gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Update on the antibacterial resistance crisis. (2007)

This nation--and in fact the world--is currently facing a crisis in the form of a growing antibacterial drug resistance. In the 60 or so years since the discovery of penicillin, physicians and pharmaceutical companies have been constantly challenged to stay a step ahead of the bacteria that constantly adapt to the drugs used to control them. These magic bullets were at one time expected to eliminate the concern over infectious disease and have been relied upon heavily. But their effectiveness has been steadily waning in recent years as, more and more, strains of bacteria emerge that are resistant to multiple drugs and, in some cases, have become nearly "panresistant." Nosocomial infections with these resistant strains were once confined to hospitals but new community-acquired infections are an ominous portent. Meanwhile, perhaps equally as distressing, many pharmaceutical companies are discontinuing efforts to develop new antimicrobial drugs for a variety of reasons and few new agents are currently in the pipeline. The selective pressure triggering these bacterial mutations are complex, but they can be shared by healthcare workers, hospitals, long-term care facilities, the agriculture industry, and even healthcare consumers themselves. In this paper, these topics are discussed, in turn, and the paper concludes with an apologia for change that can and should be equally shared by these stakeholders.
β‐Carbolin‐Alkaloide, II Tributyl(1‐ethoxyvinyl)stannan als C<sub>2</sub>‐Baustein für die Synthese von β‐Carbolin‐Alkaloiden (1993)

β‐Carboline Alkaloids, II. – Tributyl(1‐ethoxyvinyl)stannane as a C 2 ‐Building Block in the Syntheses of β‐Carboline Alkaloids 1‐Acetyl‐β‐carboline ( 4 ) is prepared by palladium‐catalyzed coupling of 1‐chloro‐β‐carboline ( 1 ) with tributyl(1‐ethoxyvinyl)stannane ( 3 ) and subsequent hydrolysis with aqueous acid. Reduction of 4 with NaBH 4 gives the alkaloid 5 . Nitramarine ( 7 ) and annomontine ( 9 ) are prepared from 4 by one‐pot conversions of the acetyl group to a quinoline or an aminopyrimidine ring, respectively.
Preparing nontoxic microemulsions (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPreparing nontoxic microemulsionsM. Kahlweit, G. Busse, B. Faulhaber, and H. EiblCite this: Langmuir 1995, 11, 11, 4185–4187Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/la00011a001https://doi.org/10.1021/la00011a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views342Altmetric-Citations52LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
INFLUENCE OF DEFATTING AND TOASTING ON BINDING AND PROCESSING CHARACTERISTICS OF PEANUT FLOURS UTILIZED IN SNACK‐TYPE PEANUT CHIPS (1980)

ABSTRACT The binding capacity of five commercially processed peanut flours was evaluated in a snack food system formed by adding water to produce doughs that were shaped into chips and deep fat fried. The flours were designated as: A, full‐fat, spray‐dried; B, partially defatted, untoasted; and C, D, and E, partially defatted and toasted for 15 min at 160°C, 171°C, and 177°C, respectively. Flour A produced an oily, sticky dough and chips that were difficult to handle, required the shortest frying time, and did not remain intact or retain their original shape during frying. Flour B contained the highest level of soluble protein but produced a sticky, tacky dough and chips that required the longest frying time but retained their original shape during frying; these chips had tough textures (highest shear values). Flour C contained less soluble protein than its untoasted counterpart (B), but, of the flours tested, was the easiest to mix, roll, shape, and handle; these chips retained their shape in frying and received the highest overall sensory ratings. The high temperatures used for toasting the nuts used to prepare flours D and E drastically reduced protein solubility and completely destroyed binding capacity. Gel electrophoretic patterns showed that the large molecular weight protein, arachin, which was present in flours A, B, and C, was absent from the severely heated flours (D, E). Lysine was the only amino acid in the flours that was significantly reduced by toasting. Processing conditions employed in the manufacture of these flours for use as food ingredients significantly influenced their binding capacity, protein character, and chip processing characteristics.
Bilinear Convolutional Neural Networks for Fine-Grained Visual Recognition (2017)

We present a simple and effective architecture for fine-grained recognition called Bilinear Convolutional Neural Networks (B-CNNs). These networks represent an image as a pooled outer product of features derived from two CNNs and capture localized feature interactions in a translationally invariant manner. B-CNNs are related to orderless texture representations built on deep features but can be trained in an end-to-end manner. Our most accurate model obtains 84.1%, 79.4%, 84.5% and 91.3% per-image accuracy on the Caltech-UCSD birds [66], NABirds [63], FGVC aircraft [42], and Stanford cars [33] dataset respectively and runs at 30 frames-per-second on a NVIDIA Titan X GPU. We then present a systematic analysis of these networks and show that (1) the bilinear features are highly redundant and can be reduced by an order of magnitude in size without significant loss in accuracy, (2) are also effective for other image classification tasks such as texture and scene recognition, and (3) can be trained from scratch on the ImageNet dataset offering consistent improvements over the baseline architecture. Finally, we present visualizations of these models on various datasets using top activations of neural units and gradient-based inversion techniques. The source code for the complete system is available at http://vis-www.cs.umass.edu/bcnn.
Topology Synthesis of Compliant Mechanisms for Nonlinear Force-Deflection and Curved Path Specifications (1999)

Optimal design methods that use continuum mechanics models are capable of generating suitable topology, shape, and dimensions of compliant mechanisms for desired specifications. Synthesis procedures that use linear elastic finite element models are not quantitatively accurate for large displacement situations. Also, design specifications involving nonlinear force-deflection characteristics and generation of a curved path for the output port cannot be realized with linear models. In this paper, the synthesis of compliant mechanisms is performed using geometrically nonlinear finite element models that appropriately account for large displacements. Frame elements are chosen because of ease of implementation of the general approach and their ability to capture bending deformations. A method for nonlinear design sensitivity analysis is described. Examples are included to illustrate the usefulness of the synthesis method.
Thermoregulatory physiology of menopausal hot flashes: a review (1987)

Hot flashes during the climacteric years have long been a frequent clinical complaint, generally considered within the realm of the internist, gynecologist, or endocrinologist. Yet the underlying mechanism of hot flashes remains unknown. Only within the past 10 years has there been significant research on hot flashes as a disturbance of thermoregulation. This paper focuses on thermoregulatory aspects of hot flashes, reviewing current knowledge of the thermoregulatory physiology and endocrinology of hot flashes and discussing future avenues for research. Hot flashes are compared with fever in terms of thermoregulatory changes and speculated mechanisms. Although several substances in the peripheral circulation are found in increased concentrations during hot flashes, none is a trigger for a hot flash. The pattern of hot flash occurrence is striking in its regularity, and the possibility of endogenous rhythmicity is discussed. Recently, investigators have begun to explore a primate model of menopausal hot flashes. These studies are summarized. Finally, the multiple effects of estrogen on various systems of the body and their interrelationships are discussed. An understanding of the mechanism of hot flashes would not only be of importance to women suffering with hot flashes but would further our knowledge of thermoregulatory function and the interactions between thermoregulatory and reproductive systems.
Mice Exposed in Utero to 20 ppm Benzene Exhibit Altered Numbers of Recognizable Hematopoietic Cells Up to Seven Weeks after Exposure (1988)

Mice Exposed in Utero to 20 ppm Benzene Exhibit Altered Numbers of Recognizable Hematopoietic Cells Up to Seven Weeks after Exposure. KELLER, K. A., AND SNYDER, C. A. (1988). Fundam. Appl. Toxicol. 10, 224–232. Pregnant Swiss Webster mice were exposed from Day 6 through Day 15 of gestation to either air, 5 ppm, 10 ppm, or 20 ppm benzene. On Day 16 of gestation, 2 days after birth, and 6 weeks after birth, progeny of the exposed dams were assayed for the amount and type of hemoglobin produced and for recognizable hematopoietic cells in the peripheral blood and hematopoietic organs. None of the benzene exposures induced significant changes in the indices assayed from the 16-day fetuses. In contrast, 2-day neonates exposed in utero to all concentrations of benzene exhibited reduced numbers of circulating erythroid precursor cells. In addition, those 2-day neonates exposed in utero to 20 ppm benzene exhibited increased numbers of hepatic hematopoietic blast cells and granulopoietic precursor cells accompanied by decreased numbers of erythropoietic precursor cells. Six-week adult mice exposed in utero to 20 ppm benzene exhibited a similar pattern of enhanced granulopoiesis. These animals exhibited elevated numbers of splenic hematopoietic blast cells and granulopoietic precursor cells accompanied by decreased numbers of marrow erythropoietic precursor cells. These results suggest that in utero exposures to low concentrations of benzene can induce persistent enhanced production of recognizable granulopoietic elements in the hematopoietic systems of mice.
A test generation approach for systems-on-chip that use intellectual property cores (2003)

In this paper, we propose a hierarchical automatic test pattern generation (ATPG) framework that can generate custom tests for full-scan systems-on-chip (SOCs) containing intellectual property (IP) cores without revealing much IP. The proposed ATPG is shown to be correct and complete and its average and worst case complexities are shown to be comparable with those of classical ATPG. The proposed ATPG reduces DFT overheads and test application costs. It also enables utilization of a range of test methodologies at the SOC level.
Optical signal degradation study in fixed human skin using confocal microscopy and higher-harmonic optical microscopy (2006)

Confocal and nonlinear optical microscopies have been applied for dermatological studies because of their capability to provide sub-surface three-dimensional images with sub-microm spatial resolutions. Optical signal degradation as the imaging plane being moved toward deeper regions in skin specimens is the key factor that limits the observation depth for the laser scanning based linear or nonlinear imaging modalities. In this article, we studied the signal degradation in fixed human skin specimens using reflection confocal microscopy and higher-harmonic optical microscopy based on a Cr:forsterite femtosecond laser centered at 1230-nm. By analyzing the optical properties through these linear and nonlinear imaging modalities, we found that the optical signal degradation in the studied human skin specimen is dominated by the distortion of the point spread function.
Augmented reality, surface style (2010)

Most displays can show information only on a planar surface. In some cases it is advantageous to extend the display into the third dimension or inside objects on the surface. For instance, a person on one side of an interactive table might want to read a message displayed privately to themselves. This paper describes a novel use of fiber optics to take the light from a planar surface and extend it to display into the third dimension, both vertically and in any direction that the fiber optic is bent.
Robot Hand with a Sensor of Cloth Handring (1989)

A robot or robot system is regarded as a general-purpose machine system that, like a human, can perform many tasks under conditions un-known a priori. In this paper, it was showed that a robot hand to handle pieces of cloth was manufactuerd for trial and plural functions of the hand was studied experimentally. The results obtained were as follows.(1) The robot hand was able to separate a piece of cloth (about 0.5mm in thickness) from a stack of pieces of cloth.(2) The output signal from the strain guage of the hand was considered to be nearly in proportion to the thickness of pieces of cloth (0.1 mm3.0mm in thickness, under a pressure of 2.5N/cm2) held by the hand and by the signal, it was possible to distinguish thickness of the pieces of cloth.(3) The tension of a piece of cloth could be controled between 0. 0 9-0.12N by the arm and the hand.
The Complete Genome Sequence of Proteus mirabilis Strain BB2000 Reveals Differences from the P. mirabilis Reference Strain (2013)

We announce the complete genome sequence for Proteus mirabilis strain BB2000, a model system for self recognition. This opportunistic pathogen contains a single, circular chromosome (3,846,754 bp). Comparisons between this genome and that of strain HI4320 reveal genetic variations corresponding to previously unknown physiological and self-recognition differences.
Optimal Tuning of PID Controllers for First Order Plus Time Delay Models Using Dimensional Analysis (2003)

Using dimensional analysis and numerical optimisation techniques, an optimal method for tuning PID controllers for first order plus time delay systems is presented. Considering integral square error (ISE), integral absolute error (IAE) and integral time absolute error (ITAE) performance criteria, optimal equations for obtaining PID parameters are proposed. Simulation results show that the proposed method has a considerable superiority over conventional techniques. In addition, the closed loop system shows a robust performance in the face of model parameters uncertainty.
Stimulation by Light and Sound: Therapeutics Effects in Humans. Systematic Review (2015)

Introduction : The objective of the study was to make a systematic review of published studies that used the brain stimulation by light and sound as means to optimize brain function and increase the different treatments. Methods : The methods followed the Prisma model for eligibility of studies. Results : Four studies on the systematic review were included 3 experimental studies and 1 case report. Two of these studies were focused in learning and sportive performance, and 2 focused on increasing physical and mental health. Conclusion : It was concluded that the investigation of brain stimulation technique can be applied to induce favorable mental states to enlarge treatments of several disorders that affect humans in a safe and noninvasive way. It is suggested that positive results can also be found through the association of brain stimulation by light and sound with therapies that combat depression and anxiety states.
Silicide formation in thin cosputtered (titanium + silicon) films on polycrystalline silicon and SiO2. (1980)

Formation of the silicides of titanium has been investigated by cosputtering titanium and silicon on polycrystalline silicon and oxidized silicon wafers. Alloys with as-deposited Si/Ti atomic ratios of 0.5–8 were sintered in vacuum or hydrogen ambient in the temperature range 400–1000 °C. The Ti-Si interaction in such films was studied by the use of sheet resistance, x-ray diffraction, and stress measurements. It was found that in cases of silicon deficient alloys (e.g., the case of alloys sputtered on oxide with Si/Ti ratio &lt;2) intermetallics Ti5Si3 and TiSi were formed. These intermetallics were stable up to 900 °C. In the presence of polycrystalline silicon and for alloys with Si/Ti ratio ?2, the only intermetallic formed was TiSi2. TiSi2 was responsible for very low resistivity (as low as ∼25 μΩcm) in the films. The volume change associated with silicide formation led to high tensile stresses in the films. It is suggested that in cosputtered films metallurgical interaction occurs locally which leads to small grain size, higher resistivities, and smoother surfaces. For films with excess silicon, up to 4 silicon atoms are accommodated within a unit cell of TiSi2. This suggests a range of solid solubility of silicon in TiSi2.
Left ventricular guidewire pacing for transcatheter aortic valve implantation (2012)

Previous reports prove the safety and efficacy of cardiac pacing employing a guidewire in the left ventricle as unipolar pacing electrode. We describe the use of left ventricular guidewire pacing as an alternative to conventional transvenous temporary right ventricular pacing in the context of transcatheter aortic valve implantation.
Direct Laser Drilling in Copper Clad Printed Wiring Boards (Effect of Surface Treatment on Drilled Blind Via-Hole Quality) (2008)

Micro-via drilling technology using a laser has become the dominant method of drilling smaller blind via-holes in copper clad multi-layer printed wiring boards (PWBs). Cu-direct laser drilling has attracted attention as a new method. However, the defect of overhang occurs when copper and resin, having different processing thresholds, are drilled at the same time. The absorptance is an important factor for Cu-direct laser drilling. Therefore, we propose a new method using thermography to measure the absorptance of a PWB's surface for a CO2laser. Moreover, we investigate how surface treatment of the outer copper foil influences the quality of a laser-drilled hole. Two kinds of surface treatment, roughening and application of black-oxide, were attempted as ways to improve the absorptance of a surface for the laser. As a result, it was found that not only the surface absorptance but also the method of surface treatment affects the quality of a drilled hole.
An Isatin-β-thiosemicarbazone-resistant Vaccinia Virus Containing a Mutation in the Second Largest Subunit of the Viral RNA Polymerase Is Defective in Transcription Elongation (2004)

The vaccinia virus RNA polymerase is a multi-subunit enzyme that contains eight subunits in the postreplicative form. A prior study of a virus called IBT(r90), which contains a mutation in the A24 gene encoding the RPO132 subunit of the RNA polymerase, demonstrated that the mutation results in resistance to the anti-poxvirus drug isatin-beta-thiosemicarbazone (IBT). In this study, we utilized an in vitro transcription elongation assay to determine the effect of this mutation on transcription elongation. Both wild type and IBT(r90) polymerase complexes were studied with regard to their ability to pause during elongation, their stability in a paused state, their ability to release transcripts, and their elongation rate. We have determined that the IBT(r90) complex is specifically defective in elongation compared with the WT complex, pausing longer and more frequently than the WT complex. We have built a homology model of the RPO132 subunit with the yeast pol II rpb2 subunit to propose a structural mechanism for this elongation defect.
An Altruistic Prediction-Based Congestion Control for Strict Beaconing Requirements in Urban VANETs (2018)

Periodic beacon messages are one of the building blocks that enable the operation of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) applications. In vehicular networks environments, congestion and awareness control mechanisms are key for a reliable and efficient functioning of vehicular applications. In order to control the channel load, a reliable mechanism allowing real-time measurements of parameters like the local density of vehicles is a must. These measurements can then serve as an input to perform a fast adaptation of the transmit parameters. In this paper, considerable efforts have been directed in the recent years toward designing flexible yet robust protocols solving this problem; yet, very few have considered a proactive adaptation of the transmit parameters as a preventive measure from channel load peaks. To this end, we take the opportunity to introduce prediction and adaptation algorithm (P&A-A), a new congestion control protocol that performs a joint adaptation of the transmit rate and power, relying on an altruistic short-term prediction algorithm that estimates the vehicular density around a given vehicle within the next short while. Additionally, P&A-A adapts the transmit parameters in a way that guarantees the strict beaconing requirements and satisfies the level of awareness required for the operation of most critical VANET applications. The results of the simulations performed in a realistic scenario justify our theoretical considerations and confirm the efficiency and the effectiveness of our protocol by showing significant improvements in terms of network performance (up to 8% and 14% improvement in collision rate; and up to 10% and 20% increase in busy ratio compared to our previous scheme and the ETSI schemes, respectively) as well as the achieved level of awareness (higher coverage with higher transmission rate and power in dense scenarios, and up to 8% and 55% improvement in density perception accuracy compared to our previous scheme and the ETSI schemes, respectively).
The Inhibition of Urease by Methylurea (1961)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Inhibition of Urease by MethylureaWilliam H. R. Shaw and Dilip N. RavalCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1961, 83, 13, 2866–2868Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1961Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1961https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01474a019https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01474a019research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views85Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts