gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Phosphorylation of Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF) Binding Protein-3 by Breast Cancer Cell Membranes Enhances IGF-I Binding (2003)

Cross-linking of nonglycosylated biotinylated IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-3 to T-47D cell membranes identifies complexes with Mr of 32, 50, 70, and 100 kDa. Nonbiotinylated glycosylated IGFBP-3 competed for binding to each of these sites. The 32-kDa band approximated the size of intact nonglycosylated IGFBP-3, but its abundance was enhanced by cross-linking, and it had a more acidic isoelectric point on isoelectric focusing, suggesting that it had undergone phosphorylation. Immobilized IGFBP-3 was phosphorylated in the presence of (32)P-gamma ATP by both T-47D cell membranes and by intact cells treated with phenylarsine oxide to inhibit internalization. MCF-7 and COS-1 cells were also able to bind and phosphorylated IGFBP-3. IGF-I inhibited both IGFBP-3 binding to membranes and phosphorylation. However, incubation of T-47D cells with IGFBP-3 enhanced binding of (125)I-IGF-I to the cell monolayer indicating that membrane bound IGFBP-3 was able to bind IGF-I. Immobilized IGFBP-3 when phosphorylated by T-47D membranes bound significantly more (125)I-IGF-I than nonphosphorylated IGFBP-3. Treatment with alkaline phosphatase significantly reduced (125)I-IGF-I binding to phosphorylated immobilized IGFBP-3 and also reduced (125)I-IGF-I to T-47D cell monolayers preincubated with IGFBP-3. Phosphorylation of IGFBP-3 by T-47D membranes was partially blocked by inhibitors of both protein kinase A and C. These data demonstrate that binding of IGFBP-3 to breast cancer membranes is accompanied by phosphorylation at the plasma membrane and that both processes are inhibited by IGF-I. However, once phosphorylated the ability of IGFBP-3 to bind IGF-I is enhanced, resulting in increased association of the IGF-I with the cell membrane.
Cbln1 Is Essential for Interaction-Dependent Secretion of Cbln3 (2006)

Cbln1 and the orphan glutamate receptor GluRdelta2 are pre- and postsynaptic components, respectively, of a novel transneuronal signaling pathway regulating synapse structure and function. We show here that Cbln1 is secreted from cerebellar granule cells in complex with a related protein, Cbln3. However, cbln1- and cbln3-null mice have different phenotypes and cbln1 cbln3 double-null mice have deficits identical to those of cbln1 knockout mice. The basis for these discordant phenotypes is that Cbln1 and Cbln3 reciprocally regulate each other's degradation and secretion such that cbln1-null mice lack both Cbln1 and Cbln3, whereas cbln3-null mice lack Cbln3 but have an approximately sixfold increase in Cbln1. Unlike Cbln1, Cbln3 cannot form homomeric complexes and is secreted only when bound to Cbln1. Structural modeling and mutation analysis reveal that, by constituting a steric clash that is masked upon binding Cbln1 in a "hide-and-run" mechanism of endoplasmic reticulum retention, a single arginine confers the unique properties of Cbln3.
Reduction of cross‐talk between fluorescent labels in scanning laser microscopy (1992)

SUMMARY By using dual detectors in combination with a dichroic filter, it is possible to record simultaneously the distribution of two fluorescent labels in a specimen. It is often difficult, however, to obtain a good separation, i.e. each detector will generally detect light from more than one fluorophore. In such cases it is desirable to find image‐processing methods to improve the separation. A simple method is to form a linear combination of the recorded images. In this paper we investigate the necessary prerequisites for this method to be successful, and we also investigate to what extent these are fulfilled in some practical cases. In this context the spectral properties of the fluorophores turn out to be of crucial importance. Even when the necessary prerequisites are not strictly fulfilled, a considerable improvement in image quality can, nevertheless, be obtained.
Impairment of learning and memory and the accessory symptom in aged rat as senile dementia model (3): Oral administration of propentofylline produces recovery of reduced NGF content in the brain of aged rats. (1993)

The relationship between nerve growth factor (NGF) and senile dementia of the Alzheimer type is of interest. The administration of NGF in clinical trials has been expected; however, NGF cannot cross the blood brain barrier, since it is a polypeptide. We demonstrate here that oral administration of propentofylline, a stimulator of NGF synthesis in vitro, produced recovery of reduced NGF content. In aged rats (24-months-old), NGF content in the frontal cortex, parietal cortex, and hippocampus was lower than in young rats (8-weeks-old). Twenty-one-day successive administration of propentofylline (10 and 25 mg/kg, p.o.) produced recovery of reduced NGF content in the frontal cortex and parietal cortex of aged rats to a significant extent. There were no differences among aged, young, and propentofylline-treated groups in choline acetyltransferase activity in any brain regions. These results suggest that NGF content in the brain is reduced in aged rats and that oral administration of propentofylline leads to a recovery of this reduction.
Preparation and Photophysical Properties of Amide-Linked, Polypyridylruthenium-Derivatized Polystyrene (1998)

The polymer poly(4{2-[N,N-bis(trimethylsilyl)amino]ethyl}styrene), prepared by anionic polymerization and of low polydispersity (M(w)/M(n) = 1.10-1.18), has been derivatized by amide linkage to [Ru(II)(bpy)(2)(4-(CO-)-4'-CH(3)-bpy)-](2+) (bpy is 2,2'-bipyridine; 4-(CO-)-4'-CH(3)-bpy is 4-carbonyl-4'-methyl-2,2'-bipyridine). Unreacted amine sites were converted into acetamides by treatment with acetic anhydride to give derivatized polymers of general formula [PS-CH(2)CH(2)NHCO(Ru(II)(n)()Me(m)())](PF(6))(2)(n)(), where m + n = 11, 18, or 25, PS represents the polystyrene backbone, and Ru(II) and Me represent the attached complex and acetamide, respectively. Spectral and electrochemical properties of the derivatized polymers are similar to those of the model [Ru(bpy)(2)(4-CONHCH(2)CH(2)C(6)H(5)-4'-CH(3)-bpy)](2+) (4-CONHCH(2)CH(2)C(6)H(5)-4'-CH(3)-bpy is 4'-methyl-2,2'-bipyridinyl-4-(2-phenylethylamide)), but emission quantum yields (phi(em)) and time-resolved emission decays are slightly dependent on the level of Ru(II) loading, with nonexponential, irradiation-dependent decays appearing at high loadings. The decays could be fitted satisfactorily to the first derivative of the Williams-Watts distribution function. These results are discussed with reference to possible structural and multichromophoric effects on excited-state decay.
Fascin1 in carcinomas: Its regulation and prognostic value (2014)

Previous cell biological studies demonstrate that the actin bundling protein fascin1 regulates cell motility, migration and invasion. Human studies demonstrate that fascin1 is upregulated in many epithelial cancers. This review gives a brief overview of the role of fascin1 in cell migration and invasion, but focuses mainly on the regulation and clinical relevance of fascin1 in epithelial cancers. Here, we propose fascin1 as a potent prognostic biomarker for breast, colorectal, esophageal cancers and head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Fascin1 may also be an attractive drug target against these carcinomas in the future, but more studies are needed.
A high-sensitivity chlorophyll fluorescence assay for monitoring herbicide inhibition of photosystem II in the chlorophyte Selenastrum capricornutum: Comparison with effect on cell growth (1997)

International audience
Trypanosoma brucei ornithine decarboxylase: enzyme purification, characterization, and expression in Escherichia coli. (1988)

Ornithine decarboxylase from the African trypanosome is an important target for antitrypanosomal chemotherapy. Despite this, the enzyme had not been previously purified or extensively characterized as it is a very low level protein. In this paper we describe the purification of Trypanosoma brucei brucei ornithine decarboxylase from bloodstream form trypomastigotes by 107,000-fold to a specific activity of 2.7 x 10(6) nmol CO2/h/mg of protein in the parasite. T. brucei ornithine decarboxylase had a native molecular weight of 90,000 and a subunit molecular weight of 45,000. The isoelectric point of the protein was 5.0. The Km for ornithine was 280 microM and the Ki for the irreversible inhibitor alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) was 220 microM with a half-time of inactivation at saturating DFMO concentration of 2.7 min. T. brucei ornithine decarboxylase appears similar to mouse ornithine decarboxylase, further supporting our previous suggestion that the selective toxicity of DFMO to the parasite is not due to catalytic differences between the two proteins. Although a small quantity of T. brucei ornithine decarboxylase was purified from T. brucei, extensive structural and kinetic studies will require a more ample source of the enzyme. We therefore expressed our previously cloned T. brucei ornithine decarboxylase gene in Escherichia coli using a vector that contains an inducible lambda promoter. T. brucei ornithine decarboxylase activity was induced in E. coli to levels that were 50 to 200 fold of that present in the long-slender bloodstream form of T. brucei. Ornithine decarboxylase activity in the crude E. coli lysate was 1500-6000 nmol of CO2/h/mg of protein and represented 0.05-0.2% of the total cell protein. The recombinant T. brucei ornithine decarboxylase was purified to apparent homogeneity from the transformed E. coli. The purified recombinant enzyme had kinetic and physical properties essentially identical to those of the native enzyme.
The False-positive to False-negative Ratio in Epidemiologic Studies (2011)

The ratio of false-positive to false-negative findings (FP:FN ratio) is an informative metric that warrants further evaluation. The FP:FN ratio varies greatly across different epidemiologic areas. In genetic epidemiology, it has varied from very high values (possibly even >100:1) for associations reported in candidate-gene studies to very low values (1:100 or lower) for associations with genome-wide significance. The substantial reduction over time in the FP:FN ratio in human genome epidemiology has corresponded to the routine adoption of stringent inferential criteria and comprehensive, agnostic reporting of all analyses. Most traditional fields of epidemiologic research more closely follow the practices of past candidate gene epidemiology, and thus have high FP:FN ratios. Further, FP and FN results do not necessarily entail the same consequences, and their relative importance may vary in different settings. This ultimately has implications for what is the acceptable FP:FN ratio and for how the results of published epidemiologic studies should be presented and interpreted.
Dispersion, Distribution, and Movement of<i>Lygus</i>spp. (Hemiptera: Miridae) in Trap-Cropped Organic Strawberries (2013)

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a highly attractive plant host to Lygus spp. and is used as a trap crop in California organic strawberries to influence the dispersion and dispersal of these pests, particularly Lygus hesperus Knight. The abundance and distribution of Lygus spp. nymphs between two trap crops separated by 50 strawberry rows was analyzed in 2008 and 2010. Nymphs demonstrated a bimodal distribution in strawberries between trap crops, where nymphs were most abundant and aggregated in alfalfa, when compared with interior strawberry rows, where nymphs were less abundant. The majority of nymphs were concentrated in trap crops and nymphal densities in interior strawberry rows were well below economic thresholds. The movement of Lygus spp. from a marked alfalfa trap crop into adjacent strawberry rows or trap crops was also studied in 2008 and 2009 using a chicken egg albumin enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay mark-capture technique. The majority of marked-captured L. hesperus adults and Lygus spp. nymphs remained in alfalfa trap crops, rather than dispersing out into strawberry rows at 24 h, 48 h, and 2 wk, postprotein application. The attenuation of Lygus spp. movement in alfalfa associated with organic strawberries is a key component of successful trap cropping. A small percentage of marked adults and nymphs were captured in neighboring alfalfa trap crops, located 62 m from the point of protein application, highlighting the dispersal capacity of this key pest.
An investigation on new high performance Schiff base polyurethanes (2012)

Novel poly(urethane-azomethine-thiourea)s (PUATs) were synthesized via one-step polymerization from newly prepared diol chain extender (1,4-phenylene bis((E)-1-(4-hydroxobenzylidene)thiourea) (PBHBT)), containing C=S and –C=N– linkages, along with 1,4-phenylene diisocyanate (PDI) as hard segments and 20, 40 and 60 mol.% polyethylene glycol (PEG) forming soft segments. The prepared chain extender and polymers were characterized via elemental, Fourier transform infrared, 1 H- and 13 C-NMR analyses, and physical properties such as η inh , solubility, crystallinity, flame retardancy and thermal stability were studied. According to X-ray diffraction patterns, the Schiff base polymers exhibited amorphous morphologies and their molar masses were in the range of 148 × 10 3 –163 × 10 3 g mol −1 . Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that PUATs with 20 and 40 mol.% PEG were fairly stable above 500°C having T 10 of 511–527°C and had high glass transition temperatures about 249–251°C. In comparison with typical polyurethanes, PUATs with lower polyol content exhibited better non-inflammability, T g values, chemical and thermal stability owing to rigid hard segment structure.
Expression of fatty acid synthase as a prognostic indicator in soft tissue sarcomas. (2003)

FAS expression is one of the predictive indicators for disease prognosis in STS.
Silver nanoparticles: mechanism of antimicrobial action, synthesis, medical applications, and toxicity effects (2012)

Silver nanoparticles are nanoparticles of silver which are in the range of 1 and 100 nm in size. Silver nanoparticles have unique properties which help in molecular diagnostics, in therapies, as well as in devices that are used in several medical procedures. The major methods used for silver nanoparticle synthesis are the physical and chemical methods. The problem with the chemical and physical methods is that the synthesis is expensive and can also have toxic substances absorbed onto them. To overcome this, the biological method provides a feasible alternative. The major biological systems involved in this are bacteria, fungi, and plant extracts. The major applications of silver nanoparticles in the medical field include diagnostic applications and therapeutic applications. In most of the therapeutic applications, it is the antimicrobial property that is being majorly explored, though the anti-inflammatory property has its fair share of applications. Though silver nanoparticles are rampantly used in many medical procedures and devices as well as in various biological fields, they have their drawbacks due to nanotoxicity. This review provides a comprehensive view on the mechanism of action, production, applications in the medical field, and the health and environmental concerns that are allegedly caused due to these nanoparticles. The focus is on effective and efficient synthesis of silver nanoparticles while exploring their various prospective applications besides trying to understand the current scenario in the debates on the toxicity concerns these nanoparticles pose.
An Interview with Kirk S. Schroeder, President, Essen Instruments (2002)

Kirk Schroeder is co-founder and President of Essen Instruments, in Ann Arbor, Michigan, and co-developer of the FLIPR (Fluorescence Imaging Plate Reader) technology for performing high throughput cell-based assays. Mr. Schroeder obtained his Bachelor's degree in physics from Illinois Wesleyan University and his Master's degree in electrical engineering from The University of Illinois. After licensing The FLIPR technology to Molecular Devices, he and partner Brad Neagle worked for Molecular Devices for a brief time before founding Essen Instruments. They are in the final stages of development of their Ion Works trade mark electrophysiology platform for performing patch-clamp experiments in a high throughput format. In addition to the electrophysiology product line, Essen also develops, manufactures, and distributes the Pipeline trade mark products for sterile dispensing.
Electronic structure and magnetic interactions in MnN and<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Mn</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">N</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> (2003)

Electronic structure calculations were performed for MnN and ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{3}{\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ using a full-potential linearized muffin-tin orbital method in the local spin density approximation. Structural relaxation by energy minimization and calculations for various different magnetic configurations were performed. Antiferromagnetic ordering along the [001] direction was found to have the lowest energy in both materials in agreement with experimental neutron diffraction data. The magnetic moments were found to be about $3{\ensuremath{\mu}}_{B}$ in good agreement with experiment. Analysis of the partial densities of states reveals that the magnetic moments arise primarily from the ${t}_{2g}$ orbitals. In ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{3}{\mathrm{N}}_{2},$ the magnetic moment was found to be slightly larger on the ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{1}$ atoms, i.e., the Mn atoms in planes without N than on ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{2}$ atoms. Band structures and densities of states are presented. The energy differences between different magnetic configurations were analyzed in terms of a Heisenberg Hamiltonian. We find strong second-nearest-neighbor ferromagnetic interactions for Mn connected collinearly with N, indicative of a double exchange mechanism and about four times weaker nearest-neighbor antiferromagnetic interactions in MnN. In a perfect rocksalt structure, this situation would lead to a multiply degenerate ground state. However, we find that the $c/a$ reduction of about 2% is due to the AFM coupling (it is absent in FM and nonmagnetic MnN) and leads to stronger inter-(001)-plane exchange interactions than intraplane exchange interaction. In ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{3}{\mathrm{N}}_{2},$ the Mn connected via a vacancy lack the strong ferromagnetic interaction. This would suggest a lower N\'eel temperature for MnN with increasing concentration of N vacancies. However, the nearest-neighbor direct exchange interaction in ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{3}{\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ is found to be about two times as large in ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{3}{\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ than in MnN which partially compensates for the lack of fewer indirect second-nearest exchange interactions. These changes in the exchange interactions are related to the structural relaxations. Nevertheless, the mean field approximation predicts a slightly lower N\'eel temperature in ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{3}{\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ than in MnN in contrast with experiment. Effects beyond mean field are discussed and are deemed not to be able to provide an explanation for this discrepancy. We suggest that the observed phase transition in ${\mathrm{Mn}}_{3}{\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ previously interpreted as the AFM-paramagnetic phase transition may in reality be an order-disorder transition of the N vacancies.
Spatially and Functionally Distinct Ca <sup>2+</sup> Stores in Sarcoplasmic and Endoplasmic Reticulum (1997)

The organization of calcium (Ca2+) stores in the sarcoplasmic and endoplasmic reticulum (S-ER) is poorly understood. The dynamics of the storage and release of calcium in the S-ER of intact, cultured astrocytes and arterial myocytes were studied with high-resolution imaging methods. The S-ER appeared to be a continuous tubular network; nevertheless, calcium stores in the S-ER were organized into small, spatially distinct compartments that functioned as discrete units. Cyclopiazonic acid (an inhibitor of the calcium pump in the S-ER membrane) and caffeine or ryanodine unloaded different, spatially separate compartments. Heterogeneity of calcium stores was also revealed in cells activated by physiological agonists. These results suggest that cells can generate spatially and temporally distinct calcium signals to control individual calcium-dependent processes.
Calpain- and caspase-mediated αII-spectrin and tau proteolysis in rat cerebrocortical neuronal cultures after ecstasy or methamphetamine exposure (2006)

Abuse of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or Ecstasy) and methamphetamine (Meth or Speed) is a growing international problem with an estimated 250 million users of psychoactive drugs worldwide. It is important to demonstrate and understand the mechanism of neurotoxicity so potential prevention and treatment therapies can be designed. In this study rat primary cerebrocortical neuron cultures were challenged with MDMA and Meth (1 or 2 mM) for 24 and 48 h and compared to the excitotoxin N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA). The neurotoxicity of these drugs, as assessed by microscopy, lactate dehydrogenase release and immunoblot, was shown to be both dose- and time-dependent. Immunoblot analysis using biomarkers of cell death showed significant proteolysis of both alphaII-spectrin and tau proteins. Breakdown products of alphaII-spectrin (SBDPs) of 150, 145, and 120 kDa and tau breakdown products (TBDPs) of 45, 32, 26, and 14 kDa were observed. The use of the protease inhibitors calpain inhibitor SJA6017 and caspase inhibitors z-VAD-fmk and Z-D-DCB, attenuated drug-induced alphaII-spectrin and tau proteolysis. The calpain inhibitor reduced the calpain-induced breakdown products SBDP145 and TBDP14, but there was an offset increase in the caspase-mediated breakdown products SBDP120 and TBDP45. The caspase inhibitors, on the other hand, decreased SBDP120 and TBDP45. These data suggest that both MDMA and Meth trigger concerted proteolytic attacks of the structural proteins by both calpain and caspase family of proteases. The ability of the protease inhibitors to reduce the damage caused by these drugs suggests that the treatment arsenal could include similar drugs as possible tools to combat the drug-induced neurotoxicity in vivo.
THE DISTRIBUTION WITH SIZE OF AGGREGATE SNOWFLAKES (1958)

Average-size distributions for aggregate snowflakes are well represented above D = 1 mm by ND = Noe−AD where D is the diameter of the water drop to which the aggregate would melt. This is the same equation that Marshall and Palmer (1948) reported for rain, but for rain No = 8.0 × 103 m−3 mm−1 and A = 41 R−0.21 while for snow No = 3.8 × 103 R−0.87 m−3 mm−1 and A = 25.5 R−0.48 where R is in millimeters of water per hour. The sum of the sixth powers of the (melted) particle diameters in unit volume (Z), the mass of snow in unit volume (M), and the precipitation rate (R) are found to be related by Z = 2000 R−2.0 and M = 250 R−0.90; combining these two gives Z = 9.57 × 10−3 M−2.2, with Z in mm6 m−3, M in mgm m−3 and R in mm hr−1 of water. The relation Z = 2000 R−2.0 is in good agreement with Z = 2150 R−1.8, an average locus through recently reported Japanese data for aggregate flakes. The relation Z = 200 R−1.6 for snow, published earlier by the present authors, is thought to be in error due to the method of sampling used at that time. Comparing standard rain and melted-snow distributions of the same R requires that there be considerable break-up of the larger particles when snow turns to rain at the melting level. Further, to explain the observed radar-signal increase from the rain over that from the snow, a considerable increase in R at or below the melting level is required.