gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Space Debris Modeling at NASA (2001)

Since the Second European Conference on Space Debris in 1997, the Orbital Debris Program Office at the NASA Johnson Space Center has undertaken a major effort to update and improve the principal software tools employed to model the space debris environment and to evaluate mission risks. NASA's orbital debris engineering model, ORDEM, represents the current and near-term Earth orbital debris population from the largest spacecraft to the smallest debris in a manner which permits spacecraft engineers and experimenters to estimate the frequency and velocity with which a satellite may be struck by debris of different sizes. Using expanded databases and a new program design, ORDEM2000 provides a more accurate environment definition combined with a much broader array of output products in comparison with its predecessor, ORDEM96. Studies of the potential long-term space debris environment are now conducted with EVOLVE 4.0, which incorporates significant advances in debris characterization and breakup modeling. An adjunct to EVOLVE 4.0, GEO EVOLVE has been created to examine debris issues near the geosynchronous orbital regime. In support of NASA Safety Standard 1740.14, which establishes debris mitigation guidelines for all NASA space programs, a set of evaluation tools called the Debris Assessment Software (DAS) is specifically designed for program offices to determine whether they are in compliance with NASA debris mitigation guidelines. DAS 1.5 has recently been released with improved WINDOWS compatibility and graphics functions. DAS 2.0 will incorporate guideline changes in a forthcoming revision to NASA Safety Standard 1740.14. Whereas DAS contains a simplified model to calculate possible risks associated with satellite reentries, NASA's higher fidelity Object Reentry Survival Analysis Tool (ORSAT) has been upgraded to Version 5.0. With the growing awareness of the potential risks posed by uncontrolled satellite reentries to people and property on Earth, the application of both DAS and ORSAT has increased markedly in the past two years.
Palladium-Catalyzed Arylation of Malonates and Cyanoesters Using Sterically Hindered Trialkyl- and Ferrocenyldialkylphosphine Ligands (2001)

Palladium-catalyzed reactions of aryl bromides and chlorides with two common stabilized carbanions-enolates of dialkyl malonates and alkyl cyanoesters-are reported. An exploration of the scope of these reactions was conducted, and the processes were shown to occur in a general fashion. Using P(t-Bu)(3) (1), the pentaphenylferrocenyl ligand (Ph(5)C(5))Fe(C(5)H(4))P(t-Bu)(2) (2), or the adamantyl ligand (1-Ad)P(t-Bu)(2) (3), reactions of electron-poor and electron-rich, sterically hindered and unhindered aryl bromides and chlorides were shown to react with diethyl malonate, di-tert-butyl malonate, diethyl fluoromalonate, ethyl cyanoacetate, and ethyl phenylcyanoacetate. Although alkyl malonates and ethyl alkylcyanoacetates did not react with aryl halides using these catalysts, the same products were formed conveniently in one pot from diethylmalonate by cross-coupling of an aryl halide in the presence of excess base and subsequent alkylation.
Editors' Introduction (1972)

During 1972, the Soviet Pioneer Organization has celebrated its fiftieth anniversary. Founded in Moscow in 1922, it now boasts a national membership of roughly 25 million school pupils between the ages of 10 and 15.
Microstructure and Properties of Poly(amide urethane)s: Comparison of the Reactivity of <i>α</i>‐Hydroxy‐<i>ω</i>‐<i>O</i>‐phenyl Urethanes and <i>α</i>‐Hydroxy‐<i>ω</i>‐<i>O</i>‐hydroxyethyl Urethanes (2004)

Abstract Summary: Poly(amide urethane)s were prepared from ε ‐caprolactam, amino alcohols, and diphenyl carbonate or ethylene carbonate in three steps. Polycondensation was performed either with α ‐hydroxy‐ ω ‐ O ‐phenyl urethanes or with α ‐hydroxy‐ ω ‐ O ‐hydroxyethyl urethanes; it was found that the reactivity at 90 °C of the first is much higher than that of the latter. For nearly equal reactivity, the temperature for the polycondensation of α ‐hydroxy‐ ω ‐ O ‐hydroxyethyl urethanes had to be increased from 90 °C to 150 °C. The microstructure of the resulting poly(amide urethane)s differs by the content of urea groups in the polymer chains, which is 5% for poly(amide urethane)s prepared from α ‐hydroxy‐ ω ‐ O ‐phenyl urethanes and 15% for poly(amide urethane)s prepared from α ‐hydroxy‐ ω ‐ O ‐hydroxyethyl urethanes. As a consequence, the thermal properties of the poly(amide urethane)s differ slightly. Synthesis of poly(amide urethane)s. magnified image Synthesis of poly(amide urethane)s.
141. Mechanism of aromatic side-chain reactions, with special reference to the polar effects of substituents. Part X. Physical and chemical evidence relating to the polar effect of o-methyl substituents in derivatives of the type C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>2</sub>Me<sub>3</sub>·CO·CH<sub>2</sub>R (1941)

J. W. Baker and W. T. Tweed, J. Chem. Soc., 1941, 796 DOI: 10.1039/JR9410000796
High Signal Intensity on T2-Weighted MR Imaging at Term-Equivalent Age in Preterm Infants Does Not Predict 2-Year Neurodevelopmental Outcomes (2011)

Although DEHSI may represent disturbances in white matter structure, as illustrated by its relationship to altered ADC and FA values, there is no relationship to short-term neurodevelopment outcome unless there are invisible posterior crossroads, representing a severe form of global high T2 signal intensity.
Reactions of Pentafluorosulfanyl Isocyanate and Isothiocyanate (1984)

Abstract The purification of pentafluorosulfanyl isocyanate ( 1 ) is rendered less difficult by isolation of the intermediate (pentafluorosulfanyl)carbamoyl fluoride, while pentafluorosulfanyl isothiocyanate ( 2 ) can easily be prepared by the reaction of dichloro(pentafluorosulfanylimino)methane with phosphorus pentasulfide in boiling toluene. Both 1 and 2 react readily with alcohols to give urethanes 3a – e and thiourethane 4 , respectively, and with thiols to give thiolurethanes 5a, b and dithiourethane 6 . With amines 1 and 2 form a variety of substituted ureas 7, 8a – e, 10a – c , and thiourea 9 . Of particular interest is the reaction of 1 with tertiary amines which yields zwitterionic derivatives 11a, b . N ‐(Pentafluorosulfanyl)imine derivatives 12a – e, 13a, b, 14 are prepared from the reactions of 1 or 2 with aldehydes and N,N ‐disubstituted amides. The reaction of 1 with acetylacetone gives the N ‐(pentafluorosulfanyl)amide of diacetoacetic acid ( 16 ), which in solution is observed in both the keto form and two distinct enol forms. With trimethyl orthoformate 1 gives not only the expected N ‐methyl‐ N ‐(pentafluorosulfanyl)urethane 18 but also the classical addition product 2,2,2‐trimethoxy‐ N ‐(pentafluorosulfanyl)acetamide ( 17 ).
Development of actinic full-field EUV mask blank inspection tool at MIRAI-Selete (2009)

We have developed an actinic full-field EUV mask blank inspection tool that consists of an EUV light source, a 26X Schwarzschild optics for dark-field imaging, an EUV-sensitive backside-illuminated charge-coupled-device (BI-CCD) camera, and a mechanical mask stage with a stroke range of 160 mm. A critical illumination system is employed by setting ellipsoidal and plane mirrors to illuminate an area of mask blank that is to be inspected. Since in this setup a circular area on the mask blank with approximately 0.8 mm diameter is illuminated, a 0.5×0.5 mm<sup>2</sup> square image area can be addressed without moving the mask stage. The inspection tool can also be operated under time delay and integration (TDI) mode by scanning the mask stage with a constant velocity. In spite of comparatively large effective pixel size of 500 nm on the mask blank, small defect-to-pixel ratio such as 0.12 for phase defect of 60 nm in width and 1.5 nm in height, was established as a measured value of defect detection sensitivity by using both static imaging mode and time-delay and integration (TDI) operation mode.
Measurement of resistant starch <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> (1996)

The digestibility of the starch in plant foods is highly variable, and is dependent on a number of factors, including the physical structure of both the starch and the food matrix. An in vitro technique has been developed to categorize starch in plant foods according to its likely rate and extent of digestion in the human small intestine. The in vitro method provides values for rapidly digestible starch, slowly digestible starch and resistant starch (RS). In the present study values for the RS content of foods, as measured by the analytical technique, were compared with the recovery of starch from these foods when fed to healthy ileostomates. Nine ileostomy subjects were given a polysaccharide-free diet with a breakfast supplement, on each of 2 d (two subjects) or 3 d (seven subjects), of biscuits made from wheat, potato or banana flours or from moist-heat-processed wheat or maize flours. RS intakes measured in vifro ranged from 8·5 to 15·0 g/d for the test biscuits, and mean starch recoveries in ileostomy effluent were 100·4 ( n 5, range 91−106)% of those values, but there was substantial variation between individuals. It is proposed that RS is defined as ‘the sum of starch and starch-degradation products that, on average, reach the human large intestine’. The analytical method for the measurement of RS in vitro based on this definition is shown to provide an accurate prediction of the average amount of starch that is likely to escape complete digestion and absorption in the human small intestine.
Safety of an Amino Acid-Derived Infant Formula in Children Allergic to Cow Milk (1992)

Allergy to cow milk occurs in 2.0% to 2.5% of children younger than 3 years of age.1-3 Soy protein-based and hydrolyzed cow milk-based formulas are often substituted in children believed to have allergy to cow milk. However, studies suggest that soy allergy occurs as frequently as cow milk allergy when introduced as the initial formula,4,5 and up to 50% of infants with cow milk-induced enterocolitis syndrome will react to soy protein formulas.6 In addition, rare patients with IgE-mediated cow milk allergy and cow milk-induced enterocolitis syndrome react to the extensively hydrolyzed cow milk formulas. The availability of an elemental formula for such infants would be useful.
Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Activity Is Required for Apoptotic Death But Not Inclusion Formation in Cortical Neurons after Proteasomal Inhibition (2003)

Growing evidence suggests that the proteasome may be dysfunctional in a number of neurodegenerative disorders, including Lewy body diseases. We have reported previously that application of pharmacological inhibitors of the proteasome to cultured cortical neurons leads to apoptotic death and formation of ubiquitinated cytoplasmic inclusions. A number of cell cycle regulatory proteins are known to be degraded by the proteasome. In light of the emerging role of aberrant cell-cycle activation in neuronal cell death, we have assessed the involvement of cell-cycle components in the effects induced by proteasomal inhibitors in cortical neurons. Death and mitochondrial dysfunction induced by lactacystin and other pharmacological inhibitors of the proteasome were prevented by flavopiridol, a specific inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks). Molecular expression of the Cdk inhibitors p16 or p27, or of dominant-negative Cdk2, Cdk4, or Cdk6 was also protective against lactacystin-induced death. Flavopiridol blocked the induction of retinoblastoma protein (pRb) phosphorylation that occurred after lactacystin application, and expression of a mutant pRb that lacked phosphorylation sites was neuroprotective. These results suggest that in cortical neurons, proteasomal inhibition leads to a cell death pathway that is dependent on Cdk activation and pRb inactivation. Although cyclins D1 and E were sequestered within the ubiquitinated inclusions formed at late time points after lactacystin application, the formation of ubiquitinated inclusions was unaffected by Cdk inhibition. This suggests that there are parallel pathways regulating neuronal death and inclusion formation elicited by proteasomal inhibition in cortical neurons.
OPTIMIZATION OF SUGAR CONSUMPTION IN THE FERMENTATION OF TEMULOSE FOR ETHANOL PRODUCTION (2007)

Temulose is a wastewater stream created in the production of medium-density\nfiberboard. It has a high sugar content, and therefore cannot be released into standard wastewater systems. Current methods for disposal of the wastewater stream involve\nconcentrating it in an energy-intensive process and selling it as a cattle feed supplement, but with energy prices rising there is an incentive to find higher-value uses. The purpose of this study is to examine the feasibility of using Temulose as a substrate for industrial ethanol production, using sugar consumption rates to determine the success of a fermentation. Three organisms were studied: Zymomonas mobilis, NRRL B-806; Candida shehatae, NRRL Y-12858; and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.\nShake-flask fermentations for Z. mobilis and C. shehatae were performed in triplicate for unamended, pH adjusted, and yeast extract amended Temulose at a sugar concentration of 20%. Fermentations with unamended Temulose showed little or no sugar consumption whatsoever, although the high sugar concentration of the Temulose may have affected the performance of the organisms. Fermentations with pH adjustment from 4.5 to 5.5 showed higher sugar consumption rates than yeast extract amended fermentations (1.16 mg/ml compared to 0.390 mg/ml for the first two days of fermentation). Additionally, Z. mobilis was shown to have higher rates of sugar consumption for both amended fermentations (1.02 mg/ml compared to 0.75 mg/ml for the first day).\nFermentations using S. cerevisiae were performed with varying loading rates for\nyeast (0.5%, 1.0%, and 1.5%, w/v). Sugar consumption could not be determined, but\nethanol concentrations up to 4% were observed after the first day of fermentation.
Exhaust Nozzles for Propulsion Systems with Emphasis on Supersonic Cruise Aircraft (1990)

This compendium summarizes the contributions of the NASA-Lewis and its contractors to supersonic exhaust nozzle research from 1963 to 1985. Two major research and technology efforts sponsored this nozzle research work; the U.S. Supersonic Transport (SST) Program and the follow-on Supersonic Cruise Research (SCR) Program. They account for two generations of nozzle technology: the first from 1963 to 1971, and the second from 1971 to 1985. First, the equations used to calculate nozzle thrust are introduced. Then the general types of nozzles are presented, followed by a discussion of those types proposed for supersonic aircraft. Next, the first-generation nozzles designed specifically for the Boeing SST and the second-generation nozzles designed under the SCR program are separately reviewed and then compared. A chapter on throttle-dependent afterbody drag is included, since drag has a major effect on the off-design performance of supersonic nozzles. A chapter on the performance of supersonic dash nozzles follows, since these nozzles have similar design problems, Finally, the nozzle test facilities used at NASA-Lewis during this nozzle research effort are identified and discussed. These facilities include static test stands, a transonic wind tunnel, and a flying testbed aircraft. A concluding section points to the future: a third generation of nozzles designed for a new era of high speed civil transports to produce even greater advances in performance, to meet new noise rules, and to ensure the continuity of over two decades of NASA research.
Graphene-based materials for catalysis (2011)

Graphene is one of the most promising materials in nanotechnology. From a theoretical point of view, it provides the ultimate two-dimensional model of a catalytic support. Its unique physical, chemical and mechanical properties are outstanding, and could allow the preparation of composite-materials with unprecedented characteristics. Even though the use of a single graphene sheet as a catalytic support has not yet been reported, some promising results have already been obtained with few-layer graphene. In this review, we will briefly discuss the most relevant synthetic routes to obtain graphene. Then, we will focus our attention on the properties and characterization techniques of graphene that are of relevance to catalysis, with emphasis on adsorption. After presenting an overview of the most common and effective preparation methods, we will discuss the catalytic application of graphene and graphene-based composites, with particular attention on energy conversion and photocatalysis.
Airborne Dust Capture and Induced Airflow of Various Spray Nozzle Designs (2007)

Water spray characteristics, including droplet size and velocity, airborne dust capture potential, and induced airflow quantity for various spray nozzle designs were evaluated to provide basic information for improving spray applications.Water droplet size and velocity characteristics were initially measured by a Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer (PDPA) for hollow cone, full cone, flat fan, and air atomized spray nozzles at similar operating parameters.Airflow inducement and dust capture experiments were also conducted under the same operating parameters to examine any salient features of the spray nozzle type, droplet characteristics, induced airflow, and airborne dust capture.Test results indicate that there are trade offs between airflow inducement and dust capture efficiency.A spray nozzle with a wider discharge angle was observed to induce more airflow, but at reduced dust capture efficiencies.Increasing spray nozzle fluid pressure(s) generally reduced water droplet sizes with concurrent increases in droplet velocity, airflow inducement, and airborne dust capture.Placing a three-sided barrier around the spray nozzles normally reduced spray air induction and increased dust capture efficiency.A direct relationship between airborne dust capture efficiency and spray input power normalized per unit of airflow induced was observed.This information can be utilized to improve the performance of water sprays for reducing airborne dust levels.
Towards hard x-ray imaging at GHz frame rate (2012)

Gigahertz (GHz) imaging using hard x-rays (> or approximately equal to 10 keV) can be useful to high-temperature plasma experiments, as well as research and applications using coherent photons from synchrotron radiation and x-ray free electron lasers. GHz framing rate can be achieved by using multiple cameras through multiplexing. The advantages and trade-offs of single-photon detection mode, when no more than one x-ray photon is detected per pixel, are given. Two possible paths towards x-ray imaging at GHz frame rates using a single camera are: (a) avalanche photodiode arrays of high-Z materials and (b) microchannel plate photomultipliers in conjunction with materials with large indices of refraction.
Distributed Coordinate Descent Method for Learning with Big Data (2013)

In this paper we develop and analyze Hydra: HYbriD cooRdinAte descent method for solving loss minimization problems with big data. We initially partition the coordinates (features) and assign each partition to a different node of a cluster. At every iteration, each node picks a random subset of the coordinates from those it owns, independently from the other computers, and in parallel computes and applies updates to the selected coordinates based on a simple closed-form formula. We give bounds on the number of iterations sufficient to approximately solve the problem with high probability, and show how it depends on the data and on the partitioning. We perform numerical experiments with a LASSO instance described by a 3TB matrix.
Marx és Menger a pénz evolúciójáról (2004)

Az evolúciós szemléletmód jelen volt a 19. század gazdaságtani paradigmáiban: mind a munkaérték-elmélet, mind a szubjektív értékelmélet megengedett evolúciós gondolatmeneteket. A pénz kialakulásának magyarázata különösképpen vonzotta az evolúciós jellegű magyarázatokat. Az alábbiakban Marxnak és Mengernek a pénz evolúciójával kapcsolatos levezetéseit tekintjük át.
Prevention of cartilage degeneration and restoration of chondroprotection by lubricin tribosupplementation in the rat following anterior cruciate ligament transection (2010)

After treatment with any of the 3 types of lubricin evaluated in this study, a reduction in cartilage damage following ACLT was evident, combined with a reduction in type II collagen degradation. Our findings indicate that intraarticular lubricin injection following an ACL injury may be beneficial in retarding the degeneration of cartilage and the development of posttraumatic OA.
Ambient‐temperature extraction of rice bran oil with hexane and isopropanol (1996)

Abstract Hexane and isopropanol were compared as solvents for use in ambient‐temperature equilibrium extraction of rice bran oil (RBO). Isopropanol was as effective as hexane in extracting RBO when 20 mL of solvent was used to extract 2 g of bran. Free fatty acid levels were 2–3% in both solvents and similar to that previously reported for hexane extraction of RBO hexane extraction by this method. Larger‐scale extractions with 30 g of bran and 150 mL of solvent produced oil with a similar free fatty acid content and a phosphorus level of approximately 500 ppm. The oil extracted with isopropanol was significantly more stable to heat‐induced oxidation than hexane‐extracted oil. Antioxidants that are more easily extracted by isopropanol than hexane may be responsible for the increased stability.
Load balancing in ad hoc networks: single-path routing vs. multi-path routing (2005)

Multi-path routing has been studied thoroughly in the context of wired networks. Ii has been shown that using multiple paths to route messages between any source-destination pair of nodes (instead of using a single path) balances the load more evenly throughout the network. The common belief is that the same is true for ad hoc networks, i.e., multi-path routing balances the load significantly better than single-path routing. We show that this is not necessarily the case. We introduce a new model for evaluating the load balance under multi-path routing, when the paths chosen are the first K shortest paths (for a pre-specified K). Using this model, we show that unless we use a very large number of paths (which is very costly and therefore infeasible) the load distribution is almost the same as single shortest path routing. This is in contrary to the previous existing results which assume that multi-path routing distributes the load uniformly.
Extracellular signals that define distinct and coexisting cell fates in<i>Bacillus subtilis</i> (2009)

The soil-dwelling bacterium Bacillus subtilis differentiates into distinct subpopulations of specialized cells that coexist within highly structured communities. The coordination and interplay between these cell types requires extensive extracellular communication driven mostly by sensing self-generated secreted signals. These extracellular signals activate a set of sensor kinases, which respond by phosphorylating three major regulatory proteins, Spo0A, DegU and ComA. Each phosphorylated regulator triggers a specific differentiation program while at the same time repressing other differentiation programs. This allows a cell to differentiate in response to a specific cue, even in the presence of other, possibly conflicting, signals. The sensor kinases involved respond to an eclectic group of extracellular signals, such as quorum-sensing molecules, natural products, temperature, pH or scarcity of nutrients. This article reviews the cascades of cell differentiation pathways that are triggered by sensing extracellular signals. We also present a tentative developmental model in which the diverse cell types sequentially differentiate to achieve the proper development of the bacterial community.