gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The effect of angular spread on the intensity distribution of arbitrarily shaped electron beams (1988)

Knowledge of the relative intensity distribution at the patient's surface is essential for pencil beam calculations of three-dimensional dose distributions for arbitrarily shaped electron beams. To calculate the relative intensity distribution, the spatial spread resulting from angular spread is convolved with a two-dimensional step function whose shape corresponds to the applicator aperture. Two different approaches to obtain angular spread or the equivalent spatial spread are investigated. In the first method, the pencil beam angular spread is assumed to be Gaussian in shape. The angular spread constants (sigma theta) are then obtained from the slopes of measured intensity profiles. In the second method, the angular spread, in the form of an array of numerical values, is obtained by the deconvolution of measured intensity profiles. After obtaining the angular spread, the calculation for convolution is done in a number of parallel planes normal to the central axis at various distances from the electron collimator. Intensity at any arbitrary point in space is computed by interpolating between intensity distributions in adjacent planes on either side of the point. The effects of variations in angular spread as a function of field size for two treatment machines, one with a scanned electron beam and the other with a scattering foil, have been studied. The consequences of assuming angular spread to be of Gaussian shape are also examined. The electron intensity calculation techniques described in this paper apply primarily to methods of dose calculations that employ pencil beams generated using Monte Carlo simulations.
Signal generated by an extra-solar-system planet detected by a rotating rotationally shearing interferometer (1996)

An infrared rotating rotationallly shearing interferometer can be used for detection of a potential planet orbiting around a nearby star. An expression is derived for the signal generated by a star and its faint companion, and this signal is detected by a rotationally shearing interferometer. It is shown that the planet’s signal can be detected, despite the presence of a much larger star signal, because the planet produces a faint modulation superimposed upon the large star signal when the aperture rotates. In the particular case of a rotating rotationally shearing interferometer, the argument of the cosine term is shown to depend only on the planet’s and the observational parameters. However, the amplitude of the modulation term in the interferometric signal is shown to be proportional to the star’s intensity.
Prober for highly integrated multichip modules (2002)

A prober for function test of LSIs on multichip modules of Hitachi's newest mainframe M-880 series has been developed. The test is performed by making contact between probes and metallic pads on the module substrate. A visual feedback positioning system is employed to position a probe head, in which the probes are installed, precisely on the module. The prober has four TV cameras to compensate for the location error of module mounting, the location error of probe head holding, and thermal deformation of the module and the prober. Control values of the positioning table, which carries the probe head to a testing point, are calculated by some coordinate transformations with the use of the TV cameras' outputs and position data measured in the fabrication process of the module and the probe head.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Cross-Layer Thermal Reliability Management in Silicon Photonic Networks-on-Chip (2018)

Silicon photonics technology is being considered for future net-works-on-chip (NoCs) as it can enable high bandwidth density and lower latency with traversal of data at the speed of light. But the operation of photonic NoCs (PNoCs) is very sensitive to on-chip temperature variations. These variations can create significant relia-bility issues for PNoCs. This paper presents a run-time cross-layer framework to overcome temperature variation-induced reliability issues in PNoCs. The framework consists of a device-level reactive mechanism and a system-level proactive technique to avoid on-chip thermal threshold violations and mitigate thermal reliability issues. Our analysis indicates that this framework can reliably satisfy on-chip thermal thresholds and maintain high network bandwidth while reducing power dissipation over state-of-the-art solutions.
#501 The use of amphotericin B colloidal dispersion (ABCD) in children (1998)

Sandler, E. S.; Mustafa, M. M.; Tkaczewski, I.; Graham, M. L.; Morrison, V.; Green, M.; Trigg, M.; Abboud, M.; Aquin, V. M.; Gurwith, M.; Pietrelli, L.
Voltage contrast linearization with a hemispherical retarding analyser (1974)

The paper describes a system for the linearization of voltage contrast in the scanning electron microscope for potentials between i 10 V.The linearization is achieved by using two concentric hemispherical grids which form a retarding field analyser with the specimen at the centre of the grids.Collection is by either a solid hemispherical cup, or alternatively the conventional scintillator cage.Results are presented for both cases.A discussion of the minimum detectable potential in terms of the beam current and equivalent noise current is also included.
A Negative Impedance Repeater (1950)

A negative-impedance telephone repeater has been designed to reduce transmission losses on systems using tandem switching, or for toll connecting trunks and special service lines. The repeater, consisting of a transformer, an amplifier, and a network, has been arranged as a complete unit in itself, to simplify its installation.
A Real-Time 3-D Underwater Acoustical Imaging System (2014)

<?Pub Dtl=""?> Real-time 3-D acoustical imaging technique is a key advance to broaden the scope and enhance the feasibility of underwater missions. In this paper, a real-time 3-D underwater acoustical imaging system to handle the actual tasks under a narrowband excitation is presented. The system consists of three parts: a transmitter, a receiving hydrophone array, and a signal processor. In this system, a distributed and parallel subarray (DPS) beamforming algorithm is proposed to process the acquired signals from a scene placed in the far field. The DPS beamforming algorithm is an approximate method for the sonar signal processing with an advantageous computational efficiency. The direct method (DM) and fast Fourier transform (FFT) beamforming are compared with DPS beamforming for the memory and computational requirements. Based on this algorithm, a prototype was developed, which has been extensively employed in the lake and sea trials. The trials demonstrate that the system can achieve the 3-D imaging of the scene and meet the real-time requirement of the underwater operations.
Comparison of plasma prothrombin and factor VII and urine prothrombin F1 concentrations in patients on long‐term warfarin therapy and those in the initial phase (1998)

Control of warfarin anticoagulation during the initial phase of therapy is difficult and empirically based. Plasma and urine samples were obtained from normal controls, patients under stable anticoagulation, and patients in the initial phase of anticoagulation. Total plasma prothrombin, des-carboxy (non-adsorbable with barium chloride) prothrombin, and native (total minus non-adsorbable) prothrombin were quantitated using Echis carinatus venom activation. Functional plasma factor VII (VII) was measured using a one-stage clotting assay. Total and des-carboxy urine prothrombin F1 (F1) were measured by ELISA. All urine F1 in normals and both anticoagulated groups was adsorbed by barium chloride. Plasma des-carboxy prothrombin concentration was similar for the two anticoagulated groups and did not correlate with 1/INR. Native prothrombin correlated with 1/INR in both the stable (r = 0.76) and initial phase (r = 0.74) groups. For any given INR, the subjects on stable anticoagulation had lower native prothrombin concentrations than the initial phase patients. Functional factor VII concentration also correlated significantly with 1/INR in both the stable (r = 0.64) and initial phase (r = 0.76) patients. Unlike native prothrombin, VII concentrations did not vary between the two cohorts for any given INR. Previous studies indicate that native prothrombin is a superior predictor of both hemorrhagic and thromboembolic complications during warfarin therapy. Our findings indicate that VII, and not prothrombin, may be the predominant factor monitored by the INR. This further supports the need to reevaluate the usefulness of the INR in the monitoring of warfarin therapy during the initial phase. Am. J. Hematol. 57:193–199, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Utility of Serum Biomarkers in the Diagnosis and Stratification of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury (2017)

A single serum concentration of GFAP, UCH-L1, or S-100β within 6 hours of head injury may be useful in identifying and stratifying the severity of brain injury in emergency department patients with head trauma, but cannot reliably exclude a diagnosis of concussion. A positive GFAP was associated with the presence of concussion.
Enriching events to support hospital care (2010)

In this paper, we describe event processing in the medical domain, a domain which poses a number of extra challenges to event processing. A preliminary event middleware architecture is presented along with the objectives (and research methods used) with relation to the COSTT project. We conclude with some preliminary results and further work.
27.5L: <i>Late‐News Paper:</i> Multiphoton Organic EL device having Charge Generation Layer (2003)

Abstract Novel structure of Multiphoton Emission (MPE) organic EL (OEL) device capable of exceeding 100% quantum efficiency was fabricated. The principle of the device is that a plurality of conventional OEL structure (emissive unit) are stacked and divided by Charge Generation Layer (CGL) that works as an injector of electron‐hole pair upon voltage application. Tripled stacked MPE successfully achieved 48 cd/A for the emission from fluorescent green dye coumarin C545T.
Yellow-light sensitization of a ligand photosubstitution reaction in a ruthenium polypyridyl complex covalently bound to a rhodamine dye (2013)

The ruthenium complex [Ru(terpy)(bpy)(Hmte)](2+) ([1](2+)), where terpy is 2,2';6',2''-terpyridine, bpy is 2,2'-bipyridine, and Hmte is 2-methylthioethan-1-ol, poorly absorbs yellow light, and although its quantum yield for the photosubstitution of Hmte by water is comparable at 570 nm and at 452 nm (0.011(4) vs. 0.016(4) at 298 K at neutral pH), the photoreaction using yellow photons is very slow. Complex [1](2+) was thus functionalized with rhodamine B, an organic dye known for its high extinction coefficient for yellow light. Complex [Ru(Rterpy)(bpy)(Hmte)](3+) ([2](3+)) was synthesized, where Rterpy is a terpyridine ligand covalently bound to rhodamine B via a short saturated linker. [2]Cl3 shows a very high extinction coefficient at 570 nm (44,000 M(-1) cm(-1)), but its luminescence upon irradiation at 570 nm is completely quenched in aqueous solution. The quantum yield for the photosubstitution of Hmte by water in [2](3+) was comparable to that in [1](2+) at 570 nm (0.0085(6) vs. 0.011(4), respectively), which, in combination with the much better photon collection, resulted in a higher photosubstitution rate constant for [2](3+) than for [1](2+). The energy of yellow photons is thus transferred efficiently from the rhodamine antenna to the ruthenium center, leading to efficient photosubstitution of Hmte. These results bring new opportunities for extending the photoactivation of polypyridyl ruthenium complexes towards longer wavelengths.
Instrumen dasar dan eksistensi suatu organisasi internasional (1989)

This method estimates the storage modulus growth during light-activated polymerization of highly filled dimethacrylates. Although the approach is phenomenological in that quantitative measurements of E' are not made directly from the DMA, estimates of early polymerization kinetics appear to be validated by three different approaches.
Double Anionic Cycloaromatization of 2-(6-Substituted-3-hexene-1,5-diynyl)benzonitriles Initiated by Methoxide Addition (1999)

[reaction: see text] Treatment of 2-((3Z)-undecene-1,5-diynyl)benzonitrile with 5 equiv of sodium methoxide in refluxing methanol for 16 h gave 1-pentyl-6-methoxyphenanthridine in 12% yield, 1-pentyl-6-phenanthridone in 6% yield, and 2-(2-pentyl-6-methoxyphenyl)benzonitrile in 4% yield. Under the same reaction conditions, methanolysis of several other benzonitriles gave similar results. Phenanthridine and biphenyl derivatives were obtained as the major products. A mechanism for this novel cycloaromatization reaction of enediynes is proposed.
Microscale Distribution of Nitrification Activity in Sediment Determined with a Shielded Microsensor for Nitrate (1993)

Microprofiles of O(2) and NO(3) were measured simultaneously in freshwater sediment with microsensors which were completely free from electrical interference because of coaxial designs. Depth profiles of nitrification (NO(3) production) and denitrification (NO(3) consumption) were subsequently determined by computer simulation of the measured microprofiles. The nitrifying bacterial community responded very quickly to changes in environmental conditions, and new steady-state microprofiles of O(2) and NO(3) were usually approached within a few hours after perturbation. Nitrification started quickly after introduction of O(2) in previously anoxic layers, suggesting prolonged survival of the nitrifiers during anaerobiosis. Changes in the availability of O(2) and NH(4) greatly affected the nitrification profile, and there was a high rate of coupled nitrification-denitrification under conditions in which nitrification occurred right above the oxic-anoxic interface. Addition of C(2)H(2) rapidly removed the NO(3) peaks, indicating that NO(3) production was due mainly to autotrophic nitrification.
N-Acylphosphatidylethanolamine in Dry and Imbibing Cottonseeds (Amounts, Molecular Species, and Enzymatic Synthesis) (1995)

N-Acylphosphatidylethanolamine (NAPE), an unusual acylated derivative of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), was recently shown to be synthesized from PE and free fatty acids in cotyledons of cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) seedlings (K.D. Chapman, T.S. Moore [1993] Plant Physiol 102: 761-769). Here we report that NAPE is present in dry seeds of cotton and increases with time of imbibition from 2.31 nmol/seed in dry seeds to 4.26 nmol/seed in 4-h-soaked seeds. Total phospholipid/seed also increased such that the relative percentage of NAPE was similar in dry and soaked seeds (2.3 mol% compared to 2.6 mol%, respectively). The major molecular species of NAPE were identified in both dry and soaked seeds by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry and collisionally activated dissociation tandem mass spectrometry as 16:0/18:2-PE(N-palmitoyl), 16:0/18:2-PE(N-linoleoyl), and 18:2/18:2-PE(N-palmitoyl). The specific activity of NAPE synthase in seed extracts increased with increasing time of imbibition from 35 pmol h-1 mg-1 protein in dry seeds to 129 pmol h-1 mg-1 protein in 4-h-soaked seeds. Collectively, our results indicate that NAPE is present in dry cottonseeds and synthesized during imbibition. The biosynthesis of NAPE provides a mechanism for maintaining membrane integrity during seed rehydration and may indicate that NAPE plays a protective role in intracellular membranes of plant tissues, as has been suggested for intracellular membranes of animal tissues.
Toxins as Tools in Neurochemistry (1995)

Abstract Neurotoxins have evolved as molecules targeted specifically against molecules with an important function in the nervous system. Because of their selectivity they have been used as probes for detecting and characterizing key proteins of the nerve cell. Ion channels involved in the propagation of the action potential, proteins of presynaptic neurotransmitter exocytosis, and most importantly, neurotransmitter receptors have been and are presently being analyzed, in some cases already at atomic level by a combination of the tools of neurotoxins, molecular biology, and patch clamp electrophysiology. In this review a selection of these toxins is presented, together with their targets in the nervous system. Special emphasis is given to the recent breakthroughs in our understanding of the mechanism of action of tetanus and botulinum toxins and to the neurotoxins ranging from the plant alkaloid strychnine to the peptide toxins from poisonous snakes, which were fundamental in elucidating ligand‐gated ion channels like the glycine and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
The link between short sleep duration and obesity: we should recommend more sleep to prevent obesity (2006)

Sleep may affect energy balance. Sleep may not be the only answer to the obesity pandemic, but its effect should be considered seriously, as even small changes in the energy balance are beneficial. Good sleep could be part of the obesity prevention approach.
Effects of electrical stimulation and choline availability on the release and contents of acetylcholine and choline in superfused slices from rat striatum. (1985)

The presence of 5 or 20 microM choline in the eserinized medium superfusing striatal slices enhanced the spontaneous release of acetylcholine (ACh) at both concentrations and, at 20 microM, the release of transmitter evoked by electrical field stimulation. Neither the electrical stimulation nor the addition of choline altered choline acetyltransferase activity. These results show that ACh release is dependent on the availability of extracellular choline. The rate of choline efflux was 7 times higher than the rate of ACh release, was not affected by stimulation, and was increased by 40% when hemicholinium-3 (HC-3), an inhibition of choline uptake, was present. The muscarinic antagonist atropine (1 microM) increased the evoked release of ACh into both the choline-free medium and that containing 20 microM choline. An adenosine receptor antagonist, 1,3-diethyl-8-phenyl xanthine (10 microM), failed to affect ACh release or the enhancement of release produced by atropine. In medium containing HC-3, stimulation of the slices elicited ACh release for the first 20 min of the 30 min stimulation period (15 Hz); thereafter, although stimulation was continued, the rate of release decreased to that associated with spontaneous release. Tissue ACh contents were not modified by the addition of choline or atropine to the medium, but were depressed by HC-3. Neither atropine nor HC-3 altered tissue choline content. The total amount of ACh + choline released during an experiment was 5-15 times higher than the decrease in tissue levels of these two compounds during the same period of time.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
New Crystalline Layered Zinc Phosphate with 10-Membered-Ring Channels Perpendicular to Layers (2009)

A novel layered zinc phosphate, [N(2)C(6)H(12)](2)[Zn(7)H(3)(HPO(4-x))(5)(PO(4))(3)]H(2)O, with unique 10-membered-ring ellipsoidal channels running perpendicularly to ladder-shaped tetrahedral layers, has been synthesized ionothermally via in situ generation of 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane.
Human Monoclonal Antibodies against Blood Group Antigens Preferentially Express a VH4‐21 Variable Region Gene‐Associated Epitope (1991)

An anti-idiotypic antibody has been raised which recognizes human immunoglobulins with cold agglutinin activity of anti-I/i specificity. The pattern of reactivity of the antibody indicates that the structural basis for the epitope is located in the VH4-21 gene segment of the VHIV family, which is preferentially utilized by these cold reactive antibodies. Using this antibody, epitope expression was investigated in a panel of 72 human monoclonal allo-antibodies specific for human blood group antigens, as compared with a control panel of 39 randomly selected human monoclonal IgM antibodies of unknown specificities. The anti-blood group panel included 44 IgM and 28 IgG monoclonal antibodies against a variety of blood group antigens including the A antigen, Rh C, c, D, E, e, G antigens, and the Kidd antigens Jka and Jkb. The epitope was expressed by 64% (28/44) of the IgM anti-blood group antibodies and by 21% (6/28) of the IgG antibodies, but by only 7.7% (3/39) of the control IgM antibodies. These data indicate that the human alloimmune response to blood group antigens is biased in the use of VH gene families, with a preference for the VH4-21 gene segment of the VHIV family, or closely related gene segments. The fact that this mirrors the findings for the autoimmune cold agglutinins suggests a link in immunoglobulin gene usage between antibodies against structurally diverse antigens on the red cell surface.
Purification, Cloning, and Characterization of a Profibrinolytic Plasminogen-binding Protein, TIP49a (2001)

The plasminogen receptors responsible for enhancing cell surface-dependent plasminogen activation expose COOH-terminal lysines on the cell surface and are sensitive to proteolysis by carboxypeptidase B (CpB). We treated U937 cells with CpB, then subjected membrane fractions to two-dimensional gel electrophoresis followed by ligand blotting with (125)I-plasminogen. A 54-kDa protein lost the ability to bind (125)I-plasminogen after treatment of intact cells and was purified by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and then sequenced by mass spectrometry. Two separate amino acid sequences were obtained and were identical to sequences contained within human and rat TIP49a. The cDNA for the 54-kDa protein matched the human TIP49a sequence, and encoded a COOH-terminal lysine, consistent with susceptibility to CpB. Antibodies against rat TIP49a recognized the plasminogen-binding protein on two-dimensional Western blots of U937 cell membranes. Human (125)I-Glu-plasminogen bound specifically to TIP49a protein, and binding was inhibited by epsilon-aminocaproic acid. A single class of binding sites was detected, and a K(d) of 0.57 +/- 0.14 microm was determined. TIP49a enhanced plasminogen activation 8-fold compared with the BSA control, and this was equivalent to the enhancement mediated by plasmin-treated fibrinogen. These results suggest that TIP49a is a previously unrecognized plasminogen-binding protein on the U937 cell surface.
Collimator Interchange System for Adaptive Cardiac Imaging in C-SPECT (2011)

Compared to imaging the heart with conventional cameras, dedicated cardiac SPECT systems can achieve much higher performance through use of a small field of view. To realize this potential, however, the heart must be reliably placed in the appropriate small FOV prior to imaging, thus requiring a separate scout operation to locate the heart and estimate its size. Furthermore, to achieve high performance across the general population, a system should provide several imaging configurations optimized for different size and location of the heart and the size of the patient. Because of the critical role the collimator plays in SPECT, it would be ideal if a dedicated collimator could be used for each of the different patient groups, as well as for the scout imaging. The ability to exchange collimators without moving the patient can also enable serial studies with different imaging options while preserving anatomic registration.
Representational issues in a neural network model of syllable recognition (1989)

Methods of applying neural network-based methods to the perception of speech sounds are developed and examined. The authors briefly outline the network architecture and algorithms that they have found useful in implementing a consonant-vowel syllable recognizer. They review in detail the input representations used and present some simulations comparing the performance of their system with the different input representation combinations.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>