gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structural differences between insulin receptors in the brain and peripheral target tissues. (1983)

Insulin receptors in various brain regions (olfactory tubercle, hippocampus, and hypothalamus) were photoaffinity labeled using the photoreactive analogue of insulin B2(2-nitro,4-azidophenylacetyl)-des-PheB1-insulin (NAPA-DP-insulin). A protein with an apparent Mr of 400,000 was specifically labeled with 125I-NAPA-DP-insulin in all three brain regions. When radiolabeled proteins were reduced with dithiothreitol prior to electrophoresis, specific labeling occurred predominantly in a protein with an apparent Mr of 115,000 and to a much lesser extent in a protein with an apparent Mr of 83,000. The size of these receptor proteins, based on their electrophoretic mobilities, was consistently smaller than insulin receptor proteins in adipocytes. The covalent labeling of insulin receptors in brain by 125I-NAPA-DP-insulin was not blocked by anti-insulin receptor antiserum. Additionally, in contrast to effects observed in peripheral target tissues, this antisera did not inhibit the binding of 125I-insulin to brain membranes. Neuraminidase treatment resulted in an increase in the electrophoretic mobilities of insulin receptor subunits in adipocytes, but, had no effect on receptor subunits in brain. Solubilized insulin receptors from adipocytes were retained by wheat germ agglutinin columns and specifically eluted with N-acetylglucosamine. In contrast, solubilized insulin receptors from brain did not bind to these columns. The results from this study indicate that structural differences, including molecular weight, antigenicity, and carbohydrate composition exist between insulin receptors in brain and peripheral target tissues.
A 1148*3*800 dot 14-in. TFT color LCD with improved lateral field effect (2002)

A 14-in-diagonal a-Si TFT (thin-film transistor) color LCD (liquid crystal display) for a workstation has been developed with improved lateral field effect. In this TFT-LCD cell. the counter electrode pattern was changed from the whole surface type to the stripe type. As a result, the lateral field effect was restrained, and it was possible to decrease the black-mask overlap. The TFT-LCD is a high-resolution system for a workstation with 1148*3*800 dots (1148*800 pixels).< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Curcumin mediates chemosensitization to 5-fluorouracil through miRNA-induced suppression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in chemoresistant colorectal cancer (2015)

Resistance to cytotoxic chemotherapy is a major cause of mortality in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients. Chemoresistance has been linked primarily to a subset of cancer cells undergoing epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Curcumin, a botanical with antitumorigenic properties, has been shown to enhance sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs, but the molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain unclear. Effects of curcumin and 5-fluorouracil (5FU) individually, and in combination, were examined in parental and 5FU resistant (5FUR) cell lines. We performed a series of growth proliferation and apoptosis assays in 2D and 3D cell cultures. Furthermore, we identified and analyzed the expression pattern of a subset of putative EMT-suppressive microRNAs (miRNAs) and their downstream target genes regulated by curcumin. Chemosensitizing effects of curcumin were validated in a xenograft mouse model. Combined treatment with curcumin and 5FU enhanced cellular apoptosis and inhibited proliferation in both parental and 5FUR cells, whereas 5FU alone was ineffective in 5FUR cells. A group of EMT-suppressive miRNAs were upregulated by curcumin treatment in 5FUR cells. Curcumin suppressed EMT in 5FUR cells by downregulating BMI1, SUZ12 and EZH2 transcripts, key mediators of cancer stemness-related polycomb repressive complex subunits. Using a xenograft and mathematical models, we further demonstrated that curcumin sensitized 5FU to suppress tumor growth. We provide novel mechanistic evidence for curcumin-mediated sensitization to 5FU-related chemoresistance through suppression of EMT in 5FUR cells via upregulation of EMT-suppressive miRNAs. This study highlights the potential therapeutic usefulness of curcumin as an adjunct in patients with chemoresistant advanced CRC.
Room temperature ferromagnetism in GaMnN and GaMnP (2003)

Results on the synthesis of ferromagnetic GaMnN and GaMnP by both Molecular Beam Epitaxy or implantation of Mn directly into p-GaN or GaP(C) at elevated temperatures to avoid amorphization will be described. There is a relatively broad range of growth conditions under which single-crystal, single-phase material may be obtained with significant Mn concentrations. The effects of background doping level are discussed, along with a comparison of results on direct implantation of Fe and Ni instead of Mn. Essential requirements for utilizing the spin of the electron in device structures include the ability to achieve efficient electrical spin injection and transport of spin-polarized carriers, along with effective detection of these carriers.
PHOTOOXIDATIVE DAMAGE TO LYSOSOMES OF CULTURED MACROPHAGES BY ACRIDINE ORANGE (1990)

Cultured cells accumulate acridine orange (AO), which is a weak basic dye and a photosensitizer, in lysosomes and other acidic compartments. During exposure to blue light, AO-loaded macrophages show decreasing red granular fluorescence and increasing green diffuse fluorescence. This is hypothesized to represent peroxidative damage to lysosomal membranes resulting in an impaired proton gradient with deprotonation of the AO to its uncharged form and subsequent leakage of the dye. Further damage to the lysosomal membranes will result in release of lytic enzymes from the lysosomal compartment into the cytosol, leading to degeneration and finally cell death. The survival of AO-loaded and light-exposed macrophages is controllable by varying the exposure times to blue light. Inhibition of lysosomal proteases by E-64 results in increased cell survival after AO and blue light-mediated damage, indicating a role of proteolytic enzymes in this type of damage. Morphological analysis shows 'rounding up' with formation of retraction fibrils and pronounced plasma membrane blebbing. The formation of autophagic vacuoles is an early and pronounced event. After protease inhibition, however, all these phenomena are inhibitable to a considerable degree. We have thus directed photooxidative damage selectively to lysosomal membranes and their contents. This technique will allow further detailed studies of the role of lysosomes in degeneration-regeneration processes.
Improvement of Na Ion Electrode Activity of Metal Oxide via Composite Formation with Metal Sulfide (2016)

The composite formation with a conductive metal sulfide domain can provide an effective methodology to improve the Na-ion electrode functionality of metal oxide. The heat treatment of TiO<sub>2</sub>(B) under CS<sub>2</sub> flow yields an intimately coupled TiO<sub>2</sub>(B)-TiS<sub>2</sub> nanocomposite with intervened TiS<sub>2</sub> domain, since the reaction between metal oxide and CS<sub>2</sub> leads to the formation of metal sulfide and CO<sub>2</sub>. The negligible change in lattice parameters and significant enhancement of visible light absorption upon the reaction with CS<sub>2</sub> underscore the formation of conductive metal sulfide domains. The resulting TiO<sub>2</sub>(B)-TiS<sub>2</sub> nanocomposites deliver greater discharge capacities with better rate characteristics for electrochemical sodiation-desodiation process than does the pristine TiO<sub>2</sub>(B). The <sup>23</sup>Na magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance analysis clearly demonstrates that the electrode activities of the present nanocomposites rely on the capacitive storage of Na<sup>+</sup> ions, and the TiS<sub>2</sub> domains in TiO<sub>2</sub>(B)-TiS<sub>2</sub> nanocomposites play a role as mediators for Na<sup>+</sup> ions to and from TiO<sub>2</sub>(B) domains. According to the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, the reaction with CS<sub>2</sub> leads to the significant enhancement of charge transfer kinetics, which is responsible for the accompanying improvement in electrode performance. The present study provides clear evidence for the usefulness in composite formation between the semiconducting metal oxide and metal sulfide in exploring new efficient NIB electrode materials.
The Age of the Middle Atlantic Coast Upper Cretaceous Deposits (1916)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Software Design and Implementation of Data Breakpoint in Embedded System (2012)

Software reverse engineering in embedded system is not convenient than it on the PC. There are many debugging and analysis software on the PC. In embedded systems, due to the diversity types of processors, it is difficult to make software tools using anywhere. However, the diversity types of processors also provide us with convenience. We can use some special features of the processors to complete software analysis. In this paper, we implement data breakpoint using hardware breakpoint registers of XScale core in Windows CE system.
A multilingual text-to-speech system (2003)

An MITalk-based real-time system for unrestricted English, Japanese, and Chinese text-to-speech synthesis has been developed with high observed intelligibility (94% for word recognition in English and 70.8% for 119 Japanese monosyllables). The approach in making the system multilingual has been simple yet effective: in developing the Japanese and Chinese systems, the authors have used the hardware and the program structure and tools of the system originally developed for English, but have otherwise kept the development of the different languages separate. In addition to substantial improvements and modifications of the original MITalk, two major innovations in the system are (1) the method for controlling the glottal pulse and (2) the Phoenix development tools, which combine a powerful and flexible parameter editor with programs for acoustic analysis.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Cancillería y colección diplomática de la reina doña urraca (1109-1126) (2003)

A partir de un Apendice documental formado por 148 diplomas, al que acompanan indices de personas, lugares, materias, cargos y oficios, etc., y varias tablas auxiliares, se trata de ofrecer una vision pormenorizada de la cancilleria de la reina dona Urraca (1109-1126), es decir, su organismo oficial encargado de la expedicion de documentos. El estudio se inicia con el analisis de cada uno de los notarios que participan en la redaccion de documentos, que se organizan en regios y extracanillerescos, y se expone de cada uno de ellos -como es obvio, poniendo mas enfasis en los primeros- la distribucion geografica y cronologica de sus diplomas -ilustradas con graficos a simple vista muy esclarecedores-, el analisis paleografico de su escritura cuando se cuenta con originales, facilitando la comprobacion lo que se apunta sobre los caracteres graficos con reproducciones totales o parciales de los mismos, estructura documental y estilo, asi como una relacion de los documentos en los que interviene. Siguen tres capitulos clasicos en el campo de la Paleografia y la Diplomatica, como son la Genesis documental, el Soporte y la escritura, y las Partes formales, y se finaliza con una exposicion de los conclusiones mas sobresalientes. Precede al estudio un apartado introductorio con la presentacion de la tesis, una relacion de fuentes impresas y manuscritas, la bibliografia citada y el estado de la cuestion, valorando en este ultimo, las obras que han tratado en particular sobre la cancilleria de la reina Dona Urraca.
Shaping Teachers' Interpretation of Spirituality: The Contribution of Anglican and Free Church Colleges in England and Wales (2001)

A sample of 298 primary-school teachers working within the state-maintained sector in England completed a 150-item questionnaire to assess their understanding of the term “spirituality.” The data demonstrate that after controlling for sex, age, personality, and current religiosity, teachers trained in an Anglican or Free Church College were more likely than teachers trained in secular institutions to interpret the educational construct of spirituality in terms of traditional features of Christianity. There is some evidence for the distinctive religious contribution of Church Colleges to teacher education.
Brief Communication Adjacency and proximity searching in the Science Citation Index and Google (2006)

We have developed simple algorithms that allow adjacency and proximity searching in Google and the Science Citation Index (SCI). The SCI algorithm exploits the fact that SCI stopwords in a search phrase function as a placeholder. Such a phrase serves effectively as a fixed adjacency condition determined by the number n of adjacent stopwords (i.e. retrieve all records where word A and word B are separated by n words in at least one location). The algorithm integrates over search phrases with different numbers of adjacent stopwords to provide a flexible adjacency or proximity capability (i.e. retrieve all records where word A and word B are separated by n or fewer words in at least one location, where n is the maximum separation desired between A and B in at least one location). The Google algorithm exploits the fact that asterisks (in Google) separating words in a phrase function like word wildcards. The difference between two such phrases (the first phrase containing one fewer asterisk than the second phrase) serves effectively as a fixed adjacency or proximity condition, with the number of separating words equal to the number of asterisks in the first phrase. The algorithm integrates over these phrase differentials to provide a flexible adjacency or proximity capability (i.e. retrieve all records where word A and word B are separated by n or fewer words in at least one location, where n is the maximum separation desired between A and B in at least one location).
A truncated least squares approach to the detection of specular highlights in color images (2004)

One of the most difficult aspects of dealing with illumination effects in computer vision is accounting for specularity in the images of real objects. The specular regions in an image are often saturated - which creates problem for all image processing algorithms that use decision thresholds. Such algorithms include those for edge detection, region segmentation, etc. Detecting specularity and whenever possible compensating for it are obviously advantageous. Along these lines, this paper represents a new specularity detection and compensation method which is based on the notion of truncated least-squares approximation to the function that maps the color distribution between two images of an object under different illumination conditions. We also present a protocol for the evaluation of the current method for specularity detection. Our protocol as currently formulated uses human subjects to grade the specularity detection method.
Computer supported force analysis and layer imagine for masked rapid prototyping system (2002)

An innovative rapid prototyping (RP) system using direct mask photo curing (DMPC) is proposed in this paper. The underlying principle of the RP system is to fabricate a three-dimensional part layer by layer. The design concept of the DMPC RP system is to use a dynamical photo mask for the layer profile. The image of the dynamic mask, generated by a thin film transistor liquid crystal display (TFT LCD) panel, is calculated from the slicing data of the CAD model. In the DMPC system, the photopolymer is exposed and shielded by the LCD mask, and the light source to cure the photopolymer is from the bottom of the transparent resin container. A residual force is formed between the layer of the cured photo-polymer and the silicon film on the container. This residual force is measured using a load-cell and its theoretical model is further developed and simulated using the finite element method. Hence, the force measurement, force simulation, layer imagine calculation, LCD control, position control and process parameters are supported by a host computer. As a result, good quality parts with low cost can be built by this proposed DMPC RP system.
A fast mechanical switch for medium voltage hybrid DC and AC circuit breakers (2015)

The paper presents the design and experimental results of a Thomson coil based fast mechanical switch for hybrid AC and DC circuit breakers rated at 30 kV voltage and 630 A current. The compact design with optimized circuit parameters and geometric dimensions of components targets 2 mm travel within 1 ms when driven by a 2 mF capacitor bank pre-charged to 500 V. The use and design of a disc spring as the damping and holding mechanism is presented. Structural design of a complete switch assembly rather than just the actuator is given. Experimental results show that the switch can travel 1.3 mm in the first 1 ms, and 3.1 mm in the first 2 ms when driven by a 360 V 2 mF capacitor bank. Such fast mechanical switches facilitate hybrid circuit breaker interruptions within 2 or 3 milliseconds for ultra fast and highly efficient protections in 5–35 kV medium voltage DC as well as AC systems.
Induction of activation-induced cytidine deaminase gene expression by IL-4 and CD40 ligation is dependent on STAT6 and NF B (2004)

Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is an inducible gene that plays an important role in class switch recombination, somatic hypermutation and gene conversion in B cells. We examined the regulation of AID gene expression in human and mouse B cells by IL-4 and CD40 ligation. IL-4 by itself and, to a much lesser extent, CD40 ligation induced AID mRNA expression in primary B cells. The two stimuli strongly synergized in inducing AID mRNA and protein expression. IL-4 induced STAT6 binding to a site in the 5' upstream region of the AID gene, while CD40 ligation induced NFkappaB binding to two sites in that region. B cells from STAT6-/- mice failed to up-regulate AID in response to IL-4, while B cells from p50-/- mice were impaired in their ability to up-regulate AID in response to CD40 ligation and IL-4. These results suggest that signals delivered via CD40 that activate NFkappaB synergize with signals delivered via the IL-4 receptor that activate STAT6 to induce optimal AID gene expression.
Development and Application of Laboratory Tools To Predict Particle Properties upon Scale-Up in Agitated Filter-Dryers (2013)

Agitated filter-dryers (AFDs) are commonly used for performing both filtration and drying operations in the manufacture of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and intermediates. Successful scale-up from the laboratory to manufacturing AFD equipment requires that physical properties specifications such as particle size be consistently met in addition to chemical purity specifications. Depending on the API–solvent system and equipment operational parameters, undesired attrition or agglomeration may occur, so an improved understanding of these phenomena upon scale-up is of key importance. In this paper, we describe recent advances in laboratory methods, based on material characterization methods common to drug product formulation development, to better assess the risk of agglomeration and attrition potential upon scale-up. These methods provide data to evaluate solid behavior, in both wet and dry states, associated with processing in an AFD. For agglomeration prediction, the application of mixer torque rheometry for measuring the propensity to form granules or agglomerates of API wet cake is described as well as how to categorize agglomeration risk based on the output of this testing. For measuring attrition propensity, the application of powder rheometry is described, and risk categories are proposed. For both testing methods, good agreement was seen between laboratory predictions and actual behavior upon scale-up. For compounds evaluated as high risk for attrition or agglomeration, alternate drying protocols are recommended to mitigate risk. In addition, progress on enhancing cycle times for difficult to dry materials is discussed.
Technologies to Recover Nutrients from Waste Streams: A Critical Review (2014)

Technologies to recover nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium from waste streams have undergone accelerated development in the past decade, predominantly due to a surge in fertilizer prices and stringent discharge limits on these nutrients. This review provides a critical state of art review of appropriate technologies which identifies research gaps, evaluates current and future potential for application of the respective technologies, and outlines paths and barriers for adoption of the nutrient recovery technologies. The different technologies can be broadly divided into the sequential categories of nutrient accumulation, followed by nutrient release, followed by nutrient extraction. Nutrient accumulation can be achieved via plants, microorganisms (algae and prokaryotic), and physicochemical mechanisms including chemical precipitation, membrane separation, sorption, and binding with magnetic particles. Nutrient release can occur by biochemical (anaerobic digestion and bioleaching) and thermochemical treatment. Nutrient extraction can occur via crystallization, gas-permeable membranes, liquid–gas stripping, and electrodialysis. These technologies were analyzed with respect to waste stream type, the product being recovered, and relative maturity. Recovery of nutrients in a concentrated form (e.g., the inorganic precipitate struvite) is seen as desirable because it would allow a wider range of options for eventual reuse with reduced pathogen risk and improved ease of transportation. Overall, there is a need to further develop technologies for nitrogen and potassium recovery and to integrate accumulation–release–extraction technologies to improve nutrient recovery efficiency. There is a need to apply, demonstrate, and prove the more recent and innovative technologies to move these beyond their current infancy. Lastly, there is a need to investigate and develop agriculture application of the recovered nutrient products. These advancements will reduce waterway and air pollution by redirecting nutrients from waste into recovered nutrient products that provides a long-term sustainable supply of nutrients and helps buffer nutrient price rises in the future.
A Chaotic Electroosmotic Stirrer (2002)

Two-dimensional, time-independent, and time-dependent electroosmotic flows driven by a uniform electric field in a conduit with nonuniform zeta potential distributions along its walls are investigated theoretically. The time-independent flow fields are computed with the aid of Fourier series. The series' convergence is accelerated so that highly accurate solutions are obtained with just a few terms in the series. The analytic solution is used to compute flow patterns for various distributions of the zeta potential along the conduit's boundaries. Subsequently, it is demonstrated that by time-wise periodic alternations of the zeta potentials, one can induce chaotic advection. This chaotic flow can be used to efficiently stir and mix fluids in microfluidic devices.