gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-Modified Electrodes for Microfluidics Pumping with Redox-Magnetohydrodynamics: Improving Compatibility for Broader Applications by Eliminating Addition of Redox Species to Solution (2015)

A new approach using electrodes modified with poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) was implemented to perform redox-magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) microfluidics and eliminate the need to add redox species to solution, thus removing interferences with detection, sample, and reagents for lab-on-a-chip applications. This accomplishment not only retains the unique properties of redox-MHD pumping (i.e., programmable fluid speeds and flow patterns without the need for side walls, horizontal flat flow profiles, looping flow, no electrode corrosion, and no bubble formation), but also achieves a wider sustainable voltage range and currents that can be as much as 7+ times higher (and therefore correspondingly higher velocities) than in past studies involving unmodified electrodes and redox species in solution. PEDOT, a conducting polymer that has been shown to exhibit low cytotoxicity, was electropolymerized on microband gold electrodes (25 mm long ×103 μm wide). A cell (325 μL) with distant side walls was formed by placing a 620 μm thick poly(dimethylsiloxane), PDMS, gasket with an opening of 3.2 cm × 1.5 cm on the chip, and a glass slide lid prevented evaporation. A 0.37 T magnet under the chip generated a magnetic field perpendicular to the chip surface. The cell was filled with 0.095 M NaCl electrolyte containing 10 μm polystyrene beads to visualize and quantify fluid flow using optical video microscopy. Fluid speeds of 590 μm s(-1) were observed immediately after applying a potential step. A linear relationship between applied electronic current and fluid velocity was shown. Vertical flow profiles under applied current conditions were curved, with a weak parabolic fit.
Controlled expression of transgenes introduced by <i>in vivo</i> electroporation (2007)

In vivo electroporation is a powerful technique for the introduction of genes into organisms. Temporal and spatial regulation of expression of introduced genes, or of RNAi, would further enhance the utility of this method. Here we demonstrate conditional regulation of gene expression from electroporated plasmids in the postnatal rat retina and the embryonic mouse brain. For temporal regulation, Cre/loxP-mediated inducible expression vectors were used in combination with a vector expressing a conditionally active form of Cre recombinase, which is activated by 4-hydroxytamoxifen. Onset of gene expression was regulated by the timing of 4-hydroxytamoxifen administration. For spatial regulation, transgenes were expressed by using promoters specific for rod photoreceptors, bipolar cells, amacrine cells, Müller glia or progenitor cells. Combinations of these constructs will facilitate a variety of experiments, including cell-type-specific gene misexpression, conditional RNAi, and fate mapping of progenitor and precursor cells.
On the identification of a vortex (1995)

Considerable confusion surrounds the longstanding question of what constitutes a vortex, especially in a turbulent flow. This question, frequently misunderstood as academic, has recently acquired particular significance since coherent structures (CS) in turbulent flows are now commonly regarded as vortices. An objective definition of a vortex should permit the use of vortex dynamics concepts to educe CS, to explain formation and evolutionary dynamics of CS, to explore the role of CS in turbulence phenomena, and to develop viable turbulence models and control strategies for turbulence phenomena. We propose a definition of a vortex in an incompressible flow in terms of the eigenvalues of the symmetric tensor ${\bm {\cal S}}^2 + {\bm \Omega}^2$ ; here ${\bm {\cal S}}$ and ${\bm \Omega}$ are respectively the symmetric and antisymmetric parts of the velocity gradient tensor ${\bm \Delta}{\bm u}$ . This definition captures the pressure minimum in a plane perpendicular to the vortex axis at high Reynolds numbers, and also accurately defines vortex cores at low Reynolds numbers, unlike a pressure-minimum criterion. We compare our definition with prior schemes/definitions using exact and numerical solutions of the Euler and Navier–Stokes equations for a variety of laminar and turbulent flows. In contrast to definitions based on the positive second invariant of ${\bm \Delta}{\bm u}$ or the complex eigenvalues of ${\bm \Delta}{\bm u}$ , our definition accurately identifies the vortex core in flows where the vortex geometry is intuitively clear.
Preparation and Purification of Potassium Ferrate. VI (1951)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPreparation and Purification of Potassium Ferrate. VIG. W. Thompson, L. T. Ockerman, and J. M. SchreyerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951, 73, 3, 1379–1381Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1951Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1951https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01147a536https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01147a536research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2391Altmetric-Citations209LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Vip3C, a Novel Class of Vegetative Insecticidal Proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (2012)

Three vip3 genes were identified in two Bacillus thuringiensis Spanish collections. Sequence analysis revealed a novel Vip3 protein class (Vip3C). Preliminary bioassays of larvae from 10 different lepidopteran species indicated that Vip3Ca3 caused more than 70% mortality in four species after 10 days at 4 μg/cm(2).
Large-Scale Applications of Amide Coupling Reagents for the Synthesis of Pharmaceuticals (2015)

This review showcases various coupling reagents which have been implemented specifically for large-scale amide synthesis via the condensation of an acid and amine, while highlighting the benefits and drawbacks of each reagent on an industrial scale.
The DiskSim Simulation Environment Version 4.0 Reference Manual (2008)

DiskSim is an efficient, accurate and highly-configurable disk system simulator developed to support research into various aspects of storage subsystem architecture. It includes modules that simulate disks, intermediate controllers, buses, device drivers, request schedulers, disk block caches, and disk array data organizations. In particular, the disk drive module simulates modern disk drives in great detail and has been carefully validated against several production disks (with accuracy that exceeds any previously reported simulator). It also includes a MEMS-based storage device module. This manual describes how to configure and use DiskSim, which has been made publicly available with the hope of advancing the state-of-the-art in disk system performance evaluation in the research community. The manual also briefly describes DiskSim’s internal structure and various validation results. Keywords: storage system, disk simulator, disk modelContents
Performance analysis of a cache-coherent multiprocessor based on hierarchical multiple buses (2002)

An approximate performance model for a cache-based multiprocessor system interconnected through hierarchical buses is presented. The model constitutes a tree network of queues that contains both open and closed chains and captures the effects of both bus contention and cache/memory interference on the system performance. The cache coherence protocol used in the system is a simplified version of the write-once protocol. A general memory reference pattern is considered instead of uniform reference assumption. Numerical results obtained from the model show a good agreement with the simulation results. The model can be solved efficiently by using the mean value analysis (MVA) algorithm with little computational cost. It is shown that the proposed model can easily be used to study the sharing behavior of the system on the basis of the application environment.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Binding of Purified Collagen Receptors (α1β1, α2β1) and RGD‐Dependent Integrins to Laminins and Laminin Fragments (1994)

Integrins alpha 1 beta 1 and alpha 2 beta 1 when purified by collagen affinity chromatography, showed distinct binding to mouse tumor laminin-1, which has the chain composition alpha 1 beta 1 gamma 1. The binding was, however, about 10-fold lower than to collagen IV. Only little (alpha 1 beta 1) or no binding (alpha 2 beta 1) was observed to two different laminin isoforms (alpha 2 beta 1 gamma 1, alpha 2 beta 2 gamma 1) from human placenta. Binding to laminin-1 was abolished by EDTA and could be specifically inhibited by antibodies to the respective integrin alpha subunit. These antibodies also inhibited cell adhesion to collagens. The binding of soluble integrins was weaker than that of immobilized integrins but could be enhanced by an activating anti(beta 1 integrin). No enhancement was observed for immobilized integrins. Studies with laminin-1 fragments demonstrated lack of binding to the major cell-adhesive fragment E8 from the long arm, fragments E3 and E4, involved in heparin-binding and self-assembly, respectively, and fragment P1, corresponding to the inner segments of the short arms. A larger short-arm fragment (E1XNd), which lacks the N-terminal beta 1 chain domains V and VI, was as active as laminin. Together, these results, suggested the localization of the binding sites for alpha 1 beta 1 and alpha 2 beta 1 to the N-terminal region of the laminin alpha 1 chain. Fragment P1 but not intact laminin-1 bound to alpha V beta 3 integrin in an EDTA-sensitive and RGD-sensitive manner, underscoring previous data on the cryptic nature of the RGD site in laminin-1. Further analyses by surface plasmon resonance assays demonstrated a KD = 50 nM for alpha 2 beta 1/laminin-1 binding and a KD = 450 nM for alpha V beta 3/fragment P1 binding and confirmed the anti-beta 1-mediated increase in affinity for alpha 2 beta 1.
Specific Antibodies Reactive with the 22-Kilodalton Major Outer Surface Protein of <i>Borrelia anserina</i> Ni-NL Protect Chicks from Infection (1999)

An outer surface lipoprotein of 22 kDa was identified in the avian pathogen Borrelia anserina Ni-NL by using antibody preparations reactive with bacterial surface-exposed proteins. Amino acid sequence analysis of the 22-kDa protein demonstrated 90% identity with VmpA of B. turicatae, suggesting that the protein belongs to the family of 20-kDa outer surface proteins of the genus Borrelia. All of the 60 chicks intramuscularly treated with antibodies specifically reacting with the 22-kDa protein and infected with strain Ni-NL were completely protected from infection, since no spirochetemia was detected, and from death. Control chicks were treated with immune sera raised against apathogenic strain B. anserina Es, which expresses a prominent 20-kDa polypeptide that is also a member of the Vmp family but does not cross-react immunologically with the 22-kDa protein of the Ni-NL strain. These animals, infected with B. anserina Ni-NL, showed a high degree of spirochetemia 10 days after infection, and all died between 14 and 21 days after infection. The results showed that the 22-kDa surface protein of B. anserina Ni-NL is a determinant of the pathogenic potential of the strain and also confirmed that only strain-specific antibodies are protective against B. anserina infection.
Synthesis of Benzyl-, Allyl-, and Allenyl-boronates via Copper-Catalyzed Borylation of Alcohols (2017)

Alcohols are among the most abundant and readily available organic feedstocks in industrial processes. The direct catalytic functionalization of sp<sup>3</sup> C-O bonds of alcohols remains the main challenge in this field. Here, we report a copper-catalyzed synthesis of benzyl-, allyl-, and allenyl-boronates from benzylic, allylic, and propargylic alcohols, respectively. This protocol exhibits a broad reaction scope (40 examples) and high efficiency (up to 95% yield) under mild conditions, including for the preparation of secondary allylic boronates. Preliminarily mechanistic studies suggest that nucleophilic substitution is involved in this reaction.
Performance Analysis of a Load Balancing Hash-Join Algorithm for a Shared Memory Multiprocessor (1991)

Within the last several years, there has been a growing interest in applying general multiproces-sor systems to relational database query process-ing. Efficient parallel algorithms have been designed for the join operation but usually have a failing in that their performance deteriorates greatly when the data is nonuniform. In this paper, we propose a new version of the hash-based join algorithm that balances the load between the processors, for any given bucket, in a shared everything environment. We develop an analytical model of the cost of the algorithm and implement the algorithm on a shared memory multiprocessor machine. We also perform a number of experiments comparing our model with our empirical results. 1.
Phased array ultrasonic inspection of Friction Stir Weldments (2000)

Phased array ultrasonic inspection methods have been developed for the rapid inspection of Friction Stir Weldments (FSW) on Delta rocket cryogenic tanks. A comprehensive review was performed to identify NDE methods that are suitable for the detection of defects in this new welding process. The search included a review of traditional and advanced NDE methods that were capable of demonstrating both the sensitivity and inspection rates required for this examination. This paper will discuss the theory behind phased array techniques, fundamentals of several probe designs for FSW configurations, and the advantages of using phased arrays over conventional NDE methods for this applications.
Transparent file encryption technology and its application (2007)

This paper introduces the technology of transparent file encryption and how it works.Then It discusses the application of this technology.
Strategies for Regeneration and Repair in the Injured Central Nervous System (2007)

In this chapter we review the consequences of traumatic injury to the brain and spinal cord and the regenerative strategies that are being pursued to overcome the tissue degeneration that ensues. The chapter begins with a discussion of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of traumatic injury and is followed by a discussion of the challenges associated with promoting regeneration and limiting degeneration. Strategies for treatment are described including drug delivery, cell-based, and tissue engineering approaches aimed at achieving functional recovery after traumatic central nervous system (CNS) injury. The chapter concludes with an outlook on research dedicated to future treatment strategies.
SAVING SMOKERS FROM THEMSELVES: THE PATERNALISTIC USE OF CIGARETTE TAXES -- Coming Soon in Issue 3 (Final Print Version Forthcoming) (2012)

1.01 per pack, the state tax of $4.35 per pack, and the city tax of $1.50 per pack.The $2,500 figure assumes that the smoker actually buys her cigarettes in New York City.
Clustered Proppant Design Optimization Utilizing Advanced Geomechanics-Flow-Reservoir Modeling (2015)

Abstract Fracture potential of a formation is governed by its ability to create high quality/extensive fracture networks that can remain open during production and maintain conductivity. In permeability challenged reservoirs, overall success of the hydraulic fracture operation is measured by this fracture conductivity. Different techniques have been used to increase fracture conductivity by employing a variety of proppant placement strategies. One strategy is to involve alternating (i.e. pulsed) stages of proppant-containing fluids and proppant-free fluids to form heterogeneously distributed proppant clusters and highly conductive flow channels in between each cluster. If engineered accurately, proppant clusters can withstand closure stresses (reducing embedment or crush risk), and result in longer effective fracture length(s) with improved conductivity. While there are a number of approaches to modify or adjust treatment schedules to optimize clustered proppant placement, many of these suffer from a consideration of only one or two aspects of a fracturing operation. There is a need for a physics based integrated methodology which couples advanced flow and geomechanical models (with production analysis) to optimize engineering design and proppant placement. In this study, clustered proppant design optimization is demonstrated within the framework of an integrated geomechanics-flow-reservoir workflow. The workflow combines quick look analysis (i.e. candidate screening) with advanced computational models (i.e. geomechanical, flow and reservoir models). Candidate screening process utilizes response surface(s) to asses fracture closure risk for multiple well(s) or formation(s). Following the screening procedure, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) flow analysis, geomechanical and reservoir modelling are performed on specific well(s). These results are then used to (i) adjust treatment schedule, perforation geometry, pulse frequency, flow rate, drawdown, (ii) optimize proppant cluster transport/configuration within fractures, and (iii) quantify conductivity & production uplift from multiple scenarios. The formulated workflow indicates that clustered proppant placement design can be optimized, proppant configuration/transport can be customized and operational parameters can be adjusted to maximize production.
PARA′ (2010)

About a fortnight after our arrival at Pará there were several holidays, or “festas,” as they are called. Those of the “Espirito Santo” and the “Trinidade” lasted each nine days. The former was held at the cathedral, the latter at one of the smaller churches in the suburbs. The general character of these festas is the same, some being more celebrated and more attractive than others. They consist of fireworks every night before the church; Negro girls selling “doces,” or sweetmeats, cakes, and fruit; processions of saints and crucifixes; the church open, with regular services; kissing of images and relics; and a miscellaneous crowd of Negroes and Indians, all dressed in white, thoroughly enjoying the fun, and the women in all the glory of their massive gold chains and earrings. Besides these, a number of the higher classes and foreign residents grace the scene with their presence; showy processions are got up at the commencement and termination, and on the last evening a grand display of fireworks takes place, which is generally provided by some person who is chosen or volunteers to be “Juiz da festa,” or governor of the feast,—a rather expensive honour among people who, not content with an unlimited supply of rockets at night, amuse themselves by firing off great quantities during the day for the sake of the whiz and the bang that accompany them.
Comparison of the Biological Activities of High-Density Porous Polyethylene Implants and Oxidized Regenerated Cellulose-Wrapped Diced Cartilage Grafts (2003)

The use of alloplastic materials in plastic surgery has become more extensive with advancement of autogenous-tissue reconstruction techniques for the repair of defects, tissue augmentation, and the stabilization of bones. An ideal alloplastic material should be nonallergenic, noncarcinogenic, sterilizable, and easy to shape and should not cause rejection. Alloplastic material used for tissue augmentation should have a low rate of resorption and distortion. High-density porous polyethylene implants (Medpor) have been used widely and successfully for tissue augmentation. The Turkish Delight is a material composed of diced cartilage grafts wrapped in oxidized regenerated cellulose (Surgicel). Its indications are similar to those of the Medpor implant, and an additional donor site is usually not needed. Both materials are used in the same anatomical locations, especially for augmentation. Therefore, the authors evaluated the long-term stability of and suitable anatomical sites for these materials. Medpor implants or Turkish Delights were placed subperiosteally or subfascially in 10 young rabbits, and the resultant changes were evaluated 16 weeks after the operation by macroscopy and histopathology. Changes in projections were measured with an ocular micrometer. Medpor implants were neither resorbed nor distorted when placed subperiosteally or subfascially, and were highly stabilized by the surrounding tissues. Turkish Delight also enabled tissue augmentation, but had a significantly higher rate of resorption compared with the Medpor implant and was loosely bound to the surrounding tissue. The Turkish Delight was less resorbed and better fixed to adjacent tissues when placed subperiosteally than when placed subfascially.
Detection of 12 Respiratory Viruses with Two-set Multiplex Reverse Transcriptase-PCR Assay Using a Dual Priming Oligonucleotide System (2007)

DPO-based mRT-PCR was found as a sensitive tool for the detection of the viruses that cause childhood respiratory infections. Clinical significances of the agents detected by mRTPCR need further evaluations.
A preliminary study on photoaddition and erythema due to UVB radiation (1984)

The spectral irradiance of narrow band and broad spectrum radiation sources have been measured and the erythemally effective irradiance calculated by weighting the spectral irradiance of each source by an erythema action spectrum for human skin and integrating over the range of wavelengths in each spectrum. The ratio of the erythemally effective irradiances determined in this manner have been compared with the ratio of exposure times necessary to produce a delayed minimal perceptible erythema on the trunk skin of fair-skinned subjects irradiated with the two different sources. There was close agreement between the two ratios, supporting the notion of photoaddition applied to erythema elicited by UVB radiation.
Dynamic modeling of a lean NO/sub x/ trap for lean burn engine control (1999)

A control oriented dynamic model of the lean NO/sub x/ trap (LNT) behavior has been developed in SIMULINK/sup TM/. The model simulates the trapping and purging phenomena and includes the important parameters which affect the LNT behavior. These include the trap temperature, trapping and purging duration, air/fuel ratios and the mass flow rates of the exhaust gases. Engine dynamometer test data have been used to identify the model parameters and to validate the model structure. There is good agreement between the simulation results and test data. The model is suitable for control and fuel/emission tradeoff analysis.