gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Specific Factors, Unemployment, and Immiserizing Growth in a Small Open Economy (1987)

The economic rationale of import-substituting strategy of development pursued by the majority of the developing countries has long been questioned. Apart from the familiar argument that tariff tends to discourage exports and hence, can be viewed as an export tax, there is the immiserization argument proposed by Professor Johnson. Within the framework of a two-factor two-commodity model, Johnson has shown that a small tariff-imposing country may suffer a welfare loss from an increase in the stock of resources or technological change if the growth is biased in favor of the importable sector so that it tends to magnify the distortion in production caused by the tariff. The purpose of this paper is to examine the possibility of Johnson-type immiserizing growth for the developing countries characterized by massive unemployment.
Reactions between Alkyl Chlorides and Tin. (1961)

塩化ブチルとスズはくに少量のマグネシウム,ヨウ化ブチル,およびテトラヒドロフランまたは1-ブタノールを加え,オートクレーブ中で反応させるとスズは94～99%反応した。しかし目的とする塩化ブチルスズ化合物の収率は低く,二塩化ジブチルスズが反応スズに対して約14%の理論収率で得られた程度で,反応副生物がかなり多く生じた。しかし塩化メチルを用いて同様な反応を行なったところ,スズは100%反応し,高純度の二塩化ジメチルスズが90～93%の収率で得られた。
Dopaminergic dysfunction in tourette syndrome (1982)

A prospective clinical and biochemical study on the effects of treatment with haloperidol has been performed in seven patients with Tourette syndrome. Pretreatment cerebrospinal fluid levels of homovanillic acid (CSF HVA) were significantly reduce in all patients, whereas 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid was reduced in only two. With haloperidol treatment, symptoms decreased in all cases (21 to 88%) and clinical improvement was associated with an increased level of CSF HVA, often returning to the normal range. Optimal therapeutic response was found with serum levels of haloperidol between 1 and 4 ng/ml; however, disturbing side effects also occurred within this range. These results support the hypothesis that Tourette syndrome may result from a supersensitivity of dopaminergic receptors.
XVA Desks: A New Era for Risk Management (2015)

In Chapter 1 we saw how risk management is at the very core of the financial industry The past is full of examples of many years of value creation being destroyed in very short periods of time as a result of poor risk management standards The most clear example of such events happened in 2008, when the whole financial industry was brought down to its knees Governments had to intervene to prevent the major collapse of the economy that would have followed a collapse of the interbank financial system.
Three‐dimensional subzone‐based reconstruction algorithm for MR elastography (2001)

Accurate characterization of harmonic tissue motion for realistic tissue geometries and property distributions requires knowledge of the full three-dimensional displacement field because of the asymmetric nature of both the boundaries of the tissue domain and the location of internal mechanical heterogeneities. The implications of this for magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) are twofold. First, for MRE methods which require the measurement of a harmonic displacement field within the tissue region of interest, the presence of 3D motion effects reduces or eliminates the possibility that simpler, lower-dimensional motion field images will capture the true dynamics of the entire stimulated tissue. Second, MRE techniques that exploit model-based elastic property reconstruction methods will not be able to accurately match the observed displacements unless they are capable of accounting for 3D motion effects. These two factors are of key importance for MRE techniques based on linear elasticity models to reconstruct mechanical tissue property distributions in biological samples. This article demonstrates that 3D motion effects are present even in regular, symmetric phantom geometries and presents the development of a 3D reconstruction algorithm capable of discerning elastic property distributions in the presence of such effects. The algorithm allows for the accurate determination of tissue mechanical properties at resolutions equal to that of the MR displacement image in complex, asymmetric biological tissue geometries. Simulation studies in a realistic 3D breast geometry indicate that the process can accurately detect 1-cm diameter hard inclusions with 2.5x elasticity contrast to the surrounding tissue.
A Genetic Algorithm Based Task Scheduling for Cloud Computing with Fuzzy logic (2013)

Cloud computing technology has been developing at an increasing expansion rate. Today most of firms are using this technology, making improving the quality of service one of the most important issues. To achieve this, the system must operate efficiently with less idle time and without deteriorating the customer satisfaction. This paper focuses on enhancing the efficiency of a conventional Genetic Algorithm (GA) for task scheduling in cloud computing using Fuzzy Logic (FL). This study collected a group of task schedules and assessed the quality of each task schedule with the user expectation. The work iterates the best scheduling order genetic operations to make the optimal task schedule. General GA takes considerable time to find the correct scheduling order when all the fitness function parameters are the same. GA is an intuitive approach for solving problems because it covers all possible aspects of the problem. When this approach is combined with fuzzy logic (FL), it behaves like a human brain as a problem solver from an existing database (Memory). The present scheme compares GA with and without FL. Using FL, the proposed system at a 100, 400 and 1000 sample size*5 gave 70%, 57% and 47% better improvement in the task time compared to GA.
The onboard galileo rubidium and passive maser, status & amp; performance (2006)

Galileo program is approved by the European Commission and the European Space Agency (ESA). The activities related to GSTBV2 experimental satellite as well as the implementation of the in orbit validation phase are in progress. Atomic clocks represent critical equipment for the satellite navigation system and clocks development has been continuously supported by ESA. The rubidium atomic frequency standard (RAFS) and the passive hydrogen maser (PHM) are at present the baseline clock technologies for the Galileo navigation payload. This article gives a general overview on the RAFS and the PHM developments and evolution up to now. It also provides updated information on the performance measurement results and qualification status
Compressed domain global motion estimation using the Helmholtz Tradeoff Estimator (2010)

Several algorithms for global motion estimation in video sequences using pixel- or block-based approaches have been published. Most known pixel-based methods lack in performance while when using block-based algorithms working on motion vectors, robustness to outliers and accuracy is missing. In this paper we present the fundamentals of a significantly improved, robust block-based method for global motion estimation in compressed domain following the generic Helmholtz principle. To this aim, we use motion vector fields as provided by MPEG data streams. Background PSNR values for four motion compensated test sequences show that our new method delivers results comparable to more complex algorithms.
Role of Cumulus Cells and Serum on the In Vitro Maturation, Fertilization, and Subsequent Development of Rat Oocytes1 (1989)

Immature oocytes were collected from immature female rats (60-65 g) 40 h after injection with 6 IU pregnant mare's serum gonadotropin (PMSG). Oocytes were matured cumulus-intact (CI) or cumulus-free (CF) in medium supplemented with 0.5% bovine serum albumin (BSA) or 5-20% serum for periods of up to 24 h. After assessment for nuclear maturation, the oocytes were exposed to epididymal sperm for fertilization in vitro. In vitro-matured and ovulated oocytes undergoing fertilization were transferred to unilaterally pregnant recipients for embryonic and fetal development. The presence of cumulus cells and serum shortened (by 2 h) the time required for polar body emission by in vitro-matured oocytes and also helped to increase significantly the penetrability of the oocytes by spermatozoa. A high proportion (45.6%) of fertilized oocytes showed evidence of abnormal fertilization following maturation in the absence of cumulus cells. Oocytes matured CI before fertilization were able to develop to viable fetuses (57.8%) in proportions similar to ovulated oocytes (55.0%) after in vitro fertilization. These findings indicate an essential role for cumulus cells in promoting normal cytoplasmic maturation of oocytes necessary for pronuclear formation and subsequent developmental capability.
Soft decision decoding of block codes using received signal envelope in digital mobile radio (1989)

The codeword error rate (WER) performance of noncoherent frequency-shift keying with soft decision decoding of block codes using Chase's second algorithm (1972) is investigated in a Rayleigh fading channel. The received signal envelope is sampled and used as channel measurement information. The theoretical upper and lower bounds of the WER are derived, assuming independent Rayleigh envelope samples in a received block. When the Golay (23, 12, 7) code is used, soft decision decoding with 6-bit error correction capability (3-bit error and 3-bit erasure) requires an average signal-to-noise power ratio about 5 dB lower than that for minimum distance decoding with 3-bit error correction to obtain a WER=10/sup -3/. The effects of bit interleaving on the WER performance when fading envelope variation is slow compared to the bit rate are investigated through computer simulations.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Incorporating Structural Diversity of Neighbors in a Diffusion Model for Social Networks (2013)

Diffusion is known to be an important process governing the behaviours observed in network environments like social networks, contact networks, etc. For modeling the diffusion process, the Independent Cascade Model (IC Model) is commonly adopted and algorithms have been proposed for recovering the hidden diffusion network based on observed cascades. However, the IC Model assumes the effects of multiple neighbors on a node to be independent and does not consider the structural diversity of nodes' neighbourhood. In this paper, we propose an extension of the IC Model with the community structure of node neighbours incorporated. We derive an expectation maximization (EM) algorithm to infer the model parameters. To evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method, we compared it with the IC model and its variants that do not consider the structural properties. Our empirical results based on the MemeTracker dataset, shows that after incorporating the structural diversity, there is a significant improvement in the modelling accuracy, with reasonable increase in run-time.
Boron nitride materials: an overview from <scp>0D</scp> to <scp>3D</scp> (nano)structures (2015)

Boron nitride ( BN ) materials present different crystalline phases including fullerene‐like ( 0D ), nanotubes ( 1D , NTs ), hexagonal ( 2D , h‐ BN ), and cubic ( 3D ) structures. These materials show a rich variety of physical and chemical properties with multiple potential applications in industry, science, and technology, especially in the fields of nano‐electronics, optoelectronics, field emission, and lubrication in extreme conditions of temperature. BN compounds are chemically and thermally very stable and resistant to oxidation. The large electronic band gap confers to BN compounds complementary electronic properties to the C allotropes with similar structure. The combination of BN and C materials forming heterostructures has gained an increasing importance in the nano‐sciences. In particular, heterostructures combining graphene with mono‐ and multi‐layer h‐ BN , or C‐ with BN ‐nanotubes are the object of intensive study in nano‐sciences due to their unique electronic properties. Applications based on BN structures have created great expectations and offer enormous possibilities in the next generation of electronic devices. However, the massive production of high‐quality defect‐free BN materials is still an experimental challenge. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2015, 5:299–309. doi: 10.1002/wcms.1219 This article is categorized under: Structure and Mechanism > Computational Materials Science Electronic Structure Theory > Ab Initio Electronic Structure Methods Theoretical and Physical Chemistry > Spectroscopy
Popular Movements and Primordial Loyalties in Beirut (1983)

This paper seeks to explain some of the complex interrelations between class, clientelism and confessionalism in Beirut. It argues that a clientelist system of control operated in Lebanon to contain class and confessional (or religious) conflict, but that this system broke down in the Civil War of 1975–6 to allow the emergence of popular movements independent of the control of the Lebanese state. A major concern is to discuss the conditions under which primordial loyalties were partially transformed into a kind of class consciousness amongst the Muslim poor or "crowd" — that social category described by Hobsbawm as the "menu peuple" (Hobsbawm, 1971, p. 113). Ultimately, primordial loyalties reasserted themselves, but at the height of the Civil War it looked to some as though a social revolution was taking place in Lebanon. The reasons for that revolution's failure are too complicated to discuss here, but the paper does indicate the limits of the popular movements which emerged in the 1970s and hopefully represents a starting-point for understanding the social conflicts which led to the destruction of the Lebanese state.
New Horizons in orthostatic hypotension: Table 1. (2016)

OH remains common in older people, the new diagnostic criteria address some of the previous uncertainty but evidence concerning withdrawal of antihypertensives is conflicting. Midodrine is now the only licenced medication for OH in the UK, but non-drug therapies remain first line and fludrocortisone may be considered before midodrine. We may see other agents such as droxidopa becoming increasingly used over the coming years.
Serotonin7 Receptors (5-HT7Rs)and their Ligands (2004)

Serotonin (5-HT) is involved in various physiological and pathological processes by interaction with 14 distinct receptor subtypes, grouped in seven classes of receptors (5-HT(1-7)) on the basis of amino acid sequence, pharmacology, and signal transduction pathways. The 5-HT(7)R is a G-protein coupled receptor with seven transmembrane domains. It was found by the application of molecular cloning and has been identified in rat, mouse, human, pig, and guinea pig. Although the biological functions of the 5-HT(7)Rs are poorly understood, preliminary evidence suggests that it may be involved in depression, control of circadian rhythms, and relaxation of vascular smooth muscles. For these reasons, the 5-HT(7)R has become a target for the development of novel drugs. This review will give a brief introduction of the pharmacology of 5-HT(7)R (molecular structure, distribution of 5-HT(7)R mRNA, localization of the 5-HT(7)R protein, functional correlates, and therapeutic potential) and a detailed survey of the 5-HT(7)R ligands, which have appeared in the literature in both papers and patents. Structure-activity relationships (SAR) of these ligands will also be described.
Highly etch resistant, negative resist for deep-UV and electron beam lithography (1990)

I lighly sensitive resists have been developed from a combination of silsesquioxanes, acid photogenerators, and phenolic resins. The resist forms negative images and is developable with aqueous base. Both electron beam and deep-uv optical sensitivity was observed. The films displayed exceptionally high oxygen reactive ion etch resistance. Bilayer systems were developed with this resist as the imaging layer with either polyimide or hard baked novolac as the planarizing layer. Improved optical resists for single layer application have been obtained by using poly(4-hydroxystyrene) derivatives as the matrix resin.
Numerical Analysis of Ar<sub>2</sub> <sup>*</sup> Excimer Production in Laser-Produced Plasmas (1998)

In this letter, we investigate the production of high-density Ar 2 * excimer in the plasma produced by an intense laser field for the generation of coherent vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) radiation. The kinetics of high-pressure Ar gas irradiated by CO 2 laser are analyzed using a simulation model which consists of the Boltzmann equation and rate equations. The calculated density of Ar 2 * ( 1 Σ u + ) excimer is 7×10 22 m -3 under a pressure of 20 atm irradiated by CO 2 laser with an intensity of 1.4×10 12 W/m 2 , which corresponds to the unit gain of 60 m -1 .
Preparation of Poly(<scp>l</scp>-lactide)-Based Microspheres Having a Cationic or Anionic Surface Using Biodegradable Surfactants (2002)

Poly(L-lactide)-based microspheres having cationic or anionic surfaces were prepared using polydepsipeptide-block-poly(L-lactide)s as surfactants. Polydepsipeptide-block-poly(L-lactide)s having amino or carboxylic acid groups on their side chains were synthesized through anionic ring-opening polymerizations of L-lactide using the corresponding protected polydepsipeptides as macroinitiators and consequent deprotections. Since these amphiphilic copolymers consisting of hydrophobic segments and hydrophilic segments with amino or carboxylic acid groups could be converted to cationic or anionic block copolymers, they could act as surfactants preparing poly(L-lactide)-based microspheres by an oil-in-water emulsion method. The amount of ionic groups located on the surfaces of the obtained microspheres was found to increase with increasing the feed of charged polydepsipeptide-block-poly(L-lactide)s in the blend of poly(L-lactide) and block copolymers. The average diameters of the dried microspheres estimated by scanning electron microscopy were found to decrease with an increase in feed of block copolymers in polymer blends.
Image pattern recognition (1981)

The general goal of image pattern recognition is to generate descriptions of images, and relate those descriptions to models characterizing classes of images. This paper reviews the subject from a technique-oriented standpoint. Topics covered include preprocessing; registration and matching; segmentation into parts; representation of the parts; and description in terms of properties of and relationships among the parts.
Co-operative effect of glutathione depletion and selenium induced oxidative stress on API and NFkB expression in testicular cells in vitro: insights to regulation of spermatogenesis (2007)

Previous studies have shown that transcription factors, API and NFkB exert important roles in the process by which selenium regulates spermatogenesis. Glutathione, an intracellular thiol, acts as a source of reducing power and aids in maintenance of the cellular redox status. The activities of selenium are closely related to the availability of glutathione. Presently, mouse testicular cells were cultured in the presence of BSO, a known glutathione depletor, to generate oxidative stress. Selenium (Se) was added as sodium selenite to these cells at concentrations of 0.5 microM and 1.5 microM. It was observed that at 1.5 microM, Se acted as a pro-oxidant and significantly decreased the redox ratio. RT PCR analysis revealed that cjun, cfos expression increased in testicular cells cultured with Se compared to control. However, the major outcome was that the combined effect of Se supplementation and GSH depletion resulted in reduced expression of cjun and cfos while p65 expression increased. This suggests that selenium affects both these transcription factors differently. Our study indicates that though low levels of oxidative stress generated by moderate doses of selenium augments the expression of cjun and cfos, a robust increase in the ROS generation caused by the dual effect high levels of selenium and glutathione depletion leads to decrease in the expression of these genes. The present work substantiates our in vivo experiments and indicates the detrimental effect of excess selenium supplementation on male fertility.
Research Note: Evaluating fecal shedding of oocysts in relation to body weight gain and lesion scores during Eimeria infection (2019)

Coccidiosis has been a pervasive disease within the poultry industry, with test parameters used to measure effectiveness of treatment strategies often being subjective or influenced by non-disease-related activity. Four experiments were completed, which examined several test parameters of coccidiosis, including body weight gain (BWG), lesion scores, and oocysts per gram of feces (OPG). Each experiment included at least 2 parameters for measuring coccidial infection in chickens and turkeys. In experiment 1, an inoculated control was measured against 3 anticoccidial groups, whereas in experiments 2 to 4, noninoculated and inoculated controls were compared via BWG and OPG. Lesion scores were also included in experiments 1, 3, and 4. Experiment 4 resulted in high correlation, via Pearson correlation coefficient, between BWG and OPG (r = -0.69), very high correlation between OPG and lesion score (r = 0.86), and moderate correlation between BWG and lesion score (r = -0.49). Lesion scores proved to be effective in confirming Eimeria infection, although they did not correlate well with BWG or OPG. Each parameter tended to provide more useful information when lined up with the Eimeria life cycle. Incorporation of OPG, with BWG and lesion scores, as test parameters to measure coccidiosis intervention strategies, provides a global description of disease that may not otherwise be observed with the 2 latter measurements alone.
Mobile IP use of private addresses in an RSIP home network (2006)

Use of private addresses in a mobile node's home network brings a challenge to mobile IP because a private address cannot uniquely identify the mobile node in the public network. Here we present an approach that a mobile node whose private home network is isolated from the public network by a realm specific IP (RSIP) gateway can communicate with a correspondent node when the mobile node visits the public network. Our solution neither uses any private addresses in the public network nor brings any additional security issues. In this paper, our methods are explained, and detailed procedures as well as packet formats are illustrated
1-Methyl-4-phenyl-2(1H)-quinazolinone (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT1-Methyl-4-phenyl-2(1H)-quinazolinoneHans Ott and Max DenzerCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1968, 33, 11, 4263–4266Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1968https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01275a055https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01275a055research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views178Altmetric-Citations19LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts