gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development and Field Applications of an Aqueous-Based Consolidation System for Proppant Remedial Treatments (2010)

Abstract Proppant produced during production often causes damage to downhole pumps and surface equipment. In addition to restricting production rate, frequent workovers are often required to remove proppant or sand infill, thus resulting in costly downtime. To help resolve these proppant production problems, solvent-based curable resins have often been used in remedial treatments of affected wells. These resin systems have been applied in intervals of less than 100 ft. For longer intervals, ineffective diversion of solvent-based resins and their potential interaction with water in the wellbore can prevent them from providing complete coverage over the entire perforated interval. A novel water-based consolidation system has been successfully developed to overcome safety, fluid compatibility, and placement issues, which most current solvent-based resins encounter during their field applications. This paper presents the results of laboratory testing and field applications and discusses the challenges, lessons learned, treatment procedures, and recommendations in applying this newly developed resin system. The curable consolidation component is emulsified to form a water-external emulsion so that the active material can be delivered in a brine-based solution. Extensive laboratory testing has indicated that optimum concentration of coating is necessary to maximize the bonding between proppant grains. This allows the proppant pack to withstand high production flow rates and to overcome the effects of stress cycling while minimizing any reduction in its permeability. Results from field trials showed that this aqueous-based consolidation system successfully treated both proppant and formation sand in near-wellbore regions to lock them in place without damaging production flow paths. In these field tests, intervals in excess of 300 ft were treated effectively with a bullhead squeeze using consolidation-treatment fluids that were foamed to a quality of 50 or higher to aid in diverting treatment fluids and extending treatment volume. One major advantage of this aqueous-based system is its simplicity in field treatments without the concern of fluid incompatibility between fluid stages during their placement because of its benign behavior. The new system uses small treatment volumes to impart excellent consolidation properties while, at the same time, retaining formation permeability. This makes the treatment system simple to deploy and economically viable.
Modeling temporal dependencies in data using a DBN-LSTM (2015)

Since the advent of deep learning, it has been used to solve various problems using many different architectures. The application of such deep architectures to auditory data is also not uncommon. However, these architectures do not always adequately consider the temporal dependencies in data. We thus propose a new generic architecture called the Deep Belief Network - Long Short-Term Memory (DBN-LSTM) network that models sequences by keeping track of the temporal information while enabling deep representations in the data. We demonstrate this new architecture by applying it to the task of music generation and obtain state-of-the-art results.
5<i>H</i>‐Thiazolo [3,2‐<i>b</i>]‐ and 2<i>H</i>‐Thiazolo [2,3‐<i>c</i>]‐as‐triazines (1970)

Abstract Derivatives of the 5 H ‐thiazolo[3,2‐ b ]‐ and 2 H ‐thiazolo[2,3‐ c ]‐as‐triazine systems were synthesized via condensation of tetrahydro‐I‐methyl‐ as ‐triazine‐3(2 H )‐thione with ethylene dibromide and ethyl bromoacetate, respectively. An hypothesis is given for the formation of the [3,2‐ b ] system in one of these reactions and the [2,3‐ c ] system in the other. Structure proof was accomplished by an unequivocal synthesis of one of the [2,3‐ c ] derivatives.
Efficient phage display of polypeptides fused to the carboxy‐terminus of the M13 gene‐3 minor coat protein (2000)

We report that, contrary to common belief, polypeptides fused to the carboxy-terminus of the M13 gene-3 minor coat protein are functionally displayed on the phage surface. In a phagemid display system, carboxy-terminal fusion through optimized linker sequences resulted in display levels comparable to those achieved with conventional amino-terminal fusions. These findings are of considerable importance to phage display technology because they enable investigations not suited to amino-terminal display, including the study of protein-protein interactions requiring free carboxy-termini, functional cDNA cloning efforts, and the display of intracellular proteins.
A Rapid SNAP-Tag Fluorogenic Probe Based on an Environment-Sensitive Fluorophore for No-Wash Live Cell Imaging (2014)

One major limitation of labeling proteins with synthetic fluorophores is the high fluorescence background, which necessitates extensive washing steps to remove unreacted fluorophores. In this paper, we describe a novel fluorogenic probe based on an environment-sensitive fluorophore for labeling with SNAP-tag proteins. The probe exhibits dramatic fluorescence turn-on of 280-fold upon being labeled to SNAP-tag. The major advantages of our fluorogenic probe are the dramatic fluorescence turn-on, ease of synthesis, high selectivity, and rapid labeling with SNAP-tag. No-wash labeling of both intracellular and cell surface proteins was successfully achieved in living cells, and the localization of these proteins was specifically visualized.
Nickel-Catalyzed Direct Alkylation of C–H Bonds in Benzamides and Acrylamides with Functionalized Alkyl Halides via Bidentate-Chelation Assistance (2013)

The alkylation of the ortho C-H bonds in benzamides and acrylamides containing an 8-aminoquinoline moiety as a bidentate directing group with unactivated alkyl halides using nickel complexes as catalysts is described. The reaction shows high functional group compatibility. In reactions of meta-substituted aromatic amides, the reaction proceeds in a highly selective manner at the less hindered C-H bond.
Application of linkage analysis to genetic counselling in families with hereditary retinoblastoma. (1988)

Six families with retinoblastoma in more than one member were investigated with DNA markers linked to the retinoblastoma locus because direct analysis had not disclosed the gene defect. In all of the families we could identify the affected chromosome and predict the genetic risk with a high level of confidence (90 to 99%). In one patient the test helped to detect tumour development earlier than usually possible. Several subjects were found not to carry a mutation, thus obviating frequent ophthalmological examinations under anaesthesia as would be necessary otherwise. These results show that linkage analysis can be successfully applied to genetic counselling in families with hereditary retinoblastoma.
CNS toxicity involving methylene blue: the exemplar for understanding and predicting drug interactions that precipitate serotonin toxicity (2010)

Methylene blue has only recently been noted to cause severe central nervous system toxicity. Methylene blue is used for various conditions, including, intravenously, in methemoglobinemia, vasoplegia and as an aid to parathyroidectomy (at doses of 1-7.5 mg kg(-1)). This review of the current evidence concludes that 13 of 14 of the reported cases of CNS toxicity were serotonin toxicity that met the Hunter Serotonin Toxicity Criteria. That has important preventative and treatment implications. Serotonin toxicity is precipitated by the monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) property of methylene blue interacting with serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Serotonin toxicity is reviewed, using the lessons inherent in the methylene blue story and experience, to illustrate how the mechanisms and potency of serotonergic drugs interact to determine severity. Recent human data showed that an intravenous dose of only 0.75 mg kg(-1) of methylene blue produced a peak plasma concentration of 500 ng ml(-1) (1.6 µM), indicating that the concentration in the central nervous system reaches a level that inhibits monoamine oxidase A. That is consonant with the actual occurrence of severe serotonin toxicity in humans at the dose of only 1 mg kg(-1). It seems that all proposed uses of methylene blue entail levels that block monoamine oxidase, so cessation of serotonin reuptake inhibitors should be very carefully considered before using methylene blue.
법제유황의 실용적 제조에 따른 물리 화학적 분석 및 독성, 항균 작용에 관한 연구 (2012)

Despite of a long history of the sulfur on the disease healing effect, there were limited ways of applying sulfur to animal and human. We have developed the detoxified sulfur (non toxic sulfur) method to make it practical and mass production possible through laboring for many years. This study practiced scanning electron microscope (SEM), Energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) and secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) analysis to investigate the physicochemical aspect of detoxified sulfur. We also performed the oral toxicity experiment to mice, and anti-bacterial test of the detoxified sulfur. Based on the SEM, EDS and SIMS results, the united particles in the mass form with the similar component intensity with the raw sulfur were observed, and hydrogen sulfide ion (HS-) component which is regarded as a toxic matter, was decreased after detoxification. Indeed, toxicity test on the mice (10 males, 10 females) showed no clinical, histopathological changes with the 5 times amount (2,500 mg/kg) of the actual doses. However, the male-mice showed decreased in body weight by 23.6%, 24.3% in the 7th, 14th day, respectively, after detoxified sulfur. Moreover, the female-mice administered the detoxified sulfur showed decreased in body weight by 28.7% (P＜0.05) than that in the control group on the 14th day. The result of antibacterial test on the detoxified sulfur showed antibacterial effect (27%) to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus. It is shown that detoxified sulfur can be used as feed additive and has an affect on the farm perfomance.
Allegories of Empire: Django/Dorner/blackness/blowback (2013)

Outrage and alienation converge in the figures of Christopher Dorner and Django. Historian Walter Johnson considers how both outlaw-heroes erase the past—and leap into a dystopian present.
Do labor market programs affect labor force participation (2002)

This paper estimates the macroeconomic effect of labor market programs on labor force participation. Labor market programs could counteract businesscycle variation in the participation rate that is due to the discouraged-worker effect, and they could prevent labor force outflow. An equation that determines the participation rate is estimated using panel data (1986-1998) for Swedens municipalities. The results indicate that labor market programs have relatively large and positive effects on labor force participation. If the number of participants in labor market programs increases temporarily by 100, the labor force increases by around 63 persons. The effect is temporary so the number of participants in the labor force returns to the old level in the next period. If the number of participants in programs is permanently increased, the labor force increases by around 70 persons. The results indicate that programs prevent labor force outflow because participants who would have left the labor force in the absence of programs are now participating because of the programs. Income and vacancies have positive long- and short-run effects on participation rate. Open unemployment, job destruction rate, and proportion of persons be-tween ages 18-24 and 55-65 have negative long-run effects on the participation rate.
RNA interference in<i>Caenorhabditis elegans</i>: Uptake, mechanism, and regulation (2011)

RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful research tool that has enabled molecular insights into gene activity, pathway analysis, partial loss-of-function phenotypes, and large-scale genomic discovery of gene function. While RNAi works extremely well in the non-parasitic nematode C. elegans, it is also especially useful in organisms that lack facile genetic analysis. Extensive genetic analysis of the mechanisms, delivery and regulation of RNAi in C. elegans has provided mechanistic and phenomenological insights into why RNAi is so effective in this species. These insights are useful for the testing and development of RNAi in other nematodes, including parasitic nematodes where more effective RNAi would be extremely useful. Here, we review the current advances in C. elegans for RNA delivery methods, regulation of cell autonomous and systemic RNAi phenomena, and implications of enhanced RNAi mutants. These discussions, with a focus on mechanism and cross-species application, provide new perspectives for optimizing RNAi in other species.
Microstructure and Electronic Band Structure of Pulsed Laser Deposited Iron Fluoride Thin Film for Battery Electrodes (2013)

Battery electrodes in thin-film form are free of the binders used with traditional powder electrodes and present an ideal platform to obtain basic insight to the evolution of the electrode-electrolyte interface passivation layer, the formation of secondary phases, and the structural underpinnings of reversibility. This is particularly relevant to the not yet fully understood conversion electrode materials, which possess enormous potential for providing transformative capacity improvements in next-generation lithium-ion batteries. However, this necessitates an understanding of the electronic charge transport properties and band structure of the thin films. This work presents an investigation of the electron transport properties of iron fluoride (FeF2) thin-film electrodes for Li-ion batteries. FeF2 thin films were prepared by pulsed-laser deposition, and their phase purity was characterized by electron microscopy and diffraction. The grown materials are polycrystalline FeF2 with a P42/mnm crystallographic symmetry. Room-temperature Hall measurements reveal that as-deposited FeF2 is n-type: the Hall coefficients were negative, electron mobility was 0.33 cm2/(V s) and resistivity was 0.255 Ω cm. The electronic band diagram of FeF2 was obtained using a combination of ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, photoluminescence, photoluminescence excitation and optical absorption, which revealed that FeF2 is a direct bandgap, n-type semiconductor whose band structure is characterized by a 3.4 eV bandgap, a workfunction of ∼4.51 eV, and an effective Fermi level that resides approximately 0.22 eV below the conduction band edge. We propose that the shallow donor levels at 0.22 eV are responsible for the measured n-type conductivity. The band diagram was used to understand electron transport in FeF2 thin film and FeF2-C composite electrodes.
Mechanistic Studies on the Galvanic Replacement Reaction between Multiply Twinned Particles of Ag and HAuCl<sub>4</sub> in an Organic Medium (2007)

This article presents a mechanistic study on the galvanic replacement reaction between 11- and 14-nm multiply twinned particles (MTPs) of Ag and HAuCl4 in chloroform. We monitored both morphological and spectral changes as the molar ratio of HAuCl4 to Ag was increased. The details of reaction were different from previous observations on single-crystal Ag nanocubes and cuboctahedrons. Because Au and Ag form alloys rapidly within small MTPs rich in vacancy and grain boundary defects, a complete Au shell did not form on the surface of each individual Ag template. Instead, the replacement reaction resulted in the formation of alloy nanorings and nanocages from Ag MTPs of decahedral or icosahedral shape. For the nanorings and nanocages derived from 11-nm Ag MTPs, the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak can be continuously shifted from 400 to 616 nm. When the size of Ag MTPs was increased to 14 nm, the SPR peak can be further shifted to 740 nm, a wavelength sought by biomedical applications. We have also investigated the effects of capping ligands and AgCl precipitate on the replacement reaction. While hollow structures were routinely generated from oleylamine-capped Ag MTPs, we obtained very few hollow structures by using a stronger capping ligand such as oleic acid or tri-n-octylphosphine oxide (TOPO). Addition of extra oleylamine was found to be critical to the formation of well-controlled, uniform hollow structures free of AgCl contamination thanks to the formation of a soluble complex between AgCl and oleylamine.
Enabling Consistency in Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Products for Research and Development and Clinical Applications Through Material Standards (2015)

There is a need for physical standards (reference materials) to ensure both reproducibility and consistency in the production of somatic cell types from human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) sources. We have outlined the need for reference materials (RMs) in relation to the unique properties and concerns surrounding hPSC-derived products and suggest in-house approaches to RM generation relevant to basic research, drug screening, and therapeutic applications. hPSCs have an unparalleled potential as a source of somatic cells for drug screening, disease modeling, and therapeutic application. Undefined variation and product variability after differentiation to the lineage or cell type of interest impede efficient translation and can obscure the evaluation of clinical safety and efficacy. Moreover, in the absence of a consistent population, data generated from in vitro studies could be unreliable and irreproducible. Efforts to devise approaches and tools that facilitate improved consistency of hPSC-derived products, both as development tools and therapeutic products, will aid translation. Standards exist in both written and physical form; however, because many unknown factors persist in the field, premature written standards could inhibit rather than promote innovation and translation. We focused on the derivation of physical standard RMs. We outline the need for RMs and assess the approaches to in-house RM generation for hPSC-derived products, a critical tool for the analysis and control of product variation that can be applied by researchers and developers. We then explore potential routes for the generation of RMs, including both cellular and noncellular materials and novel methods that might provide valuable tools to measure and account for variation. Multiparametric techniques to identify "signatures" for therapeutically relevant cell types, such as neurons and cardiomyocytes that can be derived from hPSCs, would be of significant utility, although physical RMs will be required for clinical purposes.
Vital Signs: Heart Rate (2010)

The second vital sign to be discussed in this series is heart rate, sometimes referred to as pulse rate or just pulse. This variable gives a rough idea of a patient's cardiac status. It is simply a measure of the number of heart beats per minute. The simplest way to measure heart rate is to palpate (feel) an individual's pulse by placing a finger over an artery located close to the body surface, such as the radial artery in the wrist, and counting the number of pulsations felt over a minute's time. Thus, the only instrumentation that is really needed to measure this vital sign is a finger and a clock. Heart rate and breathing rate are, therefore, the easiest of the four vital signs to measure, and these variables can be determined without any electronic instrumentation; yet, there are applications where having electronic methods to measure this vital sign can be very useful and can provide information that is not readily available from palpating and counting the pulse. This paper presents various electronic instruments to determine the heart rate.
The ERK Signaling Cascade Inhibits Gonadotropin-stimulated Steroidogenesis (2001)

The response of granulosa cells to luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) is mediated mainly by cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) signaling. Notably, the activity of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling cascade is elevated in response to these stimuli as well. We studied the involvement of the ERK cascade in LH- and FSH-induced steroidogenesis in two granulosa-derived cell lines, rLHR-4 and rFSHR-17, respectively. We found that stimulation of these cells with the appropriate gonadotropin induced ERK activation as well as progesterone production downstream of PKA. Inhibition of ERK activity enhanced gonadotropin-stimulated progesterone production, which was correlated with increased expression of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), a key regulator of progesterone synthesis. Therefore, it is likely that gonadotropin-stimulated progesterone formation is regulated by a pathway that includes PKA and StAR, and this process is down-regulated by ERK, due to attenuation of StAR expression. Our results suggest that activation of PKA signaling by gonadotropins not only induces steroidogenesis but also activates down-regulation machinery involving the ERK cascade. The activation of ERK by gonadotropins as well as by other agents may be a key mechanism for the modulation of gonadotropin-induced steroidogenesis.
[Effect of electro-acupuncture at neiguan P6 on sino-atrial conduction in patients without sick sinus syndrome]. (1993)

The effects of electro-acupuncture (EA) at Neiguan P6 served as a main point and Jianshi P5 as an adjunct point on sino-atrial conduction were studied in 10 patients with normal sinus nodal function. The results were as follows: During EA and in period of intrinsic heart rate (IHR0) the sinoatrial conduction times (SACT) from sinus node electrogram were significantly shortened than that in control, (P < 0.01 and P < 0.001, respectively). But the SACT could not be further shortened by stimulating the acupoints during IHR0 (P < 0.05). It is suggested that EA at Neiguan P6 as a main point could improve sino-atrial conductivity in most patients with normal sinus node function, which seems to be mediated by autonomic nerve system. The normal value of SACT after autonomic nerve blockade needs to be established.
Structure of Si(100)H: Dependence on the H chemical potential (1991)

The formation energies and atomic structures of the 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1, 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1, and 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 H-terminated Si(100) surfaces were determined through first-principles total-energy calculations. The ranges of the H chemical potential (${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\mu}}}_{\mathrm{H}}$) over which these phases are stable and the equilibrium transition levels were determined. The 3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 (monohydride + dihydride) phase is found to be stable with respect to separation into the 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 monohydride and 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 dihydride phases. A 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 canted-row dihydride structure is found to be lower in energy than the 1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 symmetric dihydride structure.
Survival of Some Medically Important Fungi on Hospital Fabrics and Plastics (2001)

Tests of the survival of Candida spp., Aspergillus spp., a Fusarium sp., a Mucor sp., and a Paecilomyces sp. on hospital fabrics and plastics indicated that viability was variable, with most fungi surviving at least 1 day but many living for weeks. These findings reinforce the need for appropriate disinfection and conscientious contact control precautions.