gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chapter VIII. Inorganic Chemistry (1926)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTChapter VIII. Inorganic ChemistryJames Lewis HoweCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1926, 48, 8, 111–128Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1926Publication History Published online24 November 2004Published inissue 1 August 1926https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01419a807https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01419a807research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views79Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Familial Atypical Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome: A Review of Its Genetic and Clinical Aspects (2012)

Atypical hemolytic uremic syndrome (aHUS) is a rare renal disease (two per one million in the USA) characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure. Both sporadic (80% of cases) and familial (20% of cases) forms are recognized. The study of familial aHUS has implicated genetic variation in multiple genes in the complement system in disease pathogenesis, helping to define the mechanism whereby complement dysregulation at the cell surface level leads to both sporadic and familial disease. This understanding has culminated in the use of Eculizumab as first-line therapy in disease treatment, significantly changing the care and prognosis of affected patients. However, even with this bright outlook, major challenges remain to understand the complexity of aHUS at the genetic level. It is possible that a more detailed picture of aHUS can be translated to an improved understanding of disease penetrance, which is highly variable, and response to therapy, both in the short and long terms.
Altered Expression of Selectable Marker <i>URA3</i> in Gene-Disrupted <i>Candida albicans</i> Strains Complicates Interpretation of Virulence Studies (1998)

The ura-blaster technique for the disruption of Candida albicans genes has been employed in a number of studies to identify possible genes encoding virulence factors of this fungal pathogen. In this study, the URA3-encoded orotidine 5'-monophosphate (OMP) decarboxylase enzyme activities of C. albicans strains with ura-blaster-mediated genetic disruptions were measured. All strains harboring genetic lesions via the ura-blaster construct showed reduced OMP decarboxylase activities compared to that of the wild type when assayed. The activity levels in different gene disruptions varied, suggesting a positional effect on the level of gene expression. Because the URA3 gene of C. albicans has previously been identified as a virulence factor for this microorganism, our results suggest that decreased virulence observed in strains constructed with the ura-blaster cassette cannot accurately be attributed, in all cases, to the targeted genetic disruption. Although revised methods for validating a URA3-disrupted gene as a target for antifungal drug development could be devised, it is clearly desirable to replace URA3 with a different selectable marker that does not influence virulence.
Magnetic resonance imaging detection of aortic and pulmonary artery wall thickening in the acute stage of takayasu arteritis. Improvement of clinical and radiologic findings after steroid therapy (1992)

This is the first report of MRI-documented reduction in the thickness of the walls of both the aorta and the pulmonary artery following steroid therapy.
Non-Axisymmetric Turbine End Wall Design: Part II — Experimental Validation (1999)

The Durham Linear Cascade has been redesigned with the non-axisymmetric profiled end wall described in the first part of this paper, with the aim of reducing the effects of secondary flow. The design intent was to reduce the passage vortex strength and to produce a more uniform exit flow angle profile in the radial direction with less over turning at the wall. The new end wall has been tested in the linear cascade and a comprehensive set of measurements taken. These include traverses of the flow field at a number of axial planes and surface static pressure distributions on the end wall. Detailed comparisons have been made with the CFD design predictions, and also for the results with a planar end wall. In this way an improved understanding of the effects of end wall profiling has been obtained. The experimental results generally agree with the design predictions, showing a reduction in the strength of the secondary flow at the exit and a more uniform flow angle profile. In a turbine stage these effects would be expected to improve the performance of any downstream blade row. There is also a reduction in the overall loss, which was not given by the CFD design predictions. Areas where there are discrepancies between the CFD calculations and measurement are likely to be due to the turbulence model used. Conclusions for how the three-dimensional linear design system should be used to define end wall geometries for improved turbine performance are presented.
Sweating Liquid Micro-Marbles: Dropwise Condensation on Hydrophobic Nanoparticulate Materials (2012)

Liquid marbles have opened up several potential applications including biochemical batch reaction engineering and gas sensing. To be successful candidates in these applications, the ability to prepare liquid marbles of controlled sizes and in a continuous process is crucial. This has been the missing link in the science leading to these applications. In the current study, we present a remarkably simple process driven by condensation on a nanoparticulate matrix to continuously produce liquid marbles whose mean size can be controlled in the range of diameters from 3 to 1000 μm, while the distribution width is also controllable independently. We experimentally demonstrate the physics involved in this condensation-driven marble formation process using two fluids-glycerol and ethylene glycol-which span an order of magnitude in viscosity. Hydrophobic fumed silica nanoparticulate material is used as the encapsulating medium owing to its intertwined agglomerate nature. We show that the primary mechanism causing the formation of liquid marbles is droplet nucleation followed by growth driven by condensation. Drop coalescence in dense droplet ensembles is the secondary mechanism, which attempts to destroy the distribution width controllability. From a physics perspective, it will be demonstrated that strong coalescence dominated growth gives rise to a hitherto unreported, significantly higher rate of growth.
The Design and Development of Glass Windscreens for Wide‐bodied Aircraft (1976)

FOR many years most transport aircraft throughout the world have used a uniform windscreen construction with a single ply of tempered glass for pressure resistance, combined with a thick polyvinyl butyral interlayer and one, or more, thin facing ply glasses. The thick interlayer is usually reinforced at the edges with a metal insert and acts as a diaphragm to provide bird impact resistance, and also serves as a secondary load path to contain pressurisation in the event of failure of the primary glass ply. Installation of this type of windscreen is by conventional bolts, passing through the edge reinforcing metal insert.
Buildings and Non-positively Curved Polygons of Finite Groups (1998)

. Let P be a non-positively curved polygon of finite groups. The group P acts on a contractible 2-complex XP , and we prove that this complex is a building if and only if the links have (angular) diameter ß. When P has zero group theoretic curvature, a geometric argument shows that the periodic apartments are dense in the set of all apartments. Contents 1. Introduction 237 1.1. Related results 238 2. Polygons of groups 238 3. Links of diameter ß 239 3.1. Diameter, girth, and completing partial circuits 239 3.2. Expanding planar disks 241 4. Buildings 243 4.1. Diameter ß and buildings 243 4.2. Squares of groups and tree \\Theta tree 244 5. Two-dimensional Euclidean buildings and Z \\Phi Z&apos;s 244 5.1. Flat polygons of finite groups acting on Euclidean buildings 245 References 247 1. Introduction Theorem 4.2 (below) connects local combinatorial properties (the metric diameter of vertex links) with global geometric properties (being a building) of the developing complex of a non-positively ...
Reactive oxygen species suppress hepatitis C virus RNA replication in human hepatoma cells (2004)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a positive-stranded RNA virus that causes severe liver diseases, such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HCV uses an RNA-dependent RNA polymerase to replicate its genome and an internal ribosomal entry site to translate its proteins. HCV infection is characterized by an increase in the concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS), the effect of which on HCV replication has yet to be determined. In this report, we investigated the effect of ROS on HCV replication, using a bicistronic subgenomic RNA replicon and a genomic RNA that can replicate in human hepatoma cells. The treatment with peroxide at concentrations that did not deplete intracellular glutathione or induce cell death resulted in significant decreases in the HCV RNA level in the cells. This response could be partially reversed by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine. Further studies indicated that such a suppressive response to ROS was not due to the suppression of HCV protein synthesis or the destabilization of HCV RNA. Rather, it occurred rapidly at the level of RNA replication. ROS appeared to disrupt active HCV replication complexes, as they reduced the amount of NS3 and NS5A in the subcellular fraction where active HCV RNA replication complexes were found. In conclusion, our results show that ROS can rapidly inhibit HCV RNA replication in human hepatoma cells. The increased ROS levels in hepatitis C patients may therefore play an important role in the suppression of HCV replication.
Low Defect Density Bulk AlN Substrates for High Performance Electronics and Optoelectronics (2012)

Using the physical vapor transport (PVT) method, single crystal boules of AlN have been grown and wafers sliced from them have been characterized by synchrotron white beam X-ray topography (SWBXT) in conjunction with optical microscopy. X-ray topographs reveal that the wafers contain dislocations that are inhomogeneously distributed with densities varying from as low as 0 cm -2 to as high as 10 4 cm -2 . Two types of dislocations have been identified: basal plane dislocations and threading dislocations, both having Burgers vectors of type 1/3<112-0> indicating that their origin is likely due to post-growth deformation. In some cases, the dislocations are arranged in low angle grain boundaries. However, large areas of the wafers are nearly dislocation-free and section X-ray topographs of these regions reveal the high crystalline perfection.
Quinupristin‐Dalfopristin and Linezolid: Evidence and Opinion (2003)

Quinupristin-dalfopristin and linezolid demonstrate in vitro activity against a wide range of gram-positive bacteria, including many isolates resistant to earlier antimicrobials. Quinupristin-dalfopristin is inactive against Enterococcus faecalis but has been effective for treatment of infections due to vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium associated with bacteremia. In comparative trials, linezolid proved to be equivalent to comparator agents, resulting in its approval for several clinical indications. The almost-complete bioavailability of linezolid permits oral administration. Each agent can cause adverse effects that may limit use in individual patients. Resistance to these drugs has been encountered infrequently among vancomycin-resistant E. faecium. Resistance to quinupristin-dalfopristin is rare among staphylococci in the United States, and resistance to linezolid is very rare. Whether there is any benefit to use of these agents in combination regimens, and whether there are circumstances in which they might be alternatives to cell-wall active antibiotics for treatment of bone or endovascular infections, are questions that deserve further study.
Development of advanced reticle inspection apparatus for hp 65-nm node device and beyond (2006)

The usage of ArF immersion lithography for hp 65nm node and beyond leads to the increase of mask error enhancement factor in the exposure process. Wavelength of inspection tool is required to consistent with wavelength of lithography tool. Wavelength consistency becomes more important by the introduction of phase shift mask such as Tri-tone mask and alternating phase shift mask. Therefore, mask inspection system, whose inspection light wavelength is 199nm, has been developed. This system has transmission and reflection inspection mode, and throughput, using 70 nm pixel size, were designed within 2hours per mask. The experimental results show expected advantages for Die-to-Die and Die-to-Database inspection compared with the system using 257nm inspection optics. Shorter wavelength effect makes transmission inspection sensitivity increase, and realizes 40nm size particle inspection. As for the phase shift mask, the difference of gray value between the area with phase defect and without phase defect was clear relatively. In this paper, specifications and design, experimental results are described.
Polyimide passivation of In0.53Ga0.47As, InP, and InGaAsP/InP <i>p</i>-<i>n</i> junction structures (1984)

Techniques for passivating In0.53Ga0.47As, InGaAsP, InP, and InGaAsP/InP p-n junction structures with polyimide have been developed. Low stable leakage current is maintained for prolonged bias, even after exposure to high temperatures (∼320 °C) during packaging. 150-μm-diam In0.53Ga0.47As photodiodes with a breakdown voltage of ∼50 V were passivated with polyimide and were found to consistently have leakage currents of ∼10 nA at a 20-V bias.Details of the passivation process are given.
Rapid, comprehensive, and affordable mycobacterial diagnosis with whole-genome sequencing: a prospective study (2015)

National Institute for Health Research, Department of Health, Wellcome Trust, British Colombia Centre for Disease Control Foundation for Population and Public Health, Department of Clinical Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin.
nordamerikanische Gesellschaft der Kunstbibliotheken tagt in "Library heaven". Die 32. Jahrestagung von ARLIS/NA vom 15.-21. April 2004 in New York City (2009)

Zu diesem Artikel gibt es einen Nachtrag: https://doi.org/10.11588/akmb.2004.3.105930
Temporary Inactivation of Plasma Amine Oxidase by Alkylhydrazines. A Combined Enzyme/Model Study Implicates Cofactor Reduction/Reoxidation but Cofactor Deoxygenation and Subsequent Reoxygenation in the Case of Hydrazine Itself (2001)

It has been known for some time that hydrazine and its methyl and 1,1-dimethyl analogues induce inactivation of the copper-containing quinone-dependent plasma amine oxidase but that the activity recovers over time, suggesting metabolism of all three inhibitors. However, the mechanism responsible for loss and regain of activity has not been investigated. In this study a combination of enzyme studies under a controlled atmosphere along with model studies using 5-tert-butyl-2-hydroxy-1,4-benzoquinone to mimic the 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalanine quinone (TPQ) cofactor of the enzyme suggest that regain of enzyme activity represents two different O(2)-dependent processes. In the case of methylhydrazine and 1,1-dimethylhydrazine, we propose that the inactive methylhydrazone/azo form of the enzyme slowly rehydrates and eliminates MeN=NH to give the triol cofactor form, which instantly reoxidizes to the catalytically active quinone form in the presence of O(2). Metabolism of methylhydrazine represents its conversion to CH(4) and N(2), and of 1,1-dimethylhydrazine to CH(2)=O, CH(4), and N(2). In the case of hydrazine itself, however, we propose that the inactive hydrazone/azo form of the enzyme instead undergoes a slow decomposition, probably facilitated by the active-site copper, to give N(2) and a novel 5-desoxy resorcinol form of the cofactor. The latter undergoes a rapid, but noninstantaneous reoxygenation at C5 to restore the active cofactor form, also probably mediated by the active-site copper.
Novel microstructures for the <i>i</i> <i>n</i> <i>s</i> <i>i</i> <i>t</i> <i>u</i> measurement of mechanical properties of thin films (1987)

This paper discusses microfabricated structures designed for the in situ measurement of the mechanical properties of thin films under residual tensile stress. The film is deposited and patterned on a (100) silicon substrate in which 5-μm-thick diaphragms have been fabricated. When the silicon diaphragm is etched from the backside in an SF6 plasma, the microstructures are released and deform under the residual tension. Measurement of this deformation in conjunction with appropriate mechanical models determines the mechanical properties of interest. We have used these structures to study benzophenonetetracarboxylicdianhidride-oxydianiline/metaphenylene-diamine polyimide films. Typical value for the residual stress to modulus ratio in this case was determined to be 0.011±0.001 while the ultimate strain at break was found to be 4.5% for 5.5-μm-thick films. For thicker films (8.5 μm), the film did not fail until 8% strain was reached.
Synthesis of B-doped graphene quantum dots as a metal-free electrocatalyst for the oxygen reduction reaction (2017)

Boron-doped graphene quantum dots (BGQDs) have been synthesized by a one-step, facile and low temperature method through the hydrothermal treatment for the efficient metal-free electrocatalyst toward the oxygen reduction reaction.
Low temperature wafer bonding for microsystems applications (2005)

A wide range of MEMS applications are using different wafer bonding processes. Due to the variety of materials and due to the specific mechanical structure of the MEMS devices, high temperature steps constitute the main limitation of wafer bonding. Various techniques were developed for keeping the maximum process temperature below 400/spl deg/C. This paper introduces a low temperature wafer bonding technique which uses plasma treatment of wafers prior to bonding for surface activation. The process is optimized for use of different materials and the maximum process temperature ranges between room temperature to 400/spl deg/ C.
Recent advances in catalysts for direct methanol fuel cells (2011)

Over the past few decades, direct methanol fuel cells (DMFCs) have been intensively developed as clean and high-efficiency energy conversion devices. However, their dependence on expensive Pt-based catalysts for both the anode and the cathode make them unsuitable for large-scale commercialisation. The essential solution to addressing this shortfall is the development of low-Pt and non-Pt catalysts. Regarding this issue, considerable advances have been made with low-Pt alloys and core-shell-like catalysts, as well as non-platinum Pd–Me, Ru–Se and heat-treated MeNxCy-based catalysts. This perspective reviews potential pathways for increasing the cost-effectiveness and efficiency of these catalysts. Fundamental understanding of the composition–activity and structure–activity relationships, innovative synthesis, and promising developmental directions are highlighted. Regarding durability, the main degradation mechanism of these catalysts and the corresponding mitigating strategies are presented.
Synthesis and properties of 2'-O-alkylated 2-thiouridine derivatives and oligonucleotides containing 2'-O-alkylated 2-thiouridine derivatives (2003)

Oligonucleotides containing 2-thiouridine form stable RNA duplexes with complementary RNAs and show high selectivity in the base pair recognition. Moreover, alkylation of the 2'-hydroxyl group provides new insight into developments of new antisense RNAs capable of formation of more stable duplexes with target RNAs. Oligonucleotides having such properties are desirable as agents for the antisense strategy and SNPs analysis. In this study, we report a new method for the synthesis of 2-thiouridine and its 2'-O-alkylated derivatives. The hybridization and structural properties of these modified nucleosides were also studied in detail by the 1H NMR analysis and melting temperature (Tm) measurement of RNA duplexes.
A novel high efficiency, low maintenance, hydroponic system for synchronous growth and flowering of Arabidopsis thaliana (2003)

The hydroponic device described in this paper allows to drive small and large scale cultures of homogeneously growing Arabidopsis plants. Its major advantages are its flexibility, easy handling, fast maintenance and low cost. It should be suitable for many experimental purposes.
Infection of <scp>CD</scp>4<sup>+</sup> Primary Cell Lines and Induction of <scp>HIV</scp> (1993)

Abstract Chronically infected cell lines and clones are currently used as sources of virus to be used to infect other cell types as “factories” for large‐scale production of virus or viral components and as model systems for studies of the regulation of virus expression. In this unit, conditions for acute in vitro HIV infection are described. “Survivor” cells, resistant to the cytopathic effect of the virus, can be obtained from acute cultures. These survivor cells maintain an intact proliferative capacity and are considered to be chronically infected; their generation is described here. Finally, it is often desirable to study the effects of stimulants on HIV induction in these chronically infected cell lines; this procedure is detailed in a third protocol.
Electrostatically driven gas valve with high conductance (1994)

The characteristics of a gas valve driven by electrostatic force are investigated. The gas valve consists of a pair of planar electrodes with a conductive film between them. Three valve ports pass through the electrode plates. The film is elastically bent in an S-shape in the middle and the S-bend moves back and forth as voltage is alternately applied between the film and each electrode. This valve has a high conductance achieved by large vertical film displacement. The valve is suitable for rarefied gas control systems, such as the molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) apparatus, which requires a gas flow rate on the order of 1 sccm under a low pressure of less than 100 Pa. Experimental models of the gas valve are constructed to investigate the valve's operation. The maximum pressure difference the valve can handle depends on the applied voltage and the size of the port orifice. A valve with 2.0 mm inlet and outlet ports can work under the operating condition of the MBE apparatus.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>