gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Role of word sense disambiguation in lexical acquisition (1996)

This paper addresses the issue of word-sense ambiguity in extraction from machine-readable resources for the construction of large-scale knowledge sources. We describe two experiments: one which ignored word-sense distinctions, resulting in 6.3% accuracy for semantic classification of verbs based on (Levin, 1993); and one which exploited word-sense distinctions, resulting in 97.9% accuracy. These experiments were dual purpose: (1) to validate the central thesis of the work of (Levin, 1993), i.e., that verb semantics and syntactic behavior are predictably related; (2) to demonstrate that a 15-fold improvement can be achieved in deriving semantic information from syntactic cues if we first divide the syntactic cues into distinct groupings that correlate with different word senses. Finally, we show that we can provide effective acquisition techniques for novel word senses using a combination of online sources.
Efficient Extraction of Phosphoric Acid with a Trialkyl Amine-Based Solvent Mixture (2015)

Production of phosphoric acid by using wet process technology in China is challenging due to high impurities (P2O5 present is less than 25 wt %). Extraction of phosphoric acid from such low concentration mixtures needs to be improved. Moreover, the separation of chloride and phosphate ions is also important for the subsequent production of phosphate fertilizers. In this study, an organic solvent composed of trialkyl amine (N235), isoamyl alcohol, and sulfonated kerosene was developed to extract phosphoric acid. Pseudoternary phase equilibria, two phase densities, and the viscosities were determined at 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure. Results show that unlike other common organic solvents, the proposed solvent exhibits relatively higher extraction capacity even at low phosphoric acid concentration (P2O5 less than 25 wt %). The separation factor of chloride and phosphate ions reaches up to 39.45 and is several orders of magnitude lager than other common organic solvents including alcohols, cyclohexane, and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP). In addition, the solubility of organic solvent in the aqueous phase is close to zero, while the water content in the organic phase keeps nearly constant at a low concentration of around 5 wt %. All of these indicated that the developed solvent mixture is efficient for the extraction of phosphoric acid.
Electric motors & control techniques (1982)

Introduction. Reconsideration of Basic Motor and Generator Action. The Classic DC Motors. The Classic AC Motors. Electronic Control of Communicator. Type Machines. Electronic Control of Noncommutator Machines. Control Applications for a Variety of Electric Motors. The Non-Classic Motors. The Electric Vehicle: Mirage or Reality?
Mechanistic Insight Into High-Spin Iron(I)-Catalyzed Butadiene Dimerization (2016)

Iron complexes are commonly used in catalysis, but the identity of the active catalyst is often unknown, which prevents a detailed understanding of structure–reactivity relationships for catalyst design. Here we report the isolation and electronic structure determination of a well-defined, low-valent iron complex that is an active catalyst in the synthesis of cis,cis-1,5-cyclooctadiene (COD) from 1,3-butadiene. Spectroscopic and magnetic characterization establishes a high-spin Fe(I) center, which is supported by DFT studies, where partial metal–ligand antibonding orbital population is proposed to allow for facile ligand exchange during catalysis.
Changes in plasma membrane ionic permeability and related contractile responses in vascular smooth muscle at hypoxia (1996)

Present study was designed to examine the effects of low PO2 (9.1-3.9 kPa) on Ca2+ and K+ permeability in plasma membrane and related contractile responses of vascular smooth muscle (VSM). Recordings of VSM contractile force were done by the force displacement transducer coupled to a polygraph. Cellular 45Ca uptake was determined by the lanthanum method. Ionic current measurements were made using patch-clamp technique (whole cell configuration). It was shown that the gradual decrease in bath PO2 below 14.3-13 kPa as a rule resulted in the inhibition of VSM myogenic activity (portal vein) and the relaxation of VSM preconstricted with noradrenaline and high-K+ solution or transmural electrical stimulation (aorta and portal vein). In muscles from aorta, hypoxia often led to biphasic response: a pronounced dilation following phasic (transient) contraction; in portal vein hypoxia induced the dilation only. The constrictor component of aorta response to hypoxia was endothelium-dependent, but dilations in both cases were independent of intact endothelium. The similar hypoxia-like effects in VSM were produced by a Ca2+-free solution and Ca2+ channel blockers. 45Ca uptake was significantly decreased in muscles from portal vein at hypoxia. The lowering of bath PO2 led to decrease of peak amplitude of Ca2+ current (ICa) in both kinds of VSM cells. Hypoxia also increased the transient [K(Ca)t] and oscillatory [IK(Ca)o] components of Ca2+-activated K+ current [IK(Ca)] and was able to increase the amplitude and frequency of spontaneous transient outward currents (STOCs) in freshly dispersed single cells from portal vein. Intracellular ‘injection’ of phosphocreatine (PCr), but not adenosine triphosphate (ATP), to VSM cell myoplasm using positively charged liposomes prevented the inhibitor effects of low PO2 on VSM contractile activity. The effects of hypoxia were completely reversible as evident from contractile and electrophysiological measurements. Thus, low PO2 (hypoxia) may affect Ca2+ permeability and hence the VSM contractility for at least two mechanisms: (i) by the decrease of a number of open Ca2+ channels as a result of the damage in their phosphorylation; (ii) by Ca2+ channel inactivation resultant from a rise in intracellular Ca2+ which could be induced by a failure of active Ca2+ outward transport or/and intracellular Ca2+ sequestration.
Cell-Cycle-Dependent Regulation of Telomere Binding Proteins: Roles of Polo-Like Kinase (2006)

The telomere is a functional complex at chromosomal termini consisting of repetitive DNA and associated proteins, and protects the ends against degradation and fusion. Telomeric repeat binding factors TRF1 and TRF2 bind directly to double-stranded telomeric DNA. Although structurally related, TRF1 and TRF2 contribute to telomere maintenance in distinct ways: TRF1 negatively regulates telomerase-dependent telomere lengthening, whereas TRF2 plays an important role in protecting chromosomal ends. It is not known how the proteinaceous complex manages DNA metabolism such as DNA replication, which requires the recruitment of numerous trans-acting factors. We have found that Xenopus TRF1 (xTRF1) specifically associates with mitotic chromatin and dissociates from interphase replicating chromatin. In contrast, Xenopus TRF2 (xTRF2) binds to telomeric DNA throughout the cell cycle. Interestingly, telomerase activity is associated with the interphase chromatin, but not with the mitotic chromatin. These results support a model in which telomeres form a semi-open configuration that allows access of telomerase and replication machineries, yet protects the chromosomal ends in S phase. Interestingly, M phase specific telomere binding of xTRF1 requires Polo-like kinase, a key regulator of mitosis. We discuss the relevance of our studies and recent findings of other groups to indicate the possible role of Polo-like kinase in telomere regulation.
Characterization and Solubilization of the FMRFamide Receptor of Squid (1994)

The optic lobe of squid (Loligo pealei) contains FMRFamide receptors that can bind an iodinated FMRFamide analog: [125I]-desaminoTyr-Phe- norLeu-Arg-Phe-amide ([125I]-daYFnLRFa). Radioligand binding assays revealed that squid FMRFamide receptors are specific, saturable, high affinity sites (Kd = 0.15 nM) densely concentrated in optic lobe membranes (Bmax = 237 fmole/mg protein). The receptors appeared to be coupled to Gs because guanine nucleotides inhibit receptor binding and the stimulation of adenylate cyclase by FMRFamide is GTP-dependent. Both the binding and cyclase data showed that FMRFamide, but not FMRF-OH, interacts at FMRFamide receptors; thus the C-terminal Arg-Phe-amide is critical for binding. The high binding affinity of FMRFamide (0.4 nM IC50) was specific for FMRFamide-like peptides. The structure-activity relations of many FMRFamide analogs were defined in detail and were nearly identical for both the membrane-bound and detergent-solubilized receptors. We also found that squid optic lobe contains FMRFamide-like reactivity as measured with both a radioimmunoassay and a radioreceptor assay. Moreover, we have sequenced a fragment of genomic DNA that encodes a FMRFamide precursor. Our findings in sum suggest that FMRFamide is a neurotransmitter in squid optic lobe, and that this tissue is a good source from which to purify FMRFamide receptors.
Exploiting temporal coherence in real-time rendering (2010)

Temporal coherence (TC), the correlation of contents between adjacent rendered frames, exists across a wide range of scenes and motion types in practical real-time rendering. By taking advantage of TC, we can save redundant computation and improve the performance of many rendering tasks significantly with only a marginal decrease in quality. This not only allows us to incorporate more computationally intensive shading effects to existing applications, but also offers exciting opportunities of extending high-end graphics applications to reach lower-spec consumer-level hardware.
Management of glucocorticoid‐induced osteoporosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: Rates and predictors of care in an academic rheumatology practice (2002)

Patients with RA taking oral glucocorticoids did not routinely undergo bone densitometry and/or receive prescription medications for osteoporosis. Men and premenopausal women were less likely to undergo bone densitometry and to receive a prescription medication for osteoporosis than postmenopausal women. Interventions to improve detection and prevention of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis are necessary.
ASYMMETRIC HYDROGENATION OF GERANIOL AND NEROL CATALYZED BY BINAP–RHODIUM(I) COMPLEXES (1985)

Abstract A novel direct synthesis of optically active citronellol has been investigated by asymmetric hydrogenation of geraniol and nerol catalyzed by various BINAP–Rh(I) complexes.
Artificial Neural Networks (2006)

The primary aim of this chapter is to present an overview of the artificial neural network basics and operation, architectures, and the major algorithms used for training the neural network models. As can be seen in subsequent chapters, neural networks have made many useful contributions to solve theoretical and practical problems in finance and manufacturing areas. The secondary aim here is therefore to provide a brief review of artificial neural network applications in finance and manufacturing areas.
ONYCHOMYCOSIS IN CHILDREN (1994)

Onychomycosis in children is not exceptional. Attention should be given to any sign during physical examination to avoid dystrophy of the nails and also to eliminate any source of infection.
Osteopontin and cadherin 11 are novel mediators and drug targets for chronic lung diseases (2010)

Chronic lung diseases (CLDs) are a considerable source of morbidity and mortality and are thought to arise from dysregulation of normal wound healing processes. An aggressive, feature of many CLDs is pulmonary fibrosis (PF) and is characterized by excess deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins from myofibroblasts in airways. However, factors regulating myofibroblast biology are incompletely understood. Proteins in the cadherin family contribute epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), a suggested source of myofibroblasts. Cadherin 11 (CDH11) contributes to developmental and pathologic processes that parallel those seen in PF and EMT. Utilizing Cdh11 knockout (Cdh11 -/-) mice, the goal of this study was to characterize the contribution of CDH11 in the bleomycin model of PF and assess the feasibility of treating established PF. We demonstrate CDH11 in macrophages and airway epithelial cells undergoing EMT in lungs of mice given bleomycin and patients with PF. Endpoints consistent with PF including ECM production and myofibroblast formation are reduced in CDH11-targeted mice given bleomycin. Findings suggesting mechanisms of CDH11-dependent fibrosis include the regulation of the profibrotic mediator TGF-â in alveolar macrophages and CDH11-mediated EMT. The results of this study propose CDH11 as a novel drug target for PF. In addition, another CLD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is characterized by airway inflammation and destruction. Adenosine, a nucleoside signaling molecule generated in response to cell stress is upregulated in patients with COPD and is suggested to contribute to its pathogenesis. An established model of adenosine-mediated lung injury exhibiting features of COPD is the Ada -/- mouse. Previous studies in our lab suggest features of the Ada -/- phenotype may be secondary to adenosine-dependent expression of osteopontin (OPN). OPN is a protein implicated in a variety of human pathology, but its role in COPD has not been examined. To address this, Ada/Opn -/- mice were generated and endpoints consistent with COPD were examined in parallel with Ada -/- mice. Results demonstrate OPN-mediated pulmonary neutrophilia and airway destruction in Ada -/- mice. Furthermore, patients with COPD exhibit increased OPN in airways which correlate with clinical airway obstruction. These results suggest OPN represents a novel biomarker or therapeutic target for the management of patients with COPD. The importance of findings in this thesis is highlighted by the fact that no pharmacologic interventions have been shown to interfere with disease progression or improve survival rates in patients with COPD or PF.
Driver Behavior and Situation Aware Brake Assistance for Intelligent Vehicles (2007)

This paper deals with the development of Human-Centric Intelligent Driver Assistance Systems. Rear-end collisions account for a large portion of traffic accidents. To help mitigate this problem, predictive braking systems and adaptive cruise control systems have been developed. However, these types of systems usually rely solely on the vehicle and vehicle surround sensors, either ignoring the human component of driving or learning the driver's control behavior using only these sensors. As with all human-computer interfaces, this has the potential to work against the driver, distract the driver further, or even annoy the driver so that the driver ignores or disables the system. It is, therefore, important to directly take the driver's intended actions into account when designing a driver assistance system. By using a probabilistic model for the system, warnings and preventative measures can be constructed based on varying levels of situational severity and driver attentiveness and intent. The research is based upon carefully conducted experimental trials involving a human subjects driving in natural manner and on typical freeways in the USA. The experiments, designed by inputs from cognitive scientist, were conducted in a specially designed instrumented vehicle to record important cues associated with driver's behavior, vehicle state, and vehicle surround in a synchronized manner. Quantitative results and analysis of the experimental trials are presented to show the feasibility and promise of this framework to predict the driver's intent to brake, the need for braking given the current situation, and at what level the driver should be warned
Parity meter for charge qubits: An efficient quantum entangler (2006)

We propose a realization of a charge parity meter based on two double quantum dots alongside a quantum point contact. Such a device is a specific example of the general class of mesoscopic quadratic quantum measurement detectors previously investigated by Mao et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 056803 (2004)]. Our setup accomplishes entangled state preparation by a current measurement alone, and allows the qubits to be effectively decoupled by pinching off the parity meter. Two applications of the parity meter are discussed: the measurement of Bell's inequality in charge qubits and the realization of a controlled-NOT gate.
Definitions of Terms Relating to Aircraft Windscreens, Canopies, and Transparencies (1993)

Abstract : This report presents a glossary of terms relating to aircraft windscreens, canopies, and transparencies. It addresses the need to have a single reference source which provides a common vocabulary for use by designers, materials engineers, manufacturers, evaluators, maintenance personnel, and user agencies concerned with aircraft transparencies. Its intent is to facilitate and enhance communication between these disciplines by clarifying and defining terms used within the aircraft transparency industry.... Transparencies, Windscreens, Canopies, Optics, Polycarbonate, Acrylic, Definitions.
Influence of radiographic contrast media viscosity to flow through coronary angiographic catheters (1991)

To assess the influence of viscosity on flow resistance, 4 clinically available contrast media were injected through 12 angiographic catheters of varying dimensions at 20 degrees and 37 degrees C. Seven cc of contrast was injected at a pressure of 200 PSI at 3cc/sec by Medrad Mark IV power injector. The pressure of injection through the manifold was recorded with an electronic pressure transducer. The lowest injection pressure at 37 degrees C occurred with Hexabrix. Differences in contrast media viscosity were apparent with catheters less than 6 French diameter. There were minimal differences in injection pressures with regard to the coronary curve tip configurations for any of the contrast agents. At 20 degrees C, Isovue had lower injection pressures than the other contrast agents. Injection through 5 French catheters demonstrated a greater than 1.5 atmosphere difference, especially between Omnipaque and Hexabrix. The difference in contrast media injection pressure was greater than 2 atmospheres between 8 French guiding and 8 French diagnostic catheters and between 5 French and 6 French diagnostic catheters and less than 2 atmospheres between 8 French and 6 French diagnostic catheters. Injection pressure differences greater than 1 atmosphere were not observed for catheters of the same French size at body or room temperature contrast injection. These data indicate that important temperature related viscosity differences between agents are present and confirm that the largest differences in contrast media are most apparent for the smallest diameter catheters. Given equivalent image opacification and hemodynamic and adverse effects, selection of a low viscosity contrast media theoretically provides an advantage during procedures using small diameter catheters or interventional procedures requiring contrast media visualization through reduced channels.
Conversion of big endothelin‐1 to endothelin‐1 by two types of metalloproteinases derived from porcine aortic endothelial cells (1990)

Incubation of big endothelin-1 (big ET-1(1-39] with either the cytosolic or membrane fraction obtained from cultured endothelial cells, resulted in an increase in immunoreactive-endothelin (IR-ET), which was markedly inhibited by metal chelators. Phosphoramidon, a metalloproteinase inhibitor, specifically suppressed the membrane fraction-induced increase in IR-ET, whereas the increase in IR-ET observed with the cytosolic fraction was not influenced by phosphoramidon. Reverse-phase (RP)-HPLC of the incubation mixture of big ET-1 with the cytosolic or membrane fraction revealed one major IR-ET component corresponding to the elution position of synthetic ET-1(1-21). Simultaneously, immunoreactivities like the C-terminal fragment (CTF22-39) of big ET-1 were present, as deduced from the RP-HPLC coupled with the radioimmunoassay for CTF. Our results indicate the presence of two types of metalloproteinases, which convert big ET-1 to ET-1 via a single cleavage between Trp21 and Val22, in vascular endothelial cells.
Design and analysis of MEMS-based metamaterials (2006)

Metamaterials, materials that are constructed with arrays of small elements have sig-nificant potential to provide material properties that are useful for electromagnetic applications but are not found in nature. Slight changes to a repeated unit cell can be used to tune the effective bulk material properties of a metamaterial, replacing the need to discover suitable materials for an application with the ability to design a structure for the desired effect. However, most current metamaterial realizations are plagued by high loss, large size, awkward structure, or difficult construction. The use of Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) to create a new metamaterial could improve upon some of these shortcomings due to their small size, high Q, and ease of integration into standard applications and circuit fabrication techniques. In this thesis, I analyze the prospects of a MEMS-based metamaterial. First, I determine the best type of MEMS resonator to use in a metamaterial. Then, I build models that can accurately describe a metamaterial constructed of MEMS unit cells. Analysis of these models provides information about the potential behavior of a MEMS metama-
Perhydropyrimidinylium and 1,3-diazepinylium salts as potential ionic liquids (2006)

Saturated or partially saturated heterocyclic compounds were uncovered as interesting and potential ionic liquid media. Zwitterionic compounds with perhydropyrimidinylium, 1,3- diazepinylium and quinazolinylium carbocations were utilized in the preparation of a variety of salts in order to search for new low-melting ionic media. Some of the zwitterionic quinazoline derivatives were also found to be low-melting glasses.
Tailored Fiber Placement-Mechanical Properties and Applications (1998)

Tailored Fiber Placement (TFP) is a new automated textile process for the production of reinforcing structures. This process allows the consistent transfer of calculated locally optimum fiber quantities and orientations into fiber preforms. The mechanical properties achieved with TFP reinforced carbon fiber/epoxy and glass fiber/epoxy are compared with tape and fabric reinforced composites. Generally, static mechanical properties of TFP-laminates are better than fabric laminates and close to tapes. However, the ultimate compression strength of carbon/epoxy TFP is lower than comparable tape composites. Fatigue behaviour of a cross-ply carbon/epoxy TFP is compared with a fabric reinforced laminate. The advantages and possibilities of TFP are demonstrated by means of typical applications like bicycle components.
Introduction: Strategic Bargaining and Economic Adjustment in the Third World (1993)

While the 1970s can be considered the decade of rapid debt accumulation and the 1980s that of economic deterioration in the Third World, the 1990s will be the decade of intense debt management negotiations between international creditors and debtor states and economic adjustment negotiations between the state and its domestic constituents. Arising from these negotiations are both a paradox and a dilemma for Third World states as they seek to work their way through the maze of indebtedness. The paradox for debtors concerns the nature and role of state power during this period of economic decline. On the one hand, state capabilities are considered weak and ineffective in combating political instability, social disunity, and scarcity of economic resources. Yet, the state in the Third World has shown remarkable resiliency in extending and developing its bureaucratic and administrative powers. Is the state, in indebted societies, withering away, losing its control over members of its society as well as foreign interests? Or, has the state been able to adapt to changing circumstances which may permit it some degree of freedom in its negotiations with internal and external interests?