gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Membrane Compatibility with Switchable Polarity Draw Solutions for use in Forward Osmosis Applications (2014)

Water scarcity is problem being faced worldwide and present in every continent. Close to one-fifth of the world’s population has difficulty acquiring safe water, and the problem is worsening as populations continue to grow in poorer countries. As the availability of unimpaired freshwater sources dwindle, water sources, such as the oceans and saline ground waters, must be tapped. However, desalination technologies are very expensive due to a high energy requirement. Forward osmosis (FO) is a process which may be able to replace or become integrated with existing desalination technologies like reverse osmosis. FO relies on an osmotic agent, or draw solution, to drive water from a saline water source by osmosis. The water dilutes the draw solution and a secondary separation process removes solutes and recycles the draw solution. This secondary separation step is key to FO process economics. Recently, a classification of draw solutes, known as switchable polarity solvents (SPSs) have emerged. These solvents become highly miscible with water upon sparging with CO2 and phase separate when stripped with an inert gas. One such SPS is N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine. This SPS has shown promise in early testing at Idaho National Laboratories. However, because it is a solvent, membranes, which are polymeric, may not be compatible with the solution. This study examines the longevity of conventional osmotic membranes after exposure to relevant SPS solutions. Membrane performance metrics, such as permeance and salt rejection as well as osmotic flux, are presented.
Simultaneous measurement of five‐cell surface antigens by five‐colour immunofluorescence (1994)

Multicolour immunofluorescence and flow cytometry were used for simultaneous measurement of five-cell surface antigens on murine spleen cells. We have been able to quantitate T-cells, T-cell subsets, B cells, and expression of the activation marker I-Ad from a single sample using four directly conjugated monoclonal antibodies LYT2-APC, L3T4-PE, B220-RED613, I-Ad-FITC and one indirect step THY1.2-biotin/streptavidin-Cascade Blue. Three excitation wavelengths were used (488 nm, 647 nm, and U.V. 351-364 nm) for fluorescence measurements. The combination of fluorochromes used provided good resolution such that all five fluorescence signals were spectrally resolved. The percentage of cells positive for expression of a specific cell surface marker were almost identical for single-colour samples and the five-colour analysis, differing by only 0.3-1.5 percentage points.
Crystal plane effects of nano-CeO<sub>2</sub> on its antioxidant activity (2014)

Due to the conflicting reports on the antioxidant activity of cerium oxide nanoparticles, much work has been done to explore the factors influencing the antioxidant activity of nano-CeO<sub>2</sub>.
A Critical Comparison of Ar and Ar-N<sub>2</sub> Inductively Coupled Plasmas as Excitation Sources for Atomic Emission Spectrometry (1981)

Ar-N 2 plasmas generated by introducing N 2 into the outer and the aerosol carrier gas flows were investigated using a 5 kW, 27.12 MHz crystal-controlled rf generator. The dependence of plasma geometry, plasma background intensity, net analyte emission intensity, signal/background ratio, signal/noise ratios, and the detection limits on forward power (1000 to 4000 W), the outer gas flow (15 to 50 liters/min) and aerosol carrier gas flow (1 to 2.5 liters/min), sample uptake rate (1 to 5 ml/min), and gas composition (0 to 100% N 2 ) were studied for observation heights of 5 to 40 mm. Measurements were conducted simultaneously for 20 ion and neutral atom spectral lines. Ultrasonic nebulization, with aerosol desolvation, was employed. Except for the observation height, which was 10 mm, the optimum conditions for Ar-N 2 plasmas containing 5 to 15% N 2 in the outer gas flow were roughly identical to those of a conventional Ar plasma. When pure N 2 was used in the outer flow, two sets of optimum conditions, quite different than the optimum conditions for the conventional Ar plasma, were found for the high and medium excitation energy lines. Detection limits and signal/background ratios of ion and neutral atom lines of the high excitation energies, excited in a pure Ar plasma, were superior to the results obtained in the Ar-N 2 plasma when pure N 2 was used in the outer flow. The opposite trend was observed for neutral atom lines of medium excitation energies. The use of N 2 aerosol carrier gas, when the outer gas flow was pure Ar, deteriorated the detection limits of all elements.
Design and control of compliant tensegrity robots through simulation and hardware validation (2014)

To better understand the role of tensegrity structures in biological systems and their application to robotics, the Dynamic Tensegrity Robotics Lab at NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA, has developed and validated two software environments for the analysis, simulation and design of tensegrity robots. These tools, along with new control methodologies and the modular hardware components developed to validate them, are presented as a system for the design of actuated tensegrity structures. As evidenced from their appearance in many biological systems, tensegrity ('tensile-integrity') structures have unique physical properties that make them ideal for interaction with uncertain environments. Yet, these characteristics make design and control of bioinspired tensegrity robots extremely challenging. This work presents the progress our tools have made in tackling the design and control challenges of spherical tensegrity structures. We focus on this shape since it lends itself to rolling locomotion. The results of our analyses include multiple novel control approaches for mobility and terrain interaction of spherical tensegrity structures that have been tested in simulation. A hardware prototype of a spherical six-bar tensegrity, the Reservoir Compliant Tensegrity Robot, is used to empirically validate the accuracy of simulation.
Computing Teichmuller Shape Space (2008)

Shape indexing, classification, and retrieval are fundamental problems in computer graphics. This work introduces a novel method for surface indexing and classification based on Teichmuller theory. The Teichmuller space for surfaces with the same topology is a finite dimensional manifold, where each point represents a conformal equivalence class, a curve represents a deformation process from one class to the other. We apply Teichmuller space coordinates as shape descriptors, which are succinct, discriminating and intrinsic; invariant under the rigid motions and scalings, insensitive to resolutions. Furthermore, the method has solid theoretic foundation, and the computation of Teichmuller coordinates is practical, stable and efficient. This work focuses on the surfaces with negative Euler numbers, which have a unique conformal Riemannian metric with -1 Gaussian curvature. The coordinates which we will compute are the lengths of a special set of geodesics under this special metric. The metric can be obtained by the curvature flow algorithm, the geodesics can be calculated using algebraic topological method. We tested our method extensively for indexing and comparison of about one hundred of surfaces with various topologies, geometries and resolutions. The experimental results show the efficacy and efficiency of the length coordinate of the Teichmuller space.
The preparation of 5‐(2‐bromoethyl)‐2‐iminooxazolidines <i>via</i> the von braun cyanogen bromide reaction (1973)

Abstract The reaction of certain 1‐alkyl‐3‐pyrrolidinols with cyanogen bromide in ether solution produced 3‐alkyl‐5‐(2‐bromoethyl)‐2‐iminooxazolidines. 5‐(2‐Bromoethyl)‐2‐ethyl‐2‐imino‐5‐phenyloxazolidine was tested for and found devoid of anorectic activity.
ATM in Hybrid Networks (1996)

A discussion of the extensions or modifications required to integrate ATM into hybrid networks, i.e. seamlessly interconnected terrestrial and space, wireline and wireless networks will be presented. In this context, the discussion will include: interoperability problems and issues, asymmetric channels, and various data rates. Several issues with proposed standards will also be addressed. <P><Center><I> A revised version of this technical report has been published in Proceedings of Design SuperCon 1996, Vol. Day One, pp. 1-1 thru 1-13, Santa Clara, CA, January 30-February 1, 1996. </I></Center>
A spatial‐frequency dependent quantum accounting diagram and detective quantum efficiency model of signal and noise propagation in cascaded imaging systems (1994)

The detective quantum efficiency (DQE) is a system parameter that can be used to accurately describe image noise transfer characteristics through many imaging systems. A simpler approach used by some investigators, particularly when evaluating new ideas and system designs, is to describe the system as a series of cascaded stages. Each stage may correspond to either an increase in the number of quanta (e.g., conversion from x-ray to optical quanta in a radiographic screen), or a loss (a detection or coupling probability). The number of secondary quanta at each stage per incident primary quantum is given by the product of all preceding gains, and can be displayed graphically for convenient interpretation. The stage with the fewest quanta is called the "quantum sink," limiting the pixel signal-to-noise ratio to less than the square root of the number of quanta per pixel. This conventional zero-spatial-frequency "quantum accounting diagram" (QAD), however, neglects the spatial spreading of secondary quanta and can seriously underestimate image noise. It is shown that this problem is avoided with the introduction of a spatial-frequency dependent QAD, expressed as the product of the gains and squared modulation-transfer functions (MTF) of each stage. A generalized expression is developed for the DQE of a cascaded imaging system that is dependent only on the gain, gain Poisson excess (related to the variance), and MTF, of each stage. A direct relationship is then shown to exist between the DQE and values in the QAD. The QAD of a hypothetical system consisting of a charge-coupled device camera and a scintillating screen is evaluated as an illustrative example. The conventional zero-frequency analysis suggests two quantum sinks occur with approximately equal importance: one in the number of x rays, and one in the number of optical quanta. The spatial-frequency dependent analysis, however, shows the optical quantum sink becomes severe and dominates at nonzero frequencies. The necessary increase in gain or optical numerical aperture required to prevent the optical quantum sink for spatial frequencies of interest is determined from the QAD analysis. The visual impact of this nonzero spatial-frequency quantum sink is shown in images generated using a Monte Carlo simulation of the cascading process.
Mystical Theology Redux: The Pattern of Aquinas’<i>Summa Theologiae</i> (1997)

The deleterious effects of the modern divorce of spirituality and theology can and must be redressed by the revival of mystical theology, theology that is ultimately concerned with the union of God and humanity. Aquinas’ Summa Theologiae provides a model of such a mystical theology, a work which is both an exhortation to contemplation and an act of contemplation. The mystical themes of the Summa are evident in four operative principles, the theoretical, the theological, the anthropological and the Christological, which bind the work together and specify the way in which Thomas articulates the union of God and humanity.
A 1023-bit acousto-optic correlator for direct sequence spread spectrum applications (2002)

A compact architecture for a real-time signal compressing processor based on the acoustooptic interaction is presented. The processor is designed in a single paratellurite acoustooptic Bragg cell with an access time of 40 mu s. This yields a 1023-point resolution for a 25 MHz bandwidth. The interaction geometry, processing theory, and experimental results are reported.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Nedocromil sodium and sodium cromoglycate inhibit plasma extravasation in the guinea-pig conjunctiva (1995)

Nedocromil sodium (NS) and sodium cromoglycate (CS) (both applied locally into the conjunctival sac) reduced in a dose dependent manner plasma extravasation induced by topical bradykinin and by topical substance P (SP), NS being approximately ten times more potent than CS. Plasma extravasation induced by SP was unaffected by the histamine H(1) receptor antagonist, pyrilamine, which completely blocked the plasma extravasation induced by histamine. NS and CS reduced the plasma extravasation caused by the mechanical stimulation of the conjunctiva, a response that was not affected by the tachykinin NK(1) antagonist CP-(99.994). NS or CS did not affect the contraction of strips of the guinea-pig trachea in vitro caused by SP in the presence of the tachykinin NK(2) receptor antagonist SR-(48968). NS, more potently than CS, reduces the plasma extravasation caused by various inflammatory stimuli in the guinea-pig conjunctiva, without inhibiting tachykinin NK(1) receptors, but probably by acting at the level of the venular endothelium. However, an inhibitory action of NS and CS on neural transmission of sensory nerves cannot be excluded.
[Full-length cDNA cloning and bioinformatics analysis of PnUGT1 gene in Panax notoginseng]. (2012)

After searching the transcriptome dataset of Panax notoginseng, one unique sequence Pn02086 encoding UDP-glucosyltransferase (UGT), which may be involved in triterpene saponin biosynthesis, was discovered. The open reading frame of the UGT gene, named as PnUGT1, was cloned by 5'-RACE and RT-PCR method from P. notoginseng. The GenBank accession number for this gene is JX018210. The bioinformatic analysis of this gene and its corresponding protein was performed. The PnUGT1 gene contains a 1488 bp open reading frame and encodes a predicted protein of 495 amino acids. The molecular weight is 55.453 kD and the protein is unstable. In the secondary structure, the percentage of alpha helix, beta turn, random coil were 36.16%, 11.31%, 52.53%, respectively. The PnUGT1 contains 7 conserved domains predicted by InterProScan, including PSPG-box which is a unique consensus sequence of glycosyltransferases involved in plant secondary metabolism. The PnUGT1 was most likely to be located in the cytoplasm, without signal peptide and transmembrane region. Sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that PnUGT1 had relative close relationship to the triterpene UDP-glucosyltransferase of Medicago truncatula (AAW56092), with the 66% similarity of conserved domain PSPG-box. PnUGT1 was more abundant in P. notoginseng leaf than in flower, stem and root. Therefore, PnUGT1 gene may be involved in notoginsenoside biosynthesis.
Gaucher Disease and Malignancy: A Model for Cancer Pathogenesis in an Inborn Error of Metabolism (2013)

Clinical observations spanning almost half a century have demonstrated a consistent association of type 1 Gaucher disease (GD1) and cancers. However, the cellular and molecular bases of the association are not understood. Gaucher disease (GD) is a lysosomal storage disorder due to an inherited deficiency of acid β-glucosidase that underlies the accumulation of glucosylceramide in lysosomes of mononuclear phagocytes and immune dysregulation. The overall cancer risk is markedly increased in GD, and the determinants of malignancy in a subset of patients with GD1 are not known. The association of GD and cancer is most striking for hematological malignancies, with the risk for multiple myeloma estimated at almost 37-fold compared to the general population; some studies have also suggested increased cancer risk for non-hematological malignancies. There is no association of overall severity of GD to risk of cancer, although there is an increased prevalence of splenectomy among patients exhibiting the GD/cancer phenotype. Moreover, there appears to be an increased incidence of multiple consecutive cancers in individual patients. Several factors could contribute to cancer development in GD, including polarization of macrophages to the alternatively activated phenotype, chronic inflammation, chronic B-cell stimulation, splenectomy, hyperferritinemia, lysosomal dysfunction, and endoplasmic reticulum stress. Recent studies have highlighted T-cell dysfunction and modifier genes contributing to an increased cancer risk in GD. Macrophage-targeted enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) reverses systemic features of GD1; while cancer risk appears to be reduced in the era of ERT, it is not known whether this is a direct effect of therapy. Delineation of the mechanisms underlying the increased cancer risk in GD will provide additional novel insights into the role of lipids and macrophages in cancer pathogenesis and, moreover, have the potential to reveal novel therapeutic targets.
Investigation of the prostaglandin E (EP‐) receptor subtype mediating relaxation of the rabbit jugular vein (1992)

1. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) relaxes circular smooth muscle of the rabbit isolated jugular vein at very low concentrations (mean pIC50 against histamine-induced contraction = 9.34). This effect is not blocked by the EP1-receptor antagonist, AH 6809 (2 microM). 2. From a group of prostaglandin E analogues examined, 16,16-dimethyl PGE2, misoprostol, 11-deoxy PGE2-1-alcohol and 11-deoxy PGE1 were highly potent relaxant agents, whereas 17-phenyl-omega-trinor PGE2, MB 28767 and butaprost had low potency and sulprostone and oxoprostol were virtually inactive. 3. Comparison of the jugular vein data with published data for inhibitory agonist potencies on the cat trachea (EP2 preparation) and the field-stimulated guinea-pig vas deferens (EP3) indicates that the EP-receptor in the rabbit jugular vein is closest to the EP2 subtype. However, the correlation is not entirely convincing. For example, butaprost, 16,16-dimethyl PGE2 and 11-deoxy PGE1 are of similar potency on the cat trachea, whereas butaprost is about 300 times less potent than the other two analogues on the jugular vein. The existence of more than one EP2-receptor appears possible. 4. It was felt that the activity of butaprost required further investigation in view of the claim that it is a specific EP2-receptor agonist. We have shown that butaprost has very low inhibitory activity on the guinea-pig vas deferens, a very sensitive EP3-receptor containing preparation. However, on the chick ileum, the original EP3 preparation, butaprost showed potent contractile activity (pEC25 approximately 8.0).In addition, its maximum response was lower than that of PGE2; lower maxima were also found for sulprostone, MB 28767 and oxoprostol, but not for ICI 80205, 16,16-dimethyl PGE2 and 17-phenyl-omega-trinor PGE2. The maximal response to a combination of either sulprostone and butaprost or sulprostone and PGE2 was similar to that achieved by PGE2 alone. Analysis of the interaction between sulprostone and PGE2 appears to exclude a partial agonist action for sulprostone. Furthermore neither sulprostone nor butaprost appear to have inhibitory activity on the ileum. AH 6809 at 2 pM produced only a small shift of the PGE2 log concentration-response curve.5. It is likely that contraction of the longitudinal smooth muscle of the chick ileum is mediated by (at least) two EP-receptor subtypes; activation of only one receptor system does not induce the maximum response (i.e. the acetylcholine maximum) of the preparation. One receptor could be an EP3 subtype, at which sulprostone exerts a selective agonist action. The other receptor is unlikely to be an EP, subtype, because of the high agonist potency of butaprost, the low agonist potency of iloprost, and the low antagonist potency of AH 6809. An alternative hypothesis is that the chick ileum contains a novel EP-receptor subtype in addition to an EP3-receptor.
Use of photochromic spiropyran as a molecular probe of large strain in polycarbonate (2009)

The effect of tensile deformation of polycarbonate on the kinetics of the decoloration reaction of photochromic spiropyran dissolved in the polymer was studied. It was shown that the strain-induced change in the decoloration rate can be used for measurement of the temperature jump appearing during deformation and yielding of the specimen provided that structural and thermodynamic changes in the system are taken into account.
Functional Inhibitors of Acid Sphingomyelinase (FIASMAs): A Novel Pharmacological Group of Drugs with Broad Clinical Applications (2010)

Acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) is an important lipid-metabolizing enzyme cleaving sphingomyelin to ceramide, mainly within lysosomes. Acid ceramidase (AC) further degrades ceramide to sphingosine which can then be phosphorylated to sphingosine-1-phosphate. Ceramide and its metabolite sphingosine-1-phosphate have been shown to antagonistically regulate apoptosis, cellular differentiation, proliferation and cell migration. Inhibitors of ASM or AC therefore hold promise for a number of new clinical therapies, e.g. for Alzheimer's disease and major depression on the one hand and cancer on the other. Inhibitors of ASM have been known for a long time. Cationic amphiphilic substances induce the detachment of ASM protein from inner lysosomal membranes with its consecutive inactivation, thereby working as functional inhibitors of ASM. We recently experimentally identified a large number of hitherto unknown functional inhibitors of ASM and determined specific physicochemical properties of such cationic amphiphilic substances that functionally inhibit ASM. We propose the acronym "FIASMA" (Functional Inhibitor of Acid SphingoMyelinAse) for members of this large group of compounds with a broad range of new clinical indications. FIASMAs differ markedly with respect to molecular structure and current clinical indication. Most of the available FIASMAs are licensed for medical use in humans, are minimally toxic and may therefore be applied for disease states associated with increased activity of ASM.
<title>Prospects of using parametric and SRS oscillators and amplifiers for remote spectroscopy of the atmosphere and image amplification</title> (1996)

The possibility of using OPO and two-cascade OPO-SRS converters is considered both for the generation of probing pulses and for the amplification of radiation scattered in the atmosphere. The lidars based on such combined use of OPO and OPO-SRS converters are protected against the background radiation and ensure the probing distance in the IR a few times greater than when the conventional lidars are employed. It is shown that the use of two-cascade parametric and multicascade SRS image amplifiers will make it possible to record the spatial distribution of ultrashort radiation attenuated by a factor of 10<SUP>13</SUP> divided by 10<SUP>14</SUP>, having an energy of order 1 mJ, for about 10<SUP>2</SUP> image cells.