gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The history of corticosteroids. (1989)

The development from the discovery of the structure of cholesterol, the precursor of all steroids, to the first application of a topically effective steroid in 1952 took about 20 years. Thereafter the development of more potent topically effective steroids accelerated and the third generation of potent steroids with a topical activity of about 10 to 20 times that of hydrocortisone was already available about 10 years later. Today the newly developed non-fluorinated non-symmetric 16 alpha, 17 alpha-acetal derivate budesonide could perhaps be considered as the sixth generation.
Optical Collinear Holographic Recording System Using a Blue Laser and a Random Phase Mask (2005)

A new multiplexing technique for optical collinear holography is introduced. The result shows that 12⨉12 at 16μm pitch multiplexing were attained. And a possibility to the user bit density of 42Gbits/inch2 was implied.
Metallizing of Plastics (1995)

Abstract The process of coating plastics with metals for functional purposes is called metallizing of plastics. This article discusses the metallizing of plastics, provides information on its history, and gives a short note on applications and adhesion properties of metallic coatings. It also discusses the selection of plastics for plating. This article also describes metallizing techniques, including plating (electrolytic or electroplating), vacuum metallizing and thermal spraying, and environmental considerations. The article discusses the quality assurance procedures for metallized plastic parts which include tests that assess the quality of the finish, coating thickness, adhesion, and corrosion resistance, and gives a short note on service performance, which includes service condition classifications.
Identification of a cis-regulatory element involved in accumulation of human T-cell leukemia virus type II genomic mRNA (1988)

The X gene products of the human T-cell leukemia viruses type I and II are thought to be involved not only in viral replication but also in mediating the expression of certain cellular genes. These X gene products are known to be translated from doubly spliced viral mRNA, while viral structural proteins, such as the gag, pol, and env gene products, are translated from unspliced or singly spliced viral mRNA. One of the X gene products of human T-cell leukemia virus type II, tax2 protein, has been shown to be responsible for transcriptional stimulation from the viral long terminal repeat. The other X gene product(s) of human T-cell leukemia virus type II, the rex2 protein(s), is located in the nuclear fraction of virus-infected cells, but its function is not known. This article reports evidence that rex2 protein(s) enhances the accumulation of unspliced viral RNA by interacting posttranscriptionally, either directly or indirectly, with a cis-regulatory element downstream from the first splice donor site in the long terminal repeat.
Resistance to chemotherapy in acute leukemia (1998)

The successful treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is hampered by the development of chemotherapy resistant disease. One molecular mechanism of pleiotropic resistance, typical multidrug resistance (MDR), has been recognized as an independent adverse prognostic factor in AML. Therefore, uniform laboratory assays are needed to evaluate the effect of MDR expression on the clinical outcome of strategies to overcome resistance. One approach has been to administer high-dose therapy with stem cell support. In elderly patients, less toxic treatment is required, while the results of induction treatment in this age group need further improvement. The use of hematopoietic growth factors may reduce treatment-associated morbidity and mortality, but does not consistently enhance cell death. MDR reversal with cyclosporin or PSC833 has shown promising results in Phase I/II trials.
Low loss Bragg reflectors on SiO_2–Si_3N_4–SiO_2 rib waveguides (1987)

The added waveguide attenuation loss associated with Bragg reflector formation is measured. The added scattering loss due to the roughness of the Bragg grating is found to be only 0.2 +/- 0.1 dB/cm for a Bragg reflector with a 15-A stop band. In addition to this background loss, attenuation resonances on the high energy side of the Bragg resonance are found. These are due to the contradirectional coupling of the fundamental waveguide mode into continuum modes of the Si(3)N(4) core layer and into the modes associated with the thick SiO(2) cladding layer. The coupling wavelengths of these resonances are in good agreement with theory.
Prospective Evaluation of Early Cardiac Damage Induced by Epirubicin-Containing Adjuvant Chemotherapy and Locoregional Radiotherapy in Breast Cancer Patients (2001)

Relatively low doses of epirubicin in adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer results in mild subclinical myocardial damage demonstrated by a decline in LVEF, an increase in natriuretic peptide levels, and an increase in QTc, which may indicate a long-term risk of CHF.
Controlling Crude Unit Overhead Corrosion – Rules of Thumb for Better Crude Desalting (2007)

Abstract Various rules of thumb, operating parameters, and benchmark values are presented that help crude unit operating personnel determine how well a crude desalter is operating. Topics covered include setting realistic salt and BS&W (bottom sediment and water) limits for incoming raw crudes, establishing specific desalting goals, ensuring desalter vessels are of sufficient size, monitoring desalter performance, avoiding desalter upsets, and ensuring that desalters are properly maintained. All refineries depend on proper crude desalting and want their desalter to operate reliably most, if not all the time. Yet, many desalters end up the “stepchild” of crude unit operations and, for various reasons, continue to suffer from the same problems year after year. Many desalter vessels are too small and have outdated electrical systems, many have insufficient instrumentation to allow on-going monitoring of critical operation variables, many receive a minimum of maintenance, and regular cleaning is not a critical item on many units. Untreated slops and various rerun streams are often added to incoming raw crude on an irregular schedule, waste streams are often added for disposal, and the type of desalter water used to extract salts is not always the best choice from both a process and corrosion point of view. These tend contribute to desalter upsets that, in turn, are often the primary cause of overhead corrosion problems on many units.
The spectroscopic properties of melanin (2007)

Melanin exhibits a broadband absorbance spectrum that appears to be unique amongst functional biomolecules. Explaining the origin of this spectrum is one of the primary challenges facing this field. Three main theories have been proposed: 1) The optical density is due to scattering, 2) Melanin is an amorphous semiconductor which then naturally exhibits broad- band absorbance, or 3) Melanin has a large amount of chemical heterogeneity (or disorder) which leads to a broadband absorbance spectrum through superposition of the absorbance spectra of many species (the chemical disorder model). We discuss these models and the experimental evidence for each. We report direct experimental evidence that the optical density is not a consequence of scattering processes, and is due to true absorbance. Distinguishing between the two remaining explanations leads us to a discussion of the molecular structure of melanin, an issue which remains unresolved. We include a literature review, summarising the important structural findings for melanins, and conclude that the evidence suggests that melanin consists of a heterogeneous collection of small oligomers, which points towards the chemical disorder explanation for broadband absorbance. We caution, however, that the amount of chemical disorder obviously prevalent in this system is often neglected in discussions of the structure of melanin. We show that the oscillator strengths of melanin and its fundamental components are naturally explained by the chemical disorder model, as are their emission and excitation spectra and their radiative quantum yields. We show that the emission properties of melanin are not consistently reported in the literature, which is in part due to the strong re-absorption that occurs in this system, and we emphasise the importance of correcting for this effect in any measurement of the fluorescence of melanin. The emission properties of synthetic pheomelanin are reported, and are found to be different to those for eumelanin, suggesting different energy dissipation processes for these pigments. We also report a careful study of the spectroscopic properties of DHICA (5,6-dihydroxyindole-2- carboxylic acid), a key melanin monomer, and propose, based on these results, that proton transfer processes contribute to energy dissipation in this molecule. The radiative yield of melanin is measured to be extremely small (< 0.1%), which is consistent with melanin’s biological role as a photoprotectant, and suggests that non-radiative energy dissipation pro- cesses are very important for melanin. As a result of this finding we measure the vibronic structure of eumelanin related molecules using inelastic neutron scattering and accurately assign the vibrational modes using density functional theory calculations. This provides an important first step towards understanding the non-radiative processes in melanin energy dissipation and its biological functionality.
Optimized grating coupler with fully etched slots. (2009)

A grating coupler with fully etched slots is optimized for fiber coupling into SOI slab waveguides. Such coupler can be produced in one lithography step together with other SOI components. Theoretical maximal coupling efficiency of 49% is demonstrated with a 3 dB bandwidth of 35 nm. Strong reflection from the fully etched grating was avoided through an antireflection interface. Constructive interference is used to decrease radiation into the substrate and the filling factor is optimized for optimal power coupling into the fiber mode. It was also demonstrated, that the chirped grating approach is inapplicable for fully etched gratings.
Enhanced Nanoplasmonic Optical Sensors with Reduced Substrate Effect (2008)

We present a straightforward method to double the refractive index sensitivity of surface-supported nanoplasmonic optical sensors by lifting the metal nanoparticles above the substrate by a dielectric nanopillar. The role of the pillar is to substantially decrease the spatial overlap between the substrate and the enhanced fields generated at plasmon resonance. Data presented for nanodisks and nanoellipsoids supported by pillars of varying heights are found to be in excellent agreement with electrodynamics simulations. The described concepts apply to multitude of plasmonic nanostructures, fabricated by top-down or bottom-up techniques, and are likely to further facilitate the development of novel nanooptical sensors for biomedicine and diagnostics.
Dietary sources of vitamin C, vitamin E and specific carotenoids in Spain (2004)

A cross-sectional study was conducted within the Spanish cohort of the European Prospective Investigation in Cancer and Nutrition to assess the principal food sources of vitamin C, vitamin E, alpha-carotene, beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein, beta-cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin in an adult Spanish population. The study included 41446 healthy volunteers (25812 women and 15634 men), aged 29-69 years, from three Spanish regions in the north (Asturias, Navarra and Guipúzcoa) and two in the south (Murcia and Granada). Usual food intake was estimated by personal interview through a computerized version of a dietary history questionnaire. Foods that provided at least two-thirds of the studied nutrients were: fruits (mainly oranges) (51 %) and fruiting vegetables (mainly tomato and sweet pepper) (20 %) for vitamin C; vegetable oils (sunflower and olive) (40 %), non-citrus fruits (10 %), and nuts and seeds (8 %) for vitamin E; root vegetables (carrots) (82 %) for alpha-carotene; green leafy (28 %), root (24 %) and fruiting vegetables (22 %) for beta-carotene; fruiting vegetables (fresh tomato) (72 %) for lycopene; green leafy vegetables (64 %) for lutein; citrus fruits (68 %) for beta-cryptoxanthin; citrus fruits (43 %) and green leafy vegetables (20 %) for zeaxanthin. In conclusion, the main food sources of nutrients with redox properties have been identified in a Mediterranean country. This could provide an insight into the interpretation of epidemiological studies investigating the role of diet in health and disease.
An integrated testing technique for component-based software (2002)

The main idea of component-based development is to use existing components for building software. The resulting software often has features which complicate testing, such a feature is, for example, the absence of component source code. This article proposes an approach for testing, which explicitly takes into account testing-relevant features of component-based software and thus allows more rigorous testing. The basic constituent of the approach is a graphical representation combining black- and white-box information from specification and implementation, respectively. This graphical representation can then be used for test case identification based on well-known structural techniques.
Enhancing K-12 Economic Education with Contemporary Information Resources (1994)

An enlightened society's decision-making process depends on an ever-increasing understanding of economic influences. Since the oil embargo of 1973, the effort to understand these economic influences on society has grown, leading to the publication of many economically oriented magazine and newspaper articles. These articles can be used by teachers across grade levels and instructional disciplines to enrich their students' education.
Research on Hot Topics and Frontier of Chinese Entrepreneur team: Bibliometric Analysis Based on CiteSpace (2021)

Compared with individual entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial teams have more advantages in entrepreneurial activities. More and more scholars pay attention to team entrepreneurship and do a lot of research on it.his paper retrievedbrelevant literatures of domestic entrepreneurial team studies from January 1, 2001 to December 31, 2020.It can be seen from the existing literature that new ventures and entrepreneurial performance, previous experience and heterogeneity of entrepreneurial teams are the hot spots of current research.In this paper, the development context and theoretical evolution of domestic entrepreneurial team research are comprehensively and systematically analyzed by visual knowledge graph, and the rational composition of entrepreneurial team and the behavioral integration of entrepreneurial team are the future research directions.
Phase Relations and Electrical Parameters in the Ferroelectric‐Antiferroelectric Region of the System PbZrO <sub>3</sub> –PbTiO <sub>3</sub> ‐PbNbO <sub>2</sub> O <sub>6</sub> (1962)

Characteristics of temperature and field‐induced ferroelectric‐antiferroelectric phase transitions are reported as a function of composition. The ferroelectric compositions were found to exhibit remanent polarizations of the order of 30 μcoul per cm 2 , coupled with low dielectric constants and piezoelectric response. Evidence is presented for the existence of a polymorphic transition in the ferroelectric rhombohedral region of the system PbZrO 3 ‐PbTiO 3 and the existing phase diagram modified accordingly.
Sampling Error: Impact on the Quantitative Analysis of Nanoparticle-Based Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Immunoassays (2016)

This paper examines the impact of the sampling error caused by the small size of the focused laser spot when using surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) as a quantitative readout tool to analyze a sandwich immunoassay. The assay consists of a thin-film gold substrate that is modified with a layer of capture monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and extrinsic Raman labels (ERLs) that consist of gold nanoparticle cores (60 nm diameter) coated with a monolayer of a Raman reporter molecule and a layer of human IgG mAbs to tag the captured antigen. The contribution of sampling error to the measurement is delineated first by constructing and analyzing an antigenic random accumulation model; this is followed by an experimental study of the analysis of an assay substrate using two different laser spot sizes. Both sets of findings indicate that the analysis with a small laser spot can lead to a sampling error (i.e., undersampling) much like that found when the size of a measured soil sample fails to accurately match that of a larger, more representative sample. That is, the smaller the laser spot size, the larger probable deviation in the accuracy of the measurement and the greater the imprecision of the measurement. Possible implications of these results with respect to the general application of SERS for quantitative measurements are also briefly discussed.
Moving Average Filter Based Phase-Locked Loops: Performance Analysis and Design Guidelines (2013)

The phase-locked loops (PLLs) are probably the most widely used synchronization technique in grid-connected applications. The main challenge that is associated with the PLLs is how to precisely and fast estimate the phase and frequency, when the grid voltage is unbalanced and/or distorted. To overcome this challenge, incorporating moving average filter(s) (MAF) into the PLL structure has been proposed in some recent literature. An MAF is a linear-phase finite-impulse-response filter, which can act as an ideal low-pass filter, if certain conditions hold. The main aim of this paper is to present the control design guidelines for a typical MAF-based PLL. The paper starts with the general description of MAFs. The main challenge associated with using the MAFs is then explained, and its possible solutions are discussed. The paper then proceeds with a brief overview of the different MAF-based PLLs. In each case, the PLL block diagram description is shown, the advantages and limitations are briefly discussed, and the tuning approach (if available) is evaluated. The paper then presents two systematic methods to design the control parameters of a typical MAF-based PLL: one for the case of using a proportional-integral (PI) type loop filter (LF) in the PLL, and the other for the case of using a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) type LF. Finally, the paper compares the performance of a well-tuned MAF-based PLL when using the PI-type LF with the results of using the PID-type LF, which provides useful insights into their capabilities and limitations.
Sarcocystis singaporensis: Studies on Host Specificity, Pathogenicity, and Potential Use as a Biocontrol Agent of Wild Rats (1996)

Host specificity and pathogenicity of Sarcocystis singaporensis were investigated as a prerequisite to a subsequent application of the parasite as a biocontrol agent of wild rats in Egypt. After inoculation of 7 snake species comprising the families Elapidae, Viperidae, Colubridae, and Boidae with sarcocysts, sporocyst development was only observed in a reticulated python. Among amphibians, reptiles, and rodents that orally received various sporocyst doses in the laboratory, 2 x 10(4) sporocysts or more were lethal to roof rats Rattus rattus frugivorous, brown rats Rattus norvegicus, and bandicoot rats Nesokia indica. Sarcocysts developed in Rattus spp. and Nile grass rats Arvicanthis niloticus. Subsequently, the pathogenicity of S. singaporensis was tested under natural control situations offering bait pellets containing high amounts of sporocysts to a free-living population of roof rats, which was monitored by indirect census baiting commonly used in rodenticide evaluation. Ten days after consumption of the bait pellets, the infected population collapsed, leading to a control success of 73%. A negative control population, which received a placebo, remained stable. These data demonstrate for the first time that S. singaporensis can be used as a biocontrol agent of wild rats. However, an immunization experiment with roof rats in the laboratory showed that these are capable of mounting a rapid specific immune response resulting in survival of acute sarcocystosis.
CHRONIC ANEMIA AFTER LUNG TRANSPLANTATION (1994)

END, ADELHEID; RINGL, HEIDEMABIE; GRIMM, MICHAEL; SCHLICK, WERNER; SCHREINER, WOLFGANG; KLEPETKO, WALTER; WOLNER, ERNST Author Information
Meander coupler, a novel wavelength division multiplexer/demultiplexer (1990)

We have realized a novel wavelength division multiplexer/demultiplexer based on rib waveguides in GaInAsP/InP. The device is a strongly asymmetric codirectional coupler with periodic variation of the coupling constant and has sinc2-type characteristics. Our devices have center wavelengths around 1.3 μm, filter half-widths 10–15 nm, and far end isolation down to −17 dB. The structure is suited for integration into optoelectronic integrated circuits for applications in bidirectional optical communication systems.
Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide for Liver Imaging (1994)

The liver contrast effect seemed to be related to cellular distribution; the widely distributed small SPIO particles were most effective.
Census tape library and analysis service (1972)

Transport planners are making increasing use of social and economic data for planning purposes. A major practical obstacle to the use of demographic and work place data has been difficulty of handling the large data sets generally implied. The commonwealth statistician has now made a variety of small area data from the 1966 census available on summary magnetic tape. Data which are thus available in a machine readable form could previously be prepared for analysis only at great expense, if at all. There are two basic forms of data available on tape. Firstly data regarding persons and dwellings within census collectors districts are available for the whole of Australia, with subtotals for municipal areas and states. Secondly, origin destination data based on specially constructed origin destination zones, are available for the metropolitan cities. The ARRB has acquired a full set of census summary tapes and has prepared a duplicate set as a security precaution. Documentation of the data sets carried on tapes are contained in appendices to this article (a).