gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evidence for a Role of Protein Kinase-C in His-D-Trp Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH<sub>2</sub>-Induced Growth Hormone Release from Rat Primary Pituitary Cells (1991)

We have recently reported that His-D-Trp-Ala-Trp-D-Phe-Lys-NH2 (GHRP-6) synergizes with GH-releasing factor (GRF) to increase GH release and cAMP accumulation in rat pituitary cells in vitro. This study was undertaken to further investigate the mechanism of action of GHRP-6 on GH release, particularly the involvement of protein kinase-C. Forskolin (10(-5) M), A23187 (10(-6) M), and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA; 10(-7) M) all stimulated GH release. However, only PMA can mimic the synergistic effects of GHRP-6 on GRF-stimulated GH release and intracellular cAMP accumulation. 4 alpha-Phorbol 12,13-didecanoate, an inactive phorbol ester, was unable to stimulate GH release or potentiate the effect of GRF. Extracellularly added phospholipase-C not only stimulated GH release in a dose-dependent manner, but also potentiated GRF-induced GH release. Phloretin, a protein kinase-C inhibitor, in a concentration range of 10-250 microM had very little or no effect on basal and GRF-stimulated GH release, but markedly inhibited the stimulatory effects induced by either PMA or GHRP-6. Incubation of rat pituitary cells with 10(-6) M PMA for 24 h completely down-regulated protein kinase-C, since such PMA-pretreated cells did not release GH in response to a second dose of PMA. The protein kinase-C-depleted cells had an attenuated GHRP-6 response, but they responded normally to GRF. Moreover, the synergistic effects of GHRP-6 and GRF on GH release and cAMP accumulation were also greatly inhibited by protein kinase-C down-regulation. These data suggest that the effects of GHRP-6 on GH release, either alone or together with GRF, are at least partially mediated via the activation of protein kinase-C.
Gemcitabine and interferon-α 2b in solid tumors: a phase I study in patients with advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung, ovarian, pancreatic or renal cancer (2002)

We performed a phase I study combining gemcitabine and interferon (IFN)- 2b in patients with advanced solid tumors to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and recommended doses for phase II trials. Five dose levels of gemcitabine (mg/m )/IFN- (x10 IU) were planned: 500/5, 1000/5, 1000/7, 1000/10 and 1200/10. Gemcitabine was given once weekly and IFN 3 x weekly for 3 consecutive weeks followed by 1 week of rest (28-day cycles). Between February 1997 and June 1999, 21 patients with advanced pancreatic ( =3), ovarian ( =1), renal ( =10) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC; =7) were enrolled. The MTD was reached at gemcitabine 1000 mg/m and IFN- 7 x 10 IU, with two of three patients having dose-limiting toxicity (thrombocytopenia). The predominant hematologic toxicities (grade 3/4) were neutropenia and thrombocytopenia (13 and five patients, respectively). Three patients had moderate neutropenic fever and one had grade 4 AST/ALT; none required hospitalization. Of the 18 evaluable patients, responses included one partial response (NSCLC) and 10 stable diseases (eight renal cancer). We conclude that the recommended phase II study regimen is gemcitabine 1000 mg/m and IFN- 5 x 10 IU, every 28 days. The results, particularly those in metastatic renal carcinoma, are encouraging and worthy of further evaluation in phase II trials.
Perhalogenated thiazoles. Their synthesis, reactions and mass spectra (1976)

Abstract The synthesis of six new mixed perhalogenaled thiazoles ane reported. Three of these contain a 2‐fluoro substituent one of which includes the novel 5‐bromo‐4‐chloro‐2‐fluorothiazole. The mass spectral fragmentation pattern of the perhalogenated thiazoles was used to elucidate the orientation of the halogen suhstituents. A novel halogen migration from carbon to nitrogen in the mass spectrum was observed for several of the perhalogenated thiazoles. Nucleophilie displacement of fluoride ion in 4,5‐diehloro‐2‐flurothiazile ( 7 ) by cyano, hydroxyl and methoxyl unions and by diclhyl amine produced the respective 2‐substituted dichlorothiazoles. The ease of electrophilic substitution on carbon in the polyhalogenated thiazoles was observed to be 2 > > 5 > 4. Sulfur tetrafluoride fluorinalion of 2‐earboxy‐4,5‐dichlorothiazole, formed by lilhiation and eurbonation of tricblorolhiazole, yielded 4,5‐dicbloro‐2‐trifluoromethylthiazole.
A model for firefly luciferin biosynthesis (1975)

F. McCapra and Z. Razavi, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1975, 42b DOI: 10.1039/C3975000042B
Fire fighters' assessments of fireground risk (2005)

\n\t\t\t\t\tFire fighters are often required to work in dynamic and hazardous environments involving a high level of uncertainty. The present study investigated 110 volunteer fire fighters&rsquo; assessments of levels of risk associated with a photographic depiction of a typical grassland fire situation. The fire fighters used a standard fire agency risk-rating matrix procedure requiring them to specify the severity of the hazards depicted and the probability of a mishap in order to rate overall level of risk (1 = Low; 4 = Extreme). The risk ratings made by the fire fighters varied greatly. The overall rate of agreement with the risk level rating of the situation made by a panel of expert fire officers (=1, Low) was only 27%. It seems that use of a standard risk-rating matrix procedure by fire fighters at incidents, as recommended currently by many fire agencies, is likely to result in unreliable risk assessments, at least in the absence of effective training in the risk assessment procedure. The 110 volunteers were also asked to identify the total number of potential hazards apparent in five photographs depicting different kinds of emergency incidents. Identifying more hazards was found to be associated with (a) previous personal experience of a &lsquo;near-miss&rsquo;; and (b) higher levels of education. The findings imply that when faced with identical fire ground situations, individual fire fighters are likely to differ in their situational awareness of hazards and consequent risk assessments.<br />\n\t\t\t\t
Single-chamber cardiac pacing with activity-initiated chronotropic response: evaluation by cardiopulmonary exercise testing. (1987)

In this study, sequential cardiopulmonary exercise testing was used to assess the physiologic benefits of a single-chamber ventricular pacing system that utilizes a piezoceramic sensor to adjust heart rate by detecting "physical activity." An initial exercise test was conducted with the pacemaker programmed (based on a randomization table) to either the fixed rate (VVI, 70 beats/min) or rate-variable (VVI-Act) mode, and the results were compared with those obtained during a second exercise test in which the pacemaker was programmed to the alternate pacing mode. A 1.5 to 2 hr rest period was permitted between exercise tests, each of which consisted of a symptom-limited constant speed (3.0 mph) Balke protocol with 2 min stages commencing at 0.0% grade with increments of 2.5% at end of each stage. Compared with findings during fixed-rate VVI pacing, VVI-Act pacing was associated with greater exercise-induced positive chronotropic response (mean maximum heart rate VVI-Act 128 +/- 15.3 beats/min vs VVI 90 +/- 28.4 beats/min; p less than .01), prolongation of exercise duration (VVI-Act 10.2 +/- 3.8 min vs VVI 7.7 +/- 2.5 min; p less than .01), increased peak oxygen consumption (VVI-Act 1617 +/- 656 ml O2/min vs VVI 1325 +/- 451 ml O2/min; p less than .01), and onset of anaerobic threshold at a higher oxygen consumption (VVI-Act 1208 +/- 343 ml O2/min vs VVI 1064 +/- 377 ml O2/min: p less than .01). Additionally, of 44 comparable exercise stages tested in the two pacing modes, perceived exertion (assessed by a numerical grading system) was lower in 38 of 44 instances during VVI-Act compared with VVI pacing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Thin-sheet laser imaging microscopy for optical sectioning of thick tissues (2009)

We report the development of a modular and optimized thin-sheet laser imaging microscope (TSLIM) for nondestructive optical sectioning of organisms and thick tissues such as the mouse cochlea, zebrafish brain/inner ear, and rat brain at a resolution that is comparable to wide-field fluorescence microscopy. TSLIM optically sections tissue using a thin sheet of light by inducing a plane of fluorescence in transparent or fixed and cleared tissues. Moving the specimen through the thinnest portion of the light sheet and stitching these image columns together results in optimal resolution and focus across the width of a large specimen. Dual light sheets and aberration-corrected objectives provide uniform section illumination and reduce absorption artifacts that are common in light-sheet microscopy. Construction details are provided for duplication of a TSLIM device by other investigators in order to encourage further use and development of this important technology.
IP Echo Host Service (1997)

This memo describes how to implement an IP echo host.IP echo hosts send back IP datagrams after exchanging the source and destination IP addresses.The effect is that datagrams sent to the echo host are sent back to the source, as if they originated at the echo host.
Fat suppression techniques in breast magnetic resonance imaging: a critical comparison and state of the art (2015)

Abstract: Robust and accurate fat suppression is highly desirable in breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) because it can considerably improve the image quality and lesion conspicuity. However, fat suppression is also more challenging in the breast compared with other regions in the body. Technical advances have been made over time to make fat suppression more efficient and reliable. Combined with other innovations, breast MRI continues to be the most sensitive and comprehensive diagnostic modality in the detection and evaluation of breast lesions. This review offers a critical comparison of various fat suppression techniques in breast MRI including spectral-selective excitation and saturation techniques based on the chemical shift difference between fat and water, the inversion recovery techniques based on the T1 relaxation time difference, the hybrid spectral-selective inversion recovery techniques, and the new Dixon fat and water separation techniques based on the phase difference between fat and water signal at different echo times. This review will also cover less frequently used techniques such as slice-selective gradient reversal. For each fat suppression technique in breast MRI, a detailed explanation of the technical principle, the advantages and disadvantages, the approaches for optimization as well as the clinical examples are included. The additional challenges of fat suppression in breast MRI at higher field strength and in the presence of metallic and silicone implants are also discussed. Keywords: breast MRI, fat suppression, dynamic contrast enhanced imaging, diffusion weighted imaging, magnetic resonance spectroscopy
Minimum prediction residual principle applied to speech recognition (1975)

A computer system is described in which isolated words, spoken by a designated talker, are recognized through calculation of a minimum prediction residual. A reference pattern for each word to be recognized is stored as a time pattern of linear prediction coefficients (LPC). The total log prediction residual of an input signal is minimized by optimally registering the reference LPC onto the input autocorrelation coefficients using the dynamic programming algorithm (DP). The input signal is recognized as the reference word which produces the minimum prediction residual. A sequential decision procedure is used to reduce the amount of computation in DP. A frequency normalization with respect to the long-time spectral distribution is used to reduce effects of variations in the frequency response of telephone connections. The system has been implemented on a DDP-516 computer for the 200-word recognition experiment. The recognition rate for a designated male talker is 97.3 percent for telephone input, and the recognition time is about 22 times real time.
Methotrexate-alpha-phenylalanine: optimization of methotrexate prodrug for activation by carboxypeptidase A-monoclonal antibody conjugate. (1995)

Methotrexate-alpha-phenylalanine (MTX-Phe), a second-generation prodrug in the MTX alpha-peptide series designed for activation to MTX by carboxypeptidase-mAb conjugates, was synthesized by reaction of the p-nitrophenyl ester of 4-amino-4-deoxy-10-methylpteroic acid with L-glutamyl-alpha-L-phenylalanine. Production of MTX from MTX-Phe, catalyzed by bovine pancreas carboxypeptidase A (CPA), was 250-fold faster than the corresponding reaction involving methotrexate-alpha-alanine, previously the best MTX peptide substrate for the enzyme. The amount of CPA required to make MTX-Phe equitoxic with MTX, when tested against UCLA-P3 human lung adenocarcinoma cells in vitro, was more than 10-fold lower than that required to achieve the same result with MTX-alpha-alanine. When the lung tumor cells were treated with CPA conjugated to KS1/4 (a mAb targeted to these cells) and excess conjugate removed by extensive washing, the ID50 for MTX-Phe improved from 2.2 x 10(-6) M (no enzyme present) to 6.3 x 10(-8) M; the latter value was comparable to that of the parent drug MTX (4.5 x 10(-8) M). [3H]MTX-Phe was synthesized and used to investigate the mechanism by which the prodrug exerts its cytotoxic effect in the presence and absence of CPA. The present results demonstrate that, for use in conjunction with CPA-mAb conjugates, the alpha-phenylalanine derivative is the optimal prodrug form of MTX (and probably other antifols that contain the glutamate moiety).
Causal Feature Selection (2007)

The present chapter makes an argument in favor of understanding and utilizing the notion of causality for feature selection: from an algorithm design perspective, to enhance interpretation, build robustness against violations of the i.i.d. assumption, and increase parsimony of selected feature sets; from the perspective of method characterization, to help uncover superﬂuous or artifactual selected features, missed features, and features not only predictive but also causally informative.
Timing of Microcirculatory Injury from Ischemia Reperfusion (2001)

The low flow state that results from ischemia and reperfusion injury is a potentially reversible process that is important in numerous clinical situations. However, the point in time during the course of reperfusion where tissue injury becomes irreversible is unknown. This experiment evaluated the continuum of tissue damage in skeletal muscle after ischemic insult by quantifying the number of flowing capillaries and percentage muscle necrosis in a male Wistar rat skeletal muscle model. A gracilis muscle flap was raised on the vascular pedicle of 39 male Wistar rats and examined at 832x using intravital videomicroscopy. The numbers of flowing capillaries in five consecutive high-power fields were counted for baseline values. The flap was then subjected to 4 hours of global ischemia (except in sham animals, n = 7) by placing a microvascular clamp on the pedicle artery and vein. Upon reperfusion, flowing capillaries were counted in the same five high-power fields at intervals of 5, 15, 30, and 60 minutes, then at 2 to 8 (1-hour intervals), 24, and 48 hours. The gracilis muscle was then harvested at these intervals during reperfusion and assessed for viability. Compared with baseline, flowing capillaries from the ischemia and reperfusion group (mean +/- SEM) decreased significantly in the first 8 hours of reperfusion (7.7 +/- 0.2 to 3.2 +/- 0.3, p < 0.001) with minimal change noted from 8 to 48 hours. Percentage muscle necrosis increased progressively in ischemia and reperfusion preparations from 1 to 7 hours of reperfusion (16.5 +/- 2.6 percent to 38.9 +/- 1.2 percent, p < 0.001). No significant change in muscle necrosis in the ischemia and reperfusion group was noted between 7 and 48 hours. Sham preparations showed no change in the number of flowing capillaries through 3 hours of reperfusion, with a slight decrease at 24 hours. This rat gracilis microcirculation skeletal muscle model demonstrates a heterogeneous reperfusion injury. The decrease in flowing capillaries correlated with the increase in percentage necrosis and appeared to stabilize at the 7- to 8-hour interval. This finding may have important implications for the timing of interventions aimed at minimizing tissue damage from ischemia-reperfusion.
Smart meter privacy using a rechargeable battery: Minimizing the rate of information leakage (2011)

A rechargeable battery may be used to partially protect the privacy of information contained in a household's electrical load profile. We represent the system as a finite state model to make tractable the computation of the rate of information leakage. Specifically, we use a trellis algorithm to estimate the mutual information rate between the battery's input and output loads. We show that stochastic battery policies can leak 26% less information than a so-called best-effort algorithm (that holds the output load constant whenever possible). We finally describe the extension of the technique to more realistic models of the battery system.
Bio-Inspired Dinuclear Copper Oxygenation Catalysts: Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity Studies (2016)

Dinuclear copper assemblies are encountered in the active centers of various oxidases involved in the oxidation of organic substrates by dioxygen. The role of the protein backbone in these metalloproteins is to hold the two Cu-centers in close proximity as to allow a two-electron oxidation of the Cu (I) rest state to the Cu (II) catalytically active form. The objective is to synthesize a dinuclear copper complex by different approaches using a pyrazole ligand and introducing substituents on the bipy site. Furthermore, the investigation of the reactivity of the Cu (I) complex towards oxidants other than dioxygen and the reactivity of Cu (II) complex towards organic substrates follows along the same line of work. At the next stage, reactions of the copper complexes with substrates will be monitored by spectroscopic methods (UV-Vis and NMR) and the reaction products will be characterized by standard and mass spectroscopic methods. Electrochemical studies (cyclic voltammetry) will be employed to define redox stability and redox reactivity of the copper complexes. The reactivity results will be used to direct further tuning of the chemical properties of the copper complexes by the introduction of substituents. The new copper complexes thus prepared will be structurally characterized by Xray crystallography. The coordination geometries around the Cu-centers of both complexes are significantly different than those of known oxygenases and their synthetic model compounds. This creates the expectation of new chemistries that may be mediated by the new copper complexes. The oxygenation of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons, if accomplished, will constitute an enormous success of the project. This would be a great way of controlling biological processes, creating catalyst substituents for organic reactions that are very slow in absence of catalyst, and even considering the role of these metalloproteins in infectious and neurodegenerative diseases.
Stabilized liposomal nanohybrid cerasomes for drug delivery applications (2010)

Paclitaxel loaded cerasomes exhibited sophisticated controlled release behavior and remarkably high stability towards surfactant solubilization, long-term storage, acidic treatment, and all factors susceptible to destabilize conventional liposomes, demonstrating that liposomal nanohybrid cerasomes can be a new promising drug delivery system.
The Importance of the Teacher for Developing Interest in Learning English by Chinese Students (2008)

The importance of the English teacher for the development of interest by students in the learning of English is discussed. In the Chinese context, the teacher is regarded traditionally as knowledgeable and the source of learning by students. Commonly, learners have no idea why English language is important to them and their interest in English relies on their teacher. A few perspectives are discussed regarding teachers as motivators of the successful learning of English.
Effect of Chemical Extraction of Lithium on the Local Structure of Spinel Lithium Manganese Oxides Determined by X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (1996)

The local structural modifications resulting from chemical extraction and reinsertion of lithium in spinels of composition LiMn2O4 and Li4/3Mn5/3O4 have been investigated by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) at the manganese K-edge. For LiMn2O4, Mn−O and Mn−Mn distances determined from the extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) decrease significantly when lithium is extracted in 0.1 M HCl, but are restored to their original values when ∼90% of the lithium content is reconstituted by sorption in LiOH solution. The Mn−O and Mn−Mn distances for Li4/3Mn5/3O4 are shorter than for LiMn2O4, consistent with a higher manganese oxidation state and lower unit cell parameter for this compound, and show much smaller variations on lithium extraction and reinsertion. In addition lithium extraction from LiMn2O4 results in an increase in local structural order, followed by a return to the lower symmetry state of the parent material when lithium is reinserted. These changes are not observed in the spectra of Li4/3Mn5/3O4 and its delithiated or relithiated products, which show rather the effects of local structural perturbations due to manganese vacancies in octahedral sites. Evolution of the X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES), in particular the position of the main edge discontinuity and modifications in the pre-edge spectral structure, supports chemical analyses in showing that lithium extraction from LiMn2O4 produces a MnIV-type spinel oxide from a mixed MnIII/MnIV parent material and that reinsertion of lithium results in a return to a mixed oxidation state. By contrast, the XANES data for Li4/3Mn5/3O4 show that here the dominant manganese state is MnIV and that lithium extraction and reinsertion entail only trivial local electronic changes. The XAS results are therefore compatible with a mainly redox mechanism for lithium extraction and reinsertion for LiMn2O4, but a predominantly ion-exchange process in the case of Li4/3Mn5/3O4, with the insertion of charge-compensating protons into the lattice.
Learning Robust Control Policies for End-to-End Autonomous Driving From Data-Driven Simulation (2020)

In this work, we present a data-driven simulation and training engine capable of learning end-to-end autonomous vehicle control policies using only sparse rewards. By leveraging real, human-collected trajectories through an environment, we render novel training data that allows virtual agents to drive along a continuum of new local trajectories consistent with the road appearance and semantics, each with a different view of the scene. We demonstrate the ability of policies learned within our simulator to generalize to and navigate in previously unseen real-world roads, without access to any human control labels during training. Our results validate the learned policy onboard a full-scale autonomous vehicle, including in previously un-encountered scenarios, such as new roads and novel, complex, near-crash situations. Our methods are scalable, leverage reinforcement learning, and apply broadly to situations requiring effective perception and robust operation in the physical world.