gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Influence of sodium hyaluronate on the meiotic effect of pilocarpine in rabbits (1987)

Sodium hyaluronate is a potential vehicle for drugs given topically to the eye. In the present study, the effect of sodium hyaluronate on the miosis induced by pilocarpine in rabbits was investigated. Addition of 0.2 and 0.75% sodium hyaluronate to 1% pilocarpine hydrochloride in buffer resulted in an increased effect measured as area under the miosis-time curve (AUC) and duration of miosis. A comparison between a commercially available 1% pilocarpine preparation and the preparations containing sodium hyaluronate showed that sodium hyaluronate improves the effect parameters. No adverse effects with sodium hyaluronate were observed. Possible mechanisms inducing these improvements are discussed.
An approximate max-flow min-cut theorem for uniform multicommodity flow problems with applications to approximation algorithms (1988)

A multicommodity flow problem is considered where for each pair of vertices (u, v) it is required to send f half-units of commodity (u, v) from u to v and f half-units of commodity (v, u) from v to u without violating capacity constraints. The main result is an algorithm for performing the task provided that the capacity of each cut exceeds the demand across the cut by a Theta (log n) factor. The condition on cuts is required in the worst case, and is trivially within a Theta (log n) factor of optimal for any flow problem. The result can be used to construct the first polylog-times optimal approximation algorithms for a wide variety of problems, including minimum quotient separators, 1/3-2/3 separators, bifurcators, crossing number, and VLSI layout area. It can also be used to route packets efficiently in arbitrary distributed networks.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Parathyroid Hormone Enhances Fracture Healing (1999)

This investigation tested the hypothesis that daily parenterally administered parathyroid hormone (1-34) improves fracture healing. Twenty, 3-month-old, male Sprague Dawley rats weighing approximately 400 g each, underwent the production of closed, unilateral mid-diaphyseal femoral fractures. Animals were divided into two groups of 10; the animals received either a daily subcutaneous injection of delivery vehicle (0.9% saline) or 80 micrograms/kg parathyroid hormone. On Day 21 after fracture the animals were euthanized, the femurs were removed and subjected to biomechanical testing, bone densitometry (dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, peripheral quantitative computed tomography), and histologic examination. Treatment with parathyroid hormone resulted in statistically significant increases in callus area and strength. Histologic examination of the calluses showed an increase in the amount of new bone formed. No differences were observed in the weights of the animals or the sizes of the bones. Values obtained using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and peripheral quantitative computed tomography indicate an increase in density in the parathyroid hormone treated fractures consistent with the histologic appearance and the findings of increased strength, although these bone density changes did not achieve statistical significance. These results suggest that parenterally administered parathyroid hormone (1-34) may enhance or accelerate normal fracture healing and support the concept that this hormone be tested clinically as a systemic treatment for fractures that are slow to heal.
The UBR-box and its relationship to binuclear RING-like treble clef zinc fingers (2015)

Structural modifications and extensions to the RING-like core have resulted in a novel UBR-box fold, which can recognize and target the type 1 N-degron containing proteins for ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis. The UBR-box appears to have emerged during the expansion of ubiquitin system pathway-related functions in eukaryotes, but is also likely to have other non-N-recognin functions as well.
Dynamics and limits of electrical braking (2013)

Conversion between electrical energy and mechanical energy is done by electrical machines. It is possible to use most of the electrical machines as motor or generator and also it is easy to switch between these states. This phenomenon makes them preferable in any dynamic application. Due to fast torque response, ease of control and efficiency; brushless DC machines (BLDC) are widely used in applications those need both acceleration and deceleration in operation, i.e. electric propulsion. This paper investigates features and scope of using a BLDC as a motor/generator.
Comparative evaluation of published cytomegalovirus primers for rapid real-time PCR: which are the most sensitive? (2009)

Standardization of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) PCR is highly recommended. As primer design is essential for PCR sensitivity, this study evaluated all published CMV primer pairs to identify the most sensitive for single-round real-time PCR. PubMed (1993-2004) was searched for original papers aimed at CMV PCR. Fifty-seven papers were identified revealing 82 different primer pairs. Of these, 17 primer sets were selected for empirical study, as they were either used in real-time PCR or were evaluated comparatively by conventional PCR. After optimizing the PCR conditions, these primer sets were evaluated by real-time PCR using a SYBR Green format. Analytical sensitivities were assessed by testing the reference standard CMV strain AD169. A blast search was performed to identify mismatches with published sequences. Additionally, 60 clinical samples were tested with the three primer sets showing highest analytical sensitivity and the best match to all CMV strains. Three primer sets located in the glycoprotein B (UL55) gene region were found to be the most sensitive using strain AD169. However, two of these showed a considerable number of mismatches with clinical isolates in a blast search. Instead, two other pairs from the lower matrix phosphoprotein (UL83) gene and DNA polymerase (UL54) gene showed reasonable sensitivity and no mismatches with clinical isolates. These three pairs were further tested with clinical samples, which indicated that the two primer sets from UL55 and UL54 were the most sensitive. Interestingly, the analytical sensitivity of the PCR was inversely correlated with the size of the PCR product. In conclusion, these two primer pairs are recommended for a standardized, highly sensitive, real-time PCR.
MobileSense: A robust sound classification system for mobile applications (2014)

Sound captured by a mobile phone's microphone is a rich source of contextual information about activity, location, and social events. In this paper, we present a robust sound classification system for recognizing the real-time context of a smartphone user. Our system can reduce unnecessary computations by discarding frames containing silence or white noise from the input audio stream in the pre-processing step. It also improves the classification performance on low energy sounds by amplifying them. Moreover, for efficient learning and application of HMM classification models, our system executes the dimension reduction and discretization on the set of multi-dimensional continuous-valued feature vectors through k-means clustering. We collected a large set of sound examples of 8 different types from daily life in a university office environment and then conducted experiments using them. Through these experiments, our system showed high classification performance.
Classification-based Approximate Policy Iteration: Experiments and Extended Discussions (2014)

Tackling large approximate dynamic programming or reinforcement learning problems requires methods that can exploit regularities, or intrinsic structure, of the problem in hand. Most current methods are geared towards exploiting the regularities of either the value function or the policy. We introduce a general classification-based approximate policy iteration (CAPI) framework, which encompasses a large class of algorithms that can exploit regularities of both the value function and the policy space, depending on what is advantageous. This framework has two main components: a generic value function estimator and a classifier that learns a policy based on the estimated value function. We establish theoretical guarantees for the sample complexity of CAPI-style algorithms, which allow the policy evaluation step to be performed by a wide variety of algorithms (including temporal-difference-style methods), and can handle nonparametric representations of policies. Our bounds on the estimation error of the performance loss are tighter than existing results. We also illustrate this approach empirically on several problems, including a large HIV control task.
Tumour-associated macrophages secrete pleiotrophin to promote PTPRZ1 signalling in glioblastoma stem cells for tumour growth (2017)

Intense infiltration of tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) facilitates malignant growth of glioblastoma (GBM), but the underlying mechanisms remain undefined. Herein, we report that TAMs secrete abundant pleiotrophin (PTN) to stimulate glioma stem cells (GSCs) through its receptor PTPRZ1 thus promoting GBM malignant growth through PTN-PTPRZ1 paracrine signalling. PTN expression correlates with infiltration of CD11b<sup>+</sup>/CD163<sup>+</sup> TAMs and poor prognosis of GBM patients. Co-implantation of M2-like macrophages (MLCs) promoted GSC-driven tumour growth, but silencing PTN expression in MLCs mitigated their pro-tumorigenic activity. The PTN receptor PTPRZ1 is preferentially expressed in GSCs and also predicts GBM poor prognosis. Disrupting PTPRZ1 abrogated GSC maintenance and tumorigenic potential. Moreover, blocking the PTN-PTPRZ1 signalling by shRNA or anti-PTPRZ1 antibody potently suppressed GBM tumour growth and prolonged animal survival. Our study uncovered a critical molecular crosstalk between TAMs and GSCs through the PTN-PTPRZ1 paracrine signalling to support GBM malignant growth, indicating that targeting this signalling axis may have therapeutic potential.
Liquid crystal polymers. 15. Synthesis and liquid crystalline properties of alkyl‐substituted polyesters (1983)

Abstract Alkyl substitution in a series of main chain, liquid crystal polyesters strongly depressed their glass temperatures, melting points, clearing points, and mesophase thermal stabilities. Polymers with pendant n ‐alkyl substituents eight carbon atoms or longer did not form a liquid crystal phase.
Matrix partitioning on a virtual shared memory parallel machine (1996)

The general problem considered in the paper is partitioning of a matrix operation between processors of a parallel system in an optimum load-balanced way without potential memory contention. The considered parallel system is defined by several features the main of which is availability of a virtual shared memory divided into segments. If partitioning of a matrix operation causes parallel access to the same memory segment with writing data to the segment by at least one processor, then contention between processors arises which implies performance degradation. To eliminate such situation, a restriction is imposed on a class of possible partitionings, so that no two processors would write data to the same segment. On the resulting class of contention-free partitionings, a load-balanced optimum partitioning is defined as satisfying independent minimax criteria. The main result of the paper is an algorithm for finding the optimum partitioning by means of analytical solution of respective minimax problems. The paper also discusses implementation and performance issues related to the algorithm, on the basis of experience at Kendall Square Research Corporation, where the partitioning algorithm was used for creating high-performance parallel matrix libraries.
Reduced Graphene Oxide‐GelMA Hybrid Hydrogels as Scaffolds for Cardiac Tissue Engineering (2016)

Biomaterials currently used in cardiac tissue engineering have certain limitations, such as lack of electrical conductivity and appropriate mechanical properties, which are two parameters playing a key role in regulating cardiac cell behavior. Here, the myocardial tissue constructs are engineered based on reduced graphene oxide (rGO)-incorporated gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hybrid hydrogels. The incorporation of rGO into the GelMA matrix significantly enhances the electrical conductivity and mechanical properties of the material. Moreover, cells cultured on composite rGO-GelMA scaffolds exhibit better biological activities such as cell viability, proliferation, and maturation compared to ones cultured on GelMA hydrogels. Cardiomyocytes show stronger contractility and faster spontaneous beating rate on rGO-GelMA hydrogel sheets compared to those on pristine GelMA hydrogels, as well as GO-GelMA hydrogel sheets with similar mechanical property and particle concentration. Our strategy of integrating rGO within a biocompatible hydrogel is expected to be broadly applicable for future biomaterial designs to improve tissue engineering outcomes. The engineered cardiac tissue constructs using rGO incorporated hybrid hydrogels can potentially provide high-fidelity tissue models for drug studies and the investigations of cardiac tissue development and/or disease processes in vitro.
Device Identification Based on Communication Analysis for the Internet of Things (2019)

As the Internet of Things (IoT) is rapidly expanding, a huge variety of devices is being connected to the Internet. Device management is becoming an important topic for IoT. Especially for using devices properly and securely, it is necessary to visualize what types of devices are in the network. However, most conventional device identification methods are not suitable for resource-constrained IoT devices. Therefore, we have developed a method of device identification that identifies the type and model of devices on the basis of general communication information. It determines the type and model of devices by calculating the similarity of features extracted from their network packets. The great merit of our proposed device identifier is that it can be applied to various IoT devices without special equipment. We conducted three experiments to evaluate its effectiveness. In the experiments, we focused on devices specialized for specific functions such as network cameras and factory-used devices because they are effective targets of our device identifier. In addition, we tried identifying models from devices of the same type. The first experiment revealed the relationship between the packet header information used for identification and the success of identification. The second experiment with 11 types of network cameras showed that the device identifier correctly identified nine of them. In addition, the third experiment in a simulated factory environment showed the device identifier correctly identified six types of factory-used devices. Thus, we have demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed device identifier in a real environment.
A qualitative study on performance bugs (2012)

Software performance is one of the important qualities that makes software stand out in a competitive market. However, in earlier work we found that performance bugs take more time to fix, need to be fixed by more experienced developers and require changes to more code than non-performance bugs. In order to be able to improve the resolution of performance bugs, a better understanding is needed of the current practice and shortcomings of reporting, reproducing, tracking and fixing performance bugs. This paper qualitatively studies a random sample of 400 performance and non-performance bug reports of Mozilla Firefox and Google Chrome across four dimensions (Impact, Context, Fix and Fix validation). We found that developers and users face problems in reproducing performance bugs and have to spend more time discussing performance bugs than other kinds of bugs. Sometimes performance regressions are tolerated as a trade-off to improve something else.
An 8tb/s 1pj/b 0.8mm<sup>2</sup>/tb/s qdr inductive-coupling interface between 65nm cmos gpu and 0.1μm dram (2010)

An 8 Tb/s 1 pJ/b 0.8 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /Tb/s inductive-coupling interface between 65 nm CMOS GPU and 0.1 ¿m DRAM is developed. BER <10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-16</sup> operation is examined in 1024-bit parallel links. Compared to the latest wired 40 nm DRAM interface, the bandwidth is increased 32×, and the energy consumption and layout area are reduced by 8× and 22×, respectively.
Quantitative and reproducible two-dimensional gel analysis using Phoretix 2D Full (2001)

Quantitative two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2-D PAGE) is used to determine changes in individual protein levels in complex protein mixtures. To provide reliable data, the software used for 2-D gel image analysis must provide a linear response over a wide dynamic range of data output. Here, we show that Phoretix 2D Full analysis of 2-D gels stained with colloidal Coomassie Brilliant Blue G-250 can provide a linear measure of changes in protein quantity. We show using a complex mixture of Arabidopsis thaliana proteins, that this is true for essentially all focused proteins, in a data output range greater than three orders of magnitude. An analysis of the factors that affect errors in the results demonstrated that reproducibility of the data is significantly improved by user seeding, whereas it is reduced by use of the background subtraction algorithms.
A neutral ceramidase, NlnCDase, is involved in the stress responses of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (2018)

Ceramidases (CDases) are vital enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of sphingolipids, which are essential components of eukaryotic membranes. The function of these enzymes in insects, however, is poorly understood. We identified a neutral ceramidase (NlnCDase) from the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens, one of the most destructive hemipteran pests of rice. The C12-ceramide was the most preferred substrate for the NlnCDase enzyme. The activity of the NlnCDase enzyme was highest in the neutral-pH range (pH 6.0). It was inhibited by EGTA, Cs<sup>+</sup> and Fe<sup>2+</sup>, while stimulated by EDTA and Ca<sup>2+</sup>. Moreover, the NlnCDase has higher transcript level and activity in adults than in eggs and nymphs, and in the reproductive organs (ovaries and spermaries) than in other tissues (i.e. heads, thorax, legs, midguts), which suggested that the NlnCDase might be elevated to mediate developmental process. In addition, transcripts and activity of the NlnCDase were up-regulated under abiotic stresses including starvation, abnormal temperature, and insecticides, and biotic stress of resistant rice varieties. Knocking down NlnCDase by RNA interference increased female survival under starvation and temperature stresses, suggesting that NlnCDase might be involved in the stress response in N. lugens.
The Impact of Governmental Medical Reimbursement on the Duty of Care: Comparative Legal Studies between Taiwan and the United States (2011)

For a government to reimburse medical expenses through an insurance policy issued by the authorities is quite common in the modern world. In such circumstances, any medical treatment procedure must accord with the government’s requirements in order that the medical facility is paid for the expenses incurred via such an insurance policy. A legal issue arises whenever the government’s requirements conflicts with the duty of care associated with a tort based cause of action. This predicted legal concern really did occur recently and involved an incident related to root canal therapy. The central problem revolves around whether the court will accept that the standard of medical treatment set by the government preempts the duty of care in tort action. In this article, we discuss a similar case in the United States and how our government and legal system have handled a similar situation. In attempting to explain the thinking and attitudes in this case, this article will borrow from the experience in the United States and promote the importance of evidence-based medicine. This article will also indicate related supplementary measures that are important to the execution of evidence-based medicine. These measurements includes enhancing the mechanism of the Disputes Settlement Board that was established under the National Health Insurance Act, promoting the system of malpractice insurance and enforcing continuing education in order to alleviate the uncertainties associated with possible malpractice litigation. Only by making the above changes can the best solution be found in order to deal with the impact of government medical reimbursement on duty of care during medical treatment. The purpose of this article is to try and strike a balance between government, patient and physician.
Streamline Tracing on Unstructured Grids (2005)

Abstract Traditional methods for streamline tracing are mainly based on the Pollock Cartesian scheme and its extensions, which require dual grids to treat general tensor fields on unstructured meshes. The complexity and inflexibility of dual grids impose substantial limitations on the application of streamlines. In this paper, we propose a computationally efficient method to construct streamlines on the original grid, taking flow fields from arbitrary schemes including Galerkin finite element methods. An essential component of the proposed streamline construction is fast processing of non-conservative velocity fields to recover or maintain local mass conservation and normal flux continuity simultaneously. Our construction involves balancing conservation residuals on each pair of adjacent elements using a Gauss-Seidel type iteration. Locally conservative velocities are extended from element faces to interiors using a local single element mixed finite element method. Streamline and travel time are then obtained using standard methods of integration based on the Pollock algorithm. The proposed approach is shown to possess several advantages: it treats general tensor fields on unstructured and even nonmatching grids, maintains the optimal order of accuracy for high order elements, and avoids the difficulties imposed by nonphysical sinks and sources due to numerical inaccuracy. Several computational examples on structured and unstructured meshes are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Adaptive Color Background Modeling for Real-Time Segmentation of Video Streams* (1999)

We present a system to perform real-time background modeling and segmentation of video streams on a PC, in the context of video surveillance and multimedia applications. The images, captured with a fixed camera, are modeled as a fixed or slowly changing background, which may become occluded by mobile agents. The system learns a statistical color model of the background, which is used for detecting changes produced by occluding elements. We propose to operate in the Hue-Saturation-Value (HSV) color space, instead of the traditional RGB space, and show that it provides a better use of the color information, and naturally incorporates gray-level only processing. At each instant, the system maintains an updated background model, and a list of occluding regions that can then be tracked. Other applications are video compression, enhancement and modification, such as obstacle highlight or removal.
MALDI for fast DNA analysis and sequencing (1996)

Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) has been pursued for fast DNA analysis and sequencing. In this article, recent progress on detecting large oligonucleotides is reviewed. The potential application of MALDI for population screening for disease diagnosis is discussed. The approach of using MALDI for DNA sequencing is presented. Discussion on the use of robotic and automation to speed up the mass spectrometer sequencing process is also included. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.