gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-molecular-weight linear multimer formation by single-stranded DNA plasmids in Escherichia coli (1992)

We inserted foreign DNA segments into plasmids which replicate by a rolling-circle mechanism in Escherichia coli and observed the appearance of high-molecular-weight plasmid multimers (HMW). This phenomenon, which occurs more frequently with GC-rich segments, depends on the mode of replication of the plasmid and on host homologous recombination functions. We found that (i) HMW are formed upon insertion of a foreign DNA segment into a single-stranded DNA plasmid, whereas the same DNA insert has no such effect on a theta replicon, and (ii) HMW are not present in a recA mutant strain but are found in a lexA (Ind-) mutant. Enzymatic studies allowed us to define the HMW structure as linear double-stranded tandem head-to-tail plasmid repeats. Use of heteroplasmid strains showed that HMW production by one plasmid does not affect another resident plasmid, indicating that no host functions are phenotypically inactivated. This distinguishes our system from the HMW observed with various replicons in the absence of RecBCD enzyme activity. We propose that the role of the foreign insert is to protect the DNA from RecBCD exonuclease attack.
The Neutral Proteases of Human Granulocytes (1974)

Elastolytic enzymes were isolated from the extract of the lysosome‐like granules of human leukaemic myeloid cells by chromatography on Sephadex G‐75, ɛAhx‐Sepharose 4 B, elastin‐Sepharose 4 B and preparative agarose‐gel electrophoresis. The elastase were cationic proteins but appeared as three proteins with a slight difference in electrophoretic mobility. The three elastases degraded native, insoluble elastin with a pH optimum of about 8.5. The granulocyte elastases were inactivated by α 1 ‐antitrypsin and α 2 ‐macroglobin. The amino‐acid composition of the three elastases was the same except for a variation in arginine content. Dodecylsulfate‐electrophoresis suggested molecular weights in the range 33000–36000. The s 20, w 0 value determined for one of the elastases was 2.6 S. The three elastases gave the reaction of identity on immunodiffusion according to Ouchterlony and crossed immunoelectrophoresis. They showed the same type of reaction with elastase partly purified from normal human granulocytes, which also contained three separate elastolytic enzymes.
Folgerungen für die Praxis (1977)

Für die Herstellung von unmagnetischen Werkzeugen, die “magnetisch rein” im Sinne der Raumfahrt sein sollen, eignen sich am besten Titanlegierungen. Ein weiterer Vorteil dieser Werkstoffe liegt in der Gewichtsersparnis, den mechanischen Eigenschaften und der Korrosionsbeständigkeit.
Foods, 3. Food Additives (2016)

Food additives can — if used correctly — improve the production, appearance, consistency, shelf life, digestibility, and pleasure of food, as well as product diversity. Their use in foods is heavily regulated by food laws. However, the range of approved additives that are regarded as safe is sufficient for all reasonable technical applications. These applications and the substances that are used for them are described in detail under this keyword. The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Food Law Requirements 2.1 Definition of Food Additives 2.2 Principles of Regulation 2.3 Safety and Compatibility 2.4 Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI) 2.5. Approval 2.6. Specifications, Purity Criteria, and Identity of Added Substances 2.8. Controlling and Monitoring of the Regulations 3. Reasons for Using Additives 3.1. Stabilizing Additives 3.1.1. Antioxidants, Complexing Agents, Synergists, and Sequestrants 3.1.2. Preservatives, Antimicrobial Agents 3.1.3. Emulsifiers 3.1.4. Thickeners and Gelling Agents 3.1.5. Protective, Packaging, and Propellant Gases, Air, and Controlled Atmospheres 3.2. Additives for Consumers' Senses 3.2.1. Colors, Pigments, Dyes 3.2.2. Color Stabilizers, Decolorizing and Bleaching Agents 3.2.3. Sweeteners 3.2.4. Acids and Acidity Regulators 3.2.5. Salt and Salt Substitutes 3.2.6. Flavor Enhancers 3.2.7. Glazing, Coating, and Sealing Agents 3.3. Production Aids 3.3.1. Carriers, Carrier Solvents for Preparations 3.3.2. Extraction Solvents 3.3.3 Anticaking Agents, Release Agents 3.3.5. Foaming Agents, Whipping Agents, Foam Stabilizers, and Defoamers 3.3.6. Fillers, Bulking Agents, and Standardizers 3.3.7. Disinfectants and Sterilizing Agents 3.3.8. Enzymes 3.4. Additives for Individual Foods 3.4.1. Drinking Water Treatment Materials 3.4.2. Wine Treatments, Oenological Additives 3.4.3. Flour Treatment Agents, Dough Improvers, Raising Agents 3.4.4. Meat Curing Salts and Cutter Additives 3.4.4. Cheese Emulsifying Salts 3.4.5. Gum Bases, Masticatory Substances 3.4.6. Infant and Toddler Food 3.4.7. Dietary Food 3.4.8. Low-Calorie Food, Energy-Reduced Food 3.4.9. Additives in Organic Foods 4. General Statements on Additives 4.1. New Additives, New Uses; Updating of Lists 4.2. Distinction between Additives and Related Substances 4.2.1. Foods versus Additives 4.2.2. Flavors versus Additives 4.2.3. Nutrition Supplements versus Additives 4.2.4. Pharmaceuticals versus Additives 4.2.5. Processing Aids versus Additives 4.2.6. Prohibited Substances versus Additives 4.3. Intake of Additives; Monitoring 5. Annex-List of Permitted Food Additives
Studies on Thiocyanation of Heterocyclic Compounds. IV. Syntheses of Imidazo-[2, 1-b]-1, 3, 4-thiadiazole and Thiazolo [3, 2-b]-s-triazole Derivatives, and Thiocyanation and Bromination of Their Compounds (1972)

6-Methylimidazo [2, 1-b]-1, 3, 4-thiadiazoles (III1, 2) were prepared in a good yield by treatment of 2-amino-1, 3, 4-thiadiazoles (I1, 2) with bromoacetone in H2O for 1 hr at 95-100°. Six kinds of 6-phenylimidazo [2, 1-b]-1, 3, 4-thiadiazoles (VI1-6) were obtained in a good yield by treatment of 2-imino-3-phenacyl-△4-1, 3, 4-thiadiazoles (V1-6) with polyphosphoric acid (PPA) for 2 hr at 135-140°. Thiocyanation of III1, 2 and VI1-6 was carried out by the bromine method and the urea method, and the corresponding 5-thiocyanato derivatives (VII1-8) were obtained in a good yield. The preparation of 5-methylthiazolo [3, 2-b]-s-triazoles (XII1, 2) was effected in a good yield by treatment of 3-(2-propynylthio)-1, 2, 4-triazole hydrobromides (X1, 2) with two equivalents of sodium ethoxide in ethanol, and XII2 was also obtained by treatment of 3-acetonylthio-5-methyl-1, 2, 4-triazole (XII2') with PPA for 2 hr at 140-145°. Six kinds of 5-phenylthiazolo [3, 2-b]-s-triazoles (XIV1-6) were prepared in a good yield by treatment of 3-phenacylthio-1, 2, 4-triazoles (XIII1-6) with PPA for 2 hr at 150-160°. Thiocyanation of XII and XIV did not proceed, whereas the corresponding 6-bromo derivatives (XV1-8) were obtained in a good yield by bromination of XII1, 8 and XIV1-6.
Co-ordinated voltage control strategy for a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind farm (2004)

The penetration of wind power into electricity networks is increasing and many large wind farms use doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) based wind turbines. A voltage control strategy for a DFIG-based wind farm is essential for compliance with some wind farm connection requirements. Such a control strategy may also have commercial benefits. This paper presents a voltage control strategy and illustrates the advantages of this methodology when applied to a DFIG implemented wind farm connected either to a transmission system or embedded within a distribution system. Dynamic linear time invariant models of the DFIG including its associated voltage source convertor and controllers are derived in the synchronous d–q reference frame. In addition, the local on-load tap changer is modelled as a finite state machine and the co-ordinated controllers for both systems are described. Simulation results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the controllers within both a transmission system and a distribution system.
Treatment of Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis: An Overview (1984)

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare central nervous system degenerative disease that occurs primarily in children and adolescents. It is believed to be caused by a measles-like virus. Initial symptoms usually present as a variety of personality changes followed by myoclonus with progression of mental and motor deterioration, which leads to death within a few months to years. New experimental treatment with inosiplex has been shown to be helpful for patients stricken with this progressive neurological disease. A response to inosiplex therapy is best in patients with a slowly progressing form of the disease. Inosiplex treatment is safe with few adverse effects. The duration of treatment appears to be lifelong since many patients relapse when inosiplex therapy is discontinued. This article reviews the etiology, pathogenesis, and experimental treatment of SSPE.
Novel high power ferrite inductor design with improved design accuracy and overall performance (2002)

This paper highlights some areas in the traditional inductor design realisation that lead to poor analytical prediction of inductance, saturation and magnetic core utilisation. A novel winding scheme including a dual-coil winding and a 'phantom' turn has been proposed to remedy the major inaccuracies and to better utilise the magnetic core of the inductor. 3D finite element analysis and a prototype have been used to verify the proposed winding topology.
Translational Research in Pediatrics III: Bronchoalveolar Lavage (2014)

The role of flexible bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) for the care of children with airway and pulmonary diseases is well established, with collected BAL fluid most often used clinically for microbiologic pathogen identification and cellular analyses. More recently, powerful analytic research methods have been used to investigate BAL samples to better understand the pathophysiological basis of pediatric respiratory disease. Investigations have focused on the cellular components contained in BAL fluid, such as macrophages, lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and mast cells, as well as the noncellular components such as serum molecules, inflammatory proteins, and surfactant. Molecular techniques are frequently used to investigate BAL fluid for the presence of infectious pathologies and for cellular gene expression. Recent advances in proteomics allow identification of multiple protein expression patterns linked to specific respiratory diseases, whereas newer analytic techniques allow for investigations on surfactant quantification and function. These translational research studies on BAL fluid have aided our understanding of pulmonary inflammation and the injury/repair responses in children. We review the ethics and practices for the execution of BAL in children for translational research purposes, with an emphasis on the optimal handling and processing of BAL samples.
The use of electrical stunning followed by electro-immobilization for the humane slaughter of cattle (1985)

Abstract Sir;- In New Zealand, calves are often electrically stunned before slaughter. However, electrical stunning is not usually used for adult cattle, primarily because the large size of the adult animal makes restraint more difficult, resulting in less reproducible stunning, with potential danger to personnel from animal movement. In addition, the slaughter of cattle may be inhumane if the stunning process does not ensure immediate and permanent insensibility (Newhook and Blackmore 1982b). The use and humaneness of electrical stunning of sheep and cattle have been the subject of our recent research, in which we have addressed and resolved many of these problems. We wish to relate our observations in the context of head-only electrical stunning of cattle followed by electro-immobilization to maintain insensibility and ensure carcass stillness.
Reducing the cost of protein identifications from mass spectrometry databases (2005)

We present two techniques to improve the computational efficiency of protein discovery from mass spectrometry databases: noise filtering and hierarchical searching. Our approaches are orthogonal to existing algorithms and are based on the observation that typical mass spectrometry data contains a large amount of noise that can lead to wasteful computation. Our first improvement uses standard machine learning techniques with novel feature vectors derived from the mass spectra to identify and filter the noisy spectra. We demonstrate this approach results in computational gains of around 38% with less than 10% loss of peptides. Additionally we present a hierarchical searching scheme in which most samples are matched against a small database at low computational cost, leaving only a small number of samples to be searched against larger databases. Combining this scheme with the machine learning filters leads to a further performance improvement of 3%.
A two‐component system involving an HD‐GYP domain protein links cell–cell signalling to pathogenicity gene expression in <i>Xanthomonas campestris</i> (2000)

The synthesis of extracellular enzymes and extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) in Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is regulated by a cluster of genes called rpf (for regulation of pathogenicity factors). Two of the genes, rpfF and rpfB, have previously been implicated in the synthesis of a diffusible regulatory molecule, DSF. Here, we describe a screen of transposon insertion mutants of Xcc that identified two DSF-overproducing strains. In each mutant, the gene disrupted is rpfC, which encodes a hybrid two-component regulatory protein in which the sensor and regulator domains are fused and which contains an additional C-terminal phosphorelay (HPt) domain. We show that rpfC is in an operon with rpfH and rpfG. The predicted protein RpfG has a regulatory input domain attached to a specialized version of an HD domain, previously suggested to function in signal transduction. The predicted protein RpfH is structurally related to the sensory input domain of RpfC. We show that RpfC and RpfG act positively to regulate the synthesis of extracellular enzymes and EPS, but that RpfC acts negatively to regulate the synthesis of DSF. We propose that RpfGHC is a signal transduction system that couples the synthesis of pathogenicity factors to sensing of environmental signals that may include DSF itself.
Prevention and control of biofilm-based medical-device-related infections (2010)

Biofilms play a pivotal role in healthcare-associated infections, especially those related to the implant of medical devices, such as intravascular catheters, urinary catheters and orthopaedic implants. This paper reviews the most successful approaches for the control and prevention of these infections as well as promising perspectives for the development of novel devices refractory to microbial adhesion, colonization and biofilm formation.
Progress in fiber-remoted gas correlation spectrometry (1992)

The paper reports on the progress in gas sensing using real-time correlation spectroscopy, where a gas is used as a matched optical filter to "recognize" its own spectral absorption lines. The basic concept of correlation spectrometry involves the passage of light sequentially through two gas cells: a reference cell containing a known quantity of the gas to be detected, and a sampling cell where the presence of the gas is to be determined. An optical signal passing through both cells will suffer absorption due to the gas in each. If the absorption in the reference cell is periodically modulated, then the total absorption depends on whether the gas absorption lines in the sampling cell correlate with those in the reference cell gas. Two methods of modulating the reference cell absorption are reported, pressure and Stark modulation. Results are presented for methane detection employing pressure modulation. The pressure fluctuations are generated within a compact resonant acoustic cell driven by a piezoelectric transducer. Also given are results for cross-sensitivity measurements with ethane as the contaminant gas. The Stark technique is applied to ammonia detection here, but can be used with many gases that exhibit a strong dipole moment.
Textbook of Aging Skin (2009)

this book, by dedicating their valuable time in preparing their chapters. This book represents the fruits of a jointly conceived and executed venture, and has also benefited from global and diverse partners.
Molecular characterization of ST1C1-related human sulfotransferase (1998)

Carcinogenic arylamines such as N-hydroxy-2-acetylaminofluorene (N-OH-AAF) are metabolically activated by mammalian sulfotransferases to form N-hydroxyarylamine O-sulfates. We previously showed that rat ST1C1 efficiently mediate these activations. These reactions occur in liver cytosols of humans as well as rats. However, the enzyme responsible for N-OH-AAF activation has not been identified in humans. In the present study, a human cDNA (ST1C2) encoding a sulfotransferase showing a high similarity with ST1C1, has been isolated from a human fetal liver cDNA library and expressed using a bacterial expression system. A clear difference was observed in the pH optima for p-nitrophenol sulfation between ST1C2 and ST1C1 expressed in Escherichia coli. In addition, ST1C2 did not mediate 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate-dependent DNA binding of N-OH-AAF. These results suggest that human ST1C2 has a clear different substrate specificity, in spite of the structural similarity, with rat ST1C1.
Growth and Characterization of Chemical bath Deposited Polycrystalline n-PbSe thin films (2011)

Lead selenide thin films have been deposited using simple chemical bath deposition technique on amorphous glass substrate at 85 0 C temperature. The lead sulphate and sodium selenosulphate are used as source of materials to obtain lead selenide films. The ‘as-deposited’ films were uniform, well adherent and dark brown in color. The films were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical absorption, and electrical conductivity measurement techniques. The XRD study confirms polycrystalline nature in FCC structure. The absorption spectrum showed an exponential edge. Lead selenide films showed an optical band gap of 0.325 eV with absorption coefficient 10 4 cm -1 . The room temperature electrical conductivity was of the order of 10 -3 (�-cm) -1 . The film exhibits ntype conductivity with activation energy of 0.153 eV.
Formulation of an HPMC Gel Drug Reservoir System with Ethanol-Water as a Solvent System and Limonene as a Penetration Enhancer for Enhancing in vitro Transdermal Delivery of Nicorandil (2004)

The objective of the present study was to formulate a hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) gel drug reservoir system with ethanol-water as a solvent system and limonene as a penetration enhancer for enhancing the transdermal delivery of nicorandil so as to develop and fabricate a membrane-moderated transdermal therapeutic system (TTS). The in vitro permeation of nicorandil was determined across rat abdominal skin from a solvent system consisting of ethanol or various proportions of ethanol and water. The ethanol-water (70:30 v/v) solvent system that provided an optimal transdermal permeation was used in formulating an HPMC gel drug reservoir system with selected concentrations (0% w/w, 4% w/w, 6% w/w, 8% w/w or 10% w/w) of limonene as a penetration enhancer for further enhancement of transdermal permeation of nicorandil. The amount of nicorandil permeated in 24 h was found increased with an increase in the concentration of limonene in the drug reservoir system up to a concentration of 6% w/w, but beyond this concentration there was no further increase in the amount of drug permeated. The flux of nicorandil was 370.9 +/- 4.2 microg/cm2 x h from the drug reservoir system with 6% w/w of limonene, which is about 2.6 times the required flux to be obtained across rat abdominal skin for producing the desired plasma concentration for the predetermined period in humans. The results of a Fourier Transform Infrared study indicated that limonene enhanced the percutaneous permeation of nicorandil by partially extracting the stratum corneum lipids. It is concluded that the HPMC gel drug reservoir system prepared with a 70:30 v/v ethanol-water solvent system containing 6% w/w of limonene is useful in designing and fabricating a membrane-moderated TTS of nicorandil.
Positive Selection for Mutations Affecting Bioconversion of Aromatic Compounds in<i>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</i>: Analysis of Spontaneous Mutations in the Protocatechuate 3,4-Dioxygenase Gene (2000)

A positive selection method for mutations affecting bioconversion of aromatic compounds was applied to a mutant strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens A348. The nucleotide sequence of the A348 pcaHGB genes, which encode protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase (PcaHG) and beta-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate cycloisomerase (PcaB) for the first two steps in catabolism of the diphenolic protocatechuate, was determined. An omega element was introduced into the pcaB gene of A348, creating strain ADO2077. In the presence of phenolic compounds that can serve as carbon sources, growth of ADO2077 is inhibited due to accumulation of the tricarboxylate intermediate. The toxic effect, previously described for Acinetobacter sp., affords a powerful selection for suppressor mutations in genes required for upstream catabolic steps. By monitoring loss of the marker in pcaB, it was possible to determine that the formation of deletions was minimal compared to results obtained with Acinetobacter sp. Thus, the tricarboxylic acid trick in and of itself does not appear to select for large deletion mutations. The power of the selection was demonstrated by targeting the pcaHG genes of A. tumefaciens for spontaneous mutation. Sixteen strains carrying putative second-site mutations in pcaH or -G were subjected to sequence analysis. All single-site events, their mutations revealed no particular bias toward multibase deletions or unusual patterns: five (-1) frameshifts, one (+1) frameshift, one tandem duplication of 88 bp, one deletion of 92 bp, one nonsense mutation, and seven missense mutations. PcaHG is considered to be the prototypical ferric intradiol dioxygenase. The missense mutations served to corroborate the significance of active site amino acid residues deduced from crystal structures of PcaHG from Pseudomonas putida and Acinetobacter sp. as well as of residues in other parts of the enzyme.
Neural Text Generation in Stories Using Entity Representations as Context (2018)

Elizabeth Clark, Yangfeng Ji, Noah A. Smith. Proceedings of the 2018 Conference of the North American Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics: Human Language Technologies, Volume 1 (Long Papers). 2018.