gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Estimation of the shielding ability of a tungsten functional paper for diagnostic x‐rays and gamma rays (2017)

Tungsten functional paper (TFP) is a novel paper-based radiation-shielding material. We measured the shielding ability of TFP against x-rays and gamma rays. The TFP was supplied in 0.3-mm-thick sheets that contained 80% tungsten powder and 20% cellulose (C<sub>6</sub> H<sub>10</sub> O<sub>5</sub> ) by mass. In dose measurements for x-rays (60, 80, 100, and 120 kVp), we measured doses after through 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, and 12 TFP sheets, as well as 0.3 and 0.5 mm of lead. In lead equivalence measurements, we measured doses after through 2 and 10 TFP sheets for x-rays (100 and 150 kVp), and 0, 7, 10, 20, and 30 TFP sheets for gamma rays from cesium-137 source (662 keV). And then, the lead equivalent thicknesses of TFP were determined by comparison with doses after through standard lead plates (purity >99.9%). Additionally, we evaluated uniformity of the transmitted dose by TFP with a computed radiography image plate for 50 kVp x-rays. A single TFP sheet was found to have a shielding ability of 65%, 53%, 48%, and 46% for x-rays (60, 80, 100, and 120 kVp), respectively. The lead equivalent thicknesses of two TFP sheets were 0.10 ± 0.02, 0.09 ± 0.02 mmPb, and of ten TFP sheets were 0.48 ± 0.02 and 0.51 ± 0.02 mmPb for 100 and 150 kVp x-rays, respectively. The lead equivalent thicknesses of 7, 10, 20, and 30 sheets of TFP for gamma rays from cesium-137 source were estimated as 0.28, 0.43, 0.91, and 1.50 mmPb with an error of ± 0.01 mm. One TFP sheet had nonuniformity, however, seven TFP sheets provided complete shielding for 50 kVp x-rays. TFP has adequate radiation shielding ability for x-rays and gamma rays within the energy range used in diagnostic imaging field.
Superresolution techniques in the range domain (2002)

The continuation of an investigation in which high-resolution optimal estimation, techniques are applied to the radar imaging problem area is described. A primary objective of the author's previous study (see IEEE National Radar Conference Digest, p.48, 1989) was to show that one could obtain either higher-resolution images from the same data samples or equal-quality images from significantly fewer data samples. The investigation is extended into the range domain and the Doppler domain, and three-dimensional superresolution images in both range and Doppler have been processed from simulation model radar data. The achievement of superresolution in the range domain is the primary subject addressed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Field testing of a ghost canceling system for NTSC television broadcasting (1990)

A technology that can reduce the visual effect of multipath propagation and eliminate ghosts has been developed by the Broadcasting Technology Association of Japan (BTA). It was recently field-tested using over-the-air television signals. The BTA technology was effective in eliminating or reducing ghosts in nearly all the locations surveyed. The amount of improvement varied depending on the type and complexity of the ghosting impairment, but, in general, it was on the order of two steps, as measured on a five-step CCIR impairment scale. The technology was most effective in correcting static or nonvarying ghosting conditions, and least effective in the case of time-varying or rapidly changing propagation conditions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Non-photochemical laser-induced nucleation of supercooled glacial acetic acid (2011)

Non-photochemical laser-induced nucleation (NPLIN) of glacial acetic acid (GAA) is demonstrated. The fraction of samples nucleated depends linearly on peak laser power density at low powers (<100 MW cm(-2)) with a threshold of (9.0 ± 4.2) MW cm(-2); at higher laser powers the fraction reaches a plateau of 0.75 ± 0.24 (2σ uncertainties). A simple model based on polarizability of pre-nucleating clusters gives a value of the solid-liquid interfacial tension γ(SL) = 15.5 mJ m(-2). It is hoped that the results will stimulate new developments in experimental and theoretical studies of cluster structure and nucleation in liquids.
Microphase separation of block copolymer solutions in a flow field (1993)

Abstract Films of polystyrene–polybutadiene–polystyrene (PS/PB/PS) triblock copolymer and polystyrene‐poly(ethylene/propylene) (PS/PEP) diblock copolymer were cast from toluene solutions subjected to hydrodynamic flow at room temperature using a device based on a novel casting method we term ‘roll‐casting.’ Polymer solutions were rolled between two corotating eccentric cylinders while at the same time the solvent was removed at a controlled rate. As the solvent evaporated, the block copolymers microphase separated into globally oriented structures. A discussion of the flow field that develops during roll‐casting is presented and specific attention is given to the importance of the shear and elongation rates present. For the triblock and diblock, respectively, the processed structures consisted of polystyrene cylinders assembled on a hexagonal lattice in a polybutadiene matrix, and unidirectional lamellae of alternating polystyrene and polyethylene/propylene. Small‐angle x‐ray scattering (SAXS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) indicated the near single‐crystal structure both types of films. SAXS also showed the styrene cylinders and the alternating lamellae to be packed closer together in roll‐cast films than in simple quiescently cast films. A molecular orientation mechanism is proposed to describe both these results as well as the changes in packing and in macroscopic sample dimensions measured after complete solvent evaporation and after sample annealing. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Calcein as a Fluorescent Marker of Otoliths of Larval and Juvenile Fish (1987)

Calcein is a fluorescent compound that can bind with alkaline earth metals, such as calcium. Upon binding, an increase in fluorescence under ultraviolet light results. Therefore, calcein was evaluated as potentially useful for creating a fluorescent mark in the otoliths of larval and juvenile fish. Such a mark was produced in the sagittae of larvae and juveniles of three species of estuarine fishes after a 2-h immersion in a solution of 125 mg/L in seawater. The mark was easily distinguished under ultraviolet epifluorescent microscopy. This technique provides an alternative to the use of tetracycline in age and growth studies.
Rare Earth Minerals: Chemistry, Origin and Ore Deposits (1995)

General review and introduction to rare earths. Crystal chemical aspects of rare earth minerals. Perovskites. Magmatic stabilities and liquidus phase relationships. Formation of rare earth element minerals in hydrothermal systems. Langersundfjord minerals. Thor Lake Be-Y-rare earth element deposit, Northwest Territorities, Canada, Rare earth minerals in carbonatites. Rare earth minerals and rare earth elements in laterites formed on the alkaline complexes of Araxa and Catalao, Brazil. Authigenic rare earth minerals in karstic nickel deposits. Review of rare earth minerals from the Kola Peninsula. Rare earth element deposits in China. Analysis methods.
Genetic compensation of <scp>RUNX</scp> family transcription factors in leukemia (2018)

Runt (Runt domain)-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) is a transcription factor belonging to the core-binding factor (CBF) family. It is considered to be a master regulator of hematopoiesis and has been regarded as a tumor suppressor because it is essential for definitive hematopoiesis in vertebrates. It is one of the most frequent target genes of chromosomal translocation in leukemia, and germ line mutation of RUNX1 causes familial platelet disorder with associated myeloid malignancies. Somatic cell mutations and chromosomal abnormalities, including those of RUNX1, are observed in myelodysplastic syndrome, acute myeloid leukemia, acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia at a high frequency. In addition, recent studies reported by us and other groups suggested that WT RUNX1 is needed for survival and proliferation of certain types of leukemia. In this review, we describe the significance and paradoxical requirement of RUNX1 tumor suppressor in hematological malignancies based on recent findings such as "Genetic compensation of RUNX family transcription factors in leukemia," "RUNX1 inhibition-induced inhibitory effects on leukemia cells through p53 activation" and our novel promising theory "Cluster regulation of RUNX (CROX)" through the RUNX gene switch method using pyrrole-imidazole polyamides as a new technique that could contribute to the next generation of leukemia treatment strategies.
A slot with variable coupling and its application to a linear array (1960)

The importance of a waveguide linear array capable of producing many different radiation patterns has led to the development of a slot radiator with variable coupling. An array of such radiators can be used as a laboratory apparatus for the evaluation of aperture distributions, or as a ground-painting reconnaissance antenna operable at many different altitudes. The slot radiator consists of a longitudinal slot centered in the broad face of a rectangular waveguide. An adjustable iris excites the slot by introducing controlled asymmetry in the waveguide fields. The theory of operation and the characteristics of this variable coupling slot are presented. These characteristics are shown in curves usable for design purposes. A detailed discussion is given of the technique used in determining the range of conductances of this slot. The control of coupling available is demonstrated by measured radiation patterns on a 12-element array in which the conductance values are varied to obtain sidelobe ratios from 10 to 34 db. The method used in obtaining the aperture distributions for these radiation patterns is also presented.
Suppression of Thermal Convection by Transverse Magnetic Field (1982)

Effect of a transverse magnetic field on the suppression of thermal convection was investigated in a vertical column of melt under a destabilizing temperature gradient (β). The melt height and β were 2.5 cm and 16°C/cm, respectively. At , a turbulent thermal convection occurred as measured by a thermocouple inserted in the melt. At , random temperature fluctuations of the turbulent thermal convection assumed some periodic variations. At , a sinusoidal oscillation of 0.17 Hz (10 cpm) and 3°C amplitude appeared. With a further increase in up to 1660G, the amplitude of the oscillation decreased, while the frequency stayed the same. At , no temperature fluctuations were measured, and the thermal convection was completely suppressed. Striation‐free crystal growth was then achieved at , when the thermal convection was suppressed.
Quaternary conformational changes in human hemoglobin studied by laser photolysis of carboxyhemoglobin. (1976)

These experiments indicate that absorbance changes observed at the 425 nm isosbestic point of the Hb and HbCO following laser photolysis of HbCO provide a direct measure of the rates of quaternary conformational changes between rapidly reacting Hb (the immediate product of full photolysis) and slowly reacting normal deoxyhemoglobin. Hb, first observed by Gibson (Gibson, Q.H. (1959) Biochem. J. 71, 293-303), Has been interpreted as deoxyhemoglobin remaining in the liganded quaternary conformation following rapid removal of ligand by a light pulse. In borate buffers between pH 8.4 and 9.6 particularly simple pH-independent results were obtained which allowed the use of a Monod. Wyman, and Changeux model (Monod, J., Wyman, J., and Changeux, J (1965) J. Mol. Biol. 12, 88-118) to fit the data. In this case Hb is taken to be R state deoxyhemoglobin. Partial photolysis experiments at 425 nm show that the rate of the R - T conformational change at 20 degrees decreases by about a factor of 2 for each additional bound ligand. The rate of the ligand-free conformational change is found to be 920 +/- 60s(-1), 6400 +/- 600s(-1), and 15,700 +/- 700(-1) respectively at 3 degrees, 20 degrees, and 30 degrees. The previously uninterpreted effects of flash length and partial photolysis on the CO recombination kinetics can be explained in terms of the present model. Kinetic results obtained below pH 8 are found to be inconsistent with a two-state model. It appears that binding of inositol hexaphosphate produces a new rapidly reacting quaternary conformation of HbCO.
A single fluorescent self-assembled monolayer film sensor with discriminatory power (2012)

A fluorescent self-assembled monolayer film sensor with discriminatory power was specially designed and prepared by using pyrene as a reporting unit and a oligo(oxyethylene) unit as a hydrophilic spacer. The chemical attachment of pyrene moieties on the surface was verified by contact angle, XPS, UV-vis and fluorescence measurements. The fluorescence responses of the present film to nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) including picric acid, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, and nitrobenzene were measured. Significantly, the present film exhibits cross-reactive responses to different NACs, and the array of fluorescence variation at four specific wavelengths (peaks for pyrene's monomer emission and excimer emission) provides a distinct recognition pattern for each NAC. The results from principle component analysis reveal that the present film has discriminatory power to identify structurally similar NACs. Moreover, the present film exhibits a high sensitivity, selectivity and reversibility towards NACs, and provides great potential in instrumentation and miniaturization. The use of multiple signals of a single film sensor based on fluorophore's different aggregation states (e.g., pyrene's monomer, distorted excimer, and perfect excimer in the present work) instead of an array of sensor elements provides a novel strategy for developing discriminatory materials and remarkably simplifies the process of identifying similar chemicals.
Gap Junction Localization and Connexin Expression in Cytochemically Identified Endothelial Cells of Arterial Tissue (1997)

Vascular endothelial cells interact with one another via gap junctions, but information on the precise connexin make-up of endothelial gap junctions in intact arterial tissue is limited. One factor contributing to this lack of information is that standard immunocytochemical methodologies applied to arterial sections do not readily permit unequivocal localization of connexin immunolabeling to endothelium. Here we introduce a method for multiple labeling with specific endothelial cell markers and one or more connexin-specific antibodies which overcomes this limitation. Applying this method to localize connexins 43, 40, and 37 by confocal microscopy, we show that the three connexin types have quite distinctive labeling patterns in different vessels. Whereas endothelial cells of rat aorta and coronary artery characteristically show extensive, prominent connexin40, and heterogeneous scattered connexin37, the former, unlike the latter, also has abundant connexin43. The relative lack of connexin43 in coronary artery endothelium was confirmed in both rat and human using three alternative antibodies. In the aorta, connexins43 and 40 commonly co-localize to the same junctional plaque. Even within a given type of endothelium, zonal variation in connexin expression was apparent. In rat endocardium, a zone just below the mitral valve region is marked by expression of greater quantities of connexin43 than surrounding areas. These results are consistent with the idea that differential expression of connexins may contribute to modulation of endothelial gap junction function in different segments and subzones of the arterial system.
Condicionamiento físico e investigación: los mejores ejercicios abdominales (2003)

Informe especial: Seguimos ahorrando dinero a nuestros suscriptores. El mensaje: no compres ningun aparato para trabajar la zona abdominal. Conocemos numerosos ejercicios para ejercitarla, algunos de ellos requieren la compra de un aparato, pero ?cual es el mas apropiado? Este informe analiza la efectividad de los 12 ejercicios mas populares.
Estrogen Receptor–Mediated Regulation of MicroRNA Inhibits Proliferation of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (2012)

Our findings demonstrate that E2 regulates expression of miRs in the vasculature and support the estrogen receptors-dependent induction of miRs as a mechanism for E2-mediated gene repression. Furthermore, our findings demonstrate that miR-203 contributes to E2-induced inhibition of VSMC proliferation and highlight the potential of miR-203 as a therapeutic agent in the treatment of proliferative cardiovascular diseases.
Clinical Significance of Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors Assays in Pancreatic Carcinoma (1994)

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Carboxylate-Assisted Transition-Metal-Catalyzed C−H Bond Functionalizations: Mechanism and Scope (2011)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXTCarboxylate-Assisted Transition-Metal-Catalyzed C−H Bond Functionalizations: Mechanism and ScopeLutz Ackermann*View Author Information Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, Tammannstrasse 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany*Fax: (+49)551-39-6777. E-mail: [email protected]Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2011, 111, 3, 1315–1345Publication Date (Web):March 9, 2011Publication History Received2 December 2010Published online9 March 2011Published inissue 9 March 2011https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr100412jhttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr100412jreview-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2011 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views35746Altmetric-Citations3100LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Anions,Functionalization,Hydrocarbons,Metalation,Organic reactions Get e-Alerts
REVIEWS OF MUSIC (1958)

REVIEWS OF MUSIC Hans Leo Hassler, Five Dances arranged for strings by SeiberMátyás . Score ( Novello, London, 5s.) Gordon Jacob, A Little Symphony. Full Score ( Oxford University Press, 16s). Finzi Gerald, Eclogue for piano and strings. Full Score ( Boosey & Hawkes, London, 7s. 6d.) John Christian Bach, Four Quintets for 2 clarinets, 2 horns and bassoon, ed. by Stanley Sadie. Scores and Parts, 2 sets ( Boosey & Hawkes, London, 11s. 6d. each) Gottfried Finger, Sonata ottava for 3 violins and continuo, ed. by Denis Stevens. Score ( Novello, London, 6s.) Thomas Morley, Two Consort Lessons for violin, tenor flute, bass viol, cittern and pandora, transcribed and edited by Thurston Dart. Score ( Stainer & Bell, London, 5s.) C. H. Dearnley, (arr. by), Eight Easy Pieces by Classical Composers for a wind instrument and piano ( Chester, London) Jiřrí Antonín Benda, Sonatas I–XVI for piano, ed. by V. J. Sýkora. ( Artia, Prague; Boosey & Hawkes, London, 22s. 6d.) Soler Antonio, Fandango for piano (orig. harpsichord), ed. by Frederick Marvin ( Mills Music Ltd., London, 5s.) John Stanley, Voluntaries for the Organ, Facsimile Reproduction, with an Introduction by Denis Vaughan, 3 vols. ( Oxford University Press, 10s. 6d. each). Twelve Manx Folksongs, arr. with piano accompaniment by Arnold Foster, Gaelic Words with English Translations by Mona Douglas, Set III (Stainer & Bell, London, 4s. 6d.) B. W. G. R. B. W. G. R. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Music and Letters, Volume XXXIX, Issue 2, April 1958, Pages 200–202, https://doi.org/10.1093/ml/XXXIX.2.200 Published: 01 April 1958
In situ expression patterns of melanoma-inhibiting activity (MIA) in melanomas and breast cancers (1999)

Elevated levels of melanoma-inhibiting activity (MIA) were measured previously in the serum of patients with metastasized melanomas and in a subgroup of patients with advanced-stage breast cancers. This study aimed therefore to visualize in situ expression patterns of MIA protein and mRNA in melanomas and breast cancers by means of immunohistochemistry, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and in situ hybridization. Analysis of a panel of seven common melanocytic naevi, ten cutaneous melanomas, and 12 melanoma metastases detected high levels of both mRNA and protein in all melanomas and metastases, but only very low mRNA levels in three of seven naevi. Compared with the expression of pMel (HMB-45), tyrosine, and S-100 in these tumours, these results show that MIA provides a novel and sensitive marker for neoplastic melanocytes. Expression was not detected in other skin tumours including basal cell cancers and squamous cell cancers, nor in normal melanocytes and keratinocytes. MIA expression in adenocarcinomas was further studied in a panel of 20 specimens obtained from 16 advanced-stage breast cancers and four metastases. Significant levels of mRNA were detected in 17 of the 20 specimens and low levels in the other three tumours. Immunostaining visualized specific protein expression in the tumour cells of all 20 cancer specimens. These investigations define for the first time in situ expression patterns of MIA in melanomas and breast cancers and suggest a much broader expression in malignant epithelial neoplasms than previously determined by serum studies.
On Improving Deep Reinforcement Learning for POMDPs (2017)

Deep Reinforcement Learning (RL) recently emerged as one of the most competitive approaches for learning in sequential decision making problems with fully observable environments, e.g., computer Go. However, very little work has been done in deep RL to handle partially observable environments. We propose a new architecture called Action-specific Deep Recurrent Q-Network (ADRQN) to enhance learning performance in partially observable domains. Actions are encoded by a fully connected layer and coupled with a convolutional observation to form an action-observation pair. The time series of action-observation pairs are then integrated by an LSTM layer that learns latent states based on which a fully connected layer computes Q-values as in conventional Deep Q-Networks (DQNs). We demonstrate the effectiveness of our new architecture in several partially observable domains, including flickering Atari games.