gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pulmonary influenza A virus infection leads to suppression of the innate immune response to dermal injury (2018)

The innate immune system is responsible for many important functions in the body including responding to infection, clearing cancerous cells, healing wounds, and removing foreign substances. Although many of these functions happen simultaneously in life, most laboratory studies of the innate immune response focus on one activity. How the innate immune system responds to concurrent insults in different parts of the body is not well understood. This study explores the impact of a lung infection on the cutaneous wound healing process. We used two complimentary models of injury: the excisional tail wound and subcutaneous implantation of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) sponges. These models allow for assessment of the rate of closure and measurement of cellular and cytokine responses during acute wound healing, respectively. When mice with these healing wounds were infected with influenza A virus (IAV) in the lung there was a delay in wound healing. The viral lung infection suppressed the innate immune response in a healing wound, including cellular infiltrate, chemokines, growth factors, and cytokines. However, there was not a global immune suppression as there was an increase in inflammation systemically in mice with both infection and healing wounds compared to mice with only wounds or IAV infection. In addition, the lung immune response was largely unaffected indicating that responding to a lung infection is prioritized over a healing wound. This study introduces the concept of immune triage, in that when faced with multiple insults the immune system prioritizes responses. This paradigm likely applies to many situations that involve the innate immune system, and understanding how the innate immune system handles multiple insults is essential to understanding how it can efficiently clear pathogens while responding to other inflammatory events.
SecYEG and SecA Are the Stoichiometric Components of Preprotein Translocase (1995)

The transport of large preproteins across the Escherichia coli plasma membrane is catalyzed by preprotein translocase, comprised of the peripherally bound SecA subunit and an integrally bound heterotrimeric domain consisting of the SecY, SecE, and SecG subunits. We have now placed the secY, secE, and secG genes under the control of an arabinose-inducible promoter on a multicopy plasmid. Upon induction, all three of the proteins are strongly overexpressed and recovered in the plasma membrane fraction. These membranes show a strong enhancement of 1) translocation ATPase activity, 2) preprotein translocation, 3) capacity for SecA binding, and 4) formation of the membrane-inserted form of SecA. These data establish that SecY, SecE, and SecG constitute the integral membrane domain of preprotein translocase.
Delayed near-infrared analysis permits visualization of rodent retinal pigment epithelium layer<i>in vivo</i> (2014)

Patches of atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) have not been described in rodent models of retinal degeneration, as they have the clinical setting using fundus autofluorescence. We hypothesize that prelabeling the RPE would increase contrast and allow for improved visualization of RPE loss in vivo. Here, we demonstrate a new technique termed “delayed near-infrared analysis (DNIRA)” that permits ready detection of rat RPE, using optical imaging in the near-infrared (IR) spectrum with aid of indocyanine green (ICG) dye. Using DNIRA, we demonstrate a fluorescent RPE signal that is detected using confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy up to 28 days following ICG injection. This signal is apparent only after ICG injection, is dose dependent, requires the presence of the ICG filters (795/810 nm excitation/emission), does not appear in the IR reflectance channel, and is eliminated in the presence of sodium iodate, a toxin that causes RPE loss. Rat RPE explants confirm internalization of ICG dye. Together with normal retinal electrophysiology, these findings demonstrate that DNIRA is a new and safe noninvasive optical imaging technique for in vivo visualization of the RPE in models of retinal disease.
The Proteins Elafin, Filaggrin, Keratin Intermediate Filaments, Loricrin, and Small Proline-rich Proteins 1 and 2 Are Isodipeptide Cross-linked Components of the Human Epidermal Cornified Cell Envelope (1995)

The cornified cell envelope (CE) is a 15-nm thick layer of insoluble protein deposited on the intracellular side of the cell membrane of terminally differentiated stratified squamous epithelia. The CE is thought to consist of a complex amalgam of proteins cross-linked by isodipeptide bonds formed by the action of transglutaminases, but little is known about how or in which order the several putative proteins are cross-linked together. In this paper, CEs purified from human foreskin epidermis were digested in two steps by proteinase K, which released as soluble peptides about 30% and then another 35% of CE protein mass, corresponding to approximately the outer third (cytoplasmic surface) and middle third, respectively. Following fractionation, 145 unique peptides containing two or more sequences cross-linked by isodipeptide bond(s) were sequenced. Based on these data, most (94% molar mass) of the outer third of CE structure consists of intra- and interchain cross-linked loricrin, admixed with SPR1 and SPR2 proteins as bridging cross-links between loricrin. Likewise, the middle third of CE structure consists largely of cross-linked loricrin and SPR proteins, but is mixed with the novel protein elafin which also forms cross-bridges between loricrin. In addition, cross-links involving loricrin and keratins 1, 2e, and 10 or filaggrin were recovered in both levels. The data establish for the first time that these several proteins are indeed cross-linked protein components of the CE structure. In addition, the data support a model for the intermediate to final stages of CE assembly: the proteins elafin, SPR1 and SPR2, and loricrin begin to be deposited on a preformed scaffold; later, elafin deposition decreases as loricrin and SPR accumulation continues to effect final assembly. The recovery of cross-links involving keratins further suggests that the subjacent cytoplasmic keratin intermediate filament-filaggrin network is anchored to the developing CE during these events.
Serum Gonadotropins Before, at the Inception of, and Following Human Pregnancy (1969)

Journal Article Serum Gonadotropins Before, at the Inception of, and Following Human Pregnancy Get access ROBERT B. JAFFE, ROBERT B. JAFFE 1Reproduction and Endocrinology Program, Department of Obstetrics, The University of Michigan Medical Center Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104; Department of Gynecology, The University of Michigan Medical Center Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104; Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical Center Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar PETER A. LEE, PETER A. LEE 1Reproduction and Endocrinology Program, Department of Obstetrics, The University of Michigan Medical Center Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104; Department of Gynecology, The University of Michigan Medical Center Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104; Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical Center Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar A. REES MIDGLEY, JR. A. REES MIDGLEY, JR. 1Reproduction and Endocrinology Program, Department of Obstetrics, The University of Michigan Medical Center Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104; Department of Gynecology, The University of Michigan Medical Center Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104; Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical Center Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, Volume 29, Issue 9, 1 September 1969, Pages 1281–1283, https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem-29-9-1281 Published: 01 September 1969 Article history Received: 15 April 1969 Published: 01 September 1969
Long Anterior Lens Zonules and Intraocular Pressure (2018)

The LAZ trait, with potential prevalence near 2%, was associated with a higher IOP. This observation is consistent with the hypothesis that the trait is a marker for underlying mechanisms that elevate glaucoma risk.
Nucleosides and nucleotides. LXV Synthesis of 8,2'-methano- and 8,2'-ethanoadenosines. (1986)

Treatment of 3', 5'-O-(tetraisopropyldisiloxane-1, 3-diyl)-2'-ketoadenosine (1) with methylenetriphenylphosphorane gave the 2'-methylene derivative (2). Hydroxylation of 1 with OsO4 gave the 2'-hydroxymethyladenosine (4), which was then converted to the 2'-phenylthiomethyl derivative (5). Photocyclization followed by deprotection of the product furnished 8, 2'-methanoadenosine (7), and adenosine fixed in a high-anti conformation. Oxidation of a 2'-hydroxyethylideneadenosine with OsO4 gave the 2'-dihydroxyethyladenosine (10), which was also converted to the 2'-(2-phenylthioethyl) derivative (11). The photocyclization of 11 and successive elimination of the hydroxyl group gave the 8, 2'-ethenoadenosine (13). Catalytic hydrogenation and deprotection of 13 afforded 8, 2'-ethanoadenosine (15). The circular dichroism spectral features of C-cycloadenosine are discussed.
The six-port as a communications receiver (2005)

Configurable radio terminals require receivers with wide-band capabilities in order to support as many services as possible at most different carrier frequencies. Conventional well-known receiver architectures employing active circuitry are limited in this respect. Therefore, alternative architectures are investigated, such as the six-port, which has been introduced as a very flexible and elegant means for microwave measurements in the 1960s and 1970s. Later on, it has been used in radar applications. It was not until recently that communications receivers have been built upon the six-port principle. However, in all publications, there is always a certain mystic about the six-port. It has even been described as a "black box". In order to help paving the way for a wider application of the six-port technology, this paper describes the basic six-port theory and sets it into relation with the conventional receiver architectures such as the homodyne and heterodyne receiver. Finally, the advantages and possible applications of receivers based on the six-port technology are discussed.
Formation of nanocomposites of styrene and its copolymers using graphite as the nanomaterial (2005)

Abstract Graphite‐polymer nanocomposites were prepared by melt blending of various graphites (virgin graphite, expandable graphites, and expanded graphite) with polystyrene and its copolymers (acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (ABS) and high‐impact polystyrene (HIPS)). Nanocomposites were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, cone calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis and evaluation of mechanical properties. Nanocomposite formation occurs at higher loadings (3–5%) of expandable graphites but not for virgin or expanded graphite. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
B-ISDN implementation via satellite: the CATALYST project (1993)

Presents a simple analysis for the transmission delay across the CATALYST demonstrator network, a RACE II project that is intended to demonstrate the applicability of satellite technology for the provision of B-ISDN services. The analysis is based upon a mathematical model and a computer simulation model and describes the end-system to end-system transfer delay depending on message length. The protocol profiles assume a mix of Novell NetWare and Network File System client/server architectures on separate IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet) LANs which are interconnected through ATM/satellite interface units. Areas for further investigation and the implications of the findings on the actual network architecture are discussed.
A 100% portable inline-debugger (1993)

Many higher-level and special-purpose languages ar e implemented by generating C code which is then compile d by the target system's C compiler . This paper describes a method to embed a completely portable debugger into th e runtime library of languages that are compiled to C (or an y other intermediate language) . We say 'completely portable' to distinguish this approach from 'portable debuggers' describe d in the literature that require the modification of only a fe w low level routines to port to a new platform' . We describe an approach where we generate special C cod e that carries source code information such as variable names , types, etc . from the source language to the debugger which i s part of the runtime library . When needed, the debugger ca n execute this special code to obtain information about th e source code, local and global variables, the current callin g hierarchy (stack) etc . The debugger is normally invisible t o the user (and the program), unless explicitly activated by th e user or by a runtime error . The debuggers we implemented this way support full sourc e level debugging with the usual features : View/change local and global variables and all higher level data structures (sets , records, objects, graphic entities), viewing the stack, singl e stepping and breakpoints, interrupting running programs, etc . We illustrate the principles using SIMSCRIPT 11 .5, a highlevel simulation language which is compiled to C, as a n example .
Upregulation of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 After Myocardial Infarction by Blockade of Angiotensin II Receptors (2004)

We investigated in Lewis normotensive rats the effect of coronary artery ligation on the expression of cardiac angiotensin-converting enzymes (ACE and ACE 2) and angiotensin II type-1 receptors (AT1a-R) 28 days after myocardial infarction. Losartan, olmesartan, or the vehicle (isotonic saline) was administered via osmotic minipumps for 28 days after coronary artery ligation or sham operation. Coronary artery ligation caused left ventricular dysfunction and cardiac hypertrophy. These changes were associated with increased plasma concentrations of angiotensin I, angiotensin II, angiotensin-(1-7), and serum aldosterone, and reduced AT1a-R mRNA. Cardiac ACE and ACE 2 mRNAs did not change. Both angiotensin II antagonists attenuated cardiac hypertrophy; olmesartan improved ventricular contractility. Blockade of the AT1a-R was accompanied by a further increase in plasma concentrations of the angiotensins and reduced serum aldosterone levels. Both losartan and olmesartan completely reversed the reduction in cardiac AT1a-R mRNA observed after coronary artery ligation while augmenting ACE 2 mRNA by approximately 3-fold. Coadministration of PD123319 did not abate the increase in ACE 2 mRNA induced by losartan. ACE 2 mRNA correlated significantly with angiotensin II, angiotensin-(1-7), and angiotensin I levels. These results provide evidence for an effect of angiotensin II blockade on cardiac ACE 2 mRNA that may be due to direct blockade of AT1a receptors or a modulatory effect of increased angiotensin-(1-7).
Efficient cardiomyocyte differentiation of embryonic stem cells by bone morphogenetic protein-2 combined with visceral endoderm-like cells (2006)

As the signals required for cardiomyocyte differentiation and functional regulation are complex and only partly understood, the mechanisms prompting the differentiation and specification of pluripotential embryonic stem (ES) cells into cardiomyocytes remain unclear. We hypothesized that a combined technology system, cocultured with a visceral endoderm (VE) - like cell line, END-2, and added cytokine BMP-2, would induce high percentage conversion of murine ES-D3 cell line into cardiomyocytes, and derived cardiomyocytes in this system would exhibit more mature characteristics. It was observed that 92% (P<0.01) ES cell-derived aggregates in this system exhibited rhythmic contractions, and the contractile areas were greater. By contrast, in ES cells cultured alone, on the feeder layer of END-2 cells, or with added BMP-2, the total percentage of beating aggregates was 19, 69 (P<0.01) and 44% (P<0.01), respectively. All the rhythmically contractile cells derived from ES cells expressed cardiac-specific proteins for troponin T. Among them, the combined system resulted in significantly increased cardiac-specific genes (NKx2.5, alpha-MHC). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed varying degrees of myofibrillar organization, and the combined system resulted in a more mature phenotype such as Z bands, nascent intercalated discs and gap junctions. Before shifting to the cardiomyocyte phenotype, this system could accelerate apoptosis of the cell population (P<0.01). The inductive efficacy of this system can provide an opportunity to facilitate cardiomyocyte differentiation of ES cells. The inducible effects of this system may depend on increasing cardiac-specific gene expression and the induction of apoptosis in cells that are not committed to cardiac differentiation.
Complex spatio-temporal accumulation of alternative transcripts from the neurogenic gene<i>Delta</i>during<i>Drosophila</i>embryogenesis (1989)

Delta (Dl) function is required for proper specification of epidermal and neural lineages within the neurogenic ectoderm of Drosophila melanogaster. We have determined the spatial accumulation of five Dl transcripts that arise as the result of alternative RNA processing during embryogenesis. We find that these transcripts accumulate in all cells of the neurogenic ectoderm immediately preceding neuroblast segregation, indicating that transcription of Dl does not differ between presumptive neuroblasts and presumptive dermoblasts. Dl transcripts also accumulate transiently in mesodermal and endodermal cells, suggesting that Dl may function in developmental processes in addition to differentiation of the neurogenic ectoderm. We find that three of the Dl transcripts are localized to the base of the nucleus during cellularization. The apparent association of these three transcripts with polysomes suggests that they accumulate within the cytoplasm at the nuclear periphery and is consistent with the hypothesis that Dl encodes multiple translational products.
Mirtazapine: clinical overview. (1999)

There is currently available evidence that suggests that drugs combining 2 synergistic mechanisms of action (e.g., enhancement of both noradrenergic and serotonergic neurotransmission) may yield superior therapeutic efficacy compared with a single therapeutic mechanism of highly selective agents such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). The differences in antidepressant efficacy favoring dual-acting drugs may exist in particular for 3 difficult-to-treat groups of patients: those with endogenous depression, those with severe depression, or hospitalized depressed patients. Mirtazapine differs from other new dual-acting antidepressants by not being a reuptake inhibitor. Its antidepressant activity may be related to a direct enhancement of noradrenergic neurotransmission by blockade of alpha2-autoreceptors. The rapid increase in serotonin (5-HT) synaptic levels by blockade of alpha2-heteroreceptors indirectly enhances 5-HT1A-mediated neurotransmission since 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 are blocked by mirtazapine. The antidepressant efficacy of mirtazapine was established in several placebo-controlled trials. Currently available evidence suggests that mirtazapine is effective in all levels of severity of depressive illness, as well as is in a broad range of symptoms associated with depression.
Power conversion distribution system using a resonant high-frequency AC link (1986)

Static power conversion systems based on a resonant high frequency (HF) link offers a significant reduction in the size and weight of the equipment over that achieved with conventional approaches, especially when multiple sources and loads are to be integrated. A faster system response and absence of audible noise are the other principal characteristics of such systems. A conversion configuration based on a HF link which is suitable for applications requiring distributed power is proposed.
Context Aware Terrain Visualization for Wayfinding and Navigation (2008)

Abstract To assist wayfinding and navigation, the display of maps and driving directions on mobile devices is nowadays commonplace. While existing system can naturally exploit GPS information to facilitate orientation, the inherently limited screen space is often perceived as a drawback compared to traditional street maps as it constrains the perception of contextual information. Moreover, occlusion issues add to this problem if the environment is shown from the popular egocentric perspective. In this paper we describe an interactive visualization system that addresses these problems by reallocating the available screen space. At the heart of our system are three novel visualization techniques: First, we propose a non‐standard perspective that allows to blend between the familiar pedestrian perspective and a standard map depiction with reduced occlusion. Second, we derive an efficient deformation technique that allows an interactive allocation of screen space to areas of interest like e.g. nearby touristic attractions. Finally, a path adaptive isometric perspective is proposed that reveals otherwise hidden facades in top‐down views. We describe efficient implementations of all techniques and exemplify our interactive system on real world urban models.
Generation of Insulin-Producing Cells from Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Genetic Manipulation (2007)

Beta cell replacement is a promising approach for treatment of type 1 diabetes; however, it is limited by a shortage of pancreas donors. The pluripotent MSC in adult bone marrow (BM) offer an attractive source of stem cells for generation of surrogate beta cells. BM-MSC can be obtained with relative ease from each patient, allowing potential circumvention of allograft rejection. Here, we report a procedure for expansion of BM-MSC in vitro and their differentiation into insulin-producing cells. The pancreatic duodenal homeobox 1 (Pdx1) gene was expressed in BM-MSC from 14 human donors, and the extent of differentiation of these cells toward the beta-cell phenotype was evaluated. RNA and protein analyses documented the activation of expression of all four islet hormones. However, the cells lacked expression of NEUROD1, a key transcription factor in differentiated beta cells. A significant insulin content, as well as glucose-stimulated insulin release, were demonstrated in vitro. Cell transplantation into streptozotocin-diabetic immunodeficient mice resulted in further differentiation, including induction of NEUROD1, and reduction of hyperglycemia. These findings were reproducible in BM-MSC from 9 of 14 donors of both sexes, ages 19-62. These results suggest a therapeutic potential for PDX1-expressing BM-MSC in beta-cell replacement in patients with type 1 diabetes.