gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Collagen-induced arthritis in mice. Localization of an arthritogenic determinant to a fragment of the type II collagen molecule. (1985)

Purified chick type II collagen was cleaved with cyanogen bromide (CB), and the resulting peptides isolated and renatured. Sera from arthritic DBA/1 mice, immunized with chick type II collagen, were tested for reactivity with each peptide. The sera preferentially recognized peptides 11, 10, and 8, in that order. Some reactivity was also detected to peptides 9, 7, and 12. Because arthritis depends upon binding of antibody to autologous type II collagen in the joint, sera were also tested for reactivity with mouse type II collagen. There was a strong positive correlation between reactivity with peptide 11 and reactivity with mouse collagen, but no correlation was found with any of the other peptides. Peptides 11, 10, and 8 were also used for immunization. Antibodies were detected in response to each of these peptides, but arthritis developed only in mice immunized with peptide 11. We conclude that a major immunogenic and arthritogenic epitope on type II collagen resides in the region of the molecule represented by CB peptide 11.
Fence surveillance with convolutional neural networks (2018)

Broken fences is a big security risk for any facility or area with strict security standards. In this report we suggest a machine learning approach to automate the surveillance for chain-linked fences. The main challenge is to classify broken and non-broken fences with the help of a convolution neural network. Gathering data for this task is done by hand and the dataset is about 127 videos at 26 minutes length total on 23 diﬀerent locations. The model and dataset are tested on three performances traits, scaling, augmentation improvement and false rate. In these tests we concluded that nearest neighbor increased accuracy. Classifying with fences that has been included in the training data a false rate that was low, about 1%. Classifying with fences that are unknown to the model produced a false rate of about 90%. With these results we concludes that this method and dataset is useful under the right circumstances but not in an unknown environment.
Studies on the Dimerization of Styrene in Aqueous Sulfuric Acid (1953)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStudies on the Dimerization of Styrene in Aqueous Sulfuric AcidMilton J. RosenCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1953, 18, 12, 1701–1705Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1953Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1953https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo50018a012https://doi.org/10.1021/jo50018a012research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views491Altmetric-Citations32LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The Kinetics of Phagosome Maturation as a Function of Phagosome/Lysosome Fusion and Acquisition of Hydrolytic Activity (2005)

Professional phagocytes function at the hinge of innate and acquired immune responses by internalizing particulate material that is digested and sampled within the phagosome of the cell. Despite intense interest, assays to measure phagosome maturation remain insensitive and few in number. In this current study, we describe three novel assays that quantify important biological properties of the phagosome as it matures. One assay exploits fluorescence resonance energy transfer to quantify mixing of phagocytosed particles carrying a donor fluor with an acceptor fluor loaded previously into the lysosomes as a fluid phase marker. Two additional assays describe the functional maturation of the phagosome as a hydrolytic compartment following the degradation of specifically designed peptide and triglyceride fluorogenic substrates. The peptide substrate is preferentially cleaved by cysteine proteinases, and its degradation reflects proteinase delivery and activation within the acidifying phagosome. The fluorescence emission of the triglyceride analogue profiles the kinetics of triglyceride lipase activity within the phagosome. The fluorescence profiles of all three assays are modulated by known inhibitors of phagosome maturation, demonstrating the veracity, sensitivity and versatility of the assays.
Near-perfect sorting of orbital angular momentum: A step towards high-dimensional quantum communications (2013)

A novel technique is introduced for separation of orbital-angular-momentum (OAM) states of light. Using this method, we demonstrate the realization of a free-space communication link with a channel capacity of more than 4 bits per photon.
The structure and electrical properties of poly(1,4-cyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate), a new linear thermoplastic polyester (1962)

During the past 12 years, only two thermoplastic linear polyesters capable of forming films suitable for electrical insulation have been commercially available. These are poly(ethylene terephthalate) and another polymer in which a considerable portion of the terephthalic acid in the poly(ethylene terephthalate) configuration is replaced with isophthalic acid. As far as electrical uses go, however, poly(ethylene terephthalate) has been used almost exclusively. This paper introduces a new linear polyester, poly(1,4-cyclohexylenedimethylene terephthalate), designated hereafter as T16, which was designed with outstanding chemical and electrical properties. This polymer is formed by reacting terephthalic acid and 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol. In Figure 1, the repeating units of T16 are compared with those of poly(ethylene terephthalate). It is readily seen that the big structural difference is the presence of a cyclohexane ring between the two methylene groups. This bulky ring and its attendant forces impart a lower density, a higher melting point, and substantially better hydrolytic, chemical, and electrical properties to T16.
Toward deterministic construction of low noise avalanche photodetector materials (2018)

Over the past 40+ years, III-V materials have been intensively studied for avalanche photodetectors, driven by applications including optical communications, imaging, quantum information processing, and autonomous vehicle navigation. Unfortunately, impact ionization is a stochastic process that introduces noise, thereby limiting sensitivity and achievable bandwidths, leading to intense effort to mitigate this noise through the identification of different materials and device structures. Exploration of these materials has seen limited success as it has proceeded in a largely ad hoc fashion due to little consensus regarding which fundamental properties are important. Here, we report an exciting step toward deterministic design of low-noise avalanche photodetector materials by alternating the composition at the monolayer scale; this represents a dramatic departure from previous approaches, which have concentrated on either unconventional compounds/alloys or nanoscale band-engineering. In particular, we demonstrate how to substantially improve upon the noise characteristics of the current state-of-the art telecom avalanche multipliers, In0.52Al0.48As grown on InP substrates, by growing the structure as a strain-balanced digital alloy of InAs and AlAs layers, each only a few atomic layers thick. The effective k-factor, which has historically been considered a fundamental material property, was reduced by 6–7× from k = 0.2 for bulk In0.52Al0.48As to k = 0.05 by using the digital alloy technique. We also demonstrate that these “digital alloys” can significantly extend the photodetector cutoff wavelength well beyond those of their random alloy counterparts.
Dopamine withdrawal elicits prolonged calcium rise to support prolactin rebound release. (1996)

Dopamine (DA) acts directly on pituitary lactotropes to inhibit the release of PRL. Removal of DA elicits a pronounced transient rise in PRL release to values exceeding pre-DA rates (PRL rebound). Electrophysiological studies have shown that lactotropes exhibit a period of increased Ca2+ action potential activity after DA withdrawal, leading to the proposal that enhanced Ca2+ influx during this period may support the rebound secretion of PRL. In the present studies, we investigated the effect of DA application and removal on the cytosolic free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) monitored by fura-2 in single rat lactotropes. Unchallenged lactotropes fell into two functionally distinct groups: those with stable [Ca2+]i that was not acutely sensitive to extracellular Ca2+, and those with spontaneous fluctuations in [Ca2+]i that were dependent upon influx of external Ca2+. There was striking variability in the [Ca2+]i patterns of the latter group, ranging from irregular, low amplitude fluctuations to rhythmic, repetitive oscillations with definable rise and decay kinetics. Application of DA resulted in a rapid decrease in [Ca2+]i concomitant with the cessation of these spontaneous [Ca2+]i fluctuations. After DA removal, these cells resumed oscillatory [Ca2+]i activities similar to those observed before DA application. In quiescent lactotropes, acute application of DA exerted no effect on resting [Ca2+]i, but quiescent cells could be activated to produce [Ca2+]i fluctuations by the application and withdrawal of DA. Again, the character of the induced [Ca2+] activity showed significant cell to cell variation. In contrast, the pattern of [Ca2+]i fluctuations was remarkably characteristic in a given cell in response to repeated challenges. A composite [Ca2+]i profile of 13 cells paralleled the PRL secretory rebound after application and removal of DA. The oscillatory rise in [Ca2+]i is functionally linked to the rebound release of PRL after DA removal, as both were immediately abolished by blockade of Ca2+ influx. These data demonstrate that the rebound secretion of PRL is dependent upon enhanced influx of extracellular Ca2+ after cells recover from DA-induced hyperpolarization and support the hypothesis that a population of inactivated Ca2+ channels has been recruited in response to application and withdrawal of DA.
Sampling variability of percutaneous liver biopsy in primary sclerosing cholangitis. (1995)

Paired liver biopsy specimens should be taken in clinical studies of PSC using liver histology for evaluation or prognosis.
Effects of Dentin Surface Treatments on the Fracture Toughness and Tensile Bond Strength of a Dentin-Composite Adhesive Interface (1994)

It has been proposed that the fracture toughness test provides an appropriate method for assessing the fracture resistance of the dentin-composite interface. The plane-strain fracture toughness test was therefore applied to a dentin-composite interface, with use of a specific dentinal adhesive, so that the effects of various dentin surface treatments on dentin-bond integrity could be studied. Interfacial fracture toughness (KIC) values were determined following 24h and 180 days of specimen aging in distilled water at 37 degrees C. Tensile bond strength (TBS) results following 24-hour aging were also obtained for comparison with the 24-hour KIC results. In general, the fracture resistance of the dentin-composite interface was highest when the dentin surface was conditioned with acid but not air-dried, intermediate when the dentin surface was conditioned with acid and subsequently air-dried, and lowest when the dentin was not conditioned with acid. The tensile bond strength results differed from the fracture toughness results in indicating differences in surface preparation effects and the type of interfacial failure observed.
Near Point of Convergence and Gait Deficits in Adolescents After Sport-Related Concussion (2017)

After concussion, adolescents with receded NPC exhibited significant gait-related deficits compared with healthy controls, whereas those with normal NPC did not. Vergence and gross motor system dysfunction may be associated after concussion. Gait and vergence measures may contribute useful information to postconcussion evaluations.
New Determinations of the Saturation Magnetization of Nickel and Iron (1968)

Numerous measurements of saturation magnetization of Fe and Ni are reported. Saturation magnetization is determined by consideration of all contributions in the change of magnetization in high magnetic fields, i.e., internal demagnetizing fields, homogeneous rotations, and paramagnetic terms. The value found for the absolute saturation of iron is σ0,∞ = 221.71±0.08 emu/g, corresponding to M = 2.216 μB, in good agreement with previously accepted values. For Ni, the absolute saturation value obtained is σ0,∞ = 58.57±0.03 emu/g, corresponding to M = 0.616 μB, in good agreement with other previous data but 1.6% larger than the Weiss and Forrer's value of M = 0.606 μB.
The effect of amorphous pyrophosphate on calcium phosphate cement resorption and bone generation (2013)

Pyrophosphate ions are both inhibitors of HA formation and substrates for phosphatase enzymes. Unlike polyphosphates their hydrolysis results simultaneously in the complete loss of mineral formation inhibition and a localised elevation in orthophosphate ion concentration. Despite recent advances in our knowledge of the role of the pyrophosphate ion, very little is known about the effects of pyrophosphate on bone formation and even less is known about its local delivery. In this work we first developed a self setting pyrophosphate based calcium cement system with appropriate handling properties and then compared its in vivo degradation properties with those of a non-pyrophosphate containing control. Contrary to expectation, the presence of the pyrophosphate phase in the cement matrix did not inhibit mineralisation of the healing bone around the implant, but actually appeared to stimulate it. In vitro evidence suggested that enzymatic action accelerated dissolution of the inorganic pyrophosphate ions, causing a simultaneous loss of their mineralisation inhibition and a localised rise in supersaturation with respect to HA. This is thought to be a rare example of a biologically responsive inorganic material and these materials seem to be worthy of further investigation. Bioceramics to date have mainly been limited to orthophosphate, silicate and carbonate salts of calcium, here we report the successful application of a pyrophosphate material as a degradable osteoconductive bone repair cement.
Deceleration phase of inertial confinement fusion implosions (2002)

A model for the deceleration phase and marginal ignition of imploding capsules is derived by solving a set of ordinary differential equations describing the hot-spot energy balance and the shell dynamics including the return shock propagation. It is found that heat flux leaving the hot spot goes back in the form of internal energy and PdV work of the material ablated off the inner-shell surface. Though the hot-spot temperature is reduced by the heat conduction losses, the hot-spot density increases due to the ablated material in such a way that the hot-spot pressure is approximately independent of heat conduction. For hot-spot temperatures exceeding approximately 7 keV, the ignition conditions are not affected by heat conduction losses that are recycled into the hot spot by ablation. Instead, the only significant internal energy loss is due to the hot-spot expansion tamped by the surrounding shell. The change of adiabat induced by the shock is also calculated for marginally igniting shells, and the relation between the in-flight and stagnation adiabats is in general agreement with the numerical fit of LASNEX simulations by Herrmann et al. [Nucl. Fusion 41, 99 (2001)] and the self-similar solution of Kemp et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 15, 3336 (2001)]. The minimum kinetic energy required for ignition is also calculated from the same model and shown to be in good agreement with the numerical fit of LASNEX simulations. It is also found that mass ablation leads to a significant reduction of the deceleration phase Rayleigh–Taylor instability growth rates and to the suppression of short wavelength modes.
How to Keep a Secret: Leakage Deterring Public-key Cryptography. (2013)

Abstract. How is it possible to prevent the sharing of cryptographic functions? This question appears to be fundamentally hard to address since in this setting the owner of the key is the adversary: she wishes to share a program or device that (potentially only partly) implements her main cryptographic functionality. Given that she possesses the cryptographic key, it is impossible for her to be prevented from writing code or building a device that uses that key. She may though be deterred from doing so. We introduce leakage-deterring public-key cryptographic primitives to address this problem. Such primitives have the feature of enabling the embedding of owner-specific private data into the owner’s publickey so that given access to any (even partially functional) implementation of the primitive, the recovery of the data can be facilitated. We formalize the notion of leakage-deterring in the context of encryption, signature, and identification and we provide efficient generic constructions that facilitate the recoverability of the hidden data while retaining privacy as long as no sharing takes place. 1
Nicotinamide preferentially protects glycolysis in dermal fibroblasts under oxidative stress conditions (2013)

These results support previous findings that NAM protects cellular metabolism from oxidative stress by preferentially affecting glycolysis. Additionally, part of its mechanism of action appears to include NAD(+) synthesis.
Fiber reinforced ceramic composites : materials, processing, and technology (1990)

This book was the first comprehensive treatment of continuous and discontinuous ceramic fiber and whisker reinforced ceramic composites. Particular attention is given to the chemistry of sol-gel derived oxide and preceramic polymer derived nonoxide ceramic fibers and matrices, emphasizing their properties and characteristics. Theory, modeling and processing methodologies used for the research and development and manufacturing of advanced structural ceramic composites are included. The importance of the fiber matrix interface and long-term stability of the reinforcement fibers within a matrix are stressed. Opportunities and needs for ceramic composites as engineering materials are assessed as well.
Decentralized Charging of Plug-In Electric Vehicles (2011)

Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) are equipped with sizable batteries to replace fossil fuel with electric energy. The electric grid may be stressed when a large number of PEVs charge their batteries, especially during peak hours. This paper presents a PEV charging control algorithm, which achieves balance between the system-level objective (valley filling) and individual-level objective (full battery charging). In addition, grid frequency regulation is achieved through a two-level control algorithm, which ensures robustness and reduces reliance on conventional ancillary services. This two-level control algorithm is scalable because it is designed for decentralized implementation. In other words, the algorithm works with indefinite numbers of PEVs as long as the load is within the grid capacity.
A Multipulse-Based Forward Error Correction Technique for Robust CELP-Coded Speech Transmission Over Erasure Channels (2009)

The widely used code-excited linear prediction (CELP) paradigm relies on a strong interframe dependency which renders CELP-based codecs vulnerable to packet loss. The use of long-term prediction (LTP) or adaptive codebooks (ACB) is the main source of interframe dependency in these codecs, since they employ the excitation from previous frames. After a frame erasure, previous excitation is unavailable and a desynchronization between the encoder and the decoder appears, causing an additional distortion which is propagated to the subsequent frames. In this paper, we propose a novel media-specific Forward Error Correction (FEC) technique which retrieves LTP-resynchronization with no additional delay at the cost of a very small bit of overhead. In particular, the proposed FEC code contains a multipulse signal which replaces the excitation of the previous frame (i.e., ACB memory) when this has been lost. This multipulse description of the previous excitation is optimized to minimize the perceptual error between the synthesized speech signal and the original one. To this end, we develop a multipulse formulation which includes the additional CELP processing and, in addition, can cope with the presence of advanced LTP filters and the usual subframe segmentation applied in modern codecs. Finally, a quantization scheme is proposed to encode pulse parameters. Objective and subjective quality tests applied to our proposal show that the propagation error due to LTP filter can practically be removed with a very little bandwidth increase.
Understanding and optimizing microstrip patch antenna cross polarization radiation on element level for demanding phased array antennas in weather radar applications (2015)

Abstract. The antenna cross polarization suppression (CPS) is of significant importance for the accurate calculation of polarimetric weather radar moments. State-of-the-art reflector antennas fulfill these requirements, but phased array antennas are changing their CPS during the main beam shift, off-broadside direction. Since the cross polarization (x-pol) of the array pattern is affected by the x-pol element factor, the single antenna element should be designed for maximum CPS, not only at broadside, but also for the complete angular electronic scan (e-scan) range of the phased array antenna main beam positions. Different methods for reducing the x-pol radiation from microstrip patch antenna elements, available from literature sources, are discussed and summarized. The potential x-pol sources from probe fed microstrip patch antennas are investigated. Due to the lack of literature references, circular and square shaped X-Band radiators are compared in their x-pol performance and the microstrip patch antenna size variation was analyzed for improved x-pol pattern. Furthermore, the most promising technique for the reduction of x-pol radiation, namely "differential feeding with two RF signals 180° out of phase", is compared to single fed patch antennas and thoroughly investigated for phased array applications with simulation results from CST MICROWAVE STUDIO (CST MWS). A new explanation for the excellent port isolation of dual linear polarized and differential fed patch antennas is given graphically. The antenna radiation pattern from single fed and differential fed microstrip patch antennas are analyzed and the shapes of the x-pol patterns are discussed with the well-known cavity model. Moreover, two new visual based electromagnetic approaches for the explanation of the x-pol generation will be given: the field line approach and the surface current distribution approach provide new insight in understanding the generation of x-pol component in microstrip patch antenna radiation patterns.
Subclinical hyperthyroidism and the risk of dementia. The Rotterdam study (2000)

This is the first prospective study to suggest that subclinical hyperthyroidism in the elderly increases the risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease.