gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structural and functional analysis of the complement component factor H with the use of different enzymes and monoclonal antibodies to factor H (1985)

The action of six different enzymes on the function and structure of Factor H was investigated by use of sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, haemagglutination, two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay systems and an assay for Factor I cofactor activity. Six monoclonal antibodies directed against the 38 kDa tryptic fragment of Factor H [which contains the binding site for C3b (a 180 kDa fragment of the third component of complement) and the cofactor activity] were also used to detect cleavage products derived from the same fragment. Elastase, chymotrypsin A4 or trypsin first cleaved Factor H to 36-38 kDa fragments carrying all six monoclonal anti-(Factor H)-binding sites. In parallel, the interaction of Factor H with surface-bound C3b was lost, whereas the cofactor function was preserved. Further cleavage of the 36-38 kDa fragments into two 13-19 kDa fragments (one carrying the MAH4 and MRC OX 24 epitopes, the other the MAH1, MAH2, MAH3 and MRC OX 23 epitopes) destroyed cofactor activity. Pepsin, bromelain or papain rapidly split off a 13-15 kDa fragment of Factor H carrying the MAH1, MAH2, MAH3 and MRC OX 23 epitopes and destroyed all tested functions of Factor H. Ficin cleaved Factor H into disulphide-linked fragments smaller than 25 kDa, but did not affect the functions of the Factor H molecule. The 38 kDa tryptic fragment of Factor H is the N-terminal end of the Factor H molecule, as determined by N-terminal sequence analysis. A model is presented of the substructure of Factor H.
The Influence of Contamination on Aluminum-Gold Intermetallics (1982)

The uncontrolled formation of aluminum-gold intermetallics such as "purple plague" (AuA12) has not been considered a major semiconductor and/or hybrid reliability problem for several years, due to the advent of dependable lower temperature assembly processes which include: thermosonic gold ball bonding, ultrasonic aluminum wedge bonding, and epoxy attachment of both die and substrates. Today, however, intermetallics are beginning to appear again even in the lower temperature production environment. Isolated instances of ball bond lifting after long burn-ins at 125°C are being noted in high reliability programs. Rapid intermetallic consumption of second or tail bonds has been reported in hybrids with aluminum substrate metallization and gold thermosonic bonding. These processes are definitely accelerated by the 125°C thermal exposure, but have occurred so rapidly that contamination appears to be the principal driving source. A case study is presented in which a switch in substrate attach epoxy caused a catastrophic acceleration of intermetallic formation and widespread bond failures after the hybrids were exposed to a thermal testing environment. Details of the failure investigation process are presented including: impurity searches using energy dispersive X-ray, scanning Auger microprobe, and secondary ion mass spectrometry; epoxy cure cycle validations using residual gas analysis methods; the empirical use of the wire bond pull as the process validation method; and the analysis of sealed package ambient both pre and post burn-in.
A validated multi‐scale model of a SOFC stack at elevated pressure (2013)

Abstract This paper presents a multi‐scale model of a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stack consisting of five anode‐supported cells. A two‐dimensional isothermal elementary kinetic model is used to calculate the performance of single cells. Several of these models are thermally coupled to form the stack model. Simulations can be carried out at steady‐state as well as dynamic operation. The model is validated over a wide range of operating conditions including variation of temperature, gas composition (both on anode and cathode side), and pressure. Validation is carried out using polarization curves and impedance spectra. The model is then used to explain the pressure‐induced performance increase measured at constant fuel utilization of 40%. Results show that activation and concentration overpotentials are reduced with increasing pressure.
Boron contamination of surfaces in silicon microelectronics processing: Characterization and causes (1991)

Boron contamination has been detected by secondary ion mass spectrometry at almost every surface and interface in silicon microelectronics structures. Areal densities for boron are typically 102–1013 atoms/cm2 and can cause counterdoping if the boron is distributed by an anneal into a lightly doped n-type region. Boron was quantified by encapsulating the surface of the layer of interest with an identical layer and thereby retaining matrix homogeneity across the interface where the original surface is located. The origin of boron was shown to be airborne contamination. Boron in the atmosphere and the borosilicate glass in the high efficiency particulate air filters used in clean room construction have been identified as contamination sources. Accumulation of boron on a polysilicon surface follows a relationship similar to that for oxide growth. Processing with hydrogen, buffered HF cleaning of the surface, or growth of a removable SiO2 layer will reduce or eliminate boron from the silicon surface.
CLOUD-METRIC: A Cost Effective Application Development Framework for Cloud Infrastructures (2016)

Classic application development model primarily focuses on two key objectives: scalable system architecture and best possible performance. However, This model of application development works well on the private resources, but with the growing amount of public IaaS it is essential to find a balance between the cost and the performance of an application. In this thesis, we have proposed CLOUD-METRIC: A Cost Effective Application Development for Cloud Infrastructures. The framework allows users to estimate the cost of running applications on public cloud infrastructures during the development phase. We will consider two major cloud services providers, Amazon AWS and Google Cloud Platform. The provided estimates can be very useful to make improvements in the users' application architecture. In addition to cost estimation, the framework allows users to monitor resources utilized by their applications. Finally, we will provide users with recommendation of instances on AWS and GCP based on resources utilized by the applications over a period of time.
Beta-carotene induces morphological differentiation and decreases adenylate cyclase activity in melanoma cells in culture. (1990)

Several studies suggest that beta-carotene reduces the risk of some cancers. Except for its function as an antioxidant, the effect of this vitamin on mammalian cells remains poorly defined. This study was performed to show whether beta-carotene treatment of murine B-16 melanoma cells in culture induces differentiation and alters the adenylate cyclase (AC) system. The AC system mediates the action of agents which regulate cell differentiation and transformation. Results showed that beta-carotene treatment for a period of 24 hours or more caused morphological differentiation without changing the level of melanin, and reduced basal and melanocyte-stimulated hormone (MSH)-, sodium fluoride (NaF)-, and forskolin-stimulated AC activity in vitro. Retinol, a metabolite of beta-carotene, inhibited growth without morphological differentiation and reduced basal and MSH- and NaF-stimulated AC activity. However, butylated hydroxyanisole, a lipid-soluble antioxidant, also reduced growth without morphological differentiation, but it failed to alter basal or MSH-stimulated AC activity. The present and previous studies show that the AC system represents a common site where some antitumor-promoting vitamins (beta-carotene, retinol, retinoic acid, and alpha-tocopheryl succinate) act.
Characterization of the non-histone nuclear proteins associated with rapidly labeled heterogeneous nuclear RNA. (1977)

Heterogeneous nuclear RNA (HnRNA) is associated with a set of specialized RNA-binding proteins. Mild ribonuclease digestion of intact HnRNA-protein complexes released 15 S ribonucleoprotein (RNP) particles containing poly(A) and its associated protein and 40 S RNP particles containing most of the HnRNA sequences. Highly purified 40 S RNP particles have been obtained from rat liver by centrifugation of nuclear extracts on sucrose density gradients and isopycnic banding on Metrizamide density gradients. These RNP preparations contain 27% of the total HnRNA sequences of rat liver, and appear homogeneous when viewed in negative contrast in the electron microscope and by centrifugation studies using velocity sedimentation in sucrose density gradients or isopyenic banding in density gradients of cesium salts. Analysis of the proteins in the rat liver 40 S RNP particles by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis demonstrated that the 40 S RNP particle is composed of 12 major protein components with molecular weights ranging from 29,000 to 42,000 which accounted for 75% of the total protein mass and 13 minor protein components with molecular weights greater than 42,000. The proteins in the 29,000 to 42,000 group were fractionated by ion exchange chromatography. The amino acid compositions of the purified protein fractions were strikingly similar and shared several unusual features that distinguish these HnRNA-associated proteins, as a group, from the histones and the non-hi&one chromosomal proteins. Each of the RNP proteins have basic charge characteristics (p1 greater than 8.0) high glycine (25 mol %), low cysteine, and little detectable methionine. Like the histones, the HnRNP proteins are subject to extensive postsynthetic modification. We have identified the unusual amino acid NC, NC (CH,),-L-arginine in acid hydrolysates of some of the RNP proteins and shown that this amino acid
Photogrammetric Measurement Error Associated with Lens Distortion (2011)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">All camera lenses contain optical aberrations as a result of the design and manufacturing processes. Lens aberrations cause distortion of the resulting image captured on film or a sensor. This distortion is inherent in all lenses because of the shape required to project the image onto film or a sensor, the materials that make up the lens, and the configuration of lenses to achieve varying focal lengths and other photographic effects. The distortion associated with lenses can cause errors to be introduced when photogrammetric techniques are used to analyze photographs of accidents scenes to determine position, scale, length and other characteristics of evidence in a photograph. This paper evaluates how lens distortion can affect images, and how photogrammetrically measuring a distorted image can result in measurement errors. Lens distortion from a variety of cameras is analyzed, and the ultimate effect that this distortion has on the image is evaluated, with a discussion on the overall difference this distortion would cause to measuring evidence in an image, such as tire mark distances and curvature. Ways of correcting this distortion are also addressed.</div></div>
Brooks Automation expands control capability of precision industrial robots (2002)

Increasing complexity and aggressive throughput performance of precision robotic manipulators for semiconductor and flat‐panel‐display manufacturing applications require innovative control system architectures and advanced trajectory planning and motion control techniques. Brooks Automation, a global supplier of integrated automation solutions for the semiconductor and flat‐panel‐display manufacturing industries, has developed a number of advances that accelerate technological development in these areas of robot control in an effort to set new industry standards in performance and reliability.
Perivascular Cells With Pericyte Characteristics Are Involved in ATP- and PGE<sub>2</sub>-Induced Relaxation of Porcine Retinal Arterioles In Vitro (2013)

The perivascular cell type located external to the smooth muscle cells in porcine retinal arterioles shows calcium activity during relaxation with ATP and PGE2 and has morphological properties in common with pericytes. Future studies should focus on the role of this cell type for regulating retinal blood flow and for retinal vascular disease.
Reliable watermark detection method based on analysis of correlation (2000)

A digital watermark is a perceptually unobtrusive signal em- bedded in a multimedia asset, such as an image, for copyright protec- tion. In many cases watermark detection amounts to thresholding a cor- relation value between a watermark and a received image. Watermarking detection schemes can be classified into two types. Type 1 is based on a correlation process that is applied to the difference between an original image and an input image to be tested. Type 2 is based on a correlation process that is directly applied to an input image. Type 1 fails to prove the rightful ownership, while type 2 can do so. However, type 2 has a problem that type 1 does not have: The correla- tion between a watermark and an original image to be watermarked is too significant to be ignored, when it is normalized by the watermark's energy. In this paper, based on an analysis of the correlation, we pro- pose a novel watermarking scheme to minimize that effect. We verify the performance of the proposed scheme by experiments. © 2000 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. (S0091-3286(00)02612-X)
Mesenchymal hamartoma of the liver (1968)

Four cases of mesenchymal hamartoma of the liver in infants, bringing the total number of reported cases to 22, are presented. Patients with this tumor are usually asymptomatic and present with abdominal distention and a palpable abdominal mass. Most of the tumors are in the right lobe of the liver or attached by a stalk to it. Liver function tests are rarely abnormal. Roent-genographically these lesions resemble other liver tumors. One helpful diagnostic point may be the rapid enlargement frequently demonstrated by this cystic tumor. Treatment is surgical removal and the prognosis is good, especially in those attached by a pedicle. Malignant changes are not reported.
Fluorine NMR. Spectra of conformationally constrained <i>Gem</i>‐difluorocyclohexanes (1970)

Abstract The 19 F chemical shifts and geminal coupling constants have been measured for 3,3‐dimethyl‐ (I), 3,3,5‐trimethyl‐ (II) and 3,3,5,5‐tetramethyl‐1, 1‐difluorocyclohexane (III) and 3,3‐difluorobicyclo [3.2.1]octane (IV). The Eyring parameters for the ring inversion were obtained for I and III. Representative values for the Arrhenius activation energy ( Ea ), Δ G ‡, Δ H ‡, and Δ S ‡ are: 11.0, 9.4, 10.4 kcal/mole and 4.5 e.u. for I, and 10.0, 8.3, 9.7 kcal/mole and 8.3 e.u. for III. It appears that the syn ‐axial methyl‐fluorine interaction has a negligible effect on the inversion process. However, the syn ‐axial methyl‐methyl interaction, as found in III, significantly increases the rate of inversion. Substituent effects on the 19 F shifts are marked. Introduction of methyl at C‐3 in an equatorial position leads to shielding of the equatorial and axial fluorines (+1.8 and + 1.3 ppm). Substitution in the axial C‐3 position causes deshielding of the equatorial and axial fluorines (−5.9 and −4.9 ppm).
On distribution-free tests for equality of survival distributions (1977)

Two statistics for testing the equality of survival distributions in the presence of arbitarry right censorship, the log rank test statistic and the modified Wilcoxon test statictic, are shown to differ only in the choice of weights which are funcitons of the number of individuals at risk at the time of each death. A related statistic is proposed which may be more powerful across a range of alternatives than are the log rank statistic and the modified Wilcoxon statistic.
I MPACT OF P ROMPT D EFIBRILLATION ON C ARDIAC A RREST AT A M AJOR I NTERNATIONAL A IRPORT (2002)

A rapidly deployable first-responder service permits early defibrillation minutes before arrival of EMS personnel. This rapid response positively impacts the return of spontaneous circulation and survival to hospital discharge after cardiac arrest.
Recent progress in powder coatings (1973)

The Federation of Societies for Paint Technology authorised Levinson to do a study on powder coating, electrocoating and radiation. In an article [ Journal of Paint Technology , July (1972) p. 37] Levinson describes the advantages and disadvantages of powder coating, the technology involved, the economics of the various systems, the relationship to ecology, the manufacture of powders, the resins which are useful, and future trends.
Variational Bhattacharyya divergence for hidden Markov models (2008)

Many applications require the use of divergence measures between probability distributions. Several of these, such as the Kullback-Leibler (KL) divergence and the Bhattacharyya divergence, are tractable for simple distributions such as Gaussians, but are intractable for more complex distributions such as hidden Markov models (HMMs) used in speech recognizers. For tasks related to classification error, the Bhattacharyya divergence is of special importance, due to its relationship with the Bayes error. Here we derive novel variational approximations to the Bhattacharyya divergence for HMMs. Remarkably the variational Bhattacharyya divergence can be computed in a simple closed-form expression for a given sequence length. One of the approximations can even be integrated over all possible sequence lengths in a closed-form expression. We apply the variational Bhattacharyya divergence for HMMs to word confusability, the problem of estimating the probability of mistaking one spoken word for another.
Unidirectional star coupler for single-fiber distribution systems (1977)

The design and construction of a unidirectional star coupler for single-fiber distribution systems are described. A rectangular mixing section is required to obtain uniform output distribution. Four-port stars have been constructed with losses only (1/2) to 1 dB greater than packing fraction. For any given input, outputs are uniform to within about +/-1 dB.
Tactile recognition and localization using object models, The case of polyhedra on a plane (1983)

This paper discusses how data from multiple tactile sensors may be used to identify and locate one object, from among a set of known objects. We use only local information from sensors: (1) the position of contact points, and (2) ranges of surface normals at the contact points. The recognition and localization process is structured as the development and pruning of a tree of consistent hypotheses about pairings between contact points and object surfaces. In this paper, we deal with polyhedral objects constrained to lie on a known plane, i.e., having three&apos; degrees of positioning freedom relative to the sensors.
Are loline alkaloid levels regulated in grass endophytes by gene expression or substrate availability? (2010)

Many cool-season grasses (Poaceae, subfam. Pooideae) possess seedborne fungal symbionts, the epichloae, known for their bioprotective properties, and especially for production of anti-insect alkaloids such as lolines. Asexual epichloae (Neotyphodium species) are primarily or entirely transmitted vertically, whereas the sexual structures (stromata) of the related Epichloë species give rise to horizontally transmissible spores (ascospores). In certain grass-Neotyphodium species symbiota, levels of lolines are extremely high and apparently limited by availability of precursor amino acids, whereas sexual epichloae generally produce much lower levels. This may reflect the inherent conflict between the vertical and horizontal transmission; although the plant and seeds may be protected by the alkaloids, the sexual cycle depends on anthomyiid flies for cross-fertilization. Given this insect role, we predicted that loline biosynthesis would be down-regulated in the stromata relative to the corresponding asymptomatic tissues (inflorescences) of the same symbiota. This prediction was substantiated, and RNA-seq and RT-qPCR analysis indicated that the loline biosynthesis genes are dramatically upregulated in asymptomatic inflorescences compared to stromata. The fundamental difference between asexual and sexual epichloae in regulation of loline alkaloid levels is in keeping with evolutionary trends for greater host control on metabolism of their vertically transmitted symbionts compared to contagious symbionts.
Modeling and Experimental Validation of Space Structures with Wiring Harnesses (2010)

Covers advancements in spacecraft and tactical and strategic missile systems, including subsystem design and application, mission design and analysis, materials and structures, developments in space sciences, space processing and manufacturing, space operations, and applications of space technologies to other fields.
History of Impactors—The First 110 Years (2004)

This history of impactors detailed in this article covers the time span from 1860 to 1970. The origin of the inertial impactor was in the time period from 1860 to 1870, and the very first impactors were essentially the same as they are today—a jet of particle-laden air impinging on a plate. Impactors have a history of going through spurts of development. In the 1800s, impactors allowed researchers for the very first time to quickly collect particles and inspect them under a microscope to study the relationship between dust and disease. This was an exciting time for researchers, and these early impactors were used extensively. The next spurt of development was about 1920, when impactors were rediscovered in the form of konimeters, dust counters, and impingers, which were considerably more advanced than the impactors of the 1800s and were used extensively for determining the dust concentrations to which industrial workers were exposed. These instruments were used in different forms until the mid 1940s when the cascade impactor was developed. The discovery of the cascade impactor, along with extensive theoretical analysis of jet impaction in the early 1950s, led to much activity in cascade impactor development. In 1970, with the help of finite difference techniques and high-speed computers, a parametric study of impactors was made which unlocked nearly all of the secrets of how to design an impactor. From 1970 forward, the design of impactors became rather routine, and numerous impactors of all shapes and sizes for all manner of purposes were designed and built.
Effect of Building Position on Phase Distribution in Co-Cr-Mo Alloy Additive Manufactured by Electron-Beam Melting (2016)

Cobalt-chromium-molybdenum (Co-Cr-Mo) alloys are used for biomedical implants such as artificial joints because they have excellent wear and corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. Electron-beam melting (EBM) is a type of additive manufacturing technique for metals. We used EBM to fabricate 20 rods of a Co-Cr-Mo alloy with height of 160 mm arranged in a 4 × 5 matrix and observed the phase constitution in the middle part (at a height of 80 mm) of the rods by scanning electron microscopy-electron backscatter diffraction. We found that the rods in the center part of the matrix consisted of more of the face-centered cubic (γ) phase and less of the hexagonal close-packed (ε) phase than rods in the outer part. This happened because even though each rod was fabricated under the same beam condition, the rods at the center had been exposed to higher temperature than those in the outer part, and less thermal dissipation took place because the neighboring rods were also heated by the electron beam. This difference in the thermal histories should be taken into consideration when many objects are fabricated simultaneously.