gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>In situ</i> Transmission Electron Microscopy Study on the Phase Transitionsin Lead‐Free (1− <i>x</i> )( <scp> Bi <sub>1/2</sub> Na <sub>1/2</sub> )TiO <sub>3</sub> </scp> – <i>x</i> <scp> BaTiO <sub>3</sub> </scp> Ceramics (2011)

The phase transitions in unpoled lead‐free (1− x )(Bi 1/2 Na 1/2 )TiO 3 – x BaTiO 3 ( x = 0.06 and 0.11) ceramics are investigated using hot‐stage transmission electron microscopy ( TEM ). It is found that large ferroelectric domains in both ceramics start to disappear around T d , the depolarization temperature. After the transition, both compositions exhibit the P 4 bm tetragonal symmetry in the form of nanodomains. The structural transition observed by the in situ TEM experiments seems to be gradual and occurs within a temperature range of several tens of degrees, in contrast to the sharp anomaly at T d revealed by the dielectric characterization. With further increasing temperature, no structural change was observed for both compositions across T RE , where the dielectric frequency dispersion vanishes, and T m , where the dielectric permittivity reaches maximum. The tetragonal‐to‐cubic transition is diffuse and takes place in a broad temperature window well above both T RE and T m . These results of structural phase transitions are summarized in a phase diagram with its composition range covering the morphotropic phase boundary ( MPB ).
A Dictionary of Mechanical Engineering (2013)

Over 8,000 entries This Dictionary provides definitions and explanations for mechanical engineering terms in clear and concise A to Z entries, many illustrated. This new edition greatly expands the coverage of materials engineering terms, with a complete revision of the existing entries and the addition of more than 200 new ones in this area. Other new entries include atomic force microscope, epitrochoid, fundamental physical constant, light-emitting diode, motor generator unit, Ohm’s law, and turbomachine. Also touched upon are related subject areas such as acoustics, bioengineering, chemical engineering, civil engineering, aeronautical engineering, and environmental engineering. It is the most comprehensive and authoritative dictionary of its kind, and an essential reference for students of mechanical engineering and for anyone with an interest in the subject.
Pulmonary Surfactant Protein-A (SP-A) Restores the Surface Properties of Surfactant after Oxidation by a Mechanism That Requires the Cys6 Interchain Disulfide Bond and the Phospholipid Binding Domain (2003)

Reactive oxygen species produced by activated leuko-cytes in the alveolar epithelial lining fluid have been implicated in the inactivation of pulmonary surfactant and the impairment of lung function. Oxidation of bovine lipid extract surfactant (BLES), a therapeutic surfactant, with hypochlorous acid (H-BLES) or the Fenton reaction (F-BLES) led to temporary increases in conjugated dienes and formation of malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry revealed the appearance of lipid hydroperoxides, peroxides, lysophospholipids, and free fatty acids. Captive bubble tensiometer studies of H-BLES demonstrated prolonged adsorption times, film instability at low surface tensions during film compression, and reduced respreadability during film expansion. F-BLES exhibited prolonged adsorption times, a marked effect on increasing compressibility during compression, and a lesser effect on reducing respreadability on expansion. Addition of native bovine or rat surfactant-associated protein A (SP-A) reversed the effects of oxidation on surfactant biophysical properties. Studies using mutant recombinant rat SP-As indicated that an intact carbohydrate recognition domain and disulfide-dependent oligomeric assembly are critical for these effects, but the collagen-like region is not required. We conclude that SP-A can reverse the detrimental effects of surfactant oxidation on the biophysical properties of surfactant, by a mechanism that is dependent on interchain disulfide bond formation and the C-terminal domains of the protein.
Evidence for the Translocation of Gibberellin A<sub>3</sub> and Gibberellin-Like Substances in Grafts between Normal, Dwarf<sub>1</sub> and Dwarf<sub>5</sub> Seedlings of <italic>Zea mays</italic> L.<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1"><sup>1</sup></xref> (1983)

Approach grafts were made between the cut surfaces of mesocotyls from normal and dwarf seedlings of Zea mays L. (maize). The dwarfs were the non-allelic single gene gibberellin mutants, dwarf1 and dwarf5. The graft combinations were normal-normal, normal-dwarf1, normal-dwarf5, dwarfi-dwarf1, dwarf5-dwarf5, and dwarf1-dwarf5. The grafts were used to demonstrate the movement of gibberellin-like substances across the union. GA3, added to one member of the graft, resulted in leaf-sheath elongation to both members. Gibberellin-like elongation was observed in the dwarf1 and dwarf5 members of normal-dwarf1 and normal-dwarf5 grafts. Also, in some cases, elongation was observed in the dwarf1 and dwarf5 members of dwarf1-dwarf5 grafts, especially in the dwarf5 members. The results are discussed in terms of: the gibberellin biosynthetic pathway in maize, the control of this pathway by the d5 and d1 mutant genes, and the movement of gibberellin-like substances in the plant. Anatomical observation of grafted seedlings after the resonse was observed shows that callus cells developed and bridged across the interface of the autografts. There was also evidence for vascular differentiation across the graft union.
Capillary Electrophoresis/Mass Spectrometry (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCapillary Electrophoresis/Mass SpectrometryRichard D. Smith, Jon H. Wahl, David R. Goodlett, and Steven A. HofstadlerCite this: Anal. Chem. 1993, 65, 13, 574A–584APublication Date (Print):July 1, 1993Publication History Published online31 May 2012Published inissue 1 July 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00061a717https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00061a717research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views312Altmetric-Citations131LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
OFDM-Based Semi-Soft Handover for High Data Rate Services (2007)

Various approaches for analyzing handover have been developed to guarantee the QoS (Quality of Service) of multimedia services over mobile communication networks. However, no framework for multicarrier-based broadband systems, such as MC-CDMA (Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access) or OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) is available, from the perspective of link capacity. This paper presents a handover technique, referred to as semi-soft handover utilizing macro diversity, which permits both hard and soft handover advantages for services over multicarrier-based broadband networks to be retained. A theoretical analysis is then performed to measure the handover gain over the forward link in terms of an outage probability. The simulation data verifies that the semi-soft handover outperforms other traditional handover techniques, in particular, for high data rate services.
Introduction (2012)

In an important sense this book is a book about truth. It is about truth in the sciences. More specifically it is about truth and scientific explanation. We can begin to see that there are problems about truth in the sciences when we recognize that ‘truth’ is truth in a model, or truth in an interpretation. This is the substance of the model-theoretic account of truth. But if we accept the model-theoretic account of truth, then it seems that the truth-values of certain claims in the physical sciences can only be ascertained if we are provided with a specification of what model(s) those claims are intended to hold in.1 Clearly we are interested in determining whether the world in which such claims hold is our own, or at least that these claims hold in some world similar to our own. Unfortunately, such models are not always explicitly specified in standard presentations of scientific theories, but we can often discover the features of such models through context. So we can often discover which models those claims are intended to be true in by examining how, and in what context, those claims are intended to be used. Furthermore, insofar as possible worlds are the philosophical or metaphysical analogues of formal models, ascertaining the truth-values of theoretical claims in the physical sciences amounts to discovering which possible worlds those claims are intended to hold in. Perhaps more controversially, one of the main claims defended throughout this book is that it is almost never the case that such theoretical claims are intended to be strictly true of the real world. More often than not theoretical claims in the physical sciences are intended to hold only in more or less highly idealized models, and so are intended to hold only in more or less idealized possible worlds.2 So, one main contention of this book is that if we are to understand theoretical claims at all we must be able to make sense of more or less highly idealized possible worlds. The proposal adopted here is to identify idealized possible worlds with incomplete worlds, and incomplete worlds with partial models. Worlds are then characterized as intensional relational structures, and this is because that is the most efficacious way to deal with the relevant sense of the partiality of worlds.3 In most of the book discussion of the metaphysical status of these simpler worlds will be ignored, but in Chapter 4 we shall see that a wide range of ontological views of possible worlds are compatible with the main results of the book.4 This will effectively allow for the tabling of the metaphysical issues involved, particularly as they are not the primary concern of this book.
The use of NARX neural networks to predict chaotic time series (2008)

The prediction of chaotic time series with neural networks is a traditional practical problem of dynamic systems. This paper is not intended for proposing a new model or a new methodology, but to study carefully and thoroughly several aspects of a model on which there are no enough communicated experimental data, as well as to derive conclusions that would be of interest. The recurrent neural networks (RNN) models are not only important for the forecasting of time series but also generally for the control of the dynamical system. A RNN with a sufficiently large number of neurons is a nonlinear autoregressive and moving average (NARMA) model, with “moving average ” referring to the inputs. The prediction can be assimilated to identification of dynamic process. An architectural approach of RNN with embedded memory, “Nonlinear Autoregressive model process with eXogenous input ” (NARX), showing promising qualities for dynamic system applications, is analyzed in this paper. The performances of the NARX model are verified for several types of chaotic or fractal time series applied as input for neural network, in relation with the number of neurons, the training algorithms and the dimensions of his embedded memory. In addition, this work has attempted to identify a way to use the classic statistical methodologies (R/S Rescaled Range analysis and Hurst exponent) to obtain new methods of improving the process efficiency of the prediction chaotic time series with NARX.
Mercury<sup>II</sup>-Mediated Formation of Thymine−Hg<sup>II</sup>−Thymine Base Pairs in DNA Duplexes (2006)

The very specific binding of the HgII ion unexpectedly and significantly stabilizes naturally occurring thymine-thymine base mispairing in DNA duplexes. Following this finding, we prepared DNA duplexes containing metal-mediated base pairs at the desired sites, as well as novel double helical architectures consisting only of thymine-HgII-thymine pairs.
The Use of Steapsin in the Manufacture of Blue Cheese (1939)

Blue cheese made from normal cows' milk, even under the most favorable conditions, must be held approximately six months before enough of the characteristic flavor has developed for the cheese to be marketable. The length of the ripening period is a serious deterrent to extensive commercial manufacture of the cheese in this country.
Progressive, Seizure-Like, Spike-Wave Discharges Are Common in Both Injured and Uninjured Sprague-Dawley Rats: Implications for the Fluid Percussion Injury Model of Post-Traumatic Epilepsy (2015)

Variable-duration oscillations and repetitive, high-voltage spikes have been recorded in the electrocorticogram (ECoG) of rats weeks and months after fluid percussion injury (FPI), a model of traumatic brain injury. These ECoG events, which have many similarities to spike-wave-discharges (SWDs) and absence seizures, have been proposed to represent nonconvulsive seizures characteristic of post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE). The present study quantified features of SWD episodes in rats at different time points after moderate to severe FPI, and compared them with age-matched control rats. Control and FPI-injured rats at 1 year of age displayed large-amplitude and frequent SWD events at frontal and parietal recording sites. At 3-6 months, SWDs were shorter in duration and less frequent; extremely brief SWDs (i.e., "larval") were detected as early as 1 month. The onset of the SWDs was nearly always synchronous across electrodes and of larger amplitude in frontal regions. A sensory stimulus, such as a click, immediately and consistently stopped the occurrence of the SWDs. SWDs were consistently accompanied by behavioral arrest. All features of SWDs in control and experimental (FPI) rats were indistinguishable. None of the FPI-treated rats developed nonconvulsive or convulsive seizures that could be distinguished electrographically or behaviorally from SWDs. Because SWDs have features similar to genetic absence seizures, these results challenge the hypothesis that SWDs after FPI reflect PTE.
Anti-ghrelin immunoglobulins modulate ghrelin stability and its orexigenic effect in obese mice and humans (2013)

Obese individuals often have increased appetite despite normal plasma levels of the main orexigenic hormone ghrelin. Here we show that ghrelin degradation in the plasma is inhibited by ghrelin-reactive IgG immunoglobulins, which display increased binding affinity to ghrelin in obese patients and mice. Co-administration of ghrelin together with IgG from obese individuals, but not with IgG from anorectic or control patients, increases food intake in rats. Similarly, chronic injections of ghrelin together with IgG from ob/ob mice increase food intake, meal frequency and total lean body mass of mice. These data reveal that in both obese humans and mice, IgG with increased affinity for ghrelin enhances ghrelin's orexigenic effect, which may contribute to increased appetite and overeating.
Development of Robust Gasoline HCCI Idle Operation Using Multiple Injection and Multiple Ignition (MIMI) Strategy (2009)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Engines operating in Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) combustion mode offer significant benefits of high fuel economy and low engine-out NO<sub>x</sub> emissions over the conventional spark ignition (SI) combustion mode. However, due to the nature of HCCI combustion, traditional HCCI combustion can be realized only in a limited operating range. High load is limited by the trade-off between ringing (combustion noise) and stability (COV of IMEP). Low load is restricted by the trade-off between NO<sub>x</sub> emissions and combustion stability (standard deviation of IMEP).</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The present research is focused on the extension of lo w load limit of HCCI combustion by developing HCCI idle operation. The main obstacle in developing HCCI idle combustion is lack of available thermal energy necessary for successful auto-ignition. The current paper relates to a method for achieving the approriate environment for auto-ignition at idle and the optimal trade-off between combustion stability and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions by employing multiple injection and multiple ignition (MIMI) strategy.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">HCCI operating range was successfully extended to idle condition. Very low NO<sub>x</sub> emissions ( &lt; 1.0 g/kg-fuel) and good stability ( &lt; 10 kPa stdv of IMEP) can be achieved at 800 rpm, 85 kPa NMEP condition. Compared to throttled homogeneous SIDI operation, over 25% fuel consumption benefit can be achieved.</div>
Statistics of 'worms' in Penrose tilings (1989)

Certain structural aspects of two-dimensional Penrose tilings are studied using de Bruijn's pentagrid picture. The authors discuss the statistics of hexagons, decagons and 'worms' (sequences of adjacent hexagons bounded by two decagons). They show that within the discrete framework considered here, phason modes and structural transformation modes are located along particular 'worms' and they derive the spatial distribution of the latter.
802.11 network intrusion detection using genetic programming (2005)

Genetic Programming (GP) based Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) use connection state network data during their training phase. These connection states are recorded as a set of features that the GP uses to train and test solutions which allow for the efficient and accurate detection of given attack patterns. However, when applied to a 802.11 network that is faced with attacks specific to the 802.11 protocol, the GP's detection rate reduces dramatically. In this work we discuss what causes this effect, and what can be done to improve the GP's performance on 802.11 networks.
Effects of chronic dobutamine administration on hearts of normal and hypertensive rats. (1988)

We have previously shown that physical conditioning in the rat improves cardiac mechanics and biochemistry and normalizes the cardiac contractile protein abnormalities associated with renovascular hypertension. Since chronic adrenergic stimulation with dobutamine simulates some aspects of physical conditioning, this study was undertaken to investigate the effects of chronic dobutamine administration on normal and hypertensive rat hearts. Four groups of female animals were studied: controls, dobutamine-treated (2 mg/kg twice daily), renovascular hypertensives, and dobutamine-treated hypertensives. Animals were killed after 8-10 weeks and cardiac histology, myosin biochemistry, and mechanics in an isolated heart perfusion apparatus were studied. Dobutamine, unlike hypertension, was not associated with histological evidence of myocardial damage but did increase cardiac mass by 10% and calcium-activated myosin ATPase activity by 13%. Hypertension was associated with a 24% increase in mass, a 24% decrease in ATPase activity, and a shift in the myosin isoenzyme pattern from V1 to V3. The combined stimuli caused additive hypertrophy (44%) and normalized myosin biochemistry and isomyosin distribution. Dobutamine treatment was not associated with significant improvements in pump or muscle function in control or hypertensive hearts. Thus chronic dobutamine treatment, like physical conditioning, induces a physiological cardiac hypertrophy in rats that is associated with improved myosin enzymology and normalization of the contractile protein abnormalities associated with hypertension. Unlike physical conditioning, however, these biochemical alterations do not result in improved contractile function as measured in an isolated buffer-perfused heart apparatus.
Nanostructured nanoparticles of self-assembled lipid pro-drugs as a route to improved chemotherapeutic agents (2010)

We demonstrate that oral delivery of self-assembled nanostructured nanoparticles consisting of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) lipid prodrugs results in a highly effective, target-activated, chemotherapeutic agent, and offers significantly enhanced efficacy over a commercially available alternative that does not self-assemble. The lipid prodrug nanoparticles have been found to significantly slow the growth of a highly aggressive mouse 4T1 breast tumour, and essentially halt the growth of a human MDA-MB-231 breast tumour in mouse xenografts. Systemic toxicity is avoided as prodrug activation requires a three-step, enzymatic conversion to 5-FU, with the third step occurring preferentially at the tumour site. Additionally, differences in the lipid prodrug chemical structure and internal nanostructure of the nanoparticle dictate the enzymatic conversion rate and can be used to control sustained release profiles. Thus, we have developed novel oral nanomedicines that combine sustained release properties with target-selective activation.
Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome with concurrent thrombotic and hemorrhagic manifestations (2013)

Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is a distinct autoimmune prothrombotic disorder due to pathogenic autoantibodies directed against proteins that bind to phospholipids. APS is characterized by arterial and venous thrombosis and their clinical sequelae. Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS) is a rare and often fatal form of APS characterized by disseminated intravascular thrombosis and ischemic injury resulting in multiorgan failure. Rarely, intravascular thrombosis in CAPS is accompanied by hemorrhagic manifestations such as diffuse alveolar hemorrhage. Here, we report a 43-year-old woman who presented with anemia, acute gastroenteritis, abnormal liver function tests, bilateral pulmonary infiltrates, and a systemic inflammatory response syndrome. The patient developed respiratory failure as a result of diffuse alveolar hemorrhage followed by acute renal failure. Laboratory tests disclosed hematuria, proteinuria, and reduced platelet count. Microbiologic tests were negative. A renal biopsy demonstrated acute thrombotic microangiopathy and extensive interstitial hemorrhage. Serologic tests disclosed antinuclear antibodies and reduced serum complement C4 concentration. Coagulation studies revealed the lupus anticoagulant and autoantibodies against cardiolipin, beta 2-glycoprotein I, and prothrombin. High-dose glucocorticoids and plasma exchange resulted in rapid resolution of pulmonary, renal, and hematological manifestations. This rare case emphasizes that CAPS can present with concurrent thrombotic and hemorrhagic manifestations. Rapid diagnosis and treatment may result in complete recovery.