gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Acceleration of gastric emptying with electrical stimulation in a canine model of gastroparesis (1992)

We investigated the effects of electrical stimulation of the stomach on gastric emptying and the electrical activity of the stomach in 10 dogs. A model of gastroparesis was developed in five dogs using truncal vagotomy combined with injections of glucagon. Glucagon also induced electrical dysrhythmias. Bipolar electrodes were implanted in the stomach and the duodenum for electrical stimulation and for recording electrogastrograms. Gastric emptying of an isotope-labeled solid meal was assessed for 2 h. External electrical stimulation was delivered to the corpus of the stomach at its own physiological frequency to investigate whether it could restore normal gastric emptying. Such stimulation had no significant effect on gastric emptying in intact animals (45 vs. 43%: retention of isotope after 2 h) or when only vagotomy was performed (78 vs. 66%), but it significantly accelerated gastric emptying in animals with vagotomy and glucagon (from 86 to 68%). From this model of delayed gastric emptying, we suggest that electrical stimulation of the stomach at its own intrinsic frequency may recoordinate uncoupled slow wave activity induced by glucagon after vagotomy thus improving the rate of gastric emptying.
Single‐Dose Pharmacokinetics of Valganciclovir in HIV‐ and CMV‐Seropositive Subjects (1999)

As a result of the low oral bioavailability of ganciclovir, a prodrug was developed to improve the bioavailability of ganciclovir. This study was designed to investigate the fasting, single-dose pharmacokinetics as well as the absolute and relative bioavailability of a valine ester prodrug of ganciclovir, valganciclovir, as compared to oral and intravenous ganciclovir in asymptomatic HIV+ and CMV+ subjects. In this open-label, randomized, three-period crossover study, 18 subjects received, in random order, single oral doses of valganciclovir 360 mg and ganciclovir 1000 mg and an intravenous infusion of ganciclovir 5 mg/kg over 1 hour. Valganciclovir was rapidly and extensively hydrolyzed to ganciclovir, resulting in significantly greater bioavailability compared to 1000 mg oral ganciclovir (60.9% vs. 5.6%, respectively). Higher peak serum concentrations were reached earlier following valganciclovir (ganciclovir [2.98 +/- 0.77 micrograms/mL at 1.0 +/- 0.3 h]) than following oral ganciclovir (0.47 +/- 0.17 microgram/mL and 2.2 +/- 1.0 h). Mean total ganciclovir AUCs following oral ganciclovir (1000 mg) and 360 mg valganciclovir (3.8 +/- 1.2 and 10.8 +/- 1.9 micrograms-h/mL) were less than that following a standard 5 mg/kg intravenous infusion of ganciclovir (25.1 +/- 3.8 micrograms-h/mL). In summary, valganciclovir is a prodrug with a favorable safety profile with enhanced bioavailability and significantly higher serum concentrations of ganciclovir than following oral administration of ganciclovir itself.
Reconstitution of caspase 3 sensitizes MCF-7 breast cancer cells to doxorubicin- and etoposide-induced apoptosis. (2001)

MCF-7, a breast cancer-derived cell line, is deficient of caspase 3 and relatively insensitive to many chemotherapeutic agents. To study the association of caspase 3 deficiency and chemotherapeutic resistance, we reconstituted caspase 3 in MCF-7 cells and characterized their apoptotic response to doxorubicin and etoposide. Western blots demonstrated that caspase 3 was constitutively expressed in the reconstituted MCF-7 cells. Both morphological observation and survival assays showed that caspase 3 reconstitution significantly sensitized MCF-7 cells to both drugs. Remarkably increased activation of caspases 3, 6, and 7, cleavage of cellular death substrates, and DNA fragmentation were detected in the reconstituted MCF-7 cells after drug treatment. Together, these data demonstrated a specific role for caspase 3 in chemotherapy-induced apoptosis and in activation of caspases 6 and 7. Our results also suggest that caspase 3 deficiency may contribute to chemotherapeutic resistance in breast cancer.
Dynamic Connectivity Patterns in Conscious and Unconscious Brain (2016)

Brain functional connectivity undergoes dynamic changes from the awake to unconscious states. However, how the dynamics of functional connectivity patterns are linked to consciousness at the behavioral level remains elusive. In this study, we acquired resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data during wakefulness and graded levels of consciousness in rats. Data were analyzed using a dynamic approach combining the sliding window method and k-means clustering. Our results demonstrate that whole-brain networks contained several quasi-stable patterns that dynamically recurred from the awake state into anesthetized states. Remarkably, two brain connectivity states with distinct spatial similarity to the structure of anatomical connectivity were strongly biased toward high and low consciousness levels, respectively. These results provide compelling neuroimaging evidence linking the dynamics of whole-brain functional connectivity patterns and states of consciousness at the behavioral level.
Composition and Physiological Properties of Several Sources of Dietary Fiber (1982)

ABSTRACT Dietary fiber sources containing 31 – 99% of neutral detergent fiber were evaluated for functional properties and physiological effects on rats. The high water hydration capacity of mucilage‐containing psyllium seeds and flax hulls were associated with low digestibility, high volume and weight of feces, and low serum triglycerides. Mustard hulls and sunflower heads, which contained less mucilage or pectin, were intermediate in water hydration capacity and as bulking agents in the gastrointestinal tract. Fiber sources rich in hemicellulose and lignin (wheat bran, sunflower hulls) had high fat absorption properties, digestibility and serum triglycerides. Pea hulls and cellulose showed less strong functional properties as sources of dietary fiber.
System optimisation of 80 Gbit/s single channeltransmissionover 1000 km of standard fibre (2000)

The authors have demonstrated by numerical optimisation of a symmetric dispersion map and using nonlinear chirped return to zero modulation format the feasibility of a record 80 Gbit/s single channel transmission over 1000 km of standard fibre.
The Removal of Phosphate by Hydroxyapatite and Struvite Crystallisation in South Africa (1992)

Nutrient removal by chemical means has, over the past decade, become an expensive practice owing to the scarcity of chemicals. A new method of phosphate removal by hydroxyapatite [Ca5(PO4)3OH] crystallisation has gained increasing interest as the need for the implementation of clean technology has become more apparent as we move into the environmentally conscious nineties. This method as well as another method, viz. struvite [NH4MgPO4-6H2O] crystallisation, will be discussed using results obtained from a laboratory scale study using three types of effluent, two demonstrating hydroxyapatite crystallisation and the third, struvite crystallisation. While it has been proven that phosphate crystallisation does work as a tertiary treatment (Van Dijk and Wilms, 1991) this paper will also show that the positioning of the crystalliser can vary to suit the need of the industry for which it has been designed.
Cross polarization characteristics of rectangular patch antennas (2003)

The authors present detailed results showing the variation of a quantity characterizing the crosspolarization for different feed positions, substrate thickness, and relative permittivity. The results are given both when the excitation is at the resonant frequency of the TM/sub 01/ mode and when the excitation is at the resonant frequency of the TM/sub 10/ mode.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Effects of Fabrication Prameters and Electroforming Phenomenon on CdTe/Si (p) Heterojunction Photovoltaic Solar Cell (2012)

The In-doped CdTe/Si (p) heterostruture was fabricated and its electrical and photoelectrical properties were studied and interpreted. During the fabrication processes of CdTe/Si heterojunction, some practical troubles were encountered. However, the important one was the formation of the SiO2 thin oxide layer on the soft surface of the Si during the formation of the back contact. The silicon wafer was subjected to different chemical treatments in order to remove the thin oxide layer from the silicon wafer surfaces. It was found that the heterojunction with Si (p+) substrate gave relatively high open circuit voltage comparing with that of Si (p) substrate. Also an electroforming phenomenon had been observed in this structure for the first time which may be considered as a memory effect. It was observed that there are two states of conduction, non-conducting state and conducting state. The normal case is the non-conducting state. As the forward applied voltage increased beyond threshold value, it switches into the conducting state and remains in this state even after the voltage drops to zero.
Distributed approximating functional approach to the Fokker–Planck equation: Time propagation (1997)

The Fokker–Planck equation is solved by the method of distributed approximating functionals via forward time propagation. Numerical schemes involving higher-order terms in Δt are discussed for the time discretization. Three typical examples (a Wiener process, an Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process, and a bistable diffusion model) are used to test the accuracy and reliability of the present approach, which provides solutions that are accurate up to ten significant figures while using a small number of grid points and a reasonably large time increment. Two sets of solutions for the bistable system, one computed using the eigenfunction expansion of a preceding paper and the other using the present time-dependent treatment, agree to no fewer than five significant figures. It is found that the distributed approximating functional method, while simple in its implementation, yields the most accurate numerical solutions yet available for the Fokker–Planck equation.
IgM-Mediated B Cell Apoptosis (1995)

Cross-linking of surface immunoglobulin M (sIgM) on normal mature B cells induces different signaling consequences, including DNA synthesis (positive signaling) and cell cycle arrest and/or death by apoptosis (negative signaling). Presumably, the difference depends on the intensity of sIgM cross-linking: relatively weak cross-linking induces DNA synthesis, moderate cross-linking induces DNA synthesis with cell cycle arrest at the G2/M interphase, and intense cross-linking induces apoptosis. In vivo experiments with transgenic mice have shown that relatively weak cross-linking of sIgM by soluble antigens induces anergy in autoreactive B cells, whereas intense sIgM cross-linking by membrane-bound forms of antigens induces deletion of them. However, it is still unknown whether the different intensities of sIgM cross-linking generate qualitatively different signals responsible for DNA synthesis or cell death or whether they generate qualitatively the same but quantitatively different signals, and the quantitative difference is responsible for the induction of positive or negative signaling. The sIgM-mediated negative signaling presumably plays an important role in the induction and maintenance of B cell tolerance, and sIgD and sIgG also possess the machinery necessary for negative signaling. Negative signaling through sIgM is dependent on tyrosine kinase(s) and Ca2+ influx and is sensitive to cyclosporin A in certain types of B cells but not in all B cells. It has been suggested that there are different intracellular signaling pathways that transduce negative signaling via sIgM, and that activation-induced B cell death by sIgM cross-linking does not necessarily show DNA fragmentation and the morphology of apoptosis. On the other hand, sIgM-mediated B cell death may be inhibited in the presence of appropriate co-stimulators such as IL-4, alpha-, and beta-interferons and CD40-mediated signaling. The CD40-mediated signaling effectively inhibits sIgM-mediated B cell apoptosis in many but not all experimental systems. Although homotypic cell adhesion through the LFA-1/ICAM-1 dependent pathway was shown to be involved in certain types of CD40-mediated inhibition of sIgM-mediated negative signaling, it is still not known how the cytokines and CD40-mediated signaling inhibit sIgM-mediated B cell death. The molecular mechanisms responsible for sIgM-mediated negative signaling and for the inhibitory signaling against sIgM-mediated negative signaling need further elucidation.
Development of a novel multiplex DNA microarray for Fusarium graminearum and analysis of azole fungicide responses (2011)

The novel F. graminearum 8 × 15 k microarray is a reliable and efficient high-throughput tool for genome-wide expression profiling experiments in fungicide research, and beyond, as shown by our data obtained for azole responses. The array data contribute to understanding mechanisms of fungicide resistance and allow identifying fungicide targets.
The Effect of Oxide Volatilization on the Oxidation Kinetics of Cr and Fe-Cr Alloys (1966)

The oxidation of Cr and Fe‐Cr alloys which form scales involves at least two processes: (i) the solid‐state, diffusive transport of ionic species, with parabolic kinetics, and (ii) the oxidation of to a volatile species, probably , with linear kinetics. The effects of this second reaction cannot be neglected, either in interpretation of short‐term oxidation results, or in predicting long‐term oxidation behavior. In this paper equations are derived which describe the oxidation behavior of a system in which both diffusive and gas/oxide interface processes occur simultaneously. According to the model, the oxide scale grows to a limiting thickness which is determined by the parabolic rate constant and the surface‐reaction rate constant; as the limiting thickness is approached, a transition from parabolic to linear kinetics takes place. The model is applied to the oxidation of Cr and Fe‐Cr alloys, and good agreement with experimental data is found.
Amplifying the Sensitivity of Zinc(II) Responsive MRI Contrast Agents by Altering Water Exchange Rates (2015)

Given the known water exchange rate limitations of a previously reported Zn(II)-sensitive MRI contrast agent, GdDOTA-diBPEN, new structural targets were rationally designed to increase the rate of water exchange to improve MRI detection sensitivity. These new sensors exhibit fine-tuned water exchange properties and, depending on the individual structure, demonstrate significantly improved longitudinal relaxivities (r1). Two sensors in particular demonstrate optimized parameters and, therefore, show exceptionally high longitudinal relaxivities of about 50 mM(-1) s(-1) upon binding to Zn(II) and human serum albumin (HSA). This value demonstrates a 3-fold increase in r1 compared to that displayed by the original sensor, GdDOTA-diBPEN. In addition, this study provides important insights into the interplay between structural modifications, water exchange rate, and kinetic stability properties of the sensors. The new high relaxivity agents were used to successfully image Zn(II) release from the mouse pancreas in vivo during glucose stimulated insulin secretion.
Self-Developing Polysilane Deep-UV Resists - Photochemistry, Photophysics, And Submicron Lithography (1985)

A new class of alkyl silane copolymers with relatively facile self-developing behavior under deep UV exposure has been examined. These materials can reproduce 0.8 μ features by projection lithography with a KrF excimer light source. The mechanism of material removal is primarily photochemical in nature and yields chemically inert volatile siloxanes as the major photoproducts, via a high quantum yield silylene expulsion/oxidation process.
A dual-mode algorithm for blind equalization of QAM signals: CADAMA (2002)

The misadjustment exhibited by the constant modulus algorithm (CMA) can be excessive when it is used for blind equalization of QAM signals, thus degrading the performance of decision-directed carrier recovery algorithms. This paper introduces a hybrid blind equalization algorithm, the CMA-assisted decision adjusted modulus algorithm (CADAMA), that exhibits reductions in misadjustment on the order of 18 to 25 dB for higher order QAM constellations. CADAMA employs CMA to perform initial adjustment of the equalizer, and switches to decision adjusted modulus algorithm (DAMA) mode when the amplitude equalization has been sufficiently accomplished. DAMA is based on a phase-blind cost function that goes to zero at each ring of the QAM constellation.
Coexpression of epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), Ki-1, and interleukin-2 receptor by anaplastic large cell lymphomas. Diagnostic value in so-called malignant histiocytosis. (1988)

A group of 63 cases of anaplastic large cell lymphomas (variants of diffuse large cell lymphomas often diagnosed as "malignant histiocytosis") was characterized on both morphologic criteria and expression of epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) and Ki-1 antigen (CD30). On the basis of the reactivity of these tumors with anti-EMA and anti-Ki-1 antibodies, four subtypes could be distinguished. In the majority of cases (n = 49), neoplastic cells coexpressed EMA and Ki-1 antigens. Nineteen of these cases were tested for IL-2R, and all were positive (Type I, EMA+, Ki-1+, IL-2R+). In the second group (n = 5), the neoplastic cells expressed EMA but not the Ki-1 antigen. These cases were not tested for the presence of IL-2R (Type II, EMA+, Ki-1-, IL-2R?). There were tumors with similar morphology expressing only Ki-1 antigen (Type III, EMA-, Ki-1+, IL-2R-) or negative for both EMA and Ki-1 antigens (Type IV, EMA-, Ki-1-, IL-2R-). EMA appeared to occur predominantly on activated cells, as has been previously shown for Ki-1 antigen. Analysis using monoclonal antibodies to T-cell, B-cell, or macrophage-associated differentiation antigens showed that these tumors were heterogeneous in terms of cell lineage. Tumors coexpressing EMA, Ki-1, and IL-2R (Type I), were most commonly of T-cell origin (n = 12); the remainder in this type expressed B-cell markers (n = 4), a mixed B/T phenotype (n = 2), or no clear phenotype (n = 9). By contrast, tumors of Types II, III, and IV were mainly from B-cell origin (n = 6) or showed a mixed B/T phenotype (n = 1). Despite the fact that a significant proportion of these cases were initially classified morphologically as "malignant histiocytosis," only 3 of the 63 cases were possibly of histiocytic origin. These results confirm that true malignant histiocytosis is rare and that most tumors with histologic features currently regarded as being consistent with this diagnosis are lymphocytic in origin and express activation antigens such as EMA, Ki-1 antigen, and IL-2R.
RPFA-Net: a 4D RaDAR Pillar Feature Attention Network for 3D Object Detection (2021)

3D object detection is a crucial problem in environmental perception for autonomous driving. Currently, most works focused on LiDAR, camera, or their fusion, while very few algorithms involve a RaDAR sensor, especially 4D RaDAR providing 3D position and velocity information. 4D RaDAR can work well in bad weather and has a higher performance than traditional 3D RaDAR, but it also contains lots of noise information and suffers measurement ambiguities. Existing 3D object detection methods can't judge the heading of objects by focusing on local features in sparse point clouds. To better overcome this problem, we propose a new method named RPFA-Net only using a 4D RaDAR, which utilizes a self-attention mechanism instead of PointNet to extract point clouds' global features. These global features containing long-distance information can effectively improve the network's ability to regress the heading angle of objects and enhance detection accuracy. Our method's performance is enhanced by 8.13% of 3D mAP and 5.52% of BEV mAP compared with the baseline. Extensive experiments show that RPFA-Net surpasses state-of-the-art 3D detection methods on Astyx HiRes 2019 dataset. The code and pre-trained models are available at https://github.com/adept-thu/RPFA-Net.git.
Identification and characterization of a single-stranded DNA-binding protein from the archaeon <i>Methanococcus jannaschii</i> (1998)

Single-stranded DNA-binding proteins (SSBs) play essential roles in DNA replication, recombination, and repair in bacteria and eukarya. We report here the identification and characterization of the SSB of an archaeon, Methanococcus jannaschii. The M. jannaschii SSB (mjaSSB) has significant amino acid sequence similarity to the eukaryotic SSB, replication protein A (RPA), and contains four tandem repeats of the core single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) binding domain originally defined by structural studies of RPA. Homologous SSBs are encoded by the genomes of other archaeal species, including Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum and Archaeoglobus fulgidus. The purified mjaSSB binds to ssDNA with high affinity and selectivity. The apparent association constant for binding to ssDNA is similar to that of RPA under comparable experimental conditions, and the affinity for ssDNA exceeds that for double-stranded DNA by at least two orders of magnitude. The binding site size for mjaSSB is approximately 20 nucleotides. Given that RPA is related to mjaSSB at the sequence level and to Escherichia coli SSB at the structural level, we conclude that the SSBs of archaea, eukarya, and bacteria share a common core ssDNA-binding domain. This ssDNA-binding domain was presumably present in the common ancestor to all three major branches of life.
Kinematic calibration and pose measurement of a medical parallel manipulator by optical position sensors (2004)

The application of a parallel manipulator requires kinematic calibration of the base and tool transformation in order to eliminate the errors resulting from manufacturing and assembly of connecting parts. In this paper, a calibration method of base and tool transformation is developed by virtue of optical position sensors. Error model for calibration is constructed and an iterative calibration procedure is introduced. In addition, the pose measurement using a commercial 3D position measurement system, OPTOTRAK 3020, is described. Simulation and experiment results show that the method effectively improves the accuracy of manipulator.
Preparation and properties of a ferromagnetic nematic suspension (2004)

A stable ferromagnetic suspension based on a nematic liquid crystal (LC) doped with nano-particles of ferric oxide is obtained for the first time. In the outward appearance, the suspension does not differ from a pure LC. Using AFM spectroscopy, the size of nano-particles is determined, and their concentration in the matrix is estimated. The basic characteristics of the suspension such as the phase transition temperature (nematic-isotrope), LC director pretilt angle on the orienting surface, and azimuthal anchoring energy are determined. A high sensitivity of the suspension to a magnetic field makes it promising for applications in the devices for information storage and display.