gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neural interaction in cat primary auditory cortex. Dependence on recording depth, electrode separation, and age (1992)

1. Neural activity was recorded with two independent electrodes separated by 0.5-2 mm, aligned in parallel, and advanced perpendicular to the surface of the cat auditory cortex. For smaller separations a solid-state multielectrode array with interelectrode distances of 125 microns was used. The difference in recording depths for the two independently movable electrodes was never more than 100 microns; the electrode contacts of the multielectrode array were at the same depth. Thus the correlation studies dominantly explored horizontal interactions. 2. Out of 995 neuron pairs recorded, 478 represented pairs of single units, whereas the other pairs were contaminated with 5-10% misclassified spikes. Only the single-unit pairs were further analyzed. Of those pairs, 338 showed a clear correlation peak, and in 329 of these the peak heights were exceeding the Z > 4 significance level (P < 0.0001). Two hundred fifty-two of the significant correlograms (53% of total) could be attributed to common input; the remaining (16% of total) were indicative of unilateral excitation. For the 181 single-electrode pairs the percentage of unilateral excitation pairs (42%) was about the same as the percentage of common input pairs (38%). For the 297 dual-electrode pairs all but one of the 184 significant correlations were indicative of common input. No correlograms indicative of inhibition were found. 3. The correlograms with clear peaks were classified into three types: narrow (n = 40), mixed (n = 77), and broad (n = 221). Narrow and mixed types were with two exceptions found only for single-electrode pairs; broad types were found for single- and dual-electrode pairs. Narrow-type correlograms were in majority of the unilateral excitation type. Correlograms were calculated both for 1-ms binwidths (50-ms lead/lag time) and for 10-ms binwidth (500-ms lead/lag time). The correlograms were characterized by four parameters; the half width of the central peak, the peak correlation coefficient, the association index, and for unilateral excitation cases also by the effectiveness. 4. Across all three correlogram types the half width of the correlation peaks was significantly smaller for single-electrode pairs (mean, 27 ms) than for dual-electrode pairs (mean, 42 ms). For broad-type correlograms only, the mean half widths were not significantly different between single- and dual-electrode pairs. 5. The correlation coefficients (1-ms bin correlograms) were significantly larger for single-electrode pairs (mean, 0.038) than for dual-electrode pairs (mean, 0.011). The same was found for the 10-ms binwidth correlograms.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
24. A new synthesis of oxazoles and iminazoles including its application to the preparation of oxazole (1947)

J. W. Cornforth and R. H. Cornforth, J. Chem. Soc., 1947, 96 DOI: 10.1039/JR9470000096
Adaptive modelling and forecasting of offshore wind power fluctuations with Markov‐switching autoregressive models (2010)

ABSTRACT Wind power production data at temporal resolutions of a few minutes exhibit successive periods with fluctuations of various dynamic nature and magnitude, which cannot be explained (so far) by the evolution of some explanatory variable. Our proposal is to capture this regime‐switching behaviour with an approach relying on Markov‐switching autoregressive (MSAR) models. An appropriate parameterization of the model coefficients is introduced, along with an adaptive estimation method allowing accommodation of long‐term variations in the process characteristics. The objective criterion to be recursively optimized is based on penalized maximum likelihood, with exponential forgetting of past observations. MSAR models are then employed for one‐step‐ahead point forecasting of 10 min resolution time series of wind power at two large offshore wind farms. They are favourably compared against persistence and autoregressive models. It is finally shown that the main interest of MSAR models lies in their ability to generate interval/density forecasts of significantly higher skill. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An adaptive time step control algorithm for nonlinear time domain envelope transient (2004)

In this paper we propose a new adaptive time step control algorithm for the slow time dimension of time domain envelope transient (TD-ENV) simulation. The algorithm uses two models: the first is the set of differential-algebraic equations that represent the circuit. The second is a 'coarse' model that is cheap to evaluate. The optimum time step is estimated from an error term obtained from the coarse model. The accurate model is then solved using the near optimum time step. The acceptable error for the time step estimation is adapted according to the dynamics of the system. We describe the time step control algorithm and present a case study of the transient analysis of a rectifier circuit powered by a high-frequency pulse train with a slowly varying pulse duty cycle. The simulations show that few time steps are rejected compared with a traditional time step control algorithm.
E’ inammissibile la partecipazione di una società di capitali ad una società di persone: l’ultimo respiro del veto della Cassazione? (2006)

Le riflessioni contenute nel lavoro prendono spunto da una decisione della Corte d'Appello di Milano (n. 1462/04) che si pronuncia sull'annoso problema della legittimità della partecipazione di una società di capitali in una di persone. \nA lungo la giurisprudenza ha sanzionato con la nullità questi rapporti sociali nel convincimento che violassero norme imperative in tema di amministrazione e contabilità delle società di capitali. La riforma del diritto societario del 2003, e più esattamente il nuovo art. 2361, comma 2, c.c., rende necessario, si sostiene nel lavoro, rivedere questo orientamento non essendo più argomentabile l'incompatibilità tra la le forme sociali capitalistiche e la loro partecipazione a società di persone. In questa ricostruzione si individuano due interessi tutelati dal legislatore della riforma: quello dei soci della società acquirente chiamati a deliberare sull'acquisto della suddetta partecipazione (art. 2361, 2° comma), e quello dei creditori sociali ai quali è offerta, sul piano della trasparenza, un’alternativa al venir meno di ogni patrimonio personale “fisico” sul quale fare affidamento (art. 111-duodecies, disp. att. c.c.).
Ring Resonator Method for Dielectric Permittivity Measurements of Foams (2006)

Dielectric permittivity measurements provide important input to engineering and scientific disciplines due to the effects of permittivity on the interactions between electromagnetic energy and materials. A novel ring resonator design is presented for the measurement of permittivity of low dielectric constant foams. A review of dielectric material properties and currently available measurement methods is included. Measurements of expanded polystyrene are reported and compared with results from the literature; good agreement between measurements and published results is shown.
Well-Defined Ruthenium(II) Carboxylate as Catalyst for Direct C–H/C–O Bond Arylations with Phenols in Water (2012)

The ruthenium(II) carboxylate complex [Ru(O(2)CMes)(2)(p-cymene)] enabled efficient direct arylations of unactivated C-H bonds with easily available, inexpensive phenols. Extraordinary chemoselectivity of the well-defined ruthenium catalyst set the stage for challenging C-H/C-O bond functionalizations to occur under solvent-free conditions as well as in water, and allowed first direct C-H bond arylations with user-friendly diaryl sulfates as electrophiles.
Volatile metabolites in breath strongly correlate with gut microbiome in CD patients (2018)

Microbiota composition and its metabolic capacity are very important for host health. Evidence suggests that gut microbiome is involved in the metabolites production by host-microbiome interaction. These metabolites can be absorbed in blood and excreted in exhaled air. Although, profiles of gut microbiota and exhaled metabolites were associated with gastrointestinal diseases, a direct link between them has not yet been investigated. The aim of the study was to investigate the relation between volatiles in breath and gut microbiome in active and quiescent Crohn's disease (CD) via a multivariate statistical approach. Canonical correlation analysis (CCA) was used to assess the relation between exhaled metabolites and faecal bacterial species. From 68 CD patients, 184 repeated faecal and breath samples were collected (92 active and 92 quiescent disease). The microbiota composition was assessed by the pyrosequencing of the 16 S rRNA V1-V3 gene region and breath metabolites by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. In active disease, CCA analysis identified 18 metabolites significantly correlated with 19 faecal bacterial taxa (R = 0.91 p-value 3.5*10-4). In quiescent disease 17 volatile metabolites were correlated with 17 bacterial taxa (R = 0.96 p-value 2.8*10-4). Nine metabolites and three bacteria taxa overlapped in active and inactive CD. This is the first study that shows a significant relation between gut microbiome and exhaled metabolites, and was found to differ between active and quiescent CD, indicating various underlying mechanisms. Unravelling this link is essential to increase our understanding on the functional effects of the microbiome and may provide new leads for microbiome-targeted intervention.
The poly-phase shift filter for a time-shared DAC in a digital convergence system (2003)

A digital CRT convergence control system usually employs an independent digital-to-analog converter (DAC) for each Red, Green and Blue signal. If the DAC is time-shared among R, G and B signals, the complexity and the size of hardware can be much reduced. However, sharing of the DAC introduces a time-delay among control signals, resulting in a misconvergence and a poor picture quality in projection TV. This paper proposes a digital convergence system that employs poly-phase shift filters to eliminate the time-delay problem in a time-shared DAC. The proposed system got a patent and has been successfully implemented in ASIC, and is currently used in commercial production of projection TV.
Niobium Precursors for Atomic Layer Deposition of Nb<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> (2010)

Abstract not Available.
A Down-Exhaust Cyclone Separator (1999)

In this paper we report on the development of a down-exhaust cyclone separator suitable for use as a primary device for gas−particle separation in circulating fluidized-bed (CFB) boilers. It consists of a cylindrical shell which is joined by an inclined cone, a guide body, and a downward exhaust pipe. The principle of solids separation is similar to that in reverse flow cyclones, except that in this separator the gas leaves the separator axially at the bottom. It has been shown that this separator is capable of achieving a separation efficiency of around 99% in handling high solids loadings such as those in CFB boilers, at a pressure drop of around 400 Pa. A model based on the mechanism of radial solids mixing is proposed, which assumes that the slip between gas and particles in the tangential direction is negligible and that the particles are well-dispersed. This model enables prediction of grade separation efficiency, total separation efficiency, and cut diameter. It may be used in conjunction with a pressure drop model to optimize the design and operating parameters.
Measurement of Cytochrome P‐450 (1999)

The family of cytochrome P-450 enzymes are involved in the metabolism of xenobiotics. This unit provides protocols for the three most common ways to measure cytochrome P-450. Spectrophotometric detection of the Soret band gives a quantitative measure of total cytochrome P-450 in microsomes, liver homogenate, or mitochondria, but lacks information about the specific P-450 forms. Immunochemical methods such as immunoblotting provide very sensitive semiquantitative identification of specific P-450 enzymes Finally, enzymatic assays depend on substrate specificity and also provide information about specific P-450 enzymes, although some members of this group of enzymes have broad and sometimes overlapping specificities.
Studies on the Acetyl Coenzyme A Inhibitors. I (1961)

Two Arndt-Eistert reactions were carried out on 3-phenylvaleric acid to prepare 5-phenylheptanamide. The Reformatsky reaction of propiophenone and ethyl 2-bromopropionate, followed by dehydration and reduction afforded a mixture of two isomers of 2-methyl-3-phenylvaleric acid, which were successfully separated by chromatography through silica gel. Attempted stereospecific preparation of one of the isomers alone failed. Each isomer was submitted to two Arndt-Eistert reactions and the corresponding ethyl 4-methyl-5-phenylheptanamide was obtained. The Reformatsky reaction of indanone and ethyl 2-bromopropionate, followed by dehydration, saponification, and catalytic reduction afforded only one isomer (XIIIa) of α-methyl-1-indanacetic acid. In this case, reduction with sodium and ethanol gave a mixture of two isomers and recrystallization of this mixture from petroleum ether afforded the other isomer (XIIIb). Two Arndt-Eistert reactions of (XIIIa) afforded 4-methyl-butyramide but this reaction did not take place in the case of (XIIIb), being accompanied by isomerization. α-Ethyl-5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-2-naphthaleneacetonitrile (XVIII) was obtained from 5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-2-naphthaleneacetonitrile and ethyl bromide. (XVIII) was derived to its methyl ester by the action of hydrogen chloride gas in methanol and its dehydrogenation reaction over palladium-carbon afforded α-ethyl-2-naphthaleneacetic acid, while saponification of (XVIII) afforded α-ethyl-5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydro-2-naphthaleneacetic acid.
[The tocopherol acetate and splenin correction of the immunological disorders in patients with viral hepatitis B]. (1992)

Inclusion of tocopherol acetate and splenin into complex treatment of viral hepatitis B (VHB) ensures a marked immunomodulating effect consisting in control of T-lymphopenia, normalization of helper-suppressor ratio, reduction of circulating immune complexes and a tendency to restoration of normal ratio between separate fractions of immune complexes, stimulation of phagocytic activity of monocytes of the peripheral blood. Splenin and tocopherol acetate are recommended in the complex treatment of hepatitis B.
Interpretation of Stochastic Events in Single Molecule Conductance Measurements (2006)

The electrical conductance of a series of thiol-terminated alkanes, (1,6-hexanedithiol (HDT), 1,8-octanedithiol (ODT), and 1,10-decanedithol (DDT)) was measured using a modified scanning tunneling microscope break junction technique. The interpretation of data obtained in this technique is complicated due to multiple effects such as microscopic details of the metal-molecule junctions, superposition of tunneling currents, and conformational changes in the molecules. A new method called the last-step analysis (LSA) is introduced here to clarify the contribution of these effects. In direct contrast to previous work, LSA does not require any data preselection, making the results less subjective and more reproducible. Finally, LSA was used to obtain the conductance of single molecules (HDT, (3.6 x 10(-4))G(o); ODT, (4.4 x 10(-5))G(o); DDT, (5.7 x 10(-6))G(o)). The tunneling decay parameter (beta) was calculated, and it was found to be approximately 1.0 per carbon atom.
Some relative monomer reactivity factors (1948)

Abstract Recently published data on copolymerization has been shown to correlate satisfactorily with the scheme of Q and e factors proposed by Alfrey and Price, thus lending further support to the utility and to the theoretical interpretation on which it was based.
A Reconfigurable Approach to Implement Neural Networks for Engineering Application (2006)

For different engineering applications, neural networks vary in scale, topology, transfer functions and learning algorithms. A reconfigurable approach for neural hardware implementation is proposed: neural algorithms are decomposed into several basic computations executed by reconfigurable processing units (RPU), which are designed carefully as IP (intellectual properties) cores and saved in core library; all the RPUs are interconnected in regular systolic arrays; when neural networks changed, new hardware can be reconfigured using FPGA and IP cores. Some key issues in implementation are discussed and a platform is developed for this approach. Comparisons with other implementations show that this approach has higher performances also with the flexible features
A Novel Active Interphase Transformer Scheme to Achieve Three-Phase Line Current Balance for 24-Pulse Converter (2011)

A new active interphase transformer (IPT) scheme to achieve three-phase line current balance for a 24-pulse converter is proposed in this paper. The proposed active IPT scheme consists of three IPT and a current-controlled inverter with required rating only 1.16% of system power rating. A current injection method for an active IPT is also proposed in this paper. The balance of three-phase current and high power quality can be achieved by injecting compensation current into the secondary winding of the active IPT. Moreover, the proposed scheme can operate in flexible load configurations, by which separated loads can be connected to the separated outputs of the converter independently. The operation criteria for flexible load arrangements are analyzed to obtain better performance. System simulation is conducted and a 6-kW laboratory prototype is built both for evaluation and test. Both simulation and experimental results demonstrate the validity of the proposed scheme.
Production and early field performance of RPM® seedlings in Missouri floodplains (2004)

A new nursery culture process has been developed to produce large container RPM? seedlings in an effort to improve the success in artificially regenerating hardwoods. Major features of the process include air root pruning of seedlings grown in a well aerated soil medium to encourage a dense, fibrous root system. Production has focused on native bottomland tree, shrub, and herbaceous species. Field plantings of RPM? seedlings have been done in agricultural floodplains throughout Missouri. In one such planting, the survival and growth of pin oak and swamp white oak RPM? and bareroot seedlings are evaluated when seedlings are established with soil mounding and a redtop grass cover crop.
p16INK4A-expressing mesenchymal stromal cells restore the senescence–clearance–regeneration sequence that is impaired in chronic muscle inflammation (2019)

MSCs may exert their effect by remodelling the chronic inflammatory environment via senescence-related regenerative processes.
In theory: classes, nations, literatures (1993)

After the War, nationalism emerged as the principle expression of resistance to Western imperialism in a variety of regions from the Indian subcontinent to Africa, to parts of Latin America and the Pacific Rim. With the Bandung Conference and the formation of the Non-Aligned Movement, many of Europe's former colonies banded together to form a common bloc, aligned with neither the advanced capitalist First World nor with the socialist Second World. this historical context, the category of emerged, a category that has itself spawned a whole industry of scholarly and critical studies, particularly in the metropolitan West, but increasingly in the homelands of the Third itself. Setting himself against the growing tendency to homogenize World literature and cultures, Aijaz Ahmad has produced a spirited critique of the major theoretical statements on colonial and post-colonialism, dismantling many of the commonplaces and conceits that dominate contemporary cultural criticism. With lengthy considerations of, among others, Fredric Jameson, Edward Said, and the Subaltern Studies group, In Theory also contains brilliant analyses of the concept of Indian literature, of the genealogy of the term World, and of the conditions under which so-called colonial discourse emerged in metropolitan intellectual circles. Erudite and lucid, Ahmad's remapping of the terrain of cultural theory is certain to provoke passionate response.
Charged particle detection using a CMOS active pixel sensor (2003)

Active pixel sensor (APS) is a promising technology for next-generation vertex detectors. This paper discusses the design and testing of two generations of APS chips. Both are arrays of 128 by 128 pixels, each 20 by 20 /spl mu/m. Each array is divided into subarrays in which different sensor structures (4 in the first version and 16 in the second) and/or readout circuits are employed. Measurements of several of these structures under Fe/sup 55/ exposure are reported. The sensors have also been irradiated by 55 MeV protons to test for radiation damage. The radiation increases the noise and reduces the signal. The noise can be explained by shot noise from the increased leakage current, and the reduction in signal is due to charge being trapped in the epi layer. Nevertheless, the radiation effect is small for the expected exposures at RHIC and RHIC II. Finally, we describe our conception for mechanically supporting a thin silicon wafer in an actual detector.
Clock skew optimization (1990)

Improving the performance of a synchronous digital system by adjusting the path delays of the clock signal from the central clock source to individual flip-flops is investigated. Using a model to detect clocking hazards, two linear programs are investigated: (1) minimizing the clock period, while avoiding clock hazards, and (2) for a given period, maximizing the minimum safety margin against clock hazard. These programs are solved for a simple example, and circuit simulation is used to contrast the operation of a resulting circuit with the conventionally clocked version. The method is extended to account for clock skew caused by relative variations in the drive capabilities of N-channel versus P-channel transistors in CMOS.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Deep Recurrent Neural Networks for Product Attribute Extraction in eCommerce (2018)

Extracting accurate attribute qualities from product titles is a vital component in delivering eCommerce customers with a rewarding online shopping experience via an enriched faceted search. We demonstrate the potential of Deep Recurrent Networks in this domain, primarily models such as Bidirectional LSTMs and Bidirectional LSTM-CRF with or without an attention mechanism. These have improved overall F1 scores, as compared to the previous benchmarks (More et al.) by at least 0.0391, showcasing an overall precision of 97.94%, recall of 94.12% and the F1 score of 0.9599. This has made us achieve a significant coverage of important facets or attributes of products which not only shows the efficacy of deep recurrent models over previous machine learning benchmarks but also greatly enhances the overall customer experience while shopping online.
Hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy in hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombosis (2013)

HAIC may be an effective treatment modality for advanced HCC with PVTT in patients with tumors < 400 cm(3) and good prognostic factors.
Dimensions in the perception of architecture:II. Measures of exploratory behavior (1978)

Four experiments were conducted with 20 slides of buildings representing major architectural styles. The purpose of the experiments was to determine interrelations of verbal and non‐verbal measures. The experiments were concerned with: (1) Looking Time, (2) Reward Value, (3) Judgments indicative of Exploratory Tendencies, and (4) Exploratory Choice. The findings were consistent with previous studies in experimental aesthetics. It was concluded that exploratory reactions to the architectural environment may be expressed in at least two types of behavior. First, exploratory behavior was found to be related to perceptual curiosity aroused by a building. Secondly, behavior could be predicted from the hedonic aspects of the building. These two underlying variables were also found to merge frequently.