gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
AdWords and generalized online matching (2007)

How does a search engine company decide what ads to display with each query so as to maximize its revenue? This turns out to be a generalization of the online bipartite matching problem. We introduce the notion of a trade-off revealing LP and use it to derive an optimal algorithm achieving a competitive ratio of 1−1/ e for this problem.
Sex-specific exons control DNA methyltransferase in mammalian germ cells (1998)

The spermatozoon and oocyte genomes bear sex-specific methylation patterns that are established during gametogenesis and are required for the allele-specific expression of imprinted genes in somatic tissues. The mRNA for Dnmt1, the predominant maintenance and de novo DNA (cytosine-5)-methyl transferase in mammals, is present at high levels in postmitotic murine germ cells but undergoes alternative splicing of sex-specific 5' exons, which controls the production and localization of enzyme during specific stages of gametogenesis. An oocyte-specific 5' exon is associated with the production of very large amounts of active Dnmt1 protein, which is truncated at the N terminus and sequestered in the cytoplasm during the later stages of oocyte growth, while a spermatocyte-specific 5' exon interferes with translation and prevents production of Dnmt1 during the prolonged crossing-over stage of male meiosis. During the course of postnatal oogenesis, Dnmt1 is present at high levels in nuclei only in growing dictyate oocytes, a stage during which gynogenetic developmental potential is lost and biparental developmental potential is gained.
Biochemical Changes Associated With the Symptomatic Human Intervertebral Disk (1993)

Significant changes in disk biochemistry were evident in the nuclei pulposi of 25 symptomatic disks that demonstrated abnormal diskography. Compared with the results from ten normal disk from young subjects (mean age, ten years) and from ten asymptomatic disks from adult patients (mean age, 33 years), the symptomatic disks demonstrated significantly greater collagen content than the young and asymptomatic adult subjects, respectively. Significantly fewer total glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and significantly less water content were also evident for the diseased disks. The mean pH of the nucleus pulposus from 23 patients was also significantly reduced for the symptomatic disks as compared with the mean pH measured for four asymptomatic adult subjects. Although significantly fewer total GAGs were observed for the symptomatic disks, there were no significant differences in the percent composition of hyaluronic acid (HA), chondroitin sulfate (CS), or keratan sulfate (KS) among the normal and symptomatic disks. Significant changes in disk biochemistry are associated with the symptomatic disk, and these changes could contribute to the development of the painful disk syndrome.
Conjugated Polymer Microspheres for “Turn-Off”/“Turn-On” Fluorescence Optosensing of Inorganic Ions in Aqueous Media (2011)

The synthesis and characterization of a novel water-compatible microsized material, based on fluorescent conjugated polymers (CPs), and its applicability for optical sensing of inorganic ions of environment interest (copper and cyanide) in water media is here described. Polyfluorene-based fluorescent CPs were synthesized and functionalized with imidazole moieties (selective recognition element) and a terminal double bond (covalently linked to an organic matrix) through a postfunctionalization strategy. Further, microspheres of the novel imidazole-functionalized fluorescent CPs, able to work in water media, were synthesized via a microemulsion and polymerization procedure. The synthesized imidazole-functionalized CP microspheres were then evaluated as fluorescence "turn-Off" sensing materials for Cu(2+) detection in aqueous media. Analyte detection was based on the quenching effect of the Cu(2+), selectively recognized by the imidazole group, on the polymer fluorescence emission. The developed optosensor exhibits a detection limit of 1 μg/L for the determination of Cu(2+) in water with a reproducibility of 4%. The synthesized microsized material was also evaluated for the "turn-on" optosensing of cyanide in water, measuring the recovery of the emission signal from the CP that has been previously deactivated by the presence of quencher species. The "turn-On" optosensor allows the selective determination of free cyanide in aqueous solution with high sensitivity (detection limit of 18 μg/L), obtaining a reproducibility of 2.9%. A high sample throughput (between 7 and 12 samples per hour) was achieved in both cases. Analytical applicability of the fluorescent CP microsphere materials has been successfully demonstrated by tap and mineral water analysis.
Adjusting the Outputs of a Classifier to New a<i>Priori</i>Probabilities: A Simple Procedure (2002)

It sometimes happens (for instance in case control studies) that a classifier is trained on a data set that does not reflect the true a priori probabilities of the target classes on real-world data. This may have a negative effect on the classification accuracy obtained on the real-world data set, especially when the classifier's decisions are based on the a posteriori probabilities of class membership. Indeed, in this case, the trained classifier provides estimates of the a posteriori probabilities that are not valid for this real-world data set (they rely on the a priori probabilities of the training set). Applying the classifier as is (without correcting its outputs with respect to these new conditions) on this new data set may thus be suboptimal. In this note, we present a simple iterative procedure for adjusting the outputs of the trained classifier with respect to these new a priori probabilities without having to refit the model, even when these probabilities are not known in advance. As a by-product, estimates of the new a priori probabilities are also obtained. This iterative algorithm is a straightforward instance of the expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm and is shown to maximize the likelihood of the new data. Thereafter, we discuss a statistical test that can be applied to decide if the a priori class probabilities have changed from the training set to the real-world data. The procedure is illustrated on different classification problems involving a multilayer neural network, and comparisons with a standard procedure for a priori probability estimation are provided. Our original method, based on the EM algorithm, is shown to be superior to the standard one for a priori probability estimation. Experimental results also indicate that the classifier with adjusted outputs always performs better than the original one in terms of classification accuracy, when the a priori probability conditions differ from the training set to the real-world data. The gain in classification accuracy can be significant.
Rate and Mechanism of Oxidative Addition of Aryl Triflates to Zerovalent Palladium Complexes. Evidence for the Formation of Cationic (.sigma.-Aryl)palladium Complexes (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRate and Mechanism of Oxidative Addition of Aryl Triflates to Zerovalent Palladium Complexes. Evidence for the Formation of Cationic (.sigma.-Aryl)palladium ComplexesAnny Jutand and Adil MoslehCite this: Organometallics 1995, 14, 4, 1810–1817Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/om00004a038https://doi.org/10.1021/om00004a038research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2520Altmetric-Citations205LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Welcoming Remarks at the ASTM/NBS Symposium on Spreading Resistance Measurements Gaithersburg, Maryland June 13, 1974 (1974)

Good morning. It is a real pleasure for me to bid you welcome to the ASTM/NBS Symposium on Spreading Resistance Measurements on behalf of the National Bureau of Standards and, in particular, on behalf of the Bureau's Electronic Technology Division. I welcome also your co-host Bob Scace, Chairman of Committee F-l on Electronics of the American Society for Testing and Materials. Sharing this period of welcome with Bob is, I believe, representative of the long continuing cooperation between NBS and ASTM in many fields, always with the common interests of improvements in technology, in methods of measurement and specifications, and in the promotion of sound and effective voluntary standards. Many of you are old friends of NBS and our Division but some are becoming acquainted with us for the first time at this Symposium. I would like to address my first few remarks to these new visitors. I am sure you are aware of the NBS role in maintaining and disseminating the primary standards of measurement for this Nation. But the Bureau carries on an amazingly wide variety of activities in other fields as diverse as pollution control and building research, dental materials and cryogenics, standard reference data and computer research, all stemming from the broad charter established by Congress nearly three quarters of a century ago. Here again in its breadth and subject matter the Bureau's interests parallel those of ASTM to a surprising degree.
ADSORPTION SPEED AND MASS TRANSFER ZONE ANALYSIS OF WA- TER VAPOUR ON THE SOLID SORBENT MATERIALS ZEOLITE AND SILICAGEL WITH THE FOCUS ON THE HEAT EXCHANGER DESIGN (2006)

Thermal energy for domestic hot water and heating use is stored in water tanks. Depending on the time of charging and the consumption the size of the storage tank has to be adjusted. In solar thermal systems, tanks sizes are typically around 0.3 – 0.5 cubic meter for single family houses and in case of seasonal storage systems up to several
6′′‐Thioether Tobramycin Analogues: Towards Selective Targeting of Bacterial Membranes (2012)

Amphiphilic tobramycin analogues with potent antibacterial activity against tobramycin-resistant bacteria were synthesized. Most analogues were found to be less prone to deactivation by aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes than tobramycin. These compounds target the bacterial membrane rather than the ribosome (see picture). The lipophilic residue of these analogues is key to their antibacterial potency and selectivity towards bacterial membranes. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Impact of Measurement Periods on Website Rankings and Traffic Estimation: A User-centric Approach (1999)

Abstract Impact of measurement periods on website rankings is investigated using the data collected by a user-centric method. Their impact on the estimation of website traffic is also investigated. The findings indicate that site reach increases by approximately 71% from one day to one week and one week to four weeks, and site frequency increases by 55% from one week to one month. Site rankings are found affected not by the length of measurement periods but by the sorting criterion.
Temperature-Responsive Graft Copolymer Hydrogels for Controlled Swelling and Drug Delivery (2012)

Abstract Temperature-responsive graft copolymers of N-isopropylacrylamide and Jeffamine® M-1000 acrylamide were synthesized to provide controlled swelling without introducing degradable moieties or increasing the LCST above body temperature. Jeffamine® M-1000 caused a small LCST increase (0.24–0.27°C/wt%) and a broader sol-gel transition. Twenty wt% copolymer gels (Mw> 225 kDa) retained their initial volume after 42 days, while homopolymer gels shrank by more than 50%. Copolymer gels eluted <20% of ovalbumin over 6 days whereas homopolymer gels released >90% within 3 h. These results suggest that Jeffamine® M-1000 acrylamide is suitable for inclusion in N-isopropylacrylamide-based biomaterials to control swelling and drug release nearly independently of LCST. Keywords: Drug deliveryGraft copolymer N-isopropylacrylamideSwellingTemperature-responsive polymer Acknowledgments The authors acknowledge funding from the Arizona Biomedical Research Commission, Grant #0810, and a National Science Foundation GK-12 Down to Earth Science Graduate Fellowship (D.J.O.).
Effects of Dissolved Oxygen Concentrations in Aero-hydroponics on the Formation and Growth of Adventitious Roots (1988)

Abstract Cuttings of Ficus benjamina L. and Chrysanthemum × morifolium ( Dendranthema grandiflora tzvelev.) were rooted in aero-hydroponics to study the effect of dissolved oxygen concentrations in the range of 8 mg·liter. (ambient saturation) to 0 mg·liter −1 . The results of this study indicate that dissolved oxygen is essential to root formation and root growth. Woody ( Ficus ) and herbaceous ( Chrysanthemum ) cuttings responded similarly. Lowering the dissolved oxygen concentration increased the time required to form adventitious roots, reduced rooting percentages, reduced numbers of roots formed per cutting, and reduced average root lengths. Comparisons between stirred and unstirred water suggested the development of an area of depleted oxygen concentration (boundary layer) at the stem-water interface on cuttings immersed in unstirred water. Cuttings in water stirred constantly rooted sooner and formed more roots than did those in unstirred water. Maximum rooting occurred in misted (high dissolved oxygen concentrations) sections of cuttings suspended in the aero-hydroponics chambers. Chemical name used: potassium salt of lH-indole-3-butyric acid (K-IBA).
Efficacy of a teat dip containing the bacteriocin lacticin 3147 to eliminate Gram-positive pathogens associated with bovine mastitis (2009)

On most dairy farms teat dips are applied to the teats of cows either before or after milking in order to prevent pathogens from gaining access to the mammary gland via the teat canal. In the present experiments, a natural teat dip was developed using a fermentate containing the live bacterium Lactococcus lactis DPC 3251. This bacterium produces lacticin 3147, a two-component lantibiotic which was previously shown to effectively kill Gram-positive mastitis pathogens. Lacticin 3147 activity in the fermentate was retained at 53% of its original level following storage for 3 weeks at 4°C. In the initial experiments in vitro, 10 5 colony-forming units/ml (cfu/ml) of either Staphylococcus aureus , Streptococcus dysgalactiae or Streptococcus uberis were introduced into the lacticin-containing fermentate. Neither Staph. aureus nor Str. dysgalactiae could be detected after 30 min or 15 min, respectively, while Str. uberis was reduced approximately 100-fold after 15 min. Following these trials, preliminary experiments were performed in vivo on teats of lactating dairy cows. In these experiments, teats were coated with each of the challenge organisms and then dipped with the lacticin-containing fermented teat dip. Following a dip contact time of 10 min, staphylococci were reduced by 80% when compared with the undipped control teat. Streptococcal challenges were reduced by 97% for Str. dysgalactiae and by 90% for Str. uberis . These trials showed that the teat dip is able to reduce mastitis pathogens on the teats of lactating cows.
Proteomic Identification of Cysteine Cathepsin Substrates Shed from the Surface of Cancer Cells (2015)

Extracellular cysteine cathepsins are known to drive cancer progression, but besides degradation of extracellular matrix proteins little is known about their physiological substrates and thus the molecular mechanisms they deploy. One of the major mechanisms used by other extracellular proteases to facilitate cancer progression is proteolytic release of the extracellular domains of transmembrane proteins or ectodomain shedding. Here we show using a mass spectrometry-based approach that cathepsins L and S act as sheddases and cleave extracellular domains of CAM adhesion proteins and transmembrane receptors from the surface of cancer cells. In cathepsin S-deficient mouse pancreatic cancers, processing of these cathepsin substrates is highly reduced, pointing to an essential role of cathepsins in extracellular shedding. In addition to influencing cell migration and invasion, shedding of surface proteins by extracellular cathepsins impacts intracellular signaling as demonstrated for regulation of Ras GTPase activity, thereby providing a putative mechanistic link between extracellular cathepsin activity and cancer progression. The MS data is available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD002192.
The marine halophytes <i>Carpobrotus edulis</i> L. and <i>Arthrocnemum macrostachyum</i> L. are potential sources of nutritionally important PUFAs and metabolites with antioxidant, metal chelating and anticholinesterase inhibitory activities (2012)

Abstract We report antioxidant, metal chelating and anticholinesterase activities of methanol extracts from two edible halophytes, Carpobrotus edulis and Arthrocnemum macrostachyum. We also report a preliminary chemical screening, total contents of phenolic compounds in the extracts and the fatty acid profiles of both species. Arthrocnemum macrostachyum is a potential source of metabolites with free radical scavenging, iron (Fe 3+ ) reducing and copper (Cu 2+ ) chelating activities; it had a high concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (46.5%), mainly α-linolenic and linoleic acids. Carpobrotus edulis had dual anti-cholinesterase activity against both acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. Both species had a high content of phenolic compounds. Arthrocnemum macrostachyum is a potential biological source of biochemicals counteracting free radical-induced oxidative damage and also degenerative diseases associated with metabolic stress, such as cancer and neurological disorders. Carpobrotus edulis is a candidate species for future studies on novel and alternative therapies for the treatment of neurological disorders associated with low levels of acetylcholine in the brain.
Targeted complement inhibition and microvasculature in transplants: a therapeutic perspective (2015)

Active complement mediators play a key role in graft-versus-host diseases, but little attention has been given to the angiogenic balance and complement modulation during allograft acceptance. The complement cascade releases the powerful proinflammatory mediators C3a and C5a anaphylatoxins, C3b, C5b opsonins and terminal membrane attack complex into tissues, which are deleterious if unchecked. Blocking complement mediators has been considered to be a promising approach in the modern drug discovery plan, and a significant number of therapeutic alternatives have been developed to dampen complement activation and protect host cells. Numerous immune cells, especially macrophages, develop both anaphylatoxin and opsonin receptors on their cell surface and their binding affects the macrophage phenotype and their angiogenic properties. This review discusses the mechanism that complement contributes to angiogenic injury, and the development of future therapeutic targets by antagonizing activated complement mediators to preserve microvasculature in rejecting the transplanted organ.
History of Red-crowned Crane <i>Grus japonensis</i> and its habitats in China (1998)

Summary The historical distribution of the Red-crowned Crane Grus japonensis together changes in its breeding and wintering grounds in China are reviewed. According to historical information the bird mainly bred in Heilongjiang and Jilin Provinces and wintered at coastal regions near the Yangtze estuary. Due to geographical and anthropological changes, the breeding grounds gradually moved to the west and south while the wintering grounds moved northward. Efforts have been made to protect this endangered species but factors still exist which restrict further development of the population.
Stresses in Ceramic Plates Subjected to Loading Between Concentric Rings (2002)

Plates of both square and round geometries are tested to determine the strength and fatigue properties of ceramics under multiaxial stresses. The necessary tolerances required for accurate testing are not well documented in published literature. The stresses in square and round plates subjected to loading between concentric rings were investigated via the finite element analysis method. In particular, the effects of load ring concentricity and the amount of the plate overhanging the support ring were investigated. Also, the errors generated by testing square plates between circular rings were investigated. The analyses were performed in support of an effort by the American Society for Testing and Materials Committee C28 on Advanced Ceramics to standardized multiaxial testing of ceramic plates.
Response surface optimization of ultrasound‐assisted flavonoids extraction from the flower of <i>Citrus aurantium</i> L. var. <i>amara</i> Engl (2010)

Citrus aurantium L. var. amara Engl is a member of genus Citrus (Rutaceae) and has been used in Chinese medicine with the effectiveness of digestant and expectorant. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction process for maximum flavonoids from the flower of Citrus aurantium L. var. amara Engl was investigated by response surface methodology. Through single factor experiment, ranges of the main variables (including ethanol concentration, solid/liquid ratio, extraction time and temperature) affecting the extraction yield of flavonoids were confirmed. Box-Behnken central composite design consisting of 24 experimental runs and 5 replicates at zero point was then applied and a regress model was obtained to predict the optimal extraction yield. The ANOVA indicated that the regression equation fits very well with the actual situation, reflecting the relationship between the extraction yield of flavonoids and extraction conditions. The optimal conditions were as follows: extraction temperature 72.11 degrees C, time 51.89 min, ethanol concentration 51.19% and liquid/solid ratio of 40:10. Under the optimal conditions, the maximum response value of yield (1.88%) was consistent with the experimental value (1.87%), indicating the feasibility and validation of response surface methodology in optimizing the extraction of flavonoids from the flower of Citrus aurantium L. var. amara Engl.
Hard anodizing of 2024 aluminium alloy using pulsed DC and AC power (1987)

SummaryPulsed (SCR) DC and AC power were used for hard anodizing 2024 aluminium alloy in sulphuric acid. Detailed studies including current/time transients, microhardness, roughness, abrasion resistance, metallographic examination and compositional analysis, revealed that under the experimental conditions used, pulsed AC power failed to produce satisfactory hard anodic film but pulsed DC power gave much better results. Although cracks and higher surface roughness characterised the pulsed DC-formed film, pulsed DC power was more preferable for hard anodizing than pulsed AC power. Voids were found within DC-formed 2024-F anodic film and were related to film growth and film properties, and made 2024-F a better choice than 2024-T4 for hard anodizing.