gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The geology of the Yarrol Region. - Part 1, Biostratigraphy (1964)

In the eastern part of the Yarrol Basin, an uninterrupted sequence of marine beds ranging in age from Upper Devonian to Lower Permian (Sakmarian) is exposed around the north-plunging Yarrol Syncline. Prolific faunas occur throughout and more than 100 species have been identified. Of these twenty-three are new species and are described below. They include Schizodus ellioti, S. minutus, S. globosus, Oriocrassatella compressa, Limipecten burnettensis, L. multistriatus, Promytilus cancellatus, Myonia pollocki, Nuculana etheridgei, Sanguinolites gracilis, Neoplatyteichum dickinsi, Pseudobaylea poperimensis, Planikeeneia pristina, Montospira montoensis, Spiriferellina australis, Punctospirifer ambiguus, Tylothyris multicostatus, Alispirifer contractus, A . laminosus var. transversus, Booralia burnettensis, Neospirifer campbelli, Cancrinella levis, Lissochonetes yarrolensis. Existing species which have been identified in the faunas are recorded and figured. Different taxonomic groups are dominant at various levels in the succession, viz. Upper Devonian-solitary rugose corals and plants; Lower Carboniferous (Tournaisian)-spiriferid brachiopods, gastropods; L. Carboniferous (Visean)-spiriferid and productid brachiopods, solitary rugose corals; Lower Carboniferous (Namurian)-spiriferid brachiopods; Middle Carboniferous-productid and punctate spiriferid brachiopods, fenestellid bryozoans; Upper Carboniferous-pelecypods and gastropods; Lower Permian (early Sakmarian)-Eurydesma and other molluscs; Lower Permian (late Sakmarian)-brachiopods and fenestellid bryozoans. Many of the species are long ranging and strongly influenced by facies, so that we find the succession of faunal types listed above corresponding fairly well with a changing lithological sequence.
The age of spiritual machines: when computers exceed human intelligence (1998)

How much do we humans enjoy our current status as the most intelligent beings on earth? Enough to try to stop our own inventions from surpassing us in smarts? If so, we'd better pull the plug right now, because if Ray Kurzweil is right, we've only got until about 2020 before computers outpace the human brain in computational power. Kurzweil, artificial intelligence expert and author of The Age of Intelligent Machines, shows that technological evolution moves at an exponential pace. Further, he asserts, in a sort of swirling postulate, time speeds up as order increases, and vice versa. He calls this the “Law of Time and Chaos,” and it means that although entropy is slowing the stream of time down for the universe overall, and thus vastly increasing the amount of time between major events, in the eddy of technological evolution the exact opposite is happening, and events will soon be coming faster and more furiously. This means that we'd better figure out how to deal with conscious machines as soon as possible--they'll soon not only be able to beat us at chess, they'll likely demand civil rights, and they may at last realize the very human dream of immortality. The Age of Spiritual Machines is compelling and accessible, and not necessarily best read from front to back--it's less heavily historical if you jump around (Kurzweil encourages this). Much of the content of the book lays the groundwork to justify Kurzweil's timeline, providing an engaging primer on the philosophical and technological ideas behind the study of consciousness. Instead of being a gee-whiz futurist manifesto, Spiritual Machines reads like a history of the future, without too much science fiction dystopianism. Instead, Kurzweil shows us the logical outgrowths of current trends, with all their attendant possibilities. This is the book we'll turn to when our computers
Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis reveals estrogen-mediated epigenetic repression of metallothionein-1 gene cluster in breast cancer (2015)

Our data suggests that DNA methylation in large contiguous gene clusters can be potential prognostic markers of breast cancer. Further investigation of these clusters revealed that estrogen mediates epigenetic repression of MT1 cluster in ERα + breast cancer cell lines. In all, our studies identify thousands of breast tumor hypermethylated regions for the first time, in particular, discovering seven large contiguous hypermethylated gene clusters.
The Effect of Fuel Properties on Particulates Emissions in Heavy-Duty Truck Engines Under Transient Operating Conditions (1991)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The effects of diesel fuel properties and composition have been investigated in an advanced, low emissions, Detroit Diesel Corporation (DDC) Series 60 engine. The test results have revealed that particulates emissions in the U.S. transient test are governed mainly by fuel sulphur content and fuel density. The density effect is due to overfuelling of the engine which may result from how the cycle is calibrated and from how heavy-duty engines are governed under transitional operation. The model developed from these data correlates well with other published data and confirms the general case that fuel density, rather than aromatics content, is - with fuel sulphur - the dominant factor affecting exhaust particulates. The analysis of particulates composition supports these findings but reveals an additional fuel parameter, volatility, which has a minor second-order effect on particulates emissions.</div>
Total Synthesis of Tubulysin U and V (2006)

Multicomponent method: Tubulysins are among the most potent cytotoxic agents known. Now the first total synthesis of some members has been achieved by utilizing a rapid three-component reaction for the synthesis of the unusual central thiazole amino acid tubuvaline (see scheme; Boc=tert-butoxycarbonyl, Ac=acetyl), thereby opening new perspectives for anticancer drug development. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2006/z601259_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Innovative tests to predict the strength and type of asphalt-aggregate bonds (1990)

This paper discusses two novel testing procedures based on the chemical reactivity concept of an asphalt-aggregate system. The first set of experiments investigates the use of a chemical preconditioning stage, prior to performing the Modified Lottman test, to identify those commercial ASA's that form reversible ionic type bonds susceptible to surrounding pH conditions. However, as indicated in this paper, these bonds may be transformed into durable, irreversible bonds by appropriate mix curing. The second set of experiments attempts to formulate a testing procedure to characterize limestone aggregates in terms of their reactivity with model asphalt compounds. This test procedure also relates the reactivities to the performance characteristics of the aggregate.
Signal modeling for modern interference microscopes (2004)

A theoretical model of the optical system of an interference microscope includes both geometrical and spectral contributions to fringe contrast localization. An incoherent superposition of interference patterns over a range of wavelengths and pupil-plane coordinates predicts the frequency-domain portrait of the interference phenomenon. An inverse Fourier transform then provides simulated signals that correlate very closely to experimental data. The model is particularly useful for signal prediction, algorithm testing, uncertainty analysis and system characterization, including modern applications in thin film analysis and stroboscopic interferometry.
Design of a New Micromixer for Instant Mixing Based on the Collision of Micro Segments (2005)

Abstract A new type of micromixer for rapid mixing was developed based on mixing by both kinetic energy and molecular diffusion of fluids. The rapid mixing was realized by the collision of micro segments, which were divided into several streams in the radial, at the center of the mixer. The excellent performance of the developed micromixer was confirmed by examining the Villermaux/Dushman reaction and the precipitation of polymer particles by phase separation. From these results, it was clarified that the rapid mixing was driven by both the breaking of micro segments under a high shear rate and instant molecular diffusion between micro segments. In addition, the mixer had a high throughput and corresponded to a wide range of flow rate ratios of fluids. Thus, it is expected that the proposed design concept for micro mixing will give us an efficient micro processing route in the future.
ATS-F Spacecraft: An EMC Challenge (1974)

The Applications Technology Satellite-F Spacecraft to be launched in 1974 contains a number of explicit communications functions and related experiment packages involving radiation and reception of frequencies spread over 10 octaves of the RF spectrum. Its configuration was developed directly from program requirements, but numerous special design features were incorporated to enable the various subsystems and components to operate compatibly with one another. Such factors as spacecraft weight limitations, thermal control considerations, and the need to prevent single point failures in critical circuits led to the development and use of these special features. The spacecraft's configuration is one in which a large portion of the subsystems and components are, mounted in a box-like structure at the prime focus of a 30-ft. diameter parabolic reflector. The box-like assemblage is called the earth-viewing module (EVM). In addition, numerous power, signal and sensor cables interconnect the earth-viewing module with space-viewing components mounted above the parabola. Because the Spacecraft's output reaches 180 kw EIRP, its configuration results in formidable EMC challenges.
Performance of Interleukin-6 and Interleukin-8 serum levels in pediatric oncology patients with neutropenia and fever for the assessment of low-risk (2008)

Patients with chemotherapy-related neutropenia and fever are usually hospitalized and treated on empirical intravenous broad-spectrum antibiotic regimens. Early diagnosis of sepsis in children with febrile neutropenia remains difficult due to non-specific clinical and laboratory signs of infection. We aimed to analyze whether IL-6 and IL-8 could define a group of patients at low risk of septicemia. A prospective study was performed to assess the potential value of IL-6, IL-8 and C-reactive protein serum levels to predict severe bacterial infection or bacteremia in febrile neutropenic children with cancer during chemotherapy. Statistical test used: Friedman test, Wilcoxon-Test, Kruskal-Wallis H test, Mann-Whitney U-Test and Receiver Operating Characteristics. The analysis of cytokine levels measured at the onset of fever indicated that IL-6 and IL-8 are useful to define a possible group of patients with low risk of sepsis. In predicting bacteremia or severe bacterial infection, IL-6 was the best predictor with the optimum IL-6 cut-off level of 42 pg/ml showing a high sensitivity (90%) and specificity (85%). These findings may have clinical implications for risk-based antimicrobial treatment strategies.
Symptoms of Disease in Childhood (1996)

Diphtheria: are we ready for it?EDITOR,-The article by Begg and Balraj dis- cusses the adequacy of current control and containment measures for diphtheria.'We agree with the authors that the diagnosis of Corynebacterium diphtheriae and Corynebacterium ulcerans has in the past often been delayed or missed altogether as many labora- tories have ceased to culture throat swabs routinely for these organisms.The Public Health Laboratory Service (PHLS) Standardisation of Clinical Bacteriology Methods Working Group recommends in their standard operating procedure (SOP) on the investigation of throat swabs that all throat swabs should be cultured routinely for C diphtheriae and C ulcerans using Hoyle's tel- lurite medium.2Reasons for this include: * Immunisation does not prevent asympto- matic carriage of the organism * Vaccinated individuals may still be suscep- tible * There is a risk of indigenous transmission * A major outbreak is possible * Early recognition of a case allows for con- tainment of the patient * Treatment must be initiated at an early stage to reduce the risk of fatality.With laboratories returning to this kind of routine screening, isolation of C diphtheriae and C ukerans from asymptomatic carriers will be increased thereby minimising the potential for missed or delayed diagnosis.It will also allow for the collection of consistent epidemiological data on the presence of the organism in the population.The PHLS has recently issued a standard method for the investigation of throat swabs as part of the 50 specimen SOPs to be issued to the PHLS during the next 18 months.3These SOPs may also prove useful to microbiology laboratories other than the PHLS.
An Instructive Component in T Helper Cell Type 2 (Th2) Development Mediated by Gata-3 (2001)

Although interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-4 polarize naive CD4(+) T cells toward T helper cell type 1 (Th1) or Th2 phenotypes, it is not known whether cytokines instruct the developmental fate in uncommitted progenitors or select for outgrowth of cells that have stochastically committed to a particular fate. To distinguish these instructive and selective models, we used surface affinity matrix technology to isolate committed progenitors based on cytokine secretion phenotype and developed retroviral-based tagging approaches to directly monitor individual progenitor fate decisions at the clonal and population levels. We observe IL-4-dependent redirection of phenotype in cells that have already committed to a non-IL-4-producing fate, inconsistent with predictions of the selective model. Further, retroviral tagging of naive progenitors with the Th2-specific transcription factor GATA-3 provided direct evidence for instructive differentiation, and no evidence for the selective outgrowth of cells committed to either the Th1 or Th2 fate. These data would seem to exclude selection as an exclusive mechanism in Th1/Th2 differentiation, and support an instructive model of cytokine-driven transcriptional programming of cell fate decisions.
Amino acid sequence of ragweed pollen allergen Ra5 (1975)

The complete amino acid sequence of Ra5, a ragweed pollen allergen, has been determined. Allergen Ra5 is a low molecular weight protein of 45 residues derived from Ambrosia elatior, the short ragweed. It contains no detectable carbohydrate or lipid and has four disulfide bridges. The total structure was determined on 1.4 mumol of material and indicates that structural analysis is increasingly possible on relatively small amounts of highly purified material when a combination of automated and manual sequencing techniques and highly sensitive detection systems is employed. This represents the first complete amino acid sequence of a ragweed allergen and it should provide a basis for many structure-function correlative experiments in the field of immediate hypersensitivity.
Sodium Cyanoborohydride Reduction of (Benzyloxycarbonyl)- and (<i>tert</i>-Butoxycarbonyl)hydrazones (1991)

(Benzyloxycarbonyl)- and (tert-butoxycarbonyl)hydrazones are easily reduced by sodium cyanoborohydride in acidic medium. The method is an alternative to catalytic hydrogenation and allows ready access to both N-benzyloxycarbonyl and N-tert-butoxycarbonyl protected N′ -alkyl- and N′-arylmethylhydrazines. The products can be isolated as the solid, stable cyanoborane adducts.
Steering the Smart Grid (2010)

Increasing energy prices and the greenhouse effect lead to more awareness of energy efficiency of electricity supply. During the last years, a lot of technologies and optimization methodologies were developed to increase the efficiency, maintain the grid stability and support large scale introduction of renewable sources. In previous work, we showed the effectiveness of our three-step methodology to reach these objectives, consisting of 1) offline prediction, 2) offline planning and 3) online scheduling in combination with MPC. In this paper we analyse the best structure for distributing the steering signals in the third step. Simulations show that pricing signals work as good as on/off signals, but pricing signals are more general. Individual pricing signals per house perform better with small prediction errors while one global steering signal for a group of houses performs better when the prediction errors are larger. The best hierarchical structure is to use consumption patterns on all levels except the lowest level and deduct the pricing signals in the lowest node of the tree.
RNAi-mediated knockdown of α-enolase increases the sensitivity of tumor cells to antitubulin chemotherapeutics. (2011)

The over-expression of α-enolase was demonstrated in several cancers, including lung, brain, breast, colon and prostate. In this report, we investigated the effects of α-enolase knockdown on the sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic drugs. RNAi-mediated knockdown of α-enolase in A549 and H460 lung, MCF7 breast and CaOV3 ovarian cancer cells caused a significant increase in the sensitivity of these cells to antitubulin chemotherapeutics (e.g., vincristine and taxol), but not to doxorubicin, etoposide or cisplatinum. This is the first demonstration showing the effects of α-enolase expression on the sensitivity of tumor cells to clinically relevant chemotherapeutics.
Numerical methods for the nonlinear robust regression problem (1981)

Several algorithms have been proposed to solve the robust regression problem. Procedures for the incar model have well beer tested and used. In this paper two sophisticated methods are given which take in consideration the difficulties of the nonlinear case. These algorithms are programmed and tested successfully on about 100 different numerical examples.
Product safety and the heat sink - dilemma of minimizing radiated emissions and maximizing thermal cooling (2004)

Microprocessors are designed with tens of thousands or millions of transistors that potentially can generate a significant amount of heat. Cooling of the package has become a challenge. Heat sinks are generally provided for the purpose of thermal dissipation, which helps keep components from becoming too hot. Destruction of the component may result. Designing heat sinks for optimal cooling within the constraints of size, space and airflow has become a challenge. In addition to being an efficient thermal radiator, a metal heat sink begins to appear as an efficient radiator of RF energy at higher operating frequencies. During normal operation or maintenance of a product, the heat sink may become exposed to users or service personnel. The temperature of the heat sink must be low enough as not to cause a burn injury if accidentally touched. Product safety standards require a label be affixed to the heat sink when a certain temperature level is exceeded, or if the heat sink is at voltage potential to prevent electric shock. In addition, the device must be kept cool enough as not to exceed the glass transition temperature (T/sub g/), or melting point of the printed wiring board material (PWB). Printed wiring boards, when exposed to high temperatures, may start to discolor, delaminate or even ignite causing serious safety consideration. To satisfy areas of concern related to heat sinks (heat dissipation and product safety while minimizing the propagation of RF energy), designers must maximize thermal cooling. To minimize the total amount of radiated emissions, the heat sink must be physically small based on the wavelength of the highest generated frequency internal to the component. Conversely, to maximize cooling, the heat sink must be physically large. The designer must be cognizant of all concerns, and select or design a heat sink that meets operational requirements.
Position estimation for a mobile robot using vision and odometry (2003)

The authors describe a method for locating a mobile robot moving in a known environment. This technique combines position estimation from odometry with observations of the environment from a mobile camera. Fixed objects in the world provide landmarks which are listed in a database. The system calculates the angle to each landmark and then orients the camera. An extended Kalman filter is used to correct the error between the observed and estimated angle to each landmark. Results from experiments in a real environment are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
ARC Studies of the Effects of Electrolyte Additives on the Reactivity of Delithiated Li<sub>1-x</sub>[Ni<sub>1/3</sub>Mn<sub>1/3</sub>Co<sub>1/3</sub>]O<sub>2</sub>and Li<sub>1-x</sub>[Ni<sub>0.8</sub>Co<sub>0.15</sub>Al<sub>0.05</sub>]O<sub>2</sub>Positive Electrode Materials with Electrolyte (2014)

Using accelerating rate calorimetry (ARC), the effect of lithium bis(oxalato)borate (LiBOB), vinylene carbonate (VC) and succinonitrile (SN) electrolyte additives and LiPF6 salt on the reactivity between electrolyte and charged positive electrode material has been investigated. The ARC samples were made with varying concentrations of LiBOB, VC and SN as electrolyte additives and delithiated Li1-x[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2 (NMC) and Li1-x[Ni0.8Co0.15Al0.05]O2 (NCA) charged to 4.2 V as positive electrode materials. The thermal stability of NMC decreases slightly with the addition of the electrolyte additives but the thermal stability of NCA increases with the addition of the electrolyte additives except in the case of VC. The thermal stability of NMC decreases as the concentration of LiPF6 increases while the thermal stability of NCA increases as the concentration of LiPF6 increases. The ARC results shown here suggest that additives and LiPF6 salt can play a different role in thermal stability depending on the positive electrode material. Therefore careful considerations about safety are required to incorporate new electrolyte additives in Li-ion cells.
Synthesis of diols containing nucleic acid bases and their polyesters (1989)

Abstract Preparation of four diols containing nucleic acid bases derived from 3‐(thymin‐1‐yl)propanoic acid (3‐TPA) and 3‐(uracil‐1‐yl)propanoic acid (3‐UPA), and the corresponding model polymers of polynucleotides with linear polyester backbone and nucleic acid base derivative as pendant side chains are described. N ‐(1′,3′‐Dihydroxy‐2′‐methyl‐2′‐propyl)‐3‐(thymin‐1‐yl)propionamide ( VIa , 3‐HMPTPA), N ‐(1′3′‐dihydroxy‐2′‐methyl‐2′‐propyl)‐3‐(uracyl‐1‐yl)propionamide ( VIb , 3‐HMPUPA) and their isomers, N (β,β‐dihydroxyethyl)‐3‐(thymin‐1‐yl)propionamide ( VIIa , 3‐HETPA), and N ‐(β,β‐dihydroxyethyl)‐3‐(uracil‐1‐yl)propionamide ( VIIb , 3‐HEUPA) were synthesized through the selective N ‐acylation of 2‐methyl‐2‐amino‐1,3‐propanediol and diethanolamine with 3‐TPA and 3‐UPA, respectively, by the active ester‐ N ‐hydroxyl‐1,4‐epoxy‐5‐cyclohexene‐2,3‐dicarboximide (HOEC) method. The resulting diols were polycondensed with active diamide of benzotriazole (HBT) such as 1,1′‐(isophthaloyl)bis‐benzotriazole (IPBBT), giving polyesters containing thymine and uracil derivatives as the side group, by the selective O ‐acrylation of active amide‐benzotriazole method.