gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Use of Sweetzyme in Industrial Continuous Isomerization Various Process Alternatives and Corresponding Product Types (1976)

Abstract Since Novo's immobilized glucose isomerase, Sweetzyme, was presented at the 26th Starch Convention in Detmold in 1975, a rapid development has taken place. Up‐scaling led to two alternatives for the continuous isomerization process: Fixed‐bed and expanded‐bed. The most simple way to use the immobilized enzyme in a continuous process is in a fixed‐bed column, where high‐glucose syrup is usually pumped downwards through the enzyme bed. However, the pressure drop over the enzyme bed puts a limit to the capacity of each column, so usually a number of reactors have to be used, connected in series or in parallel. Development of mechanically stronger immobilized products has made it possible to operate even large capacity plants in a convenient manner and with a practical number of reactors. In the expanded‐bed lay‐out high‐glucose syrup is pumped upwards through the enzyme bed, with sufficient linear velocity to partly lift the enzyme particles and give an expansion of the bed. The enzyme particles with then be moving but will still touch each other. The pressure drop over the expanded‐bed is small, and does not limit reactor capacities. However, good flow distribution at the bottom of the reactor becomes of prevailing importance. For very large columns, a generally applicable design has not been developed as yet. In a number of countries high‐fructose syrup is today being made industrially by continuous processes, based on Sweetzyme.
Squamous cell cancers contain a side population of stem-like cells that are made chemosensitive by ABC transporter blockade (2008)

Cancers are a heterogeneous mix of cells, some of which exhibit cancer stem cell-like characteristics including ATP-dependent drug efflux and elevated tumorigenic potential. To determine whether aerodigestive squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) contain a subpopulation of cancer stem cell-like cells, we performed Hoechst dye efflux assays using four independent cell lines. Results revealed the presence of a rare, drug effluxing stem cell-like side population (SP) of cells within all cell lines tested (SCC-SP cells). These cells resembled previously characterised epithelial stem cells, and SCC-SP cell abundance was positively correlated with overall cellular density and individual cell quiescence. Serial SCC-SP fractionation and passaging increased their relative abundance within the total cell population. Purified SCC-SP cells also exhibited increased clonogenic potential in secondary cultures and enhanced tumorigenicity in vivo. Despite this, SCC-SP cells remained chemotherapeutically sensitive upon ATP-dependent transporter inhibition. Overall, these findings suggest that the existence of ATP transporter-dependent cancer stem-like cells may be relatively common, particularly within established tumours. Future chemotherapeutic strategies should therefore consider coupling identification and targeting of this potential stem cell-like population with standard treatment methodologies.
The Structure of Vinyl Polymers. IV.<sup>1</sup> The Polymers of the Methyl α-Haloacrylates (1939)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Structure of Vinyl Polymers. IV.1 The Polymers of the Methyl α-HaloacrylatesC. S. Marvel and John Charles. CowanCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1939, 61, 11, 3156–3160Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1939Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1939https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01266a051https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01266a051research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views188Altmetric-Citations49LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Extracting places from traces of locations (2004)

Location-aware systems are proliferating on a variety of platforms from laptops to cell phones. Locations are expressed in two principal ways: coordinates and landmarks. However, users are often more interested in "places" rather than locations. A place is a locale that is important to an individual user and carries important semantic meanings such as being a place where one works, lives, plays, meets socially with others, etc. Our devices can make more intelligent decisions on how to behave when they have this higher level information. For example, a cell phone can switch to a silent mode when the user is in a quiet place (e.g., a movie theater, a lecture hall, or a place where one meets socially with others). It would be tedious to define this in terms of coordinates. In this paper, we describe an algorithm for extracting significant places from a trace of coordinates, and evaluate the algorithm with real data collected using Place Lab [14], a coordinate-based location system that uses a database of locations for WiFi hotspots.
Evaluation of Biocontrol Activity of Rhizobacteria from Beta vulgaris against Heterodera schachtii. (1999)

One hundred fifty rhizobacteria isolated from roots of Swiss chard grown in a soil suppressive to the sugar beet cyst nematode, Heterodera schachtii, were tested for their influence on the nematode's ability to hatch and infect roots. Two screening systems were used that focused on the ability of bacteria to inhibit either nematode hatching or root infection. Most of the bacterial strains reduced hatching in vitro compared to the control, while with 5% of the strains there were 0% hatch. Seven percent of all strains significantly reduced second-stage juvenile (J2) infection of mustard roots raised in soil-less growth pouches. Eighteen strains from four genera (Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Variovorax, and Arthrobacter) were selected for greenhouse trials. In the greenhouse trials four bacterial strains, including two strains of Bacillus megaterium, reduced nematode infection of sugar beet when eggs were used as inoculum. Seven bacterial strains reduced nematode infection of sugar beet in one of two trials when plants were inoculated with J2. Most of the effective strains were Bacillus spp., primarily B. megaterium. Colonization of sugar beets roots by two B. megaterium strains was found to be stable over 30 days in the greenhouse.
Nanostructured Pt Functionlized Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Based Hydrogen Sensor (2006)

Nanostructured Pt functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) produced by catalytic chemical vapor deposition are good room-temperature hydrogen sensors. MWNTs have been synthesized by catalytic chemical vapor deposition of acetylene using a fixed-bed catalytic reactor over hydrides of Mm(0.2)Tb(0.8)CO2 obtained through hydrogen decrepitation technique. Purified and chemically treated MWNTs have been functionalized by Pt resulting in nanostructured dispersion of Pt on CNTs. Structural, morphological, and vibrational characterizations have been carried out using XRD, SEM, TEM, HRTEM, Raman spectroscopy, and FTIR spectroscopy, respectively. Dispersion of Pt on MWNTs was confirmed by elemental analysis using EDX. Systematic investigations of hydrogen sensing properties of Pt-MWNT ensembles have been carried out. The Pt-MWNTs thin films are stable after several cycles of adsorption and desorption. The change in electrical resistance due to hydrogen adsorption is reversible, with increases to saturation on exposure to hydrogen gas. The result demonstrates that the Pt-MWNTs are p-type semiconductor materials, and chemically treated MWNTs functionalized with Pt show the better hydrogen sensing response at room temperature.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of FeAPO‐5 Molecular Sieve Thin Films and Application as a Capacitive Type Humidity Sensor. (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Visible light driven type II heterostructures and their enhanced photocatalysis properties: a review (2013)

Considerable efforts have been devoted to enhancing the photocatalytic activity and solar energy utilization of photocatalysts. The fabrication of type II heterostructures plays an important role in photocatalysts modification and has been extensively studied. In this review, we briefly trace the application of type II heterostructured semiconductors in the area of environmental remediation and water splitting, summarize major fabrication methods, describe some of the progress and resulting achievements, and discuss the future prospects. The scope of this review covers a variety of type II heterostructures, focusing particularly on TiO2 and ZnO based visible light driven type II 0D and 1D heterostructured photocatalysts. Some other low dimensional nanomaterials which have shown high-performance photocatalysis are also presented. We expect this review to provide a guideline for readers to gain a clear picture of fabrication and application of type II heterostructures.
An user authentication infrastructure for extranet applications (2003)

An extranet is used to connect businesses with their suppliers, customers or other businesses that share common goals in a way that automates their administrative interactions using Internet technology. The security of the communications over Internet is considered an essential feature. To guarantee secure operation the aid of some user authentication infrastructure is needed. This paper introduces a public key infrastructure (PKI) and user identification scheme to be used in extranet applications. The flexibility of the system allows it to fit the usual hierarchical organization structure.
Optimal rate allocation for macroblock-based progressive fine granularity scalable video coding (2003)

This paper addresses the problem of optimal rate allocation for the macroblock-based progressive fine granularity scalable (PFGS) video coding. To solve this complicated problem, the error propagation pattern in the macroblock-based PFGS is first investigated. An effective drifting model is established subsequently for estimating the drifting for each enhancement bit stream segment encoded by the macroblock-based PFGS. The distortion reduction for the current frame and the estimated drifting suppression for the subsequent frames form the actual contribution of the enhancement layer bitstream. The equal-slope argument is then applied to select the best bit stream segments for the given bandwidth. Experiments show that our optimal rate allocation outperforms the uniform rate allocation by 0.3-1.4 dB.
Wave propagation in ferrite involving planar anisotropy-theory and experiment (2005)

We have derived an expression for the effective dc field associated with magnetic easy-plane anisotropy. The field is expressed as the geometric mean between the applied field and the sum of the applied field and the anisotropy field, in agreement with previous publications. This is in contrast to the effective dc field associated with a magnetic easy axis, which adds to the applied field arithmetically. The calculated transmission stopband compares nicely with experiments.
Spinning disk for compressive imaging (2011)

We report the first, to the best of our knowledge, experimental implementation of a spinning-disk configuration for high-speed compressive image acquisition. A single rotating mask (i.e., the spinning disk) with random binary patterns was utilized to spatially modulate a collimated terahertz (THz) or IR beam. After propagating through the sample, the THz or IR beam was measured using a single detector, and THz and IR images were subsequently reconstructed using compressive sensing. We demonstrate that a 32-by-32 pixel image could be obtained from 160 to 240 measurements in both the IR and THz ranges. This spinning-disk configuration allows the use of an electric motor to rotate the spinning disk, thus enabling the experiment to be performed automatically and continuously. This, together with its compact design and computational efficiency, makes it promising for real-time imaging applications.
Expression of Tn and sialyl Tn antigens in synovial tissues in rheumatoid arthritis. (2010)

Tumour-like synovial hyperplasia cells expressed Tn and sialyl Tn antigens. This finding suggests that the mucins exhibiting with abnormal glycosylation may be in part responsible for synovial hyperplasia, leading to the joint destruction in the pathogenesis of RA.
A gate drive circuit for silicon carbide JFET (2004)

In this paper, a gate drive circuit for a 1300 V/4 A SiC-JFET is proposed and evaluated experimentally for a switching frequency of 200 kHz. Furthermore, a comparison of the switching behavior of a SiC-JFET/Si-MOSFET cascode and of the SiC-JFET driven by the proposed gate drive circuit is shown.
Low-loss 8×8 single-mode star coupler (1985)

The fabrication and performance of a stable single-mode transmissive 8×8 star coupler is described. The device exhibits very low excess loss (0.13 dB), good coupling uniformity (0.73 dB) and low near-end crosstalk (>64 dB). The star coupler is fabricated from eight lengths of single-mode fibre, by forming 3 dB fused coupling regions between appropriate fibre pairs. A Table of insertion loss measurements is presented, together with graphs showing the wavelength response between 1.2 and 1.7 μm.
Integrated separation of blood plasma from whole blood for microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (2011)

Many diagnostic tests in a conventional clinical laboratory are performed on blood plasma because changes in its composition often reflect the current status of pathological processes throughout the body. Recently, a significant research effort has been invested into the development of microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) implementing these conventional laboratory tests for point-of-care diagnostics in resource-limited settings. This paper describes the use of red blood cell (RBC) agglutination for separating plasma from finger-prick volumes of whole blood directly in paper, and demonstrates the utility of this approach by integrating plasma separation and a colorimetric assay in a single μPAD. The μPAD was fabricated by printing its pattern onto chromatography paper with a solid ink (wax) printer and melting the ink to create hydrophobic barriers spanning through the entire thickness of the paper substrate. The μPAD was functionalized by spotting agglutinating antibodies onto the plasma separation zone in the center and the reagents of the colorimetric assay onto the test readout zones on the periphery of the device. To operate the μPAD, a drop of whole blood was placed directly onto the plasma separation zone of the device. RBCs in the whole blood sample agglutinated and remained in the central zone, while separated plasma wicked through the paper substrate into the test readout zones where analyte in plasma reacted with the reagents of the colorimetric assay to produce a visible color change. The color change was digitized with a portable scanner and converted to concentration values using a calibration curve. The purity and yield of separated plasma was sufficient for successful operation of the μPAD. This approach to plasma separation based on RBC agglutination will be particularly useful for designing fully integrated μPADs operating directly on small samples of whole blood.
Micromachined Accelerometers With Optical Interferometric Read-Out and Integrated Electrostatic Actuation (2008)

A micromachined accelerometer device structure with diffraction-based optical detection and integrated electrostatic actuation is introduced. The sensor consists of a bulk silicon proof mass electrode that moves vertically with respect to a rigid diffraction grating backplate electrode to provide interferometric detection resolution of the proof-mass displacement when illuminated with coherent light. The sensor architecture includes a monolithically integrated electrostatic actuation port that enables the application of precisely controlled broadband forces to the proof mass while the displacement is simultaneously and independently measured optically. This enables several useful features such as dynamic self-characterization and a variety of force-feedback modalities, including alteration of device dynamics in situ. These features are experimentally demonstrated with sensors that have been optoelectronically integrated into sub-cubic-millimeter volumes using an entirely surface-normal, rigid, and robust embodiment incorporating vertical cavity surface emitting lasers and integrated photodetector arrays. In addition to small form factor and high acceleration resolution, the ability to self-characterize and alter device dynamics in situ may be advantageous. This allows periodic calibration and in situ matching of sensor dynamics among an array of accelerometers or seismometers configured in a network.
Combined 17β‐Oestradiol and Progesterone Treatment Prevents Neuronal Cell Injury in Cortical but not Midbrain Neurones or Neuroblastoma Cells (2009)

Oestrogens are powerful endogenous and exogenous neuroprotective hormones in animal models of brain injury, including focal cerebral ischaemia. This protective effect has been demonstrated under a variety of different treatments and injury paradigms, such as in vivo and in vitro stroke conditions. Neuroprotection in the central nervous system by progesterone is less defined. In the present study, cultured cortical and midbrain mouse neurones and human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y) were exposed to combined glucose-serum deprivation (CGSD), which is regarded as a reliable model mimicking the effects of ischaemia in vitro. Cell viability was assayed using lactate dehydrogenase release and metabolic activity. Conditions for CGSD treatment were chosen to yield half-maximal cell death rates. The validity of CGSD in vitro was compared with permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in vivo. CGSD for 4 h induced half-maximal neuronal cell death. MCAO in vivo for the same period resulted in significant neuronal loss, also suggesting the validity of CGSD as a suitable stroke-like in vitro model. Combined steroid treatment (17beta-oestradiol and progesterone) but not the application of single steroids abolished CGSD-induced cell death of cortical neurones in vitro. By contrast, no cell protection was found in midbrain neurones or neuroblastoma cells. The co-application of oestrogen (ICI 182,780) or progesterone (RU-486) receptor antagonists did not obviously counteract the protective steroid effects. This suggests the operation of nonclassical steroid mechanisms and their implication in mediation of hormonal effects. The surplus of combined protective hormonal effects might be a result of the observed influence of progesterone application on neuronal oestradiol synthesis. The data obtained in the present study clearly highlight the potential of a combined steroid treatment under toxic degenerative brain pathologies.
Superovulation, fertilization and in vitro embryo development in mice after administration of an inhibin-neutralizing antiserum (2001)

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of immunoneutralization against endogenous inhibin on oocyte and embryo production in adult and immature mice. At 12:00 h on day 2 of oestrus (day 1 of dioestrus), a single i.p. injection of inhibin antiserum (50, 100, 200 or 400 microl per animal) or equine chorionic gonadotrophin (eCG; 10 or 20 iu per animal) or control goat serum (100 microl per animal) was administered to adult female mice. After 48 h, the mice in each of the three groups were given a single i.p. injection of hCG (10 iu per animal). At 42 h after hCG injection, ova were collected from oviducts and cultured in KSOM solution. Treatments with both inhibin antiserum-hCG and eCG-hCG induced superovulation in all the animals tested. The number of oocytes in animals treated with inhibin antiserum was significantly higher (P < 0.05) compared with the control group, and the number of oocytes ovulated in animals treated with 200 or 400 ml inhibin antiserum was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that in animals treated with 10 or 20 iu eCG. The superovulated oocytes that were fertilized normally in vivo were able to form blastocysts in vitro. The rate of blastocyst development for animals treated with 50-200 ml inhibin antiserum was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of the eCG-treated animals. Irrespective of the day of the oestrous cycle, 200 microl inhibin antiserum administered at 12:00 h on each of 4 days induced superovulation in all the animals tested. The rates of oocyte and embryo production by these animals were significantly (P < 0.05) higher than in the control groups. Furthermore, administration of inhibin antiserum at doses of 50, 100, 200 or 400 ml produced similar results in 26-day-old immature mice. These results indicate that passive immunoneutralization of endogenous inhibin alpha-subunit induces superovulation in immature and adult mice. The superovulated oocytes obtained by administration of inhibin antiserum have normal embryonic developmental competence. Thus, it is concluded that this inhibin antiserum method is a new practical alternative for induction of superovulation in mice instead of the more commonly used eCG-hCG protocol.
Fabrication and characterization of three-dimensional poly(ether-ether-ketone)/-hydroxyapatite biocomposite scaffolds using laser sintering (2005)

The ability to have precise control over porosity, scaffold shape, and internal pore architecture is critical in tissue engineering. For anchorage-dependent cells, the presence of three-dimensional scaffolds with interconnected pore networks is crucial to aid in the proliferation and reorganization of cells. This research explored the potential of rapid prototyping techniques such as selective laser sintering to fabricate solvent-free porous composite polymeric scaffolds comprising of different blends of poly(ether-ether-ketone) (PEEK) and hydroxyapatite (HA). The architecture of the scaffolds was created with a scaffold library of cellular units and a corresponding algorithm to generate the structure. Test specimens were produced and characterized by varying the weight percentage, starting with 10 wt% HA to 40 wt% HA, of physically mixed PEEK-HA powder blends. Characterization analyses including porosity, microstructure, composition of the scaffolds, bioactivity, and in vitro cell viability of the scaffolds were conducted. The results obtained showed a promising approach in fabricating scaffolds which can produce controlled microarchitecture and higher consistency.