gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A versatile high- and low-temperature optical cell for reflectivity, transmission and light-scattering experiments (1979)

The optical cell described can be used for measurements between 103 and 823K from the far infrared to the visible region. This allows the determination of the temperature-dependent optical constants without using Kramers-Kronig analysis.
Abortive Initiation and Productive Initiation by RNA Polymerase Involve DNA Scrunching (2006)

Using single-molecule DNA nanomanipulation, we show that abortive initiation involves DNA "scrunching"--in which RNA polymerase (RNAP) remains stationary and unwinds and pulls downstream DNA into itself--and that scrunching requires RNA synthesis and depends on RNA length. We show further that promoter escape involves scrunching, and that scrunching occurs in most or all instances of promoter escape. Our results support the existence of an obligatory stressed intermediate, with approximately one turn of additional DNA unwinding, in escape and are consistent with the proposal that stress in this intermediate provides the driving force to break RNAP-promoter and RNAP-initiation-factor interactions in escape.
Dalzell, Robert F., Jr. <i>Enterprising Elite: The Boston Associates and theWorld They Made</i> (1989)

Dalzell, Robert F., Jr. Enterprising Elite: The Boston Associates and the World They Made. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1987. Pp. xviii, 298. Illustrations. An article from journal Urban History Review / Revue d'histoire urbaine (Volume 18, Number 1, June 1989, pp. 1-99), on Érudit.
Établissement D'un Tunnel D'amenée D'eau à Shawinigan Falls (1909)

"Établissement D'un Tunnel D'amenée D'eau à Shawinigan Falls." La Houille Blanche, 8(10), pp. 268–269
A novel high channel density trench power MOSFETs design by asymmetric wing-cell structure (2007)

A new cell structure Power MOSFET, which exhibits a lower on-state resistance and higher channel density than the conventional layout geometry, is proposed in this research. Vertical trench Power MOSFETs are generally designed by either squared (closed) cell or stripe (linear) cell geometry; each has its own advantages and drawbacks. In this study, we propose, fabricate, and analyze a "wing cell" structure Power MOSFET. In addition, the asymmetric wing cell structure is fabricated and compared with the conventional structures. The on resistance of the proposed devices can be further reduced. Both simulations and experiments show this structure have a lower on resistance than the original design. We also found that the avalanche characteristics of the proposed device are not sacrificed owing to higher channel density. One can also use this "wing-cell" concept to avoid the "closed cell" structure patents.
How Many Etiological Subtypes of Breast Cancer: Two, Three, Four, Or More? (2014)

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, divisible into a variable number of clinical subtypes. A fundamental question is how many etiological classes underlie the clinical spectrum of breast cancer? An etiological subtype reflects a grouping with a common set of causes, whereas a clinical subtype represents a grouping with similar prognosis and/or prediction. Herein, we review the evidence for breast cancer etiological heterogeneity. We then evaluate the etiological evidence with mRNA profiling data. A bimodal age distribution at diagnosis with peak frequencies near ages 50 and 70 years is a fundamental characteristic of breast cancer for important tumor features, clinical characteristics, risk factor profiles, and molecular subtypes. The bimodal peak frequencies at diagnosis divide breast cancer overall into a "mixture" of two main components in varying proportions in different cancer populations. The first breast cancer tends to arise early in life with modal age-at-diagnosis near 50 years and generally behaves aggressively. The second breast cancer occurs later in life with modal age near 70 years and usually portends a more indolent clinical course. These epidemiological and molecular data are consistent with a two-component mixture model and compatible with a hierarchal view of breast cancers arising from two main cell types of origin. Notwithstanding the potential added value of more detailed categorizations for personalized breast cancer treatment, we suggest that the development of better criteria to identify the two proposed etiologic classes would advance breast cancer research and prevention.
REDUCTION OF NaI BACKGROUND (1956)

Tumors can shed thousands of cells into the circulation daily. These circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are heterogeneous, and their phenotypes change dynamically. Real-time monitoring of CTC phenotypes is crucial to elucidate the role of CTCs in the metastatic cascade. Here, we monitor phenotypic changes in CTCs in mice xenografted with tumors with varying aggressiveness during cancer progression and a course of chemotherapy to study the metastatic potential of CTCs and changes in the properties of these cells in response to treatment. A new device that enables magnetic ranking cytometry (MagRC) is employed to profile the phenotypic properties of CTCs. Overall, CTCs from metastatic xenografts in mice display dynamic and heterogeneous profiles while non-metastatic models had static profiles. Decreased heterogeneity followed by a reduction in metastasis incidence was observed after a course of chemotherapy administered to highly metastatic xenografts. Phenotypic profiling of CTCs could be employed to monitor disease progression and predict therapeutic responses.
The Relation between the Friction and Viscoelastic Properties of Rubber (1964)

Abstract This paper describes a study of the friction of several types of rubber against hard surfaces over a wide range of temperatures and sliding velocities. The highest velocity did not exceed a few centimeters per second so that frictional heating was negligible. The results show that the friction increases with the sliding velocity to a maximum value and then falls. The application of the Williams, Landel and Ferry transform shows that the frictional behavior of a rubber sliding at various velocities and temperatures on a given surface can entirely be described by a single master curve and the glass transition temperature of the material. The master curve on a rough abrasive track shows, in general, two peaks—one of these occurs at a velocity related to the frequency with which the track asperities deform the rubber surface. This maximum is absent on a smooth track and thus reflects the deformation losses produced by the passage of the asperities over the rubber surface. The other peak occurs in general at much lower velocities; it coincides in position with the single maximum obtained on a smooth surface. Introduction of a fine powder (MgO) into the interface between the rubber and track eliminates this peak on both smooth and rough surfaces; it is therefore attributed to molecular adhesion. Comparison with the relaxation spectrum of the rubber gives a fundamental jump distance of the order of 60 A. It appears, therefore, that friction arises from adhesion and deformation losses, and that both are directly related to the viscoelastic properties of the rubber.
Insulin-like growth factor: a model for tertiary structure accounting for immunoreactivity and receptor binding. (1978)

A model for the three-dimensional structure of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) is proposed based on the close sequence homology of IGF with insulin, the tertiary structure of which is known. The IGF molecule is postulated to have an insulin-like main chain conformation for residues equivalent to B6--B27 and A1--A21 and a hydrophobic core nearly identical to that of insulin. A short connecting peptide of twelve residues and an extension at the COOH-terminus are easily accommodated on the molecular surface. The surface involved in dimer formation in insulin is largely conserved, but the zinc-binding histidine and many residues involving hexamerization are very different from those of insulin and it is unlikely that IGF forms zinc hexamers. The model provides a ready explanation for the inability of IGF to bind antibodies to insulin and for its ability to bind insulin receptors with low affinity.
Stimulatory Roles of Nitric-oxide Synthase 3 and Guanylyl Cyclase in Platelet Activation (2005)

Nitric oxide (NO) stimulates soluble guanylyl cyclase and, thus, enhances cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels. It is a currently prevailing concept that NO inhibits platelet activation. This concept, however, does not fully explain why platelet agonists stimulate NO production. Here we show that a major platelet NO synthase (NOS) isoform, NOS3, plays a stimulatory role in platelet secretion and aggregation induced by low doses of platelet agonists. Furthermore, we show that NOS3 promotes thrombosis in vivo. The stimulatory role of NOS is mediated by soluble guanylyl cyclase and results from a cGMP-dependent stimulation of platelet granule secretion. These findings delineate a novel signaling pathway in which agonists sequentially activate NOS3, elevate cGMP, and induce platelet secretion and aggregation. Our data also suggest that NO plays a biphasic role in platelet activation, a stimulatory role at low NO concentrations and an inhibitory role at high NO concentrations.
High time-resolution measurement and analysis of LAN traffic: Implications for LAN interconnection (1991)

In order to study the interactions between LANs and proposed interconnection networks, a high time-resolution hardware monitor for Ethernet LANs is presented that avoids the shortcomings of previous monitoring tools, such as traffic burst clipping and timestamp jitter. Using data recorded by a monitor for several hundred million Ethernet packets, an overview of the short-range time correlations in external LAN traffic is presented. The analysis shows that LAN traffic is extremely bursty across time domains spanning six orders of magnitude. This behavior is compared with simple formal traffic models. The results suggest that the pronounced short-term traffic correlations, together with the extensive time regime of traffic burstiness, strongly influence the patterns of loss and delay induced by LAN interconnection.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Coprophagy prevention alters microbiome structure and function and impairs memory in a small mammal (2019)

<title>Abstract</title> Background In the long process of adaptive evolution, many small mammals engage in coprophagy, or the behavior of consuming feces, as a means to meet nutritional requirements when feeding on low-quality foods. In addition to nutritional benefits, coprophagy may also help herbivores retain necessary gut microbial diversity and function, which may have downstream physiological effects, such as maintaining energy balance and cognitive function. Here, we used collars to prevent Brandt’s vole (Lasiopodomys brandtii) from engaging in coprophagy and monitored changes in microbial community structure, energy metabolism, and memory formation. Results In this research, we found that coprophagy prevention decreased alpha diversity of the gut microbiota, and altered abundances of microbial taxa such as Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Oscillospira. The coprophagy prevention decreased body mass while increased food intake and ghrelin level in serum. Importantly, coprophagy prevention decreased vole’s memory and neurotransmitters in brain. The administration of acetate compensated for the energy loss and decline of spatial memory caused by coprophagy prevention and partially rescued the composition and structure of gut microbiota. Conclusions These findings identify relationship between coprophagy behavior and interactions between the gut microbiota, energy metabolism and neurological function. Our results suggest that coprophagy may have a positive effect on animal’s nutritional requirements and ecological adaptations by improving memory function.
IMMUNE RESPONSES IN VITRO (1969)

The effects of hyperimmune anti-sheep erythrocyte (SRBC) antibody on the plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to SRBC by mouse spleen cells in vitro were studied. Anti-SRBC antibody specifically suppressed the PFC response against SRBC. The degree of suppression was directly related to the amount of antibody added and was overcome by large amounts of antigen. Suppressive activity was absorbed from the sera by SRBC and could be partially eluted from the antigen by heat. The PFC response in cultures stimulated with antigen-antibody complexes prepared with high concentrations of antibody were suppressed; however, some complexes prepared at lower antibody concentrations stimulated greater responses than SRBC alone. Antibodies collected after four immunizations had greater suppressive ability than those collected after two immunizations. The degree of suppression was as great whether antibody was added at the initiation of the cultures or 24 hr later, suggesting that during the first 24 hr the culture system was antigen-dependent. Incubation of separated lymphoid cells with antibody did not impair their ability to develop a PFC response in vitro. However, if macrophages were incubated with antibody either before or after incubation with SRBC, the subsequent PFC response by lymphoid cells was suppressed. The data are consistent with the conclusion that antibody suppresses the PFC response in vitro by neutralizing the antigenic stimulus at the macrophage-dependent phase of the response.
A home cloud-based home network auto-configuration using SDN (2015)

In recent years, the prevalence of network devices such as smartphones, smart appliances, and various sensors has increased. As a result, interest in and demand for home networks has steadily increased. So, auto-configuration problems in home networks are very important and must be addressed, because some household members will not be familiar with the Information Technology (IT) devices and thus find it difficult to use home networks. Many studies have been undertaken in a variety research fields and standards for the home network auto-configuration problem. However, the conventional research and standards have a significant problem in that each home device requires middleware to be installed and must follow a standard configuration for home gateways. In this paper, we propose a new method for the auto-configuration of home networks in home cloud environments using the Software Defined Networking (SDN) controller. The SDN controller has two key roles for home network auto-configuration: auto-recognition and registration of home devices, and management of home devices according to the home network connection state. It allows the home network to be automatically configured without middleware and home gateways, which are required in the existing standards. In addition, home networks can be configured to utilize SDNs that satisfy the various network requirements and functions required by each of the home services. The experimental results verify the home network auto-configuration, the usability of the proposed method, and the SDN use case satisfy the requirements of each home service.
Audio codec for 64 kbit/sec (ISDN channel)-requirements and results (1990)

The merits of different coding schemes are discussed with special focus on OCF (optimum coding in the frequency domain). The main requirements for a codec suitable for ISDN channels are high coding efficiency, sufficient tolerance against transmission errors, and superior synchronization capability. The results obtained by applying these codecs to real-world channels like ISDN and satellite links are discussed. The OCF codec for 64 kb/s has been tested in conjunction with ISDN. First experiments were carried out successfully using a local loopback configuration. The use of ISDN in a local switching network is reported. The transmission of stereo compact disc signals by ISDN between Erlangen and Mannheim proved to be very reliable and achieved excellent audio quality.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
High performance Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering optical monitoring in hemodialysis system for quantative analysis (2012)

This paper demonstrated the application of Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) technology on quantitative analysis in hemodialysis system for real time inspection. SERS has already been proved in high accuracy due to the Raman optical fingerprint signal is unique for every different compound. We investigate the use of silver film on nanosphere (AgFON) SERS technology can distinguish the small concentration change in Creatinine and Urea, which are toxicity molecular, and needed to be removed and real time monitored during dialysis process.
Rule-based text categorization using hierarchical categories (2002)

Document categorization, which is defined as the classification of text documents into one of several fixed classes or categories, has become important with the explosive growth of the World Wide Web. The goal of the work described here is to automatically categorize Web documents in order to enable effective retrieval of Web information. In this paper, based on the rule learning algorithm RIPPER (for Repeated Incremental Pruning to Produce Error Reduction), we propose an efficient method for hierarchical document categorization.
Quality assurance of volumetric modulated arc therapy: Evaluation and comparison of different dosimetric systems (2011)

The presented results for VMAT plans QA assess the reliability of the delivered doses for both TPSs. The slightly lower pass-rate obtained for one of the considered TPS can be attributed to a higher level of complexity of the optimized plans. The results by different dosimetric techniques are coherent, apart from a few measurements by gafchromic films. The detector sensitivity to delivery errors, being strongly plan dependent, is not easy to evaluate.
A General Palladium‐Catalyzed Method for Alkylation of Heteroarenes Using Secondary and Tertiary Alkyl Halides (2014)

A general alkylation of heterocycles using a simple palladium catalyst is reported. Most classes of heterocycles, including indoles and pyridines, efficiently coupled with unactivated secondary and tertiary alkyl halides. An alkyl radical addition to neutral heteroarenes is most likely involved.
Design of Cyclones with High Solids Entrance Loads (1998)

In CFB reactor systems with undelayed recycle of solids large cyclones are integrated into the external solids recycle loop to efficiently separate highly loaded gas-solids suspensions leaving the reactor. Results of experimental investigations clearly confirm that the proper geometric design of cyclones for high solids entrance loads is of decisive importance for separation efficiencies.
A note on best linear unbiased estimation in the restricted general linear model (1983)

Baksalary and Kala (1979) considered the problem of best linear unbiased estimation in the restricted general linear model and gave a necessary and sufficient condition for the Blue of every estimable parametric function under the unrestricted model to be its Blue under the restricted model also. Unfortunately, their result is not true, in general. In this paper, we give the correct result. We also obtain the condition under which the result of Baksalary and Kala (1979) holds good.
Ion mobility spectrometry for microbial volatile organic compounds: a new identification tool for human pathogenic bacteria (2012)

Presently, 2 to 4 days elapse between sampling at infection suspicion and result of microbial diagnostics. This delay for the identification of pathogens causes quite often a late and/or inappropriate initiation of therapy for patients suffering from infections. Bad outcome and high hospitalization costs are the consequences of these currently existing limited pathogen identification possibilities. For this reason, we aimed to apply the innovative method multi-capillary column-ion mobility spectrometry (MCC-IMS) for a fast identification of human pathogenic bacteria by determination of their characteristic volatile metabolomes. We determined volatile organic compound (VOC) patterns in headspace of 15 human pathogenic bacteria, which were grown for 24 h on Columbia blood agar plates. Besides MCC-IMS determination, we also used thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry measurements to confirm and evaluate obtained MCC-IMS data and if possible to assign volatile compounds to unknown MCC-IMS signals. Up to 21 specific signals have been determined by MCC-IMS for Proteus mirabilis possessing the most VOCs of all investigated strains. Of particular importance is the result that all investigated strains showed different VOC patterns by MCC-IMS using positive and negative ion mode for every single strain. Thus, the discrimination of investigated bacteria is possible by detection of their volatile organic compounds in the chosen experimental setup with the fast and cost-effective method MCC-IMS. In a hospital routine, this method could enable the identification of pathogens already after 24 h with the consequence that a specific therapy could be initiated significantly earlier.
Angular Dependency of Hyperspectral Measurements over Wheat Characterized by a Novel UAV Based Goniometer (2015)

In this study we present a hyperspectral flying goniometer system, based on a rotary-wing unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) equipped with a spectrometer mounted on an active gimbal. We show that this approach may be used to collect multiangular hyperspectral data over vegetated environments. The pointing and positioning accuracy are assessed using structure from motion and vary from σ = 1° to 8° in pointing and σ = 0.7 to 0.8 m in positioning. We use a wheat dataset to investigate the influence of angular effects on the NDVI, TCARI and REIP vegetation indices. Angular effects caused significant variations on the indices: NDVI = 0.83–0.95; TCARI = 0.04–0.116; REIP = 729–735 nm. Our analysis highlights the necessity to consider angular effects in optical sensors when observing vegetation. We compare the measurements of the UAV goniometer to the angular modules of the SCOPE radiative transfer model. Model and measurements are in high accordance (r2 = 0.88) in the infrared region at angles close to nadir; in contrast the comparison show discrepancies at low tilt angles (r2 = 0.25). This study demonstrates that the UAV goniometer is a promising approach for the fast and flexible assessment of angular effects.
Optical Amplifiers for Multi Mode / Multi Core Transmission (2012)

Optical amplifier concepts based on multi mode and multi core active fibers are compared. From an amplifier perspective, the multi mode fiber type has a better potential for cost and energy efficient spatial division multiplexing.
Theoretical Study of the Mechanism of Hantzsch Ester Hydrogenation of Imines Catalyzed by Chiral BINOL-Phosphoric Acids (2008)

The mechanism of the Hantzsch ester hydrogenation of imines catalyzed by chiral BINOL-phosphoric acid has been investigated using DFT methods. Despite the importance of this reaction, there are a number of possible detailed mechanisms, and the preferred pathway has not been firmly established. Our calculations show that the catalyst not only activates the imine group for the reaction by acting as a Brønsted acid but also establishes an interaction with the Hantzsch ester that can lead to an explanation for the enantioselectivity.
Estrogen Promotes Angiogenic Activity in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells In Vitro and in a Murine Model (1995)

These studies demonstrate that, in vitro and in vivo, estradiol enhances endothelial cell activities important in neovascularization and suggest a promoting influence of estrogens on angiogenesis.