gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering</i> Virtual Special Issue on Recent Advances in Biomass Characterization and Modeling (2020)

Recognizing the importance of biomass characterization and modeling, a virtual special issue (VSI) entitled Recent Advances in Biomass Characterization and Modeling was organized to showcase the recent contributions to this emerging field. This VSI features contributions from leading scientists in the biorefinery field, intending to provide the readers with the latest advances in analytical methodology and modeling to characterize biomass feedstocks and biomass-derived products. Further, the VSI contains perspectives and research articles. Advanced analytical methods that measure the mechanical, chemical, physical, biological, and other properties of biomass and biomass pyrolysis products are described along with their application’s limitations in two perspectives. Biomass is a multicomponent/multiscale, complex, nonconducting, and highly heterogeneous material; thus, it could be problematic for many characterization techniques. Traditional biomass analysis tools that are slow, laborious, and generally require harsh reagents have been replaced or supplemented by simpler and more rapid chromatographic and spectroscopic approaches such as GC-MS, HPLC, FTIR, Raman, and NMR spectroscopies.
Efficient Processing of DNA Ends during Yeast Nonhomologous End Joining (1999)

Repair of DNA double strand breaks by nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) requires enzymatic processing beyond simple ligation when the terminal bases are damaged or not fully compatible. We transformed yeast with a series of linearized plasmids to examine the role of Pol4 (Pol IV, DNA polymerase beta) in repair at a variety of end configurations. Mutation of POL4 did not impair DNA polymerase-independent religation of fully compatible ends and led to at most a 2-fold reduction in the frequency of joins that require only DNA polymerization. In contrast, the frequency of joins that also required removal of a 5'- or 3'-terminal mismatch was markedly reduced in pol4 (but not rev3, exo1, apn1, or rad1) yeast. In a chromosomal double strand break assay, pol4 mutation conferred a marked increase in sensitivity to HO endonuclease in a rad52 background, due primarily to loss of an NHEJ event that anneals with a 3'-terminal mismatch. The NHEJ activity of Pol4 was dependent on its nucleotidyl transferase function, as well as its unique amino terminus. Paradoxically, in vitro analyses with oligonucleotide substrates demonstrated that although Pol4 fills gaps with displacement of mismatched but not matched 5' termini, it lacks both 5'- and 3'-terminal nuclease activities. Pol4 is thus specifically recruited to perform gap-filling in an NHEJ pathway that must also involve as yet unidentified nucleases.
Dystrophy and myogenesis inmdx diaphragm muscle (1998)

In order to determine why the diaphragm is more severely affected by progressive dystrophy than limb muscles in the mdx mouse, we examined how regional variations in diaphragm dystrophy, the measures of disease and repair, proliferation by committed myogenic cells, and the expression of mitogenic basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) could contribute to muscle-specific disease phenotypes. There were regional variations in new myotube formation in the diaphragm, with disease more severe in crural than costal leaflets. New repair increased in hyperthyroidism without changes in accumulated repair, probably due to fiber loss. General proliferation was nearly twofold higher in limb than diaphragm mononuclear cells. Since only 2.5-8.4% of committed muscle precursors were proliferating, the higher proliferation by myf5+ myogenic cells in diaphragm did not account for muscle-specific differences. Proliferation by bFGF+ mononuclear cells and an immunogold labeling index for bFGF protein in diaphragm myoblasts were lower in diaphragm than limb muscle. In culture, mixed limb myoblast and fibroblasts contained more S phase cells than diaphragm cells, although myoblasts cycled similarly between muscles. Therefore while muscle architecture and the formation and number of new myotubes certainly affect disease phenotype, the differential outcome of regeneration in mdx diaphragm and limb muscle appears to be contributed by both nonmyogenic and myogenic cells.
Conversion of xanthine dehydrogenase to oxidase in ischemic rat tissues. (1987)

In response to global ischemia, tissue xanthine dehydrogenase was converted to xanthine oxidase in all tissues with half-times of conversion at 37 degrees C of approximately 3.6, 6, 7, and 14 h for the liver, kidney, heart, and lung, respectively. The time course of enzyme conversion at 4 degrees C was greatly extended with half-conversion times of 6, 5, 5, and 6 d for the respective tissues. Increases in xanthine oxidase activity were accompanied by the appearance of a distinct new protein species with greater electrophoretic mobility. The oxidase from ischemic rat liver was purified 781-fold and found to migrate with a higher mobility on native gels than the purified native dehydrogenase. Sodium dodecyl sulfate profiles revealed the presence of a single major band of 137 kD for the native dehydrogenase, whereas the oxidase had been partially cleaved generating polypeptides of 127, 91, and 57 kD. Polypeptide patterns for the oxidase resemble those seen following limited in vitro proteolysis of the native dehydrogenase supporting a proteolytic mechanism for the conversion of xanthine dehydrogenase to oxidase in ischemic rat liver.
Rapid Recovery of Wide-Bandwidth Photothermal Signals via Homodyne Photothermal Spectrometry: Theory and Methodology (1993)

Homodyne photothermal spectrometry (HPS) is a very wide bandwidth signal recovery technique which uses many of the elements of lock-in detection at very low cost. The method uses a frequency sweep, with a high-frequency bandwidth of up to 10 MHz, to excite a linear photothermal system. The response sweep of the photothermal system is downshifted into a bandwidth of a few kilohertz by means of in-phase mixing with the excitation sweep with the use of a four-quadrant double-balanced mixer and a low-pass filter. Under conditions derived from theory, the filter output gives a good approximation to the real part of the photothermal system's frequency response, dispersed as a function of time. From a recording of this signal, the frequency and impulse response of the photothermal system are rapidly recovered at very high resolution. The method has been tested with the use of laser photopyroelectric effect spectrometry and provides an inexpensive, convenient method for the recovery of high-frequency photothermal signals.
Changes in Nutritional Status Impact Immune Cell Metabolism and Function (2018)

Immune cell function and metabolism are closely linked. Many studies have now clearly demonstrated that alterations in cellular metabolism influence immune cell function and that, conversely, immune cell function determines the cellular metabolic state. Less well understood, however, are the effects of systemic metabolism or whole organism nutritional status on immune cell function and metabolism. Several studies have demonstrated that undernutrition is associated with immunosuppression, which leads to both increased susceptibility to infection and protection against several types of autoimmune disease, whereas overnutrition is associated with low-grade, chronic inflammation that increases the risk of metabolic and cardiovascular disease, promotes autoreactivity, and disrupts protective immunity. Here, we review the effects of nutritional status on immunity and highlight the effects of nutrition on circulating cytokines and immune cell populations in both human studies and mouse models. As T cells are critical members of the immune system, which direct overall immune response, we will focus this review on the influence of systemic nutritional status on T cell metabolism and function. Several cytokines and hormones have been identified which mediate the effects of nutrition on T cell metabolism and function through the expression and action of key regulatory signaling proteins. Understanding how T cells are sensitive to both inadequate and overabundant nutrients may enhance our ability to target immune cell metabolism and alter immunity in both malnutrition and obesity.
Purification and characterization of an inducible L‐lysine: 2‐oxoglutarate 6‐aminotransferase from <i>Candida utilis</i> (1992)

L-Lysine:2-oxoglutarate 6-aminotransferase (EC 2.1.6.36) was purified 202-fold from the yeast Candida utilis. The subunit Mr estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis was 40 kDa. The Mr of the native enzyme was estimated to be 83 kDa by gel filtration, suggesting a dimeric structure. The enzyme exhibits absorption maxima at 280, 340 and 420 nm, and binds 2 mol pyridoxal-5-phosphate/mol of the native enzyme. The aminotransferase has a maximum activity at pH 8.5 and at 4 degrees C. 2-Oxoglutarate is the best amino acceptor with L-lysine as amino donor. Lower activity is observed with oxaloacetate (38%), pyruvate (19%) and 2-oxoadipate (7%) as acceptor or with L-thialysine (13%) as donor. The Km values are 2.5 mM for L-lysine, 3.8 mM for 2-oxoglutarate and 0.015 mM for pyridoxal-5-phosphate. The enzyme activity is induced in cells grown in the presence of L-lysine.
Mechanisms of smooth muscle contraction (1996)

Work performed with differentiated contractile smooth muscle tissue over the last two decades has made clear that covalent modification of myosin by phosphorylation of the 20-kDa myosin light chains is a significant mode of regulation of contractile activity in smooth muscle, particularly in regard to the generation of phasic contractions and the initial development of tonic contractions. This regulatory mechanism appears to be of unique importance in smooth muscle compared with striated muscle. It is equally clear, however, that there is an important role for protein kinase C in the regulation of smooth muscle tone maintenance, particularly in vascular smooth muscle. Several possible signal transduction cascades involving protein kinase C are outlined. Increasing evidence suggests a link between protein kinase C and actin-based regulatory mechanisms. This review places emphasis on relating up-to-date biochemical facts to the physiological realities of the smooth muscle cell.
A Parallel Circuit Model for Multi‐State Resistive‐Switching Random Access Memory (2011)

Abstract Large, rapidly growing literature is available on bipolar resistive‐switching random access memories (RRAM) made of myriad of simple and advanced materials. Many of them exhibit similar resistance switching behavior but, until now, no unifying model can allow quantification of their voltage and time responses. Using a simple parallel circuit model, these responses of a newly discovered RRAM made of a thin‐film random material are successfully analyzed. The analysis clearly reveals a large population of intermediate states with remarkably similar switching characteristics. Such modeling framework based on simple circuit constructs also appears applicable to several RRAM made of other materials. This simple approach to analyze data write/rewrite and memory retention in RRAM may aid their further understanding and development.
Dual-source computed tomography in patients with acute chest pain: feasibility and image quality (2007)

The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility and image quality of dual-source computed tomography angiography (DSCTA) in patients with acute chest pain for the assessment of the lung, thoracic aorta, and for pulmonary and coronary arteries. Sixty consecutive patients (32 female, 28 male, mean age 58.1+/-16.3 years) with acute chest pain underwent contrast-enhanced electrocardiography-gated DSCTA without prior beta-blocker administration. Vessel attenuation of different thoracic vascular territories was measured, and image quality was semi-quantitatively analyzed by two independent readers. Image quality of the thoracic aorta was diagnostic in all 60 patients, image quality of pulmonary arteries was diagnostic in 59, and image quality of coronary arteries was diagnostic in 58 patients. Pairwise intraindividual comparisons of attenuation values were small and ranged between 1+/-6 HU comparing right and left coronary artery and 56+/-9 HU comparing the pulmonary trunk and left ventricle. Mean attenuation was 291+/-65 HU in the ascending aorta, 334+/-93 HU in the pulmonary trunk, and 285+/-66 HU and 268+/-67 HU in the right and left coronary artery, respectively. DSCTA is feasible and provides diagnostic image quality of the thoracic aorta, pulmonary and coronary arteries in patients with acute chest pain.
Temperature-Sensitive Mutants of p16<i><sup>CDKN2</sup></i> Associated with Familial Melanoma (1996)

Altered expression or function of the p16CDKN2 tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 9p21 occurs in a wide range of human tumors, and mutations in the gene have been shown to segregate with familial predisposition to malignant melanoma. We have used a variety of assays to examine the functional properties of tumor-associated alleles, including eight premature termination mutants, eight missense mutants, and three isoforms of p16 initiated at different amino-terminal methionine codons. The amino- and carboxy-terminal domains of the protein, outside the ankyrin-like repeats, appeared to be dispensable, but the majority of the premature termination mutations led to loss of function. Of the missense mutations tested, four displayed clear loss of function whereas two behaved like the wild type under all conditions tested. The remaining two mutations, a G-to-W mutation at position 101 (Gl01W) and V126D, both of which are associated with familial melanoma, were found to be temperature sensitive for binding to Cdk4 and Cdk6 in vitro, for inhibiting cyclin D1-Cdk4 in a reconstituted pRb-kinase assay, and for increasing the proportion of G1-phase cells following transfection. These findings clarify previous disparities and argue strongly that p16CDKN2 is a bona fide tumor suppressor associated with familial melanoma.
Assessment of four neural network based classifiers to automatically detect red lesions in retinal images (2010)

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is an important cause of visual impairment in industrialised countries. Automatic detection of DR early markers can contribute to the diagnosis and screening of the disease. The aim of this study was to automatically detect one of such early signs: red lesions (RLs), like haemorrhages and microaneurysms. To achieve this goal, we extracted a set of colour and shape features from image regions and performed feature selection using logistic regression. Four neural network (NN) based classifiers were subsequently used to obtain the final segmentation of RLs: multilayer perceptron (MLP), radial basis function (RBF), support vector machine (SVM) and a combination of these three NNs using a majority voting (MV) schema. Our database was composed of 115 images. It was divided into a training set of 50 images (with RLs) and a test set of 65 images (40 with RLs and 25 without RLs). Attending to performance and complexity criteria, the best results were obtained for RBF. Using a lesion-based criterion, a mean sensitivity of 86.01% and a mean positive predictive value of 51.99% were obtained. With an image-based criterion, a mean sensitivity of 100%, mean specificity of 56.00% and mean accuracy of 83.08% were achieved.
Mobile phone radiation-induced free radical damage in the liver is inhibited by the antioxidants n-acetyl cysteine and epigallocatechin-gallate (2010)

Mobile phone-like radiation induces oxidative damage and changes the activities of antioxidant enzymes in the liver. The adverse effect of RFR may be related to the duration of mobile phone use. NAC and EGCG protect the liver tissue against the RFR-induced oxidative damage and enhance antioxidant enzyme activities.
Operation of AM Broadcast Transmitters into Sharply Tuned Antenna Systems (1949)

The impedance of some broadcast antenna arrays varies so much over the transmitted band as to impair the performance of the radio transmitter. The impairment consists in clipping of sidebands and distortion of the envelope at high modulation frequencies. This paper reports on an experimental determination of the nature and magnitude of this impairment and on its substantial reduction by suitable coupling methods.
High endothelial venules as traffic control points maintaining lymphocyte population homeostasis in lymph nodes (2011)

Millions of lymphocytes enter and exit mammal lymph nodes (LNs) each day, accessing the parenchyma via high endothelial venules (HEVs) and egressing via lymphatics. Despite this high rate of cellular flux and the many entry and exit sites within a given LN, the number of lymphocytes present in a resting LN is extraordinary stable over time, raising the question of how this steady-state is maintained. Here we have examined the anatomic details of lymphocyte movement in HEVs, finding that HEVs create pockets within which lymphocytes reside for several minutes before entering the LN proper. The function of these pockets was revealed in experiments performed under conditions in which lymphocyte egress from the LN was compromised by any of several approaches. Under such conditions, the HEVs pockets behaved as "waiting areas" in which lymphocytes were held until space was made available to them for entry into the parenchyma. Thus, rather than being simple entry ports, HEVs act as gatekeepers able to stack, hold and grant lymphocytes access to LN parenchyma in proportion to the rate of lymphocyte egress from the LN, enabling the LN to maintain a constant steady-state cellularity while supporting the extensive cellular trafficking necessary for repertoire scanning.
Efficacy of Cetuximab in Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer Might Depend on EGFR and PTEN Expression: Results from a Phase II Trial (SAKK 08/07) (2012)

EGFR inhibition with cetuximab might improve the outcome of patients with mCRPC. A potential correlation between EGFR overexpression, persistent expression of PTEN, and EGFR inhibition should be investigated further.
Trapping the Stable Fly by Using CO2 or CO as Attractants1 (1970)

Malaise traps baited with CO2 or CO (both gases released at 3 liter per minute) and experimental control traps without any gas released were operated on a dairy ranch on 3 consecutive days. The experimental design, a double 3×3 Latin square, was balanced for both site and day effects. The traps at which CO2 was released caught about 3 times as many stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L..), as did either the traps at which CO was released or the experimental control traps. These results are significant at the 0.005 level. There were no significant differences between the numbers of flies caught at the CO-baited trap and the numbers caught in the experimental control traps.
The Ca<sub>v</sub>2.3 calcium channel antagonist SNX‐482 reduces dorsal horn neuronal responses in a rat model of chronic neuropathic pain (2007)

Neuropathic pain is a difficult state to treat, characterized by alterations in sensory processing that can include allodynia (touch-evoked pain). Evidence exists for nerve damage-induced plasticity in both transmission and modulatory systems, including changes in voltage-dependent calcium channel (VDCC) expression and function; however, the role of Ca(v)2.3 calcium channels has not clearly been defined. Here, the effects of SNX-482, a selective Ca(v)2.3 antagonist, on sensory transmission at the spinal cord level have been investigated in the rat. The spinal nerve ligation (SNL) model of chronic neuropathic pain [Kim & Chung, (1992)Pain, 50, 355-363] was used to induce mechanical allodynia, as tested on the ipsilateral hindpaw. In vivo electrophysiological measurements of dorsal horn neuronal responses to innocuous and noxious electrical and natural stimuli were made after SNL and compared to sham-operated animals. Spinal SNX-482 (0.5-4 microg/50 microL) exerted dose-related inhibitions of noxious C-fibre- and Adelta-fibre-mediated neuronal responses in conditions of neuropathy, but not in sham-operated animals. Measures of spinal cord hyperexcitability and nociception were most susceptible to SNX-482. In contrast, non-noxious Abeta-mediated responses were not affected by SNX-482. Moreover, responses to innocuous mechanical and also thermal stimuli were more sensitive to SNX-482 in SNL than control animals. This study is the first to demonstrate an antinociceptive role for SNX-482-sensitive channels in dorsal horn neurons during neuropathy. These data are consistent with plasticity in Ca(V)2.3 calcium channel expression and suggest a potential selective target to reduce nociceptive transmission during conditions of nerve damage.
투자 행동에서의 성별효과 연구: 남,여 투자자의 감정반응 및 감정조절을 중심으로 (2010)

투자의사결정(financial decision making)은 위험지각이 크면서 소비자 재무 상태에 큰 영향을 미치기 때문에 소비자 연구에서 중요한 영역이라 할 수 있다. 금융서비스 영역에서 투자 상품 소비자의 성별 차이는 전문성 및 경험, 소득, 교육수준 등의 데모 변수와 함께 투자자들의 투자 행동을 이해하는 중요한 요인이다. 그러나 남여투자자의 감정적, 심리적 기제를 다룬 투자 행동에서의 성별 효과에 관한 연구는 부족하였다. 본 연구는 남여투자자가 손익의 투자 성과에 대한 감정 반응 및 손실의 부정적 감정조절전략에서 어떠한 차이를 가지는지를 분석하였다. Kermer et al.(2006)의 연구방법론을 적용한 모의투자 실험을 실시하였고, 통계분석 시 소득과 투자관련 전문성을 통제한 후 감정조절 시 남·여 성별차이를 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 여성투자자들은 남성투자자에 비해 손익의 감정을 더 강하게 경험하는 것으로 나타났다. 손실에 대한 실망과 고통을 느끼기 전에 부정적 감정 반응을 안정적으로 제어할 수 있다면 투자 성과에 긍정 영향을 얻을 수 있다. 감정조절 이론에 의하면 인지적재평가 전략이 손실 감정을 줄이는 가장 효과적인 전략이다. 부정적 손실 감정의 강도는 외부귀인 경향이 클수록, 인지적 재평가 경향이 낮을수록 더 커지는 것으로 나타났다. 손실 감정을 조절하는 감정조절 전락에서 여성투자자는 전반적으로 남성투자자보다 시장상황 및 타인에 대한 외부 귀인 경향이 더 크고 인지적 재평가 작업에는 남성보다 소극적인 것으로 나타났다. 선행연구에 따르면 여성투자자는 일반적으로 남성투자자보다 위험 추구성향이 낮으며, 과잉확신의 오류가 적다. 그리고 위험추구 및 과잉확신은 투자 성과에 악영향을 준다는 것이 선행 연구의 일반적인 결론이다. 여성투자자가 감정적 안정성 (stability)을 획득할 경우 그들의 투자전망은 매우 밝다고 할 수 있을 것이다. 여성투자자 중에서도 외부귀인 경향이 큰 그룹과 작은 그룹 간에는 부정적 감정 반응의 강도가 유의하게 달랐는데, 부정적인 손실 감정을 줄일 수 있는 경우에는 투자성과가 개선되므로 여성 투자자의 경우 외부귀인을 줄이고 인지적 재평가를 통해 감정조절 전략을 적극적으로 사용할 수 있도록 유도하는 것이 중요할 것으로 보인다.
Protein Oxidation Implicated as the Primary Determinant of Bacterial Radioresistance (2007)

In the hierarchy of cellular targets damaged by ionizing radiation (IR), classical models of radiation toxicity place DNA at the top. Yet, many prokaryotes are killed by doses of IR that cause little DNA damage. Here we have probed the nature of Mn-facilitated IR resistance in Deinococcus radiodurans, which together with other extremely IR-resistant bacteria have high intracellular Mn/Fe concentration ratios compared to IR-sensitive bacteria. For in vitro and in vivo irradiation, we demonstrate a mechanistic link between Mn(II) ions and protection of proteins from oxidative modifications that introduce carbonyl groups. Conditions that inhibited Mn accumulation or Mn redox cycling rendered D. radiodurans radiation sensitive and highly susceptible to protein oxidation. X-ray fluorescence microprobe analysis showed that Mn is globally distributed in D. radiodurans, but Fe is sequestered in a region between dividing cells. For a group of phylogenetically diverse IR-resistant and IR-sensitive wild-type bacteria, our findings support the idea that the degree of resistance is determined by the level of oxidative protein damage caused during irradiation. We present the case that protein, rather than DNA, is the principal target of the biological action of IR in sensitive bacteria, and extreme resistance in Mn-accumulating bacteria is based on protein protection.