gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Potential Application of Viscosified Treatments for Improved Bullhead Scale Inhibitor Placement in Long Horizontal Wells – A Theoretical and Laboratory Examination (2004)

Abstract Scale control in subsea horizontal wells is recognised as a particular technical and economic challenge, especially if effective chemical placement cannot be achieved through conventional bullhead squeeze treatments. When long horizontal or highly deviated wells produce from areas of high permeability contrast and high wellbore crossflow, coil tubing operations can often be the only manner in which effective chemical placement can be guaranteed. The costs associated with such treatments are extremely expensive and often prohibitive when compared with conventional bullhead operations. Such aspects were recognized as a particular risk for successful chemical treatments in the Draugen field, operated by Norske Shell. The Draugen field is located in the environmentally sensitive Haltenbank area of the Norwegian Continental Shelf, and produces oil from 6 horizontal (&gt;1,000 ft.) wells completed with pre-packed resin screens to achieve effective sand exclusion. A moderate barium sulphate scaling potential was anticipated following sea water breakthrough requiring squeeze treatments. In order to improve chemical placement in this field and reduce the requirement for coil tubing interventions for squeeze treatment, work was initiated to investigate the potential use of viscosified fluids to improve downhole chemical placement. A range of viscosifying agents was selected following detailed literature review based upon the rheology that was expected to lead to improved chemical placement. This included common water control additives such as xanthan and HEC (hydroxyethylcellulose) biopolymers and formulated water in oil (WIO) or oil in water (OIW) emulsions. Various formulations were selected that would either remain stable (higher viscosity) or to break (to low viscosity) at reservoir temperature. It should be noted, however, that viscosities were selected far below those normally applied in water shut off or multi-stage chemical diversion treatments. A series of formation damage core flood experiments has been conducted using analogue cores to ensure that the various formulations were non damaging, allowing rapid recovery to pre-treatment effective oil permeability. In addition, more sophisticated core flooding equipment was designed to examine chemical placement and recovery in zones of different permeability. In summary, this paper presents a literature review describing the properties of different viscosifying agents and their potential applicability for improving bullhead scale inhibitor squeeze treatments. Core flood studies on viscosifying agents with selected rheological properties will then be presented to demonstrate the potential advantages of such applications for improved chemical placement by bullhead application in horizontal wells.
Microvesicles as a Biomarker for Tumor Progression versus Treatment Effect in Radiation/Temozolomide-Treated Glioblastoma Patients (2014)

These preliminary data suggest that blood analysis for MVs from GB patients receiving CRT may be useful to distinguish TE/PsP from TP. MVs may add clarity to standard imaging for decision making in patients with equivocal imaging findings.
Symmetry breaking in self-assembled monolayers on solid surfaces: Anisotropic surface stress (2002)

This paper models the self-assembly dynamics of a two-phase monolayer on an elastic substrate. The two phases coarsen to reduce the phase boundary energy and refine to reduce the elastic energy. To minimize the total free energy, the two phases can order into nanoscale patterns. We combine the continuum phase field model of spinodal decomposition and the anisotropic surface stress. The numerical simulation shows various patterns, such as interwoven stripes, parallel stripes, triangular lattice of dots, and herringbone structures. The surface stress anisotropy causes a transition from the parallel stripes to the herringbone structures. We show that this symmetry breaking mesophase transition obeys the classical theory of Landau.
Linkers: a synergistic way for chimeric proteins (2020)

Linkers are short or long stretch of amino acid sequences used to create chimeric proteins. Linkers can adopt various structures in a biological environment which is a deciding factor for the functionality of a chimeric protein. It is essential to generate fully separated proteins in the chimeric protein and an effectual linker design increases the stability and activity of the protein. In this review, we summarize the types of linkers and strategies for designing linkers in chimeric protein generation. Appropriate linker design results in the creation of recombinant fusion protein which can be employed in biochemical analysis, drug targeting, pharmaceuticals, diagnostic, and industrial and biotechnological applications.
G Protein Binding Sites on Calnuc (Nucleobindin 1) and NUCB2 (Nucleobindin 2) Define a New Class of Gαi-regulatory Motifs (2011)

Heterotrimeric G proteins are molecular switches modulated by families of structurally and functionally related regulators. GIV (Gα-interacting vesicle-associated protein) is the first non-receptor guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) that activates Gα(i) subunits via a defined, evolutionarily conserved motif. Here we found that Calnuc and NUCB2, two highly homologous calcium-binding proteins, share a common motif with GIV for Gα(i) binding and activation. Bioinformatics searches and structural analysis revealed that Calnuc and NUCB2 possess an evolutionarily conserved motif with sequence and structural similarity to the GEF sequence of GIV. Using in vitro pulldown and competition assays, we demonstrate that this motif binds preferentially to the inactive conformation of Gα(i1) and Gα(i3) over other Gα subunits and, like GIV, docks onto the α3/switch II cleft. Calnuc binding was impaired when Lys-248 in the α3 helix of Gα(i3) was replaced with M, the corresponding residue in Gα(o), which does not bind to Calnuc. Moreover, mutation of hydrophobic residues in the conserved motif predicted to dock on the α3/switch II cleft of Gα(i3) impaired the ability of Calnuc and NUCB2 to bind and activate Gα(i3) in vitro. We also provide evidence that calcium binding to Calnuc and NUCB2 abolishes their interaction with Gα(i3) in vitro and in cells, probably by inducing a conformational change that renders the Gα(i)-binding residues inaccessible. Taken together, our results identify a new type of Gα(i)-regulatory motif named the GBA motif (for Gα-binding and -activating motif), which is conserved across different proteins throughout evolution. These findings provide the structural basis for the properties of Calnuc and NUCB2 binding to Gα subunits and its regulation by calcium ions.
A CMOS UWB Camera with 7×7 Simultaneous Active Pixels (2008)

In this paper, a UWB imaging camera with 7x7 active pixels is reported. The UWB camera consists of a CMOS chip that interfaces with 2x2 3D omni-directional UWB antennas. This receiving camera forms 7x7 simultaneous beams in two dimensions and includes an array of on-chip pulse-energy detectors for each active pixel. With 3cm of spacing between antenna elements, this 2D UWB camera achieves a 10deg spatial resolution and plusmn30deg of spatial coverage in each dimension.
[Various protocols for determining estrogens by the enzymatic method using estradiol dehydrogenase. Respective procedures and advantages]. (1985)

Up to now, more than 40.000 determinations of urinary estrogens (E1 + E2) have been carried out in routine clinical analysis by the enzymatic method using estradiol dehydrogenase. This method makes use of the transhydrogenating activity of the placental enzyme: this enzyme transfers hydrogen from NADP to NAD with recycling of the specific substrate (E1 + E2). For several years the necessary reagents have been commercially available in the form of a kit. Nonetheless, various improvements have been made to the measurement of reduced NAD, which accumulates in the reaction medium and is directly proportional to the concentration of the two estrogens. Three protocols are available at present: Spectrophotometric measurement at 340 nm (initial technique); Colorimetric measurement at 492 nm. The pink colour measured arises from the reduction of a tetrazolium salt (INT) by reduced NAD in a coupled system using diaphorase; Measurement by bioluminescence of the light energy liberated on the reduction of flavin derivatives by NADH. The reaction is mediated by various enzymes isolated from marine bacteria (FMN oxidoreductase and luciferase) in the presence of an aliphatic aldehyde (decanal). The procedure for each of these protocols is described as well as the means for controlling the linearity of the reaction. The choice of protocol is determined by the biological fluid available, the speed of response desired and the cost of the analysis.
Skin simulators for dermatological procedures (2015)

Efficient, realistic skin simulators are readily available for practice, which should enhance the safety of the practitioner and improve outcomes of novices.
Effect of the Interaction between Molecular Exciton and Localized Surface Plasmon on the Spectroscopic Properties of Silver Nanoparticles Coated with Cyanine Dye J-Aggregates (2010)

Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) covered with a double-shell consisting of a spacer layer and cyanine dye J-aggregate (JA) layer were synthesized to examine the hybrid effects of the molecular exciton and the surface plasmon on the spectroscopic properties. The absorption spectral features of the composite NPs are classified into two types: a peak type or dip type in which the absorption of JA appears as a normal peak or an anomalous dip, respectively. The peak type is observed when the plasmon energy of the Ag NP core is far from the exciton energy of the JA shell, while the dip type is observed when both energies are close to each other, indicating that exciton−plasmon interaction is weak for the peak type and strong for the dip type, respectively. Both types of absorption spectra could be reproduced by the theoretical calculation based on the quasistatic approximation, which provides a qualitative explanation for the absorption spectral features of composite NPs. From the observations of photoluminescence lifetimes and relative quantum yields of composite NPs, it was suggested that the radiative rate of composite NPs was also influenced by the exciton−plasmon coupling.
Surface acoustic wave reflective dot array (RDA) (1976)

A new type of reflective array device is described in which the array of reflecting grooves is replaced by an array of reflecting metallic dots. This reflective dot array or RDA has the principal advantage of being part of the same mask and metalization as the transducers allowing single-step fabrication. A bandpass filter operating at 213 MHz with a bandwidth of 6 MHz, which was fabricated using this technique, has a passband-to-sidelobe ratio of nearly 60 dB.
High speed string edit methods using hierarchical files and hashing technique (2003)

Two dictionary-based methods for correction of strings with errors are proposed. The first method uses a hierarchical file based on two kinds of class name expression. The second method applies a hashing technique to methods already proposed. The correction rates of the two methods are the same. An experiment using 3782 words of length 6 characters shows that the computing time of the second method is 0.8% of that of the weighted Levenshtein distance method in the case of a substitution recovery.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Morphological scale-space preserving transforms in many dimensions (1996)

The theory of an image decomposition that we refer to as a sieve is developed for images defined in any finite number of dimensions. The decomposition has many desirable properties including the preservation of scale-space causality and the localization of sharp-edged objects in the transformation domain. The decomposition has the additional properties of manipulability, which means that it is easy to construct pattern recognition systems, and scale-calibration, which means that it may be used for accurate measurement.
An automatic standing wave indicator (1948)

Standing wave patterns in an x-band wave guide are reproduced on a cathode ray tube in a new automatic standing wave indicator developed at the Naval Research Laboratory. The essential units of the instrument are a novel motor-driven “reciprocating probe,” conventional high-gain audio amplifier, and a special cathode ray indicator. The reciprocating probe, shown in Figure 1, is basically similar to a conventional slotted line probe, although a motor has been added to make probe travel automatic. As the probe travels automatically back and forth, an associated potentiometer arrangement generates a horizontal sweep voltage for the indicator. The combination of this horizontal sweep and the amplified detector output allows reproduction of the wave guide standing wave pattern on the cathode ray tube. Measurements of standing wave ratio are made directly from the cathode ray picture through a calibrated screen, and indications of relative phase of the pattern are read from a calibrated dial. This type of presentation allows unusually rapid adjustment of radio-frequency components since effects of adjustments are instantly apparent. A number of novel techniques are made possible with the instrument.
Remnant lipoproteins inhibit malaria sporozoite invasion of hepatocytes. (1996)

Remnants of lipoproteins, intestinal chylomicrons, and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), are rapidly cleared from plasma and enter hepatocytes. It has been suggested that remnant lipoproteins are initially captured in the space of Disse by heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), and that their subsequent internalization into hepatocytes is mediated by members of the LDL-receptor gene family. Similarly to lipoprotein remnants, malaria sporozoites are removed from the blood circulation by the liver within minutes after injection by Anopheles mosquitoes. The sporozoite's surface is covered by the circumsporozoite protein (CS), and its region II-plus has been implicated in the binding of the parasites to glycosaminoglycan chains of hepatocyte HSPGs. Lactoferrin, a protein with antibacterial properties found in breast milk and neutrophil granules, is also rapidly cleared from the circulation by hepatocytes, and can inhibit the hepatic uptake of lipoprotein remnants. Here we provide evidence that sporozoites, lactoferrin, and remnant lipoproteins are cleared from the blood by similar mechanisms. CS, lactoferrin, and remnant lipoproteins compete in vitro and in vivo for binding sites on liver cells. The relevance of this binding event for sporozoite infectivity is highlighted by our demonstration that apoliprotein E-enriched beta-VLDI and lactoferrin inhibit sporozoite invasion of HepG2 cells. In addition, malaria sporozoites are less infective in LDL-receptor knockout (LDLR -/-) mice maintained on a high fat diet, as compared with littermates maintained on a normal diet. We conclude that the clearance of lipoprotein remnants and sporozoites from the blood is mediated by the same set of highly sulfated HSPGs on the hepatocyte plasma membrane.
Solid phase extraction of DNA from biological samples in a post-based, high surface area poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microdevice (2011)

This work describes the performance of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microfluidic DNA purification devices with embedded microfabricated posts, functionalized with chitosan. PMMA is attractive as a substrate for creating high surface area (SA) posts for DNA capture because X-ray lithography can be exploited for extremely reproducible fabrication of high SA structures. However, this advantage is offset by the delicate nature of the posts when attempting bonding to create a closed system, and by the challenge of functionalizing the PMMA surface with a group that invokes DNA binding. Methods are described for covalent functionalization of the post surfaces with chitosan that binds DNA in a pH-dependent manner, as well as for bonding methods that avoid damaging the underlying post structure. A number of geometric posts designs are explored, with the goal of identifying post structures that provide the requisite surface area without a concurrent rise in fluidic resistance that promotes device failure. Initial proof-of-principle is shown by recovery of prepurified human genomic DNA (hgDNA), with real-world utility illustrated by purifying hgDNA from whole blood and demonstrating it to be PCR-amplifiable.
Taxonomic revision of the genus Geobacillus : emendation of Geobacillus , G. stearothermophilus , G. jurassicus , G. toebii , G. thermodenitrificans and G. thermoglucosidans (nom. corrig., formerly ‘thermoglucosidasius’); transfer of Bacillus thermantarcticus to the genus as G. thermantarcticus comb. nov.; proposal of Caldibacillus debilis gen. nov., comb. nov.; transfer of G. tepidamans to Anoxybacillus as A. tepidamans comb. nov.; and proposal of Anoxybacillus caldiproteolyticus sp. nov. (2011)

Sixty-two strains of thermophilic aerobic endospore-forming bacteria were subjected to polyphasic taxonomic study including 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, polar lipid and fatty acid analysis, phenotypic characterization, and DNA-DNA hybridization experiments. Distinct clusters of the species Geobacillus stearothermophilus, Geobacillus thermodenitrificans, Geobacillus toebii and Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius were formed, allowing their descriptions to be emended, and the distinctiveness of the poorly represented species Geobacillus jurassicus, Geobacillus subterraneus and Geobacillus caldoxylosilyticus was confirmed. It is proposed that the name Geobacillus thermoglucosidasius be corrected to Geobacillus thermoglucosidans nom. corrig. Bacillus thermantarcticus clustered between Geobacillus species on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, and its transfer to the genus Geobacillus as Geobacillus thermantarcticus comb. nov. (type strain LMG 23032(T)=DSM 9572(T)=strain M1(T)=R-35644(T)) is proposed. The above-mentioned species, together with Geobacillus thermoleovorans and Geobacillus thermocatenulatus, form a monophyletic cluster representing the genus Geobacillus. The distinctiveness of 'Geobacillus caldoproteolyticus' was confirmed and it is proposed that it be accommodated, along with Geobacillus tepidamans, in the genus Anoxybacillus as Anoxybacillus caldiproteolyticus sp. nov. (type strain DSM 15730(T)=ATCC BAA-818(T)=LMG 26209(T)=R-35652(T)) and Anoxybacillus tepidamans comb. nov. (type strain LMG 26208(T)=ATCC BAA-942(T)=DSM 16325(T)=R-35643(T)), respectively. The type strain of Geobacillus debilis was not closely related to any members of the genera Anoxybacillus and Geobacillus, and it is proposed that this species be placed in the new genus Caldibacillus as Caldibacillus debilis gen. nov. comb. nov. The type strain of the type species, Caldibacillus debilis, is LMG 23386(T) (=DSM 16016(T)=NCIMB 13995(T)=Tf(T)=R-35653(T)).
Synthese von optisch aktiven, natürlichen Carotinoiden und strukturell verwandten Naturprodukten. V. Synthese von (3<i>R</i>, 3′<i>R</i>)‐, (3<i>S</i>, 3′<i>S</i>)‐ und (3<i>R</i>,3′<i>S</i>; <i>meso</i>)‐Zeaxanthin durch asymmetrische Hydroborierung. Ein neuer Zugang zu Optisch aktiven Carotinoidbausteinen. Vorläufige Mitteilung (1980)

Synthesis of Optically Active Natural Carotenoids and Structurally Related Compounds. V. Synthesis of (3 R , 3′ R )‐, (3 S , 3′ S )‐ and (3 R ,3′ S ; meso )‐zeaxanthin by Asymmetric Hydroboration. A New Approach to Optically Active Carotenoid Building Units The synthesis of (3 R , 3′ R )‐, (3 S , 3′ S )‐ and (3 R ,3′ S ; meso )‐zeaxanthin ( 1 ), ( 19 ) and ( 21 ) is reported utilizing asymmetric hydroboration as the key reaction. Thus, safranol isopropenylmethylether ( 4 ) is hydroborated with (+)‐ and (−)‐(IPC) 2 BH to give the optically pure key intermediates 5 and 7 resp., which are transformed into the above‐mentioned C 40 ‐compounds.
MTAP  Gene Deletion in Endometrial Cancer (1998)

A gene (MTAP) that encodes the enzyme 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine (MTA) phosphorylase has been identified on chromosome 9p21 and cloned. The substrate of this enzyme, MTA, inhibits aminopropyltransferases that synthesize polyamines from putrescine and decarboxylated S-adenosylmethionine. This enzyme normally cleaves MTA to adenine and 5'-methylthioribose-1-phosphate, which are recycled to adenine nucleotides and methionine, respectively. Cancers with deletions of the MTAP gene may be especially susceptible to chemotherapeutic regimes which interfere with purine or methionine utilization. The purpose of this study was to determine deletion of the MTAP gene in endometrial cancer using a polymerase chain reaction-based method. Therefore, 50 endometrial adenocarcinomas were studied. Partial or total deletions of the MTAP gene were detected in 7 (14%) of these cancers. There were no significant relationships between gene deletion and patient age, pathological grade or clinical stage (p > 0.05). The findings indicate that deletion of the MTAP gene does occur in a subgroup of endometrial cancer. The present work may be extended to the development of molecular diagnosis of MTAP gene deletion in other cancers and assist in selecting appropriate chemotherapy.
Tricuspid leaflet augmentation to address severe tethering in functional tricuspid regurgitation (2008)

This paper describes a technique for treating severe tricuspid regurgitation due to severe tethering of the tricuspid valve leaflets. The anterior tricuspid leaflet is augmented by use of an autologous pericardial patch, which increases its size, and hence its surface area of coaptation, allowing increased leaflet coaptation to occur with reduced tension within the right ventricle. A Carpentier-Edwards annuloplasty ring is then implanted. We have successfully performed this operation in 15 patients with severe tricuspid regurgitation due to severe leaflet tethering and have achieved complete elimination of tricuspid regurgitation with good coaptation of the tricuspid leaflets. We describe this simple and easily reproducible technique to treat severe tricuspid regurgitation due to tethering of the tricuspid valve leaflets.
Discharge properties of formed-ferrite plasma sources (1987)

The discharge properties of a newly developed formed-ferrite plasma source intended for gas laser applications are described. The voltage-current characteristics of this new plasma source were measured as functions of the applied voltage ranging from 10 to 30 kV (corresponding to 100–900 J of input energy) for CF4 and Ar gases at atmospheric pressure and for N2 gas at pressures in the range of 1–760 Torr (133–1.01×105 Pa). The peak current through a plasma channel typically 7 cm in length reached 50 kA when the plasma source was driven by a 2-μF, 30-kV capacitor bank. The results obtained are of importance in order to understand the physical mechanism of the formed-ferrite plasma source.
Human monocyte derived dendritic cells express functional P2X and P2Y receptors as well as ecto‐nucleotidases (1999)

We investigated the expression and function of P2 receptors and ecto-nucleotidases on human monocyte derived dendritic cells (DC). In addition we analyzed the effect of extracellular ATP on the maturation of DC. By RT-PCR, DC were found to express mRNA for several P2X (P2X1, P2X4, P2X5, P2X7) and P2Y (P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4, P2Y5, P2Y6, P2Y10, P2Y11) receptors. As shown by FURA-2 measurement, triggering of P2 receptors resulted in an increase in free intracellular Ca2+. In combination with Tumor necrosis factor-alpha, ATP increased the expression of the DC surface markers CD80, CD83 and CD86 indicating a maturation promoting effect. DC expressed the ecto-apyrase CD39 and the ecto-5'-nucleotidase CD73 as demonstrated by RT-PCR. Extracellular ATP was rapidly hydrolyzed by these ecto-enzymes as shown by separation of 3H-labeled ATP metabolites using a thin layer technique. These data suggest that ATP acts as a costimulatory factor on DC maturation.