gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Differential Biological and Adjuvant Activities of Cholera Toxin and<i>Escherichia coli</i>Heat-Labile Enterotoxin Hybrids (2001)

Two bacterial products that have been demonstrated to function as mucosal adjuvants are cholera toxin (CT), produced by various strains of Vibrio cholerae, and the heat-labile enterotoxin (LT) produced by some enterotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli. Although LT and CT have many features in common, they are clearly distinct molecules with biochemical and immunologic differences which make them unique. The goal of this study was to determine the basis for these biological differences by constructing and characterizing chimeric CT-LT molecules. Toxin gene fragments were subcloned to create two constructs, each expressing the enzymatically active A subunit of one toxin and the receptor binding B subunit of the other toxin. These hybrid toxins were purified, and the composition and assembly of CT A subunit (CT-A)-LT B subunit (LT-B) and LT A subunit (LT-A)-CT B subunit (CT-B) were confirmed. Hybrids were evaluated for enzymatic activity, as measured by the accumulation of cyclic AMP in Caco-2 cells, and the enterotoxicity of each toxin was assessed in a patent-mouse assay. The results demonstrated that LT-A-CT-B induces the accumulation of lower levels of cyclic AMP and has less enterotoxicity than either wild-type toxin or the other hybrid. Nonetheless, this hybrid retains adjuvant activity equivalent to or greater than that of either wild-type toxin or the other hybrid when used in conjunction with tetanus toxoid for intranasal immunization of BALB/c mice. Importantly, the ability of LT to induce a type 1 cytokine response was found to be a function of LT-A. Specifically, LT-A-CT-B was able to augment the levels of antigen-specific gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) and interleukin 5 to levels comparable to those achieved with native LT, while CT-A-LT-B and native CT both produced lower levels of antigen-specific IFN-gamma. Thus, these toxin hybrids possess unique biological characteristics and provide information about the basis for differences in the biological activities observed for CT and LT.
Interference Aware-Coordinated Beamforming in a Multi-Cell System (2012)

In this paper, we propose jointly optimized linear transceiver algorithms called interference aware-coordinated beamforming (IA-CBF) for a two-cell system where each base station is equipped with multiple transmit antennas. To generalize IA-CBF to more than two-cell scenarios, a new beam-switching mechanism combined with IA-CBF is proposed. For a two-cell system, we derive a minimum-mean-square-error-type IA-CBF algorithm based on a lower bound on the achievable sum rate. We propose optimal (under an assumption of zero other-cell interference) and suboptimal transmit/receive beamforming vectors through zero-forcing IA-CBF algorithms. We also investigate the optimality of the proposed IA-CBF algorithms with respect to the number of receive antennas. Numerical results confirm that the proposed system with two transmit/receive antennas achieves the full degrees of freedom (a.k.a. multiplexing gain) of the two-cell multiple-input multiple-output channel while showing a better sum rate performance than competitive solutions such as non-cooperative eigen-beamforming and interference nulling. A three-dimensional ray tracing tool is also used to evaluate the proposed multi-cell IA-CBF algorithm.
A DFT technique for analog-to-digital converters with digital correction (2002)

Pipeline or sub-ranging architectures enable the implementation of high-speed, low-power and high-resolution Analog-to-Digital Converters (ADCs). It is usual in these architectures to include digital correction to reduce the sensitivity to certain component nonlinearities, such as comparator offsets and settling errors. However, digital correction makes difficult the detection of defective operation because some errors could not be revealed in the output code under nominal test conditions but could appear when operation conditions change. This paper presents a Design-for-Testability (DFT) technique for concurrent error detection in digitally-corrected pipelined ADCs. The approach is based on hardware redundancy, requiring an additional sub-DAC, a window comparator and some control logic. The effectiveness of the technique has been evaluated by means of fault simulations in a switched-capacitor 10-bit ADC application example.
Identification of an Active Acidic Residue in the Catalytic Site of β-Hexosaminidase (1996)

Human beta-hexosaminidases A and B (EC 3.2.1.52) are dimeric lysosomal glycosidases composed of evolutionarily related alpha and/or beta subunits. Both isozymes hydrolyze terminal beta-linked GalNAc or GlcNAc residues from numerous artificial and natural substrates; however, in vivo GM2 ganglioside is a substrate for only the heterodimeric A isozyme. Thus, mutations in either gene encoding its alpha or beta subunits can result in GM2 ganglioside storage and Tay-Sachs or Sandhoff disease, respectively. All glycosyl hydrolases ae believed to have one or more acidic residues in their catalytic site. We demonstrate that incubation of hexosaminidase with a chemical modifier specific for carboxyl side chains produces a time-dependent loss of activity, and that this effect can be blocked by the inclusion of a strong competitive inhibitor in the reaction mix. We hypothesized that the catalytic acid residue(s) should be located in a region of overall homology and be invariant within the aligned deduced primary sequences of the human alpha and beta subunits, as well as hexosaminidases from other species, including bacteria. Such a region is encoded by exons 5-6 of the HEXA and HEXB genes. This region includes beta Arg211 (invariant in 15 sequences), which we have previously shown to be an active residue. This region also contains two invariant and one conserved acidic residues. A fourth acidic residue, Asp alpha 258, beta 290, in exon 7 was also investigated because of its association with the B1 variant of Tay-Sachs disease. Conservative substitutions were made at each candidate residue by in vitro mutagenesis of a beta cDNA, followed by cellular expression. Of these, only the beta Asp196Asn substitution decreased the kcat (350-910-fold) without any noticeable effect on the K(m). Mutagenesis of either beta Asp240 or beta Asp290 to Asn decreased kcat by 10- or 1.4-fold but also raised the K(m) of the enzyme 11- of 3-fold, respectively. The above results strongly suggest that beta Asp196 is a catalytic acid residue in beta-hexosaminidase.
Tm-mode gain enhancement in InGaAs/InP lasers with tensile strained-layer superlattice (1990)

We present TM-mode gain enhancement of strained-layer superlattice (SLS) lasers and its application for a polarization-insensitive laser amplifier.
A multiprocessor approach for implementing a time-diversity spread spectrum receiver (2002)

A modified RAKE-receiver resolving the multipath components of the channel impulse response (time diversity) is introduced for a microcellular indoor communications system with code-division multiple-access (CDMA) using direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS). Data demodulation and pseudonoise (PN) code synchronization are performed by a parallel processing architecture consisting of multiple digital signal processors (DSPs). Algorithms for code acquisition and tracking or scanning are presented which are based on real-time measurements of the channel impulse response. The parameters of these algorithms are adapted to the currently measured signal-to-noise ratio in the data band. It is concluded that the main advantage of the proposed receiver structure is the enormous flexibility which makes it possible to implement and compare many different schemes of code synchronization and data demodulation. Another advantage is that the same hardware is used for synchronization and data demodulation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Video browsing interfaces for the open video project (2002)

The Open Video Project is an on-going effort to develop an open source digital video collection that can be used by the research community and ultimately serve an even broader audience. The initial collection contains video or metadata for more than 1600 digitized video segments comprising nearly half a terabyte of content. Our primary goals for this project are to provide free digital video content to people doing a wide variety of research, to develop a collaborative research environment for people interested in digital video, and to provide a testbed for our own video browsing interface work. Each of these goals fit within a broader mission to understand how people think about, seek, and use digital video. This demonstration summarizes the current status of the project through a brief tour of the Open Video web site, describes our current work in developing surrogates to preview video segments, and shows an innovative video browsing interface we are developing.
The Use of Pearlman's Catalyst for Selective<i>N</i>-Debenzylation in the Presence of Benzyl Ethers (1990)

Abstract Hydrogenation with 20% palladium hydroxide on carbon selectively removes benzyl groups from amines in high yields without cleaving benzyl ethers.
Noun Phrase Coreference as Clustering (1999)

As part of a large survey of addictive behavior in high school students, a group of 43 girls and 34 boys was identified who denied any use of drugs, alcohol, or tobacco. These apparently invulnerable adolescents were compared to the rest of the "user" sample on the remaining items of the questionnaire. The invulnerable students reported generally better physical and mental health and academic achievement. They also indicated a significantly lower rate of similar problems in their parents.
Statistical evaluation of electrospray tandem mass spectra for optimized peptide fragmentation (2005)

Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has become the method of choice for the analysis of complex peptide mixtures. It combines the separation power of nanoflow LC with highly specific sequence analysis, allowing automated peptide sequencing with high resolution and throughput. For peptide fragmentation, the current experimental setup uses predefined parameters based on the mass-to-charge ratio of the individual precursor. Suitable parameters are typically established by empirical evaluation of fragment spectra of individual peptides used as standards. As a result, nonoptimal fragment spectra are obtained if peptides show fragmentation behavior different from these standards, which often result in the loss of sequence-specific fragment ion information. Here we describe a statistical approach for the systematic evaluation of the quality of individual peptide fragment spectra based on the calculation of their arithmetic mean and standard deviation. The method utilizes the dependence of these parameters on the difference in electric potential across the collision cell to determine the value that results in maximum information content. We show that the method is applicable to fragment spectra generated from a variety of multiply-charged tryptic peptides, over a wide concentration range, and on different types of mass analyzers. We also show how this novel approach can be used to define optimized collision energy settings over a wide mass-to-charge range.
Architectures and technologies for high-speed optical data networks (1998)

Current optical networks are migrating to wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)-based fiber transport between traditional electronic multiplexers/demultiplexers, routers, and switches. Passive optical add-drop WDM networks have emerged but an optical data network that makes full use of the technologies of dynamic optical routing and switching exists only in experimental test-beds. This paper discusses architecture and technology issues for the design of high performance optical data networks with two classes of technologies, WDM and time division multiplexing (TDM). The WDM network architecture presented stresses WDM aware Internet protocol (IP), taking full advantage of optical reconfiguration, optical protection and restoration, traffic grooming to minimize electronics costs, and optical flow-switching for large transactions. Special attention is paid to the access network where innovative approaches to architecture may have a significant cost benefit. In the more distant future, ultrahigh-speed optical TDM networks, operating at single stream data rates of 100 Gb/s, may offer unique advantages over WDM networks. These advantages may include the ability to provide integrated services to high-end users, multiple quality-of-service (QoS) levels, and truly flexible bandwidth-on-demand. The paper gives an overview of an ultrahigh-speed TDM network architecture and describes recent key technology developments such as high-speed sources, switches, buffers, and rate converters.
Magnetic bearing control systems and adaptive forced balancing (1994)

Active magnetic bearing (AMB) actuators support rotors without friction but require feedback control for stabilization and performance. We address the application of modern control techniques such as LQG/LTR, H/spl infin/, and QFT to AMB systems. We also introduce a novel method called adaptive forced balancing (AFB) which solves the problem of synchronous vibration caused by mass unbalance. Simulation and experimental results are included to show the performance of AFB as applied to single-end AMB suspensions (SISO systems). Finally, AFB with frequency tracking and its generalization for double-end AMB suspensions (MIMO systems) are briefly explored.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Short report on the Third World Conference on Earthquake Engineering (1965)

About five years ago the N.Z. Institution of Engineers, with Government support, rather presumptuously offered to hold the Third World Conference on Earthquake Engineering in New Zealand. Estimate of cost prepared after the Second Conference proved to be disconcertingly high, but generous support from the Government, the Institution, and private organisations led to the renewal of the offer and its acceptance by the International Association for Earthquake Engineering.
Entropy and fragility in supercooling liquids (1997)

We review the Kauzmann paradox and what it implies about the configuration space energy hypersurface for "structural glassformers." With this background, we then show how the relaxation expression of Adam and Gibbs qualitatively accounts for most of the phenomenology of liquid and polymeric glassformers including the strong/fragile liquid pattern, and the behavior of non-ergodic systems. Extended temperature range relaxation studies are consistent with a relaxation time pre-exponent on the quasi-lattice vibration time scale. When this boundary condition is imposed on Vogel-Fulcher-Tammann fittings, correspondence of <i>T</i><sub>0</sub> with <i>T</i><sub>K</sub> is found for liquids with <i>T</i><sub>g</sub> ranging over 1000 K. When it is imposed on the WLF equation <i>C</i><sub>1</sub> is obliged to become ~16, and the corresponding force-fitted <i>C</i><sub>2</sub> provides a measure of the polymer fragility which is generally not available from thermodynamic studies. Systems which exhibit discontinuous changes in configurational entropy on temperature increase, which include unfolding proteins, are briefly reviewed.
Microvesicles: ubiquitous contributors to infection and immunity (2014)

Abstract MVs, which can be subgrouped into exosomes, SVs, and OMVs, are secreted by eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. Many previously inexplicable phenomena can be explained by the existence of these vesicles, as they appear to be important in a wide range of biologic processes, such as intercellular communication and transfer of functional genetic information. In this review, we discuss the immunologic roles of MVs during sterile insult and infectious disease. MVs contribute to clotting initiation, cell recruitment, and neovascularization during wound healing. In the context of pathogen infection, both the host and the pathogen use MVs for communication and defense. MVs are exploited by various viruses to evade the host immune response and contribute to viral spread. Bacteria produce MVs that contain virulence factors that contribute to disease pathology and antibiotic resistance. This review summarizes the role of MVs in the pathology and resolution of disease.
Effective Treatment of Streptococcus uberis Clinical Mastitis to Minimize the Use of Antibiotics (2002)

Antibiotic regimens (intramammary antibiotic, penicillin-based parenteral treatment) and intramuscular oxytocin were tested for effectiveness against experimental infection by Streptococcus uberis with the following results from 54 animals: a) no treatment led to deterioration of infected quarters, requiring intervention within 48 h for cow health; b) aggressive intramammary antibiotic at every milking achieved 70% clinical cure in 3 d and 100% cure within 6 d; overall bacteriological cure was 80%; c) parenteral treatment alone used about 14 times as much antibiotic with 18% clinical cure in 3 d and 91% within 6 d; overall bacteriological cure was 80%; d) combination of aggressive intramammary and parenteral treatments achieved 61% clinical cure in 3 d and 100% within 6 d; overall bacteriological cure was 72%; e) intramammary antibiotic at labeled rates (1x for 3 d) achieved 27% clinical cure in 3 d but 91% within 6 d of treatment; overall bacteriological cure was 64%; f) use of oxytocin alone for 3 d failed to achieve clinical improvement with an increase in the severity of mastitis; g) combining oxytocin with labeled use of intramammary antibiotic (1x for 3 d) was unsuccessful: 0% clinical cures in 3 d, 10% in 6 d; significantly poorer than intramammary antibiotic alone. Extended treatment periods with parenteral or intramammary antibiotics resulted in positive inhibitory tests for milk from individual quarters up to 8 d after treatment. Aggressive intramammary antibiotic was the most effective treatment for fastest cure clinically and bacteriologically using least antibiotic.
Olfactory adaptation as an aspect of odor similarity (1992)

Two experiments examined self-adaptation within and cross-adaptation between two structurally different substances with almost identical bitter chocolate odors, trimethyl pyrazine (TMP) and 2-propionyl-3-methyl furan (PMF). The first experiment charted psychophysical functions for odor intensity under steady-state self- and cross-adaptation with adapting concentrations matched in perceived intensity at two different levels. Participants breathed an adapting concentration continuously for 2 min and then rated test concentrations every minute during momentary respites from the adapting stimulus. Both self-adaptation and cross-adaptation weakened the intensity of low test concentrations proportionally more than higher ones and thereby steepened the psychophysical functions. Adapting stimuli at matched levels caused equivalent self-adaptation (i.e. altered the functions equivalently) and equivalent, though weaker, cross-adaptation (i.e. exhibited symmetry of cross-adaptation). The second experiment examined whether cross-adaptation to TMP and PMF would prove relatively specific. At a matched perceived intensity of adapting stimulus, adaptation to TPM and PMF again produced equal amounts of self-adaptation and of cross-adaptation to each other, though not on three other test stimuli: anethole, ethyl butyrate and 2,3 pentanedione. Both TMP and PMF showed some generality as cross-adapting stimuli, with PMF showing a bit more than TMP. The present protocols and others discussed herein offer opportunities to consider functional criteria for the relatedness of similar-smelling substances.
Improvements in a laser heterodyne vibrometer (1992)

This paper introduces an improved laser heterodyne vibrometer, describes improvements in the instrument, and gives its characteristics. A Bragg modulator is not used. So its optical structure and electrical circuits are relatively simple. An improved processing circuit is used. The data processing is controlled by microcomputer. The vibrating amplitude and frequency in a wide range can be measured simultaneously; the measuring results are accurate.
Cloning and Expression of a Limonene Degradation Pathway from <i>Bacillus stearothermophilus</i> in <i>Escherichia coli</i> (1995)

ABSTRACT The pathway encoding limonene catabolism was cloned as a 9.6kb chromosomal fragment from Bacillus stearothermophilus strain BR388 into Escherichia coli . It conferred growth on limonene as a sole carbon source and bioproduction of α‐terpineol, perillyl alcohol, and perillyl aldehyde. Incubation of the recombinant with perillyl alcohol resulted in formation of perillyl aldehyde and perillic acid. Catabolic pathways apparently affected the microbial toxicity of limonene.
Actuators: 3D Printing of Liquid Crystal Elastomeric Actuators with Spatially Programed Nematic Order (Adv. Mater. 10/2018) (2018)

In article number 1706164, Jennifer Lewis and co-workers fabricate 3D liquid-crystal elastomer actuators with programmed director alignment. Complex architectures (such as this spiral motif imaged between crossed polarizers) are 3D printed, which are capable of lifting large weights and reversibly transforming their shape upon thermal cycling.
Monofunctional Platinum–DNA Adducts Are Strong Inhibitors of Transcription and Substrates for Nucleotide Excision Repair in Live Mammalian Cells (2011)

To overcome drug resistance and reduce the side effects of cisplatin, a widely used antineoplastic agent, major efforts have been made to develop next generation platinum-based anticancer drugs. Because cisplatin-DNA adducts block RNA polymerase II unless removed by transcription-coupled excision repair, compounds that react similarly but elude repair are desirable. The monofunctional platinum agent pyriplatin displays antitumor activity in mice, a cytotoxicity profile in cell cultures distinct from that of cisplatin, and a unique in vitro transcription inhibition mechanism. In this study, we incorporated pyriplatin globally or site specifically into luciferase reporter vectors to examine its transcription inhibition profiles in live mammalian cells. Monofunctional pyriplatin reacted with plasmid DNA as efficiently as bifunctional cisplatin and inhibited transcription as strongly as cisplatin in various mammalian cells. Using repair-defective nucleotide excision repair (NER)-, mismatch repair-, and single-strand break repair-deficient cells, we show that NER is mainly responsible for removal of pyriplatin-DNA adducts. These findings reveal that the mechanism by which pyriplatin generates its antitumor activity is very similar to that of cisplatin, despite the chemically different nature of their DNA adducts, further supporting a role for monofunctional platinum anticancer agents in human cancer therapy. This information also provides support for the validity of the proposed mechanism of action of cisplatin and provides a rational basis for the design of more potent platinum anticancer drug candidates using a monofunctional DNA-damaging strategy.
The Burned Murals of Hōryū-Ji: A Transformation of the Gods (1966)

On January 26, 1949 a fire broke out in the Kondō (Main-Hall) of Hōryū-ji Monastery in Nara Prefecture. It smoldered, undiscovered, for some six hours during the night and resulted in severe damage to the several murals which covered the walls of the first floor hall. This was an event of major importance to the entire art world and to Buddhists and Buddhism in general, and as the accompanying photographs suggest, resulted in a totally unparalleled example of art-trouvé—a spectacular combination of man-made and nature-made art.