gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Understanding and improving the performance of modern programming languages (1997)

Features of modern programming languages such as objects, method invocations, and automatic memory management have important software engineering benefits. Unfortunately, each of these features also have a performance overhead, and thus programs written in modern languages typically run slower than those written in traditional languages. This dissertation describes and evaluates fast techniques for reducing the overhead of two features of modern programming languages: objects and method invocations. To address the overhead of objects, and more specifically linked structures, we have designed a new alias analysis, type-based alias analysis (scTBAA), which uses types to disambiguate memory references in Modula-3 programs. scTBAA is fast: it is the first linear-time alias analysis algorithm. scTBAA is also the first alias analysis that analyzes heap objects and continues to be effective even if parts of the program are unavailable. We demonstrate that scTBAA reduces execution time for our programs by up to 10%. We also demonstrate, using our novel methodology, best possible analysis (scBPA), that scTBAA is close to perfect for our optimizations: we did not encounter any situations where a more powerful alias analysis is needed. To address the overhead of method invocations in object-oriented languages, and in particular, Modula-3, we have built and evaluated four type analyses, ranging from fast (worst-case linear) to quadratic time. Type hierarchy analysis resolves method invocations by examining the types in the program; Intraprocedural and interprocedural type propagation are intraprocedural and interprocedural data-flow analyses on types; Aggregate analysis incorporates scTBAA into intraprocedural and interprocedural type propagation. All except type hierarchy analysis work when parts of the program are unavailable. We demonstrate that our techniques for reducing the overhead of method invocations directly reduce execution time for our programs by up to 11% and indirectly reduce execution time by enabling compiler optimizations by up to 18%. We also demonstrate, using scBPA, that our type analyses are close to perfect: a more powerful analysis would resolve at most 7% more method invocations compared to our analyses. We also present a cause analysis which extends scBPA to pin point the weaknesses in our analyses.
Role of mast cells in chronic stress induced colonic epithelial barrier dysfunction in the rat (2001)

Chronic stress causes an epithelial barrier defect and epithelial mitochondrial damage, in parallel with mucosal mast cell hyperplasia and activation. The study provides further support for an important role for mast cells in stress induced colonic mucosal pathophysiology.
Chronic Constriction of the Sciatic Nerve and Pain Hypersensitivity Testing in Rats (2012)

Chronic neuropathic pain, resulting from damage to the central or peripheral nervous system, is a prevalent and debilitating condition, affecting 7-18% of the population(1,2). Symptoms include spontaneous (tingling, burning, electric-shock like) pain, dysaesthesia, paraesthesia, allodynia (pain resulting from normally non-painful stimuli) and hyperalgesia (an increased response to painful stimuli). The sensory symptoms are co-morbid with behavioural disabilities, such as insomnia and depression. To study chronic neuropathic pain several animal models mimicking peripheral nerve injury have been developed, one of the most widely used is Bennett and Xie's (1988) unilateral sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI)(3) (Figure 1). Here we present a method for performing CCI and testing pain hypersensitivity. CCI is performed under anaesthesia, with the sciatic nerve on one side exposed by making a skin incision, and cutting through the connective tissue between the gluteus superficialis and biceps femoris muscles. Four chromic gut ligatures are tied loosely around the sciatic nerve at 1 mm intervals, to just occlude but not arrest epineural blood flow. The wound is closed with sutures in the muscle and staples in the skin. The animal is then allowed to recover from surgery for 24 hrs before pain hypersensitivity testing begins. For behavioural testing, rats are placed into the testing apparatus and are allowed to habituate to the testing procedure. The area tested is the mid-plantar surface of the hindpaw (Figure 2), which falls within the sciatic nerve distribution. Mechanical withdrawal threshold is assessed by mechanically stimulating both injured and uninjured hindpaws using an electronic dynamic plantar von Frey aesthesiometer or manual von Frey hairs(4). The mechanical withdrawal threshold is the maximum pressure exerted (in grams) that triggers paw withdrawal. For measurement of thermal withdrawal latency, first described by Hargreaves et al (1988), the hindpaw is exposed to a beam of radiant heat through a transparent glass surface using a plantar analgesia meter(5,6). The withdrawal latency to the heat stimulus is recorded as the time for paw withdrawal in both injured and uninjured hindpaws. Following CCI, mechanical withdrawal threshold, as well as thermal withdrawal latency in the injured paw are both significantly reduced, compared to baseline measurements and the uninjured paw (Figure 3). The CCI model of peripheral nerve injury combined with pain hypersensitivity testing provides a model system to investigate the effectiveness of potential therapeutic agents to modify chronic neuropathic pain. In our laboratory, we utilise CCI alongside thermal and mechanical sensitivity of the hindpaws to investigate the role of neuro-immune interactions in the pathogenesis and treatment of neuropathic pain.
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Intranasal Insulin Administered to Patients with Type 1 Diabetes: A Preliminary Study (2006)

This intranasal formulation was generally well tolerated, and relatively well absorbed as demonstrated by a rapid rise in serum insulin level and concomitant reduction of plasma glucose levels.
Fabrication and compressive properties of Ti6Al4V implant with honeycomb‐like structure for biomedical applications (2010)

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to verify the feasibility and evaluate the compressive properties of Ti6Al4V implants with controlled porosity via electron beam melting process. This process might be a promising method to fabricate orthopedic implants with suitable pore architecture and matched mechanical properties. Design/methodology/approach Ti6Al4V implants with controlled porosity are produced using an electron beam melting machine. A scanning electron microscope is utilized to examine the macro‐pore structures of the Ti6Al4V implants. The compressive test is performed to investigate the mechanical properties of the porous implants. Findings The fabricated samples show a fully interconnected open‐pore network. The compressive yield strength of the Ti6Al4V implants with the porosity of around 51 percent is higher than that of human cortical bone. The Young's modulus of the implants is similar to that of cortical bone. Research limitations/implications The surface of samples produced by electron beam melting process is covered with loosely spherical metal particles. Polishing and ultrasonic cleaning have to be used to remove the loose remnants. Originality/value This paper presents the potential application in the fabrication of orthopedic or dental implants using electron beam melting process.
Early Treatment of Transient Focal Cerebral Ischemia with Bovine PEGylated Carboxy Hemoglobin Transfusion (2010)

The effect of transfusion of PEGylated hemoglobin (PEG-Hb) was evaluated in anesthetized rats subjected to 2 hours of focal cerebral ischemia and 1 day of reperfusion. PEG-Hb was stored in the carboxy state (PEG-COHb) to reduce autooxidation and increase the shelf life. Transfusion of 10 ml/kg of PEG-COHb at 20 minutes of ischemia did not alter arterial blood pressure or increase red cell flux in the ischemic core. Plasma hemoglobin increased to only 0.6 g/dL, yet infarct volume was markedly decreased and neurological deficits were improved. We conclude that early topload transfusion of PEG-COHb protects the brain from ischemic stroke.
Low resistance alloyed ohmic contacts to Al <sub>0.48</sub> In <sub>0.52</sub> As/ <i>n</i> <sup>+</sup> -Ga <sub>0.47</sub> In <sub>0.53</sub> As (1984)

A low ohmic contact resistance metallurgy and associated alloy cycles have been developed for applications to Al0.48In0.52As/Ga0.47In0.53As MODFETs (HEMTs). The metallurgy involves sequentially evaporated Ni/Ge/Au/Ag/Au layers followed by transient thermal alloy cycles. This resulted in low transfer resistances ∼0.06 Ωmm to the underlying GalnAs layer for alloying temperatures to ∼480°C.
An automatic vernier scale method by CCD linear sensor (2002)

In this paper, we propose a new automatic dimension and displacement measuring method for high resolution by using the principle of vernier caliper. In this method, the main scale and the vernier scale are replaced with two different pitch CCD linear image sensors, respectively. The system detects number of the pixel at which the main scale coincides with the vernier scale and can measure in higher resolution than the original CCD pitch. Consequently, the proposed method is effective for precise dimension and displacement measurement.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A FRAMEWORK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF EUROPEAN IN-VEHICLE MMI STANDARDS (1992)

The STAMMI project was set up to facilitate development of European standards for in-vehicle man-machine interaction (MMI). The purpose of this is to promote the design of information systems that are usable and do not compromise driver safety. Existing standards, procedures, legislation and research are reviewed. Information was also collated on drivers' functional abilities and driving habits, and the in-vehicle noise and lighting environments. A list of criteria were developed and the views of (current and potential) standards users on their requirements for the structure, content and use of MMI standards for RTI (Road Traffic Informatic) systems is presented. The issues associated with the development and use of in-vehicle MMI standards are discussed.
Effects of Continuous Aortic Flow Augmentation in Patients With Exacerbation of Heart Failure Inadequately Responsive to Medical Therapy (2008)

Continuous aortic flow augmentation improved cardiac performance, improving cardiac index and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure, but statistical significance for the primary efficacy end point was not attained. Hemodynamic and clinical observations provide direction toward additional studies to further investigate the clinical effects of this treatment.
Experimental Study of Foam Generation, Sweep Efficiency and Flow in a Fracture Network (2014)

Abstract Foam is consistently generated in situ in rough-walled, calcite fracture networks during experiments using surfactant-alternating-gas (SAG) and coinjection of gas and surfactant solution over a range of gas fractional flows. Boundary conditions are systematically changed including gas fractional flow, total flow rate, and liquid rates. Local sweep efficiency was evaluated through visualization of the propagation of the fluid front and compared for pure gas injection, SAG, and coinjection. Foam as a mobility control agent resulted in significantly improved sweep and delayed gas breakthrough. Gas mobility reduction factors varied from about 200 to more than 1000 consistent with observations of improved sweep. Shear-thinning foam-flow behavior was observed during coinjection over a range of gas fractional flow.
Surgical treatment of angina pectoris (1926)

According to EA Ratner (Klin. Med., 1925, No. 8-9), the operation of sympathicotomy (or transection of n. Depressoris) in true angina pectoris should be considered absolutely contraindicated, except, perhaps, in those rare cases where the disease stubbornly resists the most correct therapeutic treatment.
Phase II Designs (2013)

The purpose of a phase II clinical trial of a treatment regimen is generally to determine whether the regimen is sufficiently promising to warrant a phase III evaluation and to optimize the regimen and the target population for use in the phase III trial. The objective of optimizing the target population takes on great importance in developing molecularly targeted treatments for biologically heterogeneous diseases. Molecularly targeted treatments often aim to treat the underlying disease mechanism, not the secondary symptoms. Such treatments are generally not expected to be broadly effective for biologically heterogeneous diseases. The phase II studies should evaluate the candidate predictive biomarkers for the one that identifies the best candidates for the new treatment.
Evolution and Ecophysiology of the Industrial Producer Hypocrea jecorina (Anamorph Trichoderma reesei) and a New Sympatric Agamospecies Related to It (2010)

Our data prove that T. reesei belongs to a holomorph H. jecorina and displays a history of worldwide gene flow. We also show that its nearest genetic neighbour--T. parareesei nom. prov., is a cryptic phylogenetic agamospecies which inhabits the same biogeographic zone. These two species thus provide a so far rare example of sympatric speciation within saprotrophic fungi, with divergent ecophysiological adaptations and reproductive strategies.
An algebraic formula for the output of a system with large-signal, multifrequency excitation (1983)

A formula is derived for the output components of a non-linearity which can be described by a power series, with complex coefficients and frequency-dependent time delays, when the input is a sum of sinusoids.
Data Security in Local Network using Distributed Firewall : A Review (2014)

With the vast internet connections, the network security gained the attention of researcher and developers. Network Security is important for providing the authenticated data transfer. Network security can be achieve by the firewall. The Conventional firewall acts like a filter which restricts the unauthorized traffic. Firewall is situated at the entry point of a network. In Conventional firewall everyone on the protected side is trusted. To remove the shortcomings of traditional firewalls, the concept of a “distributed firewall” has been proposed. In which security policy is still centrally defined, but implementation is at individual endpoints. Index Terms Network Security, Distributed Firewall.
Volumetric sub-surface imaging using spectrally encoded endoscopy (2008)

Endoscopic imaging below tissue surfaces and through turbid media may provide improved diagnostic capabilities and visibility in surgical settings. Spectrally encoded endoscopy (SEE) is a recently developed method that utilizes a single optical fiber, miniature optics and a diffractive grating for high-speed imaging through small diameter, flexible endoscopic probes. SEE has also been shown to provide three-dimensional topological imaging capabilities. In this paper, we have configured SEE to additionally image beneath tissue surfaces, by increasing the system's sensitivity and acquiring the complex spectral density for each spectrally resolved point on the sample. In order to demonstrate the capability of SEE to obtain subsurface information, we have utilized the system to image a resolution target through intralipid solution, and conduct volumetric imaging of a mouse embryo and excised human middle-ear ossicles. Our results demonstrate that real-time subsurface imaging is possible with this miniature endoscopy technique.
LOCOMOBIS: a low-cost acoustic-based sensing system to monitor and classify mosquitoes (2019)

Mosquitoes are considered one of the more severe worldwide health hazards. Their populations vary heterogeneously in urban and rural landscapes, and fluctuate with seasonal or climatic trends and human activities. Thus, frequent widespread high-resolution surveillance of mosquitoes is essential for both understanding their complex ecology and behavior, and also predicting disease risk and formulating effective control strategies against mosquito-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue and Zika. To this end, in this paper, we present LOCOMOBIS, a LOw-COst MOsquito BIoacoustic Sensor where the wingbeat sounds produced by mosquitoes in flapping-wing flight are used to identify different species automatically. The sensor has been deployed and tested in a real field deployment and our results demonstrate the practical feasibility of this low-cost nonintrusive approach for monitoring mosquitoes in places requiring vector monitoring aimed at mosquito control or eradication. Moreover, to make the system more ubiquitous and easy to interact with, we implemented a web-based application where it is possible to check the collected data and the automatic species and gender classification.
VFA Production in Pre-Acidification Systems without pH Control (1995)

Abstract Short-term acidogenic activity tests were carried out to investigate the effect of temperature on the pre-acidification of coffee waste. VFA production and the composition of the pre-acidification stage were studied at four different temperatures (37°C, 45°C, 55°C and 60°C). The objective was to determine the optimum temperature for process design and operation, and the optimum acid composition in the waste going on to the more sensitive methanogenic stage. Viable acidogenic bacteria were enumerated using a pour plate technique to assess the correlation between bacterial mortality and applied temperature. The temperature of 45°C and HRT of 3 hours were found to be optimum for acidogenic bacteria treating coffee waste. Mesophilic temperature operations (37°C, 45°C) resulted in a more stable acid composition than thermophilic operations (55°C, 60°C). Acetic acid formed the major product at all temperatures, followed by n-butyric and/or propionic acid depending on the temperature. Mesophilic bacteria were affected by a rise in temperature. Comparison of the bacterial numbers associated with the 55°C and 60°C shocks, indicated possible growth of thermophilic bacteria. It would appear that the use of mesophilic sludge under thermophilic conditions should be feasible. The pre-acidification stage gas phase consisted of hydrogen, nitrogen and carbon dioxide only; no methane was detected at any temperature. Keywords: Pre-acidificationVFAoptimisationHRTtemperature
Density functional theory characterization and design of high-performance diarylamine-fluorenedyes with different π spacers for dye-sensitized solar cells (2011)

To rationalize the marked difference in the energy conversion efficiency of dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) based on organic dyes 1 and 2 different only in their π spacer, density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT calculations of the geometries, electronic structures and absorption spectra of the organic dyes before and after binding to titanium oxide were carried out. These enable us to determine factors such as dipole moments associated with the open-circuit photovoltage (Voc), and to quantify parameters such as the light harvesting efficiency, the electron injection efficiency associated with the short-circuit photocurrent density (Jsc). The results reveal that compared to 2 with a thiazole spacer, 1 with a thiophene spacer could cause a red shift of the absorption spectrum, increase the oscillator strength and improve the driving force for electron injection, thus leading to the larger Jsc, in good agreement with experimental data. As for Voc, our results stress that apart from the generally emphasized vertical dipole moment of the dyes pointing outward from the semiconductor surface, the number of photoinjected electrons from the dye to the semiconductor is also crucial to obtain high performance dyes with high Voc. After justifying the reliability of the quantum-chemical methods, we designed another four dyes with different π spacers to screen more efficient organic dyes. Fortunately, taking 1 as reference, we find that dye 4 with a thienothiophene spacer displays an enhanced Jsc and Voc, indicating that it will be a more efficient diarylamine-fluorene-based organic dye used in DSSCs, which will play a theoretical guiding role in the design and synthesis of new organic dyes.
ZmMYB31 directly represses maize lignin genes and redirects the phenylpropanoid metabolic flux (2010)

Few regulators of phenylpropanoids have been identified in monocots having potential as biofuel crops. Here we demonstrate the role of the maize (Zea mays) R2R3-MYB factor ZmMYB31 in the control of the phenylpropanoid pathway. We determined its in vitro consensus DNA-binding sequence as ACC(T)/(A) ACC, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) established that it interacts with two lignin gene promoters in vivo. To explore the potential of ZmMYB31 as a regulator of phenylpropanoids in other plants, its role in the regulation of the phenylpropanoid pathway was further investigated in Arabidopsis thaliana. ZmMYB31 downregulates several genes involved in the synthesis of monolignols and transgenic plants are dwarf and show a significantly reduced lignin content with unaltered polymer composition. We demonstrate that these changes increase cell wall degradability of the transgenic plants. In addition, ZmMYB31 represses the synthesis of sinapoylmalate, resulting in plants that are more sensitive to UV irradiation, and induces several stress-related proteins. Our results suggest that, as an indirect effect of repression of lignin biosynthesis, transgenic plants redirect carbon flux towards the biosynthesis of anthocyanins. Thus, ZmMYB31 can be considered a good candidate for the manipulation of lignin biosynthesis in biotechnological applications.
Characterization of a Novel Carboxypeptidase Produced by the Entomopathogenic Fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (1994)

Preparative isoelectric focusing and gel filtration chromatography were used to purify a carboxypeptidase produced by the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae during growth on cockroach cuticle. The enzyme was inhibited by diisopropyl fluorophosphate, implying involvement of a serine residue in catalysis. However, the M. anisopliae enzyme differed from most serine carboxypeptidases in also being inhibited by the metal chelator 1,10-phenanthroline and in being a small (30 kDa), basic (pI 9.97) protein with a neutral pH optima (pH 6.8). These properties resemble those exhibited by some metalloproteases but the enzyme is not inhibited by Cd2+; nor do Zn2+ or Co2+ restore activity in enzyme inhibited with phenanthroline. The amino-terminal sequence (22 residues) showed no similarity to other protein sequences. Unlike previously reported fungal carboxypeptidases, the M. anisopliae enzyme is powerfully inhibited by potato carboxypeptidase inhibitor. The carboxypeptidase shows a broad primary specificity toward amino acids with hydrophobic side groups in a series of N-blocked dipeptides, with substrates with phenylalanine being the most rapidly hydrolyzed. The S1 subsite also accommodated Glu, confirming its low selectivity. Proline at P1 or P1 resulted in a very poor substrate. The specificity of the carboxypeptidase complements that of the subtilisin-like protease (Pr1) of M. anisopliae. Both Pr1 and the carboxypeptidase are produced during carbon and nitrogen deprivation, which indicates that the exopeptidase functions with Pr1 to degrade peptides to supply amino acids during starvation and pathogenicity.
Agglomeration — the practical alternative (1978)

Abstract Various methods of agglomeration are offered as viable alternatives to spray drying. Equipment used includes horizontal mixers, orbital screw mixers, batch drum mixers, continuous two‐stage rotary drum mixers, V‐shaped twin shell batch mixers, and continuous zig‐zag mixers.