gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>In vivo</i> Real-time Tracking of Single Quantum Dots Conjugated with Monoclonal Anti-HER2 Antibody in Tumors of Mice (2007)

Studies with tracking of single nanoparticles are providing new insights into the interactions and processes involved in the transport of drug carriers in living mice. Here, we report the tracking of a single particle quantum dot (Qdot) conjugated with tumor-targeting antibody in tumors of living mice using a dorsal skinfold chamber and a high-speed confocal microscope with a high-sensitivity camera. Qdot labeled with the monoclonal anti-HER2 antibody was injected into mice with HER2-overexpressing breast cancer to analyze the molecular processes of its mechanistic delivery to the tumor. Movement of single complexes of the Qdot-antibody could be clearly observed at 30 frames/s inside the tumor through a dorsal skinfold chamber. We successfully identified six processes of delivery: initially in the circulation within a blood vessel, during extravasation, in the extracelullar region, binding to HER2 on the cell membrane, moving from the cell membrane to the perinuclear region, and in the perinuclear region. The six processes were quantitatively analyzed to understand the rate-limiting constraints on Qdot-antibody delivery. The movement of the complexes at each stage was "stop-and-go." The image analysis of the delivery processes of single particles in vivo provides valuable information on antibody-conjugated therapeutic nanoparticles, which will be useful in increasing therapeutic efficacy.
A case of buprenorphine abuse (1984)

Buprenorphine is a powerful new analgesic agent with agonist and antagonist opiate receptor activity. Its withdrawal symptoms have been reported as being mild; however, its potential for abuse is not known. A case of buprenorphine abuse is reported, in which the patient's history and his response to naloxone suggest that important underlying factors were physical tolerance and dependence.
Adaptive Discrete Particle Swarm Optimization for Cognitive Radios (2012)

The adaptation of transmission parameters is a basic and essential process for efficient communication in Cognitive Radios (CR). However, the dynamic nature of wireless channels and the number of transmission parameters to be optimized in such systems adds more complexity to the adaptation process. The Genetic Algorithm (GA) is a well-known evolutionary algorithm for adaptation and optimization of CR systems. However, the convergence speed in GA is low. Recently, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) has been used in the CR systems to reduce the computational cost of GA. In this paper, we propose an Adaptive Discrete PSO (ADPSO) algorithm for adaptation of transmission parameters and achievement of Quality of Service (QoS) requirements of a CR node using multi-objective optimization. Simulation results show that ADPSO has faster convergence speed and high fitness values compared to GA and the conventional PSO.
Rotor Balancing Without Trial Weights (2004)

The traditional balancing methods using trial or calibration weights are quite effective, yet too many trials may result in a lengthy balancing process. It had been suggested in the literature that it is possible to balance flexible rotors without the use of trial weights, if a rotor model is available. A procedure is developed in this paper to balance flexible rotors using complex modes and complex vibration measurements. It is shown that a complex rotor model is essential for the success of the technique. Moreover, careful calibration of the rotor model is the major cornerstone of the procedure. Experimental results illustrate the success of the procedure.
An exploration of multi-finger interaction on multi-touch surfaces (2007)

Recent advances in touch sensing technologies have made it possible to interact with computers in a device-free manner, allowing for arguably more natural and intuitive input using multiple hands and fingers. Unfortunately, existing multi-point touch-sensitive devices have a number of sensor limitations which restrict the types of manipulations that can be performed. Additionally, while many well-studied techniques from the bimanual interaction literature are applicable to these emerging multi-point devices, there remain many unanswered questions as to how multiple fingers from a single hand can best be utilized on these touch-sensitive surfaces. This dissertation attempts to address some of these open issues. We first develop the Visual Touchpad, a low-cost vision-based input device that allows for detecting multiple hands and fingertips over a constrained planar surface. Unlike existing multi-point devices, the Visual Touchpad extracts a reliable 2D image of the entire hand that can be used to extract more detailed information about the fingers such as labels, orientation, and hover. We then design and implement three systems that leverage the capabilities of the Visual Touchpad to explore how multiple fingers could be used in real-world interface scenarios. Next we propose and experimentally validate a fluid interaction style that uses the thumb and index finger of a single hand in an asymmetric-dependent manner to control bi-digit widgets, where the index finger performs the primary and more frequent 2D tasks and the thumb performs secondary and less frequent tasks to support the index finger's manipulations. We then investigate the impact of visual feedback on the perception of finger span when using bi-digit widgets to merge command selection and direct manipulation. Results suggest that users are capable of selecting from up to 4 discrete commands with the thumb without any visual feedback, which allows us to design a set of more advanced bidigit widgets that facilitate smooth transitioning from novice to expert usage.
3-Deoxy-d-<i>arabino</i>-Heptulosonate 7-Phosphate Synthase from Carrot Root (<i>Daucus carota</i>) Is a Hysteretic Enzyme (1985)

Roots of carrots (Daucus carota) contain three activities of 3-deoxy-d-arabino-heptulosonate 7-phosphate (DAHP) synthase, the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the shikimate pathway. The three activities, enzymes I, II, and III, are separated by chromatography on phosphocellulose. Enzyme III, purified to electrophoretic homogeneity, has a native molecular weight of 103,000 and consists of two identical subunits of 53,000 daltons each. Double reciprocal plots of reaction velocity versus substrate concentration yield K(m) values of 0.03 and 0.07 millimolar for P-enolpyruvate and erythrose-4-P, respectively. Both products, DAHP and orthophosphate, inhibit the enzyme. Enzyme III is a hysteretic enzyme that is activated by physiological concentrations of l-tryptophan and Mn(2+), both of which also partially eliminate the hysteretic lag. Feedback activation of carrot DAHP synthase by tryptophan is interpreted to be an early regulatory signal for polyphenol biosynthesis. The three carrot DAHP synthase isoenzymes share antigenic determinants.
Multivariate Machine Learning Methods for Fusing Multimodal Functional Neuroimaging Data (2015)

Multimodal data are ubiquitous in engineering, communications, robotics, computer vision, or more generally speaking in industry and the sciences. All disciplines have developed their respective sets of analytic tools to fuse the information that is available in all measured modalities. In this paper, we provide a review of classical as well as recent machine learning methods (specifically factor models) for fusing information from functional neuroimaging techniques such as: LFP, EEG, MEG, fNIRS, and fMRI. Early and late fusion scenarios are distinguished, and appropriate factor models for the respective scenarios are presented along with example applications from selected multimodal neuroimaging studies. Further emphasis is given to the interpretability of the resulting model parameters, in particular by highlighting how factor models relate to physical models needed for source localization. The methods we discuss allow for the extraction of information from neural data, which ultimately contributes to 1) better neuroscientific understanding; 2) enhance diagnostic performance; and 3) discover neural signals of interest that correlate maximally with a given cognitive paradigm. While we clearly study the multimodal functional neuroimaging challenge, the discussed machine learning techniques have a wide applicability, i.e., in general data fusion, and may thus be informative to the general interested reader.
Expanding Organoboron Chemistry:  Epoxidation of Potassium Organotrifluoroborates (2003)

Most organoboron reagents are highly susceptible to oxidation by a variety of oxidants. In these processes, the valuable carbon-boron bond is cleaved. The organotrifluoroborates examined in this contribution appear resistant to many common oxidants. Consequently, thioether-substituted alkyltrifluoroborates can be oxidized to the corresponding sulfones, while retaining the trifluoroborate moiety. 1-Trifluoroboratoalkenes are oxidized by dioxirane, providing air-stable, crystalline oxiranyltrifluoroborates. These interesting materials are structurally analogous to oxiranyl anions, unstable intermediates that would otherwise be of tremendous synthetic utility. Finally, the first Suzuki-Miyaura coupling of an epoxytrifluoroborate has been accomplished. The chemistry described begins to expand organoboron chemistry in significant new directions.
Synthesis of Ethylene Ures (Imidazoliodine-2) (1948)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of Ethylene Ures (Imidazoliodine-2)John. F. Mulvaney and Ralph L. EvansCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1948, 40, 3, 393–397Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1948Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1948https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50459a007https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50459a007research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views389Altmetric-Citations26LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Computer-Assisted Structure-Activity Correlations of Halodideoxynucleoside Analogs as Potential Anti-HIV Drugs (1992)

Analysis of the structure-anti-HIV activity correlations of halo dideoxynucleosides (ddN's) in the public domain was accomplished through computer substructure searching, retrieval and sorting of in vitro anti-HIV data. In the survey, selectivity index (ratio of cytotoxicity to the potency in inhibiting HIV replication in vitro) was used to rank compounds in congeneric groups. Factors contributing to the anti-HIV activity, e.g. the nature and location of the halogen on the sugar or the base and its stereochemical configuration, could not be generalized for all the halogenated ddN's. Conclusions were drawn for specific classes within the pyrimidine and purine series, with compounds further divided into halo substitutions at the sugar 2',3',4'-positions or in the pyrimidine or purine ring systems. At the 3'-position, only a fluoro substitution enhanced the activity of the dideoxypyrimidine nucleosides. A 2'-ara fluoro substituent increased the activity of purine ddN's but decreased activity of pyrimidine ddN's. Halogenation of the side chain in acyclic adenine and 2,6-diaminopurine nucleosides improved their anti-HIV activity. Halo substitution at the 6- or 2'-ara position of selected purine ddN's resulted in compounds with increased lipophilicity, chemical stability and retention of anti-HIV activity. The number of halodideoxynucleosides tested as anti-HIV reagents suggested that this class of compounds is well studied.
Current Status of Dichroic Liquid Crystal Displays (1991)

Abstract This paper reviews the operational principle, construction and electro-optical performance of various types of dichroic liquid crystal displays such as Heilmeier, phase change, dye doped TN and polymer dispersed dichroic. It also discusses the double layer and positive mode dichroic LCDs. The impact of material properties such as birefringence, dielectric anisotropy, viscosity, elastic constant and cell construction such as alignment, cell gap, etc., on the electro-optical performance of these displays has been mentioned. The contrast ratio, viewing angle, switching speed, etc., of Heilmeier, phase change and dye doped TN have been discussed. The data indicate dye doped TN to be a display with very high contrast (> 100:1) and a much wider viewing angle compared to TN display. The colour shift with viewing angle is also found to be much less for dye doped TN than for normal TN liquid crystal displays. Some of the applications of current dichroic displays are shown, and potential future applications are suggested.
PMSG based multi-generator architecture for wind generation application (2011)

The direct-drive wind turbine has received much attention compared to the geared turbine in terms of reliability and cost. However, dimension of the direct-drive turbine will be too large to transport and assembly with the increase of power-scale. This paper proposes a multi-generator architecture to address potential challenges: dimension, cost and reliability. Two permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSG) are desired to share one shaft driven by turbine. The outputs of two PMSGs are rectified to connect in series and supply the intermediate DC chopper and back-end inverter. Due to the serial connection, a high DC-link voltage inspires to eliminate the DC chopper during strong wind period, and thereby the rated power of the DC chopper is only required to be a fraction of the system rating. Meanwhile, the control scheme for the DC chopper and the grid-side inverter is presented as well as the reconfiguration strategy of the proposed system in case of generator faults. The performances and practicalities of the proposed architecture are verified in simulation using one MW-level wind turbine.
The Process of Clinical Reasoning among Medical Students (2018)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Research in the field of medical reasoning has shed light on the reasoning process used by medical students. The strategies in this process are related to the analytical [hypothetical-deductive (HD)] and nonanalytic [scheme-inductive) (SI)] systems, and pattern recognition (PR)]. Objective: To explore the clinical reasoning process of students from the fifth year of medical school at the end of the clinical cycle of medical internship, and to identify the strategies used in preparing diagnostic hypotheses, knowledge organization and content. Method: Qualitative research conducted in 2014 at a Brazilian public university with medical interns. Following Stamm's method, a case in internal medicine (IM) was built based on the theory of prototypes (Group 1 = 47 interns), in which the interns listed, according to their own perceptions, the signs, symptoms, syndromes, and diseases typical of internal medicine. This case was used for evaluating the clinical reasoning process of Group 2 (30 students = simple random sample) obtained with the "think aloud" process. The verbalizations were transcribed and evaluated by Bardin's thematic analysis. The content analysis were approved by two experts at the beginning and at the end of the analysis process. Results: The interns developed 164 primary and secondary hypotheses when solving the case. The SI strategy prevailed with 48.8%, followed by PR (35.4%), HD (12.2%), and mixed (1.8 % each: SI + HD and HD + PR). The students built 146 distinct semantic axes, resulting in an average of 4.8/ participant. During the analysis, 438 interpretation processes were executed (average of 14.6/participant), and 124 combination processes (average of 4.1/participant). Conclusions: The nonanalytic strategies prevailed with the PR being the most used in the development of primary hypotheses (46.8%) and the SI in secondary hypotheses (93%). The interns showed a strong semantic network and did three and a half times more interpretation than combination processes, reflecting less deep organization and content of knowledge when compared with experienced physicians.
From Simple Diols to Carbohydrate Derivatives of Phenylarsonic Acid (2008)

A series of spiro-arsoranes bearing a phenyl moiety as the fifth substituent were synthesized applying open-chain, as well as cyclic vicinal diols, as chelating molecules by condensation reactions in aprotic solvents. The products synthesized are the spiro compounds of the general formula PhAs(DiolH(-2))(2) derived from the vicinal diols meso-2,3-butanediol, PhAs(meso-2,3-ButdH(-2))(2) (1), exo-cis-2,3-norbornanediol, PhAs{exo-cis-NobdH(-2)}(2) (2), cis-1,2-cyclopentanediol, PhAs(cis-1,2-CptdH(-2))(2) (3), anhydroerythritol, PhAs(AnErytH(-2))(2) (4), cis-1,2-cyclohexanediol, PhAs(cis-1,2-ChxdH(-2))(2) (5), and rac-trans-1,2-cyclohexanediol, rac-{PhAs(trans-1,2-ChxdH(-2))(2)} (6) which were identified as mononuclear compounds. A novel dimeric double-spiro environment for oxyarsoranes was found in the reaction products derived from the sterically demanding diols 1,1'-bicyclohexyl-1,1'-diol {PhAs(BhxdH(-2))O}(2) (7) and perfluorpinacol, {PhAs(FpinH(-2))O}(2) (8). The stability of the compounds in acidic and neutral aqueous media in the presence of organic co-solvents was investigated. A convenient synthetic procedure for spiro-oxyarsoranes, applying water as the solvent, was developed and proven to be advantageous. All of the compounds synthesized in this study were characterized by means of melting-point measurement, single-crystal X-ray analysis, NMR, IR, Raman, UV/vis, and mass spectrometry. The principles found for these reactions were valid for the methyl glycosides of beta-D-ribofuranose and alpha-D-mannopyranose. The spiro-arsorane derived from methyl alpha-D-mannopyranoside, PhAs(Me-alpha-D-Manp2,3H(-2))(2) (9), is the first example of a structurally characterized carbohydrate-arsenic(V) compound.
Substitution of a conserved amino acid residue alters the ligand binding properties of peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (1999)

Mutation of glutamic acid 282 of PPARalpha to glycine has been shown to result in an increased EC(50) for a wide variety of PPAR activating compounds. This has suggested that mutant receptor has a reduced ability to bind ligand. In this study we show that this mutation reduces the affinity of mPPARalpha and hPPARgamma for the fluorescent fatty acid, cis-parinaric acid and that the mutant hPPARgamma protein has a reduced affinity for the radiolabelled compound, SB236636. These data confirm the role of this glutamic acid in ligand binding and support recent crystal structure observations regarding a proposed novel mode of ligand entry into the PPAR ligand binding cavities.
Detection and upconversion of three-dimensional MMW/THz images to the visible (2016)

We present an inexpensive technique to obtain a three-dimensional (3D) millimeter wave (MMW) and terahertz (THz) image using upconversion. In this work we describe and demonstrate a method for upconversion of MMW/THz radiation to the visual band using a very inexpensive miniature glow discharge detector (GDD) and a silicon photodetector. We present MMW/THz upconversion images based on measuring the visual light emitting from the GDD rather than its electrical current. The results show better response time and better sensitivity compared to the electronic detection performed previously. Furthermore, in this work we perform frequency modulation continuous wave (FMCW) radar detection based on this method using a GDD lamp, with a photodetector to measure GDD light emission. By using FMCW detection, the range in addition to the intensity at each pixel can be obtained, thus yielding the 3D image. The GDD acts as a heterodyne mixer not only electronically but also optically. The suggested 3D upconversion technique using the GDD is simple and inexpensive and has better performance compared to other MMW/THz imaging systems suggested in the literature. This method provides minimum detectable signal power that is about 6 orders of magnitude better than similar plasma systems due to the very large internal signal gain deriving from the much smaller electrode separation and resulting in much higher plasma electric field.
Reaction of thiazolylaldehyde derivatives with metal ions. (1961)

チアゾールァルデヒドのオキシム誘導体(I)はPd2+,Cu2+,Co2+,Ni2+,Au3+と,チオセミカルバゾン誘導体(II)はPd2+,Cu2+,Ag+,Hg2+,Au3+,Co2+,Ni2+,Cd2+,Pt4+,Zn2+,Bi3+,Pb2+と,2-ベンツチアゾリールヒドラゾン誘導体(III)はPd2+,Cu2+,Ag+,Hg2+,Au3+,Co2+,Ni2+,Cd2+,Fe2+と,p-アミノジメチルアニリンのアゾメチン誘導体(IV)はPd2+,Cu2+,Ag+,Hg2+,Au3+,Pt4+,Fe3+,Cr3+などと鋭敏に反応する.確認限度γ/0.05ccは(I)=Pd2+0.25γ,Cu2+1.0γ,Co2+0.075γ,Ni2+0.5γ,Au3+2.5γ,(II)=Pd2+,Au3+,Cd2+0.25γ,Cu2+0.075γ,Co2+,Ni2+0.025γ,Ag+,Hg2+0.5γ,Pt4+,Pb2+2.5γ,Zn2+0.1γ,Bi3+1.0γ,(III)=Pd2+Ag+,Hg2+1.0γ,Cu2+2+,Co2+,Ni2+,Cd2+0.25γ,Au3+5.0γ,(IV)=Pd2+,Cu2+,Ag+5.0γ,Au3+,Pt4+,Cr3+2.5γ,Hg2+,Fe3+0.5γである.
Chemistry of Thyroxine (1926)

THE method for the isolation of thyroxine described in the preceding paper brought the preparation of comparatively large quantities of the material within the bounds of possibility. For help in the large scale preparation of thyroxine for the purpose of the chemical work here recorded, I am greatly indebted to Messrs The British Drug Houses, Ltd., and in particular to their director, Mr F. H. Carr, under whose supervision about 100 g. of crude crystalline thyroxine have been prepared for me.
The presentation and classification of anxiety in autism spectrum disorder. (2012)

Research on the expression and prevalence of co-occurring anxiety disorders and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) has produced variable results, in part due to the diversity in sample ascertainment and composition, methodology, and the operationalization of anxiety across studies. The present review organizes these findings to consider whether anxiety symptoms reported in ASD are better categorized as (a) a part of ASD or (b) a comorbid disorder. Although there is some support for the presence of co-occurring, potentially comorbid anxiety disorders in ASD, a shift toward measurement validation and dimensional approaches in future research is needed to determine the role of anxiety in ASD, particularly regarding its “typical” and “atypical” presentation in this population.
Pulsed Laser Deposition and Analysis for Structural and Electrical Properties of HfO<sub>2</sub>–TiO<sub>2</sub> Composite Films (2004)

We have developed growth processes for HfO 2 –TiO 2 composite films using a pulsed-laser-deposition (PLD) method and investigated the film structure which is characteristic to the growth sequences. Structural and electrical properties of the films sensitively depend on the growth conditions. It is observed that crystallization of the film is suppressed by increasing the TiO 2 content. In the case that HfO 2 /TiO 2 composition ratio is set to be 50/50, the film is completely in the amorphous phase and, after annealing, the film texture consisting of large HfTiO 4 crystalline grains is formed. The dielectric constant of HfO 2 –TiO 2 composite films increases with the increase in the TiO 2 content in the film when the content is less than 50 at%. A marked change in the leakage property of the film is observed when comparing two films with 10 and 20 at% TiO 2 . We examine an optimum condition for the growth of HfO 2 –TiO 2 composite film with both high dielectric constant and low leakage current.