gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pollen Tubes of <i>Nicotiana alata</i> Express Two Genes from Different β-Glucan Synthase Families (2001)

The walls deposited by growing pollen tubes contain two types of beta-glucan, the (1,3)-beta-glucan callose and the (1,4)-beta-glucan cellulose, as well as various alpha-linked pectic polysaccharides. Pollen tubes of Nicotiana alata Link et Otto, an ornamental tobacco, were therefore used to identify genes potentially encoding catalytic subunits of the callose synthase and cellulose synthase enzymes. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR) with pollen-tube RNA and primers designed to conserved regions of bacterial and plant cellulose synthase (CesA) genes amplified a fragment that corresponded to an abundantly expressed cellulose-synthase-like gene named NaCslD1. A fragment from a true CesA gene (NaCesA1) was also amplified, but corresponding cDNAs could not be identified in a pollen-tube library, consistent with the very low level of expression of the NaCesA1 gene. RT-PCR with pollen-tube RNA and primers designed to regions conserved between the fungal FKS genes [that encode (1,3)-beta-glucan synthases] and their presumed plant homologs (the Gsl or glucan-synthase-like genes) amplified a fragment that corresponded to an abundantly expressed gene named NaGsl1. A second Gsl gene detected by RT-PCR (NaGsl2) was expressed at low levels in immature floral organs. The structure of full-length cDNAs of NaCslD1, NaCesA1, and NaGsl1 are presented. Both NaCslD1 and NaGsl1 are predominantly expressed in the male gametophyte (developing and mature pollen and growing pollen tubes), and we propose that they encode the catalytic subunits of two beta-glucan synthases involved in pollen-tube wall synthesis. Different beta-glucans deposited in one cell type may therefore be synthesized by enzymes from different gene families.
The synthesis of regulator logic using state-variable concepts (1970)

This is a tutorial paper. It was written for technically knowledgeable people who are not specialists in automatic control. It might also be of some use in university courses in automatic control. Linear feedback of the state variables for stationary linear plants permits choice of the gains to place poles (eigenvalues) of the controlled system in desired locations. Continuous estimates of the state variables can often be made from one or more measurements of the output using a filter of the same (or lower) order as the plant called "an observer": the poles of the observer can be placed arbitrarily through choice of the observer gains. Combining an observer with state-variable feedback yields a "compensator" design; the poles of the controlled system are the poles of the observer plus the poles of plant with state-variable feedback, which greatly simplifies the design problem.
Nonadditive entropy and nonextensive statistical mechanics -an overview after 20 years (2009)

Statistical mechanics constitutes one of the pillars of contemporary physics. Recognized as such - together with mechanics (classical, quantum, relativistic), electromagnetism and thermodynamics -, it is one of the mandatory theories studied at virtually all the intermediate-and advanced-level courses of physics around the world. As it normally happens with such basic scientific paradigms, it is placed at a crossroads of various other branches of knowledge. In the case of statistical mechanics, the standard theory - hereafter referred to as the Boltzmann-Gibbs (BG) statistical mechanics - exhibits highly relevant connections at a variety of microscopic, mesoscopic and macroscopic physical levels, as well as with the theory of probabilities (in particular, with the Central Limit Theorem, CLT ). In many circumstances, the ubiquitous efects of the CLT , with its Gaussian attractors (in the space of the distributions of probabilities), are present. Within this complex ongoing frame, a possible generalization of the BG theory was advanced in 1988 (C.T., J. Stat. Phys. 52, 479). The extension of the standard concepts is intended to be useful in those "pathological", and nevertheless very frequent, cases where the basic assumptions (molecular chaos hypothesis, ergodicity) for applicability of the BG theory would be violated. Such appears to be, for instance, the case in classical long-range-interacting many-body Hamiltonian systems (at the so-called quasi-stationary state). Indeed, in such systems, the maximal Lyapunov exponent vanishes in the thermodynamic limit N → ∞. This fact creates a quite novel situation with regard to typical BG systems, which generically have a positive value for this central nonlinear dynamical quantity. This peculiarity has sensible effects at all physical micro-, meso-and macroscopic levels. It even poses deep challenges at the level of the CLT . In the present occasion, after 20 years of the 1988 proposal, we undertake here an overview of some selected successes of the approach, and of some interesting points that still remain as open questions. Various theoretical, experimental, observational and computational aspects will be addressed.
Crosstalk nuisance trip testing of photovoltaic DC arc-fault detectors (2012)

To improve fire safety in PV systems, Article 690.11 of the 2011 National Electrical Code (NEC) requires photovoltaic (PV) systems above 80 V on or penetrating a building to include a listed arc-fault protection device. Many arc-fault circuit interrupter (AFCI) devices are currently being listed and entering the market. Depending on the manufacturer, AFCIs are being deployed at the module-level, string-level, or array-level. Each arc-fault protection scheme has a different cost and arc-fault isolation capability. Module-level and string-level AFCI devices tout the ability to isolate the fault, identify the failed PV component, and minimize the power loss by selectively de-energizing a portion of the array. However, these benefits are negated if the arcing noise-typically used for arc-fault detection-propagates to parallel, unfaulted strings and cause additional AFCI devices on the PV array to trip. If the arcing signature “crosstalks” from the string with the arc-fault via conduction or RF electromagnetic coupling, the location of the arc-fault cannot be easily determined and safe PV generators will be disconnected. Sandia National Laboratories collaborated with Texas Instruments to perform a series of nuisance trip scenarios with different PV configurations. Experimental results on a 2-string array showed arc detection on the faulted string occurred an average of 19.5 ms before unfaulted string-but in some cases the AFCI on both strings would trip.
N3-MEA Probes: Scooping Neuronal Networks (2019)

In the current work, we introduce a brand new line of versatile, flexible, and multifunctional MEA probes, the so-called <i>Nano Neuro Net</i>, or N<sup>3</sup>-MEAs. Material choice, dimensions, and room for further upgrade, were carefully considered when designing such probes in order to cover the widest application range possible. Proof of the operation principle of these novel probes is shown in the manuscript via the recording of extracellular signals, such as action potentials and local field potentials from cardiac cells and retinal ganglion cells of the heart tissue and eye respectively. Reasonably large signal to noise ratio (SNR) combined with effortless operation of the devices, mechanical and chemical stability, multifunctionality provide, in our opinion, an unprecedented blend. We show successful recordings of (1) action potentials from heart tissue with a SNR up to 13.2; (2) spontaneous activity of retinal ganglion cells with a SNR up to 12.8; and (3) local field potentials with an ERG-like waveform, as well as spiking responses of the retina to light stimulation. The results reveal not only the multi-functionality of these N<sup>3</sup>-MEAs, but high quality recordings of electrogenic tissues.
Thoracic Paravertebral Block for Breast Cancer Surgery: A Randomized Double-Blind Study (2007)

A multilevel paravertebral block provides good analgesia for breast surgery, but the duration of analgesia is briefer than described in previous studies.
Type-Specific Regulation of Adenylyl Cyclase by G Protein βγ Subunits (1991)

Heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins (G proteins) dissociate into guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-bound alpha subunits and a complex of beta and gamma subunits after interaction with receptors. The GTP-alpha subunit complex activates appropriate effectors, such as adenylyl cyclase, retinal phosphodiesterase, phospholipase C, and ion channels. G protein beta gamma subunits have been found to have regulatory effects on certain types of adenylyl cyclase. In the presence of Gs alpha, the alpha subunit of the G protein that activates adenylyl cyclase, one form of adenylyl cyclase was inhibited by beta gamma, some forms were activated by beta gamma, and some forms were not affected by beta gamma. These interactions suggest mechanisms for communication between distinct signal-transducing pathways.
Emerging Multiple e-Auctions (2003)

We review the emerging field of multiple issue e-auctions and discuss their design features and performance criteria. We primarily consider B2B transactions in a reverse auction, that is, a procurement setting. In traditional auctions, the matching of buyers and sellers is typically based just on price. However, when there are quality and other differences in the merchandize and differences in the terms of the transaction, which are common in Request for Quotes (RFQs), additional issues besides price should be considered. Such multiple issue, multiple unit e-auctions/ negotiations, and their characteristics are the focus of our paper. We also discuss the role that OR has played and undoubtedly will play in the design and implementation of such e-auctions.
COMPARATIVE STUDIES OF THE CHROMOSOMAL ARRANGEMENT IN THE C-METAPHASE BETWEEN NORMAL KARYOTYPE AND TRISOMY-21 (1987)

Human chromosomes in amnion cells and lymphocytes with normal karyotype and in lymphocytes with pathological karyotype (2n=47, +21) were compared as to their position in the metaphase. None of the collectives showed sex differences. Measurement of the radial distances revealed more peripheral position of the majority of large chromosomes. The satellite-carrying chromosomes of the D group always had a central position in the mitosis. The chromosomes of the groups D, E, F and G were closest to the centre; with the exception of chromosome 18 which was peripheral in all three collectives. For the male probands, the y-chromosome was shown in all three collectives to have a smaller radial distance than the x-chromosome. A typical distribution was found for the radial and homologue distances for the trisomic cells, two of them had a very large radial distance, the third a value corresponding to its size. For the homolarger measurements hereby the distribution is quite independent of parental source. Comparison of the groups showed no differences either between normal and trisomy cells or between the different cell types. Examination of chromosomes 6 and 15 proved conclusively that the chromosomes are not particularly orientated in the c-metaphase regarding the position of short and long arm. A preferential combination of particular satellite carrying chromosomes leads to the frequent fusions of chromosomes 13 and 14, or 14 and 21. Equally, no preferential association could be demonstrated of the chromosome 21 and the chromosomes with large heterochromatin blocks in the centromere region (chromosomes 1 and 9). The distances were of the same order of magnitude as those between 21 and chromosome 6, a submetacentric chromosome without a marked heterochromatin region. Both latter observations are of specific importance for genetic councelling of couples after birth of a child with a de Novo chromosome aberration asking for the recurrence risk.
Antiviral Properties of Silver Nanoparticles on a Magnetic Hybrid Colloid (2014)

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are considered to be a potentially useful tool for controlling various pathogens. However, there are concerns about the release of AgNPs into environmental media, as they may generate adverse human health and ecological effects. In this study, we developed and evaluated a novel micrometer-sized magnetic hybrid colloid (MHC) decorated with variously sized AgNPs (AgNP-MHCs). After being applied for disinfection, these particles can be easily recovered from environmental media using their magnetic properties and remain effective for inactivating viral pathogens. We evaluated the efficacy of AgNP-MHCs for inactivating bacteriophage ΦX174, murine norovirus (MNV), and adenovirus serotype 2 (AdV2). These target viruses were exposed to AgNP-MHCs for 1, 3, and 6 h at 25°C and then analyzed by plaque assay and real-time TaqMan PCR. The AgNP-MHCs were exposed to a wide range of pH levels and to tap and surface water to assess their antiviral effects under different environmental conditions. Among the three types of AgNP-MHCs tested, Ag30-MHCs displayed the highest efficacy for inactivating the viruses. The ΦX174 and MNV were reduced by more than 2 log10 after exposure to 4.6 × 10(9) Ag30-MHCs/ml for 1 h. These results indicated that the AgNP-MHCs could be used to inactivate viral pathogens with minimum chance of potential release into environment.
Differential regulation of colony-stimulating factors and interleukin 2 production by cyclosporin A. (1987)

Stimulation of T lymphocytes with mitogens or antigens is followed by proliferation and lymphokine production. Although cyclosporin A (CsA), an immunosuppressive drug, has been shown to inhibit the production of certain lymphokines, including interleukin 2 (IL-2), interleukin 3 (IL-3), and gamma-interferon, its effect on the production of granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has not been evaluated. In the current study, concanavalin A (Con A)-stimulated murine spleen cells secreted GM-CSF, IL-3, and IL-2, and in the presence of CsA (0.1-1.0 micrograms/ml), IL-2 and IL-3 activities were inhibited. In contrast, significant activity was detected when the CsA-treated culture supernatants were assayed on a cell line that is dependent on GM-CSF and/or IL-3. Similar CsA-resistant activity was observed when the EL-4 thymoma cells were stimulated with a phorbol ester [phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)] in the presence of CsA. The activity resistant to CsA was identified as GM-CSF by the ability of specific antibodies against murine recombinant GM-CSF to neutralize its activity. These findings indicate that GM-CSF, in contrast to IL-2 and IL-3, was not inhibited by CsA. In additional experiments, transfer blot of poly(A)+ RNA isolated from PMA-induced EL-4 cells in the presence or the absence of CsA was hybridized with GM-CSF and IL-2 cDNA probes. Expression of the GM-CSF gene in EL-4 cells was detected independent of CsA, whereas CsA inhibited the expression of the IL-2 gene. The present data show that production of IL-2 and IL-3, but not that of GM-CSF, is inhibited by CsA and suggest a differential control mechanism for lymphokine synthesis in T lymphocytes.
Double-stream-pouring technique for production of gradient materials by continuous casting (1998)

为由连续的扔生产坡度材料的一个新奇方法被介绍。由使用 many-stream-pouring 技术，有沿着生气的节的合金作文的坡度分发的样品被准备了。这个方法从的主要差别常规连续的扔是为不同合金作文的液体金属与漏斗的二个集合装备的流的系统。特殊考虑被给粗糙部分的集体运输的提升和控制。稳定的热转移和集体流动保证二金属的部分混合并且产出 continously 变化的作文分布。由调整处理参数，有不同形状的作文侧面能被完成。首先，实验为 Al/AlSi， AlSi/Al 和 AlCu/Al 的三个系列在 Al-Si 系统和 Al-Cu 系统被执行了。合金作文， microntructure 和机械性质从中心顺利改变到样品的表面，这被显示出。这个简单、实际的方法为鈥渟t ructural 坡度材料鈥 ? 的集体 prodution 是潜在的并且可以为合金设计提供一个新方法。
Activation of Cardiac Aldosterone Production in Rat Myocardial Infarction (1999)

MI is associated with tissue-specific activation of myocardial aldosterone synthesis. This increase is mediated primarily by cardiac angiotensin II via AT1-subtype receptor and may be involved in post-MI ventricular fibrosis and in control of tissue norepinephrine concentration.
Development and optimization of SERS-based immuno-nanosensor for single cell analyses (2004)

Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is an extremely sensitive and selective spectroscopic technique commonly employed for trace environmental analyses. We are currently developing and optimizing novel SERS based immuno-nanosensors for the monitoring of protein expression within individual living cells. These sensors, based upon antibody bound, silver coated silica nanospheres, can be inserted into individual cells and non-invasively positioned to the subcellular location of interest using optical tweezers. Because a HeNe laser is used for excitation, both photodamage to cells and cellular autofluorescence are minimized. Fabrication of the nanosensors is performed by first depositing a thin layer of silver on silica nanospheres by either homogeneous chemical deposition or vapor deposition. This is followed by binding an antibody against the analyte of interest to the sensor’s surface. In this paper we have investigated and optimized the reduction conditions of a chemical deposition substrate fabrication method and have compared these substrates to three types of vapor deposited substrates: (1) single layer silver film over nanosphere (SFON), (2) dual layer silver film over nanosphere (DUAL-FON) substrates (produced by coating an additional layer of silver film over the SFON), and (3) multilayer silver film over nanosphere (MULTI-FON) substrates (prepared by repeated coatings of several silver films over a SFON). In the case of chemical deposition, parameters optimized included silver nitrate concentration, reaction temperature, and silver coating time of substrates. In general, we have found SFON substrates yield better signal-to-noise ratios (S/N) with less background than the optimized, chemically prepared substrates. Even greater SERS enhancements have been found using multilayered SERS substrates (i.e., DUAL-FON substrates and MULTI-FON substrates). Both the stability and S/N of these substrates are enhanced by using multiple silver layers compared to SFON substrates of similar thickness. From this work, SERS signal enhancements of over an order of magnitude can be predicted by combining the enhancements obtained from the multilayered geometry and that from optimized silver deposition parameters. This paper includes investigations into the mechanism of multi-layer enhancement by studying the SERS S/N changes after different amount of exposure time of underlayer silver films to air. From these studies, we suggest that silver oxide layers play an important role in this multilayered enhancement. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first report of this type of silver oxide layer production affecting and even enhancing the resulting SERS signals from continuous film SERS substrates. In this paper, the fabrication, characterization and comparison of these SERS substrates in terms of enhancement factor, and lifetime will be discussed.
Simulation-based test algorithm generation for random access memories (2002)

Although there are well known test algorithms that have been used by the industry for years for testing semiconductor random-access memories (RAMs), systematic evaluation of their effectiveness and efficiency has been a difficult job. In the past, it was mainly done manually by proving a certain algorithm can detect a certain type of fault. As memory technology keeps innovating, the growing complexity of the memories and number of fault types that need to be covered will require more effective and efficient test algorithms to be discovered in much shorter time. A systematic approach for developing and evaluating memory test algorithms is thus desired. We propose such an approach here: test algorithm generation by simulation (TAGS), which generates and optimizes test algorithms, given a test time budget. Experimental results show that the algorithms generated by TAGS are more efficient than the traditional test algorithms. Using TAGS, a series of test algorithms with a detailed list of faults covered by each algorithm can be generated, providing easy trade-off between test time and fault coverage.
Chemical Segregation and Reduction of Raman Background Interference Using Drop Coating Deposition (2004)

A new application of the recently described drop coating deposition Raman (DCDR) method facilitates the segregation and independent spectral characterization of mixture components. The quality of the normal (un-enhanced) Raman spectra are significantly improved as a result of reduced spectral interference from fluorescent impurities and buffer compounds. Fluorescence of commercial amino acid (O-phospho-L-serine) and protein (myoglobin) samples is reduced by over an order of magnitude using DCDR, more effectively than prolonged photo-bleaching. Furthermore, DCDR is used to obtain high-quality Raman spectra of proteins, lysozyme, and insulin, derived from solutions with up to 1000-fold excess buffer concentration. Possible thermodynamic and kinetic contributions to the observed segregation phenomena are discussed.
Mesoporous Chromium Nitride as High Performance Catalyst Support for Methanol Electrooxidation (2013)

A simple process for preparing mesoporous chromium nitride (CrN) by the ammonolysis of a bulk ternary oxide (K2Cr2O7) is reported. The products were characterized by Rietveld refinement of powder X-ray diffraction patterns, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and nitrogen adsorption/desorption analysis. Pore sizes ranging from 10 to 20 nm are easily accessible. The conductivity of mesoporous CrN powder compressed at 35 bar is 54 S/cm. A Pt/CrN catalyst prepared from the mesoporous CrN shows a negative onset potential for methanol electrooxidation (0.20 V vs SCE) similar to that of Pt/C (0.22 V vs SCE). The electrochemically active specific surface area (ECSA) of the Pt/CrN catalyst (82 m2/g) was only slightly higher than that of Pt/C (75 m2/g). More importantly, the Pt/CrN catalyst demonstrates high tolerance to corrosion and is a candidate to replace carbon black, which is known to corrode under high potentials, as a support for fuel cell catalysts. This work provides an efficient method for preparing mesoporous metal nitrides that are promising supports for the oxidation of small organic molecules in fuel cells.
Salvage Therapy in Hodgkin's Lymphoma (2007)

Hodgkin's disease is a rare malignancy that affects approximately 7,500 patients per year in the U.S., leading to an estimated 1,400 deaths. The relapse rate for this disease varies from around 5% for early-stage disease to 35% for patients with advanced disease. Patients who relapse after chemotherapy have about a 20% cure rate with conventional salvage chemotherapy. Two randomized phase III studies have shown an improved failure-free survival rate with high-dose chemotherapy and autologous stem cell support compared with conventional chemotherapy in relapsed patients. They failed to show any improvement in overall survival. For patients who experience failure with autologous transplant, the options of single-agent chemotherapy with gemcitabine, vinblastine, or vinorelbine can be used for palliation. Standard myeloablative allogeneic bone marrow transplant has a high mortality rate in this population. Allogeneic transplant regimens with reduced intensity are currently being studied in clinical trials. Further studies on the use of monoclonal antibodies and radiolabeled antibodies need to be conducted to define their role in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease.