gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Decentralized Certificate Authorities (2017)

The security of TLS depends on trust in certificate authorities, and that trust stems from their ability to protect and control the use of a private signing key. The signing key is the key asset of a certificate authority (CA), and its value is based on trust in the corresponding public key which is primarily distributed by browser vendors. Compromise of a CA private key represents a single point-of-failure that could have disastrous consequences, so CAs go to great lengths to attempt to protect and control the use of their private keys. Nevertheless, keys are sometimes compromised and may be misused accidentally or intentionally by insiders. We propose splitting a CA's private key among multiple parties, and producing signatures using a generic secure multi-party computation protocol that never exposes the actual signing key. This could be used by a single CA to reduce the risk that its signing key would be compromised or misused. It could also enable new models for certificate generation, where multiple CAs would need to agree and cooperate before a new certificate can be generated, or even where certificate generation would require cooperation between a CA and the certificate recipient (subject). Although more efficient solutions are possible with custom protocols, we demonstrate the feasibility of implementing a decentralized CA using a generic two-party secure computation protocol with an evaluation of a prototype implementation that uses secure two-party computation to generate certificates signed using ECDSA on curve secp192k1.
Application-Layer Traffic Optimization (ALTO) Protocol (2014)

Applications using the Internet already have access to some topology information of Internet Service Provider (ISP) networks.For example, views to Internet routing tables at Looking Glass servers are available and can be practically downloaded to many network application clients.What is missing is knowledge of the underlying network topologies from the point of view of ISPs.In other words, what an ISP prefers in terms of traffic optimization --and a way to distribute it.The Application-Layer Traffic Optimization (ALTO) services defined in this document provide network information (e.g., basic network location structure and preferences of network paths) with the goal of modifying network resource consumption patterns while maintaining or improving application performance.The basic information of ALTO is based on abstract maps of a network.These maps provide a simplified view, yet enough information about a network for applications to effectively utilize them.Additional services are built on top of the maps.This document describes a protocol implementing the ALTO services.Although the ALTO services would primarily be provided by ISPs, other entities, such as content service providers, could also provide ALTO services.Applications that could use the ALTO services are those that have a choice to which end points to connect.Examples of such applications are peer-to-peer (P2P) and content delivery networks.
Differential Production of Thaxtomins by Pathogenic<i>Streptomyces</i>Species In Vitro (1995)

Streptomyces scabies and S. acidiscabies, causal agents of potato scab, produced the phytotoxin thaxtomin A and, to a lesser extent, other thaxtomins in oatmeal broth (OMB). Two nonpathogenic strains, Streptomyces lividans TK 24 and Streptomyces sp. 84-05, did not produce thaxtomins in OMB. Though thaxtomin A was produced by S. scabies strain 87-22 in potato broth, fresh potato starch, and some commercial starch preparations, production was much greater in OMB than in other media tested. Thaxtomin A was not produced in Luria broth or tryptic soy broth. Production of thaxtomin A by 87-22 was suppressed by 0.5 % glucose in OMB but was stimulated by up to 5.0 % glucose in oatmeal agar. Streptomyces scabies strain 87-22 produced 4.25 μg thaxtomin A per milliliter of OMB while strain 84-34 produced 0.17 μg per milliliter of OMB. Streptomyces acidiscabies strains 84-110 and 90-25 produced similar amounts of thaxtomin A, 2.65 and 4.45 μg per milliliter of OMB, respectively. Strain 87-22 was much more virulent on tubers of Chippewa, a scab-susceptible potato cultivar, than was strain 84-34. A tuber slice bioassay was useful for detection of thaxtomins in culture media and for identifying pathogenic Streptomyces strains
Joint common-dedicated pilots based estimation of time-varying channels for W-CDMA receivers (2003)

We address the problem of joint common-dedicated pilots downlink user dedicated channel estimation for W-CDMA receivers, in particular in the presence of dedicated channel transmit beamforming. The optimal dedicated channel estimate is derived via a three steps procedure, consisting of building brute FIR dedicated and common channel estimates on a per-slot basis, exploiting the dedicated and common pilots respectively, building a refined unbiased minimum mean square error dedicated channel estimate by optimally combining the previous dedicated and common channels estimates, further refining the obtained dedicated channel estimate by Wiener filtering across slots. An adaptive filtering implementation is addressed for the implementation of the optimal Wiener filtering. The proposed channel estimation technique is suited for structured multipath channels where the FIR channel estimates resulting from the previous three steps procedure are optimally approximated by a multipath model in every slot.
Network Deconstruction Reveals Network Structure in Responsive Microgels (2011)

Detailed characterization of hydrogel particle erosion revealed critical physicochemical differences between spheres, where network decomposition was informative of network structure. Real-time, in situ monitoring of the triggered erosion of colloidal hydrogels (microgels) was performed via multiangle light scattering. The solution-average molar mass and root-mean-square radii of eroding particles were measured as a function of time for microgels prepared from N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAm) or N-isopropylmethacrylamide (NIPMAm), copolymerized with a chemically labile cross-linker (1,2-dihydroxylethylene)bisacrylamide (DHEA). Precipitation polymerization was employed to yield particles of comparable dimensions but with distinct topological features. Heterogeneous cross-linker incorporation resulted in a heterogeneous network structure for pNIPAm microgels. During the erosion reaction, mass loss proceeded from the exterior toward the interior of the polymer. In contrast, pNIPMAm microgels had a more homogeneous network structure, which resulted in a more uniform mass loss throughout the particle during erosion. Although both particle types degraded into low molar mass products, pNIPAm microgels were incapable of complete dissolution due to the presence of nondegradable cross-links arising from chain transfer and branching during particle synthesis. The observations described herein provide insight into key design parameters associated with the synthesis of degradable hydrogel particles, which may be of use in various biotechnological applications.
Regulation of human prostate‐specific G‐protein coupled receptor, PSGR, by two distinct promoters and growth factors (2005)

PSGR is a newly identified human prostate tissue-specific gene belonging to the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) family. Overexpression of PSGR is associated with human prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) and prostate tumors, suggesting PSGR may play an important role in early prostate cancer development and progression. To understand the regulation of tissue-specific expression of human PSGR and its upregulation mechanism in prostate cancers, we characterized the promoter region of PSGR and analyzed the control mechanism for PSGR expression in human prostate tissues/cells. In this report, we demonstrate that two distinct promoters control the transcriptional regulation of PSGR in human prostate cells. The first promoter region includes exon 1 and a TATA box at -31 site. The minimal DNA sequence with promoter activity is about 123 bp upstream of exon 1. Exon 1 contains tissue specific regulatory activity for the first promoter of PSGR gene. The second promoter is located in the upstream region of exon 2, which is a TATA-less and non-GC-rich promoter. Primer extension and RNA protection assays (RPA) revealed that the transcription driven by the second promoter is initiated at the junction of intron and exon 2 within a cluster of nucleotides located about 250 bp upstream from the junction. Both promoters show prostate cell-specific characteristics in our luciferase assays in transfected cells. Furthermore, we investigated the regulation of the promoter activities of the PSGR gene by different growth factors and cytokines, and demonstrated that interleukin-6 (IL-6) activates the promoter activities of PSGR in human prostate cancer cells. These data suggest that two functional promoters regulate the transcriptional expression of PSGR in human prostate tissues and PSGR is a new target for IL-6 transcriptional regulation.
On-Chip Actuation of Compliant Bistable Micro-Mechanisms (2003)

Two compliant bistable micro-mechanisms have been developed which can be switched in either direction using on-chip thermal actuation. The energy storage and bistable behavior of the mechanisms are achieved through the elastic deflection of compliant segments. The pseudo-rigid-body model was used for the compliant mechanism design, and for analysis of the large-deflection flexible segments. To achieve on-chip actuation, the mechanism designs were optimized to reduce their required rotation, allow them to be switched using linear-motion thermal actuators. The modeling theory and analysis are presented for several design iterations. Each iteration was successfully fabricated and tested using either the MUMPs or SUMMiT surface micromachining technology.
Postscript (1995)

Thirty-five or so years after the Windscale accident its exact initiating cause remains uncertain, as appeared from Chapter 8. More, and conclusive, evidence may be found when the planned dismantling of the two piles is completed. The accident was almost certainly inevitable. It was undoubtedly salutary, and its ill-effects were very much less than they might have been. It was, fortuitously, timely. It marked the end of an era.KeywordsNuclear AccidentDefence ProgrammeRadioactive Waste RepositoryVentilation PlantPile CoreThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Bisdiazo‐alkane (1950)

Abstract Aus α.ω‐Diaminen wurden über die entsprechenden Diharnstoffe bzw. Diurethane α.ω‐Bisdiazo‐alkane mit 2–8 Kohlenstoffatomen dargestellt. Sie konnten mit Ausnahme des Bisdiazo‐äthans als ölige, sehr zersetzliche Substanzen gewonnen werden. Wohldefinierte Umsetzungsprodukte konnten mit allen dargestellten Bisdiazo‐Verbindungen erhalten werden.
Nonlinear Theory Modeling Electron Beam Constriction in a Pulsed Power Discharge (2015)

A simple nonlinear theory is developed to examine the process of electron channeling and constriction for an energetic electron beam passing through a cool thermalized plasma discharge. A number of different perturbations characterize and categorize the physical process of the three-fluid system. In this model, the electron species is separated into two different species of the same type but with very different initial particle states. A normalized set of curves parameterize the conditions most probable leading to electron channeling and pinch (beam constriction) in a pulsed power glow discharge. The theory suggests that energetic secondary electron emission at the cathode is responsible for glow discharge constriction in a pulsed power discharge.
Hardware Design of Smart Home Energy Management System With Dynamic Price Response (2013)

The smart grid initiative and electricity market operation drive the development known as demand-side management or controllable load. Home energy management has received increasing interest due to the significant amount of loads in the residential sector. This paper presents a hardware design of smart home energy management system (SHEMS) with the applications of communication, sensing technology, and machine learning algorithm. With the proposed design, consumers can easily achieve a real-time, price-responsive control strategy for residential home loads such as electrical water heater (EWH), heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC), electrical vehicle (EV), dishwasher, washing machine, and dryer. Also, consumers may interact with suppliers or load serving entities (LSEs) to facilitate the load management at the supplier side. Further, SHEMS is designed with sensors to detect human activities and then a machine learning algorithm is applied to intelligently help consumers reduce total payment on electricity without or with little consumer involvement. Finally, simulation and experiment results are presented based on an actual SHEMS prototype to verify the hardware system.
Targeting <i>BRAF</i>V600E in thyroid carcinoma: therapeutic implications (2007)

B-Raf is an important mediator of cell proliferation and survival signals transduced via the Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK cascade. BRAF mutations have been detected in several tumors, including papillary thyroid carcinoma, but the precise role of B-Raf as a therapeutic target for thyroid carcinoma is still under investigation. We analyzed a panel of 93 specimens and 14 thyroid carcinoma cell lines for the presence of BRAF mutations and activation of the mitogen-activated protein/ERK kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. We also compared the effect of a B-Raf small inhibitory RNA construct and the B-Raf kinase inhibitor AAL881 on both B-Raf wild-type and mutant thyroid carcinoma cell lines. We found a high prevalence of the T1799A (V600E) mutation in papillary and anaplastic carcinoma specimens and cell lines. There was no difference in patient age, B-Raf expression, Ki67 immunostaining, or clinical stage at presentation between wild-type and BRAF(V600E) specimens. Immunodetection of phosphorylated and total forms of MEK and ERK revealed no difference in their phosphorylation between wild-type and BRAF(V600E) patient specimens or cell lines. Furthermore, a small inhibitory RNA construct targeting the expression of both wild-type B-Raf and B-Raf(V600E) induced a comparable reduction of viability in both wild-type and BRAF(V600E) mutant cancer cells. Interestingly, AAL881 inhibited MEK and ERK phosphorylation and induced apoptosis preferentially in BRAF(V600E)-harboring cells than wild-type ones, possibly because of better inhibitory activity against B-Raf(V600E). We conclude that B-Raf is important for the pathophysiology of thyroid carcinomas irrespective of mutational status. Small molecule inhibitors that selectively target B-Raf(V600E) may provide clinical benefit for patients with thyroid cancer.
A systematic analysis of Nrf2 pathway activation dynamics during repeated xenobiotic exposure (2018)

Oxidative stress leads to the activation of the Nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway. While most studies have focused on the activation of the Nrf2 pathway after single chemical treatment, little is known about the dynamic regulation of the Nrf2 pathway in the context of repeated exposure scenarios. Here we employed single cell live imaging to quantitatively monitor the dynamics of the Nrf2 pathway during repeated exposure, making advantage of two HepG2 fluorescent protein reporter cell lines, expressing GFP tagged Nrf2 or sulfiredoxin 1 (Srxn1), a direct downstream target of Nrf2. High throughput live confocal imaging was used to measure the temporal dynamics of these two components of the Nrf2 pathway after repeated exposure to an extensive concentration range of diethyl maleate (DEM) and tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ). Single treatment with DEM or tBHQ induced Nrf2 and Srxn1 over time in a concentration-dependent manner. The Nrf2 response to a second treatment was lower than the response to the first exposure with the same concentration, indicating that the response is adaptive. Moreover, a limited fraction of individual cells committed themselves into the Nrf2 response during the second treatment. Despite the suppression of the Nrf2 pathway, the second treatment resulted in a three-fold higher Srxn1-GFP response compared to the first treatment, with all cells participating in the response. While after the first treatment Srxn1-GFP response was linearly related to Nrf2-GFP nuclear translocation, such a linear relationship was less clear for the second exposure. siRNA-mediated knockdown demonstrated that the second response is dependent on the activity of Nrf2. Several other, clinically relevant, compounds (i.e., sulphorophane, nitrofurantoin and CDDO-Me) also enhanced the induction of Srxn1-GFP upon two consecutive repeated exposure. Together the data indicate that adaptation towards pro-oxidants lowers the Nrf2 activation capacity, but simultaneously primes cells for the enhancement of an antioxidant response which depends on factors other than just Nrf2. These data provide further insight in the overall dynamics of stress pathway activation after repeated exposure and underscore the complexity of responses that may govern repeated dose toxicity.
Entangling separate nitrogen-vacancy centers in a scalable fashion via coupling to microtoroidal resonators (2011)

We propose a potentially practical scheme to entangle negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (N-$V$) centers in distant diamonds. Each diamond is supposed to be fixed on the exterior surface of a microtoroidal resonator, and the single-photon input-output process---a currently available technique---could entangle separate N-$V$ centers in a scalable fashion. The feasibility of our scheme and the experimental challenge are discussed by considering currently available techniques for qualified N-$V$ centers and cavities.
Liquid manometers with high sensitivity and small time-lag (1954)

For some purposes a sensitive manometer is required having a small time-lag when connected to a small bore tube or orifice. The time-lag which can be tolerated is limited by the rate of change of the zero reading. Some problems in the design of a manometer with small time-lag and small rate of change of zero reading are discussed, and some general principles of design are derived. It is shown that with a null-reading inclined-tube manometer, changes of zero reading due to variation of temperature can be eliminated by correct choice of the manometer dimensions.
Simple synthetic routes to 5‐(3,6‐dihydro‐2‐oxo‐2<i>H</i>‐1,3,4‐thiadiazin‐5‐yl)‐1<i>H</i>‐indole‐2,3‐diones and their Derivatives (1991)

Abstract Two different synthetic routes to 5‐(3,6‐dihydro‐2‐oxo‐2 H ‐1,3,4‐thiadiazin‐5‐yl)‐1 H ‐indole‐2,3‐diones are described. The reaction sequences represent a facile entry into these series of isatin derivatives.
Low-temperature reversible giant magnetocaloric effect in the HoCuAl compound (2013)

Magnetic properties and magnetocaloric effect (MCE) of the HoCuAl compound is investigated. The compound is found to be ferromagnetic and undergoes a second-order phase transition from ferromagnetic (FM)-to-paramagnetic (PM) state around Curie temperature TC = 11.2 K. A giant MCE is observed and no magnetic hysteresis loss is found. The maximum values of magnetic entropy change (ΔS) are found to be −17.5 J/kg K and −30.6 J/kg K with a refrigerant capacity (RC) value of 178 and 486 J/kg for the field changes of 0–20 kOe and 0–50 kOe, respectively. The large ΔS as well as no hysteresis loss imply HoCuAl a promising candidate for low temperature magnetic refrigerant.
High bandwidth on-chip silicon photonic interleaver (2010)

We demonstrate a 120 GHz 3-dB bandwidth on-chip silicon photonic interleaver with a flat passband over a broad spectral range of 70 nm. The structure of the interleaver is based on an asymmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) with 3 ring resonators coupled to the arms of the MZI. The transmission spectra of this device depict a rapid roll-off on the band edges, where the 20-dB bandwidth is measured to be 142 GHz. This device is optimized for operation in the C-band with a channel crosstalk as low as -20 dB. The device also has full reconfiguration capability to compensate for fabrication imperfections.
Periodic-structure photoexcitation of a silicon coplanar waveguide for selective optoelectronic microwave control (1990)

Presented is a detailed analysis of the microwave Bragg-reflection characteristics of a periodically continuous-wave (CW) photoexcited coplanar waveguide on silicon substrate, with special regard to the inherent carrier diffusion mechanisms. In particular, the carrier diffusion in the direction of wave propagation can strongly affect the stopband reflection spectra of the configuration with respect to magnitude and bandwidth or with respect to efficiency and selectivity. The dominant effects are studied quantitatively and are outlined in the form of practical performance diagrams. Future application of periodically photoexcited transmission line sections for light-induced tunable filters or Bragg reflectors can be inferred. Initial experimental results from a three-section periodic structure of 17-GHz-center frequency under 840-nm light emitting diode (LED) CW excitation are reported.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Performance of loop filters in MC/DPCM/DCT video coding (2002)

This paper provides a discussion of the background and characteristics of the loop filtering techniques designed for hybrid MC/DPCM/DCT codes. This is accompanied by an experimental evaluation comparing their performances with respect to reducing the level of the prediction error.
Secondary Structure of Organophosphorus Hydrolase in Solution and in Langmuir−Blodgett Film Studied by Circular Dichroism Spectroscopy (2004)

The secondary structure of organophosphorus hydrolase (OPH) has been studied with circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy in the far-UV region. The effect of pH on the secondary structure of OPH solution was examined over the pH range from 3.56 to 9.60. As shown on the CD spectra, the secondary structure of OPH is well defined when the pH value is near the isoelectric point (7.6); however, it is destroyed when the pH values are increased or decreased further. This is explained by the loss of helical structure. The pH effect on CD spectra contributes to clarify the optimum pH needed to obtain a stable OPH Langmuir film at the air−water interface and its correlation to the secondary structure of the enzyme. Comparative study of the thermal treatment on the secondary structure of OPH in solution, Langmuir−Blodgett film, and dry film shows that the molecular arrangement plays a dominant role in the thermal stability of OPH. With use of the CDPro software package a quantitative estimation of the secondary structure from the CD spectra of OPH solution was obtained. Results show that there is a decrease in the percentage of the α-helical and an increase of β-strands with the change of pH or temperature.
The effect of a fluorocarbon surfactant on the surface tension of the endodontic irrigant, sodium hypochlorite (1986)

Abstract A fluorochemical surfactant was used to reduce the surface tension of 4 per cent sodium hypochlorite from 70 mN/m to 27 mN/m. The solution was stable for more than one month when tested for reduced surface tension, available chlorine, and protein solvent ability. No chemical residue remained on the root canal wall when viewed using scanning electron microscopy.
Speech-Controlled Media File Selection on Embedded Systems (2005)

We present a speech-controllable MP3 player for embedded systems.In addition to basic commands such as "next" or "repeat" one main feature of the system is the selection of titles, artists, albums, genres, or composers by speech.We will describe the implemented dialog and discuss challenges for a real-world application.The findings and considerations of the paper easily extend to general audio media.