gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Medications for stimulant abuse: Agonist-based strategies and preclinical evaluation of the mixed-action D₂ partial agonist aripiprazole (Abilify®). (2008)

The utility of full and partial agonists for the management of opioid addiction and smoking behavior has encouraged the development of dopamine partial agonist-based medications for treating monoaminergic stimulant abuse and addiction. Aripiprazole, a recently introduced atypical antipsychotic with D-sub-2 partial agonist actions, has been studied in mice, rats, and man, but its ability to attenuate abuse- and addiction-related effects of cocaine or methamphetamine remains controversial. The present studies in monkeys were conducted to further evaluate aripiprazole as a candidate medication. The effects of aripiprazole on overt behavior were first compared with those of other dopamine-related drugs. In contrast to D-sub-2 full agonists, aripiprazole did not induce self-scratching. Like D-sub-2 receptor blockers, however, aripiprazole occasioned dose-related increases in catalepsy-associated behavior that, at the highest doses, were characterized most prominently by periods of stillness and immobility. In methamphetamine-discrimination experiments, aripiprazole did not engender responding on the methamphetamine-associated lever; rather, aripiprazole antagonized the discriminative-stimulus effects of methamphetamine by shifting its dose-effect function rightward. In self-administration "choice" experiments, acute or chronic treatment with aripiprazole did not attenuate the reinforcing strength of intravenous cocaine relative to food delivery. However, like D-sub-2 full agonists, priming injections of aripiprazole prior to sessions of intravenous saline availability engendered comparable levels of responding on levers leading to food delivery and intravenous injections. The present findings indicate that agonist and antagonist effects of aripiprazole are evident under different experimental conditions and that, like D-sub-2 full agonists, aripiprazole may have limited value for treating monoaminergic stimulant abuse and addiction.
Initiation of human myoblast differentiation via dephosphorylation of Kir2.1 K+ channels at tyrosine 242 (2008)

Myoblast differentiation is essential to skeletal muscle formation and repair. The earliest detectable event leading to human myoblast differentiation is an upregulation of Kir2.1 channel activity, which causes a negative shift (hyperpolarization) of the resting potential of myoblasts. After exploring various mechanisms, we found that this upregulation of Kir2.1 was due to dephosphorylation of the channel itself. Application of genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, increased Kir2.1 activity and triggered the differentiation process, whereas application of bpV(Phen), a tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, had the opposite effects. We could show that increased Kir2.1 activity requires dephosphorylation of tyrosine 242; replacing this tyrosine in Kir2.1 by a phenylalanine abolished inhibition by bpV(Phen). Finally, we found that the level of tyrosine phosphorylation in endogenous Kir2.1 channels is considerably reduced during differentiation when compared with proliferation. We propose that Kir2.1 channels are already present at the membrane of proliferating, undifferentiated human myoblasts but in a silent state, and that Kir2.1 tyrosine 242 dephosphorylation triggers differentiation.
Does low‐intensity pulsed ultrasound stimulate maturation of tissue‐engineered cartilage? (2003)

Traumatic events are a primary cause of local lesions of articular cartilage. Tissue engineered, cartilage-like structures represent an alternative to current treatment methods. The time necessary for tissue maturation and the mechanical quality of the regenerate at implantation are both critical factors for clinical success. Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound has proven to accelerate chondrogenesis in vitro. The goal of this study was to evaluate whether low-intensity pulsed ultrasound is capable of accelerating the process of cartilage maturation and increasing regenerate stability. Hyaline-like cartilage specimens were generated in vitro and subcutaneously implanted in the backs of nude mice. Twenty-eight animals received 20 min of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound treatment daily, and 28 animals received a sham treatment. Specimens were explanted after 1, 3, 6, and 12 weeks, mechanically tested with the use of an indentation test, histologically examined, and processed for RT-PCR. The Young's moduli significantly increased from 3 to 12 weeks, and at 6 weeks were comparable to those of native articular cartilage. In histological examination, specimens showed neocartilage formation. There was no significant difference between ultrasound-treated and sham-treated groups. The mechanical stability of the neocartilage specimens increased with treatment time and reached values of native cartilage after 6 weeks in vivo. Low-intensity pulsed-ultrasound stimulation showed no stimulatory effect on tissue maturation. In contrast, ultrasound-treated specimens showed a reduced Col 2 expression at 1 week and were significantly less stiff compared to native cartilage at 6 and 12 weeks. An acceleration of the maturation of tissue-engineered neocartilage in a clinical setting by means of low-intensity pulsed ultrasound therefore appears rather unrealistic.
Excitement Up! Price Down! Measuring Emotions in Dutch Auctions (2012)

Abstract Recently, Internet auction sites have begun to compete in emotions by advertising the fun and excitement that bidders may experience during auction participation. The implicit conjecture inherent in these advertisements is that consumers derive a hedonic value from auction participation that makes exciting auctions more attractive and possibly induces bidders to stay active longer in the auction. We test this conjecture in a controlled economic laboratory experiment in which we also measure bidders' physiological arousal in terms of heart rate and skin conductivity as proxies for their excitement during auction participation. In particular, we conduct a series of descending price (Dutch) auctions with different clock speeds and find that in fast Dutch auctions bidders (1) are more excited and (2) stay longer in the bidding process. Moreover, the unpleasant event of losing a Dutch auction is experienced more strongly than the rewarding event of winning. Our results show that bidders' excitement is directly reflected in final prices, indicating that Internet auction site sponsors should carefully consider how the emotions elicited on their platforms affect bidding behavior. Keywords: Auction experimentsbehavioral economicsbiddingconsumer behaviorDutch auctionemotionsexcitementInternet auctionsonline auctions
3‐D simulation of metal forming processes with automatic mesh generation (1995)

The numerical simulation of industrial metal forming processes requires robust and feasible solution methods. In this context, any solution procedure must be able to handle three‐dimensional problems with general contact conditions and severe deformations. The latter condition necessitates automatic mesh‐generation abilities. At the same time, the simulation tool must be economical and user‐friendly. In this paper, a solution procedure is introduced which is able to perform the numerical simulation of complex industrial metal forming processes without any interference. The procedure is based on the rigid‐plastic finite element method and is primarily suited to the analysis of bulk metal‐forming processes. To ensure a real automatic simulation, the numerical procedure is made robust by using Euler time integration, a Newton‐Raphson solver which is coupled with a direct iteration solver, a linear contact algorithm and, finally, a completely automatic hexahedral mesh generation scheme. The method is implemented in the ANSI‐C programming language. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the method an industrial application has been simulated: A spider produced from a cylindrical initial workpiece by cold radial‐extrusion.
Carotenoids enhance gap junctional communication and inhibit lipid peroxidation in C3H/10T1/2 cells: relationship to their cancer chemopreventive action (1991)

We have previously demonstrated that diverse carotenoids inhibit chemically induced neoplastic transformation in 10T1/2 cells. To address their mechanism of action, the effects of six diverse carotenoids, with or without provitamin A activity, on gap junctional communication and lipid peroxidation have been investigated. beta-Carotene, canthaxanthin, lutein, lycopene and alpha-carotene increased gap junctional intercellular communication in a dose-dependent manner in the above order of potency, whereas m-bixin was inactive at concentrations up to 10(-5) M. alpha-Tocopherol, a potent chain-breaking antioxidant, caused a marginal enhancement of junctional communication. The enhancement of junctional communication by diverse carotenoids showed a strong statistical correlation with their previously determined ability to inhibit methylcholanthrene-induced neoplastic transformation (r = -0.75). All carotenoids tested inhibited lipid peroxidation, but with differing potencies. alpha-Tocopherol was the most active inhibitor followed by m-bixin. The capacity of carotenoids or alpha-tocopherol to inhibit lipid peroxidation was neither consistent with their ability to inhibit neoplastic transformation (r = 0.30) nor to increase junctional communication (r = 0.12). Since junctional communication appears to play an important role in cell growth control and carcinogenesis, we propose that in this system carotenoid-enhanced intercellular communication provides a mechanistic basis for the cancer chemopreventive action of carotenoids. These data also imply that carotenoids function in a manner analogous to retinoids in the 10T1/2 assay system. Interestingly this activity appears independent of their provitamin A status.
Earth’s water may have been inherited from material similar to enstatite chondrite meteorites (2020)

The origin of Earth's water remains unknown. Enstatite chondrite (EC) meteorites have similar isotopic composition to terrestrial rocks and thus may be representative of the material that formed Earth. ECs are presumed to be devoid of water because they formed in the inner Solar System. Earth's water is therefore generally attributed to the late addition of a small fraction of hydrated materials, such as carbonaceous chondrite meteorites, which originated in the outer Solar System where water was more abundant. We show that EC meteorites contain sufficient hydrogen to have delivered to Earth at least three times the mass of water in its oceans. EC hydrogen and nitrogen isotopic compositions match those of Earth's mantle, so EC-like asteroids might have contributed these volatile elements to Earth's crust and mantle.
Frame rate up-conversion with nonlinear temporal interpolation (2012)

Motion compensated frame rate up-conversion (MCFRUC) partly resolves some of the issues in video interpolation such as blurred images resulting from incorrect linear motion interpolation and motion jerkiness caused by frame repetition. Most of the block artifacts and incorrect interpolated frames are caused by linear-motion-based FRUC. In this paper, we evaluated a motion-compensation approach based on nonlinear spatio-temporal motion assumption which is more general and realistic than linear assumption. New motion model is tested against linear counterpart, proving clear superiority in generating better reconstructed and closer to the ground truth intermediate frames.
Unique Facial Features Distinguish Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Patients and Controls in Diverse Ethnic Populations (2007)

We found measurements that reflected reduced size of the eye orbit to be a consistent feature discriminating FAS and controls across each study population. However, each population had a unique, though often overlapping, set of variables which discriminated the 2 groups, suggesting important ethnic differences in the presentation of FAS. It is possible that these differences were accentuated by the wide age distribution of the study subjects.
Enzyme Mediated Synthesis of Stereoisomerically Pure α,ω-Diepoxides (1996)

The synthesis of stereoisomerically pure terminal diepoxides 2a and 2b was accomplished through enzyme catalyzed transesterification of bis(β-hydroxyalkyl)thioethers followed by S-alkylation and base promoted intramolecular displacement.
α-Synuclein in blood and brain from familial Parkinson disease with <i>SNCA</i> locus triplication (2004)

The authors recently demonstrated that genetic triplication of the SNCA locus causes Parkinson disease. Here it is shown that SNCA triplication results in a doubling in the amount of alpha-synuclein protein in blood. Examination of brain tissue showed a doubling in the level of SNCA message. However, at the protein level in brain, there was a greater effect on deposition of aggregated forms into insoluble fractions than on net expression of soluble alpha-synuclein.
In vivo model for cross-species porcine endogenous retrovirus transmission using tissue engineered pulmonary arteries (2003)

Acellularised porcine matrix scaffolds can be used for cardiovascular tissue engineering of autologous grafts without risk of PERV transmission.
Selection of a high activity c-erbB-2 ribozyme using a fusion gene of c-erbB-2 and the enhanced green fluorescent protein. (1998)

In different types of human cancer there is an overexpression of the c-erbB-2 (HER2/neu) oncogene, which is thought to be involved in tumor progression. Therefore the c-erbB-2 oncogene is an attractive target for tumor-specific gene therapy. In this report we have characterized a hammerhead ribozyme against the c-erbB-2 mRNA with high cleavage activity. To select the optimum sequence, the activity of five hammerhead ribozymes was tested in a cell-free assay. The hammerhead ribozyme recognizing the GUC sequence at position +631 to +633 of the c-erbB-2 mRNA (RZ631) efficiently cleaves in vitro transcribed fragments of the c-erbB-2 mRNA [169 to 1450 nucleotides (nt)] under multiple-turnover conditions. The ribozyme coding sequence was subsequently cloned between the A and the B box promoter sequences of the fowl adenovirus type 1 virus-associated RNA (CELO VA) gene. The in vitro activity of RZ631 was shown to be unaffected by the polymerase III promoter flanking sequences. The ability of RZ631 to inhibit the synthesis of the c-erbB-2 gene product in tumor cells was assayed by cotransfection of the ribozyme with a fusion gene of c-erbB-2 and the gene for the enhanced green fluorescent protein as a reporter. The synthesis of the fluorescent fusion protein in NIH:OVCAR-3 ovarian cancer cells was potently inhibited by RZ631, as assayed by flow cytometry. An antisense control vector, where the catalytic core was replaced by a single base, showed a weaker inhibition of expression of the c-erbB-2 derivative. The results suggest that the inhibitory effect of this c-erbB-2 ribozyme is caused by an antisense effect as well as by an additional ribozyme-mediated increase in inhibition. We conclude that this c-erbB-2 ribozyme in conjunction with a polymerase III-based expression system should be useful for the efficient downregulation of the c-erbB-2 oncogene in ovarian cancer cells.
Role of dHAND in the anterior-posterior polarization of the limb bud: implications for the Sonic hedgehog pathway (2000)

dHAND is a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor essential for cardiovascular development. Here we analyze its pattern of expression and functional role during chick limb development. dHAND expression was observed in the lateral plate mesoderm prior to emergence of the limb buds. Coincident with limb initiation, expression of dHAND became restricted to the posterior half of the limb bud. Experimental procedures that caused mirror-image duplications of the limb resulted in mirror-image duplications of the pattern of dHAND expression along the anterior-posterior axis. Retroviral overexpression of dHAND in the limb bud produced preaxial polydactyly, corresponding to mild polarizing activity at the anterior border. At the molecular level, misexpression of dHAND caused ectopic activation of members of the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway, including Gli and Patched, in the anterior limb bud. A subset of infected embryos displayed ectopic anterior activation of Shh. Other factors implicated in anterior-posterior polarization of the bud such as the most 5' Hoxd genes and Bmp2 were also ectopically activated at the anterior border. Our results indicate a role for dHAND in the establishment of anterior-posterior polarization of the limb bud.
Robust LIDAR localization using multiresolution Gaussian mixture maps for autonomous driving (2017)

This paper reports on a fast multiresolution scan matcher for local vehicle localization of self-driving cars. State-of-the-art approaches to vehicle localization rely on observing road surface reflectivity with a 3D light detection and ranging (LIDAR) scanner to achieve centimeter-level accuracy. However, these approaches can often fail when faced with adverse weather conditions that obscure the view of the road paint (e.g. puddles and snowdrifts), poor road surface texture, or when road appearance degrades over time. We present a generic probabilistic method for localizing an autonomous vehicle equipped with a three-dimensional (3D) LIDAR scanner. This proposed algorithm models the world as a mixture of several Gaussians, characterizing the [Formula: see text]-height and reflectivity distribution of the environment—which we rasterize to facilitate fast and exact multiresolution inference. Results are shown on a collection of datasets totaling over 500 km of road data covering highway, rural, residential, and urban roadways, in which we demonstrate our method to be robust through heavy snowfall and roadway repavements.
Role of TEDA as an Activated Carbon Impregnant for the Removal of Cyanogen Chloride from Air Streams: Synergistic Effect with Cu(II) (2010)

The hydrolysis and fate of cyanogen chloride (CK) in the presence of triethylenediamine (TEDA)—a widely used carbon impregnant—in aqueous and nonaqueous (acetonitrile) media has been determined. In the presence of water, anticipated TEDA substitution is not observed; rather, simple base-catalyzed (OH−) hydrolysis to cyanic acid (HOCN; unstable in water, decomposing to CO2 and NH3) is the major reaction, accompanied by a series of complex side reactions (not involving TEDA) to form several persistent compounds. Thus, the role of TEDA, in the presence of water, is primarily a source of OH−. CK substitution at TEDA is observed in acetonitrile, again forming several complex, but quite different, species. Studies examining the removal of CK from humidified air streams by carbon impregnated with TEDA and/or basic Cu2+ (another common carbon impregnant) are consistent with simple hydrolysis being the major CK-removal mechanism; no TEDA substitution is observed in the presence of humidity/water. Considering the reaction stoichiometry apparent at CK breakthrough for the impregnated carbons, the combination of TEDA and Cu2+ is much more effective than the individual impregnants themselves. This synergism is attributed to dissolution of basic Cu2+ by TEDA to form soluble complexes of the type [Cu(TEDA)2(OH)(H2O)]− in the carbon-adsorbed water layer, thus greatly increasing the dispersion and effectiveness of the basic Cu2+ impregnant.
A Hough transform system based on neural networks (1992)

Neural-like analog circuitry is suggested for image-to-parameter-space mapping, and a modified Hopfield optimization network is proposed for the parameter space peak detection. Solution time under 50 mu s is obtainable with general-purpose operational amplifiers. Example system applications include autonomous navigation, tracking multiple targets, curve following, mensuration, and image recognition.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Eight Mathematical Operations (2008)

May the Supreme Effulgence which sweeps off assailing masses of obstacles confer on me eternal purity of mind.
Benefits from marker-assisted selection under an additive polygenic genetic model1 (2005)

This study investigated, through stochastic computer simulation, the extra gains expected from marker-assisted selection (MAS) in an infinitesimal model with linkage. The trait under selection was assumed to be controlled by 2,000 loci of additive small effect and evenly distributed in c chromosomes of one Morgan each (and c = 5, 10, 20, or 30). This approach differs from previous studies on the benefits of MAS that have considered mixed inheritance models. Marker information was used together with pedigree information to compute the relationship matrix used in BLUP genetic evaluations. The MAS schemes were compared with schemes where genetic evaluations were performed using standard BLUP (i.e., the relationship matrix is obtained using pedigree information only). When the number of markers was large enough (approximately one marker every 10 cM), there were increases in the accuracy of selection with MAS, and this led to extra gains compared with standard BLUP for all genome sizes considered. The benefit from MAS increased over generations. At the last generation of selection (Generation 10), the response from MAS was 11, 9, 7, and 5% greater than with standard BLUP for genomes with 5, 10, 20, and 30 chromosomes, respectively. Thus, although small, gains from MAS were nonetheless detectable for genome sizes typical of livestock populations.
[L2Mn2(.mu.-O)2(.mu.-O2)](ClO4)2. The first binuclear (.mu.-peroxo)dimanganese(IV) complex (L = 1,4,7-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane). A model for the S4 .fwdarw. S0 transformation in the oxygen-evolving complex in photosynthesis (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT[L2Mn2(.mu.-O)2(.mu.-O2)](ClO4)2. The first binuclear (.mu.-peroxo)dimanganese(IV) complex (L = 1,4,7-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane). A model for the S4 .fwdarw. S0 transformation in the oxygen-evolving complex in photosynthesisUrsula Bossek, Thomas Weyhermueller, Karl Wieghardt, Bernhard Nuber, and Johannes WeissCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 17, 6387–6388Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00173a031https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00173a031research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views694Altmetric-Citations145LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts