gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Improved Unknown Word Recognition Model based on Multi-Knowledge Source Method (2006)

Unknown word recognition (UWR) is a difficult and foundational task in lexical processing and content-based understanding, and it can improve many text-based processing applications, such as information extraction, question answer system, electronic meeting system. However the unified dealing approach is difficult to exploit more domain knowledge features, so the performance cannot be further improved easily, since UWR has been proved to be NP-hard problem. This paper presents a novel method for UWR task, which divides the UWR into several hard sub-tasks that usually encountering different difficulties, accordingly, several language models are adopted to solve the special sub-tasks, so as to exert the ability of each model in addressing special problems. Firstly, a class-based trigram is used in basic word segmentation, aided with absolute smoothing algorithm to overcome data sparseness, and maximum entropy model (ME) is used to recognize named entity. New word detection adopts variance and conditional random fields algorithm. Secondly, multi-knowledge features are effectively extracted and utilized in whole processing. Our system participated in the Second International Chinese Word Segmentation Bakeoff (SIGHAN2005), and got the overall performance 97.2% F-measure in MSRA open test
New Modality: Emoji Challenges in Prediction, Anticipation, and Retrieval (2018)

Over the past decade, emoji have emerged as a new and widespread form of digital communication, spanning diverse social networks and spoken languages. We propose treating these ideograms as a new modality in their own right, distinct in their semantic structure from both the text in which they are often embedded as well as the images which they resemble. As a new modality, emoji present rich novel possibilities for representation and interaction. In this paper, we explore the challenges that arise naturally from considering the emoji modality through the lens of multimedia research, specifically the ways in which emoji can be related to other common modalities such as text and images. To do so, we first present a large-scale data set of real-world emoji usage collected from Twitter. This data set contains examples of both text-emoji and image-emoji relationships within tweets. We present baseline results on the challenge of predicting emoji from both text and images, using state-of-the-art neural networks. Further, we offer a first consideration into the problem of how to account for new, unseen emoji-a relevant issue as the emoji vocabulary continues to expand on a yearly basis. Finally, we present results for multimedia retrieval using emoji as queries.
A human testicular germ cell tumor with borderline histology between seminoma and embryonal carcinoma secreted beta-human chorionic gonadotropin and alpha-fetoprotein only as a xenograft (1986)

Two macroscopically distinguishable components (designated soft and firm) of a human testicular germ cell tumor with borderline histology between seminoma, embryonal carcinoma and yolk sac tumor, were maintained as xenografts in nude mice for over 20 passages. Levels of beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-HCG) and of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) were normal in the patient's serum and were undetectable by immunohistochemical studies of the surgical specimen. The xenografted soft part, however, with morphologic characteristics of an embryonal carcinoma, secreted beta-HCG and AFP during early passages. The firm variant, histologically resembling a seminoma, did not produce these markers. Chromosomal and flow cytophotometric analyses showed genetic differences between the clonally stable variants. A common origin, however, is indicated by two similar marker chromosomes present in both variants.
Physical database design for an object-oriented database system (1994)

Object-oriented database systems typically offer a variety of structuring capabilities to model complex objects. This flexibility, together with type (or class) hierarchies and computed &quot;attributes&quot; (methods), poses a high demand on the physical design of object-oriented databases. Similar to traditional databases, it is hardly ever true that the conceptual structure of the database is also a good, that is, efficient, internal one. Rather, data representing the conceptual objects may be structured completely different, for performance reasons. Database systems providing a reasonable amount of data independence allow a physical design that differs from the logical structure significantly. Hence, the performance of the system can be tailored to the overall transaction load faced. The paper presents choices for physical designs that make use of a complex storage model, an extended nested relational model. A first prototype of a physical design optimizer is also presented. 1.1 Introduction...
Congestive Heart Failure in the United States (2000)

Reliance on ICD codes results in the exclusion of one third of the patients with clinical evidence of acute CHF. This underenumeration is compounded by the typical reliance on the first listed diagnosis. Congestive heart failure may be a greater public health problem than currently recognized. The allocation of resources for relevant surveillance, research, medical care, and preventive efforts should be reevaluated.
Review Paper: Review of Instrumentation for Irradiation Testing of Nuclear Fuels and Materials (2011)

Over 50 years of nuclear fuels and materials irradiation testing has led to many countries developing significant improvements in instrumentation to monitor physical parameters and to control the test conditions in material test reactors (MTRs). Recently, there is increased interest to irradiate new materials and reactor fuels for advanced pressurized water reactors and Gen-IV reactor systems, such as sodium-cooled fast reactors, very high temperature reactors, supercritical water–cooled reactors, and gas-cooled fast reactors. This review paper documents the current state of instrumentation technologies in MTRs in the world and summarizes ongoing research efforts to deploy new sensors. As described in this paper, a wide range of sensors is available to measure key parameters of interest during fuels and materials irradiations in MTRs. Ongoing development efforts focus on providing MTR users a wider range of parameter measurements with smaller, higher accuracy sensors.
윈드서핑 선수의 운동능력 지표와 경기력과의 관계 (2008)

레크리에이션 활동과 스포츠로서 윈드서핑은 여전히 21세기 후반 새롭게 느껴지고 있다. 1984년 올림픽 정식정목으로 인정받았으며, 매 대회마다 새로운 장비를 발전시켜 왔다. 그러므로 새로운 장비의 발달을 위한 신체적 트레이닝 프로그램과 세일러의 기술을 요구하고 있다.
윈드서핑에 대한 대부분의 연구들은 바람의 변화에 대한 세일러의 수행과 에너지 소비,...
A low-cost realization of quantum ternary adder using muthukrishnan-stroud gate (2008)

Ternary quantum computing technology is a promising technology for future computer systems. In any computer system, an adder circuit is an essential circuit that performs arithmetic and logic operation of the computer. So, for the ternary quantum computer system, an efficient and low-cost realization of ternary adder is very necessary. This paper introduces a novel realization of quantum ternary adder which reduces the realization cost extensively compared to the previous realization.
Editorial (2018)

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Investigation of the penetration of atomic hydrogen from the gas phase into SiO2/GaAs (2001)

A comparison experiment has been performed to study the hydrogenation of GaAs samples coated with a thin film of SiO2 (5 nm) and thin-film vanadium samples in a flow of atomic hydrogen produced by a source based on a reflected arc discharge with a hollow cathode and a self-heating electrode. An increase in discharge current I results in an increase in the concentration of atomic hydrogen in the gas phase, NAH, and in a corresponding increase in the atomic hydrogen content (dose), QAH, dissolved in vanadium samples. For GaAs samples, the situation is different. At low discharge currents, an increase in current results in an increase in NAH and in a corresponding increase in QAH. However, beginning from some current I*, further increase in current and in NAH decreases QAH. This suggests that the value of QAH is more dependent on the probability of the penetration of hydrogen atoms into the solid, F, than on NAH. It has been supposed that F decreases substantially as the hydrogen atom energy decreases with increasing discharge current. Another reason for the observed phenomenon may be the formation of a near-surface diffusion barrier of immobile hydrogen molecules occupying interstitials and preventing hydrogen atoms from penetrating the bulk of the sample.
Dependency Structure Matrix, Genetic Algorithms, and Effective Recombination (2009)

Abstract In many different fields, researchers are often confronted by problems arising from complex systems. Simple heuristics or even enumeration works quite well on small and easy problems; however, to efficiently solve large and difficult problems, proper decomposition is the key. In this paper, investigating and analyzing interactions between components of complex systems shed some light on problem decomposition. By recognizing three bare-bones interactions-modularity, hierarchy, and overlap, facet-wise models are developed to dissect and inspect problem decomposition in the context of genetic algorithms. The proposed genetic algorithm design utilizes a matrix representation of an interaction graph to analyze and explicitly decompose the problem. The results from this paper should benefit research both technically and scientifically. Technically, this paper develops an automated dependency structure matrix clustering technique and utilizes it to design a model-building genetic algorithm that learns and delivers the problem structure. Scientifically, the explicit interaction model describes the problem structure very well and helps researchers gain important insights through the explicitness of the procedure.
Single-Copy <i>IMH3</i> Allele Is Sufficient To Confer Resistance to Mycophenolic Acid in <i>Candida albicans</i> and To Mediate Transformation of Clinical <i>Candida</i> Species (2001)

Parasexual genetic analysis of Candida albicans utilized the dominant selectable marker that conferred resistance to mycophenolic acid. We cloned and sequenced the IMH3(r) gene from C. albicans strain 1006, which was previously identified as resistant to mycophenolic acid (MPA) (A. K. Goshorn and S. Scherer, Genetics 123:213-218, 1989). MPA is an inhibitor of IMP dehydrogenase, an enzyme necessary for the de novo biosynthesis of GMP. G. A. Kohler et al. (J. Bacteriol. 179:2331-2338, 1997) have shown that the wild-type IMH3 gene, when expressed in high copy number, will confer resistance to this antibiotic. We demonstrate that the IMH3(r) gene from strain 1006 has three amino acid changes, two of which are nonconservative, and demonstrate that at least two of the three mutations are required to confer resistance to MPA. We used this gene as a dominant selectable marker in clinical isolates of C. albicans and Candida tropicalis. We also identified the presence of autonomously replicating sequence elements that permit autonomous replication in the promoter region of this gene. Finally, we found the excision of a phi-type long terminal repeat element outside the IMH3 open reading frame of the gene in some strains. We used the IMH3(r) allele to disrupt one allele of ARG4 in two clinical isolates, WO-1 and FC18, thus demonstrating that a single ectopic integration of this dominant selectable marker is sufficient to confer resistance to MPA.
Rail Grinding Specifications: Some European Examples (1993)

Rail grinding is established throughout Europe as a routine maintenance procedure. There are currently some 20 sites in operation on systems ranging from urban networks to newly-laid high speed lines. Practically all the work is contracted out to private companies. Until recent years, railway administrations exchanged little information about their arrangements for rail maintenance. Rail grinding contracts evolved independently and they assumed a variety of forms. The activity is now a topic of international study. There is a tendency toward a set of standard specifications suited to the particularities of rail grinding : First, rail grinding has a multiple action. It can be deployed to treat, individually or in combination: - the longitudinal profile- the transverse profile- the surface condition of the railhead and these operations overlap in a complex manner. Second, the precision of the operation is unusual within the context of track maintenance. The standard to be achieved is a result within a few tenths of a millimetre simultaneously in three planes.
Some Aspects of the Mechanisms of Catalytic Reforming Reactions (1997)

A brief review is given of the evolution of our ideas on the mechanism of catalytic reforming reactions over the last 40 years. The early bifunctional reaction mechanism, though criticized much, led first to an understanding and optimization of the reforming process and later to several other catalyst and process innovations. Kinetic and tracer studies on model catalysts using single hydrocarbons as reactants and the surface-science approach revealed the finer nuances of the mechanism involved. Simultaneously, the roles of S, Cl, coke, and hydrogen and of a second metal component like Re, Ir, or Sn in the industrial catalyst were also understood to a greater or lesser extent. All these results make the mechanism of reforming reactions a field of fascinating complexity in fundamental and industrial catalysis.
Detection of germline BRCA1 mutations in breast cancer patients by quantitative messenger RNA in situ hybridization. (1996)

Mutations in the breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1) may account for one half of all familial breast cancers. Because of the wide spectrum of different germline mutations, identification of BRCA1 mutation carriers using current techniques is laborious and difficult. The majority of the identified mutations, however, lead to aberrant expression of the gene product in tumor tissue, potentially allowing the detection of BRCA1-linked breast cancers using simple histochemical techniques. We performed quantitative mRNA in situ hybridization analysis on archival paraffin-embedded tumor specimens from 25 patients with characterized germline BRCA1 mutations or linkage and from 29 patients with sporadic breast cancers. BRCA1 mRNA levels were invariably low in tumors from BRCA1 mutation carriers. Normal breast epithelium surrounding the BRCA1 tumors showed higher mRNA levels than the tumor tissue, indicating that the low mRNA levels were due to somatic inactivation of the wild-type BRCA1 allele in the tumor tissue. The expression levels in the sporadic tumors were, on average, six times higher than in the BRCA1 tumors (P < 0.0001). The difference allowed identification of BRCA1-mutated and sporadic tumors with more than 95% specificity and sensitivity. We conclude that the analysis of BRCA1 gene expression by mRNA in situ hybridization may be useful in screening for patients with BRCA1-linked breast cancer.
Gold(I)-Catalyzed Intermolecular Addition of Carbon Nucleophiles to 1,5- and 1,6-Enynes (2008)

Gold(I)-catalyzed addition of carbon nucleophiles to 1,6-enynes gives two different type of products by reaction at the cyclopropane or at the carbene carbons of the intermediate cyclopropyl gold carbenes. The 5-exo-dig cyclization is followed by most 1,6-enynes, although those bearing internal alkynes and alkenes react by the 6-endo-dig pathway. The cyclopropane versus carbene site-selectivity can be controlled in some cases by the ligand on the gold catalyst. In addition to electron-rich arenes and heteroarenes, allylsilanes and 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds can be used as the nucleophiles. In the reaction of 1,5-enynes with carbon nucleophiles, the 5-endo-dig pathway is preferred.
Measurement of respiratory patterns in rodents using whole-body plethysmography and a pneumotachograph (1981)

Up to 8 variables in the respiratory patterns of rats and hamsters can be measured simultaneously. The technique uses modified restraint tubes and an animal pneumotachograph.
Statistical methodology for massive datasets and model selection (2002)

Astronomy is facing a revolution in data collection, storage, analysis, and interpretation of large datasets. The data volumes here are several orders of magnitude larger than what astronomers and statisticians are used to dealing with, and the old methods simply do not work. The National Virtual Observatory (NVO) initiative has recently emerged in recognition of this need and to federate numerous large digital sky archives, both ground based and space based, and develop tools to explore and understand these vast volumes of data. In this paper, we address some of the critically important statistical challenges raised by the NVO. In particular a low-storage, single-pass, sequential method for simultaneous estimation of multiple quantiles for massive datasets will be presented. Density estimation based on this procedure and a multivariate extension will also be discussed. The NVO also requires statistical tools to analyze moderate size databases. Model selection is an important issue for many astrophysical databases. We present a simple likelihood based 'leave one out' method to select the best among the several possible alternatives. The performance of the method is compared to those based on Akaike Information Criterion and Bayesian Information Criterion.
Design and Construction of a W-band Sheet Beam Klystron (2006)

The design and construction of a 100 kW peak power, 2% duty, PCM focused, W‐band sheet beam klystron is discussed. The elliptical cross section beam is produced by a new electron gun design using a cylindrical cathode and a racetrack shaped focus electrode. The multi‐gap cavities produce acceptable values of R/Q and are designed to produce a uniform electric field over the width of the 12:1 aspect ratio beam. The prototype cavities are produced using normal machining, however, LIGA will be used to fabricate the cavities in production versions.
High pressure Field Reversed Configuration plasmas in FRX-L for Magnetized Target Fusion IC (2006)

G. A. Wurden, T. P. Intrator, R. Renneke, S. Y. Zhang, L. A. Dorf, S. C. Hsu, J. Y. Park, W. J. Waganaar Los Alamos National Laboratory, MS-E526, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA 87545 R. E. Siemon, T. Awe University of Nevada, Reno, Nevada, USA 89557 A. G. Lynn, M. Gilmore University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131 J. H. Degnan, D. G. Gale, C. Grabowski, E. L. Ruden, W. Sommars Air Force Research Laboratory, Kirtland Air Force Base, New Mexico, USA 87117
A novel strategy to test core based designs (2002)

This paper proposes a novel technique for testing core based system-on-a-chip (SOC), targeting to reduce the test application time as well as the test hardware. The proposed work is to be done in two parts: (i) Core Level and (ii) Interconnect Level. To date, many authors have studied the problem of testing core-based systems, but not much work exists on testing the cores and the interconnects together. Also proposed is an efficient test access design to reduce test cost by minimising test application time. Test access is a major challenge for testing of core-based system-on-a-chip designs. Several issues related to the Test Access Mechanism (TAM) design such as assignment of cores to test buses, optimal number of buses required, distribution of test data bandwidth between several buses have been handled in this paper. In doing so, the testing time has been found to be drastically reduced at the cost of some extra test hardware.
AN IMPROVED TYPE OF SOIL HYDROMETER (1953)

Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station1 1 Journal Article 1481, from the Soil Science Section of the experiment station, East Lansing. Acknowledgment for their contributions are due the American Society of Testing Materials (Bureau of Public Roads) and Professor T. F. Buehrer. 2 Bouyoucos, G. J. 1951 A recalibration of the hydrometer method for making mechanical analyses of soils. Agron. J. 43: 434–438.
The expression of angiopoietins and their receptor Tie-2 in human prostate carcinoma. (2001)

The results presented indicate a role of angiopoietin-Tie-2 system, particularly of angiopoietin-2 in the vascularization of PCa.
Evidence against the hypothesis that prostaglandins are the vasodepressor agents of pregnancy. Serial studies in chronically instrumented, conscious rats. (1986)

Renal hemodynamics increase dramatically during pregnancy, and pressor responsiveness to exogenous administration of vasoconstrictors is attenuated. We investigated whether or not vasodilatory prostaglandins mediate these phenomena. Trained, chronically instrumented, conscious pregnant rats were used. Control values of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) were elevated at midgestation (P less than 0.01 and P = 0.05 from prepregnant means, respectively), and effective renal vascular resistance was decreased (P = 0.05). Indomethacin (4.5-6.5 mg/kg body weight [BW]) failed to decrease renal hemodynamics at this stage of pregnancy; in fact, it raised GFR somewhat further (P less than 0.05). Systemic pressor responsiveness to bolus administration of norepinephrine and angiotensin II (AII) was significantly attenuated by at least gestational day 20. Neither indomethacin (7 mg/kg BW) or meclofenamate (6 mg/kg BW) affected the refractory response. The renal vasculature was also relatively unresponsive to an intravenous infusion of AII (5 ng X kg-1 X min-1) during late gestation (day 19); in particular, the fall in ERPF in response to AII (16 +/- 3%) was markedly less than that observed in the prepregnant condition (34 +/- 3%; P less than 0.05). Indomethacin (6 mg/kg BW) failed to restore this blunted response, and further attenuation was evident, despite the presence of the inhibitor (gestational day 21). We conclude that vasodilatory prostaglandins do not appear to mediate the rise in renal hemodynamics, and the attenuation of the systemic and renal pressor responsiveness observed during pregnancy, insofar as these phenomena were unaffected by acute cyclooxygenase inhibition in unstressed, conscious rats.
Synthese isomerer 1,3,5,8‐Undecatetraene (1982)

Abstract (3 E ,5 Z ,8 Z )‐1,3,5,8‐Undecatetraen ( 1a ) ist der Geruchsstoff von Gameten der Braunalge Spermatochnus paradoxus . Die Synthese der isomeren 1,3,5,8‐Undecatetraene 1a‐c und ihre spektroskopischen Eigenschaften werden beschrieben.
Comparative evaluation of fifteen anti-sickling agents (1983)

Fifteen compounds reported to be inhibitors of gelation or sickling were studied by standard methods. These tests included (1) the determination of the solubility of deoxyhemoglobin S or Csat, (2) evaluation of sickling in whole SS blood at various pO2s, (3) measurement of the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin and blood, and (4) examination of red cell indices and morphology. Among the 4 noncovalent agents tested, butylurea was the most potent inhibitor of gelation and sickling in vitro; however, relatively high concentrations were required compared to the covalent agents. In the latter group, bis-(3,5 dibromosalicyl)-fumarate, nitrogen mustard, and dimethyladipimidate were especially effective inhibitors of gelation and/or sickling. All of these compounds require further development before they can be considered for clinical use.