gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design of high-efficiency millimeter-wave microstrip antennas for silicon RFIC applications (2011)

This paper presents the design information for a W-band high-efficiency, electromagnetically-coupled on-chip silicon microstrip antenna. The antenna is composed of a quartz substrate placed on top of a commercial low-resistivity SiGe BiCMOS silicon chip. Design criteria for the microstrip antenna taking into account the dielectric and metal-density rules for the different layers of the BiCMOS silicon chip are presented. The antenna results in a measured S11 bandwidth of 91.5-98.5 GHz, a measured gain of 0.7-3.9 dB and a radiation efficiency of 48 +/-8% at 91-100 GHz. The design is scalable to N×M elements and to wafer-scale arrays. The application areas are in wafer-scale phased arrays, on-chip low-power sensors, communication systems, and mm-wave collision avoidance radars. To our knowledge, this is the highest gain and efficiency silicon on-chip antenna at mm-wave frequencies.
Multi-Energy Metabolic Mechanisms of the Fungus<i>Fusarium oxysporum</i>in Low Oxygen Environments (2010)

The fungus Fusarium oxysporum produces energy under hypoxic and anoxic conditions by denitrification (nitrate respiration) and ammonia fermentation respectively. Here we found that glucose repressed both of these metabolisms, whereas it supported another anoxic metabolism, hetero-lactic acid fermentation. Ammonia fermentation occurred only after the glucose present in the medium was metabolized to ethanol via alcohol fermentation. During this transition, clear diauxic growth was observed. Glucose regulated the activity of the enzymes involved in ammonia fermentation, hetero-lactic acid fermentation, and denitrification. Highest cell growth was supported by hetero-lactic acid fermentation, followed by denitrification and ammonia fermentation. These results indicate that the energy metabolisms of F. oxysporum are dependent not only on environmental O(2) tension but also on the carbon source, and that ammonia fermentation is an adaptative mechanism acting physiologically as a secondary fermentative mechanism replacing the primary hetero-lactic acid fermentation.
1-Deoxy-<scp>D</scp>-xylulose (1995)

1-Deoxy-D-xylulose (= 1-deoxy-D-theropentulose) is a precursor of thiamin (Vitamin B 1 ) and of pyridoxine (Vitamin B 6 ) in bacteria. The synthesis of a [2,3- 13 C 2 ] bond-labeled sample of the compound, to be used for investigations of the biosynthesis of the two vitamins, is described. In aqueous solution 1-deoxy-D-xylulose exists mainly as the open chain ketone. In methanol solution the compound exists as a mixture of the open chain ketone and the two corresponding epimeric furanoses. In acid solution the compound yields a dimeric anhydride, di-β-1-deoxy-D-xylulofuranose 2,3′:3,2′-dianhydride, whose structure was established by X-ray crystallography. Keywords: [2,3- 13 C 2 ]-1-deoxy-D-xylulose, di-β-1-deoxy-D-xylulofuranose 2,3′:3,2′-dianhydride, 5-O-benzyl-3,4-O-isopropylidene-1-deoxy-D-xylulose, 4-O-benzyl-2,3-O-isoproylidene-D-threose.
Sessile bacterium unlocks ability of surface motility through mutualistic interspecies interaction (2020)

In addition to their common planktonic lifestyle, bacteria frequently live in surface-associated habitats. Surface motility is essential for exploring these habitats for food sources. However, many bacteria are found on surfaces, even though they lack features required for migrating along surfaces. How these canonical non-motile bacteria adapt to the environmental fluctuations on surfaces remains unknown. Here, we report a previously unknown surface motility mode of the canonical non-motile bacterium, Dietzia sp. DQ12-45-1b, which is triggered by interaction with a dimorphic prosthecate bacterium, Glycocaulis alkaliphilus 6B-8T. Dietzia cells exhibits 'sliding'-like motility in an area where the strain Glycocaulis cells was pre-colonized with a sufficient density. Our analysis also demonstrates that Dietzia degrade n-alkanes and provide Glycocaulis with the resulting metabolites for survival, which in turn induced directional migration of Dietzia towards nutrient-rich environments. Such interaction-triggered migration was also found between Dietzia and Glycocaulis strains isolated from other habitats, suggesting that this mutualistic relationship ubiquitously occurs in natural environments. In conclusion, we propose a novel model for such a 'win-win' strategy, whereby non-motile bacteria pay metabolites to dimorphic prosthecate bacteria in return for migrating to seek for nutrients, which may represent a common strategy for canonically non-motile bacteria living on a surface.
GaAs double-heterostructure photodetectors (1977)

AlxGa1−xAs-GaAs structures grown by LPE have been investigated for optical power conversion at 8500 Å. Comparison is made between single- and double-heterostructure configurations, both in theory and experiment; relative merits of each structure are discussed. Good I-V characteristics have been realized for these devices, with series resistance as low as 0.16 Ω. For small-area (5–6 mm2) devices operating at a few mW power, fill factors between 0.75 and 0.81 and internal quantum efficiencies exceeding 90% have been achieved for each structure investigated. Power conversion efficiencies as high as 46% were obtained at 8500 Å, after correcting for reflection losses; this approaches the theoretical limit for space-charge-limited devices. The devices were also evaluated as solar batteries, with efficiencies of 13–14% reported, corresponding to internal efficiencies as high as 18%.
<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa:</i>Role in the Pathogenesis of the CF Lung Lesion (2003)

Lung disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF), with P. aeruginosa the main pulmonary infectious agent. Although CF patients can become infected with other microorganisms (such as Burkholderia cepacia complex, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, and atypical mycobacteria), P. aeruginosa predominates, eventually infecting approximately 80% of patients. Once established, P. aeruginosa infection usually persists until death. The interaction between the CF host and this opportunistic pathogen is unique and most likely directly contributes to the classical end-stage pathology of CF lung disease. However, the extent to which this constitutes success by the pathogen or failure by the host, or both, is yet to be determined. Many important questions remain regarding host susceptibility, the role of both innate and adaptive immune defenses, bacterial infectivity and transmission, and pathogen virulence factors. Here, we discuss some recent advances toward understanding this complex interaction between host and pathogen and how the interplay influences the CF lung lesion.
Mechanism of Copper Removal during CMP in Acidic H[sub 2]O[sub 2] Slurry (2004)

Chemical mechanical polishing of copper was performed using H(2)O(2) as oxidizer and alumina particles as abrasives. Electrochemical techniques were used to investigate the dissolution/passivation behavior of high-purity Cu disk under static and dynamic conditions at pH 4 with varying H(2)O(2) concentrations. Changes in the surface chemistry of the statically etched Cu disk were investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The Cu removal rate reached a maximum at 1% H(2)O(2) concentration and decreased with a further increase in H(2)O(2) concentration. The static etch rate showed the same trend. The etched surface morphology indicates that the removal of copper is primarily the result of electrochemical dissolution of copper at low H(2)O(2) concentrations. However, at increased H(2)O(2) concentrations, the copper oxidation rate increases, resulting in a change in the Cu removal mechanism to mechanical abrasion of the oxidized surface. (C) 2004 The Electrochemical Society.
Pharmacokinetics and molecular detoxication. (1996)

This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the pharmacokinetic parameters used from in vivo and in vitro studies that are important in order to understand the major conceptual approaches of toxicokinetics and the disposition of environmental chemicals. In vitro biochemical information concerning the detoxication of environmental chemicals is also presented. The discussion leads to a more complete appreciation for the use of in vitro measurements for in vivo correlations. The concept of interspecies scaling in the interpolation and extrapolation of fundamental biochemical metabolic processes is illustrated with a number of examples. Additional examples of in vitro-in vivo correlations are presented in the evaluation of the impact of chemical exposure to humans. Finally, several important metabolic detoxication enzymes are presented, including the mammalian microsomal cytochrome P450 and flavin-containing monooxygenases as well as carboxylesterases and glucuronosyltransferases, to provide insight into the processes of chemical detoxication in mammalian tissue and blood. Because interspecies scaling and the pharmacokinetics of chemical disposition have already shown their usefulness in understanding some examples of chemical disposition, our summary focuses on showing the usefulness of the pharmacokinetic equations and providing confidence in using the approach for in vitro-in vivo correlations. Ultimately, the presentation may provide the reader with a conceptual framework for future evaluation of the human health risks associated with environmental toxicants.
In vitro and in vivo influence of adjunct clarithromycin on the treatment of mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa (2000)

Recent in vitro and in vivo data have substantiated the beneficial effects of macrolides/ azalides for use against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. While macrolides/azalides are not very potent in vitro antimicrobial agents against this pathogen, they appear to have an adjunctive role by either altering the course of infection owing to their inhibition of biofilm production or modulation of the host anti-inflammatory response, or both. To determine the in vitro and in vivo effects of clarithromycin as adjunctive therapy with ceftazidime against a mucoidproducing strain of P. aeruginosa, we performed a standard time-kill experiment and a pneumonia model in mice, respectively. Time-kill studies were performed over a 24 h period with varying concentrations of clarithromycin and ceftazidime alone or in combination. Synergic activity was noted with the use of 0.5 x MIC of ceftazidime combined with either 0.5 or 2 x MIC of clarithromycin. Neutropenic mice were infected with 10(8) cfu of mucoid P. aeruginosa intranasally to produce pneumonia and subsequently treated with oral clarithromycin (100 mg/kg) and/or sc ceftazidime (1500 mg/kg) as monotherapy or in combination. The addition of 5 days of clarithromycin to the ceftazidime regimen significantly improved survival as compared with the beta-lactam alone (48% versus 32%, P = 0.04). While a statistically significant difference was not detected with the addition of 3 days of clarithromycin therapy, a trend towards improved survival was noted with this regimen (38% versus 32%). These data demonstrate the adjunctive potential of clarithromycin when administered in combination with an antipseudomonal agent for the treatment of mucoid-producing Pseudomonas in acute respiratory infection.
Analysis of ionic conductance mechanisms in motor cells mediating inking behavior in Aplysia californica (1980)

1. The release of ink in response to a noxious stimulus is a relatively stereotyped behavior produced by strong and long-lasting stimuli. The purpose of this series of papers is to determine the quantitative extent to which the known voltage- and time-dependent ionic conductance mechanisms and synaptic influences can account for the ink gland motor neurons' firing pattern and, thus, the features of the behavior. 2. Four voltage- and time-dependent ionic currents have been analyzed. These include a fast transiet Na+-mediated inward current, a slower Ca2+-mediated inward current, a fast transient K+-mediated outward current, and a slower delayed outward current also mediated by K+ ions. 3. The current-voltage (I-V) relationships, equilibrium potentials, and steady-state activation and inactivation characteristics appear qualitatively similar to comparable currents observed in other gastropod neurons. 4. The recovery from inactivation of the delayed outward current has two time constants, one comparable to the inactivation time constant and the other more than an order of magnitude larger. The fast transient K+ current also appears to have a similar slow recovery from inactivation. 5. The synaptic current contributing to the firing pattern of the ink motor cells is a complex function of time. Initially, the synaptic conductance is high and the equilibrium potential near 0 mV. But, with time there is a gradual decrease in synaptic conductance and shift in the equilibrium potential to more depolarized levels.
Power Scaling of Single-Frequency Ytterbium-Doped Fiber Master-Oscillator Power-Amplifier Sources up to 500 W (2007)

We discuss continuous-wave single-frequency master- oscillator power-amplifier (MOPA) sources based on ytterbium- doped fibers (YDFs) with particular attention to their recent advances and our experimental results. This includes a 402-W plane-polarized MOPA source and a 511-W random-polarized MOPA source. In these MOPAs, the final-stage high-power amplifier operates with high efficiency of 70%-80%, and a high gain of over 20 dB in a near diffraction-limited beam. We report at least 7-dB enhancement of the stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) threshold for the 402-W polarization-maintaining (PM) YDF. In fact, we did not see any sign of SBS even at the highest output power. We eventually observed SBS appearance at around 500 W for the non-PM YDF. The observed SBS strengths were far weaker than expected in theory, unless we allowed for the Brillouin gain reduction from thermal Brillouin gain broadening induced by the quantum-defect heating.
Light intensity fluctuation insensitive faraday polarimeter for atomic magnetometer (2011)

Atomic Magnetometer has ranked the highest sensitive magnetometer in recent years. To realize a high performance atomic magnetometer, a well designed polarimeter is required to detect the atomic spin precession. Among various polarimeter techniques available, faraday polarimeter is suitable for high sensitive atomic magnetometer application due to its high angular sensitivity at low frequency range. However, this polarimeter is sensitive to light intensity fluctuation which will decrease the atomic magnetometer sensitivity and its long time performance. Instead of utilizing a light intensity feedback controlled system to active stabilize the light intensity, this paper proposed a faraday polarimeter with light intensity fluctuation compensation capability. The structure and mathematic model of this polarimeter was analyzed, experimental tests were performed. With this polarimeter, the light intensity fluctuation was decreased significantly to 0.001%, and an angular sensitivity of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-8</sup> rad/Hz <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1/2</sup> has been achieved.
Contribution of cotranslational folding to the rate of formation of native protein structure. (1995)

To compare the process of protein folding in the cell with refolding following denaturation in vitro, we have investigated and compared the kinetics of renaturation of a full-length protein upon dilution from concentrated urea with the rate of folding in the course of biosynthesis. Formation of enzymatically active bacterial luciferase, an alpha beta heterodimer, occurred 2 min after completion of beta-subunit synthesis in an Escherichia coli cell-free system. Renaturation of urea-denatured beta subunit, either in the presence of the cell-free protein synthesis system or in buffer solutions, proceeded more slowly. Cellular components present in the cell-free protein synthesis system slightly accelerated the rate of refolding of urea-unfolded beta subunit. The results indicate that the luciferase beta subunit begins the folding process cotranslationally and that cotranslational folding contributes to the rapid formation of the native structure in the cell.
Short term results of percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty with the monorail technique: experience in the first 1000 patients. (1990)

The monorail technique allows monitoring of all steps of the coronary angioplasty procedure by high quality coronary angiography; easy, rapid, and safe recrossing and redilatation of the lesion if necessary; and stepwise dilatation of a stenosis with sequential increase of size of balloons. Transstenotic pressure differences cannot, however, be measured through the narrow shaft of the standard monorail balloon catheter. The monorail technique was used in 1014 patients (820 men, 194 women; mean age 57.8 years (range 24 to 84]. The indication for coronary angioplasty was stable angina in 52%, unstable angina in 40%, and acute myocardial infarction in 8%. Single vessel coronary angioplasty was attempted in 78%, multilesion coronary angioplasty in 11%, and multivessel coronary angioplasty in 11%. Angiographic success (reduction of stenosis to less than 50% of the luminal diameter) of all attempted lesions was achieved in 93%. The technique was clinically successful--that is, angiographic success of all attempted lesions, no occurrence of a major complication (death, myocardial infarction, acute bypass surgery), and improvement of symptoms--in 92% and partially successful in 1.3%. The clinical success rates were similar for stable angina (91%) and unstable angina (94%), but were somewhat lower for acute myocardial infarction (88%). Failure without major complication occurred in 3.4% of the patients. Failure with a major complication occurred in 3.3% (death 0.3%, myocardial infarction 2.4%, and acute bypass surgery 2.3%). The total major complication rate was higher in unstable angina (4.2%) than in stable angina (3.0%). These results indicate that the monorail technique can be applied safely and effectively for coronary angioplasty of patients with stable angina, unstable angina, and acute myocardial infarction.
Incorporation of Graphene Quantum Dots, Iron, and Doxorubicin in/on Ferritin Nanocages for Bimodal Imaging and Drug Delivery (2020)

Abstract Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) have been emerging as next‐generation bioimaging agents because of their intrinsic strong fluorescence, photostability, aqueous stability, biocompatibility, and facile synthesis. In this work, GQDs are encapsulated in ferritin protein nanocages to develop multi‐functional nanoplatforms toward multi‐modal imaging and cancer therapy. Encapsulation of ultra‐small GQDs is expected to reduce their quick excretion from the body and increase their bioimaging efficiency. To expand the functionality of protein nanocages as multi‐modal imaging nanoprobes capable of both fluorescence and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), GQDs and iron are encapsulated inside the core of AfFtn‐AA (an engineered ferritin nanocage derived from the archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus ). The co‐encapsulation is achieved through an iron‐mediated, self‐assembly of ferritin dimers resulting in the formation of GQD–iron complex in the ferritin nanocages ((GQDs/Fe)AA). The (GQDs/Fe)AA shows high relaxivities in MRI and pH‐sensitive fluorescence with strong fluorescence at low pH values and on MDA‐MB‐231 cells. As an imaging agent and a drug nanocarrier, (GQDs/Fe)AA exhibits negligible cytotoxicity on the cells and a high loading capacity (35%) of doxorubicin. Taken together, the (GQDs/Fe)AA shows promising applications in cancer diagnosis and therapy as a pH‐responsive fluorophore, MRI agent, and drug nanocarrier.
Numerical scoring systems for the anatomic evolution of osteoarthritis of the finger joints (1996)

OA of the finger joints is progressive in nature and passes through predictable phases. The recognition of and the attribution of a score to these respective phases made assessing the progression of OA less time-consuming and led to the same conclusions as when the anatomic progression was scored.
A comparison of stator flux linkage estimators for a direct torque controlled PMSM drive (2009)

In an increasing number of applications highly dynamic electrical drives, characterized by high quality torque control, are demanded. Direct torque control (DTC) for AC machines, permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) or induction machines, can provide this accurate and fast torque control. When applying DTC the change of the stator flux linkage vector is controlled, based on torque and flux errors. As such the estimation of the stator flux linkage is essential for a DTC drive. Furthermore the quality of the estimation directly determines the capability of the drive. In the literature several possible solutions for the estimation of the stator flux linkage are proposed. However, a comprehensive comparison between these solutions is not present. This paper gives an overview of several techniques for the estimation of the stator flux linkage for DTC in PMSMs. The theoretical advantages and disadvantages of the methods are outlined. After a short discussion on the effects of erroneous estimations the results from simulations for the different methods are reviewed. It is shown that, despite their simplicity stabilized voltage model methods can offer good performance. Still they can not reach the performance of an extended Kalman filter implementation of a current model. Aspects of the practical implementation on FPGA are discussed.
Re(CO)<sub>3</sub> Complexes Synthesized via an Improved Preparation of Aqueous <i>f</i><i>ac</i>-[Re(CO)<sub>3</sub>(H<sub>2</sub>O)<sub>3</sub>]<sup>+</sup> as an Aid in Assessing <sup>99m</sup>Tc Imaging Agents. Structural Characterization and Solution Behavior of Complexes with Thioether-Bearing Amino Acids as Tridentate Ligands (2005)

Parallel studies of the preparation of Re and (99m)Tc agents aid in interpreting the nature of tracer (99m)Tc radiopharmaceuticals. Aqueous solutions of the fac-[(99m)Tc(CO)(3)(H(2)O)(3)](+) cation are gaining wide use and are readily prepared, but such solutions of the fac-[Re(CO)(3)(H(2)O)(3)](+) cation (1) are not so easily accessible. Herein we describe a new, reliable, and straightforward preparation of aqueous solutions of 1, characterized by HPLC and ESI-MS. Treatment of solutions of 1 with thioether-bearing amino acids, AAH = S-methyl-l-cysteine (MECYSH), S-propyl-l-cysteine (PRCYSH), and methionine (METH), gave high yields of fac-Re(CO)(3)AA complexes. X-ray crystallographic and NMR analyses indicated that MECYS(-), PRCYS(-), and MET(-) were bound in fac-Re(CO)(3)AA complexes as tridentate monoanionic ligands through amino, thioether, and alpha-carboxyl groups. In CD(3)OD, (1)H NMR spectra have broad signals but have two sets of signals at -10 degrees C, consistent with two isomers with different configurations at the pyramidal sulfur; these interconvert slowly on the NMR time scale at low temperatures. Indeed, the crystal structure of the fac-Re(CO)(3)(PRCYS) reveals a mixture of the two possible diastereoisomers. S-(Carboxymethyl)-l-cysteine (CCMH(2)) and 1 gave two products, 5A (kinetically favored) and 5B (thermodynamically favored). X-ray crystallographic analyses of a crystal of 5B and of a 1:1 cocrystal of 5A and 5B showed that 5A and 5B are diastereoisomers with the CCMH(-) alpha-carboxyl group dangling. In addition to the amino and thioether groups, the S-(carboxymethyl) carboxyl group is coordinated, a feature that slows interconversion of diastereoisomers relative to the other fac-Re(CO)(3)AA complexes because interconversion can now occur only after the rupture of Re-ligand bonds. These N, O, and S tridentate adducts are quite stable, and the grouping has promise in (99m)Tc(CO)(3) tracer development.