gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gel stretch method: a new method to measure constitutive properties of cardiac muscle cells (1998)

Diastolic dysfunction is an important cause of congestive heart failure; however, the basic mechanisms causing diastolic congestive heart failure are not fully understood, especially the role of the cardiac muscle cell, or cardiocyte, in this process. Before the role of the cardiocyte in this pathophysiology can be defined, methods for measuring cardiocyte constitutive properties must be developed and validated. Thus this study was designed to evaluate a new method to characterize cardiocyte constitutive properties, the gel stretch method. Cardiocytes were isolated enzymatically from normal feline hearts and embedded in a 2% agarose gel containing HEPES-Krebs buffer and laminin. This gel was cast in a shape that allowed it to be placed in a stretching device. The ends of the gel were held between a movable roller and fixed plates that acted as mandibles. Distance between the right and left mandibles was increased using a stepper motor system. The force applied to the gel was measured by a force transducer. The resultant cardiocyte strain was determined by imaging the cells with a microscope, capturing the images with a CCD camera, and measuring cardiocyte and sarcomere length changes. Cardiocyte stress was characterized with a finite-element method. These measurements of cardiocyte stress and strain were used to determine cardiocyte stiffness. Two variables affecting cardiocyte stiffness were measured, the passive elastic spring and viscous damping. The passive spring was assessed by increasing the force on the gel at 1 g/min, modeling the resultant stress vs. strain relationship as an exponential [sigma = A/k(ekepsilon - 1)]. In normal cardiocytes, A = 23.0 kN/m2 and k = 16. Viscous damping was assessed by examining the loop area between the stress vs. strain relationship during 1 g/min increases and decreases in force. Normal cardiocytes had a finite loop area = 1.39 kN/m2, indicating the presence of viscous damping. Thus the gel stretch method provided accurate measurements of cardiocyte constitutive properties. These measurements have allowed the first quantitative assessment of passive elastic spring properties and viscous damping in normal mammalian cardiocytes.
The Efficacy of Steroids in the Treatment of Idiopathic Sudden Hearing Loss: A Double-blind Clinical Study (1980)

Double-blind studies were conducted for the treatment of idiopathic sudden hearing loss (ISHL) with oral steroids. The condition was defined as not less than a 30-dB loss over three contiguous frequencies in three days or less. Follow-up audiograms were obtained four weeks and three months later. Specific audiologic guidelines for the assessment of hearing recovery were used to ensure objectivity. Steroids had a statistically significant effect on the recovery of hearing in patients with moderate hearing losses. The nature of the hearing loss and its susceptibility to improvement with steroid therapy lend support to the hypothesis that viral cochlitis is the primary cause of ISHL.
Probing Mitochondria in Living Cells with Rhodamine 123 (1982)

Since the initial description of granules, which undoubtedly were mitochondria, by Kolliker in 1850 and since the subsequent studies of mitochondria by Altmann (1890), much work has been carried out in order to elucidate both the structure and function of this complex organelle. Extensive biochemical studies of the mitochondria have proved them to be the powerhouses of the aerobic cells, providing the ATP necessary for cell survival and growth (Lehninger 1964; Racker 1976).
Control of Newcastle disease by vaccination. (2004)

Vaccination for Newcastle disease (ND) is routinely practised in countries where virulent strains of the Newcastle disease virus (NDV) are endemic and in countries where virulent strains do not exist but ill-timed infection by a low virulent field strain may have significant economic consequences for the producer. The types of vaccines and vaccination schedules used vary depending on the potential threat, virulence of the field challenge virus, type of production, and production schedules. A combination of live and inactivated ND vaccine, administered simultaneously, is shown to provide better protection against virulent NDV and has been successfully used in control programmes in areas of intense poultry production. A potential limiting factor in the use of live vaccines to control virulent ND is that live virus can interfere with surveillance and laboratory diagnosis. However, a new assay, the real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RRT-PCR), differentiates low virulent from virulent NDV, thus minimizing the disadvantage of live virus vaccines in the face of an outbreak and may facilitate the use of such vaccines to control outbreaks of virulent ND in the future.
A class of recursive interconnection networks: architectural characteristics and hardware cost (1994)

We propose and analyze a new class of interconnection networks, RCC, for interconnecting the processors of a general purpose parallel computer system. The RCC is constructed incrementally through the recursive application of a complete graph compound. The RCC integrate positive features of both complete networks and a given basic network. This paper presents the principles of constructing RCC and analyzes its architectural characteristics, its message routing capability, and its hardware cost. A specific instance of this class, RCC-CUBE, is shown to have desirable network properties such as small diameter, small degree, high density, high bandwidth, and high fault tolerance and is shown that they compare favorably to those of the hypercube, the 2-D, mesh, and the folded hypercube. Moreover, RCC-CUBE is shown to emulate the hypercube in constant time under any message distribution. The hardware cost and physical time performance are estimated under some packaging constraints for RCC-CUBE and compared to those of the hypercube, the folded hypercube, and the 2-D mesh demonstrating an overall cost effectiveness for RCC-CUBE. Hence, the RCC-CUBE appears to be a good candidate for next generation massively parallel computer systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Tissue Plasminogen Activator Prevents Mortality from Sulfur Mustard Analog–Induced Airway Obstruction (2012)

Sulfur mustard (SM) inhalation causes the rare but life-threatening disorder of plastic bronchitis, characterized by bronchial cast formation, resulting in severe airway obstruction that can lead to respiratory failure and death. Mortality in those requiring intubation is greater than 80%. To date, no antidote exists for SM toxicity. In addition, therapies for plastic bronchitis are solely anecdotal, due to lack of systematic research available to assess drug efficacy in improving mortality and/or morbidity. Adult rats exposed to SM analog were treated with intratracheal tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) (0.15-0.7 mg/kg, 5.5 and 6.5 h), compared with controls (no treatment, isoflurane, and placebo). Respiratory distress and pulse oximetry were assessed (for 12 or 48 h), and arterial blood gases were obtained at study termination (12 h). Microdissection of fixed lungs was done to assess airway obstruction by casts. Optimal intratracheal tPA treatment (0.7 mg/kg) completely eliminated mortality (0% at 48 h), and greatly improved morbidity in this nearly uniformly fatal disease model (90-100% mortality at 48 h). tPA normalized plastic bronchitis-associated hypoxemia, hypercarbia, and lactic acidosis, and improved respiratory distress (i.e., clinical scores) while decreasing airway fibrin casts. Intratracheal tPA diminished airway-obstructive fibrin-containing casts while improving clinical respiratory distress, pulmonary gas exchange, tissue oxygenation, and oxygen utilization in our model of severe chemically induced plastic bronchitis. Most importantly, mortality, which was associated with hypoxemia and clinical respiratory distress, was eliminated.
Bi-iterative least-square method for subspace tracking (2005)

Subspace tracking is an adaptive signal processing technique useful for a variety of applications. In this paper, we introduce a simple bi-iterative least-square (Bi-LS) method, which is in contrast to the bi-iterative singular value decomposition (Bi-SVD) method. We show that for subspace tracking, the Bi-LS method is easier to simplify than the Bi-SVD method. The linear complexity algorithms based on Bi-LS are computationally more efficient than the existing linear complexity algorithms based on Bi-SVD, although both have the same performance for subspace tracking. A number of other existing subspace tracking algorithms of similar complexity are also compared with the Bi-LS algorithms.
Error Propagation After Concealing a Lost Speech Frame (2006)

Abstract — Depending on the content of speech frames, the quality impairment after their loss differs widely. In previous publications we described an off-line measurement procedure to determine the loss impairment – the importance – of single speech frames. We showed that knowing the importance of frames can enhance the transmission performance of VoIP telephones significantly if only important frames are transmitted. Here we study to what extend the importance can be calculated at real-time: The loss impairment is due to the imperfect packet loss concealment (PLC) and also due to error propagation (EP). EP originates from the desynchronisation of the decoder’s internal state and cannot be calculated at real-time. We developed a measurement method to determine the effect of the imperfect PLC and the temporal progression of the error propagation. The results show the trade-off between algorithmic delay and the accuracy of real-time importance calculation: A good frame classification needs to look ahead 20-40 ms in order to calculate the importance precisely. I.
Hemiplegic mutations in AraC protein (1999)

We have isolated mutations in AraC protein that specifically block either induction or repression at the ara pBAD promoter. These hemiplegic mutations identify amino acid residues that, correspondingly, are involved only in the induction or only in the repression activities of the protein. Residues key only for induction are 13, 15, and 18, which are located in the N-terminal arm of AraC, and residues 80 and 82 which lie in the arabinose-binding pocket of the protein's sugar-binding and dimerization domain. Alteration of residues 157, 244 and 257 can leave the protein able to activate transcription but not able to repress transcription. The behavior of the mutant proteins is consistent with the light switch mechanism for AraC action in which the presence of arabinose pulls the N-terminal arms of the protein off the DNA-binding domains, thereby freeing them to assume a direct-repeat orientation, bind to adjacent direct-repeat DNA half-sites, and activate transcription.
An extraordinary episode of Yellowstone caldera uplift, 2004–2010, from GPS and InSAR observations (2010)

Geodetic measurements of Yellowstone ground deformation from 2006 to June 2010 reveal deceleration of the recent uplift of the Yellowstone caldera following an unprecedented period of uplift that began in 2004. In 2006–2008 uplift rates decreased from 7 to 5 cm/yr and 4 to 2 cm/yr in the northern and southwest caldera, respectively, and in 2009 rates further reduced to 2 cm/yr and 0.5 cm/yr in the same areas. Elastic‐dislocation modeling of the deformation data robustly indicates an expanding sill at ∼7–10 km depth near the top of a seismically imaged, crystallizing magma reservoir, with a 60% decrease in the volumetric expansion rate between 2006 and 2009. Reduction of hydrothermal‐volcanic recharge from beneath the northeast caldera and seismic moment release of the 2008 and 2010 large earthquake swarms are plausible mechanisms for decelerating the caldera uplift and may have influenced the change in recent caldera motion from uplift to subsidence.
The Effect of Salsalate Therapy on Endothelial Function in a Broad Range of Subjects (2014)

www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique Identifiers: NCT00760019 and NCT00762827.
Metallothionein and a peptide modeled after metallothionein, EmtinB, induce neuronal differentiation and survival through binding to receptors of the low‐density lipoprotein receptor family (2007)

Accumulating evidence suggests that metallothionein (MT)-I and -II promote neuronal survival and regeneration in vivo. The present study investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the differentiation and survival-promoting effects of MT and a peptide modeled after MT, EmtinB. Both MT and EmtinB directly stimulated neurite outgrowth and promoted survival in vitro using primary cultures of cerebellar granule neurons. In addition, expression and surface localization of megalin, a known MT receptor, and the related lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP) are demonstrated in cerebellar granule neurons. By means of surface plasmon resonance MT and EmtinB were found to bind to both megalin and LRP. The bindings were abrogated in the presence of receptor-associated protein-1, an antagonist of the low-density lipoprotein receptor family, which also inhibited MT- and EmtinB-induced neurite outgrowth and survival. MT-mediated neurite outgrowth was furthermore inhibited by an anti-megalin serum. EmtinB-mediated inhibition of apoptosis occurred without a reduction of caspase-3 activity, but was associated with reduced expression of the pro-apoptotic B-cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 interacting member of cell death (Bim(S)). Finally, evidence is provided that MT and EmtinB activate extracellular signal-regulated kinase, protein kinase B, and cAMP response element binding protein. Altogether, these results strongly suggest that MT and EmtinB induce their neuronal effects through direct binding to surface receptors belonging to the low-density lipoprotein receptor family, such as megalin and LRP, thereby activating signal transduction pathways resulting in neurite outgrowth and survival.
Cellular events concurrent with <i>porphyromonas gingivalis</i> invasion of oral epithelium in vitro (1996)

The aim of the present study was to elucidate events related to receptor function, signal transmission and cytoskeletal rearrangements concurrent with Porphyromonas gingivalis invasion of oral epithelial cells in vitro. Porphyromonas gingivalis strain FDC 381 and the KB cell line (ATCC CCL 17) were used in a previously described antibiotic protection assay. The involvement of a receptor-mediated endocytosis pathway in the internalization process was demonstrated after treatment of the epithelial cells with monodansylcadaverine and ouabain, substances that inhibit formation of coated pits, resulting in reduction in the number of invading P. gingivalis: Treatment of the epithelial cells with the protein kinase (PK) inhibitor staurosporine and the tyrosine-specific PK inhibitor genistein was also found to significantly decrease the number of invading bacteria, suggesting involvement of tyrosine phosphorylation in signal transduction during invasion. This was further supported by the identification of a 43 kD protein acting as a substrate for tyrosine phosphorylation subsequent to the microbial-host cell interaction. Tyrosine phosphorylation of the 43 kD protein was strongly reduced by treatment with PK inhibitors. The decrease in invasion observed after treatment of epithelial cells with colchicine and nocodazole, inhibitors of microtubuli polymerization, suggested that the bacterial-receptor interaction and the phosphotyrosine-dependent intracellular signalling trigger an internalization process involving rearrangements of cytoskeletal microtubuli.
Systemic and regional hemodynamic effects of dietary calcium supplementation in mineralocorticoid hypertension. (1989)

This study was undertaken to determine the systemic and regional hemodynamic effects of long-term dietary calcium supplementation in mineralocorticoid (DOC)-salt hypertension. Systemic and regional hemodynamic measurements were determined by the radioactive microsphere technique in conscious and unrestrained rats (kidneys intact) with DOC-salt-induced hypertension that were pair-fed either a normal calcium (0.6% by weight, n = 12) or a calcium-supplemented (high-calcium) diet (2.5% by weight, n = 12). After 7 to 8 weeks, there were no differences in weight, heart rate, or cardiac output between the two groups. In contrast, the high-calcium rats had a significantly lower mean blood pressure (125 +/- 4 mm Hg, mean +/- SEM) than the normal calcium rats (143 +/- 5 mm Hg); this finding appeared to result predominantly from a reduction in total peripheral resistance. The high-calcium rats had a higher renal blood flow (7.8 +/- 0.5% vs. 6.2 +/- 0.4% cardiac output; p less than 0.05) and lower renal (14.3 +/- 1 vs. 19.3 +/- 2 mm Hg/min/ml/g tissue; p less than 0.05) and jejunal vascular resistance than did the normal calcium rats. Two additional identical groups of normal calcium-and high-calcium-DOC-salt rats (n = 12 each) were also studied. In these rats, serum-ionized calcium decreased significantly (p less than 0.05) from baseline in both groups. Urinary sodium increased in both groups but did not differ significantly. In conclusion, dietary calcium supplementation attenuates the rise in peripheral vascular resistance that accompanies DOC-salt hypertension. This attenuated resistance appears to be relatively selective and is noted particularly in the renal vasculature.
Developmental Arrest and Cytoskeletal Anomalies of Rat Embryos Reconstructed by Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (2007)

Many factors influence success rates in animal cloning by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), including cell cycle stage of donor cells and recipient oocytes, the procedure of micromanipulation, and the activation protocol. This study was conducted to determine the effects of cell cycle coordination for cloning rats from fetal fibroblasts (FFs). Moreover, enucleated zygotic and parthenogenetic ooplasts were used for serial cloning with pronuclear and two-cell stage blastomeres derived from SCNT. Metaphase donor cells had a significantly higher cleavage rate than G0/G1-phase FFs with MII oocytes and G2-phase FFs with TII oocytes. However, reconstructed embryos were unable to develop beyond the two-cell stage, neither in vitro nor in vivo. Moreover, the developmental arrest at the two-cell stage was not overcome, even when using serial cloning with zygotic and parthenogenetic recipients. To assess the cytoskeleton after SCNT, reconstructed two-cell stage embryos were harvested at different times after cleavage for immunostaining (anti-alpha-tubulin) and mRNA abundance (beta-actin, alpha-tubulin, alpha-actinin). Reconstructed two-cell embryos showed abnormal microtubule distribution and down-regulated expression of several cytoskeletal transcripts. Therefore, it seems that the developmental arrest of rat SCNT embryos is associated with improper transcription of cytoskeleton genes, presumably resulting in abnormal microtubule distribution.
Retinoblastoma occurring in four successive generations. (1976)

Retinoblastoma occurring in four successive generations is described, followed by a brief discussion on the mode of inheritance of these tumours.
Technical Process and Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes Reinforced Aluminium Matrix Composites (2006)

The effects of technical parameters-quantity of carbon nanotubes, the temperature for appending CNTs,concreting rate and moulding temperature on carbon nanotubes reinforced aluminium matrix composites fabricated by semisolid compound casting method with orthogonal test,and mechanical properties are discussed.It showed that CNTs can refine grains and increase tensile intensity and rigidity.And the best technologic parameter is:that is,the quantity is 2%,the temperature for appending CNTs is 600 ℃,adopting the metals type cast,moulding temperature is 680 ℃;The biggest effect is the quantity of CNTs to compound material in four technical parameters.
Lipid changes during life cycle of marine copepod,<i>Euchaeta japonica</i> marukawa (1974)

Abstract All stages from egg to adult of the North Pacific copepod, Euchaeta japonica contained wax esters in their lipid stores, while triglycerides were important only in the eggs, early naupliar stages, and adults. The large lipid reserves of the eggs were wax esters and triglycerides (58% and 19% of the lipid, respectively), both of which were used rapidly during the early stages of development. Wax esters continued to decrease after triglycerides had been utilized completely for energy. The slow metabolism of lipid during starvation indicated that lipid stores in adult females may be conserved for egg production. The dominant alcohols of the wax esters of all stages were tetradecanol (24–42% of the total) and hexadecanol (25–65%). Only minor amounts of polyunsaturated alcohols were observed. There was, however, a high proportion of polyunsaturation in the wax ester fatty acids, even though octadecenoic was generally predominant (16–46% of the total wax ester fatty acids). The polyunsaturation of the wax esters fatty acids and the presence of 21∶6 hydrocarbon suggest phytoplankton in the diet of adults and in the younger stages. Cholesterol was the main sterol, but there were minor amounts of desmosterol (1–12% of the total sterols) present. The latter sterol has not been found previously in copepods, although reported from Cirripedia and Decapoda.
A Preliminary Investigation of Adaptive Control in the Interaction Between Segmentation and Segment Classification in Automatic Recognition of Continuous Speech (1972)

In the recognition of complex patterns it is becoming more apparent that segmentation (object isolation) and pattern classification cannot be performed by independent procedures. A pilot study is described which employs feedback to control the interaction of segmentation and segment classification in a system under development for automatic recognition of continuous speech. The potential advantages of employing such interaction in this work are discussed, and data are presented which indicate that this approach is promising.
Gain-swept superradiance applied to the stand-off detection of trace impurities in the atmosphere (2005)

We show that gain-swept superradiance can be used to detect low (parts per million) concentrations of various gases at distances on the order of kilometers, which is done by using pulse timing to create small regions of gain at positions that sweep toward a detector. The technique is far more sensitive than previous methods such as light detection and ranging or differential absorption light detection and ranging.