gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Differences in Insulin Resistance in Nondiabetic Subjects With Isolated Impaired Glucose Tolerance or Isolated Impaired Fasting Glucose (2004)

Both impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) (as defined by the 1985 World Health Organization criteria) and impaired fasting glucose (IFG) (as defined by the 1997 American Diabetes Association criteria) represent intermediate metabolic states between normal and diabetic glucose homeostasis. Cardiovascular disease may be related to postglucose load rather than fasting glycemia, i.e., IGT rather than IFG. We hypothesized that subjects with IGT may be more insulin resistant and have higher levels of common cardiovascular risk factors than those with isolated IFG. In the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS), we studied S(i) and first-phase insulin secretion (acute insulin response [AIR]), as derived from a frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test, as well as common cardiovascular risk factors in four different glucose tolerance categories (NFG/NGT [n = 654], NFG/IGT [n = 255], IFG/NGT [n = 59], and IFG/IGT [n = 102]) among nondiabetic subjects. Subjects with isolated postchallenge hyperglycemia (NFG/IGT) had lower S(i) (means +/- SE: 2.10 +/- 0.04 vs. 2.59 +/- 0.13 x 10(-4) min(-1). microU(-1). ml(-1); P = 0.005), lower proinsulin levels (34.4 +/- 1.8 vs. 42.0 +/- 4.5 pmol/l; P = 0.03), higher AIR (273.1 +/- 18.1 vs. 215.9 +/- 30.0 pmol/l; P = 0.04), higher C-reactive protein (2.49 +/- 0.3 vs. 1.49 +/- 0.5 mg/l; P = 0.0015), and higher triglyceride levels (137.7 +/- 5.5 vs. 108.4 +/- 8.9 mg/dl; P = 0.0025) than subjects with isolated fasting hyperglycemia (IFG/NGT). The relation of insulin resistance to glucose tolerance category was consistently seen in women and men and across the three ethnic groups of the IRAS (non-Hispanic whites, African Americans, and Hispanics). Nondiabetic individuals with isolated postchallenge hyperglycemia (IGT) are more insulin resistant than individuals with isolated fasting hyperglycemia (IFG). The risk factor pattern (including increased insulin resistance) seen in isolated IGT identifies a subgroup of nondiabetic individuals who are likely to benefit from early intervention.
Twin‐screw reactive extrusion for phosphorylation of pea starch with a retained granular identity (2017)

The present work examines the ability to reactively modify a pea starch by phosphorylation in a twin‐screw extruder without the loss of its granular form, in order to produce a product for functional food uses. This reaction was studied by varying formulation variables of moisture content as well as reactant and sodium sulfate concentration at 95°C and 150 rpm. The modified starch was characterized for its phosphorus content, in vitro digestibility by the Englyst method, thermal gelatinization properties, and pasting behavior. Phosphorus contents of intact starch granules as high as 0.3% were found (close to the 0.4% limit for foods), produced continuously under extrusion conditions corresponding to a residence time of approximately one minute. Higher moisture content and low sodium sulfate concentration favored higher phosphorus content but increased the chances of amylose leaching and agglomerating of the exiting granules. In all cases, the pea starch experienced some change in its gelatinization transition consistent with simultaneous heat‐moisture treatment occurring along with the reaction inside the extruder. The current configuration of the process was not found suitable to major increases in resistant starch content though minor improvements in slowly digestible starch content were reported.
Stability of Methods for Solving Toeplitz Systems of Equations (1985)

The stability properties of the classical and the new fast algorithms for solving Toeplitz systems are investigated.KeywordsToeplitz matriceslinear equations
The Effect of Ultraviolet Radiation on Human Viral Infections (2006)

Exposure to UV radiation is recognized to suppress cell-mediated immunity and therefore could adversely affect the course of a viral infection. Rodent models of viral infection confirm this possibility but the situation in human subjects is not so clear, apart from two exceptions. These are herpes simplex, in which sunlight exposure can cause reactivation, and certain papillomavirus types in which sunlight exposure can lead to the development of nonmelanoma skin cancer. In both cases, there are UV response elements in the viral genomes that alter the normal interactions between the viruses and the host following exposure, and UV-induced effects on the immune response occur in addition. These complex mechanisms are discussed, and the situation regarding UV radiation and viral exanthems plus other viruses, including the retroviruses, summarized. Finally viral vaccination is considered in the context of UV exposure and the importance of the host's genetic background emphasized. Further research is required to evaluate whether sunlight can significantly affect the resistance to common viral infections and vaccines.
Phorbol esters and horseradish peroxidase stimulate pinocytosis and redirect the flow of pinocytosed fluid in macrophages. (1985)

Lucifer Yellow CH (LY) is an excellent probe for fluid-phase pinocytosis. It accumulates within the macrophage vacuolar system, is not degraded, and is not toxic at concentrations of 6.0 mg/ml. Its uptake is inhibited at 0 degree C. Thioglycollate-elicited mouse peritoneal macrophages were found to exhibit curvilinear uptake kinetics of LY. Upon addition of LY to the medium, there was a brief period of very rapid cellular accumulation of the dye (1,400 ng of LY/mg protein per h at 1 mg/ml LY). This rate of accumulation most closely approximates the rate of fluid influx by pinocytosis. Within 60 min, the rate of LY accumulation slowed to a steady-state rate of 250 ng/mg protein per h which then continued for up to 18 h. Pulse-chase experiments revealed that the reduced rate of accumulation under steady-state conditions was due to efflux of LY. Only 20% of LY taken into the cells was retained; the remainder was released back into the medium. Efflux has two components, rapid and slow; each can be characterized kinetically as a first-order reaction. The kinetics are similar to those described by Besterman et al. (Besterman, J. M., J. A. Airhart, R. C. Woodworth, and R. B. Low, 1981, J. Cell Biol. 91:716-727) who interpret fluid-phase pinocytosis as involving at least two compartments, one small, rapidly turning over compartment and another apparently larger one which fills and empties slowly. To search for processes that control intracellular fluid traffic, we studied pinocytosis after treatment of macrophages with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or with the tumor promoter phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). HRP, often used as a marker for fluid-phase pinocytosis, was observed to stimulate the rate of LY accumulation in macrophages. PMA caused an immediate four- to sevenfold increase in the rate of LY accumulation. Both HRP and PMA increased LY accumulation by stimulating influx and reducing the percentage of internalized fluid that is rapidly recycled. A greater proportion of endocytosed fluid passes into the slowly emptying compartment (presumed lysosomes). These experiments demonstrate that because of the considerable efflux by cells, measurement of marker accumulation inaccurately estimates the rate of fluid pinocytosis. Moreover, pinocytic flow of water and solutes through cytoplasm is subject to regulation at points beyond the formation of pinosomes.
Manganese Superoxide Dismutase Is a <i>p53</i> -Regulated Gene That Switches Cancers between Early and Advanced Stages (2011)

Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) plays a critical role in the survival of aerobic life, and its aberrant expression has been implicated in carcinogenesis and tumor resistance to therapy. However, despite extensive studies in MnSOD regulation and its role in cancer, when and how the alteration of MnSOD expression occurs during the process of tumor development in vivo are unknown. Here, we generated transgenic mice expressing a luciferase reporter gene under the control of human MnSOD promoter-enhancer elements and investigated the changes of MnSOD transcription using the 7,12-dimethylbenz(α)anthracene (DMBA)/12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-l3-acetate (TPA) multistage skin carcinogenesis model. The results show that MnSOD expression was suppressed at a very early stage but increased at late stages of skin carcinogenesis. The suppression and subsequent restoration of MnSOD expression were mediated by two transcription-factors, Sp1 and p53. Exposure to DMBA and TPA activated p53 and decreased MnSOD expression via p53-mediated suppression of Sp1 binding to the MnSOD promoter in normal-appearing skin and benign papillomas. In squamous cell carcinomas, Sp1 binding increased because of the loss of functional p53. We used chromatin immunoprecipitation, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and both knockdown and overexpression of Sp1 and p53 to verify their roles in the expression of MnSOD at each stage of cancer development. The results identify MnSOD as a p53-regulated gene that switches between early and advanced stages of cancer. These findings also provide strong support for the development of means to reactivate p53 for the prevention of tumor progression.
Levulinic esters from the acid-catalysed reactions of sugars and alcohols as part of a bio-refinery (2011)

Polymeric humin formation greatly diminishes levulinic acid yields in acid treatment of C6 sugars in aqueous medium. Protecting reactive functional groups of sugars and reaction intermediates via acetalisation and etherification in methanol medium effectively suppresses humin formation and remarkably enhances the production of levulinic esters.
Correction grammars for error handling in a speech dialog system (2004)

Speech recognition errors are inevitable in a speech dialog system. This paper presents an error handling method based on correction grammars which recognize the correction utterances which follow a recognition error. Correction grammars are dynamically created from existing grammars and a set of correction templates. We also describe a prototype dialog system which incorporates this error handling method, and provide empirical evidence that this method can improve dialog success rate and reduce the number of dialog turns required for error recovery.
Development of spinal reflexes in the rat fetus studied in vitro. (1979)

1. The onset and development of spinal reflex activity was investigated using the isolated spinal cord of the rat fetus. The potential changes generated in motoneurones were recorded extracellularly from L3 ventral roots. 2. A spike potential was recorded from the ventral root at embryonic day 13.5 in response to stimulation of the cord surface close to the ventral root. The discharge persisted in Ca2+-free solution but was blocked by tetrodotoxin. 3. At embryonic day 14.5, trans-synaptically evoked discharges were detected in motoneurones. 4. Stimulation of the dorsal root was first effective in eliciting reflex discharges at embryonic day 15.5. The reflex response then consisted of a prolonged depolarization upon which were superimposed small spikes, and was probably polysynaptic. 5. A spike potential, presumably a monosynaptic reflex, was generated at the end of fetal life. This discharge appeared first at embryonic day 17.5 in a primitive form. 6. Between embryonic day 16.5 and 17.5, stimulation of the dorsal root of diffferent segments (L1-L6) elicited responses similar to those induced by the corresponding (i.e. L3) dorsal root stimulation. These inter-segmentally induced responses were then reduced in size toward the birth. However, in the presence of strychnine, a train of spike discharges of similar shape to the segmentally induced response was also evoked by stimulation of the dorsal root at L4 or L5. These spikes disappeared during further post-natal development. 7. It is concluded that synapses in the segmental polysynaptic pathway become functional in a retrograde sequence with respect to the direction of normal reflex impulse flow. The reflex responses, elicited by stimulation of the dorsal roots of different segments, are suggested to be suppressed first by the development of inhibitory mechanisms and then by neuronal cell death or by elimination of the synapses responsible for generating the inter-segmental reflexes.
Cyclic Voltammetric Studies of Charge Transfer Reactions at Highly Boron-Doped Polycrystalline Diamond Thin-Film Electrodes (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCyclic Voltammetric Studies of Charge Transfer Reactions at Highly Boron-Doped Polycrystalline Diamond Thin-Film ElectrodesShokoofeh. Alehashem, Fred. Chambers, Jerzy W. Strojek, Greg M. Swain, and Rajeshuni. RameshamCite this: Anal. Chem. 1995, 67, 17, 2812–2821Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00113a014https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00113a014research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1738Altmetric-Citations163LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Biosynthesis of Riboflavin. Enzymatic Deamination of 2,5-Diamino-6-hydroxy-4-ribitylaminopyrimidine-5′-phosphate (1980)

Cell extracts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida guilliermondii catalyze the hydrolytic deamination in position 2 of 2,5-diamino-6-hydroxy-4-ribitylaminopvrimidine 5′-phosphate. The deaminase activity is absent in rib 2 mutants of S. cerevisiae. These findings confirm the biosynthetic pathway proposed earlier on the basis of metabolic and genetic studies [2].
Vehicle Routing Problem: doing it the evolutionary way (2002)

In this paper we describe three evolutionary approaches to the vehicle routing problem. In our first approach we use a standard genetic algorithm whilst in the second we use a coevolutionary model. The third approach concerns the extension of the previous ones through the inclusion of heuristics. We present and compare the experimental results achieved by the algorithms. 1
<scp>D</scp>‐Galaktosaminuronsäure (2‐Amino‐2‐desoxy‐<scp>D</scp>‐galakturonsäure) als Baustein des Vi‐Antigens (1959)

Abstract Vi‐Antigen aus Escherichia coli ist ein Polysaccharid, welches als Baustein vorwiegend D ‐Galaktosaminuronsäure (2‐Amino‐2‐desoxy‐ D ‐galakturonsäure) in N ‐acetylierter Form enthält. Die nach der Hydrolyse des Antigens mit konzentrierter Salzsäure isolierte D ‐Galaktosaminuronsäure wurde mit der auf dem Wege der katalytischen Oxydation synthetisch dargestellten Verbindung identifiziert.
Emerging Monoclonal Antibodies and Related Agents for the Treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (2012)

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) - rituximab, ofatumumab and alemtuzumab - have been approved for use in the therapy of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Recently, a new generation of anti-CD20 mAbs has become available for preclinical studies and clinical trials. These antibodies were engineered to have augmented antitumor activity by increasing complement-dependent cytotoxicity, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and Fc-binding affinity for the low-affinity variants of the Fcγ receptor IIIa. The most promising mAb directed against CD20 is obinutuzumab (GA-101). mAbs directed against CD22, CD37 and CD40 have also shown some activity in CLL. In addition, small modular immunopharmaceuticals - TRU-015 (anti-CD20) and TRU-016 (anti-CD37) - that retain Fc-mediated effector functions have been developed and investigated in preclinical studies and clinical trials. Antibody-drug conjugates and recombinant immunotoxins are also being evaluated in lymphoid malignancies. Further studies will elucidate the role of these agents in the treatment of CLL.
Adapting a real-time monocular visual SLAM from conventional to omnidirectional cameras (2011)

The SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) problem is one of the essential challenges for the current robotics. Our main objective in this work is to develop a real-time visual SLAM system using monocular omnidirectional vision. Our approach is based on the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). We use the Spherical Camera Model to obtain geometric information from the images. This model is integrated in the EKF-based SLAM through the linearization of the direct and the inverse projections. We introduce a new computation of the descriptor patch for catadioptric omnidirectional cameras which aims to reach rotation and scale invariance. We perform experiments with omnidirectional images comparing this new approach with the conventional one. The experimentation confirms that our approach works better with omnidirectional cameras since features last longer and constructed maps are bigger.
Modified Taxols, 8. Deacylation and Reacylation of Baccatin III (1993)

Hydrogenation of baccatin III over platinum converted it to its hexahydro derivative, and deacylation of this as its 7-triethylsilyl derivative was achieved with methoxide ion. The 10-acetate was hydrolyzed first, followed by the C-4 acetate and then the C-2 cyclohexylcarboxylate; an explanation for this unexpected order is presented. Base treatment also yielded a rearranged analogue with a tetrahydrofuran ring in place of the oxetane ring of baccatin III. Acetylation of 4,10-bis(deacetyl)-2-debenzoyl-7-triethylsilylbaccatin III proceeded readily at the C-13 position, in contrast to baccatin III which is only acetylated with difficulty at this position. Further acylation could be carried out selectively at the C-2 and C-10 positions, but acetylation at C-4 was possible only under vigorous conditions.
Studies on the metabolism and uptake of caffeine and theophylline by Staphylococcus aureus (1976)

A strain of S. aureus was grown in synthetic media containing subinhibitory concentrations of caffeine and theophylline. Using paper chromatography and spectrophotometric methods it was observed that neither compound was metabolized by staphylococci, although both compounds were taken up by the cells.
Analytic performance estimation of client-server systems with multi-threaded clients (2002)

The authors present an analytical performance model named rendezvous network with multi-threaded clients (RNMTC) for performance analysis of client-server systems. RNMTC is able to model systems with multiple clients inter-communicating with multiple servers which may represent either hardware or software system components. Each system client is described by a precedence graph, and may consist of multiple concurrent execution threads whose number can vary due to fork and join operations. The analytic method for RNMTC proposed is based on hierarchical decomposition: at the higher level the system behaviour is represented by a Markov chain (MC) model whose states correspond to all possible combinations of client execution states; at the lower level a stochastic rendezvous network (SRVN) model with simple clients corresponds to each MC slate. SRVN was previously introduced and MVA approximate analytic solutions are known. The RNMTC model has been used with a number of different test cases and the analytic results were found to be in close agreement with simulation results.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Profound Hypoglycemia in Starved, Ghrelin-deficient Mice Is Caused by Decreased Gluconeogenesis and Reversed by Lactate or Fatty Acids (2012)

When mice are subjected to 7-day calorie restriction (40% of normal food intake), body fat disappears, but blood glucose is maintained as long as the animals produce ghrelin, an octanoylated peptide that stimulates growth hormone secretion. Mice can be rendered ghrelin-deficient by knock-out of the gene encoding either ghrelin O-acyltransferase, which attaches the required octanoate, or ghrelin itself. Calorie-restricted, fat-depleted ghrelin O-acyltransferase or ghrelin knock-out mice fail to show the normal increase in growth hormone and become profoundly hypoglycemic when fasted for 18-23 h. Glucose production in Goat(-/-) mice was reduced by 60% when compared with similarly treated WT mice. Plasma lactate and pyruvate were also low. Injection of lactate, pyruvate, alanine, or a fatty acid restored blood glucose in Goat(-/-) mice. Thus, when body fat is reduced by calorie restriction, ghrelin stimulates growth hormone secretion, which allows maintenance of glucose production, even when food intake is eliminated. In humans with anorexia nervosa or kwashiorkor, ghrelin and growth hormone are known to be elevated, just as they are in fat-depleted mice. We suggest that these two hormones prolong survival in starved humans as they do in mice.
Phase equilibria in systems involving the rare-earth oxides. Part I. Polymorphism of the oxides of the trivalent rare-earth ions (1960)

The polymorphic relationships of the pure rare-earth oxides have been reinvestigated using X-ray diffraction methods for identification of phases. The oxides of the trivalent rare earth ions crystallize in three different types: A, B, and C. Each oxide has only one truly stable polymorph: La<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Ce<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Pr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, and Nd<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> belong to the A type; Sm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Eu<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, and Gd<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> to the B type; Tb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Dy<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Ho<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Er<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Tm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Yb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, and Lu<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> to the C type. In addition Nd<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Sm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Eu<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, and Gd<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> have low-temperature, apparently metastable, C-type polymorphs. The low-temperature form inverts irreversibly to the stable form at increasingly higher temperatures for decreasing cation radius.