gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A binary adaptable window SoC architecture for a stereo vision based depth field processor (2010)

This paper presents a novel binary fully adaptable window for incorporating in a stereo matching System-on-Chip (SoC) architecture. This architecture is fully scalable and parameterizable to allow for custom SoC implementations, as well as rapid prototyping on FPGAs. For each window a binary mask window is generated which selects the supporting pixels in the cost aggregation phase of the SAD algorithm. This selection is performed using color similarity and spatial distance metrics. Hardware resource utilization for a fixed window and an adaptable window cost aggregation is compared based on FPGA logic element use.
Learning to Self-Train for Semi-Supervised Few-Shot Classification (2019)

Few-shot classification (FSC) is challenging due to the scarcity of labeled training data (e.g. only one labeled data point per class). Meta-learning has shown to achieve promising results by learning to initialize a classification model for FSC. In this paper we propose a novel semi-supervised meta-learning method called learning to self-train (LST) that leverages unlabeled data and specifically meta-learns how to cherry-pick and label such unsupervised data to further improve performance. To this end, we train the LST model through a large number of semi-supervised few-shot tasks. On each task, we train a few-shot model to predict pseudo labels for unlabeled data, and then iterate the self-training steps on labeled and pseudo-labeled data with each step followed by fine-tuning. We additionally learn a soft weighting network (SWN) to optimize the self-training weights of pseudo labels so that better ones can contribute more to gradient descent optimization. We evaluate our LST method on two ImageNet benchmarks for semi-supervised few-shot classification and achieve large improvements over the state-of-the-art method. Code is at https://github.com/xinzheli1217/learning-to-self-train.
Editorial Comment (1979)

No AccessJournal of Urology1 Jul 1979Editorial Comment Bruce H. Stewart Bruce H. StewartBruce H. Stewart More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)56267-9AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "Editorial Comment." The Journal of Urology, 122(1), p. 91 © 1979 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 122Issue 1July 1979Page: 91 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 1979 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Bruce H. Stewart More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Loading ...
Localized and ultrahigh-rate etching of silicon wafers using atmospheric-pressure microplasma jets (2003)

A miniaturized very-high-frequency- driven inductively coupled plasma jet source has been developed for the production of high-temperature and high-density plasmas in a small space, and its application to the localized and ultrahigh-rate etching of silicon wafers has been studied. The developed plasma source consists of a 1-mm-diam discharge tube with a fine nozzle of 0.1 mm in diameter at one end and a three-turn solenoidal antenna wound around it. The electron density of atmospheric-pressure argon plasma jets blowing out from the nozzle was estimated to be 1014–1015 cm−3 by means of optical emission spectroscopy. By the addition of halogen gases into the downstream region of argon plasma jets, high-speed etching of fine holes of several hundreds μm in diameter has been investigated. The highest etch rates of 4000 μm/min and 14 μm/min have been achieved for silicon wafers and fused silica glass wafers, respectively.
Decision support approaches for cyber security investment (2016)

When investing in cyber security resources, information security managers have to follow effective decision-making strategies. We refer to this as the cyber security investment challenge. In this paper, we consider three possible decision support methodologies for security managers to tackle this challenge. We consider methods based on game theory, combinatorial optimisation, and a hybrid of the two. Our modelling starts by building a framework where we can investigate the effectiveness of a cyber security control regarding the protection of different assets seen as targets in presence of commodity threats. As game theory captures the interaction between the endogenous organisation’s and attackers’ decisions, we consider a 2-person control game between the security manager who has to choose among different implementation levels of a cyber security control, and a commodity attacker who chooses among different targets to attack. The pure game theoretical methodology consists of a large game including all controls and all threats. In the hybrid methodology the game solutions of individual control-games along with their direct costs (e.g. financial) are combined with a knapsack algorithm to derive an optimal investment strategy. The combinatorial optimisation technique consists of a multi-objective multiple choice knapsack based strategy. To compare these approaches we built a decision support tool and a case study regarding current government guidelines. The endeavour of this work is to highlight the weaknesses and strengths of different investment methodologies for cyber security, the benefit of their interaction, and the impact that indirect costs have on cyber security investment. Going a step further in validating our work, we have shown that our decision support tool provides the same advice with the one advocated by the UK government with regard to the requirements for basic technical protection from cyber attacks in SMEs.
Surfactant Regulation of Host Defense Function in the Lung: A Question of Balance (2001)

Although the lung is protected by classic innate and adaptive immune mechanisms, another unique local immunoregulatory system involving pulmonary surfactant is described in this review. Normal surfactant inhibits many immune cell functions including proliferation resulting from various stimuli and production of reactive oxidants, inflammatory mediators, and some cell surface markers. The predominant surfactant lipids appear to be responsible for these suppressive effects. Conversely, surfactant proteins SP-A and SP-D stimulate many aspects of immune cell behavior. These proteins are collagenous lectins or collectins that bind to glycoconjugates on many pathogens, enhancing phagocytosis and killing in some cases. SP-A and SP-D stimulate chemotaxis and reactive oxidant generation, particularly in macrophages, although other cells are probably affected as well. In some cases, SP-A also stimulates the expression of cell surface markers and is involved in the stimulation of inflammatory mediators. Under normal conditions, the inhibitory effects of the lipid prevail, but the collectins may provide focal activation and stimulate immune cells at sites where they are needed. However, in some types of lung disease or after certain insults or exposures, the balance between these inhibitory and stimulatory influences may be disrupted and result in inflammatory injury.
Controlled clinical trial of acyclovir in chronic hepatitis B virus infection (1987)

A randomised, controlled trial comparing acyclovir, 45 mg/kg/day as a continuous IV infusion for 28 days, with no other therapy, was carried out in 30 stable HBsAg carriers seropositive for HBeAg for more than 6 months. Twenty-eight had hepatitis B virus DNA-polymerase activity and/or hepatitis B virus DNA in serum at entry into the study. There were no significant adverse effects of therapy. At 12 months, seroconversion from HBeAg to anti-HBe had occurred in four of 15 treated patients, one of whom had also developed anti-HBs, compared with only one of 15 in the untreated group (95% confidence limits 12% and 51%). Seroconversion from HBeAg to anti-HBe was accompanied by return of serum liver function tests to normal and improved liver histology. The results of this study indicate that acyclovir is of no significant benefit in chronic HBeAg carriers with stable disease.
Trophic Effects of Platelets on Cultured Endothelial Cells are Mediated by Platelet-associated Fibroblast Growth Factor-2 (FGF-2) and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) (2002)

In addition to their role in primary hemostasis, platelets serve to support and maintain the vascular endothelium. Platelets contain numerous growth factors including the potent angiogenic inducers VEGF and FGF-2. To characterize the function of these two platelet-associated growth factors, the effects of the addition of purified platelets to cultured endothelial cells were examined. The survival and proliferation of endothelial cells were markedly stimulated (2-3-fold and 5-15-fold respectively) by the addition of gel-filtered platelets. Acetylsalicylic acid-treated or lyophilized fixed-platelets were ineffective in supporting endothelial cell proliferation. In Transwell assays, the stimulatory effect of platelets on endothelial cells was preserved, consistent with an effect mediated by secreted factors. The combined inhibition of VEGF and FGF-2 by neutralizing antibodies, in contrast to inhibition of either alone, abrogated both platelet-induced endothelial cell survival and proliferation. FGF-2 isoforms were detected in platelet lysates, as well as in the releases of agonist-stimulated platelets. Megakaryocytes generated by ex vivo expansion of hematopoietic progenitor cells with kit ligand and thrombopoietin were analyzed for expression of FGF-2. Punctate cytoplasmic staining but no nuclear staining was observed by immunocytochemistry consistent with possible localization of the growth factor to cytoplasmic granules. The addition of platelets to cultured endothelial cells activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in a dose and time-dependent manner. This effect was abrogated by both anti-FGF-2 and anti-VEGF antibody. Since FGF-2 and VEGF are potent angiogenic factors and known endothelial cell survival factors, their release by platelets provides a plausible mechanism for the platelet support of vascular endothelium.
Inhibition of apoptosis and prolongation of neutrophil functional longevity by inflammatory mediators (1993)

Neutrophil apoptosis leads to macrophage ingestion of intact senescent neutrophils. This may represent a neutrophil removal mechanism that is important both in the control of inflammatory tissue injury and for the normal resolution processes of inflammation. Because apoptosis is likely to be a key control process in cell and tissue homeostasis, a number of inflammatory mediators were tested for their ability to modulate the rate of apoptosis in populations of neutrophils aging in culture. Endotoxic lipopolysaccharide, human recombinant complement factor 5a, and human recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor all markedly inhibited the rate of neutrophil apoptosis in a concentration-dependent fashion, without inducing necrosis (as assessed by trypan blue exclusion). This inhibitory effect on the rate of neutrophil apoptosis was shown by morphological criteria and confirmed by gel electrophoresis of extracted DNA. Inhibition of apoptosis of aging neutrophil populations was associated with prolongation of the functional life span of the population as assessed by the ability of neutrophils to spread on glass surfaces, to polarize in response to deliberate stimulation with N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP), and to release the granule enzyme marker myeloperoxidase on fMLP stimulation. These observations show that inflammatory mediators prolong the functional life span of neutrophils through modulation of apoptosis. Further elucidation of these mechanisms will lead to a better understanding of the processes controlling neutrophil residence and function in inflamed tissues and may provide further insights into the molecular mechanisms of apoptosis, which is of widespread importance in tissue biology.
Molybdenum-Silicon Schottky Barrier (1966)

An ideal metal-semiconductor Schottky barrier contact was made by chemically depositing thin films of molybdenum on n-type silicon by the hydrogen reduction of molybdenum pentachloride at temperatures between 390°C and 500°C. Current-voltage, capacity-voltage, and photoelectric measurements were used to investigate the characteristics of molybdenum-silicon diodes thus produced. The junction is shown to be very close to the ideal Schottky barrier with the barrier height measured with respect to the Fermi energy of 0.57±0.02 eV.
The development of a new bioartificial liver and its application in 12 acute liver failure patients (2003)

The constructed bioartificial liver can support liver functions in acute liver failure. The simultaneous HBAL is better than non-simultaneous HBAL.
Mammographic density as a predictor of breast cancer survival: the Multiethnic Cohort (2013)

Assessing mammographic density in women with breast cancer may identify women with a poorer prognosis and provide them with radiotherapy to improve outcomes.
Report on construction of gene‐targeting vector for homologous recombination and transformation in silkworm, <i>Bombyx mori</i> L. (2005)

Abstract: This paper reports the methods of construction of gene‐targeting vector for transformation of silkworm, Bombyx mori L. The genomic DNA was isolated from the posterior silk gland of the fifth‐instar silkworm larvae. The short fragment (0.5 kb) and long fragment (5 kb) of the fibroin light‐chain gene were obtained by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis with special primers and genome DNA as templates and then recombined with pBlueselect vector into pBs‐FS‐FL. The target green flourescent protein (GFP) gene, was derived from pGEP‐1 vector and recombined with pUC19 vector into pUCG vector. GFP was recovered after cutting with restriction endonucleases, Pst I and Bam HI. Finally, GFP was recombined with pBs‐FS‐FL into gene‐targeting vector, pBs‐FS‐GFP‐FL.
Generation of Human scFv Antibody Libraries: PCR Amplification and Assembly of Light- and Heavy-Chain Coding Sequences (2011)

The development of therapeutic antibodies for use in the treatment of human diseases has long been a goal for many researchers in the antibody field. One way to obtain these antibodies is through phage-display libraries constructed from human lymphocytes. This protocol describes the construction of human Fab (fragment antigen binding) antibody libraries. In this method, the individual rearranged heavy- and light-chain variable regions are amplified separately and are linked through a series of overlap polymerase chain reaction (PCR) steps to give the final Fab products that are used for cloning.
Electrically stimulated optical switching of NbO2 thin films (1984)

For the first time, electrically stimulated optical modulation in a thin-film NbO2 device is demonstrated. NbO2 thin-film deposition by reactive ion-beam sputtering, device fabrication, and device performance as a 120-Hz continuous-wave modulator are described.
Cover Picture: Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 17/2002 (2002)

The cover picture shows the molecular structure of the helically extended angular [8]phenylene. An unprecedented cobalt-catalyzed triple cyclization of an appropriate nonayne was successful in assembling the largest crystallographically characterized helical phenylene (heliphene). Its properties are intriguing; the heliphene is unusually configurationally labile and has a strongly attenuated bathochromic increment in the UV spectrum, shielding of the terminal rings as a result of spatial overlap, and alternating ring-current intensities along the angular frame. The X-ray crystallographic data detail the helical and σ–π distortive features. Most surprisingly, the remarkable flexibility of the heliphene provided an unusually low barrier (ΔG≠ (−4.5 °C) = 13.4±0.4 kcal mol−1) for enantiomerization. The 1H NMR spectrum was consistent with the alternation of cyclohexatrienoid and aromatic character; the terminal rings are the most diatropic and the penultimate ones the least. Further details about this chiral polycyclic benzenoid hydrocarbon are described by K. P. C. Vollhardt, et al. on p 3227 ff.
Continuous wave operation of diode lasers at 3.36μm at 12°C (2008)

GaSb-based type-I quantum-well diode lasers emitting at 3.36μm at 12°C with 15mW of continuous wave output power are reported. Devices with two or four InGaAsSb compressively strained quantum wells and AlInGaAsSb quinternary barriers were fabricated and characterized. It was shown that increase in the quantum-well number led to improved laser differential gain and reduced threshold current.
A new approach to constructing optimal block codes for runlength-limited channels (1994)

The paper describes a technique for constructing fixed-length block codes for (d, k)-constrained channels. The codes described are of the simplest variety-codes for which the encoder restricted to any particular channel state is a one-to-one mapping and which is not permitted to "look ahead" to future messages. Such codes can be decoded with no memory and no anticipation and are thus an example of what Schouhamer Immink (1992) has referred to as block-decodable. For a given blocklength n and given values of (d, k), the procedure constructs a code with the highest possible rate among all such block codes, and it does so without the iterative search that is typically used (i.e., Franaszek's recursive elimination algorithm). The technique used is similar to Beenker and Immink's (1983) "Construction 2" in that every message is associated with a (d, k, l, r) sequence of length n-d; however the values used in the present approach are l=k-d and r=k-1, as opposed to Beenker and Schouhamer Immink's values of l=r=k-d. Thus the present approach demonstrates that "Construction 2" is optimal for d=1 but is suboptimal for d>1. Furthermore, the structure of the present codes permits enumerative coding techniques to simplify encoding and decoding.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Comparison of Some State of the Art Image Denoising Methods (2007)

We briefly describe and compare some recent advances in image denoising. In particular, we discuss three leading denoising algorithms, and describe their similarities and differences in terms of both structure and performance. Following a summary of each of these methods, several examples with various images corrupted with simulated and real noise of different strengths are presented. With the help of these experiments, we are able to identify the strengths and weaknesses of these state of the art methods, as well as seek the way ahead towards a definitive solution to the long-standing problem of image denoising.
Mouse RAD50 Has Limited Epitopic Homology to p53 and Is Expressed in the Adult Myocardium (1996)

Previous studies have identified a 180-kDa mouse cardiomyocyte phosphoprotein with limited epitopic homology to p53. In this study, the protein was purified and partially sequenced. Oligonucleotide probes based on the available amino acid sequence data were used to isolate cDNA clones. Sequence analyses revealed that the clones encoded a protein with regional homology to the yeast RAD50 gene product. Expression of the mouse cDNA rescued the methyl methanesulfonate-sensitive phenotype in rad50 mutant yeast, indicating that the cardiomyocyte phosphoprotein is the mammalian homologue of the yeast RAD50 gene product. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analyses localized the mouse RAD50 gene to the A5-B1 region of chromosome 11. Northern blot analyses demonstrated a complex pattern of RAD50 expression during mouse development which was further complicated by the presence of several alternatively spliced transcripts. High levels of RAD50 expression was evident in the adult myocardium, a somewhat surprising observation given the absence of DNA synthesis in adult cardiomyocytes.
A 1.8-V 128-Mb 125-MHz multilevel cell memory with flexible read while write (2003)

Application of multilevel cell (MLC) technology to a flexible read-while-write flash memory has been achieved through the use of a highly optimized sensing architecture. The goal of this implementation is to provide performance on par with single-bit-per-cell implementations while significantly reducing the overall die size. In order to achieve the required high-speed operation using MLC structures, all offsets to the sense amplifier were minimized and the column load and local sense amplifier were optimized to provide ample differential gain. Through the use of these optimization techniques, a 1.8-V MLC-based flexible read-while-write memory with 125-MHz continuous burst and 40-ns random read access time has been manufactured. Using a 0.13-μm technology, this new device provides a die size that is 25% of the size of the equivalent single-bit-per-cell device manufactured on a 0.18-μm technology.
Use of monoclonal antibodies to define the diversity of mammary tumor viral gene products in virions and mammary tumors of the genus Mus. (1981)

Monoclonal antibodies have been generated against disrupted mammary tumor viruses isolated from Mus musculus, Mus cervicolor, and Mus cookii. Monoclonal antibodies directed against the M.W. 36,000 external glycoproteins of these viruses demonstrate the presence of multiple epitopes, i.e., distinct antigenic determinants, within these glycoproteins. These epitopes represent type, group, and interspecies determinants. Monoclonal antibodies have also been used to define multiple epitopes on the M.W. 28,000 major internal polypeptides of murine mammary tumor viruses that exhibit both type- and group-specific determinants. The monoclonal antibodies to the M.W. 36,000 glycoprotein and the M.W. 28,000 polypeptide have been used to distinguish all six mammary tumor virus isolates of M. musculus from each other, including both endogenous and exogenous viruses from the same strain, and a new virus isolate from BALB/c mice. With the use of the immunoperoxidase technique, the monoclonal antibodies generated have been used to demonstrate a heterogeneity of expression of mammary tumor virus gene products in primary mammary tumors of three Mus species. These studies have revealed that a given antigenic determinant may be expressed differentially in mammary tumors of two different Mus species, among mammary tumors of the same Mus species, and, at times, in different areas of the same mammary tumor.
Comparison of Etest, chequerboard dilution and time-kill studies for the detection of synergy or antagonism between antifungal agents tested against Candida species (2002)

Currently, there is considerable debate regarding the best in vitro method for testing antifungal combinations against Candida spp. In this study, we compared the results obtained by chequerboard dilution, time-kill studies and Etest for several antifungal combinations against Candida spp. Three Candida albicans isolates (fluconazole MICs of 1.0, 32 and >256 mg/L) and three non-albicans Candida isolates (C. glabrata, C. tropicalis and C. krusei) were tested in RPMI 1640 medium. By chequerboard testing, the majority of antifungal combinations were found to be indifferent. Notably, antagonism was identified by time-kill studies and by Etest for combinations of amphotericin B-fluconazole, but it was not detected by the chequerboard method. Pre-exposure of isolates to fluconazole did not affect results of the Etest or chequerboard method, but it did increase the frequency of antagonism noted by time-kill methods. This study indicates that chequerboard dilution testing in RPMI medium may not reliably detect the attenuation of amphotericin B activity. Of the three methods, Etest was the simplest to use and yielded reproducible results for testing antifungal combinations.