gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhanced microfracture techniques in cartilage knee surgery: Fact or fiction? (2014)

The limited intrinsic healing potential of human articular cartilage is a well-known problem in orthopedic surgery. Thus a variety of surgical techniques have been developed to reduce joint pain, improve joint function and delay the onset of osteoarthritis. Microfractures as a bone marrow stimulation technique present the most common applied articular cartilage repair procedure today. Unfortunately the deficiencies of fibrocartilaginous repair tissue inevitably lead to breakdown under normal joint loading and clinical results deteriorate with time. To overcome the shortcomings of microfracture, an enhanced microfracture technique was developed with an additional collagen I/III membrane (Autologous, Matrix-Induced Chondrogenesis, AMIC(®)). This article reviews the pre-clinical rationale of microfractures and AMIC(®), presents clinical studies and shows the advantages and disadvantages of these widely used techniques. PubMed and the Cochrane database were searched to identify relevant studies. We used a comprehensive search strategy with no date or language restrictions to locate studies that examined the AMIC(®) technique and microfracture. Search keywords included cartilage, microfracture, AMIC(®), knee, Chondro-Gide(®). Besides this, we included our own experiences and study authors were contacted if more and non published data were needed. Both cartilage repair techniques represent an effective and safe method of treating full-thickness chondral defects of the knee in selected cases. While results after microfracture deteriorate with time, mid-term results after AMIC(®) seem to be enduring. Randomized studies with long-term follow-up are needed whether the grafted area will maintain functional improvement and structural integrity over time.
View Synchronous Communication in Large Scale Networks (1995)

This paper presents the specific problems related to the implementation of VSC in a large scale network (e.g. Internet). The paper also shows how these problems are solved within Phoenix, a group oriented platform under development. Specifically the Phoenix implementation of VSC allows progress in cases where traditional solutions would block forever. 1 Introduction
Probabilistic Atlas-guided Eigen-organ Method for Simultaneous Bounding Box Estimation of Multiple Organs in Volumetric CT Images (2006)

We propose an approach for the simultaneous bounding box estimation of multiple organs in volumetric CT images. Local eigen-organ spaces are constructed for different types of training organs, and a global eigen-space, which describes the spatial relationships between the organs, is also constructed. Each volume of interest in the abdominal CT image is projected into the local eigen-organ spaces, and several candidate locations are determined. The final selection of the organ locations is made by projecting the set of candidate locations into the global eigen-space. A probabilistic atlas of organs is used to eliminate locations with low probability and to guide the selection of candidate locations. Evaluation by the leave-one-out method using 10 volumetric abdominal CT images showed that the proposed method provided an average accuracy of 80.38 % for 11 different organ types.
Systematic method for determining an ideal housekeeping gene for real-time PCR analysis. (2008)

To standardize the amount of biological material between samples (e.g., number of cells or amount of tissue) for quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (qRT-PCR), the cycle of the target gene at which expression is detected (the cycle threshold, or Ct) is divided by the Ct of a gene either thought to be unaffected by experimental conditions or similarly expressed among donors. Genes that maintain cellular structure or homeostasis, referred to as housekeeping genes, or 18S ribosomal RNA are often used for this purpose. Although unstable or inconsistent housekeeping gene expression will misrepresent experimental effects on target gene expression, housekeeping genes are often chosen arbitrarily rather than systematically. We designed a simple and systematic approach towards selection of housekeeping genes based on Ct variance (as reflected by the standard deviation) and normality of distribution. We validated this approach by comparing stability and consistency of expression of 11 housekeeping genes across different types of cells, experimental treatments, and human donors. Finally, we demonstrated the consequences of inconsistent housekeeping gene expression on the calculation of target gene expression, and conclude that validation of stability of housekeeping gene expression by considering both distribution normality and standard deviation is straightforward and critical for proper experimental design.
Requirement for Hippocampal CA3 NMDA Receptors in Associative Memory Recall (2002)

Pattern completion, the ability to retrieve complete memories on the basis of incomplete sets of cues, is a crucial function of biological memory systems. The extensive recurrent connectivity of the CA3 area of hippocampus has led to suggestions that it might provide this function. We have tested this hypothesis by generating and analyzing a genetically engineered mouse strain in which the N-methyl-D-asparate (NMDA) receptor gene is ablated specifically in the CA3 pyramidal cells of adult mice. The mutant mice normally acquired and retrieved spatial reference memory in the Morris water maze, but they were impaired in retrieving this memory when presented with a fraction of the original cues. Similarly, hippocampal CA1 pyramidal cells in mutant mice displayed normal place-related activity in a full-cue environment but showed a reduction in activity upon partial cue removal. These results provide direct evidence for CA3 NMDA receptor involvement in associative memory recall.
A Meaning for Mock-Heroic (1988)

For anyone concerned for the relations of poetry to the ‘real’ world, and with the power of poetry to transform the real, mock-heroic is, in fact, of special interest. By its very nature it indicates a discrepancy between reality on the one hand and, on the other, poetry, language, art; or rather, it announces that reality is being changed by art. By emphasising its means, by calling attention, that is, to its choice of event, of verse level, of vocabulary, to each of the moves by which it mimes the epic, it declares itself to be art and revels in the fact. True: since its aim is partly satiric, it will show, in one perspective, that the reality selected for the poem is unworthy of the artistry bestowed on it; yet, from another perspective, the positive transformation of that unworthy real is the process by which the poetry redeems as well as judges — the process, one might say, in which the poetry functions most inwardly as poetry.
Mechanism of Vinylic and Allylic Carbon−Fluorine Bond Activation of Non-Perfluorinated Olefins Using Cp*<sub>2</sub>ZrH<sub>2</sub> (2002)

Cp(2)ZrH(2) (1) (Cp = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) reacts with vinylic carbon-fluorine bonds of CF(2)=CH(2) and 1,1-difluoromethylenecyclohexane (CF(2)=C(6)H(10)) to afford Cp(2)ZrHF (2) and hydrodefluorinated products. Experimental evidence suggests that an insertion/beta-fluoride elimination mechanism is occurring. Complex 1 reacts with allylic C-F bonds of the olefins, CH(2)=CHCF(3), CH(2)=CHCF(2)CF(2)CF(2)CF(3), and CH(2)=C(CF(3))(2) to give preferentially 2 and CH(3)-CH=CF(2), CH(3)-CH=CF-CF(2)CF(2)CF(3), and CF(2)=C(CF(3))(CH(3)), respectively, by insertion/beta-fluoride elimination. In the reactions of 1 with CH(2)=CHCF(3) and CH(2)=CHCF(2)CF(2)CF(2)CF(3), both primary and secondary alkylzirconium olefin insertion intermediates were observed in the (1)H and (19)F NMR spectra at low temperature. A deuterium labeling study revealed that more than one olefin-dihydride complex is likely to exist prior to olefin insertion. In the presence of excess 1 and H(2), CH(2)=CHCF(3) and CH(2)=CHCF(2)CF(2)CF(2)CF(3) are reduced to propane and (E)-CH(3)CH(2)CF=CFCF(2)CF(3), respectively.
PROTECTIVE EFFECT OF EMBLICA OFFICINALIS FRUIT EXTRACT AGAINST GAMMA IRRADIATION IN MICE (2006)

Summary Treatment of mice with Emblica officinalis extract (EOE) before exposure to different doses of gamma radiation reduced the severity of symptoms of radiation sickness and mortality. EOE pretreatment protected mice against the gastrointestinal as well as bone marrow deaths, as evidenced by the greater number of survivors. The dose reduction factor (DRF) was found to be 1.9 for EOE +irradiation group. The values of serum acid phosphatase activity were significantly higher in the irradiated group throughout the experiment as compared to normal. However, this activity in E. officinalis pretreated irradiated animals showed a significant decline over untreated irradiated animals at all the autopsy intervals, and attained the normal value on day 5 th . Conversely, a marked decrease in serum alkaline phosphatase activity was noted in both the irradiated groups, but in the E.officinalis pretreated irradiated group, these values were found to be significantly higher than the irradiated control at early intervals but became normal at day 5 post-irradiation and onwards. Irradiation resulted an elevation in lipid peroxidation (LPx) and a decline in glutathione (GSH) level in liver as well as blood. On the other hand, treatment of animals with Emblica officinalis extract before irradiation caused a significant decrease in LPx and a marked elevation in GSH.
File recipe compression in data deduplication systems (2013)

Data deduplication systems discover and exploit redundancies between different data blocks. The most common approach divides data into chunks and identifies redundancies via fingerprints. The file content can be rebuilt by combining the chunk fingerprints which are stored sequentially in a file recipe. The corresponding file recipe data can occupy a significant fraction of the total disk space, especially if the deduplication ratio is very high. We propose a combination of efficient and scalable compression schemes to shrink the file recipes' size. A trace-based simulation shows that these methods can compress file recipes by up to 93%.
Occurrence of beta-hexachlorocyclohexane in breast cancer patients (1990)

The residues of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and neutral organochlorine compounds in breast fat of 44 breast cancer patients and 33 women free of cancer were determined. No statistically significant differences appeared between the two comparison groups with regard to occurrence of PAH compounds. Of the neutral organochlorine compounds, residues of beta-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) were found more frequently in breast cancer patients. After adjusting for age and parity by stepwise logistic regression, beta-HCH remained a significant risk factor of breast cancer. Using a cutoff point for the residue level of beta-HCH in breast adipose tissue of more than 0.1 mg/kg fat, the odds ratio was 10.51 (95% CI, 2.00-55.26).
Medical image processing and analysis (2000)

A little more than 100 years after the discovery of x-rays, this three-volume set is intended to provide a comprehensive overview of the theory and current practice of Medical Imaging as we enter the 21st century. As evidenced by the variety of research described in these volumes, medical imaging is still undergoing very rapid change. In more than 50 chapters, well-known experts provide the most current information available for students, researchers and practitioners working in this exciting field. These useful volumes can be ordered as a set or individually.
Low temperature, wafer-level process of alkali-metal vapor cells for micro-fabricated atomic clocks (2017)

We propose a low temperature process of alkali-metal vapor cells for microfabricated atomic clocks using alkalimetal source tablets (AMSTs) as alkali metal dispensers. An AMST contains precise quantities of cesium aside (CsN <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> ) inside the porous alumina that is used to produce of Cs by thermal decomposition of CsN <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> . The AMST technology together with sequential plasma activated Si/glass bonding is a combination of technology that enables the low temperature wafer-level process of Cs vapor cells, resulting good quality of spectroscopic measurement for atomic clocks. The short-term frequency stability obtained with the fabricated cell was measured to be 2 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-11</sup> at an integration time of 1 sec.
A H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> preswelling strategy to enhance the proton conductivity of a H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>-doped polybenzimidazole membrane for vanadium flow batteries (2016)

A H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> preswelling strategy is proposed to prepare H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>-doped polybenzimidazole (PBI) membranes with improved ADL and proton conductivity for vanadium flow battery.
Demineralization inhibition at glass‐ionomer cement and amalgam restoration margins in conjunction with additional fluoride regimens (1999)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate demineralization inhibition at restoration gingival margins. The study compared the effectiveness of a fluoride-releasing restorative material and topical fluoride regimens utilized individually and in conjunction with fluoridated materials. Glass-ionomer restorations demonstrated significantly less dentin demineralization than amalgam restorations at restoration margins when the restorations were exposed to no external fluoride, when the restorations were brushed with a fluoridated dentifrice twice per day, and when the restorations were exposed to a fluoride rinse (p, 0.05). There was no significant difference in dentin demineralization adjacent to glass-ionomer and amalgam restorations when both a fluoride rinse and a fluoridated dentifrice were used on a daily basis over 30 days, in vitro.
Extracting flat-field images from scene-based image sequences using phase correlation (2016)

Flat-field image processing is an essential step in producing high-quality and radiometrically calibrated images. Flat-fielding corrects for variations in the gain of focal plane array electronics and unequal illumination from the system optics. Typically, a flat-field image is captured by imaging a radiometrically uniform surface. The flat-field image is normalized and removed from the images. There are circumstances, such as with remote sensing, where a flat-field image cannot be acquired in this manner. For these cases, we developed a phase-correlation method that allows the extraction of an effective flat-field image from a sequence of scene-based displaced images. The method uses sub-pixel phase correlation image registration to align the sequence to estimate the static scene. The scene is removed from sequence producing a sequence of misaligned flat-field images. An average flat-field image is derived from the realigned flat-field sequence.
AutoFLox: An Automatic Fault Localizer for Client-Side JavaScript (2012)

Java Script is a scripting language that plays a prominent role in modern web applications today. It is dynamic, loosely typed, and asynchronous. In addition, it is extensively used to interact with the DOM at runtime. All these characteristics make Java Script code error-prone and challenging to debug. Java Script fault localization is currently a tedious and mainly manual task. Despite these challenges, the problem has received very limited attention from the research community. We propose an automated technique to localize Java Script faults based on dynamic analysis of the web application, tracing, and backward slicing of Java Script code. Our fault localization approach is implemented in an open source tool called Auto Lox. The results of our empirical evaluation indicate that (1) DOM-related errors are prominent in web applications, i.e., they form at least 79% of reported Java Script bugs, (2) our approach is capable of automatically localizing DOM-related Java Script errors with a high degree of accuracy (over 90%) and no false-positives, and (3) our approach is capable of isolating Java Script errors in a production web application, viz., Tumbler.
<title>Consequences of skewness conservation for rotationally symmetric nonimaging devices</title> (1997)

An upper limit on concentration for any optical device has previously been derived from the conservation of etendue. In this contribution we derive more stringent upper limits for the efficiency and the concentration of rotationally symmetric optical devices which are a consequence of skewness conservation. If the desired source and target have different skewness distributions, then losses or dilution or both will limit the performance of the optical system. For all skewness values, for which the source contains more radiation than the target, the difference is lost. Conversely, for all skewness values, for which the target contains a large etendue than the source, the difference remains empty and results in dilution. We calculate the limiting curve of optical transfer efficiency versus concentration relative to the maximum concentration possible and provide a design example that is practically at this limit. We also provide another design example that addresses the challenge posed at the last SPIE meeting, namely to transfer the maximum radiation from a Lambertian spherical source to a disk target of equal etendue under a reflector- to-source minimum distance constraint. We conjecture that even rotationally symmetric problems may benefit from asymmetric optical systems.
Inhibition of differentiation in myoblasts deprived of the interferon-related protein PC4. (1995)

PC4 (pheochromocytoma cell-4) is an immediate early gene related to IFN-gamma, the mRNA of which is induced during the course of neuronal differentiation by nerve growth factor in the PC12 cell line. Here we report that PC4 mRNA is also expressed in the myoblast C2C12 cell line and is regulated during differentiation; its expression decreases within 6 h from the onset of differentiation, attains a minimum after 12 h, and returns to basal level within 36 h. This transient down-regulation of PC4 expression in C2C12 myoblasts is prevented by transforming growth factor beta, a molecule which inhibits the differentiation of muscle. Sense and antisense PC4 cDNA transfection strategies in C2C12 cells were then used to clarify the role of PC4 in muscle differentiation. While no effect was seen by over-expression of PC4, stable transfectants underexpressing PC4 exhibited a delay in attaining the differentiated phenotype, with an impairment of myogenin and myosin expression. Myogenin was also inhibited in C2C12 cells microinjected with the anti-PC4 polyclonal antibody A451. We thus postulate a role for PC4 as a positive regulator during muscle differentiation.
Missorting of LaCrosse Virus Nucleocapsid Protein by the Interferon‐Induced MxA GTPase Involves Smooth ER Membranes (2004)

The interferon-induced human MxA protein belongs to the class of dynamin-like, large guanosine-5'-triphosphatases that are involved in intracellular vesicle trafficking and organelle homeostasis. MxA shares many properties with the other members of this protein superfamily, including the propensity to self-assemble and to associate with lipid membranes. However, MxA is unique in that it has antiviral activity and inhibits the replication of several RNA viruses. Here, we determined the role of membranes for the antiviral function of MxA using LaCrosse-bunyavirus (LACV). We show that MxA does not affect trafficking and sorting of viral glycoproteins but binds and mislocates the viral nucleocapsid (N) protein into membrane-associated, large perinuclear complexes. We further demonstrate that MxA localizes to a subcompartment of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum where the viral N protein accumulates. In infected MxA-expressing cells, oligomeric MxA/N complexes are formed in close association with COP-I-positive vesicular-tubular membranes. Our results suggest that this membrane compartment is the preferred place where MxA and N interact, leading to efficient sequestration and missorting of an essential viral component.
Interpretation of the ECG in Tachycardia (2011)

This chapter contains sections titled: Regular tachycardia with a normal QRS and 1:1 AV relationship Regular tachycardia with a normal QRS and AV block Irregular tachycardia with a normal QRS Regular tachycardia with a wide QRS with right bundle branch block morphology Regular tachycardia with a wide QRS with left bundle branch block morphology Regular tachycardia with a wide QRS and neither RBBB nor LBBB morphology Irregular tachycardia with a wide QRS Changing QRS morphology in tachycardia Key references
The Relationship between Expertise in Sports, Visuospatial, and Basic Cognitive Skills (2016)

Team sports place high demands on visuospatial and other cognitive skills. However, there is a lack of research on visuospatial skills of elite athletes and there are heterogeneous results on basic cognitive skills of this population. Therefore, this series of studies tested different cognitive skills in elite team sports athletes. In Experiment 1, elite athletes were compared to recreational athletes, but no differences were observed between the groups in choice response time (CRT) and mental rotation (MR). To see if differences could be observed when the tested groups had a greater difference in expertise and more representative stimuli, in Experiment 2, we tested CRT and MR of elite athletes who had higher level of expertise, and we also used three-dimensional human stimuli. Overall, we still found no differences in MR; however, elite athletes did have shorter CRTs. In Experiment 3, instead of testing MR, we compared elite athletes' and recreational athletes' basic cognitive skills, such as processing speed, letter readout speed, memory span, and sustained attention. We found that elite athletes only performed better in sustained attention. Building on this data, in a supplementary analysis (Experiment 4) we tested whether MR and CRTs are correlated with basic cognitive skills. Results show that processing speed is the best predictor for MR, whereas letter readout speed explains most of the variance in CRTs. Finally, we discuss these findings against the backdrop of expertise and offer implications for future studies on mental rotation.
Projective invariants of shapes (2003)

A major goal of computer vision is object recognition, which involves matching of images of an object, obtained from different, unknown points of view. Since there are infinitely many points of view, one is faced with the problem of a search in a multidimensional parameter space. A related problem is the stereo reconstruction of 3-D surfaces from multiple 2-d images. The author proposes to solve these fundamental problems by using geometrical properties of the visible shape that are invariant to a change in the point of view. To obtain such invariants, he starts from classical theories for differential and algebraic invariants not previously used in image understanding. As they stand, these theories are not directly applicable to vision. He suggests extensions and adaptations of these methods to the needs of machine vision. He then studies general projective transformations, which include both perspective and orthographic projections as special cases.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Antidiuretic hormone in elderly male patients with severe nocturia: a circadian study (2004)

Severe nocturia in a large proportion of elderly men with lower urinary tract symptoms is caused by nocturnal polyuria and natriuresis, because they have no nocturnal increase in ADH. These results suggest that desmopressin may be effective in decreasing nocturnal urine production in patients with severe nocturia who do not respond to conventional treatment.