gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Load compensation and respiratory muscle function during sleep (1992)

The sleeping state places unique demands on the ventilatory control system. The sleep-induced increase in airway resistance, the loss of consciousness, and the need to maintain the sleeping state without frequent arousals require the presence of complex compensatory mechanisms. The increase in upper airway resistance during sleep represents the major effect of sleep on ventilatory control. This occurs because of a loss of muscle activity, which narrows the airway and also makes it more susceptible to collapse in response to the intraluminal pressure generated by other inspiratory muscles. The magnitude and timing of the drive to upper airway vs. other inspiratory pump muscles determine the level of resistance and can lead to inspiratory flow limitation and complete upper airway occlusion. The fall in ventilation with this mechanical load is not prevented, as it is in the awake state, because of the absence of immediate compensatory responses during sleep. However, during sleep, compensatory mechanisms are activated that tend to return ventilation toward control levels if the load is maintained. Upper airway protective reflexes, intrinsic properties of the chest wall, muscle length-compensating reflexes, and most importantly chemoresponsiveness of both upper airway and inspiratory pump muscles are all present during sleep to minimize the adverse effect of loading on ventilation. In non-rapid-eye-movement sleep, the high mechanical impedance combined with incomplete load compensation causes an increase in arterial PCO2 and augmented respiratory muscle activity. Phasic rapid-eye-movement sleep, however, interferes further with effective load compensation, primarily by its selective inhibitory effects on the phasic activation of postural muscles of the chest wall. The level and pattern of ventilation during sleep in health and disease states represent a compromise toward the ideal goal, which is to achieve maximum load compensation and meet the demand for chemical homeostasis while maintaining sleep state.
Statistical technique for online anomaly detection using Spark over heterogeneous data from multi-source VMware performance data (2014)

Anomaly detection refers to the identification of patterns in a dataset that do not conform to expected patterns. Depending on the domain, the non-conformant patterns are assigned various tags, e.g. anomalies, outliers, exceptions, malwares and so forth. Online anomaly detection aims to detect anomalies in data flowing in a streaming fashion. Such stream data is commonplace in today's cloud data centers that house a large array of virtual machines(VM) producing vast amounts of performance data in real-time. Sophisticated detection mechanism will likely entail collation of data from heterogeneous sources with diversified data format and semantics. Therefore, detection of performance anomaly in this context requires a distributed framework with high throughput and low latency. Apache Spark is one such framework that represents the bleeding-edge amongst its contemporaries. In this paper, we have taken up the challenge of anomaly detection in VMware based cloud data centers. We have employed a Chi-square based statistical anomaly detection technique in Spark. We have demonstrated how to take advantage of the high processing power of Spark to perform anomaly detection on heterogeneous data using statistical techniques. Our approach is optimally designed to cope with the heterogeneity of input data streams and the experiments we conducted testify to its efficacy in online anomaly detection.
Assessing Speaking Skills: The What’s and the How’s (2018)

Assessing speaking skills in TEFL has been a neglected or unmanageable area of instruction in the context of Vietnam’s senior high schools. Furthermore, administering end-of-semester speaking tests in largescale classrooms has been an impossible mission. This workshop will suggest tips and tools to make the assessment of these skills manageable.
Determination of Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and Gamma-Butyrolactone (GBL) by HPLC/UV-VIS Spectrophotometry and HPLC/Thermospray Mass Spectrometry (1998)

Abstract This laboratory frequently receives samples that are suspected of being gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), its lactone, gamma-butyrolactone (GBL), or a mixture of the two. We have developed an HPLC/UV-VIS spectrophotometric method for the separation and quantitation of GHB and GBL in illegal preparations that are available on the black market. The estimated detection limit is 50 ng injected onto the column. We are also reporting a simple and fast HPLC/thermospray mass spectrometric method for the confirmation of these compounds in illegal preparations. The characteristic mass spectrum for each compound could be obtained from as low as a 5 µg injection.
Via interconnections for wafer level packaging: Impact of via shape on spray coating behavior (2006)

The wafer level packaging for optical image sensor devices developed by Schott Advanced Packaging utilizes a via trough contact through the silicon by contacting the bond pads of the image sensors from the backside. Direct contact of the bond pads from the back side of the chip offers much shorter transmission paths to the board assemblies, thus providing faster signal speed, efficient thermal conduction and many added advantages. After forming the vias by means of plasma etching, the electrical connection from the bottom of the via to the backside of the wafer is done by spray coating and lithography to form the redistribution layer, and prepare the wafer for bumping at a later process step. Via shape and spray coating process are the key to achieve a good quality and reliable product. This paper discusses interactions between the via shape (profile angle and profile shape) and its effect on subsequent spray coating processes. The shape of the via, and its homogeneity over the wafer, significantly affect the performance and stability of the next process steps, thus careful balancing of the via forming process and the spray coating is required. Further, the impact of via stability under production conditions on the spray coating performance is presented.
Pyrophoric Nature of Iron Sulfides (1996)

Hydrogen sulfide, often present in crude oil tankers, can react with rust to form various sulfides including mackinawite (FeS), greigite (Fe3S4), and pyrite (FeS2). The tendency for these compounds to react with oxygen in air to form potentially explosive mixtures depends upon their morphology and the environmental conditions. The experimentally determined heat of oxidation of finely divided mackinawite was −7.45 kJ g-1. For samples with a larger particle size and smaller surface area the values measured were lower due to incomplete oxidation of the sulfide. All the sulfides produced, whether from magnetite or acicular, prismatic or spherical geothite, were approximately spherical in form. The heat of oxidation of greigite was found to be approximately −2100 kJ mol-1, and the heat of formation of greigite is approximately −320 kJ mol-1.
Passivation of AlGaAsSb∕InGaAsSb∕GaSb photodiodes using aqueous (NH4)2S solution and polyimide encapsulation (2005)

We studied passivation effects of treatment in aqueous (NH4)2S (ammonium sulfide) solution and polyimide encapsulation on AlGaAsSb∕InGaAsSb∕GaSb mesa photodiodes. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy on InGaAsSb material revealed that (NH4)2S passivation reduces oxide bonds, increases III-V bonds, and produces sulfide bonds. Auger electron spectroscopy depth profiling shows a 1:1 replacement of oxygen by sulfur. The percentage of oxygen replaced by sulfur is about 30% at the surface and decays with the depth. Polyimide encapsulation of the photodiode mesa sidewall not preceded by (NH4)2S passivation reduces the dark current of the photodiodes at −0.5V bias by 3.6 times while additional 9.2 times reduction is obtained when it is preceded by (NH4)2S passivation. The dark current performance of devices did not degrade for 240 days after the combined passivation, indicating a promising long-term stability. The capacitance of devices treated with the combined passivation exhibits a standard deviation three times smaller than those with polyimide encapsulation only.
Dissolution Reaction Effect on Porous‐Silicon Density (1987)

During anodization for porous silicon formation, a nonelectrochemical dissolution reaction of porous silicon is found in addition to an electrochemical porous silicon formation reaction. The amount of dissolved silicon and the porous silicon density in the anodization process are formulated as functions of hydrofluoric acid concentration, anodic current density, and anodic time. The formulation agrees well with experimental values and shows that the average porous silicon density decreases with increasing anodic time due to a nonelectrochemical dissolution reaction.
Photoplastic near‐field optical probe with sub‐100 nm aperture made by replication from a nanomould (2003)

Summary Polymers have the ability to conform to surface contours down to a few nanometres. We studied the filling of transparent epoxy‐type EPON SU‐8 into nanoscale apertures made in a thin metal film as a new method for polymer/metal near‐field optical structures. Mould replica processes combining silicon micromachining with the photo‐curable SU‐8 offer great potential for low‐cost nanostructure fabrication. In addition to offering a route for mass production, the transparent pyramidal probes are expected to improve light transmission thanks to a wider geometry near the aperture. By combining silicon MEMS, mould geometry tuning by oxidation, anti‐adhesion coating by self‐assembled monolayer and mechanical release steps, we propose an advanced method for near‐field optical probe fabrication. The major improvement is the possibility to fabricate nanoscale apertures directly on wafer scale during the microfabrication process and not on free‐standing tips. Optical measurements were performed with the fabricated probes. The full width half maximum after a Gaussian fit of the intensity profile indicates a lateral optical resolution of ≈ 60 nm.
On the effect of aliphatic saturated dicarboxylic acids on anaerobic glycolysis in chicken embryo. (1984)

Oxalic, succinic, glutaric and pimelic acid (5 mM) had no effect on lactate formation from glucose if added to a crude extract of chicken embryo at the same time as substrate and cofactors; conversely malonic, adipic, suberic, azelaic and sebacic acid had an inhibitory effect ranging from 20% to 35%. When the enzyme preparation was pre-incubated with the dicarboxylic acids for one hour before beginning the experiments, all compounds tested, with the exception of succinate, inhibited anaerobic glycolysis. Hexokinase activity was significantly reduced by saturated dicarboxylic acids from C3 to C10, but not by oxalic acid. Phosphofructokinase was inhibited only by oxalic, pimelic and suberic acid. Pyruvate kinase appeared sensitive only to oxalic acid (64% inhibition).
A 4‐quadrant comparative study of periodontal treatment using tetracycline‐containing drug delivery fibers and scaling (1991)

The present study describes results on selected clinical and microbiological parameters obtained by periodontal treatment with ethylene vinyl acetate fibers containing 25% by weight tetracycline hydrochloride placed into the periodontal pocket alone or in combination with scaling. Supragingival plaque control was maintained throughout the study by weekly professional cleaning and 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthrinses. Controls included untreated sites and sites treated by conventional scaling alone in a 4-quadrant split-mouth design. The experiment was conducted on 95 teeth from 10 subjects with periodontal pockets greater than or equal to 6 mm which initially bled on probing. All treatments resulted in changes indicative of effective therapy. Pocket depth was reduced, bleeding on probing decreased and gingival index scores decreased. Parallel to the clinical changes, all treatments reduced total bacterial numbers, % black-pigmented Bacteroides, motile bacteria, non-motile rods, and produced a proportionate increase in cocci. Fiber therapy with or without scaling reduced bacterial counts by approximately 2 orders of magnitude when evaluated at 62 days post-therapy. The combination of fiber therapy with scaling was particularly effective, suggesting a possible synergy between these forms of therapy. The combined therapy eliminated bleeding on probing, and black-pigmented Bacteroides, and produced the greatest mean reduction in pocket depth.
A critical look at surface force measurement using a commercial atomic force microscope in the noncontact mode (1997)

The use of commercial atomic force microscopes (AFM) operating in the noncontact mode for surface force measurements is critically reviewed. Approach curves (i.e., vibration amplitude versus tip–surface distance) using standard microfabricated tips are discussed with respect to the basic theory of an equivalent harmonic oscillator. Different artifacts are addressed. In particular, we show theoretically and experimentally that the force exerted by the layer of air confined between the cantilever and the surface is a major contribution to the force on the cantilever. However, by carefully choosing the parameters (essentially the vibration amplitude) for the measurement of the approach curve, and by taking into account the damping within the confined air layer, we succeeded in measuring reliable surface force profiles with commercial AFM in the air and in describing them quantitatively by dispersion force interactions.
Development of a Clinically Useful Mechanical Leech Device that Promotes Flap Survival in an Animal Model of Venous-Congested Skin Flaps (2001)

The authors describe the design and testing of a mechanical leech device that has shown greater efficacy in alleviating venous congestion and promoting skin flap survival than previously described clinical therapies. Abdominal skin flaps (3 x 6 cm) were raised on Sprague-Dawley rats and were subjected to two ischemic events that simulated clinical venous congestion. The animals received two treatments with the device prototype during 7-day experiment (N = 9). Flap perfusion was monitored with a scanning laser Doppler imager (LDI) and was normalized to adjacent skin perfusion. Photographic images of flaps at 7 days were assessed for areas of nonnecrotic tissue, and LDI data consisted of perfusion measurements at nine time points during the 7-day experiment. The device prototype was able to promote an average survival area in the flap of 60.0 +/- 3.5%, which was not only a significant (p < 0.05) increase over previously published control groups (8.0 +/- 5.0%) that did not receive any treatment, but was a significant increase over the same treatment schedule with clinically used leeches (34.6 +/- 7.3%). At 7 days, LDI data showed flap perfusion to be 65.6 +/- 7% of adjacent skin perfusion, a significant increase over this level at the end of the second ischemic event (21 +/- 1%; p < 0.05). These results suggest that this device could be used clinically to alleviate venous congestion and to promote flap survival. The device could also be useful for prophylactic treatments and to minimize treatment delays because its long shelf-life permits immediate availability when a treatment decision is made.
New System for Secure Cover File of Hidden Data in the Image Page within Executable File Using Statistical Steganography Techniques (2010)

A Previously traditional methods were sufficient to protect the information, since it is simplicity in the past does not need complicated methods but with the progress of information technology, it become easy to attack systems, and detection of encryption methods became necessary to find ways parallel with the differing methods used by hackers, so the embedding methods could be under surveillance from system managers in an organization that requires the high level of security. This fact requires researches on new hiding methods and cover objects which hidden information is embedded in. It is the result from the researches to embed information in executable files, but when will use the executable file for cover they have many challenges must be taken into consideration which is any changes made to the file will be firstly detected by untie viruses, secondly the functionality of the file is not still functioning. In this paper, a new information hiding system is presented. The aim of the proposed system is to hide information (data file) within image page of execution file (EXEfile) to make sure changes made to the file will not be detected by universe and the functionality of the exe.file is still functioning after hiding process. Meanwhile, since the cover file might be used to identify hiding information, the proposed system considers overcoming this dilemma by using the execution file as a cover file.
Avionics Interface Unit - At the Core of Next Generation Avionics (2006)

The small aircraft transportation system (SATS) is a concept developed and propagated by National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and its government and research partners like the National Consortium for Aviation Mobility (NCAM) and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). The fundamental premise behind the SATS program is to develop an air transportation system targeted to improve the utilization of all the small airports across North America by introducing technology concepts for automated landing procedures and sequencing of aircrafts inside the self controlled area (SCA) around the airports. The avionics interface unit (AIU) is a core component of such a SATS system providing interfaces to other on-board systems like the VHF digital link (VDL) mode 4 radios, universal access transceiver (UAT), the guidestar, the electronic flight bag (EFB), and the conflict detection and alerting unit (CD&A). This paper describes the services provided by the AIU in context of the SATS architecture and also discusses the applicability of such an intelligent, rule-based software unit for next generation multi-mode, multi-function digital avionics.
[Cografting technique in the treatment of Parkinson's disease]. (1991)

Intracerebral grafting of dopamine containing adrenal chromaffin cells to the brain of experimental animals can ameliorate the symptoms of experimentally induced Parkinson's disease. Clinical trials of adrenal autograft to the patients with Parkinson's disease are on-going with variable results and autopsy cases show poor survivability of grafted chromaffin cells. The present study was performed to determine if transected peripheral nerve could provide sufficient nerve growth factor to enhance the survivability of grafted chromaffin cells. Survivability of grafted chromaffin cells increased when cografts with sciatic nerve were performed, and host dopaminergic fiber recovery was more prominent in mice with cografts than in mice with adrenal grafts alone. Although this enhanced survivability and recovery of host fibers were seen in cografted mice from aging donors, the degree of these effects was greater in cografted mice from young donors. Considering these results, we suggest that methods to increase the survivability of grafted chromaffin cells be explored more deeply because such survivability might be closely related to the functional recovery of patients with Parkinson's disease, using this grafting procedure.
A genetic algorithm for fragment allocation in a distributed database system (1994)

In this paper we explore the distributed database allocation problem, which is intractable. We also discuss genetic algorithms attd how they have been used successfully to solve combinatorial problems. Our experimental results show the GA to be far superior to the greecly heuristic in obtaining optimal and near optimal fragment placements for the allocation problem with various data sets.
Small Molecule pKa Prediction with Continuum Electrostatics Calculations (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSmall Molecule pKa Prediction with Continuum Electrostatics CalculationsMichael J. Potter, Michael K. Gilson, and J. Andrew McCammonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 22, 10298–10299Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00101a059https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00101a059research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views645Altmetric-Citations54LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Analysis of Centerline Extraction in Three-Dimensional Scale Space - Extracting Centerline of Vessels in Hepatic Artery (2009)

Recent developments in medical imaging technology have enabled us to acquire high-resolution datasets within a few minutes. It is important for a physician to recognize three-dimensional structure of vessels prior to any vascular treatments. However, extracting this structure is not a simple image processing task. In this paper, we propose an algorithm to extract hepatic artery from CT datasets through exhaustive searching method. The results for both simulated vessels and real datasets are presented. We also compared our method with two other methods regarding centerline extraction of vessels.
Induction of new mutations in a mouse<i>t</i>-haplotype using ethylnitrosourea mutagenesis (1986)

Summary N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) was used to induce mutations within the t w 5 -haplotype of the mouse to make possible a further study of gene arrangement in t -mutants and to provide potential landmarks for cloning and sequence studies in the region. Two independent mutants were isolated for each of three loci in the t -region, brachyury ( T ), quaking ( qk ), and tufted ( tf ). The new T kt alleles produce tailless mice when a tct mutation is present in trans . The new qk kt alleles are recessive and homozygous lethal. They are viable, male fertile, and cause seizures and quaking when paired with the qk mutation which previously defined the locus. The tf kt mutations are recessive and phenotypically similar to the mutant alleles available in non- t chromosomes. The mutations were induced in the t w 5 -haplotype at an average per locus frequency of 1 in 1500. Their isolation demonstrates the power of this technique for obtaining the specific mouse mutants that are needed to genetically dissect a complex mammalian system.