gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Use of Metformin in the Setting of Mild-to-Moderate Renal Insufficiency (2011)

A common clinical conundrum faces all U.S. practitioners treating patients with type 2 diabetes. Today’s U.S. Food and Drug Administration prescribing guidelines for metformin contraindicate its use in men and women with serum creatinine concentrations ≥1.5 and ≥1.4 mg/dL (≥132 and ≥123 µmol/L), respectively. In a patient tolerating and controlled with this medication, should it automatically be discontinued as the creatinine rises beyond these cut points over time? Stopping metformin often results in poorly controlled glycemia and/or the need for other agents with their own adverse-effect profiles. Moreover, is the now widespread use of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in lieu of serum creatinine levels creating even more confusion, especially in those with abnormalities in one but not the other indirect measure of renal function? Indeed, more than a decade and a half after metformin became available in the U.S., debate continues over the best approach in these settings (1–3). How many patients are unable to receive this medication on the basis of guidelines which, although well intentioned, are somewhat arbitrary and outdated based on modern assessments of renal status?

There is some evidence that early treatment with metformin is associated with reduced cardiovascular morbidity and total mortality in newly diagnosed type 2 diabetic patients (4). However, the data come from a small subgroup of a much larger trial. In contrast, despite multiple trials of intensive glucose control using a variety of glucose-lowering strategies, there is a paucity of data to support specific advantages with other agents on cardiovascular outcomes (5–7).

In the original UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS), 342 overweight patients with newly diagnosed diabetes were randomly assigned to metformin therapy (8). After a median period of 10 years, this subgroup experienced a 39% ( P = 0.010) risk reduction for myocardial infarction and a …
Extended freeze‐dried <i>Mycobacterium bovis</i> Bacillus Calmette–Guérin induces the release of interleukin‐12 but not tumour necrosis factor‐α by alveolar macrophages, both <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> (2003)

Our results show that EFD BCG induce the release of the Th1-promoting cytokine IL-12 by AM, without the deleterious effects of HK BCG. These data suggest that EFD BCG may be considered as a potential novel treatment to restore the Th1/Th2 imbalance in asthma.
Spectroscopic Study of the Adsorption of Rhodamine 6G on Laponite B for Low Loadings (1994)

Abstract The adsorption of Rhodamine 6G in aqueous suspension on Laponite B was investigated by electronic absorption and emission spectroscopies. Fluorescence spectra suggest that the monomer is adsorbed at two different surfaces, the external and the internal. A monomer is intercalated in the interlamellar space at low loading of dye (<3% CEC), whereas the monomeric state of the dye seems to be at the solid-aqueous interface in suspensions with high loading (>12% CEC). The metachromatic effect observed in the absorption spectra, for the loading interval between 1% and 15% CEC of Laponite B, is attributed to the dimerization of the dye, which seems, from X-ray diffraction measurements, to be formed at the clay interlayer. The formation constant and the absorption spectrum of the aggregate were obtained and the dimer was structurally characterized by applying the Exciton Theory. The observed fluorescence quenching for loadings lower than 15% CEC is attributed to energy transfer from monomer to the dimer, which obeys the Perrin model.
Stochastic printing behavior of ML-defects on EUV mask (2019)

One of the residual concerns for use of EUV patterning for IC manufacturing is its stochastic behavior. The present paper specifically studies the contribution of mask defects to the stochastic failure rate, with a focus on defects related to the multilayer mirror of the mask, so-called ML-defects. By simulation, a universal relation is obtained between the probability that a given mask defect triggers a stochastic failure on wafer and the average local CD deviation that it causes. Even marginal ML-defects, which cause less than 10% CD deviation, are shown to act as trigger points for locally increased failure probability. This finding is supported by experimental data based on AIMS EUV aerial image measurements in scanner photon stochastics emulation mode. In addition, other local defect types on mask are shown to behave in the same way. Non-local mask deficiencies, such as line-edge roughness and contamination effects, can influence the contribution of the mask to the stochastic failure rate of the printed image on wafer.
Prevention of TNBS-induced colitis by different Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains is associated with an expansion of γδT and regulatory T cells of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (2009)

The 2 probiotic mixtures were able to prevent the TNBS-induced colitis; the L. acidophilus and B. longum mixture was the most effective. Other than an involvement of LPLs, our results report a novel importance of the IELs population in probiotic protection.
Photochemical behaviour of acridine in the presence of carboxylic acids (1976)

J. Libman, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1976, 198 DOI: 10.1039/C39760000198
Shadow detection approach combining spectral and geometrical properties (2012)

In applications requiring objects extraction, cast shadows induce shape distortions and object fusions interfering performance of high level algorithms in video surveillance system. Shadow elimination allows to improve the performances of video object extraction, tracking and description tools. In this work, we propose an approach to automatic shadow detection and extraction, which operates multiple properties derived from spectral, geometric and temporal analysis of shadows. We develop a generic model that chooses the candidate shadow regions based on shadow direction. Then, the validity of detected regions as shadows is verified using the capability of approach that allows associating to each photometric pixel its equivalent part of the shadow, while integrating the various parameters related to illumination and the surface. Simulation results show that the proposed approach is robust and efficient in detecting shadows for different background and changeable illumination conditions.
Poly(ethylene oxide)-sodium dodecyl sulfate interactions studied using static and dynamic light scattering (1992)

Static and dynamic light scattering measurements have been made on poly(ethy1ene oxide)\n(PEO) in the presence of the ionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in aqueous solution over a range\nof relative concentrations. The purpose was, in part, to demonstrate the polyelectrolyte effecte which arise\nin PEO on formation of the charged complex between the components in solution in which small SDS micelles\nare incorporated into the flexible PEO coil. The influence of the ionic strength of the medium was studied.\nStatic light scattering measurements show that the radius of gyration changes as a function of SDS concentration\nand the ionic strength of the medium. Diffusion coefficients from dynamic light scattering (DLS) reflect\nchanges in the pair interaction potential as the SDS and ionic strength are altered. Laplace inversion of the\nDLS time correlation function gives relaxation time distributions consisting of the PEO/SDS complex as the\nmain component and free SDS micelles as the minor component. Changes in peak areas are related to the\nincrease in the degree of binding between SDS and PEO as the relative concentrations change and also the\nincrease in SDS micellar size with increase in the ionic strength of the medium.
Efficiency estimation in digitally-controlled dc-dc buck converters based on single current sensing (2008)

This paper proposes an efficiency estimator for dc-dc buck converters suitable for on-chip integration in the digital IC controller. The proposed solution is tailored for distributed power architectures, where the on-line efficiency measurement or estimation of each dc-dc converter is useful in order to perform a system power management and to monitor the status of each point of load (POL) converter. Existing solutions relay on the measurement of the input voltage and current, output voltage and current, the latter usually based on the output inductor current sensing (at least for buck-type converters). The current sensing is the main drawback since it requires two current sensors and, more importantly, a precise matching, tuning and temperature compensation in the two current sensors. This paper proposes an indirect estimation of the ratio between the output and input current based on a single current sensing, thus avoiding precise gain tuning. The current sensing is based on the input bus voltage and a filter matched with the impedance seen by the dc-dc converter. Experimental results on a synchronous buck converter with the efficiency estimator implemented in a field programmable gate array (FPGA) show the properties as well as the limitations of the proposed method.
Correlation between heart rate, electrodermal activity and player experience in first-person shooter games (2010)

Psychophysiological methods are becoming more popular in game research as covert and reliable measures of affective player experience, emotions, and cognition. Since player experience is not well understood, correlations between self-reports from players and psychophysiological data may provide a quantitative understanding of this experience. Measurements of electrodermal activity (EDA) and heart rate (HR) allow making inferences about player arousal (i.e., excitement) and are easy to deploy. This paper reports a case study on HR and EDA correlations with subjective gameplay experience, testing the feasibility of these measures in commercial game development contexts. Results indicate a significant correlation (p < 0.01) between psychophysiological arousal (i.e., HR, EDA) and self-reported gameplay experience. However, the covariance between psychophysiological measures and self-reports varies between the two measures. The results are consistent across three different contemporary major commercial first-person shooter (FPS) games (Prey, Doom 3, and Bioshock).
Magnetically-enhanced capacitively-coupled plasma etching for 300 mm wafer-scale fabrication of Cu through-silicon-vias for 3D logic integration (2009)

We aim to fill the processing gap in 300 mm wafer-scale non-Bosch TSV etch process by developing production-worthy TSV etch solutions for logic-centric 3D integration. This is based on a magnetically-enhanced capacitively-coupled plasma (CCP) etching system. Key factors in this system that contribute to the control of via features such as global sidewall tapering, local sidewall roughness, Si etch rates, mask undercutting and local bowing effects were evaluated. The etching characteristics of anisotropic vias in silicon with nominal feature sizes of, but not limited to 5 mum times 25 mum (AR ~ 5) and 1 mum times 20 mum (AR ~ 20) with minimum pitches of 5 mum and 1 mum, respectively were quantified. 3 mum times 14 mum and 5 mum times 19 mum Cu-filled TSV are demonstrated by having continuous 2kAring TEOS oxide liner/100 nm Ta(TaN) barrier/2kAring Cu seed stack enabled by TSV etch.
Physics of Trap Generation and Electrical Breakdown in Ultra-thin SiO2 and SiON Gate Dielectric Materials (2007)

Below 5V stress, the dominant mechanism for stressed induced leakage current in the off-state is tunneling via interface traps in films less than 35 thick. This finding enhances the value of SILC measurements as a probe of trap generation. LV-SILC is a two-trap process and senses interface states at both top and bottom interfaces.
Optical properties of Mn4+ ions in GaN:Mn codoped with Mg acceptors (2004)

The optical properties of Mn–Mg-codoped epitaxial GaN were studied. Addition of Mg acceptors quenches the weak manganese-related photoluminescence (PL) band at 1.3eV in GaN:Mn and a series of sharp PL peaks are observed at 1eV in codoped epilayers. The change in PL spectra indicates that the Mg addition stabilizes the Mn4+ charge state by decreasing the Fermi level. The 1eV PL peaks are tentatively attributed to intracenter transitions involving Mn4+ ions. Spin-allowed 3d-shell T24–T14 transitions and their phonon replicas are involved. The relative intensities of the sharp peaks are strongly dependent on the excitation wavelength, indicating that the optically active Mn4+ centers involved in the separate peaks are different. The temperature dependence of the PL spectrum suggests the presence of at least three distinct Mn4+ complex centers.
LDHk, an unusual oxygen-sensitive lactate dehydrogenase expressed in human cancer. (1981)

An unusual isozyme of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH; L-lactate:NAD+ oxidoreductase, EC 1.1.1.27), LDHk, has been described in cells transformed by the Kirsten murine sarcoma virus (KiMSV). This isozyme appears to contain one or more subunits encoded by the transforming gene of KiMSV and is readily distinguished from other isozymes of LDH. Specifically, it is more basic than other LDH isozymes, has an apparent subunit structure of (35,000)4(22,000)1, is essentially inactive if assayed under a normal atmosphere, and is strongly inhibited by GTP and various related compounds. We have examined human cancer and normal tissue controls for expression of an activity like LDHk. In 11 out of 16 human carcinomas, LDHk activity was increased 10- to 500-fold over the level seen in adjoining nontumor tissue. In contrast, other LDH isozymes were increased by only 2- to 5-fold.
Effect of diluents on membrane formation via thermally induced phase separation (2001)

Abstract The effect of diluents on isotactic polypropylene (iPP) membrane formation via thermally induced phase separation was investigated. The diluents were methyl salicylate (MS), diphenyl ether (DPE), and diphenylmethane (DPM). The cloud‐point curve was shifted to a lower temperature in the order iPP–MS, iPP–DPE, and iPP–DPM, whereas the crystallization temperature was not influenced so much by diluent type. Droplet‐growth processes were investigated under two conditions: quenching the polymer solution at the desired temperature and cooling at a constant rate. Although droplet sizes were in the order iPP–MS, iPP–DPE, and iPP–DPM in both cases, the difference was more pronounced with the constant cooling rate condition. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that interconnected structures were obtained when the polymer solution was quenched in ice water. The effect of the diluents on these structures was observed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 169–177, 2001
Standards for electronic imaging for facsimile systems (1991)

Although facsimile systems have existed for more than twenty five years, only recently have we seen explosive growth in the use of facsimile, with a corresponding increase in facsimile standards activity. Current standards work concentrates on improving the quality and speed of image transmission, and on increasing functionality. The goal is to benefit from the developing technology - higher resolution scanners and printers, and improved processing, storage and communication technology. Topics now under discussion include (but by no means are limited to) transmission of color images, improved compression of bi-level images, facsimile routing, facsimile carried by the Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN), and facsimile applied to teleconferencing. Personal computers can operate as or can be used to add functionality to facsimile terminals. The result is new standards activity (for example, binary file transfer, data base storage and retrieval, computer-facsimile communication, and an Applications Programming Interface). This paper describes the facsimile and facsimile- related standards activity with particular emphasis on function and performance. Image compression algorithms are an important factor. Communication protocols are also addressed.
Optimal multi-pitch estimation using the EM algorithm for co-channel speech separation (1993)

The problem of optimally estimating (in the maximum-likelihood sense) the pitch of each of several speakers talking simultaneously is addressed. This information is needed in systems which perform co-channel speech separation. A multipitch model is proposed which is used in conjunction with an EM (expectation maximization)-based iterative estimation scheme. The pitch period of each speaker is allowed to vary linearly in the analysis interval, thus offering improved cochannel speech separation. The proposed algorithm is shown to outperform standard pitch detection algorithms in detecting the pitch of simultaneous speakers. The proposed multipitch detection algorithm has potential in improving the performance of speaker separation and in interference suppression systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Complement Factor C5a Mediates Renal Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Independent from Neutrophils (2003)

The complement system has been shown to mediate renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, the contribution of complement factor C5a to I/R injury, in particular in the kidney, remains to be established. In this study, we investigated the impact of blocking the C5aR pathway on the inflammatory response and on the renal function in a murine model of I/R injury. First, we analyzed C5aR expression in kidneys of healthy mice. Intriguingly, we found expression on mesangial, as well as on tubular epithelial, cells. After I/R injury, C5aR expression was up-regulated in tubular epithelial cells. In addition, mRNA levels of CXC chemokines and TNF-alpha increased significantly and kidneys were heavily infiltrated by neutrophils. Blocking the C5aR pathway by a specific C5a receptor antagonist (C5aRA) abrogated up-regulation of CXC chemokines but not of TNF-alpha and reduced neutrophil infiltration by >50%. Moreover, application of the C5aRA significantly reduced loss of renal function. This improvement of function was independent of the presence of neutrophils because neutrophil depletion by mAb NIMP-R14 did not affect the protective effect of C5aRA treatment. Furthermore, blocking of the C5aR pathway had no influence on renal apoptosis. These data provide evidence that C5a is crucially involved in the pathogenesis of renal I/R injury by modulation of neutrophil-dependent as well as neutrophil-independent pathways, which include the regulation of CXC chemokines but not TNF-alpha or apoptotic pathways.
Spinal Cord Stimulation for Chronic Pain (1995)

Electrical stimulation of the spinal cord for the relief of pain was first reported in 1967. Since that time, there have been marked improvements in patient selection criteria, hardware, technology, and methods for implantation, which have resulted in substantial improvement in the overall results achieved with spinal cord stimulation.
Three-dimensional observation of micro-pores in a 2024 aluminum alloy by synchrotron X-ray projection- and imaging-type microtomography techniques (2009)

Synchrotron X-ray microtomography has been utilized for the ex-situ observation of micro-pore growth/annihilation behaviors of a 2024 aluminum alloy at a high temperature. High-resolution experimental configurations have enabled the 3D reconstruction of micro-pore and intermetallic compound particle images with isotropic voxels with 0.088–0.474 μm edges. The variations in micro-pore shape, size and spatial distribution at the high temperature are readily observed, with the tomographic volumes then being provided for the quantitative image analysis of such quantities. It has been clarified that micro-pores, that appear to be nucleated heterogeneously on particles, exhibit the Ostwald growth behavior during the high temperature exposure. Three-dimensional finite element meshes have been generated to monitor distributions of local stress and strain in real materials with such micro-pores. Since micro-pores tend to lie along (former) grain boundary, there seems to be some anisotropic effect on the strain redistribution due to the existence of micro-pores. Since local strain elevation is predicted by 50–200% in the vicinity of micro-pores aligned along grain boundary, it can be inferred that ductile fracture would be promoted considerable by the growth of pre-existing micro-pores.
A Convenient Synthesis of Sendaverine (1980)

Abstract Sendaverine was isolated from Corydalis aurea willd by Manske and it was found to possess a tetrahydro-isoquinoline skeleton1. The structural formula of the alkaloid has been established by the unambiguous synthesis by Kametani2 and Miwako Mori et al.3
Short-Term and Long-Term Survival in Patients with Alcoholic Hepatitis Treated with Oxandrolone and Prednisolone (1984)

A cooperative study was conducted to determine the efficacy of 30 days of treatment with either a glucocorticosteroid (prednisolone) or an anabolic steroid (oxandrolone) in moderate or severe alcoholic hepatitis. One hundred thirty-two patients with moderate disease and 131 with severe disease were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: prednisolone, oxandrolone, or placebo. During the 30 days, mortality in the groups receiving steroid therapy was not significantly different from mortality in the placebo group. Thirteen per cent of the moderately ill patients and 29 per cent of the severely ill patients died. Although neither steroid improved short-term survival, oxandrolone therapy was associated with a beneficial effect on long-term survival. This was especially true in patients with moderate disease: among those who survived for one or two months after the start of treatment the conditional six-month death rate was 3.5 per cent after oxandrolone and 19 to 20 per cent after placebo (P = 0.02). No consistent long-term effect was associated with prednisolone therapy.
Null geodesic deviation equation and models of gravitational lensing (2006)

A procedure, for application in gravitational lensing using the geodesic deviation equation, is developed and used to determine the magnification of a source when the lens or deflector is modeled by a "thick" Weyl and "thick" Ricci tensor. This is referred to as the Thick Lens Model. These results are then compared with the, almost universally used, Thin Lens Model of the same deflector. We restrict ourselves to spherically symmetric lenses or, in the case of a thin lens, the projection of a spherically symmetric thin lens into the lens plane. Considering null rays that travel backward from the observer to the source, the null geodesic deviation equation is applied to neighboring rays as they pass through a region of space-time curvature in the vicinity of a lens. The thick lens model determines the magnification of a source for both transparent and opaque lenses. The null rays passing outside either the transparent or opaque lens are affected by the vacuum space-time curvature described by a Schwarzschild metric and transmitted via a component of the Weyl tensor with a finite extent. Rays passing through the transparent lens encounter the mass density of the lens, chosen to be uniform. Its influence on the null geodesics is determined by both the Weyl and Ricci tensor with the use of the Einstein equations. The curvature in the matter region is modeled by a constant Weyl and constant Ricci tensor. We apply the thick lens model to several theoretical cases. For most rays outside the matter region, the thick lens model shows no significant difference in magnification from that of the thin lens model; however large differences often appear for rays near the Einstein radius, both in the magnification and in the size of the Einstein radius. A small but potentially measurable discrepancy between the models arises in microlensing of a star. Larger discrepancies are found for rays traversing the interior of a transparent lens. This case could be used to model a galactic cluster.