gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Vector analysis of optical dielectric waveguide bends using finite-difference method (1996)

A full-vectorial analysis of optical dielectric waveguide bends using the finite-difference method has been developed. The formulation was based on the transverse electric field components, E/sub r/ and E/sub z/. To set up the boundary conditions at each dielectric interface, the continuity of E/sub /spl theta//, H/sub /spl theta//, and the tangential component of the electric field, and the discontinuity of the normal component of the electric field were satisfied. The finite-difference scheme was modified to satisfy these boundary conditions. The results of the analysis using the current method is compared with previous results. The optimal offset for 90/spl deg/ bends was obtained, and the losses for these optimal bend structures are also presented.
Fine Li(4 ? x)/3Ti(2 ? 2x)/3FexO2 (0.18 ? x ? 0.67) powder with cubic rock-salt structure as a positive electrode material for rechargeable lithium batteries (2003)

Li4/3Ti2/3O2–LiFeO2 solid solution, Li(4 − x)/3Ti(2 − 2x)/3FexO2 (0.18 ≤ x ≤ 0.67), which has the cubic rock-salt structure (Fmm, average particle size less than 100 nm), was synthesized from Fe-Ti co-precipitates by hydrothermal reaction with excess LiOH and KClO3 at 220 °C. Calcination of the products with lithium hydroxide in an oxidative atmosphere leads to the oxidation of trivalent iron to a 3+/4+ mixed valence state. Hydrothermally-obtained Li1.2Ti0.4Fe0.4O2 gave maximum initial charge (266 mA h g−1) and discharge capacities (153 mA h g−1 around 3 V) between 2.5 and 4.8 V. Calcination enabled us not only to improve the crystallinity, but also suppress the discharge capacity fading with cycle number. Two plateaus around 3 and 4 V were observed on discharging by decreasing the amount of Li extraction (0.4 Li per chemical formula). Although the cubic rock-salt structure was retained during both charge and discharge processes, a partial 3d-cation displacement from octahedral 4a to tetrahedral 8c sites and some oxygen loss were observed after electrochemical delithiation. In-situ57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy showed evidence of the Fe3+/Fe4+ redox only around the 4 V region.
A multiaccess frame buffer architecture (1994)

Many current graphical display systems are based around a memory array commonly known as a frame buffer. In these systems, the frame buffer contains the array of pixels currently being displayed. Updates to the display are accomplished by modifying the values in the frame buffer. The author demonstrates how the performance of frame buffer based systems can be improved by decreasing the number of accesses to the frame buffer memory array. The proposed architecture, referred to as a multiaccess frame buffer, allows parallel access to constant area rectangles of the array of pixels stored in the frame buffer rather than the row oriented accesses required by most current frame buffer architectures. By allowing more general types of access, a given update can be performed with fewer frame buffer accesses.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Potentiophotometry. (1976)

The present derivation relates, in terms of analytical chemical photometry, the theory of operation of an extremely simple instrument which embodies both the electrical analog solution to Beer's Law of Spectrophotometry and the multiplication of this solution by a constant, such that the voltage reading of the instrument is identical to the concentration of the light absorbing substance being measured. Because the raw output of the instrument is both linear and proportionable, calibration of the instrument is accomplished by appropriately setting and positioning the potential difference between two known standard solutions. The determination of the concentration of an unknown solution is then the direct reading of the voltage it generates in the system. This approach to measurement is called Potentiophotometry, because it is based on potentials generated from light.
Intracellular Delivery by Membrane Disruption: Mechanisms, Strategies, and Concepts (2018)

Intracellular delivery is a key step in biological research and has enabled decades of biomedical discoveries. It is also becoming increasingly important in industrial and medical applications ranging from biomanufacture to cell-based therapies. Here, we review techniques for membrane disruption-based intracellular delivery from 1911 until the present. These methods achieve rapid, direct, and universal delivery of almost any cargo molecule or material that can be dispersed in solution. We start by covering the motivations for intracellular delivery and the challenges associated with the different cargo types-small molecules, proteins/peptides, nucleic acids, synthetic nanomaterials, and large cargo. The review then presents a broad comparison of delivery strategies followed by an analysis of membrane disruption mechanisms and the biology of the cell response. We cover mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical, and chemical strategies of membrane disruption with a particular emphasis on their applications and challenges to implementation. Throughout, we highlight specific mechanisms of membrane disruption and suggest areas in need of further experimentation. We hope the concepts discussed in our review inspire scientists and engineers with further ideas to improve intracellular delivery.
An Implicit Enumeration Algorithm for the Machine Sequencing Problem (1971)

An implicit enumeration algorithm is developed for the machine sequencing problem. The method is based on the graph-theoretical representation of the problem. The convergence of the algorithm is demonstrated, and its efficiency is evaluated by experiments carried out with a code written for the CDC 6400 computer.
Increased cell death after therapy with an Arg-Gly-Asp-linked somatostatin analog. (2004)

RGD-111In-DTPA-octreotate has more pronounced tumoricidal effects than 111In-DTPA-RGD and 111In-DTPA-Tyr3-octreotate, because of increased apoptosis, as indicated by increased caspase-3 activity.
Supporting nomadic users within virtual private networks (2002)

Virtual private networks (VPNs) are communication environments for groups deployed within a public network but are actually not taking care of mobility. Nomadic VPN users have special requirements relating to resource adaptation and customization. This paper discusses how mobile agent technology applied to DPE-based VPN provides seamless access, service capabilities to nomadic users within the visiting network environment. Taking into account the structuring mechanisms enabled by standard mobile-agents platforms, such as regions, agencies grouped within regions, and places belonging to agencies, we have to apply these structural principles to our target mobile communications environment. Currently service providers do not have access to nodes' control environments, algorithms and states. Within programmable DPE based VPNs, agents traverse the network and configure the nodes in order to achieve the best of the network's behavior during a particular task/application data flow between VPN users.
An introduction to the architecture of the Stellar Graphics supercomputer (1988)

A description is given of the Stellar Graphics supercomputer, a class of systems that tightly integrates the processing capabilities of minisupercomputers with high-performance three-dimensional graphics in a single user package. The novel architectural concepts used to meet Stellar's goals for performance, size, and price are introduced. The Stellar graphics and concurrency are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Caveolin-1 regulates VEGF-stimulated angiogenic activities in prostate cancer and endothelial cells (2009)

Caveolin-1 (cav-1) is a multifunctional protein and major component of caveolae membranes serving important functions related to signal transduction, endocytosis, transcytosis, and molecular transport. We previously showed that cav-1 is overexpressed and secreted by metastatic prostate cancer cells. We now report that cav-1 gene transduction (Adcav-1) or recombinant cav-1 (rcav-1) protein treatment of cav-1-negative prostate cancer cell line LP-LNCaP or cav-1(-/-) endothelial cells potentiated VEGF-stimulated angiogenic signaling. Downregulation of cav-1 in prostate cancer cell line PC-3 or human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) through cav-1 siRNA significantly reduced basal and VEGF-stimulated phosphorylation of VEGFR2 (Y951), PLCgamma1 (Y783) and/or Akt (S473 & T308) relative to those in control siRNA treated cells. Additionally rcav-1 stimulation of cav-1 siRNA treated HUVECs restored this signaling pathway. Confocal microscopy and immunoprecipitation analysis revealed association and colocalization of VEGFR2 and PLCgamma1 with cav-1 following VEGF stimulation in HUVECs. Interestingly, treatment of HUVECs with cav-1 scaffolding domain (CSD) caused significant reduction in the VEGF-stimulated phosphorylation of VEGFR2, PLCgamma1 and Akt suggesting that CSD inhibits cav-1-mediated angiogenic signaling. VEGF stimulation of HUVECs significantly increased tubule length and cell migration, but this stimulatory effect was significantly reduced by cav-1 siRNA and/or CSD treatment. The present study demonstrates that cav-1 regulates VEGF-stimulated VEGFR2 autophosphorylation and activation of downstream angiogenic signaling, possibly through compartmentalization of specific signaling molecules. Our results provide mechanistic insight into the role of cav-1 in prostate cancer and suggest the use of CSD as a therapeutic tool to suppress angiogenic signaling in prostate cancer.
Evaluation of indicators of tissue hypoxia during progressive hemorrhage and blood retransfusion. (1997)

To establish whether the indicators of oxygen metabolism reflects the improvement in tissue oxygenation during therapy, twelve rabbits subjected to progressive hemorrhage followed by retransfusion were studied. The changes in oxygen delivery (DO2), oxygen consumption (QO2), oxygen extraction ratio (O2ER), arterial lactate concentration, venous-arterial difference in PcO2 (v-aDPcO2) and arterio-venous difference in pH (a-vDpH) were analyzed during two phases (above and below) the critical DO2 with the regression coefficient (slope). The main findings during the transfusion were: a) the slope, when compared during the two phases was not significantly different for O2ER, v-aDPcO2 or a-vDpH, while during hemorrhage each variable showed a significantly different slope, b) in the phase below the critical DO2, the slope was significantly less steep than that during hemorrhage for lactate and v-aDPcO2, c) in the phase above the critical DO2, lactate alone had significantly steeper slope than that during hemorrhage. In conclusion, it is suggested that the changes in QO2 best reflect the recovery from tissue hypoxia.
Hypoxia in high glucose followed by reoxygenation in normal glucose reduces the viability of cortical astrocytes through increased permeability of connexin 43 hemichannels (2009)

Brain ischemia causes more extensive injury in hyperglycemic than normoglycemic subjects, and the increased damage is to astroglia as well as neurons. In the present work, we found that in cortical astrocytes from rat or mouse, reoxygenation after hypoxia in a medium mimicking interstitial fluid during ischemia increases hemichannel activity and decreases cell-cell communication via gap junctions as indicated by dye uptake and dye coupling, respectively. These effects were potentiated by high glucose during the hypoxia in a concentration-dependent manner (and by zero glucose) and were not observed in connexin 43(-/-) astrocytes. The responses were transient and persistent after short and long periods of hypoxia, respectively. The persistent responses were associated with a progressive reduction in cell viability that was prevented by La(3+) or peptides that block connexin 43 (Cx43) hemichannels or by inhibition of p38 MAP kinase prior to hypoxia-reoxygenation but not by treatments that block pannexin hemichannels. Block of Cx43 hemichannels did not affect the reduction in gap junction mediated dye coupling observed during reoxygenation. Cx43 hemichannels may be a novel therapeutic target to reduce cell death following stroke, particularly in hyperglycemic conditions.
The Metabolic Syndrome is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease in Type 2 diabetic subjects. Prospective data from the Verona Diabetes Complications Study (2003)

In Type 2 diabetes, the presence of the Metabolic Syndrome is associated with an almost 5-fold increase in CVD risk.
Low-Heat Rejection Engines — A Concept Review (1988)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A comprehensive review of low-heat rejection engine concepts is presented. Areas examined include the materials being considered for these engines; fuels including coal; the effects of high temperature upon emissions; tribology with ceramics; exhaust heat utilization systems; and applications of these engines. Inconsistencies in the literature arc discussed.</div>
Graphite platelet/nylon nanocomposites (2004)

Natural crystalline graphite based graphite intercalated compounds [GICs] were exfoliated into sub-micron graphite flakes. Graphite nanocomposites were fabricated by combining the exfoliated graphite flakes with nylon66 resin. The mechanical properties of these composites showed considerably higher modulus than those of composites made with commercially available carbon reinforcing materials (i.e., CF, VGCF, and Carbon Black).
A new class of sequential circuits with combinational test generation complexity (2000)

We introduce a new class of sequential circuits with combinational test generation complexity which we call internally balanced structures. It is shown that sequential circuits can be classified by their structure as follows: (sequential circuits of acyclic structure) /spl sup/ (sequential circuits of internally balanced structure) /spl sup/ (sequential circuits of balanced structure) and that internally balanced structures allow test generation with combinational test generation complexity. On the other hand, if finite state machines (FSMs) are classified by their realization possibility, it can be shown that (FSMs which can be realized as a sequential circuit of acyclic structure)=(FSMs which can be realized as a sequential circuit of internally balanced structure) /spl sup/ (FSMs which can be realized as a sequential circuit of balanced structure). Hence, any FSM realizable with acyclic structure can also be realized with internally balanced structure which allows test generation with combinational test generation complexity. In addition, we discuss the definition of test generation possibility with combinational test generation complexity and introduce a new definition which covers the previous narrow definition. Finally, we study applications to design for testability based on the partial scan and to test generation time reduction for sequential circuits in general, using characteristics of the internally balanced structures. The experimental results show the effectiveness of this approach.
An H/ACA guide RNA directs U2 pseudouridylation at two different sites in the branchpoint recognition region in <i>Xenopus</i> oocytes (2002)

U2 is the most extensively modified of all spliceosomal snRNAs. We previously showed that at least some of the internally modified nucleotides in U2 snRNA are required for snRNP biogenesis and pre-mRNA splicing. Recent work from several laboratories suggests that nuclear guide RNAs facilitate U2 snRNA internal modification, including pseudouridylation and 2'-O-methylation. Here, we present a novel approach to identifying guide RNAs for U2 pseudouridylation. Several Xenopus oocyte nuclear RNAs were affinity selected with U2 snRNA substituted with 5-fluorouridine, a pseudouridylation inhibitor that sequesters pseudouridylases. One of these RNAs was sequenced and found to be a novel RNA of 134 nt. This small RNA contains an H/ACA motif and folds into a typical H/ACA RNA structure, and its authenticity as an H/ACA RNA was confirmed by immunoprecipitation analysis. The RNA contains two guide sequences for pseudouridylation (psi) of U2 snRNA at positions 34 and 44 in the branch-site recognition region, and we demonstrate that this RNA indeed guides the formation of psi34 and psi44 in U2 using a Xenopus oocyte reconstitution system. Therefore, this novel RNA was designated pugU2-34/44, for pseudouridylation guide for U2 snRNA U34 and U44. Intranuclear localization analyses indicate that pugU2-34/44 resides within the nucleoplasm rather than nucleoli or Cajal bodies where other guide RNAs have been localized. Our results clarify the mechanism of U2 snRNA pseudouridylation in Xenopus oocytes, and have interesting implications with regard to the intranuclear localization of U2 snRNA pseudouridylation.
Smart solution for the wireless and fully mobile recording and publishing based on rich-media technologies (2013)

Rich-media describes a broad range of digital interactive media that is increasingly used in the Internet and also for the support of education. The issue of majority aspects in implementing rich-media technologies at selected universities in the Czech Republic is dealt with in the MERLINGO (MEdia-rich Repository of LearnING Objects) project. SWOT analysis of this project determines also its future development and the MIN-MAX strategy of its progress was chosen. Therefore, new objectives of the project involving support of wireless and fully mobile recording and publishing have been specified and implemented in the MediaInTouch and EduArt programming systems environments. MediaInTouch system represents the major innovation in the area of publishing of recordings based on the rich-media technologies. That software together with the EduArt system significantly supports smart solution for the pure mobile and wireless based recording and publishing of the presentations based on the rich-media technologies that can be realized on-line or on-demand. The solution surpasses significantly similar commercial solutions mainly in terms of its mobility, simple operation which can be mastered even by a common user without a special training and no requirements for a specialized and costly hardware.
Purification, enzymatic properties, and active site environment of a novel manganese(III)-containing acid phosphatase. (1981)

A new manganese-containing acid phosphatase has been isolated and crystallized from sweet potato tubers. The pure enzyme contains one atom of manganese per Mr = 110,000 polypeptide and shows phosphatase activity toward various phosphate substrates. The pH optimum of the enzyme was 5.8 and the enzyme activity was inhibited by Cu2+, Zn2+, Hg2+, AsO43-, and MoO42-. This stable metalloenzyme is red-violet in color with an intense absorption band at 515 nm (epsilon - 2460). Our electronic, circular dichroism, and electron spin resonance findings strongly indicate that the Mn-valence state of the native enzyme is trivalent. When the Mn-enzyme is excited by the 5145 A line of Ar+ laser, prominent Raman lines at 1230, 1298, 1508, and 1620 cm-1 were detected. This Raman spectrum can probably be interpreted in terms of internal vibration of a coordinated tyrosine phenolate anion. The tryptophan-modified enzyme showed a positive Raman band at 370 cm-1, which is preferentially assigned to a Mn(III)-S streching mode. The modification of the Mn-enzyme by N-bromosuccinimide led to a large decrease in the fluorescence intensity of 335 nm which was dominated by its tryptophan residues within a considerable hydrophobic environment. The acid phosphatase activity was significantly decreased by the tryptophan modification. With respect to the active site donor sets, the Mn(III)-containing acid phosphatase is distinctly different from the Zn(II)-containing alkaline phosphatase. Of interest is also the appreciable similarity of some enzymatic and spectroscopic properties between the present enzyme and uteroferrin.
Estrogen receptors, antiestrogens, and non-small cell lung cancer (2010)

This review considers data on expression of different types of estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) in in vitro cultured cells of non-small cell lung cancer and also in human and animal lung tumors. Estrogens are shown to play an important role in genesis and development of non-small cell lung cancer because the estrogen-stimulated cell proliferation as well as antiestrogen-caused inhibition of proliferation occurred only in the cells expressing different types of estrogen receptors. In general, the situation is similar to that observed in breast cancer, but in the cells of non-small cell lung cancer not ERα are expressed in more than half of cases but ERβ. Just estrogen receptors β play the crucial role in inducing cell proliferation in response to estrogens, and ERβ is a prognostic marker of a favorable course of non-small cell lung cancer. Data on the interactions between ER and EGFR signaling pathways, as well as on the additive antitumor effect of antiestrogens (tamoxifen and fulvestrant) combined with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (gefitinib, erlotinib, and vandetanib) are considered. The review also includes data on the influence of estrogens on genesis and development of lung cancer in humans and animals and the frequency of ERα and ERβ expression in non-small cell lung cancer in tissues from patients of the two sexes. Problems of quantitative determination of α and β estrogen receptors in the tumor cells are also discussed.
An SPF-based routing algorithm for SMDS networks (2003)

The routing algorithm used by local exchange carrier (LEC) networks supporting switched multimegabit data service (SMDS) is described. The routing management protocol (RMP) based on the open shortest path first (OSPF) algorithm provides routing of data units within the LEC network and to external networks. The RMP also provides multicasting capabilities and can adapt to changes in topology within the time frames required for SMDS.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Biaxial testing of unbonded post‐tensioned rocking bridge piers with external replacable dissipaters (2011)

Abstract The biaxial response of two bridge piers is experimentally investigated. A post‐tensioned precast bridge pier with external replaceable mild‐steel dissipaters is tested under biaxial loading. The performance of the post‐tensioned bridge pier is compared with a conventionally reinforced monolithic bridge pier. The experimental biaxial response is then compared with previous uniaxial experimental testing of identical bridge piers to understand the influence of biaxial loading, specifically concerning post‐tensioned rocking sections. A 3‐dimensional moment–curvature and moment–rotation analysis program is created to generate the monotonic section response of a conventional and post‐tensioned bridge pier. After comparing the accuracy of the section analysis program to the experimental testing of the monolithic pier, the program is validated against the experimental testing of the post‐tensioned bridge pier. This section analysis program is then used in the calibration of a macro‐model to capture the entire cyclic response of the post‐tensioned bridge pier. The macro‐model adopts multiple linear‐elastic compression‐only springs at the rocking interface, combined with non‐linear inelastic springs for each of the mild‐steel dissipaters and returns encouraging results at both local and global levels. The paper concludes with a number of biaxial moment‐interaction design charts for monolithic and post‐tensioned bridge piers as a function of mechanical and geometric section properties. The design charts define the biaxial yield surface at nominal yield and at the design section capacity defined by one of three material limit states. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.