gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Direct Interaction of the Rat unc-13 Homologue Munc13-1 with the N Terminus of Syntaxin (1997)

unc-13 mutants in Caenorhabditis elegans are characterized by a severe deficit in neurotransmitter release. Their phenotype is similar to that of the C. elegans unc-18 mutation, which is thought to affect synaptic vesicle docking to the active zone. This suggests a crucial role for the unc-13 gene product in the mediation or regulation of synaptic vesicle exocytosis. Munc13-1 is one of three closely related rat homologues of unc-13. Based on the high degree of similarity between unc-13 and Munc13 proteins, it is thought that their essential function has been conserved from C. elegans to mammals. Munc13-1 is a brain-specific peripheral membrane protein with multiple regulatory domains that may mediate diacylglycerol, phospholipid, and calcium binding. In the present study, we demonstrate by three independent methods that the C terminus of Munc13-1 interacts directly with a putative coiled coil domain in the N-terminal part of syntaxin. Syntaxin is a component of the exocytotic synaptic core complex, a heterotrimeric protein complex with an essential role in transmitter release. Through this interaction, Munc13-1 binds to a subpopulation of the exocytotic core complex containing synaptobrevin, SNAP25 (synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa), and syntaxin, but to no other tested syntaxin-interacting or core complex-interacting protein. The site of interaction in syntaxin is similar to the binding site for the unc-18 homologue Munc18, but different from that of all other known syntaxin interactors. These data indicate that unc-13-related proteins may indeed be involved in the mediation or regulation of synaptic vesicle exocytosis by modulating or regulating core complex formation. The similarity between the unc-13 and unc-18 phenotypes is paralleled by the coincidence of the binding sites for Munc13-1 and Munc18 in syntaxin. It is possible that the phenotype of unc-13 and unc-18 mutations is caused by the inability of the respective mutated gene products to bind to syntaxin.
Metabolic changes in the liver graft monitored continuously with microdialysis during liver transplantation in a pig model (2002)

Microdialysis provides the opportunity to continuously monitor metabolic changes in tissue. The aim of the study is to monitor metabolic changes in the liver graft over time during transplantation in a pig model. Fourteen littermate female pigs with a body weight of 30 to 34 kg were used for seven orthotopic liver transplantations. Intrahepatic implantation of a microdialysis catheter into the liver graft was performed in the donor. Microdialysis samples were collected at 20-minute intervals during the donor operation, cold preservation, and for 7 hours after reperfusion in the recipient. Glucose, lactate, pyruvate, and glycerol concentrations were measured. After cold perfusion, glucose, lactate, and glycerol levels increased, whereas pyruvate levels decreased rapidly. During cold storage, glucose and glycerol levels increased, whereas lactate levels remained stable and pyruvate levels were undetectable. During implantation of the liver graft, glucose, lactate, and glycerol levels showed an accelerated increase. After portal reperfusion, glucose, lactate, and glycerol levels continued to increase for another 40 to 60 minutes, after which they decreased and finally settled at normal levels. At this time, pyruvate levels increased, with a peak within 2 hours after reperfusion, and then decreased to normal levels. Calculated lactate-pyruvate ratio increased after cold perfusion and remained stable during cold storage. During rewarming, it showed an accelerated increase, but after reperfusion, it decreased rapidly. Rewarming and reperfusion are most harmful to the liver, reflected by an accelerated increase in glucose and glycerol levels and lactate-pyruvate ratio. High intrahepatic glucose levels during ischemia appear to be a liver-specific event, which may represent glycogen degradation in injured hepatocytes.
In Vivo and In Vitro Glucose-Induced Biphasic Insulin Secretion in the Mouse (2006)

The mechanisms underlying biphasic insulin secretion have not been completely elucidated. We compared the pattern of plasma insulin changes during hyperglycemic clamps in mice to that of glucose-induced insulin secretion and cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](c)) changes in perifused mouse islets. Anesthetized mice were infused with glucose to clamp blood glucose at 8.5 (baseline), 11.1, 16.7, or 30 mmol/l. A first-phase insulin response consistently peaked at 1 min, and a slowly ascending second phase occurred at 16.7 and 30 mmol/l glucose. Glucose-induced insulin secretion in vivo is thus biphasic, with a similarly increasing second phase in the mouse as in humans. In vitro, square-wave stimulation from a baseline of 3 mmol/l glucose induced similar biphasic insulin secretion and [Ca(2+)](c) increases, with sustained and flat second phases. The glucose dependency (3-30 mmol/l) of both changes was sigmoidal with, however, a shift to the right of the relation for insulin secretion compared with that for [Ca(2+)](c). The maximum [Ca(2+)](c) increase was achieved by glucose concentrations, causing half-maximum insulin secretion. Because this was true for both phases, we propose that contrary to current concepts, amplifying signals are also implicated in first-phase glucose-induced insulin secretion. To mimic in vivo conditions, islets were stimulated with high glucose after being initially perifused with 8.5 instead of 3.0 mmol/l glucose. First-phase insulin secretion induced by glucose at 11.1, 16.7, and 30 mmol/l was decreased by approximately 50%, an inhibition that could not be explained by commensurate decreases in [Ca(2+)](c) or in the pool of readily releasable granules. Also unexpected was the gradually ascending pattern of the second phase, now similar to that in vivo. These observations indicated that variations in prestimulatory glucose can secondarily affect the magnitude and pattern of subsequent glucose-induced insulin secretion.
KNOCK KNOCK WHO'S THERE? THAT JOKE ISN'T FUNNY ANYMORE. (2010)

The article reviews the exhibition Knock Who's There? That Joke Isn't Funny Anymore at Fred Torres Collaborations in New York.
A CMOS voltage-controlled linear resistor with wide dynamic range (2003)

A type of voltage-controlled linear resistor utilizing a simple combination of complementary enhancement mode MOS transistors is proposed. The design is suitable not only for discrete use but also for use as a unit cell in integrated circuits. The electronic structure and the layout of the circuit are given. The principle of operation is discussed and is verified by computer simulation (using the program PSPICE). Parameters for practical design have been established, with satisfactory agreement with simulation results.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Architectural and Implementation Tradeoffs for Multiple-Context Processors (1995)

Tolerating memory latency is essential to achieving high performance in scalable shared-memory multiprocessors. In addition, tolerating instruction (pipeline dependency) latency is essential to maximize the performance of individual processors. Multiple-context processors have been proposed as a universal mechanism to mitigate the negative effects of latency. These processors tolerate latency by switching to a concurrent thread of execution whenever one of the threads blocks due to a high-latency operation. Multiple context processors built so far, however, either have a high context-switch cost which disallows tolerance of short latencies (e.g., due to pipeline dependencies), or alternatively they require excessive concurrency from the software.
We propose a multiple-context architecture that combines full single-thread support with cycle-by-cycle context interleaving to provide lower switch costs and the ability to tolerate short latencies. We compare the performance of our proposal with that of earlier approaches, showing that our approach offers substantially better performance for parallel applications. We also explore using our approach for uniprocessor workstations--an important environment for commodity microprocessors. We show that our approach also offers much better performance for multiprogrammed uniprocessor workloads.
Finally, we explore the implementation issues for both our proposed and existing multiple-context architectures. One of the larger costs for a multiple-context processor arises in providing a cache capable of handling multiple outstanding requests, and we propose a lockup-free cache which provides high performance at a reasonable cost. We also show that amount of processor state that needs to be replicated to support multiple contexts is modest and the extra complexity required to control the multiple contexts under both our proposed and existing approaches is manageable. The performance benefits and reasonable implementation cost of our approach make it a promising candidate for addition to future microprocessors.
Effect of disorder on the magnetic properties of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">SmCo</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>5</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> (1999)

Mechanical milling of initially ordered ferromagnetic ${\mathrm{SmCo}}_{5}$ produces dramatic increases in coercivity after short (15 min to 1 h) milling times, accompanied by remanence ratios on the order of 0.7 and shifted hysteresis loops. X-ray diffraction shows that milling induces both chemical and structural disorder. The hysteresis-loop shift is continuous and nonlinear with temperature over the range 5--300 K. The high coercivities are attributed to the formation of a nanostructure consisting of crystalline ${\mathrm{SmCo}}_{5}$ regions separated by a disordered interphase.
CONSENSUS FOR THE PHARMACOLOGICAL MANAGEMENT OF INSOMNIA IN THE NEW MILLENNIUM (2001)

Insomnia, a common symptom throughout the world, is characterised by difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep or non-restorative sleep and is associated with significant morbidity. A comprehensive medical and sleep history and physical examination are necessary before treating patients with insomnia; the presence of co-morbidities, including medical and psychiatric disorders, or the possible use of substances that may contribute to sleeplessness should be thoroughly investigated. Non-pharmacological approaches include correction of sleep hygiene as well as behavioural treatments. Pharmacotherapy includes benzodiazepine-receptor agonists, which are the drugs of choice for this disorder. They can be subdivided into classic benzodiazepines and non-benzodiazepines. Although many agents in these classes have been prescribed, potential shortcomings include residual sedation, rebound insomnia, and psychomotor and memory impairment. Novel pharmacological strategies that address limitations of the traditional treatment approach, combined with proven modes of behavioural therapy, offer the most successful results in the management of insomnia. These advances provide the opportunity to establish these current recommendations for the optimal management of insomnia. This report from the XXII Collegium Internationale Neuro-Psychopharmacologicum Consensus Workshop outlines recommendations to serve as the foundation for developing a therapeutic plan for each patient.
A new architecture of CCK modem based on iterative differential-modulation and phase-detection (2002)

Wireless Local-Area-Networks (WLAN) should operate in multipath environments because it is used in inside office buildings or factories. Therefore Complementaty Code Keying (CCK) has been adopted as the IEEE801.11b Standard for WLAN's at 2.4 GHz due to its good performance in multipath. In this paper, the better performance and the less complex hardware structure has been accomplished through the modulator formation with differential-modulator and demodulator using phase-detector. It was more effective rather than using RAKE Receiver in WLAN. The phase-detector used in the demodulator utilized the characteristic of CCK, automatic weighting of the subchannels; erroneous channels with low amplitudes will only give a minor contribution to the phase estimates. And additional iterative methods could determine more exact phase value. Therefore it could get better performance. The proposed structures lead BER performance to improve approximately 2 dB and are simpler than those of RAKE Receiver.
Genes of <i>Bacillus cereus</i> and <i>Bacillus anthracis</i> Encoding Proteins of the Exosporium (2003)

The exosporium is the outermost layer of spores of Bacillus cereus and its close relatives Bacillus anthracis and Bacillus thuringiensis. For these pathogens, it represents the surface layer that makes initial contact with the host. To date, only the BclA glycoprotein has been described as a component of the exosporium; this paper defines 10 more tightly associated proteins from the exosporium of B. cereus ATCC 10876, identified by N-terminal sequencing of proteins from purified, washed exosporium. Likely coding sequences were identified from the incomplete genome sequence of B. anthracis or B. cereus ATCC 14579, and the precise corresponding sequence from B. cereus ATCC 10876 was defined by PCR and sequencing. Eight genes encode likely structural components (exsB, exsC, exsD, exsE, exsF, exsG, exsJ, and cotE). Several proteins of the exosporium are related to morphogenetic and outer spore coat proteins of B. subtilis, but most do not have homologues in B. subtilis. ExsE is processed from a larger precursor, and the CotE homologue appears to have been C-terminally truncated. ExsJ contains a domain of GXX collagen-like repeats, like the BclA exosporium protein of B. anthracis. Although most of the exosporium genes are scattered on the genome, bclA and exsF are clustered in a region flanking the rhamnose biosynthesis operon; rhamnose is part of the sugar moiety of spore glycoproteins. Two enzymes, alanine racemase and nucleoside hydrolase, are tightly adsorbed to the exosporium layer; they could metabolize small molecule germinants and may reduce the sensitivity of spores to these, limiting premature germination.
High-temperature ZnSe:Mn/ZnS nanophosphors with very high quantum efficiency for white LEDs (2013)

We have synthesized ZnSe:Mn/ZnS doped core/shell quantum dots with high temperature stability and 91.0% quantum efficiency at the 597 nm emission with 412 nm excitation, very attractive as nanophosphors for white LEDs.
Update on thyroid eye disease and management (2009)

Thyroid eye disease is a heterogeneous autoimmune orbital reaction typically manifesting in middle age. The inflammation may parallel or remain isolated from a related inflammatory cascade in the thyroid called Graves' disease. The orbital manifestations can lead to severe proptosis, dry eyes, strabismus, and optic neuropathy. In this article, we will discuss this unique condition including the ophthalmic findings and management.
Experimental Models of Schizophrenia (1991)

The Kraepelinian subtypes, developed early in the century, recognize the heterogeneity of schizophrenia but do not reliably predict differences in response to classical neuroleptics. The newer distinction of positive and negative syndromes in schizophrenia carry promise as an approach to identifying meaningful clinical and neurobiological dimensions. The present review summarizes the supportive evidence from a series of investigations using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), and a hypothesis on the pathophysiology of negative and positive symptoms is advanced. Our data suggest that: (a) positive and negative syndromes in schizophrenia represent stable, independent dimensions and not co-exclusive subtypes; (b) both are unrelated to the progression of illness; (c) they are differentially related to fundamental aspects of schizophrenia, including premorbid adjustment, cognitive development, family psychiatric history, the cognitive and neuropsychiatric profiles, dopaminergic functions, drug response, and subsequent course; (d) together with depression and excitement, they comprise the fundamental symptomatic components of schizophrenia, which, in their interaction, can account for the specific Kraepelinian subtypes. We have proposed that negative symptoms represent the core pathology in schizophrenia and may be understood as a variant of parkinsonism, hence characterized by dopaminergic deficiency and increased cholinergic activity. This view is supported by the striking overlap with Parkinsonism in regard to clinical features, neurochemistry, pharmacology, neuropathology, and neuroradiology. Positive symptoms are thought to reflect increased dopaminergic activity, which may arise as a compensatory adaptive mechanism to overcome the progressive dopamine loss in the maturing brain. The early onset of schizophrenia by comparison to Parkinson's disease may explain why schizophrenia entails more pronounced positive symptoms, development deficits, and cognitive, social, and emotional impairments. We describe evidence that pineal calcification, which may reflect disturbance of melatonin functions, appears to be a nongenetic factor in schizophrenia associated with perinatal injury. This may in part underlie the negative syndrome and its response to antipsychotic compounds with serotonergic (5-HT) antagonism.
Inhibition of androgen receptor and β-catenin activity in prostate cancer (2013)

Androgen receptor (AR) is the major therapeutic target in aggressive prostate cancer. However, targeting AR alone can result in drug resistance and disease recurrence. Therefore, simultaneous targeting of multiple pathways could in principle be an effective approach to treating prostate cancer. Here we provide proof-of-concept that a small-molecule inhibitor of nuclear β-catenin activity (called C3) can inhibit both the AR and β-catenin–signaling pathways that are often misregulated in prostate cancer. Treatment with C3 ablated prostate cancer cell growth by disruption of both β-catenin/T-cell factor and β-catenin/AR protein interaction, reflecting the fact that T-cell factor and AR have overlapping binding sites on β-catenin. Given that AR interacts with, and is transcriptionally regulated by β-catenin, C3 treatment also resulted in decreased occupancy of β-catenin on the AR promoter and diminished AR and AR/β-catenin target gene expression. Interestingly, C3 treatment resulted in decreased AR binding to target genes accompanied by decreased recruitment of an AR and β-catenin cofactor, coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1 (CARM1), providing insight into the unrecognized function of β-catenin in prostate cancer. Importantly, C3 inhibited tumor growth in an in vivo xenograft model and blocked renewal of bicalutamide-resistant sphere-forming cells, indicating the therapeutic potential of this approach.
Passing an alternating electric current through food and fruit juices 1. Design and use of suitable equipment 2. Cooking food and sterilizing fruit juices (1935)

The purpose of this investigation was four-fold: First, to construct a piece of equipment for the cooking of food with heat generated by the resistance of the food, to the passage of an alternating electric current through it; second, to test the practical use of this equipment in the cooking of fruits, vegetables and meats; third, to determine the minimum temperatures necessary to obtain adequate sterilization in canning certain fruits, fruit juices, and vegetables when heated by this method; and fourth, to study the lethal effect on certain food bacteria of a 60-cycle alternating electric current at voltages available in the home.
Asymmetric Synthesis of [7]Helicene-Like Molecules (2005)

[reaction: see text] A new approach to nonracemic [7]helicene-like molecules has been developed. Stereoselective Co(I)-mediated [2 + 2 + 2] cycloisomerization of aromatic triynes containing an asymmetric carbon atom produces [7]helicene-like scaffolds in diastereomeric ratios up to 100:0. This central-to-helical chirality transfer can be controlled by the absolute configuration at the asymmetric center and by the presence of carbon substituents.
Effects of serine protease inhibitor FOY-305 and heparin on the growth of squamous cell carcinoma. (1993)

Effects of serine proteinase inhibitor FOY-305 and heparin on autochthonous skin carcinoma were examined using ddY female mice with single tumor induced by methylcholanthrene. FOY-305 given intraperitoneally for 9 consecutive weeks inhibited the growth of the pre-existing dermal tumors. Heparin alone was equally therapeutically effective. However, heparin induced severe mucocutaneous bleeding of the gastrointestinal mucosa. In contrast, the combined administration of FOY-305 and heparin suppressed tumor growth without any visible side effects. There was a significant increase in well differentiated cancer cells in mice treated with FOY-305 and heparin in combination, suggesting that co-administration of FOY-305 and heparin may be useful for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma.
Trade Credit and Informational Asymmetry (1987)

Commonly used trade credit terms implicitly define a high interest rate that operates as an efficient screening device where information about buyer default risk is asymmetrically held. By offering trade credit, a seller can identify prospective defaults more quickly than if financial institutions were the sole providers of short-term financing. The information is valuable in cases where the seller has made nonsalvageable investments in buyers since it enables the seller to take actions to protect such investments.
Processing and Characterization of NiTi Porous SMA by Elevated Pressure Sintering (2002)

Currently, three methods are commonly used for producing porous NiTi shape memory alloys (SMAs) from elemental powders. These include conventional sintering, Self-propagating High temperature Synthesis (SHS), and sintering at elevated pressure via a Hot Isostatic Press (HIP). Conventional sintering requires long heating times and samples are limited in shape and pore size. SHS is initiated by a thermal explosion ignited at one end of the specimen, which then propagates through the specimen in a self-sustaining manner. One of the difficulties with SHS is the inability to control intermetallic phases. This work will focus on the fabrication and characterization of porous NiTi SMA material produced from elemental powders via HIPping. Porous NiTi SMA was produced from elemental Ni and Ti powders at elevated temperature and pressure using a HIP. Small and large pore specimens containing average pore sizes ranging from 20 μm up to 1 mm have been produced by slightly varying the HIPping sintering temperatures and times. Quasi-static and dynamic loading experiments are conducted on various samples produced using the presented methodology and their shape recovery and energy absorption characteristics are measured during the forward and reverse phase transformation and detwinning. Their phase transformation characteristics were found using calorimetric measurements and their composition has been studied using optical and electron microscopy and microprobe X-ray analysis.