gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Vaccination: Is it Effective in Preventing Respiratory Disease or Influencing Weight Gains in Feedlot Calves? (1983)

Respiratory disease, both undifferentiated and etiologically defined, remains a major problem in feedlot cattle. Vaccination has been used in an attempt to reduce the frequency and/or severity of respiratory disease in the first few weeks after the cattle arrive at the feedlot.The efficacy of vaccination has been studied both in controlled laboratory experiments and field trials as well as observational studies. (In this review, efficacy refers to the ability to reduce overall treatment rate and/or increase weight gains.) This review summarizes the data resulting from studies of vaccine efficacy.In general, there is little published data to support the use of vaccines against respiratory disease under feedlot conditions. Treatment rates and weight gains usually did not differ between vaccinated and nonvaccinated groups. The use of live bovine virus diarrhea virus vaccines was associated with a significant subsequent increase in treatment rates. Criteria to be considered in future field trials are described.
Physician perceptions of GLP-1 receptor agonists in the UK (2016)

Objectives Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists have been used to treat type 2 diabetes for almost a decade, and new treatments in this class have recently been introduced. The purpose of this study was to examine perceptions of GLP-1 receptor agonists among physicians who treat patients with type 2 diabetes in the UK. Methods A total of 670 physicians (226 diabetes specialists; 444 general practice [GP] physicians) completed a survey in 2014. Results Almost all physicians had prescribed GLP-1 receptor agonists (95.4% total sample; 99.1% specialists; 93.5% GP), most frequently to patients whose glucose levels are not adequately controlled with oral medications (85.9% of physicians) and obese/overweight patients (83.7%). Physicians' most common reasons for prescribing a GLP-1 receptor agonist were: associated with weight loss (65.8%), good efficacy (55.7%), less hypoglycemia risk than insulin (55.2%), not associated with weight gain (34.5%), and better efficacy than oral medications (32.7%). Factors that most commonly cause hesitation when prescribing this class were: not considered first line therapy according to guidelines (56.9%), injectable administration (44.6%), cost (36.7%), gastrointestinal side effects (33.4%), and risk of pancreatitis (26.7%). Almost all specialists (99.1%) believed they had sufficient knowledge to prescribe a GLP-1 receptor agonist, compared with 76.1% of GPs. Conclusions Results highlight the widespread use of GLP-1 receptor agonists for treatment of type 2 diabetes in the UK. However, almost a quarter of GPs reported that they do not have enough knowledge to prescribe GLP-1s, suggesting a need for increased dissemination of information to targeted groups of physicians. Study limitations were that the generalizability of the clinician sample is unknown; survey questions required clinicians to select answers from multiple response options rather than generating the responses themselves; and responses to this survey conducted in 2014 do not reflect perceptions of the most recently introduced GLP-1 receptor agonists.
Safety of Submacular Suprachoroidal Drug Administration via a Microcatheter: Retrospective Analysis of European Treatment Results (2012)

Suprachoroidal drug administration was achieved without serious complication using a novel microcatheter. Direct drug delivery to the choroid can potentially increase local tissue drug levels and drug efficacy for the treatment of AMD and other diseases associated with CNV.
Integrated Production Operation Models With Reservoir Simulation for Optimum Reservoir Management (2002)

Abstract There has been an increasing interest in optimum reservoir management to maximize oil production from a reservoir given the present economic and technical limits. However, many reservoir management programs have failed because they do not consider wells, surface facilities and the reservoir as an integrated system. In fact, determination of optimum operation parameters for both producers and injectors is critical to the ultimate oil recovery under the existing reservoir and infrastructure conditions. On the other hand, production operation methods are usually not taken into account in reservoir simulation, which is traditionally used for reservoir management purpose. Also due to practical constraints, test runs are often limited to a few most plausible sets of model parameters, though the global optimum set should be used instead. This paper presents a systems engineering approach, which integrates production operation models with reservoir simulation to achieve the global optimum parameters for both producers and injectors. More specifically, a reservoir simulator starts with a basic run, which provides a reference case. Then the simulated annealing algorithm is employed to solve multi-dimensional nonlinear global optimization problems. Finally, the optimum reservoir performance is obtained by executing the reservoir simulator with the global optimum parameters. Such integrated approach ensures that the displacement front can advance slowly and steadily at various stages of the field development such that the maximum oil production can be achieved. It is also found that the simulated annealing algorithm is efficient and stable in achieving the global optimum. Furthermore, this systems method is applied fieldwide to a water-alternating-gas (WAG) miscible flooding reservoir. The reservoir performance has been adjusted and controlled in an optimum range over five years. The reservoir pressure remains higher than the minimum miscible pressure (MMP) and distributes uniformly in the whole reservoir, in which appropriate production operation methods are implemented. The bottom-hole flowing pressure, injection pressure, oil rate, injection volume of water and gas, water-cut and gas-oil-ratio (GOR) are kept in a proper range. All these fieldwide data show that the integrated approach to optimum reservoir management presented in this paper can greatly improve the oil production.
Chiral Anion-Mediated Asymmetric Ring Opening of <i>meso</i>-Aziridinium and Episulfonium Ions (2008)

Reactions proceeding through cationic intermediates that lack a Lewis or Brønsted basic site present a challenge for traditional asymmetric catalysis based on chiral metals or organocatalysts. We present an enantioselective ring opening of tetrasubstituted meso-aziridinium ions with alcohol nucleophiles proceeding through a chiral ion pair with a binaphthol-phosphate anion. The reaction is initiated by silver-induced ring closure of beta-chloroamines using the Ag salt of the chiral anion as in situ generated catalyst. Use of insoluble Ag2CO3 as silver source is essential to obtain high enantioselectivity; we believe the chiral phosphate acts as a "chiral anion phase transfer catalyst" to bring silver ion into the organic phase. The chiral anion concept can also be extended to the related asymmetric opening of meso-episulfonium ions generated by protonation of trichloroacetimidates vicinal to sulfides.
Quantification of free fetal DNA in multiple pregnancies and relationship with chorionicity (2011)

There is higher ffDNA concentration in multiple pregnancies, and this must be taken into account for future quantitative ffDNA applications.
Infrastructure and distributed learning methodology for privacy-preserving multi-centric rapid learning health care: euroCAT (2017)

Machine learning applications for personalized medicine are highly dependent on access to sufficient data. For personalized radiation oncology, datasets representing the variation in the entire cancer patient population need to be acquired and used to learn prediction models. Ethical and legal boundaries to ensure data privacy hamper collaboration between research institutes. We hypothesize that data sharing is possible without identifiable patient data leaving the radiation clinics and that building machine learning applications on distributed datasets is feasible. We developed and implemented an IT infrastructure in five radiation clinics across three countries (Belgium, Germany, and The Netherlands). We present here a proof-of-principle for future 'big data' infrastructures and distributed learning studies. Lung cancer patient data was collected in all five locations and stored in local databases. Exemplary support vector machine (SVM) models were learned using the Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) from the distributed databases to predict post-radiotherapy dyspnea grade [Formula: see text]. The discriminative performance was assessed by the area under the curve (AUC) in a five-fold cross-validation (learning on four sites and validating on the fifth). The performance of the distributed learning algorithm was compared to centralized learning where datasets of all institutes are jointly analyzed. The euroCAT infrastructure has been successfully implemented in five radiation clinics across three countries. SVM models can be learned on data distributed over all five clinics. Furthermore, the infrastructure provides a general framework to execute learning algorithms on distributed data. The ongoing expansion of the euroCAT network will facilitate machine learning in radiation oncology. The resulting access to larger datasets with sufficient variation will pave the way for generalizable prediction models and personalized medicine.
JAMIA--why? (1994)

Journal Article JAMIA—why? Get access William W. Stead, MD William W. Stead, MD Correspondence and reprints: William W. Stead, MD, The Village at Vanderbilt, Suite 2000, 1500 21st Avenue S, Nashville, TN 37212. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, Volume 1, Issue 1, January 1994, Pages 75–76, https://doi.org/10.1136/jamia.1994.95236138 Published: 01 January 1994 Article history Received: 29 June 1993 Revision received: 06 July 1993 Accepted: 06 July 1993 Published: 01 January 1994
Quantitative broadband near-infrared spectroscopy of tissue-simulating phantoms containing erythrocytes (1998)

We report the use of steady-state diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (SSDRS) to measure the near-infrared absorption spectrum of liquid phantoms containing human erythrocytes in aqueous suspensions of polystyrene spheres which simulate the scattering properties of tissue. The absorption spectra obtained from these SSDRS measurements of intact red cells under oxygenated and deoxygenated conditions are compared with several published spectra of 'stripped' haemoglobin prepared from lysed cells. Two fitting algorithms (nonlinear least squares and singular value decomposition) which exploit the broad spectral range provided by these measurements (170 data points spanning 164 nm in a single acquisition) are used to determine haemoglobin oxygen saturation (SO2) from SSDR spectra collected over a wide range of measured oxygen partial pressures. The validity of these algorithms is assessed by comparing literature values of p50 (the oxygen tension at which haemoglobin is 50% saturated) and the Hill coefficient to values of these parameters determined from the SO2 estimates. The singular value decomposition algorithm can also be used to reconstruct the non-haemoglobin background absorption spectrum without a priori assumptions regarding its constituent chromophores or their concentrations. Using this technique, the absorption spectrum of a small amount of India ink (maximum absorption coefficient (mu(a max)) approximately 0.0006 mm(-1)) added to a phantom containing red cells (mu(a max) approximately 0.026 mm(-1)) was reconstructed over a full range of oxygen saturations. The implications of these measurements for detection of weakly absorbing chromophores (such as cytochrome aa3) in the presence of haemoglobin are discussed.
Studies on the Chemistry of Anaphylaxis (III). Experiments with Isolated Proteins, Especially those of the Hen's Egg (1911)

In the early history of immunology the few preliminary attempts to secure precipitins differentiating different proteins coming from the same animal were so generally unsuccessful that, in spite of some more or less positive results, the opinion became general that the specificity of proteins depends upon certain groups or radicals which are characteristic of the origin of the protein, and perhaps not associated with demonstrable chemical differences. With
Comparison of Four Agar Plating Media with and Without Added Novobiocin for Isolation of Salmonellae from Beef and Deboned Poultry Meat (1978)

Four plating media, Hektoen enteric (HE), xylose-lysine deoxycholate (XLD), tryptic soy-xylose-lysine (TSXL), and tryptic soy-brillant green (TSBG) agars with and without 10 mg of added novobiocin per ml, were evaluated for recovery of Salmonella from roast beef and deboned turkey. Colonies producing a reaction typical of H(2)S-positive salmonellae (alkaline with black centers) were picked. On the media without novobiocin, from 109 determinations on 75 samples, number of salmonellae found and false-positives were, respectively: HE-13, 58; XLD-17, 18; TSXL-23, 0; TSBG-22, 7. When novobiocin was present the corresponding results were: HE-17, 24; XLD-21, 2; TSXL-23, 3; TSBG-20, 7. A total of 25 determinations were positive on one or more agars. False-positives on HE and XLD without novobiocin were predominantly Proteus, which were almost totally eliminated by addition of 10 mg of novobiocin per liter. If alkaline H(2)S-negative colonies had been considered, many more false-positives would have been found on HE and XLD but not on TSBG or TSXL. Addition of novobiocin markedly improved isolations of salmonellae from XLD and HE and reduced the number of false-positives. Addition of novobiocin did not improve performance of TSXL and slightly impaired differentiation of salmonellae from Citrobacter on TSBG. XLD with novobiocin and TSXL are highly specific for H(2)S-positive salmonellae, and the appearance of Salmonella-like colonies on these media can be considered a presumptive test for H(2)S-positive salmonellae.
Analysis of Three-Dimensional Turbomachinery Flows on C-Type Grids Using an Implicit Euler Solver (1990)

A three-dimensional Euler analysis for turbomachinery flows on a C-type grid is presented. The analysis is based on the Beam and Warming implicit algorithm for solution of the unsteady Euler equations and is derived from the ARC3D code developed by Pulliam at NASA Ames Research Center. Modifications made to convert this code from external flow applications to internal turbomachinery flows are given in detail. These changes include the addition of inflow, outflow, and periodic boundary point calculation procedures. Also presented are the C-grid construction procedures. Finally, results of code experimental verification studies for three-dimensional compressor cascade and rotor flows are presented.
A Compact and Low-Cost Optical Pickup Head-Based Optical Microscope (2014)

An optical pickup head (OPH) is a compact and low-cost but of high-precision optical system. In the past, it has been used for much scientific research besides optical disc storage, in particular, for the length-related measurements. In this paper, we propose a compact and low-cost OPH-based optical microscope (OM). A CMOS sensor disassembled from the web camera is fixed below the fold mirror of the OPH. The revised structure is simple and low cost but without permanently altering the original structure of the OPH. The user can choose operation modes of either the OPH or OM by a simple switching. We estimated that the optical magnification of the OM is 15.5X. The experimentally measured resolution of the OM is ~2 μm for the visible light, and it achieved diffraction limit for narrow-band light source. From the results of optical simulation, the main factor deteriorating the resolution is chromatic aberration. Astigmatic aberration is not important. Some plant cells investigation results using the microscope are also demonstrated in this paper.
Inhibitory effect of Fagopyrum esculentum on degranulation and production of cytokine in RBL-2H3 cells (2012)

Objectives : Fagopyrum esculentum(FE) has been used for removal of inflammation of internal organs and treatment of sore and ulcer by heat toxin in Korean herbal medicines. In this study, To investigated the protective effect of FE on allergic response, we determined whether FE inhibits allergic response. Methods : The effect of FE was analyzed by ELISA, RT-PCR and Western blot in RBL-2H3 cells. We investigated cell viability, <TEX>${\beta}$</TEX>-hexosaminidase, as a marker of degranulation, cytokne, and intracellular ROS and MAPK and NF-<TEX>${\kappa}B$</TEX> signaling. Results : We found that FE suppressed <TEX>${\beta}$</TEX>-hexosaminidase release, the production of IL-4 and TNF-<TEX>${\alpha}$</TEX> and intracellular ROS level in RBL-2H3 by the anti-DNP IgE plus DNP-HSA stimulation. FE also significantly inhibited cytokine mRNA expressions, such as IL-<TEX>$1{\beta}$</TEX>, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, TNF-<TEX>${\alpha}$</TEX> and GM-CSF in RBL-2H3. In addition, PF suppressed the phospholyation of ERK1/2, JNK1/2, p38 and <TEX>$I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$</TEX> and NF-<TEX>${\kappa}B$</TEX> signal transduction pathway. Conclusions : Our results indicate that FE protects against allergic response and exerts an anti-inflammatory effect through the inhibition of degranulation and production of cytokines and ROS via the suppression MAPK and NF-<TEX>${\kappa}B$</TEX> of signal transduction. Abbrevations : FE, Fagopyrum esculentum; RBL-2H3, rat basophilic leukemia cell line; ROS, reactive oxygen species; MAPK, Mitogen-activated protein kinase; <TEX>$NF{\kappa}B$</TEX>, nuclear factor <TEX>${\kappa}B$</TEX>; <TEX>$TNF{\alpha}$</TEX>, Tumor necrosis factor alpha; GM-CSF, Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor; ERK, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase; JNK, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase; p38, p38 MAP kinase; <TEX>$I{\kappa}B{\alpha}$</TEX>, inhibitory-kappa B alpha.
Feasibility Study of the Welding of Sic (1985)

In a brief study of the feasibility of welding sintered a‐Sic, solid‐state welding and brazing were investigated. Joint quality was determined solely by microstructural examination. Hot‐pressure welding was shown to be feasible at 1950°C. Diffusion welding and brazing were also successful under hot isostatic pressure at 1950°C when boride, carbide, and silicide interlayers were used. Furnace brazing was accomplished at 1750°C when a TiSia interlayer was introduced.
An electric impedance based microelectromechanical system flow sensor for ionic solutions (2003)

Microfluidic devices with channel cross sections measuring 4 × 10 μm(2) instrumented with gold microelectrodes were used to sense flow rates of ionic solutions on the basis of electric impedance (EI) measured perpendicular to the flow. Negative pressures were applied to access ports of the microdevices to generate flow of saline solutions (physiologic concentrations 0.9%) through the micro-EI recording zone with flow rates between 2.4 and 4.8 μl min(-1). The EI spectra (100 Hz-20 MHz) recorded under flow conditions were compared with the no-flow condition. Changes in the magnitude of EI (at 350 Hz) for flow rates as low as 2.4 μl min(-1) were statistically significant compared with the no-flow condition. The observed dependence of EI on flow rate is attributed to the relative difference between the rate of migration of charge-balancing electrolyte ions to the electrode surface and the rate of removal of the same ions by forced convection. An electrochemical convection-diffusion model was used to study the observed dependence on flow. Simulations support the conceptual model that passing DC current from the gold electrodes into the ionic solution results in an increase in ionic concentration near the electrode surface (due to the inward migration of counter-balancing ions). When the fluid flow rates increase, these counter-balancing ions are replaced by the bulk solution, thereby lowering the average ionic concentration within the recording zone. This local concentration drop results in an increase in the real part of the impedance.
DNA‐probes for the highly sensitive identification of single nucleotide polymorphism using single‐molecule spectroscopy (2007)

This article presents a new, highly sensitive method for the identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in homogeneous solutions using fluorescently labeled hairpin-structured oligonucleotides (smart probes) and fluorescence single-molecule spectroscopy. While the hairpin probe is closed, fluorescence intensity is quenched due to close contact between the chromophore and several guanosine residues. Upon hybridization to the respective target SNP sequence, contact is lost and the fluorescence intensity increases significantly. High specificity is achieved by blocking sequences containing mismatch with unlabeled oligonucleotides. Time-resolved single-molecule fluorescence spectroscopy enables the detection of individual smart probes passing a small detection volume. This method leads to a subnanomolar sensitivity for this single nucleotide specific DNA assay technique.
Calcium Channel Antagonism Reduces Exercise‐Induced Ventricular Arrhythmias in Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia Patients with RyR2 Mutations (2005)

This study provides the first in vivo demonstration that a calcium channel antagonist, verapamil, can suppress premature ventricular complexes and nonsustained ventricular salvoes in catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia caused by RyR2 mutations. Modifying the abnormal calcium handling by calcium antagonists might have therapeutic value.
An implant-free AlGaAs/GaAs HBT IC technology incorporating 1.4 THz Schottky diodes (2002)

A non-self-aligned HBT (heterojunction bipolar transistor) process capable of 45 GHz f/sub T/ and f/sub max/ with 1.4-THz Schottky diodes is reported. An HBT divide-by-eight prescalar circuit clocks at 13.5 GHz and a pulser circuit using Schottky diodes demonstrates 8.6-ps rise time. This process provides Schottky diodes suitable for sampler/pulser applications as well as nichrome resistors, MIM capacitors, and air-bridge inductors. The process does not use ion-implantation for isolation or reduction of collector capacitance.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Antitumoral action of 2-deoxy-D-glucose tetraacetate in human melanoma cells. (2000)

The ester 2-deoxy-D-glucose tetraacetate (2-DOGTA) was recently shown to display cytostatic and cytotoxic activity in various lines of tumoral cells. In the present work, it was found to inhibit cell growth and confer chemosensitivity to cisplatin in two lines of human melanoma cells, poorly responsive to cisplatin. The inhibition of cell growth by 2-DOGTA was apparently not attributable to alteration of either D-glucose utilization or oxidation in these melanoma cell lines. In freshly isolated human melanoma cells, 2-DOGTA also inhibited cell growth, even in cells resistant to standard chemotherapeutic agents, such as temozolomide, cisplatin and/or vindesine. It is proposed, therefore, that 2-DOGTA should be further investigated for the treatment of melanoma patients, whether alone or in combination with known chemotherapeutic agents.