gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Polymer Grafting onto Starch Nanocrystals (2007)

Monocrystalline starch nanoparticles were successfully grafted with poly(tetrahydrofuran), poly(caprolactone), and poly(ethylene glycol) monobutyl ether chains using toluene 2,4-diisocyanate as a linking agent. Surface grafting was confirmed using Fourier transform infrared and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopies, differential scanning calorimetry, elemental analysis, and contact angle measurements. Transmission electron microscopy observations of modified starch nanocrystals showed either the individualization of nanoparticles or the formation of a film, depending on the polymer used. It was shown that grafting efficiency decreased with the length of the polymeric chains, as expected. The resulting modified nanoparticles can find applications in the field of co-continuous nanocomposite materials.
The Type I Interferon Signaling Pathway Is a Target for Glucocorticoid Inhibition (2010)

Type I interferon (IFN) is essential for host defenses against viruses; however, dysregulated IFN signaling is causally linked to autoimmunity, particularly systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmune disease treatments rely on glucocorticoids (GCs), which act via the GC receptor (GR) to repress proinflammatory cytokine gene transcription. Conversely, cytokine signaling through cognate Jak/STAT pathways is reportedly unaffected or even stimulated by GR. Unexpectedly, we found that GR dramatically inhibited IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) expression in macrophages. The target of inhibition, the heterotrimeric STAT1-STAT2-IRF9 (ISGF3) transcription complex, utilized the GR cofactor GRIP1/TIF2 as a coactivator. Consequently, GRIP1 knockdown, genetic ablation, or depletion by GC-activated GR attenuated ISGF3 promoter occupancy, preinitiation complex assembly, and ISG expression. Furthermore, this regulatory loop was restricted to cell types such as macrophages expressing the GRIP1 protein at extremely low levels, and pharmacological disruption of the GR-GRIP1 interaction or transient introduction of GRIP1 restored RNA polymerase recruitment to target ISGs and the subsequent IFN response. Thus, type I IFN is a cytokine uniquely controlled by GR at the levels of not only production but also signaling through antagonism with the ISGF3 effector function, revealing a novel facet of the immunosuppressive properties of GCs.
Favorable source material in liquid-metal-ion sources for focused beam applications (1988)

The variety of ion species is increased by using alloys as well as pure elements as the source material of liquid-metal-ion sources (LMIS’s) in focused-ion-beam (FIB) technology. Some experiments show that the base elements of the alloy affect the charge and energy distributions of emitted ions. Doubly charged ions, which have a narrower energy spread per charge and smaller energy tail than the singly charged ions, form a finer FIB. The intensity ratio of doubly to singly charged ions is expected to increase with selection of an alloy with higher surface tension, because this will strengthen the electric field at the ion emitting surface. LMIS characteristics in connection with source materials are discussed.
Infrared and Color Visible Images Fusion Based on Second Generation Curvelet Transform (2007)

Focusing on the fusion problem of the infrared image and the color visible image of the same scene, a novel image fusion algorithm based on the IHS transform and the curvelet transform is presented in this paper. Firstly, the color visible image is mapped from the RGB color space into the IHS color space and then the intensity component is attained. Secondly, the intensity component and the infrared image are merged based on the curvelet transform. Lastly, the fused color image is attained by applying the inverse IHS transform. When merging the intensity component and the infrared image, we discuss the fusion rules in detail. For the low frequency coefficients, we present a 'weighted averaging' scheme based on the different physical features of the infrared image and the visible image; for the bandpass directional subband coefficients, according to the human visual characteristics, we present a selection principle based on the local area energy. Experimental results demonstrate the proposed algorithm not only can make the fused color image maintain the high resolution and the nature color of the visible image, but also can incorporate the detection and the unambiguous localization of the target, represented in the thermal image, as well.
Non-Noble Electrocatalysts for O<sub>2</sub> Reduction:  How Does Heat Treatment Affect Their Activity and Structure? Part I. Model for Carbon Black Gasification by NH<sub>3</sub>:  Parametric Calibration and Electrochemical Validation (2007)

In part I of this paper, a model for the gasification of pristine carbon blacks by NH3 is developed. Here, it is applied to investigate non-noble catalysts for the O2 reduction reaction (ORR) in fuel cells. These catalysts are produced by pyrolyzing a furnace black, loaded with 0.2 wt % Fe, in NH3. The model predicts (i) the gasification rate of an initially pore-free particle of furnace black and (ii) the internal porous network thereby created. The model assumes two rate constants for the gasification of carbon black: one for the graphitic crystallites and one for the disordered matrix phase. The model is fitted to experimental time-evolutions of (i) weight loss of carbon black and (ii) specific surface area measured during the synthesis of non-noble catalysts for the ORR. The fittings yield a rate constant that is ten times larger for the gasification of the disordered phase than that for the graphitic phase. For a 42 nm diameter particle, the model predicts that (i) the gas−carbon reaction, and therefore the internal porous network, occurs in an outer shell of thickness ≤8 nm and (ii) the particle shrinks beyond 45% weight loss. Experimentally, the micropore area created during the heat treatment controls the activity for the ORR of such catalysts. The model is able to reproduce the experimental micropore area if the fraction of disordered carbon of the pristine carbon black particle is assumed larger in the core (35%) than in the periphery (20%). Thus, in agreement with experimentals the model tells that Fe/N/C sites for the ORR are created when the micropore area increases (0 to 30−35 wt % loss) and destroyed when it decreases (weight loss >40%).
Storage Reserve Accumulation in Arabidopsis: Metabolic and Developmental Control of Seed Filling (2008)

In the life cycle of higher plants, seed development is a key process connecting two distinct sporophytic generations. Seed development can be divided into embryo morphogenesis and seed maturation. An essential metabolic function of maturing seeds is the deposition of storage compounds that are mobilised to fuel post-germinative seedling growth. Given the importance of seeds for food and animal feed and considering the tremendous interest in using seed storage products as sustainable industrial feedstocks to replace diminishing fossil reserves, understanding the metabolic and developmental control of seed filling constitutes a major focus of plant research. Arabidopsis thaliana is an oilseed species closely related to the agronomically important Brassica oilseed crops. The main storage compounds accumulated in seeds of A. thaliana consist of oil stored as triacylglycerols (TAGs) and seed storage proteins (SSPs). Extensive tools developed for the molecular dissection of A. thaliana development and metabolism together with analytical and cytological procedures adapted for very small seeds have led to a good description of the biochemical pathways producing storage compounds. In recent years, studies using these tools have shed new light on the intricate regulatory network controlling the seed maturation process. This network involves sugar and hormone signalling together with a set of developmentally regulated transcription factors. Although much remains to be elucidated, the framework of the regulatory system controlling seed filling is coming into focus.
Rietveld refinement guidelines (1999)

A set of general guidelines for structure refinement using the Rietveld (whole-profile) method has been formulated by the International Union of Crystallography Commission on Powder Diffraction. The practical rather than the theoretical aspects of each step in a typical Rietveld refinement are discussed with a view to guiding newcomers in the field. The focus is on X-ray powder diffraction data collected on a laboratory instrument, but features specific to data from neutron (both constant-wavelength and time-of-flight) and synchrotron radiation sources are also addressed. The topics covered include (i) data collection, (ii) background contribution, (iii) peak-shape function, (iv) refinement of profile parameters, (v) Fourier analysis with powder diffraction data, (vi) refinement of structural parameters, (vii) use of geometric restraints, (viii) calculation of e.s.d.'s, (ix) interpretation of R values and (x) some common problems and possible solutions.
Barium-selective electrodes based on neutral carriers and their use in the titration of sulfate in combustion products (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTBarium-selective electrodes based on neutral carriers and their use in the titration of sulfate in combustion productsMarkus W. Laeubli, Oliver. Dinten, Ernoe. Pretsch, Wilhelm. Simon, Fritz. Voegtle, Frank. Bongardt, and Thomas. KleinerCite this: Anal. Chem. 1985, 57, 14, 2756–2758Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00291a005https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00291a005research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views122Altmetric-Citations23LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Concerns on Atrophic Gastritis and Neoplasia: Unsafe Perspective (2011)

Proton-pump inhibitors (PPI) have important roles in the management of acid-related disorders, especially gastro-esophageal reflux disease and peptic ulcer disease. They are considered safe, but some side effects, such as oxyntic cell hyperplasia, glandular cysts, hypergastrinemia and fundic gland polyps, are also reported. Long-term PPI administration in Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) positive subjects promotes a shift from antral to corpus-predominant gastritis. The shift leads to corpus atrophy eventually that is known predisposing factor of gastric adenocarcinoma. It is recommended that patients being considered for long-term PPI therapy should be tested for H. pylori infection. And if present, H. pylori eradication should be preceded to PPI administration. Also, long-term PPI administration can cause enterochromaffin-like cell hyperplasia. Although the underlying mechanism and pathogenesis are not yet fully understood, it is possible that long-term PPI administration can promote the development of gastric carcinoid tumor. Therefore, to minimize the side effects, it should be used in adequate dose for a precise duration. (Korean J Med 2011;81:6-10)
SFA-1, a novel cellular gene induced by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1, is a member of the transmembrane 4 superfamily (1996)

A novel cellular gene termed SFA-1 was isolated by differential hybridization of a cDNA library, using probes obtained from an adult T-cell leukemia cell line in comparison with probes obtained from normal CD4+ T cells and the MOLT-4 cell line. The mRNA of the SFA-1 gene is approximately 1.6 kb in size and encodes a protein of 253 amino acids, containing four putative transmembrane domains, a number of cysteine residues, and one potential N-glycosylation site in a major hydrophilic region between the third and fourth transmembrane domains. Expression of the SFA-1 gene was either absent or present at a low level in lymphoid cells but was up-regulated after transformation by human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 and transactivated by Tax. SFA-1 was broadly expressed in many human cell types and conserved in different species. Computer-aided comparison showed that SFA-1 had significant sequence homology and common structural features with members of the transmembrane 4 superfamily. SFA-1 antigen was detected as a 29-kDa membrane protein by immunoblotting, using anti-SFA-1 monoclonal antibody.
Depth From Videos in the Wild: Unsupervised Monocular Depth Learning From Unknown Cameras (2019)

We present a novel method for simultaneous learning of depth, egomotion, object motion, and camera intrinsics from monocular videos, using only consistency across neighboring video frames as supervision signal. Similarly to prior work, our method learns by applying differentiable warping to frames and comparing the result to adjacent ones, but it provides several improvements: We address occlusions geometrically and differentiably, directly using the depth maps as predicted during training. We introduce randomized layer normalization, a novel powerful regularizer, and we account for object motion relative to the scene. To the best of our knowledge, our work is the first to learn the camera intrinsic parameters, including lens distortion, from video in an unsupervised manner, thereby allowing us to extract accurate depth and motion from arbitrary videos of unknown origin at scale. We evaluate our results on the Cityscapes, KITTI and EuRoC datasets, establishing new state of the art on depth prediction and odometry, and demonstrate qualitatively that depth prediction can be learned from a collection of YouTube videos. The code will be open sourced once anonymity is lifted.
OPTIMIZATION OF GLUTEN PEAK TESTER: A STATISTICAL APPROACH (2011)

ABSTRACT Response surface methodology was applied to develop a standard method for gluten peak tester. Four variables – flour weight, temperature, solvent and rpm – were varied as per the center composite design, and the responses – torque and peak maximum time – were analyzed. Flour–solvent interaction was observed to be the most significant factor impacting the peak torque for whole meal and hard wheat flours while flour (g) and rpm were the most significant for soft wheat flour and insignificant for whole meal flour. The setting 8.5 g flour, 9.5 g solvent (0.5 M CaCl 2 ), 34C temperature and 1,900 rpm was obtained as the standard setting applicable to whole meal as well as refined flours from soft and hard wheats. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS Gluten quality is an important criterion to predict flour performance in cereal processing industry. The gluten peak tester has been recently introduced as a sensitive and rapid way of testing wheat gluten quality. The current research was designed to optimize the gluten peak tester to work with wheat varieties with a wide range of protein contents so as to lay a baseline for method development to assess gluten quality of different wheat varieties/lines within a short time span with minimum sample requirements which is very critical for the breeding industry.
Architecture for Automated Tagging and Clustering of Song Files According to Mood (2010)

Music is one of the basic human needs for recreation and entertainment. As song files are digitalized now a days, and digital libraries are expanding continuously, which makes it difficult to recall a song. Thus need of a new classification system other than genre is very obvious and mood based classification system serves the purpose very well. In this paper we will present a well-defined architecture to classify songs into different mood-based categories, using audio content analysis, affective value of song lyrics to map a song onto a psychological-based emotion space and information from online sources. In audio content analysis we will use music features such as intensity, timbre and rhythm including their sub-features to map music in a 2-Dimensional emotional space. In lyric based classification 1-Dimensional emotional space is used. Both the results are merged onto a 2-Dimensional emotional space, which will classify song into a particular mood category. Finally clusters of mood based song files are formed and arranged according to data acquired from various Internet sources.
Effect of inhaled hydrogen sulfide on metabolic responses in anesthetized, paralyzed, and mechanically ventilated piglets* (2008)

H2S does not appear to have hypometabolic effects in ambiently cooled large mammals and conversely appears to act as a hemodynamic and metabolic stimulant.
Myelinated fiber regeneration after crush injury is retarded in sciatic nerves of aging mice (1991)

To compare nerve regeneration in young adult and aging mice, the right sciatic nerves of 6- and 24-month-old mice were crushed at the sciatic notch. Two weeks later, both groups of mice were perfused with an aldehyde solution, and, after additional fixation, the sciatic nerves were processed so that the transverse sections of each nerve subsequently studied by light and electron microscopy included the entire posterior tibial fascicle 5 mm distal to the crush site. The same level was sectioned in unoperated contralateral nerves; these nerves served as controls. Electron micrographs and the Bioquant Image Analysis System IV were used to measure areas of posterior tibial fascicles and count the number of myelinated axons, the number of unmyelinated axons, and their frequency in Schwann cell units. In aging mice, the total number of regenerating myelinated axons was significantly reduced, but totals of regenerating unmyelinated axons in aging and young adults did not differ significantly. In aging mice, the frequency of Schwann cells that contained a single unmyelinated axon was greater, suggesting that before myelination began, Schwann cell ensheathment of axons also was slowed. After axotomy by a crush injury, the area of the posterior tibial fascicle was less than that in young adults and the distal disintegration of myelin sheath remnants also appeared to be retarded. The results indicate that responses of neurons, axons, and Schwann cells could be important in slowing the regeneration of myelinated fibers found in sciatic nerves from aging mice.
FFAS03: a server for profile-profile sequence alignments (2005)

The FFAS03 server provides a web interface to the third generation of the profile-profile alignment and fold-recognition algorithm of fold and function assignment system (FFAS) [L. Rychlewski, L. Jaroszewski, W. Li and A. Godzik (2000), Protein Sci., 9, 232-241]. Profile-profile algorithms use information present in sequences of homologous proteins to amplify the patterns defining the family. As a result, they enable detection of remote homologies beyond the reach of other methods. FFAS, initially developed in 2000, is consistently one of the best ranked fold prediction methods in the CAFASP and LiveBench competitions. It is also used by several fold-recognition consensus methods and meta-servers. The FFAS03 server accepts a user supplied protein sequence and automatically generates a profile, which is then compared with several sets of sequence profiles of proteins from PDB, COG, PFAM and SCOP. The profile databases used by the server are automatically updated with the latest structural and sequence information. The server provides access to the alignment analysis, multiple alignment, and comparative modeling tools. Access to the server is open for both academic and commercial researchers. The FFAS03 server is available at http://ffas.burnham.org.
A guide to performing Polygenic Risk Score analyses (2018)

The application of polygenic risk scores (PRS) has become routine across genetic research. Among a range of applications, PRS are exploited to assess shared aetiology between phenotypes, to evaluate the predictive power of genetic data for use in clinical settings, and as part of experimental studies in which, for example, experiments are performed on individuals, or their biological samples (eg. tissues, cells), at the tails of the PRS distribution and contrasted. As GWAS sample sizes increase and PRS become more powerful, they are set to play a key role in personalised medicine. However, despite the growing application and importance of PRS, there are limited guidelines for performing PRS analyses, which can lead to inconsistency between studies and misinterpretation of results. Here we provide detailed guidelines for performing polygenic risk score analyses relevant to different methods for their calculation, outlining standard quality control steps and offering recommendations for best-practice. We also discuss different methods for the calculation of PRS, common misconceptions regarding the interpretation of results and future challenges.
Thrombin-Activatable Fibrinolysis Inhibitor (TAFI) Deficient Mice Are Susceptible to Intracerebral Thrombosis and Ischemic Stroke (2010)

Our study shows that TAFI does not play a major role for thrombus formation and neuronal degeneration after ischemic brain challenge.
Modified channel estimation algorithms for OFDM systems with reduced complexity (2005)

Channel estimation techniques for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems, i.e., maximum likelihood (ML) and linear minimum mean squared error (MMSE) estimators are investigated in this paper. Although accurate estimation of a channel of known length (i.e. channel impulse response duration) can be obtained with conventional estimators, very few studies have been focused on the simplification of the ML and MMSE algorithms. Conventional channel estimators preset a fixed length for the channel. The knowledge of the channel length would, in principle, reduce the complexity of the ML and MMSE estimators. This is of particular interests for OFDM systems, due to the excessive matrix manipulation involved, when the channel duration and training sequence are very long. Hence, the complexity of channel estimation is of crucial importance, especially for time-varying channels, where it has to be performed periodically or even continuously. In order to simplify the OFDM channel estimator, a channel length estimation technique based on second order statistics of the received signal is proposed. No preamble and preliminary channel estimate are needed by the proposed technique. Analysis and simulation results will show that the channel length estimator is very robust to frequency offset.