles in Valoy did not influence the oxidation of the matrix adjacent to the particles under hydrogenated conditions. The iron-rich particles in the Zircaloys and in Ozhenite-0.5 decreased the oxidation of matrix in a region around each particle. Nodules initiated by oxide cracking over grain boundaries in areas with few intermetallic particles. The observed influence of hydrogen in the steam on nodular corrosion is attributed to its effect on the electron conductance of the oxidized iron-rich precipitates.
Molecular Beam Epitaxy of SrTiO<sub>3</sub> Films on Si(100)-2×1 with SrO Buffer Layer (1998)

Molecular beam epitaxy of SrTiO 3 thin films on a Si(100)-2×1 surface has been studied using reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED), an atomic force microscope (AFM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) as a function of the thickness of the SrO buffer layer and growth temperature. Epitaxial SrTiO 3 films do not grow directly on Si(100). Therefore, a SrO buffer layer was applied to grow SrTiO 3 on Si(100). It was found that the SrO layer with a thickness of 100 Å grown at 300 – 400°C in oxygen atmosphere of 5 ×10 -8 Torr was sufficient to grow epitaxial SrTiO 3 on Si(100). Then SrTiO 3 thin films with a thickness of 2000 Å were grown on the SrO(100Å)/Si surface at 400 – 700°C using codeposition of strontium and titanium in oxygen atmosphere of 8×10 -8 Torr. At 500°C, the best-quality SrTiO 3 (100) film grew parallel to Si(100), and numerous rectangular platelike crystals were observed on the surface in the AFM image. The crystallinity of the STO films was improved with increasing thickness of the SrO layer. The epitaxial relation between SrTiO 3 and SrO/Si(100)-2×1 is also discussed using the RHEED patterns which show streaks and spots.
Regulating immunity to malaria (2005)

The optimal outcome of a malaria infection is that parasitized cells are killed and degraded without inducing significant pathology. Since much of the pathology of malaria infection can be immune-mediated, this implies that immune responses have to be carefully regulated. The mechanisms by which anti-malarial immune responses are believed to be regulated were discussed at the recent Malaria Immunology Workshop (Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; February 2005). Potential regulatory mechanisms include regulatory T cells, which have been shown to significantly modify cellular immune responses to various protozoan infections, including leishmania and malaria; neutralising antibodies to pro-inflammatory malarial toxins such as glycosylphosphatidylinositol and haemozoin; and self-regulating networks of effector molecules. Innate and adaptive immune responses are further moderated by the broader immunological environment, which is influenced by both the genetic background of the host and by co-infection with other pathogens. A detailed understanding of the interplay between these different immunoregulatory processes may facilitate the rationale design of vaccines and novel therapeutics.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF THREEâPOINT HITCH GUIDANCE SYSTEMS (2002)

Closetotherow cultivation and application of narrow bands of herbicides along the row requires the use of aguidance system if commercial travel velocities are to be realized. Two articulated, and one sideshift threepoint hitchguidance systems were evaluated. Positioning accuracy was determined while sensing V and Ushaped furrows, as well asa simulated row of plants. Mounting of the sensing system to follow the second, rather than the outer row of plants providedimproved performance with the articulated systems. Wide bottom furrows yielded less accurate positioning than Vshapedfurrows when using the original furrow sensing system. Modification improved performance and, with the sideshift hitch,kept implement position within 25 mm (1 in.) of the row center, even with tractor deviations up to 550 mm (22 in.).
Medical Costs and Budgeting (1969)

Medical Costs and Budgeting Get access D.S.F. Robertson D.S.F. Robertson Principal Medical AdviserUnilever Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Occupational Medicine, Volume 19, Issue 1, 1969, Pages 21–22, https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/19.1.21 Published: 01 January 1969
Scintigraphic appearances of osteoid osteoma. (1980)

A series of 42 osteoid osteomas is reviewed, and the scintigraphic appearances are described. In all cases, a marked, well-localized area of increased activity was demonstrated at the tumor site in both the blood-pool and standard two-hour images. The blood-pool images were performed after the injection of technetium-99m methylene diphosphate which showed a small hyperemic lesion in all cases of osteoid osteoma, thus distinguishing this tumor from other lesions which may show uptake of radionuclide activity after two hours.