gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Current Status and Potential of Embryo Transfer and Reproductive Technology in Dairy Cattle (1992)

Significant use of embryo transfer in dairy cattle commenced with the introduction of nonsurgical embryo recovery in the mid-1970s and developed with the use of nonsurgical transfers in the late I970s. Numbers of registered Holstein calves from embryo transfer doubled yearly through 1980, after which the rate of increase slowed; the total reached nearly 19,000 calves in 1990. However, the efficacy of superovulation procedures and commercial success rates of transferred fresh embryos have not improved the past 10 to 15 yr. Fertilization rates in superovulated donors remain low. Although embryo-splitting techniques were perfected in the early 1980s, they are not used widely. A practical, commercial embryo-sexing procedure remains unavailable. Recent significant improvement is apparent in the technology of ultrasound-guided oocyte collection and in vitro oocyte maturation, fertilization, and embryo culture. In the future, this technology may be used in conjunction with sperm separated by sex with a flow cytometer. Modest numbers of embryo clones have been produced in several commercial programs via nuclear transfer techniques. However, the efficiency of gene transfer experiments involving ova of cattle and other domestic species has been low. Recently, DNA probe technology has begun to provide genotype information for cattle and will ultimately be applied to embryos.
Breast Pump Adverse Events: Reports to the Food and Drug Administration (2005)

Breast pumps are medical devices used to express milk and maintain the milk supply. The purpose of this study was to characterize adverse events reported to the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on breast pumps. Thirty-seven adverse event reports on breast pumps were identified from the Manufacturer and User Facility Device Experience database between 1992 and 2003. Four additional reports were found in the Device Experience Network database from 1992 to 1996. The most commonly reported adverse events for electric breast pumps were pain, soreness, or discomfort; the need for medical intervention; and breast tissue damage. Most frequently reported problems for manual breast pumps were breast tissue damage and infection. Contamination of breast milk during pumping was also reported. Breast pump adverse events are likely underreported to the FDA. Reporting adverse events is important for improving the design and manufacture of breast pumps and subsequently decreasing adverse events.
Fusion of Night Vision and Thermal Images (2006)

Night vision and thermal images are extensively used in military operations, as they help in mission planning and executions tasks. Image fusion effectively combines information present in each type of image. This research explored two wavelet-based image fusion approaches for night vision and thermal images; namely wavelet transform fusion and region-based fusion. Morphological methods designed to improve the image segmentation step were considered to improve image contrast and a global image quality index was applied to investigate the information content improvement resulting form the fusion process. Finally, a MATLAB-based graphical user interface was designed to assist the user in evaluating the benefits of the fusion process. Results showed the selection process is able to narrow to the best fused image with a satisfactory accuracy.
Fabrication of large-area ordered arrays of nanoparticles on patterned substrates (2005)

Many potential applications in nanotechnology require virtually defect-free arrays of nanometre-scale particles over large areas. Guided self-assembly of colloidal particles on patterned templates has been shown to produce ordered arrays of colloidal particles. However, there is a need to extend this technique to particles measuring much less than 50 nm in size and to develop robust fabrication techniques that would lead to defect-free, large-area arrays. We have investigated the use of the dip-coating technique to assemble one- and zero-dimensional arrays on patterned templates using particles with diameters in the 15â50 nm range. Substrates with high-resolution groove or hole patterns were prepared with extreme-ultraviolet interference lithography (EUV-IL). Particle arrays with low defect density were achieved by adapting the deposition conditions (particle concentration, pH, dip speed and orientation). The experimental findings are explained with a model that describes the relative influences of the contributing forces in the assembly process. The driving force behind the assembly is found to be the capillary forces that organize the particles with respect to the pattern on the substrate and each other. The process does not seem to impose any inherent limitations on the defect density or the size of the particle arrays.
Extending gate dielectric scaling limit by use of nitride or oxynitride (2002)

Theoretical calculations indicate that the tunneling currents in silicon nitride or oxynitride are greatly reduced compared to those in SiO/sub 2/ for equivalent oxide thicknesses (EOT) below 4 nm. Experimental results obtained on Jet Vapor Deposited (JVD) nitrides/oxynitrides are shown to verify the theoretical trend. These results suggest that extending the scaling limit well below 4 nm of EOT is possible with the JVD nitride.
Adaptive joint playout buffer and FEC adjustment for Internet telephony (2004)

A joint playout buffer and forward error correction (FEC) adjustment scheme are developed for Internet telephony, which incorporates the impact of end-to-end delay on the perceived audio quality. We show that it provides better quality than the adjustment schemes for playout buffer and FEC that were previously published. This is important because of a threshold effect when the end-to-end delay of interactive audio is around 150 ms. We represent the perceived audio quality as a function of both the end-to-end delay and the distortion of the voice signal. We develop a joint rate/error/playout delay control algorithm that optimizes this measure of quality and is TCP-friendly. It uses a channel model for both loss and delay. We validate our approach by simulation and show that (1) our scheme allows a source to increase its utility by avoiding an increase of the playout delay when it is not really necessary, (2) it performs better than direct combinations of existing algorithms in the cases where end-to-end delay is important and (3) adaptive delay aware FEC adjustment brings significant improvements only if it is coupled with an adaptive playout adjustment.
Towards BPEL in the Cloud: Exploiting Different Delivery Models for the Execution of Business Processes (2009)

More and more companies are outsourcing parts of their business processes to third party providers to exploit the expertise and economies of scale of these third party providers. In the IT field, emerging delivery models for software such as Software as a Service and cloud computing offer the possibility to outsource applications and computing infrastructure and thus enable enterprises to focus on their core competences. In this paper we investigate how the new delivery models affect the outsourcing of business processes modeled in WS-BPEL. WS-BPEL is the standard to model and execute business processes in Web service-based IT landscapes. We describe how security and trust issues affect the execution of BPEL processes in the cloud and show the requirements on the middleware supporting the execution of BPEL processes.
Selected technologies for measuring acquired genetic damage in humans (2010)

Technical advances have improved the capacity to detect and quantify genetic variants, providing novel methods for the detection of rare mutations and for better understanding the underlying environmental factors and biological mechanisms contributing to mutagenesis. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has revolutionized genetic testing and remains central to many of these new techniques for mutation detection. Millions of genetic variations have been discovered across the genome. These variations include germline mutations and polymorphisms, which are inherited in a Mendelian manner and present in all cells, as well as acquired, somatic mutations that differ widely by type and size [from single-base mutations to whole chromosome rearrangements, and including submicroscopic copy number variations (CNVs)]. This review focuses on current methods for assessing acquired somatic mutations in the genome, and it examines their application in molecular epidemiology and sensitive detection and analysis of disease. Although older technologies have been exploited for detecting acquired mutations in cancer and other disease, the high-throughput and high-sensitivity offered by next-generation sequencing (NGS) systems are transforming the discovery of disease-associated acquired mutations by enabling comparative whole-genome sequencing of diseased and healthy tissues from the same individual. Emerging microfluidic technologies are beginning to facilitate single-cell genetic analysis of target variable regions for investigating cell heterogeneity within tumors as well as preclinical detection of disease. The technologies discussed in this review will significantly expand our knowledge of acquired genetic mutations and causative mechanisms.
Optoelectronic neuroprocessor based on holographic disk memory (1992)

Proposes an optoelectronic neuroprocessor using 1D hologram technology with a serial-parallel information processing method. The neuron-like elements of the device are implemented by means of optoelectronics and have no electrical interconnections. Interneuronal connections are set by recording on the holographic disk an array of 1D microholograms formed by the reference beam and a linear multichannel light modulator. The performance of the neuroprocessor is discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Large-scale experiments on data-driven design of commercial spoken dialog systems (2011)

The design of commercial spoken dialog systems is most commonly based on hand-crafting call flows. Voice interaction designers write prompts, predict caller responses, set speech recognition parameters, implement interaction strategies, all based on “best design practices”. Recently, we presented the mathematical framework “Contender” (similar to reinforcement learning) that allows for replacing manual decisions made during system design by data-driven soft decisions made at system run time optimizing the cumulative reward of an application. The current paper reports on the results of 26 Contenders implemented in commercial applications processing a total of about 15 million calls.
The mini-screen: an innovative device for computer assisted surgery systems. (2005)

In this paper we focus on the design of Computer Assisted Surgery (CAS) systems and more generally Augmented Reality (AR) systems that assist a user in performing a task on a physical object. Digital information or new actions are defined by the AR system to facilitate or to enrich the natural way the user would interact with the real environment. We focus on the outputs of such systems, so that additional digital information is smoothly integrated with the real environment of the user, by considering an innovative device for displaying guidance information: the mini-screen. We first motivate the choice of the mini-screen based on the ergonomic property of perceptual continuity and then present a design space useful to create interaction techniques based on a mini-screen. Two versions of a Computer ASsisted PERicardial (CASPER) puncture application, as well as a computer assisted renal puncture application, developed in our teams, are used to illustrate the discussion.
Bio‐industrial Waste Silk Fibroin Protein and Carbon Nanotube‐Induced Carbonized Growth of One‐Dimensional ZnO‐based Bio‐nanosheets and their Enhanced Optoelectronic Properties (2018)

High performance UV/Visible photodetectors are successfully fabricated from ZnO/fibroin protein-carbon nanotube (ZFP<sub>CNT</sub> ) composites using a simple hydrothermal method. The as-fabricated ZnO nanorods (ZnO NRs) and ZFP<sub>CNT</sub> nanostructures were measured under different light illuminations. The measurements showed the UV-light photoresponse of the as-fabricated ZFP<sub>CNT</sub> nanostructures (55,555) to be approximately 26454 % higher than that of the as-prepared ZnO NRs (210). This photodetector can sense photons with energies considerably smaller (2.75 eV) than the band gap of ZnO (3.22 eV). It was observed that the finest distribution of fibroin and CNT into 1D ZnO resulted in rapid electron transportation and hole recombination via carbon/nitrogen dopants from the ZFP<sub>CNT</sub> . Carbon dopants create new energy levels on the conduction band of the ZFP<sub>CNT</sub> , which reduces the barrier height to allow for charge carrier transportation under light illumination. Moreover, the nitrogen dopants increase the adsorptivity and amount of oxygen vacancies in the ZFP<sub>CNT</sub> so that it exhibits fast response/recovery times both in the dark and under light illumination. The selectivity of UV light among the other types of illumination can be ascribed to the deep-level energy traps (E<sub>T</sub> ) of the ZFP<sub>CNT</sub> . These significant features of ZFP<sub>CNT</sub> lead to the excellent optical properties and creation of new pathways for the production of low-cost semiconductors and bio-waste protein based UV/Visible photodetectors.
Digital Flight Control: An Approach to Efficient Design (1975)

Previous digital design experiences provide guidance and offer solutions for one of the newest digital technology applications: The commercial transport AFCS. In addition to facing well-documented problems of software control and maintainability, operational safety adds a new dimension to the requirements for software reliability. After a general discussion of the problems encountered in past digital system programs, this paper addresses the specific requirements of the commercial transport system and their implications in terms of system architecture and software development. An immproved solution to the problem of software design is offered, and its impact on traditional and future problem areas is outlined. A description of a prototype digital AFCS under development is presented. The experiences to date with this system reinforce the correctness of techniques and approaches used in its development.
Periocular inflammation in mice with experimental systemic lupus erythematosus. A new experimental blepharitis and its modulation. (1995)

Experimental systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) can be induced in mice by immunization with a human monoclonal anti-DNA Ab, bearing a major Id 16/6Id. Immunized mice initially produce Abs to 16/6Id, DNA and nuclear Ags, and subsequently develop various clinical manifestations including leukopenia and renal immune complex disease. MHC class I Ags play a critical role in the induction and progression of experimental SLE. The present study reports that ocular changes also occur in mice with experimental SLE. The ocular disease is characterized by bilateral subacute and chronic inflammation of the eyelids (blepharitis) with immune complex IgG deposition and hypertrophic meibomian glands. The severity of ocular changes was strain dependent: most severe in 129 mice, less intense in BALB/c animals and only minimal in C3H.SW mice. No blepharitis developed in mice deficient in MHC class I expression. Further, the disease was strongly inhibited in BALB/c mice treated with methimazole, an agent that has been shown to repress transcription of MHC class I. In these cases, there was no IgG deposition and a decreased infiltration of inflammatory cells in the eyelids. These observations thus suggest that, similar to the observation with experimental SLE, MHC class I is critical in the onset of this experimental autoimmune blepharitis. The new experimental eye disease described here provides an animal model for chronic blepharitis in humans, a common condition for which such a model has been sought.
Biconnectivity approximations and graph carvings (1992)

A spanning tree in a graph is the smallest connected spanning subgraph. Given a graph, how does one find the smallest (i.e., least number of edges) 2-connected spanning subgraph (connectivity refers to both edge and vertex connectivity, if not specified)? Unfortunately, the problem is known to be NP-hard.
[Prerequisites for the manual therapy of diseases of the cervical spine]. (1989)

The authors examine the anatomical and biomechanical peculiarities of the upper and lower cervical vertebromotor segments. A differential administration of the manual therapy methods to influence various levels of the cervical spine is substantiated. It has been demonstrated that the mobilization of the atlanto-occipital joints should be carried out by means of flexion and extension movements and lateral inclinations. It is supposed that the atlanto-occipital complex of joints may be affected by means of combination of axial traction and rotation of the cervical spine. The manipulations on the lower cervical vertebromotor segments require a combined application of lateral inclinations and rotation.
Human Infection with<i>Ehrlichia canis</i>, a Leukocytic Rickettsia (1987)

RICKETTSIA that are pathogenic for humans include five main antigenic groups that cause, respectively, typhus, spotted fever, scrub typhus, Q fever, and trench fever.1 There is also a group of intraleukocytic parasites that infect humans and a variety of wild and domestic animals. These organisms constitute the genus ehrlichia of the family Rickettsiaceae.2 The human pathogen in this genus, E. sennetsu, was isolated in Japan in 1954 from a patient with an infectious mononucleosis–like syndrome.3 Sennetsu rickettsiosis was subsequently described in Japan and Malaysia.4 We now report a human infection caused by E. canis. The clinical symptoms of . . .
Legal Information Services in South Africa (2002)

There are currently 18,456 attorneys and Candidate attorneys registered with the Law Society of South Afric and 5,941 registered law firms (CLE 2002). Data is not yet available regarding the size distribution of these law firms but a glance at any of the national legal directories will reveal that the majority of attorneys operate as solo practitioners or in association with a few colleagues. A large city practice will generally be well supplied with information resources and with assistance from a librarian or information professional. In a small practice, the information resources that the attorney has at his or her disposal may be limited to a few textbooks, supplemented in some cases with access to electronic databases and Internet resources. Small practices seldom employ information professionals, although they may make use of the services of information agencies and independent contractors to assist with research and/or information management.
Flavonoids Protect Retinal Ganglion Cells from Oxidative Stress–Induced Death (2005)

These results suggest that certain flavonoids can function as potent and effective neuroprotective agents for retinal ganglion cells.
Chemoprevention of cancerogenesis--the role of sulforaphane. (2003)

Isothiocyanates are a group of naturally occurring compounds with interesting medical properties, such as antimicrobial, antioxidant and antitumor activities. In our work we were trying to present the tumoricidal activity of new synthesized derivatives of one isothiocyanate: 1-isothio-cyanato-(4R)-(methylsulfinyl) butane [sulforaphane]. Many chemical substances derived from plants, undoubtedly have protective properties. The effectiveness of sulforaphane is based on induction of hepatic detoxifying enzymes.
朱熹와 李退溪：理發氣生、氣發理生내의 理에 대한 바른 이해 (2009)

본고에서 본인은 朱熹(1130～1200)와 李退溪(1501～1571)의 理
에 대한 유일무이한 개념화에 초점을 맞추어 송-명 유교에 따른
존재-우주론의 중요한 측면에 초점을 맞추었다. 본인은 존재우주
론과 개념적-논리적이라는 두 가지 수준의 이해에서 理의 창의적
-변혁적 힘을 분명히 도출했고 통합의 논리학이 어떻게 공허의
理를 창조의 理로 변형시킬 수 있는지 보여준다. 바로 이런 변형
에 비추어 우리는 주체성의 문제 그리고 李退溪와 奇明彦사이의
토론에서 四端과 七情의 차이를 보다 잘 이해할 수 있다. 본인은
토론을 매우 상세하게 분석하여 어디에 문제의 요점이 있는지를
보여준다. 奇明彦은 아마 罗钦顺의 뒤를 이어 理发气随와 气发理
乘를 적절하게 구별하는 문제를 제기했을 것이다. 李退溪의 설득
력 있는 응답에도 불구하고, 奇明彦은 도전적이다. 해결책은 무엇
인가? 두 가지를 어떻게 조정할 것인가? 본인은 문제 자체를 적절
하게 이해하면서, 奇明彦의 의문에 적절하게 답할 수 있고 어느
면에서 李退溪는 물론 이와 관련하여 朱熹를 계몽적이면서 또한
곤혹하게 하는 理의 창의성에 대한 그들의 통찰력으로부터 구할
수 있는 도덕적 감정과 자연적 감정 사이에서 변형의 논리학을 시
사한다. 마지막으로, 본인은 李退溪와 奇明彦의 입장을 통합하기
위해 理发气生、气发理生에 대한 논제를 제시한다.
Characterization of the Single‐Strand‐Specific Nuclease S<sub>1</sub> Activity on Double‐Stranded Supercoiled Polyoma DNA (1974)

The DNA of polyoma virus consists of double‐stranded supercoiled circular molecules. The single‐strand‐specific nuclease S 1 converts these molecules to unit length rods. The conversion occurs in a two‐step reaction, with nuclease S 1 cutting first one of the two strands and then the intact strand opposite to this nick. Cleavage of intact polyoma DNA by nuclease S 1 is a consequence of supercoiling. DNA molecules containing random single‐strand breaks introduced by physical or enzymatic means are also cut opposite to nicks.
Transgenic Cotton Breeding (2015)

Natural variation exists within the genus Gossypium L. that affords continuous genetic improvement of cotton in lint yield, fiber quality, and resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, genetic engineering has provided a complementary avenue to introduce novel or desirable genes and traits into cotton. Since 1996, several insect-resistant biotech traits conferred by various Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) genes or their combinations and herbicide-resistant traits have been commercialized in the United States and major cotton-growing countries, accounting for 90 and 60% of the cotton acreages in the United States and the world, respectively. The sources of transgenes used in commercialization are predominantly from bacteria. With an understanding of the biochemical and molecular basis of plant growth and development based on genomic research, genes from other plants or cotton can also be used in transformation. In this chap ter, major sources of transgenes used to develop commercial genetically engineered (GE) cotton, selectable marker genes and their promoters, and transformation methods are first described. Methods used in assessments of transgenic cotton for regulatory approval are then discussed. These include genetic and molecular characterization and requirements for addressing issues related to agronomic performance, nutrient analysis, and environmental safety. Finally, breeding methods in developing GE cultivars from approved transgenic events are discussed in detail. C otton improvement through classical genetics and breeding targets high yields, better fiber and seed quality, resistance or tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses, and adaption to production systems where cotton is grown. Con ventional cotton breeding takes advantage of desirable alleles that are existent in the cultivated cotton of the same or a different Gossypium species. Intraspecific breeding within tetraploid Upland (G. hirsutum L.) or Pima cotton ( G. barbadense L.) does not have any reproductive barriers between parental lines, while interspecific breeding between Upland and Pima cotton is faced with the hybrid breakdown problem in F 2 and advanced generations, even though heterotic Abbreviations: 2,4-D, 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid ; Bt, Bacillus thuringiensis; DMA, dicamba monooxygenase; ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; EPSP, 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate; EPSPS, enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase; GE, genetically engineered; miRNA, microRNA; PAT, phosphinothricin acetyltransferase; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; PEP, phosphoenolpyruvate; QTL, quantitative trait locus; RNAi, RNA interference; TALEN, transcription activator-like effector nuclease; ZFN, zinc-finger nuclease.