gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fibroblast growth factor enhances type beta 1 transforming growth factor gene expression in osteoblast-like cells. (1989)

Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and type beta transforming growth factor (TGF beta) are potent modulators of proliferation and differentiation in many types of cells. TGF beta acts in an autocrine manner, and the regulation of TGF beta gene expression is one of the crucial events in the control of cellular functions. This study examines FGF regulation of TGF beta 1 gene expression in osteoblast-like cells. Bovine basic FGF (bFGF) increased the steady-state level of 2.5-kb TGF beta 1 mRNA two- to threefold in rat osteosarcoma (ROS17/2.8) cells in a dose-dependent manner, starting at 0.1 ng/ml. The increase of the message was detectable within 3 h after the addition of bFGF, peaked at 6 h, and lasted at least up to 48 h. This effect was blocked by a protein kinase inhibitor, K252a, indicating the involvement of phosphorylation. bFGF increased the rate of TGF beta 1 gene transcription estimated by nuclear run-on assay, while the stability of TGF beta 1 mRNA was not altered. bFGF increased the TGF beta activity in the conditioned media, estimated by DNA synthesis inhibition assay using mink lung epithelial (CCL-64) cells. Parathyroid hormone reduced the abundance of TGF beta 1 mRNA in ROsS17/2.8 cells and opposed the bFGF effect on TGF beta 1 mRNA. bFGF also increased the steady-state level of TGF beta 1 mRNA in mouse calvaria-derived MC3T3E1 and human osteosarcoma SaOS-2 cells. These findings indicate that FGF enhances the expression of TGF beta 1 gene in osteoblast-like cells and point to the tight relationship of the two growth factors involved in the control of cellular functions.
An Expert System Construction Approach to CAI Development (1988)

AbstractComputer-assisted instruction (CAI) has long been used to facilitate teaching and learning in academic institutions. The slow growth in the use of CAI can be attributed to a number of factors. Paramount among these are the lack of intelligence in most traditional CAI, and the lack of very high-level programming tools which allow experienced teachers to develop quality courseware quickly and comparatively inexpensively. This paper describes a prototype expert system construction environment for developing CAI programs having an expert system architecture. With such an environment, the development of a CAI program would entail merely the construction of a knowledge base for a subject domain. Examples are used to highlight certain features of the underlying CAI. Such an expert system approach to CAI development is cost-effective, and the underlying CAI has innovative applications in the educational arena and can forgo some of the drawbacks of traditional CAI.Keywords: expert systemcomputer assisted instrucnonsoftware development
Functionality of estrogen receptor and tamoxifen treatment of R3327 Dunning rat prostate adenocarcinoma. (1980)

The functionality of the estrogen receptor as determined by the effect of estrogen on progesterone receptor levels and the effect of tamoxifen on tumor growth has been examined in the R3327 Dunning rat prostate adenocarcinoma. The progesterone receptor was absent in 78% of prostate tumors grown in male Copenhagen X Fischer F1 rats but was induced in tumors taken from rats given injections of 25 microgram estradiol benzoate per kg for 10 days. This result suggested that the tumor might be sensitive to the antiestrogen tamoxifen, and it was subsequently shown that treatment of rats with tamoxifen (0.5 mg/kg) 5 times/week for 2 to 7 months resulted in marked suppression of tumor growth in 91% of the tumors examined. In vitro binding analysis demonstrated that tamoxifen competed for the estrogen receptor in the tumor but not for the androgen receptor. These data suggest that tamoxifen might be acting directly on the tumor, although an indirect effect cannot be ruled out, since plasma testosterone levels were reduced as a result of tamoxifen treatment. Regulation of androgen and estrogen receptors was also observed in this tumor system. Thus, administration of estradiol benzoate for 10 days resulted in increased levels of androgen receptor with no change in estrogen receptor. Long-term tamoxifen treatment had a similar effect. Short-term castration, which appeared to induce the progesterone receptor, also resulted in increased levels of both androgen and estrogen receptors. This latter observation suggests that tamoxifen might be even more effective in castrated rats.
Insecticidal activity of the pyrethrins and related compounds. IX. 5‐benzyl‐3‐furylmethyl 2,2‐dimethylcyciopropanecarboxylates with non‐ethylenic substituents at position 3 on the cyclopropane ring (1976)

Abstract The insecticidal activities against houseflies ( Musca domestica L.) and mustard beetles ( Phaedon cochleariae Fab.) of 29 new 5‐benzyl‐3‐furylmethyl 2,2‐dimethyl‐cyclopropane‐carboxylates are compared with those of the corresponding chrysanthe‐mate (bioresmethrin) to assess the influence of non‐ethylenic and isobutenyl substituents at position 3 of the cyclopropane ring. Of the new groups investigated, only 3‐methoxyiminomethyl gives equal or enhanced activity; 3‐(2‐furyl) esters are moderately effective, but 3‐phenyl and 3‐alkoxycarbonyl compounds show weak activity. A 3‐(2,2,2‐trihaloethyl) compound was more active than compounds with other saturated groups, such as isobutyl.
GmPep914, an Eight-Amino Acid Peptide Isolated from Soybean Leaves, Activates Defense-Related Genes   (2011)

Only a handful of endogenous peptide defense signals have been isolated from plants. Herein, we report a novel peptide from soybean (Glycine max) leaves that is capable of alkalinizing the media of soybean suspension cells, a response that is generally associated with defense peptides. The peptide, DHPRGGNY, was synthesized and found to be active at 0.25 nM and requiring only 5 to 10 min to obtain a maximal pH change. The peptide is located on the carboxy-terminal end of a 52-amino acid precursor protein (Glyma12g00990) deduced from the soybean genome project. A search of the soybean databank revealed a homolog (Glyma09g36370) that contained a similar peptide, DLPRGGNY, which was synthesized and shown to have identical activity. The peptides, designated GmPep914 (DHPRGGNY) and GmPep890 (DLPRGGNY), were capable of inducing the expression of both Glyma12g00990 (GmPROPEP914) and Glyma09g36370 (GmPROPEP890) in cultured soybean suspension cells within 1 h. Both peptides induced the expression of defense genes, including CYP93A1, a cytochrome P450 gene involved in phytoalexin synthesis, chitinaseb1-1, a chitinase involved in pathogen defense, and Glycine max chalcone synthase1 (Gmachs1), chalcone synthase, involved in phytoalexin production. Both GmPROPEP914 and GmPROPEP890 were highly expressed in the roots, relative to the aerial portions of the plant. However, treatment of the aerial portion of soybean plants with hormones involved in elicitation of defense responses revealed a significant increase in expression levels of GmPROPEP914 and GmPROPEP890. A search of gene databases revealed homologous sequences in other members of the Fabales and also in the closely related Cucurbitales but not in any other order of plants.
Stereospecific Route to<i>trans</i>-1,2,3,4,4a,5,6,10b-Octahydrobenzo[<i>f</i>]quinolines (1986)

Access to the title compounds from unsaturated lactams 9 involves as the key step reduction of the carbon-carbon double bond with triethylsilane/trifluoroacetic acid reagent to give the trans-fused lactam product 10.
Amphiphilic block copolymers containing thermally degradable poly(phthalaldehyde) blocks (2009)

Abstract In this study, the preparation of a new class of amphiphilic block copolymers consisting of a poly(phthalaldehyde) (PPA) block and hydrophilic poly(alkylene oxide) blocks is described. PPA was prepared by ionic cyclopolymerization. A telechelic polymer block was prepared by endcapping of the PPA by a bifunctional reagent carrying isocyanate and isothiocyanate groups. As the second block, monoamino‐terminated poly(alkylene oxide)s (Surfonamines®, also known as Jeffamines®) were chosen. These polymers could be readily coupled to the PPA telechel and gave amphiphlic, mainly ABA‐type block copolymers. The PPA block of these products can be selectively depolymerized at moderate temperature. The block copolymers were characterized by dual‐detection size exclusion chromatography, and the defined and stepwise thermal decomposition of the two different block types were shown by thermogravimetric analysis. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 1499–1509, 2009
N‐3 but not N‐6 fatty acids reduce the expression of the combined adhesion and scavenger receptor CD36 in human monocytic cells (1995)

CD36, a multifunctional adhesion receptor e.g. for thrombospondin and collagen, as well as a scavenger receptor for oxidized low density lipoprotein, is expressed e.g. on platelets and monocytes. By this dual role it might be involved in early steps of atherosclerosis like the recruitment of monocytes and formation of foam cells. We therefore studied the effects of n-3 fatty acids on CD36 expression in human monocytic cells. Incorporation of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3) into cellular phospholipids resulted in a significant reduction of CD36 expression at the mRNA and protein level, whereas arachidonic acid (AA, C20: 4n-6) and linoleic acid (LA, C18:2n-6) tended to increase CD36 expression compared to the control. This specific down-regulation of CD36 by n-3 fatty acids in cells involved in the initiation and progression of atherogenesis and inflammation, represents a further mechanism that may contribute to the beneficial effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in these disorders.
Dimerization of methane through microwave plasmas (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDimerization of methane through microwave plasmasJian Huang and Steven L. SuibCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1993, 97, 37, 9403–9407Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100139a025https://doi.org/10.1021/j100139a025research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views221Altmetric-Citations40LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Electronic transport properties of a tilted graphene<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>p</mml:mi><mml:mtext>−</mml:mtext><mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>junction (2009)

Spatial manipulation of current flow in graphene could be achieved through the use of a tilted $p\text{\ensuremath{-}}n$ junction. We show through numerical simulation that a pseudo-Hall effect (i.e., nonequilibrium charge and current density accumulating along one of the sides of a graphene ribbon) can be observed under these conditions. The tilt angle and the $p\text{\ensuremath{-}}n$ transition length are two key parameters in tuning the strength of this effect. This phenomenon can be explained using classical trajectory via ray analysis, and is therefore relatively robust against disorder. Lastly, we propose and simulate a three terminal device that allows direct experimental access to the proposed effect.
Synthesis of DNA-Directed Pyrrolidinyl and Piperidinyl Confined Alkylating Chloroalkylaminoanthraquinones:  Potential for Development of Tumor-Selective <i>N</i>-Oxides (2006)

A novel series of 1,4-disubstituted chloroethylaminoanthraquinones, containing alkylating chloroethylamino functionalities as part of a rigid piperidinyl or pyrrolidinyl ring-system, have been prepared. The target compounds were prepared by ipso-displacement of halides of various anthraquinone chromophores by either hydroxylated or chlorinated piperidinyl- or pyrrolidinyl-alkylamino side chains. The chloroethylaminoanthraquinones were shown to alkylate guanine residues of linearized pBR322 (1-20 microM), and two symmetrically 1,4-disubstituted anthraquinones (compounds 14 and 15) were shown to interstrand cross-link DNA in the low nM range. Several 1,4-disubstituted chloroethylaminoanthraquinones were potently cytotoxic (IC50 values: <or=40 nM) in human ovarian cancer A2780 cells. Two agents (compounds 18 and 19) exhibited mean GI50 values of 96 nM and 182 nM, respectively, in the NCI human tumor cell line panel. Derivatization of the potent DNA cross-linking agent 15 to an N-oxide resulted in loss of the DNA unwinding, DNA interstrand cross-linking and cytotoxic activity of the parent molecule.
Quantum well lasers (1990)

The unique physical properties of QWs are caused by the 2-D confinement of the excited carriers. We describe how these properties are harnessed in a variety of configurations leading to ultralow threshold lasers, picosecond mode-locked lasers, widely tunable lasers, and tunneling injection lasers.
Oxidative cleavage of a phenolic diarylpropane lignin model dimer by manganese peroxidase from Phanerochaete chrysosporium (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOxidative cleavage of a phenolic diarylpropane lignin model dimer by manganese peroxidase from Phanerochaete chrysosporiumHiroyuki Wariishi, Khadar Valli, and Michael H. GoldCite this: Biochemistry 1989, 28, 14, 6017–6023Publication Date (Print):July 11, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 11 July 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00440a044https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00440a044research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views530Altmetric-Citations127LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Various tracers identify injected storage gas (1989)

Research into the identification of injected storage gas has determined the most commonly used methods and examined the stability and migration characteristics of several tracer gases. This article reviews the major identification methods.
Syntheses of Diaryl Sulfone. VIII (1961)

Growth-inhibitory activity was examined in the newly synthesized 8 kinds of diphenyl sulfone derivatives, 17 kinds of diaminodiphenyl sulfone derivatives, and 20 kinds of heterocyclic diaryl sulfones (methylthiazole, benzothiazole, 1-methylimidazole, benzimidazole, lepidine, quinoline, and indole systems), using Mycobacterium 607, Escherichia coli 026, and Staphylococcus 209P. 4, 3′, 5′-Trinitrodiphenyl sulfone was found to have comparatively strong growth-inhibitory action against Mycobacterium and Staphylococcus.
Weight Gain as a Risk Factor for Clinical Diabetes Mellitus in Women (1995)

The excess risk for diabetes with even modest and typical adult weight gain is substantial. These findings support the importance of maintaining a constant body weight throughout adult life and suggest that the 1990 U.S. Department of Agriculture guidelines that allow a substantial weight gain after 35 years of age are misleading.
Molecular Architecture and Assembly of the Eukaryotic Proteasome (2013)

The eukaryotic ubiquitin-proteasome system is responsible for most aspects of regulatory and quality-control protein degradation in cells. Its substrates, which are usually modified by polymers of ubiquitin, are ultimately degraded by the 26S proteasome. This 2.6-MDa protein complex is separated into a barrel-shaped proteolytic 20S core particle (CP) of 28 subunits capped on one or both ends by a 19S regulatory particle (RP) comprising at least 19 subunits. The RP coordinates substrate recognition, removal of substrate polyubiquitin chains, and substrate unfolding and translocation into the CP for degradation. Although many atomic structures of the CP have been determined, the RP has resisted high-resolution analysis. Recently, however, a combination of cryo-electron microscopy, biochemical analysis, and crystal structure determination of several RP subunits has yielded a near-atomic-resolution view of much of the complex. Major new insights into chaperone-assisted proteasome assembly have also recently emerged. Here we review these novel findings.
Rolling of lymphocytes and neutrophils on peripheral node addressin and subsequent arrest on ICAM‐1 in shear flow (1995)

We studied leukocyte interactions in shear flow with peripheral lymph node addressin (PNAd), a mixture of glycoproteins expressed on high endothelial venules (HEV) that is required for lymphocyte homing and has been shown to contain a ligand for L-selectin. T lymphocytes and neutrophils tether and roll on plastic-immobilized PNAd and E-selectin at 1.8 dyn/cm2 wall shear stress, but fail to interact with immobilized ICAM-1, a ligand for LFA-1 and Mac-1, at the same flow rate. Cells roll faster on PNAd than on P-selectin or E-selectin. L-selectin mAb inhibit T lymphocyte and neutrophil tethering to PNAd, but do not inhibit T lymphocyte tethering to purified E-selectin. If allowed to interact with ICAM-1 under static conditions, phorbol ester-treated T lymphocytes, but not resting T lymphocytes, are able to form stationary adhesions that withstand the detachment force generated by 36 dyn/cm2 wall shear stress. In contrast, a wall shear stress of 7.3 dyn/cm2 detaches 50% of resting T lymphocytes bound to PNAd. Incubating T lymphocytes on PNAd and ICAM-1 does not result in adhesion strengthening, suggesting that adhesion through PNAd by L-selectin does not stimulate lymphocyte LFA-1 avidity for ICAM-1. Chemoattractant stimulation of neutrophils or phorbol ester stimulation of lymphoblasts rolling on coimmobilized PNAd and ICAM-1 results in rapid arrest and firm sticking, extending the model of sequential selectin-mediated rolling and subsequent integrin-mediated firm arrest to lymphocytes and ligands expressed on HEV.
Cellular immune dysfunction in immune thrombocytopenia (<scp>ITP</scp>) (2013)

Over the past decades, a wealth of information has been reported about the pathogenic features of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). To this day, however, it is unclear whether the immune abnormalities associated with ITP play causative roles in the disease or are secondary epiphenomena brought on by the inflammatory processes that are associated with the disorder. Like the majority of all autoimmune diseases, ITP is an organ-specific disease and abnormalities in immune cell types, such as antigen-presenting cells (APC), T cells and B cells have been shown to play some sort of role in the initiation and/or perpetuation of the disease. This review will discuss recent advances in understanding three immune cells important in ITP pathophysiology: APC, T cells and B cells, and will review how they interact with each other to initiate and perpetuate ITP, particularly the chronic form of the disorder. It will also focus on new data related to the genetics of the disorder and discuss relevant animal models of ITP.
Surface treatment of clay minerals ? thermal stability, basal-plane spacing and surface coverage (2003)

Oxidative thermal degradation of organically modified montmorillonite (OM) and muscovite was studied using conventional and high-resolution TGA. Analysis of the ultra thin alkylammonium film covering the mineral surface revealed a correlation between thermal stability and extent of cation exchange. In the final stage of the exchange, some alkylammonium molecules are intercalated between the ionically bonded ones in a tail-to-tail arrangement leading to a local bilayer. This local bilayer as well as the non-reacted ammonium salt molecules decompose at lower temperatures than the self-assembled monolayer (SAM) and decrease the thermal stability of the OM, i.e. the quality of SAMs can be monitored by Hi-Res TGA. Quantitative analysis of the organic monolayer was not always possible by TGA due to incomplete oxidation and superimposition of different mass-loss events. However, the mass-loss across the first degradation event gave a good estimate of the surface coverage. In the case of montmorillonite, quantitative analysis was possible by taking the mass-loss due to physisorbed water and to dehydroxylation of the mineral into consideration. Both mass-loss and basal-plane spacing increased with augmented cation exchange, reaching a saturation value at ≈100% of the CEC. The thermal stability of the organic monolayer depends on its chemical structure and purity as well as on the nature of the substrate. In general, dialkylammonium SAMs are more stable than the monoalkyl derivatives. Neither the decomposition onset temperature nor the temperature of maximum mass-loss rate is useful as an index for the stability of alkylammonium SAMs. The time needed for an isothermal mass-loss equal to 5% of that occurring across the first decomposition event was used as an index to compare the stability of different monolayers. The thermal stability of pure alkylammonium SAMs on montmorillonite allows compounding with many commercially available polymers.
Elite athletes and alcohol (2000)

The results of a survey of elite athletes' individual motivations, behaviours, beliefs, attitudes and avoidance strategies regarding alcohol are presented and discussed. (non-author abstract)