gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Second Preimages on n-bit Hash Functions for Much Less than 2 n Work. (2004)

Abstract. We expand a previous result of Dean [Dea99] to provide a second preimage attack on all n-bit iterated hash functions with Damg˚ard-Merkle strengthening and n-bit intermediate states, allowing a second preimage to be found for a 2 k-message-block message with about k × 2 n/2+1 +2 n−k+1 work. Using RIPEMD-160 as an example, our attack can find a second preimage for a 2 60 byte message in about 2 106 work, rather than the previously expected 2 160 work. We also provide slightly cheaper ways to find multicollisions than the method of Joux [Jou04]. Both of these results are based on expandable messages–patterns for producing messages of varying length, which all collide on the intermediate hash result immediately after processing the message. We provide an algorithm for finding expandable messages for any n-bit hash function built using the Damg˚ard-Merkle construction, which requires only a small multiple of the work done to find a single collision in the hash function. 1
Gamma-Band Synchronization in the Macaque Hippocampus and Memory Formation (2009)

Increasing evidence suggests that neuronal synchronization in the gamma band (30-100 Hz) may play an important role in mediating cognitive processes. Gamma-band synchronization provides for the optimal temporal relationship between two signals to produce the long-term synaptic changes that have been theorized to underlie memory formation. Although neuronal populations in the hippocampus oscillate in the gamma range, the role of these oscillations in memory formation is still unclear. To address this issue, we recorded neuronal activity in the hippocampus while macaque monkeys performed a visual recognition memory task. During the encoding phase of this task, hippocampal neurons displayed gamma-band synchronization. Additionally, enhanced gamma-band synchronization during encoding predicted greater subsequent recognition memory performance. These changes in synchronization reflect enhanced coordination among hippocampal neurons and may facilitate synaptic changes necessary for successful memory encoding.
Grain‐Oriented Glass‐Ceramics for Piezoelectric Devices (1984)

Grain‐oriented glass‐ceramics of Li 2 Si 2 o 5 , fresnoite (Ba 2 TiSi 2 O 8 ), and its isomorphs Sr 2 TiSi 2 O 8 , and Ba 2 TiGe 2 O 8 , were prepared by recrystallizing glasses in a temperature gradient. Electromechanical and hydrostatic piezoelectric properties of these glass‐ceramics were measured. Piezoelectric voltage coefficients g 33 and hydrostatic voltage coefficient g h of these glass‐ceramics are comparable to those of polyvinylidene fluoride and an order of magnitude higher than the corresponding values of lead zirconate‐titanate. These glass‐ceramics seem to be attractive candidate materials for hydrophones and several piezoelectric devices. Hydrostatic piezoelectric properties of Ba 2 TiSi 2 O 8 and Ba 2 TiGe 2 O 8 single crystals were also measured. The unusually high values of g h in fresnoite single crystals and glass‐ceramics are supposed to be due to positive d 31 in these materials. A composite model is proposed to explain the positive sign of d 31 in fresnoite based on its crystal structure and internal Poisson's ratio stress.
SIMNET: an insider's perspective (1995)

Simulator Networking (SIMNET) began with a young scientist's idea but has ended up changing an entire industry and the way the military does business. And the story isn't over yet. SIMNET began as an advanced research project aimed at developing a core technology for networking hundreds of affordable simulators worldwide in real time to practice joint collective warfighting skills and to develop better acquisition practices. It was a daring project that proved the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) mission of doing “what cannot be done.” It was a serious threat to the existing simulation industry. As it turned out, the government got what it wanted—a low-cost, high-performance virtual simulation capability that could be proliferated like consumer electronics. This paper provides an insider's view of the program history, identifies some possible lessons for future developers, and opines future growth for SIMNET technology.
Einführung (1987)

In diesem einführenden Kapitel wird zunächst das generelle Thema des Buches umrissen, das den Teilaspekt von Methoden der künstlichen Intelligenz in ihrer Anwendung auf Probleme der Bild- und Sprachanalyse behandelt. Als Arbeitsgrundlage wird von einer modularen Systemstruktur und von einem geschichteten Verarbeitungsmodell ausgegangen. Die Anforderungen an die Vorverarbeitung und Segmentierung von Mustern werden zwar kurz erwähnt, jedoch wird ansonsten davon ausgegangen, dass die dafür erforderlichen Verarbeitungsalgorithmen anderweitig bereitgestellt werden. Absehbare Anwendungsmöglichkeiten werden diskutiert.
Exploiting the selectivity of protein phosphatase 1 for pharmacological intervention (2012)

Selective and reversible phosphorylation is one of the most common post-translational modifications of proteins. Although kinase inhibitors are popular in drug development programmes, selective pharmacological manipulation of phosphatase activity has been challenging to achieve. We review recent advances in the development of selective inhibitors of dephosphorylation events and discuss the potential applications of small-molecule phosphatase inhibitors.
An adaptive location management scheme for global personal communications (2002)

A major issue for achieving seamless universal personal communications is efficient location tracking of a multitude of mobile terminals. We present an efficient multi-level mobility management scheme that is especially suitable for hierarchical cellular structures. The scheme accounts for past as well as present terminal mobilities and dynamically changes the hierarchical level of the location area to which a mobile terminal registers. In a system that contains both a terrestrial segment and a satellite segment, highly mobile terminals will tend to register at the highest level where location areas are formed by spotbeams. Low mobility terminals such as pedestrians will tend to register at the lowest level where location areas are formed by microcells or clusters of microcells. An additional feature of the scheme is that the required signaling traffic for location updating is distributed evenly to all stations at each level of the system. The required location updating supervisory traffic of the proposed scheme is analyzed. Example performance characteristics are presented. Our studies show that the proposed scheme is efficient in tracking large numbers of terminals with a broad range of mobility.
Improved Kennedy-Thorndike experiment to test special relativity (1990)

We have carried out a modern version of the Kennedy-Thorndike experiment by searching for sidereal variations between the frequency of a laser locked to an ${\mathit{l}}_{2}$ reference line and a laser locked to the resonance frequency of a highly stable cavity. No variations were found at the level of 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}13}$. This represents a 300-fold improvement over the original Kennedy-Thorndike experiment and allows the Lorentz transformations to be deduced entirely from experiment at an accuracy level of 70 ppm.
Synthetic and computational efforts toward the understanding and development of novobiocin-derived inhibitors of Hsp90 (2008)

As C&minus;terminal inhibitors of a 90&minus;kDa heat shock protein (Hsp90), novobiocin and its derivatives are a significant part of an emerging class of cancer chemotherapeutic agents. Previous studies have shown that analogues of the coumarin and benzamide moieties of novobiocin exhibit more than a 1000&minus;fold improvement in activity over the parent compound. This thesis describes synthetic efforts toward the completion of noviose mimics to determine moieties that are critical for binding or can be altered for improved activity. Additionally, in the absence of a co&minus;crystal structure for the Hsp90 C&minus;terminus, there is a need to develop an accurate model to assist in efficient drug design. This work describes the use of molecular modeling and docking software to design new, potentially useful models of C&minus;terminal interactions.
Time-frequency analysis of heart rate variability reveals cardiolocomotor coupling during dynamic cycling exercise in humans (2009)

To test the hypothesis that cycling exercise modulates heart rate variability (HRV), we applied a short-time Fourier transform on the electrocardiogram of subjects performing a maximal graded cycling test. A pedaling frequency component (PFC) in HRV was continuously observed over the time course of the exercise test and extracted from R-R interval series obtained from 15 healthy subjects with a heterogeneous physical fitness, exercising at three different pedaling frequency (n = 5): 70, 80, and 90 rpm. From 30 to 50% of the maximal power output (P(max)), in the 90 rpm group, spectral aliasing caused PFC to overlap with the respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) band, significantly overestimating the PFC amplitude (A(PFC)). In the meantime, A(PFC) did not increase significantly from its minimal values in the 70 rpm ( approximately 1.26 ms) and 80 rpm ( approximately 1.20 ms) groups. Then, from 60 to 100% maximal power output (P(max)), workload increase caused a significant approximately 2.8-, approximately 3.3-, and approximately 3.4-fold increase in A(PFC) in the 70, 80, and 90 rpm groups, respectively, with no significant difference between groups. At peak exercise, A(PFC) accounted for approximately 43, approximately 39, and approximately 49% of the total HRV in the 70, 80, and 90 rpm groups, respectively. Our findings indicate that cycling continuously modulates the cardiac chronotropic response to exercise, inducing a new component in HRV, and that workload increase during intense exercise further accentuates this cardiolocomotor coupling. Moreover, because PFC and RSA overlapped at low workloads, methodological care should be taken in future studies aiming to quantify RSA as an index of parasympathetic activity.
Polyamine dependence of normal cell-cycle progression (2003)

The driving force of the cell cycle is the activities of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs). Key steps in the regulation of the cell cycle therefore must impinge upon the activities of the CDKs. CDKs exert their functions when bound to cyclins that are expressed cyclically during the cell cycle. Polyamine biosynthesis varies bicyclically during the cell cycle with peaks in enzyme activities at the G(1)/S and S/G(2) transitions. The enzyme activities are regulated at transcriptional, translational and post-translational levels. When cells are seeded in the presence of drugs that interfere with polyamine biosynthesis, cell cycle progression is affected within one cell cycle after seeding. The cell cycle phase that is most sensitive to polyamine biosynthesis inhibition is the S phase, while effects on the G(1) and G(2)/M phases occur at later time points. The elongation step of DNA replication is negatively affected when polyamine pools are not allowed to increase normally during cell proliferation. Cyclin A is expressed during the S phase and cyclin A/CDK2 is important for a normal rate of DNA elongation. Cyclin A expression is lowered in cells treated with polyamine biosynthesis inhibitors. Thus, polyamines may affect S phase progression by participating in the regulation of cyclin A expression.
Serum biomarker for progranulin‐associated frontotemporal lobar degeneration (2009)

Our results indicate that the serum PGRN level is a reliable biomarker for diagnosing and early detection of frontotemporal lobar degeneration caused by PGRN null mutations, and provided the first in vivo evidence that at least some missense mutations in PGRN may lead to a (partial) loss of PGRN.
The Effects of Fuel Evaporation on the Octane Number of Methanol-Gasoline Blended Fuels (1994)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A procedure is described to estimate the influence of end-gas temperature on Octane Number. Blending methanol with gasoline is known to cause a disproportionate increase in Research Octane Number, and this is found to correlate well with the evaporative cooling characteristics of these blends. The Motor Octane Number test eliminates evaporative effects, and the difference between the two test methods is evaluated in terms of evaporative cooling. It is concluded that the high heat of vaporization of methanol is largely responsible for the excellent RON performance of methanol-gasoline blended fuels.</div>
Genome‐wide analysis of the H‐NS and Sfh regulatory networks in <i>Salmonella</i> Typhimurium identifies a plasmid‐encoded transcription silencing mechanism (2010)

The conjugative IncHI1 plasmid pSfR27 from Shigella flexneri 2a strain 2457T encodes the Sfh protein, a paralogue of the global transcriptional repressor H-NS. Sfh allows pSfR27 to be transmitted to new bacterial hosts with minimal impact on host fitness, providing a 'stealth' function whose molecular mechanism has yet to be determined. The impact of the Sfh protein on the Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium transcriptome was assessed and binding sites for Sfh in the Salmonella Typhimurium genome were identified by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Sfh did not bind uniquely to any sites. Instead, it bound to a subset of the larger H-NS regulatory network. Analysis of Sfh binding in the absence of H-NS revealed a greatly expanded population of Sfh binding sites that included the majority of H-NS target genes. Furthermore, the presence of plasmid pSfR27 caused a decrease in H-NS interactions with the S. Typhimurium chromosome, suggesting that the A + T-rich DNA of this large plasmid acts to titrate H-NS, removing it from chromosomal locations. It is proposed that Sfh acts as a molecular backup for H-NS and that it provides its 'stealth' function by replacing H-NS on the chromosome, thus minimizing disturbances to the H-NS-DNA binding pattern in cells that acquire pSfR27.
ChemInform Abstract: β‐Ca<sub>3</sub>N<sub>2</sub>, a Metastable Nitride in the System Ca—N. (2009)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Distributed Robust Bilinear State Estimation for Power Systems with Nonlinear Measurements (2016)

This paper proposes a fully distributed robust bilinear state-estimation (D-RBSE) method that is applicable to multi-area power systems with nonlinear measurements. We extend the recently introduced bilinear formulation of state estimation problems to a robust model. A distributed bilinear state-estimation procedure is developed. In both linear stages, the state estimation problem in each area is solved locally, with minimal data exchange with its neighbors. The intermediate nonlinear transformation can be performed by all areas in parallel without any need of inter-regional communication. This algorithm does not require a central coordinator and can compress bad measurements by introducing a robust state estimation model. Numerical tests on IEEE 14-bus, 118-bus benchmark systems, and a 1062-bus system demonstrate the validity of the method.
Average out-of-pocket health care costs for Medicare+Choice enrollees increase 10 percent in 2003. (2003)

Medicare reform is at the top of the domestic policy agenda, and the role of private plans in that reform is a critical factor. Most of Medicare's experience with private plans has involved the Medicare+Choice (M+C) program. M+C plans, primarily HMOs, receive capitated payments and provide coverage for Medicare-covered services. To the extent that plans have any savings left over, they offer additional benefits. Because Medicare requires substantial cost-sharing by its beneficiaries and excludes coverage for important elements of care, such as prescription drugs, the extra benefits provided by M+C plans have been important in reducing enrollees' out-of-pocket costs. However, the average M+C enrollee is spending about $1,964 out-of-pocket this year, rising 10 percent from last year and doubling from 4 years ago. An enrollee in relatively poor health spends even more. This issue brief provides data for 2003 on out-of-pocket spending by Medicare beneficiaries in M+C and other private plans, including the new preferred provider organization (PPO) demonstrations.
Athermal narrow-band optical filter at 1.55μm wavelength by silica-based athermal waveguide (1998)

The temperature dependence of central wavelength of optical filters is a serious problem for the dense WDM systems. This dependence is owing to the temperature dependence of optical path-length of the waveguide. In this study, we realized a temperature independent silica-based optical filter at 1.55μm wavelength using an athermal waveguide, in which optical pathlength is independent of temperature. First, we designed a silica-based athermal waveguide, and next we designed and fabricated a ring resonator using the athermal waveguide. As a result, we successfully decreased the temperature dependence of central wavelength to less than 4x10^-4^ nm/K, which is 3% and 0.3% of corresponding values of conventional silica-based and semiconductor waveguide filters, respectively.
Automatic Speech Recognition Errors Detection and Correction: A Review (2018)

Even though Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) has matured to the point of commercial applications, high error rate in some speech recognition domains remain as one of the main impediment factors to the wide adoption of speech technology, and especially for continuous large vocabulary speech recognition applications. The persistent presence of ASR errors have intensified the need to find alternative techniques to automatically detect and correct such errors. The correction of the transcription errors is very crucial not only to improve the speech recognition accuracy, but also to avoid the propagation of the errors to the subsequent language processing modules such as machine translation. In this paper, basic principles of ASR evaluation are first summarized, and then the state of the current ASR errors detection and correction research is reviewed. We focus on emerging techniques using word error rate metric.
Equivalent circuit parameters of resonant tunneling diodes extracted from self-consistent Wigner-Poisson simulation (2001)

The equivalent circuit parameters of resonant tunneling diodes (RTD) are extracted from numerical simulation results for RTDs. The RTD models used in this paper are double barrier structures. The influence of the resonant tunneling structure (RTS) parameters, such as the height of barriers, the width of the quantum well, the width of the spacers, and the width of the barriers, on the device parameters are systematically discussed. The effects of device temperature on device parameters are also discussed. Scattering between electrons and phonons greatly affects device parameters and thereby the function of the RTDs. Physical explanations about how the structure parameters and device temperature influence the device parameters are provided. Based on the analysis results, a general way to get an RTD oscillator with a higher maximum frequency is suggested.
Differential expression patterns of cathepsins B, H, K, L and S in the mouse ovary (2001)

Cathepsins B, H, K, L and S belong to a family of lysosomal cysteine proteinases which participate in a variety of proteolytic processes, including degradation of extracellular matrix. Although the presence of cathepsin mRNAs in the ovary has been reported earlier, very little information is available on their temporospatial expression. In the present study, Northern analysis revealed cyclic changes in the mRNA levels for cathepsins B, H, K, L and S during the 4-day oestrous cycle in the mouse ovary. Immunohistochemical localization revealed distinct expression patterns suggesting different functions for the cathepsins studied. Cathepsin B was predominantly seen in the germinal epithelium throughout the oestrous cycle. Upon follicular maturation, an increasing number of granulosa cells became positive for all cathepsins. Strong cathepsin H staining was sharply defined in theca externa which also stained for cathepsins K and S. Corpus luteum was the predominant location of cathepsin L. The distribution of cathepsin S resembled that of cathepsin L. The developing oocyte stained positive for all cathepsins. In-situ hybridization confirmed the differential production of cathepsin mRNAs by granulosa, thecal and luteal cells. These complex temporal and spatial expression patterns at different stages of the oestrous cycle and follicular development suggest divergent functions for specific cathepsins in follicular development, growth and rupture.
BioShaDock: a community driven bioinformatics shared Docker-based tools registry (2015)

Linux container technologies, as represented by Docker, provide an alternative to complex and time-consuming installation processes needed for scientiﬁc software. The ease of deployment and the process isolation they enable, as well as the reproducibility they permit across environments and versions, are among the qualities that make them interesting candidates for the construction of bioinformatic infrastructures, at any scale from single workstations to high throughput computing architectures. The Docker Hub is a public registry which can be used to distribute bioinformatic software as Docker images. However, its lack of curation and its genericity make it difﬁcult for a bioinformatics user to ﬁnd the most appropriate images needed. BioShaDock is a bioinformatics-focused Docker registry, which provides a local and fully controlled environment to build and publish bioinformatic software as portable Docker images. It provides a number of improvements over the base Docker registry on authentication and permissions management, that enable its integration in existing bioinformatic infrastructures such as computing platforms. The metadata associated with the registered images are domain-centric, including for instance concepts deﬁned in the EDAM ontology, a shared and structured vocabulary of commonly used terms in bioinformatics. The registry also includes user deﬁned tags to facilitate its discovery, as well as a link to the tool description in the ELIXIR registry if it already exists. If it does not, the BioShaDock registry will synchronize with the registry to create a new description in the Elixir registry, based on the BioShaDock entry metadata. This link will help users get more information on the tool such as its EDAM operations, input and output types. This allows integration with the ELIXIR Tools and Data Services Registry, thus providing the appropriate visibility of such images to the bioinformatics community.