gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A New Near-Zone Electric Field-Strength Meter (1966)

The National Bureau of Standards has recently completed the development of prototype instrumentation for measuring the electric field components of complex, high-level, near-zone electromagnetic fields from O . 1 to 1 00 0 volts per meter, a t frequencies from 1 50 kHz to 30 MHz with a present uncertainty of less than ± 2 dB . The successful design of the NBS meters i s based o n the use o f a novel form o f telemetry, employing a completely non-metallic electrical transmission line, which apparently has not been fully exploited heretofore. This avoids the perturbing effects on the field being measured, usually caused by field-strength meters employing metallic RF transmission lines.
On Uplink Interference Management for OFDMA Networks (2007)

The next generation of wireless networks (4G) will use OFDMA (orthogonal frequency division multiple access) on the reverse link. In OFDMA, the reverse link resources assigned to a user are called tiles each of which consists of a subset of consecutive subcarriers. Since at most one user is assigned to each of these tiles then reverse link transmissions within a sector are orthogonal. However, the transmission is affected by intercell interference since users in adjacent sectors may also have been assigned to the same tile. If those users in the adjacent sectors transmitted with high power then the intercell interference may severely limit the SINR achieved by the user. Therefore user transmission powers must be carefully managed to avoid excessive intercell interference. In this paper we formulate and investigate this optimization problem. Numerical examples are used to illustrate our conclusions.
The formation of varieties of carbon ordering in pseudobinary compounds of V<sub>2</sub>C, Nb<sub>2</sub>C and Ta<sub>2</sub>C (1980)

Ordering of carbon atoms in (V1 − xNbx)2C, (Nb1 − xTax)2C and (V1−xTax)2C has been studied by electron diffraction. In addition to three basic structures of V2C (ζ-Fe2N type), Nb2C and Ta2C [anti-Cd(OH)2 type], two superstructures are found at intermediate compositions of (V1 − xTax)2C. One of them appears also in (V1 − xNbx)2C at x = 0.2–0.5 and the other in (Nb1 − xTax)2C at x = 0.1–0.5. In these five structures, carbon atoms are aligned along the c axis occupying alternate octahedral interstices in the h.c.p. metal cell. The existence conditions of these structures are interpreted by a pairwise interaction model regarding the carbon atom-vacant interstice rows parallel to the c axis. The interaction energies for these rows up to the third-neighboring pairs are estimated from diffuse-scattering profiles observed on the specimens quenched from high temperatures. The results are discussed in comparison with the theoretical proposals for the ground-state structures based on a triangular-lattice gas model.
High‐voltage superjunction VDMOS with low reverse recovery loss (2013)

A new design of the high‐voltage superjunction VDMOS (SJ‐VDMOS) structure is proposed to minimise the reverse recovery losses of the body diode and the noise during the switching process. The key feature of the structure is that a discontinuous P + region in the source is implemented which can decrease the carrier injection efficiency. Numerical results indicate that the reverse recovery charge and the overshoot voltage of the proposed structure is decreased by 76.5% and 52.5%, respectively, compared to the conventional SJ‐VDMOS structure, while maintaining the same breakdown voltage.
Photoluminescence in short-period Si/Ge strained-layer superlattices (1990)

Photoluminescence has been observed in the energy range 0.7 to 0.9 eV in short-period Si/Ge strained-layer superlattices grown on Si(100) and Ge(100) substrates. The luminescence is strongly influenced by period, layer-thickness ratio, and strain distribution. The experimental results are in good agreement with the expected fundamental energy gaps of the superlattices as calculated with a Kronig-Penney--type model.
Properties of a chiral slab waveguide (1997)

The symmetrized constitutive relations of Condon are used to find possible solutions in a waveguide formed from an isotropic chiral slab. Two eigenstates are found, related to positive and negative helicity plane-wave modes in an unbounded chiral medium. These eigenstates propagate along the slab, but are standing waves across the slab. Combinations of these eigenstates satisfy the boundary conditions when the slab is bounded by parallel conducting plates. The combinations are not transverse electric or transverse magnetic, but near cut-off these combinations correspond closely to TE or TM modes in achiral parallel-plate waveguides. Equations defining the dispersion relations are derived, and analytic solutions are obtained near cut-off and at high frequencies. At high frequencies one of the helicity eigenstates dominates, for all modes. Chirality of the slab medium splits the TE - TM degeneracy, but crossings of the dispersion curves are possible (and are demonstrated for a particular case).
Facilitation of Somatic Calcium Channels Can Evoke Prolonged Tail Currents in Rat Hypoglossal Motoneurons (2007)

Voltage-dependent persistent inward currents (PICs) make an important contribution to the input-output properties of alpha motoneurons. PICs are thought to be mediated by membrane channels located primarily on the dendrites as evidenced by prolonged tail currents following the termination of a voltage step and by a clockwise hysteresis in the whole cell inward currents recorded in response to depolarizing then repolarizing voltage ramp commands. We report here, however, that voltage-clamp currents with these same features can be generated in isolated somatic membrane patches from rat hypoglossal motoneurons. Long-lasting (200-800 ms) tail currents after 1-s voltage-clamp pulses were observed in nucleated patches from 16 of 23 cells. Further, these somatic PICs display "facilitation" in response to conditioning depolarization as previously observed in whole cell recordings from intact neurons. Pharmacological tests suggest that the PICs were primarily mediated by Cav1 channels. Our results show that many of the features of persistent calcium currents recorded from intact motoneurons do not necessarily reflect a remote dendritic origin but can also be ascribed to the intrinsic properties of their Cav1 channels.
Connections between duality in control theory and convex optimization (2005)

Several important problems in control theory can be reformulated as convex optimization problems. From duality theory in convex optimization, dual problems can be derived for these convex optimization problems. These dual problems can in turn be reinterpreted in control or system theoretic terms, often yielding new results or new proofs for existing results from control theory. Moreover, the most efficient algorithms for convex optimization solve the primal and dual problems simultaneously. Insight into the system-theoretic meaning of the dual problem can therefore be very helpful in developing efficient algorithms. The authors demonstrate these observations with some examples.
Mini-COBOL (1969)

A detailed specification of a subset of COBOL for teaching use with all compilers is described in a format similar to the COBOL 1965 report. The subset has been designed so that it will compile on almost all existing compilers with the very minimum of alterations. It has also been biased, where possible, towards the inclusion of features demonstrating the basic principles of COBOL and of clear and well structured programs. A test program and further details are available on request from U.K. Giro Account 13 493 0002, for a transfer of five shillings.
Problems Associated with Submicrometre Contaminant Measurement (1984)

Special problems in measuring submicrometre particulate contaminants in liquids are discussed. These include the need for standards and specifications in the pertinent particle size and concentration ranges that can be associated with effects of concern in semiconductor processing. Problems in controlling artifact introduction from sample handling and transport systems are discussed. The need for better understanding of statistical effects on data validity in measurements of clean liquids is pointed out. Operation of present-day particle sizing and counting instruments for submicrometre particles is described with some reference to both capabilities and limitations.
Nuclear DNA Methylation and Chromatin Condensation Phenotypes Are Distinct Between Normally Proliferating/Aging, Rapidly Growing/Immortal, and Senescent Cells (2013)

This study reports on probing the utility of in situ chromatin texture features such as nuclear DNA methylation and chromatin condensation patterns - visualized by fluorescent staining and evaluated by dedicated three-dimensional (3D) quantitative and high-throughput cell-by-cell image analysis - in assessing the proliferative capacity, i.e. growth behavior of cells: to provide a more dynamic picture of a cell population with potential implications in basic science, cancer diagnostics/prognostics and therapeutic drug development. Two types of primary cells and four different cancer cell lines were propagated and subjected to cell-counting, flow cytometry, confocal imaging, and 3D image analysis at various points in culture. Additionally a subset of primary and cancer cells was accelerated into senescence by oxidative stress. DNA methylation and chromatin condensation levels decreased with declining doubling times when primary cells aged in culture with the lowest levels reached at the stage of proliferative senescence. In comparison, immortal cancer cells with constant but higher doubling times mostly displayed lower and constant levels of the two in situ-derived features. However, stress-induced senescent primary and cancer cells showed similar levels of these features compared with primary cells that had reached natural growth arrest. With regards to global DNA methylation and chromatin condensation levels, aggressively growing cancer cells seem to take an intermediate level between normally proliferating and senescent cells. Thus, normal cells apparently reach cancer-cell equivalent stages of the two parameters at some point in aging, which might challenge phenotypic distinction between these two types of cells. Companion high-resolution molecular profiling could provide information on possible underlying differences that would explain benign versus malign cell growth behaviors.
Ethylene glycol and ethanol synthesis from dimethyl oxalate hydrogenation on the Cu/ZnO/SiO<sub>2</sub> catalysts (2011)

Ethylene glycol (EG) synthesis from dimethyl oxalate (DMO) hydrogenation is a sustainable method compared with the production by petrochemical technology. The Cu/ZnO/SiO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> catalysts prepared by deposition precipitation method have been characterized by XRD, SEM, H <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> -TPR, and N <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> physisorption. Under optimum reaction conditions, a DMO conversion of 100% and EG selectivity of 98% was obtained on the CuZn-5 catalyst. The present work also demonstrates a feasibility method to produce ethanol from DMO hydrogenation. On the catalyst of CuZn-15, the conversion of DMO can reach to 99% with the ethanol selectivity of 64% under the optimized reaction conditions.
A Derivation of the Concentration Distribution Equation for the Craig Counter Current Apparatus (1950)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA Derivation of the Concentration Distribution Equation for the Craig Counter Current ApparatusRobert M. BockCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1950, 72, 9, 4269–4270Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1950Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1950https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01165a502https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01165a502research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views103Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Myosin Catalytic Domain Flexibility in MgADP (1994)

Conventional EPR studies of muscle fibers labeled with a novel alpha-iodoketo spin label at Cys-707 of the myosin head revealed substantial internal domain reorganization on the addition of ADP to rigor fibers. The spin probes that are well-ordered in the rigor state become disordered and form two distinct populations. These orientational changes do not correspond to rotation of the myosin catalytic domain as a whole because other probes (maleimide and iodoacetamide nitroxides attached to the same Cys-707 of myosin head) report only a small (5-10 degrees) torsional rotation and little or no change in the tilt angle [Ajtai et al. (1992) Biochemistry 31, 207-17; Fajer (1994) Biophys. J. 66, 2039-50]. In the presence of ADP, the labeled domain becomes more flexible and executes large-amplitude microsecond motions, as measured by saturation-transfer EPR with rates (tau r = 150 microseconds) intermediate between the rotations of detached (tau r = 7 microseconds) and rigor heads (tau r = 2500 microseconds). This finding contrasts with an absence of global motion of the myosin head in ADP (tau r = 2200 microseconds) as reported by the maleimide spin label. Our results imply that the myosin head in a single chemical state (AM.ADP) is capable of attaining many internal configurations, some of which are dynamic. The presence of these slow structural fluctuations might be related to the slow release of the hydrolysis products of actomyosin ATPase.
IA-RED$^2$: Interpretability-Aware Redundancy Reduction for Vision Transformers (2021)

The self-attention-based model, transformer, is recently becoming the leading backbone in the field of computer vision. In spite of the impressive success made by transformers in a variety of vision tasks, it still suffers from heavy computation and intensive memory costs. To address this limitation, this paper presents an Interpretability-Aware REDundancy REDuction framework (IA-RED$^2$). We start by observing a large amount of redundant computation, mainly spent on uncorrelated input patches, and then introduce an interpretable module to dynamically and gracefully drop these redundant patches. This novel framework is then extended to a hierarchical structure, where uncorrelated tokens at different stages are gradually removed, resulting in a considerable shrinkage of computational cost. We include extensive experiments on both image and video tasks, where our method could deliver up to 1.4x speed-up for state-of-the-art models like DeiT and TimeSformer, by only sacrificing less than 0.7% accuracy. More importantly, contrary to other acceleration approaches, our method is inherently interpretable with substantial visual evidence, making vision transformer closer to a more human-understandable architecture while being lighter. We demonstrate that the interpretability that naturally emerged in our framework can outperform the raw attention learned by the original visual transformer, as well as those generated by off-the-shelf interpretation methods, with both qualitative and quantitative results. Project Page: http://people.csail.mit.edu/bpan/ia-red/.
Induction of an extracellular esterase from Candida albicans and some of its properties (1996)

An extracellular esterase from Candida albicans A-714 was found to be induced in a medium containing 0.7% yeast nitrogen base and 2.5% Tween 80 (polyoxyethylenesorbitan compounds). Enzyme activity, which exists predominantly in the extracellular space, was measured by a colorimetric method using alpha-naphthyl palmitate as a substrate. The induction level of the esterase activity was found to be well correlated with fungal growth and was dependent on the Tween 80 concentration. Such esterase activity was observed only in medium containing Tween 80 or other Tweens as the sole carbon source and therefore was not observed in either peptone-glucose medium or peptone-glucose medium supplemented with Tween 80. The induced esterase was heat labile and had maximum activity at pH 5.5. Enzyme activity was stimulated by the addition of sodium taurocholate, an activator of lipase. Thin-layer chromatography revealed that this enzyme does not hydrolyze triolein and L-alpha-lecithin, suggesting that it is a monoester hydrolase (not a lipase in the strict sense of the word). Esterase activity was examined in 85 clinical isolates of Candida species; C. albicans, C. tropicalis, and C. parapsilosis tended to have higher enzyme activities than C. kefyr, C. krusei, C. glabrata, and C. guilliermondii. Although the physiological properties of this esterase are not clear at present, it was found to be crucial for fungal growth under specific conditions.
Diastereoselective Reduction of Bicyclic ‐Enamino Carbonyl Piperidines – Application to the Total Synthesis of (–)‐Deoxocassine (2006)

Abstract The chemo‐ and diastereoselective reduction of chiral piperidine β‐enamino esters 4 and 6 and β‐enamino ketones 5 and 7 was studied and found to afford 2,3‐ or 2,3,6‐substituted piperidines. This approach was successfully applied to the total synthesis of (–)‐deoxocassine. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Electron-Yield Enhancement in a Laser-Wakefield Accelerator Driven by Asymmetric Laser Pulses (2002)

The effect of asymmetric laser pulses on electron yield from a laser wakefield accelerator has been experimentally studied using >10(19) cm(-3) plasmas and a 10 TW, >45 fs, Ti:Al2O3 laser. The laser pulse shape was controlled through nonlinear chirp with a grating pair compressor. Pulses (76 fs FWHM) with a steep rise and positive chirp were found to significantly enhance the electron yield compared to pulses with a gentle rise and negative chirp. Theory and simulation show that fast rising pulses can generate larger amplitude wakes that seed the growth of the self-modulation instability, and that frequency chirp is of minimal importance for the experimental parameters.
Rapid Transit to Manufacturing (2001)

This article reviews that an ultimate goal of 3D printing is direct manufacturing. A critical element to the commercial acceptance of 3D printing is the need to make high production rates. Theriform benefit derives from the way in which a tablet can be built layer by layer in any number of configurations. Concentric rings of pharmaceutical can be interspersed between rings of inert powder and thus create timed release in a lone oral tablet. The Theriform process requires a different approach to pill-making than most pharmaceutical manufacturers are used to. Soligen builds ceramic molds for metal casting with 3D printing, eliminating the pattern-making step. TDK is investigating the production of ceramic components for electronic devices. Z Corp. makes 3D printers for building rapid prototypes from inexpensive and benign materials. Using the Z Corp. printer, a designer can print out a model of a part with as much effort as it takes to generate a paper drawing.
Clinical and Laboratory Studies of Novobiocin, a New Antibiotic (1956)

Novobiocin is a new antibiotic isolated independently by three different groups of workers.<sup>1</sup>The names given to this antibiotic, and the companies under whose supervision it was discovered, are as follows: Cathomycin (Merck); streptonivicin (Albamycin) (Upjohn); and Cardelmycin (Pfizer). Preliminary in vitro studies have shown that the antibiotic is active against the commonly encountered Gram-positive bacteria and also against certain Gram-negatives.<sup>2</sup>Of particular importance is the fact that staphylococci resistant to other antibiotics are highly susceptible to Novobiocin. Experimental infections in animals have also indicated a high degree of activity with little toxicity.<sup>3</sup>Laboratory studies and a clinical trial in 75 patients comprise the present report.* <h3>Methods</h3><h3>Sensitivity Tests.</h3> —Concentrations of novobiocin causing inhibition of growth of streptococci and pneumococci were determined in tryptose phosphate broth containing 3% human blood; 0.5 ml. amounts of a 10<sup>-4</sup>dilution of an overnight culture were added to equal amounts
Gas Turbine Engines: Seals (2010)

Abstract In turbomachines, seals control clearances. Excessive clearances lead to losses in cycle efficiency, flow instabilities, and hot gas ingestion into disk cavities. Insufficient clearances limit coolant flows and cause interface rubbing, possible overheating of downstream components, and damage interfaces; thus limiting component life. Clearance control is often the most cost effective method to enhance system performance. Advanced concepts and proper material selection continue to play important roles in maintaining interface clearances to enable the system to meet design goals. This chapter presents an overview of sealing in turbomachines.
The abundant retinal protein of the <i>Chlamydomonas</i> eye is not the photoreceptor for phototaxis and photophobic responses (2001)

The chlamyopsin gene (cop) encodes the most abundant eyespot protein in the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. This opsin-related protein (COP) binds retinal and was thought to be the photoreceptor controlling photomovement responses via a set of photoreceptor currents. Unfortunately, opsin-deficient mutants are not available and targeted disruption of non-selectable nuclear genes is not yet possible in any green alga. Here we show that intron-containing gene fragments directly linked to their intron-less antisense counterpart provide efficient post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) in C. reinhardtii, thus allowing an efficient reduction of a specific gene product in a green alga. In opsin-deprived transformants, flash-induced photoreceptor currents (PC) are left unchanged. Moreover, photophobic responses as studied by motion analysis and phototaxis tested in a light-scattering assay were indistinguishable from the responses of untransformed wild-type cells. We conclude that phototaxis and photophobic responses in C. reinhardtii are triggered by an as yet unidentified rhodopsin species.
Shaped fixed codebook search for CELP coding at low bit rates (2002)

This paper presents a new shaped fixed codebook (FCB) search technique for code excited linear predictive (CELP) coding. The state of art CELP coding techniques operate at rates above 4.0 kbps, as it gets harder to build a good FCB contribution with a minimal bit budget. In this paper the shaped FCB search is presented to ease this problem, and achieve a better FCB contribution with a reduced bit budget. The shaped FCB search integrated to a 4 kbps CELP coder is presented and the subjective performance results are reported which show that the coder is significantly better than the IS-127 half rate coder at 4 kbps.