gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
B-mode, color Doppler and three-dimensional ultrasound in the assessment of endometrial lesions (2001)

Transvaginal sonography enables detailed evaluation of endometrial thickness and texture. Color Doppler studies become a valuable diagnostic tool in differentiating benign from malignant endometrial lesions. Three-dimensional ultrasound improves visualization of the uterine cavity, providing simultaneous display of the coronal, sagittal and transverse sections. The measurement of endometrial volume seems to be superior to the evaluation of endometrial thickness as a diagnostic test for detection of endometrial cancer in symptomatic postmenopausal women. Increasing volume size is associated with the severity or higher grade of endometrial carcinoma, and also with progressive endometrial invasion. Three-dimensional ultrasound with the aid of power Doppler imaging may have an additional role in predicting the depth of myometrial invasion in patients with endometrial malignancy. The ability to examine neovascular areas within the endometrium and myometrium, at the same time as morphological and volume evaluation, increases diagnostic accuracy. In conclusion, color Doppler and three-dimensional ultrasound studies may potentially reduce the number of invasive procedures such as dilatation and curettage with a considerable decrease of both the potential risks and economic costs.
Integrated micro-optical assemblies for optical interconnects (2003)

Integrated micro-optical systems (IMOS) are integrated assemblies of multiple optical components that are made and assembled at the wafer level using semiconductor processing techniques. IMOS has been used to create 3-dimensional optical systems in a cost-effective highly manufacturable manner. Collimated lens arrays have been fabricated with experimental total round trip insertion loss of 1.5-2.0 dB per channel.
ChemInform Abstract: NEW CHIRAL AMINOPHOSPHINES PREPARED FROM L‐ORNITHINE AND CATALYTIC ASYMMETRIC HYDROGENATION USING THEIR RHODIUM(I) COMPLEXES (1982)

Abstract Ausgehend von L‐Ornithjn (I) werden über das Aminopiperidon (II) durch LiA1H4‐Reduktion (im Falle von (IIIb) nach vorhergehender Formylierung) die chiralen Diamine (III) erhalten, aus denen die Aminophosphine (IVa) und (IVb) hergestellt werden.
Diffraction of Light by Ultrasonic Waves of Various Standing Wave Ratios (1961)

The theory for the diffraction of light by plane ultrasonic waves of various standing wave ratios is derived. The liquid medium disturbed by the ultrasound is considered to act as an optical phase grating. By evaluating the diffraction integral for the light amplitude, expressions for the Doppler shift, the time dependent, and the time average light intensities are found for the diffraction spectrum. Experimental measurements using two adjacent ultrasonic waves progressing in opposite directions to simulate the desired optical phase grating indicate that the theory is valid.
Generation of Polymer Nanofibers Through Electrospinning (1999)

Abstract : Non-woven fabrics composed of nanofibers have a large specific surface area and small pore size compared to commercial textiles. These properties make such non-woven fabrics excellent candidates for filter and membrane applications, particularly in the areas of chemical and biological agent defense. Nanofibers may be produced by electrospinning, which uses an electric field to produce continuous fibers with diameters in the tens of nanometers range. Although the technique has been known for some time, very little information concerning the effect of processing variables such as solution concentration, viscosity, surface tension, flow rate and acceleration voltage on final fiber properties exists in the literature. In this work, nanofibers of polyethylene oxide have been electrospun from a range a solution concentrations and for a range of voltages. Wide angle X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetery indicate that crystal structure is poorly developed in the electrospun fibers, when compared to results obtained from poly(ethylene oxide) powder. Fiber diameter increases with increasing concentration by the 0.53 power. We find that for concentrations of 8% (wt) and greater, a bimodal fiber diameter distribution has been observed, which is analogous to results reported for electrospray experiments. The density of node defects has been shown to increase with increasing voltage for a constant solution feed rate.
Emission characteristics of a conical field emission gun (1998)

Characteristics of a conical field emission gun (FEG) are measured and discussed. The field emission current from a W emitter is found to obey the Fowler–Nordheim (FN) equation. An expression was given describing the dependence of the mean work function on the curvature radius at the vertex of the emitter. Using scanning electron microscopy, a radius of 1500 Å was measured with which the slope of the FN plot yielded a mean work function of 4.8 eV. The initial value of the emission current, obtained after cleaning the tip by flashing, decays with time due to an increase of the work function caused by the adsorption of residual gases. The measured time dependent mean emission current was interpreted as a weighted superposition of local field emissions from the W(310), (100), (110), (111), and (112) planes. This interpretation resulted in a mean work function of 4.6 eV in good agreement with the value determined from the FN plot. For an accelerating voltage of 15 keV and an emission current of 8 μA after flashing, the dependence of the probe current on the extraction voltage was measured. For Vacc/Vex=1, an angular current density of (41±4) μA/sr was found. Similar measurements of the dependence of the probe current on the ratio Vacc/Vex (accelerating voltage/extraction voltage) made 3 h after flashing yielded (20±6) μA/sr for Vacc=Vex. The transfer efficiency defined as the ratio between probe current and emission current was found to be 0.4%–0.3%.
The use of hemoglobin solutions in kidney perfusions. (1984)

Solutions of hemoglobin have often been considered for both hypothermic and normothermic perfusion of isolated kidneys. This paper considers basic issues, preparative techniques, and the viscosity of hemoglobin solutions, as well as the demands made by the kidney on a perfusate. The natural system of oxygen transport in higher animals is complex, and its perturbation to produce convenient hemoglobin-based renal perfusates produces numerous problems. The desirable effect of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate is not easily maintained in a perfusate, but its inclusion can be avoided by appropriate choice of species donating hemoglobin. Hemoglobin tetramer in free solution may dissociate and be lost by glomerular filtration. Ferric hemoglobin, the dominant form at redox equilibrium, is useless for oxygen transport; the ferrous form is maintained in the erythrocyte by reducing metabolites and, under normothermic conditions, the ferrous to ferric conversion is slow but significant. Methods for lysis of erythrocytes and removal of their stroma are discussed; reduction of ferric hemoglobin by chemical agents and electrolysis are considered in detail; and means for adjusting concentration and solute background are presented. The need for carbonic anhydrase in hemoglobin solutions used as perfusates is shown and methods for its provision are discussed. A review of viscometric data for hemoglobin solutions is provided to which original data are added. Hemoglobin solutions show a temperature-independent intrinsic viscosity, according to Einstein's theory for a molecule of 23 A radius. The O2 and CO2 transport requirements of renal perfusates are analyzed comprehensively. The normothermic kidney has an unusual respiration pattern, requiring an amount of oxygen that is not fixed but, rather, proportional to the total blood flow rate. In canines the average arterio-venous O2 content difference found by many investigators is 2.14 vol%; the corresponding CO2 value is 2.47 vol%; and the respiratory quotient is greater than unity. Wide limits of PO2, but not P CO2 in perfusate, appear allowable. A final section evaluates hemoglobin solutions as both normothermic and hypothermic renal perfusates from the viewpoints of blood gas chemistry, urinary loss, oncotic pressure, fatty acid carrying capacity, viscosity, and the need for functions usually attributed to platelets. It is concluded, overall, that perfusates containing free hemoglobin have only a limited role to play in renal perfusion.
Mechanism of cheletropic reactions of 1,3-dienes with sulfur dioxide (1996)

In a recent paper [N.S. Isaacs and A. Laila, J. Phys. Org. Chem. 7, 178 (1994)2] the volume profile for the cheletropic addition of sulphur dioxide to a 1,3-diene (2,3-dimethylbuta-1,3-diene) indicated that a two-step mechanism for this reaction, with a (4 + 2) cycloaddition at the S(DOUBLE BOND)O bond as the slow step followed by a rapid rearrangement of the resultant sulpheno-lactone, cannot be ruled out. However, ab initio calculations, at the MP2(FC)/6-31G*//RHF/6-31G* level, show that such a mechanism can be conclusively discarded.
Prostate Anatomy and Causative Theories, Pathophysiology, and Natural History of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (2004)

The prostate is the major accessory sex gland of the male. It provides exocrine function, but it has no established endocrine or secretory function. Its secretion provides fluid that comprises 15% of the ejaculate. These secretions produce a volume-expanding vehicle for sperm, yet no reproductive function has been identified. The gland has been the subject of much study because it is the site of infection as well as benign and malignant neoplasm. The prostate’s intimate anatomic relationship with the bladder neck and urethra increases the importance of these pathologic changes and is the focus of this chapter.
ROCKET: a reduced order correlation kernel estimation technique (2002)

The ROCKET (reduced order correlation kernel estimation technique) algorithm is a new reduced rank autoregressive (AR) spectrum estimation technique which is substantially more robust to signal rank underestimation and significantly more computationally efficient then conventional reduced rank techniques based on principal component analysis. Perhaps more importantly, ROCKET's reduce rank performance has the potential to surpass the performance of full rank AR spectrum estimation techniques. ROCKET is based on the observation that the reduced rank subspace of importance is the one that best predicts the desired signal from the data. ROCKET's subspace is formed in an iterative manner from the cross-correlation vectors defined by a specified desired signal and data. Projecting the desired signal onto this new subspace allows for a significantly reduced dimensional weight vector with the aforementioned properties and benefits.
Progress in the pursuit of therapeutic adenosine receptor antagonists (2005)

Ever since the discovery of the hypotensive and bradycardiac effects of adenosine, adenosine receptors continue to represent promising drug targets. First, this is due to the fact that the receptors are expressed in a large variety of tissues. In particular, the actions of adenosine (or methylxanthine antagonists) in the central nervous system, in the circulation, on immune cells, and on other tissues can be beneficial in certain disorders. Second, there exists a large number of ligands, which have been generated by introducing several modifications in the structure of the lead compounds (adenosine and methylxanthine), some of them highly specific. Four adenosine receptor subtypes (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3) have been cloned and pharmacologically characterized, all of which are G protein-coupled receptors. Adenosine receptors can be distinguished according to their preferred mechanism of signal transduction: A1 and A3 receptors interact with pertussis toxin-sensitive G proteins of the Gi and Go family; the canonical signaling mechanism of the A2A and of the A2B receptors is stimulation of adenylyl cyclase via Gs proteins. In addition to the coupling to adenylyl cyclase, all four subtypes may positively couple to phospholipase C via different G protein subunits. The development of new ligands, in particular, potent and selective antagonists, for all subtypes of adenosine receptors has so far been directed by traditional medicinal chemistry. The availability of genetic information promises to facilitate understanding of the drug-receptor interaction leading to the rational design of a potentially therapeutically important class of drugs. Moreover, molecular modeling may further rationalize observed interactions between the receptors and their ligands. In this review, we will summarize the most relevant progress in developing new therapeutic adenosine receptor antagonists.
Analysis of Amino Acid Residues in the H5-H6 Transmembrane and Extracellular Domains of Na,K-ATPase .alpha. Subunit Identifies Threonine 797 as a Determinant of Ouabain Sensitivity (1994)

Several amino acid residues of the alpha subunit of the Na,K-ATPase have been identified which alter ouabain sensitivity. These residues are located in the N-terminal half of the alpha 1 subunit suggesting that this portion of the molecule may represent the binding site for cardiac glycosides. However, not all extracellular and transmembrane regions have been investigated, including the H5-H6 membrane-spanning region. To determine if this region of the alpha subunit contributes to ouabain sensitivity, amino acids which have the potential to form hydrogen bonds were substituted with alanine, a non-hydrogen-bonding amino acid. cDNAs encoding enzyme containing these individual amino acid replacements were expressed in ouabain-sensitive HeLa cells, and the ability of the altered enzymes to confer ouabain resistance was examined. Nineteen amino acid substitutions were investigated. T797A (Thr 797 to Ala) was the only substitution which conferred ouabain resistance to sensitive HeLa cells. Three additional substitutions at this position (T797V, T797S, and T797D) were generated in order to examine the effects of the replacements of Thr 797 on ouabain inhibition of Na,K-ATPase activity. The T797V substitution conferred ouabain resistance, but T797S and T797D substitutions did not. The ouabain-resistant cell lines expressing the T797A and T797V substitutions exhibited Na,K-ATPase activity that was 60 and 70 times more resistant to ouabain than the endogenous HeLa or sheep enzymes. The absence of a hydroxyl group at amino acid 797 may be responsible for the reduced sensitivity of the enzyme with substitutions at this position.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Hardness and Tensile Testing (1990)

The hardness of metals can be defined as resistance to plastic deformation and test methods are based on forcing an indenter into the surface under a known load. Two such tests are the Brinell test and Vickers diamond test. In each case the hardness number is given by indenting force divided by the surface area of indentation.
Advanced Function Printing—From print to presentation (1993)

The strength of Advanced Function Printing™ (AFP™) is due largely to the architectures that form its foundation. The architectures on which AFP is based have been developed over the last 12 years and have influenced the development of standards, competitive architectures, and, most importantly, software inside and outside IBM. Customers are demanding a more comprehensive view of printing that includes easy creation, viewing, and even specialized editing of printable documents. These “next generation” requirements are now being satisfied by software products that are based on the existing architecture. This paper describes some of these products and how they use the architecture, and describes possible future directions for AFP and related technologies.
Comparison of the Actions of Thrombin and the Thrombin-Like Venom Enzymes Ancrod and Batroxobin (1976)

Thrombin acts on several coagulant proteins to produce products with physiologic, pharmacologic and pathologic potential. The most sensitive thrombin substrate seems to be factor VIII. Some thrombin dependent reactions studied in vitro and proposed as control reactions seem too insensitive to the action of thrombin to be of in vivo significance. The only enzymic reaction the thrombin-like venom enzymes, Ancrod and Batroxobin, have in common with thrombin is the removal of fibrinopeptide A.
Changes in PGRMC1, a potential progesterone receptor, in human myometrium during pregnancy and labour at term and preterm (2010)

This study assesses the role of progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) in actions of progesterone (P4) on human myometrium during pregnancy and labour. Myometrial tissues were obtained from non-pregnant patients during hysterectomy or pregnant women undergoing C-section at term and preterm, before and during labour. PGRMC1 expression in myometrial tissues and in a human myometrial cell line (HM9) was assessed by western blots and RT-PCR. The subcellular localization of PGRMC1 in HM9 was performed by immunofluorescence staining. Isometric contractions of myometrial tissues were obtained in response to P4 with and without addition of specific antibodies against PGRMC1. Endogenous and over-expressed PGRMC1 proteins are detected by western blots in myometrial tissues, HM9 and 293 cells, respectively. PGRMC1 is localized to the plasma membrane, cytoplasm and nuclear membranes. PGRMC1 is lower in myometrium of women at term either not in labour (P = 0.004) or in labour (P = 0.005) compared with tissues from women in preterm non-labour. PGRMC1 levels are also decreased (P = 0.02) in myometrial tissues from women during preterm labour compared with preterm non-labour. P4 rapidly inhibits contractions of myometrial tissues compared with control (P < 0.05) in vitro. Pretreatment of myometrial strips with PGRMC1 antibody, suppresses the P4-induced relaxation (P < 0.05). PGRMC1 may mediate the non-genomic action of P4 and the relaxation effect on human myometrium during pregnancy. A decrease in PGRMC1 during term or preterm labour might contribute to the 'functional withdrawal' of P4 action and shift the balance to a state of heightened uterine contractility.
Implementation of real-time partitioned convolution on a DSP board (2004)

Convolution using very long filters is required in order to achieve realistic artificial reverberation or spatial effects. Unfortunately, DSP (digital signal processor) platforms have limited computational power (compared with a modern PC) and consequently it is not possible to design very long filters based on typical time-domain, direct-form algorithms, i.e., FIR or IIR structures. To perform this task, other algorithms are necessary. The implementation of a real-time partitioned convolution algorithm on a DSP platform is demonstrated. In this manner, efficient convolution with long impulse responses is attained, with the advantage of low input/output delay.
Pressure-sensitive devices (1995)

Pain: August 1995 - Volume 62 - Issue 2 - p 250 doi: 10.1016/0304-3959(95)90860-J
Safety and efficacy update: Alvimopan in postoperative ileus (2009)

Postoperative ileus (POI) in patients undergoing abdominal surgery is associated with significant morbidity. In 2008, alvimopan (Entereg®) was approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and is the only available POI therapy in the United States for patients undergoing bowel resection. Data from preclinical studies demonstrate that alvimopan and its primary metabolite, ADL 08-0011, behave as potent μ. opioid receptor antagonists. In animals, alvimopan and ADL 08-0011 attenuate opioid agonist-induced reductions in gastrointestinal (GI) transit. Higher doses of alvimopan are required to inhibit opioid-induced analgesia as a result of its inability to penetrate the central nervous system (CNS). ADL 08-0011 is also peripherally selective, although to a lesser degree than alvimopan. In multiple species, including humans, alvimopan has low oral bioavailability, while ADL 08-0011, following its generation by human gut microflora, is more readily absorbed and achieves higher exposures. Three Phase 2 and five Phase 3 clinical trials have been conducted to investigate the efficacy and tolerability of alvimopan in patients undergoing bowel resection. An additional Phase 3 study was conducted in hysterectomy patients. In the majority of the studies, statistically significant, and clinically meaningful, acceleration of GI recovery has been demonstrated. Consistent with animal data, alvimopan has no effect on opioid agonist-induced analgesia in healthy human subjects and POI patients. Clinical experience to date in POI patients indicates that alvimopan is well tolerated when used according to its approved dosing regimen (12 mg b.i.d. for up to 7 days). In this article, the preclinical and clinical properties of alvimopan are reviewed.
On-chip multi-giga bit cycle-to-cycle jitter measurement circuit (2007)

This paper presents an on-chip measurement circuit to measure multi-giga bit cycle-to-cycle jitter based on the vernier oscillator (VO), which is inherited from the famous vernier delay line. The calibration method is also given. The circuit adopts a differential digital controlled delay element, which makes the circuit flexible in adjusting the measurement resolution, and a highly sensitive phase capturer, which makes the circuit able to measure jitters in pico-second range. The parallel structure makes it possible to measure consecutive cycle-to-cycle jitters. The performance of the circuit was verified via simulation with SM IC 0.18 μm process. During simulation under the clock with the period of 750 ps, the error between the measured RMS jitter and the theoretical RMS jitter was just 2.79 ps. Monte Carlo analysis was also conducted. With more advanced technology, the circuit can work better. This new structure can be implemented in chips as a built-in self-test IP core for testing jitter of PLL or other clocks.
Unraveling the functional implications of GWAS: how T cell protein tyrosine phosphatase drives autoimmune disease (2011)

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified a large number of SNPs that are linked to human autoimmune diseases. However, the functional consequences of most of these genetic variations remain undefined. T cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TCPTP, which is encoded by PTPN2) is a JAK/STAT and growth factor receptor phosphatase that has been linked to the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and Crohn's disease by GWAS. In this issue of the JCI, Wiede and colleagues have generated a T cell-specific deletion of TCPTP and identified a novel role for this phosphatase as a negative regulator of TCR signaling. These data provide new insight as to how noncoding PTPN2 SNPs identified in GWAS could drive human autoimmune diseases.