gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Socialist Internationalism: Theoria and Praxis in Soviet International Law (1988)

Throughout this century, international law has focused on eliminating the use of force from interstate relations. In 1928, the signatories of the Kellogg-Briand Pact renounced war "as an instrument of national policy in their relations with one another," and seventeen years later, hoping "to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war," states pledged to abide by article "2(4) of the United Nations Charter, which prohibits the threat or use of force. The Charter's prohibition, however, is not absolute: it expressly permits state uses of force for self-defense and for U.N. purposes. These exceptions to the rule have provided and continue to provide legal cover (with varying persuasive power) for state recourse to violence. Instead of relying on these explicit exceptions, however, the Soviet Union has looked outside the U.N. Charter to justify its apparent violations of article 2(4). Soviet international law theorists argue that the October Revolution and the emergence of other socialist states have irrevocably altered the system of international relations and, since World War II, introduced into international law a socialist subsystem based on the principles of socialist internationalism.
Engineering of CdTe Multicore in ZnO Nanoshell as a New Charge-Transfer Material (2014)

The synthesis and spectroscopic properties of multicore cadmium telluride (CdTe) quantum dots–zinc oxide (ZnO) shell nanoparticles (mc-CdTe@ZnO) as a new charge transfer material are presented. This colloidal system is easy to process, suitable for large scale production, and adaptable to be used in different solvents. The fabrication process employed a water-in-oil (w/o) reverse microemulsion of Triton X-100/hexanol/cyclohexane. Fluorescence and lifetime measurements for different sizes of CdTe quantum dots and their respective mc-CdTe@ZnO nanoparticles were acquired. Charge injection from CdTe multicores to the ZnO shell was confirmed by pump–probe transient absorption experiments. The presence of multicores increases the net interfacial interaction between CdTe and ZnO when compared to a structure with a single quantum dot core. The mc-CdTe@ZnO particles displayed electron-transfer rates as high as 1012 s–1, a value in the high-end of those reported in the literature for other type II semiconductor composites. Hydrogen production experiments further confirmed the establishment of a type II junction between the CdTe multicore and the ZnO shell.
Stimulation of Brain Synaptosome - Associated Adenylate Cyclase by Acidic Phospholipids (1984)

Phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylinositol (PIN) or phosphatidylglycerol (PGL) incubated with synaptosomal plasma membranes (SPM) of dog brain, stimulated adenylate cyclase. The enzyme activity showed a dramatic increase at around 1.6 mumol PS/mg protein, while use of higher concentrations led to inhibition of the activity with respect to the maximal percentage of stimulation. Moreover, PS stimulated the dopamine-sensitive adenylate cyclase. Solubilization of SPM by the detergent Lubrol-PX did not affect the enzyme activation induced by dopamine. The solubilization, also, showed that the enzyme activity does not change at any PS, PIN or PGL concentration used. These results indicate that acidic phospholipids do not directly act on adenylate cyclase, but indirectly, affecting the membrane fluidity probably. Such modifications of interactions through lipid-protein(s) of adenylate cyclase may have implications to physiological responses to hormones or/and neurotransmitters in the central nervous system.
Current nutraceuticals in the management of osteoarthritis: a review (2012)

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a progressive degenerative joint disease that has a major impact on joint function and quality of life. Nutraceuticals and dietary supplements derived from herbs have long been used in traditional medicine and there is considerable evidence that nutraceuticals may play an important role in inflammation and joint destruction in OA. We review the biological effects of some medicinal fruits and herbs - pomegranate, green tea, cat's claw, devil's claw, ginger, Indian olibaum, turmeric and ananas - in an attempt to understand the pivotal molecular targets involved in inflammation and the joint destruction process and to summarize their toxicities and efficacy for OA management. So far there is insufficient reliable evidence on the effectiveness of ginger, turmeric and ananas. Pomegranate and green tea only have preclinical evidence of efficacy due to the lack of clinical data. In vivo and clinical studies are required to understand their targets and efficacy in OA. Limited in vitro and in vivo evidence is available for cat's claw and Indian olibaum. More extensive studies are required before long-term controlled trials of whole cat's claw and Indian olibaum extracts, or isolated active compounds, are carried out in patients with OA to determine their long-term efficacy and safety. Devil's claw has not been rigorously tested to determine its antiarthritic potential in in vitro and in vivo models. There is strong clinical evidence of the effectiveness of devil's claw in pain reduction. However, high-quality clinical trials are needed to determine its effectiveness. No serious side effects have been reported for any fruits and herbs. Overall, these studies identify and support the use of nutraceuticals to provide symptomatic relief to patients with OA and to be used as adjunct therapy for OA management. More high-quality trials are needed to provide definitive answers to questions related to their efficacy and safety for OA prevention and/or treatment.
Interleukin-15 stimulates adiponectin secretion by 3T3-L1 adipocytes: Evidence for a skeletal muscle-to-fat signaling pathway (2005)

Interleukin-15 (IL-15) is a cytokine which is highly expressed in skeletal muscle tissue, and which has anabolic effects on skeletal muscle protein dynamics both in vivo and in vitro. Additionally, administration of IL-15 to rats and mice inhibits white adipose tissue deposition. To determine if the action of IL-15 on adipose tissue is direct, the capacity of cultured murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and adipocytes to respond to IL-15 was examined. IL-15 administration inhibited lipid accumulation in differentiating 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, and stimulated secretion of the adipocyte-specific hormone adiponectin by differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The latter observation constitutes the first report of a cytokine or growth factor which stimulates adiponectin production. IL-15 mRNA expression by cultured 3T3-L1 adipogenic cells and C2C12 murine skeletal myogenic cells was also examined. Quantitative real-time PCR indicated IL-15 mRNA was expressed by C2C12 skeletal myogenic cells, and was upregulated more than 10-fold in differentiated skeletal myotubes compared to undifferentiated myoblasts. In contrast, 3T3-L1 cells expressed little or no IL-15 mRNA at either the undifferentiated preadipocyte or differentiated adipocyte stages. These findings provide support for the hypothesis that IL-15 functions in a muscle-to-fat endocrine axis which modulates fat:lean body composition and insulin sensitivity.
PERK mediates cell-cycle exit during the mammalian unfolded protein response (2000)

The accumulation of unfolded proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR)-signaling pathway. The UPR coordinates the induction of ER chaperones with decreased protein synthesis and growth arrest in the G(1) phase of the cell cycle. Three ER transmembrane protein kinases (Ire1alpha, Ire1beta, and PERK) have been implicated as proximal effectors of the mammalian UPR. We now demonstrate that activation of PERK signals the loss of cyclin D1 during the UPR, culminating in cell-cycle arrest. Overexpression of wild-type PERK inhibited cyclin D1 synthesis in the absence of ER stress, thereby inducing a G(1) phase arrest. PERK expression was associated with increased phosphorylation of the translation elongation initiation factor 2alpha (eIF2alpha), an event previously shown to block cyclin D1 translation. Conversely, a truncated form of PERK lacking its kinase domain acted as a dominant negative when overexpressed in cells, attenuating both cyclin D1 loss and cell-cycle arrest during the UPR without compromising induction of ER chaperones. These data demonstrate that PERK serves as a critical effector of UPR-induced growth arrest, linking stress in the ER to control of cell-cycle progression.
Antihistamine Effect of Supplemental Ascorbic Acid and Neutrophil Chemotaxis (1992)

Renewed interest in the antihistamine action of ascorbic acid has emerged with the recently recognized immunosuppressive role of histamine. We examined the antihistamine effect of acute and chronic vitamin C (VC) administration and its effect on neutrophil chemotaxis in healthy men and women. In the chronic study, 10 subjects ingested a placebo during weeks 1, 2, 5 and 6, and 2 g/day of VC during weeks 3 and 4. Fasting blood samples were collected after the initial 2-week period (baseline) and at the end of weeks 4 and 6. Plasma ascorbate rose significantly following VC administration compared to baseline and withdrawal values. Neutrophil chemotaxis rose 19% (NS) during VC administration, and fell 30% after VC withdrawal, but these changes were not correlated to plasma ascorbate levels (r = 0.01). Chemotaxis was inversely correlated to blood histamine (r = -0.32, p = 0.045), and, compared to baseline and withdrawal values, histamine levels were depressed 38% following VC supplementation. Blood histamine and neutrophil chemotaxis did not change 4 hours following a single 2 g dose of ascorbic acid, although plasma ascorbate rose 150%. These data indicate that VC may indirectly enhance chemotaxis by detoxifying histamine in vivo.
Selection of bioantagonistic bacteria to be used in biological control of Rhizoctonia solani in tomato (2003)

Bacteria from the rhizoplane and surrounding soil of healthy and Rhizoctonia solani diseased tomato plants, cropped in greenhouse of the V Region of Chile, were collected. The best bacterial strains, based on their ability to control development of three R. solani isolates (identified as belonging to the anastomosis groups AG-2-1, AG‑4) , were identified as B. subtilis (one isolate) and B. lentimorbus (two different isolates). All bacterial isolates resulted effective for the in vitro control of growth of all R. solani isolates, where the control mechanisms used by the bacteria do not involve the secretion of fungal cell wall hydrolytic enzymes. R. solani AG-2-1 was more sensitive than R. solani AG-4. On the other hand, all bacteria grew well in conditions similar to those that can be found at the field level (considering pH, salinity, Fe 3+ and temperature) and showed a good capacity of tomato root colonization. These results suggest that the B. subtilis and B. lentimorbus isolates studied have an excellent potential to be used as biocontrol agents of R. solani in tomato greenhouses at the field level.
A portable telegraph bias and distortion measuring instrument (1955)

IN THE modern telegraph system, signals are transmitted over various trunk facilities derived from wire lines or radio relay systems. The trunk telegraph channels furnish facilities between a number of switching centers located at strategic points throughout the country. These centers then distribute traffic to the local points of destination. In addition, various other services must be accommodated by suitable network configurations. These services comprise such arrangements as are involved in leased network circuits, private switching systems, etc. It is necessary that flexibility be maintained in this complex network of circuits so that circuit patching and routing may be accomplished without making undue alignment changes in the circuits themselves.
Kernel smoothing for jagged edge reduction (2013)

In this paper, we consider the problem of removing jaggy artifacts from images. We consider the kernel regression framework and propose a reduced-rank quadratic adaptive method that adapts to the local gradient direction. The proposed technique is effective in shrinking isophote fluctuations, and the result is smooth edges. We observe that it is critical to differentiate jaggy artifacts from texture, junctions and corners, so that meaningful image structure is preserved. Here, we demonstrate that the spectrum of the local covariance matrix of gradients, also known as the structure tensor, is well suited for differentiation of jaggy artifacts from image structure, and we incorporate this into the kernel regression framework. Results show the efficacy of the approach. Namely, that the method is effective in reducing jaggy artifacts without blurring meaningful image structure.
Site-Selective Alkenylation of δ-C(sp<sup>3</sup>)–H Bonds with Alkynes via a Six-Membered Palladacycle (2016)

Most chelation-assisted aliphatic C-H activation proceeds through a kinetically favored five-membered cyclometalated intermediate. Here, we report the first site-selective alkenylation of δ-C(sp(3))-H in the presence of more accessible γ-C(sp(3))-H bonds via a kinetically less favored six-membered palladacycle. A wide range of functional groups are tolerated, and the unique protocol can be applied to the synthesis of chiral piperidines. Moreover, mechanistic insights have been conducted to elucidate the origin of the unusual site-selectivity.
The neurotrophic compound J147 reverses cognitive impairment in aged Alzheimer's disease mice (2013)

J147 is an exciting new compound that is extremely potent, safe in animal studies and orally active. J147 is a potential AD therapeutic due to its ability to provide immediate cognition benefits, and it also has the potential to halt and perhaps reverse disease progression in symptomatic animals as demonstrated in these studies.
A two‐step enzymatic synthesis of dipeptides (1992)

A simple system is introduced to produce dipeptides continuously by enzyme catalyzed condensation of amino acid esters and amino acid amides. Synthesis of N-terminal free dipeptide-amides is achieved by means of carboxypeptidase Y. The peptide-amide is deamidated utilizing a newly isolated peptide-amide is deamidated utilizing a newly isolated peptide-amidase. Separation of substrates and products is accomplished by anion-exchange chromatography. Modeling of the reactions shows that the two reactions have to be carried out in a cascade of two reactors in order to prevent hydrolysis of the peptide by the carboxypeptidase. Continuous production of Kyotorphin (H-TyrArg-OH) with a space-time yield of 257 g/L.d shows the feasibility of this concept.
Synthetic, non-intoxicating 8,9-dihydrocannabidiol for the mitigation of seizures (2019)

There can be a fine line between therapeutic intervention and substance abuse, and this point is clearly exemplified in herbal cannabis and its products. Therapies involving cannabis have been the treatment of last resort for some cases of refractory epilepsy, and this has been among the strongest medical justifications for legalization of marijuana. In order to circumvent the narcotic effects of Δ<sup>9</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), many studies have concentrated on its less intoxicating isomer cannabidiol (CBD). However, CBD, like all natural cannabinoids, is a controlled substance in most countries, and its conversion into THC can be easily performed using common chemicals. We describe here the anticonvulsant properties of 8,9-dihydrocannibidiol (H2CBD), a fully synthetic analogue of CBD that is prepared from inexpensive, non-cannabis derived precursors. H2CBD was found to have effectiveness comparable to CBD both for decreasing the number and reducing the severity of pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in rats. Finally, H2CBD cannot be converted by any reasonable synthetic route into THC, and thus has the potential to act as a safe, noncontroversial drug for seizure mitigation.
Type IV pili: <i>e pluribus unum</i>? (2008)

The widespread role of pili as colonization factors in pathogens has long been recognized in Gram-negative bacteria and more recently in Gram-positive bacteria, making the study of these hair-like filaments a perennial hot topic for research. No other pili are found in as many or as diverse bacteria as type IV pili. This is likely a consequence of their ancient origin and unique ability to promote multiple and strikingly different phenotypes such as attachment to surfaces, aggregation, uptake of DNA during transformation, motility, etc. Two decades of investigations in several model species have shed some light on the structure of these filaments and the molecular basis of some of the properties they confer. Moreover, recent discoveries have led to a better knowledge of the genetic basis and molecular mechanisms of type IV pili biogenesis. This brings us a few steps closer to understanding how these filaments are produced, but leaves us wondering whether (as in the famous motto that inspired the title) out of the many models studied will emerge one unifying mechanism.
Windows® Internals: Including Windows Server 2008 and Windows Vista, Fifth Edition (2009)

See how the core components of the Windows operating system work behind the scenesguided by a team of internationally renowned internals experts. Fully updated for Windows Server 2008 and Windows Vista, this classic guide delivers key architectural insights on system design, debugging, performance, and supportalong with hands-on experiments to experience Windows internal behavior firsthand. Delve inside Windows architecture and internals: Understand how the core system and management mechanisms workfrom the object manager to services to the registry Explore internal system data structures using tools like the kernel debugger Grasp the scheduler's priority and CPU placement algorithms Go inside the Windows security model to see how it authorizes access to data Understand how Windows manages physical and virtual memory Tour the Windows networking stack from top to bottomincluding APIs, protocol drivers, and network adapter drivers Troubleshoot file-system access problems and system boot problems Learn how to analyze crashes
Compatibility Evaluation of Metered-Dose Inhaler Valve Elastomers with Tetrafluoroethane (P134a), a Non-CFC Propellant (1998)

Compatibility of propellants, excipients, and solvents with the components of the valve greatly influences performance of metered-dose inhalers (MDIs). Ozone-friendly hydrofluoroalkane propellant 134a has potential for use as a chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) replacement. No suitable replacement for propellant 11 and 114 has yet been found and the problems arising from this may be overcome by use of ethanol as a solvent. In this study, compatibility of MDI valve elastomers Dowty Nitrile 0117, White Buna, and Type 674 (B) with P134a placebo formulations having different concentrations of ethanol was investigated. The results indicate that formulations containing no ethanol adversely affected the functioning of the valves. Higher concentrations of ethanol improved valve performance, but showed increased leakage. Physical characteristics of the valve elastomers evaluated by determining swelling caused after exposure to the P134a placebo formulations exhibited increased swelling with increasing concentrations of ethanol in the formulation.
Dichotomy between naïve and memory CD4<sup>+</sup>T cell responses to Fas engagement (1999)

Engagement of Fas (APO-1, CD95), a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily, can induce apoptotic cell death. However, Fas engagement also can costimulate lymphocyte proliferation. The physiologic regulation of these two outcomes is poorly understood. Here, we have used two systems, the first in vitro and the second in vivo, to demonstrate that naïve and memory CD4(+) T cells display dichotomous responses to Fas ligation. Naïve CD4(+) T cells (CD44(lo), CD45RB+, CD62L+) die as a consequence of Fas ligation in the presence of anti-CD3 antibody, whereas memory T cells (CD44(hi), CD45RB-, CD62L-), freshly isolated from the same starting population and subjected to the same stimulation conditions, are costimulated to proliferate by Fas ligation. In vitro, we demonstrate that CD28-mediated signals or T helper 1 and T helper 2 differentiation cytokines alter the response of naïve T cells, but not of memory T cells, to Fas ligation. In vivo experiments in hen egg lysozyme (HEL) T cell receptor transgenic mice show that CD4(+) T cells from HEL-naïve mice are killed by Fas ligation, but CD4(+) T cells from long-term HEL-exposed mice are costimulated by Fas ligation. Thus, the physiological outcome of Fas ligation in CD4(+) T cells is determined primarily by the antigenic history of the T cell.
One-pot synthesis of 2-amino-4(3H)-quinazolinones via ring-opening of isatoic anhydride and palladium-catalyzed oxidative isocyanide-insertion (2014)

An efficient and practical two-step process has been developed for the synthesis of 2-amino-4(3H)-quinazolinones via ring-opening of isatoic anhydride and palladium-catalyzed oxidative isocyanide-insertion in one pot. This regioselective procedure could construct a wide range of 2-amino-4(3H)-quinazolinones in moderate to excellent yields. Furthermore, the methodology also had distinct advantages of easily accessible starting materials and operational simplicity.
Effects of Proximal Ventricular Septal Pacing on Hemodynamics and Ventricular Activation (1999)

Recently the use of alternate site pacing to improve cardiac function in patients with bradyarrhythmias has increased. In the present study, hemodynamics of right ventricular septal pacing were studied in seven dogs. A bipolar screw-in lead and endocardial lead were placed in the proximal right ventricular septum and right ventricular apex, respectively. The right ventricle was paced from each site. A conductance catheter and Millar catheter were inserted into the left ventricle to determine the left ventricular pressure and the pressure-volume loop. Cardiac output was measured using the thermodilution method. In five of the seven dogs, ventricular activation was documented by isochronal epicardial activation mapping during each pacing mode. Mean arterial pressure and cardiac output during septal pacing were significantly higher than during apical pacing (110 +/- 17 mmHg vs 100 +/- 18 mmHg; 1.00 +/- 0.39 L/min vs 0.89 +/- 0.33 L/min). The positive dp/dt during septal pacing was significantly higher than during apical pacing (2137 +/- 535 mmHg/s vs 1911 +/- 404 mmHg/s). End-systolic elastance during septal pacing was significantly higher compared to apical pacing (13.1 +/- 0.3 mmHg/mL vs 8.9 +/- 4.0 mmHg/mL). The ventricular activation time during septal pacing was significantly shorter than during apical pacing. The epicardial maps generated during septal pacing were similar to those from atrial pacing. We conclude that hemodynamics and interventricular conduction are less disturbed by proximal right ventricular septal pacing than apical pacing in dogs with normal hearts.