gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Medical Education: The Queen's-Rutgers Experience, 1792–1830. (1968)

Book Reviews the influence of Africa upon him, as well as to his desire to further the cause of mutual understanding between western nations and the newly-emerging African states.In his foreword the author does not forget to pay tribute to the British Museum and the Wellcome Historical Medical Library.He begins with an account of pre- historic times, followed by a review of Egyptian, Greek, Roman, Arabian and Eur- opean medicine.There are numerous illustrations of fair quality and some good maps dealing with such topics as the location of doctors up to 1917 and the university and health institutes after the Second World War.There are also lists of hospitals and Egyptian doctors since A.D. 641-beginning with Paulus von Agina.There is a surprising absence of a table of contents and an index, despite some sixty pages of references.There are also a few mis-spellings e.g.'Enecyclopedia' and 'E.Ashwoorth Underwood' (p. 139).
A Novel Test for Host-Symbiont Codivergence Indicates Ancient Origin of Fungal Endophytes in Grasses (2008)

Significant phylogenetic codivergence between plant or animal hosts (H) and their symbionts or parasites (P) indicates the importance of their interactions on evolutionary time scales. However, valid and realistic methods to test for codivergence are not fully developed. One of the systems where possible codivergence has been of interest involves the large subfamily of temperate grasses (Pooideae) and their endophytic fungi (epichloae). These widespread symbioses often help protect host plants from herbivory and stresses and affect species diversity and food web structures. Here we introduce the MRCALink (most-recent-common-ancestor link) method and use it to investigate the possibility of grass-epichloë codivergence. MRCALink applied to ultrametric H and P trees identifies all corresponding nodes for pairwise comparisons of MRCA ages. The result is compared to the space of random H and P tree pairs estimated by a Monte Carlo method. Compared to tree reconciliation, the method is less dependent on tree topologies (which often can be misleading), and it crucially improves on phylogeny-independent methods such as ParaFit or the Mantel test by eliminating an extreme (but previously unrecognized) distortion of node-pair sampling. Analysis of 26 grass species-epichloë species symbioses did not reject random association of H and P MRCA ages. However, when five obvious host jumps were removed, the analysis significantly rejected random association and supported grass-endophyte codivergence. Interestingly, early cladogenesis events in the Pooideae corresponded to early cladogenesis events in epichloae, suggesting concomitant origins of this grass subfamily and its remarkable group of symbionts. We also applied our method to the well-known gopher-louse data set.
Coordinate Transcriptional and Translational Regulation of Ferritin in Response to Oxidative Stress (2000)

The global increase in transcription of cytoprotective genes induced in response to oxidative challenge has been termed the antioxidant response. Ferritin serves as the major iron-binding protein in nonhematopoietic tissues, limiting the catalytic availability of iron for participation in oxygen radical generation. Here we demonstrate that ferritin is a participant in the antioxidant response through a genetically defined electrophile response element (EpRE). The EpRE of ferritin H identified in this report exhibits sequence similarity to EpRE motifs found in antioxidant response genes such as those encoding NAD(P)H:quinone reductase, glutathione S-transferase, and heme oxygenase. However, the EpRE of ferritin H is unusual in structure, comprising two bidirectional motifs arranged in opposing directions on complementary DNA strands. In addition to EpRE-mediated transcriptional activation, we demonstrate that ferritin is subject to time-dependent translational control through regulation of iron-regulatory proteins (IRP). Although IRP-1 is initially activated to its RNA binding (ferritin-repressing) state by oxidants, it rapidly returns to its basal state. This permits the translation of newly synthesized ferritin transcripts and ultimately leads to increased levels of ferritin protein synthesis following oxidant exposure. Taken together, these results clarify the complex transcriptional and translational regulatory mechanisms that contribute to ferritin regulation in response to prooxidant stress and establish a role for ferritin in the antioxidant response.
The DADO Parallel Computer (1983)

DADO is a parallel, tree-structured machine designed to provide significant performance improvements in the execution of large production systems. A full-scale production version of the DADO machine would comprise a large (on the order of a hundred thousand) set of processing elements (PE's), each containing its own processor, a small amount (8K bytes, in the current prototype design) of local random access memory, and a specialized I/O switch. The PE's are interconnected to form a complete binary tree. This paper describes the organization of, and programming language for two prototypes of the DADO system. We also detail a general procedure for the parallel execution of production systems on the DADO machine and outline how this procedure can be extended to include commutative and multiple, independent production systems. We then compare this with the RETE machine matching algorithm, and indicate how PROLOG programs may be implemented directly on DADO.
Fluorescence studies on modes of cytochalasin B and phallotoxin action on cytoplasmic streaming in Chara. (1981)

Various investigations have suggested that cytoplasmic streaming in characean algae is driven by interaction between subcortical actin bundles and endoplasmic myosin. To further test this hypothesis, we have perfused cytotoxic actin-binding drugs and fluorescent actin labels into the cytoplasm of streaming Chara cells. Confirming earlier work, we find that cytochalasin B (CB) reversibly inhibits streaming. In direct contrast to earlier investigators, who have found phalloidin to be a potent inhibitor of movement in amoeba, slime mold, and fibroblastic cells, we find that phalloidin does not inhibit streaming in Chara but does modify the inhibitory effect of CB. Use of two fluorescent actin probes, fluorescein, isothiocyanate-heavy meromyosin (FITC-HMM) and nitrobenzoxadiazole-phallacidin (NBD-Ph), has permitted visualization of the effects of CB and phalloidin on the actin bundles. FITC-HMM labeling in perfused but nonstreaming cells has revealed a previously unobserved alteration of the actin bundles by CB. Phalloidin alone does not perceptibly alter the actin bundles but does block the alteration by CB if applied as a pretreatment, NBD-Ph perfused into the cytoplasm of streaming cells stains actin bundles without inhibiting streaming. NBD-Ph staining of actin bundles is not initially observed in cells inhibited by CB but does appear simultaneously with the recovery of streaming as CB leaks from the cells. The observations reported here are consistent with the established effects of phallotoxins and CB on actin in vitro and support the hypothesis that streaming is generated by actin-myosin interactions.
Influence of the Gibberellin-sensitive Rht8 Dwarfing Gene on Leaf Epidermal Cell Dimensions and Early Vigour in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (2005)

Despite a large range in early vigour among the DHLs, none of the DHLs attained the leaf area or epidermal cell size and numbers of the vigorous rht8 parent. Nonetheless, the potential exists to increase the early vigour of semi-dwarf wheats by using GA-sensitive dwarfing genes such as Rht8.
First report of <i>Rhizoctonia cerealis</i> causing sharp eyespot in <i>Panicum virgatum</i> in the UK (2001)

Panicum virgatum (switchgrass) is an important American range grass that has been shown to have potential as a bioenergy crop in Britain (Christian & Riche, 1999). Sharp eyespot symptoms were first observed on stems of P. virgatum in July 2000 in a field experiment at Rothamsted Farm, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, UK. Lesions with a pale centre and sharply defined brown edges, characteristic of those observed on winter wheat, were present at the stem base and upwards to approximately 20 cm. The severity of disease increased throughout the summer; lesions enlarged and coalesced, eventually girdling the stem. Sections (2 cm long) cut from infected stems were surface-sterilized and plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA). Rhizoctonia cerealis, identified by colony morphology (Boerema & Verhoeven, 1977), was recovered consistently from infected plant material. Pathogenicity tests of hyphal-tip isolates were carried out in a controlled-environment cabinet (15°C, 16 h day; 10°C, 8 h night cycle) on 8-week-old seedlings of three cultivars of P. virgatum (Blackwell, Cave-in-Rock, Kanlow) and 8-day-old seedlings of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) cv. Hereward. Seedlings were inoculated at the stem base with one of three isolates of R. cerealis from P. virgatum, grown on PDA. The compost surface was covered with a thin layer of sand to retain moisture. Control plants were inoculated with a plug of uncolonized PDA. Characteristic lesions of sharp eyespot were observed on P. virgatum and winter wheat plants 3 weeks after inoculation. R. cerealis was re-isolated from inoculated plants. Control plants did not develop symptoms. Rhizoctonia solani has been reported to infect leaves and stems of Panicum species, including P. maximum, in Japan (Takashi & Yoshinori, 1999) and to infect P. miliaceum in India (Rajagopalan et al., 1992). This is the first report of R. cerealis infecting P. virgatum.
Building a ROS-Based Testbed for Realistic Multi-Robot Simulation: Taking the Exploration as an Example (2017)

While the robotics community agrees that the benchmarking is of high importance to objectively compare different solutions, there are only few and limited tools to support it. To address this issue in the context of multi-robot systems, we have defined a benchmarking process based on experimental designs, which aimed at improving the reproducibility of experiments by making explicit all elements of a benchmark such as parameters, measurements and metrics. We have also developed a ROS (Robot Operating System)-based testbed with the goal of making it easy for users to validate, benchmark, and compare different algorithms including coordination strategies. Our testbed uses the MORSE (Modular OpenRobots Simulation Engine) simulator for realistic simulation and a computer cluster for decentralized computation. In this paper, we present our testbed in details with the architecture and infrastructure, the issues encountered in implementing the infrastructure, and the automation of the deployment. We also report a series of experiments on multi-robot exploration, in order to demonstrate the capabilities of our testbed.
Crystalline alkyl-lithiums from α-trimethylsilyl-substituted o-xylenes; X-ray crystal structure of [{o-C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>4</sub>(CHSiMe<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>}{Li(tmeda)}<sub>2</sub>](tmedaMe<sub>2</sub>NCH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>NMe<sub>2</sub>) (1982)

Reaction of [o-C6H4(CHRR′)(CHR″R‴)](R,R′,R″,R‴H or SiMe3) With LiBun in n-hexane in the presence of Me2NCH2CH2NMe2(tmeda) or MeN (CH2CH2NMe2)2(pmdeta) results in selective lithiation of the α-carbon in a manner dependent on the nature of the associated substituents and the tertiary amine to afford novel crystalline lithium alkyls; a single-crystal X-ray structure determination of [{o-C6H4(CHSiMe3)2}{Li(tmeda)}2] shows each lithium to interact with both the α-and adjacent ring carbon atoms from opposite sides of the o-xylidene plane.
Novel pediatric‐automated respiratory score using physiologic data and machine learning in asthma (2019)

The pARS reproduced the manually recorded PAS. Once validated and studied prospectively as a tool for research and for physician decision support, this methodology can be implemented in the PICU to objectively guide treatment decisions.
FDC, rapid fabrication of structural components (1996)

Solid freeform fabrication (SFF) is used to make 3-D components directly from computer-aided design (CAD) files. Many SFF techniques have been developed to fabricate parts and prototypes from CAD without hard tooling, dies or molds. Most of these techniques have been commercialized for fabrication of polymer and plastic parts for design verification and form and fit. Other SFF techniques are being developed for production of ceramic components with functional properties. One such technique, called fused deposition of ceramics (FDC), has been developed and demonstrated for structural ceramics. FDC is based on existing fused deposition modeling (FDM{trademark}) technology, commercialized by Stratasys Inc. (Eden Prairie, Minn.), for processing of polymers and waxes. High-green-density, simple- and complex-shaped silicon nitride parts have been formed by fused deposition of ceramics.
Abuses of Factor Scores (1966)

A variant of the method of principal components which is due to Hotelling (1933), is currently perhaps the most popular choice for analyzing a group of variables into factors. The practitioner often refers to components analysis as analysis with l's in the diagonal. Kaiser's suggestion (1960; 1964) to retain only the same number of factors as there are latent roots greater than one of the matrix, R, of intercorrelations among the variables has gained wide acceptance. In a large percentage of analyses performed today called analysis, Kaiser's rule for selecting the number of factors to retain after the resolution of R into principal components is used, then these are rotated orthogonally by means of Kaiser's varimax procedure (Kaiser, 1958). Not all factor analysis experts would agree that the truth is thus revealed, but few of them object to this procedure on the grounds that it lacks good psychometric and statistical justification. However, the techniques often used by researchers to calculate as the final step in the analysis have the blessings of no factor analysis specialists. Many researchers operate under the misapprehension that following a components-type factor analysis scores on a factor are obtained by weighting scores on variables by the loadings of the variables on the rotated factor, or that scores on a factor are obtained by summing the scores on the variables which have high (in absolute value) loadings on the factor. As an illustration of these two procedures, suppose that four variables have the following loadings on a varimax rotated factor:
The Influence of Diethylstilbestrol on Fat Deposition and Meat Quality in Chickens (1945)

THAT estrogens influence the fat metabolism of birds has been established previously (Lorenz et al., 1938; Zondek and Marx, 1939; Entenman et al., 1940). Until recently the expense of estrogenic preparations precluded commercial application of these materials in the poultry industry. When diethylstilbestrol appeared on the market, however, and supplied for the first time an inexpensive estrogen of high potency, the feasibility of using its action to hasten or improve the fattening of market cockerels seemed worth exploring. Preliminary experiments (Lorenz, 1943) were encouraging; the additional studies reported here were designed to answer a number of specific questions of interest in developing a process suitable for commercial use. MATERIALS AND METHODS Single-Comb White Leghorn cockerels were used in all of the experiments. For each experiment the birds were divided into the test groups by a method of partially controlled randomization on the basis of body weight. All treated birds received . . .
Differentiation of the Adult Leydig Cell Population in the Postnatal Testis1 (2001)

Five main cell types are present in the Leydig cell lineage, namely the mesenchymal precursor cells, progenitor cells, newly formed adult Leydig cells, immature Leydig cells, and mature Leydig cells. Peritubular mesenchymal cells are the precursors to Leydig cells at the onset of Leydig cell differentiation in the prepubertal rat as well as in the adult rat during repopulation of the testis interstitium after ethane dimethane sulfonate (EDS) treatment. Leydig cell differentiation cannot be viewed as a simple process with two distinct phases as previously reported, simply because precursor cell differentiation and Leydig cell mitosis occur concurrently. During development, mesenchymal and Leydig cell numbers increase linearly with an approximate ratio of 1:2, respectively. The onset of precursor cell differentiation into progenitor cells is independent of LH; however, LH is essential for the later stages in the Leydig cell lineage to induce cell proliferation, hypertrophy, and establish the full organelle complement required for the steroidogenic function. Testosterone and estrogen are inhibitory to the onset of precursor cell differentiation, and these hormones produced by the mature Leydig cells may be of importance to inhibit further differentiation of precursor cells to Leydig cells in the adult testis to maintain a constant number of Leydig cells. Once the progenitor cells are formed, androgens are essential for the progenitor cells to differentiate into mature adult Leydig cells. Although early studies have suggested that FSH is required for the differentiation of Leydig cells, more recent studies have shown that FSH is not required in this process. Anti-Müllerian hormone has been suggested as a negative regulator in Leydig cell differentiation, and this concept needs to be further explored to confirm its validity. Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) induces proliferation of immature Leydig cells and is associated with the promotion of the maturation of the immature Leydig cells into mature adult Leydig cells. Transforming growth factor alpha (TGFalpha) is a mitogen for mesenchymal precursor cells. Moreover, both TGFalpha and TGFbeta (to a lesser extent than TGFalpha) stimulate mitosis in Leydig cells in the presence of LH (or hCG). Platelet-derived growth factor-A is an essential factor for the differentiation of adult Leydig cells; however, details of its participation are still not known. Some cytokines secreted by the testicular macrophages are mitogenic to Leydig cells. Moreover, retarded or absence of Leydig cell development has been observed in experimental models with impaired macrophage function. Thyroid hormone is critical to trigger the onset of mesenchymal precursor cell differentiation into Leydig progenitor cells, proliferation of mesenchymal precursors, acceleration of the differentiation of mesenchymal cells into Leydig cell progenitors, and enhance the proliferation of newly formed Leydig cells in the neonatal and EDS-treated adult rat testes.
Evaluation of Active Control of Bubble Liposomes in a Bifurcated Flow under Various Ultrasound Conditions (2014)

Bubble liposomes (BLs), which are gas-encapsulated liposomes several hundred nanometers in diameter, are expected to be developed as a novel tool for gene and drug delivery using ultrasound acoustic radiation force. However, since BLs are several hundred nanometers in diameter, difficulties exist in controlling their behaviors in blood flow under ultrasound exposure, since acoustic radiation forces have less effect on these small bubbles. In this study, we investigated the feasibility of active control of BLs in an artificial blood vessel under ultrasound exposure and attempted to evaluate the controllability. Then, we investigated the appropriate ultrasound conditions for active path selection of BLs in a bifurcated flow by applying acoustic radiation force. We prepared a single transducer to orient BLs toward one desired path. Two other transducers were targeted at the two paths after the bifurcation. We evaluated the areas of trapped BLs in the two paths after the bifurcation, to determine which path had increased BLs. The result showed a significant increase in area of trapped BLs in the desired path compared to the other path. Then, we defined the induction index of BLs by evaluating the area of trapped BLs, and changed the ultrasound conditions for active path selection of BLs by varying the sound pressure and frequency. We found that more BLs could be oriented to a desired path at higher sound pressure. For further study, we are aiming at active control of BLs in vivo.
A Study on Dimensional Accuracy of Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) Processed Parts using Fuzzy Logic (2013)

Abstract Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is an additive manufacturing technology for rapid prototyping that can build intricate parts in minimal time with least human intervention. The process parameters such as layer thickness, orientation, raster angle, raster width and air gap largely influence on dimensional accuracy of built parts which can be expressed as change in length, width and thickness. This paper presents experimental data and a fuzzy decision making logic in integration with the Taguchi method for improving the dimensional accuracy of FDM processed ABSP 400 parts. It is observed that length and width decreases but thickness shows positive deviation from desired value of the built part. Experimental results indicate that optimal factor settings for each response are different. Therefore, all the three responses are expressed in a single response index through fuzzy logic approach. The process parameters are optimized with consideration of all the performance characteristics simultaneously. Finally, an inference engine is developed to perform the inference operations on the rules for fuzzy prediction model based on Mamdani method. Experimental results are provided to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The predicted results are in good agreement with the values from the experimental data with average percentage error of less than 4.5.
Endothelin-1 Releases Eicosanoids from Rabbit Isolated Perfused Kidney and Spleen (1989)

This study analyzes the effects of porcine endothelin-1 (ET-1) on perfusion pressure and eicosanoid release from rabbit isolated spleen and kidney. Bolus injections (2.5-50 pmol) or infusions (1, 5, and 10 nM) of ET-1 into either organ caused dose-related increases of perfusion pressure. Pressor responses were potentiated following infusion of indomethacin (5.6 microM) for 30 min. ET-1 triggered the release of cyclo-oxygenase products as revealed by bioassay and radioimmunoassay (RIA) analysis of the effluent. In the spleen, ET-1 stimulated the release of PGE2 mainly and, to a lesser extent, of PGI2 and TXA2. In the kidney, ET-1 stimulated a greater release of PGI2 than PGE2, but not TXA2. These results demonstrate that in the isolated rabbit spleen and kidney, ET-1 is a potent vasoconstrictor and triggers the generation of vasodilator eicosanoids that limit the pressor effects of the peptide.
DEVELOPMENT OF DEVICES FOR IN-LINE VISCOSITY MEASUREMENTS OF WASTES (2000)

In applications involving the transport and evaluation of Hanford wastes, performance of the pipeline and pumping systems depends upon the viscosity of the waste stream. These streams are typically heterogeneous and involve a multiphase mixture of solids, liquids and, often, gases. These slurries are opaque and it is usually difficult to take a representative sample that can be tested off line. The goal of this research has been to develop on line sensors for the measurement of slurry viscosity. The principle of the technique rests with the conservation of linear momentum for steady pressure driven flow in a tube. Here, the pressure drop in the tube determines the local shear stress. A simultaneous measurement of the velocity and a robust technique for differentiating it provides the local shear rate distribution. Evaluating the shear rate and the shear stress at points along the tube yields the shear stress shear rate relation, which is equivalent to the shear viscosity shear rate relation. The superiority of experimental techniques based upon this principle is that a single measurement of the velocity profile and the pressure drop provides the viscosity over a wide range of shear rates – up to two decades in practice. This permits the