gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Determination of the Quaternary Ammonium Surfactant Ditallowdimethylammonium in Digested Sludges and Marine Sediments by Supercritical Fluid Extraction and Liquid Chromatography with Postcolumn Ion-Pair Formation (1996)

To study the phasing-out of the quaternary ammonium surfactant ditallowdimethylammonium cation (DTDMAC), concentrations of the cation in anaerobically stabilized sewage sludges were determined before and after its replacement by better degradable compounds. DTDMAC was quantitatively extracted from digested sludges using 380 atm of supercritical CO(2) modified with 30% methanol at 100 °C. Determination of DTDMAC was performed by normal-phase HPLC with postcolumn ion-pair formation and extraction with no sample cleanup. Mean concentrations of DTDMAC in sludges from five different municipal sewage treatment plants in Switzerland decreased from 3.67 g/kg (in 1991) to 0.96, 0.47, and 0.21 g/kg of dry sludge in 1992, 1993, and 1994, respectively. The precision of the method in digested sludge for 0.1-6.0 g/kg of dry matter, as indicated by the relative standard deviation, was typically 7%. The influence of the sample matrix was studied by performing supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) in coastal marine sediments. While SFE and a conventional liquid extraction method gave equal DTDMAC concentrations in sludges, the extraction of marine sediment samples yielded 30-40% higher DTDMAC values for SFE compared to those obtained by liquid extraction. The 94% drop in DTDMAC concentrations in digested sludges is due to the replacement of this substance and is a clear result of the producers' voluntary ban on its use in Europe.
A comparative study of digoxigenin, 2,4-dinitrophenyl, and alkaline phosphatase as deoxyoligonucleotide labels in non-radioisotopic in situ hybridisation. (1997)

3' and 5' solid-phase labelling with triple DNP groups produced the best labelling for non-isotopic ISH using deoxyoligonucleotide cocktails.
Clustering method for counting passengers getting in a bus with single camera (2010)

Automatic counting of passengers is very important for both business and security applications. We present a single-camera-based vision system that is able to count passengers in a highly crowded situation at the entrance of a traffic bus. The unique characteristics of the proposed system include, First, a novel feature-point-tracking- and online clustering-based passenger counting framework, which performs much better than those of background-modeling-and foreground-blob-tracking-based methods. Second, a simple and highly accurate clustering algorithm is developed that projects the high-dimensional feature point trajectories into a 2-D feature space by their appearance and disappearance times and counts the number of people through online clustering. Finally, all test video sequences in the experiment are captured from a real traffic bus in Shanghai, China. The results show that the system can process two 320×240 video sequences at a frame rate of 25 fps simultaneously, and can count passengers reliably in various difficult scenarios with complex interaction and occlusion among people. The method achieves high accuracy rates up to 96.5%.
Stenting therapy for stenosing airway diseases (1998)

Tracheobronchial stents have proved very valuable in the management of airway stenosis due to a variety of causes, both benign and malignant. These include benign strictures which are post-traumatic (e.g. after intubation), post anastomotic (e.g. after lung transplantation), or post inflammatory (e.g. after inflammatory conditions such as tuberculosis or Wegener's granulomatosis); as well as narrowing due to malignant involvement of large airways. In addition, airway stents have been used to treat tracheobronchomalacia and oesophageal-airway fistulae. The insertion of the stent may need to be combined with other procedures such as airway dilatation, laser photocoagulation, brachytherapy or a mixture of these treatment modalities. Stents have been fashioned out of silicone, wire mesh or a combination of these materials, but the perfect stent has yet to be devised. Common problems include displacement and obstruction with secretions or granulation tissue. Less commonly the stent may perforate the airway wall, sometimes into the accompanying blood vessel. Nonetheless, airway stents are valuable tools in the management of airway narrowing.
Postmortem report on a case of sickle-cell anæmia (1934)

The postmortem findings with some clinical notes, of a case of sickle-cell anæmia are described, together with comments upon other cases reported from Nigeria. The necessity of moist preparations in all unusual cases of jaundice is emphasised as also are the characteristic splenic features of this little-known form of anæmia.
Machine learning approach for forecasting crop yield based on climatic parameters (2014)

With the impact of climate change in India, majority of the agricultural crops are being badly affected interms of their performance over a period of last two decades. Predicting the crop yield well ahead of its harvest would help the policy makers and farmers for taking appropriate measures for marketing and storage. Such predictions will also help the associated industries for planning the logistics of their business. Several methods of predicting and modeling crop yields have been developed in the past with varying rateof success, as these don't take into account characteristicsoftheweather, a n d aremostly empirical. In the present study a software tool named `Crop Advisor' has been developed as an user friendly web page for predicting the influence of climatic parameters on the crop yields.C4.5 algorithm is used to find out the most influencing climatic parameter on the crop yields of selected crops in selected districts of Madhya Pradesh. This software provides an indication of relative influence of different climatic parameters on the crop yield, other agro-input parameters responsible for crop yield are not considered in this tool, since, application of these input parameters varies with individual fields in space and time.
Resistance of V79 Multicell Spheroids to Mitoxantrone: Drug Uptake and Cytotoxicity (1987)

We have previously shown that V79 multicell spheroids are resistant to the anthracenedione mitoxantrone (1). In this paper we demonstrate that this resistance is not solely due to restricted drug penetration into the spheroid, but also to an altered intrinsic resistance of the cells when grown as a three-dimensional structure. We have studied the uptake and toxicity of mitoxantrone in V79-OCF4 monolayers, 100 micron spheroids, 650 micron spheroids, and outer and inner cells of 650 micron spheroids. The LD90 for cells exposed as monolayers to mitoxantrone for two hours was 0.016 microgram/ml, 0.055 microgram/ml for 100 micron spheroids, 1.5 micrograms/ml for outer spheroid cells and 6.2 micrograms/ml for inner spheroid cells. Uptake of [14C]mitoxantrone was linear for all populations with no plateau up to the highest doses used. The uptake of drug required to kill 90% of the cells in a population (UP90) of monolayers was 3.7 ng/10(6) cells, 10.7 ng/10(6) cells for 100 micron spheroids, 169 ng/10(6) cells for outer spheroid cells, and 146 ng/10(6) cells for inner spheroid cells. The relative resistance of spheroids compared to monolayers, based on drug concentration in the medium, was 3.4 for small spheroids, 92 for outer cells, and 390 for inner cells. When cell survival was normalized to drug uptake, the relative resistance of spheroids to monolayers was 2.9 for small spheroids, 46 for outer cells and 40 for inner cells of large spheroids. The data demonstrate that the resistance of multicell spheroids to mitoxantrone is not solely due to restricted drug penetration into the cell aggregate but is also due to a spheroid-induced altered intrinsic resistance of the V79 cells.
Serum Levels of Soluble Fas and Disease Activity in Patients with IgA Nephropathy (1999)

Using a sandwich ELISA, we studied 48 patients with IgA nephropathy and 10 patients with diffuse mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis without IgA deposition (non-IgA PGN) to determine if levels of serum soluble Fas (s-Fas) might reflect the disease activity. The levels of serum s-Fas in patients with the advanced stage of IgA nephropathy were significantly higher than those in patients with the mild stage of the disease, in non-IgA PGN or in healthy controls. The results showed that advanced stage IgA nephropathy patients who showed heavy proteinuria and the presence of urinary casts revealed high levels of serum s-Fas. It was thus suggested that the measurement of serum s-Fas is useful in evaluating the degree of renal injury in patients with IgA nephropathy.
Antimicrobial Polymers Prepared by Ring‐Opening Metathesis Polymerization: Manipulating Antimicrobial Properties by Organic Counterion and Charge Density Variation (2009)

The synthesis and characterization of a series of poly(oxanorbornene)-based synthetic mimics of antimicrobial peptides (SMAMPs) is presented. In the first part, the effect of different organic counterions on the antimicrobial properties of the SMAMPs was investigated. Unexpectedly, adding hydrophobicity by complete anion exchange did not increase the SMAMPs' antimicrobial activity. It was found by dye-leakage studies that this was due to the loss of membrane activity of these polymers caused by the formation of tight ion pairs between the organic counterions and the polymer backbone. In the second part, the effect of molecular charge density on the biological properties of a SMAMP was investigated. The results suggest that, above a certain charge threshold, neither minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC90) nor hemolytic activity (HC50) is greatly affected by adding more cationic groups to the molecule. A SMAMP with an MIC90 of 4 microg mL(-1) against Staphylococcus aureus and a selectivity (=HC50/MIC90) of 650 was discovered, the most selective SMAMP to date.
Measuring and Improving User Experience Through Artificial Intelligence-Aided Design (2020)

This paper aims to propose a methodology for measuring user experience (UX) by using artificial intelligence-aided design (AIAD) technology in mobile application design. Unlike the traditional assistance design tools, AIAD focuses on the rational use of artificial intelligence (AI) technology to measure and improve UX since conventional data collection methods (such as user interview and user observation) for user behavior data are inefficient and time-consuming. We propose to obtain user behavior data from logs of mobile application. In order to protect the privacy of users, only a few dimensions of information is used in the process of browsing and operating mobile application. The goal of the proposed methodology is to make the deep neural network model simulate the user's experience in the process of operating a mobile application as much as possible. We design and use projected pages of application to train neural networks for specific tasks. These projected pages consist of the click information of all users in the process of completing a certain task. Thus, features of user behavior can be aggregated and mapped in the connection layers and the hidden layers. Finally, the optimized design is executed on the social communication application to verify the efficiency of the proposed methodology.
Implementation and bandwidth consumption evaluation of SNMP to Web services gateways (2004)

Web services gateways are needed to include SNMP devices into a Web services based management architecture. We propose in this paper two approaches for such gateways and evaluate these approaches in order to verify the feasibility of using Web services closer to the network devices interface. We primarily tested the bandwidth consumed by these gateways when using SOAP with HTTP, HTTPS, and a compression process. The evaluation shows that Web services gateways are especially interesting when the number of SNMP object instances retrieved is high.
The .GAMMA.-phenacyl and .GAMMA.-p-nitrobenzyl esters to minimize side reactions during treatment of glutamyl peptides with hydrogen fluoride-anisole mixture. (1977)

For the synthesis of peptide containing glutamic acid residue (s) by solid phase peptide synthesis, γ-phenacyl or γ-nitrobenzyl ester group, which is stable to anhydrous hydrogen fluoride (HF), was used as γ-carboxyl protecting group of glutamic acid to minimize the side reactions. The protected peptide resins were treated with HF-anisole mixture followed by deprotection of the γ-carboxyl protecting group under mild conditions. This strategy gave a satisfactory result without detectable side reactions in the preparations of two model dipeptides, H-Ala-Glu-OH and H-Asn-Glu-OH, by solid phase peptide synthesis.
A Series of Kokumi Peptides Impart the Long-Lasting Mouthfulness of Matured Gouda Cheese (2009)

Comparative sensory analysis revealed that a 44-week-matured Gouda cheese (GC44) exhibited a much more pronounced mouthfulness and long-lasting taste complexity when compared to a young Gouda cheese ripened for only 4 weeks (GC4). To identify the molecules underlying that so-called kokumi sensation, a sensomics approach was applied on the water-soluble extract (WSE44) of GC44 by combining gel permeation chromatography (GPC) with analytical sensory tools. HPLC-MS/MS experiments on GPC fractions inducing a kokumi sensation when tasted in an aqueous biomimetic taste recombinant solution (rWSE44) enabled the identification of 8 alpha-L-glutamyl and 10 gamma-L-glutamyl dipeptides as candidate kokumi-enhancing molecules. Among those, only the gamma-L-glutamyl dipeptides were found to impart an enhanced kokumi sensation to the matured cheese, whereas none of the alpha-glutamyl peptides were found to be active. Among the gamma-L-glutamyl peptides, the candidates gamma-Glu-Glu, gamma-Glu-Gly, gamma-Glu-Gln, gamma-Glu-Met, gamma-Glu-Leu, and gamma-Glu-His, present in GC44 in concentrations between 4.11 and 17.66 micromol/kg, were identified for the first time as the key kokumi molecules enhancing mouthfulness and complex taste continuity of the matured cheese.
Maximum‐likelihood‐estimation stacking (2007)

Common‐midpoint (CMP) stacking is often done using the arithmetic mean. There are good reasons for this: it's simple, linear, and is optimal if the noise has a Gaussian distribution. Where the noise is not Gaussian, however, the mean does a poor job, resulting in a stacked section contaminated by erratic noise. By estimating the probability distribution of the noise as it varies with time and CMP, and stacking using a maximum‐likelihood estimator for that distribution, we get a result which is identical to a normal stack where the noise is Gaussian, but is far cleaner where the noise is erratic.
Ultrashort echo time MRI of cortical bone at 7 tesla field strength: A feasibility study (2011)

UHF MRI at 7T has great potential for imaging tissues with short T2.
Environmental and occupational hazards of the anesthesia workplace. (1990)

Our present state of research and knowledge strongly suggests that the volatile agents, halothane, enflurane and isoflurane, present only a minimal threat to our environment. Nitrous oxide, however, has ozone-depleting potential as well as a greenhouse gas effect which may contribute much to the problem of global warming over the next few decades. Release of anesthetic gases into the atmosphere presents a small problem in contrast to other sources of ozone-depleting chemicals and greenhouse gases, but anesthesia providers have a responsibility to minimize unnecessary atmospheric pollution by reevaluating the use of N2O, using low flows of gases and exploring the use of activated charcoal absorption in the scavenging systems to remove volatile agents. Infectious waste, radiation, lasers, chemicals and waste gases pose possible occupational health hazards in the operating room. Each of us should play a critical role in monitoring harmful substances and should actively practice techniques which would lessen the hazards. We should be cognizant of the fact that sources not yet introduced into our environment may have adverse effects on our health and that vigilance and education are key factors in maintaining a safe work environment.
The first clinical X-ray made in America--100 years. (1995)

January 1995The first clinical X-ray made in America--100 years.Author: P K SpiegelAuthor Info & AffiliationsVolume 164, Issue 1https://doi.org/10.2214/ajr.164.1.7998549 METRICS PDFotherformats
In vivo estimation of sheep carcass composition using real-time ultrasound with two probes of 5 and 7.5 MHz and image analysis1 (2006)

Ultrasonic measurements were taken on 46 sheep using a real-time ultrasound machine equipped with 2 probes (5 and 7.5 MHz). Measurements of subcutaneous fat thickness (SC) and muscle LM depth (MD) and area (MA) were taken at 2 locations: over the 13th thoracic vertebra (SC13, MD13, and MA13, respectively) and at the interval between the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae (SC34, MD34, and MA34, respectively). Fat thickness was also measured over the third sternebra of the sternum. The relationship between carcass and in vivo ultrasound measurements was high for all the measurements (r(2) between 0.54 and 0.96, P < 0.01). Concerning MD and SC, the 7.5 MHz probe estimates were consistently more precise than the 5-MHz estimates (r(2) increased between 0.09 and 0.13), but the reverse occurred with the MA estimates, although to a lesser extent. Estimates of carcass composition for muscle, subcutaneous fat, intermuscular fat, internal fat, and total fat based on BW explained a large amount of variation in muscle (87%), subcutaneous fat (85%), intermuscular fat (79%), internal fat (74%), and total fat (87%). In most cases (55 of 70) the introduction of one ultrasound measurement in addition to BW in the multiple regression equations further improved the explanation of variation for weight of carcass tissues, internal fat, and total fat. For carcass muscle estimation, the ultrasound measurements of muscle provided an increase of r(2) between 0.05 and 0.10 (P < 0.01). The SC13 and SC34 gave the best improvements in estimating subcutaneous fat, intermuscular fat, internal fat, and total fat (r(2) increased between 0.05 and 0.17; P < 0.01). Prediction of the proportions of the carcass components (internal and total fat from BW) was clearly lower than the prediction of the absolute amounts of these traits. Inclusion of one or more ultrasound measurements in addition to BW increased the predictive ability of the equations. Both probes were useful to estimate carcass muscle depth and area and fat depth, but the 7.5-MHz probe showed a greater ability to estimate depth. For all traits, the stepwise procedure demonstrated that the best fit was obtained with BW and one or more ultrasound measurement with the 7.5-MHz probe.
A Distributed Algorithm for Maximum Lifetime Routing in Sensor Networks with Mobile Sink (2008)

We consider a noise-limited wireless sensor network that consists of battery-operated nodes which can route information to a mobile sink in a multi-hop fashion. The problem of maximizing the network's lifetime, defined as the period of time during which the network can route a feasible flow to each sink location subject to power/energy constraints, is cast into a linear program, reduced into a simpler equivalent form and solved via dual decomposition. The unknowns are the sink sojourn times and the routing flow vector for each sink location. The presence of a mobile sink presents new challenges but the problem structure can still be exploited to find the optimal solution. A distributed algorithm based on the subgradient method and using the sink as leader is proposed and its performance is evaluated through simulation for random networks. The algorithm's requirements in memory are also provided.
Signaling events regulating the neurodevelopmental triad. Glutamate and secreted forms of beta-amyloid precursor protein as examples. (1998)

During development of the nervous system a common set of signal transduction pathways appear to regulate growth cone behaviors, synaptogenesis and natural cell death, three fundamental processes that comprise the "neurodevelopmental triad". Among the intercellular signals that coordinate the developmental triad in the mammalian brain are glutamate (the major excitatory neurotransmitter) and beta-amyloid precursor protein (beta APP). Localization of ionotropic glutamate receptors to dendritic compartments allows for selective regulation of dendrite growth cones and spine formation by glutamate released from axonal growth cones and presynaptic terminals. Expression of particular subtypes of glutamate receptors peaks during a developmental time window within which synaptogenesis and natural neuronal death occur. Calcium is the preeminent second messenger mediating both acute (rapid remodelling of the microtubule and actin cytoskeletal systems) and delayed (transcriptional regulation of growth-related proteins; e.g., neurotrophins) actions of glutamate. The expression of beta APP in brain is developmentally regulated and it is expressed ubiquitously in differentiated neurons. beta APP is axonally transported and secreted forms of beta APP (sAPPs) are released from neurons in an activity-driven manner. Secreted APPs modulate neuronal excitability, counteract effects of glutamate on growth cone behaviors, and increase synaptic complexity. Acute actions of sAPPs appear to be transduced by cyclic GMP which promotes activation of K+ channels and reduces [Ca2+]i. Delayed actions of sAPPs may involve regulation of gene expression by the transcription factor NF kappa B. Finally, the striking effects of glutamate, neurotrophic factors, and sAPPs on synaptogenesis and neuronal survival in cell culture systems and in vivo suggest that each of these signals plays major roles in the process of natural cell death. The same signalling mechanisms that mediate adapative regulation of neuroarchitecture during brain development appear to play prominent roles in maladaptive neurodegenerative processes in an array of disorders ranging from stroke to epilepsy to Alzheimer's disease.
Augmented Autoencoders for Object Orientation Estimation trained on synthetic RGB Images (2017)

Fast and accurate object pose estimation algorithms are crucial for robotic tasks. Despite intensive research, most approaches are not generally applicable on arbitrary object characteristics and dynamic environment conditions. Learning-based methods like Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) have proven good generalization properties given sufficient training data. However, annotating RGB images with 3D object orientations is difficult and requires expert knowledge. In this work, a real-time approach for joint 2D object detection and 3D orientation estimation is proposed. First, a CNN-based object detector [45] is used to localize objects in an image plane. In the second step, an Autoencoder (AE) predicts the 3D orientation of the object from the resulting scene crop. The main contribution is a new training method for AEs that allows learning 3D object orientations from synthetic views of a 3D model, dispensing with the need to annotate orientations in real sensor data. The AE is trained to revert augmentations applied to the input and thus becomes robust against irrelevant color changes, background clutter and occlusions. It learns to produce low-dimensional representations of synthetic object orientations which can be compared to the representations of real RGB test data in a k-Nearest-Neighbor (kNN) search. Experiments on the pose annotated dataset T-LESS [23] prove the performance of the approach on different sensors. Finally, the training on synthetic data is shown to be almost on par with the training on real data.