gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Component Interactions in the Soluble Methane Monooxygenase System from <i>Methylococcus</i> <i>capsulatus</i> (Bath) (1999)

The soluble methane monooxygenase system of Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) includes three protein components: a 251-kDa non-heme dinuclear iron hydroxylase (MMOH), a 39-kDa iron-sulfur- and FAD-containing reductase (MMOR), and a 16-kDa regulatory protein (MMOB). The thermodynamic stability and kinetics of formation of complexes between oxidized MMOH and MMOB or MMOR were measured by isothermal titration calorimetry and stopped-flow fluorescence spectroscopy at temperatures ranging from 3.3 to 45 degrees C. The results, in conjunction with data from equilibrium analytical ultracentrifugation studies of MMOR and MMOB, indicate that free MMOR and MMOB exist as monomers in solution and bind MMOH with 2:1 stoichiometry. The role of component interactions in the catalytic mechanism of sMMO was investigated through simultaneous measurement of oxidase and hydroxylase activities as a function of varied protein component concentrations during steady-state turnover. The partitioning of oxidase and hydroxylase activities of sMMO is highly dependent on both the MMOR concentration and the nature of the organic substrate. In particular, NADH oxidation is significantly uncoupled from methane hydroxylation at MMOR concentrations exceeding 20% of the hydroxylase concentration but remains tightly coupled to propylene epoxidation at MMOR concentrations ranging up to the MMOH concentration. The steady-state kinetic data were fit to numerical simulations of models that include both the oxidase activities of free MMOR and of MMOH/MMOR complexes and the hydroxylase activity of MMOH/MMOB complexes. The data were well described by a model in which MMOR and MMOB bind noncompetitively at distinct interacting sites on the hydroxylase. MMOB manifests its regulatory effects by differentially accelerating intermolecular electron transfer from MMOR to MMOH containing bound substrate and product in a manner consistent with its activating and inhibitory effects on the hydroxylase.
Reported changes in the sexual behavior of men at risk for AIDS, San Francisco, 1982-84--the AIDS Behavioral Research Project. (1985)

We surveyed 454 men in November 1983 and in May 1984 regarding their sexual practices during the month before the survey. In the 1983 survey, we also asked for reports about sexual behavior during the same month 1 year prior to the survey. The sample consisted of men recruited as they left bath-houses and bars, men who had not used bars or baths for meeting sexual partners for 2 months prior to the November 1983 survey, and men in committed primary relationships with another man. We found substantial changes in reported sexual behavior with persons other than a primary partner. The average number of male partners declined from 6.3 in November 1982 to 3.9 in May 1984. Receptive anal intercourse without condom declined from 1.9 to 0.7, oral-anal contact declined from 1.1 to 0.3, and swallowing semen declined from 2.8 to 0.7 in terms of the number of times that the respondent engaged in the act in the last month. These same changes did not occur in relation to sex with a primary partner. Only one variable, namely, increased length of time since the first homosexual experience, distinguished persons maintaining few sexual partners from those increasing the number of sexual partners from November 1983 to May 1984. Four variables distinguished those retaining high numbers of sexual partners from those lowering the number of sexual partners, namely, ability to remember a visual image of AIDS deterioration, age, relationship status, and length of time since first homosexual experience.
An adaptive soft-output Viterbi equalizer for fast time-varying frequency-selective fading (1998)

In this paper, an adaptive soft-output Viterbi equalizer (SOVE) is proposed for fast time-varying frequency-selective fading. The demodulator can make a symbol-by-symbol or bit-by-bit soft-decision based on a posteriori probabilities. The proposed adaptive SOVE has the following advantages: (1) it has a superior tracking ability for fast time-varying frequency-selective fading, (2) it works in blind if the coding rules are suitably designed, and (3) a good BER is obtained at the output of the decoder by introducing interleaves. In this paper, these advantages are confirmed by computer simulations. In particular, in the presence of frequency-selective fading, we can show that the proposed method is superior to adaptive maximum-likelihood sequence estimation which carries equalizing and decoding simultaneously. © 1998 Scripta Technica. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 81(4): 31–39, 1998
Dimensional Measurement and Defect Detection Using Spatial Filtering (1973)

A new method is described that utilizes coherent bandpass spatial filtering and subsequent superposition to form filtered images in which small differences in size and geometry of the original object are readily detected. The theoretical basis is discussed and experiments described in which signal ratios of about 10:1 are obtained for a diameter change of 2.5 percent of a clear circular disc. The method is used to process in parallel a 57-mm evaporation mask containing 12,000 holes, each being 0.1 mm in diameter. The size of each hole is accurately gauged and small imperfections are indicated in the filtered image.
Interworking between GSM and PDC through IC cards (2002)

This paper addresses roaming technique between GSM and PDC cellular systems using the different signaling protocols. Many countries have already employed GSM specifications in their PLMNs and these systems inter-work effectively. In PDC, a similar concept of card services will be introduced in the future. The protocols for this services use a PDC (personal digital cellular) card and guarantee PM (personal mobility) and TM (terminal mobility). We introduce the service images come up with through roaming between different cellular standards and propose a system configuration that realizes relevant services. We propose a detailed system configuration which supports roaming feature provision. Then we propose an authentication technique to realize these services.
A comparison of methods for the isolation of carcinoembryonic antigen. (1978)

Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was isolated from a human tumor with 0.02 M sodium phosphate containing 0.14 M NaCl (pH 7.0) (saline) and further studied after treatment with perchloric acid or 8 M urea. Preparations CEA obtained from saline homogenates and both methods of treatment were characterized by isoelectric focusing and gel filtration. Perchloric acid treatment resulted in an approximate 10-fold decrease in protein and a significant loss of CEA as compared to the saline- and urea-treated material. Isoelectric focusing revealed that the resultant CEA subpopulations were dependent upon the method of isolation. Urea- and saline-treated material showed complex isoelectric patterns that were quantitatively dissimilar. Perchloric acid-treated material showed a comparatively simple isoelectric pattern that was not significantly affected by electrofocusing in the presence of urea. Gel filtration on ACA 34 of the CEA obtained from each method of isolation resulted in two peaks of activity. The first peak corresponded to the void volume of the column, and the second peak coeluted with commercially available purified 125I-labeled CEA. Centrifugation of the peaks obtained resulted in a significantly greater loss of CEA from the void peak of each isolation procedure. The amount of CEA lost from the void peaks following centrifugation differed with each method of isolation and suggested the presence of aggregates.
The 1:1 and 2:1 adducts of cyclopentadiene with <i>p</i>-benzoquinone (1990)

The exo-cis isomer (8) of the well-known endo-cis 1:1 adduct (4) of cyclopentadiene and p-benzoquinone has been obtained by heating the endo-cis-anti-cis-endo 2:1 adduct (13) with p-benzoquinone and also by heating 4 alone. The exo-cis isomer of the 1:1 adduct (11) of cyclopentadiene and p-toluquinone has also been obtained for the first time. Heating of the 2:1 adduct 13 gives a mixture containing the endo-anti-exo isomer 15, the exo-anti-exo isomer 16, and 13. The structures of these two new isomers are assigned on the basis of (i) spectroscopic comparison with 13 and the known endo-syn-endo and endo-syn-exo isomers, 12 and 14; (ii) spectroscopic comparison of the corresponding tetrahydro compounds; and (iii) the conversion of tetrahydro 15 by oxidation and acetylation to the sny-hydroquinone diacetate 28, which is stereoisomeric with the anti-hydroquinone diacetate 25, prepared by similar treatment of tetrahydro 13, 14, and 16. It is proposed that interconversion of the 1:1 adducts occurs via dissociation–recombination, interconversion of the tetrahydro 2:1 adducts occurs via enolization, while interconversion of the 2:1 adducts themselves can occur by both routes. Keywords: Diels–Alder, benzoquinone, cyclopentadiene, stereoisomerism, cycloaddition.
Least Squares Collision Reconstruction (1987)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A new method is described and illustrated which solves the planar, two vehicle collision reconstruction problem. The method, called LESCOR (LEast Square Collision Reconstruction), determines the initial velocity components when given: (1) final velocity components, (2) vehicle physical data, (3) damage geometry, (4) collision geometry and (5) the impact coefficients (restitution and friction). A novel feature is that if the impact coefficients are unknown but some of the initial velocity data is known (such as zero initial yaw rates and vehicle headings), the method will find the remaining initial velocities and the unknown coefficients. Using a six equation impact model and the method of least squares, LESCOR calculates any combination of 6 or less unknown initial velocity components and impact coefficients.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Five example collision reconstructions are presented based on RICSAC collisions and a field example. The method has provided results which range from good to excellent and is superior to trial and error methods used in the past.</div>
Water‐soluble anionic conjugated polymers for metal ion sensing: Effect of interchain aggregation (2009)

Abstract Three sulfonato‐containing fluorene‐based anionic water‐soluble conjugated polymers, which are specially designed to link fluorene with alternating moieties such as bipyridine ( P1 ), pyridine ( P2 ), and benzene ( P3 ) have been synthesized via the Pd‐catalyzed Sonogashira‐coupling reaction, respectively. These polymers had good solubility in water and showed different responses for transition metal ions with different valence in aqueous environments: the fluorescence of bipyridine‐containing P1 can be completely quenched by addition of all transition metal ions selected and showed a good selectivity for Ni 2+ ; the pyridine‐containing P2 had a little response for monovalent and divalent metal ions while showed good quenching with the addition of trivalent metal ions (with a special selectivity for Fe 3+ ); P3 had responses only for the trivalent metal ions within the ionic concentration we studied. After investigation of the UV‐vis absorption spectra, PL emission spectra, DLS, and fluorescence lifetime of P1 – P3 in aqueous solution when adding transition metal ions, we found that the different spectrum responses of these polymers are attributed to the different coordination ability of the units linked with fluorene in the main chain. The energy or electron‐transfer reactions were the main reason for fluorescence quenching of P1 and P2 . On the other hand, interchain aggregation caused by trivalent metal ions lead to fluorescence quenching for P3 and also caused partly fluorescence quenching of P1 and P2 . These results revealed the origin of ionochromic effects of these polymers and suggested the potential application for these polymers as novel chemosensors with higher sensing sensitivity in aqueous environments. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 5057–5067, 2009
Design of flyback echo-planar readout gradients for MR spectroscopic imaging (2005)

we present the design of flyback echo-planar trajectories that make full use of the gradient performance available with a modern, whole-body MRI system. THEORY The readout gradient for a flyback echo-planar trajectory consists of a flat section during which data are acquired, followed by a rewind lobe that retraces across the desired portion of k-space as quickly as possible. The most efficient form of such a gradient consists of rewind lobes using the maximum slew rate of the gradient hardware, interleaved with flat portions that exactly cover the desired extent in k-space. The duration (and thus amplitude) of this flat part is determined by the desired spectral bandwidth (SBW), with SBW = 1/(T_flat + T_rewind). Since data are not acquired during the rewind lobe of the flyback gradient, a penalty in SNR is incurred relative to the usual continuous sampling during the readout window. This penalty, expressed as the fraction of the full SNR that could be achieved during the same readout time, is given by SNRf = (T_flat/(T_flat + T_rewind)) 1/2 . Higher spatial resolution (longer T_rewind) and higher spectral bandwidth (shorter T_flat) both imply a reduction in the SNRf. For high spatial resolution scans, where signal averaging is often used to increase the SNR, interleaving of k-space trajectories can be used to boost the SNR fraction (3). For example, if two signal averages are to be used, then the flyback trajectory can be designed for half of the desired SBW, boosting the SNR fraction. Then, during the second of the two data acquisitions, the readout gradient is shifted by 1/(SBW), and the two acquisitions can be combined to regain the full SBW. For higher spatial resolution waveforms (Fig. 1(a)), this can have a significant benefit (Fig. 1(c)). METHODS Gradient waveforms were designed in MATLAB (The Mathworks, Natick MA) using custom software. The
<i>ETTIN</i> patterns the <i>Arabidopsis</i> floral meristem and reproductive organs (1997)

ettin (ett) mutations have pleiotropic effects on Arabidopsis flower development, causing increases in perianth organ number, decreases in stamen number and anther formation, and apical-basal patterning defects in the gynoecium. The ETTIN gene was cloned and encodes a protein with homology to DNA binding proteins which bind to auxin response elements. ETT transcript is expressed throughout stage 1 floral meristems and subsequently resolves to a complex pattern within petal, stamen and carpel primordia. The data suggest that ETT functions to impart regional identity in floral meristems that affects perianth organ number spacing, stamen formation, and regional differentiation in stamens and the gynoecium. During stage 5, ETT expression appears in a ring at the top of the floral meristem before morphological appearance of the gynoecium, consistent with the proposal that ETT is involved in prepatterning apical and basal boundaries in the gynoecium primordium. Double mutant analyses and expression studies show that although ETT transcriptional activation occurs independently of the meristem and organ identity genes LEAFY, APETELA1, APETELA2 and AGAMOUS, the functioning of these genes is necessary for ETT activity. Double mutant analyses also demonstrate that ETT functions independently of the 'b' class genes APETELA3 and PISTILLATA. Lastly, double mutant analyses suggest that ETT control of floral organ number acts independently of CLAVATA loci and redundantly with PERIANTHIA.
Green-Sensitive Organic Photodetectors with High Sensitivity and Spectral Selectivity Using Subphthalocyanine Derivatives (2013)

Green-sensitive organic photodetectors (OPDs) with high sensitivity and spectral selectivity using boron subphthalocyanine chloride (SubPc) derivatives are reported. The OPDs composed of SubPc and dicyanovinyl terthiophene derivative (DCV3T) demonstrated the highest green-sensitivity with maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 62.6 % at an applied voltage of -5 V, but wide full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) of 211 nm. The optimized performance considering spectral selectivity was achieved from the composition of N,N-dimethyl quinacridone (DMQA) and SubPc showing the high specific detectivity (D*) of 2.34 × 10(12) cm Hz(1/2)/W, the EQE value of 60.1% at -5 V, and narrow FWHM of 131 nm. In spite of the sharp absorption property of SubPc with the maximum wavelength (λmax) at 586 nm, the EQE spectrum showed favorable green-sensitivity characterized by smooth waveform with λmax at 560 nm, which is induced from the high reflectance of SubPc centered at 605 nm. The photoresponsivity of the OPD devices was found to be consistent with their absorptance. Optimized DMQA/SubPc device showed the lowest value of blue crosstalk (0.42) and moderate red crosstalk (0.37), suggesting its promising application as a green-sensitive OPD.
First X-ray Crystallographic Study of a Benzyl Cation, Cumyl Hexafluoroantimonate(V), and Structural Implications (1997)

The crystal structure of the cumyl cation (1; 2-phenyl-2-propyl cation) has been determined at −124 °C (as hexafluoroantimonate, 1·SbF6; R1 = 0.0502, wR2 = 0.1054). The cation 1 is nearly planar and has a short C+−Cipso bond (1.41(2) Å) and bond lengths in the phenyl ring which agree with strong benzylic delocalization. The weak but distinct shortening of the C+−CH3 bonds by 0.025(12) Å indicates weak C−H hyperconjugation. Nearly all H atoms are involved in H···F contacts to SbF6 anions, and one close C+···F contact (3.11(2) Å) is observed. The phenyl rings form infinite stacks and are shifted against each other in the stack.
Crystallization transformations in vacuum-deposited amorphous aluminum fluoride self-developing thin-film resists induced by electron-beam irradiation (2002)

Conventional transmission electron microscopy is employed to investigate in situ electron-beam-induced phase transformations in vacuum-deposited amorphous aluminum fluoride (a-AlF3) self-developing thin-film resists. The a-AlF3 resists exhibit a very complex sequence of crystallization transitions with three crystalline materials (Al, AlF3, and Al2O3) formed sequentially as the electron dose increases from 105 to 107 Cm−2. Thermally evaporated “dry” a-AlF3 is dissociated into Al crystalline colloids at a threshold dose of ∼1×105 Cm−2, and begins to transform into crystalline AlF3 (c-AlF3) at a dose of ∼1×106 Cm−2. However, water contained in the “wet” films accelerates the transition of a-AlF3 to c-AlF3 at a reduced threshold dose of ∼2×105 Cm−2. Moreover, a-AlF3 films prepared by electron-beam deposition require a markedly different dose for each substance to crystallize, attributed to a microstructure variation. For all of the a-AlF3 films, textured Al2O3 is formed at doses of ⩾1×107 Cm−2, also with the aid of H2O absorbed from the microscope vacuum and by the following chemical reaction: 2AlF3(s)+3H2O(g)→Al2O3(s)+6HF(g).
The dynamics of co-movement and the role of uncertainty as a driver of non-energy commodity prices (2013)

The purpose of this paper is to improve the empirical evidence on commodity prices in
various dimensions. First, we attempt to identify the extent of co-movements in 44
monthly non-energy commodity price series in order to ascertain whether the increase
in co-movement is a recent term phenomenon. Second, we attempt to determine the
role of uncertainty in determining co-movements between non-energy prices in the
short run. We diagnose the overall co-movement using a Dynamic Factor Model
estimated by principal components. A Factor-Augmented Vector Autoregressive
(FAVAR) approach is used to assess the relationship of fundamentals, financial and
uncertainty variables with the co-movement in commodity prices. We find a greater
synchronization among raw materials since December 2003. Since that date,
uncertainty has played an important role in determining short-run fluctuation in nonenergy
raw material prices.
InGaAs/AlAs/InGaAsP resonant tunneling bipolar transistors grown by chemical beam epitaxy (2002)

Resonant tunneling bipolar transistors (RTBT's) have been systematically studied using chemical beam epitaxy (CBE) for the first time. The RTBT structure studied is a InP-based transistor, consisting of single or multiple AlAs/In/sub 0.75/Ga/sub 0.25/As/AlAs RTD's in the emitter layer of a conventional heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) and an InGaAs or InGaAsP collector layer. Using the InGaAsP collector layer, the RTBT showed an improvement of breakdown voltage from 4 V to 10 V. The averaged DC /spl beta/'s are around 10 and 20 at 300 K and 77 K, respectively. In the transfer I-V characteristics, the RTBT showed 1 to 4 negative differential transconductance (NDT) peaks with peak-to-valley current ratios of 1.5 to 5.28 at 300 K. Using such NDT peaks, several RTBT digital functions were demonstrated at room temperature, including a frequency multiplier and exclusive NOR gate.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
<title>Ion beam nanosmoothing of sapphire and silicon carbide surfaces</title> (2001)

The surfaces of single-crystal wafers of sapphire and silicon carbide with microelectronic-grade high polish were exposed to a gas-cluster ion beam (GCIB) and significant reductions in roughness were observed. Atomic-force microscopy revealed that the typical initial surfaces consisted of a fine but small random roughness together with relatively large and sharp asperities. The latter were removed efficiently and GCIB smoothing process improvements are reported. The SiC wafers also have a high density of shallow scratch marks and these too were removed, with the average roughness R<SUB>a</SUB> falling below 4 angstrom after the best process. Analysis of the SiC by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy in channeling mode revealed that when the GCIB process was adjusted so that asperities and scratch marks were removed, there was no increase in near- and at-surface damage. In particular, no lattice damage was observed of the sort typically caused by ion implantation prior to annealing. Significantly, it was found that oxygen gas cluster ion beams provided superior results with SiC as compared with argon GCIB. Surface smoothing mechanisms are proposed to explain these results.
CONKAT: a connectionist knowledge acquisition tool (2002)

Presents the integration of neural networks with a rule based expert system. The system called CONKAT (CONnectionist knowledge Acquisition Tool) realizes the automatic acquisition of knowledge out of a set of examples. It enhances the reasoning capabilities of classical expert systems with the ability of generalise and the handling of incomplete cases. CONKAT uses neural nets with unsupervised learning algorithms to extract regularities out of case data. A symbolic rule generator transforms these regularities into PROLOG rules. The generated rules and the trained neural nets are embedded into the expert system as knowledge bases. In CONKAT's diagnosis phase it is possible to use these knowledge bases together with in human experts' knowledge bases in order to diagnose a unknown case. Furthermore CONKAT is able to diagnose and to complete inconsistent data using the trained neural nets exploiting their ability to generalise.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Amphotericin B delays both scrapie agent replication and PrP-res accumulation early in infection (1994)

Amphotericin B delays the onset of clinical symptoms in hamsters infected with scrapie agent strain 263K. Here we show that accumulation of a scrapie-specific isoform of the prion protein (PrP-res) and agent replication were delayed early in amphotericin B-treated animals. By 8 weeks postinfection, only untreated animals exhibited clinical symptoms of scrapie infection whereas PrP-res levels and titers were similar in treated and untreated animals. This suggests that although PrP-res accumulation and agent replication are linked, they are not the sole factors required for the onset of clinical disease.