gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improved Hessian multiscale enhancement filter (2014)

Traditional Hessian multiscale filter consider only the local geometric feature but not the global grayscale information. In medical image analysis, Hessian filter is usually used to enhance the blood vessels. However, it also produces some pseudo vascular structures or some isolate noise points, such as the nasal soft tissues that have the similar shape with the vessels in MRA data, which will increase the difficulty of cerebrovascular segmentation. To resolve this issue, an improved Hessian multiscale filter is proposed in this paper. An image grayscale factor is added to the vascular similarity function computed by Hessian matrix eigenvalue. This method is experimented on brain MRA data and lung CTA data. Experimental results show that this method can enhance vascular structures, and simultaneously reduce the appearance of the pseudo vascular structures and the isolated noise points.
Other people's judgments: A comparison of users' and others' judgments of document relevance, topicality, and utility (1994)

The emerging user-centric model of relevance proposes that the only valid measure of relevance of a document to a user's information need is the one made by that user. If we accept this proposition, it raises an interesting question: how well do other people, especially those involved in information work who make such judgments as part of their training and work, perform as judges of documents for information needs they did not originate? This question was empirically tested, using three groups of subjects: incoming students to a school of information/library science, continuing students in that school, and academic librarians (holders of the MLS degree). These subjects made judgments of either “relevance,” “utility,” or “topicality” of two document sets to the original users' stated information need. These judgments were then compared to those of the users to see what patterns emerged, and to see what can be learned not only about secondary judgments in general, but also the ways in which information and library professionals make such judgments. These results are interesting in their own right (subject's judgments compared reasonably well to those of users, looked more like users' after more training and experience in library work, and fall into interesting patterns), but they also lead to some provocative questions about the nature of judgment and evaluation of information items. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
LXXIV.—Aromatic sulphonium bases (1906)

S. Smiles and R. Le Rossignol, J. Chem. Soc., Trans., 1906, 89, 696 DOI: 10.1039/CT9068900696
Optimizing Well Test Sequence and Duration Using Real-Time Pressure Transient Analysis (RT-PTA) (2005)

Abstract Both conventional and non-conventional well testing and sampling operations require some form of design a priori. Due to the uncertainties in input parameters during the test design stage, test sequence and duration are mostly adhered to especially when memory gauges are being used. These uncertainties are more pronounced during exploratory or appraisal testing; hence, being able to make adjustments throughout the testing operation can result in significant value creation, particularly when operating in a high cost deep water environment. This paper describes how real time pressure transient analysis (RT-PTA) may be used to optimize test sequence and duration in exploratory well testing and sampling. Two case histories are presented that show the impact and value added by combining real time data acquisition, analysis and decision making in the test procedure. Value is achieved by making informed decisions to redesign the test sequence to better meet test objectives, improved stakeholder communication concerning the reasons for these changes and improvements in contingency planning. It is the authors' hope that these examples will be useful to our peers when engaging in Value of Information (VOI) discussions. Several modes of deployment currently exist for downhole data acquisition and transmission to the surface in real time. Case histories showing results from the application of two of these deployment techniques are presented. While no effort has been made to demonstrate the superiority of one method over another, emphasis has been placed on the impact of enabling real time monitoring and analysis of data acquired during well testing operations. The two methods presented, tubing encapsulated cable (TEC) and an acoustic telemetry system (ATS), were deemed most appropriate for each specific application. The suitability of this approach for conventional and non-conventional well testing and sampling, the ability to adapt this technique to different types of tests and of being able to revise test sequence in real time to more efficiently accomplish a given set of goals makes real-time pressure transient analysis (RT-PTA) very attractive.
Magnifying Endoscopy Combined with Narrow Band Imaging System for Early Gastric Cancer: Correlation of Vascular Pattern with Histopathology (including video) (2004)

Background and Study Aims: The narrow band imaging (NBI) system consists of a sequential electronic endoscope system and a source of light equipped with new narrow band filters, yielding very clear images of microvessels on mucosal surfaces. The aim of this prospective study was to measure the correlation between the magnified images obtained with the NBI system and the histological findings, especially with regard to the vascular pattern. In addition, three-dimensional images of microvessels were reconstructed using a laser scanning microscope. Patients and Methods: Between July 2001 and August 2003, 165 patients with depressed-type early gastric cancer lesions were enrolled in the study. The lesions were carefully observed with magnification using the NBI system. The images, the pathological characteristics of the lesions, and three-dimensionally reconstructed images of the microvascular networks in biopsied specimens were carefully analyzed. The microvascular patterns were classified into three groups: A, fine network; B, corkscrew; and C, unclassified pattern. The endoscopic images were compared with the histological findings. Results: Of the three types of filter available for use with the NBI system, microvascular formation was best enhanced in B mode images produced using short wavelengths, which focus on the superficial mucosal layer. Among 109 cases of differentiated adenocarcinoma, the group A microvascular pattern was observed in 72 cases (66.1 %). Among 56 cases of undifferentiated adenocarcinoma, the group B pattern was observed in 48 cases (85.7 %; P = 0.0011) The microvascular structure observed using the NBI system corresponded with the superficial mucosal layer in the three-dimensional images obtained using laser scanning microscopy and the resected specimens. Conclusions: Magnifying endoscopy performed in combination with the NBI system is not sufficient to replace conventional histology, but is capable of predicting the histological characteristics of gastric cancer lesions.
Finding groups using model-based cluster analysis: Heterogeneous emotional self-regulatory processes and heavy alcohol use risk. (2008)

Model-based cluster analysis is a new clustering procedure to investigate population heterogeneity utilizing finite mixture multivariate normal densities. It is an inferentially based, statistically principled procedure that allows comparison of nonnested models using the Bayesian information criterion to compare multiple models and identify the optimum number of clusters. The current study clustered 36 young men and women on the basis of their baseline heart rate and heart rate variability (HRV), chronic alcohol use, and reasons for drinking. Two cluster groups were identified and labeled the high alcohol risk and normative groups. Compared to the normative group, individuals in the high alcohol risk group had higher levels of alcohol use and more strongly endorsed disinhibition and suppression reasons for use. The high alcohol risk group showed significant HRV changes in response to positive and negative emotional and appetitive picture cues, compared to neutral cues. In contrast, the normative group showed a significant HRV change only to negative cues. Findings suggest that individuals with autonomic self-regulatory difficulties may be more susceptible to heavy alcohol use and use of alcohol for emotional regulation.
The High Stability Engine Control (HISTEC) program - Flight demonstration phase (1998)

Future aircraft turbine engines, both commercial and military, must be able to accommodate expected increased levels of steady-state and dynamic engine-face distortion. The current approach of incorporating sufficient design stall margin to tolerate these increased levels of distortion would significantly reduce performance. The objective of the High Stability Engine Control (HISTEC) program is to design, develop, and flight-demonstrate an advanced, integrated engine control system that uses measurement-based estimates of distortion to enhance engine stability. The resulting distortion tolerant control reduces the required design stall margin, with a corresponding increase in performance and decrease in fuel burn. The HISTEC concept has been developed and was successfully flight demonstrated on the F-15 ACTIVE aircraft during the summer of 1997. The flight demonstration was planned and carried out in two phases, the first to show distortion estimation, and the second to show distortion accommodation. Post-flight analysis shows that the HISTEC technologies are able to successfully estimate and accommodate distortion, transiently setting the stall margin requirement on-line and in real-time. This allows the design stall margin requirement to be reduced, which in turn can be traded for significantly increased performance and/or decreased weight. Flight demonstration of the HISTEC technologies has significantly reduced the risk of transitioning the technology to tactical and commercial engines.
Evaluation and Application of Retention Aids for Papermaking System Closure (1998)

Reducing the effluent discharge from a paper mill is urgently needed due to tightening environmental regulations and economic reasons. For a paper mill to respond to system closure it is required to adopt the best practical retention system that enables the mill to improve fines retention and drainage. In this study, effects of various retention agents on fines retention, drainage and formation were examined using linerboard stock in the laboratory. Among the retention aids tested, high molecular weight cationic polyacrylamides showed good efficiency both in retention and drainage. On the other hand, high charge density, low molecular weight polymeric retention aids showed little improvement both in retention and drainage. The best retention system selected from the laboratory experiment was applied on a paper machine producing linerboard to evaluate its effect on papermaking system closure.
Multi-objective programming in SVMs (2003)

We propose a general framework for support vector machines (SVM) based on the principle of multi-objective optimization. The learning of SVMs is formulated as a multiobjective program (MOP) by setting two competing goals to minimize the empirical risk and minimize the model capacity. Distinct approaches to solving the MOP introduce various SVM formulations. The proposed framework enables a more effective minimization of the VC bound on the generalization risk. We develop a feature selection approach based on the MOP framework and demonstrate its effectiveness on hand-written digit data. 1.
Adequacy of income and the foster care placement decision: Using an odds ratio approach to examine client variables (1992)

With more than 400,000 children in foster care in North America and the number expected to rise, it is important to know how these children are selected for removal from their parents and placed in foster care. This exploratory study examines the relative influence of categorical client variables on the dichotomous child placement variable using an odds ratio approach. Although the odds ratio appears only rarely in child welfare research studies, it is widely used in chemical, genetic, behavioral science, and medical contexts. The odds ratio has several desirable properties in the analysis of the decision-making process: the odds ratio provides a clear interpretative value that does not require transformation and is ideally suited for analyzing multidimensional tables. The findings from the odds ratio analysis are interpreted against the background of previous studies of the foster care placement decision-making process.
Stercorarial Shedding and Transtadial Transmission of Hepatitis B Virus by Common Bed Bugs (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) (2001)

Transtadial persistence and stercorarial shedding of hepatitis B virus (HBV) in common bed bugs, Cimex lectularius L., was studied by using experimental infectious blood feedings, infectious intrathoracic inoculations, and virus detection by polymerase chain reaction and Southern hybridization. Results showed that HBV persisted after an infectious blood meal in bed bug bodies for up to 35 d after the infectious blood meal. It was passed transtadially through one molt regardless of instar, was shed in fecal droplets for up to 35 d after the infectious blood meal, but was not passed transovarially. In bugs inoculated intrathoracically, HBV was detected for 21 d postinoculation. Previous studies detected the hepatitis B surface antigen found on both infectious and noninfectious particles in bed bugs. In this study, the presence of nucleic acids amplified from a conserved core region of the viral genome in bodies and feces of C. lectularius suggests that the HBV virus may be mechanically transmitted in feces or when bugs are crushed, during feeding.
On Stabilizing Generative Adversarial Training With Noise (2019)

We present a novel method and analysis to train generative adversarial networks (GAN) in a stable manner. As shown in recent analysis, training is often undermined by the probability distribution of the data being zero on neighborhoods of the data space. We notice that the distributions of real and generated data should match even when they undergo the same filtering. Therefore, to address the limited support problem we propose to train GANs by using different filtered versions of the real and generated data distributions. In this way, filtering does not prevent the exact matching of the data distribution, while helping training by extending the support of both distributions. As filtering we consider adding samples from an arbitrary distribution to the data, which corresponds to a convolution of the data distribution with the arbitrary one. We also propose to learn the generation of these samples so as to challenge the discriminator in the adversarial training. We show that our approach results in a stable and well-behaved training of even the original minimax GAN formulation. Moreover, our technique can be incorporated in most modern GAN formulations and leads to a consistent improvement on several common datasets.
Synthesis and characterization of monomers and polymers of acrylated phosphonate esters derived from glycerol, <scp>D</scp>‐mannitol, <scp>D</scp>‐sorbitol, pentaerythritol, and dipentaerythritol (1988)

Abstract Phosphonic acid ester derivatives of glycerol, D ‐mannitol, D ‐sorbitol, pentaerythritol, and dipentaerythritol have been synthesized by transacetalation reactions with diethyl 2,2‐diethoxyethylphosphonate. These phosphonated derivatives of polyols and carbohydrates have been esterified to from the corresponding methacrylates. All these compounds have been characterized on the basis of their elemental analysis and spectroscopic (infrared including FT–IR, 1 H‐, 13 C‐, 31 P‐NMR, and mass) methods. Transacetalation reactions with dialkyl 2,2‐dialkoxyethylphosphonate lead to the synthesis of 1,3‐dioxane derivatives in the case of D ‐mannitol, pentaerythritol, and dipentaerythritol, whereas a mixture of both 1,3‐dioxane and 1,3‐dioxolane derivatives is obtained with D ‐sorbitol and glycerol. The methacrylates of phosphonylated polyol derivatives show the capacity to dissolve and interact with metal salts such as bismuth bromide and uranyl nitrate. Some of the polymers obtained from these monomers have been characterized on the basis of their spectral and thermal (differential scanning calorimetry) properties.
Palladium-catalyzed triethylammonium formate reductions. 4. Reduction of acetylenes to cis-monoenes and hydrogenolysis of tertiary allylic amines (1980)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPalladium-catalyzed triethylammonium formate reductions. 4. Reduction of acetylenes to cis-monoenes and hydrogenolysis of tertiary allylic aminesJohn R. Weir, Babu A. Patel, and Richard F. HeckCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1980, 45, 24, 4926–4931Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1980Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1980https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01312a021Request reuse permissionsArticle Views2425Altmetric-Citations108LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (776 KB) Get e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Optimal mapping of torus self-organizing map for forearm motion discrimination based on EMG (2010)

This paper describes an optimal mapping of the torus self-organizing map for a human forearm motion discrimination based on the myoelectric signal. The high precision motion discrimination is necessary for the artificial hand control. This study proposes the mapping method of SOM that the learning result of the same motion concentrates on one place and the learning result group of each motion separates. As a result, the variance in the same motion group becomes small, and the variance between each motion groups becomes big. Some experiments on the myoelectric hand simulator show the effectiveness of the proposed motion discrimination method.
Mixture of principal axes registration for change analysis in computer-aided diagnosis (2002)

Non-rigid image registration is a prerequisite for many medical image analysis applications, such as image fusion of multi-modality images and quantitative change analysis of a temporal sequence in computer-aided diagnosis. By establishing the point correspondence of the extracted feature points, it is possible to recover the deformation using nonlinear interpolation methods such as the thin-plate-spline approach. However, it is a difficulty task to establish an exact point correspondence due to the high complexity of the nonlinear deformation existing in medical images. In this paper, a mixture of principal axes registration (mPAR) method is proposed to resolve the correspondence problem through a neural computational approach. The novel feature of mPAR is to align two point sets without needing to establish an explicit point correspondence. Instead, it aligns the two point sets by minimizing the relative entropy between their probability distributions, resulting in a maximum likelihood estimate of the transformation matrix. The registration process consists of: (1) a finite mixture scheme to establish an improved point correspondence and (2) a multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network to recover the nonlinear deformation. The neural computation for registration used a committee machine to obtain a mixture of piecewise rigid registrations, which gives a reliable point correspondence using multiple extracted objects in a finite mixture scheme. Then the MLP was used to determine the coefficients of a polynomial transform using extracted cross-points of elongated structures as control points. We have applied our mPAR method to a temporal sequence of mammograms from a single patient. The experimental results show that mPAR not only improves the accuracy of the point correspondence but also results in a desirable error-resilience property for control point selection errors.
Oxygen activation by metal complexes and alkyl hydroperoxides. Applications of mechanistic probes to explore the role of alkoxyl radicals in alkane functionalization (1997)

The mechanism of the oxidation of cycloalkanes by tertiary alkyl hydroperoxides catalysed by iron(III) dichlorotris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine [FeIIICl2(TPA)]+ and by the acetate bridged (µ-oxo) di-iron complex [Fe2III(TPA)2O(OAc)]3+ has been investigated. Product studies do not support oxidation via a high valent iron–oxo intermediate (formally FeVO), but are consistent with a mechanism involving hydrogen atom abstraction from the alkane by alkoxyl radicals derived from the hydroperoxide. In the presence of a large excess of tert-butyl hydroperoxide, the oxidation of cyclohexane yields cyclohexanone, cyclohexanol and tert-butylcyclohexyl peroxide in more than stoichiometric amounts and, in the case of the mono-iron catalyst, one equivalent of cyclohexyl chloride. Replacement of Me3COOH by hydroperoxides, which could yield tert-alkoxyl radicals having much shorter lifetimes than the tert-butoxyl radical prevents oxidation of the cycloalkane. The products obtained with these hydroperoxide mechanistic probes are those derived from the fast unimolecular reactions (generally β-scissions) of the corresponding alkoxyl radicals. The inapplicability of dimethyl sulfide as a mechanistically diagnostic trap for the putative FeVO intermediate and the value of di-tert-butyl hyponitrite as a non-iron-based source of tert-butoxyl radicals are discussed.
A monostable CMOS RAM with self-refresh mode (1976)

A self-refresh memory cell, consisting of a monostable flip-flop, instead of a bistable model,using four transistors and two interconnected lines, will be described. Chip area per bit is comparable with conventional 3-transistor dynamic RAM.