gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Future of the Post-Batson Peremptory Challenge: Voir Dire by Questionnaire and the "Blind" Peremptory (2025)

This Article examines the peremptory challenge as modified by Batson and its progeny. The discussion is based in part on a survey of trial lawyers, asking them about their impressions of the peremptory challenge, Batson, and jury selection generally. The Article concludes that neither the peremptory challenge nor Batson achieve their full potential. Primarily because of time and other constraints on voir dire, the peremptory challenge falls short as a tool in shaping fair and impartial juries. While Batson may prevent some unlawful discrimination in jury selection, Batson falls short as a tool in identifying unlawful discrimination once it occurs. The Article proposes the reform of jury selection procedures to improve both the effectiveness of the peremptory challenge and Batson. The proposal is simple: Allow the usual number of alternating peremptory challenges and allow the complete questioning of the jury panelists, but allow voir dire by questionnaire only and the exercise of "blind" peremptories. In a system of blind peremptories, jury panelists would be identified by number only, and no questions regarding cognizable group status (e.g., race, ethnicity, or sex) would be permitted. The suggested reform improves the effectiveness of the peremptory challenge in eliminating biased jurors. The blind peremptory, coupled with thorough attorney examination of the panelists by questionnaire, frees the litigant to exercise more principled peremptory challenges. The suggested reform also improves the effectiveness of Batson in eliminating unlawful discrimination in jury selection. The blind peremptory prevents unlawful discrimination in jury selection by limiting the ability of the litigants to discern the race, ethnicity, and sex of the jury panelists.
Solution of the phase problem for time-dependent optical signals by an interference system (1991)

A new method is proposed for an analysis of amplitude?phase characteristics of short laser radiation pulses. The method is based on determination of a pattern of the interference between the spectra of the investigated pulse and of a second pulse obtained from the original one by a frequency shift. An analysis of the intensity distribution in the spectral interference pattern can yield the phases of the spectral components, which?in combination with the conventional spectrum?provides complete information on the time dependence of the signal.
The inhibitory effect of photodynamic therapy and of an anti-VCAM-1 monoclonal antibody on the in vivo growth of C6 glioma xenografts (2011)

We investigated the effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and of an anti-vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) monoclonal antibody on the in vivo growth of C6 glioma. Seven days after inoculation with C6 cells, adult male Wistar rats weighing 280-300 g with MRI-confirmed glioma were randomly assigned to 4 groups (N = 15 per group): PDT + VCAM-1 antibody group; PDT group; VCAM-1 antibody group; control group. Eight days after inoculation, hematoporphyrin monomethyl ether (HMME) was administered as a photosensitizer and PDT was performed at 630 nm (illumination intensity: 360 J/cm²) for 10 min. VCAM-1 antibody (50 µg/mL) was then administered (0.5 mL) through the tail vein every other day from day 8 to day 16. At day 21, 5 rats in each group were sacrificed and cancers were harvested for immunohistochemistry and Western blot assay for the detection of VCAM-1, and TUNEL assay was used to detect apoptosis. Survival and tumor volume were recorded in the remaining 10 rats in each group. In the PDT group, tumor growth was significantly suppressed (67.2%) and survival prolonged (89.3%), accompanied by an increase in apoptosis (369.5%), when compared to control. Furthermore, these changes were more pronounced in the PDT + VCAM-1 antibody group. After PDT, VCAM-1 expression was markedly increased (121.8%) and after VCAM-1 monoclonal antibody treatment, VCAM-1 expression was significantly reduced (58.2%). PDT in combination with VCAM-1 antibody can significantly inhibit the growth of C6 glioma and prolong survival. This approach may represent a promising strategy in the treatment of glioma.
A study on apoenzyme from <i>Rhodotorula gracilis</i> D‐amino acid oxidase (1991)

The apoenzyme of D-amino acid oxidase from Rhodotorula gracilis was obtained at pH 7.5 by dialyzing the holoenzyme against 2 M KBr in 0.25 M potassium phosphate, 0.3 mM EDTA, 5 mM 2-mercaptoethanol and 20% glycerol. To recover a reconstitutable and highly stable apoprotein, it is essential that phosphate ions and glycerol be present at high concentrations. Apo-D-amino acid oxidase is entirely present as a monomeric protein, while the reconstituted holoenzyme is a dimer of 79 kDa. The equilibrium binding of FAD to apoprotein was measured from the quenching of flavin fluorescence and by differential spectroscopy: a Kd of 2.0 x 10(-8) M was calculated. The kinetics of formation of the apoprotein-FAD complex were studied by the quenching of protein and flavin fluorescence, by differential spectroscopy and by activity measurements. In all cases a two-stage process was shown to be present with a fairly rapid first phase, followed by a slow secondary change which represents only 4-6% of the total recombination process. In no conditions was a lag in the recovery of maximum catalytic activity observed. The process of FAD binding to yeast D-amino acid oxidase appears to be of the type Apo + FAD in equilibrium holoenzyme, even though the existence of a transient intermediate not detectable under our conditions cannot be ruled out.
DIELECTRIC CHARACTERISTICS OF RF SPUTTERED OXIDE FILMS. (1969)

Results of a study on the deposition of thin-film dielectrics by RF sputtering are discussed. Source materials were silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, tantalum oxide, and hafnium oxide, each of which was deposited onto metal electrodes and counterelectroded to complete the metal oxide metal capacitor structures for evaluation purposes. Depositions were conducted normally at 0.002 torr pressure utilizing a triode type sputtering system. Comparative rates of deposition of the dielectric materials ranged from 60 to 225 A/min for the maximum available power. The deposited films were amorphous in structure, although crystallites were dispersed in the hafnium oxide. Generally, the films displayed electrical and physical characteristics comparable to their counterparts formed by other processes, indicating that the sputtering process has the potential for translating the source materials to the substrates in a form suitable for thin-film dielectric applications. Yield study results are included in terms of non-shortened capacitors and their capability to withstand predetermined dielectric field strengths as a function of electrode areas ranging from 200 to 30,000 sq mil. (Author)
CD20 antibodies: type II to tango? (2012)

Although the chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (mAb) rituximab has revolutionized the treatment of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), still many patients relapse and an increasing number become refractory to rituximab-containing therapy. This has initiated intense research to develop more potent anti-CD20 antibodies.
Integrated YBa2Cu3O7−<i>x</i> magnetometer for biomagnetic measurements (1996)

An integrated dc superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer has been fabricated using a YBa2Cu3O7−x–SrTiO3–YBa2Cu3O7−x multilayer process. The magnetometer consists of a 8.3 mm×8.6 mm pickup coil coupled inductively to a small washer-type SQUID with 9 Ω bicrystal junctions via an integrated 101/2-turn input coil. Using simple direct-coupled read-out electronics with additional positive feedback, a noise level of 9.7 fT/√Hz at 1 kHz and 53 fT/√Hz at 1 Hz was measured inside a magnetically shielded room. Due to the low noise level biomagnetic heart and brain signals with high quality and the very weak signals of the peripheral nerve system were recorded.
Crystal structures of <scp>MBP</scp> fusion proteins (2015)

Although chaperone-assisted protein crystallization remains a comparatively rare undertaking, the number of crystal structures of polypeptides fused to maltose-binding protein (MBP) that have been deposited in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) has grown dramatically during the past decade. Altogether, 102 fusion protein structures were detected by Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) analysis. Collectively, these structures comprise a range of sizes, space groups, and resolutions that are typical of the PDB as a whole. While most of these MBP fusion proteins were equipped with short inter-domain linkers to increase their rigidity, fusion proteins with long linkers have also been crystallized. In some cases, surface entropy reduction mutations in MBP appear to have facilitated the formation of crystals. A comparison of the structures of fused and unfused proteins, where both are available, reveals that MBP-mediated structural distortions are very rare.
A Reaction to Mehrens's NCME Presidential Address (1986)

As a state level measurement specialist, Tom notes that some psychometricians always have a list of reasons test data cannot be used to enhance the quality of educational decisions. He welcomes Bill's exhortation to be hope‐oriented and calls on measurement specialists to provide decision makers with practical, understandable ways to best use test data.
CONDUCTING POLYMER MICROLASERS (1998)

Extensive studies of laser action in luminescent conducting polymer films and other organic solids are directed towards electrically driven organic lasers.
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Cyclodehydrogenation and Skeletal Rearrangement of Oligophenylenes (1997)

Quantitative skeletal rearrangements in the intramolecular cyclodehydrogenation of oligophenylenes such as 1 lead to planar polycyclic aromatic compounds such as 2.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Benzoquinolizine Derivatives. (1987)

Abstract The desired ring system (III), which is found in a series of alkaloids, can be prepared by reaction of the amino compounds (I) with the α,β‐unsaturated acids (II).
Feasibility Analysis of MDA-based Database Design (2006)

MDA is a modern approach to software system development. The paper proposes how database design may be embedded into such development process. It is shown how database models are associated with MDA models, and next qualitative analysis of problems that are concerned with transformation of databases models along with transformation of non-functional requirements is presented
Novel Lipidated Imidazoquinoline TLR7/8 Adjuvants Elicit Influenza-Specific Th1 Immune Responses and Protect Against Heterologous H3N2 Influenza Challenge in Mice (2020)

Most licensed seasonal influenza vaccines are non-adjuvanted and rely primarily on vaccine-induced antibody titers for protection. As such, seasonal antigenic drift and suboptimal vaccine strain selection often results in reduced vaccine efficacy. Further, seasonal H3N2 influenza vaccines demonstrate poor efficacy compared to H1N1 and influenza type B vaccines. New vaccines, adjuvants, or delivery technologies that can induce broader or cross-seasonal protection against drifted influenza virus strains, likely through induction of protective T cell responses, are urgently needed. Here, we report novel lipidated TLR7/8 ligands that act as strong adjuvants to promote influenza-virus specific Th1-and Th17-polarized T cell responses and humoral responses in mice with no observable toxicity. Further, the adjuvanted influenza vaccine provided protection against a heterologous H3N2 influenza challenge in mice. These responses were further enhanced when combined with a synthetic TLR4 ligand adjuvant. Despite differences between human and mouse TLR7/8, these novel lipidated imidazoquinolines induced the production of cytokines required to polarize a Th1 and Th17 immune response in human PBMCs providing additional support for further development of these compounds as novel adjuvants for the induction of broad supra-seasonal protection from influenza virus.
Structural Basis of the Ferrous Iron Specificity of the Yeast Ferroxidase, Fet3p (2006)

Fet3p is a multicopper oxidase (MCO) that functions together with the iron permease, Ftr1p, to support high-affinity Fe uptake in yeast. Fet3p is a ferroxidase that, like ceruloplasmin and hephaestin, couples the oxidation of 4 equiv of Fe(II) to the reduction of O2 to 2 H2O. The ferrous iron specificity of this subclass of MCO proteins has not been delineated by rigorous structure-function analysis. Here the crystal structure of Fet3p has been used as a template to identify the amino acid residues that confer this substrate specificity and then to quantify the contributions they make to this specific reactivity by thermodynamic and kinetic analyses. In terms of the Marcus theory of outer-sphere electron transfer, we show here that D283, E185, and D409 in Fet3p provide a Fe(II) binding site that actually favors ferric iron; this site thus reduces the reduction potential of the bound Fe(II) in comparison to that of aqueous ferrous iron, providing a thermodynamically more robust driving force for electron transfer. In addition, E185 and D409 constitute parts of the electron-transfer pathway from the bound Fe(II) to the protein's type 1 Cu(II). This electronic matrix coupling relies on H-bonds from the carboxylate OD2 atom of each residue to the NE2 NH group of the two histidine ligands at the type 1 Cu site. These two acidic residues and this H-bond network appear to distinguish a fungal ferroxidase from a fungal laccase since the specificity that Fet3p has for Fe(II) is completely lost in a Fet3pE185A/D409A mutant. Indeed, this double mutant functions kinetically better as a laccase, albeit a relatively inefficient one.
Quercetin glucosides inhibit glucose uptake into brush-border-membrane vesicles of porcine jejunum (2004)

Recent experimental data point to an interaction of dietary flavonol monoglucosides with the intestinal Na-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1). To investigate this interaction in more detail, we performed experiments with SGLT1-containing brush-border-membrane vesicles (BBMV) from pig jejunum. The flavonol quercetin-3-O-glucoside (Q3G) concentration-dependently inhibited Na-dependent uptake of radioactively labelled d-glucose into BBMV. Uptake of l-leucine was not inhibited by Q3G, indicating a specific interaction of the glucoside with SGLT1. Whereas the maximal transport rate of concentration-dependent initial glucose uptake was not altered in the presence of Q3G, the constant for half-maximal glucose uptake was increased, suggesting a competitive type of inhibition of glucose uptake by Q3G. Trans-stimulation experiments suggested the transport of Q3G via SGLT1. In addition, Q3G decreased the Na-independent diffusive uptake of glucose into BBMV. Other flavonoids were also tested for their inhibitory effect on d-glucose uptake. Among the tested quercetin glycosides, only the 4'-O-glucoside (Q4G) also inhibited Na-dependent glucose uptake into BBMV, whereas the 3-O-galactoside, the 3-O-glucorhamnoside and the aglycone quercetin itself were ineffective. Glucosides of some other flavonoid classes such as naringenin-7-O-glucoside, genistein-7-O-glucoside and cyanidin-3,5-O-diglucoside were ineffective as well. Thus, dietary quercetin monoglucosides, for example, Q3G and Q4G, have an impact on intestinal nutrient transporters such as SGLT1 and related systems.
On numerical range and its application to Banach algebras (1972)

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Engineering novel Lec1 glycosylation mutants in CHO–DUKX cells: Molecular insights and effector modulation of <i>N</i>‐acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (2012)

Many secreted or cell surface proteins are post-translationally modified by carbohydrate chains which are a primary source of heterogeneity. The Lec1 mutant, which is defective in Golgi N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (GnTI) activity, produces relatively homogeneous Man(5) GlcNAc(2) glycan modifications, and is widely used for various applications. To facilitate the investigation of GnTI, its Man5 glycan endproduct, and the impact of Man5 on effector function, the present study has established several novel Lec1 mutants in dhfr(-) CHO-DUKX cells through chemical mutagenesis and lectin selection. A total of nine clonal lines exhibiting the Lec1-phenotype are characterized, six of which harbor non-sense mutations leading to a truncated GnTI, and three (R415K, D291N, and P138L) of which are novel loss-of-function sense mutations. Analysis of the rabbit GnTI structure (Unligil et al., 2000) indicates that D291 is the proposed catalytic base and R415 is a crucial residue in forming the substrate binding pocket, whereas P138 is key to maintaining two β strands in proximity to the substrate binding pocket. Computational modeling reveals that the oligomannose glycan backbone of a glycoprotein (the acceptor substrate) fits nicely into the unoccupied channel of the substrate binding pocket partly through hydrogen bonding with R415 and D291. This finding is consistent with the ordered sequential Bi Bi kinetic mechanism suggested for GnTI, in which binding of UDP-GlcNAc (the donor substrate)/Mn(2+) induces conformational changes that promote acceptor binding. When an anti-human CD20 antibody protein is stably expressed in one CHO-DUKX-Lec1 line, it is confirmed that N-glycans are predominantly Man(5) GlcNAc(2) and they do not contain an α1,6-fucose linked to the innermost GlcNAc. Furthermore, this Man(5) GlcNAc(2) modified antibody exhibits a significantly increased ADCC activity than the wild-type protein, while displaying a lower CDC activity. The data support the hypothesis that modulating GnTI activity can influence antibody effector functions for proteins with an IgG1 immunoglobulin Fc domain.
New Synthesis of 3-Substituted Indazoles from 3-Trimethylsilylindazole (2004)

Reaction of aryl aldehydes with 3-trimethylsilylindazole in the presence of CsF easily gave the corresponding 3-(arylhydroxymethyl)indazoles in good to moderate yields.
CHIP: The Chronic Health Impaired Program of the Baltimore City Public School System (1983)

Chronically ill chidren tend to be sick on a short, repeated basis that is hard to anticipate Because of the short-term nature of each period of illness, these students are not eligible for traditional home teaching To address their special educational needs, the Chronic Health Impaired Program (CHIP) was developed In 1980, 547 students were enrolled When these children are unable to attend school, special CHIP teachers secure their homework and instruct them in the home or hospital The specific objectives of the program are (a) to increase school attendance, (b) to decrease the nonpromotion rate, and (c) to maintain academic achievement In addition, CHIP provides counseling, peer tutoring, and parenting services to children and families enrolled in the program Comparative test scores and absentee rates indicate success in achieving the program's goals.
The Effect of Polarizability on Rate and Reaction Mechanism: Reactions of S-Aryl Substituted Thiobenzoates with $HO-$ and Aryloxide Ions (1991)

Second-order rate constants have been determined spectrophotometrically for reactions of S-p-nitrophenyl substituted thiobenzoates with various phenoxide ions and S-aryl substituted thiobenzoates with ion. Thiol esters have been found to be more reactive than the corresponding oxygen esters toward phenoxide ions. The high reactivity of thiol esters relative to oxygen esters becomes insignificant as the basicity of the nucleophile increases. Furthermore, the highly basic ion is less reactive toward thiol esters than oxygen esters. The significant dependence of the reactivity of thiol esters on the basicity of nucleophiles has been attributed to the nature of the HSAB principle. The present kinetic study has also revealed that the reactivity of thiol esters compared to oxygen esters is not so pronounced as expected based on the enhanced nucleofugicity of thiol esters. However, the effects of substituents in the nucleophile and in the acyl moiety of the substrate on rate appear to be significant. These kinetic results have led to a conclusion that the present reactions proceed via a rate-determining formation of a tetrahedral intermediate followed by a fast breakdown of it. The magnitude of the values shows no tendency either to increase or to decrease with the intrinsic reactivity of the reagents. The constancy of values in the present system is suggestive that the RSP should have limited applicability.
Thermotropic behavior of cholesterol‐linked polysaccharides (1998)

Cholesterol-linked polysaccharides were prepared by reacting monocholesterylsuccinate (ChMS) with cellulose acetate [AC; degree of substitution (DS) 1.00, 1.80, and 2.33], ethyl cellulose (EC; DS 2.46), starch, and hydroxyethyl starch (HES; molar substitution, 0.05–0.07). The degree of ChMS substitution ranged from 0.27 to 1.29. The polymers were characterized by IR, NMR, DSC, and hot-stage coupled polarizing microscopy. Polymers with a higher DS of ChMS showed a thermotropic liquid crystalline behavior. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 70: 195–201, 1998
Induction of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and class II histocompatibility antigens in colorectal tumour cells expressing activated <i>ras</i> oncogene (1995)

Aims-To determine whether there is a correlation between activation of the ras oncogene and the induction of MHC class II antigens and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma).Methods-Expression of class II antigens, ICAM-1 and intracellular ras oncoprotein (p21) in established colorectal cell lines and short term cultures of primary colorectal tumour cells was determined by flow cytometry and mutation in the ras gene by sequencing of amplified segments of the gene.Results-The cell lines showed a variation in their modulation of MHC class II antigens and ICAM-1, ranging from no induction to a 98-fold increase in class II antigen expression in the HT29 cell line. Previous work indicated that most tumours could not be induced to express class II antigens. Four of the five least inducible lines either contained mutant ras or highly expressed the oncoprotein. The four highly inducible cell lines all contained non-mutant ras. Of the 21 tumours studied in primary culture, 10 were inducible, one of which contained mutant ras. Of the remaining non-inducible tumours, four were mutant.Conclusions-Correlations between ras activation and failure to respond to IFN-gamma could not be shown to be significant. Therefore, ras activation, and concomitant subversion of intracellular signalling pathways, is probably not the major determinant in failure to activate class II antigens and ICAM-1.
ZEUS: Analyzing Safety of Smart Contracts (2018)

A smart contract is hard to patch for bugs once it is deployed, irrespective of the money it holds. A recent bug caused losses worth around $50 million of cryptocurrency. We present ZEUS-a framework to verify the correctness and validate the fairness of smart contracts. We consider correctness as adherence to safe programming practices, while fairness is adherence to agreed upon higher-level business logic. ZEUS leverages both abstract interpretation and symbolic model checking, along with the power of constrained horn clauses to quickly verify contracts for safety. We have built a prototype of ZEUS for Ethereum and Fabric blockchain platforms, and evaluated it with over 22.4K smart contracts. Our evaluation indicates that about 94.6% of contracts (containing cryptocurrency worth more than $0.5 billion) are vulnerable. ZEUS is sound with zero false negatives and has a low false positive rate, with an order of magnitude improvement in analysis time as compared to prior art.