gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chromonic liquid crystals: properties and applications as functional materials (2008)

Chromonic liquid crystals (or chromonics) are formed by the self-organization of aromatic compounds with ionic or hydrophilic groups in aqueous solutions. This review summarizes the research on chromonic liquid crystals in the last two decades. The research embraced the studies of commercially available chromonic dyes and drugs, the syntheses and investigations of molecularly designed mesogens, the invention of novel processes for aligning chromonic liquid crystals, and the development of new applications as functional materials and biosensors.
Pre‐mRNA secondary structure and the regulation of splicing (1993)

Nuclear pre-mRNAs must be precisely processed to give rise to mature cytoplasmic mRNAs. This maturation process, known as splicing, involves excision of intron sequences and ligation of the exon sequences. One of the major problems in understanding this process is how splice sites, the sequences which form the boundaries between introns and exons, can be accurately selected. A number of studies have defined conserved sequences within introns which were later shown to interact with small nuclear ribonucleoproteins (snRNPs). However, due to the simplicity of these conserved sequences it has become clear that other elements must be involved and a number of studies have indicated the importance of secondary structures within pre-mRNAs. Using various examples, we shall show that such structures can help to specify splice sites by modifying physical distances within introns or by being involved in the definition of exons and lastly, that they can be part of the regulation of alternative splicing.
A Non-Linear Computer for the Solution of Servomechanism Problems (1953)

This thesis describes the details of an electronic computer capable of generating arbitrary functions of one or more dependent variables. The design of the essential equipment is discussed, and operating instructions as well as complete circuit diagrams are included for easy reference of future researchers.

The computer is used to generate arbitrary functions of an independent variable, and a wide range of functions is shown. Various classical nonlinear problems including Duffing's equation and Van der Pol's equation are solved on the computer and compared with known theory. A discussion, augmented by oscillograms, is presented on nonlinear damping. The computer then is used to improve the response of two feedback control systems. Both systems, which were taken from actual devices met in practice, have inherent nonlinearities. With the aid of the electronic computer the response of these systems is improved. In the solution of the servo system, an interesting nonlinear phenomenon was discovered which is discussed in detail.
Polyrotaxane Composed of Poly-<scp>l</scp>-lactide and α-Cyclodextrin Exhibiting Protease-Triggered Hydrolysis (2009)

Biodegradable polyrotaxanes (PRXs) were synthesized from bis-amino-terminated poly(L-lactide) (PLLA) and alpha-cyclodextrin (alpha-CD), combined with capping by bulky end groups at the amino-termini of PLLA through enzymatically cleavable peptide linkages. The crystalline structure of the PRXs in the solid state was investigated by wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXRD), and the results suggested that PRX forms a column-type crystalline structure. Hydrolysis of ester bonds of the PLLA in PRX was prevented due to the supramolecular structure. However, in the presence of a protease (papain), the hydrolysis of PLLA in PRX was induced. The removal of the bulky end groups by the protease acted as a trigger for the release of alpha-CD and allowed hydrolysis of the PLLA ester bonds. Such unique hydrolysis behavior, that is, proteinase-triggered degradation of a polyester, was achieved by the combination of the supramolecular architecture, biodegradable PLLA, and enzymatically cleavable end groups.
Altered peptide ligands of myelin basic protein (MBP<sub>87–99</sub>) conjugated to reduced mannan modulate immune responses in mice (2009)

Mutations of peptides to generate altered peptide ligands, capable of switching immune responses from T helper 1 (Th1) to T helper 2 (Th2), are promising candidates for the immunotherapy of autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS). We synthesized two mutant peptides from myelin basic protein 87-99 (MBP(87-99)), an immunodominant peptide epitope identified in MS. Mutations of residues K(91) and P(96), known to be critical T-cell receptor (TCR) contact sites, resulted in the mutant peptides [R(91), A(96)]MBP(87-99) and [A(91), A(96)]MBP(87-99). Immunization of mice with these altered peptide ligands emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant induced both interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-4 (IL-4) responses compared with only IFN-gamma responses induced to the native MBP(87-99) peptide. It was of interest that [R(91), A(96)]MBP(87-99) conjugated to reduced mannan induced 70% less IFN-gamma compared with the native MBP(87-99) peptide. However, [A(91), A(96)]MBP(87-99) conjugated to reduced mannan did not induce IFN-gamma-secreting T cells, but elicited very high levels of interleukin-4 (IL-4). Furthermore, antibodies generated to [A(91), A(96)]MBP(87-99) peptide conjugated to reduced mannan did not cross-react with the native MBP(87-99) peptide. By molecular modelling of the mutant peptides in complex with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II, I-A(s), novel interactions were noted. It is clear that the double-mutant peptide analogue [A(91), A(96)]MBP(87-99) conjugated to reduced mannan is able to divert immune responses from Th1 to Th2 and is a promising mutant peptide analogue for use in studies investigating potential treatments for MS.
Performance analysis of a multistage quasi-orthogonal minimum output energy multiuser detector for turbo coded CDMA systems in multipath environment (2005)

In this paper presents the performance of the multistage quasi-orthogonal minimum output energy (QOMOE) detector for a turbo coded CDMA system. The QOMOE detector minimizes the output variance with respect to the component equivalent to the quasi-orthogonal component to the desired user's signature waveform, then the solution is the linear minimum mean square error (LMMSE) transformation. The multistage QOMOE multiuser detector (MuD) employs maximal-ratio combiner (QOMOE-MRC) for detection of the desired user, and feeds a soft decision Viterbi decoder. A comparison is made among multistage detectors with first stage QOMOE-MRC, matched filter (MF-MRC), decorrelator-MRC, LMMSE-MRC and blind adaptive-MRC detector, in a frequency flat Rayleigh fading channel. Analysis and simulation results show that the multistage QOMOE-MRC has better performance than that of multistage LMMSE-MRC detector.
Blind Justice: Fairness with Encrypted Sensitive Attributes (2018)

Recent work has explored how to train machine learning models which do not discriminate against any subgroup of the population as determined by sensitive attributes such as gender or race. To avoid disparate treatment, sensitive attributes should not be considered. On the other hand, in order to avoid disparate impact, sensitive attributes must be examined, e.g., in order to learn a fair model, or to check if a given model is fair. We introduce methods from secure multi-party computation which allow us to avoid both. By encrypting sensitive attributes, we show how an outcome-based fair model may be learned, checked, or have its outputs verified and held to account, without users revealing their sensitive attributes.
Two Sides of the Same Coin (2014)

As forensic human identification receives increased global attention, practitioners, policy makers, and students need an appropriate resource that describes current methods and modalities that have shaped today’s policies and protocols. A supplemental follow-up to Forensic Human Identification: An Introduction, Advances in Forensic Human Identification covers advances in the most well-known scientific techniques and discusses new and developing subjects and modalities of human identification.A
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Properties of the Compounds Er<sub>1‐x</sub>Nd<sub>x</sub>Fe<sub>11.35</sub>Nb<sub>0.65</sub> (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.5). (1998)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Temporal frequency responsivity shows multiple maturational phases: State-dependent visual evoked potential luminance flicker fusion from birth to 9 months (1993)

Maturation of temporal resolution was investigated in a visual evoked potential study in 77 infants from birth to 9 months of age. Luminance evoked potential measures in response to homogeneous sinusoidal flickering light (1-64 Hz) were recorded under behavioral state-defined conditions. Behavioral state was determined by direct observation and by polygraphic recording of the electroencephalogram (EEG), eye movements (EOG), muscle activity (EMG), heart rate (ECG), and respiration. Temporal-frequency functions of the amplitude of the fundamental response across the temporal-frequency range were recorded during sleep and wakefulness. The highest temporal-frequency response recorded during wakefulness was accepted as a measure for inclusion in a growth function of temporal-frequency responsiveness. The resulting temporal resolution frequency vs. age function showed three separate maturational phases. Maturational phases were defined as (1) an initial slow phase from 1-32 days postnatal during which maturation of temporal vision is unremarkable; (2) an intermediate rapid phase of improvement from age 26 to 170 days; and (3) an overlapping but final slow phase from 151 to at least 270 days during which adult-like flicker resolution is approximated. This study suggests that the multiple maturational phases of the infant's responses to flickering light are due to maturational differences, which correspond with maturation of structural factors of brain function. Finally, across the age span tested, high-frequency responsivity was influenced significantly by the degree of infant arousal.
Tumor Cell Adhesion As a Risk Factor for Sentinel Lymph Node Metastasis in Primary Cutaneous Melanoma (2015)

The addition of cell adhesion-linked gene expression variables to clinicopathologic variables improves the identification of patients with SLN metastases within 90 days of melanoma diagnosis.
Zapping Behavior during Commercial Breaks (2001)

<h3>ABSTRACT</h3> The impact of consumer channel switching, or ‘zapping,’ on the effectiveness of TV commercials is addressed. Among the more significant findings in this research is the result that nonzappers can recall more of the brands advertised than zappers. Furthermore, for brands that are successfully recalled by zappers, those placed toward the end of a commercial break achieve the highest level of recall.
Design and implementation of a high-resolution, high-efficiency optical spectrometer (2002)

We present the design, implementation and testing of a high-efficiency, high-resolution transmission grating spectrometer for measurements of near-ultraviolet to visible-range spectra of light from an electron beam ion trap, where geometry is constrained. The system consists of two 5 in. diameter f/4.6 achromatic lenses, a 6 in. diameter transmission grating ion-beam etched in fused silica, and a thinned, backilluminated CCD detector. The simple design minimizes the number of optical components, each with optimal throughput and high efficiency. Using a 30 μm wide entrance slit, a resolving power (λ/Δλ) of 15 400 at λ≈3850 Å has been demonstrated. The features and limitations of the instrument have been explored and an in situ calibration technique for use on the Livermore EBIT-II and SuperEBIT electron beam ion traps has been developed.
MMBGX: a method for estimating expression at the isoform level and detecting differential splicing using whole-transcript Affymetrix arrays (2009)

Affymetrix has recently developed whole-transcript GeneChips-'Gene' and 'Exon' arrays-which interrogate exons along the length of each gene. Although each probe on these arrays is intended to hybridize perfectly to only one transcriptional target, many probes match multiple transcripts located in different parts of the genome or alternative isoforms of the same gene. Existing statistical methods for estimating expression do not take this into account and are thus prone to producing inflated estimates. We propose a method, Multi-Mapping Bayesian Gene eXpression (MMBGX), which disaggregates the signal at 'multi-match' probes. When applied to Gene arrays, MMBGX removes the upward bias of gene-level expression estimates. When applied to Exon arrays, it can further disaggregate the signal between alternative transcripts of the same gene, providing expression estimates of individual splice variants. We demonstrate the performance of MMBGX on simulated data and a tissue mixture data set. We then show that MMBGX can estimate the expression of alternative isoforms within one experimental condition, confirming our results by RT-PCR. Finally, we show that our method for detecting differential splicing has a lower error rate than standard exon-level approaches on a previously validated colon cancer data set.
Gene conversion associated with site-specific recombination in yeast plasmid pSR1. (1988)

A circular DNA plasmid, pSR1, isolated from Zygosaccharomyces rouxii has a pair of inverted repeats consisting of completely homologous 959-base pair (bp) sequences. Intramolecular recombination occurs frequently at the inverted repeats in cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, as well as in Z. rouxii, and is catalyzed by a protein encoded by the R gene of its own genome. The recombination is, however, independent of the RAD52 gene of the host genome. A site for initiation of the intramolecular recombination in the S. cerevisiae host was delimited into, at most, a 58-bp region in the inverted repeats by using mutant plasmids created by linker insertion. The 58-bp region contains a pair with 14-bp dyad symmetry separated by a 3-bp spacer sequence. The recombination initiated at this site was accompanied by a high frequency of gene conversion (3 to 50% of the plasmid clones examined). Heterogeneity created by the linker insertion or by a deletion (at most 153 bp so far tested) at any place on the inverted repeats was converted to a homologous combination by the gene conversion, even in the rad52-1 mutant host. A mechanism implying branch migration coupled with DNA replication is discussed.
Drusen-Associated Degeneration in the Retina (2003)

Retinal cells overlying both soft and hard drusen exhibit structural and molecular abnormalities indicative of photoreceptor degeneration and Müller glial activation. These abnormalities resemble the degenerative effects common to many forms of retinal degeneration, but are confined to areas directly overlying drusen. This suggests that photoreceptor cell function is compromised as a consequence of drusen formation.
Acquisition and Fine Acquisition of Weak GPS L2C and L5 Signals under High Dynamic Conditions for Limited-Resource Applications (2005)

BIOGRAPHY Nesreen Ziedan received a B.S. (with honors) in Electri- cal Engineering from Zagazig University, Egypt, in 1997; an Information Technology Diploma in Computer Networks from the Information Technology Institute, Egypt, in 1998; an M.S. in Control and Computer Engineering from Man- soura University, Egypt, in 2000; and a Ph.D. in Electrical Engineering from Purdue University, USA, in 2004. She was a lecturer in the Computer and Systems Engineering Department at Zagazig University from 1997 to 1999. She also worked as a consultant in 2004-2005, and as a research associate at Miami University in 2005. ABSTRACT Acquisition and fine acquisition algorithms are developed to work with weak L2C and L5 GPS signals. The algo- rithms utilize the structures and properties of the new sig- nals to achieve high performance with reduced processing and memory requirements. This is to allow the use of the new signals with applications that have limited resources. Long coherent and incoherent integrations are used, with- out requiring any assisting information. Correlation is per- formed using new versions of the modified Double Block Zero Padding (MDBZP) that was introduced for weak L1 C/A signals. The acquisition of the L2C signal consists of three stages: Acquisition of the CM signal; fine acquisition of the phase, Doppler shift and Doppler rate; and acquisition of the CL signal. The acquisition of the I5 and Q5 channels is per- formed separately. The Q5 channel is used for the fine ac- quisition of the carrier. The coherent integration used with the acquisition of the L2C/CM code and the L5/I5 channel is a multiple of one data bit interval. The most likely data bit combination is es- timated over each PIT and used to remove the data bits prior to including each coherent integration result into a longer in- coherent accumulation. The coherent integration used with the data-less L2C/CL and Q5 channel can take any length. In addition, a method is introduced to deal with the acquisi- tion of high dynamic signals The performance of the developed algorithms are (lemon- strated using simulated GPS signals with carrier to noise ra- tio down to 10 dB-Hz, and TCXO clocks. The results have shown the ability of the algorithms to work reliably with such weak signals.
Emerging Chirality in Artificial Spin Ice (2012)

Artificial spin ice, made up of planar nanostructured arrays of simple ferromagnetic bars, is a playground for rich physics associated with the spin alignment of the bars and spin texture associated with the magnetic frustration at the bar vertices. The phase diagram is exotic, showing magnetic monopole-like defects and liquid and solid phases of spins arranged in loop states with predicted chiral order. We show that magnetotransport measurements in connected honeycomb structures yield the onset of an anomalous Hall signal at 50 kelvin. The temperature scale can be attributed to the long-range dipolar ice phase. The topological Hall signal arises because chiral loops form at the sample edges, indicating a generic route to exotic states via nanoarray edge structure.
Dendritic Cells Enhance the Differentiation of Naïve B Cells into Plasma Cells <i>In Vitro</i> (1998)

We have shown previously that in vitro-generated human dendritic cells have an effect on the response of B cells at various stages of their differentiation. In a culture system described for the in vitro induction of plasma-cell differentiation, it was reported that naïve B cells have a poor propensity to differentiate into plasma cells. In such a culture system, 12% of naïve B cells differentiated into plasma cells in the presence of IL-2 and IL-10, despite the interruption of CD40 signalling which is necessary for plasma-cell differentiation. However, as reported herein, naïve B cells differentiated fully into plasma cells in response to dendritic cells. Addition of dendritic cells enhanced this differentiation strikingly by recruiting 57% of B cells as plasma cells producing IgM, but also IgG and IgA. In this model, dendritic cells act in synergy with IL-2 at an early stage of CD40-dependent B-cell differentiation, while IL-2 and IL-10 act together, at a later stage, in the generation of plasma cells in a CD40-independent manner. Thus, in addition to the key role played by dendritic cells in the initiation of T-cell responses, our results suggest that dendritic cells regulate humoral responses.
Evaluation of Cast Titanium Alloy Compressor Components. Volume 1 (1981)

The objective of this program was to characterize the properties of cast titanium alloy compressor impellers to provide a background for design, processing, and qualification for service in the Solar T62T-40 Titan auxiliary power unit and similar small radial gas turbine engines. Four titanium alloy investment casting foundries participated in the production of straight vane test wheels, a low-cost representation of the compressor impellers. As-cast and hot isostatic pressed (HIPed) Ti-6A1-4V was seen to have less than half the high cycle fatigue strength (20 to 30 ksi versus 60 ksi) of equivalent sections from forged and machined impellers. A modified solution heat treatment and aging cycle was developed which restored the fatigue strength to approximately 50 ksi, and which provided adequate tensile strength and ductility. High cycle fatigue strength of weld repaired vanes was significantly lower than that of unwelded, however. Cast and machined wheels offer substantial cost savings over wheels conventionally machined from forgings. These savings may be as much as 50%, or about $900 per wheel.
Fan Size and Energy Efficiency (2002)

The use of ceiling mounted circulating fans to provide air movement for cooling in industrial premises and animal houses is particularly essential in warm, humid climates. Methods to substantially improve the efficiency of this approach are demonstrated in this paper. Fan laws are identified as one source of strategies for increasing energy-efficiency of fans. Industrial ceiling fans are used to demonstrate that using larger, slower, fans will not only improve energy efficiency but also reduce fan noise. By using large diameter fans (7.3m diameter) in place of conventional fans, energy savings of over 40% are demonstrated. Field studies of air flow characteristics from ceiling fans are shown to provide further opportunities to increase air flow efficiency in industrial buildings. Utilising lower friction losses associated with the Coanda effect in air flow adjacent to the floor is shown to increase air flow toward the outer limits of the radial outflow. Lower fan mounting heights are also shown to provide increased air flow toward the outer limits of the radial outflow. For situations where the floor plane has numerous obstructions to air flow, CFD software is suggested as a means to simulate air flow before installation of fans. Where possible, validation of CFD software output against physical measurements is advised.
Memory T Cells in Transplantation: Old Challenges Define New Directions (2020)

Immunologic memory is the ability of adaptive immune system to quickly and specifically recognize previously encountered antigens and initiate an effector response. Alloreactive memory cells can mount rapid and robust responses to the transplanted organ resulting in allograft injury. Thus preexisting humoral or cellular memory alloresponses are typically associated with poor graft outcomes in experimental and clinical transplantation. While both B and T lymphocytes exhibit memory responses, this review discusses recent updates on the biology of memory T cells and their relevance to the field of transplantation. Three major areas of focus are the emergence and characterization of tissue resident memory T cells, manipulation of T cell metabolic pathways, and the latest promising approaches to targeting detrimental T cell memory in the settings of organ transplantation.