gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
M2Det: A Single-Shot Object Detector based on Multi-Level Feature Pyramid Network (2018)

Feature pyramids are widely exploited by both the state-of-the-art one-stage object detectors (e.g., DSSD, RetinaNet, RefineDet) and the two-stage object detectors (e.g., Mask R-CNN, DetNet) to alleviate the problem arising from scale variation across object instances. Although these object detectors with feature pyramids achieve encouraging results, they have some limitations due to that they only simply construct the feature pyramid according to the inherent multi-scale, pyramidal architecture of the backbones which are actually designed for object classification task. Newly, in this work, we present a method called Multi-Level Feature Pyramid Network (MLFPN) to construct more effective feature pyramids for detecting objects of different scales. First, we fuse multi-level features (i.e. multiple layers) extracted by backbone as the base feature. Second, we feed the base feature into a block of alternating joint Thinned U-shape Modules and Feature Fusion Modules and exploit the decoder layers of each u-shape module as the features for detecting objects. Finally, we gather up the decoder layers with equivalent scales (sizes) to develop a feature pyramid for object detection, in which every feature map consists of the layers (features) from multiple levels. To evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed MLFPN, we design and train a powerful end-to-end one-stage object detector we call M2Det by integrating it into the architecture of SSD, which gets better detection performance than state-of-the-art one-stage detectors. Specifically, on MS-COCO benchmark, M2Det achieves AP of 41.0 at speed of 11.8 FPS with single-scale inference strategy and AP of 44.2 with multi-scale inference strategy, which is the new state-of-the-art results among one-stage detectors. The code will be made available on \url{https://github.com/qijiezhao/M2Det.
Association between polymorphisms of the α-kinase 1 gene and type 2 diabetes mellitus in community-dwelling individuals (2013)

We previously demonstrated that the α-kinase 1 gene (<i>ALPK1</i>) is a susceptibility locus for chronic kidney disease in individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM) by a genome-wide association study. Although genetic variants of <i>ALPK1</i> have been associated with chronic kidney disease in individuals with DM, whether <i>ALPK1</i> is a susceptibility locus for DM has not been elucidated. The purpose of the present study was to investigate a possible association of the rs2074388 (A→G, Asp565Gly) or rs2074379 (A→G, Ile732Met) variants of <i>ALPK1</i> with type 2 DM in community-dwelling individuals. The study subjects comprised 5,959 community-dwelling individuals (495 subjects with type 2 DM and 5,464 controls) who were recruited to a population-based cohort study in Inabe, Mie, Japan. The comparisons of allele frequencies or genotype distributions using the Chi-square test revealed that the rs2074388 and rs2074379 variants of <i>ALPK1</i> were significantly associated with type 2 DM (P<0.05). A multivariable logistic regression analysis with adjustment for age, gender, body mass index and smoking status revealed that the rs2074388 (P=0.0051; odds ratio, 1.32) and rs2074379 (P=0.0058; odds ratio, 1.32) variants were significantly associated with type 2 DM. The haplotype analysis of these polymorphisms revealed that the frequency of the major haplotype, A (rs2074388)-A (rs2074379), was significantly lower, whereas that of the minor haplotype G-G was significantly higher in subjects with type 2 DM compared to controls. Thus, <i>ALPK1</i> may be a susceptible gene for type 2 DM in community-dwelling Japanese individuals.
尋謠，尋我，回響 : 小河「尋謠計劃」的探究性和介入性 (2021)

音樂人小河二零一八年在北京發起尋找「胡同童謠」的音樂計劃，二零一九年又在杭州尋找當地童謠，意在邀請在場聽衆一起參與音樂的發生和製作，將承載地方文化和個體記憶的童謠重新編曲和歌唱，爲快速變遷的社會留下一份可供孩子選擇的童年音樂。在此過程中，個體的行動和對外的感知促成了默會知識（tacit knowledge）的產生和運用，小河在這個過程中得以認識、敘説和探究自我。他在現場營造的的互動環境和觀衆的積極參與，不僅創造了音樂的發生，還進而形成一種對話性公共藝術，介入社會，發揮作用。
Will neuroimaging ever be used to diagnose pediatric bipolar disorder? (2006)

There is a great need for discovery of biological markers that could be used diagnostically for pediatric onset disorders, particularly those with potentially confusing phenomenology such as pediatric-onset bipolar disorder (BD). Obtaining these markers would help overcome current subjective diagnostic techniques of relying on parent and child interview and symptomatic history. Brain imaging may be the most logical choice for a diagnostic tool, and certain neurobiological abnormalities have already been found in pediatric BD. However, much work remains to be done before neuroimaging can be used reliably to diagnose this disorder, and because of the nature of BD and the limitations of imaging technology and technique, neuroimaging will likely at most be only a diagnostic aide in the near future. In this paper we discuss the characteristics of pediatric BD that complicate the use of biological markers as diagnostic tools, how neuroimaging techniques have been used to study pediatric BD so far, and the limitations and potential of such techniques for future diagnostic use.
Hypertension, Oral Contraceptive Agents, and Conjugated Estrogens (1971)

Twenty-two patients developed hypertension on oral contraceptive pills. Mean blood pressure of the group before, during, and after the medication was stopped was 125/76, 183/110, and 130/82 mm Hg, respectively. The average plasma renin activity, the renin substrate, and the aldosterone excretion rate were moderately elevated in the patients who were studied while on the oral contraceptives. In 8 of 10 patients studied 3 to 6 weeks after the medication had been stopped, plasma renin activity failed to have a normal increase in response to sodium restriction and standing. In 3 of 11 patients values were in the hyporesponsive range when they were tested 2 to 7 months later. Five patients were studied who developed hypertension 3 months to 5 years after starting to take a conjugated estrogen. Four became normotensive from 1 to 7 months after they stopped taking the estrogen. The two patients studied had a hyporesponsive plasma renin activity on repeat study in association with an elevated plasma renin substrate while they were taking the estrogen.
Metformin exerts anticancer effects through the inhibition of the Sonic hedgehog signaling pathway in breast cancer (2015)

Metformin, a widely prescribed antidiabetic drug, has previously been shown to lower the risk of certain types of cancer, including that of breast cancer, and to improve prognosis. Its anticancer effects, which are mediated by the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), have become notable. The Sonic hedgehog (Shh) signaling pathway is involved in changes in mammary ducts and malignant transformation. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the role of the Shh pathway in mediating the anticancer effects of metformin and the correlation between AMPK and the Shh pathway. We investigated the effectiveness of metformin in inhibiting the proliferation, migration, invasion and stemness of breast cancer cells in vitro using RNA extraction and reverse transcription‑polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), western blot analysis, cell proliferation assay, scratch-wound assay (cell migration assay), cell invasion assay, mammosphere culture and flow cytometry. In in vivo experiments, a tumor xenograft model was used to detect the effects of metformin on cancer cell proliferation. The results revealed that the treatment of breast cancer cells with metformin led to the inhibition of the Shh signaling pathway. Importantly, metformin inhibited recombinant human Shh (rhShh)‑induced cell migration, invasion, and stemness, and impaired cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the small interfering RNA (siRNA)‑mediated downregulation of AMPK reversed the inhibitory effects of metformin on rhShh‑induced Gli-1 expression and stemness. Our findings identified a role of the Shh signaling pathway in the anticancer effects of metformin in breast cancer. Furthermore, we revealed that the metformin-mediated inhibition of the Shh signaling pathway may be dependent on AMPK.
Risk factors for the development of rheumatoid arthritis (2006)

There is increasing interest in attempting to understand what the risk factors are that lead to the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Twin studies have proved a genetic role but also quantified the non-genetic risk. There is thus scope for identifying environmental predictors that might offer a strategy to prevent the disease. Changes in the female hormonal environment such as in pregnancy, breastfeeding and the use of the oral contraceptive (OC) pill appear to have a role. Of the traditional lifestyle exposures, cigarette smoking has been associated with a consistently increased risk that might also apply to the passive inhalation of smoke. Occupation probably has a minor influence, although exposure to silica dust is of aetiological importance. Recent studies have highlighted a role for diet, with suggestions that diets high in caffeine, low in antioxidants and high in red meat may contribute to an increased risk. The most plausible environmental exposure is infection and although several decades of study have produced few definitive candidate organisms, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) remains an interesting target.
Images and Its Compression Techniques – A Review (2013)

Abstract- The availability of images in different applications are augmented owing to the technological advancement which cannot impacts on several image operation, on availability of sophisticated software tools that manipulate the image and on image management. Despite the technological advances in storage and transmission, the demand placed on the storage capacities and on bandwidth of communication exceeds the availability. Hence, image compression has p r o v e d t o be a valuable technique as one solution. This paper gives the review of types of images and its compression techniques. Based on the review, we recommended some general guidelines to choose the best compression algorithm for an image. Keywords- Image, Image Compression techniques. I.
Efficacy of Ondansetron (Gr 38032F) and the Role of Serotonin in Cisplatin-Induced Nausea and Vomiting (1990)

We compared the efficacy and safety of ondansetron (GR 38032F), a selective antagonist of serotonin S3 receptors, with that of placebo in controlling the nausea and vomiting induced by cisplatin treatment in 28 patients with cancer. The patients received either three intravenous doses of ondansetron (0.15 mg per kilogram of body weight) or normal saline (placebo) at four-hour intervals, beginning 30 minutes before the administration of cisplatin. Nausea and vomiting were markedly diminished in the group given ondansetron. The median time to the first episode of emesis was 2.8 hours in the placebo group and 11.6 hours in the ondansetron group (P less than 0.001); the median number of episodes in 24 hours was 5.5 in the placebo group and 1.5 in the ondansetron group (P less than 0.001); the mean (+/- SEM) number of regurgitations or dry heaves per episode was 3.2 +/- 0.5 in the placebo group and 1.17 +/- 0.1 in the ondansetron group (P less than 0.001). None of the 14 patients given ondansetron, but 12 of 14 given placebo, required treatment with antiemetic-rescue agents for the control of nausea and vomiting. There were no adverse effects attributable to ondansetron. The urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, the main metabolite of serotonin, was increased in all patients two to six hours after they received cisplatin chemotherapy, and the increases paralleled the episodes of emesis. We conclude that ondansetron is an effective and safe agent for controlling the nausea and vomiting induced by cisplatin treatment. We suggest that cisplatin treatment increases the release of serotonin from enterochromaffin cells, and that ondansetron acts by blocking S3 receptors for serotonin.
Use of a biological reactor and platelet-rich plasma for the construction of tissue-engineered bone to repair articular cartilage defects (2016)

Articular cartilage defects are a major clinical burden worldwide. Current methods to repair bone defects include bone autografts, allografts and external fixation. In recent years, the repair of bone defects by tissue engineering has emerged as a promising approach. The present study aimed to assess a novel method using a biological reactor with platelet-rich plasma to construct tissue-engineered bone. Beagle bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) were isolated and differentiated into osteoblasts and chondroblasts using platelet-rich plasma and tricalcium phosphate scaffolds cultured in a bioreactor for 3 weeks. The cell scaffold composites were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and implanted into beagles with articular cartilage defects. The expression of osteogenic markers, alkaline phosphatase and bone γ-carboxyglutamate protein (BGLAP) were assessed using polymerase chain reaction after 3 months. Articular cartilage specimens were observed histologically. Adhesion and distribution of BMSCs on the β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) scaffold were confirmed by SEM. Histological examination revealed that <i>in vivo</i> bone defects were largely repaired 12 weeks following implantation. The expression levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and BGLAP in the experimental groups were significantly elevated compared with the negative controls. BMSCs may be optimum seed cells for tissue engineering in bone repair. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) provides a rich source of cytokines to promote BMSC function. The β-TCP scaffold is advantageous for tissue engineering due to its biocompatibility and 3D structure that promotes cell adhesion, growth and differentiation. The tissue-engineered bone was constructed in a bioreactor using BMSCs, β-TCP scaffolds and PRP and displayed appropriate morphology and biological function. The present study provides an efficient method for the generation of tissue-engineered bone for cartilage repair, compared with previously used methods.
Cure of Hookworm Infection with a Cysteine Protease Inhibitor (2012)

A new, oral single-dose anthelmintic that is active in an animal model of hookworm infection and that possesses a distinct mechanism of action from current anthelmintics is discovered. The data highlight both the possibility of repurposing the anti-chagasic K11777 as a treatment for hookworm infection and the opportunity to further develop CPIs as a novel anthelmintic class to target hookworms and, possibly, other helminths.
An Introduction to Social Media for Scientists (2013)

Online social media tools can be some of the most rewarding and informative resources for scientists-IF you know how to use them.
Optics of Femtosecond Laser Pulses (1991)

Contents: Short Optical Pulses in Linear Dispersive Media. Self-action of Optical Pulses Self-modulation, Self-compression, Solitons, and Instabilities. Parametric Interactions and Coherent Scattering of Femtosecond Pulses. Fast Phase Control. Compression and Shaping of Optical Pulses. Optical Solitons. Picosecond and Femtosecond Pulses in Optical Information Systems.
Importance of hen age and egg storage time for egg albumen foaming (2001)

The firm and thin fraction of egg albumen had different foaming properties, as the foam overrun of thin albumen was significantly highest, whereas the firm part proved to have higher stability against liquid drainage over time. Foam overrun of thin albumen of eggs stored 14 days at 4 °C decreased with increasing hen age (24-71 weeks), and for both albumen parts foma stability increased with hen age. Cold storage at 4°C of eggs for 4-90 days did not significantly affect foaming properties.
Alternative Materials for Sustainable Transportation (2012)

A shortage of asphalt and polymers is creating opportunities for engineers to utilize alternative pavement materials. Three types of bio oil, untreated bio oil (UTB), treated bio oil (TB) and polymer-modified bio oil (PMB) were studied in this research. The research investigated the producing procedure of bio oil, the compatibility analysis between bio oil and petroleum-based asphalt, the rheological properties of asphalt binders modified and partially replaced by bio oil, the mechanical performances of asphalt mixtures modified by bio oil, and the lifecycle assessment and environmental impact of bioasphalt use. The main findings of the study include: 1) treated bio oil with low percent in the base asphalt can achieve appreciable or desirable stability with petroleum-based asphalt; 2) the virgin bioasphalt is softer than the traditional asphalt binder PG 58-28 but stiffer after RTFO aging because bio oil ages much faster than the traditional asphalt binder during mixing and compaction; 3) the binder test showed that the addition of bio oil is expected to increase the rutting performance while reducing the fatigue and low temperature performance; 4) the mixture test showed that (i) most of the bio oil modified asphalt mixtures had slightly higher rutting depth than the control asphalt mixture; (ii) the dynamic modulus of some of the bio oil modified asphalt mixture were lower than the control asphalt mixture; (iii) most of the bio oil modified asphalt mixtures had higher fatigue lives than the control asphalt mixture; (iv) the inconsistence of binder test results and mixture test results may be attributed to that the aging during the lab mixing and compaction was not as high as that in the RTFO aging simulation. 5) the implementation of Michigan wood bioasphalt is anticipated to reduce the emission but bring irritation on eyes and skins during the mixing and compaction; 6) the use of bioasphalt is expected to promote the job creation and regional growth.
Behavior of uranyl malonate in concentrated acetic acid under hydrothermal conditions (2008)

Prolonged heating of the malonate UO2(OOC)2CH2·3H2O at 165°C under a layer of concentrated acetic acid yields the acetate [UO2(OOCCH3)2·HOOCCH3]2 (I). In electrically neutral dimer I, the U atom (coordination number 7) is surrounded by chelating acetate ion [average U-O bond length 2.452(3) Å], an HOOCCH3 molecule [U-O bond length 2.391(3) Å], and a bidentate-bridging acetate ion [average U-O bond length 2.326(3) Å]. An essential difference of I from the previously studied dimier of the similar composition consists in a turn of the HOOCCH3 molecule, so that a two-dimensional network of strong hydrogen bonds, linking the dimers in layers perpendicular to the [100] direction, is formed in the crystal.
Use of the Stimulated Echo in NMR Diffusion Studies (1970)

The stimulated echo in a three-rf-pulse experiment is shown to be useful in extending the range of measurement of diffusion coefficients to more viscous substances or the measurement of barrier separations to wider spacings in systems where the diffusing substance has T1 &gt; T2. The spin-echo attenuation due to self-diffusion is derived for the general case of a time-dependent field gradient, and the result is found experimentally to be correct for the special case of a field gradient applied in two equal, square pulses.
Stabilization of InP substrate under annealing in the presence of GaAs (1986)

We report on the annealing of InP and GaAs substrates, placed side by side, in a hydrogen atmosphere. This annealing is done with and without arsine, and also in the presence of elemental arsenic replacing GaAs. This simple technique shows the stabilization of InP by the presence of GaAs in a temperature range between 550 and 750 °C. It gives information about active species present during substrate annealing. The results obtained show that the protecting species of column V elements, dimers or tetramers, behave differently than the ones resulting from the decomposition of the V hydride.
Full-field diffraction particle sizing (1995)

A particle-sizing technique that retrieves the size of particles by analysis of the far-field diffraction pattern their images produce has been developed. The technique consists of capturing images of particles, interrogating the images, and inverting the resulting data to yield particle-size distributions. The technique acquires spatially resolved size information that is especially useful in analyzing transient sprays. Dense groups of particles do not appear to hinder the performance of the technique. The technique is implemented to study diesel sprays. Both detailed spatially resolved size information and general size trends are obtained.
Jennifer Doctor. The BBC and Ultra-Modern Music, 1922–1936: Shaping a Nation’s Tastes. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1999. Pp. xii, 508. $80.00. ISBN 0-52166117-X. (2001)

List of tables Acknowledgements List of abbreviations Introduction Part I. The Emergence of BBC Music Programmes: 1. The British music industry and the BBC between the wars 2. BBC personnel, policies and programmes in the 1920s Part II. The Pitt Years, 1922-9: 3. The foundations of music programming, 1922-6 4. The music programmes take shape, 1926-7 5. The first wave of Second Viennese School broadcasts, 1927-8 6. Refining the music programmes, 1928-9 7. Pitt's final season, 1929-30 Part III. The Early Boult Years, 1930-6: 8. Boult's initial seasons, 1930-1, 1931-2 9. Transition to the new regime, 1932-3, 1933-4 10. Policies and politics, 1934-5, 1935-6 11. Clark's legacy Appendices Notes Selected bibliography Index.
Spectral and Directional Reshaping of Fluorescence in Large Area Self-Assembled Plasmonic–Photonic Crystals (2013)

Spectral and directional reshaping of fluorescence from dye molecules embedded in self-assembled hybrid plasmonic-photonic crystals has been examined. The hybrid crystals comprise two-dimensional hexagonal arrays of dye-doped dielectric nanospheres, capped with silver semishells. Comparing the reshaped fluorescence spectra with measured transmission/reflection spectra and numerical calculations reveals that the spectral and directional reshaping of fluorescence is the result of its coupling to photonic crystal Bloch modes and to void plasmons localized inside the silver caps.