gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Assessing the functionality of viral entry-associated domains of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus during inactivation procedures, a potential tool to optimize inactivated vaccines (2009)

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) causes severe economic losses in the pig industry worldwide. Currently, vaccines based on inactivated PRRSV provide limited protection of pigs against infection, most likely because viral epitopes associated with the induction of neutralizing antibodies are not or poorly conserved during inactivation. To analyze the effect of inactivation procedures on the interaction of PRRSV with receptors involved in virus entry, a new assay was set up in this study. Viral entry-associated domains are most likely important for the induction of neutralizing antibodies, since neutralizing antibodies block interaction of PRRSV with cellular receptors. To investigate the interaction of PRRSV with the cellular receptors upon different inactivation procedures, attachment to and internalization of inactivated PRRSV into macrophages were monitored. AT-2 could not inactivate PRRSV completely and is therefore not useful for vaccine development. PRRSV inactivated with ultraviolet light, binary ethyleneimine and gamma irradiation, which all mainly have an effect at the genomic level, showed no difference compared to control live virus at all levels of virus entry, whereas PRRSV treated with formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde and pH changes, which all have a modifying effect on proteins, was not able to internalize into macrophages anymore. These results suggest that inactivation with methods with a main effect on the viral genome preserve PRRSV entry-associated domains and are useful for future development of an effective inactivated vaccine against PRRSV. Although PRRSV incubation at 37 degrees C can completely inactivate PRRSV with preservation of entry-associated domains, this method is not recommended for vaccine development, since the mechanism is yet unknown.
Room-Temperature Red Emission from a p-Type/Europium-Doped/n-Type Gallium Nitride Light-Emitting Diode under Current Injection (2009)

We have succeeded in the growth of europium (Eu)-doped GaN layer grown by organometallic vapor-phase epitaxy (OMVPE) and demonstrated the first low-voltage operation of current-injected red emission from a p-type/Eu-doped/n-type GaN light-emitting diode (LED) at room temperature. The bright red emission was obtained with an applied voltage as low as 3 V under normal lighting conditions. At a dc current of 20 mA, the output power, integrated over the 5D0–7F2 transition in Eu3+ ions (around 621 nm), was 1.3 µW. This result suggests a novel way to realize GaN-based red LEDs and monolithic devices comprising red, green and blue GaN-based LEDs.
NPC 15669 blocks neutrophil CD18 increase and lung injury during cardiopulmonary bypass in pigs (1993)

During cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), neutrophils become activated due to contact with extracorporeal surfaces and binding of complement fragments C3a and C5a, leading to extravasation and subsequent tissue damage. In this study, the effects of the leumedin NPC 15669 (N [9H - (2,7 dimethylfluorenyl - 9 - methoxy) car bonyl]-L-leucine), a leukocyte recruitment inhibitor, were evaluated in a pig model of CPB. NPC 15669 caused significant inhibition of CPB associated increase in CD18 upregulation, lung tissue myeloperoxidase content, and percentage wet weight compared to controls. Lung histology revealed clear airways and minimal neutrophil infiltration in treated animals vs. significant oedema and cellular infiltration in controls. It is concluded that CPB causes a dramatic increase in neutrophil CD18, and that leumedins are effective in inhibiting neutrophil activation and subsequent tissue injury when administered during CPB.
Effect of Austempering Duration on Erosion Wear Resistance of ADI by Al<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> Particle (2003)

Effect of the duration of austempering on particle erosion wear resistance of ADI was studied. In short duration (Stage I) region, a fair amount of martensite phase can be recognized, and hence deterioration of erosion wear resistance. In initial Stage II, the austempering region (0.5 hr duration) is free of carbide. If prolonged the austempering duration, the retained austenite amount tend to decrease and hence carbide formation. Even if slightly increase of carbide amount that still can play an important role on debasing wear resistance, resulted from the alternation of erosion behavior. Erosion-induced phase transformation of retained austenite also can be determined that is generality transformed to ε-carbide.
Development of Simulated Directional Audio for Cockpit Applications (1986)

The long-term objective of this work is to develop techniques for conveying accurate spatial information via audio signals delivered to the listener through headphones or earphones. This project included three major activities: (1) an extensive review and synthesis of the research literature on auditory localization, (2) the design, fabrication, and evaluation of an apparatus for demonstrating simulated auditory localization (SAL), and (3) experimental research to determine characteristics of the audio signal, in the time and frequency domains, which enhance localization performance with simulated cues. Previous research is reviewed which describes the cues involved in the perception of sound-source direction, both horizontally and vertically, when the head is stationary. Also reviewed is research on auditory distance perception, the roles of head movement and vision in auditory localization, the perception of auditory motion and volume, and the effects of noise on auditory localization. A feedback control model is presented, which integrates evidence derived from four different theoretical positions concerning the effects of head movement and vision on auditory localization. Possible applications of SAL technology in aircraft cockpits are outlined, and the potential benefits of such applications are discussed. Topic areas in auditory localization are identified where further basic research is needed to support the development of Sal into a valuable pilot aid.
Serum Antibody to Inner Ear Proteins in Patients With Progressive Hearing Loss (1994)

These results indicate that the presence of circulating antibody to a 68-kd constituent of bovine inner ear extract serves as a marker for IPBSNHL and that its presence correlates with disease activity and responsiveness to corticosteroid treatment.
Towards an analytical model for characterising behaviour of high-speed VVoIP applications (2005)

The use of high-speed multimedia technologies such as MPEG-based interactive Videoconferencing and IPTV for delivering Television content over the Internet is becoming increasingly common. With commercial vendors and content providers envisioning products and services for delivering audiovisual content equipped with greater user-control and higher resolutions, there has arisen a significant demand to identify and quantify various bottlenecks in the Internet to better support such ventures. In this paper, we attempt to develop an analytical model that reflects the effects of various device factors and network factors that affect the performance of highspeed interactive audiovisual streams, i.e. the ultimate end-user perception of audiovisual quality. To develop our model, we use a set of experimental results obtained in both a LAN as well as on an Internet testbed.
A Novel Approach for MIMO Adaptive Equalization Based on Affine Projection Algorithm (2006)

In this paper, a reduced complexity adaptive decision feedback equalization approach based on affine projection algorithm (APA) is proposed for multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) time-varying frequency selective channels. Computational complexities of APA-based adaptive decision feedback equalization (AP-DFE), least mean-squares (LMS-DFE) and recursive least squares (RLS-DFE) algorithms are compared. The proposed technique provides fast convergence speed and low computational complexity. Simulation results show that AP-DFE adaptive equalization algorithm outperforms LMS-DFE algorithm and can obtain significant computation saving over RLS-DFE algorithm with approximately the same BER performance.
Design and Simulation of Circuit for Synchronization of Multidelay Feedback Systems (2009)

This paper presents the design of electronic circuit for multidelay feedback systems and synchronization of multidelay feedback systems. There, dynamical equation for driving signal is in the form of the sum of multiple nonlinear transformations of delayed state variable. The circuit of modified Mackey-Glass system and synchronization are demonstrated by SPICE. The simulation results proof the existence of the scheme of complete synchronization between the Master and Slave and synchronization is maintained during interaction.
Use of Site-directed Chemical Modification to Study an Essential Lysine in Escherichia coli Leader Peptidase (1997)

Escherichia coli leader peptidase, which catalyzes the cleavage of signal peptides from pre-proteins, is an essential, integral membrane serine peptidase that has its active site residing in the periplasmic space. It contains a conserved lysine residue that has been proposed to act as the general base, abstracting the proton from the side chain hydroxyl group of the nucleophilic serine 90. To help elucidate the role of the essential lysine 145 in the activity of E. coli leader peptidase, we have combined site-directed mutagenesis and chemical modification methods to introduce unnatural amino acid side chains at the 145-position. We show that partial activity can be restored to an inactive K145C leader peptidase mutant by reacting it with 2-bromoethylamine.HBr to produce a lysine analog (gamma-thia-lysine) at the 145-position. Modification with the reagents 3-bromopropylamine.HBr and 2-mercaptoethylamine also allowed for partial restoration of activity showing that there is some flexibility in the length requirements of this essential residue. Modification with (2-bromoethyl)trimethylammonium.Br to form a positively charged, nontitratable side chain at the 145-position failed to restore activity to the inactive K145C leader peptidase mutant. This result, along with an inactive K145R mutant result, supports the claim that the lysine side chain at the 145-position is essential due to its ability to form a hydrogen bond(s) or to act as a general base rather than because of an ability to form a critical salt bridge. We find that leader peptidase processes the pre-protein substrate, pro-OmpA nuclease A, with maximum efficiency at pH 9.0, and apparent pKa values for titratable groups at approximately 8.7 and 9.3 are revealed. We show that the lysine modifier maleic anhydride inhibits leader peptidase by reacting with lysine 145. The results of this study are consistent with the hypothesis that the lysine at the 145-position of leader peptidase functions as the active site general base. A model of the active site region of leader peptidase is presented based on the structure of the E. coli UmuD', and a mechanism for bacterial leader peptidase is proposed.
Electronically Monodisperse Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Thin Films as Transparent Conducting Anodes in Organic Photovoltaic Devices (2011)

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) sorted by electronic type are employed as organic photovoltaic device anodes. Metal-enriched SWNT films yield device efficiencies that are fifty times greater than their semiconducting counterparts. Through sheet resistance, UV-vis-NIR optical absorbance, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements, the OPV charge blocking layer PEDOT:PSS is found to reverse the original chemical doping of the SWNT films. The relative insensitivity of metallic SWNTs to chemical doping thus explains the improved performance of metal-enriched SWNT films as OPV anodes.
Context‐Based Video Retrieval for Life‐Log Applications (2005)

Introduction We want to keep our entire life by video is the motivation of this research. Personal experiences are usually maintained by such media as diaries, pictures and movies. For example, we memorize our daily experiences in a diary, and we use photos and movies to keep our special events such as travels etc. However, those existing media, so far, keep records of only a small part of our life. Even though we make use of photos and movies, we always miss the best moments because the camera is not always ready.
DenseCap: Fully Convolutional Localization Networks for Dense Captioning (2016)

We introduce the dense captioning task, which requires a computer vision system to both localize and describe salient regions in images in natural language. The dense captioning task generalizes object detection when the descriptions consist of a single word, and Image Captioning when one predicted region covers the full image. To address the localization and description task jointly we propose a Fully Convolutional Localization Network (FCLN) architecture that processes an image with a single, efficient forward pass, requires no external regions proposals, and can be trained end-to-end with a single round of optimization. The architecture is composed of a Convolutional Network, a novel dense localization layer, and Recurrent Neural Network language model that generates the label sequences. We evaluate our network on the Visual Genome dataset, which comprises 94,000 images and 4,100,000 region-grounded captions. We observe both speed and accuracy improvements over baselines based on current state of the art approaches in both generation and retrieval settings.
Non-Chromate Passivation Treatments for Zinc (1982)

SummaryNon-chromate processes based on trivalent chromium salts and aluminium salts are described. The corrosion resistance of the new passivation treatments is compared with that of Chromate treatments in salt spray tests and on static outdoor exposure. The treatments based on trivalent chromium salts are more protective than those based on aluminium salts and are comparable to Chromate passivation treatments.
Non‐destructive analysis (NDA) of external and internal structures in 3DP (2011)

Purpose Three‐dimensional printing (3DP) is an increasingly popular additive manufacturing (AM) process. The structure produced in 3DP comprises of two main elements: an external “shell” and an inner “core”. The variation of this structure and print strategy dictates many factors, such as the final physical properties, the final weight of the part, the total material usage, effects on warpage and the build speed. As such, the accuracy and repeatability of these geometric structures is of importance. The measurement and validation of the actual printed structure is especially challenging due to the nature of the materials system. The purpose of this paper is to present an effective method to analyze the internal structure of a 3DP. Design/methodology/approach A dedicated video‐monitoring system has been developed to capture and characterize the 3DP build structure layer‐by‐layer. A significant image‐processing phase involved image calibration, filtering, thresholding and segmentation. The investigation is composed by three substudies. First, the reliability of the developed system was determined by comparing nominal dimensions of a benchmark part with video and contact measurements. The two studies have focused on the “shell” and “core” characterization, respectively. Findings A resolution of 508 pixel per inch was determined. From the first studies, benchmark elements of 0.5 mm presented a deviation between 0.29 and 0.44 mm from their normal dimension. The thickness of the external shell was analyzed, in both clear and coloured modes. Dimensions ranged between 1.51 and 1.58 mm for a clear part, and 1.59 and 1.69 mm for the coloured version. A further study resulted in a 3D virtual model of the internal mesh structure, which had been printed at high saturation. Originality/value The internal structure of a 3D printed part has been successfully analyzed by in‐process monitoring providing information and data not available through conventional analysis of the final part. This system provides a solution for real‐time non‐destructive analysis, which is currently absent in various forms of AM.
Hypoxic Fraction and Binding of Misonidazole in EMT6/Ed Multicellular Tumor Spheroids (1985)

Misonidazole has been shown to bind selectively to hypoxic cells in tissue culture and to cells which are presumed to be chronically hypoxic in EMT6 spheroids and tumors. Thus it has considerable potential as a marker of hypoxic cells in vivo. To further evaluate this potential EMT6/Ed spheroids were used to quantitate misonidazole binding under conditions which resulted in hypoxic fractions between 0 and 1. Hypoxic fractions were quantitated using radiation survival curves. A doubling of the oxygen in the gas phase to 40% was required to fully oxygenate all chronically hypoxic cells. The patterns of binding of 14C-labeled misonidazole determined by autoradiography were consistent with the regions of radiobiological hypoxia as predicted by oxygen diffusion theory. The overall uptake of 3H-labeled misonidazole by spheroids correlated well with the hypoxic fraction, although binding to aerobic cells and necrotic tissue contributed appreciably to the total label in the spheroids. It is concluded that misonidazole is an excellent marker of hypoxia in EMT6/Ed spheroids at the microscopic level, and the total amount bound per spheroid provides a potentially useful measure of the hypoxic fraction.
High-Affinity RNA as a Recognition Element in a Biosensor (1998)

A biosensor for l-adenosine employing high-affinity RNA as binder is reported. Real-time measurement is obtained using total internal reflection fluorescence in a fiber-optic format. High-affinity RNA was attached to the core of a multimode fiber via an avidin−biotin bridge. The sensor measures binding of FITC-labeled l-adenosine. The interaction was fully characterized by the determination of association and dissociation rates: kD = 0.0119 s-1; kA = 2200 M-1 s-1. Competitive inhibition with l-adenosine enables this device to detect l-adenosine in the submicromolar range.
Cytokine upregulation of surface antigens correlates to the priming of the neutrophil oxidative burst response (2003)

Our results showed that the expression of phenotypical parameters closely correlates with functional parameters in human neutrophils. Thus an up- or downregulation of antigens such as CD11b or CD62L reflects cytokine-induced functional changes.
Towards a systematic design of isotropic bulk magnetic metamaterials using the cubic point groups of symmetry (2007)

In this paper, a systematic approach to the design of bulk isotropic magnetic metamaterials is presented. The roles of the symmetries of both the constitutive element and the lattice are analyzed. For this purpose, it is assumed that the metamaterial is composed of cubic split ring resonators (SRRs) arranged in a cubic lattice. The minimum symmetries needed to ensure an isotropic behavior are analyzed, and some particular configurations are proposed. Besides, an equivalent circuit model is proposed for the considered cubic SRRs. Experiments are carried out in order to validate the proposed theory. We hope that this analysis will pave the way to the design of bulk metamaterials with strong isotropic magnetic response, including negative permeability and left-handed metamaterials.
Creatine Supplementation and Exercise Performance (1995)

Creatine phosphate allows high rates of adenosine triphosphate resynthesis to occur in muscle and therefore plays a vital role in the performance of high-intensity exercise. Recent studies have shown that feeding large amounts of creatine (typically 20 g per day for 5 days) increases muscle total creatine (and phosphocreatine) content. The extent of the increase that is normally observed is inversely related to the presupplementation level. Vegetarians, who have a very low dietary creatine intake, generally show the largest increases. Creatine supplementation has been shown to increase performance in situations where the availability of creatine phosphate is important; thus, performance is improved in very high-intensity exercise and especially where repeated sprints are performed with short recovery periods. Creatine supplementation is widely practiced by athletes in many sports and does not contravene current doping regulations. There are no reports of harmful side effects at the recommended dosage.
In Remembrance of Igor Stravinsky (1971)

However often during the last few years of his suffering we may have feared the worst, Stravinsky's death came as a profound shock not only to those who had the good fortune of enjoying his personal acquaintance, but also to the whole world of music and the arts. Seldom has the loss of a great man been felt more acutely. The reassuring knowledge of his presence was like a sheet-anchor in the storm that rages through the arts. Stravinsky was the last in what Ernest Newman called ‘the royal line of composers’. Yet he had never wished to be one of their number, and when at last he had to join them, it was against his will. So the enfant terrible of bygone years became a doyen no less terrible .
Evolving a Neural Net-Based Decision and Search Heuristic for DPLL SAT Solvers (2007)

Solvers for the Boolean satisfiability problem are an important base technology for many applications. The most efficient SAT solvers for industrial applications are based on the DPLL algorithm with clause learning and conflict analysis dependent decision heuristics. The solver MINISAT V1.14 was modified to use a neural-net-based decision heuristic and search strategy. The weights and biases of the multilayer feedforward neural net are generated by an evolution strategy which is trained on a sample set of SAT problems. Problems solved with the evolved solutions encounter a similar number of conflicts as the original program, but require a higher number of decisions.
Selection of algorithms to solve traveling salesman problems using meta-learning1 (2011)

Many real-world problems, like microchip design, can be modeled by means of the well-known traveling salesman problem (TSP). Many instances of this problem can be found in the literature. Although several optimization algorithms have been applied to
Biological Synthesis of Gold Nanowires Using Extract of <i>Rhodopseudomonas capsulata</i> (2008)

An environmentally friendly method using a cell-free extract (CFE) of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata is proposed to synthesize gold nanowires with a network structure. This procedure offers control over the shapes of gold nanoparticles with the change of HAuCl4 concentration. The CFE solutions were added with different concentrations of HAuCl4, resulting in the bioreduction of gold ions and biosynthesis of morphologies of gold nanostructures. It is probable that proteins acted as the major biomolecules involved in the bioreduction and synthesis of gold nanoparticles. At a lower concentration of gold ions, exclusively spherical gold nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 10 to 20 nm were produced, whereas gold nanowires with a network structure formed at the higher concentration of gold ions in the aqueous solution. This method is expected to be applicable to the synthesis of other metallic nanowires such as silver and platinum, and even other anisotropic metal nanostructures are expected using the biosynthetic methods.