gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of Substrate Temperature on the Structural, Electrical and Optical Properties of ITO Films Prepared by RF Magnetron Sputtering (2000)

Polycrystalline indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films were prepared on glass substrates using rf magnetron sputtering from ITO target. The as-deposited films were studied as a function of substrate temperature Ts using X-ray diffraction (XRD), electrical and optical measurements. In the range 150 °C ≤ Ts ≤ 250 °C, XRD shows the coexistence of the 〈100〉 and 〈111〉 textures. The results of electrical and structural measurements suggest that the donor impurities are due to the substitution of Sn into In sites, which causes an expansion of the lattice. The resistivity was found to decrease with Ts up to 250 °C. The quality of the films as transparent conducting layers, for solar cell applications, was investigated.
Electromagnetic ion cyclotron instability driven by ion energy anisotropy in high-beta plasmas (1975)

Low frequency (ω≈ωci=eiB0/mic) transverse electromagnetic perturbations propagating parallel to a confining magnetic field B0êz are shown to exhibit instability in the presence of ion energy anisotropy with Ti⊥≳Ti∥. The characteristic maximum growth rate for Ti⊥≫Ti∥ is γM≈(βi⊥/2)1/2ωci, where βi⊥=8πniTi⊥/B20, and the wavelengths corresponding to instability are of order c/ωpi, where ωpi is the ion plasma frequency. Within the context of a quasi-linear model, it is shown that the characteristic time scale for energy isotropization through nonlinear response of the ions to the instability is several γ−1M. Since γ−1M≪τii (the ion-ion binary collision time) in typical high-density pinch experiments, this instablity appears to provide a viable collective mechanism for ion energy isotropization during the implosion or post-implosion phases of these experiments. It is also shown that the instability persists in the limit of weakly magnetized ions (‖ω+iγ‖≫‖ωci‖, k2zr2Li≫1) and strongly magnetized electrons (‖ω+iγ‖≪‖ωce‖, k2zr2Le≪1) provided βi⊥≫1. The instability also has applications to astrophysical plasmas with Ti⊥≳Ti∥ as well as laboratory plasmas heated by neutral-particle injection perpendicular to B0.
NMR Relaxation Times of Blood (1987)

The variation with field strength or interecho interval of the T1 and T2 relaxation times of oxyhemoglobin (HbO2), deoxyhemoglobin (Hb), and methemoglobin (MHb) in either intact or lysed red blood cells was studied with a variable field (0.19–1.4 T) nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy unit. The T2 relaxation time of intracellular HbO2 decreased slightly with increasing field strength and interecho interval. The T2 relaxation times of intracellular Hb and MHb decreased markedly with increasing field strength and interecho interval. This T2 proton relaxation enhancement increased as the square of the applied field strength and was 1.6 times stronger for intracellular MHb than for intracellular Hb. The T2 relaxation enhancement is secondary to the loss of transverse phase coherence of water protons that diffuse across cellular magnetic field gradients. These field gradients occur when an external field is applied to a region with gradients of magnetic susceptibility. The heterogeneity of magnetic susceptibility is caused by the heterogeneous distribution (only intracellular) of the paramagnetic molecules (Hb or MHb). The T2 relaxation times of red cell lysates (homogeneous magnetic susceptibility) were independent of field strength or interecho interval. There was a decrease in the T1 relaxation times when the red cells were lysed. This may be due to an increase in the slow motional components of water molecules, because of the decrease in the average distance between water and hemoglobin molecules in the lysate. The Tl relaxation times of all the MHb samples were shortened because of proton-electron dipolar-dipolar relaxation enhancement. All the Tl relaxation times increased with increasing field strength.
Ranking Automatically Generated Questions Using Common Human Queries (2016)

In this paper, we challenge a form of paragraph-to-question generation task. We propose a question generation system which can generate a set of comprehensive questions from a body of text. Besides the tree kernel functions to assess the grammatically of the generated questions, our goal is to rank them by using community-based question answering systems to calculate the importance of the generated questions. The main assumption behind our work is that each body of text is related to a topic of interest and it has a comprehensive information about the topic.
AC arc discharge synthesis of single-walled nanohorns and highly convoluted graphene sheets (2007)

In this paper we report the synthesis of single-walled carbon nanohorns (SWNHs) and highly convoluted graphene sheets by AC powered arc discharge in air. The experimental strategy was based on the design of an experimental set-up able to enhance the synthesis of these compounds at the expense of the usually found cathode crust where multi-walled nanotubes are often found. In this set-up the arc discharge is ignited between pure graphite electrodes experiencing a symmetrical situation as far as the heat generation by the arc and the heat dissipation at the heat sinks is concerned. This is achieved by AC powering two electrodes of the same size and length. A cylindrical steel collector able to control the heat exchange with the surroundings completes the experimental set-up. The yield of the device, in terms of synthesis rate and of fraction of sublimated carbon converted to nanostructures, has been evaluated, and it resulted in being particularly high, indicating that AC powering can represent a key factor in the large-scale synthesis of SWNHs and highly convoluted graphene sheets by arc discharge. The structure of the synthesized powder has been determined by transmission electron microscopy.
Ultrahigh Throughput Silicon Nanomanufacturing by Simultaneous Reactive Ion Synthesis and Etching (2011)

One-dimensional nanostructures, such as nanowhisker, nanorod, nanowire, nanopillar, nanocone, nanotip, nanoneedle, have attracted significant attentions in the past decades owing to their numerous applications in electronics, photonics, energy conversion and storage, and interfacing with biomolecules and living cells. The manufacturing of nanostructured devices relies on either bottom-up approaches such as synthesis or growth process or top-down approaches such as lithography or etching process. Here we report a unique, synchronized, and simultaneous top-down and bottom-up nanofabrication approach called simultaneous plasma enhanced reactive ion synthesis and etching (SPERISE). For the first time the atomic addition and subtraction of nanomaterials are concurrently observed and precisely controlled in a single-step process permitting ultrahigh-throughput, lithography-less, wafer-scale, and room-temperature nanomanufacturing. Rapid low-cost manufacturing of high-density, high-uniformity, light-trapping nanocone arrays was demonstrated on single crystalline and polycrystalline silicon wafers, as well as amorphous silicon thin films. The proposed nanofabrication mechanisms also provide a general guideline to designing new SPERISE methods for other solid-state materials besides silicon.
Metal matrix composites : current developments and future trends in industrial research and applications (1990)

Please note that this is a Short Discount publication. Metal Matrix Composites aims to provide a state-of-the-art review in an advanced class of materials currently at the centre of an intense research and development effort worldwide. It offers the most comprehensive and up-to-date guide to current developments in this area. All information, gathered from a number of sources including Advanced Materials Corporation, Alcan International, AVCO, BP, Cray, Harwell and Rolls Royce, is as current as early 1990. The report is more concerned with techniques and technologies that have been developed for the production, processing and fabrication of MMCs than the examination in detail of the fundamental and theoretical properties of these materials. A critical comparison of the merits of the technologies developed to date is made together with relevant costs or cost predictions. Metal Matrix Composites is broken down into fifteen chapters, divided into four main parts: Part I: defines the concept of MMCs and goes on to introduce a classification. It also includes a review of MMC production, processing, matrix/reinforcement wetting and compatibility. Part II: covers the properties, processing and potential applications of cemented carbides, aluminium, magnesium, titanium and iron based on MMCs, together with other matrices. Part III: reviews applications in the automotive/aerospace industry, leisure and other sectors. Part IV: analyses future prospects in terms of costs and market forecasts, current developments worldwide and the potential for commercialisation.
Reversion of a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 integrase mutant at a second site restores enzyme function and virus infectivity (1996)

The integration of a DNA copy of the retroviral RNA genome into the host cell genome is essential for viral replication. The virion-associated integrase protein, encoded by the 3' end of the viral pol gene, is required for integration. Stable virus-producing T-cell lines were established for replication-defective human immunodeficiency virus type 1 carrying single amino acid substitutions at conserved residues in the catalytic domain of integrase. Phenotypically reverted virus was detected 12 weeks after transfection with the integrase mutant carrying the P-109-->S mutation (P109S). Unlike the defective P109S virus, the revertant virus (designated P109SR) grew in CD4+ SupT1 cells. In addition to the Ser substitution at Pro-109, P109SR had a second substitution of Ala for Thr at position 125 in integrase. Site-directed mutagenesis was used to show that the P109S T125A genotype was responsible for the P109SR replication phenotype. The T125A substitution also rescued the in vitro enzyme activities of recombinant P109S integrase protein. P109S integrase did not display detectable 3' processing or DNA strand transfer activity, although 5 to 10% of wild-type disintegration activity was detected. P109S T125A integrase displayed nearly wild-type levels of 3' processing, DNA strand transfer, and disintegration activities, confirming that T125A is a second-site intragenic suppressor of P109S. P109S integrase ran as a large aggregate on a size exclusion column, whereas wild-type integrase ran as a monomer and P109S T125A integrase ran as a mixed population. Pro-109 and Thr-125 are not immediately adjacent in the crystal structure of the integrase catalytic domain. We suggest that the T125A substitution restores integrase function by stabilizing a structural alteration(s) induced by the P109S mutation.
A Live Migration Algorithm for Virtual Machine in a Cloud Computing Environment (2015)

The cloud data center provide powerful computing environment, but in practice the average utilization of cloud servers is very low. The problem of how to schedule the resources in cloud computing when loads in the virtual machines are heavy. In this paper, a dynamic forecast schedule algorithm is introduced. The management algorithm(VM-DFM) reduces the amount of virtual machines migration.
Troponins: Redefining their limits (2010)

The diagnosis of myocardial infarction (MI) depends on a rise and/or fall of cardiac biomarkers such as troponins in the appropriate clinical context. Conventional troponin assays lack sensitivity and precision at the low serum concentrations observed in the early hours after the onset of chest pain. New, highly sensitive troponin assays may offer improved certainty in these early hours. Many of these assays can detect troponins reliably at serum concentrations that occur in patients with chronic stable heart disease and even in asymptomatic healthy individuals. Indiscriminate use of these previously undetectable concentrations for the early diagnosis of acute MI will be accompanied by reduced specificity. However, they are likely to improve risk stratification of patients with chronic heart disease. This review focuses on the available highly sensitive troponin assays and their likely use in the diagnosis of acute MI and risk stratification of patients with heart disease.
Separation of Absorption and Scattering Heterogeneities in NIR Tomographic Imaging of Tissue (2000)

Tissue in the near-infrared (NIR) is heterogeneous in both its absorption and scattering properties. Reconstruction methods for NIR imaging have, in the past, not been able to completely separate these two parameters as well as would be desired. Strategies for more complete separation of absorbing and scattering heterogeneities for reconstructed NIR tomographic images are investigated in both numerical simulations and phantom studies. In this study, two specific approaches are considered: (a) scattering reconstruction based on phase only data, and (b) the use of multiple modulation frequencies.
Cerebral perfusion assessment by bolus tracking using hyperpolarized <sup>13</sup>C (2004)

Cerebral perfusion was assessed with 13C MRI in a rat model after intravenous injections of the 13C-labeled compound bis-1,1-(hydroxymethyl)-1-13C-cyclopropane-D8 in aqueous solutions hyperpolarized by dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP). Since the tracer acted as a direct signal source, several of the problems associated with techniques based on traditional dynamic susceptibility contrast (DSC) MRI contrast agents were avoided. Maps of cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral blood volume (CBV), and mean transit time (MTT) were calculated. The MTT was determined to be 2.8 +/- 0.8 sec. However, arterial partial-volume effects in the animal model prevented accurate absolute quantification of CBF and CBV. It was demonstrated that depolarization of the hyperpolarized 13C tracer via relaxation and the imaging sequence had little influence on CBF assessment when the time resolution of the imaging sequence was short compared to the MTT. However, CBV and MTT were increasingly underestimated as MTT or the depolarization rate increased if depolarization was not taken into account. With a modified bolus-tracking theory depolarization could be compensated for, assuming that the depolarization rate was known. Three separate compensation methods were investigated experimentally and by numerical simulations.
Viscoelastic Properties of Poly(pivalolactone) (1979)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTViscoelastic Properties of Poly(pivalolactone)Joseph Noah, Robert E. Prud'homme, and Robert E. Prud'hommeCite this: Macromolecules 1979, 12, 2, 300–304Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1979Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1979https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma60068a028https://doi.org/10.1021/ma60068a028research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views79Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
SET DOMAIN GROUP2 is the major histone H3 lysine 4 trimethyltransferase in <i>Arabidopsis</i> (2010)

Posttranslational modifications of histones play important roles in modulating chromatin structure and regulating gene expression. We have previously shown that more than two thirds of Arabidopsis genes contain histone H3 methylation at lysine 4 (H3K4me) and that trimethylation of H3K4 (H3K4me3) is preferentially located at actively transcribed genes. In addition, several Arabidopsis mutants with locus-specific loss of H3K4me have been found to display various developmental abnormalities. These findings suggest that H3K4me3 may play important roles in maintaining the normal expression of a large number of genes. However, the major enzyme(s) responsible for H3K4me3 has yet to be identified in plants, making it difficult to address questions regarding the mechanisms and functions of H3K4me3. Here we described the characterization of SET DOMAIN GROUP 2 (SDG2), a large Arabidopsis protein containing a histone lysine methyltransferase domain. We found that SDG2 homologs are highly conserved in plants and that the Arabidopsis SDG2 gene is broadly expressed during development. In addition, the loss of SDG2 leads to severe and pleiotropic phenotypes, as well as the misregulation of a large number of genes. Consistent with our finding that SDG2 is a robust and specific H3K4 methyltransferase in vitro, the loss of SDG2 leads to a drastic decrease in H3K4me3 in vivo. Taken together, these results suggest that SDG2 is the major enzyme responsible for H3K4me3 in Arabidopsis and that SDG2-dependent H3K4m3 is critical for regulating gene expression and plant development.
Quantum computation (1998)

Many milestones in the history of technology have involved the discovery of new ways to harness nature, exploiting physical resources such as materials, forces and sources of energy. Information was added to this list in the 20th century when the invention of computers allowed complex information to be processed outside of the human brain.
Joint estimation of TOA and DOA in IR-UWB (2007)

This paper proposes a simple yet accurate technique for the estimation of the time-of-arrival (TOA) and direction-of- arrival (DOA) for impulse radio UWB systems. We consider the use of array processing for the joint estimation of the TOA and the DOA which, in general, provides robustness and potentially allows positioning with a single reference node. The estimator is based on a fast low complexity frequency domain estimation algorithm for the time-of- arrival, based on the estimation of the power delay spectrum by means of an FFT computation. From the TOA obtained at each array sensor, TOA and DOA are jointly estimated by by performing best linear unbiased estimator.
Nucleotide sequence of the Porphyromonas gingivalis W83 recA homolog and construction of a recA-deficient mutant (1997)

Degenerate oligonucleotide primers were used in PCR to amplify a region of the recA homolog from Porphyromonas gingivalis W83. The resulting PCR fragment was used as a probe to identify a recombinant lambda DASH phage (L10) carrying the P. gingivalis recA homolog. The recA homolog was localized to a 2.1-kb BamHI fragment. The nucleotide sequence of this 2.1-kb fragment was determined, and a 1.02-kb open reading frame (341 amino acids) was detected. The predicted amino acid sequence was strikingly similar (90% identical residues) to the RecA protein from Bacteroides fragilis. No SOS box, characteristic of LexA-regulated promoters, was found in the 5' upstream region of the P. gingivalis recA homolog. In both methyl methanesulfonate and UV survival experiments the recA homolog from P. gingivalis complemented the recA mutation of Escherichia coli HB101. The cloned P. gingivalis recA gene was insertionally inactivated with the ermF-ermAM antibiotic resistance cassette to create a recA-deficient mutant (FLL33) by allelic exchange. The recA-deficient mutant was significantly more sensitive to UV irradiation than the wild-type strain, W83. W83 and FLL33 showed the same level of virulence in in vivo experiments using a mouse model. These results suggest that the recA gene in P. gingivalis W83 plays the expected role of repairing DNA damage caused by UV irradiation. However, inactivation of this gene did not alter the virulence of P. gingivalis in the mouse model.
Interleukin-4in Experimental Murine Systemic Candidiasis (2001)

Objective 
To investigate the change of interle ukin -4(IL-4) in experimental murine systemic candidiasis.


Methods 
In the dexamethasone-induced immuno-suppressed murine systemic can didiasis models and control healthy mice,two-site ELISA and RT-PCR were applied to determine the levels of IL-4 protein or mRNA expression in the spleens respectively.Colony forming units(CFUs) of infected kidneys were determined with the plating dilution method,and the mean survival time (MST) of mice was also recorded.


Results 
The IL-4concentration in the spleen of healthy mice was 80.1±19.1pg/g. In contrast,in those infected with lethal dose of yeasts t he concentrations of IL-4 were 124.8±24.1pg/g and 262.8±21.8pg/g on 3 days or 7 days after infection respectively.Meanwhile,the fungal lo ads in kidneys were(21.25±6.31)×102CFUs and(57.52±10.41)×102 CFUs on 3 days or 7 days after infection(P<0.001).The IL-4concentrations in the spleens of immuno-suppressed mice infected with s ublethal dose of yeasts were 85.3±18.8pg/g and 140.7±37.2pg/g on 3 day s and 7 days after infection respectively(P<0.05).The tendency of the mRNA expression on 3 days and 7 days was in accordance with the protein level.The MST of the healthy mice infected with lethal dose of yeasts was 16 days and that of the immuno-suppressed mice was 12.4 days.


Conclusion 
IL-4may play a role in the pathogenesis of experimental murine systemic candidiasis.


Key words: 
Candida albicans; Interleukin-4; Candidiasis,murine
The pinocytosis of 125I-labelled poly(vinylpyrrolidone), [14C]sucrose and colloidal [198Au]gold by rat yolk sac cultured <i>in vitro</i> (1977)

The rates of uptake of 125I-labelled poly(vinylpyrrolidone), [14C]sucrose and colloidal [198Au]gold by 17.5-day rat yolk sac cultured in vitro were studied. Over a 6.5h period each substrate was accumulated at a constant and reproducible rate of approx. 2microliter/h per mg of protein. After accumulation in vitro, the three substances were released from the tissue into substrate-free medium at low rates. Sucrose present in the medium at concentrations up to 10 mg/ml was without effect on the accumulation of either [14C]sucrose or 125I-labelled poly(vinylpyrrolidone), but at higher concentrations inhibited the uptake of both substrates. Some batches of colloidal [198Au]gold had a significantly higher Endocytic Index (up to 5 microliter/h per mg of protein). The Endocytic Index of such a batch decreased with increasing substrate concentration, but colloidal gold did not decrease the Endocytic Index of 125I-labelled poly(vinylpyrrolidone). It is concluded that the three substrates enter the yolk sac by pinocytosis in the liquid phase. Those batches of colloidal [198Au]gold with higher Endocytic Indices are considered to enter also by adsorption on membrane binding-sites.
Factors affecting antibacterial activity of hop compounds and their derivatives (1992)

The antibacterial effect of weak acids derived from the hop plant (Humulus lupulus L.) increased with decreasing pH. Analysis of the minimum inhibitory concentration of such compounds against Lactobacillus brevis IFO 3960 over pH 4-7 suggests that undissociated molecules were mainly responsible for inhibition of bacterial growth. The antibacterial activity of trans-isohumulone was ca 20 times greater than that of humulone, 11 times greater than that of colupulone and nine times greater than that of trans-humulinic acid when the degree of ionization was taken into account. Monovalent cations (K+, Na+, NH4+, Rb+, Li+) stimulated antibacterial activity of trans-isohumulone but the effect was smaller than that observed with H+. The response to divalent cations varied: Ca2+ had little effect on antibacterial activity, whereas Mg2+ reduced activity. Lipid materials and beta-cyclodextrin also antagonized the antibacterial action of trans-isohumulone.