gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of the Combustion System for a Flexible Fuel Turbocharged Direct Injection Engine (2010)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Gasoline turbocharged direct injection (GTDI) engines, such as EcoBoost™ from Ford, are becoming established as a high value technology solution to improve passenger car and light truck fuel economy. Due to their high specific performance and excellent low-speed torque, improved fuel economy can be realized due to downsizing and downspeeding without sacrificing performance and driveability while meeting the most stringent future emissions standards with an inexpensive three-way catalyst.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">A logical and synergistic extension of the EcoBoost™ strategy is the use of E85 (approximately 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline) for knock mitigation. Direct injection of E85 is very effective in suppressing knock due to ethanol's high heat of vaporization - which increases the charge cooling benefit of direct injection - and inherently high octane rating. As a result, higher boost levels can be achieved while maintaining optimal combustion phasing giving high thermal efficiency. However, due to their different properties, optimization of a combustion system for both regular grade (91 RON) gasoline and E85 is non-trivial.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper describes the initial design and development of a new combustion system for a flexible fuel (gasoline and E85) turbocharged direct injection engine. The development process utilized a boosted single-cylinder engine in conjunction with a second boosted single-cylinder engine with optical access which was used to provide insight into fuel/air interactions and resultant combustion performance. Using this approach a robust combustion system was developed to meet targets for both gasoline and E85 operation before multi-cylinder hardware was available.</div></div>
Comparisons of Color Mixing Theories for Use in Electronic Printing (1993)

Roughly speaking, there are two kinds of the color mixing theories. One is formulated for the halftone printing process such as the Neugebauer equations (NE), Yule-Neilsen approximation (YN), and Clapper-Yule multiple internal reflections (CY). The other is based on the subtractive principle such as the Beer-Bouguer law (BB) for the homogeneous medium and the Kubelka-Munk theories (KM) for the turbid medium. In addition, we present an empiri-cal extension of the subtractive models for the halftone printings. We compare these models by applying them to a Canon color copier and an ink jet printer. Brief descrip-tions of these theories with regard to the basic assumptions, formulations, and comparison results, are given in this paper. The emphasis of this study is placed on the spectral modeling of the halftone prints.
Cyanide recovery across hollow fiber gas membranes (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCyanide recovery across hollow fiber gas membranesCarol F. Kenfield, Ren. Qin, Michael J. Semmens, and E. L. CusslerCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1988, 22, 10, 1151–1155Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es00175a003https://doi.org/10.1021/es00175a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views232Altmetric-Citations53LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Mode matching analysis of biplanar slot arrays (1979)

A modal matching analysis of biplanar slot arrays imbedded in dielectric layers is presented. Calculated and measured results show that, with proper design, the dielectric matching layers can be adjusted to produce a biplanar slot array with a wide low-loss passband. Further, the bandwidth will be much less dependent on the incidence angle than in similar arrays without dielectric matching layers. One interesting feature of the investigation was the appearance of an unexpected passband null due to the dielectric filler material which occurs at a lower frequency than any possible Wood's anomaly. This null was first predicted theoretically and later confirmed by measurements. By modifying the spacing between the slots this null can be removed from the passband.
Small interfering RNA targeting survivin sensitizes lung cancer cell with mutant p53 to adriamycin (2005)

Survivin is a member of the inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) family that is specifically overexpressed in cancer tissues. p53 is one of the tumor suppressor genes; its induction in response to DNA damage causes apoptosis and correlates with drug sensitivity. To investigate the possible regulation of survivin by p53, we examined the level of survivin expression in lung cancer cell lines in response to adriamycin. Levels of survivin mRNA and protein in cell lines with wild-type p53 decreased dramatically after p53 induction, but no such reduction of survivin was observed in cell lines with mutated or null p53. Inhibition of wild-type p53 in A549 cells by small interfering (si) RNA significantly upregulated the expression of survivin. Survivin inhibition by siRNA in PC9 cells with mutated p53 significantly depressed cell proliferation. To investigate the sensitivity of cancer cells to adriamycin after inhibition of survivin, we depressed survivin expression using siRNA, and then added adriamycin at an IC50 dose. After a further 48 hr incubation with adriamycin, proliferation was significantly depressed in the cells treated with siRNA targeting survivin, in comparison with siRNA targeting scramble. Furthermore, both TUNEL and pro-caspase3 expression assay showed a significant increase in apoptosis after combined treatment with adriamycin and siRNA targeting survivin. Our results demonstrate that survivin is downregulated by p53, and that siRNA targeting of survivin increases cell sensitivity to adriamycin and promotes apoptosis. siRNA targeting of survivin could be potentially useful for increasing sensitivity to anticancer drugs, especially in drug-resistant cells with mutated p53.
A leakage reduction methodology for distributed MTCMOS (2004)

Multithreshold CMOS (MTCMOS) circuits reduce standby leakage power with low delay overhead. Most MTCMOS designs cut off the power to large blocks of logic using large sleep transistors. Locally distributing sleep devices has remained less popular even though it has several advantages described in this paper. However, locally placed sleep devices are only feasible if sneak leakage currents are prevented. This paper makes two contributions to leakage reduction. First, we examine the causes of sneak leakage paths and propose a design methodology that enables local insertion of sleep devices for sequential and combinational circuits. A set of design rules allows designers to prevent most sneak leakage paths. A fabricated 0.13-/spl mu/m, dual V/sub T/ test chip employs our methodology to implement a low-power FPGA architecture with gate-level sleep FETs and over 8/spl times/ measured standby current reduction. Second, we describe the implementation and benefits of local sleep regions in our design and examine the interfacing issues for this technique. Local sleep regions reduce leakage in unused circuit components at a local level while the surrounding circuits remain active. Measured results show that local sleep regions reduce leakage in active configurable logic blocks (CLBs) on our chip by up to 2.2/spl times/ (measured) based on configuration.
Electrical Modeling of Interconnections in Multilayer Packaging Structures (1987)

An effort toward modeling the interconnections in selected typical multilayer packaging structures is presented. The modeling is based on a quasi-static approximation to the associated electro-magnetic problems. A program for computing capacitance and inductance matrices and the numerical techniques used to improve the program efficiency are described. The results of numerical testing of the program are provided and discussed. The program was also compared with experimental data published in the open literature and the results are shown. The agreement between the model and the experiments is satisfactory.
Multimedia Selective Encryption by Means of Randomized Arithmetic Coding (2006)

We propose a novel multimedia security framework based on a modification of the arithmetic coder, which is used by most international image and video coding standards as entropy coding stage. In particular, we introduce a randomized arithmetic coding paradigm, which achieves encryption by inserting some randomization in the arithmetic coding procedure; notably, and unlike previous works on encryption by arithmetic coding, this is done at no expense in terms of coding efficiency. The proposed technique can be applied to any multimedia coder employing arithmetic coding; in this paper we describe an implementation tailored to the JPEG 2000 standard. The proposed approach turns out to be robust towards attempts to estimating the image or discovering the key, and allows very flexible protection procedures at the code-block level, allowing to perform total and selective encryption, as well as conditional access
Two Factor Vs Multi-factor, an Authentication Battle in Mobile Cloud Computing Environments (2017)

Mobile devices offer a convenient way of accessing our digital lives and many of those devices hold sensitive data that needs protecting. Mobile and wireless communications networks, combined with cloud computing as Mobile Cloud Computing (MCC), have emerged as a new way to provide a rich computational environment for mobile users, and business opportunities for cloud providers and network operators. It is the convenience of the cloud service and the ability to sync across multiple platforms/devices that has become the attraction to cloud computing. However, privacy, security and trust issues may still be a barrier that impedes the adoption of MCC by some undecided potential users. Those users still need to be convinced of the security of mobile devices, wireless networks and cloud computing. This paper is the result of a comprehensive review of one typical secure measure-authentication methodology research, spanning a period of five years from 2012--2017. MCC capabilities for sharing distributed resources is discussed. Authentication in MCC is divided in to two categories and the advantages of one category over its counterpart are presented, in the process of attempting to identify the most secure authentication scheme.
Synthesis and Micellization Properties of Double Hydrophilic A<sub>2</sub>BA<sub>2</sub>and A<sub>4</sub>BA<sub>4</sub>Non-Linear Block Copolymers (2006)

We describe the first account of the synthesis and intriguing micellization properties of nonlinear double hydrophilic block copolymers (DHBCs) of the A2BA2 and A4BA4 type. Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) macroinitiators with two and four initiating sites at both ends of poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) chain were synthesized via reacting 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate and glycidol with commercially available diamine-terminated PPO, respectively, followed by esterification with excess 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide or 2-bromopropionyl bromide. Well-defined nonlinear DHBCs, (PDEA)2PPO(PDEA)2 (H-shaped) and (PDEA)4PPO(PDEA)4 (star-b-linear-b-star), were then prepared by polymerizing 2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DEA) via ATRP in 2-propanol at 40 °C using the prepared macroinitiators, where PDEA was poly(2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate). The structures of the resulting nonlinear shaped copolymers were characterized by 1H NMR and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The pH- and thermoresponsive micellization behavior of (PDEA10)2PPO(PDEA10)2 and (PDEA11)4PPO(PDEA11)4 was then investigated by a combination of dynamic laser light scattering (LLS) and fluorescence techniques. Compared to the linear counterpart, the nonlinear block copolymers exhibited complex and interesting micellization properties.
Insulin- and Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase-mediated Phosphorylation and Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ (1996)

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma plays an important role in adipocyte differentiation and the regulation of adipocyte gene expression. Insulin also serves to promote adipogenesis. We report that insulin and a PPARgamma ligand (thiazolidinedione (TZD)) stimulate in a synergistic manner the expression of an adipocyte-specific gene (aP2) in rat adipocytes and 3T3-L1 cells. Potential cross-talk between insulin signaling and PPARgamma was studied in Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing insulin receptors (CHO.T), PPARgamma, and reporter genes. Both TZD and insulin independently stimulated PPARgamma-mediated transactivation of aP2 promoter-luciferase reporter genes; both agents combined resulted in a synergistic effect. Co-transfection of CHO.T cells with dominant-negative mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase-kinase (MKK1) abrogated both insulin- and TZD-mediated activation of PPARgamma; transactivation was markedly increased in cells co-transfected with constitutively active MKK1. Both insulin and constitutively active MKK1 also stimulated 32P incorporation into PPARgamma in vivo. The conclusions are: 1) Insulin synergizes with a PPARgamma ligand and can activate the receptor in a ligand-independent fashion. 2) PPARgamma is phosphorylated in vivo by insulin stimulation or activation of the MAP kinase pathway. 3) MAP kinase is an important mediator of cross-talk between insulin signal transduction pathways and PPARgamma function.
Studies on the biology of <i>Botrytis</i> species on overwintered salad onions (1980)

SUMMARY In the years 1973/4–1974/5, Botrytis cinerea was responsible for losses of 26% and 37% respectively in overwintered salad (green) onion crops grown at Wellesbourne. The fungus invaded the tips of cotyledonary and young true leaves and then grew downwards and inwards through the leaf axils to colonise the internal tissues and produce a collar rot which caused plants to collapse and die. More direct infection of the junction between an older and younger leaf produced a similar effect. Symptoms were rarely noticeable (except occasionally in the later stages of the disease) and affected plants disappeared unobtrusively. The incidence of collar rot increased as the rate of leaf production fell with the drop in temperatures in winter months but decreased as leaf growth resumed with increases in temperature in the spring. The fungus grew and sporulated well at low temperatures (5°C) and more inoculated seedlings developed collar rot when maintained at simulated winter temperatures (7°C) than when kept at simulated spring temperatures (15°C). B. squamosa occurred spasmodically producing white leaf lesions but caused no loss of plants. B. allii although present at a low incidence did not increase in the crops but in common with B. cinerea caused some damage to the bases of plants at harvest.
Characterization of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis antigenic proteins (1985)

The characterization of a purified antigen from Mycobacterium paratuberculosis, recently made commercially available for use in serodiagnosis by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), of paratuberculosis in cattle was described. This assay had 89% specificity and 83% sensitivity for M paratuberculosis infection. The protein/polypeptide composition of the purified antigen was compared with that of a crude protoplasmic extract of strain 18 M paratuberculosis used in the agar-gel immunodiffusion test and ELISA and with that of sonicated strain 19698 M paratuberculosis organisms grown on Dorset-Henley synthetic liquid medium. The sonicated M paratuberculosis contained 27 major proteins/polypeptides; the crude protoplasmic extract, 18; and the purified antigen contained 14 proteins/polypeptides, using sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis analysis. The serologic reactivity of these proteins/polypeptides were defined, using the enzyme-linked immuno-electrotransfer blot technique. The sonicated M paratuberculosis contained 20 serologically reactive proteins/polypeptides (34,000 to 84,000 daltons); the crude protoplasmic extract contained 3 (37,000 to 45,000 daltons); and the purified extract contained a diffuse polypeptide band (34,000 to 38,000 daltons). Identification by enzyme-linked immuno-electrotransfer blot technique of M paratuberculosis antigens reactive in the ELISA will allow us to further study these antigens in the ELISA to improve sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic test.
Cobalt nanoparticles coated with graphitic shells as localized radio frequency absorbers for cancer therapy (2008)

Graphitic carbon-coated ferromagnetic cobalt nanoparticles (C-Co-NPs) with diameters of around 7 nm and cubic crystalline structures were synthesized by catalytic chemical vapor deposition. X-ray diffraction and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis indicated that the cobalt nanoparticles inside the carbon shells were preserved in the metallic state. Fluorescence microscopy images and Raman spectroscopy revealed effective penetrations of the C-Co-NPs through the cellular plasma membrane of the cultured HeLa cells, both inside the cytoplasm and in the nucleus. Low radio frequency (RF) radiation of 350 kHz induced localized heat into the metallic nanoparticles, which triggered the killing of the cells, a process that was found to be dependent on the RF application time and nanoparticle concentration. When compared to carbon nanostructures such as single-wall carbon nanotubes, these coated magnetic cobalt nanoparticles demonstrated higher specificity for RF absorption and heating. DNA gel electrophoresis assays of the HeLa cells after the RF treatment showed a strong broadening of the DNA fragmentation spectrum, which further proved the intense localized thermally induced damages such as DNA and nucleus membrane disintegration, under RF exposure in the presence of C-Co-NPs. The data presented in this report indicate a great potential of this new process for in vivo tumor thermal ablation, bacteria killing, and various other biomedical applications.
A Runx2/miR-3960/miR-2861 Regulatory Feedback Loop during Mouse Osteoblast Differentiation (2011)

Our recent study showed that miR-2861 promotes osteoblast differentiation by targeting histone deacetylase 5, resulting in increased runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) protein production. Here we identified another new microRNA (miRNA) (miR-3960) that played a regulatory role in osteoblast differentiation through a regulatory feedback loop with miR-2861. miR-3960 and miR-2861 were found clustered at the same loci. miR-3960 was transcribed during bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP2)-induced osteogenesis of ST2 stromal cells. Overexpression of miR-3960 promoted BMP2-induced osteoblastogenesis. However, the inhibition of miR-3960 expression attenuated the osteoblastogenesis. Homeobox A2 (Hoxa2), a repressor of Runx2 expression, was confirmed to be a target of miR-3960. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed that Runx2 bound to the promoter of the miR-3960/miR-2861 cluster. Furthermore, overexpression of Runx2 induced miR-3960/miR-2861 transcription, and block of Runx2 expression attenuated BMP2-induced miR-3960/miR-2861 transcription. Here we report that miR-3960 and miR-2861, transcribed together from the same miRNA polycistron, both function in osteoblast differentiation through a novel Runx2/miR-3960/miR-2861 regulatory feedback loop. Our findings provide new insights into the roles of miRNAs in osteoblast differentiation.
Kinetics effects and modeling of <scp>mRNA</scp> turnover (2015)

Broader comprehension of gene expression regulatory mechanisms can be gained from a global analysis of how transcription and degradation are coordinated to orchestrate complex cell responses. The role of messenger RNA (mRNA) turnover modulation in gene expression levels has become increasingly recognized. From such perspective, in this review we briefly illustrate how a simple but effective mathematical model of mRNA turnover and some experimental findings, may together shed light on the molecular mechanisms underpinning the major role of mRNA decay rates in shaping the kinetics of gene activation and repression.
Optimizing combustion efficiency of a circulating fluidized boiler: A data mining approach (2005)

A data mining approach was applied to analyze relationships among 54 parameters of a circulating fluidized-bed boiler. Knowledge was extracted from the data by machine learning algorithms. The extracted knowledge was used to determine ranges of proce
Members of the Arabidopsis <i>HRT/RPP8</i> Family of Resistance Genes Confer Resistance to Both Viral and Oomycete Pathogens (2000)

Turnip crinkle virus (TCV) inoculation onto TCV-resistant Arabidopsis leads to a hypersensitive response (HR) controlled by the dominant gene HRT. HRT is a member of the class of resistance (R) genes that contain a leucine zipper, a nucleotide binding site, and leucine-rich repeats. The chromosomal position of HRT and its homology to resistance gene RPP8 and two RPP8 homologs indicate that unequal crossing over and gene conversion may have contributed to HRT evolution. RPP8 confers resistance to an oomycete pathogen, Peronospora parasitica. Despite very strong similarities within the HRT/RPP8 family, HRT and RPP8 are specific for the respective pathogens they detect. Hence, the HRT/RPP8 family provides molecular evidence that sequence changes between closely related members of multigene families can generate novel specificities for radically different pathogens. Transgenic plants expressing HRT developed an HR but generally remained susceptible to TCV because of a second gene, RRT, that regulates resistance to TCV. However, several transgenic plants that overexpressed HRT produced micro-HRs or no HR when inoculated with TCV and were resistant to infection. Expression of the TCV coat protein gene in seedlings containing HRT resulted in massive necrosis and death, indicating that the avirulence factor detected by the HRT-encoded protein is the TCV coat protein.