gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The best of both worlds: unifying conventional dialog systems and POMDPs (2008)

Partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs) and conventional design practices offer two very different but complementary approaches to building spoken dialog systems. Whereas conventional manual design readily incorporates business rules, domain knowledge, and contextually appropriate system language, POMDPs employ optimization to produce more detailed dialog plans and better robustness to speech recognition errors. In this paper we propose a novel method for integrating these two approaches, capturing both of their strengths. The POMDP and conventional dialog manager run in parallel; the conventional dialog manager nominates a set of one or more actions, and the POMDP chooses the optimal action. Experiments using a real dialog system confirm that this unified architecture yields better performance than using a conventional dialog manager alone, and also demonstrate an improvement in optimization speed and reliability vs. a pure POMDP.
A Covalent Reporter of β‐Lactamase Activity for Fluorescent Imaging and Rapid Screening of Antibiotic‐Resistant Bacteria (2013)

Bacterial resistance to antibiotics poses a great clinical challenge in fighting serious infectious diseases due to complicated resistant mechanisms and time-consuming testing methods. Chemical reaction-directed covalent labeling of resistance-associated bacterial proteins in the context of a complicated environment offers great opportunity for the in-depth understanding of the biological basis conferring drug resistance, and for the development of effective diagnostic approaches. In the present study, three fluorogenic reagents LRBL1-3 for resistant bacteria labeling have been designed and prepared on the basis of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). The hydrolyzed probes could act as reactive electrophiles to attach the enzyme, β-lactamase, and thus facilitated the covalent labeling of drug resistant bacterial strains. SDS electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry characterization confirmed that these probes were sensitive and specific to β-lactamase and could therefore serve for covalent and localized fluorescence labeling of the enzyme structure. Moreover, this β-lactamase-induced covalent labeling provides quantitative analysis of the resistant bacterial population (down to 5%) by high resolution flow cytometry, and allows single-cell detection and direct observation of bacterial enzyme activity in resistant pathogenic species. This approach offers great promise for clinical investigations and microbiological research.
Preparation of an a,b-Type of Ter- and Septithiophenes (1987)

w i t h a l o w -v a l e n t t i t a n i u m r e a g e n t .Thiophene oligomers continue t o a t t r a c t much attention because o f t h e i r unique biological a c t i v i t i e s 1 and also as starting materials for the preparation o f organic conductors.I n our continuing synthetic study on thiophene oligomers, we have previously reported the syntheses of a series of an a-type o f thiophene oligomers including o-ter-,2-4 a-quater-,5 u-quinque-,6 ~s e x i -, ~ a-septi-,6 and h -o ~t i t h i o p h e n e s .~ Herein we report the preparation o f an 0.6-type o f thiophene oligomers, t e r -and septithiophenes (4 and 12).--The synthetic strategy for 4 and 12 stems from our previous thiophene The reductive * -
Lewis Base-Catalyzed Additions of Alkynes Using Trialkoxysilylalkynes (2005)

[reaction: see text]. The Lewis base-catalyzed additions of alkynyl nucleophiles to aldehydes, ketones, and imines is described. Mechanistic studies strongly indicate that the use of new triethoxysilylalkynes facilitates access of a reactive hypervalent silicate intermediate. This activated carbon nucleophile subsequently undergoes rapid addition to carbonyl compounds and imines, thus affording the secondary and tertiary propargyl systems in moderate to high yield.
Modification of the core lipids of low density lipoproteins produces selective alterations in the expression of apoB-100 epitopes. (1990)

The conformation of the apolipoprotein B-100 associated with low density lipoproteins (LDL) is not fixed. Rather, the conformations of several regions are subject to alteration by a variety of metabolic and therapeutic perturbations that change either the lipid compositions and/or sizes of LDL particles. However, because these perturbations simultaneously alter several structural-compositional features of the particles it has been difficult to relate structural-compositional features of LDL to apoB-100 conformations. Furthermore, in in vivo studies several days pass between samplings, thus different sets of particles are studied before and after experimental perturbation. In the present experiments more discrete perturbations of LDL were obtained in vitro by incubating LDL with very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) in the presence of partially purified human plasma lipid transfer proteins. The conformations of apoB on the LDL particles then were examined a) by probing epitope expression and b) by examining interactions between LDL and LDL-receptors in cultured human fibroblasts. During incubations with VLDL and lipid transfer proteins, the diameters of LDL particles decreased; the percentage composition of LDL triglycerides increased three-to fivefold; concomitantly, cholesteryl esters decreased. Lipid transfer protein was required for the transfer to occur and the magnitude of the increase in LDL-triglycerides depended upon the duration of incubation, the ratio of VLDL/LDL, and unknown properties specific to the various LDL preparations. The fact that the triglyceride contents of all LDL preparations were not identically affected suggests that initial packaging of the core region may affect capacity for lipid exchange.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A Deterministic Approach to Nonlinear SystemsAnalysis (2018)

The electrophysiological investigation of the visual system poses two major problems for systems analysis and identification. This chapter aims to illuminate the old subject of white-noise systems analysis from a different angle in the hope of generating some new insights. It also aims to communicate methods that have proven extremely useful in visual electrophysiology. The chapter makes a distinction between stochastic and deterministic techniques based on the way the response properties are extracted. In a stochastic approach the system is stimulated by means of a random process, and the extraction of the response characteristics is based on the stochastic properties of the stimulus. In a deterministic analysis, on the other hand, one uses the exact input signal. Because the deterministic approach makes it possible to keep track of the number of occurrences of each configuration, it can also be used with nonwhite inputs.
Effect of Counterions on Ordered Phase Formation in Suspensions of Charged Rodlike Cellulose Crystallites (1997)

Stable colloidal suspensions of cellulose crystallites with negatively charged sulfate groups on their surface were prepared by acid hydrolysis of filter paper. The suspensions, which were free of added electrolyte, formed chiral nematic ordered phases above a critical concentration. A sharp boundary was observed between coexisting chiral nematic and isotropic phases, enabling measurements to be made of the relative amounts of each phase as a function of total cellulose concentration. The isotropic-to-chiral nematic phase equilibrium was sensitive to the nature of the counterions present in the suspension. Samples were prepared with sodium, potassium, cesium, ammonium, tetramethylammonium, tetraethylammonium, tetrapropylammonium, tetrabutylammonium, trimethylammonium, and triethylammonium counterions. Suspensions with H+ counterions formed an ordered phase at the lowest concentrations of crystallites. For inorganic counterions, the critical concentration for ordered phase formation increases in the order H+ < Na+ < K+ < Cs+. For the organic counterions, the critical concentration in general increases with increasing counterion size, suggesting that the equilibrium is governed by a balance between hydrophobic attraction and steric repulsion forces. The nature of the counterions also influences other properties of the suspensions, such as their stability, the temperature dependence of the phase separation and of the chiral nematic pitch, and the redispersability of dried samples made from the suspensions.
Disparate Roles of Chiral Ligands and Molecularly Imprinted Cavities in Asymmetric Catalysis and Chiral Poisoning (2001)

The activation of molecularly imprinted metal complexes generates Lewis acid catalysts for the ene reaction, each of which contains a chiral diphosphine ligand and a chiral BINOL-shaped cavity. Poisoning experiments with (R)- and (S)-BINAM indicate that while the chiral cavity can differentiate the chiral poisons, it is the chiral diphosphine ligand which controls the enantioselectivity of the ene product.
Nostradamus: a floorplanner of uncertain designs (1999)

Floorplanning is an early phase in chip planning. It provides information on approximate area, delay, power, and other performance measures. Careful floorplanning is, thus, of extreme importance. In many applications, while a good floorplan is needed, the information about all modules is not available, or even worse, part of the provided information is inaccurate. Examples of such applications are designing a huge system where the floorplan is needed early in the design process, but not all the modules have been designed. Another example is the field of reconfigurable computing where it is not known what modules will be needed on the reconfigurable chip as the program is being executed. Floorplanning with uncertainty is the problem of obtaining a good floorplan when the information about module dimensions is not complete. In this paper, the floorplanning problem with uncertainty is formulated. Correlation between input characteristics and output characteristics is studied. Also, it is established that traditional floorplanners are incapable of efficiently handling uncertainty. An effective method for dealing with uncertain data is proposed. Experiments show that, for example, with up to 30% input uncertainty an area estimate with less than 7% error can be obtained.
Emi-Flective Display Device with Attribute of High Glare-Free-Ambient-Contrast-Ratio (2007)

We have demonstrated the integration of an organic light emitting device (OLED) and a reflective liquid crystal display (R-LCD) which was termed an emi-flective display. The glare-free-ambient-contrast-ratio (GFA-CR) was used to evaluate the image quality of display devices under ambient light. Through integrating the OLED with R-LCD, the GFA-CR of the device achieved an improvement by a factor of 8 compared with that of the OLED alone. Moreover, the integrated R-LCD showed a GFA-CR of 100:1 within a viewing cone of 20° which can suppress the wash-out of OLED and is more power-saving in the sunlight. Therefore, an emi-flective display is a promising technique for mobile applications.
Interactive spatio‐spectral analysis of three‐dimensional mass‐spectral (3DxMS) chemical images (2010)

Abstract Emerging technologies for chemical imaging provide high‐resolution three‐dimensional (3D) surveys with high‐precision mass spectrometry (MS), promising to open unprecedented vistas for understanding complex phenomena such as cellular metabolism. However, there are critical challenges in transforming the large, complex, multidimensional, multispectral data sets into useful chemical information for biological research and other applications. This paper describes new informatics for advanced interactive spatio‐spectral analysis of three‐dimensional mass‐spectral (3DxMS) chemical images. The technical challenges for interactive informatics are rapid access to large datasets, visualization of 3D hyperspectral images, and pattern recognition for spatio‐spectral mapping. This paper describes an effective compression method for time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) data that provides rapid spatial‐spectral access; a framework for 3DxMS visualization that supports multiple views with multiple layers of information; and a suite of pattern recognition tools for spatio‐spectral drawing, clustering, and classification. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
S-Fimbriae From Escherichia coli Bind to Soluble Glycoproteins From Human Milk (1999)

These data further support the opinion that glycoproteins from human milk are potential receptor analogues for certain bacteria that may prevent microbial adhesion to the epithelial cell surface.
6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-bisphosphatase: suiting structure to need, in a family of tissue-specific enzymes (2001)

The present review addresses recent advances in research into a family of bifunctional enzymes that are responsible for the twofold task of synthesizing and hydrolyzing fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (Fru-2,6-P2), which in turn regulates the rate of glycolysis in most cells. The structure of the synthetic kinase, conjoined at its carboxyl-terminus to the phosphatase, is very highly conserved throughout evolution and differentiation, with isotypic expression arising from highly variable amino-terminal and carboxyl-terminal regulatory domains. These domains, which frequently contain protein-kinase-catalyzed phosphorylation motifs, are responsible for the widely divergent kinetics observed in various tissues and species, and for the hormonal modulation that alters intracellular levels of Fru-2,6-P2. The present review discusses recent advances in relating structure to function, and the identification of new pathways of transcriptional regulation of this important family of regulatory enzymes.
A hybrid interference canceller in CDMA (2002)

We introduce a modified interference cancellation scheme for multiuser detection in CDMA. This detector combines the successive and parallel interference cancellation concepts, and hence is called a hybrid interference canceller (HIC). In the HIC, the active users are split into a number of groups. Within each group, parallel detection is performed. Between the groups, serial cancellation is carried out. The performance is evaluated over both single-path and multipath channels and it is shown through simulation that the HIC detector has a performance close to the successive interference canceller, but with a much less detection delay. The detector also overcomes the "ping-pong" behaviour of the conventional parallel interference canceller at the cost of an additional detection delay.
PRESTOR-1: A Processor Extending Multithreaded Architecture (2006)

Multithreaded processors are globally spreading. Multithreaded architecture enables fast context switching for tolerating memory access latency and bridging synchronization gap, and thus enables efficient utilization of execution pipelines. However, it cannot avoid all pipeline stalls; stalls still occur when all processor built-in threads are in a wait state or there are not enough threads in a task/process to fill up all available context slots, since the mechanism for switching active threads is effective only for processor built-in threads' contexts. We developed a new multithreaded processor, PRESTOR-1, that increases the virtual number of built-in threads' contexts and enables seamless task/thread switching by allocating and swapping task/thread contexts hierarchically between processor and memory in a multitasking environment. The processor supports real-time applications through hierarchical task/thread allocation based on the task/thread priority and fast response mechanisms for interrupt requests exploiting the multiple-context architecture. Moreover, the processor has reconfigurable caches that provide a priority-based partitioning cache and a FIFO buffer. In this paper, we describe the details of PRESTOR-1.
Inactivation of Bacillus subtilis spores on packaging surfaces by u.v. excimer laser irradiation (2000)

Ultraviolet (u.v.) laser irradiation has been used to inactivate Bacillus subtilis spores deposited on to planar aluminium- and polyethylene-coated packaging surfaces. Kill kinetics were found to be diphasic, with an initial rapid inactivation phase followed by tailing. Although no definitive evidence was obtained, it is thought that spores located within packaging crevices/pores were primarily responsible for the observed tailing. Surviving spores were also found on the unexposed underside of cards and, to a lesser extent, within clumps. The log count reduction in B. subtilis was dependent on spore loading and total u.v. dose. In comparison, packaging surface composition, fluence (2-18 Jm-2) and frequency (40-150 Hz) had only a negligible effect. By irradiating boards carrying 106 spores, with a dose of 11.5 J cm-2, a log count reduction >5 was obtained. The mode of spore inactivation was primarily through DNA disruption. This was confirmed by the high sensitivity of spores lacking protective, small, acid-soluble proteins, in addition to the high frequency of auxotrophic and asporogenous mutations found amongst survivors.
Development of nanocomposite lead-free electronic solders (2005)

Inert, hybrid inorganic/organic, nano-structured chemicals, can be incorporated into low melting metallic materials, such as lead-free electronic solders to achieve desired level of performance. The nano-structured materials technology of polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS), with appropriate organic groups, can produce suitable means to promote bonding between nano-reinforcements and the metallic matrix. The microstructures of lead-free solder with surface-active POSS tri-silanols were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Wettability of POSS-containing lead-free solders to copper substrate was also examined. Steady-state deformation of solder joints made of eutectic Sn-Ag solder with varying weight fraction of POSS of different chemical moieties were evaluated at a range of temperatures (25/spl deg/C, 100/spl deg/C, and 150/spl deg/C) using a Rheometric Solids Analyzer (RSA-III). Mechanical properties such as shear stress versus simple shear-strain relationships, peak shear stress as a function of rate of simple shear-strain and testing temperature were reported. The service reliability of joints made with these newly formulated nanocomposite solders was evaluated using a realistic thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) profile. Evolution of microstructures and residual mechanical property at different extend of TMF cycles were compared with joints made of standard, un-reinforced eutectic Sn-Ag solder.
Dynamics of a Chemoattractant Receptor in Living Neutrophils during Chemotaxis (1999)

Persistent directional movement of neutrophils in shallow chemotactic gradients raises the possibility that cells can increase their sensitivity to the chemotactic signal at the front, relative to the back. Redistribution of chemoattractant receptors to the anterior pole of a polarized neutrophil could impose asymmetric sensitivity by increasing the relative strength of detected signals at the cell's leading edge. Previous experiments have produced contradictory observations with respect to receptor location in moving neutrophils. To visualize a chemoattractant receptor directly during chemotaxis, we expressed a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged receptor for a complement component, C5a, in a leukemia cell line, PLB-985. Differentiated PLB-985 cells, like neutrophils, adhere, spread, and polarize in response to a uniform concentration of chemoattractant, and orient and crawl toward a micropipette containing chemoattractant. Recorded in living cells, fluorescence of the tagged receptor, C5aR-GFP, shows no apparent increase anywhere on the plasma membrane of polarized and moving cells, even at the leading edge. During chemotaxis, however, some cells do exhibit increased amounts of highly folded plasma membrane at the leading edge, as detected by a fluorescent probe for membrane lipids; this is accompanied by an apparent increase of C5aR-GFP fluorescence, which is directly proportional to the accumulation of plasma membrane. Thus neutrophils do not actively concentrate chemoattractant receptors at the leading edge during chemotaxis, although asymmetrical distribution of membrane may enrich receptor number, relative to adjacent cytoplasmic volume, at the anterior pole of some polarized cells. This enrichment could help to maintain persistent migration in a shallow gradient of chemoattractant.
Hydroacylation of 2-Vinyl Benzaldehyde Systems:  An Efficient Method for the Synthesis of Chiral 3-Substituted Indanones (2005)

Asymmetric rhodium-catalyzed hydroacylation has been utilized in the synthesis of 3-substituted indanones with high conversions and enantioselectivity. The hydroacylation reaction of 2-vinyl benzaldehyde had been previously reported to give a low yield of indanone and an unidentified product. We have identified this compound as a dimer of the starting material. Substitution at the alpha-position of the 2-vinyl benzaldehyde substrates blocks the competitive dimerization reaction and allows the reaction to proceed with yields generally greater than 90%. Utilization of BINAP as a chiral ligand results in good chemical yields and enantioselectivity greater than 95% in most cases.
A High Prevalence of Sleep Disordered Breathing in Men With Mild Symptomatic Chronic Heart Failure Due to Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction (2006)

A high prevalence of SDB was found in men with mild symptomatic CHF. Patients with SDB could not be differentiated by symptoms or by routine cardiac assessment making clinical diagnosis of SDB in CHF difficult.
Motorized Equipment Increases Efficiency For Smaller Systems (1976)

The use of trucks, excavators, and cranes for distribution system construction, operation, maintenance and repair can be economical to small water systems.
Some chemical and analytical aspects of polysaccharide modifications. I. Nitroxide spin-labelling studies of alginic acid, cellulose, and xanthan gum (1981)

Nitroxide spin labels have been employed as model reagents for evaluating several aspects of the synthesis of covalently modified polysaccharide derivatives using alginic acid 1, xanthan gum 19, and cellulose 23 as exemplars. Modifications were accomplished both nonspecifically, by the alkylation of hydroxyl groups, and specifically, either by direct transformation of the carboxylate function of 1 and 19 or after introduction of appropriate prominent functions, such as aldehydes or amines. Thus, the acetamido ether 3 was obtained from 1 and chloroacetamide 2. The carboxylate functions of 1 and 19 were condensed with amines to yield the corresponding amides 8, 10, 20, 21, and 22 either by direct reaction, by carbodiimide-mediated coupling, or by transesterification. The amine derivatives 12,13, 25, and 18 were obtained either from dialdehyde derivatives via periodate oxidation or from s-triazine intermediates, using sodium cyanoborohydride. Similarly, the keto spin label 15 reacted with hydrazide intermediates 14 and 29 in the presence of sodium cyanoborohydride to afford the hydrazide derivatives 16 and 30. The cellulose urethane derivative 27 was obtained via the cyclic carbonate precursor. The products were characterized by esr and other spectroscopic techniques.
Building Portals with the Java Portlet API (2004)

How do developers bring existing applications into a portal? How do developers integrate content management systems and search engines with a portal? And how do developers get started with the Portlet