gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Preliminary Evaluation of Esters of Monocarboxylic Fatty Acid on the Lubrication Properties of Diesel Fuel (2000)

This paper assesses the impact of esters of monocarboxylic fatty acids, on the lubrication properties of ultra-low-sulfur diesel fuels. Seven esters were used as lubricating additives on a matrix of eight fuels, at five different concentrations of 50, 100, 500, 750, and 1000 ppm. Tribological experiments carried out on the high-frequency reciprocating test rig (HFRR) showed that the effective concentration of the additives was 500 ppm or higher.
The FDA's Assessment of Two Drugs for Chronic Weight Management (2012)

After weighing the risks and benefits, the FDA recently approved two new drugs as adjuncts to a reduced-calorie diet and increased physical activity for chronic weight management in obese or overweight adults with at least one weight-related coexisting condition.
Expression of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone Receptor in Tumor Blood Vessels (2010)

FSH receptor is selectively expressed on the surface of the blood vessels of a wide range of tumors. (Funded by INSERM.).
Synthesis of Tercyclohexanones (1990)

A synthetic route to tercyclohexanones is described in which alkylation of 4-cyclohexylcyclohexanone with the dianion of 4,4-(ethylenedioxy)cyclohexanecarboxylic acid gives 1-carboxy-1′-hydroxyl-1,1′:4′,1″-tercyclohexan-4-one ethylene ketal. Decarboxylative dehydration of the latter followed by hydrolysis of the ketal gives 4-(4′-cyclohexylcyclohexylidene)cyclohexanone. Hydrogenation of this compound gives cis- and trans-1,1′:4′,1″-tecyclohexan-4-one, the latter of which is correlated with authentic trans-1,1′:4′,1″-tercyclohexane.
Capillary Electrophoresis Chips with Thick-Film Amperometric Detectors: Separation and Detection of Hydrazine Compounds (2000)

A miniaturized analytical system for separating and detecting toxic hydrazine compounds, based on the coupling of micromachined capillary electrophoresis (CE) chips with removable thick-film amperometric detectors is described. The study also represents the first example of using a chemically modified electrode for microchip CE applications. The microsystem with the electrocatalytic palladium-deposited detector offers a rapid (2 min) low-potential (+0.5 V vs. Ag/AgCl) simultaneous detection of hydrazine, methylhydrazine, dimethylhydrazine, and phenylhydrazine. Such compounds could be detected down to the 1.5×10–6 M level, with linearity over the 2×10–5 M–2×10–4 M range examined. While the concept of miniaturized separation/detection systems is presented within the framework of hydrazine compounds, such devices should be attractive for field monitoring of other classes of toxic contaminants. The design of the microsystem permits rapid replacement of the detector strip and a convenient surface modification (in a separate, optimal cell). The development of fast-responding miniaturized systems, with negligible waste production, holds particular promise for meeting the requirements of field ‘Green Analytical Chemistry’.
Complete Budding and Asymmetric Division of Primitive Model Cells To Produce Daughter Vesicles with Different Interior and Membrane Compositions (2011)

Asymmetric cell division is common in biology and plays critical roles in differentiation and development. Unicellular organisms are often used as model systems for understanding the origins and consequences of asymmetry during cell division. Although basic as compared to mammalian cells, these are already quite complex. We report complete budding and asymmetric fission of very simple nonliving model cells to produce daughter vesicles that are chemically distinct in both interior and membrane compositions. Our model cells are based on giant lipid vesicles (GVs, 10-30 μm) encapsulating a polyethylene glycol (PEG)/dextran aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) as a crowded and compartmentalized cytoplasm mimic. Ternary lipid compositions were used to provide coexisting micrometer-scale liquid disordered (L(d)) and liquid ordered (L(o)) domains in the membranes. ATPS-containing vesicles formed buds when sucrose was added externally to provide increased osmotic pressure, such that they became not only morphologically asymmetric but also asymmetric in both their interior and their membrane compositions. Further increases in osmolality drove formation of two chemically distinct daughter vesicles, which were in some cases connected by a lipid nanotube (complete budding), and in others were not (fission). In all cases, separation occurred at the aqueous-aqueous phase boundary, such that one daughter vesicle contained the PEG-rich aqueous phase and the other contained the dextran-rich aqueous phase. PEGylated lipids localized in the L(o) domain resulted in this membrane domain preferentially coating the PEG-rich bud prior to division, and subsequently the PEG-rich daughter vesicle. Varying the mole ratio of lipids resulted in excess surface area of L(o) or L(d) membrane domains such that, upon division, this excess portion was inherited by one of the daughter vesicles. In some cases, a second "generation" of aqueous phase separation and budding could be induced in these daughter vesicles. Asymmetric fission of a simple self-assembled model cell, with production of daughter vesicles that harbored different protein concentrations and lipid compositions, is an example of the seemingly complex behavior possible for simple molecular assemblies. These compartmentalized and asymmetrically dividing ATPS-containing GVs could serve as a test bed for investigating possible roles for spatial and organizational cues in asymmetric cell division and inheritance.
The Mechanism of Cell Cycle Arrest Front Progression Explained by a KLUH/CYP78A5-dependent Mobile Growth Factor in Developing Leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana (2010)

The size and shape of leaves are influenced by the progression of the cell cycle arrest front (AF). However, the AF progression with leaf growth has not been characterized quantitatively. Moreover, the mechanism linking AF progression and genetic factors is not fully understood. Recently, it was proposed that a KLUH/CYP78A5 (KLU)-dependent signal acts as a mobile growth factor (MGF) for cell proliferation and controls the lateral organ size of Arabidopsis. This study examines this hypothesis under the assumption that the gradient field dynamics of the KLU-dependent MGF provide the mechanism of AF progression using molecular markers and computer simulations. First, we measured the exact AF position with leaf growth using the pCYCB1;1::CYCB1;1::GUS expression pattern, which visualizes mitotic cells. As a result, we found that the AF stayed at an almost constant distance from the leaf blade base (stage 1) and then progressed towards the base and disappeared relatively quickly (stage 2), which previously had not been identified. Secondly, we showed that KLU may generate a concentration gradient of MGF in leaves, if KLU really controls cell division via the biosynthesis of MGF, by comparing the expression patterns of pKLU::GUS and pCYCB1;1::CYCB1;1::GUS. Finally, we built a simulation model using a diffusion equation with a decay term, in which the rate of MGF production estimated from the KLU expression level was included in the boundary condition. Our simulation model successfully reproduced both stages 1 and 2 of the AF, suggesting that the proposed mechanism does explain the AF progression under some restricted conditions.
Theoretical and experimental analysis of AlGaInP micro-LED array with square-circle anode (2014)

An array of 320 × 240 micro-light-emitting diodes (micro-LEDs) based on an AlGaInP epitaxial wafer and with a unit size of 100 µm×100 µm was designed and fabricated. The optimum width of the isolation groove between adjacent light-emitting units was determined based on a compromise between full isolation of each LED and maximization of the light emitting area, and was found to be 20 µm. The grooves were filled with a mixed Si granule-polyurethane composite medium, because this type of insulating material can reflect part of the emitted light from the sidewall to the window layer in each light-emitting unit, and could thus improve lighting output efficiency. The 10-µm-wide square-circle anode was designed to increase the light emitting area while simultaneously being simple to fabricate. The device current used was in the 0.42–1.06 mA range to guarantee internal quantum efficiency of more than 85%, with a corresponding voltage range of 2–2.3 V. The layered temperature distribution in a single unit was simulated under a drive voltage of 2.2 V, and the maximum device temperature was 341 K. The micro-opto-electro-mechanical systems (MOEMS) technology-based fabrication process, experimental images of the device and device test results are presented here.
Characterization of the 5′‐flanking promoter region of the rat somatostatin receptor subtype 3 gene (1998)

We investigated the 5'-flanking promoter region of the rat somatostatin receptor subtype 3 (rSSTR3). Using a cDNA probe, genomic clones containing the 5'-flanking promoter region of the rSSTR3 gene were isolated. A sequence of 5.4 kb directly upstream from the start codon was analyzed and two introns were found in the 5' untranslated region (UTR) of the cDNA sequence. The transcriptional initiation site was determined by 5' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), primer extension and RNase protection analysis with cerebellar RNA. Two major transcriptional initiation sites were found at position 1040 (tsp1) and -856 (tsp2) relative to the translational initiation site. Like a number of other promoters of G-protein-coupled receptors, the rSSTR3 gene lacks TATA and CAAT motifs and includes G+C-rich regions. Functional analysis of the promoter region by transfecting rSSTR3 luciferase-reporter gene constructs into rat pituitary GH3 cells and HEK 293 cells indicated that a 107-bp region upstream of tsp2 was sufficient to drive transcription. Furthermore a 562-bp region at position -1304 to -1865 upstream of the ATG start codon exerted a negative regulatory effect on transcriptional activity.
Regular, area-time efficient carry-lookahead adders (1985)

For fast binary addition, a carry-lookahead (CLA) design is the obvious choice [OnAt83, BaJM831. However, the direct implementation of a CLA adder in VLSI faces some undesirable limitations. Either the design lacks regularity, thus increasing the design and implementation costs, or the interconnection wires are too long, thus causing area-time inefficiency and limits on the size of addition. Brent and Kung solved the regularity problem by reformulating the carry chain computation [BrKu82]. They showed that an n-bit addition can be performed in time O(log n), using area O(n log n) with maximum interconnection wire length o(n). In this paper, we give an alternative log n stage design which is nearly optimum with respect to regularity, area-time efficiency, and maximum interconnection wire length.
Micromachined low dispersion interconnects for optoelectronic array packaging (2003)

A micromachined microstrip interconnect, partially shielded on the top surface, is designed, fabricated, and measured for use in optical array packaging applications. Field simulations show the interconnects to be highly isolated for an array pitch of 500 /spl mu/m. S-parameter, relative phase constant, and attenuation curves are shown up to 40 GHz for 1 cm long 50-ohm designs. The structure exhibits 1.4 dB/cm of attenuation at 40 GHz and a phase constant that has only /spl plusmn/ 0.5% variation across the band. The micromachined partially shielded microstrip offers high isolation, low dispersion, and low attenuation that is necessary for arrayed interconnects.
On the error exponent for woven convolutional codes with outer warp (1999)

In this correspondence the error exponent and the decoding complexity of binary woven convolutional codes with outer warp and with binary convolutional codes as outer and inner codes are studied. It is shown that an error probability that is exponentially decreasing with the product of the outer and inner code memories can be achieved with a nonexponentially increasing decoding complexity.
T-Cell-Mediated Signalling in Immune, Inflammatory and Angiogenic Processes: The Cascade of Events Leading to Inflammatory Diseases (2004)

In the last decade, the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of regulation of the inflammatory process in chronic inflammatory diseases has moved remarkably forward. Recent evidence in various fields has consistently indicated that T-cells play a key role in initiating and perpetuating inflammation, not only via the production of soluble mediators but also via cell/cell contact interactions with a variety of cell types through membrane receptors and their ligands. Signalling through CD40 and CD40 ligand is a versatile pathway that is potently involved in all these processes. In this article, we review how T-cells become activated by dendritic cells or inflammatory cytokines, and how these T-cells activate, in turn, monocytes/macrophages, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells and fibroblasts to produce pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor alpha, interleukin-6), chemokines (interleukin-8, monocyte chemotactic protein-1), tissue factor, the main initiator of the coagulation cascade in vivo, and finally matrix metalloproteinases, responsible for tissue destruction. Moreover, we discuss how CD40 ligand at inflammatory sites stimulates fibroblasts and tissue monocyte/macrophage production of VEGF, leading to angiogenesis, which promotes and maintains the chronic inflammatory process. This cascade of events is discussed in the context of disease initiation/progression, with particular reference to atherosclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis, and to potential novel therapeutic targets for their treatment.
FK 506 in clinical kidney transplantation. (1991)

Early reports on the use of FK 506 after kidney transplantation emphasized the ability to stop prednisone in a significant percentage of successfully transplanted patients.1,2 In addition, there was a relative freedom from antihypertensive agents and a tendency toward low serum cholesterol levels. This report will summarize our experience to date with FK 506 in renal transplantation and will compare the results with a nearly concurrent group of patients treated with cyclosporine (CyA)-based immunosuppression.
Does In-Store Marketing Work? Effects of the Number and Position of Shelf Facings on Brand Attention and Evaluation at the Point of Purchase (2009)

Recent trends in marketing have demonstrated an increased focus on in-store expenditures with the hope of “grabbing consumers” at the point of purchase, but does this make sense? To help answer this question, the authors examine the interplay between in-store and out-of-store factors on consumer attention to and evaluation of brands displayed on supermarket shelves. Using an eye-tracking experiment, they find that the number of facings has a strong impact on evaluation that is entirely mediated by its effect on visual attention and works particularly well for frequent users of the brand, for low-market-share brands, and for young and highly educated consumers who are willing to trade off brand and price. They also find that gaining in-store attention is not always sufficient to drive sales. For example, top- and middle-shelf positions gain more attention than low-shelf positions; however, only top-shelf positions carry through to brand evaluation. The results underscore the importance of combining eye-tracking and purchase data to obtain a full picture of the effects of in-store and out-of-store marketing at the point of purchase.
Multiple evolutionarily conserved enhancers control expression of <i>Eya1</i> (2008)

Eya1 is a homolog of eyes absent in Drosophila, and essential for various organ formations in vertebrates. Mouse and chick Eya1 shows dynamic expression pattern in early development. We identified ten independent Eya1 enhancers by screening evolutionarily conserved sequences. They exhibited enhancer activities in Hensen's node, neural tube, migrating neural crest cells, otic vesicle, olfactory placode, cranial ganglia, and somites at HH6-17 of chick embryo. The sum of the enhancer activities of the enhancers covers the endogenous expression domains of Eya1 common to chick and mouse. Enhancer activities were also observed in species-specific expression domains such as trigeminal ganglia and brain. Mutational study of one of the enhancers revealed that the enhancer is composed of positive and negative cis-regulatory elements. Thus, we successfully identified a comprehensive group of enhancers around Eya1 locus, which are probably involved in the control of the complex expression pattern of Eya1 in vivo.
Induction of gamma/delta T cells in murine salmonellosis by an avirulent but not by a virulent strain of Salmonella choleraesuis. (1992)

To elucidate the relationship between the virulence of intracellular bacterium and its ability to induce gamma/delta T cells in the host during infection, we examined the differences in appearance of gamma/delta T cells in mice infected with Salmonella choleraesuis virulent strain RF-1 carrying a virulence plasmid of 50 kb, and with avirulent strain 31N-1 cured of the 50-kb plasmid. The number of gamma/delta T cells in the peritoneal cavity was increased to a significant level on day 3 after an intraperitoneal infection with a sublethal dose (5 x 10(4) colony-forming units) of avirulent strain 31N-1. On the other hand, no increase in the number of gamma/delta T cells was evident in the peritoneal cavity at any stage after infections with various doses of virulent strain RF-1, although the numbers of the bacteria were drastically increased. Similar to that seen in the peritoneal cavity, the number of gamma/delta T cells in the liver was significantly increased after an intraperitoneal infection with avirulent strain 31N-1 but not with virulent strain RF-1. The early appearing gamma/delta T cells during salmonellosis with avirulent stain 31N-1, which preferentially used V gamma 1/V delta 6, showed blastogenesis in response to purified protein derivative (PPD) derived from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The gamma/delta T cells also responded to the peritoneal adherent cells in mice infected with avirulent strain 31N-1 6 d previously, which expressed a high level of endogenous heat-shock protein (hsp) homologous to the mycobacterial 65-kD hsp. The expression of the hsp, however, was not prominent in the adherent cells in mice infected with virulent strain RF-1. These results suggest that the gamma/delta T cells specific for PPD may play important roles in host defense against murine salmonellosis, and that the virulence of Salmonella may be inversely correlated with its ability to induce endogenous hsp in the infected macrophages, which in turn stimulate the gamma/delta T cells in the host during salmonellosis.
Human Immunoglobulin G Mediates Protective Immunity and Identifies Protective Antigens against Larval<i>Strongyloides stercoralis</i>in Mice (2004)

Protective immunity to larval Strongyloides stercoralis in mice has been shown to be dependent on antibody, complement, and granulocytes. The goals of the present study was to determine the following: (1) whether human serum could passively transfer immunity to mice, (2) the mechanism by which the serum mediated killing, and (3) whether the antigens (Ags) recognized by the protective human antibody could induce protective immunity in mice. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) from a S. stercoralis-seropositive individual passively transferred immunity to mice. The antibody required granulocytes, but not eosinophils, and complement activation to kill the larvae. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity was not required for larval killing. Immunization of mice with soluble larval Ags isolated by use of the protective immune IgG resulted in protective immunity. In conclusion, immunity could be transferred to mice by IgG from immune humans, and Ags identified by the immune human IgG induced protective immunity in mice, which thereby suggests their possible use in a vaccine against this infection.
Anthrax Toxin Entry into Polarized Epithelial Cells (1999)

ABSTRACT We examined the entry of anthrax edema toxin (EdTx) into polarized human T84 epithelial cells using cyclic AMP-regulated Cl − secretion as an index of toxin entry. EdTx is a binary A/B toxin which self assembles at the cell surface from anthrax edema factor and protective antigen (PA). PA binds to cell surface receptors and delivers EF, an adenylate cyclase, to the cytosol. EdTx elicited a strong Cl − secretory response when it was applied to the basolateral surface of T84 cells but no response when it was applied to the apical surface. PA alone had no effect when it was applied to either surface. T84 cells exposed basolaterally bound at least 30-fold-more PA than did T84 cells exposed apically, indicating that the PA receptor is largely or completely restricted to the basolateral membrane of these cells. The PA receptor did not fractionate with detergent-insoluble caveola-like membranes as cholera toxin receptors do. These findings have implications regarding the nature of the PA receptor and confirm the view that EdTx and CT coopt fundamentally different subcellular systems to enter the cell and cause disease.
Quantum enigma machines (2013)

Enigma machines are devices that perform cryptography using pseudo-random numbers. The original enigma machine code was broken by detecting hidden patterns in these pseudo-random numbers. This paper proposes a model for a quantum optical enigma machine and shows that the phenomenon of quantum data locking makes such quantum enigma machines provably secure even in the presence of noise and loss.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Synthesis of Cetirizine Dihydrochloride. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Searching for Type 2 Diabetes Genes on Chromosome 20 (2002)

Genome scans in families with type 2 diabetes identified a putative locus on chromosome 20q. For this study, linkage disequilibrium mapping was used in an effort to narrow a 7.3-Mb region in an Ashkenazi type 2 diabetic population. The region encompassed a 1-logarithm of odds (LOD) interval around the microsatellite marker D20S107, which gave a LOD score of >3 in linkage analysis of a combined Caucasian population. This 7.3-Mb region contained 25 known and 99 predicted genes. Predicted single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were chosen from public databases and validated. Two SNPs were unique to the Ashkenazi. Here, 91 SNPs with a minor allele frequency of >or=10% were genotyped in pooled DNA from 150 case subjects and 150 control subjects of Ashkenazi Jewish descent. The SNP association study showed that SNP rs2664537 in the TIX1 gene had a significant P value of 0.035, but the finding did not replicate in an additional case pool. In addition, HNF4a and Mybl2 were screened for mutations and new polymorphisms. No mutations were identified, and a new nonsynonymous SNP (R687C in exon 14 of Mybl2) was found. The limits to this type of association study are discussed.