gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hydrolysis of the soluble pentosans of wheat flour and <i>Rhodymenia palmata</i> by ruminal micro-organisms (1957)

Research Article| December 01 1957 Hydrolysis of the soluble pentosans of wheat flour and Rhodymenia palmata by ruminal micro-organisms B. H. Howard B. H. Howard 1The Rowett Research Institute, Bucksburn, Aberdeenshire Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Author and article information Publisher: Portland Press Ltd © 1957 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS1957 Biochem J (1957) 67 (4): 643–651. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0670643 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation B. H. Howard; Hydrolysis of the soluble pentosans of wheat flour and Rhodymenia palmata by ruminal micro-organisms. Biochem J 1 December 1957; 67 (4): 643–651. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bj0670643 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Journal Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 1957 CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS1957 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
Control of misfit dislocation glide plane distribution during strain relaxation of CuPt-ordered GaInAs and GaInP (2012)

We show a strong relationship between CuPt atomic ordering and misfit dislocation glide plane preference during strain relaxation. A miscut substrate creates an asymmetry in the resolved mismatch stress between {111} glide planes, causing a preference for one glide plane that results in a systematic tilt of the epilayer relative to the substrate. However, a small degree of ordering leads to nearly 100% of dislocation glide on planes opposite to the expected planes from the substrate miscut. This result is explained as a consequence of the asymmetry between {111} glide planes of CuPt-ordered material. Lowering the ordering parameter by changing bulk composition results in a change in glide plane distribution and is accomplished through the formation of new dislocations. Control of the glide plane distribution is therefore possible by controlling the ordering parameter on a vicinal substrate. Knowledge and control of this relaxation mechanism is important for the reduction of threading dislocations in lattice-mismatched devices.
Role of Surfactants in Nanotechnology and Their Applications (2014)

Surfactants are characterized by the essential features that we saw in sodium oleate. A surfactant molecule has a hydrophilic (water-loving) head and a long hydrophobic (water-hating or oil-loving) tail. For this reason, we often describe surfactants is being amphiphilic molecules they love everything. Surfactants can be categorized according to the charge present in the hydrophilic portion of the molecule (after dissociation in aqueous solution): o Anionic surfactants o Nonionic surfactants o Cationic surfactants o Amphoteric surfactants
Machine translation of natural languages (1985)

The field of machine translation has recently entered a new, third period in its evolution. In its early period, for roughly fifteen years from 1950 MT was an expanding field of study in which both research and development efforts were undertaken. It is well-known and well documented (Bar Hillel, 1960; ALPAC, 1966) that this early MT paradigm could not and did not produce fully automated high quality translation systems. In fact, the practical results were quite negligible for such a high-scale effort. This period also witnessed an engineering-oriented trend which considered MT primarily an engineering problem. In the positive sense, it helped promote the idea of nonnumerical computation. As another consequence, the engineering, nontheoretical attitude to MT has been inherited by the next period in MT history. A more significant and lasting influence was exerted by the less "practical" aspect of early MT research: it helped achieve advances in theoretical and computational linguistics as well as artificial intelligence.
Synthese von substituierten Benzo[<i>b</i>]thiophenen (1980)

Abstract Die Zimtsäuren 1 a‐t sowie deren Derivate l u, lv und 1 w lassen sich mit Thionylchlorid zu den Benzo[ b ]thiophenen 2a‐t bzw. 2v, w cyclisieren. 2a und 2 v, w konnten unabhängig aus den entsprechenden Alkinen mit Dischwefeldichlorid dargestellt werden.
Interstitial cystitis and lower urinary tract symptoms in males and females-the combined role of potassium and epithelial dysfunction. (2002)

Evidence of a lower urinary tract dysfunctional epithelium has been detected in women and men with interstitial cystitis and other complexes of lower urinary tract symptoms. Lower urinary tract dysfunctional epithelium can affect the bladder, the urethra, the labia or vaginal introitus in women, and the prostatic ducts and urethra in men. Because an individual with lower urinary tract dysfunctional epithelium may experience pain in one or more locations throughout the pelvis in any combination, the clinician cannot reliably establish a diagnosis based on "where it hurts." A useful diagnostic tool is the intravesical potassium sensitivity test, which detects the abnormal epithelial permeability of lower urinary tract dysfunctional epithelium. In most cases, lower urinary tract dysfunctional epithelium can be treated successfully.
Molecular dissection of the primary sink size and its related traits in rice (2004)

Abstract The genetic mechanism underlying the relationship between three traits of the primary sink size ‐ spikelet number per panicle (SNP), panicle number per plant (PN), and 1000‐grain weight (GWT), and their 10 component traits in rice was dissected in 292 F 13 recombinant inbred lines using a complete linkage map. A total of 43 genomic regions on 12 rice chromosomes were found to contain quantitative trait loci (QTLs) affecting the sink size traits, which revealed several important aspects of the genetic basis of sink capacity in rice. First, QTLs for SNP, PN and GWT were largely independent. Secondly, most QTLs affecting SNP and GWT showed close characteristics in both genomic locations and directions of effects to QTLs for their components, suggesting that pleiotropy, rather than linkage, was the primary genetic basis of the correlated panicle and grain traits. Thirdly, some QTLs affecting component traits did not contribute to SNP or GWT. In these cases, two or more QTLs with opposite effects on their component traits were detected, which could be due to either linkage or pleiotropy. Fourthly, some QTLs had large effects on panicle number (QPn4) , panicle branching and length (QPbn3a, QPbn3b and QPb14) , grain length and volume (QG13, QG15 and QGv2) , and grain shape (QGs1 and QGs7) , which were consistently detected in the related rice mapping populations and in different environments, providing good candidates and useful information for marker‐aided improvement of sink size and yield potential of rice.
Role of pirfenidone in the management of pulmonary fibrosis (2017)

Pulmonary fibrosis is associated with a number of specific forms of interstitial lung disease (ILD) and can lead to progressive decline in lung function, poor quality of life, and, ultimately, early death. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), the most common fibrotic ILD, affects up to 1 in 200 elderly individuals and has a median survival that ranges from 3 to 5 years following initial diagnosis. IPF has not been shown to respond to immunomodulatory therapies, but recent trials with novel antifibrotic agents have demonstrated lessening of lung function decline over time. Pirfenidone has been shown to significantly slow decline in forced vital capacity (FVC) over time and prolong progression-free survival, which led to its licensing by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 2014 for the treatment of patients with IPF. However, pirfenidone has been associated with significant side effects, and patients treated with pirfenidone must be carefully monitored. We review recent and ongoing clinical research and experience with pirfenidone as a pharmacologic therapy for patients with IPF, provide a suggested approach to incorporate pirfenidone into a treatment algorithm for patients with IPF, and examine the potential of pirfenidone as a treatment for non-IPF forms of ILD accompanied by progressive pulmonary fibrosis.
Reverse epidemiology: paradoxical observations in haemodialysis patients. (2005)

Traditional risk factors, such as high blood pressure (BP), obesity and hypercholesterolaemia, play an important role in the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD), not only in the general population but also in patients with chronic renal disease. In recent years, it has become less clear whether these conventional risk factors are responsible for the extremely high risk of CVD in chronic haemodialysis (CHD) patients. Recent studies have shown that low BP, body mass index (BMI) and serum cholesterol are often correlated with an unfavourable clinical outcome. Thus, whereas traditional risk factors of CVD are correlated with an unfavourable outcome in the general population and patients with chronic renal failure not yet on dialysis, in CHD patients these factors appear to be protective and associated with an improved survival. Therefore, these phenomena have been referred to as 'paradoxical or reverse epidemiology'. The aetiology of this inverse relationship is not clear. Interestingly, in CHD patients, both C-reactive protein, a marker of inflammation, and (pre)albumin, a marker of nutrition, are important independent predictors of mortality. It has been speculated that what is known as the malnutritioninflammation-atherosclerosis complex underlies, at least partly, the phenomenon of reverse epidemiology, since malnutrition causes a low BMI and hypocholesterolaemia. Hence, besides care for adequate nutrition, attempts should be made to reduce inflammation. In this respect, various haemodialysis-related factors, such as the purity of the dialysate and several characteristics of the dialyser, deserve attention.
Elastic modules of soils treated with lignosulfonate (2012)

This paper presents the variation of modulus, in terms of E/qu, with strain for clay soils stabilised by a non-traditional admixture, lignosulfonate. The E/qu has been computed from the stress-strain curves obtained from unconfined compressive strength tests. Lignosulfonate (LS) treated soil shows an increase in the value of E/qu with the addition of LS, especially for soil containing the reactive clay mineral, montmorillonite. The observed variation of E/qu with strain was compared with cement treated soils, and it was found that soils treated with more than 1.0% cement exhibited a decreasing E/qu. Moreover, micro-chemical changes in the soils due to the addition of admixture (e.g. LS & Cement) were captured using electrical conductivity tests. Electrical Conductivity (EC) is found to be increased with LS and decreased over time. This may be due to the formation of clay mineral-lignosulfonate amorphous compounds, which are stable when comes in contact with water. However, cement treated soils showed an increase in EC with curing time, unlike LS that confirmed the existence of unstable compounds (i.e. dissolvable CSH and CASH) resulting in a decrease of E/qu.
Mining Divergent Opinion Trust Networks through Latent Dirichlet Allocation (2012)

While the focus of trust research has been mainly on defining and modeling various notions of social trust, less attention has been given to modeling opinion trust. When speaking of social trust mainly homophily (similarity) has been the most successful metric for learning trustworthy links, specially in social web applications such as collaborative filtering recommendation systems. While pure homophily such as Pearson coefficient correlation and its variations, have been favorable to finding taste distances between individuals based on their rated items, they are not necessarily useful in finding opinion distances between individuals discussing a trending topic, e.g. Arab spring. At the same time text mining techniques, such as vector-based techniques, are not capable of capturing important factors such as saliency or polarity which are possible with topical models for detecting, analyzing and suggesting aspects of people mentioning those tags or topics. Thus, in this paper we are proposing to model opinion distances using probabilistic information divergence as a metric for measuring the distances between people's opinion contributing to a discussion in a social network. To acquire feature sets from topics discussed in a discussion we use a very successful topic modeling technique, namely Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA). We use the distributions resulting to model topics for generating social networks of group and individual users. Using a Twitter dataset we show that learned graphs exhibit properties of real-world like networks.
Modèle de traduction statistique à fragments enrichi par la syntaxe (2010)

Traditional Statistical Machine Translation models are not aware of linguistic structure. Thus, target lexical choices and word order are controlled only by surface-based statistics learned from the training corpus. However, knowledge of linguistic structure can be beneficial since it provides generic information compensating data sparsity. The purpose of our work is to study the impact of syntactic information while preserving the general framework of Phrase-Based SMT. First, we study the integration of syntactic information using a reranking approach. We define features measuring the similarity between the dependency structures of source and target sentences, as well as features of linguistic coherence of the target sentences. The importance of each feature is assessed by learning their weights through a Structured Perceptron Algorithm. The evaluation of several reranking models shows that these features often improve the quality of translations produced by the basic model, in terms of manual evaluations as opposed to automatic measures. Then, we propose different models in order to increase the quality and diversity of the search graph produced by the decoder, through filtering out uninteresting hypotheses based on the source syntactic structure. This is done either by learning limits on the phrase recordering, or by decomposing the source sentence in order to simplify the translation process. The initial evaluations of these models look promising.
Issues and Problems in"Other Insurance," Multiple Insurance,and Self-Insurance (1995)

Co., 282 Cal.Rptr.389 (Ct App.1991), the court observed that the policy at issue was "[mlore a vehicle for Jesuitical or Talmudic debate than a definition of the rights and obligations of the parties .. .the policy crosses one's eyes and boggles one's mind."Id. at 396.The court in Insurance Co. of North America v. Home & Auto Ins.Co., 628 N.E.2d 643 (IlL.App.Ct. 1993), noted that it was being drawn "deep into the catacombs of insurance policy English, a dimly lit underworld where many have lost their way."Id.
Clinical guidelines on the management of hepatitis C (2001)

<h3>Objectives:</h3> The diameters of the vertebral arteries (VAs) are very often unequal. Therefore, this study investigated if unequal VA flow contributes to the development of basilar artery (BA) curvature and if it is a link to the laterality of pontine or cerebellar infarcts occurring around the vertebrobasilar junction. <h3>Methods:</h3> Radiological factors were analysed (infarct laterality, VA dominance, BA curvature and their directional relationships) in 91 patients with acute unilateral pontine or posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) territory infarcts. The “dominant” VA side was defined as either that the VA was larger in diameter or the VA was connected with the BA in more of a straight line, if both VAs looked similar in diameter on CT angiography. Multiple regression analysis was performed to predict moderate to severe BA curvature. <h3>Results:</h3> The dominant VA was more frequent on the left side (p<0.01). Most patients had an opposite directional relationship between the dominant VA and BA curvature (p<0.01). Pontine infarcts were opposite to the side of BA curvature (p<0.01) and PICA infarcts were on the same side as the non-dominant VA side (p<0.01). The difference in VA diameters was the single independent predictor for moderate to severe BA curvature (OR per 1 mm, 2.70; 95% CI 1.22 to 5.98). <h3>Conclusions:</h3> Unequal VA flow is an important haemodynamic contributor of BA curvature and development of peri-vertebrobasilar junctional infarcts.
High-Density Avionic Power Supply (1980)

Dramatic reductions in size and weight have been achieved in the area of signal and information processing. Power conditioning circuits have not kept pace, primarily due to the relatively slow proggress ress in the passive energy storage and transformation devices. A novel converter topology is described that minimizes the task these components must perform and thereby achieve a significant improvement in power supply density.
Synthesis of benzo[<i>b</i>]phenanthro[<i>d</i>]thiophenes (1982)

Abstract The synthesis of benzo[ b ]phenanthro[1,2‐ d ]thiphene ( 1 ), benzo[ b ]phenanthro[4,3‐ d ]thiophene ( 2 ), benzo‐[ b ]phenanthro[2,1‐ d ]thiophene ( 3 ) and benzo[ b ]phenanthro[3,4‐ d ]thiophene ( 4 ) from appropriately substituted olefines by photochemical cyclodehydrogenation is described. The photolysis of olefin 9 gave a mixture of 4 and anthra[1,2‐ b ]benzo[ d ]thiophene ( 5 ).
Synchronized Whole Cell Oscillations in Mitochondrial Metabolism Triggered by a Local Release of Reactive Oxygen Species in Cardiac Myocytes (2003)

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and/or Ca2+ overload can trigger depolarization of mitochondrial inner membrane potential (DeltaPsim) and cell injury. Little is known about how loss of DeltaPsim in a small number of mitochondria might influence the overall function of the cell. Here we employ the narrow focal excitation volume of the two-photon microscope to examine the effect of local mitochondrial depolarization in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. Remarkably, a single local laser flash triggered synchronized and self-sustained oscillations in DeltaPsim, NADH, and ROS after a delay of approximately 40s, in more than 70% of the mitochondrial population. Oscillations were initiated only after a specific threshold level of mitochondrially produced ROS was exceeded, and did not involve the classical permeability transition pore or intracellular Ca2+ overload. The synchronized transitions were abolished by several respiratory inhibitors or a superoxide dismutase mimetic. Anion channel inhibitors potentiated matrix ROS accumulation in the flashed region, but blocked propagation to the rest of the myocyte, suggesting that an inner membrane, superoxide-permeable, anion channel opens in response to free radicals. The transitions in mitochondrial energetics were tightly coupled to activation of sarcolemmal KATP currents, causing oscillations in action potential duration, and thus might contribute to catastrophic arrhythmias during ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Locating Brain Structures (1965)

THE PRESENT experiment was undertaken to investigate those extensions to the impedance method of locating brain structures necessary to permit its use safely on humans. In previous reports<sup>1-3</sup>it was shown that a wide variety of brain structures can be identified with a roving electrode if the impedance of the tissue surrounding the electrode tip is monitored as the electrode is inserted into and through the brain. Before use on man, several factors relating to the necessarily high requirements of safety and of accuracy required systematic investigation. These factors are given below along with the results of the investigation. <h3>Method</h3> <i>Animals and Tracks</i>.—Data were obtained from 60 electrode tracks in ten<i>Macaca mulatta</i>. Six areas for exploration were selected and were the same for each brain, facilitating comparisons. Of the ten animals, six were anesthetized with 50 mg/kg pentobarbital. The other four were killed with an overdose of
Transformerless Inverter With Virtual DC Bus Concept for Cost-Effective Grid-Connected PV Power Systems (2012)

In order to eliminate the common-mode (CM) leakage current in the transformerless photovoltaic (PV) systems, the concept of the virtual dc bus is proposed in this paper. By connecting the grid neutral line directly to the negative pole of the dc bus, the stray capacitance between the PV panels and the ground is bypassed. As a result, the CM ground leakage current can be suppressed completely. Meanwhile, the virtual dc bus is created to provide the negative voltage level for the negative ac grid current generation. Consequently, the required dc bus voltage is still the same as that of the full-bridge inverter. Based on this concept, a novel transformerless inverter topology is derived, in which the virtual dc bus is realized with the switched capacitor technology. It consists of only five power switches, two capacitors, and a single filter inductor. Therefore, the power electronics cost can be curtailed. This advanced topology can be modulated with the unipolar sinusoidal pulse width modulation (SPWM) and the double frequency SPWM to reduce the output current ripple. As a result, a smaller filter inductor can be used to reduce the size and magnetic losses. The advantageous circuit performances of the proposed transformerless topology are analyzed in detail, with the results verified by a 500-W prototype.
Serum-free growth of normal and tumor mouse mammary epithelial cells in primary culture. (1982)

Freshly isolated normal and tumor mouse mammary epithelial cells embedded within a collagen gel matrix undergo sustained growth when cultured for as long as 3 wk in a serum-free medium composed of a 1:1 (vol/vol) mixture of Hepesbuffered Ham's F12 and Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with insulin, epidermal growth factor (EGF), transferrin, bovine serum albumin fraction V, and cholera toxin. Of these additives, only insulin, EGF, and albumin are required for the growth of most normal cells. Albumin is not always an absolute requirement for growth but greatly enhances it. Lithium has been found to stimulate the growth of normal cells and can replace EGF. The collagen matrix culture system allows sustained growth of primary cultures of both normal and neoplastic mammary epithelium in serum-free conditions. This serum-free system will be useful in identifying and investigating the role of hormones, growth factors, and nutritional factors in regulating the growth of mammary epithelial cells.
The renaissance of iron-based Fischer–Tropsch synthesis: on the multifaceted catalyst deactivation behaviour (2008)

Iron-based Fischer-Tropsch catalysts, which are applied in the conversion of CO and H2 into longer hydrocarbon chains, are historically amongst the most intensively studied systems in heterogeneous catalysis. Despite this, fundamental understanding of the complex and dynamic chemistry of the iron-carbon-oxygen system and its implications for the rapid deactivation of the iron-based catalysts is still a developing field. Fischer-Tropsch catalysis is characterized by its multidisciplinary nature and therefore deals with a wide variety of fundamental chemical and physical problems. This critical review will summarize the current state of knowledge of the underlying mechanisms for the activation and eventual deactivation of iron-based Fischer-Tropsch catalysts and suggest systematic approaches for relating chemical identity to performance in next generation iron-based catalyst systems (210 references).