gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
T Cell Tolerance Based on Avidity Thresholds Rather Than Complete Deletion Allows Maintenance of Maximal Repertoire Diversity (2000)

Abstract Given the flexible nature of TCR specificity, deletion or permanent disabling of all T cells with the capacity to recognize self peptides would severely limit the diversity of the repertoire and the capacity to recognize foreign Ags. To address this, we have investigated the patterns of CD8+ CTL reactivity to a naturally H-2Kb-presented self peptide derived from the elongation factor 1α (EF1α). EF1α occurs as two differentially expressed isoforms differing at one position of the relevant peptide. Low avidity CTLs could be raised against both variants of the EF1α peptide. These CTLs required 100-fold more peptide-H-2Kb complexes on the target cell compared with CTLs against a viral peptide, and did not recognize the naturally expressed levels of EF1α peptides. Thus, low avidity T cells specific for these self peptides escape tolerance by deletion, despite expression of both EF1α isoforms in dendritic cells known to mediate negative selection in the thymus. The low avidity in CTL recognition of these peptides correlated with low TCR affinity. However, self peptide-specific CTLs expressed elevated levels of CD8. Furthermore, CTLs generated against altered self peptide variants displayed intermediate avidity, indicating cross-reactivity in induction of tolerance. We interpret these data, together with results previously published by others, in an avidity pit model based on avidity thresholds for maintenance of both maximal diversity and optimal self tolerance in the CD8+ T cell repertoire.
Inducement of visual attention using augmented reality for multi-display systems in advanced tele-operation (2015)

Unmanned construction machines are used after disasters. Compared with manned construction, time efficiency is lower because of incomplete visual information, communication delay, and lack of tactile experience. We have developed an autonomous camera control system to supply appropriate visual information. In order to inform operators the potential data in the views, we introduced several augmented reality (AR) elements to induce visual attention to suitable images in a scenario. The purpose of this study is to develop an attention inducement system using AR technique and evaluate it under different conditions. We first improve our autonomous camera control system and then implement several kinds of AR items suitable for each work situation. The experimental results conducted using our virtual reality simulator confirm that AR items can supply a better positional relationship between machine and objects in the environment which makes operator handle the conditions as experienced. The results from eye-tracker data also indicate that AR items can induce visual attention to images suitable for situations.
Time Series Neural Networks for Real Time Sign Language Translation (2018)

Sign language is the primary mode of communication for the hearing and speech impaired and there is a need for systems to translate sign languages to spoken languages. Prior research has been focused on providing glove based solutions which are intrusive and expensive. We propose a sign language translation system based solely on visual cues and deep learning for accurate translation. Our system applies Computer Vision and Neural Machine Translation for American Sign Language (ASL) gloss recognition and translation respectively. In this paper, we show that an end to end neural network system is not only capable of recognition of individual ASL glosses but also translation of continuous sign language videos into complete English sentences, making it an effective and practical tool for sign language communication.
Do Hydrodynamic Dispersion Coefficients Exist? (1996)

We have calculated dispersion coefficients for tracer particles in a fluid flowing through a porous medium consisting of randomly packed spheres. At high P\'eclet numbers, where the motion of the tracer is determined largely by convection, we found evidence that the dispersion coefficient is diverging and that the dispersion process is anomalous. A transient region of anomalous dispersion has been predicted theoretically. However, our simulations suggest that, rather than being transient, this effect persists. We argue that our findings are consistent with the available experimental data.
Safety and efficacy of an add-on therapy with curcumin phytosome and piperine and/or lipoic acid in subjects with a diagnosis of peripheral neuropathy treated with dexibuprofen (2013)

We conducted an 8-week, open, randomized controlled clinical trial on 141 subjects affected by neuropathic pain to investigate the role of an adjunctive therapy added to the administration of dexibuprofen (400 mg twice a day) and based on a multi-ingredient formula (Lipicur), consisting of lipoic acid plus curcumin phytosome and piperine, in patients with a diagnosis of lumbar sciatica, lumbar disk herniation, and/or lumbar canal stenosis (96 subjects), or with carpal tunnel syndrome (45 subjects). A total of 135 participants completed the study. Treatment with the multi-ingredient formula (Lipicur) reduced neuropathic pain by more than 66% in both conditions (subjects with lumbar sciatica and with carpal tunnel syndrome), and these reductions were statistically significant. Moreover, the treatment reduced dexibuprofen use by about 40%. An add-on therapy with only lipoic acid has not shown any significant results. On the basis of its safety and efficacy, Lipicur could be considered an effective complementary therapy to be added to conventional treatments to achieve better efficacy in reducing neuropathic pain.
Towards an Exemplar Model of Face Processing: The Effects of Race and Distinctiveness (1992)

Valentine (1991a, 1991b) described a theoretical framework for face recognition in which faces are encoded as locations in a multidimensional space. It was argued that this approach could provide a unified account of the effects of distinctiveness, inversion, and race on face recognition. In this paper we evaluate the ability of this theoretical framework to account for the effects of distinctiveness and race in four experiments in which white British and Japanese faces served as stimuli and both white British and Japanese students acted as subjects. In a recognition memory experiment the expected "own-race bias" was observed as a Race of Subject x Race of Face interaction. Distinctive faces were recognized more accurately than typical faces, but the effect of distinctiveness did not interact with the race of face or the race of subject. Typical faces were classified faster than distinctive faces in a task in which intact faces had to be distinguished from jumbled faces, as found in earlier work, and the effect of distinctiveness did not interact with the race of face or race of subject. In contrast, a task in which subjects classified faces according to their race did show a greater effect of distinctiveness for own-race faces. The results are discussed in relation to the two specific models within the multidimensional space framework identified by Valentine (1991a): a purely exemplar-based model and a norm-based coding model. It is argued that these results are more easily accommodated in terms of a purely exemplar-based model. Some conceptual problems in applying the norm-based coding model to the effect of race are discussed.
Superselective Labelling of Proteins: Approaches and Techniques (2003)

Affinity labelling is a popular method used for the study of macromolecules and their interactions with ligands. The method is based on the targeted delivery of a chemically cross-linkable group, attached to a reactive molecule with affinity for a particular site in the biopolymer of interest. In complex multicomponent systems, the applications of affinity labelling are restricted by the tendency of the reagents to randomly label nontargetted molecules. This review highlights techniques developed to minimize non-specific cross-linking and to achieve high selectivity for the labelling of target protein. Such techniques might be termed 'superselective labelling', as opposed to traditional, less selective approaches.
Game, shot and match: Event-based indexing of tennis (2011)

Identifying events in sports video offers great potential for advancing visual sports coaching applications. In this paper, we present our results for detecting key events in a tennis match. Our overall goal is to automatically index a complete tennis match into all the main tennis events, so that a match can be recorded using affordable visual sensing equipment and then be automatically indexed into key events for retrieval and editing. The tennis events detected in this paper are a tennis game, a change of end and a tennis serve - all of which share temporal commonalities. There are of course other events in tennis which we aim to index in our overall indexing system, but this paper focuses solely on the aforementioned tennis events. This paper proposes a novel approach to detect key events in an instrumented tennis environment by analysing a players location and the visual features of a player.
Design of FIR filters as a tapped cascaded interconnection of identical subfilters (1987)

A general theory is presented for the design of linear-phase FIR digital filters as a tapped cascaded interconnection of identical FIR subfilters. The approach is an extension of the Kaiser-Hamming procedure [1] proposed for sharpening the response of an FIR filter. The new approach allows the subfilter and the tap coefficients to be simultaneously optimized to minimize either the number of subfilters for the given order of the subfilter or the subfilter order for the given number of subfilters. The optimization is based on the use of standard FIR filter design algorithms. Several examples demonstrate how the new approach leads to implementations requiring significantly fewer distinct multipliers than equivalent direct-form minimax FIR designs at the expense of a slight increase in the overall filter order. The number of distinct multipliers can be reduced to approximately <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\sqrt{2.6L}</tex> , where <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">L</tex> is the order of the direct-form minimax design. Alternatively, the design of the subfilter and tap coefficients can be separated. This makes it possible to construct the subfilter so that it roughly meets the overall specifications with a highly reduced number of arithmetic operations. In this case, the tap coefficients are optimized to minimize the required number of subfilters to meet the given criteria. Even multiplier-free designs can be obtained by carefully constructing the subfilter and determining the tap coefficients. Several structures are discussed for implementing the overall filter. These structures are compared with each other and with equivalent directform minimax designs in terms of the number of distinct multipliers, overall filter order, overall multiplication rate, number of delay elements, coefficient sensitivity, and output noise variance.
Minimization of target positioning error in accelerator‐based radiosurgery (1995)

The stereotactic radiosurgery system used at the Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology is patterned after that developed at the Joint Center for Radiation Therapy (Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA) and uses the Brown-Roberts-Wells computed tomography (CT) stereotactic system. The patient's head is attached to a stand that rotates with the treatment couch. The irradiation is conducted using a set of converging arcs of irradiation. Because of mechanical limitations, no accelerator or treatment couch is capable of placing the center of the radiation beam at precisely the same point for all gantry and couch angles and a compromise must be made when locating the nominal isocenter. The stand settings are checked by placing a radiopaque QA sphere at the desired target location. The QA sphere is imaged using a series of eight films exposed at a set of couch and gantry angles that encompass the treatment angles. The distances between the QA sphere image and the center of the radiation field indicate if the correct coordinates were set on the stand and if the radiation beam converges to a sufficiently small region (< 0.1-cm diameter) for treatment. A mathematical procedure has been developed to use the film-measured position errors to determine a stand offset that will minimize the distance between the accelerator isocenter and the target. The technique is capable of reducing the average placement error, as measured by imaging the QA sphere, to 0.035 cm with a maximum deviation of 0.07 cm.
<title>Miniaturized organic light-emitting diode (OLED) light source for micro-optical systems</title> (2001)

We present the design and fabrication of miniaturized light sources for micro-optical systems using organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). These devices can be integrated on a micro-optical table (MOT) using various backplanes. Acceptable angular uniformity of emitted radiance, and a brightness of more than 30,000 cd/m<SUP>2</SUP> can be readily achieved with OLEDs having areas ranging from 0.0004 cm<SUP>2</SUP> to 0.0363 cm<SUP>2</SUP>.
THE USE OF CELL SALVAGE LEADING TO A REDUCTION OF ALLOGENIC BLOOD USE IN ELECTIVE TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTY (2010)

Introduction: The national comparative audit in 2007 of blood use in primary elective hip replacement, showed a 25% transfusion rate. Of those 93% received two or more units. Orthopaedic surgeons are large users of blood, so reducing blood use, should save costs and reduce risk from unnecessary donor exposure. Methods: Over two years 221 consecutive primary total hip replacements were performed, on 84 male and 137 female patients, average age 70 years (42–91yrs). For each the Haematinics cell salvage system was used. Throughout the surgery the cell salvage system was used. At the end of the operation all swabs were washed, the washings were salvaged. Iodine/peroxide contaminated washing and swabs were discarded. Results: Were we using blood at the level suggested by the comparative audit, 55 patients would have received an average of 2.4 units (132 units total). The actual number of patients transfused was 12, receiving an average of two units (24 units total). This is 108 units less with 43 fewer patients receiving allogenic blood. Using a test of proportions using the Normal distribution then the significance probability is extremely small (SP Discussion: Using the cell salvage system leads to a significant reduction in allogenic blood use. It may not be cost neutral once the use of disposables is factored in, but may represent a useful tool to cost effectively reduce allogenic blood use.
<title>Implementation of an angle-only tracking filter</title> (1991)

This paper presents an implementation of a tracking filter for use with angle-only measurement data--such as for use with IR sensor data--with principle application in an air-to- air multiple target tracking environment. The implementation is based upon the modified spherical coordinate (MSC) method. Among the implementation issues discussed are the following: (a) Choice of process noise model. The choice of process noise model must balance the competing needs of filter derivative state convergence versus the prevention of excessive lags during heavy target maneuvers. A maneuver detection scheme is implemented to achieve this balance. The maneuver detection scheme utilizes a test on measurement residuals as well as a batch processor verification of the recursive Kalman filter states. (b) Choice of ownship maneuver for target ranging. The strength and duration of ownship maneuvers impacts the rate and level of range convergence. The orientation of the maneuver relative to target position impacts range observability. In a gross sense, the maneuver should attempt to maximize the projection of the difference between the ownship position following the maneuver and its projected position had it not maneuvered onto the cross-line-of-sight to the target. (c) The effect of sampling rate, measurement accuracy, and target maneuver upon filter performance. Of primary consideration is the impact of these factors on range estimation accuracy. Expected performance is illustrated through the use of Monte Carlo simulation results.
A new Faraday rotator using a thick Gd:YIG film grown by liquid-phase epitaxy and its applications to an optical isolator and optical switch (1983)

A new Faraday rotator using a thick garnet film grown by liquid-phase epitaxy (LPE) has been proposed and film growth technology for the rotator has been investigated. The new Faraday rotator had good features of very low cost and small size, due to high productivity of the LPE-grown film and low magnetic saturation field, respectively. By using the new Faraday rotator, an optical isolator and magnetooptic switch for single-mode fiber systems have been developed. The optical isolator featured 0.8-dB insertion loss and 25-dB isolation at 1.3-μm wavelength. The magneto-optic 1 × 2 switch was independent of light polarization and featured 1.3-1.7-dB insertion loss, -25-dB crosstalk, and 30-μs switching time at 1.3-μm wavelength. Minimum switching voltage was ±5 V. Magneto-optic devices using the new Faraday rotator is practical for use in <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1.2-1.7-\mu</tex> m wavelength fiber-optic systems, because of good optical properties, compactness, and low cost.
Down-regulation of frizzled-7 expression decreases survival, invasion and metastatic capabilities of colon cancer cells (2009)

These data suggest that FZD7 may be involved in enhancement of survival, invasion and metastatic capabilities of colon cancer cells through non-canonical Wnt signalling pathways as well as the canonical pathway.
Enterprise frameworks: issues and research directions (2002)

Abstract Enterprise frameworks are a special class of application frameworks. They are distinguished from other application frameworks in terms of scale and focus. In terms of focus, application frameworks typically cover one particular aspect of an application, either a domain‐dependent aspect (e.g., billing in a web‐based customer‐to‐business ordering system), or a computational infrastructure aspect such as distribution, man‐machine interface, or persistence, etc. Generally, an application framework alone delivers no useful end‐user function. With infrastructure frameworks, we still have to plug in domain functionalities, while with domain frameworks, we need to set‐up the infrastructure. In contrast, enterprise frameworks embody a reference architecture for an entire application, covering both the infrastructure aspects of the application, and much of the domain‐specific functionality. Instantiating an enterprise framework is nothing short of application engineering, where the architecture and many of the components are reusable. While creativity and continual improvement may be the major ingredients for building a good application framework, anything related to enterprise frameworks, be it building, documenting, or instantiating them, is complex and requires careful design and planning. In this paper, we identify the issues involved in building, using, and maintaining enterprise frameworks, both from research and practical perspective. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kinetics of antibody production against listeriolysin O in sheep with listeriosis (1993)

The kinetics of antibody production against listeriolysin O (LLO), a major virulence factor of the intracellular bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes, was studied by dot blot analysis with highly purified LLO during oral infection of sheep. Specific antibodies appeared as soon as day 9 of an oral infection and peaked by day 20 of infection; specific antibody levels then remained almost stable for at least 4 months. A subclinical infecting dose (approximately 10(6) viable bacteria) was capable of eliciting a significant antibody response to LLO, almost at the same level as that observed with a high-dose oral challenge (approximately 10(10)). Antibodies to LLO were mostly constituted by immunoglobulin G (IgG), since an IgA response was not detectable and only a transient and inconstant IgM response was observed between day 9 and day 20 of an oral infection. These results show that antibodies to LLO are constantly produced during oral infection even with a low infecting dose, thus confirming that LLO is highly immunogenic. Detection of antibodies to LLO can therefore be used to detect sheep that have been previously exposed to L. monocytogenes.
Structure of the yeast ribosomal 5 S RNA-binding protein YL3. (1991)

A gene coding for the 5 S rRNA-binding protein (YL3) in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was isolated using a polymerase chain reaction-amplified gene probe. The DNA sequence contains no introns and codes for a 297 amino acid (Mr = 33,741) protein. Although the protein is just 1 residue longer than in rat, unlike the high sequence homology in the 5 S rRNAs from the same organisms, only about 45% of the amino acid residues are conserved with surprisingly little homology in the carboxyl-terminal end. Nevertheless, comparative studies indicate that a number of structural features are conserved including small repeats in the primary structure and a number of helical estimates in the higher order structure. One of the sequence repeats also appears to be present in the carboxyl-terminal end of the eukaryotic transcription factor TFIIIA suggesting an evolutionary relationship in these 5 S RNA-binding proteins.
Pharmacology and clinical efficacy of dimethyl fumarate (BG-12) for treatment of relapsing&ndash;remitting multiple sclerosis (2014)

The last two decades have seen the introduction of several therapies for multiple sclerosis (MS). These therapies are intended to work at different levels of the disease, typically targeting direct symptom management, brief corticosteroid administration for acute exacerbations, and the regular use of disease-modifying drugs. Nevertheless, in clinical practice, disease-modifying drugs or immunosuppressive treatments are frequently associated with suboptimal response in terms of efficacy and several side effects leading to poor patient adherence, so the proportion of relapsing-remitting MS patients not adequately responding to disease-modifying therapy have been reported to range from 7% to 49%. Natalizumab and fingolimod are the newest US Food and Drug Administration-approved agents that have been added to the MS treatment armamentarium, but their use is limited by a less known safety profile and recognized specific risk. Thus, there is an important need for new therapeutic strategies, especially those that may offer greater patient satisfaction and safer risk profile in order to optimize therapeutic outcomes. A number of potential therapies for MS are now in late-stage development. Effective, safe, and well-tolerated therapies may improve compliance and empower patients with a level of independence not presently possible. To meet these characteristics, most of these therapies are oral compounds. Herein, we review the pharmacology and efficacy of dimethyl fumarate (BG-12) to date and its role in the evolving marketplace.