gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Udkantsdanmark: Avisernes (med)produktion af Nordjyllands territorielle stigma (2013)

The article examines how Region North Jutland (NJ) is described in the media and how the discourse on the peripheral Denmark dominates the newspaper's representation of the region. The reason for this is an interest in social inequality, and in this context Wacquant's concept of territorial stigma (1996, 2007). Wacquant adds "place of residence" to the list of social characteristics that can hamper an individual's possibilities as "territorial infamy displays properties analogous to those of bodily, moral, and tribal stigmata" (2007: 67). It is our point of departure that the discourse on peripheral Denmark is part of a territorial stigma.
Selective growth of diamond using an iron catalyst (1993)

Selective growth of diamond was carried out on the silicon substrate with patterned iron films, using the radio frequency plasma chemical vapor deposition method. Iron film was used to increase the nucleation density of diamond. Although the density of diamond particles on the silicon substrate exposed in CF4 plasma was on the order of 103 cm−2, the iron film enhanced the density up to the order of 108 cm−2. In the photolithography process for patterning the iron film, the formation of iron carbide (Fe-C) was caused by carbon atoms diffused from the photoresist film onto the iron film during baking of the photoresist film. It was confirmed that the presence of Fe-C was effective in enhancing diamond nucleation.
Selective capture and replay of program executions (2005)

In this paper, we present a technique for selective capture and replay of program executions. Given an application, the technique allows for (1) selecting a subsystem of interest, (2) capturing at runtime all the interactions between such subsystem and the rest of the application, and (3) replaying the recorded interactions on the subsystem in isolation. The technique can be used in several scenarios. For example, it can be used to generate test cases from users' executions, by capturing and collecting partial executions in the field. For another example. it can be used to perform expensive dynamic analyses off-line. For yet another example, it can be used to extract subsystem or unit tests from system tests. Our technique is designed to be efficient, in that we only capture information that is relevant to the considered execution. To this end, we disregard all data that, although flowing through the boundary of the subsystem of interest, do not affect the execution. In the paper, we also present a preliminary evaluation of the technique performed using SCARPE, a prototype tool that implements our approach.
New methods for dynamic storage allocation (Fast Fits) (1983)

The classical methods for implementing dynamic storage allocation can be summarized thus First Fit and Best Fit The available blocks of storage are linked together in address order. Storage is allocated from the first available block of sufficient length, or from a block with the minimum excess length. Storage can be allocated or released in multiples of two words. In the long run, if numerous pieces of storage of more-or-less random lengths are allocated and released at more-or-less random intervals, the storage becomes fragmented, and a number of uselessly small blocks develop, particularly near the beginning of the list. Although these fragments usually comprise a small proportion of the storage (typically around 10 per cent), a lot of time can be wasted chaining through them. Buddy Methods Here the task of managing the storage is reduced in size by constraining the way in which the storage can be divided up, e.g. into blocks with lengths which are powers of 2. This eliminates chaining through long lists of uselessly small blocks; on the other hand, space is wasted in rounding up the length requested to an allowable size, and typically about 40 per cent more storage is required to satisfy the same allocations than when using First Fit or Best Fit. The methods presented in this paper are externally compatible with First Fit and Best Fit, and require roughly the same amount of storage for a given sequence of allocations. They use, however, a completely different internal data structure, one effect of which is to reduce the number of blocks that have to be visited to perform a typical allocation or release operation. These new methods exhibit roughly the same space performance as First Fit, and a time performance which falls between those of First Fit and Buddy.
[Augmentation of murine organ-associated natural immune responses by cepharanthin]. (1988)

Oral administration of cepharanthin (bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloid) to mice was effective in the organ-associated immune responses. Cepharanthin, as a biological response modifier (BRM), augmented natural killer (NK) activity of leukocytes isolated from the spleen, lymph node, lung, and liver. The degree of NK augmentation was almost the same in these organs without lymph node, and reached to the maximum levels 3 days after cepharanthin administration. In addition, adherent leukocytes (greater than 95% macrophages) isolated from the lung or liver following cepharanthin administration also exhibited an augmented macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity. These results suggest that such organ-associated immune responses may play an important role in the antitumor and/or antimetastatic effects mediated by cepharanthin.
ERK phosphorylation mediates sildenafil-induced myocardial protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice (2009)

Sildenafil, a selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase type 5, induces powerful protection against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury through activation of cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG). We further hypothesized that PKG-dependent activation of survival kinase ERK may play a causative role in sildenafil-induced cardioprotection via induction of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)/inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and Bcl-2. Our results show that acute intracoronary infusion of sildenafil in Langendorff isolated mouse hearts before global ischemia-reperfusion significantly reduced myocardial infarct size (from 29.4 +/- 2.4% to 15.9 +/- 3.0%; P < 0.05). Cotreatment with ERK inhibitor PD98059 abrogated sildenafil-induced protection (31.8 +/- 4.4%). To further evaluate the role of ERK in delayed cardioprotection, mice were treated with sildenafil (ip) 24 h before global ischemia-reperfusion. PD98059 was administered (ip) 30 min before sildenafil treatment. Infarct size was reduced from 27.6 +/- 3.3% in controls to 7.1 +/- 1.5% in sildenafil-treated mice (P < 0.05). The delayed protective effect of sildenafil was also abolished by PD98059 (22.5 +/- 2.3%). Western blots revealed that sildenafil significantly increased phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and GSK-3beta and induced iNOS, eNOS, Bcl-2, and PKG activity in the heart 24 h after treatment. PD98059 inhibited the enhanced expression of iNOS, eNOS, and Bcl-2 and the phosphorylation of GSK-3beta. PD98059 had no effect on the sildenafil-induced activation of PKG. We conclude that these studies provide first direct evidence that PKG-dependent ERK phosphorylation is indispensable for the induction of eNOS/iNOS and Bcl-2 and the resulting cardioprotection by sildenafil.
THIOETHER DERIVATIVES OF CYSTEINE AND HOMOCYSTEINE<sup>1</sup> (1951)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTHIOETHER DERIVATIVES OF CYSTEINE AND HOMOCYSTEINE1MARVIN D. ARMSTRONG and JOY D. LEWISCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1951, 16, 5, 749–753Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1951Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1951https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01145a015https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01145a015research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views634Altmetric-Citations62LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Persistent<i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i>Infections Resist Apoptotic Stimuli (2001)

Microbial modulation of apoptosis has added a new dimension of understanding to the dynamic interaction between the human host and its microbial invaders. Persistent infection can be a by-product of inhibition of apoptosis and may significantly impact the pathogenesis of diseases caused by organisms such as Chlamydia trachomatis. We compared apoptotic responses among HeLa 229 cells acutely and persistently infected and mock infected with serovar A/HAR-13. Persistence was induced by gamma interferon at 0.2 and 2.0 ng/ml. Cells were treated with etoposide or staurosporine at 24-h intervals and assayed for apoptosis by cell count, DNA ladder formation, and cytochrome c translocation. From the 24- to 120-h time points, infected cultures were 87 and 90% viable for etoposide and staurosporine treatment, respectively, and produced no DNA ladder, and cytochrome c remained in the mitochondria. In contrast, mock-infected cells were 22 and 37% viable for etoposide (P = 0.0001) and staurosporine (P = 0.01), respectively, and displayed characteristic DNA ladders, and cytochrome c was translocated. We found that resistance to apoptotic stimuli was identical in acute and persistent infections. Since cytochrome c was not translocated from the mitochondrion, caspase-9 activity was likely not involved. The expression of chlamydial hsp60, a known stimulator of inflammation in vivo, was measured in both active and persistent infections by Western blot, with increased production in the latter with or without staurosporine treatment. Chlamydial disregulation of apoptosis and the ensuing persistence of organisms offer an alternative pathogenic mechanism for chlamydial scarring observed in trachoma and infertility populations via sustained inflammation induced by immunoreactive molecules such as hsp60.
Nitric oxide‐releasing polyurethane–PEG copolymer containing the YIGSR peptide promotes endothelialization with decreased platelet adhesion (2007)

Thrombosis and intimal hyperplasia are the principal causes of small-diameter vascular graft failure. To improve the long-term patency of polyurethane vascular grafts, we have incorporated both poly(ethylene glycol) and a diazeniumdiolate nitric oxide (NO) donor into the backbone of polyurethane to improve thromboresistance. Additionally, we have incorporated the laminin-derived cell adhesive peptide sequence YIGSR to encourage endothelial cell adhesion and migration, while NO release encourages endothelial cell proliferation. NO production by polyurethane films under physiological conditions demonstrated biphasic release, in which an initial burst of 70% of the incorporated NO was released within 2 days, followed by sustained release over 2 months. Endothelial cell proliferation in the presence of the NO-releasing material was increased as compared to control polyurethane, and platelet adhesion to polyethylene glycol-containing polyurethane was decreased significantly with the addition of the NO donor.
Detecting TCP SYN Flood Attack Based on Anomaly Detection (2010)

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Synchronized (SYN) Flood has become a problem to the network management to defend the network server from being attacked by the malicious attackers. The malicious attackers can easily exploit the TCP three-way handshake by making the server exhausted and unavailable. The main problem in this paper is how to detect TCP SYN flood through network. This paper used anomaly detection to detect TCP SYN flood attack based on payload and unusable area. The results show that the proposed detection method can detect TCP SYN Flood in the network through the payload.
Going nuclear in metabolic and cardiovascular disease (2006)

Estrogen receptors, PPARs, and liver X receptors are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily of ligand-dependent transcription factors that regulate diverse aspects of development and homeostasis. Recent studies of the biologic roles of these receptors and their mechanisms of action have significantly advanced our understanding of transcriptional programs that control lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, immunity and inflammation, and wound repair. These findings provide insights into the therapeutic actions of existing drugs that target nuclear receptors and raise new possibilities for development of safer, more effective drugs for the prevention and treatment of metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. In this introduction to this Review series, underlying mechanisms that enable nuclear receptors to positively and negatively regulate gene expression are presented as background to the focused reviews on estrogen receptors, PPARs, liver X receptors, and the PPARgamma coactivator-1 (PGC-1) family of coactivators.
Selective cross-acyloin condensation catalyzed by thiazolium salt. Formation of 1-hydroxy 2-one from formaldehyde and other aldehydes (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSelective cross-acyloin condensation catalyzed by thiazolium salt. Formation of 1-hydroxy 2-one from formaldehyde and other aldehydesToshihiko Matsumoto, Masafumi Ohishi, and Shohei InoueCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1985, 50, 5, 603–606Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00205a010https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00205a010research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1992Altmetric-Citations80LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Lack of Collagen Type Specificity for Lysyl Hydroxylase Isoforms (2000)

Lysyl hydroxylase is the enzyme catalyzing the formation of hydroxylysyl residues in collagens. Large differences in the extent of hydroxylysyl residues are found among collagen types. Three lysyl hydroxylase isoenzymes (LH1, LH2, LH3) have recently been characterized from human and mouse tissues. Nothing is known about the distribution of these isoforms within cells or whether they exhibit collagen type specificity. We measured mRNA levels of the three isoforms, as well as the mRNAs of the main collagen types I, III, IV, and V and the alpha subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase, another enzyme involved in collagen biosynthesis, in different human cell lines. Large variations were found in mRNA expression of LH1 and LH2 but not LH3. Immunoblotting was utilized to confirm the results of Northern hybridization. The levels of mRNA of LH1, LH2, and the alpha subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase showed significant correlations with each other. The LH3 mRNA levels did not correlate with those of LH1, LH2, or the alpa subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase, clearly indicating a difference in the regulation of LH3. No correlation was observed between LH isoforms and individual collagen types, indicating a lack of collagen type specificity for lysyl hydroxylase isoforms. Our observations suggest that LH1, LH2, and the alpha subunit of prolyl 4-hydroxylase are coregulated together with total collagen synthesis but not with the specific collagen types and indicate that LH3 behaves differently from LH1 and LH2, implying a difference in their substrates. These observations set the basis for further studies to define the functions of lysyl hydroxylase isoforms.
Identification of highly fucosylated N‐linked oligosaccharides from the human parotid gland (1998)

The glycosylation of a number of constituents of human saliva is known to modify its biological roles, such as its lubricating properties and binding of microbial flora. Gillece-Castro et al. [Gillece-Castro, B. L., Prakobphol, A., Burlingame, A. L., Leffler, H. & Fisher, S. J. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 17358-17368] have proposed that the major glycan on the salivary proline-rich glycoproteins is a trifucosylated biantennary sugar with one difucosylated and one unfucosylated antenna. Furthermore, they proposed that the non-fucosylated antenna mediated adherence to a peridontal pathogen, Fusobacterium nucleatum. The detailed structures and roles of other highly fucosylated glycans that co-exist in the parotid gland are not fully known. In view of the influence of outer-arm fucosylation on carbohydrate recognition processes in general, this paper reports the use of a combination of HPLC (normal and reversed phase), matrix-assisted laser-desorption/ionisation (MALDI) mass spectrometry and exoglycosidase digestions to dissect the detailed structures of the most abundant of these polyfucosylated glycans. For measurement of reversed-phase HPLC retention times, new calibration units were used which paralleled the glucose units used for normal-phase HPLC. These differed in that the difference in retention times were compared with those derived from a ladder of 2-aminobenzamide-labelled arabinose oligomers instead of the corresponding oligomers from partially hydrolysed dextran. Over sixty neutral sugars were identified from the parotid gland and many of these were additionally found substituted with sialic acid (both alpha2-3-linked and alpha2-6-linked) and sulphate. These glycans were mainly bi- and tri-antennary sugars with up to five and seven fucose residues respectively, containing fucose alpha1-3-linked to the outer-arm GlcNAc residues and alpha1-2-linked to the galactose. All fucosylated structures contained a core (alpha1-6-linked) fucose. The detailed structure of the trifucosylated biantennary glycan was confirmed, together with the structures of another 12 fucosylated biantennary glycans. Smaller amounts of hybrid and tetraantennary structures were also found and bisected glycans were shown to be constituents of parotid glycoproteins for the first time. Acidic glycans were mainly substituted with sialic acid. Most were monosialylated as the presence of fucose on the antennae was found to suppress the addition of extra sialic acid moieties. The possible functional significance of highly fucosylated N-glycans is discussed in relation to their modification of the availability of other non-reducing terminal monosaccharides for recognition processes.
Neplanocin A. A cyclopentenyl analog of adenosine with specificity for inhibiting RNA methylation. (1984)

The mechanism of action of the adenosine analog, neplanocin A (NPC), was investigated in human colon carcinoma cell line HT-29. Cell viability was reduced to 38 and 17% of control by 24-h exposure to 10(-5) and 10(-4) M NPC, respectively. Cytocidal activity was not affected by inhibition of adenosine deaminase with 2'-deoxycoformycin. Concomitant with decreased cell viability was the reduced incorporation of [14C]dThd and [3H]Leu, and to a lesser extent [3H]Urd, into acid-precipitable material. Labeling of rRNA and tRNA during drug treatment for 24 h with [methyl-3H]Met and [14C]Urd revealed that NPC primarily inhibited RNA methylation, and to a lesser extent, RNA synthesis. RNase T2 digests of total RNA indicated that base and 2'-O-methylation were inhibited to approximately the same degree. Metabolites of NPC were measured by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography and it was found that the major drug metabolite was the drug analog of S-adenosylmethionine with little formation of the respective, S-adenosylhomocysteine metabolite. NPC was utilized to a very small degree for RNA synthesis where only 2 and 30 pmol of NPC/A260 were incorporated into rRNA and tRNA after 24-h exposure to 10(-5) and 10(-4) M NPC, respectively. These results indicate that NPC is metabolized to a metabolite of S-adenosylmethionine which is a poor methyl donor for RNA methyltransferases, and that the accompanying decrease in RNA methylation and protein synthesis appears to be related to its cytocidal activity.
Multi-view coding for image-based rendering using 3-d scene geometry (2003)

To store and transmit the large amount of image data necessary for Image-based Rendering (IBR), efficient coding schemes are required. This paper presents two different approaches which exploit three-dimensional scene geometry for multi-view compression. In texture-based coding, images are converted to view-dependent texture maps for compression. In model-aided predictive coding, scene geometry is used for disparity compensation and occlusion detection between images. While both coding strategies are able to attain compression ratios exceeding 2000:1, individual coding performance is found to depend on the accuracy of the available geometry model. Experiments with real-world as well as synthetic image sets show that texture-based coding is more sensitive to geometry inaccuracies than predictive coding. A rate-distortion theoretical analysis of both schemes supports these findings. For reconstructed approximate geometry models, model-aided predictive coding performs best, while texture-based coding yields superior coding results if scene geometry is exactly known.
Development of New Coatings for Advanced Ni-Base Superalloys (2006)

Advanced Ni-base single crystal (SC) superalloys containing high concentrations of refractory elements prone to generate a diffusion layer called Secondary Reaction Zone (SRZ) beneath their bond coating during exposure at high temperatures. SRZ cause a reduction of the load bearing cross section and it is detrimental to the creep properties of thin-wall turbine airfoils. In this study, a new bond coat system “EQ coating” designed to be in thermodynamic equilibrium with the Ni-based superalloy substrate has been proposed. Two types of EQ coating systems based on γ and γ′ compositions on the tie line of the base alloy (TMS-82+ or TMS-173) were studied and compared with a conventional bond coat. Each coating system was diffusion coupled with the substrate material and subjected to isothermal exposure at 1100°C for 300 hours. The results have indicated minimal interdiffusion occurred between EQ coating systems and the substrate. The EQ coating based on γ′ composition possesses the most promising oxidation resistance.