gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Energy deposition in direct nuclear pumped optical cavities (1991)

A two-dimensional, time-dependent model has been developed to determine the coupled fluid dynamic and charged particle transport behavior of a flowing gas, nuclear pumped laser cavity. Stationary results are presented for a typical cavity that uses a flowing He buffer gas pumped with charged particles produced by the 10B(n,α)7Li reaction. The boron is coated on fuel plates mounted parallel to the flow direction. The effects of changing the buffer gas inlet flow velocity and outlet pressure are investigated. For a fixed inlet velocity, the results presented show that the gradients of the charged particle energy deposition and density increase in magnitude primarily in the direction perpendicular to the gas flow, i.e., normal to the fuel plates, as the outlet pressure is increased. With increasing inlet velocity and a fixed outlet pressure, the density variations decrease, whereas the variations in energy deposition increase in the direction perpendicular to the flow and decrease in the direction parallel to the gas flow. For higher inlet velocity cases, the deposition is nearly one-dimensional, varying primarily in the direction perpendicular to the flow. Qualitatively similar results can be found with an argon buffer gas and fission fragment pumping for similar charged particle ranges. In general, for a fixed cavity geometry similar charged particle energy deposition behavior can be obtained for different laser gases by adjusting the outlet pressure and charged particle source.
Pronociceptive Actions of Dynorphin Maintain Chronic Neuropathic Pain (2001)

Whereas tissue injury increases spinal dynorphin expression, the functional relevance of this upregulation to persistent pain is unknown. Here, mice lacking the prodynorphin gene were studied for sensitivity to non-noxious and noxious stimuli, before and after induction of experimental neuropathic pain. Prodynorphin knock-out (KO) mice had normal responses to acute non-noxious stimuli and a mild increased sensitivity to some noxious stimuli. After spinal nerve ligation (SNL), both wild-type (WT) and KO mice demonstrated decreased thresholds to innocuous mechanical and to noxious thermal stimuli, indicating that dynorphin is not required for initiation of neuropathic pain. However, whereas neuropathic pain was sustained in WT mice, KO mice showed a return to baselines by post-SNL day 10. In WT mice, SNL upregulated lumbar dynorphin content on day 10, but not day 2, after injury. Intrathecal dynorphin antiserum reversed neuropathic pain in WT mice at post-SNL day 10 (when dynorphin was upregulated) but not on post-SNL day 2; intrathecal MK-801 reversed SNL-pain at both times. Opioid (mu, delta, and kappa) receptor density and G-protein activation were not different between WT and KO mice and were unchanged by SNL injury. The observations suggest (1) an early, dynorphin-independent phase of neuropathic pain and a later dynorphin-dependent stage, (2) that upregulated spinal dynorphin is pronociceptive and required for the maintenance of persistent neuropathic pain, and (3) that processes required for the initiation and the maintenance of the neuropathic pain state are distinct. Identification of mechanisms that maintain neuropathic pain appears important for strategies to treat neuropathic pain.
Redox regulation of the G1 to S phase transition in the mouse embryo fibroblast cell cycle. (2003)

The hypothesis that intracellular oxidation/reduction (redox) reactions regulate the G(0)-G(1) to S-phase transition in the mouse embryonic fibroblast cell cycle was investigated. Intracellular redox state was modulated with a thiol-antioxidant, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), and cell cycle progression was measured using BrdUrd pulse-chase and flow cytometric analysis. Treatment with NAC for 12 h resulted in an approximately 6-fold increase in intracellular low-molecular-weight thiols and a decrease in the MFI of an oxidation-sensitive probe, dihydrofluorescein diacetate, indicating a shift in the intracellular redox state toward a more reducing environment. NAC-induced alterations in redox state caused selective delays in progression from G(0)-G(1) to S phase in serum-starved cells that were serum stimulated to reenter the cell cycle as well as to inhibit progression from G(1) to S phase in asynchronous cultures with no significant alterations in S phase, and G(2)+M transits. NAC treatment also showed a 70% decrease in cyclin D1 protein levels and a 3-4-fold increase in p27 protein levels, which correlated with decreased retinoblastoma protein phosphorylation. Cells released from the NAC treatment showed a transient increase in dihydrofluorescein fluorescence and oxidized glutathione content between 0 and 8 h after release, indicating a shift in intracellular redox state to a more oxidizing environment. These changes in redox state were followed by an increase in cyclin D1, a decrease in p27, retinoblastoma protein hyperphosphorylation and subsequent entry into S phase by 8-12 h after the removal of NAC. These results support the hypothesis that a redox cycle within the mammalian cell cycle might provide a mechanistic link between the metabolic processes early in G(1) and the activation of G(1)-regulatory proteins in preparation for the entry of cells into S phase.
On congestion in mission critical networks (2008)

This paper studies the effect of congestion in mission critical networks and explores the network topologies which are appropriate for highly congested networks. Theoretical concepts of "graph theory" are the deriving points to understand the critical situations in telecommunication networks and help find the best topologies based on the network conditions. Towards this end, we evaluate the "betweenness centrality" of network topologies. We assign a robustness index to each network using the result of our evaluation. This "network robustness index" (NRI) can be used to rank different networks based on their robustness to the congestion. One would be able to choose appropriate network topologies in different situations based on the value of NRI. NRI guides the network evolution towards a robust topology which is resilient against congestion. The evolution is in the direction of decreasing the chance of congestion.
A Silicon(IV) Phthalocyanine–Folate Conjugate as an Efficient Photosensitizer (2014)

Abstract The novel silicon(IV) phthalocyanine axially conjugated with two molecules of folic acid has been prepared and characterized. Its photophysical and photochemical properties and photodynamic activities have also been evaluated. This conjugate shows high photodynamic activities toward HeLa human cervical carcinoma cells (IC50 = 0.071 µM); this activity is slightly higher than that of HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (IC50 = 0.118 µM).
In vitro antitumour activity of flavonoids from Sophora flavescens (1997)

The cytotoxicity-guided fractionation of the roots of Sophora flavescens (Leguminosae) extracts led to the isolation of 15 active principles 1–15, responsible for cytotoxicity against five kinds of cultured human tumour cell lines, i.e. A549 (non small cell lung), SK-OV-3 (ovary), SK-MEL-2 (skin), XF498 (central nerve system) and HCT-15 (colon), evaluated by SRB method in vitro. Compounds 2–14 were classified as unusual flavonoids occurring exclusively in this species and the proliferation of each of the examined tumour cells were significantly inhibited during continuous exposure to compounds 1–15 for 48 h, respectively. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fatigue Strength Enhancement Using Shape Memory Alloy Bushings (1990)

In recent years, there have been a number of failures of aircraft engine and structural components which are believed to have resulted from the accumulation of fatigue damage. The treatment of such damage is therefore of great significance from the standpoints of increased reliability and extended usage. This paper presents the initial results of a program to evaluate a new process for the repair of fatigue-damaged aircraft engine components. In this process, the fatigue-damaged area is drilled out and replaced with a bushing manufactured from a new class of material called a ‘shape memory’ alloy. This material has the capability to expand in place following insertion, thus placing the surrounding material into compression. A significant improvement in low cycle fatigue life was observed at 288°C in Ti-6Al-4V specimens treated with the above technique. The degree of improvement is about twice that which was obtained with a mechanical cold expansion technique used commercially to extend fatigue life. The degree of improvement of the subject process is greater at high numbers of cycles than at low numbers of cycles. The subject project was funded as a Phase I Small Business Innovation Research award administered by the U.S. Naval Air Propulsion Center. Additional work in this area is planned which will a) identify the process parameters which will optimize the properties of shape memory alloy bushings, b) define the properties of shape memory alloy bushings over a wide range of temperature and loading conditions, and c) evaluate the effect in actual turbine engine hardware in a simulated engine environment.
Calibration of a distorted towed array using a propagation operator (1993)

In this paper, a new method for array shape calibration is presented. This method can be applied to any antenna distortion, it does not require any a priori knowledge about the sources, and it is relatively simple to implement. A number of unknown remote point sources, propagating plane waves, are required to implement this method. An equal number of sensors having known relative positions are used as a geometric reference. The method relies on a propagation operator, called the propagator, which can be estimated from the cross spectral matrix of the received signals through a simple least-square process. The performances of the proposed method are illustrated through simulations by showing how good accuracy in source bearing estimation, by both the classical beamforming method and MUSIC, can be recovered when the array shape is estimated.
Vapour phase action of some foliar fungicides (1971)

Abstract Benomyl, maneb, fentin acetate, thiabendazole, a dichloro derivative of thiabendazole, and thiophanate all liberated vapours inhibitory to the germination of Cercospora beticola spores. In tightly closed containesr benomyl and maneb were the most toxic materials. On sprayed leaves the vapour action diminished with time; 11 days after treatment only benomyl still exhibited extreme fungitoxic action.
Antikeratin antibodies in tumor diagnosis. Distinction between seminoma and embryonal carcinoma (1984)

The authors investigated the presence and distribution of keratin in germ cell tumors using a rabbit-anti-keratin antiserum and a monoclonal antikeratin antibody--which is specific for keratin classes of 40, 50, and 56.5 kdaltons--by various immunohistochemical methods on frozen sections, alcohol-fixed, and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues. Thirty-four germ cell tumors were studied. These were the following: 18 seminomas, 10 embryonal carcinomas, 2 teratocarcinomas, 3 yolk sac tumors and 1 choriocarcinoma. All seminomas, including four poorly differentiated (so-called anaplastic seminomas), gave negative results, regardless of the method employed. Embryonal carcinoma, the epithelial component of the teratocarcinoma, the yolk sac tumors, and choriocarcinoma were at least focally positive for keratin. The monoclonal antibody provided a cleaner background and stronger staining than the rabbit-anti-total-human-epidermal-keratin antibody. Best results were obtained from fresh-frozen sections or alcohol-fixed, paraffin-embedded materials. Formalin-fixed, nonseminomatous tumors, when predigested with trypsin and incubated overnight with primary antibody, gave no false-negative results but staining was often focal. The authors' results agree with the reported absence of detectable keratin in primordial germ cells of the normal testis, and with prevailing concepts of the histogenesis of germ cell tumors. These results indicate that the presence or absence of keratin by immunocytochemical methods can be helpful in distinguishing seminoma from embryonal carcinoma.
Elevated low density lipoprotein receptor activity in leukemic cells with monocytic differentiation (1984)

The receptor-mediated degradation of 125I-low density lipoprotein (LDL) was compared in normal white blood cells and leukemic cells. The cells were isolated from the peripheral blood and bone marrow of healthy subjects and patients with newly diagnosed leukemia. The cells from most of the 40 consecutive patients with acute myelogenous leukemia showed markedly higher degradation rates as compared to mononuclear cells and granulocytes from peripheral blood and nucleated cells from the bone marrow of healthy individuals. Leukemic cells from patients with monocytic (FAB-M5) or myelomonocytic leukemia (FAB-M4) exhibited the highest degradation rates. The rate of receptor-mediated degradation of 125I-LDL was also high in leukemic cells from all three patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia in blast crisis, as well as in two of three patients with acute undifferentiated leukemia. In contrast, leukemic cells isolated from two patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia showed low rates. In most cases, there was little difference in LDL receptor activity between leukemic cells isolated from peripheral blood and those from bone marrow. Hypocholesterolemia was a frequent finding in the leukemic patients. There was an inverse correlation between the plasma cholesterol level and the rate of receptor-mediated degradation of 125I-LDL by the leukemic cells. Studies are now in progress to investigate the possibilities of using LDL as a carrier of cytotoxic drugs in the treatment of leukemia.
Human and rat beta cells differ in glucose transporter but not in glucokinase gene expression. (1995)

Glucose homeostasis is controlled by a glucose sensor in pancreatic beta-cells. Studies on rodent beta-cells have suggested a role for GLUT2 and glucokinase in this control function and in mechanisms leading to diabetes. Little direct evidence exists so far to implicate these two proteins in glucose recognition by human beta-cells. The present in vitro study investigates the role of glucose transport and phosphorylation in beta-cell preparations from nondiabetic human pancreata. Human beta-cells differ from rodent beta-cells in glucose transporter gene expression (predominantly GLUT1 instead of GLUT2), explaining their low Km (3 mmol/liter) and low VMAX (3 mmol/min per liter) for 3-O-methyl glucose transport. The 100-fold lower GLUT2 abundance in human versus rat beta-cells is associated with a 10-fold slower uptake of alloxan, explaining their resistance to this rodent diabetogenic agent. Human and rat beta-cells exhibit comparable glucokinase expression with similar flux-generating influence on total glucose utilization. These data underline the importance of glucokinase but not of GLUT2 in the glucose sensor of human beta-cells.
Overview of free-piston Stirling technology at the NASA Lewis Research Center (1985)

An overview of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Lewis Research Center (Lewis) free-piston Stirling engine activities is presented. These activities include: (1) a generic free-piston Stirling technology project being conducted to develop technologies synergistic to both space power and terrestrial heat pump applications in a cooperative, cost-shared effort with the Department of Energy (DOE/Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ONRL)), and (2) a free-piston Stirling space-power technology demonstration project as part of the SP-100 program being conducted in support of the Department of Defense (DOD), DOE, and NASA/Lewis. The generic technology effort includes extensive parametric testing of a 1 kw free-piston Stirling engine (RE-1000), development and validation of a free-piston Stirling performance computer code, and fabrication and initial testing of an hydraulic output modification for the RE-1000 engine. The space power technology effort, under SP-100, addresses the status of the 25 kWe Space Power Demonstrator Engine (SPDE) including early test results.
Magnetization transfer in multiple sclerosis (1994)

Magnetization transfer (MT) is a technique that has the potential for detecting changes in myelin. The rigid macromolecular structure of myelin is the physical basis of MT. By using off-resonance irradiation, macromolecular protons can be saturated. These protons then exchange with free-water protons and produce a decrease in signal intensity of the free-water protons. This can be quantitated by using a magnetization transfer ratio (MTR) of signal intensities (Mo-Ms/Mo. Mo represents the signal intensity without off-resonance irradiation, and Ms represents the signal intensity with off-resonance irradiation). This method has been sensitive to changes in a spectrum of white-matter lesions, including an edema model (EAE), and regions of apparent myelin loss in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Furthermore, MTRs may be abnormal in patients with normal-appearing white matter, demonstrated by standard MR imaging. MTRs may enable subcategorization of MS lesions into lesions with low MTRs (presumed to be demyelinating lesions) and lesions with higher values (primarily edematous lesions). Another important use of MT is, in conjunction with gadolinium, to increase the number and extent of enhancing MS lesions. This can improve the detection of blood-brain barrier abnormalities in patients with MS.
Improved tools and strategies for the prevention and control of arboviral diseases: A research-to-policy forum (2018)

The Forum concluded that the evidence collected can inform policy decisions, but also that important research gaps have yet to be filled.
The foundations of cost-sensitive learning (2001)

This paper revisits the problem of optimal learning and decision-making when different misclassification errors incur different penalties. We characterize precisely but intuitively when a cost matrix is reasonable, and we show how to avoid the mistake of defining a cost matrix that is economically incoherent. For the two-class case, we prove a theorem that shows how to change the proportion of negative examples in a training set in order to make optimal cost-sensitive classification decisions using a classifier learned by a standard non-costsensitive learning method. However, we then argue that changing the balance of negative and positive training examples has little effect on the classifiers produced by standard Bayesian and decision tree learning methods. Accordingly, the recommended way of applying one of these methods in a domain with differing misclassification costs is to learn a classifier from the training set as given, and then to compute optimal decisions explicitly using the probability estimates given by the classifier. 1 Making decisions based on a cost matrix Given a specification of costs for correct and incorrect predictions, an example should be predicted to have the class that leads to the lowest expected cost, where the expectation is computed using the conditional probability of each class given the example. Mathematically, let the entry in a cost matrix be the cost of predicting class when the true class is. If then the prediction is correct, while if the prediction is incorrect. The optimal prediction for an example is the class that minimizes
Engineering the Interfaces of ITO@Cu<sub>2</sub>S Nanowire Arrays toward Efficient and Stable Counter Electrodes for Quantum-Dot-Sensitized Solar Cells (2014)

Among the issues that restrict the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of quantum-dot-sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs), insufficient catalytic activity and stability of counter electrodes (CEs) are critical but challenging ones. The state-of-the-art Cu/Cu2S CEs still suffer from mechanical instability and uncertainty due to the reaction of copper and electrolyte. Herein, ITO@Cu2S core-shell nanowire arrays were developed to fabricate CEs for QDSSCs, which have no such issues in Cu/Cu2S CEs. These nanowire arrays exhibited small charge transfer resistance and sheet resistance, and provided more active catalytic sites and easy accessibility for electrolyte due to the three-dimensional structure upon use as CEs. More interestingly, it was found that the interface of ITO/Cu2S significantly affected the performance of ITO@Cu2S nanowire array CEs. By varying synthetic methods, a series of ITO@Cu2S nanowire arrays were prepared to investigate the influence of ITO/Cu2S interface on their performance. The results showed that ITO@Cu2S nanowire array CEs with a continuous Cu2S nanocrystal shell fabricated via an improved cation exchange route exhibited excellent and thickness-dependent performance. The PCE of corresponding QDSSCs increased by 11.6 and 16.5% compared to that with the discrete Cu2S nanocrystal and the classic Cu/Cu2S CE, respectively, indicating its promising potential as a new type of CE for QDSSCs.
Cell-free synthesis of the precursor polypeptide for avian myeloblastosis virus DNA polymerase. (1977)

High molecular weight RNA (35S) isolated from avian myeloblastosis virus directs the cell-free synthesis of two prominent polypeptides of 180,000 and 76,000 molecular weight. The latter polypeptide has previously been identified as the precursor to the group-specific antigens of the virus ("gag" proteins) [Vogt, V. M., Eisenman, R. & Diggelmann, H. (1975) J. Mol. Biol. 96, 471-493]. Two-dimensional tryptic peptide analyses of the [35S]methionine-labeled peptides demonstrate that the 180,000-dalton product is a polyprotein that can account for all the peptides of the avian myeloblastosis virus DNA polymerase (DNA nucleotidyltransferase, EC 2.7.7.7) and those of the gag viral proteins. This is direct confirmation of the genomic order of the viral structural genes, placing the polymerase gene adjacent to the 5'-proximal gag gene of the virus. Furthermore, our findings suggest that the primary polymerase gene product is the beta subunit of the enzyme. These results are discussed in relation to the proposed structural gene map for the avian retraviruses and suggest a model for the in vivo processing of the viral polymerase.
LiNbO/sub 3/ high-speed modulator (2003)

We describe the performance of a recently developed push-pull (PP) type Ti:LiNbO/sub 3/ optical modulator applied to a 40-Gb/s optical duobinary transmission system with high-dispersion tolerance.
Quantitative imaging of rhizosphere pH and CO2 dynamics with planar optodes (2013)

This technique provides a unique tool for future root research applications and overcomes limitations of previous systems by creating quantitative maps without, for example, interpolation and time delays between single data points.
A fault-tolerant FPGA-based multi-stage interconnection network for space applications (2003)

Current space applications are pushing for improved on-board processing abilities, in terms of higher computing power, flexibility and fault-resistance, in order to keep up with the huge amount of collected scientific data. Multiprocessor systems seem a viable solution to match these requisites. In particular, systems employing multistage interconnection networks (MINs) offer the advantage of an effective resource allocation, depending on variable workloads and occurrence of faults. The paper presents a fault-tolerant interconnection mechanism, based on redundant MIN, for multi-sensor systems. The proposed system is implemented by means of field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) and allows a flexible re-organization of computing resources in dependence of varying operating conditions. Fault-tolerance is achieved both by exploiting the MIN intrinsic redundancy and by using an efficient FPGA reconfiguration technique.