gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An efficient synthesis of 6-oxopenicillanic and 7-oxocephalosporanic acid derivatives (1982)

Trifluoromethanesulphonation of benzyl 6-aminopenicillanate (3) and the 7-aminocephalosporanates (7a–c) with (CF3SO2)2O gave the bis(trifluoromethylsulphonate) derivatives (5) and (8a–c), which were then converted into the imines (6) and (9a–c) by treatment with 1,5-diazabicyclo[5.4.0] undec-5-ene or triethylamine, and subsequently hydrolysed with dilute HCl to give the 6-oxopenicillanic acids (1) and 7-oxocephalosporanic acids (2), respectively.
Modification of epoxy resins for improvement of adhesion: a critical review (2003)

Abstract Modification of epoxy resins for improvement of adhesion has been the subject of intense research throughout the world. Unlike for thermoplastics, physical blending is not successful for improvement of bond strength and impact strength of epoxy resins. The bond strength of an epoxy resin can be improved only by chemical modification with a suitable flexible modifier. Such chemical modification may either plasticize the epoxy matrix or lead to a two-phase microstructure. Both methods of chemical modifications are discussed critically in the present review. Keywords: EPOXYADHESIVEMODIFIED EPOXYADHESIONBOND STRENGTH
The Elevated Risk for Venous Thrombosis in Persons with Hyperhomocysteinemia Is not Reflected by the Endogenous Thrombin Potential (1999)

Present addresses: G. M. J. Bos, is presently a fellow of the Dutch Cancer Foundation; D. T. S. Rijkers, Utrecht University, Faculty of Pharmaceutics, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Utrecht, The Netherlands; M. den Heijer, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Growth of ceramic thin films on Si(100) using an <i>in situ</i> laser deposition technique (1991)

We have investigated the formation of MgO and yttria-stabilized ZrO2(YSZ) thin films on Si(100) substrates using laser (wavelength 248 nm pulse duration 40 ns, and repetition rate 5 Hz) physical vapor deposition method. The films were deposited from solid targets of MgO and polycrystalline YSZ in appropriate ambient with the substrate temperature optimized at 650 °C. The absorption coefficient in the MgO target was enhanced by Ni doping. The films were characterized using scanning and transmission electron microscopy (plan and cross section), x-ray diffraction, and Rutherford-backscattering spectrometry. The films were found to be polycrystalline with a texture. The thin films of MgO exhibited 〈111〉 texture, while the YSZ films contained both 〈111〉 and 〈200〉 textures.
A survey of carbon fixation pathways through a quantitative lens (2011)

While the reductive pentose phosphate cycle is responsible for the fixation of most of the carbon in the biosphere, it has several natural substitutes. In fact, due to the characterization of three new carbon fixation pathways in the last decade, the diversity of known metabolic solutions for autotrophic growth has doubled. In this review, the different pathways are analysed and compared according to various criteria, trying to connect each of the different metabolic alternatives to suitable environments or metabolic goals. The different roles of carbon fixation are discussed; in addition to sustaining autotrophic growth it can also be used for energy conservation and as an electron sink for the recycling of reduced electron carriers. Our main focus in this review is on thermodynamic and kinetic aspects, including thermodynamically challenging reactions, the ATP requirement of each pathway, energetic constraints on carbon fixation, and factors that are expected to limit the rate of the pathways. Finally, possible metabolic structures of yet unknown carbon fixation pathways are suggested and discussed.
Processing of complex microsystems: a micro mass spectrometer (1999)

By means of micro structuring the size of a mass spectrometer can be scaled down to about a few cubic centimeters at high precision and reproducibility. Such a miniaturized mass spectrometer is a micro system of very complex nature. It comprises of at least three main parts to be manufactured by micro structuring: an electron source, an ionization region including accelerating and focusing units and a mass analyzer with detector. Since microsystem technologies are 2.5 dimensional - i.e. defined undercuts are difficult to realize - the spectrometer is built of three substrate-layers to achieve the necessary 3D structure. These layers represent the three above mentioned units - each composed of several metal and isolation layers. The substrates are placed cross wise with respect to their electrical connections, so that the top structure can be bonded from below and the bottom structure from the top. The presented layout and processing is adapted to the physical requirements of the system as there are e.g. pressure stages, low capacitance and uncritical assembly, the type of processes and their order are chosen compatible to each other and to the involved materials and structures. This concerns for example the selectivity of etching processes, compatibility of metals, thermal stress, mechanical stress during thick photoresist removal and the thickness of membranes and freestanding structures to survive the mechanical stress imposed during the fabrication.
Spatially Resolved Imaging of Inhomogeneous Charge Transfer Behavior in Polymorphous Molybdenum Oxide. I. Correlation of Localized Structural, Electronic, and Chemical Properties Using Conductive Probe Atomic Force Microscopy and Raman Microprobe Spectroscopy (2005)

A detailed study of electrochemically deposited molybdenum oxide thin films has been carried out after they were sintered at 250 degrees C. Conductive probe atomic force microscopy (CP-AFM), Raman microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) techniques were employed to assess the complex structural, electronic, and compositional properties of these films. Spatially resolved Raman microprobe spectroscopy studies reveal that sintered molybdenum oxide is polymorphous and phase segregated with three types of domains observed comprising orthorhombic alpha-MoO3, monoclinic beta-MoO3, and intermixed alpha-/beta-MoO3. CP-AFM studies conducted in concert with Raman microprobe spectroscopy allowed for correlation between specific compositional regions and localized electronic properties. Single point tunneling spectroscopy studies of chemically distinct regions show semiconducting current-voltage (I-V) behavior with the beta-MoO3 polymorph exhibiting higher electronic conductivity than intermixed alpha-/beta-MoO3 or microcrystalline alpha-MoO3 domains. XPS valence level spectra of beta-MoO3 films display a small structured band near the Fermi level, indicative of an increased concentration of oxygen vacancies. This accounts for the greatly enhanced electronic conductivity of beta-MoO3 as these positively charged cationic defects (anion vacancies) act to trap excess electrons. Connections between structural features, electronic properties, and chemical composition are established and discussed. Importantly, this work highlights the value of using spatially resolved techniques for correlating structural and compositional features with electrochemical behaviors of disordered, mixed-phase lithium insertion oxides.
Effects of detergent environments on the photocycle of purified monomeric bacteriorhodopsin (1991)

Time-resolved difference spectra have been obtained for the photocycle of delipidated bacteriorhodopsin monomers (d-BR) in six different detergent micelle environments that were prepared by two new detergent-exchange techniques. A global kinetic analysis of the photocycle spectra for d-BR in each detergent environment was performed. Comparison of these results with those obtained for the photocycle of bacteriorhodopsin in purple membrane (PM) shows that there is one fewer kinetically distinguishable process for monomeric BR between the decay of the K intermediate and the rise of the M intermediate. Assuming a sequential pathway occurs in the photocycle, it appears that the equilibrium between the L and M intermediates is reached much more rapidly in the detergent micelles. This is attributed to a more direct interaction between Asp-85 and the proton on the nitrogen of the Schiff base of retinal for BR in the detergents. Equilibrium concentrations of late photocycle intermediates are also altered in detergents. The later steps of the photocycle, including the decay of the M intermediate, are slowed in detergents with rings in their hydrocarbon region. This is attributed to effects on conformational changes occurring during the decay of M and/or other later photocycle intermediates. The lifetime of dark adaptation of light-adapted d-BR in different detergent environments increases in environments where the lifetime of the M intermediate increases. These results suggest that the high percentage of either unsaturated or methyl-branched lipids in PM and the membranes of other retinal proteins may be important for their effective functioning.
Substrate surface roughness-dependent 3-D complex nanoarchitectures of gold particles from directed electrodeposition (2008)

The effects of substrate surface roughness on the directed electrodeposition of gold 3-D complex nanoarchitectures with hedgehog-shaped, cauliflower-shaped, or bunch-of-grapes-shaped surface features are revealed. The surface morphology of the synthesized particles was observed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Their chemical composition was confirmed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. The surfaces of ITO/glass substrate with different roughness were checked using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and contact angle measurements. Effects of variation of the deposition potential on the growth of Au nanocomplex structure have provided valuable information to clarify the substrate surface roughness-dependent 3-D nanocomplex synthesis. Pt/Au bimetallic particles with different surface features were produced under the same experimental conditions using mentioned different rough ITO/glass substrates. The growth follows a diffusion controlled mechanism. Electrochemical experimental results demonstrated that such hedgehog-shaped Au particles exhibit enhanced voltammetric responses. These findings offer insight into the electrosynthesis of complex micro/nano-structures. Interesting 3-D nanostructures can be realized by controlling the surface roughness of the substrate.
Detecting small, moving objects in image sequences using sequential hypothesis testing (1991)

An algorithm is proposed for the solution of the class of multidimensional detection problems concerning the detection of small, barely discernible, moving objects of unknown position and velocity in a sequence of digital images. A large number of candidate trajectories, organized into a tree structure, are hypothesized at each pixel in the sequence and tested sequentially for a shift in mean intensity. The practicality of the algorithm is facilitated by the use of multistage hypothesis testing (MHT) for simultaneous inference, as well as the existence of exact, closed-form expressions for MHT test performance in Gaussian white noise (GWN). These expressions predict the algorithm's computation and memory requirements, where it is shown theoretically that several orders of magnitude of processing are saved over a brute-force approach based on fixed sample-size tests. The algorithm is applied to real data by using a robust preprocessing procedure to eliminate background structure and transform the image sequence into a residual representation, modeled as GWN. Results are verified experimentally on a variety of video image sequences.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A study of service providers' understanding of self-harm (2002)

An understanding of self-harm among various occupational groups who may be involved in caring for and supporting people who self-harm was investigated. A questionnaire was constructed to assess understanding of self-harm. It was completed by a number of occupational groups including psychiatrists, psychologists, medical workers (general practitioners and nurses) and social/community care workers. It was also completed by a group of individuals who engage in deliberate self-harm. The results showed psychiatrists and medical workers have a poorer understanding of self-harm in comparison to self-harmers and workers with psychological or social/community care training. Psychology workers, self-harmers and social/community care workers did not differ significantly in their understanding of self-harm. It was concluded that there is a need to enhance awareness and understanding of self-harm among psychiatrists and medical workers so that the referral and treatment process may be more accurately targeted towards the needs of the individual.
Quantum algorithm design using dynamic learning (2008)

We present a dynamic learning paradigm for ``programming'' a general quantum computer. A learning algorithm is used to find the control parameters for a coupled qubit system, such that the system at an initial time evolves to a state in which a given measurement corresponds to the desired operation. This can be thought of as a quantum neural network. We first apply the method to a system of two coupled superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs), and demonstrate learning of both the classical gates XOR and XNOR. Training of the phase produces a gate similar to the CNOT. Striking out for somewhat more interesting territory, we attempt learning of an entanglement witness for a two qubit system. Simulation shows a reasonably successful mapping of the entanglement at the initial time onto the correlation function at the final time for both pure and mixed states. For pure states this mapping requires knowledge of the phase relation between the two parts; however, given that knowledge, this method can be used to measure the entanglement of an otherwise unknown state. The method is easily extended to multiple qubits or to quNits.
<i>In vitro</i> susceptibility of <i>Helicobacter pylori </i>to isoquinoline alkaloids from <i>Sanguinaria canadensis</i> and <i>Hydrastis canadensis</i> (2003)

Methanol extracts of the rhizomes of Sanguinaria canadensis, and the roots and rhizomes of Hydrastis canadensis, two plants used traditionally for the treatment of gastrointestinal ailments, were screened for in vitro antibacterial activity against 15 strains of Helicobacter pylori. The rhizome extracts, as well as a methanol extract of S. canadensis suspension-cell cultures inhibited the growth of H. pylori in vitro, with a MIC50 range of 12.5-50.0 microg/ml. Three isoquinoline alkaloids were identified in the active fraction. Sanguinarine and chelerythrine, two benzophenanthridine alkaloids, inhibited the growth of the bacterium, with an MIC50 of 50.0 and 100.0 microg/ml, respectively. Protopine, a protopine alkaloid, also inhibited the growth of the bacterium, with a MIC50 of 100 microg/ml. The crude methanol extract of H. canadensis rhizomes was very active, with an MIC50 of 12.5 microg/ml. Two isoquinoline alkaloids, berberine and beta-hydrastine, were identified as the active constituents, and having an MIC50 of 12.5 and 100.0 microg/ml, respectively.
Biodistribution of indium-111-labeled OC 125 monoclonal antibody intraperitoneally injected into patients operated on for ovarian carcinomas. (1989)

The biodistribution of 111In-labeled monoclonal antibody (MAb) OC 125 was studied after i.p. injection in 28 patients who underwent surgery for ovarian carcinoma. Group I (eight patients) received intact 111In-labeled OC 125 MAb, Group II (three patients) intact 111In-labeled irrelevant NS, Group III (five patients) intact 111In-labeled OC 125 MAb associated with 20 mg of the same unlabeled MAb and Group IV (12 patients) F(ab')2 fragments of 111In-labeled OC 125 MAb. The patients were operated on 1 to 3 days after i.p. injection, and the surgeon removed large tumor fragments and/or small tumor nodules and, in some patients, collected the residual perfusion fluid from which malignant cell clusters were isolated. Uptake by large tumor fragments at 24 h was low: 0.0031 +/- 0.0032% injected dose per gram (%ID/g) for Group I and 0.0024 +/- 0.0022%ID/g for Group IV. It was moderately higher than that of Group II (0.0014 +/- 0.0006%ID/g) and Group III (0.0015 +/- 0.0007%ID/g). Uptake by small tumor nodules (0.1302 +/- 0.0802%ID/g at 72 h for Group I) and malignant cell clusters (median: 0.3322, with a maximum value of 4.1614%ID/g at 24 h for Group IV) was markedly higher. Tumor-to-normal tissue ratios with OC 125 MAb [intact or F(ab')2 fragments] ranged between 0.1 and 8.5 for large tumor fragments and 2 and 8,700 for small tumor nodules and malignant cell clusters. It would thus appear that RIT is feasible if an appropriate radionuclide can be selected for antibody labeling.
LiDAR Data Integrity Verification for Autonomous Vehicle (2019)

Deterministic perception of the surrounding environment is both crucial and a challenging task for autonomous vehicles. A wide range of sensors, including LiDAR, RADAR, cameras, and so on, are used to build the perception layer of an autonomous vehicle. Many interfaces, such as OBD-II, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular networks, etc., have been introduced in autonomous vehicles to control various functionalities, including V2X communications, over-the-air updates, security, remote vehicle-health monitoring, and so on. These interfaces are introducing new attack surfaces that can be exploited via external as well as internal attacks. Attackers have successfully demonstrated how to exploit these attack surfaces by crafting attack vectors to launch both insider and external attacks. The sensor and sensor data are also vulnerable to both external and insider attacks. Developing safeguards against these attacks is a steppingstone toward the design and development of reliable autonomous vehicles. For instance, failure to detect and localize sensor data tampering can result in an erroneous perception of the environment and lead to wrong path-planning and control decisions. In this paper, we propose a novel semi-fragile data hiding-based technique for real-time sensor data integrity verification and tamper detection and localization. Specifically, the proposed data hiding-based method relies on 3-dimensional quantization index modulation (QIM)-based data hiding to insert a binary watermark into the LiDAR data at the sensing layer, which is used for integrity verification and tamper detection and localization at the decision-making unit, e.g., the advanced driver assistance system (ADAS). The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated on a benchmarking LiDAR dataset. The impact of information hiding on the object-recognition algorithm is also evaluated. Experimental results indicate that the proposed method can successfully detect and localize data tampering attacks, such as fake object insertion (FOI) and target object deletion (TOD). Robustness to noise-addition attacks is also evaluated.
Digital System for Convergence of Three-Beam High-Resolution Color Data Displays (1980)

This paper describes a new method of generating and adjusting convergence waveforms required by a delta-gun cathode-ray tube for digital color data display applications to ensure that the primary color images produced by three guns are correctly registered with respect to each other. The display is divided into 480 zones, and a number of correction values are associated with each zone. Digital values are converted into convergence currents using special smoothing techniques to ensure that quantizing effects do not cause unacceptable image distortion. A microprogram is described which enables the total of 2016 digital correction values to be adjusted rapidly from the keyboard by a simple procedure using a crosshair adjustment pattern which is displayed sequentially at 13 positions on the screen. Special attention is paid to rounding errors which can occur during adjustment. Also accounted for in the waveform generation is the effect of phase delay between convergence coil current and its effect on the electron beams. Improvements necessary to the design of the radial and lateral convergence coil assemblies, normally found in the television industry, to reduce spot distortion and to improve sensitivity and temperature stability, are also presented. The design is realized in the IBM 3279 Color Display Station.
Evaluation of immunofluorescence techniques for detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts and Giardia cysts from environmental samples (1989)

Cryptosporidium and Giardia species are enteric protozoa which cause waterborne disease. The detection of these organisms in water relies on the detection of the oocyst and cyst forms or stages. Monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies were compared for their abilities to react with Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium oocysts after storage in water, 3.7% formaldehyde, and 2.5% potassium dichromate, upon exposure to bleach, and in environmental samples. Three monoclonal antibodies to Cryptosporidium parvum were evaluated. Each test resulted in an equivalent detection of the oocysts after storage, after exposure to bleach, and in environmental samples. Oocyst levels declined slightly after 20 to 22 weeks of storage in water, and oocyst fluorescence and morphology were dull and atypical. Oocyst counts decreased after exposure to 2,500 mg of sodium hypochlorite per liter, and fluorescence and phase-contrast counts were similar. Sediment due to algae and clays found in environmental samples interfered with the detection of oocysts on membrane filters. Two monoclonal antibodies and a polyclonal antibody directed against Giardia lamblia cysts were evaluated. From the same seeded preparations, significantly greater counts were obtained with the polyclonal antibody. Of the two monoclonal antibodies, one resulted in significantly lower cyst counts. In preliminary studies, the differences between antibodies were not apparent when used on the environmental wastewater samples. After 20 to 22 weeks in water, cyst levels declined significantly by 67%. Cysts were not detected with monoclonal antibodies after exposure to approximately 5,000 mg of sodium hypochlorite per liter.
AUTOMATION OF NON-VERBAL COMMUNICATION OF FACIAL EXPRESSIONS (2007)

conferencing Human Expression Recognition Clips Utilised Expert System [0] was designed to recognise facial expressions of the observed person in an automatic way. HERCULES forms a part of an Automated System for Non-verbal Communication [1] and represent the implementation of the facial expression analysis that the system performs. The theoretical formulation of facial expression recognition, whereupon inference engine of HERCULES is built, has been acquired from FACS [2]. HERCULES contains also a second inference engine- emotion recognition engine that offers an emotional interpretation to the recognised facial expression. Currently HERCULES ’ emotion recognition is based on the recognition of so-called six basic emotions defined by Ekman [3a][3b]: happiness, sadness, fear, surprise, disgust and anger. Making the system independent of any of the propagated psychological theories about emotions will be the next step in the development of HERCULES. The system now accepts manually made measurements on a full-face photograph and returns a description of the shown facial expression, quantitative measurement of it, its interpretation in terms of the six basic emotions and quantitative measurement of that emotional interpretation. Although the current version of HERCULES operates with a manual input, a fully automated version of the system is in its latest phase [4].
A role of the anti-angiogenic factor sVEGFR-1 in the ‘mirror syndrome’ (Ballantyne's syndrome) (2006)

High maternal plasma concentrations of sVEGFR-1 were observed in mirror syndrome. We propose that this anti-angiogenic factor may participate in the pathophysiology of this syndrome. Thus, maternal plasma determination of sVEGFR-1 may help to identify the hydropic fetus that places the mother at risk for preeclampsia.