gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Virus Transport through Saturated Sand Columns as Affected by Different Buffer Solutions (2000)

Abstract To accurately examine the mechanisms that control virus retention and transport in porous media, it is essential to perform experiments under environmentally relevant conditions. Laboratory studies of virus transport are generally conducted using buffered solutions. However, there are no standards for the concentration and composition of the solution, making comparisons between different studies difficult. Our objective was to systematically investigate the effects of the ionic strength and composition of buffer solutions on adsorption of viruses during transport through saturated sand columns. Two phosphate buffered saline solutions (PBS and PBS2) and one artificial ground water (AGW) were used and experiments were conducted under saturated, steady state flow conditions. Bromide tracer and bacteriophages φX174 and MS‐2 were introduced into saturated sand columns as step inputs and their concentrations in the outflow samples were determined. Change in ionic strength did not affect the behavior of φX174, whereas MS‐2 was largely removed in the high ionic strength PBS buffer (0.16 M ) but moved through the columns in the low ionic strength PBS2 and AGW buffers (0.002 2M ). An additional experiment conducted under an ionic strength gradient (from 0.002 to 0.2 M ) using PBS indicated that the outflow concentration of MS‐2 decreased slowly from an ionic strength of ∼0.03 M , reached a minimum at an apparent critical value of ∼0.1 M , and then increased gradually. This study also suggests that metals or metal oxides on sand surfaces can cause significant virus removal under high ionic strength conditions.
The International Criminal Court: Current Issues and Perspectives (2001)

Philippe Kirsch, The International Criminal Court: Current Issues and Perspectives, Law and Contemporary Problems, Vol. 64, No. 1, The United States and the International Criminal Court (Winter, 2001), pp. 3-11
An overview of the Ultrafast X-ray Imager (UXI) program at Sandia Labs (2015)

The Ultra-Fast X-ray Imager (UXI) program is an ongoing effort at Sandia National Laboratories to create high speed, multi-frame, time gated Read Out Integrated Circuits (ROICs), and a corresponding suite of photodetectors to image a wide variety of High Energy Density (HED) physics experiments on both Sandia’s Z-Machine and the National Ignition Facility (NIF). The program is currently fielding a 1024 x 448 prototype camera with 25 μm pixel spatial resolution, 2 frames of in-pixel storage and the possibility of exchanging spatial resolution to achieve 4 or 8 frames of storage. The camera’s minimum integration time is 2 ns. Minimum signal target is 1500 e- rms and full well is 1.5 million e-. The design and initial characterization results will be presented as well as a description of future imagers.
Controlling T cell senescence in the tumor microenvironment for tumor immunotherapy (2015)

Understanding molecular mechanisms involved in creating and sustaining the tumor suppressive microenvironment is critical for the development of novel antitumor therapeutic strategies. We have identified the induction of T cell senescence as a novel mechanism utilized by human tumor cells to induce immune suppression, and provided a new strategy using TLR8 ligands to reverse tumor immunosuppressive effects for tumor immunotherapy.
Relationship between Transition Temperature and x in V<sub>1-x</sub>W<sub>x</sub>O<sub>2</sub> Films Deposited by Dual-Target Magnetron Sputtering (1995)

Thin films of V 1- x W x O 2 were deposited on glass and Si by dual-target sputtering and characterized by thin film X-ray diffraction (XRD), Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) and spectrophotometry. The relationship between x (0-0.026) and the phase transition temperature τ c (0-67° C) in the most applicable range for advanced window coatings was clarified by formation of a single-phase film and precise determination of the amount of doping. Tungsten doping linearly decreases τ c by 23° C/at.%W and also significantly reduces the thermal hysteresis loop width in optical transmittance.
GaAs/GaAlAs Curved Rib Waveguides (1982)

Curved dielectric optical waveguides suffer from radiation loss due to bending. To minimize the bending loss and reduce the radius of curvature, it is necessary to fabricate guides which provide strong optical confinement. This paper gives a brief review of curved waveguide analysis and presents some experimentally measured loss values for GaAs/GaAlAs curved rib waveguides. The rib waveguides, fabricated using ion beam milling, have a large rib height and are tightly guided structures. When corrected for reflection losses and input coupling efficiency, a minimum loss of approximately 3 dB has been achieved for a multimode 90° curved guide with a radius of curvature of 300 µm, and 8.5 dB for a single-mode curved guide with a radius of curvature of 400 µm. It is believed that most of this residual loss is not radiation loss due to bending, but rather scattering loss due to rib wall imperfections.
In vivo synthesis and purification of radioactivep-hydroxybenzylglucosinolate inSinapis alba L. (2000)

Glucosinolates are amino acid-derived, natural plant products found in the order Capparales. Radiolabelled glucosinolates for use in biological studies concerning metabolism and transport are not commercially available. We have developed a method for the synthesis and isolation of radiolabelled p-hydroxybenzylglucosinolate (p-OHBG) produced in vivo by Sinapis alba, which has the tyrosine-derived p-OHBG as its major glucosinolate. The method is based on administration of radiolabelled tyrosine to jasmonate-treated primary leaves, which have high de novo biosynthesis of p-OHBG. After incubation, the plant material was extracted with methanol and the glucosinolates purified by a procedure including two ion exchange chromatographic steps. The method provides an attractive alternative to chemical synthesis of radiolabelled glucosinolates and is applicable to other plants producing a single or one major glucosinolate. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification and Characterization of Five BAHD Acyltransferases Involved in Hydroxycinnamoyl Ester Metabolism in Chicory (2016)

Chicory (Cichorium intybus) accumulates caffeic acid esters with important significance for human health. In this study, we aim at a better understanding of the biochemical pathway of these bioactive compounds. Detailed metabolic analysis reveals that C. intybus predominantly accumulates caftaric and chicoric acids in leaves, whereas isochlorogenic acid (3,5-diCQA) was almost exclusively accumulated in roots. Chlorogenic acid (3-CQA) was equally distributed in all organs. Interestingly, distribution of the four compounds was related to leaf age. Induction with methyljasmonate (MeJA) of root cell suspension cultures results in an increase of 3-CQA and 3,5-diCQA contents. Expressed sequence tag libraries were screened using members of the BAHD family identified in Arabidopsis and tobacco as baits. The full-length cDNAs of five genes were isolated. Predicted amino acid sequence analyses revealed typical features of BAHD family members. Biochemical characterization of the recombinant proteins expressed in Escherichia coli showed that two genes encode HCTs (hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:shikimate/quinate hydroxycinnamoyltransferases, HCT1 and HCT2) whereas, three genes encode HQTs (hydroxycinnamoyl-CoA:quinate hydroxycinnamoyltransferases, HQT1, HQT2, and HQT3). These results totally agreed with the phylogenetic analysis done with the predicted amino acid sequences. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of gene expression indicated that HQT3, HCT1, and HCT2 might be more directly associated with CQA accumulation in cell culture in response to MeJA elicitation. Transient expression of HCT1 and HQT1 in tobacco resulted in a higher production of 3-CQA. All together these data confirm the involvement of functionally redundant genes in 3-CQA and related compound synthesis in the Asteraceae family.
Variation in Sensitivity of Gaeumannomyces graminis to Antibiotics Produced by Fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. and Effect on Biological Control of Take-All of Wheat (1995)

Isolates of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, the causal agent of take-all of wheat, varied in sensitivity in vitro to the antibiotics phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA) and 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (Phl) produced by fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. shown previously to have potential for biological control of this pathogen. None of the four isolates of G. graminis var. avenae examined were sensitive to either of the antibiotics in vitro at the concentrations tested. The single isolate of G. graminis var. graminis tested was insensitive to PCA at 1.0 (mu)g/ml. Pseudomonas fluorescens 2-79 and Pseudomonas chlororaphis 30-84, both of which produce PCA, effectively suppressed take-all caused by each of two PCA-sensitive isolates of G. graminis var. tritici. PCA-producing strains exhibited a reduced ability or complete inability to suppress take-all caused by two of three isolates of G. graminis var. tritici that were insensitive to PCA at 1.0 (mu)g/ml. P. fluorescens Q2-87, which produces Phl, suppressed take-all caused by three Phl-sensitive isolates but failed to provide significant suppression of take-all caused by two isolates of G. graminis var. tritici that were insensitive to Phl at 3.0 (mu)g/ml. These findings affirm the role of the antibiotics PCA and Phl in the biocontrol activity of these fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. and support earlier evidence that mechanisms in addition to PCA are responsible for suppression of take-all by strain 2-79. The results show further that isolates of G. graminis var. tritici insensitive to PCA and Phl are present in the pathogen population and provide additional justification for the use of mixtures of Pseudomonas spp. that employ different mechanisms of pathogen suppression to manage this disease.
Automatic structure analysis of large scale differential algebraic systems (2002)

This paper presents a new framework for the analysis of the structural properties of the automatically generated mathematical models. Earlier mathematical analysis based on structural calculus was presented by Pantelides (1988), and Unger et al. (1995). These approaches have been shown to produce inconsistent results even for constant coefficient linear DAE systems, Chowdhly et. al (1999), and Gunther et al. (2000). Our proposed method extends the purely structural approach to include both numerical and symbolic information. The structural analysis is augmented to account for the effects of linear terms in the mathematical system rigorously. The proposed method renders a more precise picture of the structure of a DAE system when compared to the purely structural approaches of Pantelides and Unger. In some cases it avoids incorrect index identification due to cancellation of linear terms.
Lessons from the FOX residential property futures and mortgage interest rate futures market (1994)

Abstract On May 9, 1991, the London Futures and Options Exchange (FOX) introduced four property futures contracts to make possible the development of facilities for hedging, arbitrage, and price discovery in the commercial and residential markets. Two contracts were based on the Nationwide Anglia Building Society house price (NAHP) index and the FOX mortgage interest rate (MIR) index. Trading in the contracts was suspended in October 1991, partly because they failed to gain economically viable trading volume. To identify reasons for the failure, this article analyzes the opportunities and difficulties of using such contracts. The main findings are that (1) owing to lag dependence in the NAHP index, the futures contract did not provide the economic benefit from hedging market risk that stock index contracts provide and (2) potential arbitrageurs and speculators were deterred from using the MIR index contract because of high transaction costs and long time lags involved in processing new mortgage loans.
Lossy And Near-Lossless Compression Of Depth Images Using Segmentation Into Constrained Regions (2012)

Publication in the conference proceedings of EUSIPCO, Bucharest, Romania, 2012
A novel approach for rank optimization using search engine transaction logs (2016)

Due to the tremendous growth of internet over the past few years, a large repository of data covering almost every area has been formed over the web and as a result of which search engine users are facing a lot of problems in retrieving the most appropriate information out of it which is known as information overkill problem. The main cause of this problem is non-optimization of web pages. This paper is to present a way for investigation of transaction logs obtained by search engines to optimize rank of web pages and then resulting into the topic/subject relevant and user suitable documents at the top of the result pages of search engine. The proposed algorithm starts with query logs maintained by a search engine to get an insight into the exact information need of users. Then, a novel approach is used to find similarity among queries based on two silent features i.e. query keywords and clicked URLs. Further, query cluster making tool is used to form clusters of same kind of queries based on to the value of combined similarity measure which lies between 0 and 1. After that, a relevancy finder tool works onto the URLs associated with each query in these clusters to find their relevancy with respect to the query by eliminating the effect of black hat and several other search optimization techniques. A sorting algorithm is thus applied on each cluster to arrange all the URLs in an increasing order of their relevancy and further the sequential pattern mining algorithm is applied on them in order to find the most frequently accessed sequential pattern. The outcome of this procedure is then improved by again ranking the web pages with the help of weight calculation according to the newly discovered sequential patterns and the earlier rank associated with the web pages.
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia in a patient with mycosis fungoides. (1990)

We report a case of autoimmune hemolytic anemia in a patient with mycosis fungoides. We propose that autoimmune hemolytic anemia may be induced by cutaneous lymphoproliferative diseases. Thus, hemolysis should be considered as a mechanism of anemia in patients with mycosis fungoides.
Axial-flux permanent magnet machines for micropower generation (2005)

This paper reports on the design, fabrication, and testing of an axial-flux permanent magnet electromagnetic generator. The generator comprises a polymer rotor with embedded permanent magnets sandwiched between two silicon stators with electroplated planar coils. Finite element simulations have been carried out using ANSYS to determine the effects on performance of design parameters such as the number of layers in the stator coils, and the rotor-stator gap. The effect of including soft magnetic pole pieces on the stators has also been studied. A prototype device with a diameter of 7.5 mm has been tested, and shown to deliver an output power of 1.1 mW per stator at a rotation speed of 30 000 rpm. The generator has been integrated with a microfabricated axial-flow microturbine to produce a compact power conversion device for power generation and flow sensing applications.
Effect of Polymer Molecular Weight and Solution Parameters on Selective Dispersion of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (2012)

The selective dispersion of single-walled carbon nanotube species (n,m) with conjugated polymers such as poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene) (PFO) and poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-<i>co</i>-benzothiadiazole) (F8BT) in organic solvents depends not only on the type of solvent but also on the molecular weight of the polymer. We find an increasing amount of nanotubes and altered selectivities for dispersions with higher molecular weight polymers. Including the effects of different aromatic solvents, we propose that solution viscosity is one of the factors influencing the apparent selectivity by changing the reaggregation rate of the single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT). The type of solvent, polymer molecular weight, concentration, and viscosity should thus be taken into account when screening for new polymers for selective SWNT dispersion.
The CRISPR ancillary effector Can2 is a dual-specificity nuclease potentiating type III CRISPR defence (2021)

Cells and organisms have a wide range of mechanisms to defend against infection by viruses and other mobile genetic elements (MGE). Type III CRISPR systems detect foreign RNA and typically generate cyclic oligoadenylate (cOA) second messengers that bind to ancillary proteins with CARF (CRISPR associated Rossman fold) domains. This results in the activation of fused effector domains for antiviral defence. The best characterised CARF family effectors are the Csm6/Csx1 ribonucleases and DNA nickase Can1. Here we investigate a widely distributed CARF family effector with a nuclease domain, which we name Can2 (CRISPR ancillary nuclease 2). Can2 is activated by cyclic tetra-adenylate (cA4) and displays both DNase and RNase activity, providing effective immunity against plasmid transformation and bacteriophage infection in Escherichia coli. The structure of Can2 in complex with cA4 suggests a mechanism for the cA4-mediated activation of the enzyme, whereby an active site cleft is exposed on binding the activator. These findings extend our understanding of type III CRISPR cOA signalling and effector function.
Frequency (Standard) Combiner Selector (1983)

Abstract : This paper discusses in detail the design of the FCS and how its functions are implemented by the various subsystems. The heart of the FCS is a digitally implemented phase lock loop based on a multiple mixer phase comparison system, a digitally controlled VXCO, and a microprocessor. The digital loop allows one to phase lock the VXCO to the average phase of the ensemble of standards even though the various standards operate at different frequencies and even though the VXCO output frequency is purposely offset from the average frequency of the ensemble. This offsetability feature allows the FCS to use a second very long time constant (1 week) phase lock loop to adjust the offset frequency so the timing system output is kept on time and on frequency with respect to a 1 pps Universal Coordinated Time (UTC) reference provided by a suitable timing receiver. The second loop also allows the microprocessor to determine the frequencies of individual input standards against UTC.
Influenza Virus-Mediated Membrane Fusion: Determinants of Hemagglutinin Fusogenic Activity and Experimental Approaches for Assessing Virus Fusion (2012)

Hemagglutinin (HA) is the viral protein that facilitates the entry of influenza viruses into host cells. This protein controls two critical aspects of entry: virus binding and membrane fusion. In order for HA to carry out these functions, it must first undergo a priming step, proteolytic cleavage, which renders it fusion competent. Membrane fusion commences from inside the endosome after a drop in lumenal pH and an ensuing conformational change in HA that leads to the hemifusion of the outer membrane leaflets of the virus and endosome, the formation of a stalk between them, followed by pore formation. Thus, the fusion machinery is an excellent target for antiviral compounds, especially those that target the conserved stem region of the protein. However, traditional ensemble fusion assays provide a somewhat limited ability to directly quantify fusion partly due to the inherent averaging of individual fusion events resulting from experimental constraints. Inspired by the gains achieved by single molecule experiments and analysis of stochastic events, recently-developed individual virion imaging techniques and analysis of single fusion events has provided critical information about individual virion behavior, discriminated intermediate fusion steps within a single virion, and allowed the study of the overall population dynamics without the loss of discrete, individual information. In this article, we first start by reviewing the determinants of HA fusogenic activity and the viral entry process, highlight some open questions, and then describe the experimental approaches for assaying fusion that will be useful in developing the most effective therapies in the future.
Dielectric breakdown in liquid crystals (2001)

Dielectric breakdown in insulators is a commonly observed phenomenon in gases, fluids and solids at large electric field amplitudes. The resulting discharge patterns generally exhibit a non-Euclidean, fractal dimension, representing breakdown channels in the insulating material. In this study dielectric breakdown is investigated for anisotropic fluids in Hele-Shaw cells, i.e. liquid crystals in a plate capacitor. The observed burn patterns are inscribed into the substrates, suggesting that they are the result of the surface degradation, due to the breakdown current at the electrode surface. They are the same on both substrate plates with an equal fractal dimension and of radial symmetry, even though the insulating material is anisotropic. Investigations were carried out as the electric field was varied from dc to ac conditions, for instant field application versus slow ramping, for materials with positive and negative dielectric anisotropy, for a variation of the alignment coating, in several different liquid crystal phases and as a function of cell gap, applied field amplitude, frequency and temperature. In all cases the fractal dimension of the burn pattern increases as the breakdown voltage increases.
Effect of Rooting Promoter and Root Zone Temperature Controls on Growth and Rooting of Highbush Blueberry Cuttings (2009)

The aim of the present study was to enhance hard wood cutting propagation efficiencies of highbush blueberries through the pretreatment of rooting promoters and the control of root zone temperatures. Blueberry cuttings were dipped into 50 and 100 mg.L indolebutyric acids (IBA) for 24 h, and commercial Rootone powder prior to cutting. In a separate experiment, cutting media were maintained to three regimes of target temperatures at 15, 22.5, and 30, respectively, with three replicating pots. Controls dipped in only distilled water and in non-control of root zone temperature were also grown. The initial shoot growth at 1 month after cutting was reduced even when 50 mg.L IBA were applied compared to control and Rootone treatment. Root ball development was negatively affected when the cuttings were dipped into 100 mg.L IBA solution. Maintenance of root zone temperature from 22.5 to 30 caused favorable initial shoot growth until 3 months after cutting, whereas final survival rate decreased to 78.3%. There was not notable significance in root ball development among root zone temperature controls. Consequently, it can be concluded that the rooting promoters such as IBA and Rootone along with continuous maintenance of root zone temperature may not negatively affect the hardwood cutting propagation efficiency of highbush blueberries.
Compound Melody and Jazz Improvisations: A Reconsideration (2010)

The concept of “compound melody” (a frequent component of Schenkerian analysis) pertains to the way a single line of music projects two or more voice-leading parts. While usually associated with works of the common-practice period, it also plays a role in jazz improvisations. This is especially so in an improvisation by alto saxophonist Paul Desmond, on “All The Things You Are” by Jerome Kern and Oscar Hammerstein II. The voice-leading graphs of this solo, and the attendant commentary, suggest that an awareness and appreciation of compound melody can enable a deeper understanding of jazz styles. This article is part of a special, serialized feature: A Music-Theoretical Matrix: Essays in Honor of Allen Forte (Part II).