gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of transformation to low-resistivity phase and agglomeration of TiSi/sub 2/ and CoSi/sub 2/ (1991)

The phase transformation and stability of TiSi/sub 2/ on n/sup +/ diffusions are investigated. Narrower n/sup +/ diffusions require higher anneal temperatures, or longer anneal times, than wider diffusions for complete transitions from the high-resistivity C49 phase to the low-resistivity C54 phase. A model is presented which explains this in terms of the probability of forming C54 nuclei on narrow diffusions and the influence of diffusion width on C54 grain size. The results are that more C49 and C54 nucleation events are required to completely transform narrow lines. For thin TiSi/sub 2/ (40 nm), there is a narrow process window for achieving complete transformation without causing agglomeration of the TiSi/sub 2/. The process window decreases with decreasing silicide thickness. A significantly larger process window is achieved with short-time rapid annealing. Similar studies are performed for CoSi/sub 2/ on n/sup +/ and p/sup +/ diffusions. No linewidth dependence is observed for the transformation from CoSi/sub x/ to CoSi/sub 2/. There is a broad process window from 575 degrees C to 850 degrees C using furnace annealing, for which the low-resistivity phase is obtained without causing agglomeration.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Three Dimension Accuracy Measurement Methods for Robots (1976)

Commercially, there are several part manipulators (robots) available today. The major task of these robots is to position parts accurately in space or to orient its gripper so as to pick up a part accurately. Several of these devices have a “teach” mode, where the positional commands can be recorded in some form of memory when the robot is moved manually through its task.
Retinal pigment epithelial acid lipase activity and lipoprotein receptors: effects of dietary omega-3 fatty acids. (2002)

RPE cells contain substantial acid lipase for efficient metabolism of lipids imbibed by POS phagocytosis and LDL uptake. Diets rich in fish oil-derived omega-3 fatty acids, by enhancing acid lipase, may reduce RPE lipofuscin accumulation, RPE oxidative damage, and the development of ARMD.
The Mantis parallel debugger (1996)

Parallel tools often fad to integrate effectively with other parallel systems,
Multidimensional adaptive method for cancelling EMG signal from the ECG signal (2002)

Electrocardiographic signals (ECG) are corrupted with a certain number of noisy signals like baseline drift, mains interference (50 Hz or 60 Hz) due to electric sources, and electromyographic signals (EMG). This interference usually disturbs long periods of the useful signal and normally overlaps its spectrum. Till now, an adaptive approach remains difficult, because requires the acquisition of a noise reference channel (Xu, 1987; Thakor, 1991), or an "a priori" information based on detected QRS complexes and RR intervals (Provaznik 1993, 1994). Here, the authors show a new multidimensional adaptive method without an electromyographic noise reference, and without any "a priori" information. This technique was evaluated by using real cardiac signals recorded on three channels.
Al films as buffer layers for high-temperature superconducting thin films on amorphous substrates (1999)

We have prepared c-axis oriented YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-y/ (YBCO) thin films on amorphous substrates, such as SiO/sub 2/ and soda potassium glass, by using Al(111) buffer layer. Before preparation of YBCO film, Al surface was oxidized at a substrate temperature of 590/spl deg/C under (O/sub 2/+O/sub 3/;8%) atmosphere of 1 mTorr. This AlO/sub x/ was in an amorphous state according to X-ray diffraction (XRD) and reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) measurements. YBCO films were formed on amorphous substrates with the AlO/sub x//Al layer using an ArF excimer laser deposition technique. The vacuum pressure and substrate temperature during deposition were typically 1 mTorr and 590/spl deg/C, respectively. XRD measurements indicate that all the YBCO films were predominantly oriented with the c-axis normal to the substrate surface. These results show that the AlO/sub x/ plays a role of buffer and seed layer which has periodic potential of atomic order corresponding to Al(111) plane. Critical temperature T/sub c(zero)/ of the c-axis oriented YBCO film on AlO/sub x//Al/glass substrate was 75 K. This technique can be applied to other oxide material such as ferroelectric and ferromagnetic materials and is very useful for applications.
Basic biology and pharmacology of the cardiac sarcolemmal sodium/hydrogen exchanger (2003)

The Na+/H+ exchangers area family of membrane proteins that transport sodium and hydrogen ions in opposite directions on a one-to-one basis, and play important roles in regulating cytoplasmic pH and cell volume and mediating sodium reabsorption in various tissues. In the myocardium, the physiological role of the exchanger is pH regulation. Howevster, ischemic activation of the Na+/H+ exchanger in myocardium ultimately leads to intracellular calcium overload, a key mediator of ischemia and reperfusion injury. Studies in a wide variety of animal models have clearly shown that selective inhibition of the sarcolemmal Na+/H+ exchanger can delay progression of injury during ischemia, thereby reducing myocardial necrosis and improving recovery of ventricular function upon reperfusion. Furthermore, this inhibition does not adversely affect either the rate or degree of acidosis during ischemia. To be efficacious, Na+/H+ inhibition must be initiated before or during early ischemia; inhibition only during late ischemia and reperfusion has minimal to no beneficial effects. These preclinical data suggest that selective sodium hydrogen exchanger (NHE) inhibition may provide a new, efficacious treatment for acute myocardial ischemia in appropriate settings in humans.
Environmentally Friendly Antifouling Coatings Based on Biodegradable Polymer and Natural Antifoulant (2017)

Marine biofouling causes huge economic losses and serious problems to maritime industries. Consequently, there is a great demand for environmentally friendly antibiofouling technology. In the present study, we developed novel antifouling coatings by incorporating butenolide derived from marine bacteria into biodegradable poly(ϵ-caprolactone) based polyurethane. Measurements of mass loss indicated that the polymer was degraded in seawater and that the degradation rate increased in the presence of marine organisms or enzymes. Moreover, measured release rates indicated that butenolide could be released from the biodegradable polymer for at least 3 months and the release rate depended on both the concentration of butenolide and the temperature. Incorporating a naturally occurring resin (rosin) into the biodegradable polymer increased the self-renewal rate and improved the later release rate of butenolide. The field test indicated that the system had excellent antifouling properties. © 2017 American Chemical Society.
Ultrathin gate oxide reliability: physical models, statistics, and characterization (2002)

The present understanding of wear-out and breakdown in ultrathin (t/sub ox/ < 5.0 nm) SiO/sub 2/ gate dielectric films and issues relating to reliability projection are reviewed in this article. Recent evidence supporting a voltage-driven model for defect generation and breakdown, where energetic tunneling electrons induce defect generation and breakdown will be discussed. The concept of a critical number of defects required to cause breakdown and percolation theory will be used to describe the observed statistical failure distributions for ultrathin gate dielectric breakdown. Recent observations of a voltage dependent voltage acceleration parameter and non-Arrhenius temperature dependence will be presented. The current understanding of soft breakdown will be discussed and proposed techniques for detecting breakdown presented. Finally, the implications of soft breakdown on circuit functionality and the applicability of applying current reliability characterization and analysis techniques to project the reliability of future alternative gate dielectrics will be discussed.
Decreased fractal component of human heart rate variability during non-REM sleep (2001)

The physiological significance of the fractal component of short-term, spontaneous heart rate variability (HRV) in humans remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to gain further information about the respective fractal components by extracting them from HRV, blood pressure variability (BPV), and instantaneous lung volume (ILV) time series via coarse graining spectral analysis in nine healthy subjects during waking and sleep states. The results show that the contribution made by the fractal component to the total variance in the beat-to-beat R-R interval declined significantly as the depth of non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep increased, that the ILV time series was largely periodic (i.e., nonfractal), and that BPV was unaffected by sleep stage. Finally, the fractal component of HRV during REM sleep was found to be quite similar to that seen during waking. These results suggest that mechanisms involving electroencephalographic desynchronization and/or conscious states of the brain are reflected in the fractal component of HRV.
X-Ray Compton Scatter Imaging Using a High Speed Flying Spot X-Ray Tube (1981)

A system of Compton scatter medical X-ray fluoroscopy is investigated in this research which uses a specially constructed flying spot X-ray tube. The imaging system uses a narrow pinpoint X-ray beam which scans an object in near real time and creates a penetrating frontal view radiograph of variable penetration into the object. The results of our initial work with X-ray Compton backscatter imaging were presented in a previous paper, and this research seeks to demonstrate an improved X-ray generator which allows the radiographs to be produced much more rapidly. One application of the system may be to provide an X-ray frontal backprojection view of the moving heart epicardial surface which could be useful as a noninvasive diagnostic of cardiac function.
Augmented impedance control: an approach to compliant control of kinematically redundant manipulators (2002)

A control method that achieves impedance control of redundant degree-of-freedom manipulators is proposed. The technique combines reduced-order impedance control with configuration control to achieve impedance control of the hand and integrable control of the redundancy. The resulting controlled dynamics is shown to present a passive physical equivalent impedance, thus guaranteeing stability in contact with arbitrary passive environment. In addition, it is shown that there are severe restrictions in choosing the desired hand inertia.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Cloning (CAG/GTC)n STSs by an Alu-(CAG/GTC)n PCR method: an approach to human chromosome 12 and spinocerebellar ataxia 2 (SCA2) (1996)

We report here an Alu-(CAG/GTC)n PCR method for the cloning of STSs with (CAG/GTC)n sequences. We have applied this method to genomic DNA of a somatic cell hybrid containing human chromosome 12 where linkage has been found for a known familiar dominant ataxia (SCA2), which is thought to be due to a (CAG/GTC)n expansion. We have isolated several clones containing (CAG/GTC)n sequences, which include previously identified sequences that map to chromosome 12. This method could be a new PCR approach for the cloning of repeats based on their proximity to Alu sequences.
Synthesis and Pharmacological Evaluation of Thiopyran Analogues of the Dopamine D<sub>3</sub> Receptor-Selective Agonist (4a<i>R</i>,10b<i>R</i>)-(+)-<i>trans</i>-3,4,4a,10b- Tetrahydro-4-<i>n</i>-propyl-2<i>H</i>,5<i>H</i>-[1]benzopyrano[4,3-<i>b</i>]-1,4-oxazin-9-ol (PD 128907) (2000)

Benzopyranoxazine (+)-7 (PD 128907) is the most dopamine (DA) D3 receptor-selective agonist presently known. The only structural feature which distinguishes 7 from the analogous nonselective naphthoxazines is an oxygen atom in the 6-position. To extend this series of tricyclic DA agonists we used a classic bioisoster approach and synthesized thiopyran analogues of 7, which have a sulfur atom in the 6-position. We prepared trans-4-n-propyl-3,4,4a,10b-tetrahydro-2H,5H-[1]benzothiopyrano[4, 3-b]-1,4-oxazin-9-ol (9, trans-9-OH-PTBTO), its enantiomers ((+)-9 and (-)-9), the racemic cis-analogue (10), and the racemic trans-sulfoxide (11) and studied the potency and selectivity for DA receptors of these compounds. As with other rigid DA agonists, the highest affinity for DA receptors resided in one of the enantiomers, in this case the (-)-enantiomer of 9. On the basis of a single-crystal X-ray analysis of a key intermediate, the absolute configuration of (-)-9 was found to be 4aS,10bR, which is homochiral with (+)-(4aR,10bR)-7. In contrast to (+)-7 however, (-)-9 displayed no selectivity for any of the DA receptors. In addition, it has affinity for 5HT1A receptors. (+/-)-cis-4-n-Propyl-3,4,4a,10b-tetrahydro-2H,5H-[1]benzothiopyrano++ +[4,3-b]-1,4-oxazin-9-ol (10), which was expected to be inactive, displayed affinity and selectivity for the DA D3 receptor, whereas the sulfoxide 11 displayed some DA D3 selectivity, but with a lower affinity. Further pharmacological evaluation revealed that (-)-9 is a very potent full agonist at DA D2 receptors and a partial agonist at DA D3 receptors. The cis-analogue (+/-)-10 displayed the same profile, but with lower potency. These findings were confirmed in vivo: in reserpinized rats (-)-9 displayed short-acting activation of locomotor activity (DA D2 agonism) and also lower lip retraction and flat body posture, (5HT1A agonism). Compound (+/-)-10 had no effect on locomotor activity. In unilaterally 6-OH-DA lesioned rats, (-)-9 gave short-acting locomotor activation. Furthermore, in microdialysis studies in rat striatum, (-)-9 potently decreased DA release, confirming its activation of presynaptic DA D2 receptors.
Gain enhancement of bow‐tie antenna using fractal wideband artificial magnetic conductor ground (2015)

A novel fractal wideband artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) structure is designed as the ground plane of a printed bow‐tie antenna for gain enhancement and low profile. The origin printed bow‐tie antenna is operated in the range from 1.67 to 2.06 GHz for a VSWR <2. The AMC structure consists of 6 × 9 first‐order fractal unit cells that are made up of four circles and four smaller circles, and the ±90° reflection phase band is 1.1–3.03 GHz. Both the AMC ground plane and bow‐tie antenna are fabricated and measured. The distance between the antenna and the AMC is reduced to one‐eighth of the wavelength in free space at 1.7 GHz. The experimental results show that the composite antenna has a wide bandwidth from 1.64 to 1.94 GHz, with a relative frequency bandwidth of 16.7%.
MBR vs. CAS: capital and operating cost evaluation (2012)

Previous studies have investigated capital and operating cost comparisons between membrane bioreactors and conventional treatment technologies for particular treatment scenarios. This study expands on prior work with the development of an Excel and Biowin based tool to compare the capital and operating costs of equivalent size greenfield wastewater treatment facilities using membrane bioreactor (MBR) vs. conventional activated sludge (CAS) processes based on identical influent loading conditions, variable temperature and flow peaking factors, and varying levels of effluent treatment objectives. The resulting capital and operating cost tables developed using this tool indicate which system is most cost-effective for each scenario evaluated. The tool can also be used to easily compare the 20-year Present Worth cost impacts of changing input variables such as the cost of concrete, land, chemicals, or electricity.
Fabrication of photonic band-gap crystals (1995)

We describe the fabrication of three-dimensional photonic crystals using a reproducible and reliable procedure consisting of electron beam lithography followed by a sequence of dry etching steps. Careful fabrication has enabled us to define photonic crystals with 280 nm holes defined with 350 nm center to center spacings in GaAsP and GaAs epilayers. We construct these photonic crystals by transferring a submicron pattern of holes from 70-nm-thick polymethylmethacrylate resist layers into 300-nm-thick silicon dioxide ion etch masks, and then anisotropically angle etching the III-V semiconductor material using this mask. Here, we show the procedure used to generate photonic crystals with up to four lattice periods depth.
Technical Note: Monochloramine Removal From Water by Activated Carbon (1985)

Monochloramine is becoming a popular alternative to chlorine for the disinfection of water supplies because it does not react with humic substances to form trihalomethanes. However, chloramines have recently been found to cause hemolytic anemia in patients undergoing kidney dialysis. A study of Urbana‐Champaign, Ill., tap water was carried out to determine the effects of particle size, contact time, and dissolved organic matter on carbon column effluent concentration when a typical influent monochloramine concentration was used. The resulting data allow a good estimate to be made of the best design for a carbon column, but until more data become available, dechlorination units that are being used for the removal of monochloramines should be carefully monitored to ensure that water of the desired quality is being produced.
MalTRAK: Tracking and Eliminating Unknown Malware (2008)

Malware or malicious code is a rapidly evolving threat to the computing community. Zero-day malware are exploiting vulnerabilities very soon after being discovered and are spreading quickly. However, anti-virus tools, which are the most widely used countering mechanism, are unable to cope with this. They are based on signatures which need to be computed for new malware strains. After a new malware strikes and before the signature is found allows sufficient time for the malware to perform its damage. We propose a new framework, codenamed MalTRAK, which, when deployed on a clean system, guarantees that any effects of a known or unknown malware can always be reversed and the system can be restored back to a prior clean state. Our framework also maintains detailed dependency lists of system operations which can be used for further forensic analysis. We are able to achieve this without imposing any restrictions on the nature of programs that can be executed by the user and without the user noticing any perceptible system slowdown due to the framework. Furthermore, we are able to track modifications to the system at a level that ensures that we can always monitor any changes to the system state even if a malware modifies the system during execution. We implemented and evaluated MalTRAK on Windows, using 8 known malware assuming they were unknown strains. We then compared our results with two popular commercial anti-virus tools. We were able to successfully restore all the effects of the 8 malware, while the commercial tools, on an average were only able to restore 36% of all their effects put together. For one of the malware samples, the commercial tools could only detect it but could not repair any of its damage. Further, for two of the malware samples, the commercial tools were completely unable to detect or restore any of their effects. Our results show that signature based mechanisms in addition to not being able to prevent infection by new malware strains, are not very effective in removing an infection even after a signature has been developed. Our experience shows that non-signature based approaches, such as MalTRAK, are the next step towards combating the threat of ever-evolving malware.
A 15/60 GHz one-stage MMIC frequency quadrupler (2002)

We have developed a 15/60 GHz one-stage MMIC frequency quadrupler using a 0.25-/spl mu/m AlGaAs/GaAs HEMT. The HEMT was characterized by our empirical large-signal model, in which charge conservation and dispersion are taken into consideration. We included this model in a commercially-available harmonic balance circuit simulator, and designed the one-stage quadrupler. The fabricated MMIC quadrupler has a conversion gain of -5 dBm with -5 dBm of output power for a 0 dBm input signal.
Spinel LiMn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Nanorods as Lithium Ion Battery Cathodes (2008)

Spinel LiMn2O4 is a low-cost, environmentally friendly, and highly abundant material for Li-ion battery cathodes. Here, we report the hydrothermal synthesis of single-crystalline beta-MnO2 nanorods and their chemical conversion into free-standing single-crystalline LiMn2O4 nanorods using a simple solid-state reaction. The LiMn2O4 nanorods have an average diameter of 130 nm and length of 1.2 microm. Galvanostatic battery testing showed that LiMn2O4 nanorods have a high charge storage capacity at high power rates compared with commercially available powders. More than 85% of the initial charge storage capacity was maintained for over 100 cycles. The structural transformation studies showed that the Li ions intercalated into the cubic phase of the LiMn2O4 with a small change of lattice parameter, followed by the coexistence of two nearly identical cubic phases in the potential range of 3.5 to 4.3 V.
CHEMISTRY OF THIO-CHOLINE HALIDE (TRIMETHYLTHIO-ETHYL AMMONIUM HALIDE). NEW THIO-CHOLINE BROMIDE AND ITS DERIVATIVES. I (1929)

Abstract 1. Thio-choline bromide was prepared by heating bromocholine bromide with 2-thio-uracil or 4-methyl-2-thio-uracil with water in a closed tube or pressure bottle at 150°C and 170°C. for two and five hours respectively. The compound is hygroscopic in nature, and is very soluble in both alcohol and water. It decomposes at 243°C. on heating. Its isoelectric point was found to be 7.00. 2. By heating with hydrobromic acid the compound is easily oxidized to its disulphide, which is a syrupy and less pronounced ionizable substance, in aqueous solution. 3. On treating an aqueous solution of this compound, with an excess of silver oxide, and neutrallizing with hydrobromic acid and heating on the steam bath, an insoluble white asbestos-like crystalline substance was formed. It appears to be the following formula: (Remark: Graphics omitted.) The compound is slightly soluble in alkaline solution. It decomposes at 214°C.
Application specific spectral response with CMOS compatible photodiodes (1999)

Several methods are presented for realizing photodiodes with independent spectral responses in a standard CMOS integrated circuit process. Only the masks, materials, and fabrication steps inherent to this standard process were used. The spectral responses of the photodiodes were controlled by (1) using the SiO/sub 2/ and polycrystalline Si as thin-film optical filters, (2) using photodiodes with different junction depths, and (3) controlling the density of the interfacial trapping centers by choosing which oxide forms the Si/SiO/sub 2/ interface. Also presented is an example method for constructing photo-spectrometers using these spectrally-independent photodiodes. This method forms weighted sums of the photodiodes' outputs to extract spectrographic information.
First Case Report of <i>Neisseria lactamica</i> Causing Cavitary Lung Disease in an Adult Organ Transplant Recipient (2006)

We describe a case of an adult organ recipient patient with a pulmonary cavitary lesion due to Neisseria lactamica, a harmless commensal organism that rarely causes human infection. To our knowledge, this is the first report of pulmonary disease caused by this organism and the second case of N. lactamica infection in an adult patient.
Low-power design of memory intensive functions (2002)

Much of the recent efforts into low power design techniques neglects the impact memory accesses have on power consumption. This paper provides a summary of the techniques used in the design of a low-power vector quantizer (VQ), many or all of which can be applied to other memory intensive applications.