gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Selective reduction of oxo bile acids: synthesis of 3 beta-, 7 beta-, and 12 beta-hydroxy bile acids. (1991)

Preparation of some biologically important keto bile acids is described. Advantage is taken of the preferential ketalization of 3-oxo group in bile acids over 7- and 12-oxo groups for the selective reduction of these keto groups. The method was found to be specially useful for preparation of 7 beta-, 12 alpha, and 12 beta-[3H]-3-oxo bile acids. Improved methods are also described for the preparation of epimers of naturally occurring bile acids at C-3, C-7, and C-12. 3 beta-Hydroxy bile acids (iso-bile acids) were prepared with the use of diethylazodicarboxylate/triphenylphosphine/formic acid. Iso-bile acids were obtained in excellent yields (80-95%) except during synthesis of isoursodeoxycholic acid (yield, 50%). Isoursodeoxycholic acid was, however, prepared in very good yield via epimerization of 3 alpha-hydroxyl group in 7-oxolithocholic acid followed by stereoselective reduction of 7-oxo group. A highly efficient method for the reduction of 7-oxo and 12-oxo groups was developed. Thus, 7-oxolithocholic acid and 7-oxoisolithocholic acid on reduction with potassium/tertiary amyl alcohol yielded ursodeoxycholic acid and isoursodeoxycholic acid in yields of 96% and 94%, respectively, while reduction of 7-oxodeoxycholic acid resulted in ursocholic acid in 93% yield. In a similar manner, reduction of 12-oxolithocholic acid and 12-oxochenodeoxycholic acid yielded 3 alpha, 12 beta-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholanoic acid (lagodeoxycholic acid; 92% yield) and 3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 beta-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholanoic acid (lagocholic acid, 86% yield).
A multi-agent system for personalized and private service in PDR (2004)

The overabundance of DTV (digital television) programs precipitates a need for new tools to help people find programs and personalize TV viewing experience. In this paper, we present a multi-agent system that provides personalized and private service in PDR (personal digital recorders). This paper details the architecture and components of the system. The multi-agent system observes the users' viewing behaviors in the background, updates the users' profiles continuously, and provides different programs for different users according to their respective profile information. It can protect the users' privacy by means of utilizing XML encryption of the reported information and verifying the user's name and password before reporting his/her profile to service provider. This paper also describes the communication mechanism in the multi-agent system.
Multiple Molecular Penumbras after Focal Cerebral Ischemia (2000)

Though the ischemic penumbra has been classically described on the basis of blood flow and physiologic parameters, a variety of ischemic penumbras can be described in molecular terms. Apoptosis-related genes induced after focal ischemia may contribute to cell death in the core and the selective cell death adjacent to an infarct. The HSP70 heat shock protein is induced in glia at the edges of an infarct and in neurons often at some distance from the infarct. HSP70 proteins are induced in cells in response to denatured proteins that occur as a result of temporary energy failure. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is also induced after focal ischemia in regions that can extend beyond the HSP70 induction. The region of HIF induction is proposed to represent the areas of decreased cerebral blood flow and decreased oxygen delivery. Immediate early genes are induced in cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, and other brain regions. These distant changes in gene expression occur because of ischemia-induced spreading depression or depolarization and could contribute to plastic changes in brain after stroke.
A Reinforcement Learning Framework for Dynamic Resource Allocation: First Results. (2005)

This paper addresses the problem of dynamic resource allocation among multiple entities sharing a common set of resources. A solution approach is presented based on combining the reinforcement learning methodology with function approximation architectures. An implementation of this approach in Solaris 10 demonstrated a robust near-optimal performance on a simple problem of transferring CPUs among resource partitions so as to match the stochastically changing workload in each partition, both for large and small CPU migration costs.
On-Demand Snapshot: An Efficient Versioning File System for Phase-Change Memory (2013)

Versioning file systems are widely used in modern computer systems as they provide system recovery and old data access functions by retaining previous file system snapshots. However, existing versioning file systems do not perform well with the emerging PCM (phase-change memory) storage, because they are optimized for hard disks. Specifically, a large amount of additional writes incurred by maintaining snapshot degrades the performance of PCM seriously as write operations are the performance bottleneck of PCM. This paper presents a novel versioning file system, designed for PCM, that reduces the writing overhead of a snapshot significantly. Unlike existing versioning file systems that incur cascade writes up to the file system root, our scheme breaks the recursive update chain at the immediate parent level. The proposed file system is implemented on Linux 2.6 as a prototype. Measurement studies with various I/O benchmarks show that the proposed file system improves the I/O throughput by 144 percent on average, compared to ZFS, a representative versioning file system.
Impact of runlengths of dropped packets in shared time division duplexing (STDD) (2002)

There has been interest in the area of short distance wireless access to the ubiquitous telephone network. These systems are often referred to in the context of personal communication networks (PCNs) or personal communication systems (PCSs). STDD (shared time division duplexing) is a high capacity, high quality, low delay multiple access technique for microcellular systems. By sharing time slots in both directions of transmission, it provides a considerable increase in capacity over the conventional time division systems with slow speech activity detection (SAD). We investigate the temporal robustness of STDD. We consider the statistics of the runlength of dropped packets and show that both STDD and TDMA/TDD/SAD may suffer from long periods of dropped packets at full capacity. We introduce circular interleaving as a method of reducing the runlength of dropped packets, at a cost of a negligible increase in control information. A number of numerical results are included for the short frame length of 2 ms.
PMU based voltage stability analysis for transmission corridors (2008)

A new equivalent model based on phaser measurement unit (PMU) is proposed to analyze and predict the voltage stability of a transmission corridor. This equivalent model retains all transmission lines in a transmission corridor, which is more detailed and accurate than traditional Thevenin equivalent model widely used. To estimate parameters of the proposed model, Newton method or the least square estimation method is adopted by using multiple continuous samples of PMU measurements. Based on the new model, an actual load increase direction is estimated real-time with PMU measurements, along which the load margin is calculated. The load margin is equal to the available transfer capacity (ATC) of the transmission corridor, and is used as a voltage stability index. The proposed model and algorithm have been tested on the IEEE 9-bus system. Compared with traditional Thevenin equivalent method, the proposed algorithm is more accurate and effective, and with acceptable computation burden.
The user-led disruption (2009)

The rise of videosharing and self-(re)broadcasting Web services is posing new threats to a television industry already struggling with the impact of filesharing networks. This paper outlines these threats, focussing especially on the DIY re-broadcasting of live sports using Websites such as Justin.tv and a range of streaming media networks built on peer-to-peer filesharing technology.
[Comparison by twin impinger of the distribution patterns of two beclomethasone dipropionate metered dose inhalers and of two spacer devices]. (1995)

A Twin Impinger was used to assess the influence of the number of puffs on the distribution patterns of two commercially available beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) metered dose inhalers, and the effects of two kinds of spacer devices were also compared. No difference was observed in the distribution pattern up to the 10th puff between the two metered dose inhalers. Clinically, the amount of BDP inhaled into the lungs is said to depend on the number of puffs taken, but in this study, there was a significant difference in the distribution pattern between these 2 inhalers. In the stage assumed to represent the oropharynx site, the distribution ratio of BDP was greater after administration with an Aldecin than with a Becotide inhaler. In contrast, in the stage assumed to represent the lung, the distribution ratio of BDP was greater with the Becotide inhaler. This result suggests that the amount of BDP inhaled in the lungs may vary between these two preparations. The effects of spacer devices were also investigated in 4 puffs. These spacer devices caused the distribution ratio in the stage assumed to represent the oropharynx to decrease by at least 90%, irrespective of the type of metered dose inhaler. This result suggests that spacer devices are useful in reducing local side effects in the oropharynx. In the stage assumed to represent the lung, the distribution ratio achieved with the Becotide inhaler with Volumatic was greater than that with the Aldecin with InspirEase. This study suggests that the best therapeutic effects can be expected from a combination of Becotide inhaler and Volumatic.
Structural Proteins of Rabies Virus (1971)

Purified rabies virions, unlabeled or labeled with radioactive amino acids or d-glucosamine, were dissociated into their polypeptides by treatment with sodium dodecyl sulfate in a reducing environment and fractionated by electroiphoresis in sodium dodecyl sulfate-containing polyacrylamide gel. The molecular weights of individual polypeptides were estimated by comparison of their rate of migration with that of protein markers of known molecular weight. Purified viral nucleocapsid and a mixture of envelope components, isolated from virions disrupted by sodium deoxycholate, were analyzed by the same procedure. The number of molecules per virion of each polypeptide was estimated from the proportions of the separated components, the known molecular weight of the viral ribonucleic acid, and the chemical composition of the nucleocapsid. The protein moiety of the nucleocapsid particle was estimated to consist of 1,713 molecules of a major polypeptide (molecular weight, 62,000 daltons) and 76 molecules of a minor polypeptide (molecular weight, 55,000 daltons). In addition to 1,783 molecules of a glycoprotein component (molecular weight, 80,000 daltons), the viral envelope contains 789 and 1,661 molecules, respectively, of two other polypeptides (molecular weight, 40,000 and 25,000 daltons).
Cache Coherence Protocols for Many-Core CMPs (2010)

Tiled CMP architectures have recently emerged as a scalable alternative to current small-scale CMP designs, and will be probably the architecture of choice for future many-core CMPs. On the other hand, although a great deal of attention was devoted to scalable cache coherence protocols in the last decades in the context of shared-memory multiprocessors, the technological parameters and constraints entailed by CMPs demand new solutions to the cache coherence problem. New cache coherence protocols, like Token-CMP and DiCo-CMP, have been recently proposed to cope with the indirection problem of traditional protocols. However, neither Token-CMP nor DiCo-CMP scale efficiently with the number of cores, and future cache coherence protocols need to be efficient in terms of execution time, network traffic generated and area requirements. In this chapter, we take into consideration these three constraints, and we discuss and evaluate both protocols that are used nowadays, such as Hammer and Directory, and novel indirectionaware protocols, such as Token-CMP and DiCo-CMP. In this way, we perform a detailed evaluation of a wide range of cache coherence protocols for many-core CMPs in a common framework. We also study several implementations of DiCo-CMP that differ in the amount of coherence information that they store in order to achieve the best trade-off among the three constraints considered. Particularly, we show that DiCo-LP-1, which only stores the identity of one sharer along with the data block, DiCo-BT, which codifies the directory information just using three bits, and DiCo-NoSC, which does not store any coherence information in the data caches (and it does not need to modify the structure of the caches), are the alternatives that achieve a better trade-off. For example, DiCo-BT requires less area than all evaluated protocols, except Hammer-CMP, it also generates similar network traffic than Directory-CMP and, finally, it has a low average execution time (increasing just by 1% the best approach, DiCo-FM).
Virtual electrode polarization in the far field: implications for external defibrillation (2000)

We recently suggested that failure of implantable defibrillation therapy may be explained by the virtual electrode-induced phase singularity mechanism. The goal of this study was to identify possible mechanisms of vulnerability and defibrillation by externally applied shocks in vitro. We used bidomain simulations of realistic rabbit heart fibrous geometry to predict the passive polarization throughout the heart induced by external shocks. We also used optical mapping to assess anterior epicardium electrical activity during shocks in Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts (n = 7). Monophasic shocks of either polarity (10-260 V, 8 ms, 150 microF) were applied during the T wave from a pair of mesh electrodes. Postshock epicardial virtual electrode polarization was observed after all 162 applied shocks, with positive polarization facing the cathode and negative polarization facing the anode, as predicted by the bidomain simulations. During arrhythmogenesis, a new wave front was induced at the boundary between the two regions near the apex but not at the base. It spread across the negatively polarized area toward the base of the heart and reentered on the other side while simultaneously spreading into the depth of the wall. Thus a scroll wave with a ribbon-shaped filament was formed during external shock-induced arrhythmia. Fluorescent imaging and passive bidomain simulations demonstrated that virtual electrode polarization-induced scroll waves underlie mechanisms of shock-induced vulnerability and failure of external defibrillation.
Information fusion in a TV program recommendation system (2008)

Abstract – In a previous paper, we presented a conceptual framework for high-level information fusion. The approach relies on the use of the Conceptual Graphs model for both knowledge representation and information fusion. We introduced the use of fusion heuristics in the framework. This paper validates the viability of the approach through several experimentations. We use the fusion platform implementing the framework within a recommendation system for smart television. TV program descriptions coming from different sources of information are fused. To evaluate the quality of the fusion process, we compare the results to TV program descriptions recorded by the INA institute. We consider both the preciseness of the schedule and the proportion of programs correctly predicted. The experimentations emphasize the importance of the heuristics that we introduced in the conceptual framework.
A Family of <i>acr</i> -Coregulated <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> Genes Shares a Common DNA Motif and Requires Rv3133c ( <i>dos</i> R or <i>dev</i> R) for Expression (2003)

Previous work has shown that the divergently transcribed Mycobacterium tuberculosis genes acr (hspX, Rv2031c) and acg (Rv2032) are induced under conditions of shallow standing culture and low oxygen and intracellularly within macrophages. We used a combination of computational and experimental methods to identify promoters for eight additional genes that are regulated in a similar manner and that comprise an acr-coregulated promoter (ACP) family. Transcriptional regulation of these ACP family members was evaluated by using a plasmid-based promoter-green fluorescent protein fusion system and flow cytometry. All promoters showed increased expression in shallow standing versus shaking cultures, in low- versus high-oxygen conditions, and intracellularly within macrophages versus extracellularly in tissue culture medium. However, there were quantitative differences in expression among promoters and among conditions for each promoter. A conserved 18-bp palindromic sequence motif was identified in all ACPs by Gibbs sampling-based computational analyses. Two such motifs overlap regions in the acr and acg promoters that were previously shown to be required for their expression. In addition, we found that 5% carbon dioxide was required for growth of Mycobacterium bovis BCG under microaerophilic (1.3% O(2)) culture conditions and fully prevented the growth cessation typically associated with rapid removal of oxygen. These findings are likely to be relevant to the in vivo environment and will contribute to our understanding of the pathogenesis of tuberculosis infection.
A Magnetic Coulter Counting Device for Wear Debris Detection in Lubrication (2009)

A device based on a magnetic Coulter counting principle to detect metal particles in lubrication oil is presented. The device detects the passage of ferrous and non ferrous particles by monitoring inductance change in a coil. First, the sensing principle is demonstrated at the mesoscale using a solenoid. Next, a microscale device is developed using a planar coil. The device is tested using iron and aluminum particles ranging from 100μm to 500μm. The testing results show the device is capable of detecting and distinguishing ferrous and non-ferrous metal particles in lubrication oil. The design concept demonstrated here can be extended to a microfluidic device for online monitoring of ferrous and non-ferrous wear debris particles.
Alignment using distributions of local geometric properties (1999)

We describe a framework for aligning images without needing to establish explicit feature correspondences. We assume that the geometry between the two images can be adequately described by an affine transformation and develop a framework that uses the statistical distribution of geometric properties of image contours to estimate the relevant transformation parameters. The estimates obtained using the proposed method are robust to illumination conditions, sensor characteristics, etc., since image contours are relatively invariant to these changes. Moreover, the distributional nature of our method alleviates some of the common problems due to contour fragmentation, occlusion, clutter, etc. We provide empirical evidence of the accuracy and robustness of our algorithm. Finally, we demonstrate our method on both real and synthetic images, including multisensor image pairs.
Multilabel Sound Event Classification with Neural Networks (2014)

There are multiple sound events simultaneously occuring in a real-life audio recording collected e.g. at a busy street in rush hour. The events may include traffic noise, sound of rain, people talking etc. The humans are amazingly good at distinguishing these individual events, but as of yet, there is not any machine that can detect these events with (even close to) human accuracy. Polyphonic nature of the environmental audio recordings makes it hard to detect single sound events when many events are overlapping. With the gigantic audio database and state-of-the-art machine learning methods of the digital age, this is bound to change.\nIn this thesis, we use frequency-domain features to represent the audio input and multilabel deep neural networks (DNN) to detect multiple, simultaneous sound events in a real-life recording. We extract frequency-domain features from these recordings in short time frames. DNNs are artificial neural networks (ANN) with two or more hidden layers and they are especially good at modeling highly nonlinear relations and finding intermediate representations between system input and output. This is exactly the case in real-life sound event detection. Every feature extract is used as a training example and we train the neural network with these examples.\nFor the evaluation of this work, we focus on the performance of different topologies of DNNs used in this task. There are a large number of hyper parameters that define the structure of a DNN, such as the number of neurons in a layer, the learning rate used during learning, number of the hidden layers etc. The effects of each of these parameters are investigated in detail. A detection accuracy of 66.5% is achieved, which outperforms the state-of-the-art method by a large margin.
Introduction of optical camera communication for Internet of vehicles (IoV) (2017)

In this paper, we have introduced optical camera communication (OCC) as a new technology for internet of vehicles (IoV). OCC has already been established in many areas which can also be used in vehicular communication. There have some researches in the field of OCC-based vehicular communication but these are not mature enough. Here, we have proposed a new system which will provide great advantages to the vehicular system. We proposed a combination of OCC and cloud-based communication for IoV which will ensure secure, stable, and system. We have also proposed an algorithm to provide cloud based IoV service.
Effect of GBR in combination with deproteinized bovine bone mineral and/or enamel matrix proteins on the healing of critical‐size defects (2004)

The predictability of bone formation in critical-size defects depends mainly on the presence or absence of barrier membranes (GBR). The combined use with deproteinized bovine bone mineral and/or enamel matrix proteins did not significantly enhance the potential for complete healing provided by the GBR procedure.
Proteinase-activated receptor 2 activation promotes an anti-inflammatory and alternatively activated phenotype in LPS-stimulated murine macrophages (2011)

Proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR(2)), a 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor, contributes to inflammation either positively or negatively in different experimental systems. Previously, we reported that concurrent activation of PAR(2) and TLRs in human lung and colonic epithelial cells resulted in a synergistic increase in NF-κB-mediated gene expression, but a down-regulation of IRF-3-mediated gene expression. In this study, the effect of PAR(2) activation on LPS-induced TLR4 signaling was examined in primary murine macrophages. The PAR(2) activation of wild-type macrophages enhanced LPS-induced expression of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, while suppressing gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12. Similar PAR(2)-mediated effects on LPS-stimulated IL-10 and IL-12 mRNA were also observed in vivo. In contrast, PAR 2-/- macrophages exhibited diminished LPS-induced IL-10 mRNA and protein expression and downstream STAT3 activation, but increased KC mRNA and protein. PAR(2) activation also enhanced both rIL-4- and LPS-induced secretion of IL-4 and IL-13, and mRNA expression of alternatively activated macrophage (AA-M) markers, e.g. arginase-1, mannose receptor, Ym-1. Thus, in the context of a potent inflammatory stimulus like LPS, PAR(2) activation acts to re-establish tissue homeostasis by dampening the production of inflammatory mediators and causing the differentiation of macrophages that may contribute to the development of a Th2 response.