gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tailoring the Electrooptic Response and Improving the Performance of Integrated $\hbox{LiNbO}_{3}$ Modulators by Domain Engineering (2007)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> Domain inversion (DI) is applied to traveling-wave integrated electrooptic (EO) <formula formulatype="inline"> <tex>$\hbox{LiNbO}_{3}$</tex></formula> modulators to achieve predefined EO frequency response and improved performance with respect to standard single-domain (not domain-inverted) counterparts, including lower driving voltages and larger modulation bandwidths. In particular, when an appropriate poling (DI) is performed along the interaction length, two novel configurations are envisaged. 1) An apodised longitudinal poling profile is used in non-velocity-matched (NVM) modulators to achieve a desired EO response, such as amplitude modulation with intrinsic third-order Bessel-type optical filtering for duobinary transmission. 2) Two-section longitudinal poling is used to counteract the detrimental microwave loss effect in VM modulators and to increase the bandwidth to driving voltage ratio, achieving a value up to 50% larger than that of single-domain (unpoled) structure. </para>
Ceramic Aspects of the Bosch Lambda-Sensor (1975)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The Λ-sensor is used within the scope of the Bosch emission control system, representing a closed control loop. In principle, it is an oxygen concentration cell with an oxygen ion-conducting solid electrolyte which provides a sharp voltage step at the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio, serving as a control signal. Zirconia ceramic stabilized with certain metal oxides is used as the solid electrolyte. The electrical and mechanical properties of the ceramic depend, above all, on the type and concentration of the stabilizing oxide and on the manufacturing conditions. Using ceramic materials which are described, sensors can be produced that make possible exact control of the stoichiometric A/F in a temperature range of 300/400-900°C. The lifetime of the sensor, which depends on the operating conditions, can be taken as about 15,000 miles of driving distance. With this sensor, exhaust emissions can be kept below the limits specified for 1977-1978 in the United States.</div>
Artificial Peptide-Nanospheres Self-Assembled from Three-Way Junctions of β-Sheet-Forming Peptides (2005)

Rational design of self-assembly of proteins, which plays pivotal roles in biology, is an important subject for biotechnology and also bottom-up nanotechnology. This paper has proposed a novel strategy for construction of artificial peptide-nanospheres by self-assembly. Mimicking formation of spherical viruses and clathrin, we designed a novel C3-symmetric peptide conjugate bearing three beta-sheet-forming peptides. These peptide conjugates formed antiparallel beta-structures and self-assembled into nanospheres with the size of about 20 nm in the acidic solution.
Non-invasive and isotope-selective laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy of nitric oxide in exhaled air (2007)

The detection of nitric oxide (NO) is of considerable medical interest. NO is involved in a multitude of mammal physiological processes, and various non-invasive concentration determination methods for NO have been developed during the last few years. Regarding time resolved metabolism behavior the quantitative determination of the (15)N(16)O-isotopologue in combination with (15)N-labeled drugs and amino acids is a central interest of current medical research. We apply laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) spectroscopy for isotope-selective detection of NO in various biological environments with a theoretical detection limit below 0.1 parts per trillion (ppt). Electronic excitation of the AX-transition in the UV provides fluorescence around 247 nm from [Formula: see text]. For an online measurement of human exhaled air, a respiratory mask has been constructed and integrated into our system. This paper gives an overview of the applied LIF device for non-invasive detection of NO originated from exhaled human air. The main advantages of this device compared to established methods are as follows: high sensitivity for NO concentrations in the ppt region, a high time resolution of 20 ms and isotopic selectivity to distinguish between (14)NO and (15)NO. Visualizations of single-exhalation profiles and long-time online measurements including the determination of absolute NO concentrations are presented and the influence of quenching gases present during the experiment is discussed. To our knowledge, we present for the first time time-resolved (15)NO online profiles of exhaled human air.
Computer simulation of FES standing up in paraplegia: a self-adaptive fuzzy controller with reinforcement learning (1998)

Using computer simulation, the theoretical feasibility of functional electrical stimulation (FES) assisted standing up is demonstrated using a closed-loop self-adaptive fuzzy logic controller based on reinforcement machine learning (FLC-RL). The control goal was to minimize upper limb forces and the terminal velocity of the knee joint. The reinforcement learning (RL) technique was extended to multicontroller problems in continuous state and action spaces. The validated algorithms were used to synthesize FES controllers for the knee and hip joints in simulated paraplegic standing up. The FLC-RL controller was able to achieve the maneuver with only 22% of the upper limb force required to stand-up without FES and to simultaneously reduce the terminal velocity of the knee joint close to zero. The FLC-RL controller demonstrated, as expected, the closed loop fuzzy logic control and on-line self-adaptation capability of the RL was able to accommodate for simulated disturbances due to voluntary arm forces, FES induced muscle fatigue and anthropometric differences between individuals. A method of incorporating a priori heuristic rule based knowledge is described that could reduce the number of the learning trials required to establish a usable control strategy. We also discuss how such heuristics may also be incorporated into the initial FLC-RL controller to ensure safe operation from the onset.
Genetic improvement of major characters of sugarcane varieties in Guangxi. (2009)

Sugarcane variety F134 was used as the control,the genetic improvement for main agronomic traits of 22 Guitang sugarcane varieties which were bred in Guangxi and passed the registration by National or Guangxi Committer for Crop Variety Registration during 1957-2006,were analyzed.The results showed that in recent years,the plant height,nodes,length of node changed little,and the effective stalks per cluster,stalk diameter and weight per stalk increased obviously.The yield of sugarcane increased and the genetic improvement of yield was obvious.The brix of sugarcane at ear-ly stage(Nov.) and maturing stage(Dec.-Mar.) increased stably during the former 30 years and increased little during the late 20 years.The contributions of plant height,effective stalks per cluster,stalk diameter to improve the yield were the greatest.Therefore,these traits would be the main selection for sugarcane variety in Guangxi.The sugar content and early-maturity of sugarcane had obvious improvement,so it would be more difficult to breed new sugarcane varieties with earlier mature and higher sucrose.
Photobiomodulation in Promoting Wound Healing: A Review (2015)

Despite diverse methods being applied to induce wound healing, many wounds remain recalcitrant to all treatments. Photobiomodulation involves inducing wound healing by illuminating wounds with light emitting diodes or lasers. While used on different animal models, in vitro, and clinically, wound healing is induced by many different wavelengths and powers with no optimal set of parameters yet being identified. While data suggest that simultaneous multiple wavelength illumination is more efficacious than single wavelengths, the optimal single and multiple wavelengths must be better defined to induce more reliable and extensive healing of different wound types. This review focuses on studies in which specific wavelengths induce wound healing and on their mechanisms of action.
Liquid crystalline conjugated polymers and their applications in organic electronics (2009)

Abstract This article describes the syntheses and electro‐optical applications of liquid crystalline (LC) conjugated polymers, for example, poly( p ‐phenylenevinylene), polyfluorene, polythiophene, and other conjugated polymers. The polymerization involves several mechanisms: the Gilch route, Heck coupling, or Knoevenagel condensation for poly( p ‐phenylenevinylene)s, the Suzuki‐ or Yamamoto‐coupling reaction for polyfluorenes, and miscellaneous coupling reactions for other conjugated polymers. These LC conjugated polymers are classified into two types: conjugated main chain polymers with long alkyl side chains, namely main‐chain type LC polymers, and conjugated polymers grafting with mesogenic side groups, namely side‐chain type LC conjugated polymers. In general, the former shows higher transition temperature and only nematic phase; the latter possesses lower transition temperature and more mesophases, for example, smectic and nematic phases, depending on the structure of mesogenic side chains. The fully conjugated main chain promises them as good candidates for polarized electroluminescent or field‐effect devices. The polarized emission can be obtained by surface rubbing or thermal annealing in liquid crystalline phase, with maximum dichroic ratio more than 20. In addition, conjugated oligomers with LC properties are also included and discussed in this article. Several oligo‐fluorene derivatives show outstanding polarized emission properties and potential use in LCD backlight application. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 2713–2733, 2009
<i>In Vitro</i>Activities of Clindamycin, Imipenem, Metronidazole, and Piperacillin-Tazobactam against Susceptible and Resistant Isolates of Bacteroides fragilis Evaluated by Kill Kinetics (2012)

The aim of the present study was to investigate the activities of clindamycin, imipenem, metronidazole, and piperacillin-tazobactam against 12 Bacteroides fragilis isolates (resistant and susceptible strains) by kill kinetics over 24 h. In contrast to the other antimicrobial agents, clindamycin did not affect strains with MICs of >8.0 μg/ml. For those strains with MICs of ≤ 8.0 μg/ml, all employed antibiotics except clindamycin showed nearly bactericidal activity. Metronidazole proved to be the most active antimicrobial agent.
Studies of surface immunoglobulins on human B lymphocytes. I. Dissociation of cell-bound immunoglobulins with acid pH or at 37 degrees C. (1975)

Lymphocyte preparations isolated from the human peripheral blood were exposed to different acid pH or incubated at 37 degrees C and the presence of immunoglobulin (Ig) on the cell surface was examined by immunofluorescence (IF) tests. Subsequently, such treated cells were incubated in the autologous serum or in the purified IgG, IgA or IgM proteins and their ability to bind each class of Ig was examined. The results showed that IgG molecules dissociated from large proportions of IgG-positive cells upon exposure to pH 4 at 1 degrees C for 1 min or upon incubation at 37 degrees C for 20 min. The cells from which IgG had been dissociated could again combine with IgG, whereupon the number of positive cells increased, being restored to the number of equivalent to or higher than those before acid or 37 degrees C treatment. These results indicated that the treatment could elute the cell-bound IgG present on the cell and that the receptor sites were not degraded by the treatment and could combine with IgG. These cell-bound IgG were observed not only on the monocytes, but also on the small lymphocytes. It was also found that certain proportions of mononuclear cells carried the cell-bound IgA that could be dissociated with acid pH or 37 degrees C. No cell-bound IgM was observed on any mononuclear cells. Microscopic observations before and after acid or 37 degrees C treatment revealed that the staining distribution of the cell-bound IgG and IgA on the cell was granular, appearing as a discontinuous fluorescence ring and forming multiple aggregates but no typical polar caps on warming. In contrast, IgG, IgA, and IgM stable to acid or 37 degrees C treatment were found on the lymphocytes but not on the monocytes, and their staining distribution was uniformaly diffuse, appearing as a continuous ring and forming a typical cap on warming. Exposure of the cells to pH 4 or 37 degrees C could also elute the cell-bound IgG passively adsorbed to the human lymphoid cells in a culture, but did not affect the intrinsic S.Ig on the lymphoid cells in a culture or on the lymphoma cells. These results indicate that the exposure of the cells to acid pH or to 37 degrees C may enable us to detect unfailingly S.Ig lymphocytes by removing the cell-bound IgG and IgA present on the monocytes and/or lymphocytes. Thus, an average value of approximately 10% was obtained for the S.Ig lymphocyte in the lymphocyte preparations from 11 healthy individuals. In addition, the results provided the evidence that, even in normal peripheral blood lymphocytes, there may be a population of B lymphocytes which lack the S.Ig but carry the cell-bound Ig.
Suppression of Proinflammatory Cytokines in Functionalized Fullerene‐Exposed Dermal Keratinocytes (2010)

Initial experiments using differentially functionalized fullerenes, CD‐C 60 , hexa‐C 60 , and tris‐C 60 , suggested a properties dependent effect on cytotoxic and proliferative responses in human skin keratinocytes. In the present study we investigated the cytokine secretion profile of dermal epithelial cells exposed to functionalized fullerenes. Keratinocyte‐derived cytokines affect homing and trafficking of normal and malignant epidermal immune as well as nonimmune cells in vivo. These cytokines are critical for regulating activation, proliferation, and differentiation of epidermal cells. Our results indicate that tris‐C 60 (size range <100 nm) significantly reduces inflammatory cytokine release in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. In contrast CD‐C 60 demonstrated a relatively pro‐inflammatory cytokine response, while hexa‐C 60 did not significantly perturb cytokine responses. Physical and chemical characterizations of these engineered nanomaterials suggest that the disparate biological responses observed may potentially be a function of the aggregation properties of these fullerenes.
Racemic synthesis of carbocyclic purine nucleoside analogues with restricted glycosyl conformation (1999)

Carbocyclic purine nucleoside analogues which have restricted glycosyl conformation at χ ≈ 180° were designed, based on the conformational features of the L-nucleotide residue in heterochiral DNA, and synthesized. The synthesis of (±)-carbocyclic 8,6′-O-anhydro-8,6′-dihydroxy-2′-deoxyadenosine 3 was achieved by intramolecular cyclization of the 8-bromo-6′-O-tosyl-2′-deoxyadenosine derivative. (±)-Carbocyclic 8,6′-O-anhydro-8,6′-dihydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine 4 was synthesized from the carbocyclic 2,6-diaminopurine nucleoside derivative via the carbocyclic 8-bromo-6′-O-mesyl-2′-deoxyguanosine derivative.
Mono‐Estolide Synthesis from <i>trans</i>‐8‐Hydroxy‐Fatty Acids by Lipases in Solvent‐Free Media and Their Physical Properties (2015)

Abstract Pseudomonas aeruginosa 42A2 is known to produce two hydroxy‐fatty acids, 10( S )‐hydroxy‐8( E )‐octadecenoic and 7,10( S , S )‐dihydroxy‐8( E )‐octadecenoic acids, when cultivated in a mineral medium using oleic acid as a single carbon source. These compounds were purified, 91 and 96 % respectively, to produce two new families of estolides: trans ‐8‐estolides and saturated estolides from the monohydroxylated monomer. trans ‐8‐estolides were produced by three different lipases (Novozym 435, Lipozyme RM IM and Lipozyme TL IM) with reaction yields between 68.4 ± 2.1 and 94.7 ± 2.4 % in a solvent‐free medium at 80 °C in 168 h under vacuum. Novozym 435 was found to be the most efficient biocatalyst for both hydroxy‐fatty acids with reaction yields of 71.7 ± 2.3 and 94.7 ± 2.4 %, respectively. Moreover, saturated estolides were also produced from a saturated 10( S )‐hydroxy‐8( E )‐octadecenoic. These estolides were chemically and enzymatically synthesized with Novozym 435, under the previous described reaction conditions with yields of 60.7 ± 2.1 and 71.2 ± 2.3 % respectively. Finally, viscosity, glass transition temperature, decomposition temperatures and enthalpies were determined to characterize both types of estolides. Thermal applications for both types of polyesters were improved since glass transition temperatures were lowered and decomposition temperatures were increased, with respect to their corresponding substrates.
Molecular Epidemiology of Rhodococcus equi Based on traA, vapA, and vapB Virulence Plasmid Markers (2007)

Molecular typing of the actinomycete Rhodococcus equi is insufficiently developed, and little is known about the epidemiology and transmission of this multihost pathogen. We report a simple, reliable polymerase chain reaction typing system for R. equi based on 3 plasmid gene markers: traA from the conserved conjugal transfer machinery and vapA and vapB, found in 2 different plasmid subpopulations. This "TRAVAP" typing scheme classifies R. equi into 4 categories: traA(+)/vapA(+)B(-), traA(+)/vapA(-)B(+), traA(+)/vapAB(-), and traA(-)/vapAB(-) (plasmidless). A TRAVAP survey of 215 R. equi strains confirmed the strong link between vapA (traA(+)/vapA(+)B(-) plasmids) and horse isolates and revealed other host-related plasmid associations: between traA(+)/vapA(-)B(+) and pigs and between traA(+)/vapAB(-)--a new type of R. equi plasmid--and cattle. Plasmidless strains were more frequent among isolates from nonpathological specimens. All plasmid categories were common in human isolates, which possibly reflects the predominantly opportunistic nature of R. equi infection in this host and a zoonotic origin.
NOVEL LOW-COST END-WALL MICROSTRIP-TO-WAVEGUIDE SPLITTER TRANSITION (2010)

A novel configuration for an end-wall microstrip-towaveguide splitter transition is presented suitable for use in series fed microstrip arrays. The low price, simplicity, manufacturability, low sensitivity, and also wideband operation, up to more than 37%, is the result of positive interaction between double slots and double stubs. The transition is applied to a dual band 1 2 array. A wideband non-tilted pattern is achieved.
Corrected Structure of the 5′ Flanking Region of Arylsulfatase Gene of the Sea Urchin, <i>Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus</i> (1994)

The nucleotide sequence of the 5' flanking region of the arylsulfatase (Ars) gene of the sea urchin, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus, is extensively corrected. The one previously reported from our laboratory (ref. 7, Develop, Growth & Differ., 34, 719-729, 1992) contains many sequencing errors and should be replaced with that presented here. Correction includes the addition of a 294 nucleotide (nt) sequence between -728 and -1,021. In the previous sequencing, this fragment was missed by overlooking one Hindlll site during subcloning. In addition to a cluster of direct repeats between -2,592 and -3,440, an inverted repeat is detected between -217 and -476. A possible role of the inverted repeat in the regulation of transcription of the Ars gene is discussed.
Learning multiple fault diagnosis (2002)

The authors describe two methods for integrating model-based diagnosis (MBD) and explanation-based learning (EBL). The first method, EBL, uses a generate-test-debug paradigm, generating diagnostic hypotheses using learned associational rules that summarize model-based diagnostic experiences. This strategy is a form of learning while doing model-based troubleshooting and could be called online learning. The second diagnosis and learning method described here (EBL-STATIC) involves learning in advance. Learning begins in a training phase prior to performance or testing. Empirical results of computational experiments comparing the learning methods with MBD on two devices (the polybox and the binary full adder) are reported. For the same diagnostic performance, EBL-STATIC is several orders of magnitude faster than MBD, while EBL can cause performance slow-down.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Evaluation of a prototype air-venting inline intravenous filter set (1975)

A prototype inline intravenous final filter with a large filtration area and an air-elimination feature was evaluated. Adequate and uniform flow rates were maintained with infusion solutions containing cephalothin and ampicillin, while with oxytetracycline, flow rates decreased significantly. Challenging the unit with air demonstrated the suitability of the air-elimination system. In a brief clinical trial on 53 patients, the unit appeared easy to use and gained the acceptance of nurses, pharmacists and physicians.
Impact of the haplotype CYP3A4*16B harboring the Thr185Ser substitution on paclitaxel metabolism in Japanese patients with cancer (2006)

Our results suggest that CYP3A416B is associated with both reduced 3'-p-hydroxylation of paclitaxel and probably increased levels of 6alpha-hydroxypaclitaxel.
The VVSymQ® instrument: Use of a new patient-reported outcome measure for assessment of varicose vein symptoms (2015)

The VVSymQ® instrument is a reliable, valid instrument responsive to measuring change in the patient experience of varicose vein symptoms pre- and post-intervention, and is uniquely focused on patient-reported symptoms compared with other widely used questionnaires completed by clinicians.
Development of Cervical Fat Pads Following Therapy with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease Inhibitors (1998)

Eight patients with infection due to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 developed fat pads at the bases of their necks a median of 22 weeks (range, 4-61 weeks) after initiation of protease inhibitor therapy. This finding was seen in association with the use of each of the available protease inhibitors. The patients had no other cushingoid features or histories of corticosteroid use, and all had normal 24-hour urine cortisol levels. The computed tomography scans of five patients showed large, nonencapsulated accumulations of subcutaneous adipose tissue. Histological examination of tissue from one patient confirmed a nonlipomatous subcutaneous fat deposition. Although the pathogenesis of this unique clinical finding is unclear, the temporal relationship between the use of protease inhibitors and the development of cervical fat pads is suggestive of a complication of therapy.
Epitope Mapping by Chemical Modification of Free and Antibody-Bound Protein Antigen (1987)

A monoclonal antibody bound to a protein antigen slows the rate of chemical modification of amino acid residues located at the epitope. By comparing the degree of acetylation of 18 lysine and 7 threonine residues in free and antibody-bound horse cytochrome c, a discontiguous, conformational epitope was characterized on this protein antigen. The new approach is particularly suitable to probe discontiguous and conformational epitopes, which are difficult to analyze by other procedures.
Design considerations of B&W internal circulation CFB boilers (1995)

Worldwide, the use of Circulating Fluidized-Bed (CFB) boiler technology is rapidly increasing due to the ability to burn low grade fuels while meeting the required NO{sub x}, SO{sub 2}, CO, VOC, and particulate emissions requirements. The CFB boiler can produce steam economically for process and electric power generation. This paper discusses various aspects of Babcock & Wilcox (B&W) internal recirculation circulating fluidized-bed (IR-CFB) boiler design including fuel, boiler process parameters, and emissions. The B&W CFB boiler is unique in design. It utilizes proven impact-type particle separators (U-beams) with in-furnace solids recirculation recirculation. The paper describes the methodology for setting up process parameters, heat duty, boiler design, including auxiliary equipment selection and advantages. The paper also updates the ongoing IR-CFB boiler contracts.