gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Crystal structure of bis(thiocyanato)(y-C-meso-5,5,7,12,12,14-hexamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecanecopper(II), C18H36CuN6S2 (2003)

Article Crystal structure of bis(thiocyanato)(y-C-meso-5,5,7,12,12,14-hexamethyl-1,4,8,11-tetraazacyclotetradecanecopper(II), C18H36CuN6S2 was published on December 1, 2003 in the journal Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - New Crystal Structures (volume 218, issue JG).
Distinct Ca2+ Binding Properties of Novel C2 Domains of Plant Phospholipase Dα and β (2000)

Of the isoforms of plant phospholipase D (PLD) that have been cloned and characterized, PLDalpha requires millimolar levels of Ca(2+) for optimal activity, whereas PLDbeta is most active at micromolar concentrations of Ca(2+). Multiple amino acid sequence alignments suggest that PLDalpha and PLDbeta both contain a Ca(2+)-dependent phospholipid-binding C2 domain near their N termini. In the present study, we expressed and characterized the putative C2 domains of PLDalpha and PLDbeta, designated PLDalpha C2 and PLDbeta C2, by CD spectroscopy, isothermal titration calorimetry, and phospholipid binding assay. Both PLD C2 domains displayed CD spectra consistent with anticipated major beta-sheet structures but underwent spectral changes upon binding Ca(2+); the magnitude was larger for PLDbeta C2. These conformational changes, not shown by any of the previously characterized C2 domains of animal origin, occurred at micromolar Ca(2+) concentrations for PLDbeta C2 but at millimolar levels of the cation for PLDalpha C2. PLDbeta C2 exhibited three Ca(2+)-binding sites: one with a dissociation constant (K(d)) of 0.8 microm and the other two with a K(d) of 24 micrometer. In contrast, isothermal titration calorimetry data of PLDalpha C2 were consistent with 1-3 low affinity Ca(2+)-binding sites with K(d) in the range of 590-470 micrometer. The thermodynamics of Ca(2+) binding markedly differed for the two C2 domains. Likewise, PLDbeta C2 bound phosphatidylcholine (PC), the substrate of PLD, in the presence of submillimolar Ca(2+) concentrations, whereas PLDalpha C2 did so only in the presence of millimolar levels of the metal ion. Both C2 domains bound phosphatidylinoistol 4,5-bisphosphate, a regulator of PC hydrolysis by PLD. However, added Ca(2+) displaced the bound phosphatidylinoistol 4,5-bisphosphate. Ca(2+) and PC binding properties of PLDalpha C2 and PLDbeta C2 follow a trend similar to the Ca(2+) requirements of the whole enzymes, PLDalpha and PLDbeta, for PC hydrolysis. Taken together, the results suggest that the C2 domains of PLDalpha and PLDbeta have novel structural features and serve as handles by which Ca(2+) differentially regulates the activities of the isoforms.
Treatment of lateral epicondylitis using skin-derived tenocyte-like cells (2009)

Skin-derived tenocyte-like cells can be cultured in the laboratory to yield a rich preparation of collagen-producing cells. Our pilot study suggests that these collagen-producing cells can be injected safely into patients and may have therapeutic value in patients with refractory lateral epicondylitis.
A Synthetic Peptide Modeled on PDNF, Chagas' Disease Parasite Neurotrophic Factor, Promotes Survival and Differentiation of Neuronal Cells through TrkA Receptor (2005)

The human parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, the agent of Chagas' disease, expresses a membrane-bound neuraminidase/trans-sialidase, also known as parasite-derived neurotrophic factor, PDNF, because it binds and activates nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor TrkA in neuronal cells. Here, we identify a 21 amino acid region (425GNASQNVWEDAYRCVNASATAN445) of PDNF that reproduces its neurotrophic activities. Synthetic peptide Y21, modeled on this sequence, induces survival and neurite outgrowth in primary dorsal root ganglion neurons. Y21 but not other PDNF-based peptides promotes survival and neurite extension in TrkA-expressing but not in TrkA-deficient PC12 cells. Y21 also enhances phosphorylation of TrkA in PC12 cells and activation of Erk1/2 and Akt kinases with kinetics distinct from that of PDNF. In addition, Y21 stimulates phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein, CREB. Peptide Y21, therefore, reproduces several TrkA-dependent activities of PDNF and NGF. However, Y21 inhibits the binding of PDNF but not NGF to TrkA. Similarly, Y21 blocks PDNF- but not NGF-dependent phosphorylation of Erk1/2. These findings raise the possibility that Y21 reacts with a TrkA site required for the binding of PDNF but not NGF. The functioning of Y21 as TrkA agonist reproducing TrkA-dependent biological activities of PDNF should help elucidate the mechanism of PDNF activation of TrkA-expressing cells and the design of small drugs for the treatment of Chagas' and other neurodegenerative diseases.
Identifying and quantifying printed circuit board inductance (2002)

The concepts of inductance and partial inductance play a key role in printed circuit board (PCB) modeling. The inductance of the signal path is an important parameter in high-speed signal integrity calculations. Delta I noise modeling, crosstalk calculations, and common-mode source identification all rely heavily on accurate estimations of the partial inductance associated with traces, vias, and signal return paths on printed circuit boards. The paper begins by identifying and quantifying the parameters that affect the inductance of typical PCB geometries. Closed-form equations are provided for estimating the partial inductances of simple trace, via, and ground plane configurations. Finally, the issue of current "crowding" around via connections in planes and its affect on the partial inductance of the plane is addressed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Automatic detection of red-eye artifacts in digital color photos (2008)

Red-eye is a flash-induced artifact that frequently occurs in photographs. This paper presents a novel method for unsupervised discovery of red-eye pixels in a digital image. Detection of face and/or skin regions in the image is not required by the algorithm. Analysis is performed primarily in the hue-saturation-value (HSV) color space. A flash mask, which defines the regions where red-eye regions may be present, is first extracted from the brightness component. Subsequent processing on the other color components prunes the number of candidate regions that may correspond to red-eye. Algorithm performance is demonstrated on content from multiple digital cameras with different resolutions.
Flash Duration Effect in One-Sided Thermal Imaging (2005)

A theoretical formulation is developed for one‐sided thermal imaging that utilizes an infrared camera for temperature measurement and photographic flash lamps for radiant heating of the sample surface. This formulation accounts for the radiant intensity variation of flash lamps, which typically exhibit a short rise time but a long exponential‐decay time (several milliseconds). During the flash, the infrared camera receives radiation from the emission of the sample surface as well as the reflection of the flash energy. Experimental results clearly show the flash‐reflection effect and the temperature response of the sample surface under finite flash durations. Theoretical and experimental data are compared and discussed.
Resource Recovery Mass-Burning Incineration (1985)

The various types of incineration systems are discussed, and the technical and economic factors to be considered in developing a resource recovery project are examined.
Transamidation by Transglutaminase 2 Transforms S100A11 Calgranulin into a Procatabolic Cytokine for Chondrocytes (2008)

In osteoarthritis (OA), low-grade joint inflammation promotes altered chondrocyte differentiation and cartilage catabolism. S100/calgranulins share conserved calcium-binding EF-hand domains, associate noncovalently as homodimers and heterodimers, and are secreted and bind receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE). Chondrocyte RAGE expression and S100A11 release are stimulated by IL-1beta in vitro and increase in OA cartilage in situ. Exogenous S100A11 stimulates chondrocyte hypertrophic differentiation. Moreover, S100A11 is covalently cross-linked by transamidation catalyzed by transglutaminase 2 (TG2), itself an inflammation-regulated and redox stress-inducible mediator of chondrocyte hypertrophic differentiation. In this study, we researched mouse femoral head articular cartilage explants and knee chondrocytes, and a soluble recombinant double point mutant (K3R/Q102N) of S100A11 TG2 transamidation substrate sites. Both TG2 and RAGE knockout cartilage explants retained IL-1beta responsiveness. The K3R/Q102N mutant of S100A11 retained the capacity to bind to RAGE and chondrocytes but lost the capacity to signal via the p38 MAPK pathway or induce chondrocyte hypertrophy and glycosaminoglycans release. S100A11 failed to induce hypertrophy, glycosaminoglycan release, and appearance of the aggrecanase neoepitope NITEGE in both RAGE and TG2 knockout cartilages. We conclude that transamidation by TG2 transforms S100A11 into a covalently bonded homodimer that acquires the capacity to signal through the p38 MAPK pathway, accelerate chondrocyte hypertrophy and matrix catabolism, and thereby couple inflammation with chondrocyte activation to potentially promote OA progression.
Cleavage Susceptibility of Reovirus Attachment Protein ς1 during Proteolytic Disassembly of Virions Is Determined by a Sequence Polymorphism in the ς1 Neck (1998)

A requisite step in reovirus infection of the murine intestine is proteolysis of outer-capsid proteins to yield infectious subvirion particles (ISVPs). When converted to ISVPs by intestinal proteases, virions of reovirus strain type 3 Dearing (T3D) lose 90% of their original infectivity due to cleavage of viral attachment protein sigma1. In an analysis of eight field isolate strains of type 3 reovirus, we identified one additional strain, type 3 clone 31 (T3C31), that loses infectivity and undergoes sigma1 cleavage upon conversion of virions to ISVPs. We examined the sigma1 deduced amino acid sequences of T3D and the eight field isolate strains for a correlation between sequence variability and sigma1 cleavage. The sigma1 proteins of T3D and T3C31 contain a threonine at amino acid position 249, whereas an isoleucine occurs at this position in the sigma1 proteins of the remaining strains. Thr249 occupies the d position of a heptad repeat motif predicted to stabilize sigma1 oligomers through alpha-helical coiled-coil interactions. This region of sequence comprises a portion of the fibrous tail domain of sigma1 known as the neck. Substitution of Thr249 with isoleucine or leucine resulted in resistance to cleavage by trypsin, whereas replacement with asparagine did not affect cleavage susceptibility. These results demonstrate that amino acid position 249 is an independent determinant of T3D sigma1 cleavage susceptibility and that an intact heptad repeat is required to confer cleavage resistance. We performed amino-terminal sequence analysis on the sigma1 cleavage product released during trypsin treatment of T3D virions to generate ISVPs and found that trypsin cleaves sigma1 after Arg245. Thus, the sequence polymorphism at position 249 controls cleavage at a nearby site in the neck region. The relevance of these results to reovirus infection in vivo was assessed by treating virions with the contents of a murine intestinal wash under conditions that result in generation of ISVPs. The pattern of sigma1 cleavage susceptibility generated by using purified protease was reproduced in assays using the intestinal wash. These results provide a mechanistic explanation for sigma1 cleavage during exposure of virions to intestinal proteases and may account for certain strain-dependent patterns of reovirus pathogenesis.
Use of Polysulfone in Controlled-Release NPK Fertilizer Formulations (2002)

Encapsulation of fertilizers in polymeric coatings is a method used to reduce fertilizer losses and to minimize environmental pollution. Polysulfone was used for a coating preparation for soluble NPK granular fertilizer in controlled-release fertilizer formulations. The coatings were formed by the phase inversion technique (wet method). The influence of the polymer concentration in the film-forming solution on the physical properties of the coatings was examined. The coating structure controls the diffusion of the elements from the interior of the fertilizer granule. It was experimentally confirmed that the use of polysulfone as a coating for a soluble fertilizer decreases the release rate of components. Moreover, the release rate of nutrients from coated granules decreases with the decrease of the coating porosity. In the case of coating with 38.5% porosity, prepared from 13.5% polymer solution after 5 h of test, 100% of NH(4)(+) was released, whereas only 19.0% of NH(4)(+) was released after 5 h for the coating with 11% porosity. In addition, coating of fertilizers leads to improvement of handling properties, and the crushing strength of all coated fertilizers was an average 40% higher than that for uncoated NPK fertilizer.
Wide-band gap oxide alloy: BeZnO (2006)

A wide-band gap oxide alloy, BeZnO, is proposed and studied in this letter. The BeZnO films were deposited on sapphire substrates by our hybrid beam deposition growth method. The value of the energy band gap of BeZnO can be efficiently engineered to vary from the ZnO band gap (3.4 eV) to that of BeO (10.6 eV). BeZnO can be used for fabricating films and heterostructures of ZnO-based electronic and photonic devices and for other applications. Changes in the measured energy band gap and lattice constant values with Be content are described for BeZnO alloys.
Striped-channel InAlAs/InGaAs HEMTs with shallow-grating structures (1996)

Striped-channel (SC) InAlAs/InGaAs HEMTs have been demonstrated with shallow gratings. The shallow grating structure keeps the gate from touching the channel layer and thus solves the gate leakage problem observed in the deep grating devices on InP substrates. Various channel widths have been realized to study the impact of the channel width on the dc and microwave performance. Due to the enhanced charge control in the SC HEMTs, enhanced transconductance/source-drain current (G/sub m//I/sub ds/) and transconductance/output conductance (G/sub m//G/sub ds/) were observed. Compared with conventional HEMTs, the SC HEMTs showed degraded f/sub T/ due to additional parasitic capacitances and improved f/sub max/ due to better carrier confinement.
Continuous acidulation of soapstock and recovery of acid oil (1983)

Abstract Requirements for water pollution abatement have created a need for much better recovery of fatty material from soapstock acidulation processes. The present methods of recovery lack reliability, or are relatively capital intensive, or both. A new, continuous system con‐sisting of equipment for acidulating the soapstock, decanting the bulk of acid oil from acid water, and treating the acid water in a coalescer for further separation of emulsified acid oil is described. The emphasis is on operating results from a pilot process using a variety of soapstocks. Fat concentrations below 150 ppm in acid water can be achieved reliably. The process is relatively compact, and simple to operate.
<title>Rate control for robust video transmission over wireless channels</title> (1997)

Video transmission over wireless links is an emerging application which involves a time-varying channel. Compared to other transmission media, wireless links suffer from limited bandwidth, and are more likely to see their performance degrade due to multipath fading. Therefore error control mechanisms, which can achieve better video quality with the available bandwidth and recover from the errors due to the channel degradation, are very important in wireless video transmission systems. Many of the proposed wireless communications systems are likely to be two-way so that a return channel can convey information to the transmitter about the channel state. Recent research has considered ways of improving the transmission reliability by making use of the feedback channel for 'closed loop' error control, including various forms of retransmission. In this paper we propose a rate control algorithm based on dynamic programming combined with automatic repeat request (ARQ) as the error control mechanism. We formalize the constraints imposed by the real-time characteristics of video. We show how when an appropriate model for the channel is available, the overall robustness of the systems can be improved through rate control at the source using the channel state information conveyed by the ARQ acknowledgement.
Quantitative studies on the avidity of naturally occurring substances for trace metals. 1. Amino-acids having only two ionizing groups (1950)

It has long been known that certain naturally occurring substances (namely amino-acids, proteins and porphyrins) form stable complexes with the ions of heavy metals. Although the metals in these com- plexes no longer react as simple inorganic ions, the complexes are in equilibrium with a (usually ex- ceedingly minute) proportion of inorganic ions from which they were formed. It has recently been found that other biochemically important substances have a similar avidity for metallic ions, namely the pterins, riboflavin and various purines (cf. Albert & Brown, 1949; Albert, 1950). Hence it may be profitable to think of cells and tissues of all kinds as areas in which traces of metallic ions are com- peted for by the various complex-forming agents present.
A powerful and SQL-compatible data model and query language for OLAP (2002)

In this paper we present the SQLM OLAP data model, formal algebra, and query language that, unlike current OLAP data models and languages, are both powerful, meaning that they support irregular dimension hierarchies, automatic aggregation of data, and correct aggregation of data, and SQL-compatible, allowing seamless integration with relational technology. We also consider the requirements to the data model posed by integration of OLAP data with external XML data. The concepts are illustrated with a real-world case study from the Business-to-Business electronic commerce (B2B) domain.
Metal core printed circuit boards (1982)

Metal core PCBs have been in use for some 20 years in designs where maximum thermal management in the form of heat dissipation is desirable. As past methods of fabrication involved techniques not necessarily available at facilities using metal core PCBs designs, a Manufacturing Technology programme was conducted to develop and implement a scheme that used only standard multilayer production materials and processes. A drilled aluminium core panel was laminated to copper foil employing B‐stage resin and two lamination cycles. Redrilling on NC machines followed, prior to desmearing, conventional electroless and electrolytic copper plating, and normal processing steps such as dry film photoimaging, etching and solder coating. Boards thus produced functioned efficiently in standard tests, exhibiting superior values for capacitance when compared with pure epoxy boards.
Pyrrolo[1,2‐<i>a</i>]thieno[3,2‐<i>e</i>]pyrazines (1981)

Abstract La dihydro‐4,5 oxo‐5 pyrrolo[1,2‐ a ]thiéno[3,2]pyrazine 6 et ses dérivés sont accessibles par cyclisation intramoléculaire de l'azoture de (pyrrolyl‐1)‐2 thénoyle‐3 2 . La synthèse de la pyrrolo[1,2‐ a ]thiéno[3,2‐ e ]pyrazine 10 est réalisable soit par déshydrazination du dérivé 14 soit à partir de la (pyrrolyl‐1)‐2 thiénylamine‐3 4 . Les spectres de rmn sont étudiés.
Lower Limb Prosthetic Outcome Measures: A Review of the Literature 1995 to 2005 (2006)

A systematic review of outcome measures used in the field of lower limb prosthetics between 1995 and 2005 shows a multitude of measures currently in use in prosthetic rehabilitation; however, there is no agreement on a gold standard. The review was based on a search of the University of Strathclyde's RECAL database and Medline. The search strategies were liberal so as to pick up all potential studies and specific to each database. Abstracts returned by the searches were scanned for relevance by at least two of the three authors. The full text of potentially relevant studies was then obtained and considered for inclusion in the review, again by at least two authors. Any disagreement was resolved with the third author. A data extraction form covering the areas of general information, practicality, reliability, validity, scaling, and potential for bias was developed. The search identified 340 articles, of which 28 met all inclusion criteria and were included in the review. A total of 25 measures were used as primary outcome measures, with many more as comparators. Reliability, validity, and scaling data as reported in the included studies are presented. Some recurring methodological flaws were noted and include inconsistent use of numbers and percentages, insufficient information on patient populations, no analysis of difference between response and nonresponse groups, and conclusions that tend to overstate findings. No single measure emerges as being universally appropriate. There are many measures in use with little agreement regarding which to use and when. Some measures do have proven validity and reliability and are easy to use. Many of the published studies are complex and difficult to read, which may limit the transfer of research findings into clinical practice. Terminology can be inconsistent and confusing. For measuring mobility, a timed walking test that incorporates a sit-to-stand and a turn, such as the timed up and go test, is highly appropriate for amputees. Generic, nonamputee specific measures of function and quality of life are inappropriate for lower limb amputees.
Delay pools-based uninterrupted and dynamic bandwidth distribution of Squid proxy cache (2012)

A Squid proxy sever is a popular web content caching service trusted by many network administrators. In this paper, we describe a method of managing the bandwidth of Squid proxy cache through the World Wide Web, thus allowing Squid administrators and authorized users to allocate a percentage of bandwidth to a particular computer or group of computers without disturbing connected clients. This approach is useful for Squid administrators with low bandwidth internet connections in dynamically prioritizing existing bandwidth for bandwidth-hungry applications such as videoconferencing and bulk file downloading and uploading. In controlling bandwidth utilization of users, delay pools is a widely used technique. In a Squid proxy cache, the delay pools setting should be made by editing a configuration manually and restarting the service. The proposed framework allows to grab delay pool parameters through a web interface. Php and C++ programs were used in implementing the system. With the proposed approach, existing bandwidth can be allocated within hosts or subnets dynamically without disturbing existing connections. By analyzing realtime bandwidth distribution graphs, we could conclude that the proposed framework can distribute the bandwidth as required without affecting connected clients.