gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
InGaAsP LEDs for 1.3-μm Optical Transmission (1983)

High-radiance InGaAsP double heterostructure light-emitting diodes (LEDs) that are fast and reliable have been developed for 1.3-μm optical transmission applications. These devices are prepared by liquid phase epitaxy on InP substrates. Improved growth procedures result in large-area wafers (up to 5.4 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) with excellent uniformity and high device yields. Optical power of ∼120 μW can be launched into 0.29-NA, 62.5-μm core fiber. On the basis of accelerated reliability tests the median life of these InGaAsP LEDs is expected to exceed 4 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sup> h at 70° C and current densities up to 40 kA/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . The projected failure rate owing to output power degradation (−1 dB) is below 1 FIT. These devices are expected to be useful in lightwave systems operating at data rates ≲140 Mb/s.
Low Molecular Weight Norbornadiene Derivatives for Molecular Solar‐Thermal Energy Storage (2016)

Molecular solar-thermal energy storage systems are based on molecular switches that reversibly convert solar energy into chemical energy. Herein, we report the synthesis, characterization, and computational evaluation of a series of low molecular weight (193-260 g mol(-1) ) norbornadiene-quadricyclane systems. The molecules feature cyano acceptor and ethynyl-substituted aromatic donor groups, leading to a good match with solar irradiation, quantitative photo-thermal conversion between the norbornadiene and quadricyclane, as well as high energy storage densities (396-629 kJ kg(-1) ). The spectroscopic properties and energy storage capability have been further evaluated through density functional theory calculations, which indicate that the ethynyl moiety plays a critical role in obtaining the high oscillator strengths seen for these molecules.
Scalable and energy-efficient optical tree-based greedy router (2013)

The IP prefix lookup as a core function of today's Internet routers is becoming a bottleneck due to ever increasing throughput demands. The increase in the size of the routing tables limits the scalability of current routing architecture. Greedy routing as an alternative to IP routing does not require lookups in order to find the next hop, and neither requires storing a forwarding table in every node. In this routing, network nodes are assigned `coordinates' and the incoming packets are forwarded to the neighbours which are closer to the packets destinations. In this paper, a novel all-optical greedy router has been designed. In order to perform the greedy routing, each node is assigned an ID which determines the location of the node in the spanning tree of the network. The router is constructed through the interconnection of SOAs and directional couplers. The circuit provides high data rate and is more scalable and more energy-efficient than conventional IP routers.
Personal Bankruptcy Discharge and the Myth of the Unchecked Homestead Exemption (1991)

Recently one commentator suggested that methods of approval of discharge in modern bankruptcy law can be as arbitrary as the personalities of the varied judges hearing the proceedings.'Thus, the line between prudent pre-bankruptcy planning and fraudulent conveyances has become so blurred that it may no longer exist.The Eighth Circuit recently attempted to clear at least some of the murky waters of pre-filing bankruptcy conveyances.Critics charge, however, that confusion remains.The problem with planning before filing bankruptcy lies in the competing concerns of debtors and creditors.While creditors want as much of their debts paid as possible, debtors naturally want to preserve as much of their property as possible.Once debtors consult attorneys and elect to declare bankruptcy, their goal will be to shield as much of their assets as possible from the reach of their creditors.The law balances these two conflicting desires by using exemptions, which are categories of property beyond the creditors' reach.Depending on the location of the debtor, exemptions may be either state or federal in origin.The use of exemptions in pre-bankruptcy planning becomes most controversial when debtors elect to use various categories of state exemptions that are virtually limitless monetarily.As the debtor's use of exemptions grows monetarily, however, many courts find the debtor's actions closer to fraud.That gray area between wisely using generous state exemptions and fraudulently abusing them is the topic of this Comment.If the court finds that "the debtor, with intent to hinder, delay, or defraud a creditor," transferred property within a year of filing the bankruptcy petition, the court will deny the debtor's request for a discharge, 3 perpetuating his liability.The results of a court granting or denying discharge 1. Regarding debtors in two similar cases, Judge Frank Koger remarked that "[flor all practical purposes, there was only one difference in their bankruptcy cases, i.e.,
Robust and Decentralized Control of Web Winding Systems (2007)

This research addresses the velocity and tension regulation problems in web handling, including those found in the single element of an accumulator and those in the large-scale system settings.A continuous web winding system is a complex large-scale interconnected dynamics system with numerous tension zones to transport the web while processing it.A major challenge in controlling such systems is the unexpected disturbances that propagate through the system and affect both tension and velocity loops along the way.To solve this problem, a unique active disturbance rejection control (ADRC) strategy is proposed.Simulation results show remarkable disturbance rejection capability of the proposed control scheme in coping with large dynamic variations commonly seen in web winding systems.Another complication in web winding system stems from its large-scale and interconnected dynamics which makes control design difficult.This motivates the research in formulating a novel robust decentralized control strategy.The key idea in the proposed approach is that nonlinearities and interactions between adjunct subsystems are regarded as perturbations, to be estimated by an augmented state observer and rejected in the control loop, therefore making the local control design extremely simple.The proposed decentralized control strategy was implemented on a 3-tension-zone web winding processing v line.Simulation results show that the proposed control method leads to much better tension and velocity regulation quality than the existing controller common in industry.Finally, this research tackles the challenging problem of stability analysis.Although ADRC has demonstrated the validity and advantage in many applications, the rigorous stability study has not been fully addressed previously.To this end, stability characterization of ADRC is carried out in this work.The closed-loop system is first reformulated, resulting in a form that allows the application of the wellestablished singular perturbation method.Based on the decomposed subsystems by singular perturbation, the composite Lyapunov function method is used to determine the condition for exponential stability of the closed-loop system.
Lipid II and other bactoprenol-bound cell wall precursors as drug targets. (2010)

Bacterial cell wall biosynthesis represents an antibiotic target pathway for therapeutic intervention. An increasing number of natural antibiotic compounds have been demonstrated to inhibit the membrane-associated steps of cell wall biosynthesis by targeting bactoprenol-mediated precursor cycling, particularly at the stage of the completed building block Lipid II. These antibiotic compounds belong to various chemical classes including glycopeptides, lipopeptides and lipodepsipeptides, and lantibiotics and other antimicrobial peptides. The clinical success of vancomycin in the treatment of multiresistant Gram-positive bacteria has stimulated further development of glycopeptide antibiotics and research of other Lipid II-binding compounds. The state-of-the-art in the targeting of cell wall precursors is summarized in this review.
A flexible telepathology system (2002)

Telepathology systems involving robotic controls are often very expensive and hard to justify by telepathology providers. In this paper, a telepathology system is discussed which costs less than $25,000 while supplying excellent diagnostic-functionality and network connectivity. The architecture proposed allows for dynamic interaction between pathologists that scales to the network bandwidth. Three important factors influence diagnostic accuracy in a telepathology system. First, preliminary data supports that dynamic systems perform better than static ones mainly because of better physician interaction and the ability to visualize the proper subset of diagnostic clues. Second, a frame rate below 8 frames/sec will not convey sufficient information for real-time interaction. Last, synchronization of the video between the 2 sites ensures that proper fields are transmitted. When considering telepathology systems, one must weigh the benefits, and the costs involved in the implementation. This design represents the compromise between robotic control and static systems.
New growth factor therapies aimed at improving intestinal adaptation in short bowel syndrome (2006)

Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is used to describe a condition of malabsorption and malnutrition resulting from the loss of absorptive area following massive small bowel resection. The key to improved clinical outcome after massive small bowel resection is the ability of the residual bowel to adapt. Although still in experimental stages, a major goal in the management of SBS may be the augmented use of growth factors to promote increased adaptation. A number of growth factors have been implicated in promoting the adaptation process. The best-described growth factors are reviewed: glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2), epidermal growth factor (EGF), and growth hormone (GH). This article reviews the ability of recombinant GLP-2, EGF and GH to modulate structural and functional aspects of intestinal adaptation following small bowel resection. Although these growth factors have shown promise, small sample size, inconsistent measurement parameters and uncontrolled study designs have hampered the acquisition of strong data advocating the use of growth factor treatment for SBS. Multicenter trials using well-defined outcome measures to assess clinical efficacy are needed to direct the clinical indications, timing and duration of therapy and assess potential risks associated with growth factor therapies.
Two-atom Rydberg blockade using direct 6<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>S</mml:mi></mml:math>to<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mi>P</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>excitation (2014)

We explore a single-photon approach to Rydberg state excitation and Rydberg blockade. Using detailed theoretical models, we show the feasibility of direct excitation, predict the effect of background electric fields, and calculate the required interatomic distance to observe Rydberg blockade. We then measure and control the electric field environment to enable coherent control of Rydberg states. With this coherent control, we demonstrate Rydberg blockade of two atoms separated by 6.6(3) $\ensuremath{\mu}$m. When compared with the more common two-photon excitation method, this single-photon approach is advantageous because it eliminates channels for decoherence through photon scattering and ac Stark shifts from the intermediate state while moderately increasing Doppler sensitivity.
Principles and Applications of the Iodide Process (1959)

The thermodynamic factors favoring deposition of elements from vapors of their iodides are the low heats of formation of those iodides and the ease with which diatomic iodine dissociates at moderately high temperatures. The vapor pressure of the element and the stability of its lower iodides determine the temperature and pressure range in which deposition can occur. The lower pressure limit for deposition at a given temperature is set by the vapor pressure of the deposited element and the upper limit by the stabilities of the lower iodides. At very low pressures, deposition is a first order heterogeneous reaction, every iodide molecule which strikes the surface adding to the deposit. As the pressure is increased, the deposition rate falls off and eventually becomes zero order, the rate being governed by that at which I atoms evaporate from the saturated surface. At higher pressures the deposition reaction is diffusion‐controlled. Factors influencing the character of the deposits, the removal of impurities, and the deposition of alloys are discussed.
Acanthomatous ameloblastoma with melanin pigmentation of the maxilla:Report of a case. (1997)

A case of acanthomatous ameloblastoma with melanin pigmentation occurring in the maxilla of a 27-year-old Japanese woman is reported. The microscopic examination of the biopsy and excision specimens of the tumor revealed proliferating ameloblastic tumor cells with a network of anastomosing strands. Within some epithelial strands, discrete foci of squamous metaplasia progressing to keratin pearl formation and dystrophic calcification were observed. Dark brown melanin granules were scattered in proliferating tumor nests and stromal connective tissue.
Control of prostaglandin-induced parturition in sows by injection of the beta-adrenergic blocking agent carazolol or carazolol and oxytocin1 (1990)

Although parturition commonly is induced in swine with prostaglandin F2 alpha or one of its analogs, variation in response to the treatment is large. The purpose of this investigation was to more precisely terminate parturition. Two experiments were conducted. Sows all received prostaglandin analog followed, 20 h later, by different doses of the beta-adrenergic blocking agent carazolol and(or) oxytocin. Treatment with 3 mg of carazolol alone caused parturition to commence within 2.6 +/- .23 (SEM) h after injection. Parturition was complete in 2.0 +/- .13 h and proceeded smoothly without the necessity of manual assistance. Adding 2.5 I.U. of oxytocin to the 3 mg of carazolol speeded the onset of labor (1.7 +/- .17 h). However, in some cases parturition was interrupted and the time passing between the birth of the first and the last piglet was prolonged to 2.5 +/- .28 h. We conclude that by applying carazolol 20 h after a prostaglandin analog, parturition in swine may be terminated very effectively.
In vitro heme O synthesis by the cyoE gene product from Escherichia coli. (1993)

The cytochrome bo complex is a heme-copper terminal quinol oxidase in the aerobic respiratory chain of Escherichia coli and contains low spin heme B, high spin heme O and CuB as the redox metal centers in subunit I. Based on site-directed mutagenesis studies on the cyoE gene in the cytochrome bo operon, we have postulated that the cyoE gene encodes a protoheme IX farnesyltransferase (heme O synthase) (Saiki, K., Mogi, T., and Anraku, Y. (1992) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 189, 1491-1497). The present study demonstrates that the CyoE protein is localized in the cytoplasmic membrane and that the CyoE-overproduced membranes efficiently catalyze a conversion of exogenous ferrous protoheme IX and farnesyl diphosphate to heme O in the presence of divalent cations such as Mg2+ or Ca2+. Thus, the cyoABCDE operon in E. coli encodes not only subunits of the cytochrome bo complex but also heme O synthase that is specifically required for functional expression of the bo-type quinol oxidase. Heme O seems to be an intermediate in heme A biosynthesis.
An optical method of measuring transverse surface velocity (1968)

The velocity of a moving surface can be found by detecting the movement of small areas of differing reflectivity past a light pattern, or by viewing them through a suitable mask. The existence of surface irregularities has been demonstrated, and an analysis carried out of the type of signal generated in a photocell by such means. The results show the potential of, and the requirements for, a high accuracy system.
Default in the outpatient treatment of tuberculosis in two hospitals in Northern India. (1990)

Default was a major problem irrespective of the follow up procedures employed. Recommendations are made concerning treatment and follow up, including better communication about the disease and its treatment, active follow up of defaulters, and review of treatment policies.
Phononic crystals based on LiNbO<sub>3</sub> realized using domain inversion by electron-beam irradiation (2008)

We report in this paper about the realization of domain inversion in z-cut lithium niobate by electron beam irradiation in order to perform phononic crystals. The fabrication of these phononic crystals on z-cut LiNbO3, which is, in our case, a periodic repetition of voids and LiNbO3, was achieved by domain inversion followed by wet etching, taking advantage of the large difference in etching rate between z+ and z- faces. A pertinent choice of irradiation conditions such as accelerating voltage, beam current, and charge density was determined and optimized. Two-dimensional structures at the micrometer scale were then realized on z-cut LiNbO3. We demonstrate the achievement of hexagons with diameters between 2 microm and 18 microm, with a very important depth close to 30 microm, which depends on the etching time and the hole size. The obtained structures, which exhibit a filling fraction varying from 1% to 64%, were characterized before etching by polarizing microscope to visualize the inverted domains. After HF etching, scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the obtained phononic structures. Taking into account the obtained filling fraction values and the size of created hexagons, the frequency band gap of these structures is expected at a range of 200 to 350 MHz. As expected in this frequency range, we have proven experimentally the existence of the phononic band gap on z-cut LiNbO3 by combination of a realized phononic crystal with a surface acoustic wave (SAW) device.
Control signal sharing using data-path delay information at control data flow graph descriptions (2003)

Due to the state explosion problem, signal transition graph based asynchronous circuit synthesis cannot handle large specifications. To overcome this problem, we propose two control signal sharing methods by using the delay information of data-path circuit. Since the number of states is exponential with the number of signals in the synthesis, the reduction of signals by sharing can reduce the number of states in exponential order. They are carried out at the control of data path operations which is represented as a control flow graph description, without sacrificing the critical path delay of the data-path circuit. Experimental results are encouraging in that a number of control signals can be shared by our methods.
Noise suppression with synthesis windowing and pseudo noise injection (2002)

A noise suppression algorithm with synthesis windowing and pseudo noise injection is proposed. A synthesis window function is applied between inverse transform and overlap-add processing for smooth transition at frame boundaries. The pseudo noise injection modifies the spectral gain based on its nonlinearity. It is selectively disabled for stationary noise so that possible distortion is minimized. Evaluations including subjective assessment show that annoyable peaks of the background noise are suppressed by as much as 15 dB, resulting in a better MOS than that by the EVRC noise suppressor.
Enrichment of Lithium Isotope by Novel Ion Exchanger Containing Azacrown Ether as Anchor Group (1998)

Separation factor for and has been determined using ion exchange resin having 1,7,13-trioxa-4,10,16-triazacyclooctadecane () as an anchor group. The ion exchange capacity of the ion exchanger was 2.0 meq/g dry resin. The lighter isotope, , is concentrated in the fluid phase, while the heavier isotope, , is enriched in the resin phase. By column chromatography [0.3 cm(I.D)30 cm (height)] using 3.0 M ammonium chloride solution as an eluent, single separation factor, , 1.018, i.e. was obtained by the Glueckauf theory from the elution curve and isotope ratios.
Development of a Bridge Weigh-in-Motion Sensor: Performance Comparison Using Fiber Optic and Electric Resistance Strain Sensor Systems (2014)

This paper addresses the problems of effective <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">in situ</i> measurement of the real-time strain for bridge weigh in motion in reinforced concrete bridge structures through the use of optical fiber sensor systems. By undertaking a series of tests, coupled with dynamic loading, the performance of fiber Bragg grating-based sensor systems with various amplification techniques were investigated. In recent years, structural health monitoring (SHM) systems have been developed to monitor bridge deterioration, to assess load levels and hence extend bridge life and safety. Conventional SHM systems, based on measuring strain, can be used to improve knowledge of the bridge’s capacity to resist loads but generally give no information on the causes of any increase in stresses. Therefore, it is necessary to find accurate sensors capable of capturing peak strains under dynamic load and suitable methods for attaching these strain sensors to existing and new bridge structures. Additionally, it is important to ensure accurate strain transfer between concrete and steel, adhesives layer, and strain sensor. The results show the benefits in the use of optical fiber networks under these circumstances and their ability to deliver data when conventional sensors cannot capture accurate strains and/or peak strains.
Role of Dermal Melanocytes in Cutaneous Pigmentation of Stasis Dermatitis:A Histopathological Study of 20 Cases (2002)

Stasis dermatitis is an itchy, scaly, and hyperpigmented condition of the lower leg due to venous insufficiency. Hemosiderin and/or melanin have been considered responsible for the brown pigmentation. However, there are not sufficient histopathologic studies. In this retrospective study the hospital records and biopsy slides of 20 patients were reviewed to determine the pathogenetic mechanisms of brown pigmentation in stasis dermatitis. Fifteen were men (75%) and 5 were women (25%) with a mean age of 46.2+/-8.2 yr (18-76), mean age at onset of 43.4+/-18.0 yr (17-73), and a mean duration of the disease 2.8+/-2.5 yr (0.25-10). All patients had varicose vein and complained of pruritus. On histopathologic evaluation, two cases out of 20 (3 skin biopsy specimens from 25 samples) showed dermal melanocytes containing melanin, and incontinence of melanin pigment was observed in 5 cases, which indicates that melanin pigments from epidermis could contribute to cutaneous pigmentation in stasis dermatitis. However, the existence of dermal melanocytes in two cases cannot be explained because normally the dermis contains no melanocytes. Further studies concerning the role of iron or inflammatory cytokines on the development of dermal melanocytes should be conducted.
Single port access laparoscopic subtotal hysterectomy using contained manual morcellation: Experience from a tertiary referral center in Taiwan (2018)

Single port access LSH using contained manual morcellation represents a safe and feasible alternative to conventional LSH using open power morcellation.