gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Maskless lithography using off-the-shelf inkjet printer (2006)

Photolithography is the most important process used to pattern the surface of silicon wafers in IC fabrication. It has shown high performance but its use is not cost-effective for small series or prototyping as it necessitates a costly infrastructure (mask aligner) and requires the fabrication of masks which can be expensive and timeconsuming. Recently, the high resolution achieved by ink-jet printer (> 1200 DPI) starts to make an interesting alternative to obtain a patterned protective layer instead of using photolithography. This is particularly true for MEMS which often need a resolution of only 10 to 20 μm. After studying the different architecture of inkjet printer available in the market, a commercial S$100-printer was selected and modified to allow printing on a rigid silicon wafer. We then developed three different patterning processes using the printer. In a first process the ink was directly used as a protective layer for patterning. A second process modified the photolithography by using the printed ink as a photo-mask on a spun layer of photoresist. In each case we had to modify the surface energy of the wafer by surface treatment to improve the resolution. Finally we replaced the ink with a modified photoresist solution and directly printed a protective mask onto the wafer. Design of Experiment (DOE) methods were systematically employed to study the main and interaction effects of the parameters on the lithography and on the pattern transfer. The series of experiment showed that off-the-shelf ink-jet printer could be used easily for pattern with a resolution below 50 μm, but could not yet reach the 20 μm range.
Controlled dissolution from wax-coated aerosol particles in canine lungs (1998)

Treatment of pulmonary and systemic diseases may be improved and toxicity reduced by pulmonary deposition of drug-containing aerosols exhibiting delayed dissolution. Aqueous disodium fluorescein and pentamidine aerosols were dried, concentrated, and condensation coated with paraffin wax. The apparent mass median aerodynamic diameters of the coated fluorescein particles were 2.8-4.0 microns. Wax-to-fluorescein ratios were 0.38-1.05. The dissolution half times determined using a single-pass flow system were 1.5 min for uncoated fluorescein and 0.8 min for uncoated pentamidine. These increased over threefold when the aerosols were coated with paraffin wax to maxima of 5.3 and 2.6 min, respectively. Wax-coated aerosols generated from fluorescein mixed with 99mTc-labeled iron oxide colloid delivered to the canine lungs demonstrated a 3.4-fold increase in the absorption half time of disodium fluorescein compared with uncoated fluorescein (11.2 vs. 38.4 min). The absence of changes in pulmonary function on inhalation of these wax-coated aerosols, together with a high drug load and delayed release, establishes a foundation for future therapeutic applications.
Probability-based decision making for automated highway driving (1994)

Real-time, rule-based guidance systems for autonomous vehicles on limited-access highways are investigated. The goal of these systems is to plan trajectories that are safe, while satisfying the driver's requests based on stochastic information about the vehicle state and the surrounding traffic. A rule-based system is used for high-level planning. Given a stochastic model of the traffic situation driven by current measurements, the probable evolution of traffic and the best trajectory to follow are predicted. Simulation results assess the impact of uncertain knowledge of traffic on the performance of the guidance system, showing that uncertainty can and must be taken into account.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
How Can We Be So Dense? The Benefits of Using Highly Sparse Representations (2019)

Most artificial networks today rely on dense representations, whereas biological networks rely on sparse representations. In this paper we show how sparse representations can be more robust to noise and interference, as long as the underlying dimensionality is sufficiently high. A key intuition that we develop is that the ratio of the operable volume around a sparse vector divided by the volume of the representational space decreases exponentially with dimensionality. We then analyze computationally efficient sparse networks containing both sparse weights and activations. Simulations on MNIST and the Google Speech Command Dataset show that such networks demonstrate significantly improved robustness and stability compared to dense networks, while maintaining competitive accuracy. We discuss the potential benefits of sparsity on accuracy, noise robustness, hyperparameter tuning, learning speed, computational efficiency, and power requirements.
Dissociation of individual isotopic peaks: predicting isotopic distributions of product ions in MS<sup>n</sup> (2003)

Traditional practice in tandem mass spectrometry is to select the mono-isotopic ion for dissociation. However, high molecular weight compounds often have weak mono-isotopic peaks, which limit that approach. Furthermore, the traditional approach does not take advantage of the very rich store of information available in the isotopic patterns from the dissociation of individual non-mono-isotopic peaks. Interpretation of these isotopic patterns requires a theory capable of predicting the patterns. However, a general theory for the prediction of these patterns has been lacking. This paper shows that the patterns can be obtained from a certain vector product, the outer product, of the full isotopic distribution of the product ion with the full isotopic distribution of the complementary product. Unlike previous approaches, the method is applicable to systems of arbitrary isotopic complexity. The patterns are potentially useful for elucidation of dissociation pathways, elemental composition, and chemical structure. The paper presents several applications of the theory.
A Literature Overview of Fuzzy Database Modeling (2009)

Fuzzy set theory has been extensively applied to extend various data models and resulted in numerous contributions, mainly with respect to the popular relational model or to some related form of it. To satisfy the need of modeling complex objects with imprecision and uncertainty, recently many researches have been concentrated on fuzzy semantic (conceptual) and object-oriented data models. This chapter reviews fuzzy database modeling technologies, including fuzzy conceptual data models and database models. Concerning fuzzy database models, fuzzy relational databases, fuzzy nested relational databases, and fuzzy object-oriented databases are discussed, respectively.
Technology issues of library porting in multi-process environment (2002)

In the multi-process environment, a library vendor has to port libraries to foundries using different processes. Technology match between the library and the process becomes necessary, in addition to software compatibility. Typical issues are design rules, device targets, simulation models, reliability, and performance. Retarget of either process or library or both is generally required. Criteria, method, and evaluation of the procedure are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
ARTHUR C. SINGLETON, M.D. 1900-1968 (1969)

+ Affiliation: Department of Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 101 College Street, Toronto 2, Ontario, Canada
Attribution of Hand Bones to Sex and Population Groups (1996)

Although cranial and pelvic bones are the preferred skeletal material used by forensic anthropologists to assign unknown individuals to their most probable sex and population (racial) groups, these remains may be unavailable. This paper presents models for classification using metatarsals, proximal pedal phalanges, and the first distal phalanx of the foot. Measurements include lengths and mediolateral and dorsoplantar widths of these foot bones. Four samples of 40 individuals each (black and white males and females) comprise the dataset. Models were developed separately for right and left sides. Three models are provided for each side: a metatarsal model, a proximal phalangeal model, and a combination model involving selected metatarsal and phalangeal measurements. A stepwise discriminant procedure was used for variable selection, with some highly correlated (r > 0.85) variables subsequently removed. The metatarsal models correctly assign approximately 77-84% of individuals to their correct sex and population groups; proximal phalangeal models yield correct assignments in 70-72% of cases, and the combination models give correct classifications in 87% of cases. Models exchanging variables selected from one side for corresponding variables on the other show discriminating power ranging from approximately 67-86%. More conservative "jackknife" estimates give correct assignments in 64-82% of cases. When these models are used for classification of sex alone, 86.2-93.7% ("jackknife" range, 84.3-91.2%) of cases are correctly classified; for race alone, 78.6-96.2% ("jackknife" range, 75.5-92.4%).
Improving the heat stability of vaccines: problems, needs, and approaches. (1989)

Biologics comprise temperature-sensitive organic polymers that must retain their primary and secondary structures as well as their interrelationships if their activities are to be retained. Targets for temperature-stable vaccines assume a technologic database that exceeds present knowledge. For this reason, new territory must be explored. Coupled with lack of scientific information is lack of economic incentive for the producer to undertake new areas of basic research on stabilization. Moreover, the means of protecting and rewarding the inventor are extremely weak, and no source of funds for meeting the costs is evident. It is critical, at this time, to weigh the costs of improving vaccine against those of establishing an effective cold chain. Developing a cold chain seems the more likely choice.
Parallel Optical Flow Using Local Voting (2005)

We describe a parallel algorithm for computing optical flow from short-range motion. Regularizing optical flow computation leads to a forruulation which minimizes matching error and, at the same time, maximises smoothness of the optical flow. We develop an approximation to the full regularization computation in which corresponding points are found by comparing local patches of the images. Selection aniong competing matches is performed using a winner-take-all scheme. The algorithm accommodates many different image transformations uniformly, with siniilar results, from brightness to edges. The optical flow computed froni different image transformations, such as edge detection and direct brightness computation, can be simply combined. The algorithm is easily implemented using local operations on a finegrained computer, and has been implemented on a Connection Machine. Experiments with natural images show that the scheme is effective and robust against noise. The algorithm leads to dense optical flow fields; in addition, inforniation from matching facilitates segmentation.
Sound Recording on Magnetic Tape (1937)

This paper describes an improved method of recording sound magnetically on a steel tape, similar in principle to that of the Poulsen telegraphone. In the latter a longitudinal magnetic pattern of the voice current is imprinted on a steel wire by drawing it rapidly past recording pole pieces. The high speed used by Poulsen and subsequent investigators has been directly and indirectly a limiting factor in the application of magnetic recording to commercial uses. The system here described makes use of perpendicular magnetization. This method makes it possible, with suitable equalization, to obtain a substantially uniform frequency-response characteristic up to 8000 cycles per second with a tape speed of only 16 inches per second. In many cases a speed of 8 inches per second is adequate for recording speech. At the same time the ratio of signal to background noise has been substantially increased. The decrease in efficiency resulting from the use of perpendicular instead of longitudinal magnetization is offset to a great extent by the use of a better design and construction of the pole-pieces and a more suitable recording medium. The recording medium is a steel tape having a thickness of about 1.0 to 2.0 mils (0.025 to 0.051 mm.) and a width of about 50 mils (1.3 mm.).
A scheme for pitch extraction of speech using autocorrelation function with frame length proportional to the time lag (1992)

Although pitch extraction schemes based on the short-time autocorrelation function offer reliable results for most of the speech signal, the autocorrelation peaks indicating fundamental period fluctuate with frame position, causing occasional pitch extraction errors. In order to reduce these errors, a scheme using a new definition of normalized short-time autocorrelation function is proposed. One of the major advantages of the definition over conventional ones is that the frame length changes in proportion to the time lag, and, therefore, the input speech can be analyzed without any knowledge of the fundamental frequency range of the speaker. Two methods are proposed for the normalization, and the one compensating for variations of the short-time power of the waveform is shown to offer better results. A system for pitch extraction is constructed on a workstation, and the validity of the proposed scheme is demonstrated by experiments using the connected speech of male and female announcers.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
SIRT1 controls circadian clock circuitry and promotes cell survival: a connection with age‐related neoplasms (2009)

Aging is believed to be a primary risk factor for cancer. Interestingly, the sirtuin family of class III histone deacetylases (HDACs) has been implicated in the regulation of longevity and may be a lost link between aging and cancer. SIRT1, a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+))-dependent sirtuin, has been shown to promote cell survival by inhibiting apoptosis or cellular senescence in mammalian cells. Recent studies have provided a link between the cellular metabolic function of SIRT1 and the circadian rhythm (controlled by a clock machinery), which, if deregulated, may lead to an increased risk for some cancers. Interestingly, the loss of the pineal hormone melatonin, a known regulator of circadian rhythm, has been shown to cause deregulation in the circadian rhythm machinery and an increase in susceptibility to cancer. On the basis of scientific evidence, we propose a hypothesis that SIRT1 inhibition will impart an antiproliferative response in age-related cancers via resynchronization of deregulated core clock circuitry at the cellular level. If this hypothesis is found valid, it may ultimately lead to the development of novel approaches toward management of age-related malignancies and possibly other diseases.
Efficient event routing in content-based publish-subscribe service networks (2005)

Efficient event delivery in a content-based publish/subscribe system has been a challenging problem. Existing group communication solutions, such as IP multicast or application-level multicast techniques, are not readily applicable due to the highly heterogeneous communication pattern in such systems. We first explore the design space of event routing strategies for content-based publish/subscribe systems. Two major existing approaches are studied: filter-hosed approach, which performs content-based filtering on intermediate routing servers to dynamically guide routing decisions, and multicast-based approach, which delivers events through a few high-quality multicast groups that are pre-constructed to approximately match user interests. These approaches have different trade-offs in the routing quality achieved and the implementation cost and system load generated. We then present a new routing scheme called Kyra that carefully balance these trade-offs. Kyra combines the advantages of content-based filtering and event-space partitioning in the existing approaches to achieve better overall routing efficiency. We use detailed simulations to evaluate Kyra and compare it with existing approaches. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of Kyra in achieving high network efficiency, reducing implementation cost and balancing system load across the publish-subscribe service network.
Epitaxial growth of alkaline earth fluoride films on HF-treated Si and (NH4)2S<i>x</i>-treated GaAs without <i>in</i> <i>situ</i> cleaning (1992)

HF-treated Si and (NH4)2Sx-treated GaAs were used as substrates for epitaxial growth of CaF2 and BaF2 films without in situ cleaning. The fluoride layers grown on the chemical-treated substrates exhibit good crystalline quality and smooth surfaces. With fluorides on Si, minimum ion channeling yields are about 3%–5%, comparable with the best data reported in the literature using thermal etching or sputtering for substrate cleaning. CaF2 and BaF2 films grown on GaAs(100) exhibit the same (100)-lattice orientation as the underlying GaAs substrate and no misoriented crystallites are observed. Pole figure measurements on BaF2 show that the crystallites are in close registry with the principal axes of the GaAs.
Extracting Problem and Resolution Information from Online Discussion Forums (2010)

The ability to obtain quick solutions to problems is an important requirement in many practical applications such as help desks and technical support. In this paper, we describe an approach that will enable easy identification of potential solutions to a given problem. The proposed approach involves extraction of useful problem- and resolution-related information from online discussion forums. We specifically focus on identifying important parts of a discussion thread by classifying message posts in the thread as problem- or resolution-related. We cast this problem as a sequence labeling task and train a discriminative Conditional Random Field for supervised learning. Results are presented from classification experiments done at a sentence as well as phrase-level. The structure and information flow pattern in a typical discussion thread helps generate effective features for classification. We also discuss the effect of inducing different features on the precision and recall of the sequence labeling task. Sentence level classification with feature induction yielded F1 scores of 66% for problem related information and 58.8% for resolution-related information, which is a significant improvement over our baseline scores.
Multilayered Nanoarchitecture of Graphene Nanosheets and Polypyrrole Nanowires for High Performance Supercapacitor Electrodes (2010)

A novel nanoarchitecture is developed by combining the nanostructured conductive polymer polypyrrole with highly electrically conductive graphene nanosheets in a multilayered configuration to achieve high specific capacitance and low electronic resistance for supercapacitor electrode applications. The fibrous network of polypyrrole nanowires with high electrolyte ionic accessibility was interspersed with electrically conductive monolayers of highly aligned large sized graphene nanosheets as a series of current collectors within the macroscopic configuration for enhanced electronic charge transport inside the electrode. A fabrication method relying on capillary force driven self-assembly coupled with the strong van der Waals attraction between highly aromatic graphene basal plane and π conjugated conductive polymer chains was employed to create a 100% binder free multilayered composite structure of these two distinct nanoscale elements to construct the electrode. This multilayer composite electrode exhibits a high specific capacitance of ∼165 F/g with a nearly ideal rectangular cyclic voltammogram at increasing voltage scanning rates and high electrochemical cyclic stability.
Design and Analysis of Winglets for Military Aircraft. Phase 2 (1977)

A study of the design and analysis of winglets for military aircraft has been completed. This study is a continuation of the work reported in AFFDL- TR-76-6. The program consisted of investigating analytically the AFFDL/Boeing winglet on the take-off and landing configuration of the KC-135A. Also investigated analytically were th effect of a wing leading-edge device on the performance of the AFFDL/Boeing winglet and the design of a compromise high- speed/low-speed winglet. Two wind tunnel tests were conducted by the NASA- Langley Research Center 8-foot transonic tunnel. A high-speed and low-speed test were conducted to determine the effect of the AFFDL/Boeing winglets on the KC-135A's aerodynamic performance and longitudinal and lateral-direction stability. A preliminary plan for a KC-135A winglet retrofit program was developed and its cost estimated. Based on a 1979 program start, the retrofit costs would be recovered by the start of 1984.
The Economics of the Internet: Utility, Utilization, Pricing, and Quality of Service (1999)

Can high quality be provided economically for all transmissions on the Internet? Current work assumes that it cannot, and concentrates on providing differentiated service levels. However, an examination of patterns of use and economics of data networks suggests that providing enough bandwidth for uniformly high quality transmission may be practical. If this turns out not to be possible, only the simplest schemes that require minimal involvement by end users and network administrators are likely to be accepted. On the other hand, there are substantial inefficiencies in the current data networks, inefficiencies that can be alleviated even without complicated pricing or network engineering systems.
Separating reflections from images by use of independent component analysis (1999)

The image of an object can vary dramatically, depending on lighting, specularities, reflections, and shadows. It is often advantageous to separate these incidental variations from the intrinsic aspects of an image. We describe a method for photographing objects behind glass and digitally removing the reflections from the surface of the glass, leaving the image of the objects behind the glass intact. We describe the details of this method, which employs simple optical techniques and independent component analysis and show its efficacy with several examples.
Synthesis and characterization of cross-linked silicone thin films by pulsed laser ablation deposition (PLAD) (2002)

AbstractStable, uniform and cross-linked silicone films have been synthesized by pulsed laser ablation deposition (PLAD) for the first time. A KrF excimer (248 nm) laser was used in the synthesis. The effect of incident energy density on the deposited film chemistry was examined in depth. The surface analysis showed that at low energy densities (100–150 mJ/cm2), smooth, hydrophobic films similar in structure to the starting cross-linked silicone elastomer were obtained. Beyond 200 mJ/cm2, hydrophilic films with oxygen contents much higher than the starting polymer were obtained. These films also exhibited a more particulate texture suggesting ablation of particles and/or polymeric clusters from the silicone target. The results demonstrate that the PLAD process may prove valuable for the preparation of cross-linked silicone thin films with tailored properties.Keywords: Pulsed Laser Ablation DepositionNanofilmsSilicone FilmsSurface Modification