gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Virtual surgery in a (tele-)radiology framework (1999)

This paper presents telemedicine as an extension of a teleradiology framework through tools for virtual surgery. To classify the described methods and applications, the research field of virtual reality (VR) is broadly reviewed. Differences with respect to technical equipment, methodological requirements and areas of application are pointed out. Desktop VR, augmented reality, and virtual reality are differentiated and discussed in some typical contexts of diagnostic support, surgical planning, therapeutic procedures, simulation and training. Visualization techniques are compared as a prerequisite for virtual reality and assigned to distinct levels of immersion. The advantage of a hybrid visualization kernel is emphasized with respect to the desktop VR applications that are subsequently shown. Moreover, software design aspects are considered by outlining functional openness in the architecture of the host system. Here, a teleradiology workstation was extended by dedicated tools for surgical planning through a plug-in mechanism. Examples of recent areas of application are introduced such as liver tumor resection planning, diagnostic support in heart surgery, and craniofacial surgery planning. In the future, surgical planning systems will become more important. They will benefit from improvements in image acquisition and communication, new image processing approaches, and techniques for data presentation. This will facilitate preoperative planning and intraoperative applications.
Deficiency of Dermcidin-Derived Antimicrobial Peptides in Sweat of Patients with Atopic Dermatitis Correlates with an Impaired Innate Defense of Human Skin In Vivo (2005)

Antimicrobial peptides are an integral part of the epithelial innate defense system. Dermcidin (DCD) is a recently discovered antimicrobial peptide with a broad spectrum of activity. It is constitutively expressed in human eccrine sweat glands and secreted into sweat. Patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) have recurrent bacterial or viral skin infections and pronounced colonization with Staphylococcus aureus. We hypothesized that patients with AD have a reduced amount of DCD peptides in sweat contributing to the compromised constitutive innate skin defense. Therefore, we performed semiquantitative and quantitative analyses of DCD peptides in sweat of AD patients and healthy subjects using surface-enhanced laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and ELISA. The data indicate that the amount of several DCD-derived peptides in sweat of patients with AD is significantly reduced. Furthermore, compared with atopic patients without previous infectious complications, AD patients with a history of bacterial and viral skin infections were found to have significantly less DCD-1 and DCD-1L in their sweat. To analyze whether the reduced amount of DCD in sweat of AD patients correlates with a decreased innate defense, we determined the antimicrobial activity of sweat in vivo. We showed that in healthy subjects, sweating leads to a reduction of viable bacteria on the skin surface, but this does not occur in patients with AD. These data indicate that reduced expression of DCD in sweat of patients with AD may contribute to the high susceptibility of these patients to skin infections and altered skin colonization.
A rapid, non-destructive method for the determination of Staphylococcus epidermidis adhesion to surfaces using quartz crystal resonant sensor technology (2001)

This report demonstrates that QCRS technology has the potential to be used for a range of applications requiring measurement of bacteria on surfaces. In particular, it may be used for the real-time monitoring of bacterial biofilm formation.
PTEN, Stem Cells, and Cancer Stem Cells (2009)

Like normal stem cells, "cancer stem cells" have the capacity for indefinite proliferation and generation of new cancerous tissues through self-renewal and differentiation. Among the major intracellular signaling pathways, WNT, SHH, and NOTCH are known to be important in regulating normal stem cell activities, and their alterations are associated with tumorigenesis. It has become clear recently that PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homologue) is also critical for stem cell maintenance and that PTEN loss can cause the development of cancer stem cells and ultimately tumorigenesis.
Degree of randomness: Numerical experiments for astrophysical signals (2011)

Astrophysical and cosmological signals such as the cosmic microwave background radiation, as observed, typically contain contributions of different components, and their statistical properties can be used to distinguish one from the other. A method developed originally by Kolmogorov is involved for the study of astrophysical signals of randomness of various degrees. Numerical performed experiments based on the universality of Kolmogorov distribution and using a single scaling of the ratio of stochastic to regular components, reveal basic features in the behavior of generated signals also in terms of a critical value for that ratio, thus enable the application of this technique for various observational datasets
Team decision theory and information structures in optimal control problems: Part II (1971)

General causal linear-quadratic-gaussian team decision problems are considered here. The decision precedence relation is partially-ordered, but the information for each decision maker may not be partially-nested. A technique is developed to solve the difficult problem indirectly through the auxiliary problem by using equivalent controls.
Model Checking with Program Slicing Based on Variable Dependence Graphs (2013)

In embedded control systems, the potential risks of software defects have been increasing because of software complexity which leads to, for example, timing related problems. These defects are rarely found by tests or simulations. To detect such defects, we propose a modeling method which can generate software models for model checking with a program slicing technique based on a variable dependence graph. We have applied the proposed method to one case in automotive control software and demonstrated the effectiveness of the method. Furthermore, we developed a software tool to automate model generation and achieved a 35% decrease in total verification time on model checking.
Design on Sampling Circuit of EEG Signal Based on AT89C2051 Single-Chip (2009)

Electroencephalography (simply called EEG) is a very useful bio-electrical signal applied in many research fields so that its measurement technology will develop very fast. For the EEG signal applied in the control of the robot hand, the basic characteristics of the EEG signal are analyzed in this paper. And then, a sampling circuit of EEG signal based on AT89C2051 single-chip is designed in detail, which includes signal condition, signal acquisition and serial communication interface. Finally, the possible applications of the designed sampling circuit are discussed, respectively. The research results show that the sampling circuit designed in this paper is feasible and valuable.
Statistics of natural reverberation enable perceptual separation of sound and space (2016)

In everyday listening, sound reaches our ears directly from a source as well as indirectly via reflections known as reverberation. Reverberation profoundly distorts the sound from a source, yet humans can both identify sound sources and distinguish environments from the resulting sound, via mechanisms that remain unclear. The core computational challenge is that the acoustic signatures of the source and environment are combined in a single signal received by the ear. Here we ask whether our recognition of sound sources and spaces reflects an ability to separate their effects and whether any such separation is enabled by statistical regularities of real-world reverberation. To first determine whether such statistical regularities exist, we measured impulse responses (IRs) of 271 spaces sampled from the distribution encountered by humans during daily life. The sampled spaces were diverse, but their IRs were tightly constrained, exhibiting exponential decay at frequency-dependent rates: Mid frequencies reverberated longest whereas higher and lower frequencies decayed more rapidly, presumably due to absorptive properties of materials and air. To test whether humans leverage these regularities, we manipulated IR decay characteristics in simulated reverberant audio. Listeners could discriminate sound sources and environments from these signals, but their abilities degraded when reverberation characteristics deviated from those of real-world environments. Subjectively, atypical IRs were mistaken for sound sources. The results suggest the brain separates sound into contributions from the source and the environment, constrained by a prior on natural reverberation. This separation process may contribute to robust recognition while providing information about spaces around us.
Quantum dot-embedded microspheres for remote refractive index sensing (2008)

We present a refractometric sensor based on quantum dot-embedded polystyrene microspheres. Optical resonances within a microsphere, known as whispering-gallery modes (WGMs), produce narrow spectral peaks. For sensing applications, spectral shifts of these peaks are sensitive to changes in the local refractive index. In this work, two-photon excited luminescence from the quantum dots couples into several WGMs within the microresonator. By optimizing the detection area, the spectral visibility of the WGMs is improved. The spectral shifts are measured as the surrounding index of the refraction changes. The experimental sensitivity is about five times greater than that predicted by the Mie theory.
Evaluation of Electromagnetic Interactions between PET and MRI systems for Simultaneous MRI/PET Imaging (2012)

Multi-modality imaging in clinical and pre-clinical settings promises to forge new vistas for better diagnostic interpretation compared to stand-alone imaging systems. For in vivo imaging studies, accurate interpretation of diseased conditions is possible if structural, functional and metabolic information of the region of interest is provided at the same time. At Brookhaven National Laboratory, a small animal positron emission tomograph (PET) detector was integrated into a Bruker Biospin 9.4 T microMRI scanner to perform simultaneous PET/MRI studies in rodents. The custom-built MRI coils were optimized for simultaneous PET/MRI studies. The feasibility of acquiring simultaneous PET/MRI data has been demonstrated that can provide structural soft-tissue contrast information from MRI complementing with physiological and metabolic information from PET at the same time. However, the technical challenges involved in integrating PET inside the high field MRI scanner have been predominant, because of the mutual electromagnetic interactions between the two systems that may compromise the overall performance of either system. The main aim of the dissertation is to identify and evaluate the electromagnetic interactions between the PET and MRI systems. The impact of radiofrequency pulses on the sensitive PET electronics was investigated by employing different shield configurations around the PET detector housing. In addition, the assessment of MR image quality was performed using phantoms in the presence of powered PET detector covered with different shields. With thin layers of copper shielding and good grounding practices, it has been shown that the effect of radio frequency pulses on PET readout electronics was minimized and good quality MR images were acquired. In vivo simultaneous PET/MRI data of a rat brain and a mouse heart were acquired with different PET radiotracers that illustrate one of the potential applications for performing simultaneous PET/MRI studies.
Redox-Sensitive Polymer/SPIO Nanocomplexes for Efficient Magnetofection and MR Imaging of Human Cancer Cells (2015)

Magnetofection has received increasing attention for its great potential on gene therapy. To promote its clinical therapeutic applications, development of safe and effective magnetic nanocarriers is in high demand. Herein, we present a redox-sensitive polymer/metal nanocomplex system (PSPIO) for efficient magnetofection and magnet resonance imaging (MRI) on cancer cells. PSPIO was prepared by modifying SPIO with redox-sensitive polyethylenimine (SSPEI) via a ligand exchange process. PSPIO could efficiently condense plasmid DNA (pDNA) into nanoparticles, which exhibited several favorable properties for gene delivery, including protection of nucleic acids from enzymatic degradation, stable colloids in serum, and redox-responsive pDNA release. As a potential MR imaging agent, PSPIO displayed good magnetization (28.3 emu/g) and dose-dependent T2-weighted imaging contrast (R2 = 291.1 s(-1) mM(-1)) in vitro. The use of redox-sensitive SSPEI polymer contributed to much lower cytotoxicity of PSPIO compared to nondegradable bPEI25k. In vitro transfection efficiency of PSPIO was significantly enhanced under an external magnetic field. In the presence of serum, PSPIO exhibited higher transgene expression than SSPEI or bPEI25k polymer on mouse glioma (ALTS1C1) or human prostate cancer (PC3) cell lines. Taken together, it is demonstrated that PSPIO possess great potential for cancer gene therapy and molecular imaging.
Communication Security between a Computer and a Hardware Token (2008)

Hardware security tokens are gradually gaining popularity as tools for strong online authentication and secure storage of personal information. The security services they offer protect online service providers as well as consumers. These tokens are small embedded systems that typically have little or no human interface themselves. They work with software on the host computer for human interface and for interaction with programs on the computer or over the Internet. Since these security tokens typically provide cryptographic services and secure storage, the security of communication between the token and the host computer is a critical piece of the overall security framework. The design of this piece is a challenging task. It requires solving multiple problems, such as ensuring that the hardware token only talks with a legitimate host application; exchanging encryption keys; and minimizing the impact on communication performance. This paper presents our solutions to these problems. These solutions are applicable in a variety of hardware security tokens.
FewRel: A Large-Scale Supervised Few-Shot Relation Classification Dataset with State-of-the-Art Evaluation (2018)

We present a Few-Shot Relation Classification Dataset (FewRel), consisting of 70, 000 sentences on 100 relations derived from Wikipedia and annotated by crowdworkers. The relation of each sentence is first recognized by distant supervision methods, and then filtered by crowdworkers. We adapt the most recent state-of-the-art few-shot learning methods for relation classification and conduct a thorough evaluation of these methods. Empirical results show that even the most competitive few-shot learning models struggle on this task, especially as compared with humans. We also show that a range of different reasoning skills are needed to solve our task. These results indicate that few-shot relation classification remains an open problem and still requires further research. Our detailed analysis points multiple directions for future research. All details and resources about the dataset and baselines are released on http://zhuhao.me/fewrel.
Stable Dialkyl Ether/Poly(Hydrogen Fluoride) Complexes:  Dimethyl Ether/Poly(Hydrogen Fluoride), A New, Convenient, and Effective Fluorinating Agent<sup>1</sup><sup>a</sup> (2002)

The preparation, (1)H, (13)C, and (19)F NMR structural characterization as well as with DFT-based theoretical calculations of stable dialkyl ether/poly(hydrogen fluoride) complexes are reported. Dimethyl ether/poly(hydrogen fluoride) (DMEPHF), are stable complexes of particular interest and use. The DFT calculations, that are in agreement with NMR data, suggest a cyclic poly(hydrogen fluoride) bridged structure for DMEPHF. The complex, DME-5 HF was found to be a convenient and effective new fluorinating agent with the ease of workup and applied to several fluorination reactions, such as the hydrofluorination and bromofluorination of alkenes, and fluorination of alcohols giving good to excellent yield with high selectivity. Homologous dialkyl ether/poly(hydrogen fluoride) (R(2)O/[HF](n,), R = Et, nPr) systems are also stable and suitable for fluorination reactions.
Signal transduction by a nondissociable heterotrimeric yeast G protein (2000)

Many signal transduction pathways involve heterotrimeric G proteins. The accepted model for activation of heterotrimeric G proteins states that the protein dissociates to the free G(alpha) (GTP)-bound subunit and free G(betagamma) dimer. On GTP hydrolysis, G(alpha) (GDP) then reassociates with G(betagamma) [Gilman, A. G. (1987) Annu. Rev. Biochem. 56, 615-649]. We reexamined this hypothesis, by using the mating G protein of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae encoded by the genes GPA1, STE4, and STE18. In the absence of mating pheromone, the G(alpha) (Gpa1) subunit represses the mating pathway. On activation by binding of pheromone to a serpentine receptor, the G(betagamma) (Ste4, Ste18) dimer transmits the signal to a mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade, leading to gene activation, arrest in the G(1) stage of the cell cycle, production of shmoos (mating projections), and cell fusion. We found that a Ste4-Gpa1 fusion protein transmitted the pheromone signal and activated the mating pathway as effectively as when Ste4 (G(beta)) and Gpa1 (G(alpha)) were coexpressed as separate proteins. Hence, dissociation of this G protein is not required for its activation. Rather, a conformational change in the heterotrimeric complex is likely to be involved in signal transduction.
An Efficient and Scalable Semiconductor Architecture for Parallel Automata Processing (2014)

We present the design and development of the automata processor, a massively parallel non-von Neumann semiconductor architecture that is purpose-built for automata processing. This architecture can directly implement non-deterministic finite automata in hardware and can be used to implement complex regular expressions, as well as other types of automata which cannot be expressed as regular expressions. We demonstrate that this architecture exceeds the capabilities of high-performance FPGA-based implementations of regular expression processors. We report on the development of an XML-based language for describing automata for easy compilation targeted to the hardware. The automata processor can be effectively utilized in a diverse array of applications driven by pattern matching, such as cyber security and computational biology.
On the localization of objects using an FSR pressure pad transducer (2002)

The force sensing resistor (FSR) is a relatively new and inexpensive device; however, to date its practical application has been limited. This paper introduces a novel technique that shows how a pressure pad made of a 16/spl times/16 array of FSRs can be used to locate and describe objects. In this initial study, we focus on circular objects and use the pad to measure both the geometric center and the radius. The force distributions on the array are treated as a "tactile" image that is pre-processed using thresholding and morphological smoothing. A circle is then fit to the convex hull of the result using a least-squares technique. The errors in the center position and the radius are typically around 50% of the FSR element width.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Taxonomy of Alkaliphilic Bacillus Strains (1990)

The DNA base compositions of 78 alkaliphilic Bacillus strains were determined. These strains were grouped as follows: DNA group A, guanine-plus-cytosine (G+C) content of 34.0 to 37.5 mol% (17 strains); DNA group B, G+C content of 38.2 to 40.8 mol% (33 strains); and DNA group C, G+C content of 42.1 to 43.9 mol% (28 strains). DNA group A includes the type strain of Bacillus alcalophilus Vedder 1934. DNA-DNA hybridization studies with DNA group A strains revealed that only one strain, strain DSM 2526, exhibited a high level of DNA homology with B. alcalophilus DSM 485T (T = type strain). Neither strain DSM 485T nor any other DNA group A strain is homologous to any of the Bacillus type strains with comparable base compositions. Six strains formed a distinct group containing three highly homologous strains and three strains exhibiting greater than 50% DNA homology.
Single-wall carbon nanotube coating on a pyroelectric detector (2005)

Carbon single-wall nanotubes (SWNTs) are studied as the thermal-absorption coating on a large area pyroelectric detector. The SWNTs were produced by a laser vaporization method and dispersed onto the detector surface by use of a simple airbrush technique. The detector was based on a 1-cm-diameter, 60-microm-thick lithium tantalate disk having nickel electrodes. We report the spectral responsivity of the detector ranging from 600 to 1800 nm, as well as the spatial and directional uniformity at 850 nm. Using Drude and Lorentzian dielectric functions and an effective medium approximation to obtain the indices of refraction of semiconductor and metallic SWNTs, we compared the expected theoretical relative responsivity for the two types of tube with the measured relative responsivity of the detector. Values of thermal conductivity, specific heat, and damage threshold obtained from the literature are compared with properties of alternatives for thermal coatings such as gold-black and carbon-based paint.
Handbook of Sealant Technology (2009)

Sealing is an age-old problem that dates back to our earliest attempts to create a more comfortable living environment. Prehistoric people used natural sealants such as earth, loam, grass, and reeds to protect the interior of their homes against the weather. Today's applications extend to a myriad of uses. The Handbook of Sealant Technology provide
Synthesis and Characterization of Tridentate Nickel Complexes Bearing P<sup>∧</sup>N<sup>∧</sup>N and P<sup>∧</sup>N<sup>∧</sup>P Ligands and Their Catalytic Property in Ethylene Oligomerization (2005)

A series of nickel(II) complexes ligated by the N-(1-(2-(diarylphosphino)phenyl)methylidene)quinolin-8-amines (P∧N∧N) and 2-(diphenylphosphino)-N-[2-(diarylphosphino)benzylidene]anilines (P∧N∧P) were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography. X-ray crystallographic analyses reveal complexes 16 and 20 as having a five-coordinated distorted trigonal-bipyramidal geometry, while complex 12 displays a distorted square-pyramidal geometry and complex 13 is distorted square planar. Upon activation with MAO and AlEtCl2, these complexes exhibited considerably high activity (up to 1.34 × 106 g·mol-1(Ni)·h-1) of ethylene oligomerization. It was found that ligand environment and reaction conditions significantly affect the activity of the catalysts. In addition, a cobalt analogue with a distorted tetrahedral coordination geometry was investigated, which showed low activity of ethylene oligomerization.
Generation of Identical Noncircular Pitch Curves (1998)

In this paper the theory and algorithm for generating pairs of identical noncircular conjugate pitch curves are presented. A set of criteria for two identical rigid bodies engaging in conjugate rolling motion is established. Based on these criteria, an algorithm is developed, which can be used to design this type of rolling pairs with almost unlimited profile varieties and any number of lobes. Geometrical conditions for having C1 (or slope) continuity at the intersections of tips and roots of lobe profiles are also established. A family of similar profiles can be designed at the same time by using a single parameter, the pitch noncircularity, via a dimensionless analysis. Results from this investigation should have applications to the design of noncircular gears and lobe pumps.