gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cryostabilization of Functional Properties of Pre‐Rigor and Post‐rigor Beef by Dextrose Polymer and/or Phosphates (1993)

ABSTRACT Cryostabilization of functional properties of pre‐rigor and post‐rigor beef throughout 5 mo frozen storage was investigated as affected by the addition of 8% neutralized high molecular weight dextrose polymer (polydextrose), alone or in combination with 0.5% phosphates (a 1:l mixture of sodium tripolyphosphate and tetrasodium pyrophos‐phate). Pre‐rigor meat to which polydextrose had been added prior to freezing was nearly equivalent in functional properties after 5 mo frozen storage to fresh, pre‐rigor meat. Addition of the same level of phosphates plus polydextrose to nontreated muscle (control) after 5 mo frozen storage resulted in higher values for most measured indices of functionality. The effect was almost totally attributable to addition of the phosphates. However, addition of phosphate did not appear to increase the protein cryoprotective effect.
Role for the Salmonella Flavohemoglobin in Protection from Nitric Oxide (1998)

Hemoglobin homologs are being identified in an expanding number of unicellular prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Many of these hemoglobins are twodomain proteins that possess a flavin-containing reductase in their C terminus. Determination of a function for these flavohemoglobins has been elusive. A Salmonella typhimurium strain harboring a deletion in the flavohemoglobin gene shows no difference in growth under oxidative stress conditions but displays an increased sensitivity to acidified nitrite and S-nitrosothiols, both of which produce nitric oxide. The effect is seen aerobically or anaerobically, indicating that oxygen is not required for flavohemoglobin function. These results suggest a role for the bacterial flavohemoglobins that is independent of oxygen metabolism and provide evidence for a bacterial route of protection from nitric oxide that is distinct from oxidative stress responses.
Purification and Characterization of an Acidic Amino Acid Specific Endopeptidase of Streptomyces griseus Obtained from a Commercial Preparation (Pronase) (1988)

A protease was purified 163-fold from Pronase, a commercial product from culture filtrate of Streptomyces griseus, by a series of column chromatographies on CM-Toyopearl (Fractogel), Sephadex G-50, hydroxyapatite, and Z-Gly-D-Phe-AH-Sepharose 4B using Boc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Glu-pNA as a substrate. The final preparation was homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and gel isoelectric focusing. Studies on the substrate specificity with peptide p-nitroanilides revealed that this protease preferentially hydrolyzed peptide bonds on the carbonyl-terminal side of either glutamic acid or aspartic acid. It was most active at pH 8.8 for the hydrolysis of Boc-Ala-Ala-Pro-Glu-pNA. The molecular weight of the protease was estimated to be 20,000 by gel filtration on Sepharose 6B using 6 M guanidine hydrochloride as an eluent, and 22,000 by SDS-PAGE in the presence of 2-mercaptoethanol. The isoelectric point of the enzyme was 8.4. The enzyme was inactivated by diisopropyl phosphofluoridate (DFP) but not by p-chloromercuribenzoate (PCMB) or EDTA.
Angle-Only Target Tracking (2007)

In angle-only target tracking the aim is to estimate the state of a target with use of measurement of elevation and azimuth. The state consists of relative position and velocity between the target and the platform. The platform is an Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) and the tracking system is meant to be a part of the platform’s anti-collision system. In the case where both the target and the platform travel with constant velocity the angle measurements do not provide any information of the range between the target and the platform. The platform has to maneuver to be able to estimate the range to the target. Two filters are implemented and tested on simulated data. The first filter is based on a Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) and is designed for tracking nonmaneuvering targets. Different platform maneuvers are studied and the influence of initial errors and the geometry of the simulation scenario is investigated. The filter is able to estimate the position of the target if the platform maneuvers and the target travels with constant velocity. Maneuvering targets on the other hand can not be tracked by the filter. The second filter is an interacting multiple model (IMM) filter, designed for tracking maneuvering targets. The filter performance is highly dependent of the geometry of the scenario. The filter has been tuned for a scenario where the target approaches the platform from the front. In this scenario the filter is able to track both maneuvering and non-maneuvering targets. If the target approaches the platform from the side on the other hand, the filter has problems with distinguish target maneuvers from measurement noise.
High Linearity SPDT Switch for Dual Band Wireless LAN Applications (2006)

This paper presents a high linear and power-handling single-pole double-throw (SPDT) switch for WLAN 802.11 a/b/g applications. The switch circuit has asymmetric and stacked topology to have high power-handling and linearity for the Tx path. This SPDT switch has been implemented with 0.25 /spl mu/m GaAs pHEMT process by ETRI. The designed SPDT switch has the measured insertion loss of better than 1dB and isolation of better than 40dB for the Tx path and 25dB for the Rx path and the high power handling capability with P/sub 1dB/ of about 23dBm with control voltage of -3/0 V. The fabricated SPDT switch chip size is 1.8 mm /spl times/ 1.8 mm.
Bond strength of novel CAD/CAM restorative materials to self-adhesive resin cement: the effect of surface treatments. (2014)

The effect of surface treatments on the bond strength of novel CAD/CAM restorative materials to resin cement is material dependent. The VE/BF CAD/CAM material provided higher bond strength values compared with the LU/BF CAD/CAM material.
Saccharin Aza Bioisosteres—Synthesis and Preclinical Property Comparisons (2017)

Saccharin is a well-known scaffold in drug discovery. Herein, we report the synthesis and preclinical property comparisons of three bioisosteres of saccharin: aza-pseudosaccharins (cluster <b>B</b>), and two new types of aza-saccharins (clusters <b>C</b> and <b>D</b>). We demonstrate a convenient protocol to selectively synthesize products in cluster <b>C</b> or <b>D</b> when primary amines are used. Preclinical characterization of selected matched-pair products is reported. Through comparison of two diastereomers, we highlight how stereochemistry affects the preclinical properties. Given that saccharin-based derivatives are widely used in many chemistry fields, we foresee that structures exemplified by clusters <b>C</b> and <b>D</b> offer new opportunities for novel drug design, creating a chiral center on the sulfur atom and the option of substitution at two different nitrogens.
Civil Engineering History Gives Valuable Lessons (1975)

Many students, and others, feel the study of engineering history is a frill. Not so, this article suggests. A study of the past can give an engineer better ideas on how to solve a new problem, can prevent him from making costly or dangerous mistakes and gives him a sense of esthetics and a feeling for the responsibilities of the profession. The article describes four famous bridge failures and gives some of the lessons learned: the Howe Truss at Ashtabula in 1876; the Tay Bridge disaster in 1879; the first failure of the Quebec Bridge in 1907 and the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge in 1940. Some influential structures such as the Crystal Palace and the Eiffel Tower are also discussed.
Experimental study of lung preservation; high frequency jet ventilation with topical cooling. (1994)

摘出肺の胸膜外からの空冷と室温空気による high frequency jet ventilationを組み合わせた肺保存法を考案した.本法で6時間保存後の左肺を同所性に移植した.保存に先立ち摘出肺は, 血液を含む細胞外液組成液でflush した.移植肺の機能は100%酸素呼吸下の右肺動脈閉塞試験で移植直後及び移植後3日目に検討した.移植肺のPaO2は, 術直後及び術後3日目共に良好であった.移植直後に, 移植肺のみを機能させるとmPAP・PVRは両肺の機能時に比し高く, COは低かったが有意差はなかった.しかし, 術後3日目ではいずれも有意差となって現われた.また, 術後3日目の閉塞試験に耐えた4頭の病理組織には, 無気肺や欝血, 赤血球の漏出は無く, 問質や肺胞の浮腫が僅かに見られたのみでほぼ正常に近い組織像を示した.本保存法で6時間の肺保存が可能と考えられた.
Infarct myocardium tissue heterogeneity assessment using pre-contrast and post-contrast T1 maps acquired with Modified Look-Locker Inversion Recovery (MOLLI) imaging (2012)

T1 relaxation-time mapping allows direct myocardial signal quantification and therefore enables true quantitative characterisation of myocardial tissue heterogeneity. Differences between healthy myocardium and scarred tissues can be reliably distinguished from the R1 values derived from pre-contrast T1 maps. In patients with scarred tissues, R1 value derived from both the preand the post-contrast T1 maps provides better distinction between grey zone and scar core than either precontrast or post-contrast R1 value alone.
Credit card fraud detection using machine learning techniques: A comparative analysis (2017)

Financial fraud is an ever growing menace with far consequences in the financial industry. Data mining had played an imperative role in the detection of credit card fraud in online transactions. Credit card fraud detection, which is a data mining problem, becomes challenging due to two major reasons - first, the profiles of normal and fraudulent behaviours change constantly and secondly, credit card fraud data sets are highly skewed. The performance of fraud detection in credit card transactions is greatly affected by the sampling approach on dataset, selection of variables and detection technique(s) used. This paper investigates the performance of naïve bayes, k-nearest neighbor and logistic regression on highly skewed credit card fraud data. Dataset of credit card transactions is sourced from European cardholders containing 284,807 transactions. A hybrid technique of under-sampling and oversampling is carried out on the skewed data. The three techniques are applied on the raw and preprocessed data. The work is implemented in Python. The performance of the techniques is evaluated based on accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, precision, Matthews correlation coefficient and balanced classification rate. The results shows of optimal accuracy for naïve bayes, k-nearest neighbor and logistic regression classifiers are 97.92%, 97.69% and 54.86% respectively. The comparative results show that k-nearest neighbour performs better than naïve bayes and logistic regression techniques.
Two-Dimensional Optical Buses for Massively Parallel Processing (1992)

Optical interconnections using two-dimensional waveguides are presented. Light beams whose incident angles are greater than the critical angle of a waveguide can propagate within that waveguide, which behaves as an optical bus. Such optical buses are suitable for massively parallel processing because they have a large number fan-outs and no skew. Estimated propagation distance in the waveguides is roughly 500 mm. One to several hundred interconnections may be achieved. Glass plates with concave lenses are used to demonstrate bus operations.
Toward Resilient Wireless Sensor Networks: A Virtualized Perspective (2020)

The Internet of Things (IoT) has been one of the main focus areas of the research community in recent years, the requirements of which help network administrators to design and ensure the functionalities and resources of each device. Generally, two types of devices-constrained and unconstrained devices-are typical in the IoT environment. Devices with limited resources-for example, sensors and actuators-are known as constrained devices. Unconstrained devices includes gateways or border routers. Such devices are challenging in terms of their deployment because of their connectivity, channel selection, multiple interfaces, local and global address assignment, address resolution, remote access, mobility, routing, border router scope and security. To deal with these services, the availability of the IoT system ensures that the desired network services are available even in the presence of denial-of-service attacks, and the use of the system has become a difficult but mandatory task for network designers. To this end, we present a novel design for wireless sensor networks (WSNs) to address these challenges by shifting mandatory functionalities from unreliable to reliable and stable domains. The main contribution of our work consists in addressing the core network requirements for IoT systems and pointing out several guidelines for the design of standard virtualized protocols and functions. In addition, we propose a novel architecture which improves IoT systems, lending them more resilience and robustness, together with highlighting and some important open research topics.
Vascular-targeted therapies for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (2013)

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is the most common muscular dystrophy and an X-linked recessive, progressive muscle wasting disease caused by the absence of a functional dystrophin protein. Dystrophin has a structural role as a cytoskeletal stabilization protein and protects cells against contraction-induced damage. Dystrophin also serves a signaling role through mechanotransduction of forces and localization of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), which produces nitric oxide (NO) to facilitate vasorelaxation. In DMD, the signaling defects produce inadequate tissue perfusion caused by functional ischemia due to a diminished ability to respond to shear stress induced endothelium-dependent dilation. Additionally, the structural defects seen in DMD render myocytes with an increased susceptibility to mechanical stress. The combination of both defects is necessary to generate myocyte damage, which induces successive rounds of myofiber degeneration and regeneration, loss of calcium homeostasis, chronic inflammatory response, fibrosis, and myonecrosis. In individuals with DMD, these processes inevitably cause loss of ambulation shortly after the first decade and an abbreviated life with death in the third or fourth decade due to cardio-respiratory anomalies. There is no known cure for DMD, and although the culpable gene has been identified for more than twenty years, research on treatments has produced few clinically relevant results. Several recent studies on novel DMD therapeutics are vascular targeted and focused on attenuating the inherent functional ischemia. One approach improves vasorelaxation capacity through pharmaceutical inhibition of either phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) or angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE). Another approach increases the density of the underlying vascular network by inducing angiogenesis, and this has been accomplished through either direct delivery of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) or by downregulating the VEGF decoy-receptor type 1 (VEGFR-1 or Flt-1). The pro-angiogenic approaches also seem to be pro-myogenic and could resolve the age-related decline in satellite cell (SC) quantity seen in mdx models through expansion of the SC juxtavascular niche. Here we review these four vascular targeted treatment strategies for DMD and discuss mechanisms, proof of concept, and the potential for clinical relevance associated with each therapy.
Spatiotemporal regulation of Heterochromatin Protein 1- alpha oligomerization and dynamics in live cells (2015)

Heterochromatin protein 1 (HP1) is a central factor in establishing and maintaining the heterochromatin state. As consequence of playing a structural role in heterochromatin, HP1 proteins can have both an activating as well as repressive function in gene expression. Here we probe how oligomerisation of the HP1-α isoform modulates interaction with chromatin, by spatially resolved fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS). We find from fluctuation analysis of HP1-α dynamics that this isoform exists as a dimer around the periphery of heterochromatin foci and these foci locally rotate with characteristic turn rates that range from 5-100 ms. From inhibition of HP1-α homo-oligomerization we find the slow turn rates (20-100 ms) are dimer dependent. From treatment with drugs that disrupt or promote chromatin compaction, we find that HP1-α dimers spatially redistribute to favor fast (5-10 ms) or slow (20-100 ms) turn rates. Collectively our results demonstrate HP1-α oligomerization is critical to the maintenance of heterochromatin and the tunable dynamics of this HP1 isoform.
Reversed-Phase HPLC: The Separation Method for the Characterization and Purification of Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids--A Review (1995)

This paper presents an overview of the application of reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography for the characterization and separation of fatty acids and their derivatives since 1974. It reviews various kinds of bonded phases and detectors used in the analysis of fatty acids. The retention behavior of fatty acids and prechromatographic derivatization techniques are also discussed.
Photocatalytic destruction of chlorinated solvents with solar energy (1990)

Sandia National Laboratories and the Solar Energy Research Institute are developing a photocatalytic process to destroy organic contaminants in water. Tests with common water pollutants are being conducted at Sandia's Solar Thermal Test Facility using a near commercial-scale single-axis tracking parabolic trough system with glass pipe mounted at its focus. Experiments at this scale provide verification of laboratory studies and allow examination of design and operation issues at a real-life scale. The catalyst, titanium dioxide (TiO{sub 2}), is a harmless material found in paint, cosmetics and toothpaste. Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of key process parameters on destruction rates of two chlorinated organic compounds which are common water pollutants: trichloroethylene and trichloroethane. In this paper, we summarize the engineering-scale results of these experiments and analyses. 21 refs., 8 figs.
KinMutBase: A registry of disease-causing mutations in protein kinase domains (2005)

A large number of disease-causing mutations have been identified from several protein kinases. KinMutBase is a comprehensive knowledge base for human disease-related mutations in protein kinase domains (http://bioinf.uta.fi/KinMutBase/). The latest version contains 582 different mutations for 1,790 cases in 1,322 families. KinMutBase entries are described on the DNA, mRNA, and protein level. Numbers for affected patients and families are also provided. KinMutBase has extensive amount of links and cross-references to literature, other databases, and information sources. There are numerous interactive pages about sequences, structures, mutation statistics, and diseases. Detailed statistical study was done on frequencies of different types of mutations both on the DNA and protein level in serine/threonine kinase (PSK) and tyrosine kinase (PTK). Three-dimensional structures indicate clustering of disease-related mutations mainly to conserved subdomains, and substrate and coligand binding amino acids, although mutations appear throughout the sequences. CpG containing codons, especially for arginine, constitute the majority of mutational hotspots. There are certain clear differences in mutation patterns and types between PSKs and PTKs.
Measurement of platelet activation and adhesion to leukocytes during haemodialysis (1998)

In this study we used fluorescent-labelled antibodies to measure the extent of platelet adhesion to polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs), monocytes and lymphocytes. The activation of platelets, PMNLs and monocytes were also measured during the course of haemodialysis treatment using flow cytometric techniques established in our laboratory. Twenty patients were treated with either a cellulose membrane (TFU) or a polycarbonate filter (Pro 500). Blood samples were taken from the output line of the dialyser 2, 15, 30 and 180 min after commencing dialysis and just before starting treatment. Compared with the pre-dialysis sample, there was a marked increase in platelet-PMNL conjugate formation at 2 min, followed by a decrease in conjugates at 15 and 30 min, and a slight increase at 180 min. During extracorporeal circulation PMNLs become activated as measured by a CD11b upregulation at 15, 30 and 180 min, but not at 2 min. Platelet binding to monocytes was increased above 15 min after starting dialysis, and monocyte activation was slightly increased above basal levels during the same period. The activation state of circulating free platelets, as measured by surface P-selectin exposition, initially decreased slightly, but then returned to basal levels over the 3-h period. Changes in cell counts were also detected: there was a massive decrease in circulating PMNLs and monocytes, and a small decrease in circulating platelets, at 15 and 30 min. These reverted to basal values by the end of the 3-h period. There was no change in the number of circulating lymphocytes or erythrocytes. These results show that flow cytometric studies on whole blood samples may provide important information on the behaviour of circulating blood cells, which could supplement conventional clinical measurements, to give a better insight into changes that occur in the circulation during haemodialysis.
4B4 - Rate determining processes for the production of radiation in high power molecular lasers (1966)

The excitation mechanisms and relaxation processes will be described for a closed molecular gas laser of 240 cm length and 2.3 cm diameter filled with 1 torr carbon dioxide, 2.5 torr nitrogen, and 7.2 torr helium; the influence of adding 0.2 torr water vapor is discussed. When all the four components are present, an output of 103 watts is reached with an efficiency of 12.5 percent. It will be argued that in the absence of water vapor the deactivation of the lower laser level is rate determining for the radiation production. However, the addition of water vapor (0.2 torr) contributes greatly to depopulating the lower laser level by thermal relaxation, and it makes the output increase by more than a factor of two. In the latter case the vibrational excitation of the nitrogen molecules by electron impact is rate determining. We have observed that small amounts of impurities with partial pressures, sometimes less than 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> torr, may cause a considerable decrease of radiation output. This "poisoning" effect, caused by very small impurity concentrations, can be avoided by using a discharge tube made from fused silica (quartz).