gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Associations between Kidney Function and Subclinical Cardiac Abnormalities in CKD (2012)

Heart failure is a common consequence of CKD, and it portends high risk for mortality. However, among patients without known heart failure, the associations of different stages of estimated GFR (eGFR) with changes in cardiac structure and function are not well described. Here, we performed a cross-sectional analysis to study these associations among 3487 participants of the Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort Study. We estimated GFR using cystatin C. The prevalence of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) assessed by echocardiography was 32%, 48%, 57%, and 75% for eGFR categories ≥60, 45-59, 30-44, and <30 ml/min per 1.73 m(2), respectively. In fully adjusted multivariable analyses, subjects with eGFR levels of <30 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) had twofold higher odds of LVH (OR=2.20, 95% CI=1.40-3.40; P<0.001) relative to subjects with eGFR≥60 ml/min per 1.73 m(2). This reduction in kidney function also significantly associated with abnormal LV geometry but not diastolic or systolic dysfunction. An eGFR of 30-44 ml/min per 1.73 m(2) also significantly associated with LVH and abnormal LV geometry compared with eGFR≥60 ml/min per 1.73 m(2). In summary, in this large CKD cohort, reduced kidney function associated with abnormal cardiac structure. We did not detect significant associations between kidney function and systolic or diastolic function after adjusting for potential confounding variables.
Vascular Endothelial Cadherin Regulates Vascular Permeability: Implications for Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (2006)

Adhesion molecules like VE-cadherin may play a role in the development and progression of increased capillary permeability in severe OHSS.
High-reflectance dielectric mirrors deposited by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition on GaAs-AlGaAs semiconductor lasers with inductively coupled plasma etched facets (2000)

High-reflectance dielectric mirrors (HRDMs) have been deposited on the etched facets of edge-emitting semiconductor ridge lasers. Dry etching using an inductively coupled plasma system formed the laser facets. The HRDMs were deposited using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Lasers with cavity lengths of 200 and 128 μm have been tested before and after deposition of the HRDMs with a reduction in threshold of 50% and 61%, respectively. Lasing has been demonstrated in devices with cavity lengths as small as 32 μm after the addition of the HRDMs.
Picomolar sensitivity MRI and photoacoustic imaging of cobalt nanoparticles (2009)

Multimodality imaging based on complementary detection principles has broad clinical applications and promises to improve the accuracy of medical diagnosis. This means that a tracer particle advantageously incorporates multiple functionalities into a single delivery vehicle. In the present work, we explore a unique combination of MRI and photoacoustic tomography (PAT) to detect picomolar concentrations of nanoparticles. The nanoconstruct consists of ferromagnetic (Co) particles coated with gold (Au) for biocompatibility and a unique shape that enables optical absorption over a broad range of frequencies. The end result is a dual-modality probe useful for the detection of trace amounts of nanoparticles in biological tissues, in which MRI provides volume detection, whereas PAT performs edge detection.
Biochemical and Biological Studies on Dopastin, an Inhibitor of Dopamine<i>β</i>-Hydroxylase (1974)

Dopastin produced by a pseudomonas is a potent inhibitor of dopamine β-hydroxylase. Kinetic studies with the purified enzyme indicated that inhibition by dopastin was of the uncompetitive type to the substrate and of the competitive to the cofactor, ascorbic acid. The nitrosohydroxylamino group of dopastin was found to be essential in inhibition of dopamine β-hydroxylase. Both racemic and natural dopastins showed the same activity. Dopastin showed significant hypotensive effect to spontaneously hypertensive rats and phytotoxicity to barley germination.
Free and Acid-Labile Hydrogen Sulfide Concentrations in Mouse Tissues: Anomalously High Free Hydrogen Sulfide in Aortic Tissue (2010)

Endogenously produced hydrogen sulfide is thought to function as an intracellular messenger. There is, however, little information on tissue concentrations of free hydrogen sulfide, the putative messenger form of this molecule, versus that of the bound (acid-labile) form. The present report describes the application of a novel technique to measure free and acid-labile hydrogen sulfide in mouse tissues. Very low free hydrogen sulfide concentrations (<0.050 μmol/kg) were observed in brain, liver, blood, heart, kidney, striated muscle, and esophagus. Aortic concentrations of free hydrogen sulfide were 20 to 100 times greater than that of the other tissues. Acid-labile hydrogen sulfide concentrations were multiple orders of magnitude greater than that of the free form in every tissue other than aorta. Previous reports of tissue hydrogen sulfide concentrations of 30 to >100 μmol/kg measured bound rather than free hydrogen sulfide, the observation that aorta contains anomalously high free hydrogen sulfide concentrations lends support for a vasodilator function for this molecule, and the very low free hydrogen sulfide concentrations in most tissues seemingly requires intermediation of a yet to be described receptor-like mechanism if this molecule is to serve as a gasotransmitter.
Renal principal cell-specific expression of green fluorescent protein in transgenic mice (2002)

The purpose of this study is to develop transgenic mice with principal cell-specific expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP). After the cloning and sequencing of the mouse aquaporin-2 (AQP2) gene, 9.5 kb of the promoter were used to drive expression of GFP in transgenic mice. In transgenic mice, GFP was selectively expressed in principal cells of the renal collecting duct and not in intercalated cells. Expression was increased by dehydration of mice. AQP2 and GFP expression was maintained in primary cultures of renal medulla that were stimulated with cAMP or vasopressin analogs. GFP-expressing cells were then isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting. RT-PCR analysis showed expression of AQP2, AQP3, AQP4, vasopressin type 2 receptor, and cAMP response element binding protein but not H+-ATPase B1 subunit or anion exchanger 1. After expansion of these cells in culture, RT-PCR analysis showed continued expression of the same genes. This pattern of gene expression is that of principal cells rather than intercalated cells. This transgenic mouse model can be used in future studies of gene expression during the development, differentiation, and maturation of renal principal cells.
Experimental Study on the Genesis of Cerebral Vasospasm (1975)

The cerebral vasospasm produced by blood, fractions of blood, and blood-borne agents administered intracisternally was studied arteriographically to attain a better understanding of the genesis of vasospasm. The results indicate this phenomenon is multifarious in origin, involving a number of spasmogens. Whole blood, platelets, platelet extracts, some isolated components of platelets, plasma, thrombin, histamine, serotonin and prostaglandins F 1α , E 2 and F 2α produced a significant incidence and duration of spasm. Norepinephrine and prostaglandin E 1 were inactive. Spasm produced by arachidonic acid and red blood cells was of questionable significance. Compared to whole blood, thrombin usually produced spasm which was more delayed in onset while most other active substances produced a shorter-lived spasm. However, among the pure substances tested, serotonin, prostaglandin E 2 and prostaglandin F 2α induced spasm in small doses which most nearly resembled that observed with whole blood. The hypothesis that the course of spasm depends upon synthesis of spasmogens by brain and blood is advanced. Prostaglandin synthesis plays a major role in this concept.
Modeling and performance of the MHTGR (Modular High-Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor) reactor cavity cooling system (1990)

The Reactor Cavity Cooling System (RCCS) of the Modular High- Temperature Gas-Cooled Reactor (MHTGR) proposed by the U.S. Department of Energy is designed to remove the nuclear afterheat passively in the event that neither the heat transport system nor the shutdown cooling circulator subsystem is available. A computer dynamic simulation for the physical and mathematical modeling of and RCCS is described here. Two conclusions can be made form computations performed under the assumption of a uniform reactor vessel temperature. First, the heat transferred across the annulus from the reactor vessel and then to ambient conditions is very dependent on the surface emissivities of the reactor vessel and RCCS panels. These emissivities should be periodically checked to ensure the safety function of the RCCS. Second, the heat transfer from the reactor vessel is reduced by a maximum of 10% by the presence of steam at 1 atm in the reactor cavity annulus for an assumed constant in the transmission of radiant energy across the annulus can be expected to result in an increase in the reactor vessel temperature for the MHTGR. Further investigation of participating radiation media, including small particles, in the reactor cavity annulus is warranted. 26 refs., 7 figs., 1 tab.
An investigation of Q-switched induced quenching of the resonant nonlinearity in neodymium doped fibers (1996)

A method of reducing the decay time of the population-inversion-dependent refractive index change in rare-earth doped fibers is investigated, and its suitability for use in all-optical switching is considered. Normally, the temporal response of this type of nonlinearity is dominated by the slow fluorescent decay from the metastable level present in the doped fiber. However, in this instance, the nonlinearity is rapidly quenched by the internally generated lasing signal produced by Q-switching a lasing cavity containing the doped fiber. Using this technique the observed decay time was reduced from 370 /spl mu/s to /spl sim/1 /spl mu/s and a phase modulation of /spl pi/-radians was observed, demonstrating that the effect could be used to achieve complete optical switching in an interferometric device. A model of the temporal behavior of this effect is developed using a rate equation analysis. The induced index change is modeled by summing the effects of individual transitions in the region of the signal wavelength, and by including the effects of assumed transitions in the VUV. An extension to this method is discussed in which the depopulating signal is generated using gain-switched techniques, obviating the need for intracavity modulation, thus making the depopulation mechanism more suitable for practical purposes.
New technique of photodisplacement imaging using one laser for both excitation and detection (1987)

A new interferometry technique has been developed that uses only a single laser for both exciting and detecting photothermal displacement, which greatly simplifies the system and the optical alignment. The minimum detectable displacement 10−2 Å/(Hz)1/2 is obtained. To examine this setup, we have performed a simulated experiment. And also, we have succeeded in imaging the subsurface flaw in a copper block. The preliminary results demonstrate that this new method is very promising for nondestructive evaluation and other applications.
Heat Flux Manipulation with Engineered Thermal Materials (2012)

Utilizing a multilayered composite approach, we have designed and constructed a new class of artificial materials for thermal conduction. We show that an engineered material can be utilized to control the diffusive heat flow in ways inconceivable with naturally occurring materials. By shielding, concentrating, and inverting heat current, we experimentally demonstrate the unique potential and the utility of guiding heat flux.
Impaired interleukin‐1 signaling is associated with deficits in hippocampal memory processes and neural plasticity (2003)

The cytokine interleukin-1 (IL-1) is produced by peripheral immune cells as well as glia and neurons within the brain; it plays a major role in immune to brain communication and in modulation of neural, neuroendocrine, and behavioral systems during illness. Although previous studies demonstrated that excess levels of IL-1 impaired memory processes and neural plasticity, it has been suggested that physiological levels of IL-1 are involved in hippocampal-dependent memory and long-term potentiation (LTP). To examine this hypothesis, we studied IL-1 receptor type I knockout (IL-1rKO) mice in several paradigms of memory function and hippocampal plasticity. In the spatial version of the water maze test, IL-1rKO mice displayed significantly longer latency to reach a hidden platform, compared with wild-type controls. Furthermore, IL-1rKO exhibited diminished contextual fear conditioning. In contrast, IL-1rKO mice were similar to control animals in hippocampal-independent memory tasks; i.e., their performance in the visually guided task of the water maze and the auditory-cued fear conditioning was normal. Electrophysiologically, anesthetized IL-1rKO mice exhibited enhanced paired-pulse inhibition in response to perforant path stimulation and no LTP in the dentate gyrus. In vitro, decreased paired-pulse responses, as well as a complete absence of LTP, were observed in the CA1 region of hippocampal slices taken from IL-1rKO mice compared with WT controls. These results suggest that IL-1 contributes to the regulation of memory processes as well as short- and long-term plasticity within the hippocampus. These findings have important implications to several conditions in humans, which are associated with long-term defects in IL-1 signaling, such as mutations in the IL-1 receptor accessory protein-like gene, which are involved in a frequent form of X-linked mental retardation.
Monoclonal antibodies as probes to examine serotype-specific and cross-reactive epitopes of lipopolysaccharides from serotypes O2, O5, and O16 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1992)

Serotypes O2, O5, and O16 of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are chemically related, and the O antigens of their lipopolysaccharides share a similar trisaccharide repeat backbone structure. Serotype-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) MF71-3, MF15-4, and MF47-4 against the O2, O5, and O16 serotypes, respectively, were isolated. MAb 18-19, which is cross-reactive with all strains of this chemically related serogroup, was also produced. When column chromatography or sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis-separated lipopolysaccharide (LPS) samples from each of the serotypes were probed with the MAbs in Western immunoblots, each of the serotype-specific MAbs interacted only with high-molecular-weight bands of the homologous LPS, with a minimum O-antigen chain length of at least 6 to 10 repeats. In contrast, cross-reactive MAb 18-19 was shown to interact in Western immunoblots with the entire LPS banding pattern except the fastest-running band, which lacks O antigen. Chemical modification of P. aeruginosa LPS by alkali treatment and carboxyl reduction abolished reactions between LPS and MAb 18-19, while reactions of modified LPS with serotype-specific MAbs were not affected. Therefore, cross-reactive MAb 18-19 likely recognizes the chemical backbone structure of the O repeat that is common to all three serotypes of the O2-O5-O16 group, while the O-specific MAbs appeared to recognize LPS epitopes that could be presented when 6 to 10 or more O-antigen repeat units are present on the LPS molecule. Thus, the O-specific LPS epitopes likely involve unique chemical structures, glycosidic linkages, and some order of folding of the O side chains.
Noncausal predictive image codec (1996)

The paper describes a lossy image codec that uses a noncausal (or bilateral) prediction model coupled with vector quantization. The noncausal prediction model is an alternative to the causal (or unilateral) model that is commonly used in differential pulse code modulation (DPCM) and other codecs with a predictive component. We show how to obtain a recursive implementation of the noncausal image model without compromising its optimality and how to apply this in coding in much the same way as a causal predictor. We report experimental compression results that demonstrate the superiority of using a noncausal model based predictor over using traditional causal predictors. The codec is shown to produce high-quality compressed images at low bit rates such as 0.375 b/pixel. This quality is contrasted with the degraded images that are produced at the same bit rates by codecs using causal predictors or standard discrete cosine transform/Joint Photographic Experts Group-based (DCT/JPEG-based) algorithms.
Courtesy piggybacking: supporting differentiated services in multihop mobile ad hoc networks (2004)

Due to the salient characteristics such as the time-varying and error-prone wireless links, the dynamic and limited bandwidth, the time-varying traffic pattern and user locations, and the energy constraints, it is a challenging task to efficiently support heterogeneous traffic with different quality of service (CoS) requirements in multihop mobile ad hoc networks. In the last few years, many channel-dependent mechanisms are proposed to address this issue based on the cross-layer design philosophy. However, a lot of problems remain before more efficient solutions are found. One of the problems is how to alleviate the conflict between throughput and fairness for different prioritized traffic, especially how to avoid the bandwidth starvation problem for low-priority traffic when the high-priority traffic load is very high. In this paper, we propose a novel scheme named Courtesy Piggybacking to address this problem. With the recognition of interlayer coupling, our Courtesy Piggybacking scheme exploits the channel dynamics and stochastic traffic features to alleviate the conflict. The basic idea is to let the high-priority traffic help the low-priority traffic by sharing unused residual bandwidth with courtesy. Another noteworthy feature of the proposed scheme is its implementation simplicity: The scheme is easy to implement and is applicable in networks using either reservation-based or contention-based MAC protocols.
Nitric Oxide and Cyclic GMP in Cell Signaling and Drug Development (2006)

In the 116th Shattuck Lecture, Nobel laureate Ferid Murad explains how nitric oxide was discovered to be a biologically important molecule and outlines its multiple roles.
Association analysis between two functional dopamine D2 receptor gene polymorphisms and schizophrenia (2001)

The dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) gene has been listed as one of the candidate genes for susceptibility to schizophrenia. To date, a significant association between schizophrenia and two functional DRD2 gene polymorphisms, Ser311Cys and -141C Ins/Del, in Japanese samples, has been reported by Arinami et al. [1994: Lancet 343:703-704; 1997: Hum Mol Genet 6:577-582]. In the present study, we replicated the findings of Arinami et al. [1994: Lancet 343:703-704; 1997: Hum Mol Genet 6:577-582] in the same ethnic groups (Japanese samples) with the same polymorphisms (Ser311Cys and -141C Ins/Del). We genotyped these two polymorphisms for 241 patients and for 201 controls. Neither polymorphism was associated with schizophrenia. Moreover, in a haplotype analysis of the present sample, combined pairs of two polymorphisms provided no evidence for the association of either haplotype with schizophrenia. Our findings indicate that an association between the two functional DRD2 gene polymorphisms, Ser311Cys and -141C Ins/Del, and schizophrenia is unlikely.
Electroencephalographic dynamics of musical emotion perception revealed by independent spectral components (2010)

This study explores the electroencephalographic (EEG) correlates of emotional experience during music listening. Independent component analysis and analysis of variance were used to separate statistically independent spectral changes of the EEG in response to music-induced emotional processes. An independent brain process with equivalent dipole located in the fronto-central region exhibited distinct δ-band and θ-band power changes associated with self-reported emotional states. Specifically, the emotional valence was associated with δ-power decreases and θ-power increases in the frontal-central area, whereas the emotional arousal was accompanied by increases in both δ and θ powers. The resultant emotion-related component activations that were less interfered by the activities from other brain processes complement previous EEG studies of emotion perception to music.
Differential effects of intravenous anaesthetic agents on cell-mediated immunity in the Rhesus monkey. (1982)

Considerable evidence has accumulated to implicate general anaesthetic agents as a cause of post-surgical immune depression. In the present study we evaluated the immuno-suppressive effects of three in vivo administered anaesthetic agents on cellular immune function in sub-human primates which did not undergo surgery. Normal rhesus monkeys received a minimal anesthetic dose of ketamine HCl, meperidine HCl, or sodium pentobarbital. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were assayed for mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferative responses and cell-mediated cytotoxicity (CC), including antibody-dependent CC, spontaneous CC and alloimmune CC. In vivo administration of the three agents caused significant reduction in lymphocyte functional capabilities. Within 30 min after administration of ketamine HCl or sodium pentobarbital, cytotoxic effector function was significantly depressed, with variable recovery occurring at 48 hr; cytolytic effector function was not impaired after meperidine HCl or in untreated controls. Ketamine HCl selectively suppressed effector function; mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferative responses were not suppressed. Monkeys given meperidine HCl showed stable effector function and depressed lymphocyte proliferative function. Effects from sodium pentobarbital were non-selective, with reduced cytotoxic and proliferative lymphocyte functions. In summary, this study shows that intravenous anaesthetic agents are immunosuppressive in primates and exhibit disparate effects on afferent and efferent expressions of cellular immunity.
Spin trap salvage from endotoxemia: the role of cytokine down-regulation. (1992)

Spin trap protection from endotoxemia may be related to interruption of the cytokine network, with profound effects on transcription and protein elaboration. Such compounds may prove useful in not only sepsis but also other cytokine-free radical-related pathophysiologic alterations.
A HAMR Media Technology Roadmap to an Areal Density of 4 Tb/in$^2$ (2013)

This paper discusses heat-assisted magnetic recording (HAMR) media requirements and challenges for areal densities (AD) beyond 1 Tb/in <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . Based on recent roadmap discussions the focus is primarily on granular chemically ordered L10 FePtX-Y-perpendicular media with reduced average grain size down to 〈D〉 = 3-5 nm relative to current CoCrPt based perpendicular magnetic recording (PMR) media with average grain size 〈D〉 = 7-9 nm. In HAMR media the combination of thermal conductivity and Curie temperature TC determines the required laser power during recording. Key challenges are sigma variations of D and TC which need to be reduced to σD/D ~ 10-15% and σTC/TC ~ 2%. In addition AD is limited by switching field distribution (SFD) and thermal spot size. The key goal going forward is to optimize heads, media, head-media-spacing (HMS) and read-back channel technologies to extend AD to 4 Tb/in <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and beyond.