gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structure‐Optimized Interpolymer Polyphosphazene Complexes for Effective Gene Delivery against Glioblastoma (2018)

Abstract Safe and efficient gene delivery vectors will enhance the prospects for polynucleotide‐based therapies. Herein a new approach toward structurally optimized gene vector design based on the preparation of clickable poly(allylamino‐phosphazene)s that can be converted to several cationic and anionic derivatives via thiol–ene addition is described. Simultaneous co‐incubation of alkylamine‐ and alkylcarboxylate‐poly(phosphazenes) with polynucleotide generates binary polyelectrolyte nanoparticles. Screening of a series of these complexes for transfection in glioblastoma cells shows that the inclusion of 6‐mercaptohexanoic acid substituted poly(phosphazene)s in the complexes results in six‐fold and 19‐fold higher luciferase expression in U87MG cells and GBM1 primary cells, respectively. This effect is attributed to the specific ionization properties of these materials that improved polyplex intracellular trafficking. Transfection in 3D‐spheroid models and subcutaneous xenograft U87MG tumors confirms higher transgene expression for the binary cationic/anionic poly(phosphazene) complexes compared to the related polycation‐pDNA complexes and to PEI‐pDNA complexes. The data also indicate a notable capacity of the mixed complexes to deliver genes to the inner cores of tumor spheroids. Extension of this approach to siRNA delivery shows that the mixed poly(phosphazene) complexes can silence DYRK1A, a gene implicated in glioblastoma initiation and progression, reducing U87MG cell renewal in vitro and delaying tumor growth in vivo.
The <i>bcl-2</i> Gene Product Prevents Programmed Cell Death of Ventricular Myocytes (1997)

To our knowledge, the data provide the first indication for the operation of bcl-2 in ventricular myocytes as an antiapoptotic factor.
Exploring Challenge-Response Mechanism Designs for IoT Initial Trust Establishment (2018)

More than ever, with the proliferation of IoT devices interconnected by 5G networks, it is crucial that IoT devices and subsystems are protected from being compromised and deployed for security attacks. Trust has been playing an essential role in admitting an IoT device into a 5G system. However, trust evaluation usually relies on historical interactions and recommendations which are often not available at the first encounter of the device and the system. As demonstrated in our previous studies, the challenge-response mechanism is an effective approach to learn the device's behavior and build the knowledge about its trustworthiness when prior knowledge is limited. It is essential to design the challenge-response mechanism with the intention of revealing the relevant and reliable information about the trustworthiness of IoT devices. The question is how to design the challenge and the common knowledge between the system (challenger) and the devices (respondents) so that the design engineers the devices to reveal their trustworthiness. This paper tackles this question by exploring challenge-response mechanism designs for the initial trust establishment in a mobile and dynamic environment called personal space IoT system. The paper develops principles for workable and consistent designs. Extensive simulations are conducted to consolidate the principles with numerous designs.
On achieving low latency in data centers (2013)

Today's data centers face extreme challenges in providing low latency for online services such as web search, social networking, and recommendation systems. Achieving low latency is important as it impacts user experience, which in turn impacts operator revenue. However, most current congestion control protocols approximate Processor Sharing (PS), which is known to be sub-optimal for minimizing latency. In this paper, we propose Router Assisted Capacity Sharing (RACS), a data center transport protocol that minimizes flow completion times by approximating the Shortest Remaining Processing Time (SRPT) scheduling policy, which is known to be optimal, in a distributed manner. With RACS, flows are assigned weights which determine their relative priority and thus the rate assigned to them. By changing these weights, RACS can approximate a range of scheduling disciplines. Through extensive ns-2 simulations, we demonstrate that RACS outperforms TCP, DCTCP, and RCP in data center environments. In particular, it improves completion times by up to 95% over TCP, 88% over DCTCP, and 80% over RCP. Our results also show that RACS can outperform deadline-aware transport protocols for typical data center workloads.
Exogenous Surfactant and Partial Liquid Ventilation (1997)

We compared the effects of surfactant and partial liquid ventilation (PLV), and the impact of administration order, on oxygenation, respiratory system compliance (Crs), hemodynamics, and lung pathology in an animal lung injury model. We studied four groups: surfactant alone (S; n = 8); partial liquid ventilation alone (PLV-only; n = 8); surfactant followed by partial liquid ventilation (S-PLV; n = 8); and partial liquid ventilation-followed by surfactant (PLV-S; n = 8). Following treatments, all animals had improved oxygenation index (OI) and Crs. Animals in PLV groups showed continued improvement over 2 h (% change OI: PLV-S -83% versus S -47%, p < 0.05; % change Crs: S-PLV 73% versus S 13%, p < 0.05). We also saw administration-order effects: surfactant before PLV improved Crs (0.92 ml/cm H2O after surfactant versus 1.13 ml/cm H2O after PLV, p < 0.02) without changing OI, whereas surfactant after PLV did not change Crs and OI increased (5.01 after PLV versus 8.92 after surfactant, p < 0.03). Hemodynamics were not different between groups. Pathologic analysis demonstrated decreased lung injury in dependent lobes of all PLV-treated animals, and in all lobes of S-PLV animals, when compared with the lobes of the S animals (p < 0.05). We conclude that surfactant therapy in combination with PLV improved oxygenation, respiratory system mechanics, and lung pathology to a greater degree than surfactant therapy alone. Administration order affected initial physiologic response and ultimate pathology: surfactant given before PLV produced the greatest improvements in pathologic outcomes.
Sex Pheromones Produced by Male Boll Weevil: Isolation, Identification, and Synthesis (1969)

The response of female boll weevils to males, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, in laboratory bioassays can be reproduced by exposure to a mixture of compounds I, II, and either III or IV, all isolated from male weevils and their fecal material. The same response was elicited by mixtures of tile synthesized coimpounds. Compound I is (+)-cis-2-isopropenyl-l-methylcyclobtutaneethanol; II, cis-3,3-dimethiyl->(1,beta)cyclohexaneethanol; III, cis-3,3-dimethlyl->(1,alpha)-cyclohexaneacetaldehyde; and IV, trans-3,3-dimethyl->(1,alpha)-cyclohexanecetaldehyde.
Molecular mimicry, anti-coxsackievirus B3 neutralizing monoclonal antibodies, and myocarditis. (1995)

Molecular mimicry has been suggested as one mechanism to explain chronic myocarditis in some murine strains in the postinfectious period following induction of acute myocarditis by coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3). To test this hypothesis, neutralizing mAbs were generated against a highly myocarditic CVB3 virus (CVB3m). These mAbs neutralized several myocarditic and amyocarditic CVB3 variants by cytopathic effects inhibition assays. Data from several experiments suggest that these mAbs recognize discontinuous epitopes on CVB3m capsid proteins. Several mAbs were found to induce cardiopathologic alterations subsequent to i.p. inoculation of normal adolescent male CD-1 or C3H/HeJ mice. Immunocytochemical assays demonstrated significant binding of two mAbs to the surface of normal cultured murine cardiac fibroblasts. Also, several mAbs were shown to participate in C-mediated lysis of normal cardiac fibroblasts, but this property did not correlate well with cardiopathogenic potential. The two properties of a mAb that were the best predictors for cardiopathogenic potential were the capacity for stimulation of normal murine fibroblasts to produce a chemoattractant activity for unelicted murine peritoneal macrophages, and the capacity for recognition of an epitopes(s) on murine or human cardiac myosins. These data show that some anti-CVB3m neutralizing mAbs can participate in proinflammatory reactions in vitro and induce cardiopathologic alterations in vivo, suggesting one mechanism by which CVB3-induced chronic inflammation in murine heart tissues can be sustained in the absence of continued virus replication.
The learning curve associated with a simulated ultrasound-guided interventional task by inexperienced anesthesia residents (2004)

Anesthesiology residents, with little or no ultrasound experience, can rapidly learn and improve their speed and accuracy in performing a simulated interventional ultrasound procedure. A concerning novice pattern was identified where the subjects advanced the needle even though it was not appropriately visualized in the ultrasound beam. This resulted in needle placement error, which could cause iatrogenic injury in the clinical setting.
Flocked Bio-Conversion Media for Ammonia/ Water Bioremediation I: Materials and Experimental Methodology (2015)

Flocked textile surfaces have been investigated as high surface area, bio-filter materials for bioremediation of low concentration ammonia contaminated water. These conditions are encountered in fish-growing tanks used in commercial closed-system (recirculating water) aquaculture (fish farming). Nitrosomas and Nitrobacter bacterial species were used for bio-conversion. Ammonia depletion rates (ADR) for various commercial and experimental bio-media materials were experimentally determined. Overall, ADR values of various bio-media materials were found to 1) be 1.5x and higher for flocked surface bio-media than for non-flocked bio-media, 2) decrease as the flow rate of ammonia-polluted water through the bio-media increases (this effect was not linear), and 3) generally increase as the bulk surface area per volume of the bio-media increases. These observations suggest opportunities for further study of flocked bio-media materials.
Steps Toward Knowledge-Based Machine Translation (1981)

This paper considers the possibilities for knowledge-based automatic text translation in the light of recent advances in artificial intelligence. It is argued that competent translation requires some reasonable depth of understanding of the source text, and, in particular, access to detailed contextual information. The following machine translation paradigm is proposed. First, the source text is analyzed and mapped into a language-free conceptual representation. Inference mechanisms then apply contextual world knowledge to augment the representation in various ways, adding information about items that were only implicit in the input text. Finally, a natural-language generator maps appropriate sections of the language-free representation into the target language. We discuss several difficult translation problems from this viewpoint with examples of English-to-Spanish and English-to-Russian translations; and illustrate possible solutions as embodied in a computer understander called SAM, which reads certain kinds of newspaper stories, then summarizes or paraphrases them in a variety of languages.
Client-Server-Programmierung (2010)

Ist Java wirklich die Sprache des Internet? Bislang haben wir Java-Programme erstellt, die stets lokal innerhalb einer JVM ausgeführt werden; eine Kommunikation zwischen verschiedenen Applikationen fand nicht statt.
Multiplanar quantitative computed tomography for bone mineral analysis in dogs (1991)

The purpose of this study was to determine the precision and accuracy of quantitative computed tomography bone mineral analysis in dogs in coronally reconstructed images. Nonhomogeneous tissues, such as bones with fractures or deformities, may be better analyzed if multiplanar reconstruction of the transaxial data could be performed without degradation of information. Our analysis demonstrated that coronal reconstruction of quantitative-computed tomography data was precise (1.2 to 4.7%) and accurate (1.3 to 7.5%) in vitro. The technique displays high-quality images, which can be analyzed at any location within the volume scanned. Quantitative computed tomography of canine osteotomy healing in vivo accurately determined bone mineral density of selected regions of interest. Bone mineral density correlated highly with calcium content of the tissue (R2 = 0.76, P less than 0.0001).
Fundamental Principles of Flammability and Ignition (1958)

No theoretical criterion for flammability limits is obtained from the steady-state equation of the combustion wave. On the basis of a model of the thermally propagating combustion wave it is shown that the limit is due to instability of the wave toward perturbation of the temperature profile. Such perturbation causes a transient increase of the volume of the medium reacting per unit wave area and decrease of the temperature levels throughout the wave. If the gain in over-all reaction rate due to this increase in volume exceeds the decrease in over-all reaction rate due to temperature decrease, the wave is stable; otherwise, it degenerates to a temperature wave. Above some critical dilution of the mixture, the latter condition is always fulfilled. It is concluded that the existence of excess enthalpy in the wave is a prerequisite of all aspects of combustion wave propagation.
The Dentition of Diabetics (1970)

Using the ‘decile character number method’, the view held generally that controlled diabetes leads to an earlier loss of the teeth was not confirmed. The study involved 308 diabetics, the majority of whom were in the older age groups. Additionally, some advantages and shortcomings of this new epidemiological method were discussed.
Maximizing Throughput in Replicated Disk Striping of Variable Bit-Rate Streams (2002)

In a system o#ering on-demand real-time streaming of media files, data striping across an array of disks can improve load balancing, allowing higher disk utilization and increased system throughput. However, it can also cause complete service disruption in the case of a disk failure. Reliability can be improved by adding data redundancy and reserving extra disk bandwidth during normal operation. In this paper, we are interested in providing fault-tolerance for media servers that support variable bit-rate encoding formats. Higher compression e#ciency with respect to constant bit-rate encoding can significantly reduce per-user resource requirements, at the cost of increased resource management complexity. For the first time, the interaction between storage system fault-tolerance and variable bit-rate streaming with deterministic QoS guarantees is investigated. We implement into a prototype server and experimentally evaluate, using detailed simulated disk models, alternative data replication techniques and disk bandwidth reservation schemes. We show that with the minimum reservation scheme introduced here, single disk failures can be tolerated at a cost of less than 20% reduced throughput during normal operation, even for a disk array of moderate size. We also examine the benefit from load balancing techniques proposed for traditional storage systems and find only limited improvement in the measured throughput.
Antigen-Specific Memory B-Cell Responses to <i>Vibrio cholerae</i> O1 Infection in Bangladesh (2009)

Cholera, caused by Vibrio cholerae, is a noninvasive dehydrating enteric disease with a high mortality rate if untreated. Infection with V. cholerae elicits long-term protection against subsequent disease in countries where the disease is endemic. Although the mechanism of this protective immunity is unknown, it has been hypothesized that a protective mucosal response to V. cholerae infection may be mediated by anamnestic responses of memory B cells in the gut-associated lymphoid tissue. To characterize memory B-cell responses to cholera, we enrolled a cohort of 39 hospitalized patients with culture-confirmed cholera and evaluated their immunologic responses at frequent intervals over the subsequent 1 year. Memory B cells to cholera antigens, including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the protein antigens cholera toxin B subunit (CTB) and toxin-coregulated pilus major subunit A (TcpA) were enumerated using a method of polyclonal stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells followed by a standard enzyme-linked immunospot procedure. All patients demonstrated CTB, TcpA, and LPS-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG)and IgA memory responses by day 90. In addition, these memory B-cell responses persisted up to 1 year, substantially longer than other traditional immunologic markers of infection with V. cholerae. While the magnitude of the LPS-specific IgG memory B-cell response waned at 1 year, CTB- and TcpA-specific IgG memory B cells remained significantly elevated at 1 year after infection, suggesting that T-cell help may result in a more durable memory B-cell response to V. cholerae protein antigens. Such memory B cells could mediate anamnestic responses on reexposure to V. cholerae.
Wear mechanism in contact tube (2006)

Stable sliding contact is the most important factor in the stable arc discharge of solid wire. If the contact tube wears seriously, arc discharge will become unstable and the wire position will be shifted. Ordinary non-Cu-coated solid wire causes much wear of the contact tube, about 10 times that caused by Cu-coated solid wire. The mechanism of contact tube wear is not only friction at high temperature, but also a molten bridge formed between the contact tube and wire surface. A complex of superfine particles decreases the amount of contact tube wear. For example, the mixture of graphite and magnetite reduces the amount of contact tube wear by 80%. These particles form an interface layer on the inner surface of the contact tube, and the layer prevents the transfer of molten Cu to the wire surface. The interface layer mainly consists of FeO and complex oxides.
Immunoregulation of T-dependent responses by a cloned dendritic cell. (1984)

We have described a cloned dendritic cell, Clone Den-1, which is a potent accessory cell for some T-dependent immune responses. Clone Den-1 activates T cells in both autologous and allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reactions, but cannot present soluble antigen to T cells that co-recognize nominal antigen plus I-Ab gene products. In addition, Clone Den-1 or factors produced by it can reconstitute plaque-forming cell responses by accessory cell-depleted B plus T cells to the T-dependent antigen sheep red blood cells. The relationship of this clone to heterogeneous populations of dendritic cells and other accessory cells is discussed.
Phospholipid-Cholesterol Membrane Model (1962)

A cephalin-cholesterol membrane model is described whose electrical resistance can be reversibly raised by CaCl(2) or lowered by KCl or NaCl whether these ions are added to the membrane by mechanical immersion or are driven in electrically. Either KCl or NaCl acts antagonistically to CaCl(2). Experiments with controlled pH indicate that the above effects depend somehow on combination of the cations with the phospholipid acidic groups. Also, they are correlated with decreased membrane hydration in CaCl(2) solutions, and increased hydration in KCl or NaCl solutions. It is conjectured that cells may regulate their transsurface ion pathways and fluxes by K-Ca competition for negatively charged binding sites on plasma membrane phospholipid. It is regarded as a corollary to say that a fundamental event in excitation is displacement of membrane Ca from such a site by catelectrotonically propelled K.
Regulation of Acetylcholinesterase Expression during Neuronal Differentiation (1996)

We have examined the developmental expression of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) during the process of neuronal differentiation from a pluripotent stem cell. P19 embryonic carcinoma cells form embryoid bodies, which, when cultured with retinoic acid, are induced to differentiate into neurons and glia. No AChE activity is present in the undifferentiated stem cells, and mRNA protection analyses do not detect AChE mRNA. Commitment to a neuronal differentiation pathway results in increased levels of AChE mRNA, production of a tetrameric form of the enzyme, and secretion of AChE into the culture medium. Concomitant with subsequent morphological differentiation into neurons, enzyme secretion diminishes and AChE becomes largely tethered to the neuronal cell membranes. The enzyme is attached to the cell surface as a globular tetramer. Its hydrodynamic properties are consistent with association through a noncatalytic hydrophobic subunit rather than anchorage by a glycophospholipid tail. No change in the rate of transcription of the Ache gene was detected during the course of differentiation, suggesting that the gene is actively transcribed at very early stages of development. Results suggest that stabilization of a labile mRNA governs the increase in AChE mRNA and gene product. The studies presented indicate that an early event in neuronal differentiation is the stabilization of the mRNA leading to expression of a secreted form of AChE. A subsequent step associated with neurite outgrowth results in a transition from secretion of the tetrameric enzyme to its localization on the cell membrane.
A high frequency probe for absolute measurements of electric fields in plasmas (1995)

At high frequencies (1 GHz), it is difficult to maintain a sufficiently high probe impedance to allow measurements of voltage differences using a double probe. A new type of double probe with terminated coaxial cables (50 Omega ) is proposed and tested. The low impedance implies that the two probe wires are essentially short-circuited and only the probe current is measured. The relation between the displacement current due to surface charges and the electric field is derived and tested in a known field. The current measured in a plasma can be identified with the displacement current when the current due to plasma electrons is damped by an appropriate DC bias. Perturbations of the plasma by the probe field can also be checked by varying the DC potential of the probe.
Cough in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (2016)

Many patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) complain of chronic refractory cough. Chronic cough is a distressing and disabling symptom with a major impact on quality of life. During recent years, progress has been made in gaining insight into the pathogenesis of cough in IPF, which is most probably "multifactorial" and influenced by mechanical, biochemical and neurosensory changes, with an important role for comorbidities as well. Clinical trials of cough treatment in IPF are emerging, and cough is increasingly included as a secondary end-point in trials assessing new compounds for IPF. It is important that such studies include adequate end-points to assess cough both objectively and subjectively. This article summarises the latest insights into chronic cough in IPF. It describes the different theories regarding the pathophysiology of cough, reviews the different methods to assess cough and deals with recent and future developments in the treatment of cough in IPF.