gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Differential accumulation of callose, arabinoxylan and cellulose in nonpenetrated versus penetrated papillae on leaves of barley infected with <i>Blumeria graminis</i> f. sp. <i>hordei</i> (2014)

In plants, cell walls are one of the first lines of defence for protecting cells from successful invasion by fungal pathogens and are a major factor in basal host resistance. For the plant cell to block penetration attempts, it must adapt its cell wall to withstand the physical and chemical forces applied by the fungus. Papillae that have been effective in preventing penetration by pathogens are traditionally believed to contain callose as the main polysaccharide component. Here, we have re-examined the composition of papillae of barley (Hordeum vulgare) attacked by the powdery mildew fungus Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (Bgh) using a range of antibodies and carbohydrate-binding modules that are targeted to cell wall polysaccharides. The data show that barley papillae induced during infection with Bgh contain, in addition to callose, significant concentrations of cellulose and arabinoxylan. Higher concentrations of callose, arabinoxylan and cellulose are found in effective papillae, compared with ineffective papillae. The papillae have a layered structure, with the inner core consisting of callose and arabinoxylan and the outer layer containing arabinoxylan and cellulose. The association of arabinoxylan and cellulose with penetration resistance suggests new targets for the improvement of papilla composition and enhanced disease resistance.
A 10-kDa cyanogen bromide fragment from the epidermal growth factor homology domain of rabbit thrombomodulin contains the primary thrombin binding site. (1988)

We have isolated a fragment (approximately equal to 10 kDa) of thrombomodulin containing the fifth and sixth epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like regions which retains thrombin binding capacity. The amino-terminal sequence of a 50-kDa active fragment of thrombomodulin derived from elastase proteolysis begins 11 residues before the first EGF-like structure of native thrombomodulin. Subsequent digestion with cyanogen bromide yields a 10-kDa thrombin binding fragment. The amino-terminal sequence of this fragment starts at the fifth EGF-like structure (Phe407). The amino acid composition suggests that this fragment contains the fifth and sixth EGF-like structures with a total of approximately 77 residues. This fragment lacks cofactor activity, but acts as a competitive inhibitor for protein C activation (Ki = 8.6 +/- 1.4 nM). We propose that the fifth and sixth EGF-like structures contain the thrombin binding site of thrombomodulin.
The Master?s Degree in the Modern Languages since 1966 (2004)

The story of the master’s degree in English and foreign languages since 1966 is most dramatically a story about women’s access to areas of study traditionally dominated by men and more generally a story about how economic shifts influence students’ degree decisions.
Research on hyperspectral reflectance characteristics for spring wheat in rainfed agriculture areas of Loess Plateau (2007)

Diagnosis of crop growth and nutrient status is critical for prediction of agriculture yield and quality at Growth stage. An experiment was conducted for find out spr-wheat canopy and leaf spectral characters non-destructively measurement. The experiment included four cultivars and seven levels of density (D) in 2006. Hyperspectral canopy and leaf reflectance (350-2500 nm) data recorded at various growth stages were measured by an ASD Field Spec Pro FR2500 in different stages, and the contents of Leaf area indices (LAI) of spr-wheat , measured by a LAI2000 plant canopy analyzer, ground dry biomass(ADM) and the plant height(PH) to the spectra were determined. The results revealed that the spectral differences were clear for the canopy and leaves of spr- wheat under different density levels at booting and ripening stage. The hyperspectral reflectance of the canopy and the leaf for four species spr-wheat in the same density were compared and it indicated that there is obviously difference in these four kinds spr-wheat leaf spectral reflectance in NIR region at booting stage. This indicates the possibility to identify the wheat type using the hyperspectral reflectance data. Furthermore, the red edge feature showed there were "double peak" for the spr-wheat at booting stage and the 'blue shift' phenomena for the position of red edge (lambda <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">red</sub> )from booting to ripening, meanwhile, the results showed that the lambda <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">red,</sub> Dlambda <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">red</sub> and S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">red</sub> were the sign of the wheat growing. And lambda <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">red</sub> may indicate the grown period. The LAI, ADM were significantly correlative to the spectral variables, and the relationship among NDVI and LAI and ADM is the best at booming stage and that of the ratio of the NIR and green and LAI and ADM is the best at ripening stage. Dlambda <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">red</sub> and PH are good correlation. This indicated that some right spectral variables would be used to estimate the biophysical parameters for spr-wheat.
Review of XY Routing Algorithm for Network-on-Chip Architecture (2012)

The Network-on-Chip (NoC) is Network-version of System-on-Chip (SoC) means that on-chip communication is done through packet based networks. In NOC topology, routing algorithm and switching are main terminology.The routing algorithm is one of the key factor in NOC architecture. The routing algorithm,which defines as the path taken by a packet between the source and the destination.As XY routing algorithm mainly used in NOC because of its simplicity. This paper basically review of XY routing algorithm in which we study a different type of XY routing algorithm. The classification of XY routing algorithm is totally depend upon the environment and requirement. Such that IX/Y routing algorithm is for less collision in network, for deadlock-free and livelock-free DyXY is used, for fault-tolerant XYX routing algorithm is proposed and Adaptive XY routing algorithm is used for fully utilization of network resource.
Localisation of a gene for chondrocalcinosis to chromosome 5p (1995)

Chondrocalcinosis is a common disorder which may associate with acute and chronic arthritis. A familial form, inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, has been mapped in a large family in which affected members also suffer recurrent fits in childhood. The gene which causes this disease shows linkage with several polymorphic markers on chromosome 5p with a maximum multipoint lod score of 4.6 between D5S810 and D5S416. Mapping a locus for chondrocalcinosis will allow the heterogeneity of the disorder to be assessed and may also be relevant to understanding the aetiology of osteoarthritis with which it commonly associates.
DDoS attacks and defense mechanisms: a classification (2004)

Denial of service (DoS) attacks are an immense threat to Internet sites and among the hardest security problems in today's Internet. Of particular concern - because of their potential impact - are the distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. With little or no advance warning, a DDoS attack can easily exhaust the computing and communication resources of its victim within a short period of time. This work presents the problem of DDoS attacks and develops a classification of DDoS defense systems. Important features of each attack and defense system category are described and advantages and disadvantages of each proposed scheme are outlined. The goal of the paper is to place some order into the existing attack and defense mechanisms so that a better understanding of DDoS attacks can be achieved and more efficient defense mechanisms and techniques can be devised.
Carbohydrate Analysis by Desorption Electrospray Ionization Fourier Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry (2007)

We report the use of desorption electrospray ionization hybrid Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (DESI-FT-ICR-MS) for the analysis of carbohydrates. Spectra of neat carbohydrates are presented along with their mass measurement accuracies and limits of detection. Furthermore, a comparison is made between the analyses of O-linked glycans from mucin by DESI-FT-ICR-MS and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. Finally, glycans from mucin are identified by using the high mass measurement accuracy and tandem MS capabilities afforded by the hybrid FT-ICR-MS platform.
The Morphology of Regenerated Cellulose (1978)

The morphotogy of three different regenerated celluloses has been investigated using electron microscopy. Fortisan rayon consists entirely of microlihrils, ∼40-50 nm in width, which are usually aggregated into larger fibers. The sub structure of the microfibrils is a parallel array of protofibrils ∼1.5-4.0 nm in width. The cellulose regenerated from a solution of dimethylsulfoxide and paraformaldehyde (DMSO/PF cellulose) exhibits a predominaritly fibrous morphology, but the microfibrits are often less, perfect than those observed for Fortisan. In addition, unoriented mats composed of short rodlets (∼12 nm wide) are occasionaly observed. The cellulose regenerated fromhydrazine (N 2 H 4 /H 2 O cellulose) consists primarily of unoriented mats of rodlets and occasional fihers. Both the mats and fibers are shown to be assemblies of the rodlets. High-magnification micrographs of the latter suggest that they are tiny cellulose crystals of approximate dimensions 2 × 6 × 25 nm. The differences observed in the morphology of the three regenerated celluloses are thought to be more a result of the processing conditions than the chemistry of the regeneration. The morphology of Fortisan is consistent with extended chains, althuugh chains having long, irregular fold periods are also a possibility. The morphologies of the UMSO/PF cellulose and N 2 H 4 /H 2 O cellulose are consistent with chain-folded crystallites, in which case the fold period would be ∼25 nm.
Design and fabrication of a chirped array of refractive ellipsoidal micro-lenses for an apposition eye camera objective (2005)

Apposition compound eye camera objectives are one approach for a vast reduction of the optical system length of an imaging optical sensor. Despite imaging the complete field of view through one aperture like in classical lenses, these objectives split the overall field of view in separated channels which are located adjoined like in insect eyes. Due to the splitting each channel can be optimized for reduction of aberrations occuring under oblique incidence. A correction for astigmatism, field curvature and distortion occurring under oblique incidence can be accomplished by the use of anamorphic micro-lenses leading to an improved resolution of the camera objective. In contrast to regular arrays of equally shaped and equidistant positioned micro-lenses the parameters of the lenses like radii of curvature, center position and angular orientation are functions of the position within the array. These functions can be derived analytically leading to a complete description of the array parameters. We present design considerations for a chirped array containing 130x130 individually shaped ellipsoidal micro-lenses. Melting of photo-resist is employed as fabrication technology for achieving diffraction limited performance. Detailed considerations for the semi-automated layout generation of the photo lithographical masks as well as characterization data of first realized prototypes of the array are given.
Patch-based optimization for image-based texture mapping (2017)

Image-based texture mapping is a common way of producing texture maps for geometric models of real-world objects. Although a high-quality texture map can be easily computed for accurate geometry and calibrated cameras, the quality of texture map degrades significantly in the presence of inaccuracies. In this paper, we address this problem by proposing a novel global patch-based optimization system to synthesize the aligned images. Specifically, we use patch-based synthesis to reconstruct a set of photometrically-consistent aligned images by drawing information from the source images. Our optimization system is simple, flexible, and more suitable for correcting large misalignments than other techniques such as local warping. To solve the optimization, we propose a two-step approach which involves patch search and vote, and reconstruction. Experimental results show that our approach can produce high-quality texture maps better than existing techniques for objects scanned by consumer depth cameras such as Intel RealSense. Moreover, we demonstrate that our system can be used for texture editing tasks such as hole-filling and reshuffling as well as multiview camouflage.
THE EXTRACHROMOSOMAL DNAS OF APICOMPLEXAN PARASITES (1994)

Molecular analyses in recent years have begun to elucidate the identity and role of two extrachromosomal DNAs found in apicomplexan parasites. One of these is a small tandemly repeated DNA that encodes three classical mitochondrial protein coding genes, attesting to its identity. This molecule also encodes mitochondrial rRNAs as small fragments in scattered locations. Despite their unusual nature, evidence suggests that these rRNAs are functional. They offer an opportunity to evaluate structure-function correlations in the absence of much of the more variable sequences found in other rRNAs. The second extrachromosomal DNA has characteristics reminiscent of chloroplast DNAs and thus points to an unexpected ancestry for the apicomplexans. Both DNAs are inherited maternally, as is usual for organelle DNAs, but their subcellular locations have not been demonstrated unequivocally. Although the majority of studies with these two DNAs thus far have been with Plasmodium species, evidence from other apicomplexans suggests that these unusual organelle genomes are common to the phylum.
An in situ carbon-grafted alkaline iron electrode for iron-based accumulators (2013)

An in situ carbon-grafted alkaline iron electrode prepared from the active material obtained by decomposing the α-FeC2O4·2H2O–polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite at 600 °C in a vacuum is reported. The active material comprises a mixture of α-Fe and Fe3O4 with the former as the prominent component. A specific discharge capacity in excess of 400 mA h g−1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1 is obtained with a faradaic efficiency of 80% for the iron electrode made from carbon-grafted active material (CGAM). The enhanced performance of the alkaline iron electrode is attributed to the increased amount of metallic iron in the active material and its concomitant in situ carbon grafting.
Current Leads and Optimized Thermal Packaging for Superconducting Systems on Multistage Cryocoolers (2007)

Packaging of a superconducting electronic system on a compact multistage cryocooler requires careful management of thermal loads from input and output leads, in order not to exceed the heat lift capacity of the various stages of the cooler. In particular, RSFQ systems typically require a large total bias current or greater. A general analysis of resistive wires shows that the tradeoff between heat flow and Joule heating yields a minimum heat load from optimized bias leads on a low- stage, given by , where is the thermalization temperature of the leads on the previous (hotter) stage. This is independent of the material, number, and geometry of the leads, as long as the total lead resistance is optimized. A similar tradeoff between heat flow and signal attenuation can be applied to the optimization of high-frequency input/output lines. Superconducting leads are not subject to these limitations, and can result in further reduction in heat load. Design examples are presented for an RSFQ-based radio receiver on either a two-stage or a four-stage cooler.
Oral Azacitidine Maintenance Therapy for Acute Myeloid Leukemia in First Remission (2020)

CC-486 maintenance therapy was associated with significantly longer overall and relapse-free survival than placebo among older patients with AML who were in remission after chemotherapy. Side effects were mainly gastrointestinal symptoms and neutropenia. Quality-of-life measures were maintained throughout treatment. (Supported by Celgene; QUAZAR AML-001 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01757535.).
High density optical disc system with 400nm Blue-Violet Laser Diode (2001)

With the advent of the Broadband era, the requirements for recording media and device have changed on a large scale. Especially, with the spread of digital broadcasting, digital high vision have started, it has caused a strong desire to provide a system that can write and read the signals in this class. This report is to describe DVR-Blue with optical disc technology, which consists of the combination with GaN laser, HighNA, thin cover layer and recording materials of phase change, and 120mm optical disc with a capacity of 22.5Gbytes and a recording velocity of 35Mbps. Furthermore, a future view is discussed.
Co-administration of a CpG adjuvant (VaxImmuneTM, CPG 7909) with CETP vaccines increased immunogenicity in rabbits and mice (2009)

Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is a plasma glycoprotein that facilitates the transfer of neutral lipids and phospholipids between lipoproteins and contributes to the regulation of the plasma concentration of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Vaccines have been developed that elicit antibodies that bind to and reduce the lipid transfer function of CETP as a way to increase the plasma concentration of HDL-C and prevent or treat atherosclerosis. This study assessed the immunogenicity of two vaccine peptides. The first, CETi-1, is a dimerized synthetic peptide, including residues 461-476 of human CETP and residues 830-843 of tetanus toxoid, TT(830-843). The second, PADRE-CETP, is a monomeric peptide, in which a PADRE T cell epitope (aK-Cha-VAAWTLKAa) replaces the TT(830-843) T cell epitope of CETi-1. Both peptides were formulated with aluminum-containing adjuvants (Alhydrogel), and tested in mice and rabbits with or without the co-administration of the investigational TLR9 agonist VaxImmune (CPG 7909). In both mice and rabbits, the vaccine peptide utilizing the PADRE T cell epitope elicited stronger anti-CETP antibody responses than the CETi-1 vaccine. Also, co-administration of VaxImmune enhanced the anti-CETP antibody responses to both vaccines. Isotype analysis of the murine anti-CETP antibody response to both vaccines demonstrated a switch from IgG1 to IgG2a upon co-administration of VaxImmune. We conclude that (1) the PADRE T cell epitope is more potent than the TT(830-843) epitope in providing help for the anti-CETP antibody response; and (2) co-administration of VaxImmune with either vaccine increased immunogenicity as measured by antibody response.
EFFECT OF ADJUVANTS ON ANTIBODY RESPONSE OF RABBITS INOCULATED WITH VENEZUELAN EQUINE ENCEPHALOMYELITIS VIRUS (1963)

Shepel, Michael (U.S. Army Biological Laboratories, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Md.) and Maxwell R. Klugerman. Effect of adjuvants on antibody response of rabbits inoculated with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis virus. J. Bacteriol. 85:1150-1155. 1963.-Hemagglutination-inhibition, neutralization, and complement-fixation tests were performed on sera of rabbits inoculated with Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus in combination with Freund's adjuvants and in Hank's salt solution. This study indicated that the complete adjuvants (i.e., with mycobacteria) considerably increased the antibody response to VEE virus. Mycobacterium butyricum (M. smegmatis) appeared to be more effective than M. tuberculosis H37Ra. In the absence of mycobacteria, the response was much less pronounced. Paper electrophoretic studies of the antisera demonstrated a marked increase in gamma-globulin production, an increase in the beta-globulin, and an increase in total protein as the result of adding VEE virus to the complete adjuvants. A decrease in the albumin fraction appeared to be caused by the complete adjuvants rather than by the VEE virus itself. The incomplete adjuvant (without mycobacteria) plus virus contributed little, if any, stimulation toward the production of gamma-globulin, nor did it appear to affect the serum-albumin levels.
Sequence-Specific Recognition of DNA by Phenanthrenequinone Diimine Complexes of Rhodium(III): Importance of Steric and van der Waals Interactions (1994)

The importance of steric and van der Waals interactions in the sequence-specific recognition of DNA by [Rh(phi)]3+ complexes has been explored through the synthesis and application of a series of Rh(phi)3+ (phi: 9,10-phenanthrenequinone diimine) derivatives. [Rh(phi)]3+ complexes intercalate in the major groove of DNA via the phi ligand and promote strand scission in the presence of UV light. The complexes reported here are derivatives of the parent molecules [Rh(phi)2bpy]3+ and [Rh(bpy)2phi]3+ (bpy: 2,2'-bipyridyl). The [Rh(phi)]3+ complexes have comparable photoefficiencies; therefore, their different photocleavage patterns on 32P-end-labeled DNA fragments reflect their unique sequence-specific recognition characteristics. The shapes of the [Rh(phi)]3+ complexes are found to govern DNA recognition and reaction. Importantly and generally, the more sterically bulky complexes, containing methyl or phenyl groups on the ancillary ligands, cleave DNA at a subset of sequences recognized by their parent molecules. [Rh-(diphenylbpy)2phi]3+ specifically targets the site 5'-CTCTAGAG-3'. Furthermore, chiral discrimination in site selectivity is observed; the different isomers target different sites. delta- and lambda-[Rh(5,5'-dimethylbpy)2phi]3+ cleave specifically at sites that are defined by the consensus sequences 5'-C-T-N-G-3' and 5'-A-C/G-T-C/G-3', respectively. The sequence selectivities may be understood on the basis of both negative steric clashes and positive van der Waals interactions between methyl groups on the metal complex and thymine methyl groups in the DNA major groove.
Novel Plant Virus-Based Vaccine Induces Protective Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-Mediated Antiviral Immunity through Dendritic Cell Maturation (2007)

Currently used vaccines protect mainly through the production of neutralizing antibodies. However, antibodies confer little or no protection for a majority of chronic viral infections that require active involvement of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs). Virus-like particles (VLPs) have been shown to be efficient inducers of cell-mediated immune responses, but administration of an adjuvant is generally required. We recently reported the generation of a novel VLP system exploiting the self-assembly property of the papaya mosaic virus (PapMV) coat protein. We show here that uptake of PapMV-like particles by murine splenic dendritic cells (DCs) in vivo leads to their maturation, suggesting that they possess intrinsic adjuvant-like properties. DCs pulsed with PapMV-like particles displaying the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) p33 immunodominant CTL epitope (PapMV-p33) efficiently process and cross-present the viral epitope to p33-specific transgenic T cells. Importantly, the CTL epitope is also properly processed and presented in vivo, since immunization of p33-specific T-cell receptor transgenic mice with PapMV-p33 induces the activation of large numbers of specific CTLs. C57BL/6 mice immunized with PapMV-p33 VLPs in the absence of adjuvant develop p33-specific effector CTLs that rapidly expand following LCMV challenge and protect vaccinated mice against LCMV infection in a dose-dependent manner. These results demonstrate the efficiency of this novel plant virus-based vaccination platform in inducing DC maturation leading to protective CTL responses.