gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A new fuzzy clustering validity criterion and its application to color image segmentation (2002)

A new strategy for the determination of the degree of validity of a fuzzy partition is introduced. The strategy is mathematically justified via its relation to hard partition validity measures. The relationship between this fuzzy validity function and the most general, and well defined, hard clustering validity function (the separation index of J.C. Dunn (1974)) for which the condition of uniqueness has already been established is derived. Using this relationship, the existence of a unique fuzzy c-partition produced by the fuzzy validity function is also proved. Examples of applications to segmentation of color image for IC defects give encouraging results.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Of Two Minds: The Revolutionary Science of Dual-Brain Psychology (1998)

Most people experience themselves as two-sided: one side seems mature and stable, the other emotional and impulsive. But have you ever wondered if there really are two minds in each of us? If so, do traumatic as well as ordinary experiences affect the way our minds grow and interact? According to Fredric Schiffer, a leading Harvard psychiatrist and researcher, advances in science prove what many of us have always intuited is true: We are of two minds, each one with a different degree of maturity, and each one associated with the left or the right brain. This brilliant, provocative book illustrates how the interaction of these two minds-- whether they sabotage each other or work in harmony-- actually determines our psychological nature and ultimately the emotional problems or progress we may experience in life. Drawing on his own twenty-five years of research on the brain and behavior, Schiffer gives us overwhelming evidence that each side of our brain possesses an autonomous, distinct personality-- with its own set of memories, motivations, and behaviors. In working with his patients, Schiffer discovered that strategically altering someone's visual field can positively or negatively affect that person's sense of well-being. He shows how using this technique of visual stimulation can activate the specific regions of the brain that harbor both traumatic and joyful memories. This dramatic breakthrough demonstrates how it is possible to access, isolate, and work with the memories encoded on one side of the brain. Dr. Schiffer's dual-brain approach has yielded remarkable results with a wide range of emotional disorders, from anxiety and depression to addiction and stress-induced heart disease-- offering an exciting new perspective on therapy. Just as earlier investigations of the brain and its cognitive functions revolutionized our understanding of how we think, Of Two Minds transforms our understanding of how and why we experience emotional distress and conflicts, and suggests a path to a more harmonious, balanced relationship between our two selves.
New Optimization Strategy Combining Response Surface Model and Levenberg-Marquardt Methodes for Various Optimization Purposes (1995)

In this article we propose to use a combination of two optimization strategies, the Response Surface Model (RSM) method and the Levenberg-Marquardt (LM) method, for various optimization purposes in IC-technology. It is argued that both optimization techniques can be used complementary, combining the strenghts of both techniques while avoiding their weaknesses. As an illustration we apply this strategy to the calibration of a compact model for a lateral DMOST. We also show a CMOS TCAD example optimized with this strategy.
Self-adjusting threshold-voltage scheme (SATS) for low-voltage high-speed operation (2002)

A circuit technique to reduce threshold voltage fluctuation by a use of self-substrate-bias is introduced. The substrate bias is controlled so that leakage current of a representative MOSFET is adjusted constant with a feedback loop. The threshold voltage can be controlled within /spl plusmn/0.05 V and the speed gains under 1.5 V and 1V V/sub DD/ are estimated to be a factor of 1.3 and 3, respectively. A test chip is fabricated and effectiveness of the scheme is investigated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Electrolytic Reduction of Nitro Compounds in Concentrated Aqueous Salt Solutions (1935)

The electrolytic reduction of aromatic nitro compounds in aqueous salt solvents has been investigated. Concentrated solutions of mixtures of sodium and potassium xylenesulfonates and also of xylenesulfonic acid were found to be excellent solvents for the nitro compounds employed in this work. The nature of the final reduction products depends primarily on the pH of the catholyte, e.g., in strongly acid solutions aminophenols are formed, in moderately acid solutions the reduction products are the corresponding amines, and in alkaline solutions hydrazo compounds are obtained. The reduction to hydrazo compounds was more fully investigated and the percentage yield found to increase with increasing alkalinity of the catholyte. Hydrazo compounds have been produced using cells carrying fifty amperes. With these larger cells using 1,800 amp.‐hr. per run the same high yields of 90 per cent or more hydrazo compound and current efficiencies of 90 per cent or better were obtained as with smaller cells. Cathode materials suitable for this work are monel, bronze, nickel, or copper, and of these monel is to be preferred. For laboratory size cells a smooth slotted cylindrical cathode is better. For large size units a series of blades arranged around the anolyte cups with the walls of the vessel serving also as cathode is the most advantageous combination. Dense alundum cups were found to be the best diaphragms. As anolyte 40–50 per cent sulfuric acid is satisfactory. The nitro compounds reduced were nitrobenzene, ortho‐nitrotoluene, ortho‐nitroanisole, para‐nitrophenol, ortho‐ and meta‐nitraniline, alpha‐nitronaphthalene, and alpha‐dinitrophenol.
Maintenance energy requirements in miniature colony dogs (2013)

There are numerous reports of maintenance energy requirements (MER) in dogs, but little information is available about energy requirements of miniature dog breeds. In this prospective, observational, cohort study, we aimed to determine MER in dogs from a number of miniature breeds and to determine which factors were associated with it. Forty-two dogs participated in the study. MER was calculated by determining daily energy intake (EI) during a period of 196 days (28-359 days) when body weight did not change significantly (e.g. ±2% in 12 weeks). Estimated median MER was 473 kJ/kg(0.75) /day (285-766 kJ/kg(0.75) /day), that is, median 113 kcal/kg(0.75) /day (68-183 kcal/kg(0.75) /day). In the obese dogs that lost weight, median MER after weight loss was completed was 360 kJ/kg(0.75) /day (285-515 kJ/kg(0.75) /day), that is, 86 kcal/kg(0.75) /day, (68-123 kcal/kg(0.75) /day). Simple linear regression analysis suggested that three breeds (e.g. Chihuahua, p = 0.002; Yorkshire terrier, p = 0.039; dachshund, p = 0.035) had an effect on MER. In addition to breed, simple linear regression revealed that neuter status (p = 0.079) and having previously been overweight (p = 0.002) were also of significance. However, with multiple linear regression analysis, only previous overweight status (MER less in dogs previously overweight p = 0.008) and breed (MER greater in Yorkshire terriers [p = 0.029] and less in Chihuahuas [p = 0.089]) remained in the final model. This study is the first to estimate MER in dogs of miniature breeds. Although further information from pet dogs is now needed, the current work will be useful for setting energy and nutrient requirement in such dogs for the future.
Mitochondria‐targeted antioxidant promotes recovery of skeletal muscle mitochondrial function after burn trauma assessed by <i>in vivo</i> <sup>31</sup> P nuclear magnetic resonance and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (2013)

Burn injury causes a major systemic catabolic response that is associated with mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle. We investigated the effects of the mitochondria-targeted peptide antioxidant Szeto-Schiller 31 (SS-31) on skeletal muscle in a mouse burn model using in vivo phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance ((31)P NMR) spectroscopy to noninvasively measure high-energy phosphate levels; mitochondrial aconitase activity measurements that directly correlate with TCA cycle flux, as measured by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS); and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) to assess oxidative stress. At 6 h postburn, the oxidative ATP synthesis rate was increased 5-fold in burned mice given a single dose of SS-31 relative to untreated burned mice (P=0.002). Furthermore, SS-31 administration in burned animals decreased mitochondrial aconitase activity back to control levels. EPR revealed a recovery in redox status of the SS-31-treated burn group compared to the untreated burn group (P<0.05). Our multidisciplinary convergent results suggest that SS-31 promotes recovery of mitochondrial function after burn injury by increasing ATP synthesis rate, improving mitochondrial redox status, and restoring mitochondrial coupling. These findings suggest use of noninvasive in vivo NMR and complementary EPR offers an approach to monitor the effectiveness of mitochondrial protective agents in alleviating burn injury symptoms.
Preparation of a Facilitated Transport Membrane Composed of Carboxymethyl Chitosan and Polyethylenimine for CO2/N2 Separation (2013)

The miscibility of carboxymethyl chitosan/polyethylenimine (CMCS/PEI) blends was analyzed by FT-IR, TGA and SEM. Defect-free CMCS/PEI blend membranes were prepared with polysulfone (PSf) ultrafiltration membranes as support layer for the separation of CO(2)/N(2) mixtures. The results demonstrate that the CMCS/PEI blend is miscible, due to the hydrogen bonding interaction between the two targeted polymers. For the blended membrane without water, the permeability of CO(2) gas is 3.6 × 10-7 cm3 cm-2 s-1 cmHg-1 and the corresponding separation factor for CO(2) and N(2) gas is about 33 at the pressure of 15.2 cmHg. Meanwhile, the blended membrane with water has the better permselectivity. The blended membrane containing water with PEI content of 30 wt% has the permeance of 6.3 × 10-4 cm3 cm-2 s-1 cmHg-1 for CO(2) gas and a separation factor of 325 for CO(2)/N(2) mixtures at the same feed pressure. This indicates that the CO(2) separation performance of the CMCS/PEI blend membrane is higher than that of other facilitated transport membranes reported for CO(2)/N(2) mixture separation.
Arterial Compliance by Cuff Sphygmomanometer (1996)

Abnormalities of the arterial pulse waveform reflect changes in cardiovascular structure and function. These abnormalities may occur early in the course of essential hypertension, even before the onset of blood pressure elevation. Previous studies of cardiovascular structure and function have relied on invasive intra-arterial cannulation to obtain the arterial pulse wave. We evaluated arterial structure and function using a noninvasive cuff sphygmomanometer in hypertensive (n = 15) and normotensive (n = 36) subjects stratified by genetic risk (family history) for hypertension. Using a simple physical model in which the aorta was assumed to be a T tube and the brachial artery a straight tube, we determined vascular compliance and peripheral resistance by analyzing the brachial artery pulsation signal from a cuff sphygmomanometer. Essential hypertensive subjects tended to have higher peripheral resistance (P = .06) and significantly lower vascular compliance (P = .001) than normotensive subjects. Vascular compliance correlated with simultaneously determined pulse pressure in both groups (n = 51, r = .74, P < .0001). Higher peripheral resistance (P = .07) and lower vascular compliance (P = .04) were already found in still-normotensive offspring of hypertensive parents (ie, normotensive subjects with a positive family history of hypertension) than in normotensive subjects with a negative family history of hypertension. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that both genetic risk for hypertension (P = .030) and blood pressure status (P = .041), although not age (P = .207), were significant predictors of vascular compliance (multiple R = .47, P = .011). However, by two-way ANOVA, genetic risk for hypertension was an even more significant determinant (F = 7.84, P = .007) of compliance than blood pressure status (F = 2.69, P = .089). Antihypertensive therapy with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (10 days, n = 10) improved vascular compliance (P = .02) and reduced resistance (P = .003) significantly; treatment with calcium channel antagonists (4 weeks, n = 8) tended to improve vascular compliance (P = .07) and significantly reduced peripheral resistance (P = .006). We conclude that arterial vascular compliance abnormalities detected by a noninvasive cuff sphygmomanometer reflect treatment-reversible changes in vascular structure and function. Early changes in vascular compliance in still-normotensive individuals at genetic risk for hypertension may be a heritable pathogenetic feature of this disorder.
Space-Efficient Boundary Representation of Volumetric Objects (2001)

In this paper we present a compression technique for efficiently representing boundary objects from volumetric data-sets. Exploiting spatial coherency within object contours, we are able to reduce the size of the volumetric boundary down to the size of just a few images. Allowing for direct volume rendering of the down-scaled data in addition to compression ratios up to 250:1, interactive volume visualization becomes possible, even over the Internet and on low-end hardware.
Constraints on predicting functional recovery after stroke: Application of clinical, laboratory, neurophysiologic, and neuroimaging parameters (1994)

Methodologic issues in statistical prediction of functional outcome from stroke are considered, and a model that defines various sources of constraint on the processes involved in recovery is elaborated. Prediction is relatively easy for the upper and lower bands of stroke survivors but becomes significantly more complex forthe middle band of patients, for whom inpatient rehabilitation services may be considered potentiallycost effective. Sources of constraint on functional outcome include biological factors related to the stroke and to comorbid medical conditions, cognitive factors related to higher cortical functions impaired by the stroke, premorbid personality and emotional response factors, and socioeconomic factors such as the availability of a social support system. In examining recovery of function at the impairment level, issues related to how various functions in the brain are reorganized after injury become important. New information about the capacity of functional brain subsystems to reorganize after focal damage due to stroke may help improve the ability to generate prognoses and may also guide the development and application of rehabilitation strategies.
Effects of xanthine amine congener on hypoxic coronary resistance and venous and epicardial adenosine concentrations (1994)

Adenosine mediates at least 54% of hypoxic vasodilatation. XAC rapidly equilibrates within the myocardial interstitial space and, as a result of blocking adenosine receptors, increases interstitial and venous adenosine concentrations. Increases in interstitial adenosine may partially overcome the adenosine receptor blockade by XAC, thereby reducing the effectiveness of XAC in attenuating the hypoxic vasodilatation. XAC attenuates intracoronary adenosine induced vasodilatation (mediated by endothelial adenosine receptors) much more effectively than it attenuates hypoxic vasodilatation, underscoring the minimal role played by the endothelial receptors in hypoxic vasodilatation.
A novel glycoprotein of feline infectious peritonitis coronavirus contains a KDEL-like endoplasmic reticulum retention signal (1992)

A new protein of feline infectious peritonitis coronavirus (FIPV) was discovered in lysates of [35S]cysteine-labeled infected cells. Expression of open reading frame (ORF) 6b of FIPV in recombinant vaccinia virus-infected cells was used to identify it as the 6b protein. Further characterization revealed that it is a novel type of viral glycoprotein whose function is not clear. It is a soluble protein contained in microsomes; its slow export from the cell is caused by the presence of an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention signal at the C terminus. This amino acid sequence, KTEL, closely resembles the consensus KDEL signal of soluble resident ER proteins. A mutant 6b protein with the C-terminal sequence KTEV became resistant to digestion by endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H with a half-time that was reduced threefold. In contrast, a mutant with the sequence KDEL was completely retained in the ER. The FIPV 6b protein is the first example of a viral protein with a functional KDEL-like ER retention signal.
Effects of magnetic shield anneal processes determined by MFM and domain imaging (2004)

Summary form only given. Magnetic shields are employed in recording heads in order to isolate individual bits during the read back process. These can be made from various permeable materials, typically NiFe binary alloys. During the fabrication of spin valves these shields are subjected to an anneal at elevated temperatures perpendicular to the easy axis. This readily disrupts the anisotropy in the shield and can lead to stability issues in the final device. One method of minimising this effect is to anneal the shield at a higher temperature prior to spin valve deposition such that the anisotropy is thermally locked.
Reproductive options for prospective parents in families with Huntington's disease: clinical, psychological and ethical reflections (2013)

BACKGROUND Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative late onset disorder. This review of reproductive options aims to increase reproductive confidence and to prevent suffering in relation to family planning around HD and possibly other late onset neurodegenerative disorders. METHODS Selected relevant literature and own views and experiences as clinical geneticists, psychologists and ethicists have been used. RESULTS Possible options, with emphasis on prenatal diagnosis (PD) and preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) to prevent the transmission of HD to the next generation, are described and discussed. They are formally presented in a decision tree, taking into account the presence or absence of a fully penetrant allele (FPA), a reduced penetrant allele (RPA) or an intermediate allele (IA). A table compares invasive and non-invasive PD and PGD. From a psychological perspective, the complex process of counselling and decision-making regarding reproductive options is discussed. Special attention is paid to the decision to avoid the transmission of the mutation and to the confrontation and coping of a mutation-free child growing up with a parent developing disease symptoms. From an ethical point of view, reflections on both PD and PGD are brought forward taking into account the difference between FPA, RPA and IA, direct testing or exclusion testing and taking into account the welfare of the child in the context of medically assisted reproduction. CONCLUSION Recommendations and suggestions for good clinical practice in the reproductive care for HD families are formulated.
Microarchitectural support for program code integrity monitoring in application-specific instruction set processors (2007)

Program code in a computer system can be altered either by malicious security attacks or by various faults in microprocessors. At the instruction level, all code modifications are manifested as bit flips. In this work, we present a generalized methodology for monitoring code integrity at run-time in application-specific instruction set processors (ASIPs), where both the instruction set architecture (ISA) and the underlying micro architecture can be customized for a particular application domain. We embed monitoring microoperations in machine instructions, thus the processor is augmented with a hardware monitor automatically. The monitor observes the processor's execution trace of basic blocks at run-time, checks whether the execution trace aligns with the expected program behavior, and signals any mismatches. Since microoperations are at a lower software architecture level than processor instructions, the microarchitectural support for program code integrity monitoring is transparent to upper software levels and no recompilation or modification is needed for the program. Experimental results show that our microarchitectural support can detect program code integrity compromises with small area overhead and little performance degradation
Determination of Water in Brake Fluid by Differential Near Infrared (1972)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A rapid differential near-infrared method has been developed to measure the water absorption of heavy-duty brake fluids exposed to the atmosphere during transfer and filling operations. It is based on the -OH combination band at 5180 cm<sup>-1</sup>. The method has been correlated with the SAE equilibrium reflux boiling point method and can be used in place of it to control line and finished package samples.</div>
A process for synthesising polymeric ferric sulphate using sulphur dioxide from coal combustion (2002)

We propose a process that uses sulphur dioxide from coal combustion as a raw material to synthesise polymeric ferric sulphate (PFS), a water treatment agent. The process uses sodium chlorate as an oxidant and ferrous sulphate as an absorbent. Sodium carbonate is used as the regulator of the polymerisation process. The major chemical mechanisms in this reaction system include oxidation, hydrolysis, and polymerisation. Oxidation determines sulphur conversion efficiency while hydrolysis and polymerisation control the quality of product. Experiments have shown that the conversion efficiency of sulphur dioxide with ferrous sulphate as an absorbent can be higher than 99% under appropriate process conditions. The temperature of the reaction system is an important factor affecting conversion efficiency of sulphur dioxide. Increasing temperature led to higher conversion efficiencies of sulphur dioxide. The basicity (a polymerisation index for PFS) and total concentration in the PFS can be no less than 10% and 9% respectively, which are appropriate for efficient water treatment processes.
Cap Image - ein neuartiges computerunterstütztes Videobildanalysesystem für die dynamische Kapillarmikroskopie - Cap Image - A Newly-developed Computer-aided Videoframe Analysis System for Dynamic Capillaroscopy (1997)

We describe a newly developed multi-function video image analysis system for the computer-aided evaluation of capillaroscopic findings in microcirculation research. The Cap image analysis system comprises an IBM-compatible PC with a Matrox image processing card and real-time video tape digitalization. The video recorder is driven by a personal computer to which it is connected via an RS-232 interface. In contrast to currently available systems, the program presented here makes it possible to select any of several integrated image analysis functions, depending on the quality of the video image. Some examples of the analysis functions available are measurements of erythrocyte flow velocity using the line shift diagram method, the spatial correlation method, and the auto flying spot method. The standard features of the new program include a number of special functions and automatic movement correction. The system thus makes it possible not only to measure numerous morphological parameters such as capillary diameter, length, torquation index and capillary density, but also to perform video densitometric analysis, for example using fluorescent dyes.