gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evidence for a Peierls Distortion or a Kohn Anomaly in One-Dimensional Conductors of the Type<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">K</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Pt</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">CN</mml:mi><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>4</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Br</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>0.30</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mi>·</mml:mi><mml:mi>x</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">H</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi></mml:math> (1973)

A linear superlattice distortion with a period of 6 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} 2.88 \AA{} parallel to the platinum chains has been observed at room temperature by x-ray diffuse scattering from the one-dimensional conductor ${\mathrm{K}}_{2}\mathrm{Pt}{(\mathrm{CN})}_{4}{\mathrm{Br}}_{0.30}\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}x{\mathrm{H}}_{2}\mathrm{O}$. This distortion is shown to be sinusoidal and due to shifts of platinum atoms out of their theoretical positions given by structure analysis. From the available information on the electronic band strucutre, the origin of such a distortion can be attributed either to a dynamic giant "Kohn anomaly" or to a static "Peierls distortion."
Translational inhibition by deadenylation-independent mechanisms is central to microRNA-mediated silencing in zebrafish (2012)

MicroRNA (miRNA) is a class of small noncoding RNA approximately 22 nt in length. Animal miRNA silences complementary mRNAs via translational inhibition, deadenylation, and mRNA degradation. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. A key question is whether these three outputs are independently induced by miRNA through distinct mechanisms or sequentially induced within a single molecular pathway. Here, we successfully dissected these intricate outputs of miRNA-mediated repression using zebrafish embryos as a model system. Our results indicate that translational inhibition and deadenylation are independent outputs mediated by distinct domains of TNRC6A, which is an effector protein in the miRNA pathway. Translational inhibition by TNRC6A is divided into two mechanisms: PAM2 motif-mediated interference of poly(A)-binding protein (PABP), and inhibition of 5' cap- and poly(A) tail-independent step(s) by a previously undescribed P-GL motif. Consistent with these observations, we show that, in zebrafish embryos, miRNA inhibits translation of the target mRNA in a deadenylation- and PABP-independent manner at early time points. These results indicate that miRNA exerts multiple posttranscriptional outputs via physically and functionally independent mechanisms and that direct translational inhibition is central to miRNA-mediated repression.
The Multiscale Finite-Volume Method on Stratigraphic Grids (2014)

Summary Finding a pressure solution for large and highly detailed reservoir models with fine-scale heterogeneities modeled on a meter scale is computationally demanding. One way of making such simulations less compute-intensive is to use multiscale methods that solve coarsened flow problems by use of a set of reusable basis functions to capture flow effects induced by local geological variations. One such method, the multiscale finite-volume (MsFV) method, is well-studied for 2D Cartesian grids but has not been implemented for stratigraphic and unstructured grids with faults in three dimensions. We present an open-source implementation of the MsFV method in three dimensions along with a coarse partitioning algorithm that can handle stratigraphic grids with faults and wells. The resulting solver is an alternative to traditional upscaling methods, but can also be used for accelerating fine-scale simulations. To achieve better precision, the implementation can use the MsFV method as a preconditioner for Arnoldi iterations using the generalized minimal residual (GMRES) method or as a preconditioner in combination with a standard inexpensive smoother. We conduct a series of numerical experiments in which approximate solutions computed by the new MsFV solver are compared with fine-scale solutions computed by a standard two-point scheme for grids with realistic permeabilities and geometries. On the one hand, the results show that the MsFV method can produce accurate approximations for geological models with pinchouts, faults, and nonneighboring connections, but on the other hand, they also show that the method can fail quite spectacularly for highly heterogeneous and anisotropic systems in a way that cannot efficiently be mitigated by iterative approaches. Thus, the MsFV method is, in our opinion, not yet sufficiently robust to be applied as a black-box solver for models with industry-standard complexity. However, extending the method to realistic grids is an important step on the way toward a fast and accurate multiscale solution of large-scale reservoir models. In particular, our open-source implementation provides an efficient framework suitable for further experimentation with partitioning algorithms and MsFV variants.
A novel framework for mitigating insider attacks in big data systems (2015)

Cyber attacks are becoming a threat to the proliferation of big data services. Security in big data services is primarily implemented through software that is maintained by service providers which makes it easier for insider attacks. In this paper, we introduce a novel hardware driven framework for mitigating insider attacks in big data systems. The key idea is to delegate security to special purpose hardware that is capable of detecting an attack on the primary copy of data and preventing that attack on the replicas. In the proposed framework, the assembly code of a process running on the primary copy is analyzed and an attack probability score (APS) is derived which captures in some sense the control structure of the code. The APS of a process is unique to the structure of that process and is derived from the control-flow instructions and their data (if applicable). This score along with the control and data stacks are maintained in the replica nodes. Now, at the replica nodes when the same code is executed, the APS is computed dynamically on the fly and matched with the stored APS. If there is a mismatch indicating a possible attack, the control and data flow stacks are matched in sequence to detect attacks. Our proposed framework was simulated on a virtual cluster and verified using open benchmarks. Experimental results prove that our framework can be implemented with negligible time overhead. Results indicate that the average time overhead is about 0.01% of the total execution time.
Emulsion polymerization : a mechanistic approach (1995)

Kinetic and thermodynamic processes: free-radical polymerization reactions initiation propagation bimolecular termination chain transfer rates in copolymerizations cross-linking reactions the locus of polymerization in emulsion systems the rate of an emulsion polymerization the three intervals of emulsion polymerization ab initio and seeded systems for mechanistic studies monomer concentration in latex particles phase-transfer events in emulsion polymerizations inhomogeneities in latex particles scope and methods for mechanistic investigation. Theory of the kinetics of particle growth: overview the simple zero-one system general description of zero-one systems the Smith-Ewart equation chain-length-dependent kinetics - the pseudo-Bulk equation chain-length-dependent compartmentalized systems summary and roadmap for modelling particle growth conclusions. Rate kinetics of particle growth - applications and mechanistic conclusions: rate coefficients and mechanism for entry rate coefficients and mechanisms for exit termination conclusions. Particle size distributions: introduction measurement of PSDs the evolution equations for the PSD solutions of the PSD evolution equations obtaining kinetic data from the PSD conclusions. Molecular weight distributions: the importance of molecular weight in polymer systems definitions of molecular weight distributions and averages rate parameters determining MWD modelling the MWD sample calculation of MWDs experimental measurement of MWDs some experimental results conclusions. Particle formation: introduction particle formation below the CMC particle formation above the CMC some important influences on nucleation conclusions.
Diastereoselective Reduction of the Enone Intermediate of Travoprost (2011)

A scalable process for the diastereoselective reduction of the prochiral enone intermediate 1 has been developed with DEANB/(R)-methyl CBS as reducing agent, to obtain the key intermediate alcohol 15R-isomer 2, used in a process for the manufacture of Travoprost (3). Various advantages of this process against the DMSB reduction assisted by (R)-methyl CBS have been studied. Specific comparison has been made to highlight the salient features of the chosen process on yield and optical purity with those of the DMSB reduction.
Privacy Preserving Deep Computation Model on Cloud for Big Data Feature Learning (2015)

To improve the efficiency of big data feature learning, the paper proposes a privacy preserving deep computation model by offloading the expensive operations to the cloud. Privacy concerns become evident because there are a large number of private data by various applications in the smart city, such as sensitive data of governments or proprietary information of enterprises. To protect the private data, the proposed model uses the BGV encryption scheme to encrypt the private data and employs cloud servers to perform the high-order back-propagation algorithm on the encrypted data efficiently for deep computation model training. Furthermore, the proposed scheme approximates the Sigmoid function as a polynomial function to support the secure computation of the activation function with the BGV encryption. In our scheme, only the encryption operations and the decryption operations are performed by the client while all the computation tasks are performed on the cloud. Experimental results show that our scheme is improved by approximately 2.5 times in the training efficiency compared to the conventional deep computation model without disclosing the private data using the cloud computing including ten nodes. More importantly, our scheme is highly scalable by employing more cloud servers, which is particularly suitable for big data.
HARQ for SISO and MIMO system with constellation rearrangement (2009)

For higher order modulation, the reliabilities of the bits gray-mapped onto the modulated symbol vary from the most significant bits (MSBs) to the least significant bits (LSBs). This paper introduces one constellation rearrangement method for SISO (single-input single output) system. For MIMO (multiple-input multiple output) system, the constellation rearrangement works also for lower order modulation by the construction of spatial signal. One constellation remapping method for MIMO system is also introduced in the paper. The simulation results show the performance gain for the SISO constellation remapping method.
Direct Synthesis of Periodic Mesoporous Organosilicas:  Functional Incorporation by Co-condensation with Organosilanes (2001)

Mesoscopic organosilicas were synthesized with bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane (BTSE) and cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) under basic conditions. Further functionalization was achieved by co-condensation with trialkoxyorganosilanes. Surfactant extraction produced periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMO's) functionalized with the respective organosilane pendent groups. Organosilanes used in this study include: 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, n-(2-aminoethyl)-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, 2-(trimethoxysilylethyl)pyridine, n-(3−triethoxysilylpropyl)-4,5-dihydroimidazole, phenethyltrimethoxysilane, and benzyltriethoxysilane. These materials have been characterized by nitrogen gas adsorption, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), elemental analysis (EA), and high-resolution thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The effect of organosilane incorporation on the porous structure of these materials is examined.
Phänologie der binnenländischen Halophytengesellschaften Niedersachsens (1989)

The phenology of the halophilic and halotolerant plant-communities of the most important inland salt marshes in Northwest-Germany is shown by means of symphenological diagrams. The communities in question are dominated by one or two species, which results in a very distinctive period of flowering. The predominating colours of the flowers are pink, violet and white. Two detailed vegetation maps and vegetation profiles are given to document the spatial relationship of the studied communities.
Routability prediction for hierarchical FPGAs (2003)

This paper investigates the problem of routability prediction in a FPGA that employs a hierarchical routing architecture. Such a FPGA is called a hierarchical FPGA (HFPGA). A novel model is proposed to analyze various HFPGA configurations. A software tool has been developed to predict the routability of circuits on specific HFPGA architectures. Primary contribution of this work is that routability prediction can be done immediately after the technology-mapping step, rather than after placement. The effect of connection block and switch block flexibility on routability is also studied. The results show that compared to a symmetrical FPGA architecture we can achieve the same degree of routability on a HFPGA, with much fewer routing switches.
Accumulation of CHO Cells in G 2 Phase Following Exposure to WR-1065 (1991)

The radioprotector WR-1065 (2-[(aminopropyl)amino]ethanethiol) is known to protect mammalian cells from the cytotoxic and mutagenic effects of radio- and chemotherapeutic agents, but the exact mechanisms involved in this protection are not fully known. To help determine the effects of WR-1065 alone on cells, we examined its effect on a variety of cellular processes. Incubation of AA8 cells in 4 mM WR-1065 did not significantly affect the rate of DNA synthesis. Autoradiographic analysis of heavily labeled (S-phase population) nuclei of AA8 cells showed no significant difference in the S-phase population of WR-1065-treated versus control cells for up to 3 h. An examination of the effect of WR-1065 on repair synthesis, as measured by unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in cells exposed to 15 Gy, showed no difference between treated and sham-treated cells for up to 2 h exposure. A significant reduction in the amount of UDS was seen in cells treated with the protector for 2.5 and 3 h. Incubation of cells in WR-1065 did alter the cell cycle distributions. An increase in the G2-phase population with a corresponding decrease in the G1-phase population was observed in cells incubated up to 3 h in the presence of 4 mM WR-1065. After the removal of WR-1065 at 3 h, a redistribution of the cells throughout the cell cycle occurred as has been observed in cells treated with other synchronization agents. These data suggest that perturbations in cell cycle progression, rather than direct effects on the rate of DNA synthesis, could play a role in the increased survival and reduced mutation frequencies observed in the presence of WR-1065.
Comparison of multiple point and statistical motor unit number estimation (2000)

This study compares two common techniques for motor unit number estimation, multiple point stimulation and statistical method, to determine which is more reproducible. Surface recorded motor unit action potentials (SMUPs) of the left hypothenar muscle group were measured on 20 controls and 10 ALS patients. For multiple point, 10 different threshold SMUPs were recorded. For statistical method, mean SMUP amplitude was measured at several stimulus levels, typically spanning >40% of CMAP amplitude range. Both techniques were performed twice, results averaged, electrodes changed, and all recording repeated. For controls, mean of two motor unit number estimation (MUNE) (+/- standard deviation) was 60 (+/-5) for statistical method, and 108 (+/-38) for multiple point. For ALS patients, these values were 21 (+/-16) for statistical method and 55 (+/-39) for multiple point. Test-retest correlation coefficients and coefficients of variation for mean of two MUNE were 0.98 and 7% for statistical method, and 0.90 and 12% for multiple point, respectively. Statistical method was more reproducible and faster than multiple point, supporting its utility in monitoring rates of MUNE change.
The Cartesian Product Algorithm - Simple and Precise Type Inference of Parametric Polymorphism (1995)

Abstract. Concrete types and abstract types are different and serve different purposes. Concrete types, the focus of this paper, are essential to support compilation, application delivery, and debugging in object-oriented environments. Concrete types should not be obtained from explicit type declarations because their presence limits polymorphism unacceptably. This leaves us with type inference. Unfortunately, while polymorphism demands the use of type inference, it has also been the hardest challenge for type inference. We review previous type inference algorithms that analyze code with parametric polymorphism and then present a new one: the cartesian product algorithm. It improves precision and efficiency over previous algorithms and deals directly with inheritance, rather than relying on a preprocessor to expand it away. Last, but not least, it is conceptually simple. The cartesian product algorithm has been used in the Self system since late 1993. We present measurements to document its performance and compare it against several previous algorithms. Keywords: concrete types, abstract types, type inference, polymorphism, inheritance, Self. 1
ArcA and AppY Antagonize IscR Repression of Hydrogenase-1 Expression under Anaerobic Conditions, Revealing a Novel Mode of O <sub>2</sub> Regulation of Gene Expression in Escherichia coli (2012)

Transcription of the Escherichia coli hydrogenase-1 operon (hyaABCDEF) is increased by the transcription factors ArcA and AppY under anaerobic growth conditions. However, IscR, which represses transcription of the hyaA promoter (P(hyaA)) under aerobic conditions, was not known to repress transcription of this promoter under anaerobic conditions. Here, we report that ArcA and AppY increase P(hyaA) expression under anaerobic conditions by antagonizing IscR binding at P(hyaA), since IscR repression is observed when either ArcA or AppY is eliminated. The ability of ArcA and AppY to act as antirepressors of IscR repression of P(hyaA) depended on IscR levels, suggesting that IscR competes with ArcA and/or AppY for binding. In support of this competition model, electrophoretic mobility shift assays and DNase I footprinting showed that the ArcA and IscR binding sites overlap and that binding of ArcA and IscR is mutually exclusive. Unexpectedly, IscR with a C92A mutation (IscR-C92A), which mimics the clusterless form of the protein that is present predominantly under aerobic conditions, was a better repressor under anaerobic conditions of both P(hyaA) and a constitutive promoter containing the IscR binding site from P(hyaA) than wild-type IscR, which is predominantly in the [2Fe-2S] form under anaerobic conditions. This observation could not be explained by differences in DNA binding affinities or IscR levels, so we conclude that [2Fe-2S]-IscR is a weaker repressor of P(hyaA) than clusterless IscR. In sum, a combination of ArcA and AppY antirepression of IscR function, lower levels of IscR, and weak repression by [2Fe-2S]-IscR leads to increased P(hyaA) expression under anaerobic conditions.
Stability of a retrial queueing network with different classes of customers and restricted resource pooling (2010)

We consider a retrial queueing network with different classes of customers and several servers. Each customer class is associated with a set of servers who can serve the class of customers. Customers of each class exogenously arrive according to a Poisson process. If an exogenously arriving customer finds upon his arrival any idle server who can serve the customer class, then he begins to receive a service by one of the available servers. Otherwise he joins the retrial group, and then tries his luck again after exponential time, the mean of which is determined by his customer class. Service times of each server are assumed to have general distribution. The retrial queueing network can be represented by a Markov process, with the number of customers of each class, and the customer class and the remaining service time of each busy server. Using the fluid limit technique, we find a necessary and sufficient condition for the positive Harris recurrence of the representing Markov process. This work is the first that applies the fluid limit technique to a model with retrial phenomenon.
Atomic Images of Saturated and Unsaturated Fatty Acids at Liquid/Graphite Interface and Difference of Tunneling Currents between Them Observed by Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (1995)

Structures of arachidic acid and elaidic acid molecules adsorbed onto a graphite substrate were investigated using a scanning tunneling microscope. The ordered arrangements of the molecules were observed with atomic resolution. The image of an arachidic acid molecule is composed of nineteen bright spots at the individual hydrocarbon groups in the alkyl chain and a dark region at the carboxyl group. The image of an elaidic acid molecule with an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain is similar to that of an arachidic acid molecule except for a much brighter spot at the double bond in the hydrocarbon chain. As a result, functional groups such as hydrocarbon chains, carboxyl groups and double bonds could be distinguished by the tunnel currents.
Dynamic Processes in Electrochemical Reactions Studied by Surface-Enhanced Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy (SEIRAS) (1997)

Abstract Molecules adsorbed on evaporated thin metal films exhibit enormously strong infrared absorption. The thin metal films that exhibit the surface-enhanced infrared absorption (SEIRA) consist of metal particles much smaller than the wavelength of light. Electric field associated with the incident infrared radiation is enhanced via the excitation of localized plasmon of the particles, yielding the absorption enhancement. Preferential orientation and the change in absorption coefficient of molecules caused by chemisorption onto the metal surface provide additional enhancement. Most characteristic observations in SEIRA experiments are well explained by a simple electromagnetic theory. The infrared spectroscopy utilizing the SEIRA effect is promising as a new surface analytical tool. In particular, it is very useful for in situ studies of electrode/electrolyte interfaces. By the combined use of the attenuated-total-reflection technique, reactions and adsorption/desorption of molecules at the interfaces can be investigated at a high sensitivity without the interference from the bulk solution. The high sensitivity of this technique enables dynamic (or time-resolved) infrared monitoring of reactions and other time-dependent phenomena at the electrochemical interface at time-resolutions ranging from microseconds to milliseconds. Two-dimensional correlation analysis of time-resolved spectra highlights certain useful information that is not clearly seen in the usual one-dimensional spectra.