gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Input-output relationships of the primary face motor cortex in the monkey (Macaca fascicularis) (1989)

1. Somatosensory afferent input and its relationship with efferent output were examined in the primary face motor cortex (MI) and adjacent cerebral cortical areas. Excitatory afferent inputs were tested in a total of 1,654 single neurons recorded in awake or anesthetized monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), and output was characterized in these same monkeys by the movement and EMG responses evoked by intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) at the neuronal recording sites. 2. Most neurons in the MI area responded to light tactile stimulation of the orofacial region, especially the upper lip, lower lip, and tongue. Although contralateral afferent inputs predominated, 21% of the neurons received ipsilateral or bilateral orofacial inputs. The afferent input evoked by tactile stimulation of the upper and lower lips was represented especially at the medial border and the input from the tongue at the lateral border of MI. However, in most regions of MI between the medial and lateral borders, an intermingling of tactile inputs from different orofacial areas occurred. Multiple representation of tactile input from the same orofacial area was found in several, often quite separate, intracortical sites in MI. 3. Only a small proportion of the MI neurons could be activated by the deep stimuli used (e.g., stretch and pressure applied to muscle, passive jaw movement, low-intensity stimulation of hypoglossal nerve) from the orofacial region. Those neurons which did respond to these low-threshold deep inputs were not clearly segregated from those which responded to tactile input, although most of the neurons receiving deep input were located in the rostral part of MI. 4. A somatotopic pattern of representation of orofacial tactile input was more obvious in the primary face somatosensory cortex (SI). At the medial border of SI, the periorbital area was represented, then followed laterally in sequence the tactile representation of the upper lip, lower lip, and intraoral area. Contralateral afferent inputs predominated, but as in MI, a considerable proportion of SI neurons received ipsilateral or bilateral orofacial inputs. Few neurons in the region explored (areas 3b, 1, and 2) responded to deep orofacial stimuli. 5. Tactile input also dominated the input patterns of neurons in the premotor cortex (PM). Most neurons received ipsilateral or bilateral orofacial afferent inputs and no clear somatotopic pattern was noted. Several PM neurons were also activated by visual stimuli. 6. Muscle twitches evoked by ICMS were limited to MI.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
P-glycoprotein and cytochrome P-450 3A inhibition: dissociation of inhibitory potencies. (1999)

Many P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitors studied in vitro and in vivo are also known or suspected to be substrates and/or inhibitors of cytochrome P-450 3A (CYP3A). Such overlap raises the question of whether CYP3A inhibition is an intrinsic characteristic of P-gp inhibitors, a matter of concern in the development and rational use of such agents. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to determine whether the ability to inhibit P-gp and CYP3A is, in fact, linked and whether specific P-gp inhibitors with limited ability to inhibit CYP3A can be identified. Therefore, the potency of a series of 14 P-gp inhibitors was assessed by measuring their inhibition of the transepithelial flux across Caco-2 cells of digoxin, a prototypical P-gp substrate. CYP3A inhibition was determined from the impairment of nifedipine oxidation by human liver microsomes. Determination of the apparent Ki values for CYP3A inhibition and the IC50s for P-gp and CYP3A inhibition allowed comparison of the relative inhibitory potency of the compounds on the two proteins' function. The IC50s for P-gp inhibition ranged from 0.04 to 3.8 microM. All compounds inhibited CYP3A with apparent Ki values of between 0.3 and 76 microM and IC50s between 1.5 and 50 microM. However, no correlation was found between the extent of P-gp inhibition and CYP3A inhibition, and the ratio of the IC50 for CYP3A inhibition to the IC50 for P-gp inhibition varied from 1.1 to 125. These results demonstrate that, although many P-gp inhibitors are potent inhibitors of CYP3A, a varying degree of selectivity is present. The development and use of P-gp inhibitors with minimal or absent CYP3A inhibitory effects should decrease the impact of drug interactions on the therapeutic use of such compounds.
Properties of diamond composite films grown on iron surfaces (1991)

We report for the first time that diamond composite films consisting of diamond particles, hydrogenated amorphous carbon, and/or fluorocarbon films can be successfully deposited on carbon steel and 304 stainless-steel substrates by plasma-assisted chemical vapor deposition. The use of thin (∼200 Å) silicon buffer layer proves to be effective in inhibiting surface catalytic effect of iron and also prevents carbon species from diffusing into the bulk. The composite films adhere well to the substrates even upon imposing a scratch load of 68 newtons. They can also be bent up to 10° and still remain chemically inert and impermeable to salt solution. One of the potential applications of these films is for protective coating on sheet metal surfaces.
Fundamental frequency estimation based on the joint time-frequency analysis of harmonic spectral structure (2001)

In this paper, we propose a new scheme to analyze the spectral structure of speech signals for fundamental frequency estimation. First, we propose a pitch measure to detect the harmonic characteristics of voiced sounds on the spectrum of a speech signal. This measure utilizes the properties that there are distinct impulses located at the positions of fundamental frequency and its harmonics, and the energy of voiced sound is dominated by the energy of these distinct harmonic impulses. The spectrum can be obtained by the fast Fourier transform (FFT) however, it may be destroyed when the speech is interfered with by additive noise. To enhance the robustness of the proposed scheme in noisy environments, we apply the joint time-frequency analysis (JTFA) technique to obtain the adaptive representation of the spectrum of speech signals. The adaptive representation can accurately extract important harmonic structure of noisy speech signals at the expense of high computation cost. To solve this problem, we further propose a fast adaptive representation (FAR) algorithm, which reduces the computation complexity of the original algorithm by 50%. The performance of the proposed fundamental-frequency estimation scheme is evaluated on a large database with or without additive noise. The performance is compared to that of other approaches on the same database. The experimental results show that the proposed scheme performs well on clean speech and is robust in noisy environments.
A Middleware for Context-Aware Applications and Services Based on Messenger Protocols (2007)

Nowadays most context-aware applications are independent proprietary pieces of software. A general framework or middleware deployed in the field does not exist; therefore the implementation of context-aware applications and services assumes the development of the whole application stack for each application. Along these development issues, deployment and privacy problems are to be solved. This imposes the following challenges concerning a middleware for context-aware applications: (1) we need an architecture that allows to implement and deploy services easily on the network. (2) We need a user interface that is widespread, well known to users and allows to manage one's privacy settings for every single service transparently. In this paper we describe our middleware's architecture for context-aware applications, based on messenger protocols
Severe Measles Pneumonitis in Adults: Evaluation of Clinical Characteristics and Therapy with Intravenous Ribavirin (1994)

Between February and April 1991, six adults were admitted to the New York Hospital because of measles pneumonitis. The diagnosis was confirmed by serology and/or viral culture. Uncommon clinical features among patients with this diagnosis included thrombocytopenia, hepatitis, myositis, and hypocalcemia. All patients were markedly hypoxic (initial alveolar--arterial oxygen gradients while the patients were breathing room air, 40-61 mm Hg); four required support with mechanical ventilation. All patients received therapy with intravenous ribavirin (20-35 mg/[kg.d]) for 1 week. The respiratory status of five patients (one of whom was positive for human immunodeficiency virus [HIV]) who were treated early (days 2-5 of illness) promptly improved; all abnormal parameters eventually returned to baseline. Treatment of the sixth patient, who was presumed to be HIV-infected, was initiated on hospital day 22; this patient died of progressive oxygenation failure on day 38. We conclude that life-threatening measles pneumonitis in adults may be more common that previously appreciated, regardless of the patient's immune status. Therapy with intravenous ribavirin was well tolerated by our patients and was associated with reversal of respiratory compromise.
Location determination using WiFi fingerprinting versus WiFi trilateration (2007)

Many applications in the area of location-based services and personal navigation require nowadays the location determination of a user not only in an outdoor environment but also an indoor. Typical applications of location-based services (LBS) mainly in outdoor environments are fleet management, travel aids, location identification, emergency services and vehicle navigation. LBS applications can be further extended if reliable and reasonably accurate three-dimensional positional information of a mobile device can be determined seamlessly in both indoor and outdoor environments. Current geolocation methods for LBS may be classified as GNSS-based, cellular network-based or their combinations. GNSS-based methods rely very much on the satellite visibility and the receiver-satellite geometry. This can be very problematic in dense high-rise urban environments and when transferring to an indoor environment. Especially, in cities with many high-rise buildings, the urban canyon will greatly affect the reception of the GNSS signals. Moreover, positioning in the indoor/outdoor transition areas would experience signal quality and signal reception problems, if GNSS systems alone are employed. The authors have proposed the integration of GNSS with wireless positioning techniques such as WiFi and UWB. In the case of WiFi positioning, the so-called fingerprinting method based on WiFi signal strength observations is usually employed. In this article, the underlying technology is briefly reviewed, followed by an investigation of two WiFi-positioning systems. Testing of the system is performed in two localisation test beds, one at the Vienna University of Technology and another one at the Hong Kong Polytechnic University. The first test showed that the trajectory of a moving user could be obtained with a standard deviation of about ±3–5 m. The main disadvantage of WiFi fingerprinting, however, is the required time consuming and costly signal strength system calibration in the beginning. Therefore, the authors have investigated if the measured signal strength values can be converted to the corresponding range to the access point. A new approach for this conversion is presented and analysed in typical test scenarios.
A Thermostable Laccase from<i>Streptomyces lavendulae</i>REN-7: Purification, Characterization, Nucleotide Sequence, and Expression (2003)

We found a polyphenoloxidase (PPO) in the cell extract of Streptomyces lavendulae REN-7. About 0.8 mg of purified PPO was obtained from 200 g of the mycelia with a yield of 9.0%. REN-7-PPO showed broad substrate specificity toward various aromatic compounds. Moreover, this enzyme was capable of oxidation of syringaldazine, which is a specific substrate for laccase. Interestingly, REN-7-PPO retained its original activity after 20 min of incubation at even 70 degrees C. The gene encoding the PPO was cloned. Four copper-binding sites characteristics of laccases were contained in the deduced amino acid sequence. We constructed a high-level expression system of this gene in Escherichia coli. The properties of the recombinant enzyme were identical that of wild-type. In conclusion, this PPO is a thermostable laccase.
Silicon single-electron devices (1999)

Silicon single-electron transistors (SETs) were fabricated by using very flat silicon-on-insulator (SOI) substrates, high resolution electron beam (EB) lithography and etching techniques. In addition, we developed a special fabrication method called pattern-dependent oxidation with which a one-dimensional Si wire can be converted into a small Si island with a tunnelling barrier at each end. Since the Si island is around 10 nm, we could observe the conductance oscillation in the SET even at room temperature. The controllability and reproducibility of this method were confirmed through analysing the effects of size on electrical characteristics. We were also able to observe single-electron memory effects by using these novel techniques.
3D single-molecule super-resolution microscopy with a tilted light sheet (2018)

Abstract Tilted light sheet microscopy with 3D point spread functions (TILT3D) combines a novel, tilted light sheet illumination strategy with long axial range point spread functions (PSFs) for low-background, 3D super-localization of single molecules as well as 3D super-resolution imaging in thick cells. Because the axial positions of the single emitters are encoded in the shape of each single-molecule image rather than in the position or thickness of the light sheet, the light sheet need not be extremely thin. TILT3D is built upon a standard inverted microscope and has minimal custom parts. The result is simple and flexible 3D super-resolution imaging with tens of nm localization precision throughout thick mammalian cells. We validate TILT3D for 3D super-resolution imaging in mammalian cells by imaging mitochondria and the full nuclear lamina using the double-helix PSF for single-molecule detection and the recently developed tetrapod PSFs for fiducial bead tracking and live axial drift correction.
Evidence for the involvement of alpha 2-adrenoceptors in the emetic action of xylazine in cats. (1989)

Intramuscular injection of xylazine induced dose-dependent vomiting in cats (ED50 = 0.277 mg/kg); administration of standard dose of xylazine (2 mg/kg, 2 times the 100% emetic dose) induced vomiting in 100% of the cats studied. The xylazine-induced vomiting was antagonized by adrenoceptor antagonists possessing alpha 2-blocking activity, which were yohimbine, tolazoline, and phentolamine. Of these antagonists, yohimbine was the most effective; the maximal antagonistic effect was seen at 1 mg of yohimbine/kg, a dose at which the other drugs had little or no effect. At the doses studied, prazosin and phenoxybenzamine, adrenoceptor antagonists with alpha 1-blocking activity, did not prevent vomiting induced by xylazine. Beta-Adrenoceptor (propranolol), dopamine receptor (domperidone and chlorpromazine), a cholinoceptor (atropine), an opiate receptor (naloxone), and a histamine-receptor (diphenhydramine) antagonists, at the doses studied, did not prevent xylazine-induced vomiting. Pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine failed to prevent xylazine-induced vomiting. These results indicated that xylazine-induced vomiting in cats is mediated by alpha 2-adrenoceptors and suggested that the alpha 2-adrenoceptors mediating the vomiting attributable to xylazine may not be presynaptic alpha 2-receptors located on noradrenergic nerve terminals.
Plasticity and Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Nervous System (2005)

Mesenchymal stem cells resident in adult bone marrow are best characterized by their capacity to differentiate into connective tissue cell types such as adipocytes, chondrocytes, osteoblasts and hematopoiesis-supporting stroma. Accordingly, these cells are being evaluated in human clinical trials for efficacy in treating genetic diseases of bone, to speed hematopoietic recovery after bone marrow transplantation and reduce the severity of graft versus host disease. In the past few years MSCs have also been reported to exhibit a broad degree of plasticity commensurate with other adult stem cell populations, including the ability to differentiate in vitro and in vivo into non-mesodermal cell types such as neurons and astrocytes. MSCs have also been reported to promote repair and regeneration of nervous tissue within the central and peripheral nervous system, although the mechanism by which this occurs remains indeterminate. Herein, we review evidence purporting the differentiation of MSCs into neural cell lineages and evaluate the utility of MSCs as cellular vectors for treating neurological disorders and spinal cord injury. Based on our analysis of their transcriptome, we also theorize how the varied functions of MSCs and their progeny in bone marrow may extrapolate to a therapeutic benefit in models of neurological disease.
On integrating error detection into a fault diagnosis algorithm for massively parallel computers (2002)

Scalable fault diagnosis is necessary for constructing fault tolerance mechanisms in large massively parallel multiprocessor systems. The diagnosis algorithm must operate efficiently even if the system consists of several thousand processors. We introduce an event-driven, distributed system-level diagnosis algorithm. It uses a small number of messages and is based on a general diagnosis model without the limitation of the number of simultaneously existing faults (an important requirement for massively parallel computers). The algorithm integrates both error detection techniques like <I'm alive> messages, and built in hardware mechanisms. The structure of the implemented algorithm is presented and the essential program modules are described. The paper also discusses the use of test results generated by error detection mechanisms for fault localization. Measurement results illustrate the effect of the diagnosis algorithm, in particular the error detection mechanism by <I'm alive>, messages, on the application performance.<<ETX>>
Design and fabrication of high-performance polycrystalline silicon thin-film transistor circuits on flexible steel foils (2006)

This paper discusses in detail the design and fabrication process for the realization of high-performance polycrystalline silicon thin-film transistors and digital CMOS circuitry on thin flexible stainless steel foils. A comprehensive approach to substrate preparation is first presented. For transistor fabrication, distinct processing approaches are examined, such as solid-phase and excimer laser crystallization for the active semiconductor region, thermal growth and chemical vapor deposition for the gate insulator, and others. It is shown that process optimization has resulted in the fabrication of CMOS transistors with field-effect mobility values in the region of 200 cm/sup 2//V/spl middot/s and I/sub ON//I/sub OFF/ current ratios of at least seven orders of magnitude. The design and performance of high-speed digital CMOS is addressed, and the effects of the conductive foil through parasitic capacitive coupling are examined. CMOS inverter blocks in ring oscillator circuits operating with delay times as low as 1.12 ns are reported, as well as static and dynamic shift registers operating in the megahertz regime.
Carboxylic Acids, Fatty Acids from Tall Oil (2000)

Abstract Tall oil fatty acids (TOFA) consist primarily of oleic and linoleic acids and are obtained by the distillation of crude tall oil. Crude tall oil, a by‐product of the kraft pulping process, is a mixture of fatty acids, rosin acids, and unsaponifiables. These components are separated from one another by a series of distillations. Several grades of TOFA are available depending on rosin, unsaponifiable content, color, and color stability. Typical compositions of tall oil fatty acid products are shown. Tall oil fatty acids have a variety of applications. The largest uses of TOFA traditionally have been in coatings, primarily alkyd resins where grades of higher rosin content predominate. Since the 1970s their use as chemical intermediates in applications, which includes manufacture of dimer acids and epoxidized TOFA esters, has exceeded their use in coatings. The more highly refined, low rosin grades are required for their application as intermediates. Other areas of significant use are in soaps, detergents, and ore flotation. Worldwide crude tall oil fractionating capacity and domestic production and prices of TOFA are given. TOFA pricing is strongly dependent on soya fatty acid prices since these materials are often used in the same application.
Activation of NF-κB by FADD, Casper, and Caspase-8 (2000)

Fas-associated death domain protein (FADD), caspase-8-related protein (Casper), and caspase-8 are components of the tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1 (TNF-R1) and Fas signaling complexes that are involved in TNF-R1- and Fas-induced apoptosis. Here we show that overexpression of FADD and Casper potently activates NF-kappaB. In the presence of caspase inhibitors, overexpression of caspase-8 also activates NF-kappaB. A caspase-inactive point mutant, caspase-8(C360S), activates NF-kappaB as potently as wild-type caspase-8, suggesting that caspase-8-induced apoptosis and NF-kappaB activation are uncoupled. NF-kappaB activation by FADD and Casper is inhibited by the caspase-specific inhibitors crmA and BD-fmk, suggesting that FADD- and Casper-induced NF-kappaB activation is mediated by caspase-8. FADD, Casper, and caspase-8-induced NF-kappaB activation are inhibited by dominant negative mutants of TRAF2, NIK, IkappaB kinase alpha, and IkappaB kinase beta. A dominant negative mutant of RIP inhibits FADD- and caspase-8-induced but not Casper-induced NF-kappaB activation. A mutant of Casper and the caspase-specific inhibitors crmA and BD-fmk partially inhibit TNF-R1-, TRADD, and TNF-induced NF-kappaB activation, suggesting that FADD, Casper, and caspase-8 function downstream of TRADD and contribute to TNF-R1-induced NF-kappaB activation. Moreover, activation of caspase-8 results in proteolytic processing of NIK, which is inhibited by crmA. When overexpressed, the processed fragments of NIK do not activate NF-kappaB, and the processed C-terminal fragment inhibits TNF-R1-induced NF-kappaB activation. These data indicate that FADD, Casper, and pro-caspase-8 are parts of the TNF-R1-induced NF-kappaB activation pathways, whereas activated caspase-8 can negatively regulate TNF-R1-induced NF-kappaB activation by proteolytically inactivating NIK.