gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimal design of split partial second pass reverse osmosis network for desalination applications (2013)

Reverse osmosis (RO) network design problem is presented in this study for seawater desalination. The RO pressure vessel is multiple spiral wound modules connected in series. We exploit in this study the RO pressure vessel operation by considering stream property variations within the pressure vessel itself. The design problem allows extraction of high‐quality permeates from different locations along the pressure vessel length. Superstructure optimization is adopted to model the RO network in order to find: (1) optimal arrangement of the process units, (2) optimal permeate extraction locations, and (3) production of several permeate streams with different qualities. Several case studies are presented to show the applications of the proposed mathematical programming model. In general, lower treatment cost and higher permeate recovery can be achieved by allowing permeate extraction streams from the RO pressure vessels. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J 60: 520–532, 2014
<i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>Levamisole Resistance Genes<i>lev-1</i>,<i>unc-29</i>, and<i>unc-38</i>Encode Functional Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Subunits (1997)

We show that three of the eleven genes of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans that mediate resistance to the nematocide levamisole and to other cholinergic agonists encode nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits. unc-38 encodes an alpha subunit while lev-1 and unc-29 encode non-alpha subunits. The nematode nAChR subunits show conservation of many mammalian nAChR sequence features, implying an ancient evolutionary origin of nAChR proteins. Expression in Xenopus oocytes of combinations of these subunits that include the unc-38 alpha subunit results in levamisole-induced currents that are suppressed by the nAChR antagonists mecamylamine, neosurugatoxin, and d-tubocurarine but not alpha-bungarotoxin. The mutant phenotypes reveal that unc-38 and unc-29 subunits are necessary for nAChR function, whereas the lev-1 subunit is not. An UNC-29-GFP fusion shows that UNC-29 is expressed in body and head muscles. Two dominant mutations of lev-1 result in a single amino acid substitution or addition in or near transmembrane domain 2, a region important to ion channel conductance and desensitization. The identification of viable nAChR mutants in C. elegans provides an advantageous system in which receptor expression and synaptic targeting can be manipulated and studied in vivo.
Thermophysical Comparison of Five Commercial Paraffin Waxes as Latent Heat Storage Materials (2010)

Thermophysical properties of phase change materials (PCM) are of utmost importance in latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) applications.Therefore, an experimental study is conducted in order to determine thermophysical properties of five technical grade paraffin waxes produced by major Croatian oil company, INA d.d.Rijeka.The temperatures and enthalpies of melting and solidification (latent heat capacity) and specific heat capacities of solid and liquid paraffin waxes were measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC).The thermal diffusivity of paraffin waxes was determined utilizing transient method.The importance of eliminating phase transformation interferences to thermophysical properties determination is addressed.The densities and the coefficient of thermal expansion were measured using Archimedes methods.A self-adopted simple and inexpensive laboratory procedure for the determination of liquid density as a temperature function is presented.Finally, the thermal conductivities have been calculated from measured densities, heat capacities and diffusivities.Based on results obtained, the investigated paraffin waxes were evaluated in regard to their applicability as PCM for LHTES.
Violence in the media (1987)

The long running debate on the nature of the relationship between violence in society and violence in Uhe media is a delicious nightmare of challenged inductions and emotive assertions. Like a nightmare, organising and assessing it involves engaging with material which uses references from a wide range of previous studies and which straddles many disciplines.
Enterprise application integration using a component-based architecture (2004)

Enterprise Application Integration (EAI) and Business-to-Business integration (B2B) leverage several key technologies including middleware and message brokers. However, an effective integration solution largely depends on the right combination of technologies that provide the glue between disparate applications. To build a technology infrastructure that can adapt to changes as the integration architecture evolves is crucial. The solution to the integration problem is forcing companies to think in distributed terms. In this paper, we show that a formula for successful deployment of an integrated organization is to have a technology infrastructure, consisting of a standard middleware and application server, that incorporates a distributed object infrastructure as well as platform to develop and integrate component-based applications. In particular, the paper evaluates the suitability of CORBA and EJBs as the enablers of EAI, and also the suitability of XML as a data definition and integration language.
Phosphorus Rings, Clusters, Chains, and Layers (1979)

Phosphorus compounds with P–P bonds (polyphosphides, phosphanes, and organophosphorus compounds) are considered as compounds formed by ions or radicals with a skeleton consisting of phosphorus atoms linked covalently to one another; the structure of such skeletons depends little on the nature of the ions or radicals attached to them. The simplest structural elements of such skeletons have been isolated and the rules governing their combination into clusters, chains, layers, and cross-linked structures have been established. A classification is proposed and formulae are presented for homologous matrices of phosphorus skeletons and the wide variety of their structures is demonstrated. Certain aspects of the stereochemistry of polyphosphorus compounds are discussed. Its general features and the way it differs from the stereochemistry of organic compounds have been established. The considerable scope of the chemistry of polyphosphorus compounds is noted. The bibliography includes 47 references.
Late potato blight in Iowa (1914)

Climatic conditions in Iowa are generally unfavorable to the development of the potato disease known as late blight. It is of rare occurence here but in occasional seasons it causes serious losses.\nThe climatic conditions under which late blight occurs in Iowa are a high degree of humidity with heavy dews and midsummer temperatures lower than usual. An excess of rainfall and a predominance of cloudy weather are contributing factors.\nThe practice of shipping in northern grown potatoes for seed is common in Iowa. Such seed is apt to be infected with the late blight fungus.
Reduction of intermodulation distortion in interferometric optical modulators (1988)

A dual-polarization technique for reducing intermodulatíon distortion in integrated-optic interferometric modulators is described. While this technique results in a decrease in modulator sensitivity, the intermodulation distortion can be significantly reduced for a given depth of optical modulation by adjusting the relative amounts of TE and TM optical power. Reductions in intermodulation distortion as high as 21 dB were demonstrated by means of this technique with a Ti:LiNbO(3) device.
Implementation and verification practices of DVFS and power gating (2009)

Reducing the power supply voltage is an effective technique to reduce dynamic power. Power shut-off (PSO) is also a well-known approach to reduce leakage power. In practice, one may employ multi-supply voltage or dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) techniques accompanied with power gating and multi-depth sleep modes to reduce both of dynamic and leakage power consumption. As the voltage domains (power domains) and sleep modes (power modes) are increased dramatically, it is difficult to plan interface logics such as level shifters and isolation cells completely by manual for each power domain. In this paper, we present an interface planning methodology, and take a DVFS and power gating design with over 50 power domains and 80 power modes to demonstrate the verification challenges and our solutions. Besides, we propose a ldquoseamlessrdquo interface control circuit for PSO and DVFS designs. By using the circuit, the designs in the power on domain don't feel any data change when the opposite power domain is powered off.
A Simplified Approach to Image Processing: Classical and Modern Techniques in C (1996)

From the Publisher:
Image processing, the use of computers to process pictures, has revolutionized the fields of medicine, space exploration, geology, and oceanography, and has become the hottest area in digital signal processing. This book provides a comprehensive introduction to the most popular image processing techniques used today, without getting bogged down in the complex mathematical presentations found in most image processing books and journals. The book covers the hottes t topics in image proessing, including whole chapters on the processing of color images, image warping and morphing techniques, and image compression. The diskette, written in portable C code, provides a hands-on introduction to image processing techniques that can be incorporated into the user's applications. For computer programmers and electrical engineers who need to enhance image processing applications.
Correlation between parameters of contrast-enhanced ultrasound and microvessel density in rabbit atherosclerotic plaques (2012)

Objective To evaluate the correlation between quantitative parameters of contrastenhanced ultrasound(CEUS) and microvessel density (MVD) of rabbit atherosclerotic plaques.Methods Twenty-six male New Zealand rabbits were damaged abdominal aortic by balloon expanded,fed with high fat 12 weeks later.Thirty two plaques were detected using conventional ultrasound examination.The maximum area,luminal area stenosis rate and the maximum thickness of each plaque were recorded.CEUS was performed on 32 plaques and enhancement images were offline analyzed quantitatively by ACQ software and the parameters such as arrival time(AT),time to peak(TTP),basic intensity(BI),and peak intensity(PI) were acquired.Enhanced intensity (EI) was calculated according to the formula:EI =PI- BI.Then the experimental rabbits were killed for pathological examination and CD34 monoclonal antibody immunohistochemical detection.MVD was counted under the microscope.The correlation between the parameters of CEUS and MVD was analyzed.Based on pathological findings,the plaques were divided into vulnerable plaques and stable plaques.Results EI and MVD of vulnerable plaques group were significantly higher than that of stable plaques group [EI:(26.36 ± 1.44) dB vs (23.90 ± 2.92)dB,t =- 3.243,P =0.001 ；MVD:(5.23 ± 1.16)/mm2 vs (2.47 ± 1.12)/mm2,Z =- 4.378,P ＜0.001].The maximum area,luminal area stenosis rate,the maximum thickness and PI,AT,TTP had no significant difference between two groups( P ＞0.05).The value of EI showed significant positive correlation with MVD ( r =0.676,P ＜0.001).Conclusions EI can accurately evaluate the angiogenesis of rabbit atherosclerotic plaques,which can be regarded as a useful index to distinguish between vulnerable and stable plaques.

Key words: 
Ultrasonography; Microbubbles; Aorta,abdominal; Atherosclerosis; Microvessel density
Mechanism of Aconitase Action (1967)

The following scheme is proposed to represent the path of tritium in the aconitase (aconitate hydratase) reaction. [see PDF for equation] Five experiments that support this scheme are presented. 1. The conversion of 3-T-isocitrate to citrate at early times gives T-citrate with no loss of tritium. 2. When the conversion of 2-T-citrate to isocitrate is brought to completion by trapping the isocitrate with isocitrate dehydrogenase, and the α-ketoglutarate formed with glutamate dehydrogenase, the amount of tritium found in the glutamate agrees with the prediction based on the relative initial rates of formation of isocitrate and cis-aconitate from citrate. 3. The transfer of deuterium from citrate to isocitrate in the absence of high concentrations of cis-aconitate is shown to be largely intramolecular. 4. At high concentrations of cis-aconitate some of the tritium of 2-T-citrate that is normally found in the water is diverted to isocitrate. 5. This conservation of tritium is due to an intermolecular transfer since in the presence of high cis-aconitate the tritiated 2-methyl hydroxy acids give rise to tritiated isocitrate. These data support a mechanism of base-catalyzed proton abstraction from hydroxy acid substrate. The conjugate acid group so formed on the enzyme is slow to dissociate and either is transferred to bound cis-aconitate before the latter dissociates, or, if the cis-aconitate is released, the conjugate acid group dissociates to regenerate the enzyme base. In the interconversion of the hydroxy acids there is little or no transfer of 18O-labeled hydroxyl group.
An Open Conformation of Switch I Revealed by the Crystal Structure of a Mg2+-free Form of RHOA Complexed with GDP (2000)

Mg(2+) ions are essential for guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) activity and play key roles in guanine nucleotide binding and preserving the structural integrity of GTP-binding proteins. We determined the crystal structure of a small GTPase RHOA complexed with GDP in the absence of Mg(2+) at 2.0-A resolution. Elimination of a Mg(2+) ion induces significant conformational changes in the switch I region that opens up the nucleotide-binding site. Similar structural changes have been observed in the switch regions of Ha-Ras bound to its guanine nucleotide exchange factor, Sos. This RHOA-GDP structure reveals an important regulatory role for Mg(2+) and suggests that guanine nucleotide exchange factor may utilize this feature of switch I to produce an open conformation in GDP/GTP exchange.
Acute sensory ataxic neuropathy associated with monospecific anti-GD1b IgG antibody (2001)

The authors describe two patients with acute sensory ataxic neuropathy. Both had a profound loss of proprioception and generalized areflexia. High titers of monospecific anti-GD1b IgG antibody were detected in their sera during the acute phase. Sensory ataxia resolved within 2 weeks after the onset. Taken together with the induction of experimental sensory ataxic neuropathy sensitized with GD1b ganglioside, GD1b may be a target molecule for autoantibody in some patients with acute sensory ataxic neuropathy.
Genetic ablation of retinal pigment epithelial cells reveals the adaptive response of the epithelium and impact on photoreceptors (2009)

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) plays a critical role in the maintenance of the outer retina. RPE cell death or dysfunction drives the pathophysiology of many retinal diseases, but the physiological response of the retina to RPE cell loss is poorly understood, mainly because of the absence of suitable experimental models. Here, we generated a transgenic mouse in which an inducible Cre recombinase is expressed exclusively in the RPE under the control of the monocarboxylate transporter 3 gene promoter (RPE(CreER)). This was crossed with a transgenic mouse harboring a diphtheria toxin A (DTA) chain gene rendered transcriptionally silent by a floxed stop sequence. We show that activation of DTA in the double transgenic mouse (RPE(CreER)/DTA) led to 60-80% RPE cell death, with surviving cells maintaining the integrity of the monolayer by increasing their size. Despite the apparent morphological normality of the enlarged RPE cells in the RPE(CreER)/DTA mice, functional analysis revealed significant deficits on electroretinography, and retinal histopathology showed regions of photoreceptor rosetting and degeneration although with retention of a normal vascular network. Our study reveals that whilst the RPE monolayer has a remarkable intrinsic capacity to cope with cellular attrition, specific aspects of RPE multifunctionality essential for photoreceptor survival are compromised. The RPE(CreER)/DTA mouse offers advantages over models that employ chemical or mechanical strategies to kill RPE cells, and should be useful for the development and evaluation of RPE-based therapies, such as stem cell transplantation.
Deep Learning Multi-View Representation for Face Recognition (2014)

Various factors, such as identities, views (poses), and illuminations, are coupled in face images. Disentangling the identity and view representations is a major challenge in face recognition. Existing face recognition systems either use handcrafted features or learn features discriminatively to improve recognition accuracy. This is different from the behavior of human brain. Intriguingly, even without accessing 3D data, human not only can recognize face identity, but can also imagine face images of a person under different viewpoints given a single 2D image, making face perception in the brain robust to view changes. In this sense, human brain has learned and encoded 3D face models from 2D images. To take into account this instinct, this paper proposes a novel deep neural net, named multi-view perceptron (MVP), which can untangle the identity and view features, and infer a full spectrum of multi-view images in the meanwhile, given a single 2D face image. The identity features of MVP achieve superior performance on the MultiPIE dataset. MVP is also capable to interpolate and predict images under viewpoints that are unobserved in the training data.
The Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale–Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-Cog): Modifications and Responsiveness in Pre-Dementia Populations. A Narrative Review (2018)

The Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-Cog) was developed in the 1980s to assess the level of cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Advancements in the research field have shifted focus toward pre-dementia populations, and use of the ADAS-Cog has extended into these pre-dementia studies despite concerns about its ability to detect important changes at these milder stages of disease progression. If the ADAS-Cog cannot detect important changes, our understanding of pre-dementia disease progression may be compromised and trials may incorrectly conclude that a novel treatment approach is not beneficial. The purpose of this review was to assess the performance of the ADAS-Cog in pre-dementia populations, and to review all modifications that have been made to the ADAS-Cog to improve its measurement performance in dementia or pre-dementia populations. The contents of this review are based on bibliographic searches of electronic databases to locate all studies using the ADAS-Cog in pre-dementia samples or subsamples, and to locate all modified versions. Citations from relevant articles were also consulted. Overall, our results suggest the original ADAS-Cog is not an optimal outcome measure for pre-dementia studies; however, given the prominence of the ADAS-Cog, care must be taken when considering the use of alternative outcome measures. Thirty-one modified versions of the ADAS-Cog were found. Modification approaches that appear most beneficial include altering scoring methodology or adding tests of memory, executive function, and/or daily functioning. Although modifications improve the performance of the ADAS-Cog, this is at the cost of introducing heterogeneity that may limit between-study comparison.
Extreme undercooling (down to 90K) of liquid metal nanoparticles (2006)

Low-melting-point metal nanoparticles show remarkable undercoolings: exceptional values ΔT∕Tm≅0.5 were previously reported for confined Ga droplets in the 100–1000nm range. This was considered a characteristic limiting temperature for Ga. We here give evidence that Ga nanoparticles in the 3–15nm range can be undercooled at least down to 90K (ΔT∕Tm⩾0.7) without crystallization. Since computations and experiments on clusters with &lt;50 atoms show on the contrary the signatures of melting at temperatures well above the bulk value, the result is particularly relevant in stressing the importance of interfacial and finite-size effects on the thermodynamics of the nanoscale.
Carbonyl Addition Reactions: Factors Affecting the Hydrate–Hemiacetal and Hemiacetal–Acetal Equilibrium Constants (1975)

Equilibrium constants for hydrate–hemiacetal interconversion in aqueous solution at 25° have been measured for four fluorinated carbonyl compounds: compound, alcohol, K 4 (M −1 ): CF 3 CHO, C 2 H 5 OH, 2.3; CF 3 COCH 3 , CH 3 OH, 1.0; CF 3 COPh, CH 3 OH, 3.5; CF 3 COCF 3 , CH 3 OH, 0.14. These values, combined with values from the literature, permit an examination of substituent effects upon the equilibrium constant for[Formula: see text]The free energy change for this process, corrected for symmetry and steric effects, follows the equation[Formula: see text]Thus electronic effects upon this equilibrium are generally small and in fact are often smaller than steric effects.This analysis permits and justifies the calculation of free energies of formation of [Formula: see text] compounds from the (more generally measurable) free energies of formation of the analogous [Formula: see text] compounds.
Improved Diethylene Glycol Distearate Embedding Wax (1982)

Diethylene glycol distearate wax and cellulose caprate resin, 4:1 respectively by weight, were melted together at 75 C for five hours with occasional stirring. The resin tempered the extreme brittleness of the wax without softening it, and raised the melting point only one degree to 50 C. Fixed plant tissues were dehydrated in ethanol, cleared in xylene, and infiltrated with wax. Modified diethylene glycol distearate was easier to trim and shape, and formed flat sections more consistently than the pure wax. Sections were cut singly on Ralph knives with attached water pools on an ultramicrotome. Sectionability was excellent at 2-3 micrometers, variable at 1.0 micrometer, but impossible at 0.5 micrometer. Sections were transferred onto water drops on slides, dried, dewaxed, stained, and coverglasses applied as in the paraffin method. Histological feature of plant tissues were much sharper in modified diethylene glycol distearate sections than in paraffin sections, and were similar to plastic sections.
Predictably Dependable Computing Systems (1995)

This book provides an overview of the work of two successive ESPRIT Basic Research Projects on Predictably Dependable Computing Systems (PDCS), as well as their major achievements. The purpose of the projects has been contribute to making the process of designing and constructing dependable computing systems much more predictable and cost-effective. The book contains a carefully edited selection of papers on all four main topics in PDCS: fault prevention, fault tolerance, fault removal, and fault forecasting. Problems of real-time and distributed systems, system structuring, qualitative evaluation, and software dependability modelling are emphasized. The book reports on the latest research on PDCS from a team including many of Europe's leading researchers.
Risk assessment related to veterinary biologicals : side-effects in target animals (1995)

Despite established control measures, the large-scale use of veterinary biologicals may involve side-effects. The most common side-effects observed include the following: injection site reactions, systemic reactions, allergic reactions, effects on the immune system, residual pathogenicity, inadequate inactivation, genetic recombination, contamination. New technologies, new harmonised regulations, and commitment to quality will ensure a continuous supply of safe and innovative products.