gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Review and Perspective of Hf-based High-<i>k</i>Gate Dielectrics on Silicon (2012)

Abstract HfO2 has been recently highlighted as the most promising high-k dielectrics for the next-generation CMOS device applications due to its relatively high dielectric constant and superior thermodynamic stability from calculated Gibbs free reaction with Si. However, the high permeability to oxygen, the low crystallization temperature and the formation of the low-k interfacial layer during high temperature processing causes equivalent oxide thickness scaling and reliability concerns. Therefore, novel Hf-based high-k gate dielectrics should be studied to meet the requirements of the future advanced CMOS devices. This article provides a comprehensive view of the state-of-the-art research activities in advanced Hf-based high-k gate dielectrics, including their preparation, characterization, and potential applications in CMOS device. We begin with a survey of the requirements of high-k oxides, and then various methods developed for generating Hf-based high-k gate dielectrics. After that, more attention has been paid to the detailed discussion of on the latest development of novel Hf-based high-k gate dielectrics which have the potential for integration into a full CMOS process. Finally, we conclude this review with the perspectives and outlook on the future developments in this area. This review explores the possible influences of research breakthroughs of Hf-based gate dielectrics on the current and future applications for nano-MOSFET devices. Keywords: high-k gate dielectricsHf-based thin filmsCMOS devicesinterfacial structurethermal stability ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors acknowledge the support from Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation (1208085MF99), Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Anhui Higher Education Institution of China (KJ2012A023), Outstanding Young Scientific Foundation of Anhui University (KJJQ1103), and '211 Project' of Anhui University.
Dielectric-loaded self-resonant LSA diode (1970)

The realization of the predicted dc to RF conversion efficiency of LSA oscillators operating around 100 GHz is expected to require low-loss resonant circuits. At these higher frequencies, the practical difficulties attendant upon the construction of conventional waveguide elements suggest that a more compact resonant circuit may be useful. The resonator studied theoretically in the present paper takes advantage of the self-resonance of a cylindrical LSA diode loaded externally by a concentric dielectric ring. By this means, a design consistent with heat dissipation requirements for CW operation is reached for frequencies in excess of 70 GHz.
High level of miR-221/222 confers increased cell invasion and poor prognosis in glioma (2012)

The present data indicate that miR-221 and miR-222 directly regulate cell invasion by targeting TIMP3 and act as prognostic factors for glioma patients.
Possible role of spinal astrocytes in maintaining chronic pain sensitization: review of current evidence with focus on bFGF/JNK pathway (2006)

Although pain is regarded traditionally as neuronally mediated, recent progress shows an important role of spinal glial cells in persistent pain sensitization. Mounting evidence has implicated spinal microglia in the development of chronic pain (e.g. neuropathic pain after peripheral nerve injury). Less is known about the role of astrocytes in pain regulation. However, astrocytes have very close contact with synapses and maintain homeostasis in the extracellular environment. In this review, we provide evidence to support a role of spinal astrocytes in maintaining chronic pain. In particular, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) is activated persistently in spinal astrocytes in a neuropathic pain condition produced by spinal nerve ligation. This activation is required for the maintenance of neuropathic pain because spinal infusion of JNK inhibitors can reverse mechanical allodynia, a major symptom of neuropathic pain. Further study reveals that JNK is activated strongly in astrocytes by basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), an astroglial activator. Intrathecal infusion of bFGF also produces persistent mechanical allodynia. After peripheral nerve injury, bFGF might be produced by primary sensory neurons and spinal astrocytes because nerve injury produces robust bFGF upregulation in both cell types. Therefore, the bFGF/JNK pathway is an important signalling pathway in spinal astrocytes for chronic pain sensitization. Investigation of signaling mechanisms in spinal astrocytes will identify new molecular targets for the management of chronic pain.
No-Reference Image Sharpness Assessment Based on Maximum Gradient and Variability of Gradients (2017)

Gradients are commonly used in image sharpness assessment methods. However, research has not fully addressed the direct relationship between gradients and the perceived sharpness. In this paper, we discover and validate through experiments that the maximum gradient is an effective indicator of the perceived image sharpness on a global or local scale. Based on these observations, we propose a novel and efficient no-reference image quality assessment (NR-IQA) method for blurry images. Our method uses two elements to predict the quality of blurry images: the maximum gradient and the variability of gradients. The maximum gradient represents the sharpest spot in an image, and the variability of gradients shows variations within the content of the image. According to the characteristics of human visual systems, these factors are significant for humans when judging the quality of blurry images. The method was tested using blurry image datasets from five public IQA databases. Compared with nine other state-of-the-art NR-IQA methods for blurry images, the experimental results demonstrate that our method is more consistent with humans' subjective evaluations. The MATLAB source code of our method is available at https://github.com/Atmegal/Sharpness-evaluation.
Use of plasma spray technology for deposition of high temperature oxidation/corrosion resistant coatings – a review (2007)

Abstract High temperature oxidation is one of the main failure modes of the hot‐section components in gas turbines, boilers, waste incinerations, diesel engines, coal gasification plants, chemical plants and other energy generation systems. In such applications the use of Fe‐, Ni‐ and Co‐based alloys, especially of superalloys is well known. The superior mechanical strength and good corrosion resistance of the superalloys at high temperature make them favorites for such applications. However, the presence of combustion gases constitutes an extreme environment and hot corrosion is inevitable when superalloys are used at high temperatures for long durations of time. Therefore these alloys need to be protected against this type of oxidation. Several countermeasures have been suggested in the literature to combat the same. One such countermeasure against hot corrosion and oxidation constitutes the deposition of protective coatings on these alloys. Among the various techniques used for deposition of coatings, plasma spraying is a versatile technology that has been successful as a reliable cost‐effective solution for many industrial problems. It allows the spraying of a wide range of high performance materials from superalloys and refractory intermetallic compounds to ceramics with continuously increasing commercial applications. Furthermore it does not cause deterioration of the substrate alloys, and relatively thick coatings can be formed with high deposition rates. In this paper the technique of plasma spraying has been detailed and the role of plasma sprayed coatings to arrest high temperature oxidation has been discussed with the help of a comprehensive literature survey. The main focus of this investigation is the studies related to plasma sprayed NiCrAlY, Ni‐Cr, Nickel aluminide and Co‐based coatings.
The AMeX method. A simplified technique of tissue processing and paraffin embedding with improved preservation of antigens for immunostaining. (1986)

A new simplified tissue processing method for immunostaining was devised. Tissues were fixed in acetone at -20 C overnight, then cleared in methyl benzoate and xylene, consecutively, and embedded in ordinary paraffin at 58-60 C. Thin paraffin sections were deparaffinized with xylene, immersed in acetone and then phosphate buffered saline, and immunostained with various monoclonal and conventional antibodies, which have only been used on fresh-frozen or PLP-fixed frozen sections. As with PLP-fixed frozen sections, the following antigens were clearly demonstrated in the tissue sections processed with the present method: T (Leu-1, Leu-2a, Leu-3a, Leu-4, OKT3, OKT4, OKT8), B (B1, B2, Leu-14, IgM, IgD) lymphocyte surface markers and other antigens (Leu-7, OKT6, OKT9, OKM1, OKI1, J5, Ki-1, Ki-67, TdT, oncogene Ha-ras P21). Sections prepared by the present method demonstrated much better histologic and cytologic preservation than possible in frozen sections.
New Contribution to the Advancement of Fixed Point Theory, Equilibrium Problems, and Optimization Problems (2013)

Fixed point theory has attracted much attention as a very powerful and important tool in nonlinear sciences. Various fields such as biology, chemistry, economics, engineering, game theory, physics, and computer sciences have been using fixed point techniques quite extensively. Recent investigations in the fixed point theory and its applications motivate the development of new fixed point techniques for solving practical problems arising in natural sciences. Recent generalizations of optimization theory and techniques to other formulations comprise a large area of applied mathematics.
Multipurpose scintillation camera (1963)

The scintillation camera is a nonscanning instrument for displaying the distribution of radioactive isotopes. It can be used, for example, to show abnormalities in the thyroid gland with I-131, the size, shape and location of kidneys with Hg-203 Neohydrin or to locate brain tumors either with Hg-203 Neohydrin or with the new positron emitting agent, Ga-68 EDTA. For many applications, the scintillation camera has higher sensitivity than conventional isotope scanners, and will produce pictures in less time or with a smaller quantity of isotope present. Alternatively, it produces better pictures if the conventional dosage and exposure factors are retained. Because of the short exposure time, and because the scintillation camera is continuously sensitive to all areas within its field of view, it is well adapted to taking rapid sequences of still pictures or time-lapse motion pictures of subjects in which the distribution of radioactivity is changing. For example, time lapse pictures have been taken showing I-131 Rose Bengal Bengal being excreted from the liver of children with liver disease and of I-131 hippuran going through the kidneys of patients suspected of kidney disease.
Laserspray Ionization-Ion Mobility Spectrometry−Mass Spectrometry: Baseline Separation of Isomeric Amyloids without the Use of Solvents Desorbed and Ionized Directly from a Surface (2010)

The ability of laserspray ionization (LSI) to produce multiply charged ions by laser ablation from the solid state, directly from a surface, and at atmospheric pressure allows protein analysis on an ion mobility spectrometry (IMS)-mass spectrometry (MS) instrument (SYNAPT G2) having a mass-to-charge limit of 8000. The matrix, 2,5-dihydroxyacetophenone, lowers the thermal requirements for desolvation of matrix/analyte clusters to produce the highly charged LSI ions under gentle conditions to retain structural integrity of the proteins. Examples include cytochrome C and lysozyme. The solvent-free IMS gas-phase separation is used to baseline separate in the drift time dimension the isomeric solubility restricted β-amyloid (1-42) from the reversed (42-1). The LSI process is shown to be sufficiently soft to preserve structural integrity and permit separation according to the different shapes. These results suggest that LSI-IMS-MS potentially combines speed of analysis and imaging capability common to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization and multiple charging with the potential for structural analysis common to electrospray ionization.
PAC it up: Towards Pointer Integrity using ARM Pointer Authentication (2018)

Run-time attacks against programs written in memory-unsafe programming languages (e.g., C and C++) remain a prominent threat against computer systems. The prevalence of techniques like return-oriented programming (ROP) in attacking real-world systems has prompted major processor manufacturers to design hardware-based countermeasures against specific classes of run-time attacks. An example is the recently added support for pointer authentication (PA) in the ARMv8-A processor architecture, commonly used in devices like smartphones. PA is a low-cost technique to authenticate pointers so as to resist memory vulnerabilities. It has been shown to enable practical protection against memory vulnerabilities that corrupt return addresses or function pointers. However, so far, PA has received very little attention as a general purpose protection mechanism to harden software against various classes of memory attacks. In this paper, we use PA to build novel defenses against various classes of run-time attacks, including the first PA-based mechanism for data pointer integrity. We present PARTS, an instrumentation framework that integrates our PA-based defenses into the LLVM compiler and the GNU/Linux operating system and show, via systematic evaluation, that PARTS provides better protection than current solutions at a reasonable performance overhead
A review of thermal management and safety for lithium ion batteries (2017)

Decreasing of fossil fuel sources and ecological worries has spurred global attention in the expansion of developing energy storing systems for electric vehicles (EVs). As a consequence of escalating appeal on new dependable power supplier for hybrid electric vehicles, lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries have obtained much considerations in the previous decade. Their highest production rate among other types of batteries is because of their superior characteristics. Greater energy efficiency, lesser self-discharge rate, more lifespan and the nonexistence of the memory effect are the main reasons that make them interesting for researchers and producers.
Severity Scoring of Atopic Dermatitis: The SCORAD Index (1993)

The final choice for the evaluation system was mostly made based on simplicity and easy routine use in outpatient clinics. Based on mathematical appreciation of weights of the items used in the assessment of AD, extent and subjective symptoms account for around 20% each of the total score, intensity items representing 60%. The so-designed composite index SCORAD needs to be further tested in clinical trials.
The alpha-subunit of the Na,K-ATPase has catalytic activity independent of the beta-subunit. (1994)

All catalytic activities of the Na,K-ATPase have been ascribed to the alpha-subunit; however, normal activity requires the presence of the beta-subunit. Using recombinant baculoviruses to infect insect cells, we demonstrate that the alpha-subunit, without the beta-subunit, has catalytic activity. During the normal catalytic cycle of the Na,K-ATPase, the alpha-subunit is transiently phosphorylated by ATP at an aspartate residue. This phosphorylation requires Na+, in the presence of K+ the enzyme undergoes rapid dephosphorylation. In contrast, phosphorylation of the independent alpha-subunit by ATP occurs in the presence of Mg2+, does not require Na+ or K+, and is not affected by ouabain. The phosphorylation is, however, inhibited by EGTA and increasing ionic strength. Chemical properties of the alpha-subunit phosphointermediate are consistent with phosphorylation at the normal aspartyl residue. Membranes from cells infected with the recombinant alpha baculovirus exhibit an EGTA-sensitive Mg(2+)-ATPase activity that is not present in the uninfected cells. The Mg(2+)-ATPase of the alpha-infected cells is reduced under conditions of high ionic strength and completely inhibited by EGTA. Thus the phosphorylation of the unassociated alpha-subunit is representative of the ATPase activity of the enzyme. These results suggest that the alpha-subunit of the Na,K-ATPase can catalyze an activity not normally associated with the enzyme and demonstrate that the bea-subunit plays an important role in conferring normal activity to the enzyme complex.
Material approach for the reduction of crosstalk in simple matrix LCDs (2002)

For the Vth drop of an LC (liquid crystal) cell in the lower frequency range, which is related to the crosstalk in simple matrix LCDs (LC displays), it was shown by calculation and experiment that the resistivities of the LC and aligning layer are important factors and both values are required to be more than 1*10/sup 11/ Omega -cm for the flat frequency dependence of the Vth. The flat frequency dependence of the Vth can be realized by making the resistivities of the LC and aligning layer sufficiently high. By using this method, the crosstalk caused by the frequency dependence of the Vth can be eliminated, even when the polarities of the pixel driving waveform are inverted in much longer cycles. Crosstalk-free and low-power-consumption LCDs can be realized by combining the driving method of Y. Kaneko et al. (1990).< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Scalar Resonant-Filter-Bank-Based Output-Voltage Control Method and a Scalar Minimum-Switching-Loss Discontinuous PWM Method for the Four-Leg-Inverter-Based Three-Phase Four-Wire Power Supply (2009)

An all-scalar-control and pulsewidth-modulation (PWM) approach for the four-leg-inverter (FLI)-based three-phase transformerless four-wire power supply (PS) is proposed. The output voltage of each phase is controlled independently, and its controller is formed by a stationary-frame resonant-filter bank accompanied with proportional-control and output-capacitor current-based active-damping loops. The simple and easy to implement scalar-control method exhibits superior overall steady-state and dynamic performance in the PS applications involving loads with high crest factor and/or significant load imbalance. Utilizing the inverter zero-state partitioning, a generalized form of scalar PWM for the FLI is developed. A novel minimum loss discontinuous PWM method, which provides minimum switching losses under all loading conditions (including load imbalance), is derived. This simple scalar method provides superior performance, and unlike the vector methods, it is easy to implement. The controller and modulator design and implementation details for the system are given. Linear and nonlinear loads for balanced and imbalanced load operating conditions are considered. The scalar-control and PWM methods are proven by means of theory, simulations, and thorough laboratory experiments of a 5-kVA PS.
Characterization of cDNA clones encoding two putative isoforms of the α<sub>1</sub> subunit of the dihydropyridine‐sensitive voltage‐dependent calcium channel isolated from rat brain and rat aorta (1989)

cDNA clones encoding rat brain and rat aorta isoforms of the alpha 1 subunit of the dihydropyridine-sensitive, voltage-dependent calcium channel were isolated and sequenced. These tissue-specific cDNA clones share significant amino acid similarity with the rabbit skeletal muscle calcium channel alpha 1 subunit (75% and 66% amino acid identity for rat brain and rat aorta isoforms, respectively). Northern analysis revealed transcript sizes of 6.5 and 8.6 kb in aorta and 8.6 kb in brain.
Using Games As a Means for Collaboration (2005)

The availability of a good interface for online user collaboration has been a sore point for most collaboration applications to date. While MUD’s, MOO’s, IRC and other chat applications are well suited to impersonal communication, the meaning of a single message can often be misconstrued or misunderstood, and the effort often required to learn control of a new application while understanding navigation in a virtual world, can be difficult to overcome. The Nexus promises to aid in the intuitive act of communication, interaction and movement and in the process enhance the collaboration experience for the user, through the use of a game engine.
Development of a configuration-interaction plus all-order method for atomic calculations (2009)

We develop a theoretical method within the framework of relativistic many-body theory to accurately treat correlation corrections in atoms with few valence electrons. This method combines the all-order approach currently used in precision calculations of properties of monovalent atoms with the configuration-interaction approach that is applicable for many-electron systems. The method is applied to Mg, Ca, Sr, Zn, Cd, Ba, and Hg to evaluate ionization energies and low-lying energy levels.
Consensus on air toxics eludes industry to date (1994)

This article identifies the issues that need to be addressed in order to fully understand the implications of hazardous air-pollutant (HAP) emissions, or air toxics, from powerplants. The combinations and permutations of conditions, events, and circumstances that influence these emissions are staggering. These include: mechanisms that create HAP emissions are influenced by the wide range of coal and other fuels and trace elements contained within, the types of equipment that burn the fuel, and the operation of that equipment; fate and transport of the emissions are determined by quantity and chemical and physical form these emissions take and what happens to them in the atmosphere; effectiveness of existing control technologies involves testing the types of particulate and acid-gas controls currently in use as well as design and operating modifications that will improve performance. Experts agree that developing accurate, reliable, and repeatable analytical tools with which to test and monitor the very low levels of contaminants, at this point anyway, well may be the single most important, and potentially weakest, link in the whole HAP evaluation chain. Despite the analytical confusion, the consequences for emissions control technology are more certain. Powerplants will probably have to pay more attention to fine-particulate removalmore » and possibly undertaken measures to control mercury emissions. Technologies to accomplish both objectives are readily available, or soon will be, according to suppliers. Extent of the control effort, if any, associated specifically with HAP emissions will likely turn on whether total mass or volume emissions over time are considered more important than concentration at any point in time: on a total discharge basis, powerplant HAP emissions are relatively huge; on a concentration basis, minuscule compared to other industries.« less
Comparison of Expression of Monomeric and Multimeric Adenoregulin Genes in Escherichia coli and Pichia pastorias (2005)

Adenoregulin is a 33 amino acid antibiotic peptide who belongs to dermaseptin family which is the first vertebrate family to show lethal effects against filamentous fungi, as well as a broad spectrum of pathogenic microorganisms. Synthetic adenoregulin gene was cloned in 2, 4 and 6 tandem repeats and subcloned in pET32a and pET22b vectors. Recombinant plasmids were transformed into E. coli BL21(DE3), Fusion proteins of Trx-ADR1, Trx-ADR2 and Trx-ADR4 could be expressed after the hosts were induced by IPTG, but the expression level decreased dramatically with the number of tandem repeats increased. ADR1, ADR4 and ADR6 could not be expressed by E. coli without carrier proteins. But for Pichia pastoris GS115, ADR1 and ADR6 in the fermentation broth of the hosts could be detected by ELISA, and the bactericidal activities could also be observed.