gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Advances in Microbial Fuel Cells (2013)

Microbial fuel cells (MFCs) have been promising renewable power sources for more than 100 years. In 1911, the occurrence of an electromotive force between electrodes immersed in bacterial or yeast cultures and in a sterile medium with a battery-type setup was reported by Michael C. Potter [1], and it was concluded that electric energy could be liberated from the microbial disintegration of organic compounds. Twenty years later, Cohen [2] conrmed these results and reported a stacked bacterial fuel cell with a voltage of 35 V at a current of 0.2 mA. Although these publications may be considered as the birth of MFCs, the early resonance was doubtful. The rapid advances in other energy technologies like photovoltaic and later also the low prices for mineral oil again led to decreased interest in MFCs. In the 1980s, a slow interest in MFCs came back again [3,4]. Wilkinson [5] proposed the application of MFCs to power self-sustaining (eating) robots. Due to the limitations, including low performance, poor practicability, sustainability, and no application focus, the actual MFC development stagnated at a comparatively low publication level until the turn of the century [6], when the growing awareness of upcoming climate changes and resource depletion fuels environmental concerns to recover energy from organic waste for saving energy and reducing CO2 emissions, MFCs have come to a new stage of development. The technology is no longer considered as a scientic peculiarity and insignicant issue but a serious and important research subject.
Practical example of the correction of Fourier-transform spectra for detector nonlinearity (1994)

HgCdTe photoconductive detectors can display a nonlinear response when illuminated. In interferometric applications, this behavior must be accounted for in the data transformation process to avoid errors in the measurement of the spectral distribution of the incident radiation. A model for the distortion of the interferogram is proposed and applied to solar observations made by the Atmospheric Trace Molecule Spectroscopy (ATMOS) Fourier-transform spectrometer during orbital sunrise and sunset from the Space Shuttle. Empirical estimation of the dc current level is necessary for this instrument, and satisfactory nonlinearity correction is obtained for several of the primary ATMOS optical filters. For ATMOS broadband optical filters that cover more than one half the alias bandwidth, the model is inadequate because of the presence of antialiasing electronic filters within the instrument, and it is necessary to resort to estimation and subtraction of the residual baseline offset. In either case the remaining base line offsets are typically smaller than 1%, which is satisfactory, although offset remains a significant systematic source of error in the estimation of the abundance of telluric and solar constituents from the spectra.
Arcing fault detection in underground distribution networks-feasibility study (2000)

In some circumstances, arcing faults on insulated low-voltage conductors can sustain or reignite intermittently for several or even several dozen minutes, generating large amounts of heat and gases. In underground secondary distribution cables in ducts, the decomposition gases escape to the ends of the duct, typically manholes, where they can ignite fire or explode, throwing out the manhole cover. Detection of arcing faults may be difficult using standard overcurrent protections because some arcing faults generate relatively low currents. To study the feasibility of detecting arcing faults in underground networks, personnel from Consolidated Edison Company of New York, Inc., New York, NY, conducted an experiment in one secondary network by staging arcing faults and collecting data at the fault location and several nearby vaults. The data were analyzed to examine the feasibility of developing a detection algorithm. This paper presents some results of this analysis in time, frequency, and time-frequency domains.
A 172mm<sup>2</sup> 32Gb MLC NAND flash memory in 34nm CMOS (2009)

As applications for NAND continue to grow and cost remains a primary market driver, it is necessary to deliver increased storage capacities at smaller process lithography while meeting high performance requirements. Design plays a pivotal role by providing architectures and design solutions that minimize the impact of bitline and wordline resistance and capacitance (RC) requirements and cell-reliability constraints. This paper presents a device that employs chip architecture, datapath, and analog architecture solutions that address these challenges while meeting high performance requirements. This 32 Gb MLC NAND delivers 50 mus t <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">READ</sub> , 900 mus t <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">PR0G</sub> and 9 MB/s write throughput in a 34 nm technology.
Analysis of a positional candidate gene for inflammatory bowel disease (1999)

Stokkers, P.; Leegwater, A. C.; Reitsma, P. H.; Tytgat, G. N.J.; van Deventer, S. J.H. Author Information
Sorption and transport of inert gases in PVF<sub>2</sub>/PMMA blends (1986)

Abstract Sorption and transport of several inert gases (He, Ar, N 2 , and CH 4 ) in miscible blends of PMMA and PVF 2 are reported as a function of pressure at 35°C. For each gas, the permeabilities are independent of pressure for all blend compositions. Sorption isotherms are linear for rubbery compositions (PVF 2 ‐rich) and nonlinear for glassy compositions (PMMA‐rich) as expected. In contrast to CO 2 , these gases do not plasticize any of these materials. The data are analyzed using appropriate models for sorption and transport, and the parameters are correlated in terms of blend composition and molecular characteristics of the gases. Effects of crystallinity are discussed. Sorption behavior is compared with poly(methyl acrylate) and poly(vinyl acetate).
Exploring Social Contexts along the Time Dimension: Temporal Analysis of Named Entities (2010)

Exploring the evolution of social contexts with time can provide unique insights into human social dynamics. Several social contexts and relationships can be mined from unstructured text articles that describe social phenomena. In contrast to structured graphs of social networks, named entity recognition is a task that attempts to classify elements in unstructured textual items into predefined categories, such as organizations, people, locations, quantities, and temporal expressions. State of the art systems have approached the quality of human annotators on static documents for multiple languages. The problem of constructing and linking corresponding entities across topics and documents still exists. During a temporal sequence, entities fluctuate in frequency over time, and the set of entities in the present document can differ from the beginning and end. Furthermore, with user-generated content available on most major news sites, different viewpoints and entity relationships are generated by different users. This paper describes the Sequencer system for the temporal analysis of named entities in news articles between media reported stories and user generated content.
Conformational distributions at the N-peptide/boxB RNA interface studied using site-directed spin labeling (2010)

In bacteriophage λ, interactions between a 22-amino acid peptide (called the N-peptide) and a stem-loop RNA element (called boxB) play a critical role in transcription anti-termination. The N-peptide/boxB complex has been extensively studied, and serves as a paradigm for understanding mechanisms of protein/RNA recognition. Particularly, ultrafast spectroscopy techniques have been applied to monitor picosecond fluorescence decay behaviors of 2-aminopurines embedded at various positions of the boxB RNA. The studies have led to a model in which the bound N-peptide exists in dynamic equilibrium between two states, with peptide C-terminal fragment either stacking on (i.e., the stacked state) or peeling away from (i.e., the unstacked state) the RNA loop. The function of the N-peptide/boxB complex seems to correlate with the fraction of the stacked state. Here, the N-peptide/boxB system is studied using the site-directed spin labeling technique, in which X-band electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy is applied to monitor nanosecond rotational behaviors of stable nitroxide radicals covalently attached to different positions of the N-peptide. The data reveal that in the nanosecond regime the C-terminal fragment of bound N-peptide adopts multiple discrete conformations within the complex. The characteristics of these conformations are consistent with the proposed stacked and unstacked states, and their distributions vary upon mutations within the N-peptide. These results suggest that the dynamic two-state model remains valid in the nanosecond regime, and represents a unique mode of function in the N-peptide/boxB RNA complex. It also demonstrates a connection between picosecond and nanosecond dynamics in a biological complex.
The Ultra-Potent and Selective TLR8 Agonist VTX-294 Activates Human Newborn and Adult Leukocytes (2013)

VTX-294 is a novel ultra-potent TLR8 agonist that activates newborn and adult leukocytes and is a candidate vaccine adjuvant in both early life and adulthood.
Ursolic acid in health and disease (2018)

Ursolic acid (UA) is a natural triterpene compound found in various fruits and vegetables. There is a growing interest in UA because of its beneficial effects, which include anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-carcinogenic effects. It exerts these effects in various tissues and organs: by suppressing nuclear factor-kappa B signaling in cancer cells, improving insulin signaling in adipose tissues, reducing the expression of markers of cardiac damage in the heart, decreasing inflammation and increasing the level of anti-oxidants in the brain, reducing apoptotic signaling and the level of oxidants in the liver, and reducing atrophy and increasing the expression levels of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and irisin in skeletal muscles. Moreover, UA can be used as an alternative medicine for the treatment and prevention of cancer, obesity/diabetes, cardiovascular disease, brain disease, liver disease, and muscle wasting (sarcopenia). In this review, we have summarized recent data on the beneficial effects and possible uses of UA in health and disease managements.
Identification of Collagen-Binding Proteins in <i>Lactobacillus</i> spp. with Surface-Enhanced Laser Desorption/Ionization–Time of Flight ProteinChip Technology (2000)

Biosurfactants produced by Lactobacillus fermentum RC-14, L. rhamnosus GR-1 and 36, and L. casei Shirota were found to contain proteins that bind to both collagen types III and VI, as determined by surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization (SELDI)-time of flight mass spectrometry. Both collagen types III and VI immobilized on SELDI preactivated ProteinChip arrays detected several different sizes (2 to 48 kDa) of collagen-binding proteins. Overall, the RC-14-produced biosurfactant contained the greatest number of collagen-binding proteins (RC-14 > GR-1 > 36 > Shirota), including the mature form of a previously cloned 29-kDa collagen-binding protein (referred to in its mature 26-kDa form). Although biosurfactants isolated from L. casei Shirota and L. rhamnosus 36 and GR-1 also contain several collagen-binding proteins, they do not contain the 26-kDa collagen-binding protein. Together, these results demonstrate the utility of the SELDI system as a means of rapidly characterizing clinically important but complex biosurfactant solutions.
Effects of Haptic and Auditory Warnings on Driver Intersection Behavior and Perception (2005)

Intersection crashes account for over one-third of all crashes in the U.S., and 39% of these result in injury or death. As part of a larger effort to develop and evaluate in-vehicle countermeasures to reduce the number of intersection-related crashes, haptic warnings and a combined haptic/auditory warning were explored and compared to combined visual/auditory warnings. The first phase of this study determined which haptic brake pulse warning candidate most often resulted in the driver successfully stopping for an intersection. Five brake pulse warnings were tested (varied with respect to jerk, duration, and the number of pulses). Participants receiving the haptic warnings were 38 times more likely to stop at the intersection than those receiving no warning and 7.6 times more likely to stop than those receiving a combined visual/auditory tone warning. The 600ms-3 pulses condition was advanced to the second phase because it provided the longest warning and had a more favorable subjective rating; it was then combined with an auditory verbal warning (urgent "STOP"). This phase determined whether the added verbal warning resulted in differences from the haptic warning alone. Although the warning was activated 7.62 m (25 ft) closer to the intersection in the second phase than in the first phase, there were no significant differences for the reaction times and distance to stop bar. Participants receiving the haptic plus auditory verbal warning were also 1.5 times more likely to stop than those who received the haptic warning alone. Overall, this study shows that haptic warnings show promise for warning drivers of impending intersection violations. Guidelines for haptic intersection warnings were developed, including a recommendation that haptic warnings be combined with auditory verbal warnings for increased warning effectiveness.
Recovery Performance and Economics of Steam/Propane Hybrid Process (2005)

Abstract In this study, a particular hybrid process with propane and steam co-injected is simulated numerically under different operation strategies. The roles of propane in the hybrid process are investigated. The economics of these hybrid processes are also evaluated with a supply cost model. Results show that hybrid processes with steam and propane co-injection can have the same supply cost as that of SAGD process and propane-related cost is a small part of the total supply cost in these hybrid processes due to the small amount of propane used in this study. Results also show that low pressure hybrid processes are more cost-efficient than their high pressure counterparts.
Bivalirudin as an Alternative to Heparin for Anticoagulation in Infants and Children (2015)

Bivalirudin, a direct thrombin inhibitor, is a useful alternative to heparin for anticoagulation in infants and children. It has been found to be effective in patients requiring treatment of thrombosis, as well as those needing anticoagulation during cardiopulmonary bypass, extracorporeal life support, or with a ventricular assist device. While it has traditionally been used in patients who were unresponsive to heparin or who developed heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, it has recently been studied as a first-line agent. Bivalirudin, unlike heparin, does not require antithrombin to be effective, and as a result, has the potential to provide a more consistent anticoagulation. The case reports and clinical studies currently available suggest that bivalirudin is as effective as heparin at reaching target activated clotting times or activated partial thromboplastin times, with equivalent or the lower rates of bleeding or thromboembolic complications. It is more expensive than heparin, but the cost may be offset by reductions in the costs associated with heparin use, including anti-factor Xa testing and the need for administration of antithrombin. The most significant disadvantage of bivalirudin remains the lack of larger prospective studies demonstrating its efficacy and safety in the pediatric population.
The early diagnosis of parkinson's disease (1998)

Current accepted clinical criteria for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD) provide high sensitivity for detecting parkinsonism but generally show poor specificity for identifying brainstem Lewy body disease. Biochemical markers that can be used to reliably diagnose clinical and preclinical PD have thus far been sought unsuccessfully. It is now known that some PD kindreds have a mutation of the alpha-synuclein gene, but this cannot be used as a genetic marker for most familial and sporadic cases. Functional imaging provides a means of discriminating typical from atypical PD, revealing characteristic patterns of loss of dopaminergic function. In addition, PET and SPECT show preserved levels of striatal metabolism and dopamine receptor binding in PD, whereas levels are reduced in the atypical variants. [18F]Dopa PET can also detect preclinical PD. In one series there was a reported 40% prevalence of preclinical dopaminergic dysfunction in asymptomatic adult relatives of familial PD patients. Finally, PET and SPECT can both be used to follow PD progression objectively. Such studies suggest an annual 4 to 12% loss of dopamine terminal function in early PD and a preclinical disease window of only a few years. In the future, functional imaging is likely to play an increasingly important role in assessing the efficacy of putative neuroprotective agents.
Presence of Human Papilloma Viral Antigens in Juvenile Multiple Laryngeal Papilloma (1981)

Juvenile laryngeal papillomas, solitary laryngeal papillomas of the adult, and cylindric cell papillomas of the nose and sinuses were examined for the presence of papillomavirus antigens by means of immunocytochemistry. By using an antiserum capable of recognizing a common group antigen that reacts with papillomavirus antigens of different species, it was found that half of the juvenile laryngeal papillomas studied contained cells staining for papillomavirus antigens. No positive cells were found in adult solitary papillomas or cylindric cell papillomas. These results strongly implicate a human papillomavirus as the causative agent of juvenile multiple laryngeal papillomas.
Evaluation of the Role of Injection Theraphy for Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy (1980)

Intraprostatic phenol injection treatment was given to 13 cases of benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) without urinary retention. Symptomatic improvement was significant, although objective assessment showed neither significant alteration in the size of the prostate nor in the urinary flow rate. Injection therapy is considered inadequate in the relief of prostatic obstruction.
FTIR study of self-protonation and gel formation in pyridinic solutions of poly(4-vinylpyridine) (2000)

An FTIR study reveals the complex zwitterion (R2C−–Py+–H) in a polymeric chain of poly(4-vinylpyridine), which results from self-protonation of the latter in a pyridine solution. Presumably this complex ion, together with the observed strongly hydrogen-bonded network, is responsible for the formation of a gel with unique tunable emission properties.
Novel flow cytometrer utilizing wavelength-resolved detection under a diascopic illumination configuration (2010)

This paper presents a novel yet high performance diascopic illumination configuration for simultaneously detecting cells of different sizes and different fluorescence labeling in a microfluidic chip. An objective-type dark-field condenser equipped with a low-cost tungsten bulb light source with continuous wavelengths (400 to 900 nm) and an UV-Vis-NIR spectrometer is used for detecting the multispectral signals from various particles and cells. With this approach, continuous cell counting and spectra analyzing are realized in a single channel without using any spatial filter and delicate optical detectors. Results show that the developed system is capable of identifying different labeled particle and cell samples by extracting the information side-scatter, absorption, and fluorescence from the information-rich spectra. This proposed system provides an efficient multi-color detection for identification and classification on a micro-flow cytometer chip.
Automatically adjustable rear mirror based on computer vision (2017)

A well-researched topic dealing with the automotive market concerns the development of innovative devices to improve security and comfort. Along these lines, this paper proposes a fully automatic system based on computer vision that can orient the interior rear view mirror of a car so as to seamlessly provide the driver with a correct rear view. A cheap 2D camera is mounted over a motorized rear view mirror and used to scan the interior car space in order to identify the driver's face and eyes. Detection does occur effectively regardless of the number and position of car occupants and allows the system to compute the correct orientation and adjusts the mirror accordingly.
CPC: assess the protein-coding potential of transcripts using sequence features and support vector machine (2007)

Recent transcriptome studies have revealed that a large number of transcripts in mammals and other organisms do not encode proteins but function as noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) instead. As millions of transcripts are generated by large-scale cDNA and EST sequencing projects every year, there is a need for automatic methods to distinguish protein-coding RNAs from noncoding RNAs accurately and quickly. We developed a support vector machine-based classifier, named Coding Potential Calculator (CPC), to assess the protein-coding potential of a transcript based on six biologically meaningful sequence features. Tenfold cross-validation on the training dataset and further testing on several large datasets showed that CPC can discriminate coding from noncoding transcripts with high accuracy. Furthermore, CPC also runs an order-of-magnitude faster than a previous state-of-the-art tool and has higher accuracy. We developed a user-friendly web-based interface of CPC at http://cpc.cbi.pku.edu.cn. In addition to predicting the coding potential of the input transcripts, the CPC web server also graphically displays detailed sequence features and additional annotations of the transcript that may facilitate users' further investigation.
Recent advances in the exploratory analysis of interregional flows in space and time (1997)

In other situations, flow researchers may need explicitly to recognize the existence of the channels (such as river systems, rail lines or ocean trade routes) that flows must follow in their path from origin to destination. Analysis of these constrained flows poses many special problems and their examination is, to date, found mostly in the urban traffic literature. In both the unconstrained and constrained cases, beyond a simple binary 'flowno flow' statement of linkages, the measurement of flow magnitudes involves a variety of approaches; most often these measurements are based upon value or quantity (weight, number of carloads, etc.).
Evaluation of a quantitative fluorescence immunoassay (FIAX) for detection of serum antibody to Borrelia burgdorferi (1987)

A quantitative, indirect, fluorescence immunoassay (FIAX; Whittaker Bioproducts, Inc.) was compared with the conventional indirect fluorescent-antibody test for detection of serum antibody to Borrelia burgdorferi. FIAX correlated well with the indirect fluorescent-antibody test (r = 0.72). FIAX is a convenient and dependable means of measuring serum antibody to B. burgdorferi.
A Modular Reaction Pairing Approach to the Diversity-Oriented Synthesis of Fused- and Bridged-Polycyclic Sultams (2011)

A reaction pairing strategy centered on utilization of a reaction triad (sulfonylation, S(N)Ar addition and Mitsunobu alkylation) generating skeletally diverse, tricyclic and bicyclic benzofused sultams is reported. Pairing sulfonylation and S(N)Ar reactions yields bridged, tricyclic and bicyclic benzofused sultams. Application of the Mitsunobu reaction in a sulfonylation-Mitsunobu-S(N)Ar pairing allows access to benzthiazocine-1,1-dioxides, while a simple change in the order of pairing to sulfonylation-S(N)Ar-Mitsunobu affords structurally different, bridged tricyclic benzofused sultams.