gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fiber Optics Part III Field Flatteners*† (1957)

A method of field flattening using a bundle of transparent fibers is studied in some detail. Different optical arrangements of field flatteners are proposed and their relative merits are investigated. An improved type of field flattener which also acts as two Fresnel lenses has been developed and the term “Fresnel lens type field flattener” is proposed to denote it. A gain in image quality and weight of a flight periscope system seems possible by the use of such a field flattener. The methods of alignment and fabrication of these field flatteners are described. Working models using 200 μ diameter glass fibers have been constructed which demonstrate the expected gain.
New trends in active filters for improving power quality (2002)

Since their basic compensation principles were proposed around 1970, active filters have been studied by many researchers and engineers aiming to put them into practical applications. Shunt active filters for harmonic compensation with or without reactive power compensation, flicker compensation or voltage regulation have been put on a commercial base in Japan, and their rating or capacity has ranged from 50 kVA to 60 MVA at present. In near future, the term of active filters will cover a much wider sense than that of active filters in the 1970s did. The function of active filters will be expanded from voltage flicker compensation or voltage regulation into power quality improvement for power distribution systems as the capacity of active filters becomes larger. This paper describes present states of the active filters based on state-of-the-art power electronics technology, and their future prospects toward the 21st century, including the personal view and expectation of the author.
Synthetic Lethality — A New Direction in Cancer-Drug Development (2009)

In this issue of the Journal, Fong et al. report the results of a phase 1 trial of a new cancer therapy involving 60 patients (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00516373).1 Readers may be surprised by the editors' decision to publish a small early-stage trial, but this trial not only reports important results — it also points to a new direction in the development of anticancer drugs. Modern cancer-drug discovery focuses on finding new therapies with few side effects by leveraging advances in the understanding of cancer biology, but barriers to success are substantial. The story behind the report by Fong et al. . . .
Meta-analysis of gene expression profiles in breast cancer: toward a unified understanding of breast cancer subtyping and prognosis signatures (2008)

This meta-analysis unifies various results of previous gene expression studies in breast cancer. It reveals connections between traditional prognostic factors, expression-based subtyping, and prognostic signatures, highlighting the important role of proliferation in breast cancer prognosis.
Decrease in Timed Balance Test Scores with Aging (1984)

This study investigated whether 184 volunteers from 20 to 79 years of age could perform eight timed balance tests and examined the relationship between test performance and age. All subjects were able to balance with their feet together and eyes closed for 30 seconds. The ability to balance on the right and left legs did not differ significantly. Subjects over 60 years of age were unable to balance on one leg, particularly when their eyes were closed, for as long a period as younger subjects. The Pearson product-moment and Spearman correlations of age and duration of one-legged balance were -.65 and -.71 (eyes opened) and -.79 and -.75 (eyes closed). The findings suggest that when timed balance tests are performed as a part of a patient's neurologic examination, the results should be interpreted in light of the patient's age. Information is provided to assist in this interpretation.
Lachenmanns Allegro sostenuto (1998)

Lachenmann´s »Allegro sostenuto«. A comparative interpretive analysis Helmut Lachenmann´s chamber music composition Allegro sostenuto for clarinet/bass clarinet violoncello and piano (1988-89) is now available on three CD recordings. In this interpretive analysis these recordings are examined in detail and compared with one another on the basis of the analyzed score and with explanations about the non-conventional performance technique which characterizes Lachenmann´s styles. The individual achievements of the performer in each of the recordings is discussed as well as the overall sound not least of all because the aesthetic conception of the work calls for a superordinate »super instrument.« Methodically the analysis starts with very detailed observations of sound phenomena which in Lachenmann´s music and its concentration on their micro-»aesthetics« has lasting consequences on larger formal contexts so that even the smallest technical imprecisions in performance can trigger off far-reaching consequences. Comments on the sound engineering and acoustics constitute the conclusion of the analysis.
Fluorescence microscopic demonstration and demarcation of doxorubicin extravasation. Experimental and clinical studies (1990)

Extravasation of doxorubicin and its derivative epirubicin, cause severe progressive tissue necrosis that requires early excision of all affected tissues. Doxorubicin and epirubicin are autofluorescent and this characteristic can be used to demonstrate and delineate extravasation by the aid of fluorescence microscopic study. In a rat model doxorubicin was injected intradermally in declining concentrations and the minimal detectable concentration was found to be 0.02 mg/ml. Skin necrosis developed in rats injected with doxorubicin concentrations ranging from 0.02 mg/ml to 2 mg/ml. Clinically, fluorescence microscopic analysis of frozen sections was used in eight patients to assess whether doxorubicin or epirubicin extravasation had taken place. When all fluorescing tissue was removed, no necrosis ensued, but in one patient, where a slightly fluorescing area was ignored, necrosis developed later and excision of the tissue had to be performed.
Engineering modular ‘ON’ RNA switches using biological components (2013)

Riboswitches are cis-acting regulatory elements broadly distributed in bacterial mRNAs that control a wide range of critical metabolic activities. Expression is governed by two distinct domains within the mRNA leader: a sensory 'aptamer domain' and a regulatory 'expression platform'. Riboswitches have also received considerable attention as important tools in synthetic biology because of their conceptually simple structure and the ability to obtain aptamers that bind almost any conceivable small molecule using in vitro selection (referred to as SELEX). In the design of artificial riboswitches, a significant hurdle has been to couple the two domains enabling their efficient communication. We previously demonstrated that biological transcriptional 'OFF' expression platforms are easily coupled to diverse aptamers, both biological and SELEX-derived, using simple design rules. Here, we present two modular transcriptional 'ON' riboswitch expression platforms that are also capable of hosting foreign aptamers. We demonstrate that these biological parts can be used to facilely generate artificial chimeric riboswitches capable of robustly regulating transcription both in vitro and in vivo. We expect that these modular expression platforms will be of great utility for various synthetic biological applications that use RNA-based biosensors.
Modeling and analysis of multichip module power supply planes (1995)

A method that would allow accurate modeling of arbitrarily shaped planes with bypass capacitors has been developed. It is compatible with a SPICE-based modeling method for the rest of the power supply hierarchy and the devices. A modified SPICE is used to accommodate distributed circuits. The distributed circuits are built with microwave analysis software and connected to SPICE by s-parameter files. The modeling process is described and examples of thick and thin-film power supply planes are presented with comparison to measured results. The method is used to explore potential design choices for a large MCM with many simultaneously switching drivers.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Coupled spiral-shaped microdisk resonators with asymmetric non-evanescent coupling (2007)

We demonstrate coupled spiral-shaped microdisk resonators with asymmetric non-evanescent coupling between the two microdisks in silicon nitride. Initial experiments reveal reciprocal throughput-port transmissions with high-Q. Simulations show input-direction-dependent drop-port transmissions and asymmetric mode-field distributions.
Standard subscriber line compatible color videophone (1988)

The videophone described consists of seven components, roughly divided into the camera section, image processing section, monitor section, control section, transceiver section, telephone section, and the power-supply section. Pictures taken from a charge-coupled device (CCD) camera are displayed to the monitor through the image-processing section. If the operator presses a transmitting switch, a still picture is transmitted. The image of the picture is encoded in the control section and transmitted to the line through the transceiver section. At the receiving end, the transceiver section detects the control signals and image code data and sends them to the control section. The control section decodes the image data and sends them to the image processing section. The image processing section displays the received picture to the monitor. These actions are controlled by an 8-b microcomputer.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Maltose tetrapalmitate, a nontoxic immunopotentiator with antitumor activity. (1978)

The attempt to synthesize a lipid A-like component (the active portion of lipopolysaccharides, but lacking its endotoxic activity) resulted in the production of fatty acyl sugars of which maltose tetrapalmitate was seen to yield the most promising results. It shows no endotoxic activity and elicits an antitumor response in tumor-transplanted animals as shown by (a) an enhancement of the host's capacity to reject a large number of tumor cells, (b) retardation of growth in tumor size, and (c) induction of hemorrhagic necrosis in certain tumors. Experiments with mammary ascites carcinoma show maltose tetrapalmitate to be as effective as is bacterial glycolipid mR595 in its antitumor activity. The degree of sensitivity to maltose tetrapalmitate varies with the tumor-host system: mammary ascites carcinoma less than NH = Cl2TSV5S = B16 less than L26. The mode of action of maltose tetrapalmitate appears to be via its modulation of the immune system. It is itself noncytotoxic to tumor cells in vitro. It is seen to stimulate the spleen cells of certain animals mitogenically, although it causes tumor rejection in all the types of animals tested. Also, it activates peritoneal exudate macrophages in tumor-bearing animals; whether specifically or nonspecifically has not yet been established.
High‐sensitivity capillary and microchip electrophoresis using electrokinetic supercharging (2011)

Electrokinetic supercharging (EKS) is considered as one of the most powerful online preconcentration techniques in electrophoresis. It combines the efficient preconcentration power of field-amplified sample injection and the exceptional selective nature of transient isotachophoresis. It has a wide range of applications to different types of analytes ranging from small ions to large proteins and DNA fragments. This comprehensive review--up to date--provides listing for all the works, developments, and advances in EKS. The review will pay particular attention to innovations, new methodologies for manipulation, challenges for improving the detection sensitivity, and various applications of EKS in capillaries and microchips.
Molecular species of ceramide and mono-, di-, tri-, and tetraglycosylceramide in bran and endosperm of rice grains. (1985)

Ceramide and mono-, di-, tri-, and tetraglycosylceramide were isolated from the bran and endosperm of rice grains and chemically characterized. The detailed compositions of free ceramide were somewhat different between the bran and endosperm, but those of the ceramide moiety in glycosylceramides were substantially the same. There was a tendency in all the sphingolipid molecules in rice grains for hydroxy acids with C20 to be combined largely with the dihydroxy bases while hydroxy acids with C24< combined mainly with the trihydroxy bases. Representative molecular species of the sphingolipid classes were concluded to be as follows: for ceramide N-2'-hydroxylignoceroyl-4-hydroxysphinganine, for monoglycosylceramide 1-O-β-glucosyl-N-2'-hydroxyarachidoyl-4, 8-sphingadienine, for diglycosylceramide 1-O-[β-mannosyl(1→4)-O-β-glucosyl] and 1-O-β-glucosyl(→4)-O-β-glucosyl]-N-2'-hydroxylignoceroyl-4-riydroxy-8-sphingenine, for triglycosylceramide 1-O-[β-mannosyl(1→4)-O-β-mannosyl(1→4)-O-β-glucosyl]- and 1-O-[β-glucosyl(1→4)-O-β-mannosyl(1→)-O-β-glucosyl]-N-2'-hydroxylignoceroyl-4-hydroxy-8-sphingenine, and for tetraglycosylceramide 1-O-[β-mannosyl(1→4))-O-β-mannosyl (1→)-O-β-mannosyl(1→4)-O-β-glucosyl]- and 1-O-[β-glucosyl(1→4)-O-β-mannosyl(1→4)-O-βmannosyl(1→4)-O-β-glucosyl]-N-2'-hydroxylignoceroyl-4-riydroxy-8-sphingenine.
Single-Step Formation of Ni Nanoparticle-Modified Graphene–Diamond Hybrid Electrodes for Electrochemical Glucose Detection (2019)

The development of accurate, reliable devices for glucose detection has drawn much attention from the scientific community over the past few years. Here, we report a single-step method to fabricate Ni nanoparticle-modified graphene-diamond hybrid electrodes via a catalytic thermal treatment, by which the graphene layers are directly grown on the diamond surface using Ni thin film as a catalyst, meanwhile, Ni nanoparticles are formed in situ on the graphene surface due to dewetting behavior. The good interface between the Ni nanoparticles and the graphene guarantees efficient charge transfer during electrochemical detection. The fabricated electrodes exhibit good glucose sensing performance with a low detection limit of 2 μM and a linear detection range between 2 μM-1 mM. In addition, this sensor shows great selectivity, suggesting potential applications for sensitive and accurate monitoring of glucose in human blood.
A room-temperature environmentally friendly solution process to assemble silver nanowire architectures for flexible transparent electrodes (2016)

In this study, we present a room-temperature environmentally friendly solution process to optimize the performance of the flexible transparent electrodes by co-assembling Ag nanowires and CaCO<sub>3</sub> nanowires, and then etching CaCO<sub>3</sub> nanowires away, leaving Ag nanowire networks with controllable optical transparency and electrical conductivity. The obtained Ag nanowire flexible transparent electrodes exhibit an averaged transmittance of up to 90% when the sheet resistance is 70 Ω sq<sup>-1</sup> which shows no degradation even after 2000 cycles of fatigue test, indicating their excellent mechanical flexibility and stability.
The Trifluoroacetate Method of Peptide Synthesis. II. An Improved Synthesis of Bradykinin (1966)

Abstract When p-nitrophenyl trifluoroacetate (I), 2, 4, 5-trichlorophenyl trifluoroacetate (II) and N-hydroxysuccinimide trifluoroacetate (III) were subjected to Anderson’s racemization test, only reagent III showed resistance against racemization. However, reagents I and II were also found to be useful for fragment-condensation with acylpeptides possessing glycine or proline at the C-terminus. Bradykinin was prepared using these reagents. During the synthesis, a combination of the t-amyloxycarbonyl N-protecting group and the benzyl ester was mainly used, and the alkaline hydrolysis procedure of the ester group was eliminated. Thus, colorless bradykinin with full activity was obtained in a satisfactory yield without any purification procedure.
Biomedical uses of shape memory polymers. (1993)

A new type of plastic polymeric material is described which can dramatically change its physical properties with temperature. These changes include hardness, flexibility, modulus of elasticity and shape. These changes occur within a very narrowly defined range of temperatures, which can be controlled in the manufacturing process. These "memory resins" can be formed by casting, extruding, injection molding and solution coating into a rigid form which has low cytotoxicity. Warming followed by cooling allows forming of the material; the new shape is retained until the part is rewarmed and recooled, at which time the part reverts to its original manufactured shape. The author describes several current and proposed uses for these shape memory polymers.
Long-term hepatic memory for hypersensitivity to nitrofurantoin. (1992)

Nitrofurantoin-induced hepatic injury has been established unequivocally as an entity by rechallenge experiences. We reviewed 12 previously reported cases in which rechallenge was described. The longest reported interval between initial injury and rechallenge-provoked injury was 4 yr. We report a 56-yr-old woman who experienced severe hepatocellular injury with brief low-dose administration of nitrofurantoin 17 yr after an initial hepatitis-like illness associated with ingestion of the drug. Despite a temporal relationship to nitrofurantoin administration and histologic features compatible with drug-induced hepatitis, the initial bout of hepatitis had been termed "infectious." Our case appears remarkable for the long interval between initial injury and rechallenge-induced injury. The severity of the hepatic injury seen on rechallenge underscores the concept that the inadvertent rechallenge can be dangerous. Failure to identify the first bout of hepatitis as nitrofurantoin-related, and failure to inform the patient about the possible relationship to nitrofurantoin, raises important risk-management concerns, because hepatic memory of nitrofurantoin hypersensitivity appears to be of long duration.
Palladium‐Catalyzed, <i>tert‐</i>Butyllithium‐Mediated Dimerization of Aryl Halides and Its Application in the Atropselective Total Synthesis of Mastigophorene A (2016)

A palladium-catalyzed direct synthesis of symmetric biaryl compounds from aryl halides in the presence of tBuLi is described. In situ lithium-halogen exchange generates the corresponding aryl lithium reagent, which undergoes a homocoupling reaction with a second molecule of the aryl halide in the presence of the palladium catalyst (1 mol %). The reaction takes place at room temperature, is fast (1 h), and affords the corresponding biaryl compounds in good to excellent yields. The application of the method is demonstrated in an efficient asymmetric total synthesis of mastigophorene A. The chiral biaryl axis is constructed with an atropselectivity of 9:1 owing to catalyst-induced remote point-to-axial chirality transfer.
Cycloconvertor-Controlled Synchronous Machines for Load Compensation on AC Power Systems (1974)

The cycloconverter provides a novel means for the speed control of a wound-rotor machine. When the wound-rotor machine is coupled to a large flywheel and the cycloconverter is used for control, the effects of cyclic loads on an ac power system can be compensated by ``pumping'' energy into and out of the flywheel.
Ricinoleic acid biosynthesis and triacylglycerol assembly in microsomal preparations from developing castor-bean (<i>Ricinus communis</i>) endosperm (1991)

Microsomal membrane preparations from the developing endosperm of castor bean (Ricinus communis) catalysed the transfer of oleate from [14C]oleoyl-CoA to phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho). In the presence of NADH, radioactive ricinoleate (12-hydroxyoctadec-9-enoate) was synthesized from [14C]oleate, and this was largely recovered in PtdCho and as free fatty acid. The addition of unlabelled ricinoleoyl-CoA to these incubation mixtures did not increase the low [14C]ricinoleate concentration found in the acyl-CoA fraction nor decrease the [14C]ricinoleate concentration in PtdCho and free fatty acid, and thus no evidence was obtained for a hydroxylation with oleoyl-CoA as a substrate. The addition of NADH, necessary for the formation of ricinoleate, caused a decrease of the total radioactivity in PtdCho with a corresponding increase in the amount of label in free ricinoleic acid. This increase was due to the action of a phospholipase A, which released ricinoleic acid but not oleic acid from PtdCho. Such a phospholipase activity, attacking ricinoleoyl-PtdCho but not oleoyl-PtdCho, was also demonstrated in microsomal preparations from developing cotyledons of safflower and oil-seed rape. An analysis of the acyl groups at different positions in microsomal PtdCho of castor bean showed that ricinoleate was almost entirely associated with position sn-2. Likewise the [14C]ricinoleate in [14C]PtdCho formed after incubations with microsomal preparations with NADH and [14C]oleoyl-CoA resided in position sn-2 with none in position sn-1. In contrast, the [14C]linoleate formed by desaturation of [14C]oleoyl-PtdCho was present at both positions. In the presence of ATP, CoA and Mg2+, the ricinoleate acid released from PtdCho was activated to ricinoleoyl-CoA. The ricinoleoyl-CoA was an efficient acyl donor in the acylation of glycerol 3-phosphate (Gro3P) to yield phosphatidic acid and triacylglycerols. In microsomal preparations incubated with an equimolar mixture of [14C]oleoyl-CoA and [14C]ricinoleoyl-CoA in the presence of Gro3P, only a minor amount of [14C]ricinoleate entered PtdCho, and this was believed to be via the exchange of phosphocholine groups between a diacylglycerol pool and the PtdCho. On the basis of our results, a scheme of ricinoleate formation and its incorporation into triacylglycerols in castor-bean endosperm is proposed.
Mouse hematopoietic cell–targeted STAT3 deletion: stem/progenitor cell defects, mitochondrial dysfunction, ROS overproduction, and a rapid aging–like phenotype (2012)

Nuclear transcription factor Stat3 is important for proper regulation of hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) and hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) proliferation, survival, and cytokine signaling responses. A new, noncanonical role for Stat3 in mitochondrial function has been discovered recently. However, there is little information on the role(s) of mitochondrial Stat3 in HSC/HPC function, especially potential effects of Stat3/mitochondrial dysregulation in human diseases. We investigated hematopoietic cell-targeted deletion of the STAT3 gene in HSCs/HPCs with a focus on mitochondrial function. We found that STAT3(-/-) mice, which have a very shortened lifespan, dysfunctional/dysregulated mitochondrial function and excessive reactive oxygen species production in HSCs/HPCs that coincides with pronounced defects in function. These animals have a blood phenotype with similarities to premature aging and to human diseases of myelodysplastic syndrome and myeloproliferative neoplasms such as erythroid dysplasia, anemia, excessive myeloproliferation, and lymphomyeloid ratio shifts. We show herein that the lifespan of STAT3(-/-) animals is lengthened by treatment with a reactive oxygen species scavenger, which lessened the severity of the blood phenotype. These data suggest a need for more detailed studies of role(s) of Stat3 in HSC/HPC mitochondrial function in human diseases and raise the idea that mitochondrial Stat3 could be used as a potential therapeutic target.