gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bis-Retinoid A2E Induces an Increase of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor via Inhibition of Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinases 1/2 Pathway in Retinal Pigment Epithelium Cells and Facilitates Phagocytosis.2 (2017)

Age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) is the leading cause of vision loss in developed countries. Hallmarks of the disease are well known; indeed, this pathology is characterized by lipofuscin accumulation, is principally composed of lipid-containing residues of lysosomal digestion. The <i>N</i>-retinyl-<i>N</i>-retinylidene ethanolamine (A2E) retinoid which is thought to be a cytotoxic component for RPE is the best-characterized component of lipofuscin so far. Even if no direct correlation between A2E spatial distribution and lipofuscin fluorescence has been established in aged human RPE, modified forms or metabolites of A2E could be involved in ARMD pathology. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways have been involved in many pathologies, but not in ARMD. Therefore, we wanted to analyze the effects of A2E on MAPKs in polarized ARPE19 and isolated mouse RPE cells. We showed that long-term exposure of polarized ARPE19 cells to low A2E dose induces a strong decrease of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases' (ERK1/2) activity. In addition, we showed that A2E, via ERK1/2 decrease, induces a significant decrease of the retinal pigment epithelium-specific protein 65 kDa (RPE65) expression in ARPE19 cells and isolated mouse RPE. In the meantime, we showed that the decrease of ERK1/2 activity mediates an increase of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) mRNA expression and secretion that induces an increase in phagocytosis via a paracrine effect. We suggest that the accumulation of deposits coming from outer segments (OS) could be explained by both an increase of bFGF-induced phagocytosis and by the decrease of clearance by A2E. The bFGF angiogenic protein may therefore be an attractive target to treat ARMD.
Removal of Broken Hardware (2008)

Despite advances in metallurgy, fatigue failure of hardware is common when a fracture fails to heal. Revision procedures can be difficult, usually requiring removal of intact or broken hardware. Several different methods may need to be attempted to successfully remove intact or broken hardware. Broken intramedullary nail cross-locking screws may be advanced out by impacting with a Steinmann pin. Broken open-section (Küntscher type) intramedullary nails may be removed using a hook. Closed-section cannulated intramedullary nails require additional techniques, such as the use of guidewires or commercially available extraction tools. Removal of broken solid nails requires use of a commercial ratchet grip extractor or a bone window to directly impact the broken segment. Screw extractors, trephines, and extraction bolts are useful for removing stripped or broken screws. Cold-welded screws and plates can complicate removal of locked implants and require the use of carbide drills or high-speed metal cutting tools. Hardware removal can be a time-consuming process, and no single technique is uniformly successful.
The glycosyltransferases of Mycobacterium tuberculosis—roles in the synthesis of arabinogalactan, lipoarabinomannan, and other glycoconjugates (2007)

Several human pathogens are to be found within the bacterial genus Mycobacterium, notably Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis, one of the most threatening of human infectious diseases, with an annual lethality of about two million people. The characteristic mycobacterial cell envelope is the dominant feature of the biology of M. tuberculosis and other mycobacterial pathogens, based on sugars and lipids of exceptional structure. The cell wall consists of a peptidoglycan-arabinogalactan-mycolic acid complex beyond the plasma membrane. Free-standing lipids, lipoglycans, and proteins intercalate within this complex, complement the mycolic acid monolayer and may also appear in a capsular-like arrangement. The consequences of these structural oddities are an extremely robust and impermeable cell envelope. This review reflects on these entities from the perspective of their synthesis, particularly the structural and functional aspects of the glycosyltransferases (GTs) of M. tuberculosis, the dominating group of enzymes responsible for the terminal stages of their biosynthesis. Besides the many nucleotide-sugar dependent GTs with orthologs in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, M. tuberculosis and related species of the order Actinomycetales, in light of the highly lipophilic environment prevailing within the cell envelope, carry a significant number of GTs of the GT-C class dependent on polyprenyl-phosphate-linked sugars. These are of special emphasis in this review.
Ultrafine particle size distributions measured in aircraft exhaust plumes (2000)

Fast‐response measurements of particle size distributions were made for the first time in the near‐field plume of a Boeing 737–300 aircraft burning fuel with fuel sulfur (S) contents (FSCs) of 56 and 2.6 ppmm, as well as in fresh and dissipating contrails from the same aircraft, using nine particle counters operating in parallel. Nonsoot particles were present in high concentrations, with number maxima at diameters ≤3nm. From these and ancillary measurements we determined the apparent emission index, EI * , or amount produced per kilogram of fuel burned, for particle nuipber, surface, and volume, and the value of η * , the apparent fraction of fuel S found in the particulate phase in the plume assuming the particles were composed of sulfuric acid and water. All of these parameters were functions of the age of the plume since emission, FSC, and presence or absence of contrail. The measurements support the use of values of η * of <10% in numerical models of the effects of the current aircraft fleet on the atmosphere, suggest that non‐S species become important contributors to particulate mass at very low FSCs, and place significant constraints on numerical models of plume microphysical processes.
The network effects of prefetching (2002)

Prefetching has been shown to be an effective technique for reducing user perceived latency in distributed systems. In this paper we show that even when prefetching adds no extra traffic to the network, it can have serious negative performance effects. Straightforward approaches to prefetching increase the burstiness of individual sources, leading to increased average queue sizes in network switches. However, we also show that applications can avoid the undesirable queueing effects of prefetching. In fact, we show that applications employing prefetching can significantly improve network performance, to a level much better than that obtained without any prefetching at all. This is because prefetching offers increased opportunities for traffic shaping that are not available in the absence of prefetching. Using a simple transport rate control mechanism, a prefetching application can modify its behavior from a distinctly ON/OFF entity to one whose data transfer rate changes less abruptly, while still delivering all data in advance of the user's actual requests.
Blocking Effects of Human Tau on Squid Giant Synapse Transmission and Its Prevention by T-817 MA (2011)

Filamentous tau inclusions are hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease and related neurodegenerative tauopathies, but the molecular mechanisms involved in tau-mediated changes in neuronal function and their possible effects on synaptic transmission are unknown. We have evaluated the effects of human tau protein injected directly into the presynaptic terminal axon of the squid giant synapse, which affords functional, structural, and biochemical analysis of its action on the synaptic release process. Indeed, we have found that at physiological concentration recombinant human tau (h-tau42) becomes phosphorylated, produces a rapid synaptic transmission block, and induces the formation of clusters of aggregated synaptic vesicles in the vicinity of the active zone. Presynaptic voltage clamp recordings demonstrate that h-tau42 does not modify the presynaptic calcium current amplitude or kinetics. Analysis of synaptic noise at the post-synaptic axon following presynaptic h-tau42 microinjection revealed an initial phase of increase spontaneous transmitter release followed by a marked reduction in noise. Finally, systemic administration of T-817MA, a proposed neuro-protective agent, rescued tau-induced synaptic abnormalities. Our results show novel mechanisms of h-tau42 mediated synaptic transmission failure and identify a potential therapeutic agent to treat tau-related neurotoxicity.
Polypyrrole‐Derived Activated Carbons for High‐Performance Electrical Double‐Layer Capacitors with Ionic Liquid Electrolyte (2011)

Abstract As electrical energy storage and delivery devices, carbon‐based electrical double‐layer capacitors (EDLCs) have attracted much attention for advancing the energy‐efficient economy. Conventional methods for activated carbon (AC) synthesis offer limited control of their surface area and porosity, which results in a typical specific capacitance of 70–120 F g −1 in commercial EDLCs based on organic electrolytes and ionic liquids (ILs). Additionally, typical ACs produced from natural precursors suffer from the significant variation of their properties, which is detrimental for EDLC use in automotive applications. A novel method for AC synthesis for EDLCs is proposed. This method is based on direct activation of synthetic polymers. The proposed procedure allowed us to produce ACs with ultrahigh specific surface area of up to 3432 m 2 g −1 and volume of 0.5–4 nm pores up to 2.39 cm 3 g −1 . The application of the produced carbons in EDLCs based on IL electrolyte showed specific capacitance approaching 300 F g −1 , which is unprecedented for carbon materials, and 5–8% performance improvement after 10 000 charge–discharge cycles at the very high current density of 10 A g −1 . The remarkable characteristics of the produced materials and the capability of the fabricated EDLCs to operate safely in a wide electrochemical window at elevated temperatures, suggest that the proposed synthesis route offers excellent potential for large‐scale material production for EDLC use in electric vehicles and industrial applications.
Using the Dynamic Power Source Technique to Reduce TCAM Leakage Power (2010)

Due to having an additional “don't care” state, ternary content addressable memory (TCAM) is widely used in the forwarding table of the network router. However, the power consumption of TCAM is usually considerable. Instead of reducing the TCAM dynamic power, this brief introduces a leakage-suppressed technique, called dynamic power source (DPS), in which the TCAM leakage power is minimized by connecting the prefix power source to the mask data. Based on a 45-nm predictive technology model, the simulation results show that the DPS technique can deliver a TCAM leakage power reduction of 17% for a collection of real routing tables. In addition, the DPS also improves the search performance by 11% and reduces 18% of the TCAM dynamic power dissipated in the search-line switching activity.
Treatment of Heroin Dependence (2004)

Objective: To test the efficacy of naltrexone, methadone and buprenorphine over a treatment period of 12 weeks. Meth-ods: Subjects were randomized to receive naltrexone, methadone, or buprenorphine in a comparative study. Partici-pants: Ninety-three (93) heroin-dependent males who met the DSM-IV criteria for heroin dependence and were seek-ing treatment.Subjects received methadone (31 patients), or buprenorphine (31 patients), or naltrexone (31 patients) in 2001 and 2002. Results: The mean dose of heroin use per day was 1.9 gm, and the mean duration of current her-oin use was 2.8 years. Days retained in treatment were measured. Completion rates by group were 93.5 % for the methadone group, 67.7 % for the buprenorphine group, and 41.9 % for the naltrexone group (p &lt; 0.0001). Retention in the 60 mg methadone group was significantly better than in the 6 mg buprenorphine group (p =.01) and in the 50 mg naltrexone group (p &lt; 0.0001). Buprenorphine group was significantly better than 50 mg naltrexone group (p=0.04). Conclusion: The results support the efficacy of methadone, buprenorphine, and naltrexone for treatment of heroin dependence (German J Psychiatry 2004;7(2): 1-5).
Identification of <i>Bordetella pertussis</i> in a Critically Ill Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patient by Direct Genotypical Analysis of Gram-Stained Material and Discrimination from <i>B. holmesii</i> by Using a Unique <i>recA</i> Gene Restriction Enzyme Site (2004)

Bordetella pertussis was diagnosed in a human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient by a newly developed method in which bacterial DNA is amplified directly from sputum Gram-stained slides. The validation of the method is described along with an additional new PCR-based assay that can distinguish between B. pertussis and Bordetella holmesii.
Specificity of signal molecules in the activation of <i>Agrobacterium</i> virulence gene expression (1989)

The activation of the Agrobacterium virulence system is known to be induced by certain phenolic compounds. We have tested the vir-inducing ability of fifty compounds, by using a virB-lacZ gene fusion, and analysed the relationship between structure and activity of these compounds. In this way we have identified several new vir-inducers: coniferylalcohol, 3,5-dimethoxy-4-hydroxybenzene, homovanillic acid, ferulic acid, 3-ethoxy-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde and guaiacol, all of which are compounds with strong or moderate activity and four compounds with weak vir-inducing activity. In view of the specificity of vir-inducers, our data extended observations of others and enabled us to define the specific structural features of a vir-inducer molecule. In addition we show here that induction of the octopine Ti vir-genes is (i) optimal at 29 degrees C and totally abolished at 37 degrees C, and (ii) strongly inhibited at low concentrations of sodium chloride. The implications for plant transformation are discussed.
Review of the Pharmacological and Toxicological Effects of Salvia leriifolia (2009)

Salvia leriifolia Benth. (vernacular names such as Nuruozak and Jobleh) is a perennial herbaceous plant that grows exclusively in south and tropical regions of Khorasan and Semnan provinces, I. R. Iran. Unlike other species of Salvia genus, the chemical constituents of S. leriifolia are not well recognized. The stem oil of the plant consisted mainly both monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, while in leaf and flower oils monoterpenes predominated over sesquiterpenes. In recent years, the different properties of this plant such as the attenuation of morphine dependence, hypoglycemic, antinociceptive and antiinflammatory, antioxidant, anti-ischemia, anticonvulsant, antiulcer effects, antibacterial activities and antimutagenic effects were evaluated. These effects introduce this plant for more toxicological and clinical trials evaluations as a herbal medicine.
THE IMPORTANCE OF SESSILE SAMPLING IN THE MONITORING OF BACTERIAL CORROSION PROBLEMS (1986)

Recent research in bacterial corrosion confirms previous contentions that causative organisms must be in direct contact with metal surfaces to effect corrosion. Planktonic (floating) bacterial populations do not reflect sessile (attached) bacterial populations in incidence, concentrations or biocide sensitivity. Therefore, the detection of bacterial corrosion problems requires the direct monitoring of sessile causative bacteria, and the effective control of these problems requires the demonstration that these sessile corrosion organisms have been killed by biocide treatment. Significant savings can be effected by treating only systems in which active sessile populations can be detected with demonstrably effective biocide treatments.
Binary and Graded Responses in Gene Networks (2002)

Although gene expression can be regulated in a graded or a binary fashion, the majority of eukaryotic genes are either fully activated or not expressed at all in individual cells. This binary response might be an inherent property of many eukaryotic promoters. Analysis of transcription under the control of yeast GAL1 promoter suggests, however, that graded and binary modes of transcription are not mutually exclusive, but that both can occur at the same promoter when the activity of different signaling pathways is varied. In view of that, it can be expected that forthcoming experimental studies on the combinatorial effects of signaling and transcriptional mechanisms will reveal new strategies for generating graded or binary responses.
New Functional Aliphatic Polyesters by Chemical Modification of Copolymers of ε-Caprolactone with γ-(2-Bromo-2-methylpropionate)-ε-caprolactone, γ-Bromo-ε-caprolactone, and a Mixture of β- and γ-Ene-ε-caprolactone (2000)

New functional aliphatic polyesters were prepared by chemical modification of brominated copolyesters. Poly(ε-caprolactone)-co-poly(γ-(2-bromo-2-methylpropionate)-ε-caprolactone) copolymer was prepared and successfully converted into copolyester bearing methacrylate double bonds by dehydrohalogenation of the pendant tertiary alkyl bromides, thus leading to cross-linkable polyester. The tertiary alkyl bromide groups of the original copolyester were also quaternized by reaction with pyridine, although some side reactions occurred which limited the reaction yield. Nevertheless, quaternization of the bromide groups of the poly(ε-caprolactone)-co-poly(γ-bromo-ε-caprolactone) copolymer proved to be quantitative and to occur without degradation of the polyester chains. This general strategy paves the way to either amphiphilic copolyesters or water-soluble polyesters. The poly(ε-caprolactone)-co-poly(γ-bromo-ε-caprolactone) copolymer was also quantitatively converted into unsaturated copolyester by dehydrohalogenation with formation of double bonds including acrylic-type double bonds. As an alternative, γ-bromo-ε-caprolactone was first dehydrohalogenated, and the unsaturated cyclic monomer was copolymerized with ε-caprolactone. Finally, the nonconjugated double bonds of the copolyesters were oxidized into epoxides, except for the acrylic-type unsaturations which remained unchanged.
Lessons learned from the ACM hypertext on hypertext project (1989)

No abstract available.
Microwave Dielectric Behavior of Wet Soil-Part II: Dielectric Mixing Models (1985)

This paper is the second in a series evaluating the microwave dielectric behavior of soil-water mixtures as a function of water content and soil textural composition. Part II draws upon the data presented in Part 1 [13] to develop appropriate empirical and theoretical dielectric mixing models for the 1.4-to 18-GHz region. A semiempirical mixing model based upon the index of refraction is presented, requiring only easily ascertained soil physical parameters such as volumetric moisture and soil textural composition as inputs. In addition, a theoretical model accounting explicitly for the presence of a hydration layer of bound water adjacent to hydrophilic soil particle surfaces is presented. A four-component dielectric mixing model treats the soil-water system as a host medium of dry soil solids containing randomly distributed and randomly oriented disc-shaped inclusions of bound water, bulk water, and air. The bulk water component is considered to be dependent upon frequency, temperature, and salinity. The soil solution is differentiated by means of a soil physical model into 1) a bound component and 2) a bulk soil solution. The performance of each model is evaluated as a function of soil moisture, soil texture, and frequency, using the dielectric measurements of five soils ranging from sandy loam to silty clay (as presented in Part I [13]) at frequencies between 1.4 and 18 GHz. The semiempirical mixing model yields an excellent fit to the measured data at frequencies above 4 GHz. At 1.
Following the assembly of RNA polymerase-DNA complexes in aqueous solutions with the scanning force microscope. (1994)

The capability of the scanning force microscope (SFM) to image molecules in aqueous buffers has opened the exciting possibility of following processes of molecular assembly in real time and in near-physiological environments. This capability is demonstrated in this paper by following the assembly process of RNA polymerase-DNA complexes. DNA fragments deposited on mica and imaged in Hepes/MgCl2 are shown before and after Escherichia coli RNA polymerase holoenzyme is injected in the SFM liquid chamber. The protein can recognize and bind to these DNA fragments within several seconds after injection, suggesting that the protein and the DNA retain their native configuration after deposition and during SFM imaging. A time-lapse sequence depicting the process of assembly of RNA polymerase-DNA complexes is shown. These results represent the first step for acquiring the capabilities to monitor complex biomolecular processes as they take place in ionic solutions and to characterize their spatial organization.
A low-cost modular SiGe BiCMOS technology and analog passives for high-performance RF and wide-band applications (2002)

We present a low-cost 0.25 /spl mu/m SiGe BiCMOS technology that is being manufactured in an 8-inch production line. The technology includes modules for super-self-aligned (SSA) SiGe transistors, poly resistors, metal-oxide-metal (MOM) capacitors and thick-metal inductors added to a CMOS core process without any change to the CMOS process. With the independently developed modules and a high-energy implanted collector buried layer, SiGe bipolar devices with a maximum f/sub T/ of 72 GHz and f/sub max/ of 116 GHz, and thick metal inductors with Q/spl ges/15 have been produced. Using this technology, IC chips fabricated have demonstrated essential optical network interface functions with 4:1 MUX and 1:4 DEMUX circuits operated at 10 Gb/s, and limiting amplifiers performing at 20 Gb/s.
Learning from failure: congestive heart failure in the postgenomic age (2005)

The prognosis of heart failure is worse than that of most cancers, but new therapeutic interventions using stem and other cell-based therapies are succeeding in the fight against it, and old drugs, with new twists, are making a comeback. Genetically engineered animal models are driving insights into the molecular mechanisms that cause hearts to fail, accelerating drug discoveries, and inspiring cell-based therapeutic interventions for both acquired and inheritable cardiac diseases.
Controlled Foaming of Polymer Films through Restricted Surface Diffusion and the Addition of Nanosilica Particles or CO<sub>2</sub>-philic Surfactants (2005)

Synergistic use of surface barriers and nanoscale additives is investigated as alternate means by which to promote bubble nucleation in, and thus improve the porosity of, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) thin films (i) constrained between impenetrable plates, (ii) modified with either nanosilica particles, commercial short-chain fluorosurfactants, or designer CO2-philic block/graft copolymers, and (iii) exposed to high-pressure CO2. Resultant foamed films exhibit a vast array of micro/mesocellular morphologies in the presence of supercritical, as well as liquid, CO2 and demonstrate that copolymer micelles afford better control over bubble nucleation (with pore cell densities, N, approaching 1012 cells/cm3) relative to hard nonporous nanoparticles, which alone increase N by more than 2 orders of magnitude at low CO2 pressures. Incorporation of these nanoscale additives in a surface-constrained polymer matrix serves to enhance foaming through concurrent restriction of CO2 diffusion, heterogeneous nucleation of CO2 bubbles, and/or reduced interfacial tension between PMMA and CO2.
Optimal Configuration of Optical Line Systems under Various Constraints (2002)

Deploying an Optical Line System involves minimizing costs while obeying OSNR limits and other constraints. This paper studies the impact of various types of constraints on network costs and presents efficient algorithms for finding the least-cost configurations under those constraints.