gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quantitative analysis of micrographs by computer graphics* (1975)

A computer-aided graphical analysis system is presented which can be used to quantify several types of information from micrographs of cross-sectioned peripheral nerves. A simple input consisting of eight points, corresponding to two diameters of each axon and two for each axon plus myelin, is used to compute statistical and numerical estimates of these diameters, the myelin thickness being expressed as a function of axon diameter, and both the spatial position and distribution of nerve fibres within the bundle. The computer programs presented and summarized here describe the procedure for digitizing the input data and the subsequent computations for editing and analysis. The general applicability of this approach for automated analyses of other anatomical areas is also presented.
Highly Ordered <i>n</i>/<i>p</i>-Co-assembled Materials with Remarkable Charge Mobilities (2014)

Controlling self-organization and morphology of chemical architectures is an essential challenge in the search for higher energy-conversion efficiencies in a variety of optoelectronic devices. Here, we report a highly ordered donor/acceptor functional material, which has been obtained using the principle of ionic self-assembly. Initially, an electron donor π-extended tetrathiafulvalene and an electron-acceptor perylene-bisimide were self-organized separately obtaining n- and p-nanofibers at the same scale. These complementary n- and p-nanofibers are endowed with ionic groups with opposite charges on their surfaces. The synergic interactions establish periodic alignments between both nanofibers resulting in a material with alternately segregated donor/acceptor nanodomains. Photoconductivity measurements show values for these n/p-co-assembled materials up to 0.8 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1), confirming the effectiveness in the design of these heterojunction structures. This easy methodology offers great possibilities to achieve highly ordered n/p-materials for potential applications in different areas such as optoelectonics and photovoltaics.
Time Dependence of Effect of Nitric Oxide Synthase Inhibition on Cerebral Ischemic Damage (1995)

Nitric oxide, a potent vasodilator and an inhibitor of platelet aggregation, may be beneficial in the early stages of focal cerebral ischemia as it may facilitate collateral blood flow to the ischemic territory. Accordingly, the effect of inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis on cerebral ischemic damage may vary depending on the timing of the inhibition relative to the induction of ischemia. We therefore studied the time course of the effect of nitric oxide synthesis inhibition on focal cerebral ischemic damage. The middle cerebral artery was permanently occluded in spontaneously hypertensive rats and the nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) was administered systemically (3 mg/kg) < 5 min or 2, 3, or 6 h later. Arterial pressure, rectal temperature, plasma glucose, and hematocrit were monitored. Infarct volume was determined on thionin-stained sections 24 h after induction of ischemia. NOS activity was determined in cerebellum from the conversion of L-[3H]arginine to L-[3H]citrulline. Administration of L-NAME < 5 min after arterial occlusion increased the infarct volume by 23 +/- 14% (mean +/- SD; p < 0.05, analysis of variance), while administration of L-NAME at 2 or 6 h did not affect the size of the infarct (p > 0.05). L-NAME administration 3 h after induction of ischemia reduced neocortical infarct size by 14 +/- 11% (p < 0.05). L-NAME decreased cerebellar NOS activity comparably in all groups (range 16-25%). We conclude that the effects of inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis on focal cerebral ischemic damage are time dependent.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Oxalic Amidines with Carbonic Acid Derived Heterocumulenes to Imidazolidine Derivatives. (1990)

Abstract A useful synthetic route to nonsymmetric imidazolidine derivatives such as (III) or (IV) is described.
Tracking with classification-aided multiframe data association (2005)

In most conventional tracking systems, only the target kinematic information from, for example, a radar or sonar or an electro-optical sensor, is used in measurement-to-track association. Target class information, which is typically used in postprocessing, can also be used to improve data association to give better tracking accuracy. The use of target class information in data association can improve discrimination by yielding purer tracks and preserving their continuity. In this paper, we present the simultaneous use of target classification information and target kinematic information for target tracking. The approach presented integrates target class information into the data association process using the 2-D (one track list and one measurement list) as well as multiframe (one track list and multiple measurement lists) assignments. The multiframe association likelihood is developed to include the classification results based on the "confusion matrix" that specifies the accuracy of the target classifier. The objective is to improve association results using class information when the kinematic likelihoods are similar for different targets, i.e., there is ambiguity in using kinematic information alone. Performance comparisons with and without the use of class information in data association are presented on a ground target tracking problem. Simulation results quantify the benefits of classification-aided data association for improved target tracking, especially in the presence of association uncertainty in the kinematic measurements. Also, the benefit of 5-D (or multiframe) association versus 2-D association is investigated for different quality classifiers. The main contribution of this paper is the development of the methodology to incorporate exactly the classification information into multidimensional (multiframe) association.
The "State-of-the-Art" in Nuclear Particle Detectors (1962)

The theoretical and experimental characteristics of semiconductor particle detectors have been discussed at several conferences. The purpose of this paper is to discuss some of the recent results obtained with conventional p-n and surface-barrier detectors as well as to indicate the performance of ion-drifted p-i-n and high-resistivity gallium-arsenide and silicon conductivity detectors. The operation of conventional devices in regard to resolution and stability measurements, the existence of a fission fragment energy defect, irradiation effects, and base resistivity variations is discussed. The response, resolution, and rise time of p-i-n detectors (depletion widths from 1 to 5 mm) are presented along with some of the factors influencing the characteristics of the ion-drift process. Work with high-resistivity gallium-arsenide and silicon detectors has shown the influence of recombination processes. The limitations and further improvements in these devices are indicated.
Catalytic Conversion of Sodium Lignosulfonate to Vanillin: Engineering Aspects. Part 1. Effects of Processing Conditions on Vanillin Yield and Selectivity (2013)

The commercial production of vanillin from sodium lignosulfonate under highly alkaline conditions, catalyzed by Cu2+ at elevated temperature and pressures up to ∼10 bar, has been simulated in a 3-L stirred reactor. Initially, the process was operated in the presence of nitrogen in dead-end mode, and it was shown that vanillin and vanillic acid were formed by hydrolysis at temperatures of 120, 140, and 160 °C. At the two higher temperatures, the amount of vanillin produced was the same. Subsequently, experiments were conducted at the same elevated pressures and temperatures with addition of air or oxygen-enriched air once the temperature in the reactor had reached temperatures similar to those used when only hydrolysis occurred. In this case, the concentration of vanillin at 140 and 160 °C was equal to that due to hydrolysis, and the subsequent 2-fold increase was due to oxidation. In addition, both vanillic acid and acetovanillone (which has rarely been reported) were produced, as was hydrogen. Thus, for the first time, it has been shown that the production of vanillin (and other compounds) from sodium lignosulfonate at elevated temperatures involves hydrolysis and oxidation, with hydrolysis starting at just above 100 °C, that is, much lower than has previously been reported. Approximately 50% is produced by each mechanism. In addition, the orders of the reactions of the different steps were estimated, and the reaction mechanisms are discussed.
The platelet cytoskeleton contains elements of the prothrombinase complex. (1984)

Triton-insoluble cytoskeletons prepared from thrombin-activated platelets were found to potentiate the activation of prothrombin (prothrombinase activity). Cytoskeletons prepared from red cells or lymphoblasts contained no prothrombinase activity. The platelet prothrombinase activity was dependent on cytoskeletal-associated Factor Va, and exogenously added Factor Xa and prothrombin. Cytoskeletons contained 38% of the total platelet prothrombinase activity. Both platelets and cytoskeletons displayed half-maximal activities at similar prothrombin concentrations. The role of lipids in the cytoskeletal prothrombinase activity was investigated. Cytoskeletons were found to contain 3.8% of the total platelet phospholipids, consisting of the following lipids expressed as percentage of total present in platelets: 6.0% sphingomyelin, 3.8% phosphatidylcholine, 2.9% phosphatidyl-ethanolamine, 4.4% phosphatidylinositol, and 2.2% phosphatidylserine. The cytoskeletal prothrombinase activity and the lipid phosphorus content of cytoskeletons decreased after treatment of cytoskeletons with various doses of phospholipase C. Incubation of cytoskeletons with the highest concentrations tested (10 micrograms/ml) resulted in a 72% loss of phosphatidylserine and 84% loss of cytoskeletal prothrombinase activity. Cytoskeletal prothrombinase activity destroyed by phospholipase C treatment could be restored to control levels by treatment of hydrolyzed cytoskeletons with total cytoskeletal lipid or mixtures of phosphatidylserine/phosphatidylcholine (25:75% by weight). These results suggest that the cytoskeletal prothrombinase complex in addition to containing Factor Va, as has been previously shown (15), contains a lipid cofactor activity consisting in part of phosphatidylserine.
A kinetic model for traffic flow with continuum implications (1979)

A statistical model for the flow of traffic on an n lane highway is presented. The model is based on the hypothesis that each driver will maintain a minimum space, between himself and the next car, which is proportional to his speed. Both the first and second order continuum formulations, which are derived from the basic statistical formulations, are also presented.
Evaluation of the generation of genotoxic and cytotoxic metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene, aflatoxin B1, naphthalene and tamoxifen using human liver microsomes and human lymphocytes (1995)

1. The ability of model stable epoxides and metabolites generated by human liver microsomes from benzo[a]pyrene, aflatoxin B1, naphthalene and tamoxifen to produce cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in human peripheral lymphocytes has been investigated. 2. The stable epoxides 1,1,1 trichloropropene-2,3-oxide (100 microM) and trans stilbene oxide (100 microM) as well as metabolites generated from aflatoxin B1 (30 microM) and naphthalene (100 microM) by an extracellular metabolising system were toxic to isolated resting mononuclear leucocytes (MNLs), whereas glycidol (100 microM), benzo[a]pyrene (100 microM) and tamoxifen (50 microM) were not. 3. The stable epoxides 1,1,1 trichloropropene-2,3-oxide (100 microM) and trans stilbene oxide (100 microM) but not glycidol (100 microM) were toxic to dividing lymphocytes only after a 72-h exposure. Tamoxifen (30 microM), aflatoxin B1 (30 microM) and their metabolites were also toxic to dividing lymphocytes. Benzo[a]pyrene (100 microM) and naphthalene (100 microM) were not toxic either in the absence or presence of the extracellular metabolising system. 4. Benzo[a]pyrene (100 microM) and aflatoxin B1 (30 microM) were directly genotoxic to lymphocytes, this genotoxicity was significantly enhanced by the presence of the extracellular metabolising system. This indicates that both intracellular and extracellular bioactivation of these two compounds can produce genotoxicity. In contrast, naphthalene and tamoxifen were non-genotoxic.
Myocardial Ischemia: Mechanisms, Reperfusion, Protection (1996)

Myocardial ischemia and subsequent reperfusion of the ischemic myocardium represent complex phenomena encompassing numerous physiological processes. This book aims at enhancing our understanding of th
Development and resolution of experimental colitis in mice with targeted deletion of dipeptidyl peptidase IV (2005)

Glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) is a potent intestinotrophic growth factor that enhances repair of damaged intestinal tissue. However, its bioactivity is limited by dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPIV)-mediated degradation. We hypothesized that DPIV(-/-) mice would display an increased resistance to, and an enhanced recovery from, dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis compared to DPIV(+/+) mice. DPIV(+/+) and DPIV(-/-) mice consumed 2% DSS for 6 days, followed by a 15 day recovery period. Mice were killed at days 0, 3, 6, 9, 14, and 21 (n = 6-8) and the small intestine and colon removed for histological assessment of villus height, crypt depth, and crypt area. The epithelial cell proliferative labeling index was determined by proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunostaining. Small intestine, colon, and total body weight did not differ between DPIV(+/+) and DPIV(-/-) mice. Distal colon crypt depth did not differ significantly between DPIV(+/+) and DPIV(-/-) mice during the development of DSS-colitis or during the recovery phase. Similarly no significant effects were apparent on distal colon crypt area or PCNA labeling index between DPIV(+/+) and DPIV(-/-) during the development of and recovery from DSS-colitis. However, DPIV(-/-) mice still possessed significant levels of plasma DPIV-like activity. We conclude that loss of DPIV activity does not increase resistance to experimental colitis and hypothesize that other DPIV family members may also be involved in the cleavage of GLP-2.
Deformation‐Driven Shape Correspondence (2008)

Abstract Non‐rigid 3D shape correspondence is a fundamental and difficult problem. Most applications which require a correspondence rely on manually selected markers. Without user assistance, the performances of existing automatic correspondence methods depend strongly on a good initial shape alignment or shape prior, and they generally do not tolerate large shape variations. We present an automatic feature correspondence algorithm capable of handling large, non‐rigid shape variations, as well as partial matching. This is made possible by leveraging the power of state‐of‐the‐art mesh deformation techniques and relying on a combinatorial tree traversal for correspondence search. The search is deformation‐driven, prioritized by a self‐distortion energy measured on meshes deformed according to a given correspondence. We demonstrate the ability of our approach to naturally match shapes which differ in pose, local scale, part decomposition, and geometric detail through numerous examples.
A new approach to the estimation of harmonics of digitized periodic waveforms (2002)

An approach to improving the accuracy in the determination of harmonic components in nonsynchronously sampled power convertor waveforms over a single period is introduced. A window, the trapezoidal compensating window (TCW), whose main lobe varies with the signal period, is used, thus minimizing long term leakage effects. The first side lobe crossing, being close to the first harmonic, minimizes medium-range leakage effects. Short-term leakage is reduced by a discrete Fourier series type computation scheme which evaluates the harmonic components at the actual frequencies. This window is compared with some commonly used types using two distorted signals.
Solenoid-free plasma start-up in spherical tokamaks (2014)

The central solenoid is an intrinsic part of all present-day tokamaks and most spherical tokamaks. The spherical torus (ST) confinement concept is projected to operate at high toroidal beta and at a high fraction of the non-inductive bootstrap current as required for an efficient reactor system. The use of a conventional solenoid in a ST-based fusion nuclear facility is generally believed to not be a possibility. Solenoid-free plasma start-up is therefore an area of extensive worldwide research activity. Solenoid-free plasma start-up is also relevant to steady-state tokamak operation, as the central transformer coil of a conventional aspect ratio tokamak reactor would be located in a high radiation environment but would be needed only during the initial discharge initiation and current ramp-up phases. Solenoid-free operation also provides greater flexibility in the selection of the aspect ratio and simplifies the reactor design. Plasma start-up methods based on induction from external poloidal field coils, helicity injection and radio frequency current drive have all made substantial progress towards meeting this important need for the ST. Some of these systems will now undergo the final stages of test in a new generation of large STs, which are scheduled to begin operations during the next two years. This paper reviews research to date on methods for inducing the initial start-up current in STs without reliance on the conventional central solenoid.
Change of size of air bubbles in water containing a small dissolved air content (1960)

The rates of growth and collapse of air bubbles in distilled degassed water are studied. Experimental results show that the effective diffusion coefficient for air through the bubble walls is low at very small bubble diameters. These results are interpreted by the organic skin effect, and the physical qualities of this skin surrounding the bubble walls are discussed.
Development of MADYMO Models of Passenger Vehicles for Simulating Side Impact Crashes (1999)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Under the Partnership for Next Generation Vehicles (PNGV) program instituted by the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA), a MADYMO articulated full vehicle model of the 1992 Ford Taurus for side impact has been developed and validated against test data. MADYMO (Mathematical Dynamic Model) is a computer package that is used to model rigid multibody kinematics and dynamics and finds application in simulating various crash situations and to assess occupant injuries. Input for the MADYMO model consisting of rigid body joint stiffnesses was obtained from an existing Finite Element (FE) model. Model validation was done by comparing the vehicle and dummy numbers with a series of side impact tests conducted by the Ford Motor Company. Model results correlated very well with both test and FE data. This model demonstrates the utility of rigid body based full car models for crashworthiness analysis. Such models result in significant saving in computational time and resources.</div></div>
Transgenic Expression of Human<i>Connexin32</i>in Myelinating Schwann Cells Prevents Demyelination in<i>Connexin32</i>-Null Mice (2005)

Mutations in Gap Junction beta1 (GJB1), the gene encoding the gap junction protein connexin32 (Cx32), cause the X-linked form of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT1X), an inherited demyelinating neuropathy. We investigated the possibility that the expression of mutant Cx32 in other cells besides myelinating Schwann cells contributes to the development of demyelination. Human Cx32 was expressed in transgenic mice using a rat myelin protein zero (Mpz) promoter, which is exclusively expressed by myelinating Schwann cells. Male mice expressing the human transgene were crossed with female Gjb1/cx32-null mice; the resulting male offspring were all cx32-null (on the X chromosome), and one-half were transgene positive. In these transgenic mice, all of the Cx32 was derived from the expression of the transgene and was found in the sciatic nerve but not in the spinal cord or the liver. Furthermore, the Cx32 protein was properly localized (within incisures and paranodes) in myelinating Schwann cells. Finally, the expression of human Cx32 protein "rescued" the phenotype of cx32-null mice, because the transgenic mice have significantly fewer demyelinated or remyelinated axons than their nontransgenic littermates. These results indicate that the loss of Schwann-cell-autonomous expression of Cx32 is sufficient to account for demyelination in CMT1X.
Local Factors Regulating Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle Blood Flow (1981)

Macrophage polarization refers to how macrophages have been activated at a given point in space and time. Polarization is not fixed, as macrophages are sufficiently plastic to integrate multiple signals, such as those from microbes, damaged tissues, and ...Read More
Analytical computation of integrating cavity effect (1998)

In document imaging systems, integrating cavity effect (ICE) is defined as the increase in perceived reflectance of the imaged portion of a document done due to the reflectance of the surrounding portion of that document. The illuminator kernel function, or one trip spread function (OTSF), characterizes the ICE present during an imaging operation. Insight into the functional form of the OTSF of a complex system can be gained from an analysis of the OTSF of simpler, related systems. Closed form expressions for the OTSF of a simple strip illumination system are derived. These expressions are shown to be a good approximation to the exact OTSF of this system by comparison to Monte Carlo- based illumination ray tracing results. Using the closed form expressions one can easily calculate the approximate magnitude of ICE present in similar systems.
SiGe-channel heterojunction p-MOSFET's (1994)

The advances in the growth of pseudomorphic silicon-germanium epitaxial layers combined with the strong need for high-speed complementary circuits have led to increased interest in silicon-based heterojunction field-effect transistors. Metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFET's) with SiGe channels are guided by different design rules than state-of-the-art silicon MOSFET's. The selection of the transistor gate material, the optimization of the silicon-germanium channel profile, the method of threshold voltage adjustment, and the silicon-cap and gate-oxide thickness sensitivities are the critical design parameters for the p-channel SiGe MOSFET. Two-dimensional numerical modeling demonstrates that n/sup +/ polysilicon-gate SiGe p-MOSFET's have acceptable short-channel behavior at 0.20 /spl mu/m channel lengths and are preferable to p/sup +/ polysilicon-gate p-MOSFET's for 2.5 V operation. Experimental results of n/sup +/-gate modulation-doped SiGe p-MOSFET's illustrate the importance of the optimization of the SiGe-channel profile. When a graded SiGe channel is used, hole mobilities as high as 220 cm/sup 2//V.s at 300 K and 980 cm/sup 2//V.s at 82 K are obtained.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
<title>Test apparatus of distributed polarization coupling in fiber gyro coils using white light interferometry</title> (1992)

An account is given of a novel instrument that employs white-light interferometry to determine the spatial distribution of parasitic polarization coupling along as much as 1 km of high-birefringence optical fiber. This device is directly applicable to test-gyro coils in which localized spurious coupling points are able to affect bias stability. The required measurement time is of the order of 1 min for 1 km of fiber.