gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gain‐of‐function mutations and copy number increases of Notch2 in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (2009)

Signaling through the Notch1 receptor has a pivotal role in early thymocyte development. Gain of Notch1 function results in the development of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia in a number of mouse experimental models, and activating Notch1 mutations deregulate Notch1 signaling in the majority of human T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemias. Notch2, another member of the Notch gene family, is preferentially expressed in mature B cells and is essential for marginal zone B-cell generation. Here, we report that 5 of 63 (approximately 8%) diffuse large B-cell lymphomas, a subtype of mature B-cell lymphomas, have Notch2 mutations. These mutations lead to partial or complete deletion of the proline-, glutamic acid-, serine- and threonine-rich (PEST) domain, or a single amino acid substitution at the C-terminus of Notch2 protein. Furthermore, high-density oligonucleotide microarray analysis revealed that some diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cases also have increased copies of the mutated Notch2 allele. In the Notch activation-sensitive luciferase reporter assay in vitro, mutant Notch2 receptors show increased activity compared with wild-type Notch2. These findings implicate Notch2 gain-of-function mutations in the pathogenesis of a subset of B-cell lymphomas, and suggest broader roles for Notch gene mutations in human cancers.
Hybrid Power-Assisted Functional Electrical Stimulation to Improve Hemiparetic Upper-Extremity Function (2006)

The hybrid therapy was effective for patients with chronic spastic hemiparesis. Proprioceptional sensory feedback may have an important role in power-assisted functional electrical stimulation therapy.
The tertiary structure of a DNA aptamer which binds to and inhibits thrombin determines activity (1993)

The solution-state three-dimensional structure of the DNA aptamer d(G1G2T3T4G5G6T7G8T9G10G11T12T13G14G15) which binds to and inhibits thrombin has recently been determined by NMR methods (Wang et al., 1993). This DNA adopts a highly compact, highly symmetrical structure which consists of two tetrads of guanosine base pairs and three loops. The basic features of this three-dimensional structure are preserved when the aptamer binds to thrombin. The three-dimensional structure can be used as a basis for interpreting the relative activities of modified aptamers as well as for proposing a model for the aptamer-thrombin complex. This investigation also provides a demonstration of a novel approach to medicinal chemistry in which a wide range of molecules are synthesized, a lead molecule is identified, and the structural information on the lead compound allows for rational design of additional compounds of potential therapeutic value.
A new comprehensive lightning instrumentation system for pad 39B at the Kennedy Space Center, Florida (2010)

A new comprehensive lightning instrumentation system has been designed for Launch Complex 39B at the Kennedy Space Center, Florida. This new instrumentation system includes the synchronized recording of six high-speed video cameras; currents through the nine downconductors of the new lightning protection system; four dH/dt, 3-axis measurement stations; and five dE/dt stations composed of two antennas each. The instrumentation system is composed of centralized transient recorders and digitizers that are located close to the sensors in the field. The sensors and transient recorders communicate via optical fiber. Sensor outputs are sampled by fiber-optic digitizers, which transmit the digitized data to transient recorders via fiber optics. The transient recorders are triggered by the dH/dt sensors, the dE/dt sensors, or the current through the downlead conductors. The high-speed cameras are triggered by the trigger output of one of the transient recorders when any of the recorders perceive a qualified trigger.
The mobility of charge carriers in all four phases of the columnar discotic material hexakis(hexylthio)triphenylene: Combined TOF and PR‐TRMC results (1996)

Peripherally alkyl‐substituted aromatic molecules are of interest because they are predicted to promote the rapid vectorial conduction of electronic charge. It is shown—using the example of HHTT, see Figure—that the results obtained by flash‐photolysis time‐of‐flight conductivity and pulse‐radiolysis time‐resolved microwave conductivity measurements are complementary, allowing the charge‐carrier mobility to be determined in all four phases of HHTT. magnified image
Production of Shigella dysenteriae Type 1-Like Cytotoxin by Escherichia coli (1982)

Strains of Escherichia coli previously implicated or proven to be causes of diarrhea were examined for production of a toxin similar to that of Shigella dysenteriae type 1 (Shiga). Organisms grown in an iron-depleted broth were lysed by pressure disruption followed by ultracentrifugation. Saline-dialyzed extracts were tested for cytotoxic effects on HeLa cells that were neutralizable with antiserum to Shiga toxin. Among the 13 E. coli strains so analyzed, 11 made a Shiga-like cytotoxin in levels ranging from trace (two avirulent isolates) to amounts equivalent to S. dysenteriae type 1 (two noninvasive strains that did not make E. coli heat-labile or -stable enterotoxins but were isolated from infants with diarrhea). As with extracts of Shiga toxin, lysates of these E. coli strains that produced high levels of Shiga-like toxin were enterotoxic for rabbits, paralytic and lethal for mice, and inhibited protein synthesis in HeLa cells. Thus, these data suggest that Shiga-like toxin may be another heretofore undiscovered factor in the pathogenesis of diarrhea caused by some E. coli strains.
IL-18 Activates STAT3 in the Natural Killer Cell Line 92, Augments Cytotoxic Activity, and Mediates IFN-γ Production by the Stress Kinase p38 and by the Extracellular Regulated Kinases p44 <i>erk-1</i> and p42 <i>erk-2</i> 1 (2000)

IL-18 is a regulator of NK cell function which utilizes the serine-threonine IL-1R-associated kinase signal transduction pathway and may activate additional not yet characterized signaling pathways. Here we evaluated IL-18-mediated signal transduction using the human NK cell line NK92 as a model. NK92 cells were shown by RT-PCR to express all three IL-18 receptor chains (IL-18R, accessory protein-like chain, IL-18-binding protein). Stimulation by IL-18 strongly enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of STAT3 and of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) p44erk-1and p42erk-2. In contrast, STAT5 was not activated. The cytolytic activity of NK92 against K562 target cells, which was augmented in a dose-dependent manner by IL-18 in the presence of trace amounts of IL-2, was suppressed by the specific inhibitors of MAPK pathways (PD098059 and SB203580). Similarly, the stimulatory effect of IL-18 on IFN-gamma protein production, given in conjunction with IL-2, was counteracted by inhibition of MAPK. IL-18 alone failed to stimulate IFN-gamma protein production despite inducing expression of IFN-gamma mRNA. IL-2 alone stimulated neither IFN-gamma mRNA expression nor IFN-gamma protein production. IL-18 did not stimulate proliferation of NK92 cells, either alone or in combination with IL-2 or IL-12. Inhibition of the MAPK pathway did not significantly alter the IL-2- and IL-12-induced proliferation of NK92 cells, whereas the Janus kinase/STAT pathway inhibitor AG490 strongly suppressed proliferation. MAPK activation appears to play a prominent role in IL-18 signaling, being involved in transcription and translation of IL-18-induced IFN-gamma mRNA and IL-18-induced cytolytic effects. In contrast, proliferation of NK92 cells is not affected by MAPK p44erk-1 and p42erk-2.
Conservation of Arabidopsis Flowering Genes in Model Legumes   (2005)

The model plants Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) and rice (Oryza sativa) have provided a wealth of information about genes and genetic pathways controlling the flowering process, but little is known about the corresponding pathways in legumes. The garden pea (Pisum sativum) has been used for several decades as a model system for physiological genetics of flowering, but the lack of molecular information about pea flowering genes has prevented direct comparison with other systems. To address this problem, we have searched expressed sequence tag and genome sequence databases to identify flowering-gene-related sequences from Medicago truncatula, soybean (Glycine max), and Lotus japonicus, and isolated corresponding sequences from pea by degenerate-primer polymerase chain reaction and library screening. We found that the majority of Arabidopsis flowering genes are represented in pea and in legume sequence databases, although several gene families, including the MADS-box, CONSTANS, and FLOWERING LOCUS T/TERMINAL FLOWER1 families, appear to have undergone differential expansion, and several important Arabidopsis genes, including FRIGIDA and members of the FLOWERING LOCUS C clade, are conspicuously absent. In several cases, pea and Medicago orthologs are shown to map to conserved map positions, emphasizing the closely syntenic relationship between these two species. These results demonstrate the potential benefit of parallel model systems for an understanding of flowering phenology in crop and model legume species.
Nichrome Thin Film Technology and its Application (1981)

NiCr thin film resistors are widely used in the current resistor technology. Ranging from discrete resistors up to highest performance hybrid integrated circuits, vacuum deposited NiCr alloys cover extreme areas of application. Depending upon NiCr composition, process parameters, substrate and conductor materials, resistors with extremely low temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR) and high stability, low noise and distortion can be produced. NiCr resistors therefore offer particular advantages for applications with special demand for high stability as well as low TCR‐like selected circuits for measuring equipment, data processing, telecommunication, etc.
Absorption of Nitrogen Dioxide in Sodium Sulfite Solution from Air as a Diluent (1977)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAbsorption of Nitrogen Dioxide in Sodium Sulfite Solution from Air as a DiluentHiroshi Takeuchi, Katsuroku Takahashi, and Nobuo KizawaCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 1977, 16, 4, 486–490Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1977Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1977https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/i260064a009https://doi.org/10.1021/i260064a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views236Altmetric-Citations21LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
65Zn(II), 115mCd(II), 60Co(II), and mg(II) binding to alkaline phosphatase of Escherichia coli. Structural and functional effects. (1983)

Zn(II), Cd(II), Co(II) and Mg(II) binding to apoalkaline phosphatase of Escherichia coli and the relative stabilities of the resulting metalloenzyme complexes have been measured by equilibrium dialysis and metal exchange reactions using gamma-emitting isotopes of these metals. At millimolar concentrations of these metal ions the alkaline phosphatase dimer binds three pairs of metal ions (A, B, and C sites). One of these pairs dialyzes readily without detectable change in the structure or function of the enzyme (C site). Of the remaining two pairs, the binding affinity of both for Zn(II) and Cd(II) is increased by formation of the phosphoenzyme intermediates. Cd(II) is bound less tightly to both A and B sites than Zn(II), and at pH 6.5 Cd(II) is induced to bind to the B sites by formation of the phosphate complexes. Mg(II), 5-10 mM, competes successfully with the IIB metal ions for the second or lower affinity pair of binding sites (B sites), although Mg(II) is a relatively poor competitor on an equimolar basis, especially for Cd(II). Binding of metal ions to the apoenzyme appears to be a cooperative process involving conformational changes in the protein which are not readily reversible. The initial binding of a pair of Zn(II) or Cd(II) ions to the apoenzyme is characterized by equilibrium constants of 10(-5) to 10(-7) M for Zn(II) and 10(-4) to 10(-5) M for Cd(II). Following the cooperative binding of all three pairs of metal ions, however, re-establishment of equilibrium by dialysis indicates binding constants of less than 10(-8) M for Zn(II) and less than 10(-6) M for Cd(II) at the sites of greatest affinity (A sites). Binding of Mg(II) or Cd(II) to the B site, once the A site is occupied, increases the phosphorylation rate of the Cd(II) enzyme by 20-fold. In the presence of saturating concentrations of Mg(II) complete activity is restored to the apoenzyme by 2 Zn(II) ions. In the absence of Mg(II) as many as 6 Zn(II) ions may be required before complete restoration is achieved. Roles for the A and B site metal ions in the catalytic mechanism are discussed.
Desiccation tolerance in developing soybean seeds: The role of stress proteins (1995)

The consistent correlation between desiccation tolerance in orthodox seed tissue and an accumulation of certain “late embryogenesis abundant” (LEA) proteins suggests that these proteins reduce desiccation‐induced cellular damage. The aim of the present work was to test this hypothesis. Exogenous abscisic acid (ABA) was used to elevate the level of heal‐soluble LEA‐like proteins in axes from immature (30 days after flowering: mid‐development) seeds of soybean ( Glycine max [L.] Merrill cv. Chippewa 64). As the LEA‐like proteins accumulated in response to ABA, the leakage of all elements after desiccation and subsequent rehydration markedly declined. Both LEA‐like protein accumulation and the decline in desiccation‐induced electrolyte leakage were apparently dependent on the presence of ABA. Both effects of ABA were inhibited by cycloheximide. Light microscopy revealed a marked effect of the ABA on cellular integrity following desiccation. Osmotic stress also caused a decrease in desiccation‐induced electrolyte leakage and stimulated the accumulation of LEA‐like proteins. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that the LEA‐like proteins contribute to the increase in desiccation tolerance in response to ABA, and are consistent with a general protective role for these proteins in desiccation tolerance.
Imaging performance of a miniature integrated microendoscope (2008)

An integrated miniature multi-modal microscope (4M device) for microendoscopy was built and tested. Imaging performance is evaluated and imaging results are presented for both fluorescence and reflectance samples. Images of biological samples show successful imaging of both thin layers of fixed cells prepared on a slide as well as thick samples of excised fixed porcine epithelial tissue, thus demonstrating the potential for in vivo use.
Porous Friction Course Solves Airport Hydroplaning Problem (1976)

Several hydroplaning incidents had occurred at the Greensboro-High Point-Winston Salem Regional Airport, N.C. Hydroplaning occurs when hydrostatic pressure builds up in the field of surface water under an aircraft's tire and reduces or eliminates tire-pavement contact when the aircraft is moving too fast for the pressure to be dissipated. As recommended for airfield pavements, the porous friction course (PFC) is a coarse, gap-graded asphaltic concrete mixture with a high, 80 to 88 percentage by weight of aggregate larger than a No.8 sieve. The coarse surface texture provides surface flow plus pressure relief channels and pavement tire contact above a surface water film. Its high percentage of voids to total mix (25% to 45%) provides temporary storage for surface water and high permeability. Dispersing the added neoprene in the form of latex, the asphalt's performance is markedly improved. The overlay has been 100% successful in preventing hydroplaning accidents.
The Effect of the Visual Context in the Recognition of Symbolic Gestures (2012)

These areas seem to be crucial for the inference of intentions in symbolic gestures observed in their natural context and represent an interrelated network formed by components of the putative human neuron mirror system as well as the mentalizing system.
Simple preparations of N-(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)-O-methyl-L-serine and N-(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)-O-methyl-L-threonine by direct methylation (1979)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSimple preparations of N-(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)-O-methyl-L-serine and N-(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)-O-methyl-L-threonine by direct methylationFrancis M. F. Chen and N. Leo BenoitonCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1979, 44, 13, 2299–2300Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1979Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1979https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01327a063https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01327a063research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views410Altmetric-Citations10LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
ChemInform Abstract: Studies on Mannich Reaction of 1‐Benzyltetrahydroisoquinolines. (1989)

Abstract Mannich cyclization of the tetrahydroisoquinolines (I), (V), or (VII) yields p‐ and/or o‐cyclization products as shown in the reaction scheme.
Examining the delay and environmental impacts of toll plaza characteristics (2002)

The paper outlines those attributes of toll plazas which have a bearing on their ultimate performance and describes to what extent each of these can be simulated. The manner in which the service time distributions for different types of lanes can be simulated is presented, as is the extent to which various factors related to the toll booth demand can be incorporated. Subsequently, a number of sample analyses are performed to illustrate how well the modeled results track with corresponding analytical solutions, and to illustrate the various ways in which ATC (automatic toll collection) can yield potential system benefits. The latter estimation of travel time, delay, fuel consumption and emission estimates within a context of time-waiting demands, toll rates and diversions, is critical to any comprehensive analysis of system-wide impacts of toll facilities.
[Preparation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against recombinant human NDPK-A]. (2004)

6 mAbs against rhNDPK-A have been prepared successfully which provide useful reagent for clinical diagnosis and further research.
IDB: An image database system (1991)

Specialized software and hardware tools are needed to work on digital color images; the usability of an image system implies the availability of such resources inside a coherent environment and a friendly user interface. Furthermore, a large volume of data must be efficiently stored and retrieved. To cope with these problems, the prototype of an image database system, named IDB, has been developed to manage image data in an integrated way. The important features of the system are distributed functions, a multi-user environment, interactivity, and modularity.
Programmatically Interpretable Reinforcement Learning (2018)

We present a reinforcement learning framework, called Programmatically Interpretable Reinforcement Learning (PIRL), that is designed to generate interpretable and verifiable agent policies. Unlike the popular Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL) paradigm, which represents policies by neural networks, PIRL represents policies using a high-level, domain-specific programming language. Such programmatic policies have the benefits of being more easily interpreted than neural networks, and being amenable to verification by symbolic methods. We propose a new method, called Neurally Directed Program Search (NDPS), for solving the challenging nonsmooth optimization problem of finding a programmatic policy with maximal reward. NDPS works by first learning a neural policy network using DRL, and then performing a local search over programmatic policies that seeks to minimize a distance from this neural "oracle". We evaluate NDPS on the task of learning to drive a simulated car in the TORCS car-racing environment. We demonstrate that NDPS is able to discover human-readable policies that pass some significant performance bars. We also show that PIRL policies can have smoother trajectories, and can be more easily transferred to environments not encountered during training, than corresponding policies discovered by DRL.
Abstract explanations of strategy in a diagnostic consultation system (1983)

This paper presents the explanation system for NEOMYCIN*, a medical consultation program. A consultation program plays the role of an expert to assist a user in solving a problem. An explanation of strategy describes the plan the program is using to reach a solution. Such an explanation is usually concrete, referring to aspects of the current problem situation. Abstract explanations articulate a general principle, which can be applied in different situations; such explanations are useful in teaching and in explaining by analogy. We describe the aspects of NEOMYCIN that make abstract strategic explanations possible--the representation of strategic knowledge explicitly and separately from domain knowledge-and demonstrate how this representation can be used to generate explanations.
England’s chief nurse looks to the future (2015)

As Jane Cummings plans a new nursing and midwifery strategy, Tamsin Newton Snow finds out what primary health care nurses would like to see included in the plan