gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
OFR11-02, Potential for Implementation of Mineral Carbonation as a Carbon Sequestration Method in Minnesota (2011)

Minnesota, with a population of about five million, is a significant source of greenhouse gas emissions, and a state that is vulnerable to climate change, such as the impact that increased frequency or severity of drought or storms would have on agriculture, water supply, wildlife, lake levels, and public security. Minnesota therefore has an interest in reducing our own vulnerability, while concurrently contributing to needed world-wide solutions. As has been stressed, for example, in documents prepared for and by the Minnesota Climate Change Advisory Group, emissions reductions can have multiple benefits, including conservation, cost efficiency, and air quality enhancement, while also directly contributing to mitigation of climate change. Anthropogenic climate change seems already to have begun, however, so adaptation to climate change accompanies mitigation in the climate change policy agenda. Mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions can be achieved through reduced fossil fuel combustion, while concurrently capturing and storing carbon in biomass, or in geologic repositories. It has become apparent that the best approach is likely to be for several options to concurrently be implemented. \n\nMinnesota may be well positioned to utilize the mineral carbonation method of geologic carbon sequestration, given the presence of vast tonnages of appropriate rock material in the Duluth region, some of which could be mined for copper, nickel, and platinum group elements, pending the outcome of current permitting procedures. Should these deposits go into production, a slurry of minerals suitable for mineral carbonation of CO2 would be produced as a waste product from the mines. The principal constraint to mineral carbonation at present appears to be cost. Nevertheless, there could be developments in the method, and there could be circumstances in which a particularly favorable mineral carbonation opportunity could coincide with constraints to other aspects of the sequestration procedure, such as considerations regarding transportation, thus possibly making mineral carbonation a conceivable option.
Microencapsulation of an iron chelator for sustained release and crystal habit modification (1996)

DMHP (1,2-dimethyl-3-hydroxy-pyrid-4-one) is an orally-active iron chelator that has a short biological half-life and hence a sustained-release formulation is currently being developed. DMHP exists as needle-like crystals that cannot be size-characterized accurately for pharmaceutical manufacturing. The current study was undertaken to simultaneously achieve crystal-habit modification and provide sustained-release properties using a microencapsulation technique. Eudragit-RS, -RL, -L90 and Cellulose Acetate Phthalate were used in a phase-separation method to produce discrete, spheroidal, free flowing microcapsules of DMHP that could be sized readily. The obtained microcapsules were evaluated for drug content, size distribution, micromeritic properties, and in-vitro dissolution in gastric followed by intestinal pH environments at 37 degrees C. In-vitro dissolution studies revealed that DMHP release from the microcapsules can be retarded for up to 10 h. Changes in polymer type, polymer content, and processing parameters resulted in drastic changes in the microencapsulation process, and release characteristics of the microcapsules.
A back-end system for an autonomous parking and charging system for electric vehicles (2012)

Electric vehicles must be easy to use to be accepted by customers and to be successful on the market. One important part of this is the need for comfortable charging and parking. Especially if the charging of a vehicle takes a certain amount of time, a good solution to simplify the life of the customer is necessary. The V-Charge project has the vision to provide a solution by combining autonomous valet parking with e-mobility, introducing improved parking and charging comfort to increase customer acceptance of electric vehicles. V-Charge proposes a solution for charging autonomous electric vehicles in parking places and efficiently using scarce charging resources. For the management of the overall system and the provided resources, a server back-end and a communication infrastructure are provided. In this paper, we present our design of a central server back-end that handles the assignment of free parking spots to autonomous electric vehicles and implements scheduling concepts for a coordinated charging strategy. A typical scenario of such a concept might be the automatic drop-off and recovery of a car in front of an airport terminal without taking care of parking or charging in person.
Dynamic Frame Skipping for Fast Speech Recognition in Recurrent Neural Network Based Acoustic Models (2018)

A recurrent neural network is a powerful tool for modeling sequential data such as text and speech. While recurrent neural networks have achieved record-breaking results in speech recognition, one remaining challenge is their slow processing speed. The main cause comes from the nature of recurrent neural networks that read only one frame at each time step. Therefore, reducing the number of reads is an effective approach to reducing processing time. In this paper, we propose a novel recurrent neural network architecture called Skip-RNN, which dynamically skips speech frames that are less important. The Skip-RNN consists of an acoustic model network and skip-policy network that are jointly trained to classify speech frames and determine how many frames to skip. We evaluate our proposed approach on the Wall Street Journal corpus and show that it can accelerate acoustic model computation by up to 2.4 times without any noticeable degradation in transcription accuracy.
Selective area growth of GaP on Si by MOCVD (1997)

Single crystals of GaP were grown on 4° miscut (100) Si substrates by selective area metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Silicon nitride patterns were used to mask the wafer; no GaP nucleated on the silicon nitride patterns. The top and side walls of the selectively grown GaP stripes (3 μm width) seem to be the (100) and (111) crystal planes. Cross-sectional TEM analysis revealed a smooth GaPSi interface. Focused Raman spectroscopy with a spatial resolution of ∼ 1 μm was used to assess the crystal quality of individual GaP mesas.
Neurocognitive Development of the Resolution of Selective Visuo-Spatial Attention: Functional MRI Evidence From Object Tracking (2018)

Our ability to select relevant information from the environment is limited by the resolution of attention - i.e., the minimum size of the region that can be selected. Neural mechanisms that underlie this limit and its development are not yet understood. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was performed during an object tracking task in 7- and 11-year-old children, and in young adults. Object tracking activated canonical fronto-parietal attention systems and motion-sensitive area MT in children as young as 7 years. Object tracking performance improved with age, together with stronger recruitment of parietal attention areas and a shift from low-level to higher-level visual areas. Increasing the required resolution of spatial attention - which was implemented by varying the distance between target and distractors in the object tracking task - led to activation increases in fronto-insular cortex, medial frontal cortex including anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and supplementary motor area, superior colliculi, and thalamus. This core circuitry for attentional precision was recruited by all age groups, but ACC showed an age-related activation reduction. Our results suggest that age-related improvements in selective visual attention and in the resolution of attention are characterized by an increased use of more functionally specialized brain regions during the course of development.
Restriction on the arrangement of laser trackers in laser trilateration (1998)

Laser trilateration is an effective technique for measuring three-dimensional coordinates. Taking advantage of a fourth laser tracker, the positions of all four laser trackers can be determined by a self-calibration algorithm. We show a restriction on the arrangement of laser trackers, namely, no tracker must exist on the plane defined by the other three trackers. A method of evaluating the measurement results is also discussed.
The use of microcomputed tomography to study microvasculature in small rodents (2002)

Appropriate nephron function is dependent on the intrarenal arrangement of blood vessels. The preferred and primary means to study the architecture of intrarenal circulation has been by filling it with opaque substances such as india ink, radio-opaque contrast material, or various polymers for study by light or scanning electron microscopy. With such methodologies, superficial vessels may obscure deep vessels and little quantitative information may be obtained. Serial-section microtomy has not been practical because of problems relating to alignment and registration of adjacent sections, lost sections, and preparation time and effort. Microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) overcomes such limitations and provides a means to study the three-dimensional architecture of filled vessels within an intact rodent kidney and to obtain more quantitative information. As an example of micro-CT's capabilities, we review the use of micro-CT to study the alterations in renal microvasculature caused by the development of liver cirrhosis after chronic bile duct ligation. In this example, micro-CT evidence shows a selective decrease in cortical vascular filling in the kidney, with a maintenance of medullary vascular filling. These changes may contribute to the salt and water retention that accompanies cirrhosis. These results indicate that micro-CT is a promising method to evaluate renal vascular architecture in the intact rodent kidney relative to physiological and pathological function.
SIP Spam Detection (2006)

The SIP protocol has been showing for the last few years a strong acceptance by the market. Through a large row of services, in particular VoIP calls and instant messaging (IM), SIP has become ubiquitous in the public communications as well as the corporated ones. As a new emerging standard, SIP certainly is the target of spam attacks which refer to unsolicited VoIP calls and IM messages. Before SIP spam becomes a real threat for the SIP users communities, its detection has to be so far a necessary component of our online security and privacy protection. In this paper, we investigate two complete solutions for detecting SIP spam. The first solution is based on the reputation concept and has origins in social networks. However, the second one reflects the payment at risk idea. For this technique, we propose a lightweight architecture that requires only slight changes in the existing infrastructures
Acid-Base Balance in <i>Callinectes Sapidus</i> During Acclimation from High to Low Salinity (1982)

ABSTRACT When transferred from 865 to 250 m-osmol salinity, the blue crab C. sapidus maintains its blood Na+ and Cl− concentrations significantly above those in the medium. When branchial carbonic anhydrase is inhibited by acetazolamide, ion regulation fails and the animals do not survive the transfer. An alkalosis occurs in the blood at low salinity, indicated by an increase in HCO3− and pH at constant . The alkalosis is closely correlated with an increase in the Na+–Cl− difference, a convenient indicator of the overall strong ion difference. The contribution’ of changes in to acid-base changes was negligible, but the change in the total weak acid (proteins) may be important. It is suggested that the change in blood acidbase status with salinity is related to an increase in the strong ion difference, which changes during the transition from osmoconformity to osmoregulation in the blue crab, and which is related to both carbonic anhydrase and ion-activated ATPases.
Determination of HOMO and LUMO of [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid 3-ethylthiophene ester and poly (3-octyl-thiophene-2, 5-diyl) through voltametry characterization (2011)

HOMO and LUMO of organic compounds are basic parameters for the design and fabrication of an organic solar cell. This paper presents a technique to obtain HOMO and LUMO of an n-type polymer of [6,6]-phenyl C61-butyric acid 3-ethylthiophene ester (PCBE) and a p-type polymer of poly (3-octyl-thiophene-2, 5-diyl) (P3OT). The energy of band gap for each material has been calculated using optical absorption spectrum. Cyclic Voltammetry was used to estimate the oxidation potential and energy band diagram consequently. The experiments were carried out in a three-electrode cell consisting of a platinum working electrode, a platinum counter electrode and a SCE reference electrode. P3OT showed energy band gap equal to 1.83 eV with HOMO and LUMO equal to 5.59 eV and 3.76 eV, respectively. PCBE showed energy band gap equal to 1.96 eV with HOMO and LUMO equal to 5.87 eV and 3.91 eV, respectively. Based on energy band diagram that was constructed from this experimental result, the couple materials may be successfully used to fabricate the feasible organic solar cells.
Software process in a mixed R&D environment (2002)

As the R&D organization for a large aerospace company, we undertake a wide range of software projects. The SEI encourages adoption of an organization-wide process model to improve the quality of software, but the variety of projects and the diversity of the computing resources make it difficult to identify such a process. Process is more than the waterfall or spiral models. We describe a framework for constructing a software development process, applicable to projects in a heterogeneous organization. This framework is flexible, with work products identified through scaling, tailoring, and customization. The framework and construction of the customized project process are supported by standards, guidelines, templates, examples, training, and consulting. A Web-based repository is used to disseminate process information, encouraging reuse and aiding repeatability.
Impact of trellis termination on performance of turbo codes (2016)

Decoding performance of turbo decoder is weakened, if trellis ends in an unknown state. Trellis termination is an important method for overcoming this problem and improving performance of turbo codes by periodically adding tail bits into information sequence. In this paper various types of trellis termination are described. Performance of a turbo code without trellis termination and the turbo code with its first trellis terminated is compared. Turbo encoder used in simulations is based on design from 3GPP/UMTS and 3GPP/LTE standards while BCJR algorithm is used for decoding.
MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF CELLULAR INFILTRATION ASSESSED BY MONOCLONAL ANTIBODY LABELING IN SEQUENTIAL HUMAN RENAL ALLOGRAFT BIOPSIES (1986)

The mononuclear cell infiltrate in a total of 279 human renal allograft biopsies was determined by a panel of monoclonal antibodies using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. Two hundred and seventy-two biopsies were obtained from 83 patients randomly allocated to receive short-term cyclosporine (CsA) or conventional azathioprine and low-dose prednisolone (AP). Biopsies were obtained routinely at days 0 (control biopsies), 7, 21, 90, and 365, as well as at other times when clinically indicated. A further 7 patients on AP therapy were biopsied several years after transplantation (median: 6 years 1 month). Morphometric analysis of cryostat tissue sections using a point-counting technique has shown that the infiltration in rejecting grafts is significantly greater than in grafts with stable function. However, significant infiltration also occurs within the first week after transplantation in grafts with stable function. While this infiltrate diminishes with time, it remains significant even in grafts biopsied several years after transplantation. The infiltration with CsA treatment is significantly less than with AP therapy. The magnitude of the infiltrate therefore varies with time, graft status, and immunosuppression. In contrast the phenotypic composition of the infiltrate remains relatively constant in all biopsies after transplantation with T lymphocytes (CD3+), accounting for approximately 35% of infiltrating cells and CD8+ cells more common than CD4+. Monocytes and macrophages account for most of the remainder of the infiltrate.
FEXT-eliminated stub-alternated microstrip line for multi-gigabit/second parallel links (2008)

A stub-alternated microstrip line is proposed for multi-gigabit/second parallel links on a PCB. Without guard traces, the uniformly distributed stub structure eliminates the far-end crosstalk and crosstalk-induced jitter by increasing the mutual capacitance with little change in the mutual inductance. Coupling characteristics were measured and fitted with an empirical equation.
Multistage infrared emitters based on InAsSb strained layers grown by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (2002)

We report on the metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) of mid-infrared InAsSb multistage emitters using a high speed rotating disk reactor. The devices contain AlAsSb claddings and strained InAsSb active regions. These emitters have multistage, type I, InAsSb/InAsP quantum well active regions. A semi-metal GaAsSb/InAs layer acts as an internal electron source for the multistage injection lasers and AlAsSb is the electron confinement layer. These structures are the first MOCVD multistage devices. Broadband LED's produced 2 mW average power at 3.7 /spl mu/m and 80 K and 0.1 mW at 4.3 /spl mu/m and 300 K. A multistage, 3.8-3.9 /spl mu/m laser structure operated up to T=180 K. At 80 K, peak-power >110 mW/facet and a high slope-efficiency (48%) were observed in these gain guided lasers.
A distributed localized decision self-health monitoring system in WSN developed for bridge diagnoses (2011)

In Japan, Bridge is an important part of public transportation infrastructures. As a result, the monitoring of bridge health is accordingly vital important for the government and related institutions. In bridge diagnoses system, we develop a wireless sensor network to measure and gather the vibration data of bridge. The problem is: in past field bridge diagnosis experiment, node failure and data packets loss always occurred in the WSN. Furthermore, when we deploy all the nodes of WSN to bridge in the first time, it is always difficult to set the location of nodes in order to ensure the quality of link is extremely reliable. In order to solve above mentioned problem we propose a distributed data aggregation active monitoring method and a distributed localized decision monitoring method. Based on the two methods we build a self-health monitoring system for WSN: DLDMS (Distributed Localized Decision Monitoring System). We apply this system to the field experiments at Kitakyushu city in Japan and successfully obtain the health status of WSN.
Reliability Based Design Criteria for Coastal and Ocean Structures (1989)

The application of reliability methods in development of design criteria for coastal and ocean structures is described and illustrated. Basic reliability engineering principles are outlined. These principles are illustrated in development of design criteria for an offshore oil and gas drilling and production platform. The paper concludes with an evaluation of limitations and challenges of reliability based approaches.
Glucagon (1968)

The action of glucagon on cardiac performance was studied in 21 isolated cat papillary muscle preparations, in 13 spontaneously beating cat atria, in 15 intact dog hearts, and in 4 isolated perfused dog hindlimbs. In each papillary muscle preparation, addition of glucagon produced marked increases in maximal developed tension, averaging 36±4.2% ( SEM ) ( P < 0.01), and shifted the force-velocity curve upwards and to the right, indicating that contractility was augmented. Glucagon always increased the rate of the spontaneously beating atrium, the rise averaging 28.8±5.5 contractions/min ( P < 0.01). In the dog, myocardial performance was markedly augmented by the administration of glucagon, 50 µg/kg iv, as indicated by an average increase of 72.2±18.4% ( P < 0.01) in the left ventricular peak dP/dt and of 58.9±12.8% ( P < 0.01) in force recorded by a strain gauge arch, despite an average decrease of 3.8±1.2 cm H 2 O ( P < 0.02) in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure. Heart rate rose an average of 38.7±10.9 beats/min ( P < 0.02). Small but significant decreases in peripheral vascular resistance were produced. Single intravenous injections produced effects lasting 15 to 20 minutes. Propranolol did not prevent the inotropic responses in either the cat or dog preparations but markedly decreased the chronotropic effects.
Influence of porosity on the dielectric properties of AlN in the range of 30. 40 GHz (1988)

Sintering experiments have been carried out in order to determine the parameters required to obtain samples of AlN with varying amounts of porosity. Practically dense samples could be obtained by sintering at 1840/sup 0/C in nitrogen atmosphere when CaO was used as a sintering aid. Dielectric properties were measured in the range of 30...40 GHz using a Fabry-Perot resonator. It was found that the permittivity is primarily influenced by porosity. The values obtained can be described by available model concepts. The dielectric losses are not markedly influenced by porosity provided it is below about 10%. The grain size does not appear to have a significant influence on the losses, at least if it is larger than 2 m. Dielectric loss tangents as low as 20x10/sup -4/ were achieved.
Exchange of oxidized cholesteryl linoleate between LDL and HDL mediated by cholesteryl ester transfer protein. (1995)

This study examines the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP)-mediated exchange of cholesteryl linoleate hydroperoxide (Ch18:2-OOH) and cholesteryl linoleate hydroxide (Ch18:2-OH) between low density lipoprotein (LDL) and high density lipoprotein (HDL). When [3H]Ch18:2-OOH- and [3H]18:2-OH-labeled LDL were incubated at 37 degrees C for 0-24 h with unoxidized HDL and purified CETP, Ch18:2-OOH and Ch18:2-OH accumulated in the HDL. Similarly, when incubations were carried out with [3H]Ch18:2-OOH- and [3H]Ch18:2-OH-labeled HDL, unoxidized LDL, and CETP, Ch18:2-OOH and Ch18:2-OH accumulated in the LDL. Comparable results were obtained for the CETP-mediated transfer of [3H]Ch18:2-OH alone from LDL to HDL. Transfer to HDL of oxidized cholesteryl linoleate from [3H]Ch18:2-OOH- and [3H]Ch18:2-OH-labeled LDL was comparable to that of unoxidized cholesteryl linoleate (Ch18:2). However, the rate of transfer of [3H]Ch18:2-OOH and [3H]Ch18:2-OH from LDL to HDL increased linearly as the molar ratio of acceptor (HDL) to donor (oxidized LDL) particles in the incubation increased from 0.5:1 to 10:1. This increased rate of exchange was accompanied by an increased proportion of the oxidized Ch18:2 being present as the hydroxide rather than hydroperoxide. Further increases in the molar ratio of HDL to oxidized LDL particles neither affected the transfer rate nor the extent of reduction of Ch18:2-OOH to Ch18:2-OH. We therefore conclude that i) CETP mediates bidirectional transfers of Ch18:2-OOH and Ch18:2-OH between HDL and LDL; ii) CETP does not distinguish between Ch18:2-OOH, Ch18:2-OH, and Ch18:2 as it mediates their exchange between HDL and LDL; and iii) association with HDL hastens the reduction of Ch18:2-OOH to Ch18:2-OH.