gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bow-tie nano-antenna assisted generation of extreme ultraviolet radiation (2013)

We report on the generation of extreme ultraviolet radiation utilizing the plasmonic field enhancement in arrays of bow-tie gold optical antennae. Furthermore, their suitability to support high-order harmonic generation is examined by means of finite-difference time-domain calculations and experiments. Particular emphasis is paid to the thermal properties, which become significant at the employed peak intensities. A damage threshold depending on the antenna length is predicted and confirmed by our experimental findings. Moreover, the gas density in the vicinity of the antennae is characterized experimentally to determine the number of atoms contributing to the measured radiation, which is almost an order of magnitude larger than previously reported.
Asymptomatic primary hyperparathyroidism: new issues and new questions--bridging the past with the future. (2002)

The earliest clinical descriptions of PHPT pointed to an inexorably progressive disorder. Now, in many asymptomatic individuals who do not meet any surgical guidelines. PHPT in general, does not seem to be progressive. Most asymptomatic patients seem to remain asymptomatic over many years of observation. In those with major clinical manifestations, nephrolithiasis is by far the most common. In these patients, surgery is clearly indicated. Bone densitometry is an indispensable component of the evaluation as well as in monitoring because there is evidence of bone involvement in most patients. This contrasts with the skeletal X-ray, which is invariably negative. Nevertheless, patients with PHPT can show a bone mass measurement either at the cortical or cancellous skeleton that is more than 2 SDs below age- and sex-matched control subjects. Bone density, serum calcium concentration, and/or urinary calcium excretion per se can show evidence for progression in as many as 25% of patients with asymptomatic PHPT. There are newer pharmacologic approaches to PHPT that are the subject of intense investigation. The bisphosphonates and the calcimimetics show particular promise in this regard. Unanswered are such questions as whether the lower bone density in the milder patients will increase substantially as in those who undergo successful parathyroidectomy and whether fracture risk would therefore be reduced. Can medical therapy reduce serum calcium. parathyroid hormone levels, and other biochemical indices of PHPT? Can medical therapy improve bone density without the need for surgery. The issues outlined in this presentation and further amplified in other presentations given in this workshop lead to a series of questions that, in turn, may lead to modified guidelines for the management of these patients. The questions are as follows. (1) Should there be any changes in diagnostic criteria for PHPT? (2) Should the guidelines for surgery in PHPT be changed in light of new data over the past decade? What should those guidelines be? (3) At present, is there sufficient evidence of clinical benefit with specific medical therapies to recommend their use? In which patients? (4) Can some patients be followed without surgery? If so, how should they be monitored? (5) When surgery is the preferred option, what are the relative merits of minimally invasive procedures compared with more conventional surgery? (6) What is the role of localization techniques in identifying abnormal parathyroid tissue preoperatively and intraoperatively? Are they sufficiently helpful and cost effective to warrant their use in all patients who undergo parathyroid surgery? If not, in what patients should they be recommended? (7) What items should be placed on the research agenda for PHPT over the next decade?
The gene encoding the beta-subunit of rat luteinizing hormone. Analysis of gene structure and evolution of nucleotide sequence. (1984)

The nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the beta-subunit of rat luteinizing hormone (LH beta) has been determined from a genomic DNA fragment cloned in lambda phage Charon 4A. Blot hybridization of restriction enzyme digests of rat genomic DNA indicates that the gene is present in a single copy. The transcriptional unit is 0.98 kilobase in size and contains three exons interrupted by two introns of 245 and 225 base pairs (bp). The locations of the exon/intron junctions at amino acid codons -16/-15 and +41/+42 have been conserved between the rat LH beta gene and the related genes, human LH beta and human chorionic gonadotropin beta. Using S1 nuclease mapping and oligonucleotide-primed reverse transcription of ovariectomized rat pituitary mRNA, the start of transcription was determined to be 7 bp upstream from the start of translation. Characteristic promoter elements are present in the 5'-flanking region of the gene, including the Goldberg-Hogness sequence, TATAAA, 31 bp, and the consensus CAAT box sequence, 167 bp upstream from the start of transcription, respectively. Within the proximal 200 bp flanking the 5'-region of the transcriptional unit, there is strong homology between the rat and human LH beta genes, suggesting that these regions include sequences which may be important for regulation of gene expression. Isolation and characterization of the rat LH beta gene further defines the evolution of glycoprotein hormone genes and will facilitate the study of cellular and molecular mechanisms which regulate LH beta gene expression.
Potential occupational health challenges in the traditional medicine practice : back to basics (2012)

In South Africa approximately 80% of the population use traditional medicine for their physical and spiritual well-being. With the unregulated traditional health sector, various practices may be putting the health and safety of traditional health practitioners (THPs) and traditional medicine users at risk. The purpose of this paper is to highlight current traditional medicine practices and illustrates examples of various intervention programmes and collaborative initiatives.
CIB1: a small protein with big ambitions (2016)

Calcium- and integrin-binding protein 1 (CIB1) is a small, ubiquitously expressed protein that was first identified as an intracellular binding partner of a platelet-specific α-integrin cytoplasmic tail. Although early studies revealed a role for CIB1 in regulating platelet integrin activity, recent studies have indicated a more diverse role for CIB1 in many different cell types and processes, including calcium signaling, migration, adhesion, proliferation, and survival. Increasing evidence also points to a novel role for CIB1 in cancer and cardiovascular disease. In addition, an array of CIB1 binding partners has been identified that provide important insight into how CIB1 may regulate these processes. Some of these binding partners include the serine/threonine kinases, p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1), apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1), and polo-like kinase 3 (PLK3). Structural and mutational studies indicate that CIB1 binds most or all of its partners via a well-defined hydrophobic cleft. Although CIB1 itself lacks known enzymatic activity, it supports the PI3K/AKT and MEK/ERK oncogenic signaling pathways, in part, by directly modulating enzymes in these pathways. In this review, we discuss our current understanding of CIB1 and key questions regarding structure and function and how this seemingly diminutive protein impacts important signaling pathways and cellular processes in human health and disease.-Leisner, T. M., Freeman, T. C., Black, J. L., Parise, L. V. CIB1: a small protein with big ambitions.
Motor-dependent microtubule disassembly driven by tubulin tyrosination (2009)

In cells, stable microtubules (MTs) are covalently modified by a carboxypeptidase, which removes the C-terminal Tyr residue of α-tubulin. The significance of this selective detyrosination of MTs is not understood. In this study, we report that tubulin detyrosination in fibroblasts inhibits MT disassembly. This inhibition is relieved by overexpression of the depolymerizing motor mitotic centromere-associated kinesin (MCAK). Conversely, suppression of MCAK expression prevents disassembly of normal tyrosinated MTs in fibroblasts. Detyrosination of MTs suppresses the activity of MCAK in vitro, apparently as the result of a decreased affinity of the adenosine diphosphate (ADP)–inorganic phosphate- and ADP-bound forms of MCAK for the MT lattice. Detyrosination also impairs MT disassembly in neurons and inhibits the activity of the neuronal depolymerizing motor KIF2A in vitro. These results indicate that MT depolymerizing motors are directly inhibited by the detyrosination of tubulin, resulting in the stabilization of cellular MTs. Detyrosination of transiently stabilized MTs may give rise to persistent subpopulations of disassembly-resistant polymers to sustain subcellular cytoskeletal differentiation.
Mitotic Inhibition of GRASP65 Organelle Tethering Involves Polo-like Kinase 1 (PLK1) Phosphorylation Proximate to an Internal PDZ Ligand (2010)

GRASP65 links cis-Golgi cisternae via a homotypic, N-terminal PDZ interaction, and its mitotic phosphorylation disrupts this activity. Neither the identity of the PDZ ligand involved in the GRASP65 self-interaction nor the mechanism by which phosphorylation inhibits its interaction is known. Phospho-mimetic mutation of known cyclin-dependent kinase 1/cyclin B sites, all of which are in the C-terminal "regulatory domain" of the molecule, failed to block organelle tethering. However, we identified a site phosphorylated by Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1) in the GRASP65 N-terminal domain for which mutation to aspartic acid blocked tethering and alanine substitution prevented mitotic Golgi unlinking. Further, using interaction assays, we discovered an internal PDZ ligand adjacent to the PLK phosphorylation site that was required for tethering. These results reveal the mechanism of phosphoinhibition as direct inhibition by PLK1 of the PDZ ligand underlying the GRASP65 self-interaction.
Aplanatic Cemented Doublet Design (1960)

A general method is described for choosing combinations of two optical glass types for the design of an achromatic cemented doublet lens which is required to yield specified amounts of third-order spherical and comatic aberration. Data are presented indicating the preferred crown glasses for use with 605380 and 689309 flint glasses, as typical illustrations of the qualitative aspects of the group of preferred crown glasses for use with a given flint. Formulas are given for computing the doublet radii from the glass constants.
Effect of Temperature on Electroretinograph Readings During Closed Vitrectomy in Humans (1991)

To determine whether intraocular cooling using room-temperature irrigating solution can cause abnormal electroretinograph readings, we operated on six patients with premacular fibrosis and minimal retinal detachment, measuring the temperature in the vitreous cavity and using an electroretinographic monitor. The temperature in the vitreous cavity dropped to 27 degrees C to 28 degrees C after vitrectomies during which room-temperature solutions were used. This resulted in abnormal electroretinograph readings (markedly delayed peak times and reduced amplitudes). These results suggest that the routinely used room-temperature solution affects retinal function during vitrectomy; however, this functional change was reversible in patients having only minimal retinal abnormality.
Progesterone receptor antagonists and selective progesterone receptor modulators: proven and potential clinical applications (2007)

Progesterone receptor antagonists (PAs) and selective progesterone receptor modulators (SPRMs) are members of the progesterone receptor ligand family. The PA mifepristone is usually used as a single dose for short-term indications, such as pregnancy termination, cervical dilation, fetal death and emergency contraception. In view of their antiproliferative effect on the endometrium and their ability to produce amenorrhea, both PAs and SPRMs may be used long term in the treatment of uterine myoma and endometriosis. They may also have applications in dysfunctional uterine bleeding, breast and ovarian carcinoma, contraception and, possibly, in postmenopausal women as a form of estrogen-free replacement therapy. Despite the endometrial antiproliferative effect, during long-term administration of these drugs some women have developed endometrial thickening on ultrasound. This may be interpreted as endometrial hyperplasia, although experienced pathologists have doubted whether this is true hyperplasia.
The aging process and potential interventions to extend life expectancy. (2007)

Aging is commonly defined as the accumulation of diverse deleterious changes occurring in cells and tissues with advancing age that are responsible for the increased risk of disease and death. The major theories of aging are all specific of a particular cause of aging, providing useful and important insights for the understanding of age-related physiological changes. However, a global view of them is needed when debating of a process which is still obscure in some of its aspects. In this context, the search for a single cause of aging has recently been replaced by the view of aging as an extremely complex, multifactorial process. Therefore, the different theories of aging should not be considered as mutually exclusive, but complementary of others in the explanation of some or all the features of the normal aging process. To date, no convincing evidence showing the administration of existing "anti-aging" remedies can slow aging or increase longevity in humans is available. Nevertheless, several studies on animal models have shown that aging rates and life expectancy can be modified. The present review provides an overlook of the most commonly accepted theories of aging, providing current evidence of those interventions aimed at modifying the aging process.
Virtual path management functions for broad-band ATM networks (2002)

Virtual path management functions and their mechanisms, which are of importance for effective ATM (asynchronous transfer mode) networks, are proposed. Four major management functions are introduced: maintenance signal transfer, performance monitoring, virtual path testing, and virtual path tracing. Mechanisms for the proposed maintenance signal transfer function are described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Wound Healing Activity of α-Pinene and α-Phellandrene (2021)

<i>Bursera morelensis</i> is used in Mexican folk medicine to treat wounds on the skin. Recently, it was shown that the essential oil (EO) of <i>B. morelensis</i> has wound healing activity, accelerating cutaneous wound closure and generating scars with good tensile strength. α-pinene (PIN) and α-phellandrene (FEL) are terpenes that have been found in this EO, and it has been shown in different studies that both have anti-inflammatory activity. The aim of this study was to determine the wound healing activity of these two terpenes. The results of in vitro tests demonstrate that PIN and FEL are not cytotoxic at low concentrations and that they do not stimulate fibroblast cell proliferation. In vivo tests showed that the terpenes produce stress-resistant scars and accelerate wound contraction, due to collagen deposition from the early stages, in wounds treated with both terpenes. Therefore, we conclude that both α-pinene and α-phellandrene promote the healing process; this confirms the healing activity of the EO of <i>B. morelensis</i>, since having these terpenes as part of its chemical composition explains part of its demonstrated activity.
Oxidative damage in nucleic acids and Parkinson's disease (2007)

Oxidative DNA lesions, such as 8-oxoguanine (8-oxoG), accumulate in nuclear and mitochondrial genomes during aging, and such accumulation can increase dramatically in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). To counteract oxidative damage to nucleic acids, human and rodents are equipped with three distinct enzymes. One of these, MTH1, hydrolyzes oxidized purine nucleoside triphosphates, such as 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine triphosphate and 2-hydroxy-2'-deoxyadenosine triphosphate, to their monophosphate forms. The other two enzymes are 8-oxoG DNA glycosylase encoded by the OGG1 gene and adenine/2-hydroxyadenine DNA glycosylase encoded by the MUTYH gene. We have shown a significant increase in 8-oxoG in mitochondrial DNA as well as an elevated expression of MTH1, OGG1, and MUTYH in nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons of PD patients, suggesting that the buildup of these lesions may cause dopamine neuron loss. We established MTH1-null mice and found that MTH1-null fibroblasts were highly susceptible to cell death caused by H(2)O(2) characterized by pyknosis and electron-dense deposits in the mitochondria, and that this was accompanied by an ongoing accumulation of 8-oxoG in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA. We also showed that MTH1-null mice exhibited an increased accumulation of 8-oxoG in striatal mitochondrial DNA, followed by more extreme neuronal dysfunction after 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine administration than that of wild-type mice. In conclusion, oxidative damage in nucleic acids is likely to be a major risk factor for Parkinson's disease, indicating that a solid understanding of the defense mechanisms involved will enable us to develop new strategies for protecting the brain against oxidative stress.
David Sales o Joan Rosenthal (2011)

Incerta glòria de Joan Sales és una reconeguda obra mestra de la literatura del segle XX. El 1991 fou traduida a l'anglès per David Rosenthal, un notable traductor del català. Aquest article aprofundeix en les raons per les quals la traducció de Rosenthal mai no trobà un editor important.
Advances in methods for detection of anaerobic ammonium oxidizing (anammox) bacteria (2011)

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox), the biochemical process oxidizing ammonium into dinitrogen gas using nitrite as an electron acceptor, has only been recognized for its significant role in the global nitrogen cycle not long ago, and its ubiquitous distribution in a wide range of environments has changed our knowledge about the contributors to the global nitrogen cycle. Currently, several groups of methods are used in detection of anammox bacteria based on their physiological and biochemical characteristics, cellular chemical composition, and both 16S rRNA gene and selective functional genes as biomarkers, including hydrazine oxidoreductase and nitrite reductase encoding genes hzo and nirS, respectively. Results from these methods coupling with advances in quantitative PCR, reverse transcription of mRNA genes and stable isotope labeling have improved our understanding on the distribution, diversity, and activity of anammox bacteria in different environments both natural and engineered ones. In this review, we summarize these methods used in detection of anammox bacteria from various environments, highlight the strengths and weakness of these methods, and also discuss the new development potentials on the existing and new techniques in the future.
Linear image sensor optimized for fast color scanning (1992)

Scanners are common computer peripherals. The authors describe a linear sensor for scanners generating high resolution, photographic quality, and colorimetrically correct data at high speed. The sensor consists of three independent charge-coupled-device (CCD) imagers, one for each of the three colors, integrated on a single die. The scanner's 2035 active pixels can yield 500 dpi across a 4 inch field, sufficient for cropping and zooming of photographic prints. Sensitivity is very high, providing true 9 bit data at more than 2 Mbyte/s with modest illumination. Color reproduction was excellent, accurately sensing hue over a wide gamut.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Action of RANKL and OPG for Osteoclastogenesis (2009)

Osteoclasts develop from hematopoietic cells of the monocyte-macrophage lineage. The coculture system of osteoblasts and hematopoietic cells was devised to examine osteoclastogenesis in vitro. Experiments using the coculture system have established the concept that osteoblasts are crucially involved in osteoclastogenesis. Remarkable progress has been achieved during the last decade in our understanding the molecular mechanism of osteoclast differentiation, largely because of the discovery of receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL), an essential cytokine for osteoclastogenesis. Osteoblasts express RANKL in response to bone-resorbing factors. Osteoblasts also produce osteoprotegerin (OPG), a decoy receptor for RANKL, which inhibits osteoclast differentiation and function by interrupting the interaction between RANKL and RANK, a receptor of RANKL. The identification of nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1) as a master transcription! factor for RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis has provided major insight into the molecular mechanism of osteoclast differentiation. The discovery of the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM)-mediated signals as a costimulatory signal in osteoclastogenesis has confirmed that osteoblasts play another important role in osteoclastogenesis. Mutations of RANK, OPG, and RANKL found in humans cause bone diseases associated with expected skeletal abnormalities. Thus, the RANKL/RANK/OPG axis is now recognized as the central regulator of osteoclast differentiation and function.
Reactive ion etching of Ta–Si–N diffusion barriers in CF4+O2 (1994)

Ta36Si14N50 amorphous layers were reactive ion etched in CF4+O2 plasmas. The etch depth was determined as a function of gas composition, pressure, and cathode power. Adding small amounts of O2 to CF4 increased the etch rates up to approximately 15% O2 concentration, with etch rates then decreasing with further addition of O2. Etch rates increased with both pressure and power. Etching proceeded only after an initial delay time which depended upon gas composition and power. The delay is probably caused by a surface native oxide which must be removed before etching can commence. The presence of a surface oxide was observed from Auger electron spectroscopy intensity depth profile measurements and is estimated to be 2 nm thick. Under optimal conditions, the etch rate of Ta36Si14N50 is about seven times higher than for SiO2, thus providing a high degree of selectivity for integrated circuit processing.
On the Cell Search and Initial Synchronization for NB-IoT LTE Systems (2017)

In the Narrowband Internet-of-Things (NB-IoT) LTE systems, the device shall be able to blindly lock to a cell within 200-KHz bandwidth and with only one receive antenna. In addition, the device is required to setup a call at a signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of -12.6 dB in the extended coverage mode. A new set of synchronization signals have been introduced to provide data-aided synchronization and cell search. In this letter, we present a procedure for NB-IoT cell search and initial synchronization subject to the new challenges given the new specifications. Simulation results show that this method not only provides the required performance at very low SNRs, but also can be quickly camped on a cell, if any.
NREL/NASA Internal Short-Circuit Instigator in Lithium Ion Cells (2017)

Lithium-ion cells provide the highest specific energy (>280 Wh/kg) and energy density (>600 Wh/L) rechargeable battery building block to date with the longest life. Electrode/electrolyte thermal instability and flammability of the electrolyte of Li-ion cells make them prone to catastrophic thermal runaway under some rare internal short circuit conditions. Despite extensive QC/QA, standardized industry safety testing, and over 18 years of manufacturing experience, major recalls have taken place and incidents still occur. Many safety incidents that take place in the field originate due to an internal short that was not detectable or predictable at the point of manufacture. The Internal Short-Circuit Instigator can be used to study types of separators, non-flammable electrolytes, electrolyte additives, fusible tabs, propagation studies, and gas generation within a cell.