gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Human Lung Fibroblast-Derived Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF) Mediates Eosinophil Survival <i>In Vitro</i> (1989)

Tissue eosinophilia has been reported to occur in pulmonary fibrosis, a disease characterized by chronic inflammation and lung fibroblast proliferation. We have examined the in vitro interaction of these two cell types by determining the in vitro survival of human peripheral blood eosinophils co-cultured with human lung fibroblasts. Survival of eosinophils cultured alone was 10% at day 3 and less than 1% at day 7. In contrast, survival of eosinophils that had been co-cultured with fibroblasts was 98, 90, 73, and 69% at days 3, 7, 10, and 14, respectively. Fibroblast-conditioned medium (CM) elicited a similar result in a dose-dependent fashion. Survival of eosinophils cultured with CM which had been preincubated with a monoclonal-neutralizing antibody to human GM-CSF was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. Human recombinant-derived GM-CSF supported eosinophil survival in the dose-dependent fashion. Survival at day 7 of eosinophils treated with one single dose of GM-CSF (10 U/ml) was 64%. The effect of fibroblast-CM on eosinophils likely represents true survival since eosinophil proliferation as determined by [3H]thymidine incorporation did not occur. We also report that freshly isolated eosinophils had normal ultrastructural, scanning and transmission electron microscopy characteristics, and were normodense. In contrast, eosinophils co-cultured for 7 days with fibroblasts acquired irregular shapes and became hypodense and partially degranulated. Thus, our results indicate that human lung fibroblast-derived GM-CSF mediates the in vitro survival of human eosinophils.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Macular Sensitivity Measured With Microperimetry in Stargardt Disease in the Progression of Atrophy Secondary to Stargardt Disease (ProgStar) Study (2017)

We provide an extensive analysis of macular sensitivity parameters in STGD1 and demonstrate their association with demographic characteristics and vision. These data suggest microperimetry testing provides a more comprehensive assessment of retinal function and will be an important outcome measure in future clinical trials.
1,5-α-<scp>d</scp>-Mannoseptanosides, Ring-Size Isomers That Are Impervious to α-Mannosidase-Catalyzed Hydrolysis (2009)

1,5-D-mannoseptanosyl di- and trisaccharide ring-size isomers of the corresponding mannopyranosyl oligosaccharides have been prepared. Remarkably, these compounds show no inhibition of the alpha-mannosidase-catalyzed hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside.
A New Technique for Rapid Tracking of Frequency Deviations Based on Level Crossings (1984)

A novel frequency computation technique suitable for single or three phase voltage signals is proposed. The method is based on a generalization of the zero crossing detection to a level crossing detection. This yields several estimates of the frequency within one cycle. A composite "best estimatet" is obtained by an appropriate weighted average of these estimates. The method is insensitive to amplitude variations, unbalance and is capable of tracking small frequency deviations in as short a duration as a fraction of a cycle. The measurement scheme is particularily suitable for integration with the digital schemes for real-time monitoring control and protection of power systems.
Performance Assessment of Two Commercial Amplification Assays for Direct Detection of<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i>Complex from Respiratory and Extrapulmonary Specimens (2002)

The new BDProbeTec ET Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Direct Detection Assay (DTB) was compared with the enhanced M. tuberculosis Amplified Direct Test (AMTDII). The system is an automated walkaway system characterized by simultaneous DNA amplification (strand displacement amplification) and real-time fluorometric detection. It also contains an internal amplification control (IAC) designed to identify inhibition from the processed samples. The AMTDII assay amplifies rRNA by transcription-mediated amplification; it uses hybridization with a chemoluminescent probe as a detection system and is entirely manual. A total of 515 N-acetyl-L-cysteine-sodium hydroxide-decontaminated respiratory (n = 331) and extrapulmonary (n = 184) sediments (from 402 patients) were tested in parallel by both assays. The results were compared with those of acid-fast staining and culture (solid plus liquid media), setting the combination of culture and clinical diagnosis as the "gold standard." Culture results from the tested specimens were as follows: 121 Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTB) (98 smear-positive), 46 nontuberculous mycobacteria (38 smear-positive), and 338 culture-negative results. After resolution of the discrepant results, the percent sensitivity, percent specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios for AMTDII were 88%, 99.2%, 110, and 0.11 for respiratory specimens and 74.3%, 100%, 740, and 0.26 for extrapulmonary specimens, respectively. The corresponding values for DTB were 94.5%, 99.6%, 235, and 0.05 for respiratory specimens and 92.3%, 100%, 920, and 0.07 for extrapulmonary specimens, respectively. The cumulative difference for all tuberculosis-positive extrapulmonary specimens was significant (P = 0.03). The overall inhibition rate for DTB was 5% (26 specimens). We conclude that both amplification assays proved to be rapid and specific for the detection of MTB in clinical samples and particularly feasible for a routine laboratory work flow. DTB combines a labor-intensive specimen preparation procedure with a completely automated amplification and detection. Finally, differences between AMTDII and DTB sensitivities were associated with the presence of inhibitory samples that the former assay, lacking IAC, could not detect.
Highly individual methylation patterns of alternative glucocorticoid receptor promoters suggest individualized epigenetic regulatory mechanisms (2008)

The transcription start sites (TSS) and promoters of many genes are located in upstream CpG islands. Methylation within such islands is known for both imprinted and oncogenes, although poorly studied for other genes, especially those with complex CpG islands containing multiple first exons and promoters. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) CpG island contains seven alternative first exons and their promoters. Here we show for the five GR promoters activated in PBMCs that methylation patterns are highly variable between individuals. The majority of positions were methylated at levels >25% in at least one donor affecting each promoter and TSS. We also examined the evolutionarily conserved transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) using an improved in silico phylogenetic footprinting technique. The majority of these contain methylatable CpG sites, suggesting that methylation may orchestrates alternative first exon usage, silencing and controlling tissue-specific expression. The heterogeneity observed may reflect epigenetic mechanisms of GR fine tuning, programmed by early life environment and events. With 78% of evolutionarily conserved alternative first exons falling into such complex CpG islands, their internal structure and epigenetic modifications are bound to be biologically important, and may be a common transcriptional control mechanism used throughout many phyla.
3D Beam‐Column Element with Generalized Plastic Hinges (1986)

Beam‐column elements in which plastic hinges may form are commonly used for elastic‐plastic analysis of frames. The concept of a zero‐length plastic hinge (lumped plasticity) is a mathematical abstraction, because it implies infinite strains. Nevertheless, the concept is convenient computationally, and can be sufficiently accurate for many practical applications. For simple beams, plastic hinges can be introduced easily into a mathematical model. For 3D beam‐columns, however, the concept of a “generalized” hinge is needed, accounting for interaction among axial, torsional and biaxial bending effects. A theory and computational procedure based on plasticity concepts are presented. Numerical examples indicate how the element might be used, and show that results in agreement with more elaborate models can be obtained. Because the lumped plasticity assumption is not necessarily accurate, caution is advised in use of the element.
Thermal noise driven computing (2006)

A new type of computing, where thermal noise is the information carrier and the clock in a computer, is proposed. The energy requirement/dissipation is studied in a simple digital system with zero threshold voltage when the thermal noise is equal to or greater than the digital signal. In a simple realization of a thermal noise driven gate, the lower limit of energy needed to generate the digital signal is ≈1.1kT∕bit. The arrangement has potentially improved energy efficiency and it is free of leakage current, cross-talk, and ground plane electromagnetic interference problems. Disadvantage is the larger number of required elements.
The Vertical Transportation Handbook (1998)

The Essentials of Elevatoring. The Basics of Elevatoring a Building. Passenger Traffic Requirements. Incoming Traffic. Two--Way Traffic. Outgoing Traffic. Elevator Operation and Control. Space and Physical Requirements. Escalators and Moving Walks. Elevatoring Commercial Buildings. Elevatoring Residential Buildings. Elevatoring Institutional Buildings. Service and Freight Elevators. Non--Conventional Elevators, Special Applications, and Environmental Considerations. Automated Material Handling Systems. Codes and Standards. Elevator Specifying and Contracting. Economics, Maintenance, and Modernization. Traffic Studies and Performance Evaluation. The Changing Modes of Horizontal and Vertical Transportation. Appendix. Indexes.
Directed Peptide Assembly at the Lipid−Water Interface Cooperatively Enhances Membrane Binding and Activity (2010)

We modified membrane-active peptides with synthetic recognition modules to foster peptide assembly at the lipid-water interface. The designed recognition strategy has been previously reported: tris-cyanuric acid and tris-melamine have been found to bind selectively to each another when membrane-anchored. We designed this interaction to occur between two membrane-active peptides, forming a heteromeric complex at the lipid-water interface that exhibits superior membrane binding and permeation compared to the monomeric peptides, presumably because of the higher avidity of the assembled structure. These conjugates do not assemble appreciably in solution but assemble at the lipid-water interface, with surface binding of the peptide acting cooperatively with molecular recognition to yield improved binding and permeation. Furthermore, we find that specific recognition between tris-cyanuric acid phospholipid (TCA-PE) at low surface concentration and tris-melamine magainin (TMM) or hexa-melamine magainin (HMM) results in highly lytic binding, whereas no binding is detectable in the absence of lipid recognition. These findings suggest a noncovalent strategy to enhance peptide membrane activity, which may lead to the discovery of more potent surface-active agents such as antimicrobials.
Mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation participating in photosynthetic metabolism of a leaf cell (1988)

Oligomycin was used for the selective inhibition of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in barley leaf protoplasts. The addition of oligomycin inhibited the photosynthesis of intact protoplasts by 40–60%, this being accompanied by a pronounced decrease in cellular ATP content. When the protoplasts were ruptured in a way leaving the chloroplasts intact, the photosynthesis of the released chloroplasts was not inhibited by oligomycin. It is therefore concluded that in illuminated protoplasts, ATP formation by oxidative phosphorylation is required for utilization of the photosynthate by the cell. Thus, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation appears to serve an essential function for supplying the cytosol with ATP during photosynthesis.
The Detrimental Effects of Prolonged Hypothermia and Rewarming in the Dog  (1980)

The authors had previously observed a deleterious cerebrovascular effect of prolonged hypothermia in primates and cats. In this study they examined the systemic as well as cerebral hemodynamic and metabolic effects of 24 hours of hypothermia in the dog. With decreases in temperature to 29 C, cardiac output (Q) and whole-body oxygen consumption (VO2) initially decreased 52 and 42 per cent, respectively. Thereafter, despite a stable temperature, both Q and VO2 continued to decrease, and at 24 hours values were 7 and 28 per cent of control, respectively, Cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebral oxygen consumption responded similarly. At 24 hours inhomogeneous perfusion of both brain and skeletal muscle was observed. With rewarming, cardiovascular collapse with severe tissue hypoxia and acidosis developed; CBF became grossly inadequate, resulting in depletion of brain energy stores.
Inhibitors of 17&#946;-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 (2008)

Carcinogenesis of hormone-related cancers involves hormone-stimulated cell proliferation, which increases the number of cell divisions and the opportunity for random genetic errors. In target tissues, steroid hormones are interconverted between their potent, high affinity forms for their respective receptors and their inactive, low affinity forms. One group of enzymes responsible for these interconversions are the hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, which regulate ligand access to steroid receptors and thus act at a pre-receptor level. As part of this group, the 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases catalyze either oxidation of hydroxyl groups or reduction of keto groups at steroid position C17. The thoroughly characterized 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 activates the less active estrone to estradiol, a potent ligand for estrogen receptors. This isoform is expressed in gonads, where it affects circulating levels of estradiol, and in peripheral tissue, where it regulates ligand occupancy of estrogen receptors. Inhibitors of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 are thus highly interesting potential therapeutic agents for the control of estrogen-dependent diseases such as endometriosis, as well as breast and ovarian cancers. Here, we present the review on the recent development of inhibitors of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 published and patented since the previous review of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitors of Poirier (Curr. Med. Chem., 2003, 10, 453). These inhibitors are divided into two separate groups according to their chemical structures: steroidal and non-steroidal 17β- hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 inhibitors. Their estrogenic/ proliferative activities and selectivities over other 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases that are involved in local regulation of estrogen action (types 2, 7 and 12) are also presented. Keywords: 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1, inhibitors, drugs, steroids
Review of nanostructured devices for thermoelectric applications (2014)

A big research effort is currently dedicated to the development of thermoelectric devices capable of a direct thermal-to-electrical energy conversion, aiming at efficiencies as high as possible. These devices are very attractive for many applications in the fields of energy recovery and green energy harvesting. In this paper, after a quick summary of the fundamental principles of thermoelectricity, the main characteristics of materials needed for high efficiency thermoelectric conversion will be discussed, and a quick review of the most promising materials currently under development will be given. This review paper will put a particular emphasis on nanostructured silicon, which represents a valid compromise between good thermoelectric properties on one side and material availability, sustainability, technological feasibility on the other side. The most important bottom-up and top-down nanofabrication techniques for large area silicon nanowire arrays, to be used for high efficiency thermoelectric devices, will be presented and discussed.
Identifying and Targeting <i>ROS1</i> Gene Fusions in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer (2012)

ROS1 inhibition may be an effective treatment strategy for the subset of patients with NSCLC whose tumors express ROS1 fusion genes.
Highly Uniform and Monodisperse β-NaYF<sub>4</sub>:Ln<sup>3+</sup> (Ln = Eu, Tb, Yb/Er, and Yb/Tm) Hexagonal Microprism Crystals:  Hydrothermal Synthesis and Luminescent Properties (2007)

beta-NaYF4:Ln3+ (Ln = Eu, Tb, Yb/Er, and Yb/Tm) hexagonal microprisms with remarkably uniform morphology and size have been synthesized via a facile hydrothermal route. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and photoluminescence (PL) spectra as well as kinetic decays were used to characterize the samples. It is found that sodium citrate as a shape modifier introduced into the reaction system plays a critical role in the shape evolution of the final products. Furthermore, the shape and size of the products can be further manipulated by adjusting the molar ratio of citrate/RE3+ (RE represents the total amount of Y3+ and the doped rare earth elements such as Eu3+, Tb3+, Yb3+/Er3+, or Yb3+/Tm3+). Under the excitation of 397 nm ultraviolet light, NaYF4:xEu3+ (x = 1.5, 5%) shows the emission lines of Eu3+ corresponding to 5D0-3 --> 7FJ (J = 0-4) transitions from 400 to 700 nm (whole visible spectral region) with different intensity, resulting in yellow and red down-conversion (DC) light emissions, respectively. When doped with 5% Tb3+ ions, the strong DC fluorescence corresponding to 5D4 --> 7FJ (J = 6, 5, 4, 3) transitions with 5D4 --> 7F5 (green emission at 544 nm) being the most prominent group that has been observed. In addition, under 980 nm laser excitation, the Yb3+/Er3+- and Yb3+/Tm3+-codoped beta-NaYF4 samples exhibit bright green and whitish blue up-conversion (UC) luminescence, respectively. The luminescence mechanisms for the doped lanthanide ions were thoroughly analyzed.
Application of Phase Spectral Analysis for Brain Stem Auditory Evoked Potential Detection in Normal Subjects and Patients with Posterior Fossa Tumors (1984)

A statistical test of the brain stem auditory-evoked potential (BAEP) detection is presented. The data were collected by averaging groups of 200 sweeps in order to obtain a set of group averages. The synchrony measure (SM), which represents the degree of reproducibility for group averages, is used as a statistical measure and is calculated from the phase variance for selected Fourier components of the group averages. The sensitivity of the test was demonstrated on 375 normal BAEPs with different stimulus intensities (45, 60, 75 dB SL) from both the ipsilateral and contralateral recordings, and on 82 BAEP recordings in the absence of stimulus. In all 375 cases of normal BAEPs the SM exceeds the threshold level while in the absence of stimulation the SM was below the threshold level. The clinical usefulness of the test was demonstrated on 22 patients with tumors of the posterior fossa. The absence of the BAEP was detected in 21 patients. In 12 out of 13 patients with lateralized tumors (acoustic neuromas), absence of the BAEP was noted for stimulation of the affected ear.
Multifunctional Macroarchitectures of Double‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Fibers (2007)

A simple and scalable drawing–drying process for spinning pure double walled carbon nanotube (DWNT) fibers out of DWNT cotton is reported (see figure). Fibers with lengths up to tens of centimeters can be spun, and these fibers possess high mechanical strength. Field emission and electrochemical tests performed on individual DWNT fibers reveal the possibility of using the DWNT fibers as components in various device architectures.
THE X-RAY STRUCTURE OF THE PERIPLASMIC GALACTOSE BINDING PROTEIN FROM SALMONELLA $TYPHIMURIUM AT 3.0 ANGSTROMS RESOLUTION (1983)

The x-ray structure of the periplasmic galactose binding protein from Salmonella typhimurium, the specific receptor for taxis toward, and high-affinity transport of, galactose has been solved at 3.0-A resolution using multiple isomorphous replacement. The path of the polypeptide chain has been traced, and a model structure consisting of 292 amino acids has been fit to the electron density map. The overall shape of the molecule is that of a prolate ellipsoid, with dimensions 35 X 35 X 65 A. The protein consists of two similar domains of roughly equal size, related by an axis of pseudosymmetry, and separated by a deep cleft about 8 A wide. Each domain has a core of parallel beta sheet surrounded by five alpha helices, built by alternating strands of sheet and helix in a repeating pattern. Approximately 36% of the residues are involved in alpha helices, and 27% in beta sheet. The tertiary structure has been compared to that of the Escherichia coli arabinose binding protein (Gilliland, G.L., and Quiocho, F. A. (1981) J. Mol. Biol. 146, 341-362), a periplasmic receptor which is involved in transport, but not in chemotaxis. The overall folding of these two molecules is very similar, with the exception of two areas on the surface of the molecule on the long sides of the prolate ellipsoid. The observed variations are adequate to explain the differences in interaction of L-arabinose binding protein and galactose binding protein with the membrane proteins for transport and chemotaxis.
Synthesis and Evaluation of Dimeric Derivatives of 5-HT<sub>2A</sub>Receptor (5-HT<sub>2A</sub>R) Antagonist M-100907 (2011)

It is now well accepted that at least some serotonin receptors exist in dimeric and oligmeric forms. The linking of receptor ligands has been shown to have potential in the development of selective agonists and antagonists for traditionally refractive receptors. Here we report the development of a dimeric version of the known 5-HT(2A)R antagonist, M-100907. Derivatives of M-100907 were synthesized to determine an appropriate site for the linker connection. Then, homodimers with polyether linkers of different lengths were functionally tested in a bioassay to determine the optimal linker length. Attachment at the catechol of M-100907 with linkers between 12 and 18 atoms in length proved to be optimal.
Highlights of a Brushless Direct-Drive Solar Array Control System Design (1971)

This paper summarizes a drive system design for controlling the position and rate of solar power arrays on orbiting spacecraft. There are no gears or sliding contact elements used anywhere in the system and only low-speed bearings are needed. Such mechanization is particularly well suited to solid lubrication techniques, and wear rates are very low, so that the drive system can operate directly in the space environment for long periods of time. Three major components were developed for implementation of this design concept. They are: 1) a brushless dc torque motor; 2) a rotary power transformer; and 3) an offset-tooth shaft position and rate sensor. These components are combined in a hybrid system configuration in which the signal processing and logic functions are performed by digital and linear integrated circuits. A root contour and describing function analysis, confirmed by experimentation, shows that several modes of limit cycle generation can occur in the vicinity of null. Compensation circuits are given that inhibit or suppress limit cycling and provide controlled electronic damping of the system. The system offers relatively high stiffness and can be operated at indefinitely low angular rates with minimum power consumption.