gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Accuracy of Flowmeters Measuring Horizontal Groundwater Flow in an Unconsolidated Aquifer Simulator (2011)

Borehole flowmeters that measure horizontal flow velocity and direction of groundwater flow are being increasingly applied to a wide variety of environmental problems. This study was carried out to evaluate the measurement accuracy of several types of flowmeters in an unconsolidated aquifer simulator. Flowmeter response to hydraulic gradient, aquifer properties, and well‐screen construction was measured during 2003 and 2005 at the U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Instrumentation Facility in Bay St. Louis, Mississippi. The flowmeters tested included a commercially available heat‐pulse flowmeter, an acoustic Doppler flowmeter, a scanning colloidal borescope flowmeter, and a fluid‐conductivity logging system. Results of the study indicated that at least one flowmeter was capable of measuring borehole flow velocity and direction in most simulated conditions. The mean error in direction measurements ranged from 15.1° to 23.5° and the directional accuracy of all tested flowmeters improved with increasing hydraulic gradient. The range of Darcy velocities examined in this study ranged 4.3 to 155 ft/d. For many plots comparing the simulated and measured Darcy velocity, the squared correlation coefficient ( r 2 ) exceeded 0.92. The accuracy of velocity measurements varied with well construction and velocity magnitude. The use of horizontal flowmeters in environmental studies appears promising but applications may require more than one type of flowmeter to span the range of conditions encountered in the field. Interpreting flowmeter data from field settings may be complicated by geologic heterogeneity, preferential flow, vertical flow, constricted screen openings, and nonoptimal screen orientation.
Matrixing of bit rate reduced audio signals (1992)

The effects of the combined use of matrixing and bit rate reduction of audio signals are discussed. Bit rate reduction introduces quantization noise in the audio signal. This noise remains unnoticed by the human ear because of the masking caused by the audio signal. However, when matrixing is applied to such a quantized signal the audio part and the quantization noise can be separated and routed to different loudspeakers. This may result in the appearance of audible artifacts. A method is presented by which bit rate reduced audio signals can be matrixed without causing such artifacts to occur. The first step is to apply prequantization before the enmatrixing. The second step is to adapt the masking signal input to the encoder. Application is in HDTV, where a surround sound signal should be transmitted in a compatible way with the existing stereo format. Compatible transmission is possible by the combined use of bit rate reduction and matrixing. In the proposed scheme the resulting signals will remain free from audible artifacts.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A mouse model for estimation of Pasteurella haemolytica deposition in calf lungs following aerosol exposure. (1982)

A method used to calculate the number of Pasteurella haemolytica reaching the lungs of calves during an aerosol exposure is described. This method is based on a linear relationship of bacterial deposition in lungs of mice and calves when exposed to the same bacterial aerosol.
The Marine Boundary Layer in the Vicinity of an Ocean Front (1989)

Aircraft observations obtained during the Frontal Air–Sea Interaction Experiment (FASINEX) are used to investigate the structure of the marine atmospheric boundary layer in the vicinity of an ocean front. A quasi-stationary sea surface temperature (SST) discontinuity of 2°C was maintained across the frontal zone throughout the duration of the experiment The primary response of the atmosphere to changes in the SST was observed in the surface-related turbulence fluxes. In the case of warm air flowing over cold water, the boundary layer appears to develop an internal boundary layer (IBL) in response to the sudden change in the sea surface temperature. The organized updrafts and downdrafts within this layer collapse with entrainment–detrainment processes in these cells dominating the turbulence statistics. The IBL grows in response to the wind shear in this layer, although the surface shear stress is much smaller on the colder side of the front than on the warm. The depth of the IBL, and, in the absence of the IBL, the mixed layer are found to scale with the friction velocity and the Coriolis parameter. The IBL confines the surface-related turbulent mixing and shear-driven processes to the lower layers of the atmosphere. Thus. the shallow boundary layer cloud field appears to be maintained primarily by radiative transfer within the cloud layer. Multiple cloud-capped mixed layers were frequently observed throughout the experiment. They appear to be directly related to the horizontal variation of the SST with deeper boundary layer and higher cloud levels formed over warmer water.
Excitatory synaptic transmission in neostriatal neurons: regulation by cyclic AMP-dependent mechanisms (1995)

The purpose of the present study was to examine whether cAMP-dependent mechanisms regulated excitatory synaptic transmission in the neostriatum. A brain slice preparation was utilized for intracellular recordings of the excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) evoked by electrical stimulation. Bath application of forskolin, an activator of adenylate cyclase, enhanced the EPSP amplitude and duration. This potentiation was dose dependent and did not occur with the inactive analog 1,9-dideoxyforskolin. Forskolin potentiation was unaltered by treatment with the GABAA receptor antagonist bicuculline. Furthermore, two inhibitors of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), Rp-cAMPS and IP20-amide, attenuated forskolin's enhancement of the EPSP. In addition, the PKA activator Sp-cAMPS enhanced excitatory synaptic transmission. Interestingly, treatment with PKA inhibitors alone depressed while the phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid enhanced the synaptic response. These results suggest a role for tonic kinase and phosphatase activity in regulating excitatory synaptic transmission in the neostriatum. Finally, forskolin was found to enhance the responses of neostriatal neurons to glutamate receptor agonists. This potentiation, which occurred in the presence of tetrodotoxin, provides at leas part of the explanation for the cAMP/PKA-dependent regulation of the EPSP. Overall, these results suggest a role for the adenylate cyclase cascade in the regulation of excitatory synaptic transmission in the neostriatum.
Intraoperative immunophotodetection for radical resection of cancers: evaluation in an experimental model. (2001)

The aim of our study was to assess the technique of immunophotodetection (IPD) in intraoperative situations in an experimental model and to determine its capacity to detect very small tumor masses. IPD is a recent technology involving fluorescent dye-labeled monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed against tumor-associated antigens. Up to now, no intraoperative device for IPD has been developed, and limits of detection of the technique are unknown. MAb-dye conjugates were prepared using the anti-carcinoembryonic antigen MAb 35A7 labeled with indocyanine and (125)I. Time-dependent (6, 12, 24, 48, and 96 h post i.v. injection) and dose-dependent (10, 40, and 100 microg of conjugate) biodistribution studies were performed in nude mice bearing an LS174T peritoneal carcinomatosis demonstrating high tumor uptake (up to 21% of the injected dose/g of tumor 48 h postinjection). Intraoperative IPD was studied, using a newly developed device, in 16 mice 48 h after i.v. injection of 40 microg of the (125)I-MAb 35A7-indocyanine conjugate. The fluorescent status of 333 biopsies was compared with their histological analysis. Sensitivity was 90.7%, specificity was 97.2%, the positive predictive value was 94.7%, and the negative predictive value was 94.9%. Detection of very small nodules (<1 mg in weight or <1 mm in diameter) was possible. However, we observed a decrease in sensitivity as a function of tumor mass: 100% for nodules >10 mg versus 78% for nodules < or =1 mg. These experiments demonstrate that intraoperative IPD is easy to use and associated with high sensitivity and specificity, even for low tumor masses. On the basis of these encouraging results, intraoperative IPD should be assessed in a clinical study.
Automated JIT based materials management for lot manufacture (1996)

The challenge facing manufacturing today is one of providing the customer with greater product variety deliverable in ever shorter lead‐times, while minimizing development and operating costs. Presents an integrated logistics and manufacturing process implemented in an automotive environment designed to address some of the key issues arising from this challenge. Uses a combination of stabilized build plans and supply schedules in conjunction with an automated JIT control approach for the lot manufacture of a complex product. The automated JIT mechanism enables material to be called off in the required lot quantity in a synchronized manner. Places emphasis on the process aspect of the overall system: the business of materials management being approached in a holistic fashion. Discusses the problems and issues associated with various systems and organizational matters, principally: forming effective multi‐functional teams, specifying the requirements, user education, system robustness and contingency planning. Also discusses the benefits of the automated JIT approach which include improved operational effectiveness and reduced material stock in the overall system. Considers general conclusions on the applicability of the approach, particularly in the manufacture of sub‐assemblies and of other high volume, high complexity products.
Macrophage Participation in the Degradation and Remodeling of Extracellular Matrix Scaffolds (2009)

Biologic scaffolds composed of extracellular matrix (ECM) are widely used to facilitate remodeling and reconstruction of a variety of tissues in both preclinical animal studies and human clinical applications. The mechanisms by which such scaffolds influence the host tissue response are only partially understood, but it is logical that the mononuclear macrophage cell population plays a central role. The present study evaluated the role of macrophages that derive from peripheral blood in the degradation of ECM scaffolds. An established rat body wall reconstruction model was used to evaluate the degradation of carbodiimide (CDI)-crosslinked scaffolds composed of porcine small intestinal submucosa (SIS), noncrosslinked SIS, and autologous body wall. To assess the role of circulating macrophages in the degradation process, the degradation of each scaffold was assessed with and without macrophage depletion caused by administration of clodronate-containing liposomes. Results showed that peripheral blood monocytes are required for the early and rapid degradation of both SIS scaffolds and autologous body wall, and that CDI crosslinked SIS is resistant to macrophage-mediated degradation.
Fairness Analysis of IEEE 802.11 Multirate Wireless LANs (2007)

This paper investigates the issue of fairness in IEEE 802.11-based multirate wireless local area networks (WLANs). Distributed coordination function, which is the medium-access control (MAC) protocol used in 802.11 WLANs, provides equal long-term channel access probability to competing stations, irrespective of the time required in sending a frame. When equal-sized frames are used and channel conditions are similar, each station, regardless of its data rate, achieves the same throughput. Furthermore, the aggregate throughput is reduced to a level much closer to what one gets when all stations are of lower rate. This anomaly in the performance is a result of unfair channel time allocation for stations when they use multiple data rates. We consider provisioning of time-based fairness in which each station receives an equal share of the wireless channel occupancy time. We demonstrate that under time-based fairness, the throughput that a tagged node achieves in a multirate WLAN with nodes is identical to what it would achieve in a single-rate WLAN with nodes all at the same data rate as the tagged node. Furthermore, we show that under time-based fairness scheme, the ratio of throughputs per station corresponding to two different bit rates is directly proportional to the ratio of their bit rates. We analyze different mechanisms in achieving time-based fairness by using an analytical model. Using Jain's fairness index, optimal MAC parameters required in achieving maximum fairness between slow and fast stations are obtained. The impacts of these mechanisms on throughput of slow and fast stations are explored. We also consider the notion of proportional fairness in a multirate scenario and prove that it is equivalent to fair channel time allocation. Last, our investigation of an alternative fairness criterion also leads us to propose that the IEEE 802.11 MAC protocol should be redesigned with temporal fairness as a design objective in avoiding inefficiencies related to the performance anomaly.
Modeling and autotuning of AVP control with inductor DCR current sensing (2014)

A new equivalent circuit model is presented to predict the small-signal characteristic of current-mode control with DCR current sensing accurately, and a simple auto-tuning method is proposed to solve the issue of time constant mismatch in DCR current sensing. The model shows that the mismatch between the current sensing RC network and the output inductor makes the output impedance deviate away from desired load-line resistance, so the transient response impairs. Adding more output capacitors can avoid transient spike, but increase component cost. Prior autotuning method solves mismatch issue by adjusting the time constant of RC network close to another such that output capacitors can be reduced, but the implementation is too complex for monolithically integration. Therefore, this paper develops a simple pole-zero compensation technique to maintain constant output impedance and fast transient under possible mismatch conditions, so output capacitor can be minimized with simpler autotuning circuit on VR controller. The SIMPLIS simulation with state-of-art output filter model of laptop VR and the experiment result on a commercial VR12 controller confirms the effectiveness of the proposed autotuning method.
The 26 kD protein recognized on rat cauda epididymal sperm by monoclonal antibody 4E9 has internal peptide sequence that is identical to the secreted form of epididymal protein E1 (1997)

MAb 4E9, raised against a detergent extract of rat cauda epididymal sperm, recognizes a 26 kD glycoprotein that is found on the plasma membrane of the sperm tail in cauda, but not caput, sperm (Moore et al., 1994). It also recognizes an epididymis-secreted protein that has been shown to be protein E (Xu and Hamilton, 1996). It is felt that the secreted protein becomes associated with sperm, but there has been no biochemical evidence of molecular identity between the secreted and membrane proteins. In this report, the membrane form of the antigen has been purified by reverse phase HPLC. Cyanogen bromide cleavage of the purified protein yielded 3 peptides that were purified, also by reverse phase HPLC. One of the peptides yielded an unambiguous sequence of 34 amino acids that is identical to an internal peptide of the protein found in epididymal fluid. This is the first report showing sequence identity between an epididymis-secreted protein and a protein of the sperm plasma membrane.
Nb/Al-oxide/Nb and NbN/MgO/NbN Tunnel Junctions in Large Series Arrays for Voltage Standards (1986)

Series arrays of 1440 Josephson tunnel junctions were fabricated out of Nb/AN-oxide/Nb- and Nb/NbN/MgO/NbN/Nb-sandwiches The arrays provide microwave-induced constant voltage steps of at least one volt. The good stability of hard superconductor tunnel junctions against room temperature storage and thermal cyling suggests that these arrays might be very useful for the constructions of practical lasting Josephson voltage standards of high precision.
Role of 1,2-Dimethoxyethane in the Transformation from Ethylene Polymerization to Trimerization Using Chromium Tris(2-ethylhexanoate)-Based Catalyst System: A DFT Study (2010)

Selective ethylene trimerization into 1-hexene, which is an important comonomer for production of copolymers with high performance, was first commercialized in 2003 using a chromium tris(2-ethylhexanoate) (Cr(EH)3)-based catalyst. One milestone during the development of this catalyst is the addition of 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME) to Cr(EH)3/partially hydrolyzed tri-isobutyl aluminum (PIBAO) catalyst, resulting in a transformation from ethylene polymerization into trimerization. However, the mechanism of this transformation is unknown. In this work, the role of DME in the switching mechanism from ethylene polymerization to trimerization was investigated by a density functional theory (DFT) method based on the 10 most plausible molecular models for the active species of Cr(EH)3/PIBAO catalyst with or without DME coordination. For neutral models (Cr(I)OR; Cr(I)OR/DME; Cr(I)R; Cr(I)R/DME; R refers to isobutyl ligand), those without DME coordination were found to be dominantly ethylene trimerization sites. After DME coordination, both the weak electron-donating effect and steric effect of DME increased the total energy barriers of metallocycle growth, leading to ethylene trimerization with dimerization as a side reaction. So neutral models mainly presented ethylene trimerization with or without DME coordination and were not consistent with experimental evidence of transformation. For cationic models (Cr(I)+; Cr(I)+/DME; Cr(II)+OR; Cr(II)+OR/DME; Cr(II)+R; Cr(II)+R/DME), metallocycle growth leading to ethylene polymerization occurred on those models without DME. After DME coordination, the strong electron-donating effect of DME was found to facilitate metallocycle expansion, while the dominant role of the steric effect of DME made nine-membered ring formation unfavorable, and thus 1-hexene was liberated from the seven-membered ring. So all the cationic models presented a transformation from ethylene polymerization to trimerization after DME coordination and might be the most plausible active sites for the Cr(EH)3/PIBAO catalyst system. The results provided a much deeper understanding of the highly selective trimerization mechanism and for further development of new catalysts with high performance as well.
Electroluminescence of different colors from polycation/CdTe nanocrystal self-assembled films (2000)

Water soluble thiol capped CdTe nanocrystals are assembled into ultrathin films in combination with poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) by the self-assembly method of layer-by-layer adsorption of oppositely charged polyelectrolytes. Electroluminescent devices, which produce different color emissions, are fabricated by sandwiching CdTe/PDDA films between indium–tin–oxide (ITO) and aluminum electrodes using CdTe nanocrystals of different sizes. It is shown that the electroluminescence (EL) spectra of the CdTe/polymer films are nearly identical to the photoluminescence spectra of the corresponding CdTe nanocrystals in aqueous solutions. The devices produce room-light visible light output with an external quantum efficiency up to 0.1%. Light emission is observed at current densities of 10 mA/cm2 and at low onset voltages of 2.5–3.5 V, which depends on the thickness of the film indicating field-dependent current injection. A variation of the EL efficiency with the size of the CdTe particles is observed and explained by the size dependent shift of the CdTe energy levels with respect to the work function of the electron injecting Al electrode. This is confirmed by the behavior of two-layer devices prepared from two differently sized CdTe particles being spatially separated, i.e., one size CdTe near ITO and the other size CdTe near Al by using the self-assembly method.
LeanStore: In-Memory Data Management beyond Main Memory (2018)

Disk-based database systems use buffer managers in order to transparently manage data sets larger than main memory. This traditional approach is effective at minimizing the number of I/O operations, but is also the major source of overhead in comparison with in-memory systems. To avoid this overhead, in-memory database systems therefore abandon buffer management altogether, which makes handling data sets larger than main memory very difficult. In this work, we revisit this fundamental dichotomy and design a novel storage manager that is optimized for modern hardware. Our evaluation, which is based on TPC-C and micro benchmarks, shows that our approach has little overhead in comparison with a pure in-memory system when all data resides in main memory. At the same time, like a traditional buffer manager, it is fully transparent and can manage very large data sets effectively. Furthermore, due to low-overhead synchronization, our implementation is also highly scalable on multi-core CPUs.
Tolerance and Pharmacokinetic Interactions of Rifabutin and Clarithromycin in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Volunteers (1998)

This study evaluated the tolerance and potential pharmacokinetic interactions between clarithromycin (500 mg every 12 h) and rifabutin (300 mg daily) in clinically stable human immunodeficiency virus-infected volunteers with CD4 counts of <200 cells/mm3. Thirty-four subjects were randomized equally to either regimen A or regimen B. On days 1 to 14, subjects assigned to regimen A received clarithromycin and subjects assigned to regimen B received rifabutin, and then both groups received both drugs on days 15 to 42. Of the 14 regimen A and the 15 regimen B subjects who started combination therapy, 1 subject in each group prematurely discontinued therapy due to toxicity, but 19 of 29 subjects reported nausea, vomiting, and/or diarrhea. Pharmacokinetic analysis included data for 11 regimen A and 14 regimen B subjects. Steady-state pharmacokinetic parameters for single-agent therapy (day 14) and combination therapy (day 42) were compared. Regimen A resulted in a mean decrease of 44% (P = 0.003) in the clarithromycin area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC), while there was a mean increase of 57% (P = 0.004) in the AUC of the clarithromycin metabolite 14-OH-clarithromycin. Regimen B resulted in a mean increase of 99% (P = 0.001) in the rifabutin AUC and a mean increase of 375% (P < 0.001) in the AUC of the rifabutin metabolite 25-O-desacetyl-rifabutin. The usefulness of this combination for prophylaxis of Mycobacterium avium infections is limited by frequent gastrointestinal adverse events. Coadministration of clarithromycin and rifabutin results in significant bidirectional pharmacokinetic interactions. The resulting increase in rifabutin levels may explain the increased frequency of uveitis observed with concomitant use of these drugs.
Introduction (1993)

Off balance sheet finance can be difficult to define, and this poses the first problem in writing about the subject. Intrinsic in the term is the presumption that certain things belong on the balance sheet and that those which escape the net are deviations from this norm. But, as we shall see, there are as yet no authoritative principles which determine conclusively what should be on the balance sheet and when. It is the aim of the Accounting Standards Board to establish such principles and thereby to regulate off balance sheet finance; this is the approach taken by the recent exposure draft on the issue, FRED 4, which in turn is based on the Board's wider Statement of Principles project.KeywordsBalance SheetLoss AccountDetailed RuleLimited OwnershipRevenue RecognitionThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Method for decreasing arbitration overhead (1983)

This invention is a method for decreasing the arbitration overhead required to transfer messages on a shared multiprocessor bus.