gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
[Biochemical studies on tienocarbine and related compounds]. (1984)

Tienocarbine (1,9-dimethyl-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrothieno[3,2-e] pyrido[4,3-b] indole lactate) in oral doses of 10 mg X kg-1 lowers dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and homovanillic acid (HVA) in the striata of rats without influencing contents of biogenic amines; this points to a reduced dopamine (DA) turnover. This effect is still present after 28 days of daily application. At the same time the serotonin (5-HT) turnover is not influenced. Tienocarbine displaces 3H-DA and 3H-spiperone from their specific binding sites in the nucleus caudatus of calf brain. Structural variation results in preponderance of either dopamineagonistic (turnover lowered) or antagonistic (turnover increased) properties of the molecules. The whole class of compounds therefore can be considered as mixed dopamine agonists-antagonists.
Best Practices for Candidate Selection, Design and Evaluation of Hydraulic Fracture Treatments (2010)

Abstract Hydraulic fracturing is a well-established completion technique, most notably in the tight and unconventional gas reservoirs of North America. Although still not nearly as prevalent, fracturing is the completion method of choice throughout the world, providing unparalleled contact between the reservoir and the wellbore. Placing a fracture means that it takes less energy to move the oil or gas from the reservoir to the wellbore. Flow rates are increased dramatically and reservoirs can be depleted to significantly lower pressures prior to abandonment. The process is accomplished by physically breaking the formation apart with extreme pressure and then placing a highly conductive and crush-resistant material ("proppant") inside the fracture. Subsequently, oil and gas will flow through the "propped" fracture and into the wellbore. Because the propping material has a permeability that is orders of magnitude greater than the formation, virtually all flow passes from the reservoir into the fracture and then along the fracture into the well. The hydraulic fracture length can reach significant distances into the formation, providing the inflow area that is essential to the production of gas from tight and unconventional formations, although remarkable results can also be achieved from medium- and high-permeability reservoirs. Although fracturing is often perceived as a technique for low-permeability reservoirs or remediation of mature fields, the best results are achieved from the best wells. One 100-md oil reservoir, effectively fractured, will produce the equivalent of 20 to 30 massive fracture treatments in 1-md reservoirs - and this factor increases to 50 to 70 for gas wells, due to the mitigation of turbulence within the reservoir. This paper is concerned with the processes of candidate selection, treatment design and treatment evaluation, and in particular with the best practices that help optimise these procedures, including measurements that make fracturing more successful, wellbore design, treatment design techniques and materials selection. Finally, the paper will consider how these processes may subsequently evolve.
Water permeability of capillaries in the subfornical organ of rats determined by Gd‐DTPA<sup>2‐</sup> enhanced <sup>1</sup>H magnetic resonance imaging (2002)

The water permeability of capillaries in the subfornical organ (SFO) of rat was measured by a (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance method in combination with a venous injection of a relaxation reagent, gadolinium-diethylene triamine-N,N,N',N",N"-pentaacetic acid (Gd-DTPA(2-)), which could not pass through the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Judging from results of Gd-DTPA(2-) dose dependency in the intact brain and the BBB-permeabilized brain, Gd-DTPA(2-) could not have leaked out from the capillaries in the cortex, thalamus or SFO, but it could have been extravasated in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland. The longitudinal (T(1)) relaxation time of water in the SFO region was measured by inversion-recovery magnetic resonance imaging at 4.7 T. The T(1) relaxation rates (1/T(1)) before and after Gd-DTPA(2-) infusion were 0.70 +/- 0.02 s(-1) (mean +/- S.E.M., n = 9) and 1.53 +/- 0.11 s(-1) (n = 9), respectively. The rate constant for water influx to the capillaries was estimated to be 0.84 +/- 0.11 s(-1) (n = 9) which corresponds with a diffusive membrane permeability (P(d)) of 3.7 x 10(-3) cm s(-1). Compared with values found in the literature available on this subject, this P(d) value for the capillaries in the SFO was the same order of magnitude as that for transmembrane permeability of water for the vasa recta, and it may be 10-100 times larger than that of the blood-brain barrier in the cortex. Areas of the cortex and thalamus showed minimal changes in the T(1) relaxation rate (ca 0.09 s(-1)), but these values were not statistically significant and they corresponded to P(d) values much smaller than those found in the SFO. From these results, we conclude that the capillaries in the SFO have one of the highest water permeability values among all of the capillaries in the brain. It is also suggested that this magnetic resonance imaging, based on T(1) relaxation rate, is a useful method to detect local water permeability in situ.
Unbiased Molecular Analysis of T Cell Receptor Expression Using Template‐Switch Anchored RT‐PCR (2011)

A detailed knowledge of the principles that guide clonal selection within the memory and effector T cell pools is essential to further our understanding of the factors that influence effective T cell-mediated immunity and has direct implications for the rational design of vaccines and immunotherapies. This unit provides methods for the unbiased quantification and characterization of all expressed T cell receptor (TCR) gene products within any defined T cell population. The approach is based on a template-switch anchored reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and is optimized for the analysis of antigen-specific T cells isolated directly ex vivo.
Molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma (2012)

Recent efforts at stratifying medulloblastomas based on their molecular features have revolutionized our understanding of this morbidity. Collective efforts by multiple independent groups have subdivided medulloblastoma from a single disease into four distinct molecular subgroups characterized by disparate transcriptional signatures, mutational spectra, copy number profiles and, most importantly, clinical features. We present a summary of recent studies that have contributed to our understanding of the core medulloblastoma subgroups, focusing largely on clinically relevant discoveries that have already, and will continue to, shape research.
THE AUTOXIDATION OF ETHYL ETHER (1922)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTHE AUTOXIDATION OF ETHYL ETHERA. M. CloverCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1922, 44, 5, 1107–1118Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1922Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1922https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01426a024https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01426a024research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views418Altmetric-Citations33LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Model for Partial Viscous Sintering (2018)

A mathematical model describing the sintering rate of a viscous material powder\nbed is presented. This model assumes that the powder bed is composed of cubic\npacked, equal-size spherical particles. The sintering rate equation is derived in\nterms of a unit cell dimension or the relative density of a powder bed. A\nmathematical factor, fraction of sintering, is introduced to explain the\nphenomena of partial sintering. Key words: model, viscous sintering.
CLOCK Regulates Circadian Rhythms of Hepatic Glycogen Synthesis through Transcriptional Activation of Gys2 (2010)

Hepatic glycogen content is important for glucose homeostasis and exhibits robust circadian rhythms that peak at the end of the active phase in mammals. The activities of the rate-limiting enzymes for glycogenesis and glycogenolysis also show circadian rhythms, and the balance between them forms the circadian rhythm of the hepatic glycogen content. However, no direct evidence has yet implicated the circadian clock in the regulation of glycogen metabolism at the molecular level. We show here that a Clock gene mutation damps the circadian rhythm of the hepatic glycogen content, as well as the circadian mRNA and protein expression of Gys2 (glycogen synthase 2), which is the rate-limiting enzyme of glycogenesis in the liver. Transient reporter assays revealed that CLOCK drives the transcriptional activation of Gys2 via two tandemly located E-boxes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays of liver tissues revealed that CLOCK binds to these E-box elements in vivo, and real time reporter assays showed that these elements are sufficient for circadian Gys2 expression in vitro. Thus, CLOCK regulates the circadian rhythms of hepatic glycogen synthesis through transcriptional activation of Gys2.
Freedom and Constraint in Productivist Society (1968)

The following reflections center round a current of thought and a way of action which an increasing number of our contemporaries recognise as the great conformity of our age, namely the cult of economic growth. Even thirty years ago this was a partial truth; today it seems to be the favorite anxiety of those political forces endeavoring to be modern regardless of the philosophies to which they refer. Focussed as it is on the acceleration of material progress, is this “productivist” anxiety not the unifying idea of a world in a state of fusion? A world that is becoming more and more indifferent because of its traditional divergences? And the pragmatism of this idea, when translated into equations, suits all those for whom man is equal to his technical strength and for whom progress corresponds to a quantum of accountable acquisitions…
Partial $L^1$ Monge–Kantorovich problem: variational formulation and numerical approximation (2009)

We consider the Monge–Kantorovich problem with transportation cost equal to distance and a relaxed mass balance condition: instead of optimally transporting one given distribution of mass onto another with the same total mass, only a given amount of mass, m, has to be optimally transported. In this partial problem the given distributions are allowed to have different total masses and m should not exceed the least of them. We derive and analyze a variational formulation of the arising free boundary problem in optimal transportation. Furthermore, we introduce and analyse the ﬁnite element approximation of this formulation using the lowest order Raviart–Thomas element. Finally, we present some numerical experiments where both approximations to the optimal transportation domains and the optimal transport between them are computed.
Practical Considerations for Simulated Annealing Implementation (2008)

Nowadays, there are many optimization problems where exact methods do not exist or where deterministic methods are computationally too complex to implement. Simulated annealing may be the answer for these cases. It is not greedy in the sense that it is not fool with false minima, and is pretty easy to implement. Furthermore, because it does not require a mathematical model, it can be used to solve a broad range of problems. Unfortunately, mapping a real problem to the domain of simulated annealing can be difficult and requires familiarity with the algorithm. More often than not, it is possible to encode the solution (solve the problem) using several approaches. In addition, there are other factors that determine the success of failure of this algorithm. This chapter reviews how to plan the encoding of the solution, and discusses how to decide which encoding is more appropriate for each application. Several practical considerations for the proper implementation of simulated annealing are reviewed and analyzed. These include how to perturb the solution, how to decide a proper cooling schedule, and most important, how to properly implement the algorithm. Several cooling schedules are covered, including exponential, linear and temperature cycling. Additionally, the impact of random number generators is examined; how they affect the speed and quality of the algorithm. Essentially, this chapter is focused for those who want to solve real problems using simulated annealing for artificial intelligence, engineering, or research. An illustrative example is solved using simulated annealing and implemented in a popular programming language using an object-oriented approach. This chapter offers a great opportunity to understand the power of this algorithm as well as to appreciate its limitations. Finally, it is reviewed how is possible to combine simulated annealing with other optimization algorithms (including the deterministic ones) to solve complex optimization problems. In particular, it is discussed how to train artificial neural networks using simulated annealing with gradient based algorithms.
THE SYNTHESIS OF 5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE (1951)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTHE SYNTHESIS OF 5-HYDROXYTRYPTAMINEK. E. Hamlin and F. E. FischerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951, 73, 10, 5007–5008Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1951Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1951https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01154a551https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01154a551research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views470Altmetric-Citations93LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Synthesis of an ionic liquid with an iron coordination cation (2010)

An iron-based ionic liquid, Fe((OHCH(2)CH(2))(2)NH)(6)(CF(3)SO(3))(3), is synthesized in a single-step complexation reaction. Infrared and Raman data suggest NH(CH(2)CH(2)OH)(2) primarily coordinates to Fe(iii) through alcohol groups. The compound has T(g) and T(d) values of -64 degrees C and 260 degrees C, respectively. Cyclic voltammetry reveals quasi-reversible Fe(iii)/Fe(ii) reduction waves.
Identification of novel human kallikrein-like genes on chromosome 19q13.3-q13.4. (2000)

The human kallikrein gene family is localized on chromosome 19q13.3-q13.4 and currently includes three members: KLK1 or pancreatic/renal kallikrein, KLK2 or human glandular kallikrein and KLK3 or prostate-specific antigen (PSA). The latter two genes are almost prostate-specific and they are used for diagnosis and monitoring of prostate cancer and more recently, in breast cancer applications. In this paper, we analyzed a 300Kb genomic DNA region around chromosome 19q13.3-q13.4 in an effort to map known kallikrein or kallikrein-like genes and identify new kallikrein-like genes. Using the known kallikrein or kallikrein-like genes PSA, KLK2, enzyme and normal epithelial cell-specific 1 gene (NES1) as landmarks, we have identified another six novel genes of which, five have protein homologies and gene structure similarities with other kallikreins or kallikrein-like genes. We conclude, contrary to the current belief, that the human kallikrein gene locus contains a large number of kallikrein-like genes (at least thirteen). In this paper, we present a detailed description of the human kallikrein gene locus, encompassing the already known and newly identified genes. These new genes, like the already known kallikreins, may have utility for diagnosis, monitoring and therapeutics of various cancers including those of the breast, prostate and testis.
A model for safe and secure execution of downloaded vehicle applications (2010)

Existing secure protocols and code signing mechanisms for vehicle systems to download and install software over the air certify only the origin and the integrity of software; thus, they do not address errors that might not be detected in the development process and cannot ensure that the downloaded software do not contain malicious code. In this paper, we identify such possible threats by developing a threat model for the vehicle software architecture. We propose countermeasures against the threats by preventing or modifying inappropriate behaviour caused by, e.g., malicious or poorly designed applications. We propose a model to deploy the approach which is based on modifying the application at the wireless gateway in the vehicle before being installed. As a result, security policies are embedded into the application and intercepts security relevant execution events. Thus, the execution of downloaded vehicle applications is monitored to ensure the safety and security for the vehicle system and to detect potential cyber attacks.
Oxide der 1,2,3‐Thiadiazole, VI. Photochemische Ringfragmentierung der 1,2,3‐Thiadiazol‐1,1,3‐trioxide (1977)

Abstract Die Photolyse der 1,2,3‐Thiadiazol‐1,2,3‐trioxide 4 führt über Gerüstumlagerungen zur Fragmentierung in die Nitrile 5 und die 1,3,2,4‐Dioxathiazol‐2‐oxide 6  15 . Durch thermische SO 2 ‐Cycloeliminierung erhält man aus 15 in Gegenwart von Wasser die Hydroxamsäuren 8 , bei höherer Temperatur die Harnstoffderivate 9 .
Self‐Assembled Nanocomposite of Silicon Nanoparticles Encapsulated in Graphene through Electrostatic Attraction for Lithium‐Ion Batteries (2012)

An electrostatic attraction directed self-assembly approach for uniform dispersion of Si nanoparticles between two layers of graphene sheets has been developed. The as-obtained Si-NP@G nanocomposite exhibits much improved cycling performance and excellent rate capability. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Spectral bandwidth and ocular accommodation (1995)

Previous studies have suggested that targets illuminated by monochromatic (narrow-band) light are less effective in stimulating the eye to change its focus than are black–white (broadband) targets. The present study investigates the influence of target spectral bandwidth on the dynamic accommodation response in eight subjects. The fixation target was a 3.5-cycle/deg square-wave grating illuminated by midspectral light of various bandwidths [10, 40, and 80 nm and white (CIE Illuminant B)]. The target was moved sinusoidally toward and away from the eye, and accommodation responses were recorded and Fourier analyzed. Accommodative gain increases, and phase lag decreases, with increasing spectral bandwidth. Thus the eye focuses more accurately on targets of wider spectral bandwidth. The visual system appears to have the ability to analyze polychromatic blur to determine the state of focus of the eye for the purpose of guiding the accommodation response.
Harvesting UV photons for solar energy conversion applications (2013)

We report the synthesis and characterization of five new donor–π–spacer–acceptor dye molecules with a diphenylamine donor, fluorene–1,2,5-oxadiazole spacers and a range of acceptor/anchor groups (carboxylic acid 1, cyanoacrylic acid 2 and 3, alcohol 4 and cyano 5) to facilitate electron injection from the excited dye into the TiO2 photoanode in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Detailed photophysical studies have probed the dyes' excited state properties and revealed structure–property relationships within the series. Density functional theory (DFT) and time dependent DFT (TDDFT) calculations provide further insights into how the molecular geometry and electronic properties impact on the photovoltaic performance. A special feature of these dyes is that their absorption features are located predominantly in the UV region, which means the dye-sensitized TiO2 is essentially colorless. Nevertheless, DSSCs assembled from 1 and 2 exhibit photovoltaic power conversion efficiencies of η = 1.3 and 2.2%, respectively, which makes the dyes viable candidates for low-power solar cells that need to be transparent and colorless and for applications that require enhanced harvesting of UV photons.
Rapid affinity-purification and biotinylation of antibodies. (1992)

A simple and rapid method to affinity-purify and biotinylate antibodies was developed. The method utilizes separation of antigens by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, followed by transfer to nitrocellulose and binding of the antibodies to the specific antigen. The antibodies are biotinylated, while still bound to the antigen, thus avoiding the conjugation of the active antigen-binding sites of the antibodies. These antibodies have been successfully used in double-label immunofluorescence studies, but they should be likewise applicable in other immunological protocols.
Time multiplexed active neural probe with 678 parallel recording sites (2016)

We present a high density CMOS neural probe with active electrodes (pixels), consisting of dedicated in-situ circuits for signal source amplification. The complete probe contains 1356 neuron sized (20×20 μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ) pixels densely packed on a 50 μm thick, 100 μm wide and 8 mm long shank. It allows simultaneous high-performance recording from 678 electrodes and a possibility to simultaneously observe all of the 1356 electrodes with increased noise. This considerably surpasses the state of the art active neural probes in electrode count and flexibility. The measured action potential band noise is 12.4 μVrms, with just 3 μW power dissipation per electrode amplifier and 45 μW per channel (including data transmission).