gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pricing Credit-Sensitive Debt When Interest Rates, Credit Ratings and Credit Spreads are Stochastic (1996)

This paper develops a model for the pricing of creditsensitive debt contracts Over the past two decades the debt markets have seen a proliferation of contracts designed to reapportion interest rate and credit risks between issuer and investors Contracts including creditsensitive notes CSNs spread adjusted notes SPANs and oating rate notes FRNs adjust investors exposures to three risks interest rate risk changes in credit risk caused by changes in the credit rating of the issuer of the debt and changes in credit risk caused by changes in spreads on the debt even when ratings have not changed In the paper we develop a pricingmodel incorporating all three risks with special emphasis on credit risks The model incorporates a decomposition of credit spreads into two stochastic elements the default process and the recovery process in the event of default The model is easily implementable as it uses observable inputs By using a discrete time formulation the model is numerically easy to employ and also permits the pricing of debt with embedded options of American type It also allows for pricing contracts between parties with varying credit ratings such as swaps where each counterparty may have dierent credit quality These features impart a degree of generality and practicality to the model which should make it attractive to academics and practitioners alike
Synthesis Techniques for a Class of SSB-AM-PM Signals (1969)

©1969 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or to reuse any copyrighted component of this work in other works must be obtained from the IEEE.
[Rapid differentiation and presumptive identificaiton of yeasts using Candida CHROM-agar medium]. (1998)

In order to evaluate faster and cheaper methods for isolation and identification of clinically important yeasts, we used CHROM-agar Candida (CAC), a chromogenic medium, for differentiation and presumptive identification. A total of 546 yeast strains were studied. Strains were previously identified by conventional methods. The colour and texture of Candida albicans, C. tropicalis, C. krusei and Trichosporon beigelii were always constant and particularly distinctive for a reliable identification. C. glabrata, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, C. parapsilopsis colonies also showed constant colour. Because of its contents of cloramphenicol, CAC is also suitable for isolation and observation of mixed yeast species from clinical samples. CAC is a useful medium for reliable differentiation and presumptive identification of clinically important yeasts, particularly form immunocompromised patients.
Corticosteroids and Intraocular Pressure (1963)

<h3>Introduction</h3> The finding of γ-globulin and plasma cells in the trabecular meshwork of glaucomatous eyes suggested an immunogenic component.<sup>1,2</sup>The present study was undertaken to determine, under controlled conditions, the effect of topical corticosteroids in the eye with primary open-angle glaucoma. Corticosteroids have been incriminated in the exacerbation or production of the glaucomatous state.<sup>3-7</sup>Such reports were largely concerned with glaucoma occurring during the course of uveitis and were difficult to interpret. Several authors have demonstrated no effect of steroids on intraocular pressure.<sup>8,9,10</sup>In a controlled study of topical steroids in nurses, Linnér<sup>11</sup>noted a small but significant increase in intraocular pressure without change in outflow facility. François<sup>12</sup>and Goldmann<sup>13</sup>have recorded glaucomatous states after prolonged topical steroid therapy, but these were considered rare occurrences. Recently Bernstein and Schwartz<sup>14</sup>found that patients on long-term systemic corticosteroid therapy showed significantly higher mean applanation pressures
Glutathione redox pathway and reperfusion injury. Effect of N-acetylcysteine on infarct size and ventricular function. (1988)

Glutathione peroxidase is an important enzyme in the degradative cascade of reactive oxygen free radicals. N-Acetylcysteine (NAC) is a low molecular weight compound that has been used clinically to replenish glutathione. To assess the role of the glutathione redox pathway on reperfusion injury, 23 animals underwent 90 minutes of proximal left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion followed by 24 hours of reperfusion with the administration of NAC (n = 11) or saline (n = 12) beginning 30 minutes into occlusion and continuing for 3 hours after reperfusion. Regional ventricular function was measured with contrast ventriculography, and regional myocardial blood flow was determined with microspheres. At 24 hours, the area at risk was defined in vivo with Monastral Blue, and the area of necrosis was defined by incubation in triphenyltetrazolium. Biopsies were taken from the ischemic and nonischemic zones to determine levels of total glutathione, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity, and reactivity to thiobarbituric acid, an index of lipid peroxidation. The rate-pressure product and myocardial blood flow were similar in the two groups throughout the study. No significant differences were noted in infarct size expressed as a percentage of the area at risk (28.6 +/- 5.3% vs. 36.6 +/- 6.0%) and of the total left ventricle (14.4 +/- 3.2% vs. 16.5 +/- 3.1%), and no differences were noted between the two groups on examination of the ischemic subendocardium by light and electron microscopy. Both groups exhibited similar degrees of dyskinesis during occlusion; however, treated animals showed significant improvement in regional radial shortening at 3 hours (3.4 +/- 2.4% vs. -2.4 +/- 2.1%, p less than 0.02) and 24 hours (9.2 +/- 2.2% vs. -2.5 +/- 6.3%, p less than 0.001) after reperfusion. No differences were present in total glutathione, thiobarbituric acid reactivity, or superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity in the ischemic zones of the two groups. This study suggests that N-acetylcysteine treatment before reperfusion may reduce myocardial stunning but does not limit myocyte death after reperfusion.
A Critical Role for B7/CD28 Costimulation in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis: A Comparative Study Using Costimulatory Molecule-Deficient Mice and Monoclonal Antibody Blockade (2000)

The B7/CD28 pathway provides critical costimulatory signals required for complete T cell activation and has served as a potential target for immunotherapeutic strategies designed to regulate autoimmune diseases. This study was designed to examine the roles of CD28 and its individual ligands, B7-1 and B7-2, in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a Th1-mediated inflammatory disease of the CNS. EAE induction in CD28- or B7-deficient nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice was compared with the effects of B7/CD28 blockade using Abs in wild-type NOD mice. Disease severity was significantly reduced in CD28-deficient as well as anti-B7-1/B7-2-treated NOD mice. B7-2 appeared to play the more dominant role as there was a moderate decrease in disease incidence and severity in B7-2-deficient animals. EAE resistance was not due to the lack of effective priming of the myelin peptide-specific T cells in vivo. T cells isolated from CD28-deficient animals produced equivalent amounts of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha in response to the immunogen, proteolipid protein 56-70. In fact, IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha production by Ag-specific T cells was enhanced in both the B7-1 and B7-2-deficient NOD mice. In contrast, peptide-specific delayed-type hypersensitivity responses in these animals were significantly decreased, suggesting a critical role for CD28 costimulation in in vivo trafficking and systemic immunity. Collectively, these results support a critical role for CD28 costimulation in EAE induction.
A new superfamily of lymphoid and melanoma cell proteins with extensive homology to <i>Schistosoma mansoni</i> antigen Sm23 (1991)

A novel cDNA clone termed R2 was isolated by subtractive hybridization of a cDNA library of phytohemagglutinin (PHA)/phorbol myristate acetate-stimulated Jurkat cells and by rescreening a cDNA library of PHA-stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes. It hybridizes to a single mRNA species of about 2.2 kb, which is inducible in lymphoid cells and codes for a protein of 267 amino acids which contains four potential transmembrane domains. A computer-aided comparison showed strong homology to four other membrane proteins, the pan B cell marker CD37, the pan leukocyte marker CD53, the melanoma antigen ME491 and, surprisingly, the Schistosoma mansoni antigen Sm23. The four human proteins share a number of additional similarities in their overall structure. These include identical spacing of the transmembrane domains, similar hydrophobicity plots, possible N-linked glycosylation sites of similar number and position as well as similar distribution of the cysteine residues. The majority of these characteristics are still conserved in the evolutionary most distant member of this family, the Schistosoma mansoni antigen Sm23. Here we introduce this new protein superfamily and characterize the inducible, lymphoid-specific member R2.
Development of the receptor database (RDB): application to the endocrine disruptor problem. (1999)

RDB is available through the Internet at http://impact.nihs.go.jp/RDB.html.
Student collaboration across universities: a case study in software engineering (2005)

Distributed group working amongst teams of software engineers is increasingly evident in the 'real world'. Tools to support such working are at present limited to general-purpose groupware involving video, audio, chat, shared whiteboards and shared workspaces. Within software engineering education, group tasks have an established role in the curriculum. However in general, groups are local to a particular university or institution and are composed of students who have a significant shared history (in terms of technical background and social interaction) and who are able to meet face-to-face on a regular basis. This paper reports on work undertaken by three UK Universities to provide computer science students with the opportunity to experience group working across universities using low-cost tools to support distributed cooperative working.
Research on the Development Barriers of BIM in China (2014)

In recent years, the building information modeling (BIM) has gained rapid acceptance in the building industry in China. In the near future, BIM will be able to provide a three-dimensional product model for the full life cycle management to the related parties of the construction industry. This article firstly expounds the significance of this study, then it describes the development and application of BIM in china and abroad. Finally, this article mainly introduces the barriers of promoting the use of BIM in our country and advices, it provides an important reference value to promote BIMs broader and deeper application in the Chinese construction industry.
Use of In Vivo-Induced Antigen Technology for Identification of <i>Escherichia coli</i> O157:H7 Proteins Expressed during Human Infection (2005)

Using in vivo-induced antigen technology (IVIAT), a modified immunoscreening technique that circumvents the need for animal models, we directly identified immunogenic Escherichia coli O157:H7 (O157) proteins expressed either specifically during human infection but not during growth under standard laboratory conditions or at significantly higher levels in vivo than in vitro. IVIAT identified 223 O157 proteins expressed during human infection, several of which were unique to this study. These in vivo-induced (ivi) proteins, encoded by ivi genes, mapped to the backbone, O islands (OIs), and pO157. Lack of in vitro expression of O157-specific ivi proteins was confirmed by proteomic analysis of a mid-exponential-phase culture of E. coli O157 grown in LB broth. Because ivi proteins are expressed in response to specific cues during infection and might help pathogens adapt to and counter hostile in vivo environments, those identified in this study are potential targets for drug and vaccine development. Also, such proteins may be exploited as markers of O157 infection in stool specimens.
Methods of Leukodepletion (1995)

This chapter reviews methods of production of leukocyte-depleted blood components, comments concerning the procedures used in the quality control of these products and a discussion of the proved and potential clinical benefits derived from the transfusion of these products in lieu of conventional white blood cell containing components. The advantages documented for the use of these products include a reduced incidence of nonhemolytic febrile transfusion reactions, a minimized rate of sensitization to HLA antigens and the accompanying immunological refractoriness to platelet transfusions and the provision of and a means to provide “cytomegalovirus” safe blood other than the traditional search for seronegative donors. The benefit of leukodepleted blood products in curtailing transfusion induced HTLV-I transmission, avoiding the immunomodulation which follows the receipt of blood and decreasing the rate of infection and tumor metastases which may be statistically associated with allogeneic blood transfusion are interesting possibilities that require prospective study. During the past three decades the technologies for the production of leukodepleted blood products have evolved from primitive procedures capable of removing less than 90% of the products’ native leukocytes to those that currently deplete −4 logl0 of the white cells. These techniques include sedimentation, centrifugation, cell washing, red cell freezing followed by deglycerolization, top and bottom component preparation systems and the use of laboratory and bedside filters. Although by definition not a leukocyte-depletion technique, ultraviolet irradiation of platelet concentrate has been recently shown to hold potential for reducing transfusion induced HLA sensitization. As the technologies to remove leukocytes from blood improve, so must the methods to qualify and monitor the production methods and products. At present the lower standard for leukodepleted components has been set at units containing no more than 106 white cells (U.S. standard, 5 x 106). Clinical studies may change these standards. Prototype filters are capable of now providing product containing as few as 103 leukocytes. The virtual elimination of all white cells from a blood component could conceivably justify new applications, such as products that lack the potential to elicit graft versus host disease. The clinical use of leukocyte-depleted blood products (LDBP), specifically red cell (RCC) and platelet concentrates (PC), has dramatically increased in the past 10 years. A recent survey conducted by the College of American Pathologists (1993 CAP Surveys Set J-A) found approximately two-thirds of all facilities provide WBC reduced components to their clinical services and one-third of the responding institutions transfuse more than 10% of their cellular components as LDBP. The survey also confirmed that the majority of WBC reduced products are produced by filtration techniques. Improved efficiency and simplified production account for the increased use of LDBP. Increased use has led to numerous studies which confirm the clinical benefits derived from the use of these products.
Stability and optimum polymerized condition of polysiloxane–polyacrylate core/shell polymer (2010)

Abstract The stable emulsion of core/shell latex with little coagulum (no more than 0.5% in quality relative to total monomers) has been prepared at low temperature with potassium‐persulfate (KPS), sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate (SFS), and 2,2′‐azobis(2‐(2‐imidazolin‐2‐yl)propane)dihydrochloride (VA‐044) as composite initiators by staged emulsion polymerization. Reactive surfactants were used to significantly improve the stability of emulsion. More interestingly, reverse core/shell structure was investigated when the organic silicon was added in the late period of polymerization. The effects of the emulsifier, initiators, dosage of organic silicon, and monomer's content on conversion and graft efficiency were studied in detail. Moreover, the stability of emulsion was investigated by the values of zeta potential (ζ) and coagulum. More importantly, the thermal performance and stability of PSI/PA composite latex was studied by the glass transition temperature ( T g ). The results showed that there are appropriate values for all factors to obtain high conversion, graft efficiency, and excellent stability: The dosage of surfactant was about 0.44 g, the dosage of VA‐044 was about 1000 mg kg −1 , the dosage of organic silicon was about 15%, and the monomer's content was about 30%. In addition, the introduction of organic silicon improved the T g . © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Adv Polym Techn 29:161–172, 2010; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary . DOI 10.1002/adv.20182
Local anaesthetic activity of 9-alkylamino-1,2,3,4,-tetrahydroacridines: structure-activity relationship study (1987)

1. A series of 9-alkylamino-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydroacridines and analogues were synthesized and tested for local ansesthetic activity in rabbits and guinea pigs.

2. 9-n-Heptylamino-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydroacridines showed the maximum activity and were more potent than lignocaine.

3. The local anaesthetic activity seems to be partly influenced by the lipophilicity of the compounds.
Dynamic modelling of the batch, semi-batch and continuous production of styrene/butadiene copolymers by emulsion polymerization (1985)

A dynamic computer model which can predict polymer and polymer particle properties such as molecular weight averages (MN and MW) and (long chain branching frequency) and particle size distribution for the emulsion copolymerization of styrene/butadiene has been developed. Heat balances about the latex reactor and cooling jacket with proportional/integral control are included. This model can be used to design, optimize and control emulsion copolymerization in well-mixed stirred tank reactors operated in batch, semi-batch and continuous modes for transient and steady-state operation. Details of modelling are described and then applications of the model are shown to illustrate the range of operational conditions of various production systems that can be investigated.
Preparation and Characterization of BiM2X5 (M = Ti, Nb, Ta; X = S, Se), New Composite-Layered Chalcogenides (1989)

Abstract A few BiM2X5-type of chalcogenides(BiTi2S5, BiNb2S5, BiTa2S5, BiNb2Se5) have been prepared from the elements. On the basis of powder X-ray diffraction, it is suggested that they have composite-layered structure in which a BiX layer and two adjacent BX2 layers are stacked alternately. Intercalation of hydrazine into BiM2X5 has been observed.
Selective CO2 adsorption in a flexible non-interpenetrated metal–organic framework (2011)

We have prepared a flexible metal-organic framework and demonstrated that when activated by supercritical CO(2) it has greater gas sorption capacities than that activated by the heat-evacuation method, and it selectively adsorbs CO(2) over N(2) at room temperature.
Fixed-frequency space-vector-modulation control for three-phase four-leg active power filters (2002)

The paper presents a three-dimensional space-vector-modulation scheme for three-phase four-wire active power filters. The focus is on the implementation of a fixed frequency pulse width modulation (PWM) scheme with a minimum number of switch commutations per period and maximum DC bus voltage utilisation. For three-wire applications, space vector modulation is known to provide better utilisation of the DC voltage compared to a sinusoidal PWM approach. This concept is extended to four-wire applications by employing a four-leg active power filter. The largest symmetrical region in which the active filter's voltage space vector may reside is identified. Restricting the voltage space vector to this region avoids over-modulation and thereby prevents the production of low order harmonics. A digital controller is employed to provide deadbeat current control. The combination of the digital controller and the modulation scheme gives the four-leg active power filter the capability to independently track reference current waveforms in the three phases within one switching period. The four-leg active power filter may be used for harmonic compensation, reactive power compensation, load balancing, and neutral current compensation. Experimental results obtained from a 5 kVA laboratory active power filter validate the proposed modulation scheme as well as the control design.
Toxin-antitoxin regulation: bimodal interaction of YefM-YoeB with paired DNA palindromes exerts transcriptional autorepression (2006)

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) complexes function in programmed cell death or stress response mechanisms in bacteria. The YefM-YoeB TA complex of Escherichia coli consists of YoeB toxin that is counteracted by YefM antitoxin. When liberated from the complex, YoeB acts as an endoribonuclease, preferentially cleaving 3' of purine nucleotides. Here we demonstrate that yefM-yoeB is transcriptionally autoregulated. YefM, a dimeric protein with extensive secondary structure revealed by circular dichroism (CD) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, is the primary repressor, whereas YoeB is a repression enhancer. The operator site 5' of yefM-yoeB comprises adjacent long and short palindromes with core 5'-TGTACA-3' motifs. YefM binds the long palindrome, followed sequentially by short palindrome recognition. In contrast, the repressor-corepressor complex recognizes both motifs more avidly, impyling that YefM within the complex has an enhanced DNA-binding affinity compared to free YefM. Operator interaction by YefM and YefM-YoeB is accompanied by structural transitions in the proteins. Paired 5'-TGTACA-3' motifs are common in yefM-yoeB regulatory regions in diverse genomes suggesting that interaction of YefM-YoeB with these motifs is a conserved mechanism of operon autoregulation. Artificial perturbation of transcriptional autorepression could elicit inappropriate YoeB toxin production and induction of bacterial cell suicide, a potentially novel antibacterial strategy.
Influence of the Implantation of Lactobacillus Acidophilus in Chicks on the Growth, Feed Conversion, Malabsorption of Fats Syndrome and Intestinal Flora (1973)

Three experiments have been carried out with broilers and Leghorn chicks to ascertain the influence of Lact. acidophilli implantation (during the first five days of life) on the weight gain, feed conversion index, fat digestibility, nitrogen retention, ceca and feces weight and the lactic and Enterococci flora in chickens up to 15 days of age. The results have shown that, in comparison to the presence and effects of antibiotics, the Lactobacilli implantation resulted in a similar effect, manifested by increasing weight gain and better feed efficiency in chicks grown in an “old” environment. Although not significant, the differences in fat digestibility and nitrogen retention were also most apparent when the environment was “old.” The implantation of Lact. acidophilus resulted in lower weights of the ceca and feces and a remarkable change in the bacterial flora of the ceca and the small intestine. At nine days of age of the chick, a marked increase in colonies of Lactobacilli was accompanied by an almost total disappearance of the Enterococci organisms.