gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biophysics of the cochlea II: Stationary nonlinear phenomenology (1996)

Nonlinearities affecting cochlear mechanics produce appreciable compression in the basilar membrane (BM) input/output (I/O) functions at the characteristic frequency for sound-pressure levels (SPLs) as low as 20 dB (re: 20 microPa). This is thought to depend upon saturation of the outer hair cell (OHC) mechanoelectrical transducer (MET). This hypothesis was tested by solving a nonlinear integrodifferential equation that describes the BM vibration in an active cochlea. The equation extends a previously developed linear approach [Mammano and Nobili, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 93, 3320-3332 (1993)], here modified to include saturating MET, with a few corrections mainly concerning tectorial membrane resonance and OHC coupling to the BM. Stationary solutions were computed by iteration in the frequency domain for a wide range of input SPLs, generating BM I/O functions, frequency response envelopes, and two-tone distortion products. Traveling-wave amplitude envelopes were also computed for a fixed suppressor and several suppressed tones in order to evidence the phenomenon of two-tone suppression (frequency masking) at the mechanical level. All results accord nicely with experimental data.
Identification And Classification Of Plastic Resins Using Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy (2012)

In this paper, an automated system is presented for identification and separation of plastic resins based on near infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy. For identification and separation among resins, a "Two-Filter" identification method is proposed that is capable to distinguish among polyethylene terephthalate (PET), high density polyethylene (HDPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS). Through surveying effects of parameters such as surface contamination, sample thickness, label and cap existence, it was obvious that the "Two-Filter" method has a high efficiency in identification of resins. It is shown that accurate identification and separation of five major resins can be obtained through calculating the relative reflectance at two wavelengths in the NIR region.
Self-deployable Space Structure using Partially Flexible CFRP with SMA Wires (2009)

This article deals with a self-deployable composite structure using a partially flexible composite (PFC) with shape memory alloy wires and reveals the fabrication process of the PFC. Two different matrices are used in the PFC: epoxy resin for the normal part, and silicone rubber for the folding line. Since the fibers are continuous, the PFC has the same strength as a normal composite. We investigate carbon fiber breakages during the folding process by considering changes in electrical resistance, and cyclic tests are performed to confirm the availability even after long-term cyclic folding. An SMA wire is embedded in the PFC to keep the folded configuration without loading and self-deployment is achieved using Joule heating. The results confirm that a flexible part of adequate length enables foldable composite structures without causing carbon fiber breakages, while the cyclic folding tests reveal that the PFC is reliable when a long flexible part is used. The embedded SMA wire realizes compactly folded composite panel structures without loading and Joule heating of the SMA wires enables self-deployable composite structures.
OPERATIONAL RISK MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK FOR SERVICE OUTSOURCING: CONSIDERATION OF RISK DIMENSIONS AND THEIR APPLICATION INTO THE FRAMEWORK (2008)

As outsourcing is becoming mandate for today’s business, there has been a variety of researches taking place. This paper discusses on managing operational risks in an organization where one or more business processes are being outsourced. We first review on changing nature of operational risks not only in outsourced process itself, but also among any other interrelated processes. Then a conceptual operational risk management framework is introduced. The framework combines the advantages of Key Risk Indicator Framework and Bayesian Network Causal Modeling concepts. The detailed development process is discussed in five phases along with the development tools and their applications. This paper concludes with the comparison of proposed framework with other existing operational risk models.
The insulin‐like growth factor I receptor gene is the target for the 15q26 amplicon in breast cancer (1994)

We report the amplification and overexpression of the IGFIR (insulin-like growth factor I receptor) gene in primary breast cancers with an amplification of band 15q26. The involvement of IGFIR, which may vary in frequency from 2-3% in unselected tumor series to more than 10% in breast cancers with hsr, may represent an important event in tumor progression.
Drag Reduction on Gurney Flaps by Three-Dimensional Modifications (2006)

Miniflaps at the trailing edge of airfoils, that is, Gurney flaps, change the Kutta condition and thereby produce higher lift. Unfortunately, because of the flow separation downstream of such trailing edges, the drag also increases. Investigations are described with the aim to stabilize the wake flow to achieve drag reduction. When hot-wire anemometry is used, a tonal component in the spectrum of the velocity fluctuations downstream of the Gurney flap is shown. This points to the existence of a von Karman vortex street. Modifications of the Gurney flap can reduce this flow instability, which results in a drag reduction. Trailing-edge modifications, such as slits or holes in Gurney flaps and vortex generators, were tested in experiments. The experiments were carried out using straight wings and a swept wing at a Re = 1 × 10 6 At lower angles of attack of the airfoils with geometrical modifications a drag reduction was observed. This drag reduction was determined through force measurements. The flowfield behind the Gurney flaps was also investigated numerically, using methods based on Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes and detached eddy simulation
Variation in the Hepatic Gene Expression in Individual Male Fischer Rats (2005)

A new tool beginning to have wider application in toxicology studies is transcript profiling using microarrays. Microarrays provide an opportunity to directly compare transcript populations in the tissues of chemical-exposed and unexposed animals. While several studies have addressed variation between microarray platforms and between different laboratories, much less effort has been directed toward individual animal differences especially among control animals where RNA samples are usually pooled. Estimation of the variation in gene expression in tissues from untreated animals is essential for the recognition and interpretation of subtle changes associated with chemical exposure. In this study hepatic gene expression as well as standard toxicological parameters were evaluated in 24 rats receiving vehicle only in 2 independent experiments. Unsupervised clustering demonstrated some individual variation but supervised clustering suggested that differentially expressed genes were generally random. The level of hepatic gene expression under carefully controlled study conditions is less than 1.5-fold for most genes. The impact of individual animal variability on microarray data can be minimized through experimental design.
Oxygen Reduction on Ru[sub 1.92]Mo[sub 0.08]SeO[sub 4], Ru/Carbon, and Pt/Carbon in Pure and Methanol-Containing Electrolytes (2000)

The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity of a Ru<sub>1.92</sub>Mo<sub>0.08</sub>SeO<sub>4</sub> catalyst, a Vulcan XC72-supported Ru catalyst and, for comparison, a Vulcan XC72-supported Pt catalyst was studied with a rotating ring-disk electrode. The very similar reaction characteristics of the two Ru catalysts in pure and CH<sub>3</sub>OH-containing H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> electrolyte, which differ markedly from those of the Pt catalyst, indicate that the reactive centers in both Ru catalysts must be identical. They are highly selective (>95%) toward reduction to H<sub>2</sub>O (four electron pathway), independent of the presence of methanol. In the latter case, they are 100% selective toward the ORR, i.e., completely methanol tolerant, while the ORR on Pt catalysts is accompanied by significant CH<sub>3</sub>OH oxidation. Based on mass specific current densities, however, the Ru catalysts are significantly less active than the standard Pt catalysts. Only at methanol concentrations above 10-30 mM does their methanol tolerance make them more active than Pt/Vulcan. Implications for their use as cathode catalysts in a direct methanol fuel cell are discussed.
Effect of oxygen on the anaerobic methanotroph ‘ <i>Candidatus</i> Methylomirabilis oxyfera’: kinetic and transcriptional analysis (2012)

'Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera' is a denitrifying methanotroph that performs nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation through a newly discovered intra-aerobic pathway. In this study, we investigated the response of a M. oxyfera enrichment culture to oxygen. Addition of either 2% or 8% oxygen resulted in an instant decrease of methane and nitrite conversion rates. Oxygen exposure also led to a deviation in the nitrite to methane oxidation stoichiometry. Oxygen-uptake and inhibition studies with cell-free extracts displayed a change from cytochrome c to quinol as electron donor after exposure to oxygen. The change in global gene expression was monitored by deep sequencing of cDNA using Illumina technology. After 24 h of oxygen exposure, transcription levels of 1109 (out of 2303) genes changed significantly when compared with the anoxic period. Most of the genes encoding enzymes of the methane oxidation pathway were constitutively expressed. Genes from the denitrification pathway, with exception of one of the putative nitric oxide reductases, norZ2, were severely downregulated. The majority of known genes involved in the vital cellular functions, such as nucleic acid and protein biosynthesis and cell division processes, were downregulated. The alkyl hydroperoxide reductase, ahpC, and genes involved in the synthesis/repair of the iron-sulfur clusters were among the few upregulated genes. Further, transcription of the pmoCAB genes of aerobic methanotrophs present in the non-M. oxyfera community were triggered by the presence of oxygen. Our results show that oxygen-exposed cells of M. oxyfera were under oxidative stress and that in spite of its oxygenic capacity, exposure to microoxic conditions has an overall detrimental effect.
<sup>99m</sup>Tc-Labeling of Hydrazones of a Hydrazinonicotinamide Conjugated Cyclic Peptide (1999)

Eight HYNICtide hydrazones (three with aliphatic substituents and five with aromatic groups) were studied for their potential use as the final intermediate for preparation of RP444, a new radiopharmaceutical under development for imaging thrombosis. The goal of this study is to screen various hydrazones through stability testing and radiolabeling and find those which are able to remain stable without significant degradation in the manufacturing process and at the same time are reactive to produce enough free hydrazine in situ for successful (99m)Tc-labeling. In an initial screening study, only hydrazones 6 and 8, which contain aliphatic substituents, gave satisfactory (>/=90%) yields of RP444 using 50 degrees C and 30 min of heating. However, their solution instability excludes them from being used as commercial reagents. Hydrazones 1 and 4 gave >/=90% yields when the reaction mixtures were heated at 80 degrees C for 30 min. Both hydrazone 1 and hydrazone 4 can be used as the final intermediate for preparation of RP444. The combination of 40 mg of tricine, 1-10 mg of TPPTS, 20-40 microg of hydrazone 1 or 4 for 50 mCi of [(99m)Tc]pertechnetate, 20-50 microg of stannous chloride, pH 4.5 +/- 0.5, and heating at 80 degrees C for 30 min gives the best yield for RP444. It is surprising that hydrazones 1 and 4 have both the solution stability with respect to decomposition and to reaction with aldehydes and ketones and yet are able to hydrolyze in situ to produce enough free HYNICtide for the (99m)Tc-labeling.
Träger‐gebundene, biologisch aktive Substanzen und ihre Anwendung (1972)

Abstract Durch Bindung von Enzymen an geeignete Träger lassen sich stabile Katalysatoren gewinnen. Es werden die wichtigsten Methoden ihrer Herstellung sowie ihre Eigenschaften erläutert. Besonders interessant erscheint die Anwendung träger‐gebundener Enzyme in der biochemischen Routineanalytik als „unlösliche Reagentien”︁ für Analysenautomaten und für Enzymelektroden. Für präparative Stoffumwandlungen und Synthesen bieten die träger‐gebundenen Enzyme den Vorteil, die bisher meist diskontinuierlichen Prozesse in kontinuierliche umwandeln und proteinfreie Reaktionsprodukte erhalten zu können. Durch Verwendung träger‐gebundener Proteasen als spezifische Adsorbentien läßt sich eine Reihe natürlich vorkommender Inhibitoren in einfacher Weise isolieren. Dieses Prinzip, das der Affinitätschromatographie zugrunde liegt, wird heute umgekehrt auch zur Reinigung von Enzymen und anderen biologisch aktiven Substanzen an entsprechenden träger‐gebundenen Effektoren ausgenutzt.
Content selection using frontalness evaluation of multiple frames (2016)

This paper addresses the problem of selecting instances of a planar object in a video or from a set of images based on an evaluation of its “frontalness”. We introduce the idea of “evaluating the frontalness” by computing how close the object's surface normal aligns with the optical axis of a camera. The unique and novel aspect of our method is that unlike previous planar object pose estimation methods, our method does not require the true frontal image as a reference. The intuition is that a true frontal image can be used to produce other non-frontal images by perspective projection, while the non-frontal images have limited ability to produce other non-frontal images. We show that this intuition of comparing ‘frontal’ and ‘non-frontal’ can be extended to comparing ‘more frontal’ and ‘less frontal’ images. Based on this observation, our method estimates the relative frontalness of an image by exploiting the objective space error. We also propose the usage of K-invariant space to evaluate the frontalness even when the camera intrinsic parameters are unknown (e.g., images/videos from the web). We show that our method outperforms the homography decomposition-based method which also does not require reference images. In addition, a qualitative evaluation is carried out to show that our method can be applied in selecting the most frontal characters from a set of images captured in various viewpoints.
Hormone receptors in human prostate cancer. (1988)

The relative success with which the response of breast cancer to endocrine therapy can be predicted by assay of female sex steroid receptors has led to attempts to use measurement of androgen receptors in neoplastic prostate tissue for predicting the success of anti-androgen therapy in prostate cancer. Hitherto hopes have not been fulfilled. Androgen receptors are present in almost all prostate samples, but with inhomogeneous distribution. No relationship was found between androgen receptor levels in needle aspirate and prognosis in prostatic carcinoma. Receptors for oestrogen, progestin and prolactin were also studied for identification of possible prognostic indicators. Progestin receptors appear to be present in prostatic tissue. Lack of consensus regarding prostatic oestrogen and prolactin receptors is due partly to their low (if any) concentrations and partly to differing methodology and interpretation of results. Oestrogen, progestin and prolactin receptors seem to lack prognostic significance in prostatic cancer. These findings and the high initial response rate of prostatic carcinoma to endocrine therapy indicate that further studies should focus on elucidating how such tumours become hormone-independent.
Anterior capsulotomy by means of bipolar radio-frequency endodiathermy (1988)

Anterior capsulotomy, a crucial step in extracapsular implant surgery, is performed by several methods. All must deal with the inherent capriciousness of the tense anterior capsule and so their precision is questionable. An anterior capsulotomy instrument that uses bipolar radio-frequency endodiathermy is described. The modulated high frequency current enables the surgeon to open the anterior capsule more accurately under controlled conditions.
Mathematics and geometry education with collaborative augmented reality (2002)

Construct3D is a three-dimensional geometric construction tool specifically designed for mathematics and geometry education. It is based on the mobile collaborative augmented reality system "Studierstube." We describe our efforts in developing a system for the improvement of spatial abilities and maximization of transfer of learning. In order to support various teacher-student interaction scenarios we implemented flexible methods for context and user dependent rendering of parts of the construction. Together with hybrid hardware setups they allow the use of Construct3D in today's classrooms and provide a test bed for future evaluations. Means of application and integration in mathematics and geometry education at the high school, as well as the university, level are being discussed. Anecdotal evidence supports our claim that Construct3D is easy to learn, encourages experimentation with geometric constructions, and improves spatial skills.
Functional analysis of two isoforms of phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (2010)

The enzyme catalysing the conversion of PE (phosphatidylethanolamine) into PC (phosphatidylcholine), PEMT (PE N-methyltransferase), exists as two isoforms, PEMT-L (longer isoform of PEMT) and PEMT-S (shorter isoform of PEMT). In the present study, to compare the functions of the two isoforms of PEMT, we established HEK (human embryonic kidney)-293 cell lines stably expressing PEMT-L and PEMT-S. Both PEMT-L and PEMT-S were localized in the ER (endoplasmic reticulum). PEMT-L, but not PEMT-S, was N-glycosylated with high-mannose oligosaccharides. The enzymatic activity of PEMT-S was much higher than that of PEMT-L. By using novel enzymatic assays for measuring PC and PE, we showed that PEMT-L and PEMT-S expression remarkably increased the cellular PC content, whereas the PE content was decreased by PEMT-S expression, but was hardly affected by PEMT-L expression. The cellular content of phosphatidylserine was also reduced by the expression of PEMT-L or PEMT-S. MS analyses demonstrated that the expression of PEMT-S led to more increases in the molecular species of PC and PC-O (ether-linked PC) with longer polyunsaturated chains than that of PEMT-L, whereas the PC-O species with shorter chains were increased more by PEMT-L expression than by PEMT-S expression, suggesting a difference in the substrate specificity of PEMT-L and PEMT-S. On the other hand, various PE and PE-O species were decreased by PEMT-S expression. In addition, PEMT-L and PEMT-S expression promoted the proliferation of HEK-293 cells. Based upon these findings, we propose a model in which the enzymatic activity and substrate specificity are regulated by the glycosylated N-terminal region of PEMT-L localized in the ER lumen.
Modified polyhydroxystyrenes as matrix resins for dissolution inhibition type photoresists (1990)

It is generally accepted that the production of shrink versions of the 16 MB DRAM and the 64 MB DRAM generations will be patterned using deep UV radiation. This provides a new challenge to the photoresist suppliers, as the standard photoresist formulations are not suitable for this technology, mainly because the presently used novolak resins are highly opaque in the 200 - 300 nm region. This is especially true for the 248 nm wavelength of KrF eximer lasers. Poly 4- hydroxystyrene [PHS] has several advantages in transmission and thermal stability; however, its dissolution rate in commercial grade developers is unacceptably high. We report some recent results on modified, alkyl-substituted PHS derivatives. These polymers combine reduced alkaline solubiity with adequate optical and thermal properties, making them acceptable for future deep UV based production processes. Selected data of these new (co)polymers are discussed.
A Vision-Based Intelligent System for Packing 2-D Irregular Shapes (2007)

Packing two-dimensional shapes on a surface such that no shapes overlap and the uncovered surface area is minimized is an important problem that arises in a variety of industrial applications. This paper introduces an intelligent system which tackles the most difficult instance of this problem, where two-dimensional irregular shapes have to be packed on a regularly or irregularly shaped surface. The proposed system utilizes techniques not previously applied to packing, drawn from computer vision and artificial intelligence, and achieves high-quality solutions with short computational times. In addition, the system deals with complex shapes and constraints that occur in industrial applications, such as defective regions and irregularly shaped sheets. We evaluate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method using 14 established benchmark problems that are available from the EURO Special Interest Group on Cutting and Packing.
Regulation of Platelet-derived Growth Factor Receptor Function by Integrin-associated Cell Surface Transglutaminase (2009)

A functional collaboration between growth factor receptors such as platelet derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) and integrins is required for effective signal transduction in response to soluble growth factors. However, the mechanisms of synergistic PDGFR/integrin signaling remain poorly understood. Our previous work showed that cell surface tissue transglutaminase (tTG) induces clustering of integrins and amplifies integrin signaling by acting as an integrin binding adhesion co-receptor for fibronectin. Here we report that in fibroblasts tTG enhances PDGFR-integrin association by interacting with PDGFR and bridging the two receptors on the cell surface. The interaction between tTG and PDGFR reduces cellular levels of the receptor by accelerating its turnover. Moreover, the association of PDGFR with tTG causes receptor clustering, increases PDGF binding, promotes adhesion-mediated and growth factor-induced PDGFR activation, and up-regulates downstream signaling. Importantly, tTG is required for efficient PDGF-dependent proliferation and migration of fibroblasts. These results reveal a previously unrecognized role for cell surface tTG in the regulation of the joint PDGFR/integrin signaling and PDGFR-dependent cell responses.
Erythropoietin Improves the Survival of Fat Tissue after Its Transplantation in Nude Mice (2010)

Our data suggest that stimulation of angiogenesis by a cluster of angiogenic factors and decreased fat cell apoptosis account for potential mechanisms that underlie the improved long-term survival of fat transplants following EPO treatment.
Changes in Respiratory Mechanics with Mechanical Ventilation for Elderly Patients. (2002)

高齢者を65歳以上74歳以下 (I群) と, 75歳以上92歳以下 (II群) に分け, 術前呼吸機能 (%肺活量:%VC, 一秒率: FEV%, 一回換気量: Vs) 並びに機械的陽圧換気時の, 呼吸一回換気量 (Ve), 吸気時最大気道内圧 (PIP), コンプライアンス (compliance), 呼気終末二酸化炭素分圧 (PETCO 2) の変化を比較し, 高齢者における至適設定一回換気量 (Vm) の検討を行った。II群でFEV%の有意 (P<0.0001) 低下,%VC, Vsの有意な上昇がみられ, 加齢とVs, VsとVe,%Vcとcompliance, FEV 1.0%とPIPが有意に相関した。%VcとFEV1.0%より陽圧換気時のPIP, complianceの変化が予測可能であり, 換気設定の目安となりうると思われた。従来より行われているVm 10ml/kgと13ml/kgの比較では, I群でVe, PIP, complianceに有意の上昇, PETCO 2に有意の低下が見られたが, II群ではcomplianceの有意の上昇はなかった。これにより, I群では, Vmを13ml/kgとするのが換気条件として有利であるが, II群ではVmを10ml/kgとするのが有利であることが示唆された。高齢者の陽圧換気時はVeを多めに, PIPを低めに調節し, PETCO 2の低下しすぎない範囲で最大のcomplianceを得ることが, かなり狭い許容量で要求されると思われた。