gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
NON-IDEAL PROPERTIES OF ZRO2 AND TIO2 EXHAUST GAS OXYGEN SENSORS (1980)

A brief description of ZrO2 and TiO2 exhaust gas oxygen sensors is presented, followed by a comparison of the two sensors operating under actual open-loop and closed-loop conditions on an engine/dynamometer setup. The sensitivity of the ZrO2 sensor to engine load and cyclinder-to-cyclinder maldistribution is explored, and the compatibility of the ZrO2 switch point and a three-way catalyst window is considered.
Representing and Reasoning About Change in Geologic Interpretation (1983)

Geologic interpretation is the task of inferring a sequence of events to explain how a given geologic region could have been formed. This report describes the design nd implementation of one part of a geologic interpretation problem solver -- a system which uses a simulation technique called imagining to check the validity of a candidate sequence of events. Imagining uses a combination of qualitative and quantitative simulations to reason about the changes which occurred to the geologic region. The spatial changes which occur are simulated by constructing a sequence of diagrams. This quantitative simulation needs numeric parameters which are determined by using the qualitative simulation to establish the cumulative changes to an object and by using a description of the current geologic region to make quantitative measurements. The diversity of reasoning skills used in imagining has necessitated the development of multiple representations, each specialized for a different task. Representations to facilitate doing temporal, spatial and numeric reasoning are described in detail. We have also found it useful to explicitly represent processes. Both the qualitative and quantitative simulations use a discrete 'layer cake' model of geologic processes, but each uses a separate representation, specialized to support the type of simulation. These multiple representations have enabled us to develop a powerful, yet modular, system for reasoning about change. (Author)
A Perspective on Benzene Leukemogenesis (1994)

Although benzene is best known as a compound that causes bone marrow depression leading to aplastic anemia in animals and humans, it also induces acute myelogenous leukemia in humans. The epidemiological evidence for leukemogenesis in humans is contrasted with the results of animal bioassays. This review focuses on several of the problems that face those investigators attempting to unravel the mechanism of benzene-induced leukemogenesis. Benzene metabolism is reviewed with the aim of suggesting metabolites that may play a role in the etiology of the disease. The data relating to the formation of DNA adducts and their potential significance are analyzed. The clastogenic activity of benzene is discussed both in terms of biomarkers of exposure and as a potential indication of leukemogenesis. In addition to chromosome aberrations, sister chromatid exchange, and micronucleus formation, the significance of chromosomal translocations is discussed. The mutagenic activity of benzene metabolites is reviewed and benzene is placed in perspective as a leukemogen with other carcinogens and the lack of leukemogenic activity by compounds of related structure is noted. Finally, a pathway from exposure to benzene to eventual leukemia is discussed in terms of biochemical mechanisms, the role of cytokines and related factors, latency, and expression of leukemia.
vTestkit: A Performance Benchmarking Framework for Virtualization Environments (2010)

Virtualization technology has attracted wide attention in recent years as a method to improve resource utilization, reduce costs, and ease server management. However, the performance penalty resulting from virtualization is an unneglectable problem and should be carefully evaluated. To our knowledge, there are few performance evaluating tools developed for virtualization environments. We propose a configurable framework and implement a prototype vTestkit to provide a platform to do performance evaluation for virtualization environments easily, flexibly, and automatically. In this paper, we first discuss the requirements and challenges of performance measurement in virtualization environments, and then present a methodology for characterizing the performance of single virtual machine (VM) scenario and multi-VM scenario. Then we introduce the architecture of vTestkit framework, implement details, and the testing process with vTestkit. Finally, three typical case studies are presented to show that vTestkit can meet the complex testing requirements well and is propitious to various scenarios.
RMI 15,731 (1-[5-tetradecyloxy-2-furanyl]-ethanone), a new antirhinovirus compound (1979)

RMI 15,731 (1-[5-tetradecyloxy-2-furanyl]-ethanone) is a new antiviral compound with activity specific for rhinoviruses. Virus synthesis in R-HeLa cells was susceptible to low concentrations (0.25 micrograms/ml) of the compound. RMI 15,731 was effective if added for 1 h before infection and removed or if added as late as 6 h postinfection. Low concentrations of the compound directly inactivated infectious rhinovirus in a time- and temperature-dependent fashion. RMI 15,731 appears to be a promising new antirhinovirus compound for clinical evaluation since it (i) blocks intracellular virus synthesis (without cellular toxicity), and (ii) directly inactivates virions. The last property may be important in limiting virus shedding from an infected host.
Reproductive technologies and genomic selection in dairy cattle (2013)

Genomic tools are now available for most livestock species and are used routinely for genomic selection (GS) in cattle. One of the most important developments resulting from the introduction of genomic testing for dairy cattle is the application of reasonably priced low-density single nucleotide polymorphism technology in the selection of females. In this context, combining genome testing and reproductive biotechnologies in young heifers enables new strategies to generate replacement and elite females in a given period of time. Moreover, multiple markers have been detected in biopsies of preimplantation stage embryos, thus paving the way to develop new strategies based on preimplantation diagnosis and the genetic screening of embryos. Based on recent advances in GS, the present review focuses on new possibilities inherent in reproductive technologies used for commercial purposes and in genetic schemes, possible side effects and beneficial impacts on reproductive efficiency. A particular focus is on the different steps allowing embryo genotyping, including embryo micromanipulation, DNA production and quality assessment.
The seafloor geomorphology of the Windmill Islands, Wilkes Land, East Antarctica: evidence of Law Dome ice margin dynamics (2016)

第7回極域科学シンポジウム:[OG] 地圏 11月29日（火）国立極地研究所 3階 セミナー室
The Novel C24D Synthetic Polypeptide Inhibits Binding of Placenta Immunosuppressive Ferritin to Human T Cells and Elicits Anti–Breast Cancer Immunity In Vitro and In Vivo (2014)

Immune tolerance mechanisms supporting normal human pregnancy are exploited by breast cancer and other malignancies. We cloned from human placenta and breast cancer cells the novel human immunomodulator named placenta immunosuppressive ferritin (PLIF). PLIF is composed of a ferritin heavy chain-like domain and a novel cytokine-like domain, named C48. Both intact PLIF and C48 inhibit T cell proliferation. Blocking PLIF by specific antibodies in a tolerant breast cancer model in nude mice resulted in tumor cell apoptosis and rejection. This prompted us to study active immune preventive strategies targeting PLIF activity. Currently, we report on the design and synthesis of the novel C24D polypeptide, which inhibits the binding of PLIF to T cells and therefore inhibits the immune suppressive effect of PLIF. The effect of C24D on the generation of anti-breast cancer cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) was studied in vitro in cultures of MCF-7 (HLA-A2(+)) or T47D (HLA-A2(-)) breast cancer cells incubated with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from healthy blood donors. We found that C24D treatment exclusively induced development of CTLs. On reactivation by their specific target cells, the CTLs secreted interferon-γ and induced target apoptosis. Anti-MCF-7 CTLs were cross-cytotoxic to MDA-MB-231 (HLA-A2(+)) triple-negative breast cancer but not to T47D. Moreover, C24D treatment in vivo inhibited the growth of MCF-7 tumors engrafted in immune-compromised nude mice transfused with naïve allogeneic human PBMCs. Our results demonstrate that C24D treatment breakdown breast cancer induced tolerance enabling the initiation of effective anti-tumor immune response.
Generalized structure of Bi-directional switched-capacitor DC/DC converters (2003)

This paper presents a generalized circuit structure of bi-directional switched-capacitor dc/dc converters that feature voltage step-down, voltage step-up, and bi-directional power flow. The starting point is the derivation of two structures of single-capacitor bi-directional converter cells. Current control scheme is applied in the capacitor-charging phase, resulting in a near-constant capacitor charging current and low electromagnetic interference. A converter string is then formulated by cascading a number of converter cells, in order to meet the input and output voltage requirements and conversion efficiency. By paralleling two similar strings and operating them in the anti phase, the overall converter input current becomes continuous. A reduced-order modeling and state-space averaging technique are used to study the static and dynamic behavior of the converter. The theoretical conversion efficiency in the step-down and step-up mode, respectively, is investigated for different voltage-conversion ratios and numbers of stages. The performance of the proposed structure is experimentally verified on a 5-V/12-V prototype.
Amphotericin B and Its New Derivatives – Mode of Action (2009)

Amphotericin B (AmB) is a well known antifungal and antiprotozoal antibiotic used in the clinic for several decades. Clinical applications of AmB, however, are limited by its nephrotoxicity and many other acute side effects which are not acceptable by patients when their life is not threaten. In order to improve the therapeutic index of this drug, lipid formulations have been introduced and many efforts have been made to obtain less toxic AmB derivatives by chemical modifications of the parent drug. This review presents concise knowledge about this fascinating compound and a critical review of the data published within last few years about the mechanism of action of this antibiotic. In particular, in the present work we discuss: i) structure and properties of AmB and its recently synthesized new derivatives; ii) antifungal and antileishmanial activity and toxicity of these compounds; and iii) mode of action of AmB and its derivatives at cellular and molecular levels, with particular attention paid to interactions of AmB and different components of cellular membranes.
A missense mutation in the seventh transmembrane domain constitutively activates the human Ca<sup>2+</sup> receptor (1999)

A missense mutation, A843E, in the seventh transmembrane domain of the human Ca2+ receptor, identified in a subject with autosomal dominant hypocalcemia, was found to cause a constitutive activation while at the same time lowering the maximal response of the receptor to Ca2+. A truncated human Ca2+ receptor lacking the majority of the N-terminal extracellular domain failed to respond to Ca2+ despite an excellent cell surface expression. The A843E mutant version of this truncated receptor showed constitutive activation. These results identify A843 as a critical residue for maintaining the inactive conformation of the human Ca2+ receptor. Substitution of glutamate, but not lysine or valine, for alanine 843 leads to activation of the human Ca2+ receptor in a manner that no longer depends upon Ca2+ binding to the extracellular domain.
Identification and direct digital control of an electric arc furnace controller (1981)

A method for the identification of an accurate system model and subsequent digital control of an electric arc furnace electrode position controller is presented. The identification procedure involves model reduction to derive a low-order model from a theoretically realised higher-order system model, together with parameter tuning in the low-order model using an extended Kalman filter applied to input-output data collected from a real controller perturbed by a pseudorandom binary sequence. Such tuning is necessary to correct for inaccuracies in the initial theoretical system modelling. The technique produces an accurate system model suitable for designing digital control algorithms but avoids the computational difficulties associated with other identification techniques which treat the system as a black box. The paper concludes with consideration of the forms of digital control suitable for the system.
Phosphonopeptides as Antibacterial Agents: Mechanism of Action of Alaphosphin (1979)

The novel antibacterial peptide mimetic alaphosphin (l-alanyl-l-1-aminoethylphosphonic acid) selectively inhibited peptidoglycan biosynthesis in both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. It induced accumulation of uridine diphosphate-N-acetyl-muramyl-tripeptide in gram-positive organisms and significantly reduced the intracellular pool levels of d-alanine. Alaphosphin was actively transported into bacterial cells by stereospecific peptide permeases and was subsequently hydrolyzed by intracellular aminopeptidases to yield l-1-aminoethylphosphonic acid. This alanine mimetic rapidly accumulated inside susceptible cells to yield a concentration which was 100- to 1,000-fold in excess of that of the precursor peptide in the surrounding medium. In the case of susceptible gram-negative organisms, it was shown that 1-aminoethylphosphonic acid was incorporated into a metabolite which was tentatively identified as uridine diphosphate-N-acetylmuramyl-aminoethylphosphonate. The primary intracellular target site of 1-aminoethylphosphonic acid was alanine racemase (EC 5.1.1.1), which was reversibly and competitively inhibited in the gram-negative organisms Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and irreversibly inhibited in a time-dependent manner in the gram-positive organisms Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus faecalis. A secondary target site could be uridine diphosphate-N-acetylmuramyl-l-alanine synthetase [EC 6.3.2.8(b)]. The mechanism of action of alaphosphin may be regarded as involving at least three stages: (i) active transport by peptide permeases; (ii) intracellular peptidase cleavage; and (iii) action of l-1-aminoethylphosphonate on alanine racemase.
A programmable pre-cursor ISI equalization circuit for high-speed serial link over highly lossy backplane channel (2009)

This paper presents a programmable pre-cursor ISI equalization circuit for high-speed serial data transmission over highly lossy electrical backplane channels. Although decision-feedback-equalizer (DFE) provides an effective way to compensate various channel impairments, such as frequency dependent loss, dispersion and reflections in the legacy backplane environment, for high-speed, highly lossy band-limited channel, the pre-cursor inter-symbol interference (ISI) is still a significant problem for channel equalization. A programmable pre-cursor ISI equalizer combined with a 3-tap DFE is implemented to work at 10-Gb/s and compensate the channel loss of -20 dB. The results show it outperform a traditional 5-tap DFE.
The Mutapa Dynasty: A Comparison of Documentary and Traditional Evidence (1976)

The Mutapa state occupied a triangle of land between the Zambezi river in the north, the Hunyani river and Umvukwe range on the southwest, and the Mazoe and Ruenya rivers on the southeast. It thus consisted of a small segment of the southern Zambezian plateau and an arc of the Zambezi valley lowlands. The state dated back to at least the fifteenth century, and some branches of its ruling dynasty continue to control fragments of the state under the governments of Rhodesia and Mozambique. These descendants of the Mutapa dynasty, like their fellow-members of the Korekore dialect cluster of the Shona-speaking peoples, retain traditions of their past that are passed on from generation to generation by an informal learning process. These traditions are almost all devoted to the ruling dynasties rather than to the mass of the people and are especially concerned with lines of descent and land rights. They range from myths to relatively accurate factual accounts, with a wide variety of traditions between these two extremes. It was at one time thought that the mediums of mhondoro ancestral spirits were equivalent to the professional tradition-keepers of states such as Rwanda, but this theory has not been adequately proven. The Mutapa state is of especial interest because it is the only one of four known major Shona states—Zimbabwe, Torwa, Mutapa, and Changamire—to escape being uprooted entirely by new settlements of people, and the only one that was close to Portuguese centers (in which information was recorded). It has thus been possible to compare traditions and documents in a way that cannot be done for the other states. Because of the reluctance or inability of many researchers to work in Rhodesia and Mozambique in the last fifteen years, the history of the Mutapa state has been heavily dependent upon the work of D.P. Abraham, at least as far as traditions are concerned. Abraham collected traditions from ca. 1950 to 1971; but so far the only works of his that are readily available are eight papers, of which the most important were produced in the period 1959-1963. These have formed the basis of most of the secondary writing on the Shona states; the inter-relationship between them and a developing archaeology has been discussed in an earlier article, and only a few points of this discussion need be brought in here.
Improved error detection and localization techniques for MPEG-4 video (2003)

Recently, the growth in mobile communication and Internet usage has lead to an increase in demand for robust transmission of compressed video over error prone channels. The quality of decoded video in an erroneous environment depends on efficient detection, localization and concealment of errors. In fact, the role of error detection and localization is very important because undetected erroneous macroblocks may not be concealed and correct macroblocks may be termed as erroneous. Given these challenges, MPEG-4 has emerged as a powerful video standard for transmission over a lossy transmission channel due to its error resilience tools and compression efficiency. We propose improved methods for error detection and localization using syntactic, semantic and statistical consistency methods in MPEG-4. Also, the improvements are suggested for spatial error concealment techniques in intra-frames.
Genetic study on body weights of Japanese quails (2009)

The data on body weights of Black and Brown Japanese quails under selection for higher body weights over four generations were analyzed. The overall least squares means for body weights at hatch, 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks of age were 9.75, 37.09, 77.55, 126.41 and 170.95 g, respectively. The effect of strains and generations was significant on body weights at all the ages, while the influence of sex was evident from 2 to 20 weeks of age. Hatch effect was significant on body weights up to 4-weeks age only. The birds of 7th generation exhibited highest body weights and sexual dimorphism was in favour of females. Medium to high heritability estimates were obtained for body weights from 1 to 4 weeks of age in Black and Brown Japanese quails by half-sib and as well as full sib methods. The estimates based on dam component were higher than those based on sire component for body weights at majority of the ages. The genetic, phenotypic and environmental correlations among the body weights varied from moderate to high in magnitude and positive in direction. The response to selection in body weight at 4-weeks age varied from 6.03 to 30.93 g in Black males; 6.84 to 14.24 g in Black females; 2.67 to 6.90 g in Brown males and 2.20 to 6.41 g in Brown females. The cumulative response to selection in 5 to 8 generations was 53.31, 40.21, 18.85 and 15.05g in Black males, Black females, Brown males and Brown females, respectively. It could be concluded that considerable improvement has been observed in the body weights of quails through selection.
JAK Protein Kinase Inhibitors (2005)

In humans, the Janus protein tyrosine kinase family (JAKs) contains four members: JAK1, JAK2, JAK3 and TYK2. JAKs phosphorylate signal transducers and activators of transcription (STATs) simultaneously with other phosphorylations required for activation, and there are several cellular mechanisms in place to inhibit JAK/STAT signaling. That one might be able to modulate selected JAK/STAT-mediated cellular signals by inhibiting JAK kinase activity to effect a positive therapeutic outcome is a tantalizing prospect, as yet incompletely realized. While current data suggest no therapeutic use for JAK1 and TYK2 inhibition, JAK2 inhibition seems a promising but not definitively tested mechanism for treatment of leukemia. More promising, however, are data indicating a possible therapeutic use of JAK3 inhibition. The restriction of the JAK3-deficient phenotype to the hematopoietic system and the resulting profound immune suppression suggest that JAK3 could be a target for immunosuppressive therapies used to prevent organ transplant rejection.
Three Decades of Modern Practice in Screw Compressors (2010)

ABSTRACT The mathematical modeling of screw compressor processes and its implementation in their design began 30 years ago with the publication of several pioneering papers on this topic, mainly at Purdue Compressor Conferences. This led to the gradual introduction of computer aided design, which, in turn, resulted in huge improvements in these machines, especially in oil-flooded air compressors, where the market is very competitive. A review of progress in such methods is presented in this paper together with their application in successful compressor designs. As a result of their introduction, even small details are now considered significant in efforts to improve performance and reduce costs. Despite this, there are still possibilities to introduce new methods and procedures for improved rotor profiles, design optimisation for each specified duty and specialized compressor design, all of which can lead to a better product and new areas of application. 1. INTRODUCTION During the past thirty years, for many applications, traditional reciprocating compressors have been displaced by those of the twin screw type. The main reasons for this are the improved rotor profiles, which have reduced internal leakage, and machine tools, which can manufacture the most complex shapes, to tolerances of 3 micrometers, at an acceptable cost. Although, advances have been made in analytical procedures, which are gradually being adopted by designers to predict compressor performance more reliably, these improved methods of analysis can create, as yet unrealised, opportunities for further improving the performance and reducing the cost of screw machines. Rotor profile enhancement is still a means of further improving screw compressors and rational procedures are now being developed both to replace earlier shapes and also to vary the proportions of any selected profile to obtain the best result for the application for which the compressor is required. In addition, improved modelling of flow patterns within the machine can lead to better porting design. Also, more accurate determination of bearing loads and how they fluctuate enable better choices of bearings to be made. Finally, if rotor and casing distortion, as a result of temperature and pressure changes within the compressor, can be estimated reliably, machining procedures can be devised to minimise their adverse effects. Up to date modelling and analytical procedures now being developed to address all these possibilities are reviewed here together with examples of how their utilisation has led to improved designs and new applications.