gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Data Analysis and Future Challenges (2013)

Hyperspectral remote sensing technology has advanced significantly in the past two decades. Current sensors onboard airborne and spaceborne platforms cover large areas of the Earth surface with unprecedented spectral, spatial, and temporal resolutions. These characteristics enable a myriad of applications requiring fine identification of materials or estimation of physical parameters. Very often, these applications rely on sophisticated and complex data analysis methods. The sources of difficulties are, namely, the high dimensionality and size of the hyperspectral data, the spectral mixing (linear and nonlinear), and the degradation mechanisms associated to the measurement process such as noise and atmospheric effects. This paper presents a tutorial/overview cross section of some relevant hyperspectral data analysis methods and algorithms, organized in six main topics: data fusion, unmixing, classification, target detection, physical parameter retrieval, and fast computing. In all topics, we describe the state-of-the-art, provide illustrative examples, and point to future challenges and research directions.
ChemInform Abstract: EFFECT OF A MERCURIC SULFATE PRECOLUMN ON CHLORO OLEFIN ABSTRACTION (1980)

Abstract Zur Absorption von Chlorolefinen können Vorkolonnen mit Hg‐sulfat und Schwefelsäure eingesetzt werden.
Principles of design and biological approaches for improving the selectivity of cochlear implant electrodes (2009)

The perceptual performance of cochlear implant recipients seems to have reached a plateau in recent years. This may be attributable to inadequate neural selectivity of available intracochlear electrodes, caused by current spread and electrode interactions. Attempts to improve electrode selectivity have included manipulating the number and configuration of electrodes that are stimulated at any one time, displacing perilymph from the cochlea to restrict current flow along the cochlea, and reducing the distance between electrodes and neurons. One experimental approach by which the distance between neurons and electrodes may be reduced is to use neurotrophic factors to promote the regeneration of the peripheral dendrites of auditory neurons and guide them towards intracochlear electrodes. The likely requirements of a system for regenerating auditory neurons towards the cochlear electrode include either a stable release of neurotrophin, or transient neurotrophin followed by electrical stimulation; a close proximity of electrode to osseous spiral lamina or a polymer to bridge the gap between the two; guidance signals to attract neurons towards the electrode; patterning of the electrode surface to direct dendrites to electrode contacts and a 'stop' signal to arrest regeneration once the electrode has been reached.
Membrane‐Bound and solubilized brain 5HT<sub>3</sub> receptors: Improved radioligand binding assays using bovine area postrema or rat cortex and the radioligands <sup>3</sup>H‐Gr65630C, <sup>3</sup>H‐BRl43694, and <sup>3</sup>H‐LY278584 (1992)

Bovine area postrema tissue was used as a convenient source of tissue for studies of brain 5HT3 receptors. 5HT3 receptor density was determined to be 97 +/- 5 fmol/mg and 124 +/- 10 fmol/mg of protein using the commercially available 5HT3 radioligands, 3H-GR65630 and 3H-BRL43694, respectively. The equilibrium dissociation constants (KD) for 3H-GR65630 and 3H-BRL43694 were 0.5 +/- 0.1 nM and 1.7 +/- 0.3 nM, respectively. The affinities of a series of drugs for the 5HT3 receptor using the two radioligands were essentially identical; the Ki values and order of affinities of agonists and antagonists were very similar to data published in studies on radiolabeling of 5HT3 receptors in rat brain. 3H-LY278584 also labeled 5HT3 receptors in bovine area postrema homogenates with a KD of 3.1 +/- 0.1 nM and a Bmax of 84 +/- 6 fmol/mg. In rat cortical homogenates, 3H-LY278584 produced the most reliable specific signal of 72%, with a KD of 2.6 +/- 0.3 nM and a Bmax value of 10.5 +/- 1 fmol/mg. At 1 nM, 3H-GR65630 or 3H-BRL43694 specific binding represented 28 and 50% of total radioligand binding, respectively. These data in bovine and rat brain tissues indicate that bovine area postrema can be used with 3H-GR65630, 3H-BRL43694, or 3H-LY278584 for drug screening or molecular investigations of the brain 5HT3 receptor: only 3H-LY278584 can be used for studies on the regulation and/or the molecular properties of 5HT3 receptors in rat cortical homogenates. 5HT3 receptors were solubilized from bovine area postrema and characterized using 3H-GR65630.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Card-Not-Present Fraud – Challenges And Counteractions (2015)

Due to the rapid development of electronic commerce, the percentage of card-not-present payments over the Internet and fraud related to these, have increased. The relative importance of card-not-present fraud (CNPF) has increased permanently on a global and European scale mainly due to the gradual solution to problems connected with the protection of cardpresent transactions through the transition to the EMV chip standard and transfer of fraud to more vulnerable card-not-present transactions in which it is difficult to verify the identity of the cardholder in a reliable way. For the protection of card transactions it is necessary to take adequate measures by introducing common harmonized compulsory minimum security requirements across the EU. First, we propose these equirements to include methods for checking the authentication of users. We consider the 3-D Secure Protocol in a version with dynamic authentication the most suitable method because in the EU many steps towards its implementation have already been made. This is of great importance for the systems used by banks and merchants for the prevention of card-not-present fraud and for detecting and blocking of fraudulent transactions.
MDHM, a macrophage-stimulatory product of Mycoplasma fermentans, leads to in vitro interleukin-1 (IL-1), IL-6, tumor necrosis factor, and prostaglandin production and is pyrogenic in rabbits (1991)

Mycoplasma fermentans-derived high-molecular-weight material (MDHM) was originally discovered because of its capacity to generate, through the induction of monokine synthesis, cytolytic T lymphocytes in concanavalin A-stimulated thymocyte cultures. This study shows that MDHM-activated macrophages not only released interleukin-6 (IL-6) but also exhibited increased synthesis of cell-associated IL-1 as well as liberation of tumor necrosis factor and prostaglandin. We determined 6-keto prostaglandin F1 alpha since it is the stable metabolite of the bioactive prostacyclin. MDHM appeared to be as potent as lipopolysaccharide in inducing the synthesis of these mediators. Priming with gamma interferon further increased MDHM-mediated IL-6 release. Since monokines can be pyrogenic, we tested the effects of an intravenous injection of MDHM on rectal temperatures and leukocyte counts in rabbits. At 1 h after a bolus injection of MDHM, leukocyte counts dropped to about 35% of the initial values, reflecting a decrease in both lymphocytes and granulocytes. At 4 to 6 h after injection, granulocyte counts began to increase again, whereas lymphocyte counts remained low. No leukocytosis was noted during this time. The lack of leukocytosis can be explained by the failure of MDHM-stimulated macrophages to release IL-1. The property of MDHM to cause IL-6 release from macrophages and the IL-6 growth dependency of the 7TD1 hybridoma cell line were made use of in a coculture assay system to quantitate the activity of MDHM. With this method and macrophages from C3H/HeJ lipopolysaccharide-nonresponder mice, MDHM activity was found to be equally distributed in the mycoplasma growth medium and the sedimented mycoplasmas after sonication.
Peptidsynthesen mit <i>O</i>‐[Cbo‐Aminoacyl]‐oximen und <i>O</i>‐[Cbo‐Aminoacyl]‐pyrazolon‐enolen (1965)

Abstract Mit 3‐Nitro‐acetophenonoxim und 1‐Phenyl‐3‐methyl‐pyrazolon‐(5) werden aktivierte Oxim‐ bzw. Enolester von N ‐geschützten Aminosäuren synthetisiert und Möglichkeiten zur selektiven Abspaltung der N ‐Schutzgruppe aus diesen aktivierten Produkten untersucht. Der Racemisierungsgrad für beide Methoden wird nach dem Anderson‐Young‐Test bestimmt und die allgemeinere Anwendbarkeit der neuen Aktivierungsmethoden zur Peptidsynthese gezeigt.
Extracellular Acid Block and Acid-enhanced Inactivation of the Ca2+-activated Cation Channel TRPM5 Involve Residues in the S3-S4 and S5-S6 Extracellular Domains (2005)

TRPM5, a member of the superfamily of transient receptor potential ion channels, is essential for the detection of bitter, sweet, and amino acid tastes. In heterologous cell types it forms a nonselective cation channel that is activated by intracellular Ca(2+). TRPM5 is likely to be part of the taste transduction cascade, and regulators of TRPM5 are likely to affect taste sensation. In this report we show that TRPM5, but not the related channel TRPM4b, is potently blocked by extracellular acidification. External acidification has two effects, a fast reversible block of the current (IC(50) pH = 6.2) and a slower irreversible enhancement of current inactivation. Mutation of a single Glu residue in the S3-S4 linker and a His residue in the pore region each reduced sensitivity of TRPM5 currents to fast acid block (IC(50) pH = 5.8 for both), and the double mutant was nearly insensitive to acidic pH (IC(50) pH = 5.0). Prolonged exposure to acidic pH enhanced inactivation of TRPM5 currents, and mutant channels that were less sensitive to acid block were also less sensitive to acid-enhanced inactivation, suggesting an intimate association between the two processes. These processes are, however, distinct because the pore mutant H896N, which has normal sensitivity to acid block, shows significant recovery from acid-enhanced inactivation. These data show that extracellular acidification acts through specific residues on TRPM5 to block conduction through two distinct but related mechanisms and suggest a possible interaction between extracellular pH and activation and adaptation of bitter, sweet, and amino acid taste transduction.
Normalization of glucose post-transplantation into diabetic rats of pig pancreatic primordia preserved in vitro (2008)

Embryonic day (E) 28 (E28) pig pancreatic primordia transplanted into the mesentery of non-immunosuppresed steptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic Lewis rats normalize levels of circulating glucose within 2-4 weeks. Exocrine tissue does not differentiate after transplantation of pancreatic primordia. Rather individual endocrine (beta) cells engraft within the mesentery.To determine whether transplanted pig pancreatic primordia engraft, differentiate and function in rat hosts after preservation in vitro, we implanted pig pancreatic primordia into STZ-diabetic rats either directly or after 24 hours of suspension in ice-cold University of Wisconsin (UW) preservation solution with added growth factors. Here we show engraftment in mesentery and mesenteric lymph nodes and normalization of glucose levels in STZ-diabetic rat hosts following transplantation of preserved E28 pig pancreatic primordia comparable to glucose normalization after transplantation of non-preserved E28 pancreatic primordia.
A portable cell-based impedance sensor for toxicity testing of drinking water (2009)

A major limitation to using mammalian cell-based biosensors for field testing of drinking water samples is the difficulty of maintaining cell viability and sterility without an on-site cell culture facility. This paper describes a portable automated bench-top mammalian cell-based toxicity sensor that incorporates enclosed fluidic biochips containing endothelial cells monitored by Electric Cell-substrate Impedance Sensing (ECIS) technology. Long-term maintenance of cells on the biochips is made possible by using a compact, self-contained disposable media delivery system. The toxicity sensor monitors changes in impedance of cell monolayers on the biochips after the introduction of water samples. The fluidic biochip includes an ECIS electronic layer and a polycarbonate channel layer, which together reduce initial impedance disturbances seen in commercially available open well ECIS chips caused by the mechanics of pipetting while maintaining the ability of the cells to respond to toxicants. A curve discrimination program was developed that compares impedance values over time between the control and treatment channels on the fluidic biochip and determines if they are significantly different. Toxicant responses of bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells grown on fluidic biochips are similar to cells on commercially-available open well chips, and these cells can be maintained in the toxicity sensor device for at least nine days using an automated media delivery system. Longer-term cell storage is possible; bovine lung microvessel endothelial cells survive for up to four months on the fluidic biochips and remain responsive to a model toxicant. This is the first demonstration of a portable bench top system capable of both supporting cell health over extended periods of time and obtaining impedance measurements from endothelial cell monolayers after toxicant exposure.
Raising NAD in Heart Failure (2018)

t has long been known that cellular NAD levels are a critical regulator of metabolism and bioenergetics. The intracellular NAD pool consists of both oxidized (NAD + ) and reduced forms (NADH). NAD + is the main hydride acceptor in intermediary metabolism. Electrons derived from substrate catabolism are carried by NADH and used for oxidative phosphorylation and biosynthetic reactions. These reduction-oxidation reactions are not only essential for mitochondrial function and cell metabolism but also serve as important modulators of cell signaling. 1,2 NAD + functions as a cosubstrate for sirtuin deacylases, ADP-ribose transferases, and cyclic ADP-ribose synthases that govern posttranslational modification of proteins, DNA repair, and inflammatory responses. he cellular NAD + level is determined by the NAD(H) pool size (total NAD + and NADH concentration) as well as its reduction-oxidation state. The former is dependent on cellular NAD + consumption and regeneration, whereas the latter is regulated by cell metabolism and mitochondrial function (Figure). Emerging evidence suggests that derangements in the myocardial NAD pool are causally linked to metabolic remodeling and mitochondrial dysfunction in the failing heart. Stabilizing the intracellular NAD + level represents a promising therapeutic strategy to improve myocardial bioenergetics and cardiac function. In this issue of Circulation, Diguet et al 5 report exciting data suggesting that supplementation with a NAD + precursor, nicotinamide riboside (NR), reduces cardiac dysfunction in preclinical models of heart failure.
Microisolator (1986)

Small optical isolators for longer wavelengths are fabricated. The isolator consists of a Gd3−xBixFe5O12 single crystal and small polarizers composed of metal–dielectric mutlilayers. The isolator for λ = 1.29 μm has a backward loss of >28 dB with a forward loss of 1.9 dB, and that for λ = 1.52 μm has a backward loss of >31 dB with a forward loss of 1.1 dB, where Fresnel reflection losses are not included.
Update on bazedoxifene: a novel selective estrogen receptor modulator. (2007)

In the elderly population, osteoporosis is a significant clinical problem leading to disability and even death. Many patients remain untreated, despite effective therapies, because of patients' unwillingness to take current therapies or inability to tolerate the therapies. For this reason, ongoing research continues to search for more effective and tolerable osteoporosis agents. Bazedoxifene is a selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) currently in development for osteoporosis prevention and treatment. A new drug application (NDA) for postmenopausal osteoporosis prevention was recently submitted to the FDA. Preclinical and clinical studies with bazedoxifene demonstrate more tissue selectivity than other SERMs. In particular, bazedoxifene has minimal if any agonist activity in the uterus and is able to antagonize effects of estrogen on the uterus. Animal studies and early clinical studies suggest effects in the bone similar to other SERMs with prevention of postmenopausal bone loss. Until more data on efficacy and safety are published, however, its role in osteoporosis is unknown.
Profiling Antibodies to <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> by Multiplex Microbead Suspension Arrays for Serodiagnosis of Tuberculosis (2007)

Tuberculosis (TB) is a serious global disease. The fatality rate attributed to TB is among the highest of infectious diseases, with approximately 2 million deaths occurring per year worldwide. Identification of individuals infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis and screening of their immediate contacts is crucial for controlling the spread of TB. Current methods for detection of M. tuberculosis infection are not efficient, in particular, for testing large numbers of samples. We report a novel and efficient multiplex microbead immunoassay (MMIA), based on Luminex technology, for profiling antibodies to M. tuberculosis. Microbead sets identifiable by unique fluorescence were individually coated with each of several M. tuberculosis antigens and tested in multiplex format for antibody detection in the experimental nonhuman primate model of TB. Certain M. tuberculosis antigens, e.g., ESAT-6, CFP-10, and HspX, were included to enhance the specificity of the MMIA, because these antigens are absent in nontuberculous mycobacteria and the vaccine strain Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin. The MMIA enabled simultaneous detection of multiple M. tuberculosis plasma antibodies in several cohorts of macaques representing different stages of infection and/or disease. Antibody profiles were defined in early and latent/chronic infection. These proof-of-concept findings demonstrate the potential clinical use of the MMIA. In addition, the MMIA serodetection system has a potential for mining M. tuberculosis open reading frames (about 4,000) to discover novel target proteins for the development of more-comprehensive TB serodiagnostic tests.
Synergistic Behavior of Tubes, Junctions, and Sheets Imparts Mechano-Mutable Functionality in 3D Porous Boron Nitride Nanostructures (2014)

One-dimensional (1D) boron nitride nanotube (BNNT) and 2D hexagonal BN (<i>h</i>-BN) are attractive for demonstrating fundamental physics and promising applications in nano-/microscale devices. However, there is a high anisotropy associated with these BN allotropes as their excellent properties are either along the tube axis or in-plane directions, posing an obstacle in their widespread use in technological and industrial applications. Herein, we report a series of 3D BN prototypes, namely, pillared boron nitride (PBN), by fusing single-wall BNNT and monolayer <i>h</i>-BN aimed at filling this gap. We use density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulations to probe the diverse mechano-mutable properties of PBN prototypes. Our results demonstrate that the synergistic effect of the tubes, junctions, and sheets imparts cooperative deformation mechanisms, which overcome the intrinsic limitations of the PBN constituents and provide a number of superior characteristics including 3D balance of strength and toughness, emergence of negative Poisson's ratio, and elimination of strain softening along the armchair orientation. These features, combined with the ultrahigh surface area and lightweight structure, render PBN as a 3D multifunctional template for applications in graphene-based nanoelectronics, optoelectronics, gas storage, and functional composites with fascinating in-plane and out-of-plane tailorable properties.
A model to authenticate requests for online banking transactions (2012)

As the number of clients using online banking increases, online banking systems are becoming more desirable targets for attacks. To maintain the clients trust and confidence in the security of their online banking services; financial institutions must identify how attackers compromise accounts and develop methods to protect them. Towards this purpose, this paper presents a modified model to authenticate clients for online banking transactions through utilizing Identity-Based mediated RSA(IB-mRSA) technique in conjunction with the one-time ID concept for the purpose of increasing security, avoiding swallow’s sorties and preventing reply attacks. The introduced system exploits a method for splitting private keys between the client and the Certification Authority (CA) server. Neither the client nor the CA can cheat one another since one-time ID can be used only once and each signature must involve both parties. The resulting model seems to be practical from both computational as well as storage point of view. The experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed model.
Polarization-Based Surface Normal Estimation of Black Specular Objects from Multiple Viewpoints (2012)

Polarization is physical phenomena of the light which gives rich information of the scene even though it is undetectable by human eyes. In this paper, we analyze the polarization state of the light reflected on black specular objects in order to estimate the surface normal of the objects. Since polarization image of single view is not enough to uniquely determine the surface normal, we observe the object from multiple views. A rough estimate of the object geometry is obtained a priori by space carving so that the polarization state of the reflected light can be analyzed at the same surface point under multiple views. Unlike the photometric stereo or the multiview stereo which cannot estimate the surface normal and the geometry of black specular objects, the proposed method which is based on the polarization analysis and the space carving can estimate the surface normal and the geometry of black specular objects.
Growth of the parvovirus minute virus of mice MVMp3 in EL4 lymphocytes is restricted after cell entry and before viral DNA amplification: cell-specific differences in virus uncoating in vitro (1997)

Two murine parvoviruses with genomic sequences differing only in 33 nucleotides (8 amino acids) in the region coding for the capsid proteins show different host cell specificities: MVMi grows in EL4 T lymphocytes and MVMp3 grows in A9 fibroblasts. In this study we compared the courses of infections with these two viruses in EL4 cells in order to investigate at which step(s) the infection process of MVMp3 is interrupted. The two viruses bound equally well to EL4 cells, and similar amounts of MVMi and MVMp3 input virion DNA appeared in the nuclear fractions of EL4 cells 1 h after infection. However, double-stranded replicative-form (RF) DNA of the two viruses appeared at different times, at 10 h postinfection with MVMi and at 24 h postinfection with MVMp3. The amount of MVMp3 RF DNA detected at 24 h was very small because it was produced only in a tiny subset of the population of EL4 cells that proved to be permissive for MVMp3. Replication of double-stranded viral DNA in EL4 cells was measured after transfection of purified RF DNA, cloned viral DNA, and cloned viral DNA with a mutation preventing synthesis of the capsid proteins. In each of these cases, DNA replication was comparable for MVMi and MVMp3. Production of virus particles also appeared to be similar after transfection of the two types of RF DNA into EL4 cells. Conversion of incoming 32P-labeled single-stranded MVM DNA to 32P-labeled double-stranded RF DNA was detected only after RF DNA amplification, indicating that few molecules serve as templates for viral DNA amplification. We showed that extracts of EL4 cells contain a factor which can destabilize MVMi virions but not MVMp3 by testing the sensitivity of viral DNA to DNase and by CsCl gradient analyses of viral particles. We therefore conclude that the MVMp3 life cycle is arrested after the transport of virions to the nucleus and prior to the replication of RF DNA, most likely at the stage of viral decapsidation.