gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
XAMPS prototypes for the X-ray Pump Probe instruments at the LCLS (2008)

X-ray Active Matrix Pixel Sensors (XAMPS) were designed and fabricated as part of a detection system for the X-ray Pump Probe (XPP) instrument at the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS). XAMPS based on J-FET technology were produced on 100 mm high-resistivity silicon, typically 400 μm-thick. The prototypes are square matrices with n rows and n columns with n=16, 32, 64, 128, 256, 512. Each pixel of the matrix is 90 × 90 μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and contains a JFET switch to control the charge readout. The small features of the design presented some technological challenges fully addressed during this production. The first prototypes were tested at the National Synchrotron Light Source (NSLS) with a monochromatic beam of 8 keV and millisecond readout and exhibit good performances at room temperature.
The role of interleukin-1 in neutrophil leukocyte emigration induced by endotoxin. (1986)

Chemotactic factors induce neutrophil emigration into tissues. Interleukin-1 (IL-1) was found to be several log times more potent in this respect than C5a des Arg, leukotriene B4, and f-Met-Leu-Phe and of comparable potency to endotoxin. Kinetic studies revealed a rapid and transient neutrophil influx, with the peak rate at 30-90 minutes. Cross tachyphylaxis was observed between IL-1 and endotoxin; and this, together with its high potency and rapid onset of action, suggest that IL-1 mediates endotoxin-induced neutrophil emigration.
Aqueous-solution high-voltage resistors: Development, study, and application (review) (2006)

Development, studies, and applications of resistors based on aqueous solutions of salts, acids, and their mixtures are reviewed. Aqueous-solution resistors (ASRs) have a number of advantages as compared to resistors of other types: their bulk electric strength reaches 300 kV/cm for pulses of microsecond duration, their energy dissipation in a unit mass of a solution is an order of magnitude higher than that in metals, a liquid recovers rapidly its electric strength after a breakdown, the resistance value can be rapidly adjusted by replacing an electrolyte, resistors can be shaped arbitrarily, their inductance can be as low as a few fractions of 1 nH, they can be used in circuits operating at frequencies of up to ∼1 GHz, they are fire-and explosion-proof, are simple to manufacture, and are inexpensive. The electric characteristics and behavior of solutions in fields of up to 50 kV/cm are refined. A list of combinations of electrode materials and dissolved substances, which operate for a long time, is presented. Criteria are given for considering the permittivity of water in the calculation of the skin-layer depth in a solution. The moisture proofness of ASR cases made of polymer materials is examined. A set of formulas for engineering calculations of several characteristics of ASRs is presented. The procedures of preparing the components, the ASR assembly, and their testing for tightness are described. The electric and service-life characteristics are presented. Along with other ASRs, much attention is being given to the hermetically sealed high-voltage small ASRs developed at the Russian Federal Nuclear Center (VNIIEF). They are serviceable in any positions in volumes with rarefied and compressed gases and oil insulation. Heat-induced changes in the volume of the solution were compensated by the following operations: changes in the geometry of the polymer case of the ASR within the limits of elastic deformations of its walls; profiling of cavities in the electrodes’ walls, so that no gas penetrates from them into the solution at an arbitrary ASR position; and separation of the solution from a hermetically sealed vapor-gaseous cavity in the electrode by an elastic diaphragm. Versions of ASR designs and their characteristics are presented for the following situations: limitation of currents in electric circuits at voltage of up to 100 kV; simulation of high-power loads, including a current of up to 300 kA of a pulsed electron beam; damping of electric oscillations and suppression of reflected pulses; a specified distribution of an electric field along the lengths of insulators for a voltage as high as ∼ 3.5 MV; measurements of parameters of pulse voltage amplitudes of up to ∼2 MV; the application of ASRs as high-voltage dynamic resistive-capacitive elements in circuits of voltage-multiplying generators for reducing the delay time of their operation; etc. This information, systemized for the first time, will be useful for specialists in development, research, and application of ASRs designed for different purposes.
Optimization of Control Parameters for Genetic Algorithms (1986)

The task of optimizing a complex system presents at least two levels of problems for the system designer. First, a class of optimization algorithms must be chosen that is suitable for application to the system. Second, various parameters of the optimization algorithm need to be tuned for efficiency. A class of adaptive search procedures called genetic algorithms (GA) has been used to optimize a wide variety of complex systems. GA's are applied to the second level task of identifying efficient GA's for a set of numerical optimization problems. The results are validated on an image registration problem. GA's are shown to be effective for both levels of the systems optimization problem.
Westinghouse Combustion Turbine Performance in Coal Gasification Combined Cycles (1996)

Combustion turbines, designed for conventional turbine fuels, are adaptable to low- and medium-Btu coal syngases if appropriate fuel gas cleaning is provided. Evaluations have been conducted on the performance of integrated gasification combined cycles (IGCC) using Westinghouse 501F and 501G combustion turbines, and the next-generation Westinghouse combustion turbine system, the ATS. Several major IGCC process variations have been considered. The estimated cycle efficiencies are competitive with alternative coal-fueled power generation technologies when using conventional cold syngas cleaning. Optimized coal gasification combined cycle air and steam integration is key to achieving competitive plant efficiency and economics.
Nuclear Substrates of Protein Kinase C (1992)

Starting from the finding that, for neuronal cells, the nuclear-membrane-associated protein kinase C (PKC) is the so-called 'membrane inserted', constitutively active form, we attempted to identify substrates of this nuclear PKC. For this purpose, nuclear membranes and other subcellular fractions were prepared from bovine brain, and in-vitro phosphorylation was performed. Several nuclear membrane proteins were found, the phosphorylation of which was inhibited by specific PKC inhibitors and effectively catalyzed by added PKC. Combining the methods of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, in-situ digestion, reverse-phase HPLC and microsequencing, two of these nuclear PKC substrates were identified; the known PKC substrate Lamin B2, which serves as a control of the approach and the nucleolar protein B23. Our data suggest, that, for B23, Ser225 is a site of phosphorylation by PKC.
Vinylsilanes, Chlorovinylsilanes and β-Styryltrimethylsilane. Further Studies on the α-Silicon Effect and β-Eliminations Involving Silicon<sup>1</sup> (1954)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTVinylsilanes, Chlorovinylsilanes and β-Styryltrimethylsilane. Further Studies on the α-Silicon Effect and β-Eliminations Involving Silicon1L. H. Sommer, D. L. Bailey, G. M. Goldberg, C. E. Buck, T. S. Bye, F. J. Evans, and F. C. WhitmoreCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1954, 76, 6, 1613–1618Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1954Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1954https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01635a044https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01635a044research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views734Altmetric-Citations103LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Semipermeable species boundaries between<i>Anopheles gambiae</i>and<i>Anopheles arabiensis</i>: Evidence from multilocus DNA sequence variation (2003)

Attempts to reconstruct the phylogenetic history of the Anopheles gambiae cryptic species complex have yielded strongly conflicting results. In particular, An. gambiae, the primary African malaria vector, is variously placed as a sister taxon to either Anopheles arabiensis or Anopheles merus. The recent divergence times for members of this complex complicate phylogenetic analysis, making it difficult to unambiguously implicate interspecific gene flow, versus retained ancestral polymorphism, as the source of conflict. Using sequences at four unlinked loci, which were determined from multiple specimens within each of five species in the complex, we found contrasting patterns of sequence divergence between the X chromosome and the autosomes. The isolation model of speciation assumes a lack of gene flow between species since their separation. This model could not be rejected for An. gambiae and An. arabiensis, although the data fit the model poorly. On the other hand, evidence from gene trees supports genetic introgression of chromosome 2 inversions between An. gambiae and An. arabiensis, and also points to more broad scale genetic exchange of autosomal sequences between this species pair. That such exchange has been relatively recent is suggested not only by the lack of fixed differences at three autosomal loci but also by the sharing of full haplotypes at two of the three loci, which is in contrast to several fixed differences and considerably deeper divergence on the X. The proposed acquisition by An. gambiae of sequences from the more arid-adapted An. arabiensis may have contributed to the spread and ecological dominance of this malaria vector.
Research on nitrogen containing heterocyclic compounds. <b>XX</b>. Synthesis of 8<i>H</i>‐Imidazo[5,1‐<i>c</i>]pyrrolo[1,2‐<i>a</i>][1,4]benzodiazepine and its 6‐derivatives (1993)

Abstract Starting from 1 H ‐1‐(2‐aminomethylphenyl)pyrrole the synthesis of 8 H ‐imidazo[5,1‐ c ]pyrrolo[1,2‐ a ][1,4]ben‐zodiazepine, a novel nitrogen containing tetracyclic ring, has been performed by two routes involving a three‐step and a six‐step sequence, respectively. The more complex sequence offers the advantage to obtain also 3‐alkyl and 3‐aryl derivatives of the parent nucleus. The three step sequence involves the use of toluene‐4‐sulfonylmethylisocyanide (TosMIC) as a synthon.
Bacterial Genes Responsible for the Biosynthesis of Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Acids and Their Heterologous Expression (2006)

Until the 1990s, it was thought that, with the exception of cyanobacteria, bacteria had no polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). This was probably because the bacterial species whose physiology, biochemistry, and molecular biology had been well studied until that time were mesophilic species such as
Strength properties of melt blown nonwoven webs (1988)

Abstract A method to obtain the tenacity and Young's modulus of nonwoven webs without direct measurement of web thickness is proposed. This has been tested with several series of samples with different basis weight. It was found that these properties were nearly Independent of the sample gage length, and both tenacity and modulus generally decreased with increase in the die temperature, the air pressure at the die, or the die to collector distance [DCD]. The web stiffness as measured by bending rigidity followed similar trends. The elongation Lo break also decreased as die temperature and air pressure at The die increased, but it increased with increasing DCD. The average filament diameter in the web decreased with increasing die temperature or air pressure at the die. The single filament strength was measured and compared with strength properties of web and of high‐speed melt spun filament prepared from the same resins. The strength of single filaments in the web lie in between those of the web and high‐speed spun filaments. The mechanical properties of melt blown web were interpreted in terms of the changes in Fiber diameter, the level of interfilament bonding, the molecular orientation developed in the filament, the diameter uniformity along the individual filaments in the web, and the presence of voids in the filament.
Optoelectronics for refrigeration and analog circuits for combinatorial optimization (2019)

The increasing efficiency and adoption rate of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) for lighting is forecasted to lead to large energy savings in that sector. Intrinsic self-refrigeration, which surprisingly accompanies the emission of light from an LED, might allow the same technology to be harnessed for new applications. In the first half of this dissertation, I will discuss whether refrigeration and cooling, which also account for a large share of world energy consumption, comprise a realistic future energy application for optoelectronics. To date, electroluminescent cooling has eluded direct observation at practical power densities, since a pre-requisite for net cooling is the near-complete elimination of LED internal losses that dissipate heat. I will propose a near-ideal-efficiency LED structure, realizable with existing optoelectronic material quality and device processing capabilities, to predict the technological limits of electroluminescent refrigeration. I will show that LED-based cooling can realistically be more efficient than solid-state alternatives like thermoelectric cooling, particularly for cryogenic applications and at moderate power densities.In the second half of this dissertation, I will discuss a new hardware accelerator for difficult combinatorial optimization problems. These problems are abundant in modern society, in the fields of operations research, artificial intelligence, chip design, financial optimization, medicine, and many others. They are difficult in that no algorithm has yet been found that solves them efficiently, but the increasing computational power of digital computers has allowed these problems to be routinely tackled. As conventional computers reach their scaling limits, however, alternative hardware architectures are being explored to accelerate computationally intensive tasks like machine learning and combinatorial optimization. Here, I will discuss the design of a new optimization machine, implemented using a network of coupled analog electrical oscillators. The machine uses an unconventional search mechanism to discover the global minimum of the Ising problem, a difficult problem that maps quickly onto other hard optimization problems. I will present the simulated performance of this machine for moderately sized problems with all-to-all connectivity and discuss its potential to scale to larger problems.
A probabilistic method for detecting impending vehicle interactions (2008)

In mining operations it is advantageous to be able to predict the future movements of nearby vehicles. For autonomous mining, this can be used for localised, short term path planning and risk assessment. For semi-autonomous or non-autonomous mining, this can be used for collision avoidance, situational awareness and risk assessment of maneuvers between a human operated vehicle, and another vehicle (operated by a human or otherwise). This paper introduces a probabilistic approach to predicting vehicle movements, in particular, the time until two vehicle paths intersect. Results are shown using real data collected from the operation of two separate fleets of vehicles.
High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Isolation, Spectroscopic Characterization, and Immunosuppressive Activities of Two Rapamycin Degradation Products (1994)

Abstract A high performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the isolation of two degradation products of rapamycin which is currently under development as an immunosuppressive agent. Prior to isolation, the drug was incubated at 37°C in rat bile or ammonium acetate (pH 8.0). The isolation was achieved by a Supelco, PLC-18 21.2 × 250 mm, 18 μm column using methanol/ammonium acetate gradient mobile phase. After evaporation of methanol, the remaining eluates were lyophilized. The isolated degradation products were characterized by negative ion fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FAB MS) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H NMR). Degradation product A was found to be a macrolide ring-opened hydrolysis product of rapamycin where the C25 ester bond had been hydrolyzed. Degradation product B was determined to be a ring-opened isomer of rapamycin. B had less than 4% of the potency of rapamycin in a thymocyte proliferation assay, while A had minimal activity at concentrations tested.
Fixed Winding Number and the Quasiperiodic Route to Chaos in a Convective Fluid (1985)

We present an experimental observation of the transition to chaos for quasiperiodic routes of fixed winding number. The hydrodynamical system studied is a Rayleigh-B\'enard experiment in mercury, in a time-dependent state with one limit cycle. A second oscillator is imposed by an accurrent. We have measured the fractal dimension of the locked regions at the critical curve as well as the scaling properties associated with two different irrational winding numbers, to which the system was tuned. Our results agree with quantitative theoretical predictions based on the circle map.
Biomarkers in COPD (2007)

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is characterized by an abnormal inflammatory response of the lungs to noxious particles and gases, caused primarily by cigarette smoking. Although COPD affects the lung, it also produces significant systemic consequences. Inflammation, proteases-antiproteases imbalance, oxidative stress, tissue damage and tissue repair, apoptosis and several genes seem to be involved in the pathogenesis of the disease. The cellular and molecular events underlying COPD pathogenesis are driven by multifunctional molecules including enzymes, cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, lipid mediators and their respective receptors. A large number of biomarkers evaluated in COPD, showed a high degree of redundancy. Nevertheless, current understanding of the pathobiology of COPD suggests a number of biomarkers as potential candidates. The development of relevant markers of lung damage, pulmonary inflammation, and systemic disease will be essential to our further understanding of the natural history of COPD and the discovery of new, effective treatments for its progression. This review summarizes recent findings, on potential pulmonary biomarkers in the induced sputum, the exhaled air condensate, the peripheral blood, the urine, the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and in selective cases, in bronchial biopsies.
Folate regulation of axonal regeneration in the rodent central nervous system through DNA methylation (2010)

The folate pathway plays a crucial role in the regeneration and repair of the adult CNS after injury. Here, we have shown in rodents that such repair occurs at least in part through DNA methylation. In animals with combined spinal cord and sciatic nerve injury, folate-mediated CNS axon regeneration was found to depend on injury-related induction of the high-affinity folate receptor 1 (Folr1). The activity of folate was dependent on its activation by the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase (Dhfr) and a functional methylation cycle. The effect of folate on the regeneration of afferent spinal neurons was biphasic and dose dependent and correlated closely over its dose range with global and gene-specific DNA methylation and with expression of both the folate receptor Folr1 and the de novo DNA methyltransferases. These data implicate an epigenetic mechanism in CNS repair. Folic acid and possibly other nontoxic dietary methyl donors may therefore be useful in clinical interventions to promote brain and spinal cord healing. If indeed the benefit of folate is mediated by epigenetic mechanisms that promote endogenous axonal regeneration, this provides possible avenues for new pharmacologic approaches to treating CNS injuries.
Arsenate Reductase of Staphylococcus aureus Plasmid pI258 (1994)

Arsenate reductase encoded by Staphylococcus aureus arsenic-resistance plasmid pI258 was overproduced in Escherichia coli and purified. The purified enzyme reduced radioactive arsenate to arsenite when coupled to thioredoxin, thioredoxin reductase, and NADPH. NADPH oxidation coupled to arsenate reduction also required thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase. Glutaredoxin and reduced glutathione did not stimulate arsenate reduction. NADPH oxidation showed Michaelis-Menten kinetics with a Km of 1 microM AsO4(3-) and an apparent Vmax of 200 nmol/min per mg of protein. At high substrate concentration (above 1 mM AsO4(3-), a secondary rise in the reaction rate was observed, with a Km of 2 mM and an apparent Vmax of 450 nmol/min per mg of protein. This secondary rise also occurred upon addition of phosphate or nitrate (which were not substrates for the enzyme). Arsenite (the product of the enzyme), tellurite, and antimonite [Sb(III)] were inhibitors. Selenate (but not selenite or sulfate) was a substrate for reductase-dependent NADPH oxidation, with an apparent Km of 13 mM SeO4(2-). Arsenate reductase was purified as a monomer of 14.5 kDa, consistent with the DNA sequence. Electrospray mass spectrometry showed two molecular masses of 14,810.5 and 14,436.0 Da, suggesting that 70% of the purified protein lacked the N-terminal three amino acids; HPLC coupled to electrospray mass spectroscopy of protease digest products confirmed this conclusion and verified the entire amino acid sequence.
Response to “Comment on ‘Measurement of thermal diffusivity at high-pressure using a transient heating technique’” [Appl. Phys. Lett. 95, 096101 (2009) (2009)

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