gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Toward objective and quantitative evaluation of imaging systems using images of phantoms (2005)

The use of imaging phantoms is a common method of evaluating image quality in the clinical setting. These evaluations rely on a subjective decision by a human observer with respect to the faintest detectable signal(s) in the image. Because of the variable and subjective nature of the human-observer scores, the evaluations manifest a lack of precision and a potential for bias. The advent of digital imaging systems with their inherent digital data provides the opportunity to use techniques that do not rely on human-observer decisions and thresholds. Using the digital data, signal-detection theory (SDT) provides the basis for more objective and quantitative evaluations which are independent of a human-observer decision threshold. In a SDT framework, the evaluation of imaging phantoms represents a "signal-known-exactly/background-known-exactly" ("SKE/ BKE") detection task. In this study, we compute the performance of prewhitening and nonprewhitening model observers in terms of the observer signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for these "SK E/BKE" tasks. We apply the evaluation methods to a number of imaging systems. For example, we use data from a laboratory implementation of digital radiography and from a full-field digital mammography system in a clinical setting. In addition, we make a comparison of our methods to human-observer scoring of a set of digital images of the CDMAM phantom available from the internet (EUREF-European Reference Organization). In the latter case, we show a significant increase in the precision of the quantitative methods versus the variability in the scores from human observers on the same set of images. As regards bias, the performance of a model observer estimated from a finite data set is known to be biased. In this study, we minimize the bias and estimate the variance of the observer SNR using statistical resampling techniques, namely, "bootstrapping" and "shuffling" of the data sets. Our methods provide objective and quantitative evaluation of imaging systems with increased precision and reduced bias.
YBCO coated conductors by an MOD/RABiTS/spl trade/ process (2003)

Commercialization of YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-x/ (YBCO) superconducting coated conductor composite (CCC) technology requires a cost-effective continuous manufacturing process. High critical current YBCO CCC wires with excellent uniformity over length have been fabricated using an all-continuous process. The conductor architecture consists of a metal organic derived YBCO layer, coated on a deformation-textured NiW alloy substrate buffered with Y/sub 2/O/sub 3//YSZ/CeO/sub 2/. Critical current at 77 K, self-field, of up to 118 A was achieved in 1 cm-wide tapes over 1.25 meter lengths, with a standard deviation of 3% measured on a 5 cm scale. The high uniformity and performance supports the feasibility of commercial long-length CCC wire based on deformation textured metal substrates and solution-based deposition of YBCO.
Building reliable mobile-aware applications using the Rover toolkit (1996)

This paper discusses extensions to the Rover toolkit for constructing reliable mobile‐aware applications. The extensions improve upon the existing failure model, which addresses client or communication failures and guarantees reliable message delivery from clients to server, but does not address server failures (e.g., the loss of an incoming message due to server failure) (Joseph et al., 1997). Due to the unpredictable, intermittent communication connectivity typically found in mobile client environments, it is inappropriate to make clients responsible for guaranteeing request completion at servers. The extensions discussed in this paper provide both system‐ and language‐level support for reliable operation in the form of stable logging of each message received by a server, per‐application stable variables, programmer‐supplied failure recovery procedures, server process failure detection, and automatic server process restart. The design and implementation of fault‐tolerance support is optimized for high performance in the normal case (network connectivity provided by a high latency, low bandwidth, wireless link): measurements show a best‐case overhead of less than 7% for a reliable null RPC over wired and cellular dialup links. Experimental results from both micro‐benchmarks and applications, such as the Rover Web Browser proxy, show that support for reliable operation can be provided at an overhead of only a few percent of execution time during normal operation.
Fulfilling the Web services promise (2003)

The creation and support of standards for Web services is a critical component to their effective functionality and ultimate success.
Achromatic Magnetic Mirror for Ion Beams (1963)

A new type achromatic or nearly achromatic deflecting magnet for ion beams is discussed in this paper. The magnetic field in the x-y (median) plane is given by B=0 for x&lt;0 and Bz=Gxn for x&gt;0. The particles enter the field through the origin at an angle α with the x axis, go through a loop of 180°+2α, and leave the field by again crossing the y axis at the origin or close to the origin. Several cases are studied with the field exponent n=1 or close to unity and with deflection angle 270°(90°) or nearly so.
Successful treatment with the use of muscle flaps in thoracic surgery. (10 patients.). (1993)

過去6年間に当教室において経験した胸部外科領域での有茎筋肉弁の使用例10例を対象として, 筋肉弁の有用性を検討した.男性7例, 女性3例で平均年齢は55.3歳 (42～64歳) であった.筋肉弁の使用目的別では, 胸壁再建4例, 感染腔充填6例であった.再建例は, すべて肋骨切除 (1～4本) を行い, うち2例にMarlex meshを併用した.充填は, すべて感染腔の閉鎖が目的であり, うち2例は気管支瘻を併発しており有茎大網を併用した.疾患別では, 慢性膿胸2例, 胸壁腫瘍2例, 胸壁流注膿瘍2例, 術後縦隔炎1例, 肺摘除術後肋骨軟骨炎1例, 乳癌局所再発1例, 胸囲結核1例で, 使用した筋肉は広背筋3例, 大胸筋3例, 肩甲下筋2例, 前鋸筋2例, 腹直筋2例であった.全例, 手術創の一次治癒が得られ, 術後合併症はみられなかった.有茎筋肉弁は, 広範囲の胸壁再建および感染腔充填に対し, 第一に選択される材料と考えられた.
Protoporphyrin-IX conjugated cellulose nanofibers that exhibit high antibacterial photodynamic inactivation efficacy (2018)

Towards the development of anti-infective nanoscale materials employing a photodynamic mechanism of action, we report the synthesis, physical properties (SEM, mechanical strength, water contact angle), spectroscopic characterization (infrared, Raman, DRUV), and evaluation of antibacterial efficacy of porphyrin-conjugated regenerated cellulose nanofibers, termed RC-TETA-PPIX-Zn. Cellulose acetate was electrospun to produce nanofibers, thermally treated to enhance mechanical strength, and finally hydrolyzed to produce regenerated cellulose (RC) nanofibers that possessed a high surface area and nanofibrous structure. Covalent grafting of a protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) photosensitizer using epichlorohydrin/triethylenetetramine (TETA), followed by zinc chelation, afforded RC-TETA-PPIX-Zn. The high surface area afforded by the nanofibers and efficient photosensitizer conjugation led to a very high loading of 412 nmol PPIX/mg material, corresponding to a degree of substitution of 0.1. Antibacterial efficacy was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC-6538) and Escherichia coli (ATCC-8099), with our best results achieving detection limit inactivation (99.999+%) of both bacteria after only 20 min illumination (Xe lamp, λ ≥ 420 nm). No statistically significant loss in antibacterial activity was observed when using nanofibers that had been 'photo-aged' with 5 h of pre-illumination to simulate the effects of photobleaching. Post aPDI, scanning electron microscopy revealed that the bacteria had undergone cell membrane leakage, consistent with oxidative damage caused by photo-generated reactive oxygen species. Taken together, the conjugation strategy employed here provides a scalable, facile and efficient route to creating nanofibrous materials from natural polymers with a high photosensitizer loading, enabling the use of commercially-available neutral porphyrin photosensitizers, such as PPIX, in the design and synthesis of potent anti-infective nanomaterials.
El Niño Fidencio: Un Estudio del Curanderismo en Nuevo León (1967)

Introduccion ENFERMEDAD, POR DEFINICION lleva un valor negativo y –sea cual fuere su genesis- ha causado inquietud a todas las sociedades en todos los tiempos. Nuestros antepasados no tuvieron suficiente conocimiento empirico para controlar o eliminar el mal  y no obstante los avances  de la medicina moderna, la causa y cura de muchas angustias de la humanidad permanecen en el misterio.
Synthesis, Analysis and Toxicity of Three Compounds Formed during the Synthesis of Iodixanol. (1995)

The origin of 4-acetyl-2-[N-acetyl-3,5-bis(2,3-dihydroxypropylcarbamoyl)- 2,4,6-triiodoanilinomethyl]-5,7-diiodo-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[1,4]ox azine- 6,8-dicarboxylic acid bis(2,3-dihydroxypropylamide) = N-acetyl cyclized iodixanol, 2-[N-acetyl-3,5-bis-(2,3-dihydroxypropylcarbamoyl)-2,4,6- triiodoanilinomethyl]-5,7-diiodo-3,4-dihydro-2H-benzo[1,4]oxazine- 6,8-dicarboxylic acid bis(2,3-dihydroxypropylamide) = cyclized iodixanol and 5,5'-(N-acetyl-2-hydroxypropane-1,3-diyldiamino)bis[N,N'-bis(2,3- dihydroxypropyl)-2,4,6-triiodoisophthalamide] = deacetyl iodixanol in the manufacturing process of the X-ray contrast agent 3,3',5,5'-tetrakis(2,3-dihydroxypropylcarbamoyl)-2,2',4,4',6,6'-++ +hexaiodo- N,N'-(2-hydroxypropane-1,3-diyl)diacetanilide = iodixanol is discussed and their synthesis and purification are described. Their physical and toxicological properties, and analytical and spectroscopic data are summarized.
Fluoroolefins. VI.<sup>1</sup> The Synthesis of Some α-Trifluoromethylstyrenes (1959)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFluoroolefins. VI.1 The Synthesis of Some α-TrifluoromethylstyrenesPAUL TARRANT and ROBERT EDWARD TAYLORCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1959, 24, 2, 238–239Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1959Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1959https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01084a022https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01084a022research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views136Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
In Vitro and in Vivo Antioxidant and Anti-inflammatory Capacities of an Antioxidant-Rich Fruit and Berry Juice Blend. Results of a Pilot and Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled, Crossover Study (2008)

This study investigated the in vitro and in vivo antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of a juice blend (JB), MonaVie Active, containing a mixture of fruits and berries with known antioxidant activity, including acai, a palm fruit, as the predominant ingredient. The phytochemical antioxidants in the JB are primarily in the form of anthocyanins, predominantly cyanidin 3-rutoside, cyanidin 3-diglycoside, and cyanidin 3-glucoside. The cell-based antioxidant protection of erythrocytes (CAP-e) assay demonstrated that antioxidants in the JB penetrated and protected cells from oxidative damage ( p < 0.001), whereas polymorphonuclear cells showed reduced formation of reactive oxygen species ( p < 0.003) and reduced migration toward three different pro-inflammatory chemoattractants: fmlp ( p < 0.001), leukotriene B4 ( p < 0.05), and IL-8 ( p < 0.03). A randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover trial with 12 healthy subjects examined the JB's antioxidant activity in vivo. Blood samples at baseline, 1 h, and 2 h following consumption of the JB or placebo were tested for antioxidant capacity using several antioxidant assays and the TBARS assay, a measure of lipid peroxidation. A within subject comparison showed an increase in serum antioxidants at 1 h ( p < 0.03) and 2 h ( p < 0.015), as well as inhibition of lipid peroxidation at 2 h ( p < 0.01) postconsumption.
Three-Way Dissection of a Game-CAPTCHA: Automated Attacks, Relay Attacks, and Usability (2013)

Existing captcha solutions on the Internet are a major source of user frustration. Game captchas are an interesting and, to date, little-studied approach claiming to make captcha solving a fun activity for the users. One broad form of such captchas -- called Dynamic Cognitive Game (DCG) captchas -- challenge the user to perform a game-like cognitive task interacting with a series of dynamic images. We pursue a comprehensive analysis of a representative category of DCG captchas. We formalize, design and implement such captchas, and dissect them across: (1) fully automated attacks, (2) human-solver relay attacks, and (3) usability. Our results suggest that the studied DCG captchas exhibit high usability and, unlike other known captchas, offer some resistance to relay attacks, but they are also vulnerable to our novel dictionary-based automated attack.
Stylized Adversarial AutoEncoder for Image Generation (2017)

In this paper, we propose an autoencoder-based generative adversarial network (GAN) for automatic image generation, which is called "stylized adversarial autoencoder". Different from existing generative autoencoders which typically impose a prior distribution over the latent vector, the proposed approach splits the latent variable into two components: style feature and content feature, both encoded from real images. The split of the latent vector enables us adjusting the content and the style of the generated image arbitrarily by choosing different exemplary images. In addition, a multiclass classifier is adopted in the GAN network as the discriminator, which makes the generated images more realistic. We performed experiments on hand-writing digits, scene text and face datasets, in which the stylized adversarial autoencoder achieves superior results for image generation as well as remarkably improves the corresponding supervised recognition task.
Acoustic Sensitivities of Lean-Premixed Fuel Injectors in a Single Nozzle Rig (1998)

An experimental and numerical investigation into the attenuation of combustion induced pressure oscillations in a single nozzle rig was undertaken at the United Technologies Research Center. Results from these investigations indicated a high combustor exit Mach number, similar to that used in a gas turbine engine, was required to correctly simulate the combustor dynamics and evaluate acoustic characteristics of lean premixed fuel injectors. Comparisons made between aerodynamically stabilized and bluff-body stabilized nozzles and the use of premixed and diffusion pilots showed that small levels of diffusion piloting behind a bluff-body yielded the best acoustic/emission performance. Their success is due to increased flame stabilization (superior anchoring ability) which reduced flame motion and thermal/acoustic coupling. For cases where diffusion piloting was not present, both designs exhibited similar dynamical behavior. Increases in the combustor exit Mach number and reductions in the inlet air temperature were shown to degrade acoustic performance of both nozzle designs. The bluff-body configuration with small levels of diffusion piloting, however, was found to be less sensitive to these changes when compared to its aerodynamic counterpart.
Anonymizing the Peer Response Process: An Effective Way to Increase Proposed Revisions? (2019)

An important drawback of peer response in L2 writing classes is a reluctance to be sufficiently critical of a classmate’s writing, particularly with students from cultures that value group harmony. Anonymization of peer response is commonly proposed as a means of overcoming this problem. The current action research project examined the effect of anonymizing the peer response process on the number of proposed revisions made by students from eight undergraduate writing classes at a private university in Tokyo. It also examined the students’ attitudes towards the peer response process. The findings revealed that the anonymization of the process had significant impact on the less proficient students’ propensity to recommend revision; however, this was not the case for students of a higher proficiency level. Students at both levels felt more comfortable with the peer response process when it was anonymized. The pedagogical implications of anonymizing the peer response process are discussed.
Sequence Comparison Between the Haemagglutinin-neuraminidase Genes of Simian, Canine and Human Isolates of Simian Virus 5 (1991)

The nucleotide sequence of the haemagglutinin-neuraminidase (HN) gene was determined for a simian (W3), human (LN) and two canine (CPI+/CPI-) isolates of simian virus 5 (SV5). A comparison of the predicted amino acid sequences revealed that the human and canine isolates varied from the simian isolate by 1.7% and 2.4% respectively. This lack of significant variation between the HN proteins of the four SV5 isolates suggests that insufficient differences have occurred between isolates to confine them to a specific host.
Cisplatin, Fluorouracil, and Docetaxel in Unresectable Head and Neck Cancer (2007)

As compared with the standard regimen of cisplatin and fluorouracil, induction chemotherapy with the addition of docetaxel significantly improved progression-free and overall survival in patients with unresectable squamous-cell carcinoma of the head and neck. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00003888 [ClinicalTrials.gov].).
Altering the Course of Proliferative Nephritides: The Challenge of the 1990s (1992)

There is considerable evidence based on experimental pathology that heparin/heparinoids will benefit the course of the various forms of human proliferative nephritis. An alternative to heparin may be pentosan polysulphate. Another possibility is the infusion of prostaglandin E1 because of its anti-inflammatory and potentially antiproliferative actions. Both these approaches mimic natural pathophysiological control mechanisms.
Proteins in biomass streams (2010)

The focus of this study is to give an overview of traditional and new biomasses and biomass streams that contain proteins. When information was available, the differences in molecular structure and physical and chemical properties for the different proteins is given. For optimal biomass use, isolation of valuable compounds like proteins can be an important aspect. To make decisions possible if biorefinery strategies by which the isolation of proteins is feasible, the economical value and production volumes of the different biomass streams will be discussed (when available). Also the industrial relevance and possible applications, such as technical applications and chemicals derived from proteins, will be reported. In addition, the outlet of protein-rich biomass resources in the feed sector will be pointed out.
Bond Strength Analysis of Intracanal Posts used in Anterior Primary Teeth: an in vitro study. (2007)

The purpose of this in vitro study is to assess the bond strength of three different posts used to restore primary anterior teeth. These posts were made by composite resin, 0.7 mm alpha-shaped orthodontic wire and dentin posts. Thirty roots of extracted primary anterior teeth, with initial physiological resorption, were mounted in a container filled with self cured resin and were endodontically treated Thirty posts were prepared using three different materials: 10 composite resin posts (Z100), 10 alpha-shaped orthodontic wire and 10 dentin posts. A bulk of composite resin (Z100) was made over the posts using a circular Teflon bisected strip. The specimens were stored in 37 degrees C water solution for 24 hours before tensile bond strength tests in 0.5 mm/min speed were performed (Instron model 4442 test machine--Instron Corporation). The results were submitted to the Kruskal-Wallis test and there were no significant statistical differences among the three types of posts assessed (p = 0.8666). The dentin posts technique might be considered an alternative for rehabilitation in pediatric dentistry, because of the possibility of natural resorption.
Functional Characterization of Three GlnB Homologs in the Photosynthetic Bacterium <i>Rhodospirillum rubrum</i> : Roles in Sensing Ammonium and Energy Status (2001)

ABSTRACT The GlnB (P II ) protein, the product of glnB , has been characterized previously in the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodospirillum rubrum . Here we describe identification of two other P II homologs in this organism, GlnK and GlnJ. Although the sequences of these three homologs are very similar, the molecules have both distinct and overlapping functions in the cell. While GlnB is required for activation of NifA activity in R. rubrum , GlnK and GlnJ do not appear to be involved in this process. In contrast, either GlnB or GlnJ can serve as a critical element in regulation of the reversible ADP ribosylation of dinitrogenase reductase catalyzed by the dinitrogenase reductase ADP-ribosyl transferase (DRAT)/dinitrogenase reductase-activating glycohydrolase (DRAG) regulatory system. Similarly, either GlnB or GlnJ is necessary for normal growth on a variety of minimal and rich media, and any of the proteins is sufficient for normal posttranslational regulation of glutamine synthetase. Surprisingly, in their regulation of the DRAT/DRAG system, GlnB and GlnJ appeared to be responsive not only to changes in nitrogen status but also to changes in energy status, revealing a new role for this family of regulators in central metabolic regulation.
Utility Driven Clustering (2011)

Data mining has primarily focused on statistical properties of data alone and not necessarily on what could be done with the patterns. While there has been some work on measuring usefulness of patterns in decision making but not on using such measures for driving the mining process. We introduce a framework to mine clusters that support decision making. We use an extrinsic measure that evaluates patterns based on their utility in decision making. We show empirical validation of our approach on several test domains.