gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A visual data-mining methodology for seismic facies analysis: Part 1 — Testing and comparison with other unsupervised clustering methods (2009)

Abstract Seismic facies analysis aims to identify clusters (groups) of similar seismic trace shapes, where each cluster can be considered to represent variability in lithology, rock properties, and/or fluid content of the strata being imaged. Unfortunately, it is not always clear whether the seismic data has a natural clustering structure. Cluster analysis consists of a family of approaches that have significant potential for classifying seismic trace shapes into meaningful clusters. The clustering can be performed using a supervised process (assigning a pattern to a predefined cluster) or an unsupervised process (partitioning a collection of patterns into groups without predefined clusters). We evaluate and compare different unsupervised clustering algorithms (e.g., partition, hierarchical, probabilistic, and soft competitive models) for pattern recognition based entirely on the characteristics of the seismic response. From validation results on simple data sets, we demonstrate that a self-organizing maps algorithm implemented in a visual data-mining approach outperforms all other clustering algorithms for interpreting the cluster structure. We apply this approach to 2D seismic models generated using a discrete, known number of different stratigraphic geometries. The visual strategy recovers the correct number of end-member seismic facies in the model tests, showing that it is suitable for pattern recognition in highly correlated and continuous seismic data.
Interferometric-displacement readout of cantilever sensors (2012)

In this paper we have explained a new method for measuring the cantilever displacement using both reflective and interferometric properties of the cantilever. In our method, a Laser light is shone on the cantilever, and the reflected pattern is monitored by a commercially available CCD. Due to the micrometer dimensions of the cantilever which was smaller than the spot size of the laser, the laser beam would be reflected by both substrate and the cantilever's surface, and this will produce an interference pattern on the screen. In this configuration, a displacement in the cantilever will reflect the light in a different angle and also changes the optical path difference between the reflected light from the cantilever and substrate. The overall result of these two effects would be a total displacement of the pattern, which could be simply measured using a CCD. Finally, by taking both effects into consideration,, the cantilever's displacement could be measured. For testing this technique different cantilevers were fabricated and were electrostatically actuated. In this method, displacements as small as 10nm were possible to measure.
Microbial removal and integrity monitoring of ro and NF Membranes (2003)

This research investigated the integrity of reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) membrane systems with respect to microbial passage using microbial (bacteriophage MS2 viruses) and nonmicrobial (Rhodamine WT [RWT] dye and fluorescent‐dyed polystyrene microspheres) surrogates. Pilot‐scale experiments were conducted with microfiltered secondary wastewater effluent and conventional process‐treated surface water. Microspheres were a more accurate predictor of MS2 removal; however, RWT showed good correlation, particularly for RO. NF and RO elements compromised via a membrane pinhole showed reduced removals for all surrogates, whereas subsequent operation of such elements increased surrogate removal (through membrane fouling). This increase was reversible by chemical cleaning for elements operated on effluent but less so for surface water. Compromising RO system integrity using cut O‐rings did not increase surrogate passage. Passage increased only when sections of the O‐rings were removed. The impact on integrity of such an O‐ring compromise was dependent on location in the RO/NF system.
Total internal reflection integrated-optics switch: a theoretical evaluation (1978)

Previously demonstrated planar thin-film optical switch employing the total internal reflection phenomenon is given a full theoretical evaluation for its possible adaptability to an optical channel waveguide system and also to polarization insensitive immultiport fiber-channel switch.
Gene Expression Profiling of <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> Strain F2365 during Growth in Ultrahigh-Temperature-Processed Skim Milk (2008)

To study how Listeria monocytogenes survives and grows in ultrahigh-temperature-processed (UHT) skim milk, microarray technology was used to monitor the gene expression profiles of strain F2365 in UHT skim milk. Total RNA was isolated from strain F2365 in UHT skim milk after 24 h of growth at 4 degrees C, labeled with fluorescent dyes, and hybridized to "custom-made" commercial oligonucleotide (35-mers) microarray chips containing the whole genome of L. monocytogenes strain F2365. Compared to L. monocytogenes grown in brain heart infusion (BHI) broth for 24 h at 4 degrees C, 26 genes were upregulated (more-than-twofold increase) in UHT skim milk, whereas 14 genes were downregulated (less-than-twofold decrease). The upregulated genes included genes encoding transport and binding proteins, transcriptional regulators, proteins in amino acid biosynthesis and energy metabolism, protein synthesis, cell division, and hypothetical proteins. The downregulated genes included genes that encode transport and binding proteins, protein synthesis, cellular processes, cell envelope, energy metabolism, a transcriptional regulator, and an unknown protein. The gene expression changes determined by microarray assays were confirmed by real-time reverse transcriptase PCR analyses. Furthermore, cells grown in UHT skim milk displayed the same sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide as cells grown in BHI, demonstrating that the elevated levels of expression of genes encoding manganese transporter complexes in UHT skim milk did not result in changes in the oxidative stress sensitivity. To our knowledge, this report represents a novel study of global transcriptional gene expression profiling of L. monocytogenes in a liquid food.
An Odor is Not Worth a Thousand Words: From Multidimensional Odors to Unidimensional Odor Objects (2009)

Olfaction is often referred to as a multidimensional sense. It is multidimensional in that approximately 1000 different receptor types, each tuned to particular odor aspects, together contribute to the olfactory percept. In humans, however, this percept is nearly unidimensional. Humans can detect and discriminate countless odorants, but can identify few by name. The one thing humans can and do invariably say about an odor is whether it is pleasant or not. We argue that this hedonic determination is the key function of olfaction. Thus, the boundaries of an odor object are determined by its pleasantness, which--unlike something material and more like an emotion--remains poorly delineated with words.
The<b>ecodist</b>Package for Dissimilarity-based Analysis of Ecological Data (2007)

Ecologists are concerned with the relationships between species composition and environmental framework incorporating space explicitly is an extremely flexible tool for answering these questions. The R package ecodist brings together methods for working with dissimilarities, including some not available in other R packages. We present some of the features of ecodist, particularly simple and partial Mantel tests, and make recommendations for their effective use. Although the partial Mantel test is often used to account for the effects of space, the assumption of linearity greatly reduces its effectiveness for complex spatial patterns. We introduce a modification of the Mantel correlogram designed to overcome this restriction and allow consideration of complex nonlinear structures. This extension of the method allows the use of partial multivariate correlograms and tests of relationship between variables at different spatial scales. Some of the possibilities are demonstrated using both artificial data and data from an ongoing study of plant community composition in grazinglands of the northeastern United States.
Practical indoor tracking using Wireless Sensor Networks (2009)

RF techniques have attracted much attention for the indoor tracking, because of its better penetrability than traditional techniques, such as infrared or ultrasound. Generally, existing systems mostly focuses on the localization of the mobile entity. In fact, area information is also an important requirement for some applications, such as intelligent museum explanation, etc. Also, the area information may help to improve the location precision. This paper introduces the Area-Point Indoor Tracking (AIT) system which we have designed and developed on the platform with 22 MicaZ motes. The significant difference from the previous systems is that the proposed tracking procedure is divided into two major steps, i.e., area decision and point localization. And the beacon-correlation algorithm (BCA) and the shadowing-grid localization (SGL) algorithm are designed to solve the above two challenging problems respectively. The evaluation results on the platform show that the BCA algorithm can improve the precision of area decision of MERIT from 71% to 86%, and the SGL algorithm decreases 32% location error compared with Ecolocation algorithm.
Eastern oil shale conversion using the ROPE (Recycle Oil Pyrolysis and Extraction) process (1988)

The Western Research Institute has developed the Recycle Oil Pyrolysis and Extraction (ROPE/copyright/) process. Preliminary testing of this process has been conducted with oil shale and tar sand. Preliminary tests were conducted with the objective of obtaining a product that contained a high percentage of aromatic compounds which would be desirable as a feedstock for benzene-toluene-xylene (BTX) or for high-density fuels. The main objectives of this research were to conduct a 10-day shakedown tests of the 6-inch bench-scale unit (BSU) using eastern oil shale and to conduct a series of similar experiments in the 2-inch process development unit (PDU) to confirm oil yield and quality at steady-state conditions. One 10-day shakedown tests was conducted in the BSU. Shale oil produced by the Dravo process was used as the starting heavy recycle oil. Difficulties occurred, however, in maintaining heavy recycle oil, and product oil had to be injected into the pyrolysis zone to compensate for the losses. Oil shale fines also plugged the heavy-oil recycle pump. Three eastern oil shale tests were conducted in the PDU. Heavy-oil pumping problems and reactor plugging occurred during the first two tests. The third test, however, was conducted for 50 hours with no mechanical problems.more » 2 refs., 10 figs., 15 tabs.« less
Research of three-phase single-stage matrix converter for power electronic transformer (2012)

Distribution transformer is the fundamental component of power distribution system as it has many advantages, however, it has been more and more unable to meet the nowadays requirements of power quality, especially in the renewable energy field. Different topologies of power electronic transformer (PET) are proposed to meet different requirements for different applications. This paper has done a detailed analysis of the operating principle modulation and demodulation mode of the three-phase single-stage matrix converter for PET. It finds that the voltage amplitude regulating range is only 0.5∼1. The lowest angular frequency order of the transformer voltage turns ω <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">s</inf> -ω <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">i</inf> when the duty ratio of each switch is set equally. Simulation results identify the analysis.
A Selenophene‐Based Low‐Bandgap Donor–Acceptor Polymer Leading to Fast Ambipolar Logic (2012)

Fast ambipolar CMOS-like logic is demonstrated using a new selenophene-based donor-acceptor polymer semiconductor. The polymer exhibits saturation hole and electron mobilities of 0.46 cm(2) /Vs and 0.84 cm(2) /Vs. Inverters are fabricated with high gains while three-stage ring oscillators show stable oscillation with an unprecedented maximum frequency of 182 kHz at a relatively low supply voltage of 50 V.
Thermal Oxidizer Experiences at a Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facility (2007)

Two thermal oxidizer systems were selected and installed to dispose of volatile organic emissions generated by a waste disposal operation. This paper provides a description of each case study. A Regenerative Thermal Oxidizer (RTO) system was selected to treat contaminated air from a drum processing operation. Previous treatment was by adsorption on activated carbon. High carbon costs drove the change to combustion, after water scrubbing and other approaches were rejected. Combustible dust entrainment and occasional solvent fume spikes in the air stream resulted in detonations inside the RTO and damage to the heat exchange packing on two separate occasions. Installation of a dust filter and two flammability range analyzers, plus automatic diversion dampers has proven effective in eliminating the problems. A Direct Fired Thermal Oxidizer (DFTO) was selected to treat contaminated air from tank truck and railcar cleaning operations, after an RTO or a flare were judged to be impractical. DFTO operation was successful, but occasional spikes in hydrocarbon load drove the stack out of oxygen[MEG1], resulting in smoke and flame above the stack and flashbacks to the waste gas detonation arrestors on more than one occasion. Installation of waste gas analyzers allowed temporary DFTO bypass during spikes. Improved process gas monitoring enabled quicker response times.
Norepinephrine-Transporter-Targeted and DNA-Co-Targeted Theranostic Guanidines (2019)

High risk neuroblastoma often recurs, even with aggressive treatments. Clinical evidence suggests that proliferative activities are predictive of poor outcomes. This report describes syntheses, characterization, and biological properties of theranostic guanidines that target norepinephrine transporter and undergo intracellular processing, and subsequently their catabolites are efficiently incorporated into DNA of proliferating neuroblastoma cells. Radioactive guanidines are synthesized from 5-radioiodo-2'-deoxyuridine, a molecular radiotherapy platform with clinically proven minimal toxicities and DNA-targeting properties. The transport of radioactive guanidines into neuroblastoma cells is active as indicated by the competitive suppression of cellular uptake by <i>meta</i>-iodobenzylguanidine. The rate of intracellular processing and DNA uptake is influenced by the agent's catabolic stability and cell population doubling times. The radiotoxicity is directly proportional to DNA uptake and duration of exposure. Biodistribution of 5-[<sup>125</sup>I]iodo-3'-<i>O</i>-(ε-guanidinohexanoyl)-2'-deoxyuridine in a mouse neuroblastoma model shows significant tumor retention of radioactivity. Neuroblastoma xenografts regress in response to the clinically achievable doses of this agent.
Haemoglobin expression in germinating barley (1998)

Abstract Polyclonal antibodies to purified recombinant barley haemoglobin (Hb) have been raised in rabbits and used to investigate its expression in monocotyledonous plants. Very little or no Hb expression was observed in dry barley seeds but germination resulted in the expression of Hb which peaked at 2–3 days after imbibition. Hb expression was also observed in maize, wheat, wild oat and Echinochloa crus-galli seeds during germination. Dissection of tissues from the barley seedlings showed that most of the haemoglobin was expressed in the root and seed coat (aleurone layer), with very little in the coleoptile. Imbibition of half-seeds or excised embryos resulted in the expression of haemoglobin. ATP measurements of barley embryos showed that ATP levels quickly increase after imbibition. α-Amylase activity was also determined in embryos to correlate Hb expression with a well-characterized germination response. The results demonstrate that Hb expression is a normal consequence of germination.
Soft decision decoding of Reed-Solomon codes using the extended erasure magnitude matrix (2002)

Systems using nonbinary block codes, such as Reed-Solomon codes are usually implemented using hard-decision decoding algorithms that take advantage of the algebraic structure of the codes. This paper presents an efficient soft-decision decoding algorithm that uses the algebraic structure of the codes to provide better performance results than standard hard decision methods, but with less complexity than existing soft-decision algorithms. A set of candidate codewords are compared to the received word, and the codeword closest to the received word is chosen as the near maximum likelihood decoded word. The extended erasure magnitude matrix is developed and used to provide an efficient method of decoding the candidate codewords.
Ecotourism (2016)

One of the fastest growing tourism sectors is ecotourism, which focuses on responsible tourism that has a positive effect on the host nation's natural and cultural environment. This form of tourism is particularly important for the nonhuman primates, which are often indigenous to developing regions and are frequently targeted for wildlife viewing excursions. Ecotourism has the potential to support conservation efforts, public education, and sustainable development, but more systematic evaluation is needed to assess the costs and benefits of ecotourism on both human and nonhuman primate populations.
Gelation of Concentrated Micellar Solutions of a Triblock Copolymer of Ethylene Oxide and Styrene Oxide, S<sub>5</sub>E<sub>45</sub>S<sub>5</sub> (2004)

Triblock copolymer S5E45S5 was synthesized by oxyanionic polymerization of styrene oxide initiated by a preformed difunctional polyethylene glycol. Here E denotes OCH2CH2, S denotes OCH2CH(C6H5), and the subscripts denote number-average block lengths in repeat units. Previous work on the closely related copolymer S4E45S4 indicated that micelles would form in aqueous solutions of copolymer S5E45S5, and that they would undergo transient intermicellar bridging. Dynamic light scattering was used to confirm this. Rheometry and small-angle X-ray scattering were used to explore gel boundaries, structures, and properties. At moderate copolymer concentrations (14 and 20 wt %) measurements of the dynamic shear moduli indicated the formation of low-modulus soft gels attributed to spherical micelles forming transient networks. A region of low storage modulus at c approximately 30 wt % preceded a change to hard gel. A 40 wt % hard gel was disordered, while at higher concentrations (49 and 60 wt %) the micelles packed into hexagonal structures with high values of the storage modulus (G' approximately 10 kPa at 25 degrees C and 1 Hz).
High-power multiple-stripe injection lasers with channel guides (1982)

A new type of injection laser, the channel-guide (CG) structure, has been developed for use in multiple-stripe laser configurations. Leaky-mode operation of single-stripe CG lasers has been observed, and these devices produce "kink-free" outputs to pulsed powers of 180 mW (40 ns). Ten-stripe lasers fabricated using the channel-guide structure show strong leaky-mode coupling between stripes. Linear outputs to 2.8 W (40 ns) with stable far fields have been measured. Our results indicate that a real index antiguide is formed by the crowding of carriers into the channel region. The simple fabrication procedure makes the CG structure desirable for use in multiple-stripe high-power lasers.
Functional Analysis of Family GH36 α-Galactosidases from Ruminococcus gnavus E1: Insights into the Metabolism of a Plant Oligosaccharide by a Human Gut Symbiont (2012)

Ruminococcus gnavus belongs to the 57 most common species present in 90% of individuals. Previously, we identified an α-galactosidase (Aga1) belonging to glycoside hydrolase (GH) family 36 from R. gnavus E1 (M. Aguilera, H. Rakotoarivonina, A. Brutus, T. Giardina, G. Simon, and M. Fons, Res. Microbiol. 163:14-21, 2012). Here, we identified a novel GH36-encoding gene from the same strain and termed it aga2. Although aga1 showed a very simple genetic organization, aga2 is part of an operon of unique structure, including genes putatively encoding a regulator, a GH13, two phosphotransferase system (PTS) sequences, and a GH32, probably involved in extracellular and intracellular sucrose assimilation. The 727-amino-acid (aa) deduced Aga2 protein shares approximately 45% identity with Aga1. Both Aga1 and Aga2 expressed in Escherichia coli showed strict specificity for α-linked galactose. Both enzymes were active on natural substrates such as melibiose, raffinose, and stachyose. Aga1 and Aga2 occurred as homotetramers in solution, as shown by analytical ultracentrifugation. Modeling of Aga1 and Aga2 identified key amino acids which may be involved in substrate specificity and stabilization of the α-linked galactoside substrates within the active site. Furthermore, Aga1 and Aga2 were both able to perform transglycosylation reactions with α-(1,6) regioselectivity, leading to the formation of product structures up to [Hex](12) and [Hex](8), respectively. We suggest that Aga1 and Aga2 play essential roles in the metabolism of dietary oligosaccharides and could be used for the design of galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) prebiotics, known to selectively modulate the beneficial gut microbiota.
The Biology and Agronomy of Switchgrass for Biofuels (2005)

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.)—a perennial, warm-season (C4) species—evolved across North America into multiple, divergent populations. The resulting natural variation within the species presents considerable morphological diversity and a wide range of adaptation. The species was adopted as a crop—initially as a forage—only in the last 50 yr. Its potential uses have recently been expanded to include biofuels. Management of switchgrass for biofuels is informed by an understanding of the plant's biology. Successful establishment requires attention to seed dormancy and weed control as well as proper depth and date of planting. The plant's growth rate is closely tied to temperature, but timing of reproductive development is linked to photoperiod. Accordingly, the period of vegetative growth can be extended by planting lower-latitude cultivars at higher latitudes. This strategy may provide a yield advantage, but cold tolerance can become limiting. Switchgrass is thrifty in its use of applied N; it appears able to obtain N from sources that other crops cannot tap. The N removed in harvested biomass is often greater than the amount of N applied. In areas with sufficient rainfall, sustainable yields of ∼15 Mg ha−1 yr−1 may be achievable by applying ∼50 kg N ha−1 yr−1. Harvesting biomass once per season—after plants have senesced and translocated N into perennial tissues—appears to allow plants to maintain an internal N reserve. Two harvests yr−1 may increase yields in some cultivars, but a single annual harvest maximizes yields in many cases. If two harvests are taken, more N must be applied to compensate for the N removed in the midseason harvest. Taking more than two harvests yr−1 often adversely affects long-term productivity and persistence. Switchgrass has potential as a renewable fuel source, but such use will likely require large infrastructural changes; and, even at maximum output, such systems could not provide the energy currently being derived from fossil fuels.