gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inhibition by singlet molecular oxygen of the vascular reactivity in rabbit mesenteric artery (1997)

1. The effects of reactive oxygen intermediates derived from photoactivated rose bengal on the vascular reactivity have been evaluated in rabbit mesenteric artery ring preparations. The artery rings were exposed to xanthene dye rose bengal (50 nM) illuminated (6,000 lux) at 560 nm for 30 min. Spin trapping studies with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine (TEMP) and 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DMPO) with electron spin resonance spectrometry were also conducted in solution (and not within tissues) to determine quantitatively the reactive oxygen species generated from photoactivated rose bengal. 2. Contraction of the ring preparations induced by noradrenaline (10(-8) to 10(-4) M) was attenuated by previous exposure to photolysed rose bengal; the observation that the pD2 decreased without a significant reduction in maximum tension generation is consistent with the view that receptor dysfunction may be involved in the effect of photolysed rose bengal. 3. Prior exposure to photolysed rose bengal of the ring preparations inhibited the endothelium-dependent relaxation evoked by acetylcholine (10(-6) M) and calcium ionophore A23187 (10(-7) M), but not the endothelium-independent relaxation evoked by nitroglycerin (10(-6) M). 4. A variety of scavengers, superoxide dismutase (33 units ml-1), catalase (32 units ml-1) and 1,3-dimethyl-2-thiourea (DMTU, 10 mM), which should eliminate the superoxide anion radical, H2O2 and the hydroxyl radical, had no effect on the attenuated responses to noradrenaline and acetylcholine induced by photolysed rose bengal. In contrast, the inhibition of the observed effect of photolysed rose bengal was obtained with addition of histidine (25 mM), a singlet molecular oxygen quencher. 5. It was found that photolysis of rose bengal from a 1:2:2:1 quartet, characteristic of the hydroxyl radical-DMPO spin adduct, which was effectively blunted by DMTU, superoxide dismutase and catalase whereas histidine was ineffective. The results of the electron spin resonance study also showed that a singlet molecular oxygen was produced by photoactivation of rose bengal; this was detected as singlet oxygen-TEMP product (TEMPO; 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl). The formation of the TEMPO signal was strongly inhibited by histidine, but not by DMTU, superoxide dismutase and catalase. 6. It is suggested that the superoxide anion radical, H2O2 and hydroxyl radical are formed in addition to singlet molecular oxygen, and the data obtained from the present study indicate that singlet molecular oxygen is one of the most destructive oxygen species. Endothelium-dependent relaxation is quite vulnerable to singlet molecular oxygen. Singlet oxygen also depresses noradrenaline-induced contraction possibly via alpha-adrenoceptor dysfunction. This, in turn, may lead to vascular incompetence.
EXPLOITING UNCERTAINTY—INVESTMENT OPPORTUNITIES AS REAL OPTIONS: A NEW WAY OF THINKING IN ENGINEERING ECONOMICS (2000)

Abstract A new trend in corporate planning is to exploit uncertainty by taking investment opportunities as real options. This options approach is to complement the conventional net present value (NPV) criterion in evaluating risky investments. In this paper, we take a broad look at the real options approach to various engineering economic decision problems, laying out how it provides an immediate and important perspective on value creation in an uncertain world. Unlike financial options, real options analysisdeals with investments in real assets, which is one of the primary interest areas in engineering economics. For that reason, we believe that any advancement in the real options decision framework will benefit the field of engineering economics.
Tobacco rattle virus mediates gene silencing in a plant parasitic root-knot nematode (2009)

Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) are sedentary biotrophic parasites that induce the differentiation of root cells into feeding cells that provide the nematodes with the nutrients necessary for their development. The development of new control methods against RKNs relies greatly on the functional analysis of genes that are crucial for the development of the pathogen or the success of parasitism. In the absence of genetic transformation, RNA interference (RNAi) allows for phenotype analysis of nematode development and nematode establishment in its host after sequence-specific knock-down of the targeted genes. Strategies used to induce RNAi in RKNs are so far restricted to small-scale analyses. In the search for a new RNAi strategy amenable to large-scale screenings the possibility of using RNA viruses to produce the RNAi triggers in plants was tested. Tobacco rattle virus (TRV) was tested as a means to introduce double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) triggers into the feeding cells and to mediate RKN gene silencing. It was demonstrated that virus-inoculated plants can produce dsRNA and siRNA silencing triggers for delivery to the feeding nematodes. Interestingly, the knock-down of the targeted genes was observed in the progeny of the feeding nematodes, suggesting that continuous ingestion of dsRNA triggers could be used for the functional analysis of genes involved in early development. However, the heterogeneity in RNAi efficiency between TRV-inoculated plants appears as a limitation to the use of TRV-mediated silencing for the high-throughput functional analysis of the targeted nematode genes.
Endothelial-selectin ligands sialyl Lewisx and sialyl Lewisa are differentiation antigens immunogenic in human melanoma (1997)

The melanoma-associated sLe(x) and sLe(a) are immunogenic neoplasm-differentiation antigens and are therefore potential targets for passive and active specific immunotherapy in the treatment of melanoma.
Caspase-9, caspase-3 and caspase-7 have distinct roles during intrinsic apoptosis (2013)

Taken together, these data suggest that caspase-9 is required for mitochondrial morphological changes and ROS production by cleaving and activating Bid into tBid. After activation by caspase-9, caspase-3 inhibits ROS production and is required for efficient execution of apoptosis, while effector caspase-7 is required for apoptotic cell detachment.
Digestibility and Compatibility of Mixed Diets and Faecal Consistency in Different Breeds of Dog (1999)

The digestive capacity of dogs varying in body size was tested. Digestive experiments were conducted with 10 different canine breeds (n = 66) with body weights ranging from 4.2 to 52.5 kg with 4-9 individuals. The animals were fed a canned or a dry commercial diet with a constant dry matter intake of 13 g/kg BW/day, except in Irish wolfhounds, which ingested only 10 g dry matter with the canned diet. Faecal dry matter was around 14% (absolutely) higher for the dry diet compared to the canned food, with a tendency in the larger breeds towards higher faecal water contents, less favourable faecal quality and increased numbers of defaecations. The Irish wolfhounds, the largest breed tested, had faeces with considerably lower water contents compared to Labrador retrievers, indicating that body weight is not the only factor to be considered. There were only small differences in the apparent digestibility of crude nutrients amongst the breeds. Sodium and potassium absorption was higher when the dry diet was fed compared to the canned food. In conclusion, breed and individual factors have to be taken into account when performing tests with dog food. Test panels for evaluating commercial diets should include breeds of larger body size and higher sensitivity to dietary disorders.
Imaging of opioid receptors in the central nervous system (2007)

In vivo functional imaging by means of positron emission tomography (PET) is the sole method for providing a quantitative measurement of mu-, kappa and delta-opioid receptor-mediated signalling in the central nervous system. During the last two decades, measurements of changes to the regional brain opioidergic neuronal activation--mediated by endogenously produced opioid peptides, or exogenously administered opioid drugs--have been conducted in numerous chronic pain conditions, in epilepsy, as well as by stimulant- and opioidergic drugs. Although several PET-tracers have been used clinically for depiction and quantification of the opioid receptors changes, the underlying mechanisms for regulation of changes to the availability of opioid receptors are still unclear. After a presentation of the general signalling mechanisms of the opioid receptor system relevant for PET, a critical survey of the pharmacological properties of some currently available PET-tracers is presented. Clinical studies performed with different PET ligands are also reviewed and the compound-dependent findings are summarized. An outlook is given concluding with the tailoring of tracer properties, in order to facilitate for a selective addressment of dynamic changes to the availability of a single subclass, in combination with an optimization of the quantification framework are essentials for further progress in the field of in vivo opioid receptor imaging.
Cloning of the HSP70 gene from Halobacterium marismortui: relatedness of archaebacterial HSP70 to its eubacterial homologs and a model for the evolution of the HSP70 gene (1992)

Heat shock induces the synthesis of a set of proteins in Halobacterium marismortui whose molecular sizes correspond to the known major heat shock proteins. By using the polymerase chain reaction and degenerate oligonucleotide primers for conserved regions of the 70-kDa heat shock protein (HSP70) family, we have successfully cloned and sequenced a gene fragment containing the entire coding sequence for HSP70 from H. marismortui. HSP70 from H. marismortui shows between 44 and 47% amino acid identity with various eukaryotic HSP70s and between 51 and 58% identity with its eubacterial and archaebacterial homologs. On the basis of a comparison of all available HSP70 sequences, we have identified a number of unique sequence signatures in this protein family that provide a clear distinction between eukaryotic organisms and prokaryotic organisms (archaebacteria and eubacteria). The archaebacterial (viz., H. marismortui and Methanosarcina mazei) HSP70s have been found to contain all of the signature sequences characteristic of eubacteria (particularly the gram-positive bacteria), which suggests a close evolutionary relationship between these groups. In addition, detailed analyses of HSP70 sequences that we have carried out have revealed a number of additional novel features of the HSP70 protein family. These include (i) the presence of an insertion of about 25 to 27 amino acids in the N-terminal quadrants of all known eukaryotic and prokaryotic HSP70s except those from archaebacteria and the gram-positive group of bacteria, (ii) significant sequence similarity in HSP70 regions comprising its first and second quadrants from organisms lacking the above insertion, (iii) highly significant similarity between a protein, MreB, of Escherichia coli and the N-terminal half of HSP70s, (iv) significant sequence similarity between the N-terminal quadrant of HSP70 (from gram-positive bacteria and archaebacteria) and the m-type thioredoxin of plant chloroplasts. To account for these and other observations, a model for the evolution of HSP70 proteins involving gene duplication is proposed. The model proposes that HSP70 from archaebacteria (H. marismortui and M. mazei) and the gram-positive group of bacteria constitutes the ancestral form of the protein and that all other HSP70s (viz., other eubacteria as well as eukaryotes) containing the insert have evolved from this ancient protein.
Heat shock cognate protein 70 isoform D is required for clathrin-dependent endocytosis of Japanese encephalitis virus in C6/36 cells (2014)

Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), one of encephalitic flaviviruses, is naturally transmitted by mosquitoes. During infection, JEV generally enters host cells via receptor-mediated clathrin-dependent endocytosis that requires the 70 kDa heat-shock protein (Hsp70). Heat-shock cognate protein 70 (Hsc70) is one member of the Hsp70 family and is constitutively expressed; thus, it may be expressed under physiological conditions. In C6/36 cells, Hsc70 is upregulated in response to JEV infection. Since Hsc70 shows no relationship with viruses attaching to the cell surface, it probably does not serve as the receptor according to our results in the present study. In contrast, Hsc70 is evidently associated with virus penetration into the cell and resultant acidification of intracellular vesicles. It suggests that Hsc70 is highly involved in clathrin-mediated endocytosis, particularly at the late stage of viral entry into host cells. Furthermore, we found that Hsc70 is composed of at least three isoforms, including B, C and D; of these, isoform D helps JEV to penetrate C6/36 cells via clathrin-mediated endocytosis. This study provides relevant evidence that sheds light on the regulatory mechanisms of JEV infection in host cells, especially on the process of clathrin-mediated endocytosis.
The Effect of Polyphenols in Olive Oil on Heart Disease Risk Factors (2006)

Olive oil is more than a monounsaturated fat. Its phenolic content can also provide benefits for plasma lipid levels and oxidative damage. International Standard Randomised Controlled Trial number: ISRCTN09220811.
Computer Simulation of Deformation Behavior of the Rubber Diaphragm (2000)

A rubber diaphragm is a critical element of accumulators. The material of a diaphragm is nitrile rubber so as to recover and adjust the large deformation under external pressure fluctuation. The performance of accumulators is influenced by the deformation behaviors of the diaphragm. A large deformation behavior of the diaphragm has been investigated using the commercial finite element program MARC K7.1. The several elastic moduli have been used in linear analysis and Ogden's coefficients have been used in non-linear analysis. As a result, it has been shown that the deformation behavior with a elastic modulus of is similar to the behavior of non-linear analysis. And, the modified diaphragm shape to reduce the stress concentration has been proposed.
Graphical Calculation of the Target Plane Magnification Factor in Radiosurgery of Arteriovenous Malformation (1994)

A simple and accurate graphical method for calculating the magnification factors of a target lesion on stereotactic-framed orthogonal angiographic films has been developed for radiosurgery of arteriovenous malformation. This graphical method can be accurately applied to different orientations of the orthogonal angiography and can be used as a routine double-check tool against computer program.
A Digital Predistortion Scheme Exploiting Degrees-of-Freedom for Massive MIMO Systems (2018)

The primary source of nonlinear distortion in wireless transmitters is the power amplifier (PA). Conventional digital predistortion (DPD) schemes use high-order polynomials to accurately approximate and compensate for the nonlinearity of the PA. This is not practical for scaling to tens or hundreds of PAs in massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. There is more than one candidate precoding matrix in a massive MIMO system because of the excess degrees-of-freedom (DoFs), and each precoding matrix requires a different DPD polynomial order to compensate for the PA nonlinearity. This paper proposes a low-order DPD method achieved by exploiting massive DoFs of next-generation front ends. We propose a novel indirect learning structure which adapts the channel and PA distortion iteratively by cascading adaptive zero forcing precoding and DPD. Our solution uses a 3rd order polynomial to achieve the same performance as the conventional DPD using an 11th order polynomial for a 100x10 massive MIMO configuration. Experimental results show a 70% reduction in computational complexity, enabling ultra-low latency communications.
Evaluation of Interleukin-4 Concentration by ELISA Is Influenced by the Consumption of IL-4 by Cultured Cells (2001)

The ability to accurately measure cytokine secretion by immune cells is critical to the evaluation of immune mechanisms in the context of Th1 and Th2 responses. In this study, we demonstrated that in vitro consumption of interleukin-4 (IL-4) by stimulated cells influences the concentration of IL-4 in the culture supernatant. In contrast, evaluation of IL-4-secreting cells by ELISPOT is not influenced by the consumption of IL-4 by cultured cells. These discrepancies influence the cytokine profile when responses are evaluated in relation to the secretion of other cytokines, for example, interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). This information ultimately should enable investigators to evaluate immune responses accurately without concerns of bias resulting from in vitro consumption of IL-4, thus providing much more reliable interpretations of the type of immune response being evaluated.
Physical and electrical properties of plasma nitrided germanium oxynitride (2006)

The physical and electrical properties of plasma nitrided germanium oxynitride (GeON) and silicon oxynitride (SiON) layers are studied. In this study, two kinds of plasma nitridation process were utilized to form oxynitride layers. High pressure remote inductive coupled plasma and low pressure radial line slot antenna (RLSA) plasma provide radical dominant and ion dominant plasma nitridation processes, respectively. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results show different properties of GeON layers based on each plasma nitridation process. The remote (radical) plasma nitridation forms water soluble nitrogen-germanium bonding, and RLSA (ion) plasma nitridation forms water resistant nitrogen-germanium bonding. Although hydrogen containing plasmas or ion dominant plasma process can incorporate high amount of nitrogen into oxynitride layers, such process is accompanied by water insoluble suboxide formation and charging damage. Using p-type metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) capacitors, basic electrical properties of GeON and SiON films were also studied. Approximately four order magnitude higher gate leakage current was observed on GeON MOS capacitor, which results in capacitance reduction and a large dissipation factor at high gate voltage.
Switching Antidepressants After a First Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor in Major Depressive Disorder (2006)

After a first SSRI, any switch within or between classes of antidepressants appears legitimate (second SSRI, novel dual-acting antidepressants, selective norepinephrine or nor-adrenergic/dopaminergic agents, or tricyclic anti-depressant or mianserin). No unequivocal evidence is available to prove an advantage of a between-class switch. More guidance by randomized empirical studies is needed. Clinical implications and methodological considerations for future studies are discussed.
Processing of an Antigenic Sequence from IgG Constant Domains for Presentation by MHC Class II (2008)

Targeting of T cell epitopes to APC enhances T cell responses. We used an APC-specific Ab (anti-IgD) and substituted either of 18 loops connecting beta strands in human IgG constant H (C(H)) domains with a characterized T cell peptide epitope. All Ab-epitope fusion molecules were secreted from producing cells except IgG-loop 2(BC)C(H)1, and comparing levels, a hierarchy appeared with fusions involving C(H)2 > or = C(H)1 > C(H)3. Within each domain, fusion at loop 6(FG) showed best secretion, while low secretion correlated with the substitution of native loops that contain conserved amino acids buried within the folded molecule. Comparing the APC-specific rAb molecules for their ability to induce T cell activation in vitro, the six mutants with epitope in C(H)2 were the most effective, with loop 4C(H)2 ranking on top. The C(H)1 mutants were more resistant to processing, and the loop 6C(H)1 mutant only induced detectable activation. The efficiency of the C(H)3 mutants varied, with loop 6C(H)3 being the least effective and equal to loop 6 C(H)1. Considering both rAb secretion level and T cell activation efficiency, a total of eight loops may carry T cell epitopes to APC for processing and presentation to T cells, namely, all in C(H)2 in addition to loop 6 in C(H)1 and C(H)3. Comparing loop 4C(H)2 with loop 6C(H)1 mutants after injection of Ab in BALB/c mice, the former was by far the most efficient and induced specific T cell activation at concentrations at least 100-fold lower than loop 6C(H)1.
Prospects for Ultrafast Electron Microscopy: Electron Pulse Compression and Spatial Coherence (2005)

The prospect of combining today's atomic-scale resolution of electron microscopy An ultrafast electron microscope (UEM) (e.g., a dynamic transmission electron microscope (DTEM)) with such unprecedented spatio-temporal resolution could allow the direct visualization of individual atomic motions, which should have a major impact on our understanding of fundamental ultrafast processes in nature; such as, single molecular bond dissociation in catalysis (biological or industrial) and atomic re-arrangements in phase transformations. An electron microscope with ultrafast observation capabilities is also expected to revolutionize the burgeoning field of nanotechnology by enabling the dynamic properties of an individual nanoparticle to be investigated for the first time.
8×114 Gb/s, 25-GHz-spaced, PolMux-RZ-8PSK transmission over 640 km of SSMF employing digital coherent detection and EDFA-only amplification (2008)

Employing PolMux-RZ-8PSK modulation format and coherent detection, we demonstrate 8×114Gb/s DWDM transmission over 640km of SSMF on a 25GHz grid with record spectral efficiency of 4.2bit/s/Hz, utilizing no optical dispersion compensation or Raman amplification.
Red blood cell polyamine levels and host toxicity during continuous alpha‐difluoromethylornithine infusion (1986)

The dose effects of continuous alpha-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) infusion on red blood cell (RBC) polyamine levels, host toxicity and tumor growth were determined. Male rats with and without a transplantable methylcholanthrene-induced sarcoma received intravenously either 0.45% NaCl or DFMO at 500 mg, 1,000 mg, or 2,000 mg/kg body wt/day for 6 or 12 days. Dose-related inhibition of tumor growth was noted after the 12-day treatment. There were no changes in host carcass weight, food intake, plasma albumin, hematocrit or white blood cell counts. Platelet suppression was associated with the 1,000- and 2,000-mg doses with the 12-day treatment. Morphometry of the small intestine revealed mild but significant shortening of villi in the duodenum and jejunum at the 2,000-mg dose, but none of the animals developed diarrhea. The 500-mg DFMO dose reduced the rate of tumor growth without inducing platelet suppression or altering intestinal morphology. A decrease in RBC putrescine levels was noted at all doses. RBC spermidine levels increased with the 500-mg dose. RBC spermine levels were higher at all doses compared with controls. These results suggest that thrombocytopenia is the major dose-limiting side-effect of continuous DFMO infusion but does not occur at a dose of 500 mg/kg body wt/day.
Compositionally graded emitter InGa(As)P/GaAsheterojunction bipolar transistors (1994)

The first successful fabrication of compositionally graded emitter InGa(As)P/GaAs HBTs is reported. It is found that the influence of recombination current in the emitter depletion layer on current gain characteristics by compositional grading is small. The recombination current in the InGa(As)P emitter layer is less than 1/10 that in an AlGaAs emitter layer grown at a 100°C higher temperature.