gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Differences in dynamics between indigenous and inoculated Sphingomonas paucimobilis strain SS86 in soils (1992)

Survival of γ-HCH-degrading Sphingomonas paucimobilis strain SS86 indigenous or inoculated to soil was examined under laboratory conditions. Strain SS86 inoculated to soil declined to undectectable levels though amendment of soil with γ-HCH or starvation-treatment of the cells enhanced its survivability. About 103–104 cells/g soil of strain SS86 indigenous to soil survived stably for long periods and was more tolerant to soil treatment by desiccation, percolation, and chloroform-fumigation than inoculated SS86. The haritable micro-pores in soil and/or physiological properties peculiar to the indigenous SS86 were supposed to ensure its good ability to survive by protecting it against protozoan grazing.
Über die Temperaturabhängigkeit der molekularen freien Oberflächenenergie von Flüssigkeiten im Temperaturbereich von − 80 bis + 1650° C (1917)

Abstract § 42. Wenn wir die Resultate dieser vorläufig beendeten Arbeit jetzt zum Schluß noch einmal zusammenstellen, so läßt sich folgendes hervorheben: Es wurde eine experimentelle Methode entwickelt, welche es ermöglicht, die spezifische und molekulare Oberflächenenergie von Flüssigkeiten bei Temperaturen zu untersuchen, welche im ganzen ein Gebiet von ca. 1700° C umfassen; die Genauigkeit ist bei extremen Temperaturen nicht geringer als bei niederen Temperaturen. Es wurden Messungen angestellt an ca. 200 organischen Flüssigkeiten zwischen −80° C und 250° C, und an ca. 50 anorganischen Schmelzen zwischen 300° C und 1650° C. Die Beobachtungen von früheren Autoren und besonders die, welche sich auf den Temperaturkoeffizienten der molekularen Oberflächenenergie beziehen, wurden in den meisten Fällen bestätigt gefunden, sowie auch die empirischen Regeln von W ALDEN . Dagegen erscheint die lineare Temperaturabhängigkeit der molekularen Oberflächenenergie in den meisten Fällen als fraglich, und ebenso die öfters vorgeführten Berechnungen des Assoziationsgrades der Flüssigkeiten aus den Abweichungen von der E ÖTVÖS ‐R AMSAY schen Konstante.
A population-based estimate of the burden of diarrhoeal illness in the United States: FoodNet, 1996–7 (2002)

This study was performed to better understand and more precisely quantify the amount and burden of illness caused by acute diarrhoea in the United States today. A telephone-based population survey was conducted between 1 July, 1996, and 31 June, 1997, in sites of the Foodborne Diseases Active Surveillance Network (FoodNet). The overall prevalence of acute diarrhoea in the 4 weeks before interview was 11%, giving a rate of 1.4 episodes of diarrhoea per person per year. The rate of diarrhoeal illness defined as a diarrhoeal episode lasting longer than 1 day or which resulted in significant impairment of daily activities was 0.7 per person per year. It can be concluded that acute diarrhoea is common and represents a significant burden of illness in the United States. Our data on self-reported diarrhoea, when generalized to the entire nation, suggests 375 million episodes of acute diarrhoea each year in the United States. Many of these episodes are mild. However, our data also indicate that there are approximately 200 million episodes of diarrhoeal illness each year in the United States.
Reduced-power semiconductor all-optical switch design (1997)

Nonlinear directional couplers (NLDCs) have great potential as the basis for all-optical switching devices. However, previous studies of semiconductor-NLDCs based on two-rib horizontal geometries have indicated that large switching powers are required. The authors describe ways to help reduce the switching power by the use of vertical coupler design configurations. To achieve this, extensive modelling and design optimisation techniques have been employed using two computational methods: the spectral index (SI) method and coupled mode theory (CMT). Additional detrimental effects associated with loss are counteracted by the design of vertical NLDCs with short coupling lengths, and by operating the device at transparency. Significant reductions in switching power are predicted, when gain in the input waveguide is matched to loss in the second waveguide. Furthermore, preliminary studies of structures with matched gain to loss and nonlinearity mismatch have indicated a reduction in switching power of as much as 85%, when compared with an attenuation-free design with matched nonlinearities.
Robust Superhydrophobic Surfaces Prepared With Epoxy Resin and Silica Nanoparticles (2012)

When nanoparticles are incorporated into surfaces to generate roughness, adhesion of the particles is critical to achieve a durable superhydrophobic surface. In this investigation, we explored the use of bis-phenol A based epoxy and silica nanoparticles to form a composite layer on substrates. After an plasma treatment of the surface layer, the epoxy was etched away and silica nanoparticles exposed on the surface, thereby generating roughness. The plasma etching time was examined to correlate the resulting surface morphology and water droplet contact angles after a fluoroalkyl silane treatment. Surface mechanical stability was studied by an abrasion test. Water vapor condensation on the surface was also assessed by investigation of the contact angle, which offers insight into the applicability of the surfaces to use under hot and humid conditions where degradation of the superhydrophobic surfaces may occur.
Electrolytic Production of Aluminum Using Mechanically Alloyed Cu–Al–Ni–Fe-Based Materials as Inert Anodes (2010)

materials with varying from 0 to 20 (wt %) were prepared by mechanical alloying. For , the as-milled was made of an α-phase, whereas was formed at . Upon consolidation, a small amount of κ Ni/Fe-rich Al phase with a B2 structure is formed for and 10, whereas no new phase is formed in the other compounds. Aluminum electrolysis tests conducted at an anode current density of for 20 h in a low temperature electrolyte showed that the electrode stability and aluminum purity are strongly dependent on the alloy composition. The lowest values of cell voltage (4.1 V) and Cu contamination (0.8 wt %) were obtained for . This relatively lower contamination is due to the formation of a dense and adherent oxide scale between the outermost oxide layer and the substrate. In comparison, a hot-rolled C63000 commercially available alloy with the same composition but lower chemical/microstructural homogeneity gave a higher Cu contamination level (1.4 wt %).
[Clinical characteristics and gene mutation analysis of one pedigree with infantile glycogen storage disease type II]. (2015)

The clinical data of 2 infants with infantile glycogen storage disease type II (GSD II) from one pedigree were collected. The method of dried blood spots (DBS) was applied to collect peripheral blood samples, and the activity of acid alpha-D-glucosidase (GAA) in leukocytes was measured. The coding region of GAA gene in this pedigree was amplified by polymerase chain reaction and then direct sequencing was used to analyze mutations in GAA gene. The two infants were twins, who were admitted to the hospital due to feeding difficulties, generalized muscle weakness and hypotonia, cardiomegaly, and cardiac insufficiency when they were 10 months old. The GAA activity in leukocytes in the two infants was significantly lower than in normal controls. Gene sequencing revealed 2 compound heterozygous mutations in the two infants, i.e., G1942A and G2214A, respectively. G1942A had been proved pathogenic, and the latter one, G2214A, was a nonsense mutation, resulting in the change of tryptophan, the 738th amino acid of GAA, into a stop codon. The two infants were diagnosed with GSD II by gene detection and no enzyme replacement therapy could be provided to them. Follow-up visits showed that the two infants died at home at the age of 15 months and 17 months, respectively. GSD II is caused by deficiency of GAA activity resulting from mutation of GAA gene. The detection of GAA activity in peripheral blood by DBS and GAA gene detection are effective and feasible methods for diagnosis of GSD II.
Introduction to Special Issue: Leadership in Complex Adaptive Systems (2013)

The concept of leadership involves making judgments that lead to action at different scales of responsibility and operations. It means the capacity to engage not only individuals in solving immediate problems, but also groups and organizations as they address broader issues of collective interest, as well as public decision making and collective action at the societal level The exercise of leadership varies by scale, complexity of operations, and impact – from the individual paramedic who has to make instant decisions regarding how to deal with an injured patient to an international coordinating committee that decides how to distribute humanitarian aid following a disaster. The contributing authors examine how leadership works in practice at different scales of public service operations. These scales range from the micro level (within organizations) to the meso level (collaboration among actors, organizations, and organizational networks) to the macro level (collaboration among international, national, regional, and local actors).
Induction of an inhibitor antibody to factor XI in a patient with severe inherited factor XI deficiency by Rh immune globulin (2007)

In this paper, we report an inhibitor antibody to factor XI (FXI) in a woman with severe inherited FXI deficiency, induced by FXI present in an Rh immune globulin preparation. The patient is homozygous for the Glu117Stop mutation, associated with a FXI level of less than 1 U/dL. Unlike all previously described patients with severe FXI deficiency and an inhibitor, the patient had never been exposed to blood products. Following 3 injections of Rh immune globulin during pregnancy, she developed an inhibitor to FXI (8 Bethesda units) that was shown to bind specifically to FXI and inhibit factor IX cleavage by purified FXIa. The administered Rh immune globulin and 2 other similar products were shown to contain FXI. Clinicians should be aware of the potential for immunization of severely FXI-deficient patients by FXI present in Rh immune globulin preparations.
Diagnosis of hepatitis C: update 2004 (2004)

Abstract Diagnosis of hepatitis C virus infection (HCV) is based on HCV antibody testing by standard serological tests and immunoblot assays for confirmation in special cases. Differentiation of past and ongoing hepatitis C is performed by detection of HCV core antigen and HCV RNA. Ongoing hepatitis C can be assigned to infection with one or multiple HCV sub‐ and genotypes by characteristic sequence differences. Infection with HCV genotype 2 or 3 is the best pretreatment parameter for prediction of sustained virologic response to interferon‐alfa based antiviral therapy. During antiviral therapy, the key to assess virologic treatment response is quantitative measurement of HCV RNA. A decline of HCV RNA concentration from baseline to week 12 of less than 2 log steps or an absolute viral load above 30.000 IU/mL in genotype 1 infected patients is strongly associated with viral non‐response. For estimation of early virologic response on the basis of HCV core antigen measurement positive detection of core antigen at week 12 was correlated with virologic non‐response. At week 24 of treatment, at the end‐of‐therapy and during follow‐up highly sensitive HCV RNA detection assays are critical for discontinuation of further therapy and correct estimation of virologic response. Mutational analysis of different HCV regions (hypervariable region 1, non‐structural protein 5A) may provide additional information about sensitivity/resistance to interferon‐based antiviral therapy but have not yet introduced into clinical practice.
Hepatic tissue engineering for adjunct and temporary liver support: Critical technologies (2004)

The severe donor liver shortage, high cost, and complexity of orthotopic liver transplantation have prompted the search for alternative treatment strategies for end-stage liver disease, which would require less donor material, be cheaper, and less invasive. Hepatic tissue engineering encompasses several approaches to develop adjunct internal liver support methods, such as hepatocyte transplantation and implantable hepatocyte-based devices, as well as temporary extracorporeal liver support techniques, such as bioartificial liver assist devices. Many tissue engineered liver support systems have passed the "proof of principle" test in preclinical and clinical studies; however, they have not yet been found sufficiently reliably effective for routine clinical use. In this review we describe, from an engineering perspective, the progress and remaining challenges that must be resolved in order to develop the next generation of implantable and extracorporeal devices for adjunct or temporary liver assist.
Message Body Handling in the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) (2009)

Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) in message bodies.
Ca2+ transport and cell activation. (1982)

The role of the Ca2+ ion as a second messenger in various processes of cell activation is reviewed. In a resting cell the cytosolic Ca2+ activity is about 10(-7) M. When activated there is a Ca2+ inflow into cells or Ca2+ release from internal storage sites, which lead to an increase in the cytosolic Ca2+ activity to 10(-6)-10(-5) M. This subsequently leads to an activation of any Ca2+ sensitive processes within cells. Such activities include muscle contraction, secretion, energy metabolism, mitosis or meiosis. Pharmacological aspects of cellular Ca2+ metabolism are also discussed.
A Review of the Common Neurodegenerative Disorders: Current Therapeutic Approaches and the Potential Role of Nanotherapeutics (2022)

Neurodegenerative disorders are primarily characterized by neuron loss. The most common neurodegenerative disorders include Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Although there are several medicines currently approved for managing neurodegenerative disorders, a large majority of them only help with associated symptoms. This lack of pathogenesis-targeting therapies is primarily due to the restrictive effects of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), which keeps close to 99% of all "foreign substances" out of the brain. Since their discovery, nanoparticles have been successfully used for targeted delivery into many organs, including the brain. This review briefly describes the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and their current management approaches. We then highlight the major challenges of brain-drug delivery, followed by the role of nanotherapeutics for the diagnosis and treatment of various neurological disorders.
Renewable (semi)aromatic polyesters from symmetrical vanillin-based dimers (2015)

Two symmetrical biphenyl monomers derived from vanillin, a methylated divanillyl diol and a methylated dimethylvanillate dimer, were synthesized and employed as (co)monomers for the design of renewable (semi)aromatic polyesters.
Effect of multidrug resistance modulators on the hepatobiliary disposition of doxorubicin in the isolated perfused rat liver. (1998)

P-Glycoprotein (P-gp)-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR) in cancer cells may be modulated by competitive inhibitors of P-gp. In the liver, P-gp is localized on the canalicular membrane of hepatocytes. Quinidine and GF120918 inhibit the transport of P-gp substrates, including doxorubicin. Competitive inhibition of P-gp transport may alter biliary excretion of substrates. This study was designed to examine the effects of MDR modulators on the hepatobiliary disposition of doxorubicin and to elucidate the site(s) of drug-modulator interaction using pharmacokinetic modeling techniques. Livers from male Sprague Dawley rats were isolated and perfused for 2 h at 37 degrees C with recirculating male rat blood. MDR modulator (16.8-480 microg of GF120918 or 0.3-3.0 mg of quinidine) or vehicle (buffer or DMSO, respectively) was administered as a bolus to the perfusate reservoir 5 min prior to the addition of doxorubicin (464 microg). Perfusate and bile were collected during the perfusion, the liver was homogenized after the perfusion, and samples were analyzed by high-pressure liquid chromatography for doxorubicin and the major metabolite doxorubicinol. In the presence of GF120918, the biliary excretion of doxorubicin and doxorubicinol was decreased significantly without alterations in doxorubicin perfusate concentrations or doxorubicin and doxorubicinol liver concentrations. In the presence of quinidine, the biliary excretion of doxorubicin was reduced significantly; however, doxorubicinol recovery in bile was not altered. The perfusate and liver concentrations of doxorubicin were not altered by quinidine; doxorubicinol liver concentrations were increased. A series of pharmacokinetic models were evaluated incorporating perfusate, liver, and bile compartments to describe the disposition of doxorubicin and doxorubicinol in the isolated perfused rat liver. The model that best described these data, based on goodness-of-fit criteria, included first-order rate constants for all disposition processes. On the basis of this model, the rate-limiting process for doxorubicin and doxorubicinol elimination was biliary excretion. In the presence of GF120918, rate constants associated with doxorubicin and doxorubicinol canalicular egress were decreased, and other doxorubicinol disposition pathways were increased slightly. Quinidine was associated with a decrease in doxorubicin canalicular egress, doxorubicinol formation, and other doxorubicinol pathways. Pharmacokinetic modeling of the data supported the hypothesis that decreased biliary excretion of doxorubicin in the isolated perfused rat liver, as determined by mass-balance analysis, was due to interactions at the canalicular membrane. The present study further supports the utility of pharmacokinetic modeling in identifying sites of drug interactions within the hepatobiliary system. This approach may be particularly useful in predicting the effects of perturbations in hepatic translocation processes on the hepatobiliary disposition of drugs and derived metabolites.
Targeted Spinal Cord Therapeutics Delivery: Stabilized Platform and Microelectrode Recording Guidance Validation (2007)

These results indicate an ability to achieve accurate targeting, but the elevated incidence of neurologic morbidity will require further studies with longer follow-ups that incorporate procedural and equipment modifications that will allow for a reduced number of cord penetrations and will account for observed cardiorespiratory-associated cord movement. These initial results reinforce the challenges of translating biological restorative therapies from small to large animal models and ultimately to humans.
Characterization of Bone and Bone-Based Graft Materials Using FTIR Spectroscopy (2012)

Despite its static appearance, bone is a very dynamic living tissue that undergoes constant remodelling throughout life. After blood, bone is the second most commonly transplanted tissue in human medicine, and thus a thorough characterization of this material is of crucial importance. For instance, although it has been accepted that the whole bone strength is related to the bone mineral density (BMD), changes in this parameter often do not correlate with the probability of fracture. To improve the mechanical performance of bone, other material properties related to bone quality, and not only quantity, have to be investigated.
The application of porous silicon to optical waveguiding technology (1998)

The porosification of silicon can be achieved by the partial electrochemical dissolution (anodization) of the surface of a silicon wafer. The degree of porosity is dependent on the anodization parameters and can generally be controlled within the constraints imposed by substrate dopant type and concentration. Control of porosity leads to control of refractive index, and therein lies the concept of using porous silicon as an optical waveguide. We discuss porous silicon wavegides, for the visible to the infrared, produced by a number of approaches: 1) epitaxial growth onto porous silicon (where the porous layer acts as a substrate for a higher refractive index waveguide epilayer); 2) ion implantation (where either selective areas of high electrical resistivity can be produced, which act as a barrier against porosification, or where the surface of a porosified layer is amorphised to form a waveguide; 3) porous silicon multilayers (where the anodization parameters are periodically varied to produce alternate layers of different porosity and thus refractive index); and 4) oxidation of porous silicon (where a porosified layer is oxidized to form a graded-index, dense or porous, oxide waveguide).
A Gas Chromatographic-Mass Spectrometric Approach to Examining Stereoselective Interaction of Human Plasma Proteins with Soman* (2008)

The organophosphorus (OP) nerve agent soman (GD) contains two chiral centers (a carbon and a phosphorus atom), resulting in four stereoisomers (C+P+, C-P+, C+P-, and C-P-); the P- isomers exhibit a mammalian toxicity that is approximately 1000-fold greater than that of the P+ isomers. The capacity to assess the binding or hydrolysis of each of the four stereoisomers is an important tool in the development of enzymes with the potential to protect against GD intoxication. Using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based approach, we have examined the capacity of plasma-derived human serum albumin, plasma-purified human butyrylcholinesterase, goat milk-derived recombinant human butyrylcholinesterase, and recombinant human paraoxonase 1 to interact with each of the four stereoisomers of GD in vitro at pH 7.4 and 25 degrees C. Under these experimental conditions, the butyrylcholinesterase samples were found to bind GD with a relative preference for the more toxic stereoisomers (C-P- > C+P- > C-P+ > C+P+), while human serum albumin and paraoxonase 1 interacted with GD with a relative preference for the less toxic isomers (C-P+/C+P+ > C+P-/C-P-). The results indicate that these human proteins exhibit distinct stereoselective interactions with GD. The approach described presents a means to rapidly assess substrate stereospecificity, supporting future efforts to develop more effective OP bioscavenger proteins.
Two-handed input using a PDA and a mouse (2000)

We performed several experiments using a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) as an input device in the non-dominant hand along with a mouse in the dominant hand. A PDA is a small hand-held palm-size computer like a 3Com Palm Pilot or a Windows CE device. These are becoming widely available and are easily connected to a PC. Results of our experiments indicate that people can accurately and quickly select among a small numbers of buttons on the PDA using the left hand without looking, and that, as predicted, performance does decrease as the number of buttons increases. Homing times to move both hands between the keyboard and devices are only about 10% to 15% slower than times to move a single hand to the mouse, suggesting that acquiring two devices does not cause a large penalty. In an application task, we found that scrolling web pages using buttons or a scroller on the PDA matched the speed of using a mouse with a conventional scroll bar, and beat the best two-handed times reported in an earlier experiment. These results will help make two-handed interactions with computers more widely available and more effective.