gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Die Elektrodialyse — ein Membranverfahren mit vielen Anwendungsmöglichkeiten (1984)

Abstract Electrodialysis – a membrane process with considerable scope. Electrodialysis is a process by which electrically charged membranes are used to separate ions from an aqueous solution by the driving force of an electrical potential difference. Electrodialysis is used today mainly for desalination of seawater and brackish water. Other applications, such as the recovery of water and valuable metal ions from industrial effluents, the removal of salts and acids from pharmaceutical solutions and in food processing have only recently generated a broader interest. In this paper the principle of electrodialysis is described and the various parameters determining the technical feasibility and the economies of the process are discussed in more detail. Examples are given for the use of electrodialysis in the food and drug industry and in advanced waste water treatment. Finally, recent developments and future prospects of electrodialysis and related processes are discussed.
Series resistance in double-polysilicon-contacted silicon solar cells (1996)

Series resistance values between 0.38 and 0.5 Rcm/sup 2/ have been obtained in solar cells contacted with polysilicon to both surfaces. 2.6% of the front area is contacted with a silicon/heavily doped polysilicon/metal structure to replace the conventional metal contact. The same technology has been applied to the solar cell backs to replace conventional back-surface-field (BSF) structure. The devices were fabricated in 4" wafers, and a VLSI polysilicon emitter technology was applied to fabricate polysilicon contacts. The polysilicon-silicon interface was produced using either an HF etch or RCA clean before polysilicon deposition, and half of the wafers were implanted with fluorine to assess the passivating effects on the polysilicon-silicon interface. The drive-in time of the impurities from the polysilicon into the silicon was also varied. The main results are that the series resistance is generally lower in fluorinated samples, both HF and RCA. The contribution to the total series resistance of the back side structure is evaluated by subtracting the front contributions independently measured.
Low-temperature CVD of η-Mn3N2−x from bis[di(<i>tert</i>-butyl)amido]manganese(II) and ammonia (2013)

Manganese nitride films are grown by low-pressure chemical vapor deposition from the novel precursor bis[di(tert-butyl)amido]manganese(II) and ammonia. Mixed-phase films containing crystalline manganese nitride can be grown on substrates at temperatures as low as 80 °C. Above 200 °C, the films consist entirely of crystalline manganese nitride. The crystalline material has the same tetragonal unit cell as η-Mn3N2, but composition analysis of the Mn:N suggests that the material is best denoted as η-Mn3N2−x with x ∼ 0.7. Both oxygen and carbon contamination in the bulk of the films are &lt;1 at. %. Deposition rates of up to 10 nm/min are observed. The growth of crystalline films of a ceramic material at such low temperatures and high rates is highly unusual. The authors attribute this outcome to the presence of high-moment manganese atoms in mixed valence states and to vacancies in the nitrogen sublattice; both features lower the energies needed to break and reform metal-nitrogen bonds and thus allow the deposited atoms to settle more easily into a low-energy ordered arrangement.
Superoxide Radical Anion Adduct of 5,5-Dimethyl-1-pyrroline <i>N</i>-Oxide (DMPO). 1. The Thermodynamics of Formation and Its Acidity (2005)

The nitrone 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) has been the most widely used spin trap for the detection of transient free radicals in chemical, biological, and biomedical research using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. A density functional theory (DFT) approach was used to predict the thermodynamics of formation of the superoxide anion/hydroperoxyl radical (O2*-/*O2H) adduct of DMPO as well as its pK(a) in aqueous systems. At the B3LYP/6-31+G(d,p)//B3LYP/6-31G(d) level, we predicted (in the gas phase and with a polarizable continuum model (PCM) for water) three conformational minima for both the DMPO-O2- and DMPO-O2H adducts. Using DFT and the PCM solvation method, the pK(a) of DMPO-O2H was predicted to be 14.9 +/- 0.5. On the basis of free energy considerations, the formation of DMPO-O2H at neutral pH proceeds via initial addition of O2*- to DMPO to form the DMPO-O2- adduct and then subsequent protonation by water (or other acidic sources) to form DMPO-O2H. Under acidic conditions, the addition of *O2H to DMPO is predicted to be more exoergic than the addition of O2*- and is consistent with available experimental kinetic data.
Bisubstrate Inhibition:  Theory and Application to <i>N</i>-Acetyltransferases (2006)

Bisubstrate inhibitors represent a potentially powerful group of compounds that have found significant therapeutic utility. Although these compounds have been synthesized and tested against a number of enzymes that catalyze sequential bireactant reactions, the detailed theory for predicting the expected patterns of inhibition against the two substrates for various bireactant kinetic mechanisms has, heretofore, not been presented. We have derived the rate equations for all likely sequential bireactant mechanisms and provide two examples in which bisubstrate inhibitors allow the kinetic mechanism to be determined. Bisubstrate inhibitor kinetics is a powerful diagnostic for the determination of kinetic mechanisms.
Relationships between components, structures, and line reliabilities (1991)

A number of reliability-based design methods for transmission structures have been proposed in recent years both in the US and abroad. Two of these proposals have gained wide attention: the ASCE guide and the IEC document, both of which are now available for trial use. Approximate relationships are given between the reliabilities of the line, of individual supporting structures within the line, and of components within a supporting structure. As illustrated through numerical examples, these relationships supplement the ASCE guide and allow system-reliability-based design (SRBD) of a transmission line.
Treadmill Exercise Rehabilitation Improves Ambulatory Function and Cardiovascular Fitness in Patients With Chronic Stroke (2005)

T-AEX improves both functional mobility and cardiovascular fitness in patients with chronic stroke and is more effective than reference rehabilitation common to conventional care. Specific characteristics of training may determine the nature of exercise-mediated adaptations.
A dual‐mode university instructional design model for academic development (2008)

Online learning is expanding rapidly today in many Canadian universities. Fuelled by Canada's unprecedented broadband access, online teaching is creating new challenges for faculty and new responsibilities for educational developers. Although there is adequate literature with regard to faculty thinking about course planning in general, there are few publications on how they actually plan for online teaching. The purpose of this applied research study was to develop an instructional design model adapted to the needs and resources of faculty at a dual‐mode university (offering courses both on‐campus and online). Using a case study methodology, this project documented the prototype‐building, its implementation and gradual modification in response to faculty feedback. Results indicate that faculty preferred a more traditional, discipline‐based course design model for online course planning and shunned high‐level instructional design, opting for lighter‐weight, dialog‐rich instructional design emphasizing real‐time, faculty–student interaction. De nos jours, l'apprentissage en ligne gagne rapidement du terrain dans plusieurs universités. Et l'apprentissage en ligne amène de nouveaux défis pour les enseignants tout comme de nouvelles responsabilités pour les conseillers pédagogiques. L'objectif de cette recherche appliquée était de développer un modèle de design pédagogique qui est adapté aux besoins et aux ressources des enseignants provenant d'une université dont les cours sont dispensés à la fois sur le campus et en ligne. A l'aide de la méthode des études de cas, cette recherche a documenté le développement d'un prototype, sa mise en oeuvre et sa modification graduelle en réponse au feedback obtenu auprès des enseignants. Les résultats indiquent que les enseignants préfèrent un modèle de design pédagogique davantage traditionnel, axé sur la discipline, pour la planification des cours en ligne et qu'ils ont évité le design pédagogique de haut niveau.
Synthesis of three-dimensional hyperbranched TiO<sub>2</sub>nanowire arrays with significantly enhanced photoelectrochemical hydrogen production (2015)

The three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical nanostructure is one of the promising candidates for high performance photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting electrodes due to the reduced carrier diffusion distance, improved light absorption efficiency and charge collection efficiency.
A case study in embedded-system design: The VuMan 2 wearable computer (1993)

The development of an embedded-computer system with a visual interface is described. The authors detail the use of a target system simulator and a prototype printed circuit board (PCB), which facilitated a concurrent approach to the design of the hardware, software, and housing. They outline this codesign process and illustrate its effects with comparative data from the earlier VuMan 1 project.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Long-Term Pharmacokinetics of Transdermal Testosterone Gel in Hypogonadal Men<sup>1</sup> (2000)

Transdermal delivery of testosterone (T) represents an effective alternative to injectable androgens. Transdermal T patches normalize serum T levels and reverse the symptoms of androgen deficiency in hypogonadal men. However, the acceptance of the closed system T patches has been limited by skin irritation and/or lack of adherence. T gels have been proposed as delivery modes that minimize these problems. In this study we examined the pharmacokinetic profiles after 1, 30, 90, and 180 days of daily application of 2 doses of T gel (50 and 100 mg T in 5 and 10 g gel, delivering 5 and 10 mg T/day, respectively) and a permeation-enhanced T patch (2 patches delivering 5 mg T/day) in 227 hypogonadal men. This new 1% hydroalcoholic T gel formulation when applied to the upper arms, shoulders, and abdomen dried within a few minutes, and about 9-14% of the T applied was bioavailable. After 90 days of T gel treatment, the dose was titrated up (50 mg to 75 mg) or down (100 mg to 75 mg) if the preapplication serum T levels were outside the normal adult male range. Serum T rose rapidly into the normal adult male range on day 1 with the first T gel or patch application. Our previous study showed that steady state T levels were achieved 48-72 h after first application of the gel. The pharmacokinetic parameters for serum total and free T were very similar on days 30, 90, and 180 in all treatment groups. After repeated daily application of the T formulations for 180 days, the average serum T level over the 24-h sampling period (C(avg)) was highest in the 100 mg T gel group (1.4- and 1.9-fold higher than the C(avg) in the 50 mg T gel and T patch groups, respectively). Mean serum steady state T levels remained stable over the 180 days of T gel application. Upward dose adjustment from T gel 50 to 75 mg/day did not significantly increase the C(avg), whereas downward dose adjustment from 100 to 75 mg/day reduced serum T levels to the normal range for most patients. Serum free T levels paralleled those of serum total T, and the percent free T was not changed with transdermal T preparations. The serum dihydrotestosterone C(avg) rose 1.3-fold above baseline after T patch application, but was more significantly increased by 3.6- and 4.6-fold with T gel 50 and 100 mg/day, respectively, resulting in a small, but significant, increase in the serum dihydrotestosterone/T ratios in the two T gel groups. Serum estradiol rose, and serum LH and FSH levels were suppressed proportionately with serum T in all study groups; serum sex hormone-binding globulin showed small decreases that were significant only in the 100 mg T gel group. We conclude that transdermal T gel application can efficiently and rapidly increase serum T and free T levels in hypogonadal men to within the normal range. Transdermal T gel provided flexibility in dosing with little skin irritation and a low discontinuation rate.
Role of Exotoxin and Protease as Possible Virulence Factors in Experimental Infections with <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (1978)

Evidence is presented which suggests that both the proteases and the exotoxin produced by Pseudomonas aeruginosa multiplying in situ in a burned mouse model are virulence factors. A 50% decrease in functional elongation factor 2 (EF-2) was seen 16 h postinfection in the liver of mice infected with the toxigenic, protease-producing P. aeruginosa strain M-2; at the time of death EF-2 was depleted by 80%. This correlates with a reduction in the level of protein synthesis in the liver of infected animals. Treatment with specific antitoxin extended the mean time to death and blocked depletion of EF-2. Administration of gentamicin 24 h after infection caused rapid clearance of bacteria and extended the mean time to death, but all animals treated with either antitoxin or gentamicin eventually died. In contrast, treatment with both antitoxin and gentamicin provided virtually complete protection. Infection of mice with P. aeruginosa WR5 (protease-producing, nontoxigenic) or with P. aeruginosa PA103 (toxigenic, slow protease producer) required several logs more bacteria and did not result in the same extensive depletion in EF-2 content. When challenge with PA103 was supplemented by injection of purified Pseudomonas protease, the mean time to death was shortened and significant reduction in liver EF-2 was observed. It is suggested that both toxin and proteases are required for the full expression of virulence in Pseudomonas infections.
The Head Shadow Phenomenon Affected by Sound Source: <i>In Vitro</i> Measurement (2013)

This study focuses on establishing an in-vitro sound filed measurement system in order to investigate the effect of sound source angle and frequency on the head shadow effect (HSE). The study used sound stimuli at frequencies of 125 Hz, 250 Hz, 500 Hz, 750 Hz, 1 kHz, 2 kHz, 3 kHz, 4 kHz, 5 kHz, 6 kHz, 7 kHz, 8 kHz, and with sound source positioning at angles of 0, 30, 45, 60 and 90 degrees. It evaluated the effect these frequencies and positioning combinations had on the HSE. When the sound source was positioned at 90 degrees to the ear, this study found that the HSE not only existed at the frequencies of 4 kHz to 6 kHz, but also the HSE could be happened at 3 kHz, 7 kHz and 8 kHz. In addition, a significant influence on HSE was also demonstrated when the sound stimulus was positioned at 45 degrees to the ear, with a frequency range between 3 kHz~8 kHz. As well as considering head and ear anatomy and the head shadow effect when selecting and fitting hearing aids, it is also necessary to consider adjustment to account for angular sound sources at different sound frequencies.
Automatic optimization of thread-coarsening for graphics processors (2014)

OpenCL has been designed to achieve functional portability across multi-core devices from different vendors. However, the lack of a single cross-target optimizing compiler severely limits performance portability of OpenCL programs. Programmers need to manually tune applications for each specific device, preventing effective portability. We target a compiler transformation specific for data-parallel languages: thread-coarsening and show it can improve performance across different GPU devices. We then address the problem of selecting the best value for the coarsening factor parameter, i.e., deciding how many threads to merge together. We experimentally show that this is a hard problem to solve: good configurations are difficult to find and naive coarsening in fact leads to substantial slowdowns. We propose a solution based on a machine-learning model that predicts the best coarsening factor using kernel-function static features. The model automatically specializes to the different architectures considered. We evaluate our approach on 17 benchmarks on four devices: two Nvidia GPUs and two different generations of AMD GPUs. Using our technique, we achieve speedups between 1.11X and 1.33X on average.
Long-term proportional fairness over multiple cells (2012)

In current cellular networks, Proportional Fair Scheduling (PFS) is performed separately at each base station. Such single-cell scheduling is not aware of the data rate that mobile users received in previously traversed cells. In this paper, we will show that, by lacking this information, Single-cell PFS fails to provide Proportional Fairness (PF) in the long-term as mobile users move over multiple cells. To overcome this limitation, we extend Single-cell PFS by the long-term average rate a mobile user received in previous cells. By being aware of this scheduling history, our Multi-cell PFS approach achieves substantially higher fairness and throughput compared to the traditional single-cell PFS approach.
Multiple leiomyomas of the lung: benign or malignant. (1973)

Primary, unilateral, multiple hamartomas of the lung, observed in a radiograph of the chest, were biopsied and studied by electron microscopy. The ultrastructural findings of dense patches in myofilaments confirmed the pathologic diagnosis made by the conventional light microscopy. Another patient, previously reported to have a leiomyomatous hamartoma, subsequently manifested progressive clinical and radiographic findings suggestive of the ambiguous entity designated as benign metastasizing leiomyoma.
IL-4 directly signals tissue-resident macrophages to proliferate beyond homeostatic levels controlled by CSF-1 (2013)

Macrophages (MΦs) colonize tissues during inflammation in two distinct ways: recruitment of monocyte precursors and proliferation of resident cells. We recently revealed a major role for IL-4 in the proliferative expansion of resident MΦs during a Th2-biased tissue nematode infection. We now show that proliferation of MΦs during intestinal as well as tissue nematode infection is restricted to sites of IL-4 production and requires MΦ-intrinsic IL-4R signaling. However, both IL-4Rα-dependent and -independent mechanisms contributed to MΦ proliferation during nematode infections. IL-4R-independent proliferation was controlled by a rise in local CSF-1 levels, but IL-4Rα expression conferred a competitive advantage with higher and more sustained proliferation and increased accumulation of IL-4Rα(+) compared with IL-4Rα(-) cells. Mechanistically, this occurred by conversion of IL-4Rα(+) MΦs from a CSF-1-dependent to -independent program of proliferation. Thus, IL-4 increases the relative density of tissue MΦs by overcoming the constraints mediated by the availability of CSF-1. Finally, although both elevated CSF1R and IL-4Rα signaling triggered proliferation above homeostatic levels, only CSF-1 led to the recruitment of monocytes and neutrophils. Thus, the IL-4 pathway of proliferation may have developed as an alternative to CSF-1 to increase resident MΦ numbers without coincident monocyte recruitment.
Mouse intestinal microbiota reduction favors local intestinal immunity triggered by antigens displayed in Bacillus subtilis biofilm (2018)

The reduction of mouse intestinal microbiota allowed the elicitation of a local humoral immune response in mice after oral application with spores of B. subtilis harboring immunogenic peptides against E. granulosus.
Taking Psychological Torture Seriously: The Torturous Nature of Credible Death Threats and the Collateral Consequences for Capital Punishment (2019)

This article explores how the death penalty and the indefinite nature of death row in the United States creates a constant threat of death, which can violate the United Nations Convention Against Torture’s prohibitions on death threats.
Seabed-Rock-Layer Electromagnetic Communication Channel Model with Low Path Loss Based on Evanescent Wave (2018)

The main limitation of the development of underwater wireless electromagnetic communication is severe attenuation introduced by the seawater characteristics of high permittivity and high conductivity. Fortunately, in previous studies, it was found through experiments that the loss between two underwater antennas near seawater surface or seabed is much smaller than the higher order severe attenuation for the line of sight (LOS) path in seawater. But no one has given reasonable explanation for this phenomenon. To solve this problem, we investigate the propagation mechanism of this phenomenon theoretically. The main component of seabed-rock-layer is basalt, an alternative seabed-rock-layer communication channel model based on evanescent wave generated by the total reflection on the seabed-rock-layer surface is proposed in this paper. Then we analyze the performance of this model according to Goos-Hanchen (GH) Shift of evanescent wave. Simulation results show that the path loss in this model is about 1/20 of that in seawater and the propagation velocity can be increased 20 times. Proposed technology is expected to become an important part of underwater high speed and reliable communication.
Interworking LISP with IPv4 and IPv6 (2009)

This document describes techniques for allowing sites running the
Locator/ID Separation Protocol (LISP [LISP]) to interoperate with
Internet sites not running LISP. A fundamental property of LISP-
speaking sites is that they use Endpoint Identifiers (EIDs), rather
than traditional IP addresses, in the source and destination fields
of all traffic they emit or receive. While EIDs are syntactically
identical to IP addresses, routes for them are not carried in the
global routing system so an interoperability mechanism is needed for
non-LISP-speaking sites to exchange traffic with LISP-speaking sites.
This document introduces two such mechanisms: the first uses a new
network element, the LISP Proxy Tunnel Router (PTR) (Section 5) to
act as a intermediate LISP Ingress Tunnel Router (ITR) for non-LISP-
speaking hosts while the second adds Network Address Translation
(NAT) functionality to LISP Ingress and LISP Egress Tunnel Routers
(xTRs) to substitute routable IP addresses for non-routable EIDs.
Orthogonal Convolutional Neural Networks (2019)

Deep convolutional neural networks are hindered by training instability and feature redundancy towards further performance improvement. A promising solution is to impose orthogonality on convolutional filters. We develop an efficient approach to impose filter orthogonality on a convolutional layer based on the doubly block-Toeplitz matrix representation of the convolutional kernel instead of using the common kernel orthogonality approach, which we show is only necessary but not sufficient for ensuring orthogonal convolutions. Our proposed orthogonal convolution requires no additional parameters and little computational overhead. This method consistently outperforms the kernel orthogonality alternative on a wide range of tasks such as image classification and inpainting under supervised, semi-supervised and unsupervised settings. Further, it learns more diverse and expressive features with better training stability, robustness, and generalization. Our code is publicly available at https://github.com/samaonline/Orthogonal-Convolutional-Neural-Networks.