gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Relationship between unusual hepatic acyl coenzyme A profiles and the pathogenesis of Reye syndrome. (1988)

This study examines the relationship between impaired fatty acid oxidation and the pathogenesis of Reye syndrome. We present a hypothesis proposing that many clinical signs of this childhood disease are caused by accumulation of unusual acyl CoA esters, precursors to deacylated metabolites found in the patients' blood and urine. A new method was developed to measure acyl CoA compounds in small human liver biopsy samples, offering several advantages over previous techniques. A major finding was an accumulation in Reye syndrome patients of short- and medium-chain acyl CoA intermediates of fatty acid and branched-chain amino acid oxidation. These metabolites included octanoyl, isovaleryl, butyryl, isobutyryl, propionyl, and methylmalonyl CoA esters. The findings were explained in a model of hepatic fatty acid oxidation involving three interrelated pathways: mitochondrial beta-oxidation, peroxisomal beta-oxidation, and omega-oxidation in the endoplasmic reticulum. The results suggest that pathogenesis in Reye syndrome stems from generalized mitochondrial damage resulting in accumulation of acyl CoA esters. High levels of these compounds lead to inhibition of mitochondrial pathways for ureogenesis, gluconeogenesis, and fatty acid oxidation. The inhibited pathways, in turn, could cause the hyperammonemia, hypoglycemia, and hypoketonemia observed in patients. The model also explains underlying biochemical differences between patients with Reye syndrome and medium-chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase deficiency, another disorder of fatty acid metabolism. Acetyl CoA levels, in the latter disease, were dramatically decreased, compared with both human controls and Reye syndrome patients.
The BpsIR Quorum-Sensing System of <i>Burkholderia pseudomallei</i> (2005)

BpsIR, a LuxIR quorum-sensing homolog, is required for optimal expression of virulence and secretion of exoproducts in Burkholderia pseudomallei. Cell density-dependent expression of bpsI and bpsR, the positive regulation of bpsIR expression by BpsR, and the synthesis of N-octanoyl-homoserine lactone (C8HSL) by BpsI are described in this report.
IGF-I mRNA and Signaling in the Diabetic Retina (2001)

IGF-I promotes the survival of multiple cell types by activating the IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR), which signals downstream to a serine/threonine kinase termed Akt. Because in diabetes vascular and neural cells of the retina undergo accelerated apoptosis, we examined IGF-I synthesis and signaling in the human and rat diabetic retina. In retinas obtained postmortem from six donors aged 64 +/- 8 years with a diabetes duration of 7 +/- 5 years, IGF-I mRNA levels were threefold lower than in the retinas of six age-matched nondiabetic donors (P = 0.005). In the retinas of rats with 2 months' duration of streptozotocin-induced diabetes, IGF-I mRNA levels were similar to those of control rats, but after 5 months of diabetes they failed to increase to the levels recorded in age-matched controls (P < 0.02). Retinal IGF-I expression was not altered by hypophysectomy, proving to be growth-hormone independent. IGF-IR levels were modestly increased in the human diabetic retinas (P = 0.02 vs. nondiabetic retinas) and were unchanged in the diabetic rats. Phosphorylation of the IGF-IR could be measured only in the rat retina, and was not decreased in the diabetic rats (94 +/- 18% of control values). In the same diabetic rats, phosphorylation of Akt was 123 +/- 21% of control values. There was not yet evidence of increased apoptosis of retinal microvascular cells after 5 months of streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Hence, in the retina of diabetic rats, as in the retina of diabetic human donors, IGF-I mRNA levels are substantially lower than in age-matched nondiabetic controls, whereas IGF-IR activation and signaling are not affected, at least for some time. This finding suggests that in the diabetic retina, the activation of the IGF-IR is modulated by influences that compensate for, or are compensated by, decreased IGF-I synthesis.
Reaktionen polyfunktioneller Cyansäureester mit polyfunktionellen Glycidethern. 2. Reaktionsmodell (1989)

Abstract Ein Reaktionsmodell der Umsetzung von Glycidethern mit aromatischen Cyansäureestern wird begründet. Als Hauptreaktionen wurden die Trimerisierung der Cyansäureester, die Einschubreaktion der Glycidether in die Cyanuratstruktur, die Isomerisierung der Alkylcyanurate, die Oxazolidinonbildung, die Phenolabspaltung und die Phenol/Glycidether‐Addition gefunden.
Deletion of ant in Escherichia coli Reveals Its Function in Adaptation to High Salinity and an Alternative Na+/H+ Antiporter System(s) (1989)

We have deleted the chromosomal ant gene from Escherichia coli by substitution with the kan gene, which encodes kanamycin resistance. The delta ant strains obtained cannot adapt to high sodium concentrations (700 mM, pH 6.8), which do not affect the wild type. The Na+ sensitivity of delta ant is pH dependent, increasing at alkaline pH. Thus at pH 8.5, 100 mM NaCl retard growth of delta ant with no effect on the wild type. The delta ant strains also cannot challenge the toxic effects of Li+ ions, a substrate of the Na+/H+ antiporter system. However, growth of these strains is normal on carbon sources which require Na+ ions for transport and growth. Moreover, antiporter activity, as measured in everted membrane vesicles, is not significantly impaired. A detailed analysis of the remaining antiporter activity in a delta ant strain reveals kinetic properties which differ from those displayed by the ant protein: (a) Km for transport of Li+ ions is about 15 times higher and (b) the activity is practically independent of intracellular pH. Our results demonstrate the presence of an alternative Na+/H+ antiporter(s) in E. coli, additional to ant system.
Systemic Combination Virotherapy for Melanoma with Tumor Antigen-Expressing Vesicular Stomatitis Virus and Adoptive T-cell Transfer (2012)

Oncolytic virotherapy offers the potential to treat tumors both as a single agent and in combination with traditional modalities such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Here we describe an effective, fully systemic treatment regimen, which combines virotherapy, acting essentially as an adjuvant immunotherapy, with adoptive cell transfer (ACT). The combination of ACT with systemic administration of a vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) engineered to express the endogenous melanocyte antigen glycoprotein 100 (gp100) resulted in regression of established melanomas and generation of antitumor immunity. Tumor response was associated with in vivo T-cell persistence and activation as well as treatment-related vitiligo. However, in a proportion of treated mice, initial tumor regressions were followed by recurrences. Therapy was further enhanced by targeting an additional tumor antigen with the VSV-antigen + ACT combination strategy, leading to sustained response in 100% of mice. Together, our findings suggest that systemic virotherapy combined with antigen-expressing VSV could be used to support and enhance clinical immunotherapy protocols with adoptive T-cell transfer, which are already used in the clinic.
<title>Novel architecture for optical guided-wave recirculating delay lines</title> (1992)

We present a novel architecture for an optical guided-wave recirculating (feed-backward) delay line, which is suitable for planar implementation, and is capable of performing very high speed optical processing. The chain matrix has been demonstrated in the z-transform domain and its identity with conventional fiber-optic architecture has been demonstrated. This novel architecture is based only on loops and directional couplers and does not include intersecting or branching sections, which notoriously increase the overall loss of an integrated optical circuit. Compared to other planar solutions reported in literature, such as those based on integrated beam splitter/combiners or gratings, the present architecture does not present counter directional recirculation, and does not suffer from in-plane scattering and diffraction limitation, being based on channel waveguides. Moreover, because of an extra zero-pole in its transfer function, it results more flexible in a design of appropriate spectral responses for filtering operations. As an application of the presented architecture a Toeplitz matrix-vector multiplier is presented.
Physical Chemistry of Ionic Liquids, Inorganic and Organic, Protic and Aprotic (2005)

This chapter contains sections titled: Classes of Ionic Liquids Low-Temperature Liquid Behavior Melting Points and the Lattice Energy Relation Between Electrical Conductivity and Low Vapor Pressure Proton Transfer Ionic Liquids as Novel Fuel Cell Electrolytes Cohesion and Fluidity: The Trade-Off Concluding Remarks Acknowledgments References
Non-rigid registration between 3D ultrasound and CT images of the liver based on intensity and gradient information (2010)

In order to utilize both ultrasound (US) and computed tomography (CT) images of the liver concurrently for medical applications such as diagnosis and image-guided intervention, non-rigid registration between these two types of images is an essential step, as local deformation between US and CT images exists due to the different respiratory phases involved and due to the probe pressure that occurs in US imaging. This paper introduces a voxel-based non-rigid registration algorithm between the 3D B-mode US and CT images of the liver. In the proposed algorithm, to improve the registration accuracy, we utilize the surface information of the liver and gallbladder in addition to the information of the vessels inside the liver. For an effective correlation between US and CT images, we treat those anatomical regions separately according to their characteristics in US and CT images. Based on a novel objective function using a 3D joint histogram of the intensity and gradient information, vessel-based non-rigid registration is followed by surface-based non-rigid registration in sequence, which improves the registration accuracy. The proposed algorithm is tested for ten clinical datasets and quantitative evaluations are conducted. Experimental results show that the registration error between anatomical features of US and CT images is less than 2 mm on average, even with local deformation due to different respiratory phases and probe pressure. In addition, the lesion registration error is less than 3 mm on average with a maximum of 4.5 mm that is considered acceptable for clinical applications.
Prospective View of Localization in Wireless Sensor Networks: A Survey (2017)

The range of services offered by Sensor Networks is much larger than the difficulties faced in its deployment. In this paper we investigate some of the proposed techniques to localize sensor nodes in wireless sensor networks. Technologies based on location awareness of the sensor have become a part of our lives. We use them without realizing that it’s a location based service. Relating sensed data with the geographic location of the sensor nodes make it much more relevant for the user and also provides an image of the environment to distant user. Location of the sensor nodes also helps in some basic functions like routing, coverage, detection, clustering, etc. of the distributed wireless networks.
Who can claim complete abstinence from peeking at print jobs? (2002)

While systems supporting communities of practice in work organizations have been shown to be desirable many, if not all, are decoupled from daily work practices and tools. This hinders a wide collection of data about their activities, because of the additional effort that is required from the users. Therefore a pre-requisite for a system aiming at making visible the community activity is the non-intrusive collection of data about the activities that are carried on in a workplace. We present a range of personal document management services that support the construction of a collective memory of user print activities. We have internally tested the system and verified that it successfully provided personal benefit, thereby ensuring that the system receives sufficient usage for the shared memory to be useful. The system also successfully addressed privacy concerns and effectively provided large data sets about document related activities. Finally it provided information able to trigger new or to reinforce existing informal exchanges in communities of practice at a convenient moment; the print action.
EMD-L1: An Efficient and Robust Algorithm for Comparing Histogram-Based Descriptors (2006)

Abstract. We propose a fast algorithm, EMD-L1, for computing the Earth Mover’s Distance (EMD) between a pair of histograms. Compared to the original formulation, EMD-L1 has a largely simplified structure. The number of unknown variables in EMD-L1 is O(N) that is significantly less than O(N 2) of the original EMD for a histogram with N bins. In addition, the number of constraints is reduced by half and the objective function is also simplified. We prove that the EMD-L1 is formally equivalent to the original EMD with L1 ground distance without approximation. Exploiting the L1 metric structure, an efficient tree-based algorithm is designed to solve the EMD-L1 computation. An empirical study demonstrates that the new algorithm has the time complexity of O(N 2), which is much faster than previously reported algorithms with super-cubic complexities. The proposed algorithm thus allows the EMD to be applied for comparing histogram-based features, which is practically impossible with previous algorithms. We conducted experiments for shape recognition and interest point matching. EMD-L1 is applied to compare shape contexts on the widely tested MPEG7 shape dataset and SIFT image descriptors on a set of images with large deformation, illumination change and heavy noise. The results show that our EMD-L1based solutions outperform previously reported state-of-the-art features and distance measures in solving the two tasks. 1
Preferential expression of Th2-type chemokine and its receptor in atopic dermatitis (2002)

Lesional skin of patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) is histologically characterized by hypertrophy of the skin, and the infiltration of a large number of eosinophils and T cells into the dermis. Recent studies have indicated that Th2 cells play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of AD skin. Chemokines and their receptors are implicated in the development of symptoms of various skin diseases such as AD and psoriasis vulgaris (psoriasis). We have examined the in situ expression of a typical Th2-type chemokine, thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC), and its receptor (CCR4) using immunohistochemical techniques. TARC was found to be highly expressed in the basal epidermis of the lesional skin of AD patients and only slightly in the non-lesional skin. On the other hand, no positive cells were seen in the lesional skin of psoriasis. Consistently, CCR4+ cells were present predominantly in the lesional skin of AD patients, but not in the non-lesional skin. In contrast, in the lesional skin of psoriasis patients, cells positive for CCR5, which is expressed on Th1 cells, were abundantly present. Interestingly, psoralen plus ultraviolet A therapy reduced the number of CCR4+ cells in the AD skin lesions. These results suggest that Th2-type cytokines such as TARC are involved in the pathogenesis of skin lesions in AD patients through the preferential recruitment of Th2 cells.
Learning online alignments with continuous rewards policy gradient (2017)

Sequence-to-sequence models with soft attention had significant success in machine translation, speech recognition, and question answering. Though capable and easy to use, they require that the entirety of the input sequence is available at the beginning of inference, an assumption that is not valid for instantaneous translation and speech recognition. To address this problem, we present a new method for solving sequence-to-sequence problems using hard online alignments instead of soft offline alignments. The online alignments model is able to start producing outputs without the need to first process the entire input sequence. A highly accurate online sequence-to-sequence model is useful because it can be used to build an accurate voice-based instantaneous translator. Our model uses hard binary stochastic decisions to select the timesteps at which outputs will be produced. The model is trained to produce these stochastic decisions using a standard policy gradient method. In our experiments, we show that this model achieves encouraging performance on TIMIT and Wall Street Journal (WSJ) speech recognition datasets.
Operation of a Thermal Diffusion Chamber for Measurements on Cloud Condensation Nuclei (1970)

In recent years the thermal diffusion chamber has found wide application in studying condensation nuclei (CCN) which are effective in natural cloud and fog formation. Explicit solution of the equations governing the transient behavior of the chamber suggests the necessity for precise control of the temperature or the relative humidity of the incoming sample if meaningful measurements are to be obtained. A recent conclusion of Fitzgerald, that transient supersaturations exceeding the steady-state peak value may arise if the incoming sample is saturated at a temperature less than that of the (hot) top plate, is also verified. Further, it is pointed out that as long as turbulence occurs while introducing the sample, the transient behavior of the chamber remains indeterminate. This defect may be eliminated by giving special consideration to the method of sample introduction. The measurements of CCN concentration as a function of time at Rolla taken with a thermal diffusion chamber are also presented. The CCN concentration, in general, is found to follow local meteorological conditions. The trend of our data shows a qualitative agreement with that available in the literature. It is suggested that an intercomparison of the data taken on a carefully fabricated thermal diffusion chamber with those taken on the other types of cloud chamber would help to decide the potential value of the former as a CCN counter.
The Incessant Battle Against Fire Blight in Pears: 30 Years of Challenges and Successes in Managing the Disease in Israel (2015)

Fire blight, caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora, is the most destructive disease of pears and other pome fruit trees worldwide. The disease was first detected in Israel in 1985, and in the 30 years since, the intensity of fire blight epidemics has varied markedly. During this time, there were two national pandemics: the first between 1994 and 1996 and the second in 2010. In both cases, it was feared that the Israeli pear industry would not recover. National efforts were devoted to combat the problem and after both pandemics the industry survived. In this paper we indicate some unique characteristics that play a crucial role in the epidemiology of the disease under Israeli conditions. We then describe the continual struggle of the Israeli pear industry with fire blight over the last 30 years, elaborating on the two national pandemics and the efforts devoted to cope with them. Finally, we summarize the conclusions derived from our local experience and present our future perspectives regarding fire blight management. The take-home message of the Israeli fire blight story is that the battle against this hazardous disease is neverending. In some years, growers are able to adequately suppress the disease; in others, the pathogen overcomes management efforts and severe outbreaks occur. The latter could be minimized if growers have a full understanding of the management protocols suitable for the conditions and applied them rigorously.
Prognosis Versus Actual Outcome. III. The Effectiveness of Clinical Parameters in Accurately Predicting Tooth Survival (1996)

Tooth loss for 100 treated periodontal patients (2,509 teeth) under maintenance care was evaluated to determine the effectiveness of commonly taught clinical parameters utilized in the assignment of prognosis in accurately predicting tooth survival. Previous studies in this series evaluated prognosis as a surrogate variable representing the condition of the tooth at a particular point. In this study, survival analysis was used to evaluate the relationship of these common clinical parameters to an actual end point, tooth loss. Robust log rank tests indicated that initial probing depth, initial furcation involvement, initial mobility, initial crown-to-root ratio, and initial root form were all associated with tooth loss. In addition, smoking and increased initial bone loss were both found to be associated with increased risk of tooth loss while fixed abutment status was associated with a decreased risk of tooth loss. A Cox proportional hazards regression model showed that initial probing depth, initial furcation involvement, initial mobility, initial percent bone loss, presence of a parafunctional habit without a biteguard, and smoking were all associated with an increased risk of tooth loss. This model suggests that patients are twice as likely to loose their teeth if there is increasing mobility, if they have a parafunctional habit and do not wear a biteguard, or if they smoke. From these data there does appear to be a relationship between the assigned prognosis and tooth loss. Teeth with worse prognosis have a worse survival rate, but the commonly taught clinical parameters used in the traditional method of assignment of prognosis do not adequately explain that relationship. Furthermore, initial prognosis did not adequately explain the condition of the tooth or accurately predict the tooth's survival. These results seem to indicate that the effect of these clinical parameters on tooth survival is only partially reflected in the assigned prognosis initially, suggesting that perhaps some of the clinical parameters should be weighed more heavily than others when assigning prognosis. Further studies are needed to develop a more accurate method for the assignment of prognosis.
Deterministic Networking Flow Information Model (2017)

Deterministic Networking (DetNet) provides end-to-end absolute delay
and loss guarantee to serve real-time applications. DetNet is focused
on a general approach that use techniques such as 1) data plane
resources reservation for DetNet flows; 2) providing fixed path for
DetNet flows; 3)sequentializng, replicating, and eliminating duplicate
packets transmission [draft-ietf-detnet- architecture-00] to guarantee
the worst case delay of DetNet flow while allow sharing among best
effort traffic. Data flow information model is important to the DetNet
work that it defines information be used by flow establishment and
control protocols. This document describes and DetNet flow information
model that represents the flow identifier, traffic description
information so that can make resource reservation and provide
differentiate service.