gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Channel-length-independent hot-carrier degradation in analog p-MOS operation (1992)

The hot-carrier degradation of p-MOSFETs in analog operation is investigated. In accordance with analog operation requirements, the damage is characterized by the drain conductance and the data are taken from devices with channel lengths between 1 and 10 mu m. In the important saturation range, a strong channel-length-independent degradation of the drain conductance is found. This result is explained by a simple analytic model. Other parameters such as the drain current or the transconductance show the usual channel length dependence. These results show that an increase in channel length does not generally solve problems related with hot-carrier degradation. Furthermore, the common digital hot-carrier constraints are shown to be insufficient to cover analog applications.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
<title>New type electro-holography system using LCDs</title> (2002)

A new and practical method for achieving color electro-holographic display systems was developed and tested with very promising results. In proposal method, virtual image reconstruction method and color hologram reconstruction techniques utilizing a single white light source, instead of the traditional three color laser lights, and three liquid crystal display panels (LCD) were proposed.. In this method imaging lens is not necessary and we can get wide viewing angle. A metal halide lamp with good specifications in each wavelength of the color components was adopted as the light source. Each of the three color light components required for the reconstruction of an image was extracted by color separation using dichroic mirrors. The separated color images were then reconstructed by the hologram formed on the LCD panels which is then combined togethre through the use of a prism to form a single 3D image. As the result system become compact and realistic one.
A Decoupling Technique for Increasing the Port Isolation Between Two Strongly Coupled Antennas (2008)

A compact decoupling network for enhancing the port isolation between two closely spaced antennas is proposed in this paper. In the network, we first connect two transmission lines (TLs) individually to the input ports of two strongly coupled antennas. The length of the TLs is designed so that the trans-admittance between ports changes from a complex one at the antenna inputs to a pure imaginary one. A shunt reactive component is then attached in between the TL ends to cancel the resultant imaginary trans-admittance. Finally, a simple lumped-element circuit is added to each port for input impedance matching. The even-odd mode analysis is adopted to investigate the currents excited on the antennas for predicting the radiation pattern of the two-element antenna array. Two examples of printed antennas at 2.45 GHz are tackled by using the proposed decoupling structure. The measurement results agree quite well with the simulation ones. High antenna isolation and good input return loss are simultaneously achieved in both cases, which demonstrates the feasibility of the structure. The decoupled antenna array in each example radiates, as prediction, toward different but complementary directions when the input power is fed in turn to the two input ports. The array efficiency is estimated better than 75% in each example. This pattern diversity effect is helpful for reducing the channel correlation in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communication system.
Synthesis and characterization of di-disubstituted phthalocyanines (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and characterization of di-disubstituted phthalocyaninesJoseph G. Young and William OnyebuaguCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 7, 2155–2159Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00294a032https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00294a032research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2863Altmetric-Citations474LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Pinhole and Inclusion Defects Formed at the Subsurface in Ultra Low Carbon Steel (1995)

Excellent surface characteristics are necessary for the production of ultra low carbon steel sheet which is used for the automobile. Crack formation is not a serious problem in continuously cast ultra low carbon steel because of good ductility at high temperatures. However, pinhole defects in slabs and sliver defects in cold sheets are often observed, and they are the most harmful defects in producing ultra low carbon steel.In this paper, the reason why pinhole defects are more likely to occur in ultra low carbon steel than other carbon steels is discussed based on the investigations of gas composition in the pinhole defects and the relationship between pinhole defects and solidification structure. Furthermore, the origin of sliver defects with inclusions is discussed based on investigations of inclusions found inside of the pinhole in the slabs and near the sliver defects in the cold rolled sheets.
Effects of composition and polymerization conditions on crosslinked polymer supports based on <i>N</i>‐acrylyl pyrrolidine and <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>‐dimethyl acrylamide for peptide synthesis (1983)

Abstract Poly( N ‐acrylyl pyrrolidine‐co‐ N , N ′‐bis(acrylyl) 1,2‐diaminoethane‐co‐ N ‐Acrylyl 1,6‐diamino hexane HCl) with 2,5,8,11,12,15, and 20% degrees of crosslinking (DC) and poly‐( N , N ′‐dimethylacrylaminde‐co‐ N , N ′‐bis(acrylyl) 1,2‐diaminoethane‐co‐ N ‐acrylyl 1,6‐diamino hexane HCl) with 2,5,10, and 15% DC have been synthesized in an entirely beaded form by reverse‐phase suspension polymerization. The monomer‐to‐water ratio was kept constant for all these polymers. With the exception of 2% crosslinked resins in the PAP and PDMA groups, all the resins exhibited favorable swelling properties in solvents normally used for peptide synthesis and the percent incorporation of the first amino acid residue was close to 100 for DC of up to 20%. This is explained as due to the flexible and polar characteristics of the crosslinking agent, N , N ′‐bis(acrylyl) 1,2‐diaminoethane. Between 5 and 20% DC the degree of swelling of the resins changes only slightly with increasing DC. This effect of DC on the swelling and percent incorporation of the first amino acid residue is more favorable for peptide synthesis than in the case of divinyl benzene crosslinked poly(styrene).
Structure–activity relationships for acute and chronic toxicity of alcohol ether sulfates (2000)

Abstract Acoholethersulfates(AES)areanionicsurfactantscommonlyusedinconsumerproducts. Commercial AES alkyl chain lengths range from C12 to C18, with ethoxylate (EO) units ranging from 1 to 5. Alkyl sulfate is a special case of AES with no EO units. Acute and chronic toxicity tests using Ceriodaphnia dubia via a novel flowthrough method were conducted with 18 AES compounds to derive SARs for effects assessment. In general, acute toxicity (48-h LC50) increased with increased alkyl carbon chain length and decreased with increased numbers of EO units. Parabolic structure–chronic (7-d) toxicity relationships were observed for endpoints such as the no-observed-effect concentration, lowest-observed-effect concentration, maximum acceptable toxicant concentration, EC20, and EC50. A linear relationship of the fractional negative-charged surface area (FNSA-3) with acute toxicity was also determined. FNSA-3 refers primarily to the polar head group of AES and secondarily to the alkyl chain. Seventy percent of the variance in the chronic data was addressed with a quadratic equation relating toxicity to alkyl chain length and EO units. Alternatively, the molecular descriptors FNSA-3 and S3P (3χp, which is the simple, third-order path index) were also found to address most of the data nonlinearity. A chronic test conducted with a mixture of four AES components indicated additivity, leading to the support of the performance of an effects assessment of AES as a mixture.
Semiconductor photocatalysis: visible light induced photoreduction of aromatic ketones and electron-deficient alkenes catalysed by quantised cadmium sulfide (1992)

Colloidal CdS suspensions (CdS-0) prepared at 0 °C from methanolic Cd(ClO4)2 and Na2S solutions consist of quantised CdS microcrystallites (2–5 nm) and their loose aggregates, which catalyse the effective photoreduction of aromatic ketones and electron-deficient alkenes with triethylamine as electron donor. Under visible light induced photolysis, the methanolic CdS-0 suspension becomes brown owing to the reduction of lattice Cd2+ to Cd0, leading to the effective formation of alcohols from ketones, and dihydro compounds from alkenes. With the reduction potential < – 1.56 V vs. standard calomel electrode (SCE), ketones were partly photoreduced to pinacols in methanol. Compared with highly pure bulk CdS (CdS-Ald), CdS-0 is more effective for photoreduction because of the size quantisation effect. The presence of an excess of sulfide ion (S2–) in the CdS-0 system, however, suppresses the formation of lattice Cd0, inducing one-electron transfer photoreductions which result in the exclusive formation of pinacols and 1,2,3,4-tetra(methoxycarbonyl)butane from the respective ketones and dimethyl maleate. The relationship between the two-electron reductions and photogenerated lattice Cd0 is discussed in terms of the regulation of semiconductor photocatalysis.
Effect of Post-Plasma Treatment Time on the Properties of Low Dielectric Fluorinated Amorphous Carbon Films (2001)

The effect of plasma treatment time on the properties of fluorinated amorphous carbon (a-C:F) films was investigated. Fluorinated amorphous carbon films were prepared by using electron cyclotron resonance chemical vapor deposition (ECRCVD). The post-plasma treatment of the a-C:F films was carried out using H 2 plasma with various plasma treatment times after deposition without vacuum breaking. As the plasma treatment time increased, the fluorine concentration of the film surface decreased. The refractive index and the dielectric constant remain nearly constant. The surface energy increases sharply during the first 5 s of plasma treatment. When the plasma treatment was employed, the leakage current density of a-C:F film becomes one order lower than that of the untreated film. Through this study, it was found that the plasma treatment of a-C:F films induced the surface more reactive and affected the fluorine concentration of the surface, the structure of chemical bonding and electric properties.
Molecular and Antigenic Characteristics and Synthesis of Rubella Virus Structural. Proteins (1985)

The molecular and antigenic properties and synthesis of the structural proteins as well as the virus-specific RNAs of rubella virus were analyzed. Virions contain three major polypeptides--E1 (relative molecular weight [Mr] 58,000), E2 (Mr 42,000-47,000), and C (Mr 33,000). E1 and E2 are glycosylated and located externally on the viral membrane. C is associated with the genomic RNA to form the nucleocapsid. E2 occurs in two forms, E2a and E2b; the protein moieties of the two are indistinguishable. E1 is the viral hemagglutinin. IgG antibodies react with all the structural proteins, whereas IgM and IgA antibodies react predominantly with E1 and C proteins, respectively. After rubella vaccination, the reactivity of IgG antibodies matured slowly and reactivity of IgM and IgA antibodies remained at a low level. Rubella virus contains a 40S (Mr approximately 3.8 X 10(6)) single-stranded RNA with a 5' cap structure and a 3' poly(A) tract. In infected cells a 24S (Mr approximately 1.2 X 10(6)) subgenomic, polyadenylated mRNA is synthesized; it codes for a precursor (Mr 110,000 [p110]) to the structural proteins. The gene order in the 24S RNA is NH2-C-E2-E1-COOH. The overall structure and strategy of gene expression of rubella virus appears to be similar to that of the alphaviruses of the Togaviridae family.
Spontaneous Fission Neutron Spectrum of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Cf</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>252</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math> (1957)

The spontaneous fission neutron spectrum of ${\mathrm{Cf}}^{252}$ from 0.2 to 7.0 Mev has been measured. Time-of-flight techniques were employed to determine the lower energy portion of the spectrum while proton recoils in emulsions were used to study the higher energy neutrons. The measured neutron spectrum is, within the experimental accuracy, described by the empirical relation $N(E)\ensuremath{\propto}\mathrm{exp}[\ensuremath{-}0.88E(\mathrm{Mev})]sinh{[2.0E(\mathrm{Mev})]}^{\frac{1}{2}}$, where $N(E)$ is the number of neutrons of energy $E$ per unit energy interval. The experimental results are compared with the theoretically determined ${\mathrm{Cf}}^{252}$ fission neutron spectrum.
Catalysis by Anion Exchange Resins. Condensations of Nitroparaffins with Aldehydes and Ketones (1956)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCatalysis by Anion Exchange Resins. Condensations of Nitroparaffins with Aldehydes and KetonesMELVIN J. ASTLE and FRANKLIN P. ABBOTTCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1956, 21, 11, 1228–1231Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1956Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1956https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01117a007RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views311Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (322 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Ability of Various Oral Bacteria to Bind Human Plasma Fibronectin (1984)

Abstract The present study describes the ability of various oral bacteria to bind human plasma fibronectin (PFN). Avid binding of 125 I‐PFN was found for Streptococcus mutans (serotypes a to h ), Streptococcus sanguis , group A Streptococcus pyogenes and Staphylococcus aureus , while other gram‐positive bacterial species tested demonstrated only weak or negligible PFN binding ability. Two gram‐negative bacterial species, Bacteroides gingivalis and Escherichia coli , did not significantly bind PFN. 125 I‐PFN binding to S. mutans 6715 cells was decreased by pretreatment with unlabeled PFN, and the radiolabeled PFN bound to the cell surface was released on addition of unlabeled PFN. Strong inhibition of 125 I‐PFN binding to S. mutans 6715 cells was obtained by protease pretreatment, while partial inhibition was also observed following treatment with acid, alkali, lipase, and monoclonal anti‐polyglycerophosphate. These results suggest that PFN binding to S. mutans cells is reversible and that PFN receptors on the cell surface appear to be heat‐stable multiple proteins.
Environmental Tobacco Smoke Deposition in the Human Respiratory Tract: Differences between Experimental and Theoretical Approaches (2001)

Total deposition of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) particles was measured in a group of 15 nonsmokers who inhaled ETS of count median diameter of 0.2 microm and geometric standard deviation of 1.6. A total deposition of 56.0 +/- 15.9% was observed for nasal breathing and 48.7 +/- 11.5% for oral breathing. In contrast, our stochastic deposition model predicted a total deposition of only 17.9% (male) and 15.7% (female) for nose breathing, and 13.4% (male) and 10.7% (female) for mouth breathing, if based on standard breathing conditions. Consideration of individual lung volumes and breathing parameters for each volunteer resulted in total deposition values of 16.9 +/- 2.2% for nose breathing and 12.1 +/- 2.1% for mouth breathing. The apparent discrepancy between experiment and modeling suggests that either single ETS particles increase substantially in size upon inhalation (up to an order of magnitude) and/or additional physical mechanisms must be invoked that are acting specifically upon ETS particles: (1) hygroscopic growth of ETS particles does not exceed 20-30%; (2) number concentrations in the ETS experiments (3.8 x 10(4), to 1.3 x 10(5) cm(-3)) are too low to increase particle size by coagulation; (3) cast experiments indicate that electrical charge (image forces) may play an important role, but theory predicts only an increase of 20-60%; and (4) cloud settling is unlikely to be a significant factor at such low number concentrations. In conclusion, estimates of the magnitudes of these potential effects demonstrate that none of these mechanisms alone can be responsible for the significantly higher total ETS deposition observed in the experiments. This suggests that a combination of all these mechanisms may be necessary to reconcile experimental and theoretical ETS deposition data, the most likely candidates being image forces and hygroscopic growth.
Least congested channel recommendation for uncoordinated access point (2017)

When Telekom Malaysia Berhad (TM) introduces the Wi-Fi residential gateway to its broadband customers, it faces issues related to Wi-Fi signal strength that caused degraded Wi-Fi network performance. The convenience of wireless connectivity has increased the usage of wireless devices such as mobile phones, smart TVs, tablets, wireless speakers and CCTV. The problem with wireless residential gateway arises when there are multiple access points nearby which uses the same channel or overlapping channel which caused signal interferences. Even when the signal strength is high, interference from other nearby access points which uses the same channel or overlapping channel can still cause signal interference. When an access point is using channel that is congested; channels that are used by other access points or channels that overlap with other channels that is used by other access points, network performance in terms of data transmission is degraded. In this paper, we propose a new mechanism to find the best channel in a congested channel environment. The scheme can run on client devices such as wireless laptops, tablets and mobile phones. Once the scheme has suggested the least congested channel, the TM customer will be able to switch to that channel — thus reducing signal interference and improving network performance. Results from tests show that our algorithm to find the least congested channel performed better than auto-channel selection implemented by 10 different residential gateway models provided by TM to the customer.
An approach for conducting enterprise resource planning assessment (2008)

The failure to plan will lead to results that fall short of expectations. The same thing can be said of companies and their search for a new Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system. All companies undertake the search for a new system because they believe there is an opportunity to improve the organization, either by improving the revenue, decreasing costs or both. But far too often, companies undertake this effort without having a plan on how to select a new ERP system. They fall victim selecting the product with the best sales presentation or the best cost proposal. There is not quantitative evidence that this new system will actually achieve the goals of improving the revenue or decreasing the cost. So put an evaluation plan in place. No two plans will be the same but all should have the same basic concepts.
Sphingosine 1‐phosphate transactivates c‐Met as well as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in human gastric cancer cells (2004)

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are transactivated by the stimulation of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), a ligand of GPCR, is known as a tumor-promoting lipid, but its signaling pathways are not fully understood. We here demonstrated that S1P induces rapid and transient tyrosine phosphorylation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and c-Met in gastric cancer cells, both of which have been proposed as prognostic markers of gastric cancers. The pathway of S1P-induced c-Met transactivation is Gi-independent and matrix metalloproteinase-independent, which differs from that of EGFR transactivation. Our results indicate that S1P acts upstream of various RTKs and thus may act as a potent stimulator of gastric cancer.
Up, down, and out: optimized libraries for CRISPRa, CRISPRi, and CRISPR-knockout genetic screens (2018)

ABSTRACT Advances in CRISPR-Cas9 technology have enabled the flexible modulation of gene expression at large scale. In particular, the creation of genome-wide libraries for CRISPR knockout (CRISPRko), CRISPR interference (CRISPRi), and CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) has allowed gene function to be systematically interrogated. Here, we evaluate numerous CRISPRko libraries and show that our recently-described CRISPRko library (Brunello) is more effective than previously published libraries at distinguishing essential and non-essential genes, providing approximately the same perturbation-level performance improvement over GeCKO libraries as GeCKO provided over RNAi. Additionally, we developed genome-wide libraries for CRISPRi (Dolcetto) and CRISPRa (Calabrese). Negative selection screens showed that Dolcetto substantially outperforms existing CRISPRi libraries with fewer sgRNAs per gene and achieves comparable performance to CRISPRko in the detection of gold-standard essential genes. We also conducted positive selection CRISPRa screens and show that Calabrese outperforms the SAM library approach at detecting vemurafenib resistance genes. We further compare CRISPRa to genome-scale libraries of open reading frames (ORFs). Together, these libraries represent a suite of genome-wide tools to efficiently interrogate gene function with multiple modalities.tracr