gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Elastic properties of TiN/(V<i>x</i>Nb1−<i>x</i>)N superlattices measured by Brillouin scattering (1992)

Brillouin scattering measurements have been carried out on single-crystal lattice-matched TiN/(V0.6Nb0.4)N and mismatched TiN/NbN superlattices. Measured surface wave velocities were found to be independent of superlattice wavelength over the entire range investigated, 1.5–30 nm, and were averages of the measured velocities of pure homogeneous TiN, NbN, and (V0.6Nb0.4)N. These results indicate that there is no anomaly in the C44 elastic constant. X-ray diffraction results from the superlattices indicated that the average lattice spacing did not vary with wavelength. This is consistent with previous observations where elastic anomalies were related to changes in lattice spacing. The absence of a correlation between the C44 elastic constant and previously reported hardness enhancements indicates that the latter are not caused by anomalies in C44; they could, however, be correlated with other elastic moduli.
Preparation and Characterization of Cyanovinyl-Substituted 2-Aminothiophenes and 2-Aminothiazoles and Some of Their Heterooligomers (2000)

The reaction of 2,2-dicyanoethenyl- and 1,2,2-tricyanoethenyl-substituted bromoalkanes, bromomethyl benzenes, thiophenes, and furans 19-22 with 3-aminothioacrylamides and their 2-azaanalogues 23 and 24 gives a series of 5-dicyanoethenyl- and 5-tricyanoethenyl-substituted 2-aminothiophenes, 2-aminothiazoles and their (hetero)benzologous analogues 25-32. The solvatochromism, which is a characteristic feature of these donor-acceptor substituted heterocyclic compounds, was studied in detail and correlated with the Kamlet-Taft solvent parameters.
Inhibitors and stimulators of cholesterolgenesis enzymes. Structure-activity study in vitro of amino and selected nitrogen-containing analogs of 5.alpha.-cholestane-3.beta.,5.alpha.,6.beta.-triol (1971)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTInhibitors and stimulators of cholesterolgenesis enzymes. Structure-activity study in vitro of amino and selected nitrogen-containing analogs of 5.alpha.-cholestane-3.beta.,5.alpha.,6.beta.-triolDonald T. Witiak, Roger A. Parker, Mary E. Dempsey, and Mary C. RitterCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1971, 14, 8, 684–693Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1971Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1971https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00290a005https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00290a005research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views83Altmetric-Citations19LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Laser-assisted chemical vapor deposition of diamond microstructures (1998)

High quality diamond has been deposited area selectivity onto thin tungsten films layered onto fused silica substrates in a hot filament CVD reactor. The deposition method uses a hot filament process which is combined with localized heating by a focused Nd-YAG laser beam.
Identification of a Lycopene β-Cyclase Required for Bacteriorhodopsin Biogenesis in the Archaeon<i>Halobacterium salinarum</i> (2002)

Biogenesis of the light-driven proton pump bacteriorhodopsin in the archaeon Halobacterium salinarum requires coordinate synthesis of the bacterioopsin apoprotein and carotenoid precursors of retinal, which serves as a covalently bound cofactor. As a step towards elucidating the mechanism and regulation of carotenoid metabolism during bacteriorhodopsin biogenesis, we have identified an H. salinarum gene required for conversion of lycopene to beta-carotene, a retinal precursor. The gene, designated crtY, is predicted to encode an integral membrane protein homologous to lycopene beta-cyclases identified in bacteria and fungi. To test crtY function, we constructed H. salinarum strains with in-frame deletions in the gene. In the deletion strains, bacteriorhodopsin, retinal, and beta-carotene were undetectable, whereas lycopene accumulated to high levels ( approximately 1.3 nmol/mg of total cell protein). Heterologous expression of H. salinarum crtY in a lycopene-producing Escherichia coli strain resulted in beta-carotene production. These results indicate that H. salinarum crtY encodes a functional lycopene beta-cyclase required for bacteriorhodopsin biogenesis. Comparative sequence analysis yields a topological model of the protein and provides a plausible evolutionary connection between heterodimeric lycopene cyclases in bacteria and bifunctional lycopene cyclase-phytoene synthases in fungi.
The Genetics of Bacillus licheniformis Penicillinase: a Preliminary Analysis from Studies on Mutation and Inter-strain and Intra-strain Transformations (1965)

SUMMARY: A system of transformation in Bacillus licheniformis is described, in which a wide variety of markers can be transferred from one strain to another. A number of mutants affecting the regulatory, enzymie and serological aspects of penicillinase production are described, classified and discussed. A control gene for penicillinase synthesis was found to be linked to the structural gene in four wild-type strains of B. licheniformis. The electrophoretic properties of the penicillinases produced by the progeny of inter-strain crosses appeared to be affected by the type of cell in which the relevant structural gene was expressed.
Cloning, Soluble Expression and Purification of High Yield Recombinant hGMCSF in Escherichia coli (2011)

Expression of human granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor (hGMCSF), a cytokine of therapeutic importance, as a thioredoxin (TRX) fusion has been investigated in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) codon plus cells. The expression of this protein was low when cloned under the T7 promoter without any fusion tags. High yield of GMCSF was achieved (∼88 mg/L of fermentation broth) in the shake flask when the gene was fused to the E. coli TRX gene. The protein was purified using a single step Ni(2+)-NTA affinity chromatography and the column bound fusion tag was removed by on-column cleavage with enterokinase. The recombinant hGMCSF was expressed as a soluble and biologically active protein in E. coli, and upon purification, the final yield was ∼44 mg/L in shake flask with a specific activity of 2.3 × 10(8) U/mg. The results of Western blot and RP-HPLC analyses, along with biological activity using the TF-1 cell line, established the identity of the purified hGMCSF. In this paper, we report the highest yield of hGMCSF expressed in E. coli. The bioreactor study shows that the yield of hGMCSF could be easily scalable with a yield of ∼400 mg/L, opening up new opportunities for large scale production hGMCSF in E. coli.
Embryonic day 9 yolk sac and intra-embryonic hemogenic endothelium independently generate a B-1 and marginal zone progenitor lacking B-2 potential (2011)

The majority of B lymphocytes in the adult mouse are generated in the bone marrow from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) that first appear in the aorta-gonado-mesonephros region of the fetus on embryonic day (E) 10.5-11. Comparatively less is known about B-cell development during embryogenesis. For example, which specific embryonic tissues participate in B lymphopoiesis and whether hematopoietic differentiation is skewed toward specific B-cell subsets in the embryo are unanswered questions, because the systemic circulation is initiated early during embryogenesis, resulting in an admixture of cells potentially originating from multiple sites. We demonstrate, using Ncx1(-/-) mice that lack systemic blood circulation, that the E9 yolk sac (YS) and the intra-embryonic para-aortic splanchnopleura (P-Sp) tissues independently give rise to AA4.1(+)CD19(+)B220(lo-neg) B progenitor cells that preferentially differentiate into innate type B-1 and marginal zone (MZ) B cells but not into B-2 cells upon transplantation. We have further demonstrated that these B-1 progenitor cells arise directly from YS and P-Sp hemogenic endothelium. These results document the initial wave of innate B lymphopoietic progenitor cells available for seeding the fetal liver at E11. The results of these studies expand our knowledge of hemogenic endothelial sites specifying distinct B-1 and MZ cell fates apart from B-2 cells and independent of an HSC origin during development.
Design and development of a new scanning core engine for malware detection (2012)

Malware is a man-made evil code, created for manipulative and destructive purpose. The increasing dependence on today's Internet and other communication network has caused a major malware threat to many computer users. The threat can infiltrate computers using a variety of methods, such as hidden functionality in regular programs, drive-by download from unsafe web sites, attack against known software vulnerabilities and more. In this paper, architecture of modern malware scanning engine is proposed and presented. A known packer detector and removal is proposed to build on top of the core engine. Prior begin malware scanning engine, the detection of known packer has to be performed. If any known packer is detected, a dedicated decryption routine will strip out the packer protection. Our malware detection core engine approach is based on the integration of static heuristic, emulator and disassembler. Static heuristic scanner detects malicious program via byte signature identification. It involves static extraction of an executable file and compares the destructive code with dedicated viral signatures. Emulator can execute the arbitrary code of an instance and trace the instance body's code inside the virtual environment. It can be used to combat any protection code, regardless of the complexity of the protection algorithm. Disassembler module will work simultaneously with emulator to analyze the execution code. Fragment of malicious code within the decrypted virus body could be detected via the execution. Through this study, we hope to help security researchers to understand our defense approach and give some directions for future research.
A Proposal for an Advanced Drilling System with Real-Time Diagnostics (Diagnostics-While-Drilling) (1999)

In this paper, we summarize the rationale for an advanced system called Diagnostics-While-Drilling (DWD) and describe its benefits, preliminary configuration, and essential characteristics. The central concept is a closed data circuit in which downhole sensors collect information and send it to the surface via a high-speed data link, where it is combined with surface measurements and processed through drilling advisory software. The driller then uses this information to adjust the drilling process, sending control signals back downhole with real-time knowledge of their effects on performance. We outline a Program Plan for DOE, university, and industry to cooperate in the development of DWD technology.
Chemical approaches to the Metalorganic CVD of Group‐III Nitrides (1995)

Thin films of group‐III nitrides , such as AlN, GaN, and InN, have a number of important technological applications, for example passive barrier layers in silicon circuits, high‐temperature windows, and dielectric optical enhancement layers in magneto‐optic multilayer structures. The materials exhibit interesting physical properties, including hardness, high thermal conductivity, and resistance to corrosive media. This article reviews recent progress in the development of precursors for the CVD of these materials, the doping of the materials, and the growth mechanisms.
A Complete 256-Electrode Retinal Prosthesis Chip (2014)

This paper presents a complete 256-electrode retinal prosthesis chip, which is small and ready for packaging and implantation. It contains 256 separate programmable drivers dedicated to 256 electrodes for flexible stimulation. A 4-wire interface is employed for power and data transmission between the chip and a driving unit. Power and forward data are recovered from a 600 kHz differential signal, while backward data are sent at 100 kbps rate simultaneously. The stimulator possesses many stimulation features, supporting various stimulation strategies. Many safety features are included such as real-time monitoring of voltage compliance and temperature, electrode self-locking in the event of out-of-compliance, and ESD protection circuit at every electrode. The chip is fabricated in a 65 nm CMOS process. The electrode driver pitch is 150 μm, and total chip area is 8 mm 2 . The chip has been extensively tested and all the requirements have been successfully verified. The measured DC current error for single driver stimulation without electrode shorting is 20 nA. The average power consumption per electrode with typical stimulus pulse parameters and full-scale output current is 129 μW, inclusive of all standby power. The chip overall power efficiency is 70% with 23 mW of power delivered to load.
Transient absorption spectra and bleaching of 4′-<i>n</i>-pentyl-4-cyanoterphenyl in cyclohexane — determination of cross sections and recovery times (1996)

We investigated the excited state absorption (ESA) of 5CT (4′-n-pentyl-4-cyanoterphenyl) dissolved in cyclohexane in the wavelength range from 400 to 870 nm. Time resolved measurements of these transient absorptions were used for the differentiation between singlet and triplet absorption. We detected a long living component, which could be related to a triplet band centered at 500 nm and 55 nm broad (FWHM) and a short living absorption indicating a S1→Sn-transition band centered at 576 nm with a width of 16 nm (FWHM). The life time of the triplet state was determined to be (340±5) ns for the not-degassed sample. Measurements of the ground state depopulation and the fluorescence as a function of the excitation intensity were modeled using rate equations. Thus we were able to determine the population densities of the relevant excited states and the cross section for the S1→Sn absorption. Finally, the relaxation time of the higher excited electronic singlet state Sn to the first excited singlet S1 was estimated to 0.5 ns from bleaching of this transient absorption.
Physico‐Chemical Characterization of Nanofiltration Membranes (2007)

This study presents a methodology for an in-depth characterization of six representative commercial nanofiltration membranes. Laboratory-made polyethersulfone membranes are included for reference. Besides the physical characterization [molecular weight cut-off (MWCO), surface charge, roughness and hydrophobicity], the membranes are also studied for their chemical composition [attenuated total reflectance Fourier spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)] and porosity [positron annihilation spectroscopy (PAS)]. The chemical characterization indicates that all membranes are composed of at least two different layers. The presence of an additional third layer is proved and studied for membranes with a polyamide top layer. PAS experiments, in combination with FIB (focused ion beam) images, show that these membranes also have a thinner and a less porous skin layer (upper part of the top layer). In the skin layer, two different pore sizes are observed for all commercial membranes: a pore size of 1.25-1.55 angstroms as well as a pore size of 3.20-3.95 angstroms (both depending on the membrane type). Thus, the pore size distribution in nanofiltration membranes is bimodal, in contrast to the generally accepted log-normal distribution. Although the pore sizes are rather similar for all commercial membranes, their pore volume fraction and hence their porosity differ significantly.
A DC to X-band frequency doubler using GaAs HBT MMIC (2002)

An analog frequency doubler is developed using GaAs HBT MMIC technology. In this doubler circuit, a novel push-push circuit configuration is used to provide the efficient frequency conversion and the fundamental frequency rejection over a broad bandwidth. The measurement results of the MMIC demonstrate an average 0 to 3 dB conversion gain and a 10 dB rejection on fundamental frequency up to 14 GHz. Thus, this MMIC can be used as a low-cost insertion block to achieve any stable local-oscillation signals up to X-band by multiplying the high quality VCOs at low frequencies, especially the inexpensive Si BJT based VCOs at wireless frequencies.
Magneto-optical imaging of thin magnetic films using spins in diamond (2016)

Imaging the fields of magnetic materials provides crucial insight into the physical and chemical processes surrounding magnetism, and has been a key ingredient in the spectacular development of magnetic data storage. Existing approaches using the magneto-optic Kerr effect, x-ray and electron microscopy have limitations that constrain further development, and there is increasing demand for imaging and characterisation of magnetic phenomena in real time with high spatial resolution. Here we show how the magneto-optical response of an array of negatively-charged nitrogen-vacancy spins in diamond can be used to image and map the sub-micron stray magnetic field patterns from thin ferromagnetic films. Using optically detected magnetic resonance, we demonstrate wide-field magnetic imaging over 100 × 100 μm(2) with sub-micron spatial resolution at video frame rates, under ambient conditions. We demonstrate an all-optical spin relaxation contrast imaging approach which can image magnetic structures in the absence of an applied microwave field. Straightforward extensions promise imaging with sub-μT sensitivity and sub-optical spatial and millisecond temporal resolution. This work establishes practical diamond-based wide-field microscopy for rapid high-sensitivity characterisation and imaging of magnetic samples, with the capability for investigating magnetic phenomena such as domain wall and skyrmion dynamics and the spin Hall effect in metals.
Influence of intra-oral maxillary sports mouthguards on the airflow dynamics of oral breathing (2000)

Thus, although maxillary mouthguards do increase R(O) when jaw position is controlled, individual subjects respond differently when in control of mouth opening. This may be related to variable recruitment of compensatory mechanisms (e.g. mouth opening and/or oral airway dilator muscle activity).
Comparison of autotomy behavior induced in rats by various clinically-used neurectomy methods (2000)

When a peripheral nerve is cut, a neuroma develops at its proximal end. Nerve-end neuromas are known to be a source of ectopic sensory input. In some humans this input may cause spontaneous and evoked neuropathic pain. There is currently no available animal model for developing better methods of cutting nerves that produce less painful neuromas than those currently in clinical use. Transection of the sciatic and saphenous nerves in rats also produces nerve-end neuromas. Afferent fibers in such neuromas spontaneously emit ectopic input that coincides with the outbreak of licking, scratching and self-mutilation of the denervated limb ('autotomy'). This behavior is considered to be the expression of spontaneous disagreeable sensations such as paresthesias, dysesthesias or neuropathic pain. We propose here that the autotomy model can be used as the first step for development of better neurectomy methods. As a demonstration, in this report we compared the course of autotomy expressed by rats following several methods of cutting peripheral nerves that are currently in clinical use. We found that the lowest extent of autotomy was caused by sciatic and saphenous neurectomy with a CO(2) laser. Tight ligation of the nerve, or a simple cut with scissors, also yielded significantly lower autotomy scores compared to cryoneurolysis and electrocut. The differing scores of autotomy caused by these neurectomy methods may derive from different properties of the injury discharge produced by these methods at the time of nerve cut. Our results raise the possibility that a higher incidence of neuropathic pain or related sensory disorders in humans may be expected following cryosurgical and electrocut neurectomies. If validated by further studies, neurectomy methods eliciting lower incidence of autotomy, and sensory disorders in models not based on autotomy may produce lower levels of neuropathic pain in humans.
High Power Nd-Lasers for Industrial Applications (1986)

Industrial applications of high power lasers means material processing. Two lasers are mainly involved in this field, the CO2-and the Nd-Laser. Solid state lasers make about one third of the turnover in material processing laser-systems, and among them more than 90% Nd-lasers. A broad variety of cw and pulsed solid state lasers is on the market as summarized in table 1. Due to higher efficiency and improved crystals solid state lasers of output powers up to 600 Watts are now available. In the labs 1 kW were realized, 2 kW are possible and multikilowatt systems are envisaged in the EUREKA solid state laser program. Those systems may compete CO<sub>2</sub>-laser for several reasons, compiled in table 2, if beam quality can be improved. Beam quality is beside others the most important parameter in material processing and a crucial disadvantage of high power systems at the moment.
A NEW CRYSTALLINE MODIFICATION OF BORON (1958)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA NEW CRYSTALLINE MODIFICATION OF BORONL. V. McCarty, J. S. Kasper, F. H. Horn, B. F. Decker, and A. E. NewkirkCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1958, 80, 10, 2592Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1958Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1958https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01543a066https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01543a066research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views514Altmetric-Citations100LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts