gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biofuels : methods and protocols (2009)

With the dwindling supplies of fossil fuels and growing concerns regarding climate changes due to green house gasses from these fuels, public opinion has swung dramatically towards favoring the development of renewable energy sources. In Biofuels: Methods and Protocols, career-long experts explore a full range of methods for bioenergy covering important topics such as biomass production and delivery to the biorefinery, detailed biochemical characterization, as well as biotechnological techniques for converting plant matter into fuels and chemicals. Time is of the essence in this field, and this volume aims to provide direction and assistance to the growing cadre of researchers endeavoring to develop new sources of bioenergy with a solid, easy-to-use collection of tried-and-true methods which will save time and effort in the field and the laboratory. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology™ series format, chapters include brief introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary equipment, materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible field and laboratory protocols, and notes on troubleshooting and avoiding common pitfalls. Timely and authoritative, Biofuels: Methods and Protocols seeks to help scientists and engineers as they develop and optimize bioenergy technologies needed to drastically change the course of our energy future as soon as possible
Two-dimensional noncontact transportation of small objects in air using flexural vibration of a plate (2015)

This paper investigates a two-dimensional ultrasonic manipulation technique for small objects in air. The ultrasonic levitation system consists of a rectangular vibrating plate with four ultrasonic transducers and a reflector. The configuration of the vibrator, the resonant frequency, and the positions of the four transducers with step horns were determined from finite element analysis such that an intense acoustic standing-wave field could be generated between the plates. A lattice flexural vibration mode with a wavelength of 28.3 mm was excited on the prototype plate at 24.6 kHz. Small objects could get trapped in air along the horizontal nodal plane of the standing wave. By controlling the driving phase difference between the transducers, trapped objects could be transported without contact in a two-dimensional plane. When the phase difference was changed from 0° to 720°, the distance moved by a small particle in the orthogonal direction was approximately 29 mm, which corresponds with the wavelength of the flexural vibration on the vibrating plate.
Micro-ball bump for flip chip interconnections (2002)

Micro-ball bump technology has been developed for flip chip (FC) interconnections. This technology is based on (1) a production method of fine metal balls (micro-balls) and (2) a gang-bonding method for forming bumps (micro-ball bumps) on chip electrodes. Solder balls of 60-150 mm and gold balls of 35-100 mm in diameter were prepared with extremely uniform diameters and high sphericity. After holding these micro-balls on through-holes of an arrangement plate by a vacuum suction method, the micro-balls were transferred onto the electrodes of the chips in order to form the micro-ball bumps. An excess ball eliminating system and a ball bouncing system were developed for arranging the ball successfully on the plate. The cycle time of the originally developed mounter was 20 seconds for a chip with 300 bumps. Both bumping on a single chip and on multiple chips in a wafer were possible. The micro-solder bumps were formed onto the electrodes covered with under bump metals (UBMs). The micro-solder-balls of 150 mm in diameter were transferred onto the flux printed electrodes of a chip with 220 mm pitch and 45/spl times/45 area array. The micro-solder bumps were uniform in composition, volume, and height because of the use of the micro-solder-balls with precisely controlled diameter and composition. Using the micro-gold-balls of 35 mm in diameter, the bumps with 50 mm pitch were formed on Al pads by means of thermocompression bonding. The proposed micro-ball bump technology could be applied to bumping not only for FC interconnections, but also for TABs.
Transition metal catalyzed radical cyclization: new preparative route to .gamma.-lactams from allylic alcohols via the [3.3]-sigmatropic rearrangement of allylic trichloroacetimidates and the subsequent ruthenium-catalyzed cyclization of N-allyltrichloroacetamides (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTransition metal catalyzed radical cyclization: new preparative route to .gamma.-lactams from allylic alcohols via the [3.3]-sigmatropic rearrangement of allylic trichloroacetimidates and the subsequent ruthenium-catalyzed cyclization of N-allyltrichloroacetamidesHideo Nagashima, Hidetoshi Wakamatsu, Nobuyasu Ozaki, Tsutomu Ishii, Masakazu Watanabe, Tomonori Tajima, and Kenji ItohCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57, 6, 1682–1689Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00032a016https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00032a016research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1060Altmetric-Citations101LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
π-Conjugated Chromophore Incorporated Polystyrene Nanobeads as Single Optical Agent for Three-Channel Fluorescent Probe in Bioimaging Application (2017)

Fluorescent polystyrene (PS) nanobeads in the size range ∼70-120 nm incorporating perylene bisimide (PBI-PS) and/or oligo(<i>p</i>-phenylenevinylene) (OPV-PS) was developed by miniemulsion polymerization technique. A dye loading content (DLC) of <3% was sufficient to impart high fluorescence emission capability to the PS beads. OPV-PS exhibited emission in the range 400-550 nm with peak emission at 450 nm (λ<sub>ex</sub> = 350 nm; ϕ<sub>FL</sub> = 26%); PBI-PS showed emission from 520-650 nm with peak emission at 545 nm (λ<sub>ex</sub> = 490 nm; ϕ<sub>FL</sub> = 9.7%) in 1× PBS buffer, whereas OPV(PBI)-PS nanobeads incorporating both the fluorophores exhibited multicolor emission capabilities (λ<sub>ex</sub> from 350 to 490 nm). The nanoparticles were characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) for size and zeta potential for surface charge. For bioimaging applications, the PS nanoparticles were incubated with HeLa cells. Cell viability analysis involving HeLa cells showed more than 90% cell viability confirming the biocompatibility of the PS beads. The cellular uptake of the nanoparticles was confirmed by flow cytometry analysis and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) images. The subcellular localization of the nanoparticles in the cytoplasm could be precisely established by their simultaneous multicolor emission. The PS-based single optical agent presented here that can function as three-channel fluorescent probe to meet the requirements for multicolor bioimaging is advantageous.
Unpinned gallium oxide/GaAs interface by hydrogen and nitrogen surface plasma treatment (1989)

The Fermi level at the Ga oxide/GaAs interface has been unpinned by rf plasma cleaning the GaAs surface in H2 and N2. Following plasma cleaning, a Ga oxide film is reactively electron beam deposited onto the substrate. Metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitors fabricated on these structures show good high-frequency capacitance-voltage characteristics. This indicates that the density of interface states has been reduced to ∼1011 eV−1 cm−2. The MOS capacitors are found to be stable in air after several months.
A simulation study on the performance of different estimators for two-dimensional velocity estimation (2003)

Techniques have been described in the literature to enable two-dimensional strain rate estimation. They are based on two-dimensional velocity estimation. One of the problems to obtain robust lateral strain rate estimates is the fact that lateral velocity estimates are intrinsically noisier than axial ones. The aim of this study was to find the optimal estimator for tracking of the radio frequency patterns both axially and laterally. Theoretical properties for the following estimators were investigated using simulations: cross correlation, normalized cross correlation, sum of absolute differences and sum of squared differences. Two-dimensional velocity estimation was not feasible using cross correlation. However, normalized cross correlation, sum of absolute differences and sum of squared differences showed accurate axial and lateral results.
Processing and Testing of RE <sub>2</sub> Si <sub>2</sub> O <sub>7</sub> Fiber–Matrix Interphases for SiC–SiC Composites (2015)

Rare‐earth disilicates ( RE 2 Si 2 O 7 ) are investigated for use as oxidation‐resistant alternatives to carbon or BN fiber–matrix interphases in ceramic matrix composites ( CMC ). Dense α, β, γ‐Y 2 Si 2 O 7 , and γ‐Ho 2 Si 2 O 7 pellets were formed at 64 MPa and 1050°C–1200°C for 1 h using the field‐assisted sintering technique ( FAST ). Pellet modulus was measured using nanoindentation, and Vickers hardness was measured at loads of 100, 500, and 1000 g. The sliding stress of SCS ‐0 SiC fibers incorporated in α‐, β‐, and γ‐ RE 2 Si 2 O 7 matrices were measured by fiber push‐out. Deformation of RE 2 Si 2 O 7 after indentation and after fiber push‐out was characterized by TEM . Implications of the results for use of RE 2 Si 2 O 7 as a fiber–matrix interphase in CMC s are discussed.
Measuring molecular biomarkers in epidemiologic studies: laboratory techniques and biospecimen considerations (2012)

The future of personalized medicine depends on the ability to efficiently and rapidly elucidate a reliable set of disease-specific molecular biomarkers. High-throughput molecular biomarker analysis methods have been developed to identify disease risk, diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic targets in human clinical samples. Currently, high throughput screening allows us to analyze thousands of markers from one sample or one marker from thousands of samples and will eventually allow us to analyze thousands of markers from thousands of samples. Unfortunately, the inherent nature of current high throughput methodologies, clinical specimens, and cost of analysis is often prohibitive for extensive high throughput biomarker analysis. This review summarizes the current state of high throughput biomarker screening of clinical specimens applicable to genetic epidemiology and longitudinal population-based studies with a focus on considerations related to biospecimens, laboratory techniques, and sample pooling.
SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF 2,5-DIHYDROXY SUBSTITUTED CHALCONES USING SOCL 2/ETOH (2010)

A novel method for the synthesis of 2,5-dihydroxy substituted chalcones via Aldol condensation is introduced. The HCl is generated in situ by the reaction of SoCl 2 with absolute ethanol. In the presence of SOCl 2 / EtOH as a catalyst, The structures of the synthesized compounds were confirmed by IR, mass spectroscopy and elemental analysis.
Motion texture: a new motion based video representation (2003)

Motion is an important cue for video content perception. However, the lacking of effective motion representation becomes a barrier for automatic video content analysis. In this paper, we propose a new motion descriptor to capture motion pattern from video clip. First, we transform motion vector field to a number of directional slices of energy. Then, these slices are measured by a set of moments. As a result, a multi-dimensional vector, called motion texture, is formed The effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed representation had been validated by motion-based shot retrieval experiments.
Gas permeability and permselectivity of fluorinated polybenzoxazoles (1992)

Abstract Gas permeability and permselectivity are investigated for polybenzoxazoles from bis (3‐amino‐4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexafluoropropane (BAHHP) and aromatic diacid chlorides. Effects of thermal cyclization on the permeation properties are also investigated. The polybenzoxazole from BAHHP and 4,4′‐(1,1,1,3,3,3‐hexafluoroisopropylidene)dibenzoyl chloride (HFDB) displays high performance for CO 2 /CH 4 separation ( \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm P}_{{\rm CO}_2 } $\end{document} = 6.1 × 10 −9 cm 3 (STP) cm −1 s −1 cm‐Hg −1 , and \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {{{\rm P}_{{\rm CO}_2 } } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{\rm P}_{{\rm CO}_2 } } {{\rm P}_{{\rm CH}_4 } }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {{\rm P}_{{\rm CH}_4 } }} $\end{document} = 38 at 35°C). The polybenzoxazole from BAHHP and 2,6‐naphthalene dicarbonyl chloride displays high performance for H 2 /CO or H 2 /CH 4 separation ( \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm P}_{{\rm H}_2 } $\end{document} = 2.4 × 10 −9 cm 3 (STP) cm −1 s −1 cm‐Hg −1 , \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {{{\rm P}_{{\rm H}_2 } } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{\rm P}_{{\rm H}_2 } } {{\rm P}_{{\rm CO}} }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {{\rm P}_{{\rm CO}} }} $\end{document} = 71, and \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {{{\rm P}_{{\rm H}_2 } } \mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {{{\rm P}_{{\rm H}_2 } } {{\rm P}_{{\rm CH}_{\rm 4} } }}} \right. \kern-\nulldelimiterspace} {{\rm P}_{{\rm CH}_{\rm 4} } }} $\end{document} = 250). Permeation properties for the polybenzoxazole from BAHHP and HFDB are close to those for a polyimide of similar chemical structure. The permeation properties are discussed in connection with packing density and local segmental mobility. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Autonomous presentation of 3 dimensional CG contents on the Web (2003)

Web3D technologies have made it possible for users to browse and manipulate 3D CG model data on the Web. Usually, such data requires users to interact with it in order to see its attribute information and its attached behavior. To automatically present 3D CG data and its attribute information, it is necessary to create 3D CG animation in advance. However, much time and cost is needed to create 3D CG animation that introduces its shape and its attribute information. We aim at constructing a mechanism that automatically produces 3D CG animation from the original 3D CG model data and its attribute information. 3D CG data has become popular on mobile phones such as i-mode. It is, however, difficult for users to interact with such data on mobile phones, because of their limited interaction capability and small-size screen. To cope with the problem, we also need to have a mechanism that produces 3D CG animation in an autonomous manner. We propose a way to automatically generate 3D CG animation from the original 3D CG model data and its attribute information. With the proposed method, users can browse 3D CG data and its attribute information in a "less clicking and more watching" manner. The proposed system automatically generates CG animation synchronized with synthesized speech from 3D CG contents and their attribute data. We also propose a method to generate a presentation for multiple 3D CG objects, that emphasizes the major differences in their attribute information.
Synthesis of the First Cluster Complexes Bearing Three Quadruply Bridging CO Ligands:  X-ray Crystal Structure of [C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>3</sub>(SiMe<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]WRu<sub>6</sub>(μ<sub>3</sub>-H)- (CO)<sub>18</sub> (1997)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunicationNEXTSynthesis of the First Cluster Complexes Bearing Three Quadruply Bridging CO Ligands: X-ray Crystal Structure of [C5H3(SiMe3)2]WRu6(μ3-H)- (CO)18Yun Chi, Chi-Jung Su, Shie-Ming Peng, and Gene-Hsiang LeeView Author Information Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University Hsinchu 30043, Taiwan, Republic of China Department of Chemistry and Instrumentation Center National Taiwan University, Taipei 10764 Taiwan, Republic of China Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 45, 11114–11115Publication Date (Web):November 12, 1997Publication History Received24 June 1997Published online12 November 1997Published inissue 1 November 1997https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja9720927https://doi.org/10.1021/ja9720927rapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © 1997 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views120Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Anions,Cluster chemistry,Ligands,Metal clusters,Molecular structure Get e-Alerts
Exotic Amphipods in Aquaculture Systems: Presence and Potential Use (2011)

This study describes the abundance of exotic amphipods associated with aquaculture systems and their possible use as animal food. Of the six amphipod species recorded in fish aquaculture systems, Jassa marmorata (Holmes, 1903) is the most abundant. Differences were established in the species' abundance and between sites; however, no variation was observed in species composition. Feeding trials were carried out on paralarvae of the “baby octopus” Robsonella fontaniana (d'Orbigny, 1834) to determine the potential use of Jassa marmorata as animal food. El estudio describe la abundancia de anfipodos exoticos asociados a sistemas de acuicultura y su posible uso en alimentacion animal. De las seis especies de anfipodos registrados en sistemas de cultivo de peces, la mas abundante fue Jassa marmorata (Holmes, 1903). Se establecieron diferencias en la abundancia de las especies y entre lugares de los sistemas de cultivo. Sin embargo, no se registraron variaciones en la composicion de las especies. Se realizaron pruebas de alimentacion con Jassa marmorata en paralarvas del “pulpito” Robsonella fontaniana (d'Orbigny, 1834), para determinar su uso potencial como alimento.
Uptake of pyruvate by early human embryos determined by a non-invasive technique (1986)

Normal levels of pyruvate in freshly collected follicular fluid were found to be 0.45 mM, a value approximately 4 X that of serum. The utilization of pyruvate by human oocytes and early embryos has been measured, non-invasively, using two similar but separate analytical methods. The mature oocyte has a high level of pyruvate uptake (36 pmol/embryo/h). After fertilization this value falls, and then slowly increases to reach a peak just prior to the morula stage of 27 pmol/embryo/h before decreasing. Degenerating oocytes and embryos demonstrated much lower pyruvate uptake rates. The possible usefulness of this method for assessing embryo viability is discussed.
A closed-loop neurobotic system for fine touch sensing (2013)

This work provides a basis for the design and implementation of modular neuromimetic systems for fine touch discrimination in robotics.
Annealing for the improvement of the capabilities of parylene C as electret (2018)

ABSTRACT Parylene C is a polymer elaborated by chemical vapor deposition and is particularly useful for the coating of deformed structures. New‐generation soft energy harvesting electrostatic generators can be of complex shape. These generators need electret material in order for them to function. It could thus be interesting to incorporate parylene C in this device. However, this polymer suffers from bad retention of trapped charges after corona discharge and a poor thermal stability of these charges. In this work, parylene C polymers were subjected to specific annealing before corona charging. This induces strong changes in the crystallinity of the material. Atomic force microscopy and X‐ray diffraction quantified the crystalline nature of parylene C following the annealing temperature. Surface potential decay of corona‐charged parylene C demonstrated that annealing to about 150°C is beneficial for the trapping of charges for a long time (analysis over 12 days). At the same time, thermal stability of the electret parylene C is achieved up to 100°C. Spherulites with a specific area close to the surface of the polymer could explain such performances due to their influence on the distribution of traps. Dielectric analysis does not confirm that the decay of surface charges is correlated to the dynamics of polymer chains, although the moving of chains probably influences the flowing of these charges. In sum, annealed parylene C appears to be a new interesting candidate for electret‐based electrostatic generators. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019 , 136 , 46908.
Ultrasonic Shear and Lamb Wave Interface Stress for Helicopter Rotor De-Icing Purposes (2006)

Theoretical lamb and shear waves interface shear concentration coefficients values (ISCC) for steel - ice layered systems are predicted and superimposed to its correspondent ultrasonic dispersion curves. Those ultrasonic modes with high ISCC values are expected to enhance possible non-thermal de-icing capabilities as long as enough energy is provided to the system. As ice thickness increases, lamb waves generate up to 140% increases in ISCC values compared to that provided by shear waves, for a phase velocity range between 1 and 7Km/sec. The modes with higher ISCC for different ice thickness are identified. The theoretical dispersion curves used to evaluate the conceptual proposed de-icing system are experimentally acquired and compared to predicted results. The ultrasonic modes experimentally obtained match the theoretically predicted ones with a maximum error of 8%.