gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ion bombardment of organic materials and its potential application (2002)

The effects of ion bombardment on the structure, composition and properties of organic solids are generally reviewed. Special attention is paid to polymers and polymer films. Radiation-induced modification of physical properties such as mechanical properties, rheological properties, optical and electrical properties are discussed. Modification of a polymer surface property such as wettability is considered. The effects of low energy ion bombardment of polymers and related materials are concisely mentioned.
Downregulation of Antigen-Presenting Cell Functions After Administration of Mitogenic Anti-CD3 Monoclonal Antibodies in Mice (1999)

Antibodies against CD3ɛ are widely used as immunosuppressive agents. Although it is generally assumed that these reagents exert their immunomodulatory properties by inducing T-cell deletion and/or inactivation, their precise mechanism of action remains to be elucidated. Using a murine model, we demonstrate in this report that administration of anti-CD3ɛ antibodies causes the migration and maturation of dendritic cells (DC) in vivo, as determined by immunohistochemical analysis. This maturation/migration process was followed by selective loss of splenic DC, which resulted in a selective inhibition of antigen-presenting cell (APC) functions in vitro. Spleen cells from anti-CD3ɛ–treated animals were unable to productively stimulate naive alloreactive T cells and Th1-like clones in response to antigen, while retaining the ability to present antigen to a T-cell hybridoma and Th2 clones. Anti-CD3ɛ treatment was found to induce a selective deficiency in the ability of spleen cells to produce bioactive interleukin-12 in response to CD40 stimulation. APC dysfunction was not observed when nonmitogenic forms of anti-CD3ɛ antibodies were used, suggesting that splenic DC loss was a consequence of in vivo T-cell activation. Nonmitogenic anti-CD3ɛ monoclonal antibodies were found to be less immunosuppressive in vivo, raising the possibility that APC dysfunction contributes to anti-CD3ɛ–induced immunomodulation. Collectively, these data suggest a novel mechanism by which mitogenic anti-CD3ɛ antibodies downregulate immune responses.
Prevention of dyskinesia by an NMDA receptor antagonist in MPTP monkeys: Effect on adenosine A<sub>2A</sub>receptors (2006)

Adenosine A(2A) receptors (A(2A)R) have received increasing attention for the treatment of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson disease. In the present study, A(2A)R messenger RNA (mRNA) and receptor-specific binding in the brain of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) monkeys were studied after treatment with L-DOPA and a selective NR1A/2B NMDA receptor antagonist, CI-1041. Four MPTP monkeys received L-DOPA/benserazide and all developed dyskinesias, whereas among the four MPTP monkeys who additionally received CI-1041, only one developed mild dyskinesias. Four normal monkeys and four MPTP-treated monkeys were also studied. All MPTP monkeys had similar striatal dopamine (DA) denervation. A(2A)R mRNA levels, measured by in situ hybridization, were increased in the rostral lateral caudate and putamen of saline-treated MPTP monkeys as well as in the caudal lateral and medial putamen when compared with those of controls. A(2A)R mRNA levels remained elevated in the rostral caudate and putamen of L-DOPA-treated MPTP monkeys when compared with those of controls. A(2A)R mRNA levels of L-DOPA + CI-1041-treated monkeys were at control levels and decreased in the lateral rostral caudate and caudal putamen when compared with those of L-DOPA-treated and saline-treated MPTP monkeys respectively. No change was measured in the caudal medial putamen and caudate nucleus. A(2A)Rs labeled by autoradiography with [(3)H]SCH-58261 had lower level in the L-DOPA + CI-1041-treated MPTP monkeys compared with saline- or L-DOPA-treated MPTP and control monkeys in the rostral lateral and medial caudate and the putamen. No effect of lesion or L-DOPA treatment was measured on [(3)H]SCH-58261-specific binding. These findings suggest that blockade of NMDA receptors could prevent the development of dyskinesias by altering A(2A)Rs.
Receptor‐mediated tobacco toxicity: cooperation of the Ras/Raf‐1/MEK1/ERK and JAK‐2/STAT‐3 pathways downstream of a7 nicotinic receptor in oral keratinocytes (2006)

The use of tobacco products is associated with an increased incidence of periodontal disease, poor response to periodontal therapy, and a high risk for developing head and neck cancer. Nicotine and tobacco-derived nitrosamines have been shown to exhibit their pathobiologic effects due in part to activation of the nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors (nAChRs), mainly alpha7 nAChR, expressed by oral keratinocytes (KCs). This study was designed to gain mechanistic insight into alpha7-mediated morbidity of tobacco products in the oral cavity. We investigated the signaling pathways downstream of alpha7 nAChR in monolayers of oral KCs exposed for 24 h to aged and diluted sidestream cigarette smoke (ADSS) or an equivalent concentration of pure nicotine. By both real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and In-cell Western, the KCs stimulated with ADSS or nicotine showed multifold increases of STAT-3. These effects could be completely blocked or significantly (P<0.05) diminished if the cells were pretreated with the alpha7 antagonist alpha-bungarotoxin (alphaBTX) or transfected with anti-alpha7 small interfering RNA (siRNA-alpha7). The use of pathway inhibitors revealed that signaling through the Ras/Raf-1/MEK1/ERK steps mediated alpha7-dependent up-regulation of STAT-3. Targeted mutation of the alpha7 gene prevented ERK1/2 activation by nicotine. Using the gel mobility shift assay, we demonstrated that an increased protein binding activity of STAT-3 caused by ADSS or pure nicotine was mediated by janus-activated kinase (JAK)-2. Activation of JAK-2/STAT-3 pathway could be prevented by alphaBTX or siRNA-alpha7. Thus, nuclear transactivation of STAT-3 in KCs exposed to tobacco products is mediated via intracellular signaling downstream from alpha7, which proceeds via two complementary pathways. The Ras/Raf-1/MEK1/ERK cascade culminates in up-regulated expression of the gene encoding STAT-3, whereas recruitment and activation of tyrosine kinase JAK-2 phosphorylates it. Elucidation of this novel mechanism of nicotine-dependent nuclear transactivation of STAT-3 identifies oral alpha7 nAChR as a promising molecular target to prevent, reverse, or retard tobacco-related periodontal disease and progression of head and neck cancer by receptor inhibitors.
Pilot symbol assisted QAM with iterative filtering and turbo decoding over Rayleigh flat-fading channels (2003)

We investigate the application of iterative channel estimation and decoding for turbo coded M-QAM signals transmitted over slow Rayleigh fading channels. Pilot symbols are inserted periodically in the encoded data stream for the estimation of the time-variant channel state information (CSI). The decoder uses this estimated CSI, together with the received data sequence, to generate soft decisions for each data symbol. These soft decisions and the known pilot symbols are then filtered again to obtain improved estimation of the CSI. Two different algorithms, algorithm A and algorithm B, have been studied for the iterative filtering process and their performances are evaluated by simulation. At a BER of 10/sup -3/, both algorithms are within 1.3 dB of the ideal system with perfect CSI. Compared to the exponentially growing complexity of the optimal joint channel estimation and decoding system, the proposed system has a linear complexity when algorithm A is used and a polynomial complexity when algorithm B is used, thus providing low-complexity alternatives while maintaining an effective performance improvement.
Thermoresponsive Polyphosphoesters Bearing Enzyme-cleavable Side Chains (2009)

Abstract Thermoresponsive polyphosphoesters bearing acetoxymethyl (AM) groups were newly synthesized. The polymers had the LCST-type cloud point in aqueous media, and the thermoresponsive phenomena was influenced by the condition of the medium. About 40% of the AM groups in the polymers were cleaved in contact with esterase for 24 h in phosphate buffer solution. This was significant compared with the spontaneous cleavage in the buffer solution. After the cleavage of the AM groups, the thermoresponsivity of the polyphosphoesters was diminished.
Leucine Oxidation<i>in vivo</i>: Inter-and Intraindividual Variation in Healthy Subjects as Assessed by Oral L-[1-<sup>13</sup>C]Leucine Loads (1994)

Abstract Interindividual variability of leucine catabolism was studied in eight overnight fasted healthy volunteers by means of a controlled oral L-[1-13C]leucine loading test (5 mg/kg body weight). With the exception of total CO2 expiration (CV = 5%),a considerable variation (CV generally < or ≪10%)was observed with all other metabolic parameters: increase of leucine/2-oxoisocaproate in serum, 13C-enrichment in serum metabolites and 13CO2 in expired air, and estimated oxidation rates. The degree of variation was only partially referable to individual differences. A comparable high degree of variability was found when two probands underwent multiple loading tests (n = 4). Possible reasons and implications are discussed. Key Words: amino acidsCarbon 13catabolism in vivo leucinemenmetabolismstable isotopestracer techniques
Robot control in the neighborhood of singular points (1988)

An alternative method is proposed for designing a robot-controller in Cartesian coordinates using a time-scale transformation. The proposed controller achieves slow poles in the area of poor manipulative ability and fast poles in the area of good manipulative ability. Therefore, the robot can be properly controlled in the neighbourhood of singular points without reducing the performance outside the neighborhood of these points.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Characterization of mechanical properties of bulk lead-free solders (2002)

The drive to reduce the level of use of hazardous materials such as lead has led to the development of many types of lead-free solder material. In this work, one of the most fundamental mechanical properties-tensile behavior-of tin-based bulk alloys used for lead-free solder has been studied. Tensile exposure under various conditions of temperatures and strain rates were carried out on Sn-3.5Ag, Sn-3.4Ag-4.8Bi, Sn-0.7Cu, Sn4.0Ag-0.5Cu and Sn-37Pb bulk samples. Evaluation of the test results shows that generally these tin-based lead-free materials have better ultimate tensile strengths than Sn-37Pb, except Sn-0.7Cu, although in some cases this is not necessarily a disadvantage. Sn-3.4Ag-4.8Bi shows the best strength among the alloys due to the solid solution strengthening of fine bismuth particles from room temperature to 150/spl deg/C. The effect of strain rate has also played an important role in the behavior of tensile strength; a trend for strain hardening to decrease with increasing the strain rate is clearly seen.
Determining Optimal Therapy — Randomized Trials in Individual Patients (1986)

Although the treatment of an individual patient in routine clinical practice has been likened to an experiment, the method is so susceptible to bias that we have come to demand multi-patient, double-blind, randomized controlled trials on matters of efficacy. Unfortunately, such trials have not or cannot be carried out for many clinical disorders; even when they have been executed their results may be difficult to extrapolate to individual patients. To resolve this problem, we have begun to use double-blind randomized trials in which a single patient undergoes a series of pairs of treatments, consisting of one active and one placebo or alternative treatment per pair, with the order determined by random allocation. Appropriate treatment targets (signs, symptoms, or laboratory tests) are used as the measure of efficacy, and the trial is continued until efficacy is established or disproved. We describe such a trial, which resulted in a dramatically beneficial modification of treatment in a patient with partially reversible airflow limitation. We have established a clinical service that facilitates the widespread use of the method in our community.
Bulk unipolar diodes in MBE GaAs (1983)

Bulk unipolar (camel) diodes in GaAs have been made using thin, buried p+ layers doped with beryllium and grown by MBE. Barrier heights in the range 0.55 eV to 0.94 eV have been obtained by varying the p+-layer thickness. In all cases the ideality factors of the diodes were less than 1.5.
Propagation of measurement errors for the validation of predictions obtained by principal component regression and partial least squares (1997)

Multivariate calibration aims to model the relation between a dependent variable, e.g. analyte concentration, and the measured independent variables, e.g. spectra, for complex mixtures. The model parameters are obtained in the form of a regression vector from calibration data by regression methods such as principal component regression (PCR) or partial least squares (PLS). Subsequently, this regression vector is used to predict the dependent variable for unknown mixtures. The validation of the obtained predictions is a crucial part of the procedure, i.e. together with the point estimate an interval estimate is desired. The associated prediction intervals can be constructed from the covariance matrix of the estimated regression vector. However, currently known expressions for PCR and PLS are derived within the classical regression framework, i.e. they only take the uncertainty in the dependent variable into account. This severely limits their capability for establishing realistic prediction intervals in practical situations. In this paper, expressions are derived using the method of error propagation that also account for the measurement errors in the independent variables. An exact linear relation is assumed between the dependent and independent variables. The obtained expressions are therefore valid for the classical errors-in-variables (EIV) model. In order to make the presentation reasonably self-contained, relevant expressions are reviewed for the classical regression model as well as the classical EIV model, especially for ordinary least squares (OLS). The consequences for the limit of detection, wavelength selection, sample selection and local modeling are discussed. Diagnostics are proposed to determine the adequacy of the approximations used in the derivations. Finally, PCR and PLS are so-called biased regression methods. Compared with OLS, they yield small variance at the expense of increased bias. It follows that bias may be an important ingredient of the obtained predictions. Therefore considerable attention is paid to the quantification of bias and new stopping rules for model selection in PCR and PLS are proposed. The theoretical ideas are illustrated by the analysis of real data taken from the literature (classical regression model) as well as simulated data (classical EIV model). © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Faster than fiber: The future of multi-G/s wireless (2009)

This article provides an introduction to a panel session at the 2009 International Microwave Symposium (IMS 2009) on enabling multi-gigabit per second (Gb/s) wireless communication links. Blasting beams of high-speed data through free space is not new. Terahertz spectrum near visible light has been used for ultrahigh-speed optical links for many years. Newly released millimeter-wave (mm-wave) bands provide a similar potential but with different operating characteristics. Advances in manufacturing are yielding high-reliability, high-frequency mm-wave devices, faster digital field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) processors, and superfast analog-to-digital (A/D) and digital-to-analog (D/A) converters that enable higher frequency transceivers, faster modems, and more cost-effective radio architectures that need to be reliably realized. This panel session will explore the technologies being developed within the industry to enable this new field of communications. The strengths and weakness of each technology will be debated, and the viability of each to provide a compelling alternative to fiber will be determined. The panel will bring together leading device engineers with system providers to provide a complete overview of the state-of-the-art Gb/s communications and a road map for the future.
A new geographic routing protocol for aircraft ad hoc networks (2010)

Aircraft ad hoc networks are special network models of mobile ad hoc networks where nodes can move anywhere and at anytime, and can construct networks in a self-organizing way. However, these networks show different features from typical mobile ad hoc networks, which represent the mobility pattern of vehicle or people. Thus, it is required to develop a new routing protocol to support mobility of aircraft in several aspects. In this paper, we propose a new geographic routing protocol that can cope with dynamic topology changes adaptively. The revised protocol makes use of mobility information, which is updated frequently by the base station on the ground. Another contribution is to develop a forwarding mechanism, which makes decisions for the next hop by using three-dimensional geographic information. Finally, simulation model and analysis are provided to validate the high packet delivery ratio with help from the information on infrastructure networks and intelligent forwarding scheme.
Serological and Cellular Immune Activity of Peptidoglucomannan Fractions of <i>Candida albicans</i> Cell Walls (1974)

A two-stage extraction of isolated cell walls of C. albicans resulted in 45% solubilization into antigens of high molecular weight leaving a wall residue which also had antigenic properties. Ice-cold dilute alkali removed 25% of the defatted cell walls. The extract was nondialyzable, had a glucose-to-mannose ratio of 2:3 and an amino acid content of 7.32%, and was designated peptidoglucomannan (PGM). An additional 26% of the walls resistant to stage I were solubilized by sonic treatment yielding a fraction having a glucose-to-mannose ratio of 6:1, termed soluble mannoglucan (sMG). The residue after extraction and sonic treatment contained 10.9% mannose, which was the insoluble mannoglucan. The gel permeation behavior of PGM and sMG on BioGel A5M was similar; each contained two components, one estimated to exceed 5 x 10(6) molecular weight and a second smaller species. The soluble cell wall fractions were active in immunodiffusion and carried antigenic group specificity. Immunoelectrophoresis of PGM, sMG, and mannan revealed some heterogeneity. The insoluble mannoglucan had agglutinating activity. A distinctive immunodiffusion pattern of cell wall antigens was formed with the serum of a leukemic patient with candidiasis. All three cell wall antigens and mannan elicited delayed-type hypersensitivity as measured by skin-test and specific inhibition of macrophage migration. A dose of 25 mug of PGM was sufficient to inhibit 89.9% migration in the peritoneal exudates of guinea pigs immunized with cell walls, and 10 mug of PGM inhibited 91.7% migration in guinea pigs immunized with insoluble mannoglucan.
Design and First Results of an UAV-Borne L-Band Radiometer for Multiple Monitoring Purposes (2010)

UAV (unmanned Aerial Vehicle) platforms represent a challenging opportunity for the deployment of a number of remote sensors. These vehicles are a cost-effective option in front of manned aerial vehicles (planes and helicopters), are easy to deploy due to the short runways needed, and they allow users to meet the critical requirements of the spatial and temporal resolutions imposed by the instruments. L-band radiometers are an interesting option for obtaining soil moisture maps over local areas with relatively high spatial resolution for precision agriculture, coastal monitoring, estimation of the risk of fires, flood prevention, etc. This paper presents the design of a light-weight, airborne L-band radiometer for deployment in a small UAV, including the hardware and specific software developed for calibration, geo-referencing, and soil moisture retrieval. First results and soil moisture retrievals from different field experiments are presented.
Space-time receiver for wideband BLAST in rich-scattering wireless channels (2002)

Previous results in information theory have demonstrated the enormous capacity potential of wireless communication systems with antenna arrays at both the transmitter and receiver. To exploit this potential, the Bell-laboratories LAyered Space-Time (BLAST) architecture was proposed. BLAST systems transmit parallel data streams, simultaneously and on the same frequency, in a Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) fashion. With rich multipath propagation, these different streams can be separated and recovered at the receiver. The analysis of BLAST presented thus far had always been strictly narrowband. In this paper, we extend the formulation by presenting a receiver devised for more general frequency-selective channels. This new receiver is evaluated-via simulation-in the context of a typical urban (TU) channel with excellent results.
The role of the 16/6 idiotype network in the induction and manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (1993)

Experimental systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has been induced in mice by immunization with either a human anti-DNA mAb bearing a common idiotype (Id) designated 16/6 Id (antibody 1, Ab1) or with a murine anti-16/6 Id mAb (Ab2). In the present study a murine mAb (5G12-4, Ab3) that bears the 16/6 Id and binds to DNA was produced and was found to bind rabbit anti-16/6 Id sera and murine anti-16/6 Id mAb similarly to the human mAb 16/6 Id (Ab1). Moreover, mAb 5G12-4 was shown to share T cell epitopes with the human 16/6 Id mAb, since lymph node cells of mice immunized with the mAb 5G12-4 proliferated significantly to the human 16/6 mAb and vice versa. Following immunization of mice with the murine mAb bearing the 16/6 Id, antibodies to dsDNA, ssDNA, 16/6 Id, anti-16/6 Id, and to HeLa nuclear extract proteins were detected, similarly to those observed previously upon immunization with Ab1 or Ab2. Six months following the immunization, the mice exhibited leukopenia, increased erythrocyte sedimentation rates, and proteinuria. Examination of the kidneys of the mice disclosed immune complex deposits, thickening of the Bowman's capsule and glomerular necrosis. These results show the importance of the 16/6 Id network in the induction and progression of SLE in mice.
1.2 V, 35 mW CMOS optical transceiver ICsfor 50 Mbit/s burst-mode communication (1999)

A 1.2 V, 35 mW CMOS optical transceiver chip set has been developed for a low-power optical interface module for fibre to the home systems. To obtain low-voltage operation, a single field effect transistor circuit has been divised for laser diode current drive and the limiting amplitude and auto-offset control capture range in a receiver amplifier have been improved. The chip set was evaluated with optical devices and showed a receiver sensitivity of –30 dBm with a dynamic range of 19 dB and an optical average output power of –1.2 dBm for 50 Mbit/s burst-mode communication.