gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Phenomena of Scintillation Noise in Radar-Tracking Systems (1959)

In 1947, an investigation was begun at the U. S. Naval Research Laboratory to study noise in tracking radars. Of particular interest was the noise which was found to be caused by a target when it is of finite size and complex shape; this suggested a new basis for optimum radar design. With the increasing emphasis on precision in radar guidance in the space and missile age, complete instrumentation was prepared to permit investigation of target-scintillation or target-noise phenomena. While extensive theoretical studies were being carried out, the instrumentation was built to include a unique simulator of multiple, finite-size targets with a complete closed-loop-tracking system, an instrumentation radar composed of a dualchannel-tracking radar for measurement of components of target noise under actual tracking conditions, and equipment designed to provide automatic statistical analysis of noise data. The results of these studies showed several ways in which different components of the target noise affect the radar-tracking performance and how these components determine the choice of tracking systems and optimum design of the system. The studies revealed phenomena such as the two-reflector target, which can cause tracking errors of many target spans outside the physical extent, and a new concept of target noise in terms of a tilting of the phase front of the echo signal from a target.
Thermochromism in Reduced Phosphate Glasses (1981)

Coloring and bleaching of reduced phosphate glasses in the systems K 2 O‐B 2 O r Al 2 O 3 ‐P 2 O 5 and K 2 O‐Al 2 O 3 ‐P 2 O 5 , containing no silver halide, were studied. The as‐cast glasses, which are colorless and transparent, become tinged with red when they are reheated at high temperatures for long times. The bleached specimens (PTC‐RP glass) are obtained by heating at >600°C, then quenching. The PTC‐RP glasses exhibit coloring phenomena by irradiation of light or by heating above 200°C; the colored glasses are again bleached thermally. Coloring of the glasses by heating is described in this paper in terms of phase change within the colloidal phosphorus formed in the glasses. The apparent activation energy for the thermocoloring is estimated to be ∼15×10 4 J/mol (35 kcal/mol).
C<sub>60</sub>embedded in γ-cyclodextrin: a water-soluble fullerene (1992)

T. Andersson, K. Nilsson, M. Sundahl, G. Westman and O. Wennerström, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1992, 604 DOI: 10.1039/C39920000604
Theory of noise suppression in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Λ</mml:mi></mml:math>-type quantum memories by means of a cavity (2017)

Quantum memories, capable of storing single photons or other quantum states of light, to be retrieved on demand, offer a route to large-scale quantum information processing with light. A promising class of memories is based on far-off-resonant Raman absorption in ensembles of $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}$-type atoms. However, at room temperature these systems exhibit unwanted four-wave mixing, which is prohibitive for applications at the single-photon level. Here, we show how this noise can be suppressed by placing the storage medium inside a moderate-finesse optical cavity, thereby removing the main roadblock hindering this approach to quantum memory.
Electron transport and emission properties of C(100) (1997)

Secondary-electron-emission spectroscopy is used to probe the transport and emission of impact-ionized electrons in single-crystal diamond. By studying the emission from a cesiated C(100) surface having a negative electron affinity (NEA), the full energy spectrum of the internal electrons is revealed in the measured energy distribution data. The kinetic energy of the electrons and the height of the surface energy barrier are measured relative to the conduction-band minimum ${E}_{c},$ which is identified in the spectra. The cesiated diamond surface is observed to be NEA, but the hydrogenated diamond surface (commonly believed to be NEA) has an electron affinity near zero and slightly positive. Analysis of the very high yield data $({\ensuremath{\delta}}_{\mathrm{max}}\ensuremath{\sim}132)$ and the sharply peaked energy distribution data indicates that the transport of low-energy electrons is very efficient in C(100). An emission model is deduced that involves the surface properties of the material and the internal energy distribution of the electrons.
Microwave-induced One-pot Synthesis of N-carboxyalkyl Maleimides and Phthalimides† (1998)

H. N. Borah, R. C. Boruah and J. S. Sandhu, J. Chem. Res. (S), 1998, 272 DOI: 10.1039/A707961C
Anaerobic Biotechnology for Bioenergy Production (2008)

Anaerobic biotechnology for bioenergy production , Anaerobic biotechnology for bioenergy production , کتابخانه مرکزی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی تهران
A novel approach to correct variations in Raman spectra due to photo-bleachable cellular components (2008)

Bacterial typing by Raman spectroscopy is based on small spectral differences that exist between strains, due to differences in their overall molecular composition. These strain-specific spectral differences can be obscured by sources of non-specific signal variance. One such source is the signal contribution of microbial pigments that can vary strongly in intensity. Examples of such pigments are carotenoids in Staphylococcus aureus, and other pigments in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Mycobacterium lentiflavum. The variance in the intensity of these pigments greatly overshadows strain-specific differences, and therefore lowers spectral reproducibility and causes misclassification of microbial strains. Here a method is presented to determine the spectral signature of pigments of which the relative signal contribution decreases under laser irradiation; so-called photo-bleachable pigments. These signatures are used to eliminate signal variance caused by these pigments by means of the extended multiplicative scatter correction algorithm and spectral interferent subtraction. Application of this method increases the reproducibility of the spectra of microorganisms that contain such pigments to the extent that reproducible identification of samples at strain level is achieved.
Chromatin and epigenetic regulation of pre-mRNA processing (2012)

New data are revealing a complex landscape of gene regulation shaped by chromatin states that extend into the bodies of transcribed genes and associate with distinct RNA elements such as exons, introns and polyadenylation sites. Exons are characterized by increased levels of nucleosome positioning, DNA methylation and certain histone modifications. As pre-mRNA splicing occurs co-transcriptionally, changes in the transcription elongation rate or epigenetic marks can influence exon splicing. These new discoveries broaden our understanding of the epigenetic code and ascribe a novel role for chromatin in controlling pre-mRNA processing. In this review, we summarize the recently discovered interplay between the modulation of chromatin states and pre-mRNA processing with the particular focus on how these processes communicate with one another to control gene expression.
Cat-inspired mechanical design of self-adaptive toes for a legged robot (2016)

Cats have protractible claws to fold their tips to keep them sharp. They protract claws while hunting and pawing on slippery surfaces. Protracted claws by tendons and muscles of toes can help cats anchoring themselves steady while their locomotion trends to slip and releasing the hold while they retract claws intentionally. This research proposes a kind of modularized self-adaptive toe mechanism inspired by cat claws to improve the extremities' contact performance for legged robot. The mechanism is constructed with four-bar linkage actuated by contact reaction force and retracted by applied spring tension. A feasible mechanical design based on several essential parameters is introduced and an integrated Sole-Toe prototype is built for experimental evaluation. Mechanical self-adaption and actual contact performance on specific surface have been evaluated respectively on a biped walking platform and a bench-top mechanical testing.
Some factors in the mechanical design of high-speed turbogenerators (1940)

The following paper deals with the approach and the results obtained by advanced engineering technique applied to a few of the problems in large high-speed turbogenerator rotor design. Research and design details incidental to yoke vibrations, application of hydrogen for ventilation, etc., may be dealt with in a future paper.
Design and optimization of a high performance isolated three phase AC/DC converter (2016)

This paper presents the design and optimization of a high performance isolated three-phase AC/DC converter that converts variable frequency 115 V AC voltage into isolated 28 V DC voltage. The main design target is to maximize converter rated power within given loss, size limitations and operation requirements. A two-stage structure, consisting of an active front-end (AFE) converter and an isolated DC/DC converter, is employed. To complete the design and optimization of the multi-converter system, a hierarchical design and optimization approach has been developed to explore the system loss-size Pareto front with considerations of thermal management, EMI performance and power quality. Methods for component optimization and loss calculation are introduced. Based on the design results (system loss-size Pareto front), a Vienna rectifier and an LLC resonant converter were selected for AFE and DC/DC stage respectively. Finally, a 1.2 kW convection cooled prototype was built and experimentally tested. It achieved 97.1% full load efficiency and 22 W/inch <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> power density. Compliance with EMI and power quality standard was experimentally verified.
Synthese und Struktur von Ni(2,6-iPr2C6H3N=CHCH=NC6H3-2,6-iPr2)2 (1990)

Ni(cdt)** reacts with two equivalents of the sterically highly demanding 1,4-diazadiene 2,6- i Pr 2 C 6 H 3 N=CH-CH=NC 6 H 3 -2,6- i Pr 2 to yield the red-brown, cristalline title compound Ni(2,6- i Pr 2 Ph-dad) 2 (3). The existence of this compound was previously uncertain. 1 H and 13 C NMR, MS, and UV/VIS spectra of 3 are reported. The X-ray structure analysis of 3 revealed a strongly distorted tetrahedral coordination of the nickel center
Oral pharmacotherapy in erectile dysfunction (1997)

The increased understanding of the neuropharmacology of penile erection combined with patients' dissatisfaction with the current therapy for erectile dysfunction have boosted research towards oral therapy for impotence. Centrally acting drugs and type V phosphodiesterase inhibitors are the main oral drugs currently under investigation. Data are preliminary, but it appears that we are on the threshold of a new era in the management of erectile dysfunction.
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System in Hyper- and Hypothyroid Rats During Sodium Depletion (1982)

A study was made of the responses of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) produced in hyper- and hypothyroid rats maintained in a state of sodium depletion, as part of a wider study to effect a comparison with results previously obtained for the same parameters in rats maintained on a normal sodium diet and during experimental alterations of thyroid function. In hyperthyroid rats maintained on sodium deficient and normal sodium diet, and in euthyroid animals on a sodium deficient regimen, elevations of both plasma renin concentration (PRC) and serum aldosterone concentration (AC) were observed, while the plasma renin substrate (PRS) was decreased. In hypothyroid rats with normal sodium intake, PRC and AC were observed to be decreased relative to similar sodium-deficient animals. Relationships were observed between PRC and AC, and between AC and urinary sodium excretion. These results suggest that: i) Sodium depletion is a more effective stimulus than the thyroid hormones on the RAAS. ii) Aldosterone changes in sodium depletion are mediated by the RAS. iii) Sodium depletion appeared to induce a decrease in the hepatic synthesis of angiotensinogen.
Microvascular pressure distribution and responses of pulmonary allografts and cheek pouch arterioles in the hamster to oxygen. (1981)

Despite extensive investigations of the pulmonary circulation using both in vitro and in vitro preparations, few direct microcirculatory studies have been made. Consequently, the mechanisms involved in the response of the pulmonary microvasculature to changes in oxygen tension remain unclear. The present study represents the first direct observation of the responses in pulmonary microvessels to alterations in oxygen tension. Neonatal lung tissue was transplanted into the hamster cheek pouch using a chamber technique. Both tissues were characterized with respect to their microvascular pressure profile and vascular response to hypoxia. The results showed the two tissues to be remarkably different. Small pulmonary and cheek pouch arterioles exhibited opposite responses to changes in oxygen environment; hypoxia elicited a constriction of pulmonary arterioles, but a dilation of cheek pouch arterioles. Pulmonary capillary pressure, although comparable to that measured in the intact lung (13 mm Hg), was substantially lower than cheek pouch capillary pressure, which was within the range of that described for several systemic vascular beds. The microcirculatory effects of oxygen on both tissues were confined to the arteriolar segments. The characteristics of this pulmonary microcirculation are such that it is a unique model for further physiological and pharmacological studies.
Experimental investigations of the propagation of surface waves along a plasma column (1982)

Plasma surface waves were discovered in 1958. The experiments done since then on these waves are critically reviewed and analysed in terms of appropriate models and corresponding dispersion relations. Discrepancies and unresolved issues are identified and discussed. Wave damping experiments and analysis, and results of more recent works on nonlinear aspects of these waves, are also reported.
Reduced expression of RAS protein activator like‐1 in gastric cancer (2010)

RAS signaling is frequently deregulated in human neoplasms. However, RAS mutations have been found in only a small proportion of human gastric cancers, implicating other mechanisms in the activation of RAS signaling in gastric tumorigenesis. We have previously reported that decreased expression of RAS protein activator like-1 (RASAL1), a member of the RAS-GTPase-activating proteins that switch off RAS activity, contributes to colon tumor progression. In our study, we explored the involvement of decreased RASAL1 expression in gastric tumorigenesis. RASAL1 expression was reduced in 6 of 10 gastric cancer cell lines examined by immunoblotting. Knockdown of RASAL1 increased mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling in response to growth factor stimulation, and the forced expression of RASAL1 reduced proliferation of gastric cancer cells. Immunohistochemical analyses in primary gastric tumors showed that RASAL1 expression was reduced in 23 of 48 (48%) of the gastric cancers but in none of the adenomas (0/10). Methylation of the RASAL1 promoter region and loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at the RASAL1 locus were examined to investigate the causes of RASAL1 silencing. All cell lines with reduced RASAL1 had RASAL1 methylation, and two had LOH. In primary gastric cancers, methylation or LOH was detected in 50% (6/12) of those with reduced RASAL1. Furthermore, RASAL1 expression was restored in some cell lines by histone deacetylase inhibitor treatment. Our findings demonstrate that reduced RASAL1 expression, partly due to genetic and epigenetic changes, contributes to gastric carcinogenesis, and also re-emphasize the importance of RAS signaling in gastric cancer development.
Chemical Response Pattern of Different Classes of C-Nociceptors to Pruritogens and Algogens (2003)

Vasoneuroactive substances were applied through intradermal microdialysis membranes and characterized as itch- or pain-inducing in psychophysical experiments. Histamine always provoked itching and rarely pain, capsaicin always pain but never itching. Prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) led preferentially to moderate itching. Serotonin, acetylcholine, and bradykinin induced pain more often than itching. Subsequently the same substances were used in microneurography experiments to characterize the sensitivity profile of human cutaneous C-nociceptors. The responses of 89 mechanoresponsive (CMH, polymodal nociceptors), 52 mechanoinsensitive, histamine-negative (CMi(His-)), and 24 mechanoinsensitive, histamine-positive (CMi(His+)) units were compared. CMi(His+) units were most responsive to histamine and to PGE(2) and less to serotonin, ACh, bradykinin, and capsaicin. CMH units (polymodal nociceptors) and CMi(His-) units showed significantly weaker responses to histamine, PGE(2), and acetylcholine. Capsaicin and bradykinin responses were not significantly different in the two classes of mechano-insensitive units. We conclude that CMi(His+) units are "selective," but not "specific" for pruritogenic substances and that the pruritic potency of a mediator increases with its ability to activate CMi(His+) units but decreases with activation of CMH and CMi(His-) units.
40 Gbit/s optical repeater circuitusing InAlAs/InGaAs HEMT digital IC modules (1997)

The authors describe an approach for realising a single-channel 40 Gbit/s optical repeater system using InP-based HEMTs. A fundamental optical repeater circuit using the HEMT IC modules successfully demonstrates 40 Gbit/s, 300 km transmission.
Environmental cost estimate for the operation of the new Mérida cable car system (2014)

The objective of the present work is to estimate the environmental costs of operating the new Merida Cable car system applying the focus of compensation for environmental impacts. For this, the choice experiment in which the demand for acceding to a new Merida Cable car among other attributes of the Sierra Nevada National Park was selected. Equally, some socioeconomic variables such as gender of the interviewed, age, among others were considered. The opportunity cost of visiting the cable car under the traditional premise is 15.43 dollars monthly per family. In the case of the visit under the new use paradigm was 20.77 dollars monthly per family.
The Leucine-rich Repeat Protein PRELP Binds Perlecan and Collagens and May Function as a Basement Membrane Anchor (2002)

PRELP (proline arginine-rich end leucine-rich repeat protein) is a heparin-binding leucine-rich repeat protein in connective tissue extracellular matrix. In search of natural ligands and biological functions of this molecule, we found that PRELP binds the basement membrane heparan sulfate proteoglycan perlecan. Also, recombinant perlecan domains I and V carrying heparan sulfate bound PRELP, whereas other domains without glycosaminoglycan substitution did not. Heparin, but not chondroitin sulfate, inhibited the interactions. Glycosaminoglycan-free recombinant perlecan domain V and mutated domain I did not bind PRELP. The dissociation constants of the PRELP-perlecan interactions were in the range of 3-18 nm as determined by surface plasmon resonance. As expected, truncated PRELP, without the heparin-binding domain, did not bind perlecan. Confocal immunohistochemistry showed that PRELP outlines basement membranes with a location adjacent to perlecan. We also found that PRELP binds collagen type I and type II through its leucine-rich repeat domain. Electron microscopy visualized a complex with PRELP binding simultaneously to the triple helical region of procollagen I and the heparan sulfate chains of perlecan. Based on the location of PRELP and its interaction with perlecan heparan sulfate chains and collagen, we propose a function of PRELP as a molecule anchoring basement membranes to the underlying connective tissue.
The Association of Atopy with a Gain-of-Function Mutation in the α Subunit of the Interleukin-4 Receptor (1997)

The R576 allele of interleukin-4 receptor alpha is strongly associated with atopy. This mutation may predispose persons to allergic diseases by altering the signaling function of the receptor.
Effect of gamma interferon on resolution of murine chlamydial genital infection (1992)

Mice infected in the genital tract with the Chlamydia trachomatis agent of mouse pneumonitis were treated with monoclonal rat anti-gamma interferon (anti-IFN-gamma) antibody to determine whether IFN-gamma participated in the resolution of the infection. In two experiments, anti-IFN-gamma antibody treatment resulted in significantly prolonged infections. In support of these data, passive administration of recombinant IFN-gamma to chronically infected nu/nu mice was able to bring about resolution of the infection in some animals.
An ethanol extract of Iris nertschinskia induces p53-dependent apoptosis in the MCF7 human breast cancer cell line (2011)

Iris nertschinskia, an ornamental plant, is utilized in traditional East Asian medicine for the treatment of skin diseases. However, the biological activity underlying its therapeutic effects remains to be established. In this study, we investigated the anti-tumor effect of the plant extract on MCF7 human breast cancer cells. An ethanol extract of Iris nertschinskia triggered cell death in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, treatment with the extract promoted p53 phosphorylation in MCF7 cells. Increased phosphorylation of p53, in turn, led to induction of Bax protein, a key regulator of p53-dependent apoptotic cell death, as well as of caspase-7 cleavage in MCF7 cells. Consistently, cells treated with p53-specific siRNA or the caspase inhibitor, Z-VAD, resisted apoptotic cell death induced by the Iris nertschinskia extract. Our results suggest that p53 sensitizes tumor cells to the ethanol extract of Iris nertschinskia by Bax protein induction and caspase-dependent apoptosis.
Stereoselective Total Synthesis of Tubulysin V (2012)

Abstract The total synthesis of tubulysin V was accomplished in 1.0% overall yield with linear 13 steps. Our synthetic strategy featured the following two reactions. One is zinc‐mediated aza‐Barbier reaction of ( R )‐ N ‐ tert ‐butanesulfinyl imine 8 with β ‐ester group functionalized allylic bromide 9 to afford the chiral homo‐allylic amine ( 7 ); the other is to employ the methodology of aqueous indium‐mediated aza‐Barbier reaction previously developed by our group, giving the chiral homo‐allylic amine 13 with high efficiency.
Radioimmunoassay for phencyclidine. (1979)

A sensitive and specific radioimmunoassay has been developed for the drug phencyclidine (PCP). Levels as low as 50 pg (200 femto-moles) of PCP can be detected. The specificity of the antisera has been investigated by inhibiting the [3H]PCP-anti PCP reaction with the parent drug, metabolites, and other related compounds. Three urinary metabolites, 4-phenyl-4-piperidinocyclohexanol, 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)-4-hydroxypiperidine and 1-phenylcyclohexylamine inhibit 2,5, and 0.002% as effectively as PCP respectively. Plasma samples supplemented with PCP (1.2 to 10,000 ng/ml) can be analyzed directly by this procedure.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Benzodioxanylpiperazine Derivatives as Potent Serotonin 5-HT<sub>1A</sub> Antagonists:  The Discovery of Lecozotan (2005)

A series of benzodioxanylpiperazine derivatives possessing a 4-aryl amide substituent was prepared and evaluated for 5-HT(1A) affinity and functional antagonist activity in vitro and in vivo. All of the compounds in this series possessed high affinity for the human 5-HT(1A) receptor and many displayed potent antagonist activity in vitro and varying degrees of intrinsic activity in vivo. Compound 11c (Lecozotan) was selected for further development and is currently in clinical trials.