gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Teletherapy Design Problems (1954)

The use of radium and x-rays for therapeutic purposes has a long and distinguished history. Radium and x-ray machines, although of proved value, have some irritating limitations. The most important of these, concerning the biological response of tissue to radiation, are not considered in this discussion. Others are inherent in the design of physical machinery, which in turn depends upon the source of radiation. With radioactive sources, it is not only possible but also practical to design machines which will respond to every legitimate demand of the radiotherapist. It is very probable that teletherapy units can be made and maintained more economically than can x-ray machines. Especially for higher voltages, artificial radioactive sources are in competition with roentgen rays and radium, and the basic principle of teletherapy design should be to meet and to better the desirable features of the historical irradiation apparatus. Radioactive sources have released us from the 1 curie per gram specific activity limitation of radium and from the cumbersome tubes and electrical connections of the x-ray generator. However, looming large among the advantages of radioisotope sources are very rigid limitations. There is a wide gulf between the theoretical and the practical in source production, and the designer of a practical teletherapy machine must select a set of fundamental requirements in order to choose the best from many possible radiation sources. Dosage Rate: The rate of irradiation is one of the factors which will determine whether a given isotope is or is not adequate for teletherapy. This factor depends upon the decay scheme of the isotope. Some isotopes deliver large amounts of radiation in a short time; some deliver very small amounts even over a long period. Dosage rates below 10 r/min. have been used to good advantage, but such slow rates increase patient handling problems and are economically undesirable. On the other hand, rates over 100 r/min. are probably unnecessary and wasteful. It would be costly to design a shutter device for very high energies delivered at so high a rate. With full acknowledgment that the question is debatable, it is possible to accept a figure of approximately 20 to 40 r/min. as satisfactory. A radioisotope source which cannot meet this requirement should be considered inadequate. Again, if conditions exist where delivery much greater than 100 r/min. is desirable at treatment distances beyond 50 cm., a radioisotope source will probably be impractical. Energy of Radiation: The energy of radiation is another fundamental factor. Radioisotope sources can be made which deliver radiation ranging from very lowvoltage x-rays to approximately 3-mev gamma rays. For experimental machines; any energy level is useful and monochromaticity is desirable.
The use of activated benzyl vinyl ethers to control molecular weight in free radical polymerizations (1990)

Abstract The vinyl ethers, α‐benzyloxyacrylonitrile ( 4 ), methyl α‐benzyloxyacrylate ( 5 ), and α‐benzyloxy‐acrylamide ( 6 ), act as sulfur‐free chain transfer agents in the polymerization of methyl methacrylate (chain transfer constant C x = 0,081–0.47), styrene ( C x = 0,036–0,14), methyl acrylate ( C x = 0,3–1,1), and vinyl acetate ( C x = 12–20) initiated by AIBN at 60°C. With methyl methacrylate and styrene, the conversions of the polymerizations are relatively unaffected by the vinyl ethers. With methyl acrylate and vinyl acetate, however, some retardation occurs. The activity of the compounds is compared with that of α‐benzyloxystyrene ( 1 ), which undergoes chain transfer by a novel free radical addition‐fragmentation pathway.
TCP/IP enhancements for satellite networks (1999)

With the emerging market for high-mobility remote access broadband services, satellite networks are becoming increasingly popular. Although the ubiquitous TCP/IP protocol is widely used to provide reliable data delivery in terrestrial networks, it faces many challenges in satellite environments. These stem from the inherent features of satellite channels, such as large delays, increased error rates, and bandwidth asymmetry. To address these concerns, a variety of solutions have been proposed. These include direct TCP enhancements to better tune the TCP/IP stack and additional selective acknowledgment mechanisms. Other proposals use advanced interworking to reduce sensitivity to various channel features. Examples include multiple TCP sessions, link-layer interworking, and ACK control schemes. Improving onboard satellite features (buffer management, flow control) can also provide benefits for TCP/IP transport. The objective of this article is to present the various solutions and discuss their possible trade-offs. Overall, there exists a rich set of alternatives to meet the challenges in this important arena.
Multi-homing tunnel broker (2004)

A proper support for communications has to provide fault tolerance capabilities such as the preservation of established connections in case of failures. Multihoming addresses this issue, but the currently available solution based in massive BGP route injection presents serious scalability limitations, since it contributes to the exponential growth of the BGP table size. An alternative solution based on the configuration of tunnels between the multihomed site exit routers and the ISP border routers has been proposed for IPv6 in RFC 3178. However, the amount of manual configuration imposed by this solution on the ISP side prevents its wide adoption. In particular, this solution requires at the ISP the manual configuration of a tunnel endpoint per each multihomed client that it serves. We present a multihoming tunnel broker (MHTB) that provides automatic creation of the tunnel endpoint at the ISP side.
Cerebrovascular hypoxic and autoregulatory responses during reduced brain metabolism (1985)

The effect of reducing cerebral oxygen consumption (CMRO2) on the cerebral blood flow (CBF) responses to isocapnic hypoxic hypoxia and hypotension was examined in sheep. Newborn and adult animals were studied because of their different base-line CMRO2. Microsphere-measured CBF responses during pentobarbital coma (i.e., electroencephalographic silence) were compared with responses in conscious or lightly sedated animals. Induction of barbiturate coma reduced both CMRO2 and CBF by 50% from the awake value and by 25% from the value obtained in animals sedated with pentobarbital. The CBF response to 30 and 50% reductions in arterial O2 content (CaO2) was attenuated during coma, but only in proportion to the decrease in CMRO2. Whether CMRO2 was normal or reduced, the normoxic cerebral O2 delivery (CaO2 X CBF) was maintained during hypoxia in both newborns and adults. The relative autoregulatory index (fractional change in CBF divided by fractional change in perfusion pressure) was determined during graded hemorrhage. The index was not significantly different from zero (which represents perfect autoregulation) in awake, lightly sedated, or comatose animals. The data demonstrate that both base-line CBF and responses to hypoxia are closely tied to CMRO2 and that 50% reduction of CMRO2 does not impair cerebrovascular autoregulation.
A New <i>Medicago truncatula</i> Line with Superior in Vitro Regeneration, Transformation, and Symbiotic Properties Isolated Through Cell Culture Selection (1997)

The understanding of how leguminous plants establish symbiosis with rhizobia is limited by the lack of genetic system in most legume plants. Here we propose a Medicago truncatula line suitable for genetic analysis of Medicago-Rhizobium meliloti symbiosis because of its high regeneration capacity and broad R. meliloti strain specificity. This line has been isolated by extensive in vitro screening of explants from several ecotypes of M. truncatula that are known to be autogamous and have small diploid genomes. One such derivative identified from ecotype 108-1 has gained the capacity to be readily regenerated in vitro. The derivative, called R108-1, like its parent, can establish effective symbiosis with several widely studied R. meliloti strains (Rm41, Rm2011, Rm1021, F51, and GR4). Importantly, the nodulation characteristics of the R108-1 line were not compromised by the in vitro selection procedure. We have further established the conditions for efficient transformation of R108-1 by co-cultivation with Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Thus, this in vitro-derived plant line has most of the favorable attributes, otherwise rare among legumes, of a complementary model plant system for investigating symbiosis at the genetic and the molecular levels.
Healthy clocks, healthy body, healthy mind (2009)

Circadian rhythms permeate mammalian biology. They are manifested in the temporal organisation of behavioural, physiological, cellular and neuronal processes. Whereas it has been shown recently that these approximately 24-hour cycles are intrinsic to the cell and persist in vitro, internal synchrony in mammals is largely governed by the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei that facilitate anticipation of, and adaptation to, the solar cycle. Our timekeeping mechanism is deeply embedded in cell function and is modelled as a network of transcriptional and/or post-translational feedback loops. Concurrent with this, we are beginning to understand how this ancient timekeeper interacts with myriad cell systems, including signal transduction cascades and the cell cycle, and thus impacts on disease. An exemplary area where this knowledge is rapidly expanding and contributing to novel therapies is cancer, where the Period genes have been identified as tumour suppressors. In more complex disorders, where aetiology remains controversial, interactions with the clockwork are only now starting to be appreciated.
Thiation of Oxindoles (1969)

The thiation of methyl substituted oxindoles (I) with phosphorous pentasulfide gave the corresponding 2-indolinethiones (II). The 2-indolinethione (II) having more than one hydrogen at 3-position, however, were sensitive towards phosphorous pentasulfide to produce the indolic compounds such as III, IV, V and VI. On the other hand the 2-indolinethione (VIII) prepared from VII with phosphorous pentasulfide, was stable towards the reagent. Reactivity of 2-indolinthione (IIb) was compared with the oxindole (Ib) in some reactions including the deuteration at 3-position in deuterochloroform-acetic acid-d4.
Permanent bending and alignment of ZnO nanowires (2011)

Ion beams can be used to permanently bend and re-align nanowires after growth. We have irradiated ZnO nanowires with energetic ions, achieving bending and alignment in different directions. Not only the bending of single nanowires is studied in detail, but also the simultaneous alignment of large ensembles of ZnO nanowires. Computer simulations reveal how the bending is initiated by ion beam induced damage. Detailed structural characterization identifies dislocations to relax stresses and make the bending and alignment permanent, even surviving annealing procedures.
A Combinatorial Phage Display Library for the Generation of Specific Fab Fragments Recognizing Human Spermatozoa and Inhibiting Fertilizing Capacity In Vitro1 (1998)

To select a source of lymphocytes for the generation of an anti-sperm-biased combinatorial phage display library, venous blood was obtained from 34 vasovasostomy (vasectomy reversal) patients approximately 3 mo after surgery. Using a variety of immunoassays, serum was analyzed for antibodies against human spermatozoa, and a patient was selected on the basis of high titer of antibodies that recognized the equatorial region of the sperm head and inhibited sperm fertilizing capacity in vitro. Total RNA isolated from the stored lymphocytes of this individual was reversed transcribed, and gamma1 (Fd) region and kappa chains were amplified by polymerase chain reaction for the successful construction of an antibody phage display library. The library was panned against human spermatozoa to isolate sperm-specific phage that recognized the equatorial region of the sperm head. Three preparations of Fab were tested via the hamster egg penetration test. Each preparation significantly (p < 0. 005) inhibited sperm-egg binding and fusion, with one preparation (designated Fab-G) causing complete inhibition. Sequence analysis of the kappa light gene encoding Fab-G revealed a 93% homology with the light chain of human anti-human immunodeficiency virus gp120 p35 variable region. This technology may have a practical application in characterization of the immune response to spermatozoa and for the design of sperm-based contraceptive vaccines.
Pathophysiological Role of Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase (PARP) Activation during Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Cell Necrosis in Mice (2004)

DNA fragmentation in hepatocytes occurs early after acetaminophen (AAP) overdose in mice. DNA strandbreaks can induce excessive activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARP), which may lead to oncotic necrosis. Based on controversial findings with chemical PARP inhibitors, the role of PARP-1 activation in AAP hepatotoxicity remains unclear. To investigate PARP-1 activation and evaluate a pathophysiological role of PARP-1, we used both PARP inhibitors (3-aminobenzamide; 5-aminoisoquinolinone) and PARP gene knockout mice (PARP-/-). Treatment of C3Heb/FeJ mice with 300 mg/kg AAP resulted in DNA fragmentation and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) release as early as 3 h, with further increase of these parameters up to 12 h. Few nuclei of hepatocytes stained positive for poly-ADP-ribosylated nuclear proteins (PAR) as indicator for PARP-1 activation at 4.5 h. However, the number of PAR-positive cells and staining intensity increased substantially at 6 and 12 h. Pretreatment with 500 mg/kg 3-aminobenzamide before AAP attenuated hepatic glutathione depletion and completely eliminated DNA fragmentation and liver injury. Delayed treatment several hours after AAP was still partially protective. On the other hand, liver injury was not attenuated in PARP-/- mice compared to wild-type animals. Similarly, the specific PARP-1 inhibitor 5-aminoisoquinolinone (5 mg/kg) was not protective. However, 3-aminobenzamide attenuated liver injury in WT and PARP-/- mice. In summary, PARP-1 activation is a consequence of DNA fragmentation after AAP overdose. However, PARP-1 activation is not a relevant event for AAP-induced oncotic necrosis. The protection of 3-aminobenzamide against AAP-induced liver injury was due to reduced metabolic activation and potentially its antioxidant effect but independent of PARP-1 inhibition.
Study of the Mechanical and Morphological Properties of Plasticized PVC Composites Containing Rice Husk Fillers (2007)

The present study develops new composite materials derived from environmentally friendly material, based on lignocellulosic fillers combined with a thermoplastic matrix. Cellulose fillers are obtained as a by-product of the agri-food industry; specifically rice husk with PVC thermoplastics as a matrix, since lignocellulosic materials such as fillers of composites materials, when used instead of inorganic substances and synthetic fibers, offer more advantages in terms of environmental protection. With a view to identifying the degree of influence of filler amount, plasticizer concentration, and filler particle size on the properties of this new composite, we tested its mechanical properties and analyzed tensile fracture surfaces using scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
A MPEG decoder ASIC for compact disc interactive (2003)

An ASIC was designed to implement an MPEG decoder. This resulted in a 140000 gate-equivalent design, which worked first time around. This chip contains a decoder, a video generator with window control and a system controller that interfaces with a 68000 environment. A new approach to simulation is developed to speed up the simulations. The chip is translated to a software model. This software model is compiled into an executable file, with the 'simulator' built in. The software model was about 1000 times faster than the chip level simulator. This made it possible to simulate the chip extensively in very short time.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Investigation on performance of piezoelectric beam based MEMS actuator for focussing of micro lens in mobile application (2017)

Photo capturing capabilities are one of the core functions in mobile devices which makes the people to use very often. But the cost of the mobile depends on the high quality design and low cost mass production of micro optical lens systems. This is achieved by designing a suitable actuator which leads to the precise focussing of a subject in mobile camera. In this paper, MEMS based Piezoelectric cantilever beam actuator is proposed and designed with different type of piezo material, beam length to width ratio, number of layers and number of beams to achieve optimum focussing and tracking. The investigation reveals that rectangular shape with lead zirconate titanate as piezo material yields the maximum displacement of 4.17989pm The 1:2 actuator length to beam length ratio andfive layer beam improve the maximum displacement. This analysis is performed using Intellisuite MEMS CAD Tool in TEM analysis.
Organic Memory Gains Momentum (2004)

Hybrid prototypes promise to give conventional memory a run for the money.
Effect of immuplus on humoral and cell mediated immunity in dogs (1999)

Immunomodulatory effect of immuplus, a polyherbal preparation was studied in normal and compromised dogs for a period of 90 days. For humoral immune response rabies and parvovirus vaccine induced antibody titres were measured using ELISA. B-Iymphocyte blastogenesis assay was performed using lipopolysaccharide as mitogen. Cell mediated immunity was assessed as T-lymphocyte transformation assay using phytohaemagglutinin as mitogen and MIT dye indicator system. Delayed type hypersensitivity reaction was observed in the end of experiment with dinitrochlorobenzene as allergen. It has been observed that immuplus significantly augmented the humoral and cell mediated immunity in normal and compromised dogs.
Antigenic diversity in the circumsporozoite protein of Plasmodium falciparum abrogates cytotoxic-T-cell recognition (1994)

Genetic analysis of field isolates of Plasmodium falciparum has shown selective accumulation of point mutations within the immunologically sensitive sites of the circumsporozoite (CS) protein, a vaccine candidate against malaria. This raised concern whether a vaccine containing the sequence of a selected strain of P. falciparum would be able to confer protection against other variant parasites. The answer to this question remained speculative, and in this study, we have formally tested the immunological impact of such natural variations within a known cytotoxic-T-cell (CTL) epitope, which is recognized by both human and murine CTLs. With a murine model, CTLs were generated against the 7G8 strain of P. falciparum. The ability of these CTLs to lyse histocompatible targets that were pulsed with synthetic peptides corresponding to polymorphic sequences of Brazilian, Papua New Guinean, and The Gambian isolates was determined. While these CTLs were able to recognize three of the four variant CS sequences found in Brazil and Papua New Guinea, they failed to recognize four of the five variant CS sequences found in The Gambia. Among the peptides that lost their reactivity to 7G8-specific CTL, all except one had amino acid variation in more than one residue. On the other hand, only one of the four peptides that showed a positive reaction had amino acid substitutions in more than a single residue. Thus, our findings demonstrate that natural amino acid variations in the CS protein abrogate CTL recognition. Therefore, it is important to consider the implications of these results in designing CS protein-based vaccines.
Multi-objective planning for workflow execution on Grids (2007)

Utility grids create an infrastructure for enabling users to consume services transparently over a global network. When optimizing workflow execution on utility grids, we need to consider multiple quality of service (QoS) parameters including service prices and execution time. These optimization objectives may be in conflict. In this paper, we have proposed a workflow execution planning approach using multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs). Our goal was to generate a set of trade-off scheduling solutions according to the users QoS requirements. The alternative trade-off solutions offer more flexibility to users when estimating their QoS requirements of workflow executions. Simulation results show that MOEAs are able to find a range of compromise solutions in a short computational time.
DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR OF AN INTERGENERIC CHIMERA OF HYDRA (<i>PELMATOHYDRA OLIGACTIS</i>INTERSTITIAL CELLS:<i>HYDRA ATTENUATA</i>EPITHELIAL CELLS) (1979)

An intergeneric chimera was produced by repopulating epithelial Hydra attenuata (lacking the interstitial cell lineage) with interstitial cells of Pelmatohydra oligactis. The chimera's morphology and morphogenesis generally resembled that of H. attenuata, for example in the pattern of bud tentacles, in basal disk regeneration rate, and in heterografting specificity. Nematocyst characters of the chimera were the P. oligactis type. In behavior the chimeras were intermediate in some respects but deficient in others. For example, chimeras were unable to feed by themselves or to extend the column. This study illustrates the value of chimeras in deducing which cell types control the various aspects of development and behavior.
In‐situ doping of and trench‐refill with LPCVD‐poly‐silicon (I). (PH<sub>3</sub>/SiH<sub>4</sub>) ratio as a process‐controlling parameter (1989)

Abstract The ratio of phosphine‐ to silane concentration in the reaction gas mixture is a processcontrolling parameter in LPCVD‐polysilicon deposition not only with respect to doping level of the layer and layer growth rate on planar wafer surface, but also with respect to the degree of growth rate depression occurring by change‐over from wafer surface to sidewall area within trenches in the region of the upper rim of a trench. Trench refill behaviour deteriorates in consequence of growth rate depression within trench the more the higher the doping level of poly‐silicon will be chosen. Yet below a lower limit of doping poly‐silicon growth rate equals that of undoped poly‐silicon, and, as for trench‐refill, there is no difference in layer growth within trench and beyond.
Improved technique for quick error rate estimation of multi-dimensional communication schemes (1999)

A new approach for the quick estimation of error rates for complex communication schemes is presented. The purpose is to decrease the computations needed for analysing and simulating the performance in terms of error rates. By conditioning the error rate on the instantaneous noise energy, the error rate can be partly analysed by numerical calculations. Simulations, in the form of importance sampling, find the remaining part with lower computational complexity than has been reported previously. The gain is several orders of magnitude for the examples given. It is believed that the gain is also large for other systems. By deeper analysis of particular codes further improvements may be achieved.