gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Content Availability Optimization in BitTorrent (2006)

BitTorrent now is one of the most popular Peer-to-Peer content distribution networks. In BitTorrent, peers exchange content pieces with their neighbors on an overlay to distribute content. In order to accelerate the distribution, content availability , the overall disjointness of content pieces among peers on the overlay, should be optimized. In this paper, we investigate the problem of maximizing content availability in BitTorrent. Using computing theory we first prove that this optimization problem is an NP-Optimization problem and so no polynomial time algorithm is available unless P=NP. Further, we employ probability theory to analyze BitTorrent?s solution to the problem, which is just a simple random overlay. We find that BitTorrent?s random overlay has near-optimal content availability with high probability as well as good adaptivity to the real Internet environment, so we infer that the random overlay is enough for content availability optimization. Finally, a simulation-based comparison with an existing heuristic algorithm is presented to validate our analysis and findings.
Direct Analysis of the Kinetic Profiles of Organophosphate−Acetylcholinesterase Adducts by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry (2003)

A sensitive matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry procedure has been established for the detection and quantitation of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition by organophosphate (OP) compounds. Tryptic digests of purified recombinant mouse AChE (mAChE) were fractionally inhibited by paraoxon to form diethyl phosphoryl enzyme. The tryptic peptide of mAChE that contains the active center serine residue resolves to a molecular mass of 4331.0 Da. Phosphorylation of the enzyme by paraoxon results in covalent modification of the active center serine and a corresponding increase in molecular mass of the tryptic peptide by 136 Da. The relative abundance of AChE peptides containing a modified active center serine strongly correlates with the fractional inhibition of the enzyme, achieving a detection range of phosphorylated to nonphosphorylated enzyme of 5-95%. Modifications of AChE by OP compounds resulting in dimethyl, diethyl, and diisopropyl phosphoryl adducts have been monitored with subpicomole amounts of enzyme. The individual phosphorylated adducts of AChE that result from loss of one alkyl group from the inhibited enzyme (the aging reaction) and the reappearance of unmodified AChE (spontaneous reactivation) have been resolved by the kinetic profiles and relative abundance of species. Further, the tryptic peptide containing the active center serine of AChE, isolated from mouse brain by anion-exchange and affinity chromatography, has been monitored by mass spectrometry. Native brain AChE, purified from mice treated with sublethal doses of metrifonate, has demonstrated that enzyme modifications resulting from OP exposure can be detected in a single mouse brain. For dimethyl phosphorylated AChE, OP exposure has been monitored by the ratio of tryptic peptide peaks that correspond to unmodified (uninhibited and/or reactivated), inhibited, and aged enzyme.
Case 21-1969 (1969)

Presentation of CaseA sixty-eight-year-old man was admitted to the hospital because of hematemesis and melena.He had been well until two days previously, when there was the onset of repeated hematemesis. On the next day the stools became bloody.He had had no abdominal pain or previous episodes of nausea, vomiting or melena. He had imbibed alcohol in large amounts for many years but had abstained during the two years before entry. A cholecystectomy has been performed in the past. His weight had been stable.The patient was cold and clammy, with a thready pulse. The anteroposterior diameter of . . .
Random Walk on a Leash: A Simple Single-Molecule Diffusion Model for Surface-Tethered Redox Molecules with Flexible Linkers (2013)

We develop a random walk model to simulate the Brownian motion and the electrochemical response of a single molecule confined to an electrode surface via a flexible molecular tether. We use our simple model, which requires no prior knowledge of the physics of the molecular tether, to predict and better understand the voltammetric response of surface-confined redox molecules when motion of the redox molecule becomes important. The single molecule is confined to a hemispherical volume with a maximum radius determined by the flexible molecular tether (5-20 nm) and is allowed to undergo true three-dimensional diffusion. Distance- and potential-dependent electron transfer probabilities are evaluated throughout the simulations to generate cyclic voltammograms of the model system. We find that at sufficiently slow cyclic voltammetric scan rates the electrochemical reaction behaves like an adsorbed redox molecule with no mass transfer limitation; thus, the peak current is proportional to the scan rate. Conversely, at faster scan rates the diffusional motion of the molecule limits the simulated peak current, which exhibits a linear dependence on the square root of the scan rate. The switch between these two limiting regimes occurs when the diffusion layer thickness, (2Dt)(1/2), is ~10 times the tether length. Finally, we find that our model predicts the voltammetric behavior of a redox-active methylene blue tethered to an electrode surface via short flexible single-stranded, polythymine DNAs, allowing the estimation of diffusion coefficients for the end-tethered molecule.
Preface to the first edition (2012)

It has all happened so quickly. In 1950, any notion of English as a true world language was but a dim, shadowy, theoretical possibility, surrounded by the political uncertainties of the Cold War, and lacking any clear definition or sense of direction. Fifty years on, and World English exists as a political and cultural reality. How could such a dramatic linguistic shift have taken place, in less than a lifetime? And why has English, and not some other language, achieved such a status? These are the questions which this book seeks to answer.
Some generalized order-disorder transformations (1952)

In considering the statistics of the ‘no-field’ square Ising lattice in which each unit is capable of two configurations and only nearest neighbours interact, Kramers and Wannier (3) were able to deduce an inversion transformation under which the partition function of the lattice is invariant when the temperature is transformed from a low to a high (‘inverted’) value. The important property of this inversion transformation is that its fixed point gives the transition point of the lattice.
Identification of a Putative Protein Profile Associated with Tamoxifen Therapy Resistance in Breast Cancer (2009)

Tamoxifen resistance is a major cause of death in patients with recurrent breast cancer. Current clinical factors can correctly predict therapy response in only half of the treated patients. Identification of proteins that are associated with tamoxifen resistance is a first step toward better response prediction and tailored treatment of patients. In the present study we intended to identify putative protein biomarkers indicative of tamoxifen therapy resistance in breast cancer using nano-LC coupled with FTICR MS. Comparative proteome analysis was performed on approximately 5,500 pooled tumor cells (corresponding to approximately 550 ng of protein lysate/analysis) obtained through laser capture microdissection (LCM) from two independently processed data sets (n = 24 and n = 27) containing both tamoxifen therapy-sensitive and therapy-resistant tumors. Peptides and proteins were identified by matching mass and elution time of newly acquired LC-MS features to information in previously generated accurate mass and time tag reference databases. A total of 17,263 unique peptides were identified that corresponded to 2,556 non-redundant proteins identified with > or = 2 peptides. 1,713 overlapping proteins between the two data sets were used for further analysis. Comparative proteome analysis revealed 100 putatively differentially abundant proteins between tamoxifen-sensitive and tamoxifen-resistant tumors. The presence and relative abundance for 47 differentially abundant proteins were verified by targeted nano-LC-MS/MS in a selection of unpooled, non-microdissected discovery set tumor tissue extracts. ENPP1, EIF3E, and GNB4 were significantly associated with progression-free survival upon tamoxifen treatment for recurrent disease. Differential abundance of our top discriminating protein, extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer, was validated by tissue microarray in an independent patient cohort (n = 156). Extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer levels were higher in therapy-resistant tumors and significantly associated with an earlier tumor progression following first line tamoxifen treatment (hazard ratio, 1.87; 95% confidence interval, 1.25-2.80; p = 0.002). In summary, comparative proteomics performed on laser capture microdissection-derived breast tumor cells using nano-LC-FTICR MS technology revealed a set of putative biomarkers associated with tamoxifen therapy resistance in recurrent breast cancer.
Micropropagation: Axillary Bud Multiplication (2003)

Micropropagation techniques are being used by an increasing number of research workers and commercial firms. The main use has been that of mass production of plants ranging from nursery stock species (such as rhododendron or rose), through ornamentals (such as fuchsia or carnation) to fruits (such as apples or raspberries) and vegetables and field crops (such as cauliflower, potato, or lupins) (1-5). As well as enabling the mass production of selected genotypes, micropropagation techniques provide a method whereby viral and bacterial pathogens can be eliminated from infected varieties (1). These techniques are described in Chapter 9 , this volume.
Fiber optic strain monitor for an uninhabited aerial vehicle (2006)

The Institute for Scientific Research (ISR) and the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) will build and operate portable real-time fiber Bragg grating interrogator systems for monitoring strain in ISR's Multi-Modal Sensor (MMS) uninhabited aerial vehicle (UAV). ISR's UAV is constructed of fiberglass composites with aluminum stiffeners. The cargo bay and on-board electronics are intended to accommodate a variety of compact sensors. Because of the small size of the UAV, weight and volume are restricted, necessitating considerable redesign of laboratory interrogators to meet UAV constraints. NRL will be supplying a multiplexed interrogator for monitoring structural response rates in the UAV up to about 2 kHz, while ISR will develop an optical frequency domain reflectometer (OFDR) for measuring lower frequency response of large numbers of gratings below about 100 Hz. The OFDR system will test a special differencing technique to separate strain induced signals from environmentally induced signals. A National Instruments CompactRIO system with a 3 million gate FPGA and a 200 MHz Pentium processor is being used for real-time data acquisition and onboard signal analysis. The CompactRIO system weighs about 1.6 kg, measures 18cm x 9cm x 9cm, consumes less than 5 W of power, and withstands over 50g of shock. Lithium polymer batteries will be used to power the system for flight times up to about one hour in the present configuration. While the near-term objective of this project is to overcome the challenges of applying fiber-optic strain monitors to aerial vehicles, the longer-term objective is to develop a system for detecting damage in aerial vehicles using chaotic attractor based methods. One of the key issues in damage detection by this means revolves around the ability to use the chaotic excitation of the airframe from random aerodynamic vortices to detect the onset of composite degradation. There is evidence that attractor based methods applied to these ambient chaotic vibrations will provide a very sensitive indication of damage.
Indirect Interaction (2016)

Most papers on introducing children to computing assume the children will interact directly with the technology or task. In this paper, we reflect on a case of designing for indirect interaction -- where it is not the children's hands but a facilitator's on the device. The context is a computing lecture we gave for twenty-six children aged between five and seven years old. This was specifically designed to give a stylized experience of being a university student -- it is self-consciously a lecture emphasising student-teacher interaction around code. We found a technique from undergraduate engineering education -- a partially exposed simulation in a text-based programming language -- allowed imaginative interaction from the children as they discovered they could model the impossible.
The Syndrome of Minimal Brain Damage in Childhood (1966)

THE behavioral manifestations of children with brain damage have been recognized and studied with increasing interest in the past decade. Much of the work done in this area has been accomplished in highly specialized centers, though 2 excellent general discussions of the subject are available.1 , 2 The incidence of the syndrome of "minimal brain damage" or "nonmotor brain damage" seems high, however, and affected children form a large portion of the patient population seen by pediatricians, general practitioners, neurologists, child psychiatrists, psychologists and also educators who deal with learning problems in childhood.With their hypothesis of a "continuum of reproductive casualty" . . .
Chelate-assisted, palladium-catalyzed efficient carbonylation of aryl chlorides (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTChelate-assisted, palladium-catalyzed efficient carbonylation of aryl chloridesYehoshua Ben-David, Moshe Portnoy, and David MilsteinCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 23, 8742–8744Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00205a039https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00205a039research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2264Altmetric-Citations173LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The Technology of Retail Central Bank Digital Currency (2020)

Central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) promise to provide cash-like safety and convenience for peer-to-peer payments. To do so, they must be resilient and accessible. They should also safeguard the user's privacy, while allowing for effective law enforcement. Different technical designs satisfy these attributes to varying degrees, depending on whether they feature intermediaries, a conventional or distributed infrastructure, account- or token-based access, and retail interlinkages across borders. We set out the underlying trade-offs and the related hierarchy of design choices.
Detection of broken rotor bars in induction motor using starting-current analysis and effects of loading (2006)

The detection of broken-rotor-bar faults based on common steady-state-analysis techniques, such as the fast Fourier transform (FFT), is known to be significantly dependent on the loading conditions of the induction motor. At light load, it is difficult to distinguish between healthy and faulty rotors because the characteristic broken-rotor-bar fault frequencies in the stator current are very close to the fundamental-frequency component and their amplitudes are small in comparison. As a result, detection of broken bar faults and classification of the fault severity under light load is very difficult. To overcome this problem, the analysis of the envelope of the transient starting-current waveform using the wavelet-transform has been investigated. The envelope extraction is used to remove the strong fundamental-frequency component, which would otherwise overshadow the characteristic differences between a healthy motor and a faulty motor with broken rotor bars. The wavelet-transform results are processed to develop a normalised parameter called the ‘wavelet indicator’ which is sensitive to the presence of broken-rotor-bar faults. The results are verified using tests on machines with a varying number of broken bars, as well as partially broken rotor bars, over a wide range of loading conditions. The effects of initial rotor position and supply imbalance are also investigated.
Preparation of polymer single chain nanoparticles using intramolecular photodimerization of coumarin (2011)

We present a new and easy method for preparing polymer single chain nanoparticles (SCNPs). It uses the photodimerization of coumarin groups located on the same chain to obtain the intrachain cross-linking required for chain collapse in solution. To demonstrate the approach, samples of a random copolymer composed of N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) and 4-methyl-[7-(methacryloyl)oxy-ethyl-oxy]coumarin (CMA), with 7 or 13 mol% of CMA, were synthesized via the reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. We show that well-defined SCNPs could be obtained by the intrachain photodimerization of coumarin groups upon λ > 310 nm UV irradiation in a dilute copolymer solution. The coil-to-globule transition induced by intrachain photo-cross-linking was investigated by means of 1H NMR spin–spin relaxation time (T2). The result indicates that the photoinduced chain collapse is accompanied by a sharp increase of the fraction of chain segments having reduced mobility. SCNPs were further used as a nanoreactor to synthesize gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in situ. In tetrahydrofuran, the rate of AuNP formation was found to be dependent on the polymer chain conformation and mobility determined by the dimerization degree of coumarin. This provides a means to optically control the kinetics of AuNP formation.
<title>Electro-optical technology for remote chemical detection and identification</title> (1996)

The U.S. Army has been involved for over 30 years in the development of remote passive chemical detection sensors. With one exception these sensors have all been based on the Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS). The one exception was an early sensor called LOPAIR (long path infrared) which was a circular variable filter spectrometer. LOPAIR provided low spectral resolution and low sensitivity. Because of the limited sensitivity and resolution the Army quickly started using FTS for all their subsequent passive sensors. The first FTS spectrometer used for chemical detection was built by Block Engineering and was called COIN or correlation interferometer. Since that first FTS, the Army has been involved in the development of more advanced versions and currently has the M-21 in production. Following the M-21 was the development of the lightweight standoff chemical agent detection sensors (LSCAD) which were intended to provide detection on the move. Eight LSCAD sensors were built by the contractor to be used by the Army in either armored vehicles or the Pioneer UAV. Currently Block Engineering is under contract to modify several of the existing LSCAD sensors. The new sensor resulting from this program are referred to as the improved lightweight standoff chemical agent detection sensors (I-LSCAD). The objective of this paper is to describe the I-LSCAD sensor, which represents the state- of-the-art for remote passive chemical detection sensors.
Feature-level domain adaptation (2016)

<p>Domain adaptation is the supervised learning setting in which the training and test data are sampled from different distributions: training data is sampled from a source domain, whilst test data is sampled from a target domain. This paper proposes and studies an approach, called feature-level domain adaptation (flda), that models the dependence between the two domains by means of a feature-level transfer model that is trained to describe the transfer from source to target domain. Subsequently, we train a domain-adapted classifier by minimizing the expected loss under the resulting transfer model. For linear classifiers and a large family of loss functions and transfer models, this expected loss can be computed or approximated analytically, and minimized efficiently. Our empirical evaluation of flda focuses on problems comprising binary and count data in which the transfer can be naturally modeled via a dropout distribution, which allows the classiffier to adapt to differences in the marginal probability of features in the source and the target domain. Our experiments on several real-world problems show that flda performs on par with state-of-the-art domainadaptation techniques.</p>
Generic Feature Extraction for Classification using Fuzzy C - Means Clustering (2005)

Knowledge discovery and data mining (KDD) process includes preprocessing, transformation, data mining and knowledge extraction. The two important tasks of data mining are clustering and classification. In this paper, we propose a generic feature extraction for classification using fuzzy C-means (FCM) clustering. The raw data is preprocessed, normalized and then data points are clustered using the fuzzy C-means technique. Feature vectors for all the classes are generated by extracting the most relevant features from the corresponding clusters and used for further classification. Artificial neural network and support vector machines are used to perform the classification task. Experiments are conducted on four datasets and the accuracy obtained by performing specific feature extraction for a particular data set is compared with the generic feature extraction scheme. The algorithm performs relatively well with respect to classification results when compared with the specific feature extraction technique
Catheter position and blood gases during constant-flow ventilation (1987)

We studied the effect of catheter position and flow rate on gas exchange during constant-flow ventilation (CFV) in eight anesthetized, paralyzed dogs. The distal tips of the insufflation catheters were positioned 0.5, 2.0, 3.5, and 5.0 cm from the tracheal carina. Flow rates were varied between 10 and 55 l/min and steady-state arterial blood gases were measured. At a given flow rate, arterial CO2 pressure (PaCO2) decreased as CFV was administered further into the lung up to a distance of 3.5 cm from the carina; there were no significant differences in PaCO2 at 3.5 and 5.0 cm. For a given catheter position, PaCO2 decreased with increasing flow rate up to a flow rate of 40 l/min. Further increases in flow rate had no significant effect on PaCO2. Arterial O2 pressure (PaO2) was relatively constant at all flow rates and catheter positions. We conclude that, up to a point, CO2 elimination can be improved by positioning the catheters further into the lung; advancing the catheters further than 3.5 cm from the carina may cause over-ventilation of specific lung regions resulting in a relative plateau in CO2 elimination and relatively constant PaO2's. Positioning the catheters further into the lung permits the use of lower flow rates, thus potentially minimizing the risk of barotrauma.