gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preparation of 3‐Aryl‐4‐(5‐ARYL‐Δ<sup>2</sup>‐1,2,4‐Oxadiazolin‐3‐YL)Sydnones and their Conversion into 3‐ARYL‐4‐(5‐ARYL‐1,2,4‐Oxadiazol‐3‐YL)Sydnones (1986)

Abstract 3‐Aryl‐4‐(5‐aryl‐Δ 2 ‐1,2,4‐oxadiazolin‐3‐yl)sydnones (5) were synthesized in high yields by the reaction of 3‐arylsydnone‐4‐carboxamide oximes (prepared from the corresponding 3‐arylsydnone‐4‐carbonitriles) with aromatic aldehydes in the presence of acid catalysts. No reaction occurred when aliphatic aldehydes were used. The oxadiazolin‐3‐ylsydnones (5) were easily converted into the corresponding 3‐aryl‐4‐(5‐aryl‐1,2,4‐oxadiazol‐3‐yl)sydnones by N ‐bromosuccinimide oxidation. The 3‐arylsydnone‐4‐carbonitrile oxides were synthesized in good yields by N ‐bromosuccinimide oxidation of the corresponding 3‐arylsydnone‐4‐carboxaldehyde oximes.
Cover Picture: Macromol. Mater. Eng. 1/2006 (2005)

Cover: The picture on the cover shows TEM images and WAXD patterns (insert graphs) of untreated and treated S‐IIRCNs. The microstructural changing behaviors of S‐IIRCNs induced by thermal treatments are strongly dependent on the treating temperature. Some experiments suggested that residual solvent in the system should play an important role. Further details can be found in the article by Y.‐L. Lu, Y.‐R. Liang, * Y.‐P. Wu, and L.‐Q. Zhang * on page 27.
Inhibition of bcl-2 with antisense oligonucleotides induces apoptosis and increases the sensitivity of AML blasts to Ara-C. (1995)

We have previously shown that blasts from acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) patients which grow autonomously in culture have high bcl-2 expression which in turn has been linked to a poor clinical response to chemotherapy. The bcl-2 protein promotes cell survival by preventing the onset of apoptosis or programmed cell death following growth-factor deprivation. Bcl-2 has also been shown to be responsible for chemo-resistance in human leukaemic cell lines. Here we have investigated the role of bcl-2 expression in mediating resistance to apoptosis induced by cytosine arabinoside in vitro. The blasts from 17 AML patients exhibiting autonomous growth in a blast cell colony assay and expressing high levels of bcl-2 protein were studied. Incubation of the blasts with antisense oligonucleotides directed against bcl-2 mRNA resulted in a significant decrease in expression of the bcl-2 protein in seven of the 17 samples. In these seven cases the decreased expression of bcl-2 was accompanied by increased apoptosis and the susceptibility of the blasts to apoptosis induced by Ara-C was increased in the presence of bcl-2 antisense. As a high level of bcl-2 defines a group of AML patients who exhibit a poor response to chemotherapy, the demonstration that chemosensitivity of a significant proportion of these patients can be increased by bcl-2 antisense suggests this approach may have clinical potential.
The oral CYP17-Lyase (L) inhibitor VT-464 in patients with CRPC. (2015)

187 Background: VT-464 is an oral, non-steroidal inhibitor of CYP17-L and an antagonist of androgen receptor (AR) variants F876L and T877A which are associated with resistance to enzalutamide (ENZ) and abiraterone/prednisone (AA), respectively. INO-VT-464-CL-001 is a Phase (Ph) 1/2 study of VT-464 in treatment-naïve (TN) and treatment-failure (TF) patients with CRPC. Results are reported for Ph 1 (TN patients) and early results from Ph 2 patients. Methods: Phase 1: safety, tolerability, PK and initial efficacy (PSA and steroid concentrations) in M0 and M1 TN patients in escalated dose-cohorts from 50 to 600 mg bid in 28-day continuous dosing cycles. Phase 2: preliminary efficacy in M0 and M1 TN and TF (post-AA, -ENZ, and/or CHEMO) patients at 450 mg bid. Results: In Ph 1, 26 TN patients received VT-464 at 50 mg bid (n=1), 100 mg bid (n=1), 200 mg bid (n=4), 300 mg bid (n=8), 450 mg bid (n=9) and 600 mg bid (n=3) with 2 patients currently on study (15 and 29 months). Another 10 TN patients received VT-464 in Ph 2 at 450 mg bid. Most Ph 1 adverse events (AEs) were grade 1 or 2 and not considered drug related. There were 18 grade 3 AEs and 1 grade 5 AE considered not related to study drug, plus 4 grade 3 AEs (vasovagal/syncope) considered at least possibly related. For a single oral 450 mg dose, t½ was 6.8±0.8h (mean±SEM), Cmax was 8.6±1.2uM and Tmax was 3.4±0.7h. 19 of 26 Ph 1 and Ph 2 TN patients who received from 300 to 600 mg bid had PSA responses (6 PSA30%, 2 PSA50% and 1 PSA90% response). Preliminary PSA responses in Ph 2 TF patients included a PSA90% response in a prior-ENZ pre-chemo patient and a PSA50% response in a prior-ENZ and -chemo patient. No mineralocorticoid excess syndrome (MES) or changes in ACTH response or LFTs were observed. Plasma testosterone concentrations were reduced to near or below the limit of quantification in most patients at ≥ 450 mg bid, with normal progesterone and cortisol concentrations. No supplemental steroids were used. Conclusions: Clinical results at the doses evaluated support VT-464 CYP17 L-selectivity. The PSA50% and PSA90% responses in 2 of 7 prior Xtandi patients, combined with a lack of MES despite no supplemental steroids, warrants further investigation in the ongoing Ph 2 study, particularly in prior ENZ and AA patients. Clinical trial information: NCT02012920.
EGFR Targeting in Hormone-Refractory Prostate Cancer: Current Appraisal and Prospects for Treatment (2010)

The incidence of prostate cancer increases with age and because of its high prevalence this disease has become a major public health concern. Despite advances in our understanding of the biological mechanisms responsible for the development of this cancer, the transition to the hormone refractory stage (HRPC) and metastatic progression pose real problems of clinical management. Currently, docetaxel chemotherapy has been shown to have a slight but significant impact on survival, though the gain in median survival is still less than three months. Research is therefore continuing to improve treatment outcomes. The progression of prostate cancer is accompanied by the overexpression of EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) in a very large majority of cases, suggesting that this may play a mechanistic role. Unfortunately, although preclinical findings seem to be promising for therapies targeting the EGFR in HRPC, current clinical results are disappointing. These results should however encourage us to look for different ways of using anti-EGFR agents or combining them with other targeted therapies.
TNF-Induced Target Cell Killing by CTL Activated through Cross-Presentation (2012)

Viruses can escape cytotoxic T cell (CTL) immunity by avoiding presentation of viral components via endogenous MHC class I antigen presentation in infected cells. Cross-priming of viral antigens circumvents such immune escape by allowing noninfected dendritic cells to activate virus-specific CTLs, but they remain ineffective against infected cells in which immune escape is functional. Here, we show that cross-presentation of antigen released from adenovirus-infected hepatocytes by liver sinusoidal endothelial cells stimulated cross-primed effector CTLs to release tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which killed virus-infected hepatocytes through caspase activation. TNF receptor signaling specifically eliminated infected hepatocytes that showed impaired anti-apoptotic defense. Thus, CTL immune surveillance against infection relies on two similarly important but distinct effector functions that are both MHC restricted, requiring either direct antigen recognition on target cells and canonical CTL effector function or cross-presentation and a noncanonical effector function mediated by TNF.
Coordination of carboxamido nitrogen to tervalent iron: insight into a new chapter of iron chemistry (2000)

Although coordination of carboxamido nitrogen to Fe(III) center has been assumed to be improbable, research work during the past few years has demonstrated that Fe(III) complexes with ligated carboxamido nitrogens can be readily synthesized. The Fe(III)–Namido bond distances lie in the range of 1.8–2.2 Å in the various low spin and high spin Fe(III) complexes. These complexes are stable in aqueous media and their redox parameters indicate that the carboxamido nitrogens provide significant stability to the Fe(III) center.
Thin evaporated films with high coercive force (1967)

A technique allowing the preparation by vacuum evaporation of a material useable as a storage medium in digital magnetic recording is described. It consists of the evaporation of successive chromium and cobalt layers on a substrate, the nature of which seems indifferent. The coercive force can be adjusted from 200 to 600 Oe by adjusting the cobalt layer thickness. Superimposing identical double layers of chromium-cobalt allows one to obtain the required amount of flux. Such a multiple layered film gives properties identical to those of a homogeneous magnetic material with a coercive force between 200-600 Oe and an induction better than 10 000 gauss. These properties are isotropic. High squareness of the hysteresis cycle, with Mr/Ms > 0.95, is achieved.
A New Era of Application for the Wiegand Effect (1988)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper is presented to explain and demonstrate the most recent gains made in application techniques of the Wiegand Effect. </div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">“Wiegand Wire” is a small diameter wire drawn from a magnetic alloy such as Vicalloy and secondarily processed by cold working so as to cause a gradient of magnetic hardness from its center to exterior. When exposed to magnetic fields of proper orientation, intensities, and sequence, substantial flux jumps will occur within the wire. These flux changes may be converted to an electrical pulse by interposing an inductive pick up-coil.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Being a bistable magnetic threshold device with a firing point of approximately 20 oersteds, the Wiegand Effect may be used to create self-powered pulsers which are essentially insensitive to speed and immune to most ambient magnetic field disturbances.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">In addition to the extremely successful application as an encoding technique for “Access Control Cards”, the Wiegand Effect has been applied in numerous commercial and industrial pulser designs where low speed, temperature extremes, and power considerations have made other technologies impractical.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Although a wide variety of magnetic field shapes and intensities will cause Wiegand Effect flux jumps, it has become apparent that certain field shaping techniques and packaging designs have advantages over others from the aspect of output pulse amplitude, general physical size of components, and immunity from permanent disruption by strong external magnetic fields. In order to best utilize the inherent advantages of the Wiegand technology, it is important that the optimal application techniques be identified and understood.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">To this end, a great deal of development time has been devoted to investigating various magnetic excitation schemes and evaluating their results. The outcome was: <ol class="list nostyle"> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">1.</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">a three to four fold improvement in pulse amplitude under symmetric drive conditions;</div></li> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">2.</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">a general reduction in physical component size; and</div></li> <li class="list-item"> <span class="li-label">3.</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">relative immunity from external magnetic field interference.</div></li></ol></div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper will summarize the laboratory findings, demonstrate optimal field shaping techniques, and suggest designs for practical, cost effective pulsers.</div>
Handbook of Lubrication and Tribology (2006)

When it was first published some two decades ago, the original Handbook of Lubrication and Tribology stood on technology's cutting-edge as the first comprehensive reference to assist the emerging science of tribology lubrication. Later, followed by Volume II, Theory and Design and Volume III, Monitoring, Materials, Synthetic Lubricants, and Ap
Autopresentation of hepatitis B virus envelope antigens by T cells (1992)

Processing and presentation by T cells appear to be limited to antigens that can directly interact with the T-cell surface, thereby overcoming the T-cell inefficiency in antigen capture and internalization. Our study provides evidence that the hepatitis B virus (HBV) envelope proteins can also be efficiently processed and presented by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to other T cells in a human leukocyte antigen class II-restricted fashion. This phenomenon suggests a receptor-mediated interaction between T cells and the HBV envelope and defines a system that can, we hope, be exploited for the identification of the receptor binding site within the HBV envelope and for the characterization of the putative cellular HBV receptor.
Global Carbon-and-Conservation Models, Global Eco-States? Ecuador’s Yasuní-ITT Initiative and Governance Implications (2013)

The “global carbon age” marks a structural change far beyond the economic realms of implementing carbon trade, affecting the fabric of global environmental governance and its actors. Carbon trade and conservation in the Global South have taken on various forms, and climate change mitigation efforts in light of continued rainforest deforestation are scrambling to establish effective approaches. Ecuador’s Yasuní-ITT Initiative proposes a new global carbon-and-conservation model in the Ecuadorian Amazon that leaves oil reserves of the Yasuní Ishpingo Tambococha Tiputini (ITT) oil fields underground, in exchange for international compensation payments that would be based on voluntary contributions of governments and nongovernmental actors in an international conservation partnership and trust fund under the auspices of the United Nations Development Programme. This model suggests far-reaching consequences, as it introduces new global scales for the sharing and management of environmental costs within a framework of neoliberal cost internalization. The analysis in this paper uses the concept of the “ecological state” (Duit, 2008) as a theoretical point of departure to examine the trans-scalar implications of such a carbon-and-conservation model on global governance structures toward a “global ecological state” (or global eco-state).
The future of the insurance market – do insurers need crystal balls? (2001)

This article looks at the changes in the insurance market which are being forced by new economy pressures. The author considers the squeeze created by consolidation in the financial services market and by globalisation and how companies have responded by creating asset management products and tapping increased customer demand for an ever wider range of products. The benefits of technology are turning the market upside‐down but are benefiting new entrants rather than existing players. The key in the end will be those companies which can add value.
Anticipation of dimensional issues caused by topography during photo lithography (2011)

The thickness for a material to be used for photolithography process is typically monitored on test wafers with a completely flat surface. Therefore material's specification is limited to thickness uniformity, reflectance, refractive indexes and chemical properties. NVM embedded IC's integrating a variety of devices within the same chip may lead to challenging topography at gate level. Tight control of transistors CD, coherent with model based OPC treatments precision, is hard to achieve in circuitry regions with small surface before resist coating. The proposed model is based on reflectance increase in areas where observed CD is small with respect to the target. The observed root cause of CD loss is linked with materials' behavior in the proximity of edges of silicon structures and with the overall thickness reduction when the blocks become small. A set of test patterns is defined and substrates are prepared with planarizing and conformal BARC's to quantify the influence of topography on the CD. The geometries provide a good sampling in terms surface. After lithography, the dimensional effects are quantified by top view SEM. A model describing materials thinning can be computed from CD behavior data in the case of inorganic BARC. The study shows the limitations of both types of BARC's and suggests that Optical Proximity Correction could be used to compensate the effects of topography. Some recommendations are made in order to fulfill 65nm and smaller technology nodes' requirements. Several components of the study can be combined to master topography effects in complex process flows.
Annotating digital documents (2002)

Annotating is a very common activity. People often highlight and make notes while reading. Increasingly documents exist primarily in digital form. Supporting annotation of digital documents both for personal use and for asynchronous collaboration has many challenges.By building software prototypes and deploying them in laboratory and field studies, this work investigates three issues: robustly anchoring annotations on modified documents to meet user expectations, using annotations in an educational setting to enhance interaction outside of class, and providing appropriate notification mechanisms to support asynchronous collaboration around documents. Although the primary focus of this research is digital document annotation many of the findings may generalize to other media types including images and video.
Breast Fat Grafting with Platelet-Rich Plasma: A Comparative Clinical Study and Current State of the Art (2011)

In the authors' retrospective analysis, no effect of platelet-rich plasma was seen in enhancing fat graft take when compared with the Coleman fat graft. Further research and prospective clinical studies are needed to understand the role of platelet-rich plasma, if any, in fat grafting.
<i>Escherichia coli</i> RNA Polymerase Is the Target of the Cyclopeptide Antibiotic Microcin J25 (2001)

Escherichia coli microcin J25 (MccJ25) is a plasmid-encoded, cyclic peptide antibiotic consisting of 21 unmodified amino acid residues. It is primarily active on gram-negative bacteria related to the producer strain, inducing cell filamentation in an SOS-independent way. A mutation causing resistance to MccJ25 was isolated. Genetic analysis indicated that it resided in the rpoC gene, encoding the beta' subunit of RNA polymerase, at 90 min on the E. coli genetic map. The mutation was genetically crossed on to a plasmid containing the wild-type rpoC gene. The presence of the recombinant plasmid conferred complete resistance to otherwise sensitive strains. Nucleotide sequencing of the plasmid-borne, mutant rpoC gene revealed a ACC (Thr)-to-ATC (Ile) change at codon 931, within homology block G, an evolutionarily conserved region in the large subunits of all RNA polymerases. MccJ25 decreased RNA synthesis both in vivo and in vitro. These results point to the RNA polymerase as the target of microcin action. We favor the possibility that the filamentous phenotype induced by MccJ25 results from impaired transcription of genes coding for cell division proteins. As far as we know, MccJ25 is the first peptide antibiotic shown to affect RNA polymerase.
Reduction of 17.alpha.-hydroxy-20-keto steroids: convenient synthesis of (E)-3.beta.-hydroxy-5,17(20)-pregnadiene 3-pivaloate and (Z)-3.beta.,16.alpha.-dihydroxy-5,17(20)-pregnadiene 3-pivaloate (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReduction of 17.alpha.-hydroxy-20-keto steroids: convenient synthesis of (E)-3.beta.-hydroxy-5,17(20)-pregnadiene 3-pivaloate and (Z)-3.beta.,16.alpha.-dihydroxy-5,17(20)-pregnadiene 3-pivaloateBrian K. Shull and Masato KoreedaCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 1, 99–105Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00288a021https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00288a021research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views483Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Half-octave bandwidth traveling-wave X-band optical phase modulator (1969)

Multiple interactions of optical and microwave fields in an electrooptical crystal have yielded low-power optical phase modulation over a 4.6-GHz bandwidth.
[Effect of original processing method on sterol compounds of rhizoma pinelliae]. (2010)

It is conducive to the preservation and stability of stroids of Pinellia ternata that to being Dried at proper high temperature such as at 70 degrees C for 2 h first then fully dried at low temperature.
SSPC Technologies for Aircraft High Voltage DC Power Distribution Applications (2012)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">There is a growing need for high voltage direct current (HVDC) power distribution systems in aircraft which provide low-loss distribution with low weight. Challenges associated with HVDC distribution systems include improving reliability and reducing the size and weight of key components such as electric load control units (ELCUs), or remote power controllers (RPCs) for load control and feeder protection, and primary bus switching contactors. The traditional electromechanical current interrupting devices suffer from poor reliability due to arcs generated during repeated closing and opening operations, and are generally slow in isolating a fault with potentially high let-through energy, which directly impacts system safety.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Solid State Power Controller (SSPC) technology has gained acceptance as a modern alternative to electromechanical contactors and circuit breakers, due to its high reliability, “soft” switching characteristics, fast response time, and ability to facilitate advanced load management and other aircraft functions. While SSPCs with current rating of less than 20A have been widely used in aircraft secondary distribution systems, replacing thermal circuit breakers, their application for aircraft HVDC primary power distribution systems requires further technology maturation. This paper presents systematic solutions to the potential problems and challenges associated with the use of SSPCs in aircraft HVDC power distribution, such as excessive power dissipation as a result of high voltage drop across the SSPC, leakage, “fail shorted”, nuisance trips due to lightning strikes, and high inrush currents to capacitive loads. Test results based on a 270VDC, 120A SSPC prototype are also presented.</div></div>