gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sativex<sup>®</sup>(tetrahydrocannabinol + cannabidiol), an endocannabinoid system modulator: basic features and main clinical data (2011)

Sativex(®) (nabiximols, USAN name) oromucosal spray contains the two main active constituents of Cannabis sativa, tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol in a 1:1 molecular ratio, and acts as an endocannabinoid system modulator. Randomized, controlled clinical trials of Sativex as add-on therapy provide conclusive evidence of its efficacy in the treatment of more than 1500 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS)-related resistant spasticity. The primary end point in clinical trials was the mean change from baseline in the 0-10 numerical rating scale (NRS) spasticity score. The first pivotal clinical trial included 189 patients treated for 6 weeks with Sativex (n = 124) or placebo (n = 65). At study end, there was a significant reduction from baseline in patient-recorded NRS spasticity scores with Sativex compared with placebo (-1.18 vs -0.63; p = 0.048). In the second pivotal trial, 337 patients with MS-related resistant spasticity received Sativex (n = 167) or placebo (n = 170) over a 15-week period. In the per-protocol analysis (79% of the patient population), mean baseline NRS spasticity score was reduced significantly in patients receiving Sativex compared with placebo: -1.3 versus -0.8 points (p = 0.035). The third pivotal clinical trial, evaluating the sustained efficacy of Sativex, had a two-phase study design: in phase A (n = 572), 47% of patients were initial responders (improvement ≥ 20%) after 4 weeks of single-blind Sativex treatment who then entered phase B, a randomized, double-blind, 12-week placebo comparison. At the end of phase B, the change in NRS spasticity score improved by a further 0.04 units in initial responders treated with Sativex, but decreased by 0.81 units in placebo recipients (p = 0.0002). Significant improvements in quality-of-life measures from baseline to week 16 were also observed in patients receiving Sativex. The most common treatment-related adverse events with Sativex were mild-to moderate and transient episodes of dizziness, fatigue or somnolence. Sativex does not exhibit the side effects typically associated with recreational cannabis use and there are no signs of drug tolerance or withdrawal syndrome, or any evidence of drug misuse or abuse. Sativex oromucosal spray appears to be a useful and welcomed option for the management of resistant spasticity in MS patients. Although the management of MS has been improved by the availability of disease-modifying agents that target the underlying pathophysiological processes of the disease, a clear need remains for more effective symptomatic treatments, especially as regards MS-related spasticity and pain.
Measuring visual clutter (2007)

Visual clutter concerns designers of user interfaces and information visualizations. This should not surprise visual perception researchers because excess and/or disorganized display items can cause crowding, masking, decreased recognition performance due to occlusion, greater difficulty at both segmenting a scene and performing visual search, and so on. Given a reliable measure of the visual clutter in a display, designers could optimize display clutter. Furthermore, a measure of visual clutter could help generalize models like Guided Search (J. M. Wolfe, 1994) by providing a substitute for "set size" more easily computable on more complex and natural imagery. In this article, we present and test several measures of visual clutter, which operate on arbitrary images as input. The first is a new version of the Feature Congestion measure of visual clutter presented in R. Rosenholtz, Y. Li, S. Mansfield, and Z. Jin (2005). This Feature Congestion measure of visual clutter is based on the analogy that the more cluttered a display or scene is, the more difficult it would be to add a new item that would reliably draw attention. A second measure of visual clutter, Subband Entropy, is based on the notion that clutter is related to the visual information in the display. Finally, we test a third measure, Edge Density, used by M. L. Mack and A. Oliva (2004) as a measure of subjective visual complexity. We explore the use of these measures as stand-ins for set size in visual search models and demonstrate that they correlate well with search performance in complex imagery. This includes the search-in-clutter displays of J. M. Wolfe, A. Oliva, T. S. Horowitz, S. Butcher, and A. Bompas (2002) and Bravo and Farid (2004), as well as new search experiments. An additional experiment suggests that color variability, accounted for by Feature Congestion but not the Edge Density measure or the Subband Entropy measure, does matter for visual clutter.
Expression of the <i>Escherichia coli dam</i> gene (1992)

The Escherichia coli dam gene and upstream sequences were cloned from the Kohara phage 4D4. Five promoters were found to contribute to dam gene transcription. P1 and P2 (the major promoter) were situated approximately 3.5 kb upstream of the structural gene, P3 was within the aroB gene, P4 was within the urf74.3 gene, and P5 was in the urf74.3-dam intergenic region. The nucleotide sequence of 2280 bp of DNA containing P1 and P2 was determined and shown to have the potential to encode a protein of approximately 16 kDa between P1, P2 and the aroB gene. This 16 kDa open reading frame has been identified as aroK, the gene for shikimic acid kinase I. Thus the dam gene is part of an operon containing aroK, aroB, urf74.3, and dam. The transcriptional start points of the promoters were determined. A comparison of their nucleotide sequences suggested that P1-P4 were all recognized by the sigma 70 subunit of the RNA polymerase.
Bioactivation of the Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulator Acolbifene to Quinone Methides (2005)

Although approved for the treatment of hormone-dependent breast cancer as well as for the prevention of breast cancer in high-risk women, the selective estrogen receptor modulator (SERM) tamoxifen has been associated with an increased risk of endometrial cancer in women. With an understanding of the potential carcinogenic mechanisms of these compounds, SERMs could in principle be designed or selected for use that avoids these problems. Acolbifene (EM-652) is a fourth-generation SERM and the active form of the ester prodrug EM-800. As a pure antagonist of breast tumor development and growth, acolbifene does not stimulate endometrial tissue. However, acolbifene was found in this investigation to form two kinds of quinone methides, either through chemical or through enzymatic oxidation. One was a classical acolbifene quinone methide, which was formed by oxidation at the C-17 methyl group, and the other was a diquinone methide involving the oxidation of two phenol groups. The half-life of the classical quinone methide was determined to be 32 +/- 0.4 s at physiological pH and temperature. The quinone methides reacted with glutathione (GSH) to form five mono-GSH conjugates and five di-GSH conjugates. The majority of GSH conjugates resulted from reaction of the classical acolbifene quinone methide with GSH. Incubations of acolbifene with GSH and either tyrosinase or human and rat liver microsomes also produced acolbifene quinone methide-GSH conjugates. In addition to reaction with GSH, the classical acolbifene quinone methide was also shown to react with deoxynucleosides. One of the major deoxynucleoside adducts was identified as the deoxyadenosine adduct resulting from reaction of the classical acolbifene quinone methide with the exocyclic amino group of adenine. Acolbifene could also induce DNA damage in the S30 breast cancer cell line. These data imply that the classical electrophilic acolbifene quinone methide might contribute to the potential toxicity of acolbifene.
Specifying Compiler Strategies for FPGA-based Systems (2012)

The development of applications for high-performance Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) based embedded systems is a long and error-prone process. Typically, developers need to be deeply involved in all the stages of the translation and optimization of an application described in a high-level programming language to a lower-level design description to ensure the solution meets the required functionality and performance. This paper describes the use of a novel aspect-oriented hardware/software design approach for FPGA-based embedded platforms. The design-flow uses LARA, a domain-specific aspect-oriented programming language designed to capture high-level specifications of compilation and mapping strategies, including sequences of data/computation transformations and optimizations. With LARA, developers are able to guide a design-flow to partition and map an application between hardware and software components. We illustrate the use of LARA on two complex real-life applications using high-level compilation and synthesis strategies for achieving complete hardware/software implementations with speedups of 2.5× and 6.8× over software-only implementations. By allowing developers to maintain a single application source code, this approach promotes developer productivity as well as code and performance portability.
1-Haloalkynes from Propiolic Acids:  A Novel Catalytic Halodecarboxylation Protocol (1999)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNoteNEXT1-Haloalkynes from Propiolic Acids: A Novel Catalytic Halodecarboxylation ProtocolDinabandhu Naskar and Sujit RoyView Author Information Metallo-Organic Laboratory, Inorganic Division, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad 500007, India Cite this: J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 18, 6896–6897Publication Date (Web):August 10, 1999Publication History Received10 March 1999Published online10 August 1999Published inissue 1 September 1999https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo990434ghttps://doi.org/10.1021/jo990434gbrief-reportACS PublicationsCopyright © 1999 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2013Altmetric-Citations55LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information SUBJECTS:Cations,Chemical calculations,Chemical reactions,Halogenation,Hydrocarbons Get e-Alerts
Design of Computer-Optimized Pseudorandom Maximum Length Signals for Linear Identification in the Presence of Nonlinear Distortions (2005)

The design of pseudorandom maximum length (PRML) signals for linear identification in the presence of nonlinear distortions is considered. For this application, it is advantageous for the signal to have harmonic multiples of two and three suppressed, in order to minimize the effect of nonlinearity, thus resulting in a better estimate of the underlying linear dynamics. Such signals may be designed through exhaustive search for the sequence-to-signal conversions. However, for signals generated from Galois fields GF(q) with q large, this method is computationally inefficient. An alternative technique is proposed where a primitive version of the signal, the period of which is considerably shorter than that of the required PRML signal, is first generated as a computer-optimized signal. The primitive signal is then used to define the conversions for the generation of the required PRML signal, which is a member of a new class of hybrid signal.
Sonic Hedgehog signaling in astrocytes is dependent on p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase and G‐protein receptor kinase 2 (2009)

The molecular determinants of Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling in mammalian cells and, in particular, those of the CNS are unclear. Here we report that primary cortical astrocyte cultures are highly responsive to both Shh protein and Hh Agonist 1.6, a selective, small molecule Smoothened agonist. Both agonists produced increases in mRNA expression of Shh-regulated gene targets, Gli-1 and Patched in a cyclopamine- and forskolin-sensitive manner. Using this model we show for the first time that Shh pathway activation mediates rapid increases in p38 MAPK phosphorylation, without altering phosphorylation of either extracellular-signal-regulated kinases or c-jun N-terminal kinases. Selective inhibition of p38 MAPK significantly attenuated Shh-dependent up-regulation of Gli-1, inter-alpha trypsin inhibitor and thrombomodulin mRNA, however did not affect expression of insulin-like growth factor 2 or a novel Shh target, membrane-associated guanylate kinase p55 subfamily member 6. Using RNAi and a constitutively-active mutant we show that Shh signaling to p38 MAPK and subsequent Gli-1 transcription requires G-protein receptor kinase 2. Taken together, these findings provide evidence for a central role of G-protein receptor kinase 2-dependent p38 MAPK activity in regulating Shh-mediated gene transcription in astrocytes.
Ultrastructure of circulating immune complexes isolated from the blood plasma of patients suffering from infectious diseases (1995)

An original procedure which permits to isolate circulating immune complexes (CIC) from the blood plasma in a form of a dense pellet was developed. This procedure was applied for the ultrastructural analysis of CIC isolated from blood of healthy blood donors and patients suffering from Yersinia enterocolitica (YE) and Yersinia pseudotuberculosis (YP) infections. The here reported method of CIC isolation from blood plasma permitted to visualize CIC electronmicroscopically as amorphous masses of low, middle, and high electron density with inclusions of cell debris. In contrast to CIC of healthy blood donors, CIC of infected patients contained various bacteria and fungiformic structures. For the first time, this method made possible an ultrastructural demonstration of bacterial destruction outside of phagocytes in vivo. This method also permits to visualize and identify bacteria in cases of lingering forms of infection when hemoculture tests fail. Therefore, electronmicroscopic examination of CIC preparations from the blood plasma might be a very informative indicator of bacteriemia in the course of an infection process and serve as an indicator of therapeutic effects. In lingering forms of an infection process, ultrastructural analysis of CIC preparations can be of prognostic value and serve as an indicator of therapeutic effects. This method might be also advantageous as an additional test for the exposure of latent bacterial persistence in diagnostically complicated cases.
The Evaluation of Inner Products of Multivariate Simplex Splines (1987)

This paper gives a general method for the stable evaluation of inner products of multivariate simplex splines. The method is based on a recurrence relation for these inner products. The base cases for this recurrence relation are handled by triangulating certain simploids into simplices.
Highly Active K<sub>2</sub>Ti<sub>6</sub>O<sub>13</sub> Nanowires: Synthesis, Characterization and Photocatalytic Activity (2013)

Novel K2Ti6O13 nanowires were successfully synthesized by a new method， that is sol-gel/ hydrothermal combined method. The crystal structure and morphology of the products were characterized by a series of methods including XRD, SEM, EDX and TEM. The results indicate that the products synthesized are K2Ti6O13 nanowires. The diameter is about 5nm, and its length is in the range of from a few micrometers to hundreds of micrometers. The TiO2 nanoparticles synthesized via a sol-gel method, as hydrothermal reaction precursors, play an important decisive role on the diameter of K2Ti6O13 nanowires and the hydrothermal reaction rate. Photocatalytic degradation of MB in presence of the K2Ti6O13 nanowires was compared with that in presence of the TiO2 nanoparticles. The results show that the nanowires have better photocatalytic activity.
Survey on Free Space Optical Communication: A Communication Theory Perspective (2014)

Optical wireless communication (OWC) refers to transmission in unguided propagation media through the use of optical carriers, i.e., visible, infrared (IR), and ultraviolet (UV) bands. In this survey, we focus on outdoor terrestrial OWC links which operate in near IR band. These are widely referred to as free space optical (FSO) communication in the literature. FSO systems are used for high rate communication between two fixed points over distances up to several kilometers. In comparison to radio-frequency (RF) counterparts, FSO links have a very high optical bandwidth available, allowing much higher data rates. They are appealing for a wide range of applications such as metropolitan area network (MAN) extension, local area network (LAN)-to-LAN connectivity, fiber back-up, backhaul for wireless cellular networks, disaster recovery, high definition TV and medical image/video transmission, wireless video surveillance/monitoring, and quantum key distribution among others. Despite the major advantages of FSO technology and variety of its application areas, its widespread use has been hampered by its rather disappointing link reliability particularly in long ranges due to atmospheric turbulence-induced fading and sensitivity to weather conditions. In the last five years or so, there has been a surge of interest in FSO research to address these major technical challenges. Several innovative physical layer concepts, originally introduced in the context of RF systems, such as multiple-input multiple-output communication, cooperative diversity, and adaptive transmission have been recently explored for the design of next generation FSO systems. In this paper, we present an up-to-date survey on FSO communication systems. The first part describes FSO channel models and transmitter/receiver structures. In the second part, we provide details on information theoretical limits of FSO channels and algorithmic-level system design research activities to approach these limits. Specific topics include advances in modulation, channel coding, spatial/cooperative diversity techniques, adaptive transmission, and hybrid RF/FSO systems.
Dielectric Image Lines (1958)

Some further studies on the dielectric image line are presented. Following a verification of field purity for the conventional image system, the effects of dielectric constant and dielectric geometry on loss, dispersion, and field extent are examined. Results are also discussed for an asymmetric line, i.e., the case of dielectric binding medium partially submerged in an image surface.
Fabrication of sub-10-nm silicon lines with minimum fluctuation (1995)

This article reports the fabrication of sub-10-nm Si lines by e-beam lithography and aqueous potassium hydroxide (KOH)-based etching. The fabrication technique provides both the high resolution and minimum linewidth fluctuation necessary for fabricating nano-scale Si structures. In e-beam lithography, the combination of high-resolution posi-type resist and hexyl acetate developer is effective in improving the resolution and in reducing pattern fluctuation. Resist lines less than 20 nm wide with a fluctuation less than 3 nm are obtained. When these lines, aligned in the 〈112〉 direction on a (110) Si wafer, are transferred to Si by KOH etching, Si lines with a rectangular cross section are obtained and linewidth fluctuation is reduced further because (111) planes are exposed as the sidewalls. In addition, 6–9 nm wide lines can be formed by additional etching using an alcohol/KOH solution. Photoluminescence spectra are obtained for sub-10-nm Si lines after slight oxidation.
Tuning the affinity of aminoacyl-tRNA to elongation factor Tu for optimal decoding (2011)

To better understand why aminoacyl-tRNAs (aa-tRNAs) have evolved to bind bacterial elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu) with uniform affinities, mutant tRNAs with differing affinities for EF-Tu were assayed for decoding on Escherichia coli ribosomes. At saturating EF-Tu concentrations, weaker-binding aa-tRNAs decode their cognate codons similarly to wild-type tRNAs. However, tighter-binding aa-tRNAs show reduced rates of peptide bond formation due to slow release from EF-Tu•GDP. Thus, the affinities of aa-tRNAs for EF-Tu are constrained to be uniform by their need to bind tightly enough to form the ternary complex but weakly enough to release from EF-Tu during decoding. Consistent with available crystal structures, the identity of the esterified amino acid and three base pairs in the T stem of tRNA combine to define the affinity of each aa-tRNA for EF-Tu, both off and on the ribosome.
Oxalate/hydrogen peroxide chemiluminescence reaction. A <sup>19</sup>F NMR probe of the reaction mechanism (1990)

The mechanism of the oxalate/hydrogen peroxide chemiluminescence reaction has been examined by magnetic resonance techniques. Investigation of the reactive intermediates involved in chemiluminescence was carried out with bis(2,6-difluorophenyl)oxalate (DFPO) using 19F NMR to probe its reactions with aqueous hydrogen peroxide. Formation and reactions of the intermediate hydroperoxy oxalate ester B along with the formation of the half ester product C and difluorophenol D were monitored by 19F NMR. When the reaction of DFPO and aqueous hydrogen peroxide was carried out in the presence of dansylphenylalanine, a typical fluorescent analyte, the intensity of the resonance due to the intermediate B was diminished in direct proportion to the concentration of the analyte. Comparison of the time/intensity profile of the chemiluminescence emission with that of the 19F NMR transient suggests that the hydroperoxy oxalate ester B is the likely 'reactive' intermediate, capable of participating in a chemically initiated electron exchange luminescence mechanism.
Evaluation of Elastase and Antielastase Balance in Patients with Chronic Bronchitis and Pulmonary Emphysema (1990)

On the basis of the "protease-antiprotease imbalance" theory for the pathogenesis of pulmonary emphysema, we hypothesized that measurement of elastase burden and antielastase capacity in the alveolar space might correlate with emphysema. To evaluate this, the severity of emphysema, the elastase burden, and the elastase inhibitory capacity were estimated in 28 patients with chronic bronchitis and variable degrees of emphysema, none of whom had congenital deficiency of alpha-1-protease inhibitor, and all of whom underwent bronchoalveolar lavage. Emphysema was assessed by both computed tomography and diffusing capacity. To examine "elastase burden," elastase:alpha-1-protease inhibitor complex and free elastase activity in alveolar lavage fluids were measured. To evaluate "antielastase" capacity, elastase inhibiting capacity in alveolar lavage fluid was measured. Elastase burden correlated directly and antielastase capacity correlated inversely with emphysema. These data provide direct support for the "protease-antiprotease imbalance" theory of emphysema in a group of smokers without congenital deficiency of alpha-1-protease inhibitor.
ChemInform Abstract: Competitive 2‐Aza vs 3‐Azahexa‐1,3,5‐triene 6π‐Electrocyclization: A Regiospecific Synthesis of 3‐Arylpyridines. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.