gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pulsed DC Glow Discharge Plasma Nitriding Process on the AISI 1045 Steel (2017)

In the present investigation, pulsed dc glow discharge plasma nitriding process on the AISI 1045 steel has been carried out at three different temperatures i.e., at 450°C, 475°C and 500°C for 10 hrs duration in order to achieve good nitride results. The microstructure of the base material and the nitrided layer has been examined by X-ray diffraction. Hardness property has been investigated for both un-nitrided and plasma-nitrided materials. It is observed that the microstructure of the core material remains unaltered and Iron Nitride is formed in the hardened surface layer after plasma nitriding at all the three temperatures employed. Surface hardness increases substantially after plasma nitriding. Surface hardness increases with the increase in plasma nitriding temperature due to greater diffusivity at higher temperatures.
Vicinal Diamination of Alkenes under Rh-Catalysis (2014)

The synthesis of 1,2-diamines has been achieved through a single-step, tandem sequence involving Rh-catalyzed aziridination followed by NaI-promoted rearrangement to an isomeric cyclic sulfamide. Facile ring opening of these products in hot water and pyridine affords differentially protected vicinal diamines. Demonstration of the utility of this method for the syntheses of (±)-enduracididine and (±)-allo-enduracididine is highlighted.
GARA: a geometry aided routing algorithm (2004)

We consider the problem of finding the most sustainable path (MSP) between two nodes in a wireless mobile ad-hoc network. An MSP between two nodes is a path that maximizes the probability of path existence under some probability model. We show how to exploit geometric properties in computing the reliability of a path in the resulting mobility graph, G, prove that simple shortest path algorithms such as Dijkstra's algorithm cannot be directly applied in this scenario and propose an algorithm for computing a single pair MSP in a modified representation of G. To improve reliability in routing, we also discuss the computation of the k most sustainable paths under a link metric, where the length of a path is given by the number of edges along the path, and under the standard shortest path formulation. We also discuss implementations and experimental results.
Susceptibility of Adult <I>Aethina tumida</I> (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) to Entomopathogenic Fungi (2006)

Aethina tumida Murray (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) is an invasive parasite species in populations of honey bees, Apis mellifera L. Aiming toward substitution of chemical control, we here identified a naturally occurring fungal pathogen of adult A. tumida from its endemic range in South Africa [Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin variety anisopliae strain FI-203]. The susceptibility of adult beetles (n = 400) to this fungus and to three other generalist entomopathogenic fungal isolates [Metarhizium anisopliae, Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin, and Hirsutella illustris Minter & Brady] was assessed using spore suspension bioassays. The data revealed significantly increased mortality in the B. bassiana (74.00 +/- 8.94%) and M. anisopliae variety anisopliae (28.00 +/- 16.43%) tests but not in the H. illustris (2.00 +/- 4.47%) and M. anisopliae (12.00 +/- 8.37%) groups. The results indicate a potential for entomopathogenic fungi as an alternative control of A. tumida.
3D model database system by hand sketch query (2003)

This paper proposes a 3D model database system that accepts the hand sketch image as its query. Recently, a lot of 3D models have been created and stored because of the great demand for CG animation productions and 3D game productions. Thus we need a 3D model database system that allows us to retrieve required models easily and accurately. The development of such a system poses two main problems: which feature can be assumed to be the best similarity measure among 3D models, and what is the best way to specify the query. The author proposes the use of a hand sketch image to deal with the second problem. The author has developed a 3D model database system based on silhouette image matching. Silhouette image matching means a similarity measure between a 3D model's silhouette images and the hand sketch images; this is a solution of the first problem. The paper proposes such a database system and describes the usefulness of the system with experimental results.
Nasal chemosensory cells use bitter taste signaling to detect irritants and bacterial signals (2010)

The upper respiratory tract is continually assaulted with harmful dusts and xenobiotics carried on the incoming airstream. Detection of such irritants by the trigeminal nerve evokes protective reflexes, including sneezing, apnea, and local neurogenic inflammation of the mucosa. Although free intra-epithelial nerve endings can detect certain lipophilic irritants (e.g., mints, ammonia), the epithelium also houses a population of trigeminally innervated solitary chemosensory cells (SCCs) that express T2R bitter taste receptors along with their downstream signaling components. These SCCs have been postulated to enhance the chemoresponsive capabilities of the trigeminal irritant-detection system. Here we show that transduction by the intranasal solitary chemosensory cells is necessary to evoke trigeminally mediated reflex reactions to some irritants including acyl-homoserine lactone bacterial quorum-sensing molecules, which activate the downstream signaling effectors associated with bitter taste transduction. Isolated nasal chemosensory cells respond to the classic bitter ligand denatonium as well as to the bacterial signals by increasing intracellular Ca(2+). Furthermore, these same substances evoke changes in respiration indicative of trigeminal activation. Genetic ablation of either G alpha-gustducin or TrpM5, essential elements of the T2R transduction cascade, eliminates the trigeminal response. Because acyl-homoserine lactones serve as quorum-sensing molecules for gram-negative pathogenic bacteria, detection of these substances by airway chemoreceptors offers a means by which the airway epithelium may trigger an epithelial inflammatory response before the bacteria reach population densities capable of forming destructive biofilms.
A miniaturized adaptive microphone array under directional constraint utilizing aggregated microphones (2006)

This paper introduces a miniaturized microphone array using the Directionally Constrained Minimization of Power (DCMP) method, which utilizes the transfer functions of microphones located at the same place, namely aggregated microphones. The phased microphone array realizes a noise reduction and direction of arrival (DOA) estimation system according to differences in the arrival time, phase shift, and/or the level of the sound wave for each microphone. Hence it is difficult to miniaturize the microphone array. The objective of our research is to miniaturize the system size using aggregated microphones. In this paper, we first show that the phased microphone array system and the proposed aggregated microphone system can be described within the same framework. We then apply a microphone array under directional constraint to the aggregated microphones and compare the proposed method with the microphone array. We show the directional pattern of the aggregated microphones. We also show the experimental results regarding DOA estimation.
A probabilistic relevance propagation model for hypertext retrieval (2006)

A major challenge in developing models for hypertext retrieval is to effectively combine content information with the link structure available in hypertext collections. Although several link-based ranking methods have been developed to improve retrieval results, none of them can fully exploit the discrimination power of contents as well as fully exploit all useful link structures. In this paper, we propose a general relevance propagation framework for combining content and link information. The framework gives a probabilistic score to each document defined based on a probabilistic surfing model. Two main characteristics of our framework are our probabilistic view on the relevance propagation model and propagation through multiple sets of neighbors. We compare eight different models derived from the probabilistic relevance propagation framework on two standard TREC Web test collections. Our results show that all the eight relevance propagation models can outperform the baseline content only ranking method for a wide range of parameter values, indicating that the relevance propagation framework provides a general, effective and robust way of exploiting link information. Our experiments also show that using multiple neighbor sets outperforms using just one type of neighbors significantly and taking a probabilistic view of propagation provides guidance on setting propagation parameters.
Heterocyclic system containing bridgehead nitrogen atom. Part III. 3-Substituted-, 2,3-disubstituted-5,6-dihydro-4<i>H</i>-imidazo[2,1-<i>b</i>]thiazoles and 3-substituted-, 2,3-disubstituted-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothiazolo[3,2-<i>a</i>]pyrimidines (1969)

The syntheses of 3-substituted-, 2,3-disubstituted-5,6-dihydro-4H-imidazo[2,1-b]thiazoles and 3-substituted-, 2,3-disubstituted-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidines have been achieved by reacting ketones with 2-mercaptoimidazoline and 2-mercapto-3,4,5,6-tetrahydropyrimidine respectively in the presence of iodine. The condensation has also been affected by replacing iodine with bromine.
Lanthanide-based thermometers: At the cutting-edge of luminescence thermometry (2018)

Present technological demands in micro and nanoelectronics, photonics, micro and nanofluidics, and biomedicine, among other areas, have reached a point such the use of conventional contact thermometers is not able to make measurements when spatial resolution decreases to the submicron scale. The development of novel non-contact thermal probes is, then, mandatory, contributing to an expansionary epoch of luminescence thermometry. Luminescence thermometry based on trivalent lanthanide ions becomes very popular since 2010 due to the unique versatility, stability and narrow emission band profiles of the ions that cover the entire electromagnetic spectrum with relatively high emission quantum yields. Here we give a perspective overview of the field since the beginnings in the 1950’s until the most recent cutting-edge examples. The current movement towards the use of the technique as a tool for thermal imaging, early tumor detection and as a tool for unveiling properties of the thermometers themselves or of their local surroundings is also summarized.
Stereochemistry of sodium borohydride reduction of tryptophan synthase of Escherichia coli and its amino acid Schiff's bases. (1982)

Tryptophan synthase alpha 2 beta 2 complex containing [4'-3H]pyridoxal phosphate was reduced with sodium borohydride in the presence of various substrates and analogs in an attempt to trap reaction intermediates. Reduction in the presence of L-serine gave noncovalently bound radioactive material which was identified as phosphopyridoxylalanine, presumably resulting from reduction of the intermediate Schiff's base formed between pyridoxal phosphate and alpha-aminoacrylate. The tritium in this compound was located in the pro-R position at C-4', indicating that reduction of the Schiff's base double bond had occurred on the Si face at C-4'. On the other hand, analysis of phosphopyridoxyllysine obtained by hydrolysis of the reduced [3H]pyridoxal-P-alpha 2 beta 2 protein showed that the internal Schiff's base had been reduced on the C-4' Re face, suggesting a cofactor reorientation upon substrate binding. Analysis of phosphopyridoxylalanine from a reduction of unlabeled alpha 2 beta 2 complex in the presence of (2S,3R)-[2,3-2H2]serine with tritiated sodium borohydride demonstrated the presence of tritium at C-4' (50%), C-2 (20%), and C-3 (30%). According to the configuration at C-3, reduction of the phosphopyridoxal-alpha-aminoacrylate Schiff's base has occurred from the same side of the molecule at C-4' and C-3.
<i>Chlamydia pneumoniae</i> Expresses Genes Required for DNA Replication but Not Cytokinesis during Persistent Infection of HEp-2 Cells (2001)

Chlamydia pneumoniae causes community-acquired pneumonia and is associated with several chronic diseases, including asthma and atherosclerosis. The intracellular growth rate of C. pneumoniae slows dramatically during chronic infection, and such persistence leads to attenuated production of new elementary bodies, appearance of morphologically aberrant reticulate bodies, and altered expression of several chlamydial genes. We used an in vitro system to further characterize persistent C. pneumoniae infection, employing both ultrastructural and transcriptional activity measurements. HEp-2 cells were infected with C. pneumoniae (TW-183) at a multiplicity of infection of 3:1, and at 2 h postinfection gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) was added to the medium at 0.15 or 0.50 ng/ml. Treated and untreated cultures were harvested at several times postinfection. RNA was isolated and reverse transcribed, and reverse transcription (RT)-PCR analyses targeting primary transcripts from chlamydial rRNA operons as well as dnaA, polA, mutS, minD, ftsK, and ftsW mRNA were done. Some cultures were fixed and stained for electron microscopic analysis, and a real-time PCR assay was used to assess relative chlamydial chromosome accumulation under each culture condition. The latter assays showed that bacterial chromosome copies accumulated severalfold during IFN-gamma treatment of infected HEp-2 cells, although less accumulation was observed in cells treated with the higher dose. Electron microscopy demonstrated that high-dose IFN-gamma treatment elicited aberrant forms of the bacterium. RT-PCR showed that chlamydial primary rRNA transcripts were present in all IFN-gamma-treated and untreated cell cultures, indicating bacterial metabolic activity. Transcripts from dnaA, polA, mutS, and minD, all of which encode products for bacterial chromosome replication and partition, were expressed in IFN-gamma-treated and untreated cells. In contrast, ftsK and ftsW, encoding products for bacterial cell division, were expressed in untreated cells, but expression was attenuated in cells treated with low-dose IFN-gamma and absent in cells given the high dose of cytokine. Thus, the development of persistence included production of transcripts for DNA replication-related, but not cell division-related, genes. These results provide new insight regarding molecular activities that accompany persistence of C. pneumoniae, as well as suggesting requirements for reactivation from persistent to productive growth.
Evaluation of breast cancer with a computer‐aided detection system by mammographic appearance and histopathology (2005)

The CAD system correctly marked a large majority of biopsy-proven breast cancers, with a greater sensitivity for lesions with microcalcifications and without significant impact of performance based on tumor histopathology. CAD was highly effective in detecting invasive lobular carcinoma (sensitivity, 95%) and ductal carcinoma in situ (sensitivity, 95%). CAD represents a useful tool for the detection of breast cancer.
Successful direct fluorination of oxygen-containing hydrocarbons (1975)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSuccessful direct fluorination of oxygen-containing hydrocarbonsJ. L. Adcock, R. A. Beh, and R. J. LagowCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1975, 40, 22, 3271–3275Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1975Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1975https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00910a024https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00910a024research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views247Altmetric-Citations25LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
An HF/UHF dual mode RFID transponder antenna and HF range extension using UHF wireless power transmission (2016)

An HF/UHF compatible RFID transponder antenna is designed, simulated, and measured for dual band operation and HF range extension. A dual mode compatible RFID transponder antenna has the benefits of each mode and eliminates the disadvantages of single mode operation. One of the major drawbacks of UHF antennas is their poor performance when the tag is placed on or near metallic objects. To overcome this shortcoming, two-layer substrate with degenerate grounded is used and a 4-turn spiral antenna is placed on the top and bottom parts of the substrate for HF operation. The co-existence of both antennas affects standalone performances but desired specifications can be achieved with the proposed design. A prototype is built and measured to verify the target design criteria$.$ Measured inductance of the HF loop is 2.54 $\mu $H and the gain of the UHF antenna is 2.73 dBi when placed on a metallic can. The transponder antenna can be configured for HF mode, UHF mode, or HF with range extension through a wireless power transmission (WPT) using the UHF band. WPT at the UHF band provides additional DC voltage for HF tag operation. This relatively new idea of HF range extension is supported with simulations and basic measurements.
Technology of electroplating copper with low-K material a-C:F for 0.15-μm damascence interconnection (2000)

In our work, fluorinated amorphous carbon films (a-C:F) was deposited by PECVD. The amorphous carbon films (a-C:F) with low dielectric constant (K-2.3), thermal stability and acceptable adhesion to cap-layer such as SiOF was obtained by optimum of content ration between carbon with fluorine and adding few SiH<SUB>4</SUB> for improvement of adhesion. The etching profile with high aspect ratio and etching selection ration more than 50 (a- C:F/SiOF) were obtained by etching gas of N<SUB>2</SUB>+O<SUB>2</SUB>. Furthermore, we demonstrated the technology of electroplating copper in trenches or vias as small as 0.15 micrometers , 6:1 AR. The wetting agent system was consisted of mainly two molecular weights polyethylene glycols (PEG). The small molecular weight PEG with better diffusion ability for reducing the surface tension and the larger PEG enhancing grain growth control was proposed for the first time to wet the inner portion of the sub- 150 nm damascene feature. The leveling agent system was mainly heterocyclic compound contained N, S atoms offering sufficient activation over-potential and selective inhibition gradient.
Incremental Train Control System (2010)

In 1995, GE started development of the incremental train control system (ITCS) for Amtrak to use on its Michigan corridor between Detroit and Chicago. The primary objective for ITCS was to allow Amtrak passenger trains to operate at 110 mi/h intermixed with freight traffic. To achieve this objective, the traditional wayside signal system would be enhanced with a positive train control (PTC) system to enforce the wayside signal indications (train movement authorities) and operating speed limits. Additionally, the highway-rail grade crossings had to provide the required warning time for trains operating at higher speeds than for what the crossings had originally been designed (79 mi/h). ITCS in Michigan is a fail-safe (vital) positive train control system that overlays the existing signal system for improved safety and provides a cost-effective solution for high-speed train operation. ITCS meets the requirements for PTC, a train control system recently mandated by the U.S. federal government to prevent trainto-train collisions, over-speed derailments, incursions into roadway worker zones, and movement over a misaligned track switch.
Loss-of-function genetics in mammalian cells: the p53 tumor suppressor model (2000)

Using an improved system for the functional identification of active antisense fragments, we have isolated antisense fragments which inactivate the p53 tumour suppressor gene. These antisense fragments map in two small regions between nt 350 and 700 and nt 800 and 950 of the coding sequence. These antisense fragments appear to act by inhibition of p53 mRNA translation both in vivo and in vitro. Expression of these antisense fragments overcame the p53-induced growth arrest in a cell line which expresses a thermolabile mutant of p53 and extended the in vitro lifespan of primary mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Continued expression of the p53 antisense fragment contributed to immortalisation of primary mouse fibroblasts. Subsequent elimination of the antisense fragment in these immortalised cells led to restoration of p53 expression and growth arrest, indicating that immortal cells continuously require inactivation of p53. Expression of MDM2 or SV40 large T antigen, but not E7 nor oncogenic ras, overcomes the arrest induced by restoration of p53 expression. Functional inactivation of both p21 and bax (by overexpression of Bcl2), but not either alone, allowed some bypass of p53-induced growth arrest, indicating that multiple transcriptional targets of p53 may mediate its antiproliferative action. The ability to conditionally inactivate and subsequently restore normal gene function may be extremely valuable for genetic analysis of genes for which loss-of-function is involved in specific phenotypes.
Regeneration and Transdifferentiation Potential of Muscle‐Derived Stem Cells Propagated as Myospheres (2006)

We have isolated from mouse skeletal muscle a subpopulation of slow adherent myogenic cells that can proliferate for at least several months as suspended clusters of cells (myospheres). In the appropriate conditions, the myospheres adhere to the plate, spread out, and form a monolayer of MyoD(+) cells. Unlike previously described myogenic cell lines, most of the myosphere cells differentiate, without cell fusion, into thin mononucleated contractile fibers, which express myogenin and skeletal muscle myosin heavy chain. The presence of Pax-7 in a significant proportion of these cells suggests that they originate from satellite cells. The addition of leukemia inhibitory factor to the growth medium of the myospheres enhances proliferation and dramatically increases the proportion of cells expressing Sca-1, which is expressed by several types of stem cells. The capacity of myosphere cells to transdifferentiate to other mesodermal cell lineages was examined. Exposure of cloned myosphere cells to bone morphogenetic protein resulted in suppression of myogenic differentiation and induction of osteogenic markers such as alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin. These cells also sporadically differentiated to adipocytes. Myosphere cells could not, so far, be induced to transdifferentiate to hematopoietic cells. When inoculated into injured muscle, myosphere-derived cells participated in regeneration, forming multinucleated cross-striated mature fibers. This suggests a potential medical application.