gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Technological Protections for Digital Copyright Objects (2000)

The explosion of the Internet has brought with it serious threats to the survival of organisations that have depended on revenue from copyright objects. A substantial range of risks arise for a copyright-owner wishing to use digital formats even for the preparation, let alone the dissemination, of their works. A range of technologies is available, and in development, which may assist in addressing those risks. Devising a complete protection regime appears unlikely to be feasible, however, and adaptation of business models is essential.
Neuroprotective effects of gabapentin on spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury in rabbits (2011)

Gabapentin demonstrated significant neuroprotection after early phases of ischemic injury. Further studies with different experimental settings including neurological outcome are required to achieve conclusive results.
Adenosine signaling pathways as potential therapeutic targets in respiratory disease (2013)

Advances in our understanding of the pathogenetic role of adenosine in respiratory diseases may be soon translated into effective treatment options. In consideration of the complex interplay driven by the different pattern of receptor distribution and/or affinity of the four known AR subtypes in specific cell types at different stages of the disease, it is likely that combination of selective antagonist/agonists for different AR subtypes will be required to obtain reasonable clinical efficacy. Alternatively, controlling the factors involved in driving adenosine concentrations in the tissue may be also of great significance.
Escape analysis (1998)

We describe an escape analysis [32, 14], used to determine whether the lifetime of data exceeds its static scope.We give a new correctness proof starting directly from a semantics. Contrary to previous proofs, it takes into account all the features of functional languages, including imperative features and polymorphism. The analysis has been designed so that it can be implemented under the small complexity bound of O(n log2 n) where n is the size of the analyzed program. We have included it in the Caml Special Light compiler (an implementation of ML), and applied it to very large programs. We plan to apply these techniques to the Java programming language.Escape analysis has been applied to stack allocation. We improve the optimization technique by determining minimal lifetime for stack allocated data, and using inlining. We manage to stack allocate 25% of data in the theorem prover Coq. We analyzed the effect of this optimization, and noticed that its main effect is to improve data locality, which is important for efficiency.
Color-Shift Keying and Code-Division Multiple-Access Transmission for RGB-LED Visible Light Communications Using Mobile Phone Camera (2014)

Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have been deployed for various applications in our daily lives. Similarly, image sensors or cameras integrated into mobile phones have become common. Hence, visible light communication (VLC) using LED and mobile phone cameras is attractive and provides low-cost wireless communication. In this paper, we propose and demonstrate a VLC system using color-shift-keying (CSK) modulation and code-division multiple-access (CDMA) technology simultaneously for the first time; a mobile phone camera is used as the receiver (Rx). CSK is used to enhance the VLC system capacity and to mitigate the single color light interference, whereas CDMA allows multiple users to access the network. The system design and operation mechanism of the proposed CSK-CDMA VLC system are discussed. A proof-of-concept demonstration is performed, and error-free transmission is achieved for multiple-access users. A 3-dB transmission gain is also obtained in each user when compared with the traditional on-off keying (OOK) modulation.
Indices of Airway Inflammation in Induced Sputum: Reproducibility and Validity of Cell and Fluid-Phase Measurements (1996)

Methods to examine sputum for indices of airway inflammation are evolving. We have examined the repeatability and the validity of an improved method to measure sputum cells and fluid-phase eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), major basic protein (MBP), eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), albumin, fibrinogen, tryptase, and interleukin-5 (IL-5). Sputum was induced with hypertonic saline twice within 6 d in 10 healthy subjects, 19 stable asthmatics, and 10 smokers with nonobstructive bronchitis. The method included the processing of freshly expectorated sputum separated from saliva, treatment with a fixed proportion of dithiothreitol 0.1% followed by Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline, making cytospins, and collecting the supernatant. The reproducibility of measurements, calculated by the intraclass correlation coefficient, was high for all indices measured with the exception of total cell counts and proportion of lymphocytes. Asthmatics, in comparison with healthy subjects and smokers with bronchitis, had a higher proportion of sputum eosinophils (median percent 5.2 versus 0.5 and 0.3), metachromatic cells (0.3 versus 0.07 and 0.08), ECP (1,040 micrograms/L versus 288 and 352), MBP (1,176 micrograms/L versus 304 and 160), and EDN (1,512 micrograms/L versus 448 and 272). Asthmatics differed from healthy subjects, but not from smokers with bronchitis, in the proportion of neutrophils (46.9% versus 24.1%), albumin (704 versus 288 micrograms/mL), and fibrinogen (2,080 versus 440 ng/mL). Smokers with bronchitis showed a trend for a higher neutrophil count and levels of albumin and fibrinogen than healthy subjects. The proportion of sputum eosinophils correlated positively with ECP, MBP, EDN, albumin and fibrinogen levels, and metachromatic cell counts correlated with tryptase. In asthmatics, IL-5 correlated with eosinophil counts. There was a significant negative correlation between sputum indices and expiratory flows and methacholine PC20. Thus, the methods of measuring cell and fluid phase markers in induced sputum used in this study are reproducible and valid. They can therefore be used to reliably measure these indices of airway inflammation.
[The clinical instrumental evaluation of treatment efficacy in patients with concomitant atherosclerosis of the coronary, cerebral and peripheral arteries]. (1991)

The loading tests, instrumental and biochemical methods were employed to study the effect of mildronate, dalargin, rokornal, gevilon, dibunol, emoxipine and plasmapheresis on the coronary, cerebral, peripheral circulation, the level of cholesterol, its fractions and triglycerides in 247 patients suffering from atherosclerosis. Mildronate, dalargin, rokornal, emoxipine and plasmapheresis were shown to exert a beneficial effect on the regional circulation, lipid metabolism and can be used in the treatment of patients with concomitant forms of atherosclerosis.
“As planning is everything, it is good for something!” A Coasian economic taxonomy of modes of planning (2014)

Against two extreme forms of thinking, which have influenced planning theory, this article argues, in the context of a looming amount of literature generated in a movement for private planning, that the distinction between private planning and public planning is a valid one, but one in need of tweaking. However, the plan–market dichotomy (i.e. the assumption that state and private planning is mutually exclusive) is fallacious. Informed by the neo-institutional economic assumption of rational decisions and the stance of contractual solutions, it rides on the surge in private planning by proposing a taxonomy of planning that combines two modes of planning with two types of planning agent and discusses their possible interrelationships using some neo-institutional economic reasoning informed by the ideas of Coase. Some pedagogical and theoretical implications are also discussed.
Identification of TAZ as a Binding Partner of the Polyomavirus T Antigens (2004)

A polyomavirus mutant isolated by the tumor host range selection procedure (19) has a three-amino-acid deletion (Delta2-4) in the common N terminus of the T antigens. To search for a cellular protein bound by wild-type but not the mutant T antigen(s), a yeast two-hybrid screen of a mouse embryo cDNA library was carried out with a bait of wild-type small T antigen (sT) fused N terminally to the DNA-binding domain of Gal4. TAZ, a transcriptional coactivator with a WW domain and PDZ-binding motif (17), was identified as a binding partner. TAZ bound in vivo to all three T antigens with different apparent affinities estimated as 1:7:100 (large T antigen [lT]:middle T antigen [mT]:sT). The Delta2-4 mutant T antigens showed no detectable binding. The sT and mT of the host range transformation-defective (hr-t) mutant NG59 with an alteration in the common sT/mT region (179 D-->NI) and a normal N terminus also failed to bind TAZ, while the unaltered lT bound but with reduced affinity compared to that seen in a wild-type virus infection. The WW domain but not the PDZ-binding motif of TAZ was essential for T antigen binding. The Delta2-4 mutant was defective in viral DNA replication. Forced overexpression of TAZ blocked wild-type DNA replication in a manner dependent on the binding site for the polyomavirus enhancer-binding protein 2alpha. Wild-type polyomavirus T antigens effectively block transactivation by TAZ. The functional significance of TAZ interactions with polyomavirus T antigens is discussed.
Interconnected Question Generation with Coreference Alignment and Conversation Flow Modeling (2019)

We study the problem of generating interconnected questions in question-answering style conversations. Compared with previous works which generate questions based on a single sentence (or paragraph), this setting is different in two major aspects: (1) Questions are highly conversational. Almost half of them refer back to conversation history using coreferences. (2) In a coherent conversation, questions have smooth transitions between turns. We propose an end-to-end neural model with coreference alignment and conversation flow modeling. The coreference alignment modeling explicitly aligns coreferent mentions in conversation history with corresponding pronominal references in generated questions, which makes generated questions interconnected to conversation history. The conversation flow modeling builds a coherent conversation by starting questioning on the first few sentences in a text passage and smoothly shifting the focus to later parts. Extensive experiments show that our system outperforms several baselines and can generate highly conversational questions. The code implementation is released at https://github.com/ Evan-Gao/conversaional-QG.
Toni Morrison's The Bluest Eye (1994)

The Bluest Eye, published in 1970, is the first novel written by Toni Morrison, winner of the 1993 Nobel Prize in Literature. It is the story of eleven-year-old Pecola Breedlove - a black girl in an America whose love for its blond, blue-eyed children can devastate all others - who prays for her eyes to turn blue: so that she will be beautiful, so that people will look at her, so that her world will be different. This is the story of the nightmare at the heart of her yearning and the tragedy of its fulfillment.
Amino Acid Side Chains That Define Muscarinic Receptor/G-protein Coupling (1996)

Amino acids in the third intracellular loops of receptors play pivotal roles in G-protein coupling. To define their structural requirements, we have subjected the N- and C-terminal regions of this loop (Ni3 and Ci3, respectively) of the m5 muscarinic receptor to random saturation mutagenesis. (see Burstein, E. S., Spalding, T. A., Hill-Eubanks, D., and Brann, M. R. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 3141 3146 and Hill-Eubanks, D., Burstein, E. S., Spalding, T. A., Bräuner-Osborne, H., and Brann, M. R. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271, 3058 3065). In the present study, we have extended our analysis of Ni3 by constructing libraries of receptors with all possible amino acid substitutions at the residues we previously identified as functionally important and characterizing their functional phenotypes. Numerous hydrophobic substitutions were well tolerated at Ile216 and Thr220 and caused constitutive activation in two cases, establishing that hydrophobicity is structurally favored at these positions and that many amino acid side chains are compatible with this structural role. Similarly, hydrophobic and polar, but not charged, substitutions were observed at Tyr217, but in contrast to results for Thr220, most substitutions at Tyr217 substantially decreased maximum response and increased the EC50 for carbachol, demonstrating that the specific side chain of residue 217 participates in G-protein coupling. Arg223 allowed the widest range of substitutions of the residues tested, but only basic residues were well tolerated. All other substitutions significantly increased (up to 100-fold) the EC50 for carbachol without significantly affecting maximal response. There were no significant changes in the ligand binding properties of these mutant receptors. We conclude that Ile216 and Thr220 fulfill a structural role, forming the foundation of the G-protein-coupling pocket, whereas Tyr217 and Arg223 contact G-proteins through specific side chain interactions. We propose that G-proteins are recruited to receptors by ionic interactions and that hydrophobic residues participate in activation.
Wide-frequency range, dynamic matching network and power system for the “Shoelace” radio frequency antenna on the Alcator C-Mod tokamak (2014)

A wide-frequency range (50-300 kHz) power system has been implemented for use with a new RF antenna - the "Shoelace" antenna - built to drive coherent plasma fluctuations in the edge of the Alcator C-Mod tokamak. A custom, dynamically tunable matching network allows two commercial 1 kW, 50-Ω RF amplifiers to drive the low-impedance, inductive load presented by the antenna. This is accomplished by a discretely variable L-match network, with 81 independently selected steps available for each of the series and parallel legs of the matching configuration. A compact programmable logic device provides a control system that measures the frequency with better than 1 kHz accuracy and transitions to the correct tuning state in less than 1 ms. At least 85% of source power is dissipated in the antenna across the operational frequency range, with a minimum frequency slew rate of 1 MHz/s; the best performance is achieved in the narrower band from 80 to 150 kHz which is of interest in typical experiments. The RF frequency can be run with open-loop control, following a pre-programmed analog waveform, or phase-locked to track a plasma fluctuation diagnostic signal in real time with programmable phase delay; the amplitude control is always open-loop. The control waveforms and phase delay are programmed remotely. These tools have enabled first-of-a-kind measurements of the tokamak edge plasma system response in the frequency range and at the wave number at which coherent fluctuations regulate heat and particle transport through the plasma boundary.
A digital filter bank for spectral matching (2005)

A new digital filter bank design is proposed for the processing of speech waveforms where spectral pattern matching techniques are applicable. Outputs in decibels from the 30 channels of the filter bank are computed every 12 ms. Care has been taken to select a time window and filter center frequency and bandwidth values that take into account the acoustic characteristics of speech. A distance metric is proposed for comparing a spectral frame with previously derived reference patterns. The metric incorporates procedures for crude speaker/microphone normalization, signal level normalization, background noise normalization, and procedures for emphasizing differences in the region of spectral peaks.
Prevention of Biliary Leakage after Partial Liver Resection Using Topical Hemostatic Agents (2007)

Liver resection is widely accepted as the only potentially curative treatment in malignant or benign hepatobiliary lesions. Although not frequent, biliary leakage is a postoperative complication which may have considerable consequences. The field of topical hemostatic agents is rapidly developing, with various products currently available. This article reviews the risk factors associated with biliary leakage and the methods used for testing or prevention of biliary leakage. A literature search was performed using key words related to experimental and clinical studies dealing with biliary leakage. Experimental studies assessed the potential bilio-static effect of different topical hemostatic agents after bile duct reconstruction. Clinical series show biliary leakage rates up to 12%. There is no evidence that flushing of the bile duct system after resection reduces the incidence of biliary leakage. Further controlled studies are needed to clarify the preventive effect of topical hemostatic agents on biliary leakage after liver resection.
A Modular Approach to the Design and Analysis of Authentication and Key Exchange Protocols. (1998)

We present a general framework for constructing and analyzing authentication protocols in realistic models of communication networks. This framework provides a sound formalization for the authentication problem and suggests simple and attractive design principles for general authentication and key exchange protocols. The key element in our approach is a modular treatment of the authentication problem in cryptographic protocols; this applies to the definition of security, to the design of the protocols, and to their analysis. In particular, following this modular approach, we show how to systematically transform solutions that work in a model of idealized authenticated communications into solutions that are secure in the realistic setting of communication channels controlled by an active adversary. Using these principles we construct and prove the security of simple and practical authentication and key-exchange protocols. In particular, we provide a security analysis of some well-known key exchange protocols (e.g. authenticated Diffie-Hellman key exchange), and of some of the techniques underlying the design of several authentication protocols that are currently being
High-Quality Power Generation Through Distributed Control of a Power Park Microgrid (2006)

Inverters are a necessary interface for several forms of distributed generation (DG) and where they form a microgrid they have the potential to offer high power quality. The challenge is to coordinate the actions of a group of inverters so that they offer the level of power quality known to be possible from fast local control of a single inverter. The case examined here is a power park of several inverter-based DG in relatively close proximity. A basic requirement is that the inverters regulate the grid voltage and share the real and reactive power demands according to their ratings. In small girds with high proportions of nonlinear and unbalanced loads it is also important to actively control the waveform quality in terms of harmonics, transient disturbances, and balance. Further, it is important that these duties are shared equally between the units rather than having one master unit taking the lead in the voltage control function. A constraint faced in designing a sharing system is the limited bandwidth of signal communication even over distances of a few meters. A control method is proposed that separates the control tasks in the frequency domain. Power sharing and voltage regulation are controlled centrally and commands are distributed through a low-bandwidth communication link. Waveform quality functions are controlled in high bandwidth controllers distributed to each local inverter. Experimental tests on a grid of three 10-kVA inverters are used to show that the method fully exploits the inherent fast response of the inverters while also ensuring voltage balance even with extreme load imbalance. It is shown that circulating currents are avoided during steady state and transients.
Low-loss single-polarisation fibres (1981)

Low-loss single-mode fibres that maintain polarisation well have been fabricated by the standard MCVD method. An extinction ratio of less than −30 dB at 1 km and a loss of 0.8 dB/km at 1.5 μm were achieved by the concentric circular germanosilicate core-clad fibres with the borosilicate elliptical jacket.
Enhanced optical properties of Si1−xGex alloy nanocrystals in a planar microcavity (2003)

The emission properties of Si1−xGex alloy nanocrystals (nc-Si1−xGex) in an optical microcavity were studied, and the results were compared with those of nc-Si in the same structure. The cavity consists of two distributed Si/SiO2 Bragg reflectors (DBRs) sandwiching a thin SiO2 film containing nc-Si1−xGex. The commonly observed cavity effects, that is, spectral narrowing, high directionality, and photoluminescence (PL) enhancement in the normal direction, were observed. In nc-Si1−xGex, PL lifetime was lengthened by cavity formation, while that of nc-Si was shortened. This difference is due to the different dielectric contrast between active layers and DBRs.
Enhancement of in vivo and in vitro murine immune responses by the cyclophosphamide metabolite acrolein. (1988)

Cyclophosphamide (CY)-mediated immunoenhancement has been attributed to the inhibition of suppressor T-cell generation. In order to exert its effects on the immune system, metabolic activation of CY is required. The metabolite of CY responsible for its immunoenhancing properties are not known. Two reactive metabolites of CY which may inhibit suppressor T-cell generation are phosphoramide mustard and acrolein, compounds known to primarily bind to DNA and sulfhydryl groups, respectively. The objective of this study was to determine whether acrolein and/or phosphoramide mustard are capable of enhancing the immune response in a manner similar to CY. Administration of 100 mumol/kg of acrolein, i.v., to female C57BL/6 x C3H F1 mice 1 day before antigen exposure (sheep red blood cells) resulted in a 50% increase in the delayed-type hypersensitivity response (foot pad swelling). The Day 4 primary humoral immune response to sheep red blood cells was also increased by 88 and 60% after the administration of 30 and 100 mumol/kg acrolein 1 day before sensitization with sheep red blood cells. Exposure of splenocyte cultures to 3 x 10(-7) and 10(-6) M 4-hydroperoxy-CY or acrolein produced significant increases in the in vitro T-dependent antibody-forming cell response. In contrast, the antibody-forming cell response of cultures exposed to 3 x 10(-8) - 10(-4) M phosphoramide mustard did not increase above control levels. These results suggest that acrolein is responsible for the CY-induced enhancement of the immune response. Moreover, the enhancement may be produced by the binding of acrolein to sulfhydryl groups of molecules of cells required for the generation of suppressor T-cells.
Optimization of the First Selective Steroid-11β-hydroxylase (CYP11B1) Inhibitors for the Treatment of Cortisol Dependent Diseases (2011)

CYP11B1 is the key enzyme in cortisol biosynthesis, and its inhibition with selective compounds is a promising strategy for the treatment of diseases associated with elevated cortisol levels, such as Cushing's syndrome or metabolic disease. Expanding on a previous study from our group resulting in the first potent and rather selective inhibitor described so far (1, IC50 = 152 nM), we herein describe further optimizations of the imidazolylmethyl pyridine core. Five compounds among the 42 substances synthesized showed IC50 values below 50 nM. Most interesting was the naphth-1-yl compound 23 (IC50 = 42 nM), showing a 49-fold selectivity toward the highly homologous CYP11B2 (1: 18-fold) as well as selectivity toward the androgen and estrogen forming enzymes CYP17 and CYP19, respectively.