gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A tumor suppressor gene on chromosome 1p32-pter controls the amplification of MYC family genes in breast cancer. (1994)

To investigate the possibility of collaboration between telomeric deletion on the short arm of chromosome 1 and genetic amplification similar to that described in human neuroblastoma, 122 human primary breast tumors were examined by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis for loss of heterozygosity on 1p32-pter and for the three most frequently amplified genetic regions in breast carcinomas (MYC and ERBB2 protooncogenes and the chromosomal region 11q13). Allelic losses at one or more loci on the telomeric part of the short arm of chromosome 1 was observed in 57 (47%) of 122 informative tumors. MYC, ERBB2, and the 11q13 region were amplified in 23, 20, and 21% of breast tumors, respectively. A correlation was found between loss of heterozygosity on chromosome 1p32-pter and amplification of the MYC (formerly c-myc) protooncogene (P = 0.003), suggesting that these two genetic events may collaborate during tumor progression in human breast cancer. These results, together with those obtained in human neuroblastoma, suggest that the distal part of the short arm of chromosome 1 harbors an unidentified tumor suppressor gene(s), whose inactivation may be involved in MYC family gene amplification (an example of genetic instability) in tumors of various cellular origins.
Computer-based Predition of Orthogonal Cutting Temperatures (1988)

A brief description of a computer-based predictive model for the three-dimensional temperature fields in orthogonal metal cutting is presented. The thermal model relies on a proven modified mechanics of cutting analysis to provide reliable input data in order to obtain reasonable predictions. The effect of process variables such as speed, cut thickness, tool rake and clearance angles on temperature fields and salient temperature features are shown and discussed. Simple multi-variable equations to estimate some salient temperatures are established from the computer-based temperature trends.
368. Acenaphthenone and acenaphthenequinone (1937)

H. G. Rule and S. B. Thompson, J. Chem. Soc., 1937, 1761 DOI: 10.1039/JR9370001761
hESC‐Derived Definitive Endoderm Induces Cardiomyogenesis in Human Embryonic Stem Cells. (2010)

This laboratory previously reported that chick anterolateral endoderm (AL endoderm) potently induces cardiac myogenesis in mouse embryoid bodies. The requirement to microdissect AL endoderm from gastrulation‐stage embryos precludes the utilization of this tissue to identify cardiomyogenic factors. To overcome these limitations we have assessed whether human definitive endoderm (hDE) cells can mimic AL endoderm. Results indicate that while hDE does not share the cardiomyogenic potency of AL endoderm, both hDE cells and medium conditioned by them significantly enrich cardiac myogenesis in pluripotent hESCs as indicated by rhythmic beating and immunohistochemical/qPCR monitoring of marker gene expression. This response appears to be cardiomyocyte‐specific, since endothelial cell markers are unaffected. The cardiomyogenic effect of hDE is further enhanced when pluripotent hESCs are pre‐induced to mes‐endoderm. These findings demonstrate that, like chick AL endoderm, hDE induces cardiomyogenesis in pluripotent cells, and even more effectively in cells at early stages of mesoderm differentiation (mes‐endoderm). Because this approach is tractable and scalable it should facilitate the identification of novel hDE‐secreted factors, for inclusion in defined cardiomyogenic cocktails to generate homogeneous populations of human cardiomyocytes for use in experimental cell therapy. Grant Funding Source : NIH
Reduction of timing fluctuations in a mode-locked Nd:YAG laser by electronic feedback (1986)

The timing fluctuations of a mode-locked Nd:YAG laser are reduced by electronic feedback. Timing fluctuations at rates of 50 to 250 Hz are reduced by more than 20 dB, the total timing fluctuations are reduced from 2.9 to 0.9 psec rms, and long-term drift is reduced to 0.5 psec/min. Applications include time-resolved probing experiments and synchronization of lasers.
An inference browser to verify knowledge bases (2002)

The authors previously suggested a graph-aided inference browser in which the knowledge engineers may easily verify the knowledge bases by consulting the sequence of inferring steps. In the suggested inference browser, however, the knowledge engineers themselves keep trying to find the error in the knowledge bases by checking if the displayed inferring sequence faces the undesirable situation. This error-detecting process may be slow and not very accurate as the size of the knowledge base becomes very large. The authors present an extended version of the graph-aided inference browser in which the error detecting process is automatically done. As compared to the previous graph-aided inference browser, the presented inference browser involves one additional module, called an automatic verification module, which detects and analyzes the erroneous situation during the inferring process and corrects the associated errors in the knowledge base.
Forearm menu (2013)

In this study, we propose a menu interaction technique that utilizes the forearm (the part of the arm between the elbow and the hand) on direct input surfaces such as tabletop systems. On such systems, users commonly operate various types of data, such as images, video, audio, and documents, using menus for each type of data. In this study, we focus on the space on user's forearms as a very easy-to-access area for displaying a menu to control the data in operation. In addition, since the tabletop surface and the forearm can be used as different layers, they can be divided into a "working area" and an "area for menu operation." Thus, a menu can be displayed without being hidden by the hand or forearm.
H-2 allele-specific protection from NK cell lysis in vitro for lymphoblasts but not tumor targets. Protection mediated by <i>alpha</i> 1/ <i>alpha</i> 2 domains. (1994)

In vivo murine NK cells are known to mediate graft rejection in allogenic as well as in "F1 anti-parental" situations. We have studied an in vitro system based on rIL-2-activated spleen cells and Con A lymphoblast targets in relation to the genetics of F1 hybrid resistance and NK cell activity. We demonstrate that NK cells in this in vitro model are regulated by MHC class I genes in an allele-specific manner at the level of the effector and the target. Using rIL-2-activated effector cells from nude C57BL/6 (B6) and BALB/c mice, we observed no killing of MHC syngeneic lymphoblasts. However, B6 as well as BALB/c lymphoblasts were killed by effector cells from allogeneic nude mice as well as by cells from (BALB/c x B6)F1 hybrids. Experiments that used D8 mice (which carry an H-2Dd transgene on B6 background) and beta 2-m-/- mice demonstrated a direct role for MHC class I molecules at the effector as well as at the target cell level: H-2Dd transgenic effector cells with the typical NK phenotype 3A4+/CD8- killed B6 blasts, but expression of the corresponding H-2Dd transgene in the target lymphoblasts protected them from killing. By using transgenic mice carrying exon shuffled MHC class I transgenes, the protective effect of the H-2Dd molecule was mapped to the alpha 1/alpha 2 domains. MHC class I-deficient lymphoblasts from beta 2-m-/- mice were killed by effectors from all strains of mice, including those matched for MHC. The H-2 class I allele-specific protection in this in vitro assay was observed for lymphoblasts but not for tumor cells, despite the fact that these tumor cells are protected in an allele-specific manner in vivo.
SNA routing: Past, present, and possible future (1983)

This paper reviews the evolution of routing mechanisms in IBM's Systems Network Architecture (SNA) since its inception in 1974 to the present. Routing mechanisms are related to changes in the application and communications environment. Also discussed are possible evolutionary paths that may be taken in the future to address the problems of large heterogeneous networks.
Efficient hydrolysis of raw starch and ethanol fermentation: a novel raw starch-digesting glucoamylase from Penicillium oxalicum (2016)

A novel raw starch-digesting glucoamylase from <i>P. oxalicum</i>, with high enzymatic activity, was biochemically, molecularly, and genetically identified. Its efficient hydrolysis of raw starches and its high efficiency during the direct conversion of raw corn and cassava flours via simultaneous saccharification and fermentation to ethanol suggests that the enzyme has a number of potential applications in industrial starch processing and starch-based ethanol production.
Antibodies from colostrum in oral immunotherapy. (1990)

An immunoglobulin preparation for oral use was prepared from pooled bovine colostrum from more than 100 animals. The preparation has high antibacterial antibody titres, and a high capacity for the neutralization of bacterial toxins. It is well tolerated and highly effective in the treatment of severe diarrhoea, e.g. in AIDS patients. The preparation is spray-dried and stable at 2-8 degrees C.
High‐dose intravenous immunoglobulins in the treatment of demyelinating neuropathy associated with monoclonal gammopathy (1990)

We treated 2 patients with IgM monoclonal paraproteinemic demyelinating peripheral neuropathy (PPN) with monthly intravenous human immunoglobulin. Both patients had a steadily progressive course in spite of steroid and other immunosuppressive therapy for 3 years before starting the immunoglobulin therapy. Both had a rapid clinical improvement noticeable 5 to 10 days after the 1st immunoglobulin infusion lasting on the average of 3 to 6 weeks. Retreatment caused improvement after each consecutive infusion. There were no significant adverse side effects. High-dose IV human immunoglobulin can be a useful therapy in the treatment of PPN and warrants a large-scale controlled therapeutic trial.
Living Cell Microarrays: An Overview of Concepts (2016)

Living cell microarrays are a highly efficient cellular screening system. Due to the low number of cells required per spot, cell microarrays enable the use of primary and stem cells and provide resolution close to the single-cell level. Apart from a variety of conventional static designs, microfluidic microarray systems have also been established. An alternative format is a microarray consisting of three-dimensional cell constructs ranging from cell spheroids to cells encapsulated in hydrogel. These systems provide an in vivo-like microenvironment and are preferably used for the investigation of cellular physiology, cytotoxicity, and drug screening. Thus, many different high-tech microarray platforms are currently available. Disadvantages of many systems include their high cost, the requirement of specialized equipment for their manufacture, and the poor comparability of results between different platforms. In this article, we provide an overview of static, microfluidic, and 3D cell microarrays. In addition, we describe a simple method for the printing of living cell microarrays on modified microscope glass slides using standard DNA microarray equipment available in most laboratories. Applications in research and diagnostics are discussed, e.g., the selective and sensitive detection of biomarkers. Finally, we highlight current limitations and the future prospects of living cell microarrays.
A combined silicon fusion and glass/silicon anodic bonding process for a uniaxial capacitive accelerometer (1992)

A high performance acceleration sensor concept is presented, which combines multiple wafer bonding and differential capacitance measurement into a point-symmetrical design. The accelerometer is a four-layer glass/Si/Si/glass structure realized with a combination of Si/Si fusion bonding and Si/glass anodic bonding. Fusion bonding with wafer-to-wafer alignment is performed on preprocessed silicon. Glass covers are bonded onto both wafer sides in a single anodic bonding sequence with polarity reversal. The main device characteristics are an exclusive response to a translational acceleration component in a single axis and maximized sensitivity for a given chip area. Modifiable damping characteristics and hence adjustable bandwidth is an additional device feature. This is obtained by controlling the gas pressure and composition during anodic bonding of the glass covers.
Poly(ethylene oxide)-<i>block</i>-poly(glutamic acid) coated maghemite nanoparticles:<i>in vitro</i>characterization and<i>in vivo</i>behaviour (2007)

Positively charged superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) particles of maghemite were prepared in aqueous solution and subsequently stabilized with poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(glutamic acid) (PEO-PGA) at a hydrodynamic diameter of 60 nm. Depending on the amount of PEO-PGA used, this is accompanied by a switching of their zeta potentials from positive to negative charge (-33 mV). As a prerequisite for in vivo testing, the PEO-PGA coated maghemite nanoparticles were evaluated to be colloidally stable in water and in physiological salt solution for longer than six months as well in various buffer systems under physiological pH and salt conditions (AFM, dynamic light scattering). We excluded toxic effects of the PEO-PGA coated maghemite nanoparticles. We demonstrated by in vivo MR-imaging and In-111 measurements a biodistribution of the nanoparticles into the liver comparable to carboxydextran coated superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Resovist (R)) as a reference nanoscaled MRI contrast medium. This was enforced by a detailed visualization of our nanoparticles by electron microscopy of liver tissue sections. Furthermore, our results indicate that 15% of the injected PEO-PGA coated maghemite nanoparticles circulate in the blood compartment for at least 60 min after i.v. application.
Iterative CT reconstruction using shearlet-based regularization (2012)

In computerized tomography, it is important to reduce the image noise without increasing the acquisition dose. Extensive research has been done into total variation minimization for image denoising and sparse-view reconstruction. However, TV minimization methods show superior denoising performance for simple images (with little texture), but result in texture information loss when applied to more complex images. Since in medical imaging, we are often confronted with textured images, it might not be beneficial to use TV. Our objective is to find a regularization term outperforming TV for sparse-view reconstruction and image denoising in general. A recent efficient solver was developed for convex problems, based on a split-Bregman approach, able to incorporate regularization terms different from TV. In this work, a proof-of-concept study demonstrates the usage of the discrete shearlet transform as a sparsifying transform within this solver for CT reconstructions. In particular, the regularization term is the 1-norm of the shearlet coefficients. We compared our newly developed shearlet approach to traditional TV on both sparse-view and on low-count simulated and measured preclinical data. Shearlet-based regularization does not outperform TV-based regularization for all datasets. Reconstructed images exhibit small aliasing artifacts in sparse-view reconstruction problems, but show no staircasing effect. This results in a slightly higher resolution than with TV-based regularization.
Sea-ice velocity fields estimation on Ross Sea with NOAA-AVHRR (1995)

A complete methodology is proposed for automatic tracking of sea-ice in daylight AVHRR data. Two aspects are specially outlined: the use of partially cloudy monocular images and the estimation of ice pack trajectories along an image sequence. First, a classification technique is applied for the detection of snow-ice regions. Then, an optimal matching filter is used for the sea-ice motion estimation. The derived vector field is homogeneous and shows the ice pack motion along three days image data.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Hierarchical photo organization using geo-relevance (2007)

We present a novel framework for organizing large collections of images in a hierarchical way, based on scene semantics. Rather than score images directly, we use them to score the scene in order to identify typical views and important locations which we term Geo-Relevance. This is done by relating each image with its viewing frustum which can be readily computed for huge collections of images nowadays. The frustum contains much more information than only camera position that has been used so far. For example, it distinguishes between a photo of the Eiffel Tower and a photo of a garbage bin taken from the exact same place. The proposed framework enables a summarized display of the information and facilitates efficient browsing.
Accurate geometric correction for normalisation of PALSAR radiometry (2008)

In contrast to earlier satellites with SAR instruments, the ENVISAT and ALOS platforms provide state vectors and timing with higher relative and absolute accuracy, allowing the ASAR and PALSAR sensors to directly support accurate tiepoint-free geolocation of their imagery. This enables not only direct map overlays with other sources, but also normalisation for the systematic influence of terrain variations on individual image radiometry. Such normalisation is necessary to reduce dependency on single-track repeat passes for change-detection and interpretation.\nWe first describe our verifications of the geometric\nbehaviour of PALSAR products using available products with surveyed corner reflector targets present in reference images. We model and evaluate the path delays induced by the troposphere and ionosphere on reference imagery, and compare Faraday rotation estimates produced using fully polarimetric PLR imagery with values derived from GNSS-network measurements. In the latter estimate, the total electron content (TEC) of the ionosphere at the time of the PALSAR acquisition is combined with a model of the\nEarth's magnetic field to estimate the Faraday rotation\ninduced by the ionosphere along the line of sight from\nthe satellite to each point on the ground.\nGiven accurate knowledge of the acquisition geometry\nof a SAR image from one of the above sensors together\nwith a digital elevation model (DEM) of the area imaged, radiometric image simulation is applied to estimate the local illuminated area for each point in the image. Rather than a typical ellipsoid-based approximation that ignores topographic variation, terrain-based radiometric image simulation is used as the basis for converting from β0 to σ0 or γ0 backscatter normalisation conventions.\nThe interpretability of PALSAR imagery with and without ellipsoid- vs. terrain-based normalisations is compared and evaluated.
New TDI developments for vascular and cardiac applications (2002)

Tissue Doppler imaging can show the biomechanical properties of living tissues in both vascular and cardiac applications. Technical validation of new quantitative methods implemented into a commercial ultrasound system is described. This includes simulations taking into account physiologic mechanical events, and data generation using motion phantoms. The results are promising since the measurement accuracy of parameters such as arterial dilation, cardiac wall thickening, myocardium strain rates is on the order 5-10%. It is also shown that strain sequences can correctly represent physical phenomena.
Regulation of Mitochondrial Transport and Inter-Microtubule Spacing by Tau Phosphorylation at the Sites Hyperphosphorylated in Alzheimer's Disease (2012)

The microtubule-associated protein Tau is a major component of the neurofibrillary tangles that serve as a neuropathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. Tau is a substrate for protein phosphorylation at multiple sites and occurs in tangles in a hyperphosphorylated state. However, the physiological functions of Tau phosphorylation or how it may contribute mechanistically to Alzheimer's pathophysiology are not completely understood. Here, we examined the function of human Tau phosphorylation at three sites, Ser199, Ser202, and Thr205, which together comprise the AT8 sites that mark abnormal phosphorylation in Alzheimer's disease. Overexpression of wild-type Tau or mutated forms in which these sites had been changed to either unphosphorylatable alanines or phosphomimetic aspartates inhibited mitochondrial movement in the neurite processes of PC12 cells as well as the axons of mouse brain cortical neurons. However, the greatest effects on mitochondrial translocation were induced by phosphomimetic mutations. These mutations also caused expansion of the space between microtubules in cultured cells when membrane tension was reduced by disrupting actin filaments. Thus, Tau phosphorylation at the AT8 sites may have meaningful effects on mitochondrial movement, likely by controlling microtubule spacing. Hyperphosphorylation of the AT8 sites may contribute to axonal degeneration by disrupting mitochondrial transport in Alzheimer's disease.
Levels of the growth-associated protein GAP-43 are selectively increased in association cortices in schizophrenia (1996)

The pathophysiology of schizophrenia may involve perturbations of synaptic organization during development. The presence of cytoarchitectural abnormalities that may reflect such perturbations in the brains of patients with this disorder has been well-documented. Yet the mechanistic basis for these features of the disorder is still unknown. We hypothesized that altered regulation of the neuronal growth-associated protein GAP-43, a membrane phosphoprotein found at high levels in the developing brain, may play a role in the alterations in brain structure and function observed in schizophrenia. In the mature human brain, GAP-43 remains enriched primarily in association cortices and in the hippocampus, and it has been suggested that this protein marks circuits involved in the acquisition, processing, and/or storage of new information. Because these processes are known to be altered in schizophrenia, we proposed that GAP-43 levels might be altered in this disorder. Quantitative immunoblots revealed that the expression of GAP-43 is increased preferentially in the visual association and frontal cortices of schizophrenic patients, and that these changes are not present in other neuropsychiatric conditions requiring similar treatments. Examination of the levels of additional markers in the brain revealed that the levels of the synaptic vesicle protein synaptophysin are reduced in the same areas, but that the abundance of the astrocytic marker of neurodegeneration, the glial fibrillary acidic protein, is unchanged. In situ hybridization histochemistry was used to show that the laminar pattern of GAP-43 expression appears unaltered in schizophrenia. We propose that schizophrenia is associated with a perturbed organization of synaptic connections in distinct cortical associative areas of the human brain, and that increased levels of GAP-43 are one manifestation of this dysfunctional organization.
Decomposition of Large Scale Systems - A Numerical Approach (1983)

In the study of Large Scale Systems (LSS), one of the major concerns is the development of decomposition techniques. Decomposition of a large scale system into interconnection of lower-dimensional subsystems is instrumental to the analysis, estimation and control of LSS. While various decomposition methods have been developed in the past research, the computational aspects of the associated numerical algorithms are not yet fully explored. In this paper efficient and numerically reliable algorithms are proposed to decompose large scale systems with special emphasis upon the derivation of reduced order models. Decomposition and order reduction of the nearly singular and the time-scale separable systems are investigated by means of balancing transformations which can be computed via numerically reliable algorithms.