gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Genome-Scale Reconstruction of the <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> Metabolic Network (2003)

The metabolic network in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was reconstructed using currently available genomic, biochemical, and physiological information. The metabolic reactions were compartmentalized between the cytosol and the mitochondria, and transport steps between the compartments and the environment were included. A total of 708 structural open reading frames (ORFs) were accounted for in the reconstructed network, corresponding to 1035 metabolic reactions. Further, 140 reactions were included on the basis of biochemical evidence resulting in a genome-scale reconstructed metabolic network containing 1175 metabolic reactions and 584 metabolites. The number of gene functions included in the reconstructed network corresponds to approximately 16% of all characterized ORFs in S. cerevisiae. Using the reconstructed network, the metabolic capabilities of S. cerevisiae were calculated and compared with Escherichia coli. The reconstructed metabolic network is the first comprehensive network for a eukaryotic organism, and it may be used as the basis for in silico analysis of phenotypic functions.
Deformation of polycrystalline salt in compression and in shear at 250–350°C (1990)

Abstract Dry synthetic polycrystalline salt (NaCl) has been deformed in uniaxial compression and in shear in order to gain insight into the influence of deformation mode on the development of crystallographic preferred orientation, microstructural evolution and mechanical behaviour (flow strength). The experiments were carried out between 250 and 350°C, at strain rates between 10 −5 and 10 −7 s −1 . Under these conditions halite deforms by climb-controlled dislocation creep. In our samples, the presence of deformed grains containing cellular networks of subgrains, and the development of texture are consistent with such mechanisms. The weaker {110} <110> slip plane appears to align parallel to the shear plane and perpendicular to the uniaxial compression direction. In the sheared samples, a <111> maximum is observed parallel to the shear direction. The textures obtained agree favourably with texture simulations. When the mechanical behaviour seen in uniaxial compression and shear is compared in terms of equivalent stress and strain, as defined in the von Mises theory of isotropic plasticity, the uniaxially deformed samples appear to be stronger. From a detailed consideration of the data, it is inferred that the difference in flow strength is largely due to anisotropy resulting from texture development. The results suggest that the assumptions underlying the von Mises theory of isotropic plasticity are not applicable in the present case, and that the associated flow rule does not offer an accurate method of generalizing creep laws for salt under the conditions investigated.
A STUDY OF PNEUMOCOCCUS AUTOLYSIS (1929)

1. Autolysis of Pneumococcus is accompanied by proteolysis, which results in an increase in amino and non-coagulable nitrogen. 2. Autolysis of Pneumococcus is accompanied by lipolysis during which there is a liberation of ether-soluble fatty acids. 3. When extracts containing the active intracellular enzymes are added to heat-killed pneumococci, lysis of the cells occurs and there is an increase in the non-coagulable and amino nitrogen, comparable to the changes accompanying spontaneous autolysis. 4. When extracts containing the active intracellular enzymes are added to emulsions of the alcohol-soluble lipoids extracted from pneumococci, an increase in the ether-soluble fatty acid occurs. 5. Sodium desoxycholate in excess inhibits the action of pneumococcus protease; it does not inhibit the action of pneumococcus lipase. 6. When suspensions of pneumococci are cooled to 0 degrees C., a temperature at which the rate of enzyme action is greatly retarded, the organisms go into solution rapidly when sodium desoxycholate is added, but this process is not accompanied by lipolysis or proteolysis. It does not seem probable, therefore, that the "bile" solution of pneumococci is identical with the phenomenon of autolysis as ordinarily understood and measured. 7. The relation of enzyme action to antigenic dissociation is discussed.
The relation of tensile specimen size and geometry effects to unique constitutive parameters for ductile materials (1988)

Abstract Direct observation of solid deformation at all points in a material test specimen is generally not possible. This becomes important when an internal point experiences the maximum effective deformation of the entire specimen. The simple reduction of load-displacement data to material constitutive parameters, as for inelastic tensile specimen necking, is precluded. Although the mechanics of necking has received considerable attention, the complementary issue of constitutive parameter determination from inelastic specimen experimental data has not. This investigation addresses both aspects of the problem for HY-100 steel. An experimental-computational procedure is demonstrated, which generates material constitutive parameters valid at strains beyond those at the onset of necking. Neck deformation, specimen size and specimen geometry effects are used to ensure the uniqueness of the parameters in the sense that a single uniaxial continuum true-stress–true-strain curve predicts the behaviour of laboratory specimens with different geometries. The solution parameters for HY-100 steel are developed, in the context of an incremental elastic–plastic constitutive formulation, by this procedure. These results support the view that tensile specimen necking is the result of the interaction between imperfection-free specimen geometry, material behaviour and applied load for relatively unsophisticated constitutive formulations if the constitutive parameters are accurately determined. In addition, broken symmetry of specimen deformation is computationally predicted and experimentally confirmed for long, slender specimen geometries.
New “All-Acrylate” Block Copolymers:  Synthesis and Influence of the Architecture on the Morphology and the Mechanical Properties (2007)

Novel “all-acrylate” block copolymers have been synthesized by ATRP with a simple and cost-effective one-pot-two-step process. The (A−B)n copolymers are composed of an elastomer segment (A = P(2EHA-co-MA) = poly(2-ethylhexyl acrylate-co-methyl acrylate)) and a thermoplastic segment (B = PMMA = poly(methyl methacrylate)). To study the relationship between the molecular architecture and the mechanical properties, a four-arm radial block copolymer (A−B)4 is compared to the linear diblock (A−B)1 and symmetric triblock (A−B)2 and compounds of similar composition. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) shows that all block copolymers present a well-defined microphase separation, which is confirmed by the observation of two glass transitions in DSC. Thermomechanical data from viscoelastic, indentation, and tensile measurements are discussed in terms of the structural characteristics of the copolymers. The increase in the complexity of the molecular structure results in an enhanced elastic response, and the stress−strain curves confirm the strengthening effect with increasing molecular connectivity (radial > linear triblock) and end-block length.
Oculus Rift with Stereo Camera for Augmented Reality Medical Intubation Training (2017)

Augmented Reality is a widely anticipated platform for user interfaces. AR devices have been around for decades but are for the first time becoming affordable and viable as a consumer device. Through direct representation of 3D space and integration with haptic controls, AR brings many benefits to a user during training scenarios, namely increased knowledge acquisition and direct applicability. We believe these opportunities are not enough explored yet in medical training scenarios. This paper reports on our medical simulation for intubation training, which uses an Oculus Rift DK2 with the stereo camera device Ovrvision Pro. Our work shows great potential for augmented reality devices in medical training, but the hardware devices have yet to mature for widespread use.
Mitigation of DoS attacks through QoS regulation (2003)

As more and more critical services are provided over the Internet, the risk to these services from malicious users is also increasing. Several networks have witnessed denial of service attacks in the past. This paper reports on our experience in building a Linux-based prototype to mitigate the effect of such attacks. Our prototype provides an efficient way to keep track of server and network resources at the network layer and allows aggregate resource regulation. Our scheme provides a general, and not attack specific, mechanism to provide graceful server degradation in the face of such an attack. We report on the rationale of our approach, the experience in building the prototype, and the results from real experiments. We show that traditional rate-based regulation combined with proposed window-based regulation of resources at the aggregate level at the network layer is a feasible vehicle for mitigating the impact of DOS attacks on end servers.
Multiscale optical design for global chip-to-chip optical interconnections and misalignment tolerant packaging (2003)

As transistor densities on integrated circuits (ICs) continue to grow, off-chip bandwidth is becoming an ever-increasing performance-limiting bottleneck in systems. Electronic multichip module and printed circuit board packaging technology has not kept pace with the growth of interchip interconnection requirements. Recent advances in "smart pixel" technology offer the potential to use optical interconnects to overcome the interchip input/output bottleneck by linking dense arrays of vertical cavity surface emitting lasers and photodetectors. For optical interconnections to be relevant to real systems they must be able to be manufactured and packaged inexpensively and robustly. This paper introduces an optical design and packaging approach that utilizes multiple sizes (or scales) of optical elements to simplify the design of the optical interconnection and coupling while providing an enhanced degree of insensitivity to misalignments inherent in the packaging of these systems. The scales of the optical elements described are: the size of the IC (termed macrooptical); the size of the pitch of optical I/O (termed microoptical); and sizes in between (termed minioptical) which are smaller than the size of the IC but cover several optical I/O. This paper describes the utility of elements of each of these scales and shows that, through the combination of them, simple robust systems can be constructed. Two case studies for applying this multiscale optical design are examined. The first case study is a global chip-to-chip optical interconnection module (termed free-space accelerator for switching terabit networks) that uses a macrolens array and mirror to effect the all-to-all optical interconnection pattern among an array of ICs on a single board. Micro- and miniscale optical elements simplify the design of the macro-lens by performing corrections at scales where they are more effective. In this system, over 11 000 optical links are implemented across a five inch multichip module with diffraction limited RMS spot sizes and registration errors less than 5 /spl mu/m. The second case study analyzes designs for board-to-board optical interconnections with throw-distances ranging from one millimeter to several centimeters. In this case, micro- and miniscale optical interconnections provide insensitivity to misalignments. The results show the feasibility of an optical coupler that can tolerate the typical packaging misalignments of 5 to 10 mil without placing rigid constraints on the angular sensitivity of the modules. The multiscale optical interconnection and coupling concept is shown to provide an approach to simplifying design and packaging-and, therefore, the costs-associated with implementing optical interconnection systems.
191. The constitutions of some phosphorus derivatives of triphenylmethane (1933)

H. H. Hatt, J. Chem. Soc., 1933, 776 DOI: 10.1039/JR9330000776
Data-collection strategies (1999)

The optimal strategy for collecting X-ray diffraction data from macromolecular crystals is discussed. Two kinds of factors influencing the completeness of data are considered. The first are geometric, arising from the symmetry of the reciprocal lattice and from the experimental setup; they affect quantitatively the completeness of the measured set of reflections. The second concern the quality, or information content, of the recorded intensities of these measured reflections.
An energy perspective on economic activities (1996)

So far, only two uncomplicated lumbar epidural catheter anesthesias have been described in patients who had a lumbar SEL. Epidural catheter anesthesia is a safe and effective method of pain control. But it is important to carefully identify and stratify patients with risk factors during the premedication visit. In patients who had kyphosis and thoracic localization of SEL, TEA may only be used after a risk-benefit assessment.
Consideration of Impedance Matching Techniques for Efficient Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting (2007)

This study investigates multiple levels of impedance-matching methods for piezoelectric energy harvesting in order to enhance the conversion of mechanical to electrical energy. First, the transduction rate was improved by using a high piezoelectric voltage constant (g) ceramic material having a magnitude of g33 = 40 x 10(-3) V m/N. Second, a transducer structure, cymbal, was optimized and fabricated to match the mechanical impedance of vibration source to that of the piezoelectric transducer. The cymbal transducer was found to exhibit approximately 40 times higher effective strain coefficient than the piezoelectric ceramics. Third, the electrical impedance matching for the energy harvesting circuit was considered to allow the transfer of generated power to a storage media. It was found that, by using the 10-layer ceramics instead of the single layer, the output current can be increased by 10 times, and the output load can be reduced by 40 times. Furthermore, by using the multilayer ceramics the output power was found to increase by 100%. A direct current (DC)-DC buck converter was fabricated to transfer the accumulated electrical energy in a capacitor to a lower output load. The converter was optimized such that it required less than 5 mW for operation.
Dual forms in Mehri and Ḥarsūsi (1970)

It has always been said of Mehri that it has no dual forms of the verb. Thus Bittner, in what seems to be the most recent statement on the subject, says, discussing Śḥeri dual forms, that they ‘umso interessanter sind, als das Mehri im Bereiche des Zeitwortes keinen Dual besitzt’. It had, however, been suggested tentatively by Leslau, and later more positively by Wagner, that Ḥarsūsi (Ḥarsi) had dual forms of the verb.
Identification of<i>Campylobacter jejuni</i>ATCC 43431-Specific Genes by Whole Microbial Genome Comparisons (2004)

This study describes a novel approach to identify unique genomic DNA sequences from the unsequenced strain C. jejuni ATCC 43431 by comparison with the sequenced strain C. jejuni NCTC 11168. A shotgun DNA microarray was constructed by arraying 9,600 individual DNA fragments from a C. jejuni ATCC 43431 genomic library onto a glass slide. DNA fragments unique to C. jejuni ATCC 43431 were identified by competitive hybridization to the array with genomic DNA of C. jejuni NCTC 11168. The plasmids containing unique DNA fragments were sequenced, allowing the identification of up to 130 complete and incomplete genes. Potential biological roles were assigned to 66% of the unique open reading frames. The mean G+C content of these unique genes (26%) differs significantly from the G+C content of the entire C. jejuni genome (30.6%). This suggests that they may have been acquired through horizontal gene transfer from an organism with a G+C content lower than that of C. jejuni. Because the two C. jejuni strains differ by Penner serotype, a large proportion of the unique ATCC 43431 genes encode proteins involved in lipooligosaccharide and capsular biosynthesis, as expected. Several unique open reading frames encode enzymes which may contribute to genetic variability, i.e., restriction-modification systems and integrases. Interestingly, many of the unique C. jejuni ATCC 43431 genes show identity with a possible pathogenicity island from Helicobacter hepaticus and components of a potential type IV secretion system. In conclusion, this study provides a valuable resource to further investigate Campylobacter diversity and pathogenesis.
Sams Teach Yourself Sap R/3 in 10 Minutes (1999)

From the Publisher:
Sams Teach Yourself SAP R/3 in 10 Minutes covers general tasks including basic navigation skills, working with master data and running reports. With Timesaving Tips, Plain English definitions, Panic Button advice and easy-to-follow tutorials that can be completed in 10 minutes or less, you can get productive immediately. Covers the general SAP functions that every end-user of SAP-based applications must know. The book focuses on the user interface, access issues, and basic navigation skills using mini-tutorials. You'll learn all the essential tasks for running SAP-based applications smoothly and easily. 10 minutes is all you need to learn how to log on to SAP R/3, access the SAP R/3 modules, use basic navigation skills, work with master data, generate reports, read and interpret common error messages, and access extensive online help features.
Efficient Si-on-Ge tandem solar cell (2009)

We propose and simulate a thin-film crystalline solar photovoltaic cell comprised of two junctions - one in the Si top layer and the other in the Ge bottom layer. Assuming an anti-reflection coating on the front surface, we have shown that optimal solar cells favor a thin Si layer and a thicker Ge layer. For AM1.5G solar irradiance, we predict efficiency of ~20 % for a cell in which the Si film thickness is 7 mum and the Ge film thickness is 91 mum.
Antimicrobial activity of juglone (1990)

Abstract The juice of freshly macerated unripe hulls of the black walnut ( Juglans nigra ) has been used for many years in folk medicine as a treatment for localized, topical fungal infections such as ringworm. It has been proposed that the biological activity of the walnut hulls is due to the presence of the simple naphthoquinone, juglone (5‐hydroxy‐1,4‐naphthoquinone), which has been isolated from the unripe hulls by sublimation. Since the fresh juice of unripe walnut hulls is utilized for the treatment of ringworm, and since it has been speculated that the activity is due to the presence of juglone, it was of interest to determine the efficacy of juglone as compared to standard commercially available antifungal agents. The comparative efficacy was determined by evaluation of the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of juglone and the standard antifungal agents clotrimazole, triacetin, tolnaftate, griseofulvin, zinc undecylenate, selenium sulfide as well as two investigational antifungal antibiotics, liriodenine and liriodenine methiodide, for two dermatophytes, Trichophyton mentagrophytes and Microsporum gypseum . MIC values for juglone showed it to have moderate antifungal activity and to be as effective as certain commercially available antifungal agents such as zinc undecylenate and selenium sulfide.
Interventionless Reservoir-Isolation Valve Removes Need for Intermediate Completion (2017)

This article, written by Special Publications Editor Adam Wilson, contains highlights of paper SPE 184706, “Interventionless Reservoir-Isolation Valve Removes the Requirement for an Intermediate Completion: A Case Study,” by Andrew Edwards, SPE, Euan Murdoch, SPE, and Christopher Munro, SPE, Weatherford, prepared for the 2017 SPE/IADC Drilling Conference and Exhibition, The Hague, 14–16 March. The paper has not been peer reviewed. This paper focuses on the application of radio-frequency-identification (RFID) technology to enable an operator to eliminate an intervention run (or intermediate liner) for a 10,000-ft reservoir section. The case-study well has preperforated liner in two zones isolated with swellable packers and pressure-actuated annulus packers. The typical procedure is to straddle the annulus packers individually using an inflatable plug, but setting the lower annulus packer incurs additional risk while running in the horizontal for an extended distance. Here, an RFID-actuated reservoir-isolation valve (RIV) eliminates an intervention run. Methodology RFID is now a common technology used across various industries to provide a means of communication between a passive antenna and an active antenna. This technology has now been adapted and applied to actuate downhole tools in oil and gas wells. In the RFID portfolio, the installed equipment houses the active antenna and RFID tags that are deployed at surface and provide the passive antenna. The tool provides a secure, pressure-resistant encasement for the electronics required. The RFID tag contains a memory bank to store a command that is programmed at surface and a coil that takes power from the radio-frequency field generated by the active tool antenna. This power provided by the active antenna is passed directly to the passive antenna and allows the tag to transmit the programmed command to the RFID tool. The command is then decoded and processed within the tool and then acted upon. The command can include logic to tell the tool to function immediately, function after a delay, or switch operating modes to look for another trigger. The small size of the tag allows freedom of movement and easy integration with existing completions. Because RFID transmission is a close-proximity means of transferring data, it requires no direct contact between both devices. The communication can be made in a downhole context at up to 6 to 12 in. RFID technology has so far been used in drilling applications, in upper-completion equipment, and in the reservoir as an inflow-control-device sleeve or for providing a multizone stimulation sys-tem in slickwater or hydraulic proppant.
Synthesis of Nucleoside Mono-, Di-, and Triphosphoramidates from Solid-Phase<i>cyclo</i>Saligenyl Phosphitylating Reagents (2009)

Chloromethyl polystyrene resin was reacted with 5-hydroxysalicylaldehyde in the presence of potassium carbonate to afford polymer-bound 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde. Subsequent reduction with borane solution produced polymer-bound 2-hydroxybenzyl alcohol. The reaction of immobilized 2-hydroxybenzyl alcohol with appropriate phosphitylating reagents yielded solid-phase cycloSaligenyl mono-, di-, and triphosphitylating reagents, which were reacted with unprotected nucleosides, followed by iodine oxidation, deprotection of cyanoethoxy groups, and the basic cleavage, respectively, to afford 5'-O-nucleoside mono-, di-, and triphosphoramidates in 52-73% overall yield.
Über Pyridyl‐Steroide. II. Über Steroide, 142. Mitteilung (1956)

Abstract Durch Umsetzung von [Pyridyl‐(2)‐methyl]‐lithium rnit Oestron und Dehydro‐epi‐O‐acetyl‐androsteron konnten die entsprechenden 17 β‐Hydroxy‐17 α‐picolyl‐Steroide erhalten werden. Die Lithium‐ Verbindung von 2‐Athyl‐pyridin, 1‐[Pyridyl‐(2′)]‐äthyl‐lithium, reagiert mit Dehydro‐epi‐O‐acetyl‐androsteron unter Bildung von zwei C‐20‐isomeren 17 β‐Hydroxy‐20‐pyridyl‐pregnenen. Die Hydrierung dieser Verbindungen wird ebenfalls beschrieben.
Polymer thickness effects on Bosch etch profiles (2002)

Time-multiplexed etching, the Bosch process, is a technique consisting of alternating etch and deposition cycles to produce high aspect-ratio etched features. The Bosch process uses SF6 and C4F8 as etch and polymer deposition gases, respectively. In these experiments, polymer thickness is controlled by both C4F8 gas flow rates and by deposition cycle time. The authors show that polymer thickness can be used to control wall angle and curvature at the base of feature walls. Wall angle is found to be independent of trench width under thin-polymer deposition conditions. Experimental results are compared to results obtained by other researchers using the more conventional simultaneous etch/deposition technique.