gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Validation of quantitative estimation of tissue oxygen extraction fraction and deoxygenated blood volume fraction in phantom and in vivo experiments by using MRI (2010)

The blood oxygenation level dependent signal of cerebral tissue can be theoretically derived using a network model formed by randomly oriented infinitely long cylinders. The validation of this model by phantom and in vivo experiments is still an object of research. A network phantom was constructed of solid polypropylene strings immersed in silicone oil, which essentially eliminated the effect of spin diffusion. The volume fraction and magnetic property of the string network was predetermined by independent methods. Ten healthy volunteers were measured for in vivo demonstration. The gradient echo sampled spin echo signal was evaluated with the cylinder network model. We found a strong interdependency between the two network characterizing parameters deoxygenated blood volume and oxygen extraction fraction. Here, different sets of deoxygenated blood volume/oxygen extraction fraction values were able to describe the measured signal equally well. However, by setting one parameter constant to a predetermined value, reasonable estimates of the other parameter were obtained. The same behavior was found for the in vivo demonstration. The signal theory of the cylinder network was validated by a well-characterized phantom. However, the found interdependency that was found between deoxygenated blood volume and oxygen extraction fraction requires an independent estimation of one variable to determine reliable values of the other parameter.
Understanding the key factors for enzymatic conversion of pretreated lignocellulose by partial least square analysis (2009)

The relationship between the physicochemical properties of lignocellulosic substrates and enzyme digestion is still not well known. After different pretreatments, cellulase hydrolysis and measurements of physicochemical characteristics by column solute exclusion, particle size analysis, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and solid state (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance were performed in this study. Partial least squares was then applied to seek the key factors limiting the rate and extent of cellulose digestion. According to the PLS results, the most important factor for cellulose digestion was accessible interior surface area, followed by delignification and the destruction of the hydrogen bonds. The cellulose digestion at 2 and 24 hr were improved with the increased accessibility of interior surface area to the reporter molecules of 5.1-nm diameter. Removal of lignin and breaking of hydrogen bonds were also found to significantly promote cellulose conversion. Other properties, including the breakdown of intramolecular hydrogen bonds, cellulose crystallinity, and hemicellulose content, had less effect on the efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis.
How Soon after Infection with HIV Does the Risk of Tuberculosis Start to Increase? A Retrospective Cohort Study in South African Gold Miners (2004)

The increase in the risk of TB so soon after infection with HIV was unexpected. Current predictive models of TB incidence underestimate the effect of HIV infection in areas where TB is endemic.
qian tan ru he ti gao gao zhong ying shi ping lun xie zuo jiao xue you xiao xing (2012)

影视评论写作,即我们通常所说的“观后感”.它是提高考艺术类传媒专业教学的重要课程之一.本文将首先探讨影视评论的含义,影视评论写作教学的现状；然后提出改进高中影视评论写作教学有效性的主要思路.包括深刻领会导演意图、挖掘作品潜在价值;引导学生有感而发,促进自我能动性的形成；以人为本的教学设计,充分尊重学生的感受.
Superconducting multiplexer for arrays of transition edge sensors (1999)

We report the design and testing of an analog superconducting time-division multiplexer to instrument large format arrays of low-temperature bolometers and microcalorimeters. The circuit is designed to multiplex an array of superconducting quantum interference devices, thereby simplifying wiring and room temperature electronics. We have fabricated a prototype 8×1 multiplexer chip and show a switching rate of 1 MHz. We calculate that a 32×32 array or larger is feasible.
A successive constraint linear optimization method for lower bounds of parametric coercivity and inf–sup stability constants (2007)

We present an approach to the construction of lower bounds for the coercivity and inf–sup stability constants required in a posteriori error analysis of reduced basis approximations to affinely parametrized partial differential equations. The method, based on an Offline–Online strategy relevant in the reduced basis many-query and real-time context, reduces the Online calculation to a small Linear Program: the objective is a parametric expansion of the underlying Rayleigh quotient; the constraints reflect stability information at optimally selected parameter points. Numerical results are presented for coercive elasticity and non-coercive acoustics Helmholtz problems.
Capsicum‐production, technology, chemistry, and quality part 1: History, botany, cultivation, and primary processing (1985)

The genus Capsicum (Fam. Solanaceae) was known to ancient cultures and was more recently historically associated with the discovery of the New World. This genus provides many species and varieties used in flavoring foods popular in the cuisines of many parts of the world. From the pungent chilli to the colorful paprika and the bell pepper, with its remarkable aroma, the genus is of great interest for its chemistry, sensory attributes, and physiological action. The Capsicums, among the spices, are second only to black pepper in trade both in volume and value. The production of the different pungency forms, the processed seasonings, and the concentrated oleoresins, through technologically advanced processes and in specified standard grades, are critically reviewed. The pungency of Capsicum fruits, its evaluation, chemical structure relationship, its increasing acceptance and preference by a variety of populations are of great research interest. The wide traditional use in the growing regions and its intense physiological effects have attracted the attention of researchers of many different disciplines. These aspects are reviewed in four sequential parts. Part I deals with history, botany, cultivation, and primary processing.
Nonlinear Diesel Engine Control and Cylinder Pressure Observation (1995)

This paper presents novel approaches to nonlinear engine fuel controller and cylinder pressure observer designs based on mean torque production and cylinder-by-cylinder models. Sliding mode controllers and sliding mode observers have shown good robustness and high tracking performance. Accordingly, they are selected in this study to fulfill demanding engine electronic control and onboard diagnostics requirements.
Enabling unimodular transformations (1994)

The development of a unimodular transformation theory and associated algorithms has renewed interest in Fortran do loops that are not perfectly (or tightly) nested. In this paper we summarize a number of techniques that convert imperfectly nested loops into perfectly nested loops. We examined over 25,000 lines of scientific Fortran kernels and benchmarks. Statistics are reported on how often imperfect loops occur and how effective two transformations (scalar forward substitution and loop distribution) are at converting imperfectly nested loops into perfectly nested loops. Further, we describe a compiler that integrates scalar forward substitution, loop distribution, and unimodular transformations while maintaining the basic philosophy of unimodular transformation theory. While our data indicate that imperfectly nested loops still present a problem, the compiler we describe is no more limited by perfectly nested loops than other restructuring compilers available today.
Reaction of benzo[c]cinnolinium-5-(N-acyl- and N-benzimido-imides) with diphenylcyclopropenone (1980)

Benzo[c]cinnolinium-5-(N-acylimides)(6; R = Ph, OEt, or Me) give benzo[c]cinnoline and 2-substituted-4,5-diphenyloxazin-6-ones (7) on reaction with diphenylcyclopropenone. In contrast, the related benzo[c]cinnolinium-5-(N-benzimidoimides)(11; R = H, Ph, or p-tolyl) give stable adducts (12), which on pyrolysis yield benzo[c] cinnoline and 1-substituted-2,5,6-triphenylpyrimidin-4-ones.
Peroxisomal Catalase in the Methylotrophic Yeast <i>Candida boidinii</i> : Transport Efficiency and Metabolic Significance (2001)

ABSTRACT In this study we cloned CTA1 , the gene encoding peroxisomal catalase, from the methylotrophic yeast Candida boidinii and studied targeting of the gene product, Cta1p, into peroxisomes by using green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion proteins. A strain from which CTA1 was deleted ( cta1 Δ strain) showed marked growth inhibition when it was grown on the peroxisome-inducing carbon sources methanol, oleate, and d -alanine, indicating that peroxisomal catalase plays an important nonspecific role in peroxisomal metabolism. Cta1p carries a peroxisomal targeting signal type 1 (PTS1) motif, -NKF, in its carboxyl terminus. Using GFP fusion proteins, we found that (i) Cta1p is transported to peroxisomes via its PTS1 motif, -NKF; (ii) peroxisomal localization is necessary for Cta1p to function physiologically; and (iii) Cta1p is bimodally distributed between the cytosol and peroxisomes in methanol-grown cells but is localized exclusively in peroxisomes in oleate- and d -alanine-grown cells. In contrast, the fusion protein GFP-AKL (GFP fused to another typical PTS1 sequence, -AKL), in the context of CbPmp20 and d -amino acid oxidase, was found to localize exclusively in peroxisomes. A yeast two-hybrid system analysis suggested that the low transport efficiency of the -NKF sequence is due to a level of interaction between the -NKF sequence and the PTS1 receptor that is lower than the level of interaction with the AKL sequence. Furthermore, GFP-Cta1pΔnkf coexpressed with Cta1p was successfully localized in peroxisomes, suggesting that the oligomer was formed prior to peroxisome import and that it is not necessary for all four subunits to possess a PTS motif. Since the main physiological function of catalase is degradation of H 2 O 2 , suboptimal efficiency of catalase import may confer an evolutionary advantage. We suggest that the PTS1 sequence, which is found in peroxisomal catalases, has evolved in such a way as to give a higher priority for peroxisomal transport to peroxisomal enzymes other than to catalases (e.g., oxidases), which require a higher level of peroxisomal transport efficiency.
Further phenotypic characterization of target cells for bovine leukemia virus experimental infection in sheep (1989)

To determine the phenotype of target cells for bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection in sheep, we analyzed blood lymphocytes from BLV-infected clinically healthy and leukemic sheep by use of monoclonal antibodies. In clinically healthy and leukemic sheep that were BLV-infected, the blood concentration of T lymphocytes was within normal values, but the number of B lymphocytes was increased in several cases. In addition, the number of blood lymphocytes expressing the BLV antigen correlated well with that of B lymphocytes. Double immunofluorescence staining demonstrated that lymphocytes expressing BLV antigens bore B-cell but not T-cell surface markers. Moreover, neoplastic cells in the lymph nodes of leukemic sheep were stained immunohistochemically with an anti-B monoclonal antibody but not with any of anti-T monoclonal antibody tested, indicating that tumor cells are of B-lymphocyte origin. Collectively, these results show that BLV antigen-positive cells obtained from BLV-infected sheep that have no clinical signs and BLV-induced lymphosarcoma cells belong to the B-lymphocyte lineage.
<b>Joachim Bumke</b>, Die Blutstropfen im Schnee. Über Wahrnehmung und Erkenntnis im „Parzival“ Wolframs von Eschenbach. 2001 (2002)

Bei der Blutstropfenszene in Wolframs Parzival handelt es sich um eine Szene, „die für den Handlungsverlauf entbehrlich zu sein scheint“, deren Bedeutung daher „auf einer anderen Ebene zu suchen ist“ (S. 1). Daß sie für das Verständnis des Romans und seines Protagonisten, darüber hinaus der neuen höfischen Dichtung vor und um 1200 von eminenter Bedeutung ist, vermag Bumkes Buch überzeugend zu demonstrieren. Die genannte andere Ebene ist die der „Thematik des Wahrnehmens, Erkennens und Verstehens“ (S. 10), der Wolfram gegenüber seiner Vorlage, der er sonst in der Szene „ziemlich genau“ folgt (S. 9), ein erheblich stärkeres Gewicht verliehen hat. Es war an der Zeit, diese Wolframsche Thematik einmal vor dem Hintergrund der Liebes-, Wahrnehmungs-, Erkenntnis- und Zeichentheorie des Mittelalters zu betrachten, ein Unternehmen, das bisher noch nie derart umfassend und mit solchem Gewinn in Angriff genommen worden ist.
Tampering with Molecular Cohesion in Crystals of Hexaphenylbenzenes (2009)

Hexaphenylbenzene (HPB) and analogous compounds have properties of broad utility in science and technology, including conformationally well-defined molecular structures, high thermal stability, high HOMO-LUMO gaps, little self-association, inefficient packing, and high solubilities. Previous structural studies of HPB and its analogues have revealed persistent involvement of the central aromatic ring in strong C-H...pi interactions. These interactions can be blocked by adding simple ortho alkyl substituents to the peripheral phenyl groups. Comparison of the structures of HPB and a series of ortho-substituted derivatives has shown systematic changes in molecular cohesion and packing, as measured by packing indices, densities, solubilities, temperatures of sublimation, melting points, and ratios of H...H, C...H, and C...C contacts. These results illustrate how crystal engineering can guide the search for improved materials by identifying small but telling molecular alterations that thwart established patterns of association.
Echo cancellation on time-variant circuits (1977)

Echo cancellation is rapidly becoming a viable alternative to the conventional method of echo suppression currently in use to curtail echoes on long-distance telephone circuits. Echo suppressors introduce a switched loss into the return speech path when echo is present, and are inherently incapable of sustaining reduction of echo during periods of double-talk-while both parties are talking simultaneously. Echo cancellers use an adaptive filter to model the echo path, and compute a replica of the echo component present in the return speech signal. Subtraction of the replica from the return speech signal leaves it devoid of echo, allowing only the speech from the other party to be passed. Lack of synchronism in some classes of carrier system give rise to cyclic time variation in the echo path, termed "phase-roll," which must be tracked by the adaptive filter. Established adaptive echo cancellers are ineffective on circuits exhibiting phase-roll rates in excess of 0.5 Hz. The nature of the phase-roll problem is examined and two solutions discussed; use of compensating frequency offsets and cancellers with high-speed convergence. A prototype capable of satisfactory performance with speech on circuits exhibiting phase-roll rates up to 1.8 Hz is described. Modifications are proposed whereby the performance attained on speech signals can be made to approach the observed 3.4 Hz phase-roll limit with random noise input.
Human fibronectin binding to staphylococcal surface protein and its relative inefficiency in promoting phagocytosis by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes, and alveolar macrophages (1981)

The interaction between human fibronectin and 17 strains of staphylococci was studied in an attempt to elucidate the staphylococcal cell wall component(s) involved in fibronectin binding and to determine the influence of fibronectin upon phagocytosis by three types of phagocytic cells. Purified, radiolabeled fibronectin bound to a similar degree to six laboratory strains and three fresh clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus; similar binding of fibronectin was found with S. aureus strains deficient in cell wall teichoic acid or clumping factor and coagulase, as well as with three strains of S. epidermidis. There was minimal binding of fibronectin to encapsulated S. aureus and to Escherichia coli. Fibronectin bound to intact cells and to a crude cell wall preparation of S. aureus H, but not to purified cell walls or peptidoglycan. Trypsinization of staphylococci prevented subsequent fibronectin binding, but binding did not correlate well with the protein A content in S. aureus cell walls. At physiological concentrations, fibronectin binding to staphylococci did not promote phagocytosis of bacteria by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes, monocytes, or alveolar macrophages. Also, depletion of fibronectin from normal human serum did not result in a measurable loss of opsonic activity for staphylococci. It is concluded that fibronectin binding to staphylococci involves a surface protein shared among strains of S. aureus and S. epidermidis, and that in comparison to C3b and IgG, fibronectin plays a relatively minor role as an opsonin for staphylococci.
Iron overload and chelation (2005)

Iron is one of the most common elements in nature. As a transition metal it is very efficient in electron transport and redox reactions. The proteins and enzymes in which iron is an essential component play a key role in respiration, energy production, detoxification of harmful oxygen species and cell replication. Despite the abundance of iron in nature, the solubility of its stable ferric form is extremely low. Hence, living organisms were compelled to develop efficient mechanisms for iron transport and storage.
Modulated formation of metal-organic frameworks by oriented growth over mesoporous silica (2013)

Engineering the structure of metal-organic frameworks at the molecular level is of major interest for taking MOFs beyond their uses as bulk materials and creating multifunctional features with advanced applications. The notion involves directing MOF structure and controlling crystallization in terms of phase and orientation through interactions with directing agents. We have successfully used different concentrations of SBA-15 mesoporous silica for directed growth of the archetypal MOF-5 microcrystals along preferred crystallographic orientations, resulting in the production of interesting flower-like and nanorod frameworks instead of the conventional cubic structure. The results point to the possibility of using mesoporous silicas for designation of a wide range of MOF structural motifs with expedient performance and applications via selective interactions of MOF crystal building blocks with active functionalities on mesoporous surface, allowing heterogeneous seeding and controlled expansion of the framework along a preferred direction. The modifications in MOF structure have proven to improve the catalytic performance of MOF–silica nanocomposites up to 50% for Friedel–Crafts alkylation, compared to pure MOF-5. By discussing the effect of MOF texture on catalytic performance, this research aims to take MOF-5 beyond its bulk applications and opens up a new paradigm to design highly active and selective green heterogeneous catalysts based on MOFs.
Characterization of magnetron sputtering deposited thin films of TiN for use as a metal electrode on TiN/SiO2/Si metal–oxide–semiconductor devices (2000)

Titanium nitride (TiN) thin films were deposited by dc magnetron sputtering on SiO2/n-Si substrates in order to study their use as gate electrodes in metal–oxide–semiconductor (MOS) devices. Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy was used to determine the composition of the films and the results were correlated to those obtained by electrical measurements of the constructed MOS devices. Oxygen contamination of the TiN layers was observed, with percentage and spatial variations depending on the various deposition parameters such as the deposition temperature and the substrate bias. The best electrical performance was achieved for devices where the exposed TiN surface had low oxygen contamination. From these samples, the TiNx–Si barrier height was calculated to be equal to 0.52 eV.
Harnessing CD8<sup>+</sup> T‐cell exhaustion to treat type 1 diabetes (2021)

Although immune interventions have shown great promise in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) clinical trials, none are yet in routine clinical use or able to achieve insulin independence in patients. In addition to this, the principles of T1D treatment remain essentially unchanged since the isolation of insulin, almost a century ago. T1D is characterized by insulin deficiency as a result of destruction of insulin-producing beta cells mediated by autoreactive T cells. Therapies that target beta-cell antigen-specific T cells are needed to prevent T1D. CD8<sup>+</sup> T-cell exhaustion is an emerging area of research in chronic infection, cancer immunotherapy, and more recently, autoimmunity. Recent data suggest that exhausted T-cell populations are associated with improved markers of T1D. T-cell exhaustion is both characterized and mediated by inhibitory receptors. This review aims to identify which inhibitory receptors may prove useful to induce T-cell exhaustion to treat T1D and identify limitations and gaps in the current literature.
Down-regulation of endogenes mediated by a transitive silencing signal (2006)

Some RNA silencing systems in plants, nematodes, and fungi show spreading of silencing along target sequences, termed transitive silencing. Here, we address the question of whether endogenous targets can be silenced by a transitive silencing signal in plants. In transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants that harbored a silencing-inducing locus and a transgenic chimeric primary target, silencing of a secondary transgenic target occurred and the expression of the endogenous catalase genes was down-regulated, coinciding with a knock-down phenotype. Strikingly, the efficiency of the catalase silencing appeared to be correlated with the zygosity of the primary target locus and, to a lesser extent, with that of the silencing-inducing locus. These data suggest that silencing of an endogene induced by transgenic secondary small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) might depend on the amount of primary target transcripts that can act as template for the production of an efficient transitive silencing signal.
Reservoir Formation Damage: Fundamentals, Modeling, Assessment, and Mitigation (2007)

Reservoir Formation Damage, Third Edition, provides the latest information on the economic problems that can occur during various phases of oil and gas recovery from subsurface reservoirs, including production, drilling, hydraulic fracturing, and workover operations. The text helps readers better understand the processes causing formation damage and the factors that can lead to reduced flow efficiency in near-wellbore formation during the various phases of oil and gas production. The third edition in the series provides the most all-encompassing volume to date, adding new material on conformance and water control, hydraulic fracturing, special procedures for unconventional reservoirs, field applications design, and cost assessment for damage control measures and strategies
Peripheral glutamate release in the hindpaw following low and high intensity sciatic stimulation (2000)

The present study demonstrates that following A and/or C fiber stimulation of the sciatic nerve, glutamate levels increase significantly in the hindpaw extracellular space. In hindpaw dialysate, electrical stimulation (5 min) of the sciatic nerve at 2x, 20x, 50x or 200x threshold current required to produce a muscle twitch resulted in peak glutamate increases of 120.8 +/- 9%, 134.3 +/- 5%, 153.9 +/- 10% and 150.5 +/- 5% of basal levels, respectively. Application of 1% capsaicin to the sciatic nerve (10 min) to selectively activate C fibers resulted in a peak glutamate increase of 130.8 +/- 8% of basal levels. Aspartate levels did not change significantly in either paradigm. These data indicate that low and high intensity stimulation can result in peripheral release of glutamate, providing a major source of ligand for the glutamate receptors localized on peripheral primary afferents.