gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development and distribution of B lineage cells in the domestic cat: analysis with monoclonal antibodies to cat <i>mu</i>-, <i>gamma</i>-, <i>kappa</i>-, and lambda-chains and heterologous anti-<i>alpha</i> antibodies. (1985)

To trace the development and distribution of B lineage cells in the domestic cat (Felis catus), we have produced monoclonal antibodies against mu-, gamma-, kappa-, and lambda-chains of feline immunoglobulins (Ig). Goat antibodies against human mu-, alpha-, and lambda-chains, which are reactive with shared determinants on their feline counterparts, were used in conjunction with the panel of mouse monoclonal antibodies. Cytoplasmic mu+ pre-B cells and surface IgM+ B lymphocytes were observed in 42 day fetal liver in which pre-B cells were more abundant than IgM+ B cells. Pre-B cells also were found in bone marrow in young cats, and continued to be generated in the marrow throughout life. In the spleen, adult levels of B cells were attained by 12 wk of age, at which time the frequencies of surface IgM+, IgG+, and lambda+ cells were 49, 3, and 40%, respectively. The distributions of Ig isotypes also were determined among plasma cells as a function of age and tissue localization. IgM plasma cells were predominant in the bone marrow of 1-wk-old cats, whereas IgG plasma cells were the prevalent isotype in adult bone marrow. In the mesenteric lymph nodes of adult animals, the frequency distributions of IgM, IgG, and IgA plasma cells were similar to the frequency distributions of IgM, IgG, and IgA isotypes among bone marrow plasma cells. IgA+ plasma cells predominated in the intestinal lamina propria, in which IgG+ and IgM+ plasma cells were relatively infrequent. In the tissues of both young and adult animals, the ratio of lambda:kappa expression was approximately 3:1. We conclude that the pattern of B cell development in the cat resembles that found in other mammals, except that the kappa to lambda ratio is reversed.
Reduction-olefination of esters: a new and efficient synthesis of .alpha.-fluoro .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated esters (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReduction-olefination of esters: a new and efficient synthesis of .alpha.-fluoro .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated estersAlagappan Thenappan and Donald J. BurtonCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 15, 4639–4642Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00302a030https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00302a030research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views896Altmetric-Citations74LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Nitrite and nitrate determinations in plasma: a critical evaluation (1995)

Plasma nitrite and nitrate determinations are increasingly being used in clinical chemistry as markers for the activity of nitric oxide synthase and the production of nitric oxide radicals. However, a systematic evaluation of the determination of nitrite and nitrate in plasma has not been performed. In this study the recovery and stability of nitrite and nitrate in whole blood and in plasma, the relation between nitrite and nitrate concentrations in plasma, and possible sources of artifacts were investigated. The main conclusions are: (a) Recovery of nitrite and nitrate from plasma is near-quantitative (87%) and reproducible; (b) nitrite and nitrate are stable in (frozen) plasma for at least 1 year; (c) nitrite in whole blood is very rapidly (> 95% in 1 h) oxidized to nitrate, and therefore plasma nitrite determination alone is meaningless; (d) the ranges of nitrite and nitrate concentrations in plasma samples of 26 healthy persons are 1.3-13 mumol/L (mean 4.2 mumol/L) and 4.0-45.3 mumol/L (mean 19.7 mumol/L), respectively; (e) plasma nitrite and nitrate concentrations were not correlated (nitrite as % of total nitrite + nitrate varied from 3.9% to 88% in plasma samples); and (f) plasma samples should be deproteinized, and background controls for each sample should be included in the assay, to avoid measuring artifactually high nitrite and nitrate concentrations in plasma.
Quantum channels showing superadditivity in classical capacity (1998)

We consider a channel coding for sending classical information through a quantum channel with a given ensemble of quantum states (letter states). As is well known, it is generically possible in a quantum channel that the transmittable information in block coding of length $n$ can exceed $n$ times the maximum amount that can be sent without any coding scheme. This so-called superadditivity in classical capacity of a quantum channel is a distinct feature that cannot be found in a classical memoryless channel. In this paper, a practical model of channel coding that shows this property is presented. It consists of a simple code-word selection and the optimum decoding of the code words minimizing the average error probability. At first, optimization of decoding strategy is discussed. Then the channel coding that shows the superadditivity in classical capacity is demonstrated.
Cracking rock: Progress in fracture treatment design (1992)

The goal of fracture treatment design is to generate the longest, most conductive and durable fracture for the least amount of money. The art of achieving this lies in effective fracture treatment design, a discipline undergoing rapid evolution. In the 1950s, hydraulic fracturing was a hit-or-miss proposition. Through the 60s and 70s, better data quality and more sophisticated models of rock mechanics improved control over the fracture job. Today, with cost-effective, high-power computing, two-dimensional (2D) models of fracture propagation are giving way to a three-dimensional (3D) approach. In the past few years, improvements in fracture design have come from developments in several areas: (a) fracture geometry modeling; (b) relationship of perforation design and fracture initiation; and (c) fracture treatment evaluation. Mathematical advances have also made evaluation tools more powerful. There is a growing practice of testing the validity of the fracture geometry model against postfracture well test data, then refining the model. This 'back analysis' permits prediction of fracture parameters, particularly fracture length and conductivity, to be compared with independent field measurements. 16 figs., 49 refs.
An apoptotic molecular network identified by microarray: On the TRAIL to new insights in epithelial ovarian cancer (2007)

The identification of new proteins in the initial diagnosis and prognosis of patients with epithelial ovarian cancer may lead to a better understanding of the disease, highlighting new potential therapeutic targets, and may be useful in patient management.
Anti-idiotypic antibody with potential use as an Eimeria tenella sporozoite antigen surrogate for vaccination of chickens against coccidiosis (1988)

Anti-idiotypic antibodies were raised in rabbits against four monoclonal antibodies with specificity for the surface antigenic determinants of Eimeria tenella sporozoites, the infective stage of the coccidial parasite. Two of the monoclonal antibodies (1073 and 15-1) transferred passive protection in chickens against E. tenella infection. The polyclonal anti-idiotype antibody preparations against protective monoclonal antibodies contained specificities for the paratope-associated idiotypes of these monoclonal antibodies, as assessed by the competitive inhibition of binding of the homologous idiotype-anti-idiotype by the sporozoite antigen. Competitive inhibition of binding of homologous idiotype-anti-idiotype by the parasite antigen was not observed when the anti-idiotype antibody preparations against monoclonal antibodies 1546 and 1096 were tested. The anti-idiotype 1073 and 15-1 antibodies functioned as surrogate antigens in vivo when used for vaccination of young chickens, as evidenced by the induction of partial protective immunity against subsequent challenge infection with virulent parasites and induction of antisporozoite antibodies. These data clearly support the view that anti-idiotypic antibodies raised against the paratope-associated idiotypes can mimic pathogen antigens and therefore can provide a possible alternative approach for the vaccination of chickens against coccidiosis.
Formulation and in vitro evaluation of ethosomes as vesicular carrier for enhanced topical delivery of isotretinoin (2013)

Purpose : The purpose of the present research was to evaluate the ability of ethosomes for topical delivery of isotretinoin. The ethosomal vesicles were prepared with various concentrations of lecithin and ethanol by using hot method. The ethosomal based isotretinoin gel (GEL-ES) was compared to that of marketed formulations isotretinoin (GEL-MF) by using hydrophobic hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose as gel base. The physicochemical and stability of ethosomal based isotretinoin and a marketed gel (control) were evaluated for organoleptic properties, drug entrapment, drug content uniformity and in vitro drug release and skin permeation studies. F2 ethosomal vesicles containing 2%w/w lecithin and 30%w/w ethanol was found to have shown the best entrapment percentage (99.21%) and also showed suitable physicochemical characteristics for topical administration. Physical stability studies were also conducted for 45 days at 4°C and 25°C. GEL-ES and GEL-MF were applied to rat skin and penetration was assessed by Franz diffusion cells.  In vitro release studies showed that less than 10% of isotretinoin reached the receptor compartment compared to GEL-MF till 8 h. On comparing F2 and F4 gel formulations, F2 gel has shown better controlled release by in vitro drug release and in vitro skin permeation profile than F4 gel. However, the in vitro skin permeation was increased with the addition of enhancers. From the experimental data, it may be concluded that the ethosomal vesicles and enhancers increased the skin permeation and depot formation of drug in the skin.
SYNTHESIS OF DERIVATIVES OF 1,2-DICHLORO-4-BENZENESULFONAMIDO-5-NITROBENZENE AND THEIR USE IN THE CHEMOTHERAPY OF SPONTANEOUS CANCERS (1965)

A series of compounds related to 1,2-dichloro-4-benzenesulfonamido-5-nitrobenzene has been synthesized. These included derivatives in which ionizable groups had been placed in the para position of the benzenesulfonamido portion to confer on the compounds water solubility at physiological pH. Thus, carboxyl and quaternary ammonium groupings were introduced in this position. Water solubility was also conferred by introduction at the same position of non-ionizable groups such as polyhydroxyalkylamido groups. Additional relatives of the parent compound in which the chlorine atoms were replaced by methyl groups, and in which para-substituted benzenesulfonamido groups replaced those in the 4 and 5 positions, were synthesized. These compounds were tested for their ability to cure permanently the spontaneous mammary cancers of two strains of mice. All compounds were tested in combination with 1,2-dimethyl-4-(p-carboxyphenylazo)-5-hydroxybenzene. The most active substance found was 1,2-dichloro-4-(p-carboxybenzenesulfonamido)-5-nitrobenzene.
Development of a Fourfold Multiplexed Opsonophagocytosis Assay for Pneumococcal Antibodies against Additional Serotypes and Discovery of Serological Subtypes in Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotype 20 (2012)

Opsonophagocytic killing assays (OPAs) are important in vitro surrogate markers of protection in vaccine studies of Streptococcus pneumoniae. We have previously reported the development of a 4-fold multiplexed OPA (MOPA) for the 13 serotypes in Prevnar 13. Because new conjugate vaccines with increased valence are being developed, we developed 4-fold MOPAs for an additional 13 serotypes: serotypes 6C and 6D, plus the 11 serotypes contained in Pneumovax but not in Prevnar 13. A high level of nonspecific killing (NSK) was observed for three serotypes (10A, 15B, and 33F) in multiple batches of baby rabbit complement. The NSK could be reduced by preadsorbing the complement with encapsulated, as well as unencapsulated, pneumococcal strains. The MOPA results compared well with the results of single-serotype OPA for all serotypes except for serotype 3. For serotype 3, the results obtained from the MOPA format were ~40% higher than those of the single-serotype format. Interassay precision of MOPA was determined with 5 serum samples, and the coefficient of variation was generally <30% for all serotypes. MOPA was also specific for all serotypes except for serotype 20; i.e., free homologous polysaccharide (PS), but not unrelated PS, could completely and efficiently inhibit opsonization. However, serotype 20 PS from ATCC could efficiently inhibit opsonization of one serotype 20 target strain but not three other type 20 target strains even at a high (>80 mg/liter) PS concentration. This suggests the presence of serologic heterogeneity among serotype 20 strains.
Spontaneous release of a factor with properties of T cell growth factor from a continuous line of primate tumor T cells. (1981)

A continuous lymphoid cell line had been previously established from a gibbon with spontaneous lymphosarcoma. This cell line, designated as MLA144, when tested after several years in culture was shown to release spontaneously a factor biologically and biochemically similar to human T cell growth factor (TCGF). Conditioned media (CM) from MLA144 cells support growth and DNA synthesis of T cells from humans, several other species of primates, and also from mice and rabbits. The activity in the MLA144 CM is resistant to 60 degrees C and to low and high pH, has a m.w., as determined by gel filtration, of 21,500, elutes from DEAE-cellulose at 0.04 to 0.06 M sodium phosphate buffer, pH 7.6, and has an isoelectric point of about 6.45. Surface-marker analysis of MLA144 cells by rosetting techniques indicates that they are T cells lacking in the receptor for the Fc portion of IgG. The release of TCGF by MLA144 cells should have practical value in terms of ease of TCGF production and should be of great help in the facilitation of studies on the cell biology and molecular biology of TCGF production.
FLASH: fast length adjustment of short reads to improve genome assemblies (2011)

t.magoc@gmail.com.
Clinical pharmacokinetics of ergotamine, dihydroergotamine, ergotoxine, bromocriptine, methysergide, and lergotrile. (1983)

The clinical pharmacokinetics of ergotamine, dihydroergotamine, ergotoxine, bromocriptine, methysergide, and lergotrile are reviewed. Generally the new radioimmunoassay methods have partially resolved the problems involved in determining some of these ergot derivatives in biologic fluids after the low doses used clinically. However, our present knowledge of their pharmacokinetics is limited and much work remains to be done in this area. Many cases show a great difference between results produced with a radioactive drug and with radioimmunoassay. The longer half-lives measured by using a radioactive derivative are apparently due to the many metabolites of ergot alkaloids. However, we still do not know the clinical importance of these metabolites. For instance, the amount of dihydroergotamine reaching the systemic circulation remains below 1% (radioimmunoassay), but according to studies performed with a radioactive derivative the absorption quotient is about 30%. Further studies are needed to resolve the problem of an apparently high "first-pas" metabolism of this and other ergot alkaloids in the liver or gastrointestinal mucosa.
Reversible Michael Reaction−Enzymatic Hydrolysis:  A New Variant of Dynamic Resolution (2001)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTReversible Michael Reaction−Enzymatic Hydrolysis: A New Variant of Dynamic ResolutionJaan A. Pesti, Jianguo Yin, Lin-hua Zhang, and Luigi AnzaloneView Author Information Chemical Process Research and Development Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. Chambers Works, Deepwater, New Jersey 08023 Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2001, 123, 44, 11075–11076Publication Date (Web):October 11, 2001Publication History Received25 July 2001Published online11 October 2001Published inissue 1 November 2001https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja011811lhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ja011811lrapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 2001 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views780Altmetric-Citations27LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Hydrolysis,Molecular structure,Peptides and proteins,Phosphates,Stereoselectivity Get e-Alerts
The Application of Onion Routing in Anonymous Communication (2010)

With the development of network technology, the privacy and secret safety protection of people's becomes more important. Anonymous communication Technology is one of the best way to ensure the network users' privacy and secret that involved. The article introduces the basic concept and related theory of Onion Routing. Proposing a new model which can support a reversible Onion Routing Anonymous Communication and analyzes its' system performance and security.
Carbon nanotubes are coherent electron sources (1997)

The observation of electron interference effects provides direct evidence of the coherence of the electrons emitted from a carbon nanotube. To demonstrate this, the low-energy electron point source microscope has been used to mount an individual carbon nanotube onto a tungsten tip. In subsequent experiments, the electrons emitted from the nanotube were used to generate holograms. Comparison with a standard tungsten atomic point source emitter establishes a high degree of coherence for a nanotube emitter.
Differential expression of genes coding for ABC transporters after treatment of <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> with xenobiotics (1997)

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters are thought to be involved in many cellular detoxification mechanisms. Performing a BLAST search, we found four distinct expressed sequence tags (EST) of Arabidopsis thaliana highly similar to the human and fungal glutathione-conjugate ABC transporters. We studied the expression of the corresponding genes in response to various xenobiotics in an effort to gain information on their function. The abundance of transcripts corresponding to one of the genes (EST1) was not affected by the various compounds tested, whereas the abundance of transcripts corresponding to the other three genes (EST2, EST3, EST4) was increased by 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene, primisulfuron and IRL 1803. Treatment of Arabidopsis with either primisufuron or IRL 1803 resulted in a more than 40-fold increase in EST2-specific transcripts.
Should I stay or should I go? Shedding of RPTPs in cancer cells switches signals from stabilizing cell-cell adhesion to driving cell migration (2011)

Dissolution of cell-cell adhesive contacts and increased cell-extracellular matrix adhesion are hallmarks of the migratory and invasive phenotype of cancer cells. These changes are facilitated by growth factor binding to receptor protein tyrosine kinases (RTKs). In normal cells, cell-cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), including some receptor protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs), antagonize RTK signaling by promoting adhesion over migration. In cancer, RTK signaling is constitutive due to mutated or amplified RTKs, which leads to growth factor independence, or autonomy. An alternative route for a tumor cell to achieve autonomy is to inactivate cell-cell CAMs such as RPTPs. RPTPs directly mediate cell adhesion and regulate both cadherin-dependent adhesion and signaling. In addition, RPTPs antagonize RTK signaling by dephosphorylating molecules activated following ligand binding. Both RPTPs and cadherins are downregulated in tumor cells by cleavage at the cell surface. This results in shedding of the extracellular, adhesive segment and displacement of the intracellular segment, altering its subcellular localization and access to substrates or binding partners. In this commentary we discuss the signals that are altered following RPTP and cadherin cleavage to promote cell migration. Tumor cells both step on the gas (RTKs) and disconnect the brakes (RPTPs and cadherins) during their invasive and metastatic journey.
Patient satisfaction after LASIK for myopia. (2001)

This study demonstrates a very high level of patient satisfaction following excimer laser treatment for myopia and myopic astigmatism. A great deal of literature has evaluated objective outcomes of LASIK, but this is one of few studies to examine patient satisfaction.
A Cord of Three Strands Is Not Quickly Broken: Strengths of a Team (2016)

The idea of "strengths" is a shift for the western world in how it looks at talents, skills, and weaknesses. The strengths paradigm is an assessment that universities are using to assist students in identifying their talents and strengths. Many have written about strengths and the individual; few have written about or researched the impact of the paradigm on team development. Discussing how disparate strengths can work in relationship to one another is important. Moreover, understanding that improper use of strengths can lead to the "shadow" side of strengths creating dissonance and conflict in a team is also important. This article reflects on what is necessary for a team to provide space for a beneficial exploration and facilitation of strengths. Using literature, student interviews, and personal observations, this article intends to prompt further discussion and the production of literature as it pertains to how strengths work with college teams.