gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hierarchical volume analysis and visualization based on morphological operators (1998)

One common problem in the practical application of volume visualization is the proper choice of transfer functions in order to color different parts of the volume meaningfully. This interactive process can be very complicated and time consuming. An alternative to the adjustment of transfer functions is the application of segmentation algorithms. These algorithms are often dedicated to a limited range of data sets and tend to be very compute intensive. We propose a morphology based hierarchical analysis to estimate the optical properties of the volume to be rendered. This approach requires fewer parameters and incorporates also spatial information, but it is far less compute intensive than most of the segmentation methods. The hierarchical analysis is constructed in analogy to the wavelet analysis, except for the fact, that nonlinear filters are used in our case. These morphological operators have a lower distortional influence on the analyzed structures than the usual linear filters. A special decomposition of the morphological operators is discussed, which leads to an efficient implementation of this approach. This technique reduces the three dimensional analysis to a one dimensional computation, as it is done in tensor product based linear filters. The resulting decomposition may also be parallelized easily. We demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed technique by applying it to medical and technical data sets.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Taxoids. Part 5. Synthesis and Evaluation of Novel Water‐Soluble Prodrugs of a 3′‐Desphenyl‐3′‐cyclopropyl Analogue of Docetaxel. (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Maize <i>Sh2</i> gene is constrained by natural selection but escaped domestication (2006)

In Zea mays L., we studied the molecular evolution of Shrunken2 (Sh2), a gene that encodes the large subunits of a major enzyme in endosperm starch biosynthesis, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase. We compared 4669 bp of the Sh2 coding region on 50 accessions of maize and teosinte. Very few nucleotide polymorphisms were found when compared with other genes in Z. mays, revealing an effect of purifying selection in the whole species that predates domestication. Additionally, the comparison of Sh2 sequences in all Z. mays subspecies and outgroups Z. diploperennis and Tripsacum dactyloides suggests the occurrence of an ancient selective sweep in the Sh2 3' region. The amount and nature of nucleotide diversity are similar in both maize and teosinte, confirming previous results that suggested that Sh2 has not been involved in maize domestication. The very low level of nucleotide diversity as well as the highly conserved protein sequence suggest that natural selection retained effective Sh2 allele(s) long before agriculture started, making human selection inefficient on this gene.
The Photopolymer Science and Technology Award (2007)

The Photopolymer Science and Technology Award No. 072100, the Best Paper Award 2007, was presented to Makiko Irie, Kotaro Endo, and Takeshi Iwai, all from Tokyo Ohka Kogyo Co., Ltd., for their outstanding contribution published in Journal of Photopolymer Science and Technology 19(4), 565-568 (2006), entitled "Surface Property Control for 193nm Immersion Resist".
Defect-mediated ferromagnetism in insulating Co-doped anatase<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>TiO</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>thin films (2008)

The nature of the defect responsible for room-temperature ferromagnetism in Co-doped anatase ${\text{TiO}}_{2}$ has remained elusive. Here we report atomic-resolution $Z$-contrast images of epitaxially grown ${\text{Co}}_{0.03}:{\text{TiO}}_{2}$ films showing that Co atoms are dispersed and occupy preferred interstitial sites. Density-functional calculations found that these sites are the lowest-energy configuration of Co in anatase and that O vacancies $({\text{V}}_{\text{O}})$, introduced by annealing, anchor the Co atoms into Co-${\text{Ti}}^{+3}{\text{-V}}_{\text{O}}$ complexes. The calculated magnetic moment is in agreement with our measured value and the calculated Co x-ray absorption spectrum is in agreement with data published in the literature.
Restenosis Revisited — New Targets, New Therapies (1997)

Respite gratifying immediate results, progressive narrowing of the coronary arteries over several months all too commonly limits the benefit of balloon angioplasty and various types of atherectomy. Even coronary-artery stents, which achieve a splendid luminal expansion in the short term, often elicit substantial recurrent stenosis with time. Finding effective therapies to combat restenosis after coronary intervention has been difficult. Now Tardif et al., in an admirably designed study reported in this issue of the Journal, 1 show that treatment with a multifunctional agent, probucol, substantially reduces luminal narrowing after balloon coronary angioplasty. Their striking results raise challenging questions about the mechanisms . . .
Deletions of the heavy neurofilament subunit tail in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (1999)

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive motor neuron degeneration resulting in paralysis and death, usually within 3 years of onset. Pathological and animal studies implicate neurofilament involvement in ALS, but whether this is primary or secondary is not clear. The heavy neurofilament subunit (NFH) tail is composed of a repeating amino acid motif, usually X-lysine-serine-proline-Y-lysine (XKSPYK), where X is a single amino acid and Y is one to three amino acids. There are two common polymorphic variants of 44 or 45 repeats. The tail probably regulates axonal calibre, with interfilament spacing determined by phosphorylation of the KSP motifs. A previous study suggested an association between sporadic cases of ALS and NFH tail deletions, but two subsequent studies have found none. We have analysed samples from two different populations (UK 207, Scandinavia 323) with age-matched controls for each group (UK 219, Scandinavia 228) and have found four novel NFH tail deletions, each involving a whole motif. These were found in three patients with sporadic ALS and a family with autosomal dominant ALS, although another was also found in two young controls. In all cases motif deletions were only associated with disease when paired with the long NFH allele. The deletions all occurred within a small region of the NFH tail. This has allowed us to propose a structural organization of the tail as well as allowing observed deletions both from this study and previous reports to be organized into logical groups. These results strongly suggest that NFH motif deletions can be a primary event in ALS but that they are not common.
Intended or Unintended Consequences? The Likely Implications of Raising the Bar for Sexual Dysfunction Diagnosis in the Proposed DSM-V Revisions: 1. For Women with Incomplete Loss of Desire or Sexual Receptivity (2012)

It would be counterproductive to combine the two disorders, to make individual criteria for the disorders more stringent or to require more such criteria for a diagnosis because such disorders tend to be distinct in presentation, in treatability with currently available therapies, and in logical approaches to be tested to improve therapy.
Error Aware Monocular Visual Odometry using Vertical Line Pairs for Small Robots in Urban Areas (2010)

We report a new error-aware monocular visual odometry method that only uses vertical lines, such as vertical edges of buildings and poles in urban areas as landmarks. Since vertical lines are easy to extract, insensitive to lighting conditions/ shadows, and sensitive to robot movements on the ground plane, they are robust features if compared with regular point features or line features. We derive a recursive visual odometry method based on the vertical line pairs. We analyze how errors are propagated and introduced in the continuous odometry process by deriving the closed form representation of covariance matrix. We formulate the minimum variance ego-motion estimation problem and present a method that outputs weights for different vertical line pairs. The resulting visual odometry method is tested in physical experiments and compared with two existing methods that are based on point features and line features, respectively. The experiment results show that our method outperforms its two counterparts in robustness, accuracy, and speed. The relative errors of our method are less than 2% in experiments.
Piezoelectric Ceramics (1958)

The discovery of piezoelectric effects in electrically poled barium titanate ceramic, in the early l940, was a revolutionary contribution to the electromechanical transducer art. Since then, improved barium titanate ceramics adapted to a variety of practical needs have been developed, and a number of new piezoelectric oxide‐type compounds have been discovered. Among these the lead titanate zirconate group offers especially valuable properties. In addition to a survey of the field, the present paper presents new data on lead titanate zirconate over a range of compositions.
Sinusoidal modeling for nonstationary voiced speech based on a local vector transform (2007)

A voiced speech signal can be expressed as a sum of sinusoidal components of which instantaneous frequency and amplitude continuously vary with time. Determining these parameters from the input, the time-varying characteristics are crucial error sources for the algorithms, which assume their stationarity within a local analysis segment. To overcome this problem, a new method is proposed, local vector transform (LVT), which can determine instantaneous frequency and amplitude for nonstationary sinusoids. The method does not assume the local stationarity. The effectiveness of LVT was examined in parameter determination for synthesized and naturally uttered speech signals. The instantaneous frequency for the first harmonic component was determined with an accuracy almost equal to that of the time-corrected instantaneous frequency method and higher accuracy than that of spectral peak-picking, autocorrelation, and cepstrum. The instantaneous amplitude was also determined accurately by LVT while considerable errors were left in the other algorithms. The signal reconstructed from the determined parameters by LVT agreed well with the corresponding component of voiced speech. These results suggest that the method is effective for analyzing time-varying voiced speech signals.
Adjustment disorders: the state of the art (2011)

Adjustment disorders are common, yet under-researched mental disorders. The present classifications fail to provide specific diagnostic criteria and relegate them to sub-syndromal status. They also fail to provide guidance on distinguishing them from normal adaptive reactions to stress or from recognized mental disorders such as depressive episode or post-traumatic stress disorder. These gaps run the risk of pathologizing normal emotional reactions to stressful events on the one hand and on the other of overdiagnosing depressive disorder with the consequent unnecessary prescription of antidepressant treatments. Few of the structured interview schedules used in epidemiological studies incorporate adjustment disorders. They are generally regarded as mild, notwithstanding their prominence as a diagnosis in those dying by suicide and their poor prognosis when diagnosed in adolescents. There are very few intervention studies.
On the Reliable Detection of Concept Drift from Streaming Unlabeled Data (2017)

Classifiers deployed in the real world operate in a dynamic environment, where the data distribution can change over time. These changes, referred to as concept drift, can cause the predictive performance of the classifier to drop over time, thereby making it obsolete. To be of any real use, these classifiers need to detect drifts and be able to adapt to them, over time. Detecting drifts has traditionally been approached as a supervised task, with labeled data constantly being used for validating the learned model. Although effective in detecting drifts, these techniques are impractical, as labeling is a difficult, costly and time consuming activity. On the other hand, unsupervised change detection techniques are unreliable, as they produce a large number of false alarms. The inefficacy of the unsupervised techniques stems from the exclusion of the characteristics of the learned classifier, from the detection process. In this paper, we propose the Margin Density Drift Detection (MD3) algorithm, which tracks the number of samples in the uncertainty region of a classifier, as a metric to detect drift. The MD3 algorithm is a distribution independent, application independent, model independent, unsupervised and incremental algorithm for reliably detecting drifts from data streams. Experimental evaluation on 6 drift induced datasets and 4 additional datasets from the cybersecurity domain demonstrates that the MD3 approach can reliably detect drifts, with significantly fewer false alarms compared to unsupervised feature based drift detectors. The reduced false alarms enables the signaling of drifts only when they are most likely to affect classification performance. As such, the MD3 approach leads to a detection scheme which is credible, label efficient and general in its applicability.
Adaptive routing in wireless communication networks using swarm intelligence (2001)

this paper we focus on the network routing problem, and survey swarm intelligent approaches for its efficient solution, after a brief overview of power-aware routing schemes, which are important in the network examples outlined above. The aim of intelligent network routing is to detect dynamic traffic and topology events, thus identifying network bottlenecks, addressing them in an adaptive, intelligent manner, and therefore maintaining a desired Quality of Service
Light-activatable cannabinoid prodrug for combined and target-specific photodynamic and cannabinoid therapy (2018)

Cannabinoids are emerging as promising antitumor drugs. However, complete tumor eradication solely by cannabinoid therapy remains challenging. In this study, we developed a far-red light activatable cannabinoid prodrug, which allows for tumor-specific and combinatory cannabinoid and photodynamic therapy. This prodrug consists of a phthalocyanine photosensitizer (PS), reactive oxygen species (ROS)-sensitive linker, and cannabinoid. It targets the type-2 cannabinoid receptor (CB2R) overexpressed in various types of cancers. Upon the 690-nm light irradiation, the PS produces cytotoxic ROS, which simultaneously cleaves the ROS-sensitive linker and subsequently releases the cannabinoid drug. We found that this unique multifunctional prodrug design offered dramatically improved therapeutic efficacy, and therefore provided a new strategy for targeted, controlled, and effective antitumor cannabinoid therapy.
Catalytic Enantioselective Synthesis of Sulfinate Esters through the Dynamic Resolution of <i>tert</i> -Butanesulfinyl Chloride (2004)

Development of a new synthetic route to obtain enantiomerically enriched tert-butanesulfinate esters in excellent yields through catalytic enantioselective sulfinyl transfer is described. As little as 0.5 mol % of chiral amine catalysts was used to couple racemic tert-butanesulfinyl chloride with arylmethyl alcohols to provide sulfinate esters in near quantitative yields and with enantiomeric excesses up to 81%. The method represents the first example of the catalytic dynamic resolution of sulfinyl derivatives.
Irbesartan in Marfan syndrome (AIMS): a double-blind, placebo-controlled randomised trial (2019)

British Heart Foundation, the UK Marfan Trust, the UK Marfan Association.
CEAS: <i>cis</i>-regulatory element annotation system (2009)

The CEAS Python package is publicly available at http://liulab.dfci.harvard.edu/CEAS.
Colds and Influenza-Like Illnesses in University Students: Impact on Health, Academic and Work Performance, and Health Care Use (2005)

Colds and ILIs were common and associated with substantial morbidity in university students. Enhanced efforts to prevent and control URIs, especially influenza vaccination, could improve the health and well-being of the 17 million college and university students in this country.
Reaction of 2-Chlorocyclohepta[<i>b</i>]pyrrole-3-carbaldehyde with <i>o</i>-Phenylenediamine (1990)

Abstract Reaction of 2-chlorocyclohepta[b]pyrrole-3-carbaldehyde with o-phenylenediamine gave 1H-2-(2-chlorocyclohepta[b]pyrrol-3-yl) benzimidazole (3a) and 5H-12,13-dihydrocyclohepta[1′,2′:4,5]pyrrolo[2,3-b][1,5]benzodiazepine (4a). Some reactions of 3a and 4a were also described.
A local-remote telerobot system for time-delayed traded and shared control (1991)

A local-remote supervisory telerobot system providing traded and shared control has been implemented. The system has a clear separation of the local site operator control station and the remote site task execution system with a settable time delay for commands between the two. The remote site task execution system provides autonomous control, force reflecting teleoperation, shared control, and a remote system executive. The local site consists of two operator interfaces: the UMI User Macro Interface and a force reflecting teleoperation graphical interface. UMI provides supervisory control of the operator by providing the operator with a hierarchical menu system to specify autonomous and shared control tasks and to invoke the teleoperation menu. The system demonstrates the viability of ground-remote telerobot operations with an Earth-based operator control station and space-based telerobot.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Run-time scratch-pad memory management for embedded systems (2011)

Scratch-pad memories (SPM) are being increasingly used in embedded systems due to their higher energy and silicon area efficiency in comparison to ordinary caches. However, in order to exploit all of its advantages, efficient memory allocation mechanisms must be provided. In this work we propose a run-time memory management approach for SPMs at OS-level that can be combined with other compile-time approaches. The operating system memory manager takes annotations inserted into the code by the programmer as hints to choose the most appropriate memory (i.e. main memory or SPM) for each allocation. Experimental results confirm the approach's efficiency when compared to a similar compile-time technique.
Methyl jasmonate sensitizes human bladder cancer cells to gambogic acid‐induced apoptosis through down‐regulation of <scp>EZH</scp>2 expression by <scp>miR</scp>‐101 (2013)

MJ sensitizes bladder cancer cells to GA-induced apoptosis by down-regulating the expression of EZH2 induced by miR-101. Thus, the combination of selective anti-cancer agents MJ and GA could provide a novel strategy for treating human bladder cancer.
[The development of the methods for the determination of nickel and its urine levels by inversion voltamperometry]. (1999)

The authors created a method detecting nickel through inversion voltamperometry by Russian analyzer CVA = 1BM. The method is diagnostic in hygienic, clinical and toxicologic studies for measuring quantity of nickel that enters human body during occupational activities.
Prosthetic Ankle-Foot System That Adapts to Sloped Surfaces (2011)

The anatomical ankle is capable of providing adaptation to sloped surfaces, a function that is unavailable in most traditional lower limb prostheses. Commercially available prostheses that are claimed to adapt to surfaces have limitations such as high cost, delay in response, reduced stability, and loss of energy through damping. The purpose of the present work was to develop a prototype prosthetic ankle that adapts to sloped surfaces and is sufficiently durable for short-term field trials. The prototype switches between low and high rotational stiffnesses by means of a wrap spring clutch, and demonstrates a change of the ankle alignment in the ankle moment-angle curves when subjects walked with the unit on surfaces of different slopes, suggesting the prototype was providing slope adaptation. The arbors of the wrap spring clutch demonstrated significant wear when tested to 100,000 cycles based on ISO 10328 standards, yet the adaptable ankle continued to hold testing loads. Further efforts to reduce the weight and size of the prototype are essential, and continued refinement of the clutch engagement mechanism is recommended.
Two-photon gain semiconductor amplifier (1992)

Semiconductors are proposed as two-photon gain media. The size of the effect and the conditions necessary to observe two-photon gain are determined by employing a low-temperature approximation that allows a simple combination of two-photon absorption theory and semiconductor laser theory. Two-photon gain amplifiers based on electrically pumped GaAs heterostructures and optically pumped InSb are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Comparative study of tri-gate- and double-gate-type poly-Si fin-channel split-gate flash memories (2012)

The tri-gate (TG)- and double-gate (DG)-type poly-Si fin-channel split-gate flash memories with a thin n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> -poly-Si floating-gate (FG) have successfully been fabricated, and their electrical characteristics including the variations of threshold voltage (Vt) and S-slope have been comparatively investigated. It was experimentally found that better short-channel effect (SCE) immunity, smaller V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">t</sub> variations, and a higher program speed are obtained in the TG-type flash memories than in the DG-type memories. Moreover, it was also confirmed that over-erase is effectively suppressed by split-gate structure.