gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Relative incremental permeability of soft ferrites as a function of the magnetic field H: an analytic approximation (2002)

An analytical approximation for the relative incremental permeability of soft ferrites as a function of the magnetic field H is proposed. The numerical values of the parameters of the approximation are given for several current materials. Experiments confirming its validity are reported. The approximation is useful in design of nonlinear magnetic components and in analysis of circuits using them.
Intradermal Cholinergic Agonists Induce Itch-Associated Response via M3 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors in Mice (2002)

In the present study, we examined whether cholinergic agonists would elicit an itch-associated response in mice. When mice were given an intradermal injection of carbachol (1-10 nmol) or bethanechol (0.3-100 nmol) into the rostral back, they showed the dose-dependent increase of scratching. Nicotine (1-10 nmol) showed no effect. Pretreatment with naloxone, but not with terfenadine, significantly suppressed the carbachol-induced scratching. When intradermally co-injected with carbachol, atropine and 4-DAMP but neither methoctramine nor pancuronium significantly inhibited the carbachol-induced scratching. Muscarinic agonists are suggested to produce itch through activation of M3 muscarinic receptors in the skin.
Towards High Performance Text Mining (2016)

As a typical unsupervised learning method, the TextRank algorithm performs well for large-scale text mining, especially for automatic summarization or keyword extraction. However, TextRank only considers the similarities between sentences in the processes of automatic summarization and neglects information about text structure and context. To overcome these shortcomings, the authors propose an improved highly-scalable method, called iTextRank. When building a TextRank graph in their new method, the authors compute sentence similarities and adjust the weights of nodes by considering statistical and linguistic features, such as similarities in titles, paragraph structures, special sentences, sentence positions and lengths. Their analysis shows that the time complexity of iTextRank is comparable with TextRank. More importantly, two experiments show that iTextRank has a higher accuracy and lower recall rate than TextRank, and it is as effective as several popular online automatic summarization systems.
Three New Butenolide Lipids from the Caribbean Gorgonian <i>Pterogorgia</i> <i>anceps</i> (1999)

Three novel fatty acid derivatives (1-3), containing one or two butenolide moieties, were isolated from the Caribbean gorgonian Pterogorgia anceps and chemically characterized by spectroscopic methods and comparison with known compounds. The new molecules were structurally related to ancepsenolide (4), a typical metabolite from Pterogorgia species, which was not detected in this collection of P. anceps.
Electrospray cone-jet breakup and droplet production for electrolyte solutions (2012)

The production of charge droplets via the electrospray of an electrolyte is experimentally and theoretically found to be a Coulombic fission phenomenon that occurs when induced space charge at the microjet interface reaches a critical density as the charge separation approaches the Bjerrum length. The field surrounding the cone is dominated by the Taylor harmonic, which is responsible for inducing space charge within an interfacial Debye layer, such that the jet breakup length and plume angle are strong functions of both the ionic strength and interfacial surface tension.
Formation of (Ca1−<i>x</i>Sr<i>x</i>)2PbO4 in Bi(Pb)-Sr-Ca-Cu-O system: Correlation with the formation of the 2223 high-<i>T</i> <i>c</i> phase (1990)

X-ray diffraction data of Bi1.4Pb0.6Sr2Ca2Cu3.6O10+x samples show a sharp change near the annealing temperature of 845 °C. Below this temperature a solid solution of (Ca0.867Sr0.133)2PbO4 is formed and prolonged annealing leads to transformation of the 2212 phase to the 2223 phase. Above this temperature, Ca2PbO4 is formed, and prolonged annealing leads to an irreversible transformation of both the 2212 phase and the 2223 phase to the 2201 phase.
Fabrication of Micropatterned Surfaces by Improved Investment Casting (2007)

A defined surface texture in the sense of geometrically, relief-like functionalized surfaces of macroscopic investment castings has not been subject of research and development so far. As all materials being used in the investment casting procedure (polymers, waxes, ceramics and metals) allow duplicating structures of micron or even submicron size, investment casting of metallic components with finest surface structures should be possible and should lead to an improved functionality of the cast metallic parts. The present paper details the production of metallic parts with micropatterned surfaces and outlines actual limits as well as further developments of the investment casting process.
The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in the Formation of Extracellular Traps (ETs) in Humans (2015)

Extracellular traps (ETs) are reticulate structures of extracellular DNA associated with antimicrobial molecules. Their formation by phagocytes (mainly by neutrophils: NETs) has been identified as an essential element of vertebrate innate immune defense. However, as ETs are also toxic to host cells and potent triggers of autoimmunity, their role between pathogen defense and human pathogenesis is ambiguous, and they contribute to a variety of acute and chronic inflammatory diseases. Since the discovery of ET formation (ETosis) a decade ago, evidence has accumulated that most reaction cascades leading to ET release involve ROS. An important new facet was added when it became apparent that ETosis might be directly linked to, or be a variant of, the autophagy cell death pathway. The present review analyzes the evidence to date on the interplay between ROS, autophagy and ETosis, and highlights and discusses several further aspects of the ROS-ET relationship that are incompletely understood. These aspects include the role of NADPH oxidase-derived ROS, the molecular requirements of NADPH oxidase-dependent ETosis, the roles of NADPH oxidase subtypes, extracellular ROS and of ROS from sources other than NADPH oxidase, and the present evidence for ROS-independent ETosis. We conclude that ROS interact with ETosis in a multidimensional manner, with influence on whether ETosis shows beneficial or detrimental effects.
Requirements for Client Puzzles to Defeat the Denial of Service and the Distributed Denial of Service Attacks. (2006)

Client puzzle protocols represent a promising technique for defeating resource depletion Denial of Service (DoS) attacks. Practical implementations of client puzzle protocols not only reported positive results in achieving such a challenging goal (preventing DoS attacks), but also these implementations overcame, up to a certain degree, one of the first disadvantages of client puzzle protocols: Their interoperability with current Internet communication protocols. However, the question on whether client puzzle protocols can thwart the Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks is still under investigation. Due to the increasing number of DDoS attacks, their prevention has become very important. Based on the puzzle generation and verification processes, and focusing mainly on forestalling DDoS attacks, this paper classifies and analyzes current proposals of client puzzle protocols. The paper not only reveals and analyzes their limitations with regards to the prevention of DDoS attacks, but also outlines a general approach for addressing the identified limitations. We propose a solution based on the general principle that under attack legitimate clients should be willing to experience some degradation in their performance in order to obtain the requested service. Our proposal is based on including a puzzle-solution request in different states of a given connection such that the computational load for solving the puzzles will be noted but the clients’ operations will not be totally interrupted.
Evaluation of the Chemical Additive Effect on Asphaltene Aggregation in Dead Oils: A Comparative Study between Ultraviolet–Visible and Near-Infrared-Laser Light Scattering Techniques (2015)

Asphaltenes flocculate as a consequence of changes in the temperature, pressure, or composition. This flocculation can result in several oil production problems. The application of chemical additives (inhibitors or dispersants) is a well-known way to control asphaltene flocculation. Ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy is the most common analytical technique that has been applied to study the effectiveness of chemical additives in keeping asphaltene particles dispersed into crude oils. However, this technique requires being performed in diluted solutions, which can interfere significantly in the aggregation phenomena. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of three chemical additives, 4-dodecyl benzenesulfonic acid (DBSA) and two commercial products (C0 and C1), on the asphaltene aggregation behavior of two Brazilian crude oils, using near-infrared (NIR)-laser (λ = 1550 nm) scattering measurements. This is a new methodology developed to study the aggregation kinetics and settling of asphaltenes around its n-heptane flocculation onset. The NIR-laser scattering method offers the possibility to work with samples at a higher crude oil concentration, being more representative of real systems. The results obtained were compared to those determined with the traditional UV–vis method (λ = 850 nm) and showed qualitatively similar trends. Settling measurements suggest that the stabilization provided by the additives can occur by slowing both formation and growing of asphaltene particles and delaying the phase separation process. DBSA was more effective in keeping the asphaltene particles dispersed in solution and prevented them from settling at lower concentrations when compared to commercial products, for both crude oils studied. It was demonstrated that the methodology developed using NIR-laser scattering was more accurate and sensitive.
Electrode/oxide interface engineering by inserting single-layer graphene: Application for HfO<inf>x</inf>-based resistive random access memory (2012)

Electrode/oxide interface with inserted single-layer graphene (SLG) increases low resistance state (LRS) resistance (> 1MΩ) due to its intrinsically high out-of-plane resistance in HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> -based resistive random access memory (RRAM). This interface engineering technique enables the reduction of the RESET current by 22 times and the programming power consumption by 47 times. The interface between oxide layer and metal electrode is studied using Ramen spectroscopy coupled with electrical measurement. Raman mapping and single point measurements show noticeable changes in both D-band and G-band signals of SLG during electrical cycling. This observation suggests a possible interaction of oxygen migrated from the metal oxide with the graphene. This work illustrates that interface engineering design plays an important role for RRAM material selection in addition to exploring different metal oxides or metal electrode materials for RRAM.
Post-Cardiac Arrest Encephalopathy (2011)

Brain injury continues to be a leading cause of mortality and morbidity in patients resuscitated after cardiac arrest. During periods of hypoxia and ischemia, numerous mechanisms contribute to the initial and secondary injury of the brain. Though many drugs and therapies have been evaluated for neuroprotection, only therapeutic hypothermia has been proven to be effective. Accurate prognostication after cardiac arrest is essential, and can be achieved with careful neurologic examination and several ancillary tests utilizing neurophysiology, neuroimaging, and biochemistry. Practice guidelines are now available for prognostication and postresuscitation care, with emphasis on improving survival and quality of life. Also reviewed are a wide spectrum of postarrest neurologic complications and their targeted treatments.
Fertility issues in patients with cancer (2002)

Patients undergoing chemotherapy treatment need a great deal of support and information to better cope with and understand their treatment. Despite the potentially devastating effects of some chemotherapy treatments on patients’ fertility and possibly even their sexuality, there is little information currently available. The author decided to write a patient information leaflet to provide more guidance to patients in this area and this article hopes to provide the same to nurses who treat cancer patients.
Nrf2 regulates microglial dynamics and neuroinflammation in experimental Parkinson's disease (2009)

Neural injury leads to inflammation and activation of microglia that in turn may participate in progression of neurodegeneration. The mechanisms involved in changing microglial activity from beneficial to chronic detrimental neuroinflammation are not known but reactive oxygen species (ROS) may be involved. We have addressed this question in Nrf2-knockout mice, with hypersensitivity to oxidative stress, submitted to daily inoculation of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) for 4 weeks. Basal ganglia of these mice exhibited a more severe dopaminergic dysfunction than wild type littermates in response to MPTP. The amount of CD11b-positive/CD45-highly-stained cells, indicative of peripheral macrophage infiltration, did not increase significantly in response to MPTP. However, Nrf2-deficient mice exhibited more astrogliosis and microgliosis as determined by an increase in messenger RNA and protein levels for GFAP and F4/80, respectively. Inflammation markers characteristic of classical microglial activation, COX-2, iNOS, IL-6, and TNF-alpha were also increased and, at the same time, anti-inflammatory markers attributable to alternative microglial activation, such as FIZZ-1, YM-1, Arginase-1, and IL-4 were decreased. These results were confirmed in microglial cultures stimulated with apoptotic conditioned medium from MPP(+)-treated dopaminergic cells, further demonstrating a role of Nrf2 in tuning balance between classical and alternative microglial activation. This study demonstrates a crucial role of Nrf2 in modulation of microglial dynamics and identifies Nrf2 as molecular target to control microglial function in Parkinson's disease (PD) progression.
Frequency tuning of VCSELs by a monolithically integrated modulator diode (2002)

The potentials of a multi quantum-well (MQW)-modulator-diode for frequency tuning of VCSELs based on the quantum-confined Stark-effect (QCSE) as well as the impact of frequency tuning on output power and transversal mode spectra are discussed. This is of interest for high performance frequency tuneable VCSELs, where a continuous modulation of the laser wavelength is required with constant laser power and stable transverse mode patterns.
A “Novel” Protocol for the Analysis of Hydroxycinnamic Acids in Leaf Tissue of Chicory (<i>Cichorium intybus</i>L., Asteraceae) (2012)

A "novel" protocol is presented for easy and reliable estimation of soluble hydroxycinnamate levels in Cichorium intybus L. leaf tissue in large-scale experiments. Samples were standardized by punching 6 discs per leaf, and hydroxycinnamates were extracted by submerging the discs in 80% ethanol with 5% acetic acid for at least 48 h in the darkness at 4°C. Residual dry mass of the discs was used for a posteriori correction of compound levels. Chlorophyll was eliminated by chloroform, and the aqueous phases were transferred to microplates, dried, and dissolved in 50% methanol for HPLC analysis and storage. An HPLC program of 8 min was developed for the analysis of the extracts. Comparisons with extractions of liquid nitrogen powders indicated that the novel extraction method was reliable. No degradation of the major hydroxycinnamates-caftaric, chlorogenic, and chicoric acids-was observed, during maceration at ambient temperatures, or after storage for 1 year.
Cortisol increases plasma insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 in humans (1993)

Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) modulates the metabolic and mitogenic actions of the IGF peptides. Previous studies have established insulin as the major regulator of plasma IGFBP-1 in humans, acting to suppress hepatic IGFBP-1 synthesis. In this study, we investigated the regulation of plasma IGFBP-1 by cortisol in humans, independent of insulin. Following an overnight fast, six healthy adult volunteers received a euglycemic pancreatic clamp (somatostatin, 0.12 microgram.kg-1.min-1; GH, 3 ng.kg-1.min-1; insulin, 0.05 mU.kg-1.min-1) to block endogenous insulin secretion and to control glucose and plasma hormone concentrations at desired levels. Three hours after the initiation of the pancreatic clamp, each subject received an additional 360 min infusion of either cortisol (2 micrograms.kg-1.min-1) or saline on separate occasions and in random order. Plasma cortisol concentrations increased from 220 to 970 nmol/l during the cortisol infusion. Insulin concentrations were maintained at approximately 30 pmol/l throughout saline and cortisol infusions. Plasma IGFBP-1 concentrations increased threefold in response to hypoinsulinemia, reaching plateau values of approximately 140 micrograms/l with saline infusion. During cortisol infusion, IGFBP-1 levels increased to approximately 300 micrograms/l. Over the 360 min study period, the integrated response of plasma IGFBP-1 to cortisol infusion was 314% greater than to saline infusion (p < 0.01). Our data confirm that, under conditions of hypoinsulinemia, cortisol is a significant modulator of plasma IGFBP-1 in humans.
Hyperspectral and Field Mapping of an Archaean Komatiite Unit in the Pilbara Craton, Western Australia: Applications for CRISM Mission (2004)

Introduction: Recent VNIR-SWIR airborne hyperspectral investigations of the Early Archaean East Pilbara Granite-Greenstone Terrane have mapped hydrothermal alteration minerals in a predominantly mafic volcanic terrane. The investigation has identified a previously unrecognized aqueously altered komatiite flow. Results of this project are of direct relevance to the forthcoming hyperspectral investigation of the Martian surface by the CRISM instrument, scheduled to launch on MRO in 2005. Pilbara investigations: In October 2002 a VNIRSWIR airborne hyperspectral study was commenced by the CSIRO and the Australian Centre for Astrobiology with the goal of mapping hydrothermal alteration patterns throughout a 600 km area of the Pilbara termed the North Pole Dome (NPD). The NPD is largely constituted by volcanic rocks of the 3.5 Ga Warrawoona Group with some minor, but important volcaniclastic interbedded sediments. These sediments have been reported to hold evidence of the Earth’s earliest biota [1,2] although this has recently been the subject of much debate in the Astrobiological community [3]. The HyMap instrument [4] was used to collect the airborne hyperspectral dataset. 14 swathes of various lengths and 2km in width were obtained during mid morning on 22 Oct 02. The instrument was flown at approximately 2.5km (8200ft) AMSL. Spectral coverage spanned 450-2500 nanometers in 126 contiguous bands. Across-track pixel spatial resolution was approximately 5m. This high spatial resolution gives excellent definition of the abundant outcrop of well exposed Archaean rocks. Mapping of individual hydrothermal fluid conduits at the NPD has been possible at this resolution. CRISM Mission: The first primary mission of the CRISM instrument is to “find new targets of interest: aqueous deposits and crustal composition” [5]. During this part of the mission, CRISM will operate in a hyperspectral, high spatial resolution mode. In addition to this mode of operation, CRISM has a multispectral, lower spatial resolution mode for less intense mapping, and has an Emission Phase Function (EPF) mode to map surface and atmospheric variations to provide information on aerosols, H2O, CO and ices. Comparisons between the HyMap instrument and CRISM are listed in Table 1. The HyMap dataset most closely approximates the hyperspectral mode of CRISM.
Plain and Complex Flagella of <i>Pseudomonas rhodos</i> : Analysis of Fine Structure and Composition (1974)

Cells of Pseudomonas rhodos 9-6 produce two morphologically distinct flagella termed plain and complex, respectively. Fine structure analyses by electron microscopy and optical diffraction showed that plain flagellar filaments are cylinders of 13-nm diameter composed of globular subunits like normal bacterial flagella. The structure comprises nine large-scale helical rows of subunits intersecting four small-scale helices of pitch angle 25 degrees . Complex filaments have a conspicuous helical sheath, 18-nm wide, of three close-fitting helical bands, each about 4.7-nm wide, separated by axial intervals, 4.7 nm wide, running at an angle of 27 degrees . The internal core has similar but not identical substructure to plain filaments. Unlike plain flagella, the complex species is fragile and does not aggregate in bundles. Mutants bearing only one of two types of flagellum were isolated. Cells with plain flagella showed normal translational motion, and cells with complex flagella showed rapid spinning. Isolated plain flagella consist of a 37,000-dalton subunit separable into two isoproteins. Complex filaments consist of a 55,000-dalton protein; a second 43,000-dalton protein was assigned to complex flagellar hooks. The results indicate that plain and complex flagella are entirely different in structure and composition and that the complex type represents a novel flagellar species. Its possible mode of action is discussed.