gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Advanced on-chip polysilicon CMOS analog and driver circuit technology for intelligent discrete devices (2002)

In this paper, we investigate the analog and driver circuit performances of 0.8 /spl mu/m gate length polysilicon CMOS fabricated on a thermal oxide film. Especially, we report the capability of load short-circuit protection circuit and high-side driver circuit. For the first time, it is found that the improved polysilicon analog circuits works sufficiently rapidly to protect high voltage power devices. It was experimentally confirmed that a 20 A/600 V high power IGBT can be driven and safely protected from load short-circuit failure by the polysilicon circuits within 200 nsec. It was also shown that a polysilicon high-side driver circuit with a charge pump successfully switched on a 25 A/60 V MOSFET within 130 /spl mu/sec.
Distal axonopathy with structural persistence in glaucomatous neurodegeneration (2010)

An early hallmark of neuronal degeneration is distal transport loss and axon pathology. Glaucoma involves the degeneration of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) neurons and their axons in the optic nerve. Here we show that, like other neurodegenerations, distal axon injury appears early in mouse glaucoma. Where RGC axons terminate in the superior colliculus, reduction of active transport follows a retinotopic pattern resembling glaucomatous vision loss. Like glaucoma, susceptibility to transport deficits increases with age and is not necessarily associated with elevated ocular pressure. Transport deficits progress distal-to-proximal, appearing in the colliculus first followed by more proximal secondary targets and then the optic tract. Transport persists through the optic nerve head before finally failing in the retina. Although axon degeneration also progresses distal-to-proximal, myelinated RGC axons and their presynaptic terminals persist in the colliculus well after transport fails. Thus, distal transport loss is predegenerative and may represent a therapeutic target.
An Overview of Palladium Nanocatalysts: Surface and Molecular Reactivity (2008)

Abstract The use of metallic nanoparticles in catalysis under homogeneous conditions leads to a discussion of their catalytic nature: whether the catalyst behaves as a molecular species or, on the contrary, the metallic surface is directly involved in the reactivity. This dilemma is intrinsically associated to the kinetic stability of the nanoclusters, favouring their agglomeration, and also to the formation of molecular species by reaction of the atoms placed at low‐coordination positions at the metallic surface. In particular, for palladium‐catalyzed processes, a large number of contributions have been reported in the last decade involving nanoparticles, but few of them analyze the mechanistic aspects. The present review aims to collect the more relevant research carried out in catalysis involving palladium nanoparticles in the liquid phase and addressing the nature of the catalytically active species. This kind of work is mainly focused on hydrogenation and C–C coupling processes.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Study of exchange-coupled bias field in Ni-Fe/Pd-Pt-Mn thin films (1996)

We propose a new Pd-Pt-Mn antiferromagnetic material with high corrosion resistance. This material yields a high Hex to a coupled Ni-Fe film by annealing at a temperature lower than 230/spl deg/C. This material will be suitable for the pinning layer of a spin-valve film and the domain control biasing layer of an AMR head.
Development of a New Assay System for Evaluating the Permeability of Various Substances Through Three-Dimensional Tissue (2009)

A novel assay system with cell-dense three-dimensional (3D) tissue was developed for measuring the permeability of substances. In this paper, the permeabilities of various molecules containing nutrients, a cytokine, and a chemokine were examined and analyzed. A single-layered cell sheet was approximately 20 mum thick, and as the number of layers of these cell sheets increased, so did the total thickness of the tissue. The diffusion rates of glucose and pyruvic acid were reduced to approximately 30-40% by a single-layered cell sheet compared with the control without the cell sheet, and the diffusion of both substances were completely inhibited by a quadruple-layered cell sheet. The diffusion rate of creatinin was reduced to approximately 50% and 15-20% by a single-layered and by a quintuplet-layered cell sheet, respectively. On the other hand, the diffusion rate of stromal cell-derived factor 1alpha, vascular endothelial growth factor, beta2-microglobulin, and transferrin was reduced to approximately 10%, 5%, 20%, and 10%, by only a single-layered cell sheet, respectively. The diffusion of these substances were completely inhibited by a double-layered cell sheet. These results show that the permeability of substances through 3D tissue significantly decreased with the increase of the molecular weight. Therefore, the system could give a simulated living-tissue condition for measuring the permeability of substances. To our knowledge, this is the first report about measuring the permeability of substances through cell-dense 3D tissues without scaffolds. The assay system is believed to contribute to the progress of physiology, metabology, biochemistry, and pharmacokinetics. Further, the system may give some hints for developing a new dialysis membrane technology for an artificial kidney.
Development and characterization of polymeric microspheres for controlled release protein loaded drug delivery system (2008)

The aim of the present work was to investigate the preparation of microspheres as potential drug carriers for proteins, intended for controlled release formulation. The hydrophilic bovine serum albumin was chosen as a model protein to be encapsulated within poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (50:50) microspheres using a w/o/w double emulsion solvent evaporation method. Different parameters influencing the particle size, entrapment efficiency and in vitro release profiles were investigated. The microspheres prepared with different molecular weight and hydrophilicity of poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) polymers were non porous, smooth surfaced and spherical in structure under scanning electron microscope with a mean particle size ranging from 3.98 to 8.74 mum. The protein loading efficiency varied from 40 to 71% of the theoretical amount incorporated. The in vitro release profile of bovine serum albumin from microspheres presented two phases, initial burst release phase due to the protein adsorbed on the microsphere surface, followed by slower and continuous release phase corresponding to the protein entrapped in polymer matrix. The release rate was fairly constant after an initial burst release. Consequently, these microspheres can be proposed as new controlled release protein delivery system.
Fuzzy logic enhanced symmetric dynamic programming for speech recognition (2002)

Fuzzy logic allows effective decision making in the presence of uncertainty. Identifying spoken words, even in an ideal environment by a trained speaker, is a complex task filled with uncertainty. The speech waveform is nonlinear and variant, removing the possibility of simple analysis. Dynamic programming is a time normalization technique that allows static templates to be used to identify spoken words. Fuzzy logic enhancements enable the technique to handle noise and quantization errors better and improves classification accuracy. An important consequence of using a fuzzy based system is that the system's confidence in its identification can be used to accept the identification or to request further information.
Frac sand in the United States: a geological and industry overview (2015)

A new mineral rush is underway in the upper Midwest of the United States, especially in Wisconsin and Minnesota, for deposits of high-quality frac sand that the mining industry calls "Northern White" sand or "Ottawa" sand. Frac sand is a specialized type of sand that is added to fracking fluids that are injected into unconventional oil and gas wells during hydraulic fracturing (fracking or hydrofracking), a process that enhances petroleum extraction from tight (low permeability) reservoirs. Frac sand consists of natural sand grains with strict mineralogical and textural specifications that act as a proppant (keeping induced fractures open), extending the time of release and the flow rate of hydrocarbons from fractured rock surfaces in contact with the wellbore. The current sand mining surge has been driven by the boom in unconventional oil and gas production that has been largely spurred by advancements in technology promoting the expansion of hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling over the past decade. Because of its superior quality, the sand of the upper Midwest not only supports the majority of domestic oil and gas production, but it also supplies frac sand to some of Canada's western shale basins. The principal sources of "Northern White" or "Ottawa" sand in the upper Midwest are the Middle and Upper Ordovician St. Peter Sandstone and the Lower Ordovician and Upper Cambrian Jordan Formation, with the Upper Cambrian Wonewoc and Mount Simon Formations gaining in importance. Additional frac sand sources to the south include the Upper Cambrian Hickory Sandstone Member of the Riley Formation in Texas, which is referred to informally as "Brown" or "Brady" sand, and the Middle Ordovician Oil Creek Formation in Oklahoma. More than 40 United States industry operators are involved in the mining, processing, transportation, and distribution of frac sand to a robust market that is fast-growing in the United States and throughout the world. In addition to the abrupt rise in frac sand mining and distribution, a new industry has emerged from the production of alternative proppants, such as coated sand and synthetic beads. Alternative proppants, developed through new technologies, are competing with supplies of natural frac sand. In the long term, the vitality of both industries will be tied to the future of hydraulic fracturing of tight oil and gas reservoirs, which will be driven by the anticipated increases in global energy consumption.
Silicon bipolar chipset for SONET/SDH 10 Gb/s fiber-optic communication links (1995)

High-speed multiplexers, demultiplexers, frequency dividers, mixers, and amplifiers are key electronic components in high-speed fiber-optic communications systems such as SONET/SDH. In this paper, we present several important digital and analog integrated circuits (IC) which have been developed for use in SONET/SDH 10 Gb/s optical communication links. The circuits have been fabricated in MOSAIC 5E, an advanced silicon bipolar technology (f/sub T/=26 GHz). The resulting chipset which amounts to a total of 10 IC's consists of multiplexers, demultiplexers, a regenerative frequency divider (2:1), a dual output limiting amplifier, and two different types of mixers for clock extraction. Specifically, the design and performance of these IC's and a hybrid clock recovery module are discussed. The high performance and potential low cost of this research chipset show that advanced silicon bipolar circuit technology can play an important role in future multigigabit fiber-optic communication systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
HLA Class II Antigen Presentation in Prostate Cancer Cells: A Novel Approach to Prostate Tumor Immunotherapy (2010)

Prostate cancer is a deadly disease that is in drastic need of new treatment strategies for late stage and metastatic prostate cancer. Immunotherapy has emerged as a viable option to fill this void. Clinical trials have been conducted that induce tumor clearance through cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activation, these studies have had mixed outcomes with the overlying problem being the lack of a complete immune response with sustained killing and the formation of tumor specific memory cells. To overcome this, we have outlined the need for activating the HLA class II pathway in inducing a sustained CD8+ T cell response and the development of effective memory. We have also discussed the ability of prostate cancer cells to express stable HLA class II molecules that can be manipulated for tumor antigen (Ag) processing and presentation. This review also sets to outline new directions that exist for the use of class II-restricted Ags/peptides in devising cancer vaccines as well as combined chemoimmunotherapy. A better understanding of these concepts will improve future cancer vaccine studies and further the field of cancer immunobiology.
Design and Implementation of a Wide-bandwidth Digitally Controlled 16-phase Converter (2006)

In this paper we present design and implementation of a 16-phase digitally controlled converter with 1.56 MHz per-phase switching frequency, 25 MHz sampling rate, and the closed-loop bandwidth of approximately 1 MHz. The experimental system includes 16 buck converters, a digital multi-phase modulator and a digital controller implemented on an FPGA. Direct digital design of the compensator is based on a multi-level converter model. A preorder arrangement of phases is used to minimize the output ripple. A zero-error-bin approach addresses the effects of phase-mismatches and sub-harmonic ripples on the stability of the wide-bandwidth controller. Simulation and experimental results show that very wide bandwidth operation and very fast transient responses are feasible even in the presence of significant phase mismatches
Treatment With a New Synthetic Retinoid, Am80, of Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia Relapsed From Complete Remission Induced by All-trans Retinoic Acid (1997)

Differentiation therapy with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) has marked a major advance and become the first choice drug in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL). However, patients who relapse from ATRA-induced complete remission (CR) have difficulty in obtaining a second CR with a second course of ATRA therapy alone. We tested the efficacy of a new synthetic retinoid, Am80, in APL that had relapsed from CR induced by ATRA in a prospective multicenter study. Am80 is approximately 10 times more potent than ATRA as an in vitro differentiation inducer, is more stable to light, heat, and oxidation than ATRA, has a low affinity for cellular retinoic acid binding protein, and does not bind to retinoic acid receptor-gamma. Patients received Am80, 6 mg/m2, orally alone daily until CR. Of 24 evaluable patients, 14 (58%) achieved CR. The interval from the last ATRA therapy was not different between CR and failure cases. The clinical response was well correlated with the in vitro response to Am80 in patients examined. Adverse events included 1 retinoic acid syndrome, 1 hyperleukocytosis, 9 xerosis, 8 cheilitis, 16 hypertriglyceridemia, and 15 hypercholesterolemia, but generally milder than those of ATRA, which all patients had received previously. Am80 is effective in APL relapsed from ATRA-induced CR and deserves further trials, especially in combination with chemotherapy.
Expression of Bovine Adrenodoxin and NADPH-Adrenodoxin Reductase cDNAs in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (1991)

Expression of both bovine adrenodoxin (ADX) and NADPH-adrenodoxin reductase (ADR) were examined in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Three ADX and two ADR expression plasmids were constructed by inserting each of the corresponding cDNA fragments between the yeast alcohol dehydrogenase I promoter and terminator of the expression vector pAAH5N. Plasmids pAX and pMX contained the coding region for the precursor and mature ADX, respectively, while pCMX carried the mature ADX preceded by the mitochondrial signal of yeast cytochrome c oxidase subunit IV (COX IV). Similarly, pMR and pCMR coded for mature ADR without and with the mitochondrial signal of yeast COX IV, respectively. Transformed S. cerevisiae AH22[rho 0]/pAX cells produced the ADX precursor, while AH22[rho 0]/pMX and AH22[rho 0]/pCMX cells produced mature ADX (mat-ADX) and modified ADX (mat-COX/ADX), respectively. Mat-ADX and mat-COX/ADX were found mainly in the cytosolic and mitochondrial fractions, respectively, and showed cytochrome c reductase activity. AH22[rho+]/pMR and AH22[rho+]/pCMR cells produced mature ADR (mat-ADR) and modified ADR (mat-COX/ADR), respectively. Mat-ADR lacking the mitochondrial signal was found in the cytosolic fraction and exhibited cytochrome c reductase activity, while mat-COX/ADR was localized in the mitochondrial fraction, but showed no reductase activity. In an in vitro reconstituted system consisting of both mat-COX/ADX- and mat-ADR-containing fractions, bovine P450scc converted cholesterol into pregnenolone. Thus mat-COX/ADX and mat-ADR produced in the yeast can transfer electrons from NADPH to P450scc.
Comparison of Pleural Pressure and Transcutaneous Diaphragmatic Electromyogram in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome (2005)

Diaphragmatic EMG may be clinically useful to describe relative changes in respiratory effort under conditions of apnea and hypopnea during sleep and to reliably dissociate central from obstructive events where esophageal pressure monitoring is not readily available.
The effect of high magnetic field on phase stability in Fe-Ni (2004)

Identically prepared samples of Fe0.85Ni0.15 were annealed either in the ambient magnetic field or in a field of 29 T. Room temperature x-ray powder diffraction measurements that were performed after magnetic annealing showed that the ratio of the volume of the γ to α phase is decreased in the field-annealed sample by a factor of 2. First-principles calculations of the magnetic structure in the presence of a magnetic field are used to compute the resulting change in free energy. Analysis in terms of the phase diagram calculated with and without a magnetic field is in substantial agreement with the measurements.
High-efficiency, low-cost solar cells on 3-inch silicon wafers (1988)

The present work describes practical ways of attenuating the severe limitations imposed by different kinds of areal inhomogeneities on the performance of large-area p+−n−n+ single-crystal silicon solar cells. The test devices were processed on 3-inch, lower-grade n-wafers and the minimization of the cells' cost was one of the desired objectives. A combination of simple design/technological approaches described in this work has ultimately led to the development of low-cost, high-efficiency (> 17%) 3-inch silicon solar cells with improved overall electro-optical performance. These devices possess short-circuit current densities similar to those of sophisticated laboratory samples prepared on high-quality, small-area silicon.
Software Reuse Through Information Retrieval. (1987)

There is widespread need for safe, verifiable, efficient, and reliable software that can be delivered in a timely manner. Software reuse can make a valuable contrbution toward this goal by increasing programmer productivity and software quality. Unfortunately, the amount of software reuse currently done is quite small. DeMarco [1] estimates that in the average software development environment only about five percent of code is reused.
Human epidermal Langerhans cells lack functional mannose receptors and a fully developed endosomal/lysosomal compartment for loading of HLA class II molecules (1999)

Langerhans cells (LC) represent the dendritic cell (DC) lineage in the epidermis. They capture and process antigens in the skin and subsequently migrate to the draining lymph nodes to activate naive T cells. Efficient uptake and processing of protein antigens by LC would, therefore, seem a prerequisite. We have now compared the capacity of human epidermal LC, blood-derived DC and peripheral blood mononuclear cells to endocytose and present (mannosylated) antigens to antigen-specific T cells. Moreover, we have determined the expression of mannose receptors, and the composition of the intracellular endosomal/lysosomal MHC class II-positive compartment. The results indicate that LC have poor endocytic capacity and do not exploit mannose receptor-mediated endocytosis pathways. Furthermore, the composition of the class II compartment in LC is distinct from that in other antigen-presenting cells and is characterized by the presence of relatively low levels of lysosomal markers. These results underscore the unique properties of LC and indicate that LC are relatively inefficient in antigen uptake, processing and presentation. This may serve to avoid hyper-responsiveness to harmless protein antigens that are likely to be frequently encountered in the skin due to (mechanical) skin damage.
PDE4 as a target for cognition enhancement (2013)

PAN-selective PDE4 inhibitors exert a number of memory- and cognition-enhancing effects and have neuroprotective and neuroregenerative properties in preclinical models. The major hurdle for their clinical application is to target inhibitors to specific PDE4 isoforms relevant to particular cognitive disorders to realize the therapeutic potential while avoiding side effects, in particular emesis and nausea. The PDE4 family comprises four genes, PDE4A-D, each expressed as multiple variants. Progress to date stems from characterization of rodent models with selective ablation of individual PDE4 subtypes, revealing that individual subtypes exert unique and non-redundant functions in the brain. Thus, targeting specific PDE4 subtypes, as well as splicing variants or conformational states, represents a promising strategy to separate the therapeutic benefits from the side effects of PAN-PDE4 inhibitors.
Performance of Copper Base Metal Catalysts in Stoichiometric Automotive Exhausts (1987)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Durability performance characteristics of copper-containing base metal catalysts and base metal/low noble metal catalysts have been determined in laboratory and engine aging conditions under well controlled stoichiometric closed-loop A/F operation.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Cu-Cr base metal formulations yield significant HC and CO conversions under stoichiometric operation after aging at 620°C, but deteriorate rapidly at high-temperature (750°C inlet) stoichiometric operation. Incorporation of Rh into the base metal formulation substantially improved NOx performance, a major weakness of base metal catalysts. The addition of Cu-Cr base metals substantially improves CO oxidation over Pt, Pd, and Rh catalysts but was accompanied by some loss of HC conversion over Pt and Rh. A Cu-Cr/Pd catalyst, however, also had better HC conversions as well as significantly improved light-off performance when compared to a Pd-only catalyst.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The stoichiometric operating strategy and performance envelope for base metal catalysts were probed in engine dynamometer and vehicle studies. The aged performance of the Cu containing catalysts is significantly lowered by lean A/F preconditioning due probably to sulfur poisoning of Cu at low-temperature lean operating conditions.</div>
Size- and Temperature-Dependent Structural Transitions in Gold Nanoparticles (2004)

Size- and temperature-dependent structural transitions in gold nanoparticles were revealed with morphology statistics obtained by high-resolution electron microscopic observations for thousands of particles annealed in a helium heat bath. We found that gold nanoparticles over a wide size range, 3-14 nm, undergo a structural transformation from icosahedral to decahedral morphology just below the melting points. It was also clarified that the formation of bulk crystalline structures from the decahedral morphology requires the melt-freeze process due to an insurmountable high free-energy barrier.