gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Solid-state behavior of cromolyn sodium hydrates (1999)

Cromolyn sodium (CS, disodium cromoglycate) is an antiasthmatic and antiallergenic drug. The solid-state behavior of CS is still not completely understood. CS forms nonstoichiometric hydrates and sorbs and liberates water in a continuous manner, although with hysteresis. The reported continuous changes in crystal lattice parameters of CS, which are associated with the changes in water stoichiometry, renders CS physically variable, which may complicate formulation and processing. In addition, controversies still remain as to whether CS exists as different stoichiometric hydrates, mainly because of its variable powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns (Cox, J. S. G. et al. J. Pharm. Sci. 1971, 60, 1458-65), which indicates a variable crystal structure. The objectives of this study are (a) to understand this unusual water uptake in the light of the molecular and crystal structures of CS, (b) to understand the relationship between the crystal structure and the PXRD patterns using Rietveld analysis, and (c) to investigate whether CS exists as different stoichiometric hydrates. The crystal structure of CS containing 6.44 molecules of water per molecule of CS was determined at 295 and 173 K. The packing arrangements in these structures (space group P1) are similar to those in a previous report, in which the water stoichiometry is 5 to 6, but the bond lengths, bond angles, and lattice parameters are different, reflecting the different water stoichiometries. In the crystal structure solved at 295 K, the position of only one of the two sodium ions could be determined. In the crystal structure solved at 173 K, the previously undetermined sodium ion is disordered over three sites, while four of eight water positions are partially occupied. The 2-hydroxy-propane chain that links the two cyclic moieties of CS was found to be flexible, perhaps allowing the CS crystal to accommodate variable amounts of water. The lack of a fixed coordination site for the second sodium ion may contribute to the disorder of the water molecules. The nonstoichiometric water content of CS is mainly attributed to the water molecules that are associated with the two unoccupied sodium sites. From the PXRD patterns of CS powder, equilibrated at various relative humidities, the various lattice parameters, including previously unreported alpha, beta, and gamma values, were calculated using Rietveld analysis. The peak shifts in these PXRD patterns are quantitatively explained by slight changes in the unit cell parameters. The recently described solid forms of CS were prepared and were found to correspond to the original crystalline CS, described by Cox et al. (1971), but with contamination by the known M mesophase in various proportions. The present results support a variable crystal structure and not the existence of different stoichiometric hydrates of CS.
Highlight Detection with Pairwise Deep Ranking for First-Person Video Summarization (2016)

The emergence of wearable devices such as portable cameras and smart glasses makes it possible to record life logging first-person videos. Browsing such long unstructured videos is time-consuming and tedious. This paper studies the discovery of moments of user's major or special interest (i.e., highlights) in a video, for generating the summarization of first-person videos. Specifically, we propose a novel pairwise deep ranking model that employs deep learning techniques to learn the relationship between high-light and non-highlight video segments. A two-stream network structure by representing video segments from complementary information on appearance of video frames and temporal dynamics across frames is developed for video highlight detection. Given a long personal video, equipped with the highlight detection model, a highlight score is assigned to each segment. The obtained highlight segments are applied for summarization in two ways: video time-lapse and video skimming. The former plays the highlight (non-highlight) segments at low (high) speed rates, while the latter assembles the sequence of segments with the highest scores. On 100 hours of first-person videos for 15 unique sports categories, our highlight detection achieves the improvement over the state-of-the-art RankSVM method by 10.5% in terms of accuracy. Moreover, our approaches produce video summary with better quality by a user study from 35 human subjects.
Substrate specificity of the collagenolytic serine protease from Uca pugilator: Studies with noncollagenous substrates (1980)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSubstrate specificity of the collagenolytic serine protease from Uca pugilator: Studies with noncollagenous substratesGregory A. Grant and Arthur Z. EisenCite this: Biochemistry 1980, 19, 26, 6089–6095Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1980Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1980https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00567a022https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00567a022research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views47Altmetric-Citations33LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Erythropoietin upregulates angiotensin receptors in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells (1998)

rhEPO exerts its primary action on vascular smooth muscle cells via an increase in angiotensin receptor messenger RNA, resulting in a parallel increase in angiotensin II receptor expression. We suggest that increased receptor expression secondarily mediates the expression of other renin-angiotensin system messenger RNAs, which leads to angiotensin II-responsive gene transcription. The elevation in angiotensin II receptors, as observed in response to rhEPO, may provide a mechanism by which other forms of renin-dependent hypertension are initiated.
Background noise in capillary electrophoretic amperometric detection (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTBackground noise in capillary electrophoretic amperometric detectionWenzhe. Lu and Richard M. CassidyCite this: Anal. Chem. 1994, 66, 2, 200–204Publication Date (Print):January 15, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 15 January 1994https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00074a004RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views185Altmetric-Citations62LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (594 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
High precision testing method of mixed signal device (2002)

Recent advances in semiconductor production technology have enabled the on-chip configuration of integrated circuit systems. This has resulted in the increase of mixed signal LSIs that contain digital LSIs and analog LSIs, that have up till now been produced individually, being integrated on a single chip. When compared with individual digital and analog tests up till now, mixed signal LSIs pose the following problems for high-precision testing. High-precision measurement is difficult due to peripheral noise as analog signals are handled, and the reproducibility of measurement results is poor. This paper describes a method of testing sigma-delta D/A converters and LCD driver LSIs using an example where the above problems in a mixed signal LSI were solved. When conducting high-precision measurement of sigma-delta D/A converters with a mixed signal tester, measurement at the same precision as when a high-precision tester is used is possible when the influence of clock jitter, the influence of the power supply, the influence of peripheral circuits, and the dynamic range of the measurement system are taken into consideration. With respect to LCD driver LSIs, this paper describes testing problems and two inspection methods, the differential comparator system and the digitizer system.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Retinal vessel segmentation via deep learning network and fully-connected conditional random fields (2016)

Vessel segmentation is a key step for various medical applications. This paper introduces the deep learning architecture to improve the performance of retinal vessel segmentation. Deep learning architecture has been demonstrated having the powerful ability in automatically learning the rich hierarchical representations. In this paper, we formulate the vessel segmentation to a boundary detection problem, and utilize the fully convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to generate a vessel probability map. Our vessel probability map distinguishes the vessels and background in the inadequate contrast region, and has robustness to the pathological regions in the fundus image. Moreover, a fully-connected Conditional Random Fields (CRFs) is also employed to combine the discriminative vessel probability map and long-range interactions between pixels. Finally, a binary vessel segmentation result is obtained by our method. We show that our proposed method achieve a state-of-the-art vessel segmentation performance on the DRIVE and STARE datasets.
Intelligent electrode design for long-term ECG monitoring at home: Prototype design using FPAA and FPGA (2009)

A personal medical device supporting continuous biosignals monitoring is presented. The novelty of this paper is to provide an intelligent electrode suitable for long-term ECG monitoring. The proposed intelligent electrode is composed of an ASIC chip and a micro pikes array established on a gauze pl
Design and implementation of low cost electronic prepaid energy meter (2008)

Electronic energy meter has got numerous advantages over the conventional electromechanical meter and due to this; many countries of the world have switched to electronic metering system. But unfortunately Pakistan is still deprived of such meters. The paper is based on the final year project of the design & implementation of prepaid electronic energy meter which we are designing in order to eliminate the problems being faced by the Pakistani people. By the introduction of prepaid system in Pakistan the problem of overcharging and over billing and the trouble being faced by the customers in paying the bills will be removed all together. Since our meter is electronic in nature, it has got no moving parts and hence the problem of stability & accuracy due to temperature changes are solved. Our meter is also tamper resistant which eradicates the chances of the theft of electricity.
ERK1 and ERK2 Map Kinases: Specific Roles or Functional Redundancy? (2016)

The MAP kinase signaling cascade Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK has been involved in a large variety of cellular and physiological processes that are crucial for life. Many pathological situations have been associated to this pathway. More than one isoform has been described at each level of the cascade. In this review we devoted our attention to ERK1 and ERK2, which are the effector kinases of the pathway. Whether ERK1 and ERK2 specify functional differences or are in contrast functionally redundant, constitutes an ongoing debate despite the huge amount of studies performed to date. In this review we compiled data on ERK1 vs. ERK2 gene structures, protein sequences, expression levels, structural and molecular mechanisms of activation and substrate recognition. We have also attempted to perform a rigorous analysis of studies regarding the individual roles of ERK1 and ERK2 by the means of morpholinos, siRNA, and shRNA silencing as well as gene disruption or gene replacement in mice. Finally, we comment on a recent study of gene and protein evolution of ERK isoforms as a distinct approach to address the same question. Our review permits the evaluation of the relevance of published studies in the field especially when measurements of global ERK activation are taken into account. Our analysis favors the hypothesis of ERK1 and ERK2 exhibiting functional redundancy and points to the concept of the global ERK quantity, and not isoform specificity, as being the essential determinant to achieve ERK function.
Reconfigurable Computing in Next-Generation Automotive Networks (2013)

Modern vehicles incorporate a significant amount of computation, which has led to an increase in the number of computational nodes and the need for faster in-vehicle networks. Functions range from noncritical control of electric windows, through critical drive-by-wire systems, to entertainment applications; as more systems are automated, this variety and number will continue to increase. Accommodating the varying computational and communication requirements of such a diverse range of functions requires flexible networks and embedded computing devices. As the number of electronic control units (ECUs) increases, power and efficiency become more important, more so in next-generation electric vehicles. Moreover, predictability and isolation of safety-critical functions are nontrivial challenges when aggregating multiple functions onto fewer nodes. Reconfigurable computing can play a key role in addressing these challenges, providing both static and dynamic flexibility, with high computational capabilities, at lower power consumption. Reconfigurable hardware also provides resources and methods to address deterministic requirements, reliability and isolation of aggregated functions. This letter presents some initial research on the place of reconfigurable computing in future vehicles.
Binuclear Terbium(III) Complex as a Probe for Tyrosine Phosphorylation (2010)

By using the luminescence from binuclear complexes of Tb(III) (Tb(2)-L(1) and Tb(2)-L(2)), phosphorylated Tyr residue in peptides was selectively detected in neutral aqueous solutions. Neither the non-phosphorylated Tyr, pSer, pThr, nor the other phosphate-containing biomolecules tested affected the luminescence intensity to any notable extent. Upon the binding of the pTyr to these Tb(III) complexes, the luminescence from the metal ion was notably promoted, as the light energy absorbed by the benzene ring of pTyr is efficiently transferred to the Tb(III) center. The binding activity of the binuclear Tb(III) complexes towards pTyr is two orders of magnitude larger than that of the corresponding mononuclear complex. These binuclear complexes were successfully used for real-time monitoring of enzymatic phosphorylation of a peptide by a tyrosine kinase.
Photochemical Internalization (PCI): A New Modality for Light Activation of Endocytosed Therapeuticals (2006)

Photochemical internalization (PCI) is a new technology, where certain photosensitizing substances (photosensitizers) are used to improve the utilization of macromolecules for cancer therapy, in a site-specific manner. Degradation of macromolecules in endocytic vesicles after uptake by endocytosis is a major intracellular barrier for the therapeutic application of molecules having intracellular targets of action. PCI is based on the light activation of photosensitizers specifically located in the membrane of endocytic vesicles inducing the rupture of this membrane upon illumination. Thereby endocytosed molecules can be released to reach their target of action before being degraded in lysosomes. This has been shown to enhance the biological activity of a large variety of macromolecules and other molecules that do not readily penetrate the plasma membrane, including type I ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs), immunotoxins, gene-encoding plasmids, adenovirus, peptidenucleic acids, and the chemotherapeuticum bleomycin. In several cases up to a 100-fold increase in biological activity has been observed. This article reviews the background and present status of PCI.
Resting and exercise heart rate with apnea and facial immersion in female swimmers (1978)

This paper considers the problem of constrained stabilization of a two-input buck-boost DC/DC converter by linear state-feedback. It is demonstrated that, via an appropriate change of coordinates, a recent synthesis technique for constrained bilinear discrete-time systems can be applied to an averaged nonlinear model of the converter. Moreover, it is proven that the synthesis method yields a polyhedral constrained control invariant set for the converter model in the original coordinate system. The synthesis algorithm requires solving a single linear program off-line. An extensive simulation case study along with a preliminary, successful real-time experiment, demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology.
Synthesis of optimal constant-gain positive-real controllers for passive systems (1999)

This paper presents synthesis methods for the design of constant-gain positive real controllers for passive systems. The results presented, in conjunction with the work by Kelkar et al. (1997, 1998) on passification of non-passive systems, offer a useful synthesis tool for the design of passivity-based robust controllers for non-passive systems as well. Two synthesis approaches are given for minimizing an LQ-type performance index, resulting in optimal controller gains. Two separate algorithms, one for each of these approaches, are given. The synthesis techniques are demonstrated using two numerical examples: control of a flexible structure and longitudinal control of a fighter aircraft.
<title>Individual 3D region-of-interest atlas of the human brain: automatic training point extraction for neural-network-based classification of brain tissue types</title> (2000)

Individual region-of-interest atlas extraction consists of two main parts: T<SUB>1</SUB>-weighted MRI grayscale images are classified into brain tissues types (gray matter (GM), white matter (WM), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), scalp/bone (SB), background (BG)), followed by class image analysis to define automatically meaningful ROIs (e.g., cerebellum, cerebral lobes, etc.). The purpose of this algorithm is the automatic detection of training points for neural network-based classification of brain tissue types. One transaxial slice of the patient data set is analyzed. Background separation is done by simple region growing. A random generator extracts spatially uniformly distributed training points of class BG from that region. For WM training point extraction (TPE), the homogeneity operator is the most important. The most homogeneous voxels define the region for WM TPE. They are extracted by analyzing the cumulative histogram of the homogeneity operator response. Assuming a Gaussian gray value distribution in WM, a random number is used as a probabilistic threshold for TPE. Similarly, non-white matter and non-background regions are analyzed for GM and CSF training points. For SB TPE, the distance from the BG region is an additional feature. Simulated and real 3D MRI images are analyzed and error rates for TPE and classification calculated.
Klystron modulator technology challenges for the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) (2011)

This paper presents the research and development challenges foreseen for the klystron modulators design for a new accelerator complex, the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC). This huge electron-positron accelerator needs roughly 300MW of average power for feeding the 1638 required klystron modulators. The main challenges for designing theses new pulsed klystron modulators are described. Considering the state of the art in several domain such as converters topologies, voltage measurements precision, pulse-to-pulse reproducibility, AC power quality issues, efficiency maximization, accelerator reliability & availability, this paper illustrates the most challenging future developments directions and the need for an international and coordinated R&D program.
Revolutionary Concepts for Helicopter Noise Reduction: SILENT Program (2002)

As part of a NASA initiative to reduce helicopter main rotor noise, a Phase 1 study has been performed of candidate noise reduction concepts. Both conventional and novel design technologies have been analyzed that reduce the community impact of helicopter operations. In this study the noise reduction potential and design implications are assessed for conventional means of noise reduction, e.g., tip speed reduction, tip shapes and airfoil tailoring, and for two innovative design concepts: modulated blade spacing and x-force control. Main rotor designs that incorporate modulated blade spacing are shown to have reduced peak noise levels in most flight operations. X-force control alters the helicopter's force balance whereby the miss distance between main rotor blades and shed vortices can be controlled. This control provides a high potential to mitigate BVI noise radiation. Each concept is evaluated using best practice design and analysis methods, achieving the study's aim to significantly reduce noise with minimal performance degradation and no vibration increase. It is concluded that a SILENT main rotor design, incorporating the modulated blade spacing concept, offers significantly reduced noise levels and the potential of a breakthrough in how a helicopter's sound is perceived and judged. The SILENT rotor represents a definite advancement in the state-of-the-art and is selected as the design concept for demonstration in Phase 2. A Phase 2 Implementation Plan is developed for whirl cage and wind tunnel evaluations of a scaled model SILENT rotor.
Optical Chemsensors Utilizing Long-Period Fiber Gratings UV-Inscribed in D-Fiber With Enhanced Sensitivity Through Cladding Etching (2004)

A novel implementation of an optical chemsensor device is reported based on long-period fiber grating structures ultraviolet-inscribed in D-fiber, with sensitivity enhancement by cladding etching. The results of a comparative study using D-fiber devices and similar structures in standard optical fiber reveal that the D-fiber devices offer substantially greater sensitivity both with and without etching. Based on a calibrated response to changes in refractive index, the grating devices have been used to measure the concentrations of aqueous sugar solutions, demonstrating the potential capability to detect concentration changes as small as 0.2%.