gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cost-Benefit Analysis and climate change (2004)

Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) is used as a tool for policy and project analysis
throughout the world. Attempts have been made to incorporate the environmental impacts of project/policies within CBA, in order to improve the quality
of government and agency decision-making. Many technical problems persist,
however, in applying CBA to environmental issues. In this chapter, we discuss
the welfare economics foundations of CBA; go through the stages of a ‘typical’
CBA; review attempts at applying CBA to climate change and climate change
policy; and discuss some general problems with CBA in the specific context of
climate change. Our objectives are to explain what CBA is and how it can be
used; and to illustrate its potentials and problems in the specific context of
climate change.
Modulation of P-Glycoprotein-Mediated Multidrug Resistance by Monoclonal Antibodies, Immunotoxins or Antisense Oligodeoxynucleotides in Kidney Carcinoma and Normal Kidney Cells (1993)

In the present investigation we show that both monoclonal antibodies against P-170 (265/F4, MRK 16, and HYB 612) and 265/F4-ricin alpha-chain immunotoxin are useful tools for the eradication of kidney carcinoma and normal kidney primary cell cultures with high P-170 expression, whereas kidney tumor and normal kidney cell lines with low amounts of P-170 are less affected. Furthermore, we found that the expression of P-170 in both kidney tumor and normal kidney cell cultures with high amounts of P-170 was inhibited by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides complementary to base pairs -9 to +6 of the MDR1 gene. These data indicate that these approaches for the eradication of P-170 expressing multidrug-resistant cells are not limited to tumors but also affect P-170 expressing normal cells.
Preparation for the Battle against Censorship of Film and Video in the 80s. (1986)

Varying concentrations of cyclopropane-1,1-dicarboxylic acid (CDA), an inhibitor of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase, added to the solid culture medium of tomato nodal shoot segments resulted in a reduction in the level of endogenous ethylene according to the concentration of inhibitor applied. Following treatment with inhibitor, plants were homogenised and the concentrations of CDA and of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) were measured simultaneously in the resulting juice using an HPLC-ESI/MS-MS method. The levels of CDA and ACC measured in the plant tissues were associated with the concentration of inhibitor added to the solid medium. The HPLC-ESI/MS-MS method described produced limits of detection of 0.8 pmol for ACC and of 4 pmol for CDA.
Inhibition of NF‐κB activation with designed ankyrin‐repeat proteins targeting the ubiquitin‐binding/oligomerization domain of NEMO (2007)

The link between the NF-kappaB signal transduction pathway and cancer is now well established. Inhibiting this pathway is therefore a promising approach in the treatment of certain cancers through a pro-apoptotic effect in malignant cells. Owing to its central role in the pathway, the IkappaB kinase (IKK) complex is a privileged target for designing inhibitors. Previously, we showed that oligomerization of NEMO is necessary for IKK activation and defined a minimal oligomerization domain (CC2-LZ) for NEMO, and we developed NEMO peptides inhibiting NF-kappaB activation at the level of the IKK complex. To improve the low-affinity inhibitors, we used ribosome display to select small and stable proteins with high affinity against the individual CC2-LZ because the entire NEMO protein is poorly soluble. Several binders with affinities in the low nanomolar range were obtained. When expressed in human cells, some of the selected molecules, despite their partial degradation, inhibited TNF-alpha-mediated NF-kappaB activation while having no effect on the basal activity. Controls with a naive library member or null plasmid had no effect. Furthermore, we could show that this NF-kappaB inhibition occurs through a specific interaction between the binders and the endogenous NEMO, resulting in decreased IKK activation. These results indicate that in vitro selections with the NEMO subdomain alone as a target may be sufficient to lead to interesting compounds that are able to inhibit NF-kappaB activation.
Inactivation of <i>Campylobacter jejuni</i> by Exposure to High-Intensity 405-nm Visible Light (2010)

Although considerable research has been carried out on a range of environmental factors that impact on the survival of Campylobacter jejuni, there is limited information on the effects of violet/blue light on this pathogen. This investigation was carried out to determine the effects of high-intensity 405-nm light on C. jejuni and to compare this with the effects on two other important Gram-negative enteric pathogens, Salmonella enteritidis and Escherichia coli O157:H7. High-intensity 405-nm light generated from an array of 405-nm light-emitting diodes was used to inactivate the test bacteria. The results demonstrated that while all three tested species were susceptible to 405-nm light inactivation, C. jejuni was by far the most sensitive organism, requiring a total dose of 18 J cm⁻² of 405-nm light to achieve a 5-log₁₀ reduction. This study has established that C. jejuni is particularly susceptible to violet/blue light at a wavelength of 405 nm. This finding, coupled with the safety-in-use advantages of this visible (non-ultraviolet wavelength) light, suggests that high-intensity 405-nm light may have applications for control of C. jejuni contamination levels in situations where this type of illumination can be effectively applied.
Graft rejection after unrelated donor hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for thalassemia is associated with nonpermissive HLA-DPB1 disparity in host-versus-graft direction (2005)

The success of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) from matched unrelated donors (UDs) for beta-thalassemia may be hampered by the occurrence of graft rejection. Here, we show that the rate of this complication can be reduced by selecting 5-loci HLA-matched donors without nonpermissive mismatches at HLA-DPB1, defined according to an algorithm previously described and based on principles of central T-cell tolerance. Seventy-two consecutive patients and their UDs, prospectively selected for matching at the allelic level for HLA-A, -B, -C, -DRB, and -DQB1 loci, were enrolled in the analysis. These pairs were either DPB1 matched/permissively mismatched (n = 45, control group) or had at least one nonpermissive DPB1 mismatch in the host-versus-graft (HvG; n = 17) or in the graft-versus-host (GvH; n = 10) direction. In multivariate analysis, the risk of rejection was significantly increased in the group with HvG disparity (RR = 7.42; 95% CI = 1.29-42.68; P = .02) as compared to the control group. A lower, statistically significant, probability of thalassemia-free survival was found in patients belonging to the HvG group as compared to controls (RR = 5.15; 95% CI = 1.58-16.82; P = .01). These data suggest that in patients with thalassemia, the incidence of graft failure after HSCT may be reduced by appropriate selection of UDs, with such selection taking into account the functional rules of immunogenetics.
Selective Preparation of Furfural from Xylose over Sulfonic Acid Functionalized Mesoporous Sba-15 Materials (2011)

Sulfonic acid functionalized mesoporous SBA-15 materials were prepared using the co-condensation and grafting methods, respectively, and their catalytic performance in the dehydration of xylose to furfural was examined. SBA-15-SO3H(C) prepared by the co-condensation method showed 92–95% xylose conversion and 74% furfural selectivity, and 68–70% furfural yield under the given reaction conditions. The deactivation and regeneration of the SBA-15-SO3H(C) catalyst for the dehydration of xylose was also investigated. The results indicate that the used and regeneration catalysts retained the SBA-15 mesoporous structure, and the S content of SBA-15-SO3H(C) almost did not change. The deactivation of the catalysts is proposed to be associated with the accumulation of byproducts, which is caused by the loss reaction of furfural. After regeneration by H2O2, the catalytic activity of the catalyst almost recovered.
Jocaml: mobile agents for Objective-Caml (2003)

Jocaml is a system for mobile agents built inside the Objective-Caml language. Jocaml eases the development of concurrent, distributed and mobile agent based applications, by expressing useful distribution abstractions using a small set of simple but powerful primitives taken from the Join-Calculus. The system provides total transparency for migration, application states (after migration, all threads resume their execution in the state before migration), communications (communication channels with other agents are kept during migration) and composition (sub-agents migrate with their parent agent). Other features of the Jocaml system are mobile objects with transparent remote method invocation, distributed garbage collection, failure detection and execution efficiency. Jocaml has already been used in several applications, such as a mobile editor, some distributed games and a distributed implementation of Ambients. This paper describes the Jocaml programming model and language, its current implementation and some interesting applications.
Use of aromatase inhibitors in the adjuvant treatment of breast cancer. (1999)

The value of endocrine treatment of early breast cancer has been illustrated by the antioestrogen, tamoxifen, which has now been available for nearly 30 years. However, if the recognised side effects and pharmacological properties of tamoxifen are taken into consideration, it is possible that other endocrine treatments that are now available can provide equal or superior efficacy, along with improved tolerability. One such group of agents is the aromatase inhibitors specifically the new-generation triazole aromatase inhibitors, such as anastrozole and letrozole, which have both shown tolerability and efficacy advantages over standard treatments in postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer. There are convincing reasons why the new generation of aromatase inhibitors have advantages over tamoxifen. For instance, from their agonist properties, the effects on the endometrium and tumour stimulation seen with tamoxifen would not be expected, nor would the visual disturbances that have been associated with the triphenylethylene compounds, including tamoxifen. A number of aromatase inhibitors, for instance, anastrozole, letrozole and exemestane, are currently being investigated for treatment of early breast cancer. The results of the trials of aromatase inhibitors and tamoxifen will, in the next few years, define whether or not the new-generation aromatase inhibitors have a role to play in the treatment of postmenopausal women with early breast cancer.
Geometric Range Search on Encrypted Spatial Data (2015)

Geometric range search is a fundamental primitive for spatial data analysis in SQL and NoSQL databases. It has extensive applications in location-based services, computer-aided design, and computational geometry. Due to the dramatic increase in data size, it is necessary for companies and organizations to outsource their spatial data sets to third-party cloud services (e.g., Amazon) in order to reduce storage and query processing costs, but, meanwhile, with the promise of no privacy leakage to the third party. Searchable encryption is a technique to perform meaningful queries on encrypted data without revealing privacy. However, geometric range search on spatial data has not been fully investigated nor supported by existing searchable encryption schemes. In this paper, we design a symmetric-key searchable encryption scheme that can support geometric range queries on encrypted spatial data. One of our major contributions is that our design is a general approach, which can support different types of geometric range queries. In other words, our design on encrypted data is independent from the shapes of geometric range queries. Moreover, we further extend our scheme with the additional use of tree structures to achieve search complexity that is faster than linear. We formally define and prove the security of our scheme with indistinguishability under selective chosen-plaintext attacks, and demonstrate the performance of our scheme with experiments in a real cloud platform (Amazon EC2).
Efficient differential evolution using speciation for multimodal function optimization (2005)

In this paper differential evolution is extended by using the notion of speciation for solving multimodal optimization problems. The proposed species-based DE (SDE) is able to locate multiple global optima simultaneously through adaptive formation of multiple species (or subpopulations) in an DE population at each iteration step. Each species functions as an DE by itself. Successive local improvements through species formation can eventually transform into global improvements in identifying multiple global optima. In this study the performance of SDE is compared with another recently proposed DE variant CrowdingDE. The computational complexity of SDE, the effect of population size and species radius on SDE are investigated. SDE is found to be more computationally efficient than CrowdingDE over a number of benchmark multimodal test functions.
A Fast EEG Forecasting Algorithm for Phase-Locked Transcranial Electrical Stimulation of the Human Brain (2017)

A growing body of research suggests that non-invasive electrical brain stimulation can more effectively modulate neural activity when phase-locked to the underlying brain rhythms. Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) can potentially stimulate the brain in-phase to its natural oscillations as recorded by electroencephalography (EEG), but matching these oscillations is a challenging problem due to the complex and time-varying nature of the EEG signals. Here we address this challenge by developing and testing a novel approach intended to deliver tACS phase-locked to the activity of the underlying brain region in real-time. This novel approach extracts phase and frequency from a segment of EEG, then forecasts the signal to control the stimulation. A careful tuning of the EEG segment length and prediction horizon is required and has been investigated here for different EEG frequency bands. The algorithm was tested on EEG data from 5 healthy volunteers. Algorithm performance was quantified in terms of phase-locking values across a variety of EEG frequency bands. Phase-locking performance was found to be consistent across individuals and recording locations. With current parameters, the algorithm performs best when tracking oscillations in the alpha band (8-13 Hz), with a phase-locking value of 0.77 ± 0.08. Performance was maximized when the frequency band of interest had a dominant frequency that was stable over time. The algorithm performs faster, and provides better phase-locked stimulation, compared to other recently published algorithms devised for this purpose. The algorithm is suitable for use in future studies of phase-locked tACS in preclinical and clinical applications.
Code Acquisition in Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Communication Systems Using an Approximate Fast Fourier Transform (2006)

This paper deals with code acquisition in communication systems with large frequency offsets. In such a situation, the receiver has to perform a 2-dimensional search in a time-frequency plane to detect a known signal. In previous publications it has been proposed to use a fast Fourier transform (FFT) to implement the search in frequency direction [1], [2], [3]. We would here like to examine the effect of using approximate FFTs. For this puropose, we restrict the angles of the complex multiplications that are used in the FFT to four or eight states. This helps to reduce the total number of real multiplications. Further, there is no need to store trigonometric values. The drawback is that the approximations lead to a degradation at the FFT output. We will show, however, that in a two-stage acquisition scheme, where the FFT is only used to obtain an estimate of the frequency offset, approximate FFTs achieve almost the same performance as a conventional FFT.
CRIM: Conditional Remapping to Improve the Reliability of Solid-State Drives with Minimizing Lifetime Loss (2018)

Solid-state drive (SSD) becomes popular as the main storage device. However, over time, the reliability of SSD degrades due to bit errors, which poses a serious issue. The periodic remapping (PR) has been suggested to overcome the issue, but it still has a critical weakness as PR increases lifetime loss. Therefore, we propose the conditional remapping invocation method (CRIM) to sustain reliability without lifetime loss. CRIM uses a probability-based threshold to determine the condition of invoking remapping operation. We evaluate the effectiveness of CRIM using the real workload trace data. In our experiments, we show that CRIM can extend a lifetime of SSD more than PR by up to 12.6% to 17.9% of 5-year warranty time. In addition, we show that CRIM can reduce the bit error probability of SSD by up to 73 times in terms of typical bit error rate in comparison with PR.
Quality of support and priority management in homePNA 2.0 link layer (2004)

Home phoneline networking alliance (HPNA) 2.0 is a new standard for high-speed last-meter networks, which utilizes home phone lines. HPNA 2.0 offers a data rate of between 4 to 32 Mbit/s providing a nominal effective rate of 10 Mbit/s while at the same time it maintains backward compatibility with existing 1 Ms/S homePNA technology. HPNA 2.0 introduces new collision detection and a strict priority collision resolution scheme, along with new QoS support. This paper provides an analysis of multiple access technology and the quality of service (QoS) support in homePNA 2.0. The stability and performance analysis of HPNA 2.0 is given along with simulations. Simulation results were inline with theoretical analyses.
Crystal Structure of Pyranose 2-Oxidase from the White-Rot Fungus <i>Peniophora</i> sp.<sup>,</sup> (2004)

Pyranose 2-oxidase catalyzes the oxidation of a number of carbohydrates using dioxygen. The enzyme forms a D(2) symmetric homotetramer and contains one covalently bound FAD per subunit. The structure of the enzyme from Peniophora sp. was determined by multiwavelength anomalous diffraction (MAD) based on 96 selenium sites per crystallographic asymmetric unit and subsequently refined to good-quality indices. According to its chain fold, the enzyme belongs to the large glutathione reductase family and, in a more narrow sense, to the glucose-methanol-choline oxidoreductase (GMC) family. The tetramer contains a spacious central cavity from which the substrate enters one of the four active centers by penetrating a mobile barrier. Since this cavity can only be accessed by glucose-sized molecules, the enzyme does not convert sugars that are part of a larger molecule. The geometry of the active center and a comparison with an inhibitor complex of the homologous enzyme cellobiose dehydrogenase allow the modeling of the reaction at a high confidence level.
Quantum decoherence dynamics of divacancy spins in silicon carbide (2016)

Long coherence times are key to the performance of quantum bits (qubits). Here, we experimentally and theoretically show that the Hahn-echo coherence time of electron spins associated with divacancy defects in 4H-SiC reaches 1.3 ms, one of the longest Hahn-echo coherence times of an electron spin in a naturally isotopic crystal. Using a first-principles microscopic quantum-bath model, we find that two factors determine the unusually robust coherence. First, in the presence of moderate magnetic fields (30 mT and above), the <sup>29</sup>Si and <sup>13</sup>C paramagnetic nuclear spin baths are decoupled. In addition, because SiC is a binary crystal, homo-nuclear spin pairs are both diluted and forbidden from forming strongly coupled, nearest-neighbour spin pairs. Longer neighbour distances result in fewer nuclear spin flip-flops, a less fluctuating intra-crystalline magnetic environment, and thus a longer coherence time. Our results point to polyatomic crystals as promising hosts for coherent qubits in the solid state.
Three standard errors of measurement and the Wechsler Memory Scale--Revised. (1991)

This article provides tables to aid interpretation of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R). It is argued that the value of Wechsler's table of standard errors of measurement (SEM) and his table of significant differences between index scores are limited. A revised table of SEMs is given for defining confidence intervals as they bracket predicted true scores. A revised table of significant index-score differences is also provided. All values are based on WMS-R manual data for the standardization sample
Properties of New Glucamide Surfactants (1996)

Properties of new nonionic surfactants are reported. The amphiphiles possess two n-alkyl chains and two glucamide head-groups and have the formula (CnH2n+1)2C[CH2NHCO(CHOH)4CH2OH]2 with n = 5−9 (abbreviated here as di-(Cn-Glu)). For di-(C7-Glu) in the concentration range 0.4−8%, an upper critical solution temperature (UCST) is observed; this is unusual behavior for a nonionic surfactant. Nonetheless these materials behave like classic surfactants with regard to changes in liquid crystal phases, surface tensions, and critical micelle concentrations (cmc's) as a function of chain length n. Small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) data indicate the presence of anisotropic micelles, cylindrical for di-(C5-, 6-, and 7-Glu) but discoidal for di-(C8-Glu). There is apparently little effect of temperature (25−70 °C) on cmc or micelle structures.
Electrooptic-distributed Bragg-reflection modulators for integrated optics (1977)

The electrooptic-distributed Bragg-reflection modulators having periodically corrugated surfaces are proposed. Principles of distributed-feedback (DFB) and distributed Bragg-reflector (DBR) modulators are outlined and discussed. Calculations for the power per unit bandwidth indicate that the DBR modulator is much more effective than the DFB modulator.
A Crude Extract Preparation and Optimization from a Genomically Engineered Escherichia coli for the Cell-Free Protein Synthesis System: Practical Laboratory Guideline (2019)

With the advancement of synthetic biology, the cell-free protein synthesis (CFPS) system has been receiving the spotlight as a versatile toolkit for engineering natural and unnatural biological systems. The CFPS system reassembles the materials necessary for transcription and translation and recreates the in vitro protein synthesis environment by escaping a physical living boundary. The cell extract plays an essential role in this in vitro format. Here, we propose a practical protocol and method for <i>Escherichia coli</i>-derived cell extract preparation and optimization, which can be easily applied to both commercially available and genomically engineered <i>E. coli</i> strains. The protocol includes: (1) The preparation step for cell growth and harvest, (2) the thorough step-by-step procedures for <i>E. coli</i> cell extract preparation including the cell wash and lysis, centrifugation, runoff reaction, and dialysis, (3) the preparation for the CFPS reaction components and, (4) the quantification of cell extract and cell-free synthesized protein. We anticipate that the protocol in this research will provide a simple preparation and optimization procedure of a highly active <i>E. coli</i> cell extract.