gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Chondrogensis in Static and Perfused Bioreactor Culture (2000)

As a result of the low yield of cartilage from primary patient harvests and a high demand for autologous cartilage for reconstructive surgery and structural repair, primary explant cartilage must be augmented by tissue engineering techniques. In this study, chondrocytes seeded on PLLA/PGA scaffolds in static culture and a direct perfusion bioreactor were biochemically and histologically analyzed to determine the effects of fluid flow and media pH on matrix assembly. A gradual media pH change was maintained in the bioreactor within 7.4−6.96 over 2 weeks compared to a more rapid decrease from 7.4 to 6.58 in static culture over 3 days. Seeded scaffolds subjected to 1 μm/s flow demonstrated a 118% increase (p < 0.05) in DNA content, a 184% increase (p < 0.05) in GAG content, and a 155% (p< 0.05) increase in hydroxyproline content compared to static culture. Distinct differences were noted in tissue morphology, including more intense staining for proteoglycans by safranin-O and alignment of cells in the direction of media flow. Culture of chondrocyte seeded matrices thus offers the possibility of rapid in vitro expansion of donor cartilage for the repair of structural defects, tracheal injury, and vascularized tissue damage.
Automatic Estimation of Gestational Age in Ultrasound Images Based on Direct Least‐Squares Fitting of Ellipse (2010)

Abstract Measurement of the fetal head biparietal diameter (BPD) and head circumference (HC) is crucial for estimation of fetal age. Due to the noisy nature of ultrasound images and variation in image acquisition and measurement techniques, manual measurements of these parameters are subject to inter‐ and intraobserver variability. In this study, we present an approach for estimation of gestational age in ultrasound images, based on direct least‐squares fitting of an ellipse. The process goes through three steps: image preprocessing, object extraction, and fitting an ellipse to the resultant shape and measuring its parameters. The proposed technique was tested and evaluated on 20 ultrasound images of fetal head. The images had a combination of noise and low contrast. Excellent linear correlation between manual and automatic measurement was obtained, which verifies the reliability of the proposed automatic approach. © 2010 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cauliflower (<i>Brassica oleracea</i>var.<i>botrytis</i>L.) curd development: the expression of meristem identity genes (1996)

Cauliflower homologues to the Arabidopsis genes leafy (Ify) and apetalal (ap1) have been isolated and designated bofh (Ify) and boap1 (ap1). A non-isotopic digoxigenin labelling system was used to visualize these homologues in the developing cauliflower curd. Strong hybridization to antisense riboprobes indicate expression of both bofh and boap1 in all developmental stages, from curd initiation through to petal formation but not in vegetative meristems. The in situ results were supported by Northern and PCR analysis. The data indicate that these two genes are transcribed in the curd meristems, suggesting that cauliflower curd proliferation is not due to bofh or boap1 gene inactivation, but is probably due to negative regulation by a factor/s, indicated by an apparent transcript threshold requirement for each gene prior to floral primordia development. Bofh reaches a peak level at curd maturity. However, boap1 reaches a peak level at pedicel elongation, suggesting that boap1 plays a primary role in specifying conversion of reiterating curd meristems to floral primordia. The differences in the pattern of expression between Arabidopsis and cauliflower is discussed. It is shown that bofh and boap1 transcripts are detectable in apices of photoinduced Brassica campestris L. cv. Ceres, but not in apices of non-induced plants, demonstrating that they are stage-specific in both cauliflower and cv. Ceres. In addition, bofh and boap1 gene expression are affected by temperature, with both genes being switched off during vegetative reversion at high temperatures.
Protective Immunity Evoked Against Anthrax Lethal Toxin After a Single Intramuscular Administration of an Adenovirus-Based Vaccine Encoding Humanized Protective Antigen (2003)

Because of the need to develop a vaccine to rapidly protect the civilian population in response to a bioterrorism attack with Bacillus anthracis, we designed AdsechPA, a replication-deficient human serotype 5 adenovirus encoding B. anthracis protective antigen (PA) with codons optimized for expression in mammalian cells. With a single intramuscular administration to mice of 10(9) particle units of AdsechPA, a dose that can be scaled to human use, anti-PA antibodies were evoked more rapidly and at a higher level than with a single administration of the new U.S. military recombinant PA/Alhydrogel vaccine. Importantly, AdsechPA afforded approximately 2.7-fold more protection than the recombinant PA vaccine against B. anthracis lethal toxin challenge 4 weeks after a single vaccination. Even at 11 days postvaccination, AdsechPA provided some survival benefit, whereas the rPA/Alhydrogel vaccine provided none. In the context that equivalent human doses of Ad vectors have already been demonstrated to be safe in humans, a single administration of AdsechPA may provide the means to rapidly protect the civilian population against B. anthracis in response to a bioterrorism attack.
Performance Improvement of Polymer Based Solar Cell by Ordered Nano-Morphology (2010)

Polymer based organic solar cell offers a relatively inexpensive option for the future solar cell technology, provided its efficiency increases beyond the current limit of 4-6%. In this paper, we use the process and device models to explore the possibility of the efficiency improvement of the solar cell by ordered active layer morphology, obtained through template based fabrication technique. Our analysis shows that ordered morphology improves both photon collection as well as carrier transport and hence promises to double the cell efficiency.
CHANGES IN THE COMPOSITION AND YIELD OF THE MAMMARY SECRETION OF COWS DURING THE INITIATION OF LACTATION (1973)

SUMMARY Mammary secretion (1·2–2·0 ml) was collected from the milk sinus of each mammary gland (quarter) of two pregnant heifers and eight pregnant cows (dry period 49–229 days), first at weekly intervals from 40 days before parturition, then with increasing frequency as parturition approached. The progressive changes in the concentration of lactose, glucose, casein, non-casein protein and fat in the mammary secretion were determined. Calves were separated from the cows immediately after birth and the yield and composition of milk from individual quarters were determined for 5 days after parturition. Two quarters (milked quarters) of each of a further five cows were milked throughout pregnancy, while the other two quarters (unmilked quarters) of each cow were allowed to involute (dry off) 63– 104 days before parturition. Small samples (5–10 ml) of secretion were collected from the unmilked quarters, first at weekly intervals after drying off and then every second day from 10 to 15 days before parturition. On the days that the unmilked quarters were sampled, corresponding composite milk samples were collected from the milked quarters and the progressive changes in the yield of milk, lactose and fat were determined. The changes in the concentration of lactose and glucose in the mammary secretion, during drying off in late lactation, were determined in an additional five cows. In most cows allowed a usual dry period, and in the unmilked quarters of cows in which two quarters were milked throughout pregnancy, the concentration of lactose gradually increased from about 8 to 12 days before parturition to reach levels of about half those found in normal milk just before parturition. However, in some cows the concentration of lactose was low until 1–2 days before parturition and then increased abruptly, whereas in others the concentration of lactose increased slowly from as early as 32 days before parturition. A further rapid increase in the concentration of lactose in the mammary secretion occurred between 0 and 4 days before parturition in all cows. This latter increase was accompanied by an abrupt increase in the yield of milk, lactose and fat in the milked quarters of the cows in which two quarters were milked throughout pregnancy. These observations suggest that the initiation of lactation in the cow develops in two phases, a limited secretion of milk constituents occurs in late pregnancy and then 0–4 days before parturition copious secretion (lactogenesis) occurs.
Toward the Analysis of the Petunia MADS Box Gene Family by Reverse and Forward Transposon Insertion Mutagenesis Approaches: B, C, and D Floral Organ Identity Functions Require <i>SEPALLATA-</i>Like MADS Box Genes in Petunia (2003)

We have initiated a systematic functional analysis of the MADS box, intervening region, K domain, C domain-type MADS box gene family in petunia. The starting point for this has been a reverse-genetics approach, aiming to select for transposon insertions into any MADS box gene. We have developed and applied a family signature insertion screening protocol that is highly suited for this purpose, resulting in the isolation of 32 insertion mutants in 20 different MADS box genes. In addition, we identified three more MADS box gene insertion mutants using a candidate-gene approach. The defined insertion lines provide a sound foundation for a systematic functional analysis of the MADS box gene family in petunia. Here, we focus on the analysis of Floral Binding Protein2 (FBP2) and FBP5 genes that encode the E-function, which in Arabidopsis has been shown to be required for B and C floral organ identity functions. fbp2 mutants display sepaloid petals and ectopic inflorescences originating from the third floral whorl, whereas fbp5 mutants appear as wild type. In fbp2 fbp5 double mutants, reversion of floral organs to leaf-like organs is increased further. Strikingly, ovules are replaced by leaf-like structures in the carpel, indicating that in addition to the B- and C-functions, the D-function, which specifies ovule development, requires E-function activity. Finally, we compare our data with results obtained using cosuppression approaches and conclude that the latter might be less suited for assigning functions to individual members of the MADS box gene family.
The Predictive Value of EGFR and HER-2/neu in Tumor Tissue and Serum for Response to Anthracycline-Based Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy of Breast Cancer (2007)

We investigated the predictive value of HER-2/neu and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in tumor tissue and prechemotherapy serum for histopathologic response in 108 patients with breast cancer undergoing neoadjuvant anthracycline-based chemotherapy. Response to chemotherapy, assessed by histopathologic classification of regression (grade 0 [no therapy effect] to 4 [no residual tumor]), correlated significantly with prechemotherapy serum HER-2/neu levels. Median prechemotherapy serum HER-2/neu levels were significantly higher in patients with regression grades 1 through 4 compared with those in patients with regression grade 0 (9.6 vs 8.55 ng/mL; P = .011; 95% confidence interval [CI], .009-.014). Median pretreatment serum HER-2/neu levels of patients with complete pathologic response (pCR) were significantly higher than in patients with moderate or no treatment response (10.95 vs 9.1 ng/mL; P = .041; 95% CI, .036-.046). Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis revealed a serum HER-2/neu value of more than 10.3 ng/mL to predict a pCR with 80% sensitivity and 69.4% specificity. There was no significant correlation of response with HER-2/neu and EGFR scores in tumor tissue or with serum EGFR levels. Results demonstrate prechemotherapy serum HER-2/neu to be a significant predictor of response to neoadjuvant anthracycline-based chemotherapy for breast cancer.
Circadian Expression of Migratory Factors Establishes Lineage-Specific Signatures that Guide the Homing of Leukocyte Subsets to Tissues (2018)

The number of leukocytes present in circulation varies throughout the day, reflecting bone marrow output and emigration from blood into tissues. Using an organism-wide circadian screening approach, we detected oscillations in pro-migratory factors that were distinct for specific vascular beds and individual leukocyte subsets. This rhythmic molecular signature governed time-of-day-dependent homing behavior of leukocyte subsets to specific organs. Ablation of BMAL1, a transcription factor central to circadian clock function, in endothelial cells or leukocyte subsets demonstrated that rhythmic recruitment is dependent on both microenvironmental and cell-autonomous oscillations. These oscillatory patterns defined leukocyte trafficking in both homeostasis and inflammation and determined detectable tumor burden in blood cancer models. Rhythms in the expression of pro-migratory factors and migration capacities were preserved in human primary leukocytes. The definition of spatial and temporal expression profiles of pro-migratory factors guiding leukocyte migration patterns to organs provides a resource for the further study of the impact of circadian rhythms in immunity.
Debug all your code (2009)

Programmers build large-scale systems with multiple languages to reuse legacy code and leverage languages best suited to their problems. For instance, the same program may use Java for ease-of-programming and C to interface with the operating system. These programs pose significant debugging challenges, because programmers need to understand and control code across languages, which may execute in different environments. Unfortunately, traditional multilingual debuggers require a single execution environment. This paper presents a novel composition approach to building portable mixed-environment debuggers, in which an intermediate agent interposes on language transitions, controlling and reusing single-environment debuggers. We implement debugger composition in Blink , a debugger for Java, C, and the Jeannie programming language. We show that Blink is (1) relatively simple: it requires modest amounts of new code; (2) portable: it supports multiple Java Virtual Machines, C compilers, operating systems, and component debuggers; and (3) powerful: composition eases debugging, while supporting new mixed-language expression evaluation and Java Native Interface (JNI) bug diagnostics. In real-world case studies, we show that language-interface errors require single-environment debuggers to restart execution multiple times, whereas Blink directly diagnoses them with one execution. We also describe extensions for other mixed-environments to show debugger composition will generalize.
Epidemiological, clinical characteristics of cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection with abnormal imaging findings (2020)

PurposeTo investigate the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of COVID-19 patients with abnormal imaging findings.MethodsPatients confirmed with SARS-CoV-2 infection in Zhejiang province from January 17 to February 8 who had undergone CT or X-ray were enrolled. Epidemiological and clinical data were analyzed among those with abnormal or normal imaging findings.ResultsExcluding 72 patients with normal images, 230 of 573 patients showed abnormalities affecting more than two lung lobes. The median radiographic score was 2.0, and there was a negative correlation between that score and the oxygenation index (ρ = −0.657, P < 0.001). Patients with abnormal images were older (46.65 ± 13.82), with a higher rate of coexisting condition (28.8%), a lower rate of exposure history, and longer time between onset and confirmation (5 days) than non-pneumonia patients (all P < 0.05). A higher rate of fever, cough, expectoration and headache, a lower level of lymphocytes, albumin, and serum sodium levels and a higher total bilirubin, creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase, and C-reactive protein levels and a lower oxygenation index were observed in pneumonia patients (all P < 0.05). Muscle ache, shortness of breath, nausea and vomiting, lower lymphocytes levels, and higher serum creatinine and radiographic score at admission were predictive factors for the severe/critical subtype.ConclusionPatients with abnormal images have more obvious clinical manifestations and laboratory changes. Combing clinical features and radiographic scores can effectively predict severe/critical types.
Singapore (1996)

Singapore's domestic financial markets are gradually expanding in size and liquidity. The country's equity market features growing market capitalization and liquidity, while its bond market, though still thinly traded, is expanding on a primary basis. The Singapore dollar (SGD) currency market is quite active, particularly onshore (though it receives substantial scrutiny from the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS), the country's primary regulator). In addition to financial instruments, Singapore's geographic location and its role as a centre of commerce and shipping have allowed it to generate significant trading in commodities and energy products. The country's local derivative market is in the developing stages: local derivatives are still limited in availability and liquidity, primarily as turnover in the underlying cash markets is still growing; in addition, the MAS is a strict regulator which does not encourage the development of derivatives based on local indicators. Despite these limitations Singapore has managed to create for itself a successful niche in the global derivative markets by developing a series of listed and OTC derivatives based on important international references.
Application-level scheduling on distributed heterogeneous networks (1996)

Heterogeneous networks are increasingly being used as platforms for resource-intensive distributed parallel applications. A critical contributor to the performance of such applications is the scheduling of constituent application tasks on the network. Since often the distributed resources cannot be brought under the control of a single global scheduler, the application must be scheduled by the user. To obtain the best performance, the user must take into account both application-specific and dynamic system information in developing a schedule which meets his or her performance criteria. In this paper, we define a set of principles underlying application-level scheduling and describe our work-in-progress building AppLeS (application-level scheduling) agents. We illustrate the application-level scheduling approach with a detailed description and results for a distributed 2D Jacobi application on two production heterogeneous platforms.
Three-Dimensional Transmission Electron Microscopic Observations of Mesopores in Dealuminated Zeolite Y (2001)

Die Mesoporenbildung in Zeolith Y bei Hydrothermalbehandlung führt zu Hohlräumen innerhalb der Zeolithkristalle und nicht zu zylindrischen Poren, die die äußere Oberfläche mit dem Kristallitinneren verbinden. Dies ist das Ergebnis von dreidimensionaler Transmissionselektronenmikroskopie – drei Aufnahmen sind hier zu sehen, die die Entwicklung der Mesoporen erkennen lassen.
Vaccination with Dukoral<sup>®</sup>against travelers’ diarrhea (ETEC) and cholera (2008)

There is currently only one vaccine available that provides protection against diarrhea caused by Vibrio cholerae and, to a lesser degree, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC). Adverse events of this oral whole-cell/recombinant B-subunit vaccine have been negligible. Protective efficacy against cholera is 85%, while protection against the heat-labile toxin of ETEC reaches 67%. There is still a need for data on protection of Western travelers against travelers' diarrhea in general by Dukoral vaccination. However, current studies show a protective effect of up to 43%. Although the vaccine is only licensed for vaccination against cholera in most Western countries, there is mounting evidence that the oral cholera vaccine is a valuable option to those traveling to high-risk endemic areas. Vaccination against cholera and ETEC should be recommended for at-risk travelers, in particular those with high exposure at their travel destination or high personal risks through fluid loss.
FPGA design with Mentor and Altera CAD software (1994)

This paper is an overview of top-down design with Mentor and Altera CAD tools. It outlines the entire process of designing hardware from writing VHDL to mapping the design to an FPGA. Intermediate steps including synthesis, optimisation, function simulation, layout and partitioning are also discussed. The conclusion derives from our experiences. >
Thomas Willing and the First American Financial System (1938)

Thomas Willing and the First American Financial System. By Burton A. Konkle. (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1937. xii + 237 pp. Illustrations. $3.00.) Get access Wayne E. Stevens Wayne E. Stevens Dartmouth College Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of American History, Volume 25, Issue 2, September 1938, Pages 272–273, https://doi.org/10.2307/1896508 Published: 01 September 1938
A Dynamical Instability of Spark-Ignited Engines (1984)

A simple model for spark-ignited engines is proposed in which the residual exhaust gases of a combustion event affect ignition of the subsequent charge. The model is an example of a one-dimensional, discrete, nonlinear mapping of an interval. Laminar flame correlations incorporated within models for ignition exhibit Arrhenius kinetics. Small variations of the ignition time with respect to the expansion cycle alter the work produced by each cycle, thereby altering the exhaust-gas temperature. It is shown that the mixing of hot residual gases with a fresh charge is a sufficient mechanism to produce an instability of the ignition process, resulting in oscillatory behavior. When this instability is compounded with the effects of mixture turbulence, one obtains a novel picture of the well-known phenomenon of "cyclic dispersion" exhibited by such engines.
Nonlinear modeling of therapeutic ultrasound (2002)

The authors describe experimental finite element modeling of tissue ablation by focused ultrasound. Emphasis is on nonlinear coupling of high intensity sound temperature, and tissue properties. The numerical basis for modeling nonlinearity is an incrementally linear, time-domain, finite element algorithm solving the electromechanical and bioheat equations in 2D/3D inhomogeneous elastic and acoustic media. Nonstandard modeling issues examined include harmonic generation/absorption and focal "bubble" evolution with consistent sound and thermal redistribution. The nonlinear pressure-density relation generates harmonics that increase absorption and heating, particularly in the focal zone. In the tissues modeled, harmonic heating is negligible for peak focal intensities of a few kW/cm/sup 2/. As the focal hot spot ablates tissue it may also generate "bubbles". Prefocal growth of a bubbly region is modeled using a simple boiling threshold and strong coupling between the scattered ultrasound and temperature redistribution as the region spreads. Generally, these experiments are intended to develop a more comprehensive modeling basis for quantifying tissue ablation phenomenology.