gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Height of Sophistication: Law and Professionalism in the City-State of Charleston, South Carolina, 1670-1775 (2009)

In March 1663, Charles II granted a charter making a group of eight highly placed confidants proprietors of a new colony encompassing what is now most of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. Virginians had already begun settling the northeast corner of the new colony along the Albemarle Sound, and the proprietors immediately directed one of their number, Sir William Berkeley, who was also governor of Virginia, to establish a government for them. Over the remainder of the 1660s, however, two efforts to establish settlements further to the south, one by New Englanders and one by colonists from Barbados, failed. Following the two failures, Sir Anthony Ashley Cooper, who as Earl of Shaftesbury subsequently became Charles II's Lord High Chancellor, assumed management of the proprietorship. With assistance from his personal secretary, John Locke, Lord Ashley made plans for the settlement and government of South Carolina. In devising his plans, Ashley made intelligent use of earlier English experience in settling Atlantic colonies. Although most of his planning went awry, key elements contributed to the early economic success of his South Carolina settlement, and that economic success, in turn, quickly produced one of the most sophisticated legal orders in mainland North America. In Part I, this Article will discuss Ashley's plans, especially those elements that brought early economic success to his colony. Part II will then turn to the creation of the colony's legal system in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, while Part III will examine its mid-eighteenth century maturation. Part III will show that the South Carolina legal system, unlike those of Pennsylvania and Virginia, for example, did not attempt to govern large expanses of territory or provide administrative mechanisms ultimately adaptable to governance of a continent; rather, it established law for a tiny city-state centered around Charleston that was closely linked to the Atlantic and especially England. Finally, Part IV will analyze how the pre-Revolutionary crisis of the 1760s and early 1770s transformed South Carolina's law into something more akin to that of the other original thirteen colonies.
The action of some α-amylases on amylose (1954)

separated from TMV by treatment with sodium dodecyl sulphate was unstable, and other proteins also are more easily denatured after separation from their prosthetic groups. The presence of undegraded nucleic acid in solution with serum albumin has been found (Greenstein & Hoyer, 1950) to increase the thermal stability of the latter.
Surface‐Active Properties and Antimicrobial Study of Conventional Cationic and Synthesized Symmetrical Gemini Surfactants (2011)

Abstract Symmetrical gemini surfactants of cationic series α,ω‐alkanediyl bis (dimethyl ammonium bromide) commonly referred as “ m – s – m ” have been synthesized. Spectral analysis was performed to confirm compound structures and purity. Conductivity and surface tension measurements provide better understanding of the micellization process. Their self‐assembly behavior in aqueous solution is also discussed in detail. The antimicrobial efficacy was measured by bacterial and fungal growth inhibition expressed as minimal inhibitory concentration values against five strains of a representative group of microorganisms viz. Bacillus subtilis , Staphylococcus aureus , Klebsiella pneumonia , Salmonella paratyphi B and Aspergillus niger . All of the synthesized surfactants showed antimicrobial activity against them, but at different levels depending on their structures. The surfactants possessing longer alkyl chains (more hydrophobic environment) demonstrated better antimicrobial functionality. The antimicrobial potency was found to be dependent on the representative target microorganism (Gram‐positive bacteria > fungi > Gram‐negative bacteria), as well as on the ionic nature of the surfactant (cationic), alkyl chain length ( m = 12, 16) and spacer length ( s = 2, 4, 6) of the synthesized compounds. Gemini surfactants such as 12‐2‐12 and 12‐4‐12 were found to be weakly active whereas 16‐2‐16 and 16‐4‐16 compounds proved to be the most potent antimicrobial surface‐active agents among the synthesized gemini homologues.
A research agenda for distributed software development (2006)

In recent years, a number of business reasons have caused software development to become increasingly distributed. Remote development of software offers several advantages, but it is also fraught with challenges. In this paper, we report on our study of distributed software development that helped shape a research agenda for this field. Our study has identified four areas where important research questions need to be addressed to make distributed development more effective. These areas are: collaborative software tools, knowledge acquisition and management, testing in a distributed set-up and process and metrics issues. We present a brief summary of related research in each of these areas, and also outline open research issues.
Optical bio sensor using graphene nano ribbons (2011)

Recently, photo conductive properties of Graphene have been explored theoretically in [1] and experimentally in [2, 3]. In this paper we propose to build an optical bio sensor using Graphene Nano Ribbon (GNR). It is known that the band gap of GNR is controlled by the width of ribbon. The relation between the band gap and the width of the GNR is given by equation (1).
Production of transgenetic sugarbeet (<i>Beta vulgaris</i> L.) plants resistant to phosphinothricin (2005)

A method of Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) with vacuum infiltration has been developed. Aseptic 3-weeks old etiolated seedlings of two diploid O-type sugarbeet lines (KS3 and KS7) have been used for genetic transformation. Transgenic sugarbeet plants carrying the reporter beta-glucuronidase gene have been selected for their resistance to glufosinate ammonium herbicide. Integration of transgenes into sugarbeet genome was confirmed with GUS assay and PCR using primers for bar and gusA genes.
Fabrication and optical characterization of Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 planar thin film optical waveguides (1998)

Highly (110)-oriented and (100) nearly epitaxial 0.7PMN-0.3PT thin films were deposited on (1012) sapphire and (100) LaAlO3 substrates, respectively, using a dip-coating method. Optical waveguide characterization and electro-optic effect measurements of the film on sapphire substrate were demonstrated. Low propagation loss of 4.1 dB/cm and high quadratic electro-optic coefficient of 0.75×10−16 (m/V)2 were obtained at wavelength of 632.8 nm. Epitaxial PMN-PT thin films will be suitable for integrated optic devices.
Human α-defensin-1 inhibits growth of human lung adenocarcinoma xenograft in nude mice (2008)

Human alpha-defensin-1 (HNP1), a small antimicrobial peptide, shows cytotoxicity to tumor cells in vitro and inhibitory activity for pathologic neovascularization in vivo. Here, we did a gene therapy with a plasmid that expresses a secretable form of HNP1 for assaying its antitumor activity. The expression and secretion of HNP1 were determined by reverse transcription-PCR and ELISA in vitro. We found that expression of HNP1 in A549 tumor cells caused significant growth inhibition. This effect is most likely cell autonomous, as a significant amount of recombinant HNP1 protein was found to be accumulated in the cytoplasm by immunohistochemical staining using an anti-HNP1 antibody and the supernatant containing secreted HNP1 failed to produce any noticeable antitumor activity. Flow cytometry and Hoechst 33258 staining showed that the number of apoptotic cells among the A549 cells expressing recombinant HNP1 proteins was significantly greater than that of the nontransfected control cultures, suggesting that this growth-inhibitory activity was due to an apoptotic mechanism triggered by the intracellular HNP1. The antitumor activity of intracellularly expressed HNP1 was also shown in vivo. Decreased microvessel density and increased lymphocyte infiltration were observed in tumor tissue from HNP1-treated mice through histologic analysis. These results indicate that intracellularly expressed HNP1 induces tumor cell apoptosis, which inhibits tumor growth. The antiangiogenesis effect of HNP1 may contribute to its inhibitory activity in vivo, and HNP1 might involve the host immune response to tumor. These findings provide a rationale for developing HNP1-based gene therapy for cancer.
Encrypted phrase searching in the cloud (2012)

As cloud computing is increasing in popularity, it is difficult to both maintain privacy in datasets while still providing adequate retrieval and searching procedures. This paper introduces a novel approach in the field of encrypted searching that allows both encrypted phrase searches and proximity ranked multi-keyword searches to encrypted datasets on untrusted cloud. By storing encrypted keyword-location data along with specially truncated encrypted keyword indexes in a relational database, we are able to allow for a full range of search features in our encrypted searches, something that has never been accomplished before. Furthermore, our approach permits the encrypted corpus and index to both be stored on cloud data servers. We modify currently available open-source search engine software to complete a prototype and provide results from experiments on a large scale real-world dataset that has more than half a million documents.
VIP-PIX: A low noise readout ASIC for pixelated CdTe gamma-ray detectors for use in the next generation of PET scanners (2012)

In this paper a low noise and low power consumption pixel readout electronics with digital output for pixelated Cadmium Telluride (CdTe) gamma-ray detectors is presented. The implemented smart-pixel will be part of a 2D pixel-array detector that will be connected, via solder bump bond, to the readout integrated circuit (ROIC) for use in various types of nuclear medicine imaging devices such as positron-emission tomography (PET) scanners, Compton gamma cameras, and positron-emission mammography (PEM) scanners. When a voxel of the CdTe detector is hit by a photon, the connected pixel readout provides the energy deposited with to-bit resolution. Simultaneously, the self-triggered pixel that is connected to a global time-to-digital converter (TDC) with 1 ns resolution provides the hit event's time stamp. The analog front-end and the analog to digital converter (A DC) from the pixel readout have been fabricated with TSMC 0.25 Ilm mixed-signal CMOS technology and characterized with external test pulse. Every pixel readout electronics consumes 200 IlW from 2.5 V supply. It offers 4 switchable gains from ±10 mV/fC to ±40 mV/fC and an input charge dynamic range up to ±70 fC for the minimum gain for both polarities. Based on noise measurements, the expected equivalent noise charge (ENC) is 65 eRMS at room temperature and a bump-bonded detector's capacitance of 100 fF.
Diagnostic lessons from the spectrum study. (2003)

Neurology. 2002;58(9 suppl 6):S27‐S31. Migraine is a heterogeneous condition that causes symptoms that vary both among individuals and within individuals from attack to attack. We examined and reviewed several important lessons on the diagnosis of migraine learned from the distribution of headache types and patterns of treatment response in the Spectrum Study, including recruitment and diagnostic issues. The accuracy of an initial diagnosis, assigned by a clinician in the context of a clinical trial, was compared with the results of a final diagnosis, assigned by a neurologist, reviewing the initial evaluation as well as headache diaries for up to 10 attacks. Several lessons can be learned from the Spectrum Study. Recruitment difficulties teach us that disabling tension‐type headache is difficult to find, suggesting that it is rare. Examination of the final diagnosis given after diary evaluations suggests that a diagnosis of migraine can usually be confirmed for patients with disabling headache. After reclassification of the final sample of 432 subjects, 24/75 (32%) patients initially clinically classified as having disabling episodic tension‐type headache proved to have migraine or migrainous headache after a diary review. Among study participants, 90% of subjects with disabling headache (HIMQ score>250) had a migraine‐related disorder. Treatment response suggests that, in migraineurs, tension‐type headaches may have a pathophysiology similar to that of migraine. The diary data show that mild headaches in migraine often evolve into full‐blown migraine. The Spectrum Study supports the view that, for patients with disabling episodic headache, migraine is often the correct diagnosis. In clinical practice, the suspicion of migraine should be high for patients experiencing episodic disabling headache. Assessment of headache‐related disability may assist practitioners in making a diagnosis of migraine. Comment: The Spectrum Study (Lipton R, et al. Headache. 2000;40:783‐791) has proven to be one of the most important investigations to be reported in the modern clinical headache literature. The results, if accepted, constitute a shift in paradigm for the diagnosis of migraine, or, rather, a return to Neil Raskin's concept of the “continuum of benign recurring headache.” One conclusion of the study was that all headaches in patients with coexisting episodic tension‐type headache, migrainous headache, and migraine behaved the same in their response to sumatriptan. This suggests that the three headache types might all be manifestations of the same primary headache disorder, namely migraine, rather than representing three independent disorders, as currently suggested by the IHS classification system. Another finding of the Spectrum Study was that diary review often changed the diagnosis of headaches initially thought to be tension‐type to migraine, suggesting both that longitudinal data can be illuminating with respect to diagnosis, and that, as Richard Lipton notes, “for patients with disabling episodic headache, migraine is often the correct diagnosis.” SJT
Peripheral Blood Immune Cell Methylation Profiles Are Associated with Nonhematopoietic Cancers (2012)

This illustrates the potential use of DNA methylation profiles for identifying shifts in leukocyte populations representative of disease, and that such profiles may represent powerful new diagnostic tools, applicable to a range of solid tumors.
Evaluation of cold-recombinant influenza A/Korea (CR-59) virus vaccine in infants (1989)

Twenty-four infants 5 to 13 months of age were intranasally vaccinated with a live cold-recombinant influenza A/Korea (CR-59, H3N2) virus vaccine. Nineteen infants served as controls. The inocula ranged from 10(3.2) to 10(6.2) 50% tissue culture infective doses (TCID50) per infant. Zero of six, one of four, seven of ten, and four of four infants receiving 10(3.2), 10(4.2), 10(5.2), and 10(6.2) TCID50, respectively, were infected by the intranasal vaccine. The amount of virus required to infect 50% of infants was calculated to be 10(4.6) TCID50. The occurrence of fever, respiratory illness, and otitis media was common among both controls and vaccinees in the postinoculation period. Maternal antibody was present in low titers in some infants and did not inhibit replication of the vaccine virus.
Randomised trial of three doses of inhaled nitric oxide in acute respiratory distress syndrome (1998)

The results show that a low concentration of iNO (1 ppm) is as effective as higher concentrations (10 and 20 ppm) in improving oxygenation in children with ARDS and may be important in minimising toxicity during iNO use.
Pulmonary injury caused by free fatty acid: evaluation of steroid and albumin therapy. (1981)

Intrapulmonary free fatty acid (FFA) release has been suggested as a pathogenetic mechanism in respiratory failure caused by acute pancreatitis and fat embolism. Utilizing the isolated perfused ventilated canine pulmonary lobe, we evaluated the effects of FFA infusion and its subsequent modification by albumin and steroid therapy. In control lobes perfused for a 4-hour period, there was minimal weight gain (11 gm), intrapulmonary shunting did not occur, and compliance remained within normal limits. When 1 ml of oleic acid was infused into the pulmonary artery lobe weight tripled (188 gm), intrapulmonary shunting (20%) developed, and compliance was significantly decreased compared to controls. When 30 gm of human salt-poor albumin was added to the perfusate immediately after FFA infusion, the lobe response was similar to that of untreated oleic acid lobes. In contrast, when 400 mg of methylprednisolone succinate was added to the perfusate immediately after FFA infusion, lobe weight gain was significantly reduced (94 gm) compared to oleic acid lobes, intrapulmonary shunting did not occur, and compliance was within normal limits. This study suggests that steroids may be of benefit in the treatment of respiratory insufficiency secondary to acute pancreatitis and fat embolism.
Introduction: The Many Forms of Privatization (1997)

In political economy, as in everyday usage, the terms and are used to distinguish both between states and other organizations in the formal economy, and between households or communities and formal economies, including their state sectors. Although the terms have been useful as analytical tools, it has long been recognized by many political economists that they are not dichotomous, readily separable entities. Rather, public and private in both senses of these terms are interpenetrating and complex categories that shift over time in relation to content and degree of separation.
Progress in Automatic Signature Verification (1994)

Automatic Signature Verification: The State of the Art 1989-1993,R Plamondon & F Leclerc) An Evaluation of Parallel Strategies for Feature Vector Construction in Automatic Signature Verification System, M C Fairhurst and P Britton A Static Signature Verification System Based on a Cooperating Neural Networks Architecture, H Cardot et al Off-Line Verification of Japanese Signatures After Elimination of Background Patterns, I Yoshimura & M Yoshimura Structural Interpretation of Handwritten Signature Images, R Sabourin et al. Statistical Methods for On-Line Signature Verification , W Nelson et al. Component-Oriented Algorithms for Signature Verification, G Dimauro et al. The Design of an On-Line Signature Verification System: From Theory to Practice, R Plamondon. (Part contents).
Application of AC Regulator to Military Inverter (2010)

Concerning that conventional PI regulator is likely to produce steady-state errors for AC input signal,using the theory that DC regulators in carrier-servo control systems can be converted into AC regulators,a new AC regulator is adopted to the control system design of inverter.Through the theoretical analysis,simulation and experimental results show that the new AC regulator can reach zero steady-state.The regulator can be used in a single-phase or three-phase inverter,which can meet the needs of military DC/AC inverter that has much better output.
Mechanism of Photosolvolytic Rearrangement of <i>p</i>-Hydroxyphenacyl Esters:  Evidence for Excited-State Intramolecular Proton Transfer as the Primary Photochemical Step (1999)

The photosolvolytic rearrangement of a variety of p-hydroxyphenacyl esters and related compounds 7−16 has been studied in solutions with up to 50% aqueous content, using product studies, triplet quenchers, and nanosecond laser flash photolysis. The p-hydroxyphenacyl moiety has recently been proposed as a new and efficient photoactivated protecting group in aqueous solution. Practical applications have been demonstrated, but much less is known about the mechanism of photoreaction. Our data support a novel mechanism in which the primary photochemical step from the singlet excited state is formal intramolecular proton transfer from the phenolic proton to the carbonyl oxygen of the distal ketone, mediated by solvent water, to generate the corresponding p-quinone methide phototautomer. This reactive intermediate (most likely in its excited state) subsequently expels the carboxylic acid with concerted rearrangement to a spiroketone intermediate, which subsequently leads to the final observed product, p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid. An alternative mechanism is deprotonation of the phenolic proton, loss of the carboxylate, and rearrangement to the spiroketone, all in one concerted primary photochemical step from S1.
Extremely high genetic diversity in a single tumor points to prevalence of non-Darwinian cell evolution (2015)

The prevailing view that the evolution of cells in a tumor is driven by Darwinian selection has never been rigorously tested. Because selection greatly affects the level of intratumor genetic diversity, it is important to assess whether intratumor evolution follows the Darwinian or the non-Darwinian mode of evolution. To provide the statistical power, many regions in a single tumor need to be sampled and analyzed much more extensively than has been attempted in previous intratumor studies. Here, from a hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tumor, we evaluated multiregional samples from the tumor, using either whole-exome sequencing (WES) (n = 23 samples) or genotyping (n = 286) under both the infinite-site and infinite-allele models of population genetics. In addition to the many single-nucleotide variations (SNVs) present in all samples, there were 35 "polymorphic" SNVs among samples. High genetic diversity was evident as the 23 WES samples defined 20 unique cell clones. With all 286 samples genotyped, clonal diversity agreed well with the non-Darwinian model with no evidence of positive Darwinian selection. Under the non-Darwinian model, MALL (the number of coding region mutations in the entire tumor) was estimated to be greater than 100 million in this tumor. DNA sequences reveal local diversities in small patches of cells and validate the estimation. In contrast, the genetic diversity under a Darwinian model would generally be orders of magnitude smaller. Because the level of genetic diversity will have implications on therapeutic resistance, non-Darwinian evolution should be heeded in cancer treatments even for microscopic tumors.
Laser polymerization in gases (1974)

Theoretical estimates are obtained of the possibility of using infrared laser radiation in the initiation of polymerization reactions in gases. A numerical solution of a system of vibrational and chemical kinetics equations shows that if the vibration-translational relaxation is sufficiently slow, it should be possible to polymerize such substances as acetylene, ethylene, etc.
Analysis of power dissipation in embedded systems using real-time operating systems (2003)

The increasing complexity and software content of embedded systems has led to the frequent use of system software to help applications access hardware resources easily and efficiently. In this paper, we present a method for detailed analysis of real-time operating system (RTOS) power consumption. RTOSs form an important component of the system software layer. Despite the widespread use of, and significant role played by, RTOSs in mobile and low-power embedded systems, little is known about their power-consumption effects. This paper presents a method of producing a hierarchical energy-consumption profile for applications as they interact with an RTOS. As a proof-of-concept, we use our infrastructure to produce the power profiles for a commercial RTOS, /spl mu/C/OS-II, running several applications on an embedded system based on the Fujitsu SPARClite processor. These examples demonstrate that an RTOS can have a significant impact on power consumption. We discuss ways in which application software can be designed to use an RTOS in a power-efficient manner. We believe that this is a first step toward establishing a systematic approach to power optimization of embedded systems containing RTOSs.