gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gas Evolution in Liquids and Cavitation (1950)

Nine heavy lubricating oils, four light lubricating oils, three aircraft engine fuels, one diesel fuel, and distilled water were tested for their air solubility and for the rate of solution and evolution of air when equilibrium is disturbed. The technique consisted of shaking of a container partly filled with liquid and taking accurate pressure measurements of the air above the liquid. Since air in solution exerts no pressure, the variation of pressure during and after the agitation furnished information on the amount of air that went into or came out of solution and their time rates. The solution was considered to have reached equilibrium when further shaking no longer changed the air content of the liquid. A wide variation exists in the solubility constants and rates, but the rate of evolution was always found to be proportional to the supersaturation, and the rate of solution to the undersaturation, under otherwise similar conditions. At room temperature the air solubility constant for distilled water is 1.84 percent, for a gasoline approximately 20 percent, and for (light and heavy) lubricating oils approximately 10 percent. The ``half-life'' for evolution on the other hand was 3.86 sec. for distilled water, 0.13–0.24 sec. for gasoline, 3.6–7.6 sec. for light, and 11.6–51.4 sec. for heavy lubricating oils. The investigation gave some insight into the phenomenon of cavitation which is still largely shrouded in mystery.
Design Guideline of Si-Based L-Shaped Tunneling Field-Effect Transistors (2012)

In this work, novel L-shaped tunneling field-effect transistors (TFETs) have been proposed. The proposed L-shaped TFETs feature higher on-current ( I on ) and lower subthreshold swing ( SS ) than conventional TFETs. It is because L-shaped TFETs have large cross-sectional area of band-to-band tunneling junction which is perpendicular to the channel direction and their tunneling barrier width ( W t ) is defined by the length of an intrinsic silicon region. As the devices are based on the Si without any other material, it can be fabricated with well-established Si process technology. In addition, it can moderate some issues come from scaling down and enlarging tunneling area due to its mesa structure. Simulation results have confirmed the superiority of L-shaped TFETs over conventional TFETs. Additionally, the effect of some device parameters on device performance has been investigated for the clear verification of its operation mechanism and the optimization.
The Transforming Growth Factor-β3 Knock-Out Mouse: An Animal Model for Cleft Palate (2001)

The recent report of a transforming growth factor-beta 3 (TGF-beta 3) knock-out mouse in which 100 percent of the homozygous pups have cleft palate raised the question as to the potential usefulness of these animals as a model for cleft palate research. The specific aim in this study was to carefully document the anatomy of the cleft palate in the TGF-beta 3 knock-out mice as compared with wild type controls. Special attention was paid to the levator veli palatini muscle, the tensor veli palatini muscle, and their respective innervation. Because the TGF-beta 3 knock-out is lethal in the early perinatal period and because the heterozygotes are phenotypically normal, polymerase chain reaction was required to genotype the animals before mating. Time-mated pregnancies between proven heterozygotes were then delivered by cesarean section at gestational day 18.5 to prevent maternal cannibalism of homozygote pups. All delivered pups were killed and their tails processed by polymerase chain reaction to verify genotype. The heads were then fixed and sectioned in axial, coronal, or sagittal planes. Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin or processed for immunohistochemistry with nerve specific protein gene product 9.5 and calcitonin gene-related peptide antibodies. Sections were analyzed in a serial fashion. Nine wild type control animals were analyzed along with nine TGF-beta 3 knock-out homozygotes. Time matings between proven heterozygotes yielded wild type pups, heterozygote pups, and homozygote knock-out pups in the expected mendelian ratios (28 percent to 46 percent to 26 percent; n = 43). The results demonstrated 100 percent clefting in the homozygous TGF-beta 3 knock-out pups. Complete clefting of the secondary palate was seen in four of nine and incomplete clefting was seen in five of nine. The levator veli palatini and tensor veli palatini muscles were demonstrated coursing parallel to the cleft margin in all cleft mice. The orientation of these muscles differs from the normal transverse sling of the levator veli palatini muscle and the normal palatine aponeurosis of the tensor veli palatini muscle at the soft palate in control animals. Innervation of the levator veli palatini muscle by cranial nerve IX and the tensor veli palatini muscle by cranial nerve V were demonstrated in both cleft and control animals by use of immunohistochemistry with nerve-specific antibodies. Demonstration of a teratogen-free, reproducible animal model of clefting of the palate with a known, single-gene etiology is an important step in the systematic understanding of a congenital defect whose multifactorial etiology has hampered previous research efforts. This study presents a detailed anatomic description of such a model, including a description of the muscular anatomy and the innervation of the muscles of the palate. Because of early perinatal mortality, this model has limited applications for postnatal studies.
Abnormal Chromosome Behavior in <i>Neurospora</i> Mutants Defective in DNA Methylation (1993)

The function and regulation of DNA methylation in eukaryotes remain unclear. Genes affecting methylation were identified in the fungus Neurospora crassa. A mutation in one gene, dim-2, resulted in the loss of all detectable DNA methylation. Abnormal segregation of the methylation defects in crosses led to the discovery that the methylation mutants frequently generate strains with extra chromosomes or chromosomal parts. Starvation for S-adenosylmethionine, the presumed methyl group donor for DNA methylation, also produced aneuploidy. These results suggest that DNA methylation plays a role in the normal control of chromosome behavior.
Custom electronic subsystems for the laboratory telerobotic manipulator (1990)

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Space Station Program presents new opportunities for the application of telerobotic and robotic systems. The Laboratory Telerobotic Manipulator (LTM) is a highly advanced 7 degrees-of-freedom (DOF) telerobotic/robotic manipulator. It was developed and built for the Automation Technology Branch at NASA's Langley Research Center (LaRC) for work in research and to demonstrate ground-based telerobotic manipulator system hardware and software systems for future NASA applications in the hazardous environment of space. The LTM manipulator uses an embedded wiring design with all electronics, motor power, and control and communication cables passing through the pitch-yaw differential joints. This design requires the number of cables passing through the pitch/yaw joint to be kept to a minimum. To eliminate the cables needed to carry each pitch-yaw joint's sensor data to the VME control computers, a custom-embedded electronics package for each manipulator joint was developed. The electronics package collects and sends the joint's sensor data to the VME control computers over a fiber optic cable. The electronics package consist of five individual subsystems: the VME Link Processor, the Joint Processor and the Joint Processor power supply in the joint module, the fiber optics communications system, and the electronics and motor power cabling.
Significance of Zeta Potential in the Adsorption of Fulvic Acid on Aluminum Oxide and Activated Carbon (2011)

Studies on the adsorption of fulvic acid (FA) on activated carbon Norit GAC 1240 and activated aluminium oxide as adsorbents has been conducted. The adsorbents differed in their chemical composition, chemical properties, surface charge, and related zeta potential. The FA used was obtained from mud sampled at Kolobrzeg. The electrokinetic potential of the adsorbents and adsorbate over a wide range of pH was determined. The electrokinetic potential of FA depends not only on the pH of the solution but also on the charge of cations of the substance used to adjust it. A model of the surface of aluminium oxide is presented. The sorption process was conducted in a static environment. In order to determine the amount of adsorbed FA, the concentration of total organic carbon (TOC) before (TOCi – initial TOC concentration) and after adsorption (TOCe – equilibrium TOC concentration) was measured. After the adsorption process, the zeta potential of activated aluminium oxide was measured. The TOC removed per adsorbent surface unit was higher for aluminium oxide. The specific surface area and the electrokinetic potential may be useful indicators in selecting an adsorbent for particles of known ionic characteristics.
Adaptive binarization method for document image analysis (2005)

This paper proposes an adaptive binarization method, based on the criterion of maximizing local contrast, for document image analysis. The proposed method has overcome, to a large extent, the general problems of poor quality document images, such as non-uniform illumination, undesirable shadows and random noise. It was tested against a variety of challenging images, and the experimental results are presented to show the effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method.
Comparison of Three Immunoassays for Detection of Antibodies to Strongyloides stercoralis (2014)

Due to the limited sensitivities of stool-based microscopy and/or culture techniques for Strongyloides stercoralis, the detection of antibodies to this intestinal nematode is relied upon as a surrogate for determining exposure status or making a diagnosis of S. stercoralis infection. Here, we evaluated three immunoassays, including the recently released InBios Strongy Detect IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) (InBios International, Inc., Seattle, WA), the SciMedx Strongyloides serology microwell ELISA (SciMedx Corporation, Denville, NJ), and the luciferase immunoprecipitation system (LIPS) assay performed at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), for their detection of IgG antibodies to S. stercoralis. A total of 101 retrospective serum samples, previously submitted for routine S. stercoralis antibody detection using the SciMedx assay, were also evaluated by the InBios and LIPS assays. The qualitative results from each assay were compared using a Venn diagram analysis, to the consensus result among the three assays, and each ELISA was also evaluated using the LIPS assay as the reference standard. By Venn diagram analysis, 65% (66/101) of the samples demonstrated perfect agreement by all three assays. Also, the numbers of samples considered positive or negative by a single method were similar. Compared to the consensus result, the overall percent agreement of the InBios, SciMedx, and LIPS assays were comparable at 87.1%, 84.2%, and 89.1%, respectively. Finally, the two ELISAs performed analogously but demonstrated only moderate agreement (kappa coefficient for the two assays, 0.53) with the LIPS assay. Collectively, while the two commercially available ELISAs perform equivalently, neither should be used independently of clinical evaluation to diagnose strongyloidiasis.
Solar Reflectance of Concretes for LEED Sustainable Sites Credit: Heat Island Effect (2007)

This 94-page report presents the results of solar reflectance testing on 135 concrete specimens from 45 concrete mixes, representing a broad range of concrete mix designs. The purpose of this testing is to determine which combinations of concrete constituents will meet the solar reflectance index requirements in the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design for New Construction (LEED-NC) Sustainable Sites credit for reducing the heat island effect. Samples for each component (cement, fine and coarse aggregates, and supplementary cementitious materials) were selected to test the broadest range of color (light to dark) of readily available materials for concrete construction. While all materials were tested, second round testing focused on concrete mixes with the darkest (lowest reflectance) combinations of materials, that is, those more likely to fail the LEED criteria requirements. The following conclusions are based on the solar reflectance measurements of 45 sets of concrete specimens representing exterior concrete flat-work: All concretes in this study have average solar reflectances of at least 0.30 (corresponding to an SRI of at least 29), and therefore meet the requirements of LEED-NC SS 7.1. These concretes also meet the requirements for steep-sloped roofs in LEED-NC SS 7.2. The lowest solar reflectances are from concretes composed of dark gray fly ash. The solar reflectance of the cement has more effect on the solar reflectance of the concrete than any other constituent material. The solar reflectance of the supplementary cementitious material (in this study, fly ash or slag cement) has the second greatest effect.
Do electromagnetic fields interact with electrons in the Na,K‐ATPase? (2005)

The effects of low frequency electric and magnetic fields on several biochemical systems, including the Na,K-ATPase, indicate that electromagnetic (EM) fields interact with electrons. The frequency optima for two enzymes in response to EM fields are very close to their turnover numbers, suggesting that these interactions directly affect reaction rates. Nevertheless, generally accepted ideas about Na,K-ATPase function and ion transport mechanisms do not consider interactions with electrons. To resolve the clash of paradigms, we hypothesize interaction with transient electrons and protons that arise from flickering of H-bonds in the hydrated protein. These transient charges in the enzyme could provide a trigger for the sequence of conformation changes that are part of the ion transport mechanism. If the distributions of transient electrons and protons in the membrane are affected by their concentration and the membrane potential, as expected from electric double layer theory, this can account for the different effects of low frequency electric and magnetic fields, as well as for the observation that membrane hyperpolarization reverses the ATPase reaction to generate ATP.
Monitoring Concepts for Degradation Effects in Digital CMOS Circuits (2015)

This work focuses on modeling and monitoring the impact of aging mechanisms on digital CMOS circuits. The impact of aging is determined in the design phase by a novel circuit level model. To monitor the aging mechanisms over lifetime and to predict upcoming failures, in situ monitors are introduced. Based on the monitor information, operating parameters like supply voltage and frequency are dynamically adjusted. Thus, oversized design guard-bands can be reduced, while high reliability requirements are ensured.
Current strategies for knee cartilage repair (2010)

Defects in knee articular cartilage (AC) can cause pain and disability and present the clinician with an extremely challenging clinical situation. This article describes the most up-to-date surgical techniques that aim to repair and/or regenerate symptomatic focal defects in AC, which include arthroscopic debridement, microfracture bone marrow stimulation and autologous osteochondral allografting, with an emphasis on autologous chondrocyte implantation. In the future, refinement of tissue-engineering approaches promises to further improve outcome for these patients.
Magnetic Reconnection and the Substorm (1985)

Magnetic reconnect ion is studied numerically by means of a two dimensional MHD code. The initial magnetic field configuration is the two-dimensional dipole field, and the simulation model involves magnetic reconnect ion driven by the magnetized plasma flow. Strong plasma jetting, plasmoid formation and its fast ejection are observed in the downstream region. The dependence of reconnection rate on the incoming energy flux is found to be very sensitive, while the magnitude of the resistivity does not influence much on the reconnection rate. The simulation results are discussed in the context of the geomagnetic substorm.
Sampling great circles at their rate of innovation (2013)

In this work, we show that great circles, the intersection of a plane through the origin and a sphere centered at the origin, can be perfectly recovered at their rate of innovation. Specifically, we show that 4K(8K − 7) + 7 samples are sufficient to perfectly recover K great circles, given an appropriate sampling scheme. Moreover, we argue that the number of samples can be reduced to 2K(4K − 1) while maintaining accurate results. This argument is supported by our numerical results. To improve the robustness to noise of our approach, we propose a modification that uses all the available information, instead of the critical amount. The increase in accuracy is demonstrated using numerical simulations.
Recombinant Human Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Protein-5 Stimulates Bone Formation Parameters in Vitro and in Vivo (1999)

Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-5 (rhIGFBP-5) is stored in bone and stimulates osteoblast cell proliferation in vitro. Bone formation is dependent on the number and activity of osteoblasts. We therefore evaluated the ability of recombinant human (rh) IGFBP-5 to increase osteoblast activity in vitro; both alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and osteocalcin levels showed a dose-dependent increase. In in vivo time-course studies, daily sc administration of 50 μg rhIGFBP-5/day/mouse significantly increased serum osteocalcin levels by day 7, and these levels were sustained through day 21. We further evaluated whether rhIGFBP-5 was as effective as IGF-I. Daily sc administration of rhIGFBP-5 (50 μg/day), IGF-I (13 μg/day), or IGF-I plus rhIGFBP-5 complex for 9 days increased serum osteocalcin levels by 58%, 65%, and 81% (P < 0.001 in all) and femoral bone extract ALP activity by 85% (P < 0.001), 29% (P < 0.05), and 13% (P = NS), respectively, and decreased carboxyl-terminal cross-linked telopeptide of type I collagen by 29% (P < 0.05), 20% (P = NS), and 12.5% (P = NS), respectively. One sc injection of rhIGFBP-5 (50 μg/mouse) increased serum osteocalcin and bone ALP activity by 21% (P < 0.05) and 27% (P < 0.02), respectively, after 5 days, but did not significantly increase serum IGF-I (1, 6, or 24 h/postinjection), suggesting that the effects of rhIGFBP-5 on bone are not mediated by increasing circulating IGF-I. Our data demonstrate that systemic administration of rhIGFBP-5, either alone or in combination with IGF-I, increases bone formation parameters in vivo.
Isolation and characterization of hypophosphite‐resistant mutants of <i>Escherichia coli</i>: identification of the FocA protein, encoded by the <i>pfl</i> operon, as a putative formate transporter (1994)

Summary Hypophosphite was used as a toxic analogue to identify genes whose products have a putative function in the transport of formate. Two Tn 10 ‐derived insertion mutants were identified that exhibited increased resistance to high concentrations of hypophosphite in the culture medium. The transposon was located in the identical position in the focA ( for mate c hannel; previously termed orf ) gene of the pfl operon in both mutants. A defined chromosomal focA nonsense mutant, which showed minimal polarity effects on pfl gene expression, had the same phenotype as the insertion mutants. Results obtained using a hycA‐lacZ fusion to monitor changes in the intracellular formate concentration in a focA mutant indicated that the level of formate inside the cell was elevated compared with the wild type. Moreover, it could be shown that there was a corresponding reduction of approximately 50% in the amount of formate excreted by a focA mutant into the culture medium. Taken together, these results indicate that formate accumulates in anaerobic ceils which do not have a functional focA gene product and that one function of FocA may be to export formate from the cell. A further significant result was that hypophosphite could substitute for formate in activating hycA gene expression. This hypophosphite‐dependent activation of hycA gene expression was reduced 10‐fold in a focA null mutant, suggesting that hypophosphite must first enter the cell before it can act as a signal to activate hycA expression. By analogy, these data suggest that FocA may also be functional in the import of formate into anaerobic Escherichia coli cells. Site‐specific mutagenesis identified the translation initiation codon of focA as a GUG. Therefore, the FocA polypeptide has a molecular weight of 30958. FocA shows significant similarity at both the primary and secondary structural levels with the NirC protein of E. coli and the FdhC protein of Methanobacterium formicicum. All three proteins are predicted to be integral membrane proteins. A detailed in vivo Tn phoA mutagenesis study predicted that FocA has six membrane‐spanning segments.
Cis-Acting 5’ Hammerhead Ribozyme Optimization for In Vitro Transcription of Highly Structured RNAs (2013)

RNA-mediated biological processes usually require precise definition of 5' and 3' ends. RNA ends obtained by in vitro transcription using T7 RNA polymerase are often heterogeneous in length and sequence. An efficient strategy to overcome these drawbacks consists of inserting an RNA with known boundaries in between two ribozymes, usually a 5' hammerhead and a 3' hepatitis delta virus ribozymes, that cleave off the desired RNA. In practice, folding of the three RNAs challenges each other, potentially preventing thorough processing. Folding and cleavage of the 5' hammerhead ribozyme relies on a sequence of nucleotides belonging to the central RNA making it more sensitive than the usual 3' hepatitis delta virus ribozyme. The intrinsic stability of the central RNA may thus prevent correct processing of the full transcript. Here, we present a method in which incorporation of a full-length hammerhead ribozyme with a specific tertiary interaction prevents alternative folding with the lariat capping GIR1 ribozyme and enables complete cleavage in the course of the transcription. This strategy may be transposable for in vitro transcription of any highly structured RNA.
Uni-vector-sensor ESPRIT for multi-source azimuth-elevation angle-estimation (2002)

This paper proposes a novel eigenstructure ESPRIT-based azimuth-elevation direction-finding (DF) algorithm that exploits source polarization diversity (in addition to spatial diversity), requires no a priori knowledge of signal frequencies, suffers no frequency-DOA ambiguity, pairs automatically the x-axis direction-cosines with the y-axis direction-cosines, reduces hardware and computational costs greatly, eliminates array inter-element calibration, can resolve up to five narrowband non-coherent sources, but uses only a single vector-sensor and two time-delayed data sets. Uni-vector-sensor ESPRIT is based on a matrix-pencil pair of temporally-displaced data sets collected from one single vector-sensor consisting of six spatially co-located non-isotropic polarization-sensitive antennas, measuring all six electromagnetic-field components of the incident wave-field. It impressively outperforms customary unpolarized scalar-sensor phased-arrays of comparable array-manifold size and computational load. In one scenario, uni-vector-sensor ESPRIT offers 33 dB SNR gain or a 7-fold reduction in hardware and software complexity.