gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gray Iron—A Unique Engineering Material (1969)

Gray iron is the most versatile of all foundry metals. The high carbon content is responsible for ease of melting and casting in the foundry and for ease of machining in subsequent manufacturing. The low degree or absence of shrinkage and high fluidity provide maximum freedom of design for the engineer. By suitable adjustment in composition and selection of casting method, tensile strength can be varied from less than 20,000 psi to over 60,000 psi and hardness from 100 to 300 BHN in the as-cast condition. By subsequent heat treatment, the hardness can be increased to HRc 60. If the service life of a gray iron part is considered to be too short, the design of the casting should be carefully reviewed before specifying a higher strength and hardness grade of iron. An unnecessary increase in strength and hardness may increase the cost of the casting as well as increase the cost of machining through lower machining rates. Although the relationship between Brinell hardness and tensile strength for gray iron is not constant, data are shown which will allow use of the Brinell hardness test to estimate the minimum tensile strength of the iron in a casting.
Active Control of Combustion Instability in a Liquid-Fueled Low-NOx Combustor (1999)

A practical active control system for the mitigation of combustion instability has been designed and demonstrated in a lean, premixed, single-nozzle combustor at realistic engine operating conditions. A full-scale engine fuel nozzle was modified to incorporate a simple fuel flow actuator. Results indicate that the system was capable of reducing pressure fluctuations by 82 percent (15 dB or 5.6×) while maintaining or reducing NOx and CO emissions levels.
Prions activate a p38 MAPK synaptotoxic signaling pathway (2018)

Synaptic degeneration is one of the earliest pathological correlates of prion disease, and it is a major determinant of the progression of clinical symptoms. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying prion synaptotoxicity are poorly understood. Previously, we described an experimental system in which treatment of cultured hippocampal neurons with purified PrPSc, the infectious form of the prion protein, induces rapid retraction of dendritic spines, an effect that is entirely dependent on expression of endogenous PrPC by the target neurons. Here, we use this system to dissect pharmacologically the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms. We show that PrPSc initiates a stepwise synaptotoxic signaling cascade that includes activation of NMDA receptors, calcium influx, stimulation of p38 MAPK and several downstream kinases, and collapse of the actin cytoskeleton within dendritic spines. Synaptic degeneration is restricted to excitatory synapses, spares presynaptic structures, and results in decrements in functional synaptic transmission. Pharmacological inhibition of any one of the steps in the signaling cascade, as well as expression of a dominant-negative form of p38 MAPK, block PrPSc-induced spine degeneration. Moreover, p38 MAPK inhibitors actually reverse the degenerative process after it has already begun. We also show that, while PrPC mediates the synaptotoxic effects of both PrPSc and the Alzheimer's Aβ peptide in this system, the two species activate distinct signaling pathways. Taken together, our results provide powerful insights into the biology of prion neurotoxicity, they identify new, druggable therapeutic targets, and they allow comparison of prion synaptotoxic pathways with those involved in other neurodegenerative diseases.
Contextuality Test of the Nonclassicality of Variational Quantum Eigensolvers (2019)

Contextuality is an indicator of nonclassicality, and a resource for various quantum procedures. In this Letter, we use contextuality to evaluate the variational quantum eigensolver (VQE), one of the most promising tools for near-term quantum simulation. We present an efficiently computable test to determine whether or not the objective function for a VQE procedure is contextual. We apply this test to evaluate the contextuality of experimental implementations of VQE, and determine that several, but not all, fail this test of quantumness.
Low pressure synthesis of bulk, polycrystalline gallium nitride (1997)

Thick films of polycrystalline GaN were grown at low pressures by direct reaction of atomic nitrogen with liquid Ga without the presence of a substrate. The crystals were confirmed to be wurtzitic GaN by x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Photoluminescence spectra showed near band edge peaks and broad yellow band emission at both 298 and 10 K. The results show that atomic nitrogen is an attractive alternative to high pressure N2 for the saturation of liquid gallium with nitrogen for the synthesis of bulk GaN.
Rapid bioluminescence method for bacteriuria screening (1989)

A study was performed to evaluate the UTIscreen (Los Alamos Diagnostics, Los Alamos, N. Mex.), a rapid bioluminescence bacteriuria screen. The UTIscreen was compared with three other rapid bacteriuria screens: the Bac-T-Screen (Vitek Systems, Hazelwood, Mo.), an automated filtration device; the Chemstrip LN (Boehringer Mannheim Diagnostics, BioDynamics, Indianapolis, Ind.), an enzyme dipstick; and the Gram stain. A semiquantitative plate culture was used as the reference method. Of the 1,000 specimens tested, 276 had colony counts of greater than 10(5) CFU/ml by the culture method. Of these, the UTIscreen detected 96% (265 of 276) using greater than or equal to 5% of the integrated light output of the standard reading as a positive interpretive breakpoint, the Bac-T-Screen detected 96% (266 of 276), the Chemstrip LN detected 90% (249 of 276), and the Gram stain detected 96% (264 of 276). Of the 214 probable pathogens isolated at greater than 10(5) CFU/ml, the UTIscreen detected 95% (204 of 214), the Bac-T-Screen detected 98% (210 of 214), the Chemstrip LN detected 92% (198 of 214), and the Gram stain detected 98% (209 of 214). The predictive values of negative test results at greater than 10(5) CFU/ml for the UTIscreen, the Bac-T-Screen, the Chemstrip LN, and the Gram stain were 98, 97, 93, and 98%, respectively. The overall specificities at greater than 10(5) CFU/ml for the UTIscreen, the Bac-T-Screen, the Chemstrip LN, and the Gram stain were 70, 48, 51, and 69%, respectively. There were 532 specimens with colony counts of >10(3) CFU/ml, and of these, the UTIscreen, the Bac-T-Screen, the Chemstrip LN, and the Gram stain detected 72, 81, 76, and 73%, respectively. Of the 249 probable pathogens isolated at >10(3) CFU/ml, the UTIscreen, the Bac-T-Screen, the Chemstrip LN, and the Gram stain detected 91, 95, 89, and 93%, respectively. The overall specificities at > 10(3) CFU/ml for these methods were 79, 55, 57, and 78%, respectively. The cost per test for detection was approximately $0.50 for the Chemstrip LN. Overall, the UTIscreen is rapid and easy to perform; its sensitivity compared favorably with those of the other screening methods; it had higher specificity than the Bac-T-Screen and Chemstrip LN; and it allowed for bathing of specimen.
A power-aware digital feedforward neural network platform with backpropagation driven approximate synapses (2015)

This paper proposes a power-aware digital feedforward neural network platform that utilizes the backpropagation algorithm during training to enable energy-quality trade-off. Given a quality constraint, the proposed approach identifies a set of synaptic weights for approximation in a neural network. The approach selects synapses with small impact on output error, estimated by the backpropagation algorithm, for approximation. The approximations are achieved by a coupled software (reduced bit-width) and hardware (approximate multiplication in the processing engine) based design approaches. The full-chip design in 130nm CMOS shows, compared to a baseline accurate design, the proposed approach reduces system power by ~38% with 0.4% lower recognition accuracy in a classification problem.
Image Data Compression With The Laplacian Pyramid (1981)

We describe a new technique for image encoding in which Gaussian-like operators serve as the basis functions. The representation differs from established techniques in that the Gaussian code elements are localized in both space and spatial frequency. Pixel to pixel correlations are first removed by subtracting a low-pass filtered copy of the image from the image itself. The result is a net data compression since the difference, or error, image has low variance, and the low-pass filtered image may be represented at reduced sample density. Further data compression is achieved by quantizing the difference image and repeating the encoding process for the low-pass filtered image. The encoding process is equivalent to sampling the image with Laplacian operators of many scales. Thus the code tends to enhance salient image features. A primary advantage of the present code is that it is well suited for many image analysis tasks as well as for data compression. Fast algorithms are described for...
Highly symmetric tri-axis piezoelectric bimorph accelerometer (2004)

This paper describes the design, fabrication and test results of a novel bimorph tri-axis piezoelectric accelerometer (built on symmetric quad Parylene beams with ZnO film). Because of its highly symmetric quad-beam bimorph structure and single proof mass, this tri-axis piezoelectric accelerometer has high sensitivity, low cross-axial sensitivity, good linearity and compact size. The un-amplified sensitivities of the X, Y and Z-axis electrodes in response to accelerations in X, Y and Z-axis are 0.93 mV/g, 1.13 mV/g and 0.88 mV/g, respectively. The minimum detectable signal is measured to be 0.04 g over a subHz /spl sim/100 Hz bandwidth. The cross-axial sensitivity among the X, Y and Z-axis electrodes is less than 15%.
Stable Dispersions of Silver Nanoparticles in Carbon Dioxide with Fluorine-Free Ligands (2005)

Iso-stearic acid, a short, stubby compound with branched, methylated tails has been shown to have high solubility in carbon dioxide. Tail solvation by carbon dioxide makes iso-stearic acid a good choice for use as a ligand to sterically stabilize metallic nanoparticles. Iso-stearic acid coated silver nanoparticles have been stably dispersed in carbon dioxide with hexane cosolvent. Neat carbon dioxide has successfully dispersed iso-stearic acid coated silver nanoparticles that had been deposited on either quartz or polystyrene surfaces. These results are the first reports of sterically stabilized nanoparticles in carbon dioxide without the use of any fluorinated compounds.
Obesity and the tumor microenvironment (2017)

Obesity-associated inflammation promotes tumor growth and metastatic spread
Regularized Estimation of Main and RF Field Inhomogeneity and Longitudinal Relaxation Rate in Magnetic Resonance Imaging. (2011)

In designing pulses and algorithms for magnetic resonance imaging, several simplifications to the Bloch equation are used. However, as magnetic resonance (MR) imaging requires higher temporal resolution and faster pulses are used, simplifications such as uniform main field (B0) strength and uniform radio-frequency (RF) transmit coil field (B1) strength no longer apply. Ignoring these non-uniformities can cause significant distortions. Accurate maps of the main and RF transmit coil field inhomogeneity are required for accurate pulse design and imaging. Standard estimation methods yield noisy maps, particularly in image regions having low spin density, and ignore other important factors, such as slice selection effects in B1 mapping and T2 effects in B0 mapping. This thesis uses more accurate signal models for the MR scans to derive iterative regularized estimators that show improvements over the conventional unregularized methods through Cramer-Rao Bound analysis, simulations, and real MR data. In fast MR imaging with long readout times, field inhomogeneity causes image distortion and blurring. This thesis first describes regularized methods for estimation of the off-resonance frequency at each voxel from two or more MR scans having different echo times, using algorithms that decrease monotonically a regularized least-squares cost function. A second challenge is that RF transmit coils produce non-uniform field strengths, so an excitation pulse will produce tip angles that vary substantially over the field of view. This thesis secondly describes a regularized method for B1 map estimation for each coil and for two or more tip angles. Using these scans and known slice profile, the iterative algorithm estimates both the magnitude and phase of each coil’s B1 map. To circumvent the challenge in conventional B1 mapping sequences of an long repetition time, this thesis thirdly describes a regularized method for joint B1 and T1 map estimation using a regularized method based on a penalized-likelihood cost function using the steady-state incoherent (SSI) imaging sequence with several scans with varying tip angles or repetition times.
eCOPE: Energy efficient network coding scheme in multi-rate wireless networks (2013)

Recently energy-efficient system design in wireless networks, which in nature supports multi-rate transmissions, has become a focus in the research field. Meanwhile network coding has been proven as a very promising technique to improve wireless network throughput and energy-efficiency (EE). In multi-rate wireless networks, simply seeking more coding opportunities or coding more packets into one frame without exploiting multi-rate feature may lead to selecting low-rate links for transmission, and thus compromise the performance gain and EE brought by network coding. In this paper, we aim at exploiting the potential benefits brought by both multi-rate and network coding. We carefully address the bottleneck problem in applying energy-efficient network coding to multi-rate networks, and propose an energy-efficient COPE-like network coding scheme, which is called eCOPE and employs the energy-efficient Rate Adaptation(eRA) and Power Allocation(ePA) algorithm. Simulation experiments results based on NS-2 demonstrate that eCOPE can significantly improve network performances in terms of both throughput and end-to-end delay in 802.11 DCF multirate environment, at a relatively low cost of signaling overhead.
ChemInform Abstract: Hybrids of Macrolides and Nucleobases or Nucleosides. (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Detection of a raf-related and two other transforming DNA sequences in human tumors maintained in nude mice. (1985)

High molecular weight DNAs prepared from a variety of human tumors maintained in nude mice were assayed for their ability to transform NIH 3T3 cells. DNAs from 4 of 21 tumors tested induced transformed foci in cultures of NIH 3T3 cells. They were from a Ewing sarcoma line, a glioblastoma line, a leiomyosarcoma line, and a lung carcinoma line. Hybridization analyses of the NIH 3T3 transformant DNAs with a human repetitive sequence as probe revealed that four distinct transforming DNA sequences were transferred to NIH 3T3 cells from the four tumor lines. The transforming DNA in a lung carcinoma line was a human homologue of the oncogene of Kirsten murine sarcoma virus (Ki-ras). On the other hand, the three other transforming DNAs showed no similarity to any known human transforming gene detected by the NIH 3T3 transformation assay. Further analyses with a series of cloned oncogenes as probes revealed that the transforming DNA in a glioblastoma line was a human homologue of the oncogene of 3611-murine sarcoma virus (raf). However, the two transforming DNAs in a Ewing sarcoma line and a leiomyosarcoma line had no sequence homology to any of the cloned oncogenes.
Reconfiguration of FPGA for Domain Specific Applications Using Embedded System Approach (2009)

Todaypsilas systems are more complex and need higher performance. To accomplish this, systems include more hardware compared to software. This increases the use of FPGAs in modern systems because of its reconfiguration capabilities. FPGA contains many hardware components, which are utilized to perform operations directly in hardware. There are two problems related to this issue, first is high performance hardware for multiple applications need to be designed, many times these hardwares take more than one FPGA which in turn increases the system cost, even only one hardware is in use at any time. Second problem arises when operations from different domains need to be performed. There are domain specialized hardware available which deal domain specific operations efficiently, FPGAs are used in these cases also, but generally domains need to be changed after hundreds of instructions so configuring hardware for both domains simultaneously is waste of hardware resources. We have proposed a design approach that can reconfigure FPGA at its maximum speed for solving these two problems. Our proposed system can choose the appropriate architecture for domain specific application by burning corresponding configuration in the FPGA from EEPROM.
The design and implementation of a multilevel secure log manager (2002)

This paper discusses the security issues involved in log management for a multilevel secure database system and presents a design and implementation of a prototype multilevel secure log manager. The main goal of a log manager is to provide high bandwidth and low flush latency. We examine the performance of our design, by observing the flush latency and log bandwidth. We also informally evaluate the security of our approach.
Insulinlike growth factor II and transforming growth factor β regulate collagen expression in human osteoblastlike cells in vitro (1991)

Insulinlike growth factor II (IGF-II) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) are the most abundant polypeptide growth factors found in human bone matrix and are produced by human bone cells in vitro. IGF-II and TGF-beta 1 increased total protein synthesis, collagenous protein synthesis, and the steady-state level of type I procollagen mRNA in a time-dependent manner in osteoblastlike cells isolated from human bone. Type III procollagen mRNA expression was low in untreated cultures and was not affected by IGF-II or TGF-beta. TGF-beta 1 elevated type I procollagen mRNA rapidly, with the maximal observed change at 10 h. In contrast, procollagen mRNA levels increased more slowly in response to IGF-II and reached a lower maximal level than with TGF-beta, but the response was sustained through 24 h. Collagenous protein synthesis in IGF-II- and TGF-beta-treated cells increased in parallel with increases in procollagen mRNA levels and was higher at 21 h for TGF-beta 1 and at 36 h for IGF-II. The difference in the time course and magnitude of change in type I procollagen mRNA levels in response to IGF-II and TGF-beta 1 suggests that these two growth factors work through distinct mechanisms that provide both a rapid transient response and a later sustained response in bone matrix biosynthetic activity.
Two sides of one coin: massive hepatic necrosis and progenitor cell-mediated regeneration in acute liver failure (2015)

Massive hepatic necrosis is a key event underlying acute liver failure, a serious clinical syndrome with high mortality. Massive hepatic necrosis in acute liver failure has unique pathophysiological characteristics including extremely rapid parenchymal cell death and removal. On the other hand, massive necrosis rapidly induces the activation of liver progenitor cells, the so-called "second pathway of liver regeneration." The final clinical outcome of acute liver failure depends on whether liver progenitor cell-mediated regeneration can efficiently restore parenchymal mass and function within a short time. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding massive hepatic necrosis and liver progenitor cell-mediated regeneration in patients with acute liver failure, the two sides of one coin.
Failure Control in Process Operations (1996)

Abstract This article focuses on the subject of proactive or predictive maintenance with particular emphasis on the control and prediction of corrosion damage for life extension and failure prevention. It discusses creep life assessment from the perspective of creep-rupture properties and creepcrack growth. Practical methods based on replication and parametric approaches are also discussed.
Description of Wireless Intelligent Network Services with Use Case Maps (1999)

. Increasing complexity in telecommunications services requires ever more complex standards, and therefore the need for better means to write them. Over the years, scenario-driven approaches have been introduced in order to describe functional aspects of systems at several levels of abstraction. Their application to early stages of design and standardization processes raises new hopes in editing concise, descriptive, maintainable, and consistent documents that need to be understood by a variety of readers. In this context, this paper investigates a recent visual notation for causal scenarios called Use Case Maps. The goal is to better describe distributed systems and telecommunication standards, and to fill the gap between the stage where services are described informally and the stage where message sequence information is generated. As an example, this paper focuses on the Incoming Call Screening service of the new Wireless Intelligent Network standard. Keywords. Causal Sce...
Optimal ON-resistance versus breakdown voltage tradeoff in superjunction power devices: a novel analytical model (2001)

A two-dimensional (2-D) analytical model for the calculation of breakdown voltage of recently proposed power super-junction (SJ) devices is presented. The model is able to correctly estimate electric field and breakdown voltage giving a deep insight in the design of SJ structures. Design criteria to minimize ON-resistance for a given breakdown voltage are discussed. Numerical 2-D simulations validate the proposed model.
Diabetic retinopathy: pathogenesis and management of complications. (1989)

Diabetic retinopathy, one of the ocular complications of the metabolic imbalance that characterize diabetes mellitus is a major cause of irreversible blindness. This article reviews the concepts of the pathogenesis of this complex disease. The management of this blinding disease is multifaceted and should be based on the sound understanding of the pathophysiologic mechanisms involved. The rationale, techniques, results and complications of the different treatment modalities including glycemic control, laser photocoagulation and vitrectomy are discussed.
H2S Detection Sensing Characteristic of CuO/SnO2 Sensor (2003)

Among the various metal oxide additives tested, the complex of CuO is outstanding in promoting the sensing propoerties of an SnO2 sensor for H2S in air. The SnO2 sensors loaded with 5 wt. % CuO is extremely sensitive to H2S at 200 C° and below, while it is almost unsensitive to many other gases. The response to H2S is rather slow but the recovery is very rapid. Tha added CuO particles interact electronically with the surface of SnO2 (p-n junctions) to make the sensor highly resistive, while the interaction is disconnected when CuO is sulfurized to CuS in the H2S containing atmosphere, leading to a drastic decrease in electrical resistance. The H2S sensing properties, particularly the rate of response of CuO/SnO2 sensors are influenced by the CuO loadings andoperating temperature as well as the thickness of Cuo loading film.