gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Integration of Signaling Networks that Regulate <i>Dictyostelium</i> Differentiation (1999)

In Dictyostelium amoebae, cell-type differentiation, spatial patterning, and morphogenesis are controlled by a combination of cell-autonomous mechanisms and intercellular signaling. A chemotactic aggregation of approximately 10(5) cells leads to the formation of a multicellular organism. Cell-type differentiation and cell sorting result in a small number of defined cell types organized along an anteroposterior axis. Finally, a mature fruiting body is created by the terminal differentiation of stalk and spore cells. Analysis of the regulatory program demonstrates a role for several molecules, including GSK-3, signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) factors, and cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), that control spatial patterning in metazoans. Unexpectedly, two component systems containing histidine kinases and response regulators also play essential roles in controlling Dictyostelium development. This review focuses on the role of cAMP, which functions intracellularly to mediate the activity of PKA, an essential component in aggregation, cell-type specification, and terminal differentiation. Cytoplasmic cAMP levels are controlled through both the regulated activation of adenylyl cyclases and the degradation by a phosphodiesterase containing a two-component system response regulator. Extracellular cAMP regulates G-protein-dependent and -independent pathways to control aggregation as well as the activity of GSK-3 and the transcription factors GBF and STATa during multicellular development. The integration of these pathways with others regulated by the morphogen DIF-1 to control cell fate decisions are discussed.
Intranasal application of chitin microparticles down‐regulates symptoms of allergic hypersensitivity to <i>Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus</i> and <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> in murine models of allergy (2002)

Chitin microparticle suspensions have Th1 immunostimulatory properties and are effective when administered intranasally in mice. The stimulation of the nasal associated lymphoid tissue with chitin microparticles could offer a novel and natural approach to treating allergic disease in humans.
The role of Volunteered Geographic Information in participatory planning. Examples from Denmark and Finland (2013)

Due to developments in pervasive computing and the diffusion of digital media technologies, the amount of Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) is rising rapidly. The paper looks at the potential of applying VGI to a participatory planning context and how this type of information might help capture place-based knowledge and experience. The paper furthermore looks at how VGI might qualify actual planning outputs, an aspect often overlooked in communicative planning. This is done by highlighting two case-studies; one which was carried out in a Danish context, employing volunteered GPS-tracking to capture everyday uses of the urban environment. The second case-study was carried out in Finland, employing SoftGIS as a tool to identify and quantify place-values.
Onion Quality Assessment Using a Near Infrared Hyperspectral Imaging System (2012)

A liquid crystal tunable filter based near infrared hyperspectral imaging system was used to assess onion internal quality (firmness, soluble solid content, and dry matter content). Reflectance, transmittance, and interactance images were collected over the spectral region from 950 to 1750 nm. The spectra were extracted from regions of interest in the spectral images, which were used to develop calibration models using the partial least square regression. For interactance images, the regions of interest were identified at 1200 nm wavelength by a gray gradient algorithm. In order to reduce the number of spectral variables and increase the performance of the model, genetic algorithm was used to select optimal wavelengths. Results showed that the reflectance mode performed the best among the three sampling modes. The soluble solid content and dry matter content could be better predicted than the firmness. The hyperspectral imaging system could be used for nondestructive evaluation of onion internal qualities
New developments of the electrostatically driven monte carlo method: Test on the membrane-bound portion of melittin (1998)

The electrostatically driven Monte Carlo (EDMC) method has been greatly improved by adding a series of new features, including a procedure for cluster analysis of the accepted conformations. This information is used to guide the search for the global energy minimum. Alternative procedures for generating perturbed conformations to sample the conformational space were also included. These procedures enhance the efficiency of the method by generating a larger number of low-energy conformations. The improved EDMC method has been used to explore the conformational space of a 20-residue polypeptide chain whose sequence corresponds to the membrane-bound portion of melittin. The ECEPP/3 (Empirical Conformational Energy Program for Peptides) algorithm was used to describe the conformational energy of the chain. After an exhaustive search involving 14 independent runs, the lowest energy conformation (LEC) (-91.0 kcal/mol) of the entire study was encountered in four of the runs, while conformations higher in energy by no more than 1.8 kcal/mol were found in the remaining runs with the exception of one of them (run 8). The LEC is identical to the conformation found recently by J. Lee, H. A. Scheraga, and S. Rackovsky [(1988) "Conformational Analysis of the 20-Residue Membrane-Bound Portion of Melittin by Conformational Space Annealing," Biopolymers, Vol. 46, pp. 103-115] as the lowest energy conformation obtained in their study using the conformational space annealing method. These results suggest that this conformation corresponds to the global energy minimum of the ECEPP/3 potential function for this specific sequence: it also appears to be the conformation of lowest free energy.
ACUTE DIFFUSE INTERSTITIAL PULMONARY FIBROSIS IN SCLERODERMA (1960)

Summary A case of generalized scleroderma with pulmonary manifestations is described. Completely normal findings on detailed studies of respiratory function three and a half months before the patient's death allow the pulmonary lesions to be described as acute diffuse interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. The histological appearances in the lungs are believed to represent the earliest manifestations of "scleroderma lung" yet described.
Rapid analysis and information fusion for quantification of intramuscular fat content (2003)

Production cost effectiveness and the customer's demand for high quality are main concerns of today's food industry. These goals can be achieved by combining various advanced measurement techniques that allow reliable and rapid analysis of both, produc- tion process, raw materials and end product. This re- quires the development of methods that can be ante- grated directly in the production process, handling an enormous amount of measurement data and extract- ing complex features on-line, that are necessary for advanced quality control. Quantification of intramus- cular fat content in beef, using information from both autoflourescence spectra and autoflourescence images, is an example for a method that could be used in this way. The food industry now faces the challenge of im- plementing such methods in their production processes and finally drawing benefits from the great potential in- formation fusion in combination with rapid analysis provides.
Transition metal ions in silicate melts. Part 2. Iron in sodium silicate glasses (1982)

Optical absorption, luminescence, and Raman spectra were measured for sodium silicate glasses melted in air, containing about 85% Fe(III) and 15% Fe(II). Luminescence intensities for individual samples were compared. Three d-d bands in the optical absorption spectrum due to Fe(III) at about 26,000, 24,000, and 23,000 cm/sup -1/ were assigned to the /sup 4/E(D), /sup 4/T/sub 2/(D) and /sup 4/A/sub 1//sup 4/E(G) levels of the d/sup 5/ configuration. Another very weak band arose from the /sup 4/T/sub 2/(G) level. Luminescence spectra indicated an unobserved band at around 16,200 cm/sup -1/ due to the /sup 4/T/sub 1/(G) level. Raman and luminescence spectra both showed that two distinct fourfold coordinated environments for Fe(III) existed in the glasses. In glasses of low sodium content, Fe(III) substitutes for Si with four bridging oxygens, producing Raman bands at 980 cm/sup -1/ and luminescence at 14,600 cm/sup -1/. In high sodium glasses, the Raman bonds occurred at 890 cm/sup -1/ and luminescence appeared at 16,200 cm/sup -1/. It is argued that this may be a tetrahedral iron complex in the glass. Ferrous iron appeared to occupy a sixfold coordinated site the size of which decreased with increasing sodium concentration.
Influence of nitrogen doping on the radial breathing mode in carbon nanotubes (2009)

The influence of nitrogen doping in semiconducting carbon nanotubes is investigated by first-principles calculations considering a wide variety of substitution sites and concentrations. The frequency of the radial breathing mode of a (8,0) nanotube is calculated using density-functional theory and frozen-phonon approximation for different doping concentrations, substitution sites, and vacancies. The results are compared to a one-dimensional first-neighbor spring constant model using experimental parameters. We estimate the effect of doping in Raman spectra by examining the electronic band structure of doped carbon nanotubes.
High-Density Invert-Emulsion System with Very Low Solids Content to Drill ERD and HPHT Wells (2001)

Abstract The paper describes the laboratory development of a new Low Solids Oil Based Mud System (OBMS) with a very high specific gravity (2.04 SG; 17 ppg) for high-temperature and high-pressure applications. The system can also be applicable as solid free oil based mud with very low viscosity at densities up to 1.52 SG, especially suggested for Extended Reach Drilling Wells. The main goals of the new system are: Optimization of fluid rheology by reduction of the solids contents in the mud. Temperature and system stability at 170 °C. The objectives have been pursued in the following ways: – by using a very heavy brine as the internal phase; – by decreasing the oil / brine ratio; – by using a weighting agent with higher density than barite. In this way, the amount of weighting solids which needs to be added can be drastically reduced to even below 22% v/v for a 2.04 SG mud, compared to 35% v/v as in traditional oil based muds. Also the PV values have been reduced from typically round 60 cP to even below 25 cP. The addition of new components to the system has lead to the need of a new emulsifier package, which has been optimized with the development of a primary emulsifier and a wetting agent based on innovative chemistries.
Fatigue Crack Propagation in Beta Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3Al Alloy (1995)

Fatigue crack propagation (FCP) in beta Ti-15Mo-5Zr-3Al alloy has been studied in laboratory air for five different microstructures which were solution-treated at 700°C, 735°C, 765°C, 850°C, and 1000°C followed by aged at 500°C. With one exception, microstructure was found to have very little or no influence on FCP behaviour. The one exception was the microstructure having the largest beta grain size whose FCP resistance was higher than that of the other microstructures due to higher crack closure levels. The effect of stress ratio on FCP could not be realized only in terms of crack closure mechanism, because static fracture mechanisms operated in FCP behaviour depending on the magnitude of the maximum stress intensity factor. Furthermore, the FCP resistance of all the microstructures was considerably lower than that of alpha-beta Ti-6Al-4V alloy, which was primarily attributed to lower crack closure levels of the present alloy.
The physical and chemical features of Cannabis plants grown in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from seeds of known origin--Part II: second generation studies. (1983)

A second generation of Cannabis plants has been grown from seeds produced by first generation plants which were raised in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from seeds taken from imported cannabis of known geographical origin and chemistry. The gross physical appearance of the second generation plants, in general, resembled their parents and the cannabis produced therefrom was not usually distinguishable from that derived from first generation plants. Although cannabinoid patterns were, in some cases, similar to those of both parents and original seedstock cannabis, there were many exceptions. The yields of cannabis were significantly higher than from first generation plants, but the tetrahydrocannabinol contents were lower. Although higher than in the original imported cannabis, the tetrahydrocannabinolic acid to tetrahydrocannabinol ratios in cannabis from second generation plants were lower than in cannabis produced from first generation plants.
One-step dialkylation of phenylacetonitrile in the presence of tertiary amines (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOne-step dialkylation of phenylacetonitrile in the presence of tertiary aminesEmo Chiellini and Roberto SolaroCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43, 12, 2550–2551Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00406a059https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00406a059research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views57Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Selective Adsorption of Thiol Molecules at Sulfur Vacancies on MoS<sub>2</sub>(0001), Followed by Vacancy Repair via S–C Dissociation (2012)

For the development of various molecular nanostructures such as single-molecule electronic circuits, it is very important to fix the molecular components at predetermined positions on a substrate. We report the fixation of the thiol derivatives dodecanethiol and (3-mercaptopropyl)trimethoxysilane (MPS) on a MoS2(0001) substrate at prefabricated sulfur vacancies. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) reveals the selective bonding of thiol groups to the Mo atoms at the vacancy defects. In addition, we report STM tip-induced dissociation of the S–C bond, which essentially results in the repair of the vacancy defects with sulfur atoms from the thiols. This is consistent with the high desulfurization reactivity of MoS2. Because of its structure and composition, MPS has a higher dissociation reactivity than that of dodecanethiol.
Dipeptidyl Peptidase‐4 Inhibitors for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (2010)

Type 2 diabetes mellitus traditionally has been characterized by insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction, leading to hyperglycemia and eventual micro- and macrovascular complications. Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors are a relatively new class of drugs available for the management of type 2 diabetes. In order to provide a comprehensive evaluation and comparison of the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of the DPP-4 inhibitors-sitagliptin, vildagliptin, saxagliptin, and alogliptin-in the treatment of type 2 diabetes, we conducted a MEDLINE search (1966-July 2009) for pertinent English-language articles. Abstracts of the annual meetings of the American Diabetes Association and European Association for the Study of Diabetes from 2005-2009 were also searched. As a drug class, the DPP-4 inhibitors have become widely accepted in clinical practice because of their low risk of hypoglycemia, favorable adverse-effect profile, and once-daily dosing. They are weight neutral (do not cause weight gain or loss) and appear to decrease beta-cell apoptosis and increase beta-cell survival. Because clinical studies directly comparing agents from this class have not, to our knowledge, been conducted, making comparisons in terms of efficacy and safety will become difficult for clinicians as more agents become available. Based on information from preclinical, clinical, and postmarketing data, there does not appear to be a compelling advantage of one DPP-4 inhibitor over another in terms of efficacy, safety, or ease of clinical use. Although theoretical advantages exist for agents with a higher specificity for DPP-4 inhibition versus inhibition of other isoenzymes associated with toxicity, comparative studies and/or increased clinical experience with this class of drug will determine the clinical advantages, if any, of one agent over another.
Robust multi-view car detection using unsupervised sub-categorization (2009)

This paper presents a novel approach for multi-view car detection using unsupervised sub-categorization instead of manual labeling. Cars have large variability of models and the view-point makes the appearance change dramatically. For object classes with a large intra-class variation like cars, a divide-and-conquer strategy may be applied. Instead of using manually predefined intra-class sub-categorization, we examine several non-linear dimension reduction methods and group samples in the low-dimension embedding in an unsupervised way. The clustered samples have strong view-point similarities internally. A boosting-based cascade tree classifier is trained based on these sub-categorizations. To demonstrate the capability of our multi-view car detector, we create a more challenging test set with annotations. Compared to the UIUC side-view car data set, our test set contains a large range of car models, view points, and complex backgrounds. We compare our approach with previous methods and the result shows that ours outperforms the state-of-the-art methods.
Traffic Signal Violation Detection using Artificial Intelligence and Deep Learning (2020)

The number of new vehicles on the road is increasing rapidly, which in turn causes highly congested roads and serving as a reason to break traffic rules by violating them. This leads to a high number of road accidents. Traffic violation detection systems using computer vision are a very efficient tool to reduce traffic violations by tracking and Penalizing. The proposed system was implemented using YOLOV3 object detection for traffic violation detections such as signal jump, vehicle speed, and the number of vehicles. Further, the system is optimized in terms of accuracy. Using the Region of interest and location of the vehicle in the duration of frames, determining signal jump. This implementation obtained an accuracy of 97.67% for vehicle count detection and an accuracy of 89.24% for speed violation detection.
Gold coasters overseas, 1880–1919: With specific reference to their activities in Britain (1985)

One effect of the British conquest of the Gold Coast was an acceleration in the exodus of members of Euro‐African families from the coastal townships to the British West African empire and to the imperial metropole. Using Gold Coast sources, in the main, to identify these expatriates and to ascertain the nature and purpose of their migration overseas, the article suggests that while the exodus may be interpreted as a nationalist response to colonialism, it also represented a pragmatic and indeed successful reaction in defence of the political and economic interests of an emergent Euro‐African Society, whose origins may be traced to the early phase of ‘informal’ imperialism, associated with the promotion of ‘Commerce and Christianity’ in the Gold Coast.
Expression of macrophage inhibitory cytokine‐1 in prostate cancer bone metastases induces osteoclast activation and weight loss (2009)

MIC-1 up-regulates TLR9 expression in various cells. MIC-1 stimulates both osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation in vitro, independently of TLR9. MIC-1 over-expressing prostate cancer cells that grow in bone induce osteoclast formation and cachexia.
Mechanism and consequences of invasion of endothelial cells by Staphylococcus aureus (2005)

It has become clear that Staphylococcus aureus is a facultative intracellular microorganism. Adherence and invasion are a prerequisite for endovascular infections caused by S. aureus, such as infective endocarditis. These phenomena may also be involved in the pathogenesis of invasive and metastatic infection upon hematogenous dissemination, such as osteomyelitis and abscess formation. The underlying molecular mechanism has been elucidated in detail, including its likely relevance in vivo. However, the mode of action of recently identified modulators of invasion, such as pls/Pls have not yet been clarified. The potential outcome for host cells and S. aureus following invasion are diverse. Surprisingly, induction of apoptosis in human endothelial cells is more complex than previously thought, since it appears to involve multiple virulence factors. In the light of increasing resistance to antimicrobial therapy, understanding the multifacetted pathogenesis of S. aureus infection in detail is needed for a better prevention and therapy.