gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
N-(3-[18F]Fluoropropyl)-N-nordiprenorphine: synthesis and characterization of a new agent for imaging opioid receptors with positron emission tomography (1990)

A series of N-fluoroalkyl (1-5) and N-alkyl (6-8) analogues of the high-affinity opioid receptor antagonist diprenorphine (9) has been synthesized and evaluated with in vitro binding assays. Three of the N-fluoroalkyl compounds were prepared with the positron-emitting radionuclide 18F (1a, 2a, 5a), and their biodistribution was determined in rats. Compounds 2a and 5a were made by using a two-step labeling procedure, [18F]fluoride displacement of an iodoalkyl triflate followed by N-alkylation, that required 2 h and proceeded in 4-6% overall radiochemical yield at the end of synthesis. The effective specific activity of compounds 2a and 5a, determined by competitive receptor binding assay, was 840-1820 Ci/mmol. Compound 1a was made by the same two-step procedure, with the bromoalkyl triflate, in 0.3-0.6% radiochemical yield at an effective specific activity of 106-264 Ci/mmol. Specificity of binding in vivo was measured as the percent injected dose/gram of striatal tissue divided by the percent injected dose/gram of cerebellar tissue. The best striatum to cerebellum ratio (3.32 +/- 0.74 at 30 min) was achieved with N-(3-[18F]-fluoropropyl)-N-nordiprenorphine (2a, [18F]FPND). The high specific binding demonstrated by this compound indicates that it may be useful for in vivo imaging of opioid receptors with positron emission tomography.
Silicon films on steel substrates (1974)

Epigenetic modifications, including those occurring on DNA and on histone proteins, control gene expression by establishing and maintaining different chromatin states. In recent years, it has become apparent that epigenetic modifications do not function alone, but work together in various combinations, and cross-regulate each other in a manner that diversifies their functional states. Arginine methylation is one of the numerous PTMs (post-translational modifications) occurring on histones, catalysed by a family of PRMTs (protein arginine methyltransferases). This modification is involved in the regulation of the epigenome largely by controlling the recruitment of effector molecules to chromatin. Histone arginine methylation associates with both active and repressed chromatin states depending on the residue involved and the configuration of the deposited methyl groups. The present review focuses on the increasing number of cross-talks between histone arginine methylation and other epigenetic modifications, and describe how these cross-talks influence factor binding to regulate transcription. Furthermore, we present models of general cross-talk mechanisms that emerge from the examples of histone arginine methylation and allude to various techniques that help decipher the interplay among epigenetic modifications.
Preparation of 3-bromomethyl-3-butenal diethylacetal and its conversion into isoprenoid aldehydes derivatives (2009)

The cyclopropanation of ethyl 3,3-diethoxypropionate with alkoxytitanacyclopropane reagents followed by the cleavage of the three-membered carbocycle in the formed cyclopropyl mesylate provided in a good yield 3-bromomethyl-3-butenal diethylacetal. The latter was brought into reactions of aldehyde allylation and cross-coupling with allyl halides in the intermediate stages at the generation of carbanionic intermediates. The conversion of compounds obtained into the corresponding β, γ- or α,β-unsaturated aldehydes demonstrated the opportunity of applying 3-bromomethyl-3-butenal diethylacetal as a C5-isoprenoid building block.
Subparticle Ultrafast Spectrum Imaging in 4D Electron Microscopy (2012)

Single-particle imaging of structures has become a powerful methodology in nanoscience and molecular and cell biology. We report the development of subparticle imaging with space, time, and energy resolutions of nanometers, femtoseconds, and millielectron volts, respectively. By using scanning electron probes across optically excited nanoparticles and interfaces, we simultaneously constructed energy-time and space-time maps. Spectrum images were then obtained for the nanoscale dielectric fields, with the energy resolution set by the photon rather than the electron, as demonstrated here with two examples (silver nanoparticles and the metallic copper-vacuum interface). This development thus combines the high spatial resolution of electron microscopy with the high energy resolution of optical techniques and ultrafast temporal response, opening the door to various applications in elemental analysis as well as mapping of interfaces and plasmonics.
Ultracompact/ultralow power electron cyclotron resonance ion source for multipurpose applications (2010)

In order to drastically reduce the power consumption of a microwave ion source, we have studied some specific discharge cavity geometries in order to reduce the operating point below 1 W of microwave power (at 2.45 GHz). We show that it is possible to drive an electron cyclotron resonance ion source with a transmitter technology similar to those used for cellular phones. By the reduction in the size and of the required microwave power, we have developed a new type of ultralow cost ion sources. This microwave discharge system (called COMIC, for COmpact MIcrowave and Coaxial) can be used as a source of light, plasma or ions. We will show geometries of conductive cavities where it is possible, in a 20 mm diameter chamber, to reduce the ignition of the plasma below 100 mW and define typical operating points around 5 W. Inside a simple vacuum chamber it is easy to place the source and its extraction system anywhere and fully under vacuum. In that case, current densities from 0.1 to 10 mA/cm(2) (Ar, extraction 4 mm, 1 mAe, 20 kV) have been observed. Preliminary measurements and calculations show the possibility, with a two electrodes system, to extract beams within a low emittance. The first application for these ion sources is the ion injection for charge breeding, surface analyzing system and surface treatment. For this purpose, a very small extraction hole is used (typically 3/10 mm for a 3 microA extracted current with 2 W of HF power). Mass spectrum and emittance measurements will be presented. In these conditions, values down to 1 pi mm mrad at 15 kV (1sigma) are observed, thus very close to the ones currently observed for a surface ionization source. A major interest of this approach is the possibility to connect together several COMIC devices. We will introduce some new on-going developments such as sources for high voltage implantation platforms, fully quartz radioactive ion source at ISOLDE or large plasma generators for plasma immersion, broad or ribbon beams generation.
Dated Chinese Manuscripts in the Stein Collection (1940)

During the whole of the tenth century from about 910 onwards, Tunhuang under the name of Kuei-i Chün was governed by members of the Ts‘ao family, who were more or less independent of the fugitive dynasties that rose and fell at Lo-yang and Pien-liang. The connection with China was practically limited to the bestowal of the title of chieh-tu-shih on the man in power if he cared to apply for it. The system seems to have worked well enough: with the Tibetan menace removed, the people enjoyed a fair measure of peace and prosperity, though the standard of living and culture in general never rose again to what it had been under the T‘angs before An Lu-shan's rebellion. The deterioration of arts and crafts dating from that disastrous upheaval is plainly observable in the manuscript rolls of this period: the highly finished paper of the seventh and eighth centuries with its beautifully glazed and stained surface has entirely disappeared, and what we find in its place is with rare exceptions thick, coarse, and drab-coloured. The handwriting, too, though sometimes vigorous, lacks the elegance and grace of former times.
A commercial elemental on-line coal analyzer using pulsed neutrons (2001)

Because of its heterogeneity and the delay involved, traditional laboratory analysis of coal samples does not allow real time control of coal bulk parameters. Large excursions in important parameters (such as sulfur or calorific content) can be expensive and can be avoided with an on-line coal analyzer. The system that we developed utilizes nuclear reactions produced from fast and thermal neutrons and from neutron activation producing isotopes with half-lives longer than a few seconds. Characteristic gamma rays detected with BGO (bismuth germanate) detectors are used for the identification of the various chemical elements. The main features of the analyzer are elemental self-calibration independent of the coal seam; better accuracy in the determination of elements such as carbon, oxygen, and sodium; and diminished radiation risk. A prototype coal analyzer has been built and the first commercial model is currently being developed.
SCRAPED SURFACE HEAT EXCHANGERS (1986)

ABSTRACT In this literature survey flow patterns, mixing effects, heat transfer and power required for rotation in scraped surface heat exchangers (SSHE) are thoroughly discussed, with the emphasis on assumptions and results, while the principal design of different SSHEs are only briefly discussed. The flow patterns control the desired radial mixing and the undesired axial mixing. the flow in a SSHE can be regarded as the sum of an axial flow and a rotational flow. the axial flow is laminar and the rotational flow is laminar or vortical. With laminar flow the radial mixing is poor, which causes poor heat transfer and allows the axial flow profile to control the residence time distribution. the precise onset of vortical flow in a SSHE is hard to predict. the vortical flow makes the radial mixing very efficient, giving good heat transfer and perhaps plug flow behavior. However, vortical flow also causes axial mixing which reduces the apparent heat transfer coefficient and increases the residence time distribution. The power required to rotate the shaft and blades is mainly determined by the design of the blades.
A Method for Measuring the Spatial-Frequency Response of a Television System (1967)

A simple method for obtaining quantitative measurements of the dynamic response of a television chain to spatially distributed light input signals is described. The major improvement over existing techniques is in the method of scanning the target and the ability to make rapid quantitative measurements of the system's response to almost any spatially distributed input light signal. The measurement of a television system's response to spatially distributed light input signals such as sine waves, square waves, step or impulse signals is described and/or illustrated. Adaptation of this technique for measuring the line-profile and interlace factor of a picture tube is also described. The apparatus required for these measurements is available in most well-equipped television laboratories and the measurement procedure is not unfamiliar to television engineers.
Identification and structure of four yeast genes (SLY) that are able to suppress the functional loss of YPT1, a member of the RAS superfamily. (1991)

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the GTP-binding Ypt1 protein (Ypt1p) is essential for endoplasmic reticulum-to-Golgi protein transport. By exploiting a GAL10-YPT1 fusion to regulate YPT1 expression, three multicopy suppressors, SLY2, SLY12, and SLY41, and a single-copy suppressor, SLY1-20, that allowed YPT1-independent growth were isolated. Wild-type Sly1p is hydrophilic, is essential for cell viability, and differs from Sly1-20p by a single amino acid. SLY2 and SLY12 encode proteins with hydrophobic tails similar to synaptobrevins, integral membrane proteins of synaptic vesicles in higher eucaryotes. Sly41p is hydrophobic and exhibits sequence similarities with the chloroplast phosphate translocator. SLY12 but not SLY41 is an essential gene. The SLY2 null mutant is cold and heat sensitive. The SLY gene products may comprise elements of the protein transport machinery.
Preparation of Polyimides Utilizing the Diels−Alder Reaction. 1,4-[<i>N</i>,<i>N</i>‘-Bis(butadienyl-2-methyl)diamido]-2,3,5,6- tetramethylbenzenes with Bismaleimides (1996)

Bis(amide-1,3-diene) monomers were prepared from 1,4-[N,N‘- bis(butadienyl-2-methyl)diamino]-2,3,5,6-tetramethylbenzene and several alkyl and aryl acid chlorides. The corresponding poly(amide imide)s were prepared by the Diels−Alder reaction involving these bis(amide-1,3-diene)s with bismaleimides. The polymers exhibited inherent viscosities of 0.21−0.81 dL/g and glass transition temperatures ranging from 202 to 269 °C. Moderate thermal stability was observed by dynamic thermogravimetric analysis, with 10% weight loss occurring between 318 and 350 °C in helium. The polymers were soluble in N,N-dimethylacetamide and chlorinated solvents. Creasable films were obtained by solution casting from chloroform. The chemistry and physical properties of the monomers and polymers are discussed.
One-Step Stereoselective Synthesis and NMR Chiral Shift Properties of a Novel Hexacoordinated Phosphorus Cation (2002)

[reaction: see text] Tropolone, binol, and PCl(5) react in CH(2)Cl(2) at reflux to generate in one step a novel C(2)-symmetric hexacoordinated phosphorus cation of configuration controlled by the binol ligand. It behaves as an efficient NMR chiral shift agent for chiral anionic phosphate and borate anions.
Applying Hybrid-Asbru clinical guidelines using the Spock system. (2005)

Clinical Guidelines are a major tool for improving the quality of medical care. Currently, a major research direction is automating the application of guidelines at the point of care. To support that automation, several requirements must be fulfilled, such as specification in a machine-interpretable format, and connection to an electronic patent record. We propose an innovative approach to guideline application, which capitalizes on our Digital electronic Guidelines Library (DeGeL). The DeGeL framework includes a new hybrid model for incremental specification of free-text guidelines, using several intermediate representations. The new approach was implemented, in the case of the Asbru guideline ontology, as the Spock system. Spock's hybrid application engine supports application of guideline represented at an intermediate format. Spock was evaluated in a preliminary fashion by applying several guidelines to sample patient data.
Comparative Study on Cytotoxicity Activity of N-α-Acylarginine Ethyl Ester (2013)

Amino-acid derived compounds, for example N-α-lauroylarginine ethyl ester (LAE), N-α-myristoylarginine ethyl ester (MAE) and a 1:1 mixture of N-α-myristoylarginine ethyl ester with monolaurin (MAE + MLN) are examined for their cytotoxicity towards L929-Mouse connective tissue to explore their use as microbicidal agent, in comparison to sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) as an anionic control detergent. MTT (4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide cytotoxicity assay method was used to determine IC50 value. Cytotoxicity of MAE is found to be more toxic as compared to LAE, having IC50 value 0.052 mg/ml against 0.68 mg/ml of LAE. But MAE when mixed with monolaurin (1:1), showed less toxicity with IC50 0.89 mg/ml. These results suggest that a combination of MAE and Monolaurin can be a potential candidate for studying its microbicidal properties.
Activity of quinone alkylating agents in quinone-resistant cells. (1990)

The role of the quinone group in the antitumor activity of quinone alkylating agents, such as mitomycin C and 2,5-diaziridinyl-3,5-bis(carboethoxyamino)-1,4-benzoquinone, is still uncertain. The quinone group may contribute to antitumor activity by inducing DNA strand breaks through the formation of free radicals and/or by influencing the alkylating activity of the quinone alkylators. The cytotoxic activity and DNA damage produced by the model quinone alkylating agents, benzoquinone mustard and benzoquinone dimustard, were compared in L5178Y murine lymphoblasts sensitive and resistant to the model quinone antitumor agent, hydrolyzed benzoquinone mustard. The resistant cell lines, L5178Y/HBM2 and L5178Y/HBM10, have increased concentrations of glutathione and elevated catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase, and DT-diaphorase activity. L5178Y/HBM2 and L5178Y/HBM10 cells were 7.4- and 8.5-fold less sensitive to benzoquinone mustard and 1.7- and 4.3-fold less sensitive to benzoquinone dimustard, respectively, compared with sensitive cells, but showed no resistance to the non-quinone alkylating agent, aniline mustard. The formation of DNA double strand breaks by benzoquinone mustard was reduced by 2- and 8-fold in L5178Y/HBM2 and L5178Y/HBM10 cells, respectively, while double strand break formation by benzoquinone dimustard was reduced only in the L5178Y/HBM10 cells. The number of DNA-DNA cross-links produced by benzoquinone mustard was 3- and 6-fold lower, and the number produced by benzoquinone dimustard was 35% and 2-fold lower in L5178Y/HBM2 and L5178Y/HBM10 cells, respectively, compared with L5178Y parental cells. In contrast, cross-linking by aniline mustard was unchanged in sensitive and resistant cells. Dicoumarol, an inhibitor of DT-diaphorase, increased the cytotoxic activity of both benzoquinone mustard and benzoquinone dimustard in L5178Y/HBM10 cells. This study provides evidence that elevated DT-diaphorase activity in the resistant cells contributes to resistance to benzoquinone mustard and benzoquinone dimustard, possibly by decreasing the formation of the semiquinone intermediates of these agents. The altered reduction of the quinone groups in the resistant cells may be responsible for the decreased DNA-DNA cross-linking and lowered induction of DNA strand breaks by the quinone alkylating agents. These findings demonstrate that the quinone group can modulate the activity of quinone alkylating agents. The study also suggests that the semiquinone intermediates of benzoquinone mustard and benzoquinone dimustard may be the active alkylating species of these two agents.
A new spatio-temporal matching algorithm for 3D-particle tracking velocimetry (2002)

3D-Particle Tracking Velocimetry (PTV) is one of the most flexible techniques for flow measurement, which allows the determination of three-dimensional velocity fields.Research activities in this field performed by the Institute of Geodesy and Photogrammetry at ETH Zurich for more than a decade have reached a status of an operational and reliable measurement method used in hydrodynamics and space applications.The method is based on the visualization of a flow with small, neutrally buoyant particles and recording of particle image sequences with 3-4 CCD cameras.In cooperation with the Institute of Hydromechanics and Water Resources Management at ETH Zurich further progress has been achieved in the improvement of the existing hard-and software solutions.Regarding the algorithmic aspect of the method a new spatiotemporal matching method was developed, implemented and tested on different data sets.In former implementations the determination of the 3D particle positions was separated from the tracking of each particle, while the new method uses a combination of image and object space based information to establish spatio-temporal correspondences between particle positions of consecutive time steps.A system based on 4 CCD cameras is capable of tracking up to 1000 particles at video frequency (25Hz) with a relative accuracy of the velocity vectors of approximately 1:4000 of the field of view.The latest developments of the algorithmic aspects of 3D PTV are described and some examples of the successful application of the method are given in this paper.
Ormen Lange-Challenges in Offshore Project Execution (2007)

Abstract Ormen Lange is the second-largest Norwegian gas field and was discovered by Hydro in 1997. The Ormen Lange field comprises an offshore subsea solution approximately 125 km off the west coast of Norway, an onshore gas processing and export facility at Nyhamna, a gas export transportation system between Norway and the UK, and the Easington gas reception terminal in the UK. The Ormen Lange development is divided into three main sub-projects: Onshore, Offshore, and Langeled. This paper gives a summary of the Ormen Lange Offshore development, including descriptions of project execution and contract strategy, and how Hydro's competence and systematic work processes have been utilized in order to secure efficient progress. The Offshore project will be further described - including the technical challenges of the project -in three OTC 2007 papers:OTC 18965 Ormen Lange subsea production systemOTC 18967 Ormen Lange pipelines installation and seabed preparationOTC 18969 Ormen Lange subsea compression pilot as a supplement to the summary provided here. Introduction Ormen Lange is Norway's second largest gas field, with expected gas export equivalent to the total energy demand in Norway. The Ormen Lange gas field was proven by drilling in 1997, and Hydro was selected as operator for the development of the field in December 1999. After an intensive period of studies, Hydro decided in 2003 to develop the field without any platforms. The subsea solutions on Ormen Lange will take the technological developments on the Norwegian continental shelf a significant step forward. Project Description The Ormen Lange development is an innovative subsea to shore concept, comprising 24 large bore wells drilled from four subsea templates, with the following key challenges:Extreme seabed topographyMain production area located in an avalanche / slide areaLow temperatures, minus 1°C at seabedStrong currents, waves and winds850 -1,000 m water depthHigh flow production wells 10MSm3/d The two first subsea production stations will be located 120km from shore, at a water depth of 850 m. Each of the subsea production stations weighs more than one thousand tonnes, and will produce 80 MSm3/day from large bore wells. The stations will be remotely controlled from the shore. From the subsea production stations, two 30? pipelines will transport the well stream to the onshore plant for processing. The pipelines are laid across an extremely irregular seabed, with boulders and slide blocks up to 60 m tall in the Storegga slide area. Furthermore, the pipelines cross the slide at an inclination of up to 40 degrees. The Storegga slide created a tsunami 8100 years ago which hit the west coast of Norway and the coasts of the UK. NOK 700 million has been spent to make sure that the slide area is stable, and that development and gas production will not change its stability. In order to make the pipeline concept feasible we have drawn on all relevant expertise worldwide, and stretched the technology to its limits.
Tissue Irritation Evaluation of Potential Parenteral Vehicles (1974)

Twenty-three potential nonaqueous parenteral vehicles were evaluated for tissue irritation in chicken pectoral muscle. Benzyl benzoate, 1,3-butylene glycol, ethyl oleate, glyceryl triacetate, sesame oil and sesame oil: benzyl benzoate (1:1) were found to cause minimal tissue irritation.
Amphipathic segment of the nicotinic receptor alpha subunit contains epitopes recognized by T lymphocytes in myasthenia gravis. (1988)

Autoimmune helper T lymphocytes were selected from the blood of two myasthenic patients of different HLA-DR type, using acetylcholine receptor (AChR) from Torpedo californica. These polyclonal T cell lines were tested for reactivity with three synthetic peptides corresponding to the NH2-terminal region of the human AChR alpha subunit. This segment is a good candidate for T cell epitopes since it has a propensity to form an amphipathic alpha helix. The peptides elicited 10-30% of the response induced by native Torpedo AChR. Different peptides were recognized by the autoreactive T cells of the two patients. These results suggest that the NH2-terminal region of the AChR alpha chain contains T cell-stimulating epitopes, and that the T cell autoimmune response in myasthenia gravis, like the B cell response, is heterogeneous.