gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hypoxanthine in Iced Freshwater Fish (1967)

The formation of hypoxanthine in ordinary muscle was followed in 36 individual yellow walleye (Stizostedion vitreum) and in 22 individual whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis) stored in ice. At the time of death, the average hypoxanthine content was approximately the same for the two species (0.25 μmole/g); it increased gradually to 1.52 μmole/g in 22 days and to 2.54 μmole/g in 18 days in yellow walleye and in whitefish respectively. The average rate of formation in yellow walleye (0.06 μmole/g per day) was the same as in ordinary muscle of swordfish; the rate of formation in whitefish (0.13 μmole/g per day) was slightly higher than that of Atlantic salmon, but lower than that of haddock, petrale sole, and several other marine species. Large variation in rate of formation was noticed between individual yellow walleyes. The average hypoxanthine content of both yellow walleyes and whitefish taken as groups was found to be proportional to the number of days in storage. No difference in average rate of formation was noticed between whitefish fillets from opposite sides of the fish, nor between fresh and thawed fish. The hypoxanthine content appears to be suitable as an index of freshness for groups of fish, not of individual fish.
Polymeric conductive pastes as solder replacement for flip-chip attachment (1998)

The fabrication and characterization of flip-chip assemblies using four polymeric conductive pastes as attachment materials are reported. Three thermoset and one thermoplastic polymeric conductive pastes were investigated. Polymeric conductive pastes having silver particles 2 μm in size made good contact to either smooth or rough metal. Electrical contact with pastes whose particles were 5 μm or larger could only be obtained on rough metal.
Polycarbonate Simulations with a Density Functional Based Force Field (1999)

The results of density functional calculations of the structural and vibrational properties of molecules related to polycarbonate have been used to optimize the parameters describing a classical atomistic force field. This field has then been used in extensive Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations of crystalline, amorphous, and liquid polycarbonate systems. Applications include thermal properties of crystal and liquid phases, the glass transition, and vibrational properties and surface structure of the amorphous material. Molecular dynamics calculations using both this force field (DF-ff) and one derived from MD simulations of liquids (liq-ff) describe reasonably well the structure factor of amorphous bisphenol A polycarbonate.
Diabetogenic action of streptozotocin: relationship of dose to metabolic response (1969)

The relationship between the dose of intravenously administered streptozotocin (a N-nitroso derivative of glucosamine) and the diabetogenic response has been explored by use of the following indices of diabetogenic action: serum glucose, urine volume, and glycosuria, ketonuria, serum immunoreactive insulin (IRI), and pancreatic IRI content. Diabetogenic activity could be demonstrated between the doses of 25 and 100 mg/kg, all indices used showing some degree of correlation with the dose administered. Ketonuria was only seen with the largest dose, 100 mg/kg. The most striking and precise correlation was that between the dose and the pancreatic IRI content 24 hr after administration of the drug, and it is suggested that this represents a convenient test system either for both related and unrelated beta cytotoxic compounds or for screening for modifying agents or antidiabetic substances of a novel type. Ability to produce graded depletion of pancreatic IRI storage capacity led to an analysis of the relationship between pancreatic IRI content and deranged carbohydrate metabolism. Abnormal glucose tolerance and insulin response were seen when pancreatic IRI was depleted by about one-third, while fasting hyperglycemia and gross glycosuria occurred when the depletion had reached two-thirds and three-quarters, respectively. The mild yet persistent anomaly produced by the lowest effective streptozotocin dose, 25 mg/kg, exhibits characteristics resembling the state of chemical diabetes in humans and might thus warrant further study as a possible model. Finally, the loss of the diabetogenic action of streptozotocin by pretreatment with nicotinamide was confirmed and was shown to be a function of the relative doses of nicotinamide and streptozotocin and of the interval between injections.
DDoS attack detection by using packet sampling and flow features (2014)

DDoS attack becomes a challenge to the security of the Internet. The DDoS attack, which consumes a lot of valuable computing of communication resources, is known hard to defend. Aiming to the threat caused by DDoS attacks, current network requires an effective detection method. Therefore, an intrusion detection system on large network is needed for real-time detection. In this paper, we propose detection mechanism system by using packet sampling and flow feature against DDoS attacks in order to guarantee the transmission of normal traffic and prevent the flood of abnormal traffic. Our approach is proved to be efficiency by OPNET simulation results.
Radiative damping and synchronization in a graphene-based terahertz emitter (2014)

We investigate the collective electron dynamics in a recently proposed graphene-based terahertz emitter under the influence of the radiative damping effect, which is included self-consistently in a molecular dynamics approach. We show that under appropriate conditions synchronization of the dynamics of single electrons takes place, leading to a rise of the oscillating component of the charge current. The synchronization time depends dramatically on the applied dc electric field and electron scattering rate and is roughly inversely proportional to the radiative damping rate that is determined by the carrier concentration and the geometrical parameters of the device. The emission spectra in the synchronized state, determined by the oscillating current component, are analyzed. The effective generation of higher harmonics for large values of the radiative damping strength is demonstrated.
Causeway: a message-oriented distributed debugger (2009)

An increasing number of developers face the difficult task of debugging distributed asynchronous programs. This trend has outpaced the development of adequate debugging tools and currently, the best option for many is an ad hoc patchwork of sequential tools and printf debugging. This paper presents Causeway, a postmortem distributed debugger that demonstrates a novel approach to understanding the behavior of a distributed program. Our message-oriented approach borrows an effective strategy from sequential debugging: To find the source of unintended side-effects, start with the chain of expressed intentions. We show how Causeway&apos;s integrated views – describing both distributed and sequential computation – help users navigate causal pathways as they pursue suspicions. We highlight Causeway&apos;s innovative features which include adaptive, customizable event abstraction mechanisms and graphical views that follow message flow across process and machine boundaries. 1.
Cardiac sympathetic nerve activity and ventricular fibrillation during acute myocardial infarction in a conscious sheep model (2007)

The association between cardiac sympathetic nerve activity (CSNA) and ventricular fibrillation (VF) during acute myocardial infarction (MI) has not been assessed in conscious animal models. During the first 60 min post-MI, mean blood pressure (MBP), heart rate (HR), and CSNA were recorded continuously in 20 conscious sheep. Resistant sheep (group A, n = 10) were compared with susceptible sheep (group B, n = 10) who developed fatal VF (n = 7) or sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT, n = 3). The mean time to VF/VT was 28.1 +/- 3.3 min. In group B, MBP, HR, and CSNA were averaged at each consecutive minute from baseline at 14 min before the onset of VF/VT and compared with time-matched values in group A. When compared with those of group A, indexes of CSNA burst size increased before the onset of VF/VT: burst area/minute (F(13,208) = 2.17, P = 0.01) and burst area/100 beats (F(13,208) = 1.86, P = 0.04). By contrast, burst frequency indexes were not significantly different: burst frequency (F(13,208) = 1.6, P = 0.09) and burst incidence (F(13,208) = 1.48, P = 0.13). In group A, CSNA burst area/min and burst area/100 beats did not change across this time period (F(13,117) = 0.97, P = 0.5, F(13,117) = 0.96, P = 0.7) but increased with time in group B (F(13,91) = 2.3, P = 0.01; and F(13,91) = 2.25, P = 0.01). Between-group comparisons demonstrated no differences in time of onset of ventricular ectopic beats: 18.5 (range 12-24) in group A versus 15.0 min (range 7-22) in group B (Mann-Whitney U-test, P = 0.09). Pre-MI baroreflex slopes were similar: R-R slopes were 11.8 +/- 2 and 15.6 +/- 1.1 ms/mmHg (t(18) = -1.6, P = 0.14). CSNA slopes were -1.8 +/- 0.3 and -2.3 +/- 0.2%/mmHg (t(18) = -1.4, P = 0.2). An early increase in CSNA burst size indexes (before 60 min post-MI), mediated by an excitatory sympathetic reflex, is important in the genesis of VF/VT.
Increased Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Kidney Leads to Progressive Impairment of Glomerular Functions (2007)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important mediator in maintaining normal kidney functions. In addition, several lines of evidence suggest that upregulation of VEGF in glomeruli may be associated with or cause renal dysfunction such as diabetic nephropathy. For elucidation of the pathologic consequences of high levels of VEGF in glomeruli, transgenic (Tg) rabbits that express human VEGF(165) isoform in both kidney and liver under the control of the human alpha-1-antitrypsin promoter were generated and characterized. With the use of heterozygous Tg rabbits and their littermates aged 8 to 55 wk, renal functions and structures were investigated. Compared with control rabbits, Tg rabbits exhibited progressive proteinuria with increased GFR at the early stage and decreased GFR at the later stage. Histologic examinations revealed that Tg rabbit kidneys were characterized by considerable glomerular hypertrophy as a result of increased proliferation of both glomerular capillaries and mesangial cells accompanied by prominent podocyte hypertrophy. With increasing age starting from 20 wk, Tg rabbit kidneys showed prominent formation of microaneurysms and capillary proliferation at the vascular pole area. At a later stage (55 wk), many glomeruli showed sclerosis and tuft collapse with the formation of glomerular cysts on a background of tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis. This study provides the first evidence that increased expression of VEGF in glomeruli directly causes the glomerular hypertrophy that is associated with proteinuria, suggesting that VEGF exerts multiple effects on the glomerular pathophysiologic processes.
Immunomodulation by human seminal plasma: a benefit for spermatozoon and pathogen? (1997)

The immunosuppressive effect of human seminal plasma and its implications for sperm survival are reviewed. Human semen contains high concentrations of prostaglandins that can effect a cytokine-mediated switch away from a cell-mediated immune response. This effect on antigen presenting cells would induce a state of non-responsiveness to sperm antigens in the female reproductive tract. It is postulated that the induction of anergy to sperm antigen may be fundamental to the continuing fecundity of the individual. However, although this immune system modulation will benefit the spermatozoa, the response to infective agents present in semen will also be affected, which may play a critical role in the aetiology and progress of sexually transmitted disease.
Wearable Organic Optoelectronic Sensors for Medicine (2014)

Organic optoelectronic devices that can be used to make compact, wearable sensors for medicine and sports are shown and two examples are given: a tissue-oxygenation sensor and a muscle-contraction sensor. It is demonstrated how the muscle-contraction sensor on a volunteer's arm can successfully control the robot arm.
The Effect of Field Size and Chromatic Surroundings on Color Discrimination* (1952)

Visual sensitivities to color differences were determined for four colors in the presence of five surrounding fields. The colors matched were red, green, blue, and white. The surrounding fields were successively red, green, blue, white, and black. Color-discrimination ellipsoids were determined for the above conditions for matching fields subtending 12 degrees and 2 degrees. Large visual fields allow better color discrimination than fields covering only the foveal region. For small matching fields, discrimination is reduced by surrounding fields of different color. With large (12-degree) matching fields, color discrimination is relatively independent of the surround.
Impact of Motor Size &amp; Efficiency on Acceleration, Fuel Consumption &amp; Emissions of Split-Axle Through-the-Road Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle (2014)

A split-axle parallel hybrid drive-train with in-wheel motors allows for existing combustion-engine-driven vehicles to be converted into a hybrid vehicle with minor mechanical modification, resulting in a retrofit-conversion hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). This is achieved by placing electric motors in the hub of the otherwise non-driven wheels. Due to the wheel hub’s size constraint, the allowable size and power of the electric in-wheel motor that can be installed is severely restricted to less than 10 kW per wheel, which raises the concern of lack of improved performance compared to the original vehicle. This work analyzes the influence of motor sizing and efficiency on acceleration performance, fuel consumption and emission levels of three different converted hybrid vehicles, through simulation. Results provide insight into sensitivity of different-sized vehicles with varying-size engines, to the size and efficiency of the retrofitted electric motor.
Visualizing metrics on areas of interest in software architecture diagrams (2009)

We present a new method for the combined visualization of software architecture diagrams, such as UML class diagrams or component diagrams, and software metrics defined on groups of diagram elements. Our method extends an existing rendering technique for the so-called areas of interest in system architecture diagrams to visualize several metrics, possibly having missing values, defined on overlapping areas of interest. For this, we use a solution that combines texturing, blending, and smooth scattered-data point interpolation. Our new method simplifies the task of visually correlating the distribution and outlier values of a multivariate metric dataset with a system's structure. We demonstrate the application of our method on component and class diagrams extracted from real-world systems.
Susceptibility of IFN Regulatory Factor-1 and IFN Consensus Sequence Binding Protein-Deficient Mice to Brucellosis (2002)

IFN-gamma is a key cytokine controlling Brucella infection, and the diverse functions of this cytokine are mediated by IFN regulatory factors (IRFs) such as IRF-1, IRF-2, and IFN consensus sequence binding protein (ICSBP). However, the roles of these three IRFs in Brucella infection have not been investigated. The infection of each IRF-deficient mouse strain provides an opportunity to determine not only the significance of each IRF molecule but also the crucial immune components necessary for host defense during in vivo infection, because respective IRF-deficient mouse strains contain unique immunodeficient phenotypes. Brucella abortus S2308-infected IRF-1-/- mice were dead within 2 wk postinfection, while IRF-2-/- mice contained less splenic Brucella CFU than wild-type mice at the early stage of infection. Infected ICSBP-/- mice maintained a plateau of splenic Brucella CFU throughout the infection. Additional infection of IL-12p40-, NO synthase 2-, and gp91(phox)-deficient mice indicates that these immune components are crucial for Brucella immunity and may contribute to the susceptibility of IRF-1-/- and ICSBP-/- mice. Immunologic and histopathological analyses of infected IRF-1-/- mice indicate that the absence of IL-12p40 induction and serious hepatic damage are involved in the death of IRF-1-/- mice. These results indicate that 1) IRF-1 and ICSBP are essential transcriptional factors for IFN-gamma-mediated protection against Brucella; 2) IL-12, reactive nitrogen intermediates, and reactive oxygen intermediates are crucial immune components against Brucella, and their absence may contribute to the susceptibility of IRF-1-/- and ICSBP-/- mice; and 3) hepatic damage caused by Brucella virulence contributes to the death of IRF-1-/- mice.
RLC Lattice Networks (1953)

A method is presented for the realization of a general transfer impedance as an open-circuited lattice. The method is a simple one based on a partial-fraction expansion of the given function. No restriction other than that of physical realizability is placed on the function to be realized; thus both minimum-phase and nonminimum-phase functions are realizable by this method. A part of the method allows control over the Q's of the coils used in the final network. The achieved lattice has the significant features of requiring no mutual inductance and no perfect coils, that is, every inductance appears with an associated series resistance so that in building the network low-Q coils may be used.
Perceptual decomposition of virtual haptic surfaces (1993)

The analysis and construction of virtual haptic surfaces are considered from a perceptual point of view rather than from the dynamics and controls approach of prior work. The authors developed a perceptual decomposition of surface contact sensation by examining three qualities associated with the different stages of interaction with a haptic wall simulation. These qualities are the crispness of initial contact, the hardness of surface rigidity, and the cleanness of final release from the virtual wall's surface. These qualities, plus an overall rating of wall quality, were employed consistently by seven subjects to evaluate a set of six simple haptic wall simulations. Three of the wall models consisted of single linear springs; the remainder, single viscous dampers. Highest rankings of subjective hardness were associated with the spring models; damper models received the highest crispness rankings. Subjects favored the simple spring models as having, overall, the more wall-like perceptual character.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Successful endoscopic treatment of a 12-cm small-bowel Crohn stricture with a custom-made biodegradable stent (2014)

A 52-year-old man originally diagnosed with ulcerative colitis presented with an inflamed small-bowel stricture in the ascending limb of an ileoanal J-pouch and was subsequently diagnosed with Crohn disease. The stricture did not respond to medical treatment with either methotrexate or adalimumab, and repeated endoscopic balloon dilation relieved the patient's obstructive symptoms only briefly. As surgical revision was deemed impossible, removal of the J-pouch was advised, but the patient refused an ileostomy. MRI and fluoroscopy during endoscopy revealed a stenosis that was 12 cm in length ([Fig. 1]). A custom-made biodegradable polydioxanone monofilament 15-cm stent was manufactured with a body diameter of 15 mm and a throat diameter of 18 mm (SX-ELLA BD biodegradable stent; ELLA-CS, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic) ([Fig. 2]). The delivery system was designed as a pull system with distal release. The endoscopic procedure with stent deployment was performed under radiological guidance, and with the patient under general anesthesia. The delivery of the stent was uncomplicated and no adverse events were registered ([Fig. 3 a]). The patient described instant relief of his obstructive symptoms. At endoscopic follow-up at 3 weeks the patient felt well and the stent was open ([Fig. 3 b]). After 8 weeks the stent was still in situ, but had started to degrade ([Fig. 3 c]). Nevertheless, at present (3-month follow-up) the patient remains without obstructive symptoms.
Generating KPI sets using genetic algorithms (2012)

This article aims to design and develop an application for generating KPIs (key performance indicators) for a company using genetic algorithms. Business self-assessment results and their fitness evaluation are used.
Effect of glycerin on structure transition of PVA/SF blends (2002)

Abstract Blend films of silk fibrion (SF) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), with glycerin as an additive, were made, and the structure and properties of the blends were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) and with an Instron Material Tester. The results showed that SF and PVA are principally incompatible and the blends made by the two polymers were phase‐separated. The results, however, also demonstrated that the blend structure could be changed to some extent by addition of 3–8% glycerin. The boundary of the PVA and SF phases became indistinct, as reported by SEM, a new peak appeared in the WAXD curves, the width of the OH absorption peak in the FT‐IR spectra increased, and the melting points changed in the DSC curves. In particular, the mechanical properties obviously increased, from 350 kg/cm 2 and 10% of PVA/SF (80/20) film to 832 kg/cm 2 and 39% of PVA/SF (80/20) film because of the increase in glycerin. It was suggested that glycerin plays a role in building the relationship between PVA and SF, strengthening the interaction between them and improving their compatibility. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 2342–2347, 2002
Persistent immune activation in HIV-1 infection is associated with progression to AIDS (2003)

Increased T cell activation has predictive value for HIV-1 disease progression even before seroconversion. These data support the hypothesis that persistent hyperactivation of the immune system may lead to erosion of the naive T cell pool and CD4 T cell depletion.
Genome-wide association study identifies novel loci associated with serum level of vitamin B12 in Chinese men (2012)

Vitamin B12 (VitB12 or cobalamin) is an essential cofactor in several metabolic pathways. Clinically, VitB12 deficiency is associated with pernicious anemia, neurodegenerative disorder, cardiovascular disease and gastrointestinal disease. Although previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified several genes, including FUT2, CUBN, TCN1 and MUT, that may influence VitB12 levels in European populations, common genetic determinants of VitB12 remain largely unknown, especially in Asian populations. Here we performed a GWAS in 1999 healthy Chinese men and replicated the top findings in an independent Chinese sample with 1496 subjects. We identified four novel genomic loci that were significantly associated with serum level of VitB12 at a genome-wide significance level of 5.00 × 10(-8). These four loci were MS4A3 (11q12.1; rs2298585; P= 2.64 × 10(-15)), CLYBL (13q32; rs41281112; P= 9.23 × 10(-10)), FUT6 (19p13.3; rs3760776; P= 3.68 × 10(-13)) and 5q32 region (rs10515552; P= 3.94 × 10(-8)). In addition, we also confirmed the association with the serum level of VitB12 for the previously reported FUT2 gene and identified one novel non-synonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism in FUT2 gene in this Chinese population (19q13.33; rs1047781; P= 3.62 × 10(-36)). The new loci identified offer new insights into the biochemical pathways involved in determining the serum level of VitB12 and provide opportunities to better delineate the role of VitB12 in health and disease.