gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Harvesting Paragraph-Level Question-Answer Pairs from Wikipedia (2018)

We study the task of generating from Wikipedia articles question-answer pairs that cover content beyond a single sentence. We propose a neural network approach that incorporates coreference knowledge via a novel gating mechanism. Compared to models that only take into account sentence-level information (Heilman and Smith, 2010; Du et al., 2017; Zhou et al., 2017), we find that the linguistic knowledge introduced by the coreference representation aids question generation significantly, producing models that outperform the current state-of-the-art. We apply our system (composed of an answer span extraction system and the passage-level QG system) to the 10,000 top-ranking Wikipedia articles and create a corpus of over one million question-answer pairs. We also provide a qualitative analysis for this large-scale generated corpus from Wikipedia.
Analyses of Forest Foliage III: Determining Nitrogen, Lignin and Cellulose in Fresh Leaves Using near Infrared Reflectance Data (1994)

Near infrared laboratory data of whole fresh leaves were evaluated with respect to leaf chemical composition. Near infrared spectra were measured for 211 foliage samples including both broad- and needle-leaved species. A multiple linear regression analysis was used to determine if reflectance data from fresh leaf samples contains information on nitrogen, lignin and cellulose concentrations. Calibration equations were developed for all three leaf constituents, indicating that information on leaf biochemistry is present in the spectra of fresh as well as dried, ground leaf samples.
HLA-DMA and DMB genotyping in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. (1997)

HLA-DMA and DMB do not appear to be associated with the pathogenesis of RA.
Honeycomb-Structured Porous Films from Polypyrrole-Containing Block Copolymers Prepared via RAFT Polymerization as a Scaffold for Cell Growth (2006)

Honeycomb-structured porous films were prepared using customized amphiphilic block copolymers, synthesized by RAFT polymerization. Pyrrole was templated along an amphiphilic block copolymer, composed of polystyrene and poly(acrylic acid). Subsequent oxidation of pyrrol to polypyrrole, resulted in the formation of a soluble polypyrrole-containing polymer. Gel permeation chromatography and dynamic light scattering studies confirmed the solubility of the resulting customized amphiphilic block copolymer, in both water and organic solvent, forming either micelles or inverse aggregates. Porous films with a hexagonal array of micron-sized pores were generated with the polymer, using the breath figures templating technique. The resulting films were found to be non-cytotoxic and hence suitable as scaffolds for tissue engineering. Initial fibroblast cell culture studies on these scaffolds demonstrated a dependency of cell attachment on the pore size of scaffolds.
Extraction of Mass Spectra and Chromatographic Profiles from Overlapping GC/MS Signal with Background (2004)

An adaptive immune algorithm (AIA) was proposed for resolution of the overlapping GC/MS signal with background. By using AIA, the chromatographic profiles corresponding to the independent components (ICs) in the overlapping signal are calculated with the mass spectra extracted by means of independent component analysis (ICA). The number of the ICs in the overlapping signal is determined by the difference between the reconstructed and the original data. Both simulated and experimental data are investigated with the proposed AIA approach. It was found that the mass spectra and chromatographic profiles of the components in an overlapping multicomponent GC/MS signal can be accurately resolved with the existence of background, and the results are better than that by using an interactive self-modeling mixture analysis (SIMPLISMA) method. The AIA approach may be a promising tool for the resolution of overlapping GC/MS signal.
Macrophages and skeletal muscle regeneration: a clodronate-containing liposome depletion study (2006)

The study evaluates the influence of monocytes/macrophages in the mechanisms of skeletal muscle injury using a mouse model and selective depletion of peripheral monocyte with systemic injections of liposomal clodronate (dichloromethylene bisphosphonate). This pharmacological treatment has been demonstrated to induce specific apoptotic death in monocytes and phagocytic macrophages. In the current studies, the liposomal clodronate injections resulted in a marked attenuation of the peak inflammatory response in the freeze-injured muscle in the first three days after injury. The effect was accompanied by a transient reduction (at day 1 or 3 postinjury) of the expression of several genes coding for inflammatory, as well as growth-related mediators, including TNF, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, thioredoxin, high-mobility group AT-hook 1, insulin-like growth factor-binding protein (IGFBP), and IGF-1. In contrast, the expression of major myogenic factors (i.e., MyoD and myogenin) directly involved in the activation/proliferation and differentiation of muscle precursor cells was not altered by the clodronate liposome treatment. The repair process in the injured muscle of clodronate liposome-treated mice was characterized by prolonged clearance of necrotic myofibers and a tendency for increased muscle fat accumulation at day 9 and 14 postinjury, respectively. In conclusion, a significant reduction of the initial monocyte/macrophage influx into the injured muscle is associated with not improved, but moderately impaired, repair processes after skeletal muscle injury.
Polymers in microlithography (1988)

Producers of microelectronics describe the process of microlithography, used to print electronic circuits and microchips, and show how developments in polymer chemistry play a major role in increasing effectiveness in this technology.
TDOA-Based Source Collaborative Localization via Semidefinite Relaxation in Sensor Networks (2015)

The time delay of arrival- (TDOA-) based source localization using a wireless sensor network has been considered in this paper. The maximum likelihood estimate (MLE) is formulated by taking the correlated TDOA noise into account, which is caused by the difference with the TOA of the reference sensor. The global optimal solution is difficult to obtain due to the nonconvex nature of the ML function. We propose an alternative semidefinite programming method, which transforms the original ML problem into a convex one by relaxing nonconvex equalities into convex matrix inequalities. In addition, the source localization algorithm in the presence of sensor location errors and non-line-of-sight (NLOS) observations is developed. Our simulation results demonstrate the potential advantages of the proposed method. Furthermore, the proposed source localization algorithm by taking the NLOS TOA measurements as the constraints of the convex problem can provide a good estimate.
Mass and molecular weight of isolated nuclear rings (1990)

Nuclear rings are cell structures found at the nuclear cortex wedged between the nuclear envelope and the chromatin fiber network. In previous publications we have dealt with their morphology, relationships with the nuclear membranes, chromatin fibers and cytoskeletal filaments; and more recently, with their measurements at high electron microscope resolution. In this article we have calculated the mass and molecular weight of 336 isolated nuclear rings from human circulating lymphocytes using a photometric procedure and polystyrene latex spheres as the standard for weight calibration. Our results show a range of mass of 0.4-35.5 x 10(-16) g (equivalent to 0.2-21.2 x 10(8) Da with a positively skewed distribution (median: 3.3 x 10(-16) g or 2.0 x 10(8) Da). Mass and volume of nuclear rings were highly correlated. In addition, it was possible to calculate the area, the whole mass and the mass per unit area of the nuclear envelope present in the center of the nuclear rings. The mass of this area also shows a lognormal distribution (median of mass/unit area: 37.3 x 10(-8) pg/nm2 or 1.9 x 10(5) Da/nm2). We discuss the significance of this results as parameters for the characterization of the nuclear rings and their possible implications for a new interpretation of nuclear cortex architecture, nucleocytoplasmic traffic and macromolecule segregation between the two main cell compartments.
Amino Acid Sequence of Calmodulin from Wheat Germ (1994)

Subsequent to the publication of this paper, Ling and Zielinski cloned and sequenced cDNAs encoding calmodulin (CaM) from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) (1). They reported that barley and spinach CaMs (2) have no insertion/deletion events. Thus, we reinvestigated amino acid sequence of wheat germ CaM, especially around the blocked amino- and carboxyl-termini. The carboxymethylated CaM was digested with trypsin and the resulting peptides were separated by high-performance liquid chromatography, with assignment of individual peptides by amino acid analysis and/or peptide sequencing. The amino-terminal blocked peptide T1 (the composition: D 2.0, T 0.9, E 4.1, A 2.0, 11.0, L 1.0, F 1.0, K 0.9) and carboxyl-terminal peptide T12 (the composition: A 1.1, V 1.0, M 1.3, K 1.0) were analyzed. The amino acid sequence of T1 was identified to be D-Q-L-T-D-E-Q-I-A-E-F-K, after removal of the N-terminal acetylamino acid by digestion with acylamino-acid-releasing enzyme. The N-terminal blocked amino acid of T1 was confirmed to be acetyl-Ala by fast atom bombardment (FAB) mass spectrometric analysis: [M+H]+ of T1 was found to be 1, 549.69 (the calculated value is 1, 549.70). Thus the amino acid sequence of T1 was confirmed to be Ac-A-D-Q-L-T-D-E-Q-I-A-E-F-K. T12 was sequenced directly to be V-M-M-A-K. From the present results we report here the corrected sequence of wheat germ CaM without insertion of Asn residue between residues 8 and 9, and deletion of Thr residue at position 146 in Fig. 2.
SIRENOMELIA (MERMAID SYNDROME) IN AN INFANT OF A DIABETIC MOTHER (2003)

Abstract- Caudal regression syndrome (caudal dysplasia sequence) is a rare congenital malformation. It has a spectrum ranging from simple anal atresia to the absence of sacral, lumbar and possibly lower thoracic vertebrae and the most severe form called sirenomelia (Mermaid syndrome). Sirenomelia has a sole characteristic which is the lower limbs fusion, with multiple internal structural abnormalities particularly in the renal tract (bilateral renal agenesis). This is a rare condition with a relative risk of 200-250 in diabetic pregnancies. The etiology of this syndrome is not well-known. Maternal diabetes is considered to be the most important causative factor. Genetic predisposition and vascular hypoperfusion have been suggested as the other possible factors.We present birth of an infant with great congenital defect which was categorized as the most intense form of caudal regression syndrome (sirenomelia). The baby was born from an uncontrolled diabetic mother who was ignorant of her diabetes. She had a sonographic report at early third-trimester of pregnancy, which had shown severe oligohydramnios and according to this reason the anomaly of the fetus was not detected at that time (antenatal). Since sirenomelia is a lethal abnormality, the infant died a few hours after birth. As noted above caudal regression syndrome is strongly associated with maternal diabetes; due to metabolic derangement in uncontrolled serum glucose.
Finite precision error analysis of neural network hardware implementations (1993)

Through parallel processing, low precision fixed point hardware can be used to build a very high speed neural network computing engine where the low precision results in a drastic reduction in system cost. The reduced silicon area required to implement a single processing unit is taken advantage of by implementing multiple processing units on a single piece of silicon and operating them in parallel. The important question which arises is how much precision is required to implement neural network algorithms on this low precision hardware. A theoretical analysis of error due to finite precision computation was undertaken to determine the necessary precision for successful forward retrieving and back-propagation learning in a multilayer perceptron. This analysis can easily be further extended to provide a general finite precision analysis technique by which most neural network algorithms under any set of hardware constraints may be evaluated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
MIXED XENOGENEIC CHIMERAS (RAT + MOUSE TO MOUSE) (1992)

We report the induction of stable and reliably detectable mixed xenogeneic chimerism through the coadministration of a mixture of untreated rat bone marrow plus T cell-depleted mouse bone marrow into B10 recipients conditioned with total body irradiation (TCD B10 mouse + untreated F344 rat----B10 mouse). Recipients repopulated as true mixed lymphopoietic chimeras, with from 1-21.6% rat-derived lymphoid cells in peripheral blood and splenic lymphoid tissue. Production of rat platelets was also demonstrated. Rat platelet and lymphoid chimerism was reliably detectable in chimeras from 1 to 7 months following reconstitution, suggesting engraftment of the rat bone marrow stem cell. Production of each stem cell-derived lineage appeared to be under independent regulation since a significantly greater proportion of platelets were rat-derived (24-81%) than were lymphocytes (1-21.6% rat), while erythrocytes were preferentially syngeneic (less than 2% rat). The tolerance induced by this model was highly donor strain-specific: donor-specific rat and mouse skin grafts were accepted while MHC-disparate third-party mouse (C3H; H-2k) and rat (Wistar Furth; Rt1Au) skin grafts were promptly rejected. Although specifically prolonged xenogeneic donor rat skin grafts underwent a slow chronic rejection, and some totally disappeared. In spite of this, chimeras retained their lymphoid chimerism, suggesting the presence of skin-specific antigens. This model for mixed xenogeneic chimerism with reliably detectable rat lymphoid cells may provide a model to study the existence of tissue-specific antigens across a species barrier, as well as mechanisms responsible for the induction and maintenance of this strain-specific transplantation tolerance.
Antireflection Coatings For Veiling Glare Reduction (1982)

Veiling glare caused by reflection of an automobile instrument panel in the windshield may be reduced by coating the windshield with an antireflective multilayer dielectric coating. In this paper, procedures for computing the reflectance of such a coating on a glass substrate are described and used to evaluate the effects of single- and double-layer coatings on the reflectance of obliquely incident, unpolarized light from an automobile windshield. The prac-tical effects of these antireflective coatings on veiling glare are discussed.
Creation of Designed Shape Cell Sheets That Are Noninvasively Harvested and Moved onto Another Surface (2000)

We developed a novel method to obtain designed shape cell sheets for tissue engineering. Shaping of cell sheets were achieved by the use of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PIPAAm) and poly(N,N'-dimethylacrylamide) (PDMAAm) for temperature-responsive cell adhesive and cell nonadhesive domains, respectively. These polymers were covalently grafted onto tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) dish surfaces by electron beam irradiation with mask patterns. At 37 degrees C, human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) attached, spread, and proliferated to make a monolayer only on PIPAAm-grafted domains. HAECs did not adhere on PDMAAm-grafted domains for more than 1 month even under the serum-supplemented condition. By reducing the culture temperature below 32 degrees C, PIPAAm changed to hydrophilic and HAEC sheets were detached from PIPAAm-grafted surfaces without any need of an enzyme such as trypsin. Cell-cell junctions were retained in the recovered cell sheets and easily moved to virgin TCPS dishes with the aid of hydrophilically modified polyvinylidenefluoride membranes as a supporter during the transfer. Moved cell sheets rapidly adhered onto the dish surfaces, and the supporter was easily peeled off from the cell layers. HAEC sheets transferred to new dishes revealed the identical shape and size to those before transfer. This novel technique is the only way to create, harvest, and transfer designed shape cell sheets and would have promising applications in tissue engineering.
An approach for the separation of voices in composite musical signals (1989)

The simultaneous presentation of several sound sources in a performance setting is fundamental to most music. Ensemble musical signals consist of superpositions of multiple distinct sonic events which mayor may not be synchronized in time, frequency, and/or amplitude. Once the distinct events are combined and recorded in a storage medium, e.g., a digital recording, the composite signal is often unsatisfactory in some way: the recording might suffer from poor ensemble balance, performance errors, or corruption from undesired background audience noises (sneezing, talking, etc.). Although it often might be helpful to process the constituent signals independently, separating the composite signal into its parts is a nontrivial task. The research reported here considers particular aspects of the separation problem: analysis, identification, tracking, and resynthesis of a specified voice from a digital recording of a musical duet setting. Analysis is accomplished out of real-time using a quasi-harmonic, sinusoidal representation of the constituent signals, based on short-time Fourier transform (STFT) methods. The procedure is evaluated via resynthesis of a &amp;quot;desired &amp;quot; signal from the composite analysis and tracking data. Other applications include signal restoration, digital editing and splicing, musique concrete, noise reduction, and time-scale compression/expansion. iii This material is based upon work supported, in part, under a National Science Foundation Graduate Fellowship. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the author and do
Second-Order Wavelength-Selective Partial-Drop Multicast Filter Bank (2016)

A wavelength-selective 2nd-order 1-by-8-port optical multicast filter bank is demonstrated utilizing microring resonators, achieving ~2.6× faster roll-off than 1st-order design while maintaining highly uniform responses among all eight drop ports.
Tannic Acid Coated Gold Nanorods Demonstrate a Distinctive Form of Endosomal Uptake and Unique Distribution within Cells (2013)

One of the primary challenges associated with nanoparticle-dependent biological applications is that endosomal entrapment in a physiological environment severely limits the desired targeting and functionality of the nanoconstructs. This study sought to overcome that challenge through a systematic approach of gold nanorod (GNR) functionalization: evaluating the influence of both aspect ratio and surface chemistry on targeted cellular internalization rates and preservation of particle integrity. Owing to their unique spectral properties and enhanced surface area, GNRs possess great potential for the advancement of nanobased delivery and imaging applications. However, their ability for efficient intracellular delivery while maintaining their specific physiochemical parameters has yet to be satisfactorily explored. This study identified that longer and positively charged GNRs demonstrated a higher degree of internalization compared to their shorter and negative counterparts. Notably, of the four surface chemistries explored, only tannic acid resulted in retention of GNR integrity following endocytosis into keratinocyte cells, due to the presence of a strong protein corona matrix that served to protect the particles. Taken together, these results identify tannic acid functionalized GNRs as a potential candidate for future development in nanobased biomolecule delivery, bioimaging, and therapeutic applications.
Syntheses of Enaminone-Based Heterocyclic Compounds and Study their Biological Activity (2016)

Oriental Journal of Chemistry is a peer reviewed quarterly research journal of pure and applied chemistry. It publishes standard research papers in almost all thrust areas of current chemistry of academic and commercial importance. It provides a platform for rapid publication of quality research papers, reviews and chemistry letters. Oriental Journal of Chemistry is abstracted and indexed in almost all reputed National and International agencies.
Quinolone-Mediated Bacterial Death (2007)

The fluoroquinolones are broad-spectrum antibacterial agents that are becoming increasingly popular as bacterial resistance erodes the effectiveness of other agents (fluoroquinolone sales accounted for 18% of the antibacterial market in 2006) (41). One of the attractive features of the quinolones is their ability to kill bacteria rapidly, an ability that differs widely among the various derivatives. For example, quinolones differ in rate and extent of killing, in the need for aerobic metabolism to kill cells, and in the effect of protein synthesis inhibitors on quinolone lethality. Understanding the mechanisms underlying these differences could lead to new ways for identifying the most bactericidal quinolone derivatives.

Before describing the types of damage caused by the quinolones, it is useful to define lethal activity. Operationally, it is the ability of drug treatment to reduce the number of viable cells, usually measured as CFU on drug-free agar after treatment. This assay is distinct from measurements that detect inhibition of growth (e.g., MIC), since with the latter bacteria are exposed to drug throughout the measurement. The distinction between killing and blocking growth is important because it allows susceptibility determinations to be related to particular biological processes. For example, inhibition of growth is typically reversed by the removal of drug, while cell death is not. Thus, biochemical events associated with blocking growth should be readily reversible, while those responsible for cell death should be difficult to reverse. Reversibility can be used to distinguish among quinolone derivatives and assign functions to particular aspects of drug structure. Moreover, protective functions, such as repair and stress responses, can be distinguished by whether their absence affects inhibition of growth, killing, or both.

The intracellular targets of the quinolones are two DNA topoisomerases: gyrase and topoisomerase IV. Gyrase tends to be the primary target in gram-negative bacteria, while topoisomerase IV is preferentially inhibited by most quinolones in gram-positive organisms (28). Both enzymes use a double-strand DNA passage mechanism, and it is likely that quinolone biochemistry is similar for both. However, physiological differences between the enzymes exist, some of which may bear on quinolone lethality.

In the present minireview we consider cell death through a two-part “poison” hypothesis in which the quinolones form reversible drug-topoisomerase-DNA complexes that subsequently lead to several types of irreversible (lethal) damage. Other consequences of quinolone treatment, such as depletion of gyrase and topoisomerase IV activity, are probably less immediate (42). To provide a framework for considering quinolone lethality, we begin by briefly describing the drug-topoisomerase-DNA complexes. Readers interested in a more comprehensive discussion of quinolones are referred to a previously published work (28).