gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Toward Identification of Acid/Base Catalysts in the Active Site of Enolase:  Comparison of the Properties of K345A, E168Q, and E211Q Variants (1996)

High-resolution crystallographic data show that Glu 168 and Glu 211 lie on opposite surfaces of the active site from Lys 345. Two different proposals for general base catalysis have emerged from these structural studies. In one scheme, the carboxylate side chains of Glu 168 and Glu 211 are proposed to ionize a trapped water molecule and the OH- serves as the base [Lebioda, L., & Stec, B. (1991) Biochemistry 30, 2817-2822]. In the other proposal, the epsilon-amino group of Lys 345 functions in general base catalysis [Wedekind, J. E., Poyner, R. R., Reed, G. H., & Rayment, I. (1994) Biochemistry 33, 9333-9342]. Genes encoding site specific mutations of these active site residues of yeast enolase, K345A, E168Q, and E211Q, have been prepared. The respective protein products of the wild type and mutant genes were expressed in Escherichia coli and isolated in homogeneous form. All three mutant proteins possess severely depressed activities in the overall reaction- < 1 part in 10(5) of wild type activity. Properties of the three mutant proteins in partial reactions were examined to define more clearly the roles of these residues in the catalytic cycle. The K345A variant fails to catalyze the exchange of the C-2 proton of 2-phospho-D-glycerate with deuterium in D2O, whereas both the E211Q and E168Q mutant proteins are functional in this partial reaction. For E211Q and E168Q enolases, exchange is essentially complete prior to appearance of product, and this observation provides further support for an intermediate in the normal reaction. K345A enolase is inactive in the ionization of tartronate semialdehyde phosphate (TSP), whereas both E168Q and E211Q proteins alter the tautomeric state or catalyze ionization of bound TSP. Wild type enolase catalyzes hydrolysis of (Z)-3-chloro-2-phosphoenolpyruvate by addition of OH- and elimination of Cl- at C-3. This reaction mimics the addition of OH- to C-3 of phosphoenolpyruvate in the reverse reaction with the normal product. All three mutant proteins are depressed in their abilities to carry out this reaction. In single-turnover assays, the activities vary in the order K345A > E168Q >> E211Q. These results suggest that Lys 345 functions as the base in the ionization of 2-PGA and that Glu 211 participates in the second step of the reaction.
Fish oil improves arterial compliance in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. (1994)

In a double-blind, placebo-controlled study we investigated the effects of dietary fish oil supplementation on arterial wall characteristics in 20 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Estimates reflecting compliance values in the large arteries and more peripheral vasculature, as measured by pulse-contour analysis, improved significantly after 6 weeks of fish oil therapy compared with values recorded at baseline and after 6 weeks' administration of olive oil. The large-artery compliance estimate increased from 1.50 (confidence interval [CI], 1.31 to 1.69) mL/mm Hg at baseline to 1.68 (CI, 1.52 to 1.84) mL/mm Hg after fish oil administration (P < .01). The oscillatory compliance value increased from 0.015 (CI, 0.011 to 0.019) mL/mm Hg at baseline to 0.022 (CI, 0.016 to 0.028) mL/mm Hg after fish oil ingestion (P < .05). No changes occurred in arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, stroke volume, or systemic vascular resistance with either intervention. The improved compliance estimates with fish oil ingestion occurred without altering fasting blood glucose and cholesterol concentrations. These results support the hypothesis that fish oils alter vascular reactivity and favorably influence arterial wall characteristics in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. These direct vascular effects, expressed at the level of the vessel wall, may contribute to the cardioprotective actions of fish oil in humans.
Deterministic control of thin film thickness in physical vapor deposition systems using a multi-aperture mask (2005)

A technique for controlling the thickness profile of a thin film in physical vapor deposition systems is reported. The technique uses a novel mask design with apertures of varying dimension to selectively deposit the required film thickness at predetermined locations across the aperture of the substrate. The technique has been used to correct the thickness uniformity of a 55 mm diameter, 280 microm thick, lithium niobate wafer to less than 0.5 nm rms, and also to improve the uniformity of deposited films in an Ion Beam Sputtering system to better than 0.5% over a 50 mm aperture.
Alignment of a multilayer-coated imaging system using extreme ultraviolet Foucault and Ronchi interferometric testing (1995)

Multilayer-coated imaging systems for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography at 13 nm represent a significant challenge for alignment and characterization. The standard practice of utilizing visible light interferometry fundamentally provides an incomplete picture since this technique fails to account for phase effects induced by the multilayer coating. Thus the development of optical techniques at the functional EUV wavelength is required. We present the development of two EUV optical tests based on Foucault and Ronchi techniques. These relatively simple techniques are extremely sensitive due to the factor of 50 reduction in wavelength. Both techniques were utilized to align a Mo–Si multilayer-coated Schwarzschild camera. By varying the illumination wavelength, phase shift effects due to the interplay of multilayer coating and incident angle were uniquely detected.
Stereo-vision-based navigation of a six-legged walking robot in unknown rough terrain (2012)

In this paper we present a visual navigation algorithm for the six-legged walking robot DLR Crawler in rough terrain. The algorithm is based on stereo images from which depth images are computed using the semi-global matching (SGM) method. Further, a visual odometry is calculated along with an error measure. Pose estimates are obtained by fusing inertial data with relative leg odometry and visual odometry measurements using an indirect information filter. The visual odometry error measure is used in the filtering process to put lower weights on erroneous visual odometry data, hence, improving the robustness of pose estimation. From the estimated poses and the depth images, a dense digital terrain map is created by applying the locus method. The traversability of the terrain is estimated by a plane fitting approach and paths are planned using a D* Lite planner taking the traversability of the terrain and the current motion capabilities of the robot into account. Motion commands and the traversability measures of the upcoming terrain are sent to the walking layer of the robot so that it can choose an appropriate gait for the terrain. Experimental results show the accuracy of the navigation algorithm and its robustness against visual disturbances.
Hypotensive Constituent, Kuwaman H, a New Flavone Derivative from the Root Bark of the Cultivated Mylberry Tree (Morus alba L.) (1980)

A new flavone derivative, containing condensed dihydrochalcone partial structure named kuwanon H, was isolated from the root bark of the cultivated mulberry tree ( a variety of Morus alba L.).The structure was shown to be I on the basis -of chemical and spectral data.The compound (I) to rabbit (1 mg/Kg, i.v.) produced a significant hypotension.In the previous communication?we reported that a new flavone derivative, containing a hypotensive effect named kuwanon G (11). was isolated from the root bark of the cultivated mulberry tree (a variety of Morus alba L.), and the structure was shown to be 11.In this paper, we report the isolation and structure determination of a new flavone derivative, kuwanon H (I), isolated from 2 the ethyl acetate extract, and clarified as having hypotensive action in rabbit.The dried root bark of the cultivated mulberry tree was extracted succesively with n-hexane, benzene, and ethyl acetate.The ethyl acetate extract was fractionated sequentially by the polyamide column chromatography, and by combined HPLC Systems (Waters prep PAK-500/C18 followed by Waters prep PAK-500/silica gel) resulting in the isolation of a new prenylated flavone derivative, kuwanon H (I) in 0.13 8 yield.The compound (I) to rabbit (lmg/Kg, i.v.) showed a marked 2 hypotensive effect.3 Kuwanon H (I), amorphous powder, m.p. 186-19O0(decomp.),&lg2 = -536' (c=0.166 in methanol), had a molecular formula of C 45 H 44011(Anal. Calcd.for + C45H44011.HZO: C, 69.40; H, 5.95.Found: C, 69.62; H, 5.85.ms m/e M 760), and showed the following color reactions: Mg-HC1 test (red); Zn-HC1 test (orange); FeC13 test (dark green-dark purple), and showed the following spectra: j 0 :
High density interconnect substrates using multilayer thin film technology on laminate substrates (MCM‐SL/D) (2001)

A novel interconnect technology, introducing thin film on a laminate substrate base, is presented. A specially constructed laminate board is used as a substrate for the thin film build‐up process. The main characteristics of the laminate core substrate are the z‐axis electrical connections, the absence of holes in the substrate and the very flat nature of the top surface. As a result, the base substrate can be processed further in a thin film processing line. The manufacturing and properties of these substrates are discussed.
Pt–Cu Core–Shell and Alloy Nanoparticles for Heterogeneous NO<sub><i>x</i></sub> Reduction: Anomalous Stability and Reactivity of a Core–Shell Nanostructure (2005)

Cores to celebrate: At 370 °C, [email protected] core–shell nanoparticles rapidly alloy but the reciprocal core–shell nanoparticles, [email protected] (see STEM images, left: Cu spectral map; middle: Pt spectral map; right: bright-field image), are kinetically stabilized and show high activity and selectivity for NO reduction. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2005/z500919_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Low-rate generalized low-density parity-check codes with hadamard constraints (2005)

We consider the design and analysis of generalized low-density parity-check (GLDPC) codes specified by a bipartite Tanner graph, as with standard LDPC codes, but with the single parity-check constraints replaced by general coding constraints. In particular, we consider imposing Hadamard code constraints at the check nodes for a low-rate approach, termed LDPC-Hadamard codes. The achievable capacity with the GLDPC codes is then discussed. A modified LDPC-Hadamard code graph is also proposed. We then optimize the LDPC-Hadamard code ensemble using a low-complexity optimization method based on approximating the density evolution by a one-dimensional dynamic system represented by an extrinsic mutual information transfer (EXIT) chart. Simulation results show that a rate-0.003 LDPC-Hadamard code with large block length can achieve a bit-error-rate (BER) performance of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-5</sup> at -1.44 dB, only 0.15 dB away from the ultimate Shannon limit (-1.592 dB)
Hydroxyurea (1967)

Hydroxyurea inhibits deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in mouse fibroblast (L) cells by inhibiting ribonucleotide reductase. No other site of action could be found. Inhibition can be reversed either by removal of the drug or by addition of deoxyribonucleosides. Although pyrimidine deoxyribonucleosides are readily phosphorylated by the cells, the corresponding purine compounds are largely converted to ribonucleotides. Following incubation for 18 hours in hydroxyurea, L cells washed free of inhibitor showed a burst of DNA synthesis lasting about 8 hours and involving 70% of the cells.
An Increase in Infant Cranial Deformity with Supine Sleeping Position (1996)

Abnormalities of the occipital cranial suture in infancy can cause significant posterior cranial asymmetry, malposition of the ears, distortion of the cranial base, deformation of the forehead, and facial asymmetry. Over the past 2 years, we have noted a dramatic increase in the incidence of deformation of the occipital skull in our tertiary referral center. Our patient referral base has not changed appreciably over the past 5 years and patients have been referred from the same primary practitioner base. The timing of this increase correlates closely with the acceptance in our area of recommended changes in sleeping position to supine or side positioning for infants because of the fear of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). A total of 51 infants with occipital cranial deformity, with a mean age of 5.5 months at presentation, have been evaluated and treated by a single craniofacial surgeon in the 16-month period from September 1993 to December 1994. Older infants were treated with continuous positioning by the parent keeping the infant off the involved side. Younger infants and those with poor head control were treated with a soft-shell helmet. Mean timing of initial diagnosis and start of treatment was 5.5 months. Mean duration of helmet for positional treatment was 3.8 months. To date, only 3 of 51 patients have required surgical intervention, and other patients demonstrated spontaneous improvement of all measured parameters. Follow up has ranged from 8 to 24 months. We believe that most occipital plagiocephaly deformities are deformations rather than true cranio-synostoses. Despite varying amounts of suture abnormality evidenced on computed tomographic scans, most deformities can be corrected without surgery. In cases where progression of the cranial deformity occurs, despite conservative therapy, surgical intervention should be undertaken at approximately 1 year of age. The almost universal acceptance in the State of North Carolina of positioning neonates on their backs to avoid SIDS, may well increase the incidence of these deformities in the future.
A true-1-V 300-/spl mu/W CMOS-subthreshold log-domain hearing-aid-on-chip (2004)

This paper presents a true very low-voltage low-power complete analog hearing-aid system-on-chip as a demonstrator of novel analog CMOS circuit techniques based on log companding processing and using MOS transistors operating in subthreshold. Low-voltage circuit implementations are given for all of the required functions including amplification and automatic gain control filtering, generation, and pulse-duration modulation. Based on these blocks, a single 1-V 300-/spl mu/A application specific integrated circuit integrating a complete hearing aid in a standard 1.2-/spl mu/m CMOS technology is presented along with exhaustive experimental data. To the authors' knowledge, the presented system is the only CMOS hearing aid with true internal operation at the battery supply voltage and with one of the lowest current consumptions reported in literature. The resulting low-voltage CMOS circuit techniques may also be applied to the design of A/D converters for digital hearing aids.
Where is the cocktail party? Decoding locations of attended and unattended moving sound sources using EEG (2019)

Recently, we showed that in a simple acoustic scene with one sound source, auditory cortex tracks the time-varying location of a continuously moving sound. Specifically, we found that both the delta phase and alpha power of the electroencephalogram (EEG) can be used to reconstruct the sound source azimuth. However, in natural settings, we are often presented with a mixture of multiple competing sounds and so we must focus our attention on the relevant source in order to segregate it from the competing sources e.g. 'cocktail party effect'. While many studies have examined this phenomenon in the context of sound envelope tracking by the cortex, it is unclear how we process and utilize spatial information in complex acoustic scenes with multiple sound sources. To test this, we created an experiment where subjects listened to two concurrent sound stimuli that were moving within the horizontal plane over headphones while we recorded their EEG. Participants were tasked with paying attention to one of the two presented stimuli. The data were analyzed by deriving linear mappings, temporal response functions (TRF), between EEG data and attended as well unattended sound source trajectories. Next, we used these TRFs to reconstruct both trajectories from previously unseen EEG data. In a first experiment we used noise stimuli and included the task involved spatially localizing embedded targets. Then, in a second experiment, we employed speech stimuli and a non-spatial speech comprehension task. Results showed the trajectory of an attended sound source can be reliably reconstructed from both delta phase and alpha power of EEG even in the presence of distracting stimuli. Moreover, the reconstruction was robust to task and stimulus type. The cortical representation of the unattended source position was below detection level for the noise stimuli, but we observed weak tracking of the unattended source location for the speech stimuli by the delta phase of EEG. In addition, we demonstrated that the trajectory reconstruction method can in principle be used to decode selective attention on a single-trial basis, however, its performance was inferior to envelope-based decoders. These results suggest a possible dissociation of delta phase and alpha power of EEG in the context of sound trajectory tracking. Moreover, the demonstrated ability to localize and determine the attended speaker in complex acoustic environments is particularly relevant for cognitively controlled hearing devices.
A method of dynamic modeling: a scheme of MBS implementation (1991)

Summary form only given, as follows. The author presents a method of dynamic modeling by a conventional technique. The method is based on the concept of model datarization (regarding the model as data). The management model can be divided into several basic arithmetic units (called operators), and these operators can be combined to construct any complicated program models. First, a general arithmetic model frame with a large operator matrix is built. Then, according to the user's requirement and the system's reasoning, the system matches the operators and builds a model with relational data pointers (RDPs). Therefore, one stores data pointers instead of models in the model base. When one wants to run a model, the system will call a set of data pointers and then run the general arithmetic model. This method provides three benefits: (1) using a traditional technique, it is easy to implement; (2) it stores the RDPs in the database without any further modification; and (3) the system can access data from the database directly.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Equalization with oversampling in multiuser CDMA systems (2005)

Some of the major challenges in the design of new-generation wireless mobile systems are the suppression of multiuser interference (MUI) and inter-symbol interference (ISI) within a single user created by the multipath propagation. Both of these problems were addressed successfully in a recent design of A Mutually Orthogonal Usercode-Receiver (AMOUR) for asynchronous or quasisynchronous code division multiple access (CDMA) systems. AMOUR converts a multiuser CDMA system into parallel single-user systems regardless of the multipath and guarantees ISI mitigation, irrespective of the channel null locations. However, the noise amplification at the receiver can be significant in some multipath channels. In this paper, we propose to oversample the received signal as a way of improving the performance of AMOUR systems. We design Fractionally Spaced AMOUR (FSAMOUR) receivers with integral and rational amounts of oversampling and compare their performance with the conventional method. An important point that is often overlooked in the design of zero-forcing channel equalizers is that sometimes, they are not unique. This becomes especially significant in multiuser applications where, as we will show, the nonuniqueness is practically guaranteed. We exploit this flexibility in the design of AMOUR and FSAMOUR receivers and achieve noticeable improvements in performance.
ChemInform Abstract: Chromenes. Part 7. Product Stabilization in Condensations with 7‐Methoxy‐2,2‐dimethylchroman‐4‐one. (1989)

Abstract The condensation of the enolate anion of compound (I) with the aldehydes (II) leads to stable products only in the presence of ZnCl 2 .
Inhibin and follistatin concentrations in fetal tissues and fluids during gestation in sheep: evidence for activin in amniotic fluid (1994)

The concentrations of inhibin and follistatin in amniotic fluid and in tissue extracts from the placenta, gonads and adrenals of fetal sheep were measured using radioimmunoassays. These tissue extracts were from whole fetuses from days 16 to 45 and from the individual organs from day 46 to 145 (term) and were assayed at multiple dilutions. The capacity of these extracts to alter FSH production of rat anterior pituitary cells in culture was also assessed at multiple dilutions. Immunoactive inhibin concentrations in amniotic fluid from both sexes increased during gestation and levels were significantly greater in males than females. Peak concentrations of immunoreactive inhibin of 11.2 +/- 1.9 ng/ml were found in males at 116-125 days of gestation. Follistatin concentrations did not change throughout gestation and no significant difference was noted between sexes. Mean follistatin levels throughout gestation were 3.0 +/- 0.9 ng/ml for males and 3.7 +/- 0.9 ng/ml for females. Despite the potential for FSH inhibition by inhibin and follistatin, amniotic fluid from both sexes at all stages of gestation stimulated FSH secretion in the pituitary cell bioassays, suggesting the presence of activin which was confirmed by the measurement of immunoactive activin (13.3 +/- 2.5 ng/ml) in a specific radioimmunoassay. Maximum concentrations of immunoactive and bioactive inhibin in placental extracts were observed in late gestation (2.2 +/- 0.6 and 3.8 +/- 1.6 ng/g respectively) and there was no significant difference between sexes. Follistatin concentrations in placental cotyledons ranged from 11.5 to 27.1 ng/g with no significant difference between sexes. In view of the higher follistatin concentrations compared with inhibin, it is likely that the capacity of placental extracts to suppress FSH production by pituitary cells in culture is due predominantly to follistatin. Immunoactive inhibin was observed in high concentrations in the fetal testis throughout gestation; with concentrations increasing to a maximum of 1993.0 +/- 519.7 ng/g at 126-135 days of gestation with a ratio of bioactive: immunoactive inhibin of 1:20. Although bioactive and immunoactive inhibin was also observed in fetal ovaries and adrenals from both male and female fetuses, concentrations were lower than those observed in fetal testes. Follistatin concentrations in the fetal testis were elevated between 70 and 95 days (97.6 ng/g) and then declined. Similar concentrations were found in the adrenal glands of both sexes (males 83.5-103.3 ng/g: females 55.3-95.8 ng/g).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)