gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Private Empirical Risk Minimization: Efficient Algorithms and Tight Error Bounds (2014)

Convex empirical risk minimization is a basic tool in machine learning and statistics. We provide new algorithms and matching lower bounds for differentially private convex empirical risk minimization assuming only that each data point's contribution to the loss function is Lipschitz and that the domain of optimization is bounded. We provide a separate set of algorithms and matching lower bounds for the setting in which the loss functions are known to also be strongly convex. Our algorithms run in polynomial time, and in some cases even match the optimal nonprivate running time (as measured by oracle complexity). We give separate algorithms (and lower bounds) for (ε, 0)and (ε, δ)-differential privacy; perhaps surprisingly, the techniques used for designing optimal algorithms in the two cases are completely different. Our lower bounds apply even to very simple, smooth function families, such as linear and quadratic functions. This implies that algorithms from previous work can be used to obtain optimal error rates, under the additional assumption that the contributions of each data point to the loss function is smooth. We show that simple approaches to smoothing arbitrary loss functions (in order to apply previous techniques) do not yield optimal error rates. In particular, optimal algorithms were not previously known for problems such as training support vector machines and the high-dimensional median.
Effects of increased ambient pressure on colon cancer cell adhesion (2000)

Forces such as strain modulate intestinal epithelial biology. Shear and pressure influence other cells. The effects of pressure on human colon cancer cells are poorly understood. Increasing ambient pressure for 30 min by 15 mm Hg over atmospheric stimulated adhesion to matrix proteins of four human colon cancer cell lines and primary cells from three human colon cancers, but not bovine aortic smooth-muscle cells. This effect was energy dependent and cation dependent (blocked by azide and chelation), accompanied by tyrosine phosphorylation of intracellular proteins including focal adhesion kinase, and blocked by tyrosine kinase inhibition (genistein, tyrphostin, and erbstatin) and a functional antibody to the beta1 integrin subunit. Although pressure stimulated adhesion even in a balanced salt solution, baseline and pressure-stimulated adhesion were each substantially diminished in the absence of serum. These data suggest that relatively low levels of increased pressure may stimulate malignant colonocyte adhesion by a cation-dependent beta1-integrin-mediated mechanism, perhaps via focal adhesion kinase-related tyrosine phosphorylation. In addition to elucidating another aspect of physical force regulation of colonocyte biology, these findings may be relevant to the effects of increased pressure engendered by colonic peristalsis, surgical manipulation, or laparoscopic surgery on colon cancer cell adhesion.
End-Stage Renal Disease in People With Type 2 Diabetes: Systemic Manifestations and Exercise Implications (2004)

2] The United States has demonstrated a 12% increase in prevalence of people with diabetes in the last decade. The prevalence has doubled among African Americans, tripled among Hispanic Americans, and also increased among Native Americans. 7 In addition, approximately 1,800 new cases of diabetes are diagnosed each day, or approximately 655,000 new cases each year. According to Clark and Clark, "we are in the midst of an epidemic of diabetes affecting an estimated 110 million people worldwide." 2( p330) Furthermore, the number of people with diabetes is expected to double during the next 2 decades as a result of many countries embracing a Western lifestyle that usually includes decreased physical activity and increased obesity. pe 2 diabetes, formerly known as adult-onset or non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, comprises 90% of all cases of diabetes and has a slow and insidious onset. 9 -11 According to Ludwig and Ebbeling, 12 however, age may no longer be a factor when distinguishing between type 1 and type 2 diabetes. There is an increase in the number of children currently being diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, which is most likely a result of an increase in obesity among children. In type 2 diabetes, insulin secretion is normal or increased. The target cells in the body, however, are less sensitive to insulin, and, therefore, the cells cannot effectively utilize glucose for energy. Long-term obesity is a risk factor for developing type 2 diabetes, as 80% of individuals with type 2 diabetes are considered to be obese, having a body mass index (BMI) greater than or equal to 30 kg/m 2 , whereas the other 20% are above their ideal weight or have a BMI of 25 to 29.9 kg/m 2 . Type 2 diabetes has a higher incidence rate among African Americans, Native Americans, Japanese, Puerto Ricans, and Hispanics. Type 2 diabetes can be controlled by diet alone or by a combination of medications (oral hypoglycemics or insulin), exercise, and diet.
ChemInform Abstract: Photocyclization of 4‐(Dialkylamino)‐2‐aryl‐1‐butenes. (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Center, Scale and Asymptotic Normality for Sums of Independent Random Variables (1990)

This paper investigates the related properties of center and scale for distributions and features application to asymptotic normality criteria for sums of independent random variables. Necessary and sufficient conditions are given for convergence in distribution to the standard normal for suitably centered and scaled sums of independent variables in the context of uniform asymptotic negligibility of the summands (Theorem 5.1). New here is the expression of the precise conditions and prior construction of centering and scaling constants directly in terms of the distributions of the original variables, without recourse to symmetrization, and the display of the centered, scaled sums as sums of uniformly asymptotically negligible summands without the necessity of further recentering (cf. Gnedenko and Kolmogorov (1968), Chapter 6, Theorem 2, and Hahn and Klass (1981), Theorem 2 and especially Remark 2 following Theorem 1). The resulting theorem allows a direct and informative expression of Lévy’s (1937) profound realization of asymptotic normality for sums as equivalent to negligibility of the summand of maximum modulus (cf. Remark 5 and equation (5.9) here following the statement of Theorem 5.1).
Identification, Characterization, and Functional Study of the Two Novel Human Members of the Semaphorin Gene Family (2002)

We cloned two novel human transmembrane semaphorins, (HSA)SEMA6C and (HSA)SEMA6D, that belong to the class VI subgroup of the semaphorin family. The genes for SEMA6C and SEMA6D are mapped on chromosome 1q12-21.1 and 15q21.1, respectively. Among the adult tissues, SEMA6C is expressed only in skeletal muscle, whereas SEMA6D is expressed abundantly in kidney, brain, and placenta and moderately in the heart and skeletal muscles. During murine development, neither SEMA6C nor SEMA6D was expressed in embryonic day 10.5 (E10.5) embryos, but both were highly expressed in the areas of the lateral ventricle, the striatum, the wall of the midbrain, the pons/midbrain junction, and the choroid plexus of E13 embryos. Were neurons, neither axons nor astrocytes, highly expressed both semaphorins. Three isoforms of SEMA6C and five isoforms of SEMA6D derived from alternative splicing were identified, and their expression was regulated in a tissue- and development-dependent manner. Deletion analysis indicated that a sema domain and a PSI domain are integrally necessary for correct post-translation modification and subcellular localization. The extracellular domain of SEMA6C inhibited axonal extension of nerve growth factor-differentiated PC12 cells and induced the growth cone collapse of chicken dorsal root ganglion, rat hippocampal neurons, and rat cortical neurons in a dose-responsive manner. SEMA6D acted like SEMA6C except it had no significant effect on the growth cones of rat cortical neurons.
Nitrogen and phosphorus allocation in leaves, twigs, and fine roots across 49 temperate, subtropical and tropical tree species: a hierarchical pattern (2009)

Summary 1 . Hierarchical branching is a fundamental feature of trees. Understanding how tree architecture is linked to tissue nutrient concentrations, metabolic rates, and life cycles is important for predicting ecosystem processes such as respiration, module turnover, and organic matter decomposition. 2 . Here, we examined branch order–nutrient relationships in above‐ and belowground tree branching systems by analysing nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and N : P ratio in leaves, the first three orders of twigs, and the first five orders of roots in 49 tree species, including 21 temperate angiosperm species, six temperate gymnosperm species, and 22 subtropical‐tropical angiosperm species. 3 . Tissue [N] and [P] declined linearly with increasing twig and root orders across all species. The slope of the linear regression between root order and root [N] was the same between temperate and subtropical‐tropical angiosperms, but steeper in angiosperms than gymnosperms. In contrast, root order–[P] relationship differed between biomes but not between phylogenetic groups, probably due to the significantly lower P availability in subtropical‐tropical soils. Additionally, the magnitude of change in tissue [N] and [P] between successive shoot and root branch orders was not constant across branching levels. Among all fine root orders, first order root tips had [N], [P], and N : P ratio most similar to those of leaves. 4 . These results demonstrate that there is a general inverse order–nutrient relationship in above‐ and belowground modules, though specific patterns of this relationship differed between N and P, and between species groups. Moreover, among all root orders within the fine root guild, root tips are the best parallels of leaves in nutrient concentrations. The order–nutrient relationships presented here advances our understanding of functional module construction in trees, and provide a basis for modelling tissue chemistry‐regulated processes such as respiration and decomposition in forest ecosystems.
The Homogeneous Decomposition of Ethyl Chlorocarbonate (1939)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Homogeneous Decomposition of Ethyl ChlorocarbonateA. R. Choppin, H. A. Frediani, and G. F. KirbyCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1939, 61, 11, 3176–3180Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1939Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1939https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01266a057https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01266a057research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views66Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The Role of Orexin Signaling in the Ventral Tegmental Area and Central Amygdala in Modulating Binge-Like Ethanol Drinking Behavior (2017)

As a whole, these data suggest that the VTA and CeA are important regions in which OX regulates binge-like EtOH drinking behavior. Moreover, these findings identify OXR antagonists as a potential treatment option that may be used to ameliorate problematic drinking behavior while leaving responding to natural rewards relatively intact.
Impact of environmental moisture on C<sub>3</sub>A polymorphs in the absence and presence of CaSO<sub>4</sub> · 0·5 H<sub>2</sub>O (2013)

The phenomenon of water vapour sorption by anhydrous C 3 A polymorphs both in the absence and in the presence of CaSO 4 ·0·5 H 2 O was studied utilising dynamic and static sorption methods. It was found that orthorhombic C 3 A starts to sorb water at 55% relative humidity (RH) and cubic C 3 A at 80% RH. Also, C 3 A o sorbs a higher amount of water which is predominantly physically bound, whereas C 3 A c preferentially interacts with water by chemical reaction. In the presence of calcium sulfate hemihydrate, ettringite was observed as the predominant pre-hydration product for both C 3 A modifications: that is, ion transport had occurred between C 3 A and sulfate. Environmental scanning electron microscopic imaging revealed that in a moist atmosphere, a liquid water film condenses on the surface of the phases as a consequence of capillary condensation between the particles. C 3 A and sulfate can then dissolve and react with each other. Seemingly, pre-hydration is mainly facilitated through capillary condensation and less through surface interaction with gaseous water molecules.
Micromachined self-packaged W-band bandpass filters (2002)

Experimental and theoretical results are presented for membrane supported W-band bandpass filters which utilize silicon micromachining technology to create self-packaged, shielded circuits. A coupled line shielded microstrip implementation of a 5-element 0.5 dB equal ripple Chebyshev filter achieves a minimum insertion loss of 3.4 dB with a 6.1% bandwidth centered at 94.7 GHz. The measured filter performance shows very sharp cutoff with out of band attenuation better than 25 dB and input return loss better than 8 dB. Results are also presented for a 5-element filter that achieves a minimum insertion loss of 2.2 dB with an 11.3% bandwidth centered at 94.7 GHz, and a 3-element filter with 1.3 dB insertion loss and 16.4% bandwidth at 94.9 GHz. Efforts to model filter performance using commercially available software and FDTD techniques are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
<i>Carbon Starved Anther</i>Encodes a MYB Domain Protein That Regulates Sugar Partitioning Required for Rice Pollen Development   (2010)

In flowering plants, sink tissues rely on transport of carbohydrates from photosynthetic tissues (sources) for nutrition and energy. However, how sugar partitioning in plants is regulated at the molecular level during development remains unknown. We have isolated and characterized a rice (Oryza sativa) mutant, carbon starved anther (csa), that showed increased sugar contents in leaves and stems and reduced levels of sugars and starch in floral organs. In particular, the csa mutant had reduced levels of carbohydrates in later anthers and was male sterile. The csa mutant had reduced accumulation of (14)C-labeled sugars in anther sink tissue. CSA was isolated by map-based cloning and was shown to encode an R2R3 MYB transcription factor that was expressed preferentially in the anther tapetal cells and in the sugar-transporting vascular tissues. In addition, the expression of MST8, encoding a monosaccharide transporter, was greatly reduced in csa anthers. Furthermore, CSA was found to be associated in vivo and in vitro with the promoter of MST8. Our findings suggest that CSA is a key transcriptional regulator for sugar partitioning in rice during male reproductive development. This study also establishes a molecular model system for further elucidation of the genetic control of carbon partitioning in plants.
Susceptibility of planktonic cultures of Streptococcus mutans to photodynamic therapy with a light-emitting diode (2010)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of photodynamic therapy with erythrosine and rose bengal using a light-emitting diode (LED) on planktonic cultures of S. mutans. Ten S. mutans strains, including nine clinical strains and one reference strain (ATCC 35688), were used. Suspensions containing 10⁶ cells/mL were prepared for each strain and were tested under different experimental conditions: a) LED irradiation in the presence of rose bengal as a photosensitizer (RB+L+); b) LED irradiation in the presence of erythrosine as a photosensitizer (E+L+); c) LED irradiation only (P-L+); d) treatment with rose bengal only (RB+L-); e) treatment with erythrosine only (E+L-); and f) no LED irradiation or photosensitizer treatment, which served as a control group (P-L-). After treatment, the strains were seeded onto BHI agar for determination of the number of colony-forming units (CFU/mL). The results were submitted to analysis of variance and the Tukey test (p ≤ 0.05). The number of CFU/mL was significantly lower in the groups submitted to photodynamic therapy (RB+L+ and E+L+) compared to control (P-L-), with a reduction of 6.86 log₁₀ in the RB+L+ group and of 5.16 log₁₀ in the E+L+ group. Photodynamic therapy with rose bengal and erythrosine exerted an antimicrobial effect on all S. mutans strains studied.
Formation-Rate-Analysis Technique: Combined Drawdown and Buildup Analysis for Wireline Formation Test Data (1999)

Summary The formation-rate-analysis (FRASM) technique is introduced. The technique is based on the calculated formation rate by correcting the piston rate with fluid compressibility. A geometric factor is used to account for irregular flow geometry caused by probe drawdown. The technique focuses on the flow from formation, is applicable to both drawdown and buildup data simultaneously, does not require long buildup periods, and can be implemented with a multilinear regression, from which near-wellbore permeability, p*, and formation fluid compressibility are readily determined. The field data applications indicate that FRA is much less amenable to data quality because it utilizes the entire data set.
Heavy and light chain variable region sequences and antibody properties of anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies reveal both common and distinct features. (1991)

Phosphotyrosine and similar analogs have been used to elicit antibodies that have found widespread use in the study of cellular tyrosine phosphorylation. In order to better understand the anti-phosphotyrosine immune response and to elucidate the details of the specific association between a tyrosine phosphate and an antibody combining site, we have undertaken a detailed comparison of antibody stability, specificity, apparent affinity, and primary structure for eight different anti-phosphotyrosine antibodies derived from immunizations with three different antigens. Two of these, 2G8 and 1G2, were derived from an immunization using azobenzylphosphonate conjugated to carrier, and five others, Py2, Py20, Py42, Py54, and Py69, were the products of an immunization with phosphotyrosine conjugated to carrier. Each of these anti-hapten antibodies was an IgG. One antibody, 129, an IgM, was the result of an immunization with a mixture of tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins which had been purified from growth factor treated cells. We found that antibody binding was significantly inhibited by millimolar levels of divalent cations or high concentrations of monovalent salt, with the exception of the antibody 129 where binding was significantly enhanced by both. Under optimal conditions, the highest apparent affinities for phosphotyrosine were observed for antibodies Py69 and Py20 (10(-6)-10(-7) M) and the lowest for 129 and 1G2 (10(-3)-10(-4). The heavy and light chain variable regions of seven of these antibodies were cloned and sequenced and a predominant anti-phosphotyrosine response was observed. The light chains of these antibodies could be assigned to one of two major VK groups, VK10 and VK19, with sequence identity between the different light chains of each class ranging from 65 to 100% at the amino acid level. Similar sequence identity was found among the heavy chain sequences (89-98% identity at the amino acid level) with the exception of one antibody, 2G8, which was only distantly related to the others (61-64% amino acid identity). These heavy chains belong to the same heavy chain family, J558. Two of the antibodies, Py20 and Py69, were clearly derived from the same progenitor cell since both share a highly unusual apparent V-D-D-JH organization. However, a significant level of somatic mutation has occurred between the two antibodies resulting in subtle changes in their apparent affinity and specificity.
Combing Genomic DNA for Structural and Functional Studies (2008)

Molecular combing is a process whereby single DNA molecules bind by their extremities to a silanised surface and are then uniformly stretched and aligned by a receding air/water interface (1). This method, with a high resolution ranging from a few kilobases to megabases, has many applications in the field of molecular cytogenetics, allowing structural and functional analysis at the genome level. Here we describe protocols for preparing DNA for combing and for the use of fluorescent hybridisation (FH) applied to combed DNA to conduct physical mapping or genomic structural analysis. We also present the methodology for visualising and studying DNA replication using combed DNA.
An evolutionary approach to the design of controllable cellular automata structure for random number generation (2003)

Cellular automata (CA) has been used in pseudorandom number generation for over a decade. Recent studies show that two-dimensional (2-D) CA pseudorandom number generators (PRNGs) may generate better random sequences than conventional one-dimensional (1-D) CA PRNGs, but they are more complex to implement in hardware than 1-D CA PRNGs. In this paper, we propose a new class of 1-D CA - controllable cellular automata (CCA)-without much deviation from the structural simplicity of conventional 1-D CA. We first give a general definition of CCA and then introduce two types of CCA: CCA0 and CCA2. Our initial study shows that these two CCA PRNGs have better randomness quality than conventional 1-D CA PRNGs, but that their randomness is affected by their structures. To find good CCA0/CCA2 structures for pseudorandom number generation, we evolve them using evolutionary multiobjective optimization techniques. Three different algorithms are presented. One makes use of an aggregation function; the other two are based on the vector-evaluated genetic algorithm. Evolution results show that these three algorithms all perform well. Applying a set of randomness tests on the evolved CCA PRNGs, we demonstrate that their randomness is better than that of 1-D CA PRNGs and can be comparable to that of 2-D CA PRNGs.