gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Collagen IV Induces Trophoectoderm Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells (2007)

The earliest segregation of lineages in the developing embryo is the commitment of cells to the inner cell mass or the trophoectoderm in preimplantation blastocysts. The exogenous signals that control commitment to a particular cell lineage are poorly understood; however, it has been suggested that extracellular "niche" and extracellular matrix, in particular, play an important role in determining the developmental fate of stem cells. Collagen IV (ColIV) has been reported to direct embryonic stem (ES) cell differentiation to mesodermal lineages in both mouse and human ES cells. To define the effects of ColIV on ES cell differentiation and to identify the resulting heterogeneous cell types, we performed microarray analyses and determined global gene expression. We observed that ColIV induced the expression of mesodermal genes specific to hematopoietic, endothelial, and smooth muscle cells and, surprisingly, also a panel of trophoectoderm-restricted markers. This effect was specific to collagen IV, as no trophoblast differentiation was seen on collagen I, laminin, or fibronectin. Stimulation with basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) or FGF4 increased the number of trophoectodermal cells. These cells were isolated under clonal conditions and successfully differentiated into a variety of trophoblast derivatives. Interestingly, differentiation of ES cells to trophoblastic lineages was only seen in ES cell lines maintained on embryonic feeder layers and was caudal-type homeobox protein 2 (Cdx2)-dependent, consistent with Cdx2's postulated role in trophoectoderm commitment. Our data suggest that, given the appropriate extracellular stimuli, mouse embryonic stem cells can differentiate into trophoectoderm. Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
A novel eddy current compensation scheme for pulsed gradient systems (1994)

We describe a modified pre-emphasis network that uses a number of fixed time constants, only whose amplitudes are adjustable. In comparison with variable time constant pre-emphasis networks we have used, the fixed time constant network is more effective and easier to set on the fly. We have further developed a method to set the fixed time constant network mathematically using a linear least squares technique.
Individual-Ion Addressing with Microwave Field Gradients (2013)

Individual-qubit addressing is a prerequisite for many instances of quantum information processing. We demonstrate this capability on trapped-ion qubits with microwave near fields delivered by electrode structures integrated into a microfabricated surface-electrode trap. We describe four approaches that may be used in quantum information experiments with hyperfine levels as qubits. We implement individual control on two 25Mg+ ions separated by 4.3 μm and find spin-flip crosstalk errors on the order of 10(-3).
Synthesis of methylenecyclopropene (1984)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of methylenecyclopropeneW. E. Billups, Long Jin Lin, and Edward W. CasserlyCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984, 106, 12, 3698–3699Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1984https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00324a064https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00324a064research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views306Altmetric-Citations75LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Simple post-processing technique to tune resonant frequency of film bulk acoustic resonators and stacked crystal filters (2002)

This paper describes a simple post-processing technique to tune the resonant frequency of an Al-ZnO-Al thickness-excitation film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR) and stacked crystal filters built on a low-stress silicon nitride membrane after fabrication. The post-fabrication technique uses a reactive ion etching (RIE) to remove a portion of the silicon nitride membrane. This simple, mask-less, technique tunes the resonant frequency by about 10% with a variation of within 0.2% over a 1.2 cm-square area (a typical chip size) in our RIE system, and also allows us to match the resonant frequency within 0.01% of the desired value. For a typical resonator with the fundamental resonant frequency around 1 GHz (that uses 0.8 /spl mu/m thick silicon nitride membrane, 0.2 /spl mu/m thick Al electrodes, 2.3 /spl mu/m thick ZnO), a 10% frequency tuning is obtained by removing about 0.45 /spl mu/m the nitride support membrane from the backside of the wafer. The nitride removal is typically done in about 12 minutes with CF/sub 4/ RIE at 100 Watts. The fQ factor of the resonator increases by about 5-8% after the nitride removal from a value of about 8.5/spl times/10/sup 11/ with quality factors in the range of 900. With this technique, we have achieved about 8% tuning of the center frequency (550 MHz) of the stacked crystal filters which have the loaded insertion loss of less than 5 dB in a 50 /spl Omega/ system. We have accurately simulated the tuning effect by modeling the resonator with cascaded transmission lines derived from the Mason's model.
THE OIL PALM "MANTLED" SOMACLONAL VARIATION: A MODEL FOR EPIGENETIC STUDIES IN HIGHER PLANTS (2009)

Epigenetics is the study of heritable changes in gene function that occur without a change in the DNA sequence. In plants, although epigenetic mechanisms help to protect cells from parasitic elements, this defense can complicate the genetic engineering process through transcriptional gene silencing. These phenomena have economic relevance in the case of somaclonal variation: a genetic and phenotypic variation among clonally propagated plants from a single donor genotype. In oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq), approximately 5% of somatic embryo-derived palms show abnormalities in their floral development. The mantled variant phenotype offers a very interesting model, because somaclonal variation alters the expression of genes coding, directly or indirectly for the flower structure and DNA hypomethylation has already been clearly demonstrated in somaclonal variants. Methylation sensitive DNA markers have been investigated using MSAP and MS-RFLP techniques and the three different classes of DNA methyltransferases have been studied comparatively in normal and variant material. Differential display and microarray approaches are currently developed in order to provide a range of putative candidate genes displaying expression which might be regulated through DNA methylation and/or chromatin remodeling. We have identified floral homeotic genes of the MADS box transcription factor family which are affected by the chain of events resulting in the mantled abnormality. Our aim is to describe specific molecular events which could be used for the development of markers of epigenetic instability in plants. These markers will be integrated in a strategy aimed at the identification of in vitro treatments which are prone to generate epigenetic variability in somatic embryogenesis-based micropropagation processes. (Resume d'auteur)
GDF3 at the Crossroads of TGF-beta Signaling (2006)

Embryonic stem (ES) cells present an excellent system for addressing the relevance of our current knowledge about how cell fate is determined and how cells integrate multiple signals into a single outcome as a function of time. Many of the factors that mediate these phenomena have been discovered through classical embryological experiments and are organized into several major signal transduction pathways including TGF-beta/BMP, Jak-STAT, Hedgehog, Wnt, Notch and FGF/MAPK. This review will summarize the current understanding of TGF-beta signaling in ES and focus on early embryological roles of the TGF-beta member, GDF-3. GDF-3 is associated with the undifferentiated state of ES cells and two recent and contradictory reports examined the function and mechanism of GDF-3 in the context of both stem cells and early embryonic differentiations. While Levine and Brivanlou found that GDF-3 inhibits its own subfamily members (the BMPs), Chen and colleagues found that GDF-3 acts as a nodal-like TGF-beta ligand. These combined findings raise the intriguing possibility that GDF-3 acts as a bi-functional protein, to regulate the balance between the two modes of TGF-beta signaling.
양산단층대의 단층작용 과정과 단층비지의 K-Ar 연령 (1999)

Microstructural research, XRD analysis and K-Ar age dating were performed with fault gouge samples taken from the Yangsan fault zone. Most of thin sections in microstructural study show that clay minerals have well grown under the influence of hydrothermal alteration in the matrix of the fault gouges and define clay foliations with parallel alignments. The foliations in the gouge zones could be interpreted as the latest products of faulting, since the preexisting features are not easy to be preserved through extensive reworking during faulting. Deformation mechanism in the gouge zones operated with the cataclasis of brittle deformation in the early stage of deformation and transferred subsequently to cataclastic flow in the regions of maximum localization of fault slip. Fluid-assisted processes were also occurred significantly in the gouge zones with every faulting. Clay minerals formed in the gouge zones are composed predominantly of smectite and illite/smectite (I/S) mixed-layers, with accessory illite, chlorite and kaolinite. Smectite is characterized by a dioctahedral type and I/S mixed-layers contain 70% smectite layers in the structure with R1 type in which smectite and illite layers are regularly alternated with each other. Illite is found to have the 1Mc1 polytype that is stable at low temperature, and its crystallinity ranges from 0.41 to 0.43. Illitization of smectite that was initially formed in gouges is considered to proceed through I/S mixed-layers in which the percentage of illite interlayers typically increases with reaction processes. Considering clay mineral characters analyzed, they were formed at relatively low temperatures during relatively a short period. K-Ar ages of the gouges derived from Bulguksa granites (Tdo and A₂) show 58.7 Ma and 50.3 Ma, and volcanic rocks of the Yuchon Group (Bhwa) 37.3 Ma. The ages of fault gouges are interpreted to represent those of hydrothermal alteration following the fault movements, corresponding to the early or old events of the Yangsan fault activities. The ages of 58.7 Ma (Tdo) and 50.3 Ma (A₂) which were gotten from the gouges taken along Quaternary faults mean that these faults reactivated along the preexisting faults in Quaternary.
Sensitivity and resistance of <i>Legionella pneumophila</i> to some antibiotics and combinations of antibiotics (1988)

For the treatment of Legionella pneumophila infections erythromycin and rifampicin are the antibiotics of choice. In view of reported therapy failures other antibiotics, e.g. the quinolones, are currently under investigation. The sensitivity of L. pneumophila to four antibiotics and to combinations of antibiotics was investigated and the rate of mutations was calculated. For 20 L. pneumophila strains we determined the MIC of rifampicin (0.002-0.004 mg/l), erythromycin (0.063-0.125 mg/l), norfloxacin (0.125 mg/l) and ciprofloxacin (0.016-0.032 mg/l). Mutation rates ranged from 1 x 10(-8) for ciprofloxacin to greater than 1 x 10(-7) for erythromycin, resulting in high-level resistance to rifampicin in most strains and erythromycin resistance in one strain, but not in resistance to the quinolones. The combination of erythromycin and rifampicin was synergistic (FIC index less than 0.5) against four of the L. pneumophila strains and showed indifference (FIC index 0.5-2.0) for the remainder (mean FIC index 0.79). Combinations of ciprofloxacin and erythromycin and of rifampicin and ciprofloxacin showed only indifference (mean FIC index respectively 1.05 and 1.21). Combining rifampicin with ciprofloxacin was not effective in reducing the number of mutants for either of these antibiotics, whereas the other combinations did prevent this.
Mutations induced at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase locus of human T-lymphoblasts by perturbations of purine deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools. (1990)

Chronic perturbations of intracellular deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) pools have been associated with a mutator phenotype and increased mutation rates at several genetic loci. We have examined the specific effects of transient pharmacological purine dNTP pool perturbations on mutations induced at the hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) locus in a cultured human T-lymphoblast cell line. Incubation of CEM cells with 50 microM 2'-deoxyguanosine for 6 h increased intracellular dGTP levels 43-fold and induced a 40-fold increase in mutation frequency at the HPRT locus. Six-h incubations with 5, 10, and 20 microM 2'-deoxyadenosine increased dATP pools 4.8-, 8-, and 14.5-fold, respectively, with 59-, 34-, and 43-fold increases in HPRT mutant fractions. In contrast, 24-h incubations with hydroxyurea at concentrations which inhibited cell growth to similar extents did not induce HPRT mutations. Sequencing of HPRT complementary DNA derived from mutant cell lines revealed that the mutations induced by transient purine dNTP pool perturbations exhibited no significant misincorporation of the nucleotide in excess or next-nucleotide effect, and were similar in nature and location to spontaneous HPRT mutations. We conclude that mutations caused by transient purine dNTP pool elevations in these dividing cells are most likely induced by inhibition of DNA repair processes.
Evaluation of a Hybrid Mathematics Methods Course for Novice Teachers (2013)

This paper reports the evaluation of a hybrid mathematics methods course for novice teachers. During a fifteen-week semester, participants met face-to-face for approximately 60% of the semester and took advantage of an online format for the other 40% of the semester. Online activities included asynchronous discussion board postings, synchronous chats as an entire class, synchronous chats in small groups, evaluation of technology tools, and electronic surveys. The researcher used participants’ feedback to evaluate the effectiveness of this hybrid format. In addition, the researcher reflected upon his own experiences as instructor to inform future course structure decisions. Within the context of the Rich Environments for Active Learning (REAL) framework, results suggest that cooperative support was a key component of the effectiveness of the experience. Further, participants emphasized one particular generative learning activity as an effective component of this course. Finally, this paper discusses implications for mathematics professional development facilitators.
[Value of Doppler velocimetry of the umbilical artery, aorta, cerebral artery, and uterine artery in pathological pregnancies]. (1991)

This prospective study try to evaluate the predictive value of Doppler umbilical artery in the diagnosis of intra-uterine retardation (IUGR) and fetal distress requiring operative delivery. We use the blood flow class (BFC) to characterize the blood velocity waveform. Like others, we found a strong negative correlation between the blood flow class and fetal weight at delivery. When the umbilical BFC is abnormal in case of suspicion of IUGR, the diagnosis is confirmed at delivery in 100%, but in case of umbilical BFC 0, we found only 53% of IUGR. If we consider the mode of delivery, we found 7% of cesarean section for fetal distress in BFC 0, 38% in BFC1 and 78% in BFC 2-3. We had 5 fetal death, two cases with malformations, non-immunologic hydrops and trisomy 18. The others three were severe IUGR, in all cases the umbilical Doppler BFC was abnormal. Another parameter was significantly modified in case of fetal distress: the cerebro-placental index. This confirm the brain sparing phenomenon. We found a prevalence of IUGR of 43% in the high risk pregnancies group. The positive predictive value of umbilical Doppler is 82%, but the sensitivity is low, 44%. The efficacy of umbilical Doppler to predict the occurrence of operative delivery for fetal distress is better, because the prevalence is lower, 18%, the positive predictive value is 60% and the sensibility 70%. There is non doubt that, fetal blood flow is a secondary test of great value in identifying fetuses at risk of perinatal hypoxia.
Integrated Power Harvesting System Including a MEMS Generator and a Power Management Circuit (2007)

This paper presents a novel ambient energy scavenging system for powering wireless sensor nodes. It uses a MEMS generator and an ASIC power management circuit. The system is realised as a system on a package (SoP) with all components fabricated entirely using the microfabrication techniques. The electromechanical transduction is performed using the piezoelectric effect of aluminium nitride thin films. The reported experimental results prove the possibility of exploiting very low amplitude signals delivered by the generator for charging a storage capacitor. It is also shown that the proposed system of 5 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> can endlessly power a simple wireless sensor node; while a lithium-polymer thin film battery of the same volume can do so only for less than two months.
Improvement of Pain and Disability in Elderly Patients with Degenerative Osteoarthritis of the Knee Treated with Narrow‐Band Light Therapy (1992)

Low-power light therapy is effective in relieving pain and disability in degenerative osteoarthritis of the knee.
YCOB Lasers (2000)

We review new developments with a new laser host material, YCa4O(BO3)3 or YCOB. Lasers based on this host material will open new opportunities for the development of compact, high-power, frequency-agile visible and near IR laser sources, as well as ultrashort-pulse sources. Efficient diode-pumped laser action with both Nd-doped and Yb-doped YCOB has already been demonstrated. Moreover, since these materials are biaxial and have high nonlinear optical coefficients, they have become the first laser materials available as efficient self-frequency-doubled lasers capable of providing tunable laser emission in several regions of the visible spectrum. Self-frequency doubling eliminates the need for inclusion of a nonlinear optical element within or external to the laser resonator. These laser materials possess excellent thermal and optical properties, have high laser-damage thresholds, and can be grown to large sizes. In addition they are non-hygroscopic. They, therefore, possess all the characteristics necessary for laser materials required in rugged, compact systems. Here, we summarize the rapid progress made in the development of this new class of lasers and review their potential for a number of applications.
A GH receptor antisense oligonucleotide inhibits hepatic GH receptor expression, IGF-I production and body weight gain in normal mice (2006)

Diabetic retinopathy and acromegaly are diseases associated with excess action of GH and its effector IGF-I, and there is a need for improved therapies. We have designed an optimised 2'-O-(2-methoxyethyl)-modified phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotide, ATL 227446, and demonstrated its ability to suppress GH receptor mRNA in vitro. Subcutaneous injections of ATL 227446 reduced GH receptor mRNA levels, GH binding activity and serum IGF-I levels in mice after seven days of dosing. The reduction in serum IGF-I could be sustained for over ten weeks of dosing at therapeutically relevant levels, during which there was also a significant decrease in body weight gain in antisense-treated mice relative to saline and mismatch control-treated mice. The findings indicate that administration of an antisense oligonucleotide to the GH receptor may be applicable to human diseases in which suppression of GH action provides therapeutic benefit.
Efficient unicast and multicast support for CMPs (2008)

Beyond a certain number of cores, multi-core processing chips will require a network-on-chip (NoC) to interconnect the cores and overcome the limitations of a bus. NoCs must be carefully designed to meet constraints like power consumption, area, and ultra low latencies. Although 2D meshes with DOR (dimension-order-routing) meet these constraints, the need for partitioning (e.g. virtual machines, coherency domains) and traffic isolation may prevent the use of DOR routing. Also, core heterogeneity and manufacturing and run-time faults may lead to partially irregular topologies. Routing in these topologies is complex, and previously proposed solutions required routing tables, which drastically increase power consumption, area, and latency. The exception is LBDR (logic-based distributed routing), a flexible routing method for irregular topologies that removes the need for using routing tables (both at end-nodes and switches), thus achieving large savings in chip area and power consumption. But LBDR lacks support for multicast and broadcast, which are required to efficiently support cache coherence protocols both for single and multiple coherence domains. In this paper we propose bLBDR, an efficient multicast and broadcast mechanism built on top of LBDR. bLBDR performs multicast operations using a logic-based broadcast within a domain (a region with bounds). This allows us to isolate the traffic into different domains, thus enabling the concept of visualization at the NoC level. Also, bLBDR extends the concept of routing regions in LBDR by providing a mechanism that allows the flexible definition of multiple domains, sets of network resources. bLBDR fulfills all the practical requirements, including not only low latency and power and area efficiency, but also support for visualization, partitionability, fault-tolerance, traffic isolation and broadcast across the entire network as well as constrained to coherency domains or regions. All this is achieved by a small and power efficient routing logic (7times area savings and 17times power reduction when compared to a routing table in an 8 times 8 mesh network).
Effect of dissipation on quantum coherence (1985)

The effect of dissipation on a macroscopic superposition of quantum states is studied with use of a Markovian master-equation approach. It is shown that a superposition of two states is reduced to a mixture at a rate proportional to the separation between the two states. This underlines the difficulty of observing a superposition of macroscopic quantum states in practice.