gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Role of TGF-β in cancer and the potential for therapy and prevention (2004)

Transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta is a naturally occurring potent inhibitor of cell growth. TGF-beta binds first to a Type II (TGFBR2), then a Type I receptor (TGFBR1). TGFBR1 activation results in the phosphorylation of intracellular messengers, the SMADs. Unrestricted cell growth due to decreased growth inhibitory activity is a paramount feature of a defect in TGF-beta function. There is growing evidence that common variants of the TGF-beta pathway ligand and receptors that alter TGF-beta signaling modify cancer risk. Approximately 14% of the general population carry TGFBR1*6A, a variant of the TGFBR1 gene that results in decreased TGF-beta-mediated growth inhibition. Recent studies show that overall cancer risk is increased by 70 and 19% among TGFBR1*6A homozygotes and heterozygotes, respectively. This suggests that TGFBR1*6A may contribute to the development of a large proportion of common forms of cancer and may become a target for cancer chemoprevention. While decreased TGF-beta signaling increases cancer risk, TGF-beta secretion and activated TGF-beta signaling enhances the aggressiveness of several types of tumors. The activated TGF-beta signaling pathway is emerging as an attractive target in cancer and the authors predict that assessment of functionally relevant variants of this pathway will lead to the identification of individuals with a higher cancer risk and account for some forms of familial cancer susceptibility. In addition, it is predicted that inhibitors of the TGF-beta signaling pathway will find their way into cancer clinical trials, leading to delays in tumor progression and improvements in overall survival.
[Dementias--diagnosis, differential diagnosis and therapy]. (1996)

The most common cause of primary (degenerative) dementia in old age is Alzheimer's disease, with vascular forms of dementia taking second place. Endocrinopathies, normal pressure hydrocephalus and space-occupying lesions are frequent causes of secondary dementia. A multitude of further, more rare clinical presentations results in a wide differential diagnostic spectrum necessitating a careful diagnostic work-up of the demential syndrome before considering treatment. This work-up must include clinical, laboratory and equipment-based investigations. The multimodal therapeutic approach to dementia covers not only the elimination of treatable underlying causal conditions and the medical treatment of cognitive symptoms and psychiatric accompanying symptoms, but also non-medicamentous aspects.
A rapid simple method of basophil purification by density centrifugation on Percoll. (1982)

This study describes simple and relatively rapid methods of purifying basophils from human peripheral blood. Our initial studies defined the densities of basophils in several donors and helped develop strategies for selectively concentrating basophils by isopyknic centrifugation over Percoll. We layered anticoagulated blood over Percoll of appropriate density, centrifuged these for 10 min, and collected the cells held in Percoll separately from the overlying band of mononuclear cells. Most of the basophils were distributed between densities of 1.072 and 1.078 g/ml, with a peak at approximately 1.074 to 1.076 g/ml. Basophil purity of 24.4 +/- 4% (range 5.6 to 50%) was achieved in a Percoll gradient of 1.076 g/ml due to both the increased numbers of basophils and the low numbers of mononuclear cells at this gradient. The cells isolated by this method are viable, appear morphologically normal, and release histamine to various stimuli in a normal manner. A second centrifugation of the cells obtained from this density over appropriate discontinuous gradients of Percoll leads to further enhancement of basophil purity. The main limitation of this technique appears to be the relatively low yield (percent of recovery) of the basophil (less than or equal to 20% for the two-step procedures).
E2 enzymes: more than just middle men (2016)

Ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s) are the central players in the trio of enzymes responsible for the attachment of ubiquitin (Ub) to cellular proteins. Humans have ∼40 E2s that are involved in the transfer of Ub or Ub-like (Ubl) proteins (e.g., SUMO and NEDD8). Although the majority of E2s are only twice the size of Ub, this remarkable family of enzymes performs a variety of functional roles. In this review, we summarize common functional and structural features that define unifying themes among E2s and highlight emerging concepts in the mechanism and regulation of E2s.
Resilience: a new integrative approach to health and mental health research (2008)

Abstract We know from anecdote and research, science and art, that human resilience is a powerful, seemingly ubiquitous force. What is needed is a better understanding of the properties, variations, and applications of that concept to health and well-being. In this paper we put forth two definitions of resilience: Sustainability of purpose in the face of stress, and recovery from adversity. We review current thinking in the social sciences on the nature of biological, psychological and socio-community processes that may confer resilience. In doing so, we encourage greater attention to aspects of biopsychosocial resourcefulness as a dimension of influence on health and mental health distinct from measures of risk found in standard models of public health inquiry. Multi-level, longitudinal, and intervention methods are advocated for research and applications of the concept with conceptual guidelines for the examination of laboratory, diary, and community indicator data on manifestations of resilience across the life span.
Linearity improvement thanks to the association of Active Constellation Extension and digital predistortion for OFDM (2011)

Nonlinearity problems for power amplifiers are well known and many linearization techniques have been proposed in the literature, especially digital baseband predistortion. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) has a very high Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR), making it very sensitive to non linearities. We have chosen the Active Constellation Extension (ACE) to reduce the crest factor, which is not sufficient. In this paper, we show that the association of ACE with digital predistortion helps to improve the Adjacent Channel Power Ratio (ACPR) and so permits a good linearity improvement. The association is first validated in simulation. In measurements, for 42.5dBm RMS output power, which represents the nominal power, the ACPR is increased from 32dBc to 49dBc. For a given ACPR of 35dBc, the RMS output power is increased from 40.7dBm to 42.7dBm.
The use of laser ranging to measure space debris (2012)

Space debris is a major problem for all the nations that are currently active in space. Adopting high-precision measuring techniques will help produce a reliable and accurate catalog for space debris and collision avoidance. Laser ranging is a kind of real-time measuring technology with high precision for space debris observation. The first space-debris laser-ranging experiment in China was performed at the Shanghai Observatory in July 2008 with a ranging precision of about 60–80 cm. The experimental results showed that the return signals from the targets with a range of 900 km were quite strong, with a power of 40W (2J at 20 Hz) using a 10ns pulse width laser at 532nm wavelength. The performance of the preliminary laser ranging system and the observed results in 2008 and 2010 are also introduced.
A common mechanism for the biosynthesis of methoxy and cyclopropyl mycolic acids in <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (1996)

Mycobacterium tuberculosis produces three classes of mycolic acids that differ primarily in the presence and nature of oxygen-containing substituents in the distal portion of the meromycolate branch. The methoxymycolate series has a methoxy group adjacent to a methyl branch, in addition to a cyclopropane in the proximal position. Using the gene for the enzyme that introduces the distal cyclopropane (cma1) as a probe, we have cloned and sequenced a cluster of genes coding for four highly homologous methyl transferases (mma1-4). When introduced into Mycobacterium smegmatis, this gene cluster conferred the ability to synthesize methoxymycolates. By determining the structure of the mycolic acids produced following expression of each of these genes individually and in combination, we have elucidated the biosynthetic steps responsible for the production of the major series of methoxymycolates. The mma4 gene product (MMAS-4) catalyzes an unusual S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent transformation of the distal cis-olefin into a secondary alcohol with an adjacent methyl branch. MMAS-3 O-methylates this secondary alcohol to form the corresponding methyl ether, and MMAS-2 introduces a cis-cyclopropane in the proximal position of the methoxy series. The similarity of these reactions and the enzymes that catalyze them suggests that some of the structural diversity of mycolic acids results from different chemical fates of a common cationic intermediate, which in turn results from methyl group addition to an olefinic mycolate precursor.
Alternative splicing of the rat Ca<sub>v</sub>3.3 T‐type calcium channel gene produces variants with distinct functional properties<sup>1</sup> (2002)

Molecular diversity in T-type Ca(2+) channels is produced by expression of three genes, and alternative splicing of those genes. Prompted by differences noted between rat and human Ca(v)3.3 sequences, we searched for splice variants. We cloned six variants, which are produced by splicing at exon 33 and exon 34. Expression of the variants differed between brain regions. The electrophysiological properties of the variants displayed similar voltage-dependent gating, but differed in their kinetic properties. The functional impact of splicing was inter-related, suggesting an interaction. We conclude that alternative splicing of the Ca(v)3.3 gene produces channels with distinct properties.
Here's Smoking at You, Kid: Has Tobacco Product Placement in the Movies Really Stopped? (1999)

Here's Smoking at You, Kid
An assessment of flood hazard vulnerability in the Dongting Lake Region of China (2007)

Abstract After the catastrophic floods along the Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) in 1998, the United Nations Environment Programme and the United Nations Centre for Human Settlements and the State Environmental Protection Administration of China jointly developed a methodology for assessing flood vulnerability that would be user‐friendly for policy‐makers. This report discusses this methodology, described herein with a trial application to the critical Dongting Lake Region, using an applied analytical hierarchy process to establish vulnerability weights, and geographical information systems to present the results in a readily comprehensible manner. This study is the first vulnerability assessment undertaken in China specifically directed at flood prevention.
Ruthenium-Catalyzed Cyclization of 2-Alkyl-1-ethynylbenzenes via a 1,5-Hydrogen Shift of Ruthenium−Vinylidene Intermediates (2007)

Catalytic cyclization of 2-alkyl-1-ethynylbenzene derivatives was implemented by TpRuPPh3(CH3CN)2PF6 (10 mol %) in hot toluene (105 degrees C, 36-100 h) to form 1-substituted-1H-indene and 1-indanone products; such cyclizations proceeded more efficiently for substrates bearing electron-rich benzenes. We propose that the cyclization mechanism involves a 1,5-hydrogen shift of initial metal-vinylidene intermediate.
The synthesis and reduction of optically active 2-mercaptopropionic acid and some derivatives (1971)

Nucleophilic displacement reactions, by thioacetate, thiobenzoate, methanethiolate, and toluene-α-thiolate, on methyl L-O-ptolysulphonyl-lactate, methyl L-2-chloropropionate, and sodium L-2-chloropropionate, have been used to prepare D-2-acylthio- and D-2-acylthio- and D-2-alkylthio-propionic acids and esters. Extensive racemisation occurs when an excess of thioacetate or thiobenzoate is used; this is attributed to further SN2 displacement, with acetylthio or benzoylthio as a leaving group. Concomitant acyl exchange also occurs, with retention of configuration, by a different mechanism. Thus methyl D-2-acetylthiopropionate with potassium thiobenzoate gives methyl D-2-benzoylthiopropionate.Reduction of L-(2-methylthio)propionic acid with diborane proceeds without racemisation, but the L-(2-methylthio)propanol obtained by reduction of the same acid with lithium aluminium hydride is of lower optical purity. Appreciable racemisation also occurs in the reduction, with lithium aluminium hydride, of methyl D-(2-methylthio)propionate and of methyl D-(2-benzoylthio)propionate.The formation of D-2-mercaptopropanol, of known configuration, by reduction of (+)-2-mercaptopropionic acid, its acyl derivatives, and its esters, establishes the D-configuration of the latter compounds.
Improved Registration of 3D CT Angiography with X-ray Fluoroscopy for Image Fusion During Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation (2018)

The fusion of 3D anatomical models derived from high-fidelity pre-interventional computed tomography angiography (CTA), and x-ray (XR) fluoroscopy to facilitate anatomical guidance is of huge interest for complex cardiac interventions like TAVI procedures with cerebral protection. Co-registration of CTA and XR has been introduced either based on additional intraoperative non-/contrast-enhanced cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) or two separate aortograms. With the related increase of radiation exposure and/or contrast agent (CA) dose, a potential additional risk for the patient is introduced. Here, we propose a modified co-registration approach making use of arteriograms of the iliofemoral arteries, routinely performed during the femoral puncture and sheath introduction. On-the-fly refinement of the co-registration during the on-going procedure enables accurate co-registration without any additional angiograms, thus reducing CA, XR dose and procedure time, while simultaneously improving operator confidence and procedure safety.
The impact of polishing on germanium-on-insulator substrates (2013)

We prepared germanium-on-insulator (GOI) substrates by using Smart-Cut™ and wafer bonding technology. The fabricated GOI is appropriate for polishing due to a strong bonding strength (2.4 MPa) and a sufficient bonding quality. We investigated mechanical polishing and chemical—mechanical polishing (CMP) systematically, and an appropriate polishing method—mechanical polishing combined with CMP—is obtained. As shown by AFM measurement, the RMS of GOI after polishing decreased to 0.543 nm. And the Ge peak profile of the XRD curve became symmetric, and the FWHM is about 121.7 arcsec, demonstrating a good crystal quality.
Optimal Control Technique for Many-Body Quantum Dynamics (2011)

We present an efficient strategy for controlling a vast range of nonintegrable quantum many-body one-dimensional systems that can be merged with state-of-the-art tensor network simulation methods such as the density matrix renormalization group. To demonstrate its potential, we employ it to solve a major issue in current optical-lattice physics with ultracold atoms: we show how to reduce by about 2 orders of magnitude the time needed to bring a superfluid gas into a Mott insulator state, while suppressing defects by more than 1 order of magnitude as compared to current experiments [T. Stöferle et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 130403 (2004)]. Finally, we show that the optimal pulse is robust against atom number fluctuations.
Coordination Chemistry of Gold Catalysts in Solution: A Detailed NMR Study (2012)

Coordination chemistry of gold catalysts bearing eight different ligands [L=PPh(3), JohnPhos (L2), Xphos (L3), DTBP, IMes, IPr, dppf, S-tolBINAP (L8)] has been studied by NMR spectroscopy in solution at room temperature. Cationic or neutral mononuclear complexes LAuX (L=L2, L3, IMes, IPr; X=charged or neutral ligand) underwent simple ligand exchange without giving any higher coordinate complexes. For L2AuX the following ligand strength series was determined: MeOH≪hex-3-yne <MeCN≈OTf(-) ≪Me(2)S<2,6-lutidine<4-picoline<CF(3)CO(2)(-) ≈DMAP<TMTU<PPh(3) <OH(-) ≈Cl(-). Some heteroligand complexes DTBPAuX exist in solution in equilibrium with the corresponding symmetrical species. Binuclear complexes dppf(AuOTf)(2) and S-tolBINAP(AuOTf)(2) showed different behavior in exchange reactions with ligands depending on the ligand strength. Thus, PPh(3) causes abstraction of one gold atom to give mononuclear complexes LLAuPPh(3)(+) and (Ph(3)P)(n)Au(+), but other N and S ligands give ordinary dicationic species LL(AuNu)(2)(2+). In reactions with different bases, LAu(+) provided new oxonium ions whose chemistry was also studied: (DTBPAu)(3)O(+), (L2Au)(2)OH(+), (L2Au)(3)O(+), (L3Au)(2)OH(+), and (IMesAu)(2)OH(+). Ultimately, formation of gold hydroxide LAuOH (L=L2, L3, IMes) was studied. Ligand- or base-assisted interconversions between (L2Au)(2)OH(+), (L2Au)(3)O(+), and L2AuOH are described. Reactions of dppf(AuOTf)(2) and S-tolBINAP(AuOTf)(2) with bases provided more interesting oxonium ions, whose molecular composition was found to be [dppf(Au)(2)](3)O(2)(2+), L8(Au)(2)OH(+), and [L8(Au)(2)](3)O(2)(2+), but their exact structure was not established. Several reactions between different oxonium species were conducted to observe mixed heteroligand oxonium species. Reaction of L2AuNCMe(+) with S(2-) was studied; several new complexes with sulfide are described. For many reversible reactions the corresponding equilibrium constants were determined.
Future Therapy of the Insulin-dependent Diabetic Patient—The Implantable Insulin Delivery System (1981)

An implantable insulin delivery system has several advantages not shared by currently available, portable external delivery devices. First, since the implantable system does not come in contact with the external environment, insulin delivery routes other than the subcutaneous tissue may be utilized without the danger of infection. These alternative routes may provide more rapid insulin absorption, enhanced hepatic insulinization, and improved diabetic control for “C”-peptide-negative brittle diabetic patients. Second, the implantable system is protected from external trauma, permitting a wider range of daily activities and sporting events. Third, the implantable system is easily concealed by clothing, thereby increasing patient acceptance of it. However, an implantable system also has disadvantages. First, surgery will be required to implant or explant the pump module and reservoir, and second, the implanted system must be highly reliable and include failsafe mechanisms to insure the safety of the recipient. These advantages and disadvantages have resulted in delineation of general specifications for an inv plantable insulin delivery system. Desirable features of an implantable insulin delivery system include (1) reliability and failsafe operation, (2) being implantable and explantable under local anesthesia, (3) long battery life, (4) multiple insulin delivery rates, (5) small size and weight, (6) biocompatible materials, (7) remote programmability based upon recipient blood glucose monitoring, and (8) ability to deliver concentrated insulin with infrequent reservoir refilling. Using available technology, each of these specifications has been incorporated into the functioning of our current implant system, which is being tested in diabetic dogs. Future experiments in man will undoubtedly alter and add to the current specifications.
The Visco-elastic Behavior of Confined Thin Films of Bitumen in Tension Compression (1969)

The behavior of confined thin films of a bitumen under sinusoidal loading both in shear and in a direction normal to the plane of the film (tension/compression) has been investigated. For small strains, behavior in tension/compression like that in shear, is linear and thermorheologically simple and the temperature dependence of the rheological parameters is the same in each case. In tension/compression, the degree of confinement can be defined by the ratio of the radius of the confining plates (r) to the thickness of the film (d). For confinement ratios greater than about one, the longitudinal complex modulus |M*| was found to be greater than three times the complex shear modulus 3|G*| (the value expected for shear behavior). The complex modulus ratio |M*|/3|G*|, where |M*| and |G*| are measured at the same frequency and temperature, was found to be approximately proportional to the square of the confinement ratio over the confinement ratio range 4.5 to 45. This relationship should be predicted by the theory of the purely elastic situation. The energy loss factor under sinusoidal loading, π/2 tan φ (where φ is the angular phase difference between stress and strain), was found to be different in tension/compression from that in shear. As the confinement ratio increases, the energy loss factor decreases more rapidly with frequency than for shear conditions. To indicate the temperature/frequency region for this decrease, the behavior where tan φ=1 was evaluated and found to correspond to an |M*| value of about 8×108 dynes/cm (the same value is obtained in shear for tan φ=1). The particular relationship (for the bitumen tested) between the temperature, the frequency, and the confinement ratio when tan φ=1 was determined for the range of frequencies and temperatures covered experimentally. The theoretical implications of the results and their relation to the deformation, fracture, and fatigue behavior of bitumen bonded road surfacing materials are briefly discussed.
Tibiofemoral movement 4: changes of axial tibial rotation caused by forced rotation at the weight-bearing knee studied by RSA (2000)

We studied the knees of 11 volunteers using RSA during a step-up exercise requiring extension while weight-bearing from 50° to 0°. The findings on weight-bearing flexion with and without external rotation of the tibia based on MRI were confirmed.
Role of integration host factor in the regulation of the glnHp2 promoter of Escherichia coli. (1991)

The glnHPQ operon of Escherichia coli encodes components of the high-affinity glutamine transport system. One of the two promoters of this operon, glnHp2, is responsible for expression of the operon under nitrogen-limiting conditions. The general nitrogen regulatory protein (NRI) binds to two overlapping sites centered at -109 and -122 from the transcription start site and, when phosphorylated, activates transcription of glnHp2 by catalyzing isomerization of the closed sigma 54-RNA polymerase promoter complex to an open complex. The DNA-bending protein integration host factor (IHF) binds to a site immediately upstream of glnHp2 and enhances the activation of open complex formation by NRI phosphate. The NRI-binding sites can be moved several hundred base pairs further upstream without altering the ability of NRI phosphate to activate open complex formation. We propose that the IHF-induced bend can facilitate or obstruct the interaction between NRI phosphate and the closed complex depending on the relative positions of NRI phosphate and sigma 54-RNA polymerase on the DNA.
3GPP LTE Versus IEEE 802.11p/WAVE: Which Technology is Able to Support Cooperative Vehicular Safety Applications? (2012)

The concept of vehicular ad-hoc networks enables the design of emergent automotive safety applications, which are based on the awareness among vehicles. Recently, a suite of 802.11p/WAVE protocols aimed at supporting car-to-car communications was approved by IEEE. Existing cellular infrastructure and, above all 3GPP LTE, is being considered as another communication technology appropriate for vehicular applications. This letter provides a theoretical framework which compares the basic patterns of both the technologies in the context of safety-of-life vehicular scenarios. We present mathematical models for the evaluation of the considered protocols in terms of successful beacon delivery probability.