gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A DC-to-250 MHz current pre-amplifier with integrated photo-diodes in standard BiCMOS, for optical-storage systems (2003)

An optoelectronic IC contains pre-amplifiers and integrated photodiodes for optical-storage systems (CD, DVD, and DVR). The pre-amps exhibit 4.6 nV/4 Hz noise and the diodes have 0.25 pF junction-capacitance. The IC uses a standard 0.6 /spl mu/m BiCMOS process for a high-performance low-cost solution.
ProcessTalk: an object oriented framework for distributed automation software (1992)

It is shown how surface plasmons that travel between the slits in Young's interference experiment can change the state of spatial coherence of the field that is radiated by the two apertures. Surprisingly, the coherence can both be increased and decreased, depending on the slit separation distance. This results in a modulation of the visibility of the interference fringes. Since many properties of a light field-such as its spectrum, polarization, and directionality - may change on propagation and are dependent on the spatial coherence of the source, our results suggest that the use of surface plasmons provides a new way to alter or even tailor the statistical properties of a light field.
Governments that Achieve Results : Introducing Performance Mechanisms and Exploring the Trust Dimension (2010)

Over the past few decades, a significant number of advanced countries and, more recently, some developing countries have moved the focus of their budget arrangements to emphasize performance. The recently published book results, performance budgeting and trust in Government follows from a conference on performance budgeting held in Mexico in June 2008 where a large range of experiences from Latin America and Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries was presented. Its intention is to provide readers and governments wishing to improve elements of their performance budgeting with an understanding of the many elements involved in implementing these reforms, particularly in performance-informed budgeting (PIB), focusing on the challenges and the variety of approaches taken to meet these challenges. In many OECD and middle income countries, performance budgeting has been associated with the use of modern techniques of public management that emphasize individual and organizational responsibility and accountability for results. The books starts by providing an overview of PIB, building on two decades of experience and lesson learning, and sets out the key themes that provide the basis for discussions in the subsequent chapters. It looks at the roles of key decision-makers and institutions in creating a network of structured performance agreements4 throughout the budget cycle.
Anomalous Electrodeposition of Nickel‐Iron (1991)

Experiments to study anomalous codeposition of iron and nickel were conducted from and solutions with pH adjusted to 3 with , using a rotating disk electrode. The effect of adding to the plating bath was also investigated. Anomalous codeposition occurred for all electrode rotational speeds and applied potentials considered. Boric acid was found neither to affect alloy deposition current efficiency, nor to eliminate anomalous codeposition for the experimental conditions investigated. Cyclic voltammetry indicates that a borate complex formed at −1.0 Vvs. SCE when boric acid was added to the plating bath. A model used to evaluate the surface pH from the experimental results shows that a sudden rise in pH is not necessary for anomalous codeposition to occur and that boric acid does not act as a buffer during codeposition of .
Resonant tunneling in step-barrier structures under an applied electric field (1998)

Resonant tunneling in step-barrier structures is investigated by using the transfer-matrix technique. The formulas for the transmission coefficient and the current density are derived when taking into account the coupling between components of the motion of an electron in directions parallel and perpendicular to the interfaces. By making a detailed comparison of resonant tunneling among single square-barrier structures, asymmetric double-barrier structures, and step-barrier structures, the tunneling properties in step-barrier structures are revealed. It is shown that the global behavior of step-barrier structures obtained resembles that of asymmetric double-barrier structures, and step-barrier structures are superior to both single- and double-barrier structures in many aspects. In comparison to asymmetric double-barrier structures, step-barrier structures have several features, such as a wider negative-differential resistance region, easier fabrication, high-speed response, and a relatively lower transmission coefficient and current peak-to-valley ratios. Moreover, higher resonant bias is required in order to obtain optimal transmission resonances in the step-barrier structure. The results shown in this work not only shed new light on the physics of resonant tunneling in electric-barrier structures but are also helpful in designing quantum devices based on step-barrier tunneling structures.
Emergence of the keratinocyte growth factor multigene family during the great ape radiation. (1992)

The structural gene for human keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), a member of the fibroblast growth factor family, consists of three coding exons and two introns typical of other fibroblast growth factor loci. A portion of the KGF gene, located on chromosome 15, is amplified to approximately 16 copies in the human genome, and these highly related copies (which consist of exon 2, exon 3, the intron between them, and a 3' noncoding segment of the KGF transcript) are dispersed to multiple human chromosomes. The KGF-like sequences are transcriptionally active, differentially regulated in various tissues, and composed of three distinct classes of coding sequences that are 5% divergent from each other and from the authentic KGF sequence. Multiple copies of KGF-like genes were also discovered in the genomic DNAs of chimpanzee and gorilla but were not found in lesser apes (gibbon), Old World monkeys (African green monkey and macaques), mice, or chickens. The pattern of evolutionary occurrence suggests that a primordial KGF gene was amplified and chromosomally dispersed subsequent to the divergence of orangutan from African apes but before the trichotomous divergence of human, chimpanzee, and gorilla 5-8 million years ago. The appearance of a transcriptionally active and chromosomally dispersed multigene KGF family may have implications in the evolution of the great apes and humans.
Cost Effective Software Radio for CDMA Systems (2003)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Today's Software/Hardware Trade-off in WCDMA Modems Temporal Processing Domains The Evolution of Chip-rate Processing The Importance of Efficient Interfaces to Minimize Overhead Real Time Processing on a Programmable Device The TCI Platform Summary References
Differences in lymphocyte gene expression between tolerant and syngeneic liver grafted rats (2004)

Induction of tolerance to allogeneic donor grafts is a clinically desirable goal in bone marrow and solid organ transplantation. We have taken the advantage of DNA microarray technology to investigate gene expression mechanism in regulatory cells. In the present study, using a tacrolimus (FK506) induced tolerance of the fully mismatched liver allograft rat model, we demonstrated that, in contrast with peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) from syngeneic recipients, PBLs taken from tolerant recipients 100 days after transplantation were able to suppress the in vitro proliferation of allogeneic PBLs and to prolong the survival of second syngeneic recipients. We also compared messenger RNA profiles in PBLs from tolerant recipients with those from syngeneic recipients using a DNA microarray with probe sets corresponding to more than 8000 rat genes. There were 96 up-regulated and 103 down-regulated genes in the tolerant recipients. In the up-regulated group, there were 76 known genes and 20 expressed sequence tags (ESTs). In the down-regulated groups, there were 87 known genes and 16 ESTs. Our data indicated that FK506 treatment induced tolerance and expansion of regulatory cells and the DNA microarray technology was useful for this application and provided many informative insights into the mechanism of lymphocyte regulation. (Liver Transpl 2004;10:379-391.)
Jasmine: A Tool for Model-Driven Runtime Verification with UML Behavioral Models (2008)

This paper describes the Jasmine tool to detect inconsistencies between the modelled behavior depicted in UML behavior models and monitored runtime behavior of Java programs by runtime verification. Jasmine takes Java programs under verification and corresponding UML models including sequence diagrams, activity diagrams and state machine diagrams. Jasmine imports and parses UML models created by any UML modelling tools. Jasmine instruments the code directed by the UML models, so as to relate the monitored runtime behavior to the UML models. Jasmine drives the instrumented program by existing test suites to collect the program execution traces. Jasmine checks the consistencies between the collected program execution traces and the UML models. It is implemented in Eclipse framework, working as a stand-alone Java application as well as a plug-in in Eclipse platform. It is highly automated and has been evaluated on several case studies.
Long-range communications at extremely low frequencies (1974)

Extremely low frequencies (ELF) are ideal for communicating with deeply submerged submarines because, below 100 Hz, electromagnetic waves penetrate deeply into seawater. Propagation at these frequencies takes place in the "waveguide" formed between the earth and ionosphere; low propagation losses allow nearly worldwide communication from a single transmitter. Atmospheric noise at these frequencies is caused entirely by lightning; the non-Gaussian nature of this noise has important implications for receiver design and performance. Because the ratio of ELF transmitter input power to radiated power is very low, it is important that the modulation/coding technique employed make very efficient use of received signal energy. Such an efficient receiver has been implemented on a small digital computer and has been used to receive messages aboard a submarine crossing the Atlantic Ocean.
On the optimization of SiGe-base bipolar transistors (1996)

Advanced epitaxial growth of strained SiGe into a Si substrate enhances the freedom for designing high speed bipolar transistors. Devices can be designed by altering the Ge percentage, a procedure known as bandgap engineering. An optimization study on n-p-n SiGe-base bipolar transistors has been performed using computer simulations focusing on the effect of the Ge profile on the electrical characteristics. In this study it is shown that the base Gummel number is of major importance on the maximum cutoff frequency and the Ge-grading itself, which induces a quasielectric field, is of minor importance. Because of the outdiffusion of the boron dopant in the base and the relatively thin critical layer thickness of approximately 600 /spl Aring/, it appears that a box-like Ge profile with the leading edge approximately in the middle of the base is optimal. The predicted maximum cutoff frequency is 45 GHz, a sheet resistance of 8.5 k/spl Omega///spl square/ and current gain of 80. The optimized device was fabricated and measurements were performed showing good agreement with the simulations.
Defect reduction methodology for advanced copper dual damascene oxide etch (2002)

In the semiconductor industry, end of line process and tool requirements are becoming increasingly stringent. The tight geometries found in small feature sizes contribute to the faster chips the market demands, but also require improved performance with respect to defect density. Acceptable defect densities from just a few years ago are now becoming the killer defects of today. Dual damascene processes demand cleanliness since defects at trough etch result in opens, but could also cause problems with later via etch process steps. IBM's Vermont facility recently completed a successful defect reduction program on a Lam 4520XLE oxide etch system used for copper dual damascene. Defects were identified using inline metrology. The defect reduction program successfully identified marginal components, corrected these components, then tracked the defect improvements through both inline metrology and yield controls. At the successful completion of the project, a Mean Time Between Clean increase up to 7.5/spl times/ has been demonstrated with no degradation of line performance. This paper will discuss the methodology used in determining the source of the defects, correcting marginal hardware, verifying the defect improvement, and using monitor wafers to help separate the tools in question from the rest of the manufacturing line. A statistical approach will be discussed that helped to reduce the variability of the line controls. This approach ultimately allowed the increase in MTBC while keeping yields constant.
Enhancement of the in vivo osteogenic potential of marrow/hydroxyapatite composites by bovine bone morphogenetic protein (2000)

A composite of marrow mesenchymal stem cells and porous hydroxyapatite (HA) has in vivo osteogenic potential. To investigate factors enhancing the osteogenic potential of marrow/HA composites, we prepared a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) fraction from the 4M guanidine extract of bovine bone by heparin-sepharose affinity chromatography. Marrow/HA composites or composites containing marrow mesenchymal stem cells, BMP, and HA (marrow/BMP/HA composites) were implanted subcutaneously in 7-week-old male Fischer rats. BMP/HA composites and HA alone were also implanted. The implants were harvested after 2, 4, or 8 weeks and were prepared for histological and biochemical studies. Histological examination showed obvious de novo bone formation together with active osteoblasts at 2 weeks, as well as more extensive bone formation at 4 and 8 weeks in many pores of the marrow/BMP/HA composites. The marrow/HA composites did not induce bone formation at 2 weeks, but there was moderate bone formation at 4 weeks. At 2 weeks, only marrow/BMP/HA composites resulted in intensive osteogenic activity, judging from alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin expression at both the protein and gene levels. These results indicate that the combination of marrow mesenchymal stem cells, porous HA, and BMP synergistically enhances osteogenic potential, and may provide a rational basis for their clinical application, although further in vivo experiment is needed. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 52, 621–630, 2000.
Engineered interfaces and nano-scale thin films for solid oxide fuel cell electrolytes (2013)

Solid state electrolytes with high oxygen ionic conductivity at low temperatures are required to develop cost effective and efficient solid oxide fuel cells. This study investigates the influence of engineered interfaces on the oxygen ionic conductivity of nano-scale multilayer thin film electrolytes. The epitaxial Sm2O3 doped CeO2 (SDC) and Sc2O3 stabilized ZrO2 (ScSZ) are selected as the alternative layers for the proposed multilayer thin film electrolyte based on the optimum structural, chemical, and electrical properties reported in the previous studies. The epitaxial SDC(111)/ScSZ(111) multilayer thin films are grown on high purity Al2O3(0001) substrates by oxygen-plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy. Prior to the deposition of multilayers, the growth parameters are optimized for epitaxial CeO2, ZrO2, SDC, and ScSZ thin films.\nThe epitaxial orientation and surface morphology of CeO2 thin films shows dependency on the growth rate. Epitaxial CeO2(111) is obtained at relatively high growth rates (>9 Å/min) at a substrate temperature of 650°C and an oxygen partial pressure of 2 × 10-5 Torr. The same growth parameters are used for the deposition of ZrO2 thin films. ZrO2 exhibits both monoclinic and cubic phases, which is stabilized in the cubic structure by doping with Sc2O3. The Sm and Sc evaporation rates are varied during the growth to obtain thin films of 15 mol % SmO1.5 doped CeO2 and 20 mol % ScO1.5 stabilized ZrO2, respectively. The SDC/ScSZ multilayer thin films are grown using the same growth parameters by varying the number of layers.\nThe SDC/ScSZ multilayer thin films show significant enhancement in the oxygen ionic conductivity in comparison to single layer SDC and ScSZ thin films. The increase in the oxygen ionic conductivity with the increase in number of layers can be attributed to lattice mismatch induced ionic conductivity along the interfaces. The 8-layer film exhibits the maximum oxygen ionic conductivity with one order of magnitude enhancement in the temperature range of 500-800°C compared to single layer thin films.
Endothelin receptor antagonists inhibit endothelin in human skin microcirculation. (1994)

Endothelin is a potent vasoconstrictor peptide produced by endothelial cells, but its role in physiology and disease is uncertain. We investigated the influence of the endothelin-A-selective receptor antagonist PD 147953 and the nonselective endothelin receptor antagonist PD 145065 on the effects of endothelin-1 and endothelin-3 in the skin microcirculation of healthy volunteers, using laser Doppler flowmetry. A double injection model was developed, allowing simultaneous injection of two substances, ie, agonist and antagonist or saline. The injection of saline led to a well-defined vasodilation at the injection site (maximum increase, from 19 +/- 2 to 97 +/- 15 perfusion units at 6 minutes; P < .001; n = 10). Endothelin-1 (10(-12) mol) decreased blood flow (difference from saline control, -79 +/- 14 perfusion units; P < .001; n = 11) within the injection wheal (diameter, 4 to 5 mm), while endothelin-3 had no effect. In the surrounding area (at 8 mm from the injection site), both endothelin-1 (+116 +/- 32 perfusion units; P < .001; n = 11) and endothelin-3 (+59 +/- 16 perfusion units; P < .001; n = 11) markedly increased blood flow. Both endothelin receptor antagonists slightly increased blood flow (maximum difference from control, +56 +/- 18 [PD 147953] and +31 +/- 10 [PD 145065] perfusion units; P < .05; n = 8) and inhibited endothelin-1-induced (P < .01) vasoconstriction. The vasoconstriction to norepinephrine was not affected by the endothelin antagonist PD 147953. Endothelin-1- and endothelin-3-induced vasodilation in the surrounding area were also inhibited by both endothelin antagonists or by lidocaine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Porphyrin Synthesis in Clay Nanospaces (1993)

Abstract meso-Tetraalkylporphyrins were synthesized in good yields from aliphatic aldehydes and pyrrole by using the clay, montmorillonite K10. The nanometer size porous structures of K10 provide suitable reaction media for polymerization-cyclization condensations of aldehyde and pyrrole.
A CT- and MR-compatible reference marker box for use with stereotaxic frames. (1995)

A CT- and MR-compatible reference marker box for use with stereotaxic frames.I A Crooks, B G Fallone, E B Podgorsak and N SharoubimAudio Available | Share
Chromitierung – Ein neues ungiftiges Verfahren zur Zinkpassivierung (1996)

In our industrial society zinc-plated and chromated metal surfaces are ubiquitous. So far, a high corrosion protection of such zinc layers could only be obtained on the basis of toxic chromium (VI). Chromitizing is a new process based on non-toxic chromium(III) compounds and is intended as an ecologically compatible replacement for yellow and olive chromatizing.
Defect dominated charge transport in amorphous Ta2O5 thin films (2000)

Ta 2 O 5 is a candidate for use in metal–oxide–metal (MOM) capacitors in several areas of silicon device technology. Understanding and controlling leakage current is critical for successful implementation of this material. We have studied thermal and photoconductive charge transport processes in Ta2O5 MOM capacitors fabricated by anodization, reactive sputtering, and chemical vapor deposition. We find that the results from each of these three methods are similar if one compares films that have the same thickness and electrodes. Two types of leakage current are identified: (a) a transient current that charges the bulk states of the films and (b) a steady state activated process involving electron transport via a defect band. The transient process involves either tunneling conductivity into states near the Fermi energy or ion motion. The steady state process, seen most commonly in films &lt;300 Å thick, is dominated by a large number of defects, ∼1019–1020 cm−3, located near the metal–oxide interfaces. The interior of thick Ta2O5 films has a substantially reduced number of defects. Modest heating (300–400 °C) of Ta2O5 in contact with a reactive metal electrode such as Al, Ti, or Ta results in interfacial reactions and the diffusion of defects across the thickness of the film. These experiments show that successful integration of Ta2O5 into semiconductor processing requires a better understanding of the impact of defects on the electrical characteristics and a better control of the metal–Ta2O5 interface.
Survival of Listeria monocytogenes on Processed Poultry (1989)

ABSTRACT The potential for Listeria monocytogenes to survive and proliferate on processed poultry was investigated. Chicken breasts were inoculated with L. monocytogenes , cooked to one of five different internal temperatures, then either vacuum‐packaged or wrapped in an oxygen permeable film and stored for up to four wk at 4 o C and 10 o C. Survivors were encountered at each cooking temperature employed. The magnitude of lethality was directly related to the cooking temperature. No significant increase in microbial populations occurred through 2 wk of storage. Bacterial populations in samples that were overwrapped increased significantly by week 4, except for the 160 o F (71.1 o C) treatment. For samples which were vacuum‐packaged, only the bacterial population in the 150 o F (65.6 o C) treatment significantly increased. Differences due to packaging were observed at 4 o C storage but not at 10 o C storage.
Combination of a pulsed microwave plasma with a catalyst for acetylene oxidation (2004)

The potential of an approach combining a pulsed microwave discharge with a catalytic packed bed reactor for the oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOC) has been studied. The ignition of the plasma has been made possible by inserting ferroelectric BaTiO3 pellets inside the microwave excitator. As a test VOC molecule, acetylene (C2H2) in an amount of 200ppm in dry air was used. The total oxidation products CO and CO2 have been monitored downstream of the plasma region by tuneable diode laser absorption spectroscopy in the infrared region. The oxidative efficiency was found to increase linearly with the pulse repetition rate. The oxidative efficiency and the CO2∕CO selectivity were considerably enhanced when the catalyst was located inside the plasma region, which shows the synergetic effect of the plasma–catalyst combination.
MOLECULAR ELECTRONIC SPECTRAL BROADENING IN LIQUIDS AND GLASSES (1998)

The magnitudes, time scales, and underlying mechanisms responsible for broadening the electronic spectra of molecules in liquid solutions and glasses are reviewed. The emphasis is on experimental results from hole-burning, single-molecule, photon echo, and resonance Raman and fluorescence studies. The influence of the time scale of the measurement in distinguishing between homogeneous broadening (electronic dephasing) and inhomogeneous broadening is discussed, and the role of coupling of solvent phonons to the solute's electronic transition is stressed.