gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The History and Traditions of the Moorfields Eye Hospital. One Hundred Years of Ophthalmic Discovery and Development. (1930)

Treacher Collins has written this valuable and truly delightful book after an intimate association with Moorfields of more than forty years, during which time he served the institution as clinical assistant, house surgeon, curator of its museum and library, assistant surgeon and surgeon, and finally as consulting surgeon and member of the committee of management, a position in which he is now actively engaged. In tracing the rise and development of the hospital, he gives the causes which led Saunders, Farre and Battley to create an institution for treatment for diseases of the eye and ear. The subtitle, One Hundred Years of Ophthalmic Discovery and Development, is well chosen, for, as he continues his story, he weaves into it a description of the development of ophthalmic science throughout the world, showing the part which Moorfields played. Although Saunders is regarded as the actual founder of Moorfields, Farre
Laminar Organization of Thalamic Projections to the Rat Neocortex (1980)

Nerve fibers transmitting information from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex may be classified according to their major cortical layers of termination. (i) One class consists of inputs from thalamic relay nuclei for vision, audition, and somesthesis to layer IV, layer III, or both. In contrast, autoradiographic studies of projections from other thalamic nuclei reveal strikingly different patterns of termination: (ii) layer VI (or layer V, or both) is the target of fibers from the intralaminar nuclei, and (iii) layer I is the target for fibers from the ventromedial and magnocellular medial geniculate nuclei. (iv) The remaining class is typified by termination both in layer I and in additional layers that depend on the cortical area in which the terminations are found. The data demonstrate that convergent thalamic inputs to a given cortical area are usually not confluent within a layer and provide a new frame-work for categorizing thalamic nuclei.
Roles of Toll-Like Receptors in Allogeneic Islet Transplantation (2012)

TLRs in both donor islets and recipients are involved in islet allograft rejection.
The Loss-Delay Based Adjustment Algorithm: A TCP-Friendly Adaptation Scheme (1998)

Many distributed multimedia applications have the ability to adapt to fluctuations in the network conditions. By adjusting temporal and spatial quality to available bandwidth, or manipulating the playout time of continuous media in response to variations in delay, multimedia flows can keep an acceptable QoS level at the end systems. In this paper, we present a new scheme called the loss-delay based adjustment algorithm (LDA) for adapting the transmission rate of multimedia applications to the congestion level of the network. The LDA algorithm was designed to reduce losses and improve utilization in a TCP-friendly way that avoids starving competing TCP connections. It relies on the end-toend Real Time Transport Protocol (RTP) for feedback information. In addition, we enhanced RTP with functionalities for determining the bottleneck bandwidth of a connection. The bottleneck bandwidth is then used for dynamically determining the adaptation parameters. Simulations and measurements of the LDA algorithm suggest the efficiency of the scheme in utilizing network resources, decreasing loss ratios and its fairness towards competing TCP traffic. Our investigations also suggest that the report intervals and feedback information of RTP require some enhancements to accommodate the needs of adaptive QoS control schemes.
S-Band FMCW Radar Measurements of Ocean Surface Dynamics (1995)

A ground-based frequency-modulated continuous wave microwave radar has been developed and applied to the measurement of ocean surface velocities. Full Doppler spectra are available, and both range and lime variations of the surface drifts can be recorded with resolutions down to 2.5 m and 0.3 s, respectively, over range extents of up to 1000 m. The ability of the radar to provide information over a wide range of sea conditions is demonstrated. These range from the identification of 5-cm scattering waves and their damping by a surface slick, to the propagation characteristics of long (∼200 m) ocean waves in deep and shallow water. The longwave propagation is in accord with linear wave theory. The relationship of the backscattered power at low grazing angles to the wave features is also demonstrated. The consequences of measuring radial velocity components at low grazing angles with a narrow beam antenna are considered. In this situation, wave height spectra and the principal wave direction are well determined in a unimodal sea. However, this radar configuration will overestimate the angular spreading in highly directional seas. In the nearshore zone, velocity measurements can be used to quantify the evolution of shoaling waves and wave breaking.
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Promoter Activity during Latency Establishment, Maintenance, and Reactivation in Primary Dorsal Root Neurons In Vitro (2001)

A neonatal rat dorsal root ganglion-derived neuronal culture system has been utilized to study herpes simplex virus (HSV) latency establishment, maintenance, and reactivation. We present our initial characterization of viral gene expression in neurons following infection with replication-defective HSV recombinants carrying beta-galactosidase and/or green fluorescent protein reporter genes under the control of lytic cycle- or latency-associated promoters. In this system lytic virus reporter promoter activity was detected in up to 58% of neurons 24 h after infection. Lytic cycle reporter promoters were shut down over time, and long-term survival of neurons harboring latent virus genomes was demonstrated. Latency-associated promoter-driven reporter gene expression was detected in neurons from early times postinfection and was stably maintained in up to 83% of neurons for at least 3 weeks. In latently infected cultures, silent lytic cycle promoters could be activated in up to 53% of neurons by nerve growth factor withdrawal or through inhibition of histone deacetylases by trichostatin A. We conclude that the use of recombinant viruses containing reporter genes, under the regulation of lytic and latency promoter control in neuronal cultures in which latency can be established and reactivation can be induced, is a potentially powerful system in which to study the molecular events that occur during HSV infection of neurons.
Multiple Receptor Domains Interact to Permit, or Restrict, Androgen-specific Gene Activation (1998)

A critical problem within transcription factor families is how diverse regulatory programs are directed by highly related members. Androgen and glucocorticoid receptors (AR, GR) recognize a consensus DNA hormone response element (HRE), but they activate target genes with precise specificity, largely dependent on the promoter and cell context. We have assessed the role of different receptor domains in hormone-specific response by testing chimeras of AR and GR for their ability to activate the androgen-specific enhancer of the mouse sex-limited protein (Slp) gene. Although all of the mutant receptors activated simple HREs, only a few activated the androgen-specific element. One component shared by receptors functional on the AR-specific target was the AR DNA binding domain. Activation was not due to differential DNA affinity but rather to the AR DNA binding domain escaping suppression directed at the GR DNA binding domain in this enhancer context. A further mechanism increasing specific activation was cooperation of receptors at multiple and weak HREs, which was accentuated in the presence of both the AR N terminus and ligand binding domain. These domains together increased recognition of weak HREs, as demonstrated by in vitro DNase I footprinting and transactivation of mutant enhancers. Further, AR N-terminal subdomains reported to interact directly with the ligand binding domain relieved an inhibitory effect imposed by that domain. Therefore, functions intrinsic to AR augment steroid-specific gene activation, by evading negative regulation operating on the domains of other receptors and by enhancing cooperativity through intra- and inter-receptor domain interactions. These subtle distinctions in AR and GR behavior enforce transcriptional specificity established by the context of nonreceptor factors.
FEDERAL REGULATIONS AND THE COMPETITIVENESS OF U.S. LINER SHIP OPERATORS. (1993)

ARECOMMENDS ELIMINATION OF SUBSIDIES AND U.S. ADOPTION OF INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION STANDARDS ON CREWING AND SHIP DESIGN AND OPERATIONS TO LEVEL THE PLAYING FIELD BETWEEN U.S. AND FOREIGN OPERATORS.
Highly β-Selective and Direct Formation of 2-<i>O</i>-Glycosylated Glucosides by Ring Restriction into Twist-Boat (2007)

Three disaccharide donors, ethyl 2-O-(2,3,4-tris-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-beta-D-xylopyranosyl)-3,4,6-tris-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranoside, ethyl 2-O-(2,3,4-tris-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl)-3,4,6-tris-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranoside, and ethyl 2-O-(2,3,4,6-tetrakis-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)-3,4,6-tris-O-tert-butyldimethylsilyl-1-thio-beta-D-glucopyranoside, produced a highly beta-selective glycosidation up to alpha/beta = 2/98 using MeOTf as the activator and 2,6-lutidine as an additive. The ring conformations of the glucose part in these disaccharide donors were all restricted to 3S1, and the conformation would lead to the stereoselectivity.
Genetic contributions of Finnish Ayrshire bulls over four generations (1995)

Abstract The long-term genetic contributions were calculated for 219 Finnish Ayrshire bulls born between 1958 and 1964 to 707 Finnish Ayrshire bulls made available for artificial insemination and born between 1986 and 1988. Three strategies were employed:(i) using all known pedigree information; (ii) ignoring information on the dam of females; (iii) only using information on sires. Expected contributions were calculated using gene flow matrices. The contributions from strategies 1, 2 and 3 were only 0.6 (1 and 2) or 0.7 (strategy 3) of those expected. The causes of this shortfall for strategies 2 and 3 were identified as (i) the use of an imported sire and (ii) generation skipping. For strategy 1, 0.2 of the expected pathways remained unaccounted for and were ascribed to missing pedigree information. Of the 219 ancestors, only 86 made positive contributions to the descendants. Only 10 ancestors made contributions more than the average, and one bull accounted for 0.3 of all pathways traced on strategy 2. There was general agreement in the relative contributions of individual bulls when assessed using the three strategies. The rate of inbreeding (ΔF) estimated by regression from 1974 to 1988 and using known pedigrees was 0.0018 per year and the average coefficients of additive genetic relationship among cohorts was increasing by 0.0030 per year. AF was estimated using the contributions calculated by strategies 1, 2 and 3 to be 0.0147, 0.0151 and 0.0125 per generation respectively. These were converted into rates per year by assuming a generation interval of 6.5 years taken from both published and new information on generation intervals in the Finnish Ayrshire population. This gave annual rates of 0.0023, 0.0023 and 0.0019. The estimates from strategy 3 were obtained without the use of any pedigree information pertaining to dams.
Overview (2010)

Breast cancer has been described in written records for millennia; it knows no racial/ethnic, socioeconomic, health, regal, celebrity, political, cultural, geographic, or temporal boundaries [1]. The breast has been depicted in some of our most ­treasured and ancient art and literature. For the ancients, “breast cancer was cancer” [1]. Other cancers surely existed but those were not readily seen or appreciated. As the purpose of the breast is production of milk for the nourishment of infants or small children, the breast can be viewed as symbolic of motherhood and being female, and for many emblematic of sexuality. These symbolic associations have been depicted in art and literature across the ages [1]. Thus the cultural and personal aspects of a breast cancer diagnosis are important considerations. There is no doubt that these two factors, in addition to ever expanding medical/scientific knowledge and technical advances, have influenced our concepts about breast cancer behavior and treatment over time.
On Discourses of Dharma and the Pañcatantra (2015)

Aus dem Inhalt: Philipp A. Maas On Discourses of Dharma and the PaÃ±catantra Christopher Minkowski NÄ«lakaá¹á¹­haâs Teachers and Gurus, Part 1: Laká¹£maá¹a Paá¹á¸ita Michael Hahn â The Middle-Indic Stanzas in DharmadÄsaâs Vidagdhamukhamaá¹á¸ana Jost Gippert A Glimpse into the Buddhist Past of the Maldives. II. Two Sanskrit Inscriptions Kurt Tropper The Inscription in the Lo tsa ba lha khaá¹ of Kanji, Ladakh Archiv fÃ¼r indische Philosophie Ernst Steinkellner Miszellen zur erkenntnistheoretisch-logischen Schule des Buddhismus XI: The Manuscript of DharmakÄ«rtiâs VÄdanyÄya Vincent Eltschinger The YogÄcÄrabhÅ«mi against Allodoxies (paravÄda): 1. Introduction and Doxography Am Institut fÃ¼r SÃ¼dasien-, Tibet- und Buddhismuskunde abge- fasste Diplomarbeiten und Dissertationen Anzeigen Anschriften der Autoren und Rezensenten Hinweise fÃ¼r Autoren / Information for Authors Publications of the De Nobili Research Library, Vienna Asienkundliche Publikationen der Ãsterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften
Humor and the Serious Tutor (1993)

Recent scholarship wrestles with the issue of creating a setting within centers that encourages genuine collaboration between those who seek advice (or input) and those who give it. Some scholarship suggests that too often the people who fund, administer, and use centers see the facilities as primarily remedial. Among problems, this attitude promotes the us-and-them mentality that Richard Leahy cautions against (45) • Lex Runciman, too, blames misconceptions about the meaning of tutor and tutoring for assumptions made by students, administrators, and tutors themselves that writing centers serve only bad (Defining 28) and are little more than emergency rooms for critically ill grammar. Both scholars urge us to create an environment which everyone is free to develop his or her own best processes (Leahy 45), where good writers go order to make enlightened decisions about context, organization, idea development, tone, and the (Runciman, Defining 33). To create such a place, Leahy urges us to foster a community of people who love and like to share their with each other (45). As a logical first step, Runciman suggests we abandon terms that carry remedial connotations (e.g. tutor a.nd tutoring and adopt terms that more accurately describe who we are and what we do. Although I agree that we need to encourage an enlightened, collaborative environment in centers, I believe we can achieve this goal (whether or not we rename ourselves and our work) through the intelligent and humane use of humor.
Negro Character As Seen by White Authors (1982)

There are three types of Negroes, says Roark Bradford, in his sprightly manner: nigger, the 'colored person,' and the Negro-upper case N. In his foreword to 01' Man Adam an' His Chillun, the source from which Marc Connelly drew the Green Pastures, and a book causing the author to be considered, in some circles, a valid interpreter of the Negro, Roark Bradford defines the Negro's character and potentialities. Negro, he says, is the race leader, not too militant, concerned more with economic independence than with civil equality. person, frequently of mixed blood, loathes the blacks and despises the whites . ... Generally he inherits the weaknesses of both races and seldom inherits the strength of either. He has the black man's emotions and the white man's inhibitions.' Together with the white trash it is the colored persons who perpetuate racial hatreds and incite race riots and lynchings. The nigger interests Mr. Bradford more than the rest. He is indolent, entirely irresponsible, shiftless, the bugaboo of Anglo-Saxon ideals, a poor fighter and a poor hater, primitively emotional and uproariously funny. Such are the original contributions of Mr. Bradford, who states modestly that, in spite of the Negro's penchant to lying:
Management of acute bursitis: outcome study of a structured approach (1999)

In patients with septic bursitis the indications for admission and surgical intervention remain unclear, and practice has varied widely. The effectiveness of a conservative outpatient based approach was assessed by an outcome study in a prospective case series. Consecutive patients attending an emergency department with acute swelling of the olecranon or prepatellar bursa were managed according to a structured approach, subjective and objective outcomes being assessed after two to three days, and subsequently as required until clinical discharge. Long-term outcomes were assessed by telephone follow-up for up to eighteen months. 47 patients were included in the study: 22 had septic bursitis, 15 of the olecranon bursa and 7 of the prepatellar bursa. The mean visual analogue pain scores of those with septic bursitis improved from 4.8 at presentation to 1.7 at first follow-up for olecranon bursitis, and from 3.8 to 2.7 for prepatellar bursitis. Symptoms improved more slowly for patients with non-septic bursitis. No patients were admitted initially, but 2 were admitted (two days each) after the first follow-up appointment. One patient had incision and drainage on the third attendance, and 3 patients developed discharging sinuses, which all healed spontaneously. All patients made a good long-term symptomatic recovery and all could lean on the elbow or kneel by the end of the follow-up period. The management protocol, with specific criteria for admission and surgical intervention, thus produced good results with little need for operation or admission.
Studies on the Course System Characteristics of British Open Universities and Inspiration to Chinese Open University Education (2012)

British open universities are generally people-oriented in the organization of professional curriculum, and achieve flexible and efficient professional setting, curriculum development, curriculum system development, etc.. British open universities’ professional curriculum setting and management model are the core elements of guarantee for their high quality teaching. Chinese open universities need to use the British open universities for reference and learn from their successful experience in professional curriculum organization, and establish a people-oriented, open education philosophy. At the same time, Chinese universities should constantly improve the professional curriculum development, focusing on using the modern educational technology, and monitor the teaching quality, and really achieve the sustainable development of modern distance education. Key words : British open universities; Professional curriculum; International; Innovation
Induction and efficient purification of endo-.ALPHA.-N-acetylgalactosaminidase from Alcaligenes sp. (1990)

Endo-a-N-acetylgalactosaminidase (endo-a-GalNAcase, EC 3.2.1. 97) hydrolyzes the O-glycosidic linkages of sugar chains between a-Af-acetyl-D-galactosamine and serine or threonine residues in glycoproteins. It is useful for structural and functional studies on 0-glycoside carbohydrates present in manyglycoproteins that play major roles in cell recognition, metabolism and carcino-
Cholesterol‐Aided Supramolecular Control over Chromophore Packing: Twisted and Coiled Helices with Distinct Optical, Chiroptical, and Morphological Features (2005)

Good cholesterol: Oligo(p-phenylenevinylene)s (OPVs) that are mono- or disubstituted with cholesterol moieties form pseudo-J and pseudo-H aggregates, respectively (see picture), which lead to coiled and twisted helical structures with distinct optical, chiroptical, and morphological properties.
Optical absorption measurements of band-gap shrinkage in moderately and heavily doped silicon (1991)

10.1088/0953-8984/3/42/016
Fatigue Crack Growth Analysis of Polymonochlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE) (1999)

Fatigue crack growth behavior of a polymonochlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE) was investigated. Tension-tension fatigue propagation tests on geometrically identical specimens were performed at different frequencies. Specimens with different notch to width ratios ( a/w) were also tested. The applied stress level in all tests was kept the same. The maximum stress was 16.0 MPa and the ratio of minimum stress to maximum stress was kept at 25%. Fatigue test data such as the number of loading cycles, the crack length, and the hysteresis loops were recorded. The Modified Crack Layer (MCL) theory was employed to analyze the FCP behavior of this CTFE material. Also the results were analyzed using the Paris equation for comparison. It has been found that the fatigue crack growth behavior of this material cannot be described by the Paris power law due to the three distinct stages of the FCP kinetics. The MCL model was successfully used for extracting material parameters; γ', the specific energy of damage, and β', the coefficient of energy dissipation. The specific energy of damage for this CTFE was 855 kJ/m 3 and the value of the coefficient of energy dissipation was 6.2 x 10 -6 . It was found that the values of γ' and β' are independent of a/w and the frequency ( f), though the FCP kinetics and life-time were dependent on a/w and f The variation in γ' and β' when aiw changed from 0.04 to 0.1 were only ±0.9% and +6.8%, respectively. For different frequencies (from 0.5 Hz to 5 Hz), the variation of these two parameters were ± 0.6% and ± 1.4%, respectively. In situ and post failure analysis of the fatigue fractured samples revealed a clear damage zone adjacent to the main crack. The larger the volume of the damage zone, the longer the fatigue life-time. It was also found that a higher micro-crack density associated with a larger damage zone. A larger damage zone with higher micro-crack density consumes more energy and thus reduces the portion of energy required to fuel the main crack growth.
Interplay between Fanconi anemia and homologous recombination pathways in genome integrity (2016)

The Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway plays a central role in the repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) and regulates cellular responses to replication stress. Homologous recombination (HR), the error-free pathway for double-strand break (DSB) repair, is required during physiological cell cycle progression for the repair of replication-associated DNA damage and protection of stalled replication forks. Substantial crosstalk between the two pathways has recently been unravelled, in that key HR proteins such as the RAD51 recombinase and the tumour suppressors BRCA1 and BRCA2 also play important roles in ICL repair. Consistent with this, rare patient mutations in these HR genes cause FA pathologies and have been assigned FA complementation groups. Here, we focus on the clinical and mechanistic implications of the connection between these two cancer susceptibility syndromes and on how these two molecular pathways of DNA replication and repair interact functionally to prevent genomic instability.
ISDN-the path to broadband networks (1991)

The author evaluates the effect of ISDN (integrated services digital network) on the field of data networks, anticipates future directions for this technology, and discusses how the user should view these developments. It is emphasized that broadband ISDN (BISDN) is a service that has identified capabilities that are truly exciting and could very well dominate data networking in this decade. It is noted that the success of BISDN will depend strongly on the rollout of products, the ubiquity of its presence, and the tariffing of its services.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>