gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mutations in the NPH1 locus of Arabidopsis disrupt the perception of phototropic stimuli. (1995)

The phototropic response is an important component of seedling establishment in higher plants because it orients the young seedlings for maximal photosynthetic light capture. Despite their obvious importance, little is known about the mechanisms underlying the perception and transduction of the light signals that induce phototropic curvatures. Here, we report the isolation of eight mutants of Arabidopsis that lack or have severely impaired phototropic responses. These nph (for nonphototropic hypocotyl) mutants comprise four genetic loci: nph1, nph2, nph3, and nph4. Physiological and biochemical characterization of the nph1 allele series indicated that the NPH1 locus may encode the apoprotein for a dual-chromophoric or multichromophoric holoprotein photoreceptor capable of absorbing UV-A, blue, and green light and that this photoreceptor regulates all the phototropic responses of Arabidopsis. It appears that the NPH1 protein is most likely a 120-kD plasma membrane-associated phosphoprotein because all of the nph1 mutations negatively affected the abundance of this protein. In addition, the putative NPH1 photoreceptor protein is genetically and biochemically distinct from the HY4 protein, which most likely acts as a photoreceptor for blue light-mediated hypocotyl growth inhibition. Furthermore, the NPH1 and HY4 proteins are not functionally redundant because mutations in either gene alone affect only one physiological response but not the other, thus providing strong support for the hypothesis that more than one blue light photoreceptor is required for the normal growth and development of a seedling.
Infections in Periarticular Fractures of the Lower Extremity Treated with Tensioned Wire Hybrid Fixators (1998)

Infection is a common complication of juxtaarticular fractures treated with tensioned wire fixators. Excellent pin care is required. Aggressive management of infections with intravenous antibiotics and debridement will resolve infections occurring in patients treated with tensioned wire fixators. Septic arthritis is associated with wires placed less than one centimeter from the subchondral bone. Deep infection is associated with insidious swelling and excessive proliferative callus. Wire infections increase with prolonged frame time.
CHRYSIASIS (1941)

<h3>DEFINITION AND HISTORY</h3> Chrysiasis (synonyms for which are auriasis, chrysoderma and<i>hautaurosis</i>) is a permanent pigmentation of the skin caused by the parenteral use of a gold preparation and the subsequent exposure of the skin to ultraviolet radiation, including sunlight. Gold preparations given intravenously began to be used extensively in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis in 1917 (krysolgan), and Möllgaard<sup>1</sup>introduced gold sodium thiosulfate (under the name sanocrysin) in 1924. Nine years later Fellner<sup>2</sup>listed and described sixteen gold preparations tried in nearly all branches of dermatosyphilology. Early in its use gold was found to cause numerous mild to severe side actions,<sup>3</sup>but not until 1928 did Hansborg<sup>4</sup>describe the first observed case of chrysiasis, as follows: A 20 year old white woman with auburn hair and light complexion exhibited a slate gray pigmentation on the exposed parts (face, neck and hands). The color of the
Digital Quadrature Demodulation for Radar ESM Applications (1992)

Techniques for digital in-phase and quadrature demodulation are investigated for application in Radar Electronic Support Measures (RESM) systems.
Enzymology of Xylan Degradation (1999)

Xylan is a major component of the hemicellulose portion of plant cell walls and constitutes up to 35% of the total dry weight of higher plants. It consists of a homopolymeric backbone chain of β-1,4-linked D-xylose units and short side chains including L-arabinofuranosyl, O-acetyl, D-glucuronosyl or O-methyl-D-glucuronosyl residues. Xylan degrading enzymes are produced by a wide variety of aerobic and anaerobic fungi and bacteria. Enzymatic hydrolysis of xylan involves a multi-enzyme system, including endo-xylanase, β-xylosidase, α-arabinofuranosidase, α-glucuronidase, acetylxylan esterase, ferulic acid esterase and p-coumaric acid esterase. Synergistic interactions of all these enzymes are required for the complete degradation of xylans. A brief review of each enzyme involved in xylan degradation is presented.
Novel Ultrasonically Assisted Templated Synthesis of Palladium and Silver Dendritic Nanostructures (2001)

Well-defined noble metal dendritic structures (see Figure) can be synthesized with the assistance of ultrasonic waves and using a Raney nickel template, as revealed here. Interestingly, Raney nickel is demonstrated to act not only as the template but also as the reducing agent. Advantages of this method include mild reaction conditions and easy removal of the template.
Multi-Phase Series Resonant DC-to-DC Converters: Transient Investigations (2006)

This paper investigates multi-phase series resonant DC-to-DC converters during transient operation. The topology is presented and its principle working during transient conditions is described for switching frequencies equal to the resonant frequency. It is demonstrated that load step changes may cause voltage and current oscillations, which may damage converter components. These oscillations can be damped by proper design of the output capacitor. The state space averaging technique is used to obtain a simple equivalent DC circuit, which describes the voltage and current waveforms very precisely. A simplification of the model enables the analytical calculation of the design rules for the output capacitor. Based on these design rules, a 5 kW/100 kHz laboratory prototype of a three-phase topology has been built. The prototype is used to verify the analysis experimentally
Size reduction of a microstrip antenna with dielectric superstrate using meta-materials: artificial magnetic conductors versus magneto-dielectrics (2006)

Planar antenna gain can be enhanced using a high-permittivity cover as the superstrate (D.R. Jackson and N.G. Alexopolous, 1985). As well, partially reflecting sheets (PRSs) have been used as the superstrate layer for gain enhancement (T. Zhao et al., 2005). In addition, artificial magnetic conductors (AMCs) as the ground plane have been able to reduce the microstrip antenna size with a PRS cover (A. Fresidis et al., 2005). On the other hand, a class of novel materials called magneto-dielectrics has recently been introduced which can simulate both high permittivity and permeability, while being low-loss (H. Mosallaei and K. Sarabandi, 2004) (A. Buerkle and K. Sarabandi, 2005). Thus, these novel materials hold promise in antenna miniaturization (H. Mosallaei and K. Sarabandi, 2004) (A. Buerkle and K. Sarabandi, 2005). In this paper, initially a conventional microstrip antenna with the high-permittivity dielectric superstrate is designed. Then, using a periodic structure of metallic patches, acting as an AMC, the antenna size is reduced. Furthermore, another size reduction method for this class of high-gain antennas is proposed using magneto-dielectrics. The results are presented and discussed
The dephosphorylation of inositol 1,4-bisphosphate to inositol in liver and brain involves two distinct Li+-sensitive enzymes and proceeds via inositol 4-phosphate (1988)

1. Hydrolysis of both enantiomers of inositol 1-phosphate and both enantiomers of inositol 4-phosphate to inositol is inhibited by LiCl in liver and brain. 2. The phosphatase activity is predominantly soluble. 3. Inositol 1,4-bisphosphate is also hydrolysed by the soluble fraction of liver and brain. 4. Bisphosphatase activity is inhibited by LiCl, but is less sensitive than monophosphatase activity. 5. The product of bisphosphatase in liver and brain is inositol 4-phosphate.
Mild and Efficient DBU-Catalyzed Amidation of Cyanoacetates (2009)

A mild, high-yielding, and practical protocol for the direct amidation of alkyl cyanoacetates using DBU is presented. This method eliminates the need for activation of cyanoacetic acid and/or high temperatures. It has been applied to the large-scale synthesis of CP-690,550-10 (1), a compound under development for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
Flow Batteries: Semi‐Solid Lithium Rechargeable Flow Battery (Adv. Energy Mater. 4/2011) (2011)

Flowable electrochemical composites power a new type of flow battery described by Yet-Ming Chiang, W. Craig Carter, and co-workers on p. 511 that, by using semi-solid electrodes based on rechargeable lithium chemistry, could provide more than ten times the energy density of aqueous flow batteries. In the image, the contents of the vial show X-ray tomography in which each color uniquely identifies a 3D continuous cluster of sub-micrometer lithium titanate spinel particles in a semi-solid “fuel.” The proposed novel flow batteries may be applicable to transportation and grid storage. Cover design by Paul Montie.
Chloroquine induced parkinsonism. (2000)

A case of parkinsonism is reported in a 5-years-old male child following prolonged use of chloroquine. The patient presented with reduced spontaneous movements and speech with an expressionless face and a parkinsonian gait but no tremors. His investigations including CT scan brain, CSF study and serum ceruloplasmin were normal. Chloroquine was discontinued and the patient was started on oral trihexyphenidyl. The patient showed gradual recovery and the drug was successfully withdrawn. The toxic manifestations were only transient and reversible.
KEPLER-15b: A HOT JUPITER ENRICHED IN HEAVY ELEMENTS AND THE FIRST <i>KEPLER</i> MISSION PLANET CONFIRMED WITH THE HOBBY-EBERLY TELESCOPE (2011)

We report the discovery of Kepler-15b (KOI-128), a new transiting exoplanet detected by NASA's Kepler mission. The transit signal with a period of 4.94 days was detected in the quarter 1 (Q1) Kepler photometry. For the first time, we have used the High Resolution Spectrograph (HRS) at the Hobby-Eberly Telescope (HET) to determine the mass of a Kepler planet via precise radial velocity (RV) measurements. The 24 HET/HRS RVs and 6 additional measurements from the Fibre-fed Échelle Spectrograph spectrograph at the Nordic Optical Telescope reveal a Doppler signal with the same period and phase as the transit ephemeris. We used one HET/HRS spectrum of Kepler-15 taken without the iodine cell to determine accurate stellar parameters. The host star is a metal-rich ([Fe/H] = 0.36 ± 0.07) G-type main-sequence star with T_eff = 5515 ± 124 K. The semi-amplitude K of the RV orbit is 78.7^(+8.5)_(–9.5) m s^(–1), which yields a planet mass of 0.66 ± 0.1 M_Jup. The planet has a radius of 0.96 ± 0.06 R_Jup and a mean bulk density of 0.9 ± 0.2 g cm^(–3). The radius of Kepler-15b is smaller than the majority of transiting planets with similar mass and irradiation level. This suggests that the planet is more enriched in heavy elements than most other transiting giant planets. For Kepler-15b we estimate a heavy element mass of 30-40 M_⊕.
Correlation of real time spectroellipsometry and atomic force microscopy measurements of surface roughness on amorphous semiconductor thin films (1996)

We have correlated the results of real time spectroellipsometry (SE) and ex situ atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements of surface roughness on amorphous semiconductor thin films. Roughness layer thicknesses deduced from real time SE, using a conventional approach based on the Bruggeman effective medium theory, closely obey a relationship of the form: ds(SE)≊1.5 drms(AFM)+4 Å, for 10≤dS(SE)&lt;100 Å, where drms(AFM) is the root-mean-square roughness from AFM. The slope and intercept of this relationship provide insights into the origin and interpretation of the optically deduced roughness layer thicknesses.
<title>Problems In Two Dimensions</title> (1982)

This paper describes the problems encountered when one attempts to architect a two dimensional acousto-optical signal processing system using conventional Bragg cell devices. Specifically addressed will be the solution to the problem by utilizing degenerate and/or tangential mode birefringent A.O. devices. This novel configuration will demonstrate a highly efficient hybrid time/space integrating two-dimensional processor for range/doppler ambiguity function calculation.
New Applications for Enzymes in Oil and Gas Production (1998)

Abstract Historically, enzymes have been used in the oil industry both for improving the characteristics of a range of biopolymers employed in the industry and as breakers for biopolymer gels. Until recently, the use of enzymes downhole was limited to gel breaking applications where suitable enzymes are used to break down or degrade a specific gel. In this case, the enzyme is used to remove a chemical which is no longer required, such as biopolymers in filter cakes following drilling or in tracing gels after the frac has occurred. More recently, enzymes have been used to produce useful chemicals in-situ. An enzyme-based method has already been reported which generates organic acids for a variety of acidizing applications such as matrix acidizing, the stimulation of natural fracture networks, damage removal over long horizontal intervals or gel breaking. The generation of acid in-situ following placement of the fluid ensures the even delivery of acid over the whole of the treated zone. The use of enzymes for generating useful oilfield chemicals has now been extended. Examples in the use of enzymes for the in-situ generation of minerals, gels and resins with potential for use in applications such as water shut off and sand consolidation are now reported.
Escherichia coli strains of serogroup O139 isolated from oedema disease of swine bind fibronectin (1986)

15 Escherichia coil strains of the serogroup O139, isolated from oedema disease of swine, were examined for their ability to interact with 12sIlabelled fibronectin. All strains were positive, and all except one showed higher fibronectin binding than Staphylococcus aureus strain Cowan 1 cells (to which fibronectin bound in the order of 15% of total protein added). 7 E. coil strains isolated from diarrhoea in young piglets were also tested, and 3 were positive. 2 of these strains showed higher binding than S. aureus Cowan 1 cells. E. coli strains expressing either K99 or K88 antigen were poor binders, comparable to cells of S. aureus strain Wood 46. There was no correlation between cell surface hydrophobicity, as determined by chromatography on Octyl-Sepharose, and the fibroneetin-binding property.
Combining off- and on-line calibration of a digital camera (2002)

We introduce a novel outlook on the self-calibration task, by considering images taken by a camera in motion, allowing for zooming and focusing. Apart from the complex relationship between the lens control settings and the intrinsic camera parameters, a prior off-line calibration allows to neglect the setting of focus, and to fix the principal point and aspect ratio throughout distinct views. Thus, the calibration matrix is dependent only on the zoom position. Given a fully calibrated reference view, one has only one parameter to estimate for any other view of the same scene, in order to calibrate it and to be able to perform metric reconstructions. We provide a close-form solution, and validate the reliability of the algorithm with experiments on real images. An important advantage of our method is a reduced -to one-number of critical camera configurations, associated with it. Moreover we propose a method for computing the epipolar geometry of two views, taken from different positions and with different (spatial) resolutions; the idea is to take an appropriate third view, that is "easy" to match with the other two.
Technology limitations for N/sup +//P/sup +/ polycide gate CMOS due to lateral dopant diffusion in silicide/polysilicon layers (1991)

The device degradation of dual-polycide-gate N/sup +//P/sup +/ CMOS polycide transistors due to the lateral diffusion of dopants in the silicides is studied using a coupled 2-D process and device simulator. Design rule spacings between the NMOS and the PMOS transistor are given for various NMOS:PMOS gate area ratios and thermal processing conditions. The simulations show that contrary to previous findings, micrometer and submicrometer spacings are possible for certain silicide technologies using low-temperature or short higher-temperature furnace steps. Simulations show that CoSi/sub 2/ and TiSi/sub 2/ appear to be better candidates for submicrometer dual-gate applications than WSi/sub 2/.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Effects of Ischemic Preconditioning and Bevacizumab on Apoptosis and Vascular Permeability Following Retinal Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury (2010)

IR provides an acute model of ischemic retinopathy that includes neurodegeneration and VEGF-dependent vascular permeability and is amenable to rapid drug therapy testing. The distinct effects of IPC and bevacizumab demonstrate that the apoptotic and vascular responses to IR may be separated and that therapeutics targeting each pathologic endpoint may be warranted in treating ischemic retinal diseases.
Relay-Assisted Re-Transmission Scheme based on Mutual Information for Wireless Mesh Networks (2007)

This paper proposes a relay-assisted re-transmission scheme based on mutual information for wireless mesh networks. In the proposed scheme, re-transmission is done not from the source node but from the relay node, and minimal amount of spectrum corresponding to the remaining uncertainty for the data sequence is re-transmitted, where the number of spectrum components to be fed back is determined based on expected mutual information after re-transmission. Moreover, to directly convert reduction of feedback spectrum to spectrum efficiency improvement in carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) introduced systems, the re-transmitted spectrum is mapped on whole the bandwidth with equal spacing, thereby the time duration for the re-transmission is reduced. Computer simulation confirms that the proposed scheme can achieve much higher system throughput efficiency especially than the conventional two-hop transmission schemes.
Numerical simulations of the electrical characteristics and the efficiencies of single-layer organic light emitting diodes (1999)

We have used numerical methods to calculate the current and the efficiency of single-layer organic light emitting diodes, taking into account field-dependent mobilities, diffusion, and thermionic injection at the metal/organic interfaces. It is shown that when the barrier for charge injection from the metal to the organic is lower than 0.3 eV, the contact is, for practical purposes Ohmic, supplying the bulk of the organic layer with a space charge limited current. Determination of the carrier mobility by fitting experimental current–voltage data is discussed and the voltage dependence of the current and the efficiency are analyzed. The recombination profile is shown to evolve with voltage, shifting towards the electrode which injects the carrier with the lower mobility. The numerical results are compared with experimental data from poly[2-methoxy,5-(2-ethylhexoxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene] (MEH-PPV) based devices.
Gear mesh stiffness and load sharing in planetary gearing (1984)

An interactive computerized analysis was developed for determining load sharing among planetary gears. The load sharing is established as a function of transmitted torque, degree of sun gear fixity, component flexibility, gear tooth quality, and phasing of individual planet gears. A nonlinear variable gear tooth mesh stiffness model was used to simulate the sun/plant and planet/ring gear meshes. The determined load sharing and gear mesh stiffness parameters then can be used for the subsequent assessment of dynamic load factors.
Distribution of aquaporin water channels AQP1 and AQP5 in the ductal system of the human pancreas (2003)

AQP1 and AQP5 are strongly expressed in the intercalated ducts of the human pancreas. Their distribution correlates closely with that of CFTR, a marker of ductal electrolyte secretion. This suggests that fluid secretion is concentrated in the terminal branches of the ductal tree and that both AQP1 and AQP5 may play a significant role.
Text string extraction within mixed-mode documents (2002)

Digitized images of printed documents typically consist of a mixture of text, graphics, and image elements. For proper processing and efficient representation, these elements have to be separated. For most applications it is sufficient to separate between text and non-text, because text captures the most information. The authors describe the implementation and performance of a robust algorithm for text string extraction which is completely independent from text orientation and may deal with text in various font styles and sizes. Text objects may be nested in non-text areas and inverse printing can also be analyzed. It should be mentioned that no recognition of individual characters is performed. The classification is only based on rough image features.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Increased Circulating Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 in Late-onset Alzheimer's Disease (2007)

The results of increased total and free circulating IGF-1 support the hypothesis that in its early stages late-onset AD reflects a state of resistance to IGF-1.
Involvement of aberrant glycosylation in phosphorylation of tau by cdk5 and GSK‐3β (2002)

Microtubule-associated protein tau is abnormally hyperphosphorylated, glycosylated, and aggregated in affected neurons in the brains of individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD). We recently found that the glycosylation might precede hyperphosphorylation of tau in AD. In this study, we investigated the effect of glycosylation on phosphorylation of tau catalyzed by cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (cdk5) and glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta). The phosphorylation of the longest isoform of recombinant human brain tau, tau(441), at various sites was detected by Western blots and by radioimmuno-dot-blot assay with phosphorylation-dependent and site-specific tau antibodies. We found that cdk5 phosphorylated tau(441) at Thr-181, Ser-199, Ser-202, Thr-205, Thr-212, Ser-214, Thr-217, Thr-231, Ser-235, Ser-396, and Ser-404, but not at Ser-262, Ser-400, Thr-403, Ser-409, Ser-413, or Ser-422. GSK-3beta phosphorylated all the cdk5-catalyzed sites above except Ser-235. Deglycosylation by glycosidases depressed the subsequent phosphorylation of AD-tau (i) with cdk5 at Thr-181, Ser-199, Ser-202, Thr-205, and Ser-404, but not at Thr-212; and (ii) with GSK-3beta at Thr-181, Ser-202, Thr-205, Ser-217, and Ser-404, but not at Ser-199, Thr-212, Thr-231, or Ser-396. These data suggest that aberrant glycosylation of tau in AD might be involved in neurofibrillary degeneration by promoting abnormal hyperphosphorylation by cdk5 and GSK-3beta.