gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
E-Commerce Security Issues (2014)

The Internet technology is creating huge opportunities to expand existing businesses and forming what is called New Economy, Global Economy, or Electronic-Commerce (E-Commerce). E-Commerce describes business transactions, customer services, ordering, delivery and payment, and intra-business tasks that make use of the public internet and the digital networked computing environment that links organizations and individuals in business, industry, government, and the home. However, many organizations are intimidated by the new technologies, unsure of how to take advantage of them, and wondering how these technologies will support existing investments in skills and infrastructures. In addition, this new type of economy or commerce comes with a lot of challenges especially those related to trust and security issues. In this paper, the different types of security issues facing e-commerce systems will be presented and categorized, in addition, general guidelines and measures on how to deal with these security issues to protect e-commerce systems will be presented and discussed.
A New Synthetic Route to Methoxytetralones (1959)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA New Synthetic Route to MethoxytetralonesJ. W. HUFFMANCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1959, 24, 11, 1759–1763Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1959Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1959https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01093a037RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views227Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (659 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
X-ray Diffraction Pattern of Nerve Myelin: A Method for Determining the Phases (1963)

The x-ray diffraction patterns of normal myelin, and of myelin expanded by soaking in hypotonic solutions, have been compared quantitatively. Application of the "shrinkage stage" method for determining the course of a real Fourier transform allows all but 2 of the 32 possible sign combinations to be eliminated.
Anti‐VEGF antibody therapy does not promote metastasis in genetically engineered mouse tumour models (2012)

Resistance to anti-angiogenic therapy can occur via several potential mechanisms. Unexpectedly, recent studies showed that short-term inhibition of either VEGF or VEGFR enhanced tumour invasiveness and metastatic spread in preclinical models. In an effort to evaluate the translational relevance of these findings, we examined the consequences of long-term anti-VEGF monoclonal antibody therapy in several well-validated genetically engineered mouse tumour models of either neuroendocrine or epithelial origin. Anti-VEGF therapy decreased tumour burden and increased overall survival, either as a single agent or in combination with chemotherapy, in all four models examined. Importantly, neither short- nor long-term exposure to anti-VEGF therapy altered the incidence of metastasis in any of these autochthonous models, consistent with retrospective analyses of clinical trials. In contrast, we observed that sunitinib treatment recapitulated previously reported effects on tumour invasiveness and metastasis in a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumour (PNET) model. Consistent with these results, sunitinib treatment resulted in an up-regulation of the hypoxia marker GLUT1 in PNETs, whereas anti-VEGF did not. These results indicate that anti-VEGF mediates anti-tumour effects and therapeutic benefits without a paradoxical increase in metastasis. Moreover, these data underscore the concept that drugs targeting VEGF ligands and receptors may affect tumour metastasis in a context-dependent manner and are mechanistically distinct from one another.
Using Animal Models in Biomedical Research - A Primer for the Investigator (2008)

Scientific Considerations and Choice of Species Regulatory Considerations in the Use of Animal Models Animal Handling and Surgical Procedures Basic Animal Investigative Methods Animal Welfare Considerations Safety Management of an Animal Facility Supporting Facilities Design The Development of Comprehensive Animal Facilities in Singapore.
Spermatogonial Depletion in Adult Pin1-Deficient Mice1 (2003)

Spermatogonia in the mouse testis arise from early postnatal gonocytes that are derived from primordial germ cells (PGCs) during embryonic development. The proliferation, self-renewal, and differentiation of spermatogonial stem cells provide the basis for the continuing integrity of spermatogenesis. We previously reported that Pin1-deficient embryos had a profoundly reduced number of PGCs and that Pin1 was critical to ensure appropriate proliferation of PGCs. The current investigation aimed to elucidate the function of Pin1 in postnatal germ cell development by analyzing spermatogenesis in adult Pin1-/- mice. Although Pin1 was ubiquitously expressed in the adult testis, we found it to be most highly expressed in spermatogonia and Sertoli cells. Correspondingly, we show here that Pin1 plays an essential role in maintaining spermatogonia in the adult testis. Germ cells in postnatal Pin1-/- testis were able to initiate and complete spermatogenesis, culminated by production of mature spermatozoa. However, there was a progressive and age-dependent degeneration of the spermatogenic cells in Pin1-/- testis that led to complete germ cell loss by 14 mo of age. This depletion of germ cells was not due to increased cell apoptosis. Rather, detailed analysis of the seminiferous tubules using a germ cell-specific marker revealed that depletion of spermatogonia was the first step in the degenerative process and led to disruption of spermatogenesis, which resulted in eventual tubule degeneration. These results reveal that the presence of Pin1 is required to regulate proliferation and/or cell fate of undifferentiated spermatogonia in the adult mouse testis.
Amantadine treatment is an independent predictor of improved survival in Parkinson's disease (1996)

Amantadine has been used for more than 20 years in the symptomatic treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). Several recent discoveries suggest that amantadine could also have a neuroprotective effect in PD. We studied survival in all parkinsonism (including PD and other parkinsonian syndromes) patients attending a single clinic, employing standard survival curves and a Cox regression model, to identify independent predictive variables for survival (while taking into account factors potentially associated with both outcome and treatment selection). Amantadine-treated patients (n = 250) were similar to the patients not treated with amantadine (n = 586) in terms of age, gender, type of parkinsonism, Hoehn and Yahr stage and dementia status at initial neurological visit. Amantadine use was an independent predictor of improved survival (p < 0.01). Improved survival was also associated with a higher 10-year expected survival (based on age, gender, and birth year), absence of dementia, type of parkinsonism = PD, and low Hoehn and Yahr stage (I or II) at initial neurologic visit (all p < 0.01); these additional factors occurred in statistically similar proportions in the groups that were and were not treated with amantadine. The association of improved survival with amantadine use may stem from symptomatic benefit or may reflect a "neuroprotective" effect, mediated through N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonism, dopamine uptake blockade activity, or other mechanisms. Our preliminary findings suggest that a prospective, controlled, randomized trial of amantadine's effects on PD progression is warranted.
Synthesis of spin traps specific for hydroxyl radical (1988)

Two nitrones, 3,3-diethyl-5,5-dimethylpyrroline 1-oxide (DEDMPO) and 3,3,5,5-tetramethylpyrroline 1-oxide (M4PO), were synthesized by the zinc/ammonium chloride reduction of appropiately substituted gamma-nitrocarbonyl compounds, followed by addition of methylmagnesium bromide to the resulting intermediate nitrones. The lipophilicities of these nitrones were estimated by determining their partition coefficients in an 1-octanol/water system. They were found to be considerably more lipophilic than 5,5-dimethylpyrroline 1-oxide (DMPO). The spin trapping of hydroxyl and superoxide radicals with these nitrones was investigated, and the hyperfine coupling constants were determined. M4PO was found to spin trap both free radicals, while DEDMPO spin trapped only hydroxyl radical. DEDMPO was used to determine if hydroxyl radical was produced during the metabolism of menadione or nitrazepam by porcine thoracic aorta endothelial cells. Our results indicate, in conjunction with spin-trapping studies utilizing DMPO, that only superoxide is generated during cellular metabolism of quinones and aromatic nitro-containing compounds by endothelial cells.
Minimum-cost gateway deployment in cellular Wi-Fi networks (2006)

With the standardization of IEEE 802.11, there has been an explosive growth of wireless local area networks (WLAN). Recently, this cost effective technology is being deployed aggressively for establishing the network, where a large number of access points (APs) are interconnected by wireless links, forming a metro-scale wireless mesh network in order to support ubiquitous Internet access in the urban area. This paper focuses on the optimization of cellular Wi-Fi. In particular, we aim at finding a set of gateways and their optimal placement so as to minimize the network installation costs while maintaining reliability, flexibility, and an acceptable grade of service. We propose two approaches in this research. The first approach is based on integer linear programming (ILP), where we developed a set of linear inequalities according to various constraints and find the solution of the ILP model by using lp-solve. The second approach is an OPEN/CLOSE heuristic, tailored for cellular Wi-Fi, which arrives at a sub-optimal solution. Extensive simulations are carried out for performance evaluation. Simulation results show that the proposed approaches can effectively identify a set of gateways at optimal locations in a cellular Wi-Fi network, resulting in an overall cost reduction of up to 50%.
Recombinant adenovirus expressing the haemagglutinin of peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) protects goats against challenge with pathogenic virus; a DIVA vaccine for PPR (2014)

Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) is a morbillivirus that can cause severe disease in sheep and goats, characterised by pyrexia, pneumo-enteritis, and gastritis. The socio-economic burden of the disease is increasing in underdeveloped countries, with poor livestock keepers being affected the most. Current vaccines consist of cell-culture attenuated strains of PPRV, which induce a similar antibody profile to that induced by natural infection. Generation of a vaccine that enables differentiation of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) would benefit PPR control and eradication programmes, particularly in the later stages of an eradication campaign and for countries where the disease is not endemic. In order to create a vaccine that would enable infected animals to be distinguished from vaccinated ones (DIVA vaccine), we have evaluated the immunogenicity of recombinant fowlpox (FP) and replication-defective recombinant human adenovirus 5 (Ad), expressing PPRV F and H proteins, in goats. The Ad constructs induced higher levels of virus-specific and neutralising antibodies, and primed greater numbers of CD8+ T cells than the FP-vectored vaccines. Importantly, a single dose of Ad-H, with or without the addition of Ad expressing ovine granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and/or ovine interleukin-2, not only induced strong antibody and cell-mediated immunity but also completely protected goats against challenge with virulent PPRV, 4 months after vaccination. Replication-defective Ad-H therefore offers the possibility of an effective DIVA vaccine.
Implementation of a coherent reverse channel 900 MHz CDMA receiver with reference symbols (2002)

There are many radio access standards contending for attention in the world-wide cellular marketplace. Practical estimator methods and sequences are introduced for the reference symbol based DS-CDMA radio (denoted "RC"). It is a physical layer scheme involving insertion of a known training sequence into the coded, interleaved bit stream for an IS-95-like CDMA reverse channel. This paper presents the principle estimators needed for implementation of an RC receiver, and frame error rate (FER) results for a flat fading channel. The frame error rate or Eb/No required for a 1% FER is given for both idealized and realistic conditions concerning time varying carrier frequency offset and delay slew of the received timing. A comparison to IS-95 shows a 2 dB improvement.
Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy on a flat graphene surface (2012)

Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is an attractive analytical technique, which enables single-molecule sensitive detection and provides its special chemical fingerprints. During the past decades, researchers have made great efforts towards an ideal SERS substrate, mainly including pioneering works on the preparation of uniform metal nanostructure arrays by various nanoassembly and nanotailoring methods, which give better uniformity and reproducibility. Recently, nanoparticles coated with an inert shell were used to make the enhanced Raman signals cleaner. By depositing SERS-active metal nanoislands on an atomically flat graphene layer, here we designed a new kind of SERS substrate referred to as a graphene-mediated SERS (G-SERS) substrate. In the graphene/metal combined structure, the electromagnetic "hot" spots (which is the origin of a huge SERS enhancement) created by the gapped metal nanoislands through the localized surface plasmon resonance effect are supposed to pass through the monolayer graphene, resulting in an atomically flat hot surface for Raman enhancement. Signals from a G-SERS substrate were also demonstrated to have interesting advantages over normal SERS, in terms of cleaner vibrational information free from various metal-molecule interactions and being more stable against photo-induced damage, but with a comparable enhancement factor. Furthermore, we demonstrate the use of a freestanding, transparent and flexible "G-SERS tape" (consisting of a polymer-layer-supported monolayer graphene with sandwiched metal nanoislands) to enable direct, real time and reliable detection of trace amounts of analytes in various systems, which imparts high efficiency and universality of analyses with G-SERS substrates.
Olefin Metathesis in Cyclic Ether Formation. Direct Conversion of Olefinic Esters to Cyclic Enol Ethers with Tebbe-Type Reagents (1996)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTOlefin Metathesis in Cyclic Ether Formation. Direct Conversion of Olefinic Esters to Cyclic Enol Ethers with Tebbe-Type ReagentsK. C. Nicolaou, Maarten H. D. Postema, and Christopher F. ClaiborneView Author Information Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute 10666 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037 Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California, San Diego 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 6, 1565–1566Publication Date (Web):February 14, 1996Publication History Received17 October 1995Published online14 February 1996Published inissue 1 January 1996https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja9534866https://doi.org/10.1021/ja9534866rapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1996 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3718Altmetric-Citations174LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Ethers,Hydrocarbons,Olefin metathesis,Organic compounds,Reagents Get e-Alerts
Antimicrobial Hierarchically Porous Graphene Oxide Sponges for Water Treatment (2019)

Water treatment technologies based on graphene oxide (GO) sponges show promise due to their high surface area and versatile chemistry, yielding an excellent adsorption affinity for different contaminants. However, the bacteria removal capacity and the intrinsic antimicrobial properties of GO sponges are not well understood. While GO has been successfully functionalized with antibiotics or metal biocides, these antimicrobials present cytotoxicity concerns. Natural antimicrobial agents such as antimicrobial enzymes, peptides, and polymers hold promise in this respect due to their relatively low cost, biocompatibility, and ability to readily functionalize GO by covalent bond formation with oxygen-containing functional groups. In this work, the antimicrobial enzyme lysozyme, antimicrobial peptide nisin, and antimicrobial polyamide ε-poly-l-lysine were used to covalently functionalize the surface of a hierarchically porous GO sponge. The antimicrobial activity of the functionalized material was demonstrated against two model organisms: the Gram-positive <i>B. subtilis</i> and Gram-negative <i>E. coli</i>. The performance of the porous material in a simulated filtration context was evaluated using packed column experiments, and an improved bacterial retention of both strains by the functionalized sponge was demonstrated. Furthermore, samples of spent sponge after filtration were evaluated with a membrane integrity assay demonstrating antimicrobial activity in a continuous flow mode.
Assessing red algal supraordinal diversity and taxonomy in the context of contemporary systematic data (2004)

The wondrously diverse eukaryotes that constitute the red algae have been the focus of numerous recent molecular surveys and remain a rich source of undescribed and little known species for the traditional taxonomist. Molecular studies place the red algae in the kingdom Plantae; however, supraordinal classification has been largely confined to debate on subclass vs. class level status for the two recognized subgroups, one of which is widely acknowledged as paraphyletic. This narrow focus has generally masked the extent to which red algal classification needs modification. We provide a comprehensive review of the literature pertaining to the antiquity, diversity, and systematics of the red algae and propose a contemporary classification based on recent and traditional evidence.
Accelerating Innovation Through Analogy Mining (2017)

The availability of large idea repositories (e.g., the U.S. patent database) could significantly accelerate innovation and discovery by providing people with inspiration from solutions to analogous problems. However, finding useful analogies in these large, messy, real-world repositories remains a persistent challenge for either human or automated methods. Previous approaches include costly hand-created databases that have high relational structure (e.g., predicate calculus representations) but are very sparse. Simpler machine-learning/information-retrieval similarity metrics can scale to large, natural-language datasets, but struggle to account for structural similarity, which is central to analogy. In this paper we explore the viability and value of learning simpler structural representations, specifically, "problem schemas", which specify the purpose of a product and the mechanisms by which it achieves that purpose. Our approach combines crowdsourcing and recurrent neural networks to extract purpose and mechanism vector representations from product descriptions. We demonstrate that these learned vectors allow us to find analogies with higher precision and recall than traditional information-retrieval methods. In an ideation experiment, analogies retrieved by our models significantly increased people's likelihood of generating creative ideas compared to analogies retrieved by traditional methods. Our results suggest a promising approach to enabling computational analogy at scale is to learn and leverage weaker structural representations.
Human and Escherichia coli cyclophilins: sensitivity to inhibition by the immunosuppressant cyclosporin A correlates with a specific tryptophan residue (1991)

The human T-cell protein cyclophilin shows high affinity for and is the proposed target of the major immunosuppressant drug cyclosporin A (CsA). Cyclophilin also has peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerase activity that is inhibited by CsA with an IC50 of 6 nM, while by contrast a homologous PPIase from Escherichia coli has been found to be much less sensitive to CsA, shown here to be 500-fold less potent at an IC50 of 3000 nM. This E. coli rotamase lacks the single highly conserved tryptophan residue of eukaryotic cyclophilins, and we show here that mutation of the natural F112 to W112 enhances E. coli rotamase susceptibility to CsA inhibition by 23-fold. Correspondingly, the human W121 mutations to F121 or A121 yield cyclophilins with 75- and 200-fold decreased sensitivity to CsA, while kcat/Km values of rotamase activity in a tetrapeptide assay drop only 2- and 13-fold, respectively. This complementary gain and loss of CsA sensitivity to mutation to or from tryptophan validate the indole side chain as a major determinant in immunosuppressant drug recognition and the separation of PPIase catalytic efficiency from CsA affinity.