gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Regulation of inherently autoreactive VH4-34 B cells in the maintenance of human B cell tolerance (2001)

The study of human B cell tolerance has been hampered by difficulties in identifying a sizable population of autoreactive B lymphocytes whose fate could be readily determined.Hypothesizing that B cells expressing intrinsically autoreactive antibodies encoded by the VH4-34 heavy chain gene (VH4-34 cells) represent such a population, we tracked VH4-34 cells in healthy individuals.Here, we show that naive VH4-34 cells are positively selected and mostly restricted to the follicular mantle zone.Subsequently, these cells are largely excluded from the germinal centers and underrepresented in the memory compartment.In healthy donors but not in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), these cells are prevented from differentiating into antibody-producing plasma cells.This blockade can be overcome ex vivo using cultures of naive and memory VH4-34 cells in the presence of CD70, IL-2, and IL-10.VH4-34 cells may therefore represent an experimentally useful surrogate for autoantibody transgenes and should prove valuable in studying human B cell tolerance in a physiological, polyclonal environment.Our initial results suggest that both positive and negative selection processes participate in the maintenance of tolerance in autoreactive human B cells at multiple checkpoints throughout B cell differentiation and that at least some censoring mechanisms are faulty in SLE.
Polymer laser based on active waveguide grating structures (2011)

The active waveguide grating structures (AWGS) are demonstrated as distributed feedback (DFB) configuration for polymer lasers. The thin film of a typical light-emitting polymer poly [(9,9-dioctylfluorenyl-2,7-diyl)-alt-co-(1,4-benzo-{2,1',3}-thiadiazole)] acts both as the gain medium and as the waveguide. The grating structures are fabricated separately on top of the polymer film through interference lithography. The continuous and high-quality waveguide layer of the gain medium enables laser emission with narrow linewidth. Theoretical analysis and experimental verification imply potentially excellent performance of the organic DFB lasers based on the AWGS configuration. This kind of AWGS configuration is of particular importance for the design of electrically pumped polymer lasers.
Cloning of the genes encoding urease from Proteus vulgaris and sequencing of the structural genes (1990)

A fragment of chromosomal DNA from Proteus vulgaris encoding urease was cloned and expressed in Escherchia coli. A 3 kbp region was sequenced and revealed three open reading frames with homology to jack (Canavalia ensiformis) urease. The smallest protein (11 kDa) was homologous to the N-terminus of the plant enzyme and the largest polypeptide (61 kDa) corresponded to the C-terminus. The large protein contained conserved regions and a cysteine residue which is known to be catalytically important in the plant enzyme. A protein of 12 kDa showed homology to residues 132 to 237 of jack bean urease.
Automatic defect classification system for patterned semiconductor wafers (2002)

The automatic detection of defects on patterned wafers is a well-developed technology. There are a number of commercially available defect detection systems which analyze the patterned wafers, determine the defect locations, and provide information on defect size. The next logical step would be to visually (optically or SEM) review the defects and determine the types which comprise the defect distributions obtained from the inspection tool, i.e. classify the defects according to some predetermined scheme. Of strong interest is then to use this information to isolate those problems which result in electrical failures and focus effort on solving those problems. Unfortunately, the process of classification is typically a manual process limited in its effectiveness by human factors. Replacing this manual bottleneck with an automated system is highly desirable. An automatic Defect Classification System (DCS-1) which combines image processing techniques and Fuzzy Logic Expert System (FLES) is now commercially available. The DCS-1 re-detects the defects in the field of view of a review station using image processing techniques and then classifies them using the FLES engine. In this paper we describe the DCS-1 which automates the defect classification process, offering a high degree of adaptivity, customization, and automation.
An algorithm for the removal of hidden lines in 3D scenes (1971)

In the present paper a new algorithm is illustrated which removes hidden lines from a 3D scene comprising polyhedra, polygon-bounded planar surfaces and straight line segments.
Prediction of the index fund by Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy inference systems and feed-forward neural network (2006)

Abstract:- The paper presents (on the basis of passive investment strategies analysis) the design of the Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy inference system and the feed-forward neural network (with pre-processing of inputs time series) for prediction of the index fund. By means of the Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy inference system and the feed-forward neural network the investor is able to predict the closing price of the index fund. Key-Words:- Takagi-Sugeno fuzzy inference systems, feed-forward neural network, prediction, index fund, indicators
Electrogram Fractionation (2011)

We created a model for distinguishing the roles of spatial and temporal electric variation and electrode resolution in producing electrogram fractionation. Spatial resolution affects fractionation attributable to spatiotemporal variation but not temporal variation alone. Electrogram fractionation was directly proportional to spatiotemporal variation and inversely proportional to spatial resolution. Spatial resolution limits the ability to distinguish high-frequency excitation from overcounting. In patients with atrial fibrillation, complex fractionated atrial electrogram detection varies with spatial resolution. Electrode resolution must therefore be considered when interpreting and comparing studies of fractionation.
Towards electronic contract performance (2002)

An increasing volume of research in e-commerce is concerned with the development of tools and environments to support various aspects of business-to-business electronic contract formation and performance. This paper is mainly concerned with the latter and takes up the suggestion that automated execution of an agreement between (at least) two parties can be effected through a central control mechanism (a so-called e-marketplace). We revisit modal action logic to model an agreement as a state-based system and specify acceptable and unacceptable states of a business transaction. Unacceptable states result from violations of contractual obligations or prohibitions and call for appropriate recovery mechanisms to be specified, so that they can be enforced by the central control mechanism. We comment on the relations between contract violations and the concepts of fault tolerance and recovery arising in the broader distributed systems context, on the one hand, and contrary-to-duty structures from the (theoretical) deontic logic perspective, on the other.
A 14b extended counting ADC implemented in a 24Mpixel APS-C CMOS image sensor (2012)

The demand for high-quality and high-speed imaging has increased. Column-parallel ≥14b A/D conversion is one of the major approaches to meet these requirements in CMOS image sensors (CIS). Oversampling ADCs such as incremental delta-sigma (I-ΔΣ) ADCs are the solution for a high-resolution ADC having tolerance of analog component errors. Oversampling reduces input temporal noise as well as the quantization error of the ADC itself [1]. However, an I-ΔΣ ADC is also classified as a slow ADC because it requires exponential conversion time to get higher bit resolution. To reduce conversion time, there are two alternative methods: 1) higher-order modulation, and 2) two-step conversion such as an extended-counting technique [2]. In this paper, the extended-counting (EC) method is used since a high-order structure requires more complex hardware and greater power consumption [1,2]. For a general two-step ADC, coarse conversion restricts the total ADC resolution since it determines accuracy of the residue. However, an EC ADC overcomes the accuracy limitation, since the I-ΔΣ can improve its precision through oversampling. Moreover, oversampling also suppresses the noise of the pixel's source follower. Our 14b EC ADC is a blend of a 1 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">st</sup> -order I-ΔΣ ADC and a cyclic ADC to simultaneously get high resolution and high speed.
Web usage mining based on probabilistic latent semantic analysis (2004)

The primary goal of Web usage mining is the discovery of patterns in the navigational behavior of Web users. Standard approaches, such as clustering of user sessions and discovering association rules or frequent navigational paths, do not generally provide the ability to automatically characterize or quantify the unobservable factors that lead to common navigational patterns. It is, therefore, necessary to develop techniques that can automatically discover hidden semantic relationships among users as well as between users and Web objects. Probabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis (PLSA) is particularly useful in this context, since it can uncover latent semantic associations among users and pages based on the co-occurrence patterns of these pages in user sessions. In this paper, we develop a unified framework for the discovery and analysis of Web navigational patterns based on PLSA. We show the flexibility of this framework in characterizing various relationships among users and Web objects. Since these relationships are measured in terms of probabilities, we are able to use probabilistic inference to perform a variety of analysis tasks such as user segmentation, page classification, as well as predictive tasks such as collaborative recommendations. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach through experiments performed on real-world data sets.
Compact CO2 laser design and analysis (1999)

CO2 lasers, among the most efficient and powerful of all lasers, have many applications in industrial and medical fields. Unfortunately, their typical bulky size and fragility tend to limit their use in austere military environments. The purpose of this thesis is to present and analyze a new optical cavity design that can possibly fill the need for a compact, high power, ruggedly packaged infrared laser. Such a system could be used for targeting, communications, or field medical use. The analysis involves entering design parameters into a commercial software program and simulating the behavior of a collimated laser beam within. While results identify significant optical aberration flaws, the extensive design revision needed does not preclude eventual construction.
The Streets of New York (In Old New York) (1906)

https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mmb-vp/6407/thumbnail.jpg
An Interval-parameter Fuzzy Robust Nonlinear Programming Model for Water Quality Management (2013)

Planning for water quality management is important for facilitating sustainable socio-economic development; however, the planning is also complicated by a variety of uncertainties and nonlinearities. In this study, an interval-parameter fuzzy robust nonlinear programming (IFRNP) model was developed for water quality management to deal with such difficulties. The developed model incorporated interval nonlinear programming (INP) and fuzzy robust programming (FRP) methods within a general optimization framework. The developed IFRNP model not only could explicitly deal with uncertainties represented as discrete interval numbers and fuzzy membership functions, but also was able to deal with nonlinearities in the objective function.
[Effect of RNA nucleotides on Shigella biology]. (1986)

Sodium nucleinate and its mononucleotides have been found capable of stimulating the multiplication and virulence of shigellae, as well as their sensitivity to antibiotics, in cultures grown in nutrient media.
Vortex shedding from a cylinder vibrating in line with an incident uniform flow (1976)

A study has been made of the wake of a cylinder vibrating in line with an incident steady flow. The Reynolds number for the experiments was 190, and the vortex shedding was at all times synchronized with the vibrations of the cylinder, which were in a range of frequencies near twice the Strouhal shedding frequency for the stationary cylinder. Two distinct vortex wake patterns were encountered. The first is a complex regime in which two vortices are shed during each cycle of the vibration and form an alternating pattern of vortex pairs downstream. The second pattern is an alternating street which results from the shedding of a single vortex during each cycle of the cylinder's motion. The street geometry in the latter case shares many basic characteristics with the wake of a cylinder vibrating in cross-flow. These include the effects of vibration amplitude and frequency on the longitudinal and transverse spacing of the vortices. The results obtained from these experiments in air are in agreement with previous findings from free- and forced-vibration experiments in water at both higher and lower Reynolds numbers.
The Dubious Concept of Jurisdiction (2003)

Marcus, and the participants in the Hastings legal theory workshop for their comments and suggestions, and the incomparable Claire Hervey for her research assistance.1.I mean jurisdiction
Photoluminescence studies of Si (100) doped with low-energy (100–1000 eV) B+ ions during molecular beam epitaxy (1990)

Temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) measurements have been used to characterize 5-μm-thick Si(100) epitaxial layers doped in situ during molecular beam epitaxial growth with low-energy (100, 500, and 1000 eV) 11 B+ ions at growth temperatures of 500, 650, and 800 °C. Moderate doping (NB ∼1017 cm−3) yielded PL features comprised of both sharp and broad peaks in the boron bound exciton (B-BE) region. At 4.2 K a broad B-BE feature near 1086 meV dominated, although the sharp transverse optical phonon-assisted B-BE peak (B1TO ) at 1092.5 meV was resolvable for NB&lt;1017 cm−3. Increasing the PL sample temperature above 4.2 K caused a rapid decay of the broad B-BE peak intensity, thus permitting comparison of B1TO intensity for a range of ion energies and growth temperatures. At 10 K, a bulk-like spectrum containing a sharp B1TO peak with weaker multiexciton peaks B2TO and B3TO was observed for the film growth at the highest temperature and lowest ion energy (800 °C and 100 eV). However, the intensity of the B1TO peak decreased with decreasing growth temperature (constant ion energy) and with increasing ion energy (constant growth temperature). Samples grown at the lowest temperature (500 °C) displayed very different PL spectra with much weaker line emission, a rising PL background, and additional lines near 1040 meV due to ion-induced residual lattice defects. Quenching of B1TO and the other sharp B-BE peaks was accompanied by an increase in the N1 peak at 745.7 meV.
Duffett's <i>New Poems</i> and Vacation Plays (1964)

Although Thomas Duffett is hardly one of the shining lights of the Restoration drama, his prologues and epilogues contain much theatrical information that gives him a continuing, although non-literary, value. His New Poems, Songs, Prologues and Epilogues (London, 1676), besides providing the only known record of the so-called Duchess of Portsmouth's company, gives considerable evidence of private and vacation performances in the early 1670's.
Leveraging Hierarchical Population Structure in Discrete Association Studies (2007)

Population structure can confound the identification of correlations in biological data. Such confounding has been recognized in multiple biological disciplines, resulting in a disparate collection of proposed solutions. We examine several methods that correct for confounding on discrete data with hierarchical population structure and identify two distinct confounding processes, which we call coevolution and conditional influence. We describe these processes in terms of generative models and show that these generative models can be used to correct for the confounding effects. Finally, we apply the models to three applications: identification of escape mutations in HIV-1 in response to specific HLA-mediated immune pressure, prediction of coevolving residues in an HIV-1 peptide, and a search for genotypes that are associated with bacterial resistance traits in Arabidopsis thaliana. We show that coevolution is a better description of confounding in some applications and conditional influence is better in others. That is, we show that no single method is best for addressing all forms of confounding. Analysis tools based on these models are available on the internet as both web based applications and
Differential Effects of Prolonged Hyperglycemia on<i>in Vivo</i>and<i>in Vitro</i>Insulin Secretion in Rats (1991)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a 48-h glucose (30% wt/vol) infusion in unrestrained catheterized healthy rats (HG) on subsequent in vivo and in vitro insulin response to glucose. High hyperglycemia (400-450 mg/dl) and resulting hyperinsulinemia (1.2 +/- 0.1 mU/ml vs. 0.15 +/- 0.03 mU/ml in controls) were maintained throughout the infusion period. Glucose-induced insulin secretion was examined in vivo 3 h after the end of infusion by performing either a glucose tolerance test or a hyperglycemic clamp (225 mg/dl for 60 min). In addition, in vivo insulin secretion was studied on day 1, 3, 5, and 7 after the end of glucose infusion by performing glucose tolerance tests. Insulin secretion was also investigated in vitro, using the isolated perfused pancreas technique, 3 h and 1 day post glucose infusion. During glucose tolerance tests and hyperglycemic clamps performed at 3 h, insulin secretion was much greater in HG rats than in controls, and remained increased until day 5. By contrast, when studied in vitro 3 h after the end of the infusion, glucose-induced insulin release from isolated perfused pancreases was impaired in HG rats as compared with controls, and the insulin response to arginine was dramatically increased. However, insulin secretion in vitro returned partially to normal after day 1. These data indicate that prolonged hyperglycemia has quite different effects on the subsequent insulin secretion in vivo or in vitro. It impairs, but reversibly, glucose-induced insulin secretion in vitro, whereas it increases it durably in vivo. This suggests that humoral and/or nervous interferences can counterbalance the possible perturbing effects of prolonged hyperglycemia on the normal B cell responsiveness to glucose.
Histological Quantification to Determine Lung Fungal Burden in Experimental Aspergillosis (2018)

The quantification of lung fungal burden is critical for the determination of the relative levels of immune protection and fungal virulence in mouse models of pulmonary fungal infection. Although multiple methods are used to assess fungal burden, quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) of fungal DNA has emerged as a technique with several advantages over previous culture-based methods. Currently, a comprehensive assessment of lung pathology, leukocyte recruitment, fungal burden, and gene expression in mice with invasive aspergillosis (IA) necessitates the use of a significant number of experimental and control animals. Here the quantification of lung histological staining to determine fungal burden using a reduced number of animals was examined in detail. Lung sections were stained to identify fungal structures with Gomori's modified methanamine silver (GMS) staining. Images were taken from the GMS-stained sections from 4 discrete fields of each formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded lung. The GMS stained areas within each image were quantified using an image analysis program, and from this quantification, the mean percentage of stained area was determined for each sample. Using this strategy, eosinophil-deficient mice exhibited decreased fungal burden and disease with caspofungin therapy, while wild-type mice with IA did not improve with caspofungin. Similarly, fungal burden in mice lacking γδ T cells were also improved by caspofungin, as measured by qPCR and GMS quantification. GMS quantification is therefore introduced as a method for the determination of relative lung fungal burden that may ultimately reduce the quantity of experimental animals required for comprehensive studies of invasive aspergillosis.
Simultaneous ANN feature and HMM recognizer design using string-based minimum classification error (MCE) training (2002)

Conventional features used in state of the art hidden Markov model (HMM) based speech recognition systems are commonly inspired by scientific knowledge and expertise of the human vocal and auditory system. Although the intent when performing feature analysis is to extract "relevant" and "discriminative" information from the signal that is useful for speech recognition, this information may not be consistent with the objective of minimizing error rate in the recognition process. We utilize feedforward artificial neural networks (ANNs) to generate a new class of features for speech recognition. We propose a system for integrating the feature extraction process with the recognition process under a unified statistical framework with a consistent objective function that is designed to minimize recognition error rate. Results on a telephone based speaker independent connected digit task indicate that this integrated system with 12 ANNs is able to reduce the per digit error rate by a further 28% over a similar system using a single ANN and 16% over our previously best results in which feature transformation was not incorporated.
A Rapid and Simple Method for Assaying Interferon1 (1974)

ABSTRACT A new procedure of assaying interferon (IF) has been developed. Cell suspension was dispensed into liquid scintillation counting vials together with IF sample. During an overnight incubation, the cells adhered sufficiently to the bottom of the vials and all the subsequent procedures were carried out without transfer of the cells from the vials. Vesicular stomatitis virus was inoculated and virus‐specific RNA was labeled by adding 3 H‐uridine and actinomycin D to the medium. Incubation was terminated prior to completion of a single‐step growth of the virus and radioactivity of the labeled cells in each vial was determined. The reciprocal of the IF dilution which reduced the radioactivity in viral RNA by 50% was taken as the titer. The present procedure consists of simple manipulations and can be completed within 24 hr. Furthermore, it is quite reproducible and gives a titer almost identical to that obtained by the conventional plaque‐reduction dose method. The procedure can be applied to mouse L cells, rabbit RK‐13 cells and human FL cells, without modification.
Sterically Hindered Aromatic Compounds. IV. Solvolysis of <i>t</i>-Butyl-, Phenyl-, and Trialkyl-benzyl Chlorides in Ethanol–Water. Evidence for Steric Acceleration in 2,4,6-Tri-<i>t</i>-butylbenzyl Chloride (1972)

The effect of o-, m-, and p-t-butyl and phenyl groups on solvolysis of the benzyl chlorides in 80% by volume ethanol–water was studied through conductometric rates and activation parameters. The rate constants for para-and meta-substituents were correlated by a Brown σ + plot indicative of an S N 1-type mechanism. Variations in ΔS* can be rationalized in terms of differential solvation effects. Solvolysis data for the trialkylbenzyl chlorides-2,4,6-trimethyl-, 2,4,6-tri-i-propyl-, 2,4-di-t-butyl-6-methyl-, and 2,4,6-tri-t-butylbenzyl chloride indicated an unexpected high reactivity for the latter compound. The abrupt increase in ΔS* for this compound is attributed to steric hindrance to solvation at the reaction site and steric acceleration is offered as an explanation for the unusual reactivity of this compound.