gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Researching the Aluminum Nitride Etching Process for Application in MEMS Resonators (2015)

We investigated the aluminum nitride etching process for MEMS resonators. The process is based on Cl2/BCl3/Ar gas chemistry in inductively coupled plasma system. The hard mask of SiO2 is used. The etching rate, selectivity, sidewall angle, bottom surface roughness and microtrench are studied as a function of the gas flow rate, bias power and chamber pressure. The relations among those parameters are reported and theoretical analyses are given. By optimizing the etching parameters, the bottom surface roughness of 1.98 nm and the sidewall angle of 83° were achieved. This etching process can meet the manufacturing requirements of aluminum nitride MEMS resonator.
Learning stable and predictive structures in kinetic systems (2019)

Learning kinetic systems from data is one of the core challenges in many fields. Identifying stable models is essential for the generalization capabilities of data-driven inference. We introduce a computationally efficient framework, called CausalKinetiX, that identifies structure from discrete time, noisy observations, generated from heterogeneous experiments. The algorithm assumes the existence of an underlying, invariant kinetic model, a key criterion for reproducible research. Results on both simulated and real-world examples suggest that learning the structure of kinetic systems benefits from a causal perspective. The identified variables and models allow for a concise description of the dynamics across multiple experimental settings and can be used for prediction in unseen experiments. We observe significant improvements compared to well-established approaches focusing solely on predictive performance, especially for out-of-sample generalization.
Extraction Methods for Recovery of Volatile Organic Compounds from Fortified Dry Soils (1996)

Abstract Recovery of 8 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from dry soils, each fortified at 800 ng/g soil, was studied in relation to the extraction method and time of extraction. Extraction procedures studied on 2 desiccator-dried soils were modifications of EPA low- and high-level purge-and-trap extractions (SW-846 Method 5030A): treatment 1, unmodified low-level procedure; treatment 2,18 h water presoak followed by low-level procedure; treatment 3, 24 h methanol extract at room temperature followed by high-level procedure; and treatment 4, 24 h methanol extract at 65°C followed by highlevel procedure. VOC recoveries from replicate soil samples increased in the treatment order 1 through 4. With Charleston soil (8% clay and 3.8% organic carbon), highly significant differences (p ≤ 0.001) in recoveries among treatments were observed for trichloroethene (TCE), tetrachloroethene (PCE), toluene, ethylbenzene, and o-xylene, with 2- to 3- fold increased recoveries between treatments 1 and 3. With Hayesville soil (32% clay and 0.2% organic carbon), significant improvements (p ≤ 0.05) in recoveries of toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, TCE, and PCE were observed for heated methanol (treatment 4) rather than water extraction (treatment 1), but the increases were less than 2-fold.
Decision-feedback differential demodulation ofbit-interleaved coded MDPSK (1999)

A novel simple receiver structure for M-ary differential phase shift keying (MDPSK) transmission over flat Rayleigh fading channels without channel state information is proposed. Convolutional codes are used for error correction and bit-interleaving as an appropriate means to combat the effects of fading, and the hard decisions of the Viterbi algorithm are fed back during the decoding process in order to improve the calculated bit metric. Iterative decoding with this decision-feedback differential demodulation (DF-DM) results in significant power efficiency gains compared to those achieved using conventional differential demodulation, while the computational complexity remains low.
Geotextile–microstrip–hybrid antennas for roadbed based wireless communication (2012)

Incorporating microstrip antennas (MSAs) into geotextile materials is a promising alternative to utilize advanced wireless capabilities such as wireless traffic monitoring into public transportation infrastructures. Together with a reference MSA, three geotextile–microstrip–hybrid antennas (GA) with different plain weave configurations were fabricated. Full-wave simulation and experimental results confirm that the fabric pattern of the GA affects its radiation characteristics. The dominant TM010x mode of MSA is disturbed by placing conductive wires in the weft direction only. Meanwhile, a higher order TM002x mode exists and yields radiation patterns more suitable for roadbed-based wireless communication application. This suggests that it is possible to manipulate the radiation characteristic of a GA by controlling its weaving configuration. A preliminary package error rate test is also performed and the feasibility of using the GA as complimentary wireless communication hardware is discussed.
Topomimetics of Amphipathic β-Sheet and Helix-Forming Bactericidal Peptides Neutralize Lipopolysaccharide Endotoxins (2006)

Release of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) endotoxin from Gram negative bacterial membranes triggers macrophages to produce large quantities of cytokines that can lead to septic shock and eventual death. Agents that bind to and neutralize LPS may provide a means to clinically prevent septic shock upon bacterial infection. Previously, we reported the design of antibacterial helix peptide SC4 and beta-sheet-forming betapep peptides that neutralize LPS in vitro. We hypothesized that the ability of these and other such peptides to neutralize LPS rested in the common denominator of positively charged amphipathic structure. Here, we describe the design and synthesis of nonpeptide, calixarene-based helix/sheet topomimetics that mimic the folded conformations of these peptides in their molecular dimensions, amphipathic surface topology, and compositional properties. From a small library of topomimetics, we identified several compounds that neutralize LPS in the 10-8 M range, making them as effective as bactericidal/permeability increasing protein and polymyxin B. In an endotoxemia mouse model, three of the most in vitro effective topomimetics are shown to be at least partially protective against challenges of LPS from different bacterial species. NMR studies provide mechanistic insight by suggesting the site of molecular interaction between topomimetics and the lipid A component of LPS, with binding being mediated by electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions. This research contributes to the development of pharmaceutical agents against endotoxemia and septic shock.
Analysis of Crosstalk in Very High-Speed LSI/VLSI's Using a Coupled Multiconductor MIS Microstrip Line Model (1984)

Crosstalk in very high-speed LSI/VLSI's is analyzed using a coupled multiconductor metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) microstrip line model. Loss in the substrate is ignored for simplicity. A periodic boundary condition is used, and the mode analysis is done using the Green's function method. Effects of line length spacing, substrate thickness, and output impedance of gates are investigated. The "lumped capacitance" approximation for interconnections is shown to be inadequate for crosstalk evaluation when the circuit speed is less than 200-300 ps in LSI circuits. The result indicates that crosstalk considerations based on a transmission-line model is very important in the design of very high-speed LSI/VLSI circuits, Provisions of adjacent shield lines are shown to be significantly effective in reducing crosstalk but at the risk of dynamic ringing and at the sacrifice of wiring capacity. A shielded multilevel interconnect scheme is proposed for reduction of crosstalk without reduction of wiring capacity.
Hepatoprotective Effects of Taiwan Folk Medicine: <i>Wedelia chinensis</i> on Three Hepatotoxin-induced Hepatotoxicity (1994)

The hepatoprotective effects of a Taiwanese crude herb, Hwang-hua-mih-tsay (Wedelia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr.), were investigated. Acute hepatitis was induced by three hepatotoxins: carbon tetrachloride and acetaminophen in mice, and D(+)-galactosamine in rats. After treatment with W. chinensis (300 mg/kg, p.o.) at 2, 6 and 10 hours, a reduction in the elevation of serum glutamate oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and glutamate pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) levels was observed at 24 hrs after hepatotoxins were administered. These serological observations were confirmed by histopathological examinations. A microscopic examination of the liver showed a marked improvement in groups receiving W. chinensis. In order to further confirm the hepatoprotective effect of W. chinensis, all pharmacological and histopathological effects were compared with Bupleurum chinense DC. (family Umbelliferae), a well documented antihepatotoxicity herb. It was concluded that W. chinensis has a definite hepatoprotective effect against liver injuries.
Comparison of Different Promoter Methylation Assays in Breast Cancer (2010)

Background : Promoter hypermethylation has emerged as a promising cancer biomarker. Currently, a large variety of quantitative and non-quantitative techniques is used to measure methylation in clinical specimens. Here we directly compared three commonly used methylation assays and assessed the influence of tissue fixation, target sequence location and the amount of DNA on their performance. Methods : We used Methylation-Specific PCR (MSP), Quantitative Multiplex MSP (QM-MSP) and Methylation-Specific Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe Amplification (MS-MLPA) to compare methylation of CCND2, SCGB3A1, RARB and RASSF1 on DNA from 40 breast carcinomas. Results : A comparison between MSP and QM-MSP on the same samples showed a high discrepancy: 20% of tumors that showed no methylation in MSP gave >10% methylation in QM-MSP. In contrast, QM-MSP correlated strongly with MS-MLPA when targeting the same sequence in DNA from paraffin embedded as well as fresh frozen tissue. This correlation declined when target sequences were non-overlapping. In titration experiments, MSP and MS-MLPA performed robust with 10 ng of DNA, while QM-MSP was at least ten-fold more sensitive. Conclusion : Despite the difference in molecular basis, QM-MSP and MS-MLPA showed moderate to strong correlations. In contrast, there was a poor concordance between either of these techniques and non-quantitative MSP. For biological samples with scarce DNA, QM-MSP is the method of choice.
Robust perceptual image hashing using feature points (2005)

Perceptual image hashing maps an image to a fixed length binary string based on the image's appearance to the human eye, and has applications in image indexing, authentication, and watermarking. We present a general framework for perceptual image hashing using feature points. The feature points should be largely invariant under perceptually insignificant distortions. To satisfy this, we propose an iterative feature detector to extract significant geometry preserving feature points. We apply probabilistic quantization on the derived features to enhance perceptual robustness further. The proposed hash algorithm withstands standard benchmark (e.g. Stirmark) attacks including compression, geometric distortions of scaling and small angle rotation, and common signal processing operations. Content changing (malicious) manipulations of image data are also accurately detected.
A Terahertz Polarizer Based on Multilayer Metal Grating Filled in Polyimide Film (2015)

Terahertz (THz) polarizers with low reflection and absorption loss and high polarization extinction ratio (PER) based on multilayer metallic gratings filled in a polyimide film were studied theoretically and experimentally. In theory, THz polarization transmittance and PER of single-layer and multilayer polarizers at different THz frequencies were simulated, and their variations with the layer number of the metallic grating structure were discussed. With the increase in the layer number, PER increases prominently due to the evanescent wave coupling between different layers. In the experiment, a double-layer polarizer with an effective diameter of 42.3 mm was fabricated via layered imidization processes and evaluated by the THz time-domain spectroscopy measurements. Results showed that an average transmittance of 80.5% and a maximal PER of 70 dB were achieved, which were in good agreement with the simulated results and were compared with or outperformed most reported single- or double-layer polarizers.
Monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibodies to human melanoma-associated proteoglycan antigen: generation and characterization of anti-idiotype antibodies. (1991)

We have characterized a number of monoclonal anti-idiotype antibodies (mAb2s) made against a monoclonal antitumor antibody, MEM136. The monoclonal antibody 1 (mAb1) MEM136 recognizes an epitope on human melanoma-associated proteoglycan and blocks melanoma cell interaction with basement membrane components in vitro. The anti-idiotype antibodies (Ab2s) made against MEM136 each cross-inhibited, to varying degrees, their binding to MEM136. Thus, the mAb2s recognized overlapping idiotopes on MEM136. In an attempt to identify potential internal image candidates we set up a cell migration inhibition assay. In this assay, migration of melanoma-associated proteoglycan-positive Colo38 cells was determined through a membrane barrier impregnated with Matrigel, which is composed of extracellular matrix components, i.e., collagen type IV, heparan sulfate, and laminin. Interestingly, only Ab2s IM06 and IM32 inhibited melanoma cell migration. Additional studies indicate that of eight mAb2s tested, only IM32 and IM06 induced anti-MPG responses in rabbits. The possibility that IM32 and IM06 bear images of melanoma cell surface-associated proteoglycan epitopes is discussed.
Direct UV writing of buried singlemode channelwaveguides in Ge-doped silica films (1994)

Germanosilicate film waveguides fabricated by plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition have been shown to possess high sensitivity towards UV induced index changes. As an illustration of possible future applications, direct point-to-point writing of buried singlemode channel waveguides using a focused, continuous wave, UV laser beam is demonstrated.
Value of Audiometry (1973)

Journal Article Value of Audiometry Get access R. W. HOWELL R. W. HOWELL 108 Brooksby Rd., Tilehurst, Reading, Berkshire Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Occupational Medicine, Volume 23, Issue 3, 1973, Pages 99–100, https://doi.org/10.1093/occmed/23.3.99-a Published: 01 September 1973
Towards autonomic web-sites based on learning automata (2005)

Autonomics or self-reorganization becomes pertinent for web-sites serving a large number of users with highly varying workloads. An important component of self-adaptation is to model the behaviour of users and adapt accordingly. This paper proposes a learning-automata based technique for model discovery. User access patterns are used to construct an FSM model of user behaviour that in turn is used for prediction and prefetching. The proposed technique uses a generalization algorithm to classify behaviour patterns into a small number of generalized classes. It has been tested on both synthetic and live data-sets and has shown a prediction hit-rate of up to 89% on a real web-site.
Full-field interferometric imaging of propagating action potentials (2018)

Currently, cellular action potentials are detected using either electrical recordings or exogenous fluorescent probes that sense the calcium concentration or transmembrane voltage. Ca imaging has a low temporal resolution, while voltage indicators are vulnerable to phototoxicity, photobleaching, and heating. Here, we report full-field interferometric imaging of individual action potentials by detecting movement across the entire cell membrane. Using spike-triggered averaging of movies synchronized with electrical recordings, we demonstrate deformations up to 3 nm (0.9 mrad) during the action potential in spiking HEK-293 cells, with a rise time of 4 ms. The time course of the optically recorded spikes matches the electrical waveforms. Since the shot noise limit of the camera (~2 mrad/pix) precludes detection of the action potential in a single frame, for all-optical spike detection, images are acquired at 50 kHz, and 50 frames are binned into 1 ms steps to achieve a sensitivity of 0.3 mrad in a single pixel. Using a self-reinforcing sensitivity enhancement algorithm based on iteratively expanding the region of interest for spatial averaging, individual spikes can be detected by matching the previously extracted template of the action potential with the optical recording. This allows all-optical full-field imaging of the propagating action potentials without exogeneous labels or electrodes.
Disruption of the <i>Bcl6</i> Gene Results in an Impaired Germinal Center Formation (1997)

The Bcl6 gene has been identified from the chromosomal translocation breakpoint in B cell lymphomas, and its products are expressed highly in germinal center (GC) B cells. To investigate the function of Bcl6 in lymphocytes, we have generated RAG1-deficient mice reconstituted with bone marrow cells from Bcl6-deficient mice (Bcl6(-/-)RM). Lymphogenesis in primary lymphoid tissues of Bcl6(-/-)RM is normal, and Bcl6(-/-)RM produced control levels of primary IgG1 antibodies specific to T cell-dependent antigens. However, GCs were not found in these mice. This defect was mainly due to the abnormalities of B cells. Therefore, Bcl6 is essential for the differentiation of GC B cells.
Optical detector selection for 1.5-um KTP OPO atmospheric lidar (1999)

A 1.5 micron wavelength KTP OPO Lidar system has been developed and used to study the sensitivity and the system signal-to-noise ratio for hard target and atmospheric aerosol lidar returns. Optimization of the receiver system was studied that included the use of different sizes, types of detectors, and the effect of laser beam quality factor, M<SUP>2</SUP>, on the telescope overlap function. Detectors that were studied included several different sizes of InGaAs APDs, direct photodetectors, a transferred-electron intensified photodiode (TE-IPD), and a PMT. The influence of the diffraction or beam quality factor (M<SUP>2</SUP>) of the OPO laser was studied and found to have a significant influence on the overlap of the transmit and receiver field of view. This overlap function is also influenced by the size of the lidar detector since a large M<SUP>2</SUP> value can overfill the detector/telescope field of view so that small (high speed) detectors may be subject to a large reduction in the lidar signal. The size of the photodiodes and APDs used in the initial OPO lidar experiments were of the order of 0.1 mm to 2 mm, while the TE-IPD and the PMT are larger in acceptance area. Some initial experimental measurements with the photodetectors and APD, and projected theoretical comparisons with the TE-IPD and PMT detectors have been made.
Dictionary Learning Based on Nonnegative Matrix Factorization Using Parallel Coordinate Descent (2013)

Sparse representation of signals via an overcomplete dictionary has recently received much attention as it has produced promising results in various applications. Since the nonnegativities of the signals and the dictionary are required in some applications, for example, multispectral data analysis, the conventional dictionary learning methods imposed simply with nonnegativity may become inapplicable. In this paper, we propose a novel method for learning a nonnegative, overcomplete dictionary for such a case. This is accomplished by posing the sparse representation of nonnegative signals as a problem of nonnegative matrix factorization (NMF) with a sparsity constraint. By employing the coordinate descent strategy for optimization and extending it to multivariable case for processing in parallel, we develop a so-called parallel coordinate descent dictionary learning (PCDDL) algorithm, which is structured by iteratively solving the two optimal problems, the learning process of the dictionary and the estimating process of the coefficients for constructing the signals. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the proposed algorithm performs better than the conventional nonnegative K-SVD (NN-KSVD) algorithm and several other algorithms for comparison. What is more, its computational consumption is remarkably lower than that of the compared algorithms.
9,9′-Spirobifluorene and 4-phenyl-9,9′-spirobifluorene: pure hydrocarbon small molecules as hosts for efficient green and blue PhOLEDs (2014)

This work reports the use of 9,9′-spirobifluorene and 4-phenyl-9,9′-spirobifluorene, pure hydrocarbon small molecules, as hosts for efficient green and blue phosphorescent OLEDs.
Mild Solvothermal Synthesis and TEM Investigation of Unprotected Nanoparticles of Tin Sulfide (2001)

A convenient solvothermal synthesis of SnS nanoparticles from activated tin metal and elemental sulfur is reported. Through the use of diethyleneglycoldimethylether (diglyme) as a solvent, unprotected particles of Herzenbergite 20−40 nm in size were obtained at a reaction temperature of 160 °C. Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), EDX analysis, and TEM studies showed that β-SnS is the only product.
From Borno to Sokoto (2018)

Once Muslims took over from Copts the trade to the regions around Lake Chad <italic>c</italic>.1000 <sc>ad</sc>, the process of Islamization could begin in Kanem and Borno. The state of Borno by the sixteenth century had become dominant in the Lake Chad basin, and Borno’s ruler had been given the title of Caliph. To the west of Borno, under its suzerainty were the savanna trading cities of Hausaland, where the two main merchant networks, one from Birni Ngazargamu in Borno, the other (“Wangara”) from Jenne and Gao (on the River Niger), combined trade with scholarship. By the late eighteenth century, a shaikh of the Qadiriyya brotherhood, ‘Uthman dan Fodio, demanded local rulers be strictly Islamic; this gave rise to four years of jihad and its ultimate success in 1808 led to the establishment of the Sokoto Caliphate, the largest precolonial state in Africa (much larger than today’s northern Nigeria).
Combining different design strategies for rational affinity maturation of the MICA‐NKG2D interface (2012)

We redesigned residues on the surface of MICA, a protein that binds the homodimeric immunoreceptor NKG2D, to increase binding affinity with a series of rational, incremental changes. A fixed-backbone RosettaDesign protocol scored a set of initial mutations, which we tested by surface plasmon resonance for thermodynamics and kinetics of NKG2D binding, both singly and in combination. We combined the best four mutations at the surface with three affinity-enhancing mutations below the binding interface found with a previous design strategy. After curating design scores with three cross-validated tests, we found a linear relationship between free energy of binding and design score, and to a lesser extent, enthalpy and design score. Multiple mutants bound with substantial subadditivity, but in at least one case full additivity was observed when combining distant mutations. Altogether, combining the best mutations from the two strategies into a septuple mutant enhanced affinity by 50-fold, to 50 nM, demonstrating a simple, effective protocol for affinity enhancement.