gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Delivery of lysosomal enzymes for therapeutic use: glucocerebrosidase as an example (2006)

Enzyme therapies for lysosomal storage diseases have developed over the past decade into the standard-of-care for affected patients. Such therapy for Gaucher disease has been the prototype, using natural source or recombinant forms of human acid beta-glucosidase (GCase). In Gaucher disease, macrophages are the repository for the pathological lipid and the target for delivery of GCase. The macrophage mannose receptor provides a Trojan horse for intracellular delivery of intravenously administered GCase (man-GCase) with mannosyl-terminated oligosaccharide chains. Passage through several hostile compartments (e.g., plasma) leads to inefficient delivery of man-GCase to macrophage lysosomes. However, regular infusions of man-GCase re-establishes health in affected patients. Similar results are being obtained in several other lysosomal storage diseases. Evolving gene and chaperone approaches provide alternative treatment strategies.
Cooperative coding for wireless networks (2003)

User-cooperation represents an effective way of introducing diversity in wireless networks. Spatial diversity gains are obtained through the cooperation of mobile users and the use of the partner's antenna. In this paper, we design channel codes that are capable of achieving the full diversity provided by user-cooperation, with the constraint that they also provide the best possible performance in the noncooperative case. The codes continue to perform well, even when the interuser channel is noisy, still offering significant improvements with respect to the noncooperative case.
Enhancing the Hole-Conductivity of Spiro-OMeTAD without Oxygen or Lithium Salts by Using Spiro(TFSI)<sub>2</sub> in Perovskite and Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (2014)

2,2',7,7'-Tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9'-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD), the prevalent organic hole transport material used in solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells and perovskite-absorber solar cells, relies on an uncontrolled oxidative process to reach appreciable conductivity. This work presents the use of a dicationic salt of spiro-OMeTAD, named spiro(TFSI)2, as a facile means of controllably increasing the conductivity of spiro-OMeTAD up to 10(-3) S cm(-1) without relying on oxidation in air. Spiro(TFSI)2 enables the first demonstration of solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells fabricated and operated with the complete exclusion of oxygen after deposition of the sensitizer with higher and more reproducible device performance. Perovskite-absorber solar cells fabricated with spiro(TFSI)2 show improved operating stability in an inert atmosphere. Gaining control of the conductivity of the HTM in both dye-sensitized and perovskite-absorber solar cells in an inert atmosphere using spiro(TFSI)2 is an important step toward the commercialization of these technologies.
Desktop rapid prototyping system with supervisory control and monitoring through Internet (2001)

Rapid prototyping (RP) can enhance design and manufacturing productivity by taking advantage of the Internet. Via the Internet, most small and medium size companies should be able to share the access of the RP machine remotely without owning the expensive machines. This study combines RP preprocessing, RP machine, and the Internet into a telecontrolled manufacturing system. Also presented is the software and hardware for a new LCD-based photosensitive resin RP machine that uses only visible light. This visible light can expose and solidify an entire layer at once, layer-by-layer, until the whole part is finished. The user sends a three-dimensional (3-D) CAD model (STL file) via the Internet to a telecontrol server, which transforms the CAD model into a RP machine LCD photomask display. The user can then direct the RP machine to build the RP part while watching a live image of the part via the World Wide Web. An online visual system allows inspection of the RP part quality during manufacturing. Part building is monitored by a pattern matching algorithm which compares a grabbed image with the photomask. If the grabbed image is not adequately similar to the photomask, the program stops manufacture and notifies the user. The experimental results show that RP using the Internet is promised, but the surface roughness should be further improved.
An α-Helical Peptidomimetic Inhibitor of the HIV-1 Rev−RRE Interaction (2006)

The interaction between the HIV-1 Rev protein and the Rev-Responsive Element (RRE) RNA is an attractive target for anti-viral therapy. We have designed alpha-helical peptidomimetics of Rev-like peptides using side chain-side chain macrolactam formation between positions i and i+4. One peptidomimetic having an appropriate location, orientation, and length of the macrolactam exhibited both significant helical character and specific RRE binding. This molecule displays 2-fold greater RNA specificity than the wild-type Rev peptide and more than 20-fold greater specificity than an uncyclized control peptide. Thus, specific, high affinity recognition of the RRE is feasible utilizing a small, relatively rigid peptidomimetic scaffold.
Here Come the Secular Creationists (2000)

Most biologists reject the supernatural as a valid scientific explanation for understanding nature. To us, such explanations (e.g. demons, special creation) are scientifically useless because-among other things-they are supported by no testable evidence, provide no testable hypotheses, and produce no new directions for research. However, some biologists disagree-they embrace the supernatural as a of understanding the world. For example, a surprising number of biology teachers are who preach biblical literalism and similar claims (e.g. that all life began over six 24-hour periods, that plants appeared before the sun, that dinosaurs became extinct because they fell off Noah's Ark). Other try to disguise their belief in the supernatural by euphemistically claiming to be theistic evolutionists. According to these creationists, a deity has intervened in the biological history of humans, and evolution is God's way of explaining life's diversity. Although this perspective is neither scientific nor testable, it is popular; are powerful forces for using science classes to preach religion and salvation. If these weren't damaging enough to science and enlightened thinking, let me introduce you to the newest opponents of science education: the secular creationists of the academic left.' Here are a few of the key claimsalways presented in deliberately tortuous and pretentious language2-made by these intelligent and seemingly angry people:
Microwave-assisted Functionalization of Poly(ethylene glycol) and On-resin Peptides for Use in Chain Polymerizations and Hydrogel Formation (2013)

One of the main benefits to using poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) macromers in hydrogel formation is synthetic versatility. The ability to draw from a large variety of PEG molecular weights and configurations (arm number, arm length, and branching pattern) affords researchers tight control over resulting hydrogel structures and properties, including Young's modulus and mesh size. This video will illustrate a rapid, efficient, solvent-free, microwave-assisted method to methacrylate PEG precursors into poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDM). This synthetic method provides much-needed starting materials for applications in drug delivery and regenerative medicine. The demonstrated method is superior to traditional methacrylation methods as it is significantly faster and simpler, as well as more economical and environmentally friendly, using smaller amounts of reagents and solvents. We will also demonstrate an adaptation of this technique for on-resin methacrylamide functionalization of peptides. This on-resin method allows the N-terminus of peptides to be functionalized with methacrylamide groups prior to deprotection and cleavage from resin. This allows for selective addition of methacrylamide groups to the N-termini of the peptides while amino acids with reactive side groups (e.g. primary amine of lysine, primary alcohol of serine, secondary alcohols of threonine, and phenol of tyrosine) remain protected, preventing functionalization at multiple sites. This article will detail common analytical methods (proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy ((;)H-NMR) and Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF)) to assess the efficiency of the functionalizations. Common pitfalls and suggested troubleshooting methods will be addressed, as will modifications of the technique which can be used to further tune macromer functionality and resulting hydrogel physical and chemical properties. Use of synthesized products for the formation of hydrogels for drug delivery and cell-material interaction studies will be demonstrated, with particular attention paid to modifying hydrogel composition to affect mesh size, controlling hydrogel stiffness and drug release.
Effect of Water and Alkali Modifications on ETS-10 for the Cycloaddition of CO<sub>2</sub> to Propylene Oxide (2004)

Sodium oxide (NaOx) impregnated Engelhard Titanosilicate-10 (ETS-10) molecular sieve catalysts were prepared to enhance the basicity associated with ETS-10 and subsequently investigated for the cycloaddition of carbon dioxide to propylene oxide to produce propylene carbonate. For dry NaOx-modified ETS-10 catalysts that contained no adsorbed water, a maximum yield of propylene carbonate was achieved at a loading of 2.0 excess NaOx species per unit cell. However, the greatest enhancements in the rate of reaction were observed when small amounts of water were adsorbed onto the unmodified ETS-10 catalyst immediately prior to reaction. Surface-bound water appears to enhance the surface Bronsted acidity of the unmodified ETS-10 catalyst via the formation of surface -OH groups at lower water loadings, producing a surface of better-tuned acid-base bifunctional characteristics for the cycloaddition reaction. At levels of hydration greater than 12.5% by mass, the yield of propylene carbonate was further enhanced, but at a smaller rate than that observed at lower rehydration levels, which is more indicative of an enhanced transport effect. Adsorption microcalorimetry of carbon dioxide indicated that, at loadings less than 2.0 NaOx per unit cell, the total uptake of the CO2 adsorption sites required for the reaction were less than in the parent ETS-10 material. However, at higher levels of NaOx occlusion, where the total uptake and strength of the adsorption sites exceeded those observed for the as-received ETS-10 material, the cycloaddition activity of this catalyst suffered due to the reduced pore volume and surface area. It appears that precise tuning of both the surface acidity and basicity is crucial in creating an effective acid-base bifunctional ETS-10 catalyst for the cycloaddition reaction investigated.
Tan Ah Choon: The Singapore ‘King of Spirit Mediums’ (1928-2010) (2010)

田野與文獻
Inter‐laboratory comparison of channelized hotelling observer computation (2018)

This intercomparison helped define the state of the art of model observer performance computation and with thirteen participants, reflects openness and trust within the medical imaging community. The performance of a CHO with explicitly defined channels and a relatively large number of test images was consistently estimated by all participants. In contrast, the paper demonstrates that there is no agreement on estimating the variance of detectability in the training and testing setting.
Imaging the lowermost mantle (<i>D</i>″) and the core-mantle boundary with<i>SKKS</i>coda waves (2008)

In our previous studies we developed a method for imaging heterogeneity at and near the core–mantle boundary (CMB) with a generalized Radon transform (GRT) of (transverse component, broad-band) ScS data, and we developed a statistical model for producing images of the D″ discontinuity with variable confidence levels. In these applications, the background is smooth and perturbations are represented as contrasts. Here we extend the theory to allow (known) discontinuities, such as the CMB, in the background model. The resulting imaging operator, which is formally not a GRT, can be used, either alone or along with ScS, for the imaging of lowermost mantle structure and, in particular, the D″ discontinuity with the scattered SKKS wavefield. Synthetic seismograms calculated with the WKBJ method are used to test the performance of our approach. As a proof of concept, we transform ∼38 000 radial component SKKS waveforms into image gathers of a CMB patch beneath Central America. The SKKS image gathers and image traces are in good agreement with the image traces obtained from the GRT transform of ScS data.
Initiation of poliovirus plus-strand RNA synthesis in a membrane complex of infected HeLa cells (1986)

An in vitro poliovirus RNA-synthesizing system derived from a crude membrane fraction of infected HeLa cells was used to analyze the mechanism of initiation of poliovirus plus-strand RNA synthesis. This system contains an activity that synthesizes the nucleotidyl proteins VPg-pU and VPg-pUpU. These molecules represent the 5'-terminal structure of nascent RNA molecules and of virion RNA. The membranous replication complex is also capable of synthesizing nucleotidyl proteins containing nine or more of the poliovirus 5'-proximal nucleotides as assayed by the formation of the RNase T1-resistant oligonucleotide VPg-pUUAAAACAGp or by fingerprint analysis of the in vitro-synthesized RNA. Incubation of preformed VPg-pUpU with unlabeled nucleoside triphosphates resulted in the formation of VPg-pUUAAAACAGp. This reaction, which appeared to be an elongation of VPg-pUpU, was stimulated by the addition of a soluble fraction (S-10) obtained from uninfected HeLa cells. Preformed VPg-pU could be chased into VPg-pUpU in the presence of UTP. Our data are consistent with a model that VPg-pU can function as a primer for poliovirus plus-strand RNA synthesis in the membranous replication complex and that the elongation reaction may be stimulated by a host cellular factor.
The third Trp-Lys-Ser (WKS) tripeptide motif in tissue factor is associated with a function site (1992)

The tripeptide sequence Trp-Lys-Ser (WKS) is repeated three times in the extracellular ligand binding domain of human Tissue Factor (TF). Using site-directed mutagenesis, we replaced each of the WKS motifs in human TF by Arg-Lys-Gly (RKG), the least conserved replacement for the motif found in murine TF. This substitution in the first repeat W14KS, as well as a Trp14----Arg substitution, resulted in a structurally altered protein, whereas a conservative hydrophobic Trp14----Phe substitution resulted in a functionally normal protein. This suggests that Trp14 may contribute to a hydrophobic core rather than involvement of this motif in function. Replacement of the W45KS and W158KS motifs was associated with no detectable structural alterations; however, function was diminished with the RKG replacement of the third repeat. Mutant proteins with Lys159----Ala and Tyr157----Ala substitutions exhibited loss of function, whereas Tyr156----Ala and Ser160----Ala substitutions flanking the YWK sequence resulted in functional proteins. These data demonstrate that the W158KS motif in human TF is associated with a functional site and identify Lys159 in this motif as a functionally important residue.
Induction of differentiation of human olfactory neuroblastoma cells into odorant-responsive cells (1996)

Olfactory neuroblastoma is a rare malignancy of the olfactory mucosa that may be derived from the olfactory epithelium. To characterize this tumor, we cultured olfactory neuroblastoma cells in the presence or absence of growth factors (transforming growth factor alpha and basic fibroblast growth factor) known to affect olfactory tissue and assessed their responsiveness to known odorants by measuring changes in intracellular calcium. Untreated cells did not respond to odorants. Basic fibroblast growth factor treatment had cytotoxic effects, and treated cells did not respond to odorants. Transforming growth factor alpha treatment resulted in the induction of odor responsiveness in these cells. Cells responded to odorants at 100 nM to 100 microM concentrations and responded with both increases and decreases in intracellular calcium. Increases in intracellular calcium were mediated by a calcium influx and were reversibly blocked by compounds known to inhibit second messenger pathways in olfactory receptor neurons. The calcium responses of the olfactory neuroblastoma cells were thus specific to the odorants and similar to those found in olfactory receptor neurons. The results support the notion that olfactory neuroblastoma cells may be of olfactory origin and thus they can be used as a model cell line to study human olfaction.
What is a Financial Barrier? (1964)

JOUNAL. . .One of our politicians has just told us that politics is not like cricket.I think our negotiators sometimes think it is.I think they should realize that politics is ruthless power-seeking
Synthetic single-framework antibody library integrated with rapid affinity maturation by VL shuffling (2011)

Affinity maturation is often applied to improve the properties of antibodies isolated from universal antibody libraries in vitro. A synthetic human scFv antibody library was constructed in single immunoglobulin framework to enable rapid affinity maturation by updated Kunkel's mutagenesis. The initial diversity was generated predominantly in the V(H) domain combined with only 36 V(L) domain variants yielding 3 × 10(10) unique members in the phage-displayed library. After three rounds of panning the enriched V(H) genes from the primary library selections against lysozyme were incorporated into a ready-made circular single-stranded affinity maturation library containing 7 × 10(8) V(L) gene variants. Several unique antibodies with 0.8-10 nM (K(d), dissociation constant) affinities against lysozyme were found after panning from the affinity maturation library, contrasted by only one anti-lysozyme scFv clone with K(d) <20 nM among the clones panned from the primary universal library. The presented single-framework strategy provides a way to convey significant amount of functional V(H) domain diversity to affinity maturation without bimolecular ligation leading to a diverse set of antibodies with binding affinities in the low nanomolar range.
Extraction of serum vitamin B12 for radio-isotopic and Lactobacillus leichmannii assay. (1975)

The protein precipitates discarded during the extraction process of the Lactobacillus leichmannii vitamin B12 assay have been shown to contain significant amounts of vitamin B12. This loss of vitamin B12 provide a satisfactory explanation for many of the descrepancies between the serum vitamin B12 values obtained by the L. leichmannii method and the radio-isotopic method of Raven et al (1969). It is possible to produce lower results by the method of Raven et al (1969)by incorporating into that method the L. leichmannii extraction process; it is also possible to produce higher results by the L. leichmannii method using a papain extraction process.
Reliable confirmation of antibodies to bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using BRSV nucleocapsid protein expressed in insect cells (1993)

The nucleocapsid (N) protein of bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) in the baculovirus expression system was evaluated as a source of antigen in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) antibodies. The recombinant N protein was purified from infected-cell extracts by sucrose gradient centrifugation and used in the ELISA for the detection of antibodies to various RSV strains. The ELISA was compared with the virus neutralization (VN) test for determining BRSV antibodies in 10 consecutive serum samples from four calves vaccinated with a live modified BRSV vaccine and from two nonvaccinated control calves. The ELISA compared favorably with the VN test for detecting serological responses. All serum samples which were positive in the VN test were also positive in the ELISA. None of the serum samples collected from the two nonvaccinated calves reacted in the ELISA. To determine the usefulness of the ELISA for epidemiological studies, 58 cattle serum samples were tested in the ELISA and the VN test. Approximately 94% (42 of 45) of field serum samples which were positive in the ELISA were also positive in the VN test. No case was found in which the ELISA result was negative and the VN test result was positive. Thirteen of the serum samples were negative in both methods. Our results indicate that the ELISA with the baculovirus-expressed N protein as an antigen is an efficient, sensitive, and specific method for detecting serum antibodies to RSV.
Transmit architectures and power control schemes for low cost highly integrated transceivers for GSM/EDGE applications (2003)

This paper provides an overview of polar modulation transmitter solutions for 3G radios with different modulation formats. Conventional (linear Cartesian) transmitter architectures are summarized and some known realization inefficiencies are highlighted. Polar modulation is presented as an improved transmitter architecture and its implementation impairments are discussed. Finally, a single-chip GSM/EDGE transceiver solution is presented.
A soil‐water‐balance approach to quantify groundwater recharge from irrigated cropland in the North China Plain (2003)

Abstract Rapidly depleting unconfined aquifers are the primary source of water for irrigation on the North China Plain. Yet, despite its critical importance, groundwater recharge to the Plain remains an enigma. We introduce a one‐dimensional soil‐water‐balance model to estimate precipitation‐ and irrigation‐generated areal recharge from commonly available crop and soil characteristics and climate data. To limit input data needs and to simplify calculations, the model assumes that water flows vertically downward under a unit gradient; infiltration and evapotranspiration are separate, sequential processes; evapotranspiration is allocated to evaporation and transpiration as a function of leaf‐area index and is limited by soil‐moisture content; and evaporation and transpiration are distributed through the soil profile as exponential functions of soil and root depth, respectively. For calibration, model‐calculated water contents of 11 soil‐depth intervals from 0 to 200 cm were compared with measured water contents of loam soil at four sites in Luancheng County, Hebei Province, over 3 years (1998–2001). Each 50‐m 2 site was identically cropped with winter wheat and summer maize, but received a different irrigation treatment. Average root mean‐squared error between measured and model‐calculated water content of the top 180 cm was 4·2 cm, or 9·3% of average total water content. In addition, model‐calculated evapotranspiration compared well with that measured by a large‐scale lysimeter. To test the model, 12 additional sites were simulated successfully. Model results demonstrate that drainage from the soil profile is not a constant fraction of precipitation and irrigation inputs, but rather the fraction increases as the inputs increase. Because this drainage recharges the underlying aquifer, improving irrigation efficiency by reducing seepage will not reverse water‐table declines. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Errors in manual measurement of QT intervals. (1994)

Manual measurement of QT interval is significantly affected by the paper speed used to plot the electrocardiogram and by electrocardiogram gain, and hence also T wave amplitude. Manual QT measurement also differed consistently with different cardiologists.
Gait and cognition in older adults: Insights from the Bronx and Kerala (2010)

A strong association between gait and cognition is seen in seniors in USA as well as Kerala. A better understanding of the relationship between gait and cognition may help improve current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches globally.