gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Learning Discriminative Features with Class Encoder (2016)

Deep neural networks usually benefit from unsupervised pre-training, e.g. auto-encoders. However, the classifier further needs supervised fine-tuning methods for good discrimination. Besides, due to the limits of full-connection, the application of auto-encoders is usually limited to small, well aligned images. In this paper, we incorporate the supervised information to propose a novel formulation, namely class-encoder, whose training objective is to reconstruct a sample from another one of which the labels are identical. Class-encoder aims to minimize the intra-class variations in the feature space, and to learn a good discriminative manifolds on a class scale. We impose the class-encoder as a constraint into the softmax for better supervised training, and extend the reconstruction on feature-level to tackle the parameter size issue and translation issue. The experiments show that the class-encoder helps to improve the performance on benchmarks of classification and face recognition. This could also be a promising direction for fast training of face recognition models.
Role of vibrating screens in modern coal preparation plants (1976)

Developing interpretable tools is critical to optimize the clinical utility of novel, sensor-based measurement techniques. The proof-of-concept models proposed here provide concrete, communicable evidence to track dysphagia recovery over time. With refined training schemes and real-world validation, these tools can be deployed to automatically measure and monitor swallowing in the clinic and community for patients across the impairment spectrum.
Grain yield and physiological growth indices in maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids under seed biopriming with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) (2011)

In order to study of grain yield and some of physiological growth indices in maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids under seed biopriming with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in 2009 at the Research Farm of Mohaghegh Ardabili. Treatments were maize hybrids in three levels (SC-404, SC-410 and SC-434) plus seed biopriming with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) in four levels: without priming (as control), seed biopriming with Azotobacter chroococcum strain 5, Azospirillum lipoferum strain OF and Azotobacter chroococcum strain 5+Azospirillum lipoferum strain OF. Investigation of process of variances of dry matter accumulation indicated that in all of treatments, it increased slowly until 36 days after sowing and then increased rapidly till 116 days after sowing and from 116 days after sowing till harvest time, it decreased due to decreasing of crop growth rate and leaf area index. In addition, in all of maize hybrids, the highest dry matter accumulation in unit of area was obtained at seed biopriming with Azotobacter. Seed biopriming also significantly increased the crop growth rate, and the maximum of it was observed by the plots with SC-434 seed priming with Azotobacter. In addition, in all of treatment compounds, CGR increased slowly until 67-68 days after sowing and then decreased slowly till 76 days after sowing. From 76 days after sowing till harvest time, it decreased rapidly due to increasing aging of leaves and decreasing of leaf area index. Mean comparisons showed that maximum grain yield (7.01 ton/ha) was obtained in SC-434 maize hybrid at seed biopriming with Azotobacter and minimum was in SC404 without seed priming. Thus, it can be suggested that in order to increasing of grain yield and physiological growth indices, seed biopriming in SC434 hybrid should be with Azotobacter chroococcum strain 5 in conditions of Ardabil Plain.
ERNEUERUNG VON ABGAENGIGEN BETONFAHRBAHNDECKEN DURCH ASPHALTSCHICHTEN (1991)

Liegen im wesentlichen nur Horizontalbewegungen der Betonplatten vor, koennen Oberflaechenmaengel, wie zum Beispiel Verschleiss oder verringerte Griffigkeit durch Ueberbauen mit duennen Asphaltschichten beseitigt werden. Sie sind ohne Zwischenschicht kraftschluessig mit der Fahrbahndecke zu verbinden. Die Ergebnisse einer vor Jahren angelegten Versuchsstrecke fuehren zu der Empfehlung, vorhandene Raumfugen sofort im Asphalt zu schneiden und zu vergiessen. Bei Scheinfugen sollte man warten, ob die Fuge durchschlaegt. Waehrend spannungsabbauende Zwischenschichten sinnvoll sein koennen, ist von der Verwendung von Gittern oder Geweben in diesem Zusammenhang abzuraten. Ueberwiegen die Vertikalbewegungen, bleibt nur ein kleinstueckiges Zertruemmern mit anschliessender Verdichtung, um eine ausreichend gleichmaessige Tragfaehigkeit des Auflagers fuer die Asphaltschichten zu schaffen. Ein Ueberbauen mit Asphaltschichten ohne vorherige Zertruemmerung stellt lediglich eine Zwischenloesung bis zu einer kurzfristig geplanten Grunderneuerung dar; mit einem Durchschlagen der Fugen ist dann zu rechnen.
Generation of a pseudothesaurus for information retrieval based on cooccurrences and fuzzy set operations (1983)

A thesaurus in bibliographic information retrieval is a list of technical terms with relations among them, enabling generic retrieval of documents having different but related keywords. Since the construction of a thesaurus is resource consuming an automatic generation method of a thesaurus-like structure is needed. A set-theoretical model of an abstract thesaurus is developed which is related to an automatic generation method based on cooccurrences of terms in the set of texts. Replacement of a basis set in the model and transformation of cooccurrence frequencies into fuzzy sets enables the transition from the abstract mathematical model to an actual procedure of automatic generation. The generated structure is called a pseudothesaurus. An algorithm to generate the pseudothesaurus from a large amount of data is developed. Moreover, two examples based on a dictionary of scientific usage and on an actual bibliographic database are given.
Robustness of a time-reversal ultra-wideband system in non-stationary channel environments (2011)

Time reversal (TR) is regarded as a potential future transmission scheme for ultra-wideband (UWB) communication systems. However, the need for a perfect channel estimation is regarded as one of the main drawbacks of a TR system. It is assumed that in the case of a time-varying channel or imperfect channel estimation, the performance of the TR scheme degrades enormously. Based on this assumption, the time-reversal scheme is not considered suitable for such environments. Here, the robustness of a TR system in a time-varying channel environment is studied. The experiments are performed for a time-varying channel environment for fixed terminals and for a displaced terminal with a stationary channel environment. The results show that if the channel maintains some partial correlation with the previous channel, the TR system can perform robustly.
The Organizing Principles of Eukaryotic Ribosome Recruitment (2019)

The stage at which ribosomes are recruited to messenger RNAs (mRNAs) is an elaborate and highly regulated phase of protein synthesis. Upon completion of this step, a ribosome is positioned at an appropriate initiation codon and primed to synthesize the encoded polypeptide product. In most circumstances, this step commits the ribosome to translate the mRNA. We summarize the knowledge regarding the initiation factors implicated in this activity as well as review different mechanisms by which this process is conducted.
GlpD and PlsB Participate in Persister Cell Formation in <i>Escherichia coli</i> (2006)

Bacterial populations produce dormant persister cells that are resistant to killing by all antibiotics currently in use, a phenomenon known as multidrug tolerance (MDT). Persisters are phenotypic variants of the wild type and are largely responsible for MDT of biofilms and stationary populations. We recently showed that a hipBA toxin/antitoxin locus is part of the MDT mechanism in Escherichia coli. In an effort to find additional MDT genes, an E. coli expression library was selected for increased survival to ampicillin. A clone with increased persister production was isolated and was found to overexpress the gene for the conserved aerobic sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase GlpD. The GlpD overexpression strain showed increased tolerance to ampicillin and ofloxacin, while a strain with glpD deleted had a decreased level of persisters in the stationary state. This suggests that GlpD is a component of the MDT mechanism. Further genetic studies of mutants affected in pathways involved in sn-glycerol-3-phosphate metabolism have led to the identification of two additional multidrug tolerance loci, glpABC, the anaerobic sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, and plsB, an sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase.
Ascorbate Reacts with Singlet Oxygen to Produce Hydrogen Peroxide (2006)

Singlet oxygen is a highly reactive electrophilic species that reacts rapidly with electron-rich moieties, such as the double bonds of lipids, thiols, and ascorbate (AscH-). The reaction of ascorbate with singlet oxygen is rapid (k = 3 x 10(8) M(-1) s(-1)). Here we have investigated the stoichiometry of this reaction. Using electrodes to make simultaneous, real-time measurements of oxygen and hydrogen peroxide concentrations, we have investigated the products of this reaction. We have demonstrated that hydrogen peroxide is a product of this reaction. The stoichiometry for the reactants of the reaction (1 1O2 + 1AscH--->1H2O2 + 1dehydroascorbic) is 1:1. The formation of H2O2 results in a very different oxidant that has a longer lifetime and much greater diffusion distance. Thus, locally produced singlet oxygen with a half-life of 1 ns to 1 micros in a biological setting is changed to an oxidant that has a much longer lifetime and thus can diffuse to distant targets to initiate biological oxidations.
Active secretion of CXCL10 and CCL5 from colorectal cancer microenvironments associates with GranzymeB+ CD8+ T-cell infiltration (2014)

Transcriptional expression of CXCR3 and CCR5 cognate chemokines correlate with CD8+ T-cell infiltration and prolonged survival in colorectal cancer (CRC). These findings were derived mainly from paraffin embedded tissues; thus little is known about the secretion pattern of CD8+ T-cell targeting chemokines from CRCs. Therefore, we developed and introduced a novel platform that assesses the immune mediators that are secreted from live excised tissues. Transcriptional profiling and unsupervised hierarchical clustering of 43 CRCs based on expression of genes that represent the adaptive immune response were used to predict tumors that are strong secretors of T-cell targeting chemokines. Secretion of these mediators were corroborated using flow cytometric analysis of T-cell lineage markers: CD4, CD8, IFN-γ, and GzmB. We demonstrate that stronger secretion of CXCL10 (CXCR3 ligand) and CCL5 (CCR5 ligand) and infiltration of GzmB+CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) and IFN-γ+CD4+ helper T-cells can be predicted by transcriptional profiling, and that CRCs with stronger T-cell immunity were proportionally skewed towards early TNM stages and lacked distant organ metastasis. Our study represents the first functional analysis of secreted immune mediators from CRCs beyond immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR, and observed active physiological interactions between the tumor cells and the immune cells in the tumor microenvironment.
Nuevas estrategias de enseñanza: experiencia con Weblogs (2005)

1 Area de Organizacion de Empresas. Escuela Politecnica Superior. Universidad de Burgos. Avenida de Cantabria, s/n. Ed.A.; 09006 Burgos. jisantos@ubu.es 2 Area de Organizacion de Empresas. Escuela Politecnica Superior. Universidad de Burgos. Avenida de Cantabria, s/n. Ed.A.; 09006 Burgos. jmgalan@ubu.es 3 Area de Organizacion de Empresas. Escuela Politecnica Superior. Universidad de Burgos. Edificio La Milanera C/ Villadiego s/n.; 09001 Burgos. rdelolmo@ubu.es
Formal Models, Social Theory and Computer Simulations: Some Methodical Reflections (2003)

The article deals with the problem of general methodical foundations of computational sociology or mathematical sociology respectively. It proposes a universal schema for modelling, based on the conception of social domains as formal systems or nets. The goals for constructing formal models in the social sciences are defined as theory testing, theory developing and analysing universal Turing machines in order to obtain general laws concerning the behaviour of complex social systems. We illustrate our meta-theoretical considerations with different examples of our own research.
Discussion on production process of 1-butene (2003)

The industrialized technological process of 1-butene production is introduced, with the method of removing iso-butene and butadiene from C4 mixture being emphasized. Complete hydrogenation to remove butadiene and three methods of removing iso-butene such as hydration and selective congruence, hydration and reacting-etherization, polymerization-etherization are discussed here.The best technological process is determined by comparison.
Reductive methylation of proteins with sodium cyanoborohydride. Identification, suppression and possible uses of <i>N</i>-cyanomethyl by-products (1982)

Reductive methylation of protein amino groups with formaldehyde and sodium cyanoborohydride is shown to give up to 25% yield of N-cyanomethyl (-CH2CN) product; on work up of the reaction this is hydrolysed back to starting amine, lowering the methylation yield. Addition of metal ions such as Ni2+, which complex with free cyanide ion, improve reductive methylation yields by suppressing by-product formation. The N-cyanomethyl group itself, produced in good yield when cyanide ion replaces cyanoborohydride, may have some value as a reversible modifier of amino groups in proteins.
Gemcitabine: preclinical pharmacology and mechanisms of action. (1996)

Gemcitabine is a nucleoside analog which exhibits metabolic characteristics that distinguish it from related compounds and may explain its activity in solid tumors. The active nucleotide forms are effectively accumulated to high concentrations in cells. This is due to both efficient phosphorylation and relatively slow elimination. The diphosphate is a potent inhibitor of ribonucleotide reductase, an action that reduces deoxynucleotide pools. Decreased cellular concentrations of deoxycytidine triphosphate permit more rapid phosphorylation of gemcitabine and decreases the metabolic clearance of gemcitabine nucleotides by deoxycytidine monophosphate deaminase. Most importantly, the ratio of the cellular concentrations of gemcitabine triphosphate to deoxycytidine triphosphate increases, favoring analog incorporation into DNA, which is strongly associated with loss of viability.
New flexible aerogels and xerogels derived from methyltrimethoxysilane/dimethyldimethoxysilane co-precursors (2011)

We report new flexible “marshmallow-like” aerogels and xerogels with a bendable feature from the methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS) and dimethyldimethoxysilane (DMDMS) co-precursor systems. A 2-step acid/base sol–gel process and surfactant are employed to control the phase separation of the hydrophobic networks, which give porous monolithic gels. The obtained gels become softer and more flexible with increasing DMDMS fractions.
[The chromosomal syndromes (author's transl)]. (1975)

Considering the results of modern cytogenetics in the area of chromosomal abberation, we can adopt without restriction two demands formulated by G. Koch (1971). First, further systematic research on mentally subnormal children should be carried out to clarify whether forms of chromosomal-genetic abnormality based on previously unknown structural alterations in one or several chromosomes can be discovered among those labelled "mentally subnormal". Second, the chromosomal-genetic forms of mental subnormality should be differentiated psychologically in close cooperation with child and adolescent psychologists and psychiatrists.
Exploration of the Mechanism for Self-Emulsion Polymerization of Amphiphilic Vinylpyridine (2013)

A rare self-assembly behavior is observed in a hydrophilic monomer (4-vinylpyridine) (4VP) when polymerized in water with a hydrophilic initiator that results in the production of monodisperse polymeric nanoparticles in a single step. This behavior mimics the behavior obtained with the more commonly reported amphiphilic block copolymers. The synthesis and self-assembly of homopolymer nanoparticle from 4VP without the use of any cross-linker, stabilizing agent, surfactant, or polymeric emulsifier are described along with fundamental aspects of the mechanism of this polymerization. This facile and robust procedure enabled the production of highly monodisperse P4VP nanoparticle with a tunable size ranging from 80 to 445 nm. For the first time, we have investigated the growth mechanism of these polymeric nanoparticles to clarify the mechanism of polymeric nanoparticle formation. This work also provides direct visible evidence through transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images at the nanometer scale, which helps in obtaining a better understanding of the mechanism of self-assembly. The effect of temperature on the size of the polymeric nanoparticles was also examined along with the effect of initiator, monomer, and solvent concentrations. We therefore report a versatile and scalable process for the production of monodisperse polymeric nanoparticles, which we call self-emulsion polymerization (SEP).
The distribution of acyl lipids in the germ, aleurone, starch and non‐starch endosperm of four wheat varieties (1980)

Abstract The quantitative distribution of 23 classes of acyl lipids was determined in the germ, aleurone, starch and endosperm non‐starch fractions of Atou (Soft English), Flinor (Hard English), Waldron (US Hard Red Spring) and Edmore (US Amber Durum) wheats. All four wheats had similar proportions (dry basis) of pericarp (6.8–8.6%), germ (2.5–3.0%), starchy endosperm (78.7–84.5%) and starch (59.3–67.5%), and similar quantities of acyl lipids in the whole kernels (2.8–3.2%), germ (25.7–30.5%), starch (0.8–1.2%) and endosperm non‐starch fractions (0.8–1.1%). Flinor, Waldron and Edmore had 7.3–10% aleurone containing 8.7–10.6% lipids, but Atou appeared to have an abnormally low aleurone weight (4.0%) and a correspondingly high lipid content (19.4%). Pericarp acyl lipids were studied only in Atou, where they comprised 1.3% of the dry weight and 3.8% of the total acyl lipids in the whole kernel. Lipids in the germ and aleurone consisted of triglycerides (60.3–79.3%), other nonpolar lipids (5.6–12.0%) and phospholipids (13.6–17.9%). Starch lipids were almost exclusively lysophospholipids (89.4–94.4%). Greater variation was found in the endosperm non‐starch lipids which consisted of triglycerides (13.7–34.1%), other nonpolar lipids (33.2–48.5%), glycolipids (18.6–38.3%) and phospholipids (21.9–35.3%). Edmore had the highest levels of triglycerides and non‐polar lipids, and the lowest levels of glycolipids (as expected in a tetraploid wheat). Atouresembled Edmore in its low levels of steryl esters and glycolipids, but it also had least phospholipids.
Flow Activation of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase in Vascular Endothelium Leads to Kruppel-Like Factor 2 Expression (2009)

The flow-mediated AMPK activation is a newly defined KLF2 regulatory pathway in vascular endothelium that acts via ERK5/MEF2.
Bioremediation: A natural solution. [Decontamination of soils and groundwater] (1993)

Bioremediation is an attractive remediation alternative because most full-scale bioremediation projects involve cost-effective contaminant treatment on-site. Recently, large scale bioremediation projects have included cleanups of ocean tanker spills, land-based chemical spills, and leaking chemical and petroleum storage tanks. Contaminated matrices have included beaches, soils, groundwater, surface waters (i.e., pits, ponds, lagoons), process waste streams and grease traps. Bioremediation is especially cost-effective when both soil and groundwater matrices are impacted because one remediation treatment system can be design to treat both media simultaneously in place. The primary advantages of in situ bioremediation include: on-site destruction of contaminants; accelerated cleanup time; minimal disruption to operations; lower remediation costs; and reduction of future liability.
Planar photonic crystal microspectrometers in silicon-nitride for the visible range (2009)

We demonstrate the feasibility of forming a compact integrated photonic spectrometer for operation in the visible wavelength range using the dispersive properties of a planar photonic crystal structure fabricated in silicon nitride. High wavelength resolution and compact device sizes in these spectrometers are enabled by combining superprism effect, negative diffraction effect, and negative refraction effect in a 45 degree rotated square lattice photonic crystal. Our experimental demonstration shows 1.2 nm wavelength resolution in a 70 microm by 130 microm photonic crystal structure with better performance than alternative structures for on-chip spectroscopy, confirming the unique capability of the proposed approach to realize compact integrated spectrometers.
HYDROLOGIC EVALUATION OF THE SOIL AND WATER ASSESSMENT TOOL FOR A LARGE TILE-DRAINED WATERSHED IN IOWA (2006)

The presence of subsurface tile drainage systems can facilitate nutrient and pesticide transport, therebycontributing to environmental pollution. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) water quality model is designed to assessnonpoint and point source pollution and was recently modified for tile drainage. Over 25% of the nations cropland requiredimproved drainage. In this study, the models ability to validate the tile drainage component is evaluated with nine years ofhydrologic monitoring data collected from the South Fork watershed in Iowa, since about 80% of this watershed is tiledrained. This watershed is a Conservation Effects Assessment Program benchmark watershed and typifies one of the moreintensively managed agricultural areas in the Midwest. Comparison of measured and predicted values demonstrated thatinclusion of the tile drainage system is imperative for obtaining a realistic watershed water balance. Twocalibration/validation scenarios tested if the results differed in how the data set was divided. The optimum scenario resultsfor the simulated monthly and daily flows had Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (ENS) values during the calibration/validation(1995-1998/1999-2004) periods of 0.9/0.7 and 0.5/0.4, respectively. The second scenario results for the simulated monthlyand daily flows had ENS values during the calibration/validation (1995-2000/2001-2004) periods of 0.8/0.5 and 0.7/0.2,respectively. The optimum scenario reflects the distribution of peak rainfall events represented in both the calibration andvalidation periods. The year 2000, being extremely dry, negatively impacted both the calibration and validation results. Eachwater budget component of the model gave reasonable output, which reveals that this model can be used for the assessmentof tile drainage with its associated practices. Water yield results were significantly different for the simulations with andwithout the tile flow component (25.1% and 16.9%, expressed as a percent of precipitation). The results suggest that theSWAT2005 version modified for tile drainage is a promising tool to evaluate streamflow in tile-drained regions when thecalibration period contains streamflows representing a wide range of rainfall events.