gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Percutaneous Loss of Desflurane, Isoflurane, and Halothane in Humans (1991)

We studied the percutaneous losses of the new inhaled anesthetic, desflurane (I-653), and of isoflurane and halothane during anesthetic administration and elimination in seven healthy male volunteers. Anesthesia was induced and maintained with midazolam, thiopental, and fentanyl. We administered 70% N2O for 30 min, and then administered 2% desflurane, 0.4% isoflurane, and 0.2% halothane concurrently with 65% N2O for 30 min. Inspired, end-tidal, and mixed-expired gas samples were collected during administration of the volatile agents and for 5-7 days of elimination. The right arm and hand of each subject was enclosed in a sealed glass cylinder having a port at each end, one for sampling and both for flushing with N2 after anesthetic administration and every 15 min thereafter. We sampled gases from the cylinder during administration and for the 150 min of elimination and analyzed their anesthetic concentrations by gas chromatography. The surface area of the enclosed portion of the arm was measured, and the total body surface area was calculated. All values were normalized to (i.e., divided by) the end-tidal (alveolar) concentration at the end of administration. During administration, percutaneous loss of halothane was 3.5 times that of desflurane and 2 times that of isoflurane. During elimination, the loss of halothane was 6 times and 2 times greater than the loss of desflurane and isoflurane, respectively. Percutaneous loss of halothane significantly exceeded that of isoflurane. The elimination values included an estimate of elimination after 150 min. The percutaneous loss of each anesthetic was 2- to 3-fold greater during elimination than administration.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Substituting the main group element in cobalt–iron based Heusler alloys: Co<sub>2</sub>FeAl<sub>1−<i>x</i></sub>Si<sub><i>x</i></sub> (2007)

This work reports about electronic structure calculations for the Heusler compound Co$_2$FeAl$_{1-x}$Si$_x$. Particular emphasis was put on the role of the main group element in this compound. The substitution of Al by Si leads to an increase of the number of valence electrons with increasing Si content and may be seen as electron-doping. Self-consistent electronic structure calculations were performed to investigate the consequences of the electron doping for the magnetic properties. The series Co$_2$FeAl$_{1-x}$Si$_x$ is found to exhibit half-metallic ferromagnetism and the magnetic moment follows the Slater-Pauling rule. It is shown that the electron-doping stabilises the gap in the minority states for $x=0.5$.
RADIATION LOSSES IN GLASS OPTICAL WAVEGUIDES (1970)

Measurements show that single-mode waveguides can be constructed which have radiation losses of about 7 dB/km—very close to the intrinsic material scattering loss. These waveguides, with total losses between 60 and 70 dB/km, have permitted the measurement of bending losses which become dominant at radii of curvature of a few centimeters. An approximate theory based on bending a rectangular guide appears to represent the circular waveguide results very well.
20.6 An 80MHz-BW 31.9fJ/conv-step Filtering ΔΣ ADC with a Built-In DAC-Segmentation/ELD-Compensation 6b 960MS/s SAR-Quantizer in 28nm LP for 802.11ax Applications (2019)

The demand for modern portable smart devices is growing at an unprecedented rate, which speeds up the development of the next-generation wireless-LAN (WLAN) standard. To improve spectrum efficiency and serve more users in crowded areas while increasing maximum throughput, 802.11ax supports 1024QAM modulation under MCS11 with OFDMA technology over 160MHz RF signal bandwidth (BW160). Taking channel fading margin into account, 1024QAM requires a receiver (RX) EVM better than -40dB when supporting multi-user MIMO. To satisfy the stringent RX EVM requirement, the intrinsic dynamic range (DR) of the RX analog baseband over such a wide in-band bandwidth (BW) of 80MHz must exceed 65dB to guarantee that the noise contribution is low enough, with sufficient headroom for the large peak-to-average-power-ratio of the OFDM-based 1024QAM signal. Moreover, the potential co-existence of the LTE-U TX application in the License Assisted Access band with 5G WLAN imposes extremely strict anti-aliasing requirements on the RX analog baseband. Hence, compared with discrete-time-based ADCs, which inevitably need the aid of intensive analog filtering, the continuous-time (CT) ΔΣ modulator (DSM) is a favorable RX ADC candidate due to its inherent anti-aliasing ability. The CTDSMs [1,2] achieve high DR over wide bandwidth by clocking at multi-gigahertz sampling rates to maintain a moderate oversampling ratio (OSR) with sufficient noise-shaping ability. The overhead is tens of milliwatts (mW) of power consumption per ADC, which may account for a significant portion to the total RX power and is not efficient enough for portable devices. This work presents a power-efficient 802.11ax RX analog baseband realized by a single filtering ΔΣ ADC [3] that uses a 6b 960MS/s SAR-quantizer combined with both low-latency DAC-segmentation (LLDS) functionality and excess-loop delay compensation (ELDC) [4]. While the prototype operates under an extremely low OSR of 6×, it achieves SNDR/DR of 64.9dB/68dB over an 80MHz BW with a total power consumption of 7.33mW in 28nm low-power (LP) CMOS. Meanwhile, an additionally embedded 12dB PGA gain range and a peaking-free signal transfer function (STF) make this work even more attractive for RX analog baseband applications.
Structurally and Functionally Distinct Ca<sup>2+</sup> Binding Sites in the γ‐Carboxyglutamic Acid‐Containing Domain of Factor VIIa (1995)

The structural and functional effects of Ca2+ binding to vitamin-K-dependent coagulation factor VIIa were investigated. Conformational changes with a midpoint around 0.7 mM Ca2+ quenched the intrinsic protein fluorescence of a fragment of factor VIIa comprising only the light chain and this coincided with an increase in factor VIIa amidolytic activity in the absence of tissue factor. Ca2+ binding to sites in factor VIIa and in the fragment with an apparent dissociation constant of 1.3-1.4 mM induced binding to phospholipids. A similar Ca2+ dependency was not observed with factor VIIa lacking the N-terminal 38 or 44 residues of the light chain and the observed effects could thus be attributed to gamma-carboxyglutamic-acid-dependent Ca2+ binding. Mg2+ appeared to bind to the site(s) of relatively higher affinity since, although it was less efficient than Ca2+, it stimulated the amidolytic activity and induced quenching of the intrinsic fluorescence. In contrast, Mg2+ did not induce expression of the phospholipid-interactive structure. The binding properties of two monoclonal antibodies that recognized epitopes in the gamma-carboxy-glutamic-acid-rich domain of factor VIIa corroborated the occurrence of two Ca(2+)-induced, sequential structural changes and only one of the antibodies recognized the Mg(2+)-induced structure. Thus Ca2+ binding to the gamma-carboxyglutamic-acid-containing domain appeared to result in at least two distinct structural transitions with different functional consequences. The two (sets of) sites responsible for the observed effects could be distinguished based upon differences in Ca2+ affinity and metal ion selectivity. The interaction between factor VIIa and tissue factor was monitored by means of a direct binding assay and an amidolytic assay. In both systems, half-maximal Ca2+ enhancement was observed at 0.25 mM. This coincided with a Ca(2+)-induced conformational change in factor VIIa associated with fluorescence quenching. The same effect on amidolytic activity was observed with the two N-terminally truncated forms of factor VIIa and it is presumably mediated by Ca2+ binding to a site located in the serine protease part.
Optimization Methods for the Extraction of Vegetable Oils: A Review (2020)

Most seed oils are edible while some are used generally as raw material for soap production, chocolate, margarine, and recently in biodiesel formulations as potential candidates capable of replacing fossil fuels which are costly and destructive to the environment. Oilseeds are a green and major reservoir which when properly exploited can be used sustainably for the production of chemicals at both the laboratory and industrial scales. Oil extraction is one of the most critical steps in seed oil processing because it determines the quality and quantity of oil extracted. Optimization of the extraction conditions for each extraction method enhances yield and quality meanwhile a carefully chosen optimization process equally has the potential of saving time and heat requirements with an associated consequence on cost reduction of the entire process. In this review, the techniques used to optimize oil extraction from plant materials which can be consulted by stakeholders in the field are brought to focus and the merits and demerits of these methods highlighted. Additionally, different types of optimization techniques used for various processes including modeling and the software employed in the optimization processes are discussed. Finally, the quality of the oil as affected by the methods of extraction and the optimization process used are also presented.
<title>Efficiency increase in a traveling wave tube by tapering the phase velocity of the wave</title> (1991)

The beam-wave interaction in a Cerenkov traveling wave tube is considered theoretically. The system is assumed to operate at 8.75 GHz either as an amplifier or as an accelerator. The injected electrons have a kinetic energy of 0.85 MeV and the beam at the entrance can be prebunched or uniform. To avoid saturation, two kinds of tapering are considered: one which is adaptable, in the sense that the phase velocity follows exactly the particle's velocity; in the other, the dielectric coefficient varies algebraically in space. In the case of an accelerator (Eo equals 5 MV/m, I equals 1 A and d equals 0.8 m) the adaptable tapering causes the system to be almost three times more effective than in a uniform device. An analytical solution corresponding to the case 2(gamma) (r)(2) >> 1, is discussed. The other case considered is when the injected beam has a uniform distribution of phases relative to the wave. The construction of the bunching is illustrated as well as the regime in which the amplitude of the wave increases linearly; our simulation reveals that almost 50% of the interaction region is exploited for the former process. The authors show that by tapering, both the gain and the efficiency increase. When operated as an amplifier (E0 equals 1.0 MV/m, I equals 450 A and d equals 0.3 m) with an optimal linear variation of the dielectric coefficient, the efficiency is improved to about 30% from the 5% in the uniform device.
Dopant-Induced Ignition of Helium Nanodroplets in Intense Few-Cycle Laser Pulses (2011)

We demonstrate ultrafast resonant energy absorption of rare-gas doped He nanodroplets from intense few-cycle (~10 fs) laser pulses. We find that less than 10 dopant atoms "ignite" the droplet to generate a nonspherical electronic nanoplasma resulting ultimately in complete ionization and disintegration of all atoms, although the pristine He droplet is transparent for the laser intensities applied. Our calculations at those intensities reveal that the minimal pulse length required for ignition is about 9 fs.
Photon-transport properties of luminescent solar concentrators: analysis and optimization (1984)

The principle of a luminescent solar concentrator is analyzed with an emphasis on the photon-transport yield. A mathematical model is developed, which takes into account the loss factors related to the photon transport in the LSC matrix. The relations obtained show that whereas the optical efficiency is still a decreasing factor with the LSC size, the concentration ratio can be optimized with regard to the geometry, the input surface, and the thickness of the LSC. The experimental analysis, carried out on two types of fluorescent PMMA, confirms the effects of these geometrical parameters on the LSC performances. A concentration ratio of 22 has been obtained experimentally with monochromatic irradiation, and a flux gain of 9.5 has also been determined in real conditions.
Respiratory syncytial virus mRNA coding assignments (1983)

The polypeptide coding assignments for six of the respiratory syncytial virus-specific mRNAs were determined by translation of the individual mRNAs in vitro. The coding assignments of the RNAs are as follows. RNA band 1 is complex and can be separated into at least two components on the basis of electrophoretic mobility (molecular weights [MWs] approximately equal to 0.21 X 10(6) and 0.31 X 10(6), respectively) that code for three polypeptides of 9.5, 11, and 14 kilodaltons (K). RNA 2 (MW, 0.39 X 10(6)) codes for a 34K polypeptide; RNA 3 (MW, 0.40 X 10(6)) codes for a 26K polypeptide; RNA 4 (MW, 0.47 X 10(6)) codes for a 42K polypeptide; and RNA 5 (MW, 0.74 X 10(6)) codes for a 59K polypeptide. By limited-digest peptide mapping, the 34, 26, and 42K polypeptides synthesized in vitro appeared to be unique. Additionally, peptide mapping showed that the 34, 26, and 42K polypeptides synthesized in vitro were indistinguishable from their counterparts synthesized in infected cells. Thus, the 34, 26, and 42K polypeptides coded for by mRNAs 2, 3, and 4, respectively, were identified as the respiratory syncytial virus phosphoprotein (34K), matrix protein (26K), and nucleocapsid protein (42K), respectively. RNA 5 was shown to code for a 59K polypeptide. The 59K polypeptide synthesized in vitro did not comigrate with any polypeptide specific to infected cells, suggesting that it is a candidate for co- or post-translational modification.
Result Diversity for Multi-Modal Route Planning (2013)

We study multi-modal route planning allowing arbitrary (meaningful) combinations of public transportation, walking, and taking a car / taxi. In the straightforward model, the number of Pareto-optimal solutions explodes. It turns out that many of them are similar to each other or unreasonable. We introduce a new filtering procedure, Types aNd Thresholds (TNT), which leads to a small yet representative subset of the reasonable paths. We consider metropolitan areas like New York, where a fast computation of the paths is difficult. To reduce the high computation times, optimality-preserving and heuristic approaches are introduced. We experimentally evaluate our approach with respect to result quality and query time. The experiments confirm that our result sets are indeed small (around 5 results per query) and representative (among the reasonable Pareto-optimal paths), and with average query times of about one second or less.
MppA, a Periplasmic Binding Protein Essential for Import of the Bacterial Cell Wall Peptide <scp>l</scp> -Alanyl-γ- <scp>d</scp> -Glutamyl- <i>meso</i> -Diaminopimelate (1998)

Mutants of a diaminopimelic acid (Dap)-requiring strain of Escherichia coli were isolated which failed to grow on media in which Dap was replaced by the cell wall murein tripeptide, L-alanyl-gamma-D-glutamyl-mesodiaminopimelate. In one such mutant, which is oligopeptide permease (Opp) positive, we have identified a new gene product, designated MppA (murein peptide permease A), that is about 46% identical to OppA, the periplasmic binding protein for Opp. A plasmid carrying the wild-type mppA gene allows the mutant to grow on tripeptide. Two other mutants that failed to grow on tripeptide were resistant to triornithine toxicity, indicating a defect in the opp operon. An E. coli strain whose entire opp operon was deleted but which carried the mppA locus was unable to grow on murein tripeptide unless it was provided with oppBCDF genes in trans. Our data suggest a model whereby the periplasmic MppA binds the murein tripeptide, which is then transported into the cytoplasm via membrane-bound and cytoplasmic OppBCDF. In assessing the affinity of MppA for non-cell wall peptides, we have found that proline auxotrophy can be satisfied with the peptide Pro-Phe-Lys, which utilizes either MppA or OppA in conjunction with OppBCDF for its uptake. Thus, MppA, OppA, and perhaps the third OppA paralog revealed by the E. coli genome sequence may each bind a particular family of peptides but interact with common membrane-associated components for transport of their bound ligands into the cell. As to the physiological function of MppA, the possibility that it may be involved in signal transduction pathway(s) is discussed.
Isocyanide Synthesis with Diphosgene (1977)

An alternative dehydrating agent to the dangerous compound phosgene is urgently required for the isocyanide synthesis. Diphosgene is easy to handle and, moreover, leads to higher yields. equation image
Evaluation of methods for approximating shapes used to synthesize 3D solid textures (2008)

In modern computer graphics applications, textures play an important role in conveying the appearance of real-world materials. But while surface appearance can often be effectively captured with a photograph, it is difficult to use example imagery to synthesize fully three-dimensional (3D) solid textures that are perceptually similar to their inputs. Specifically, this research focuses on human perception of 3D solid textures composed of aggregate particles in a binding matrix. Holding constant an established algorithm for approximating particle distributions , we examine the problem of estimating particle shape . We consider four methods for approximating plausible particle shapes—including two methods of our own contribution. We compare the performance of these methods under a variety of input conditions using automated, perceptually motivated metrics, as well as a psychophysical experiment. In the course of assessing the relative performance of the four algorithms, we also evaluate the reliability of the automated metrics in predicting the results of the experiment.
The Relationship Between Education and Police Stress : Associate Degree Versus Bachelor Degree (2002)

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EDUACATION AND POLICE STRESS: ASSOCIATE DEGREE VERSUS BACHELOR DEGREE” Research was conducted to further investigate whether police officers with Bachelor degrees experience less stress than officers with Associate degrees. Sixty police officers from the Charleston Police Department were the respondents in the study. The officers were measured regarding levels of stress experienced from inter-departmental issues, rule, and regulations. The respondents were also evaluated using the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale, Job Satisfaction Index, and Stress Quiz. While there were no significant differences between the two groups, police officers with Bachelor degrees reported less stress than officers with Associate degrees.
Coupling effects between films of Fe and EuO (1969)

Coupling effects between ferromagnetic films of EuO and Fe in direct contact were studied in the temperature range 6 to 300°K by magnetooptic means. Thin Fe film (435 Å) was vacuum evaporated onto heated glass substrates, followed by EuO films with several steps of thickness (350-1400 Å). A strong anti-parallel coupling is found. When the samples are cooled from room temperature to 10°K with the Fe film saturated, the two magnetizations are found to be 180° apart. If the magnetizations are forced to be parallel by an external field, then subsequent switching occurs by coupled rotation in opposite senses; that is, the magnetization components along the driving field are parallel and the transverse components are antiparallel. The details of the composite hysteresis loops can be explained in terms of the effective field acting within each film due to the coupling. Because of the coupling, the switching field of the composite film can be reduced to 25 Oe, which is much lower than either film alone.
Sorry, i don't speak SPARQL (2013)

Over the past years, Semantic Web and Linked Data technologies have reached the backend of a considerable number of applications. Consequently, large amounts of RDF data are constantly being made available across the planet. While experts can easily gather information from this wealth of data by using the W3C standard query language SPARQL, most lay users lack the expertise necessary to proficiently interact with these applications. Consequently, non-expert users usually have to rely on forms, query builders, question answering or keyword search tools to access RDF data. However, these tools have so far been unable to explicate the queries they generate to lay users, making it difficult for these users to i) assess the correctness of the query generated out of their input, and ii) to adapt their queries or iii) to choose in an informed manner between possible interpretations of their input. This paper addresses this drawback by presenting SPARQL2NL, a generic approach that allows verbalizing SPARQL queries, i.e., converting them into natural language. Our framework can be integrated into applications where lay users are required to understand SPARQL or to generate SPARQL queries in a direct (forms, query builders) or an indirect (keyword search, question answering) manner. We evaluate our approach on the DBpedia question set provided by QALD-2 within a survey setting with both SPARQL experts and lay users. The results of the 115 filled surveys show that SPARQL2NL can generate complete and easily understandable natural language descriptions. In addition, our results suggest that even SPARQL experts can process the natural language representation of SPARQL queries computed by our approach more efficiently than the corresponding SPARQL queries. Moreover, non-experts are enabled to reliably understand the content of SPARQL queries.
A complex charge sampling scheme for complex IF receivers (2003)

A charge sampling technique for complex filtering and further quadrature downconversion of an I/Q downconverted IF signal is introduced. The presented technique can be applied to complex IF radio receivers for attenuating the image signal at the IF and for partial channel selection filtering. Circuit level simulations of a test circuit for complex filtering and quadrature downconversion of a 50 MHz I/Q IF signal are shown.
Low-volume resuscitation using polyethylene glycol-20k in a preclinical porcine model of hemorrhagic shock (2016)

In a preclinical model of controlled hemorrhagic shock, PEG-20k-based LVR solution increased tolerance to the shock state 16-fold compared to saline. Polyethylene glycol-20k is a superior crystalloid for LVR that may increase safe transport times in the prehospital setting and find use in hospital emergency departments and operating rooms for patients awaiting volume replacement or normalization of cell, tissue, and compartment fluid volumes.
Fast Hybrid MPPT Technique for Photovoltaic Applications: Numerical and Experimental Validation (2014)

In PV applications, under mismatching conditions, it is necessary to adopt a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique which is able to regulate not only the voltages of the PV modules of the array but also the DC input voltage of the inverter. Such a technique can be considered a hybrid MPPT (HMPPT) technique since it is neither only distributed on the PV modules of the PV array or only centralized at the input of the inverter. In this paper a new HMPPT technique is presented and discussed. Its main advantages are the high MPPT efficiency and the high speed of tracking which are obtained by means of a fast estimate of the optimal values of PV modules voltages and of the input inverter voltage. The new HMPPT technique is compared with simple HMPPT techniques based on the scan of the power versus voltage inverter input characteristic. The theoretical analysis and the results of numerical simulations are widely discussed. Moreover, a laboratory test system, equipped with PV emulators, has been realized and used in order to experimentally validate the proposed technique.