gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of cholesterol and unsaturated DOPC lipid on chain packing of saturated gel-phase DPPC bilayers (2009)

Wide angle x-ray scattering (WAXS) from oriented lipid multilayers was used to study the effect of adding cholesterol (Chol) or 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DOPC) to gel-phase 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) bilayers. Small quantities (X < 0.10 mole fraction) of both molecules disrupt the tight packing of tilted chains of pure gel-phase DPPC, forming a more disordered, untilted phase. The addition of larger quantities of DOPC causes the sample to phase-separate into a gel-phase, characterized by a narrow WAXS peak, and liquid disordered phase, characterized by wide, diffuse WAXS scattering. In contrast, two WAXS peaks indicative of two coexisting phases were not observed in Chol/DPPC mixtures (X(Chol) = 0.07 to 0.40). Instead, Chol caused a gradual increase in the width of the WAXS peak, consistent with a gradual change from a more gel-like to a more liquid-like state rather than passing through a region of two phase coexistence. Our WAXS data include a huge amount of information. A new method of analysis suggests that WAXS data may provide definitive results relating to the disagreements between previously published phase diagrams for Chol/DPPC.
Robust Lane Detection for Complicated Road Environment Based on Normal Map (2018)

Detection of road or lane is indispensable for the environmental perception of advanced driver assistance systems. It has been an active field of research with a wide application prospect. However, due to the complex illumination and interferences, such as vehicles and shadows in the real driving environment, lane detection is still a challenging task today. To address these issues, a robust method for road segmentation and lane detection based on a normal map is proposed. The first step of this approach is to generate the normal map by using the depth information and then extract a segmented road pavement without vehicles and buildings based on the normal map. Second, we improve an adaptive threshold segmentation method and denoising operations to enhance the lane markings. Third, the combination of Hough transform and vanishing point makes it more accurate to determine the starting points of host lanes, and then the lanes in the following image sequence can be detected in the adaptive region of interest. Compared with the state-of-the-art methods, the experimental results on the data sets in two countries demonstrate that our approach produces more credible performance under various light conditions or dense traffic.
Effect of relaxin on human spermatozoa. (1986)

To study its effect on the motility of human spermatozoa, relaxin was added at different concentrations to human semen samples of various qualities as well as to washed spermatozoa. Relaxin in physiologic concentrations (10-100 ng/mL) had no significant effect on sperm motility in normal semen samples. However, the addition of relaxin to semen samples with low sperm motility significantly increased the motility. Addition of relaxin similarly increased the motility of spermatozoa from normal semen samples that were either aged or washed; the treatment resulted in a decrease in motility. When sperm motility was optimal, as in normal samples, addition of relaxin did not increase motility. However, in some situations of decreased motility, addition of relaxin resulted in improvement of spermatozoan motility. Relaxin may have clinical value in the treatment of male infertility.
Enumeration of <i>Escherichia coli</i> in Frozen Samples After Recovery from Injury (1973)

More than 90% of the surviving cells of Escherichia coli NCSM were injured after freezing in water at -78 C. Injury was determined by the ability of cells to form colonies on Trypticase soy agar with yeast extract but not on violet red-bile agar and deoxycholate-lactose agar. Exposure of the injured cells to Brilliant Green-bile broth and lauryl sulfate broth prevented subsequent colony formation on Trypticase soy agar with yeast extract. The freeze-injury could be repaired rapidly in a medium such as Trypticase soy broth with yeast extract (TSYB). The repaired cells formed colonies on violet red-bile agar and deoxycholate-lactose agar and were not inhibited by Brilliant Green-bile broth and lauryl sulfate broth. At least 90% of the cells repaired in TSYB within 30 min at 20 to 45 C and began multiplication within 2 h at 25 C. When the cells were frozen in different foods, 60 to 90% of the survivors were injured. Repair of the injured cells occurred in foods during 1 h at 25 C, but generally repair was greater and more reproducible when the foods were incubated in TSYB. The study indicated that the repair of freeze-injured coliform bacteria should be accomplished before such cells are exposed to selective media for their enumeration.
A Facile Approach to the Synthesis of 3-(6-Chloro-thiazolo[5,4-b]pyridin-2-ylmethoxy)-2,6-difluoro-benzamide (PC190723) (2012)

Practical synthesis of PC 190723, a bacterial cell division protein Ftsz inhibitor, has been achieved in a high overall yield of 45% in six steps from commercially available starting materials.
The effect of temperature on the activity and metabolism of glyphosate applied to rhizome fragments of elymus repens (=<i>Agropyron repens</i>) (1984)

Abstract The effect of temperature on the activity and metabolism of glyphosate, as its mono(isopropylammonium) salt, in single‐node rhizome fragments of Elymus repens was investigated in controlled environment cabinets. Post‐treatment temperatures of 26/16° (day/night) reduced the activity of the herbicide compared with that at 10/6°, respectively. Under both temperature regimes and using [ 14 C]glyphosatemono(isopropylammonium), more [ 14 C]glyphosate accumulated in the node tissues and buds than in the internodes, but at teh higher temperature the rate of glyphosate metabolism was greater, and more 14 C was lost as [ 14 C]carbon dioxide. Evidence is presented to indicate that plant extracts contained at least two components which yielded glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid after both acid or base treatment, but not on incubation with β‐glucosidase. It is therefore tentatively suggested that these metabolites are not β‐glycosides but perhaps are conjugates with other natural plant constituents involving the phosphonyl and/or amino groups of the herbicide.
Size and UV Germicidal Irradiation Susceptibility of <i>Serratia marcescens</i> when Aerosolized from Different Suspending Media (2004)

Experimental systems have been built in laboratories worldwide to investigate the influence of various environmental parameters on the efficacy of UV germicidal irradiation (UVGI) for deactivating airborne microorganisms. It is generally recognized that data from different laboratories might vary significantly due to differences in systems and experimental conditions. In this study we looked at the effect of the composition of the suspending medium on the size and UVGI susceptibility of Serratia marcescens in an experimental system built in our laboratory. S. marcescens was suspended in (i) distilled water, (ii) phosphate buffer, (iii) 10% fetal calf serum, (iv) phosphate-buffered saline (saline, 0.8% sodium chloride), and (v) synthetic saliva (phosphate-buffered saline with 10% fetal calf serum). At low humidity (36%), S. marcescens suspended in water-only medium was the most susceptible to UVGI, followed by those in serum-only medium. The count median diameters (CMDs) for culturable particles from water-only and serum-only media were 0.88 and 0.95 micro m, respectively, with the measurements based on their aerodynamic behavior. The bacteria suspended in phosphate buffer, synthetic saliva, and phosphate-buffered saline had similar UVGI susceptibility and CMD at 1.0, 1.4, and 1.5 micro m, respectively. At high humidity (68%) the CMD of the particles increased by 6 to 16%, and at the same time UVGI susceptibility decreased, with the magnitude of decrease related to the type of suspending medium. In conclusion, the choice of suspending medium influenced both size and UVGI susceptibility of S. marcescens. These data are valuable for making comparisons and deciding on the use of an appropriate medium for various applications.
Single Wavelength Blue-Laser Optical Head-Like Opto-Mechanical System for Turntable Thermal Mode Lithography and Stamper Fabrication (2011)

The characterization of novel small size 405 nm blue-laser optical head-like opto-mechanical system for turntable thermal mode lithography system that can provide high quality beam spot profile and real time high precision servo control and feasibility for thermal mode lithography process application are presented. The optical head-like opto-mechanical system consists of a single wavelength laser direct-write blue-laser opto-mechanical module and related servo control main board. An ideally narrow round shape exposure beam spot about 260 nm and high precision power control, focusing servo control are produced for thermal mode inorganic resist exposure. The small size opto-mechanical system combination with thermal mode lithography technology has been successfully applied to fabricate nickel stamper with submicro/nano structure patterns. The minimum pit (or hole) diameter is about 180 nm and ultra-low surface roughness (2 nm) is achieved after electroforming process.
An Operando FTIR Spectroscopic and Kinetic Study of Carbon Monoxide Pressure Influence on Rhodium‐Catalyzed Olefin Hydroformylation (2014)

The influence of carbon monoxide concentration on the kinetics of the hydroformylation of 3,3-dimethyl-1-butene with a phosphite-modified rhodium catalyst has been studied for the pressure range p(CO)=0.20-3.83 MPa. Highly resolved time-dependent concentration profiles of the organometallic intermediates were derived from IR spectroscopic data collected in situ for the entire olefin-conversion range. The dynamics of the catalyst and organic components are described by enzyme-type kinetics with competitive and uncompetitive inhibition reactions involving carbon monoxide taken into account. Saturation of the alkyl-rhodium intermediates with carbon monoxide as a cosubstrate occurs between 1.5 and 2 MPa of carbon monoxide pressure, which brings about a convergence of aldehyde regioselectivity. Hydrogenolysis of the acyl intermediate is fast at 30 °C and low pressure of p(CO)=0.2 MPa, but is of minus first order with respect to the solution concentration of carbon monoxide. Resting 18-electron hydrido and acyl complexes that correspond to early and late rate-determining states, respectively, coexist as long as the conversion of the substrate is not complete.
Mispronunciation Detection and Diagnosis in L2 English Speech Using Multidistribution Deep Neural Networks (2016)

This paper investigates the use of multidistribution deep neural networks (DNNs) for mispronunciation detection and diagnosis (MDD), to circumvent the difficulties encountered in an existing approach based on extended recognition networks (ERNs). The ERNs leverage existing automatic speech recognition technology by constraining the search space via including the likely phonetic error patterns of the target words in addition to the canonical transcriptions. MDDs are achieved by comparing the recognized transcriptions with the canonical ones. Although this approach performs reasonably well, it has the following issues: 1) Learning the error patterns of the target words to generate the ERNs remains a challenging task. Phones or phone errors missing from the ERNs cannot be recognized even if we have well-trained acoustic models; and 2) acoustic models and phonological rules are trained independently, and hence, contextual information is lost. To address these issues, we propose an acoustic-graphemic-phonemic model (AGPM) using a multidistribution DNN, whose input features include acoustic features, as well as corresponding graphemes and canonical transcriptions (encoded as binary vectors). The AGPM can implicitly model both grapheme-to-likely-pronunciation and phoneme-to-likely-pronunciation conversions, which are integrated into acoustic modeling. With the AGPM, we develop a unified MDD framework, which works much like free-phone recognition. Experiments show that our method achieves a phone error rate (PER) of 11.1%. The false rejection rate (FRR), false acceptance rate (FAR), and diagnostic error rate (DER) for MDD are 4.6%, 30.5%, and 13.5%, respectively. It outperforms the ERN approach using DNNs as acoustic models, whose PER, FRR, FAR, and DER are 16.8%, 11.0%, 43.6%, and 32.3%, respectively.
Digital Boundary Detection Techniques For The Analysis Of Gated Cardiac Scintigrams (1981)

Boundary detection in conventional nuclear medicine scintigrams is often difficult for several reasons. First, scintigrams generally have a low signal-to-noise ratio. Second, edge structures are poorly defined because of the low resolution of gamma ray cameras; and finally, edge contrast is usually reduced by foreground and background activity. In this paper we report on heuristic approaches we have taken to solve these problems and to develop programs for the display of cardiac wall motion and for the automatic determination of left ventricular ejection fraction. Our approach to processing cardiac scintigrams entails several steps: smoothing, edge enhancement, and contour extraction. We discuss each of these steps in light of the goal of producing cardiac boundaries which are spatially and temporally smooth and continuous. Boundary detection results are presented for some selected clinical images.
A New Route to the Synthesis of Indolo[2,3‐a]carbazoles. (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Study of Geothermal Power Production with Flashed Steam System (2008)

Flashed steam system is one of the important geothermal power production methods. In this paper, optimum operations and performances of single and double flash systems are presented. It is shown that double flash system can produce about 26.5% more power than single flash system. Temperature of geothermal water() is the most important parameter in the geothermal system. Optimum single and double flash temperatures and net power produced with these optimum conditions are expressed as a function of in this study. Thus net power output from geothermal resources can be estimated with the results of this work. Condenser Temperature() is also important and the net power production can be shown as a function of (. Volume flow rate per unit power is also to be considered as the condenser temperature decreases.
Experimental Validation of Displacement Underestimation in ARFI Ultrasound (2020)

Acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) imaging is an elastography technique that uses ultrasonic pulses to both displace and track tissue motion. Previous modeling studies have shown that ARFI displacements are susceptible to underestimation due to lateral and elevational shearing that occurs within the tracking resolution cell. In this study, optical tracking was utilized to experimentally measure the displacement underestimation achieved by acoustic tracking using a clinical ultrasound system. Three optically translucent phantoms of varying stiffness were created, embedded with sub-wavelength diameter microspheres, and ARFI excitation pulses with F/1.5 or F/3 lateral focal configurations were transmitted from a standard linear array to induce phantom motion. Displacements were tracked using confocal optical and acoustic methods. As predicted by earlier FEM studies, significant acoustic displacement underestimation was observed for both excitation focal configurations; the maximum underestimation error was 35% of the optically measured displacement for the F/1.5 excitation pulse in the softest phantom. Using higher F/#, less tightly focused beams in the lateral dimension improved accuracy of displacements by approximately 10 percentage points. This work experimentally demonstrates limitations of ARFI implemented on a clinical scanner using a standard linear array and sets up a framework for future displacement tracking validation studies.
Pests of red kidney beans: Increased yields resulted from proper timing and application of control treatments tested in 1952 trials (1953)

Control of the two-spotted mite and the valley leaf miner—by a single application of an insecticide-acaracide combination—increased yields of red kidney beans in experiments conducted at Linden in 1952.
Susceptibility of gram-negative bacteria to polymyxin B nonapeptide (1984)

Subinhibitory concentrations of polymyxin B nonapeptide sensitized all 21 polymyxin-susceptible gram-negative bacterial strains studied to hydrophobic antibiotics such as fusidic acid, novobiocin, and erythromycin. The susceptibility increases were usually 30- to 300-fold. The strains included representatives of Escherichia coli with different O- and K-antigens, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Enterobacter cloacae, Enterobacter agglomerans, Salmonella typhimurium, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Pseudomonas maltophilia. In contrast, polymyxin-resistant strains (Proteus mirabilis, Proteus vulgaris, Morganella morganii, Providencia stuartii, and Serratia marcescens) were resistant to the action of polymyxin B nonapeptide.
Capillary Dielectric Barrier Discharge: Transition from Soft Ionization to Dissociative Plasma (2016)

A capillary He dielectric barrier discharge was investigated with respect to its performance as a soft or dissociative ionization source. Spatiotemporal measurements of the plasma emission showed that in one voltage duty cycle the plasma evolved from a soft to dissociative ionization source. At the earliest time, the soft plasma was generated between the electrodes as well as outside the capillary forming the plasma jet. It was characterized by significant radiation arising only from He and N2(+), which are known to be important in the process of the soft ionization of the analyte. Later in time, the plasma capable of dissociating molecules develops. It is characterized by appreciable radiation from analyte dissociation products and is restricted to the interelectrode region in the capillary. Thus, for the soft ionization purposes, it is feasible to introduce the analyte exclusively in the plasma jet. For elemental analysis, the interelectrode plasma is appropriate.
Image sequence coding using adaptive tree-structured vector quantisation with multipath searching (1992)

In the encoding of image sequences for transmission and storage, the coding algorithm must have the ability to adapt to changing image characteristics from sequence to sequence and from frame to frame. A new adaptive treestructured vector quantisation (adaptive TSVQ) with multipath searching is described. The structure of the codebook tree is reorganised at an update interval, without requiring any transmission of side information. The 1-path tree searching algorithm is a simple method of finding the closest codeword in TSVQ. The disadvantage of 1-path searching is that the selected codewords are not, in general, closest to the input vectors. Hence, the multipath searching algorithm is proposed to improve the image quality. The improvement over the fixed TSVQ at the same bit rate is up to 2.54 dB when the number of the leaves in the codebook tree is 256 and 4-path searching is applied.
Uniform Actions in Asynchronous Distributed Systems (Extended Abstract). (1994)

Astrocytes are the most numerous cell type within the central nervous system. Early during development they act as guiding structures for migratory neurons; later they are not only the main source for nutrients and growth factors in the brain, but they are also communication partners of neighboring neurons. For this purpose astrocytes are equipped with several types of transmitter receptors and the capacity to release neuroactive substances. In addition, they form an extended syncytium via gap junction channels which allows fast intercellular signaling pathways. The pivotal involvement of astrocytes in brain function during disease situations is the topic of many studies. Here, we will review the role of astrocytic gap junctions, astroglial metabolism and neuron-astrocyte signaling. Identification of the molecular mechanisms of these three functions will improve our understanding of neuroprotection.
Equality of Opportunity in Supervised Learning (2016)

We propose a criterion for discrimination against a specified sensitive attribute in supervised learning, where the goal is to predict some target based on available features. Assuming data about the predictor, target, and membership in the protected group are available, we show how to optimally adjust any learned predictor so as to remove discrimination according to our definition. Our framework also improves incentives by shifting the cost of poor classification from disadvantaged groups to the decision maker, who can respond by improving the classification accuracy. In line with other studies, our notion is oblivious: it depends only on the joint statistics of the predictor, the target and the protected attribute, but not on interpretation of individualfeatures. We study the inherent limits of defining and identifying biases based on such oblivious measures, outlining what can and cannot be inferred from different oblivious tests. We illustrate our notion using a case study of FICO credit scores.
Advancing the Use of Secondary Inputs in Geopolymer Binders for Sustainable Cementitious Composites: A Review (2011)

Because of concerns over the construction industry‘s heavy use of cement and the general dissatisfaction with the performance of building envelopes with respect to durability, there is a growing demand for a novel class of ―green‖ binders. Geopolymer binders have re-emerged as binders that can be used as a replacement for Portland cement given their numerous advantages over the latter including lower carbon dioxide emissions, greater chemical and thermal resistance, combined with enhanced mechanical properties at both normal and extreme exposure conditions. The paper focuses on the use of geopolymer binders in building applications. It discusses the various options for starting materials and describes key engineering properties associated with geopolymer compositions that are ideal for structural applications. Specific properties, such as compressive strength, density, pore size distribution, cumulative water absorption, and acid resistance, are comparable to the specifications for structures incorporating conventional binders. This paper presents geopolymer binders, with their three dimensional microstructure, as material for structural elements that can be used to advance the realization of sustainable building systems.
Pitavastatin decreases the expression of endothelial lipase both in vitro and in vivo (2010)

These findings suggest that statins can reduce EL expression in vitro and in vivo via inhibition of RhoA activity. The inhibition of EL expression in the vessel wall may contribute to the anti-atherogenic effects of statins.