gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multiple-layer blank structure for phase-shifting mask fabrication (1996)

A multiple-layer blank structure with two shifter layers coated on a quartz substrate is proposed for the fabrication of phase-shifting masks. The thickness of these shifter layers is such that they induce a 180° phase shift of light compared to air. On top of these shifter layers, an opaque layer is coated. The top shifter layer is patterned during the fabrication of the phase-shifting mask. The bottom shifter layer is patterned only to repair missing shifter defects. But the main purpose of this bottom layer is to act as an etch layer or give an end point during the repair of the phase defects or during the fabrication of the mask. Using yttrium fluoride etch stop/end point layer (bottom shifter layer), we have demonstrated the feasibility of multiple-layer blanks. This layer acts as an etch stop during the patterning of the main shifter layer and has a good refractive index match to that of quartz. The phase-shifting masks made using this multiple-layer blank structure have shown lithographic performances comparable to those of standard phase-shifting masks.
Static properties of solutions. Van der Waals and related models for hydrocarbon mixtures (1970)

The van der Waals equation of state, in spite of its oversimplifications, gives useful qualitative information about mixtures over a wide range of temperatures and pressures. When the Brönsted principle of congruence is used to evaluate the parameter a12 for the mixture, a wide range of properties can be predicted: excess functions (including temperature and composition dependence) and phase equilibria (including lower critical solution phenomena at high temperatures), in good qualitative agreement with experimental properties of mixtures of n-alkanes.
IX. A case of strangulated umbilical hernia. Queen caroline of anspach (1932)

Journal Article IX. A case of strangulated umbilical hernia. Queen caroline of anspach Get access D'Arcy Power, K.B.E. D'Arcy Power, K.B.E. London Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar British Journal of Surgery, Volume 20, Issue 77, July 1932, Pages 1–6, https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.1800207702 Published: 06 December 2005
Thermal Unit Commitment Using Binary Differential Evolution (2009)

This paper presents a new approach for thermal unit commitment (UC) using a differential evolution (DE) algorithm. DE is an effective, robust, and simple global optimization algorithm which only has a few control parameters and has been successfully applied to a wide range of optimization problems. However, the standard DE cannot be applied to binary optimization problems such as UC problems since it is restricted to continuous-valued spaces. This paper proposes binary differential evolution (BDE), which enables the DE to operate in binary spaces and applies the proposed BDE to UC problems. Furthermore, this paper includes heuristic-based constraint treatment techniques to deal with the minimum up/down time and spinning reserve constraints in UC problems. Since excessive spinning reserves can incur high operation costs, the unit de-commitment strategy is also introduced to improve the solution quality. To demonstrate the performance of the proposed BDE, it is applied to largescale power systems of up to 100-units with a 24-hour demand horizon.
Acyl‐Acceptor Specificities of 1‐Acylglycerolphosphate Acyltransferase and 1‐Acylglycerophosphorylcholine Acyltransferase Resolved from Rat Liver Microsomes (1977)

The acyl‐acceptor specificities of the 1‐acylglycerolphosphate acyltransferase and 1‐acyl‐glycerophosphorylcholine acyltransferase resolved from rat liver microsomes have been investigated with various synthetic 1‐acyl‐ sn ‐glycerol 3‐phosphate and 1‐acyl‐ sn ‐glycero‐3‐phosphorylcholine derivatives differing in their fatty acid constituent (myristic, palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic or arachidonic acid) as well as with various 1‐acyl‐ sn ‐glycerophospholipid analogues carrying different polar head groups (phosphorylcholine, phosphoryldimethylethanolamine, phosphorylmonomethyl‐ethanolamine, phosphorylethanolamine, phosphorylethanol or phosphate). The activities of the two acyltransferases are virtually not affected by the fatty acid constituent of the respective acyl acceptors, except that the 1‐stearoyl and 1‐arachidonoyl derivatives are somewhat less effective acyl acceptors for both enzymes. The 1‐acylglycerophosphorylcholine acyltransferase utilizes several acyl acceptors differing in the polar head group with the following order of effectiveness: 1‐acyl‐ sn ‐glycero‐3‐phosphoryl‐choline > 1‐acyl‐ sn ‐glycero‐3‐phosphoryldimethylethanolamine > 1‐acyl‐ sn ‐glycero‐3‐phosphoryl‐monomethylethanolamine ∼ 1‐ acyl‐ sn ‐glycero‐3‐phosphorylethanolamine. 1 ‐Acyl‐ sn ‐glycero‐3‐phosphorylethanol and 1‐acyl‐ sn ‐glycerol 3‐phosphate are ineffective. In contrast, the 1‐acylglycerolphosphate acyltransferase is highly specific for 1‐acyl‐ sn ‐glycerol 3‐phosphate. The fatty acid constituent of the acylacceptors exerts essentially no effect on the acyl‐donor specificity of each enzyme except in the case of 1‐arachidonoyl‐ sn ‐glycero‐3‐phosphorylcholine. Furthermore, the acyl‐donor specificity of the 1‐acylglycerophosphorylcholine acyltransferase is virtually not affected by the polar head group of the acyl acceptor. The results obtained in this work and in our previous investigations support the view that the substrate specificities of glycerolphosphate acyltransferase, 1‐acylglycerolphosphate acyltransferase and 1‐acylglycerophosphorylcholine acyltransferase make an essential contribution to the nonrandom fatty acid distribution in naturally occurring glycerolipids.
The construction and cloning of synthetic genes coding for artificial proteins and expression studies to obtain fusion proteins (1987)

Synthetic genes coding for artificial proteins with predefined and nutritionally valuable amino acid compositions have been constructed and cloned in bacterial plasmid vector pKK233-2. The genes were constructed from three easily interchangeable 'cassettes' encoding either essential, non-essential or branched-chain amino acid residues. A potential hairpin loop structure in the mRNA around the region of the ribosome binding site was probably the reason for blockage of translation from this vector. Two selected genes, AHB (containing one copy of each cassette) and A6 (consisting of six copies concatemerized A cassette) were cloned into pUR300, a beta-Gal fusion vector and expressed as fusion proteins beta-Gal-AHB and beta-Gal-A6.
Insertion loss and linearity of III‐nitride microwave switches (2010)

Abstract We report the insertion loss and linearity characteristics of novel microwave switches based on III‐Nitride heterostructure field‐effect transistors (HFETs) and Metal‐Oxide‐Semiconductor HFETs (MOSHFETs). The high mobility and large sheet carrier density make nitride‐based microwave switches ideal candidates for high power, low loss and high linearity microwave switching applications. The demonstrated SPDT switch achieved the third order intermodulation power of ‐68 dBm for 250 micron devices at 1 GHz and 10 dBM input power and the extrapolated IP3 of >80 dBm with <0.25 dB insertion loss and >35 dB isolation for 2GHz operation for 3mm devices. Further improvements of the insertion loss and linearity are expected from new material and contact development, which will achieve lower 2DEG sheet resistance and contact resistance. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Solution of the Rectangular Cutting-Stock Problem (1976)

A method of solving a version of the two-dimensional cutting-stock problem is presented. In this version of the problem one is given a number of rectangular sheets and an order for a specified number of each of certain types of rectangular shapes. The goal is to cut the shapes out of the sheets in such a way as to minimize the waste. However, in many practical applications computation time is also an important economic consideration. For such applications the goal may be to obtain the best solution possible without using excessive amounts of computation time. The method of solution described here avoids exhaustive search procedures by employing an approach utilizing a constrained dynamic programming algorithm to lay out groups of rectangles called strips. This paper also describes the results obtained when the algorithm was tested with some typical rectangular layout problems.
Randomized trial of vigabatrin in patients with infantile spasms (2001)

These results confirm previous reports of the efficacy and safety of vigabatrin in patients with infantile spasms, particularly among those with spasms secondary to tuberous sclerosis.
Selected <i>prfA</i> * Mutations in Recombinant Attenuated <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> Strains Augment Expression of Foreign Immunogens and Enhance Vaccine-Elicited Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses (2008)

While recombinant Listeria monocytogenes strains can be explored as vaccine candidates, it is important to develop attenuated but highly immunogenic L. monocytogenes vaccine vectors. Here, prfA* mutations selected on the basis of upregulated expression of L. monocytogenes PrfA-dependent genes and proteins were assessed to determine their abilities to augment expression of foreign immunogens in recombinant L. monocytogenes vectors and therefore enhance vaccine-elicited immune responses (a prfA* mutation is a mutation that results in constitutive overexpression of PrfA and PrfA-dependent virulence genes; the asterisk distinguishes the mutation from inactivation or stop mutations). A total of 63 recombinant L. monocytogenes vaccine vectors expressing seven individual viral or bacterial immunogens each in nine different L. monocytogenes strains carrying wild-type prfA or having prfA* mutations were constructed and investigated. Mutations selected on the basis of increased PrfA activation in recombinant L. monocytogenes prfA* vaccine vectors augmented expression of seven individual protein immunogens remarkably. Consistently, prime and boost vaccination studies with mice indicated that the prfA(G155S) mutation in recombinant L. monocytogenes DeltaactA prfA* strains enhanced vaccine-elicited cellular immune responses. Surprisingly, the prfA(G155S) mutation was found to enhance vaccine-elicited humoral immune responses as well. The highly immunogenic recombinant L. monocytogenes DeltaactA prfA* vaccine strains were as attenuated as the recombinant parent L. monocytogenes DeltaactA vaccine vector. Thus, recombinant attenuated L. monocytogenes DeltaactA prfA* vaccine vectors potentially are better antimicrobial and anticancer vaccines.
The Berkeley DB Book (2007)

The Berkeley DB Book is intended to be a practical guide to the intricacies of Berkeley DB; an in-depth analysis of the complex design issues which are often covered in terse footnotes in the dense Berkeley DB reference manual. It explains the technology at a higher level and also covers the internals with generous code and design examples. Berkeley DB is becoming the database of choice for appliance makers and for in memory cache of large scale applications like search engines and high traffic web sites.
Electroreduction of CO<sub>2</sub>/CO to C<sub>2</sub> Products: Process Modeling, Downstream Separation, System Integration, and Economic Analysis (2021)

Direct electrochemical reduction of CO<sub>2</sub> to C<sub>2</sub> products such as ethylene is more efficient in alkaline media, but it suffers from parasitic loss of reactants due to (bi)carbonate formation. A two-step process where the CO<sub>2</sub> is first electrochemically reduced to CO and subsequently converted to desired C<sub>2</sub> products has the potential to overcome the limitations posed by direct CO<sub>2</sub> electroreduction. In this study, we investigated the technical and economic feasibility of the direct and indirect CO<sub>2</sub> conversion routes to C<sub>2</sub> products. For the indirect route, CO<sub>2</sub> to CO conversion in a high temperature solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) or a low temperature electrolyzer has been considered. The product distribution, conversion, selectivities, current densities, and cell potentials are different for both CO<sub>2</sub> conversion routes, which affects the downstream processing and the economics. A detailed process design and techno-economic analysis of both CO<sub>2</sub> conversion pathways are presented, which includes CO<sub>2</sub> capture, CO<sub>2</sub> (and CO) conversion, CO<sub>2</sub> (and CO) recycling, and product separation. Our economic analysis shows that both conversion routes are not profitable under the base case scenario, but the economics can be improved significantly by reducing the cell voltage, the capital cost of the electrolyzers, and the electricity price. For both routes, a cell voltage of 2.5 V, a capital cost of $10,000/m<sup>2</sup>, and an electricity price of <$20/MWh will yield a positive net present value and payback times of less than 15 years. Overall, the high temperature (SOEC-based) two-step conversion process has a greater potential for scale-up than the direct electrochemical conversion route. Strategies for integrating the electrochemical CO<sub>2</sub>/CO conversion process into the existing gas and oil infrastructure are outlined. Current barriers for industrialization of CO<sub>2</sub> electrolyzers and possible solutions are discussed as well.
On the accuracy of different Fourier transforms of VLSI designs (2013)

We evaluate the accuracy of the simulated aerial image computed using different types of Fourier transform: the Continuous Fourier transform (CFT), continuous Fourier series (CFS) and discrete Fourier transform (DFT), the transform currently used in practise. Lithography simulation necessitates efficient algorithms to accurately estimate the Fourier transform. The rectilinear mask structure can be used to compute the CFS efficiently, in most cases much faster than the DFT. We present a rigorous analysis and comparison of FFT-simulated aerial image and CFS-simulated aerial image. We also present the conditions under which the most accurate simulated aerial image for each type of Fourier transform can be obtained. We show that there are two main sources of inaccuracy in the computation of aerial image using the DFT. First, we establish that aliasing from the inherent discontinuity of rectilinear polygons is the main source of inaccuracy. We show the conditions under which this results in an over-estimate or underestimate of the Critical Dimension (CD). We thus describe how to perform aliasing-minimizing sampling. This adapts the sampling to the polygon pattern of the mask, by ensuring each discontinuity is exactly at the middle of two consecutive samples. Second, we show that sampling at twice the Nyquist rate of the filtered signal can in practise circumvent the inaccuracy due to the approximation of the integral by a discrete sum.
An elementary proof of a theorem of Johnson and Lindenstrauss (2002)

Abstract A result of Johnson and Lindenstrauss [13] shows that a set of n points in high dimensional Euclidean space can be mapped into an O( log n/ϵ 2 )‐dimensional Euclidean space such that the distance between any two points changes by only a factor of (1 ± ϵ). In this note, we prove this theorem using elementary probabilistic techniques. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 22: 60–65, 2002
Operation, administration, and maintenance of Ethernet services in wide area networks (2004)

Recent developments in Ethernet technology, such as 10G Ethernet interfaces, Ethernet passive optical networks, and resilient packet rings are pushing Ethernet from the local area network environment to metropolitan and wide area network environments. For Ethernet service providers, managing Ethernet services efficiently is key to a sustainable business model. This article discusses issues in providing OAM features and capabilities to Ethernet services over metro and wide area networks. We analyze current Ethernet features that can be leveraged in an Ethernet OAM framework, and introduce requirements and new functionalities to support Ethernet services in wide area networks.
Process Fault Diagnosis using Neural Networks and Fault Tree Analysis Information (1992)

Neural nets have recently become the focus of much attention, largely because of their wide range of complex and nonlinear problems. This paper presents a new integrated approach using neural networks for diagnosing process failures. The fault propagation in process is modeled by causal relationships from the fault tree and its minimal cut sets. The measurement patterns required for training and testing the neural network were obtained from fault propagation model. The network is able to diagnose even in the presence of malfunction of certain sensors. We demonstrate via a nitric acid cooler process how the neural network can learn and successfully diagnose the faults.
Cell migration and proliferation during the in vitro wound repair of the respiratory epithelium (1997)

The respiratory epithelium is frequently injured by inhaled toxic agents or by micro-organisms. The epithelial wound repair represents a crucial process by which surface respiratory cells maintain the epithelial barrier integrity. The repair process involves both cell migration and proliferation, but as yet, the kinetic of these two mechanisms has not been extensively studied. Using an in vitro model of human respiratory epithelium wound repair, proliferative cell immunofluorescent staining and a computer-assisted technique allowing the tracking of living cells, we studied the cell proliferation and migration during the wound repair process. Respiratory epithelial cells were dissociated from human nasal polyps and cultured on a collagen I matrix. At confluency, a chemical wound was made on the culture. We observed that the cell mitotic activity peaked at 48 h after wounding (23% of the cells) and mainly concerned the cells located 160 to 400 microns from the wound edge. The migration speed was highest (35 to 45 microns/h) for the spreading cells at the wound edge and progressively decreased for the cells more and more distant from the wound edge. The temporal analysis of the cell migration speed during the wound repair showed that it was almost constant during the first 3 days of the repair mechanism and thereafter dropped down until the wound closure was completed (after 4 days). We also observed that over a 1-hour period, the intra-individual and interindividual variation of the cell migration speed was 43% and 37%, respectively. These results demonstrate that cell proliferation and cell migration during respiratory epithelial wound repair are differently expressed with regard to the cell location within the repairing area.
Crystal and molecular structure of methotrexate (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCrystal and molecular structure of methotrexateT. W. Hambley, H. K. Chan, and I. GondaCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1986, 108, 8, 2103–2105Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1986https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00268a068RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views400Altmetric-Citations22LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (396 KB) Get e-AlertsSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Optimization on array bound check and redundancy elimination (2005)

Compiler optimization technology has been steadily advancing as more sophisticated processors hit the market. For high end embedded processors, today's most advanced compilers take advantage of both CPU specific and application specific information to optimize code intelligently for optimal result. This paper discusses one such sophisticated optimization technique which combines array bound check optimization together with redundancy elimination combined with folding. The array bound check optimization described in this paper reduces the run time overhead by eliminating unnecessary bound checks. The results and comparisons demonstrate number of advantages of this method over the existing methods.
An adaptive privacy-preserving scheme for location tracking of a mobile user (2013)

Many popular mobile applications require the continuous monitoring and sharing of a mobile user's location. However, exploiting a user's location leads to disclosing sensitive information about the users daily activity. Several location privacy-preserving schemes have been proposed, but it remains challenging for a user to achieve visibility of the associated threats as well as to control the impact of those threats. This paper presents an adaptive location privacy-preserving system (ALPS) that allows for a user to control the level of privacy disclosure with different quality of location-based service (LBS). We have identified key attack models on location tracking using powerful map-matching algorithms, and then defined a scheme that allows a user to control the privacy of tracking information. We have implemented ALPS on Android OS and evaluated the implementation extensively via trace-based simulation, showing the effectiveness of user-controllable privacy preservation.
Dipole and quadrupole planar magnetic fields produced by line currents (1968)

FD/a
Deep learning for healthcare: review, opportunities and challenges (2017)

Gaining knowledge and actionable insights from complex, high-dimensional and heterogeneous biomedical data remains a key challenge in transforming health care. Various types of data have been emerging in modern biomedical research, including electronic health records, imaging, -omics, sensor data and text, which are complex, heterogeneous, poorly annotated and generally unstructured. Traditional data mining and statistical learning approaches typically need to first perform feature engineering to obtain effective and more robust features from those data, and then build prediction or clustering models on top of them. There are lots of challenges on both steps in a scenario of complicated data and lacking of sufficient domain knowledge. The latest advances in deep learning technologies provide new effective paradigms to obtain end-to-end learning models from complex data. In this article, we review the recent literature on applying deep learning technologies to advance the health care domain. Based on the analyzed work, we suggest that deep learning approaches could be the vehicle for translating big biomedical data into improved human health. However, we also note limitations and needs for improved methods development and applications, especially in terms of ease-of-understanding for domain experts and citizen scientists. We discuss such challenges and suggest developing holistic and meaningful interpretable architectures to bridge deep learning models and human interpretability.