gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>PLEXIN‐D1</i>, a novel plexin family member, is expressed in vascular endothelium and the central nervous system during mouse embryogenesis (2002)

The genetic defect in Möbius syndrome 2 (MBS2, MIM 601471), a dominantly inherited disorder characterised by paralysis of the facial nerve, is situated at chromosome 3q21-q22. We characterised the cDNA and predicted protein, and examined the expression pattern during mouse embryogenesis of a positional candidate gene, PLEXIN-D1 (PLXND1). The cDNA for PLXND1 is 7095 base pairs in length, coding for a predicted protein of 1925 amino acids. The protein features all known domains of plexin family members, with the exception of the third Met-related sequence. Northern analysis revealed a very low expression of PLXND1 in adult mouse and adult human tissues. To investigate the expression of PlxnD1 during embryogenesis, RNA in situ hybridisation was performed on mouse embryos from various stages. This investigation revealed expression of PlxnD1 in cells from the central nervous system (CNS) and in vascular endothelium. Early expression in the CNS is located in the ganglia, cortical plate of the cortex, and striatum. At later embryologic stages, neural expression was also seen in the external granular layer of the cerebellum and several nerve nuclei. The expression in the vascular system resides solely in the endothelial cells of developing blood vessels. Based on our results, we suggest that this expression of a member of the plexin family in vascular endothelium could point toward a role in embryonic vasculogenesis.
Early developmental failure of substantia nigra dopamine neurons in mice lacking the homeodomain gene<i>Pitx3</i> (2004)

The mesencephalic dopamine (mesDA) system is involved in the control of movement and behavior. The expression of Pitx3 in the brain is restricted to the mesDA system and the gene is induced relatively late, at E11.5, a time when tyrosine hydroxylase (Th) gene expression is initiated. We show here that, in the Pitx3-deficient aphakia (ak) mouse mutant, the mesDA system is malformed. Owing to the developmental failure of mesDA neurons in the lateral field of the midbrain, mesDA neurons are not found in the SNc and the projections to the caudate putamen are selectively lost. However, Pitx3 is expressed in all mesDA neurons in control animals. Therefore, mesDA neurons react specifically to the loss of Pitx3. Defects of motor control where not seen in the ak mice, suggesting that other neuronal systems compensate for the absence of the nigrostriatal pathway. However, an overall lower activity was observed. The results suggest that Pitx3 is specifically required for the formation of the SNc subfield at the onset of dopaminergic neuron differentiation.
Preclinical safety studies with recombinant human interleukin 6 (rhil‐6) in the primate <i>callithrix jacchus</i> (marmoset): Comparison with studies in rats (1995)

The haemopoietic and immunostimulatory properties of recombinant human interleukin 6 (rhIL-6) might be used clinically in cancer patients. For the preclinical assessment of the safety of such a therapy, we chose the primate marmoset (Callithrix jacchus) and Wistar rats. Recombinant hIL-6 given to marmosets at doses of up to 1000 micrograms kg-1 day-1 over 4 and 9 weeks did not induce fever and was very well tolerated. Haematological alterations included a sustained two- to threefold increase of thrombocyte counts, peaking at 4 weeks, as well as an increase in neutrophils and basophils. The number of bone marrow megakaryocytes at 4 and 9 weeks was not increased, but the ploidy grade was augmented. An acute-phase protein response was observed within 24 h after the first IL-6 administration, which reached a maximum after 1 week. The acute-phase protein response was not accompanied by functional or morphological signs of hepatocellular damage. Increased immunoglobulin and soluble IL-2 receptor in the serum levels reflected systemic immunostimulation. Recombinant hIL-6 was also given to rats at 500 micrograms kg-1 day-1 s.c. for 4 weeks, where it induced a stimulation of thrombopoiesis associated with increased platelet counts within 1 week. Furthermore, rhIL-6-treated rats had signs of immunostimulation and increased acute-phase reactants in serum, as in marmosets. There was no evidence of renal glomerular or hepatic pathology.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Acellular and whole-cell pertussis vaccines in Japan. Report of a visit by US scientists (1987)

Since the introduction of acellular pertussis vaccines in Japan late in 1981, more than 20 million doses have been administered, mostly to children 2 years of age and older. Clinical studies indicate that mild local and febrile reactions are less frequent after administration of acellular pertussis vaccines than after whole-cell vaccines. Serious adverse events with sequelae occurred in 2-year-old children at approximately the same low rate during the period 1975 through August 1981, when whole-cell vaccines were used, and during August 1981 through 1984, when acellular vaccines were used exclusively. Five household contact studies have yielded vaccine efficacy estimates ranging from 78% to 92% in children 1 year of age or older. In addition, there has been a continuing decrease in reported pertussis incidence from the epidemic peak in 1979. Additional data on the safety and efficacy of acellular pertussis vaccines administered to infants would be useful in consideration of acellular pertussis vaccine licensure in the United States. (<i>JAMA</i>1987;257:1351-1356)
Photochromotropism of <i>gamma</i>-(2,4-Dinitrobenzyl)-Pyridine in Solution (1960)

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Radioactive metal complexes with affinity for tumors. II. Biodistribution of radioactivity in cellular and subcellular fractions of tumor tissues. (1989)

The 99mTc and 57Co complexes of ethylenediamine-N,N-diacetic acid (EDDA) are accumulated in tumor tissue. The complexes and related radioactive compounds were administered to experimental animals bearing Ehrlich tumor, and the blood, tumor, abscess, and other tissues were separated, fractionated and analyzed. In blood, the EDDA complexes of 99mTc and 57Co were in dialyzable forms, whereas other tumor-nonlocalizing compounds were in undialyzable or protein-bound forms. The tumor/blood and tumor/muscle ratios of the radioactivity showed that the complexes had the high affinity for tumor tissues. Density gradient centrifugation analysis of the ascites tumor tissues showed that a significant amount of the radioactivity of the complexes was present in tumor cells. Subcellular fractionation of solid tumor tissue showed that the radioactivity was present in nuclear fraction.
Context-Aware Hierarchical Feature Attention Network For Multi-Scale Object Detection (2020)

Multi-scale object detection involves classification and regression assignments of objects with variable scales from an image. How to extract discriminative features is a key point for multi-scale object detection. Recent detectors simply fuse pyramidal features extracted from ConvNets, which does not take full advantage of useful features and drop out redundant features. To address this problem, we propose Context-Aware Hierarchical Feature Attention Network (CHFANet) to focus on effective multi-scale feature extraction for object detection. Based on single shot multibox detector (SSD) framework, the CHFANet consists of two components: the context-aware feature extraction (CFE) module to capture rich multi-scale context features and the hierarchical feature fusion (HFF) module followed with the channel-wise attention model to generate deeply fused attentive features. On the Pascal VOC benchmark, our CHFANet can achieve 82.6% mAP. Extensive experiments demonstrate that the CHFANet outperforms a lot of state-of-the-art object detectors in accuracy without any bells and whistles.
Antimicrobial Peptides with Stability toward Tryptic Degradation (2008)

The inherent instability of peptides toward metabolic degradation is an obstacle on the way toward bringing potential peptide drugs onto the market. Truncation can be one way to increase the proteolytic stability of peptides, and in the present study the susceptibility against trypsin, which is one of the major proteolytic enzymes in the gastrointestinal tract, was investigated for several short and diverse libraries of promising cationic antimicrobial tripeptides. Quite surprisingly, trypsin was able to cleave very small cationic antimicrobial peptides at a substantial rate. Isothermal titration calorimetry studies revealed stoichiometric interactions between selected peptides and trypsin, with dissociation constants ranging from 1 to 20 microM. Introduction of hydrophobic C-terminal amide modifications and likewise bulky synthetic side chains on the central amino acid offered an effective way to increased half-life in our assays. Analysis of the degradation products revealed that the location of cleavage changed when different end-capping strategies were employed to increase the stability and the antimicrobial potency. This suggests that trypsin prefers a bulky hydrophobic element in S1' in addition to a positively charged side chain in S1 and that this binding dictates the mode of cleavage for these substrates. Molecular modeling studies supported this hypothesis, and it is shown that small alterations of the tripeptide result in two very different modes of trypsin binding and degradation. The data presented allows for the design of stable cationic antibacterial peptides and/or peptidomimetics based on several novel design principles.
〈100〉 dark line defect in II-VI blue-green light emitters (1994)

We have carried out a microstructural study of the 〈100〉 dark line defect that forms during degradation of II-VI blue-green light emitters. We find that these defects lie in or near the ZnCdSe quantum well and do not correspond to a readily observable dislocation network in transmission electron microscopy studies. We speculate that they may consist of point defects or small point defect complexes. We have also carried out estimates of point defect migration rates during device operation that can give rise to such degradation.
Time-critical multiresolution scene rendering (1999)

We describe a framework for time-critical rendering of graphics scenes composed of a large number of objects having complex geometric descriptions. Our technique relies upon a scene description in which objects are represented as multiresolution meshes. We perform a constrained optimization at each frame to choose the resolution of each potentially visible object that generates the best quality image while meeting timing constraints. The technique provides smooth level-of-detail control and aims at guaranteeing a uniform, bounded frame rate even for widely changing viewing conditions. The optimization algorithm is independent from the particular data structure used to represent multiresolution meshes. The only requirements are the ability to represent a mesh with an arbitrary number of triangles and to traverse a mesh structure at an arbitrary resolution in a short predictable time. A data structure satisfying these criteria is described and experimental results are discussed.
Review: Novel insights on diagnosis, cause and treatment of diabetic neuropathy: focus on painful diabetic neuropathy (2010)

Diabetic neuropathy is common, under or misdiagnosed, and causes substantial morbidity with increased mortality. Defining and developing sensitive diagnostic tests for diabetic neuropathy is not only key to implementing earlier interventions but also to ensure that the most appropriate endpoints are employed in clinical intervention trials. This is critical as many potentially effective therapies may never progress to the clinic, not due to a lack of therapeutic effect, but because the endpoints were not sufficiently sensitive or robust to identify benefit. Apart from improving glycaemic control, there is no licensed treatment for diabetic neuropathy, however, a number of pathogenetic pathways remain under active study. Painful diabetic neuropathy is a cause of considerable morbidity and whilst many pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions are currently used, only two are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration. We address the important issue of the 'placebo effect' and also consider potential new pharmacological therapies as well as nonpharmacological interventions in the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy.
Optic atrophy in Leber hereditary optic neuroretinopathy is probably determined by an X-chromosomal gene closely linked to DXS7. (1991)

Leber hereditary optic neuroretinopathy (LHON) is a maternally inherited disease, probably transmitted by mutations in mtDNA. The variation in the clinical expression of the disease among family members has remained unexplained, but pedigree data suggest an involvement of an X-chromosomal factor. We have studied genetic linkage of the liability to develop optic atrophy to 15 polymorphic markers on the X chromosome in six pedigrees with LHON. The results show evidence of linkage to the locus DXS7 on the proximal Xp. Tight linkage to the other marker loci was excluded. Multipoint linkage analysis placed the liability locus at DXS7 with a maximum lod score (Zmax) of 2.48 at a recombination fraction (theta) of .0 and with a Zmax - 1 support interval theta = .09 distal to theta = .07 proximal of DXS7. No evidence of heterogeneity was found among different types of families, with or without a known mtDNA mutation associated with LHON.
Altered cobalamin distribution in rat hepatomas and in the livers of rats treated with diethylnitrosamine. (1977)

The distribution of cobalamin cofactors was investigated in the livers and tumors of rats bearing transplanted Morris 7777 or 7800 hepatomas, in the livers of rats treated with the hepatocarcinogen diethylnitrosamine, and in normal rats. There was a significant increase in the proportion of methylcobalamin both in livers and tumors from rat bearing the hepatomas 7777 and 7800 compared to the proportion of methylcobalamin in the livers of normal rats. The total cobalamin content of the hepatomas was significantly lower than that of host or control livers. Similarly, the total cobalamin content of the livers from the tumor-bearing rats was less than that in control animals. The administration to rats of an acute dose of diethylnitrosamine led to an 84% increase in the hepatic concentration of methylcobalamin. Chronic administration of diethylnitrosamine slightly increased the hepatic methylcobalamin concentration, but this was not statistically significant. Liver weight was reduced, and the hepatic content of total cobalamin fell to 55% of that in control animals.
Exact Solutions of the Periodic Liouville Equation (1986)

The periodic Liouville equation ▽^2φ = e^(-φ)/2 has been solved in the closed form of ”y representations” and ”theta-representations”.
Rational Drug Design and High-Throughput Techniques for RNA Targets (2000)

RNA molecules are the only known molecules which possess the double property of being depository of genetic information, like DNA, and of displaying catalytic activities, like protein enzymes. RNA molecules intervene in all steps of gene expression and in many other biological activities. Like proteins, RNAs achieve those biological functions by adopting intricate three-dimensional folds and architectures. Further, as in protein sequences, RNA sequences contain signatures specific for three-dimensional motifs which participate in recognition and binding. In regulatory pathways, RNA molecules exist in equilibria between transient structures differentially stabilized by effectors such as proteins or cofactors. Therefore, RNA molecules display their potential as drug targets on different levels, namely in three-dimensional folds, in structural equilibria and in RNA-protein interfaces. Several examples will be described together with the already available techniques for combinatorial synthesis and high-throughput screening of potential drug and target RNA molecules.
Assessing parallelism prior to determining relative potency. (2006)

In the course of preparing a revision to Chapter (111) of the U.S. Pharmacopeia, the revision committee came to a unanimous agreement that the method for assessing parallelism that is currently presented in (111) and in the European Pharmacopeia's Chapter 5.3 is flawed and should be replaced. The symptoms are that perfectly acceptable assay results may fail due to good precision and that obviously faulty assay results may pass due to poor precision. The flaw is that the wrong statistical technique has been used. We propose an alternative approach based on the equivalence testing paradigm that does not have these shortcomings. Equivalence testing requires the establishment of equivalence limits. Specific approaches for establishing equivalence limits are discussed.
Decision conferencing and the International Chernobyl Project (1992)

As part of the International Chernobyl Project, five decision conferences were held with the Soviet Authorities to identify the major factors driving decision making in relation to relocation and other protective measures which are being applied in the affected regions of Byelorussia, Ukraine and the Russian Federation. The authors describe the running of those conferences and the conclusions reached from them.
Design and Synthesis of 2-Arylbenzimidazoles and Evaluation of Their Inhibitory Effect against <i>Chlamydia pneumoniae</i> (2010)

Chlamydia pneumoniae is an intracellular bacterium that responds poorly to antibiotic treatment. Insufficient antibiotic usage leads to chronic infection, which is linked to disease processes of asthma, atherosclerosis, and Alzheimer's disease. The Chlamydia research lacks genetic tools exploited by other antimicrobial research, and thus other approaches to drug discovery must be applied. A set of 2-arylbenzimidazoles was designed based on our earlier findings, and 33 derivatives were synthesized. Derivatives were assayed against C. pneumoniae strain CWL-029 in an acute infection model using TR-FIA method at a concentration of 10 μM, and the effects of the derivatives on the host cell viability were evaluated at the same concentration. Fourteen compounds showed at least 80% inhibition, with only minor changes in host cell viability. Nine most potential compounds were evaluated using immunofluorescence microscopy on two different strains of C. pneumoniae CWL-029 and CV-6. The N-[3-(1H-benzimidazol-2-yl)phenyl]-3-methylbenzamide (42) had minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 10 μM against CWL-029 and 6.3 μM against the clinical strain CV-6. This study shows the high antichlamydial potential of 2-arylbenzimidazoles, which also seem to have good characteristics for lead compounds.
Uncertainty quantification in simulation models: a proposed framework and application through case study (2018)

Despite the great advances in modeling and simulation techniques, modelers and researchers acknowledge that models are simplified representations of reality and, hence, are subject to uncertainty and errors. Although models are inevitably uncertain, they can still be a valuable decision-support tool if the users are informed about the uncertainty in the results. The importance of model uncertainty identification and quantification becomes clear in this context, but there are numerous challenges that remain. In this work, an uncertainty analysis framework is proposed for simulation models. This framework comprises of the steps that must be performed to analyze the uncertainty in simulation models. Next, an application of the framework is discussed where entropy is used as a possible measure of input-uncertainty. By using this framework, stakeholders can be better advised regarding the applicability and uncertainty of the simulation model, which will lead to an appropriate adjustment of expectations on the model results.
Improving the robustness in feature detection by local contrast enhancement (2012)

This paper presents a new feature detector, with improved local contrast performance. The proposed method is based on an improved non-linear version of the classic Difference of Gaussians, which exhibits increased sensitivity to low contrast. Additionally, it does not employ computationally expensive or memory demanding routines. In order to evaluate the degree of illumination invariance that the proposed, as well as, other existing detectors exhibit, a new benchmark image database has been created. It features a greater variety of imaging conditions, compared to existing databases, containing real scenes under various degrees and combinations of uniform and non-uniform illumination. Experimental results show that the proposed detector extracts greater number of features, with high level of repeatability, compared to other existing ones. These results are evident for both uniform and non-uniform illumination, evincing a favorable usage of the proposed feature detector by robotic platforms working in outdoor working environments.
A Dynamic Phase Error Compensation Technique for Fast-Locking Phase-Locked Loops (2010)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> This paper presents a fast-locking technique for phase-locked loops (PLLs). In the proposed technique, the polarity and magnitude of the phase error at the phase-frequency detector (PFD) input is continuously monitored during the locking process. The detected phase error is then coarsely compensated by dynamically changing the divide ratio of the frequency divider. The proposed method allows the PLL to maintain a small phase error throughout the frequency acquisition process, thereby reducing the settling time. To further enhance the locking speed, an auxiliary charge pump is employed to supply currents to the loop filter during the fast-locking mode to facilitate a rapid frequency acquisition. The proposed technique is incorporated in the design of a 5-GHz PLL. Fabricated in the TSMC 0.18-<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\mu{\hbox {m}}$</tex></formula> CMOS technology, the whole PLL dissipates 11 mA from a 1.8-V supply. The measured settling time is considerably improved over previous bandwidth-switching method. At 5.34 GHz, the phase noise measured at 1-MHz offset is <formula formulatype="inline"> <tex Notation="TeX">$-$</tex></formula>114.3 dBc/Hz, and the reference spurs at 10-MHz offset are lower than <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$-$</tex> </formula>70 dBc. </para>
State-Driven Priority Scheduling Mechanisms for Driverless Vehicles Approaching Intersections (2015)

Scheduling driverless vehicles with different priorities to pass through intersections efficiently and safely has been becoming an important passing-through intersection (PTI) problem in the field of novel intelligent traffic systems (ITS), which is increasingly becoming cyber-physical-fused and social-service-oriented. Considering new emerging features with possible priorities, a novel centralized priority scheduling mechanism is mainly explored in this paper. First, related pivotal aspects of environment and driverless vehicles are modeled by fusing their physical and kinematic characters. Based on these models, PTI-related motions are further abstracted as several reservation-oriented standard states and actions. Then, an event-triggered and state-driven autonomous control procedure is designed. By mapping vehicular relations in spatiotemporal domain into time-distance windows, a universal passing-through principle, rules, and priority-based scheduling mechanisms are proposed and described in detail. Finally, a priority scheduling algorithm sPriorFIFO is proposed and designed. These models and mechanisms are then implemented within an algorithm simulator, through which scheduling performances are verified and evaluated.