gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
There Is No Bournville in Africa: Chocolate Capitalist, African Cocoa Workers, and International Labor Relationships from the 19th Century to the Present (2012)

The issue of labor exploitation and the impact of neocolonialism, have in recent years, become extremely important as our global community continues to shrink. This paper focuses on the relationships between European chocolate manufactures and West African cocoa laborers from the 1870’s to the present day as a means of discussing the complex connections that have developed between industrial capitalism and labor in Africa. This study will address two key questions: One, if labor exploitation is necessary for industrial capitalists to maintain the high levels of profit they desire; and two, if the exploitation of labor becomes increasingly easier the farther away the exploited person is from the society that benefits from their work. These issues will be explored in the context of trade relationships established during the colonial era, between Europe and West Africa, as well as through the various types of labor used in cocoa production including, accusations of slavery. To further complicate these questions, and in order to reach well rounded conclusions, a case study will also be used that focuses on the Cadbury chocolate company, and their dealings in São Tomé, Príncipe, Angola and Ghana over the last 130 years. In closing, a brief discussion of present day labor issues in the Cote d’Ivoire cocoa industry will be analyzed as well. Overall this study seeks to reveal the complex and often contradictory process of colonialism and capitalism in Africa.
Transcutaneous blood glucose monitoring system based on an ISFET glucose sensor and studies on diabetic patients. (1995)

A transcutaneous blood glucose monitoring system consists of an ion-sensitive field-effect transistor (ISFET) glucose sensor unit and a suction effusion fluid (SEF) collecting unit. The SEF is directly collected by a weak suction (400 mmHg absolute pressure) through the skin from which the corneum layer of the epidermis has been previously removed. An ISFET glucose sensor unit is able to measure glucose concentrations in a microliter order sampling volume. The system was applied to three diabetic patients during a 75 g oral glucose tolerance test for monitoring blood glucose levels. During the experiments, glucose changes in the SEF followed actual blood glucose levels with 10 min delays. Results suggest the feasibility of utilizing quasi-continuous, transcutaneous blood glucose monitoring for individual patients with various diabetic histories or diabetic complications.
A DVH-guided IMRT optimization algorithm for automatic treatment planning and adaptive radiotherapy replanning (2014)

A novel prior-knowledge-based optimization algorithm has been developed that automatically adjust the voxel weights and generate a clinical optimal plan at high efficiency. It is found that the new algorithm can significantly improve the plan quality and planning efficiency in ART replanning and automatic treatment planning.
GUMBOS- and Ionic Liquid-Coated Quartz Crystal Microbalance Sensors for Detection and Molecular Weight Determination of Organic Vapors (2014)

There has been an ever-increasing demand for the development of high-performance sensing devices for detection and discrimination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in different environments. Among a number of sensing devices currently available, sorption-based sensors are particularly attractive because they are simple and inexpensive, require low power, and are appropriate for fabrication of multisensor arrays. A sorption-based sensor is comprised of a chemically active coating immobilized on the surface of a physical transducer. The chemically active film interacts with analytes, and the transducer converts the binding event into an electrical signal. This dissertation is focused on a sorption-based sensor prepared by using ionic liquids (ILs) and a group of uniform materials based on organic salts (GUMBOS) as the sensing materials and the quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) as the transducer. ILs are defined as organic salts which melt below 100 °C, and similar organic salts with melting point between 25 and 250 °C are defined as GUMBOS. In this research, a series of films comprising binary blends of an IL (or GUMBOS) and polymer are deposited onto the QCM surface in order to evaluate their vapor-sensing characteristics. The QCM sensors on exposure to organic vapors displayed a change in frequency and motional resistance, and both of these parameters were simultaneously measured. Examination of the data revealed an interesting relationship between the QCM parameters and the molecular weight of the absorbed vapors. The initial findings are reported in Chapter 2 of this dissertation. Additional studies were conducted in an effort to fully understand the interesting behavior of this type of material. More elaborate studies along with the theoretical rationale for the relationship between the QCM parameters and the molecular weight of vapors are presented in Chapter 3. Another important aspect of this dissertation is the design of highly sensitive materials for vapor-sensing applications. Toward this end, two representative GUMBOS were synthesized using porphyrin and phthalocyanine derivatives. The QCM device coated with these GUMBOS exhibited a rapid response and high sensitivity toward different organic vapors. Altogether, these studies demonstrate the true potential of this type of materials for vapor-sensing applications.
A tapered graded-index lens: analysis of transmission properties and applications in fiber-optic communication systems (1997)

Propagation properties of a linearly tapered parabolic-index dielectric cylinder are studied using a ray-optics approach. Analytical solutions for trajectories of skew rays with arbitrary initial conditions are obtained for tapers with small slope and small index variations over transverse dimensions. Conditions for an arbitrary ray to remain bound to the core of the taper are derived. Applications of these tapered lenses for coupling of light sources to fibers, for beam expanding/refocusing in microoptics devices, and for splicing two fibers of different core sizes are addressed, Power coupling efficiency for illumination from both Lambertian and narrow-beam light sources are calculated. Improvement in coupling efficiency, when taper is are used to couple power from directed-beam sources to optical fibers, is demonstrated. Radiation losses when a taper is used as a transition element between two fibers of different core radii are evaluated. Plots of skew-ray paths, illustrating the gradual concentration of power as light travels toward the smaller end of the taper, are also presented.
Lessons from an Open Source Business (2011)

Creating a successful company is difficult; but creating a successful company, a successful open source project, and a successful ecosystem all at the same time is much more difficult. This article takes a retrospective look at some of the lessons we have learned in building BigBlueButton, an open source web conferencing system for distance education, and in building Blindside Networks, a company following the traditional business model of providing support and services to paying customers. Our main message is that the focus must be on creating a successful open source project first, for without it, no company in the ecosystem can flourish.
Introduction to shock tube chemistry (1967)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIntroduction to shock tube chemistryHoward B. PalmerCite this: Anal. Chem. 1967, 39, 14, 28A–39APublication Date (Print):December 1, 1967Publication History Published online21 September 2008Published inissue 1 December 1967https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac50157a003https://doi.org/10.1021/ac50157a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views91Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A novel route to product specificity in the Suv4-20 family of histone H4K20 methyltransferases (2013)

The delivery of site-specific post-translational modifications to histones generates an epigenetic regulatory network that directs fundamental DNA-mediated processes and governs key stages in development. Methylation of histone H4 lysine-20 has been implicated in DNA repair, transcriptional silencing, genomic stability and regulation of replication. We present the structure of the histone H4K20 methyltransferase Suv4-20h2 in complex with its histone H4 peptide substrate and S-adenosyl methionine cofactor. Analysis of the structure reveals that the Suv4-20h2 active site diverges from the canonical SET domain configuration and generates a high degree of both substrate and product specificity. Together with supporting biochemical data comparing Suv4-20h1 and Suv4-20h2, we demonstrate that the Suv4-20 family enzymes take a previously mono-methylated H4K20 substrate and generate an exclusively di-methylated product. We therefore predict that other enzymes are responsible for the tri-methylation of histone H4K20 that marks silenced heterochromatin.
Overhead Matters: A Model for Virtual Resource Management (2006)

Virtual machines provide a promising vehicle for controlled sharing of physical resources, allowing us to instantiate a precisely defined virtual resource, configured with desired software configuration and hardware properties, on a set of physical resources. We describe a model of virtual machine provisioning in a Grid environment that allows us to define such virtual resources and efficiently instantiate them on a physical Grid infrastructure. We argue that to properly account for, and manage, the overhead resulting from instantiating and managing virtual resources, overhead must be scheduled at the same level as virtual resources, instead of being deducted from a user's resource allocation. We present preliminary results that demonstrate the benefits of such an approach.
Simulating electrostrictive deformable mirrors: II. Nonlinear dynamic analysis (1999)

In this study, we developed a simple electromechanical, lumped parameter model to simulate the dynamic performance of a deformable mirror driven by electrostrictive actuators in an adaptive optics system. Positioned behind the mirror, the multilayered actuator array dynamically controls the mirror's surface shape for optical phase compensation. Our analysis approach combined the linear mechanical impedance of the mirror with a nonlinear representation of an actuator in the array. We used a nonlinear constitutive law for the electrostrictive material to accurately characterize prestress and bias voltage effects on the actuator's induced strain behavior. The model examines the effect of the mirror's impedance on the actuator's resonance characteristics, and predicts the dynamic range limitation imposed by the mechanical structure of the device. The nonlinear behavior of the actuator material created super-harmonics that limited the operational bandwidth of the deformable mirror. However, the analysis showed that tuning the actuator's bias voltage significantly reduced or eliminated these super-harmonics. The model also clearly demonstrated that this tuning does not adversely affect the device's displacement output, power consumption or efficiency.
Design error diagnosis and correction via test vector simulation (1999)

With the increase in the complexity of digital VLSI circuit design, logic design errors can occur during synthesis. In this paper, we present a test vector simulation-based approach for multiple design error diagnosis and correction. Diagnosis is performed through an implicit enumeration of the erroneous lines in an effort to avoid the exponential explosion of the error space as the number of errors increases. Resynthesis during correction is as little as possible so that most of the engineering effort invested in the design is preserved. Since both steps are based on test vector simulation, the proposed approach is applicable to circuits with no global binary decision diagram representation. Experiments on ISCAS'85 benchmark circuits exhibit the robustness and error resolution of the proposed methodology. Experiments also indicate that test vector simulation is indeed an attractive technique for multiple design error diagnosis and correction in digital VLSI circuits.
Low-Dose Azacitidine with DNMT1 Level Monitoring to Treat Post-Transplantation Acute Myelogenous Leukemia or Myelodysplastic Syndrome Relapse (2018)

Patients with early relapse of acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) or myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) after hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT) have a poor prognosis, and no standard treatment. Twenty-nine patients with early disease recurrence post-transplantation were treated with azacitidine (AZA; median dose, 40 mg/m<sup>2</sup>/day for 5 to 7 days). At a median follow-up of 6.3 months (range, 1.3 to 41.1 months), 7 patients (27%) had a response to AZA, defined as complete remission, hematologic improvement, or improved donor chimerism. Response occurred after a median of 3 cycles, and the median duration of response was 70 days (range, 26 to 464 days). Median survival was 6.8 months (95% confidence interval, 3.8 to 11.1 months). Survival was similar in the patients receiving an AZA dose ≤40 mg/m<sup>2</sup> and those receiving an AZA dose >40 mg/m<sup>2</sup>. Six patients receiving donor lymphocyte infusion with AZA had a response or stable disease without worsening graft-versus-host-disease. We retrospectively used a flow cytometry assay to explore DNA-methyltransferase-1 in blood mononuclear cells as a potential pharmacodynamic marker to assess intracellular drug targeting in 8 patients. No correlation with AZA dose or response was observed. Low-dose AZA appears to have comparable efficacy to higher-dose AZA post-HCT. A significant proportion of this poor-risk population responded to low-dose AZA, suggesting a dose-independent, noncytotoxic mechanism for antileukemic activity.
Novel<i>ATP8B1</i>mutation in an adult male with progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis (2012)

Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis type 1 is a rare disease that is characterized by low serum γ-glutamyltransferase levels due to mutation in ATP8B1. We present a 23-year-old male who experienced persistent marked pruritus for eighteen years and recurrent jaundice for thirteen years, in addition to cholestasis that eventually became fatal. Genetic sequencing studies of the entire coding (exon) sequences of ATP8B1 and ABCB11 uncovered a novel heterozygous missense 3035G>T mutation (S1012I) and a synonymous 696T>C mutation in ATP8B1. The patient's progression was associated with not only impaired familial intrahepatic cholestasis 1 (FIC1) function but also impaired bile salt export pump expression due to the impaired FIC1 function. Our findings show that patients with intermittent cholestasis can develop progressive liver disease even after several decades and require regular follow up.
Triscyclopenta[cd,fg,jk]pyrene: another congener of the externally cyclopenta-fused pyrene series (1999)

Flash vacuum thermolysis of 1,3,6-tris(1-chloroethenyl)pyrene 5 between 900–950 °C gave the thermally labile triscyclopenta[cd,fg,jk]pyrene 1; in line with the ‘conjugated circuits model’ and supported by IGLO III//RHF/6-31G calculations, all hydrogen atoms of 1 are additionally shielded by 0.4–0.9 ppm (1H NMR).
On Isolated Rational Singularities of Surfaces (1966)

In 1934, DuVal [3] listed the configurations of curves which can be obtained by resolving certain isolated double points of embedded surfaces (they are depicted in the figure below). These configurations arise naturally in other contexts, for instance as exceptional curves for pluricanonical embeddings of surfaces [7], and so it seems desirable to have a converse result, showing that a singularity giving rise to such a configuration is necessarily a double point. We have reconsidered the question in a more general context, and obtain in addition the correct nunferical characterization of singularities (cf. definition below). This characterization is made without the assumption that the surface is embedded and points out the connection of Du Val's work with Castelnuovo's criterion for exceptional curves [2], ([8], p. 38). Finally, we list the configurations obtained from rational triple points.
Practical flare compensation strategy for DRAM device (2010)

Flare is hard to control only by hardware-wise means in EUV lithography. Therefore flare compensation through layout correction is necessary. PSF is measured along various slit positions by using clearing resist pad with various sizes in EUV Alpha Demo Tool (ADT) in IMEC. The measured PSF is compared to that derived from mathematically calculated PSD modeling from surface roughness of the projection optics by suppliers. Degree of variation in flare level of real device is measured experimentally with real device layout with clearing pads in it. Flare is calculated as convolution of PSF (Point Spread Function) and pattern density. This requires astronomical amount of computational time, because PSF in EUV has a very long tail that could even reach around several tens of thousands micron range. Therefore we investigated the pattern density of real devices with increasing radius of annulus. If the pattern densities in each annulus are saturated in some level, convolution integral with shorter range is sufficient and longer tail part of PSF can be approximated with fixed DC flare level dependent on saturated pattern density. Finally we discuss about the pending issues regarding flare correction for real devices application of EUV lithography.
Electrokinetic framework of dielectrophoretic deposition devices (2010)

Numerical modeling and experiments are performed investigating the properties of a dielectrophoresis-based deposition device, in order to establish the electrokinetic framework required to understand the effects of applied inhomogeneous electric fields while moving particles to desired locations. By capacitively coupling electrodes to a conductive substrate, the controlled large-scale parallel dielectrophoretic assembly of nanostructures in individually accessible devices at a high integration density is accomplished. Thermal gradients in the solution, which give rise to local permittivity and conductivity changes, and velocity fields are solved by coupling electric, thermal, and fluid-mechanical equations. The induced electrothermal flow (ETF) causes vortices above the electrode gap, attracting particles, such as single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), before they are trapped by the dielectrophoretic force and deposit across the electrodes. Long-range carbon nanotube transport is governed by hydrodynamic effects, while local trapping is dominated by dielectrophoretic forces in low concentration SWNT dispersions. Results show that by decreasing the ac frequency ac electroosmosis on the metallic electrodes occurs due to the emergence of an electric double layer, disturbing the initial flow pattern of the system. By superimposing a dc potential offset, a generated tangential electroosmotic fluid flow in the dielectric electrode gap also disrupts the ETF. Capacitive coupling is most efficient in the high frequency regime where it is the dominating impedance contribution. Understanding the occurrence and interaction of these different effects, including a self-limiting integration mechanism for individual nanostructures, allows an increased deposition yield at overall lower electric field strengths through a prudent choice of electric field parameters. The findings provide important avenues toward gentler particle handling, without direct current throughput, a relevant aspect for limiting process effects during device fabrication, all while increasing dielectrophoretic deposition efficiency in nanostructured networks.
Exploiting symmetry when verifying transistor-level circuits by symbolic trajectory evaluation (1999)

We describe the use of symmetry for verification of transistor-level circuits by symbolic trajectory evaluation (STE). We present a new formulation of STE which allows a succinct description of symmetry properties in circuits, Symmetries in circuits are classified as structural symmetries, arising from similarities in circuit structure, data symmetries, arising from similarities in the handling of data values, and mixed structural-data symmetries. We use graph isomorphism testing and symbolic simulation to verify the symmetries in the original circuit, Using conservative approximations, we partition a circuit to expose the symmetries in its components, and construct reduced system models which can be verified efficiently, Introducing X-drivers into switch-level circuits simplifies the task of creating conservative approximations of switch-level circuits, Our empirical results show that exploiting symmetry with conservative approximations can allow one to verify systems several orders of magnitude larger than otherwise possible. We present results of verifying static random access memory circuits with up to 1.5 Million transistors,.
Binding of tachyplesin I to DNA revealed by footprinting analysis: significant contribution of secondary structure to DNA binding and implication for biological action (1992)

In view of the cationic amphipathic structure of tachyplesin I and antiparallel beta-sheet as a general DNA binding motif, DNA binding of the antimicrobial peptide has been examined. Several footprinting-like techniques using DNase I protection, dimethyl sulfate protection, and bleomycin- (BLM-) induced DNA cleavage were applied in this study. Some distinct footprints with DNase I are detected, and also the sequence-specific cleavage mode of the BLM-Fe(II) complex clearly is altered in the presence of tachyplesin I. In addition, methylation of the N-7 residue of guanine situated in the DNA major groove is not entirely inhibited (or activated) by tachyplesin I. The results suggest that tachyplesin I interacts with the minor groove of DNA duplex. Disappearance of the footprints by dithiothreitol-treated tachyplesin I and Ala-tachyplesin strongly suggests a significant contribution of secondary structure containing an antiparallel beta-sheet to the DNA binding of tachyplesin I. This is the first report on DNA interaction with a small peptide which contains a unique antiparallel beta-sheet structure. The mechanism for antimicrobial action of tachyplesin I has also been inferred.