gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Differential Effects of Tamoxifen and Analogs with Nonbasic Side Chains on Cell Proliferation<i>in Vitro</i> (1985)

Structural analogs of the nonsteroidal antiestrogen tamoxifen, in which the basic dimethylaminoethoxy side chain was either absent or replaced with a variety of nonbasic side chains, were examined for their ability to inhibit the proliferation of a hormonally responsive cell line, MCF 7 human breast cancer. The degree of inhibition was compared with relative binding affinities for the estrogen receptor (RE) and a microsomal antiestrogen binding site (AEBS). All modifications resulted in loss of detectable affinity for AEBS. Replacement of the basic side chain of tamoxifen with a series of nonbasic side chains reduced affinity for RE by 78-93% except in the case of 1-(4-(1,2-diphenylbut-1-enyl)phenyl)-2,3-butanediol (ICI 145-680) where affinity was unchanged. When the basic side chain of tamoxifen was replaced by a hydroxyl group, to form the estrogenic analog ICI 141389 (Metabolite E), affinity for RE was reduced by 39%. ICI 141389 was a very weak inhibitor of MCF 7 cell growth, showing no significant growth inhibition at concentrations less than 10 microM. Despite the fact that ICI 145680 and tamoxifen had identical affinities for RE, ICI 145680 was a significantly weaker growth inhibitor than tamoxifen over the concentration range studied, i.e. 0.1-20 microM. Differences in potency were greatest at concentrations greater than 7.5 microM where the effects were not reversed by estradiol and where cytotoxicity played a major role in the decrease in cell numbers induced by tamoxifen. Like tamoxifen, ICI 145680 demonstrated both estrogen-reversible (at concentrations between 0.5-7.5 microM) and estrogen-irreversible (10-20 microM) inhibition of MCF 7 cell proliferation which was associated with a concentration-dependent accumulation of cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. In contrast to tamoxifen, however, ICI 145680 appeared not to possess cytotoxic activity. Whereas ICI 145680 was without effect on proliferation of the RE negative human breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-330, at doses less than 20 microM, tamoxifen inhibited growth at concentrations greater than 5 microM, but with changes in cell cycle kinetic parameters that were markedly different from those seen in RE positive cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Efficient In-Vehicle Delayed Data Authentication Based on Compound Message Authentication Codes (2008)

Modern vehicles contain an in-vehicle network consisting of a number of electronic control units (ECUs). These ECUs are responsible for most of the functionality in the vehicle, including vehicle control and maneuverability. To date, no security features exist in this network since it has been isolated. However, an upcoming trend among automobile manufacturers is to establish a wireless connection to the vehicle to provide remote diagnostics and software updates. As a consequence, the in-vehicle network is exposed to external communication, and a potential entry point for attackers is introduced. Messages sent on the in-vehicle network lack integrity protection and data authentication; thus, the network is vulnerable to injection and modification attacks. Due to the real-time constraints and the limited resources in the ECUs, achieving data authentication is a challenge. In this paper, we propose an efficient delayed data authentication using compound message authentication codes. A message authentication code is calculated on a compound of successive messages and sent together with the subsequent messages, resulting in a delayed authentication. This data authentication could be used to detect and possibly recover from injection and modification attacks in the in-vehicle network.
Adopting Informed Systems learning theory: How 21st Century organizations can move from theory to practice (2015)

In more than a decade, organizational learning initiatives in North American academic libraries have applied informed learning theory, originating in Australia, for using information to learn. At the same time, and in a complementary fashion, systems design methods originating in England catalyzed information-focused and action oriented projects to improve local situations. Throughout, co-designed structures, sustained relationships, and professional practices furthered the enablement and enactment of collaborative learning processes that identified decisions to be made and actions to be taken. This systemic learning approach offers transferable guidance for ensuring effective processes and supportive infrastructure for nimble and inclusive direction setting and decision making in the midst of unrelenting changes within the higher education and scholarly communications environments.
Technology trends in military simulation (1995)

Technologies being developed to address military simulation requirements vary from advanced software and computer-aided system engineering tools to hardware improvements and new interface designs. This paper presents the technologies critical to military simulation, summarizes their status, proposes a concept of what technologies are likely to be applied in future military simulations, and concludes with a review of two current simulation architectures-SIMOBJECT and J-MASS (Joint Modeling And Simulation System).
Delays in Grip Initiation and Termination in Persons With Stroke: Effects of Arm Support and Active Muscle Stretch Exercise (2009)

Stroke survivors' difficulty in releasing grasped objects may be attributable not only to impaired finger extension but also to delays in terminating activity in the gripping flexor muscles. This study was undertaken 1) to quantify the time needed to initiate and terminate grip muscular activity following stroke and 2) to examine effects of arm support, grip location, and active muscle stretch on the delays recorded in the paretic hand. Delays in initiation and termination of finger flexor muscle activity in response to an auditory stimulus were measured for both paretic and nonparetic hands of ten stroke survivors with chronic hemiparesis and the dominant hand of five neurologically intact subjects. Additionally, the delays for the paretic hand were recorded while an external arm support was used and after 30 min of active muscle stretch. We found that delays in grip initiation and termination were greatest for the paretic hand (1.9 and 5.0 s), followed by the nonparetic hand (0.5 and 1.6 s), and least for the control hand (0.2 and 0.4 s). Arm support reduced delay in grip termination 37% for the paretic hand. Repeated active muscle stretch resulted in 24% reduced delay in grip initiation and 32% increased delay in grip termination for the paretic hand. Therapies and interventions reducing these delays may improve the ability to grasp and release objects and thus increase functional independence for stroke survivors.
The fibrillar structure of cellulosic man‐made fibers spun from different solvent systems (1988)

Abstract The development of new methods of spinning cellulosic fibers requires a better understanding of their fibrillar structure in order to explain their special physical properties. By means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), light microscopy (LM), small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS), and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD) it is shown that six different kinds of regenerated cellulosic fibers consist of uniform elementary fibrils composed of cellulose‐II crystals. Systematic distinctions between these fiber types are found with regard to the aggregation of the elementary fibrils to nonswelling bundles or clusters. The clusters differ from each other in diameter, length, and frequency of occurrence.
Allopregnanolone and ganaxolone increase the firing activity of dorsal raphe nucleus serotonergic neurons in female rats (2005)

Accumulating evidence suggest a reciprocal interaction between neurosteroids, especially 5alpha-pregnan-3alpha-ol,20-one (3alpha,5alpha-THP, allopregnanolone), and the serotonergic (5-HT) system. Both 5-HT and neurosteroids seem to play an important role in the pathophysiology of major depression. We have previously shown that a 7-d treatment with 3alpha,5alpha-THP drastically increases the spontaneous firing activity of dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) 5-HT neurons in female rats. This study was thus undertaken to better characterize this modulation and to assess the effects of ganaxolone, a synthetic analogue of 3alpha,5alpha-THP. Female rats received 50 microg/kg.d of 3alpha,5alpha-THP or ganaxolone for 3 and 7 days. Others received 3alpha,5alpha-THP concomitantly with the antiprogestin RU486 (50 microg/kg.d, each), which was also administered alone. Acute experiments were also carried out with a single injection of 3alpha,5alpha-THP (1 microg/kg). Finally, both 3alpha,5alpha-THP and ganaxolone (50 microg/kg.d) were administered along with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) citalopram (10 mg/kg.d). In-vivo extracellular unitary recordings of 5-HT neurons from the DRN, revealed that 3alpha,5alpha-THP and ganaxolone increased their firing activity after 3 and 7 d of treatment. A 7-d treatment with RU486 had the same effect. Furthermore, an increase could be seen as soon as after 30-60 min following a single injection with 3alpha,5alpha-THP. Interestingly, both 3alpha,5alpha-THP and ganaxolone prevented the citalopram-induced reduction in firing activity after 3-d treatments. These data demonstrate the ability of 3alpha,5alpha-THP and ganaxolone to positively modulate the firing activity of DRN 5-HT neurons in female rats. Moreover, these results suggest that these neuroactive steroids might represent interesting adjuvants in the treatment of mood disorders in female patients.
Bias-free true random-number generator (2009)

We propose what we believe to be a new approach to nondeterministic random-number generation. The randomness originated from the uncorrelated nature of consecutive laser pulses with Poissonian photon statistics and that of photon number detections is used to generate random bit, and the von Neumann correction method is used to extract the final random bit. This method is proved to be bias free in randomness generation, provided that the single photon detections are mutually independent. Further, it has the advantage in fast random bit generation, since no postprocessing is needed. A true random-number generator based on this method is realized, and its randomness is tested and guaranteed using three statistical test batteries.
Nanoliter Volume Sample cells for 1H NMR: Application to Online Detection in Capillary Electrophoresis (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNanoliter Volume Sample cells for 1H NMR: Application to Online Detection in Capillary ElectrophoresisNian Wu, Timothy L. Peck, Andrew G. Webb, Richard L. Magin, and Jonathan V. SweedlerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 17, 7929–7930Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00096a073https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00096a073research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views393Altmetric-Citations111LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Salicylate toxicity model of tinnitus (2012)

Salicylate, the active component of the common drug aspirin, has mild analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory effects at moderate doses. At higher doses, however, salicylate temporarily induces moderate hearing loss and the perception of a high-pitch ringing in humans and animals. This phantom perception of sound known as tinnitus is qualitatively similar to the persistent subjective tinnitus induced by high-level noise exposure, ototoxic drugs, or aging, which affects ∼14% of the general population. For over a quarter century, auditory scientists have used the salicylate toxicity model to investigate candidate biochemical and neurophysiological mechanisms underlying phantom sound perception. In this review, we summarize some of the intriguing biochemical and physiological effects associated with salicylate-induced tinnitus, some of which occur in the periphery and others in the central nervous system. The relevance and general utility of the salicylate toxicity model in understanding phantom sound perception in general are discussed.
Fluorescent microparticles for sensing cell microenvironment oxygen levels within 3D scaffolds (2009)

We present the development and characterization of fluorescent oxygen-sensing microparticles designed for measuring oxygen concentration in microenvironments existing within standard cell culture and transparent three-dimensional (3D) cell scaffolds. The microparticle synthesis employs poly(dimethylsiloxane) to encapsulate silica gel particles bound with an oxygen-sensitive luminophore as well as a reference or normalization fluorophore that is insensitive to oxygen. We developed a rapid, automated and non-invasive sensor analysis method based on fluorescence microscopy to measure oxygen concentration in a hydrogel scaffold. We demonstrate that the microparticles are non-cytotoxic and that their response is comparable to that of a traditional dissolved oxygen meter. Microparticle size (5-40 microm) was selected for microscale-mapping of oxygen concentration to allow measurements local to individual cells. Two methods of calibration were evaluated and revealed that the sensor system enables characterization of a range of hypoxic to hyperoxic conditions relevant to cell and tissue biology (i.e., pO(2) 10-160 mmHg). The calibration analysis also revealed that the microparticles have a high fraction of quenched luminophore (0.90+/-0.02), indicating that the reported approach provides significant advantages for sensor performance. This study thus reports a versatile oxygen-sensing technology that enables future correlations of local oxygen concentration with individual cell response in cultured engineered tissues.
Collaborative United Kingdom-Australasian study of cancer in patients treated with immunosuppressive drugs. (1979)

A collaborative study including centres in the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand was instituted in 1970 to determine the incidence of cancer in patients treated for at least three months with azathioprine, cyclophosphamide, or chlorambucil. Follow-up of 3823 renal transplant recipients showed an almost 60-fold increase of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma together with an excess of squamous-cell skin cancer and mesenchymal tumours. A series of 1349 patients without transplants showed an excess of the same tumours, though to a less extent. These preliminary findings provide no clear evidence that immunosuppressive drugs produce the increased risk of most of the common cancers that might be expected from the simplest interpretation of impaired "immunosurveillance."
Co-factorization machines (2013)

Users of popular services like Twitter and Facebook are often simultaneously overwhelmed with the amount of information delivered via their social connections and miss out on much content that they might have liked to see, even though it was distributed outside of their social circle. Both issues serve as difficulties to the users and drawbacks to the services.
Polarization Control in Terahertz Metasurfaces with the Lowest Order Rotational Symmetry (2015)

A planar metamolecule with twofold rotational symmetry that shows giant cross polarization transmission leads to strong optical activity and behaves as a perfect circular polarizer. Such planar meta­surfaces would be used to design active polarization control devices and high efficiency wave deflector by carefully engineering the phase discontinuities for real applications in optical and terahertz technologies.
Purification and Characterization of 2-Deoxy-scyllo-inosose Synthase Derived from Bacillus circulans. A Crucial Carbocyclization Enzyme in the Biosynthesis of 2-Deoxystreptamine-containing Aminoglycoside Antibiotics. (1999)

The biosynthesis of 2-deoxystreptamine, the central aglycon of a major group of clinically important aminoglycoside antibiotics, commences with the initial carbocycle formation step from D-glucose-6-phosphate to 2-deoxy-scyllo-inosose. This crucial step is known to be catalyzed by 2-deoxy-scyllo-inosose synthase, which has not yet been characterized so far. Reported in this paper is the first purification of 2-deoxy-scyllo-inosose synthase from butirosin-producing Bacillus circulans SANK 72073 to electrophoretic homogeneity. The enzyme was isolated as a heterodimeric protein comprising from a 23 kDa- and a 42 kDa polypeptide chains. The Km of the enzyme for D-glucose-6-phosphate was estimated to be 9.0 x 10(-4) M and that for NAD+ 1.7 x 10(-4) M, kcat for D-glucose-6-phosphate being 7.3 x 10(-2) s(-1). The presence of Co2+ was essential for the enzyme activity, but Zn2+ was totally inhibitory. While the reaction mechanisms are quite similar, 2-deoxy-scyllo-inosose synthase appears to be distinct from dehydroquinate synthase in the shikimate pathway, with respect to the quaternary structure, metal ion requirement, and the kinetic parameters.
Development of tools for handling and assembling microcomponents (2002)

The handling and assembling of microcomponents is usually considered as a bottleneck in the fabrication process of hybrid microsystems. This is especially true for very small components that require high positioning tolerances. In this paper we present gripping solutions for various applications concerning the handling and assembling of microcomponents as well as the major microgripper manufacturing technologies.
Quantitative and Qualitative Evaluation of Breast Cancer Prognosis: A Sonographic Elastography Study (2019)

BACKGROUND Breast cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers in women worldwide, and sonographic elastography has previously demonstrated good performance in detecting breast malignancies. However, the exact relationship between elastographic measures and clinical prognostic factors is still not well understood. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate any associations between major clinical prognostic factors and strain elastography and to validate the diagnostic value of elastography in breast cancer. MATERIAL AND METHODS A total of 373 subjects with breast masses, of which 196 were benign and 177 were malignant, were included in the study. All subjects underwent routine ultrasound examination and strain elastography before biopsy. The elastographic measures - strain ratio (SR) for qualitative measures and Tsukuba score (TS) for quantitative measures - were obtained and compared with prognostic factors, including nuclear grade, lymph node status, estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER-2). The SR demonstrated the best diagnostic performance in differentiation between malignant and benign lesions. RESULTS With the best cut-off value at 2.42, the SR achieved a sensitivity of 96.0% and specificity of 98.5%. Moreover, higher SRs and TSs were associated with breast lesions with a high nuclear grade and lymph node metastasis and with being ER-negative, PR-negative, and HER-2 negative. CONCLUSIONS Elastography is a useful imaging technique in differentiating benign breast masses from malignant ones. The strong relationship between prognostic factors and elastographic measures also demonstrated its excellent performance in predicting the prognosis of breast malignancies.
Switched-reluctance motor drives (1983)

It is now 150 years since Wheatstone demonstrated the first reluctance motor. This article outlines the recent significant advances in switched-reluctance motor drives which now make them serious contenders not only to inverter-fed machines but also to the established DC-motor drive
DIAGNOSTIC MARKERS IN NEONATAL SEPSIS (2007)

Breakthroughs in the management of sick newborns, including exogenous surfactant therapy, advance ventilation techniques, inhaled nitric oxide, and use of antenatal corticosteroids have led to substantial improvements in the survival of vulnerable preterm infants. Neonatal clinicians now have access to an ever increasing armament of antimicrobial agents to help combat infections. However, even with the support of such advanced therapeutic modalities, strict infection control measures and low thresholds for use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, the threat of bacterial infections especially in the most susceptible group of preterm, very low birth weight (VLBW) infants have persisted. A recent survey suggests that a significant proportion of VLBW infants (21%) have at least one episode of late-onset culture proven sepsis during their stay in the neonatal unit. Infected infants require longer hospital stay and have higher risk of developing complications, such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia and adverse long-term neurodevelopment. Neonates with infection often present with subtle and non-specific signs of sepsis. Some may be asymptomatic at the initial stages of infection. Even those infants with signs may not be clinically distinguishable from patients suffering from transient tachypnoea of the newborn, respiratory distress syndrome, apnoea of prematurity or acute exacerbation of bronchopulmonary dysplasia, during early phases of the disease. Such presentations can lead to both delayed treatment of genuinely infected infants and indiscriminate use of antibiotics in non-infected cases, resulting in acceleration of emergence of bacterial resistance, alteration of patterns of bacterial infection, and inefficient treatment of septicaemia. Both early and late-onset infections are important causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Methods to assist neonatal clinicians diagnose infants in the early stages of infection are, therefore, highly desirable.
Treatment of Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes Mellitus in Rats by Transplantation of Islet Cells from Two Major Histocompatibility Complex Disparate Rats in Combination with Intra Bone Marrow Injection of Allogeneic Bone Marrow Cells (2005)

The transplantation of PIs from two MHC-disparate donors was completely achieved in combination with IBM-BMT, resulting in the improvement of blood glucose levels and the amelioration of diabetes mellitus.
The radiation of elliptical and bicylindrically focused piston transducers (1987)

Expressions for the radiation of elliptical and bicylindrically focused piston transducers are derived within the Fresnel approximation. For the axial fields, the result takes the form of either a simple analytical expression (small perturbations from the circular piston case), a single quadrature in a real variable (unfocused and some focused cases), or a single quadrature in a complex variable (near focal points). The full fields are represented by a series of localized, Gauss–Hermite eigenfunctions. Numerical examples are used to illustrate the agreement of the two solutions for on-axis fields and to shed light on questions of the convergence and the selection of initial scaling parameters of the Gauss–Hermite expansion.