gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Role of the Propeptide and γ-Glutamic Acid Domain of Factor IX for <i>in Vitro</i> Carboxylation by the Vitamin K-Dependent Carboxylase (1998)

The vitamin K-dependent gamma-glutamyl carboxylase catalyzes the processive carboxylation of specific glutamates in a number of proteins related to blood coagulation and bone. To address the independent importance of the propeptide, gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) domain and elements beyond the Gla domain of factor IX in vitamin K-dependent carboxylation, we have examined the kinetics of carboxylation of peptides containing (1) propeptide and Gla domain, (2) the Gla domain alone, (3) uncarboxylated bone Gla protein, (4) propeptide followed by the entire uncarboxylated factor IX molecule, and (5) the factor IX propeptide followed by a non-Gla domain sequence. Our studies indicate that peptides with a covalently linked propeptide have Km values similar to the physiological substrate of the carboxylase. In contrast, the Gla domain of factor IX has a >/=230-fold higher Km for the carboxylase than the corresponding peptide with a covalently linked propeptide. This contrasts with bone Gla protein, another vitamin K-dependent protein, which appears not to require a covalently linked propeptide for high-affinity binding to the carboxylase. Analysis of the carboxylation products of a propeptide/non-Gla domain substrate indicate that it is carboxylated multiple times in a processive manner. These studies show that the perceived binding affinity of the carboxylase substrate and processivity is conferred by the propeptide without requiring the conserved Gla domain sequences and that factor IX and bone Gla protein may have distinct mechanisms of interacting with the carboxylase.
Adaptive blind separation of convolutive mixtures (2002)

In this paper, the blind separation of convolutive mixtures is addressed. Provided that there are more sensors than sources, it can be solved using almost only the second order statistics of the observed signal, through a three-step method (analysis, instantaneous separation and synthesis). A decomposed and normalized lattice synthesis filter is introduced. It solves the problem of singularity, and it is stable for any choice of its parameters. It can be adaptively computed via a least squares lattice (LSL) algorithm, as shown by the simulation results.
The close attached capacitor: a solution to switching noise problems (2003)

The authors present an analysis of a novel low-cost, post-attach bypassing technique called close attached capacitor (CAC), which offers an attractive alternative to managing switching noise in single or multichip packages. The CAC is a thin flat capacitor, comparable in size to an IC die, that is placed on the active surface of the die and connected to onchip power and ground pads through very short bonds. By locating the CAC on the face of the die, the inductance of chip bonds and associated outer lead bond pads is avoided and less interconnect area is needed. Some environmental testing of the CAC process has been performed, indicating no device parameter degradation when attachment is made to the active surface of a passivated die. CAC design issues are addressed, and the feasibility of manufacturing high-frequency capacitors and their assemblies using conventional reworkable or permanent attach processes is demonstrated. Examples of the integration of CACs in high-performance single chip packages and to chips on multichip modules are shown, and the effectiveness of CACs in the reduction of switching noise is demonstrated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Body Surface Backed Flexible Antennas for 17 GHz Wireless Body Area Networks Sensor Applications (2007)

Body surface backed single and multiple notch antennas for 17 GHz on body wireless sensor communications are presented in this paper. The proposed antennas are designed to excite both body surface wave propagations and off body radiations, which are strictly required by wireless body area networks (WBAN) sensor communications. To realize those propagations and radiations, human body surface is utilized as a reflector for the antennas. The presented antennas fabricated on 100 um thick polyimide flexible laminates are numerically and experimentally studied both in free space and on real body surface, and the body effects on antenna impedance and radiation performance are also analyzed. Good agreements between simulations and measurements are achieved. It is shown that the proposed antennas feature about 10% impedance bandwidth (S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sub> = -10 dB) and higher than 3.7 dBi gain in free space. The antenna resonant frequencies are slightly detuned and the antenna gain is increased when they are placed close to body surface. Moreover, the surface wave propagations and radiations off body surface are also investigated by measuring transmissions between two identical single and multiple notch antennas on body surface, respectively.
Visualization of Protein Interactions in Living Cells Using Bimolecular Fluorescence Complementation (<scp>Bi</scp><scp>FC</scp>) Analysis (2005)

Protein interactions integrate stimuli from different signaling pathways and developmental programs. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) analysis has been developed for visualization of protein interactions in living cells. This approach is based on complementation between two fragments of a fluorescent protein when they are brought together by an interaction between proteins fused to the fragments, and it enables visualization of the subcellular locations of protein interactions in the normal cellular environment. It can be used for the analysis of many protein interactions and does not require information about the structures of the interaction partners. A multicolor BiFC approach has been developed for simultaneous visualization of interactions with multiple alternative partners in the same cell, based on complementation between fragments of engineered fluorescent proteins that produce bimolecular fluorescent complexes with distinct spectral characteristics. This enables comparison of subcellular distributions of different protein complexes in the same cell and allows analysis of competition between mutually exclusive interaction partners.
Multiperiod Airline Overbooking with a Single Fare Class (1998)

Consider a multiperiod airline overbooking problem that relates to a single-leg flight and a single service class. Passengers may cancel their reservations at any time, including being no-shows at flight-time. At that time, the airline bumps passengers in excess of flight capacity and pays a penalty for so doing. We give conditions on the fares, refunds, and distributions of passenger demand for reservations and cancellations in each period, and on the bumping penalty function, that ensure that a booking-limit policy is optimal, i.e., in each period the airline accepts reservation requests up to a booking limit if the number of initial reservations is less than that booking limit, and declines reservation requests otherwise. The optimal booking limits are easily computed. We give conditions under which the optimal booking limits are monotone in the time to flight departure. The model is applied to the discount allocation problem in which lower fare classes book prior to higher fare classes.
Multisensor data fusion for automotive engine fault diagnosis (2004)

This paper describes mainly a decision-level data fusion technique for fault diagnosis for electronically controlled engines. Experiments on a SANTANA AJR engine show that the data fusion method provides good engine fault diagnosis. In data fusion methods, the data level fusion has small data preprocessing loads and high accuracy, but requires commensurate sensor data and has poor operational performance. The decision-level fusion based on Dempster-Shafer evidence theory can process noncommensurate data and has robust operational performance, reduces ambiguity, increases confidence, and improves system reliability, but has low fusion accuracy and high data preprocessing cost. The feature-level fusion provides good compromise between the above two methods, which becomes gradually mature. In addition, acquiring raw data is a precondition to perform data fusion, so the system for signal acquisition and processing for an automotive engine test is also designed by the virtual instrument technology.
Dependence of Yeast Pre-mRNA 3′-End Processing on CFT1: A Sequence Homolog of the Mammalian AAUAAA Binding Factor (1996)

3'-End formation of pre-mRNA in yeast and mammals follows a similar but distinct pathway. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the cleavage reaction can be reconstituted by two activities called cleavage factor I and II (CFI and CFII). A CFII component, designated CFT1 (cleavage factor two) was identified by its sequence similarity to the AAUAAA-binding subunit of the mammalian cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF), even though the AAUAAA signal sequence appears to play no role in yeast pre-mRNA 3' processing. Depletion of a yeast whole-cell extract with antibodies to CFT1 protein abolished cleavage and polyadenylation of pre-mRNAs. Addition of CFII restored cleavage activity, but not polyadenylation. Polyadenylation required the further addition of poly(A) polymerase and polyadenylation factor I, suggesting a close but not necessarily direct association of these two factors with the CFT1 protein.
A Machine Learning and Wavelet-Based Fault Location Method for Hybrid Transmission Lines (2013)

This paper presents a single-ended traveling wave-based fault location method for a hybrid transmission line: an overhead line combined with an underground cable. Discrete wavelet transformation (DWT) is used to extract transient information from the measured voltages. Support vector machine (SVM) classifiers are utilized to identify the faulty-section and faulty-half. Bewley diagrams are observed for the traveling wave patterns and the wavelet coefficients of the aerial mode voltage are used to locate the fault. The transient simulation for different fault types and locations are obtained by ATP using frequency-dependent line and cable models. MATLAB is used to process the simulated transients and apply the proposed method. The performance of the method is tested for different fault inception angles (FIA), different fault resistances, non-linear high impedance faults (NLHIF), and non-ideal faults with satisfactory results. The impact of cable aging on the proposed method accuracy is also investigated.
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Pathway Genes and Interstitial Lung Disease: An Association Study (2014)

The etiology and pathogenesis of idiopathic interstitial lung disease (ILD) remain incompletely understood. Genetic susceptibility to ILD has been demonstrated in previous studies. It is well known that EGFR inhibitors can induce ILD in human lung cancer patient with ethnic differences, which prompted us to hypothesize that genetic variation in EGFR pathway genes confer susceptibility to ILD. We aimed in this study to investigate whether functional polymorphisms of EGFR and its ligands genes (EGF and TGFA) were associated with ILD. Three EGFR [-216G/T (rs712830), -191A/C (rs712829), 497R > K(A/G) (rs2227983)], one EGF [61A/G, (rs4444903)] and one TGFA (rs3821262C/T) polymorphisms previously demonstrated to alter gene functions were genotyped in 229 sporadic idiopathic ILD patients and 693 normal healthy individuals. Allelic and genotypic association tests between these polymorphisms and ILD were performed. The EGF 61A/G polymorphism was significantly associated with elevated risk of ILD, with the frequency of G allele significantly increased in the ILD patient population (OR = 1.33, 95%CI = 1.07-1.66, P = 0.0099). None of the other polymorphisms were associated with risk of ILD. Our study suggested that the EGF 61A/G polymorphism may be associated with sporadic ILD. While a false positive finding cannot be excluded, independent studies are warranted to further validate this result.
Ordered membrane insertion of an archaeal opsin <i>in vivo</i> (2000)

The prevailing model of polytopic membrane protein insertion is based largely on the in vitro analysis of polypeptide chains trapped during insertion by arresting translation. To test this model under conditions of active translation in vivo, we have used a kinetic assay to determine the order and timing with which transmembrane segments of bacterioopsin (BO) are inserted into the membrane of the archaeon Halobacterium salinarum. BO is the apoprotein of bacteriorhodopsin, a structurally well characterized protein containing seven transmembrane alpha-helices (A-G) with an N-out, C-in topology. H. salinarum strains were constructed that express mutant BO containing a C-terminal His-tag and a single cysteine in one of the four extracellular domains of the protein. Cysteine translocation during BO translation was monitored by pulse-chase radiolabeling and rapid derivatization with a membrane-impermeant, sulfhydryl-specific gel-shift reagent. The results show that the N-terminal domain, the BC loop, and the FG loop are translocated in order from the N terminus to the C terminus. Translocation of the DE loop could not be examined because cysteine mutants in this region did not yield a gel shift. The translocation order was confirmed by applying the assay to mutant proteins containing two cysteines in separate extracellular domains. Comparison of the translocation results with in vivo measurements of BO elongation indicated that the N-terminal domain and the BC loop are translocated cotranslationally, whereas the FG loop is translocated posttranslationally. Together, these results support a sequential, cotranslational model of archaeal polytopic membrane protein insertion in vivo.
An Analysis on the Relationship between RMB Interest Rate and Exchange rate Based on BEER Model (2009)

The internal money market and international money market will mix together when the finance market is open. Researching on the relationship between interest rate and RMB exchange rate is so meaningful. Based on the reality of market-based reform in our country, the paper employs the BEER model to analyze the interest rate's influence to the RMB equilibrium exchange rate, and inspects the realistic performance of the interest rate and exchange rate mechanism. Then it seeks some effective measures to promote the interactive development of the interest rate and exchange rate markets.
[Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and pathology; its relationships with other cytokines]. (1989)

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a cytokine produced mainly by activated monocytes/macrophages. We review here data obtained in four experimental models analyzed in our laboratory: cerebral malaria, graft-versus-host disease, BCG infection, and bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. We have shown that the triggering of these pathological conditions requires activation of T lymphocytes and overproduction of TNF, since these syndromes are associated with increased production of TNF mRNA and can be prevented either by T-cell depletion or by in vivo administration of neutralizing anti-TNF antibodies. These observations suggest that TNF is a central mediator in various immunopathological conditions and thus widen the field of T-cell mediated pathology.
Critical solvent deashing of liquefied coal (1978)

BACKGROUND Failed patellar fracture fixation is rare, and is usually attributed to technical errors. There are no specific details available on how to address this problem. We present our two-tension-band technique for fixing patellar fractures. MATERIAL AND METHODS Between March 2010 and March 2013, 4 men and 2 women with failed fixation patellar fractures were treated in our department. Their average age was 34 years (range 23-49 years). The initial fracture type was C1 in 3, C2 in 1, and C3 in 2, according to the AO classification. The initial fracture patterns included 3 transverse and 3 comminuted fractures. There were no open fractures. All patients underwent internal fixation with a modified anterior tension band (MATB) supplemented with cerclage wiring. All failures were caused by tension bands sliding past the tip of the Kirschner wires. The mean time between the primary and revision operations was 16.2 months (range 2-63 months). We revised the fractures by two-separate-tension-band technique. RESULTS The mean follow-up was 52 months (range 31-67 months). All patients healed radiographically without complications at an average of 14.7 weeks (range 8-20 weeks). The Bostman knee score was excellent in 3 and good in 3. All patients regained full extension and the mean range of flexion was 147.5° (135-155°). CONCLUSIONS Use of this two-tension-band technique can avoid technical errors and provide more secure fixation. We recommend it for both primary and revision surgery of patellar fractures.
Studies on the Metabolism of Thiourea Derivatives. II : On the Metabolites of N-Methyl-thiocarbanilide in Rabbit Urine (1966)

Since no report has appeared to date on the metabolism of N, N'-diaryl-N-alkylthiocarbanilide the metabolism of their typical derivative, N-methylthiocarbanilide, was studied. Examinations were made on the urinary metabolites in rabbits receiving the compound orally. Ether-soluble metabolites in the urine were examined by means of thin-layer chromatography, and unchanged N-methylthiocarbanilide, 4-hydroxy-N-methylthiocarbanilide, 4'-hydroxy-N-methylthiocarbanilide, 4, 4'-dihydroxy-N-methylthiocarbanilide, N-methylcarbanilide, 4-hydroxy-N-methylcarbanilide, 4'-hydroxy-N-methylcarbanilide, 4, 4'-dihydroxy-N-methyl-carbanilide, 4-hydroxythiocarbanilide, 4, 4'-dihydroxythiocarbanilide, and 4-hydroxyphenyliso-thiocyanate were detected, but their amount was very small. Therefore, in order to investigate the conjugates, the ether extract of the urine submitted to hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase was examined. By chromatography of the concentrated extract on silica gel column, a considerable amount of 4'-hydroxy-N-methylthiocarbanilide was isolated in crystalline form. These results suggest that the major metabolic pathway of N-methylthiocarbanilide in rabbits is hydroxylation in the 4'-position followed by conjugation with glucuronic acid, and, as a minor reaction, hydroxylation in the 4-position, N-demethylation, desulfurization, and cleavage of C-N linkage take place.
Differential uptake of photosynthetic and non‐photosynthetic proteins by pea root plastids (2006)

The photosynthetic proteins RuBiSCO, ferredoxin I and ferredoxin NADP(+)-oxidoreductase (pFNR) were efficiently imported into isolated pea chloroplasts but not into pea root plastids. By contrast non-photosynthetic ferredoxin III and heterotrophic FNR (hFNR) were efficiently imported into both isolated chloroplasts and root plastids. Chimeric ferredoxin I/III (transit peptide of ferredoxin I attached to the mature region of ferredoxin III) only imported into chloroplasts. Ferredoxin III/I (transit peptide of ferredoxin III attached to the mature region of ferredoxin I) imported into both chloroplasts and root plastids. This suggests that import depends on specific interactions between the transit peptide and the translocon apparatus.
A 1.3V 26mW 3.2GS/s undersampled LC bandpass &#x03A3;&#x0394; ADC for a SDR ISM-band receiver in 130nm CMOS (2009)

This paper presents the implementation of an undersampled LC bandpass SigmaDelta ADC with a raised-cosine feedback DAC. It directly converts after the LNA a signal centered in the ISM band at 2.442 GHz with a sampling frequency of 3.256 GHz. This circuit has been fabricated in a 130 nm CMOS process, it occupies an area of 0.27 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and is operating at a supply voltage of 1.3 V. The Signal-to-Noise and Distortion Ratios measured are 34 dB, 37dB and 42 dB for respective bandwidths of 25 MHz, 10 MHz and 1 MHz. The power consumption of the SigmaDelta ADC is 26 mW and its figure of merit is 2.3 pJ/bit.
Quantifying Long-Term Accuracy of Sonar Doppler Velocity Logs (2017)

A Doppler velocity log sonar measures relative velocity between the instrument and the bottom of a body of water by transmitting acoustic pulses that are scattered off the bottom. The scattered sound is received and the Doppler shift is measured. Like any other sensor, the data quality of a Doppler velocity log can be quantified by a variance and a bias. The goal of this work is to model error sources that do not average out over time; quantify those sources under various operating and environmental conditions; and derive a statistically significant range of expected long-term errors. The following error sources are analyzed: absorption bias, terrain bias, sidelobe coupling, beam alignment, clock drift, element spacing, and speed-of-sound error. A combination of analytical derivations and simulations, where the simulation results were fit to closed-form equations, were used to construct the long-term error model. Validity of the error model was demonstrated by tank testing Doppler velocity logs of different configurations under a range of operating conditions. We envision that the error model derived in this work will be of great use to both system designers that engage in design of new instruments and instrument users that wish to understand how to achieve high navigational accuracy during missions.
Analyses of catalytic intermediates of hog thyroid peroxidase during its iodinating reaction. (1981)

The formation of Compounds I, II, and III of hog thyroid peroxidase was demonstrated in its reaction with H2O2 by spectrophotometric and kinetic methods combined with a stopped flow technique. Hog thyroid peroxidase reacted with H2O2 to form Compound I with a rate constant of 5.2 X 10(6) M-1 s-1. Compound I was then spontaneously converted to Compound II with a rate constant of 8 s-1. In the presence of 200 microM H2O2, Compound II ws further converted to Compound III (or oxyform) with a half-life of 0.8 s. During the peroxidative oxidation of tyrosine, thyroid peroxidase was present as Compound I, and the rate constant for the reaction of Compound I with tyrosine was measured at 1.4 X 10(4) M-1 s-1. The addition of iodide to the above reaction system markedly decreased the steady state concentration of Compound I. From the kinetic data, it was concluded that the reaction between Compound I and iodide occurred by way of a 2-electron transfer and the rate constant was roughly estimated at 2.1 X 10(7) M-1 s-1. This value was much higher than that obtained from overall kinetic data. Similar reactions were carried out with bovine lactoperoxidase and the kinetic data for the two enzymes were compared. The primary oxidation product of iodide was suggested to be iodinium cation (I+) in either enzyme reaction.
A Silicon‐Based Room Temperature Spin Source without Magnetic Layers (2016)

Electron spin filtering by DNA on silicon, covalently bound by a 3-isothiocyanatopropyl triethoxy silane linker, provides a means for room temperature spintronics. Electrons from silicon passing through double-stranded DNA acquire a longitudinal spin polarization. This enables the integration of helical molecules as spin filters in modern electronics for spin control, injection, and detection.
Who really discovered Snell's law? (2002)

Open any physics textbook and you'll soon come across what English-speaking physicists refer to as "Snell's law". The principle of refraction – familiar to anyone who has dabbled in optics – is named after the Dutch scientist Willebrørd Snell (1591–1626), who first stated the law in a manuscript in 1621. In French, however, the same law is often called "la loi de Descartes" because it was René Descartes (1596–1650) who first put the law into widespread circulation in his Discourse on Method, published in 1637.