gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Non-invasive System for Delivering Neural Growth Factors across the Blood-Brain Barrier: A Review (1998)

Intraventricular administration of nerve growth factor (NGF) in rats has been shown to reduce age-related atrophy of central cholinergic neurons and the accompanying memory impairment, as well as protect these neurons against a variety of perturbations. Since neurotrophins do not pass the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in significant amounts, a non-invasive delivery system for this group of therapeutic molecules needs to be developed. We have utilized a carrier system, consisting of NGF covalently linked to an anti-transferrin receptor antibody (OX-26), to transport biologically active NGF across the BBB. The biological activity of this carrier system was tested using in vitro bioassays and intraocular transplants; we were able to demonstrate that cholinergic markers in both developing and aged intraocular septal grafts were enhanced by intravenous delivery of the OX-26-NGF conjugate. In subsequent experiments, aged (24 months old) Fischer 344 rats received intravenous injections of the OX-26-NGF conjugate for 6 weeks, resulting in a significant improvement in spatial learning in previously impaired rats, but disrupting the learning ability of previously unimpaired rats. Neuroanatomical analyses showed that OX-26-NGF conjugate treatment resulted in a significant increase in cholinergic cell size as well as an upregulation of both low and high affinity NGF receptors in the medial septal region of rats initially impaired in spatial learning. Finally, OX-26-NGF was able to protect striatal cholinergic neurons against excitotoxicity and basal forebrain cholinergic neurons from degeneration associated with chemically-induced loss of target neurons. These results indicate the potential utility of the transferrin receptor antibody delivery system for treatment of neurodegenerative disorders with neurotrophic substances.
Some Extensions of the Ordering Techniques for Compression of Two-Level Facsimile Pictures (1978)

We present extensions of our earlier published ordering techniques for efficient coding of two-level (black and white) facsimile pictures. Ordering techniques use the two-dimensional correlation present in spatially close picture elements to change the relative order of transmission of elements in a scan line so as to increase the average length of the runs of consecutive black or white elements in the ordered line, making the data more amenable to one-dimensional run-length coding. The extensions that we consider allow us to use different run-length codes to match the statistics of different parts of the ordered data, and to drop certain runs from transmission. Computer simulations using the eight standard CCITT pictures, which have a resolution of approximately 200 dots/inch, indicate that these extensions can result in transmission bit rates which are about 11 to 21 percent lower than the ordering schemes described in our earlier work. The entropies vary between 0.021 and 0.125 bits/pel for the eight pictures.
Service Migration in Distributed Virtual Machines for Adaptive Grid Computing (2005)

Computational grids can integrate geographically distributed resources into a seamless environment. To facilitate managing these heterogeneous resources, the virtual machine technology provides a powerful layer of abstraction and allows multiple applications to multiplex the resources of a grid computer. On the other hand, the grid dynamics requires the virtual machine system be distributed and reconfigurable. However, the existing migration approaches only move the execution entities, such as processes, threads, and mobile agents, among servers and leave the runtime services behind. They are not potent to achieve service reconfiguration in face of server overload or failures. In this paper, we propose a service migration mechanism, which moves the computational services of a virtual server, for instance a shared array runtime support system, to available servers for adaptive grid computing. In this way, parallel jobs can resume computation on a remote server without requiring service preinstallation. As an illustration of the service migration mechanism, we incorporated it into a Java-compliant distributed virtual machine, DSA, and formed a Mobile DSA (M-DSA) to accommodate adaptive parallel applications in grids. We measured the performance of M-DSA in the execution of applications from the SPLASH-2 benchmark suite on a campus grid. Experimental results show that service migration can achieve system adaptivity effectively.
High-order finite-difference simulations of marine CSEM surveys using a correspondence principle for wave and diffusion fields (2010)

Abstract The computer time required to solve a typical 3D marine controlled-source electromagnetic surveying (CSEM) simulation can be reduced by more than one order of magnitude by transforming low-frequency Maxwell equations in the quasi-static or diffusive limit to a hyperbolic set of partial differential equations that give a representation of electromagnetic fields in a fictitious wave domain. The dispersion and stability analysis can be made equivalent to that of other types of wave simulation problems such as seismic acoustic and elastic modeling. Second-order to eighth-order spatial derivative operators are implemented for flexibility. Fourth-order and sixth-order methods are the most numerically efficient implementations for this particular scheme. An implementation with high-order operators requires that both electric and magnetic fields are extrapolated simultaneously into the air layer. The stability condition given for high-order staggered-derivative operators here should be equally valid for seismic-wave simulation. The bandwidth of recovered fields in the diffusive domain is independent of the bandwidth of the fields in the fictitious wave domain. The fields in the fictitious wave domain do not represent observable fields. Propagation paths and interaction/reflection amplitudes are not altered by the transform from the fictitious wave domain to the diffusive frequency domain; however, the transform contains an exponential decay factor that damps down late arrivals in the fictitious wave domain. The propagation paths that contribute most to the diffusive domain fields are airwave (shallow water) plus typically postcritical events such as refracted and guided waves. The transform from the diffusive frequency domain to the fictitious wave domain is an ill-posed problem. The transform is nonunique. This gives a large degree of freedom in postulating temporal waveforms for boundary conditions in the fictitious wave domain that reproduce correct diffusive frequency-domain fields.
Effects of Trichoderma spp. on Maize Growth and Meloidogyne arenaria Reproduction (1989)

Shoot and root growth of both hybrids in Trichoderma-infested soil was significantly enhanced (P=0.05), regardless of the presence of M. arenaria, compared to plant growth in treatments without Trichoderma. When plants were grown in soil infested with T. harzianum or T. koningii, the reproduction of M. arenaria on the root-knot-susceptible maize hybrid was suppressed, whereas reproduction on the root-knot-resistant hybrid was not affected
Effect of All-transretinoic Acid on Th17 and T Regulatory Cell Subsets in Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis (2013)

Our findings favor a pathogenic role for Th17 cells in AS. Th1 cells did not seem to contribute in the pathogenesis of this disease. The effect of ATRA as an immunomodulator on deviated immune cells was associated with decreased inflammatory markers. This association could be a reason for a clinical trial of ATRA in patients with AS.
An update on cutaneous aging treatment using herbs (2015)

Skin aging is caused by several factors. Ultraviolet (UV) exposure as well as oxidative stress elevates inflammatory mediators causing degradation of the extracellular matrix, which is regarded as the major cause of skin wrinkles, one of the signs of aging. Topical applications of active ingredients protect against dermal photodamage and scavenge radicals that can delay skin aging. Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors against degradation of collagen, elastin, and hyaluronan are the key strategy to combat cutaneous aging. In addition, active ingredients with the efficacy to enhance extracellular matrix production, including those with UV protection efficacy, play an important role in protecting the skin from aging. Naturally derived compounds for combating skin wrinkles are gaining more interest among the consumers as they are perceived to be milder, safer, and healthier. This article, therefore, briefly addresses the causes of skin aging and extensively summarizes on herbs appraisal for skin wrinkles treatment. Therefore, delaying aging of skin using the functional herbs would maintain the individual's appearance with high esthetic and psychosocial impacts.
A genetic approach to dynamic load balancing in a distributed computing system (2002)

Presents an efficient dynamic load balancing scheme based on a genetic algorithm (GA) which includes an evaluation mechanism of fitness values in a changing environment. Sender-initiated task migration algorithms continue to send unnecessary requests for a task migration while the system load is heavy, which yields inefficient inter-processor communication and much overhead until the migration is actually performed. In the proposed GA-based load balancing scheme, a subset of processors to which the requests are sent is adaptively determined by a learning procedure to reduce unnecessary requests. The learning procedure consists of standard genetic operations, such as selection, crossover and mutation, applied to a population of binary strings, each of which stands for a list of processors to which the migration requests are sent. Each processor has its own population, and the fitness of a string depends on how efficiently the destination of a migration is found. From the viewpoint of the mean response time of the whole system, we show the effectiveness of our approach through empirical investigations.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Structural Characterization of Hsp12, the Heat Shock Protein from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, in Aqueous Solution Where It Is Intrinsically Disordered and in Detergent Micelles Where It Is Locally α-Helical (2011)

Hsp12 (heat shock protein 12) belongs to the small heat shock protein family, partially characterized as a stress response, stationary phase entry, late embryonic abundant-like protein located at the plasma membrane to protect membrane from desiccation. Here, we report the structural characterization of Hsp12 by NMR and biophysical techniques. The protein was labeled uniformly with nitrogen-15 and carbon-13 so that its conformation could be determined in detail both in aqueous solution and in two membrane-mimetic environments, SDS and dodecylphosphocholine (DPC) micelles. Secondary structural elements determined from assigned chemical shifts indicated that Hsp12 is dynamically disordered in aqueous solution, whereas it gains four helical stretches in the presence of SDS micelles and a single helix in presence of DPC. These conclusions were reinforced by circular dichroism spectra of the protein in all three environments. The lack of long range interactions in NOESY spectra indicated that the helices present in SDS micelles do not pack together. R(1) and R(2), relaxation and heteronuclear NOE measurements showed that the protein is disordered in aqueous solution but becomes more ordered in presence of detergent micelles. NMR spectra collected in presence of paramagnetic spin relaxation agents (5DSA, 16DSA, and Gd(DTPA-BMA)) indicated that the amphipathic α-helices of Hsp12 in SDS micelles lie on the membrane surface. These observations are in agreement with studies suggesting that Hsp12 functions to protect the membrane from desiccation.
THE EXCESS DEMAND FOR LABOUR A STUDY OF CONDITIONS IN GREAT BRITAIN, 1946–56 1 (1958)

THE EXCESS DEMAND FOR LABOUR A STUDY OF CONDITIONS IN GREAT BRITAIN, 1946–56 Get access J. C. R. DOW, J. C. R. DOW Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar L. A. DICKS-MIREAUX L. A. DICKS-MIREAUX Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Oxford Economic Papers, Volume 10, Issue 1, February 1958, Pages 1–33, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.oep.a040791 Published: 01 February 1958
Polybenzimidazole Block Copolymers for Fuel Cell: Synthesis and Studies of Block Length Effects on Nanophase Separation, Mechanical Properties, and Proton Conductivity of PEM (2014)

A series of meta-polybenzimidazole-block-para-polybenzimidazole (m-PBI-b-p-PBI), segmented block copolymers of PBI, were synthesized with various structural motifs and block lengths by condensing the diamine terminated meta-PBI (m-PBI-Am) and acid terminated para-PBI (p-PBI-Ac) oligomers. NMR studies and existence of two distinct glass transition temperatures (Tg), obtained from dynamical mechanical analysis (DMA) results, unequivocally confirmed the formation of block copolymer structure through the current polymerization methodology. Appropriate and careful selection of oligomers chain length enabled us to tailor the block length of block copolymers and also to make varieties of structural motifs. Increasingly distinct Tg peaks with higher block length of segmented block structure attributed the decrease in phase mixing between the meta-PBI and para-PBI blocks, which in turn resulted into nanophase segregated domains. The proton conductivities of proton exchange membrane (PEM) developed from phosphoric acid (PA) doped block copolymer membranes were found to be increasing substantially with increasing block length of copolymers even though PA loading of these membranes did not alter appreciably with varying block length. For example when molecular weight (Mn) of blocks were increased from 1000 to 5500 then the proton conductivities at 160 °C of resulting copolymers increased from 0.05 to 0.11 S/cm. Higher block length induced nanophase separation between the blocks by creating less morphological barrier within the block which facilitated the movement of the proton in the block and hence resulting higher proton conductivity of the PEM. The structural varieties also influenced the phase separation and proton conductivity. In comparison to meta-para random copolymers reported earlier, the current meta-para segmented block copolymers were found to be more suitable for PBI-based PEM.
A fundamental division in the Alu family of repeated sequences. (1988)

The Alu family of repeated sequences from the human genome contains two distinct subfamilies. This division is based on different base preferences in a number of diagnostic sequence positions. One subfamily of the sequences, referred to as the Alu-J subfamily, is very similar to 7SL DNA in these positions. The other subfamily, Alu-S, can be divided further into well-defined branches of sequences. These findings revise the previous picture of the Alu family and expose their complex evolutionary dynamics. They reveal sequence variations of potential importance for the proliferation of Alu repeats and relate them to their structural features. In addition, they open the possibility of using different types of Alu sequences as natural markers for studying genetic rearrangements in the genome.
Envelope Protein-Mediated Down-Regulation of Hepatitis B Virus Receptor in Infected Hepatocytes (2001)

Entry of duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) is initiated by specific interaction of its large envelope protein (L) with a cellular entry receptor, recently identified as carboxypeptidase D (CPD; historically gp180). In this report, we present evidence demonstrating that this receptor is down-regulated as a result of DHBV infection: (i) receptor levels determined by Western blot were much reduced in DHBV-infected duck livers and undetectable by immunostaining in infected cultured hepatocytes; (ii) results from metabolic labeling experiments indicate enhanced receptor protein turnover; (iii) the kinetics of receptor loss from newly infected cells correlated with the accumulation of newly synthesized viral protein; (iv) expression of DHBV L protein, transduced from a recombinant adenovirus, was sufficient to eliminate gp180/CPD from the Golgi compartment, its normal predominant location; (v) gp180/CPD remained absent from the Golgi compartment in infected hepatocytes, even after overexpression from a recombinant adenovirus, while residual amounts subsequently became detectable in a perinuclear compartment, containing DHBV L protein; (vi) expression of DHBV L protein in a HepG2 cell line, stably expressing gp180/CPD, leads to incomplete receptor maturation and induces its degradation. Taken together, these data are consistent with a model in which the virus receptor interacts early in the biosynthetic pathway with the viral L protein, leading to its retention in a pre-Golgi compartment and to subsequent degradation, thus preventing receptor interference with the export of DHBV via the secretory pathway which it shares with its receptor. Accordingly, and analogously with receptor down-regulation in retroviral systems, DHBV receptor down-modulation may account for the much-reduced efficiency of DHBV superinfection of preinfected hepatocytes.
New low-Reynolds-number k-ε model for turbulent flow over smooth and rough surfaces (1994)

A new low-Reynolds-number k-ε model is proposed to simulate turbulent flow over smooth and rough surfaces. The rough surfaces model is developed by including the equivalent sand-grain roughness height into the model functions. The proposed model is tested against various experiments including fully developed and developing flows in smooth wall circular pipes and square ducts, Nikuradse's rough wall circular pipe experiment and a new rectangular channel experiment with smooth and rough surfaces. The results show that the proposed model can predict the log-law velocity profile for both smooth and rough walls. The predicted other properties such as friction factors, turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent dissipation rate also reasonably agree with the experimental data.
Re-engineering hardware specifications by exploiting design semantics (1994)

An Artificial Intelligence (AI) approach to re-engineering hardware specifications is presented in this paper. Knowledge about the functionality and purpose of the cells and signals of a design is automatically abstracted away from the specification. An heuristic analysis which exploits implicit design semantics is carried out. Examples of using the knowledge derived for enhancing the capabilities of ECAD frameworks and systems are provided.
Saponin and Sapogenol. VI. Sapogenol Constituents of Leaves of Pittosporum tobira AIT. (1972)

The sapogenol constituents of leaves of Pittosporum tobira AIT. (Pittosporaceae) have been examined. On the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidences, three sapogenols obtained by acid hydrolysis of crude saponin have been shown to be R1-barrigenol (II), 21β-angeloyloxy-3β, 15α, 16α, 22α, 28-pentahydroxyolean-12-ene (=21-O-angeloyl-R1-barri-genol) (IV), 21β-angeloyloxy-3β, 16α, 22α, 28-tetrahydroxy-olean-12-ene (=21-O-angeloyl-barringtogenol C) (V) respectively. A1-barrigenol (I) has not been detected in the total acid hydrolysate of saponin.
GATA-3-dependent enhancer activity in IL-4 gene regulation. (1998)

Previously, we analyzed the proximal IL-4 promoter in directing Th2-specific activity. An 800-base pair proximal promoter conferred some Th2-selective expression in transgenic mice. However, this region directed extremely low reporter mRNA levels relative to endogenous IL-4 mRNA, suggesting that full gene activity requires additional enhancer elements. Here, we analyzed large genomic IL-4 regions for enhancer activity and interaction with transcription factors. The proximal IL-4 promoter is only moderately augmented by GATA-3, but certain genomic regions significantly enhanced GATA-3 promoter transactivation. Some enhancing regions contained consensus, GATA sites that bound Th2-specific complexes. However, retroviral transduction of GATA-3 into developing T cells induced IL-5 to full Th2 levels, but only partially restored IL-4 production. Thus, we propose that GATA-3 is permissive, but not sufficient, for full IL-4 enhancement and may act through GATA elements surrounding the IL-13/IL-4 gene locus.
Synthesis of a Sialic Acid α(2−3) Galactose Building Block and Its Use in a Linear Synthesis of Sialyl Lewis X (2007)

[reaction: see text] The ubiquity of the sialic acid alpha(2-3) galactose linkage in oligosaccharides of biological relevance necessitates a building block for the incorporation of this motif into oligosaccharides prepared by modular synthesis. The linear synthesis of the sialyl Lewis X tumor-associated antigen (1) has been accomplished in good yield using a sialic acid alpha(2-3) galactose disaccharide building block. The disaccharide building block was synthesized efficiently from readily available galactal by a high-yielding and selective sialylation reaction.
Importance sampling for SPICE-level verification of analog decoders (2003)

This paper proposes the analog circuits for implementing soft decoding algorithms. Importance sampling permits evaluation of analog designs using precise physical models in SPICE simulations. SPICE provides extremely accurate circuit simulations, but requires large simulation time. This allows evaluation and optimization of analog decoder designs. With importance sampling, the decoder's performance can be accurately estimated for any SNR.
Polyphenoloxidases immobilized in organic gels: Properties and applications in the detoxification of aromatic compounds (1995)

Gelatine gels originate from water in oil microemulsions in which the ternary system consists of isooctane/ sulfosuccinic acid bis [2-ethyl hexyl] ester/water; the solubilization of gelatin in the water pool of these microemulsions transforms them into viscous gels in which it is possible to cosolubilize various reactive molecules. These gels were used to immobilize two phenoloxidases, a laccase from Trametes versicolor and a tyrosinase from mushroom. The best balance between gel retention and catalytic activity was reached at a gelatine concentration of 2.5% (w/v) in the case of tyrosinase, while laccase immobilization was independent of gelatine concentration. Both enzymes kept the same optimum pH as the corresponding soluble controls, while a partial loss of activity was observed when they were immobilized. Immobilized enzymes showed an increased stability when incubated for several days at 4 degrees C with a very low release from the gels in the incubation solutions. The immobilization of tyrosinase and of laccase enhanced stability to thermal inactivation. Furthermore, gel-entrapped tyrosinase was almost completely preserved from proteolysis: more than 80% of the activity was maintained, while only 25% of the soluble control activity was detected after the same proteolytic treatments. A column packed with gel-immobilized tyrosinase was used to demonstrate that enzymes immobilized with this technique may be reused several times in the same reaction without loosing their efficiency. Finally, gel-entrapped tyrosinase and laccase were capable of removing naturally occurring and xeno-biotic aromatic compounds from aqueous suspensions with different degrees of efficiency. (c) 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.