gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Metrology System for the Green Bank Telescope (1999)

The National Radio Astronomy Observatory (NRAO) is constructing a 100-meter aperture, 60-meter focal length offset paraboloid, fully steerable, radio telescope in Green Bank, West Virginia. The Green Bank Telescope (GBT) will be the world’s largest fully steerable telescope when completed in late 1999. The GBT stands 150meters at its peak and has a moving weight of 8000 tons suspended on 16 conical steel wheels on a 32-meter radius track. The goal is to obtain a reflector surface accuracy of 0.25 mm RMS and a pointing accuracy of 1 arcsecond, under benign weather conditions, in order to work up to a frequency of 100 GHz (3 mm wavelength). To accomplish this goal, a number of unique features are included in the design of the GBT. The surface is composed of 2004 reflector panels mounted on motor operated actuators to correct the surface for thermal and gravity deflections of the support structure. Custom designed and automated Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM) instrumentation 3 is included to provide closed-loop feedback of the surface shape at the 2209 actuator locations, and measurements from fixed ground-based instruments provide closed-loop measurements for pointing error corrections. Six instruments are mounted on the structure above the main reflector looking into 2209 retroreflectors mounted on the surface, to produce a complete survey of the reflector every 8 minutes. Twelve ground-based instruments, equally spaced on a 120-meter radius around the telescope, track retroreflectors mounted on cardinal points on the telescope structure. The two systems are tied into a survey network referenced to the 12 ground-based instrument monuments. The instruments use a laser diode modulated at 1500.000 MHz and a digital phase measurement technique to produce a measurement modulo 100 mm. A servo-controlled mirror is used to switch between targets. The instrument accuracy is around 0.100 mm at 100 meters (1 ppm) with a measurement speed of 5 points per second for near neighbor retroreflector targets. All coordinates are calculated by trilateration, i.e., only distances are used in the reduction. The group refractive index, the major limit to accuracy, is corrected by a combination of refractometer paths between ground monuments; temperature, pressure, and humidity profile measurements; and possibly acoustic thermometry. For example, a 1°C change in temperature produces a 1 ppm change in the group refractive indexthe entire error budget if uncorrected. The 18 instruments are interconnected via Ethernet to a central computer that orchestrates the required measurements and computes the coordinates. The central computer tracks the telescope motion from 24-bit encoders and a finite element analysis model of the structural deformations as a function of telescope elevation angle.
Levodopa (1970)

<h3>To the Editor.—</h3> It is certainly true that patients with Parkinson's disease whose mobility has been restored with treatment may retain some postural instability and should be cautioned about the potential risks of greater physical activity. However, we believe that the value of increased mobility far outweighs the risk of fracture or cardiovascular failure. A significant number of mental side effects are clearly related to the ingestion of levodopa. Other mental reactions seem to be related more clearly to other phenomenon including the age of the patient, the severity of Parkinson's disease, the concomitant use of other medications, and the degree of dementia. In our series those patients with dementia or severe Parkinson's disease and those in the older age group are most likely to develop mentation disturbances on levodopa. It is a generally accepted observation that patients with advanced generalized brain disease are quite susceptible to the development of
Antisense oligonucleotide targeting CD39 improves anti-tumor T cell immunity (2019)

Targeting of CD39 by ASOs represents a promising state-of-the art therapeutic approach to improve immune responses against tumors.
Fractional-$N$ Phase-Locked-Loop-Based Frequency Synthesis: A Tutorial (2009)

The fundamentals and state of the art in fractional- <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</i> phase-locked-loop (PLL)-based frequency synthesis are reviewed. Particular emphasis is placed on delta-sigma fractional- <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</i> PLLs and quantization noise and fractional spur suppression techniques for wide-bandwidth applications.
Multichannel near infrared spectroscopy indicates regional variations in cerebral autoregulation in infants supported on extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (2012)

Assessing noninvasively cerebral autoregulation, the protective mechanism of the brain to maintain constant cerebral blood flow despite changes in blood pressure, is challenging. Infants on life support system (ECMO) for cardiorespiratory failure are at risk of cerebral autoregulation impairment and consequent neurological problems. We measured oxyhaemoglobin concentration (HbO(2)) by multichannel (12 channels) near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in six infants during sequential changes in ECMO flow. Wavelet cross-correlation (WCC) between mean arterial pressure (MAP) and HbO(2) was used to construct a time-frequency representation of the concordance between the two signals to assess the nonstationary aspect of cerebral autoregulation and investigate regional variations. Group data showed that WCC increases with decreasing ECMO flow indicating higher concordance between MAP and HbO(2) and demonstrating loss of cerebral autoregulation at low ECMO flows. Statistically significant differences in WCC were observed between channels placed on the right and left scalp with channels on the right exhibiting higher values of WCC suggesting that the right hemisphere was more susceptible to disruption of cerebral autoregulation. Multichannel NIRS in conjunction with wavelet analysis methods can be used to assess regional variations in dynamic cerebral autoregulation with important clinical application in the management of critically ill children on life support systems.
Single-molecule FRET measures bends and kinks in DNA (2008)

We present advances in the use of single-molecule FRET measurements with flexibly linked dyes to derive full 3D structures of DNA constructs based on absolute distances. The resolution obtained by this single-molecule approach harbours the potential to study in detail also protein- or damage-induced DNA bending. If one is to generate a geometric structural model, distances between fixed positions are needed. These are usually not experimentally accessible because of unknown fluorophore-linker mobility effects that lead to a distribution of FRET efficiencies and distances. To solve this problem, we performed studies on DNA double-helices by systematically varying donor acceptor distances from 2 to 10 nm. Analysis of dye-dye quenching and fluorescence anisotropy measurements reveal slow positional and fast orientational fluorophore dynamics, that results in an isotropic average of the FRET efficiency. We use a nonlinear conversion function based on MD simulations that allows us to include this effect in the calculation of absolute FRET distances. To obtain unique structures, we performed a quantitative statistical analysis for the conformational search in full space based on triangulation, which uses the known helical nucleic acid features. Our higher accuracy allowed the detection of sequence-dependent DNA bending by 16 degrees . For DNA with bulged adenosines, we also quantified the kink angles introduced by the insertion of 1, 3 and 5 bases to be 32 degrees +/- 6 degrees , 56 degrees +/- 4 degrees and 73 +/- 2 degrees , respectively. Moreover, the rotation angles and shifts of the helices were calculated to describe the relative orientation of the two arms in detail.
Measurement of Tacrolimus (FK506) and Its Metabolites (1997)

Tacrolimus (FK506, Prograf) is a macrolide immunosuppressant used for the prevention of organ rejection after transplantation. Tacrolimus demonstrates considerable interindividual variation in its pharmacokinetic profile. This has caused difficulty in defining the optimum regimen and has highlighted the need for therapeutic drug monitoring. Several assay methods for the measurements of tacrolimus in biological specimens have been developed. These assay methods were used for therapeutic drug monitoring and/or pharmacokinetic studies. Two commercially available immunoassays, based on the same monoclonal antibody to tacrolimus, have been used for therapeutic drug monitoring of tacrolimus in whole blood. For pharmacokinetic studies, the assay methods were used to measure tacrolimus and its metabolites in very low concentrations in selected biological matrixes to determine the metabolic and pharmacokinetic profiles of this drug.
Treatment Outcomes of Uterine Artery Embolization and Laparoscopic Uterine Artery Ligation for Uterine Myoma (2003)

In treating women with leiomyoma and who wish to preserve their uterus, laparoscopic uterine artery ligation or uterine artery embolization should be considered as possible options. This study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of laparoscopic uterine artery ligation and uterine artery embolization in treating uterine myoma. The treatment outcomes of 23 patients who underwent uterine artery embolization and 17 laparoscopic uterine artery ligation were evaluated. The uterine volume reduced 3 months after uterine artery embolization, but thereafter no significant changes were observed. On the other hand, the uterine volumes were only slightly reduced 3 months after laparoscopic uterine artery ligation, and slightly more reduced 6 months later. The average reduction in the case of laparoscopic uterine artery ligation was about 58.5%. After laparoscopic uterine artery ligation, 20% of the patients complained of vaginal spotting. Furthermore, the mechanism of volume reduction was evaluated using specimens obtained from a biopsy taken after each procedure. The results suggested that laparoscopic uterine artery ligation results mainly in physiologic cell death, that is apoptosis, whereas, the corresponding result is cell necrosis for uterine artery embolization. Uterine artery embolization and laparoscopic uterine artery ligation are both effective in relieving the symptoms caused by uterine myoma, and therefore both procedures can be used in place of hysterectomy or myomectomy.
Toward a Hepatitis C Virus Vaccine: the Structural Basis of Hepatitis C Virus Neutralization by AP33, a Broadly Neutralizing Antibody (2012)

The E2 envelope glycoprotein of hepatitis C virus (HCV) binds to the host entry factor CD81 and is the principal target for neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). Most NAbs recognize hypervariable region 1 on E2, which undergoes frequent mutation, thereby allowing the virus to evade neutralization. Consequently, there is great interest in NAbs that target conserved epitopes. One such NAb is AP33, a mouse monoclonal antibody that recognizes a conserved, linear epitope on E2 and potently neutralizes a broad range of HCV genotypes. In this study, the X-ray structure of AP33 Fab in complex with an epitope peptide spanning residues 412 to 423 of HCV E2 was determined to 1.8 Å. In the complex, the peptide adopts a β-hairpin conformation and docks into a deep binding pocket on the antibody. The major determinants of antibody recognition are E2 residues L413, N415, G418, and W420. The structure is compared to the recently described HCV1 Fab in complex with the same epitope. Interestingly, the antigen-binding sites of HCV1 and AP33 are completely different, whereas the peptide conformation is very similar in the two structures. Mutagenesis of the peptide-binding residues on AP33 confirmed that these residues are also critical for AP33 recognition of whole E2, confirming that the peptide-bound structure truly represents AP33 interaction with the intact glycoprotein. The slightly conformation-sensitive character of the AP33-E2 interaction was explored by cross-competition analysis and alanine-scanning mutagenesis. The structural details of this neutralizing epitope provide a starting point for the design of an immunogen capable of eliciting AP33-like antibodies.
Fabrication, Corrosion, and Mechanical Properties of Magnetron Sputtered Cu–Zr–Al Metallic Glass Thin Film (2019)

The appearance of thin film metallic glasses (TFMGs) is gaining increasing interest because of their unique mechanical and anticorrosion properties and potential engineering applications. In this study, Cu-Zr-Al ternary thin film metallic glasses were fabricated by using DC magnetron sputtering equipment with various target powers. The evolution of the structure was systematically investigated by grazing incidence X-ray diffractometer, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The deposition rate increases with the increasing of applied target power. The as-deposited thin films show an amorphous structure. The compositional fluctuations on the nanometer scale indicate the presence of two Cu- and Zr-rich amorphous phases. The electrochemical corrosion measurements indicated that Cu-Zr-Al thin film metallic glasses had good corrosion resistance in the sulfuric acid solution. Nanoindentation results showed that the mechanical deformation was found to be homogenous and reproducible with a high value range for the hardness and modulus.
Caloric Restriction Per Se Is a Significant Factor in Improvements in Glycemic Control and Insulin Sensitivity During Weight Loss in Obese NIDDM Patients (1994)

Both degree of calorie restriction and magnitude of weight loss have independent effects on improvements in glycemic control and insulin sensitivity.
Relation between transcardiac and transthoracic current during defibrillation in humans. (1990)

Conceptually, transthoracic defibrillation threshold current can be considered a function of at least two quantities. It is directly proportional to the transcardiac threshold current and inversely proportional to the transcardiac current fraction (FC) or the ratio of transcardiac and transthoracic current. Although experimental and theoretical estimates of FC have been as high as 45%, previous measurements in humans have not been made. This study was designed to quantify FC in humans. During intraoperative testing of the automatic implantable cardioverter defibrillator, transthoracic rescue shocks of 200-400 J were delivered when the device failed to defibrillate. Simultaneous transthoracic voltage (VT) and transcardiac voltage (VC) between two implanted epicardial patch electrodes were measured. The ratio, VC/VT, was 0.04 +/- 0.03 (mean +/- SD) in 10 patients. In 16 dogs, a comparison was made between direct measurement of FC and VC/VT. FC was determined with a specially designed electrode system, which was calibrated to account for field distortion introduced by the electrodes. There was no significant difference between FC and VC/VT, which were both approximately 0.05, suggesting that VC/VT was statistically equivalent to FC. The results of this study, therefore, indicate that during transthoracic defibrillation in humans, approximately 4% of transthoracic current traverses the heart. This relatively small percentage of current results from the existence of parallel pathways, such as the thoracic cage and lungs, which shunt current around the heart.
Capacitive Sensors: Design and Applications (1996)

Capacitive sensors produce spectacular resolution of movement to one part in 10-10 meters and maintain exceptional long-term stability in hostile environments. They are increasingly used for a variety of jobs in consumer and industrial equipment, including wall stud sensors, keypads, lamp dimmers, micrometers, calipers, rotation encoders, and more. The most focused, authoritative book available in the field, Capacitive Sensors brings you complete information on the research, design, and production of capacitive sensors. This all-in-one source provides detailed, comprehensive coverage of key topics, including underlying theory, electrode configuration, and practical circuits. In addition, you'll find reviews of a number of tested systems never before published. Capacitive Sensors is a must-have for product designers and mechanical and electrical engineers interested in using this fast-developing technology to get top price and performance advantages
On two versions of a 3  algorithm for spiral CT (2004)

A 3pi algorithm is obtained in which all the derivatives are confined to a detector array. Distance weighting of backprojection coefficients of the algorithm is studied. A numerical experiment indicates that avoiding differentiation along the source trajectory improves spatial resolution. Another numerical experiment shows that the terms depending on the non-standard distance weighting l/[x - y (s)] can no longer be ignored.
Use of real-time RT-PCR for the detection of allelic expression of an imprinted gene (2003)

Measurement of the relative amounts of transcripts from two alleles is important in the study of imprinted genes, since quantitative differences that vary among tissues or individuals, and subtle differences in the ratio of allelic expression can have pathobiological significance. Discrimination of alleles is commonly based on PCR, followed by restriction endonuclease digestion to recognize a polymorphic site. However, the use of restriction enzymes misses most of the available single nucleotide polymorphisms. Practically, it requires substantial post-PCR analyses including the restriction enzyme digestion and gel electrophoresis, all of which increase turn around time. Taking advantage of our previous study identifying lung adenocarcinomas displaying biallelic expression of the imprinted gene MEST, we investigated the validity of a method of allelic discrimination in a real-time PCR assay using allele-specific probes. Allelic expression of the MEST gene in the range of 4-fold differences was detected. This new method should enhance our ability to rapidly and accurately assess allelic expression of imprinted genes in a number of samples.
New languages from old: The extension of programming languages by embedding, with a case study (1976)

Embedding is the extension of a programming language without altering the processor for that language, and preferably using only the facilities of that language. While a single subroutine is the simplest form of semantic extension by embedding, embedding can produce powerful application-oriented languages (AOL) in a relatively economical fashion.A first approximation to a design discipline for writing embedded AOLs is presented. SNOBOL4 is discussed as a particularly receptive host language, in that it has flexible subroutine, data-structure, and storage allocation facilities, has a run-time compiler which can be called from a SNOBOL4 program, and is widely available for almost all research computer systems.A description is given of AUTOMAT, a SNOBOL4-embedded AOL for classroom or research experiments with abstract sequential machines. The generalized transition table is introduced as a data structure in which finite-state machines (FSM), Turing machines, pushdown automata, and the like can be represented as special cases. Data structures for sets, partitions and covers, sparse matrices, and tapes are provided as well.The AUTOMAT AOL currently includes over 100 operators developed according to the proposed method. Applications thus far include an extensive FSM utility system, universal simulators for FSM and other models, FSM minimization, and Krohn-Rhodes decomposition. Performance statistics are presented.
Small Surface, Big Effects, and Big Challenges: Toward Understanding Enzymatic Activity at the Inorganic Nanoparticle–Substrate Interface (2018)

Enzymes are important biomarkers for molecular diagnostics and targets for the action of drugs. In turn, inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) are of interest as materials for biological assays, biosensors, cellular and in vivo imaging probes, and vectors for drug delivery and theranostics. So how does an enzyme interact with a NP, and what are the outcomes of multivalent conjugation of its substrate to a NP? This invited feature article addresses the current state of the art in answering this question. Using gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) and semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) as illustrative materials, we discuss aspects of enzyme structure-function and the properties of NP interfaces and surface chemistry that determine enzyme-NP interactions. These aspects render the substrate-on-NP configurations far more complex and heterogeneous than the conventional turnover of discrete substrate molecules in bulk solution. Special attention is also given to the limitations of a standard kinetic analysis of the enzymatic turnover of these configurations, the need for a well-defined model of turnover, and whether a "hopping" model can account for behaviors such as the apparent acceleration of enzyme activity. A detailed and predictive understanding of how enzymes turn over multivalent NP-substrate conjugates will require a convergence of many concepts and tools from biochemistry, materials, and interface science. In turn, this understanding will help to enable rational, optimized, and value-added designs of NP bioconjugates for biomedical and clinical applications.
Femtocells in 3G Mobile Networks (2009)

This paper investigates influence of femtocells to the traditional mobile network hierarchy and their features. This upcoming technology is supposed to be widely deployed in the upcoming wireless and mobile networks. These small base stations are designed to improve indoors capacity, reducing macro cell traffic or to provide services in locations without signal or with weak coverage. The paper discusses usage of femtocell and related challenges, such as interferences, frequency spectrum planning, handovers or integration of femtocells into mobile networks.
Calfactant (2001)

Surfactant administration has proven remarkably effective in the prevention and treatment of infantile respiratory distress syndrome (IRDS) and may also be beneficial in other forms of acute lung injury. Several surfactant products are available commercially along with others in various phases of development and clinical trials. While all of these products share an ability to lower surface tension in vitro, there are substantial compositional differences that appear to affect their in vivo efficacy. At present, the 'modified natural' surfactants containing the hydrophobic surfactant proteins SP-B and SP-C appear most effective. Calfactant may have a particular advantage because of its relatively high content of SP-B and its lack of contamination with non-surfactant lipids and proteins.
Three-dimensional crystallization of membrane proteins (1988)

As recently as 10 years ago, the prospect of solving the structure of any membrane protein by X-ray crystallography seemed remote. Since then, the threedimensional (3-D) structures of two membrane protein complexes, the bacterial photosynthetic reaction centres of Rhodopseudomonas viridis (Deisenhofer et al. 1984, 1985) and of Rhodobacter sphaeroides (Allen et al. 1986, 1987 a, 6 ; Chang et al. 1986) have been determined at high resolution. This astonishing progress would not have been possible without the pioneering work of Michel and Garavito who first succeeded in growing 3-D crystals of the membrane proteins bacteriorhodopsin (Michel & Oesterhelt, 1980) and matrix porin (Garavito & Rosenbusch, 1980). X-ray crystallography is still the only routine method for determining the 3-D structures of biological macromolecules at high resolution and well-ordered 3-D crystals of sufficient size are the essential prerequisite.