gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Political and Functional Elites in Post-Socialist Transformation : Central and East Europe since 1989/90. An Introduction (2012)

After the breakdown of Communist regimes in the East at the end of the 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s unparalleled societal transitory processes have evolved and reshaped the political world map. Political and functional elites have played a decisive role in the multi-layered process of societal transformation. Today's Central and East European societies face new challenges that only partly emerged from the socialist legacy. How have representative and functional elites in East and Central Europe affected and been affected by this transformation? Have they found and embraced strategies of change or have they sought ways of persistence? The emergence, the success or failure, and the survival or replacement of elites is closely bound to these questions. Accordingly, the international research into elite continuity and elite discontinuity addresses issues of recruitment, careers, and analyses the respective socio-political frameworks.
Adsorption of Arsenate and Arsenite by Iron-Treated Activated Carbon and Zeolites: Effects of pH, Temperature, and Ionic Strength (2005)

Naturally occurring arsenic contaminates groundwater in many countries, including the United States, at levels greater than 10 microg l(-1), the current WHO guideline value, increasing the risk of skin, lung, bladder, and kidney cancer in millions of people. Arsenic toxicity is dependent on its chemical form; arsenite is more toxic due to its higher affinity for protein than arsenate. This study supports worldwide research efforts to obtain drinking water with arsenic levels below 10 microg l(-1). Batch adsorption kinetic and isotherm studies were conducted to compare and evaluate iron-treated adsorbents for arsenate and arsenite removal from aqueous media. Two iron treatments were investigated as well as the effects of varied pH, temperature, and ionic strength increases on adsorption effectiveness. Adsorbent materials such as activated carbon and naturally occurring zeolites (clinoptilolite and chabazite) were selected because of their relative low cost and because the zeolites are potential point-of-use materials for mitigating arsenic contaminated groundwater. Molecular sieves, Faujasite (13X) and Linde type A (5A) were selected because they provide a basis for comparison with previous studies and represent well-characterized materials. Iron-treated activated carbon and chabazite showed the most promise as low-cost arsenic adsorbents; activated carbon removed approximately 60% of arsenate and arsenite while chabazite removed approximately 50% of arsenate and 30% of arsenite. Modeling arsenate and arsenite adsorption by these adsorbents using the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm expressions determined the adsorbents' capacity for arsenic removal from aqueous media. Arsenate removal by iron-treated activated carbon and clinoptilolite best fit the Langmuir model. Arsenate removal by iron-treated chabazite and arsenite removal by activated carbon, chabazite, and clinoptilolite best fit the Freundlich model. Applications of iron-modified activated carbon for effective arsenate removal would require pH values between 7 and 11, chabazite between 4 and 5, and clinoptilolite between 3 and 7. Arsenite removal by iron-modified activated carbon would require pH values between 7 and 11, chabazite between 7 and 10, and clinoptilolite between 4 and 11. Increasing temperature improved adsorption performance for activated carbon and the zeolites. Increasing ionic strength improved performance of iron-treated activated carbon and zeolites.
Algebraic laws for nondeterminism and concurrency (1985)

Since a nondeterministic and concurrent program may, in general, communicate repeatedly with its environment, its meaning cannot be presented naturally as an input/output function (as is often done in the denotational approach to semantics). In this paper, an alternative is put forth. First, a definition is given of what it is for two programs or program parts to be equivalent for all observers; then two program parts are said to be observation congruent if they are, in all program contexts, equivalent. The behavior of a program part, that is, its meaning, is defined to be its observation congruence class. The paper demonstrates, for a sequence of simple languages expressing finite (terminating) behaviors, that in each case observation congruence can be axiomatized algebraically. Moreover, with the addition of recursion and another simple extension, the algebraic language described here becomes a calculus for writing and specifying concurrent programs and for proving their properties.
Vitamin B <sub>12</sub> status and rate of brain volume loss in community-dwelling elderly (2008)

Low vitamin B(12) status should be further investigated as a modifiable cause of brain atrophy and of likely subsequent cognitive impairment in the elderly.
Electrical stimulation of the brain in treatment of chronic pain (1985)

Forty-eight patients underwent electrical stimulation of the brain for treatment of chronic pain between 1978 and 1983. Average pain duration prior to treatment was 4.5 years. Before selection for this procedure patients underwent pain treatment in a multidisciplinary pain center, intensive psychological and psychiatric evaluation, and assessment of pain responsiveness to intravenous administration of placebo, morphine, and naloxone. A total of 71 electrodes were placed in the 48 patients at a variety of stimulating targets, including the periaqueductal gray matter, periventricular gray matter, thalamus, and internal capsule. Seventy-two percent of patients experienced complete or partial pain relief. In addition, 59% of patients were able to discontinue narcotic usage. Twenty-five percent of patients returned to normal physical activities and another 33% showed marked improvement in functional capacity. Follow-up periods ranged from 2 to 60 months; with a mean follow-up period of 20 months. A variety of relatively minor complications occurred, but no mortality or permanent sequelae were experienced. No patient's pain was made worse as a result of electrical stimulation. Electrical stimulation of the brain offers a safe and relatively effective method for the treatment of chronic pain in appropriately selected patients, who are unresponsive to other forms of therapy.
Lymphoblastic lymphoma: an updated review on biology, diagnosis, and treatment (2015)

Lymphoblastic lymphoma is a rare aggressive neoplasm of T-/B-precursors resembling acute lymphoblastic leukemia, with no or limited bone marrow involvement (<25%), that develops more frequently in children and young adults and is typically characterized by a grossly enlarged mediastinum, and whose diagnostic hallmark is the expression of a T-/B-precursor cell immunophenotype, the T-cell subset accounting for 90% of all cases. The adoption of pediatric-derived, intensive lymphoblastic leukemia-like protocols led to significantly improved results, with survival rates of about 70% and 90% in adults and children, respectively. Adequate central nervous system prophylaxis and mediastinal irradiation contributed to the therapeutic success; however, the role of radiation therapy is debated due to toxicity concerns and the excellent results obtained with radiation-free programs especially in pediatric patients. With these modern schedules, localized radiotherapy and/or hematopoietic stem cell transplants could be generally omitted, and considered only for high-risk patients identified through postinduction computed tomography/positron-emission tomography scans, minimal residual disease analysis, and new genetics and genomics. New clinical studies will have to confirm the value of these assays for risk-oriented therapy, while further therapeutic progress is expected from the introduction of new drugs and targeting agents.
Vaccine Elicitation of High Mannose-Dependent Neutralizing Antibodies against the V3-Glycan Broadly Neutralizing Epitope in Nonhuman Primates (2017)

Induction of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) that target HIV-1 envelope (Env) is a goal of HIV-1 vaccine development. A bnAb target is the Env third variable loop (V3)-glycan site. To determine whether immunization could induce antibodies to the V3-glycan bnAb binding site, we repetitively immunized macaques over a 4-year period with an Env expressing V3-high mannose glycans. Env immunizations elicited plasma antibodies that neutralized HIV-1 expressing only high-mannose glycans-a characteristic shared by early bnAb B cell lineage members. A rhesus recombinant monoclonal antibody from a vaccinated macaque bound to the V3-glycan site at the same amino acids as broadly neutralizing antibodies. A structure of the antibody bound to glycan revealed that the three variable heavy-chain complementarity-determining regions formed a cavity into which glycan could insert and neutralized multiple HIV-1 isolates with high-mannose glycans. Thus, HIV-1 Env vaccination induced mannose-dependent antibodies with characteristics of V3-glycan bnAb precursors.
Automatic Conflict Analysis and Resolution of Traffic Filtering Policy for Firewall and Security Gateway (2007)

Firewalls and Security Gateways are core elements in network security infrastructure. As networks and services become more complex, managing access-list rules becomes an error-prone task. Conflicts in a policy can cause holes in security, and can often be hard to find while performing only visual or manual inspection. First, we have defined a methodology to systematically classify the severity of rule conflicts; secondly, we have proposed two different solutions to automatically resolve conflicts in a firewall. For one of them we found an algebraic proof of the existence of the solution and the convergence of the algorithm, and then we have made a software implementation to test it.
Characterization of an iron-regulated promoter involved in desferrioxamine B synthesis in Streptomyces pilosus: repressor-binding site and homology to the diphtheria toxin gene promoter (1993)

Desferrioxamine B is the main siderophore of Streptomyces pilosus. Its production is induced in response to iron limitation. Two genes involved in desferrioxamine production have been cloned and were found to be translated from a polycistronic mRNA that is produced only under conditions of iron limitation (T. Schupp, C. Toupet, and M. Divers, Gene 64:179-188, 1988). Here we report the nucleotide sequence of the desferrioxamine (des) operon promoter region. The transcriptional start site was localized by S1 nuclease mapping. Deletion analysis defined a 71-bp region downstream of the -35 region that is sufficient for iron regulation in the original host, S. pilosus, and also in Streptomyces lividans. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to create a mutation that abolishes iron repression. Two iron-independent mutants were obtained by deletion of part of a 19-bp region with dyad symmetry which overlaps the -10 promoter region and the transcriptional start site. The putative repressor-binding site identified by these constitutive mutations is not homologous to the consensus binding site of the Escherichia coli central iron repressor, Fur (ferric uptake regulation), but is similar to the DtxR-binding site in the iron-regulated promoter of the corynebacterial diphtheria toxin gene.
Enhanced Densification by Seeding of Sol‐Gel‐Derived Aluminum Titanate (1992)

Aluminum titanate was prepared by two different methods. A monophasic gel was obtained by cohydrolysis and polycondensation reactions of chelated aluminum sec ‐butoxide and titanium isopropoxide. A diphasic gel was obtained from boehmite and anatase. Effects of homogeneous dispersion of magnesium oxide and iron oxide incorporated as alkoxides in the monophasic gel and also the effects of isostructural seed on the crystallization and densification of aluminum titanate obtained from monophasic and diphasic gels were investigated. Seed particles of MgTi 2 O 5 facilitated lowering of crystallization temperature and enhanced densification of aluminum titanate. Microstructure studies indicated that almost‐microcrack‐free sintered bodies with smaller grains were formed from the seeded monophasic and diphasic gels.
Synthesis and characterization of vinyl monomers with blocked isocyanato groups (1987)

Abstract Vinyl monomers containing blocked isocyanato groups were prepared in one step, by blocking the isocyanato group of 2‐isocyanatoethyl methacrylate with phenol, propanone oxime, butanone oxime, benzophenone oxime or ε‐caprolactam, or in two steps, by blocking one of the two isocyanato groups of 4‐methyl‐1,3‐phenylene diisocyanate with phenol or ε‐caprolactam and the second group with 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate. The 1 H NMR and the IR spectra of these monomers are discussed.
Universal Banks and Equity Investment (2003)

This paper analyses the implications of bank equity investment in firms on the stability of the banking system under conditions of asymmetric information and moral hazard. We show that there exists a “U-shaped” relationship between the risk of the universal and the investment banks’ asset and the level of their equity investment. Our theoretical and empirical results end up in favour of the choice of the European, Japan and American regulators who forbid banks from exceeding a threshold of equity investment. Such regulation must prevent banks to take excessive risks.Classification JEL: G21, G24, G28
Deformation of a two-dimensional viscous drop in time-periodic extensional flows: analytical treatment (2001)

In Sarkar & Schowalter (2001), we reported results from numerical simulations of drop deformation in various classes of time-periodic straining flows at non-zero Reynolds number. As often occurs, analytical solutions provide more effective understanding of the structure and significance of a phenomenon. Here we describe drop deformation predicted from analytical solutions to linear time-periodic straining flows. Three different limiting cases are considered: an unsteady Stokes flow that retains all but the nonlinear advection terms, a Stokes flow that neglects inertia altogether, and an inviscid potential flow. The first limit is in clear contrast to the common approach in emulsion literature that resorts almost always to the Stokes flow assumption. The analysis clearly shows the forced–damped mass–spring system underlying the physical phenomena, which distinguishes it from the inertialess Stokes flow. The potential flow also depicts resonance, albeit of an undamped system, and provides an important limit of the problem. The drop deformation is assumed to be small, and a perturbative approach has been employed. The first-order problem has been solved to arrive at either an evolution equation (in Stokes and potential flow limits) or the long-time periodic drop response (for unsteady Stokes analysis). The analytical results compare satisfactorily with those obtained from the numerical simulation in Sarkar & Schowalter (2001), and the resonance characteristics are quantitatively explained. The three different solutions are compared with each other, and the results are presented for different parameters such as frequency, interfacial tension, viscosity ratio, density ratio and Reynolds number. Furthermore, the simple ODE model presented in the Appendix of Sarkar & Schowalter (2001) is shown to explain the asymptotic limits of the present solution.
Development of a Concise, Asymmetric Synthesis of a Smoothened Receptor (SMO) Inhibitor: Enzymatic Transamination of a 4-Piperidinone with Dynamic Kinetic Resolution (2014)

A concise, asymmetric synthesis of a smoothened receptor inhibitor (1) is described. The synthesis features an enzymatic transamination with concurrent dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR) of a 4-piperidone (4) to establish the two stereogenic centers required in a single step. This efficient reaction affords the desired anti amine (3) in >10:1 dr and >99% ee. The title compound is prepared in only five steps with 40% overall yield.
Wind Tunnel Test of the Modified Goldschmied Model with Propulsion and Empennage: Analysis of Test Results (1986)

An extensive test program was carried out in DTNSRDC's 8x10 low-speed wind-tunnel for experimental verification of the integrated hull boundary-layer control/propulsion lighter-than-air design. The 1957 Goldschmied wind-tunnel model was overhauled with a new suction-slot inlet configuration, a suction/ propulsion fan, a new aftbody and a tailboom/empennage assembly. The fan air power coefficient of the operational model with empennage ranged in steady flight from 0.0130 (free transition) to 0.0155 (transition tripped at 10% length) at the volume Reynolds number of two millions. Considerable excess thrust could be generated with an average incremental propulsive efficiency of 72%. As compared to wind-tunnel tests of conventional streamlined bodies with empennage at exactly the same volume Reynolds number, the integrated design offers 50% less equivalent drag for both free and tripped transitions. The empennage provided neutral static stability over the complete test range of 8 degrees; the ratio of total fin planform over volume equivalent was 0.404. It was found that efficient and stable BLC could be achieved only by the combination of Ringloeb cusp at the slot's leading-edge with suction flow and with the presence of the tailboom. The fan (or pump) design is an essential part of the system design: a procedure was developed for determining the optimum fan design parameters from the vehicle's wind-tunnel test data. As an example, a tested NACA axial rotor/stator stage could be employed with 93% adiabatic efficiency for the vehicle with empennage and tripped transition. Keywords: Airships; Aerodynamics; Hydrodynamics; Jet propulsion.
El Yanıklarında Atelleme ve Traksiyonun Önemi (1980)

El yanıkları, özellikle ağır yanıklı hastalarda, sıklıkla rastlanılmaktadır. El yanıklarının akut döneminde, uygun tedavi yapılırsa da yine de ellerde hipertrofik skar, eklem kontraktürleri, keloid gibi çeşitli deformitelerin oluşumuna eğilim çok fazladır. Bunun için, el yanıkları uygun durumda termoplastik atellerle &quot;İntrinsik pozitif durumda&quot; tesbit edilmelidir. Böylece deformitelerin oluşumu ileri derecede önlenebilir. El ateli, bileğin normal durumu olan 20-30 derece dorsifleksiyonunda uygulanmalıdır. Ayrıca metakarpofalangial elemler (MP) 45-70 derece fleksiyonda, interfalangial eklemler (PIP-DIP) tam ekstansiyonda olmalıdır. El ynıklarında oluşan deformiteleri önlemek için tercihen termoplastik atelleri seçmek gerekir. Çünkü bu tip ateller diğer atellere oranla daha pratik ve yararlıdır. El yanıklarında atellerin rutin olarak kullanılması büyük önem taşır. Greft uygulanması gereken olgularda, greft şifası müddetince traksiyon gerecinin tatbiki, elin ve parmakların gerek traksiyonu ve gerekse süspansiyonu sağlıyacağından uygulanması gereklidir.
Valosin-Containing Protein (p97) and Ki-67 Expression Is a Useful Marker in Detecting Malignant Behavior of Pancreatic Endocrine Neoplasms (2004)

VCP expression analysis and Ki-67 LI are useful prognosticators for PENs.
Diversifying the Solid State and Lyotropic Phase Behavior of Nonionic Urea-Based Surfactants (2007)

The solid state and lyotropic phase behavior of 10 new nonionic urea-based surfactants has been characterized. The strong homo-urea interaction, which can prevent urea surfactants from forming lyotropic liquid crystalline phases, has been ameliorated through the use of isoprenoid hydrocarbon tails such as phytanyl (3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-hexadecyl) and hexahydrofarnesyl (3,7,11-trimethyl-dodecyl) or the oleyl chain (cis-octadec-9-enyl). Additionally, the urea head group was modified by attaching either a hydroxy alkyl (short chain alcohol) moiety to one of the nitrogens of the urea or by effectively "doubling" the urea head group by replacing it with a biuret head group. The solid state phase behavior, including the liquid crystal-isotropic liquid, polymorphic, and glass transitions, is interpreted in terms of molecular geometries and probable hydrogen-bonding interactions. Four of the modified urea surfactants displayed ordered lyotropic liquid crystalline phases that were stable in excess water at both room and physiological temperatures, namely, 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-oleyl urea (oleyl 1,1-HEU) with a 1D lamellar phase (Lalpha), 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-phytanyl urea (Phyt 1,3-HEU) with a 2D inverse hexagonal phase (HII), and 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-phytanyl urea (Phyt 1,1-HEU) and 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-hexahydrofarnesyl urea (Hfarn 1,3-HEU) with a 3D bicontinuous cubic phase (QII). Phyt 1,1-HEU exhibited rich mesomorphism (QII1, QII2, Lalpha, LU, and HII), as did one other surfactant, oleyl 1,3-HEU (QII1, QII2, Lalpha, LU, and HII), in the study group. LU is an unusual phase which is mobile and isotropic but possesses shear birefringence, and has been very tentatively assigned as an inverse sponge phase. Three other surfactants exhibited a single lyotropic liquid crystalline phase, either Lalpha or HII, at temperatures >50 degrees C. The 10 new surfactants are compared with other recently reported nonionic urea surfactants. Structure-property correlations are examined for this novel group of self-assembling amphiphiles.
Bactericidal Effect of Several Chemicals on Hatching Eggs Inoculated with Salmonella serovar Typhimurium (2007)

Breeder flocks and commercial hatcheries represent an early contamination point for Salmonella entry into commercial integrated poultry operations. Utilizing effective antimicrobial treatments for hatching eggs is a critical part of reducing the incidence of Salmonella-colonized chicks on the farm. The objective of this study was to evaluate the bactericidal effect of several chemicals on Salmonella-contaminated hatching eggs. Four replications (n = 10/treatment per replicate) were conducted to determine the efficacy of 7 commercially available compounds. The compounds tested were as follows: 1) hydrogen peroxide, 2) water-oil emulsion droplets stabilized by detergent, 3) peroxyacetic acid, 4) 4 quaternary ammonium compounds attached to a polymer, 5) 2 quaternary ammonium compounds, 1 biguanide compound and bronopol attached to a polymer, 6) N-alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride and stabilized urea, and 7) polyhexamethylenebiguanide hydrochloride. A naladixic acid-resistant Salmonella serovar Typhimurium was inoculated (103 cfu/mL) onto fertile hatching eggs by drip-inoculation. Controls included a positive control (no spray application) and a water control (spray containing water to take into account rinsing effects). Compounds 5 and 7 had a 100% reduction, and both of these chemicals included a biguanide. Compounds 4 and 3 were also effective with a 95 and 93.5% reduction, respectively. Compounds 6 and 2 were the least effective of all chemicals, with a reduction of 47.5 and 40%, respectively. Hydrogen peroxide (compound 1), which has been used by the poultry industry, had a 70% reduction, and the water control produced a 10% reduction due to the rinsing effect. Several antimicrobials tested were more effective than hydrogen peroxide. More detailed studies will be required to adequately evaluate these antimicrobials.
Die siebenköpfige Schlange im Vorderen Orient (2019)

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