gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
PCR Bias Toward the Wild-Type k- <i>ras</i> and <i>p53</i> Sequences: Implications for PCR Detection of Mutations and Cancer Diagnosis (1998)

PCR-based cancer diagnosis requires detection of rare mutations in k-ras, p53 or other genes. The assumption has been that mutant and wild-type sequences amplify with near equal efficiency, so that they are eventually present in proportions representative of the starting material. Work on factor IX suggests that this assumption is invalid for one case of near-sequence identity. To test the generality of this phenomenon and its relevance to cancer diagnosis, primers distant from point mutations in p53 and k-ras were used to amplify wild-type and mutant sequences from these genes. A substantial bias against PCR amplification of mutants was observed for two regions of the p53 gene and one region of k-ras. For k-ras and p53, bias was observed when the wild-type and mutant sequences were amplified separately or when mixed in equal proportions before PCR. Bias was present with proofreading and non-proofreading polymerases. Mutant and wild-type segments of the factor V, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator and prothrombin genes were amplified and did not exhibit PCR bias. Therefore, the assumption of equal PCR efficiency for point mutant and wild-type sequences is invalid in several systems. Quantitative or diagnostic PCR will require validation for each locus, and enrichment strategies may be needed to optimize detection of mutants.
Layer thickness dependence of current induced effective fields in ferromagnetic multilayers (2015)

We report the relation between current induced effective fields and ferromagnetic layer thickness. Hall measurements with rotating magnetic field show that the transverse and perpendicular effective fields have linear relations to the inverse of the magnetic moment m per area S. The results imply that both of these effective fields may originate from spin angular momentum transferring. However, the non-zero intercept of the transverse field at m/S = 0 implies that magnetization independent effects, such as Rashba effect, may contribute to transverse field.
Tabletop x-ray microscope using 8 keV zone plates (1990)

We describe the implementation of an 8 keV microscope that operates with a conventional x-ray source in our lab. Samples are scanned pixel-by-pixel through a focused x-ray spot produced by a phase-modulating zone plate fabricated with the sputtered-sliced technique. The micro-focused x-ray source uses a Cu target and produces 8 keV photons that are detected with a Si(Li) spectroscopy system. The microsope currently achieves 10 um resolution.
Chromosome instability mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that are defective in microtubule-mediated processes. (1990)

By using a multiply marked supernumerary chromosome III as an indicator, we isolated mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that display increased rates of chromosome loss. In addition to mutations in the tubulin-encoding TUB genes, we found mutations in the CIN1, CIN2, and CIN4 genes. These genes have been defined independently by mutations causing benomyl supersensitivity and are distinct from other known yeast genes that affect chromosome segregation. Detailed phenotypic characterization of cin mutants revealed several other phenotypes similar to those of tub mutants. Null alleles of these genes caused cold sensitivity for viability. At 11 degrees C, cin mutants arrest at the mitosis stage of their cell cycle because of loss of most microtubule structure. cin1, cin2, and cin4 mutations also cause defects in two other microtubule-mediated processes, nuclear migration and nuclear fusion (karyogamy). Overproduction of the CIN1 gene product was found to cause the same phenotype as loss of function, supersensitivity to benomyl. Our findings suggest that the CIN1, CIN2, and CIN4 proteins contribute to microtubule stability either by regulating the activity of a yeast microtubule component or as structural components of microtubules.
5-HT<sub>1B/1D</sub>antagonists and depression (1997)

The molecular pharmacology, functional role and behavioural implications of central 5-HT1B/1D receptors suggest that these particular receptor subtypes probably play an important role in brain serotonin neurotransmission. This article summarises the rationale for considering 5-HT1B/1D antagonists as potential new, fast-acting antidepressants and describes the development of recent selective potent 5-HT1B/1D antagonists, reviewing both the primary and patent literature.
Molecular cloning, characterization and transcriptional variability study of resistance gene candidates from wild Curcuma spp. for resistance against Pythium aphanidermatum. (2013)

The genetic base of preferred turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) genotypes has eroded due to their continuous domestication through exclusive vegetative routes thus making them highly susceptible to various pests and pathogens. Molecular cloning of resistance related sequences from wild genotypes can result in efficient turmeric improvement by evolving more effective resistance specificities compared to cultigens. In this study, a PCR mediated approach has been made using degenerate primers designed on conserved region (P-loop and GLPL) of the NBS domain from R-genes that provides the source for cloning analogous sequences called resistance gene candidates (RGCs) from three wild turmeric- Curcuma aromatica, Curcuma angustifolia and Curcuma zedoaria. Twenty-one wild turmeric RGCs were isolated and grouped into four phenetic classes. A strong amino acid identity ranging from 41 to 53% together with presence of internal conserved motifs provided evidence that the isolated RGCs belong to the non-toll interleukin receptor (non-TIR) NBS-LRR R-gene sub-family. Southern hybridization showed a high copy representation of turmeric RGCs. Expression variability of wild turmeric RGCs was analyzed through reverse transcription PCR in root tissues of the three wild turmeric plants resistant or susceptible to Pythium aphanidermatum. Cap12 and Can12 showed a constitutive expression in both resistant and susceptible plants of Curcuma aromatica and Curcuma angustifolia respectively while Czp11 expression was realized only in Pythium aphanidermatum resistant lines of Curcuma zedoaria as well as Curcuma longa L. This result can pave way towards the identification and characterization of a potential Pythium aphanidermatum resistance gene in turmeric.
Hypertension Induced by Chronic Renal Adrenergic Stimulation Is Angiotensin Dependent (1995)

We designed these studies to assess the role of the renin-angiotensin system in mediating the hypertensive and renal functional effects of chronic renal adrenergic stimulation. Norepinephrine was infused at 0.1 microgram/kg per minute for 7 days directly into the renal artery of uninephrectomized dogs under control conditions (n = 5) or after plasma angiotensin II (Ang II) concentration was fixed at control levels (n = 5) by chronic intravenous infusion of captopril (14 micrograms/kg per minute) and Ang II (0.58 +/- 0.04 ng/kg per minute). During the first 60 minutes of norepinephrine infusion in control dogs, mean arterial pressure increased 9 +/- 4 mm Hg in association with a twofold to threefold rise in plasma renin activity. Additionally, glomerular filtration rate, renal plasma flow, sodium excretion, and fractional sodium excretion decreased to 70 +/- 5%, 64 +/- 5%, 31 +/- 4%, and 38 +/- 6% of control, respectively, while filtration fraction increased 15 +/- 2%. In contrast to the pronounced short-term effects of norepinephrine on renal function, during chronic norepinephrine infusion, all indexes of renal function returned to control levels. However, elevations in both plasma renin activity and mean arterial pressure were sustained and on day 7 were 2.3 +/- 0.6 ng angiotensin I/mL per hour (control, 0.5 +/- 0.1) and 110 +/- 7 mm Hg (control, 90 +/- 3). In dogs with fixed plasma levels of Ang II, acute and chronic changes in renal function induced by norepinephrine were similar to those in control dogs except that acute reductions in glomerular filtration rate tended to be more severe, and changes in filtration fraction and fractional sodium excretion were either attenuated or abolished. Moreover, in the absence of a rise in plasma Ang II concentration, mean arterial pressure did not change either acutely or chronically during norepinephrine infusion. These findings suggest a critical role for Ang II in mediating the hypertension associated with elevated levels of renal adrenergic stimulation that have little or no long-term effect on renal blood flow.
Leptin- or troglitazone-induced lipopenia protects islets from interleukin 1beta cytotoxicity. (1997)

Interleukin 1beta (IL-1beta)-induced beta cell cytotoxicity has been implicated in the autoimmune cytotoxicity of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. These cytotoxic effects may be mediated by nitric oxide (NO). Since long-chain fatty acids (FFA), like IL-1beta, upregulate inducible nitric oxide synthase and enhance NO generation in islets, it seemed possible that islets might be protected from IL-1beta-induced damage by lowering their lipid content. We found that IL-1beta-induced NO production varied directly and islet cell viability inversely with islet triglyceride (TG) content. Fat-laden islets of obese rats were most vulnerable to IL-1beta, while moderately fat-depleted islets of food-restricted normal rats were less vulnerable than those of free-feeding normal rats. Severely lipopenic islets of rats made chronically hyperleptinemic by adenoviral leptin gene transfer resisted IL-1beta cytotoxicity even at 300 pg/ml, the maximal concentration. Troglitazone lowered islet TG in cultured islets from both normal rats and obese, leptin-resistant rats and reduced NO production and enhanced cell survival. We conclude that measures that lower islet TG content protect against IL-1beta-induced NO production and cytotoxicity. Leptin or troglitazone could provide in vivo protection against insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Serum Heat Shock Protein 70 Levels Predict the Development of Atherosclerosis in Subjects With Established Hypertension (2003)

Although heat shock proteins (Hsp's) are present in the sera of healthy individuals and at elevated levels in subjects with early cardiovascular disease, their physiologic role in and value for predicting the development and/or progression of atherosclerosis have not been evaluated. Serum was obtained from 218 subjects with established hypertension (diastolic pressure >95 mm Hg) before their enrollment in the European Lacidipine Study on Atherosclerosis. Hsp60 and Hsp70, and anti-human Hsp60, anti-human Hsp70, and anti-mycobacterial Hsp65 antibody levels were measured by enzyme immunoassay. As an indicator of the presence/progression of atherosclerosis, the means of the maximum intima-media (I-M) thicknesses in the far walls of common carotid arteries and bifurcations (CBMmax) were determined by ultrasonography at the time of enrollment and 4 years afterward. Increases in I-M thicknesses at follow-up were less prevalent in subjects having high serum Hsp70 levels (75th percentile) at the time of enrollment (odds ratio, 0.42; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.22 to 0.8, P=0.008). Although a similar trend was observed for serum Hsp60 levels, this was not statistically significant (odds ratio, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.32 to 1.11, P=0.10). There was no relation between anti-Hsp antibody levels and changes in I-M thicknesses. The relation between Hsp70 levels and changes in I-M thickness was independent of age, atenolol or lacidipine treatment, smoking habits, and blood lipid levels. These findings indicate that circulating Hsp70 levels predict the development of atherosclerosis in subjects with established hypertension, and an intriguing possibility is that Hsp70 protects against or modifies the progression of atherosclerosis in this subject group.
Investigation of the low-temperature AlGaN interlayer in AlGaN/GaN/AlGaN double heterostructure on Si substrate (2014)

A low-temperature (LT) AlGaN interlayer is inserted in the Al0.1Ga0.9N back barrier layer of an Al0.2Ga0.8N/GaN/Al0.1Ga0.9N double heterostructure grown on a 150 mm Si substrate. It is found that the 21-nm-thick LT-AlGaN interlayer plays an important role in stress relaxation and dislocation reduction of the Al0.1Ga0.9N back barrier layer, especially for screw dislocation reduction. In addition, a buffer breakdown voltage higher than 600 V is achieved, which is much higher than those of conventional heterostructures. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of combining the LT-AlGaN interlayer and the Al0.2Ga0.8N/GaN/Al0.1Ga0.9N double heterostructure on a Si substrate to increase the breakdown voltage for high-power applications.
Bone Marrow-Derived, BCR/ABL+ and Flk1+CD31−CD34− Stem Cells from CML Patients That Are Insensitive to STI571 In Vitro. (2005)

Abstract To evaluate the effect of imatinib mesylate (STI571, Gleevec) on primitive/committed malignant progenitor cells in chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) and to further elucidate the mechanisms involved in CML relapse, bone marrow-derived, malignant, BCR/ABL+Flk1+CD31CD34− cells with hemangioblastic characteristics from CML patients were labeled with carboxy-fluorescein diacetate succinimidyl diester dye to enable high-resolution tracking of cell division. Then they were cultured in Methocult GF+ media with or without STI571. After culture, the cells were separated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting into populations of viable quiescent versus cycling cells. Then the mechanisms involved in CML stem cells that became resistant to STI571 were studied. We found that in the most sensitive cases, STI571 killed almost all dividing cells; however, a significant population of viable BCR/ABL-positive cells were recovered in the undivided peak and confirmed to be the leukemic stem cells. STI571 also appeared to exhibit antiproliferative activity on the quiescent population. We further demonstrate that apoptosis was restricted to dividing cells, whereas nonproliferating BCR/ABL+Flk1+CD31CD34− cells were resistant to apoptosis induced by imatinib, Ara-C, VP-16, ceramide, or arsenic, either alone or in combination. These studies suggested that CML primitive stem cells remain viable in the presence of STI571 and that inhibition of BCR/ABL tyrosine kinase by STI571 restores normal hematopoiesis by removing the proliferative advantage of CML committed progenitors but that elimination of all CML progenitors may not occur. So despite dramatic short-term responses in vivo, such in vitro insensitive to STI571, might translate into disease relapse after prolonged therapy.
Adding some smartness to devices and everyday things (2002)

In mobile computing, context-awareness indicates the ability of a system to obtain and use information on aspects of the system environment. To implement context-awareness, mobile system components have to be augmented with the ability to capture aspects of their environment. Recent work has mostly considered location-awareness, and hence augmentation of mobile artifacts with locality. We discuss augmentation of mobile artifacts with diverse sets of sensors and perception techniques for awareness of context beyond location. We report experience from two projects, one on augmentation of mobile phones with awareness technologies, and the other on embedding of awareness technology in everyday non-digital artifacts.
Diversity in Communication: From Source Coding to Wireless Networks (2006)

Randomness is an inherent part of network communications. We broadly define diversity as creating multiple independent instantiations (conduits) of randomness for conveying in-formation. In the past few years a trend is emerging in several areas of communications, where diversity is utilized for reliable transmission and efficiency. In this chapter, we give examples from three topics where diversity is beginning to play an important role. 1
Novel glycosylation pathways of retroviral envelope proteins identified with avian reticuloendotheliosis virus (1988)

Previously, we identified two mature glycoproteins, gp90, the surface glycoprotein, and gp20, the transmembrane protein, from avian reticuloendotheliosis virus and an avian reticuloendotheliosis virus env gene-encoded intracellular polyprotein gPr77env, but the precise relationship of gPr77env to the mature envelope proteins was not determined (W.-P. Tsai, T.D. Copeland, and S. Oroszlan, Virology 155:567-583, 1986). In the present study, using metabolic labeling of viral proteins with [35S]cysteine, radioimmunoprecipitation, and carbohydrate structure analysis, we have identified a higher-molecular-weight endo-H-resistant env gene-encoded polyprotein designated gPr115env in addition to the endo-H-sensitive gPr77env. It appears that gPr77env is the primary polyprotein precursor, modified with mannosyloligosaccharides that are processed into sialic-acid-rich extraordinarily large complex-type carbohydrates (up to 17 kilodaltons for each N-linked site) on the gp90 domain but not on the gPr22 domain. In this process, gPr77env is converted into the apparently endo-H-resistant secondary polyprotein, gPr115env, which is rapidly processed into gp90 and gPr22. The proteolytic processing which occurs only after the appearance of an endo-H resistant precursor is now clearly demonstrated for a retrovirus. Some important aspects of carbohydrate structure, including the site-specific glycosylation, as well as the intracellular location and nature of the potential enzyme involved in the proteolytic cleavage of gPr115env are discussed.
Effects of Small-Particle Aerosols of Rimantadine and Ribavirin on Arterial Blood pH and Gas Tensions and Lung Water Content of A2 Influenza-Infected Mice (1977)

The respiratory pathophysiology of A2 influenza infection was studied in mice treated with small-particle aerosols (SPA) of rimantadine or ribavirin. Untreated infections in mice resulted in survival rates of 15% or less and were characterized by (i) severe hypoventilation (decreased P(O2) and increased P(CO2)), (ii) compensated respiratory acidosis (increased P(CO2) and HCO(3) (-), with normal pH), (iii) pneumonia with increased ratio of wet/dry lung weight, and (iv) hypothermia. Treatment with SPA of rimantadine (21 mg/kg per day for 4 days) beginning 72 h after virus challenge significantly improved survival rate (80%) but failed to alter lung pathology from that found in infected, untreated mice. Rimantadine treatment decreased somewhat the severity of hypoventilation, respiratory acidosis, lung wet weight, hypothermia, and lung virus titers from that observed in infected, untreated mice. SPA of ribavirin (26 mg/kg per day for 4 days) initiated 6 h after SPA exposure of mice to virus significantly improved survival rate (95%) and reduced lung virus titers and lung pathology. Gas exchange and pulmonary edema in ribavirin-treated, infected mice were significantly improved over those of infected, untreated controls. The mechanisms for increased survival rates induced by SPA of rimantadine remain uncertain, since increased survival rates could not be ascribed entirely to improvements in lung functions. In contrast, however, ribavirin treatment appeared to improve survival rates by reducing major lung pathology and pulmonary dysfunction. This was probably mediated through the antiviral effects of ribavirin.
Towards Highly Performing and Stable PtNi Catalysts in Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells for Automotive Application (2017)

In order to help the introduction on the automotive market of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs), it is mandatory to develop highly performing and stable catalysts. The main objective of this work is to investigate PtNi/C catalysts in a PEFC under low relative humidity and pressure conditions, more representative of automotive applications. Carbon supported PtNi nanoparticles were prepared by reduction of metal precursors with formic acid and successive thermal and leaching treatments. The effect of the chemical composition, structure and surface characteristics of the synthesized samples on their electrochemical behavior was investigated. The catalyst characterized by a larger Pt content (Pt₃Ni₂/C) presented the highest catalytic activity (lower potential losses in the activation region) among the synthesized bimetallic PtNi catalysts and the commercial Pt/C, used as the reference material, after testing at high temperature (95 °C) and low humidification (50%) conditions for automotive applications, showing a cell potential (ohmic drop-free) of 0.82 V at 500 mA·cm<sup>-2</sup>. In order to assess the electro-catalysts stability, accelerated degradation tests were carried out by cycling the cell potential between 0.6 V and 1.2 V. By comparing the electrochemical and physico-chemical parameters at the beginning of life (BoL) and end of life (EoL), it was demonstrated that the Pt₁Ni₁/C catalyst was the most stable among the catalyst series, with only a 2% loss of voltage at 200 mA·cm<sup>-2</sup> and 12.5% at 950 mA·cm<sup>-2</sup>. However, further improvements are needed to produce durable catalysts.
Vorstellungen über Erziehung und Sozialisation im Kontext des Menschenbildes. Ein konstruktivistischer Ansatz (1994)

Mit Hilfe der Methoden des Erwachsenen-Interviews und der Bearbeitung von Dilemmata wurden Probanden im Alter von 7-25 Jahren veranlasst, ihr Verständnis vom Menschen darzustellen. Es ergaben sich fünf Niveaus der Konstruktion, wobei zwischen Persönlichkeitstheorie, Sozialtheorie, Handlungstheorie und Denkniveau geschieden werden konnte. In diese Strukturen des Menschenbildes sind auch Vorstellungen und Überzeugungen über Erziehung eingebettet. Schon auf Stufe I findet sich Selbstständigkeit als Erziehungsziel, wobei die konkreten Verhaltensweisen aber typische Normvorstellungen bei der Eltern-Kind-Beziehung bilden. Erziehungsverhalten selbst bewegt sich zwischen den Extremen des vollständig Gewährenlassens und vollständig Verbietens. Diese drei Dimensionen (Selbstständigkeit, Worte und balanciertes Verhalten) finden sich in den höheren Stufen wieder, nämlich als Kompetenzen auf Stufe II, organisiert durch die zentrale Instanz der Identität auf Stufe IIIa, reflektiert durch die Wechselbeziehung zwischen Personen (Identitäten) auf Stufe IIIb und das Teilsystem innerhalb eines gesellschaftlich- kulturellen Gesamtsystems auf Stufe IV. Auf der Basis dieser Befunde wird eine Pädagogik des Menschenbildes angeregt, in der solche Stufen des Menschenbildes als Ausgangspunkt und Orientierung für pädagogisches Handeln dienen. (DIPF/Orig.)