gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Local Determination of Weak Anisotropy Parameters from qP-wave Slowness and Particle Motion Measurements (2002)

Wepropose an algorithm for local evaluation of weak anisotropy (WA) parameters from measurements of slowness vector components and/or of particle motions ofqPwaves at individual receivers in a borehole in a multi-azimuthal multiple-source offset VSP experiment. As a byproduct the algorithm yields approximate angular variation of qP-wave phase velocity. The formulae are derived under assumption of weak but arbitrary anisotropy and lateral inhomogeneity of the medium. The algorithm is thus independent of structural complexities between the source and the receiver. If complete slowness vector is determinable from observed data, then the information about polarization can be used as an independent additional constraint. If only the component of the slowness along the borehole can be determined from observations (which is mostly the case), the inversion without information about polarization is impossible. We present several systems of equations which can be used when different numbers of components of the slowness vector are available. The SVD algorithm is used to solve an overdetermined system of linear equations for WA parameters for two test examples of synthetic multi-azimuthal multiple-source offset VSP data. The system of equations results from approximate first-order perturbation equations for the slowness and polarization vectors of theqPwave. Analysis of singular values and of variances of WA parameters is used for the estimation of chances to recover the sought parameters. Effects of varying number of profiles with sources and of noise added to “observed” data are illustrated. An important observation is that although, due to insufficient data, we often cannot recover all individual WA parameters with sufficient accuracy, angular phase velocity variation can be recovered rather well.
Gender differences in age effect on brain atrophy measured by magnetic resonance imaging. (1991)

A prospective sample of 69 healthy adults, age range 18-80 years, was studied with magnetic resonance imaging scans (T2 weighted, 5 mm thick) of the entire cranium. Volumes were obtained by a segmentation algorithm that uses proton density and T2 pixel values to correct field inhomogeneities ("shading"). Average (+/- SD) brain volume, excluding cerebellum, was 1090.91 ml (+/- 114.30; range, 822.19-1363.66), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume was 127.91 ml (+/- 57.62; range, 34.00-297.02). Brain volume was higher (by 5 ml) in the right hemisphere (P less than 0.0001). Men (n = 34) had 91 ml higher brain and 20 ml higher CSF volume than women (n = 35). Age was negatively correlated with brain volume [r(67) = -0.32, P less than 0.01] and positively correlated with CSF volume (r = 0.74, P less than 0.0001). The slope of the regression line with age for CSF was steeper for men than women (P = 0.03). This difference in slopes was significant for sulcal (P less than 0.0001), but not ventricular, CSF. The greatest amount of atrophy in elderly men was in the left hemisphere, whereas in women age effects were symmetric. The findings may point to neuroanatomic substrates of hemispheric specialization and gender differences in age-related changes in brain function. They suggest that women are less vulnerable to age-related changes in mental abilities, whereas men are particularly susceptible to aging effects on left hemispheric functions.
3D model retrieval based on exact visual similarity (2008)

Many content-based 3D model retrieval techniques have been proposed in the last decade. Compared with other methods, light field descriptor (LFD) is generally acknowledged as the best model representation. Taking LFD as example, we analyze the disadvantage of the model descriptors based on visual similarity and propose a modified descriptor which preserves the exact geometrical features of the model in each view. Since the modification avoids distortion, the visual differences between dissimilar models are kept. The experimental results show that the improved method outperforms the original LFD approach significantly. According to our analysis and the results, we draw a conclusion about the methods based on 2D visual similarity. Furthermore, a new user-friendly query interface is provided to assist user to draw 2D query from ordinary picture. This method not only makes retrieval process efficient but also gets more accurate results than other methods proposed before.
An Overview of Josephson Packaging (1980)

An overall packaging philosophy for high-speed Josephson computers is outlined in this paper. The unique characteristics of such a package, operating a liquid helium temperature, are described, and a description is given of the technologies needed to build the package.
Biomarkers of oxidative stress in erythrocytes as a function of human age (2015)

Despite more than 300 theories to explain the aging process, oxidative stress theory offers the best mechanism to explain aging and age related disorders. Several studies has shown the importance of oxidative stress during aging. PubMed, Science Direct and Springer online data bases are taken into consideration to write this mini-review. Human erythrocytes are most abundant and specialized cells in the body. Erythrocytes were extensively studied due to their metabolism and gas transport functions. Recent studies on erythrocytes have provided us detailed information of cell membrane and its structural organization that may help in studying the aging and age associated changes. The susceptibility of an organism is associated with the antioxidant potential of the body. Erythrocytes have potent antioxidant protection consisting of enzymatic and non-enzymatic pathways that counteract with reactive oxygen species, thus maintaining the redox regulation in the body. The non-enzymatic and enzymatic antioxidants and other biomarkers associated with erythrocyte membrane transport functions are the main content of this review. Biomarkers of oxidative stress in erythrocytes and its membrane were taken into the consideration during human aging that will be the main subject of this mini- review.
Studies concerning the antibiotic actinon. Part V. Synthesis of structural analogues of actinonin by the anhydride-ester method. (1975)

A synthetic route, associated with a high degree of stereoselectivity, has been developed for the synthesis of structural analogues (XIII) of actinonin (I). The anhydride–imide method involves the sequence (IIIb)+(V)→[(VI)+(VII)]→(XI)→(XIII). (±)-Amino-amides (IIIb) yielded the (±)-hydroxamic acids with the relative configuration (XIII) and L-amino-amides (X) yielded single enantiomers with the absolute configuration (XIII).
The suitable placement of engineering students (1970)

The purpose of this research project was to determine more precise methods for the enrolment of 16‐year‐old engineering students when they first commence classes in colleges of further education. This research work has now been going on at the Aylesbury college for four years. It was originated because we felt that we would like to have some more exact methods of predicting examination successes rather than the previously used methods which we had in operation at the time.
A single <i>frizzled</i> protein has a dual function in tissue polarity (1994)

The Drosophila frizzled (fz) gene is required for the development of normal tissue polarity in the epidermis. Genetic epistasis experiments argue that fz is at the top of a regulatory hierarchy that controls the subcellular site for prehair initiation within the cells of the pupal wing (Wong and Adler, 1993; J. Cell Biol. 123, 209-221). Genetic mosaic experiments indicate that fz has both cell autonomous and cell non-autonomous functions that are separately mutable (Vinson and Adler, 1987; Nature 329, 549-551). Two species of fz mRNA have been identified, raising the question as to whether the two functions are provided by a single protein or by two separate protein species. We generated transgenic flies that express each of these mRNAs under the control of an hsp70 promoter. Only one of the transgenes (hsfzI) showed any fz activity. At 29 degrees C, the hsfzI transgene provided almost complete rescue of a null fz mutation, indicating that the protein encoded by this cDNA can fulfill both fz functions. Overexpression of the hsfzI transgene resulted in two distinct tissue polarity phenotypes depending on the time of heat shock.
Atrazine Tolerance in Warm‐Season Grass Seedlings<sup>1</sup> (1984)

Abstract Atrazine [2‐chloro‐4‐(ethylamino)‐6‐(isopropylamino)‐ s ‐triazine] effectively controls many annual weeds in established warm‐season range grasses but can damage some of these grasses in the early seedling stage. This study determined the relative atrazine tolerance of seedlings of selected warm‐season grasses and evaluated the effectiveness of a greenhouse bioassay for seedling atrazine tolerance in range grasses. Seed of ‘Pathfinder’ switchgrass [ Panicum virgatum L.], ‘Nebraska 54’ indiangrass [ Sorghastrum nutans (L.) Nash], ‘Butte’ side‐oats grama [ Bouteloua curtipedula (Michx.) Torr.], an experimental blue grama ‘PMK 1483’ [ B. gracilis (H.B.K.) Lag ex Steud], ‘Plains’ bluestem ( Bothriochloa ischaemum var ischaemum (L.) Keng), ‘Caucasian’ bluestem [ B. caucasica (Trin.) C.E. Hubbard] ‘Blaze’ little bluestem [ Schizachyrium scoparium (Michx.) Nash], and a Nebraska experimental prairie sandreed [ Calamovilfa longifolia (Hook) Scribn.] were planted in the greenhouse in a 1:1 soilsand mixture that contained 0,1,2, or 3 mg kg −1 atrazine. Seed lots from one cycle of field selection for atrazine tolerance of indiangrass and side‐oats grama were included. A field study was also conducted on a silty clay loam (Typic Argiudoll) and on a loamy sand (Udic Haplustoll) site using little bluestem, blue grama, prairie sandreed, Caucasian bluestem, and Plains bluestem. Survival ranking at 3 mg kg −1 atrazine, in the greenhouse, was: Caucasian bluestem = switchgrass > Plains bluestem > prairie sandreed > indiangrass (check) = indiangrass (cycle 1) > side‐oats grama (cycle 1) = side‐oats grama (check) = blue grama. Atrazine also reduced height in the surviving seedlings. Height reduction in did not appear to be related to seedling survival. Greenhouse data correlated closely with the loamy sand site. because the bioassay used a soil‐sand mixture. Excellent stands of Plains and Caucasian bluestem were obtained on the silty clay loam site at all atrazine rates. The bioassay was an effective screen to separate grasses with differing atrazine tolerances.
Curcumin attenuates the expression of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α as well as cyclin E in TNF-α-treated HaCaT cells; NF-κB and MAPKs as potential upstream targets (2007)

TNF-alpha induces some proinflammatory cytokines including IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, and itself by activation of NF-kappaB or MAPKs (p38, JNK, ERK). These cytokines play important roles in various inflammatory skin diseases, such as psoriasis. Recently it was also reported that expression of cyclin E is up-regulated by ERK pathway after TNF-alpha treatment. However, it was unknown whether curcumin, showing inhibitory effects on NF-kappaB and MAPKs, attenuates the expression of TNF-alpha-induced IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha as well as cyclin E expression in HaCaT cells. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of curcumin on expression of proinflammatory cytokines and cyclin E in TNF-alpha-treated HaCaT cells. We found that curcumin inhibited the expression of TNF-alpha-induced IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha, but not IL-8, in TNF-alpha-treated HaCaT cells as well as the TNF-alpha-induced cyclin E expression. In addition, curcumin inhibited the activation of MAPKs (JNK, p38 MAPK, and ERK) and NF-kappaB in TNF-alpha-treated HaCaT cells. Taken together, curcumin exerts anti-inflammatory and growth inhibitory effects in TNF-alpha-treated HaCaT cells through inhibition of NF-kappaB and MAPK pathways.
Functional Expression of Multidrug Resistance Protein 1 in <i>Pichia pastoris</i> (2001)

Overexpression of the multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP1) causes multidrug resistance in cultured cells. MRP1 transports a large number of glutathione, glucuronide, and sulfate-conjugated organic anions by an ATP-dependent efflux mechanism. Six other MRP proteins exist (MRP2-7), and mutations in some of these genes cause major pathological conditions in humans. A detailed characterization of the structure and mechanism of action of these proteins requires an efficient expression system from which large amounts of active protein can be obtained. We report the expression of a recombinant MRP1 in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. The protein is expressed in the membrane fraction of these cells, as a stable and underglycosylated 165 kDa peptide. Expression levels are very high, and 30 times superior to those seen in multidrug-resistant HeLa/MRP1 transfectants. MRP1 expressed in P. pastoris binds 8-azido[alpha-(32)P]ATP in a Mg(2+)-dependent and EDTA-sensitive fashion, which can be competed by a molar excess of ADP and ATP. Under hydrolysis conditions (at 37 degrees C), orthovanadate induces trapping of the 8-azido[alpha-(32)P]nucleotide in MRP1, which can be further modulated by known MRP1 ligands. MRP1 is also labeled by a photoactive analogue of rhodamine 123 (IAARh123) in P. pastoris/MRP1 membranes, and this can be competed by known MRP1 ligands. Finally, MRP1-positive membrane vesicles show ATP-dependent uptake of LTC(4). Thus, MRP1 expressed in P. pastoris is active and shows characteristics of MRP1 expressed in mammalian cells, including drug binding, ligand-modulated formation of the MRP1-MgADP-P(i) intermediate (ATPase activity), and ATP-dependent substrate transport. The successful expression of catalytically active and transport-competent MRP1 in P. pastoris should greatly facilitate the efficient production and isolation of the wild type or inactive mutants of MRP1, or of other MRP proteins for structural and functional characterization.
Motion Control of Urea-Powered Biocompatible Hollow Microcapsules (2016)

The quest for biocompatible microswimmers powered by compatible fuel and with full motion control over their self-propulsion is a long-standing challenge in the field of active matter and microrobotics. Here, we present an active hybrid microcapsule motor based on Janus hollow mesoporous silica microparticles powered by the biocatalytic decomposition of urea at physiological concentrations. The directional self-propelled motion lasts longer than 10 min with an average velocity of up to 5 body lengths per second. Additionally, we control the velocity of the micromotor by chemically inhibiting and reactivating the enzymatic activity of urease. The incorporation of magnetic material within the Janus structure provides remote magnetic control on the movement direction. Furthermore, the mesoporous/hollow structure can load both small molecules and larger particles up to hundreds of nanometers, making the hybrid micromotor an active and controllable drug delivery microsystem.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Optically Active (Purinyl‐9)‐α‐amino Acids. (1983)

Abstract Die Kondensation des 5‐Amino‐4,6‐dichlorpyrimidins (I) mit den optisch aktiven Diaminocarbonsäuren (II) führt zu Pyrimidyldiaminocarbonsäuren (III), die mit Orthoameisensäureethylester zu 6‐Chlorpurinyl‐aminocarbonsäuren (IV) cyclisiert werden können.
Water-Soluble Solvent as an Additive to Steam for Improved SAGD (2017)

Abstract Coinjection of solvent with steam results in lower chamber-edge temperatures than those in steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD), which enable to decrease heat losses to the overlying formation rocks. However, use of highly volatile solvents, such as propane, can yield significantly slow bitumen production due to low chamber-edge temperatures. The objective of this research is to investigate the potential of water-soluble solvent as an additive to steam for reducing steam-oil ratio (SOR) while keeping SAGD-like rates of bitumen production. The chamber-edge temperature for a given overall composition and operating pressure is defined as the temperature at which the vapor phase completely condenses with decreasing temperature. Thermodynamic predictions show that the chamber-edge temperature so defined will increase substantially if the solvent can partition into the aqueous phase at chamber-edge conditions. This is confirmedin numerical reservoir simulation for coinjection of steam with dimethyl ether (DME), as a water-soluble solvent, for Athabasca bitumen. In simulation case studies, coinjection of steam with DME (DME-SAGD) is compared with SAGD and coinjection of steam with C4 (C4-SAGD), in terms of SOR, bitumen production, local displacement efficiency, and solvent recovery. The steam-injection pressure is 35 bars for all cases, and 2 mol% of solvent is coinjected in solvent-SAGD simulations until the steam chamber reaches the side boundary of a 2-D homogeneous reservoir model. DME is more volatile and less soluble in bitumen than C4 at their corresponding chamber-edge conditions. However, results show that DME-SAGD results in 35% lower SOR than SAGD while being able to increase bitumen-production rates of SAGD. Analysis of simulation results indicates that the solubility of DME in water not only makes the chamber-edge temperature higher than that of C4-SAGD, but also yields15% higher solvent-recovery factor than C4-SAGD. The main reason for the latter observation is that a much smaller fraction of the injected solvent is present in the vapor phase in DME-SAGD than in C4-SAGD. Also, DME dissolves in both water and bitumen, which results in the aqueous and oleic phases of nearly-equal density within the gravity-drainage zone near the edge of a steam chamber. This is the neutral regime of oil-water two-phase flow along the chamber edge between the two extreme cases: SAGD and C4-SAGD. Unlike in C4-SAGD, the reduced gravity segregation in DME-SAGD is expected to facilitate the mixing of condensed solvent with bitumen near the edge of a steam chamber.
A Computer Simulation For A Space-Time Satellite Positioning System (1990)

This paper concerns the development of an autonomously distributed satellite network synchronization and positioning system. A simulation is developed to study the problem of having the member satellites obtain a system wide space-time coordinate reference system. The simulation models on board clocks for a system of satellites together with transfer via line of sight transmission using an EM signal of time and position data. It accounts for the various errors of measurement together with orbit mechanics that includes relativistic effects. Each satellite keeps a record of the defining equations for the orbits of the other members of the system. The ideal of the simulation is to find an algorithm for transferring timing and position data that will produce much agreement as possible for these records for all the members of the system.
EBSD Sample Preparation: Techniques, Tips, and Tricks (2005)

Abstract Automated analysis of Electron Backscatter Diffraction (EBSD) patterns for orientation imaging and phase identification in materials and earth sciences has become a widely accepted microstructural analysis tool. To briefly review, EBSD is a scanning electron microscope (SEM) based technique where the sample is tilted approximately 70 degrees and the electron beam is positioned in an analytical spot-mode within a selected grain. An EBSD pattern is formed due to the diffraction of the electron beam by select crystallographic planes within the material. The EBSD pattern is representative of both the phase and crystallographic orientation of the selected area. The pattern is imaged by a phosphor screen and recorded with a digital CCD camera and then analyzed.
The Material Properties of the Chordae Tendineae of the Mitral Valve: An In Vitro Investigation (2004)

The material properties of the mitral valve chordae tendineae are important for the understanding of leaflet coaptation configuration and chordal pathology. This research combines basic histology with standard mechanical tests to determine the functioning role of the chordae tendineae during the cardiac cycle. Dual camera stereo photogrammetry was used to measure strains of the chordae in vitro under normal physiologic loading conditions. A uniaxial test simulating the same loading conditions was conducted. Histology and biochemical assays were performed on the chordae to determine chordal microstructure. Six porcine mitral valves were used for the in vitro flow loop study. The maximum strain experienced was 4.29% l 3.43% and was experienced at 249 msec after the start of valve closure. The loading rate was slightly higher than the unloading rate. The anterior lateral strut chordae had a higher maximum strain and loading rate than the posterior medial strut chordae. The posterior medial strut chordae had a higher unloading rate than the anterior lateral strut chordae. Histological examination revealed blood vessels in the chordae. The anterior strut chordae contain significantly more vessels than the other chordae. Different structural levels were observed for all chordae. The inner layer was characterized by a higher concentration of collagen; whereas, the middle layer was collagen with interwoven elastin fibers. The collagen microstructure was characterized by directional crimping. The anterior and posterior marginal chordae contained significantly more DNA than the other chordae (p<0.01). The anterior strut chord was found to contain significantly less DNA than all the other chordae (p<0.01). The collagen assay results showed that the posterior marginal chord contained significantly more collagen than the other chordae (p<0.01). The Fastin Elastin assay results showed no significant difference in the amount of elastin between the chordae. This study demonstrates the first in vitro examination of the strain experienced by the chordae tendineae of the mitral valve. This technique allows the investigation of the behavior of biological tissues under physiologic loading conditions. Contrary to earlier belief, vessels were found in the chordae. The microstructure and biochemical composition of the chordae tendineae is related to their function during coaptation.
Determination of air-loop volume and radon partition coefficient for measuring radon in water sample (2013)

A simple method for the direct determination of the air-loop volume in a RAD7 system as well as the radon partition coefficient was developed allowing for an accurate measurement of the radon activity in any type of water. The air-loop volume may be measured directly using an external radon source and an empty bottle with a precisely measured volume. The partition coefficient and activity of radon in the water sample may then be determined via the RAD7 using the determined air-loop volume. Activity ratios instead of absolute activities were used to measure the air-loop volume and the radon partition coefficient. In order to verify this approach, we measured the radon partition coefficient in deionized water in the temperature range of 10-30 °C and compared the values to those calculated from the well-known Weigel equation. The results were within 5 % variance throughout the temperature range. We also applied the approach for measurement of the radon partition coefficient in synthetic saline water (0-75 ppt salinity) as well as tap water. The radon activity of the tap water sample was determined by this method as well as the standard RAD-H<sub>2</sub>O and BigBottle RAD-H<sub>2</sub>O. The results have shown good agreement between this method and the standard methods.