gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bacterial Contingency Loci: The Role of Simple Sequence DNA Repeats in Bacterial Adaptation (2006)

Bacterial pathogens face stringent challenges to their survival because of the many unpredictable, often precipitate, and dynamic changes that occur in the host environment or in the process of transmission from one host to another. Bacterial adaptation to their hosts involves either a mechanism for sensing and responding to external changes or the selection of variants that arise through mutation. Here we review how bacterial pathogens exploit localized hypermutation, through polymerase slippage of simple sequence repeats (SSRs), to generate phenotypic variation and enhanced fitness. These SSRs are located within the reading frame or in the promoter of a subset of genes, often termed contingency loci, whose functions are usually involved in direct interactions with host structures.
Spectroscopical Effects Arising Under Application of Pulse Supply to Zinc Hollow Cathode Discharge (1977)

Abstract The intensity and width of the Zn 330, 2 nm spectral line emitted from hollow cathode discharge in pulse mode depending on pulse parameter changes are investigated. The purpose of this study is to obtain the effect of pulse mode supply and to find the optimum values of pulse parameters for stable emission of intensive as well as narrow zinc spectral lines. The line intensity gain is maximum. 100, while the line width is less or equal to that obtained at the d. c. mode.
Normalization of array hybridization experiments in differential gene expression analysis (1999)

For detecting and confirming differentially expressed genes it is necessary to have a trustworthy reference. So called 'housekeeping genes' are frequently used for this purpose as internal standard. However, if the influence of new experimental conditions is to be analyzed it is not safe to assume a priori that the expression of these genes is not affected. Therefore two synthetic poly(A)-RNAs were generated by PCR and in vitro transcription. They were used as external standards for normalization of northern blots and cDNA arrays where non-regulated genes as internal reference were not available.
A Conversation with Prof. Teh-Wei Hu, University of California, Berkeley (2012)

Dr. Teh-wei Hu is a Professor Emeritus of Health Economics and served as Associate Dean and Department Chair in the School of Public Health at the University of California, Berkeley. Currently he serves as the Director for International Tobacco Control Policy Research and Evaluation at the Public Health Institute. He has been appointed by the U.S. Government as a member of the Interagency Committee on Smoking and Health. Professor Hu’s areas of expertise are the application of econometrics to health care services research. He is the author of more than 200 publications. He contributed chapters in major WHO and World Bank tobacco control publications. During the past 20 years, he has been conducting research in economics of tobacco control in the US, China, Southeast Asia, and Estonia. He is the editor of Tobacco Control Policy Analysis in China: Economics and Health (2008). He co-authored a report on Tobacco Taxation and Its Potential Impact in China (Hu, Mao, Shi, and Chen, 2008) funded by the Bloomberg Philanthropies and the Gates Foundation. He has served as a consultant to the World Bank, the World Health Organization, and a senior policy advisor to the Ministry of Health, China.
Modified phosphotriester method for chemical synthesis of ribooligonucleotides. Part I. Synthesis of riboundecaadenylate and two fragments constituting the sequence of R-17 translation control signal (1982)

A modified phosphotriester method has been successfully applied for the chemical synthesis of ribooligonucleotides. The starting material is a fully protected ribomononucleoside containing a 3′-phosphotriester group 5. The coupling reaction is performed using mesitylenesulfonyl tetrazole and purification of the product achieved using reversed phase column chromatography. The effectiveness of this method has been demonstrated by achieving an efficient and rapid synthesis of r-A 7 , r-A 11 , r5′-AAACAUGAGGA-3′, and r5′-UUACCCAUGU-3′ (R-17, translation control sequence).
Technical considerations on the validity of blood oxygenation level‐dependent‐based MR assessment of vascular deoxygenation (2014)

A blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD)-based apparent relative oxygen extraction fraction (rOEF) as a semi-quantitative marker of vascular deoxygenation has recently been introduced in clinical studies of patients with glioma and stroke, yielding promising results. These rOEF measurements are based on independent quantification of the transverse relaxation times T2 and T2* and relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV). Simulations demonstrate that small errors in any of the underlying measures may result in a large deviation of the calculated rOEF. Therefore, we investigated the validity of such measurements. For this, we evaluated the quantitative measurements of T2 and T2* at 3 T in a gel phantom, in healthy subjects and in healthy tissue of patients with brain tumors. We calculated rOEF maps covering large portions of the brain from T2, T2* and rCBV [routinely measured in patients using dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC)], and obtained rOEF values of 0.63 ± 0.16 and 0.90 ± 0.21 in healthy-appearing gray matter (GM) and white matter (WM), respectively; values of about 0.4 are usually reported. Quantitative T2 mapping using the fast, clinically feasible, multi-echo gradient spin echo (GRASE) approach yields significantly higher values than much slower multiple single spin echo (SE) experiments. Although T2* mapping is reliable in magnetically homogeneous tissues, uncorrectable macroscopic background gradients and other effects (e.g. iron deposition) shorten T2*. Cerebral blood volume (CBV) measurement using DSC and normalization to WM yields robust estimates of rCBV in healthy-appearing brain tissue; absolute quantification of the venous fraction of CBV, however, is difficult to achieve. Our study demonstrates that quantitative measurements of rOEF are currently biased by inherent difficulties in T2 and CBV quantification, but also by inadequacies of the underlying model. We argue, however, that standardized, reproducible measurements of apparent T2, T2* and rCBV may still allow the estimation of a meaningful apparent rOEF, which requires further validation in clinical studies.
Broadly tunable oscillator–amplifier system using lithium (F_2^+)A centers in KCl (1985)

An oscillator-amplifier system has been constructed using (F(2)(+))(A) centers in KCl:Li crystals and a 1.41-microm laser pump generated by Raman shifting a 1.06-microm Nd:YAG line in liquid nitrogen. Output energies of 2.3 mJ and peak powers exceeding 0.4 MW were achieved. The system was tuned continuously over the 2.0-2.4-microm spectral wavelength range.
Hsp90 Blockers Inhibit Adipocyte Differentiation and Fat Mass Accumulation (2014)

Geldanamycin derivatives are benzoquinone ansamycin antibiotics that bind to Hsp90 and alter its function. The alteration of Hsp90 activity limits some cellular hormonal responses by inhibiting nuclear receptors activation. The nuclear receptors activity, such as PPARγ, the mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors (MR and GR) play a critical role in the conversion of preadipocytes to mature adipocytes. Given the importance of these nuclear receptors for adipogenesis, we investigated the effects of geldanamycin analogues (GA) on adipocyte differentiation and function. We found that early exposure of preadipocyte cells to GA inhibited their conversion into mature adipocytes by inhibiting the adipogenic transcriptional program and lipid droplets accumulation. Furthermore, GA altered the adipokines secretion profile of mature adipocyte. The anti-adipogenic effect of GA was also confirmed in mice fed a high fat diet. Biochemical analysis revealed that anti-adipogenic effects of geldanamycin analogues may result from the simultaneous inhibition of MR, GR and PPARγ activity. Taken together, our observations lead us to propose Hsp90 as a potent target for drug development in the control of obesity and its related metabolic complications.
Antimetastatic effect of synthetic Glu-lle-Leu-Asp- Val peptide derivatives containing D-amino acids (1997)

The aim of this study was to increase the antimetastatic potency of the fibronectin-related peptide, Glu-Ile-Leu-Asp-Val (EILDV), and to determine the minimal core sequence of EILDV required to inhibit tumor metastasis in vivo. The EILDV subpeptide analog, ILDV, markedly inhibited the adhesion of B16-BL6 melanoma cells to fibronectin. EILD and ILD were only slightly inhibitory, and the smaller overlapping tripeptide, LDV, was inactive. The inhibitory activities of ILDV and LDV on the migration of B16-BL6 melanoma cells were as potent as those of EILDV, whereas ILD did not inhibit cell migration. These results suggested that the minimal sequences essential for cell adhesion and migration are ILD and LDV, respectively. However, the antimetastatic effects of all subpeptide analogs were lower than that of EILDV. In order to improve the stability in vivo, we synthesized various EILDV-related peptides substituted with a D-amino acid. EILDV containing D-Glu or D-Ile inhibited cell adhesion and migration as potent as EILDV, whereas replacing Leu, Asp or Val with the corresponding D-isomer reduced the antiadhesive activities. The inhibitory effect of EILDV-related peptides containing D-Leu, D-Asp or D-Val on migration was also lower than that of EILDV. All synthetic EILDV-related peptides containing D-amino acids inhibited metastasis by B16-BL6 melanoma cells to the same extent as EILDV, whereas the specific activity of EILDV was decreased by the D-amino acid substitution. These results indicated that the balance of stability in vivo and biological activity in vitro is important in inhibiting tumor metastasis.
Sweat lactate in exercising children and adolescents of varying physical maturity (1991)

This study attempts to explain some of the individual variability in sweating pattern by comparing prepubescents and pubescents. Sweating rate and muscular anaerobic capacity are higher in adults than in children; thus we hypothesized that sweat gland anaerobic metabolism, as reflected by lactate excretion, might be higher with advanced physical maturity (PM). Lactate concentration in sweat ([LAC]sw) was measured at various stages of PM in boys who exercised in the heat. The subjects were divided into three groups on the basis of Tanner staging: prepubertal (PP, n = 16), midpubertal (MP, n = 15), and late pubertal (LP, n = 5). Subjects cycled at 50% of maximal O2 uptake for three 20-min bouts, with 10-min rest periods, in 42 degrees C and 18% relative humidity. Sweat samples were harvested, and population density of activated sweat glands was determined after each exercise bout. [LAC]sw during bout 1 was higher in PP than in LP [PP = 22.2 +/- 2.2, MP = 19.5 +/- 1.4, LP = 14.3 +/- 1.3 (SE) mmol/l]. In all groups, [LAC]sw decreased during subsequent bouts, and there were no intergroup differences in [LAC]sw during bout 3 (PP = 11.2 +/- 0.4, MP = 10.6 +/- 0.5, LP = 9.7 +/- 0.2 mmol/l). [LAC]sw was inversely related to sweating rate. Lactate excretion rate per gland was greater with the increase in PM (PP = 61.0 +/- 8.2, MP = 79.1 +/- 11.3, LP = 99.9 +/- 11.0 pmol/min; P = 0.08).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Peptide-based vaccination for colorectal cancer (2005)

Recently, the number of patients with colorectal cancer has been increasing. Although most patients with early colorectal cancer have a good prognosis, in the case of recurrent or metastatic disease, the prognosis is poor and most patients will ultimately die of cancer. Furthermore, the conventional treatment, such as chemotherapy or radiation therapy, occasionally can not be continued due to reasons of toxicity and/or poor response. Therefore, novel therapeutic optional approaches based on immunotherapy are being explored at present. This review describes and sums up the principles and the longstanding problems of peptide vaccine therapy, and demonstrates the results of clinical trials with colorectal cancer peptide vaccine therapy, including the authors' personal appraisal. In conclusion, the future prospects of peptide vaccine therapy are described.
An<i>R</i>Package for Dynamic Linear Models (2010)

We describe an <b>R</b> package focused on Bayesian analysis of dynamic linear models. The main features of the package are its flexibility to deal with a variety of constant or time-varying, univariate or multivariate models, and the numerically stable singular value decomposition-based algorithms used for filtering and smoothing. In addition to the examples of
Curing ethylene–propylene rubber terpolymers with dimethacrylate monomers. II. Effect of unsaturation (1965)

Abstract In a previous paper it was shown that the vulcanization obtained with ethylene‐propylene‐diene terpolymer is equivalent or superior to that obtained with ethylene‐propylene copolymer when a peroxide‐dimethacrylate coagent cure system was used. In order to determine the effect of the unsaturation on the physical properties in the terpolymer, the terpolymer had been hydrogenated to remove the double bonds. Infrared spectra and bromination were used to check the extent of hydrogenation. Tensile strength, Shore A hardness, per cent elongation, and modulus indicated no decrease in vulcanization efficiency after hydrogenation. The data show that the unsaturation in the terpolymer does not contribute to the vulcanization cure with the peroxide‐dimethacrylate coagent curing system.
NanoKeepers: stimuli responsive nanocapsules for programmed specific targeting and drug delivery (2014)

Bacterial resistance is a high priority clinical issue worldwide. Thus, an effective system that rapidly provides specific treatment for bacterial infections using controlled dose release remains an unmet clinical need. Herein, we report on the NanoKeepers approach for the specific targeting of S. aureus with controlled release of antibiotics based on nuclease activity.
53BP1, a Mediator of the DNA Damage Checkpoint (2002)

53BP1 binds to the tumor suppressor protein p53 and has a potential role in DNA damage responses. We used small interfering RNA (siRNA) directed against 53BP1 in mammalian cells to demonstrate that 53BP1 is a key transducer of the DNA damage checkpoint signal. 53BP1 was required for p53 accumulation, G2-M checkpoint arrest, and the intra-S-phase checkpoint in response to ionizing radiation. 53BP1 played a partially redundant role in phosphorylation of the downstream checkpoint effector proteins Brca1 and Chk2 but was required for the formation of Brca1 foci in a hierarchical branched pathway for the recruitment of repair and signaling proteins to sites of DNA damage.
A 0.18¿m CMOS Integrated Sensor for the Rapid Identification of Bacteria (2008)

This paper presents an integrated sensor for identifying bacteria that addresses drawbacks of traditional detection techniques by combining the specificity of phages with the sensitivity of integrated electronic circuits. This is the first silicon-based implementation known to date; it uses standard CMOS technology, does not require noble-metal electrodes and co-integrates active circuitry on the same substrate as the measurement site containing the bacteria. The chip was fabricated in 0.18 mum CMOS technology using thick-oxide transistors and consumes 122 muW with a 3.3 V supply for two recording channels.
Contract Law Now — Reality Meets Legal Fictions (2011)

Modern contract law is designed to achieve a fundamental objective, namely, to ensure that voluntary agreements between private parties are legally binding. The appropriateness of this objective and the assumptions underlying it are rarely questioned. Legal scholars, practitioners, and policymakers alike presuppose that the binding nature of contracts is a desirable and positive feature of our legal system. But are the assumptions underlying the modern contract system sound? Do people behave in the way that contract law supposes? And are the concepts of voluntary, informed consent and freedom from state interference really the hallmarks of the modern contract system? This article explores and seeks to answer these questions. In so doing, it reveals an overlooked gap between theory and practice that calls into doubt the notion that contract law has anything to do with freedom and voluntary consent. Drawing on leading social science literature, this article seeks to make two contributions. First, the article shows that the assumptions underlying the modern contract law framework are flawed both theoretically and practically. Many contracts are not entered into voluntarily by rational actors, and the state regularly interferes. Imbalances of power, not freedom and consent, form the cornerstones of the modern system of contract law. Second, the article attempts to reveal the way contract law promotes and privileges these power imbalances. While the positions staked out in this article are admittedly foreign to conventional contract law theory, they are far from radical. Instead, they flow naturally from well-accepted social science insights, including the work of Legal Realists, Critical Legal Studies scholars, relational contract theorists, and, more recently, the field of behavioral law and economics. What is striking is not that the positions advanced here depart from conventional belief but that the lessons from leading social science research have had, to date, so little impact on contract doctrine. This article seeks to change that.
Antibodies to the Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigen and to rheumatoid arthritis nuclear antigen identify the same polypeptide. (1983)

Patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have elevated titers of precipitating antibody toward an antigen designated RA nuclear antigen (RANA). Anti-RANA reactivity has been associated with prior Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. Using the protein blot technique, we have identified, in extracts of WI-L2, an EBV+ nonproducer B-lymphoblast line, a Mr 80,000 polypeptide that is reactive with anti-RANA-containing sera. This same polypeptide can be recovered from RANA precipitin bands. The Mr 80,000 polypeptide appears to be EBV-associated, as a homologous antigen was detected in two other EBV+ cell lines, Daudi and Raji, but was not present in three EBV- human cell lines tested, HeLa, BJAB, and Ramos. Anti-RANA antibodies and antibodies reactive with the Mr 80,000 polypeptide also appear coincidently in the sera of individuals exhibiting an EBV infection (infectious mononucleosis). Further analysis of the RANA-associated Mr 80,000 polypeptide suggested its identity with the previously recognized EBV-associated nuclear antigen designated EBNA. The Mr 80,000 antigen shares with EBNA the properties of being a heat-stable, DNA binding protein. EBNA is traditionally assayed by a complement fixation reaction and anti-Mr 80,000 antibodies were shown to be reactive when a complement fixation assay was used in the immunoblot. Finally, when the Mr 80,000 antigen was used to absorb an anti-RANA/anti-EBNA serum, both antibodies were reduced.
Electrochemical Li+ insertion capabilities of Na4−xCo3(PO4)2P2O7 and its application to novel hybrid-ion batteries (2013)

Electrochemically Na+-extracted Na4−xCo3(PO4)2P2O7 exhibits both Li+ and Na+ insertion capabilities. Given these compatibilities, novel hybrid-ion batteries were demonstrated by combining a Na4Co3(PO4)2P2O7 positive electrode and Li4Ti5O12 negative electrode in a lithium-based electrolyte.
Clinical significance of specific IgE to common allergens (1971)

Summary Serological measurements of specific IgE to Dermatophagoides farinae, D. pteronyssinus and grass pollen showed statistically highly significant correlations with prick test reactions, the sizes of weals elicited, nasal tests and the clinical history. In subjects with negative prick tests, intracutaneous tests gave reactions which were not associated with specific IgE or reactions to nasal tests. Highly significant correlations were also found between total IgE values and prick test reactions to the allergens tested and to 48/80 but not to histamine; there was a negative correlation with reactions to anti‐IgE serum. The reactions to prick tests identified almost all subjects with specific IgE.
Contrast enhancement of soft tissues in computed tomography images (2006)

Even though soft tissues are of primary interest to radiologists, they are represented using only 12.5% of the total number of gray levels in a typical DICOM format of a Computed Tomography (CT) scan. This poor distribution of gray levels reduces the overall contrast and the texture differences between individual organs, and poses a serious visualization problem since radiologists need clear visual representations of organs to produce proper diagnoses. In order to enhance the contrast within the soft tissues, the gray levels can be redistributed both linearly and nonlinearly using the gray level frequencies of the original CT scan. We propose a new nonlinear approach for contrast enhancement of soft tissues in CT images using both clipped binning and nonlinear binning based on a k-means clustering algorithm. The optimal number of bins, in particular the number of gray-levels, is chosen automatically using entropy and average distance between the histogram of the original gray-level distribution and the contrast enhancement function's curve. The contrast enhancement results were obtained and evaluated using 141 CT images of the chest and abdomen from two normal CT studies.
Selective reductions. XIX. Rapid reaction of carboxylic acids with borane-tetrahydrofuran. Remarkably convenient procedure for the selective conversion of carboxylic acids to the corresponding alcohols in the presence of other functional groups (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSelective reductions. XIX. Rapid reaction of carboxylic acids with borane-tetrahydrofuran. Remarkably convenient procedure for the selective conversion of carboxylic acids to the corresponding alcohols in the presence of other functional groupsNung Min Yoon, Chwang Siek Pak, Brown Herbert C., S. Krishnamurthy, and Thomas P. StockyCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1973, 38, 16, 2786–2792Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1973https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00956a011https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00956a011research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views11716Altmetric-Citations197LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts