gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Unified mobility model for high-κ gate stacks [MISFETs] (2004)

We examined reduced mobility for MISFETs with high-/spl kappa/ gate dielectrics, which cannot be explained just by one scattering mechanism. We developed a comprehensive mobility model, in which various possible scattering sources, including fixed charges, roughness, and phase separation, are unified to account for the reduced mobility.
Temperature dependence of signal gain in Er/sup 3+/-doped optical fiber amplifiers (1992)

Temperature-dependent signal gain characteristics at signal wavelengths of 1.536 and 1.552 mu m in Er/sup 3+/-doped optical fibers with a temperature range of -40 to 80 degrees C are reported for 0.98 and 1.48 mu m pumping. The temperature dependences of signal gain strongly depend on fiber length, pump wavelength, and signal wavelength. The fiber length at which signal gain temperature insensitivity occurs is found for the amplification of a 0.98- mu m-pump-1.536- mu m-signal, a 0.98- mu m-pump-1.552- mu m-signal, and a 1.48- mu m-pump-1.536- mu m-signal. It is confirmed theoretically that the temperature dependences result from linear changes in the fluorescence, and absorption cross sections at the signal and pump wavelengths, and a shift in the effective pump wavelength.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Internet of things in smart education environment: Supportive framework in the decision‐making process (2018)

Summary The role of education, which propagates knowledge, becomes increasingly significant in the past little years due to the fulminatory expansion in knowledge. Meantime, the model of education process is going via a conversion in which the learning of different students need to be completed in various ways. Therefore, the smart education environment is encouraged. It incorporates different information and communication technologies to activate learning process and adjust to the requirements of different students. The quality of learning process for students can be enhanced through continually monitoring and analyzing the state and activities of different students via information sensing devices and information processing platforms for offering feedback about learning process of different students. The Internet of Things pledges to achieve a great variation in life, goodness of individual's life, and organizations' productivity. Via a vastly dispensed locally smart network of intelligent objects, the IoT has the chance to allow expansions and improvements to essential utilities in various fields, while introducing a novel ecosystem for developing application. Applying the concept of Internet of Things in any education environment will increase the quality of education process because students will learn rapidly, and teachers will fulfill their job efficiently. This paper is designed to illustrate the basic concepts, definitions, characteristics, technology, and challenges of Internet of Things. We also illustrated the role of Internet of Things in building a smart educational process, and also, in making efficient and effective decisions, which is vital in our daily life.
Biotin/Folate‐decorated Human Serum Albumin Nanoparticles of Docetaxel: Comparison of Chemically Conjugated Nanostructures and Physically Loaded Nanoparticles for Targeting of Breast Cancer (2015)

Docetaxel (DTX) is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent with very low water solubility. Conjugation of DTX to human serum albumin (HSA) is an effective way to increase its water solubility. Attachment of folic acid (FA) or biotin as targeting moieties to DTX-HSA conjugates may lead to active targeting and specific uptake by cancer cells with overexpressed FA or biotin receptors. In this study, FA or biotin molecules were attached to DTX-HSA conjugates by two different methods. In one method, FA or biotin molecules were attached to remaining NH2 residues of HSA in DTX-HSA conjugate by covalent bonds. In the second method, HSA-FA or HSA-biotin conjugates were synthesized separately and then combined by DTX-HSA conjugate in proper ratio to prepare nanoparticles containing DTX-HSA plus HSA-FA or HSA-biotin. Cell viability of different nanoparticle was evaluated on MDA-MB-231 (folate receptor positive), A549 (folate receptor negative), and 4T1 (biotin receptor positive) and showed superior cytotoxicity compared with free docetaxel (Taxotere). In vivo studies of DTX-HSA-FA and DTX-HSA-biotin conjugates in BULB/c mice, tumorized by 4T1 cell line, showed the conjugates prepared in this study were more powerful in the reduction in tumor size and increasing the survival rate when compared to free docetaxel.
<title>Image retrieval using image context vectors</title> (1995)

Searching image databases using image queries is a challenging problem. For the analogous problem with text, those document retrieval methods that use `superficial' information, such as word count statistics, generally outperform natural language understanding approaches. This motivates an exploration of `superficial' feature-based methods for image retrieval. The main strategy is to avoid full image understanding, or even segmentation. The key question for any image retrieval approach is how to represent the images. We are exploring a new image context vector representation. A context vector is a high (approximately 300) dimensional vector that can represent images, sub-images, or image queries. The image is first represented as a collection of pairs of features with relative orientations defined by the feature pairs. Each feature pair is transformed into a context vector, and then all the vectors for pairs are added together to form the 300-dimensional image context vector for the entire image. This paper examines the image context vector approach and its expected strengths and weaknesses.
Catheter Ablation of Ventricular Tachycardia by Intramyocardial Injection of Ethanol in an Animal Model of Chronic Myocardial Infarction (2004)

Catheter ablation of VT by direct intramyocardial injection of ethanol during the chronic phase of myocardial infarction is feasible. It may be a useful tool for catheter ablation when the area of interest is located deep intramyocardially or subepicardially or when a more regional approach requires ablation of larger amounts of tissue.
Supercapacitors Based on Metal Electrodes Prepared from Nanoparticle Mixtures at Room Temperature (2010)

Films comprising Au and Ag nanoparticles are transformed into porous metal electrodes by desorption of weak organic ligands followed by wet chemical etching of silver. Thus prepared electrodes provide the basis for supercapacitors whose specific capacitances approach 70 F/g. Cyclic voltammetry measurement yield “rectangular” I−V curves even at high scan rates, indicating that the supercapacitors have low internal resistance. Owing to this property, the supercapacitors have a high power density ∼12 kW/kg, comparable with that of the state-of-the-art carbon-based devices. The entire assembly protocol does not require high-temperature processing or the use of organic binders.
Simultaneous measurements of three-dimensional reflectivity distributions in scattering media based on optical frequency-domain reflectometry (1998)

A new type of tomography system based on optical frequency-domain reflectometry is presented. Using an area sensor, the system can simultaneously measure three-dimensional reflectivity distributions in scattering media without the need for mechanical scanning. In preliminary experiments we demonstrate that a target (resolution chart) placed behind biological tissue can be imaged with high depth resolution (47 microm) for a short measurement time.
A New Stereo Image Watermarking Method for 3D Media (2012)

Abstract A new stereo image watermarking method for three dimensional media, based on the concept of smooth and nonsmooth blocks relationship is proposed. The features of smooth and non-smooth are distinguished by the alternative current coefficients energies in discrete cosine transform domain. The relationship is built on the features of blocks at the some position on the both images of stereo pair, and the corresponding watermark is embedded into the relationship. Moreover, parity quantization is designed for watermark embedding when the relationship can not work. Insert into direct current coefficients using quantization. Experimental results show that the proposed method can embed watermarks into stereo images invisibly and detected them blindly. At same time, the proposed method is robust to attacks, such as JPEG compression, filter, cropping, and so on.
Methodology and mechanism study on high aspect ratio (HAR) contact bottom image in scanning electron microscopy (2005)

Contact patterns that have high aspect ratio (HAR) are inevitable as the design rule has been shrunk in semi-conductor fabrication processes. HAR contacts have serious troubles to monitor the Critical Dimension (CD) of the contact bottom images with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Because we can not see the bottom images anymore with general methods as the contact is getting deep. We must be able to extract secondary electrons from the contact bottom to monitor the bottom images in the contact patterns. One possible solution that we may suggest is using positive charges on the wafer surface as a driving force for secondary electrons from the contact bottom. If the positive charges are generated on the wafer surface, an electric field will be created between the contact bottom and the wafer surface. The electric field will drive the secondary electrons from the contact bottom to the wafer surface, which makes the contact bottom images. High surface voltage can be acquired when the electron energy and the magnification in pre-charge are smaller, but it requires longer charging time. High probe current can help the charging time in this case, though it may cause some damages on the wafer. After all, optimized determination is required considering the charging time and the surface voltage at various aspect ratios. In addition, there is one thing that we must consider. When the charged contact pattern is exposed to electrons at high magnification, the surface voltage on the wafer surface tends to be stabilized at lower voltage which causes fading away of the contact bottom images. Therefore, electron exposure must be minimized at high magnification by setting the focus a little away from the observation point and so on.
Laser Speckle Reduction Using a Motionless Despeckle Element Based on Random Mie Scattering (2014)

A motionless despeckle element based on Mie scattering and Brownian motion of suspended particles is proposed, which is achieved by filling a light pipe with diluted milk in laser projection systems. The Brownian motion of the milk fat particles leads to the superposition of the intensity of the instantaneous scattered light within the integration time of the human eye, which causes a reduction in laser speckle contrast because of temporal averaging intensity. Experimental results show that the speckle contrast mainly depends on the concentration of the suspended fat particles, and can be reduced down to 3.94% at the fat particle concentration of approximately 7.0 ×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-4</sup> μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> .
An investigation of the reliability of ELISA as a practical test for detecting potato leaf roll virus and potato virus Y in tubers (1984)

Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), involving mechanical sampling of tubers, was compared with a growing‐on test in which virus was assessed visually, and with ELISA on leaves. The percentage infection of potato leaf roll virus and potato virus Y on samples of potential seed tubers sent for advisory test during the winter, was determined by each method. The tuber ELISA underestimated the incidence of both viruses, and was less accurate than the growing‐on or leaf ELISA. The effect on the reliability of tuber ELISA of the amount and distribution of virus in the tuber, the compromises made to make the test fast and simple, and the quality of anti‐serum and composition of the extraction buffer are discussed.
Sequence polymorphism in the 5'NTR and in the P1 coding region of potato virus Y genomic RNA (1995)

Potato virus Y (PVY) the type member of the genus Potyvirus, occurs world-wide as isolates which differ in host range and the type of symptoms caused. The sequences of a 5' segment of viral RNA overlapping the 5' non-translated region (5'NTR) alone (ten isolates) or the 5'NTR and the adjacent P1 coding region (eight isolates) were established. These data were used to quantify the polymorphism in the 5'-terminal part of the PVY genome. Nucleotide sequence identity between isolates ranged from 66-100% in the 5'NTR and from 70-100% in the P1 coding region. The lowest amino acid sequence similarity between PVY P1 was 77%, illustrating the high variability of this protein in the PVY species. Phylogenetic trees based on either 5'NTR or P1 sequence analyses resulted in the same clustering of the studied isolates into three groups. Group I comprises potato isolates all inducing 'tobacco veinal necrosis' symptoms. Group II contains isolates inducing either 'tobacco veinal necrosis' or mosaic symptoms in tobacco. Group III contains mainly pepper or tomato isolates inducing mosaic symptoms in tobacco and shows a geographical clustering of the Tunisian isolates. This clustering into three groups is discussed in comparison with phylogenetic trees previously obtained from capsid gene or 3'NTR sequence analysis in the PVY species. Multiple sequence alignment indicated conserved motifs potentially involved in viral functions.
Identification of a 5‐nucleotide sequence that controls expression of the <i>ica</i> locus in <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and characterization of the DNA‐binding properties of IcaR (2003)

Biofilm formation is an important aspect of the pathogenesis of staphylococcal infections. A beta-1,6-linked N-acetyl glucosamine polysaccharide is critical to biofilm elaboration and is synthesized by proteins encoded by the intercellular adhesion (ica) locus. These studies were undertaken to characterize the mechanism by which transcription of the ica locus in S. aureus is regulated using isogenic S. aureus MN8 and MN8 mucoid (MN8m) strains, the latter of which constitutively overproduces biofilm. Transformation of the ica locus from MN8m to the ica knock-out mutants of two strains, MN8 and NCTC 10833, conferred a strong biofilm-producing phenotype. Sequence analysis revealed a 5-nucleotide deletion within the promoter region of the ica locus in MN8m compared with the sequence in the wild-type locus. Deletion or substitution of these 5 nucleotides within the wild-type ica locus augmented transcription of the ica locus and induced the strong biofilm-producing phenotype. Gel shift analysis demonstrated that a protein(s) within cell-free lysates from strain MN8 bind(s) specifically to oligonucleotides representative of the wild-type ica promoter sequence and that this binding is greatly diminished by the deletion or substitution of the 5 nucleotides. DNase I footprint analysis revealed that purified IcaR, thought to be a regulator of ica transcription, also binds to the ica promoter sequence just upstream of the ica start codon, but its affinity for the ica promoter is unaffected by deletion of the 5-nucleotide motif. These findings identify a 5-nucleotide motif within the ica promoter region that has a functional role in transcriptional regulation of the ica locus that is independent of IcaR, and also show that IcaR binds to the promoter region of the S. aureus ica locus.
<title>Reflectors for efficient and uniform distribution of radiation for lighting and infrared based on nonimaging optics</title> (1991)

A fundamental problem in illumination optics, with important applications for lighting and infrared heating, is to design reflectors that can concurrently fulfill two conditions: (1) maximum efficiency (all rays from the source reach the target); (2) uniform flux density on the target plane. The problem is difficult when the source is extended (rather than a point or a line) and when the reflector must be small compared to target distance and target size, i.e., when the field of view subtends a large angle. In general, an exact solution is impossible with a finite number of optical elements. To find practical solutions that approach the goal, we take the compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) of non-imaging optics as a starting point because it achieves the first condition by its very design. However, its flux density distribution falls off like cos3 ((theta) ) where (theta) is the angle from the normal of the aperture. To gain an extra degree of freedom for the design, we modify the CPC by introducing a gap between source and reflector. We present results for symmetrical configurations in two dimensions (troughlike reflectors) for flat and for tubular sources. For fields of view of practical interest (half angle in the range of 40 to 60 degree(s)), these devices can achieve minimum-to-maximum intensity ratios of around 0.7, while remaining compact and incurring low reflective losses.
Reduced expression of mismatch repair genes in colorectal cancer patients in Egypt. (1998)

An Egyptian hospital-based pilot case-control study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the expression level of mismatch repair (MMR) genes and the risk of colorectal cancer. The relative expression of five known MMR genes, i.e., hMSH2, hMLH1, hPMS1, hPMS2, and GTBP/hMSH6, was measured by a multiplex reverse transcriptase (RT)-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in peripheral blood lymphocytes from 31 colorectal cancer patients and 47 age- and-sex matched controls. The expression of hMSH2, GTBP/hMSH6, hPMS1 and hPMS2 tended to be lower in patients than controls, but only the difference in hPMS2 expression was statistically significant (p<0. 01). Although 50% of the cases had chemotherapy or radiotherapy within the last six months before the blood was drawn, their gene expression was not statistically different from those who had not undergone such therapies. After adjustment for age and sex, the odds ratios (OR) calculated from a logistical regression model, using the median levels of gene expression of controls as cut-off values, indicated that increased risk was associated with reduced expressions of both hPMS1 (OR = 3.97, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.04 to 7.65) and hPMS2 (OR = 2.86, 95% CI = 1.05 to 7.76). Although the results of this study were inconclusive because of the small sample size and use of prevalent cases, it is biologically plausible that patients with colorectal cancers may have a lower expression of MMR genes than healthy controls because malfunction of these genes has been shown in hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. The involvement of low hPMS2 expression in colon cancer risk seems to be unique in the Egyptian population. Further studies with newly diagnosed patients before they begin therapy will provide more convincing data about the role of MMR gene expression in the etiology of colorectal cancers in Egypt.
Concealment of whole-frame losses for wireless low bit-rate video based on multiframe optical flow estimation (2005)

In low bit-rate packet-based video communications, video frames may have very small size, so that each frame fills the payload of a single network packet; thus, packet losses correspond to whole-frame losses, to which the existing error concealment algorithms are badly suited and generally not applicable. In this paper, we deal with the problem of concealment of whole frame-losses, and propose a novel technique which is capable of handling this very critical case. The proposed technique presents other two major innovations with respect to the state-of-the-art: i) it is based on optical flow estimation applied to error concealment and ii) it performs multiframe estimation, thus optimally exploiting the multiple reference frame buffer featured by the most modern video coders such as H.263+ and H.264. If data partitioning is employed, by e.g., sending headers, motion vectors, and coding modes in prioritized packets as can be done in the DiffServ network model, the algorithm is capable of exploiting the motion vectors to improve the error concealment results. The algorithm has been embedded in the H.264 test model software, and tested under both independent and correlated packet loss models with parameters typical of the wireless environment. Results show that the proposed algorithm significantly outperforms other techniques by several dBs in peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), provides good visual quality, and has a rather low complexity, which makes it possible to perform real-time operation with reasonable computational resources.
Highly water-soluble lipophilic prodrugs of the anti-HIV nucleoside analog 2',3'-dideoxycytidine and its 3'-fluoro derivative (1992)

The synthesis of a novel series of lipophilic prodrug derivatives of the anti-HIV drugs 2',3'-dideoxycytidine (ddC, 1) and 3'-fluoro-ddC (2), involving N4-substitution with (N,N-dialkylamino)methylene side chains, is described. The increase in the partition coefficients for the prodrug series, compared to those of the parent drugs 1 and 2, ranged from 1.5- to 122-fold and from 1.6- to 175-fold, respectively. At pH 7.4, 37 degrees C, the hydrolytic t1/2 values ranged from 2 to 52 h, the diisopropyl derivatives (3d and 4d) being most stable in the series. 3d and 4d were greater than or equal to 4-fold and 1.7-fold more soluble in water than 1 and 2, respectively. The in vitro antiretroviral activities of 3d, 4a, and 4d were evaluated; the results indicate efficient prodrug-to-drug conversion under the assay conditions. The results of this investigation demonstrate that it is indeed feasible to chemically modify certain nucleoside analogues with inferior solubility properties to simultaneously achieve significantly enhanced lipid and water solubility.
Liquid metal heat sink for high-power laser diodes (2013)

We report on the development of a novel, ultra-low thermal resistance active heat sink (AHS) for thermal management of high-power laser diodes (HPLD) and other electronic and photonic components. AHS uses a liquid metal coolant flowing at high speed in a miniature closed and sealed loop. The liquid metal coolant receives waste heat from an HPLD at high flux and transfers it at much reduced flux to environment, primary coolant fluid, heat pipe, or structure. Liquid metal flow is maintained electromagnetically without any moving parts. Velocity of liquid metal flow can be controlled electronically, thus allowing for temperature control of HPLD wavelength. This feature also enables operation at a stable wavelength over a broad range of ambient conditions. Results from testing an HPLD cooled by AHS are presented.