gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antifibrotic Therapy Disrupts Stromal Barriers and Modulates the Immune Landscape in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (2018)

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) remains one of the deadliest forms of cancer, in part, because it is largely refractory to current therapies. The failure of most standard therapies in PDA, as well as promising immune therapies, may be largely ascribed to highly unique and protective stromal microenvironments that present significant biophysical barriers to effective drug delivery, that are immunosuppressive, and that can limit the distribution and function of antitumor immune cells. Here, we utilized stromal reengineering to disrupt these barriers and move the stroma toward normalization using a potent antifibrotic agent, halofuginone. In an autochthonous genetically engineered mouse model of PDA, halofuginone disrupted physical barriers to effective drug distribution by decreasing fibroblast activation and reducing key extracellular matrix elements that drive stromal resistance. Concomitantly, halofuginone treatment altered the immune landscape in PDA, with greater immune infiltrate into regions of low hylauronan, which resulted in increased number and distribution of both classically activated inflammatory macrophages and cytotoxic T cells. In concert with a direct effect on carcinoma cells, this led to widespread intratumoral necrosis and reduced tumor volume. These data point to the multifunctional and critical role of the stroma in tumor protection and survival and demonstrate how compromising tumor integrity to move toward a more normal physiologic state through stroma-targeting therapy will likely be an instrumental component in treating PDA. SIGNIFICANCE: This work demonstrates how focused stromal re-engineering approaches to move toward normalization of the stroma disrupt physical barriers to effective drug delivery and promote antitumor immunity.<i>See related commentary by Huang and Brekken, p. 328</i>.
MicroRNAs in Tumorigenesis (2007)

Emerging evidence suggests a class of non-coding RNAs termed microRNAs (miRNAs) play a key role in cancer. Since their original discovery in C. elegans in 1993 it has become evident that miRNAs are responsible for an entirely new mechanism of post-transcriptional gene regulation. miRNA expression is widespread in mammalian cells and notably altered in several cancer types. miRNA expression patterns correlate with several aspects of tumorigenesis and miRNA loci have been mapped to frequently altered cancer-associated genomic regions. Inhibition or augmentation of miRNA expression in cancer cells impacts gene expression and affects cell proliferation and survival. Hence, cancer-associated miRNAs may be regarded as a new class of non-coding tumour suppressors and oncogenes capable of regulating several key signalling pathways.
Remote Plasma and Thermal ALD of Platinum and Platinum Oxide Films (2008)

Platinum and platinum oxide films were deposited using thermal and remote plasma ALD. The combination of MeCpPtMe3 precursor and O2 gas or a short (0.5 s) O2 plasma exposure resulted in high purity, low-resistivity (15 microOhm cm), high-density (21 g/cm3), cubic platinum films. The combination of MeCpPtMe3 precursor with a longer (5 s) O2 plasma exposure resulted in semi-conductive PtO2 films with a band gap of ~1.5 eV. The long nucleation delay observed with the thermal process could be overcome by using the remote plasma process where atomic oxygen is provided from the gas phase. The ALD process dependence on substrate temperature was investigated, where both the thermal and the remote plasma Pt process revealed a temperature window from 200 C to 300 C and the remote plasma PtO2 process had a temperature window from 100 C to 300 C.
Synthesis and characterization of dual-wavelength Cl<sup>−</sup>-sensitive fluorescent indicators for ratio imaging (1999)

The fluorescence of quinolinium-based Cl- indicators such as 6-methoxy-N-(3-sulfopropyl)quinolinium (SPQ) is quenched by Cl- by a collisional mechanism without change in spectral shape. A series of "chimeric" dual-wavelength Cl- indicators were synthesized by conjugating Cl--sensitive and -insensitive chromophores with spacers. The SPQ chromophore (N-substituted 6-methoxyquinolinium; MQ) was selected as the Cl--sensitive moiety [excitation wavelength (lambdaex) 350 nm, emission wavelength (lambdaem) 450 nm]. N-substituted 6-aminoquinolinium (AQ) was chosen as the Cl--insensitive moiety because of its different spectral characteristics (lambdaex 380 nm, lambdaem 546 nm), insensitivity to Cl-, positive charge (to minimize quenching by chromophore stacking/electron transfer), and reducibility (for noninvasive cell loading). The dual-wavelength indicators were stable and nontoxic in cells and were distributed uniformly in cytoplasm, with occasional staining of the nucleus. The brightest and most Cl--sensitive indicators were alpha-MQ-alpha'-dimethyl-AQ-xylene dichloride and trans-1, 2-bis(4-[1-alpha'-MQ-1'-alpha'-dimethyl-AQ-xylyl]-pyridinium)ethyl ene (bis-DMXPQ). At 365-nm excitation, emission maxima were at 450 nm (Cl- sensitive; Stern-Volmer constants 82 and 98 M-1) and 565 nm (Cl- insensitive). Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator-expressing Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts were labeled with bis-DMXPQ by hypotonic shock or were labeled with its uncharged reduced form (octahydro-bis-DMXPQ) by brief incubation (20 microM, 10 min). Changes in Cl- concentration in response to Cl-/nitrate exchange were recorded by emission ratio imaging (450/565 nm) at 365-nm excitation wavelength. These results establish a first-generation set of chimeric bisquinolinium Cl- indicators for ratiometric measurement of Cl- concentration.
Is an I.Q. an Index to Algebra Ability? (1951)

During the Eleventh Annual High School Conference held at Viterbo College, La Crosse, Wisconsin, in 1946, the Mathemat ics Section was confronted with the problem whether or not all high school students are capable of mastering algebra. It was resolved, therefore, that a testing program be inaugurated to determine the feasibility of teaching elementary algebra to a 11 high school students. In consequence of this resolution, all freshmen students taught by the Franciscan Sisters of Perpetual Adoration were submitted to a definite testing program. The re sults of this project revealed some definite comparisons:
Extruded Potato Peel Functional Properties Affected by Extrusion Conditions (1993)

ABSTRACT Extrusion cooking of potato peel waste from processing plants to im‐prove food safety affects functional properties of these peels as a high‐fiber ingredient in foods. The effects of barrel temperature (104°C and 143°C) and feed moisture (31, 33.5, and 36% d.b.) on extruder performance and physical and functional properties of peels were studied. Torque and die pressure decreased with barrel temperature; all variables affected melt temperature. Samples were darker at the higher temperature. Expansion, Hunter a, and powder bulk density decreased with both variables. Hydration capacity increased with feed moisture. Extruded peels differed from commercial fiber products in color, but hydration capacity was similar among extruded peels and cereal brans.
OTDR in single-mode fibre at 1.5 μm using homodyne detection (1984)

The letter reports on the first application of homodyne detection to optical time-domain reflectometry (OTDR) in single-mode fibres at a wavelength of 1.52 μm. A number of important differences to heterodyne detection are discussed, and the integration of the discrete optical components considered.
Structure and general properties of mineral and vegetable oils used as spray adjuvants (1993)

Abstract The abiogenic and biosynthetic origins of mineral and vegetable oils are contrasted and the importance of soybean, palm, rape seed and sunflower as the major source of fatty acids is highlighted. The cheaper oils derived from animal sources also provide fatty acids. The extraction and refining processes for vegetable oils are explained, the composition of typical vegetable oils is discussed and the importance of the glyceride structure to the physical properties of the oils is emphasised. Stability, volatility and viscosity of vegetable oils are considered. Production of fatty acids by fat‐splitting methods and the formation of methyl esters by inter‐esterification are outlined. Mineral oil compositions are detailed and their properties explained.
Smart Households Demand Response Management with Micro Grid (2019)

Nowadays the emerging smart grid technology opens up the possibility of two-way communication between customers and energy utilities. Demand Response Management (DRM) offers the promise of saving money for commercial customers and households while helps utilities operate more efficiently. In this paper, an Incentive-based Demand Response Optimization (IDRO) model is proposed to efficiently schedule household appliances for minimum usage during peak hours. The proposed method is a multi-objective optimization technique based on Nonlinear Auto-Regressive Neural Network (NAR-NN) which considers energy provided by the utility and rooftop installed photovoltaic (PV) system. The proposed method is tested and verified using 300 case studies (household). Data analysis for a period of one year shows a noticeable improvement in power factor and customers' bill.
Maximum torque per ampere control strategy of induction motor with iron losses (2012)

The paper deals with minimization of supply power and energy for induction motor (IM) based on maximal torque per ampere (MTPA) strategy. The article describes two MTPA algorithms. Firstly such algorithm is proposed for IM model of which doesn't take iron losses into consideration. Subsequently the second algorithm is based on the model of IM, which respects iron losses. Both algorithms are realized under indirect vector control of IM. The proposed control algorithms are simulated in Matlab-Simulink environment.
The response of silicon PNCCD sensors with aluminum on-chip filter to visible light, UV- and X-ray radiation (2012)

Halbleiterdetektoren, wie z.B. PNCCDs, werden in den unterschiedlichsten wissenschaftlichen Feldern eingesetzt, von astronomischen Beobachtungen hin zu Experimenten an freien Elektronenlasern. Ein PNCCD ist ein pixelierter Halbleiterdetektor zur gleichzeitigen Abbildung und Spektroskopie von Röntgenstrahlung. Für die sieben PNCCDKameras des eROSITA Weltraumteleskops wurde ein Strahleneintrittsfenster mit einem auf dem Chip aufgebrachtem Lichtfilter entwickelt. Dieser Filter schwächt die Intensität von optischem Licht und UV-Strahlung ab. Der störende Einfluss der durch Licht generierten Elektronen im Silizium auf die Röntgenspektroskopie wird dadurch minimiert. Ein PNCCD mit einem solchen Lichtfilter wurde bisher noch nie für die Röntgenastronomie genutzt. In der folgenden Arbeit wird die Antwortfunktion von PNCCDs mit Filter untersucht. Diese Untersuchung beinhaltet die Analyse der Photonenabsorptions- und Emissionsprozesse sowie des Transports von Elektronen im Eintrittsfenster. Des Weiteren umfasst sie die experimentelle Charakterisierung der Detektoreigenschaften bezüglich der\nLichtabschwächung sowie der spektralen Verteilungsfunktion und Quanteneffizienz für Röntgenstrahlung. Der PNCCD ist hierbei Gegenstand der Analyse und zugleich Messinstrument, da dieser hochsensitive Detektor es ermöglicht, die bei der Umwandlung von Photonen in Signalladung beteiligten physikalischen Prozesse zu untersuchen. \nDie Messungen werden durch Simulationen der Festkörperphysik im Detektor ergänzt. Ein auf Geant4 basierendes Monte-Carlo Programm wird um die Ladungsverlustmechanismen im Eintrittsfenster erweitert und durch Vergleich mit experimentellen Daten verifiziert. Durch die Nachbildung der Ereigniskette zwischen der Absorption eines Photons und der Ladungssammlung gibt diese Arbeit ein detailliertes Verständnis der Bildung von Röntgenspektren mit PNCCDs. Die charakteristischen Strukturen in den gemessenen Spektren werden ihrem Entstehungsort im Detektorvolumen zugewiesen und durch das Modell erklärt. Auf Basis des vorgestellten Modells erlauben die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit eine überaus genaue Analyse von Spektren wie sie in Zukunft mit eROSITA gemessen werden.
A new tone reservation method for complex-baseband PAR reduction in OFDM systems (2002)

The high peak-to-average power ratio (PAR) in OFDM systems can significantly limit performance. Tone reservation techniques use unavailable or reserved tones to design a peak-cancelling signal that lowers the PAR of a transmit data block. These techniques have been shown to reduce the PAR for real-baseband OFDM signals, such as for ADSL. Our fast-converging real-baseband tone-reservation approach based upon active-set methods is extended to reduce PAR in complex-baseband signals. This new technique converges very quickly toward a minimum-PAR solution at a low cost.
Identification of the transcriptional regulatory sequences of human calponin promoter and their use in targeting a conditionally replicating herpes vector to malignant human soft tissue and bone tumors. (2001)

The calponin (basic or h1) gene, normally expressed in maturated smooth muscle cells, is aberrantly expressed in a variety of human soft tissue and bone tumors. In this study, we show that expression of the calponin gene in human soft tissue and bone tumor cells is regulated at the transcriptional level by the sequence between positions -260 and -219 upstream of the translation initiation site. A novel conditionally replicating herpes simplex virus-1 vector (d12.CALP) in which the calponin promoter drives expression of ICP4, a major trans-activating factor for viral genes was constructed and tested as an experimental treatment for malignant human soft tissue and bone tumors. In cell culture, d12.CALP at low multiplicity of infection (0.001 plaque-forming unit/cell) selectively killed calponin-positive human synovial sarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, and osteosarcoma cells. For in vivo studies, 10 animals harboring SK-LMS-1 human leiomyosarcoma cells were randomly divided and treated twice on days 0 and 9 intraneoplastically with either 1 x 10(7) plaque-forming units of d12.CALP/100 mm(3) of tumor volume or with medium alone. The viral treatment group showed stable and significant inhibition of tumorigenicity with apparent cure in four of five mice by day 35. Replication of viral DNA demonstrated by PCR amplification and expression of the inserted LacZ gene visualized by 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside histochemistry was associated with oncolysis of d12.CALP-treated tumors, while sparing normal vascular smooth muscle cells. In mice harboring two SK-LMS-1 tumors, replication of d12.CALP was detected in a nontreated tumor distant from the site of virus inoculation. These results indicate that replication-competent virus vectors controlled by the calponin transcriptional regulatory sequence may be a new therapeutic strategy for treatment of malignant human soft tissue and bone tumors.
The chemistry of nonaqueous solvents, v.4 : solution phenomena and aprotic solvents (1976)

The Chemistry of Nonaqueous Solvents, Volume IV: Solution Phenomena and Aprotic Solvents focuses on the chemistry of nonaqueous solvents, with emphasis on solution phenomena and aprotic solvents such as tetramethylurea, inorganic acid chlorides, cyclic carbonates, and sulfolane. <br>This book is organized into seven chapters and begins with an overview of the theory of electrical conductivity and elementary experimental considerations, along with some of the interesting research on nonaqueous solvents. It then turns to a discussion on hydrogen bonding phenomena in nonaqueous systems as probed
Mathematical modelling and solution of pipeline laying problem (2012)

Developing a general approach to the pipeline laying problem with constraints has both theoretical and practical value. Considering the unit expense of oil pipeline, economic difference for different areas, and qualification and charge of different manufacturers, the mathematical model with the lowest total cost is established. Based on the basic principle for calculating the extremum of multivariate function and the method of undetermined coefficients, a general mathematical method is proposed and the analytical solution to the pipeline laying problem is given in this paper. The results of theoretical calculation and simulation experiments show clearly that, the general approach proposed in this paper is effective, especially for engineering design purposes.
QoS-Aware scheduling in heterogeneous datacenters with paragon (2013)

Large-scale datacenters (DCs) host tens of thousands of diverse applications each day. However, interference between colocated workloads and the difficulty of matching applications to one of the many hardware platforms available can degrade performance, violating the quality of service (QoS) guarantees that many cloud workloads require. While previous work has identified the impact of heterogeneity and interference, existing solutions are computationally intensive, cannot be applied online, and do not scale beyond a few applications. We present Paragon, an online and scalable DC scheduler that is heterogeneity- and interference-aware. Paragon is derived from robust analytical methods, and instead of profiling each application in detail, it leverages information the system already has about applications it has previously seen. It uses collaborative filtering techniques to quickly and accurately classify an unknown incoming workload with respect to heterogeneity and interference in multiple shared resources. It does so by identifying similarities to previously scheduled applications. The classification allows Paragon to greedily schedule applications in a manner that minimizes interference and maximizes server utilization. After the initial application placement, Paragon monitors application behavior and adjusts the scheduling decisions at runtime to avoid performance degradations. Additionally, we design ARQ, a multiclass admission control protocol that constrains application waiting time. ARQ queues applications in separate classes based on the type of resources they need and avoids long queueing delays for easy-to-satisfy workloads in highly-loaded scenarios. Paragon scales to tens of thousands of servers and applications with marginal scheduling overheads in terms of time or state. We evaluate Paragon with a wide range of workload scenarios, on both small and large-scale systems, including 1,000 servers on EC2. For a 2,500-workload scenario, Paragon enforces performance guarantees for 91% of applications, while significantly improving utilization. In comparison, heterogeneity-oblivious, interference-oblivious, and least-loaded schedulers only provide similar guarantees for 14%, 11%, and 3% of workloads. The differences are more striking in oversubscribed scenarios where resource efficiency is more critical.
Image classification and retrieval based on wavelet-SOM (2003)

The paper describes a new method to extract and cluster image features for effective still image databases. The feature vectors concerning color and texture are extracted using the multiresolution wavelet. In contrast to traditional image databases where feature vectors extracted from stored images are stored and used to match the feature vector of the input image for similarity retrieval, we use the self-organizing map neural network for clustering stored images. No feature vectors are stored in the databases, which saves storage space. A prototype image database is developed and some experiments are performed using it. The paper reports on the architecture and experimental results.
The entropy of English using PPM-based models (2002)

The purpose of this paper is to show that the difference between the best machine models and human models is smaller than might be indicated by the previous results. This follows from a number of observations: firstly, the original human experiments used only 27 character English (letters plus space) against full 128 character ASCII text for most computer experiments; secondly, using large amounts of priming text substantially improves the PPM's performance; and thirdly, the PPM algorithm can be modified to perform better for English text. The result of this is a machine performance down to 1.46 bit per character. The problem of estimating the entropy of English is discussed. The importance of training text for PPM is demonstrated, showing that its performance can be improved by "adjusting" the alphabet used. The results based on these improvements are then given, with compression down to 1.46 bpc.
Realization of 2-D IIR filters using sample-and hold circuitry (1991)

A sample-and-hold semisystolic analog realization for 2-D infinite impulse response (IIR) filters utilizing only analog components (analog multipliers, etc.) is presented. This form of realization is capable of handling the high data rate that would be required by such an application as high-definition television (HDTV) ( approximately 1050*1400 pixels/frame). Such an application would require a throughput rate in excess of 40 million pixels/s.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
MICROSURGICAL REANASTOMOSIS OF THE RABBIT OVIDUCT AND ITS FUNCTIONAL AND PATHOLOGICAL SEQUELAE (1975)

A microsurgical technique for anastomosis of the oviduct is described using the rabbit as an animal model. A control group of five previously sterilized rabbits had both oviducts rejoined and all became pregnant. Another three groups of animals had a reanastomosis immediately after division of both oviducts. One oviduct was later removed for histological study and the animals were subsequently mated. Twenty-three out of 25 (92 per cent) conceived and delivered a normal litter after repair of the oviduct with very fine nylon sutures without postoperative splinting; only seven out of 15 (46.7 per cent) delivered after catgut sutures had been used without splinting and only 9 out of 20 (45 per cent) delivered when nylon sutures and prolonged splinting were associated with increased fibrosis, adhesion formation and poor healing of the anastomosis.
ClusterNet: Detecting Small Objects in Large Scenes by Exploiting Spatio-Temporal Information (2018)

Object detection in wide area motion imagery (WAMI) has drawn the attention of the computer vision research community for a number of years. WAMI proposes a number of unique challenges including extremely small object sizes, both sparse and densely-packed objects, and extremely large search spaces (large video frames). Nearly all state-of-the-art methods in WAMI object detection report that appearance-based classifiers fail in this challenging data and instead rely almost entirely on motion information in the form of background subtraction or frame-differencing. In this work, we experimentally verify the failure of appearance-based classifiers in WAMI, such as Faster R-CNN and a heatmap-based fully convolutional neural network (CNN), and propose a novel two-stage spatio-temporal CNN which effectively and efficiently combines both appearance and motion information to significantly surpass the state-of-the-art in WAMI object detection. To reduce the large search space, the first stage (ClusterNet) takes in a set of extremely large video frames, combines the motion and appearance information within the convolutional architecture, and proposes regions of objects of interest (ROOBI). These ROOBI can contain from one to clusters of several hundred objects due to the large video frame size and varying object density in WAMI. The second stage (FoveaNet) then estimates the centroid location of all objects in that given ROOBI simultaneously via heatmap estimation. The proposed method exceeds state-of-the-art results on the WPAFB 2009 dataset by 5-16% for moving objects and nearly 50% for stopped objects, as well as being the first proposed method in wide area motion imagery to detect completely stationary objects.