gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-Current Gain Two-Dimensional MoS<sub>2</sub>-Base Hot-Electron Transistors (2015)

The vertical transport of nonequilibrium charge carriers through semiconductor heterostructures has led to milestones in electronics with the development of the hot-electron transistor. Recently, significant advances have been made with atomically sharp heterostructures implementing various two-dimensional materials. Although graphene-base hot-electron transistors show great promise for electronic switching at high frequencies, they are limited by their low current gain. Here we show that, by choosing MoS2 and HfO2 for the filter barrier interface and using a noncrystalline semiconductor such as ITO for the collector, we can achieve an unprecedentedly high-current gain (α ∼ 0.95) in our hot-electron transistors operating at room temperature. Furthermore, the current gain can be tuned over 2 orders of magnitude with the collector-base voltage albeit this feature currently presents a drawback in the transistor performance metrics such as poor output resistance and poor intrinsic voltage gain. We anticipate our transistors will pave the way toward the realization of novel flexible 2D material-based high-density, low-energy, and high-frequency hot-carrier electronic applications.
Esophageal Chest Pain: Current Controversies in Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Therapy (1989)

Continuing attempts to develop rational diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to patients with noncardiac chest pain should include a multidisciplinary approach involving basic scientists, gastroenterologists, psychologists, and other clinical experts in the field of pain research.
Ionic Liquid Acceleration of Solid-Phase Suzuki−Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reactions (2002)

[reaction: see text] Room-temperature ionic liquids promote various transition metal-catalyzed reactions in the solution phase. Here, for the first time, we show that these effects are translatable to solid-phase reactions. The Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling of 4-iodophenol immobilized on polystyrene-Wang resin with various arylboronic acids was significantly accelerated by the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim][BF(4)(-)]).
Static and Dynamic Approach of Social Roles Identification Using PISNA and Subgraphs Matching (2010)

Social roles identification is one of the most important and challenging task in social network analysis. Different methods of network properties analysis can be used to support the process of roles identification. The idea of our method is based on creating special sets of pattern subgraphs that describe different roles possible to play by members of the analyzed social network. Then for every node a pattern matching process is applied and the degree to which a node satisfies every pattern subgraph is evaluated. These evaluations are then assessed and the most probable role played by the node is indicated. The pattern subgraphs are described using the paradigm for intelligent social network analysis, PISNA.
Biodistribution, Tissue Reaction, and Lung Retention of Pentamidine Aerosolized as Three Different Salts (1990)

Aerosolized pentamidine isoethionate is retained in the lung and appears to prevent Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in many AIDS patients. We evaluated alternative formulations of pentamidine that might reduce the airway irritation associated with aerosolized pentamidine isoethionate. Specifically, we assessed the biodistribution, histologic response, and lung retention of the isoethionate, gluconate, and lactate salts of pentamidine after aerosol administration to mice. For each of the three aerosolized salts tested, greater than 50% of the pentamidine initially recovered from the lungs after one dose was still retained there 14 days later. Thus, significant levels of pentamidine, aerosolized as three different salts, are retained in the lung for at least 2 wk after a single dose. The three salts of pentamidine each produced high lung to extrapulmonary drug ratios, the converse of that produced by intravenous injection of pentamidine isoethionate. At very high aerosol doses, the ability of the lung to retain pentamidine appeared saturable. Even aerosolized daily for 2 wk at very high doses, none of the three pentamidine salts produced histologic evidence of organ toxicity. A Phase 1 trial of aerosolized pentamidine gluconate in AIDS-PCP patients is now in progress to determine if this approach can reduce airway irritation.
A multiple detector approach to low-resolution FIR pedestrian recognition (2005)

In this paper we present a recognition scheme, which is both reliable and fast. The scheme comprises the simultaneous harmonized use of three powerful detection algorithms, the hyper permutation network (HPN), a hierarchical contour matching (HCM) algorithm and a cascaded classifier approach. Each algorithm is evaluated separately and afterwards, based on the evaluation results, the fusion of the detection results is performed by a particle filter approach.
Towards task recommendation in micro-task markets (2011)

As researchers embrace micro-task markets for elicit-ing human input, the nature of the posted tasks moves from those requiring simple mechanical labor to requir-ing specific cognitive skills. On the other hand, increase is seen in the number of such tasks and the user popula-tion in micro-task market places requiring better search interfaces for productive user participation. In this pa-per we posit that understanding user skill sets and pre-senting them with suitable tasks not only maximizes the over quality of the output, but also attempts to maxi-mize the benefit to the user in terms of more success-fully completed tasks. We also implement a recommen-dation engine for suggesting tasks to users based on im-plicit modeling of skills and interests. We present results from a preliminary evaluation of our system using pub-licly available data gathered from a variety of human computation experiments recently conducted on Ama-zon’s Mechanical Turk.
Metabolic engineering of microorganisms for the production of L-arginine and its derivatives (2014)

L-arginine (ARG) is an important amino acid for both medicinal and industrial applications. For almost six decades, the research has been going on for its improved industrial level production using different microorganisms. While the initial approaches involved random mutagenesis for increased tolerance to ARG and consequently higher ARG titer, it is laborious and often leads to unwanted phenotypes, such as retarded growth. Discovery of L-glutamate (GLU) overproducing strains and using them as base strains for ARG production led to improved ARG production titer. Continued effort to unveil molecular mechanisms led to the accumulation of detailed knowledge on amino acid metabolism, which has contributed to better understanding of ARG biosynthesis and its regulation. Moreover, systems metabolic engineering now enables scientists and engineers to efficiently construct genetically defined microorganisms for ARG overproduction in a more rational and system-wide manner. Despite such effort, ARG biosynthesis is still not fully understood and many of the genes in the pathway are mislabeled. Here, we review the major metabolic pathways and its regulation involved in ARG biosynthesis in different prokaryotes including recent discoveries. Also, various strategies for metabolic engineering of bacteria for the overproduction of ARG are described. Furthermore, metabolic engineering approaches for producing ARG derivatives such as L-ornithine (ORN), putrescine and cyanophycin are described. ORN is used in medical applications, while putrescine can be used as a bio-based precursor for the synthesis of nylon-4,6 and nylon-4,10. Cyanophycin is also an important compound for the production of polyaspartate, another important bio-based polymer. Strategies outlined here will serve as a general guideline for rationally designing of cell-factories for overproduction of ARG and related compounds that are industrially valuable.
Research of KNX device node and development based on the bus interface module (2010)

KNX has become worldwide open standard in home and building automation systems. This paper adopts well-developed BIM (Bus Interface Module) as hardware platform for the exploitation of KNX device node. Meanwhile, it demonstrate the design of binary output actuator with toggle mode, the instructions of the procedure and methodology for the design of the KNX device node, the description of structure and work flow for telecommunication with regard to device node. The application of the brand new platform and software tool will substantially decrease the workload of exploitation, raise the efficiency of development, and benefit for the research of the criteria for KNX and application for products.
Programming Heteropolymetallic Lanthanide Helicates: Thermodynamic Recognition of Different Metal Ions Along the Strands (2004)

Under stoichiometric conditions, the segmental tris-tridentate ligand L9 assembles with two different lanthanide metal ions Ln(1) and Ln(2) (Ln(1), Ln(2)=La, Nd, Sm, Eu, Yb, Lu, Y) to give mixtures of the heterotrimetallic triple-stranded helicates [(Ln(1))(x)(Ln(2))(3-x)(L9)(3)](9+) (x=0-3) in acetonitrile. The combination of qualitative (ESI-MS) and quantitative ((1)H NMR) speciations provides a set of thermodynamic data that were analysed with various statistical chemical models. A satisfying description requires the consideration of different affinities for the terminal N(6)O(3) sites (k(t)(Ln) and for the central N(9) site (k(c)(Ln) for each specific lanthanide. The nontrivial dependence of these parameters on the ionic radius provides size-discriminating effects that favour the formation of heterotrimetallic helicates in which the central site is occupied by the larger metal of the pair. Combining the latter enthalpic driving forces with entropic contributions due to specific stoichiometric conditions allows partial selection (i.e., programming) of a specific heterotrimetallic species in solution, which can be isolated by crystallisation, as demonstrated for [Eu(2.04)La(0.96)(L9)(3)](CF(3)SO(3))(9)(CH(3)NO(2))(9) (1, Eu(2.04)La(0.96)C(207)H(222)N(48)O(51)S(9)F(27), monoclinic, P2(1)/c, Z=4) in which the cation [EuLaEu(L9)(3)](9+) is the major component in the crystal. The scope and limitation of this approach is discussed together with the conditions for explicitly considering intermetallic interaction parameters u(Ln1Ln2) in more sophisticated chemical models.
Low residual noise speech enhancement utilizing time-frequency filtering (2002)

Spectral subtraction is a well known technique for enhancing speech corrupted by additive wideband noise. In this technique, the "clean" signal is approximated by subtracting a noise estimate from the spectrum of the corrupted signal. A negative side effect is the residual "musical" noise that is produced when isolated spectral peaks exceed the noise estimate. In this paper, a low residual noise enhancement method is presented. This method is based on spectral subtraction but incorporates an algorithm developed to suppress "musical" noise without affecting speech. The algorithm is referred to as time-frequency filtering because spectral peaks due to noise are eliminated on the basis of duration, bandwidth, and proximity to other peaks. Results showing the effects of combining spectral subtraction and time-frequency filtering are given.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Human Aspects in Ambient Intelligence (2013)

This book presents recent developments is the field of human aspects in Ambient Intelligence. This field, and the associated workshop series, addresses multidisciplinary aspects of AmI with human-dire
ChemInform Abstract: ETHER UPS ANTIKNOCK OF GASOLINE (1978)

Abstract Methyl‐tert.‐butyl‐ether (III) erhöht das Antiklopfverhalten von Benzingemischen.
Self-aligned blocking integration demonstration for critical sub-40nm pitch Mx level patterning (2017)

Multipatterning has enabled continued scaling of chip technology at the 28nm node and beyond. Selfaligned double patterning (SADP) and self-aligned quadruple patterning (SAQP) as well as Litho- Etch/Litho-Etch (LELE) iterations are widely used in the semiconductor industry to enable patterning at sub 193 immersion lithography resolutions for layers such as FIN, Gate and critical Metal lines. Multipatterning requires the use of multiple masks which is costly and increases process complexity as well as edge placement error variation driven mostly by overlay. To mitigate the strict overlay requirements for advanced technology nodes (7nm and below), a self-aligned blocking integration is desirable. This integration trades off the overlay requirement for an etch selectivity requirement and enables the cut mask overlay tolerance to be relaxed from half pitch to three times half pitch. Selfalignement has become the latest trend to enable scaling and self-aligned integrations are being pursued and investigated for various critical layers such as contact, via, metal patterning. In this paper we propose and demonstrate a low cost flexible self-aligned blocking strategy for critical metal layer patterning for 7nm and beyond from mask assembly to low –K dielectric etch. The integration is based on a 40nm pitch SADP flow with 2 cut masks compatible with either cut or block integration and employs dielectric films widely used in the back end of the line. As a consequence this approach is compatible with traditional etch, deposition and cleans tools that are optimized for dielectric etches. We will review the critical steps and selectivities required to enable this integration along with bench-marking of each integration option (cut vs. block).
Soluble methane monooxygenase component B gene probe for identification of methanotrophs that rapidly degrade trichloroethylene (1992)

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms, Western blot (immunoblot) analysis, and fluorescence-labelled signature probes were used for the characterization of methanotrophic bacteria as well as for the identification of methanotrophs which contained the soluble methane monooxygenase (MMO) gene and were able to degrade trichloroethylene (TCE). The gene encoding a soluble MMO component B protein from Methylosinus trichosporium OB3b was cloned. It contained a 2.2-kb EcoRI fragment. With this cloned component B gene as probe, methanotroph types I, II, and X and environmental and bioreactor samples were screened for the presence of the gene encoding soluble MMO. Fragments produced by digestion of DNA with rare cutting restriction endonucleases were separated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and transferred to Zeta-Probe membrane (Bio-Rad) for Southern blot analysis. Samples were also analyzed for the presence of soluble MMO by Western blot analysis and the ability to degrade TCE. The physiological groups of methanotrophs in each sample were determined by hybridizing cells with fluorescence-labelled signature probes. Among twelve pure or mixed cultures, DNA fragments of seven methanotrophs hybridized with the soluble MMO B gene probe. When grown in media with limited copper, all of these bacteria degraded TCE. All of them are type II methanotrophs. The soluble MMO component B gene of the type X methanotroph, Methylococcus capsulatus Bath, did not hybridize to the M. trichosporium OB3b soluble MMO component B gene probe, although M. capsulatus Bath also produces a soluble MMO.
Development of Novel Wax-enabled Thermoplastic Starch Blends and Their Morphological, Thermal and Environmental Properties (2014)

Novel thermoplastic starch (TPS) melt-blends were prepared while using glycerol as plasticizer. To impart hydrophobicity, beeswax (BW) and paraffin wax (PW) polymers were introduced in combination with commonly available interfacial coupling agent, maleic anhydride (MA). Representative melt-blends of TPS containing different concentration of BW, PW and MA were prepared through in-situ reactive extrusion in a custom designed twin screw extruder. The modified TPS was comprehensively evaluated for morphology, thermal stability and moisture resistance properties, while keeping both the temperature profile of extruder and glycerol concentration at constant level. The results showed that the plasticization becomes problematic at wax levels more than 10% at required extrusion temperatures due to lower melting points of these compounds, however FTIR studies exhibited an effective grafting of MAH compounds on wax polymers. Although phase separation was observed during morphological studies for BW-enabled TPS blends, but MA treated PW and their TPS blends showed homogenous structure of extruded samples. It was further observed that PW-enabled TPS blends had better thermal stability and enhanced hydrophobicity compared to BW-enabled formulations due to unique chemical structure of paraffin wax.
Synthetic aperture radar interferometry (1998)

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is a coherent active microwave imaging method. In remote sensing it is used for mapping the scattering properties of the Earth's surface in the respective wavelength domain. Many physical and geometric parameters of the imaged scene contribute to the grey value of a SAR image pixel. Scene inversion suffers from this high ambiguity and requires SAR data taken at different wavelength, polarization, time, incidence angle, etc.
Mutations in the Retinal Guanylate Cyclase (RETGC-1) Gene in Dominant Cone-Rod Dystrophy (1998)

The dominant cone-rod dystrophy gene CORD6 has previously been mapped to within an 8 cM interval on chromosome 17p12-p13. The retinal-specific guanylate cyclase gene (RETGC-1), which maps to within this genetic interval and previously was implicated in Leber's congenital amaurosis, was screened for mutations within this family and in a panel of small families and individuals with various cone and cone- rod dystrophy phenotypes. A missense mutation (E837D) was identified in affected members of the CORD6 family, as well as a second missense mutation (R838C) in three other families with dominant cone-rod dystrophy. RETGC-1 is only the fourth gene to be implicated in cone-rod dystrophy and this is the first report of dominant mutations in this gene.
Sequential Sampling and Analysis of Renal Hydroxylase Activities of Cattle Given 1α-Hydroxyvitamin D3 (1986)

A new method was developed for sequential sampling of bovine renal cortex. This method results in minimum hemorrhage and adhesions and provides sufficient renal cortex tissue for assay of 25-hydroxyvitamin D 1 alpha-, 24-, and 23-hydroxylase activities. Application of this procedure in calves and pregnant cows treated with 1 alpha-hydroxyvitamin D3 is described. The success of these experiments suggests these techniques could be used to follow enzyme activities that control crucial aspects of vitamin D metabolism in normal peripartum cows and cows with milk fever or other diseases of mineral metabolism.
Concise Review: Tissue-Specific Microvascular Endothelial Cells Derived From Human Pluripotent Stem Cells (2014)

Accumulating evidence suggests that endothelial cells (ECs) display significant heterogeneity across tissue types, playing an important role in tissue regeneration and homeostasis. Recent work demonstrating the derivation of tissue-specific microvascular endothelial cells (TS-MVECs) from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) has ignited the potential to generate tissue-specific models which may be applied to regenerative medicine and in vitro modeling applications. Here, we review techniques by which hPSC-derived TS-MVECs have been made to date and discuss how current hPSC-EC differentiation protocols may be directed toward tissue-specific fates. We begin by discussing the nature of EC tissue specificity in vivo and review general hPSC-EC differentiation protocols generated over the last decade. Finally, we describe how specificity can be integrated into hPSC-EC protocols to generate hPSC-derived TS-MVECs in vitro, including EC and parenchymal cell coculture, directed differentiation, and direct reprogramming strategies.
Exploring antenatal factors in postnatal depression : a thesis presented in partial fulfilfment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Psychology at Massey University, Albany, New Zealand (2000)

Up to 20% of all new mothers may suffer from postnatal depression. This amounts to around 3,500 mothers each year in Auckland alone. The effects of postnatal depression are far reaching and can impact detrimentally on the lives of mothers and those close to them. To understand more about postnatal depression, British researchers Cooper, Murray, Hooper, and West (1996) developed a measure for identifying antenatally women who may be at risk of developing postnatal depression. The present study examined the predictive validity of Cooper et al.'s antenatal index in identifying mothers likely to develop postnatal depression in a New Zealand population. Ninety-eight Auckland mothers completed antenatal and postnatal questionnaires that included Cooper et al.'s predictive index, the GHQ-12 and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Results suggested that the predictive ability of Cooper et al.'s measure improved when including an antenatal measure of general wellbeing (the GHQ-12) into the regression equation. The results suggested that 60% of the variance in postnatal depression scores was attributed to the antenatal predictive index. The GHQ-12 added to the predictive ability by explaining an additional 19% of the variance in postnatal depression scores. Discriminant analysis showed that the percentage of cases correctly classified into depressed and non-depressed was 66% and the sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of the antenatal measures achieved comparable findings to that of Cooper et al. Recommendations for future research include using a different methodological approach and investigating the predictive power of the General Health Questionnaire further.