gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On the Remarkable Antitumor Properties of Fludelone: How We Got There (2005)

Small-molecule natural products are presumably often biosynthesized with a view to optimizing their ability to bind to strategic proteins or other biomolecular targets. Although the ultimate setting in which a drug must function may be very different, the use of such natural products as lead compounds can serve as a significant head start in the hunt for new agents of clinical value. Herein we reveal the synergistic relationship between chemical synthesis and drug optimization in the context of our research program around the epothilones: how synthesis led to the discovery of more-potent epothilone derivatives, and discovery inspired the development of new synthetic routes, thus demonstrating the value of target-directed total synthesis in the quest for new substances of material clinical benefit.
Normal Collisions of Spheres: A Literature Survey on Available Experiments (2012)

The central collision between two solid spheres or the normal collision between a sphere and a plate are important to understand in detail before studying more complex particle interactions. Models exist to describe this basic problem but are not always consistent with available experiments. An interesting benchmark to compare models and experiments is the relation between the normal coefficient of restitution e and the incident velocity v. In order to draw a broad comparison between experiments and models (Krijt, S., Güttler, C., Heißelmann, D., Tielens, A.G.G.M., Dominik, C., Energy dissipation in head-on collisions of spheres, submitted), we provide in this article an overview on the literature describing experiments on normal collisions, preferably providing data on e(v). We will briefly summarize our expectation on this relation according to an established collision model in order to classify these experiments. We will then provide an overview on experimental techniques, which we found in the summarized articles, as well as a listing of all experiments along with a description of the main features of these. The raw data on e(v) of the listed experiments were digitized and are provided with this article.
A Soil Inoculant Inhibits<i>Armillaria mellea</i>In Vitro and Improves Productivity of Grapevines with Root Disease (2006)

A soil inoculant, Vesta (Biologically Integrated Organics, Inc., Sonoma, CA), was tested for its ability to inhibit Armillaria mellea, causal agent of Armillaria root disease of grapevine (Vitis vinifera). Colony diameter of A. mellea was significantly inhibited by undiluted inoculant (P < 0.0001) and by bacterial isolates cultured from the inoculant (Bacillus subtilis, B. lentimorbus, Comamonas testosteroni, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, P. mendocina; P < 0.0001) relative to diameter of the nontreated control. Efficacy of the inoculant for postinfection control of Armillaria root disease of grapevine was examined in an A. mellea-infested vineyard in northern California. Inoculant was applied via drip-irrigation to vine rows in replicate blocks in 2003 and 2004. Yield, growth, mineral nutrition, and juice quality parameters of healthy and symptomatic vines were measured in treated and nontreated vine rows. Significantly decreased petiole P and K concentrations and significantly lower soluble solids content in fruit from symptomatic vines demonstrated that Armillaria root disease negatively affects vine mineral nutritional status and fruit quality, findings that have not been previously reported for an agronomic host of A. mellea. The inoculant significantly increased cluster weights of symptomatic vines (109.63 g/cluster), relative to those of symptomatic-nontreated vines (92.05 g/cluster), to levels comparable to those of healthy vines (122.09 g/cluster). However, the inoculant did not decrease the rate of symptom development or mortality of treated vines from 2002 to 2004. The results of our field experiment suggest that the inoculant may not prevent Armillaria root disease, but can provide therapeutic benefit by improving productivity of infected vines.
Transfer learning for high resolution aerial image classification (2016)

With rapid developments in satellite and sensor technologies, increasing amount of high spatial resolution aerial images have become available. Classification of these images are important for many remote sensing image understanding tasks, such as image retrieval and object detection. Meanwhile, image classification in the computer vision field is revolutionized with recent popularity of the convolutional neural networks (CNN), based on which the state-of-the-art classification results are achieved. Therefore, the idea of applying the CNN for high resolution aerial image classification is straightforward. However, it is not trivial mainly because the amount of labeled images in remote sensing for training a deep neural network is limited. As a result, transfer learning techniques were adopted for this problem, where the CNN used for the classification problem is pre-trained on a larger dataset beforehand. In this paper, we propose a specific fine-tuning strategy that results in better CNN models for aerial image classification. Extensive experiments were carried out using the proposed approach with different CNN architectures. Our proposed method shows competitive results compared to the existing approaches, indicating the superiority of the proposed fine-tuning algorithm.
A New Approach to Water Velocity Estimation and Correction (2009)

A layer replacement method for estimating and correcting seismic data for the variation in the velocity of sound in water not only overcomes some of the difficulties of a conventional method, it produces estimates of absolute rather than relative water ve
The Past and Present of Discharge Capacity Modeling for Spillways—A Swedish Perspective (2019)

Most of the hydropower dams in Sweden were built before 1980. The present dam-safety guidelines have resulted in higher design floods than their spillway discharge capacity and the need for structural upgrades. This has led to renewed laboratory model tests. For some dams, even computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are performed. This provides the possibility to compare the spillway discharge data between the model tests performed a few decades apart. The paper presents the hydropower development, the needs for the ongoing dam rehabilitations and the history of physical hydraulic modeling in Sweden. More than 20 spillways, both surface and bottom types, are analyzed to evaluate their discharge modeling accuracy. The past and present model tests are compared with each other and with the CFD results if available. Discrepancies do exist in the discharges between the model tests made a few decades apart. The differences fall within the range −8.3%–+11.2%. The reasons for the discrepancies are sought from several aspects. The primary source of the errors is seemingly the model construction quality and flow measurement method. The machine milling technique and 3D printing reduce the source of construction errors and improve the model quality. Results of the CFD simulations differ, at the maximum, by 3.8% from the physical tests. They are conducted without knowledge of the physical model results in advance. Following the best practice guidelines, CFD should generate results of decent accuracy for discharge prediction.
Reverse-bias electroluminescence imaging to diagnose failures of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (2005)

The charge flowing through the junction of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) under reverse-bias gives rise to electroluminescence (EL) when breakdown conditions are satisfied. We collected the reverse-bias EL of VCSEL devices that had been subjected to accelerated stress. We observed distinctly different spatial distributions of the reverse-bias EL: for survivor (nondegraded) devices the breakdown current appears to be confined to one well-defined filament while for dark (degraded) VCSELs the reverse-bias EL pattern is a disordered network of filaments. We show that the line dislocation network that renders the VCSELs dark is directly imaged as the spatial distribution of the reverse-bias EL.
Tubular Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (1993)

This paper reviews the design, materials and fabrication processes, and operation of tubular solid oxide fuel cells. A large number of tubular cells have been electrically tested, some to times over 30,000 hours; these cells have shown excellent performance and performance stability. In addition, successively larger size electric generators utilizing these cells have been designed, built and operated since 1984. Two 25 kW power generation field test units were fabricated and delivered for field testing during 1992; these units represent a major milestone in the commercialization of solid oxide fuel cells for power generation.
Repair and enterotoxin synthesis by Staphylococcus aureus after thermal shock (1993)

To study repair and enterotoxin synthesis, four staphylococcal strains (FRI-100, FRI-137, FRI-472, and S6) were subjected to sublethal heat treatment, transferred to four liquid repair media (1% powdered skim milk in distilled water, complex medium, M9 minimal salt medium, and saline solution), and then incubated at different temperatures. Powdered skim milk proved to be the most efficient medium for promoting the repair of injured cells, particularly at 37 degrees C. Minimal salt medium also gave good results. Salt tolerance also increased at 4 degrees C, although it did not reach normal values. After 6 h of incubation at 37 degrees C in powdered skim milk, strain FRI-100 synthesized detectable amounts of enterotoxin A. After 10 h of incubation in the same medium at the same temperature, enterotoxins were detected in all of the strains.
MusicalHeart (2012)

MusicalHeart is a biofeedback-based, context-aware, automated music recommendation system for smartphones. We introduce a new wearable sensing platform, Septimu, which consists of a pair of sensor-equipped earphones that communicate to the smartphone via the audio jack. The Septimu platform enables the MusicalHeart application to continuously monitor the heart rate and activity level of the user while listening to music. The physiological information and contextual information are then sent to a remote server, which provides dynamic music suggestions to help the user maintain a target heart rate. We provide empirical evidence that the measured heart rate is 75% -- 85% correlated to the ground truth with an average error of 7.5 BPM. The accuracy of the person-specific, 3-class activity level detector is on average 96.8%, where these activity levels are separated based on their differing impacts on heart rate. We demonstrate the practicality of MusicalHeart by deploying it in two real world scenarios and show that MusicalHeart helps the user achieve a desired heart rate intensity with an average error of less than 12.2%, and its quality of recommendation improves over time.
Low-power wireless sensor networks (2002)

Wireless distributed microsensor systems will enable fault tolerant monitoring and control of a variety of applications. Due to the large number of microsensor nodes that may be deployed and the need for long system lifetimes, replacing the battery is not an option. Sensor systems must utilize the minimal possible energy while operating over a wide range of operating scenarios. This paper presents an overview of the key technologies required for low-energy distributed microsensors. These include power aware computation/communication component technology, low-energy signaling and networking, system partitioning based on computation and communication tradeoffs, and a power aware software infrastructure.
New Alternately Colored FRET Sensors for Simultaneous Monitoring of Zn2+ in Multiple Cellular Locations (2012)

Genetically encoded sensors based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) are powerful tools for reporting on ions, molecules and biochemical reactions in living cells. Here we describe the development of new sensors for Zn²⁺based on alternate FRET-pairs that do not involve the traditional CFP and YFP. Zn²⁺ is an essential micronutrient and plays fundamental roles in cell biology. Consequently there is a pressing need for robust sensors to monitor Zn²⁺ levels and dynamics in cells with high spatial and temporal resolution. Here we develop a suite of sensors using alternate FRET pairs, including tSapphire/TagRFP, tSapphire/mKO, Clover/mRuby2, mOrange2/mCherry, and mOrange2/mKATE. These sensors were targeted to both the nucleus and cytosol and characterized and validated in living cells. Sensors based on the new FRET pair Clover/mRuby2 displayed a higher dynamic range and better signal-to-noise ratio than the remaining sensors tested and were optimal for monitoring changes in cytosolic and nuclear Zn²⁺. Using a green-red sensor targeted to the nucleus and cyan-yellow sensor targeted to either the ER, Golgi, or mitochondria, we were able to monitor Zn²⁺ uptake simultaneously in two compartments, revealing that nuclear Zn²⁺ rises quickly, whereas the ER, Golgi, and mitochondria all sequester Zn²⁺ more slowly and with a delay of 600-700 sec. Lastly, these studies provide the first glimpse of nuclear Zn²⁺ and reveal that nuclear Zn²⁺ is buffered at a higher level than cytosolic Zn²⁺.
Synthesis and functionalization of monodisperse poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel microspheres within polyelectrolyte multilayer microcapsules (2005)

Polyelectrolyte multilayer microcapsules were used as templates to prepare monodisperse poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel microspheres, which can react with amine-bearing molecules.
Bone marrow transplantation for the treatment of immune deficiency states. (1990)

The first successful allogeneic bone marrow transplants were performed in children with severe combined immune deficiency (SCID). Bone marrow transplants for patients with SCID have been in the forefront of clinical bone marrow transplantation including the first successful use of T lymphocyte-depleted haploidentical bone marrow and matched unrelated donors. Successful bone marrow transplantation for most forms of SCID requires only the engraftment of donor lymphoid stem cells; donor hematopoietic stem cell engraftment is usually not required. The Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome was the first genetic disease involving the hematopoietic stem cell to be completely corrected by allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. The successful transplantation of Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome patients demonstrated that agents with adequate anti-lymphoid and hematopoietic stem cell activity were necessary in order to achieve complete donor lymphoid and hematopoietic stem cell engraftment. Initially, total body irradiation and now busulfan are used to ablate recipient hematopoietic stem cells, while cyclophosphamide is used to ablate recipient lymphoid stem cells. No single agent/drug is capable of eliminating both stem cell populations. Histocompatible bone marrow transplantation has a role in the treatment of patients with immune deficiency due to primary defects of the hematopoietic stem cell. The recent introduction of cytokines (gamma-interferon and granulocyte colony stimulating factor) may reduce the need for bone marrow transplantation for myeloid immune deficiency states. Initial attempts to treat patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome by bone marrow transplantation were limited by the lack of effective concomitant anti-viral therapy. Bone marrow transplantation for immune deficiency states continues to be in the forefront of human bone marrow transplantation.
Active Site Structural Features for Chemically Modified Forms of Rhodanese (1996)

In the course of the reaction catalyzed by rhodanese, the enzyme cycles between two catalytic intermediates, the sulfur-free and the sulfur-substituted (persulfide-containing) forms. The crystal structure of sulfur-free rhodanese, which was prepared in solution and then crystallized, is highly similar to that of sulfur-substituted enzyme. The inactivation of sulfur-free rhodanese with a small molar excess of hydrogen peroxide relies essentially on a modification limited to the active site, consisting of the oxidation of the essential sulfhydryl to sulfenyl group (-S-OH). Upon reaction of the sulfur-free enzyme with monoiodoacetate in the crystal, the Cys-247 side chain with the bound carboxymethyl group is forced into a conformation that allows favorable interactions of the carboxylate with the four peptide NH groups that participate in hydrogen bonding interactions with the transferable sulfur atom of the persulfide group in the sulfur-substituted rhodanese. It is concluded that active site-specific chemical modifications of sulfur-free rhodanese do not lead to significant changes of the protein structure, consistent with a high degree of similarity of the structures of the sulfur-free and sulfur-substituted forms of the enzyme both in solution and in the crystal.
Secondary Metabolites from Marine Bryozoans. A review. (1985)

Secondary metabolites from marine bryozoans are reviewed. Two ctenosome bryozoans are dealt with, one, Alcyonidium gelatinosum containing a sulfoxonium ion acting as hapten in an allergic contact dermatitis and the other, Zoobotryon verticillatum yielding bromogramines. Five cheilostome bryozoans have given rise to the isolation of unique secondary natural products. Bugula neritina is the source of the antineoplastic bryostatins and Bugula purple while Flustra foliacea have yielded an array of bromoindole alkaloids and a brominated quinoline. Chartella papyracea also have bromoindole alkaloids while Sessibugula translucens have ecological active bipyrroles. A biological active xanthine derivative has been reported from Phidolopora pacifica. The structure and chemistry of these compounds are discussed as are their origin, function and biological activity.
Effect of Level of Acidification by Phosphoric Acid, Storage Temperature, and Length of Storage on the Chemical and Biological Stability of Ground Poultry Mortality Carcasses (2001)

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the addition of feed-grade H3PO4 in comparison to lactic acid fermentation as a means of preserving ground poultry mortality carcasses. Mortality silage quality in both experiments was evaluated by measuring the rise in pH after initial acidification (deltapH) and the content of nonprotein N (NPN), volatile nitrogen (VN), NH3-N, and fecal coliform bacteria in the silage treatments. Preliminary work in Experiment 1 evaluated the preservative effects of six initial levels of acidification with H3PO4 (pH 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, or 5.0) at two storage temperatures (21 and 45 C). Experiment 2 compared silages preserved with different levels of feed-grade 74.5% H3PO4 (4.13, 5.52, 6.90, and 8.28% wt/wt, concentrated acid basis) to silages made by lactic acid fermentation. Based on the evaluations in Experiment 1, acidification with H3PO4 to pH < or = 3.0, when incubated at 45 C, or pH < or = 2.0, when incubated at ambient temperatures, produced the most biologically favorable poultry mortality silage for subsequent use as a feed ingredient. In Experiment 2, mortality silages containing 8.28% H3PO4 (wt/wt, concentrated acid basis) contained significantly (P < 0.05) lower levels of the protein degradation by-products VN and NH3-N than silages prepared by lactic acid fermentation. Therefore, feedstuffs manufactured from mortality silages prepared using 8.28% H3PO4 would be expected to result in improved animal performance vs. feedstuffs manufactured using silages prepared by lactic acid fermentation.
A complete DC characterization of a constant-frequency, clamped-mode, series-resonant converter (2003)

The DC behavior of a clamped-mode, series-resonant converter is characterized systematically. Given a circuit operating condition, the converter's model of operation is determined and various circuit parameters are calculated, such as average inductor current (load current), RMS inductor current, peak capacitor voltage, RMS switch currents, average diode currents, switch turn-on currents, and switch turn-off currents. Regions of operations are defined, and various circuit characteristics are defined to facilitate the converter design.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
What is the choice for supercapacitors: graphene or graphene oxide? (2011)

Graphene oxide, an intermediate during graphene synthesis by a modified Hummers's method, exhibits higher capacitance, up to 189 F g−1, than graphene due to an additional pseudo-capacitance effect of attached oxygen-containing functional groups on its basal planes. Taking its higher capacitance, lower cost and shorter processing time into consideration, graphene oxide may be a better choice than graphene as an electrode material for supercapacitors.
Deep Retrieval-Based Dialogue Systems: A Short Review (2019)

Building dialogue systems that naturally converse with humans is being an attractive and an active research domain. Multiple systems are being designed everyday and several datasets are being available. For this reason, it is being hard to keep an up-to-date state-of-the-art. In this work, we present the latest and most relevant retrieval-based dialogue systems and the available datasets used to build and evaluate them. We discuss their limitations and provide insights and guidelines for future work.