gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The<i>Mi</i>-<i>9</i>Gene from<i>Solanum arcanum</i>Conferring Heat-Stable Resistance to Root-Knot Nematodes Is a Homolog of<i>Mi</i>-<i>1</i>  (2006)

Resistance conferred by the Mi-1 gene from Solanum peruvianum is effective and widely used for limiting root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) yield loss in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), but the resistance is ineffective at soil temperatures above 28 degrees C. Previously, we mapped the heat-stable resistance gene Mi-9 in Solanum arcanum accession LA2157 to the short arm of chromosome 6, in a genetic interval as Mi-1 and the Cladosporium fulvum resistance gene Cf2. We developed a fine map of the Mi-9 region by resistance and marker screening of an F2 population and derived F3 families from resistant LA2157 x susceptible LA392. Mi-1 intron 1 flanking primers were designed to amplify intron 1 and fingerprint Mi-1 homologs. Using these primers, we identified seven Mi-1 homologs in the mapping parents. Cf-2 and Mi-1 homologs were mapped on chromosome 6 using a subset of the F2. Cf-2 homologs did not segregate with Mi-9 resistance, but three Mi-1 homologs (RH1, RH2, and RH4) from LA2157 and one (SH1) from LA392 colocalized to the Mi-9 region. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated that six Mi-1 homologs are expressed in LA2157 roots. We targeted transcripts of Mi-1 homologs for degradation with tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) rattle virus (TRV)-based virus-induced gene silencing using Agrobacterium infiltration with a TRV-Mi construct. In most LA2157 plants infiltrated with the TRV-Mi construct, Mi-9-mediated heat-stable root-knot nematode resistance was compromised at 32 degrees C, indicating that the heat-stable resistance is mediated by a homolog of Mi-1.
Tunable directly modulated fiber ring laser using a reflective semiconductor optical amplifier for WDM access networks (2010)

We have proposed a stable, wideband, and tunable directly modulated fiber ring laser (TDMFRL) by using a reflective semiconductor optical amplifier (RSOA) and an optical tunable filter (OTF). For use in a bidirectional access network, the TDMFRL not only generates downstream data traffic but also serves as the wavelength-selecting injection light source for the Fabry-Pérot laser diode (FP-LD) located at the subscriber site. We experimentally demonstrated a bidirectional transmission at 1.25-Gb/s direct modulation over a 25-km single-mode fiber (SMF), thereby showing good performance in a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) access network.
Nutrient-sensing pathways and metabolic regulation in stem cells (2013)

Stem cells exert precise regulation to maintain a balance of self-renewal and differentiation programs to sustain tissue homeostasis throughout the life of an organism. Recent evidence suggests that this regulation is modulated, in part, via metabolic changes and modifications of nutrient-sensing pathways such as mTOR and AMPK. It is becoming increasingly clear that stem cells inhibit oxidative phosphorylation in favor of aerobic glycolysis for energy production. Recent progress has detailed the molecular mechanisms of this metabolic phenotype and has offered insight into new metabolic pathways that may be involved in stem cell homeostasis.
THE SYMPTOMATOLOGY AND TREATMENT OF SEBORRHEIC KERATOSES (1915)

Few physicians appreciate the important part played by seborrheic keratoses in the pathogenesis of carcinoma of the skin. A material, if not absolutely essential, factor in the etiology of both basocellular and prickle-cell cancer is a peculiar quality of the skin, a quality which may be inherited but is usually acquired, and which is characterized by harshness and dryness, with more or less evidence of long-standing dry seborrhea. In the production of these cutaneous changes, age is an important, but not indispensable, factor. Long-continued exposure to strong sunlight and to sudden atmospheric changes aids in the preparatory process. The custom of applying a local descriptive term to a skin of this kind is unfortunate, for it tends only to confuse the unsophisticated. The so-called "sailor's skin" is by no means confined to those who follow the sea. Typical examples of the condition are probably far more frequent on the plains
Cathepsins B and D are dispensable for major histocompatibility complex class II-mediated antigen presentation (1998)

Antigen presentation by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules requires the participation of different proteases in the endocytic route to degrade endocytosed antigens as well as the MHC class II-associated invariant chain (Ii). Thus far, only the cysteine protease cathepsin (Cat) S appears essential for complete destruction of Ii. The enzymes involved in degradation of the antigens themselves remain to be identified. Degradation of antigens in vitro and experiments using protease inhibitors have suggested that Cat B and Cat D, two major aspartyl and cysteine proteases, respectively, are involved in antigen degradation. We have analyzed the antigen-presenting properties of cells derived from mice deficient in either Cat B or Cat D. Although the absence of these proteases provoked a modest shift in the efficiency of presentation of some antigenic determinants, the overall capacity of Cat B-/- or Cat D-/- antigen-presenting cells was unaffected. Degradation of Ii proceeded normally in Cat B-/- splenocytes, as it did in Cat D-/- cells. We conclude that neither Cat B nor Cat D are essential for MHC class II-mediated antigen presentation.
Seeing the invisible - ultrasonic force microscopy for true subsurface elastic imaging of semiconductor nanostructures with nanoscale resolution (2012)

Scanning probe microscopes (SPM’s) are indispensable in modern nanoscale science but ability of SPM’s to look below the surface is unavoidably limited. In spite of developments based on Ultrasonic Force Microscopy (UFM) a true subsurface imaging in stiff solid state nanostructures has yet to be reliably demonstrated. Moreover, some misconceptions still exist as to how the wave propagation of ultrasonic waves contributes to the imaging. In this paper we produce first unambiguous UFM imaging of internal morphology of two high stiffness solid state nanostructures - 50 nm thick graphite slabs and iii-v InAs/GaAs semiconductor quantum dot structures under atomically flat GaAs capping layer. Furthermore, we show that the imaging mechanism in reported so far subsurface imaging methods is indeed the elastic field produced by the indention of dynamically stiffened cantilever-tip system, with detection due to the nonlinear tip-surface interaction, and lateral resolution for subsurface imaging is on the same order as the depth of subsurface feature. We show that phase information available in HFM for subsurface mapping produces only a minute correction due to a very large scale difference of ultrasonic wavelengths (~mm) and the imaged volumes (~100 nm). http: www.nano-science.com
Apparent Diffusion Coefficient of Normal Abdominal Organs and Bone Marrow From Whole-Body DWI at 1.5 T: The Effect of Sex and Age (2015)

The ADCs of normal liver parenchyma and bone marrow change significantly with age. The ADCs of bone marrow in women are significantly higher than those of men and correlate strongly with FF. These effects may have an impact on image interpretation when using whole-body DWI to assess disease burden and treatment response.
A Personal Machine Translation Software for WWW browser (2005)

There are sveral approaches m reahng mache @andahon mbm for the WWW Our appimch to developmg a pracbml translator for WWVV UTS the pmxy =mer model A commmcabon module ktween the browser and the proxy erver mutes the flow of HTML data though the tmndahon mt, where the HTML m6ormahon and the text are pmmd separately m multiple seps Th;ls muhple-phm HTML text dysls makes it psiable to produe the translabon m the mag of the orignal HTML dment 1. tion On the World Wide Web, there are no visible intemtiod borders, but, there stdl remain hgmg barriers. Our new internet translation sohm is desped to give wr a single language am= to WWW in its multi-langwg enimnment. In our system, an E~ghh-to~Japmese Qmshhon capahhty is inaqted intu mr's browsing enironment, a that' a ,Japanese user can brow= the Internet as d all home pags were written in ,Japanese. Our approach to developing a prad translator for WWW uses the pmxy serve1 model@g 1). A communication module is inserted betweer the bmwsr and the pmxy emer to mute the flow of HTiW data through the translation unit. There have been 4mLlaT applications for pg thc HTT st~tam~] [3] [5], We have fder expanded the rolc of I-I?Tp -am pmce.mr to l)fd analysis of I3ML clat; coming hm the pmxy server and 2)~~~~tm of I-ITILZI &tii using the red- analysis.
Formación profesional y cooperativa en Portugal (2010)

La economía social, concepto que integra cooperativas, mutuales, fundaciones y diversostipos de asociaciones sin ánimo de lucro, tiene una importante contribución social, económicay cultural en el mundo de hoy, para lo cual es fundamental desarrollar programas decapacitación, capaces de proporcionar un aumento en la productividad y en el bienestarde sus colaboradores, dentro de los principios y valores del sector. Para el éxito de estacapacitación es necesario asegurar su reconocimiento social así como la continuidad de laformación hasta los niveles más elevados, permitiendo nuevas oportunidades de valorizaciónde los diversos agentes y colaboradores. La especificidad de la economía social obliga aprincipios de acción que garantizan los valores del cooperativismo: la democracia interna,un elevado nivel de participación, el control de la gestión, la autonomía, la equidad en ladistribución de la riqueza, la cooperación entre los diversos tipos de trabajo, el desarrollohumano y la responsabilidad social y ambiental. La integración de estos valores en lascapacitación es, por eso, fundamental. La investigación se basa en una encuesta realizadaen 2010 en una muestra representativa de las cooperativas portuguesas y que ha llevadoa cabo el estudio de todas las actividades de capacitación realizadas entre los meses deabril de 2009 y de 2010.
Use of mathematical modeling of ice regime for simulating ice load on Sakhalin offshore structure (1999)

This paper reflects the authors' continuing studies to combine a regional numerical ice regime model and a local statistical model based on the results of field observations near Sakhalin Island. The proposed approach is aimed at meeting requirements of hydraulic-engineering construction, primarily, calculation of ice loads on offshore structures. Combining the mathematical model of ice regime and the results of specialized long-term ice observations at Sakhalin shelf allows us to determine reliable parameters of ice cover state. High resolution sateilite images is an important supplement to further refine the calculations. The developed approach has been applied to calculations of material gradual refusal under influence of repeating cyclic ice loading for ice conditions in the vicinity of northeastern coast of Sakhalin Island.
Evolution of voltage-gated Na+ channels (2002)

Voltage-gated Na(+) channels play important functional roles in the generation of electrical excitability in most vertebrate and invertebrate species. These channels are members of a superfamily that includes voltage-gated K(+), voltage-gated Ca(2+) and cyclic-nucleotide-gated channels. There are nine genes encoding voltage-gated Na(+) channels in mammals, with a tenth homologous gene that has not been shown to encode a functional channel. Other vertebrate and invertebrate species have a smaller number of Na(+) channel genes. The mammalian genes can be classified into five branches in a phylogenetic tree, and they are localized on four chromosomes. Four of the branches representing the four chromosomal locations probably resulted from the chromosomal duplications that led to the four Hox gene clusters. These duplications occurred close to the emergence of the first vertebrates. The fifth branch probably evolved from a separate ancestral Na(+) channel gene. There are two branches in the invertebrate tree, although members of only one of those branches have been demonstrated to encode functional voltage-gated Na(+) channels. It is possible that the other branch may have diverged, so that its members do not represent true voltage-gated Na(+) channels. Vertebrate and invertebrate Na(+) channels appear to be derived from a single primordial channel that subsequently evolved independently in the two lineages.
The influence on intensity ratio of peak emission between recombination of free-excitons and deep-defect for ZnO nanostructure evolution from nanorods to nanotubes (2016)

Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanorods are grown by a hydrothermal method. The morphology was changed from nanorod to nanotube via a well-controlled chemical aqueous etching process with appropriate amount potassium chloride (KCl). SEM analyses show that the ZnO nanorods can be changed to nanotubes when the chemical etching process was adopted with appropriate KCl concentration and etching time. Uniform ZnO nanotube can be achieved formed when the ZnO nanorods were immersed in 4M KCl aqueous with 13 hrs. The luminescence character of nanorods and nanotubes were investigated by the temperature dependence photoluminescence spectra. Two peaks (excitonic peak and deep level emission) were observed in both morphologies. However, the excitonic peak intensity (EI) and defect related emission peak intensity (DI) ratio of ZnO nanotubes increase when the etching time increases. The intensity ratio variation of EI to DI maybe can be attributed to the surface state of ZnO are increased and oxygen defects of ZnO are decreased in the etching process. The potential application of ZnO nanotubes is demonstrated.
Latent membrane protein-1 induces cyclin D2 expression, pRb hyperphosphorylation, and loss of TGF-β 1-mediated growth inhibition in EBV-positive B cells (1995)

The normal cell cycle is regulated by several molecules, such as the tumor-suppressor protein pRb, the G1 cyclins, the cyclin-dependent kinases, and their inhibitors. These regulators are targeted by negative growth regulatory signals, such as that provided by TGF-beta. Here, we show that the presence of either wild-type EBV or its transforming latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1) results in the loss of TGF-beta 1-mediated growth inhibition in human B cells. Chemical cross-linking with 125I-labeled TGF-beta 1 showed an essentially normal TGF-beta receptor profile in EBV-positive and EBV-negative Burkitt's lymphoma cell lines, and these receptors were shown to be functional in transducing signals, as evidenced by the TGF-beta 1-mediated modulation of junB gene expression. However, TGF-beta 1 did not induce dephosphorylation of pRb in EBV (or LMP-1)-positive cells as opposed to EBV-negative cells, suggesting a dichotomy in the TGF-beta 1 signaling pathway leading to separable gene regulatory and growth inhibitory responses. Furthermore, LMP-1 was found to induce the expression of cyclin D2; normal B cells or EBV-negative Burkitt's lymphoma cells do not express D-type cyclins. Taken together, these data point to a potential mechanism underlying EBV-mediated B cell transformation whereby constitutive induction of key cell cycle regulators by LMP-1 can lead to pRb hyperphosphorylation and uncontrolled cell proliferation.
Operating characteristics of salient-pole machines (1953)

By using the well-known 2-axis theory of Blondel the paper develops on a simple geometrical basis the steady-state characteristics of synchronous salient-pole machines. From these it is shown that appreciable economies can be realized by relating the short-circuit ratio, and thus the synchronous reactance, of an alternator to the stability characteristics required by the load. It is also shown that further economies can be obtained in both alternators and synchronous condensers by designing the excitation system to supply positive and negative field currents.Power-station operation can be simplified and made more reliable by the use of a combined watt- and VAr-meter with a dial based on the power chart evolved in the paper.The common basis underlying the operation of the salient-pole alternator, synchronous motor and condenser, and synchronous reluctance machine is shown by a simple generalized diagram, and the operation of these types of motors is briefly discussed.Equations are evolved for determining machine characteristics with greater accuracy than is given by the geometrical method.
Demonstration of room-temperature laser action at 25 µm from Cr^2+:Cd_085Mn_015Te (1997)

Room-temperature laser action from Cr(2+)-doped Cd(0.85)Mn(0.15)Te has been demonstrated for what is believed to be the first time. We achieved pulsed laser operation centered at ~2.5mu m by pumping into the mid-infrared absorption band of Cr(2+) ions by use of the 1.907- mum output of a H(2) Raman-shifted Nd:YAG laser. The output of the free-running Cr(2+):Cd(0.85)Mn(0.15)Te laser had a width of ~50 nm (FWHM), and the slope efficiency was calculated to be 5.5% under nonoptimum conditions.
Magnetron sputtering sources for ferromagnetic material (1985)

Magnetically enhanced sputtering configurations suited to the dc sputter deposition of ferromagnetic materials at a high rate are discussed. The characteristics of two different types of sources are described and compared with those of a conventional planar magnetron of similar size and construction.
Signal compression using finite state vector quantization with optimized state codebook size (2002)

This paper investigates the finite state vector quantization signal compression approach. A new coding scheme is proposed which optimizes the performance of the so-called conditional histogram next-state function design. Optimization is performed by determining for every input block the subcodebook size, that minimizes the expected value of the number of bits in the compressed bit-flow. This is done under the constraint to ensure the same reconstruction quality as that of the full-search VQ. Two different state-correction algorithms are studied. The proposed schema for image compression is tested and is shown to give better results than classical FSVQ approaches.
Elementary processes of the magnesium ion-dependent adenosine triphosphatase activity of heavy meromysin. A transient kinetic approach to the study of kinases and adenosine triphosphatases and a colorimetric inorganic phosphate assay <i>in situ</i> (1972)

Transient kinetic studies of Mg(2+)-dependent heavy-meromyosin ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase) were done by monitoring the release of both ADP and P(i) into the reaction medium by using linked assay systems. The release of P(i) was monitored by its quantitative transfer to ADP, with concomitant reduction of NAD(+) in the presence of d-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, d-glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoglycerate kinase. The dissociation rates of the products, ADP and P(i), from heavy meromyosin were shown to be faster than the rate-controlling process, which occurs after the initial bond cleavage of ATP. The chromophoric ATP analogue, 6-mercapto-9-beta-d-ribofuranosylpurine 5'-triphosphate (thioATP) was used as a substrate and spectral changes associated with a single turnover of heavy meromyosin could be assigned to elementary processes of the mechanism. It was shown that the dissociation rate of thioADP was not the rate-controlling process of the thioATPase, whose catalytic-centre activity was 7.6 times that of the ATPase at pH8. The dissociation rate of ADP from heavy meromyosin was measured by using thioATP as displacing agent and was found to be 2.3s(-1), which is about 50 times the catalytic-centre activity of the ATPase at pH8. Transient kinetic studies with chromophoric adenosine phosphate analogues have general application for kinases and ATPases both in characterizing the chemical states of the intermediates and in delineating the elementary processes of the enzyme mechanism.
Accurate CAD of integrated band-pass and second harmonic band-reject microwave filters (2002)

In this paper we describe a procedure for the design of integrated band-pass and band-reject filters in rectangular waveguide. Following the procedure described, each resonant cavity produces one transmission and one rejection pole that can be positioned in frequency independently from each other. As a result a band-reject transfer function of the same order of the pass-band filter can be implemented to eliminate the second harmonic of the filter without increasing the size of the hardware. In addition to theoretical results measured data are also presented, indicating how the procedure, described can be effectively used to manufacture microwave filters which exhibit substantial second harmonic suppression.
Equilibrium constants and the prediction of miscibility windows for polymer blends containing poly(tetrafluoroethylene‐alt‐vinyl alcohol) (1993)

Abstract Theoretical calculations of miscibility windows for binary polymer blends in which one component is an essentially alternating copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and vinyl alcohol (FVOH) are reported. FVOH has an inherently low solubility parameter [≈ 6.2 (cal. cm −3 ) 0.5 ] that is outside the range commonly encountered in miscible polymer blends and thus represents a stringent test of the predictive capabilities of an association model we have used in previous work. The application of this model requires that we determine dimensionless equilibrium constants describing the self‐association of a model compound 3,4‐pentafluorobutan‐2‐ol (PFB) at 25°C from infrared spectroscopic data. Analogous equilibrium constants for FVOH were scaled from those of PFB by taking into account differences in the molar volume of the model and the specific repeat of the copolymer (see M. M. Coleman, J. F. Graf, and P. C. Painter: Specific Interactions and the Miscibility of Polymer Blends , Technomic, Lancaster, PA, 1991). Equilibrium constants describing the inter‐association of FVOH with ester type carbonyl groups were obtained from spectroscopic studies of miscible blends with poly(ethyl methacrylate). These equilibrium constant values were then used to calculate theoretical miscibility windows for the complete range of blends of FVOH with polymethacrylates, ethylene‐co‐methyl acrylate, styrene‐co‐methyl acrylate, and ethylene‐co‐vinyl acetate copolymers. Experimental results performed in our laboratories confirm the general validity of the predicted miscibility windows. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.