gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preparation of cubic boron nitride films by radio frequency magnetron sputtering and radio frequency ion plating (1996)

Cubic boron nitride (c-BN) thin films have been deposited by unbalanced rf (13.56 MHz) magnetron sputtering of a hexagonal boron nitride target in a pure argon discharge. Deposition parameters have been 300 W rf target power, 8×10−4 mbar argon pressure, 3.5 cm target substrate distance, and 800 K substrate temperature. Under these conditions the ion current density is 2.25 mA/cm2 and the growth rate is ∼1.1 Å/s. By applying a rf substrate bias the ion plating energy is varied from plasma potential of 37 eV up to 127 eV. The films have been characterized by infrared (IR) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), x-ray diffraction (XRD), x-ray reflectivity, elastic recoil detection (ERD), Rutherford backscattering (RBS), nuclear resonance analysis (NRA), and stress measurements. The subplantation model proposed by Lifshitz and Robertson can be applied to the c-BN formation. An energy of about 85±5 eV is found where the stress (25 GPa, 200 nm film thickness) and the c-BN content (≳90%) have a maximum. The grain size of the crystalline c-BN phase was estimated to be in the range of 5 nm. Below an energy of 67±5 eV no c-BN could be detected. An excellent adhesion has been obtained by a special interface treatment.
Polycrystalline <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>ZrTe</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>5</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> Parametrized as a Narrow-Band-Gap Semiconductor for Thermoelectric Performance (2018)

The exotic transport physics of single-crystalline transition-metal pentatellurides has been debated for years. The authors discover that in fact polycrystalline samples show the same unusual properties, and that viewing these compounds as semiconductors with bipolar conduction explains their behavior. This insight allows for the prediction and optimization of their thermoelectric properties. Considering the dearth of work on materials for waste-heat recovery at lower temperatures, and on generators employing a single compound for both legs, this study could change the way we think about what is possible in thermoelectric applications.
Transition states in catalyzed and uncatalyzed Diels-Alder reactions. Cooperativity as a probe of geometry (1984)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTransition states in catalyzed and uncatalyzed Diels-Alder reactions. Cooperativity as a probe of geometryLaren M. Tolbert and Mahfuza B. AliCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984, 106, 13, 3806–3810Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1984https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00325a016https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00325a016research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views273Altmetric-Citations46LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A low-loss 20 GHz micromachined bandpass filter (2002)

We report on the results of a state-of-the-art planar interdigitated bandpass filter at K-band by using micromachining techniques. In this design, a microwave model was first built at 850 MHz to simulate the K-band filter, and the 20 GHz micromachined filter was fabricated based on the 850 MHz microwave model. Excellent agreement has been achieved between the microwave model and the 20 GHz filter. The micromachined filter exhibits a return loss better than -15 dB within the passband and a 1.7 dB port-to-port insertion loss at 20.3 GHz. A grounded coplanar waveguide with a micromachined mouse-hole shielding structure has also been carefully examined. The grounded coplanar waveguide structure is used in the micromachined filter as the input/output feeding line and exhibits a return loss better than -20 dB up to 32 GHz.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Organic Electronics in Sensors and Biotechnology (2009)

The latest in organic electronics-based sensing and biotechnology

Develop high-performance, field-deployable organic semiconductor-based biological, chemical, and physical sensor arrays using the comprehensive information contained in this definitive volume. Organic Electronics in Sensors and Biotechnology presents state-of-the-art technology alongside real-world applications and ongoing R & D. 

Learn about light, temperature, and pressure monitors, integrated flexible pyroelectric sensors, sensing of organic and inorganic compounds, and design of compact photoluminescent sensors. You will also get full details on organic lasers, organic electronics in memory elements, disease and pathogen detection, and conjugated polymers for advancing cellular biology.

Monitor organic and inorganic compounds with OFETs 
Characterize organic materials using impedance spectroscopy
Work with organic LEDs, photodetectors, and photovoltaic cells
Form flexible pyroelectric sensors integrated with OFETs 
Build PL-based chemical and biological sensing modules and arrays
Design organic semiconductor lasers and memory elements 
Use luminescent conjugated polymers as optical biosensors 
Deploy polymer-based switches and ion pumps at the microfluidic level


Table of contents
Ch 1. Scaling Effects in Organic Transistors and Transistor-based Chemical Sensors
Ch 2. Organic Thin-film Transistors for Inorganic Substance Monitoring
Ch 3. Strain and Pressure Sensors Based on Organic Field Effect Transistors
Ch 4. Integrated Pyroelectric Sensors
Part I. Electrical Semiconductor and Dielectric Analysis
Part II. Integrated Pyroelectric Sensors
Ch 5. Progress and Challenges in Organic Light Emitting-Diode (OLED)-based Chemical and Biological Sensors
Ch 6. An Introduction to Organic Photodetectors
Ch 7. Organic Semiconductor Lasers as Integrated Light Sources for Optical Sensors
Ch 8. Organic Electronics in Memories and Sensing Applications
Ch 9. Luminescent Conjugated Polymers for Staining and Characterization of Amyloid Deposits
Ch 10. Electrophoretically Deposited Polymers for Organic Electronics
Ch 11. Electrochemical Surface Switches and Electronic Ion Pumps Based on Conjugated Polymers
Commutation analysis of self-driven synchronous rectifiers in an active-clamp forward converter (2002)

The effectiveness of using self-driven synchronous rectifiers in forward converters strongly depends on the current commutations, which are determined by the parasitic elements-the PCB trace inductance and the transformer leakage inductance. These parasitic elements are modeled as equivalent circuits using the partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) method and the two-winding transformer model. The current commutation waveforms for different PCB layouts are compared to evaluate the parasitic effects on rectifier commutations. PCB design guidelines are presented for an optimum low-voltage synchronous rectification performance.
Analysis of high-power packages for phosphor-based white-light-emitting diodes (2005)

An optimized packaging configuration for high-power white-light-emitting diode (LED) lamps that employs a diffuse reflector cup, a large separation between the primary emitter (the LED chip) and the wavelength converter (the phosphor) and a hemispherically shaped encapsulation is presented. Ray tracing simulations for this configuration show that the phosphor efficiency can be enhanced by up to 50% over conventional packages. Dichromatic LED lamps with phosphor layers on the top of a diffuse reflector cup were fabricated and studied experimentally. The experimental enhancement of phosphor efficiency is 15.4% for blue-pumped yellow phosphor and 27% for ultraviolet-pumped blue phosphor. Those improvements are attributed to reduced absorption of the phosphorescence by the LED chip and the reduction of deterministic optical modes trapped inside the encapsulant.
A new denoising filter for brain MR images (2012)

A new denoising filter is proposed for human brain MR image. The proposed filter is based on the notion of existing bilateral filter whose objective is to get a noise-free smooth image, preserving edges and other features intact. We have introduced a weighing function that controls the impact of existing bilateral filter for denoising. It is conditioned by Rough Edge Map (REM) and Rough Class Label (RCL). The presence of noise makes difficult to get precise information of edge and class label. Rough Set Technique is expected to assign rough (imprecise) class label and edge label to the pixels in the given image. This function thus is expected to handle the impreciseness of edge and class label and thereby preserving these two by controlling the bilateral filter more efficiently. The filter is extensively applied on brain MR images. The current proposal is compared with some of state-of-the-art approaches using different image quality measures and found to be efficient in most of the cases.
A temporary protective against corrosion (1988)

A temporary protective has been developed at the Institute of the Plastics and Paint Industry, Gliwice (Polish Patent No. 130217). It is based on organic corrosion inhibitors, and is used mainly for the protection of steel beds at various stages of prefabrication and assembly of sheets, pipelines and structural elements generally not protected by paint coats but which should be free from corrosion products prior to being commissioned for service.
<title>Nonlinear Image Restoration: What We Have Learned</title> (1980)

The first nonlinear image restoration algorithms were devised a little more than a decade ago. The subsequent development of this subject by a number of research workers has produced a rich and fascinating literature. But because much of it is located in unfamiliar journals and publications, many astronomical newcomers to the field may be unaware of this work. It has been known since the discovery of the nonlinear image restoration techniques that they have pronounced performance advantages over linear restoration techniques in astronomical applications, and many of the published examples of nonlinear restorations of imagery have involved astronomical data. The new image detector systems appearing in optical astronomy, particularly CCDs, produce images of a quality that fully justifies the employment of sophisticated algorithms for the extraction of the maximum amount of information from the data. This review of the literature has been prepared in the hope that it will encourage new astronomical workers to enter into it.
Recent Advances in Analytical Methods for Determination of Migrants (1988)

Within the past several years, new developments in analytical technology have enabled a rapid advance in the laboratory investigation of polymer monomers, oligomers, and adjuvants, as well as the determination of their migration into foods and food-simulating solvents. In some cases, it is possible to measure low parts per billion levels in the polymer and parts per trillion levels in food simulants. This paper describes some of the newer approaches and applications developed to survey consumer products and to evaluate proposed new materials. Included are discussions of (a) a new cell for assessing migration into simulating liquids, (b) mathematical modeling of migration data and application to selection of a fatty food simulant, (c) a multiresidue approach for determining packaging-derived volatile residues in aqueous foods, and (d) use of combined size-exclusion and high-performance liquid chromatographic residue methods.
Noise deconvolution for area fraction measurements (2004)

AbstractA novel approach to area fraction measurement is developed to deal with the limitations of the segmentation method. The new approach takes advantage of the statistical nature of the noise within an image to deconvolute the image histogram and calculate, by means of fitting, the area fractions. Both segmentation and noise deconvolution approaches are critically discussed, and their limitations and advantages tested using two extreme backscattered electron images of a metal matrix composite. The deconvolution approach is shown to produce accurate results in a situation in which the segmentation approach fails.Keywords: AREA FRACTIONNOISE DECONVOLUTIONSEGMENTATIONIMAGE ANALYSISBACKSCATTERED ELECTRONSIMAGE PROCESSING
NEW METHODS OF PREPARING THIOCARBANILIDES. (1913)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNEW METHODS OF PREPARING THIOCARBANILIDES.Harry Shipley. FryCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1913, 35, 10, 1539–1546Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1913Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1913https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja02199a016https://doi.org/10.1021/ja02199a016research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views117Altmetric-Citations21LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Searching for Pharmacogenomic Markers: The Synergy between Omic and Hypothesis‐Driven Research (2001)

With 35,000 genes and hundreds of thousands of protein states to identify, correlate, and understand, it no longer suffices to rely on studies of one gene, gene product, or process at a time. We have entered the "omic" era in biology. But large-scale omic studies of cellular molecules in aggregate rarely can answer interesting questions without the assistance of information from traditional hypothesis-driven research. The two types of science are synergistic. A case in point is the set of pharmacogenomic studies that we and our collaborators have done with the 60 human cancer cell lines of the National Cancer Institute's drug discovery program. Those cells (the NCI-60) have been characterized pharmacologically with respect to their sensitivity to >70,000 chemical compounds. We are further characterizing them at the DNA, RNA, protein, and functional levels. Our major aim is to identify pharmacogenomic markers that can aid in drug discovery and design, as well as in individualization of cancer therapy. The bioinformatic and chemoinformatic challenges of this study have demanded novel methods for analysis and visualization of high-dimensional data. Included are the color-coded "clustered image map" and also the MedMiner program package, which captures and organizes the biomedical literature on gene-gene and gene-drug relationships. Microarray transcript expression studies of the 60 cell lines reveal, for example, a gene-drug correlation with potential clinical implications--that between the asparagine synthetase gene and the enzyme-drug L-asparaginase in ovarian cancer cells.
Rugate filter for light-trapping in solar cells (2008)

We suggest a design for a coating that could be applied on top of any solar cell having at least one diffusing surface. This coating acts as an angle and wavelength selective filter, which increases the average path length and absorptance at long wavelengths without altering the solar cell performance at short wavelengths. The filter design is based on a continuous variation of the refractive index in order to minimize undesired reflection losses. Numerical procedures are used to optimize the filter for a 10 microm thick monocrystalline silicon solar cell, which lifts the efficiency above the Auger limit for unconcentrated illumination. The feasibility to fabricate such filters is also discussed, considering a finite available refractive index range.
"XB n " barrier photodetectors for high sensitivity and high operating temperature infrared sensors (2008)

A barrier photodetector is a device in which the light is absorbed in a narrow bandgap semiconductor layer whose bands remain essentially flat or accumulated at the operating bias so that all carrier depletion is excluded. In a conventional photodiode below a threshold temperature <i>T</i><sub>0</sub>, typically 130-150K for MWIR devices, the dark current is due to Generation-Recombination (G-R) centres in the depletion layer. In a barrier detector, the absence of depletion in the narrow bandgap semiconductor ensures that the G-R contribution to the dark current is negligible. The dark current in the barrier detector is thus dominated by the diffusion component, both above and below <i>T</i><sub>0</sub>. Therefore, at a given temperature below <i>T</i><sub>0</sub>, a barrier detector will exhibit a lower dark current than a conventional photodiode with the same cut-off wavelength. Alternatively, for a given dark current, a barrier detector will operate at a higher temperature than a conventional photodiode, provided that this temperature is below <i>T</i><sub>0</sub>. Device architectures are presented for barrier detectors with photon absorbing layers based on InAs<sub>1-x</sub>Sb<sub>x</sub> alloys and type-II InAs/GaSb superlattices (T2SL). The thermionic and tunneling components of the dark current are analyzed and shown to be negligible for typical device parameters. An operating temperature of ~150K is estimated for a MWIR barrier detector with f/3 optics and a cut-off wavelength of 4.2μ.
Optically controllable polarized luminescence from azopolymer films doped with a lanthanide complex (2008)

Two azopolymers (DACENO2 and DACEOCH3) with a special structure were designed and synthesized. The azopolymer films doped with the lanthanide complex Eu(TTA)3Phen were prepared by a casting method with a mixed solution of the azopolymer and lanthanide complex. UV-vis spectra show that the absorption peaks of the predesigned azopolymers DACENO2 and DACEOCH3 are separated from that of Eu(TTA)3Phen. Under this circumstance, the photo-induced anisotropy of the films could not be destroyed by excitation and emission during fluorescence measurements. Polarized luminescence of both oriented films was observed with polarization ratios of 3.0 for the DACENO2–Eu(TTA)3Phen film and 2.7 for the DACEOCH3–Eu(TTA)3Phen film at 613 nm, respectively. The luminescent properties of the film were found to be affected by the chemical structure of the azopolymer, the extent of the photo-induced alignment and the angle between the orientated direction of the film and the direction of the polarizer. All the results from this work revealed that the polarized luminescence from the azopolymer film doped with a lanthanide complex can be controlled by the extent of photo-induced alignment.
Regulation of estrogen receptor α by histone methyltransferase SMYD2-mediated protein methylation (2013)

Estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) is a ligand-activated transcription factor. Upon estrogen stimulation, ERα recruits a number of coregulators, including both coactivators and corepressors, to the estrogen response elements, modulating gene activation or repression. Most coregulator complexes contain histone-modifying enzymes to control ERα target gene expression in an epigenetic manner. In addition to histones, these epigenetic modifiers can modify nonhistone proteins including ERα, thereby constituting another layer of transcriptional regulation. Here we show that SET and MYND domain containing 2 (SMYD2), a histone H3K4 and H3K36 methyltransferase, directly methylates ERα protein at lysine 266 (K266) both in vitro and in cells. In breast cancer MCF7 cells, SMYD2 attenuates the chromatin recruitment of ERα to prevent ERα target gene activation under an estrogen-depleted condition. Importantly, the SMYD2-mediated repression of ERα target gene expression is mediated by the methylation of ERα at K266 in the nucleus, but not the methylation of histone H3K4. Upon estrogen stimulation, ERα-K266 methylation is diminished, thereby enabling p300/cAMP response element-binding protein-binding protein to acetylate ERα at K266, which is known to promote ERα transactivation activity. Our study identifies a previously undescribed inhibitory methylation event on ERα. Our data suggest that the dynamic cross-talk between SMYD2-mediated ERα protein methylation and p300/cAMP response element-binding protein-binding protein-dependent ERα acetylation plays an important role in fine-tuning the functions of ERα at chromatin and the estrogen-induced gene expression profiles.
Differential Absorption Lidar Techniques in the Determination of Trace Pollutants and Physical Parameters of the Atmosphere (1990)

Abstract Optical remote sensing, remote analysis by means of light, is a two-step analysis: the first step consists in a proper excitation of the medium under study by sending into it radiation at optical frequencies; the second step consists in collecting from it a suitable light signal which has the property of being a direct or indirect carrier of the information needed about the interaction. Therefore, we need a suitable light source as a light transmitter. It can be a natural source, for example, the sun, in the passive techniques or it can be a lamp or a laser, in the active techniques. The receiving antenna is a lens or a telescope. It has the task to collect the light on a detector for the conversion of the optical signal in an electrical signal which is much easier to handle. If the light source is able to emit short pulses, then this configuration is identical to that of radio detection and ranging (radar), whose principles, applications, and utility are well known. This instrument is able to remotely detect an object and evaluate its distance by measuring the time delay between the emission of the electromagnetic pulse and the return of the echo radiation. Radar was utilized very early in the meteorological field, but in this particular application, the radar principle was first utilized at optical frequencies. In fact, in 1938, a group of French researchers was able to measure the height of the cloud base by utilizing tight pulses generated by electric sparks. I Their device, subsequently utilized for routine measurements, can be considered the ancestor of the actual light detection and ranging (lidar) i.e., the optical analog of radar.