gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<b>Fine structure in cellulose microfibrils: NMR evidence from onion and quince</b> (1998)

It has been controversial for many years whether in the cellulose of higher plants, the microfibrils are aggregates of 'elementary fibrils', which have been suggested to be about 3.5 nm in diameter. Solid-state NMR spectroscopy was used to examine two celluloses whose fibril diameters had been established by electron microscopy: onion (8-10 nm, but containing 40% of xyloglucan as well as cellulose) and quince (2 nm cellulose core). Both of these forms of cellulose contained crystalline units of similar size, as estimated from the ratio of surface to interior chains, and the time required for proton magnetisation to diffuse from the surface to the interior. It is suggested that the onion microfibrils must therefore be constructed from a number of cellulose subunits 2 nm in diameter, smaller than the 'elementary fibrils' envisaged previously. The size of these subunits would permit a hexagonal arrangement resembling the cellulose synthase complex.
HSV Vectors for Gene Therapy (2003)

A number of aspects of the natural biology of herpes simplex virus (HSV) make it an attractive candidate for a vector to express foreign genes within the nervous system. Some of the advantages of an HSV vector are 1 Establishment of a life-long latent infection within peripheral and central nervous system neurons (for a review, see ref,1); 2 Latent HSV genomes exist as multiple episomal copies/neuron and integration is not known to occur (2), and 3. Nonreplicating HSV recombinants can establish a latent infection efficiently (3).
Synthesis and Catalytic Oligomerization Activity of Chromium Catalysts of Ligand Systems with Switchable Connectivity (2012)

Nucleophilic attack of in situ generated bis(diphenylphosphino)methane (DPPM–) anion at CO2, CyNCO, t-BuNCO, 2,6-(i-Pr)2PhNCO, and 2,4,6-(Me3)PhNCO resulted in the formation of the novel anionic ligands {[(Ph2P)2CHCO2]Li(THF)2}2 (1), {[(Ph2P)2C═CNH(R)O]Li(OEt)2}2 (R = Cy (2), R = t-Bu (3)), [Ph2PCH═P(Ph2)C═N(2,6-i-Pr2C6H3)O]Li(OEt2)2 (4), and {[(Ph2P)2C═CNH(2,4,6-Me3C6H2)O]Li]n (5), respectively. Ligand 4, however, showed a connectivity resulting from a nonclassical type of attack where the P atom acted as a nucleophilc center, thus affording a mixed-valent P(III)/P(V) species. Instead, the closely similar 5 showed a classical type of connectivity. The reaction of the in situ generated DPPM– anion with 1 and 0.5 equiv of CrCl3(THF)3 gave the chelated chromium complexes [HC(PPh2)2]Cr[(μ-Cl)2Li(THF)2]2 (6) and [HC(PPh2)2]2Cr(μ-Cl)2Li(THF)2]·1.5THF (7), respectively. The reaction of ligand 1 with CrCl2(THF)2 afforded the dimeric [{[(Ph2P)2C(H)CO2]2}Cr(THF)]2 (8), whereas the reaction of 3 with CrCl3(THF)3 resulted in the octahedral complex [(Ph2P)2C(H)C═N(t-Bu)O]CrCl2(THF)2·0.5THF·0.5(toluene) (9). The complexation of ligand 4 with CrCl3(THF)3 switched the connectivity to classical form and afforded the octahedral chromium complex [(Ph2P)C(H)C═N(2,6-i-Pr2C6H3)O]CrCl2(THF)2·1.5THF (10). In contrast, the reaction of the classical ligand 5 with CrCl3(THF)3 resulted in [(Ph2P)C(H)═P(Ph2)C═N(2,4,6-Me3C6H2)O]Cr(THF)2Cl2 (11) with a nonclassical type of connectivity. Reaction of 11 with DEAC switched the connectivity back to a classical type, affording {(EtCl2Al)[(Ph2P)2C(H)C═N(2,4,6-Me3C6H2)OAlEt2](μ-Cl)Cr}2(μ-Cl)2·(toluene) (12). The catalytic behavior of all of these complexes has been assessed under different oligomerization conditions, and it was found that the modification of the DPPM framework with cumulenes considerably enhances their catalytic performance in comparison to catalysts 6 and 7. In any event, a Schultz–Flory distribution of oligomers was obtained. However, the in situ catalytic testing of ligands 2–4 using Cr(acac)3 as metal precursor and DMAO as cocatalyst, in methylcyclohexane, switched the catalytic behavior to selective formation of 1-hexene and 1-octene (no higher liquid oligomers) along with a significant amount of narrowly dispersed, low-molecular-weight polyethylene wax. Interestingly, the precatalyst 12 showed self-activating trimerization capability with moderate activity.
Predictable Interrupt Management and Scheduling in the Composite Component-Based System (2008)

This paper presents the design of user-level scheduling hierarchies in the composite component-based system. The motivation for this is centered around the design of a system that is both dependable and predictable, and which is configurable to the needs of specific applications. Untrusted application developers can safely develop services and policies, that are isolated in protection domains outside the kernel. To ensure predictability, composite needs to enforce timing control over user-space services. Moreover, it must provide a means by which asynchronous events, such as interrupts, are handled in a timely manner without jeopardizing the system. Towards this end, we describe the features of composite that allow user-defined scheduling policies to be composed for the purposes of combined interrupt and task management. A significant challenge arises from the need to synchronize access to shared data structures (e.g., scheduling queues), without allowing untrusted code to disable interrupts or use atomic instructions that lock the memory bus. Additionally, efficient upcall mechanisms are needed to deliver asynchronous event notifications in accordance with policy-specific priorities, without undue recourse to schedulers. We show how these issues are addressed in Composite, by comparing several hierarchies of scheduling polices, to manage both tasks and the interrupts on which they depend. Studies show how it is possible to implement guaranteed differentiated services as part of the handling of I/O requests from a network device while avoiding livelock. Microbenchmarks indicate that the costs of implementing and invoking user-level schedulers in composite are on par with, or less than, those in other systems, with thread switches more than twice as fast as in Linux.
STUDIES ON REACTIONS RELATING TO CARBOHYDRATES AND POLYSACCHARIDES: XLIII. CYCLIC ACETAL AND KETAL FORMATION FROM α-PHENYL GLYCEROL AS FURTHER EXAMPLES OF THE "RING PARTITION PRINCIPLE" (1932)

The work represents an extension of the "Hibbert-Michael ring partition theory" to the interaction of α-phenyl glycerol with acetone and p-nitrobenzaldehyde respectively. The α-phenyl glycerol was prepared in the form of a pure crystalline product from cinnamyl alcohol and on condensation with acetone yielded the two expected, isomeric, five-membered (dioxolane) ring compounds. These two isopropylidene derivatives were isolated and their structures definitely determined by the usual hydrolysis and methylation technique. In this manner the corresponding α- and γ-methyl ethers of α-phenyl glycerol were isolated, the identity of which had been previously settled by direct synthesis employing well-established reactions.The β-methyl ether of α-phenyl glycerol was obtained by methylating crystalline 1:3 p-nitrobenzylidene α-phenyl glycerol and then hydrolyzing the ether.Condensation of p-nitrobenzaldehyde with α-phenyl glycerol should yield, according to the "ring partition principle", one six- and two five-membered cyclic acetals.The crystalline isomer separating from the crude condensation product was shown to be the six-membered cyclic acetal. Removal of this left a viscous oil containing the five-membered acetals which, on methylation, and subsequent hydrolysis, yielded a small amount of the γ-methyl ether of α-phenyl glycerol, thus indicating the presence of some 1:2 p-nitrobenzylidene glycerol in the original reaction product. Due to the large number of theoretically possible five-membered rings it was not found possible to isolate, or prove the presence of, both five-membered acetals in the oil left after removal of the crystalline six-membered acetal. Presumably both of the structural five-membered acetals were formed, but due to their mutual solubility relations it was not possible to bring about a separation of crystalline forms.
A Hybrid ARQ Scheme with Parity Retransmission for Error Control of Satellite Channels (1982)

This paper presents a new type of hybrid ARQ scheme for error control in data communication systems. The new scheme is based on the concept that the parity-check digits for error correction are sent to the receiver only when they are needed. Normally, data blocks with some parity-check bits for error detection are transmitted. When a data block <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">D</tex> is detected in errors, the retransmissions are not simply repetitions of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">D</tex> , but alternate repetitions of a parity block <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">P(D)</tex> and <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">D</tex> . The parity block <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">P(D)</tex> is formed based on <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">D</tex> and a half-rate invertible code which is capable of correcting <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</tex> or fewer errors and simultaneously detecting <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">d (d > t)</tex> or fewer errors. When a parity block is received, it is used to recover the originally transmitted data block either by inversion or by decoding operation. The repetitions of the parity block <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">P(D)</tex> and the data block <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">D</tex> are alternately stored in the receiver buffer for error correction until <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">D</tex> is recovered. We show that the proposed hybrid ARQ scheme provides both high system throughput and high system reliability. It is particularly attractive for error control in high-speed data communication systems with significant roundtrip delays, such as satellite channels.
Improved microstructure and corrosion resistance of nanostructured nickel coating via pulsed jet plating (2012)

This paper reports on the deposition of a fully dense and uniform Ni coating that is designed to improve the corrosion resistance of aeronautical structural alloy 30CrMnSi by application of pulsed jet plating from an additive containing nickel sulphate bath. As the deposition current density changed, the coating microstructure shifted from a cellular-like to a non-cellular one that was observed to have a dense, uniform and smooth surface. In addition, the preferred orientation became the (111) plane when the coating was deposited with an optimum current density of 39·8 A dm−2. Deposition of a dense and uniform nickel coating resulted in a significant increase in the corrosion resistance of 30CrMnSi. Significantly, nickel with (111) preferred orientation on 30CrMnSi had a higher corrosion resistance compared with bare 30CrMnSi, a conventional nickel plate coating on 30CrMnSi as well as nickel with (200) preferred orientation on 30CrMnSi.
Transport and Prediction of Sulfate in Agricultural Runoff (1991)

Abstract The measurement and simulation of sulfate‐S (SO 4 ‐S) mobility in agricultural watersheds is necessary to evaluate the effect of management practices on associated crop S deficiencies, enhanced leaching loss of nutrient cations, and acidification of percolation waters. The concentrations and amounts of SO 4 ‐S in runoff from six grassed and 13 cropped watersheds in the Southern Plains were, thus, measared over a 4‐yr period. Sulfate‐S transport in runoff was predicted using an equation describing the kinetics of SO 4 ‐S desorption from soil and compared with measured values. No SO 4 ‐S was added to any of the watersheds directly as S fertilizer or indirectly in N or P fertilizer material. No difference (at 5% level) in SO 4 ‐S concentration in runoff from grassed (mean annual value of 12.6 mg L −1 ) and cropped (mean annual value of 11.0 mg L −1 ) watersheds was observed. Differences in amounts (0.2–18.9 kg ha −1 yr −1 ) were a function of runoff volume as influenced by land management. A general trend of increasing SO 4 ‐S concentration in runoff with decreasing pH was observed, which may be a function of S dry deposition and soil and crop conditions. Measured and predicted SO 4 ‐S concentrations in runoff for individual events were not significantly different (at 5% level), with an average predictive standard error of 1.6 mg L −1 for all watersheds, representing 17% of the measured concentration. The equation may, thus, provide a predictive tool in agronomic and environmental studies of SO 4 ‐S movement in agricultural watersheds.
Two developmentally controlled promoters of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) that resemble the major class of motility-related promoters in other bacteria (1993)

Experiments were designed to allow isolation of Streptomyces coelicolor promoters that depend on the whiG sporulation gene, which encodes a putative sigma factor important in the sporulation of aerial hyphae. The strategy, based on earlier evidence that sigma WhiG is limiting for sporulation (K. F. Chater, C. J. Burton, K. A. Plaskitt, M. J. Buttner, C. Méndez, and J. Helmann, Cell 59:133-143, 1989) was to seek DNA fragments that inhibit sporulation in aerial hyphae when present at a high copy number. In a suitable Sau3AI-generated library of DNA from S. coelicolor A3(2), two inserts were found to inhibit sporulation. Both inserts caused expression of the adjacent xylE reporter gene present in the vector in a developmentally normal strain of S. coelicolor, but there was no xylE expression in an otherwise isogenic whiG mutant. S1 nuclease protection experiments were done with RNAs isolated from these plasmid-bearing strains or from the wild-type strain lacking either recombinant plasmid. In each case, an apparent transcription start site was found upstream of an apparent open reading frame (ORF) and just downstream of sequences that resemble consensus features of promoters for motility-related genes in Bacillus subtilis and coliform bacteria. Such promoters depend on sigma factors (sigma D and sigma F, respectively) particularly similar to the deduced whiG gene product. Each of the putative whiG-dependent promoters is within an ORF that is upstream of, and potentially translationally coupled to, the putative whiG-dependent ORF (although use of one of the promoters would necessitate the use of a different start codon, further downstream). Thus, in unknown circumstances, the whiG-dependent ORFs may be expressed from a more remote promoter as part of a complex transcription unit.
Fine structure of new connective tissue attachment following acid treatment of experimental furcation pockets in dogs (1981)

Periodontal furcation pockets were created in mandibular premolar teeth of three beagles and subsequently treated by reconstructive procedures including flap surgery, root planing and application of citric acid. Block biopsies removed after 1, 2, 3 and 6 weeks showed new attachment of connective tissue to the periodontally involved root surface. This was established by progressive interdigitation of new collagen fibrils and the acid‐exposed fibrils of the dentin matrix along the root planed surface as well as within the orifice of dentinal tubules. The results supplement those of a previous study (Ririe, Crigger & Selvig 1980) and show that attachment of soft connective tissue to a root planed and acid‐conditioned dentin surface can be achieved by the same mechanism irrespective of whether the root surface has been surgically denuded or has been exposed to the environment of an experimental periodontal pocket.
TSLP Signaling Network Revealed by SILAC-Based Phosphoproteomics (2012)

Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a cytokine that plays diverse roles in the regulation of immune responses. TSLP requires a heterodimeric receptor complex consisting of IL-7 receptor α subunit and its unique TSLP receptor (gene symbol CRLF2) to transmit signals in cells. Abnormal TSLP signaling (e.g. overexpression of TSLP or its unique receptor TSLPR) contributes to the development of a number of diseases including asthma and leukemia. However, a detailed understanding of the signaling pathways activated by TSLP remains elusive. In this study, we performed a global quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of the TSLP signaling network using stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture. By employing titanium dioxide in addition to antiphosphotyrosine antibodies as enrichment methods, we identified 4164 phosphopeptides on 1670 phosphoproteins. Using stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture-based quantitation, we determined that the phosphorylation status of 226 proteins was modulated by TSLP stimulation. Our analysis identified activation of several members of the Src and Tec families of kinases including Btk, Lyn, and Tec by TSLP for the first time. In addition, we report TSLP-induced phosphorylation of protein phosphatases such as Ptpn6 (SHP-1) and Ptpn11 (Shp2), which has also not been reported previously. Co-immunoprecipitation assays showed that Shp2 binds to the adapter protein Gab2 in a TSLP-dependent manner. This is the first demonstration of an inducible protein complex in TSLP signaling. A kinase inhibitor screen revealed that pharmacological inhibition of PI-3 kinase, Jak family kinases, Src family kinases or Btk suppressed TSLP-dependent cellular proliferation making them candidate therapeutic targets in diseases resulting from aberrant TSLP signaling. Our study is the first phosphoproteomic analysis of the TSLP signaling pathway that greatly expands our understanding of TSLP signaling and provides novel therapeutic targets for TSLP/TSLPR-associated diseases in humans.
Low noise digital logic techniques (2002)

Low-noise digital logic circuits designed to complement conventional static logic in high-speed high-precision mixed-signal applications are reviewed in this paper. By steering constant currents to realize the logic functions, it has been shown that digital switching noise is reduced by about two orders or magnitude which will allow much higher accuracy in mixed-mode ICs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Conversion of a Two-Stroke Detroit Diesel Allison Model 12V-149T Diesel Engine to Burn Natural Gas with Pilot Injection of Diesel Fuel for Ignition (1984)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">An investigation on the feasibility of converting a two-stroke Detroit Diesel - Allison Model 12V-149T Diesel Engine to burn natural gas with pilot injection of diesel fuel for ignition has been completed. It was found that, by mixing the natural gas with the intake air, it was impossible to achieve 70% or higher diesel fuel substitution and 1,000 BHP (746 KW) at the same time due to either flash back or engine knock. Flash back occurred whenever the natural gas concentration was set in the 5-6% range. At 1,900 rpm and maximum power, engine knock occurred with less than 65% diesel fuel substitution. With 80-85% diesel fuel substitution, and very low diesel fuel injection rates, the engine developed less than 85% of its power at 1,900 rpm.</div>
Reprint of: Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation for Acute Myeloid Leukemia (2015)

Allogeneic stem cell transplantation is an increasingly important treatment option in the management of adult acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The major causes of treatment failure remain disease relapse and treatment toxicity. In this review, Dr Vyas presents an overview of important recent data defining molecular factors associated with treatment failure in AML. He also identifies the emerging importance of leukemia stem cell biology in determining both response to therapy and relapse risk in AML. Dr Appelbaum discusses advances in the design and delivery of both myeloablative and reduced-intensity conditioning regimens, highlighting novel strategies with the potential to improve outcome. Dr Craddock discusses the development of both novel conditioning regimens and post-transplantation strategies aimed at reducing the risk of disease relapse.
Mechanism of mononuclear cell activation by an anti-CD43 (sialophorin) agonistic antibody. (1989)

CD43 (sialophorin, gpL115) is a sialoglycoprotein expressed on a wide variety of blood cells including lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, and platelets. L10, an anti-CD43 mAb, has been shown to induce monocyte-dependent activation and proliferation of human T lymphocytes. We have studied the signaling mechanism involved in this activation process. Treatment of PBMC and purified populations of T cells and monocytes with L10 induced the hydrolysis of phosphoinositides with the resultant generation of the phosphoinositide-derived second messengers diacylglycerol and inositol phosphates. This was associated with the translocation of protein kinase C from cytosol to membrane fractions and an increase in free intracellular Ca2+ in treated cells. In human leukemic T cell lines, the magnitude of signaling via CD43 did not correlate with the density of the TCR/CD3 surface expression nor with the intensity of signaling via the TCR/CD3. Moreover, a mutant derived from the leukemic T cell line HPB-ALL that was severely defective in TCR/CD3 surface expression and signaling nevertheless had normal CD43 surface expression and signaling compared with the parent cell line. It is concluded that CD43 is functionally coupled to the phospholipase C/phosphoinositides signaling pathway. In human T cells, signaling via CD43 proceeds independently of TCR/CD3. The widespread expression of CD43 suggests a potentially important role for this molecule in orchestrating the activation of multiple cell types.
Electrochemical Decontamination of Metallic Wastes Contaminated with Uranium Compounds (2003)

국내의 가동 중지된 우라늄 변환시설의 해체 시 우라늄 화합물로 오염되어 대량으로 발생될 금속폐기물의 재활용 또는 자체처분을 위한 제염기술로 전해제염 공정의 적용성을 평가하였다. 이를 위하여 우라늄 변환시설 내부설비의 주 구성 재료인 SUS-304 와 Inconel-600 금속시편을 대상으로 전해용해 실험을 수행하였다. SUS-304 와 Inconel-600 금속시편에 대한 전해용해 성능에 있어서 중성염 전해용액으로 SO가 가장 효과적이었으나, 우라늄변환시설의 가동 시 질산 매질과 주로 접촉했던 설비 표면의 이력과 시설 가동 중 발생한 우라늄 폐액의 성상을 고려하여 SO 전해용액 내에서의 SUS-304 시편에 대한 전해용해와 비교해서 약 30%, 그리고 Inconel-600 시편에 대해서는 거의 동등한 성능을 보인 NaNO 중성염 용액을 금속성폐기물의 전해제염 용액으로 선정하였다. 본 연구에서는 NaNO 중성염 전해용액에서 전류밀도, 전해시간 및 전해 용액의 농도가 SUS-304 및 Inconel-600 금속시편의 전해용해 성능에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 이 실험결과를 바탕으로 실제 우라늄 변환시설로부터 인출하여 , AUC 및 ADU 등의 우라늄 화합물로 오염된 시편에 대해 전류밀도 100mA/, IM NaNO 전해용액 내에서 전해 제염 실증시험을 수행하였으며, 오염물의 종류 및 오염준위의 대소와는 관계없이 모든 시편에 대하여 10분 이내의 짧은 시간 내에 자체처분 기준치 이하로 및 방사능 준위를 감소시킴으로써 본 중성염 전해제염이 매우 성공적임을 확인하였다.
Proton‐decoupled <sup>31</sup>P chemical shift imaging of the human brain in normal volunteers (1993)

Proton-decoupled, 31P three-dimensional (3-D) chemical shift imaging (CSI) spectra have been acquired from the entire human brain using a new dual tuned resonator. The resonator operates in quadrature mode to provide improved sensitivity, excellent B1 homogeneity and reduced power deposition at both frequencies. Proton-decoupled and fully NOE enhanced, 31P spectra were acquired from normal volunteers using Waltz-4 proton decoupling with continuous wave bi-level excitation applied through a second radio frequency channel. Well resolved peaks in the phosphomonoester (PME) and phosphodiester regions were obtained from nonlocalized FIDs and spectra localized with 3-D CSI without processing for resolution enhancement. pH measurements made over large regions of the brain using the P(i) resonance show no significant variations (6.9 +/- 0.02) for a single individual. The improved spectral resolution and sensitivity of the PME resonances results in more well defined metabolite images of the PME peak region.