gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Identification of a Unique Core Domain of Par-4 Sufficient for Selective Apoptosis Induction in Cancer Cells (2003)

Recent studies indicated that the leucine zipper domain protein Par-4 induces apoptosis in certain cancer cells by activation of the Fas prodeath pathway and coparallel inhibition of NF-kappaB transcriptional activity. However, the intracellular localization or functional domains of Par-4 involved in apoptosis remained unknown. In the present study, structure-function analysis indicated that inhibition of NF-kappaB activity and apoptosis is dependent on Par-4 translocation to the nucleus via a bipartite nuclear localization sequence, NLS2. Cancer cells that were resistant to Par-4-induced apoptosis retained Par-4 in the cytoplasm. Interestingly, a 59-amino-acid core that included NLS2 but not the C-terminal leucine zipper domain was necessary and sufficient to induce Fas pathway activation, inhibition of NF-kappaB activity, and apoptosis. Most important, this core domain had an expanded target range for induction of apoptosis, extending to previously resistant cancer cells but not to normal cells. These findings have identified a unique death-inducing domain selective for apoptosis induction in cancer cells (SAC domain) which holds promise for identifying key differences between cancer and normal cells and for molecular therapy of cancer.
Development on Gas Leak Detection and Location System Based on Wireless Sensor Networks (2011)

Develops a gas leak detection and location system for the production safety in Petrochemical Industry. The system is based on Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), it can collect the data of monitoring sites wirelessly and sent to the computer to update values in the location software. Consequently, it can give a real-time detective of the potential risk area, collect the data of a leak accident and locate the leakage point. However the former systems can not react in time, even can not obtain data from an accident and locate accurately. The paper has three parts, first, gives the overall system design, and then provides the approaches on both hardware and software to achieve it.
Fibronectin promotes proliferation of naive and memory T cells by signaling through both the VLA-4 and VLA-5 integrin molecules. (1990)

The capacity of purified fibronectin to costimulate human T cell DNA synthesis was examined. Low concentrations of immobilized fibronectin, but not soluble fibronectin, augmented anti-CD3-induced proliferation of highly purified human T cells. In the absence of anti-CD3 stimulation, immobilized fibronectin did not induce T cell proliferation alone or in the presence of IL-2 or phorbol dibutyrate. Although fibronectin is present in high concentrations in the serum, immobilized fibronectin was able to costimulate T cell proliferation when cells were cultured in serum-containing medium. Immobilized collagen type I did not enhance anti-CD3 stimulated T cell responses, whereas gelatin (denatured collagen) and laminin were able to enhance anti-CD3 stimulated T cell responses modestly. The effects of gelatin, however, appeared to be indirect, because it could not enhance responses in medium devoid of fibronectin. Immobilized fibronectin enhanced anti-CD3 induced proliferation of both CD45RA dim and CD45RA bright subsets within both the CD4+ and CD8+ subpopulations of T cells, although cells with the CD45RA dim phenotype were costimulated by lower concentrations of immobilized fibronectin. Enhancement of anti-CD3 induced proliferation by immobilized fibronectin was completely inhibited by a mAb to CD29, the integrin beta 1-chain (4B4) and not by a variety of other mAb. In contrast to its effects on proliferation, 4B4 only partially blocked T cell binding to anti-CD3 and fibronectin-coated macrowells. These findings suggested that the interaction between fibronectin and its receptor transduced a signal to the T cell and did not merely stabilize the interaction between anti-CD3 and the CD3 complex. Further experiments confirmed this observation. Thus fibronectin could enhance anti-CD3 responses when it was immobilized to a separate surface. The augmentation of anti-CD3 stimulated proliferation induced by immobilized fibronectin was also inhibited partially by mAb to either VLA-4 or VLA-5 and completely by a combination of the two mAb. The mAb to VLA-4 not only blocked the capacity of immobilized fibronectin to enhance anti-CD3-induced T cell proliferation but also directly costimulated T cell responses. Thus, at least two fibronectin receptors are involved in fibronectin-mediated costimulation of T cell proliferation. These studies indicate that signals are transduced through the fibronectin receptors, VLA-4 and VLA-5, that augment T cell responses and therefore implicate the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin as an important influence regulating T cell responsiveness in vivo.
Old age security in transitional economies (1994)

The former communist countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia (EECA) are undertaking their second great social experiment of the century: the transition from authoritarian central planning to a market economy. One of the many problems they face during the transition is what to do with their pension systems. Their problems are more complex than countries elsewhere at the same income level for three reasons. First, the systems are mature, with high and sharply rising dependency rations. Second, pension coverage is more extensive than in most other middle-income countries, because of over industrialization and the collectivization of agriculture. Third, pension reform is being undertaken at the same time as other fundamental economic changes. The timing, sequence and political economy of pension reform are complex. The author reviews the main feature of existing EECA pension systems, identifies the major reform issues and reform options, discusses obstacles to reform, and proposes a sequence for reform. She focuses primarily on the richer, older European countries of the EECA, where pension systems have matured. Paradoxically, pensions are low in those countries, yet expenditures as a proportion of GDP are high. The main reason for this is the very lowage of retirement, which means a short contribution period and a high dependency ratio. EECA governments must bring spending promises in line with a more realistic revenue ceiling. What makes reform so difficult is that too many people have already retired. Especially during the transition, when there are few opportunities to acquire wealth and some intergenerational redistribution is needed, the retirees need a safety net whether or not they deserve one on the basis of age alone. The author's recommendations are designed to make the system more equitable and efficient for this group. Four years after the fall of the Berlin Wall, pension reform has been elusive in EECA despite the severity of the problem. The author identifies several reasons for this. First, the extent of the pension system crisis was not foreseen in the early days of the transition (except perhaps in Hungary). Indeed, some countries expanded entitlements to help induce the labor market to adjust. As the depth of the problem became clear, EECA countries have tried to formulate reform programs, but only Albania has passed legislation substantially reducing entitlements. Another reason reform has proved difficult in EECA countries is that governments have tried to reduce the scope of the public pillar without providing an alternative to assure old-age security. Failure to begin developing other pillars (based on savings and insurance principles) to meet the active generation's needs for old-age security may have doomed reform efforts from the start.
A new type of artificial larynx using a PZT ceramics vibrator as a sound source (2000)

Various speech production substitutes which aim to reconstruct speech functions have been developed and used practically, for vocalization-handicapped persons. However, current speech production substitutes have problems, and it is hoped that perfect speech production substitutes are developed. We pay attention to a PZT ceramics vibrator as a sound source of an artificial larynx. We try to produce the artificial larynx which uses a PZT ceramics vibrator, and we evaluate the performance. The power spectrum of the produced artificial larynx user's voice is similar to that of a nonhandicapped person's voice. The vocalized sound of the produced artificial larynx user shows good characteristics at formant frequency, which is important for vowel discrimination. Based on the result of listening estimation, this voice has good clarity. We hope that the proposed artificial larynx will be widely used in the future.
Quantitative Discrimination of MEF2 Sites (1996)

Myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2 (MEF2) is a family of closely related transcription factors that play a key role in the differentiation of muscle tissues and are important in the muscle-specific expression of a number of genes. Given the centrality of MEF2 in muscle differentiation, regulatory regions newly determined to be muscle specific are often studied for potential MEF2 binding sites. Possible sites are often located by comparison to a homologous gene or by matching to the consensus MEF2 sequence. Enough data have accumulated that a richer description of the MEF2 binding site, a position weight matrix, can be reliably constructed and its usefulness can be assessed. It was shown that scores from such a matrix approximate MEF2 binding energy and enable recognition of naturally occurring MEF2 sites with high sensitivity and specificity. Regulation of genes via MEF2-like sites is complicated by the fact that a number of transcription factors are involved. Not only is MEF2 itself a family of proteins, but several other, nonhomologous, transcription factors overlap MEF2 in DNA-binding specificity. Thus, more quantitative methods for recognizing potential sites may help with the lengthy process of disentangling the complex regulatory circuits of muscle-specific expression.
Status of hepatic oxidative stress and antioxidant defense systems during chloroquine treatment of Plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis infected mice. (2000)

Chloroquine therapy alone is not sufficient to treat the malaria infection caused by multiple drug resistant strain of P. y. nigeriensis. Therefore, there is a need to develop newer antimalarials which could act alone or in combination with traditional antimalarials to be effective against drug resistant malarial parasites.
Improper Use of the Germicidal Range Ultraviolet Lamp for Household Disinfection Leading to Phototoxicity in COVID-19 Suspects (2020)

Although SARS-CoV-2 is structurally akin to SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV, and previous studies demonstrated high levels of inactivation of beta-coronavirus with germicidal-range UV, evidence for its efficacy to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 is lacking. This case report serves to emphasize the potential consequences of phototoxicity from the improper use of UV germicidal lamps for household disinfection and to highlight the fact that UV germicidal lamps currently have no established role in household disinfection of SARS-CoV-2.
Spatiotemporal Monitoring of High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Therapy with Passive Acoustic Mapping (2011)

Passive acoustic mapping significantly outperformed the conventional hyperecho technique as an ultrasound-based HIFU monitoring method, as both a detector of lesion occurrence and a method of mapping the position of ablated tissue.
<sup>4</sup> <i>A<sub>g</sub> </i>↔<sup>2</sup> <i>E<sub>g</sub> </i> Transition of Mn<sup>4+</sup> in Cs<sub>2</sub>TiF<sub>6</sub>: MnF<sub>6</sub> <sup>2-</sup> (1977)

We report and interpret the 4 A2g ↔2 Eg absorption, emission, linear dichroism, MCD and MCE of the MnF6 2- octahedra at sites of D3d symmetry in single crystals of Cs2TiF6. The spectra show many sharp features but a simplified calculation using cubic basis functions successfully accounts for all of the major features and much of the detailed structure. The electronic levels are not split by the trigonal field in first order but trigonal distortion splits the three-fold degenerate v 6(t2u ) vibration of the octahedron into a two-fold degenerate v 6(eu ) and a non-degenerate v 6(a1u ) vibration and these two vibrational modes give rise to the features 213 cm-1 and 246 cm-1 from the zero-phonon line respectively. Similarly the v 4(t1u ) vibration is split into a v 4(a2u ) and v 4(eu ) vibration and give the features at 313 cm-1 and 340 cm-1 respectively. Several transitions involving two or more quanta of vibration are clearly seen in the emission and MCE spectrum. At an energy shift of greater than 700 cm-1 from the zero-phonon transition these features are found to consist of progressions in the v 1(a1g ) breathing mode and the v 2(eg ) two-fold degenerate Jahn-Teller active mode. This structure can again be explained, with one exception, in terms of a calculation which assumes cubic basis functions. The exception is the reversal in sign of the MCE at a frequency v 6(eu ) + v 2(eg ) compared with that at v 6(eu ) which is not fully understood.
Are Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients With Diabetes Mellitus at Increased Risk for Poor Outcomes Including Greater Health Care Utilization? (2020)

Inflammatory bowel disease patients with diabetes mellitus are more likely to have active disease, report worse quality of life, and have higher health care utilization. This high-risk subgroup of patients with confirmed active disease should be treated with appropriate medical therapy including biologic therapy with or without an immunosuppressant.
Inductance calculations; methods and equations (2002)

Methods for calculating the external inductance of parts of a transmission line are compared. The differences and resemblances of these basic methods are discussed. Closed form equations for several structures, as found in the literature, are given. Furthermore, closed form relations for flat rectangular conductors, with holes or slits, different shapes, are developed and compared with results, if available, presented in the literature. We are particularly interested in the effective external inductance of a part of a transmission line because this inductance is the main cause of a ground noise (or drop, shift, lift) voltage, leading to common mode radiation.
Brillouin Spectrum in LEAF and Simultaneous Temperature and Strain Measurement (2011)

The triangle refractive index profile of LEAF fiber (a non-zero dispersion shifted fiber) makes it much more sensitive to temperature and strain. Owing to its high stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) threshold for long distance distributed sensors, we studied the Brillouin spectrum characteristics of LEAF under different strain and temperature conditions. The results are compared with those of SMF-28. Based on the linear relationship between the four peaks' linewidth/peak frequency and strain/temperature, we achieved a strain error of 37 με and a temperature error of 1.8 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sup> C with a spatial resolution of 4 m for simultaneous temperature and strain measurement.
Carbon Dioxide as the C1 Source for Direct C−H Functionalization of Aromatic Heterocycles (2010)

A simple and straightforward method has been developed for the direct carboxylation of aromatic heterocycles such as oxazoles, thiazoles, and oxadiazoles using CO(2) as the C1 source. The reactions require no metal catalyst and only Cs(2)CO(3) as the base. A good functional group tolerance is achieved.
Fischer indolisation and related compounds. Part 21. Direction on the cyclisation in the Fischer indolisation of ethyl pyruvate 2-(p- or m-substituted phenyl)phenylhydrazones (1989)

The Fischer indolisation of three kinds of ethyl pyruvate 2-(p- or m-substituted phenyl)phenylhydrazones (8a–c) was carried out with hydrogen chloride in ethanol or under sigmatropic conditions, in order to clarify chemically the mechanism of the first cyclisation step of Fischer indolisation. The reaction under acidic conditions took place predominantly on the electron-enriched benzene nucleus whereas the reaction under sigmatropic conditions took place with lower regioselectivity and in lower yield than the former. These results indicate to us that Fischer indolisation is catalysed by acid and proceeds by electrophilic attack of the enehydrazine entity on the aromatic nucleus.
Classifying and selecting UX and usability measures (2008)

Acute toxicity of individual PCBs, which were categorized as either phenobarbital (PB)- or 3-methylcholanthrene (MC)-type inducers, was examined in young male Wistar rats, comparing their effects on growth rate, organ weight and liver lipid content, 5 days after a single i.p. injection. PB-type PCBs (2,4,3',4'- and 2,5,2'5'-tetrachlorobiphenyl), which slightly increased a content of cytochrome P450, did not show any significant toxicity at a dose of 100 mg/kg. On the contrary, MC-type PCBs (3,4,5,3',4'-pentachloro- and 3,4,5,3',4',5'-hexachlorobiphenyl), which markedly increased a content of cytochrome P448, strongly reduced growth rate and weights of thymus and spleen at a dose of 10 mg/kg. Liver enlargement accompanied by fatty liver was also observed only with MC-type PCBs. 3,4,3',4'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl was also toxic at a dose of 50 mg/kg, in keeping with its weak MC-type-inducing ability. Pretreatment with MC affected neither growth rate, spleen weight, nor liver lipid content. These results suggest that the toxic potency of PCBs is related to their MC-type inducing ability, but the toxic characteristics are different from those of MC itself.
Vibration-Based Surface Recognition for Smartphones (2012)

With various sensors in a smart phone, it is now possible to obtain information about a user and her surroundings, such as the location of a smartphone and the activity of the smartphone user, and the obtained context information is being used to provide new services to the users. In this paper, we propose VibePhone, which uses a built-in vibrator and accelerometer, for recognizing the type of surfaces contacted by a smart phone, enabling the sense of touch in smartphones. For humans and animals, the sense of touch is fundamental for both recognizing and learning the properties of objects. The sense of touch is obtained from the texture of an object and humans recognize the type of an object by scrubbing the surface with fingers. Since a smartphone cannot physically scrub the contacting surface, we emulate the touch by generating vibrations using a smartphone and propose a method to recognize the type of contacting objects. The recognition of the object type by vibration alone is an extremely difficult task, even for a human. However, we demonstrate that it is possible to distinguish object types into broad categories where a phone is usually placed, e.g., sofas, plastic tables, wooden tables, hands, backpacks, and pants pockets. The proposed VibePhone system achieves an accuracy over 85% on average. We have prototyped VibePhone on an Android-based smart phone which changes its background display based on the contacting surface. We envision that the haptic perception in future smart phones will enable new experiences to the users.
Rotor Design and Optimization of the Three-phase Line-start Synchronous Reluctance Motor (2019)

Three-phase line-start synchronous reluctance motor (LS-SynRM) combines the structural features of three-phase squirrel cage induction motor (SCIM) and synchronous reluctance motor, it can start up by asynchronous torque from the rotor conductor bars, it can running by reluctance torque due to the flux barriers in synchronization. Firstly, this paper briefly introduces the mathematical model and starting characteristics of LS-SynRM, Then, the rotor structure of the LS-SynRM is optimized. The influence of the number of rotor barrier layers and the proportion of the flux barriers on the dq-axis inductance of the LS-SynRM is simulated; an optimal rotor flux barriers structure is obtained by finite element analysis (FEA). On this basis, the influence of rotor squirrel cage conductor bars distribution on the starting ability of LS-SynRM is studied and the rotor structure is determined. The simulated rated efficiency of the optimized LS-SynRM model is improved by 2.4% compared with the same frame number IE3 three-phase squirrel cage induction motor (SCIM). Finally, the performance of the optimized LS-SynRM is verified by the prototype test.
High‐density continuous cultures of hybridoma cells in a depth filter perfusion system (1994)

Abstract A depth filter perfusion system (DFPS) for animal cell culture was developed and its use in continuous highdensity cultures of hybridoma cells was investigated. In the DFPS, based on cell immobilization in a cylindrical depth filter matrix, cells were easily immobilized and cultivated by simple medium recirculation. The cell density in the 20‐μm pore size filter matrix reached up to 3 × 10 7 cells/mLin less than 10 days. This resulted in a high monoclonal antibody productivity of 744 mg/L/day, which was 25‐35 times higher than that of continuous‐suspension cultures using the same cell line. The 20‐μm pore filter retained more cells than the 30‐μm filterin a shorter period. The DFPS provides advantages of low‐cost set‐up, easy operation, and scale‐up in the cultures of anchorage‐independent cells. It also has a high potential for anchorage‐dependent cell cultures because of its unusually high surface‐to‐volume ratio of 450‐600 cm 2 /cm 3 . © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Electronic Bill Payment and Presentment: A Primer (2001)

Electronic bill payment and presentment (EBPP) services are a core component of many financial institutions' on-line banking offerings. This paper discusses the laws (state and federal), regulations, and regulatory guidance generally applicable to EBPP services offered through financial institutions. Particular emphasis is given to (i) the Electronic Fund Transfer Act and Regulation E (including provisions relevant to dispute resolution, liability for unauthorized transactions, and electronic disclosure) and (ii) regulatory guidance with respect to outsourcing arrangements in connection with the offering of EBPP services. The paper talks about and provides an overview of the law and regulatory guidance as it is today - it does not advocate or recommend any specific changes at this time.
Modes of empty off-axis unstable resonators with rectangular mirrors (1979)

The effect of Fresnel edge diffraction on mode loss and far-field beam quality is investigated for empty offaxis unstable resonators with rectangular mirrors. For the cases investigated, mode-loss separation and beam quality of the lowest-loss mode are maximized nonconcurrently when the optical axis intersects the small convex mirror near one of its corners rather than its center. Although these properties indicate that the near-corner off-axis resonator can achieve superior beam quality to that achieved by an on-axis resonator, it is also shown that a large instability in beam quality can occur near the operating point which gives maximum mode-loss separation and superior beam quality.