gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New field-emitter switch for ESD protection of microwave circuits (1992)

The authors have developed, fabricated and tested electrostatic-discharge (ESD) protection switches based on electron field emitters and examined their behaviour as microwave components in connection with GaAs devices. The work was motivated by the need for protection circuits to prevent ESD degradation or destruction of microwave semiconductor devices and circuits, because such protection circuits are not yet available for these frequency ranges.
Small Form-Factor Integrated Passive Devices for SiP Applications (2007)

Higher level of integration has been seen to be the trend of package for wireless communication products. Integration of passive components (e.g. RCL and filters) plays a significant role in the overall size-reduction for system in packaging (SiP) applications. We have developed an integrated passive device (IPD) process using silicon technology to make miniaturized RF components. Advanced design methodology was used to realize fast design cycle-time. Some example IPDs are described in this paper. The manufactured samples have small form-factors and excellent electrical performance. The size of the LPF IPD working at 850 MHz is 1.1 times 0.85 times 0.35 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> , which is by far the smallest IPD of its kind. The board effect when IPD is in flip-chip configuration was extensively investigated through using HFSS EM simulation and experimental verification. Very good agreement between simulated and measured results validates our design process.
The OmniTread OT-4 serpentine robot (2008)

Serpentine robots are slender, multi-segmented vehicles designed to provide greater mobility than conventional wheeled or tracked robots. Serpentine robots are thus ideally suited for urban search and rescue, mine rescue, military intelligence gathering, and for surveillance and inspection tasks in hazardous and hard-to-reach environments. One such serpentine robot, developed at the University of Michigan, is the "OmniTread OT-4" [Borenstein et al., 2007]. The OT-4, shown in Figure 1, can climb over obstacles that are much higher than the robot itself, propel itself inside pipes of different diameters, and traverse even the most difficult terrain, such as rocks or the rubble of a collapsed structure.
Plasma and CSF neurofilament light (2019)

We aimed to (1) assess and compare baseline plasma and CSF neurofilament light (NfL) for cross-sectional and longitudinal associations with neuroimaging or cognition and (2) determine whether change in plasma NfL corresponded with change in these outcomes.
Role of Calcium in the Proton Pump of Bacteriorhodopsin. Microwave Evidence for a Cation-Gated Mechanism (1996)

Bacteriorhodopsin is the light-activated proton pump in the purple membrane of Halobacterium salinarium. One aspect of the proton pump mechanism that remains to be fully revealed is how back-translocation of the proton is eliminated despite the fact that gradients of 250 mV or more can exist in favor of reverse proton motion. This mechanistic component is examined with reference to the static and photodynamic resonances observed in the 1−40 GHz region of the microwave spectrum. The light-adapted form of bacteriorhodopsin displays strong microwave absorption with maxima near 8 and 25 GHz. We identify the origin of the microwave activity to protein-bound divalent cations by noting that (1) the ion-free blue membrane is microwave inactive, and (2) the microwave activity of the protein can be regenerated by adding calcium and/or magnesium to the protein. Initiation of the photocycle generates additional microwave activity in the low-frequency region of the spectrum. The M minus bR difference spectrum shows a single-cation resonance at 9.8 GHz. We assign this resonance to the release of a calcium ion from the chromophore-adjacent binding site into the proton channel. We conclude that a key biological role of the chromophore-adjacent calcium binding site is to provide a divalent cation gate that not only facilitates chromophore reprotonation but also prevents back-transfer of the proton during the latter stages of the photocycle.
Demonstrating sub-3 ps temporal resolution in a superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (2018)

Improving the temporal resolution of single photon detectors has an impact on many applications, such as increased data rates and transmission distances for both classical and quantum optical communication systems, higher spatial resolution in laser ranging and observation of shorter-lived fluorophores in biomedical imaging. In recent years, superconducting nanowire single-photon detectors (SNSPDs) have emerged as the highest efficiency time-resolving single-photon counting detectors available in the near infrared. As the detection mechanism in SNSPDs occurs on picosecond time scales, SNSPDs have been demonstrated with exquisite temporal resolution below 15 ps. We reduce this value to 2.7$\pm$0.2 ps at 400 nm and 4.6$\pm$0.2 ps at 1550 nm, using a specialized niobium nitride (NbN) SNSPD. The observed photon-energy dependence of the temporal resolution and detection latency suggests that intrinsic effects make a significant contribution.
HgCdTe e-APD detector arrays with single photon sensitivity for space lidar applications (2014)

A multi-element HgCdTe electron initiated avalanche photodiode (e-APD) array has been developed for space lidar. The detector array was fabricated with 4.3μm cutoff HgCdTe with a spectral response from 0.4 to 4.3 μm. We have demonstrated a 4x4 e-APD array with 80 μm square elements followed by a custom cryogenic CMOS read-out integrated circuit (ROIC). The device operates at 77K inside a small closed-cycle cooler-Dewar with the support electronics integrated in a field programmable gate array. Measurements showed a unity gain quantum efficiency of about 90% at 1.5-1.6 μm wavelength. The bulk dark current of the HgCdTe e-APD at 77K was less than 50,000 input referred electrons/s at 12 V APD bias where the APD gain was 620 and the measured noise equivalent power (NEP) was 0.4 fW/Hz<sup>1/2</sup>. The electrical bandwidth of the device was about 6 MHz, mostly limited by the ROIC, but sufficient for the lidar application. Although the devices were designed for low bandwidth pulse detections, the high gain and low dark current enabled them to be used for single photon detections. Because the APD was biased below the break-down voltage, the output is linear to the input signal and there were no nonlinear effect such as dead-time and afterpulsing, and no need for gated operation. A new series of HgCdTe e-APDs have also been developed with a much wider bandwidth ROIC and higher APD gain, which is expected to give a much better performance in single photon detections.
Purification and characterization of adipose tissue S-100b protein. (1983)

We have purified S-100 protein from bovine brain using Ca2+-dependent affinity chromatography on
A phase III randomized trial of dacarbazine and carboplatin with and without tamoxifen in the treatment of patients with metastatic melanoma (1999)

The addition of tamoxifen did not improve the response rate, time to progression, or survival compared with chemotherapy with dacarbazine and carboplatin in unselected patients with metastatic melanoma.
Tight Integrated End-to-End Training for Cascaded Speech Translation (2021)

A cascaded speech translation model relies on discrete and non-differentiable transcription, which provides a supervision signal from the source side and helps the transformation between source speech and target text. Such modeling suffers from error propagation between ASR and MT models. Direct speech translation is an alternative method to avoid error propagation; however, its performance is often behind the cascade system. To use an intermediate representation and preserve the end-to-end trainability, previous studies have proposed using two-stage models by passing the hidden vectors of the recognizer into the decoder of the MT model and ignoring the MT encoder. This work explores the feasibility of collapsing the entire cascade components into a single end-to-end trainable model by optimizing all parameters of ASR and MT models jointly without ignoring any learned parameters. It is a tightly integrated method that passes renormalized source word posterior distributions as a soft decision instead of one-hot vectors and enables backpropagation. Therefore, it provides both transcriptions and translations and achieves strong consistency between them. Our experiments on four tasks with different data scenarios show that the model outperforms cascade models up to 1.8% in BLEU and 2.0% in TER and is superior compared to direct models.
Cortical allograft as a vehicle for antibiotic delivery (2005)

This study shows that a cortical bone allograft would be an effective vehicle for local antibiotic delivery.
Anti-drug antibodies (2012)

Biological pharmaceuticals are increasingly used in modern medicine and give remarkable improvements for many different patient groups. Unfortunately, for several of these compounds, undesirable immune reactions are induced against the drug. The resulting anti-drug antibodies modify the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the drug and, by blocking the drug-target interaction, reduce the effects of the treatment. Anti-drug antibodies may also increase the risk of hypersensitivity reactions by the formation of immune complexes. Furthermore, by cross-reacting with the endogenous homolog of the drug, the anti-drug antibodies might impair important physiological functions even after treatment cessation. As a consequence, anti-drug antibodies need to be taken in account when estimating the benefit-burden ratio of a treatment for an individual patient, but also when calculating the value of therapeutics on a socio-economic level. In this review we give an overview over the current understanding of the immunogenicity against drugs, exemplified for patients with hemophilia A, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and Crohn’s disease. We discuss known and potential risk factors for anti-drug antibody formation and finally outline suggested strategies for prediction and prevention.
Use of Portable Analytical Methods to Determine the Stoichiometry of Reaction for Hexahydrotriazine-Based Hydrogen Sulfide Scavenger Operations (2014)

During the reaction between 1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)hexahydro-s-triazine and hydrogen sulphide, the principle by-product is the organic sulphide 5-(2-hydroxyethyl)dithiazine. It can be determined by a novel, portable, field-capable ion mobility spectrometry method described herein and enables the "degree spent" to be determined. Dependant upon the level of carbon dioxide in the produced gas, a mixture of ethanolaminium bicarbonate and ethanolamine bisulphide is also produced. Using a field capable spectrophotometric method the level of inorganic sulphide can be determined, thus allowing the ethanolaminium bisulphide concentration to be calculated. Provided the fluid is only partially spent, and there is some unreacted 1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)hexahydro-s-triazine remaining; the only source of inorganic sulphide is the amine salt. From a knowledge of the original fluid concentration, the combination of these two methods allows the effective stoichiometry, or observed molar reaction proportions between 1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)hexahydro-s-triazine and hydrogen sulphide, to be measured for a specific field location.
One micron precision optically aligned method for hot-embossing and nanoimprinting (2003)

This paper reports an optically aligned hot-embossing and imprinting method for biomedical, microfluidic, and microoptical sensors. Hot-embossing technology is a low cost, flexible fabrication method, which has demonstrated high aspect ratio polymer microstructures as well as nanoimprinting patterns. It uses polymer substrates to imprint a pattern created on a master stamp. This allows the stamp to produce many fully patterned substrates for a wide range of materials and short production cycle times, and is therefore suited for applications from rapid prototyping to high volume production. The typical misalignment for mechanical alignment in hot-embossing is in the range of /spl plusmn/50 /spl mu/m. By contrast, optical alignment accuracy can be achieved within 1 /spl mu/m. This paper shows the principal equipment designs for optical alignment and hot-embossing process on silicon and quartz substrates. Alignment was performed on modified EVG620.
Caractérisation des aérosols émis par interaction laser-matière dans le cadre d'expériences de décapage de peintures par laser (2008)

Laser ablation is one of the physical processes that are being considered for paint stripping in possibly contaminated areas, especially for decommissioning and dismantling of nuclear facilities. In this regard, the knowledge of “ablation products”, consisting of particles and gases, is an important issue. The numeric and weight concentration of particles, their size distribution, their morphology and their density have been determined for laser ablation of two wall paints. The main gas species have also been identified. The aerosol is composed of nanoparticles, of which the number is predominant, and submicronic particles. Their morphologies and their chemical composition are very distinct: carbon aggregates have been identified, as well as spherical particles of titanium dioxide. These results show that nanoscale aggregates come from the vaporization of the paint polymer, whereas submicronic particles are due to mechanical ejection of titanium dioxide particles. The expansion of the plume resulting from laser-paint interaction has been monitored by means of three optical techniques: light extinction, scattering and emission. The frames show the propagation of a shockwave followed by the ejection of matter with a specific “mushroom” shape. Measurements based on these results show that the peripheral part of the plume contains the primary particles of carbon aggregates; it is the warmest area, which reaches a few thousands Kelvin degrees. Its central part is composed of titanium dioxide spherical particles.
The use of artificial wetlands to treat sewage (1989)

Several experimental investigations have shown the technical potential of using artificial wetlands to treat sewage. Experimental systems have displayed very variable performance, indicating that the current state of knowledge is insufficient to design and operate artificial wetland systems to achieve reliable and efficient treatment. A review of system performance, design parameters and operating procedures indicates that further information is required to fully establish the viability of artificial wetlands to treat sewage effluent.
Monoclonal antibody against an epitope on the cytoplasmic aspect of the plasma membrane calcium pump. (1988)

Monoclonal antibody PM4A2B was prepared by immunizing mice with calmodulin affinity purified Ca2+-Mg2+-adenosine triphosphatase from rabbit erythrocytes and screening the clones with a plasma membrane-enriched fraction (F1) from rabbit stomach smooth muscle. On Western blots, PM4A2B reacted with F1 and with ghosts, right-side-out vesicles, and inside-out vesicles prepared from erythrocytes giving one major band at 130 kDa and minor lower molecular weight bands whose intensity increased on freezing and thawing the membranes. On enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, PM4A2B reacted with inside-out vesicles, but not with the right-side-out vesicles or ghosts prepared from erythrocytes. It activated the ATP-dependent Ca2+ uptake by F1 and by the inside-out vesicles prepared from the erythrocytes. PM4A2B should be useful in determining membrane sidedness as well as in investigating the mechanism of the sarcolemmal Ca2+ pump.
Selective Embedded Growth of 4H–SiC Trenches in 4H–SiC(0001) Substrates Using Carbon Mask (2005)

Selective embedded growth of 4H–SiC trenches in SiC(0001) substrates utilizing a carbon mask by chemical vapor deposition has been investigated. The SiC trenches have been successfully embedded, and the carbon mask is successfully removed by thermal oxidation. The growth rate inside the SiC trench region on the masked SiC substrates is three times higher than that on nonmasked planar SiC substrates. Micro-Raman scattering measurements reveal that the embedded region is homoepitaxial 4H–SiC.
Transformation of the spatial coherence of pulsed laser radiation in a delay line (2003)

The destruction of the spatial coherence of multimode laser radiation in a delay-line-based system is analysed theoretically and experimentally. A scheme of a coherence-transforming device operating in a broad wavelength range and various lasing regimes is proposed. This scheme is shown to be efficient for rapid speckle-noise suppression in optical recording and lithography.
Development of Luciferin Analogues Bearing an Amino Group and Their Application as BRET Donors (2010)

We systematically synthesized bioluminogenic substrates bearing an amino group on benzothiazole, quinoline, naphthalene, and coumarin scaffolds. They emit bioluminescence in various colors: red, orange, yellow, and green. An amino-substituted coumarylluciferin derivative, coumarylaminoluciferin (CAL), showed the shortest bioluminescence wavelength among substrates reported so far. Further, the fluorescence of CAL did not exhibit solvatochromism, which suggests that its bioluminescence is not susceptible to environmental factors. We applied CAL as an energy-donor substrate for a bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) system with click beetle red luciferase (CBRluc), a mutant of firefly luciferase, as the energy-donor enzyme and yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) as the energy-acceptor fluorophore, and obtained a clearly bimodal bioluminescence spectrum. Stable bioluminescence that is not influenced by environmental factors is highly desirable for reliable measurements in biological assays.
Evidence for Persistent Na<sup>+</sup>Current in Apical Dendrites of Rat Neocortical Neurons From Imaging of Na<sup>+</sup>-Sensitive Dye (1997)

Evidence for a persistent Na+ current (I(NaP)) in the apical dendrite of neocortical neurons was sought with the use of fluorescence imaging to measure changes in intradendritic Na+ concentration. Neurons in neocortical brain slices were filled iontophoretically through an intracellular recording microelectrode with the Na+-sensitive dye benzofuran isophthalate (SBFI), and fluorescence images were recorded with a cooled charge-coupled device camera system using 380-nm illumination. In the presence of Ca2+ and K+ channel blockers, a short depolarizing current pulse evoked a single action potential followed by a plateau depolarization (PD) lasting >1 s. This tetrodotoxin (TTX)-sensitive PD is known to be maintained by I(NaP). A single action potential caused no detectable SBFI fluorescence change, whereas the PD was associated with an SBFI fluorescence change in the soma and apical dendrite indicating increased intracellular Na+ concentration. Determination of the full spatial extent of the dendritic fluorescence change was prevented by our inability to detect the dim fluorescence signal in the distal regions of the apical dendrite. In each experiment the fluorescence change extended into the apical dendrite as far as dye could be visualized (50-300 microm). A slow, depolarizing voltage-clamp ramp that activated I(NaP) caused similar fluorescence changes that were eliminated by TTX, indicating that the SBFI fluorescence changes are caused by Na+ influx due to I(NaP) activation. We conclude that I(NaP) can be generated by the apical dendritic membrane to at least 300 microm from the soma.
Effects of protein kinase inhibitors on canine Purkinje fibre pacemaker depolarization and the pacemaker current i(f). (1991)

1. The effects of the protein kinase inhibitors H-7 and H-8 were investigated on diastolic depolarization of the action potential with microelectrodes and on the pacemaker current if with the two-microelectrode voltage clamp in canine cardiac Purkinje fibres. 2. Both 200 microM-H-7 and 100 microM-H-8 had no significant effect on the slope of diastolic depolarization but eliminated the actions of isoprenaline (1 microM). 3. We examined the actions of H-7 and H-8 on if in the presence and absence of isoprenaline. H-7 (200 microM) shifted the pacemaker current if in the negative direction on the voltage axis, whereas 100 microM-H-8 had no significant effect by itself. Both 200 microM-H-7 and 100 microM-H-8 can reverse or prevent the actions of isoprenaline (1-5 microM) on if. 4. We applied activators of the cyclic AMP cascade down-stream to the beta-receptor, to further evaluate where H-7 and H-8 might be exerting their effects. When exposing Purkinje fibres to an adenylyl cyclase activator (forskolin, 10-50 microM), a phosphodiesterase inhibitor (IBMX, 100 microM) and a permeable cyclic AMP analogue (8-chlorophenylthio-cyclic AMP, 200 microM-1 mM), the amplitude of if was increased. H-7 and H-8 at 100-200 microM eliminated each of these actions. 5. These results suggest that a phosphorylation process is involved in the modulation of the pacemaker current, if, in Purkinje fibres. The different actions of H-7 and H-8 on basal if suggest the hypothesis that other protein kinases, possibly protein kinase C, might also be involved in regulating basal phosphorylation of if in Purkinje fibres.
A Camouflaged Icosahedral Carborane: Dodecamethyl‐1,12‐dicarba‐<i>closo</i>‐dodecaborane(12) and Related Compounds (1995)

Complete B-methylation is possible for 1,12-dicarba-closo-dodecaborane(12) derivatives that are substituted on one or both carbon atoms. Electrophilic substitution under harsh conditions affords rigid “hydrocarbon balls” in high yields. An example of these carboranes, the title compound (shown as a space-filling model on the right), has twelve methyl groups arranged in an icosahedral manner and supported on a carborane skeleton.
A New Ultra Fast Conduction Mechanism in Insulating Polymer Nanocomposites (2011)

A brand new phenomenon, namely, electrical conduction via soliton-like ultra fast space charge pulses, recently identified in unfilled cross-linked polyethylene, is shown for the first time to occur in insulating polymer nanocomposites and its characteristics correlated with the electromechanical properties of nanostructured materials. These charge pulses are observed to cross the insulation under low electrical field in epoxy-based nanocomposites containing nanosilica particles with relative weights of 1%, 5%, 10%, and 20% at speeds orders of magnitude higher than those expected for carriers in insulating polymers. The characteristics of mobility, magnitude and repetition rate for both positive and negative charge pulses are studied in relation to nanofiller concentration. The results show that the ultra fast charge pulses (packets) are affected significantly by the concentration of nanoparticles. An explanation is presented in terms of a new conduction mechanism where the mechanical properties of the polymer and movement of polymer chains play an important role in the injection and transport of charge in the form of pulses. Here, the charge transport is not controlled by traps. Instead, it is driven by the contribution of polarization and the resultant electromechanical compression, which is substantially affected by the introduction of nanoparticles into the base polymer.