gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The “Salting-out” and “Salting-in” of Weak Acids. I. The Activity Coefficients of the Molecules of Ortho, Meta and Para Chlorobenzoic Acids in Aqueous Salt Solutions<sup>1</sup> (1933)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe "Salting-out" and "Salting-in" of Weak Acids. I. The Activity Coefficients of the Molecules of Ortho, Meta and Para Chlorobenzoic Acids in Aqueous Salt Solutions1Arthur Osol and Martin KilpatrickCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1933, 55, 11, 4430–4440Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1933Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1933https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01338a016https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01338a016research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views163Altmetric-Citations16LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Tympanic epithelial migration (1978)

The literature on tympanic epidermal migration is reviewed. From isotope experiments and whole-mount autoradiographs the tympanic mitotic activity appeared to be confined to an area close to the annulus typmpanicus. A very slow migratory activity was observed of labelled cells, situated in the basal cell layer. Perforation of the tympanic membrane showed no effect on the position of the labels. This slow migration is considered to differ from the rapid epithelial migration described by several authors. The latter migration is suggested to occur in the upper layers of the stratum corneum, and to represent a physiological mechanism taking care of the removal of keratin from the tympanic membrane. The extrusion and displacement of ear grommets might be at least partly attributable to this phenomenon.
LOADING AND ACCELERATED TRAFFICKING EVALUATIONS OF HEAVY DUTY INTERLOCKING CONCRETE BLOCK PAVEMENTS IN FREMANTLE (1982)

The paper begins by describing the design and construction of a series of experimental interlocking concrete block pavements to withstand trafficking by both trucks and heavily loaded off-road vehicles. These pavements incorporated a variety of subbase materials including both unbound granular materials and stabilised materials. The paper reports a series of loading and accelerated trafficking tests designed to determine how the pavements would behave in service under axle loads of up to 900 kn. During these tests a variety of measurement techniques was used to observe both the permanent deformation on rutting and the elastic or resilient deflections. In general the rut depths were less than 30 mm whilst the resilient deflections ranged between 1 and 4 mm. These measures of performance are assessed by reference to established road performance criteria and a detailed evaluation of the performance of each pavement is made. The implications of the tests in the construction of heavy duty block pavements are then summarised (a). The number of the covering abstract of the conference is TRIS No. 368448. (TRRL)
Use of atomic layer epitaxy buffer for the growth of InSb on GaAs by molecular beam epitaxy (1991)

A 300 Å buffer layer of InSb grown by atomic layer epitaxy at a substrate temperature of 300 °C at the GaAs/InSb interface has been employed to grow epitaxial films of InSb having bulk-like properties. The reduction of the defects in the top InSb film has been observed with cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy and channeling Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy. The optimum substrate temperature for the primary InSb layer growth was 420 °C with an atomic flux ratio of Sb to In of 1.4 and a growth rate of 1 μm/h. The best 5-μm-thick InSb layers had x-ray rocking curve widths of 100 s, 77 K n-type carrier concentrations in the low 1015/cm3 range, and 77 K carrier mobilities greater than 105 cm2/V s. Mesa isolated photodiodes had carrier lifetimes of 20 ns, in comparison to 200 ns observed in bulk InSb having a similar carrier concentration. An unexplained, weak free-electron spin resonance transition has been observed in these films.
Cyclized Rubber, Particularly Halide Transformations (1939)

Abstract Boron trifluoride or materials which give rise thereto effect a “cyclization” of rubber in solution: that is, the product is less unsaturated than the original rubber. A particular degree of conversion has been shown to give a tough material, which produces strongly adherent films possessing a high degree of alkali-resistance. When used as a paint medium the material acts as an unsaponifiable “breather” and pigment protector, allowing (unlike “sealers”) the passage of aqueous solutions. For this reason it appears suitable for use on plaster and concrete. Analysis of the purified product indicates appreciable oxidation at some stage and it may be further oxidized by aging at raised temperature or by reagents such as hydrogen peroxide. The oxidation products are not identical. The conversion product yields also a hard vulcanized product resembling hard vulcanized rubber, but less thermoplastic and containing less sulfur than hard rubber produced under the same conditions. This work has been carried out on behalf of the Rubber Producers' Research Association, to whom the authors are indebted for permission to publish.
Concurrency preserving partitioning (CPP) for parallel logic simulation (1996)

Based on a linear ordering of vertices in a directed graph, a linear-time partitioning algorithm for parallel logic simulation is presented. Unlike most other partitioning algorithms, the proposed algorithm preserves circuit concurrency by assigning to processors circuit gates that can be evaluated at about the same time. As a result, the concurrency preserving partitioning (CPP) algorithm can provide better load balancing throughout the period of a parallel simulation. This is especially important when the algorithm is used together with a Time Warp simulation where a high degree of concurrency can lead to fewer rollbacks and better performance. The algorithm consists of three phases, and three conflicting goals can be separately considered in each phase so to reduce computational complexity. A parallel gate-level circuit simulator is implemented on an Intel Paragon machine to evaluate the performance of the CPP algorithm. The results are compared with two other partitioning algorithms to show that reasonable speedup may be achieved with the algorithm.
Chip-Scale Molecular Clock (2018)

An ultra-stable time-keeping device is presented, which locks its output clock frequency to the rotational-mode transition of polar gaseous molecules. Based on a high-precision spectrometer in the sub-terahertz (THz) range, our new clocking scheme realizes not only fully electronic operation but also implementations using mainstream CMOS technology. Meanwhile, the small wavelength of probing wave and high absorption intensity of our adopted molecules (carbonyl sulfide, <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">16</sup> O <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">12</sup> C <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">32</sup> S) also enable miniaturization of the gas cell. All these result in an “atomic-clock-grade” frequency reference with small size, power, and cost. This paper provides the architectural and chip-design details of the first proof-of-concept molecular clock using a 65-nm CMOS bulk technology. Using a 231.061-GHz phase-locked loop (PLL) with frequency-shift keying (FSK) modulation and a sub-THz FET detector with integrated lock-in function, the chip probes the accurate transition frequency of carbonyl sulfide (OCS) gas inside a single-mode waveguide, and accordingly adjusts the 80-MHz output of a crystal oscillator. The clock consumes only 66 mW of dc power and has a measured Allan deviation of 3.8 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-10</sup> at an averaging time of τ = 1000 s.
A consistent estimation criterion for multisensor bearings-only tracking (1996)

The problem of multitarget tracking using bearings-only measurements is addressed, when the number of targets is unknown a priori. The minimum description length (MDL) criterion of Rissanen is first chosen as a natural way to determine the number of targets when a prior distribution is unavailable. However, it is shown that MDL results in inconsistent estimates of the number of targets, and hence a modified estimation criterion, which is shown to yield unbiased target estimates, is proposed. The resulting asymptotically unbiased target identification (AUTI) algorithm corresponds to the computation of joint maximum likelihood (ML) estimates of target states and associations, with an additional penalty term to prevent overparameterization. The problem of data association is solved using a set of parallel simulated annealing algorithms over the sensors and scans. As the associations are formed by annealing, a conventional nonlinear programming algorithm simultaneously estimates the target states (position and velocity). This partitioning is justified by examining the structure of the bearings-only tracking problem under clairvoyant associations; It is shown that the norm squared of the target state error vector is a Lyapunov function for a gradient descent differential equation. As a consequence, an idealized nonlinear programming algorithm (steepest descent with infinitesimal step size) is globally convergent. A practical algorithm is then developed for identification of the number of targets, which combines simulated annealing for associations, and the Gauss-Newton algorithm for target state estimation. Simulation results are presented which compare the tracking performance of the MDL and AUTI algorithms.
THE DESIGN OF AN ON-LINE SIGNATURE VERIFICATION SYSTEM: FROM THEORY TO PRACTICE (1994)

This paper reports on the major decisions that have to be made throughout the design phase of an automatic signature verification system. It shows how knowledge about signature control and generation, in terms of a realistic mathematical and psychophysical model, can be helpful in guiding and orienting design choices and related research activities. A system designed according to this methodology is described and the results of a robust forgery test are presented.
Urban Anomaly Detection (2016)

Internet-enabled, location aware smart phones with sensor inputs have led to novel urban infra-structure monitoring applications exploiting unprecedented high levels of citizen participation in dense metropolitan areas. For policy makers, it is a key task to keep track of trends and developments of reported infra-structure issues for understanding and effectively reacting to problems around a city, specially in their early stages. In contrast to previous strategies which consider only limited information such as text and geographic locations, we analyze the urban dynamics of crowdsourced collected data using an existing approach that considers a novel modeling of heterogeneous attributes and relationships in the data. First, the underlying data is modeled into a heterogeneous network, in which it's measured for each node its current level of anomalousness for a desired time interval (e.g. a week) and then the most anomalous network's subgraph is extracted and described by means of problem category, geographical area, time and participants. First experiments illustrate the effectiveness and efficiency of leveraging this anomaly detection approach in our use-case (participatory infra-structure monitoring).
The Demand for Engineers—Projections Through 1987 (1983)

Engineering manpower constitutes an important national resource where demand and supply must be in reasonable balance to assure continued economic growth. The paper establishes a demand analysis to predict the need for engineers in 15 industry groups through 1987, subject to various economic scenarios. It is shown that for total engineering employment in any industry segment the constant dollar gross national product fraction per engineer is only a slowly varying function of time. A least-square fit of this ratio versus time is shown to be an adequate predictor of employment and can be used for extrapolation with confidence. A parallel analysis is also developed for engineers employed in research and development. It is shown that, in general, the need for new engineers due to economic growth is smaller than the need to make up for attrition due to death, retirement, promotions out of engineering and voluntary leaving of the profession. The high mobility rate of engineers out of the profession is significant and its importance has not previously been documented. The paper concludes with a preliminary discussion of the balance between supply and demand. Even with a healthy economic growth the nation is likely to produce a small excess of engineering graduates over the near future. However, there will be a shortage of engineers holding advanced degrees for entry into research and development, even if R&D sees only a moderate growth. Better industry-university cooperation is called for to encourage engineers to undertake advanced degrees, to assess actual future needs and to advise students to select appropriate engineering disciplines.
SELECTIVITY OF HERBICIDES (1946)

With the introduction of new organic chemicals, the use of selective herbicides is finding broader application. Stimulated by war conditions, their use offers a promising method for increasing efficiency and reducing drudgery of agricultural production. Early work on selective herbicides is reviewed by ?slander (1), and by Bobbins, Crafts, and Raynor (17). This paper considers selectivity from a broader viewpoint, discussing the selective killing of annual weeds in crops of the family Umbelliferae by oils, the control of annuals and shallow-rooted perennials among deep-rooted perennial crops, and the selective use of growth regulators as sprays and soil amendments. Plants differ in many ways ; their surfaces vary in form and chemical composition ; some are easily wet by aqueous sprays ; others are difficult to wet. Surface coatings vary in permeability, and protoplasm responds specifically to different chemicals. The gross structure of plants varies in such a way that the meristematic tissues of some are exposed and vulnerable to sprays, others have their growing points protected. Because of these differences certain weeds may be destroyed in growing crops with little or no injury to the latter. The nature of selectivity
Epidemiological typing of Moraxella catarrhalis by using DNA probes (1993)

Small-fragment restriction enzyme analysis and DNA-DNA hybridization were used to compare 60 strains of Moraxella catarrhalis isolated from various geographic locations. Restriction enzyme analysis with HaeIII resulted in 46 different patterns, 7 of which were shared by more than one isolate. Hybridizations with two DNA probes resulted in 18 different patterns, 11 of which were shared by more than one isolate. Strains with the same restriction enzyme pattern always had the same hybridization pattern. However, of the 50 strains that shared the 11 hybridization patterns, 39 could be further differentiated by restriction enzyme analysis. We found that hybridization is a method that is specific for the epidemiological typing of M. catarrhalis, but because of limited sensitivity, combination with small-fragment restriction enzyme analysis may be necessary to better determine the relatedness of strains.
<i>N</i>‐(2‐Hydroxyethyl)phenazinium derivatives of oligonucleotides as effectors of the sequence‐specific modification of nucleic acids with reactive oligonucleotide derivatives (1988)

It has been found that mono- and especially diphenazinium derivatives of oligonucleotides complementary to the DNA sequence adjacent to the target sequence of the addressed alkylation of DNA, significantly enhance the extent and specificity of alkylation with p-(N-2-chloroethyl-N-methylamino)benzylamide derivatives of the addressing oligonucleotides, thus playing the role of effector of the sequence-specific (complementary addressed) modification.
<title>Multisensor application for mines and minelike target detection in the operational environment</title> (1996)

The US Army through the Night Vision and Electronic Sensors Directorate, Countermine Division is presently undertaking the application of multisensor methodologies to the mine detection need in a clutter-filled operational environment. Significant capabilities are being revealed through the conduct of US Government sponsored testing activities. This paper will discuss the state of multi-sensor applications to the US Army's Vehicular Mounted Mine Detection program. The intent is to present the community with results of developmental testing for multisensor mine detection approaches and define future strategies for technology integration of the Vehicular Mounted Mine Detection Advanced Technology Demonstration program.
Flow identification for supporting per-flow queueing (2002)

Over the last several years there has been considerable interest in multimedia communications over the Internet. This paper investigates one of the key technical issues in supporting per-flow queueing-flow identification. We present several hashing-based flow identification approaches and examine their performance and scalability limits with a quantitative analysis and a simulation study with backbone traffic traces. Of the hashing schemes we studied, 32-bit CRC and XOR-folding of the five-tuple demonstrate excellent performance, both on the memory requirement for a collision rate target, and on the number of collided flows on average and in the worst-case. Our findings show that, with hashing-based schemes, it is feasible to implement flow identification at high speeds to support hundreds of thousands of flows with resource reservation.
Mechanical Properties and Microstructures of Warm-Extruded Carbon Steels (1973)

The main advantages of warm forging have been thought to be in that products are worked more precisely by warm forging than by hot forging, under a lower deformation pressure than by cold forging. However, little attention has been given to the mechanical properties of warm-forged products. It is necessary to have a fuller understanding of the effects of the working conditions on the mechanical properties of warm-forged products for applications of warm forging, because warm-forged products have various mechanical properties according to the working conditions. Therefore plain carbon steels containing 0.20% C to 0.53% C have been extruded in the temperature range from 300°C to 900°C with reductions of 40, 60 and 80% in cross-sectional in order to investigate the effects of working temperature, reduction of area and carbon content on the mechanical properties and microstructures of the products.The results obtained were as follows:(1) Tensile strength, elongation and hardness of products varied rather regularly with carbon content and working temperature. But they were not greatly influenced by the reduction of area.(2) The impact values varied in a complex manner with the combination of carbon content, working temperature and reduction of area. The impact values of products extruded with high sectional reductions in area increased remarkably even at lower working temperatures.(3) The increase in impact values of warm-extruded low carbon steels seems to be due to the recovery and recrystallization of ferrite, while medium carbon steels seems to increase their impact values due to the fibrous pearlite formed by extrusion in addition to the recovery and recrystallization of ferrite.
Relation between left ventricular function and oxidative stress in patients undergoing bypass surgery (1998)

The capacity to counterbalance oxidative burst following ischaemia and reperfusion appears to be related to the functional ability of the heart.
Coherent Noise Reduction in High Visibility Phase-Sensitive Optical Time Domain Reflectometer for Distributed Sensing of Ultrasonic Waves (2013)

Phase-sensitive optical time domain reflectometry (φOTDR) is a simple and effective tool allowing the distributed monitoring of vibrations along single-mode fibers. Up to now, φOTDRs have been used mostly for the measurement of sub-kHz vibrations, normally in the context of intrusion sensing. In this paper, the authors present an experimental and theoretical description of a high-visibility φOTDR and its performance when used for ultrasonic vibration measurements. The use of a semiconductor optical amplifier in the setup allows to suppress coherent noise and also to improve the spectral response of the pump pulses. These two advantages greatly decrease the detected intra-band noise thus allowing frequency measurements in the limits set by the time of flight of the light pulses while maintaining the simplicity of the scheme, as no post-processing, extremely high coherence lasers or coherent detection methods are required. The sensor was able to measure vibrations of up to 39.5 kHz with a resolution of 5 m over a range which could go up to 1.25 km. This is the first time to our knowledge that a fully distributed measurement of ultrasonic waves was achieved. The statistical behavior of the system was also described theoretically and characterized experimentally.
New biochemical markers in chronic heart failure (2001)

We investigated the plasma levels of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), leptin and insulin, and their relation to body mass index (BMI) in 80 male patients who presented with chronic heart failure (mean age: 47 +/- 4 years) at Tanta University Hospital. Plasma leptin, TNF-alpha and insulin were significantly increased and BMI significantly decreased in New York Heart Association classes III and IV patients. TNF-alpha, leptin and insulin were positively correlated, and TNF-alpha and BMI and leptin and BMI were negatively correlated in stages III and IV of heart failure. We conclude that cytokine neuroendocrine activation may form part of advanced stage heart failure. It may also be responsible for worsening cachexia, and can be used as a marker to determine disease severity.