gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Origins of circular dichroism bands in Bowman-Birk soybean trypsin inhibitor. (1976)

The spectral properties of Bowman-Birk soybean trypsin inhibitor (BBI) were investigated by analyzing difference absorption spectra and difference CD spectra and by comparing them with those of tyrosyl model compounds. The O-acetylation of tyrosyl side chains showed that the ultraviolet CD bands of BBI above 225 nm originate from disulfide side chains and tyrosyl phenolic groups; phenylalanyl residues do not give rise to detectable CD in BBI in this wavelength region. The results of the tyrosyl ionization experiment were consistent with this interpretation. A broad negative CD band centered around 280 nm in BBI arises mainly from disulfide bonds (epsilonL - epsilonR = -0.83 M-1 cm-1 per disulfide). Each of 2 tyrosyl residues gives rise to negative CD in this region; together they contribute approximately 10% of the total CD intensity at 277 nm (epsilonL - epsilonR = -0.36 M-1 cm-1 per tyrosyl). Disulfide bonds in BBI also have a broad positive CD band centered around 240 nm (epsilonL- epsilonR = 0.9 M-1 per disulfide(. Tyrosyl side chains give rise to a sharp positive peak at 231 nm, overlapping with the positive disulfide CD. Dimerization of monomeric BBI did not alter the CD profile. One of two tyrosyl phenolic groups is relatively exposed and can be 0-acetylated by 100- to 1500-fold molar excess of N-acetylmidazole. The other is inaccessible to the reagent even in the presence of 8 M urea, but can be acetylated in the presence of 6 M guanidine hydrochloride. Fully acetylated BBI has the near-ultraviolet disulfide CD and the far-ultraviolet polypetide CD very similar to those of the native inhibitor, indicating the O-acetylation of two tryosyl side chains did not induce much conformational change in BBI. The near-ultraviolet CD of BBI was altered in the presence of 8 M urea of 6 M guanidine hydrochloride, with a greater change brought about by the latter. Dithiothreitol (20 mM) completely abolished the tyrosyl and disulfide CD in this region.
Entrapment of -Chymotrypsin into Hollow Polyelectrolyte Microcapsules (2001)

Stable hollow polyelectrolyte capsules were produced by the layer-by-layer assembling of non-biodegradable polyelectrolytes – poly(allylamine) and poly(styrenesulfonate) on melamine formaldehyde microcores followed by the core decomposition at low pH. A proteolytic enzyme, α-chymotrypsin, was encapsulated into these microcapsules with high yields of up to 100%. The encapsulation procedure was based on the protein adsorption onto the capsule shells and on the pH-dependent opening and closing of capsule wall pores. The protein in the capsules retained a high activity, and thermo- and storage stability. The nanostructured polyelectrolyte shell protected the proteinase from a high molecular weight inhibitor. Such enzyme-loaded capsules can be used as microreactors for biocatalysis.
Whole-Genome Synthesis and Characterization of Viable S13-Like Bacteriophages (2012)

The bacteriophage S13 and its variants can be chemically synthesized. The major capsid gene of phage G4 is functional in the phage S13 life cycle. These results support an evolutional hypothesis which has been proposed that a homologous recombination event involving gene F of quite divergent ancestral lineages should be included in the history of the microvirid family.
Locations of Bromide Ions in Tetragonal Lysozyme Crystals (1998)

Anions have been shown to play a dominant role in the crystallization of chicken egg-white lysozyme from salt solutions. Previous studies employing X-ray crystallography have found one chloride ion binding site in the tetragonal crystal form of the protein and four nitrate ion binding sites in the monoclinic form. In this study the anion positions in the tetragonal form were determined from the difference Fourier map obtained from lysozyme crystals grown in bromide and chloride solutions. Five possible anion-binding sites were found in this manner. Some of these sites were in pockets containing basic residues while others were near neutral, but polar, residues. The sole chloride ion binding site found in previous studies was confirmed, while four further sites were found which corresponded to the four binding sites found for nitrate ions in monoclinic crystals. The study suggests that most of the anion-binding sites in lysozyme remain unchanged even when different anions and different crystal forms of lysozyme are employed.
A Concise Formal Synthesis of Diazonamide A by the Stereoselective Construction of the C10 Quaternary Center (2010)

Schutzgruppen überschätzt! Der Schlüsselschritt einer formalen Totalsynthese von Diazonamid A ist die intramolekulare SNAr-Reaktion zwischen einem Oxindol und einem Bromoxazol. Interessanterweise verläuft diese Reaktion am besten, wenn das Oxindol-Stickstoffatom und die Phenolgruppe der Cyclisierungsvorstufe keine Schutzgruppen tragen und die milde Base Na2CO3 eingesetzt wird.
Towards the Simplification of Protein Synthesis: Iterative Solid‐Supported Ligations with Concomitant Purifications (2012)

Please release me: a new linker for the temporary tagging of peptides at their N-terminus after solid-phase elongation, and its potential for capture/release purification is demonstrated. This concept is extended to a remarkably efficient self-purifying N-to-C iterative triazole ligation strategy, which is applied to the synthesis of a polypeptide having 160 residues, in a high purity without the need for chromatographic purification (orange blocks: peptide segments).
Exciton radiative lifetime in ZnO nanorods fabricated by vapor phase transport method (2007)

The exciton radiative lifetime in ZnO nanorods is studied. It is found that the exciton radiative lifetime increases with temperature as T2. Furthermore, the spectral linewidth of the photoluminescence of the ZnO nanorods also increases with temperature as T2, suggesting a linear dependence of exciton radiative lifetime on the spectral linewidth. The physics behind is that the oscillator strength of excitons at k=0 is shared equally among all the states within the spectral linewidth and the coherence extension of an exciton decreases with temperature due to the scattering by phonons, defects, or impurities.
XIX.—Determination of the constitution of fatty acids. Part I (1899)

A. W. Crossley and H. R. Le Sueur, J. Chem. Soc., Trans., 1899, 75, 161 DOI: 10.1039/CT8997500161
Catheter Fracture and Embolization in a Totally Implanted Venous Access Catheter (1988)

A totally implanted venous access system was placed in a 24-year-old male patient with Hodgkins disease for chemotherapy. Twelve months after implantation it was noted on chest x-ray that the catheter had fractured and the distal fragment embolized to the right ventricle. Catheter separation and embolization is a recognized but uncommon complication of Hickman catheters. It is an even rarer complication of implanted central venous catheters. With the increasing use of these new venous access systems this complication may become a more prevalent, but an avoidable complication.
The roles of Grignard reagent in the Ziegler–Natta catalyst for propylene polymerization (1997)

Grignard reagent PhMgCl was added during the preparation of the catalyst system MgCl2/di-n-butyl phthalate (DNBP)/TiCl4—AlEt3/diphenyl dimethoxyl silane (DPDMS) to improve its performance. It was found that PhMgCl could enhance both the activity of the catalyst and the isotacticity of the products, but decreased the Ti content of the catalysts under the same preparation conditions. The polymerization kinetics showed that PhMgCl accelerates the decay in the same time that it increased the initial and final polymerization rates. By means of UV-vis spectroscopy, electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy, and the Ti content determination of the catalysts, the multiple roles of PhMgCl were disclosed: reduction of Ti4+ to Ti3+, association with MgCl2 to replace part of TiCl4 in aspecific active sites, and complexing with the original active sites to form new active sites. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polm Sci 65:925–930, 1997
Up-Regulation of Neuropilin-1 in Neovasculature after Focal Cerebral Ischemia in the Adult Rat (2001)

During development, neuropilin-1 is a receptor for semaphorin 3a-mediated axonal guidance and for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promotion of angiogenesis. The authors measured neuropilin-1 expression in the adult ischemic brain using Northern blot, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemistry. Neuropilin-1 mRNA was significantly up-regulated as early as 2 hours and persisted at least 28 days after focal cerebral ischemia. Acute up-regulation of neuropilin-1 mRNA primarily localized to the ischemic neurons. A marked increase in both mRNA and protein of neuropilin-1 was detected in endothelial cells of cerebral blood vessels at the border and in the core of the ischemic lesion 7 days after ischemia, and neuropilin-1 gene expression persisted on these vessels for at least 28 days after ischemia. In these areas, neovascularization was detected using three-dimensional reconstructed images obtained from laser scanning confocal microscopy. Activated astrocytes also exhibited neuropilin-1 immunoreactivity during 7 to 28 days of ischemia. Double immunofluorescent staining showed colocalization of neuropilin-1 and VEGF to cerebral blood vessels and activated astrocytes. These data suggest that in addition to its role in axonal growth, up-regulation of neuropilin-1, in concert with VEGF and its receptors, may contribute to neovascular formation in the adult ischemic brain.
Kinetic Analysis of the Folding of Human Growth Hormone (1995)

We report the results of a stopped-flow kinetic evaluation of the folding of human growth hormone (hGH). The results are compared with those obtained for a disulfide-modified analog in which the four cysteine residues have been reduced and alkylated to form tetra-S-carbamidomethylated hGH in order to elucidate the role of disulfide bonds in the folding reaction. Multiple detection techniques were applied to monitor both refolding and unfolding processes initiated by guanidine hydrochloride concentration jumps. Using far-UV circular dichroism (CD) detection to monitor folding of hGH, we find that 70% of the secondary structure forms in a burst phase occurring within the stopped-flow dead time. Two slower phases were identified in the observable portion of the CD signal. Multiple kinetic phases were resolved when folding was monitored by intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence or near-UV absorbance as probes of tertiary structure, and the number of time constants required to fit the data depended on the hGH concentration and nature of the denaturant jump. The associated amplitudes also displayed strong dependence on the final denaturant concentration. Results obtained from the tetra-S-carbamidomethylated hGH studies demonstrate that the folding reactions of hGH are remarkably similar in the presence and absence of the disulfide bonds. Disulfide bond reduction in hGH is proposed to affect folding primarily by increasing the population of self-associated intermediate states in the folding pathway.
The Effect of Fuel Composition and Engine Deposits on Emissions from a Spark Ignition Engine (1993)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Chemically defined binary fuel mixtures of iso-octane (baseline fuel), toluene, methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE), and di-isobutylene (DIB) have been run in a production spark ignition engine at various speed/load conditions, with the engine in a clean (deposit-free) and deposited state. Pre-catalyst exhaust gases were analyzed for NO<sub>x</sub>, total unburned hydrocarbons (UHC), and speciated unburned hydrocarbon concentrations.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">As toluene was added to the baseline fuel, NO<sub>x</sub> concentrations increased but total unburned hydrocarbons remained constant. Total unburned hydrocarbons and NO<sub>x</sub> were unaffected by MTBE. DIB reduced total unburned hydrocarbon emissions but had little effect on NO<sub>x</sub>.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Pure iso-octane produced seven major unburned hydrocarbon species. All the fuels when added to iso-octane resulted in changes in the existing species as well as the production of new ones. The major hydrocarbon species observed in the exhaust were consistent with current intermediate temperature oxidation mechanisms for the fuels studied.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">NO<sub>x</sub> concentrations increased substantially when the test fuels were repeated in the engine after deposits were formed; however, total and speciated unburned hydrocarbons were not significantly affected.</div>
Mitochondria dysfunction of Alzheimer's disease cybrids enhances Aβ toxicity (2004)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain reveals high rates of oxygen consumption and oxidative stress, altered antioxidant defences, increased oxidized polyunsaturated fatty acids, and elevated transition metal ions. Mitochondrial dysfunction in AD is perhaps relevant to these observations, as such may contribute to neurodegenerative cell death through the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the release of molecules that initiate programmed cell death pathways. In this study, we analyzed the effects of beta-amyloid peptide (Abeta) on human teratocarcinoma (NT2) cells expressing endogenous mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), mtDNA from AD subjects (AD cybrids), and mtDNA from age-matched control subjects (control cybrids). In addition to finding reduced cytochrome oxidase activity, elevated ROS, and reduced ATP levels in the AD cybrids, when these cell lines were exposed to Abeta 1-40 we observed excessive mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization, increased cytoplasmic cytochrome c, and elevated caspase-3 activity. When exposed to Abeta, events associated with programmed cell death are activated in AD NT2 cybrids to a greater extent than they are in control cybrids or the native NT2 cell line, suggesting a role for mtDNA-derived mitochondrial dysfunction in AD degeneration.
SC‐0051, a 2‐benzoyl‐cyclohexane‐1,3‐dione bleaching herbicide, is a potent inhibitor of the enzyme <i>p</i>‐hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (1993)

Growth inhibition of Lemna gibba plantlets by the bleaching herbicide, SC-0051 (2-(2-chloro-4-methanesulfonylbenzoyl)-1,3-cyclohexanedione)) was alleviated by the addition of homogentisic acid to the growth medium. Homogentisic acid is a key intermediate in the biosynthesis of tyrosine-derived plant quinones as well as in tyrosine metabolism. The herbicide prevented the incorporation of radioactivity from [14C]tyrosine into lipophilic plant metabolites and, in rat liver extracts, the herbicide inhibited the conversion of tyrosine to homogentisic acid. The enzyme p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (EC 1.13.11.27) from both Zea mays seedlings and liver tissues, was found to be subject to strong inhibition by SC-0051. Inhibition of plant quinone biosynthesis is a new mode of herbicidal action. One of the consequences of quinone depletion in plants by SC-0051. Inhibition of plant quinone biosynthesis is a new mode of herbicidal action. One of the consequences of quinone depletion in plants in vivo is apparently an indirect inhibition of phytoene desaturation. The enzyme phytoene desaturase itself, however, is not afflicted by the herbicide.
Elastic metasurfaces for splitting SV- and P-waves in elastic solids (2017)

Although recent advances have made it possible to manipulate electromagnetic and acoustic wavefronts with sub-wavelength metasurface slabs, the design of elastodynamic counterparts remains challenging. We introduce a novel but simple design approach to control SV-waves in elastic solids. The proposed metasurface can be fabricated by cutting an array of aligned parallel cracks in a solid such that the materials between the cracks act as plate-like waveguides in the background medium. The plate array is capable of modulating the phase change of SV-wave while keeping the phase of P-wave unchanged. An analytical model for SV-wave incidence is established to calculate the transmission coefficient and the transmitted phase through the plate-like waveguide explicitly. A complete 2π range of phase delay is achieved by selecting different thicknesses for the plates. An elastic metasurface for splitting SV- and P-waves is designed and demonstrated using full wave finite element simulations. Two metasurfaces for focusing plane and cylindrical SV-waves are also presented.
Diamine-Catalyzed Asymmetric Michael Additions of Aldehydes and Ketones to Nitrostyrene (2002)

[reaction: see text] The direct Michael addition of aldehydes and ketones to nitrostyrene, catalyzed by N-i-Pr-2,2'-bipyrrolidine, is described. The desired 1,4-adducts are obtained in excellent yield with enantioselectivities up to 85% ee and dr up to 95:5 of the syn product.
Cement Evaluation and Casing Inspection With Advanced Ultrasonic Scanning Methods (1997)

Abstract This paper will demonstrate cased-hole applications of a new ultrasonic scanning tool. Field logs are presented from environments containing various wellbore, casing, and cement slurry types. Cement evaluation and casing inspection examples will include logs from wells with heavy completion fluids, lightweight cements, heavyweight casing, and hastelloy pipe (used in highly corrosive environments). Very high horizontal and vertical sampling rates permit simultaneous cement evaluation and casing inspection. The data are corrected for direction and tool rotation using a navigation package. Data such as acoustic impedance, cement compressive strength, casing thickness, casing outer diameter and/or radius, casing ovality, tool eccentricity, and 40 to 100 calipers may all be recorded in real time in conventional or imaging formats. Improved processing software provide two- and three-dimensional images. It was observed that differing wellbore and casing conditions require different logging parameters (such as scan rate and sample density). Thus, the mechanical and electrical configuration of the tools are flexible to maximize signal response in all possible downhole conditions. Multiple scanning heads with selectable transducer characteristics are available. Downhole processing also reduces telemetry demands and allows other tools to be combined with the new scanning device to provide additional real-time data without reducing logging speed or delaying analysis processing until after logging. Introduction Downhole ultrasonic scanners have been used primarily for imaging wellbores. A new scanner that furnishes improved images and that offers remarkable casing inspection and cement evaluation capabilities has been developed and field proven. The new device operates in two modes: image mode and cased-hole mode. In image mode, the scanner evaluates only the "inner" surface of the target (the formation bounding the wellbore or the inner wall of the casing). High vertical and azimuthal sampling provides high-resolution, two and three-dimensional images. These images are useful in locating fractures, identifying borehole breakout, delineating bed boundaries, studying formation textural features along the borehole wall, and evaluating casing integrity by revealing distortion, wear, holes, parting, and other anomalies on the inner wall of the casing. When cement evaluation or a more complete casing assessment is needed, the ultrasonic scanner operates in cased-hole mode. The full circumferential maps of casing thickness and acoustic impedance generated from the measurements made in this mode can be used to reveal thinned casing and to clearly distinguish between cement and fluids in the annular space behind casing. In cased-hole mode, a significant part of the acoustic waveform is processed. Thus, high telemetry data rates, intense processing capabilities, and selective transducer frequencies are required.
Hemoglobin-Based Artificial Blood: New Polymeric Derivatives of Hemoglobin with Low Oxygen Affinity (1991)

To make stroma-free hemoglobin (SFHb) capable of carrying oxygen satisfactorily in vivo it is necessary both to improve its intravascular persistence and to reduce its affinity for oxygen. The method used up to now has consisted of chemical modification of SFHb to lower its oxygen affinity (fixation of permanent effector inside the phosphate binding site or intramolecular cross-linking of the deoxy form of SFHb), then polymerization or substitution with polymers. We have designed new functionalized polymers (from dextran and polyoxyethylene), capable of mimicking the effect of the natural intraerythrocyte effector, 2,3-disphosphoglycerate, i.e. of decreasing its affinity for oxygen, and we have linked these polymers chemically to oxyHb. All the resulting conjugates have lower oxygen affinity than SFHb and, when injected into rats, do not lead to hemoglobinuria. Preliminary in vivo tests also showed that these conjugates possess no acute toxicity. Further experiments with rats are now under way (60% and 80% hemorrhagic shocks) with the aim of evaluating whether these new products can be regarded as potential candidates for blood substitution.
A Feasibility Study on the Control of a Generic Air Vehicle Using Control Moment Gyros (2006)

This paper examines feasibility and performance issues in using Control Moment Gyroscopes (CMGs) to control the attitude of a fixed-wing aircraft. The paper describes a control system structure that permits allocating control authority and bandwidth between a CMG system and conventional aerodynamic control surfaces to stabilize a vehicle with neutral aerodynamic stability. A simulation study explores the interplay between aerodynamic and CMG effects, and indicates desirable physical characteristics for a CMG system to be used for aircraft attitude control. 1
Photon-Excited Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis for Trace Elements (1973)

The ejection of inner-shell electrons by the photoelectric interaction of an incident photon requires that the photon energy exceed the binding energy of the appropriate shell. Figure X-ray fluorescence analyzers generally measure the
Tension-Type Headache: Classification, Mechanisms, and Treatment (1993)

Clinical features and epidemiology experimental studies of myofascial nociception pathology, pharmacology, and biochemistry central mechanisms of tension-type headache peripheral mechanisms of tension-type headache therapeutic aspects.
Name entities made obvious (2014)

The paper describes NEMO, a system for extracting entity mentions from text and linking them to Wikipedia (and Freebase), which participated in the ERD 2014 challenge. The model employed by the system allows a seamless use of traditional priors and lexical features in conjunction with various types of latent features, which are computed based on the attributes associated with all extractions of entity mentions from an input text and their possible linkage to Wikipedia. Additionally, it allows a unified approach for handling both features computed globally, at document level, and features computed based on the local context, such as syntactic patterns, of each hypothesized entity mention. The model is trained on a large dataset derived from Wikipedia, and achieves state-of-the-art results on the datasets in the ERD evaluation without employing explicitly ERD-specific training data.
Mice Deficient in Telomerase Activity Develop Hypertension Because of an Excess of Endothelin Production (2006)

Mice lacking telomerase activity show hypertension as a result of an increase in plasma ET-1 levels, which is a consequence of ECE-1 overexpression. A direct link between telomerase activity and hypertension is reported.
Fog Seal, Scrub Seal, Rejuvenator: Benefits and Differences (2016)

Asphalt fog seal, scrub seal, and rejuvenation are the main methods of surface treatment application. In this session we will review the description and understanding of the products used and currently promoted for asphalt sealing and discuss how they differ in application for the user, where the agency would consider use of each, and the need for top of the curve asphalt preservation to extend pavement life at a low cost.