gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Verification of the alignment of a therapeutic radiation beam relative to its patient positioner (1999)

An easily-used system has been developed for routine measurements of the alignment of beams used for radiation therapy. The position of a beam of circular cross section is measured with respect to a steel sphere fixed to the patient positioning table and which should coincide with the isocenter. Since measurements can be done at all gantry angles (if one is available) and with all possible orientations of the patient table, the system is particularly suited for rapid and accurate measurements of gantry and/or couch isocentricity. Because it directly measures beam-to-positioner offset, the system provides an inclusive alignment verification of the total treatment system. The system has been developed for use with proton beams, but it could equally be used for alignment checks of an x-ray beam from a linear accelerator or other source. The measuring instrument consists of a scintillation screen viewed by a CCD camera, mounted on the gantry downstream of the sphere. The steel sphere is not large enough to stop protons of all energies of interest; however, it will always modify the energy and direction of protons which intersect it, creating a region of lower intensity (a "shadow") in the light spot created by the proton beam hitting the screen. The position of the shadow with respect to the light spot is a measure of the alignment of the system. An image-analysis algorithm has been developed for an automatic determination of the position of the shadow with respect to the light spot. The specifications and theoretical analysis of the system have been derived from Monte Carlo simulations, which are validated by measurements. We have demonstrated that the device detects beam misalignments with an accuracy (1 s.d.) of 0.05 mm, which is in agreement with the expected performance. This accuracy is more than sufficient to detect the maximum allowed misalignment of +/-0.5 mm.
Performance Analysis of MIMO System with Linear MMSE Receiver (2008)

This paper considers the uncoded multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system with linear minimum mean square error (MMSE) detection under ideal fast fading. The distribution of SINR at the output of the MMSE detection is derived for a small number of transmit and receive antennas. We present new approximation for the Gaussian Q-function driven by numerical simulation. Based on the SINR distribution and new approximation for Q-function, we analyze the performance of linear MMSE detection under ideal fast fading environment. By comparing the analytical results and Monte Carlo simulated results, we validate the analytical results.
Bacterial cellulose films: influence of bacterial strain and drying route on film properties (2014)

Structural properties of bacterial cellulose (BC) depend on the microstructure of the material, which in turn is influenced by the bacterial strain. This paper reports the production of BC thin films from two bacterial strains, gluconacetobacter xylinus (GX) and gluconacetobacter europaeus (GE), and three methods of drying the films; at room temperature, freeze drying and supercritical drying. The porosity, transparency, water absorption capacity (WAC) and mechanical properties of the obtained films are further investigated. We conclude that materials with different properties can be fabricated by selecting the bacterial strain or the drying method. Supercritical drying of films of GE achieved mechanically robust and extremely light films, 0.05 g/mL, with up to 96 % of porosity, and with a WAC up 110 times their dried weight. We determined that materials resulting from GE strain are not much affected by the drying method. On the other hand, GX produced BC films more sensitive to the drying method used. Films are denser, 0.6–0.2 g/mL, with tunable porosity from 60 to 90 % and their maximum WAC is 66 times their dried weight.
Traction/Braking Force Distribution for Optimal Longitudinal Motion During Curve Following (1996)

SUMMARY The optimal tire force distribution to maximize acceleration/deceleration of a four-wheel vehicle during cornering is studied. The objective of this research is to investigate the improvement one can expect from the implementation of different vehicle steering and driving mechanisms. We first identify the upper limit imposed by physical laws by assuming all the four wheels can be individually steered and driven. Practical vehicle configurations such as four-wheel-steering (4WS) and four-wheel-drive (4WD) are then considered. The optimization involves equality and inequality constraints and are solved by nonlinear programming techniques.
The action of charcoal on aqueous solutions of silver nitrate (1935)

9 hours, at 450-470.Nitrogen was freed from oxygen with red -hot copper gauze, and alkaline pyrogallol solution, and then dried with calcium chloride (4ft.).J ..a9 7,. .rrwS 15.Charcoal treated at 740-830 Charcoals C and C.Ca was separated into two portions, (j) which foiled to pass a 150 mesh (perlinear inch) standard sieve, was used in the preparation of Cj; and (k) which passed a 200 mesh sieve, was used in the pre- paration of Ck. (j) and (k) were heat d in open silica basins, with full Meker flames, for 30 minute with stirring every 5 minutes. 11grams of each oortion lost approximately 4 grams during the treat- ment.s,Cp was heated in an open silica basin, with a full Meker flame, for 30 minutes, with stirring every 5 minutes. Charcoal treated at 940-980CThe furnace used is shown on 13.14.It consisted of a silica tube, D, wound in the middle with nichrome wire, and lagged with magnesia.A resist - ance, R, and an ammeter, A, served to control the current.In the preparation of Cm, the charcoal was stirred every 15 minutes by means of the stirrer, S.This consisted of a zig -zag silica rod, one end of which was fixed to a round silica lid which facilit- ated the introduction/ Charcoal treated at 7400-830C.Charcoals CI and C-.Ca was separated into two portions, (j) which faA.led to pass a 150 mesh (perlinear inch) standard sieve, was used in the preparation of C; and (k) which Passed a 200 mesh sieve, was used in the pre- paration of Ck. (j) and (k) were heat -d in open silica basins, with full Meker flames, for 30 minutes, with stirring every 5 minutes. 11grams of each Portion lost approximately 4 grams during the treat- ment. CharcoalCl.Cp was heated in an open silica basin, with a full Maker flame, for 30 minutes, with stirring every 5 minutes. Charcoal treated at 940-980CThe furnace used is shown on 0.14.It consisted of a silica tube, D, wound in the middle with nichrome wire, and lagged with magnesia.A resistance, R, and an ammeter, A, served to control the current.In the preparation of Cm, the charcoal was stirred every 15 minutes by means of the stirrer, .This consisted of a zig -zag silica rod, one end of which was fixed to a round silica lid which facilit- ated the introduction/ 1670
Simulation and Visualisation of Virtual Textiles for <i>Virtual Try-On</i> (2005)

The correct simulation and visualisation of textiles comprises many research fields such as mathematics, physics, materials science, and computer graphics. It consists of modelling the physical behaviour of textiles based on real data of garment patterns which have to be placed around an avatar. Therefore efficient numerical algorithms have to be developed to solve the appearing differential equations. Finally the obtained results are displayed photorealistically). The aim of the national research project "Virtual Try-On" consists in providing a prototype of a virtual try-on scenario in a real shop or the internet realizing cost-efficient made-tomeasure wear. In this article we present the whole process chain from the choice of clothes up to the final visualisation and the individual evaluation of fit.
Plane extraction using Point Cloud data for service robot (2016)

This paper describes an plane extraction method using point cloud data to perceive an unknown object for a service robot. Recently, depth sensors are used to perceive 3D space for a robot. A depth sensor have been used to recognize unknown environment, such as surface reconstruction, model fitting and so on. Point Cloud Library is typical open source library to deal with 3D point cloud data. However, robot perception for grasping have limitations with high computational costs and low-accuracy for perceiving small objects. Therefore, we propose the PSO-based plane detection method with RG to reconstruct an object from a combination of detected planes. To verify accuracy and computational cost for the plane detection of unknown object, we show that the proposed method has higher accuracy and less computational cost for the proposed method.
Notes on the Wang et al. 2 63 SHA-1 Differential Path. (2007)

Although advances in SHA-1 cryptanalysis have been made since the 2005 announcement of a2 63 attack by Wang et al., the details of the attack have not yet been vetted; this note does just that. Working from Adi Shamir’s 2005 CRYPTO rump session presentation of Wang et al.’s work, this note corroborates and presents the differential path and associated conditions for the two-block attack. Although the error analysis for the advanced condition correction technique is not verified, a method is given which yields a two-block collision attack on SHA-1 requiring an estimated 2 62 SHA-1 computations if the original error analysis by Wang et al. is correct.
Chip leveling and focusing with laser interferometry (1990)

A new chip leveling and focusing method has been developed which uses interferometry with a laser beam which has S-polarization and a large incident angle to the exposure surface of an LSI wafer and thereby leveling and focusing accuracy is maintained regardless of the kinds of layers on the wafer. A pilot model of this type of detection method demonstrated a leveling and focusing accuracy of about and 1.
A novel GABA<sub>A</sub>receptor pharmacology: drugs interacting with the α<sup>+</sup>β<sup>‐</sup>interface (2011)

GABA(A) receptors are ligand-gated chloride channels composed of five subunits that can belong to different subunit classes. The existence of 19 different subunits gives rise to a multiplicity of GABA(A) receptor subtypes with distinct subunit composition; regional, cellular and subcellular distribution; and pharmacology. Most of these receptors are composed of two α, two β and one γ2 subunits. GABA(A) receptors are the site of action of a variety of pharmacologically and clinically important drugs, such as benzodiazepines, barbiturates, neuroactive steroids, anaesthetics and convulsants. Whereas GABA acts at the two extracellular β(+) α(-) interfaces of GABA(A) receptors, the allosteric modulatory benzodiazepines interact with the extracellular α(+) γ2(-) interface. In contrast, barbiturates, neuroactive steroids and anaesthetics seem to interact with solvent accessible pockets in the transmembrane domain. Several benzodiazepine site ligands have been identified that selectively interact with GABA(A) receptor subtypes containing α2βγ2, α3βγ2 or α5βγ2 subunits. This indicates that the different α subunit types present in these receptors convey sufficient structural differences to the benzodiazepine binding site to allow specific interaction with certain benzodiazepine site ligands. Recently, a novel drug binding site was identified at the α(+) β(-) interface. This binding site is homologous to the benzodiazepine binding site at the α(+) γ2(-) interface and is thus also strongly influenced by the type of α subunit present in the receptor. Drugs interacting with this binding site cannot directly activate but only allosterically modulate GABA(A) receptors. The possible importance of such drugs addressing a spectrum of receptor subtypes completely different from that of benzodiazepines is discussed.
Interior path following primal-dual algorithms (1988)

We describe a primal-dual interior point algorithm for linear programming and convex quadratic programming problems which requires a total of O(n$\sp3$L) arithmetic operations. Each iteration updates a penalty parameter and finds an approximate Newton direction associated with the Karush-Kuhn-Tucker system of equations which characterizes a solution of the logarithm barrier function problem. The algorithm is based on the path following idea. We show that the duality gap is reduced at each iteration by a factor of (1 $-$ $\delta$/$\sqrt{n}$) where 0.1 $\leq$ $\delta$ $<$ 1. As a consequence, an optimal solution for our problem can be found in at most O($\sqrt{n}$L) iterations.
We also describe how the primal-dual algorithm can be extended to solve a class of convex separable programming problems subject to linear constraints. In this case, it is shown that the duality gap is reduced at each iteration by a factor of (1 $-$ $\delta$/$\sqrt{n}$), where $\delta$ is positive and depends on some parameters associated with the objective function.
Restoring Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Susceptibility to β-Lactam Antibiotics (2012)

Despite the need for new antibiotics to treat drug-resistant bacteria, current clinical combinations are largely restricted to β-lactam antibiotics paired with β-lactamase inhibitors. We have adapted a Staphylococcus aureus antisense knockdown strategy to genetically identify the cell division Z ring components-FtsA, FtsZ, and FtsW-as β-lactam susceptibility determinants of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). We demonstrate that the FtsZ-specific inhibitor PC190723 acts synergistically with β-lactam antibiotics in vitro and in vivo and that this combination is efficacious in a murine model of MRSA infection. Fluorescence microscopy localization studies reveal that synergy between these agents is likely to be elicited by the concomitant delocalization of their cognate drug targets (FtsZ and PBP2) in MRSA treated with PC190723. A 2.0 Å crystal structure of S. aureus FtsZ in complex with PC190723 identifies the compound binding site, which corresponds to the predominant location of mutations conferring resistance to PC190723 (PC190723(R)). Although structural studies suggested that these drug resistance mutations may be difficult to combat through chemical modification of PC190723, combining PC190723 with the β-lactam antibiotic imipenem markedly reduced the spontaneous frequency of PC190723(R) mutants. Multiple MRSA PC190723(R) FtsZ mutants also displayed attenuated virulence and restored susceptibility to β-lactam antibiotics in vitro and in a mouse model of imipenem efficacy. Collectively, these data support a target-based approach to rationally develop synergistic combination agents that mitigate drug resistance and effectively treat MRSA infections.
PWM Current Source Inverters (2005)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction PWM Current Source Inverter Space Vector Modulation Parallel Current Source Inverters Load-Commutated Inverter (LCI) Summary References Appendix
High efficiency conversion of laser energy and its application to optical power transmission (2002)

The authors address several aspects of the optical power transmission concept: the modeling of monochromatic conversion efficiency versus matched bandgap of a photovoltaic (PV) cell, parameterized as a function of illumination intensity; the selection criteria of the suitable semiconductors which are expected to have the highest PV conversion efficiency for the various applications; laboratory experimental study using an (Al,Ga)As laser beam transmitted through an optical fiber: a GaAs-based PV cell, designed for being set up at the optical fiber extremity, has been grown by MOVPE and has demonstrated an efficiency of 52.8% under 14-W/cm/sup 2/ illumination. Several future applications, concerning transmission of optical power in space and from space, or through optical fiber in terrestrial utilizations, are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Role of hyaluronan chain length in buffering interstitial flow across synovium in rabbits (2000)

1. Synovial fluid drains out of joints through an interstitial pathway. Hyaluronan, the major polysaccharide of synovial fluid, attenuates this fluid drainage; it creates a graded opposition to outflow that increases with pressure (outflow 'buffering'). This has been attributed to size-related molecular reflection at the interstitium-fluid interface. Chain length is reduced in inflammatory arthritis. We therefore investigated the dependence of outflow buffering on hyaluronan chain length. 2. Hyaluronan molecules of mean molecular mass approximately 2200, 530, 300 and 90 kDa and concentration 3.6 mg ml-1 were infused into the knees of anaesthetized rabbits, with Ringer solution as control in the contralateral joint. Trans-synovial drainage rate was recorded at known joint pressures. Pressure was raised in steps every 30-60 min (range 2-24 cmH2O). 3. With hyaluronan-90 and hyaluronan-300 the fluid drainage rate was reduced relative to Ringer solution (P < 0.001, ANOVA) but increased steeply with pressure. The opposition to outflow, defined as the pressure required to drive unit outflow, did not increase with pressure, i.e. there was no outflow buffering. 4. With hyaluronan-530 and hyaluronan-2000 the fluid drainage rate became relatively insensitive to pressure, causing a near plateau of flow. Opposition to outflow increased markedly with pressure, by up to 3.3 times over the explored pressures. 5. Hyaluronan concentration in the joint cavity increased over the drainage period, indicating partial reflection of hyaluronan by synovial interstitium. Reflected fractions were 0.12, 0.33, 0.25 and 0.79 for hyaluronan-90, -300, -530 and -2200, respectively. 6. Thus the flow-buffering effect of hyaluronan depended on chain length, and shortening the chains reduced the degree of molecular reflection. The latter should reduce the concentration polarization at the tissue interface, and hence the local osmotic pressure opposing fluid drainage. In rheumatoid arthritis the reduced chain length will facilitate the escape of hyaluronan and fluid.
Production of Exopolysaccharide by <i>Lactobacillus rhamnosus</i> R and Analysis of Its Enzymatic Degradation during Prolonged Fermentation (2000)

The potential of Lactobacillus rhamnosus R for producing exopolysaccharide (EPS) when grown on basal minimum medium supplemented with glucose or lactose was investigated. EPS production by L. rhamnosus R is partially growth associated and about 500 mg of EPS per liter was synthesized with both sugars. The product yield coefficient (Y(EPS/S)) was 3.15 (0.0315 g of EPS [g of lactose](-1)) and 2.88 (0.0288 g of EPS [g of glucose](-1)). It was clearly shown that the amount of EPS produced declined upon prolonged fermentation. Degradation of EPS in fermentation processes was also assessed by measuring its molecular weights and viscosities. As these reductions might have a negative effect on the yield and viscosifying properties of EPS, it was essential to examine possible causes related to this breakdown. The decrease in viscosities and molecular weights of EPS withdrawn at different cultivation times permitted us to suspect the presence of a depolymerizing enzyme in the fermentation medium. Our study on enzymatic production profiles showed a large spectrum of glycohydrolases (alpha-D-glucosidase, beta-D-glucosidase, alpha-D-galactosidase, beta-D-galactosidase, beta-D-glucuronidase, and some traces of alpha-L-rhamnosidase). These enzymes were localized, two of them (alpha-D-glucosidase and beta-D-glucuronidase) were partially purified and characterized. When incubated with EPS, these enzymes were capable of lowering the viscosity of the polymer as well as liberating some reducing sugars. Upon prolonged incubation (27 h), the loss of viscosity was increased up to 33%.
Chemical Nanoparticle Deposition of Transparent ZnO Thin Films (2006)

A novel approach to deposit transparent thin films is reported. This approach uses a continuous-flow microreactor to generate a flux of nanoparticles which then impinge on a heated substrate. The as-deposited film consists of highly transparent nanocrystalline with a dilated optical bandgap of . Functional metal-insulator-semiconductor field-effect-transistors (MISFETs) were successfully fabricated using this technique after a post-air-annealing process. A MISFET with an effective mobility of and a current on-to-off ratio of was produced. This approach is promising as a low-cost technique for fabricating nanostructured thin films.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Azaaromatic—Borane Intramolecular Complexes by Palladium‐Catalyzed Reaction of Azaaromatic Halides with Alkynyl(triaryl)borates. (2013)

Abstract A versatile method for the synthesis of (E)‐azastilbenes with an intramolecular B‐N coordination is presented for a wide variety of azaaromatics.
Negative charge at the casein kinase II site flanking the nuclear localization signal of the SV40 large T-antigen is mechanistically important for enhanced nuclear import. (1994)

Nuclear import of SV40 large T-antigen (T-ag) is completely dependent on the T-ag nuclear localization sequence (amino acids 126-132), but the rate of nuclear import is greatly increased by the additional presence of the N-terminal flanking sequence (amino acids 111-125), which includes a site for casein kinase II (CKII) (Ser111/112). The role of this site was investigated by site-directed mutagenesis and analysis of the effects on phosphorylation and on nuclear import at the single cell level using microinjection and quantitative fluorescent techniques. Removal of the CKII site either by substitution of S111/112 by nonphosphorylatable amino acid residues, or mutation of the Asp-Asp-Glu113/115 CKII recognition sequence to Asn-Asn-Gln, resulted in nuclear import rates less than 4% wild type, demonstrating that the CKII site was responsible for the enhancement of nuclear import conferred by T-ag amino acids 111-125. The substitution of Asp for Ser112, the serine preferentially phosphorylated by purified CKII, enhanced nuclear import to about 45% maximal wild type rates. It is concluded that negative charge at the CKII site, normally provided by phosphorylation, is mechanistically important for nuclear transport enhancement. There was no evidence or a direct role for phosphatases or dephosphorylation in the transport process.