gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Overview of End-to-End Automatic Speech Recognition (2019)

Automatic speech recognition, especially large vocabulary continuous speech recognition, is an important issue in the field of machine learning. For a long time, the hidden Markov model (HMM)-Gaussian mixed model (GMM) has been the mainstream speech recognition framework. But recently, HMM-deep neural network (DNN) model and the end-to-end model using deep learning has achieved performance beyond HMM-GMM. Both using deep learning techniques, these two models have comparable performances. However, the HMM-DNN model itself is limited by various unfavorable factors such as data forced segmentation alignment, independent hypothesis, and multi-module individual training inherited from HMM, while the end-to-end model has a simplified model, joint training, direct output, no need to force data alignment and other advantages. Therefore, the end-to-end model is an important research direction of speech recognition. In this paper we review the development of end-to-end model. This paper first introduces the basic ideas, advantages and disadvantages of HMM-based model and end-to-end models, and points out that end-to-end model is the development direction of speech recognition. Then the article focuses on the principles, progress and research hotspots of three different end-to-end models, which are connectionist temporal classification (CTC)-based, recurrent neural network (RNN)-transducer and attention-based, and makes theoretically and experimentally detailed comparisons. Their respective advantages and disadvantages and the possible future development of the end-to-end model are finally pointed out. Automatic speech recognition is a pattern recognition task in the field of computer science, which is a subject area of Symmetry.
Data preprocessing of microarray gene expression profile (2006)

Data preprocessing is prepared for subsequent analysis and a critical step in the analysis of gene expression profiles, which include drawing useful data by filtering, making up nonentity data by missing-value estimating, transforming the data from a non-normal to a normal distribution and removing or minimizing the biases of systematic variation by normalization. It is no doubt that data preprocessing is no less important than subsequent analysis and directly impact analysis result. This review pays more attention to the data preprocessing of cDNA microarray and simply highlights the data preprocessing of oligo microarray.
Theoretical study of electron-cyclotron heating in elmo bumpy torus (1979)

The basic features of microwave propagation and electron-cyclotron damping in ELMO Bumpy Torus (EBT) devices are investigated to provide an understanding of the heating of the toroidal core plasma component. The characteristics of microwave propagation in EBT geometry, where there is strong variation of absolute value B along field lines, are described and contrast is made with the electron-cyclotron heating (ECH) of tokamaks. Linear cyclotron damping calculations are presented for plasmas having parameters typical of EBT-I and parameters projected for EBT-II. It is shown that tye extraordinary mode is completely absorbed near the fundamental cyclotron resonance when propagating from the high magnetic field side (mirror throat).
Isofagomine, a Potent, New Glycosidase Inhibitor (1994)

Replacing the anomeric C atom of 2-deoxy-O-glucose with an N atom and the ring O atom with a C atom leads to 1, the most potent β-glycosidase inhibitor known to date. This synthetic monosaccharide derivative also inhibits other glucosidases better than naturally occurring sugar derivatives in which only the O atom in the ring is exchanged for an N atom.
A turbidimetric method for determining elemental sulphur (1961)

M. G. R. Hart, Analyst, 1961, 86, 472 DOI: 10.1039/AN9618600472
Genomic Targets in Saliva (2007)

Saliva, the most accessible and noninvasive biofluid of our body, harbors a wide spectrum of biological analytes informative for clinical diagnostic applications. While proteomic constituents are a logical first choice as salivary diagnostic analytes, genomic targets have emerged as highly informative and discriminatory. This awareness, coupled with the ability to harness genomic information by high-throughput technology platforms such as genome-wide microarrays, ideally positions salivary genomic targets for exploring the value of saliva for detection of specific disease states and augmenting the diagnostic and discriminatory value of the saliva proteome for clinical applications. Buccal cells and saliva have been used as sources of genomic DNA for a variety of clinical and forensic applications. For discovery of disease targets in saliva, the recent realization that there is a transcriptome in saliva presented an additional target for oral diagnostics. All healthy subjects evaluated have approximately 3,000 different mRNA molecules in their saliva. Almost 200 of these salivary mRNAs are present in all subjects. Exploration of the clinical utility of the salivary transcriptome in oral cancer subjects shows that four salivary mRNAs (OAZ, SAT, IL8, and IL1b) collectively have a discriminatory power of 91% sensitivity and specificity for oral cancer detection. Data are also now in place to validate the presence of unique diagnostic panels of salivary mRNAs in subjects with Sjögren's disease.
Decorrelation of a closely spaced four element antenna array (2005)

This paper shows that for certain multiple element antenna (MEA) geometries it is possible to completely decorrelate the antenna ports. For closely space antenna arrays the solution is equivalent to a superdirective array. Consequently, it is very limited in terms of the bandwidth, but the proposed solution can be applied to any antenna spacing and can be useful to increase the performance of MEA employed in MIMO systems
Shared control of gene expression in bacteria by transcription factors and global physiology of the cell (2013)

Gene expression is controlled by the joint effect of (i) the global physiological state of the cell, in particular the activity of the gene expression machinery, and (ii) DNA-binding transcription factors and other specific regulators. We present a model-based approach to distinguish between these two effects using time-resolved measurements of promoter activities. We demonstrate the strength of the approach by analyzing a circuit involved in the regulation of carbon metabolism in E. coli. Our results show that the transcriptional response of the network is controlled by the physiological state of the cell and the signaling metabolite cyclic AMP (cAMP). The absence of a strong regulatory effect of transcription factors suggests that they are not the main coordinators of gene expression changes during growth transitions, but rather that they complement the effect of global physiological control mechanisms. This change of perspective has important consequences for the interpretation of transcriptome data and the design of biological networks in biotechnology and synthetic biology.
Frequency and diagnostic reliability of subvisual morphologic markers for malignancy in the cervical epithelium. (1988)

Nowadays the existence of malignancy associated changes in the epithelium of the cervix uteri is commonly accepted. There are some differences in the view about the nature of these changes. Some hints were given by previous studies for the epithelial changes to exhibit possibly early preneoplastic aspects. In this study subvisually morphologic changes were detected in intermediate cells of the cervical smears by means of image analysis (ZYPAB-3-system). Our investigations on 117 patients suffering from cervical neoplasias as well as healthy controls have shown that the malignancy associated changes are not only limited to about two third of patients with cervical neoplasias but also existent in close to a fourth of healthy women. Those healthy people are considered to be at higher risk for developing a cervical neoplasia than other healthy women.
Fluorenones and Diphenic Acids. IX.<sup>1</sup> Establishment of Authentic 1-Bromo- and 4-Bromofluorenones (1942)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFluorenones and Diphenic Acids. IX.1 Establishment of Authentic 1-Bromo- and 4-BromofluorenonesErnest H. Huntress, Karl Pfister 3rd, and K. H. T. PfisterCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1942, 64, 12, 2845–2849Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1942Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1942https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01264a036https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01264a036research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views321Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The Risk of Bacterial Growth in Units of Blood that Have Warmed to More Than 10 °C (1990)

Most transfusion services discard unopened units of blood that have been returned to the blood bank more than 30 minutes after the issuance or have attained a temperature of more than 10 degrees C. The objective of this study was to learn the prevalence of bacterial growth, if any, in the units of blood that were exposed twice, for six hours each time, to room temperature during their refrigerated storage. All of the 396 units cultured were negative except one red cell unit that grew a Bacillus species, probably B. subtilis. Further studies suggested that the growth of B. subtilis was due to laboratory contamination. The authors concluded that more work is needed to study the bacterial growth and the effect on red cell enzymes in the units of blood that are exposed to room temperature for varying periods or are returned to the blood bank after 30 minutes of issuance. If no adverse effect is noted, the policy of not reissuing such units may need revision so that more units could be salvaged.
Virtual database technology: transforming the Internet into a database (1998)

Much of the world's data lies outside relational databases-scattered across Web sites, file systems, nonrelational databases, and legacy applications. These data sources differ in the way they organize data, in the vocabulary they use, and in their data-access or query mechanisms. These differences make it difficult to combine data from multiple sources. Virtual database (VDB) technology makes external data sources act as an extension of an enterprise's relational database system. Using VDB technology, applications can make powerful queries of data scattered over a variety of sources. The VDB gathers, structures, and integrates the data from these sources, and gives the application programmer the appearance of a single, unified RDBMS.
Levormeloxifene: safety, pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics in healthy postmenopausal women following single and multiple doses of a new selective oestrogen receptor modulator (2002)

Short-term administration of levormeloxifene in postmenopausal women was well-tolerated at doses that elicited a favourable pharmacodynamic response suggesting oestrogen-like bone preserving and antiatherogenic effects. Little variation of peak-trough plasma concentrations was observed during daily administration due to a plasma half-life of approximately 1 week.
Specific binding of the C-peptide of proinsulin to cultured B-cells from a transplantable rat islet cell tumor (1986)

Specific binding of the C-peptide of proinsulin was evaluated using a transplantable NEDH rat islet cell tumour predominantly composed of insulin-secreting B-cells. Cultured tumour B-cells exhibited greater than 90% viability assessed by trypan blue exclusion, and retained the ability to form tumours with accompanying hypoglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia after reimplantation. During binding experiments with synthetic rat C-peptide I and iodinated tyrosylated rat C-peptide I, tumour B-cells exhibited 54 +/- 6% specific binding. Displacement of tracer increased with increasing concentrations of unlabelled rat C-peptide I (0.25-1,000 ng/ml), and the specificity of binding was substantiated by reduced displacement with human C-peptide. Scatchard analysis of specific C-peptide binding revealed a curvilinear plot with upward concavity. The demonstration of specific C-peptide binding to insulin-secreting B-cells provides evidence for a physiological role of proinsulin C-peptide.
Vaccinelike and Prophylactic Treatments of EAE with Novel I-Domain Antigen Conjugates (IDAC): Targeting Multiple Antigenic Peptides to APC (2012)

The objective of this work is to utilize novel I-domain antigenic-peptide conjugates (IDAC) for targeting antigenic peptides to antigen-presenting cells (APC) to simulate tolerance in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). IDAC-1 and IDAC-3 molecules are conjugates between the I-domain protein and PLP-Cys and Ac-PLP-Cys-NH(2) peptides, respectively, tethered to N-terminus and Lys residues on the I-domain. The hypothesis is that the I-domain protein binds to ICAM-1 and PLP peptide binds to MHC-II on the surface of APC; this binding event inhibits the formation of the immunological synapse at the APC-T-cell interface to alter T-cell differentiation from inflammatory to regulatory phenotypes. Conjugation of peptides to the I-domain did not change the secondary structure of IDAC molecules as determined by circular dichroism spectroscopy. The efficacies of IDAC-1 and -3 were evaluated in EAE mice by administering iv or sc injections of IDAC in a prophylactic or a vaccinelike dosing schedule. IDAC-3 was better than IDAC-1 in suppressing and delaying the onset of EAE when delivered in prophylactic and vaccinelike manners. IDAC-3 also suppressed subsequent relapse of the disease. The production of IL-17 was lowered in the IDAC-3-treated mice compared to those treated with PBS. In contrast, the production of IL-10 was increased, suggesting that there is a shift from inflammatory to regulatory T-cell populations in IDAC-3-treated mice. In conclusion, the I-domain can effectively deliver antigenic peptides in a vaccinelike or prophylactic manner for inducing immunotolerance in the EAE mouse model.
Systematic delineation of optimal cytokine concentrations to expand hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells in co-culture with mesenchymal stem cells (2010)

The major obstacle to the widespread use of umbilical cord blood (UCB) in hematopoietic stem/progenitor (HSC) cell therapy is the low cell dose available. A cytokine cocktail for the ex vivo expansion of UCB HSC, in co-culture with a bone marrow (BM) mesenchymal stem cells (MSC)-derived stromal layer was optimized using an experimental design approach. Proliferation of total cells (TNC), stem/progenitor cells (CD34(+)) and colony-forming units (CFU) was assessed after 7 days in culture, while sole and interactive effects of each cytokine on HSC expansion were statistically determined using a two-level Face-Centered Cube Design. The optimal cytokine cocktail obtained for HSC-MSC co-cultures was composed by SCF, Flt-3L and TPO (60, 55 and 50 ng mL(-1), respectively), resulting in 33-fold expansion in TNC, 17-fold in CD34(+) cells, 3-fold in CD34(+)CD90(+) cells and 21-fold in CFU-MIX. More importantly, these short-term expanded cells preserved their telomere length and extensively generated cobblestone area-forming cells (CAFCs) in vitro. The statistical tools used herein contributed for the rational delineation of the cytokine concentration range, in a cost-effective way, while systematically addressing complex cytokine-to-cytokine interactions, for the efficient HSC expansion towards the generation of clinically significant cell numbers for transplantation.
5-Aza-7-deazaguanine DNA: Recognition and Strand Orientation of Oligonucleotides Incorporating Anomeric Imidazo[1,2-a]-1,3,5-triazine Nucleosides (2001)

The base-pairing properties of oligonucleotides containing the anomeric 5-aza-7-deazaguanine 2′-deoxyribonucleosides 1 and 5 are described. The oligonucleotides were prepared by solid-phase synthesis, employing phosphoramidite or phosphonate chemistry. Stable `purine'⋅purine duplexes with antiparallel (aps) chain orientation are formed, when the α-D-anomer 5 alternates with the β-D-anomeric 2′-deoxyguanosine (2) within the same oligonucleotide chain. Parallel (ps) oligonucleotide duplexes are observed, when the β-D anomer 1 alternates with 2. A renewed reversal of the chain orientation (ps→aps) occurs when compound 1 pairs with 2′-deoxyisoguanosine (6). In all cases, it is unnecessary to change the orientation within a single strand when α-D units alternate with their β-D counterparts. Heterochiral base pairs of 5 (α-D) with 2′-deoxyisoguanosine (β-D) are well accommodated in duplexes with random base composition and parallel chain orientation. Base pairs of 5 (α-D) with 2′-deoxyguanosine (β-D) destabilize duplexes with antiparallel chains.
Pétrographie des limons de Provence (1965)

Alimen Henriette. Pétrographie des limons de Provence. In: Bulletin de l'Association française pour l'étude du quaternaire, vol. 2, n°1, 1965. pp. 35-65.
Induction by killed Listeria monocytogenes of effector T cells mediating delayed-type hypersensitivity but not protection in mice. (1987)

Using a local passive transfer system, we found that effector T cells mediating delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) but not acquired cellular resistance (ACR) to Listeria monocytogenes (strain EGD) were generated in mice immunized with killed Listeria, although immunized mice did not express DTH or ACR. When non-adherent cells of peritoneal, lymph node, or spleen cells from mice immunized with killed Listeria were transferred into the footpad of naive recipient mice along with eliciting antigen, positive delayed footpad reaction (DFR) was elicited. However, there was no evident protection against challenge at the site of the local transfer. Cells from mice immunized with viable Listeria conferred significant degrees of DFR and ACR on the recipients. DFR transferred by cells immunized with killed Listeria was mediated by L3T4+ T cells in an antigen-specific manner. The antigen-specific proliferative response of T cells from mice immunized with killed Listeria was much lower than that of T cells from mice immunized with viable Listeria. The production of macrophage chemotactic factor (MCF) by cells from killed Listeria-immune mice was much the same as that by cells from viable Listeria-immune mice. In contrast, the production of interleukin-2 (IL-2) and macrophage activating factor (MAF) was much lower in cells from killed Listeria-immune mice. The elimination of L. monocytogenes (strain L461), a strain of low virulence, was enhanced at the site of DFR transferred with cells from killed Listeria-immune mice. These results suggest that stimulation with killed bacteria is effective for the generation of DTH-mediating effector T cells, and that different effector T cells mediating DTH or ACR are involved in cell-mediated immunity to L. monocytogenes.
Detection of Cylindrical Magnetic Domains (1971)

Cylindrical magnetic domains in thin platelets of anisotropic single-crystal materials have been detected using the Hall effect in silicon, the pseudo-Hall effect in Permalloy, flux change, and Faraday rotation. The silicon detector, active area ≈400 μ2, active thickness ≈1 μ, input and output resistance ≈1.5 kΩ, and 8-mA rated current, delivered 0.5-mV signals from orthoferrite domains. For 20-mA input current the Permalloy detector, input and output resistance ≈15 Ω, diameter ≈50 μ, and thickness ≈0.03 μ, yielded 0.9-mV signals from 60-μ-diam domains in Sm0.55Tb0.45FeO3 orthoferrite. Domains in Y2.25Tb0.75Ga0.9Fe4.1O12, diameter ≈7 μ, were read with a Permalloy detector approximately 7 μ in diameter. The output was 0.2 mV at 2-mA input current. An output of 1 mV μsec was obtained by detecting the flux change on collapse of a TmFeO3 domain previously expanded 40 times in surface area. A Faraday-rotation detection system consisting of a 5-μW He–Ne laser, sheet polarizers, and an avalanche photodiode has operated at 106 bits/sec with a 20-dB signal-to-noise ratio. Among these detection methods, the Permalloy device appears most promising at this time. It offers the simultaneous advantages of relatively simple fabrication, small active area, small initial cost, and low power consumption. Additional experimental results relating to these detection methods are presented. Their relative merits and limitations are discussed and compared to those of the magnetoresistor and the magnetodiode. The problems associated with the detection of small domains at high speed are also considered.
Liposomal Bupivacaine (1996)

Large unilamellar vesicles that exhibit a pH gradient can efficiently encapsulate bupivacaine and subsequently provide a sustained-release system that greatly increases the duration of neural blockade.
Functional characteristics of the rrnD promoters of Escherichia coli. (1991)

The function of the tandem rrnD promoters (P1, P2) of Escherichia coli, which are highly efficient in directing rRNA synthesis, was studied in vitro using the strong hybrid promoter PtacI as a reference. One of the characteristics of the rrnD promoters is a pronounced instability of binary and initiating complexes formed with RNA polymerase. The rate of productive complex formation and of chain initiation at these promoters was found to be limited by a step in binary complex transitions with an apparent first-order rate constant equal to 3.9 x 10(-2) s-1. A comparison of this rate with that determined previously by filter binding assays (Gourse, R. (1988) Nucleic Acids Res. 16, 9789-9809) suggests that the rate-limiting step is a conversion of an intermediate species of open complex to one that is efficient in productive initiation. The slow rate of this reaction and the instability of open complexes account for the relatively low competitive strengths of the rrnD promoters. However, this limitation of rrn promoter function changes with promoter occupancy because the rate of chain initiation increased after completion of the first round of initiation. Despite their poor competitive strength, the rrnD promoters are more productive than PtacI at nonlimiting RNA polymerase concentrations. This can be ascribed to the different rates with which RNA polymerases leave PtacI and the rrnD promoters. These functional differences of the promoters are consistent with a "stressed intermediate" model of chain initiation (Straney, D.C., and Crothers, D.M. (1987) J. Mol. Biol. 193, 267-278) which predicts that rapid clearance of the rrn promoters is mechanistically related to the instability of the binary complexes.