gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analog VLSI Phototransduction by continuous-time, adaptive, logarithmic photoreceptor circuits (1995)

Over the last few years, we and others have built a number of interesting neuromorphic analog vision chips that do focal-plane time-domain computation. These chips do local, continuous-time, spatiotemporal processing that takes place before any sampling or long-range communication, for example, motion processing, change detection, neuromorphic retinal preprocessing, stereo image matching, and synthesis of auditory images from visual scenes.\nThis processing requires photoreceptor\ncircuits that transduce from light falling on\nthe chip to an electrical signal. If we want\nto build analog vision chips that do high-quality\nfocal plane processing, then we\nneed good photoreceptors. It's not enough\nto just demonstrate a concept; ultimate usefulness\nwill be determined by market forces,\nwhich, among other factors, depend a\nlot on raw performance. The receptor circuits\nwe discuss here have not been used in\nany commercial product, so they have not\nyet passed that most crucial test, but by every\nperformance metric we can come up\nwith, including successful fabrication and\ntest of demonstration systems, they match\nperformance criteria met by other phototransduction\ntechniques that are used in\nend-product consumer electronic devices.\n\nWe hope that this article will serve several\npurposes: We want people to have a reference\nwhere they can look to see the\nfunctioning and practical problems of phototransducers\nbuilt in a typical CMOS or\nBiCMOS process. We want to inspire people\nto build low-power, integrated commercial\nvision devices for practical\npurposes. We want to provide a photoreceptor\nthat can be used as a front end transducer\nin more advanced research on\nneuromorphic systems.\n\nThe transduction process seems mundane,\nbut it is important --GIGO comes to\nmind. Subsequent computation relies on the\ninformation. We don't know of any contemporary\n(VLSI-era) literature that comprehensively\nexplore the subject. Previous\nresults are lacking in some aspect, either in\nthe circuit itself, or in the understanding of\nthe physics, or in the realistic measurement\nof limitations on behavior.\n\nWe'll focus on one highly-evolved adaptive\nreceptor circuit to understand how it\noperates, what are the limitations on its dynamic\nrange, and what is the physics of the\nnoise behavior. The receptor has new and\npreviously unpublished technical improvements,\nand we understand the noise properties\nand illumination limits much better\nthan we did before. We'll also discuss the\npractical aspects of the interaction of light\nwith silicon: What are the spectral responses\nof various devices? How far do light-generated\nminority carriers diffuse and how\ndo they affect circuit operation? How effective\nare guard bars to protect against them?\nFinally, we'll talk about biological receptors:\nHow do their functional characteristics\ninspire the electronic model? How are the\nmechanisms of gain and adaptation related?
Signal and Power Integrity Co-Simulation for Multi-layered System on Package Modules (2007)

The coupling of simultaneous switching noise (SSN) in mixed signal system on package modules is a critical signal and power integrity (SI/PI) problem. In the presence of split planes and apertures, SSN coupling occurs both horizontally as well as vertically across layers. Thus, to catch SI and PI problems at an early stage of design requires fast signal and power co-simulation methodologies. In this paper, we outline the multi-layer finite difference method and how the accuracy of the technique can be enhanced with models for fringe and gap effects. We then briefly describe a method for integrating the signal distribution network with the power distribution network to enable co-simulation. The method is then applied to a mixed signal board containing split planes, and numerical results are compared to full-wave simulations.
Prostaglandin E2 Induces Hypoxia-inducible Factor-1α Stabilization and Nuclear Localization in a Human Prostate Cancer Cell Line (2002)

Hypoxia-induced up-regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression is a critical event leading to tumor neovascularization. Hypoxia stimulates hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha), a transcriptional activator of VEGF. Cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, an inducible enzyme that catalyzes the formation of prostaglandins (PGs) from arachidonic acid, is also induced by hypoxia. We reported previously that COX-2 inhibition prevents hypoxic up-regulation of VEGF in human prostate cancer cells and that prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) restores hypoxic effects on VEGF. We hypothesized that PGE(2) mediates hypoxic effects on VEGF by modulating HIF-1alpha expression. Addition of PGE(2) to PC-3ML human prostate cancer cells had no effect on HIF-1alpha mRNA levels. However, PGE(2) significantly increased HIF-1alpha protein levels, particularly in the nucleus. This effect of PGE(2) largely results from the promotion of HIF-1alpha translocation from the cytosol to the nucleus. PGE(2) addition to PC-3 ML cells transfected with a GFP-HIF-1alpha vector induced a time-dependent nuclear accumulation of the HIF-1alpha protein. Two selective COX-2 inhibitors, meloxicam and NS398, decreased HIF-1alpha levels and nuclear localization, under both normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Of several prostaglandins tested, only PGE(2) reversed the effects of a COX-2 inhibitor in hypoxic cells. Finally, PGE(2) effects on HIF-1alpha were specifically inhibited by PD98059 (a MAPK inhibitor). These data demonstrate that PGE(2) production via COX-2-catalyzed pathway plays a critical role in HIF-1alpha regulation by hypoxia and imply that COX-2 inhibitors can prevent hypoxic induction of HIF-mediated gene transcription in cancer cells.
Quantum well lasers with active region grown by laser-assisted atomic layer epitaxy (1990)

Laser-assisted atomic layer epitaxy (LALE) is used to locally deposit device-quality material for the first time, as demonstrated by successfully fabricating broad-area lasers with a GaAs quantum well grown in this way. By hybridizing LALE with conventional metalorganic chemical vapor deposition epitaxy, heterostructures are grown which allow characterization of material quality by photoluminescence and capacitance-voltage measurements. In addition, graded-index separate-confinement heterostructure lasers with threshold current densities of 650 A/cm2 for 580-μm-long devices were made using the LALE quantum well deposit, while devices made away from the deposit did not lase.
Hydrothermal synthesis, structure and magnetism of square-grid cobalt(ii)-carboxylate layered compounds with and without pillars (2002)

The hydrothermal synthesis, single crystal X-ray structures and magnetic properties of two layered cobalt(II)-carboxylate complexes, 2∞[CoII(H2O)2(O2CCHCHC6H5)2] (1) and 2∞[CoII(H2O)2(O2CCHCHC6H4CO2)2/2] (2), are described. Pale red crystals of Co(H2O)2L2, L = trans-cinnamate (C9H7O2−) (1) or L2 = 4-carboxycinnamate (C10H6O42−) (2), were obtained at 120 °C. The structures consist of square-grid 2D-coordination polymeric sheets, ⋯–OCO–Co(H2O)2–OCO–Co(H2O)2–⋯, separated by C6H5–CHCH– for (1) or pillared by –C6H4–CHCH– for (2). The magnetism was studied as a function of temperature and magnetic field. In both cases the magnetic moment decreases on lowering the temperature due to spin–orbit coupling and no interaction between cobalt ions. The data can alternatively be fitted to an unrealistic quadratic layer model for S = 3/2 without taking into account the effect of spin–orbit.
Potential antitumor agents. 17. 9-Anilino-10-methylacridinium salts (1976)

9-Anilino-10-methylacridinium salts result from reaction of substituted anilines and 9-chloro-10-methylacridinium salts in turn prepared from the 10-methyl-9(10H)-acridones and SOCl2 or POCl3. Antileukemic (L1210) activities of the quaternary salts were uniformly depressed compared to their unquaternized counterparts. If drug-solvent partition properties (log P) of the cations were considered, log P-activity relationships were similar for both base and quaternary salt series. Substituent effects on antitumor activity were similar in both series.
Inhibition of Polyphenol Oxidase by Phenolic Compounds (1992)

Several inhibitors of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) were isolated from a plant extract. The inhibitors were purified and their relative potencies determined using commercially-available mushroom PPO in an in vitro assay system. Structural elucidation of the inhibitors showed them to be novel, plant secondary metabolites closely related to other phenolic compounds known to play important roles in flowering plants. Structure/activity relationships have been studied using synthetic analogs, several of which are potent PPO inhibitors. In addition to the in vitro studies, certain of these compounds inhibit enzymatic browning (melanosis) in foods such as shrimp, potatoes and apples as well as beverages such as grape juice. The inhibitors are water-soluble, stable, effective at low concentration, and have potential as functional alternatives to sulfites for the inhibition of melanosis. The chemical nature of the PPO inhibitors, kinetic studies, safety data, and results obtained on foods are discussed.
Carbon nanotube field-effect sensors for single-molecule detection (2011)

This thesis describes a detection system for single molecules based on individual single-walled carbon nanotube field-effect sensors. The sensitivity, spatial confinement and transducer gain of the sensor is derived from a conductance controlled electrochemically created defect, which is also chemically reactive. An automated microfluidic system is designed to enable long and stable measurements of the carbon nanotube device in aqueous environment with temperature control of ±0.1°C. A probe DNA can be covalently attached to the defect through an amide bond and the conductance is modulated when a target DNA binds to the probe. As a result, the conductance shows a traditional random telegraph signal and fluctuates between a hybridized and melted state. By monitoring the conductance as a function of temperature, the kinetics and thermodynamics can be extracted, which are comparable to previous fluorescent correlation spectroscopy studies using optical fluorescent resonant energy transfer. By studying the fluctuation amplitude as a function of charge proximity, buffer concentration and solution potential, it is shown that the sensor is based on a field-effect. The sensor has a temporal resolution of 200 μs and a signal to noise ratio of 3-8 when continuously measuring for 30 seconds. By further reducing the parasitics, the sensor has the capabilities to detect biomolecule kinetics down to microsecond resolution, which could make it an attractive tool for single-molecule experiments with fast kinetics.
Ponatinib (2013)

Ponatinib is a potent TKI that can overcome several resistance mechanisms in previously treated patients with CML and Ph+ ALL. Ponatinib should be reserved for patients who have failed first-line therapy, have the T315I mutation, or have progressed.
<title>Design issues in liquid crystal projection displays</title> (1996)

Liquid-crystal projection displays (LCPD) have been in production for many years, and have demonstrated performance equal to HDTV requirements. Projection CRT displays are cheaper to manufacture, making it difficult for LCPDs to compete in the consumer market. This could change with recent developments in metal halide arc lamps which will lead to smaller and cheaper LCPDs. The arc dimensions determine the light source etendue, which is a basic parameter in projector design. The influence of source etendue on the optical efficiency of various LCPDs is assessed with the goal of reducing the diameter of the spatial light modulator (SLM) while maintaining high-efficiency. The SLM diameter is a measure of the manufacturing cost.
A New Approach to Quantitate Carbohydrate‐Deficient Transferrin Isoforms in Alcohol Abusers: Partial Iron Saturation in Isoelectric Focusing/Immunoblotting and Laser Densitometry (1993)

Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin (Tf) represents a significant advance over previous markers of alcohol abuse. Isoelectric focusing (IEF) analysis of affinity-purified Tf, under conditions of total iron saturation, identifies a major isoform at pI 5.4 in both normal consumers and alcohol abusers; three additional Tf isoforms (pI 5.6, 5.7, and 5.8) are associated with alcohol abuse. Under conditions of partial iron saturation, IEF analysis of affinity-purified Tf reveals up to seven isoforms (pI range 5.3-6.0) common to normal consumers and alcohol abusers; three additional transferrin isoforms (pI range 6.1-6.3) are present in 68% (15/22) of the alcohol abuser specimens, but in only 8% (1/12) of the specimens from normal consumers and in none of the three specimens from abstainers. These three diagnostic bands comigrate with a set of defined Tf isoforms: human iron-free Tf containing two sialic acid residues, human sialic acid-free Tf with one iron molecule, and human sialic acid-free, iron-free Tf. Serum specimens from normal consumers and alcohol abusers, analyzed for Tf isoforms by an IEF-immunoblot method under conditions of partial iron saturation, expressed Tf isoforms similar to those found using affinity-purified Tf in standard IEF. Visual examination of the immunoblots reveals the diagnostic bands in 67% (32/48) of patients with histories of sustained alcohol abuse compared with only 17% (8/48) of the normal consumers. Scanning densitometry and volume integration analysis of the immunoblots representative of normal consumer and alcohol abuser populations results in mean (+/- SE) values of 4.1 +/- 0.8 and 19.3 +/- 3.6 units, respectively (p < 0.0002).
Analytical nanobiotechnology for medicine diagnostics (2007)

The review is concerned with the state-of-the-art and the prospects of development of nanotechnologies in clinical proteomics. Nanotechnology in clinical proteomics is a new medical research direction, dealing with the creation and application of nanodevices for performing proteomic analyses in the clinic. Nanotechnological progress in the field of atomic force microscopy makes it possible to perform clinical studies on the revelation, visualization and identification of protein disease markers, in particular of those with the sensitivity of 10(-17) M that surpasses by several orders the sensitivity of commonly adopted clinical methods. At the same time, implementation of nanotechnological approaches into diagnostics allows for the creation of new diagnostic systems based on the optical, electro-optical, electromechanical and electrochemical nanosensoric elements with high operating speed. The application of nanotechnological approaches to creating nanopore-based devices for express sequencing of the genome is discussed.
A mobicast routing protocol with carry-and-forward in vehicular ad-hoc networks (2010)

In vehicular networks, safety and comfort applications are two quite different kinds of applications to avoid the emergency traffic accident and enjoy the non-emergency entertainment. The comfort application drives the challenges of new non-emergency entertainments for vehicular ad-hoc networks (VAN
Three-Dimensional Orientations of Polymer-Bound Single Molecules (1999)

Utilizing noninvasive far- and near-field microscopy techniques, the dipole emission patterns of individual molecules have been directly visualized. By accurately modeling the imaging system upon introduction of specific aberrations, fits of simulated to observed molecular images have enabled true three-dimensional single-molecule orientation determinations at room temperature. Following emission pattern changes in time, this new imaging technique has enabled observation of individual molecule rotational motions within polymeric hosts. Such single-molecule orientational diffusion measurements cannot only probe nanoscale polymer dynamics, but should also lead to enhanced understandings of many materials and biological systems.
Multi-Reference Time-Frequency Active Control of Vehicle Interior Road Noise (2016)

Active noise control (ANC) technique has been successfully implemented by various automotive manufacturers to interior powertrain noise cancellation and/or sound management. For the powertrain noise control, the ANC system only requires one reference signal (typically using tachometer signal) due to the fact that the powertrain response is functionally related to the engine rotational speed. Instead, the multi-reference ANC system is often required for the road noise control since the multiple-coherence between the reference accelerometer signals and the target noise must be guaranteed to yield an acceptable control performance. However, the adoption of traditional multi-reference filtered-x least mean square (FXLMS) algorithm for road noise ANC often leads to a large computational burden and slow convergence rate due to the long length of adaptive filter and a huge dynamic range of the filtered reference signal. To address these problems, road noise ANC systems configured with the time-frequency domain FXLMS (TF-FXLMS) algorithm and subband FXLMS (SFXLMS) algorithm are developed, where the adaptive algorithm either calculates the gradient estimate and filtered reference signal in the frequency domain or subband frequency domain to reduce the computational requirement and also updates the control signals in the time domain to avoid delay in the reference path. Then, a comprehensive computational complexity analysis is conducted to exhibit the computational cost for different algorithms. The effectiveness of the different algorithms will be demonstrated through an ANC system with eight accelerometers, one secondary loudspeaker, and one error microphone in the driver side to control actual road noise.
<i>N</i>‐methylation of wholly aromatic polyamides for size‐exclusion chromatography (1992)

Abstract Wholly aromatic polyamides, including poly(1,4‐phenyleneisophthalamide) and poly(1,4‐phenyleneterephthalamide) are N ‐methylated to render them soluble in N,N ‐dimethylformamide, a common size‐exclusion chromatography eluent. The procedure N ‐methylates 50–55% of the total amide linkages in these two examples, permitting reproducible measurement of their absolute molecular weight distributions using differential viscometry detection. There is no observable degradation in molecular weight resulting from the N ‐methylation, provided the excess methylating reagent is destroyed shortly after completion of the derivatization by quenching with potassium acetate. The validity of the molecular weight data obtained by the method is confirmed by light‐scattering measurements on derivatized polymer and by comparison to the molecular weight of underivatized polymer that can be approximated from the intrinsic viscosity in concentrated sulfuric acid. The method is applicable to a variety of wholly aromatic polyamide structures. Examples are given.
The vestibulo‐ocular reflex during human saccadic eye movements. (1986)

Eye and head movements were recorded in normal humans during rapid refixations with the head still (saccades) or moving (gaze saccades) to determine if the vestibulo-ocular reflex was operating at such times. Subjects made self-electrooculogram for large saccades and with the eyecoil/magnetic field method for smaller movements. The putative function of the vestibulo-ocular reflex during a gaze saccade is to adjust the movement of the eye for the movement of the head by adding the saccadic command and the vestibular signal. This action, referred to here as linear summation, would maintain gaze-saccade accuracy by making gaze velocity (eye in space) independent of head velocity. It would also preserve the duration of the eye saccades of about 200 deg. When a subject increased his head velocity voluntarily, for example, from 420 to 805 deg/s, mean gaze velocity rose from 540 to 820 deg/s and duration dropped from 380 to 250 ms. Linear summation did not occur. By means of a yoke clenched in the teeth, the subject's head could be momentarily and unexpectedly slowed by collision of the yoke with a lead weight during a 180 deg gaze saccade. The perturbation decreased head velocity by about 150-200 deg/s, decreased gaze velocity by about the same amount and did not change eye velocity (in the head); another indication that the vestibulo-ocular reflex was not working. Nevertheless, gaze-saccade duration was automatically increased so that the over-all accuracy of the movement was not changed. Subjects made saccades between targets at +/- 20 deg without attempted head movements. Simultaneously the experimenter struck the yoke, clenched in the subject's teeth, with a rubber hammer. The hammer blow caused a transient head velocity of about 70 deg/s. Gaze velocity transiently rose or fell, depending on the direction of the blow, by similar amounts and a quantitative analysis suggested that the vestibulo-ocular reflex was essentially absent. Again, duration was automatically altered so that saccade accuracy was not changed. Subjects looked back and forth between targets 20, 40 and 60 deg apart as their head turned through the straight ahead position, actively or passively, at velocities up to 600 deg/s (active) or 300 deg/s (passive).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
QTL Mapping and Molecular Marker Analysis for the Resistance of Rice to Ozone (2004)

The resistance of rice to ozone (O3) is a quantitative trait controlled by nuclear genes. The identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) and analysis of molecular markers of O3 resistance is important for increasing the resistance of rice to O3 stress. QTL associated with the O3 resistance of rice were mapped on chromosomes 1, 7 and 11 using 164 recombinant inbred (RI) lines from a cross between 'Milyang 23' and 'Gihobyeo'. The quantitative trait loci were tightly linked to the markers RG109, C507 and RG1094 and were detected in each of three replications. The association between these markers and O3 resistance in 26 rice cultivars and doubled haploid (DH) populations was analysed. The markers permit the screening of rice germplasm for O3 resistance and the introduction of resistance into elite lines in breeding programs.
Effect of retinoids on xenotransplanted human mammary carcinoma cells in athymic mice. (1988)

Previous studies have shown dose-dependent growth inhibition of the human mammary carcinoma cell line MDA-MB-231 xenotransplanted in athymic mice using retinol. In this study, the growth inhibitory effect of retinoic acid (RA) and 13-cis-retinoic acid (13-cis-RA) was examined in vitro and in vivo. With both agents there was dose-related growth inhibition in monolayer culture. The MDA-MB-231 cell line was more sensitive in monolayer culture to 13-cis-RA than to RA. Anchorage-independent growth of the MDA-MB-231 cell line was also inhibited by both of these agents but only in a dose-dependent manner with 13-cis-RA. Athymic mice inoculated with MDA-MB-231 human mammary carcinoma cells were treated with various doses of RA and 13-cis-RA for 30 days. RA doses greater than 90 micrograms were clinically toxic to the animals. There was a decrease in tumor size with all doses of RA tested but not in a dose-related fashion. Response at the higher doses of RA may be related to subclinical toxicity. Doses of 13-cis-RA above 300 micrograms were clinically toxic. Unlike RA, there was no statistically significant decrease in tumor size with treatment with 13-cis-RA. These findings show that there is significant reduction in growth in vivo of the human mammary carcinoma cell line MDA-MB-231 after treatment with RA. However, in vivo response to the retinoids is not always predicted by in vitro methods.