gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Digital Video Processing for Engineers: A Foundation for Embedded Systems Design (2012)

Any device or system with imaging functionality requires a digital video processing solution as part of its embedded system design. Engineers need a practical guide to technology basics and design fundamentals that enables them to deliver the video component of complex projects. This book introduces core video processing concepts and standards, and delivers practical how-to guidance for engineers embarking on digital video processing designs using FPGAs. It covers the basic topics of video processing in a pictorial, intuitive manner with minimal use of mathematics. Key outcomes and benefits of this book for users include: understanding the concepts and challenges of modern video systems; architect video systems at a system level; reference design examples to implement your own high definition video processing chain; understand implementation trade-offs in video system designs.• Video processing is a must-have skill for engineers working on products and solutions for rapidly growing markets such as video surveillance, video conferencing, medical imaging, military imaging, digital broadcast equipment, displays and countless consumer electronics applications. • This book is for engineers who need to develop video systems in their designs but who do not have video processing experience. It introduces the fundamental video processing concepts and skills in enough detail to get the job done, supported by reference designs, step-by-step FPGA- examples, core standards and systems architecture maps. • Written by lead engineers at Altera Corp, a top-three global developer of digital video chip (FPGA) technology.
A New Approach to Control Central Deafferentation Pain: Spinal Intrathecal Baclofen (1995)

Baclofen, an agonist of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor, has antinociceptive effects, and its intrathecal administration reduces allodynic responses in animal models of neurogenic central pain. Such experimental studies lead to the hypothesis that neurogenic pain may be induced in part by functional abnormalities in spinal GABAergic systems. However, whether a GABAergic system is actually involved in human central pain is unknown. The authors investigated the effect of an intrathecal bolus injection of baclofen in 14 patients with central pain due to a stroke or spinal cord injury. Nine reported substantial pain relief they had never experienced previously. The effect appeared 1-2 h after the injection and persisted for 10-24 h. Allodynia and hyperalgesia, if present, were relieved as well. Pinprick and light touch sensations did not change in nonaffected regions. The results indicate that dysfunction of spinal GABAergic systems plays a role in the clinical expression of central pain. In clinical situations, continuous intrathecal infusion of baclofen seems feasible for relief of central pain.
Pharmacokinetics of Diclofenac and Five Metabolites After Single Doses in Healthy Volunteers and After Repeated Doses in Patients (1988)

1. The kinetics of diclofenac (I) and five of its metabolites (II-VI) were investigated in three healthy volunteers and in six patients. Compounds I-VI were measured by capillary column gas chromatography in plasma and urine. 2. After a single 100 mg dose of diclofenac sodium to volunteers, the drug was absorbed rapidly and showed peak plasma levels of 10-12 nmol/g. The maximum concentrations of five metabolites were comparatively low (0.36-2.94 nmol/g). The mono- and dihydroxy metabolites (II-V) had apparent terminal half-lives similar to that of I (1-3 h), but the hydroxymethoxy metabolite (VI) had a half-life of about 80 h. Renal elimination of VI within 96 h was about 1% of dose and that of I-VI was 36% (free plus conjugated). 3. Following daily treatment with 2 x 75 mg of an experimental sustained release formulation to patients for 6-10 months, steady-state trough concentrations of I-V in plasma were low (average values: 0.23-0.57 nmol/g). The mean trough concentration of VI was comparatively higher at 3.69 +/- 0.91 nmol/g presumably reflecting its accumulation. Despite this it is unlikely to contribute to the drug's therapeutic activity, since it has been shown in laboratory tests to be devoid of anti-inflammatory activity.
Heterocycles via ortho-Lithiated Benzamides (1980)

Ortho-lithiated N,N-diethyl benzamides, readily generated by treatment of the corresponding amides with c -B u L i or t-BuLi in THF or Et20/TMEDA at -78", are important new synrhons (dl-reagents) for the regiospecific construction of highly substituted aromatic derivatives which are difficult to obtain by classical (usually electrophilic substitution) chemistry ( s .This paper will demonstrate the utility of elithiated benzamides f o r the synthesis of contiguously substituted aromatics, phthalide and isochroman-1,3-dime heterocycles, phthalideisoquinoline alkaloids, anthraquinone natural products, polycyclic anrhraquinones and corresponding P A H ' s , heterocyclic beneoquinones, and ellipticine alkaloids. 2The term directed metalation is defined as the depratanation of an sp -carbon a to a heteroatom-containing suhstituent on an aromatic or olefinic substrate.In this context, ortho metalation refers specifically to aromatic substrates (Fig. 1). -The ortho directing group Z 1) anchors the strong b a s e anvariably an a l k y llithium reagent) b y coordination, 2) provides an inductive electron-withdrawing effect in the deprotonation step, and 3) stnhilizes the ortha metalated inter-.Systems in which the Z group bears acidic hydrogen require
Individual pitch control of wind turbine based on loads estimation (2008)

The use of wind energy for generating electricity has been constantly and rapidly increasing over last few decades and this growth is expected to continue. In order to enable even greater role of wind energy in power production wind turbines’ sizes and rated powers must increase. As wind turbines grow in size they are subjected to extreme loads and fatigue caused by uniform turbulent winds. This prevents further growth of wind turbines. Therefore control methods that assure loads reduction become a necessity. In this paper methods for wind turbine loads reduction based on individual pitch control are explored. To overcome problems related to needed measurements of blade loads a method for their estimation based on loads measured on the fixed parts of the structure is proposed.
An improved scheduling algorithm for weighted round-robin cell multiplexing in an ATM switch (2002)

Priority as well as constant delay are both important performance criteria in an isochronous scheduler design such as the one in ATM switches. Weighted round-robin (WRR) multiplexing has been proven to be an effective and simple method to implement for priority traffic. The authors present an improved scheduling algorithm based on WRR cell multiplexing to ease the delay jitter problems. The impact of smoothness of the proposed scheduler design is thoroughly presented. The mean response time and its standard deviation are analyzed. The solutions show better performance results than previous work, especially when requested bandwidths are uniformly allocated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Modelling of local corrosion attacks on a plate geometry for developing the FSM technology (1996)

The production of oil and gas is a demanding and complex process. In this respect, preventive maintenance and monitoring are very important. FSM, Field Signature Method (commercial rights CorrOcean) represents a non-intrusive monitoring technique which has great advantages compared with corrosion probes or coupons. To understand the FSM signals from a groove or pit, a controlled variation of depth and width have been simulated by computer modelling. Three different plate thicknesses have been investigated; 6, 12 and 24 mm, and the modelling has mainly been concentrated around groove corrosion attacks (simulating weld corrosion).
Pegylated thermally responsive block copolymer micelles and nanogels via <i>in situ</i> RAFT aqueous dispersion polymerization (2009)

Abstract A very straightforward approach was developed to synthesize pegylated thermoresponsive core‐shell nanoparticles in a minimum of steps, directly in water. It is based on RAFT‐controlled radical crosslinking copolymerization of N,N ‐diethylacrylamide (DEAAm) and N,N ′‐methylene bisacrylamide (MBA) in aqueous dispersion polymerization. Because DEAAm is water‐soluble and poly( N,N ‐diethylacrylamide) (PDEAAm) exhibits a lower critical solution temperature at 32 °C, the initial medium was homogeneous, whereas the polymer formed a separate phase at the reaction temperature. The first macroRAFT agent was a surface‐active trithiocarbonate based on a hydrophilic poly(ethylene oxide) block and a hydrophobic dodecyl chain. It was further extented with N , N ‐dimethylacrylamide (DMAAm) to target macroRAFT agents with increasing chain length. All macroRAFT agents provided excellent control over the aqueous dispersion homopolymerization of DEAAm. When they were used in the radical crosslinking copolymerization of DEAAm and MBA, the stability and size of the resulting gel particles were found to depend strongly on the chain length of the macroRAFT agent, on the concentrations of both the monomer and the crosslinker, and on the process (one step or two steps). The best‐suited experimental conditions to reach thermosensitive hydrogels with nanometric size and well‐defined surface properties were determined. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 2373–2390, 2009
Synthesis of Pyrene‐based Planar Conjugated Polymers and the Regioisomers by Intramolecular Cyclization (2015)

Abstract Several planar conjugated polymers and model compounds containing pyrene units are synthesized. The precursor polymers and model compounds are obtained through the Pd(0)‐catalyzed Suzuki reaction, then the planar structure is formed through intramolecular cyclization in the presence of acid. We investigate the regioisomers in intramolecular cyclization reaction by using model compounds, suggesting that the syn ‐ and anti ‐structures are formed in ladder‐type polymer LP1 , and the syn ‐structure is more easily formed in LP3 . The planar conjugated polymers and model compounds show untypical features of ladder‐type polymers, they display broad absorption and blue or blue‐green emission in solution, and interchain π‐π stacking in film still occurs. Moreover, the new polymers and model compounds are characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, gel‐permeation chromatography (GPC) and cyclic voltammetry (CV).
Development of a reverse-genetics system for Avian pneumovirus demonstrates that the small hydrophobic (SH) and attachment (G) genes are not essential for virus viability (2004)

Avian pneumovirus (APV) is a member of the genus Metapneumovirus of the subfamily Pneumovirinae . This study describes the development of a reverse-genetics system for APV. A minigenome system was used to optimize the expression of the nucleoprotein, phosphoprotein, M2 and large polymerase proteins when transfected into Vero cells under the control of the bacteriophage T7 promoter. Subsequently, cDNA was transcribed from the virion RNA to make a full-length antigenome, which was also cloned under the control of the T7 promoter. Transfection of the full-length genome plasmid, together with the plasmids expressing the functional proteins in the transcription and replication complex, generated APV in the transfected cells. The recombinant virus was passaged and was identified by cytopathic effect (CPE) that was typical of APV, the presence of a unique restriction-endonuclease site in the cDNA copy of the genome and immunofluorescence staining with anti-APV antibodies. Replacement of the full-length wild-type antigenome with one lacking the small hydrophobic (SH) protein and the attachment (G) genes generated a virus that grew more slowly and produced atypical CPE with syncytia much larger than those seen with wild-type virus.
S.N.H.S Award Winners 1971 (1971)

Each year since the death of Cliff Shaw in 1959 the Saskatchewan Nat-I ural History Society has given the Cliff Shaw Award to the person contri buting the best item to the Blue Jay > since the preceding annual meeting.
Two's Complement Pipeline Multipliers (1976)

Digital filters and signal processors when realized in hardware often use serial transfer of data. Multipliers which are capable of accepting variable coefficients and data in sign and magnitude notation and producing serial products of the same length as the input data word have been known for some time. This concise paper addresses the design of multipliers capable of accepting data in 2's complement notation, or both data and coefficients in 2's complement notation. It also considers multiplier recoding techniques, such as the Booth algorithm. Specialized (fixed coefficient) multiplier designs are considered briefly. Finally, multiplier rounding and overflow characteristics are discussed, and a rough comparison is made between the complexity of the various designs.
Beyond the Arabidopsis Genome: Opportunities for Comparative Genomics (2002)

Like most higher eukaryotes, flowering plants are believed to contain surprisingly similar numbers of genes. Nevertheless, angiosperm genome sizes vary over a wide range-from 50 Mb to over 120,000 Mb. Comparative mapping has shown that numerous alterations contribute to genomic diversity among plants. Over time, chromosomes are broken, reassembled, partially or wholly duplicated, and even eliminated, ultimately resulting in reproductive isolation and speciation. However, the mechanisms that create such variation, and the evolutionary forces that fix these changes, are not well understood. Comparative analyses of plant genomes promise to clarify the selective pressures driving these changes; such investigations will elucidate alterations at the level of whole genomes, as well as those at the level of specific sequences, including genes, repetitive elements, and other non-coding regions.
Generation of wide-band data from the method of moments by interpolating the impedance matrix (EM problems) (1988)

The method of moments (MM) requires computation of the impedance matrix at each frequency. Since the computation can be a very time-consuming process, its performance over a wide frequency range can require a prohibitive amount of CPU time. A method is described whereby the impedance matrix is computed at relatively large frequency intervals and then interpolated to approximate its values at intermediate frequencies. Basically, the method trades reduced computer CPU time for increased storage.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Evidence for <i>In Vivo</i> Growth Potential and Vascular Remodeling of Tissue-Engineered Artery (2008)

Nondegradable synthetic polymer vascular grafts currently used in cardiovascular surgery have no growth potential. Tissue-engineered vascular grafts (TEVGs) may solve this problem. In this study, we developed a TEVG using autologous bone marrow-derived cells (BMCs) and decellularized tissue matrices, and tested whether the TEVGs exhibit growth potential and vascular remodeling in vivo. Vascular smooth muscle-like cells and endothelial-like cells were differentiated from bone marrow mononuclear cells in vitro. TEVGs were fabricated by seeding these cells onto decellularized porcine abdominal aortas and implanted into the abdominal aortas of 4-month-old, bone marrow donor pigs (n = 4). Eighteen weeks after implantation, the dimensions of TEVGs were measured and compared with those of native abdominal aortas. Expression of molecules associated with vascular remodeling was examined with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay and immunohistochemistry. Eighteen weeks after implantation, all TEVGs were patent with no sign of thrombus formation, dilatation, or stenosis. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses of the retrieved TEVGs revealed regeneration of endothelium and smooth muscle and the presence of collagen and elastin. The outer diameter of three of the four TEVGs increased in proportion to increases in body weight and outer native aorta diameter. Considerable extents of expression of molecules associated with extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation (i.e., matrix metalloproteinase and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase) and ECM precursors (i.e., procollagen I, procollagen III, and tropoelastin) occurred in the TEVGs, indicating vascular remodeling associated with degradation of exogenous ECMs (implanted decellularized matrices) and synthesis of autologous ECMs. This study demonstrates that the TEVGs with autologous BMCs and decellularized tissue matrices exhibit growth potential and vascular remodeling in vivo of tissue-engineered artery.
Rapid and slow components of delayed rectifier current in human atrial myocytes (1994)

(1) IK in human atrium shows kinetically distinguishable rapid and slow components. (2) These components correspond to E-4031 sensitive and resistant currents. (3) The kinetics and voltage dependence of the rapid (E-4031 sensitive) and slow (E-4031 resistant) components correspond to properties previously described in guinea pig myocytes. These findings have important potential implications for understanding the mechanisms of human atrial repolarisation and its regulation by the autonomic nervous system and antiarrhythmic drugs.
R<scp>EACTIVE</scp> C<scp>OLLISIONS OF</scp> H<scp>YPERTHERMAL</scp> E<scp>NERGY</scp> M<scp>OLECULAR</scp> I<scp>ONS WITH</scp> S<scp>OLID</scp> S<scp>URFACES</scp> (2002)

Recent experimental advances have uncovered many of the diverse reaction pathways following an energetic collision between a molecular ion and a solid surface. Hyperthermal translational energies (5-500 eV) are sufficient to activate a number of chemical transformations in the near-surface region, including charge transfer, dissociation, abstraction, and deposition. State-of-the-art scattering studies probe the consumption and disposal of energy and the effects of approach geometry and surface electronic structure on the operative reaction mechanisms. These fundamental investigations provide insight relevant to the fabrication of microelectronics devices, the interaction of space vehicles with the earth's atmosphere, and the development of analytical techniques in mass spectrometry.
Asymmetric Dimethylarginine and Mortality in Stages 3 to 4 Chronic Kidney Disease (2009)

In this cohort of patients with predominantly nondiabetic, stages 3 to 4 chronic kidney disease, there was a strong association of ADMA with prevalent CVD and a modest association with all-cause and CVD mortality.
Liposome-Antigen-Nucleic Acid Complexes Protect Mice from Lethal Challenge with Western and Eastern Equine Encephalitis Viruses (2013)

Alphaviruses are mosquito-borne viruses that cause significant disease in animals and humans. Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) and eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV), two New World alphaviruses, can cause fatal encephalitis, and EEEV is a select agent of concern in biodefense. However, we have no antiviral therapies against alphaviral disease, and current vaccine strategies target only a single alphavirus species. In an effort to develop new tools for a broader response to outbreaks, we designed and tested a novel alphavirus vaccine comprised of cationic lipid nucleic acid complexes (CLNCs) and the ectodomain of WEEV E1 protein (E1ecto). Interestingly, we found that the CLNC component, alone, had therapeutic efficacy, as it increased survival of CD-1 mice following lethal WEEV infection. Immunization with the CLNC-WEEV E1ecto mixture (lipid-antigen-nucleic acid complexes [LANACs]) using a prime-boost regimen provided 100% protection in mice challenged with WEEV subcutaneously, intranasally, or via mosquito. Mice immunized with LANACs mounted a strong humoral immune response but did not produce neutralizing antibodies. Passive transfer of serum from LANAC E1ecto-immunized mice to nonimmune CD-1 mice conferred protection against WEEV challenge, indicating that antibody is sufficient for protection. In addition, the LANAC E1ecto immunization protocol significantly increased survival of mice following intranasal or subcutaneous challenge with EEEV. In summary, our LANAC formulation has therapeutic potential and is an effective vaccine strategy that offers protection against two distinct species of alphavirus irrespective of the route of infection. We discuss plausible mechanisms as well the potential utility of our LANAC formulation as a pan-alphavirus vaccine.
Topographic distribution of homing receptors on B and T cells in human gut-associated lymphoid tissue: relation of L-selectin and integrin alpha 4 beta 7 to naive and memory phenotypes. (1997)

In mice, integrin alpha 4 beta 7 is the main receptor used by lymphocytes that home to the Peyer's patches, although L-selectin contributes to the initial interaction with high endothelial venules. Less is known about the expression and function of these adhesion molecules in humans. The distribution of L-selectin and alpha 4 beta 7 on various B- and T-cell subsets was examined in human Peyer's patches (n = 8) and appendix (n = 4), collectively called gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Multicolor immunophenotyping was performed on cryosections, and dispersed cells were examined by flow cytometry. In cryosections, CD45RA+ T cells around and within interfollicular high endothelial venules, as well as surface (s)IgD+ B lymphocytes in the follicle mantles, often expressed abundant L-selectin but only intermediate levels of alpha 4 beta 7. CD45RO+ T cells and sIgD- B cells expressed higher levels of alpha 4 beta 7 and were often located near putative efferent lymphatics; only a small fraction (< 20%) of such memory cells expressed L-selectin. By flow cytometry, considerably more T than B lymphocytes co-expressed L-selectin and alpha 4 beta 7 (40% versus 25% and 67% versus 39%, respectively). In samples with many L-selectin+ cells (> 30%), more of these lymphocytes co-expressed alpha 4 beta 7 than in samples with few L-selectin+ cells. Because L-selectin and alpha 4 beta 7 were co-expressed on lymphocytes located near high endothelial venules, and because such co-expression was relatively common when many L-selectin+ cells were present, both of these molecules might participate in homing to human gut-associated lymphoid tissue. Such homing is probably most pronounced for T lymphocytes that were found to express L-selectin and alpha 4 beta 7 more often than B lymphocytes. The selective and relatively high expression of alpha 4 beta 7 on memory cells located near efferent lymphatics indicated a different migratory capacity; after exit from gut-associated lymphoid tissue, such stimulated cells might home mainly to mucosal effector sites.
A Novel and Highly Efficient Synthesis of <i>gem</i>-Difluorocyclopropanes (2000)

[reaction: see text] A new and highly versatile source of difluorocarbene is reported. Trimethylsilyl fluorosulfonyldifluoroacetate (TFDA) undergoes decomposition in the presence of catalytic fluoride to form difluorocarbene under conditions that allow its addition to relatively electron deficient alkenes in high yield. For example, unprecedented CF2: addition to n-butyl acrylate proceeded in 73% yield.