gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A constrained least‐squares optimization method for external beam radiation therapy treatment planning (1984)

A method has been developed to optimize the selection of beam weights for external beam radiation therapy treatment planning. This method uses a matrix transformation method to achieve a least-squares fit to doses at preselected points in a target volume. This method is more general than the conventional least-squares method in that it allows one to incorporate as constraints maximum allowable doses delivered to critical organs, as well as the requirement that all beam weights be non-negative. A computer algorithm DOSEOPT has been written which takes a matrix of doses to various points from beams whose field sizes and orientations have been predetermined, and performs the constrained least-squares fit to desired doses in the target volume and maximum doses to critical organs. Implementation of this algorithm and its application to several cases are discussed.
Analysis of the Antimalarial Drug Resistance Protein Pfcrt Expressed in Yeast (2002)

Mutations in the novel membrane protein Pfcrt were recently found to be essential for chloroquine resistance (CQR) in Plasmodium falciparum, the parasite responsible for most lethal human malaria (Fidock, D. A., Nomura, T., Talley, A. K., Cooper, R. A., Dzekunov, S. M., Ferdig, M. T., Ursos, L. M., Sidhu, A. B., Naude, B., Deitsch, K. W., Su, X. Z., Wootton, J. C., Roepe, P. D., and Wellems, T. E. (2000) Mol. Cell 6, 861-871). Pfcrt is localized to the digestive vacuolar membrane of the intraerythrocytic parasite and may function as a transporter. Study of this putative transport function would be greatly assisted by overexpression in yeast followed by characterization of membrane vesicles. Unfortunately, the very high AT content of malarial genes precludes efficient heterologous expression. Thus, we back-translated Pfcrt to design idealized genes with preferred yeast codons, no long poly(A) sequences, and minimal stem-loop structure. We synthesized a designed gene with a two-step PCR method, fused this to N- and C-terminal sequences to aid membrane insertion and purification, and now report efficient expression of wild type and mutant Pfcrt proteins in the plasma membrane of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia pastoris yeast. To our knowledge, this is the first successful expression of a full-length malarial parasite integral membrane protein in yeast. Purified membranes and inside-out plasma membrane vesicle preparations were used to analyze wild type versus CQR-conferring mutant Pfcrt function, which may include effects on H(+) transport (Dzekunov, S., Ursos, L. M. B., and Roepe, P. D. (2000) Mol. Biochem. Parasitol. 110, 107-124), and to perfect a rapid purification of biotinylated Pfcrt. These data expand on the role of Pfcrt in conferring CQR and define a productive route for analysis of important P. falciparum transport proteins and membrane associated vaccine candidates.
Perfdiff (2008)

Although applications running on virtual machines, such as Java, can achieve platform independence, performance evaluation and analysis becomes difficult due to extra intermediate layers and the dynamic nature of virtual execution environment.
The Mesothelium and Its Reactions: A Review (1982)

The origins, nature, and reactions of the mesothelium have intrigued investigators for over 100 years. Recently, the use of sophisticated techniques has clarified earlier impressions of its development, structure, and function. The structure of mesothelium reflects its functional properties, its long slender microvilli entrapping a layer of glycosoaminoglycans, providing a frictionless free surface between the parietal and visceral serosa. Transport requirements are met by various surface modifications and both inter- and intra-cellular mechanisms occur. The presence of stomatal openings in the mesothelial membrane has been established, and they may have a major role to play in the movement of cells to and from the serosal cavities. In addition, mesothelial cells can respond to situations of increased functional demand and during the course of inflammation, the mesothelium's fibrinolytic properties are of major importance in preventing the formation of adhesions and the enhancement of healing. Of all the unanswered questions the most significant is the nature, localization, and potentialities of mesothelial precursors. A mesodermal origin is readily acknowledged, but the healing process of damaged mesothelium is less clear. It seems probable that "mature" mesothelium is one source of cell renewal, but mesenchymal cells located in the submesothelial serosa are also strong contenders. Neoplastic mesothelium can adopt a spectrum of histological appearances, reflecting its mesodermal origins. In fact, overacceptance of this concept has erroneously led to the classification of other neoplasms arising in the serosal area as mesotheliomas. Although the ocogenic sequence is still obscure, asbestos is recognized as the major etiologic agent in malignant mesotheliomas. In 1955, Hartwell described differing impressions of the peritoneum as seen through the eyes of an anatomist, an histologist, and a surgeon. In this review on the mesothelium we have attempted to unravel some of its complexities as viewed by embryologists, electronmicroscopists, cell biologists, pathologists, and oncologists.
Diabetes (1998)

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most common endocrine diseases in all populations and all age groups. It is a syndrome of disturbed intermediary metabolism caused by inadequate insulin secretion or impaired insulin action, or both. Diabetes is crudely grouped into the two types-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Both types are associated with excessive morbidity and mortality. Relative mortality in people with insulin dependent diabetes is between 10 and 30 (equal to a 5-10 year reduction in life expectancy), depending on the age at diagnosis, current age, the duration of the disease, and the year of diagnosis. 1 Although cohorts of patients with insulin dependent diabetes diagnosed after 1955 may have a better prognosis, 1 2 this trend seems to be levelling off. There are no signs of a reduction in mortality from non-insulin dependent diabetes.
Predicting Future Brain Tissue Loss From White Matter Connectivity Disruption in Ischemic Stroke (2014)

ChaCo scores varied, but the most affected regions included those with sensorimotor, perception, learning, and memory functions. Correlations between baseline ChaCo and subsequent tissue loss suggest that the Network Modification Tool could be used to identify regions most susceptible to remote degeneration from acute infarcts.
Pathogenicity studies of feline coronavirus isolates 79-1146 and 79-1683 (1984)

Two feline coronavirus isolates were characterized by their disease-causing potential in cats. The 79-1683 feline coronavirus isolate caused an inapparent-to-mild enteritis when given oronasally to specific-pathogen-free kittens and was not a cause of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Target tissues for the virus were the mature apical epithelium of the small intestine, mesenteric lymph nodes, tonsils, thymus, and (to a lesser extent) the lungs. Inoculated kittens shed high numbers of virus in their feces for 14 to 17 days, but remained infectious to susceptible kittens for longer periods of time, as evidenced by contact-exposure studies. Because the 79-1683 isolate induced only enteritis, it was designated feline enteric coronavirus (FECV) 79-1683. The 79-1146 feline coronavirus isolate induced effusive abdominal FIP in specific-pathogen-free kittens after oronasal and intraperitoneal inoculation. Clinical signs of disease appeared within 12 to 14 days in almost all inoculated kittens. Because this isolate caused FIP, it was designated FIP virus (FIPV) 79-1146. Cross-protective immunity was not induced by the various coronavirus infections. Kittens preimmunized with the UCD strain of FECV (FECV-UCD) or with FECV-79-1683 were not immune to infection with FIPV-79-1146. Likewise, kittens previously inoculated with FECV-79-1683 were not immune to infection with FIPV-UCD1. In fact, preexisting heterologous FECV-79-1683 immunity often accelerated and enhanced the severity of disease caused by inoculation with FIPV-UCD1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Low-Temperature Plasma Probe for Ambient Desorption Ionization (2008)

A low-temperature plasma (LTP) probe has been developed for ambient desorption ionization. An ac electric field is used to induce a dielectric barrier discharge through use of a specially designed electrode configuration. The low-temperature plasma is extracted from the probe where it interacts directly with the sample being analyzed, desorbing and ionizing surface molecules in the ambient environment. This allows experiments to be performed without damage to the sample or underlying substrate and, in the case of biological analysis on skin surfaces, without electrical shock or perceptible heating. Positive or negative ions are produced from a wide range of chemical compounds in the pure stateand as mixtures in the gaseous, solution, or condensed phases, using He, Ar, N2, or ambient air as the discharge gas. Limited fragmentation occurs, although it is greater in the cases of the molecular than the atomic discharge gases. The effectiveness of the LTP probe has been demonstrated by recording characteristic mass spectra and tandem mass spectra of samples containing hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) from poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) surfaces where limits of detection are as low as 5 pg. Other performance characteristics, when using a commercial ion trap mass spectrometer, include 3-4 orders of magnitude linear dynamic range in favorable cases. Demonstration applications include direct analysis of cocaine from human skin, determination of active ingredients directly in drug tablets, and analysis of toxic and therapeutic compounds in complex biological samples. Ionization of chemicals directly from bulk aqueous solution has been demonstrated, where limits of detection are as low as 1 ppb. Large surface area sampling and control of fragmentation by a simple adjustment of the electrode configuration during operation are other demonstrated characteristics of the method.
The development of sub-25 nm III-V High Electron Mobility Transistors (2009)

High Electron Mobility Transistors (HEMTs) are crucially important devices in microwave circuit applications. As the technology has matured, new applications have arisen, particularly at millimetre-wave and sub-millimetre wave frequencies. There now exists great demand for low-visibility, security and medical imaging in addition to telecommunications applications operating at frequencies well above 100 GHz.

These new applications have driven demand for high frequency, low noise device operation; key areas in which HEMTs excel. As a consequence, there is growing incentive to explore the ultimate performance available from such devices. As with all FETs, the key to HEMT performance optimisation is the reduction of gate length, whilst optimally scaling the rest of the device and minimising parasitic extrinsic influences on device performance.

Although HEMTs have been under development for many years, key performance metrics have latterly slowed in their evolution, largely due to the difficulty of fabricating devices at increasingly nanometric gate lengths and maintaining satisfactory scaling and device performance. At Glasgow, the world-leading 50 nm HEMT process developed in 2003 had not since been improved in the intervening five years.

This work describes the fabrication of sub-25 nm HEMTs in a robust and repeatable manner by the use of advanced processing techniques: in particular, electron beam lithography and reactive ion etching. This thesis describes firstly the development of robust gate lithography for sub-25 nm patterning, and its incorporation into a complete device process flow. Secondly, processes and techniques for the optimisation of the complete device are described.

This work has led to the successful fabrication of functional 22 nm HEMTs and the development of 10 nm scale gate pattern transfer: simultaneously some of the shortest gate length devices reported and amongst the smallest scale structures ever lithographically defined on III-V substrates. The first successful fabrication of implant-isolated planar high-indium HEMTs is also reported amongst other novel secondary processes.
Realization of a continuous-wave, two-photon optical laser (1992)

We report the first observation of continuous-wave two-photon lasing in the optical regime, and demonstrate that its initiation requires the injection of a trigger pulse into the laser resonator. Successful operation of the two-photon laser relies on the use of a novel gain medium consisting of laser-driven, two-level atoms and the use of a high-finesse optical cavity to isolate the two-photon gain from competing processes. Threshold conditions for laser action are in good agreement with recent theoretical predictions.
Noncoherent Detection of Tamed Frequency Modulation (1984)

Continuous-phase, constant-envelope digital modulation schemes are useful in various applications where a high spectrum utilization as well as immunity to nonlinear distortion is required. From this point of view, typical efficient schemes are digital partialresponse frequency modulation methods. The aim of this work is to investigate noncoherent detection in order to avoid the RF carrier recovery problem. In this paper we select for analysis tamed frequency modulation (TFM) as a particularly representative member of this class, but a similar analysis could be carried out for other partialresponse digital FM systems. After an evaluation of the optimal noncoherent detection and of differential phase detection of TFM, we propose a demodulation method based on a simple and efficient baseband processing of the output of a frequency demodulator. It turns out that the power loss with respect to coherent or optimal demodulation of TFM is on the order of 2 dB. The baseband processing here proposed is in some way equivalent to a partial recovery of the carrier phase and could be improved by using a more complex baseband processing such as a decoding scheme based on the Viterbi algorithm.
A mutational analysis of killer toxin resistance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae identifies new genes involved in cell wall (1--&gt;6)-beta-glucan synthesis. (1993)

Recessive mutations leading to killer resistance identify the KRE9, KRE10 and KRE11 genes. Mutations in both the KRE9 and KRE11 genes lead to reduced levels of (1-->6)-beta-glucan in the yeast cell wall. The KRE11 gene encodes a putative 63-kD cytoplasmic protein, and disruption of the KRE11 locus leads to a 50% reduced level of cell wall (1-->6)-glucan. Structural analysis of the (1-->6)-beta-glucan remaining in a kre11 mutant indicates a polymer smaller in size than wild type, but containing a similar proportion of (1-->6)- and (1-->3)-linkages. Genetic interactions among cells harboring mutations at the KRE11, KRE6 and KRE1 loci indicate lethality of kre11 kre6 double mutants and that kre11 is epistatic to kre1, with both gene products required to produce the mature glucan polymer at wild-type levels. Analysis of these KRE genes should extend knowledge of the beta-glucan biosynthetic pathway, and of cell wall synthesis in yeast.
Cardiovascular Applications of Fluorocarbons: Current Status and Future Direction -A Critical Clinical Appraisal (1994)

Alteration of normal blood flow to the heart may result in myocardial ischemia or infarction. Perfluorochemical emulsions offer a potential means to improve oxygenation of the heart during periods of hypoxia. The small particle size and linear disassociation curve of perfluorochemicals may result in greater oxygen delivery than blood particularly in severely diseased or damaged atherosclerotic vessels. Intracoronary Fluosol given during PTCA reduces the myocardial ischemia which occurs during balloon inflation. Although Fluosol does not prevent myocardial dysfunction during prolonged balloon inflations, new concentrated perfluorochemicals have increased oxygen delivery capacity and may have greater benefit. Experimentally, during coronary occlusions, perfluorochemicals promote higher oxygen tension in areas of ischemia and result in infarct size reduction. Reduction of oxygen free radicals has been proposed as the mechanism by which Fluosol exerts its ability to reduce infarct size. Clinical studies with Fluosol and thrombolytic therapy for treatment of acute myocardial infarctions are ongoing to assess ability to preserve myocardial function. Perfluorochemical cardioplegia can deliver oxygen during periods of cardiac arrest and may improve immediate post CPB myocardial function particularly in those patients with pre-existing left ventricular dysfunction. The oxygen-carrying capacity of perfluorocarbons and its unique properties offer great advantages to improve the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
Analysis of pitch system data for condition monitoring (2013)

ABSTRACT Measurements of pitch motor torque and current give indirect information about the condition of the pitch system and can therefore potentially be used for condition‐based maintenance. This paper presents an analysis of these measurements for a wind turbine, and the measurements are compared with a theoretical model based on aeroelastic simulations. The blade moment is found to have only minor influence on the friction in the blade bearing. The main factors affecting the static friction are the temperature and time after the latest pitch movement. Pitch motor current and torque are proportional at a constant pitch velocity, but the 10 min maximum values are only approximately proportional, because the maximum values occur during acceleration and not simultaneously. These findings are important to consider, if using the pitch motor current or torque as an indicator for the pitch system health is considered. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lumped Parameters Model of a Crescent Pump (2016)

This paper presents the lumped parameters model of an internal gear crescent pump with relief valve, able to estimate the steady-state flow-pressure characteristic and the pressure ripple. The approach is based on the identification of three variable control volumes regardless of the number of gear teeth. The model has been implemented in the commercial environment LMS Amesim with the development of customized components. Specific attention has been paid to the leakage passageways, some of them affected by the deformation of the cover plate under the action of the delivery pressure. The paper reports the finite element method analysis of the cover for the evaluation of the deflection and the validation through a contactless displacement transducer. Another aspect described in this study is represented by the computational fluid dynamics analysis of the relief valve, whose results have been used for tuning the lumped parameters model. Finally, the validation of the entire model of the pump is presented in terms of steady-state flow rate and of pressure oscillations.
Concentration‐ and temperature‐dependent conformation change of cyclohexyl isocyanide on gold nanoparticle surfaces (2008)

Abstract The conformational changes of cyclohexyl isocyanide (CHNC) on gold nanoparticle surfaces were investigated by means of concentration‐ and temperature‐dependent surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The equatorial chair conformer appeared to be dominant at high‐bulk concentrations or low temperatures, whereas both the equatorial and axial chair conformers of CHNC were found to exist at low‐bulk concentrations or high temperatures as in the previous reports of cyclohexanethiol (CHT). Depending on concentrations and temperatures, the spectral changes of the NC stretching vibration on gold nanoparticles appeared to be more conspicuous than those of the cyclohexyl ring modes. A density functional theory (DFT) calculation was performed at the level of B3LYP/6‐31G + + (d,p) to compare the energetic stability of the various conformers of CHT and CHNC. The energy differences between the equatorial and axial chair conformers were predicted to be smaller for CHNC than for CHT by ∼3 kJ mol −1 from the DFT calculation. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Phenytoin: Mechanisms of its anticonvulsant action (1986)

Phenytoin is a major anticonvulsant drug that is very effective in controlling a wide variety of seizure disorders while impairing neurological function little, if at all. Early work suggested the hypothesis that the drug's effects were due to a selective block of high-frequency neuronal activity. This theory is reevaluated in the light of accumulated observations on the effects of phenytoin in many neuronal and synaptic preparations. Most of these observations can be explained by a use- and frequency-dependent suppression of the sodium action potential by phenytoin, with a consequent filtering out of sustained high-frequency neuronal discharges and synaptic activity. The molecular mechanism for this is a voltage-dependent blockade of membrane sodium channels responsible for the action potential. Through this action, phenytoin obstructs the positive feedback that underlies the development of maximal seizure activity, while normal brain activity, proceeding at lower neuronal firing rates, is spared its depressant action. Other mechanisms of action that may contribute to the drug's efficacy and selectivity are also discussed.
Improvement of speech spectrogram accuracy by the method of reassignment (1998)

An improvement of the speech spectrogram based on the method of reassignment is presented. This method consists of moving each point of the spectrogram to a new point that represents the distribution of the energy in the time-frequency window more accurately. Examples of natural speech show an improvement of the energy localization in both time and frequency domains. This allows a better description of speech features.
A Hierarchical Generative Model for Eye Image Synthesis and Eye Gaze Estimation (2018)

In this work, we introduce a Hierarchical Generative Model (HGM) to enable realistic forward eye image synthesis, as well as effective backward eye gaze estimation. The proposed HGM consists of a hierarchical generative shape model (HGSM), and a conditional bidirectional generative adversarial network (c-BiGAN). The HGSM encodes eye geometry knowledge and relates eye gaze with eye shape, while c-BiGAN leverages on big data and captures the dependency between eye shape and eye appearance. As an intermediate component, eye shape connects knowledge-based model (HGSM) with data-driven model (c-BiGAN) and enables bidirectional inference. Through a top-down inference, the HGM can synthesize eye images consistent with the given eye gaze. Through a bottom-up inference, HGM can infer eye gaze effectively from a given eye image. Qualitative and quantitative evaluations on benchmark datasets demonstrate our model's effectiveness on both eye image synthesis and eye gaze estimation. In addition, the proposed model is not restricted to eye images only. It can be adapted to face images and any shape-appearance related fields.
Branch prediction methods used in modern superscalar processors (2002)

Branch prediction is crucial to maintaining high performance in modern superscalar processors. Conditional branches can occur as frequently as one in every 5 or 6 instructions in nonnumeric programs, leading to heavy mis-prediction penalties in current superpipelined, superscalar architectures. Realization of this fact has lead to an upsurge in the number of recent research publications in this area. This has been accompanied by the processor manufacturers implementing more complex branch prediction hardware in recent processors. This paper surveys the status of research in static and dynamic branch prediction and also how these research findings are being employed by current processor designers. The paper ends with an evaluation of future directions of branch prediction.