gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A new approach to the synthesis of branched and branched cyclic oligoribonucleotides (1999)

The six-step synthesis of the di-triethylammonium salt of 5[prime]-O -trityl-6-N-pivaloyladenosine-2[prime]-(H -phosphonate)-3'-[(2-chlorophenyl) phosphate]9 from 3', 5'- O -(1,1,3,3-tetraisopropyldisiloxan-1,3-diyl)-6-N-pivaloyla denosine1in 68% overall yield is described. Compound9is converted into a branched pentaribonucleoside tetraphosphate 24 and a branched cyclic pentaribonucleotide ('lariat') 25 by solution phase triester chemistry involving both H-phosphonate and conventional phosphotriester coupling reactions. The monomeric building block 9 is proposed as a universal synthon for the preparation of branched and branched cyclic oligoribonucleotides derived from adenosine.
Compression of fluorescence microscopy images based on the signal‐to‐noise estimation (2006)

Modern microscopic techniques like high-content screening (HCS), high-throughput screening, 4D imaging, and multispectral imaging may involve collection of thousands of images per experiment. Efficient image-compression techniques are indispensable to manage these vast amounts of data. This goal is frequently achieved using lossy compression algorithms such as JPEG and JPEG2000. However, these algorithms are optimized to preserve visual quality but not necessarily the integrity of the scientific data, which are often analyzed in an automated manner. Here, we propose three observer-independent compression algorithms, designed to preserve information contained in the images. These algorithms were constructed using signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) computed from a single image as a quality measure to establish which image components may be discarded. The compression efficiency was measured as a function of image brightness and SNR. The alterations introduced by compression in biological images were estimated using brightness histograms (earth's mover distance (EMD) algorithm) and textures (Haralick parameters). Furthermore, a microscope test pattern was used to assess the effect of compression on the effective resolution of microscope images.
Oligothiophene cation radicals. .pi.-Dimers as alternatives to bipolarons in oxidized polythiophenes (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOligothiophene cation radicals. .pi.-Dimers as alternatives to bipolarons in oxidized polythiophenesMichael G. Hill, Jean Francois Penneau, Baruch Zinger, Kent R. Mann, and Larry L. MillerCite this: Chem. Mater. 1992, 4, 5, 1106–1113Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cm00023a032https://doi.org/10.1021/cm00023a032research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1010Altmetric-Citations250LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Current status and trends of wheat genetic transformation studies in China (2015)

More than 20 years have passed since the first report on successful genetic transformation of wheat. With the establishment and improvement of transformation platform, great progresses have been made on wheat genetic transformation both on its fundamental and applied studies in China, especially driven by the National Major Project for Transgenic Organism Breeding, China, initiated in 2008. In this review, wheat genetic transformation platform improvement and transgenic research progresses including new techniques applied and functional studies of wheat quality, yield and stress tolerant related genes and biosafety assessment are summarized. The existing problems and the trends in wheat transformation with traditional methods combined with genomic studies and genome editing technology are also discussed.
Molecular mechanisms of cancer metastasis (1991)

The natural progression of benign tumors to malignancy and metastasis is characterized by their ability to circumvent microenvironmental controls on cellular proliferation, diversity, and positioning, and evolve into heterogeneous phenotypes, a process that probably involves qualitative and quantitative changes in gene expression. The oncogenes and suppressor genes that can effect tumor progression may control important points in the regulation of sets of genes that are ultimately responsible for the cellular alterations seen in highly metastatic cells. Because many cancers metastasize nonrandomly to particular distant sites, their colonization properties cannot be explained by mechanical considerations, such as arrest of tumor cells in the first microcirculatory network encountered. Metastatic cells that show a high propensity to metastasize to certain organs adhere at higher rates to microvessel endothelial cells isolated from their target sites, invade into target tissue at higher rates, and respond better to paracrine growth factors from the target site. These properties depend on multiple tumor cell, host cell, and stromal molecules that are differentially expressed by particular tumor and organ cells and by the organ extracellular matrix. Together these tumor and host factors appear to determine the organ metastatic properties of malignant cells.
Comparison of two methods for the determination of the isoenzymes of a-amylase in serum and urine (1989)

AbstractIn this paper we describe our results of the determination of the isoenzymes of a-amylase in serum and urine with two monoclonal antibodies, using 4,6-ethylidene-protected 4-nitrophenylmaltoheptaoside as substrate. For comparison we have used the wheat-germ inhibitor method with blue starch as substrate. The differences observed between each method were small. The technique using monoclonal antibodies is easy and reliable and can, therefore, replace the wheat-germ inhibitor method.Key Words: a-amylasecomparisondeterminationisoenzymesserumurine
Laser Resonance Ionization Mass Spectrometry (1985)

The analysis of inorganic atomic species is greatly facilitated by the coupling of lasers with mass spectrometers. A tunable dye laser, alone or in combination with a pump laser, ionizes atoms by resonant excitation processes; the ions are then analyzed in the mass spectrometer. The laser-mass spectrometer system promises to overcome traditional limits of sensitivity and selectivity and to have diverse applications in analytical chemistry.
Effect of Temperature on the Structure and Phase Behavior of Water Confined by Hydrophobic, Hydrophilic, and Heterogeneous Surfaces (2009)

We perform molecular dynamics simulations of water confined between atomically detailed hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and heterogeneous (patchy) nanoscale plates. We study the effects of temperature 220 <or= T <or= 300 K on confined water's behavior at various pressures -0.2 <or= P <or= 0.2 GPa and plate separations 0.5 <or= d <or= 1.6 nm. Combining this with our earlier results on the same system [Giovambattista, N.; Rossky, P. J.; Debenedetti, P. G. Phys. Rev. E: Stat., Nonlinear, Soft Matter Phys. 2006, 73, 041604; Giovambattista, N.; Rossky, P. J.; Debenedetti, P. G. J. Phys. Chem. C, 2007, 11, 1323], where pressure was varied at constant temperature, allows us to compare water's behavior in nanoscale confinement, upon isobaric cooling and isothermal compression, corresponding to paths of interest in protein denaturation. At a fixed temperature, water confined between hydrophobic plates can form vapor, liquid, or crystal (bilayer ice) phases, depending on the values of P and d. The P-d phase diagrams at T = 300 K and T = 220 K show that cooling suppresses the vapor phase and stabilizes the liquid and crystal phases. The critical separation d(c)(P), below which vapor forms, shifts to lower values of d and P upon cooling. The density profiles show that, upon cooling, water approaches the hydrophobic plates. Hence, the effective hydrophobicity of the plate decreases as T decreases, consistent with the suppression of the vapor phase upon cooling. However, both the orientation of water's molecules at the interface and the water contact angle on the hydrophobic surface show practically no temperature dependence. Simulations of water confined by heterogeneous plates decorated with hydrophobic and hydrophilic patches reveal that cooling leads to appreciable blurring of the differences between water densities at hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces. This observation, together with remarkable similarities in confined water's response to isobaric cooling and to isothermal compression, suggests that the invasion of hydrophobic cavities by water is an important mechanism underlying both pressure and cold denaturation of proteins.
Réactivité des <i>N</i>-vinylaziridines fonctionnalisées. Synthèse de dérivés des α,β-déhydro α-amino acides (1982)

Secondary 2-cyano- and 2-ethoxycarbonylaziridines react with acetylenic compounds and activated vinylic chlorides to give 2-cyano and 2-ethoxycarbonyl N-vinylaziridines. The nucleophile-catalysed isomerization of these compounds generally gives α,β-dehydro α-amino acid derivatives involving nucleophilic attack at C-3. Thermal isomerization, involving predominantly cleavage of the carbon–carbon bond of the ring, forms α-vinylamino esters and nitriles.
Enhanced broad-band extraordinary optical transmission through subwavelength perforated metallic films on strongly polarizable substrates (2013)

We demonstrate through simulations and experiments that a perforated metallic film, with subwavelength perforation dimensions and spacing, deposited on a substrate with a sufficiently large dielectric constant, can develop a broad-band frequency window where the transmittance of light into the substrate becomes essentially equal to that in the film absence. We show that the location of this broad-band extraordinary optical transmission window can be engineered in a wide frequency range (from IR to UV), by varying the geometry and the material of the perforated film as well as the dielectric constant of the substrate. This effect could be useful in the development of transparent conducting electrodes for various photonic and photovoltaic devices.
Preparation and characterization of some cellulose graft copolymers. Part IV. Some properties of isolated cellulose acetate–styrene graft copolymers (1967)

Abstract A series of purified graft copolymers of cellulose acetate and polystyrene, which were prepared and characterized during the course of an earlier investigation, have been used for some initial property studies. Grafts with high molecular weight backbones and low molecular weight side chains and vice versa, and with both side chains and backbones of high and low molecular weights, were prepared. The graft polymers were found to be insoluble in most solvents but soluble in dimethylformamide and pyridine and in mixtures of solvents for each component. Films cast from mixtures of the grafts and homopolymers showed that the grafts were compatible with the homopolymer of the component with a higher molecular weight. A graft copolymer with high molecular weight backbone and side chains was found to be compatible with both homopolymers separately and with a mixture of both across a wide range of compositions. A blend of the high and low molecular weight grafts was also found to be highly compatible with both homopolymers. The permeability, diffusion, and sorption of gases and water vapor in the grafts and in the corresponding homopolymers was also studied. In the case of water vapor, the sorption in cellulose acetate was much higher than in polystyrene whereas the diffusion was much lower. It was found that the graft polymers showed both diffusion and solution behavior closer to that of cellulose acetate, whereas the permeability constants were more intermediate between those of the two homopolymers. The gas permeability and diffusion constants were found to be intermediate between the values obtained with the two homopolymers.
Highly Substituted Imidazole Derivatives from a New Four-Component Synthesis Employing Methoxyallene (2008)

A novel four-component reaction of alkoxyallenes with imines, iodine, and nitriles provided highly substituted imidazole derivatives in high overall yields. The simple three step protocol, exemplified by the reaction of methoxyallene (1) with imine 2, acetonitrile, and iodine leading to iodoethenyl imidazole 6 is presented with full experimental detail. Imidazole 6 could be further functionalized by palladium-catalyzed couplings yet offering an entry into diversity-oriented synthesis.
Chondroitin sulfate inhibits calcification of bone formed in vitro. (1987)

Chondroitin sulfate is known to inhibit formation of hydroxyapatite in solution. It is not known whether chondroitin sulfate will prevent mineralization in a cellularly controlled environment. In order to evaluate this possibility, chondroitin sulfate was added to the medium of periosteal bone-forming cultures. These cultures normally form mineralized bone in the presence of 10 mM beta-glycerophosphate. Chondroitin sulfate prevented calcium accumulation and thus mineralization in these cultures. However, chondroitin sulfate did not prevent phosphate accumulation in cultures, thus suggesting that calcium and phosphate accumulation in bone may be dependent on two different mechanisms.
A design of egress NAC using an authentication visa checking mechanism to protect against MAC address spoofing attacks (2011)

An egress Network Access Controller (NAC) is important to authenticate internal users before accessing external networks (such as browsing the Internet). It is generally deployed at most Wi-Fi hotspots. It can be also used to control wired access on any open Ethernet jacks (such as business centers or hotel rooms). However, a MAC address spoofing attack is a very simple but powerful technique to bypass the egress NAC. By spoofing their MAC Address to a legitimate user's, attackers can easily access network resources under that user's permission. There have been several previous proposals to solve this problem. However, all of them have been proven to be ineffective. In this paper, we therefore propose a new solution using an authentication visa checking mechanism. From experimental results on a test-bed, our new egress NAC has shown its effectiveness and efficiency in protecting against the MAC address spoofing attack on both wireless and wired network environments.
Effects of Drugs on Clinical Laboratory Tests (1972)

Journal Article Effects of Drugs on Clinical Laboratory Tests Get access D S Young, D S Young Clinical Pathology Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20014 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar D W Thomas, D W Thomas Clinical Pathology Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20014 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar R B Friedman, R B Friedman Clinical Pathology Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20014 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar L C Pestaner L C Pestaner Clinical Pathology Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20014 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Clinical Chemistry, Volume 18, Issue 10, 1 October 1972, Pages 1041–1303, https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/18.10.1041 Published: 01 October 1972
Streaming Media with Sensory Effect (2011)

4D is an irresistible new trend in movie industry. Also the Digital Cinema technology is pervasive in most of theatre system. They provide movies in streaming way to the theatres simultaneously. We present a framework for streaming service with sensory effect to bring 4-D entertainment home based on MPEG-V standard. A complete framework for 4-D streaming can be supported from authoring of sensory effects to environment description and commanding rendering devices for the sensory effects by MPEG-V and couple of other standards. Now the standard and the framework technology are ready for streaming 4-D contents for users in home.
Viral binding-induced signaling drives a unique and extended intracellular trafficking pattern during infection of primary monocytes (2016)

We initiated experiments to examine the infection of monocytes postentry. New data show that human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) DNA is detected in the nucleus beginning only at 3 d postinfection in monocytes, compared with 30 min postinfection in fibroblasts and endothelial cells, suggesting that HCMV nuclear translocation in monocytes is distinct from that seen in other cell types. We now show that HCMV is initially retained in early endosomes and then moves sequentially to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) and recycling endosomes before nuclear translocation. HCMV is retained initially as a mature particle before deenvelopment in recycling endosomes. Disruption of the TGN significantly reduced nuclear translocation of viral DNA, and HCMV nuclear translocation in infected monocytes was observed only when correct gH/gL/UL128-131/integrin/c-Src signaling occurred. Taken together, our findings show that viral binding of the gH/gL/UL128-131 complex to integrins and the ensuing c-Src signaling drive a unique nuclear translocation pattern that promotes productive infection and avoids viral degradation, suggesting that it represents an additional viral evasion/survival strategy.
Materials challenges for sub-20nm lithography (2011)

This paper discusses the future of resist materials for sub-20nm lithography. It is my contention that polymer-bound PAG based resists will be used to 16nm node. There has been enough progress in resolution and sensitivity to justify the use of these materials. PBP resists have shown that the principal demerit of acid diffusion can be overcome through attachment of the PAG anion to the lithographic polymer. Since the introduction of this chemically amplified resist approach, we have seen steady improvement in resolution, sensitivity, and LWR. We have also seen improvement in OOB response, outgassing, and pattern collapse. There is no doubt that continuous improvement is still required for these resist systems. We believe that increasing the overall resist quantum yield for acid generation substantially improves the shot noise problem thereby leading to faster high resolution resist materials. Using a 0.30NA EUV tool with dipole, we can achieve 22nm hp resolution, with 12mJ dose, and 4.2nm LWR.
Hexokinase II of Pea Seeds (1981)

A second hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1) was obtained from pea seed (Pisum sativum L. var. Progress No. 9) extracts. The enzyme, termed hexokinase II, had a high affinity (K(m), 48 micromolar) for glucose and a relatively low affinity (K(m), 10 millimolar) for fructose. The K(m) for MgATP was 86 micromolar. Mg(2+) was required for activity, but excess Mg(2+) was inhibitory. MgADP inhibited hexokinase II. The addition of salts of monovalent cations increased hexokinase II activity. Al(3+) was a strong inhibitor of the enzyme at pH 6.6 but not at the optimum pH (8.2). Citrate and 3-phosphoglycerate activated pea seed hexokinase II at pH 6.6, probably by coordinating with aluminum present as a contaminant in commercial ATP. The properties of hexokinase II are compared with those of the other three hexose kinases obtained from pea seed extracts. The possible role of these enzymes in plant carbohydrate metabolism is discussed.
Controlling chaos in high dimensional systems (1992)

Recently formulated techniques for controlling chaotic dynamics face a fundamental problem when the system is high dimensional, and this problem is present even when the chaotic attractor is low dimensional. Here we introduce a procedure for controlling a chaotic time signal of an arbitrarily high dimensional system, without assuming any knowledge of the underlying dynamical equations. Specifically, we formulate a feedback control that requires modeling the local dynamics of only a single or a few of the possibly infinite number of phase-space variables.
Glucocorticoids Control β-Catenin Protein Expression and Localization through Distinct Pathways that Can Be Uncoupled by Disruption of Signaling Events Required for Tight Junction Formation in Rat Mammary Epithelial Tumor Cells (2003)

In Con8 rat mammary epithelial tumor cells, the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone stimulates the remodeling of tight junctions and adherens junctions before formation of highly sealed tight junctions. In this study, the expression and localization of key components of the apical junction were examined as potential targets of glucocorticoid signaling. Western blot and RT-PCR demonstrated that dexamethasone up-regulated beta-catenin protein and transcript expression and nearly ablated beta-catenin phosphorylation under conditions that led to a significant increase in monolayer transepithelial resistance. Indirect immunofluorescence revealed that dexamethasone treatment also caused beta-catenin to localize predominantly at the cell membrane rather than the nucleus. The glucocorticoid regulation of beta-catenin expression and localization was not a consequence of dexamethasone inhibition of cell growth, because both responses were unaltered in the presence of hydroxyurea. The steroid induction of beta-catenin expression and localization can be uncoupled by altering the function of signaling pathways needed for tight junction formation. Expression of dominant-negative RasN17 abolished dexamethasone up-regulation of beta-catenin protein expression without affecting its localization at the membrane. In contrast, exogenous treatment or constitutive production of TGFalpha abolished the dexamethasone-induced alteration of beta-catenin localization without affecting the dexamethasone stimulation of beta-catenin expression. Taken together, our results demonstrate that glucocorticoids control beta-catenin at two distinct levels of cellular regulation that differ in their cell signaling requirements for the glucocorticoid regulation of mammary epithelial junctional dynamics.
Accurate Stereotactic Injection by Radially Curved Injection Needles (1991)

A method has been developed for planning, constructing, and inserting radially curved injection needles for stereotactic surgery in primates. The stereotactic coordinates of the top of a guide tube and the targeted site, together with sagittal and coronal projections of the slant of the guide tube, are provided for the computer, which calculates the length, curvature, and rotational angle at which a curved injector should be inserted through the guide tube to reach the site. Development of the method included a test surgery in which curved injectors were lowered through one set of guide tubes and straight injectors through another set, targeted on the same points in the brain. Formulas used by the programs are presented, and the source code for the software is available on request. (Neurosurgery 29:144-149, 1991)