gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Site of Docking and Fusion of Insulin Secretory Granules in Live MIN6 β Cells Analyzed by TAT-conjugated Anti-syntaxin 1 Antibody and Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy (2004)

To determine the site of insulin exocytosis in the pancreatic beta cell plasma membrane, we analyzed the interaction between the docking/fusion of green fluorescent protein-tagged insulin granules and syntaxin 1 labeled by TAT-conjugated Cy3-labeled antibody (Ab) using total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM). Monoclonal Ab against syntaxin 1 was labeled with Cy3 then conjugated with the protein transduction domain of HIV-1 TAT. TAT-conjugated Cy3-labeled anti-syntaxin 1 Ab was transduced rapidly into the subplasmalemmal region in live MIN6 beta cells, which enabled us to observe the spatial organization and distribution of endogenous syntaxin 1. TIRFM imaging revealed that syntaxin 1 is distributed in numerous separate clusters in the intact plasma membrane, where insulin secretory granules were docked preferentially to the sites of syntaxin 1 clusters, colocalizing with synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP-25) clusters. TIRFM imaging analysis of the motion of single insulin granules demonstrated that the fusion of insulin secretory granules stimulated by 50 mm KCl occurred exclusively at the sites of the syntaxin 1 clusters. Cholesterol depletion by methyl-beta-cyclodextrin treatment, in which the syntaxin 1 clusters were disintegrated, decreased the number of docked insulin granules, and, eventually the number of fusion events was significantly reduced. Our results indicate that 1) insulin exocytosis occurs at the site of syntaxin 1 clusters; 2) syntaxin 1 clusters are essential for the docking and fusion of insulin granules in MIN6 beta cells; and 3) the sites of syntaxin 1 clusters are distinct from flotillin-1 lipid rafts.
ORC and the intra-S-phase checkpoint: a threshold regulates Rad53p activation in S phase (2002)

The intra-S-phase checkpoint in yeast responds to stalled replication forks by activating the ATM-like kinase Mec1 and the CHK2-related kinase Rad53, which in turn inhibit spindle elongation and late origin firing and lead to a stabilization of DNA polymerases at arrested forks. A mutation that destabilizes the second subunit of the Origin Recognition Complex, orc2-1, reduces the number of functional replication forks by 30% and severely compromises the activation of Rad53 by replication stress or DNA damage in S phase. We show that the restoration of the checkpoint response correlates in a dose-dependent manner with the restoration of pre-replication complex formation in G1. Other forms of DNA damage can compensate for the reduced level of fork-dependent signal in the orc2-1 mutant, yet even in wild-type cells, the amount of damage required for Rad53 activation is higher in S phase than in G2. Our data suggest the existence of an S-phase-specific threshold that may be necessary to allow cells to tolerate damage-like DNA structures present at normal replication forks.
Characteristics and adsorption properties of iron-coated sand (1997)

This study was conducted to develop a process for coating hydrated iron oxide on the surface of quartz sand to utilize the adsorbent properties of the coating and the filtration properties of the sand. Three coating parameters were investigated: pH, Fe concentration at which iron oxide was prepared, and the coating temperature. A Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-Ray Diffractometer (XRD) were used to observe the surface properties of the coated layer. Acid resistance was used to evaluate the attachment strength of the coated layer. Batch adsorption tests were performed to compare the effects of each coating parameter on the adsorption of heavy metals on the coated layer. Energy Dispersive Analysis of X-ray (EDAX) was used for characterizing metal adsorption sites on the iron-coated sand. The results indicated that the coated sand had more pores and higher specific surface area because of the attachment of iron oxide. The coated sand produced at higher pH(coating) had better adsorption efficiencies of metals but had worse acid resistance. A high-temperature coating process enhanced the stability of the oxide coatings. Comparing heavy metal removal by adsorption on iron-coated sand and chemical precipitation, adsorption was shown to be capable of removing heavy metals over a wider pH range and to much lower levels than precipitation. The results from EDAX analysis showed that copper ions were chemisorbed on the surface of iron-coated sand.
Projection photolithography by wave-front conjugation (1981)

Conjugate wave-front generation by degenerate four-wave mixing has been employed to project images with submicrometer features onto photoresist-coated substrates. The developed patterns demonstrate a resolution of >800 line pairs per millimeter for 413-nm illumination, consistent with theoretical expectations. The patterns are not degraded by speckle or edge enhancement, and the magnification is within 0.1% of unity. Focusing is accomplished by a novel interferometric procedure.
ZnS nanoparticles doped with Cu(I) by controlling coordination and precipitation in aqueous solution (1999)

A novel method for the synthesis of ZnS:Cu colloids has been studied in aqueous solution, in which the Cu + ions were incorporated into the ZnS matrix by the assistance of a sulfur-containing ligand, i.e. thiourea or thiosulfate. The optical properties of the colloids (absorption, emission and excitation spectra) were studied. Compared with the bulk materials, the absorption band-edge is blue-shifted, which is attributed to a quantum size effect. The average ZnS nanoparticle size, deduced from the absorption spectra by an effective mass approximation, is about 4 nm. Upon excitation at 325 nm, a broad green emission band is observed, while for samples doped with 0.2% Cu, a blue emission band at 450 nm is also observed, which is quenched at higher dopant concentrations. It is concluded that Cu + ions occupy Zn 2+ sites in the lattice of ZnS nanocrystals and act as both green and blue luminescent centers at different dopant concentrations. The sulfur-containing ligand (thiourea or thiosulfate) plays an important role in the synthesis as both ligand and surfactant; it stabilizes the Cu + ions, reduces the solubility difference between ZnS and Cu 2 S, and protects the particles surfaces.
Facial expression recognition and its degree estimation (2002)

The purpose of this study is not only to recognize a facial expression which is associated with human emotion but also to estimate its degree. Our method is based on the idea that facial expression recognition can be achieved by extracting a variation from an expressionless face considering the face area as a whole pattern. For the purpose of extracting subtle changes in the face such as the degree of expressions, it is necessary to eliminate the individuality appearing in the facial image. Using an elastic net model, a variation of facial expression is represented as motion vectors of the deformed net from a facial edge image. Then, applying K-L expansion, the change of facial expression represented as the motion vectors of nodes is mapped into a low dimensional eigenspace, and estimation is achieved by projecting input images on to the emotion space. We have constructed three kinds of expression models; happiness, anger, surprise, and experimental results are evaluated.
A Mobile Augmented Reality System with Distributed Tracking (2006)

For AR applications the 3D position and direction of the users view have to be determined in real time. At the same time, the augmentation, one or more 3D objects, have to be rendered. This article describes a distributed mobile AR-System designed for industrial service applications. By distributing the different tasks involved in AR, the computational load of the portable system can be minimized such that a small and lightweight computer can be used. The portable computer is connected to a backend server via WLAN. Minimisation of the bandwidth usage of the system ensures that 20 or more systems can operate on one standard WLAN access point. The main focus of this article is to minimise the computational load of the mobile system and the network load simultaneously.
Local vibrational modes in Mg-doped gallium nitride (1994)

Four local vibrational modes are reported for Mg-doped wurtzite GaN, which as grown possesses high concentrations of hydrogen. The modes, studied by Raman and infrared absorption spectroscopy appear to form two pairs. Based on the observed selection rules, one pair, with room-temperature frequencies of 2168 and 2219 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ is assigned to inequivalent Mg-H complexes in the c plane and parallel to the c axis, respectively. The origin of the second pair of modes at 2151 and 2185 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, which are IR inactive, is speculatively linked to the presence of diatomic molecules such as ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ or ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$.
File-Based Memory Management for Non-volatile Main Memory (2013)

Active research and development efforts on byte addressable non-volatile (NV) memory technologies, such as STT-RAM, PCM, and ReRAM, have been conducted in recent years. Because they are byte addressable, they can be used as main memory by directly connecting them to CPUs. Because they are non-volatile, they can also be used as storage device. While there were the active researches on their use for either main memory or secondary storage, these researches were conducted independently. This paper presents the memory management methods that enable the integration of main memory and file systems, thus, both main memory and storage are realized on the same byte addressable NV memory. The presented methods construct a file system on NV memory, and memory blocks assigned to files are exported for the use of main memory. We implemented the proposed methods in the Linux kernel, and performed their evaluation. The evaluation results show that the file-based methods can perform comparably to the existing DRAM memory allocator and can maintain the consistency of a file system.
An Ultra Wideband Low Complexity Circuit Transceiver Architecture for Sensor Networks (2005)

The architecture of a low-power, low-complexity ultra wideband (UWB) impulse radio (IR) transceiver circuit, aimed for low data rate, low-cost applications, is presented. The UWB-ER receiver is based on a non-coherent, energy-based approach, which makes it largely independent of the shape of the transmit waveform and robust to multipath channels. Both transmitter and receiver functionalities are included in the circuit presented. The circuits are designed for 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS IC technology, and the top-level layout of the transmitter is given. The UWB pulse generator produces a Gaussian monocycle of 340 ps typical width. The UWB-IR transmitter IC occupies a total area of 0.16 mm/sup 2/, and consumes 20 mW with a 3.3 V supply.
Efficacy of 17α-ethynylestradiol-3-sulfate for severe hemorrhage in minipigs in the absence of fluid resuscitation (2014)

Administration of a single dose of 1-mg/kg EE-3-SO4 in 1-mL/kg of saline following severe hemorrhage increased survival in 60% acutely bled minipigs by 3.5-fold. Slightly elevated blood pressure values, more physiologic values of oxidative phosphorylation parameters, and lower elevations of possible tissue necrosis parameters correlated with longer survival time. These results support the further product development of EE-3-SO4 for the indication of severe hemorrhage when standard resuscitative fluids are not available.
Germinating Spore Exudates from Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi: Molecular and Developmental Responses in Plants and Their Regulation by Ethylene (2010)

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi stimulate root development and induce expression of mycorrhization-specific genes in both eudicots and monocots. Diffusible factors released by AM fungi have been shown to elicit similar responses in Medicago truncatula. Colonization of roots by AM fungi is inhibited by ethylene. We compared the effects of germinating spore exudates (GSE) from Glomus intraradices in monocots and in eudicots, their genetic control, and their regulation by ethylene. GSE modify root architecture and induce symbiotic gene expression in both monocots and eudicots. The genetic regulation of root architecture and gene expression was analyzed using M. truncatula and rice symbiotic mutants. These responses are dependent on the common symbiotic pathway as well as another uncharacterized pathway. Significant differences between monocots and eudicots were observed in the genetic control of plant responses to GSE. However, ethylene inhibits GSE-induced symbiotic gene expression and root development in both groups. Our results indicate that GSE signaling shares similarities and differences in monocots versus eudicots, that only a subset of AM signaling pathways has been co-opted in legumes for the establishment of root nodulation with rhizobia, and that regulation of these pathways by ethylene is a feature conserved across higher land plants.
Performance of BDFM as generator and motor (2006)

The performance of the brushless doubly-fed machine (BDFM) is analysed using a per-phase equivalent circuit. An expression for the rating of the machine as a function of magnetic and electric loadings is developed, and the rating is compared to those of the doubly-fed induction machine and cascaded induction machines. As the magnetic field in a BDFM is complex, the magnetic loading is considered in detail and a new generalised loading is derived. The BDFM suffers a reduction rating of about one-quarter in comparison to comparable conventional machines, arising from penalties in magnetic and electric loadings consequent on the presence of two stator to rotor couplings. The handling of reactive power has an important effect on the machine performance and this point is illustrated with experimental results from a frame size 180 BDFM. The tests were carried out at modest flux densities to avoid the effects of saturation, but the implications of saturation are considered.
Aerodynamics of vehicle add-ons (2009)

Over 80% of the required total vehicle power is essential to overcome the aerodynamic drag and the remaining power is used for rolling resistance. An aerodynamically streamlined shape significantly reduces the aerodynamic drag thus lowering the fuel consumption. Although aerodynamics of road vehicles has been well studied, scant studies on aerodynamic effects of vehicle add-ons were reported to the public domain. Due to the life style demands, most modern passenger cars use various add-ons including roof-rack ski-rack, bicycle rack, advertising signboard, police and ambulance siren, and portable ladder. The aerodynamic impact on fuel consumption was not well studied, fully understood and quantified. Therefore, the primary objectives ofthis study were to experimentally measure the aerodynamic drag generated by the use of various vehicle add-ons under a range of vehicle operating speeds and cross winds conditions. The study was conducted using a reduced scale (25%) detailed model of a production large family size passenger car manufactured in Australia The aerodynamic drag coefficient was related to fuel consumption and a detailed analysis of fuel consumption was conducted.
Wind Effect on Measured Atmospheric Pressure (1989)

Wind generated Pressure inside buildings, normally referred to as “internal pressure” in engineering literature, has a profound effect on the atmospheric pressure measured with indoor barometers during severe storms. The magnitude of the internal pressure is proportional to the dynamic pressure (stagnation pressure) which in turn increases with the square of the wind speed. Normally, this pressure is negative, and it has a magnitude in the neighborhood of 50% of the stagnation pressure. Its value changes drastically when an opening such as a door or window is opened or broken in high winds. The internal pressure also fluctuates readily with the fluctuations of the external pressure when a large opening exists. Surface pressure measurements taken in severe storms may contain serious errors if this internal pressure effect is not corrected. The paper summarizes latest research findings on internal pressure reported in the literature, and explores their implications to meteorology—especially to the study of severe storms such as hurricanes and tornadoes. Measures to correct or reduce the error generated by internal pressure are also discussed.
Particular solution for any consecutive second-order reaction (1987)

Arguments are presented against the accepted notion that multiple rate constants may be obtained from observed singular or pooled kinetic runs. For any competitive consecutive second-order reaction, the particular solution satisfying the total differential equation, derived from (n + 1) simultaneous differential equations, is S = (aA 0 − S 0 ){(aA 0 /S 0 )[exp (aA 0 − S 0 )kt] − 1} −1 , where S is the concentration of reactant common for all the steps, A is the concentration of the substrate with a reactive sites, A 0 and S 0 are the concentration of reactants at zero time, k is the observed rate constant, and t is the time. This equation is shown to reproduce the experimental reported data and yields k = min(k(1), …, k(n)), where k(i) is the rate constant assigned to step i. It is also shown that the initial conditions need not be known. For experiments with the initial condition (aA 0 = S 0 ), with only species A and S are present at zero time, the expression [Formula: see text] may be useful for an approximate evaluation of k when values of S do not approach zero after an infinite time (i.e., S x = α ≠ 0, where α is the asymptote for the data).
Protein immobilization on the surface of liposomes via carbodiimide activation in the presence of <i>N</i>‐hydroxysulfosuccinimide (1988)

A method of the covalent immobilization of proteins on the surface of liposomes, containing 10% (by mol) of N-glutaryl phosphatidylethanolamine, is described. Carboxylic groups of liposomal N-glutaryl phosphatidylethanolamine were activated in the presence of water-soluble carbodiimide and N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide and reacted subsequently with protein amino groups. The liposome-protein conjugates formed contained up to 5 x 10(-4) mol protein/mol lipid. Lectins (RCA1 and WGA) upon immobilization on liposomes retained saccharide specificity and the ability to agglutinate red blood cells. The immobilization of mouse monoclonal IgG in a ratio of 3.5 x 10(-4) mol IgG/mol lipid was achieved. The liposome activation in the absence of N-hydroxysulfosuccinimide resulted in a 2-fold decrease of protein coupling yields.
A Novel Iron-Chelating Graft Copolymer (1973)

Abstract Deferoxamine B, liberated from its methane-sulfonate salt, has been linked to the chemically reactive polyacrolein to form polyacrolein-deferoximine (PADFI), whose structure may contain imino groups as well as N-acetal groups. Free aldehydes are still present in the polymer structure. The polyacrolein-deferoximine is stable in physiological saline solution for at least 24 hr. A sample of 0.3000 g of PADFI removes 40% of iron(III) from a 1.8 × 10−3M solution. The polymer, PADFI, is insoluble in most ordinary solvents, and it failed to dissolve completely in sulfur dioxide solution. Deferoxamine B attached to a polymer backbone may be useful as an insolubilized chelating agent for the extracorporeal treatment of severe iron poisoning.
Apoptotic elimination of peripheral T lymphocytes in patients with primary intracranial tumors (1999)

These data indicate that one mechanism by which gliomas cause immunosuppressive effects is the induction of monocytes to release soluble factors that promote activated T-cell apoptosis. The loss of activated T cells leads to T lymphopenia and contributes to the deficiencies in cell-mediated immunity that have been observed during testing of glioma patients' immune function.
Enantioselective Synthesis of 1,2,3-Trisubstituted Cyclopropanes Using <i>gem</i>-Dizinc Reagents (2009)

The first asymmetric cyclopropanation of allylic alcohols using gem-dizinc carbenoids, which allows the synthesis of 1,2,3-substituted cyclopropane derivatives in high yields and excellent enantio- and diastereoselectivities, is reported. The initially formed cyclopropylzinc undergoes an in situ B/Zn exchange with the stoichiometric chiral ligand to generate a cyclopropyl borinate that can be directly engaged in a Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling reaction.
Can Datalog be approximated? (1994)

In this paper, we investigate whether recursive Datalog predicates can be approximated by finite unions of conjunctive queries. We introduce a quantitative notion of error and examine two types of approximation, namely, absolute approximation and relative approximation. We also stipulate that the approximations obey certain qualitative criteria, namely we require them to be upper envelopes or lower envelopes of the Datalog predicate they approximate. We establish that absolute approximation by finite unions of conjunctive queries is not possible, which means that no unbounded Datalog predicate can be approximated by a finite union of conjunctive queries in such a way that the error is bounded uniformly by the same constant on all finite databases. After this, we examine relative approximations, i.e., approximations that guarantee bounds for the error relative to the size of the Datalog predicate under consideration. Although such approximations exist in some cases, we show that for several large and well-studied classes of unbounded Datalog predicates it is not possible to find finite unions of conjunctive queries that satisfy the aforementioned qualitative criteria and have the property that the relative error of the approximation is bounded by a constant. Finally, we consider first-order approximations and obtain sharp negative results for the approximability of the transitive closure query and the cycle query by first-order queries.
Activation and inhibition of ATP-sensitive K+ channels by fluorescein derivatives. (1992)

Fluorescein derivatives are known to bind to nucleotide-binding sites on transport ATPases. In this study, they have been used as ligands to nucleotide-binding sites on ATP-sensitive K+ channels in insulinoma cells. Their effect on channel activity has been studied using 86Rb+ efflux and patch-clamp techniques. Fluorescein derivatives have two opposite effects. First, like ATP, they can inhibit active ATP-sensitive K+ channels. Second, they are able to reactivate ATP-sensitive K+ channels subjected to inactivation or "run-down" in the absence of cytoplasmic ATP. Therefore reactivation of the inactivated ATP-sensitive K+ channel clearly does not require channel phosphorylation as is commonly believed. The results indicate the existence of two binding sites for nucleotides, one activator site and one inhibitor site. Irreversible binding at either the inhibitor or the activator site on the channel was obtained with eosin-5-maleimide, resulting in irreversible inhibition or activation of the ATP-sensitive K+ channel respectively. The irreversibly activated channel could still be inhibited by 2 mM ATP. After activation by fluorescein derivatives, ATP-sensitive K+ channels become resistant to the classical blocker of this channel, the sulfonylurea glibenclamide. Negative allosteric interactions between fluorescein/nucleotide receptors and sulfonylurea-binding sites were suggested by results obtained in [3H]glibenclamide-binding experiments.