gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Population Differences in Breast Cancer: Survey in Indigenous African Women Reveals Over-Representation of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer (2009)

These findings underscore the urgent need for research into the etiology and treatment of the aggressive molecular subtypes that disproportionately affect young women in the African diaspora.
Enumerative maximum-transition-run codes (2009)

A new class of maximum-transition-run (MTR) block codes is presented which is based on a novel enumerative encoding scheme to construct codes with predetermined j and k constraints. These MTR codes are a generalization of Fibonacci codes, and they share a similar optimality property: For a given length N, they contain the maximum number of length-N codewords satisfying the (j, k) constraint. Furthermore, by using a slight modification of the code construction, one obtains practical high-rate modulation codes with limited error propagation.
The Vif protein of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1): Enigmas and Solutions [General Articles] (2004)

HIV-1 and other complex retroviruses express six auxiliary genes in addition to the canonical retroviral genes, gag, pol and env. Vif (virion infectivity factor) protein is absolutely essential for productive HIV-1 infection of peripheral blood lymphocytes and macrophages, the two major HIV-1 target cells in vivo. However, Vif is not required for production of infectious particles in several human cell lines. In spite of the prominent phenotype of Vif mutations, the mechanism of its action remains unknown. During the last decade several models were suggested to explain the mechanism of Vif activity. One view holds that Vif is active in virions after budding or after entry into target cells during the early stages of HIV-1 replications. The second view places the action of Vif at the late stage of HIV-1 replication in virus producing cells, which affects the production of infectious virus. According to this view, Vif either compensates the cell factor required for production of infectious virus, or alternatively, it neutralizes a cell factor, which prevents the production of infectious particles in these cells. This review is addressed to summarize the models envisioned to explain Vif activities. The findings described here, that Vif interacts with viral and cellular components, elaborates the importance of Vif as a novel target for developing anti HIV-1 drugs.
Mass detectability in dedicated breast CT: A simulation study with the application of volume noise removal (2008)

Dedicated breast Computed Tomography (CT) is an emerging new technique for breast cancer imaging. Breast CT data can be acquired at a dose level as low as the conventional two-view mammography. Since the dose is equally split into hundreds of projection views, each projection image contains non-ignorable quantum noise. This study is aimed at investigating how volume noise removal affects the mass detectability in breast CT. A Partial Diffusion Equation (PDE) based denoising technique was applied before the reconstruction of either a simulated breast volume embedded with a contrast-detail mass phantom or a real human subject breast CT volume embedded with a simulated spherical mass. By applying a mathematical observer, it is found that the PDE volume noise removal technique improves the mass detectability in breast CT in a statistically significant sense.
Adaptive Enhancement Based On A Visual Model (1987)

The human visual system is capable of detecting and following the course of striated periodic patterns, even under adverse conditions of poor contrast and low signal-to-noise ratio. Sections of a striated pattern of subthreshold contrast may be detected easily if other parts of the same pattern have suprathreshold contrast. To simulate these capabilities of the visual system, an image processing algorithm was developed using basic "cells" that are well localized in both the space and spatial frequency domains. These band-limiting, orientation-sensitive "fan filters" are similar in their point spread functions to the two-dimensional Gabor functions commonly used to describe responses of visual cortical cells. These filters are used both to detect the orientation of the striated pattern in a small window and to enhance the image in that orientation. The search for local orientation is limited to a small range based on orientations found in neighboring, overlapping windows. The orientation of the maximally responding cell is used for the enhancement. Results of applying the adaptive directional enhancement to nerve fiber layer photographs, finger-prints, and seismic data are presented.
Performance of alamouti space-time code in time-varying channels with noisy channel estimates (2005)

In this paper, we derive the theoretical performance of the Alamouti space-time code in time-varying Rayleigh fading channels with noisy channel estimates. The receiver algorithms presented in this paper are the maximum-likelihood (ML) symbol detector with the linear combining scheme, which was suggested by Alamouti (1998), and the ML space-time decoder. The bit error probability for the linear combining scheme and the sequence error probability for the ML space-time decoder are presented as functions of the pilot filter coefficients, the multipath power profile, the normalized Doppler frequency, the pilot SNR and the data SNR. We also compare the bit error performance of the linear combining scheme with the bit error performance of the system without transmit diversity. The results indicate that the Alamouti space-time code with the linear combining scheme is outperformed by the no transmit diversity system at high Doppler frequency or low pilot SNR.
Software architecture of Integrated Modular Avionics software testing environment (2013)

Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA) software testing is critical for the quality of the IMA system. The software testing environment (STE) employed within the federated avionics is not suitable for the IMA software due to the increased complexity and dynamic reconfiguration in the highly integrated software architecture. It creates new challenges for the software testing and verification of the IMA system. This paper proposes a solution on the IMA STE. The software testing requirements (STR) are analysis based on the summarization of the IMA software architecture characteristics. An STE satisfying the STR with three-layered software architecture is proposed. Through the employment of the task-based testing simulation models and the testing blueprint, the two important concerns of the STE which are the real time testing data stimulation and collection and the dynamic testing configurations are appropriately resolved. It provides a practical approach to testing the IMA software. The applicability and correctness of the STE software architecture are validated based on a prototype system testing.
Calculation of child and adult standard liver volume for liver transplantation (1995)

Despite refinements in surgical techniques for liver transplantation, liver size disparity remains one of the most common problems in pediatric patients. Optimal liver graft size remains unknown and the volume of diseased liver in the recipient is not indicative of the volume (standard liver volume [LV]) optimal for the recipient's metabolic demands. To establish a formula for calculating the standard LV in the pediatric and adult populations for liver transplantation, whole LVs were measured using computed tomography (CT) in 96 patients (65 pediatric and 31 adolescent or adult subjects) with normal liver whose disease conditions did not seem to affect body weight (BW) or LV. In the 96 subjects, the ratio of estimated LV to BW decreased gradually as age increased until approximately 16 years, when it started to level off. On the other hand, there seemed to be a directly proportional relationship between the estimated LV in vivo and body surface area (BSA) (r = .981; r2 = .962; P < .0001) in the subjects as a whole, and the formula, LV (mL) = 706.2 x BSA (m2) + 2.4, was established from the measured data by simple regression analysis. Another predicting equation, LV (mL) = 2.223 x BW (kg)0.426 x body height (BH) (cm)0.682, was produced by multiple regression analysis (r2 = .969; P < .0001). Considering its simplicity of use, we adopted the first formula for predicting standard LV in an individual patient.
Key Technologies for Optical Packet Switching (2003)

The paper describes our recent progress on key technologies and components for realizing optical packet switching, including an out-of-band optical label switching technique, an optical packet synchronizer and a burst-mode optical receiver.
Persistent efficacy of abamectin and doramectin against gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle (1997)

There was no significant difference between abamectin and doramectin for any parasite at any challenge point, indicating that there is equivalent persistent activity of doramectin and abamectin against important gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle.
Reticulocyte Enumeration: Past & Present (2001)

After reading this article, the reader should be able to discuss the biology of the reticulocyte, list the present laboratory techniques of reticulocyte enumeration and the advantages/disadvantages of each technique, identify artifacts that can interfere with automated reticulocyte counts, discuss the recent technological advances on reticulocyte enumeration, and discuss the utilization of reticulocyte enumeration data in patients with anemia, chronic renal failure, bone marrow transplantation, and other clinical conditions. Hematology 0103 exam questions and corresponding answer form are located after the "Your Lab Focus" section, p 617. Erythrocyte formation and physiology Principles of manual and automated reticulocyte enumeration Factors influencing reticulocyte enumeration Etiology of reticulocytosis and reticulocytopenia Clinical interpretation of the reticulocyte count
Role of the acidity of the ketone in determining the mechanism of enolization via proton abstraction from ketone, carbinolamine, or imine. Catalysis of the enolization of 2,4-pentanedione and 3-methyl-2,4-pentanedione by oxyanions and by primary, secondary, and tertiary amines (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRole of the acidity of the ketone in determining the mechanism of enolization via proton abstraction from ketone, carbinolamine, or imine. Catalysis of the enolization of 2,4-pentanedione and 3-methyl-2,4-pentanedione by oxyanions and by primary, secondary, and tertiary aminesPaula Yurkanis BruiceCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 20, 7361–7368Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00176a041https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00176a041research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views427Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
X-Ray analyses of hybrid duplexes between antisense oligonucleotides containing 5-(N-aminohexyl)carbamoyl-2′-O-methyluridine and their target RNAs (2005)

Incorporation of 5-(N-aminohexyl)carbamoyl-2'-O-methyluridine ((N)Um) into oligonucleotides increases antisense properties such as RNA binding affinity, nuclease resistance and RNase H activity. The present X-ray studies on hybrid duplexes formed between antisense oligonucleotides containing (N)Um and their target RNAs have revealed the structural basis for such properties. The terminal ammonium groups of the aminohexyl chains interact with the phosphate oxygen anions. The 2'-O-methyl modification induces the ribose group to adopt the C3'-endo conformation. Comparisons with the structure of unmodified duplex show that the (N)Um incorporation narrows the minor grooves and alters their hydration structures. These structural changes are well correlated to the favorable properties for useful antisense molecules.
Reporter bacteriophage A511::<i>celB</i>transduces a hyperthermostable glycosidase from<i>Pyrococcus furiosus</i>for rapid and simple detection of viable Listeria cells (2011)

Reporter bacteriophages for detection of pathogenic bacteria offer fast and sensitive screening for live bacterial targets. We present a novel strategy employing a gene encoding a hyperthermophilic enzyme, permitting the use of various substrates and assay formats. The celB gene from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus specifying an extremely thermostable β-glycosidase was inserted into the genome of the broad host range, virulent Listeria phage A511 by homologous recombination. It is expressed at the end of the infectious cycle, under control of the strong major capsid gene promoter Pcps. Infection of Listeria with A511::celB results in strong gene expression and synthesis of a fully functional β-glycosidase. The reporter phage was tested for detection of viable Listeria cells with different chromogenic, fluorescent or chemiluminescent substrates. The best signal-to-noise ratio and sufficiently high sensitivity was obtained using the inexpensive substrate 4-Methylumbelliferyl-α-D-Glucopyranoside (MUG). The reporter phage assay is simple to perform and can be completed in about 6 h. Phage infection, as well as the subsequent temperature shift, enzymatic substrate conversion and signal recordings are independent from each other and may be performed separately. The detection limit for viable Listeria monocytogenes in an assay format adapted to 96-well microplates was 7.2 × 10(2) cells per well, corresponding to 6 × 10(3) cfu per ml in suspension. Application of the A511::celB protocol to Listeria in spiked chocolate milk and salmon demonstrate the usefulness of the reporter phage for rapid detection of low numbers of the bacteria (10 cfu/g or less) in contaminated foods.
Supercritical-Fluid Chromatography with Diode-Array Detection for Emerging Contaminants Determination in Water Samples. Method Validation and Estimation of the Uncertainty (2015)

Here we present a communication about the article “Salvatierra-Stamp VC, Ceballos-Magana SG, Gonzalez J, Ibarra-Galvan V, Muniz-Valencia R (2015) Analytical method development for the determination of emerging contaminants in water using supercritical-fluid chromatography coupled with diode-array detection. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 407:4219-4226”. In this paper, a selective, linear, accurate and precise supercritical-fluid chromatography coupled with diode-array detection method was developed and validated for the determination of seven emerging contaminants: two pharmaceuticals, three endocrine disruptors, one bactericide and one pesticide. The compounds were base-line separated in around 10 minutes. Also, the method involved a sample treatment optimization by means of C18-OH solid phase extraction cartridges. The developed method was validated. In this sense, the correlation coefficient and recovery was higher than 0.9997 and 94%, respectively. Limit of detection and quantification was in the range of 0.10-1.59 μg/L and 0.31-4.83 μg/L, respectively. The measurement uncertainty was evaluated using the top-down model considering six sources of uncertainty. For all compounds, the uncertainty associated with accuracy and linearity regression was the main contribution to the combined uncertainty. Expanded uncertainties for each compound in method analysis were lower than 10.8%. Finally the method was successfully applied to environmental water samples.
Dynamic hot-cold separation scheme on the log-structured file system for CE devices (2017)

Recently, many researchers have focused on the log-structured file system because its layout helps to enhance the performance of the consumer electronics (CE) devices that employ NAND flash storages as their main storage. In this paper, we present a novel hot-cold separation scheme that dynamically identifies the temperatures of blocks in the file system with a hint from the page cache. Our experimental results clearly show that our scheme reduces the number of copy operations by up to 6.1 times compared with the F2FS.
Passivation of p-n junction in crystalline silicon by amorphous silicon (1979)

Hydrogenated amorphous silicon, a-Si:H, is shown to be an excellent passivant for crystalline silicon (c-Si) p-n junctions. A two-orders-of-magnitude reduction in reverse leakage current from that of a typical thermal oxide passivated junction is obtained. This is achieved through a lowering of the interface state density by hydrogenation of the c-Si surface. Superior bias-temperature stability of the passivated junctions also is observed. There is evidence that the hydrogen in the bulk of the a-Si:H can act as a hydrogen reservoir for rehydrogenation of the interface between c-Si and a-Si:H. Thermal stability of the a-Si:H is adequate for temperatures up to 500°C for 30 min, which is sufficient for most device-processing requirements. Above 550°C, significant dehydrogenation from both the interface and the bulk a-Si:H regions and an increase in leakage are observed. The passivation properties were assessed through studies of the current-voltage and current-temperature characteristics of the p-n junctions.
Cell-Penetrating Peptides: Design Strategies beyond Primary Structure and Amphipathicity (2017)

Efficient intracellular drug delivery and target specificity are often hampered by the presence of biological barriers. Thus, compounds that efficiently cross cell membranes are the key to improving the therapeutic value and on-target specificity of non-permeable drugs. The discovery of cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) and the early design approaches through mimicking the natural penetration domains used by viruses have led to greater efficiency of intracellular delivery. Following these nature-inspired examples, a number of rationally designed CPPs has been developed. In this review, a variety of CPP designs will be described, including linear and flexible, positively charged and often amphipathic CPPs, and more rigid versions comprising cyclic, stapled, or dimeric and/or multivalent, self-assembled peptides or peptido-mimetics. The application of distinct design strategies to known physico-chemical properties of CPPs offers the opportunity to improve their penetration efficiency and/or internalization kinetics. This led to increased design complexity of new CPPs that does not always result in greater CPP activity. Therefore, the transition of CPPs to a clinical setting remains a challenge also due to the concomitant involvement of various internalization routes and heterogeneity of cells used in the in vitro studies.
[Plasma LH-RH levels in normal men and women with increasing age, in women with castration, climacteric syndrome, also in pregnancy, delivery and puerperium]. (1982)

In order to further clarify hypothalamic function, plasma LH-RH was measured by a sensitive radioimmunoassay in normal men and women with increasing age, in women with castration, climacteric syndrome, also in pregnancy, deliver, and puerperium. The following results were obtained: 1) Plasma LH-RH levels were the same in the follicular and luteal phases of adult and premenopausal women, and a gradual increase was noted through the premenopausal period. It had the highest peak in the group within one year after menopause, followed thereafter by a gradual decline throughout the senile period but still remaining higher than that in the adult period. 2) There was no change in plasma LH-RH in men between ages 22 and 55, but a slight increase was found over age 56. 3) There was a high plasma LH-RH peak in the first day after bilateral oophorectomy both in pre- and post-menopausal women. A slight increase was found postoperatively in the premenopausal but not in the postmenopausal group. 4) There was a low plasma LH-RH level in both pre- and post-menopausal women with climacteric syndromes. 5) There was a low plasma LH-RH level through 9-39 weeks of gestation and during labor, it became a little higher at one month postpartum than in non-pregnant women.
Number of metastatic sites is a strong predictor of survival in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer with or without brain metastases (2009)

Staging of NSCLC and clinical trial patient stratification should include quantitation of tumor burden. The prognostic impact of brain metastases is small and partly dependent on tumor volume, which indicates the need for aggressive therapy for patients with NSCLC brain metastasis and their inclusion in clinical trials.
Damage characterization using guided- wave linear arrays and image compounding techniques (2010)

In this work, a high-resolution imaging method for the inspection of isotropic plate-like structures using linear arrays and Lamb waves is proposed. The evaluation of these components is limited by the low dynamic range resulting from main lobe and side lobe field patterns, and from the narrowband nature of the Lamb waves. Based on a full matrix array, synthetic aperture technique using all emitter-receiver combinations, different images from the same object are obtained by using different apodization coefficients, which are related to a trade-off between main lobe width and relative side lobe level. Several image compounding strategies have been tested and a new algorithm, based on apodization and polarity diversities between signals, is proposed. However, some effects, such as the dead zone close to the array and reverberations caused by interactions of the wavefront and defects, still limit the quality of the images. The use of spatial diversity, obtained by an additional array, introduces complementary information about the defects and improves the results of the proposed algorithm, producing high-resolution, high-contrast images. Experimental results are shown for a 1-mm-thick isotropic aluminum plate with artificial defects using linear arrays formed by 30 piezoelectric elements, with the low dispersion symmetric mode S0 at the frequency of 330 kHz.
Microfluidic fabrication of SERS-active microspheres for molecular detection (2010)

In this paper, we demonstrated a microfluidic system for fabricating microspheres with hierarchical surface nanopatterns for molecular detection based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). Briefly, a photocurable silica suspension was emulsified into monodisperse droplets using a microfluidic device composed of two coaxial glass capillaries. The silica particles in each droplet protruded through the interface and spontaneously formed a hexagonal array. After polymerization of the droplets, we selectively decorated the exposed areas of the silica particles with silver nanoparticles through electroless deposition. The resulting hierarchically-structured microspheres showed high sensitivity and fast binding kinetics in molecular detection based on SERS, owing to the dense array of hot spots on each microsphere and high mobility of the microspheres, respectively. Notably, the SERS signals from molecules adsorbed on the microspheres could be detected in both the dried and suspension states. In addition, we demonstrated that the SERS-active microspheres can be functionalized into structural colored or magnetoresponsive microspheres for advanced applications.