gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Silicon nanocrystals and Er3+ ions in an optical microcavity (2001)

The characteristics of Si nanocrystals (nc) and Er-doped Si nc embedded within Si/SiO2 Fabry–Perot microcavities are investigated. It is shown that very narrow (Δλ∼1.5 nm) and intense luminescence peaks can be obtained within the 600–1000 nm wavelength range for Si nc and at around 1.54 μm for Er-doped Si nc by properly varying the cavity resonance. The luminescence intensity of the on-axis emission is over an order of magnitude above that of similar samples without a cavity and the overall luminescence is confined within a 30° cone from the sample normal. The properties of these cavities are presented and the implications of the results discussed.
1. Meanings and entitlements (2010)

‘Meanings and entitlements’ considers the shifting definition of aristocracy and the components of aristocratic status. The classical definition of aristocracy was ‘rule by the best’, but it always carried a social connotation too. Roman precedents and Latin terms dominate aristocratic theory. Aristocracy came to mean the power of a particular social group and its supporters, sharing meaning with ‘nobility’. Nobility was usually inherited, and gained in prestige through heredity, but could also be purchased or created by monarchs. Hierarchy existed within aristocracy, with many ranks of title. Aristocrats enjoyed privileges, such as hunting rights and tax exemptions, granted in exchange for military and civil service.
Toward the Mobile Grid:Service Provisioning in a Mobile Dynamic Virtual Organization (2006)

When considering mobile or nomadic users of commercial grid services, today's grids have to be reflected with regard to potential functional extensions needed, as well as emerging consequences on business modeling.In-line with a formalized investigation of such mobile grids, the concept of a mobile dynamic virtual organization (MDVO) is introduced, and relevant potentials are illustrated by means of a business scenario in e-health and tourism.
Linear Dynamics of Free-Piston Stirling Engines (1985)

The free-piston Stirling engine (FPSE) is a heat driven mechanical oscillator from which power can be extracted. Linear dynamics is applied here in order to obtain: a stability criterion, a means for determining the oscillation frequency, relative amplitudes of the dynamic components, effects of friction on starting and the locus of the roots of the system determinant. Three common configurations of these engines are investigated.
Shrinking Nanowires by Kinetically Controlled Electrooxidation (2005)

Nanowires composed of antimony, gold, and bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) were reduced in diameter by electrooxidation in aqueous solutions. When electrooxidation was carried out using low current densities (Jox < 150 microA cm(-2)), the mean wire diameter decreased in direct proportion to the oxidation time, as expected for a kinetically controlled process. Under these conditions, the diameter uniformity of nanowires remained constant as wires were shrunk from initial diameters of more than 120 nm to less than 40 nm, for Sb and Bi2Te3, and less than 60 nm for Au. Oxidized nanowires remained continuous for more than 100 microm. Electrooxidation at higher current densities rapidly introduced breaks into these nanowires. Electrochemical wire growth and shrinking by electrooxidation were integrated into a single electrochemical experiment that allowed the final mean diameter of nanowires to be specified with a precision of 5-10 nm.
2. The foundations of Darwinism (2001)

Abstract ‘The foundations of Darwinism’ introduces the three fundamental conceptions — that of a species, of adaptation, and of evolution itself — that were fused in Darwin's theory of biological evolution. The extent to which they had already coalesced at the time when Darwin began his work — through studies by Jean Baptiste de Lamarck and Charles Lyell — and also how they converged on him before, during, and immediately after the voyage of the Beagle is shown. A subsidiary theme is the claim staked in all three ideas by the Christian, and particularly the Anglican, Church at the beginning of the nineteenth century.
Linear Topology Confers in Vivo Gene Transfer Activity to Polyethylenimines (2006)

Although polyethylenimines (PEIs) are frequently used transfection agents, it is still unclear which of their properties are required for efficient gene delivery. This is even more striking when working in vivo since some PEIs are able to generate significant gene expression, whereas others are not. To facilitate a rational development of compounds with improved transfection activities, studies aimed at identifying the properties involved in the transfection process seem indispensable. In the present work, we investigated how transfection with linear PEI of 22 kDa allows for high reporter gene expression in lungs after intravenous injection, whereas the branched PEI of 25 kDa does not. To this end, we synthesized L-PEI derivatives that are intermediates between linear and branched PEIs. Our results show that the topology plays a crucial role in obtaining in vivo reporter gene expression, whereas the content of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines is only of minor importance.
Functional and computer modelling studies of haemoglobin from horse (2001)

A study was made of the haemoglobin (Hb) system from the Sardinian dwarf horse (Equus caballus jara), one of the last surviving wild horse species in Europe. The oxygen binding properties of the whole haemolysate and of the four different horse Hbs, separated by ion-exchange chromatography, were studied with special regard to the effect of chloride, 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and lactate. Results indicate that no significant functional differences exist between the four Hb components of horse haemolysate. Moreover, the molecular basis of the intrinsically low oxygen affinity and of the weak interaction of horse Hb with 2,3-diphosphoglycerate is discussed in the light of the primary structure of the molecule and of the results of a computer modelling approach. On these bases, it is suggested that the A1 (Thr-->Ser) and A2 (Pro-->Gly) substitutions observed in the beta chains from horse Hb may be responsible for the displacement of the A helix that is known to be a key structural feature of those Hbs that display an altered interaction with 2,3-diphosphoglycerate as compared with human Hb.
CO2 Control in Space Station and Space Suit by Novel Facilitated Transport Membranes (2016)

Meeting Information: 46th International Conference on Environmental Systems (July 10-14, 2016.), Vienna, Austria
Introduction (2009)

If the history of the interwar period now seems familiar territory, this is hardly surprising since the narrative has remained essentially unchanged for nearly seventy years. Summarized in seven sentences, it runs as follows. In 1918, when Germany sued for peace, the Entente and Associated powers imposed the Versailles settlement in which, largely at French insistence, Germany suffered substantial losses of territory and population as well as onerous demands for reparations and the ignominy of blame for the war. Meanwhile in the East, Poland re-emerged along with several new states that further encroached upon German land and influence, while the Bolshevik seizure of Russia created an additional source of instability in Europe and beyond. In the following ten years, the English-speaking powers assisted the recovery of Germany, Austria and other countries in Central Europe and sought to reduce the bitter legacy of the Versailles settlement. Their efforts were disrupted when the Wall Street crash triggered the onset of the world economic slump. The collapse of trade and soaring unemployment created the conditions for Hitler to take power in Germany and tempted Japan and Italy to embark upon aggressive imperialist adventures. Attempting to avoid a breakdown of the existing order, the conservative powers Britain and France, with the encouragement of the United States, appeased the aggressor powers. When appeasement failed, the conservative powers turned to policies of deterrence and accelerated their rearmament while drawing closer together in anticipation of the coming conflict.4 KeywordsSecurity FrameworkWorld AffairPolitical CrisisInterwar PeriodConservative PowerThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
A New Attempt to Prove the Parallel Postulate (1933)

Periodically until the end of time there will appear published works purporting to prove the parallel postulate, and it has fallen to the writer's lot to read what is perhaps the most recent of these. While the exact mathematical value of such attempts can always be gauged a priori , it is useful to put on record any new method followed, if only to warn future generations of parallel-postulate-provers against trying it. But such attempts are not without all value , some readers may find it a congenial occupation to spend a little time in discovering the inherent fallacy , alternatively, the task may be given to a student as a profitable and novel exercise in geometry For these reasons, then, the following résumé of this most recent attempt is given here. And in order that the full interest of discovering the fallacy may not be denied to the reader or the luckless student to whom he delegates the task, it has been thought better to give only the proof as the author gives it, and not to point out where the fallacy lies. The writer has, however, allowed himself to make one or two comments on certain noteworthy points.
Fluids from immune privileged sites endow macrophages with the capacity to induce antigen‐specific immune deviation via a mechanism involving transforming growth factor‐β (1992)

The eye, brain, and fetoplacental unit within the pregnant uterus are immunologically privileged sites that contain unique fluids with suspected immunoinhibitory properties. Aqueous humor, which is normally present within the anterior chamber (AC) of the eye, has been shown to suppress antigen-driven T cell activation, and to contain significant amounts of transforming growth factor beta-2 (TGF-beta). Antigens injected into the AC of normal mice induce a deviant form of systemic immunity, termed anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID), which is characterized by a selective inability to display antigen-specific delayed hypersensitivity. It has recently been reported that eye-derived macrophages appear in the blood following AC injection of a soluble antigen, and that these cells can induce antigen-specific ACAID when injected into naive, syngeneic recipients. Moreover, antigen-pulsed peritoneally derived macrophages that are exposed in vitro to aqueous humor, supernatants of cultured iris and ciliary body cells (I/CD), or TGF-beta have been found to assume ACAID-inducing properties. In the present experiments, amniotic fluid and cerebrospinal fluid from mice, rats and humans, as well as supernatants from cultured I/CB cells, have been examined for their capacity to confer ACAID-inducing properties on peritoneal macrophages. It was found that each of these biologic fluids, but neither normal mouse serum nor rat thoracic duct lymph, was able to endow antigen-pulsed peritoneal macrophages with ACAID-inducing properties. Moreover, fluids from these immune privileged sites were found to contain latent and/or active TGF-beta, as determined by bioassay, using neutralizing anti-TGF-beta antibodies. It is concluded (a) that the immune privileged states of the eye, the brain, and the fetoplacental unit share common features, and possess unique fluids with a similar capacity to force macrophages to present antigens in a "deviant" manner and (b) that this capacity is mediated, at least in part, by TGF-beta. These results are discussed in terms of the potential physiologic and pathophysiologic significance of immune privilege in these three specialized tissues.
Software radio architecture: a mathematical perspective (1999)

As the software radio makes its transition from research to practice, it becomes increasingly important to establish provable properties of the software radio architecture on which product developers and service providers can base technology insertion decisions. Establishing provable properties requires a mathematical perspective on the software radio architecture. This paper contributes to that perspective by critically reviewing the fundamental concept of the software radio, using mathematical models to characterize this rapidly emerging technology in the context of similar technologies like programmable digital radios. The software radio delivers dynamically defined services through programmable processing capacity that has the mathematical structure of the Turing machine. The bounded recursive functions, a subset of the total recursive functions, are shown to be the largest class of Turing-computable functions for which software radios exhibit provable stability in plug-and-play scenarios. Understanding the topological properties of the software radio architecture promotes plug-and-play applications and cost-effective reuse. Analysis of these topological properties yields a layered distributed virtual machine reference model and a set of architecture design principles for the software radio. These criteria may be useful in defining interfaces among hardware, middleware, and higher level software components that are needed for cost-effective software reuse.
Quantitative Visualization of Autophagy Induction by mTOR Inhibitors (2011)

Autophagy is a catabolic pathway that degrades bulk cytosol in lysosomal compartments enabling amino acids and fatty acids to be recycled. One of the key regulators of autophagy is the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a conserved serine/threonine kinase which suppresses the initiation of the autophagic process when nutrients, growth factors, and energy are available. Inhibition of mTOR, e.g., by small molecules such as rapamycin, results in activation of autophagy. To quantify autophagy induction by mTOR inhibitors, we use an mCherry-GFP-LC3 reporter which is amenable to retroviral delivery into mammalian cells, stable expression, and analysis by fluorescence microscopy. Here, we describe our imaging protocol and image recognition algorithm to visualize and measure changes in the autophagic pathway.
Revisiting the Cellulosimicrobium cellulans yeast-lytic β-1,3-glucanases toolbox: A review (2006)

Cellulosimicrobium cellulans (also known with the synonyms Cellulomonas cellulans, Oerskovia xanthineolytica, and Arthrobacter luteus) is an actinomycete that excretes yeast cell wall lytic enzyme complexes containing endo-beta-1,3-glucanases [EC 3.2.1.39 and 3.2.1.6] as key constituents. Three genes encoding endo-beta-1,3-glucanases from two C. cellulans strains have been cloned and characterised over the past years. The betaglII and betaglIIA genes from strain DSM 10297 (also known as O. xanthineolytica LL G109) encoded proteins of 40.8 and 28.6 kDa, respectively, whereas the beta-1,3-glucanase gene from strain ATCC 21606 (also known as A. luteus 73-14) encoded a 54.5 kDa protein. Alignment of their deduced amino acid sequences reveal that betaglII and betaglIIA have catalytic domains assigned to family 16 of glycosyl hydrolases, whereas the catalytic domain from the 54.5 kDa glucanase belongs to family 64. Notably, both betaglII and the 54.5 kDa beta-1,3-glucanase are multidomain proteins, having a lectin-like C-terminal domain that has been assigned to family 13 of carbohydrate binding modules, and that confers to beta-1,3-glucanases the ability to lyse viable yeast cells. Furthermore, betaglII may also undergo posttranslational proteolytic processing of its C-terminal domain, resulting in a truncated enzyme retaining its glucanase activity but with very low yeast-lytic activity. In this review, the diversity in terms of structural and functional characteristics of the C. cellulans beta-1,3-glucanases has been compiled and compared.
Nuclear Laundry Using Supercritical Fluid Solutions (2004)

Cobalt and other metals, spiked onto lab coats, can be removed by supercritical fluid carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) containing mixed chelating agents Cyanex 302 and dithiocarbamate, as well as by a water-in-CO2 microemulsion. The extraction efficiencies for both methods can exceed 90%. The mixed-ligand approach suggests that effective metal extraction can be developed using two different ligands contributing to the solubility and stability of the resulting metal chelates in SC-CO2. The water-in-CO2 microemulsion method does not require chelating agents. This approach significantly reduces the amount of liquid waste generation. Dynamic extraction time, flow rate, temperature of outlet restrictor, and collection solvent must be taken into consideration for the recovery efficiency. The potential of utilizing supercritical fluid solutions for cleaning 60Co-contaminated protective coats used by nuclear power plant workers is discussed.
Efficient incorporation of positively charged 2', 3'-dideoxynucleoside-5'-triphosphates by DNA polymerases and their application in 'direct-load' DNA sequencing (2003)

A series of charge-modified, dye-labeled 2', 3'-dideoxynucleoside-5'-triphosphates have been synthesized and evaluated as reagents for dye-terminator DNA sequencing. Unlike the commonly used dye-labeled terminators, these terminators possess a net positive charge and migrate in the opposite direction to dye-labeled Sanger fragments during electrophoresis. Post-sequencing reaction purification is not required to remove unreacted nucleotide or associated breakdown products prior to electrophoresis. Thus, DNA sequencing reaction mixtures can be loaded directly onto a separating medium such as a sequencing gel. The charge-modified nucleotides have also been shown to be more efficiently incorporated by a number of DNA polymerases than regular dye-labeled dideoxynucleotide terminators or indeed normal dideoxynucleoside-5'-triphosphates.
Zincate Treatment and Electroless Ni-P Plating on Al Single-Crystal Surface. (1997)

Zincate treatment and electroless Ni-P plating were conducted on the {100}, {110} and {111} surfaces of Al single crystal produced using the Bridgman method. The deposition morphology of Zn particles and Ni-P film were studied through SEM observation and different crystallographic orientation. Once deposition of Zn reached a certain level, it increased only negligibly there after. Zn particles deposited after the second zincate treatment were refined and made homogeneous by dissolution in immersion in HNO3 solution after the first zincate treatment. It was recognized that convex objects were observed on the surface after Zn particle dissolution, and also deposited on the top of convex objects by the second zincate treatment. The differences in convex objects were recognized on the crystal surface of the Al single crystal. Observation of the plating layer surface morphology showed the {111} surface to have the most homogeneous, smoothest surface.
Target cascading in vehicle redesign: a class VI truck study (2002)

The analytical target cascading process is applied to the redesign of a U.S. class VI truck. Necessary simulation and analysis models for predicting vehicle dynamics, powertrain, and suspension behaviour are developed. Vehicle design targets that include improved fuel economy, ride quality, driveability, and performance metrics are translated into system design specifications, and a consistent final design is obtained. Trade-offs between conflicting targets are identified. The study illustrates how the analytical target cascading process can reduce vehicle design cycle time while ensuring physical prototype matching, and how costly design iterations late in the development process can be avoided.
Low degradation rate in strained InGaAs/AlGaAs single quantum well lasers (1990)

A 10000 h, 30 degrees C constant-current lifetest performed on five strained In/sub 0.2/Ga/sub 0.8/As/AlGaAs single-quantum-well lasers, with lambda approximately 930 nm, is discussed. The devices are 90- mu m*400- mu m oxide-stripe lasers with facet coatings, grown by atmospheric pressure organometallic vapor-phase epitaxy. For each diode, the current was maintained at a constant value of approximately 300 mA, corresponding to approximately 100 mW of output power. After 10/sup 4/ h, thresholds increased from an average of 84 mA to 108 mA, while quantum efficiencies were essentially unchanged. In relation to a typical 100-mW constant-power lifetest, this is equivalent to a degradation rate of less than 1%/kh.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Implementing a pre-paid electricity system in a third world environment (2003)

The authors argue that the terminology presently used in the electricity dispensing market show a misunderstanding of the true market and a classical display of marketing myopia. Terms such as electricity dispenser and prepayment electricity metering imply that the system should be restricted to the collection of electricity charges only and that this is the first time that the supply authority can extract payment up front from the consumer. The authors seek to destroy the myopia presently in the market place and while doing so examine the difference between the implementation of an electricity dispensing system in a rural vs. an urban area, and look at the effect of a retrofit. Emphasis is placed on the market impact of the system.
13C NMR Spectroscopy of Substituted Imidazoles (1982)

A simple equation can be used for the evaluation of 13c chemical shifts of substituted imidazoles.Carbon -13 spectral correlations of substituted imidazoles have not been too abundant in recent literature1 and no general equations for the evaluation of spectral parameters have been reported.In the course of another already deceased synthetic project, a 13c NMR spectroscopic analysis of the title
Fabrication of plasmonic Au nano-void trench arrays by guided self-assembly (2009)

Plasmonic devices, which will enable on chip optical communication, rely on the interaction of light with free charges, and are key to optical sensing and waveguiding. Previous works have shown that spherical nanoscale voids in metal possess different, and potentially more useful, plasmonic modes than nanoscale metal particles. However, only by making linear arrays of such nanovoid structures it is possible to guide plasmons in specific geometric directions and fabricate plasmon waveguides which will enable on chip optical communication. In this work, single and multilayer arrays of gold voids have been fabricated through self assembly of sub-micron polystyrene spheres in V-shaped trenches in silicon, followed by selective area electrodeposition. Angle-dependent dispersion characteristics reveal the existence of localized plasmons. This is the first experimental evidence of linear plasmon arrays in templated self assembled structures. The gold nanovoid linear arrays are of high quality with respect to lateral symmetry and allow the detection of anisotropic plasmonic dispersion.
CLONIDINE IN ALCOHOL WITHDRAWAL (1975)

In a doubl-blind study, patients receiving a rapidly falling dosage of clonidine recovered about 1 day faster from the symptoms of moderately severe alcohol withdrawal than patients receiving placebo. The effects of clonidine were especially noticeable with respect to tremor, sweating, elevated systolic blood pressure, tension, anxiety, depression, and general condition. Clonidine had no effect on the sleep disturbances. No significant side effects were seen. It is suggested that clonidine is a useful aid in the treatment of alcohol withdrawal, especially when it is desirable to minimise the use of tranquillisers.