gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neural Decision Forests for Semantic Image Labelling (2014)

In this work we present Neural Decision Forests, a novel approach to jointly tackle data representation- and discriminative learning within randomized decision trees. Recent advances of deep learning architectures demonstrate the power of embedding representation learning within the classifier -- An idea that is intuitively supported by the hierarchical nature of the decision forest model where the input space is typically left unchanged during training and testing. We bridge this gap by introducing randomized Multi- Layer Perceptrons (rMLP) as new split nodes which are capable of learning non-linear, data-specific representations and taking advantage of them by finding optimal predictions for the emerging child nodes. To prevent overfitting, we i) randomly select the image data fed to the input layer, ii) automatically adapt the rMLP topology to meet the complexity of the data arriving at the node and iii) introduce an l1-norm based regularization that additionally sparsifies the network. The key findings in our experiments on three different semantic image labelling datasets are consistently improved results and significantly compressed trees compared to conventional classification trees.
Flux-based anisotropic diffusion applied to enhancement of 3-D angiogram (2002)

We present a new approach to anisotropic diffusion based on a multidirectional diffusion flux. The diffusion flux is decomposed in an orthogonal basis, effectively enabling enhancement of contours as well as diffusion along the contours. To this end, we have selected a three-dimensional basis that depicts the directions of principal curvature and has an interesting interpretation in the context of the vessels. The diffusion function associated to each vector of the basis depends on the first-order derivative of the intensity in this direction, instead of the traditional norm of the smoothed gradient. Accordingly, we present the results of a restoration of computed tomography data of the liver.
Blood glutathione concentrations in a large-scale human study (1996)

Little is known about the variability of blood glutathione (GSH) in human subjects. Thus, we wanted to develop and validate a rapid method for measuring GSH concentrations in whole blood and apply this method to ascertain the variation of GSH in a large-scale study of free-living adults. The assay was highly sensitive (detection limit < 5 pmol) and precise, with an interassay variation of 2.3% and a sampling variation of 3.6%. Applying this method to screen 715 adults, we observed a threefold range of GSH concentrations, with a mean of 1.02 mmol/L and CV of 17%. GSH concentrations were 8-10% greater in smokers than in nonsmokers (P < 0.001). Although we observed no sex differences for GSH, GSH/hemoglobin ratios were 8-18% greater in women < 55 years old than in older subjects (P < 0.05). The results presented here validate the use of this method for large-scale human studies and provide information on the variation and normal values of blood GSH in adults.
Downstream Etching of Si and SiO<sub>2</sub> Employing CF<sub>4</sub>/O<sub>2</sub> or NF<sub>3</sub>/O<sub>2</sub> at High Temperature (1989)

The downstream etching reaction of Si and SiO 2 employing CF 4 /O 2 or NF 3 /O 2 gas mixtures at high temperature has been studied. The Si etch rate of CF 4 /O 2 downstream etching increases with increasing temperature reaching a maximum value around 15% O 2 concentration; the amount of decrease in the SiO 2 etch rate at higher temperatures and O 2 concentrations is small. Accordingly, a reversal in Si/SiO 2 selectivity is observed at 80% O 2 concentration in the temperature range from 100°C to 400°C, but it is not found in the NF 3 /O 2 case. As a result, the reversal is ascribed to F atoms involving silicon-oxide film formation on a Si surface.
Electron Transport in Single-Domain, Ferroelectric Barium Titanate (1967)

Conductivity, Hall-effect, and Seebeck-coefficient measurements on single-domain crystals of $n$-type BaTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ are described. In the cubic phase above 126\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C, the electron mobility is 0.5 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/V sec. When the material becomes tetragonal, the mobility perpendicular to the $c$ axis increases rapidly to 0.54 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/V sec a few degrees below the transition temperature, then increases more slowly to 1.2 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/V sec as the temperature decreases to 26\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The mobility parallel to the $c$ axis decreases rapidly to 0.35 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/V sec a few degrees below the transition, then decreases slowly to 0.13 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/V sec at 26\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. From the Seebeck-coefficient measurements, the density-of-states effective mass of cubic BaTi${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ is $(6.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2){m}_{0}$. The experimental data in the tetragonal state are interpreted in terms of a relatively simple distortion of the band structure applicable to cubic perovskite-type semiconductors.
Tweak-it: BGP-based interdomain traffic engineering for transit ASs (2005)

Today, engineering interdomain traffic in large transit ASs is a difficult task due the opacity of BGP and the interactions between the BGP decision process and IGP routing. In this paper we propose Tweak-it, a tool that, based on the steady-state view of BGP routing inside the AS and the traffic demands of the AS, computes the BGP updates to be sent to the ingress routers of a transit AS to traffic engineer its interdomain traffic over time. Tweak-it is based on two components: 1) a scalable BGP simulator (CBGP) that computes the steady-state behavior of BGP routing and 2) a multiple-objectives evolutionary heuristic that can deal with multiple conflicting objectives as they can occur in real networks. Tweak-it takes the intradomain configuration (IGP weights and topology), BGP messages received from peers, BGP routing policies, and traffic demands. By keeping the state of the routing inside the AS up-to-date and based on the traffic demands, the heuristics computes how to engineer the traffic of the AS while trying to minimize the number of BGP tweakings required.
Comparison of Several Nonlinear Filters for a Benchmark Tracking Problem (2006)

This paper discusses the application of a robust flltering technique to a benchmark trajectory estimation problem involving radar measurements of an atmospheric entry vehicle. The robust technique is based on the Huber estimator, which is a mixed minimum ‘1/‘2-norm linear regression technique. The approach is robust with respect to deviations in the traditionally assumed Gaussian measurement error probability distributions. It is shown how the Huber technique can be applied to the Extended Kalman Filter and to First and Second-Order Divided Difierence Filter measurement update equations to provide robustness against non-Gaussian errors. The fllters are applied to the benchmark problem using Monte-Carlo techniques, and computational costs associated with the flltering techniques are provided.
Recognising Professional-Activity Groups and Web Usage Mining for Web Browsing Personalisation (2007)

Web usage mining can play an important role in supporting the navigation on the future Web. In fact detection of common or professional profiles allows browsers and web sites to personalise the user session and to recommend specific resources to the interested people. Semantic web approach seems interesting for this task. We propose in this paper a generic approach for profile detection relying on semantic web technologies. It takes advantages from ontologies, semantic annotations on web resources and inference engines.
Recent Advances in the Application of Vitamin E TPGS for Drug Delivery (2017)

D-ɑ-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate (Vitamin E TPGS or TPGS) has been approved by FDA as a safe adjuvant and widely used in drug delivery systems. The biological and physicochemical properties of TPGS provide multiple advantages for its applications in drug delivery like high biocompatibility, enhancement of drug solubility, improvement of drug permeation and selective antitumor activity. Notably, TPGS can inhibit the activity of ATP dependent P-glycoprotein and act as a potent excipient for overcoming multi-drug resistance (MDR) in tumor. In this review, we aim to discuss the recent advances of TPGS in drug delivery including TPGS based prodrugs, nitric oxide donor and polymers, and unmodified TPGS based formulations. These potential applications are focused on enhancing delivery efficiency as well as the therapeutic effect of agents, especially on overcoming MDR of tumors. It also demonstrates that the clinical translation of TPGS based nanomedicines is still faced with many challenges, which requires more detailed study on TPGS properties and based delivery system in the future.
A Putative Regulatory Genetic Locus Modulates Virulence in the Pathogen Leptospira interrogans (2014)

Limited research has been conducted on the role of transcriptional regulators in relation to virulence in Leptospira interrogans, the etiological agent of leptospirosis. Here, we identify an L. interrogans locus that encodes a sensor protein, an anti-sigma factor antagonist, and two genes encoding proteins of unknown function. Transposon insertion into the gene encoding the sensor protein led to dampened transcription of the other 3 genes in this locus. This lb139 insertion mutant (the lb139(-) mutant) displayed attenuated virulence in the hamster model of infection and reduced motility in vitro. Whole-transcriptome analyses using RNA sequencing revealed the downregulation of 115 genes and the upregulation of 28 genes, with an overrepresentation of gene products functioning in motility and signal transduction and numerous gene products with unknown functions, predicted to be localized to the extracellular space. Another significant finding encompassed suppressed expression of the majority of the genes previously demonstrated to be upregulated at physiological osmolarity, including the sphingomyelinase C precursor Sph2 and LigB. We provide insight into a possible requirement for transcriptional regulation as it relates to leptospiral virulence and suggest various biological processes that are affected due to the loss of native expression of this genetic locus.
Datalog and Recursive Query Processing (2013)

In recent years, we have witnessed a revival of the use of recursive queries in a variety of emerging application domains such as data integration and exchange, information extraction, networking, and program analysis. A popular language used for expressing these queries is Datalog. This paper surveys for a general audience the Datalog language, recursive query processing, and optimization techniques. This survey differs from prior surveys written in the eighties and nineties in its comprehensiveness of topics, its coverage of recent developments and applications, and its emphasis on features and techniques beyond “classical” Datalog which are vital for practical applications. Specifically, the topics covered include the core Datalog language and various extensions, semantics, query optimizations, magic-sets optimizations, incremental view maintenance, aggregates, negation, and types. We conclude the paper with a survey of recent systems and applications that use Datalog and recursive queries.
Accurate closed-form parameterized block-based statistical timing analysis applying skew-normal distribution (2009)

Statistical static timing analysis (SSTA) is indispensable for nanometer manufacturing under process variability. The process variations cause significant uncertainty in VLSI circuit timing and this makes yield control and timing verification a very difficult challenge. SSTA is suitable for timing estimation and design for manufacturability under process variation. However, most of the existing SSTA techniques have difficulty in keeping closed-form expressions after max operations and sum operations on variation sources. For computing a converged statistical form after max operations and sum operations, we propose an analytical approach which innovates the concept given by first-order canonical form and skew-normal distribution to solve this problem. These derived results are in closedform and precise when timing sources have the skew-normal distribution or normal distribution. Experimental results show that, compared to the Monte-Carlo simulation, our approach estimates the timing constraint and predicts the yield within 1.5% and 0.2% error, respectively.
Control of Threshold Voltage and Saturation Mobility Using Dual-Active-Layer Device Based on Amorphous Mixed Metal–Oxide–Semiconductor on Flexible Plastic Substrates (2011)

Amorphous oxide semiconductor thin-film transistors on flexible plastic substrates typically suffer from performance and stability issues related to the maximum processing temperature limitation of the polymer. A novel device architecture based on a dual active layer enables significant improvements in both performance and stability. Device fabrication occurs below 200°C on a polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) substrate using mixed metal oxides of either zinc indium oxide (ZIO) or indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) as the active semiconductor. The dual-active-layer architecture allows for adjustment in the saturation mobility and threshold voltage stability without the requirement of high-temperature annealing, which is not compatible with flexible plastic substrates. The device performance and stability is strongly dependent on the composition of the mixed metal oxide; this dependence provides a simple route to independently adjust the threshold voltage stability and drive performance. By switching from a single to a dual active layer, the saturation mobility increases from 1.2 to 18.0 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /V·s , whereas the rate of the threshold voltage shift decreases by an order of magnitude. This approach could assist in enabling the production of devices on flexible substrates using amorphous oxide semiconductors in the near future.
Judges V 15b-16 (1967)

SHORT NOTES JUDGES V 15b-16 In a recent article i) attention was drawn to the apparent deliberate choice of some verbs by the author of Judges ix either because of their sarcastic nuances or since they appeared to have a dual entendre. The same phenomenon would seem to be evident in verses 15b-16 of the Song of Deborah (Ju. v) even though this poem is generally believed to be of a different era than Judges ix. In general, Judges v is so extremely difficult to read and interpret that barely a verse can be translated without recourse to a variety
Multiresolution elastic image registration (1998)

We have developed a multiscale algorithm for elastic (or molded) alignment of images. There is a wide array of medical applications of elastic (as opposed to strictly rigid) alignment: Subtraction of previous images from current ones to identify changes is perhaps the most obvious. We present preliminary results of this molding technique on a variety of images, and conclude with some closing remarks about this and future directions and goals of this work.
Multipath key exchange on P2P networks (2006)

Distributed-hash-table (DHT) has been proposed to solve the problem of scaling for P2P networks. However, there are some problems of security in P2P networks. One of the problem is that key exchange is not performed preventing against endangering security. This reason may be the fact that P2P networks have no trusted server. Although certification and authentication are able to protect key exchange from spoofing and man-in-the-middle attacks, these cannot be applied because of that. Therefore, an attacker can easily compromise key exchange since P2P networks should accept any node whether it is malicious or not, and every node of P2P networks plays a role of router. Until today, for the above reasons, there is no way to exchange the secret key on P2P networks protecting against encountering security. In this paper, we propose a key exchange method on P2P networks protecting against spoofing and man-in-the-middle attacks. For the purpose of protecting key exchange from encountering security, we present the enhanced routings which are directional and probabilistic routings.
The plasminogen-activating system in gingival fluid from adults. An intra-individual study before and after treatment of gingivitis. (1994)

High concentrations of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and placental type plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-2) have previously been found in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of adults and children. In the present study, intra-individual comparisons were made of the concentrations of t-PA, urokinase type plasminogen activator (u-PA), PAI-1, and PAI-2 in GCF from the same sites before and after periodontal treatment in eight healthy male volunteers aged 35-46 yr. The gingival state was assessed by exudate measurement, bleeding on standardized probing, and the gingival index of Löe & Silness 3 days before the start of the trial and on the day after completing a 21-day preventive program consisting of instruction and professional cleaning once a week. Eight sites per subject were selected for enzyme analyses, all showing improvement in gingival state during the period. Sampling of GCF at the start and at the end of the trial was done with small disks of Millipore-filter. t-PA and PAI-2 were analyzed with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays with low method errors. The mean concentrations of t-PA were 0.73 mg/l before treatment and 0.49 mg/l after treatment. The mean concentrations of u-PA were 84.4 micrograms/l before treatment and 101.6 micrograms/l after treatment. PAI-1 was found in three subjects at the detection level. The mean PAI-2 concentrations were 2.19 mg/l before and 1.13 mg/l after treatment. The mean molar ratio PAs/PAI-2 was 0.47 before and 0.48 after treatment. This insignificant change implies a maintained proteolytic balance and indicates that PAI-2 is an important inhibitor of tissue proteolysis.
[The role of lactic acid bacteria in nutrition and health]. (1992)

Lactic acid bacteria possess both positive as well as negative aspects in relation to health. On the one side metabolic activities such as the production of extracellular polysaccharides or lactic acid from carbohydrates, are responsible for plaque formation and demineralisation of enamel. On the other hand, further down in the digestive tract, these groups of micro-organisms can have a beneficial effect by locally influencing the microbial composition, specific metabolic activities or stimulation of the immune response. Lactic acid bacteria also play a major role in food preservation. When plants or animals become food after harvesting or slaughter, endogenous resistance mechanisms such as the immune systems are lost and consequently foods become susceptible to spoilage. Food spoilage can be retarded or prevented by application of certain external factors; for example, storage at low temperatures of fermentation by lactic acid bacteria. Similarly, the mature dentition also consist of non-living tissue and is therefore also subject to 'spoilage' (decay). Lactic acid bacteria now play a negative role. However, the metabolism of lactic acid bacteria in plaque and consequently de- and remineralisation may also be influenced by application of external factors as diet, oral hygiene and fluorides. This paper will discuss the functional similarities and differences of lactic acid bacteria in different areas of the digestive tract.
Detection of O antigens in<i>Escherichia coli</i> (2011)

Lipopolysaccharide on the surface of Escherichia coli constitutes the O antigens which are important virulence factors that are targets of both the innate and adaptive immune systems and play a major role in host-pathogen interactions. O antigens are responsible for antigenic specificity of the strain and determine the O serogroup. The designation of O serogroups is important for classifying E. coli strains, for epidemiological studies, in tracing the source of outbreaks of gastrointestinal or other illness, and for linking the source to the infection. For conventional serogroup identification, serotyping by agglutination reactions against antisera developed for each of the O serogroups has been used. In the last decade, many O-antigen gene clusters that encode for the enzymes responsible for the synthesis of the variable oligosaccharide region on the surface of the bacteria have been sequenced and characterized. Unique gene sequences within the O-antigen gene clusters have been targeted for identification and detection of many O groups using the polymerase chain reaction and microarrays. This review summarizes current knowledge on the DNA sequences of the O-antigen gene clusters, genetic-based methods for O-group determination and detection of pathogenic E. coli based on O-antigen and virulence gene detection, and provides perspectives on future developments in the field.
Synthesis of adjustable poly(vinyl chloride) networks (1996)

Abstract 2‐Mercaptobenzyl alcohol and 4‐mercaptobenzyl alcohol were synthesized in good yields starting form thiosalicylic acid and p ‐toluenesulfonic acid, respectively. Poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) reacts selectively with the thiol group of these bifunctional compounds leading to modified PVC with free hydroxy groups. In a second step the polymer chains can be partially crosslinked by reaction with hexamethylene diisocyanate. According to the degree of PVC modification, the network density of the resulting elastomers is freely adjustable.
<title>Highly efficient entropy coding of multilevel images using a modified arithmetic code</title> (1991)

In this paper, firstly we present a modified multiplication-free arithmetic, code that can improve the efficiency of the conventional multiplication-free arithmetic code by increasing the numbers of the estimated probability from 2 to 3 in a power unit range. Then, we describe the application of this modified algorithm to the entropy coding of multi-level images. In our entropy coding scheme, the multi-alphabet symbol string, which is input from the sequence of the zig-zag scanning data obtained by applying the ADCT compression algorithm to the original image, can be directly sent to the encoder, i.e., there is no need to decompose the symbols into a series of binary decisions. Finally, some simulation results will be given to show that good performance can be achieved with our coding scheme.
Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of rifaximin in the treatment of hepatic encephalopathy (2000)

Rifaximin may be useful as alternative or adjuvant therapy for grade I-III hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis at a dose of 1200 mg/day.
Optimal Power Flow for a System of Microgrids with Controllable Loads and Battery Storage (2009)

Microgrids are systems that integrate distributed renewable energy sources, controllable loads, and energy storage in a more economic and reliable fashion. In this paper we model the load and generation of two microgrids with wind farms to implement optimal power flow (OPF) using particle swarm optimization (PSO). The objectives are to achieve optimal dispatch of controllable loads and generators as well as effectively utilizing the battery storage of each microgrid. This optimal dispatch is price sensitive and shows how microgrids can reduce costs by selling stored energy at high prices and shave peak loads of the larger system.
Clinical presentation of prostate cancer in Black South Africans (2014)

Black South African men present with higher PSA levels and histopathological tumor grade compared with Black Americans, which is further escalated in men from rural localities. Our data suggests that lack of PSA testing may be contributing to an aggressive PCa disease phenotype within South African men.