gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Constant Composition Distribution Matching (2015)

Distribution matching transforms independent and Bernoulli(1/2) distributed input bits into a sequence of output symbols with a desired distribution. Fixed-to-fixed length, invertible, and low complexity encoders and decoders based on constant composition and arithmetic coding are presented. Asymptotically in the blocklength, the encoder achieves the maximum rate, namely the entropy of the desired distribution. Furthermore, the normalized divergence of the encoder output and the desired distribution goes to zero in the blocklength.
Externally Pressurised and Hybrid Bearings Lubricated with R134a for Oil-Free Compressors (1996)

This paper discusses the choice and implementation of bearings for oil-free compressors where the system refrigerant is used as the lubricant in externally pressurised and hybrid bearings. The problems of oil contamination in heat pump application is described followed by methods to produce genuine oil-free hermetic systems. Alternative bearing choices are described for high and low speed applications. Theoretical and experimental results are presented showing the effects of turbulence in the bearing clearence and pockets of externally pressurised thrust and journal bearings for a co-rotating scroll compressor operating with r134a. The paper concludes that design methods are now available to enable the incorporation refrigerant lubricated bearing in hermetic oil-free compressors.
Analysis of Phthalic Acid Esters of Cellulose and of Polyvinyl Alcohol (1953)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAnalysis of Phthalic Acid Esters of Cellulose and of Polyvinyl AlcoholC. J. Malm, L. B. Genung, and William KuchmyCite this: Anal. Chem. 1953, 25, 2, 245–249Publication Date (Print):February 17, 1953Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 17 February 1953https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60074a010https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60074a010research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views239Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Studies in Organophosphorus Chemistry. I. Conversion of Alcohols and Phenols to Halides by Tertiary Phosphine Dihalides (1964)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStudies in Organophosphorus Chemistry. I. Conversion of Alcohols and Phenols to Halides by Tertiary Phosphine DihalidesG. A. Wiley, R. L. Hershkowitz, B. M. Rein, and B. C. ChungCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1964, 86, 5, 964–965Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1964Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1964https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01059a073https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01059a073research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views4696Altmetric-Citations269LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Local Public Financial Management (2007)

This volume provides an overview of local government financial accounting and reporting and where better practices in cash management are documented. The use of transparent procurement processes to mitigate corruption is also elaborated on while practical guidance is imparted on how and when to use debt, how to assess debt affordability, what debt to use, how to issue debt, and how to manage debt. The use of internal controls and audits to ensure efficiency and integrity is highlighted in this volume with particular emphasis on the role of external audit in combating corruption. Audit methods to detect corruption are also presented and discussed. The volume represents a collaborative effort of the Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency and the World Bank Institute to support reform of the public expenditure management and financial accountability systems in developing countries, especially in Africa.
Multiphase Pickups for Large Lateral Tolerance Contactless Power-Transfer Systems (2009)

The majority of commercial contactless power-transfer systems used in manufacturing applications can only tolerate limited movement of the power pickup relative to the track to which it is magnetically coupled. This paper describes a new multiphase (quadrature) pickup that significantly improves the tolerance of the power receiver to such relative movement, enabling expanded applications such as continuously powered automatic guided vehicles, robots, and other vehicles to be considered. The advantage gained is largely independent of the track type, so that single-phase or multiphase tracks can be used as desired to improve both the power transfer and lateral tolerance as required. The improvement is achieved by capturing both vertical and horizontal components of magnetic flux around any track.
Properties of Si <sub>3</sub> N <sub>4</sub> /Si <sub> <i>x</i> </sub> Ge <sub> 1− <i>x</i> </sub> metal–insulator–semiconductor capacitors (1991)

The density of fast interface states was studied in Si3N4/Si0.8Ge0.2 metal–insulator–semiconductor (MIS) capacitors. The interface state density does not appear to be strongly affected by the presence of a thin Si interlayer between the nitride and SiGe alloy. This is in contrast to the results when SiO2 is used as the insulator material in similar structures.
0.18-/spl mu/m CMOS equalization techniques for 10-Gb/s fiber optical communication links (2005)

Limitations in data transmission caused by modal dispersion in fiber-optic links can be significantly improved using equalization techniques. In this paper, two different equalizer implementation approaches are proposed to extend the transmission capacities of existing fiber-optic links. The building blocks of the equalizer including a multiplier cell, a delay line, and an output buffer stage are fully integrated on a 0.18-/spl mu/m CMOS process. For the continuous-time tap-delay implementation, a passive LC delay line and an active inductance peaking delay line are compared for performance against process variation, as well as power consumption. In addition, a delay-locked loop is proposed to counter delay variations caused by changes in the process corner. A 10-Gb/s nonreturn-to-zero signal is received after transmission through a 500-m multimode-fiber channel, and the signal impairment due to the differential modal delay is successfully compensated using both feed-forward equalizers.
Lateral resolution enhancement with standing evanescent waves (2000)

A high-resolution fluorescence microscopy technique has been developed that achieves a lateral resolution of better than one sixth of the emission wavelength (FWHM). By use of a total-internal-reflection geometry, standing evanescent waves are generated that spatially modulate the excitation of the sample. An enhanced two-dimensional image is formed from a weighted sum of images taken at different phases and directions of the standing wave. The performance of such a system is examined through theoretical calculations of both the point-spread function and the optical transfer function.
Nonlinearities in Metal Contacts at Microwave Frequencies (1980)

Generation of intermodulation products arising from nonlinearities at metal-to-metal contacts for microwave frequencies has been investigated. Detailed studies concentrated on the intermodulation products generated at contacting faces between both similar and dissimilar metals, and included contact materials of copper, beryllium-copper, brass, oxygen-free nickel, mild steel, stainless steel, aluminium, and twelve home-made steels with various compositions. The surface properties of the materials were found to be of prime importance. Measurements were carried out at frequencies around 1.5 GHz. The variations of the 3rd- and 5th-order intermodulation product levels with power levels of the fundamental signals and with the axial force applied to the contact were studied.
Research on column-store databases optimization techniques (2015)

Column-stores, store each database table column separately, with attribute values belonging to the same column stored contiguously, compressed, and densely packed, as opposed to traditional database systems that store entire records (rows) one after the other. The main features of it are good query efficiency, less disk access, less storage, and significant improvement of database performance. This paper gives an overview of key optimization techniques used in column-oriented database system.
Synergistic effect of quinolones and oxacillin on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus species (1989)

Various combinations of antistaphylococcal antimicrobial agents have been tested against 17 selected Staphylococcus isolates, including methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus and coagulase-negative Staphylococcus species. With the checkerboard technique the following combinations were tested: oxacillin-ofloxacin, oxacillin-temafloxacin, oxacillin-fleroxacin, vancomycin-fleroxacin, gentamicin-fleroxacin, and rifampin-fleroxacin. Against methicillin-resistant staphylococci the combination oxacillin-quinolone tested at 35 degrees C always showed a fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index of less than 0.75, which is interpreted as synergistic or additive. Equal or more synergistic effects were observed at 30 degrees C. In contrast, when methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus species were tested, the FIC for the combination oxacillin-quinolone was always 1 or 2, which is considered to be indifferent. For the other mentioned combinations the FICs were also 1 or 2. Killing kinetics showed synergistic or additive bactericidal activity for the combination oxacillin-ofloxacin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus species, killing 1.5 to 2.8 log10 CFU more of these per ml than did the most active drug after 24 h of incubation. This difference was not observed for methicillin-susceptible strains. In vitro evidence for the potential clinical use of quinolones in treating infections due to methicillin-resistant staphylococci in combination with a beta-lactamase-resistant penicillin is provided.
Carbohydrates in the functions of natural killer cells (1991)

There is little doubt that carbohydrates are crucial to the functions of NK cells. Exogenous carbohydrates alter the cytolytic capabilities of these cells, treatment of NK cells with glycosidases or inhibitors of glycosylation affect function, NK cells can bind selective sugars, and NK cells can be identified and subdivided into functionally distinct subsets on the basis of cell surface carbohydrates. Yet, despite the large number of observations which have been made concerning carbohydrates and NK cells, there is little consensus regarding these studies and few investigations which satisfactorily demonstrate specific mechanisms for the observed effect of the carbohydrates. Almost certainly, the number of diverse observations implies roles for carbohydrates in multiple areas of NK function, probably including target recognition, tissue distribution and post-binding events in the lytic cascade. Hopefully, these observations made to date will be viewed as exciting preliminary studies which will entice more sophisticated investigations designed to elucidate the precise roles of carbohydrates in the functions of NK cells.
Tissue-specific expression of a <i>FMR1</i>/β-galactosidase fusion gene in transgenic mice (1995)

Fragile X syndrome is one of the most common genetic causes of mental retardation, yet the mechanisms controlling expression of the fragile X mental retardation gene FMR1 are poorly understood. To identify sequences regulating FMR1 transcription, transgenic mouse lines were established using a fusion gene consisting of an E.coli beta-galactosidase reporter gene (lacZ) linked to a 2.8 kb fragment spanning the 5'-region of FMR1. Five transgenic mouse lines showed lacZ expression in brain, in particular in neurons of the hippocampus and the granular layer of the cerebellum. Expression of the reporter gene was also detected in Leydig cells and spermatogonia in the testis, in many epithelia of adult mice, and in the two other steroidogenic cell types, adrenal cortex cells and ovarian follicle cells. Embryonic tissues which showed strong activity of the reporter gene included the telencephalon, the genital ridge, and the notochord. This expression pattern closely resembles the endogenous one, indicating that the 5' FMR1 gene promoter region used in this study contains most cis-acting elements regulating FMR1 transcription.
Antigenic diversity of human parainfluenza virus type 1 isolates and their immunological relationship with Sendai virus revealed by using monoclonal antibodies (1992)

Fifty-six monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed against human parainfluenza virus type 1 (hPIV-1) were prepared in order to identify the structural proteins of hPIV-1, to examine the immunological relationship between hPIV-1 and Sendai virus (SV), and to determine the antigenic diversity of clinical isolates of hPIV-1. In addition, 41 MAbs characterized previously and directed against SV were used for immunological comparison of SV and hPIV-1 isolates. Of the MAbs against hPIV-1, two reacted with phospho (P) protein, 11 with nucleocapsid protein (NP), 24 with haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) protein and 19 with fusion (F) protein. With the aid of MAbs against hPIV-1 and those against SV showing cross-reactivity with hPIV-1, the structural proteins of hPIV-1 were identified; p83, p56, p34, gp74 and gp60 of hPIV-1 were identified as the P, NP, M, HN and F proteins, respectively. The MAbs against the P protein and NP of hPIV-1 showed limited cross-reactivity with SV, whereas they had high reactivity with clinical isolates of hPIV-1. Interestingly, one MAb against the NP of hPIV-1 lacked reactivity with clinical isolates which were isolated in the 1970s and 1980s. The MAbs against the HN of hPIV-1 also exhibited quite limited reactivity with SV and the clinical isolates; two groups of HN-specific MAbs showed almost no reactivity with the clinical isolates from the 1970s and 1980s, similarly to the NP-specific MAb. However, anti-HN MAbs belonging to the two groups showing specific activities (neuraminidase inhibition and haemolysis inhibition) reacted with almost all clinical isolates. On the other hand, although anti-F protein MAbs had limited reactivity with SV, they showed reactivity with almost all hPIV-1 isolates. The MAbs against the P, NP, M, HN and F proteins of SV also showed limited cross-reactivity with the clinical hPIV-1 isolates, and this reactivity was independent of the time and place of isolation, except for that of the F protein. These results confirm that although hPIV-1 is related to SV, it is antigenically distinct from it.
Isolated Sudden Onset Anosmia in COVID-19 Infection. A Novel Syndrome? (2020)

We posit the existence of a fourth common syndrome of COVID-19 infection: isolated sudden onset anosmia (ISOA) and urge the international community to consider this presentation in current management advice.
Regional Fat Metabolism in Human Splanchnic and Adipose Tissues; The Effect of Exercise (2002)

This study was conducted to investigate the role of splanchnic and adipose tissue in the regulation of fatty acid (FA) metabolism at rest, during 1 h of semi-recumbent cycle exercise at 60 % of maximal power output and 3 h of recovery. In six post-absorptive healthy volunteers catheters were placed in a radial artery, hepatic vein and a subcutaneous vein on the anterior abdominal wall. Whole body, and regional splanchnic and adipose tissue FA metabolism were measured by a constant infusion of the stable isotopes [U-(13)C]palmitate and [(2)H(5)]glycerol and according to Fick's principle. The whole body rate of extracellular FA reesterification was similar at rest and during exercise (approximately 290 micromol min(-1)) and increased during recovery to a plateau of 390 micromol min(-1). FA and triacylglycerol (TAG) uptake by adipose tissue was undetectable, but a constant but small glycerol uptake of approximately 25 nmol (100 g)(-1) min(-1) was observed. From the FA taken up by the splanchnic area, 13 % was oxidized, 5-11 % converted to ketone bodies, and approximately 35 % incorporated in TAG released both at rest and at the third hour of recovery from exercise. Splanchnic FA reesterification could account for 51 % and 58 % of whole body extracellular FA reesterification, of which half was accounted for by TAG released from the splanchnic area, at rest and in recovery, respectively. In conclusion, in the post-absorptive state, adipose tissue contributes very little to extracellular FA reesterification and splanchnic reesterification can account for 50-60 %, implying that FA reesterification in other tissues is important. The extracellular FA reesterification rate does not change with exercise but is higher during recovery. Furthermore, the uptake of glycerol by adipose tissue indicates that adipose tissue can metabolize glycerol.
Interleukin 2 enhances specific and nonspecific immune responses in experimental Chagas' disease (1985)

Mice infected with Trypanosoma cruzi develop an early and profound immunosuppression of responses to heterologous antigens. Recently it has been demonstrated that this immunosuppression is linked, in part, to deficiency in the production of interleukin 2 (IL-2), and that the addition of IL-2 to cultures of normally unresponsive spleen cells from infected mice will restore responsiveness to sheep erythrocytes (SRBC) and enhance parasite-specific immune responses. In the present study, the effect of administration of ultrapure or recombinant IL-2 on immune responses to SRBC and parasite-specific responses in vivo was examined. It was found that a single injection of 1,500 U of IL-2 provided at the same time as SRBC more than doubled the number of direct plaque-forming cells to SRBC and that multiple injections of 1,500 U of IL-2 were no more restorative than a single injection. Anti-SRBC responses of normal mice were unaffected by injection of IL-2. Single or multiple injections of recombinant human IL-2, with and without gelatin, into highly susceptible C3H(He) mice induced greater parasite-specific immunity as reflected by significantly reduced levels of parasitemia and increased longevity. Three injections of 1,500 U each of recombinant human IL-2 on days 10, 14, and 18 was found to be the most efficacious in reducing parasitemia and increasing longevity. Injection of IL-2 with gelatin did not enhance the effect of IL-2 alone.
Serum Amyloid Protein A (SAA): An Indicator of Inflammation in AIDS and AIDS-related Complex (ARC) (1986)

The acute phase protein serum amyloid A (SAA) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were measured in a group of 30 homo- and bisexual males with AIDS, 31 males with AIDS-related complex (ARC) and 23 healthy male homosexual controls (HC) in Copenhagen. The mean values of SAA and CRP were significantly higher in the AIDS group compared to the two other groups. SAA was elevated also in the ARC group, whereas the mean CRP value was normal. No increase in SAA and CRP was found in the HC group. The AIDS patients with Pneumocystis carinii infections had the highest SAA values, those with Kaposi's sarcoma the lowest. The elevations in SAA and CRP preceded episodes of acute opportunistic infections often by several days before the infectious agents were identified. We conclude that patients with AIDS are able to establish an acute phase response as reflected by elevated SAA and CRP, and that measurement of these proteins may be of diagnostic and prognostic value.
Micro Bias and Macro Prejudice in the Teaching of Marketing (1985)

It is often stated that the goal of the marketing system is the satisfaction of consumer needs, wants, and desires as consumers themselves define and express them. The marketing concept places marketing and the marketer between the producer and consumer as a facilitator in accomplishing the goal of the marketing system. This article argues that marketing educators must adopt a variety of alternative perspectives in their courses if they are to satisfy the spirit of the marketing concept. The nature of critical thought is outlined and contrasted with traditional thought. A number of critical perspectives on the marketing economy are presented and contrasted with the traditional perspective. Possible readings are suggested and summarized. Explanations are discussed as to why each of the alternatives ought to be part of the marketing curriculum if the goal of the marketing system is as stated above. The author's personal experience in integrating the various perspectives in a one-semester consumer behavior course are reviewed.
Spread-Spectrum Access to Mixed Voice-Data Local Area Networks (1983)

The various issues relating to the use of direct-sequence (DS) spread-spectrum (SS) modulation as access protocols for a local computer network are investigated. Voice and data messages having different traffic characteristics are packetized and the information bits DPSK modulated, after which spreading by the DS gives the waveform to be transmitted. Each node within the network will have a SS modem, to which all kinds of voice and data sources of different rates can be connected. Each node will be characterized by a certain DS code, thus getting security as a fringe benefit. Except for the code circuit, all SS modems will look the same; moreover, all the DS signals transmitted will have the same spectral properties, thus achieving uniformity and modularity of signals and equipments throughout the network. Among the performance criteria, we choose the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the demodulator, the packet delay, the probability of correct packet detection, and the useful throughput. A new definition is suggested for the network efficiency and all performance criteria for the proposed network are compared to those of a classic FDMA/ALOHA-type network under the same circumstances.