gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Laminar Flow and Heat Transfer in a Periodic Serpentine Channel (2005)

Abstract The fully developed laminar flow and heat transfer behavior in periodic serpentine circular‐section channels has been studied using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The serpentine elements are characterised by their wavelength (2 L ), channel diameter ( d ), and radius of curvature of bends ( R c ) and results are reported for (3 < L / d < 12.5, 0.525 < R c / d < 2.25) and Reynolds numbers up to 200. The flow is characterised by the formation of a single pair of Dean vortices after each bend, these being stronger if the bend is in the same direction as the previous bend. The vortices decay downstream of the bends, but, as the Reynolds number is increased, the flow space is increasingly dominated by these vortices. At higher values of Reynolds number (corresponding to a Dean number of about 150), a second pair of vortices develops. For Re > ∼ 200, the flow becomes unsteady. Constant wall heat flux (H2) and constant wall temperature (T) boundary conditions have been examined for a range of fluid Prandtl number (0.7 < Pr < 100). The formation of Dean vortices produces significant heat transfer enhancement relative to flow in a straight pipe, with the effect being greater at higher values of Pr. Pressure drop is also increased but to a lesser extent. The alignment of the flow with the vorticity in these structures allows significant mixing of the fluid without creating large pressure‐drop penalties. Dean vortices are also found to inhibit flow separation. These results suggest an effective method for enhancement of heat transfer in deep laminar flows.
Analysis and Observations From the First Amazon Picking Challenge (2016)

This paper presents an overview of the inaugural Amazon Picking Challenge along with a summary of a survey conducted among the 26 participating teams. The challenge goal was to design an autonomous robot to pick items from a warehouse shelf. This task is currently performed by human workers, and there is hope that robots can someday help increase efficiency and throughput while lowering cost. We report on a 28-question survey posed to the teams to learn about each team's background, mechanism design, perception apparatus, planning, and control approach. We identify trends in this data, correlate it with each team's success in the competition, and discuss observations and lessons learned based on survey results and the authors' personal experiences during the challenge.
Estudio de impacto ambiental : planos de anexo 1 : situacion general de zonas verdes (2004)

This environmental assessment for the Mexico - Transport Corridors, presents recommendations for mitigating impacts during construction of the corridor. Recommendations include: selection of construction yards for storage of materials and transportation equipment; avoid dust propagation caused by earth removal and smoke generated by trucks; use of noise control techniques on noisy equipment, such as the use of machinery equipped with appropriate mufflers; proper handling of demolition debris in accordance existing regulations of the Government of Mexico City; affected land and vegetation will be restored to its original conditions; temporary work camps are to provide facilities for garbage and sanitary waste management; and spray with water using pressurized water jets to control dust, specially during dry or windy weather. A manual and training on environmental good practices will be offered to construction, administrative personnel, administrators of materials, and subcontracting staff.
Practical high-performance liquid chromatography (2005)

Theoretical principles pumps preparation of equipment up to sample injection detectors columns and stationary phases column packing and regeneration HPLC packing and regeneration HPLC column tests adsorption chromatography reversed-phase chromatography liquid-liquid partition chromatography chromatography with chemically bonded phases ion-exchange chromatography ion-pair chromatography ion chromatography size exclusion chromatography affinity chromatography choice of method analytical HPLC preparative HPLC separation of enantiomers new prospects review papers on the separation of individual classes of compounds commercially available stationary phases for HPLC.
Double-layer high-gain microstrip array antenna (2000)

Novel double-layer microstrip array antennas are introduced for high-gain applications. In the proposed antennas, the complex and lossy feed network is not needed. Rather the double structure provides the field distribution at the aperture for the beam-focusing effect. A relatively simple design method based on a cavity model is presented.
Stability of vancomycin in SyrSpend SF. (2012)

Vancomycin is administered orally for the treatment of pseudomembranous colitis induced by Clostridium difficile. Vancomycin is marketed for this purpose by ViroPharma as VANCOCIN in 125-mg and 250-mg capsules. The need for other dose form options for those patients who cannot take capsules has led compounding pharmacies to seek other alternatives, namely oral solutions and suspensions. Additionally, some patients are unable to use suspending agents containing alcohol or sorbitol. The objective of this study was to determine the stability of vancomycin in SyrSpend SF, a suspending agent containing neither sorbitol nor alcohol. The studied sample was compounded into a 50-mg/mL suspension and stored in a low-actinic plastic bottle at temperatures between 2 degrees C and 8 degrees C. Six samples were assayed at each time point out to 90 days by a stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography method. The method was validated for its specificity through forced-degradation studies. The sample remained within 90% to 110% of the initial concentration throughout the course of the study. Based on data collected, the shelf life of this product is at least 90 days when refrigerated and protected from light. Based on the final potency data at day 90, the beyond-use date may be longer, but 90 days was the limit of this study.
Health Related Quality of Life of Off-Road Vehicle Riders (2010)

Background: Alternative forms of physical activity are becoming increasingly popular, but little is know about the effects of habitual involvement in these activities on health-related quality of life (QOL). Purpose: The purpose of this study was to characterize the heath-related QOL of Canadians who habitually participate in recreational off-road vehicle riding. A secondary purpose was to compare the levels of mental and physical functioning QOL of recreational off-road vehicle riders to Canadian population norms and determine whether differences exist among genders, age categories and vehicle types. Methods: Habitual participants in recreational off-road vehicle riding were questioned regarding QOL using the Medical Outcomes Study SF-36 questionnaire. Responses were compared between groups and to normative data. Results: SF-36 mental function (54.5) and physical function (55.4) scores of off-road riders were higher than Canadian norms (51.7 and 50.5, respectively). Conclusions: Off-road riders have high levels of mental and physical functioning QOL. Given their higher physical function, off-road motorcycle riders are less likely than all terrain vehicle riders or the general population to have physical limitations or health problems.
Specific Separation of Products in Supported Oligonucleotide Syntheses Using the Triester Method (1981)

The mixture of homologous nucleotide fragments usually formed during carrier‐oligonucleotide synthesis can be separated chromatographically so as to isolate the desired fragment, if the latter is protected at the 5′‐end with a hexadecyloxytrityl group (see (2) in the previous communication).
Isolation of Enterococcus faecalis in Previously Root-Filled Canals in a Lithuanian Population (2000)

The occurrence of Enterococcus faecalis in root canals of previously root filled teeth with apical periodontitis requiring retreatment was studied in Lithuanian patients. Twenty-five asymptomatic teeth were included in the study. Avoiding contamination microbiological samples were taken from the canals before and after preparation and irrigation with sodium hypochlorite and EDTA. Microbes were isolated from 20 of 25 teeth. E. faecalis was isolated from 14 of those 20 culture positive teeth, usually in pure culture or as a major component of the flora. Second samples taken after preparation revealed growth in 7 of the 20 teeth. Five of the seven cases were E. faecalis in pure culture. Isolation of E. faecalis was not related to the use of any particular root filling material in the original root filling. The results indicate that, rather than previous chemical treatment, it is the ecological conditions present in the incompletely filled root canal that are important for the presence of E. faecalis in these teeth.
What is new and promising with drug-eluting stents in sinus surgery? (2013)

Steroid-eluting implants are well tolerated and an effective addition to the armamentarium utilized in the management of chronic rhinosinusitis. Future developments for the use of drug-eluting implants in chronic rhinosinusitis are discussed.
Dictionary of Visual Science and Related Clinical Terms (2000)

Visual Science and Related Clinical Terms Appendixes: Afocal Size Lenses Amplitude of Accommodation According to Age Contact Lens Relative Magnification Corneal Stroma Hydration Cranial Nerves Disease Classification Drug Dosage Equivalents Focal Power and Focal Length (For a Lens in Air) Greek Alphabet Illumination Conversions Latin Abbreviations in Prescription Writing Lens Power as a Function of Vertex Distance - Hyperopia Lens Power as a Function of Vertex Distance - Myopia Metric Units of Length Ophthalmic Clinical Abbreviations, Notations, and Symbols Ophthalmic Medications Pharmalogical Agents that Affect the Pupil and Accommodation Prefixes and Abbreviations for Numerical Units Prism Diopter Equivalents in Degrees Pupil Size with Destructive Lesions Scientific Terms, Abbreviations and Symbols Shape of Human Eye Surfaces Spatial Frequency and Visual Acuity Specification Spectacle Frame Materials Spectacle Temple Length Conversions Spherical Surface Refractive Power Sphygmomanometry Readings Statistical Abbreviations Temperature Conversion Table Van Herrick-Shafer Grading of Peripheral Anterior Chamber Depth Vision Efficiency Criteria for Referral Consideration for Therapy Vision Standards for Aircraft Pilots Vision Standards for Interstate Commercial Drivers Visual Acuity (Unaided) Associated with Myopia Visual Acuity and Visual Efficiency Relationship Visual Acuity Demand of Lower Case Print at Near Visual Acuity Demand of Upper Case Print at Near Visual Acuity Equivalents Visual Field from Central Fixation
THE GENUS CHLOROPHYLLUM (LEPIOTACEAE) IN CALIFORNIA (1971)

(Uploaded by Plazi from the Biodiversity Heritage Library) No abstract provided.
Molecular indetermination in the transition to error catastrophe: Systematic elimination of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus through mutagenesis does not correlate linearly with large increases in mutant spectrum complexity (2002)

Studies with several RNA viruses have shown that enhanced mutagenesis resulted in decreases of infectivity or virus extinction, as predicted from virus entry into error catastrophe. Here we report that lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, the prototype arenavirus, is extremely susceptible to extinction mutagenesis by the base analog 5-fluorouracil. Virus elimination was preceded by increases in complexity of the mutant spectra of treated populations. However, careful molecular comparison of the mutant spectra of several genomic segments suggests that the largest increases in mutation frequency do not predict virus extinction. Highly mutated viral genomes have escaped detection presumably because lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus replicates at or near the error threshold, and genomes in the transition toward error catastrophe may have an extremely short half-life and escape detection with state-of-the-art cloning and sequencing technologies.
CO emissions from degrading plant matter: (I). Measurements (1999)

CO emissions from degrading deciduous leaf and grass matter have been investigated in laboratory and field measurements. CO emissions are induced both photochemically and thermally. Photochemical CO production can be described by a 2nd-order polynomial in light intensity and exhibits a hysteresis effect, not previously reported. Humid material showed higher CO emissions than dry material. A preliminary, relative action spectrum for the photochemically induced CO emissions is presented. Although UV irradiation caused most of the CO production, visible light also caused up to 40% of the emissions. We propose a cleavage of the cellulose chain as the important step prior to CO production. Thermal CO emissions from degrading plant material obey an Arrhenius type equation (presented for several species in this paper), but emissions are lower than those induced photochemically. During our field measurements on dry grasses in a South African savanna we found a strong influence of incident radiation intensity and temperature on measured CO fluxes. Solely photochemical CO production from the grasses is calculated by subtraction of soil fluxes and thermally induced grass CO emissions from the total CO emissions. CO emissions and hysteresis differ between the grasses investigated and may be interpreted by the grass' colour and their architecture. Deposition of CO on the soils was much lower than CO emission from the dry grasses during daytime. Nighttime data show that possible thermal CO production from the grasses may partially compensate for CO deposition on the soils for several hours after sunset depending on temperature.
Impact of improved air quality during the 1996 Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta on multiple cardiovascular and respiratory outcomes. (2010)

Substantial evidence supports an association between ambient air pollution, especially particulate matter (PM*) and ozone (O3), and acute cardiovascular and respiratory morbidity. There is increasing interest in accountability research to evaluate whether actions taken to reduce air pollution will result in reduced morbidity. This study capitalized on a unique opportunity to evaluate the impact of a local, short-term intervention effort to reduce traffic in Atlanta during the 1996 Summer Olympic Games (July 19-August 4). Air pollutant concentrations both inside and outside of Atlanta were examined during the Olympic period and surrounding periods. Emergency department (ED) visits were examined to evaluate changes in usage patterns. ED visits for respiratory and cardiovascular conditions were examined in relation to the Olympic period using Poisson time-series analysis with adjustment for time trends and meteorologic conditions. O3 concentrations were approximately 30% lower during the Olympic Games compared with the four weeks before and after the Olympic Games (baseline periods); however, we observed similar reductions in O3 concentrations in several other cities in the Southeastern United States. We observed little or no evidence of reduced ED visits during the Olympic Games; the estimates were sensitive to choice of analytic model and to method of adjusting for temporal trends. The meteorologic conditions during the Olympic Games, along with the reductions in O3 observed in various cities not impacted by the Olympic Games, suggest that both meteorologic conditions-and reduced traffic may have played a role in the observed reduction in O3 concentration in Atlanta. Additionally, it is likely that this particular intervention strategy would not be sustainable as a pollution-reduction strategy. This study demonstrates some limitations of conducting retrospective accountability research.
Use of time-kill methodology to assess antimicrobial combinations against metronidazole-susceptible and metronidazole-resistant strains of Helicobacter pylori (1995)

Optimal therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection to date, consists of metronidazole, bismuth, and tetracycline. This combination, however, is less effective against metronidazole-resistant organisms. We used a time-kill kinetic methodology to assess the bactericidal effects of selected agents, alone and in combination, to a metronidazole-susceptible and a metronidazole-resistant strain of H. pylori. single, double, and triple agents showed increasing bactericidal activity. The combination of metronidazole, bismuth, and tetracycline showed maximal killing effect (no detectable regrowth) against the susceptible strain, but against the resistant strain this combination showed less killing. The time-kill methodology may therefore offer an in vitro approach to the initial selection of agents to be evaluated for the treatment of H. pylori infections.
<b> <i>NBS1</i> </b> Is a Prostate Cancer Susceptibility Gene (2004)

To evaluate whether an inactivating mutation in the gene for the Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS1) plays a role in the etiology of prostate cancer, we compared the prevalence of the 657del5 NBS1 founder allele in 56 patients with familial prostate cancer, 305 patients with nonfamilial prostate cancer, and 1500 control subjects from Poland. Loss of heterozygosity analysis also was performed on DNA samples isolated from 17 microdissected prostate cancers, including 8 from carriers of the 657del5 mutation. The NBS1 founder mutation was present in 5 of 56 (9%) patients with familial prostate cancer (odds ratio, 16; P < 0.0001), 7 of 305 (2.2%) patients with nonfamilial prostate cancer (odds ratio, 3.9; P = 0.01), and 9 of 1500 control subjects (0.6%). The wild-type NBS1 allele was lost in seven of eight prostate tumors from carriers of the 657del5 allele, but loss of heterozygosity was seen in only one of nine tumors from noncarriers (P = 0.003). These findings suggest that heterozygous carriers of the NBS1 founder mutation exhibit increased susceptibility to prostate cancer and that the cancers that develop in the prostates of carriers are functionally homozygous for the mutation.
Biocompatibility response to modified Baerveldt glaucoma drains (1998)

Glaucoma implants are designed to increase fluid outflow from the eye in order to decrease intraocular pressure and prevent damage to the optic nerve. The implant consists of a silicone tube that is inserted into the anterior chamber at one end and is attached at the other end to a silicone plate that is sutured to the outside of the globe beneath the conjunctiva. The glaucoma "implant" becomes a "drain" over the first 3 to 6 postoperative weeks as the silicone plate is enclosed by a fibrous capsule that allows a space to form into which fluid can drain and from which fluid can be absorbed by the surrounding tissues. Ideally, the size and thickness of the capsule (the filtering bleb) that surrounds the plate is such that the amount of fluid that passes through the capsule is identical to the amount of fluid produced by the eye at an intraocular pressure of 8 to 14 mmHg. The most common long-term complication of these implants is failure of the filtering bleb 2 to 4 years after surgery due to the formation of a thick fibrous capsule around the device. Micromovement of the smooth drainage plate against the scleral surface may be integral to the mechanism of glaucoma implant failure by stimulating low-level activation of the wound healing response, increased collagen scar formation, and increased fibrous capsule thickness. To test this hypothesis, we modified seven Baerveldt implants by adding porous cellular ingrowth material to the posterior surface of the drainage plate. Seven modified and five unmodified implants were placed in adult rabbit eyes. After 6 months, we found that the fibrous capsule around the modified implants was significantly thinner than the capsule surrounding the unmodified implants (p < 0.05), particularly on the surface between the porous ingrowth material and the sclera (p < 0.05). Although type I collagen predominated in the fibrous capsules around both types of implants, the amount of type III collagen in the capsules around the modified implants was significantly less than the amount around the unmodified implants (p < 0.05). We believe that these data suggest a reduction in the wound healing response to the modified implants, with greater stability of capsule thickness. Long-term studies are needed to verify that the stability of the capsules around the modified implants persists over a period of years, in which case this type of modification may prove useful in prolonging the functional life of these devices in the surgical treatment of glaucoma.
Detection of obstacles in the flight path of an aircraft (2003)

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), along with members of the aircraft industry, recently developed technologies for a new supersonic aircraft. One of the technological areas considered for this aircraft is the use of video cameras and image-processing equipment to aid the pilot in detecting other aircraft in the sky. The detection techniques should provide high detection probability for obstacles that can vary from subpixel to a few pixels in size, while maintaining a low false alarm probability in the presence of noise and severe background clutter. Furthermore, the detection algorithms must be able to report such obstacles in a timely fashion, imposing severe constraints on their execution time. Approaches are described here to detect airborne obstacles on collision course and crossing trajectories in video images captured from an airborne aircraft. In both cases the approaches consist of an image-processing stage to identify possible obstacles followed by a tracking stage to distinguish between true obstacles and image clutter, based on their behavior. For collision course object detection, the image-processing stage uses morphological filter to remove large-sized clutter. To remove the remaining small-sized clutter, differences in the behavior of image translation and expansion of the corresponding features is used in the tracking stage. For crossing object detection, the image-processing stage uses low-stop filter and image differencing to separate stationary background clutter. The remaining clutter is removed in the tracking stage by assuming that the genuine object has a large signal strength, as well as a significant and consistent motion over a number of frames. The crossing object detection algorithm was implemented on a pipelined architecture from DataCube and runs in real time. Both algorithms have been successfully tested on flight tests conducted by NASA.
Selective adenosine A2Areceptor agonists and antagonists protect against spinal cord injury through peripheral and central effects (2011)

Our results indicate that the A2A antagonist protects against SCI by acting on centrally located A2A receptors. It is likely that blockade of A2A receptors reduces excitotoxicity. In contrast, neuroprotection afforded by the A2A agonist may be primarily due to peripheral effects.
Automatic Construction of Clean Broad-Coverage Translation Lexicons (1996)

Word-level translational equivalences can be extracted from parallel texts by surprisingly simple statistical techniques. However, these techniques are easily fooled by {\em indirect associations} --- pairs of unrelated words whose statistical properties resemble those of mutual translations. Indirect associations pollute the resulting translation lexicons, drastically reducing their precision. This paper presents an iterative lexicon cleaning method. On each iteration, most of the remaining incorrect lexicon entries are filtered out, without significant degradation in recall. This lexicon cleaning technique can produce translation lexicons with recall and precision both exceeding 90\%, as well as dictionary-sized translation lexicons that are over 99\% correct.