gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pathogenic CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells in multiple sclerosis (2009)

Traditionally, autoimmune pathogeneses have been attributed to CD4(+) T lymphocytes, as in multiple sclerosis (MS), rheumatoid arthritis, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and/or to B lymphocytes, as in myasthenia gravis and systemic lupus erythematosus. That is because their primary genetic associations are mostly with certain human leukocyte antigen class II alleles, whose gene products present antigens to CD4(+) T cells. Because few autoimmune diseases show stronger associations with major histocompatibility complex class I alleles (ankylosing spondylitis, Behçet's disease, and psoriasis), CD8(+) T cells, which interact with major histocompatibility complex class I molecules, have been largely ignored in autoimmunity research. However, a variety of findings has recently revived interest in this population, particularly in MS. First, it shows associations with major histocompatibility complex class I alleles. Second, its lesions show a predominance of CD8(+) T cells. Third, these represent effectors that can directly damage central nervous system target cells. Furthermore, several clinical trials of monoclonal antibodies specifically against CD4(+) T cells, or the polarizing cytokines on which they depend, have failed to show any therapeutic benefit in MS, unlike broader-spectrum antibodies that deplete all T cells. Here, we review the evidence that CD8(+) T cells play a role in MS pathogenesis.
Synthesis of Nucleosides and Related Compounds. Part XX. Synthesis of Carbocyclic Nucleosides from 2-Azabicyclo(2.2.1)hept-5-en-3-ones: Sodium Borohydride-Mediated Carbon-Nitrogen Bond Cleavage of Five-and Six-Membered Lactams. (1991)

Various carbocyclic ribofuranosyl nucleosides were stereoselectively synthesized through a small number of steps from 2-azabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-3-ones by the use of sodium borohydride-mediated C-N bond cleavage as a key step. Ready availability of a novel synthetic precursor, (±)-4β-hydroxymethyl-1β-ureidocyclopentane-2α, 3α-diol [(±)-carbocyclic ribofuranosylurea], provides not only facile routes to carbocyclic robofuranosylpyrimidines, but also another route to the corresponding cyclopentylamine, (±)-1β-amino-4β-hydroxymethylcyclopentane-2α, 3α-diol [(±)-carbocyclic ribofuranosylamine], which is useful for the synthesis of the corresponding purine nucleosides.
Physiological and molecular aspects of human implantation (1995)

A greatly increased amount of knowledge on the preimplantation embryo and the molecular biology of the uterus have led to the development of new concepts on the adhesion of the embryo to the uterus and on the implantation process. This brief review covers cleavage and blastocyst formation, and the preparations of the embryo for implantation. The molecular factors involved in human implantation are then described, including the role of the steroid hormones, cytokines, adhesion molecules and substrates. The changes occurring in the embryo and uterus during implantation are described. Brief descriptions of extravillous trophoblast and the role of immune-type responses in the uterus are given. Finally, the molecular aspects of human implantation are considered.
Tailoring DNA Structure To Increase Target Hybridization Kinetics on Surfaces (2010)

We report a method for increasing the rate of target hybridization on DNA-functionalized surfaces using a short internal complement DNA (sicDNA) strand. The sicDNA causes up to a 5-fold increase in association rate by inducing a conformational change that extends the DNA away from the surface, making it more available to bind target nucleic acids. The sicDNA-induced kinetic enhancement is a general phenomenon that occurred with all sequences and surfaces investigated. Additionally, the process is selective and can be used in multicomponent systems to controllably and orthogonally “turn on” specific sequences by the addition of the appropriate sicDNA. Finally, we show that sicDNA is compatible with systems used in gene regulation, intracellular detection, and microarrays, suggesting several potential therapeutic, diagnostic, and bioinformatic applications.
Present Status of the Rheumatoid Factor (1971)

(1971). Present Status of the Rheumatoid Factor. CRC Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences: Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 173-209.
Accurate measurements of second-order nonlinear optical coefficients of 6H and 4H silicon carbide (2009)

The second-order nonlinear optical coefficients of 4H-SiC and 6H-SiC have been measured by use of two second-harmonic generation methods, the rotational Maker-fringe and wedge techniques, at the fundamental wavelength of 1.064 μm. Measurements on high-quality (0001) and (112¯0) plane samples as well as rigorous analyses taking into account the multiple-reflection effects allowed us to accurately determine the magnitudes of the nonlinear optical coefficients. The obtained values are d31=6.7 pm/V, d15=6.5 pm/V, and d33=−12.5 pm/V for 6H-SiC; and d31=6.5 pm/V, d15=6.7 pm/V, and d33=−11.7 pm/V for 4H-SiC.
Large scale atomistic simulation of single-layer graphene growth on Ni(111) surface: molecular dynamics simulation based on a new generation of carbon–metal potential (2015)

To explore the mechanism of graphene chemical vapor deposition (CVD) growth on a catalyst surface, a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of carbon atom self-assembly on a Ni(111) surface based on a well-designed empirical reactive bond order potential was performed. We simulated single layer graphene with recorded size (up to 300 atoms per super-cell) and reasonably good quality by MD trajectories up to 15 ns. Detailed processes of graphene CVD growth, such as carbon atom dissolution and precipitation, formation of carbon chains of various lengths, polygons and small graphene domains were observed during the initial process of the MD simulation. The atomistic processes of typical defect healing, such as the transformation from a pentagon into a hexagon and from a pentagon-heptagon pair (5|7) to two adjacent hexagons (6|6), were revealed as well. The study also showed that higher temperature and longer annealing time are essential to form high quality graphene layers, which is in agreement with experimental reports and previous theoretical results.
Prevention of neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia in non-human primates by Zn-protoporphyrin (1985)

Non-human primates were used as a model of human neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia and its chemotherapeutic suppression. High levels of haem oxygenase activity were detected in the liver and the spleen of neonatal rhesus (Macaca mulatta) and cynomolgus (Macaca irus) monkeys. When 1-day-old neonatal animals were given a single injection of Zn-protoporphyrin (40 mumol/kg, subcutaneously), serum bilirubin levels declined to nearly normal adult levels within 24 h and remained suppressed throughout the postnatal period (12 days). This treatment inhibited the activities of haem oxygenase and biliverdin reductase in the liver and the spleen, without affecting that of the brain. Zn-protoporphyrin treatment did not alter the activity of brain biliverdin reductase or increase brain bilirubin levels. The biological disposition of Zn-protoporphyrin was examined by measuring the biliary and urinary excretion of the metalloporphyrin complex, as well as its uptake and deposition in blood cells and tissues. Biliary excretion of the metalloporphyrin was minimal (0.12% over a 28 h period), and no evidence was detected for the urinary excretion of Zn-protoporphyrin. However, the concentration of metalloporphyrin in erythrocytes increased over the duration of the experiment (11 days) to such an extent that 46% of the administered compound was taken up by the cells. It appeared that the molecular basis for the sustained suppression of haem oxygenase activity and bilirubin production by Zn-protoporphyrin involved the release of the metalloporphyrin in the normal process of the degradation of fetal erythrocytes. The scope of the biological activity of Zn-protoporphyrin to alter haem-dependent processes appeared limited in nature, insofar as the microsomal contents of cytochrome P-450 and b5, as well as the aniline hydroxylase, were similar to those of the control animals. Also, the concentration of glutathione in the liver was unchanged. These findings suggest the potential usefulness of Zn-protoporphyrin in experimental and perhaps clinical conditions in which hyperbilirubinaemia occurs.
Recent progress in non-native nucleic acid modifications (2021)

While Nature harnesses RNA and DNA to store, read and write genetic information, the inherent programmability, synthetic accessibility and wide functionality of these nucleic acids make them attractive tools for use in a vast array of applications. In medicine, antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), siRNAs, and therapeutic aptamers are explored as potent targeted treatment and diagnostic modalities, while in the technological field oligonucleotides have found use in new materials, catalysis, and data storage. The use of natural oligonucleotides limits the possible chemical functionality of resulting technologies while inherent shortcomings, such as susceptibility to nuclease degradation, provide obstacles to their application. Modified oligonucleotides, at the level of the nucleobase, sugar and/or phosphate backbone, are widely used to overcome these limitations. This review provides the reader with an overview of non-native modifications and the challenges faced in the design, synthesis, application and outlook of novel modified oligonucleotides.
POD-PWM applied to circulating current control in HVDC-MMC based system (2015)

The Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) control presents more technical challenges than the regular 2-level Voltage Sourced Converters (VSC) one. One of the most common type of control investigaded in literature is based on techniques such as the Phase Opposite Disposition PWM (POD-PWM), which include balancing capacitor voltages and circulating current control. This paper presents some details that are not clearly explored in the main references about this theme. The control system implementation is described and its performance is evaluated through an HVDC-MMC based system simulation using the Matlab Simulink software. The results show that the circulating current control is more effective if the total number of submodules connected at the same time (positive arm plus negative arm) is not constant, and most control techniques do not take advantage of this. Besides, the results show that the effect on the DC current is negligible.
Histamine Induces CD86 Expression and Chemokine Production by Human Immature Dendritic Cells (2001)

Mast cells and immature dendritic cells (DC) are in close contact in peripheral tissues. Upon activation, mast cells release histamine, a mediator involved in the immediate hypersensitivity reaction. We therefore tested whether histamine could affect human DC activation and maturation. Histamine induces CD86 expression on immature DC in a dose-dependent (significant at 10(-7) M) and transient manner (maximal after 24-h stimulation). Histamine also transiently up-regulates the expression of the costimulatory and accessory molecules, CD40, CD49d, CD54, CD80, and MHC class II. As a consequence, immature DC exposed for 24 h to histamine stimulate memory T cells more efficiently than untreated DC. In addition, histamine induces a potent production of IL-6, IL-8, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1, and macrophage-inflammatory protein 1alpha by immature DC and also up-regulates IL-1beta, RANTES, and macrophage-inflammatory protein 1beta but not TNF-alpha and IL-12 mRNA expression. Histamine activates immature DC through both the H1 and H2 receptors. However, histamine-treated DC do not have a phenotype of fully mature cells, as they do neither show significant changes in the expression of the chemokine receptors, CCR5, CCR7 and CXC chemokine receptor 4, nor expression of CD83 de novo. These data demonstrate that histamine activates immature DC and induces chemokine production, thereby suggesting that histamine, via stimulation of resident DC, may participate locally in T cell stimulation and in the late inflammatory reaction associated with allergic disorders.
Phase Behavior of Nanoparticles Assembled by DNA Linkers (2009)

The phase diagram of DNA linker mediated nanoparticle assemblies was experimentally investigated and constructed. Using small angle x-ray scattering we studied the dependence of the internal structure of assembly on two main system parameters: DNA linker length and the number of linkers per particle. The formation of a crystalline bcc phase was observed for a limited range of linker lengths, while the number of linkers per particle controlled the onset of system crystallization. The influence of linkage defects on crystalline structure was also examined.
<title>Polarization-Dependent Light-Scattering Measurements Using An Electro-Optical Modulator-Based Instrument</title> (1977)

We have developed an instrument which permits the direct measurement of all sixteen elements of the 4 x 4 phase matrix. This is accomplished using four electro-optic modulators to modulate the polarization of the incident and scattered light. Synchronous detection is then used to measure each of the sixteen individual matrix elements. The instrument and brief theory of its operation will be discussed, along with possible applications.
GaAs MMIC phase shifters for phased arrays (1988)

The author describes the design of two types of four-bit phase shifter commonly used for phased array radar applications. The first phase shifter is a switched delay line type designed for operation over the band 2.7-3.3 GHz and is realised partially as a GaAs MMIC. The second phase shifter described is a switched filter type designed for operation over the band 4-8 GHz and will be realised wholly as a GaAs MMIC.
Chemical Vapor Deposition in the Corona Discharge of Electrostatic Air Cleaners (1998)

ABSTRACT The purpose of this experimental study was to determine if corona-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of silicone found in personal care products can cause silicon-oxide to grow on the discharge wires of electrostatic air cleaners. To test the hypothesis, a wire-cylinder precipitator was operated with a positive corona discharge for 180 hours with an air/octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane mixture. The 30.5 cm-long precipitator has a 200 μm-diameter tungsten wire suspended in a 3.3 cm-diameter aluminum tube. The silicone, called cyclomethicone in product ingredient lists, is commonly found in deodorants, hair care products, lotions, and cosmetics, and it is volatile at room temperature. Experiments were conducted at current and voltage levels typical of the charging section of commercial indoor air cleaners. Concentration of the cyclomethicone vapor was approximately 1000 ppm. Results confirm that the presence of this silicone vapor in positive corona discharge creates amorphous silicon-oxide deposits on the wire. The extent and composition of the deposit were determined with scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. As the silicon-oxide deposit grew in thickness, the normally uniform corona became sparsely spaced tufts. Current was reduced until the corona was completely suppressed. After 180 hours, the deposit was 79 μm thick. Current was reduced 95% from 0.09 mA to 0.004 mA at an operating voltage of 7.5 kV. In an indoor air cleaner, such a decrease in the magnitude and uniformity of current would reduce particle charging and collection efficiency.
Multiple rows of cells behind an epithelial wound edge extend cryptic lamellipodia to collectively drive cell-sheet movement (2004)

The mechanism by which epithelial, endothelial and other strongly cell-cell adhesive cells migrate collectively as continuous sheets is not clear, even though this process is crucial for embryonic development and tissue repair in virtually all multicellular animals. Wound closure in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cell monolayers involves Rac GTPase-dependent migration of cells both at and behind the wound edge. We report here for the first time that cells behind the margin of wounded MDCK cell monolayers, even hundreds of microns from the edge, extend 'cryptic' lamellipodia against the substratum beneath cells in front of them, toward the wound, as determined by confocal, two-photon and transmission electron microscopy. These so-called submarginal cells nevertheless strictly maintain their more apical cell-cell contacts when they migrate as part of a coherent cell sheet, hiding their basal protrusions from conventional microscopy. The submarginal protrusions display the hallmarks of traditional lamellipodia based on morphology and dynamics. Cells behind the margin therefore actively crawl, instead of just moving passively when cells at the margin pull on them. The rate of migration is inversely proportional to the distance from the margin, and cells move co-ordinately, yet still in part autonomously, toward the wound area. We also clarify the ancillary role played by nonprotrusive contractile actin bundles that assemble in a Rho GTPase-dependent manner at the margin after wounding. In addition, some cell proliferation occurs at a delay after wounding but does not contribute to closure. Instead, it apparently serves to replace damaged cells so that intact spread cells can revert to their normal cuboidal morphology and the original cell density of the unbroken sheet can be restored.
Localization of the human glucagon gene (<i>GCG</i>) to chromosome segment 2q36→37 (1984)

Hybridization of a 3H-labeled bovine glucagon cDNA plasmid to human metaphase chromosomes revealed significant labeling of the distal portion of the long arm of chromosome 2. A large portion (37%) of the cells analyzed exhibited labeling of the 2. A significant percentage (40%) of the labeled sites on the 2 were in segment 2q36----37. Therefore, the human glucagon gene (GCG), was assigned to this segment. Localization of the glucagon gene, whose chromosomal assignment was previously not known, demonstrates the general applicability of in situ hybridization as a powerful gene mapping technique.
Prevalence and clinical significance of the MYD88 (L265P) somatic mutation in Waldenström’s macroglobulinemia and related lymphoid neoplasms (2013)

A study has shown that MYD88 (L265P) is a recurring somatic mutation in Waldenström's macroglobulinemia (WM). We developed an allele-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for this mutation, and analyzed bone marrow or peripheral blood samples from 58 patients with WM, 77 with IgM monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (IgM-MGUS), 84 with splenic marginal zone lymphoma (SMZL), and 52 with B-cell chronic lymphoproliferative disorders (B-CLPD). MYD88 (L265P) was detected in 58/58 (100%) patients with WM, 36/77 (47%) with IgM-MGUS, 5/84 (6%) with SMZL, and 3/52 (4%) with B-CLPD. Compared to IgM-MGUS patients with wild-type MYD88, those carrying MYD88 (L265P) showed significantly higher levels of IgM (P < .0001) and presented Bence-Jones proteinuria more frequently at diagnosis (P = .002). During follow-up, 9 patients with IgM-MGUS progressed to WM or to marginal zone lymphoma. Using a case-control approach, the risk of evolution of patients carrying MYD88 (L265P) was significantly higher than that of patients with wild-type MYD88 (odds ratio 4.7, 95% confidence interval 0.8 to 48.7, P = .047). These findings indicate that the allele-specific PCR we developed is a useful diagnostic tool for patients with WM or IgM-MGUS. In this latter condition, MYD88 (L265P) is associated with greater disease burden and higher risk of disease progression, and the mutation may therefore also represent a useful prognostic marker.
Impacto de las redes sociales e internet en la adolescencia: aspectos positivos y negativos (2015)

Este artículo presenta una revisión teórica del impacto, tanto positivo como negativo, de las redes sociales en los adoles- centes y de la relación directa entre esto y el uso o abuso de las nuevas tecnologías. A su vez, se establece el vínculo entre las formas de utilizarlas y las características psicológi- cas individuales, los desarrollos previos de personalidad y el control parental. Se toma como punto de partida el desa- rrollo adolescente asociado a la construcción de la identidad juvenil en el contexto de un nuevo paradigma comunica- cional (cibercomunicación), donde el límite entre lo públi- co y lo privado se torna cada vez más difuso. Se expone la terminología propia de las redes sociales y se pone énfasis en las estrategias de supervisión y control adulto. Se deta- llan los aspectos positivos que las nuevas tecnologías ofre- cen (diversas oportunidades de aprendizaje, entretención, socialización, desarrollo de habilidades, creatividad y me- jora de la motivación al aprendizaje especialmente en ado- lescentes, entre otros) y los aspectos negativos asociados (distanciamiento afectivo, pérdida de límites en la comuni- cación y pérdida de la capacidad de escucha, entre otros). Este artículo destaca la necesidad de entregar y estimular modelos de comunicación social reales y una educación en el uso de las nuevas tecnologías. El objetivo es actualizar y orientar a profesionales de la salud sobre los aspectos posi- tivos y/o negativos de las redes sociales en los adolescentes. This paper presents a theoretical review of the impact, both positive and negative, of social networks in adolescents and direct relationship between this and the use and abuse of new technologies, respectively. In turn, the link between forms of use to individual psychological characteristics, previous developments of personality and parental control is set. It takes as its starting point the adolescent development associated with the construction of youth identity in the context of a new communication paradigm (Cibercomunicación), where the boundary between public and private is becoming increasingly blurred. The terminology of social networks are presented and emphasis is placed on the strategies of adult supervision and control. The positive and negative aspects of new technologies are discussed (diverse learning opportunities, entertainment, socialization, skill development, creativity, improving learning motivation especially in adolescents, affective detachment, loss of detailed limits on communication, loss of the ability to listen). The need to deliver and stimulate real social models of communication and education in the use of new technologies is emphasized. The aim of this article is to update and provide a guidance to health professionals on the positive and/or negative effects of social networking on teenagers.
Immunotherapy for nasopharyngeal cancer—a review (2016)

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and characterized by peritumoral immune infiltrate. Advanced NPC has high lethality. Immunotherapy directed against EBV antigen targets has been previously explored in clinical trials, and is likely to be validated as an important target in NPC as randomized data emerges in the future. Cancer vaccines and adoptive T cell therapy have been explored in the clinic, with the latter showing the greatest success. Recent advances in gene sequencing technology now allow personalized tumor epitope mapping, whilst the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis offers the opportunity to activate adaptive T cell response in vivo. Anti-PD1 antibodies have shown promising activity in early phase clinical trials, and randomized studies against chemotherapy are underway. As immunotherapy is incorporated into standard treatment paradigms, issues of optimal combinations with targeting agents, immune adjuvants, and sequence with chemotherapy and radiation therapy will need to be addressed. Effective strategies to increase tumor antigenicity, improve immunological memory and reduce immune escape, will need to be developed to improve treatment outcomes. Here we present a brief history of the evolution of immunotherapy in NPC, and highlight key concepts relevant to its further development in the clinic.