gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gelation behaviour of konjac glucomannan with different molecular weights (2001)

The deacetylation and gelation of konjac glucomannan (KGM) following alkali addition was investigated by Fourier transform infrared, while the rheological properties of KGM with different molecular weights were studied by dynamic viscoelastic measurements in shear mode and penetration force tests. It was found that gelation occurred after significant deacetylation had taken place. Rheometrical studies revealed that KGM with different molecular weights exhibited different gelation characteristics in small amplitude oscillatory shear flow. For the samples of fractionated KGM with lower molecular weights, a decrease in both the storage shear modulus (G') and loss shear modulus (G") was observed during gelation at temperatures above 75 degrees C. It is suggested that the decrease results from the wall slip between sample and measuring geometry owing to a rapid gelation process with syneresis and/or disentanglement of molecular chains adsorbed on the surface of parallel plates from those located in the bulk. Penetration force tests were employed to confirm the occurrence of slippage and thereby no decreases in rigidity of samples were observed during gelation. For the native KGM samples decreases in G' and G" during gelation were not observed, and it is suggested that this is due to the effect of the higher molecular weight and increased solution viscosity of these samples on the gelation kinetics.
Recent developments in oligosaccharide synthesis (2000)

Covering the literature from October 1995 until December 1999
Towards real-time photorealistic rendering (1997)

A growing number of real-time applications need graphics with photorealistic quality, especially in the field of training (virtual operation, driving and flightsimulation), but also in the areas of design or ergonomic research. We take a closer look at main deficiencies of today's real time graphics hardware and present solutions for several of the identified problems in the areas of antialiasing and texture-. bump-and reflection mapping. In the second part of the paper, a new method for antialiasing bump maps is explained in more detail.
Human adrenodoxin: cloning of three cDNAs and cycloheximide enhancement in JEG-3 cells. (1988)

Adrenodoxin is an iron-sulfur protein serving as an electron transport intermediate for two mitochondrial steroidogenic cytochromes P450. We have cloned and sequenced three human adrenal adrenodoxin cDNAs. The longest 5'-untranslated region was 131 bases long, and the coding sequences, identical in all three clones, predict a preprotein of 180 amino acids. The 3'-untranslated regions were 235, 596, and 776 bases long due to the presence of alternate polyadenylation sites. RNA transfer blots showed multiple size species of adrenodoxin mRNA consistent with finding multiple polyadenylation sites. Similar sized cross-hybridizing RNA species are found abundantly in the adrenal and testis and to a lesser degree in RNA from human fetal brain, spleen, placenta, kidney, liver, and intestine, as well as in cultured fibroblasts, suggesting the same or a very similar iron-sulfur protein is found in mitochondria of nonsteroidogenic tissues. JEG-3 cells, a transformed progesterone-producing line of trophoblastic origin, accumulate mRNAs for cytochrome P450scc (the mitochondrial cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme), adrenodoxin, and the fos oncogene when stimulated with 8-bromo-cyclic AMP. Addition of actinomycin D to such cultures blocked cAMP-induced accumulation of mRNAs for cytochrome P450scc and adrenodoxin. Addition of cycloheximide or puromycin to such cultures substantially reduced basal levels and markedly attenuated the cAMP-induced accumulation of cytochrome P450scc mRNA, but augmented the accumulation of adrenodoxin and fos mRNAs in additive and multiplicative fashions, respectively. These data indicate that the cAMP-induced synthesis of the steroidogenic machinery is not wholly dependent on cycloheximide-sensitive protein mediators.
Ultra-low Volume Tunable Slot Photonic Crystal Cavities for Sensing (2014)

Properties of non-freestanding silicon slot photonic crystal cavities for application to sensing are investigated by probing their resonance wavelength tuning as a function of covering material index. Sensitivities of 225 nm/RIU are obtained with Q around 30,000 and cavity mode volumes V=0.03(/n)3.
Enhanced intracellular delivery of methotrexate by a receptor‐mediated process (1990)

In the present investigation we have described a method of enhancing the uptake of methotrexate by macrophages. This enhanced uptake was mediated by endocytosis through the "scavenger receptor" system which recognized maleylated bovine serum albumin. Experimental evidence showed that macrophages internalized methotrexate coupled to maleylated bovine serum albumin through a saturable process at 37 degrees C leading to an eightfold higher concentration of cell-associated methotrexate compared to the free drug. Following uptake, the drug conjugate was degraded in the lysosomes leading to intracellular release of a pharmacologically active form of methotrexate. When administered to macrophages infected with Leishmania mexicana amazonensis, the drug conjugate could eliminate the intracellular amastigotes more efficiently than the free drug. The leishmanicidal effect of the drug conjugate was inhibited in the presence of excess maleylated bovine serum albumin and lysosomal inhibitors such as chloroquine and monensin. Addition of folinic acid to the medium also prevented the elimination of the amastigotes by the drug conjugate. These results suggested that the scavenger receptor-mediated endocytosis of the drug conjugate led to enhanced transport and intracellular release of a pharmacologically active form of methotrexate resulting in more efficient killing of the amastigotes compared to the free drug. This modality of delivering drugs selectively to macrophages might have utility in the chemotherapy of macrophage-associated disorders in general.
One Year of IEEE ITS Magazine [Editor's Column] (2010)

Recently, I had been invited to a Frontiers of Engineering Symposium jointly organized by the Humboldt Foundation and the National Academy of Engineering. The discussion of the prevailing challenges in engineering covered a broad variety of topics ranging from supply of vaccine, water, and sustainable energy to the entire population over laser technologies to new mobility concepts. The need to provide new solutions to these and other issues becomes apparent when looking at the growth of the world population and its access to individual motorized transportation systems. I am grateful to my colleague Ilya Kolmanovsky from the University of Michigan for providing the following graphs illustrating this point. The trend towards urbanization may be seen at the vast increase of cities that host more than 10.000.000 inhabitants as depicted in the following graph. Living in a little town of 30.000 inhabitants at the edge of the black forest myself, such population is difficult to imagine.
Negative skin friction for cast-in-place piles in thick collapsible loess (2008)

Large-scale field tests were performed on cast-in-place piles installed in self-weight collapsible loess with a thickness of over 35 m. The pile diameter was 0.8 m and the pile length was 40 m. The piles were constructed in a water immersion pit of 30 m diameter. Two types of piles were tested; a frictional end bearing pile and a suspension pile. Two kinds of measuring methods were adopted; a steel bar stress gauge and a slippage measurement micro-gauge. The results indicate that when the suspension pile is much shorter than the thickness of the collapsible loess layer, the measured negative frictional resistance values are small. However, the results obtained for the frictional end bearing pile penetrating through the whole collapsible loess layer are more appropriate for the real situation. The real measured negative resistance is far higher than the negative resistance values suggested by the loess codes. The values of negative frictional resistance have no apparent corresponding relationship with the form or magnitude of loess collapse at the site. Analysis of the test data from in-situ pile tests from several large-scale engineering projects shows that the neutral point positions exceed the reference ranges provided by the technical specifications. As a result, this research project can provide an important reference for the design of future similar piles and modification of the loess codes.
Bioremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: current knowledge and future directions (2005)

Abstract Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of organic compounds that have accumulated in the natural environment mainly as a result of anthropogenic activities such as the combustion of fossil fuels. Interest has surrounded the occurrence and distribution of PAHs for many decades due to their potentially harmful effects to human health. This concern has prompted researchers to address ways to detoxify/remove these organic compounds from the natural environment. Bioremediation is one approach that has been used to remediate contaminated land and waters, and promotes the natural attenuation of the contaminants using the in situ microbial community of the site. This review discusses the variety of fungi and bacteria that are capable of these transformations, describes the major aerobic and anaerobic breakdown pathways, and highlights some of the bioremediation technologies that are currently available. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Quantitative determination of plasma free fatty acids and triglycerides by thin-layer chromatography (1965)

The relation between the area of a spot and the amount of lipid contained in it after thin-layer chromatography has been applied to quantitative determination of plasma free fatty acids and triglycerides. Satisfactory results were obtained for both lipid classes with a standard deviation of ±8.1 and ±8.5% respectively.
An Assessment of Urban Surface Energy Fluxes Using a Sub-Pixel Remote Sensing Analysis: A Case Study in Suzhou, China (2016)

Urban surface energy fluxes are closely associated with land-cover types (LCTs) and critical biophysical compositions. This study aims to assess the contribution of LCTs, vegetation fractional coverage (VFC) and percentage of impervious surface area (ISA%) to urban surface energy fluxes using remote sensing. An advanced urban surface energy flux algorithm was used to combine satellite imagery and meteorological station data to investigate the thermal environments in the city of Suzhou, China. The land cover abundances retrieved by multiple endmember spectral unmixing analysis (MESMA) were used to retrieve the per-pixel sensible heat flux (H) and latent heat flux (LE). The resultant heat fluxes were assessed using evaporation pan data collected from meteorological stations and ratios of the heat fluxes to the net radiation (Rn). Furthermore, spatial patterns of urban heat energy were investigated using an integrated analysis among land surface temperature (LST), heat fluxes, LCTs, VFC and ISA%. The high values of H and LST were found over the urbanized areas, which also had low values of LE. Conversely, the vegetated area was characterized with high LEs, as well as low LSTs and Hs. Moreover, a statistically-significant correlation (p < 0.05; R2 = 0.88) was observed between LE and VFC at the zonal level, and a statistically-significant correlation (p < 0.05; R2 = 0.90) was exhibited between H and ISA%. It is concluded that VFC, ISA% and LCTs are promising for delineating urban heat fluxes. Overall, this study indicates that remote sensing techniques can be used to quantify urban thermal environments.
Laser-vision cooperation for map building and landmarks recognition (2002)

Describes a map-building and landmarks-recognition method in an autonomous vehicle's environment for the purpose of navigation and localization. In order to perform sensor-based navigation, simple and real time map building is needed, while for mobile robot localization, a more complete representation of the environment showing landmarks is necessary. Within this vision, a cooperating sensor system is proposed. A local map composed of segment and corner primitives is first generated in real time from 2D laser scanner sensory information. A vision system then verifies particular corner primitives and identifies them as obstacles or as valid landmarks used by the localization task. This system is used by the mobile robot ROMANE, on which the real experimentation is carried out.
Comparison of the degradation of polycaprolactone and polycaprolactone–(β‐tricalcium phosphate) scaffolds in alkaline medium (2007)

Abstract The design and fabrication of scaffolds and biodegradable devices using slow‐degrading polymers and composites (degradation/resorption > 2 years) involve the necessity for long‐term in vitro and in vivo studies. If multiple designs and materials need to be tested, then this would use much time and financial resources. Accelerated degradation systems aim to achieve comparable degradation profiles within a shorter period of time. This investigation considers the hydrolytic degradation of polycaprolactone (PCL) and PCL–calcium phosphate (CaP) scaffolds in 5 mol L −1 NaOH at 37 °C. The scaffolds degrade via surface erosion, which proceeds in a consistent and predictable manner. The hydrolytic degradation of PCL‐based scaffolds alone is slow, governed by their high molecular weights, crystallinity, hydrophobicity, surface‐to‐volume ratio and porosity. The incorporation of CaP significantly increases the degradation rate. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Targeting the IDO1 pathway in cancer: from bench to bedside (2018)

Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenases (IDO1 and IDO2) and tryptophan 2, 3-dioxygenase (TDO) are tryptophan catabolic enzymes that catalyze the conversion of tryptophan into kynurenine. The depletion of tryptophan and the increase in kynurenine exert important immunosuppressive functions by activating T regulatory cells and myeloid-derived suppressor cells, suppressing the functions of effector T and natural killer cells, and promoting neovascularization of solid tumors. Targeting IDO1 represents a therapeutic opportunity in cancer immunotherapy beyond checkpoint blockade or adoptive transfer of chimeric antigen receptor T cells. In this review, we discuss the function of the IDO1 pathway in tumor progression and immune surveillance. We highlight recent preclinical and clinical progress in targeting the IDO1 pathway in cancer therapeutics, including peptide vaccines, expression inhibitors, enzymatic inhibitors, and effector inhibitors.
Multistandard FEC Decoders for Wireless Devices (2008)

One of the key features of a modern mobile terminal is the simultaneous support of multiple/different transmission standards. Most of these standards include forward error correction decoding functionality. In this overview paper we review the possibilities for combinations of common decoder families (Reed-Solomon, Viterbi, Turbo and low-density parity check) within one hardware platform. We show, that although specific combinations may result in silicon area savings, in general case the reuse possibilities are limited to much less than 20% of the overall decoder area.
Multiple query optimization support for data analysis applications (2003)

The efficient storage, management, and manipulation of large datasets is important in many fields of science, engineering and business. Simulations and experimental measurements are the main sources of data in these fields and the amount of data available for analyzing is increasing at a very high pace due both to the increased capability to collect and store data, as well as to the capability for processing it. We broadly define these applications as data analysis applications. Their main characteristic is that they usually access a subset of all the data available—the hot spots—which are the data points of highest interest in generating data products. 
In many cases, data analysis is employed in a collaborative environment, where multiple clients access the same datasets and perform similar processing on the data. For instance, in medical training, a large group of students may want to simultaneously explore a similar set of digitized microscopy slides, or visualize the same high resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) results. In this case, the data server needs to process multiple queries simultaneously to minimize latency to the clients. 
Previously investigated multi-query optimization (MQO) techniques do not account for user-defined processing of data and user-defined aggregation methods which are typical of data analysis queries. Therefore, the problem we investigate in this dissertation is multiple query optimization for data analysis applications. It can be broadly defined as a set of techniques aimed at minimizing the total cost of processing a series of queries by creating an optimized access plan for the entire set of queries and for reusing previously computed aggregates. 
The main goal of our work is to provide a generic optimization framework that can be used as a common platform to deploy data analysis applications that are able to efficiently handle multiple simultaneous queries and can leverage previously computed results to partially or fully compute new queries. 
In this work, we show significant improvements in data management issues. These include the integration of an active semantic cache approach coupled with a data transformation model for reusing data and computation, a functional decomposition frame work for exposing reuse sites, query scheduling policies, and cache replacement policies. Finally, we show how all these techniques can be adequately implemented over new computation and execution model paradigms such as clusters of PCs and highly distributed, heterogeneous data grid environments.
Flow cytometric estimation on cytotoxic activity of leaf extracts from seashore plants in subtropical Japan: isolation, quantification and cytotoxic action of (‐)‐deoxypodophyllotoxin (2002)

The cytotoxic activity of methanol extracts of leaves collected from 39 seashore plants in Iriomote Island, subtropical Japan was examined on human leukaemia cells (K562 cells) using a flow cytometer with two fluorescent probes, ethidium bromide and annexin V-FITC. Five extracts (10 microg/mL) from Hernandia nymphaeaefolia, Cerbera manghas, Pongamia pinnata, Morus australis var. glabra and Thespesia populnea greatly inhibited the growth of K562 cells. When the concentration was decreased to 1 microg/mL, only one extract from H. nymphaeaefolia still inhibited the cell growth. A cytotoxic compound was isolated from the leaves by bioassay-guided fractionation and was identified as (-)-deoxypodophyllotoxin (DPT). The fresh leaves of H. nymphaeaefolia contained a remarkably high amount of DPT (0.21 +/- 0.07% of fresh leaf weight), being clarified by a quantitative HPLC analysis. DPT at 70-80 pM started to inhibit the growth of K562 cells in an all-or-none fashion and at 100 pM or more it produced complete inhibition in all cases. Therefore, the slope of the dose-response curve was very steep. DPT at 100 pM or more decreased the cell viability to 50%-60% and increased the number of cells undergoing apoptosis (annexin V-positive cells). The results indicate that DPT contributes to the cytotoxic action of the extract from the leaves of H. nymphaeaefolia on K562 cells.
Natural gas pipeline technology overview. (2007)

The United States relies on natural gas for one-quarter of its energy needs. In 2001 alone, the nation consumed 21.5 trillion cubic feet of natural gas. A large portion of natural gas pipeline capacity within the United States is directed from major production areas in Texas and Louisiana, Wyoming, and other states to markets in the western, eastern, and midwestern regions of the country. In the past 10 years, increasing levels of gas from Canada have also been brought into these markets (EIA 2007). The United States has several major natural gas production basins and an extensive natural gas pipeline network, with almost 95% of U.S. natural gas imports coming from Canada. At present, the gas pipeline infrastructure is more developed between Canada and the United States than between Mexico and the United States. Gas flows from Canada to the United States through several major pipelines feeding U.S. markets in the Midwest, Northeast, Pacific Northwest, and California. Some key examples are the Alliance Pipeline, the Northern Border Pipeline, the Maritimes & Northeast Pipeline, the TransCanada Pipeline System, and Westcoast Energy pipelines. Major connections join Texas and northeastern Mexico, with additional connections to Arizona and between California and Baja California, Mexico (INGAA 2007). Of the natural gas consumed in the United States, 85% is produced domestically. Figure 1.1-1 shows the complex North American natural gas network. The pipeline transmission system--the 'interstate highway' for natural gas--consists of 180,000 miles of high-strength steel pipe varying in diameter, normally between 30 and 36 inches in diameter. The primary function of the transmission pipeline company is to move huge amounts of natural gas thousands of miles from producing regions to local natural gas utility delivery points. These delivery points, called 'city gate stations', are usually owned by distribution companies, although some are owned by transmission companies. Compressor stations at required distances boost the pressure that is lost through friction as the gas moves through the steel pipes (EPA 2000). The natural gas system is generally described in terms of production, processing and purification, transmission and storage, and distribution (NaturalGas.org 2004b). Figure 1.1-2 shows a schematic of the system through transmission. This report focuses on the transmission pipeline, compressor stations, and city gates.
The sternum (2006)

ANTHONY SUMMERS describes the signs and symptoms of fracture to the sternum and highlights the investigations that should be undertaken for patients with sternal injury
Intensive Hemodialysis Associates with Improved Survival Compared with Conventional Hemodialysis (2012)

Patients undergoing conventional maintenance hemodialysis typically receive three sessions per week, each lasting 2.5-5.5 hours. Recently, the use of more intensive hemodialysis (>5.5 hours, three to seven times per week) has increased, but the effects of these regimens on survival are uncertain. We conducted a retrospective cohort study to examine whether intensive hemodialysis associates with better survival than conventional hemodialysis. We identified 420 patients in the International Quotidian Dialysis Registry who received intensive home hemodialysis in France, the United States, and Canada between January 2000 and August 2010. We matched 338 of these patients to 1388 patients in the Dialysis Outcomes and Practice Patterns Study who received in-center conventional hemodialysis during the same time period by country, ESRD duration, and propensity score. The intensive hemodialysis group received a mean (SD) 4.8 (1.1) sessions per week with a mean treatment time of 7.4 (0.87) hours per session; the conventional group received three sessions per week with a mean treatment time of 3.9 (0.32) hours per session. During 3008 patient-years of follow-up, 45 (13%) of 338 patients receiving intensive hemodialysis died compared with 293 (21%) of 1388 patients receiving conventional hemodialysis (6.1 versus 10.5 deaths per 100 person-years; hazard ratio, 0.55 [95% confidence interval, 0.34-0.87]). The strength and direction of the observed association between intensive hemodialysis and improved survival were consistent across all prespecified subgroups and sensitivity analyses. In conclusion, there is a strong association between intensive home hemodialysis and improved survival, but whether this relationship is causal remains unknown.