gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of filler wire feed on the efficiency of laser welding (2003)

The range of laser welding applications is widening from applications in car manufacturing to normal machine building. Laser welding has suffered from the tight demands for component and joint manufacture. This investigation studies the effect of various welding and filler wire feed variables on the weld quality and efficiency of the laser welding process. Welding was found to be possible with several parameter combinations and the width of air gap used was 1 mm, when the material thickness was 6 mm. The utilization of filler wire feed introduces some new parameters to the laser welding process. There is a noticeable effect from the wire feed position and feed angle on the welding process. The variations, like lack of penetration, of weld quality, was caused by inaccurate positioning of filler wire and can be compensated by the adjustment of the filler wire feed rate and the energy input to some extent. The efficiency of laser welding with filler wire is equal to that of autogenous welding, but the overall energy input must be increased according to the air gap volume. Filler wire feed provides the process with less stringent demands, but requires additional energy input to the workpiece.
Modeling Graves’ Orbitopathy in Experimental Graves’ Disease (2015)

Graves' orbitopathy (GO), also known as thyroid eye disease is an inflammatory disease of the orbital tissue of the eye that arises as a consequence of autoimmune thyroid disease. The central feature of the disease is the production of antibodies to the thyrotropin hormone receptor (TSHR) that modulate the function of the receptor leading to autoimmune hyperthyroidism and GO. Over the years, all viable preclinical models of Graves' disease have been incomplete and singularly failed to progress in the treatment of orbital complications. A new mouse model of GO based upon immunogenic presentation of human TSHR A-subunit plasmid by close field electroporation is shown to lead to induction of prolonged functional antibodies to TSHR resulting in chronic disease with subsequent progression to GO. The stable preclinical GO model exhibited pathologies reminiscent of human disease characterized by orbital remodeling by inflammation and adipogenesis. Inflammatory lesions characterized by CD3+ T cells and macrophages were localized in the orbital muscle tissue. This was accompanied by extensive adipogenesis of orbital fat in some immune animals. Surprisingly, other signs of orbital involvement were reminiscent of eyelid inflammation involving chemosis, with dilated and congested orbital blood vessels. More recently, the model is replicated in the author's independent laboratories. The pre-clinical model will provide the basis to study the pathogenic and regulatory roles of immune T and B cells and their subpopulations to understand the initiation, pathophysiology, and progression of GO.
Cadmium induces interleukin-8 production in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells with the concomitant generation of superoxide radicals. (1993)

Acute or chronic exposure to cadmium (Cd) causes severe organ damages with the infiltration of leukocytes, neutrophils in particular occurring in the acute phase. Interleukin-8 (IL-8), a novel neutrophil chemotactic and activating cytokine, is produced by various types of cells in response to a wide variety of inflammatory stimuli. The administration of an antibody against IL-8 has been shown to inhibit neutrophil infiltration in several animal models, indicating a causal relationship between IL-8 and neutrophil infiltration. Hence, in this study we investigated whether Cd induced IL-8 production in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). Cd, over a wide range of concentrations, did induce human PBMC to produce large amounts of bioactive IL-8, the maximal induction being observed at 10(-4) M. The production was inhibited specifically by a metal chelating agent, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). Steady level of IL-8 mRNA increased within 30 min after the addition of Cd and reached a maximal level at 2 h, decreasing thereafter. A protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide, failed to inhibit IL-8 mRNA accumulation, indicating that new protein synthesis was not required for IL-8 mRNA induction. Concomitantly with the induction of IL-8, within 10 min Cd generated reactive oxygen intermediates (ROI) in human PBMC. A radical scavenger, N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), inhibited both IL-8 production and the generation of ROI, implying the possible involvement of ROI in IL-8 production. This notion was also supported by our findings that a superoxide generating agent, paraquat, induced IL-8 production in human PBMC and that NAC blocked this paraquat-induced IL-8 production.
Lipid and Protein Quality of Poultry By-Products Preserved by Phosphoric Acid Stabilization (2004)

The increase in intensive poultry productions has raised the public concern about poultry waste disposal. When properly handled, nutrients from poultry mortality and poultry processing waste can be recycled into valuable animal feed ingredients. There were two general objectives included in this dissertation. 1) to evaluate the effectiveness of different sources and levels of phosphoric acid (H&#8323;PO&#8324;), and lactic acid fermentation in preserving protein and lipid quality of poultry mortality and poultry processing waste (dissolved air floatation sludge, DAF), and 2) to evaluate the nutritional value of secondary protein nutrients (SPN), a product meal produced from DAF sludge, in broiler diets. Both feed- and food-grade H&#8323;PO&#8324; were more effective than lactic acid fermentation in preserving protein and lipid quality of silages following 15 d of storage, while food-grade H&#8323;PO&#8324; was the most effective preservative for 45 d of storage. Food-grade H&#8323;PO&#8324; was more effective than feed-grade in preserving nutrient quality of silages at 2.76% acidification. Regardless of acid sources, using 5.52% H&#8323;PO&#8324; significantly improved protein quality of silages. Phosphoric acid stabilization was found to improved only protein quality of DAF silages. Nutrient digestibility of SPN was evaluated in broilers using acid insoluble ash (Celite&#153;) and titanium dioxide as digestibility markers. The acid insoluble ash method had higher accuracy and preciseness in measuring nutrient digestibility of the diets. The calculated apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn), apparent nitrogen retention (ANR, %) and apparent fat digestibility (AFD, %) of SPN estimated by the use of Celite&#153; were used to formulate the experimental diets containing various levels of SPN. AMEn, ANR, AFD, and broiler performance decreased as the levels of SPN increased. At 14 d of age, birds fed the diet containing 20% SPN had significantly higher incidence of rickets due to vitamin D deficiency, which caused a significantly higher mortality from 14 to 21 d of age. The reduction in bird performance demonstrated the adverse effects of including a high level (> 7.5%) of SPN on nutrient availability of broiler diets.
The Opacity of Knowledge (2001)

Here is a common ‘intuition’ that you’ll often find expressed regarding the epistemological externalism/internalism distinction. It is the thought that epistemological internalism, whatever its other faults, at least leaves the possession of knowledge a transparent matter; whereas epistemological externalism, whatever its other merits, at least makes the possession of knowledge opaque. It is the status of this view of the externalism/internalism contrast that I wish to evaluate in this paper. In particular, I argue that on the most credible interpretation of this ‘transparency’ thesis it is in fact inconsistent with even a minimal version of epistemological internalism. I conclude that knowledge is opaque on any plausible construal of knowledge, and consider some implications that this result has for the contemporary epistemological debate. I It is now part of the conventional wisdom in epistemology to argue that epistemological externalism, whatever its other virtues, has the huge drawback of leaving the possession of knowledge an opaque affair. In contrast, it is often cited as the main virtue of the internalist position, despite its other vices, to claim that it at least leaves the possession of knowledge a transparent affair.1 It is this comfortable conception of the externalism/internalism debate in epistemology that I wish to challenge here. Before attempting to spell-out what this esoteric notion of 'transparency' is that so eludes an externalist treatment, I shall begin by describing, in the least contentious terms as possible, what the externalism/internalism distinction at least minimally consists in. Despite being an integral part of the contemporary epistemological debate, the exact nature of the epistemic externalism/internalism distinction has always eluded a sharp characterisation. Nevertheless, a consensus of sorts has emerged regarding how, in essence, this contrast should be formulated, and this minimal description should suffice for our purposes here. One finds a neat (and recent) expression of this view what I shall henceforth call the 'Standard View' in the following quotation from John Greco where he characterises the contrast insofar as it applies to justification: Internalism is the position that the conditions for justification must be appropriately internal to the knower's perspective. Roughly, something is internal to S's perspective so long as S is aware of it or could be aware of it merely by reflecting. Externalism is simply the denial of internalism, holding that the conditions for justification need not be within the knower's perspective. [Greco 2000, p. 181] This conception of the internalist position is also echoed by James Pryor in a recent survey article of contemporary epistemology, where he characterises the core internalist thesis as follows:
A dynamic knowledge model for target yield design and variety selection in rapeseed (2004)

Based on integrating the effects of yield potential from irradiation and temperature,average yield level of last three years,soil fertility,fertilization and water management levels and production technology level on yield increment,the dynamic yield increment index was quantified and a rapeseed knowledge model for design of target yield under different temporal and spatial environments was developed through knowledge engineering and system modeling method.By quantitatively calculating suitability of variety characters to environmental conditions and production requirements,a knowledge model for variety selection was established.Case studies on the model of target yield design with the data sets of three different eco-sites under normal climatic year,on the model of suitable variety selection with the data sets of five different eco-sites under normal climatic year and thirteen typical varieties indicated a good performance of the model system in decision-making and wide applicability.
Estimates of acetaminophen (paracetomal)‐associated overdoses in the United States (2005)

Each year a substantial numbers of Americans experience intentional and unintentional acetaminophen-associated overdoses that, in severe cases, lead to serious illness and possible death. This summary of a series of analyses highlights the need for strategies to reduce this public health burden.
A 28 GHz Sub-harmonic Mixer Using LO Doubler in 0.18-um CMOS Technology (2006)

A 28 GHz sub-harmonically pumped passive down conversion mixer fabricated in a 0.18-/spl mu/m CMOS process is demonstrated. A low power fully differential LO frequency doubler is designed to generate at near half RF frequency. The proposed sub-harmonically pumped passive mixer has advantages in low power consumption, high fundamental frequency suppression, and suitable apply to millimeter-wave frequencies. At 28 GHz RF frequency and 13.2 GHz LO frequency, the measured conversion loss of the mixer is less than 11 dB, single side band noise figure of 11.6 dB, the isolations among LO, IF and RF are over 33 dB, and a third-order intercept point at the input of 8 dBm, while dissipating total current of 0.6 mA from 1 V supply. To the authors' knowledge, the design achieves the highest figure of merit among published down-conversion mixers operating at similar millimeter-wave frequencies in comparable silicon based technology.
Globally Optimal 2D-3D Registration from Points or Lines without Correspondences (2015)

We present a novel approach to 2D-3D registration from points or lines without correspondences. While there exist established solutions in the case where correspondences are known, there are many situations where it is not possible to reliably extract such correspondences across modalities, thus requiring the use of a correspondence-free registration algorithm. Existing correspondence-free methods rely on local search strategies and consequently have no guarantee of finding the optimal solution. In contrast, we present the first globally optimal approach to 2D-3D registration without correspondences, achieved by a Branch-and-Bound algorithm. Furthermore, a deterministic annealing procedure is proposed to speed up the nested branch-and-bound algorithm used. The theoretical and practical advantages this brings are demonstrated on a range of synthetic and real data where it is observed that the proposed approach is significantly more robust to high proportions of outliers compared to existing approaches.
Biometric Liveness Detection: Challenges and Research Opportunities (2015)

In a spoofing attack, an impostor masquerades as a legitimate user by replicating that user's biometrics. Although methods exist to determine whether a live person or biometric artifact is in front of a biometric sensor, spoofing attacks remain a problem.
Effect of keratinocyte growth factor-2 on proliferation of human adult keratinocytes. (2002)

KGF-2 has significant effects on the proliferation of adult keratinocytes, which are more effective than that of EGF. This study supports KGF-2 can improve the healing of chronic wounds in adults in clinic.
Far-infrared studies of the amorphous Sb<sub><i>x</i></sub>Ge<sub>28 <i>x</i></sub>Se<sub>72</sub>glassy semiconductor (2003)

Various parameters in the structural features of the SbxGe28−xSe72 glassy system are studied as a function of average coordination number ⟨r⟩ in the light of recently proposed models for network glasses. The relation between the chemical ordered covalent network model and the constraint theory on the structural features is studied. The overall mean energy ⟨E⟩ of a covalent network for a ternary Sb–Ge–Se chacogenide system has been determined. In amorphous materials, there are non-random structural elements that have the behaviour of a simple chemical ordering. In addition, two topological effects are discussed, the floppy to rigid transition and the structural transition, which resulted in the SbxGe28−xSe72 glassy system and induced some changes in chemical ordering.
RHO—Radiation Hybrid Ordering (2000)

Radiation hybrid (RH) mapping is a somatic cell technique that is used for ordering markers along a chromosome and estimating the physical distances between them. With the advent of this mapping technique, analyzing the experimental data is becoming a challenging and demanding computational task. In this paper we present the software package RHO (radiation hybrid ordering). The package implements a number of heuristics that attempt to order genomic markers along a chromosome, given as input the results of an RH experiment. The heuristics are based on reducing an appropriate optimization problem to the traveling salesman problem (TSP). The reduced optimization problem is either the nonparametric obligate chromosome breaks (OCBs) or the parametric maximum likelihood estimation (MLE). We tested our package on both simulated and publicly available RH data. For synthetic RH data, the reconstructed markers' permutation is very close to the original permutation, even with fairly high error rates. For real data we used the framework markers' data from the Whitehead Institute maps. For most of the chromosomes (18 out of 23), there is a perfect agreement or nearly perfect agreement (reversal of chromosome arm or arms) between our maps and the Whitehead framework maps. For the remaining five chromosomes, our maps improve on the Whitehead framework maps with respect to both optimization criteria, having higher likelihood and fewer breakpoints. For three chromosomes, the results differ significantly (lod score >1.75), with chromosome 2 having the largest improvement (lod score 3.776).
Treatment of facial synkinesis and facial asymmetry with botulinum toxin type A following facial nerve palsy (1996)

Facial synkinesis and asymmetry commonly impair the outcome of facial nerve palsy. Botulinum toxin type A is a neurotoxin which prevents acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular endplate, paralysing skeletal muscle. This paper examines its use in 24 patients with synkinesis and asymmetry affecting the eye and mouth. Sixty-eight of 72 treatments produced improved cosmesis. Dose-related complications occurred in 26 treatments but were generally mild and transient. The total dosages of toxin used were analysed. The higher dose group compared with the lower dose group had no significant advantage in overall cosmetic improvement but the complication rate was significantly higher in the higher dose group (20/39) compared with the lower dose group (6/33) (chi 2 6.675, P > 0.05).
Electrochemical Thin Films at and above the Classical Limiting Current (2005)

We study a model electrochemical thin film at DC currents exceeding the classical diffusion-limited value. The mathematical problem involves the steady Poisson--Nernst--Planck equations for a binary electrolyte with nonlinear boundary conditions for reaction kinetics and Stern-layer capacitance, as well as an integral constraint on the number of anions. At the limiting current, we find a nested boundary-layer structure at the cathode, which is required by the reaction boundary condition. Above the limiting current, a depletion of anions generally characterizes the cathode side of the cell. In this regime, we derive leading-order asymptotic approximations for the (i) classical bulk space-charge layer and (ii) another nested highly charged boundary layer at the cathode. The former involves an exact solution to the Nernst--Planck equations for a single, unscreened ionic species, which may apply more generally to Faradaic conduction through very thin insulating films. By matching expansions, we derive current-voltage relations well into the space-charge regime. Throughout our analysis, we emphasize the strong influence of the Stern-layer capacitance on cell behavior.
Heterogeneous hydrolysis of cellulose with high polymer acids. Part 3. The acid hydrolysis of cellulose with finely divided cation‐exchange resin in the hydrogen form (1962)

Abstract General aspects of acid hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds are presented. Homogeneous versus heterogeneous hydronium ions and glycosidic bonds, and also their various combinations, are especially noted. Cation‐exchange resin of the strongly acid type in the hydrogen form is shown to have little or no hydrolysis effect on the glycosidic bonds in cotton. The results obtained can probably be completely explained in terms of the effect of low molecular weight acids arising from degradation of the resin. The composition of small amounts of dissolved carbohydrates was the same whether a cationexchange resin or a low molecular weight acid was used.
Social enterprise: a case of terminological ambiguity and complexity (2006)

Purpose To study some of the difficulties involved in defining the nature of social enterprises and the environments in which they operate in order to provide a framework to show how and where social enterprises fit in the overall social economy. Design/methodology/approach The complexity of organizations involved in the spectrum of the social economy is discussed in terms of the literature to show how many social enterprises in the UK and worldwide can be categorized as small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). Discusses the ambiguity prevalent in the social economy concerning the terms and concepts of “not for profit”, “non‐profit”, social enterprise and social entrepreneur and illustrates the successes, failures and difficulties of the social enterprise sector. Findings The four key issues which the definitional debate needs to address, comprise: voluntary participation; independence from the state; the concept of profit (profit making, appropriateness of profit making from certain activities, profit maximization, profit distribution); and ownership and corporate governance. Illustrates the points made in the article with particular reference to three case studies involving: Edinburgh Lothian Council On Alcohol (ELCA) (company limited by guarantee with charitable status); First Scottish University Credit Union Ltd (FSUCUL) (credit union); and Forth Sector (social firm). Originality/value Sorts out some of the difficulties and complexities in the definition and classification of social enterprises.
The Electric Polarizability of Apertures of Arbitrary Shape (1952)

An electrolytic-tank method of measurement developed in a previous paper has been used to obtain extensive data on the electric polarizability of apertures of various practical shapes. These shapes include rectangular slots, rounded slots, crossed slots, rosettes, and dumbbells. The measured values are presented in this paper in both graphical and tabular form. The accuracy is believed to be of the order of one or two per cent.
A supernova at Z = 0.458 and implications for measuring the cosmological deceleration (1995)

We have begun a program to discover high-redshift supernovae (z ~ 0.25-0.5) and study them with follow-up photometry and spectroscopy. We report here our first discovery, a supernova at z = 0.458. The photometry for this supernova closely matches the light curve calculated for this redshift from the template of well-observed nearby Type Ia supernovae. We discuss the measurement of the deceleration parameter q_0_ using such high-redshift supernovae and give the best fit value assuming this one supernova is a normal, unextincted Type Ia. We describe the main sources of error in such a measurement of q_0_ and ways to reduce these errors.
Preparation and Characterization of Magnesium Aluminate Spinel for SO<sub><i>x</i></sub> Abatement in Fluid Catalytic Cracking (1989)

Recent studies have demonstrated that cerium containing magnesium aluminate spinels such as MgAl2O4 and Mg2Al2O5 are very effective SOx reduction catalysts for FCC units. These magnesium aluminate spinels can be prepared by three different techniques: (i) thermal co-condensation (ii) co-precipitation and (iii) Co-gel formation. Some of the important physical and chemical properties of a spinel depends on the preparative route used. This paper will discuss the preparation methods and characterization techniques utilized for these spinels and how the SOx abatement activity of these spinels are related to the preparative route used.