gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spectrum-Based Multiple Fault Localization (2009)

Fault diagnosis approaches can generally be categorized into spectrum-based fault localization (SFL, correlating failures with abstractions of program traces), and model-based diagnosis (MBD, logic reasoning over a behavioral model). Although MBD approaches are inherently more accurate than SFL, their high computational complexity prohibits application to large programs. We present a framework to combine the best of both worlds, coined BARINEL. The program is modeled using abstractions of program traces (as in SFL) while Bayesian reasoning is used to deduce multiple-fault candidates and their probabilities (as in MBD). A particular feature of BARINEL is the usage of a probabilistic component model that accounts for the fact that faulty components may fail intermittently. Experimental results on both synthetic and real software programs show that BARINEL typically outperforms current SFL approaches at a cost complexity that is only marginally higher. In the context of single faults this superiority is established by formal proof.
cataract surgical problem (1999)

Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery: June 1999 - Volume 25 - Issue 6 - p 738-739 doi: 10.1016/S0886-3350(99)00101-7
Low complexity joint MLSE receiver in the presence of CCI (2002)

In this paper, we address the problem of receiving a digitally modulated signal in the presence of another identically modulated co-channel interference (CCI) signal. We propose a joint MLSE algorithm that uses a dynamic channel description (J-MLSE/DCD). This algorithm deals with CCI more effectively while keeping the overall complexity low. Our approach is to adaptively truncate the channels of both the signal and the interference according to their individual power, thereby greatly reducing the complexity. Analytic BER lower bounds for the J-MLSE algorithms in the time-varying specular multipath Rayleigh-fading channels are derived. Simulation results for the GMSK signals used in the GSM system are presented.
Increasing Complexity of the Ras Signaling Pathway (1998)

Ras is a key regulator of cell growth in all eukaryotic cells. Genetic, biochemical, and molecular studies inCaenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila, and mammalian cells have positioned Ras centrally in signal transduction pathways that respond to diverse extracellular stimuli, including peptide growth factors, cytokines, and hormones. The biological activity of Ras is controlled by a regulated GDP/GTP cycle. Guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs1 ; RasGRF1/2 and Sos1/2) promote the formation of the active, GTP-bound form of Ras (1).
Ganglioside G<sub>M1</sub>and Hydrophilic Polymers Increase Liposome Circulation Times by Inhibiting the Association of Blood Proteins (1992)

Several agents have been shown to prolong the circulation lifetime of liposomes. These agents, such as ganglioside GM1 or phosphatidylethanolamine-derivatives of monomethoxypolyethyleneglycols, provide insight into the mechanism(s) by which liposomes are cleared from the circulation. It is suggested here that the primary mechanism by which these molecules alter the biodistribution of liposomes in vivo involves an inhibition of the association of blood proteins to liposomes, resulting in a diminished rate of clearance of liposomes from the circulation.
A novel TRH analog, YM14673, stimulates intracellular signaling systems in the brain more potently than predicted by its pituitary actions. (1991)

YM14673, a novel analog of TRH, substituting the (oxo-azetidinyl)carbonyl moiety for the pyroglutamyl moiety of TRH, was synthesized and its brain action was evaluated using rat brain slices in vitro. The addition of YM14673 engendered significant and dose-dependent increases in cyclic AMP formation in the hypothalamus and inositol phosphates (IP) accumulation in the cerebellum. The actions of YM14673 did not statistically differ from those of TRH on brain tissues. However, YM14673 did not show a direct interference with TRH binding in the brain membranes. [3H]YM14673 underwent to the same extent the enzymatic degradation by type II pyroglutamyl aminopeptidase as did TRH. As compared with TRH, YM14673 had a lower activity with respect to stimulation of thyrotropin secretion and accumulation of IP in the anterior pituitaries. The data imply that YM14673 possessed potent stimulatory actions on brain intracellular signaling systems with weak hypophyseal activities. These actions of YM14673 were not due to a direct interference with brain TRH binding or a nature impervious to a TRH-degrading enzyme. The present study indicates that the larger doses of YM14673 than TRH can be used for medical treatment of neurological and neuromuscular disorders without strong influences on pituitary functions.
Commercial security on the Internet (1996)

There is a growing trend to delivering more efficient and more effective products and services with fewer and fewer resources. This trend is reflected in both the commercial and government sectors. The Internet is being viewed as the vehicle that could resolve many of these business delivery challenges. With the advent of public key security and certification, the transition from current business delivery to future Internet‐based systems is now possible. Deals with how public key cryptography may be used for business applications in the future, and also considers the theoretical applications of public key technology and certification processes. Examples of current technical solutions will be addressed in a future paper.
Selective enrichment and ultrasensitive identification of trace peptides in proteome analysis using transient capillary isotachophoresis/zone electrophoresis coupled with nano‐ESI‐MS (2006)

Besides the complexity in protein samples of biological origin, probably the greatest challenge presently facing comprehensive proteome analysis is related to the large variation of protein relative abundances (>6 orders of magnitude), having potential biological significance in mammalian systems. As demonstrated in this work, transient capillary ITP/zone electrophoresis (CITP/CZE) provides selective analyte enrichment through electrokinetic stacking and extremely high resolving power toward protein and peptide mixtures. The result of the CITP process is that major components may be diluted, but trace compounds are concentrated. The on-column transition of CITP to CZE minimizes additional band broadening while providing superior analyte resolution. Online coupling of transient CITP/CZE with nano-ESI-MS allows ultrasensitive detection of trace peptides at levels of subnanomolar concentration or subfemtomole mass in complex peptide mixtures. More importantly, selective enrichment of trace peptides enables the identification and sequence analysis of low-abundance peptides co-migrated with highly abundant species at a concentration ratio of 1:500,000. The combined CITP/CZE-nano-ESI-MS system is demonstrated to be at least one to two orders of magnitude more sensitive than that attained in conventional electrophoretic and chromatographic-based proteome technologies over a wide dynamic concentration range, potentially allowing comprehensive analysis of protein profiles within a small cell population and limited tissue samples using conventional mass spectrometers. Furthermore, the speed of CITP/CZE separation and the lack of column equilibration in CITP/CZE not only improve the throughput of proteome analysis, but also facilitate its seamless integration with other separation technologies in a multidimensional protein identification platform.
Methods of Analysis of Food Components and Additives (2011)

With diet, health, and food safety news making headlines on a regular basis, the ability to separate, identify, and analyze the nutrients, additives, and toxicological compounds found in food and food components is more important than ever. This requires proper training in the application of best methods, as well as efforts to improve existing meth
A methodology for evaluating storage systems in distributed and hierarchical video servers (2002)

Large scale multimedia systems combine technologies from audio and video systems, communications systems and computer systems. Multimedia systems store compressed video files digitally on a server that is shared by a large number of users. A video server is characterized by the number of simultaneous video streams it can support and by the size of the video library. Storage costs are a significant aspect of a video server because of the very large size of the objects. In setting up a video service, there is a choice between having one very large central server, multiple decentralized servers, or a hierarchical server structure. This paper discusses the scaling and cost issues in the server in order to provide information on how to balance server costs against communications costs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Refractory metal silicide formation by ion beam mixing and rapid thermal annealing (1985)

We have shown that uniform, stoichiometric, low-resistivity refractory metal silicides (MoSi2 and WSi2) can be formed by implanting As ions through respective metal films (Mo and W) deposited on Si and rapid thermal annealing. Rapid diffusion of the implanted As ions is observed during the formation of the metal silicides.
The enhanced response of the Ridgway osteogenic sarcoma to roentgen radiation combined with actinomycin D. (1965)

A series of experiments is reported in which X-radiation, actinomycin D, and their combination were used in the treatment of mice bearing the Ridgway osteogenic sarcoma. This tumor responds well to treatment with either of the 2 modalities; “therapeutic synergism,” as judged by tumor inhibition and increase in survival time, is obtained with combination therapy. The augmentation of therapeutic response was found to be independent of the sex of the tumor-bearing animal, the order in which the 2 treatments were given, the time interval up to 24 hr which separated the 2 treatments and the parenteral route used for the administration of actinomycin D. Retreatment with the combination during a period of tumor regression occasioned by a first course led to a high percentage of “cures” in animals thus treated.
Odd/Even bus invert with two-phase transfer for buses with coupling (2003)

The coupling capacitances between on-chip bus lines become dominant in deep-submicron technologies. Coding to reduce the switching activity of the individual lines was enough to reduce power on buses in older technologies, but new coding techniques that reduce the coupling activity between lines are needed for deep-submicron buses. One such coding technique uses the simple observation that coupling capacitances are always charged and discharged by activity on neighboring bus lines, where one line has an odd number and the other has an even number (if bus lines are numbered "in-order"). We thus propose to reduce the coupling activity by independently controlling the odd and even bus lines with two separate lines, the Odd Invert, and Even Invert line, respectively. We obtain significant reductions in power simply by comparing the coupling activity for the four possible cases of the Odd and Even Invert lines (00, 01, 10, 11), and then choosing the value with the smallest coupling activity to transmit on the bus. Even after encoding, the coupling activity for a pair of bus lines is still strongly dependent on the data. In particular the toggling sequences 01/spl rarr/10 and 10/spl rarr/01 result in 4 times more coupling energy dissipation than other coupling events. We thus propose a targeted Two-Phase transfer in order to reduce total power only on the pairs of lines that carry such toggling events.
Paragraph-based nearest neighbour searching in full-text documents (1989)

s Service to assist indexing and abstracting staff in the task of subject analysis. Paragraphs were found to be the the most useful level of description for providing interactive access to sections of full-text documents. More recently, Tenopir[19] has emphasized the general effectiveness of paragraph-level searching in a comparison of different retrieval strategies for full-text databases. In this paper, we evaluate the use of the nearest neighbour searching model[1,3], for paragraph-based access to full-text documents. We shall first describe this model and compare it with the better established Boolean retrieval model. We then outline the experimental system we have used together with the details of the queries and fulltext documents that have formed the basis for our comparison of Boolean and nearest neighbour searching; the results of this extended comparison are discussed in a separate section. The next section then proposes an alternative type of nearest neighbour search that c...
Nanoconjugation modulates the trafficking and mechanism of antibody induced receptor endocytosis (2010)

Treatment with monoclonal antibody (mAbs) is a viable therapeutic option in cancer. Recently, these mAbs such as cetuximab, herceptin, etc., have been used as targeting agents to selectively deliver chemotherapeutics to cancerous cells. However, mechanisms of nanoparticles-mAbs interactions with the target cells and its effect on intracellular trafficking and mechanism are currently unknown. In this paper, we demonstrate that the distinct patterning and dynamics of anti-EGFR (epidermal growth factor receptor) antibody cetuximab (C225)- induced EGFR internalization in pancreatic cancer cells with variable receptor expression is altered upon nanoconjugation. Nanoconjugation uniformly enhanced C225-induced EGFR endocytosis in PANC-1, AsPC-1, and MiaPaca-2 cells, influenced its compartmentalization and regulated the involvement of dynamin-2 in the endocytic processes. Receptor endocytosis and its intracellular trafficking were monitored by confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The role of dynamin-2 in EGFR endocytosis was determined after overexpressing either wild-type dynamin-2 or mutant dynamin-2 in pancreatic cancer cells followed by tracking the receptor-antibody complex internalization by confocal microscopy. Significantly, these findings demonstrate that the nanoconjugation cannot be construed as an innocuous reaction involved in attaching the targeting agent to the nanoparticle, instead it may distinctly alter the cellular processes at the molecular level, at least antibody induced receptor endocytosis. This information is critical for successful design of a nanoparticle-based targeted drug delivery system for future clinical translation.
Not so benign intracranial hypertension (2003)

<h3>Background</h3> Potentially inappropriate prescribing (PIP) is common in older adults and known to be associated with polypharmacy and multimorbidity. Less is known about the prevalence and causes of PIP in middle-aged adults. <h3>Aim</h3> To determine the prevalence and predictors of PIP in middle-aged adults. <h3>Design and setting</h3> A repeated cross-sectional study was conducted using primary care data in London. <h3>Method</h3> PIP was defined using the PRescribing Optimally in Middle-aged People’s Treatments (PROMPT) criteria. Prescribing and demographic data were extracted from Lambeth DataNet (LDN), a pseudonymised database of all patients registered at general practices in Lambeth, for those aged 45–64 years prescribed ≥1 medicines in each year from 2014–2019 (<i>n</i> = 46 633–52 582). Prevalence and trends over 6 years were investigated, including the association of PIP with polypharmacy, multimorbidity, deprivation, sex, and age. <h3>Results</h3> The prevalence of PIP decreased from 20% in 2014 to 18% in 2019. The most prevalent PROMPT criteria in 2019 were the use of ≥2 drugs from the same pharmacological class (7.6%), use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for >3 months (7.1%) and use of proton pump inhibitors above recommended maintenance dosages for >8 weeks (3.1%). Over the study period, the prevalence of multimorbidity increased (47–52%) and polypharmacy remained stable (27%). Polypharmacy, multimorbidity, deprivation, and age were independently associated with PIP. Sex was the only variable not associated with PIP. <h3>Conclusion</h3> Almost one-fifth of middle-aged adults prescribed medicines are exposed to PIP, as defined by the PROMPT criteria. This is likely to be linked with exposure to avoidable adverse drug events. The PROMPT criteria may provide a useful aid in interventions to optimise prescribing.
On-line recognition of hand-generated symbols (1969)

With the growth of information processing systems incorporating large data bases, many situations arise in which the data to be entered is a human's analysis of a problem. Often it will be undesirable to require the user to learn to type, and this mode can be cumbersome for random two-dimensional entry on a form or drawing. Using an electronic tablet coupled to a display tube would make it convenient for the user to point to a correct answer or print it in a very natural way. This paper describes a new technique for converting these hand written symbols to code words which can subsequently be processed by a computer.
Scanning tunneling measurements of potential steps at grain boundaries in the presence of current flow (1988)

We have used a new technique to simultaneously measure the surface topography and surface potential of current-carrying polycrystalline Au <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">60</inf> Pd <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">40</inf> thin films using a scanning tunneling microscope. We find abrupt steps in the surface potential due to scattering from grain boundaries in these films.
Understanding the mechanistic basis in rheumatoid arthritis for clinical response to anti‐CD20 therapy: the B‐cell roadblock hypothesis (2008)

With the clinical introduction of the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), B-cell-targeted therapy has become an accepted strategy for the treatment of a common chronic inflammatory disease. From recently reported synovial biopsy studies, we can begin to develop a pathophysiologic model of the sequential synovial cellular and molecular changes induced by rituximab infusions. These findings may explain how the rapid and early depletion of CD20-bearing B cells may later lead to the more far-reaching histopathologic changes that are associated with clinical responsiveness. Anti-CD20 antibody treatments may therefore affect the representation of not only mature B lymphocytes and differentiated immunoglobulin-secreting cells but also infiltrating cells such as synovial macrophages and fibroblast-like synoviocytes. In light of the known prominence of recirculating memory B cells in RA pathogenesis, we propose that clinical efficacy also in part reflects the development of an effective blockade of the recirculation of potentially pathologic B cells that may prevent reseeding of pathologic synovial ectopic lymphoid tissues.
Enhancement of the fibrinolytic activity of sheep endothelial cells by retroviral vector-mediated gene transfer (1991)

In an attempt to enhance the fibrinolytic activity of endothelial cells (EC), a retroviral vector containing the human tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) cDNA was constructed. Sheep EC were stably transduced with the vector, resulting in a 30-fold increase in t-PA activity over that detected in EC transduced with a control vector. Southern and Northern analyses confirmed the presence of both the vector sequence and the appropriate mRNA transcripts. Secretion of high levels of recombinant human t-PA continued in vitro for the duration of the experiments, up to 11 weeks after transduction, although the rate of t- PA secretion decreased in some of the EC lines. Zymographic analysis of conditioned medium from t-PA-transduced EC showed the presence of two new molecular species with plasminogen activator activity that could be specifically immunoprecipitated with a monoclonal antihuman t-PA antibody. The relative molecular masses of these species (60 to 80 and 110 Kd) suggest that they represent recombinant human t-PA both free and bound to sheep plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1). Consistent with this interpretation, the 110-Kd species could be specifically immunoprecipitated with antiserum to PAI-1. These studies demonstrate that retroviral vector-mediated gene transfer may be used to increase total EC fibrinolytic activity.
Threshold current temperature dependence of GaInP/(Al<i>y</i>Ga1−<i>y</i>)InP 670 nm quantum well lasers (1995)

The temperature dependence of threshold current of (AlyGa1−y)InP/GaInP quantum well lasers (y=0.3, 0.4, and 0.5) has been investigated and used to characterize thermally activated loss mechanisms above room temperature. We show good agreement between activation energies measured by Arrhenius analysis and those expected for the loss of electrons from the well to the X-conduction band minima in the barrier. Our analysis uses measured band gaps of the actual structures, avoiding assumptions about the alloy compositions, spontaneous emission data to subtract radiative and other direct gap processes, and recent band gap data for this alloy system. This provides convincing experimental confirmation of the loss of electrons from the indirect minima as the preferred process causing the rise in current at high temperature in these lasers.
Immunoregulation of murine myeloma in vitro. II. Suppression of MOPC-315 immunoglobulin secretion and synthesis by idiotype-specific suppressor T cells. (1982)

In previous studies, BALB/c mice immunized with trinitrophenyl-specific IgA protein (M315) produced by MOPC-315 developed idiotype (Id315)-specific T cells that suppressed M315 secretion in vivo. In the present in vitro studies, we show that inhibition of M315 secretion is mediated by a theta,Lyt-1-2+ cell that expresses a surface membrane receptor for Id315. The suppressor signal is a diffusable product that acts directly on M315-secreting myeloma cells. Inhibition of M315 secretion is T cell dose-dependent, Id315-specific, reversible, and occurs without any effect on MOPC-315 growth, viability, or surface membrane expression of M315. Inhibition of M315 secretion results from a selective inhibition of M315 synthesis in the myeloma cell. These studies provide new insight into the mechanisms of direct B cell regulation by idiotype-specific T cells.
Review of motor recovery in patients with traumatic brain injury (2009)

Detailed information about motor recovery is essential for brain rehabilitation because it enables us to establish scientific rehabilitative strategies and predict motor outcome. For this review, we summarized the literature on motor recovery of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI) in relation to the following: epidemiology of motor weakness, mechanisms of injury that cause motor weakness, course of motor recovery, and mechanisms underlying motor recovery. The motor weakness in patients with TBI is characterized by a low incidence, decreased severity, long recovery time, and good motor outcome when comparing with cognitive or behavior problems following TBI or the motor weakness affecting stroke patients. However, there are few studies describing the course of motor recovery and the underlying mechanisms of motor recovery. Knowledge in the course of recovery and the mechanisms of recovery can alert clinicians to obtain the salient information about the critical period for rehabilitation and the rehabilitative strategies respectively. Therefore, we suggest that further research should focus on these topics.