gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On the temporal equivalence of sequential circuits (1992)

The authors extend the abstract notion of temporal behavior to compare arbitrary circuits with arbitrary multiphase clocking schemes. They consider the input-output behavior of circuits with respect to time. Properties are discussed that remain invariant under certain transformations. Constraints are derived that permit a legal retiming in the case of multiphase sequential circuits with edge triggered and/or transparent latches. For a particular design style an efficient procedure is described to check for temporal equivalence of sequential circuits. A model and a formal definition for the temporal behavior of an arbitrary multiphase circuits and an algorithm for formal verification of the temporal behavior of circuits are outlined. >
Asymmetric Synthesis of Chiral <i>N</i>-Sulfinyl 3-Alkyl- and 3-Arylpiperidines by α-Alkylation of <i>N</i>-Sulfinyl Imidates with 1-Chloro-3-iodopropane (2010)

α-Alkylation of N-sulfinyl imidates with 1-chloro-3-iodopropane successfully led to 2-substituted N-tert-butanesulfinyl-5-chloropentanimidates in acceptable diastereomeric ratios (dr 67/33 to 72/28) and good yields (74-86%). Subsequent reduction with NaBH(4) led to the corresponding 2-substituted N-tert-butanesulfinyl-5-chloropentylamines, which could be cyclized to a range of new chiral 3-substituted N-tert-butanesulfinylpiperidines using NaH in DMSO. Finally, the N-tert-butanesulfinylpiperidines could be efficiently deprotected to enantiomerically pure 3-alkyl- and 3-arylpiperidine hydrochlorides.
Design techniques for a fully differential low voltage low-power flash analog to-digital converter (2003)

A CMOS 8-bit, 33.3MS/s flash ADC with /spl plusmn/1.5V power supply is developed through the use of a low-power high-speed CMOS fully differential comparator. To achieve good signal-to-(noise and distortion) ratio in the presence of noisy digital circuitry, the architecture of the ADC is fully differential. The differential nonlinearity error in dynamical operation is less than /spl plusmn/0.3LSB. Signal-to-(noise and distortion) ratio is 46.2dB at a sampling rate of 33.3MS/s and input frequency of 4MHz. The power dissipation is 106mW at 33.3MS/s with /spl plusmn/1.5V power supply.
Al-Si crystallographic-orientation transition in Al-Si/TiN layered structures and electromigration performance as interconnects (1995)

Formation of aluminum-silicon (Al-Si) alloy/titanium nitride (TiN) layered structures and their electromigration (EM) performance have been investigated. The crystallographic structure of the TiN film changes with the sputter-deposition conditions. A large negative substrate bias in reactive sputtering induces a structural transition in the TiN film. The crystal orientation normal to the film surface is easily controlled from the 〈111〉 to the 〈200〉 direction. The crystallographic orientation of the Al-Si alloy film has been successfully controlled by the film deposition on an orientation controlled barrier TiN film. The Al-Si alloy film grows epitaxially on TiN at the initial stage of deposition and this causes the Al-Si alloy’s preferred orientation to the underlying TiN film. These layered structures with different levels of Al-Si alloy preferred orientation have been subjected to EM tests, and the Al-Si alloy film with stronger 〈111〉 orientation was found to have a longer EM lifetime. The best EM resistance has been obtained on Al-Si alloy film with the strongest 〈111〉 orientation, which is achieved on a TiN film formed by the nitridation of a titanium (Ti) film. Thus, highly reliable interconnects can be obtained by improving the preferred orientation of Al-Si alloy film using texture improved TiN film.
Modeling of Kinetic-Inductance Coplanar Striplin with NbN Thin Films (1992)

In order to determine transmission line parameters of superconducting coplanar striplines with thickness smaller than the magnetic penetration depth of the striplines, in which the influences of enlarged kinetic inductance and strongly nonuniform current distribution make it useless to apply the conventional design formula developed for normal conductors, we have conducted theoretical and experimental studies on the geometrical effects of the kinetic inductance and the microwave loss of the thin coplanar striplines. The analytical expression for the kinetic inductance of the coplanar stripline is given using the conformal mapping technique, and it is shown with the London equation and the two fluid-model that the microwave loss is directly proportional to the kinetic inductance. The comparison has been made between theory and experiment concerning the kinetic inductance and the microwave quality factor of NbN coplanar striplines with various thicknesses and widths. It is shown that the observed characteristics are well modeled by the analytical expression.
Intra prediction mode selection for flicker reduction in H.264/AVC (2006)

The H.264/AVC adopted an intra prediction scheme that enables high coding efficiency for intra-coded frames. However, the intra prediction scheme of H.264/AVC may cause flicker in intra-coded frames if the intra prediction modes are not appropriately selected for coding. In this paper, we propose an intra prediction mode selection method for H.264/AVC by using a modified distortion measure for rate distortion optimized mode selection that does not only consider the distortion between the input and the reconstructed macroblocks, but also the between-frame consistency of distortion between two successive frames to reduce flicker in intra-coded frames. Experimental results demonstrate that our proposed method reduces significant amount of flicker with a negligible change in PSNR and bitrate
Herpes Simplex Virus-Mediated Gene Transfer As a Tool for Neuropsychiatric Research (2000)

There is an enormous initiative to establish causal relationships between brain biology (including patterns of gene expression) and behavior. Unfortunately, genetic intervention is not accomplished easily in the brain. One strategy is to engineer and deliver to the brain specialized viral vectors that carry a gene (or genes) of interest, thereby exploiting the natural ability of viruses to insert genetic information into cells. When delivered to the brain, these vectors cause infected cells to increase expression of the genes of interest. Viral vectors are particularly useful when the goal is to manipulate expression of a single gene in a specific brain region, at a specific time, and in animals that developed normally. There are several types of virus that can be adapted for use as viral vectors, including those based on herpes simplex virus (HSV-1), adenovirus (AV), adeno-associated virus (AAV), and lentivirus. Although each vector has its own unique advantages and disadvantages, this rapidly evolving technology has the potential to revolutionize neuropsychiatric research by offering the opportunity to establish, with anatomical and temporal specificity, causal relations between altered expression of individual gene products and alterations in complex behavior.
Bioengineered Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells with Golgi-targeted 3-O-Sulfotransferase-1 Biosynthesize Heparan Sulfate with an Antithrombin-binding Site (2013)

HS3st1 (heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferase isoform-1) is a critical enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of the antithrombin III (AT)-binding site in the biopharmaceutical drug heparin. Heparin is a highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan that shares a common biosynthetic pathway with heparan sulfate (HS). Although only granulated cells, such as mast cells, biosynthesize heparin, all animal cells are capable of biosynthesizing HS. As part of an effort to bioengineer CHO cells to produce heparin, we previously showed that the introduction of both HS3st1 and NDST2 (N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase isoform-2) afforded HS with a very low level of anticoagulant activity. This study demonstrated that untargeted HS3st1 is broadly distributed throughout CHO cells and forms no detectable AT-binding sites, whereas Golgi-targeted HS3st1 localizes in the Golgi and results in the formation of a single type of AT-binding site and high anti-factor Xa activity (137 ± 36 units/mg). Moreover, stable overexpression of HS3st1 also results in up-regulation of 2-O-, 6-O-, and N-sulfo group-containing disaccharides, further emphasizing a previously unknown concerted interplay between the HS biosynthetic enzymes and suggesting the need to control the expression level of all of the biosynthetic enzymes to produce heparin in CHO cells.
Playing the Game on the World Wide Web (2006)

Promoting the message of safe celebration on the world wide web is an effective way of raising awareness in a local community about safe partying.
Synchrotron Studies of Catalysts: From XAFS to QEXAFS and Beyond (2009)

Development of extended X-ray absorption fine-structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy started in the early 1970s when Stern, Sayers and Lytle recognized that fine structure in X-ray absorption coefficient is related to the details of the nearest atomic environment about the X-ray absorbing atom [1 Sayers, D. 1971. Phys. Rev. Lett., 27: 1204[Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]]. Three and a half decades later, EXAFS together with X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) evolved into a versatile and widely available characterization tool that provides complementary information to other advanced spectroscopic, scattering and microscopic techniques.
αA‐crystallin confers cellular thermoresistance (1994)

The bovine eye lens protein alpha A-crystallin has been overexpressed both by stable transfection of HeLa cells and by transient transfection of NIH 3T3 cells. In both experimental systems alpha A-crystallin overexpression results in an increased cellular thermoresistance as judged by different clonal survival assays. In contrast, similar overexpression of another stable lens protein, beta B2-crystallin, does not confer thermoresistance. These results indicate that the structural relationship of alpha A-crystallin to the small heat shock proteins HSP25/27 and to alpha B-crystallin is sufficient for the shared thermoprotective function of all of these molecules and strongly suggests that the chaperone-like properties that they have in common are responsible for the conferred cellular thermoresistance.
Polarization components analysis for invariant discrimination (2007)

Linear and nonlinear components analysis of data from a monostatic laser polarimeter is developed and applied to the task of remote, nonimaging discrimination among different textures on paint and polymer coupons independent of their spatial orientations. Both principal-components analysis and nonlinear components analysis are applied to multidimensional laser data in measured Mueller matrices, with discrimination via cluster segmentation in derived linear and nonlinear constant channels. Textures on the discriminated coupons are generated by heating and illustrated in optical micrographs.
Simulation of Hydrostatical Equilibrium of Ferrofluid Subject to Magneto-static Field (2008)

In this paper, a numerical scheme for obtaining ferrofluid shape formation is presented using the revisited Kelvin's force formula. The formula adopts the newly appreciated field intensity from the original Kelvin's concept and the virtual air gap scheme. For the hydrostatic equilibrium subject to magneto-static field, both electromagnetic and gravitational body forces should be considered. The free surface profile of ferrofluid can be obtained through numerical iterations based on the fact that the pressures on the free surface should be the same. Test models are presented as validations of the proposed scheme.
Linguistic Cues and Memory for Synthetic and Natural Speech (2000)

Past research has demonstrated that there are cognitive processing costs associated with comprehension of speech generated by text-to-speech synthesizers, relative to comprehension of natural speech. This finding has important performance implications for the many applications that use such systems. The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether certain characteristics of synthetic speech slow on-line, real-time cognitive processing. Whereas past research has focused on the phonemic acoustic structure of synthetic speech, we manipulated prosodic, syntactic, and semantic cues in a task requiring participants to recall sentences spoken either by a human or by one of two speech synthesizers. The findings were interpreted to suggest that inappropriate prosodic modeling in synthetic speech was the major source of a performance differential between natural and synthetic speech. Prosodic cues, along with others, guide the parsing of speech and provide redundancy. When these cues are absent or inaccurate, the additional burden placed on working memory may exceed its capacity, particularly in time-limited, demanding tasks. Actual or potential applications of this research include improvement of text-to-speech output systems in warning systems, feedback devices in aerospace vehicles, educational and training modules, aids for the handicapped, consumer products, and technologies designed to increase the functional independence of older adults.
Protein Kinase C Activation Upregulates Intercellular Adhesion of α-Catenin–negative Human Colon Cancer Cell Variants via Induction of Desmosomes (1997)

The alpha-catenin molecule links E-cadherin/ beta-catenin or E-cadherin/plakoglobin complexes to the actin cytoskeleton. We studied several invasive human colon carcinoma cell lines lacking alpha-catenin. They showed a solitary and rounded morphotype that correlated with increased invasiveness. These round cell variants acquired a more normal epithelial phenotype upon transfection with an alpha-catenin expression plasmid, but also upon treatment with the protein kinase C (PKC) activator 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA). Video registrations showed that the cells started to establish elaborated intercellular junctions within 30 min after addition of TPA. Interestingly, this normalizing TPA effect was not associated with alpha-catenin induction. Classical and confocal immunofluorescence showed only minor TPA-induced changes in E-cadherin staining. In contrast, desmosomal and tight junctional proteins were dramatically rearranged, with a conversion from cytoplasmic clusters to obvious concentration at cell-cell contacts and exposition at the exterior cell surface. Electron microscopical observations revealed the TPA-induced appearance of typical desmosomal plaques. TPA-restored cell-cell adhesion was E-cadherin dependent as demonstrated by a blocking antibody in a cell aggregation assay. Addition of an antibody against the extracellular part of desmoglein-2 blocked the TPA effect, too. Remarkably, the combination of anti-E-cadherin and anti-desmoglein antibodies synergistically inhibited the TPA effect. Our studies show that it is possible to bypass the need for normal alpha-catenin expression to establish tight intercellular adhesion by epithelial cells. Apparently, the underlying mechanism comprises upregulation of desmosomes and tight junctions by activation of the PKC signaling pathway, whereas E-cadherin remains essential for basic cell-cell adhesion, even in the absence of alpha-catenin.
Ends-in vs. ends-out recombination in yeast. (1993)

Integration of linearized plasmids into yeast chromosomes has been used as a model system for the study of recombination initiated by double-strand breaks. The linearized plasmid DNA recombines efficiently into sequences homologous to the ends of the DNA. This efficient recombination occurs both for the configuration in which the break is in a contiguous region of homology (herein called the ends-in configuration) and for "omega" insertions in which plasmid sequences interrupt a linear region of homology (herein called the ends-out configuration). The requirements for integration of these two configurations are expected to be different. We compared these two processes in a yeast strain containing an ends-in target and an ends-out target for the same cut plasmid. Recovery of ends-in events exceeds ends-out events by two- to threefold. Possible causes for the origin of this small bias are discussed. The lack of an extreme difference in frequency implies that cooperativity between the two ends does not contribute to the efficiency with which cut circular plasmids are integrated. This may also be true for the repair of chromosomal double-strand breaks.
Practical and Efficient Route to (<i>S</i>)-γ-Fluoroleucine (2005)

A practical and efficient route to (S)-γ-fluoroleucine was developed via compound 9. Introduction of the fluorine was achieved using N,N-diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (DAST) treatment on a tertiary alcohol 8.
Synthesis of Heterobifunctional Protein Fusions Using Copper‐Free Click Chemistry and the Aldehyde Tag (2012)

Clicking into place: Cu-free click chemistry is combined with the aldehyde tag protein modification strategy to produce heterobifunctional protein fusions. This method relies on linkers that utilize orthogonal triazole and oxime chemistries (see scheme) to expand on conjugation with the fGly residue and enables site-specific protein conjugation to full-length human antibodies.
Microsponge drug delivery: A Review (2010)

The drug delivery technology landscape has become highly competitive and rapidly evolving. More and more developments in delivery systems are being integrated to optimize the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of the therapy. Peptides, proteins and DNA-based therapeutics cannot be effectively delivered by conventional means. To control the delivery rate of active agents to a predetermined site in human body has been one of the biggest challenges faced by drug industry. Controlled release  of  drugs  onto  the  epidermis  with assurance  that  the  drug  remains  primarily  localized  and  does  not enter  the  systemic  circulation in significant  amounts is an area  of  research  that is successively  done  by  the  microsponge  delivery  system. The Microsponge Delivery System (MDS) is a unique technology for the controlled release of topical agents and consists of macroporous beads, typically 10-25 microns in diameter, loaded with active agent. When applied to the skin, the microsponge releases its active ingredient on a time mode and also in response to other stimuli (rubbing, temperature, pH, etc). Microsponge technology offers entrapment of ingredients and is believed to contribute towards reduced side effects, improved stability, increased elegance, and enhanced formulation flexibility. In addition, numerous studies have confirmed that microsponge systems are non-irritating, non-mutagenic, non-allergenic, and non-toxic. MDS technology is being used currently in cosmetics, over-the-counter (OTC) skin care, sunscreens and prescription products.
Building expert systems through the integration of mental models (1988)

Article Free Access Share on Building expert systems through the integration of mental models Author: Z. Chen Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LAView Profile Authors Info & Claims IEA/AIE '88: Proceedings of the 1st international conference on Industrial and engineering applications of artificial intelligence and expert systems - Volume 2June 1988 Pages 754–761https://doi.org/10.1145/55674.55689Published:01 June 1988Publication History 0citation661DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations0Total Downloads661Last 12 Months2Last 6 weeks1 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
Folate Receptor-Targeted Dendrimer-Methotrexate Conjugate for Inflammatory Arthritis (2014)

Generation 5 (G5) poly(amidoamide) (PAMAM) dendrimers are synthetic polymers that have been broadly applied as drug delivery carriers. Methotrexate (MTX), an anti-folate metabolite, has been successfully used as an anti-inflammatory drug to treat rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in the clinic. In this study, we examine the therapeutic efficacy of G5 PAMAM dendrimer methotrexate conjugates (G5-MTX) that also have folic acid (FA) conjugated to the G5-MTX (G5-FA-MTX) to target inflammation-activated folate receptors overexpressing macrophages. These cells are thought to play an important role in the development of RA. With G5 serving as a control, the in vitro binding affinities of G5-FA-MTX and G5-MTX to activated macrophages were assessed in RAW264.7, NR8383 and primary rat peritoneal macrophages. The results indicated that the binding of either conjugate to macrophages was concentration- and temperature-dependent and could be blocked by the presence of 6.25 mM free FA (p < 0.005). The preventive effects of G5-MTX and G5-FA-MTX conjugates on the development of arthritis were explored on an adjuvant-induced inflammatory arthritis model and had similar preventive effects in inflammatory arthritis at a MTX equivalent dose of 4.95 μmol/kg. These studies indicated that when multiples of MTX are conjugated on dendritic polymers, they specifically bind to folate receptor overexpressing macrophages and have comparable anti-inflammatory effects to folate targeted MTX conjugated polymers.
<title>Detection and characterization of explosives using Raman spectroscopy: identification, laser heating, and impact sensitivity</title> (1997)

Raman spectroscopy has been shown to be a useful tool for characterizing neat crystalline explosive samples and for identifying principle components in many propellant and explosive formulations. Recently, we have been investigating changes in Raman spectra of explosives and propellant formulations which occur as the temperature approaches the melting point of the sample. We report recent measurements of Raman spectra of explosives and propellant formulations during bulk heating, and recent measurements of laser heating of the samples during measurement of Raman spectra. The results of these measurements are important to investigators using Raman spectroscopy to measure vibrational spectra at the surface of burning propellant samples.
Logistic regression for disease classification using microarray data: model selection in a large<i>p</i>and small<i>n</i>case (2007)

R library GeneLogit at http://geocities.com/jg_liao
Method for partitioning large system models when using latency insertion method to speed network solution (2009)

Real-time simulation of a large system, for example a large circuit network, is a challenge as it costs a great deal of computation. To speed up the simulation, the Latency Insertion Method (LIM) can be applied to divide a large system model, characterized by a single large conductance matrix, into a multiplicity of smaller models. Our focus in this paper is on a method to partition a large network model to achieve the best solver performance. In this way each sub-system can be solved much faster than the large model while high accuracy is still maintained. Also by incorporating multi-core mechanism, each sub-system can be solved on one processor or thread in a distributed computing environment individually so that parallelism can be achieved.
Zero-Sleep-Leakage Flip-Flop Circuit With Conditional-Storing Memristor Retention Latch (2011)

In this paper, two new zero-sleep-leakage flip-flop (F-F) circuits are proposed to make the sleep leakage literally zero. At the sleep-in time, the F-F's data are transferred to memristor retention latch; thus, the F-F can be completely cutoff from the external power supply saving the energy leak during the sleep time. The conditional storing circuit in the F-F (type-2) can reduce switching power by 87% in storing the data than the F-F (type-1). And, the crossover time of the F-F (type-2) is shortened by 97% than the F-F (type-1).