gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An algorithm to predict the connectome of neural microcircuits (2015)

Experimentally mapping synaptic connections, in terms of the numbers and locations of their synapses and estimating connection probabilities, is still not a tractable task, even for small volumes of tissue. In fact, the six layers of the neocortex contain thousands of unique types of synaptic connections between the many different types of neurons, of which only a handful have been characterized experimentally. Here we present a theoretical framework and a data-driven algorithmic strategy to digitally reconstruct the complete synaptic connectivity between the different types of neurons in a small well-defined volume of tissue-the micro-scale connectome of a neural microcircuit. By enforcing a set of established principles of synaptic connectivity, and leveraging interdependencies between fundamental properties of neural microcircuits to constrain the reconstructed connectivity, the algorithm yields three parameters per connection type that predict the anatomy of all types of biologically viable synaptic connections. The predictions reproduce a spectrum of experimental data on synaptic connectivity not used by the algorithm. We conclude that an algorithmic approach to the connectome can serve as a tool to accelerate experimental mapping, indicating the minimal dataset required to make useful predictions, identifying the datasets required to improve their accuracy, testing the feasibility of experimental measurements, and making it possible to test hypotheses of synaptic connectivity.
Resource auction multiple access (RAMA) for statistical multiplexing of speech in wireless PCS (2002)

The excess capacity of resource auction multiple access (RAMA) is evaluated for statistical multiplexing of speech. Using selected GSM parameters in conjunction with M-ary frequency shift keying (FSK) for signaling, it is shown that, in cells with propagation delays of up to 45 /spl mu/s, 432 assignments/s are feasible. The aim is to exploit this large assignment capacity to increase channel utilization. It is shown that, for packet dropping probabilities of 1%, RAMA can provide a multiplexing gain as high as 2.63 with fast speech detection and 2.28 with slow speech detection. RAMA permits graceful degradation during peak traffic demand by operating at higher packet dropping probabilities. Simulation results also indicate that RAMA is suitable for fast handoffs and resource allocation with statistical speech multiplexing over areas with a wide variety of cell sizes.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
HISTORY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY OF AMERICAN NEWSPAPERS, 1690–1820 By Clarence S. Brigham. Worcester, Mass.: American Antiquarian Society, 1947, 2 vols., xvii, 1508 pages. $15.00. (1947)

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[Clinical aspects and diagnosis of arteriovenous malformations in the acute stage of hemorrhage]. (1991)

The authors describe the clinical picture of the rupture of arteriovenous malformations and a complex of diagnostic measures which permit the diagnosis of arteriovenous malformation to be established in the acute stage of hemorrhage. The rupture of such malformation including intracranial hematomas and blood tamponade of brain ventricles could also be ascertained. Early diagnosis of the rupture of arteriovenous malformations enables one to define the surgical policy, to choose the time and scope of surgical intervention.
Consideration of peg strength and disease severity in the decision to harvest peanut in southeastern USA (2018)

The indeterminate nature and underground fruiting habit of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) makes it a challenge to determine the optimal harvest time. The objectives of this study were (1) to gain additional information about how maturity and canopy health influence peg strength, yield, and grade and (2) to address anecdotal claims of differences in peg strength and digging losses among cultivars. Field trials were established in Citra, FL, and Tifton, GA. Two peanut cultivars (“Georgia-06G” and “Tifguard”) were grown under two fungicide programs (full program: every 14-day spraying interval; and reduced program: every 28-day spraying interval), and harvested at three different maturity levels (early, optimum, and late based on an accumulated growing degree day method). The fungicide program had a significant impact on yield only in 2013 at Citra, likely because the canopy structure was decreased because of fungal disease known as leaf spots (causal agents: Cercospora arachidicola and Cercosporidium personatum). The timing of the harvest had a significant impact on yield, grade, peg strength, and digging loss. In addition, yield, grade, peg strength, and digging losses differed between the peanut cultivars. These results show that reduced fungicide program might affect the yield because of the disease severity and that the optimal harvest time should consider the level of the defoliation. Although there was no correlation between peg strength and digging loss, over-maturity can cause more digging losses compared to optimal harvest time. Tifguard had higher digging loss than Georiga-06G. This study provides additional useful information on cultivars to growers.
F16357, a novel protease‐activated receptor 1 antagonist, improves urodynamic parameters in a rat model of interstitial cystitis (2016)

PAR1 is expressed in rat bladder, overactivated in inflammatory conditions and involved in bladder function and sensation. F16357 could represent an interesting candidate for IC treatment.
Oxygen Free Radicals and Lipid Peroxidation in the Pathogenesis of Gastric Mucosal Lesions Induced by Indomethacin in Rats (1991)

The relationship of gastric hypermotility to mucosal hemodynamics, lipid peroxidation and vascular permeability changes was investigated in the pathogenesis of indomethacin-induced gastric lesions in rats. Subcutaneous administration of indomethacin (25 mg/kg) produced an increase in both the amplitude and frequency of stomach contraction from 30 min after treatment, resulting in hemorrhagic damage 2 h later. Gastric mucosal blood flow measured by a Laser flowmetry showed oscillatory fluctuations under hypercontractile states: a decrease during contraction followed by an increase during relaxation. Mucosal lipid peroxidation and vascular permeability were significantly increased with time after indomethacin treatment, and these changes preceded the appearance of hemorrhagic damage. All these events were prevented when gastric hypermotility was inhibited by atropine or 16,16-dimethyl prostaglandin E2. Pretreatment of the animals with allopurinol and hydroxyurea or continuous infusion of superoxide dismutase and dimethyl sulfoxide during a test period also attenuated these functional changes and mucosal lesions induced by indomethacin, without affecting the motility response. We conclude that oxygen free radicals may play a role in the development of mucosal lesions associated with gastric hypermotility in indomethacin-treated rats.
Fast switching films of nematic side chain copolymers (1989)

Abstract Liquid-crystalline side chain polymers may open interesting application possibilities in the area of display and optical data storage if the response times of these materials can be made sufficiently fast. Thin, well aligned films of nematic homopolymers and copolymers, containing covalently bonded dyes, have been prepared and the optical switching times for the Fréedericksz deformation depending on relevant polymer material and cell properties have been measured. It turns out that the switching times can be essentially shortened by raising the clearing temperature T IN. This is due to the exponential dependence of the rotational viscosity γ1 from the absolute temperature. We succeeded in lowering the switching time by nearly three orders of magnitude only by an enhancement of T IN. by 50°C, achieving the fast response of 2ms with a nematic polymer.
Fractures Attributable to Osteoporosis: Report from the National Osteoporosis Foundation (1997)

To assess the cost-effectiveness of interventions to prevent osteoporosis, it is necessary to estimate total health care expenditures for the treatment of osteoporotic fractures. Resources utilized for the treatment of many diseases can be estimated from secondary databases using relevant diagnosis codes, but such codes do not indicate which fractures are osteoporotic in nature. Therefore, a panel of experts was convened to make judgments about the probabilities that fractures of different types might be related to osteoporosis according to patient age, gender, and race. A three-round Delphi process was applied to estimate the proportion of fractures related to osteoporosis (i.e., the osteoporosis attribution probabilities) in 72 categories comprised of four specific fracture types (hip, spine, forearm, all other sites combined) stratified by three age groups (45-64 years, 65-84 years, 85 years and older), three racial groups (white, black, all others), and both genders (female, male). It was estimated that at least 90% of all hip and spine fractures among elderly white women should be attributed to osteoporosis. Much smaller proportions of the other fractures were attributed to osteoporosis. Regardless of fracture type, attribution probabilities were less for men than women and generally less for non-whites than whites. These probabilities will be used to estimate the total direct medical costs associated with osteoporosis-related fractures in the United States.
ALTERED REACTIVITY OF THE INFERIOR VENA CAVA TO NORADRENALINE AND ACETYLCHOLINE FOLLOWING THE BLOCKADE OF EDRF‐BIOSYNTHESIS WITH <i>N</i><sup>G</sup>‐NITRO‐<scp>l</scp>‐ARGININE METHYL ESTER (1996)

1. Endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) has been shown to influence arterial tone, but controversial results have been obtained studying veins. The present study was performed to determine the importance of EDRF for the inferior vena cava in the rabbit and whether blockade of the synthesis of EDRF with NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester may influence the reactivity of the inferior vena cava to noradrenaline. 2. The inferior vena cava was excised in six New Zealand white rabbits and 12 rings were prepared for organ bath studies. Concentration-response curves were constructed for acetylcholine (10(-9)-10(-4) mol/L) and noradrenaline (10(-9)-10(-4) mol/L) before and following the administration of NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester. 3. All rings showed concentration-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine (mean maximum: 57 +/- 9%) following precontraction with noradrenaline (EC50:10(-6) mol/L). Following NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, this dilation was significantly reduced to a mean maximum relaxation of 13 +/- 6% (P < 0.01). 4. Contraction of the inferior vena cava to increasing doses of noradrenaline reached a maximum of 5.8 +/- 2.8 g before NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (basal tension 1.0 +/- 0.5 g). NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester did not affect basal tension, but the constrictor response to noradrenaline was enhanced significantly to a maximum of 9.1 +/- 3.8 g (P < 0.01). 5. Although it cannot be ascertained definitively from the present results, it is suggested that EDRF is mediating vasodilation of the inferior vena cava and that this vasoactive agent may also contributes significantly to the modulation of the reactivity to catecholamines.
The LEKKO VIII CO&lt;inf&gt;2&lt;/inf&gt;gas laser system (1981)

The eight-beam CO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> laser system, LEKKO VIII, producing 10 kJ for the inertial confinement fusion (ICF) research, has been completed. Advanced techniques developed with the LEKKO II 1 kJ laser have been fully implemented; such as a new type of laser gas, suppression of parasitic oscillation, and automatic operation of the system. A concept for a 100 kJ laser is examined as a feasible module design for a 1 MJ system.
Dehydrogenation Reactions during Atomic Layer Deposition of Ru Using O<sub>2</sub> (2012)

The surface reactions during the atomic layer deposition (ALD) of Ru using an organometallic precursor [CpRu(CO)2Et] and O2 gas were studied using quadrupole mass spectrometry. The analysis of the gas phase species showed that the surface chemisorption of CpRu(CO)2Et resulted in the formation of combustion products such as CO2, CO, and H2O. Additionally, H2 was detected as a major surface reaction product during the metal pulse. Strikingly, during the O2 pulse virtually no H2O or other H-containing reaction products were measured. The key conclusion of these observations is that dehydrogenation reactions occur on the Ru surface, resulting in the release of a large fraction of the precursor’s hydrogen, predominantly in the form of H2. On the basis of the catalysis literature, we infer that dehydrogenation reactions can also occur during other noble metal ALD processes.
Determinants of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Bariatric Patients after Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass or Sleeve Gastrectomy: A Pilot Study (2015)

Objective. Nutritional deficiencies are common after bariatric surgery. We aimed to assess the prevalence and possible predictors of secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) in bariatric patients. Methods. A total of 95 patients who had undergone Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) or sleeve gastrectomy (SG) were assessed after a median of 3 years after surgery. Anthropometric/demographic and weight-loss parameters were compared according to the presence of SHPT, independently for men/premenopausal women and postmenopausal women. Results. SHPT was highly prevalent (men/premenopausal women, 52.1%; postmenopausal women, 31.9%). Among men/premenopausal women, multivariate analysis indicated that SHPT was predicted by (a) 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels (Exp(B) = 0.869, P-value = 0.037), independently of age, sex, smoking; (b) calcium (Exp(B) = 0.159, P-value = 0.033) and smoking, independently of age and sex; (c) magnesium (Exp(B) = 0.026, P-value = 0.046) and smoking, independently of age and sex. Among postmenopausal women, SHPT was predicted by menopausal age independently of age, smoking, and levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D or calcium. The development of SHPT was not associated with the type of surgery. Conclusions. RYGB and SG exhibited similar effects regarding the regulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-parathyroid axis after surgery. Vitamin D status and menopausal age appear to determine SHPT on the long term. SHPT should be sought and vigorously treated with calcium and vitamin D supplementation.
Über einige Azbicyclo‐octane und deren Derivate (1959)

Abstract Es wird über die Synthese neuer Azabicyclo‐octane berichtet. Zum 3‐Aza‐bicyclo‐ [3,3,0]‐octan (Cyclopentanopyrrolidin) und dem 3‐Aza‐bicyclo‐[3,2,1]‐octan (Cyclopentanopiperidin) gelangte man durch Reduktion des Cyclopentan‐1, Z‐dicarbonsäureimids bzw. des Cyclopentan‐1,3‐dicarbonsäureimids mit LiAlH 4 . Das 2‐Aza‐ bicyclo‐[3,2,1]‐octan erhielt man durch LiAlH 4 ‐Reduktion des 2‐Aza‐bicyclo‐[3,2,1]‐ octanons‐(3), sein N‐Methylderivat analog aus dem N‐methylierten Lactam. Ein grundsätzlich anderer Weg führte über das Acetonyl‐cyclopentanon‐(2) und dessen Umsetzung mit Ammoniak in Gegenwart von Wasserstoff und RANEY‐Nickel zum 3‐Methyl‐2‐aza‐bicyclo‐[3,3,0]‐octan. Dieses erwies sich als identisch mit einer früher auf anderem Wege hergestellten Base (Amin F 1 )).
Vibrations of Low Frequency over the Precordium (1951)

A method for taking tracings which represent actual movements of the precordium (displacement curves) or records which show waves proportional to the velocity of movement of the chest wall (velocity curves) is described. The equipment employed is readily available, and the method is easy to use. The displacement curves are nearly identical with cardiograms taken with a good optical setup, and they may have diagnostic value. The velocity curves are more closely related to the functional status of the myocardium. The clinical significance of these tracings, especially the former, is pointed out.
Newcastle disease virus activates macrophages for anti-tumor activity. (2000)

Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV), an agent with interesting immune stimulatory and anti-tumor activity, was investigated for its capacity to activate anti-tumor activity in murine macrophages in vitro and in vivo. Direct macrophage activation was seen under a variety of experimental conditions using two different strains of NDV, different sources of macrophages (spleen and peritoneum) and different strains of mice (DBA/2, C57BL/6, 615). Various macrophage enzymes (ADA, iNOS, lysozyme, acid phosphatase) became upregulated and anti-tumor effector molecules such as nitric oxide (NO) and TNF-alpha were found in the supernatant. NDV activated macrophages performed anti-tumor activity in vitro such as anti-tumor cytostasis and anti-tumor cytotoxicity. The cytotoxic anti-tumor activity was broad and active against all tumor lines tested including mammary carcinoma, lung carcinoma, mastocytoma and immune escape variants (lymphoma). Macrophage activation via BCG/LPS also caused a broad range anti-tumor cytotoxic activity while activation via mixed lymphocyte culture conditioned medium had restricted anti-tumor activity. Anti-tumor activity of NDV activated macrophages could be transfered in vivo. Transfer of macrophages which had not been appropriately activated exerted either no effect or a tumor growth augmenting effect. Repeated intravenous transfer of NDV activated macrophages exerted a significant suppressive effect on pulmonary metastases in a mammary carcinoma tumor model as well as in a lung carcinoma model. Taken together these results demonstrate that NDV can strongly activate macrophages to perform anti-tumor activities in vitro and in vivo.
SOI FinFET versus bulk FinFET for 10nm and below (2014)

FinFETs may in principle be built on either bulk [1-3] or SOI [4-5] substrates. In this paper we will review some of the technical issues associated with choice of substrate, directly comparing empirical results on 10nm hardware for which all the other processes are as much the same as possible. Furthermore, we will discuss the challenges beyond the 10nm generation, where fundamental changes in materials may render the debate moot. Our conclusion and prognosis is that SOI was, is, and will continue to be the technically superior choice.
Expression Profile Matrix of Arabidopsis Transcription Factor Genes Suggests Their Putative Functions in Response to Environmental Stresses (2021)

Numerous studies have shown that transcription factors are important in regulating plant responses to environmental stress. However, specific functions for most of the genes encoding transcription factors are unclear. In this study, we used mRNA profiles generated from microarray experiments to deduce the functions of genes encoding known and putative Arabidopsis transcription factors. The mRNA levels of 402 distinct transcription factor genes were examined at different developmental stages and under various stress conditions. Transcription factors potentially controlling downstream gene expression in stress signal transduction pathways were identified by observed activation and repression of the genes after certain stress treatments. The mRNA levels of a number of previously characterized transcription factor genes were changed significantly in connection with other regulatory pathways, suggesting their multifunctional nature. The expression of 74 transcription factor genes responsive to bacterial pathogen infection was reduced or abolished in mutants that have defects in salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, or ethylene signaling. This observation indicates that the regulation of these genes is mediated at least partly by these plant hormones and suggests that the transcription factor genes are involved in the regulation of additional downstream responses mediated by these hormones. Among the 43 transcription factor genes that are induced during senescence, 28 of them also are induced by stress treatment, suggesting extensive overlap responses to these stresses. Statistical analysis of the promoter regions of the genes responsive to cold stress indicated unambiguous enrichment of known conserved transcription factor binding sites for the responses. A highly conserved novel promoter motif was identified in genes responding to a broad set of pathogen infection treatments. This observation strongly suggests that the corresponding transcription factors play general and crucial roles in the coordinated regulation of these specific regulons. Although further validation is needed, these correlative results provide a vast amount of information that can guide hypothesis-driven research to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in transcriptional regulation and signaling networks in plants.
G-CNN: An Iterative Grid Based Object Detector (2016)

We introduce G-CNN, an object detection technique based on CNNs which works without proposal algorithms. G-CNN starts with a multi-scale grid of fixed bounding boxes. We train a regressor to move and scale elements of the grid towards objects iteratively. G-CNN models the problem of object detection as finding a path from a fixed grid to boxes tightly surrounding the objects. G-CNN with around 180 boxes in a multi-scale grid performs comparably to Fast R-CNN which uses around 2K bounding boxes generated with a proposal technique. This strategy makes detection faster by removing the object proposal stage as well as reducing the number of boxes to be processed.
The Effect of X-Irradiation on the Marrow Blood Volume in Rat Tibia (1969)

exposure up to 10 days. Blood volume of the x-irradiated tibia was compared with that of the x-irradiation-shielded tibia from the opposite side of the same animal by means of '31I-HSA (human serum albumin) or 1m1IHSA plus 69Fe-RBC, injected intravenously. Blood volume increases were found for all exposures between 5 and 1500 R. In addition, with the 2.5-R and 5.0-R exposures, significant volume decreases were found during the first 6 hours postirradiation. Two distinct exposure-response relationships were found (between 5 and 50 R, and between 50 and 1500 R) at 24 hours postirradiation. In the lower exposure range, doubling the x-ray exposure resulted in a 5 % increase in volume, and in the higher exposure range, doubling the exposure resulted in a 20 % increase in volume. It was concluded that the blood volume increases seen in the present study were due primarily to volumetric changes in the marrow sinusoids, a result of sinusoidal dilation with or without massive hemorrhage.