gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A comparative evaluation of isolated bi-directional DC/DC converters with wide input and output voltage range (2005)

The working principles and design equations of four different isolated, bi-directional DC to DC converter topologies (a dual active bridge converter, a series resonant converter and two multiple stage topologies) for a 2 kW bi-directional battery charger that can be operated in a wide input and output voltage range are presented in this paper. The results of a detailed mathematical analysis of the converter topologies as well as digital simulation results are used to select the most efficient topology for this specific converter application, where the two-stage series resonant converter is identified to be the most promising, with up to 90% efficiency at rated power.
EMC Considerations on PCB Design for a High-Power Converter Control System (2007)

This paper presents part of a 50 kW APS (auxiliary power supply) control system and relevant EMC problems. The design process of three different PCBs (printed circuit board) in consideration of EMC is described In the analysis, positive and negative features of developed PCBs are discussed. Finally, recommendations are made for further steps.
Improved Leakage Detection and Model Calibration Using Night Fire Flow Testing (2010)

Water network models include assumptions made in relation to pipe characteristics and demand. The methodology discussed in this paper enables many of the assumptions to be confirmed thereby providing a high level of confidence in models' accuracy. A pressure-dependent leakage detection method has been developed. The results indicate that the method is effective despite model calibration problems and field data limitations. Optimisation predictions can be improved when based on hydraulic conditions that occur at night that have been impacted by hydrant and/or other planned interventions. This is even so for networks with excess design capacity and where loggers may be working close to their limits of accuracy. The paper considers the impact of more interventionist field testing on water mains networks and its beneficial influence on model calibration and optimisation techniques. The approach includes planned opening and shutting of hydrants during and around minimum night-flow. Line valves are also operated in a planned way. The water industry has been averse to such interventions because of concerns about discoloured water complaints. Mitigation of such risks is addressed. Due to the need to collect most of the data at night including hydrant discharges the new approach has been referred to as Night Fire Flow Testing (NFFT). Using fabricated NFFT, two simple desk top models, one with two pressure zones, have been reviewed as have two all-mains models supplied by United Utilities.
Induced polarization in disseminated sulfide ores containing elongated mineralization (1981)

Abstract A disseminated sulfide ore is represented by a two-component system in which metallically conducting prolate spheroidal particles (simulating elongated mineralization) are randomly scattered throughout an electrolytic host. The Helmholtz equations describing the spatial and frequency dependence of anions and cations in the electrolyte near the surface of a particle are solved in prolate spheroidal coordinates. Expressions for the frequency-dependent dipole moment induced on the particle by external electric fields transverse or parallel to the long axis of the particle are found by examining boundary conditions related to electrochemical charge transfer between the metallic particle and the electrolyte. The dipole moments of individual particles can be used to determine the effective conductivity spectrum of the mixture as a whole via the simple Maxwell formula or a novel recursive calculation which is accurate for large-volume fractions of particles. Examples of conductivity spectra from this electrochemical model incorporating elongated particles are presented, and comparison of results with appropriate experimental data indicates good agreement.
Development of new methodology and technique to accelerate region yield improvement (2002)

A focus on region yield is demonstrated to improve the systematic yield from 75% to the upper 90% to achieve a quick learning curve in defect density on new products. A learning curve to drive both the random and systematic yield simultaneously are important to accelerate the yield learning on new products as well as on existing products. This paper showed the systematic yield improvement from a module integration issue to an equipment set-up and capability issue. A new methodology has been defined to look at the wafer edge region, and is used to address wafer edge issues with systematic approaches to drive yield improvement. The process variability on the center of the wafer is low, but as one approaches the edge of the wafer, large process variations arise which depress the yield at the edge of the wafers. This decrease in yield can be caused by technology architecture, process uniformity, wafer misalignment and mark alignment scheme issues.
cw photon echo: Theory and observations (1990)

A novel coherent transient spectroscopy, cw photon echo, is described. A medium is exposed to broadband cw laser radiation and then to a pulsed laser, resulting in a continuous emission signal from the medium. The temporal profile of this signal is studied using full density-matrix theory for the cases of a two-level system and a multilevel system. It is shown that such signal decays with a homogeneous dephasing time ${\mathit{T}}_{2}$ and can have a quantum-beat-type modulation, reproducing in a single shot the conventional two-pulse photon echo plot versus first-to-second pulse separation. Experimental demonstrations are given for the $^{7}$${\mathit{F}}_{0}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}^{5}$${\mathit{D}}_{0}$ transition of ${\mathrm{Eu}}^{3+}$ and the $^{3}$${\mathit{H}}_{4}$${\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}^{1}$${\mathit{D}}_{2}$ transition of ${\mathrm{Pr}}^{3+}$; both ions are doped in ${\mathrm{YAlO}}_{3}$. The Eu ions exhibit a single exponential decay with a slight modulation due to the ground-state hyperfine splittings. The temperature dependence of the signal is also studied. The Pr ions show a very deep modulation pattern, which provides excellent agreement with the independent two pulse echo measurement. A numerical simulation based on the modulation theory also agrees with the observed decay curves and the nuclear axis configuration in this crystal is discussed.
Symmetric beam line technique for a single-wafer ultra-high energy ion implanter (2014)

In order to fabricate highly sensitive image sensors, ultra-high energy ion beams, such as 5 MeV of boron, are required. SEN has developed the S-UHE, a single-wafer ultra-high energy ion implanter, to obtain such ultra-high energy beams. The S-UHE has adopted an electrostatic and symmetric, parallelizing lens system, the concept of which is already used in the MC3-II, a medium-current ion implanter, and the SHX, a single-wafer high-current implanter. This system provides very good uniformity, even when a large amount of outgassing from photoresist materials is generated. Since the ion beam energy is so high at the lens system, a compound electrostatic parallelizing lens system is introduced. Beam angles have been controlled within 0.05° for any recipe in experiments with the electrostatic parallelizing lens system. Another beam line element specifically adopted in the S-UHE is an electric quadrupole lens installed between the two dipole magnets, in order to suppress beam current loss. This electric lens can easily form achromatic ion beam transportation without any significant deformation of the magnetic field.
Rilpivirine: A second-generation nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (2012)

Rilpivirine is a viable NNRTI for HIV-infected patients who have not previously received antiretroviral therapy.
Augmentation of collagen arthritis by synthetic analogues of retinoic acid. (1982)

We evaluated the effect of administering orally two synthetic analogues of retinoic acid, 13-cis-retinoic acid and all-trans-N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-retinamide to age-matched female Sprague-Dawley rats immunized with native chick type II collagen in incomplete Freund's adjuvant. Ingestion of a diet containing 13-cis-retinoic acid was associated with a significant increase in the severity of collagen arthritis, but there was no effect on weight gain or hemagglutinating antibody titers and delayed-type hypersensitivity to type II collagen. In two separate trials, ingestion of 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide also significantly enhanced the severity of arthritis. Monolayer cultures of dissociated synovial cells taken from arthritic rats, but not nonarthritic rats, released prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and collagenase into the medium. The level of PGE2 production was significantly decreased by in vivo or in vitro exposure to 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide, whereas the addition of 13-cis-retinoic acid to the cultures had no effect on PGE2 release by the arthritic synovial cells. Five rats fed the 13-cis-retinoic acid-containing diet for 5 mo did not develop clinical or histologic evidence of arthritis. These data demonstrate that both retinoids possess potent enhancing properties for an experimentally inducible autoimmune arthritis, that synovial cells produce PGE2 and collagenase in this model, and that production of PGE2 can be suppressed by 4-hydroxyphenyl retinamide.
Phototropins Promote Plant Growth in Response to Blue Light in Low Light Environments (2005)

Phototropins (phot1 and phot2) are plant-specific blue light receptors for phototropism, chloroplast movement, leaf expansion, and stomatal opening. All these responses are thought to optimize photosynthesis by helping to capture light energy efficiently, reduce photodamage, and acquire CO2. However, experimental evidence for the promotion of plant growth through phototropins is lacking. Here, we report dramatic phototropin-dependent effects on plant growth. When plants of Arabidopsis thaliana wild type, the phot1 and phot2 mutants, and the phot1 phot2 double mutant were grown under red light, no significant growth differences were observed. However, if a very low intensity of blue light (0.1 micromol m(-2) s(-1)) was superimposed on red light, large increases in fresh weight up to threefold were found in those plants that carried functional PHOT1 genes. When the intensity of blue light was increased to 1 micromol m(-2) s(-1), the growth enhancement was also found in the phot1 single mutant, but not in the double mutant, indicating that phot2 mediated similar responses as phot1 with a lower sensitivity. The effects occurred under low photosynthetically active radiation in particular. The well-known physiological phototropin-mediated responses, including chloroplast movement, stomatal opening, and leaf expansion, in the different lines tested indicated an involvement of these responses in the blue light-induced growth enhancement. We conclude that phototropins promote plant growth by controlling and integrating a variety of responses that optimize photosynthetic performance under low photosynthetically active radiation in the natural environment.
Measurement of relative erosion rates of carbon-carbon and molybdenum optics (1994)

A principal consideration in the design of ion propulsion systems is life-limiting erosion of the thruster grids by the impact of charge-exchange ions. Achieving adequate lifetime (10,000 hours or more for many potential missions) without grid wear-through can impose significant constraints on thruster performance when the grids are made of molybdenum. From empirical spuner yield data, it is predicted that the wear rate of grids made of carbon-carbon composite should be as little as one-tenth that of molybdenum grids. A previously reported comparative measurement of the erosion rates of grids of these two materials, however, showed a carbon-carbon wear rate as high as one-third that of molybdenum. This paper reports on a subsequent pair of tests conducted at an order of magnitude lower background pressure and with care taken to minimize the presence of oxygen, water vapor, and nitrogen in the propellant flow. In these tests, the carbon-carbon erosion wear rate was only one-fifteenth that of the molybdenum.
The Bi-mode Insulated Gate Transistor (BIGT) a potential technology for higher power applications (2009)

In this paper, an advanced Reverse Conducting (RC) IGBT concept is presented. The new technology is referred to as the Bi-mode Insulated Gate Transistor (BIGT) implying that the device can operate at the same current densities in transistor (IGBT) mode and freewheeling diode mode by utilizing the same available silicon volume in both operational modes. The BIGT design concept differs from that of the standard RC-IGBT while targeting to fully replace the state-of-the-art two-chip IGBT/diode approach with a single chip. The BIGT is also capable of improving the over-all performance especially under hard switching conditions.
Effect of Pantoprazole on the Course of Reflux-Associated Laryngitis: a Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind Crossover Study (2003)

The self-limited nature of reflux-associated laryngitis in non-smokers is largely underestimated. Laryngitis improves despite the persistence of reflux. Pantoprazole may be helpful especially in relieving acute symptoms, but the advantage of long-term treatment over placebo has been greatly overestimated.
Elastic relaxation in intrinsically-strained Fins: Simulations, physical and electrical characterization (2014)

Elastic relaxation after Fin formation in intrinsically-strained materials was presented. Reported simulations are correlated with NBD strain measurements and are consistent with length dependence of drain current in sSOI FinFETs. Stress in the Fin's channel region depends on Fin length and height. dingle layer structured Fins are much more resistant to elastic relaxation than dual layer structured Fins, due to overall structure height. On dual layer structure Fins, significant relaxation is expected for LFin shorter than 750nm, while single layer structured Fins do not relax significantly until 300nm. For transistor layout, elastic relaxation effects should be modeled or circumvented. Fin Length effects need to be added to other layout effects in Spice models.
Dynamic behavior of Josephson tunnel junctions in the subnanosecond range (1973)

Transitions from the zero-voltage to the voltage state have been directly measured on large (≃104 μm2) Josephson junctions. By adjusting the current load, the switching times (10–90%) were varied from 60 to 400 psec. Good agreement was found between theoretical and experimental results. The times required to transfer current from junctions into superconductive inductances (10−11−10−10 H) were also investigated. The switching times ranged from 300 to 550 psec and agreed basically with our simple theoretical model. To explain the details of the voltage developed during current transfer, self-pumped junction resonances had to be invoked. Although these times are expected to be smaller in miniaturized devices, they represent to our knowledge the shortest times ever reported for circuits with a dissipation of less than 10−5 W in continuous operation.
How qualitative spatial reasoning can improve strategy game AIs (2002)

Spatial reasoning is a major challenge for strategy-game artificial intelligence systems. Qualitative spatial reasoning techniques can help overcome this challenge by providing more expressive spatial representations, better communication of intent, better path-finding and reusable strategy libraries.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation and Properties of Li—Co—O Compounds. (1998)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Cyanate esters based on cardanol modified‐phenol‐formaldehyde resins: Syntheses and thermal characteristics (1995)

Abstract Cardanol incorporated‐phenol‐formaldehyde novolac resins were synthesized by acid and base catalyzed reactions. The novolacs were transformed to their cyanate esters. The thermal cure characteristics of the cyanate esters depended upon the composition. The presence of cardanol proportionately facilitated the curing. The thermal characterization of the novolacs and the corresponding cured phenolic‐triazine networks indicated a dedicated a detremental effect of cardanol on the thermal stability and char residue of the resins. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Near Zone Pedestrian Detection using a Low-Resolution FIR Sensor (2007)

This paper explores the possibility to use a single low-resolution FIR camera for detection of pedestrians in the near zone in front of a vehicle. A low resolution sensor reduces the cost of the system, as well as the amount of data that needs to be processed in each frame. We present a system that makes use of hot-spots and image positions of a near constant bearing to detect potential pedestrians. These detections provide seeds for an energy minimization algorithm that fits a pedestrian model to the detection. Since false alarms are hard to tolerate, the pedestrian model is then tracked, and the distance-to-collision (DTC) is measured by integrating size change measurements at sub-pixel accuracy, and the car velocity. The system should only engage braking for detections on a collision course, with a reliably measured DTC. Preliminary experiments on a number of recorded near collision sequences indicate that our method may be useful for ranges up to about 10 m using an 80 times 60 sensor, and somewhat more using a 160 times 120 sensor. We also analyze the robustness of the evaluated algorithm with respect to dead pixels, a potential problem for low-resolution sensors.
Chemical Clockwise Tridifferentiation of α‐ and β‐Cyclodextrins: Bascule‐Bridge or Deoxy‐Sugars Strategies (2007)

The selective and efficient functionalisation of large concave molecules is a chemical challenge opening the door to various applications, such as artificial enzymes. We propose here a method, based on deprotection of benzylated cyclodextrins, to selectively access a variety of complex structures with two or three new different functionalities on the primary platform. Our strategy is based on a mechanistic hypothesis involving the approach of an aluminium reagent between the primary oxygen atom and the endocyclic one of the same sugar unit. Due to its cyclic directionality, a change in steric hindrance on a given position of the cyclodextrin has a different effect on the clockwise or the counterclockwise directions. This concept is illustrated and exploited in two complementary ways: deoxygenation of the primary position of two diametrically opposed sugars induces a debenzylation reaction on the neighbouring clockwise sugars of alpha- and beta-cyclodextrins. Reversible capping, or bascule-bridging, of the same pair of sugars has the same effect on the debenzylation of alpha-cyclodextrin, but induces an important change of the geometry of beta-cyclodextrin, hence allowing the selective access to yet another functionalisation pattern. A combined use of deoxygenation and bascule-bridging allows the access to an alpha-cyclodextrin with its three pairs of primary functions differentiated and ready for further modifications. Bascule-bridge or deoxy-sugars are two complementary means to operate steric decompression and induce selective reactions to efficiently access a number of new patterns of functionalities on concave molecules.
Molecular and preclinical basis to inhibit PGE <sub>2</sub> receptors EP2 and EP4 as a novel nonsteroidal therapy for endometriosis (2015)

Endometriosis is a debilitating, estrogen-dependent, progesterone-resistant, inflammatory gynecological disease of reproductive age women. Two major clinical symptoms of endometriosis are chronic intolerable pelvic pain and subfertility or infertility, which profoundly affect the quality of life in women. Current hormonal therapies to induce a hypoestrogenic state are unsuccessful because of undesirable side effects, reproductive health concerns, and failure to prevent recurrence of disease. There is a fundamental need to identify nonestrogen or nonsteroidal targets for the treatment of endometriosis. Peritoneal fluid concentrations of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) are higher in women with endometriosis, and this increased PGE2 plays important role in survival and growth of endometriosis lesions. The objective of the present study was to determine the effects of pharmacological inhibition of PGE2 receptors, EP2 and EP4, on molecular and cellular aspects of the pathogenesis of endometriosis and associated clinical symptoms. Using human fluorescent endometriotic cell lines and chimeric mouse model as preclinical testing platform, our results, to our knowledge for the first time, indicate that selective inhibition of EP2/EP4: (i) decreases growth and survival of endometriosis lesions; (ii) decreases angiogenesis and innervation of endometriosis lesions; (iii) suppresses proinflammatory state of dorsal root ganglia neurons to decrease pelvic pain; (iv) decreases proinflammatory, estrogen-dominant, and progesterone-resistant molecular environment of the endometrium and endometriosis lesions; and (v) restores endometrial functional receptivity through multiple mechanisms. Our novel findings provide a molecular and preclinical basis to formulate long-term nonestrogen or nonsteroidal therapy for endometriosis.
Proinflammatory Roles of T-Cell Receptor (TCR) γδ and TCR αβ Lymphocytes in a Murine Model of Asthma (2000)

The role of lymphocytes bearing alphabeta or gammadelta T-cell receptors (TCRs) was assessed during the acute allergic response in a mouse model of asthma. The inflammatory immune response to ovalbumin (OVA) was characterized in wild-type C57BL/6J mice and congenic TCRbeta(-/-) and TCRdelta(-/-) mice by evaluation of airway eosinophilia, histopathology, serum immunoglobulin (Ig)E levels, and in vivo airway responsiveness to methacholine. OVA-challenged wild-type mice demonstrated marked pulmonary inflammation, evidenced by airway eosinophilia (68 +/- 7 x 10(4) cells), peribronchial lympho-plasmocytic infiltration, and elevated serum IgE (4.9 +/- 0.6 microg/ml). These responses were markedly attenuated in TCRdelta(-/-) animals (5.0 +/- 1.0 x 10(4) eosinophils and 1.6 +/- 0. 3 microg/ml IgE) and were completely absent in TCRbeta(-/-) mice (< 1 x 10(3) eosinophils and 0.38 +/- 0.21 microg/ml IgE). Similar results were observed in mice treated with anti-TCRgammadelta or anti-TCRalphabeta monoclonal antibodies. Airway responsiveness to aerosolized methacholine was also reduced in challenged TCRdelta(-/-) animals relative to challenged wild-type mice. These results demonstrate that acute allergic airway responses are dependent upon intact TCRalphabeta and TCRgammadelta lymphocyte function and that TCRgammadelta cells promote acute airway sensitization.
Laser frequency stabilization using Zeeman effect (1994)

We describe a new and easy to handle method to stabilize the laser frequency on an atomic transition. This method, based on Zeeman effect, involves the circular dichroism of an atomic vapour submitted to a magnetic field. It is applied to the frequency stabilization of a single frequency LNA laser on (2 (2 3S1-2 3P0) helium transition.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthetic Studies of Carbapenem and Penem Antibiotics. Part 3. A Synthesis of a Key Intermediate for 1β‐Methylcarbapenem. (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.