gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evolution of Equilibrium Pickering Emulsions—A Matter of Time Scales (2010)

A new class of equilibrium solid-stabilized oil-in-water emulsions harbors a competition of two processes on disparate time scales that affect the equilibrium droplet size in opposing ways. The aim of this work is to elucidate the molecular origins of these two time scales and demonstrate their effects on the evolution of the emulsion droplet size. First, spontaneous emulsification into particle-covered droplets occurs through in situ generation of surface-active molecules by hydrolysis of molecules of the oil phase. We show that surface tensions of the oil-water interfaces in the absence of stabilizing colloidal particles are connected to the concentration of these surface-active molecules, and hence also to the equilibrium droplet size in the presence of colloids. As a consequence, the hydrolysis process sets the time scale of formation of these solid-stabilized emulsions. A second time scale is governing the ultimate fate of the solid-stabilized equilibrium emulsions: by condensation of the in situ generated amphiphilic molecules onto the colloidal particles, their wetting properties change, leading to a gradual transfer from the aqueous to the oil phase via growth of the emulsion droplets. This migration is observed macroscopically by a color change of the water and oil phases, as well as by electron microscopy after polymerization of the oil phase in a phase separated sample. Surprisingly, the relative oil volume sets the time scale of particle transfer. Phase separation into an aqueous phase and an oil phase containing colloidal particles is influenced by sedimentation of the emulsion droplets. The two processes of formation of surface-active molecules through hydrolysis and condensation thereof on the colloidal surface have an opposite influence on the droplet size. By their interplay, a dynamic equilibrium is created where the droplet size always adjusts to the thermodynamically stable state.
Climatic Warming, Spring Budburst and Forest Damage on Trees (1986)

SUMMARY (1) If future C02-induced warming of 2 'C increased the incidence of warm springs, of the type that have occurred in Britain during this century, then warming would induce earlier blossoming and budburst in many temperate trees, with an increase in the risk of subsequent damaging frosts. There would, for example, be an increase in the already high incidence of frost damage to apple blossom (Malus pumila Mill.) cv. Cox's Orange Pippin, in Kent and to new vegetative shoots of Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr. in the Scottish uplands. (2) If budburst occurred after a constant thermal time (e.g. 100 day 'C > 5 0C after mid-January), then budburst would occur so much earlier in the spring that, on average, the temperature on the date of budburst would be lower than at present. Consequently, the risk of damaging frosts occurring after budburst would be much increased. (3) However, in many trees there is an increase in the thermal time to budburst with decreased chilling. This increase prevents very early budburst in warm springs, and lessens the risk of frost damage. (4) Theoretically, warming could delay or advance budburst, depending upon the extent to which a tree's chilling requirements are currently met. (5) Empirical thermal time-chilling models suggested that, on average, Cox's apple in Kent would blossom 18-24 days earlier than at present following 2 'C warming, but that P. sitchensis in the Scottish uplands would burst its buds only 5 days earlier than at present.
Transient liquid-phase infiltration of a powder-metal skeleton (2002)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2002.
ChemInform Abstract: CHEMISTRY OF CARBANIONS. 34. ALKYLATION OF A 1‐DECALONE ENOLATE WITH ABNORMAL L GEOMETRY (1979)

Abstract Aus dem Decalon (II) entstehen die Enol‐Verbindungen (I) bzw. (III) und (IV).
Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress and Cataract. Novel Drug Delivery Therapeutic Strategies Targeting Telomere Reduction and the Expression of Telomerase Activity in the Lens Epithelial Cells with N-Acetylcarnosine Lubricant Eye Drops: Anti-Cataract which Helps to Prevent and Treat Cataracts in the Eyes of Dogs and other Animals (2014)

Cataracts in small animals are shown to be at least partially caused by oxidative damage to lens epithelial cells (LECs) and the internal lens; biomarkers of oxidative stress in the lens are considered as general biomarkers for life expectancy in the canine and other animals. Telomeres lengths and expressed telomerase activity in canine LECs may serve as important monitors of oxidative damage in normal LECs with documented higher levels of telomerase activity in cataractous LECs during cells' lifespan. Loss of functional telomere length below a critical threshold in LECs of canines during the effect of UV and chronic oxidative stress or metabolic failure, can activate programs leading to LEC senescence or death. Telomerase is induced in LECs of canines at critical stages of cataractogenesis initiation and exposure to oxidative stress through the involvement of catalytically active prooxidant transition metal (iron) ions. This work documents that transition metal ions (such as, ferrous ions- catalytic oxidants) might induce premature senescence in LECs of canines, telomere shortening with increased telomerase activity as adaptive response to UV light, oxidative and metabolic stresses. The therapeutic treatment with 1% N-acetylcarnosine (NAC) prodrug delivery is beneficial for prevention and dissolution of ripe cataracts in canines. This biological activity is based on the findings of ferroxidase activity pertinent to the dipeptide carnosine released ophthalmically from NAC prodrug of L-carnosine, stabilizing properties of carnosine on biological membranes based on the ability of the imidazole-containing dipeptides to interact with lipid peroxidation products and reactive oxygen species (ROS), to prevent membrane damage and delute the associated with membrane fragements protein aggregates. The advent of therapeutic treatment of cataracts in canines with N-acetylcarnosine lubricant eye drops through targeting the prevention of loss of functional telomere length below a critical threshold and "flirting" with an indirect effect with telomerase expression in LECs of canines during the effects of UV, chronic oxidative stress increases the successful rate of cataract management challenges in home veterinary care.
Gemini Surfactants with a Disaccharide Spacer (2001)

A gemini surfactant is an amphiphile possessing (in sequence) the following: hydrocarbon tail/polar group/spacer/polar group/hydrocarbon tail. Widespread interest in geminis has emerged recently from both industrial and academic laboratories. In the present contribution, two related families of geminis have been synthesized, both with trehalose, a disaccharide, as a polar spacer. One family, Series-A, is nonionic and has amide groups separating the long chains from the trehalose spacer. The other family, Series-B, has quaternary ammonium ions connecting the long chains to the trehalose spacer. It was found that Series-A geminis are water insoluble despite the two amides and multiple hydroxyls. When hydrated or extruded, these geminis form microscopically visible vesicular and tubular structures above their transition temperatures (which were determined calorimetrically). Insoluble monomolecular films, constructed from these geminis, have interfacial areas that are dominated by the sugar spacer although intermolecular chain/chain interactions seem to stabilize the films. Thus, the behavior of Series-A geminis in many ways parallels that of phospholipids and simple double-chain surfactants. It is as if the trehalose is less of a spacer than a large but conventional headgroup. In contrast, cationic Series-B geminis are water soluble and form micelles with critical micelle concentrations an order of magnitude lower than that of corresponding conventional surfactants. Molecular modeling using the Amber* force field explains the difference in properties between the two families of geminis. Series-A are tubular in shape and thus prefer bilayer packing as do other amphiphiles in which the headgroups are similar in width to the sum of the tail diameters. Series-B geminis are conical-shaped and pack more readily into spherical micelles. This work entails synthesis, tensiometry, conductance, microscopy, surface balance studies, calorimetry, light scattering, and molecular modeling. In colloid chemistry, a balanced perspective cannot be achieved by one methodology alone but only through the pursuit of consilience among multiple approaches.
Improving performance of polymer photovoltaic devices using an annealing-free approach via construction of ordered aggregates in solution (2008)

Low crystalline order has been proved to be one of the main hindrances for achieving high performance devices based on thin films composed of crystallizable polymer. In this work, we use a facile method to substantially improve crystallinity of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) in its pure or composite film via the construction of ordered precursors in the solution used for thin film deposition. These improvements have been confirmed by bright-field transmission electron micrography, electron diffraction, UV-Vis absorption and wide-angle X-ray diffraction. The electrical conductivity of thus obtained P3HT films is increased by almost two orders of magnitude. Polymer solar cells based on P3HT:PCBM ([6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester) composite fabricated using this method achieve power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) as high as 3.9%, which is almost four times that of pristine devices and also higher than thermally-annealed devices under the same measurement conditions. This simple method paves the way for the fabrication of high performance devices with an “annealing-free” approach, and enriches the ways to improve crystalline order in thin films comprising crystallizable polymers.
The Role of Neovascularization in the Survival of an Arterialized Venous Flap (1996)

This study compares survival of arterialized venous flaps placed on normal and impaired recipient beds in New Zealand White rabbit ear. Fasciocutanous flaps (4 × 5 cm) were perfused by an arteriovenous anastomosis; outflow was provided by one vein. In group 1, the arterialized venous flap was sutured into its bed on the ear: in group 2, a sheet of silicone was placed between the flap and the ear, providing an experimentally impaired recipient bed. Flap survival was expressed as a percentage of the total flap surface by means of a computerized image analysis system. Excellent survival (≥95 percent) was noted in 16 of 21 arterialized venous flaps in group 1 versus 2 of 21 in group 2 (p < 0.01). Partial survival (50 to 94 percent) was observed in 2 of 21 arterialized venous flaps in group 1 and 15 of 21 in group 2. Poor survival (<50 percent) was noted in 3 of 21 in group 1 and in 1 of 21 in group 2. Microangiography was used to illustrate arteriovenous fistulas, the vascular network within the flaps, and neovessels in the periphery of the flaps. These data indicate that neovascularization is necessary for optimal survival of arterialized venous flaps in this experimental rabbit ear moded.
Varicella-zoster virus infections after autologous bone marrow transplantation in children. (1989)

We report a retrospective analysis of children who underwent autologous bone marrow transplantation (ABMT) and subsequently developed a varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection. Among 236 patients transplanted between January 1979 and December 1987, 54 (23%) aged 2 to 18.5 years (mean 7.2) developed 60 VZV infections (25%); there were 10 cases of chicken-pox in 10 patients, 43 zoster infections in 41 patients and seven disseminated zoster infections in seven patients. Eighty-seven percent of VZV infections occurred within the first 6 months after bone marrow transplantation, with a mean interval of 89 days. No significant risk factors for the development of zoster infections were identified. The incidence of VZV infections following ABMT was similar to that observed after allogeneic bone marrow transplant but the onset was earlier after ABMT (3 vs 5 months) and there were fewer complications (2 vs 18%). Acyclovir and/or adenine arabinoside were administered to 46 patients. One child who had had chicken-pox died of interstitial pneumonitis due to VZV despite antiviral therapy. No other symptomatic visceral dissemination was observed.
Hazardous and Toxic Wastes: Technology, Management and Health Effects (1984)

One of three volumes on waste material, this book deals with the hazardous and toxic wastes of an industrial society. Part one considers waste types and treatment and disposal methods, covering industrial waste incineration, the destruction of toxic chemical wastes, and the management of hazardous waste. Part two discusses the distribution, selection, and geological aspects of siting hazardous and toxic wastes. Part three covers transportation, emergency response, and preparations needed in a toxic spill emergency. Part four includes chapters on management regulations, and economic considerations. The final section deals with the environmental and health effects of hazardous wastes. Information on the national priorities list appears in the appendix. 363 references, 61 figures, 68 tables.
Monolithically Integrated Tunable Laser Using Double-Ring Resonators With a Tilted Multimode Interference Coupler (2009)

A monolithically integrated tunable semiconductor ring laser consisting of a semiconductor optical amplifier and two ring resonators with tilted multimode interference (MMI) couplers is presented. The characteristic response of the ring resonators is discussed for various cross coupling strengths by adjusting the angle of the tilted MMI couplers. The ring laser has a wavelength tuning range of 11 nm and a sidemode suppression ratio larger than 40 dB for a cross coupling strength of 0.09. The peak power of the laser is larger than -3 dBm for chip-to-fiber coupling.
A Surgical Approach to Ingrown Nail (2002)

BACKGROUND Ingrown nail is a deformity characterized by a transverse overcurvature of the lateral nail plate that causes nail fold inflammation. Currently recommended surgical procedures vary considerably. OBJECTIVE We report our experience with a modified partial matricectomy and nail edge excision with CO2 laser. METHODS A total of 116 ingrown nail edges in 77 patients were treated with the procedure. RESULTS The incidence of recurrence was 2 of 76 cases (2.6%). CONCLUSION This new surgical approach was found to be effective and is presented as an alternative treatment technique.
Superconducting Properties of La<sub>1.85</sub>Sr<sub>0.15</sub>CuO<sub>4</sub> Made by Hot-Press and Sinter Methods (1987)

The superconducting transition properties were investigated by resistivity and magnetization in La 1.85 Sr 0.1 CuO 4 for hot-pressed and sintered samples. The zero resistance at 34.5 K and the midpoint of the transition at 37.7 K were obtained in the sintered one with the onset temperature of 42 K. A single crystal was obtained in the hot-pressed one.
Selecting promising ALS therapies in clinical trials (2006)

Riluzole is the only approved medication that extends survival for patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). While other potential neuroprotective agents have been evaluated in randomized clinical trials, none has shown unequivocal success and none has been approved by regulatory agencies. Few symptomatic therapies have been tested in ALS. Effectiveness for drugs with modest benefit can be established only through large phase III randomized clinical trials. With numerous potential agents but limited resources, priority should be given to agents that show promise in phase II trials before proceeding to evaluation in phase III trials. In this article, we review drug development in early phase ALS trials and introduce novel designs. First, to maximize the therapeutic potential of the test medication, we need to identify the highest dose that produces a tolerable level of side effects. Second, candidate treatments should be ranked by conducting randomized selection trials between competing new treatments. The selection paradigm adopts a statistical viewpoint different from the hypothesis testing framework in conventional trials. We exemplify this approach by describing a group-sequential selection design developed for a phase II, randomized, multicenter trial of two combination treatments in patients with ALS, and illustrate the sample size reduction from a conventional trial.
Liver cirrhosis developed after ketoconazole‐induced acute hepatic injury (2003)

We describe a previously healthy woman who developed liver cirrhosis as a sequela of acute hepatic injury that was induced by ketoconazole administration to treat onychomycosis. The initial presentation of the disease was of a typical acute hepatitis, characterized by nausea, anorexia, fatigue, and jaundice that developed during the administration of ketoconazole. Many other causes of hepatitis were absent in the patient. Even though the hepatic injury was gradually resolved for several months after cessation of the drug, the liver function was not completely restored. Six months after the onset of illness, a follow-up abdominal computed tomography and peritoneoscopic liver biopsy were performed. They revealed a marked reduction in the liver volume and a definite cirrhotic change, which persisted for more than 5 years. The case suggests that the administration of ketoconazole can cause liver cirrhosis through acute hepatic injury within a short time under certain circumstances.
The Effect of Testosterone Withdrawal and Subsequent Germ Cell Depletion on Transferrin and Sulfated Glycoprotein-2 Messenger Ribonucleic Acid Levels in the Adult Rat Testis1 (1992)

We have examined the effects of decreasing intratesticular testosterone concentration and of decreasing germ cell number on levels of transferrin mRNA and sulfated glycoprotein (SGP)-2 mRNA in the adult rat testis. Intact rats received implants of testosterone- and estradiol-filled capsules to suppress LH secretion from the pituitary, thereby suppressing Leydig cell testosterone production. The levels of intratesticular testosterone declined 70% to 20 ng/ml within 3 days, were reduced further to approximately 15 ng/ml by 14 days, and subsequently reached a minimum of about 10 ng/ml. In contrast, the number of elongated spermatids per testis remained unchanged through 14 days, then declined to fewer than 20% of normal between 14 and 28 days, and reached zero by 56 days postimplantation. Likewise, both pachytene spermatocytes and round spermatids declined only after 14 days postimplantation. Northern blots of testicular RNA showed that Sertoli cell transferrin mRNA per testis decreased markedly between 14 and 28 days postimplantation. However, SGP-2 mRNA per testis was unchanged over the time course of the experiment. The decrease in transferrin mRNA, concomitant with germ cell loss, suggests that this mRNA is regulated by the number of germ cells in the testis and not directly by testosterone. In contrast, the constant level of SGP-2 mRNA in the face of reduced intratesticular testosterone and the subsequent loss of germ cells suggests that this mRNA is constitutively maintained in the adult rat testis.
Decentralised Solutions to the Cooperative Multi-Platform Navigation Problem (2011)

The problem of cooperative navigation for a team of platforms employing inter-platform observations is investigated. A decentralised solution in the framework of an information filter with delayed states is presented. In this structure, each platform first estimates its motion using only local sensor data, then shares its information across the network using an algorithm that employs a distributed Cholesky modification. The decentralised solution permits each platform to act in the same modular manner, providing robustness to individual platform failure. The solution yields linear minimum mean-square error estimation performance. As such the estimates generated are optimal; it generates exactly the same estimates as would a conventional extended Kalman filter (EKF), if given the same data. Efficient sparse implementation is accomplished without resorting to approximate methods. Simulation experiments employing a team of ten mobile platforms are described and used to evaluate the decentralised estimation performance. The robustness, flexibility, and cost of the decentralised approach are analyzed and compared with an existing distributed solution.
Does the immune response play a role in the pathogenesis of chronic liver disease? (1988)

The pathogenesis and perpetuation of hepatocellular injury in chronic inflammatory liver disease is still unclear. Several pieces of circumstantial evidence point to the importance of antigen-specific immune responses. In chronic hepatitis B virus infection, the hepatitis B virus nucleoprotein appears to be a major target antigen for both helper and cytotoxic T lymphocytes. In autoimmune chronic active hepatitis, several autoantibodies have been identified that are associated with different disease subgroups and that may be helpful to distinguish this form of chronic active hepatitis from that caused by non-A, non-B agents. In primary biliary cirrhosis, antimitochondrial antibodies are almost invariably present and have now been characterized at the molecular level.
Affinity Chromatography (2002)

Molecular recognition provides the basis for the selective interaction of biological macromolecules. This selective interaction is exploited in separation science by the technique commonly known as affinity chromatography [1,2,3]. This technique has provided, by far, the most selective tool to purify large numbers of macromolecules from crude biological mixtures [1,2].
Suppression of Malignancy and Differentiation in Melanotic Melanoma Cells (1970)

Tumorigenicity of mouse melanoma cells is reduced or lost upon growth in vitro in 1 to 3 mug/ml of 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR). The rate of growth is very little affected by these concentrations. The morphology of the cells is altered, such that the cells grow in a flattened, often fibroblastic monolayer, showing contact inhibition, instead of the rounded, multilayered mounds characteristic of the line. Melanotic cells lose their pigment-producing ability within one week. These effects are reversible and the inclusion of thymidine with BUdR prevents their occurrence. The reduction in tumorigenicity, the effects on cell morphology, and the suppression of pigmentation occur in clones derived from single cells growing in BUdR as well as in mass populations. These clones appear capable of indefinite growth in vitro in BUdR with altered morphology. The suppression of cytodifferentiation in these melanoma cells and in embryonic cells, coupled with the modification of malignancy, leads to the hypothesis that both differentiation and malignancy are regulated by similar cellular mechanisms. These effects of BUdR offer promise of a powerful tool to probe these regulatory mechanisms.