gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of a Universal Ranking for Friction Reducer Performance (2017)

Abstract In hydraulic fracturing, large amounts of water are pumped at high speed down the wellbore. To reduce pump pressure and costs, a friction reducer is added to the stream. There is currently no unified performance criteria for selection of friction reducers. This work outlines the methodology for producing such a unified method of comparing performance between any friction reducer chemical additives, both liquid and dry powder. A 0.5 inch stainless steel high-flow low-shear flow loop pumping at ranges between three and twenty gallons per minute was custom-built. The loop uses a Coriolis flow meter, two absolute pressure transducers, and one differential pressure transducer to accurately determine the friction reducer additive performance in any given fluid by measuring pressure drop across a section of developed flow. This paper utilizes over 400 in-house flow loop tests to establish a novel unified ranking system for the evaluation of friction reducers’ performance. The ranking is independent of the type of friction reducer used and quality of water. Produced waters, fresh water, treated produced waters, and synthetic waters were all used to validate the methodology and ranking system to create a unified criteria to compare performance of any friction reducers. Tomson Technologies created a standardized metric for assessing and ranking friction reducer performance. This standardization was achieved through the use of an unique performance scale comprised of the weighted average of the most important friction reduction parameters of a friction reducer in any produced water: (1) inversion time (InvT), (2) maximum percent friction reduction (Max% FR), (3) time to sustain maximum percent friction reduction (RetT@%Avg.FRmax), and (4) the percent friction reduction at the end of 500 seconds (% FR@500s). 500 seconds is used because fluid during hydraulic fractures travels from the pumps to the reservoir in 500 or fewer seconds in almost all cases. This scale is measured in a new unit called "Friction Reducer Units" (FRU), which ranges from 0 to 10. FRU has been used to rank and correlate the performance of different classes of friction reducers in various types of waters, resulting in a comprehensive results database and is used to show applicability of the overall metric.
A resonant switched-capacitor converter for voltage balancing of series-connected capacitors (2009)

This paper describes a resonant switched-capacitor converter (RSCC) for voltage balancing of several capacitor or battery modules connected in series. This voltage balancing circuit transfers electric charge between the capacitor modules with a soft switching operation, resulting in a reduction of power loss and EMI. Moreover, a phase-shift control method enables to improve its voltage-regulation performance. Its current loops are analyzed in a circuit configuration which has more than three capacitor modules. Based on the analysis, a new controller is designed to improve the transient response. Experimental results confirm the validity and effectiveness of the proposed control method.
Oligonucleotide-Templated Reactions for Sensing Nucleic Acids (2012)

Oligonucleotide-templated reactions are useful for applying nucleic acid sensing. Various chemistries for oligonucleotide-templated reaction have been reported so far. Major scientific interests are focused on the development of signal amplification systems and signal generation systems. We introduce the recent advances of oligonucleotide-templated reaction in consideration of the above two points.
ELISA Method for Measurement of Amyloid-β Levels (2005)

The neuritic plaque in the brain of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients consists of an amyloid composed primarily of Abeta, an approx 4-kDa peptide derived from the amyloid precursor protein. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that Abeta plays a key role in the pathogenesis of the disease, and potential treatments that target Abeta production and/or Abeta accumulation in the brain as beta-amyloid are being aggressively pursued. Methods to quantitate the Abeta peptide are, therefore, invaluable to most studies aimed at a better understanding of the molecular etiology of the disease and in assessing potential therapeutics. Although other techniques have been used to measure Abeta in the brains of AD patients and beta-amyloid-depositing transgenic mice, the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is one of the most commonly used, reliable, and sensitive methods for quantitating the Abeta peptide. Here we describe methods for the recovery of both soluble and deposited Abeta from brain tissue and the subsequent quantitation of the peptide by sandwich ELISA.
Large-Scale Evaluation of <i>In Silico</i> Gene Deletions in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (2003)

A large-scale in silico evaluation of gene deletions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was conducted using a genome-scale reconstructed metabolic model. The effect of 599 single gene deletions on cell viability was simulated in silico and compared to published experimental results. In 526 cases (87.8%), the in silico results were in agreement with experimental observations when growth on synthetic complete medium was simulated. Viable phenotypes were correctly predicted in 89.4% (496 out of 555) and lethal phenotypes were correctly predicted in 68.2% (30 out of 44) of the cases considered. The in silico evaluation was solely based on the topological properties of the metabolic network which is based on well-established reaction stoichiometry. No interaction or regulatory information was accounted for in the in silico model. False predictions were analyzed on a case-by-case basis for four possible inadequacies of the in silico model: (1) incomplete media composition, (2) substitutable biomass components, (3) incomplete biochemical information, and (4) missing regulation. This analysis eliminated a number of false predictions and suggested a number of experimentally testable hypotheses. A genome-scale in silico model can thus be used to systematically reconcile existing data and fill in our knowledge gaps about an organism.
Progress in Compound‐Semiconductor‐on‐Silicon‐Heteroepitaxy with Fluoride Buffer Layers (1989)

Compositionally graded group II a‐fluoride layers are applied as epitaxial buffers in semiconductor heteroepitaxy to overcome large lattice and thermal expansion mismatch. We review our work on composites with lattice mismatch up to ∼20%, like on Si and , including some applications and of nearly lattice‐ and thermal‐expansion‐matched on . New results on the growth mode of the fluoride layers on Si using in situ Rheed and Auger analysis will be included and the unique thermal mismatch strain relief capabilities of the fluoride buffers discussed.
A functional five‐enzyme complex of chloroplasts involved in the Calvin cycle (1988)

A complex of five different enzymes: ribose-phosphate isomerase, phosphoribulokinase, ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, phosphoglycerate kinase and glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase, has been purified from spinach chloroplasts. These enzymes catalyse five consecutive reactions of the Calvin cycle, of which the two reactions catalysed by phosphoribulokinase and ribulose-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase are unique to this cycle. The five-enzyme complex has been purified by successive chromatographies on DEAE-Trisacryl, Sephadex G-200 and hydroxyapatite. The homogeneity of the complex has been tested by analytical centrifugation and electrophoresis. Depending on the technique used to estimate its molecular mass, the value obtained varies between 520 kDa and 536 kDa. In addition to the five enzymes mentioned above, the complex contains a 65-kDa polypeptide. The quaternary structure of these enzymes in the complex appears to be different from what has been described for the individual enzymes in the 'noncomplexed state'. The five-enzyme complex is functional as glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate is formed from ribose 5-phosphate. Preliminary experiments suggest that channelling of reaction intermediates occurs within the complex.
Seasonal Variations of Digestive Diverticula in the Scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis (1991)

The seasonal variations of digestive diverticula in the scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis culturing by sowing method were studied by microscopic observations and individual measuring of the shells collected monthly from Abashiri Bay located in Hokkaido, Japan. Digestive diverticula index revealed the seasonal variations which showed the highest value in May and July, and the lowest value in December through April. The highest number of tubules per in the preparation of digestive diverticula was counted in March. But, in September and October the number of tubules decreased to the lowest value. The relationship between gonad index(X) and percent of lipid tubule(Y) as an indicator for the transference of lipid in digestive diverticula into the gonad was expressed by an exponential equation, . It was suggested that the lipid in digestive diverticula showed the seasonal variations might be transferred into the gonad.
Evaluation of ejection fraction measurements in gated cardiac imaging using dynamic cardiac phantoms (2002)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of left ventricular ejection fractions (LVEFs) obtained using gated planar imaging of dynamic cardiac phantoms and measured with a hybrid boundary detection technique. Water mixed with Tc-99m pertechnetate was used to fill the ventricles, and from 19 ml to 52 ml was added to the LV chambers at end diastole so that LVEFs of 24% to 56% were produced. Three different low energy collimators (high resolution, ultra-high resolution, and super high resolution parallel beam collimators) were evaluated. A Metz filter was used for spatial smoothing and a hybrid boundary detection algorithm was used for generating regions of interest (ROIs) in the twenty frames of images per R-R interval accumulated from 410 to 460 beats. The boundaries of the LV chambers were determined by combined first- and second-difference operators weighted by a hybrid enhancement weight /spl alpha/(0>
Location of the Membrane-Docking Face on the Ca<sup>2+</sup>-Activated C2 Domain of Cytosolic Phospholipase A<sub>2</sub> (1998)

Docking of C2 domains to target membranes is initiated by the binding of multiple Ca2+ ions to a conserved array of residues imbedded within three otherwise variable Ca2+-binding loops. We have located the membrane-docking surface on the Ca2+-activated C2 domain of cPLA2 by engineering a single cysteine substitution at 16 different locations widely distributed across the domain surface, in each case generating a unique attachment site for a fluorescein probe. The environmental sensitivity of the fluorescein-labeled cysteines enabled identification of a localized region that is perturbed by Ca2+ binding and membrane docking. Ca2+ binding to the domain altered the emission intensity of six fluoresceins in the region containing the Ca2+-binding loops, indicating that Ca2+-triggered environmental changes are localized to this region. Similarly, membrane docking increased the protonation of six fluoresceins within the Ca2+-binding loop region, indicating that these three loops also are directly involved in membrane docking. Furthermore, iodide quenching measurements revealed that membrane docking sequesters three fluorescein labeling positions, Phe35, Asn64, and Tyr96, from collisions with aqueous iodide ion. These sequestered residues are located within the identified membrane-docking region, one in each of the three Ca2+-binding loops. Finally, cysteine substitution alone was sufficient to dramatically reduce membrane affinity only at positions Phe35 and Tyr96, highlighting the importance of these two loop residues in membrane docking. Together, the results indicate that the membrane-docking surface of the C2 domain is localized to the same surface that cooperatively binds a pair of Ca2+ ions, and that the three Ca2+-binding loops themselves provide most or all of the membrane contacts. These and other results further support a general model for the membrane specificity of the C2 domain in which the variable Ca2+-binding loops provide headgroup recognition at a protein-membrane interface stabilized by multiple Ca2+ ions.
Monoclonal Antibodies to Parasite Antigens: A Rapid Immunization Protocol Requiring Small Numbers of Parasites (1987)

(Freeman et al., 1980, Nature 284: 366-368; Ortega-Pierres et al., 1984, Parasite Immunology 6: 275-284), repeated injections of live organisms (Smith et al., 1982, Parasitology 84: 83-91; Taylor and Butterworth, 1982, Parasitology 84: 65-82), of surface-membrane suspensions and extracts (McMahon Pratt and David, 1981, Nature 291: 581-583; Ham et al., 1985, Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 16: 345-354), or a combination of such procedures (Canlas and Piessens, 1984, Journal of Immunology 132: 3138-3141; Sutanto et al., 1985, Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 15: 203-214). In all cases, however, several weeks and relatively large numbers of parasites are necessary to achieve the high levels of circulating antibody which normally indicate that spleen cells are ready for fusion.
Chequerboard titration of cephalosporin CXA-101 (FR264205) and tazobactam versus  -lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (2010)

Tazobactam achieved concentration-dependent potentiation of CXA-101 versus ESBL producers and AmpC hyperproducers. If a breakpoint of 8 + 8 mg/L can be justified pharmacokinetically, CXA-101 + tazobactam should be active versus >90% of ESBL producers, AmpC hyperproducers and K1 hyperproducers. Most isolates with KPC or other carbapenemases will remain resistant.
Recognizing human actions from still images with latent poses (2010)

We consider the problem of recognizing human actions from still images. We propose a novel approach that treats the pose of the person in the image as latent variables that will help with recognition. Different from other work that learns separate systems for pose estimation and action recognition, then combines them in an ad-hoc fashion, our system is trained in an integrated fashion that jointly considers poses and actions. Our learning objective is designed to directly exploit the pose information for action recognition. Our experimental results demonstrate that by inferring the latent poses, we can improve the final action recognition results.
Synthetic long baseline navigation of underwater vehicles (2002)

Describes a concept (patent pending) for accurate autonomous deep-water navigation of underwater vehicles (UVs) for extended periods of time. The concept is called synthetic long baseline (SLBL) and is based on the combination of dead-reckoning (DR) and acoustic range and/or range rate measurements from a single acoustic source, e.g., a transponder moored to the sea floor. Focus is kept on a simple form of SLBL, which can be implemented using existing commercial-off-the-shelf components. Combined with a high performance dead-reckoning navigation system, SLBL provides adequate accuracy and redundancy to eliminate the need for a USBL equipped survey ship or a full LBL transponder network, even on long duration deep water surveys. Some level of redundancy is incorporated, which permits quality control of navigation data. Experimental results, from accuracy verification tests of the high performance doppler-inertial dead-reckoning based navigation system MARPOS(R), suggests that SLBL will provide sub-meter positioning accuracy for 1/spl times/1 km site surveys using a single transponder as the reference point. The performance is almost independent of water depth. The presented SLBL system may also allow for highly accurate and cost-efficient pipeline surveys and a variety of other applications.
Direct Measurement of Extension and Force in Conductive Polymer Gel Actuators (2001)

Preliminary measurements of extension and force of polythiophene-based conductive polymer gel actuators under an applied square-wave pulse (0.8 to −0.5 V) for a variety of periods (2, 10, and 20 min) are reported. Over each interval the axial change in dimension is approximately 2%. The extension is not fully recovered at the end of each reduction pulse, producing a net increase in the axial length of the specimen over the course of the test.
Architecture and performance of the ESPER-2 hard-disk drive servo writer (1993)

The servo writer is known as the most accurate and sensitive tool on an HDD (hard-disk drive) manufacturing line. ESPER-2 is designed as a product-independent common servo writer which incorporates major advances in equipment cost, reduction of clean-room requirements, and writing accuracy. The servo writing process consists of two stages. The first stage writes the master servo pattern on as many as ten disks at once with little need for contaminant protection facilities. One such master disk is then assembled with other, raw, disks in a file, and the second stage writes the proper servo pattern on all disk surfaces by referring to the master. The effects of off-center discursions in the mechanical disk assembly and random runout (NRRO, or nonrepeatable runout) in the product spindle components are eliminated by table-lookup servo actuator control, so that writing accuracy is improved. Neither an exceptionally clean environment nor fine mechanical parts are required for the second-stage operation.
General radiation-pattern synthesis technique for array antennas of arbitrary configuration and element type (1988)

An interactive iterative-synthesis technique is presented, which is of particular use for far-field patterns defined in terms of power only. The method is applied in general to three-dimensional array configurations composed of different element types, with the required far-field defined over large angular regions. Suggestions for extending the method to near-field, simultaneous multiparameter or constrained synthesis are also given. The description of the method is presented for three different conditions, depending on whether both the array amplitude and the phase or just the amplitude or the phase are variable. Examples of the method, applied to various practical synthesis problems, and comparisons to other techniques are also given.
Self-consistency of polarization diversity measurement of rainfall (1996)

Polarization diversity measurements of rainfall, namely the reflectivity factor, differential reflectivity, and specific differential propagation phase, vary in a constrained three-dimensional space. Algorithms are derived to quantify this self-consistency of measurements. In particular, estimation of the specific differential propagation phase shift based on reflectivity and differential reflectivity is analyzed in detail. Theoretical simulation as well as radar observations of rainfall at S (CSU-CHILL) and C (Polar 55C) bands are used to demonstrate that the range profiles of differential propagation shift can be constructed from measurements of reflectivity and differential reflectivity.
Beeinflussung von titanhaltigen Polymerisations‐Katalysatoren durch zusätzliche Metalle (1981)

Abstract Durch Umsetzung von chlorhaltigen Aluminiumalkylen mit bimetallischen μ‐Oxoalkoxiden des Titans wurden ternäre Misch(oxid)chloride erhalten, die in Kombination mit Triisobutylaluminium (TIBA) zur Polymerisation von Ethen und Propen eingesetzt wurden. Die zusätzlich eingeführten Metalle beeinflussen die Polymerisationsaktivität deutlich, die höchste übertrifft die niedrigste um einen Faktor von ca. 20. Auch zeigen sich charakteristische Unterschiede im zeitlichen Verlauf der Aktivität. Die Molgewichte und die Taktizität der Polymeren differieren in einem weiten Bereich. Zur Erklärung dieser Befunde wird angenommen, daß der Zusatz der verschiedenen modifizierenden Metalle zur Bildung von aktiven Zentren unterschiedlicher Stabilität führt.
Research Progress and Perspectives of Nitrogen Fixing Bacterium,<i>Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus</i>, in Monocot Plants (2014)

Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus is a nitrogen fixing bacterium originally found in monocotyledon sugarcane plants in which the bacterium actively fixes atmosphere nitrogen and provides significant amounts of nitrogen to plants. This bacterium mainly colonizes intercellular spaces within the roots and stems of plants and does not require the formation of the complex root organ like nodule. The bacterium is less plant/crop specific and indeed G. diazotrophicus has been found in a number of unrelated plant species. Importantly, as the bacterium was of monocot plant origin, there exists a possibility that the nitrogen fixation feature of the bacterium may be used in many other monocot crops. This paper reviews and updates the research progress of G. diazotrophicus for the past 25 years but focuses on the recent research development.
Cross sectional study of minimum muscular fitness of school girls children (2018)

The purpose of the study was found out minimum muscular fitness of school girls children. For the purpose of the study, 60 female students, age 10–15 years, were selected randomly from Simpkins School Agra U.P.. To find out the minimum muscular fitness Kraus-Weber test were employed. The test contained six test item (Strength of the abdominal plus psoas muscles, Strength of the abdominal minus psoas muscles, Strength of the psoas and lower abdominal muscles, Strength of the upper back muscles, Length of back and hamstring muscles, Strength of back and hamstring muscles). Percentile scale was applied to calculate the collected data. The overall result of the present study on Kraus-Weber test indicate 69.35%of the school girls children had passed in all the six test item and 30.65% could not pass in all the test item. When the researcher consider each item of the test then the result show that in case of Strength of the abdominal plus psoas muscles75.66% were passed and the 24.34% were failed in this test item, in the same manner Strength of the abdominal minus psoas muscles 70.65% were pass and 29.35%, Strength of the psoas and lower abdominal muscles 64% and 36%, Strength of the upper back muscles76.55 and 23.45%, Length of back and hamstring muscles95.66%and 4.34%, Strength of back and hamstring muscles35.66%and 64.44% were failed.
An irreversible and optimized four stroke cycle model for automotive engines (1996)

A pedagogic four-stroke cycle model for actual automotive heat engines is presented. The model considers a quite realistic picture of both the intake and exhaust processes, so that normal, throttled and supercharged ways of performance can be explicitly analysed. Irreversibilities are considered as global losses lumped in a friction-like term with a force linear in the piston velocity. Calculated net efficiency and net power output show agreement with measured values and with the characteristic power-versus-efficiency loop curve of real heat engines. Results for both Diesel and Otto engines as well as a comparison between them is explicitly presented. Recent reported results for an irreversible two-stroke Otto cycle are obtained from this model as a particular case.
Ultrasensitive Anomalous Hall Effect in Ta/CoFe/Oxide/Ta Multilayers (2016)

Ultrahigh anomalous Hall sensitivity has been demonstrated in Ta/CoFe/Oxide/Ta multilayers. By changing oxides (MgO and HfO 2 ) and annealing temperature, different annealing dependence of sensitivity was found in MgO-sample and HfO 2 -sample. For the MgO-sample, the anomalous Hall sensitivity reaches 18792 Ω/T in the as-deposited state and significantly reduces as annealing temperature increases. On the contrary, the sensitivity of the as-deposited HfO 2 -sample is only 765 Ω/T, while it remarkably increases with annealing temperature increasing, finally reaching 14741 Ω/T at 240°C. The opposite variation of anomalous sensitivity in two samples originates from the different change of magnetic anisotropy and anomalous Hall resistance during the annealing process. Our study provides a new perspective that both the choice of oxide material and the optimization of annealing treatment are important to the anomalous Hall sensitivity.