gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The determination of the energy stored in a metal during plastic deformation (1952)

Abstract A new apparatus for measurement of the stored energy is described and the results obtained are presented. The method involves the heating, in vacuo, of an annealed and a deformed specimen, of equal weight, by small heating elements located inside each specimen. During heating the specimens are kept at the same temperature as each other, and they are surrounded by a metal shield continuously adjusted to this temperature. The stored energy is calculated from measurements of the difference in the powers supplied to the specimens made by means of a differential wattmeter constructed for this purpose. The apparatus has proved to be capable of measuring, with an accuracy of ± 5 %, a difference of 0.1 cal/g in the energy supplied to the specimens in heating them through a temperature range of 240° C in a period of 40 min. Results are given for specimens of electrolytic copper deformed in torsion, and they show that the stored energy increases with deformation in a similar way to the torque equired to produce the deformation. Small amounts of some impurities appear to be responsible for large differences both in the recrystallization temperatures and in the shapes of the curves showing the release of the stored energy as a function of temperature, but the total stored energy is not changed markedly. However, in other cases impurities may produce a significant alteration in the stored energy. It is suggested that differences in composition are the cause of discrepancies between the present results and those of previous workers.
Nonvolatile functional molecular liquids (2013)

The realisation of technologically high potential molecular materials as an innovative replacement for currently used materials requires sensible molecular design and subtle implementation. One such research concept "liquid chemistry" has recently been introduced as a third-generation of liquid materials after the first and second generations of solvent liquids and ionic liquids, respectively. The outstanding features of novel organic molecular liquid matter are solvent-free neat phase at room-temperature, nonvolatile, tunable optic and/or electronic functions, processability, etc. The availability of a paintable/printable liquid phase which can accommodate various dopants to generate functional composites is the main attraction of these molecular liquids. As promising candidates, emitting and semiconducting liquid materials have already been practically demonstrated and which may replace inorganic or self-assembled organic semiconductors in performance and processability. Compared to ionic liquid materials obtained by lowering the glass transition temperature through ionic interactions, covalently functionalised organic liquid matter is conceptually unique and exhibits several advantages. In this feature article, the recent developments in the emerging research field of functional molecular liquid materials are discussed.
Physical Chemistry of Protein Solutions. VII. The Binding of Some Small Anions to Serum Albumin<sup>1</sup> (1957)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPhysical Chemistry of Protein Solutions. VII. The Binding of Some Small Anions to Serum Albumin1George Scatchard, James S. Coleman, and Amy L. ShenCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 1, 12–20Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1957Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1957https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01558a003https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01558a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views357Altmetric-Citations330LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A transmission electron microscopy study of ultrasonic wire bonding (1990)

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to examine ultrasonic bonding of aluminum wire to various metal substrates. A special technique for preparing cross-sectional TEM specimens that involves embedding the sample in epoxy, dimpling, and electropolishing is described. The materials systems examined were Al wire bonded to Al foil, and Al wire bonded to Al foil onto which copper or gold was evaporated. Examination of the bond interface in the TEM revealed that in some areas the surface oxides and contaminants were dispersed, allowing the bare metals to contact, whereas in nearby areas the bond interface was filled with debris. The debris could be oxides, surface contaminants, or sheared metal particles. It also appears that the debris is dispersed to low-lying regions between asperities. In studies of the Al/Au/Al and Al/Cu/Al interfaces, microchemical analysis showed no evidence for diffusion or melting along the interface. Therefore, it is concluded that ultrasonic wire bonding does not involve significant heating along the bonding interface. However, it is shown that dynamic annealing of aluminum wire can occur during bonding. The experimental results are compared with previously proposed theories on the mechanism of bonding in ultrasonic welding.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Towards the Smart Grid: Substation Automation Architecture and Technologies (2014)

This paper deals with Industrial Control Systems (ICS) of the electrical sector and especially on the Smart Grid. This sector has been particularly active at establishing new standards to improve interoperability between all sector players, driven by the liberalization of the market and the introduction of distributed generation of energy. The paper provides a state-of-the-art analysis on architectures, technologies, communication protocols, applications, and information standards mainly focusing on substation automation in the transmission and distribution domain. The analysis shows that there is tremendous effort from the Smart Grid key stakeholders to improve interoperability across the different components managing an electrical grid, from field processes to market exchanges, allowing the information flowing more and more freely across applications and domains and creating opportunity for new applications that are not any more constraint to a single domain.
Overexpression of Glutathione Peroxidase Prevents Left Ventricular Remodeling and Failure After Myocardial Infarction in Mice (2004)

Overexpression of GSHPx inhibited LV remodeling and failure after MI. Therapies designed to interfere with oxidative stress might be beneficial to prevent cardiac failure.
Pancreas 3D Organoids: Current and Future Aspects as a Research Platform for Personalized Medicine in Pancreatic Cancer (2017)

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is one of the most aggressive forms of cancer, and the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States. Although important advances have been made in the last decade, the mortality rate of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma has not changed appreciably. This review summarizes a rapidly emerging model of pancreatic cancer research, focusing on 3-dimensional organoids as a powerful tool for several applications, but above all, representing a step toward personalized medicine.
Evaluación de la eficiencia de risedronato 75 mg frente a alendronato genérico 70 mg, en mujeres con osteoporosis postmenopáusica y fractura vertebral previa en España (2011)

Introduction: The objective is to assess the cost-effectiveness of risedronate 75 mg 2 consecutive days/month vs generic alendronate 70 mg weekly, during one...
Application of combination of modified intermittent airway irrigation and percussion on back in tracheotomy patients with laryngeal carcinoma (2010)

Objective To observe the effect of combination of modified intermittent airway irrigation and percussion on back in tracheotomy patients with laryngeal carcinoma. Methods Twenty four patients were divided into 2 groups in random. Patients in control group received routine nursing, while patients in experimental group received modified intermittent airway irrigation and percussion on back. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR) , saturation of pulse oximetry (SpO2) were recorded 2 minutes before and after the manipulation. Duration for patients to wear tracheal catheter and pulmonary infection rate were observed. Results MAP, HR and SpO2 were increased significantly followed the manipulation in patients of both groups (P 0.05). Duration for patients to wear tracheal catheter and pulmonary infection rate were both decreased in patients of experimental -group compared to those of control group(P<0.05).Conclusions Modified intermittent airway irrigation plus percussion on back may help the patients to expectorate and decrease the duration for patients to wear tracheal catheter and pulmonary infection rate.

Key words: 
Intermittent airway irrigation; Percussion on back; Tracheotomy; Laryngeal carcinoma; Partial laryngectomy; Nursing
Storage of online HPLC data for pharmaceutical research applications using XML database (2010)

This paper present an alternative approach of High performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) online data storage method using XML for pharmaceutical research applications. XCS (XML for Chromatogram Storage) is presented, which is a module of AMCS (Automated Measurement for Chromatogram Storage), a management system designed for acquiring measured chromatography results by automated measurement and storage of multiple HPLC instruments on a centralized database. XCS is accessible through the Local Area Network (LAN) in a laboratory which is suitable for storing data. The XCS can produce XLS and CSV file formats, and can convert HPLC measurements into XML file format for centralized database storage; instead of using the proprietary software provided by the vendor or manufacturer which user can only save the measured file into the proprietary software format and unable to read it without the applications.
Dysregulation of B Cell Repertoire Formation in Myasthenia Gravis Patients Revealed through Deep Sequencing (2017)

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a prototypical B cell-mediated autoimmune disease affecting 20-50 people per 100,000. The majority of patients fall into two clinically distinguishable types based on whether they produce autoantibodies targeting the acetylcholine receptor (AChR-MG) or muscle specific kinase (MuSK-MG). The autoantibodies are pathogenic, but whether their generation is associated with broader defects in the B cell repertoire is unknown. To address this question, we performed deep sequencing of the BCR repertoire of AChR-MG, MuSK-MG, and healthy subjects to generate ∼518,000 unique V<sub>H</sub> and V<sub>L</sub> sequences from sorted naive and memory B cell populations. AChR-MG and MuSK-MG subjects displayed distinct gene segment usage biases in both V<sub>H</sub> and V<sub>L</sub> sequences within the naive and memory compartments. The memory compartment of AChR-MG was further characterized by reduced positive selection of somatic mutations in the V<sub>H</sub> CDR and altered V<sub>H</sub> CDR3 physicochemical properties. The V<sub>L</sub> repertoire of MuSK-MG was specifically characterized by reduced V-J segment distance in recombined sequences, suggesting diminished V<sub>L</sub> receptor editing during B cell development. Our results identify large-scale abnormalities in both the naive and memory B cell repertoires. Particular abnormalities were unique to either AChR-MG or MuSK-MG, indicating that the repertoires reflect the distinct properties of the subtypes. These repertoire abnormalities are consistent with previously observed defects in B cell tolerance checkpoints in MG, thereby offering additional insight regarding the impact of tolerance defects on peripheral autoimmune repertoires. These collective findings point toward a deformed B cell repertoire as a fundamental component of MG.
3D Ultrasound Imaging in Image-Guided Intervention (2013)

In this chapter we focus on the recent development of 3D US imaging as it applies to imageguided interventions. The chapter will briefly review how 3D US images are obtained and then will provide two examples of recent development of 3D US-guided interventional procedures.
Microfinance: A Comprehensive Review of the Existing Literature (2004)

Although the word finance is in the term microfinance, and the core elements of microfinance are those of the finance discipline, microfinance has yet to break into the mainstream or entrepreneurial finance literature. The purpose of this article is to introduce the finance academic community to the discipline of microfinance and microfinance institutions (MFIs). We provide a comprehensive review of over 350 articles and address the issues of MFI sustainability, products and services, management practices, clientele targeting, regulation and policy, and impact assessment.
Structure and composition of the <i>Shigella flexneri</i>‘needle complex’, a part of its type III secreton (2001)

Type III secretion systems (TTSSs or secretons), essential virulence determinants of many Gram-negative bacteria, serve to translocate proteins directly from the bacteria into the host cytoplasm. Electron microscopy (EM) indicates that the TTSSs of Shigella flexneri are composed of: (1) an external needle; (2) a transmembrane domain; and (3) a cytoplasmic bulb. EM analysis of purified and negatively stained parts 1, 2 and a portion of 3 of the TTSS, together termed the "needle complex" (NC), produced an average image at 17 A resolution in which a base, an outer ring and a needle, inserted through the ring into the base, could be discerned. This analysis and cryoEM images of NCs indicated that the needle and base contain a central 2-3 nm canal. Five major NC components, MxiD, MxiG, MxiJ, MxiH and MxiI, were identified by N-terminal sequencing. MxiG and MxiJ are predicted to be inner membrane proteins and presumably form the base. MxiD is predicted to be an outer membrane protein and to form the outer ring. MxiH and MxiI are small hydrophilic proteins. Mutants lacking either of these proteins formed needleless secretons and were unable to secrete Ipa proteins. As MxiH was present in NCs in large molar excess, we propose that it is the major needle component. MxiI may cap at the external needle tip.
THE SYSTEMATICS OF A SMALL SPINELESS <i>DESMODESMUS</i> SPECIES, <i>D. COSTATO‐GRANULATUS</i> (SPHAEROPLEALES, CHLOROPHYCEAE), BASED ON ITS2 rDNA SEQUENCE ANALYSES AND CELL WALL MORPHOLOGY<sup>1</sup> (2007)

Desmodesmus species taxonomy is one of the most long‐standing issues in green microalgal systematics due to problems associated with phenotypic plasticity. Whereas more recent species descriptions and identifications are mainly based on cell wall structures and the use of cultures, comparisons with molecular phylogenies are largely lacking. In this study, the phylogenetic relationships between 22 clones identified as Desmodesmus costato‐granulatus (Skuja) E. H. Hegew. were assessed using ITS2 rDNA sequence data in combination with cell wall morphology. The unrooted ITS2 phylogeny showed that the clones cluster into five groups, which also differ in their cell wall structures. Therefore, the taxon is split into five species: D. costato‐granulatus , D. elegans , D. fennicus , D. regularis , and D. ultrasquamatus . Compared with other Desmodesmus species, intraspecific sequence variation is extensive and may contain additional (pseudo)cryptic diversity. Compensatory base changes were near‐absent within the species and varied from one to 11 between species. Relationships among the species were unresolved. Despite this, they clustered together with the two other Desmodesmus species having a combination of small and large warts in a well‐supported lineage. Remarkably, ITS2 sequence variation in this lineage is as high as between all other included Desmodesmus species, even though the morphology of its members is rather uniform.
Ascensia® WinGLUCOFACTS® Professional Software Improves Diabetes Health Outcomes (2007)

The use of Ascensia WinGLUCOFACTS Professional Software from Bayer HealthCare helped in the management of patients' diabetes. It improved overall glycemic control, increased their knowledge of diabetes, increased SMBG frequency, and their satisfaction with care, and was cost effective. The primary care physicians confirmed the benefit afforded by this software in the real-world management of diabetes.
Gas absorption accompanied by a liquid‐phase chemical reaction (1958)

Abstract The rate of absorption of chlorine from chlorine‐nitrogen mixtures into solutions of ferrous chloride in 0.203 N aqueous hydrochloric acid was studied in a short wetted‐wall column. Dimensional analysis and the film and penetration theories were used to infer, from the absorption rate data, that the chemical reaction between chlorine and the ferrous ion is second order. The absorption‐rate results for experiments with a dilute gas phase agreed with theoretical predictions for absorption accompanied by a second order reaction with a reaction rate constant of 188 liters/(g. mole) (sec.). The results for experiments with pure chlorine gas deviated from the rest of the results, and they did not agree with the theoretical equations. It was shown that the assumption of a three‐step mechanism for the chemical reaction, including the formation of a complex ion and the decompositon of this complex ion, explains, at least qualitatively, the deviations observed for the pure chlorine gas runs.
The Hypoxic Tumor Microenvironment Promotes Invadopodia Formation and Metastasis through LPA1 Receptor and EGFR Cooperation (2018)

Abstract Hypoxia, a common feature of solid tumors, has been critically involved in cell invasion and metastasis, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Previously, it has been observed that the lysophosphatidic acid receptor 4 (LPA4) signaling axis mediates production of the degradative subcellular structures invadopodia, which are known to be required for metastasis. Here, it is demonstrated that LPA1 (LPAR1) is a common and major receptor used for hypoxia-induced invadopodia production in various cancer cell lines. The widespread use of LPA1 was not due to increased LPA1 expression but rather relied on Src-mediated cross-talk with EGFR. LPA1-mediated phosphorylation of Y845-EGFR under hypoxia led to PI3K/Akt activation, an event that increases the ability of cells to produce invadopodia. Moreover, phospho-Y845-EGFR was upregulated in hypoxic zones of tumors and a combination of EGFR and LPA1 inhibition synergistically suppressed metastasis in vivo. Implications: This study uncovers an LPA1–EGFR signaling axis that is used for cell invasion in hypoxia and suggests a potential target to impede cancer metastasis. Mol Cancer Res; 16(10); 1601–13. ©2018 AACR.
Macro-encapsulation of heat storage phase-change materials for use in residential buildings. Final report, September 29, 1976-September 6, 1978 (1978)

Objectives are to assess the feasibility of macro-encapsulated PCM's for residential solar systems, to develop and evaluate such materials. Encapsulant materials under consideration are multilayer flexible plastic films, steel cans, and plastic bottles. Studies were done in a storage test unit on: CaCl/sub 2/.6H/sub 2/O encapsulated in polyethylene bottles, Mg(NO/sub 3/)/sub 2/6H/sub 2/O in steel cans, Mg(NO/sub 3/)/sub 2/6H/sub 2/O/NH/sub 4/NO/sub 3/ eutectic encapsulated in flexible plastic film packages, NH/sub 4/Br/urea eutectic in polypropylene bottles, and a combined bed of CaCl/sub 2/.6H/sub 2/O and Mg(NO/sub 3/)/sub 2/6H/sub 2/O/NH/sub 4/NO/sub 3/ eutectic. In most cases, charge and discharge capacities in excess of 90% of theory were obtained. Several designs using encapsulated PCM were analyzed, one was selected, and preliminary designs were developed for a demonstration project.
Electrochemical properties of NaNi1/3Co1/3Fe1/3O2 as a cathode material for Na-ion batteries (2013)

NaNi1/3Fe1/3Co1/3O2 is synthesized by solid-state methods and investigated as a positive electrode material for sodium ion batteries. Galvanostatic cycling of NaNi1/3Fe1/3Co1/3O2 between 2.0 and 4.2 V provides ~ 165 mAh/g of reversible capacity at C/20. This material also demonstrates great rate-capability and is able to de-intercalate 80 mAh/g even at 30C. First principles calculations are used to determine the order of transition metal oxidation within the system and provide lattice parameters with close proximity to the experimental.
FormFactor introduces an integrated process for wafer-level packaging, burn-in test, and module level assembly (2003)

In semiconductor manufacturing, front end scaling (i.e. Moore's Law) continues to hold for the forseeable future. Unfortunately, the back-end processes of package assembly, burn-in and test all require wafer singulation before any of these processes can occur. Singulation immediately forces a linearly increasing cost model, scaling with the number of die/wafer, and prevents a wafer scaling cost model. FormFactor looked at the issues preventing wafer-level back-end processing, and postulated that the highest probability of success would require an approach that integrated the previously separate disciplines of materials, package assembly, burn-in, and test. The connection element to the test and burn-in systems was identified as a primary enabler or inhibitor. In this paper, we briefly describe a wafer-level back-end flow, the chip scale package that this process defines, and the early results observed with this flow and package.
All-Carbon Molecules: Evidence for the Generation of Cyclo[18]carbon from a Stable Organic Precursor (1989)

The unambiguous structural characterization of a single-sized all-carbon molecule requires its chemical synthesis. For cyclo[18]carbon, ab initio calculations predict a relatively stable, cyclic D9h ground state geometry with alternating C-C (1.36 angstroms) and C identical withC (1.20 angstroms) bonds. The synthesis and x-ray crystal structure of a direct precursor to C(18) are described. The analysis of laser flash heating experiments on this precursor by time-of-flight mass spectroscopy shows a sequence of retro-Diels-Alder reactions leading to C(18) as the predominant fragmentation pattern. Structural evidence is provided for the generation of an all-carbon molecule from a well-characterized organic precursor.