gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Practical type inference based on success typings (2006)

In languages where the compiler performs no static type checks, many programs never go wrong, but the intended use of functions and component interfaces is often undocumented or appears only in the form of comments which cannot always be trusted. This often makes program maintenance problematic. We show that it is possible to reconstruct a significant portion of the type information which is implicit in a program, automatically annotate function interfaces, and detect definite type clashes without fundamental changes to the philosophy of the language or imposing a type system which unnecessarily rejects perfectly reasonable programs. To do so, we introduce the notion of success typings of functions. Unlike most static type systems, success typings incorporate subtyping and never disallow a use of a function that will not result in a type clash during runtime. Unlike most soft typing systems that have previously been proposed, success typings allow for compositional, bottom-up type inference which appears to scale well in practice. Moreover, by taking control-flow into account and exploiting properties of the language such as its module system, success typings can be refined and become accurate and precise We demonstrate the power and practicality of the approach by applying it to Erlang. We report on our experiences from employing the type inference algorithm, without any guidance, on programs of significant size
Optimal contrast enhancement for tone-mapped low dynamic range images based on high dynamic range images (2009)

Tone-mapping refers to methods for rendering high dynamic range (HDR) images on low dynamic range (LDR) displays. However, strong tonal compression in tone mapping process often causes those tone-mapped LDR images to have much less local contrast compared with the original HDR images. In this paper, we propose a novel contrast enhancement algorithm to bring the local contrast of the tone mapped images closer to that of the HDR images and formulate it as an optimization problem. Simulation results suggest that the proposed method can greatly enhance the visual quality of the tone-mapped images by bringing out details in the extreme bright and dark regions.
Acoustic detection and automatic identification of insect stages activity in grain bulks by noise spectra processing through classification algorithms. (2006)

The activity of insects within a grain bulk produces noises in the audible range of wavelengths, which can be detected by high performance acoustic sensors. A portable probe of 1.4 m length was built up with three levels acoustical sensors coupled to a computer-assisted processing system. The recorded sound signals of the major grain insect species were digitized and stored into a reference database. A classification algorithm was developed for the automatic recognition of recorded insect noise signals by their comparison to the specific spectra of the reference database. The system was calibrated for Sitophilus oryzae and Rhyzopertha dominica , either at the adult or larval stage. The performances of the computer-assisted acoustic probe have been checked in small pilot scale conditions of 300-kg grain bin units. The distance to the sensor from which the insect noise spectrum was no more accurately identifiable was assessed at 20 cm, representing a “sampled volume” equivalent to 65 kg of wheat gain at each probing. For S. oryzae in wheat grain, the relationship between insect activity (either of larval or adult stage) and density levels was quantitatively modelled in the range from one individual per 10 kg to 10 individuals per kg at temperature levels from 5 to 30°C. The cold stupor temperature of the rice weevil larva was assessed through the determination of the temperature level at the complete stop of activity deduced from the acoustical data. The threshold of temperature enabling insect larva activity was observed as low as 8°C, i.e. much lower than was previously established, published, or believed. This new tool of early detection of an infestation in grain bulk will be now associated to decision support system for IPM implementation in grain handling and storing plants.
Comparing metabolomic and pathologic biomarkers alone and in combination for discriminating Alzheimer’s disease from normal cognitive aging (2013)

Our study identified several CSF small-molecule metabolites that discriminated especially well between clinically diagnosed AD and control groups. They appear to be suitable for further confirmatory and validation studies, and show the potential to provide predictive performance for AD.
Developmental regulation of Bcl-2 family protein expression in the involuting mammary gland (1999)

Epithelial cells within the mammary gland undergo developmental programmes of proliferation and apoptosis during the pregnancy cycle. After weaning, secretory epithelial cells are removed by apoptosis. To determine whether members of the Bcl-2 gene family could be involved in regulating this process, we have examined whether changes in their expression occur during this developmental apoptotic program in vivo. Bax and Bcl-x were evenly expressed throughout development. However, expression of Bak and Bad was increased during late pregnancy and lactation, and the proteins were present during the time of maximal apoptotic involution. Thereafter, their levels declined. In contrast, Bcl-w was expressed in pregnancy and lactation but was downregulated at the onset of apoptosis. Bcl-2 was not detected in lactating or early involuting mammary gland. Thus, the pro-apoptotic proteins Bax, Bak and Bad, as well as the death-suppressors Bcl-x, Bcl-2 and Bcl-w, are synthesised in mouse mammary gland, and dynamic changes in the expression profiles of these proteins occurs during development. To determine if changes in Bak and Bcl-w expression could regulate mammary apoptosis, their effect on cultured mouse mammary epithelial cells was examined in transient transfection assays. Enforced expression of Bak induced rapid mammary apoptosis, which could be suppressed by coexpression of Bcl-w. In extracts of mammary tissue in vivo, Bak heterodimerized with Bcl-x whereas Bax associated with Bcl-w, but Bak/Bcl-w heterodimers were not detected. Thus, Bak and Bcl-w may regulate cell death through independent pathways. These results support a model in which mammary epithelial cells are primed for apoptosis during the transition from pregnancy to lactation by de novo expression of the death effectors Bak and Bad. It is suggested that these proteins are prevented from triggering apoptosis by anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins until involution, when the levels of Bcl-w decline. Our study provides evidence that regulated changes in the expression of cell death genes may contribute to the developmental control of mammary apoptosis.
Epsilon aminocaproic acid reduces transfusion requirements in patients with thrombocytopenic hemorrhage (2006)

Based on this experience, EACA may be a valuable adjunctive therapy in the treatment of patients with thrombocytopenic hemorrhage.
Protection and the control of information sharing in multics (1974)

The design of mechanisms to control the sharing of information in the Multics system is described. Five design principles help provide insight into the tradeoffs among different possible designs. The key mechanisms described include access control lists, hierarchical control of access specifications, identification and authentication of users, and primary memory protection. The paper ends with a discussion of several known weaknesses in the current protection mechanism design.
Citrullinated Peptides in the Diagnosis of Rheumatoid Arthritis (2013)

Antibodies directed against citrullinated proteins and peptides (ACPAs) are the most specific serological markers available for diagnosing rheumatoid arthritis (RA). ACPAs may be detected several years before symptoms of RA appear, and their presence at disease onset is a good predictor of the development of erosive joint lesions. RA patients can be classified into two major groups: those who have ACPAs and those who do not. The presence of ACPAs at early stages of RA predicts the development of earlier and more widespread joint erosions, and low remission rates.Synthetic peptides can replace cognate proteins in solid-phase assays for specific autoantibody recognition in RA patients. The use of synthetic peptides instead of proteins represents an advantage in terms of the reproducibility of such immunoassays. Proteins also contain non-citrullinated epitopes that are recognized by non-RA sera and this could reduce the specificity of the test. The use of synthetic citrullinated peptides gives absolute control over the exact epitopes presented. Furthermore, it is difficult to prepare sufficient amounts of high-quality antigenic proteins with a well-defined degree of citrullination. Synthetic citrullinated peptides, in contrast, are easily obtained in a pure form with a well-defined chemical structure and the epitopes can be precisely oriented in the plate by covalent binding of the peptides.Chimeric peptides bearing different citrullinated protein domains have recently been used in the design of RA diagnosis systems. The results of the application of those systems indicate that more than one serological test is required to classify RA patients based on the presence or absence of ACPAs. Each of the target molecules reported (fibrin, vimentin and filaggrin) helps to identify a particular subset of RA patients.
The Dysregulated Pharmacology of Clinically Relevant <i>ESR1</i> Mutants is Normalized by Ligand-activated WT Receptor (2020)

The estrogen receptor (ER/<i>ESR1</i>) is expressed in a majority of breast cancers and drugs that inhibit ER signaling are the cornerstone of breast cancer pharmacotherapy. Currently, aromatase inhibitors are the frontline endocrine interventions of choice although their durability in metastatic disease is limited by activating point mutations within the ligand-binding domain of <i>ESR1</i> that permit ligand-independent activation of the receptor. It has been suggested that the most commonly occurring <i>ESR1</i> mutations would likely compromise the clinical activity of selective estrogen receptor downregulators and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) when used as second-line therapies. It was unclear, however, how these mutations, which are likely coexpressed in cells with ER<sup>WT</sup>, may impact response to ER ligands in a clinically meaningful manner. To address this issue, we dissected the molecular mechanism(s) underlying <i>ESR1</i>-mutant pharmacology in models relevant to metastatic disease. These studies revealed that the response of <i>ESR1</i> mutations to ligands was dictated primarily by the relative coexpression of ER<sup>WT</sup> in cells. Specifically, dysregulated pharmacology was only evident in cells in which the mutants were overexpressed relative to ligand-activated ER<sup>WT</sup>; a finding that highlights the role of allelism in determining ER-mutant pharmacology. Importantly, we demonstrated that the antagonist activity of the SERM, lasofoxifene, was not impacted by mutant status; a finding that has led to its clinical evaluation as a treatment for patients with advanced ER-positive breast cancer whose tumors harbor <i>ESR1</i> mutations.
THE OCCURRENCE OF SUBSTANCES IN HUMAN PLASMA CAPABLE OF INDUCING THE ENZYME δ-AMINOLEVULINATE SYNTHETASE IN LIVER CELLS (1969)

We have demonstrated the presence, in the plasma of several patients with acute intermittent porphyria, of a substance which strongly induced the synthesis of porphyrins in chick embryo liver cells growing in primary culture. The induction response evoked by this humoral agent was in all respects similar to that elicited by drugs and hormones which are known to enhance porphyrin production by inducing the de novo formation of delta-aminolevulinate synthetase, the rate-limiting enzyme in this pathway. Inducing properties were not found in the plasma of normal individuals or in that from porphyric patients in remission. Significant inducing activity was, however, found in the plasma of some normal subjects ingesting drugs or contraceptive steroid mixtures. The occurrence of a potent inducer of delta-aminolevulinate synthetase in the plasma of certain porphyric patients may have clinical significance for these genetically susceptible individuals. It will also permit chemical characterization of those humoral agents which may be related to the episodic exacerbations of this hereditary liver disease.
Prognostic evaluation of sex difference in adenosine deaminase and homocysteine activities of acute ischemic stroke patients (2013)

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Experimental Investigation of Thermal Neutron-Induced Single Event Upset in Static Random Access Memories (2001)

Static random access memories (SRAMs) with a borophosphosilicate glass film (BPSG) and with a normal silicon oxide film (non-boron-doped silicon oxide film) were fabricated, and the influence of a BPSG film on the neutron-induced single event upsets (SEUs) was investigated. It was confirmed that the thermal neutron reactions on boron atoms in a BPSG film induce SEUs. The SEU rate depends strongly on cell charge and increases as the cell charge decreases. In future SRAMs with a small cell size and low operating voltage, the thermal neutron reaction on boron atoms in a BPSG film will play a significant role to the neutron-induced single event upsets.
Pushing the Boundaries of Boundary Detection using Deep Learning (2015)

In this work we show that adapting Deep Convolutional Neural Network training to the task of boundary detection can result in substantial improvements over the current state-of-the-art in boundary detection. Our contributions consist firstly in combining a careful design of the loss for boundary detection training, a multi-resolution architecture and training with external data to improve the detection accuracy of the current state of the art. When measured on the standard Berkeley Segmentation Dataset, we improve theoptimal dataset scale F-measure from 0.780 to 0.808 - while human performance is at 0.803. We further improve performance to 0.813 by combining deep learning with grouping, integrating the Normalized Cuts technique within a deep network. We also examine the potential of our boundary detector in conjunction with the task of semantic segmentation and demonstrate clear improvements over state-of-the-art systems. Our detector is fully integrated in the popular Caffe framework and processes a 320x420 image in less than a second.
Force-assembly with friction (1994)

Previously, force-assembly has been defined as an assembly process for which a single admittance control law (i.e., a single nominal velocity in conjunction with a single mapping of forces to motions) can guarantee the proper assembly of a given pair of mating parts. As a testbed application of force-assembly, the insertion of a workpiece into a fixture consisting of multiple rigid fixture elements (fixels) is addressed. Previous work in this area has shown that, when workpiece/fixture contact is frictionless and positional error is infinitesimal, there always exists an admittance control law that will ensure the proper insertion of a workpiece into a deterministic fixture. When workpiece/fixture contact is frictionless, the workpiece/fixture contact force contains the relative positional information required to identify error-reducing motions. Friction between the workpiece and fixture, however, provides a disturbance to the geometrical information contained in the contact force. This paper addresses: 1) the identification of the conditions that must be satisfied for force-assembly with friction, and 2) the formulation and results of an optimization of the admittance control law to obtain the maximum value of friction that will satisfy the force-assembly conditions for a given workpiece/fixture combination. Results indicate that force-assembly fails when the contact forces are no longer characteristic. Forces are characteristic if the possible contact forces that may occur for one type of misalignment are unique to that type of misalignment.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Antibody-enhanced cross-presentation of self antigen breaks T cell tolerance (2007)

We have developed a model of autoimmunity to investigate autoantibody-mediated cross-presentation of self antigen. RIP-mOVA mice, expressing OVA in pancreatic beta cells, develop severe autoimmune diabetes when given OT-I cells (OVA-specific CD8(+) T cells) and anti-OVA IgG but not when given T cells alone. Anti-OVA IgG is not directly injurious to the islets but rather enhances cross-presentation of apoptotic islet antigen to the OT-I cells, leading to their differentiation into potent effector cells. Antibody-driven effector T cell activation is dependent on the presence of activating Fc receptors for IgG (FcgammaRs) and cross-priming DCs. As a consequence, diabetes incidence and severity was reduced in mice lacking activating FcgammaRs. An intact complement pathway was also required for disease development, as C3 deficiency was also partially protective. C3-deficient animals exhibited augmented T cell priming overall, indicating a proinflammatory role for complement activation after the T cell priming phase. Thus, we show that autoreactive antibody can potently enhance the activation of effector T cells in response to cross-presented self antigen, thereby contributing to T cell-mediated autoimmunity.
Fluoradene (1960)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFluoradeneHenry Rapoport and Gerald SmolinskyCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1960, 82, 4, 934–941Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1960Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1960https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01489a038Request reuse permissionsArticle Views452Altmetric-Citations29LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (970 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Sub-millisecond closed-loop feedback stimulation between arbitrary sets of individual neurons (2013)

We present a system to artificially correlate the spike timing between sets of arbitrary neurons that were interfaced to a complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) high-density microelectrode array (MEA). The system features a novel reprogrammable and flexible event engine unit to detect arbitrary spatio-temporal patterns of recorded action potentials and is capable of delivering sub-millisecond closed-loop feedback of electrical stimulation upon trigger events in real-time. The relative timing between action potentials of individual neurons as well as the temporal pattern among multiple neurons, or neuronal assemblies, is considered an important factor governing memory and learning in the brain. Artificially changing timings between arbitrary sets of spiking neurons with our system could provide a "knob" to tune information processing in the network.
Performance, Partner Relationship, and Ownership Change in International Joint Ventures: The Case of Korean Firms in Asia (2015)

This article examines how interorganizational factors in two-party international joint ventures (IJVs) affect subsequent IJV ownership changes. It specifically examines the primary impact of IJV performance and the moderating impacts of initial ownership structures, and duration. Utilizing a data set of Korean foreign direct investment, the authors find that the ownership structures of IJVs with lower performance are more likely to change. The authors also find that unbalanced ownership promotes subsequent ownership changes, whereas longer IJV duration retards ownership changes in even lower-performing IJVs. The findings imply that relational changes reflected in IJV ownership depend on shared bargaining power and relational solidarity.
Validation of a dual-isotope plasma ratio method for measurement of cholesterol absorption in rats (1974)

Several methods for measuring cholesterol absorption in the rat have been compared. After administration of an oral dose of labeled cholesterol ((14)C or (3)H) and an intravenous dose of colloidal labeled cholesterol ((3)H or (14)C) the ratio of the two labels in plasma or whole blood 48 hr or more after dosing compared closely to the ratio of areas under the respective specific activity-time curves. The area ratio method is independent of a time lag between the appearance of oral and intravenous label in the bloodstream. Both measures of cholesterol absorption agree fairly well with a method based on measuring the unabsorbed dietary cholesterol in a pooled fecal sample. The plasma isotope ratio method gave more reproducible results than the fecal collection method when the measurement was repeated in the same animals 5 days after the first measurement. Cholesterol absorption was overestimated by the use of Tween 20-solubilized labeled cholesterol for the intravenous dose. The plasma disappearance curves of injected labeled colloidal cholesterol and cholesterol-labeled chylomicrons infused intravenously over a 3.5-hr period in the same animal coincided within experimental error from the first day until 75 days after injection. The plasma isotope ratio method for cholesterol absorption gave the same results in rats practicing coprophagy as in those in which this practice was prevented. The addition of sulfaguanidine to the diet lowered cholesterol absorption as measured by the plasma isotope ratio to the same degree as that measured by the fecal collection method.
The C-Terminal Domain of DnaQ Contains the Polymerase Binding Site (1999)

The Escherichia coli dnaQ gene encodes the 3'-->5' exonucleolytic proofreading (epsilon) subunit of DNA polymerase III (Pol III). Genetic analysis of dnaQ mutants has suggested that epsilon might consist of two domains, an N-terminal domain containing the exonuclease and a C-terminal domain essential for binding the polymerase (alpha) subunit. We have created truncated forms of dnaQ resulting in epsilon subunits that contain either the N-terminal or the C-terminal domain. Using the yeast two-hybrid system, we analyzed the interactions of the single-domain epsilon subunits with the alpha and theta subunits of the Pol III core. The DnaQ991 protein, consisting of the N-terminal 186 amino acids, was defective in binding to the alpha subunit while retaining normal binding to the theta subunit. In contrast, the NDelta186 protein, consisting of the C-terminal 57 amino acids, exhibited normal binding to the alpha subunit but was defective in binding to the theta subunit. A strain carrying the dnaQ991 allele exhibited a strong, recessive mutator phenotype, as expected from a defective alpha binding mutant. The data are consistent with the existence of two functional domains in epsilon, with the C-terminal domain responsible for polymerase binding.