gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improving the thermoelectric properties of half-Heusler TiNiSn through inclusion of a second full-Heusler phase: microwave preparation and spark plasma sintering of TiNi1+xSn (2013)

Half-Heusler thermoelectrics offer the possibility to choose from a variety of non-toxic and earth-abundant elements. TiNiSn is of particular interest and - with its relatively high electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient - allows for optimization of its thermoelectric figure of merit, reaching values of up to 1 in heavily-doped and/or phase-segregated systems. In this contribution, we used an energy- and time-efficient process involving solid-state preparation in a commercial microwave oven and a fast consolidation technique, Spark Plasma Sintering, to prepare a series of Ni-rich TiNi1+xSn with small deviations from the half-Heusler composition. Spark Plasma Sintering plays an important role in the process by being a part of the synthesis of the material rather than solely a densification technique. Synchrotron powder X-ray diffraction and microprobe data confirm the presence of a secondary TiNi2Sn full-Heusler phase within the half-Heusler matrix. We observe a clear correlation between the amount of full-Heusler phase and the lattice thermal conductivity of the samples, resulting in decreasing total thermal conductivity with increasing TiNi2Sn fraction. This trend shows that phonons are scattered effectively as a result of the microstructure of the materials with full-Heusler inclusions in the size range of microns to tens of microns. The best performing samples with around 5% of TiNi2Sn phase exhibit maximum figures of merit of almost 0.6 between 750 K and 800 K which is an increase of ca. 35% compared to the zT of the parent compound TiNiSn.
Improved clock synchronization start-up time for Ethernet AVB-based in-vehicle networks (2015)

Clock synchronization is a necessary feature in in-vehicle time- and safety-critical networks. The reason is that exact timing information has to be maintained in nodes, for instance for time stamps of messages that are important for safety-critical functions. A common time base has to be established at start-up time before time-sensitive data handling can begin. In vehicular applications, this clock initialization phase is only one part of tasks that have to be finished before the vehicle is fully functional. To avoid lengthy delays after vehicle ignition, this start-up phase has to be very short depending on the requirements of functions. Advanced driver assistance systems require high-bandwidth communication such as Ethernet Audio Video Bridging (AVB). Its corresponding IEEE 802.1 AS time synchronization protocol is, however, not able to guarantee fast synchronization start-up in conformance with automotive applications. This paper thus proposes and analyzes several variants of the time synchronization protocol to achieve a shorter start-up time. Simulation-based performance analysis shows that start-up times can be reduced by a factor of 40 compared to the standard IEEE 802.1 AS with the proposal, without considerably affecting synchronization error.
The covalent-binding reaction of complement component C3 (1981)

The complement protein C3, when activated by limited proteolysis, forms a short-lived reactive intermediate fragment, 'nascent' C3b, which is known to bind covalently to certain surfaces. The characteristics of the covalent binding reaction have been studied by using Sepharose-trypsin as a combined proteolytic activator and binding surface for C3. Binding of C3 to Sepharose-trypsin is saturable, with a maximum of 25-26 molecules of C3b bound per molecule of trypsin. A minimum life-time of about 60 microseconds for the reactive intermediate has been calculated from binding of C3 at saturation. Initial binding efficiencies of over 30% can be obtained at physiological pH and ionic strength. The efficiency of C3 binding to Sepharose-trypsin decreases as pH increases and also shows a slight decline at high ionic strength. The covalent binding of C3 to Sepharose-trypsin can be inhibited by a range of oxygen and nitrogen nucleophiles. Activation of C3 in the presence of radioactive forms of four such nucleophiles, phenylhydrazine, methylamine, glycerol and glucosamine results in apparent covalent incorporation of the nucleophile into the C3d fragment of C3. The quantity of radioactive nucleophile bound can be predicted from the observed potency of the nucleophile as an inhibitor of the binding of C3 to Sepharose-trypsin. The radioactive nucleophiles may be considered as 'active-site' labels for C3.
Multilayer Membranes Based on Sulfonated Poly(Ether Ether Ketone) and Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) for Direct Methanol Membrane Fuel Cells (2009)

Much work has been conducted on the substitutes for Nafion as proton exchange membrane materials. Some researches are focused on the heterogeneous multilayered membranes reported by R.
Conductivity detection for monitoring mixing reactions in microfluidic devices (2001)

A conductivity detector was coupled to poly(dimethylsiloxane)–glass capillary electrophoresis microchips to monitor microfluidic flow. Electroosmotic flow was investigated with both conductivity detection (CD) and the current monitoring method. No significant variation was observed between these methods, but CD showed a lower relative standard deviation. Gradient mixing experiments were employed to investigate the relationship between the electrolyte conductivity and the electrolyte concentration. A good linear response of conductivity to concentration was obtained for solutions whose difference in concentrations were less than 27 mM. The new system holds great promise for precision mixing in microfluidic devices using electrically driven flows.
Electroporation-mediated uptake of proteins into mammalian cells (1990)

Proteins of up to 230 kilodaltons are taken up by chinese hamster ovary fibroblasts exposed to electroporation under conditions generally similar to those used to mediate DNA transfection. The uptake of catalase, ovalbumin, and histone H1 labelled with fluorescein was visualized by fluorescence microscopy. Under the same conditions, the uptake of colloidal gold particles (20 nm diameter) was visualized by electron microscopy. In optimum conditions, about 25% of the cells remained viable and grew normally and about 25% of these retained labelled proteins during two cycles of further growth. About 6 x 10(4) molecules of catalase were retained per cell. Proteins were taken up when presented to the cells up to 4 h after electroporation, suggesting that mechanisms other than classical electropore formation may operate in these conditions. The proteins were localized in the cytoplasm in a predominantly vesicular pattern and histone H1 entered the nucleus in some cells.
Preference-Based Image Generation (2020)

Deep generative models are a set of promising methods, that are able to model complex data and generate new samples. In principle, they learn to map a random latent code sampled from a prior distribution into a high dimensional data space, such as image space. However, these models have limited utilities as the user has minimal control over what the network produces. Despite the success of some recent work in learning an interpretable latent code, the field still lacks a coherent framework to learn a fully interpretable latent code, without any random part for sample diversity. Consequently, it is generally hard, if not impossible, for a non-expert user to produce a desired image by tuning the random and interpretable parts of the latent code. In this paper, we introduce the Preference-Based Image Generation (PbIG), a new method to retrieve the corresponding latent code of the user's mental image. We propose to adopt preference-based reinforcement learning, which learns from a user's judgment of the generated images by a pre-trained generative model. Since the proposed method is completely decoupled from the training stage of the underlying generative models, it can easily be adopted by any method, such as GANs and VAEs. We evaluate the effectiveness of PbIG framework using a set of experiments on baseline datasets using a pretraind StackGAN++.
CEP290 interacts with the centriolar satellite component PCM-1 and is required for Rab8 localization to the primary cilium (2008)

Joubert syndrome (JS) is a developmental brain disorder characterized by cerebellar vermis hypoplasia, abnormal eye movement, ataxia and mental retardation. Mutations in CEP290 mutations are responsible for the cerebello-oculo-renal subtype of JS that includes kidney cysts and retinal degeneration, two phenotypes commonly linked to ciliopathies. CEP290 mutations are also associated with Meckel-Gruber syndrome and Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS). Here we demonstrate that CEP290 interacts with a centriolar satellite protein PCM-1, which is implicated in BBS4 function. CEP290 binds to PCM-1 and localizes to centriolar satellites in a PCM-1- and microtubule-dependent manner. The depletion of CEP290 disrupts subcellular distribution and protein complex formation of PCM-1. In accord with PCM-1's role in microtubule organization, CEP290 knockdown causes the disorganization of the cytoplasmic microtubule network. Moreover, we show that both CEP290 and PCM-1 are required for ciliogenesis and are involved in the ciliary targeting of Rab8, a small GTPase shown to collaborate with BBS protein complex to promote ciliogenesis. Our results suggest that PCM-1 is a potential mediator that may link CEP290 with BBS proteins in common molecular pathways.
Novel Parham-type Cycloacylations of 1H-Pyrazole-1-alkanoic Acids (1997)

Exposure of 1H-pyrazole-1-alkanoic acids to two equivalents of n-butyllithium affords the corresponding cyclic ketones via a Parham-type cyclization process. Although yields are modest, this procedure represents a simple and direct intramolecular acylation of a non-nucleophilic pyrazole carbon.
Issues of extending the user interface of integrated development environments (2008)

The current level of extensibility of integrated development environments (IDEs) does not provide sufficient access to make modifications to their user interface components. This limits innovation in IDEs. This paper reviews the problems we have encountered and presents alternative ways to help developers achieve their goals of extending user interface components. Developers interested in extending existing applications will appreciate the information on likely problems and solutions with extensible architectures. Furthermore general suggestions for software architecture extensions to maximize extensibility are included.
Topic Segmentation with a Structured Topic Model (2013)

We present a new hierarchical Bayesian model for unsupervised topic segmentation. This new model integrates a point-wise boundary sampling algorithm used in Bayesian segmentation into a structured topic model that can capture a simple hierarchical topic structure latent in documents. We develop an MCMC inference algorithm to split/merge segment(s). Experimental results show that our model outperforms previous unsupervised segmentation methods using only lexical information on Choi’s datasets and two meeting transcripts and has performance comparable to those previous methods on two written datasets. 1
Composition and economic comparison of germ fractions from modified corn processing technologies (2005)

Abstract Several new processes for milling corn have been developed recently specifically to isolate germ as a value‐added co‐product and improve the profitability of dry‐grind ethanol production. The present work used modified and conventional corn milling technologies to recover germ fractions from corn kernels using either wet or dry separation processes. This study determined the quality, composition, and yield differences among the corn germ produced and compared these properties with those of the conventional wet‐ and dry‐milled germ. A method for calculating the estimated market value for germ produced by the alternative processing methods is given. There were significant differences in the oil, protein, starch, and ash compositions and in the estimated market values among germ fractions produced by the alternative milling processes. The different germ fractions produced (including the traditional wet‐and dry‐milled) were found to contain 18–41% oil, 13–21% protein, and 6–21% starch, depending on the milling process used. The estimated value of germ from these processes varied from as low as $0.058/lb ($0.128/kg) to a maximum of $0.114/lb ($0.251/kg), showing that the specific process used to produce the germ will have the major impact on the overall economics of the ethanol process.
A FACILE SYNTHESIS OF α-GLUCOSIDES AND α-RIBOSIDES FROM THE CORRESPONDING 1-O-ACYL SUGARS AND ALCOHOLS IN THE PRESENCE OF TRITYL PERCHLORATE (1984)

Abstract In the presence of trityl perchlorate, 1-O-bromoacetyl-β-d-glucose stereoselectively reacts with alcohols to give the corresponding α-glucosides in good yields. The similar reaction of 1-O-acetyl-β-d-ribose affords the corresponding β-ribosides exclusively, while in the presence of molecular sieves 4A and lithium perchlorate, α-ribosides are prepared predominantly in good yields.
Computer analysis of the double-diffused MOS transistor for integrated circuits (1973)

The effective length of an MOS transistor can be made narrow by using double diffusion similar to a bipolar transistor. Computations were conducted for an n-channel double-diffused transistor with different surface concentrations, channel lengths, channel gradients, surface-states densities, and substrate concentrations. A shorter channel length and a higher surface-state density, e.g. \langle1, 1, 1\rangle crystal, gave a higher drain current and transconductance. The maximum transconductance in many cases occurs at low gate voltages. The computations indicate that a gain-bandwidth product in the gigahertz range can be expected when the graded channel region is less than 1 µm. The difference between an n-type substrate and a p-type substrate is not substantial. The analysis is also useful in predicting the performance of any integrated logic circuit using the diffused enhancement transistor as the active switch and a depletion-mode transistor (without a diffused channel) as the load device. The computation indicates that satisfactory performance can be obtained using a load device with the same geometry and an ON voltage of only a fraction of a volt, This revelation indicates that double-diffused channel MOS transistors not only give higher speed but also smaller chip area for integrated circuits and a lower supply voltage (hence less power dissipation).
High-sensitivity picosecond time-domain reflectometry (1976)

The combination of a time-domain reflectometer, signal averager, and lock-in amplifier is shown to increase the amplitude sensitivity of the reflectometer by a factor of about 200 for observing small, multiple transmission line reflections. Replacing the signal averager by a second lock-in amplifier increases the sensitivity further by a factor of 10, but this method is only suitable for measuring reflections from a single point. In the latter case, the minimum, detectable shunt capacitive discontinuity (signal-to-noise ratio of unity, Z <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</inf> = 50 Ω) is about 5 aF (1 aF = 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">−6</sup> pF); the corresponding value for a series inductive reflection is 10 fH (1 fH = 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">−3</sup> pH). The time window drift must be very low to achieve such sensitivity. Methods are described which reduce the intrinsic drift by about a factor of 500 to 20 fs. In precision 7-mm coaxial line, relatively pure shunt “capacitors,” below 0.5 fF, and series “inductors,” below 1 pH, have been constructed and measured using these techniques.
Reliability Analysis and Redundancy Configuration of MMC With Hybrid Submodule Topologies (2015)

Modular multilevel converter (MMC) has become the most promising converter technology for high-voltage direct current (HVdc) transmission systems. MMC submodule (SM) topologies with dc fault ride-through capabilities are emerging which are suitable for overhead line applications. The hybrid SM design of each converter arm can get the compromise of higher capability of handling dc fault and lower capital investments and losses. In this paper, the initial hybrid SM numbers design method for supporting the dc-link voltage and riding-through dc faults and the optimized hybrid SM redundancy configuration strategy for effectively increasing the reliability of MMC are proposed and calculated. In contrast with the previously proposed redundancy configuration for MMC with the single SM topology, this approach solves the curvature of three-dimensional surface to calculate the recommended redundant hybrid SM numbers which takes both the semiconductor device utilization rate and the reliability of MMC into consideration.
Radioimmunoassay of β<sub>2</sub>-Microglobulin in Human Biological Fluids (1971)

A radioimmunoassay has been employed for quantitation of β2-microglobulin in human biological fluids. The average β2-microglobulin amounts in serum and urine from 10 healthy subjects were 1.5 mg/1 and 0.073 mg/24 hour volume, respectively, and in serum, saliva, and colostrum from 10 women 1.3, 1.1, and 19.7 mg/1, respectively. A good correlation was observed between the values obtained by radioimmunoassay and by single radial immunodiffusion on concentrates of urinary proteins.
Yesterday's hair--human hair in archaeology. (2001)

Hair removed from archaeological burials can tell us a lot about the diet and lifestyle of our ancestors--information that may survive because of the unique biology of hair formation. But hair is also biodegradable and the effects of time and burial conditions can result in conflicting evidence of past lives.
Computational Improvements Reveal Great Bacterial Diversity and High Metal Toxicity in Soil (2005)

The complexity of soil bacterial communities has thus far confounded effective measurement. However, with improved analytical methods, we show that the abundance distribution and total diversity can be deciphered. Reanalysis of reassociation kinetics for bacterial community DNA from pristine and metal-polluted soils showed that a power law best described the abundance distributions. More than one million distinct genomes occurred in the pristine soil, exceeding previous estimates by two orders of magnitude. Metal pollution reduced diversity more than 99.9%, revealing the highly toxic effect of metal contamination, especially for rare taxa.
Repeat unit polysaccharides of bacteria: a model for polymerization resembling that of ribosomes and fatty acid synthetase, with a novel mechanism for determining chain length (1993)

We report the identification and sequence from Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica strains of the cld gene, encoding the chain-length determinant (CLD) which confers a modal distribution of chain length on the O-antigen component of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The distribution of chain lengths in the absence of this gene fits a model in which as the chain is extended there is a constant probability of 0.165 of transfer of growing chain to LPS core, with termination of chain extension. The data for E. coli O111 fit a model in which the CLD reduces this probability for short chains and increases it to 0.4 for longer chains, leading to a reduced number of short chain molecules but an increase in numbers of longer molecules and transfer of essentially all molecules by chain length 21. We put forward a model for O-antigen polymerase which resembles the ribosome and fatty acid synthetase in having two sites, with the growing chain being transferred from a D site onto the new unit at the R site to extend the chain and then back to the D site to repeat the process. It is proposed that the CLD protein and polymerase form a complex which has two states: 'E' facilitating extension and 'T' facilitating transfer to core. The complex is postulated to enter the E state as O-antigen polymerization starts, and to shift to the T state after a predetermined time, the CLD acting as a molecular clock. The CLD is not O-antigen or species-specific but the modal value does depend on the source of the cld gene.
COMPRESSIVE PROPERTIES OF DENSE VERTICALLY ALIGNED MULTI-WALLED CARBON (2005)

We performed compression tests to dense vertically aligned multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) arrays using a home-made mini-loading test platform. Effective spring constants and compressive moduli of the MWCNT arrays are derived from the force-displacement relation s. The effective compressive moduli are found to be ~0.2 MPa independent of nanotube lengths. A simplified continuum mechanics model is developed to explain the experimental observations.
Concentration-Dependent Selection of Small Phenotypic Differences in TEM β-Lactamase-Mediated Antibiotic Resistance (2000)

In this paper, the first robust experimental evidence of in vitro and in vivo concentration-dependent selection of low-level antibiotic-resistant genetic variants is described. The work is based on the study of an asymmetric competition assay with pairs of isogenic Escherichia coli strains, differing only (apart from a neutral chromosomal marker) in a single amino acid replacement in a plasmid-mediated TEM-1 beta-lactamase enzyme, which results in the new TEM-12 beta-lactamase. The mixture was challenged by different antibiotic concentrations, both in vitro and in the animal model, and the selective process of the variant population was carefully monitored. A mathematical model was constructed to test the hypothesis that measured growth and killing rates of the individual TEM variants at different antibiotic concentrations could be used to predict quantitatively the strength of selection for TEM-12 observed in competition experiments at these different concentrations.
Selecting broilers for low or high abdominal fat: Initial observations (1980)

1. Two lines of broiler breeders were selected for three generations using a high (fatty line) or a low (lean line) ratio of abdominal fat to live weight as criterion in males at 9 weeks of age. 2. The heritability of this character remained high in both lines. 3. By the third generation, the progress achieved was much more marked in males than in females. The difference between the females of both lines was nevertheless significant. 4. The differences between the two lines were already discernible at 4 weeks of age. 5. Selecting for low or high abdominal fat content was accompanied by a better food conversion ratio in males of the lean line. 6. Selecting for the amount of abdominal fat produced similar effects on the other fatty deposits.
Effects of the Hot Isostatic Pressing Process on Crack Healing of the Laser Repair-Welded CM247LC Superalloy (2016)

This study investigated the effects of the hot isostatic pressing process on the crack healing, microstructure, and mechanical properties of the laser repair-welded CM247LC precipitation-hardened superalloy. To ensure the strength of the repair-welded area, this study used the direct re-melting approach, and simulated the repair welding with the filler addition, which has a chemical composition matching that of the base superalloy. As expected, different types of cracks, including the solidification crack in the weld fusion zone and various types of liquidation cracks in the heat-affected zone, were observed. Through a proper hot isostatic pressing healing process, all cracks in the weld fusion zone and the heat-affected zone of the repair-welded pieces were healed. At the same time, some nano- and micro-sized carbides tended to form discontinuously along the healed crack trace. A micro-hardness test was conducted in the repair-welded area, and the results were similar to that of the as-cast material.