gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Aquatic organisms and pyrethroids (1989)

Abstract Under laboratory conditions, in water without particulate matter, pyrethroid insecticides have a high toxicity to fish and some aquatic invertebrates. The pyrethroids are of very low water solubility/high lipophilicity, and therefore are rapidly and strongly adsorbed to particulate material. In the adsorbed state their bioavailability to aquatic organisms is greatly reduced. Consequently, under field conditions the aquatic impact of these insecticides is likely to be much less than might be predicted by laboratory acute or chronic toxicity test data. Over the past 10 years a large number of aquatic field studies have been carried out with pyrethroids, in natural farm ponds, streams and lakes and also in mesocosms (experimental ponds and enclosures). Recent investigations, to meet the requirements of the United States Environmental Protection Agency, have been most extensive. These studies, done in replicated experimental ponds of at least 0‐04 ha, each require at least 20 man‐years of effort. Following agricultural applications of the pyrethroid insecticides, spray‐drift or run‐off may cause minor effects upon some aquatic organisms. Algae, microorganisms, annelids, gastropods and fish are all unaffected, but some impact may occur upon certain zoo‐plankton and on aquatic stages of insects. However, with products for which realistic field studies have been reported, the effects are mostly transient and are unlikely to cause adverse changes in the populations or productivity of aquatic ecosystems.
Microfluidic System for Detection of α-Thalassemia-1 Deletion Using Saliva Samples (2009)

This current study presents a new miniature, integrated system capable of rapid detection of genetic deletion from saliva samples. Several critical modules including a genomic DNA (gDNA) extraction module, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) module, and an external optical detection module are integrated into the system. Silica-modified magnetic beads are first incubated with saliva in an extraction chamber with a cell lysis solution. This is followed by the collection of released gDNA onto the surface of the microbeads, which is then further purified and concentrated utilizing a magnetic field generated by an on-chip array of microcoils. Then, genetic deletion of human genes can be specifically amplified by the on-chip PCR module and is immediately detected using the optical detection module. Experimental results show that high-quality gDNA with an average concentration of 50.45 ng/microL can be extracted from 100 microL of saliva. The detection of a mutated alpha-globin gene associated with alpha-thalassemia-1 of southeast Asian (SEA)-type deletion can be completed within less than 1 h. Moreover, the detection limit of the system is found to be 12.00 pg/microL with a high sensitivity up to 90%. Consequently, the proposed saliva-based miniature system can provide a powerful platform for rapid DNA extraction and detection of genetic diseases.
Nucleation, Growth and Coarsening of Spherical Precipitates in Aluminum Alloys (2000)

A model, compatible with a thermodynamic routine previously described [1], simulates homogeneous nucleation, growth and coarsening of spherical precipitates in aluminum alloys. This kinetic subroutine considers size distribution for each type of precipitate present in the matrix. Local equilibrium is assumed at the matrix-precipitate interface; the corresponding solubility product is corrected by the curvature effect. The equilibrium concentration of each solute element at the matrix-precipitate interface is solved by an iterative method so that the flux of each element is compatible with the solubility product and with the stoichiometry of the considered precipitate. Nucleation and growth of the different precipitates are solved numerically. Coarsening of precipitates is embedded in the equations via the curvature correction of the solubility product. For simple cases, i.e. presence of only one type of precipitate in the microstructure, the coarsening rate can be solved analytically. In that case, the numerical results are the same as the analytical equation results. An example of application will be presented for a binary Al-Li alloy.
Electro-spark deposited coatings for protection of materials (1995)

Electro-Spark Deposition (ESD) is a micro-welding process that uses short duration, high-current electrical pulses to deposit or alloy a consumable electrode material onto a metallic substrate. The coating is fused (metallurgically bonded) to the substrate with such a low total heat input that the bulk substrate material remains at or near ambient temperature. Rapid solidification of the deposit typically results in an extremely fine-grained deposit that may be amorphous for some materials. Nearly any electrically conductive metal, alloy or cermet can be applied to metallic substrates. The ESD process allows multi-layer coatings to be built-up using different materials to create graded structures or surface compositions that would be difficult to achieve by other means. A series of iron-aluminide coatings based on Fe{sub 3}Al and FeAl in combination with refractory metal diffusion-barrier coatings and supplementary additions of other elements are in corrosion testing at ANL. The most recent FeAl coatings are showing a factor of three better corrosion performance than the best previous coatings. Technology transfer activities are a significant portion of the ESD program effort. Notable successes now include the start-up of a new business to commercialize the ESD technology, major new applications in gas turbine engines and steam turbine blade coatings, and in military, medical, metal-working, and recreational equipment applications.
Structure and synthesis of the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (1971)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStructure and synthesis of the thyrotropin-releasing hormoneK. Folkers, F. Enzmann, J. Boeler, C. Y. Bowers, and A. V. SchallyCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1971, 14, 6, 469–474Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1971Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1971https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00288a001https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00288a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views116Altmetric-Citations26LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Isolation of urokinase by affinity ultrafiltration (1990)

A water-soluble, ligand-bound polymer has been synthesized for the purpose of isolation of urokinase, an important plasminogen activator. The affinity polymer was formed by copolymerizing N-acryloyl-m-aminobenza-midicine and acrylamide in the absence of oxygen. An affinity ultrafiltration process was then developed for isolating urokinase from an artificial solution containing peroxidase and urokinase and from a crude urine source. The process yields were determined to be 86% and 49%, respectively. The recovered urokinase exhibited a specific activity close to that of the highest commercial grade. This article also presents a new technique for assaying urokinase by coupling plasminogen with L-benzoyl arginine-p-nitroanilide (L-BAPNA), an inexpensive chromogenic substrate.
Design and Optimization of Efficient Wireless Power Transfer Links for Implantable Biotelemetry Systems (2013)

Wireless power transmission is a technique that converts energy from radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic (EM) waves into DC voltage, which has been used here for the purpose of providing a power supply to bio–implantable batteryless sensors. The main constraints of the design are to achieve the minimum power required by the application, by still keeping the implant size small enough for the living subject’s body. Resonance–based inductive coupling is a method being actively researched for the use in this type of power transmission, which uses two pairs of inductor coils in the external and implant circuits.\nIn this work, we have employed the resonance–based inductive coupling technique in order to develop a design and optimization procedure for the inductors. We have designed two systems with different configurations, and have achieved power transfer efficiencies of around 80% at a coil distance of 50mm for both systems. We have also optimized the power delivered to the load (implant) and developed a power harvesting unit. Misalignment issues due to the subject’s movements have been modeled for calculating the worst–case alignment, and finite element modeling of the inductors has been performed.
Effects of phorbol esters on cytoskeletal proteins in cultured bovine chromaffin cells: induction of neurofilament phosphorylation and reorganization of actin. (1990)

Bovine chromaffin cells normally express mostly nonphosphorylated neurofilaments (NFs) in primary culture, and thus provide a unique model for examining the kinase capable of phosphorylating these proteins in situ. The phorbol ester 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) which activates protein kinase C induced NF phosphorylation both in the perikaryon and in neuritic extensions of neurite-bearing cells as judged by immunofluorescence using monoclonal anti-NF antibodies which distinguish between phosphorylated and nonphosphorylated epitopes. NF phosphorylation was suppressed by pretreating the cells with sphingosine, an inhibitor of protein kinase C, and was not observed in the presence of the phorbol ester. 4 alpha-phorbol-12,13-didecanoate (PDD) which does not activate protein kinase C, arguing that protein kinase C was responsible for the observed phosphorylation. Immunochemical analysis of cytoskeletal extracts indicated that TPA induced a 3 to 6-fold increase in NF phosphorylation and showed that the 150,000 dalton NF subunit was the principal protein kinase C substrate. In addition to the TPA effect on NF phosphorylation, TPA provoked a reversible membrane ruffling, which eventually resulted in a flattening of chromaffin cells. These morphological alterations were linked with actin patching and the development of stress fibers, respectively. Sphingosine blocked the TPA-induced membrane ruffling and actin patching, and these phenomena were correlated with increased protein kinase C activity. In contrast, there was no change in the localization of microtubules and NFs. The actin reorganization and NF phosphorylation induced by TPA suggest that at least two distinct proteins of the neuronal cytoskeleton are susceptible to the influence of protein kinase C activation. It remains to be established whether protein kinase C plays a role in the regulatory mechanism controlling actin organization and neurofilament phosphorylation during neuronal differentiation.
Requirement of Heat Shock Protein 90 for Human Hepatitis B Virus Reverse Transcriptase Function (2004)

The initiation of reverse transcription and nucleocapsid assembly in hepatitis B virus (HBV) depends on the specific recognition of an RNA signal (the packaging signal, epsilon) on the pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) by the viral reverse transcriptase (RT). RT-epsilon interaction in the duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) was recently shown to require the molecular chaperone complex, the heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90). However, the requirement for RT-epsilon interaction in the human HBV has remained unknown due to the inability to obtain a purified RT protein active in specific epsilon binding. We now report that Hsp90 is also required for HBV RT-epsilon interaction. Inhibition of Hsp90 led to diminished HBV pgRNA packaging into nucleocapsids in cells, which depends on RT-epsilon interaction. Furthermore, using truncated HBV RT proteins purified from bacteria and five purified Hsp90 chaperone factors, we have developed an in vitro RT-epsilon binding assay. Our results demonstrate that Hsp90, in a dynamic process that was dependent on ATP hydrolysis, facilitated RT-epsilon interaction in HBV, as in DHBV. Specific epsilon binding required sequences from both the amino-terminal terminal protein and the carboxy-terminal RT domain. Only the cognate HBV epsilon, but not the DHBV epsilon, could bind the HBV RT proteins. Furthermore, the internal bulge, but not the apical loop, of epsilon was required for RT binding. The establishment of a defined in vitro reconstitution system has now paved the way for future biochemical and structural studies to elucidate the mechanisms of RT-epsilon interaction and chaperone activation.
Induction of Cyclooxygenase-2 on Activated T Lymphocytes: Regulation of T Cell Activation by Cyclooxygenase-2 Inhibitors (1999)

Cyclooxygenase (COX), known to exist in two isoforms, COX-1 and COX-2, is a key enzyme in prostaglandin synthesis and the target for most nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. In this study, we show that human T lymphocytes express the COX-2 isoenzyme. COX-2 mRNA and protein were induced in both Jurkat and purified T cells stimulated by TCR/CD3 or PMA activation. COX-2 mRNA was induced very early after activation and superinduced by protein synthesis inhibitors, whereas it was inhibited by the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A, identifying it as an early T cell activation gene. Interestingly, treatment with COX-2-specific inhibitors such as NS398 or Celecoxib severely diminished early and late events of T cell activation, including CD25 and CD71 cell surface expression, IL-2, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma production and cell proliferation, but not the expression of CD69, an immediate early gene. COX-2 inhibitors also abolished induced transcription of reporter genes driven by IL-2 and TNF-alpha promoters. Moreover, induced transcription from NF-kappaB- and NF-AT-dependent enhancers was also inhibited. These results may have important implications in anti-inflammatory therapy and open a new field on COX-2-selective nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs as modulators of the immune activation.
The Distribution of G (VP7) and P (VP4) Serotypes among Human Rotaviruses Recovered from Japanese Children with Diarrhea (1994)

Both the G (VP7) and P (VP4) serotypes of human rotaviruses collected over a 10-year period from Japanese children with diarrhea were determined by recently-developed polymerase chain reaction-based typing assays. The combination of G1 and P8 was found in 65.2% and the combination of G2 and P4 was found in 15.2%. For the rest of the specimens, only a few other combinations occurred and their relative frequencies were less than 10%. The viruses carrying P9 were always associated with G3 as is the prototype strain AU-1.
Homogeneous carbon monoxide hydrogenation to methanol catalyzed by soluble ruthenium complexes (1979)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHomogeneous carbon monoxide hydrogenation to methanol catalyzed by soluble ruthenium complexesJohn S. BradleyCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1979, 101, 24, 7419–7421Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1979Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1979https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00518a056RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views494Altmetric-Citations124LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (410 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Generating multiple orbital angular momentum vortex beams using a metasurface in radio frequency domain (2016)

In this paper, an electromagnetic metasurface is designed, fabricated, and experimentally demonstrated to generate multiple orbital angular momentum (OAM) vortex beams in radio frequency domain. Theoretical formula of compensated phase-shift distribution is deduced and used to design the metasurface to produce multiple vortex radio waves in different directions with different OAM modes. The prototype of a practical configuration of square-patch metasurface is designed, fabricated, and measured to validate the theoretical analysis at 5.8 GHz. The simulated and experimental results verify that multiple OAM vortex waves can be simultaneously generated by using a single electromagnetic metasurface. The proposed method paves an effective way to generate multiple OAM vortex waves in radio and microwave wireless communication applications.
Prevalence of mycotoxins in feedstuffs and feed surveyed worldwide in 2009 and 2010 (2012)

Mycotoxins are becoming an increasingly important topic in both human and animal fields. With the improvement of analytical methods it is possible to identify a great number of known and unknown toxic metabolites. However, even for the most well studied mycotoxins, namely aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisins and ochratoxin A, several questions remain unanswered. In which commodities are they most commonly found and at which levels? Which worldwide regions are more prone to mycotoxin occurrence and how severe is the contamination? In an attempt to answer these questions, a worldwide mycotoxin survey has been been carried out. A total of 6,058 feedstuffs and finished feed samples were analyzed between January 2009 and December 2010 for the presence of the aforementioned mycotoxins. 1,695 samples were analyzed by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) and 4,363 samples were analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). This paper presents the results of these analyses from a geographical point of view (by world region) and by commodity type, separated by analytical method. The outcome is clear and mycotoxins are reported to be ubiquitously present as 24, 21, 65, 48 and 17% of analyzed samples tested positive for aflatoxins, deoxynivalenol, zearalenone, fumonisins and ochratoxin A, respectively in the case of ELISA-analyzed samples and 31, 44, 50, 56 and 27% of HPLC-analyzed samples tested positive for the same mycotoxins.
Nanoindentation of coatings (2005)

A range of mechanical properties of a coating/substrate system may be obtained using indentation tests, and with the emergence of continuously recording indentation testing with nanometre penetration (often called nanoindentation) the mechanical properties of very thin coatings (<1 µm) and surface treated layers may be measured. This paper reviews the deformation mechanisms which occur and the methods for extracting mechanical properties of coatings from nanoindentation load–displacement curves and introduces the differences observed when compared with the testing of bulk materials. The importance of the relative hardness of coating and substrate on the response of the system is highlighted, and the use of energy-based models for the prediction of the performance of single and multilayered systems is discussed.
Spatially Bounded Online Social Networks and Social Capital: The Role of Facebook (2006)

In this paper, we examine the use of an online social networking site by Michigan State University undergraduates and its relationship to social capital formation and maintenance, integration into college life, and psychological well-being. Facebook is an online social network software application used by university students to articulate existing offline social connections
Implications of the Budget for life assurance : Budget 2008 - life assurance (2008)

The 2008 Budget contained some interesting statements concerning life assurance, the first of which involved estate duty:
A broad-area mode-coupling model for multiple-stripe semiconductor lasers (1990)

An analytical perturbation model is presented for calculating the eigenmodes of multistripe diode laser arrays. In contrast to the supermode theory, the array modes are developed into a linear combination of broad-area modes instead of individual waveguide modes. Two perturbations from which mode coupling originates are taken into account, namely the periodic gain and index grating formed by the current stripes and the effect of temperature variations across the junction. Results for the model are shown to be in excellent agreement with the experimental data, particularly concerning the details of the far-field structure of free-running diode arrays. The model provides a new physical interpretation of the coupling of modes due to temperature variations across the array width.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Plasmid addiction systems: perspectives and applications in biotechnology (2010)

Biotechnical production processes often operate with plasmid-based expression systems in well-established prokaryotic and eukaryotic hosts such as Escherichia coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae, respectively. Genetically engineered organisms produce important chemicals, biopolymers, biofuels and high-value proteins like insulin. In those bioprocesses plasmids in recombinant hosts have an essential impact on productivity. Plasmid-free cells lead to losses in the entire product recovery and decrease the profitability of the whole process. Use of antibiotics in industrial fermentations is not an applicable option to maintain plasmid stability. Especially in pharmaceutical or GMP-based fermentation processes, deployed antibiotics must be inactivated and removed. Several plasmid addiction systems (PAS) were described in the literature. However, not every system has reached a full applicable state. This review compares most known addiction systems and is focusing on biotechnical applications.