gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Transverse Field Detector (TFD): A Novel Color-Sensitive CMOS Device (2008)

A novel color-sensitive semiconductor detector is proposed. The device [named transverse field detector (TFD)] can be used to measure the color of the incident light without any color filter. The working principle is based on the capability of this device to collect the carriers, generated at different depths, at different superficial junctions by means of suitable transverse electric fields. Due to the differences in the semiconductor light absorption coefficient at different wavelengths, this device can perform color separation. The transverse components of the electric fields are generated inside the semiconductor depleted region by a suitable bias of the superficial collecting junctions. Devices with three or more collecting junctions can be implemented. This new type of color detector takes advantages from CMOS compatibility and technology scaling. The TFD is suitable to be integrated in a pixel array for imaging purposes. First results on a test device built in a completely standard CMOS 90-nm technology are shown.
HYDROLYSIS OF ARYLACETONITRILES (1950)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHYDROLYSIS OF ARYLACETONITRILESWILHELM WENNERCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1950, 15, 3, 548–551Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1950Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1950https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01149a016https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01149a016research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views531Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Biodegradation of acetanilide herbicides acetochlor and butachlor in soil. (2002)

The biodegradation of two acetanilide herbicides, acetochlor and butachlor in soil after other environmental organic matter addition were measured during 35 days laboratory incubations. The herbicides were applied to soil alone, soil-SDBS (sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate) mixtures and soil-HA (humic acid) mixtures. Herbicide biodegradation kinetics were compared in the different treatment. Biodegradation products of herbicides in soil alone samples were identified by GC/MS at the end of incubation. Addition of SDBS and HA to soil decreased acetochlor biodegradation, but increased butachlor biodegradation. The biodegradation half-life of acetochlor and butachlor in soil alone, soil-SDBS mixtures and soil-HA mixtures were 4.6 d, 6.1 d and 5.4 d and 5.3 d, 4.9 d and 5.3 d respectively. The biodegradation products were hydroxyacetochlor and 2-methyl-6-ethylaniline for acetochlor, and hydroxybutachlor and 2,6-diethylaniline for butachlor.
Label-Free Prehybridization DNA Microarray Imaging Using Photonic Crystals for Quantitative Spot Quality Analysis (2010)

Technical variability during DNA capture probe printing remains an important obstacle to obtaining high quality data from microarray experiments. While methods that use fluorescent labels for visualizing printed arrays prior to hybridization have been presented, the ability to measure spot density using label-free techniques would provide valuable information on spot quality without altering standard microarray protocols. In this study, we present the use of a photonic crystal biosensor surface and a high resolution label-free imaging detection instrument to generate prehybridization images of spotted oligonucleotide microarrays. Spot intensity, size, level of saturation, and local background intensity were measured from these images. This information was used for the automated identification of missed spots (due to mechanical failure or sample depletion) as well as the assignment of a score that reflected the quality of each printed feature. Missed spots were identified with >95% sensitivity. Furthermore, filtering based on spot quality scores increased pairwise correlation of posthybridization spot intensity between replicate arrays, demonstrating that label-free spot quality scores captured the variability in the microarray data. This imaging modality can be applied for the quality control of printed cDNA, oligonucleotide, and protein microarrays.
Simian Varicella Virus Infection of Rhesus Macaques Recapitulates Essential Features of Varicella Zoster Virus Infection in Humans (2009)

Simian varicella virus (SVV), the etiologic agent of naturally occurring varicella in primates, is genetically and antigenically closely related to human varicella zoster virus (VZV). Early attempts to develop a model of VZV pathogenesis and latency in nonhuman primates (NHP) resulted in persistent infection. More recent models successfully produced latency; however, only a minority of monkeys became viremic and seroconverted. Thus, previous NHP models were not ideally suited to analyze the immune response to SVV during acute infection and the transition to latency. Here, we show for the first time that intrabronchial inoculation of rhesus macaques with SVV closely mimics naturally occurring varicella (chickenpox) in humans. Infected monkeys developed varicella and viremia that resolved 21 days after infection. Months later, viral DNA was detected only in ganglia and not in non-ganglionic tissues. Like VZV latency in human ganglia, transcripts corresponding to SVV ORFs 21, 62, 63 and 66, but not ORF 40, were detected by RT-PCR. In addition, as described for VZV, SVV ORF 63 protein was detected in the cytoplasm of neurons in latently infected monkey ganglia by immunohistochemistry. We also present the first in depth analysis of the immune response to SVV. Infected animals produced a strong humoral and cell-mediated immune response to SVV, as assessed by immunohistology, serology and flow cytometry. Intrabronchial inoculation of rhesus macaques with SVV provides a novel model to analyze viral and immunological mechanisms of VZV latency and reactivation.
Expression of the <i>Rickettsia prowazekii pld</i> or <i>tlyC</i> Gene in <i>Salmonella enterica</i> Serovar Typhimurium Mediates Phagosomal Escape (2005)

Members of the genus Rickettsia possess the ability to invade host cells and promptly escape from phagosomal vacuoles into the host cell cytosol, thereby avoiding destruction within the endosomal pathway. The mechanism underlying rickettsial phagosomal escape remains unknown, although the genomic sequences of several rickettsial species have allowed for the identification of four genes with potential membranolytic activities (tlyA, tlyC, pat1, and pld). This study was undertaken to determine which of the selected genes of Rickettsia prowazekii mediate the escape process. Quantitative ultrastructural analyses indicated that the period of active phagosomal escape was between 30 and 50 min postinfection. Reverse transcriptase PCR analyses determined that tlyC and pld were transcribed during the period of active phagosomal escape but that tlyA and pat1 were not. The functionality of both tlyC and pld was determined by complementation studies of Salmonella, which replicates within endosomes. Complementation of Salmonella organisms with either tlyC or pld resulted in the escape of transformants from endosomal vacuoles into the host cell cytosol demonstrated by quantitative ultrastructural analyses. These data suggest a role for tlyC and pld in the process of phagosomal escape by R. prowazekii.
Advances in Switched-Mode Power Conversion Part I (1983)

A new concept in the design of switched-mode power conversion circuitry is presented. Because of its extreme simplicity, flexibility, and efficiency, it has the potential to replace some conventional electrical power processing methods currently in use. A thorough discussion of the background, development, and operation of the Ćuk converter and several of its extensions is included. The coupled-inductor technique further improves efficiency and reduces size and weight. The basic converter and its extensions to two-quadrant and four-quadrant operation are attractive for many applications, i.e., solar (dc) to utility line (ac) power conversion, variable speed dc or ac motor drives, switching power supplies, uninterruptible power supplies, and many others.
Using neuro-fuzzy methodology in cache memory design (2000)

Today cache memory is integrated into the design of all state-of-the-art computer systems. Their performance evaluation is gaining a lot of attention, because it significantly affects the performance of the entire computer system. Fuzzy logic, which has proven to be a very powerful and efficient way of tackling problems in many engineering areas is used in this paper to provide a novel simulation methodology for the evaluation of cache memory performance. This methodology can be used during the preliminary stages of cache memory design, to overcome the disadvantages of conventional methods. Advantages of fuzzy logic are used to provide a more simple, reliable and cost effective approach for cache memory performance evaluation, compared to conventional methods like trace driven simulation and hardware monitoring. Many complex approximations and time consuming testing of existing systems are thus avoided. The designer can study the effect of changing different design parameters of cache memory and investigate their effect on the miss ratio.
Lens epithelial cell apoptosis appears to be a common cellular basis for non-congenital cataract development in humans and animals. (1995)

Cataract is a major ocular disease that causes blindness in many developing countries of the world. It is well established that various factors such as oxidative stress, UV, and other toxic agents can induce both in vivo and in vitro cataract formation. However, a common cellular basis for this induction has not been previously recognized. The present study of lens epithelial cell viability suggests such a general mechanism. When lens epithelial cells from a group of 20 cataract patients 12 to 94 years old were analyzed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT) labeling and DNA fragmentation assays, it was found that all of these patients had apoptotic epithelial cells ranging from 4.4 to 41.8%. By contrast, in eight normal human lenses of comparable age, very few apoptotic epithelial cells were observed. We suggest that cataract patients may have deficient defense systems against factors such as oxidative stress and UV at the onset of the disease. Such stress can trigger lens epithelial cell apoptosis that then may initiate cataract development. To test this hypothesis, it is also demonstrated here that hydrogen peroxide at concentrations previously found in some cataract patients induces both lens epithelial cell apoptosis and cortical opacity. Moreover, the temporal and spatial distribution of induced apoptotic lens epithelial cells precedes development of lens opacification. These results suggest that lens epithelial cell apoptosis may be a common cellular basis for initiation of noncongenital cataract formation.
A prospective, single arm study of intraosseous basivertebral nerve ablation for the treatment of chronic low back pain: 12-month results (2020)

This data supports the clinical effectiveness of BVN ablation in the community practice setting, with similar 12 month improvements in patient reported outcomes as seen in previously published randomized control trials.
Mechanism for enhanced external transfer of dimeric IgA over pentameric IgM: studies of diffusion, binding to the human polymeric Ig receptor, and epithelial transcytosis (1997)

Transport of polymeric Igs (pIgA and pIgM) across secretory epithelia is mediated by the polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR), also known as the transmembrane secretory component. Compared with local production, external transfer of pIgA is favored 6- to 12-fold over that of pIgM on a molar basis. This transfer may be modulated at several levels: diffusion through matrix and basement membranes, ligand affinity for pIgR, and efficiency of epithelial transcytosis. To investigate these possibilities, we compared the ability of Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells transfected with human pIgR to transport pIgA vs pIgM from the basolateral to the apical face, and examined the inhibitory effect of various filter types used for mounting of the monolayer. Binding data showed that pIgR bound pIgA and pIgM with similar affinity. Internalization of both ligands was fast and took place at similar rates; transcytosis was also found to be equally efficient at the molar level. Thus, the overall rate of transport across the epithelial monolayer was comparable for pIgA and pIgM, and was not further enhanced by ligand stimulation over a 20-fold increased concentration level. Conversely, pIgA had a considerable advantage over pIgM in passive diffusion assays performed in vitro. Moreover, in situ immunofluorescence staining showed retention of IgM over IgA and IgG in mucosal basement membrane zones, in contrast to the preferential epithelial uptake of IgA and, less so, IgM. The biologic consequences of the highly efficient epithelial pIg transport, and the diffusion advantage of pIgA over pIgM, are discussed in relation to the evolution and function of secretory Abs.
[Maggot therapy for gangrene and osteomyelitis]. (1997)

5 patients with diabetic-foot were treated by maggot therapy. The most serious case was in a 75-year-old man who had gangrene and osteomyelitis of the right foot. Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus sp., Providencia stuartii and Staphylococcus spec. (coagulase positive) were isolated from lesions which did not respond to antibiotic therapy. The patient had twice refused amputation but agreed to maggot therapy. Larvae of the sheep blowfly Phoenicia (Lucilia) sericata were used for twice-weekly treatment over a period of 7 months. Sterile larvae were applied to the wound and replaced every 3-4 days. After 4 months of treatment, the necrotic tissue around the toes and on the sole of the foot detached from the healthy tissue. During the last 3 months of treatment the larvae removed the remaining infected tissue. As therapy progressed, new layers of healthy tissue covered the wound. The offensive odor associated with the necrotic tissue and the intense pain in the foot decreased significantly. At the end of therapy, during which there were no complaints of discomfort, he was able to walk. In the 4 other patients who had relatively superficial gangrene, the maggots debrided the wounds within 2-4 weeks. Thereafter treatment was continued with antibiotics. Maggot therapy can be recommended in cases of intractable gangrene and osteomyelitis, when treatment with antibiotics and surgical debridement have failed.
Conformational Changes and Some Functional Characteristics of Gelatin Esterified with Fatty Acid (2001)

This study investigated the effects of attachment of fatty acid chains to gelatin molecules on their conformation and some functional properties in order to determine the effectiveness of this procedure for improving the emulsifying properties of gelatin. The esterification conferred upon the gelatin molecules a folded configuration resulting in a lambda(max) of fluorescence emission shift to lower wavelengths and decreases in solubility, intrinsic viscosity, and gelling ability. In contrast, surface hydrophobicity increased with extent of esterification, and the esterified derivatives exhibited higher emulsion stabilities. These results indicated that the oligomeric structure and functional attributes of the gelatin were altered with the modification.
Finding similar patterns in large image databases (1993)

Automated searching through large sets of images to find a pattern 'similar to this one' is considered. A key recognition method is evaluated on a library of almost 1000 images, based on the entire Brodatz texture album. The features used for searching rely on a significant improvement to the traditional Karhunen-Loeve (KL) transform which makes it shift-invariant. Results are shown for a variety of false alarm rates and for different subsets of KL features.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Concepts and Models for Biofilm Reactor Performance (1990)

This paper reviews the state of knowledge of the basic mechanisms governing transformation of pollutants and the present approaches with which to predict the performance of biofilm reactors. The design of biofilm reactors is based mainly on empirical loading criteria or empirical design formulae. Introduction of more stringent effluent requirements, new types of biofilm reactors, as well as application of biofilm reactors to more untraditional types of waste materials, calls for new design procedures with higher degrees of confidence. Most new attempts to model biofilm reactors are based on fundamental principles for mass transport to and through biofilms coupled with kinetic expressions for pollutant transformations in the biofilms. A simple simulation model based on half order kinetics is able to describe the removal of soluble substrates, mineralisation of organic matter, nitrification and denitrification. A simple first order kinetics is able to predict degradation of some xenobiotics. Advanced simulation models appearing in the past few years show a strong promise for detailed analysis of the effect of variation in influent waste characteristics, population dynamics, reactor configuration, etc. However, none of the models are able to predict properly the removal of particulate matter and mixtures of several groups of industrial organic chemicals. Again, insight in the basic removal mechanisms is required.
Effects of dietary vitamin C on fish and crustacean larvae (1995)

In order to assess the dietary needs for ascorbic acid (AA) at startfeeding, the AA content in the various live diets currently applied in aquaculture (algae, rotifers, <i>Artemia</i> ) was studied. Application of boosting techniques using ascorbyl palmitate (AP) as the vitamin C source enabled the transfer of elevated levels of bioactive vitamin C (up to 2500µg AA.g DW<sup>-1</sup>) via the live food chain into larvae of fish (<i>Clarias gariepinus, Dicentrarchus labrax, Scophthalmus maximus</i>), shrimp (<i>Pennaeus vannamei</i>) and prawn (<i>Macrobrachium rosenbergii</i>). This vitamin C enrichment procedure has proven to be a valuable technique, especially for the evaluation of the effects of dietary vitamin C when supplemented at high levels, on for example stress resistance. However, for most species examined, the initial level of AA in <i>Brachionus</i> and <i>Artemia</i> impairs the determination of the minimal requirements for this component. Formulated diets containing variable levels of stable AA-phosphate esters were used for the determination of minimal requirements for AA in the early post-weaning stage of marine fish species (<i>Dicentrarchus labrax, Scophthalmus maximus</i>) and the postlarval stage of penaeid shrimp (<i>Penaeus monodon, Penaeus vannamei</i>). For both fish species examined results indicated that 20mg AA.kg per diet is sufficient for normal growth and survival. Requirements for production of postlarval shrimp amount to minimum 20 and 130mg AA.kg per diet, for <i>P. monodon</i>, resp. <i>P. vannamei</i>, while a level of 2000mg AA.kg per diet is needed to enhance the resistance of the shrimp postlarvae to stress conditions and bacterial infections.
Der Jahresgang der Abscisinsäure in vegetativen Organen von Reben (2017)

Gegenstand vorliegender Untersuchungen war die Jahresrhythmik der Abscisinsäure (ABS) in Laubblättern, Nodien mit Winterknospen und Internodialsegmenten bei den Sorten Riesling und Müller-Thurgau. Im Anschluß an eine Extraktion des pflanzlichen Materials in organischen Lösungsmitteln erfolgte die Identifizierung der ABS auf dünnschichtchromatographischem und spektralphotometrischem Wege sowie mittels biologischer Nachweismethoden. Eine quantitative Bestimmung war durch Ermittlung der Extinktion nach Erstellung einer Eichkurve möglich. • Die Gehalte an freier ABS in Nodien und Internodien erreichten nach Minimalwerten zum Zeitpunkt des Knospenaustriebs durch allmähliche Zunahmen Höchstwerte im Oktober bzw. November, also in der Phase der endogenen Ruhe. Hieraus kann auf eine Beteiligung der ABS an der Induktion und Aufrechterhaltung der endogenen Ruhe geschlossen werden. Nach Erreichen des ABS-Maximums nimmt der Hemmstoffgehalt der ruhenden Sproßorgane relativ schnell ab. Bereits im Januar sind nur noch geringe Mengen an freier ABS in den Nodien mit Knospen und den Internodien nachweisbar. • Die ABS-Zunahmen im Herbst erfolgten bei Müller-Thurgau und Riesling unterschiedlich: Riesling erreichte in den Internodien und Nodien höhere und frühere Maximalwerte als Müller-Thurgau. • Während die Gehalte an gebundener ABS im Oktober und November in Internodien und Nodien etwa denen der freien ABS entsprach°en, lagen die Gehalte an gebundener ABS in den Blättern wesentlich über denen der freien ABS in Blättern, Nodien und Internodien. The annual cycle of abscisic acid in vegetative organs of grapevines The present investigations deal with the annual rythm of abscisic acid (ABA) in the leaves, nodes carrying dormant buds, and internodal segments of the two cultivars Riesling and Müller-Thurgau. Following the extraction of the plant material in organic solvents the ABA was identified using thin-layer chromatography, UV absorption characteristics and also biological tests. lt was possible to make quantitative meast1rements by comparing the extinction to a calibration curve. • The free ABA content in the nodes and internodes was at its lowest during bud burst and gradually increased, achieving its highest value in October and November, i. e. in the period of endogenous dormancy. lt is supposed from this that ABA plays a role in the induction and maintenance of the endogenous dormancy. The maximum ABA content is followed by a decrease in the amount of ABA in the dormant organs, which occurs rather quickly. As early as January, only very small amounts of free ABA were to be found in the nodes and internodes. • The increase in ABA in autumn differed in Müller-Thurgau and Riesling. The maximum ABA content in the nodes and internodes of Riesling was higher and was reached earlier than that of Müller-Thurgau. • While in October and November the amount of bound ABA in the nodes and internodes was approximately equal to that of free ABA, the amount of bound ABA in the leaves was weil above that of free ABA in the leaves, nodes and internodes.
A Convenient Lactonization of 2- and 3-Cyclopropylalkanoic Acids to γ- and δ-Lactones (1990)

A convenient preparative method of obtaining 2,2,4,5,5-pentaalkyl-δ- valerolactones 2a-d or 2,2,4,4-tetraalkyl-γ-butyrolactones 4a-e by the acid-catalyzed lactonization of 3-cyclopropylalkanoic acids, and for obtaining bicyclo-γ-lactones 6a-d from bicyclic 2-cyclopropylalkanoic acids 5a-d is presented.