gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Premixing Gas and Air to Reduce NOx Emissions With Existing Proven Gas Turbine Combustion Chambers (1986)

In the case of the burners employed in KWU gas turbine combustion chambers, the entire primary air is supplied through the swirlers associated with the burners. It is thus relatively easy to add natural gas to this air uniformly before it enters the combustion zone. This results in a particularly low NOx combustion process provided that the air to fuel ratio is being maintained within a certain range. The supplementary equipment to premix the fuel and air does not affect the burner performance when the fuel is supplied in the conventional way by means of gas or oil nozzles. Consequently, the gas turbine will be started up and loaded in the usual manner. In the high load range the burners are then switched over to premixed combustion operation. A small amount of fuel through the central gas nozzle stabilizes the flame in the case of a sudden load decrease. Combustion chambers already in service can be retrofitted with the new premixing equipment to reduce NOx emissions to about one third of the original values. The combustors can be operated with liquid fuels together with steam or water for NOx reduction in the conventional way.
An Interactive Bio-inspired Approach to Clustering and Visualizing Datasets (2011)

In this work, we present an interactive visual clustering approach for the exploration and analysis of datasets using the computational power of Graphics Processor Units (GPUs). The visualization is based on a collective behavioral model that enables cognitive amplification of information visualization. In this way, the workload of understanding the representation of information moves from the cognitive to the perceptual system. The results enable a more intuitive, interactive approach to the discovery of knowledge. The paper illustrates this behavioral model for clustering data, and applies it to the visualization of a number of real and synthetic datasets.
Role of Convective Mixing in the Long-Term Storage of Carbon Dioxide in Deep Saline Formations (2003)

Abstract Storage of carbon dioxide in deep formations is being actively considered for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. Relevant experience in the petroleum industry comes from natural gas storage and enhanced recovery using carbon dioxide, but this experience is over a time scale less than the hundreds or thousands of years required for carbon dioxide storage. On these long time scales different mechanisms need to be considered. In the long-term the dominant mechanism for dissolution of carbon dioxide in formation water is convective mixing rather than pure diffusion. This arises because the density of formation water increases upon dissolution of carbon dioxide, creating a density instability. Linear stability analysis has been used to estimate the time required for this instability to occur in anisotropic systems. For sufficiently thick formations with moderate vertical permeability, this time is years to decades. Further approximate analysis shows that the time needed for the injected gas to dissolve completely is typically much longer, of the order of hundreds to thousands of years, depending on the vertical permeability. This theoretical analysis is found to be in broad agreement with the results of fine scale reservoir simulations. Laboratory experiments on an analogous system demonstrate the same phenomena.
Immunological safety evaluation of a haemostatic agent and wound dressing made of horse collagen fibrils. (1987)

A haemostatic agent and wound dressing made of horse collagen (Tachotop) was applied to guinea-pigs in such a way that the intended use of this material in humans was simulated, and cell-mediated and humoral immune responses of the animals were investigated. In addition, immune reactions were forcefully induced in guinea-pigs in order to validate the methodical approach and quantitate the observed reactions. Cell-mediated immunity was measured as delayed-type hypersensitivity skin reactions, and antibodies were detected by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Simulation of the intended application of this haemostyptic material did not induce immune reactions in guinea-pigs even under critical conditions. The animals could only be immunized when the antigen was administered in solution or finely dispersed and together with adjuvant. Immune reactions thus induced were specific for collagen, no reaction was obtained against possible impurities such as albumin, immunoglobulin or fibronectin. It is concluded--in accordance with clinical experience--that this material is very unlikely to induce immune reactions upon clinical application to humans.
Diminished Plasma Levels of Vitamin E in Patients with Severe Viral Hepatitis (1996)

RRR-alpha-Tocopherol (Vitamin E) was assayed in plasma of 48 patients with viral hepatitis and of 32 healthy controls. In patients with highly elevated serum transaminases (ALT > 100 U/L) vitamin E plasma levels were significantly lower (17.5 +/- 4.8 mumol/L) than in controls (22.7 +/- 4.2 mumol/L, p < 0.01). The vitamin E/lipid ratios (3.12 +/- 0.63 mumol/g) in these patients were 33% lower than those of the controls (4.68 +/- 0.54 mumol/g). The lowered vitamin E levels in patients with acute or chronic viral hepatitis with high activity of disease may be due to free radical-mediated liver injury.
MicroRNA‐184 modulates canonical Wnt signaling through the regulation of frizzled‐7 expression in the retina with ischemia‐induced neovascularization (2015)

Aberrant activation of Wnt signaling contributes to ischemia-induced retinal neovascularization in oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR), although the underlying mechanism is so far unclear. Here, we show that microRNA-184 (miR-184) is significantly down-regulated in the retina of OIR mice, and miR-184 negatively modulates Wnt signaling both in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, we show that the Wnt receptor, frizzled-7, is a downstream target of miR-184, and delivery of miR-184 mimic inhibits Wnt signaling in the OIR retina. These results suggest that decreased levels of miR-184 are responsible, at least in part, for the aberrant activation of Wnt signaling in ischemia-induced retinal neovascularization.
Capsular Groups of Pasteurella multocida Isolated from Avian Hosts (1987)

Avian strains of Pasteurella multocida representing a variety of host types, geographic locations, and somatic serotypes were examined to provide information on the distribution of capsular serogroups. Of the 246 strains studied, 166 were capsular group A, 4 were group B, 4 were group D, and 14 were group F; 58 strains were non-encapsulated and consequently not serogroupable. This is the first report of serogroup B P. multocida from avian hosts in the United States. The 188 serogroupable strains represented 12 variations in somatic serotypes and were isolated from 11 types of avian hosts representing 25 states of the United States, Bangladesh, Singapore, and Canada.
Construction of an artificial bifunctional enzyme, .beta.-galactosidase/galactose dehydrogenase, exhibiting efficient galactose channeling (1989)

The in-frame fusion between two oligomeric enzymes, beta-galactosidase and galactose dehydrogenase, is described. The lacZ gene was fused to the 3' end of the galdh gene with a linker encoding only three amino acids. The purified artificial bifunctional enzyme displayed the enzymic activity of both gene products. The hybrid protein was found in two major forms, consisting of four and six subunits, but other forms could also be identified. The molecular weight of each subunit was determined to be 145,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The bifunctional enzyme shows kinetic advantages over the identical native system in conversion of lactose to galactonolactone. A higher steady-state rate and a reduction of the transient time are observed. This phenomenon is especially pronounced at low initial substrate concentrations and when the pH is adjusted to a level at which the galactose dehydrogenase activity is much higher than that of the beta-galactosidase.
Electrochromic Fiber‐Shaped Supercapacitors (2014)

An electrochromic fiber-shaped super-capacitor is developed by winding aligned carbon nanotube/polyaniline composite sheets on an elastic fiber. The fiber-shaped supercapacitors demonstrate rapid and reversible chromatic transitions under different working states, which can be directly observed by the naked eye. They are also stretchable and flexible, and are woven into textiles to display designed signals in addition to storing energy.
Value Sensitive Design for Autonomous Vehicle Motion Planning (2018)

Human drivers navigate the roadways by balancing values such as safety, legality, and mobility. The public will likely judge an autonomous vehicle by similar values. The iterative methodology of value sensitive design formalizes the connection of human values to engineering specifications. We apply a modified value sensitive design methodology to the development of an autonomous vehicle speed control algorithm to safely navigate an occluded pedestrian crosswalk. The first iteration presented here models the problem as a partially observable Markov decision process and uses dynamic programming to compute an optimal policy to control the longitudinal acceleration of the vehicle based on the belief of a pedestrian crossing. The speed control algorithm is then tested in real-time on an experimental vehicle on a closed road course.
Crosstalk minimization using wire perturbations (1999)

We study the variation of the crosstalk in a net and its neighbors when one of its trunks is perturbed, showing that the trunk's perturbation range can be efficiently divided into subintervals having monotonic or unimodal crosstalk variation. We can therefore determine the optimum trunk location without solving any non-linear equations. Using this, we construct and experimentally verify an algorithm to minimize the peak net crosstalk in a gridless channel.
High-temperature properties of the<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Sr</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">FeMoO</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>6</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>double perovskite: Electrical resistivity, magnetic susceptibility, and ESR (2000)

In this work we present electrical resistivity, magnetic susceptibility, and electron spin resonance data at high temperature of the ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{FeMoO}}_{6}$ double perovskite. We found between 300 K and 900 K two metal-insulator transition temperatures at ${T}_{c}\ensuremath{\approx}405$ K and $\ensuremath{\approx}590$ K respectively. Below the first transition, the material is metallic and magnetically ordered. Above 590 K, $\ensuremath{\rho}$ shows a metallic behavior again, while in the range $405\mathrm{K}<~T<~590\mathrm{K}$ we observed a weak localization. The magnetic susceptibility can be described taking into account localized and itinerant electrons. The paramagnetic resonance of ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{3+}$ ions with $g=2.009(5)$ can be studied in temperature. Above ${T}_{c}$ the linewidth data present similar behavior to that of manganese perovskites, with a relaxation mechanism related to spin-spin interactions. The intensity of the resonance line decreases with T faster than a Curie law expected, due to a reduction in the number of localized spins of the ${\mathrm{Fe}}^{3+}$ ions. At high temperatures $(T>~520$ K) we observe a second paramagnetic resonance line with $g=1.995(1)$ associated with a small amount of ${\mathrm{Mo}}^{5+}$ ions.
Treatment of allergic asthma: Modulation of Th2 cells and their responses (2011)

Atopic asthma is a chronic inflammatory pulmonary disease characterised by recurrent episodes of wheezy, laboured breathing with an underlying Th2 cell-mediated inflammatory response in the airways. It is currently treated and, more or less, controlled depending on severity, with bronchodilators e.g. long-acting beta agonists and long-acting muscarinic antagonists or anti-inflammatory drugs such as corticosteroids (inhaled or oral), leukotriene modifiers, theophyline and anti-IgE therapy. Unfortunately, none of these treatments are curative and some asthmatic patients do not respond to intense anti-inflammatory therapies. Additionally, the use of long-term oral steroids has many undesired side effects. For this reason, novel and more effective drugs are needed. In this review, we focus on the CD4+ Th2 cells and their products as targets for the development of new drugs to add to the current armamentarium as adjuncts or as potential stand-alone treatments for allergic asthma. We argue that in early disease, the reduction or elimination of allergen-specific Th2 cells will reduce the consequences of repeated allergic inflammatory responses such as lung remodelling without causing generalised immunosuppression.
Sample-less calibration of the differential interference contrast microscope (2010)

Analysis of image formation in a differential interference contrast (DIC) microscope and retrieval of the specimen's properties require calibration of its key parameters, viz. shear and bias. We present a method of measuring the shear and the bias of a DIC microscope from the interference fringes produced in the back focal plane of the objective. Previous approaches, which use calibrated specimens such as polystyrene or fluorescent beads, provide rather approximate measurements of shear or require a complex optical setup. The method presented is accurate, relies on simple image analysis, and does not require a specimen. We provide a succinct and accurate description of properties of Nomarski prisms to explain the rationale behind the method.
Thin Multilayer Films of Weak Polyelectrolytes on Colloid Particles (2002)

We report the formation of poly(acrylic acid) (sodium salt) (PAA) and poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) multilayers on polystyrene (PS) and melamine formaldehyde (MF) colloid particles by the layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly technique. The use of different solution processing conditions (e.g., pH and ionic strength) was found to have a pronounced effect on film growth, with the degree of dissociation of both polyelectrolytes (PEs) playing an important role for regular PAA/PAH multilayer growth. To retain colloidal stability during the sequential adsorption of PEs, it was essential to deposit the PE layers from adsorption solutions where the PEs are in a highly charged state, the degree of which was regulated by varying the pH. Thicker PAA/PAH coatings were obtained when the pH value of the PAA deposition solution was close to the pKa value of PAA in solution. The presence of salt in the deposition and rinsing solutions also promoted the formation of thicker PAA/PAH coatings. The ζ-potential of the particles, measured at different pH values, allowed estimation of the isoelectric point (pI) of the adsorbed layers. The pI values of the coatings showed a dependence on the nature of the underlying layers and particle surface, particularly when PAA formed the outermost layer. A pI of 5.5 was observed for PAA adsorbed on bare MF particles, compared with a pI of 2.5 for (PAA/PAH)2-coated PS spheres. The formation of hollow PAA/PAH capsules, achieved by removal of the core from the PAA/PAH-coated colloids, further confirmed the deposition of PAA and PAH multilayers. The techniques of microelectrophoresis, fluorescence spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the layer buildup and film morphology. The formation of PAA/PAH multilayers on colloids highlights the potential of weak PEs for exploitation in colloid surface modification and encapsulation technologies.
Air traffic controller utilization of voice and Data Link Communications during Interval Management (2016)

A Human-in-the-loop (HITL) simulation was conducted to investigate the integration of two advanced aviation capabilities across both the air and ground domains: Interval Management (IM) and Controller Pilot Data Link Communications (CPDLC). The IM concept was examined in a mixed communication environment. Of particular interest was the communication of the IM clearance as it is expected to be a complex communication. The simulation focused on three levels of IM clearance complexity and two different modes of communication (voice only versus voice and CPDLC). In the HITL, pilots and controllers conducted IM and had communication exchanges that were supported by automation. Controller results from the HITL are provided in this paper. The majority of controllers found the integration of the IM and CPDLC capabilities acceptable. Controllers had the most variability in their replies for the Higher Complexity clearances under both voice and CPDLC. They preferred CPDLC over voice communications. The simulation showed more communication issues when using voice as compared to when using CPDLC. The results of the HITL are expected to be used by the Federal Aviation Administration to develop requirements for IM operations and communications.
Evaluation in the ARPA machine translation program (1994)

In the second year of evaluations of the ARPA HLT Machine Translation (MT) Initiative, methodologies developed and tested in 1992 were applied to the 1993 MT test runs. The current methodology optimizes the inherently subjective judgments on translation accuracy and quality by channeling the judgments of non-translators into many data points which reflect both the comparison of the performance of the research MT systems with production MT systems and against the performance of novice translators. This paper discusses the three evaluation methods used in the 1993 evaluation, the results of the evaluations, and preliminary characterizations of the Winter 1994 evaluation, now underway. The efforts under discussion focus on measuring the.progress of core MT technology and increasing the sensitivity and portability of MT evaluation methodology.
Effects of Strain Rate and Confining Pressure on the Deformation and Failure of Shale (1991)

Summary Previous work on shale mechanical properties has focused on the slow deformation rates appropriate to wellbore deformation. Deformation of shale under a drill bit occurs at a very high rate, and the failure properties of the rock under these conditions are crucial in determining bit performance and in extracting lithology and pore-pressure information from drilling parameters. Triaxial tests were performed on two nonswelling shales under a wide range of strain rates and confining and pore pressures. At low strain rates, when fluid is relatively free to move within the shale, shale deformation and failure are governed by effective stress or pressure (i.e., total confining pressure minus pore pressure), as is the case for ordinary rock. If the pore pressure in the shale is high, increasing the strain rate beyond about 0.1 %/sec causes large increases in the strength and ductility of the shale. Total pressure begins to influence the strength. At high strain rates, the influence of effective pressure decreases, except when it is very low (i.e., when pore pressure is very high); ductility then rises rapidly. This behavior is opposite that expected in ordinary rocks. This paper briefly discusses the reasons for these phenomena and their impact on wellbore and drilling problems.
Synergistic effect of ketoconazole and antineoplastic agents on hormone-independent prostatic cancer cells. (1989)

Ketoconazole has been recently used in the primary treatment of patients with metastatic cancer of the prostate and is identified as a potent inhibitor of cytochrome P450-dependent adrenal and testicular androgen production. The drug has also shown activity in patients failing conventional hormonal manipulation. We subsequently showed that ketoconazole in vitro has a direct cytotoxic effect on human androgen-independent prostatic cancer cell lines. In order to better define the possible role of ketoconazole on hormone-independent prostatic cancer, we incubated the cells from human androgen-independent prostatic cancer lines in a methylcellulose tumour colony assay with different doses of the drug and increasing doses of conventional cytotoxic agents (etoposide, bleomycin, vinblastine, methotrexate, and teniposide). We demonstrated synergistic suppression of prostate cancer clonogenic cell growth by ketoconazole in the presence of vinblastine or etoposide. This observation may assign a new and important role for ketoconazole as part of combination chemotherapy in the treatment of patients with advanced prostatic cancer.
Two conceptual design tools and an immersive experience: Beyond the pragmatic-pleasurable split in UX (2011)

In a recent study, we compared two conceptual design tools supporting collaboration, a whiteboard software accessed through Internet, and a hybrid immersive system, the Hybrid Ideation Space (HIS). The result of the study appeared to favour the HIS because of its immersive qualities. In this paper, we seek possible explanations as to why immersion delivered a better experience, by looking at the mental workload in relationship to the experience. For the workload we rely on WickensÂ four-dimensional multiple resource model, specifically processing codes (verbal/spatial) and visual channels; and for the experience, CsikszentmihalyiÂs concept of flow and our own concept of Design Flow. The designers seemed to be responding to different styles of information processing required of them by each tool, one being more experiential and the other requiring a heavier mental workload. Insight in the cognitive underpinning of a strictly pragmatic immersive experience suggests that UX has also to do with how the information is received and processed by users, without isolating the functional from the rest of the experience.
Fast GaN based Schottky diodes on Si(111) substrate with low onset voltage and strong reverse blocking (2013)

Abstract GaN‐based heterostructure lateral Schottky barrier diodes (SBD) grown on Si(111) substrate are presented in this work. These SBDs own very low onset‐voltage, V F = 0.50 V, high reverse blocking V BR > 600 V for L AC > 8 µm, very low capacitive charge of 0.415 nC/A and a very fast recovery time of 6 ps extracted under large signal operation conditions. These unique qualities are achieved by combining lateral topology, AlGaN back‐barrier epitaxial structure, fully recessed Schottky anode ( ϕ B = 0.62 eV) and anode field plate extension (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Evaluation of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for occult dirofilariasis in a population of naturally exposed dogs (1983)

Dogs seen at a veterinary teaching hospital were classified on the basis of their apparent exposure to filarial worms, and their sera were examined in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test, using a Dirofilaria immitis-derived antigen. The geometric mean titers of 103 dogs varied from 30 (61 noninfected dogs) to 2,896 (in 8 dogs without microfilaremia, but with signs of occult dirofilariasis [respiratory insufficiency, radiographic evidence of pulmonary hypertension] and a history of possible exposure to the mosquito vectors of heartworms). The mean titer of 28 dogs with patent filarial infections was 122, slightly higher than the mean titer of 64 in 8 dogs with a history of previous heartworm infection. The titers of dogs with evidence suggestive of occult dirofilariasis were significantly higher (P = 0.05) than the mean titers of those without evidence of filarial infections, with patent filarial infections, or with a history of dirofilariasis.
Regulation of adipokines by polyunsaturated fatty acids in a rat model of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. (2014)

Omega-3 PUFA improved lipid and glycometabolism in NASH rats and regulated adipokine expression, indicating that omega-3 PUFA may have a therapeutic benefit for patients with NASH.