gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Microstructure and piezoelectric properties of lead-free (1−x)(Na0.5K0.5)NbO3-xCaTiO3 ceramics (2007)

The crystal structure of (1−x)(Na0.5K0.5)NbO3-xCaTiO3 ceramics began to change from orthorhombic to tetragonal at x≥0.03, then became a morphotropic phase boundary in which both the orthogonal and tetragonal phases coexisted at 0.03&lt;x&lt;0.07, and was converted to tetragonal structure at x≥0.07. The Curie temperature decreased with increasing x and the specimen became a relaxor at x≥0.03. A dense microstructure with large grains was developed at 0.04&lt;x&lt;0.07 due to liquid phase sintering. The relative density, grain size, and liquid phase considerably influenced the piezoelectric properties of the specimens. High piezoelectric properties of d33=241, kp=0.41, and ε3T/εo=1316 were obtained from the 0.95NKN-0.05CT ceramics sintered at 1050 °C for 2 h, indicating that the 0.95NKN-0.05 ceramic is a good candidate material for lead-free piezoelectric ceramics.
Preparation of ethyl cellulose microcapsules using the complex emulsion method. (1982)

In the present work, an investigation was designed to encapsulate a drug with ethyl cellulose using the complex emulsion method. The technique involved the dispersion of the drug in chloroformic solution of ethyl cellulose, followed by emulsification of the polymer solution in water using sodium lauryl sulfate. After continuous stirring for 5 h at room temperature, the solvent evaporates and a rigid polymer film was formed. The optimum surfactant concentration was determined and the effect of different polymer concentrations and core/coat ratios on the quality of the microcapsules produced was investigated. Drug dissolution was retarded as a result of microencapsulation and was controlled by changing core/coat ratios. The dissolution pattern was indicative of the suitability of this technique for the preparation of prolonged action medication.
Amylose Synthesized in Vitro by Amylosucrase: Morphology, Structure, and Properties (2005)

The recombinant amylosucrase from Neisseria polysaccharea was used to synthesize in vitro amylose from sucrose as unique substrate. The morphology and structure of the insoluble residue were shown to depend only on the initial sucrose concentration (100, 300, or 600 mM), which controlled both the chain length and concentration at the precipitation stage. The average degree of polymerization (DP) in the precipitated product varied from 58 for the lowest initial sucrose concentration (100 mM) to 45 and 35 for higher sucrose concentrations (300 and 600 mM, respectively). The shorter chains (DP 35 and 45), produced in high yields (54 and 24 g/L respectively), precipitated as polycrystalline aggregates with exceptional crystallinity, without optimization of the reaction medium for crystallization. The longer chains (DP 58), produced in lower amount (2.9 g/L), formed networks similar to those observed for amylose gels. All synthesized products displayed a B-type crystal structure. Their melting behavior was also studied, the thermostability being higher for the precipitate containing the longer chains. Further thermal treatments were shown to still improve the crystallinity and yield substrates usable as new standards for the determination of the relative crystallinity of starchy products. The kinetics of chain elongation and aggregation were thoroughly investigated in order to explain how the action of amylosucrase resulted in such different amylose structures. These results emphasize the potentiality of amylosucrase in the design of amylodextrins with controlled morphology, structure, and physicochemical properties.
Zur Frage der molekularen Struktur kristalliner Flüssigkeiten: II. Die dielektrische Anisotropie geordneter kristalliner Flüssigkeiten vom Typ des p.p' -Azoxyanisols (1947)

Abstract Magnetisch ausgerichtete nematische Flüssigkeiten zeigen in Richtung des Magnetfeldes eine andere Dielektrizitätskonstante (ε1) als senkrecht dazu (ε2). Die dielektrische Anisotropie Δε = ε1 - ε2 ist das Ergebnis der Überlagerung einer positiv anisotropen Verschiebungspolarisation (langgestreckte Molekülform) mit einer negativ anisotropen Orientierungspolarisation (Anisotropie der Rotationsbehinderung des Querdipolmoments). Entsprechend findet sich bei den 4.4'-Di-n-alkoxy-azoxybenzolen (Mittelteil trägt Quer-dipolmoment) negative Anisotropie (Δε < 0) und bei den 4.4'-Di-n-alkoxy-azobenzolen (Mittelteil trägt kein Moment) positive Anisotropie(Δε > 0). Im kristallisierten Zustand ist auch bei den Substanzen der ersten Gruppe Δε > 0, weil die Orientierungspolarisation dann wegfällt. In der homologen Reihe der 4.4'-Di-n-alkoxy-azoxybenzole oszilliert Δε, als Funktion der C-Zahl aufgetragen, im selben Sinne wie die Klärpunktstemperaturen. Die vorliegende Arbeit befaßt sich mit der
Chewing behavior and salivary secretion (2004)

We determined the salivary flow rate in 16 healthy subjects in rest and while chewing artificial and natural foods (Parafilm, Melba toast with and without margarine, and three different volumes of breakfast cake and cheese). We also determined the duration of a chewing cycle, the number of chewing cycles until swallowing, and the time until swallowing. The physical characteristics of the foods were quantified from force-deformation experiments. The flow rates of the saliva as obtained without stimulation, with Parafilm stimulation, and with chewing on the various foods were significantly correlated. An increase in chewing cycle duration, number of chewing cycles until swallowing, and time until swallowing was observed as a function of the volume of the food. More chewing cycles were required for Melba toast than for an equal volume of cake or cheese. This may be caused by the low water and fat percentage of the Melba toast. The number of chewing cycles and the time until swallowing significantly decreased when the Melba toast was buttered. The decrease may be caused by facilitation in bolus formation and lubrication of the food due to buttering the toast. The number of chewing cycles until swallowing was not correlated to the salivary flow rate.
Standing wave design of nonlinear SMB systems for fructose purification (1998)

Abstract Design equations were derived from standing wave analysis for continuous moving bed (CMB) and simulated moving bed (SMB) systems with nonlinear isotherms. Simple wave solutions and hodograph plots from batch elution experiments can be used to derive the optimal operation conditions for SMB systems without mass‐transfer effects. The design equations are tested with results from computer simulations and experimental data from two pilot‐scale SMB units for the separation of fructose from glucose. Batch equilibrium tests of single component and binary solutions are used to estimate adsorption isotherm parameters. Overall mass‐transfer and axial dispersion coefficients are estimated from eight sets of pulse, frontal and elution data at different concentrations and flow rates. The isotherm and mass‐transfer parameters are used in the standing wave analysis to determine the zone flow rates and switching times for the two SMB units. Experimental column profiles, product purities, and product concentrations agree closely with simulation results. This method gives robust operation conditions for SMB systems with nonlinear isotherms, and optimal cycle time and zone flow rates for nonlinear systems without mass‐transfer effects can be determined from the standing wave analysis.
RPLRE: A Routing Protocol Based on LQI and Residual Energy for Wireless Sensor Networks (2009)

Recently, Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) which consist of thousands of sensor nodes have become one of the most popular topics. Different from the common Ad-hoc networks, energy efficient routing protocol is the most important issue in WSNs. LEPS (Link Estimation and Parent Selection) is the routing protocol used in the TinyOS, which is widely used in many kinds of WSNs platforms. But in LEPS protocol, a node may always choose the same node as its next hop node. This may lead to the early death of the next hop node. To avoid this advantage, this paper presents a new protocol RPLRE (Routing Protocol based on LQI and Residual Energy) based on the LEPS protocol. RPLRE protocol uses the method of probability selection and takes residual energy into account when choosing next hop node. This can effectively avoid the disadvantage of LEPS. Simulation results show that RPLRE protocol can balance the energy consumption of nodes and prolong the lifetime of network.
Correlation between structure and mass distribution of the nuclear pore complex and of distinct pore complex components. (1990)

Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) prepared from Xenopus laevis oocyte nuclear envelopes were studied in "intact" form (i.e., unexposed to detergent) and after detergent treatment by a combination of conventional transmission electron microscopy (CTEM) and quantitative scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). In correlation-averaged CTEM pictures of negatively stained intact NPCs and of distinct NPC components (i.e., "rings," "spoke" complexes, and "plug-spoke" complexes), several fine structural features arranged with octagonal symmetry about a central axis could reproducibly be identified. STEM micrographs of unstained/freeze-dried intact NPCs as well as of their components yielded comparable but less distinct features. Mass determination by STEM revealed the following molecular masses: intact NPC with plug, 124 +/- 11 MD; intact NPC without plug, 112 +/- 11 MD; heavy ring, 32 +/- 5 MD; light ring, 21 +/- 4 MD; plug-spoke complex, 66 +/- 8 MD; and spoke complex, 52 +/- 3 MD. Based on these combined CTEM and STEM data, a three-dimensional model of the NPC exhibiting eightfold centrosymmetry about an axis perpendicular to the plane of the nuclear envelope but asymmetric along this axis is proposed. This structural polarity of the NPC across the nuclear envelope is in accord with its well-documented functional polarity facilitating mediated nucleocytoplasmic exchange of molecules and particles.
Reactive astrocytes and perivascular macrophages express <scp>NLRP</scp>3 inflammasome in active demyelinating lesions of multiple sclerosis and necrotic lesions of neuromyelitis optica and cerebral infarction (2013)

Abstract Objective Inflammasome, activated by pathogen‐derived and host‐derived danger signals, constitutes a multimolecular signaling complex that serves as a platform for caspase‐1 ( CASP 1) activation and interleukin‐1β ( IL ‐1B) maturation. Mice deficient for NLRP 3 inflammasome components are resistant to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis ( EAE ), suggesting a pro‐inflammatory role of NLRP 3 inflammasome. However, at present, a pathological role of NLRP 3 inflammasome in multiple sclerosis ( MS ) brains remains unknown. Methods We studied the expression of NLRP 3 inflammasome components in active demyelinating lesions of MS by immunohistochemistry. Results Reactive astrocytes and perivascular macrophages expressed all three components of NLRP 3 inflammasome – NLRP 3, ASC and CASP 1 – along with IL ‐1B in active demyelinating lesions of MS , active necrotic lesions of neuromyelitis optica ( NMO ) and acute necrotic lesions of cerebral infarction. In contrast, the levels of expression of NLRP 3, ASC , CASP 1, and IL ‐1B were greatly reduced in chronic inactive lesions of MS and gliotic lesions of cerebral infarction. Furthermore, the great majority of ramified and amoeboid microglia did not express NLRP 3 in active and inactive MS lesions. Conclusions NLRP 3 inflammasome could be activated chiefly in reactive astrocytes and infiltrating macrophages under the condition of active destruction of brain tissues that potentially provides a danger signal.
Spread Spectrum Sweep Strategy to Improve Operational Efficiency with Marine Vibrators (2018)

Summary A spread spectrum sweep strategy is described that enables efficient and flexible opportunities for towed marine vibrator seismic surveys capable of generating arbitrary signals with full phase control over the frequency of interest to seismic imaging. Continuous source operation with orthogonal signal sequences enable the use of many simultaneous marine vibrator units whilst towing at efficient vessel speed. Post-survey, the desired shot point interval for the optimized imaging of a particular depth range can be optimized by combining varying numbers of sub-sequences: shallow targets are imaged with short sub-sweeps and therefore short shot point interval, and deeper targets are imaged with longer sub-sweeps, longer shot point interval, and higher signal amplitude by virtue of longer sweeps. Overall, this strategy may enable less marine vibrator units by comparison to that required to achieve a given sound pressure level (SPL) using conventional sweep strategies, have significantly lower environmental impact than any air gun source design, and enable greatly improved operational efficiency.
CG-FFT for nonuniform inverse fast Fourier transforms (NU-IFFTs) (2002)

Based on the CG-FFT method and the NUFFT (nonuniform FFT) algorithm, a new nonuniform inverse FFT (NU-IFFT) algorithm is developed for nonuniform data. With a comparable complexity of O(N log/sub 2/N), this algorithm is much more accurate than the previously reported results since it is optimal in the least squares sense.
Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in feline and canine biological samples by use of the polymerase chain reaction (1996)

Correlation of clinical disease to T gondii serum antibodies provides only a presumptive diagnosis of toxoplasmosis. Use of PCR to detect T gondii DNA in biological samples from cats and dogs may provide a sensitive tool for the antemortem diagnosis of toxoplasmosis and may be most beneficial when used in conjunction with serum antibody titers.
Anatomy of herpes simplex virus DNA: strain differences and heterogeneity in the locations of restriction endonuclease cleavage sites. (1975)

Digestion of herpes simplex virus DNA by the HinIII or Eco RI restriction endonucleases yielded 11 to 15 fragments with molecular weights between 1 x 10(6) and 28 x10(6). The electrophoretic profiles obtained in 0.3% agarose gels with DNA fragments from none different strains of herpes simplex virus type 1 could be readily differentiated from the patterns exhibited by the corresponding fragments from four separate strains of type 2 virus; however, with each serotype, the laboratory strains differed significantly among themselves and also from isolates passaged a minimum number of times outside the human host. Digestion of all DNAs of herpes simples virus with either enzyme reproducibly generated two classes of fragments (major and minor) which differed in molar ocncentration. Moreover, although the molecular weight of an intact herpes simplex 1(F1) DNA molecule is approximately 98 x 10(6), the summed molecular weights of all major and minor HinIII fragments totalled 160 x 10(6), and the seven major fragments alone accounted for only 60 x 10(6). These unusual features indicate the existence of limited heterogeneity in the positions of cleavage sitet along individual molecules. We have eliminated the possibility that minor fragments arose from contamination with the defective DNA of high byoyant density which appears on serial undiluted passage of the virus. In fact, this latter type of DNA was resistant to cleavage by HinIII and gave large amounts of only two species of EcoRI fragments; suggesting that the defective molecules consist of many tandem repeats of a small segment of viral DNA. The heterogeneity in the viral DNA of normal density appears to be related to the structural organization of the molecules and does not necessarily imply differences in genetic content.
Role of Gut Commensal Microflora in the Development of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (2009)

Abstract Mucosal tolerance has been considered a potentially important pathway for the treatment of autoimmune disease, including human multiple sclerosis and experimental conditions such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). There is limited information on the capacity of commensal gut bacteria to induce and maintain peripheral immune tolerance. Inbred SJL and C57BL/6 mice were treated orally with a broad spectrum of antibiotics to reduce gut microflora. Reduction of gut commensal bacteria impaired the development of EAE. Intraperitoneal antibiotic-treated mice showed no significant decline in the gut microflora and developed EAE similar to untreated mice, suggesting that reduction in disease activity was related to alterations in the gut bacterial population. Protection was associated with a reduction of proinflammatory cytokines and increases in IL-10 and IL-13. Adoptive transfer of low numbers of IL-10-producing CD25+CD4+ T cells (&gt;75% FoxP3+) purified from cervical lymph nodes of commensal bacteria reduced mice and in vivo neutralization of CD25+ cells suggested the role of regulatory T cells maintaining peripheral immune homeostasis. Our data demonstrate that antibiotic modification of gut commensal bacteria can modulate peripheral immune tolerance that can protect against EAE. This approach may offer a new therapeutic paradigm in the treatment of multiple sclerosis and perhaps other autoimmune conditions.
Augmentation of Myocardial Production of 15-Epi-Lipoxin-A <sub>4</sub> by Pioglitazone and Atorvastatin in the Rat (2006)

Both PIO and ATV increase myocardial levels of 15-epi-LXA4, a mediator with antiinflammatory properties. This finding may explain the antiinflammatory properties of both PIO and ATV.
Lexical Functions in Lexicography and Natural Language Processing (1996)

Lexical Functions in Lexicography and Natural Language Processing is entirely devoted to the topic of Lexical Functions, which have been introduced in the framework of the Meaning-Text Theory (MTT) as a means for describing restricted lexical co-occurrence and derivational relations. It provides detailed background information, comparative studies of other known proposals for the representation of relations covered by Lexical Functions, as well as a selection of most important works done on and with Lexical Functions in lexicography and computational linguistics. This volume provides excellent course material while it also reports on the state-of-the-art in the field.
Multiple Pathways for Repair of DNA Double-Strand Breaks in Mammalian Chromosomes (1999)

To study repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) in mammalian chromosomes, we designed DNA substrates containing a thymidine kinase (TK) gene disrupted by the 18-bp recognition site for yeast endonuclease I-SceI. Some substrates also contained a second defective TK gene sequence to serve as a genetic donor in recombinational repair. A genomic DSB was induced by introducing endonuclease I-SceI into cells containing a stably integrated DNA substrate. DSB repair was monitored by selection for TK-positive segregants. We observed that intrachromosomal DSB repair is accomplished with nearly equal efficiencies in either the presence or absence of a homologous donor sequence. DSB repair is achieved by nonhomologous end-joining or homologous recombination, but rarely by nonconservative single-strand annealing. Repair of a chromosomal DSB by homologous recombination occurs mainly by gene conversion and appears to require a donor sequence greater than a few hundred base pairs in length. Nonhomologous end-joining events typically involve loss of very few nucleotides, and some events are associated with gene amplification at the repaired locus. Additional studies revealed that precise religation of DNA ends with no other concomitant sequence alteration is a viable mode for repair of DSBs in a mammalian genome.
How Contagious Are Common Respiratory Tract Infections? (2003)

The answer to this frequently asked question is addressed in this review article, which focuses on common respiratory tract infections that are spread from person to person. The author concentrates on community-based contagion rather than nosocomial infections or agents that have received recent attention principally because of their actual or potential role in biologic terrorism.
Rate-achievability strategies for two-hop interference flows (2008)

We consider a basic model for two-hop transmissions of two information flows which interfere with each other. In this model, two sources simultaneously transmit to two relays (in the first hop), which then simultaneously transmit to two destinations (in the second hop). While the transmission during the first hop is essentially the transmission over a classical interference channel, the transmission in the second hop enjoys an interesting advantage. Specifically, as a byproduct of the Han-Kobayashi transmission scheme applied to the first hop, each of the relays (in the second hop) has access to some of the data that is intended to the other destination, in addition to its own data. As recently observed by Simeone et al., this opens the door to cooperation between the relays. In this paper, we observe that the cooperation can take the form of distributed MIMO broadcast, thus greatly enhancing its effectiveness at high SNR. However, since each relay is only aware of part of the data beyond its own, full cooperation is not possible. We propose several approaches that combine MIMO broadcast strategies (including “dirty paper”) with standard non-cooperative strategies for the interference channel. Numerical results are provided, which indicate that our approaches provide substantial benefits at high SNR.
Mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase from Cryptococcus neoformans is a zinc-containing long-chain alcohol/polyol dehydrogenase The GenBank accession numbers for the nucleotide sequences for the C. neoformans mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase cDNA and gene are AF175685 and AF186474, respectively. (2000)

Cryptococcus neoformans, the causative agent of cryptococcosis, produces large amounts of mannitol in culture and in infected mammalian hosts. Although there is considerable indirect evidence that mannitol synthesis may be required for wild-type stress tolerance and virulence in C. neoformans, this hypothesis has not been tested directly. It has been proposed that mannitol-1-phosphate dehydrogenase (MPD) is required for fungal mannitol synthesis, but no MPD-deficient fungal mutants or cDNAs or genes encoding fungal MPDs have been described. Therefore, C. neoformans was purified from a 148 kDa homotetramer of 36 kDa subunits that catalysed the reaction mannitol1-phosphate+NAD--><--fructose 6-phosphate+NADH. Partial peptide sequences were used to isolate the corresponding cDNA and gene, and the deduced MPD protein was found to be homologous to the zinc-containing long-chain alcohol/polyol dehydrogenases. Lysates of Saccharomyces cerevisiae transformed with the cDNA of interest (but not vector-transformed controls) contained MPD catalytic activity. Lastly, Northern analyses demonstrated MPD mRNA in glucose- and mannitol-grown C. neoformans cells. Thus, MPD has been purified and characterized from C. neoformans, and the corresponding cDNA and gene (MPD1) cloned and sequenced. Availability of C. neoformans MPD1 should permit direct testing of the hypotheses that (i) MPD is required for mannitol biosynthesis and (ii) the ability to synthesize mannitol is essential for wild-type stress tolerance and virulence.