gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nonspecular x-ray scattering in a multilayer-coated imaging system (1998)

We present a rigorous theoretical treatment of nonspecular x-ray scattering in a distributed imaging system consisting of multilayer-coated reflective optics. The scattering from each optical surface is obtained using a vector scattering theory that incorporates a thin film growth model to provide a realistic description of the interfacial roughness of the multilayer coatings. The theory is validated by comparing calculations based on measured roughness to experimental measurements of nonspecular scattering from a Mo–Si multilayer coating. The propagation of the scattered radiation through the optical system is described in the context of transfer function theory. We find that the effect of nonspecular scattering is to convolve the image with a point spread function that is independent of the coherence of the object illumination. For a typical soft x-ray imaging system, the scattering within the image field from the multilayer coatings is expected to be slightly greater than for single surfaces (as normalized to the reflectivity). This is because the roughness of the coatings includes both replication of the substrate roughness and the intrinsic roughness of the multilayer growth process. Our analysis indicates that the current multilayer coating technology is capable of producing soft x-ray imaging systems that have acceptably low levels of scattering, provided that the optical substrates are sufficiently smooth.
Fabrication of extremely narrow metal wires (2000)

A robust technique for fabrication of metal wires with controlled widths substantially below 10 nm is presented. By etching a cleaved molecular-beam epitaxy grown substrate, a mechanical template is produced with surface relief of atomic lateral definition. Using metal deposition and directional ion etching of such a substrate, electrically continuous wires are formed from AuPd alloy with diameters as small as 3 nm and lengths greater than 1 μm. This technique can be used with a variety of materials and makes metallic nanostructures on a previously inaccessible size scale.
Privacy Implications of Automated GPS Tracking and Profiling (2010)

The automobile has gradually evolved from an analog machine with mostly mechanical and hydraulic components to an electronic system with a growing number of computer-based systems. Within this "smart car" revolution, GPS vehicle navigation has attracted significant attention. There are efforts underway to use GPS vehicle navigation infrastructure for additional value-added services, for instance, mobility pricing of insurance infrastructure-less electronic toll collection, and GPS enabled parking fee collection. This article aims to raise awareness about privacy issues created as a result of GPS-based surveillance by conducting an experiment involving collecting positional data from a number of volunteers. A software protocol is implemented that takes this GPS data as input and generates a range of personal information about the individual including their home addresses, and social and work activities.
MM-wave short range outdoor links with phased arrays (2014)

In this paper we evaluate the feasibility of short range outdoor mm-wave links in the 70 GHz portion of the E-band (71–76 GHz). We use phased arrays in order to strongly reduce the impact of the multipath components, thus making the channel mainly line-of-sight (LOS). We design the phased array using a simple patch as a single element, and we test the performances for a 200 m link. We also show that the beamforming capabilities make the design much more flexible than single reflector antenna systems. In the last part of the paper, we verify that our antenna can also operate in rainy conditions and longer ranges.
Generalized S transform (2002)

The generalized S transform (GST), a family of reversible integer-to-integer transforms inspired by the S transform, is proposed. This family of transforms is then studied in detail by considering topics such as GST parameter calculation, the effects of using different rounding operators in the GST, and the relationship between the GST and the lifting scheme. Some examples of specific transforms in the GST family are also given. In particular, a new transform in this family is introduced, and its practical utility is demonstrated.
Electromagnetic interference: a tutorial (2002)

The treatment of electromagnetic interference (EMI) problems is perceived by many engineers as a generally unscientific, hit or miss, procedure. The intent of this tutorial is to present a practical, understandable, and straightforward approach to solving interference problems. The paper will address the concepts of circuit-to-world mutual isolation and effective energy-blocking boundaries between equipment and environment, and will cover in some detail problem detection, problem analysis, and possible problem. The emphasis will be on electromagnetic compatibility between equipment and its environment, including neighboring equipment and EMI test specification limits, in a cost-effective manner with reasonable margins of safety. The need to analyze a problem before attempting to solve it will be stressed. Common fix methods will be discussed, including grounding, bonding, filtering, and shielding. Common mistakes will be discussed. Both "rules of thumb" and simple, but helpful, equations will be listed. The EMI implications of ever increasing digital computer clock speeds and lowered logic voltages on future emissions and susceptibility fix methods will be presented. The author has extensive professional experience in aerospace and military EMI control (since 1973), yet the concepts presented in the paper are equally applicable to medical, and industrial Specification limits, test methods, and allowed fixes in these diverse fields vary, but the physical laws involved are identical.
Establishing Metrics for Assessing the Performance of Directional Modulation Systems (2014)

In this paper, metrics for assessing the performance of directional modulation (DM) physical-layer secure wireless systems are discussed. In the paper DM systems are shown to be categorized as static or dynamic. The behavior of each type of system is discussed for QPSK modulation. Besides EVM-like and bit error rate (BER) metrics, secrecy rate as used in information theory community is also derived for the purpose of this QPSK DM system evaluation.
Phase noise and jitter reduction by optical feedback on passively mode-locked quantum-dot lasers (2013)

The noise properties of the pulse trains of passively mode-locked 40 GHz quantum-dot lasers subject to optical feedback are investigated in detail. Five different feedback regimes are discovered and the clearly identified regime of resonant optical feedback is further examined. The feedback parameters yielding minimum phase noise are determined. Here, the radio-frequency (RF)-line-width is reduced from its original value by 99% to 1.9 kHz. The corresponding pulse-to pulse jitter of 23 fs is a record low value for passively mode-locked 40 GHz quantum-dot lasers.
Effects of SB-269970, a 5-HT7 receptor antagonist, in mouse models predictive of antipsychotic-like activity (2008)

5-HT7 receptors have been linked to a number of psychiatric disorders including anxiety and depression. The localization of 5-HT7 receptors in the thalamus, a key sensory processing center, and the high affinity of many atypical antipsychotic compounds for these receptors have led to the speculation of the utility of 5-HT7 antagonists in schizophrenia. The goal of these studies was to examine the effects of pharmacologic blockade and genetic ablation of 5-HT7 receptors in animal models predictive of antipsychotic-like activity. We evaluated the effects of SB-269970, a selective 5-HT7 receptor antagonist, on amphetamine and ketamine-induced hyperactivity and prepulse inhibition (PPI) deficits. In addition, sensorimotor gating function and locomotor activity were evaluated in 5-HT7 knockout mice. Locomotor activity was measured for up to 180 min using an automated infrared photobeam system, and PPI was evaluated in startle chambers. SB-269970 (3, 10 and 30 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) significantly blocked amphetamine [3 mg/kg, subcutaneously (s.c.)] and ketamine (30 mg/kg, s.c.)-induced hyperactivity and reversed amphetamine (10 mg/kg, s.c.)-induced but not ketamine (30 mg/kg, s.c.)-induced PPI deficits, without changing spontaneous locomotor activity and startle amplitude. The largest dose of SB-269970 did not block the effects of amphetamine in 5-HT7 knockout mice. Collectively, these results indicate that blockade of 5-HT7 receptors partially modulates glutamatergic and dopaminergic function and could be clinically useful for the treatment of positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
Development of energy efficient membrane distillation systems (2013)

Membrane distillation (MD) has shown potential as a means of desalination and water purification.As a thermally driven membrane technology which runs at relatively low pressure, which can withstand high salinity feed streams, and which is potentially more resistant to fouling, MD could be used for desalination where reverse osmosis is inadequate.The use of thermal energy, and the ease of construction at small scale, makes this technology attractive for off-grid or renewable power applications as well.However, most research on MD has focused on maximizing purified water output per unit of membrane area as opposed to minimizing system energy consumption and cost.Current MD systems suffer from poor energy efficiency, with reported performance rarely exceeding that of a simple solar still.This thesis explores means to optimize the design of MD for energy efficiency to make it competitive with existing thermal desalination systems, with particular focus on the Air Gap Membrane Distillation (AGMD) configuration.A detailed ID numerical model to explore the effect of design parameters on energy efficiency was developed.Means to enhance energy recovery from hot discharge brine without additional brine concentration, and reduce diffusion resistance by means of reducing pressure in the air gap were explored.A novel configuration delivering solar flux directly to the membrane, and multi-stage, multi-pressure configurations comparable to MSF were also developed.A parameter to relate the performance of a benchscale experiment with similar membrane and gap size to a production system was developed and validated.Small scale experiments were conducted to verify performance for the novel solar powered configuration, reduced gap pressure, and capturing energy from hot discharge brine.Experiments demonstrated the efficacy of a solar absorbing membrane to provide heat to the cycle, and established a benefit of deforming the membrane
Identification of a Polymeric Ig Receptor Binding Phage-displayed Peptide That Exploits Epithelial Transcytosis without Dimeric IgA Competition (2006)

The polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR), also called membrane secretory component (SC), mediates epithelial transcytosis of polymeric immunoglobulins (pIgs). J Chain-containing polymeric IgA (pIgA) and pentameric IgM bind pIgR at the basolateral epithelial surface. After transcytosis, the extracellular portion of the pIgR is cleaved at the apical side, either complexed with pIgs as bound SC or unoccupied as free SC. This transport pathway may be exploited to target bioactive molecules to the mucosal surface. To identify small peptide motifs with specific affinity to human pIgR, we used purified free SC and selection from randomized, cysteine-flanked 6- and 9-mer phage-display libraries. One of the selected phages, called C9A, displaying the peptide CVVWMGFQQVC, showed binding both to human free SC and SC complexed with pIgs. However, the pneumococcal surface protein SpsA (Streptococcus pneumoniae secretory IgA-binding protein), which binds human SC at a site distinct from the pIg binding site, competed with the C9A phage for binding to SC. The C9A phage showed greatly increased transport through polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney cells transfected with human pIgR. This transport was not affected by pIgA nor did it inhibit pIgR-mediated pIgA transcytosis. A free peptide of identical amino acid sequence as that displayed by the C9A phage inhibited phage interaction with SC. This implied that the C9A peptide sequence may be exploited for pIgR-mediated epithelial transport without interfering with secretory immunity.
A distance spectrum estimation method of turbo codes (2008)

This study shows a new algorithm for distance spectrum (DS) estimation of turbo codes. We propose fundamental error event whose intervals of the consecutive two non zero inputs are less than the fundamental period. The DS is recursively estimated by some consecutive zero inputs with length of the fundamental period and the combination of fundamental error events. The proposed method also reduces the complexity of the calculation of codeword weight by looking up the tables of the number of weights and state transition instead of traversing over the trellis diagram.
Laser surgery in enclosed spaces: A review (1985)

We describe the results of experiments carried out in the arteries of dogs, rabbits, guinea pigs, and humans, normal or atheromatous, calcified, or not, with the application of the argon and CO2 laser, in vitro or in vivo, directly or indirectly. Similarly, we present the results of laser effects when radiation is delivered through a special catheter with the purpose of producing aortic insufficiency, opening pulmonary valvular stenosis, desobstructing carotid and coronary obstruction induced in dogs as well as atheromatous obstructions in human amputated legs. Arterial wall perforation was present in 50% of all cases. We suggest four options in order to diminish this adverse result: (1) the use of coherent optical bundles which will allow the proper guiding of the laser beam, (2) the construction of a special catheter for proper handling of the laser-carrying fiber, (3) a combination of optical and computer programs which will aid to identify calcified regions, and (4) the use of dyes which will be strongly and selectively absorbed by the atheromas and which will thus allow their destruction at low laser powers.
A low-voltage CMOS op amp with a rail-to-rail constant-g/sub m/ input stage and a class AB rail-to-rail output stage (2002)

A low-voltage two-stage operational amplifier (op-amp) is presented. The op-amp features rail-to-rail operation and has an input stage with a constant transconductance (g/sub m/) over the entire common-mode input range. The input stage consists of an n- and a p-MOS differential pair connected in parallel. The constant g/sub m/ is accomplished by regulating the tail-currents with the aid of an MOS translinear (MTL) circuit. The resulting g/sub m/ is constant within 5%. The common-source output stage employs a feedback circuit which also contains an MTL circuit. This feedback circuit ensures class AB operation and prevents the transistors in the output stage from cutting off. The op-amp isi realized in a semi-custom CMOS process with minimum channel lengths of 10/spl mu/m. Simulations show that the minimum supply voltage is less than 2.5 V. A unity gain bandwidth of 550 kHz and a DC voltage gain larger than 80 dB are feasible. The input range exceeds the supply rails, whereas the output range reaches the rails within 130 mV.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Optimizing layout of obstacles for enhanced mixing in microchannels (2002)

To improve mixing, obstacles have been placed in the channel to try to disrupt flow and reduce the diffusion path. The disruption to flow velocity field alters the flow direction from one fluid to another. In this way, convection may occur to enhance the mixing. Ideally, properly designed geometric parameters, such as layout and number of obstacles, improve the mixing performance without increasing the pressure drop. In this work, CoventorWareTM, a commercial computational fluid dynamics tool for microfluidics was used to study the mixing of two liquids in a 'Y' channel. The results indicate that asymmetric layout of the obstacle has more effect on the mixing than the number of obstacles. Placing obstacles in the microchannels is a novel method for mixing in microfluidic devices, and the results can provide useful information in the design of these devices.
Brewer's yeast efficiently degrades phytate phosphorus in a corn‐soybean meal diet during soaking treatment (2009)

Microbes such as yeast and Aspergillus are known to produce phytase, and Aspergillus phytase has been used as a feed additive for improving phytate-phosphorus bioavailability in monogastric animals. We measured phytase activity in some by-products from fermented food and beverage productions by yeast and Aspergillus. The phytase activity was as high as 3577 and 2225 PU/kg DM in raw and dried brewer's yeasts, respectively. On the other hand, the phytase activity was approximately 400 PU/kg DM in white-wine yeast and red-wine yeast. The phytase activity was further low in natto (fermented soybean) residue, soy sauce cake, rice brewer's grain and the activity was not detected in dried corn-barley distiller's grain with soluble and sweet-potato distiller's residue. The stability of phytase against pepsin was much lower in the brewer's yeast than in an Aspergillus phytase preparation. On the other hand, the addition of raw brewer's yeast effectively degraded phytate phosphorus in a corn-soybean meal diet during soaking. These results suggest that phytase in the examined by-products is not suitable for the phytase source of conventional diets, but that the soaking treatment with a raw brewer's yeast is an alternative method for improving phytate-phosphorus bioavailability in corn-soybean meal diets for pigs.
RERBEE: Robust Efficient Registration via Bifurcations and Elongated Elements Applied to Retinal Fluorescein Angiogram Sequences (2011)

We present RERBEE (robust efficient registration via bifurcations and elongated elements), a novel feature-based registration algorithm able to correct local deformations in high-resolution ultra-wide field-of-view (UWFV) fluorescein angiogram (FA) sequences of the retina. The algorithm is able to cope with peripheral blurring, severe occlusions, presence of retinal pathologies and the change of image content due to the perfusion of the fluorescein dye in time. We have used the computational power of a graphics processor to increase the performance of the most computationally expensive parts of the algorithm by a factor of over × 1300, enabling the algorithm to register a pair of 3900 × 3072 UWFV FA images in 5-10 min instead of the 5-7 h required using only the CPU. We demonstrate accurate results on real data with 267 image pairs from a total of 277 (96.4%) graded as correctly registered by a clinician and 10 (3.6%) graded as correctly registered with minor errors but usable for clinical purposes. Quantitative comparison with state-of-the-art intensity-based and feature-based registration methods using synthetic data is also reported. We also show some potential usage of a correctly aligned sequence for vein/artery discrimination and automatic lesion detection.
Recent Patents on Non-Contact Electrodes for Measuring EEG and EKG (2013)

At present, electroencephalogram (EEG) and electrocardiogram (EKG) recording requires contact electrodes that are inconvenient and time-consuming to apply. Emerging technology based on non-contact electrodes may alter the way such data are gathered in clinical, field and research settings. A number of investigators have demonstrated that clinical- grade EKG and EEG tracings can be obtained using electrodes that make no direct contact with the body. Using noncontact electrodes, an EKG can be taken from outside a person’s clothing. The data can be transmitted wirelessly and stored in a cell phone. This technology is the basis of a number of patents and patents pending. It may also lead to new devices such as a whole body electromagnetic scanner, with potential applications in medicine, anthropology, agriculture, geophysics and nutrition.
A novel stereo camera system by a biprism (2000)

We propose a novel and practical stereo camera system that uses only one camera and a biprism placed in front of the camera. The equivalent of a stereo pair of images is formed as the left and right halves of a single charge coupled device (CCD) image using a biprism. The system is therefore cheap and extremely easy to calibrate since it requires only one CCD camera. An additional advantage of the geometrical setup is that corresponding features lie on the same scanline automatically. The single camera and biprism have led to a simple stereo system for which correspondence is very easy and accurate for nearby objects in a small field of view. Since we use only a single lens, calibration of the system is greatly simplified. Given the parameters in the biprism-stereo camera system, we can reconstruct the three-dimensional structure using only the disparity between the corresponding points.
Using SCHC for an optimized protocol stack in multimodal LPWAN solutions (2019)

Low Power Wide Area Networks (LPWANs) are formed out of cheap, small, interconnected devices which operate in the sub-GHz domain. The last couple of years, many communication technologies arose in this domain, each with its own characteristics. In order to satisfy more diverse requirements, devices are now equipped with multiple LPWAN radio technologies, which requires the use of a unified protocol stack independent of the underlying LPWAN technology. With its 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">128</sup> addresses available and its ability to operate over different link layer technologies, the IPv6 protocol stack would be the ideal candidate. However, many LPWAN configurations do not allow standardized IP/UDP communication, sometimes acquiring more header overhead than there is room for the actual payload. Recently, a new initiative to directly connect constrained devices over IP was initiated by the LPWAN working group of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). This work resulted in the Static Context Header Compression or SCHC mechanism. This header compression mechanism is able to compress the overhead of these internet protocols up to 95%. In order to comply with the IPv6 Maximum Transfer Unit (MTU) of 1280 bytes, a fragmentation mechanism is also included. In this work, we validate the benefits of using SCHC for multimodal LPWAN solutions and show its implementation feasibility on such constrained devices.
Impaired renal autoregulatory ability in dogs with reduced renal mass. (1995)

In normal dogs, the renal autoregulatory mechanism limits the effect of changes in renal arterial pressure (RAP) on RBF, renal outer cortical blood flow (OCBF), and GFR by adjusting the vascular tone of the preglomerular arterioles. To determine the extent to which autoregulatory ability was impaired in remnant renal tissue in dogs, the effects of variations in RAP on RBF, OCBF, and GFR were studied after sham-operation (Group 1; N = 5), 3/4 nephrectomy (Group 2; N = 5), or 7/8 nephrectomy (Group 3; N = 5). In Group 1, the RBF, OCBF, and GFR were not significantly affected by variations in RAP between 75 and 125 mm Hg, indicating intact renal autoregulatory ability. In contrast, both groups of partially nephrectomized dogs exhibited a loss of renal autoregulatory ability below 100 mm Hg (P < 0.05). As RAP rose above 100 mm Hg, dogs with 7/8 nephrectomy exhibited a greater increase than control dogs in RBF (0.586 +/- 0.211 versus -0.080 +/- 0.030 percent change in RBF/mm Hg change in RAP; P < 0.05), OCBF (0.408 +/- 0.157 versus -0.059 +/- 0.054 percent change in RBF/mm Hg change in RAP; P < 0.05), and GFR (0.784 +/- 0.230 versus 0.134 +/- 0.049 percent change in RBF/mm Hg change in RAP; P < 0.05). The ability of the renal vasculature to maintain renal function stable above 100 mm Hg was intermediate in Group 2 and not significantly different from corresponding values for Group 1.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)