gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Acyclic analogues of purine and imidazole nucleosides (1982)

Abstract Hydroxyl‐protected derivatives of 1‐ and 3‐(2‐hydroxyethoxymethyl)imidazoles ( 4,5,7‐10 ) have been prepared from 5‐amino‐4‐carbamoylimidazoles ( 2 ). The protected derivatives were converted to acyclic analogues of imidazole nucleosides ( 6 ) or subjected to various cyclisation reactions leading to 9‐(2‐hydroxy‐ethoxymethyl)‐substituted 2‐methyl‐, 2‐phenyl‐ and 2‐azahypoxanthines ( 18,13 and 20 , respectively) and 1‐methylguanine ( 28 ). For assignment of structures to isomeric imidazole and purine derivatives, 13 C chemical shifts have been used.
The role of testosterone in the pathogenesis of prostate cancer (2008)

Relationships between androgenic hormones and prostatic tissue growth are complex. It is certainly true that the prostate will not develop without androgens and the gland will atrophy if androgen support is withdrawn. The hormonal hypothesis remains one of the most important hypotheses in the etiology of prostate cancer (PCa), and efforts are continuing to improve the understanding of androgen actions in PCa. Although evidence from epidemiological studies of associations between circulating levels of androgens and PCa risk has been inconsistent, the traditional view that higher testosterone (T) levels represent a risk factor for PCa appears to have little evidentiary support. Reinvestigation of the relationship between T and PCa seems important and necessary if a new, clinically and scientifically rewarding concept is to be constructed. The present review considers the metabolism and intraprostatic action of T, epidemiological evidence, and the association between T and PCa risk.
Effects of tobacco constituents and psychological stress on the beta-adrenergic regulation of non-small cell lung cancer and pancreatic cancer: Implications for intervention (2013)

This review summarizes current preclinical and clinical evidence in support of the hypothesis that smoking and psychological stress have significant cancer promoting effects on non small cell lung cancer and pancreatic cancer via direct and indirect effects on nicotinic receptor-regulated beta-adrenergic signaling. Evidence is provided that targeted pharmacological interference with the resulting hyperactive cAMP-dependent signaling by beta-blockers or by γ-aminobutyric acid as well as positive psychological influences may be highly effective in preventing and improving clinical outcomes of these cancers, provided that appropriate diagnostic protocols are followed to monitor systemic levels of stress neurotransmitters and cAMP.
Object Detection Using Deep CNNs Trained on Synthetic Images (2017)

The need for large annotated image datasets for training Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) has been a significant impediment for their adoption in computer vision applications. We show that with transfer learning an effective object detector can be trained almost entirely on synthetically rendered datasets. We apply this strategy for detecting pack- aged food products clustered in refrigerator scenes. Our CNN trained only with 4000 synthetic images achieves mean average precision (mAP) of 24 on a test set with 55 distinct products as objects of interest and 17 distractor objects. A further increase of 12% in the mAP is obtained by adding only 400 real images to these 4000 synthetic images in the training set. A high degree of photorealism in the synthetic images was not essential in achieving this performance. We analyze factors like training data set size and 3D model dictionary size for their influence on detection performance. Additionally, training strategies like fine-tuning with selected layers and early stopping which affect transfer learning from synthetic scenes to real scenes are explored. Training CNNs with synthetic datasets is a novel application of high-performance computing and a promising approach for object detection applications in domains where there is a dearth of large annotated image data.
MicroRNA Regulation of Smooth Muscle Phenotype. (2012)

Advances in studies of microRNA (miRNA) expression and function in smooth muscles illustrate important effects of small noncoding RNAs on cell proliferation, hypertrophy and differentiation. An emerging theme in miRNA research in a variety of cell types including smooth muscles is that miRNAs regulate protein expression networks to fine tune phenotype. Some widely expressed miRNAs have been described in smooth muscles that regulate important processes in many cell types, such as miR-21 control of proliferation and cell survival. Other miRNAs that are prominent regulators of smooth muscle-restricted gene expression also have targets that control pluripotent cell differentiation. The miR-143~145 cluster which targets myocardin and Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) is arguably the best-described miRNA family in smooth muscles with profound effects on gene expression networks that promote serum response factor (SRF)-dependent contractile and cytoskeletal protein expression and the mature contractile phenotype. Kruppel-family members KLF4 and KLF5 have multiple effects on cell differentiation and are targets for multiple miRNAs in smooth muscles (miR-145, miR-146a, miR-25). The feedback and feedforward loops being defined appear to contribute significantly to vascular and airway remodeling in cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. RNA interference approaches applied to animal models of vascular and respiratory diseases prove that miRNAs and RNA-induced silencing are valid targets for novel anti-remodeling therapies that alter pathological smooth muscle hyperplasia and hypertrophy.
Simultaneous Measurement of Ion Ratios by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry with a Twin-Quadrupole Instrument (1994)

The ion beam from the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is split into two parts by a device comprised of two electrostatic analyzers in a back-to-back arrangement. Each ion beam is then monitored by a separate quadrupole mass analyzer and electron multiplier. Thus, ion ratios can be measured simultaneously without scanning. Isotope ratios for copper are measured with a precision of 0.14% relative standard deviation (RSD). Internal standard ratios for Co + /La + are measured with a precision of 1% RSD. Ion signals in the two channels are highly correlated, and the magnitude of flicker noise is reduced in the resulting ratios. Bias in the measured isotope ratios is substantial but can be corrected by calibration.
Use of Monoclonal Antibodies Against Two 75,000-Molecular-Weight Glycoproteins Specified by Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 in Glycoprotein Identification and Gene Mapping (1983)

We produced two monoclonal antibodies that precipitate different glycoproteins of similar apparent molecular weight (70,000 to 80,000) from extracts of cells infected with herpes simplex virus type 2. Evidence is presented that one of these glycoproteins is the previously characterized glycoprotein gE, whereas the other maps to a region of the herpes simplex virus type 2 genome collinear with the region in herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA that encodes gC.
Lymphocyte subsets may discern treatment effects in children and young adults with post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (2003)

To identify potential alternatives to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific cytotoxic T-cell responses, peripheral lymphocyte subsets (PLS) (CD4+, CD8+, CD3+, CD19+, CD56+) were measured by flow cytometry in children with abdominal transplants (n = 22) and heart transplants (n = 2), with (n = 14) and without (n = 10, group C) post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD). PTLD resolved with reduced immunosuppression and antiviral therapy in eight children (group B). Recalcitrant PTLD was observed in six children (group A). Recalcitrant PTLD followed prior antilymphocyte therapy [monoclonal anti-CD3 antibody (OKT3) and thymoglobin (n = 3) and thymoglobin (n = 1)] for refractory rejection in four of these six children, and resolved after treatment with rituximab (anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody). Ten children without PTLD served as a control group (group C). Between group comparisons showed a numeric increase in CD8 + cells and significantly lower CD4:CD8 ratios in both PTLD groups (A and B) compared with group C. Group A children also demonstrated significant depletion of natural killer (NK) cells, and post-rituximab depletion of B-cells compared with group B (no rituximab treatment). We conclude that NK cell depletion with a reversed CD4:CD8 ratio may represent a persistent immunosuppressed state, which may result from prior antilymphocyte therapy and may predispose to recalcitrant EBV-PTLD. Clinical remission with rituximab is accompanied by B-cell depletion. Serial monitoring of PLS from the time of diagnosis of PTLD will be necessary to confirm these observations.
Structure of Oxalate Decarboxylase from <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> at 1.75 Å Resolution<sup>,</sup> (2002)

Oxalate decarboxylase is a manganese-dependent enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of oxalate to formate and carbon dioxide. We have determined the structure of oxalate decarboxylase from Bacillus subtilis at 1.75 A resolution in the presence of formate. The structure reveals a hexamer with 32-point symmetry in which each monomer belongs to the cupin family of proteins. Oxalate decarboxylase is further classified as a bicupin because it contains two cupin folds, possibly resulting from gene duplication. Each oxalate decarboxylase cupin domain contains one manganese binding site. Each of the oxalate decarboxylase domains is structurally similar to oxalate oxidase, which catalyzes the manganese-dependent oxidative decarboxylation of oxalate to carbon dioxide and hydrogen peroxide. Amino acid side chains in the two metal binding sites of oxalate decarboxylase and the metal binding site of oxalate oxidase are very similar. Four manganese binding residues (three histidines and one glutamate) are conserved as well as a number of hydrophobic residues. The most notable difference is the presence of Glu333 in the metal binding site of the second cupin domain of oxalate decarboxylase. We postulate that this domain is responsible for the decarboxylase activity and that Glu333 serves as a proton donor in the production of formate. Mutation of Glu333 to alanine reduces the catalytic activity by a factor of 25. The function of the other domain in oxalate decarboxylase is not yet known.
Binding of retinoids to uteroglobin (1994)

Uteroglobin, a progesterone-binding secretory protein, was shown to bind retinoic acid and retinol in a non-saturable manner, at least up to concentrations of retinoids of 20 microM. Binding is increased about 10-fold by previous reduction of uteroglobin with 10 mM dithiothreitol and it is not affected by previous saturation of the progesterone binding site, suggesting different binding sites for the steroid and the retinoids. The results are discussed in relation to a possible physiological role for this protein.
Hybrid Brillouin/erbium fiber laser (1996)

We propose and demonstrate a novel hybrid Brillouin/erbium fiber laser that uses both Brillouin gain in singlemode optical fiber and gain in erbium-doped fiber. The lasing frequency was accurately determined by the Brillouin shift in single-mode optical fiber and was 10.35 GHz from the Brillouin pump. Large powers could be extracted because of incorporation of erbium-doped fiber in the laser resonator. An output power of 10 mW was measured at a wavelength of 1532 nm.
Intraplate Strike-Slip Reactivation of the Sinnyeong Fault in the Cretaceous Gyeongsang Basin, Korea, Due to the Concentration of Later Compressional Stress (2013)

This study focuses on the geometry and kinematics of the Sinnyeong Fault which is the most conspicuous fault among the WNW-trending Gaeum Fault System in the Gyeongsang Basin, SE Korea. The fault is traced for over ca. 70 km and has a consistent WNW-trending strike with a nearly vertical dip. It has an asymmetric fault damage zone of several meters to several tens of meters in width and a several metersthick fault core. Its main movement is interpreted as sinistral-reverse oblique-slip or sinistral strike-slip under NE-SW compressional stress regime, although it could have experienced other faultings with different senses before/after this movement. Cylindrical folds, having the NW-trending fold axes of low-angle plunge, are only observed along the southern damage zone of the fault with a continuous narrow width of several tens of meters. It is thus interpreted that the formation of the folds and sinistral movement of the fault were almost contemporaneously generated due to the concentration of the regional NE-SW compressional stress along pre-existing WNW-trending faults or densely populated fracture zone in a relatively stable intraplate region.
Reconstruction of endocardial multielectrode basket geometry from multiplane fluoroscopic images (1999)

A computed-tomography method, based on multiplane fluoroscopic imaging, was developed to reconstruct three-dimensional geometry of a multielectrode basket-catheter inside the beating heart. The method was validated in canine using intracardiac echocardiography. Geometrical imaging of a multielectrode basket-catheter using fluoroscopy is clinically feasible and can provide realistic three-dimensional electrophysiological maps of cardiac activation.
Defining Differentially Methylated Regions Specific for the Acquisition of Pluripotency and Maintenance in Human Pluripotent Stem Cells via Microarray (2014)

This study describes the DNA methylation profiles of human iPSCs generated using both viral and episomal methods, the corresponding somatic cells, and hESCs. Series of ss-DMRs and ES-iPS-DMRs were defined with high resolution. Knowledge of this type of epigenetic information could be used as a signature for stemness and self-renewal and provides a potential method for selecting optimal pluripotent stem cells for human regenerative medicine.
Acetazolamide prevents hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in conscious dogs (2004)

Acute hypoxia increases pulmonary arterial pressure and vascular resistance. Previous studies in isolated smooth muscle and perfused lungs have shown that carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibition reduces the speed and magnitude of hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV). We studied whether CA inhibition by acetazolamide (Acz) is able to prevent HPV in the unanesthetized animal. Ten chronically tracheotomized, conscious dogs were investigated in three protocols. In all protocols, the dogs breathed 21% O(2) for the first hour and then 8 or 10% O(2) for the next 4 h spontaneously via a ventilator circuit. The protocols were as follows: protocol 1: controls given no Acz, inspired O(2) fraction (Fi(O(2))) = 0.10; protocol 2: Acz infused intravenously (250-mg bolus, followed by 167 microg.kg(-1).min(-1) continuously), Fi(O(2)) = 0.10; protocol 3: Acz given as above, but with Fi(O(2)) reduced to 0.08 to match the arterial Po(2) (Pa(O(2))) observed during hypoxia in controls. Pa(O(2)) was 37 Torr during hypoxia in controls, mean pulmonary arterial pressure increased from 17 +/- 1 to 23 +/- 1 mmHg, and pulmonary vascular resistance increased from 464 +/- 26 to 679 +/- 40 dyn.s(-1).cm(-5) (P < 0.05). In both Acz groups, mean pulmonary arterial pressure was 15 +/- 1 mmHg, and pulmonary vascular resistance ranged between 420 and 440 dyn.s(-1).cm(-5). These values did not change during hypoxia. In dogs given Acz at 10% O(2), the arterial Pa(O(2)) was 50 Torr owing to hyperventilation, whereas in those breathing 8% O(2) the Pa(O(2)) was 37 Torr, equivalent to controls. In conclusion, Acz prevents HPV in conscious spontaneously breathing dogs. The effect is not due to Acz-induced hyperventilation and higher alveolar Po(2), nor to changes in plasma endothelin-1, angiotensin-II, or potassium, and HPV suppression occurs despite the systemic acidosis with CA inhibition.
Transmission of Optical Energy Along Surfaces: Part II, Inhomogeneous Media (1964)

Transparent plates with optically dense surfaces such as can be obtained by thermal tempering or chemical diffusion are shown to transmit significant amounts of optical energy along their surfaces. The surface-guided waves thus obtained will carry images; some special properties of these images are described, including the chromatic variation and independence of lateral and longitudinal magnifications. The energy can be endfired from the polished end of one plate and received by another. Both direct transmission along the surface and endfire have been accomplished over distances in excess of 0.75 m.
Color-based object tracking in multi-camera environments (2003)

Abstract. Smart rooms provide challenging research fields for surveillance, human-computer interfacing, video conferencing, industrial monitoring or service and training applications. This paper presents our efforts toward building such an intelligent environment with a calibrated multi camera setup. For a virtual classroom application, the best view is selected automatically from different cameras that follow the target. Real-time object tracking, which is needed to achieve this goal, is implemented by means of color-based particle filtering. The use of multiple models for a target results in a robust tracking even when the view on the target changes considerably like from the front to the back. Information is shared between the cameras and used for (re)initializing an object with epipolar geometry and the prior knowledge of the target model characteristics. Experiments in our research environment show the possible uses of the proposed system. 1
Studies on Unusual Amino Acids and Their Peptides. X. The Convenient Synthesis of <i>t</i>-Leucine and the Optical Resolution of the <i>N</i>-Benzyloxycarbonyl Derivative (1979)

Abstract t-Leucine has been conveniently prepared on a large scale from the phenylhydrazone of trimethylpyruvic acid, which was readily obtained as a precipitate from the oxidation of pinacolone. The N-benzyloxycarbonyl derivative of Dl-t-leucine has been resolved with quinine and quinidine in ethanol.
Low dose PET reconstruction with total variation regularization (2014)

Low dose positron emission tomography(PET) reconstruction remains a challenging issue for statistical PET reconstruction methods due to the low SNR of data. Due to the ill-conditioning of image reconstruction, proper prior knowledge should be incorporated to constrain the reconstruction. Since PET images are piecewise smoothing, we propose the total variational (TV) minimization based algorithm for low dose PET imaging. The fundamental power of this strategy rests with the edge locations of important image features tend to be preserved thanks to TV regularization. In addition, a new computational method have been employed with improved computational speed and robustness. Experimental results on Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate its superior performance.
A fast approach for detecting human faces in a complex background (2002)

Human face detection is an important capability with a wide range of applications, such as human face recognition, surveillance systems, human-computer interfacing, video-conferencing, etc. In most such applications, the existence of human faces and their corresponding locations must be found. In other words, a reliable and fast method for detecting and locating face regions is of practical importance. In this paper, possible face region candidates in an image with a complex background are identified by means of the valley features on the eyes. These valley features are considered to belong to the eyes of a human face if they satisfy the local properties of the eyes. A pair of these features is matched if their Gabor features are similar; a face region is then formed. Each of the face region candidates is then further verified by matching it to a human face template, and by measuring its symmetry. Experiments show that this approach is fast and reliable.
Ultrawideband Array With 70° Scanning Using FSS Superstrate (2016)

We present a wideband tightly coupled dipole array (TCDA) with integrated balun and a novel superstrate consisting of printed frequency selective surface (FSS) for wide angle scanning. Although previous TCDAs have had decent scanning performance up to ±60°, use of dielectric superstrates are usually required, resulting in additional cost and fabrication complexity. In this paper, we replace the bulky dielectric layer(s) with periodic printed elements and yet achieve wide-angle and wideband impedance matching. The proposed approach provides superior performance of 6.1:1 bandwidth (0.5-3.1 GHz) with VSWR <; 3.2 when scanning ±75° in E plane, ±70° in D plane and ±60° in H plane. The FSS, radiating dipoles and feed lines are designed and fabricated on the same vertically oriented printed circuit board, resulting in a low-cost and lightweight structure as compared to other low profile arrays. Measured scanning patterns of a 12 × 12 prototype are presented, showing good agreement with simulations.
Fuel Transport to the Crankcase, Oil Dilution and HC Return with Breather Flow During the Cold Operation of a SI Engine (2000)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Fuel losses to the crankcase, fuel/oil interactions, and fuel return as unburned hydrocarbons in the breather flow have been investigated. Hydrocarbons in the breather flow have been measured during motored and firing engine operation over a range of temperatures. Fuel desorption from the sump oil accounts for a small proportion of this. The major source is hydrocarbons transported past the piston with blowby. After a cold start, around 85% of these are retained in oil films below the ring pack. The recirculation of oil from the films to the sump contributes to bulk oil dilution. This appears to be the prime mechanism by which fuel is lost to oil dilution during cold operation. The mechanism becomes less effective as engine warm-up progresses. At fully-warm oil temperatures (∼100°C), only about 5% are removed from the blowby. Under steady operating conditions which maintain oil temperature at around 100°C, the rate of absorption is balanced by desorption from the sump oil when dilution levels reach 1-2%. At an oil temperature of 70°C, the equilibrium dilution level is typically 2-4%.</div>
Proposed pi /4-CQPSK with increased capacity in digital cellular systems (2003)

Truly coherent pi /4-quadrature phase shift keying ( pi /4-CQPSK) is shown to increase the capacity of digital cellular systems over coherently demodulated and differentially encoded pi /4-QPSK ( pi /4-DEQPSK). The authors study the degradation of DEQPSK for different fading rates and operating bit error rates (BERs). Frequency-reuse systems and power-limited systems are studied. It is shown that the degradation of DEQPSK in fading channels is not as high as in linear static channels. However, for any practical fading rate and operating BER, the degradation is as high as 2 dB. It is also shown that the degradation is independent of the fading rate. For the practical operating BER, the degradation is also constant. Thus, an unambiguous phase estimation scheme should be used in fading channels if coherent detection is essential. Unambiguous phase estimation can be achieved by utilizing the preamble sequence or inserting pilot symbols. It is also shown that the power efficiency is also improved by 2 dB when truly coherent demodulation is employed in a power-limited system.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>