gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
FGF signalling as a mediator of lineage transitions—Evidence from embryonic stem cell differentiation (2010)

The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling pathway is one of the most ubiquitous in biology. It has diverse roles in development, differentiation and cancer. Embryonic stem (ES) cells are in vitro cell lines capable of differentiating into all the lineages of the conceptus. As such they have the capacity to differentiate into derivatives of all three germ layers and to some extent the extra-embryonic lineages as well. Given the prominent role of FGF signalling in early embryonic development, we explore the role of this pathway in early ES cell differentiation towards the major lineages of the embryo. As early embryonic differentiation is intricately choreographed at the level of morphogenetic movement, adherent ES cell culture affords a unique opportunity to study the basic steps in early lineage specification in the absence of ever shifting complex in vivo microenvironments. Thus recent experiments in ES cell differentiation are able to pinpoint specific FGF dependent lineage transitions that are difficult to resolve in vivo. Here we review the role of FGF signalling in early development alongside the ES cell data and suggest that FGF dependent signalling via phospho-Erk activation maybe a major mediator of transitions in lineage specification.
Ultra-wideband transmitter research (1998)

The generation of ultra-wideband (UWB) pulses is a challenging problem that involves generating pulses with fast rise times on the order of 100 ps and voltages of more than 500 kV. Pulsewidths from 130 ps to a few nanoseconds (ns) are possible. A critical step involves switching high voltages with precision. The use of both gas and oil for the switching medium has been accomplished with varying results. The Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) is pursuing both media in the gas-switched H-series of pulsers and in studies of oil switches that promise good performance in compact packages. We are also pursuing solid-state switched systems that have demonstrated the potential for use in compact systems and in transient antenna arrays with steerable beams. The paper reviews recent progress in fast, high voltage switching and UWB transmitter development. These UWB pulsers and antennas have the potential for use in transient radar, target identification, and communications.
Enhancing I/O throughput via efficient routing and placement for large-scale parallel file systems (2011)

As storage systems get larger to meet the demands of petascale systems, careful planning must be applied to avoid congestion points and extract the maximum performance. In addition, the large data sets generated by such systems makes it desirable for all compute resources to have common access to this data without needing to copy it to each machine. This paper describes a method of placing I/O close to the storage nodes to minimize contention on Cray's SeaStar2+ network, and extends it to a routed Lustre configuration to gain the same benefits when running against a center-wide file system. Our experiments using half of the resources of Spider - the center-wide file system at the Oak Ridge Leadership Computing Facility - show that I/O write bandwidth can be improved by up to 45% (from 71.9 to 104 GB/s) for a direct-attached configuration and by 137% (47.6 GB/s to 115 GB/s) for a routed configuration. We demonstrated up to 20.7% reduction in run-time for production scientific applications. With the full Spider system, we demonstrated over 240 GB/s of aggregate bandwidth using our techniques.
Coherent isotropic averaging in zero-field nuclear magnetic resonance. I. General theory and icosahedral sequences (1995)

We present a general theory of coherent isotropic averaging in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). In a zero external field, magnetic-field pulses can selectively average the internal spin Hamiltonians, while preserving the intrinsic invariance of the spectrum with respect to the sample orientation. The theory predicts the limits of the scaling factors for tensor interactions of different ranks. Time reversal is found to be possible for first- and second-rank tensors with scaling factors of −1/3 and −1/4, respectively. Explicit sequences, based on icosahedral symmetry, are given for a number of optimal scaling factors. To illustrate the theory, an experiment is also presented in the special case of rank-selective decoupling. As in high-field NMR, applications can be expected from the introduction of coherent averaging schemes for zero-field techniques: for example, decouplings (by rank or nuclear species), time reversal, and multipolar experiments (zero-field analog of multiple-quantum NMR).
Clinical significance of micrometastases in axillary lymph nodes assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction in breast cancer patients. (2000)

We evaluated the clinical significance of micrometastases in axillary lymph nodes (AxLNs) of breast cancer patients for prediction of prognosis. Archived formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded AxLN specimens from 129 node-negative breast cancer patients diagnosed by routine H&E staining between 1986 and 1990 were subjected to carcinoembryonic antigen-specific reverse transcription-PCR analysis. Micrometastases were detected in 40 of 129 (31.0%) node-negative breast cancer patients. After a median follow-up period of 105.6 months, log-rank test analysis indicated that 10-year disease-free and overall survival rates by Kaplan-Meier methods were significantly better in patients without micrometastases than in patients with micrometastases [disease-free survival, 87.6% versus 66.1% (P = 0.0008); overall survival, 93.7% versus 67.8% (P = 0.0024)]. The presence of micrometastases in AxLNs was revealed by multivariate analyses to be an independent and significant predictor of clinical outcome. The hazard ratio was 3.992 (95% confidence interval, 1.293-12.323; P = 0.0161) for relapse and 4.293 (95% confidence interval, 1.043-17.675; P = 0.0436) for cancer-related death. The molecular staging of AxLNs using reverse transcription-PCR is useful for prediction of clinical outcome in early-stage breast cancer patients and can provide a powerful and sensitive complement to routine histopathological analysis.
Genomewide Linkage Scan in Schizoaffective Disorder (2005)

Our linkage findings strongly support the existence of loci that influence susceptibility across the functional psychosis spectrum. The DISC1 gene lies within 2.5 megabases of our peak marker on chromosome 1q42 and has been previously implicated in schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and, recently, schizoaffective disorder. Follow-up of this region should use samples enriched for cases of schizoaffective disorder. Our findings have similar implications for the search for genetic variation on chromosome 22q11 that influences susceptibility to psychosis.
AlGaN/GaN High Electron Mobility Transistors (2007)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Physics-based Simulations Basic Material Properties Polarization Surface States Electron Mobility Breakdown Voltage Energy Balance Models Conclusions References
Nanoscale Effects of Ethanol and Naltrexone on Protein Organization in the Plasma Membrane Studied by Photoactivated Localization Microscopy (PALM) (2014)

Pharmacologically relevant levels of ethanol alter the lateral organization of GPI-linked proteins and induce actin cytoskeleton reorganization. Pretreatment with the MOP antagonist naltrexone is protective against ethanol action and significantly reduces the extent to which ethanol remodels the lateral organization of lipid-rafts-associated proteins in the plasma membrane. Super-resolution pcPALM reveals details of ethanol action at the nanoscale level, giving new mechanistic insight on the cellular and molecular mechanisms of its action.
Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys (1990)

Volume 1 addresses the selection and application of ferrous metals and alloys, including cast irons, carbon and low-alloy steels, tool steels, stainless steels, and nickel and cobalt-base superalloys. As the lead volume in the Handbook series, it lays the groundwork for understanding the hierarchical nature of metals and how to leverage the underlying process, structure, property, performance relationships that define them. The volume draws on the knowledge and insight of more than 200 experts with experience in materials-centric product design, manufacturing, and quality control. It contains more than 1,300 illustrations (photographs, charts, and graphs) and over 500 tables filled with alloy designation, composition, and mechanical and physical property data. For information on the print version of Volume 1, ISBN 978-0-87170-377-4, follow this link.
Infection studies with watermelon wilt caused by Fusarium niveum EFS. (1928)

Watermelon wilt, caused by Fusarium niveum, is a serious disease in Iowa and in many other sections of the United States. The present Iowa acreage is less than 10 percent of the acreage before wilt became a factor.\nThree heretofore undescribed seedling symptoms are described. These are: seedling rot, damping off and stunting.\nThe organism may cause lesions on any of the roots. These are at first water-logged and become discolored in advanced stages. The lesions vary in length from a trace to 28 centimeters.\nInfection may be induced thru the use of infested soil, by means of spore suspensions of the organism injected with a hypodermic needle into the hypocotyl and by the insertion of the mycelium into wounds.\nIt is probable that the organism enters the host thru root hairs, root injuries and thru the epidermis of the hypocotyl.\nFusarium niveum has been recovered from primary, secondary and tertiary roots, from stems, petioles, leaves, peduncles, melon flesh and seeds of infected plants.\nThe organism has also been recovered from and observed in the vascular tissues of what appeared to be normal, healthy plants.\nThe organism flourishes at high temperatures. Its optimum on potato dextrose falls between 24 and 32°C., the minimum below 12°C. and the maximum above 35 °C.\nThe organism flourishes on acid media, the optimum falls between pH 4.6 and 6.0 and the minimum below 3.0.\nWith proper technique, seedling susceptibility in the greenhouse gives a good index of the susceptibility to be expected in the field.
`Do-It-Yourself': Self-checkouts, Supermarkets, and the Self-Service Trend in American Business (2009)

A significant portion of sociology has always taken as its central focus the underlying relationship between economy and society. This dissertation continues this tradition by examining how self-service and its `do-it-yourself' ethos is changing the U.S. economy and the way in which Americans consume goods and services. Focusing upon the supermarket industry and the three principle stakeholder groups involved - employers, employees, and consumers - this dissertation examines why businesses are adopting automated checkout lanes. Particular attention is given to the reasons cited for their introduction, their effect upon work and employment in the industry, and the public's perception and attitude towards the technology. This dissertation adopts a multi-method approach, using information collected from eighty face-to-face interviews with customers, employees, and store managers, as well as secondary data and nonparticipant observation. Secondary data sources include published economic indicators and employment statistics, as well as information provided by newspapers and retail industry publications; nonparticipant observation was used to collect field notes documenting staffing levels, customer behavior, and other related information. Precisely why self-checkouts are being introduced remains a much-debated issue. Interviews indicate that organized labor and consumers view them as primarily a cost-cutting mechanism, yet labor costs within the industry continue to rise and employment remains relatively stable. At present, a number of social and economic barriers currently limit the extent of their use in stores; these factors include theft, maintenance, perceptions of service, internal controls, and specific labor contract provisions. Results also suggest that external, rather than internal, market factors may be driving current employment trends, including competition in the low-wage labor market and the emergence of non-union competition into the retail food industry. The benefits offered to consumers remains unclear. A majority of customers surveyed still prefer conventional cashier lanes, yet self-checkout clearly appeals to some consumers due to the perceived speed, control, and independence. However, results indicate that under most circumstances self-checkouts are not faster than conventional methods of checkout due to differences in user skill and experience. This may change, however, as similar self-service technologies become increasingly common in the service industry.
Thermal Stability of RNA Phage Virus-Like Particles Displaying Foreign Peptides (2011)

VLPs assembled from MS2 single-chain dimer coat proteins with peptide insertions in one of their AB-loops are somewhat less stable than the wild-type particle, but still resist heating up to about 50°C. Because they possess disulfide cross-links, PP7-derived VLPs provide an alternate platform with even higher stability.
Use of JTAG boundary-scan for testing electronic circuit boards and systems (2008)

Today’s complex printed circuit boards and high-density ball-grid array and other chip-size package ICs have led to the standardization and wide-spread use of JTAG (Joint Test Action Group) boundary-scan technology for test and debug. Topics include the evolution of JTAG standards, basic fundamentals of boundary-scan architecture, board testability using boundary-scan and system-level testing. Additionally, this paper will address the advantages and disadvantages of JTAG testing and propose advanced JTAG test methodologies including remote testing and diagnostics.
Deformation of ferrogels induced by nonuniform magnetic fields (1996)

Materials producing strain in magnetic fields are known as magnetoelastic or magnetostrictive materials. A new type has been developed and the elongation of magnetic field sensitive polymer gels, called ferrogels, has been studied. The driving force of the deformation is the magnetic field gradient which was produced by an electromagnet. Unidirectional deformation measurements have been performed and the dependence of elongation on the current intensity has been reported. An equation for the uniaxial magnetoelastic properties has been derived and it was proven that at small strains the elongation is proportional to the square of steady current intensity. The elastic modulus of ferrogels was found not to be influenced by the magnetic field.
Implementing crest factor reduction (CFR) by offsetting digital predistortion (DPD) coefficients (2012)

A combined approach to digital predistortion (DPD) and crest factor reduction (CFR) is proposed. The new CFR is structured similar to DPD and is implemented by introducing a steady-state offset into the DPD coefficients. The DPD and CFR coefficients are estimated using separate adaptive processes but applied to the transmission path in a common module. Results show that CFR lowers the PAPR of the predistorted signal by 5 dB, which reduces the stress on the peaking transistor in a Doherty PA.
Automatic Quantitative MRI Texture Analysis in Small-for-Gestational-Age Fetuses Discriminates Abnormal Neonatal Neurobehavior (2013)

Background: We tested the hypothesis whether texture analysis (TA) from MR images could identify patterns associated with an abnormal neurobehavior in small for gestational age (SGA) neonates.
Optical biopsy for esophageal squamous cell neoplasia by using endocytoscopy (2022)

ECS has a high diagnostic accuracy and there were no false positives in cases diagnosed and resected as ESCC. Optical biopsy by using ECS for esophageal lesions that are suspected to be tumorous is considered to be sufficient in clinical practice.
Site-Specific Phosphorylation of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 Rev Protein Accelerates Formation of an Efficient RNA-Binding Conformation (1997)

Phosphorylation is important in the regulation of many cellular processes, yet the precise role of protein phosphorylation for many RNA-binding protein substrates remains obscure. In this report, we demonstrate that phosphorylation of a recombinant human immunodeficiency virus type-1 Rev protein promotes rapid formation of an efficient RNA-binding state. The apparent dissociation constant for ligand binding is enhanced 7-fold for the protein following phosphorylation; however, phosphate addition leads to a 1. 6-fold decrease in RNA ligand-protein complex stability. RNA ligand binding stimulates slow formation of an equally competent binding state for the unphosphorylated protein, indicating that the addition of phosphate or ligand binding promotes a similar conformational change in Rev. Phosphorylation directly alters the conformation of Rev, as revealed by modification experiments that monitor the solvent accessibility of cysteines in the protein. These biochemical properties are attributed to the addition of phosphate at one of two serine residues (Ser-54 or Ser-56) that lie within the multimerization domain adjacent to the RNA-binding helix. Glutaraldehyde-mediated cross-linking experiments revealed that phosphorylation of Rev does not affect Rev multimerization activity. The Rev protein from the less pathogenic HIV-2 isolate lacks this phosphorylation site in the amino acid sequence; thus, the described biochemical properties of the phosphorylated protein may contribute to Rev activity and possibly to HIV-1 virulence during natural infection.
Waste Heat Reutilization of Calcined Petroleum Coke (2014)

The waste heat reutilization system of calcined petroleum coke (CPC), installed in the tank calcined furnace, was built. The waste heat reutilization exchanger, included outer heat exchanger and inner heat exchanger, was designed. The axial fins be equipped with heat exchanger tube. The reutilization ratio of waste heat and temperature distribution of CPC were studied. The results showed that the waste heat of CPC is utilized by waste heat reutilization exchanger. The average reutilization ratio of waste heat is 78.9%. Temperature of CPC decrease from heat exchanger inlet to outlet. In the horizontal plane, the maximum temperature point is the middle of space between inner heat exchanger and outer heat exchanger. In the heat exchanger outlet, the temperature of CPC is low. The nonuniformity coefficient value of temperature is 0.0757. The uniformity degree of temperature is better. The oxidation combustion reaction could be prevented.
Liposome‐Mediated Gene Transfer into Normal and Dystrophin‐Deficient Mouse Myoblasts (1995)

A range of tissue types has now been targeted for development of gene therapeutic procedures both to correct genetic defects and to treat acquired disease. In particular, skeletal muscle holds great importance, not exclusively for the treatment of inherited muscle disorders but also as a platform for the expression of heterologous recombinant proteins, destined to immunise the host or to serve some systemic therapeutic goal. With respect to the X-linked myopathy Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), several gene therapy protocols are being developed that focus on complementing primary genetic defects in the DMD gene by introducing copies of recombinant gene constructs into muscle cells both ex vivo and in vivo. In the present study the potential use of a range of polycationic liposomes as physical gene delivery systems for skeletal muscle has been examined. Using a LacZ reporter gene under optimised conditions up to 40% transfection efficiencies were obtained with the mouse myoblast cell line C2C12. With primary cultures of normal and dystrophin-deficient mdx mouse muscle, up to 10% transfection efficiency was obtained with reporter gene constructs, and high levels of recombinant human dystrophin expression were observed following transfer of dystrophin cDNA gene constructs. These in vitro studies indicate that cationic liposomes can be used to deliver recombinant genes to muscle cells at high efficiency and form a basis to expand investigations into in vivo expression of recombinant dystrophin protein either by direct intramuscular gene transfer or via implantation of transfected myoblasts.
Scalable collaborative filtering using cluster-based smoothing (2005)

Memory-based approaches for collaborative filtering identify the similarity between two users by comparing their ratings on a set of items. In the past, the memory-based approach has been shown to suffer from two fundamental problems: data sparsity and difficulty in scalability. Alternatively, the model-based approach has been proposed to alleviate these problems, but this approach tends to limit the range of users. In this paper, we present a novel approach that combines the advantages of these two approaches by introducing a smoothing-based method. In our approach, clusters generated from the training data provide the basis for data smoothing and neighborhood selection. As a result, we provide higher accuracy as well as increased efficiency in recommendations. Empirical studies on two datasets (EachMovie and MovieLens) show that our new proposed approach consistently outperforms other state-of-art collaborative filtering algorithms.
Viral Coinfections among African Children Infected with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (2003)

City-dwelling children from Kenya who were infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) were tested for coinfection with cytomegalovirus (CMV), human T cell lymphotropic viruses 1 and 2, Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), or hepatitis B, C, and G viruses. All children were found to be coinfected with CMV, whereas 5% had hepatitis G virus coinfection and 15% had KSHV coinfection. A protective role for hepatitis G virus cannot be excluded but likely affects only a minority of HIV-1-infected African children.
Does the renin-angiotensin system also regulate intra-ocular pressure? (2008)

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is known to play an essential role in controlling sodium balance and body fluid volumes, and thus blood pressure. In addition to the circulating system which regulates urgent cardiovascular responses, a tissue-localized renin-angiotensin system (RAS) regulates long-term changes in various organs. Many recognized RAS components have also been identified in the human eye. The highly vasoconstrictive angiotensin II (Ang II) is considered the key peptide in the circulatory RAS. However, the ultimate effect of RAS activation at tissue level is more complex, being based not only on the biological activity of Ang II but also on the activities of other products of angiotensinogen metabolism, often exerting opposite effects to Ang II action. In recent studies, orally administered angiotensin II type 1 receptor blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors lower intra-ocular pressure (IOP), likewise topical application of these compounds, the effect being more prominent in ocular hypertensive eyes. Based on previous findings and our own experimental data, it can strongly be suggested that the RAS not only regulates blood pressure but is also involved in the regulation of IOP.