gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A kernel-based DFM model for process from layout to wafer (2010)

A layout design that passes the design rule check (DRC) may still have manufacturing problems today, especially around areas of critical patterns. Thus a design-for-manufacturability (DfM) model, which can simulate the process from designed layout to wafer and predict the final contours, is necessary. A new kind of DfM model called free-elementmodel (FEM) is proposed in this paper. The framework of FEM is borrowed from the forward process model, which is basically a set of convolution kernels in matrix form, yet the unknown variables are the kernel elements instead of process parameters. The modeling process is transformed into a non-linear optimization problem, with equality constraints which involve norm-2 regulation of kernels and inner production of any two kernels to keep the normalization and orthogonality of optimized kernels. Gradient-based method with Lagrange penalty function is explored to solve the optimization problem to minimize the difference between simulated contours and real contours. The dimension of kernels in FEM is determined by the cutoff frequency and the ambit. Since kernels are calculated by optimization method instead of decomposition of transmission cross coefficient (TCC), every element of kernels becomes a factor to describe the process. FEM is more flexible, and in it all effects that can be integrated into convolution kernels join naturally, such as the resist deviation and asymmetry of the process. No confidential process parameters, for example NA and defocus, appear in FEM explicitly, and thus the encapsulated FEM is suitable for IC manufacturers to publish. Moreover, enhancements and supplements to FEM are discussed in this paper, including the sufficiency of test patterns. In our experiments, DfM models for 2 process lines are generated based on test patterns, and the results show that the simulated shapes have an area error less than 2% compared to the real shapes of test patterns and an area error less than 3% compared to the shapes in typical blocks chosen from chip for verification purpose. The root mean square error of contour deviation between the 2 simulation results from FEM and conventional lithographic model is 10nm in a 65nm process.
Formal verification of memory arrays using symbolic trajectory evaluation (2002)

Verification of memory arrays is an important part of processor verification. Memory arrays include circuits such as on-chip caches, cache tags, register files, and branch prediction buffers having memory cores embedded within complex logic. These circuits are typically custom designed at the transistor-level to optimize area and performance. This makes it necessary to verify them at the transistor-level. Conventional array verification approaches are based on switch-level simulation. Such approaches do not work for arrays as it is infeasible to simulate the astronomical number of simulation patterns that are required to verify these designs. Therefore, formal methods are required to ensure the correctness of memory arrays. This paper describes the formal verification technique of Symbolic Trajectory Evaluation (STE), and its application to verify memory arrays. The paper describes techniques to overcome the limitations of STE in verifying large complex memory arrays. It shows how exploiting symmetry allows one to verify systems several orders of magnitude larger than otherwise possible. The results of verifying SRAM arrays, including a 256 Kbit circuit having over 1.5 million transistors, are presented. The paper also shows how judicious Boolean encodings can be used with STE to efficiently verify CAMs.
The SL1-SL2 (Stem-Loop) Domain Is the Primary Determinant for Stability of the Gamma Retroviral Genomic RNA Dimer (2006)

Retroviral genomes are assembled from two sense-strand RNAs by noncovalent interactions at their 5' ends, forming a dimer. The RNA dimerization domain is a potential target for antiretroviral therapy and represents a compelling RNA folding problem. The fundamental dimerization unit for the Moloney murine sarcoma gamma retrovirus spans a 170-nucleotide minimal dimerization active sequence. In the dimer, two self-complementary sequences, PAL1 and PAL2, form intermolecular duplexes, and an SL1-SL2 (stem-loop) domain forms loop-loop base pairs, mediated by GACG tetraloops, and extensive tertiary interactions. To develop a framework for assembly of the retroviral RNA dimer, we quantified the stability of and established nucleotide resolution secondary structure models for sequence variants in which each motif was compromised. Base pairing and tertiary interactions between SL1-SL2 domains contribute a large free energy increment of -10 kcal/mol. In contrast, even though the PAL1 and PAL2 intermolecular duplexes span 10 and 16 bp in the dimer, respectively, they contribute only -2.5 kcal/mol to stability, roughly equal to a single new base pair. First, these results emphasize that the energetic costs for disrupting interactions in the monomer state nearly balance the PAL1 and PAL2 base pairing interactions that form in the dimer. Second, intermolecular duplex formation plays a biological role distinct from simply stabilizing the structure of the retroviral genomic RNA dimer.
Ring-Opening Polymerization with Expansion in Volume (1977)

For a number of industrial applications, such as strain-free composites, potting resins, high gloss coatings, binders for solid propellants, and impression materials, it appeared highly desirable to have monomers that will polymerize with near zero shrinkage. For other applications, such as precision castings, high strength adhesives, prestressed plastics, rock-cracking materials, elastomeric sealants, and dental fillings, it appeared highly desirable to have monomers that would undergo positive expansion on polymerization. For example, many composites involving high strength fibers in a polymeric matrix fail because of either poor adhesion between the matrix and the fibers or because of voids and microcracks in the matrix. Both of these problems are at least partially related to the fact that when available materials polymerize or cure, a pronounced shrinkage takes place. Examples are available from other fields to suggest that monomers that expand on polymerization would indeed produce strong adhesives. For example, when water freezes,
<b>Molecular characterization of CDSP 34, a chloroplastic protein induced by water deficit in</b><i><b>Solanum tuberosum</b></i><b>L. plants, and regulation of</b><i><b>CDSP 34</b></i><b>expression by ABA and high illumination</b> (1998)

We previously described the accumulation of a 34 kDa thylakoid protein, named CDSP 34 for chloroplastic drought-induced stress protein, in Solanum tuberosum plants subjected to water deficit. A full-length CDSP 34 cDNA has been isolated and we report here that mature CDSP 34 is highly similar to two chromoplastic proteins, fibrillin from Capsicum annuum and CHRC (for chromoplast protein C) from Cucumis sativus, components of carotenoid-accumulating structures. Northern and Western analyses showed that both CDSP 34 transcript and protein accumulated from early stages of water deficit. In water-stressed tomato plants, similar increases in the CDSP 34-related transcript amount were noticed in wild-type and ABA-deficient flacca mutant, but protein accumulation was observed only in wild-type, suggesting a posttranscriptional role of ABA in CDSP 34 synthesis regulation. Substantial increases in CDSP 34 transcript and protein abundances were also observed in potato plants subjected to high illumination. The CDSP 34 protein is proposed to play a structural role in stabilizing stromal lamellae thylakoids upon osmotic or oxidative stress.
Topoisomerase II as a target for anticancer chemotherapy. (1995)

Type II DNA topoisomerases are required for the segregation of genomic DNA at cell division in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, and inhibitors of these enzymes are potential cytotoxic agents in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The bacterial member of the topoisomerase II family, DNA gyrase, and the chemotherapeutic agents which target it are the subject of a recent review (Maxwell, A. et al., 1993, in Molecular Biology of DNA Topoisomerases, Andoh, T. et al., eds., pp. 21-30, CRC Press, Boca Raton). Here we present an overview of current knowledge of eukaryotic topoisomerase II and the anticancer agents which target this enzyme, focussing predominantly on new observations and recent reports and reviews.
Conditional quantum CNOT gate between two four-level atoms (2005)

We propose a scheme to implement a quantum controlled-NOT (CNOT) gate between two four-level atoms inside the detuned optical cavity. The system state is evolved inside the decoherence-free (DF) subspace through stimulated Raman processes, which yields the desired unitary evolution operation for the CNOT. Our scheme is immune to decoherence due to dissipation of cavity excitation and spontaneous emission from the excited atomic level.
mdm-2 Inhibits the G<sub>1</sub> Arrest and Apoptosis Functions of the p53 Tumor Suppressor Protein (1996)

The mdm-2 gene encodes a 90-kDa polypeptide that binds specifically to the p53 tumor suppressor protein. This physical interaction results in the inhibition of the transcriptional functions of p53 (J. Chen, J. Lin, and A. J. Levine, Mol. Med. 1:142-152, 1995, and J. Momand, G. P. Zambetti, D. C. Olson, D. George, and A. J. Levine, Cell 69:1237-1245, 1992). Experiments are described that demonstrate the ability of mdm-2 to abrogate both the p53-mediated cell cycle arrest and the apoptosis functions. In addition, the results presented here suggest that mdm-2 binding to p53 and the resultant inhibition of p53 transcription functions are critical for reversing p53-mediated cell cycle arrest. The N-terminal half or domain of the mdm-2 protein is sufficient to regulate these biological activities of p53, consistent with the possibility that the highly conserved central acidic region and the C-terminal putative zinc fingers of mdm-2 may encode other functions.
Molecular charge states and contact charge exchange in polymers (1977)

Observation of a new phenomenon, the reversible change in sign of charge transferred to a polymer upon sequential contacts with a series of metals, is reported. This observation is interpreted using a model which attributes the polymer charges to the occurrence of local intrinsic molecular-ion states. A phenomenological representation both of these charge states and of the metal/polymer contact charge exchange process is developed. The validity of this phenomenology is tested by comparing its predictions with a systematic study of the contact charging of poly(styrene), poly(methyl methacrylate), and copolymers thereof. Using the contact charge exchange spectra of poly(styrene) and poly(methyl methacrylate) to determine the input parameters, the phenomenological model successfully predicts the contact charge exchange spectra of the copolymers.
Characterization of a scannerless LADAR system. [Laser Radar System (LADAR)] (1993)

Performance projections based on the analytical model of a scannerless laser radar system are compared to laboratory simulations and to field data measurements. Data and characteristics of the system, including camera response, image spatial resolution, and contributions to the signal-to-noise ratio are presented. A discussion of range resolution for this system will also be presented, and finally, the performance characteristics of the prototype benchtop system will be summarized.
Effect of Long Term Treatment with Calcitriol on Calcium Absorption and Mineral Metabolism in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis* (1985)

The mechanism of impaired calcium absorption in postmenopausal osteoporosis is controversial. If it is caused by calcitriol deficiency, it should be corrected by long term administration of physiological doses of this metabolite, whereas if it is caused by either a primary defect in calcium absorption or intestinal resistance to calcitriol action, it should not be. In 56 osteoporotic women, mean (+/- SE) fractional calcium absorption (0.52 +/- 0.02) was lower (P less than 0.001) than that in 20 age-matched normal women (0.61 +/- 0.02). Treatment with calcitriol (0.5-0.75 micrograms/day) increased calcium absorption after 6-12 months to 0.67 +/- 0.02 (P less than 0.001) and, in 29 patients, to 0.66 +/- 0.02 (P less than 0.001) after 24 months. After treatment, only 1 patient still had subnormal calcium absorption. In 26 patients treated with placebo for 6-12 months, there was no significant change in calcium absorption. For all studies, total calcium absorption (fractional absorption X estimated dietary intake) correlated directly with urinary calcium excretion (r = 0.61; P less than 0.001). Urinary hydroxyproline excretion, an index of bone resorption, was 31.0 +/- 1.5 mg/dl glomerular filtration rate (GFR) initially and decreased during treatment to 24.6 +/- 1.1 mg/dl GFR (P less than 0.001) after 6-12 months and to 27.9 +/- 1.3 mg/dl GFR (P less than 0.01) after 24 months. The finding that calcium absorption can be normalized by small doses of calcitriol supports the hypothesis that insufficient endogenous production of calcitriol is the major cause of decreased calcium absorption in postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Coupling of DNA Synthesis and Histone Synthesis in S Phase Independent of Cyclin/cdk2 Activity (2002)

DNA and histone synthesis are both triggered at the beginning of S phase by cyclin/cdk2 activity. Previous studies showed that inhibition of DNA synthesis with hydroxyurea or cytosine arabinoside (AraC) triggers a concerted repression of histone synthesis, indicating that sustained histone synthesis depends on continued DNA synthesis. Here we show that ectopic expression of HIRA, the likely human ortholog of two cell cycle-regulated repressors of histone gene transcription in yeast (Hir1p and Hir2p), represses transcription of histones and that this, in turn, triggers a concerted block of DNA synthesis. Thus, in mammalian cells sustained DNA synthesis and histone synthesis are mutually dependent on each other during S phase. Although cyclin/cdk2 activity drives activation of both DNA and histone synthesis at the G1/S transition of cycling cells, concerted repression of DNA or histone synthesis in response to inhibition of either one of these is not accompanied by prolonged inhibition of cyclin A/cdk2 or E/cdk2 activity. Therefore, during S phase coupling of DNA and histone synthesis occurs, at least in part, through a mechanism that is independent of cyclin/cdk2 activity. Coupling of DNA and histone synthesis in S phase presumably contributes to the prompt and orderly assembly of newly replicated DNA into chromatin.
Thermal integration of processes to recover helium (1988)

New applications for helium have resulted in significant growth in helium demand in recent years. The primary source of helium in the USA is natural gas reservoirs. Typically natural gas reservoirs that contain helium also contain nitrogen. The presence of nitrogen requires that the heating value of the gas be upgraded using nitrogen rejection units (NRU). Thermal integration of the NRU process with the helium recovery process is described. Further integration of NRU and helium recovery process to produce cold helium gas suitable for use as a feed to a helium liquefier is also described. A key aspect of the integrated process is the use of refrigeration from the NRU to reduce power requirements, and capital cost for the helium recovery process.
A Portable, Wireless Photoplethysomography Sensor for Assessing Health of Arteriovenous Fistula Using Class-Weighted Support Vector Machine (2018)

A portable, wireless photoplethysomography (PPG) sensor for assessing arteriovenous fistula (AVF) by using class-weighted support vector machines (SVM) was presented in this study. Nowadays, in hospital, AVF are assessed by ultrasound Doppler machines, which are bulky, expensive, complicated-to-operate, and time-consuming. In this study, new PPG sensors were proposed and developed successfully to provide portable and inexpensive solutions for AVF assessments. To develop the sensor, at first, by combining the dimensionless number analysis and the optical Beer Lambert's law, five input features were derived for the SVM classifier. In the next step, to increase the signal-noise ratio (SNR) of PPG signals, the front-end readout circuitries were designed to fully use the dynamic range of analog-digital converter (ADC) by controlling the circuitries gain and the light intensity of light emitted diode (LED). Digital signal processing algorithms were proposed next to check and fix signal anomalies. Finally, the class-weighted SVM classifiers employed five different kernel functions to assess AVF quality. The assessment results were provided to doctors for diagonosis and detemining ensuing proper treatments. The experimental results showed that the proposed PPG sensors successfully achieved an accuracy of 89.11% in assessing health of AVF and with a type II error of only 9.59%.
Mobile robots global localization using adaptive dynamic clustered particle filters (2007)

This article presents an adaptive dynamic clustered particle filtering method for mobile robot global localization. The posterior distribution of robot pose in global localization is usually multimodal due to the symmetry of the environment and ambiguous detected features. Moreover, the multimodal distribution of the posterior varies as the robot moves and observations are obtained. Considering these characteristics, we use a set of clusters of particles to represent the posterior. These clusters are dynamically evolved corresponding to the varying posterior by merging the overlapping clusters and splitting the diffuse clusters or those whose particles gather to some sub-clusters inside. Further, in order to improve computational efficiency without sacrificing estimation accuracy, a mechanism for adapting the sample size of clusters is proposed. The theoretical lower bound of the number of particles needed to limit the estimation error is derived, based on the central limit theorem in multidimensional space and the statistic theory of ImportanceSampling (IS). Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed method, which is sufficient to achieve robust tracking of robot’s real pose and meanwhile significantly enhance the computational efficiency.
A rapid and robust method for simultaneously measuring changes in the phytohormones ABA, JA and SA in plants following biotic and abiotic stress (2008)

We describe an efficient method for the rapid quantitative determination of the abundance of three acidic plant hormones from a single crude extract directly by LC/MS/MS. The method exploits the sensitivity of MS and uses multiple reaction monitoring and isotopically labelled samples to quantify the phytohormones abscisic acid, jasmonic acid and salicylic acid in Arabidopsis leaf tissue.
Membership function model for defining optimality of vapor pressure deficit in closed-field cultivation of tomato (2017)

Estimation of plant's evapotranspiration (ET) or water loss to the atmosphere depends on the vapor pressure deficit (VPD) of the closed-field environment (greenhouse). The objective of this work was to develop a membership function model for defining optimal VPD of greenhouse air for tomato cultivation (Lycopersicon esculentum) at different growth stages (GS) and light conditions (sun, cloud, night). Mathematical descriptions of a peer-reviewed published growth response (GR) model for optimal greenhouse air temperature (T) and relative humidity (rH) were derived and implemented in a computer program. An incremental algorithm was written in MATLAB
A Protection Strategy Substantially Enhances Rate and Enantioselectivity in ω‐Transaminase‐Catalyzed Kinetic Resolutions (2008)

Abstract The kinetic resolution of 3‐aminopyrrolidine (3AP) and 3‐aminopiperidine (3APi) with ω‐transaminases was facilitated by the application of a protecting group concept. 1‐ N ‐Cbz‐protected 3‐aminopyrrolidine could be resolved with >99% ee at 50% conversion, the resolution of 1‐ N ‐Boc‐3‐aminopiperidine yielded 96% ee at 55% conversion. The reaction rate was up to 50‐fold higher by using protected substrates. Most importantly, enantioselectivity increased remarkably after carbamate protection compared to the unprotected substrates (86 vs. 99% ee ). Surprisingly, benzyl protection of 3AP had no influence on enantioselectivity. A possible explanation for this observation could be the different flexibility of the benzyl‐ or carbamate‐protected 3AP as confirmed by NMR spectroscopy.
Parole in North Carolina (1923)

Journal Article Parole in North Carolina Get access A. W. McAllister A. W. McAllister Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Social Forces, Volume 1, Issue 2, January 1923, Pages 131–135, https://doi.org/10.2307/3004911 Published: 01 January 1923
Hypoxia in Diabetic Kidneys (2014)

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is now a leading cause of end-stage renal disease. In addition, DN accounts for the increased mortality in type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and then patients without DN achieve long-term survival compatible with general population. Hypoxia represents an early event in the development and progression of DN, and hypoxia-inducible factor- (HIF-) 1 mediates the metabolic responses to renal hypoxia. Diabetes induces the "fraternal twins" of hypoxia, that is, pseudohypoxia and hypoxia. The kidneys are susceptible to hyperoxia because they accept 20% of the cardiac output. Therefore, the kidneys have specific vasculature to avoid hyperoxia, that is, AV oxygen shunting. The NAD-dependent histone deacetylases (HDACs) sirtuins are seven mammalian proteins, SIRTs 1-7, which are known to modulate longevity and metabolism. Recent studies demonstrated that some isoforms of sirtuins inhibit the activation of HIF by deacetylation or noncatalyzing effects. The kidneys, which have a vascular system that protects them against hyperoxia, unfortunately experience extraordinary hypernutrition today. Then, an unexpected overload of glucose augments the oxygen consumption, which ironically results in hypoxia. This review highlights the primary role of HIF in diabetic kidneys for the metabolic adaptation to diabetes-induced hypoxia.
The Cell Biology of Experimental Pancreatitis (1987)

ACUTE pancreatitis is usually distinguished from chronic pancreatitis by assessing whether the pancreas was normal in structure or function before the onset of the disease.1 In the United States, chronic pancreatitis is most often associated with chronic alcohol abuse, whereas acute pancreatitis is usually associated with biliary tract stones. A number of studies, most notably that by Acosta and Ledesma,2 have shown that attacks of "gallstone pancreatitis" occur when the stones become impacted in the terminal common bile duct or pass through the sphincter of Oddi into the duodenum.How stones that pass through or become lodged in the terminal . . .
Study of real defects on EUV blanks and a strategy for EUV mask inspection (2010)

The availability of defect-free masks remains one of the key challenges for inserting extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) into high volume manufacturing, yet little data is available for understanding native defects on real masks. In this paper, two EUV mask blanks with known native buried phase defects were characterized with a Lasertec M7360 (266 nm wavelength), atomic force microscope (AFM), and SEMATECH's actinic inspection tool (AIT), which is an EUV-wavelength microscope. The results show that there are various kinds of native defects on the mask blank. Not surprisingly, the surface height and measured EUV intensity profile of real blank defects can differ significantly from Gaussian-shaped defects. All defects found by the M7360 were observable in the AIT, yet many do not perturb the intensity enough to be printable in isolation. This paper shows that defects come in various sizes and types and clarifies what must be done to learn more about real defect printability to achieve defect-free mask blanks.