gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Organische Synthese — wohin? (1990)

Abstract Es wird der Versuch unternommen, wichtige Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der Organischen Synthese in den letzten 25 Jahren zu skizzieren und in die Zukunft zu projizieren. — Die wichtigsten Motive für die Durchführung einer Naturstoffsynthese existieren nicht mehr: Statt der Zielstruktur als solcher steht heute deren Funktion und Wirksamkeit im Mittelpunkt des Interesses. Inhibitoren mit Affinität zu allen wichtigen Enzymen und Rezeptoren der belebten Natur werden zu Zielmolekülen. — Neue Synthesemethoden werden am ehesten auf dem Gebiet der biologisch‐chemischen und der metallorganischen Chemie entdeckt werden. Enzyme, ganze Mikroorganismen oder Zellkulturen werden schon heute im Forschungslabor wie auch in der Industrie zur enantioselektiven Herstellung bestimmter Verbindungen verwendet. Durch den Entwurf geeigneter Analoga von Übergangszuständen und Zwischenprodukten wird es zusätzlich möglich sein, unter Zuhilfenahme des Säugetier‐Immunsystems und der Gentechnologie katalytisch wirksame monoklonale Antikörper für praktisch beliebige Reaktionen herzustellen und vor allem im industriellen Maßstab einzusetzen. Wirklich neue Reaktionen wird es wohl nur noch auf dem Gebiet der übergangsmetallorganischen Chemie geben, die uns in den nächsten Jahren weitere „Wunderreagentien”︁ bescheren wird. Bei den Derivaten der Hauptgruppenelemente („elementorganische”︁ Chemie) werden schrittweise Verbesserungen in der Versuchsführung und die Anwendung spezieller Techniken zu ungeahnter Effizienz und Selektivität bekannter Prozesse führen. Das Schwergewicht wird bei allen Synthesemethoden auf der Suche nach katalytischen und enantioselektiven Varianten liegen: Es wird nicht lange dauern, bis für alle Standardreaktionen, die von achiralen Edukten zu chiralen Produkten führen, entsprechende Modifikationen zur Verfügung stehen werden. Analytik, Spektroskopie, Strukturanalyse, Theorie und elektronische Datenverarbeitung sind für den Fortschritt auf dem Gebiet der Synthese unentbehrlich. Nur durch diese „Hilfsmittel”︁ werden immer größere und kompliziertere Systeme mit den Methoden der Chemie, d. h. auf molekularer oder supramolekularer Ebene, erfaßbar. — Zu allen erwähnten Themen werden Beispiele angeführt; eine sehr umfangreiche Literaturliste Diese Liste kann dem interessierten Leser für die Suche nach Stichwörtern und Autorennamen in Form eines Word‐Dokumentes auf Diskette zur Verfügung gestellt werden. soll das weitere Studium erleichtern. — Wenn dieser Artikel dazu führt, daß weniger Kollegen als bisher die Organische Chemie als eine reife Wissenschaft ansehen und daß der Nachwuchs erkennt, wie lebendig und kraftvoll die Organische Synthese sich neuen Zielen zuwendet und alte Träume Wirklichkeit werden läßt, hat er seinen Zweck erfüllt.
Manufacture of Carbon Dioxide (1928)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTManufacture of Carbon DioxideH. E. HoweCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1928, 20, 10, 1091–1094Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1928Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1928https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50226a029https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50226a029research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views81Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
N-glycosylation of human interferon-<i>γ</i>: glycans at Asn-25 are critical for protease resistance (1995)

Human interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) is a secretory, dimeric glycoprotein that forms a compact globular structure with potential N-linked glycosylation sites at Asn-25 and Asn-97 on the surface of the dimer. In natural leucocyte IFN-gamma (nIFN-gamma), 52%, 39% and 9% of the monomers are core-glycosylated in two, one or none of the potential N-glycosylation sites respectively. Chemical cross-linking of nIFN-gamma with glutaraldehyde revealed that 4, 3, 2 or 1 glycosylation sites occupied 28%, 40%, 26% and 6% of the dimers respectively. In baculovirus-produced wild-type (Wt) and N-linked glycosylation site-defective mutant (N25Q or N97Q, Asn-25 or Asn-97 substituted by Gln) IFN-gamma proteins, the extent of core glycosylation of monomers reflected the glycan composition of dimers. This suggests that dimers are formed randomly and independently of glycosylation. The glycan residues of IFN-gamma, especially at Asn-25, play an important role in protease resistance. Unglycosylated recombinant IFN-gamma proteins (from Escherichia coli and baculovirus) and N25Q IFN-gamma were sensitive to crude granulocyte protease, purified elastase, cathepsin G and plasmin degradation. Fully glycosylated nIFN-gamma and baculovirus Wt and N97Q IFN-gamma showed full or partial resistance to these proteases. These results emphasize the importance of glycan residues, especially at Asn-25, in the proteolytic stability of human IFN-gamma. Whether the differential glycosylation of n- and recombinant IFN-gamma (rIFN-gamma) is reflected in their biological activities in tissues or their clinical applicability is not known.
Therapeutic vaccines in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer: principles in clinical trial design (2009)

Although docetaxel was approved for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer in 2004, additional therapies are still required. Prostate cancer is often slow-growing and expresses many tumor-associated antigens, making it a feasible target for immunotherapy. Several therapeutic cancer vaccines have been developed for prostate cancer, including antigen-presenting-cell-based, vector-based, and whole tumor cell vaccines. Initial trials demonstrated that vaccine approaches have limited toxicity. Clinical trials of targeted biologic therapies have demonstrated that patient selection is vital, and there is preliminary evidence that clinical parameters can be used to encompass metastatic prostate cancer patients who will more probably respond to vaccine treatment. In addition to appropriate patient selection, a successful clinical trial must have an appropriate primary endpoint as well. Three randomized, 'placebo'-controlled studies in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer have suggested a clinically significant survival advantage in spite of a lack of improvement in time to progression, implying that overall survival is the ideal endpoint for such trials. Careful examination of data from completed immunotherapy clinical trials in prostate cancer has identified appropriate patient populations and endpoints. Those principles need to be applied to future trial design to properly evaluate prostate cancer vaccines.
SoC: Software, Hardware, Nightmare, Bliss (2003)

System-on-a-chip (SoC) design methodology allows a designer to create complex silicon systems from smaller working blocks, or systems. By providing a method for easily supporting proprietary functionality in a larger context that includes many existing design pieces, SoC design opens the craft of silicon design to a much broader audience.
Structure and Properties of Electrodeposited Metals (1974)

The fundamental purpose of electrodeposition is to change the characteristics of a surface and So obtain improved properties. One of the first recarded instances of its lise is that by Henry Bessemer (the pioneer steel manufacturer) whO,in 1831, copper-plated castipgs of insects, frogs, and plants by placing them on a zinc tray immersed in a solution of copper sulphate; the other main copper plating bath based on cyanide was operated by J. Wright, a Birmingham surgeDn, in 1840. Since this early work, the subje,ct has grown vastly in importance and electrodepositiDn is now the most widely used technique for applying metallic ooatings.* Present commercial processes range from large automated plant for the continuous high-speed coating of wire and stdp to the plating of micraswitches for electronic equipment.
Analysis of five sampling methods for the preparation of cervical smears. (1990)

The quality of the cervical smear, a decisive factor in the efficacy of population screening, can depend on the sampling method utilized. An analysis was made of the performance of five sample takers in a screening program, each of whom had made approximately 5,000 smears, and of the five sampling methods each had used: spatula alone (method A), Cytobrush plus spatula (method B), Cytopick (method C), cotton swab plus spatula (method D) and Cervex brush (method E). The differences between the sample takers and the sampling methods were significant in both the detection of grade III cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN III) (P less than .01) and in the production of smears containing endocervical cells (EC+) (P less than .018). The data obtained firmly establish the importance of the presence of endocervical cells for smear adequacy. The results of this study indicate that (1) method B (Cytobrush plus spatula) and method C (Cytopick) give superior results in the preparation of EC+ smears and in the detection of CIN III and thus should be used in population screening programs, and (2) methods A and D should not be used for cervical cytologic sampling in such programs.
Nonlinear Filters for Image Processing (1999)

From the Publisher:
This text covers key mathematical principles and algorithms for nonlinear filters used in image processing. Readers will gain an in-depth understanding of the underlying mathematical and filter design methodologies needed to construct and utilize nonlinear filters in a variety of applications.
The Use of Visual Feedback in Establishing Normal Vocal Intensity in Two Mildly Retarded Adults (1975)

A voice-activated relay was used to provide visual feedback of vocal amplitude for two subjects who habitually used very soft voices. The relay system caused a light to go on when vocal intensity was 65 dB SPL or greater. Both subjects demonstrated significant increases in their use of normal vocal intensity. One subject was able to transfer this progress to spontaneous conversational settings. Though some difficulties in generalization and automatization were evident, this system is recommended for use with persons exhibiting functional intensity deficiences.
Chimeras of Two Isoprenoid Synthases Catalyze All Four Coupling Reactions in Isoprenoid Biosynthesis (2007)

The carbon skeletons of over 55,000 naturally occurring isoprenoid compounds are constructed from four fundamental coupling reactions: chain elongation, cyclopropanation, branching, and cyclobutanation. Enzymes that catalyze chain elongation and cyclopropanation are well studied, whereas those that catalyze branching and cyclobutanation are unknown. We have catalyzed the four reactions with chimeric proteins generated by replacing segments of a chain-elongation enzyme with corresponding sequences from a cyclopropanation enzyme. Stereochemical and mechanistic considerations suggest that the four coupling enzymes could have evolved from a common ancestor through relatively small changes in the catalytic site.
Complications related to intravenous midline catheter usage. A 2-year study. (1998)

The introduction of the Landmark midline catheter (Menlo, Co., CA) brought an alternative to central line catheter placement for prolonged intravenous access. The study was initiated in 1993 to observe for complications, including hypersensitivity-like reactions. The authors hypothesized this i.v. modality would decrease the need for central i.v. lines and accompanying complications. At the time of catheter insertion, the i.v. team nurses completed a survey form that included demographics, underlying disease, and risk factors for infection. The catheter tip was cultured at the time of removal. In the second phase of the study, the authors focused specifically on hypersensitivity-like reactions. During a 2-year period, 248 patients had 334 midline catheters. Patient ages ranged from 23 to 98 years (mean age, 65 years). The bacteremia rate was 0.3%; the colonization rate was 0.9%. Factors associated with infection/ colonization included: length of time in place, chemotherapy, and lack of antibiotic administration. In the second phase of the study, during which an additional 170 catheters were placed in 131 patients, no hypersensitivity-like reactions were noted. The midline catheter appears to be a safe method of i.v. fluid administration for patients with limited peripheral vein access who need extended i.v. therapy.
40 (2012)

Introduction: The incidence and mortality from Clostridium diffcile colitis is on the rise. Emergent colectomy performed for C. difficile colitis is associated with high mortality. Hypothesis: Identifying clinical factors associated with postoperative mortality may be helpful in identifying appropriate operative candidates. Methods: The ACS-NSQIP database from 2005-2010 were used to study emergently performed open colectomies for a primary diagnosis of C. difficile colitis on the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9). Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative factors were noted and compared between survivors and non-survivors. We performed multivariate stepwise binomial logistic regression analyses to study clinical factors that may be associated with 30-day mortality. Results: The overall mortality for this cohort was 33% (111/335) with median time to death of 8 days. On average, survivors were discharged on postoperative day 24. On multivariate analysis, age ≥ 80 years was associated with a nine fold increase in the odds of mortality (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.0-13.0). Other factors associated with increased mortality were preoperative shock (OR 2.8, 95% [CI]: 1.6-5.4), preoperative dialysis dependence (OR 2.3, 95% [CI]: 1.1-4.8), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (OR 3.7, 95% [CI]: 2.0-7.1) and wound class III (OR 2.1, 95%[CI]: 3.0-13). Thrombocytopenia (platelet count < 150 x 10³/mm³), coagulopathy (International Normalized Ratio (INR) >2.0), and renal insufficiency (Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) >40 mg/dl) were associated with a higher mortality as well. Conclusions: This is the largest series of colectomies performed for C.difficile colitis in the literature. We utilized a high quality national database comprised of over 200 hospitals to study outcomes of colectomies performed for C. difficile colitis. We identified advanced age, preoperative shock, preoperative dialysis dependence, COPD, elevated INR, and thrombocytopenia as risk factors for increased mortality. These findings may be useful in selecting appropriate patients for surgical intervention.
<title>Biomedical applications of electroactive polymers and shape-memory alloys</title> (2002)

Among many kinds of polymer materials, electronic conductive material, that is polypyrrole, shows potential possibility for bio-relate actuator materials. However, it may be an impediment for practical use in polypyrrole actuator that polypyrrole usually requires electrolyte solution for actuation. Our first research theme is focused on this problem solving. We have investigated many kinds of solid polymer electrolyes for the substitution of electrolyte solution. Our goals are to find the stable solid electrolyte in the air, to establish the reliable fabrication process of it and to apply it for micropump application. Besides actuators, the reduction and oxidation property of polypyrrole can be exploited for active drug delivery systems by the control of structural deformation of it. We have investigated this kind of new and bio-related possibility of polypyrrole. Shape memory alloy has another possibility in the biomedical field. Due to its inherent excellent advantages as actuator materials, it can be used for micro active intravascular catheter. We have developed thin tube type bending actuator using shape memory alloy and characterized its performance by in-vivo test.
Dynamic Obstacle Avoidance in uncertain environment combining PVOs and Occupancy Grid (2007)

Most of present work for autonomous navigation in dynamic environment doesn't take into account the dynamics of the obstacles or the limits of the perception system.To face these problems we applied the Probabilistic Velocity Obstacle (P V O) approach [1] to a dynamic occupancy grid.The paper presents a method to estimate the probability of collision where uncertainty in position, shape and velocity of the obstacles, occlusions and limited sensor range contribute directly to the computation.A simple navigation algorithm is then presented in order to apply the method to collision avoidance and goal driven control.Simulation results show that the robot is able to adapt its behaviour to the level of available knowledge and navigate safely among obstacles with a constant linear velocity.Extensions to non-linear, non-constant velocities are proposed.
Express Method for Redox Potential and pH Measuring in Microbial Cultures (2014)

The new modification of potentiometric pH and Eh measuring was developed. The essence of the method is to measure pH and Eh in compact hermetic redox cell. This modification provides reliable and fast pH and Eh measuring with minimum expense of culture liquid (1 cm3 for each measuring). The application of the developed modification in microbiology was shown on the example of bacterial culture Kocuria carniphila isolated from Negev desert soil (Israel). Dynamics of the Eh changing in the growing culture allows establishing the influence of the carbon and energy sources concentration on the microbial growth, the rate of oxygen consumption and character of microbial interaction with toxic compounds. Copiotriphic conditions (800 mg/l C) were shown to be optimal for K. carniphila. It was shown that K. carniphila was resistant to 200 ppm of Cu2+, nevertheless it did not extract Cu2+ out of liquid medium.
Structure and Paramagnetism of Strong Charge-Transfer Complexes: 5.10-Dihydro-2.3.5.7.8.10-hexamethylphenazine-tetracyanoethylene (M<sub>6</sub>P) (TCNE) (1983)

Abstract The potent new donor 5.10-dihydro-2.3.5.7.8.10-hexamethylphenazine was synthesized and reacted with tetracyanoethylene to form a paramagnetic ionic charge transfer salt. The title compound (C18H22N2) (C6N4), (M6P) (TCNE), M r = 394.51, crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with a = 7.679(3) Å, b = 8.458(2) Å, c = 15.841(6) Å, β = 92.88(3)0, V = 1027.55 Å3, d c = 1.288 Mg m−3, and Z = 2. The planar M6P+ and TCNE− radical ions form mixed, regular stacks along b with a distance between M6P+ and TCNE− of 3.4(1) Å. Final refinement yielded R-indices of R = 0.092 and R w = 0.058. Epr and static susceptibility data are interpreted in terms of novel disorder involving specific TCNE-allyl exchanges.
Anxiety and cognition in histamine H<sub>3</sub> receptor<sup>−/−</sup> mice (2004)

Histamine H(3) receptors (H3Rs) were first characterized as autoreceptors modulating histamine release and synthesis via negative feedback. Acute H3R stimulation or blockade with selective agonists and antagonists suggests a role for H3R in anxiety and cognition. However, little is known about the long-term effects of H3R blockade on brain function. In the current study, mice lacking H3 receptors (H3R(-/-)) were used to investigate the role of H3R-mediated signalling in anxiety and cognition. H3R(-/-) mice showed enhanced spatial learning and memory in the Barnes maze. In addition, H3R(-/-) mice showed reduced measures of anxiety in the elevated plus and zero mazes involving exploratory behaviour and avoidable anxiety-provoking stimuli, but enhanced acoustic startle responses involving unavoidable anxiety-provoking stimuli. These behavioural alterations were associated with higher arginine vasopressin levels in the central and basolateral nuclei of the amygdala. These findings support a role for H3Rs in mediating histamine effects on spatial learning and memory and measures of anxiety.
Antibody-enzyme analogy. Characterization of antibodies to phosphopyridoxyltyrosine derivatives (1975)

Stable analogs of the crucial Schiff base intermediate of enzymatic and nonenzymatic pyridoxal phosphate catalysis have been used as haptens for induction of specific antibodies. N-(5-phosphopyridoxyl)-3'-amino-L-tyrosine and its conformationally distinct cyclized derivative resemble the Schiff base formed upon mixing tyrosine with pyridoxal phosphate. These compounds were covalently coupled to a protein carrier via the 3'-amino group so as to confer a prescribed orientation, with the coenzyme region farthest removed from the carrier. A third antigen, with the phosphopyridoxyl group alone as the hapten, was prepared by linkage of pyridoxal phosphate directly to free amino groups on the carrier protein. Antibodies elicited for each determinant were purified by means of appropriate affinity columns. Antibody heterogeneity was observed in that different species could be separated from a given serum by sequential elution from the affinity columns with 1 M sodium phosphate buffers of pH 7.6, 5.2, 2.6 and 1.5. In assays of quantitative precipitation, inhibition of precipitation, equilibrium dialysis, and fluorescence quenching, antibodies to the phosphopyridoxyltyrosine haptens showed specificity for the phosphorylated form of the coenzyme and binding activity for both the coenzyme and tyrosine portions of the hapten. Antibodies to the phosphopyridoxyl groups alone did not display a similar reactivity toward the tyrosine portion of the complex haptens. The cyclic and noncyclic conformations of the hapten were serologically distinct, as antibody to each reacted preferentially with the homologous form.
Differentiation- and Apoptosis-Inducing Activities by Pentacyclic Triterpenes on a Mouse Melanoma Cell Line (2002)

In a study to investigate the relationship between the chemical structure and the differentiation-inducing activity of pentacyclic triterpenes, several lupane, oleanane, and ursane triterpenes were prepared and their effects on B16 2F2 melanoma cell differentiation and growth were examined. Eleven lupane triterpenes used in this study acted on the melanoma cells as a melanogen, but no induction of melanogenesis of B16 2F2 cells by oleanane and ursane was detected. The differences at C-17 of the lupane series and acetylation of the OH group at C-3 did not markedly influence their activities. However, the ED(50) value for up-regulation of melanin biosynthesis was markedly decreased by the oxidation of the OH group at C-3 of lupeol (1). Betulinic acid (11), its methyl ester (12), lup-28-al-20(29)-ene-3beta-ol (9), and lup-28-al-20(29)-en-3-one (10) inhibited B16 2F2 cell proliferation by induction of apoptosis. These findings suggested that the carbonyl group at C-17 might be essential for the apoptotic effects of these compounds on B16 2F2 cells.