gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Acute Regulation of Synaptic Transmission by Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors (1994)

Two principal classes of glutamate receptors have been identified: (1) ligand-gated ion channels and (2) G-protein-coupled "metabotropic" receptors (Sugiyama et al., 1989). Activation of ionotropic α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid (AMPA), kainate (KA), and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors represents the principal route of fast excitatory transmission in the CNS. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that synaptic transmission also appears to be influenced by the actions of glutamate on metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) at both pre- and postsynaptic sites. At least seven mGluR subtypes (mGluR1–7) plus several splice varients have been identified by molecular biological methods (see Chapter 1). Expression of these receptors in a variety of cell types has shown that they are capable of interacting with most of the commonly recognized second-messenger systems. As detailed elsewhere in this volume, each expressed mGluR subtype also displays unique pharmacological specificity and shows a particular preference for one of the effector systems (Nakajima et al., 1993; Tanabe et al., 1993). However, which mGluRs mediate the various acute effects of mGluR activation on synaptic transmission and the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. In this chapter, we will review the current understanding regarding acute regulation of synaptic transmission by mGluRs and examine possible mechanisms of this regulation.KeywordsGlutamate ReceptorSynaptic TransmissionMetabotropic Glutamate ReceptorCerebellar Granule CellPurkinje NeuronThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Efficient simulation of interconnect and mixed analog-digital circuits in ACES (2002)

Adaptively Controlled Explicit Simulation (ACES) is a new timing simulation technique for the analysis of integrated circuits and systems. This paper describes various techniques for the enhancement of ACES to the simulation of analog, mixed analog-digital and interconnect circuits. Firstly, the use of AWE macromodels in ACES is proposed for efficient and accurate simulation of interconnect circuits with nonlinear terminations. Circuit topology constraints are removed in ACES by using efficient techniques for the simulation of loops of capacitors and floating capacitors. The use of variable accuracy device models is proposed for accurate simulation of analog and mixed analog/digital circuits. These enhancements make ACES an efficient solution to problems previously regarded as domain of conventional circuit simulators, like SPICE, which are too expensive for most practical applications.
蓝宝谋求突围要以“渠道为尊”——专访博世公司汽车音响销售部销售经理庆岩 (2005)

最近记者随机访问了些读者对汽车音响品牌的印象，往往能答上来的都是索尼、松下、先锋、建伍或者阿尔派等日资品牌。事实如此，中国汽车音响市场到目前为止还是日系品牌的天下。这与欧美车系已占据中国大半壁江山呈鲜明对比，这让欧美音响厂商的处境十分尴尬，谋求突围成了当务之急。
Adjunctive Recombinant Human Interferon Gamma-1b for Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia in 2 Patients (2014)

To the Editor: A mild, ongoing inflammatory process may be involved in the pathophysiology of a subgroup schizophrenia. 1 Meta-analyses found add-on anti-inflammatory treatment to be effective in at least early stages of schizophrenia. 2,3 Immunologically, a blunted type 1 (acute) immune response and shift to the type 2 (chronic) response have been described in schizophrenia before. Serum levels of the proinflammatory type 1 cytokine interferon gamma (IFN-) and in vitro IFN- production after stimulation were lower in samples from unmedicated schizophrenia patients than in those from healthy controls, 4,5 although the findings are in part controversial. 6 Therefore, the type 1 response stimulant IFN- was hypothesized to have a therapeutic effect. We describe the effects of adjunctive IFN- in 2 treatment-resistant schizophrenia inpatients.
Overlapping polypeptide induction in human fibroblasts in response to treatment with interferon- <i>alpha</i> , interferon- <i>gamma</i> , interleukin 1 <i>alpha</i> , interleukin 1 <i>beta</i> , and tumor necrosis factor. (1988)

Cytokine-induced polypeptides were identified in whole cell lysates of human fibroblasts by computer-based analysis of two-dimensional gels with the use of the PDQuest System. Treatment with interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) enhanced the synthesis of 12 and 28 polypeptides, respectively. Exposure to interleukin 1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) or interleukin 1 beta (IL-1 beta) resulted in the increased synthesis of seven identical polypeptides. Treatment with tumor necrosis factor (TNF) at 100 U/ml led to enhanced expression of seven polypeptides, whereas exposure to TNF at 1000 U/ml increased the levels of these seven plus two additional polypeptides. The antiviral and antiproliferative effects of these cytokines in strain 153 fibroblasts were also assessed. Both IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma exhibited antiviral activity, whereas both IL-1 and TNF stimulated fibroblast growth. IFN-gamma was alone in inhibiting proliferation. Thus, although these cytokines exhibit low degrees of structural homology, they share some common functions, and a number of polypeptides were induced in common by two or more of these agents. The greatest similarities in polypeptide induction occur between IFN-alpha and IFN-gamma and between the IL-1s and TNF. However, polypeptides were also induced in common by IFN-alpha and TNF, IFN-gamma and IL-1, and IFN-gamma and TNF. These similarities in polypeptide induction may reflect the overlapping functions of these cytokines and may be indicative of common biochemical pathways in their mechanisms of action.
Predesign of diamond-turned refractive/diffractive elements for IR objectives (1992)

Diffractive lenses have arrived. Literally hundreds of papers have been published<sup>1-25 </sup>and technology impact reports have been written about the exciting addition of a new tool for the lens designer.<sup>1</sup> Sophisticated computer programs have been developed to aid in the optimization of these diffractive phase profiles for a wide variety of applications. Now, several fabrication methods are being pursued to produce these diffractive elements economically. The best known process is the etching of a multi-level relief grating, known as binary optics.<sup>2</sup> This process uses sets of computer generated lithographic masks. Another, more recently developed method is Dry Photopolymer Embossing (DPE).<sup>3</sup> This replication process uses master holograms. And now, diamond turning is being applied for the machining of these elements.<sup>4,5</sup> Diamond turning is especially well suited for infrared optics. As any process has advantages and limitations, so has diamond turning. These advantages and limitations are discussed and general guidelines are presented to aid the designer and systems engineer in the project predesign stage.
Convex Hull Using K-Means Clustering in Hybrid (MPI/OpenMP) Environment (2010)

Parallel computing is the use of multiple compute resources to solve a computational problem. Parallel computers can be roughly classified as Multi-Core and Multi-Processor. In both these classifications, the hardware supports parallelism with computer node having multiple processing elements in a single machine. Parallel programming is the ability of program to run on this infrastructure which is still quite difficult and complex task to achieve. Two of the different approaches used in parallel environment are MPI and Open MP, each one of them have their own merits and demerits. Hybrid model combines both approaches in the pursuit of reducing the weaknesses in individual. In proposed approach k-Means Clustering algorithm used for solving the problem of Convex Hull in parallel environment. In this design, 2D points are grouped into different Cluster and then Convex hull for each of these Clusters are computed. Points defining these Convex hulls are used to construct the final Convex hull. This algorithm is implemented in MPI, OpenMP, and Hybrid mode. The algorithm is tested for number of Clusters with different set of points. The results indicates that the Hybrid approach out performs the MPI and OpenMP approach.
Transparent Ferromagnetic Light Modulator Using Yttrium Iron Garnet (1958)

A method of preparation of yttrium iron garnet crystals from Y2O3 and Fe2O3, using PbO as a solvent, is described. The transmission spectrum from 0.5 to 16 μ of ground and polished slabs cut from the crystals shows strong absorption at wavelengths shorter than 0.7 μ; other absorption occur at 0.89, 5.7, 7.8, 8.6, 10.9, 11.6, and 14 μ. Faraday rotation brought about by spontaneous magnetization normal to the slab can be applied to the design of light modulators. Three of these are described and the construction and operation of one is discussed. It is an axially ac magnetized slab, passing polarized tungsten light to an analyzer 45° out of the plane of polarization.
[Evaluation of domestically made recalled nitinol alloy stent implantation for severe airway stenosis]. (2010)

for patients with severe airway stenosis, it is safer, effective and more comfortable to place the stent via larynx mask, trachea intubation, or rigid bronchoscope under general anaesthesia and mechanical ventilation compared to local anaesthesia and is worth spread and popularization in the future.
Toward a detoxification fabric against nerve gas agents: guanidine-functionalized poly[2-(3-butenyl)-2-oxazoline]/Nylon-6,6 nanofibers (2017)

A novel guanidine-functionalized polymer, poly[2-(3-butenyl)-2-oxazoline] (PBuOxz), has been co-electrospun with Nylon-6,6 to form fibers that could be used for the decontamination of chemical warfare agents (CWAs).
Analysis and survey of multi-phase power electronic converter topologies for the more electric aircraft applications (2012)

To improve aircraft efficiency, reliability and maintainability, the aerospace world has found in the progressive electrification of on-board services the way to reduce or to remove the presence of the hydraulic, mechanical and the bleed air/pneumatic systems. This concept is called the More Electric Aircraft (MEA), which involves the introduction of the electromechanical actuators and the electrohydraulic actuators. Also the entire electrical generation and distribution system is subject to radical revisiting, with a trend which is leaving the constant frequency AC energy distribution in favor of variable frequency or DC solutions. The literature reports survey papers regarding the electrical machines and their electromechanical design for the MEA but only a few papers presented a survey analysis of the power electronic converters employed for aircraft applications. The paper presents a review of power electronics converters topologies which can be used in more electric aircraft, with a particular focus on multi-phase drive systems.
Autoimmune Prostatitis: State of the Art (2007)

The prostate is one of the main male sex accessory glands and the target of many pathological conditions affecting men of all ages. Pathological conditions of the prostate gland range from infections, chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) of a still unknown aetiology to benign hyperplasia and cancer. CP/CPPS is one of the most prevalent diseases in the urologic clinic and affects men younger than 50 years old. A significant advance in the understanding of CP/CPPS was made when an autoimmune response against prostate antigens was revealed in a considerable number of patients. During the last 30 years, extensive work has been done regarding the development and characterization of different rodent models of experimental autoimmune prostatitis (EAP). It has been demonstrated that tolerance to prostate antigens can be disrupted in some strains of rats and mice and cellular and humoral responses to prostate antigens are elicited. A Th1 pattern has been described and the cellular response seems to be the major pathogenic mechanism involved. Immune cells infiltrate the gland and induce prostate lesions. The genetic background and hormonal imbalance are factors that could contribute to the onset of the disease in susceptible young males. Moreover, spontaneous autoimmune prostatitis could also occur with advanced age in susceptible strains. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding rodent models of EAP and the immunological alterations present in CP/CPPS patients. We also discuss the reliability of these experimental approaches as genuine tools for the study of human disease.
Testing update on protective clothing and equipment for electric arc exposure (2002)

This paper includes an update on testing to characterize electric arcs and the performance of flame resistant clothing, first reported on at the 1996 Petroleum Chemical Industry Conference. The goal of this work is to assist electrical personnel in selecting appropriate arc protective clothing and equipment based on readily available electrical system parameters and the task to be performed. Updated protective clothing guidelines and detailed testing results on cotton ignitability and para- and meta-aramid protective clothing systems are included. Results of additional three-phase arc testing at 600 V, including acoustic measurements, are discussed, as well as results of separate testing performed on polycarbonate face shields/hoods and leather work gloves.
Regularization networks for approximating multi-valued functions: learning ambiguous input-output mappings from examples (1994)

The regularization network (RN) is extended to approximate multi-valued functions so that the one-to-h mapping, where h denotes the multiplicity of the mapping, can be represented and learned from a finite number of input-output samples without clustering operations on the sample data set. Multi-valued function approximations are useful for learning ambiguous input-output relations from examples. This extension, which we call the multi-valued regularization network (MVRN), is derived from the multi-valued standard regularization theory (MVSRT) which is an extension of the standard regularization theory to multi-valued functions. MVSRT is based on a direct algebraic representation of multi-valued functions. By simple transformation of the unknown functions, we can obtain linear Euler-Lagrange equations. Therefore, the learning algorithm for MVRN is reduced to solving a linear system. The proposed theory can be specialized and extended to radial basis function (REP), generalized RBF (GRBF), and hyperBF networks of multi-valued functions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Ubiquitination of 3-Hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA Reductase in Permeabilized Cells Mediated by Cytosolic E1 and a Putative Membrane-bound Ubiquitin Ligase (2004)

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) enzyme, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, catalyzes the production of mevalonate, a rate-controlling step in cholesterol biosynthesis. Excess sterols promote ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of reductase as part of a negative feedback regulatory mechanism. To characterize the process in more detail, we here report the development of a permeabilized cell system that supports reductase ubiquitination stimulated by the addition of sterols in vitro. Sterol-dependent ubiquitination of reductase in permeabilized cells is dependent upon exogenous cytosol, ATP, and either Insig-1 or Insig-2, two membrane-bound ER proteins shown previously to mediate sterol regulation of reductase degradation in intact cells. Oxysterols, but not cholesterol, promote reductase ubiquitination under our conditions. Finally, we show that ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1) can efficiently replace cytosol to ubiquitinate reductase in response to sterol treatment, suggesting that other molecules required for ubiquitination of reductase, such as the ubiquitin-conjugating and -ligating enzymes (E2 and E3), are localized to ER membranes.
Liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of multiple sweet mogrosides in the fruits of <i>Siraitia grosvenorii</i> and its marketed sweeteners (2016)

A high-performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of eight major sweet mogrosides in different batches of the fruits of Siraitia grosvenorii and its marketed sweeteners. The sample preparation procedure and chromatographic and mass spectrographic conditions were optimized. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a reversed-phase Poroshell 120 SB C<sub>18</sub> column in 10.0 min with gradient elution with acetonitrile and water, both of which contained 0.1% formic acid. The multiple reaction monitoring scanning mode was employed for quantification in the negative ion mode. The developed method was validated with acceptable linearity (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.9984-0.9998) over a wide concentration range, precision (relative standard deviations = 1.09-3.91%), stability (relative standard deviations = 1.21-3.01%), and recovery in the range of 91.22-106.58% (relative standard deviations ≤ 3.79%) under optimum conditions. The proposed method was demonstrated to be simple, rapid, specific, and reliable and was successfully applied for the quality control of the fruits of S. grosvenorii and its marketed sweeteners.
North American Harpacticoid Copepods Ii. New Records and Species of Elaphoidella (Canthocamptidae) From the United States and Canada (1975)

NORTH AMERICAN HARPACTICOID COPEPODS II. NEW RECORDS AND SPECIES OF ELAPHOIDELLA (CANTHOCAMPTIDAE) FROM THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA BY t MILDRED STRATTON WILSON 1) Institute of Marine Science, University of Alaska and Smithsonian Institution The number of species of Elaphoidella known from North America is herein increased from two to five indicating that the genus is broadly distributed over the continent. The new species and records range eastward in the United States from Yosemite Park, California, to Florida, and northward to about 57°N latitude in Alaska and Canada. I am indebted to the collectors mentioned in the text. Financial support
Correcting spherical aberrations in confocal light sheet microscopy: A theoretical study (2014)

In the last years, fluorescence light sheet microscopy has attracted an increasing interest among the microscopy community. One of the most promising applications of this technique is the reconstruction of macroscopic biological specimens with microscopic resolution, without physical sectioning. To this aim, light sheet microscopy is combined with clearing protocols based on refractive index matching, which render the tissue transparent. However, these protocols lead to a huge drop in the fluorescence signal, limiting their practical applicability. The reduction of signal to background ratio is commonly ascribed to chemical degradation of the fluorophores by the organic solvents used for clearing. This view however completely neglects another important factor of contrast loss, i.e., optical aberrations. In fact, commercially available objectives suitable for light sheet microscopy are not designed for the refractive index of the clearing solutions, and this mismatch introduces severe spherical aberration. Here we simulated the aberrated point spread function (PSF) of a light sheet microscope with confocal slit detection. We investigated the variation of the PSF as a function of objective numerical aperture (NA) and of imaging depth inside the clearing solution. We also explored the possibility of correcting such spherical aberration by introducing extra optical devices in the detection path. By correcting up to the second order spherical aberration, a quasi-diffraction-limited regime can be recovered, and image quality is restored.
Microwave Engineering Using Microstrip Circuits (1990)

Transmission line theory two-port parameters microstrip transmission lines - basic theory microstrip transmission lines - further considerations discontinuities the Smith chart and its uses hybrid-line couplers parallel-coupled lines and directional couplers filters miscellaneous components active circuit characterization microstrip circuits and subsystems microstrip experiments.
Advanced road traffic information delivery system using terrestrial digital broadcasting to mobile terminals (2006)

Currently in japan, a public road traffic information delivery system called vics (vehicle information and communication system) is widespread, but its data format lacks generality and functionality, and its broadcasting environment has issues of sending large amount of advanced road traffic information. An advanced road traffic information delivery system is proposed. this system uses terrestrial digital broadcasting to mobile terminals to improve the bandwidth and packet loss error rate. Moreover, this system uses xml(extensible markup language) based data format to improve generality and functionality. Furthermore, from the characteristic of the terrestrial digital broadcasting network, it is proposed to use communication link to compliment the broadcasting network. It is demonstrated that the proposed system can deliver rich road traffic information efficiently and effectively.
Comparison of 1.5T and 3T MRI scanners in evaluation of acute bone stress in the foot (2011)

Owing to slightly better resolution of 3T images, edema characterization is easier, which might aid in the differential diagnosis of the bone marrow edema. There was, however, no noteworthy difference in the sensitivity of the 1.5T and 3T images to bone marrow edema. Routine identification of acute bone stress changes and suspected stress injuries can, therefore, be made with 1.5T field strength.
Synthesis and physicochemical and neurotoxicity studies of 1-(4-substituted-2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-aminoethane analogs of 6-hydroxydopamine (1984)

In an attempt to evaluate the possible relationship between the neurotoxicity of 6-hydroxydopamine and the redox properties and electrophilic reactivity of the 6-hydroxydopamine-p-hydroquinone/p-quinone system, we have synthesized a series of 6-hydroxydopamine analogues in which the C4-hydroxy group is replaced with various electron-donating and electron-withdrawing substituents. With the aid of cyclic voltammetry, the formal oxidation potentials (E degrees ') for the p-hydroquinone/p-quinone redox couples and the rates of cyclization of the p-quinones to the corresponding p-iminoquinones were determined. As expected, electron-rich p-hydroquinones were easily oxidized to the p-quinones, which underwent cyclization slowly, whereas the oxidation of electron-poor p-hydroquinones required higher voltages and yielded p-quinones, which cyclized readily at pH 7.4. The neurotoxic potential of these compounds showed that in vivo destruction of noradrenergic terminals, as measured by inhibition of norepinephrine uptake by rat heart slices, occurred only with those analogues bearing electron-donating substituents. Potent neurotoxic properties were associated only with the 4-amino and 4-hydroxy derivatives, both of which form p-quinones, which do not cyclize readily at pH 7.4. These results support the thesis that the p-quinone derived from 6-hydroxydopamine may be an important species in the mediation of the neurodestruction caused by 6-hydrodopamine.