gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Burn blister fluids in the neovascularization stage of burn wound healing: A comparison between superficial and deep partial-thickness burn wounds (2013)

Burn wound healing is a complex and dynamic process that involves the interaction between different cell types and mediators. Neovascularization is an imperative stage of wound healing and consists of not only angiogenesis but also adult vasculogenesis. A superficial partial-thickness burn (SPTB) heals within 2 weeks without scarring. A deep partial-thickness burn (DPTB), conversely, requires 2 weeks or longer to heal and requires an aggressive treatment to prevent hypertrophic scarring. Burn blisters on the skin are a hallmark of not only SPTB but also DPTB; however, the effect of burn blister fluids on the neovascularization in these types of burns has not been fully explored. To verify this effect, the role of different burn fluids and the angiogenic factors that modulate this process are currently under investigation.
An improved route to an intermediate in podophyllotoxin synthesis (1980)

Cyclopropanation of the chalcone (3) with dimethylsulphonium ethoxycarbonylmethylide affords a 1 : 1 mixture of the cyclopropanyl keto-ester epimers (4) and (5); both stannic chloride and boron trifluoride etherate in nitromethane catalyse the stereoselective cyclisation of this mixture to the tetralone (2), the known podophyllotoxin precursor, in 51% overall yield.
Protein kinase C activation by PMA rapidly induces apoptosis through caspase-3/CPP32 and serine protease(s) in a gastric cancer cell line (2001)

Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) rapidly induced cell death in SNU-16 gastric adenocarcinoma cells. DNA ladder formation and caspase-3/CPP32 activation were observed in PMA treated cells indicating that PMA induces apoptosis. z-DEVD-fmk, specific inhibitor of caspase-3/CPP32, inhibited the induction of apoptosis by PMA, demonstrating that caspase/CPP32 are critically involved in PMA-induced apoptosis. The serine protein inhibitor 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzenesulfonyl fluoride effectively blocked apoptosis, and also prevented caspase-3/CPP32 activation. Go6983, a specific inhibitor of PKC, almost completely suppressed apoptosis and caspase-3/CPP32 activation. Furthermore, 1,2-dihexanoyl-sn-glycerol, an endogenous activator of PKC, induced apoptosis detected by DNA fragmentation and Hoechst 33258 nuclear staining. From these results, we conclude that PMA is not only a tumor promoter, but can also induce apoptosis in gastric cancer cells. PMA-induced apoptosis appears to be mediated through activation of protein kinase C, and the activation of serine protease(s) and caspase-3/CPP32 may be the molecular mechanisms by which PMA induces apoptosis.
Pulmonary overexpression of IL-10 augments lung fibrosis and Th2 responses induced by silica particles (2004)

Chronic inflammation and proinflammatory cytokines as well as T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokines have been involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary injury and lung fibrosis. The actual role of IL-10 in lung fibrosis is still unclear because this cytokine has been identified as Th2 but possesses strong anti-inflammatory properties. To better dissect the potential role of IL-10 in silica-induced lung fibrosis, IL-10 was overexpressed in the lung of mice by adenoviral gene transfer during the inflammatory (administered at day -1) or the fibrotic (administered at day +30) stages of the disease. Pulmonary overexpression of IL-10 during both silica-induced lung inflammation and fibrosis exacerbated the fibrotic lesions as estimated by the measurement of hydroxyproline and other biochemical and histological markers. Increased expression of IL-10 significantly enhanced the number of lung lymphocytes and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid IgG1 but not IgG2a levels, indicating the induction of a Th2-like immune response. In addition, the production of the profibrotic Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-13 was also significantly increased upon IL-10 overexpression. No difference in transforming growth factor-beta or PGE(2) production was noted after adenoviral IL-10 treatment of silica-treated mice. Together, these data indicate that the increased expression of IL-10 significantly contributed to silica-induced lung fibrosis by exacerbating the Th2 response and the production of the profibrotic cytokines IL-4 and IL-13.
An overview on the time delay estimate in active and passive systems for target localization (1981)

Sonar and radar systems not only detect targets but also localize them. The process of localization involves bearing and range estimation. These objectives of bearing and range estimation can be accomplished actively or passively, depending on the situation. In active sonar or radar systems, a pulsed signal is transmitted to the target and the echo is received at the receiver. The range of the target is determined from the time delay obtained from the echo. In passive sonar systems, the target is detected from acoustic signals emitted by the target, and it is localized using time delays obtained from received signals at spacially separated points. Several authors have calculated the variance of the time delay estimate in the neighborhood of true time delays and have presented their results in terms of coherence function and signal and noise autospectra. Here we analyze these derivations and show that they are the same for the case of low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). We also address a practical problem with a target-generated wide-band signal and present the Cramér-Rao lower bound on the variance of the time delay estimate as a function of commonly understood terms such as SNR, bandwidth, observation time, and center frequency of the band. The analysis shows that in the case of low SNR and when signal and noise autospectra are constants over the band or signal and noise autospectra fall off at the same rate, the minimum standard deviation of the time delay estimate varies inversely to the SNR, to the square root of the product of observation time and bandwidth, and to the center frequency (provided <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">W^{2}/12 f\min{0}\max{2} \ll 1</tex> , where <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">W</tex> = bandwidth and <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">f_{0}</tex> = center frequency of the band). The only difference in the case of a high SNR is that the standard deviation varies inversely to the square root of the SNR, and all other parameter relationships are the same. We also address the effects of different signal and noise autospectral slopes on the variance of the time delay estimate in passive localization.
Intervertebral disc, sensory nerves and neurotrophins: who is who in discogenic pain? (2010)

The normal intervertebral disc (IVD) is a poorly innervated organ supplied only by sensory (mainly nociceptive) and postganglionic sympathetic (vasomotor efferents) nerve fibers. Interestingly, upon degeneration, the IVD becomes densely innervated even in regions that in normal conditions lack innervation. This increased innervation has been associated with pain of IVD origin. The mechanisms responsible for nerve growth and hyperinnervation of pathological IVDs have not been fully elucidated. Among the molecules that are presumably involved in this process are some members of the family of neurotrophins (NTs), which are known to have both neurotrophic and neurotropic properties and regulate the density and distribution of nerve fibers in peripheral tissues. NTs and their receptors are expressed in healthy IVDs but much higher levels have been observed in pathological IVDs, thus suggesting a correlation between levels of expression of NTs and density of innervation in IVDs. In addition, NTs also play a role in inflammatory responses and pain transmission by increasing the expression of pain-related peptides and modulating synapses of nociceptive neurons at the spinal cord. This article reviews current knowledge about the innervation of IVDs, NTs and NT receptors, expression of NTs and their receptors in IVDs as well as in the sensory neurons innervating the IVDs, the proinflammatory role of NTs, NTs as nociception regulators, and the potential network of discogenic pain involving NTs.
The hope for an HIV vaccine based on induction of CD8+ T lymphocytes: a review (2008)

The only long-term and cost-effective solution to the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic in the developing world is a vaccine that prevents individuals from becoming infected or, once infected, from passing the virus on to others. There is currently little hope for an AIDS vaccine. Conventional attempts to induce protective antibody and CD8(+) lymphocyte responses against HIV and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) have failed. The enormous diversity of the virus has only recently been appreciated by vaccinologists, and our assays to determine CD8(+) lymphocyte antiviral efficacy are inadequate. The central hypothesis of a CTL-based vaccine is that particularly effective CD8(+) lymphocytes directed against at least five epitopes that are derived from regions under functional and structural constraints will control replication of pathogenic SIV. This would be somewhat analogous to control of virus replication by triple drug therapy or neutralizing antibodies.
A boost DC-AC converter: operation, analysis, control and experimentation (2002)

This paper proposes a new voltage source inverter referred to as a boost inverter or boost DC-AC converter. The main attribute of the new inverter topology is the fact that it generates an AC output voltage larger than the DC input one, depending on the instantaneous duty-cycle. This property is not found in the classical voltage source inverter which produces an AC output instantaneous voltage always lower than the DC input voltage. Operation, analysis, modulation, control strategy and experimental results are included in this paper. The new inverter is intended to be used in UPS design, whenever an AC voltage larger than the DC link voltage is needed, with no need of a second power conversion stage.
SHALLOW‐MARINE MICROPOROUS CARBONATE RESERVOIR ROCKS IN THE MIDDLE EAST: RELATIONSHIP WITH SEAWATER Mg/Ca RATIO AND EUSTATIC SEA LEVEL (2009)

The formation of shallow‐marine microporous carbonate reservoir rocks remains poorly understood in spite of their economic importance, particularly in the Middle East. In this paper, we investigate relationships between the stratigraphic occurrence of these carbonates in the Middle East and (i) the evolution of the Mg/Ca ratio in seawater; and (ii) cyclic variations in relative sea‐level. An inventory of carbonate formations in the Middle East was compiled for three geological time intervals characterised by different seawater chemistries: the Late Carboniferous to Triassic (aragonite seas); the Cretaceous (calcite seas); and the Cenozoic (transitional from calcite to aragonite seas). For each time interval, carbonate formations described as microporous have been listed. During the Cretaceous calcite sea, eleven microporous carbonate formations were deposited in the Middle East. However, no microporous carbonates were formed during the Late Carboniferous to Triassic, a time of aragonite seas. During the Cenozoic, four of the five microporous carbonate formations recorded were deposited before the transition from calcite to aragonite seas. Thus, these shallow‐marine microporous carbonates appear to have developed from precursor muds which were mainly composed of low‐Mg calcite crystals. Moreover, during the Cretaceous and the Cenozoic, microporous carbonate formations in the Middle East were generally associated with major transgressions and highstands of relative sea level. The relatively high stability of low‐Mg calcite muds may explain why shallow‐marine microporous carbonates formed during time intervals with calcite seas. In contrast to muds composed of aragonite or high‐Mg calcite crystals, the original microfabric (including intercrystalline microporosity) of low‐Mg calcite muds can partly survive moderate diagenesis.
Purification and Characterization of a Novel Aminoacylase from<i>Streptomyces mobaraensis</i> (2005)

A novel aminoacylase was purified to homogeneity from culture broth of Streptomyces mobaraensis, as evidenced by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The enzyme was a monomer with an approximate molecular mass of 100 kDa. The purified enzyme was inhibited by the presence of 1,10-phenanthroline and activated by the addition of Co2+. It was stable at temperatures of up to 60 degrees C for 1 h at pH 7.2. It showed broad substrate specificity to N-acetylated L-amino acids. It catalyzed the hydrolysis of the amide bonds of various N-acetylated L-amino acids, except for Nepsilon-acetyl-L-lysine and N-acetyl-L-proline. Hydrolysis of N-acetyl-L-methionine and N-acetyl-L-histidine followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with K(m) values of 1.3+/-0.1 mM and 2.7+/-0.1 mM respectively. The enzyme also catalyzed the deacetylation of 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA) and cephalosporin C. Moreover, feruloylamino acids and L-lysine derivatives of ferulic acid derivatives were synthesized in an aqueous buffer using the enzyme.
Optimal pulse width modulation for three-level inverters (2004)

The three-level neutral-point-clamped voltage source inverter is widely used in high power, medium voltage applications. This paper studies continuous and discontinuous PWM for this inverter. Detailed analysis of discontinuous modulation shows that the average switching frequency is not directly proportional to the carrier or sampling frequency, since additional switching transitions occur between different regions of discontinuity. At typical switching frequencies for high power applications (up to 2 kHz) these additional transitions contribute significantly to the inverter's total losses, so that a proper comparison of the harmonic performance can only be carried out under constant loss conditions with varying carrier frequency. This comparison is performed for a typical industrial medium voltage inverter. The paper then considers the major issues of neutral-point voltage balancing and loss distribution within the inverter, for the identified optimal modulation schemes.
The Experimental Design of a Mobile Pressure Suit (1970)

An important objective in the development of a pressure suit for a human being is to permit the wearer full mobility, whether pressurized or not, without interfering with physical capability. Although the human skin is stretched during body motion, there is virtually no stretch along certain lines, here called “lines of nonextension.” This fact was utilized as the design basis for a series of experimental pressure suits that were developed to demonstrate that it was possible to achieve natural mobility and minimal ballooning in such suits. The detailed program of investigation pursued during the phase of study being reported on was: (1) to map out these lines of nonextension; (2) to test whether string elements of high elastic modulus, a connected network, could be laid along these lines of nonextension without resulting in any constraint to mobility; (3) to obtain a highly mobile pressure-retaining layer to be constrained by the net; and (4) to construct and demonstrate an entire pressure-retaining garment system that makes use of all necessary layers and string elements in a completely connected netted covering for the body with minimal constraint to mobility at pressures up to 5 psi. The technique, result, and collateral observations relevant to each of these phases are described. A mobile, pressure-retaining garment was developed by building each structural, functional layer into the composite garment in accordance with the basic design theory.
[Distribution of connexin 43 and interstitial cells of Cajal in bowels of children with Hirschsprung's disease]. (2009)

The absence of Cx43 and ICC expression in the aganglionic bowel and the destruction of the gap junction may induce the dysfunctions of intercellular substance exchange and communication transmission, which might partly be responsible for the pathogenesis of HD.
In Vitro Activity of TD-6424 against<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (2003)

ABSTRACT TD-6424, a rapidly bactericidal agent with multiple mechanisms of action, is more potent in vitro and more rapidly bactericidal than currently available agents against methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus . TD-6424 produces a postantibiotic effect with a duration of 4 to 6 h against these organisms. The results suggest potential efficacy against susceptible and resistant strains of S. aureus .
Controlling a Robotic Marine Environmental Sampler with the Ruby Scripting Language (2007)

The Environmental Sample Processor (ESP) is an autonomous robotic instrument developed at the Monterey Bay Research Aquarium Institute (MBARI) that operates below the ocean's surface, sampling raw seawater and executing a variety of sample manipulation and analytical protocols, in situ. It uses DNA and antibody probes to identify marine planktonic organisms and substances they produce. Initial prototypes of the ESP were hosted on an Intel i486 CPU running a commercial real-time operating system (OS). The application, coded in C++, included a custom ‘macro’ language interpreter to direct biochemical analyses. To achieve greater flexibility and minimize the development effort for the 2nd generation of the ESP (2G ESP), MBARI replaced its ‘macro’ language with a general purpose, open-source scripting language, selecting Ruby for its unique combination of a succinct, English-like syntax with a seamless underlying object-oriented paradigm. The 2G ESP application, aside from custom servo control firmware, is coded entirely in Ruby, hosted on a low-power ARM9 CPU running Linux. Servo control was distributed onto a network of dedicated microcontrollers to cope with the nondeterministic delays inherent in the Linux operating system and Ruby interpreter.
Enzyme Pattern and Aerobic Growth of <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> Under Various Degrees of Glucose Limitation (1968)

The enzyme pattern of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was followed during batch growth and in continuous culture in a synthetic medium limited for glucose under aerobic conditions. Seven enzymes were measured: succinate-cytochrome c oxidoreductase, malate dehydrogenase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-linked glutamate dehydrogenase, malate synthase, isocitrate lyase, aldolase, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP(+))-linked glutamate dehydrogenase. During fermentation of glucose and high growth rate (mu) during the first log phase in batch experiments, the first five enzymes (group I) were repressed, and aldolase and NADP(+)-linked glutamate dehydrogenase (group II) were derepressed. During growth on the accumulated ethyl alcohol and lower mu, the group I enzymes were preferentially formed and the other two were repressed. A sequence of derepression of the group I enzymes was found during the shift from glucose to ethyl alcohol metabolism, which can be correlated with a strong increase in the percentage of single (nonbudding) cells in the population. A correlation between the state of cells in the budding cycle and enzyme repression and derepression is suggested. In continuous culture, the enzyme pattern was shown to be related to the growth rate. The group I enzymes were repressed at high growth rates, while the group II enzymes were derepressed. Each enzyme exhibits a different dependence. The enzyme pattern is shown to depend on the rate of substrate consumption as well as on the type of metabolism and to be correlated with the budding cycle. The enzyme pattern is considered to be controlled by changes of intracellular catabolic or metabolic conditions inherent in the division cycle.
A progressive code digital quantizer (1953)

The analog-to-digital converter described receives analog information obtainable from a graph reader or other analog source and gives a corresponding numerical indication. A progressive coding scheme is used to lessen chances of wrong readings. Several circuits are given for obtaining digital indication, the basic principle being based on comparing the analog voltage with the sum of a finite geometric series. A readout circuit is described for converting the coded digital indication to conventional decimal form for visual reading or for punching International Business Machines (IBM) cards.
Genomic Organization, Expression, and Analysis of the Troponin C Gene <i>pat-10</i> of <i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i> (1999)

We have cloned and characterized the troponin C gene, pat-10 of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. At the amino acid level nematode troponin C is most similar to troponin C of Drosophila (45% identity) and cardiac troponin C of vertebrates. Expression studies demonstrate that this troponin is expressed in body wall muscle throughout the life of the animal. Later, vulval muscles and anal muscles also express this troponin C isoform. The structural gene for this troponin is pat-10 and mutations in this gene lead to animals that arrest as twofold paralyzed embryos late in development. We have sequenced two of the mutations in pat-10 and both had identical two mutations in the gene; one changes D64 to N and the other changes W153 to a termination site. The missense alteration affects a calcium-binding site and eliminates calcium binding, whereas the second mutation eliminates binding to troponin I. These combined biochemical and in vivo studies of mutant animals demonstrate that this troponin is essential for proper muscle function during development.
Emerging ocular biomarkers of Alzheimer disease (2016)

Interest in reliable biomarkers of Alzheimer disease, the leading cause of dementia, has been fuelled by challenges in diagnosing the disease and monitoring disease progression as well as the response to therapy. A range of ocular manifestations of Alzheimer disease, including retinal and lens amyloid-beta accumulation, retinal nerve fiber layer loss, and retinal vascular changes, have been proposed as potential biomarkers of the disease. Herein, we examine the evidence regarding the potential value of these ocular biomarkers of Alzheimer disease.
Synergistic Deleterious Effect of Hypoxemia and Hypovolemia on Microcirculation in Intestinal Villi* (2013)

During hemorrhagic shock, the occurrence of hypoxemia considerably alters villous intestinal perfusion as it decreases the fraction of perfused villi in a synergistic manner, thereby increasing the risk of villous ischemia. The association of hypoxemia and hemorrhagic shock did not amplify leukocytes adhesion to the endothelium further than either hemorrhagic shock or hypoxemia alone did. As hypoxemia frequently occurs simultaneously with hemorrhagic shock in traumatic conditions, it can worsen gut ischemia leading to the exacerbation of multiple organ failure syndrome.