gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Vertical Handoff Algorithm Based on Type-2 Fuzzy Logic in Heterogeneous Networks (2013)

Cu rrently, to ensure seamless roam across heterogeneous wireless technologies, efficient vertical handoff algorithms are required to enhance QoS and offer reliable pervasive computing environment. This study re views traditional and classical artificial intelligent approaches adopted for vertical handoff across heterogeneous networks. A type-2 fuzzy multi-parameter based vertical handoff decision algorithm is proposed. The proposed algorithm considers five parameters of network and user , and applies a multi-mode smart terminal based speed adaptive vertical handoff policy . The speed adaptive policy overcomes the update drawbacks of the fixed, single network discovery methods by using RSS in the network discovery phase . Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can effectively improve the network update speed, lower network blocking probability, and assure the effectiveness and fairness of handoff compared with vertical handoff algorithm based on traditional fuzzy logic .
Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production from Noncovalent Biohybrid Photosystem I/Pt Nanoparticle Complexes (2011)

A photocatalytic hydrogen-evolving system based on intermolecular electron transfer between native Photosystem I (PSI) and electrostatically associated Pt nanoparticles is reported. Using cytochrome c6 as the soluble mediator and ascorbate as the sacrificial electron donor, visible-light-induced H2 production occurs for PSI/Pt nanoparticle biohybrids at a rate of 244 μmol H2 (mg chlorophyll)−1 h−1 or 21 034 mol H2 (mole PSI)−1 h−1. These results demonstrate that highly efficient photocatalysis of H2 can be obtained for a self-assembled, noncovalent complex between PSI and Pt nanoparticles; a molecular wire between the terminal acceptor of PSI, the [4Fe−4S] cluster FB, and the nanoparticle is not required. EPR characterization of the electron-transfer reactions in PSI/Pt nanoparticle biohybrids shows blocked electron transfer to flavodoxin, the native acceptor protein of PSI, and presents evidence of low-temperature photogenerated electron transfer between PSI and the Pt nanoparticle. This work demonstrates a feasible strategy for linking molecular catalysts to PSI that takes advantage of electrostatic-directed assembly to mimic acceptor protein binding.
SM-20 Is a Novel Mitochondrial Protein That Causes Caspase-dependent Cell Death in Nerve Growth Factor-dependent Neurons (2001)

Sympathetic neurons undergo protein synthesis-dependent apoptosis when deprived of nerve growth factor (NGF). Expression of SM-20 is up-regulated in NGF-deprived sympathetic neurons, and ectopic SM-20 is sufficient to promote neuronal death in the presence of NGF. We now report that SM-20 is a mitochondrial protein that promotes cell death through a caspase-dependent mechanism. SM-20 immunofluorescence was present in the cytoplasm in a punctate pattern that colocalized with cytochrome oxidase I and with mitochondria-selective dyes. Analysis of SM-20/dihydrofolate reductase fusion proteins revealed that the first 25 amino acids of SM-20 contain a functional mitochondrial targeting sequence. An amino-terminal truncated form of SM-20 was not restricted to mitochondria but instead localized throughout the cytosol and nucleus. Nevertheless, the truncated SM-20 retained the ability to induce neuronal death, similar to the wild type protein. SM-20-induced death was accompanied by caspase-3 activation and was blocked by a general caspase inhibitor. Additionally, overexpression of SM-20, under conditions where cell death is blocked by a general caspase inhibitor, did not result in widespread release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. These results indicate that SM-20 is a novel mitochondrial protein that may be an important mediator of neurotrophin-withdrawal-mediated cell death.
Antidepressant-like activity of amisulpride in two animal models of depression (2000)

Clinical reports suggest that amisulpride, in addition to its antipsychotic efficacy, may also have antidepressant properties. The present study was designed to evaluate potential antidepressant-like activity of amisulpride in two behavioural procedures: the forced swim test (FST) and the chronic mild stress (CMS) model. The duration of immobility time in FST was reduced by subchronic (three injections over a 24 h period) administration of imipramine (10 mg/kg) and amisulpride (1 and 3 mg/kg), although the effect of imipramine was more potent. The 5 mg/kg dose of amisulpride was marginally effective and higher doses of 10 and 30 mg/kg were inactive. In CMS, the stress-induced decrease in the consumption of 1% sucrose solution was gradually reversed by chronic treatment with imipramine (10 mg/kg) and amisulpride (5 and 10 mg/kg). Lower (1 or 3 mg/kg) or higher (30 mg/kg) doses of amisulpride were inactive. The magnitude of the effect of active doses of amisulpride in the CMS model was comparable to that of imipramine but its onset of action was faster; at the most active dose of 10 mg/kg, amisulpride significantly increased the sucrose intake in stressed animals within 2 weeks of treatment while imipramine required 4 weeks before first effects on the stress-induced deficit in sucrose consumption could be observed. These results provide further support for clinical observations that amisulpride may possess potent and rapid antidepressant activity.
A protein required for transcriptional regulation of Agrobacterium virulence genes spans the cytoplasmic membrane (1989)

The VirA protein is one of two proteins required for transcriptional activation of Agrobacterium tumefaciens virulence genes in response to phenolic compounds released by plants during infection. We describe two experimental approaches which indicate that this protein has a transmembrane topology. First, spheroplasts of Escherichia coli or wild-type A. tumefaciens expressing the VirA protein were treated with proteinase K to digest periplasmic proteins, and the remaining proteins were immunologically stained on Western blots (immunoblots) by using anti-VirA antibody. Second, transposon TnphoA was used to generate translational fusions between virA and phoA, the latter of which is the structural gene for alkaline phosphatase. Both techniques indicated that VirA spans the cytoplasmic membrane, with approximately 275 amino acids near the amino terminus being localized in the periplasmic space and the rest of the protein being localized in the cytoplasm. We also show that overexpression of VirA in E. coli is deleterious to cell growth and that this phenomenon depends on the synthesis of either the second hydrophobic core or some nearby portion of the VirA protein.
Basics of Metal Matrix Composites (2006)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Combination of Materials for Light Metal Matrix Composites Reinforcements Matrix Alloy Systems Production and Processing of Metal Matrix Composites Mechanism of Reinforcement Long Fiber Reinforcement Short Fiber Reinforcement Strengthening by Particles Young's Modulus Thermal Expansion Coefficient Interface Influence Basics of Wettability and Infiltration Objective of Adhesion Structure and Properties of Light Metal Composite Materials Possible Applications of Metal Matrix Composites Recycling
Thermal wave imaging of closed cracks in opaque solids (1983)

Thermal wave scattering from closed, slanted cracks is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. A Born approximation calculation is carried out for the particular case of gas-cell detection for three crack angles. Good agreement is found with experimental images of both the magnitude and phase of the gas-cell signal variation for cracks fabricated in an aluminum alloy at these same angles. Good agreement is also found between theory and experiment for the frequency dependence of the thermal wave scattering from a 45° crack. It is shown theoretically and confirmed experimentally that a strictly vertical, closed crack is not observable by gas-cell detection, but is easily seen by mirage-effect (optical beam probe) detection. The results for model cracks are applied to the case of brittle fractures in solids.
Vision-based 3D direct manipulation interface for smart interaction (2003)

This paper describes an real-time interaction system which enables 3D direct manipulation. Our purpose is to do seamless mapping of human action in the real world into virtual environments. With the aim of making computing systems suited for users, we have developed a vision based 3D direct manipulation interface as smart pointing devices. Our system realizes human motion analysis by 3D blob tracking, and human figure motion synthesis to generate realistic motion from a limited number of blobs. For the sake of realization of smart interaction, we assume that virtual objects in virtual environments can afford human figure action, that is, the virtual environments provide action information for a human figure model, or an avatar Extending the affordance based approach, this system can employ scene constraints in the virtual environments in order to generate more realistic motion.
The N-terminal Phosphodegron Targets TAZ/WWTR1 Protein for SCFβ-TrCP-dependent Degradation in Response to Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Inhibition (2012)

The Hippo tumor suppressor pathway plays a major role in development and organ size control, and its dysregulation contributes to tumorigenesis. TAZ (transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif; also known as WWTR1) is a transcription co-activator acting downstream of the Hippo pathway, and increased TAZ protein levels have been associated with human cancers, such as breast cancer. Previous studies have shown that TAZ is inhibited by large tumor suppressor (LATS)-dependent phosphorylation, leading to cytoplasmic retention and ubiquitin-dependent degradation. The LATS kinase, a core component of the Hippo pathway, phosphorylates the C-terminal phosphodegron in TAZ to promote its degradation. In this study, we have found that the N-terminal phosphodegron of TAZ also plays a role in TAZ protein level regulation, particularly in response to different status of cellular PI3K signaling. GSK3, which can be inhibited by high PI3K via AKT-dependent inhibitory phosphorylation, phosphorylates the N-terminal phosphodegron in TAZ, and the phosphorylated TAZ binds to β-TrCP subunit of the SCF(β-TrCP) E3 ubiquitin ligase, thereby leading to TAZ ubiquitylation and degradation. We observed that the TAZ protein level is elevated in tumor cells with high PI3K signaling, such as in PTEN mutant cancer cells. This study provides a novel mechanism of TAZ regulation and suggests a role of TAZ in modulating tissue growth and tumor development in response to PI3K signaling.
Applications of plant cell and tissue culture. (1988)

Partial table of contents: Herbicide Resistant Plants from Cultured Cells (R. Chaleff). Applications of Cell and Tissue Culture in Tree Improvement (D. Durzan). Producing Fertile Somatic Hybrids (E. Cocking). Application of Microinjection to a High Frequency and Synchronous Somatic Emryogenesis System in Carrot Suspension Cultures (A. Komamine & K. Nomura). Analysis of Chloroplast Genomes in Parasexual Hybrid Calli (A. Harai, et al.). Transformation of Plant Cells (T. Hall & R. DeRose). Direct Gene Transfer to Plants (I. Potrykus). Germplasm Preservation (L. Withers). Elicitation and Metabolism of Photoalexins in Plant Cell Cultures (W. Barz, et al.). Biosynthesis of Tropane Alkaloids (Y. Yamada & T. Hashimoto). Biotechnological Approaches to the Production of Isoquinoline Alkaloids (M. Zenk, et al.). Industrial Production of Shikonin and Berberine (Y. Fujita). Problems in Commercial Exploitation of Plant Cell Cultures (M. Fowler). Final Discussion. Index of Contributors. Subject Index.
Mechanism of the degradation of polyamides (1951)

Abstract Films of polyamides were exposed to heat, ultra‐violet radiant energy, and different atmospheric conditions. The degradation products were collected in some cases and analysed by mass‐spectrometric techniques. The unexposed and exposed specimens were examined by the following techniques to obtain information concerning the changes in chemical and physical structure of the polymer: infra‐red absorption, ultra‐violet absorption, viscosity of solutions, measurement of dielectric constant and dissipation factor, photomicrography, X ‐ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and effect of organic liquids. In addition, pyrolysis studies were made and some physical properties were determined. The results of the investigation show clearly that no single method gives a complete picture but that the results from several of the methods give an insight into the degradation mechanism. The general course of the degradation of polyamides may be described as follows : (I) splitting of the polymer chain at the C‐N linkages; (2) changes in degree of crystallinity or local order; and (3) loss of dipole‐associated plasticizers.
Nucleophilic Displacements of Activated Fluorine in Aromatic Compounds (1966)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNucleophilic Displacements of Activated Fluorine in Aromatic CompoundsHenry Bader, Allen R. Hansen, and F. J. McCartyCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1966, 31, 7, 2319–2321Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1966Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1966https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01345a056https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01345a056research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views602Altmetric-Citations58LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Nucleophilic substitution of alkyl(or aryl) imidomethyl sulfones. A new convenient synthesis of alkane(or arene)sulfinates. (1978)

Convenient syntheses of sodium alkane- and arenesulfinates in high yields and purities have been provided by nucleophilic substitution reactions of alkyl phthalimidomethyl sulfones and aryl succinimidomethyl sulfones, respectively, with ethoxide or thiolates.
Trace detection of explosives with low vapor emissions by laser surface photofragmentation–fragment detection spectroscopy with an improved ionization probe (2005)

Trace explosive residues are measured in real time by surface laser photofragmentation-fragment detection (SPF-FD) spectroscopy at ambient conditions. A 248-nm laser photofragments the target residue on a substrate, and a 226-nm laser ionizes the resulting NO fragment by resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization by means of its A-X (0, 0) transitions near 226 nm. We tested two probes on selected explosives and modeled their electric field in the presence of a substrate with an ion optics simulation program. The limits of detection range from 1 to 15 ng/cm2 (signal-to-noise ratio of 3) at 1 atm and 298 K and depend on the electrode orientation and mechanism for NO formation.
Growth of zinc blende MgS/ZnSe single quantum wells by molecular-beam epitaxy using ZnS as a sulphur source (2000)

Zinc blende MgS has been grown on GaAs by molecular beam epitaxy using a novel method where the sources were Mg and ZnS. A reaction at the surface results in the formation of MgS layers with a Zn content estimated by secondary ion mass spectrometry and Auger spectroscopy to be between 0.5% and 2%. Double crystal x-ray rocking curve measurements of ZnSe/MgS/ZnSe layers show layers with good crystallinity. Using this growth technique layers up to 67 nm thick have been grown. Photoluminescence measurements of MgS/ZnSe/MgS single-quantum-well structures show that the confinement of the heavy hole excitons can be as large as 430 meV for a 1.7 nm well.
Ba–ferrite thin-film disk for perpendicular magnetic recording (1985)

The authors have prepared Ba–ferrite film disks and evaluated their magnetic read/write characteristics. The c-axis-oriented Ba–ferrite thin films were formed epitaxially on c-axis-oriented ZnO films by means of a targets-facing-type sputtering system. The direction of easy magnetization in the film with perpendicular crystalline anisotropy is almost perpendicular to the film plane. Thus, the perpendicular remanence is more than 60 times as large as the in-plane one. The simple Ba–ferrite films, however, have a coercive force, Hc⊥ above 2 kOe which is too large to write on by means of a conventional head. The substitution of In3+ in the Ba–ferrite films makes the Hc⊥ values decrease to about 1 kOe without increasing the critical temperature, Tcritical, of c-axis orientation. The read/write characteristics of the films were measured with a MnZn–ferrite ring head. The reproduced signal exhibits clear dipulsive waveforms as the dipulse ratio exceeds 0.7. Furthermore, the overwrite ratio decreases below −28 dB for the In3+-substituted Ba-ferrite film disk. The Ba–ferrite film disks have promising potential as a high-density perpendicular magnetic recording medium.
Using Acoustic Liner for Fan Noise Reduction in Modern Turbofan Engines (2014)

With the increase in global air travel, aircraft noise has become a major public issue. In modern aircraft engines, only a small proportion of the air that passes through the whole engine actually goes through the core of the engine, the rest passes around it down the bypass duct. A successful method of reducing noise further, even in ultra-high bypass ratio engines, is to absorb the sound created within the engine. Acoustically absorbent material or acoustic liners have desirable acoustic attenuation properties and thus are commonly used to reduce noise in jet engines. The liners typically are placed upstream and downstream of the rotors (fans) to absorb sound before it propagates out of the inlet and exhaust ducts. Noise attenuation can be dramatically improved by increasing the area over which a noise reducing material is applied and by placing the material closer to the noise source. In this paper we will briefly discuss acoustic liner applications in modern turbofan engines.
An<i><scp>AGAMOUS</scp></i>intron‐driven cytotoxin leads to flowerless tobacco and produces no detrimental effects on vegetative growth of either tobacco or poplar (2016)

Flowerless trait is highly desirable for poplar because it can prevent pollen- and seed-mediated transgene flow. We have isolated the second intron of PTAG2, an AGAMOUS (AG) orthologue from Populus trichocarpa. By fusing this intron sequence to a minimal 35S promoter sequence, we created two artificial promoters, fPTAG2I (forward orientation of the PTAG2 intron sequence) and rPTAG2I (reverse orientation of the PTAG2 intron sequence). In tobacco, expression of the β-glucuronidase gene (uidA) demonstrates that the fPTAG2I promoter is non-floral-specific, while the rPTAG2I promoter is active in floral buds but with no detectable vegetative activity. Under glasshouse conditions, transgenic tobacco plants expressing the Diphtheria toxin A (DT-A) gene driven by the rPTAG2I promoter produced three floral ablation phenotypes: flowerless, neuter (stamenless and carpel-less) and carpel-less. Further, the vegetative growth of these transgenic lines was similar to that of the wild-type plants. In field trials during 2014 and 2015, the flowerless transgenic tobacco stably maintained its flowerless phenotype, and also produced more shoot and root biomass when compared to wild-type plants. In poplar, the rPTAG2I::GUS gene exhibited no detectable activity in vegetative organs. Under field conditions over two growing seasons (2014 to the end of 2015), vegetative growth of the rPTAG2I::DT-A transgenic poplar plants was similar to that of the wild-type plants. Our results demonstrate that the rPTAG2I artificial promoter has no detectable activities in vegetative tissues and organs, and the rPTAG2I::DT-A gene may be useful for producing flowerless poplar that retains normal vegetative growth.
Association between α-synuclein blood transcripts and early, neuroimaging-supported Parkinson’s disease (2015)

There are no cures for neurodegenerative diseases and this is partially due to the difficulty of monitoring pathogenic molecules in patients during life. The Parkinson's disease gene α-synuclein (SNCA) is selectively expressed in blood cells and neurons. Here we show that SNCA transcripts in circulating blood cells are paradoxically reduced in early stage, untreated and dopamine transporter neuroimaging-supported Parkinson's disease in three independent regional, national, and international populations representing 500 cases and 363 controls and on three analogue and digital platforms with P < 0.0001 in meta-analysis. Individuals with SNCA transcripts in the lowest quartile of counts had an odds ratio for Parkinson's disease of 2.45 compared to individuals in the highest quartile. Disease-relevant transcript isoforms were low even near disease onset. Importantly, low SNCA transcript abundance predicted cognitive decline in patients with Parkinson's disease during up to 5 years of longitudinal follow-up. This study reveals a consistent association of reduced SNCA transcripts in accessible peripheral blood and early-stage Parkinson's disease in 863 participants and suggests a clinical role as potential predictor of cognitive decline. Moreover, the three independent biobank cohorts provide a generally useful platform for rapidly validating any biological marker of this common disease.
The neural tube patterns vessels developmentally using the VEGF signaling pathway (2004)

Embryonic blood vessels form in a reproducible pattern that interfaces with other embryonic structures and tissues, but the sources and identities of signals that pattern vessels are not well characterized. We hypothesized that the neural tube provides vascular patterning signal(s) that direct formation of the perineural vascular plexus (PNVP) that encompasses the neural tube at mid-gestation. Both surgically placed ectopic neural tubes and ectopic neural tubes engineered genetically were able to recruit a vascular plexus, showing that the neural tube is the source of a vascular patterning signal. In mouse-quail chimeras with the graft separated from the neural tube by a buffer of host cells, graft-derived vascular cells contributed to the PNVP, indicating that the neural tube signal(s) can act at a distance. Murine neural tube vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) expression was temporally and spatially correlated with PNVP formation, suggesting it is a component of the neural tube signal. A collagen explant model was developed in which presomitic mesoderm explants formed a vascular plexus in the presence of added VEGFA. Co-cultures between presomitic mesoderm and neural tube also supported vascular plexus formation, indicating that the neural tube could replace the requirement for VEGFA. Moreover, a combination of pharmacological and genetic perturbations showed that VEGFA signaling through FLK1 is a required component of the neural tube vascular patterning signal. Thus, the neural tube is the first structure identified as a midline signaling center for embryonic vascular pattern formation in higher vertebrates, and VEGFA is a necessary component of the neural tube vascular patterning signal. These data suggest a model whereby embryonic structures with little or no capacity for angioblast generation act as a nexus for vessel patterning.