gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Concurrent presence of unipolar and bipolar resistive switching phenomena in pnictogen oxide Sb2O5 films (2012)

The concurrent presence of unipolar resistive switching (URS) and bipolar resistive switching (BRS) characteristics of the Sb/Sb2O5/Pt structure were examined. It was discovered that the BRS phenomenon was driven by the abnormal reset process during URS cycles which was induced by the rupture and recovery of the conducting filament (CF) in the localized region near the anode. The electrical conduction behavior in the high resistance state of URS and BRS was explained by the Schottky emission and space-charge-limited current mechanism, meaning that the URS and BRS phenomena are induced by the extent of reoxidaton and reduction regarding the local CF-ruptured region.
Lee Daeyoung and Mission to China in the Early Korean Church (2014)

이 논문은 한국 장로교회가 1912년 총회를 창립하면서 처음 시작한 해외선교(중국 산동선교)의 특징과 이 때 중국에 파송된 선교사 가운데 하나인 이대영 선교사(1887-1968)에 관한 논문이다. 한국 장로교회는 1907년에 처음으로 노회(독노회 혹은 조선노회)를 창설하였고, 1912년에는 대한예수교장로회 총회를 창립하였다. 한국 장로교회는 노회 창립과 더불어 제주도에 선교사를 파송하였고, 총회창립 시에는 해외선교(중국 산동선교)를 결의하였다. 이렇게 한국 장로교회는 시작부터 선교에 매우 적극적이었다. 외국으로부터 선교를 받은 한국 교회가 처음으로 해외에 선교사를 파송한 것은 결의 1년 후인 1913년이다. 이 때 3명의 선교사가 중국 산동성에 파송되었고 이후 6명의 선교사가 더 파송되었다. 이 가운데 이대영 선교사는 1922년 4번째로 산동에 파송되어 이후 33년 동안 중국선교에 임했다. 이 논문에서는 이대영을 비롯한 한국인 선교사들의 중국 산동선교사역의 특징을 다섯 가지로 정리하였고, 이대영 선교사의 선교사역과 선교사 퇴임 이후 한국에서의 활동을 정리하였다. 이대영 선교사는 그가 활동했던 사역의 중요성이나 업적, 성취에 비해 일반에 거의 알려지지 않은 선교사이다. 특히 산동선교의 상징이 된 방효원, 방지일 부자에 비하면 그에 대한 언급이나 기록, 소개는 미미할 따름이어서 더 많은 연구가 필요해 보인다.
Chemical synthesis of a mitochondrial gene designed for expression in the yeast nucleus. (1985)

A novel DNA sequence coding for subunit 8 of the mitochondrial ATPase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been constructed by chemical synthesis. The synthetic gene, termed NAP1, is designed for expression in the yeast nucleus and codes for a 48 amino acid polypeptide identical to that encoded by the mitochondrial aap1 gene of S. cerevisiae. The codons chosen for the NAP1 sequence correspond almost exclusively to those most frequently occurring in highly expressed yeast genes. The NAP1 coding region differs in 31 codons from that of aap1, and is flanked by sequences carrying restriction enzyme sites useful for cloning and for gene expression. A 170 bp double stranded DNA molecule was constructed by assembling 12 oligonucleotides (12 to 45 bases in length) in a single annealing/ligation mixture. This synthetic gene will provide a route for the systematic manipulation, through in vitro mutagenesis, of the structure of a protein normally encoded by mitochondrial DNA.
Studies on the Novel Cyclodepsipeptides. A Total Synthesis of (+)-Jasplakinolide (Jaspamide) (1994)

Diastereocontrolled total synthesis of (+)-jasplakinolide (1) has been accomplished via coupling of the tetrapropionate-derived segment (9) with the tripeptide (10) followed by trichlmbemyl chloride-mediated macrolactonization.(+)-Jasplakinolide (Jaspamide) ( I ) ~ and (+)-geodiamolides A (2) -F (7)4 are biologically active cyclodepsipeptides isolated from marine sponges, and are composed of hipeptides linked to a common twelve-carbon segment.With their isolation and elucidation of their smctures having been reported, synthetic work has appeared successively~ As one of the results reported, we exhibited a design for (+)-geodiamolides A (2) and B (3). consisting of the synthesis of the tetrapropionate-derived segment (9) and of the tripeptide containing a halogenated N-methyltyrosyl residue and subsequent coupling of them5e We describe here the application of this methodology to a total synthesis of (+)-jasplakinolide (1)
An epidermal growth factor receptor/ret chimera generates mitogenic and transforming signals: evidence for a ret-specific signaling pathway. (1994)

A chimeric expression vector which encoded for a molecule encompassing the extracellular domain of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) and the intracellular domain of the ret kinase (EGFR/ret chimera) was generated. Upon ectopic expression in mammalian cells, the EGFR/ret chimera was correctly synthesized and transported to the cell surface, where it was shown capable of binding EGF and transducing an EGF-dependent signal intracellularly. Thus, the EGFR/ret chimera allows us to study the biological effects and biochemical activities of the ret kinase under controlled conditions of activation. Comparative analysis of the growth-promoting activity of the EGFR/ret chimera expressed in fibroblastic or hematopoietic cells revealed a biological phenotype clearly distinguishable from that of the EGFR, indicating that the two kinases couple with mitogenic pathways which are different to some extent. Analysis of biochemical pathways implicated in the transduction of mitogenic signals also evidenced significant differences between the ret kinase and other receptor tyrosine kinases. Thus, the sum of our results indicates the existence of a ret-specific pathway of mitogenic signaling.
Polarization conversion in conical diffraction by metallic and dielectric subwavelength gratings (2007)

Subwavelength metallic and dielectric diffraction gratings which rotate the linear polarization of incident light by 90 degrees are examined. Using rigorous diffraction theory in total-internal-reflection configuration, it is shown that full conversion from incident transverse electric field to transverse magnetic zero-order field can be achieved with both dielectric and metallic elements, but dielectric gratings provide higher efficiency and are thus preferable. The fabrication aspects and constraints are discussed in detail and the behavior of the gratings over broad wavelength bands is presented.
Diisobutylaluminum-Promoted Regioselective De-O-benzylation of Perbenzylated Cyclodextrins: A Powerful New Strategy for the Preparation of Selectively Modified Cyclodextrins (2000)

A new solution to an old problem: Remarkably regioselective de-O-benzylation of perbenzylated cyclodextrins (CDs) such as 1 (or α- and γ-CDs) occurs with diisobutylaluminum hydride, thus providing an innovative approach to the preparation of selectively modified cyclodextrins such as 2 in excellent yield.
Thermal relaxation of metastable strained-layer<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ge</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Si</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">−</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>/Si epitaxy (1985)

The kinetics of annealing relaxation of metastably strained ${\mathrm{Ge}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Si}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$ films grown by molecular-beam epitaxy on Si(100) were studied by ion channeling and electron microscopy. Initial relaxation of films 50 nm or more thick proceeds by logarithmic time-dependent growth of dislocations near the interface, a creep process which partially relieves local strain and has comparatively less influence on the strain at the surface. Relaxation of macroscopic strain is associated with a later stage and with Ge diffusion, particularly in films less than 10 nm thick.
Tree-varying multicast on an overlay network of unreliable end hosts (2004)

IP-layer multicast (IP multicast) is a sophisticated approach for delivering data to multiple receiver hosts distributed in networks, but several issues have prevented its wide deployment. To solve the issues, several application-layer multicasts (ALM) have been proposed as architectural alternatives to IP multicast. ALMs depend on the reliability of the end hosts, but end hosts are less stable than network devices, such as switches and routers, which IP multicast depends on, because their computing resources are shared by other, unpredictable, processes. The article presents a new ALM protocol on an overlay of such undependable end hosts. It exploits a group hierarchy for scalable data delivery, for example, to thousands of receivers, as well as conventional ALMs. No leader hosts are fixed in the hierarchy, but they are dynamically and randomly assigned for each forwarding operation at the end hosts. Thus, the multicast trees change very frequently. This distributes and balances the stress in the delivery networks, avoiding congestion. We analyse the link stress and show that it is up to double the data bit rate when the receivers are equally distributed in the group hierarchy. This also makes the system stable and robust, not only to dynamic membership changes when receivers join and leave, but also to temporal performance changes in the receiver hosts, which would cause errors such as a packet loss when they fail to receive or send some packets in time. We also discuss scalability issues and show the results of demonstration experiments.
Design of the Oxygen and Substrate Pathways: VII. Different Structural Limits for Oxygen and Substrate Supply to Muscle Mitochondria (1996)

This paper integrates the results of a series of studies on the supply of O2 and substrates for oxidative muscle metabolism and draws conclusions on the role of structural design in partitioning and limiting substrate supply. The studies compared dogs and goats exercising at different intensities and combined physiological, biochemical and morphometric investigations. In both species, the rate of fatty acid oxidation reached an upper limit at low exercise intensities, and only glucose consumption was increased at higher exercise intensities. The supply of both glucose and fatty acids from the capillaries reached maximal rates at low exercise intensities; this limitation is related to the design of the sarcolemma as calculations suggest that the endothelium introduces only a small resistance to substrate flux. From these findings, it appears that the capillaries are designed to satisfy O2 supply up to maximal O2 demand. The increase in substrate supply to the mitochondria at higher exercise intensities is achieved by drawing on intracellular stores of glycogen and lipids. The size of these stores is larger in dogs than in goats, providing the athletic species with twice the fuel reserves. These findings are interpreted on the basis of a network model with fluxes partitioned between direct and indirect pathways and with some structures shared by more than one function. Whereas O2 is supplied through a direct pathway, the supply of both substrates is split temporally to allow, during exercise, immediate fuel supply to the mitochondria from intracellular stores; these are replaced from the vasculature, during periods of rest, to a size commensurate with high rates of combustion. Considering this complexity, we conclude that the results are compatible with the principle of symmorphosis applied to a network structure and that the adjustment of design to functional demand involves different structures for O2 and for substrates.
Directly Modulated DFB Laser on SiO$_{\bf 2}$ /Si Substrate for Datacenter Networks (2015)

Reducing the operating energy of a distributed feedback (DFB) laser is a critical issue if we are to use the device as a directly modulated light source employing wavelength division multiplexing technologies in short-distance datacom networks. A membrane buried heterostructure (BH) DFB laser on a SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> layer is one candidate for reducing the operating energy because it provides a strong carrier and optical confinement in the active region. For low-cost fabrication, we have proposed and developed a fabrication procedure that employs the buried growth of an InP layer by using a directly bonded InP-based active layer on a SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> /Si substrate, which enables us to use a large-scale Si wafer. To overcome the problem of the difference between the thermal expansion coefficients of Si, SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> , and InP, we have used a thin active layer (~250 nm) on a SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> /Si substrate as a template for the epitaxial growth of a III-V compound semiconductor. A lateral current injection structure is essential for fabricating a device with a 250-nm-thick template. Our fabricated DFB laser with a 73-μm cavity length exhibits a threshold current of 0.9 mA for continuous operation at room temperature and achieves lasing at up to 100 °C. We have also demonstrated 171-fJ/bit operation with a 25.8-Gb/s NRZ signal. These results indicate that the BH DFB laser on a SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> /Si substrate is highly suitable for use as a transmitter for datacom applications.
Recruitment of ZipA to the Septal Ring of <i>Escherichia coli</i> Is Dependent on FtsZ and Independent of FtsA (1999)

Cell division in prokaryotes is mediated by the septal ring. In Escherichia coli, this organelle consists of several essential division proteins, including FtsZ, FtsA, and ZipA. To gain more insight into how the structure is assembled, we studied the interdependence of FtsZ, FtsA, and ZipA localization using both immunofluorescence and Gfp tagging techniques. To this end, we constructed a set of strains allowing us to determine the cellular location of each of these three proteins in cells from which one of the other two had been specifically depleted. Our results show that ZipA fails to accumulate in a ring shape in the absence of FtsZ. Conversely, depletion of ZipA does not abolish formation of FtsZ rings but leads to a significant reduction in the number of rings per unit of cell mass. In addition, ZipA does not appear to require FtsA for assembly into the septal ring and vice versa. It is suggested that septal ring formation starts by assembly of the FtsZ ring, after which ZipA and FtsA join this structure in a mutually independent fashion through direct interactions with the FtsZ protein.
Effects of Chipping, Grinding, and Heat on Survival of Emerald Ash Borer, Agrilus planipennis (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), in Chips (2007)

The emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Buprestidae), a phloem-feeding insect from Asia, was identified in 2002 as the cause of widespread ash (Fraxinus sp.) mortality in southeastern Michigan and Essex County, Ontario. Most larvae overwinter as nonfeeding prepupae in the outer sapwood or thick bark of large trees. In a series of studies, we evaluated effects of grinding, chipping, and heat treatment on survival of A. planipennis prepupae in ash material. Heavily infested ash bolts containing roughly 8,700 prepupae were processed by a horizontal grinder with either a 2.5- or 10-cm screen. There was no evidence of A. planipennis survival in chips processed with the 2.5-cm screen, but eight viable prepupae were recovered from chips processed with the 10-cm screen. We chiseled additional sentinel chips with prepupae from ash logs and buried 45 in each chip pile. In total, six prepupae in sentinel chips survived the winter, but we found no sign of adult A. planipennis emergence from the processed chips. Subsequently, we assessed prepupal survival in chips processed by a chipper or a horizontal grinder fit with 5-, 10-, or 12.7-cm screens. An estimated 1,565 A. planipennis prepupae were processed by each treatment. Chips from the chipper were shorter than chips from the grinder regardless of the screen size used. No live prepupae were found in chips produced by the chipper, but 21 viable prepupae were found in chips from the grinder. Infested wood and bark chips chiseled from logs were held in ovens at 25, 40, or 60°C for 8, 24, or 48 h. Prepupal survival was consistently higher in wood chips than bark chips at 40°C, whereas no prepupae survived exposure to 60°C for eight or more hours. In a second study, prepupae in wood chips were exposed to 40, 45, 50, 55, or 60°C for 20 or 120 min. Some prepupae survived 20 min of exposure to all temperatures. No prepupae survived exposure to 60°C for 120 min, but 17% survived exposure to 55°C for 120 min, suggesting that some fraction of the population may survive internationally recognized phytosanitary standards (ISPM-15) for treatment of wood packing material.
Wear in uncemented porous and cemented polyethylene sockets (1998)

We used radiostereometric analysis to compare wear rates between uncemented porous sockets and cemented all-polyethylene sockets in a series of 102 hips randomised for either a Harris-Galante or a Charnley cup. Wear was evaluated in 95 hips at a mean of five years (2 to 7). All hips had a cemented, 22 mm head mono-bloc Charnley stem. The mean annual wear rate was 0.09 mm in the Charnley sockets and 0.10 mm in the Harris-Galante sockets, with no statistically significant differences in wear, migration or rotation. We conclude that, up to five years, the wear characteristics of the modular and porous Harris-Galante socket resemble that of the Charnley socket.
A Standardized Breath Holding Technique for the Clinical Measurement of the Diffusing Capacity of the Lung for Carbon Monoxide 1 (1957)

Previous publications from this laboratory have described (1, 2) a modification of the Krogh breath holding technique for measuring the pulmonary diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DL).6 This test can be performed quickly and simply and does not require arterial blood analyses. It has recently (2) been shown to provide an index of pulmonary diffusing capacity similar to that given by the DLo2 method of Lilienthal, Riley, Proemmel, and Franke (3) and the "steady state" method of Filley, MacIntosh, and Wright (4). The purpose of the present report is to enumerate some of the factors that affect DL, to describe a standardized technique for its measurement, and to present
[In vivo induction of antitumor immune response by tumor cells fused with GM-CSF gene-modified dendritic cells]. (1997)

Vaccination with the fused cells between tumor cells and dendritic cells could elicit potent antitumor responses, and combined with GM-CSF gene transfection, more potent results can be achieved.
Stereo-based Pedestrian Detection using Multiple Patterns (2009)

Detecting pedestrians from a moving vehicle is a challenging problem since the essence of the task is to search non-rigid moving objects with various appearances in a dynamic and outdoor environment. In order to alleviate these difficulties, we propose a new human detection framework which makes the most use of stereo vision. While the conventional stereo-based detection methods initially generate regions of interest or ROIs on one of stereo images, the proposed one defines the ROIs on both left and right images. This paper presents two different ways for utilizing the stereo ROIs. Thefirst one is to classify the stereo ROIs individually and integrate the classification scores to obtain the final decision. The second one is to extend gradient-based local descriptors [1, 14] to multiple views and present new feature descriptors which we call Stereo HOG and Stereo CoHOG. Through experiments we show that both methods significantly reduce the false alarm rate while keeping the detection rate comparing with monocular-based methods.
Transcriptional regulation of <i>string (cdc25)</i>: a link between developmental programming and the cell cycle (1994)

During postblastoderm embryogenesis in Drosophila, cell cycles progress in an invariant spatiotemporal pattern. Most of these cycles are differentially timed by bursts of transcription of string (cdc25), a gene encoding a phosphatase that triggers mitosis by activating the Cdc2 kinase. An analysis of string expression in 36 pattern-formation mutants shows that known patterning genes act locally to influence string transcription. Embryonic expression of string gene fragments shows that the complete pattern of string transcription requires extensive cis-acting regulatory sequences (> 15.3 kb), but that smaller segments of this regulatory region can drive proper temporal expression in defined spatial domains. We infer that string upstream sequences integrate many local signals to direct string's transcriptional program. Finally, we show that the spatiotemporal progression of string transcription is largely unaffected in mutant embryos specifically arrested in G2 of cycles 14, 15, or 16, or G1 of cycle 17. Thus, there is a regulatory hierarchy in which developmental inputs, not cell cycle inputs, control the timing of string transcription and hence cell cycle progression.
PartsList: a web-based system for dynamically ranking protein folds based on disparate attributes, including whole-genome expression and interaction information (2001)

As the number of protein folds is quite limited, a mode of analysis that will be increasingly common in the future, especially with the advent of structural genomics, is to survey and re-survey the finite parts list of folds from an expanding number of perspectives. We have developed a new resource, called PartsList, that lets one dynamically perform these comparative fold surveys. It is available on the web at http://bioinfo.mbb.yale.edu/partslist and http://www.partslist.org. The system is based on the existing fold classifications and functions as a form of companion annotation for them, providing 'global views' of many already completed fold surveys. The central idea in the system is that of comparison through ranking; PartsList will rank the approximately 420 folds based on more than 180 attributes. These include: (i) occurrence in a number of completely sequenced genomes (e.g. it will show the most common folds in the worm versus yeast); (ii) occurrence in the structure databank (e.g. most common folds in the PDB); (iii) both absolute and relative gene expression information (e.g. most changing folds in expression over the cell cycle); (iv) protein-protein interactions, based on experimental data in yeast and comprehensive PDB surveys (e.g. most interacting fold); (v) sensitivity to inserted transposons; (vi) the number of functions associated with the fold (e.g. most multi-functional folds); (vii) amino acid composition (e.g. most Cys-rich folds); (viii) protein motions (e.g. most mobile folds); and (ix) the level of similarity based on a comprehensive set of structural alignments (e.g. most structurally variable folds). The integration of whole-genome expression and protein-protein interaction data with structural information is a particularly novel feature of our system. We provide three ways of visualizing the rankings: a profiler emphasizing the progression of high and low ranks across many pre-selected attributes, a dynamic comparer for custom comparisons and a numerical rankings correlator. These allow one to directly compare very different attributes of a fold (e.g. expression level, genome occurrence and maximum motion) in the uniform numerical format of ranks. This uniform framework, in turn, highlights the way that the frequency of many of the attributes falls off with approximate power-law behavior (i.e. according to V(-b), for attribute value V and constant exponent b), with a few folds having large values and most having small values.