gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
2D-CHI: a tunable two-dimensional class hierarchy index for object-oriented databases (2002)

We present a tunable two-dimensional class hierarchy indexing technique (2D-CHI) for object-oriented databases. We use a two-dimensional file organization as the index structure. 2D-CHI deals with the problem of clustering objects in a two-dimensional domain space consisting of the key attribute domain and the class identifier domain. In conventional class indexing techniques using one-dimensional index structures such as the B/sup +/-tree, the clustering property is exclusively owned by one attribute. These indexing techniques do not efficiently handle the queries that address both the attribute keys and the class identifiers. 2D-CHI enhances query performance by adjusting the degree of clustering between the key value domain and the class identifier domain based on the precollected usage pattern. For performance evaluation, we first compare 2D-CHI with the conventional class indexing techniques using an analytic cost model based on the assumption of uniform object distribution, and then verify the cost model through experiments using the multilevel grid file as the two-dimensional index. We further perform experiments with nonuniform object distributions. Our experiments show that our proposed method does indeed build optimal class index structures regardless of query types and object distributions. We strongly believe that our paper significantly contributes to building a self-tunable database system by supporting automatically tunable index structure.
Increased expression of aggrecan and biglycan mRNA in Achilles tendinopathy (2005)

Increased aggrecan and biglycan mRNA expression in painful tendinopathy resembles the pattern in fibrocartilaginous regions of tendon, and may reflect an altered mechanical environment at the site of the lesion. Increased aggrecan mRNA expression may underlie the increase in glycosaminoglycan observed in painful tendinopathy.
Alternative Sources of n-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Marine Microalgae (2013)

The main source of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA) in human nutrition is currently seafood, especially oily fish. Nonetheless, due to cultural or individual preferences, convenience, geographic location, or awareness of risks associated to fatty fish consumption, the intake of fatty fish is far from supplying the recommended dietary levels. The end result observed in most western countries is not only a low supply of n-3 LC-PUFA, but also an unbalance towards the intake of n-6 fatty acids, resulting mostly from the consumption of vegetable oils. Awareness of the benefits of LC-PUFA in human health has led to the use of fish oils as food supplements. However, there is a need to explore alternatives sources of LC-PUFA, especially those of microbial origin. Microalgae species with potential to accumulate lipids in high amounts and to present elevated levels of n-3 LC-PUFA are known in marine phytoplankton. This review focuses on sources of n-3 LC-PUFA, namely eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, in marine microalgae, as alternatives to fish oils. Based on current literature, examples of marketed products and potentially new species for commercial exploitation are presented.
Off-street parking space allocation and reservation system using event-driven algorithm (2017)

Mobility by using private vehicles has created a need of appropriate parking spaces. Usually, vacant parking spaces could be found by exploring through the entire parking area or by reservation through an Internet application. Searching a vacant parking lot by exploring would cost a driver some considerable time, while obtaining one by reservation in advance would reduce the parking lots utilization. Hence, we propose a dynamic allocation method to reserve parking space using Internet application. The proposed method would reduce the need of the driver to explore the entire parking spot by finding the vacant parking lot and do the reservation for the driver. We use event-driven scheme allocation at the event of a vehicle (car) arrived at the parking lots gate to maintain parking lot utilization level. Simulation results show that our system could reduce drivers required time to find a vacant parking lot to zero. A parking lot which implemented our system would also has parking lot utilization level as high as conventional parking system, and better than conventional Internet-based reservation parking system.
A formal framework for prefetching based on the type-level access pattern in object-relational DBMSs (2005)

Prefetching is an effective method for minimizing the number of fetches between the client and the server in a database management system. In this paper, we formally define the notion of prefetching. We also formally propose new notions of the type-level access locality and type-level access pattern. The type-level access locality is a phenomenon that repetitive patterns exist in the attributes referenced. The type-level access pattern is a pattern of attributes that are referenced in accessing the objects. We then develop an efficient capturing and prefetching policy based on this formal framework. Existing prefetching methods are based on object-level or page-level access patterns, which consist of object-ids or page-ids of the objects accessed. However, the drawback of these methods is that they work only when exactly the same objects or pages are accessed repeatedly. In contrast, even though the same objects are not accessed repeatedly, our technique effectively prefetches objects if the same attributes are referenced repeatedly, i.e., if there is type-level access locality. Many navigational applications in object-relational database management systems (ORDBMSs) have type-level access locality. Therefore, our technique can be employed in ORDBMSs to effectively reduce the number of fetches, thereby significantly enhancing the performance. We also address issues in implementing the proposed algorithm. We have conducted extensive experiments in a prototype ORDBMS to show effectiveness of our algorithm. Experimental results using the 007 benchmark, a real GIS application, and an XML application show that our technique reduces the number of fetches by orders of magnitude and improves the elapsed time by several factors over on-demand fetching and context-based prefetching, which is a state-of-the-art prefetching method. These results indicate that our approach provides a new paradigm in prefetching that improves performance of navigational applications significantly and is a practical method that can be implemented in commercial ORDBMSs.
Preparation of Drug Delivery Systems Using Supercritical Fluid Technology (2001)

Small changes in temperature and pressure near the critical region induce dramatic changes in the density and solubility of supercritical fluids, thereby facilitating the use of environmentally benign agents such as CO2 for their solvent and antisolvent properties in processing a wide variety of materials. While supercritical fluid technologies have been in commercial use in the food and chromatography industries for several years, only recently has this technology made inroads in the formulation of drug delivery systems. This review summarizes some of the recent applications of supercritical fluid technology in the preparation of drug delivery systems. Drugs containing polymeric particles, plain drug particles, solute-containing liposomes, and inclusion complexes of drug and carrier have been formulated using this technology. Also, polymer separation using this technology is enabling the selection of a pure fraction of a polymer, thereby allowing a more precise control of drug release from polymeric delivery systems.
A physiological analysis of walking in the American lobster <i>(Homarus americanus)</i> (1975)

The normal, unrestrained, forward walking of the lobster was studied with a closed-circuit television system and a video-tape recorder. A frame-by-frame analysis was undertaken and measurements made of unilateral stepping sequences, contralateral and ipsilateral phase relations between pairs of legs, the movements at the leg joints primarily involved in stepping and their differences in each of the four pereiopods. The order of stepping was expressed in terms of the probability of any leg following any other leg and it was found that while there is a preferred order, there is considerable variation from the dominant pattern. The commonest deviations from the dominant gait are those involving the simplest types of re-ordering of the sequence. Pairs of contralateral legs show a strong tendency to alternate but all phase relations can occur. Similarly, while the ipsilateral legs show preferred phase relations, all possible relations do occur. The four pereiopods from anterior to posterior were found to have respectively, a pulling action, a combined pulling and rowing action, a rowing action and a combined pushing and rowing action. The same parameters of stepping were recorded from animals walking on a transparent, driven treadmill and, as no significant differences were found in comparisons with results from freely moving animals, subsequent results were obtained from animals walking on the treadmill where more detailed study and manipulation could readily be made. The stepping action of the third pereiopod during forwards walking involves major movements about two joints whereas the other pereiopods move about three joints. Detailed study of the intra-leg activity was therefore confined to the third pereiopod where the simpler action considerably simplified the problems involved in collecting and analysing data. Measurements were made of the angles swept out by the joints of the third pereiopod during movement. Electromyograms were recorded from the six muscles primarily responsible for these movements and from movement transducers placed at the joints. The duration of the movements and of the bursts of acitivity in the muscles and the interrelation between different muscle bursts were measured and a computer-aided analysis made to determine the characteristic features of the inter-burst relations during stepping. While there is considerable variability from step to step, the overall activity is relatively phase-constant over a wide range of stepping frequencies. When some of the key parameters of normal walking had been characterized, changes designed to alter the sensory input to the system were imposed.
Fluorescence (2011)

This chapter looks at fluorescence. Fluorescence does not make light. This misunderstanding comes in two ways. The first is a common misuse of terms. Historically, bioluminescence was often referred to as phosphorescence, and many people, even biologists, still consider the terms synonymous. Because phosphorescence is closely related to fluorescence, the latter term has joined the party and is also often used synonymously with bioluminescence. While this mislabeling is ubiquitous, it is less pernicious than another misunderstanding, in which, while it is accepted that fluorescence is not bioluminescence, it is still believed that fluorescence makes light. Fluorescence can never make light, it can only take it away. Moreover, fluorescence cannot add more optical energy to the system.
Dental caries in congenitally athymic rats (1990)

The importance of the immune response in dental infection was evaluated in heterozygous (rnu/+) normal and homozygous (rnu/rnu) congenitally athymic "nude" Rowett rats. Animals of both types were infected, or immunized and infected, with mutans streptococci (Streptococcus sobrinus strain 6715). The mean numbers of S. sobrinus cells recovered from the nude rats were higher than those from comparable (immune/nonimmune) normal rats in 10 of 12 possible comparisons. Also, S. sobrinus constituted a greater percentage of the total streptococci in the nude rats compared with normal animals (6 of 6 possible comparisons). Antibody to S. sobrinus whole cells or to S. sobrinus glucosyltransferase from nude rats in serum or in saliva was significantly lower (or absent) than that of comparable normal rats. This was seen after infection, but was most pronounced after immunization (and infection). Dental caries was also significantly elevated in the congenitally athymic animals. Immunologic deficiency of congenitally athymic rats can lead to a greater infection level with mutans streptococci and increased dental caries.
Glutathione Peroxidase Overexpression Inhibits Cytochrome <i>c</i> Release and Proapoptotic Mediators to Protect Neurons From Experimental Stroke (2003)

Expression from these herpes simplex viral vectors begins 4 to 6 hours after injection, which suggests a 9- to 11-hour temporal therapeutic window for Gpx. This is the first study to show that overexpression of Gpx with the use of gene therapy protects against experimental stroke, even with postischemic transfection, and the neuroprotective mechanism involves attenuation of apoptosis-related events.
Molecularly Imprinted Polymeric Adsorbents for Byproduct Removal (1998)

In this study, both diastereo- and enantioselective adsorbents for a dipeptide derivative were prepared using a molecular imprinting technique. The diastereo- and enantioisomers for the dipeptide derivative N-(benzyloxycarbonyl)aspartylphenylalanine methyl ester (ZAPM), in addition to the α- and β-isomers, were chosen as test compounds for the investigation of the imprinting effect. The close similarities between the structures of different isomers make it possible to interpret the roles of template structure on specific molecular recognition. A highly specific byproduct scavenger was prepared by simultaneously incorporating methacrylic acid and vinylpyridine as functional monomers. The binding selectivities of polymeric adsorbents for the α- and β-isomers are shown to be greatly enhanced by introducing enantiocomplementarities into the polymer matrixes. An anti-β-l,l-ZAPM polymer was applied in a solid-phase extraction protocol, for the purification of the product in the chemical synthesis of N-protected aspartame. Finally, polymer beads were also imprinted against β-l,l-ZAPM using suspension polymerization performed in perfluorocarbon fluid. The imprinted polymer beads displayed the same binding characteristics as the imprinted bulk polymer and can be envisaged for the use of product purification in chromatographic mode.
Metal-insulator crossover behavior at the surface of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">NiS</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> (2003)

We have performed a detailed high-resolution electron spectroscopic investigation of ${\mathrm{NiS}}_{2}$ and related Se-substituted compounds, ${\mathrm{NiS}}_{2\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Se}}_{x},$ which are known to be gapped insulators in the bulk at all temperatures. A large spectral weight at the Fermi energy of the room temperature spectrum, in conjunction with the extreme surface sensitivity of the experimental probe, however, suggests that the surface layer is metallic at about 300 K. Interestingly, the evolution of the spectral function with decreasing temperature is characterized by a continuous depletion of the single-particle spectral weight at the Fermi energy and the development of a gap-like structure below a characteristic temperature, providing evidence for a metal-insulator crossover behavior at the surfaces of ${\mathrm{NiS}}_{2}$ and of related compounds. These results provide a consistent description of the unusual transport properties observed in these systems.
Photonic Methods to Enhance Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy and Single Molecule Fluorescence Detection (2010)

Recent advances in nanophotonics open the way for promising applications towards efficient single molecule fluorescence analysis. In this review, we discuss how photonic methods bring innovative solutions for two essential questions: how to detect a single molecule in a highly concentrated solution, and how to enhance the faint optical signal emitted per molecule? The focus is set primarily on the widely used technique of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), yet the discussion can be extended to other single molecule detection methods.
Reporting neural activity with genetically encoded calcium indicators (2008)

Genetically encoded calcium indicators (GECIs), based on recombinant fluorescent proteins, have been engineered to observe calcium transients in living cells and organisms. Through observation of calcium, these indicators also report neural activity. We review progress in GECI construction and application, particularly toward in vivo monitoring of sparse action potentials (APs). We summarize the extrinsic and intrinsic factors that influence GECI performance. A simple model of GECI response to AP firing demonstrates the relative significance of these factors. We recommend a standardized protocol for evaluating GECIs in a physiologically relevant context. A potential method of simultaneous optical control and recording of neuronal circuits is presented.
Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease in Persian and Persian-cross Cats (1997)

A form of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) similar in clinical features to human ADPKD occurs in the Persian cat. We characterized the morphologic and immunohistochemical features of this disease in a colony of affected cats. Complete postmortem examinations were performed on 11 normal and 22 affected cats ranging in age from 3 months to 10 years. Kidneys were evaluated by gross and histologic examinations, ultrastructure, lectin staining, bromodeoxyuridine immunochemistry for labeling index and immunochemistry for distribution of Na/K ATPase. Feline ADPKD was characterized by variable numbers of cysts in the renal cortex and medullar. Ultrastructural examination and lectin staining suggested that cysts arose from proximal and distal nephron segments. Bromodeoxyuridine labeling demonstrated increased proliferation of epithelium lining some cysts in young cats. Immunohistochemical staining showed variable translocation of Na/K ATPase from the basolateral membranes of cyst-lining cells to the cytoplasm or luminal membranes. Cystic renal disease commonly was associated with chronic tubulointerstitial nephritis and hepatobiliary hyperplasia and fibrosis. Focal hyperplasia of renal tubular epithelium, hepatic cysts, and cardiac lesions were present in some cats. Feline ADPKD shares many morphologic and pathogenetic features with human ADPKD.
Interannular Communication in the Radical Anions of Bis-cyclooctatetraene Systems (2003)

[reaction: see text] The room-temperature potassium reduction of 1,2-bis-cyclooctatetraeneoxypropane yields two different regio-spin isomer anion radicals in equilibrium (COT-O-C(Me)HCH(2)CH(2)-O-COT(*)(-) = (*)(-)COT-O-C(Me)HCH(2)CH(2)-O-COT) that is shifted far to the right. The presence of the unreduced ring perturbs the spin density on the reduced ring. Addition of more electrons generates the diradical dianion ((*)(-)COT-O-C(Me)HCH(2)CH(2)-O-COT(*)(-)), and the anion radical on the secondary side splits the degeneracy of the psuedo-ortho protons of the anion radical on the primary side.
Upgrading Relational Databases with Objects (1996)

1. The Power of Relational Databases 2. The Expressiveness of Objects 3. Connecting Objects to Relational Databases 4. Data warehousing and OLAP: Extending the Relational Model 5. Object/Relational Database Hybrids 6. Object-Oriented Databases 7. Reusable and Distributed Objects 8. Sample Applications Using Objects 9. Running an Object-Oriented Project 10. Conclusion.
Sub-pixel accuracy motion estimation using linear approximate model of the error criterion function (2005)

Sub-pixel accuracy takes up a significant portion of the motion estimation with respect to the computational complexity of video coding. The error criterion function of motion estimation is well represented by a mathematical expression such as quadratic and linear model around the optimal point. Pre-computed error criterion values computed at full-pixel accuracy can be used to derive the motion vector and the error criterion values at sub-pixel accuracy. Based on a linear model function, explicit solutions of the motion vector and the error criterion values at sub-pixel accuracy are derived, which results in the dramatic reduction of computing complexity during the motion estimation process. In addition, a gradient based method is proposed and applied in search of the optimal point which improves further the motion estimation performance while the complexity increase remains negligible.
Reduction of Circulating Neutrophils Precedes and Accompanies Type 1 Diabetes (2013)

Human type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease associated with major histocompatibility complex polymorphisms, β-cell autoantibodies, and autoreactive T cells. However, there is increasing evidence that innate cells may also play critical roles in T1D. We aimed to monitor peripheral immune cells in early stages of T1D (i.e., in healthy autoantibody-positive subjects) and in more advanced phases of the disease (i.e., at disease onset and years after diagnosis). We found a mild but significant and reproducible peripheral neutropenia that both precedes and accompanies the onset of T1D. This reduction was not due to peripheral neutrophil cell death, impaired differentiation, or the presence of anti-neutrophil antibodies. Neutrophils were observed by electron microscopy and immunohistochemical analysis in the exocrine pancreas of multiorgan donors with T1D (both at onset and at later stages of the disease) and not in that of multiorgan donors with type 2 diabetes or nondiabetic donors. These pancreas-infiltrating neutrophils mainly localized at the level of very small blood vessels. Our findings suggest the existence of a hitherto unrecognized clinical phenotype that might reflect unexplored pathogenic pathways underlying T1D.
Biological effects of toosendanin, a triterpenoid extracted from Chinese traditional medicine (2007)

Toosendanin (TSN) is a triterpenoid extracted from Melia toosendan Sieb et Zucc, which was used as a digestive tract-parasiticide and agricultural insecticide in ancient China. TSN was demonstrated to be a selective presynaptic blocker and an effective antibotulismic agent. By interfering with neurotransmitter release through an initial facilitation followed by a subsequent depression, TSN eventually blocks synaptic transmission at both the neuro-muscular junction and central synapses. Despite sharing some similar actions with botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), TSN has a marked antibotulismic effect in vivo and in vitro. Studies suggest that the antibotulismic effect of TSN is achieved by preventing BoNT from approaching its enzymatic substrate, the SNARE protein. It is also found that TSN can induce differentiation and apoptosis in several cell lines, and suppress proliferation of various human cancer cells. TSN inhibits various K(+)-channels, selectively facilitates Ca(2+)-influx via L-type Ca(2+) channels and increases intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)). The TSN-induced [Ca(2+)](i) increase and overload could be responsible for the TSN-induced biphasic effect on transmitter release, cell differentiation, apoptosis as well as the cytoxicity of TSN.
A Fast-Recovery Algorithm for Scatternet Reformation in Bluetooth Networks (2007)

A Bluetooth ad hoc network can be formed by interconnecting piconets into scatternet. Many algorithms of scatternet formation have been proposed so far. However, these have a problem that takes a long time to reform scatternet, especially for the case of master moving out. In this paper we propose a Fast-Recovery algorithm. which aims at reducing the time of scatternet reformation owing to master moving out. In the algorithm, we select a slave with the weigh similar to its master as Sub-Master from a piconet device table created by the master When a master leaves its piconet is detected by its slaves, the Sub-Master becomes the new master of the piconet instead of the old and directly connect to other slaves and bridge(s) through piconet device table in page state.