gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A microfluidic device for continuous, real time blood plasma separation (2006)

A microfluidic device for continuous, real time blood plasma separation is introduced. The principle of the blood plasma separation from blood cells is supported by the Zweifach-Fung effect and was experimentally demonstrated using simple microchannels. The blood plasma separation device is composed of a blood inlet, a bifurcating region which leads to a purified plasma outlet, and a concentrated blood cell outlet. It was designed to separate blood plasma from an initial blood sample of up to 45% inlet hematocrit (volume percentage of cells). The microfluidic network was designed using an analogous electrical circuit, as well as analytical and numerical studies. The functionality of this device was demonstrated using defibrinated sheep blood. During 30 minutes of continuous blood infusion through the device, all the erythrocytes (red blood cells) traveled through the device toward the concentrated blood outlet while only the plasma was separated at the bifurcating regions and flowed towards the plasma outlet. The device has been operated continuously without any clogging or hemolysis of cells. The experimentally determined plasma selectivity with respect to blood hematocrit level was almost 100% regardless of the inlet hematocrit. The total plasma separation volume percent varied from 15% to 25% with increasing inlet hematocrit. Due to the device's simple structure and control mechanism, this microdevice is expected to be used for highly efficient continuous, real time cell-free blood plasma separation from blood samples for use in lab on a chip applications.
Differential expression of THOC1 and ALY mRNP biogenesis/export factors in human cancers (2011)

These results suggest a differential connection between tumorogenesis and the expression levels of human THO and ALY. This study opens the possibility of defining mRNP biogenesis factors as putative players in cell proliferation that could contribute to tumor development.
Pediatric HIV clinical trials in the United States. (1997)

The Pediatric AIDS Clinical Trials Group (PACTG) is a national network of clinical trial sites funded by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID). PACTG studies, particularly ACTG 076, have been instrumental in establishing the standard of care for prevention and treatment of childhood HIV. The development of age-appropriate drugs is a fundamental challenge facing researchers in the pediatric therapeutic clinical trial arena. The differences between HIV-positive adults and children are outlined and the special developmental problems faced by HIV-infected children are described. PACTG is working to decrease the rates of HIV perinatal transmission in the U.S., achieve a 10-year survival rate for more than 90 percent of HIV-infected children, and investigate and develop early intervention strategies for infants and adolescents. To meet these goals, PACTG is conducting a number of studies: ACTG 316 examines whether nevirapine will help reduce perinatal HIV transmission, ACTG 219 will follow all children enrolled in PACTG studies until they are 18 years old, and study's ACTG 356 and ACTG 345 will examine whether early and aggressive therapy in children can alter the course of HIV disease. The Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Pediatric HIV Infection is available in draft format and recommends initiating combination antiretroviral therapy with potent drug regimens in all infants less than 12 months of age upon diagnosis.
Interneurons and inhibition in the dentate gyrus of the rat in vivo (1995)

Inhibitory cells are critically involved in shaping normal hippocampal function and are thought to be important elements in the development of hippocampal pathologies. However, there is relatively little information about the extent and pattern of axonal arborization of hippocampal interneurons and, therefore, about the sphere of influence of these cells. What we do know about these cells is based largely on in vitro slice studies, in which interneuronal interactions may be severely attenuated. The present study was carried out to provide a more realistic picture of interneuron influence. Intracellular recordings were obtained from dentate interneurons in the intact brain of anesthetized rats, and cells were intracellularly labeled with biocytin. The axonal arbors of two classes of dentate interneurons were traced through the hippocampus; each was found to extend long distances (up to half of the total septotemporal length of the hippocampus) perpendicular to the hippocampal lamellae and to target preferential strata. These results suggest that dentate interneurons have far-reaching effects on target cells in distant hippocampal lamellae. One implication of this finding is that dentate neurons should receive more inhibitory synaptic drive in vivo than in slice preparations, in which many inhibitory axon collaterals are amputated. Synaptic responses to perforant path stimulation were examined in granule cells, mossy cells, and CA3 pyramidal cells in vivo, for comparison with previously published results from hippocampal slice studies. In vivo, all cell types showed excitatory synaptic responses that were brief and limited by robust IPSPs that were larger in amplitude and conductance than responses to comparable stimuli recorded in vitro. This difference could not be explained by a change in the intrinsic physiological properties of the cells in the slice preparation, because those parameters were similar in vivo and in vitro. We conclude that dentate gyrus inhibitory interneurons can affect the excitability of neurons in distant areas of the hippocampus, and that these distant influences cannot be appreciated in conventional in vitro preparations.
Shadow editing: a distributed service for supercomputer access (2003)

The use of long-haul networks by the scientific community to access resources at supercomputing centers has created a need for high-level user services and tools to provide transparent and efficient access to remote resources. A way to provide a computational service for supercomputer access in a distributed environment is described. The issues involved in the design of such a service are discussed, and attention is focused on a remote job submission facility. A prototype implementation is also described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Ionization losses of high-energy heavy particles (1957)

Analysis and rigorous solution of the problem of ionization losses of heavy particles in thin absorbers,'' i.e., absorbers in which the ionization losses are much smaller than the initial energy of the particles. (auth)
Investigation of a Tertiary maar structure using three-dimensional resistivity imaging (1999)

This paper presents the application of the electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) method to the investigation of the Tertiary maar structure of Baruth (Germany) known from previous gravimetric surveys. ERT was applied to support the optimum location for a palaeoclimatological drill hole. Special modifications of data acquisition, signal processing and inversion are introduced to adapt the method of ERT to the special requirements for the 3-D investigation of structures with horizontal extensions of 1 km or more. More than 5000 dipole–dipole combinations were recorded at three concentric circular electrode arrangements using stand-alone transient data acquisition systems (RefTek). We present a fast approximate imaging technique based on the simultaneous iterative reconstruction technique (SIRT). As the complete calculation of the inverse Frechét matrix is avoided, the algorithm is especially suitable for large data and model spaces, where complete inversion is beyond the limits of available computing hardware. The single-step method is applicable to arbitrary irregular electrode layouts. Synthetic tests show that the imaging procedure reconstructs the main features of the subsurface. A low-resistivity body could be interpreted as limnic sediments filling the interior of the Tertiary maar crater. Considering the horizontal resistivity gradient, estimates for the lateral and depth extents of the structure were made. An optimum position for a palaeoclimatological borehole was found, and was in good agreement with the gravimetric minimum.
Thermal-structural Design Study of an Airframe-integrated Scramjet (1979)

Design concepts for the cooled structures assembly for the Langley Scramjet engine, for engine subsystems, and for the aircraft/engine interface were developed and evaluated. Results show that the objectives for the Scramjet engine can be met. A thermal protection system was defined that makes it possible to attain a life of 100 hours and 1000 cycles, which is the specified goal. With stoichiometric combustion, the fuel provides an adequate heat sink for cooling the engine at Mach numbers up to 9 at the minimum fuel flow condition. The mechanical design is feasible for manufacture using conventional materials. For the cooled structures in a six-module engine, the mass per unit capture area is 1328 kg/sq m (259 lb/sq ft). The total mass of a six-module engine assembly including the fuel system is 1577 kg (3477 lb).
Cleaning-In-Place (CIP) System in Dairy Plant- Review (2014)

Cleaning In Place (CIP) system of cleaning the interior surface of pipelines, vessels, filters, process equipment and associated things without dismantling. Depending on the processing practice and load of soiling on the process equipment, the cleaning solutions may be used for single cycle or recycled and reused for multi use. Cleaning-In-Place systems shortens the required time for cleaning, besides using detergents and disinfectants at higher concentrations and temperatures, as well as the recovery of the cleaning solutions. The automation of these systems also allows for safe and reproducible results and economic optimization of the process. In CIP system, cleaning solutions used include various types of detergents, sanitizers or disinfectants. To achieve the most effective CIP results, it is necessary to design the production process and the CIP components and circuits simultaneously, giving equal consideration to production and cleaning requirements
A pipeline for multidimensional confocal analysis of mitochondrial morphology, function, and dynamics in pancreatic β-cells (2019)

Live-cell imaging of mitochondrial function and dynamics can provide vital insights into both physiology and pathophysiology, including of metabolic diseases like type 2 diabetes. However, without super-resolution microscopy and commercial analysis software, it is challenging to accurately extract features from dense multilayered mitochondrial networks, such as those in insulin-secreting pancreatic β-cells. Motivated by this, we developed a comprehensive pipeline and associated ImageJ plugin that enables 2D/3D quantification of mitochondrial network morphology and dynamics in mouse β-cells and by extension other similarly challenging cell types. The approach is based on standard confocal microscopy and shareware, making it widely accessible. The pipeline was validated using mitochondrial photolabeling and unsupervised cluster analysis and is capable of morphological and functional analyses on a per-organelle basis, including in 4D (<i>xyzt</i>). Overall, this tool offers a powerful framework for multiplexed analysis of mitochondrial state/function and provides a valuable resource to accelerate mitochondrial research in health and disease.
Vapor-Phase Adsorption and Separation of Ethylbenzene and Styrene on the Metal–Organic Frameworks MIL-47 and MIL-53(Al) (2012)

Separation of styrene (ST) from ethylbenzene (EB) remains an industrially relevant challenge in the production of polystyrene. Adsorptive separation with metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) is a potential alternative for the conventional vacuum distillation process. Adsorption and separation of ST and EB on the MOFs MIL-47 and MIL-53(Al) were studied under vapor-phase conditions. ST and EB show traditional type I isotherms on MIL-47. Contrarily, ST adsorption isotherms show steep steps on MIL-53(Al) as a result of the breathing of the flexible MOF upon increased adsorbate pressure. The separation potential of both MOFs was investigated by performing vapor-phase breakthrough experiments at total hydrocarbon partial pressures between 1.14 and 16.4 mbar and temperatures between 35 and 90 °C. ST is preferentially adsorbed on both MOFs. Although the MOFs are isostructural, the evolution of selectivity with temperature and pressure is different for both materials due to the different interaction and separation mechanisms.
Sulfinylnitriles: Sulfinyl–Metal Exchange–Alkylation Strategies (2012)

Adding organolithiums, Grignard reagents, or zincates to sulfinylnitriles triggers a facile sulfinyl-metal exchange to afford N- or C-metalated nitriles. Sulfinyl-magnesium exchange-alkylations efficiently install quaternary and tertiary centers, even in the case of tertiary sulfinylnitriles that contain a highly acidic methine proton. α-Sulfinylalkenenitriles afford moderately nucleophilic magnesiated nitriles, and the reactivity can be dramatically increased by conversion to the corresponding magnesiates. The sulfinyl-metal exchange is extremely fast, proceeds efficiently with quaternary, tertiary, and vinylic α-sulfinylnitriles, and exhibits an exceptional functional group tolerance in nitrile alkylations.
Tambimuttu in New York (1997)

A total of 230 major articles in volumes 55 through 57 of the Journal of Medical Education were reviewed for a comprehensive power-analytic investigation of research in medical education. Three statistical power determinations were made for each of 2,220 reported tests of significance, and the average power for detecting a range of possible treatment effects was calculated for each of the 100 studies subsequently included in the analysis. Among other findings, fully 91 percent of the 100 articles analyzed had less than a 50-50 chance of detecting a "small" treatment effect. Average power figures from similar surveys in other disciplines demonstrate that the problem of low statistical power is not unique to research in medical education. Additionally, the practical consequences of low statistical power are outlined, and workable guidelines for reporting the information necessary for the independent evaluation of published studies are provided.
Methods for haptic feedback in teleoperated robot‐assisted surgery (2004)

Teleoperated minimally invasive surgical robots can significantly enhance a surgeon's accuracy, dexterity and visualization. However, current commercially available systems do not include significant haptic (force and tactile) feedback to the operator. This paper describes experiments to characterize this problem, as well as several methods to provide haptic feedback in order to improve surgeon's performance. There exist a variety of sensing and control methods that enable haptic feedback, although a number of practical considerations, e.g. cost, complexity and biocompatibility, present significant challenges. The ability of teleoperated robot-assisted surgical systems to measure and display haptic information leads to a number of additional exciting clinical and scientific opportunities, such as active operator assistance through "virtual fixtures" and the automatic acquisition of tissue properties.
Evolution of conductivity, structure and thermochemical stability of lanthanum manganese iron nickelate perovskites (2008)

A series of solid solutions in the La0.8Sr0.2MnO3±δ (LSM)–xLa0.95Ni0.6Fe0.4O3−δ (LNF) system were synthesised by solid-state reaction to investigate the effect of Ni/Fe substitution for Mn on their DC electrical conductivity, structure and thermochemical stability. A non-linear change in structure, conductivity, magnetic properties and thermochemical stability of solid solutions was observed with the increase in the Ni/Fe content. A new phase (100 − x)LSM·xLNF with orthorhombic symmetry was found in the concentration range 35 ≤ x < 70 mol%, and exhibits the lowest value of the conductivity and the highest activation energy in the single-phase concentration range 43 ≤ x ≤ 53. This is, most probably, caused by a low concentration of Mn3+–O–Mn4+ units available for small polaron motion through the B sublattice. The compositions containing more than 50 mol% Ni in the B sublattice shows metallic-like conductivity behaviour. The temperature of the semiconducting metallic transition decreases with increase in the Ni concentration. All compositions had good thermochemical stability in air, in contrast to that under reducing conditions. The higher the Ni/Fe content in the sample, the faster the reduction of the solid solutions occurred in non-humidified Ar–H2 (95 : 5) atmosphere. The overall oxygen stoichiometry of the solid solutions is discussed.
Prediction Methods and Data Fusion for Prognostics of Primary and Secondary Batteries (2001)

A method to accurately assess the state-of-charge (SOC), state-of-health (SOH), and state-of-life (SOL) of electrochemical energy sources provides significant benefit to operational systems. The model-based effort described here is focused on predictive diagnostics for primary and secondary batteries. It can also be applied to other electrochemical energy sources, such as fuel cells. This method is based on accurate modeling of the transport mechanisms within the battery and requires carefully developed electrochemical and thermal models. New features are developed from these models and are used in conjunction with several traditional measured parameters to assess the condition of the battery. Data fusion of feature vectors is used to develop inferences about the state of the system. The resulting output and any usage information available about the battery is then evaluated using hybrid automated reasoning schemes consisting of neural network and decision theoretic methods. The focus of this paper is on model identification and data fusion of the monitored and virtual sensor data. The methodology and analysis presented is applicable to mechanical systems where multiple sensor types are used for diagnostic assessment.
Ring-opening metathesis polymerization of substituted bicyclo[2.2.2]octadienes: a new precursor route to poly(1,4-phenylenevinylene) (1992)

Poly(1,4-phenylenevinylene) (PPV), a perfectly alternating\ncopolymer of p-phenylene and trans-vinylene units, possesses\nattractive material properties. Thin films of PPV display high electrical conductivity when doped (σ = 5000 S/cm), a large, third-order nonlinear optical response (χ^3 = 1.5 X 10^(-10) esu), and photo- and electroluminescence in the visible region. However, the extended planar topology of the PPV backbone, which renders it infusible and insoluble in nonreactive media, limits the capacity for post-synthesis fabrication of the material. A convenient method to circumvent this problem consists of a two-step synthesis via a processable intermediate polymer. This precursor polymer can be fabricated into the desired form and subsequently converted to the target polymer by a clean, intramolecular chemical reaction. Wessling and Zimmerman have reported the synthesis of a processable, water-soluble poly(l,4-xylylenesulfonium salt) that undergoes a thermally-induced elimination to PPV under mild conditions.
Sequence Note Sequence Features Downstream of the Primer-Binding Site of HIV Type 1 Subtype E Shared by Subtype G and a Subset of Subtype A (1999)

Two distinct sequence features downstream of the primer-binding site (PBS) were identified in a full-length HIV-1 subtype E clone amplified in this study. Both features are frequently found in HIV-1 subtypes A and G and in more than half of the full-length intersubtype recombinant clones. One of these is the absence of a trinucleotide sequence, which is located 14 nucleotides downstream of the PBS and found only in subtypes B, C, D, F, and H. The other is an insertion of 24 nucleotides immediately downstream of the PBS, which was previously reported as a sequence feature shared by subtypes A, E, and G. The analysis conducted here revealed that this 24-nucleotide insertion contained two sequence motifs duplicated in adjacent regions and was not found in all HIV-1 subtype A clones. Furthermore, our finding suggests that the PBS region of all known full-length subtype E clones, which are A/E intersubtype recombinants, is derived from the group of HIV-1 subtype A, which contains a similar insertion.
Micropropulsion experiment on UNISAT-2 (2003)

The design and implementation of an experimental micropropulsion system, under development jointly by Mechatronic and INFM, is described. The flight experiment will be performed on-board the microsatellite UNISAT-2, in the framework of a cooperation between University di Roma "La Sapienza", Mechatronic and INFM. The main goal of the experiment is to have a preliminary assessment of the microthruster performance in orbit. The thruster configuration for the UNISAT-2 experiment is cold-gas, using pressurized nitrogen (N/sub 2/). The micro convergent-divergent nozzles, obtained by a 500 /spl mu/m thickness silicon wafer, have a throat area of about 300 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ through which the pressurized gas flow is accelerated. Ground tests performed to evaluate the microthruster performance are described, showing that the maximum thrust is of the order of 500 /spl mu/N. Two pairs of microthrusters are mounted with their thrust direction orthogonal to the spin-axis of the UNISAT-2 spacecraft, and are used to perform spin-up/spin-down maneuvers. Measuring the satellite spin rate variation, after thruster activation, the average thrust is evaluated.
Algorithm-Based Error Detection Of A Cholesky Factor Updating Systolic Array Using Cordic Processors (1989)

Lincoln Laboratory has developed an architecture for a folded linear systolic array using fixed-point CORDIC processors, applicable to adaptive nulling for a radar sidelobe canceler. The algorithm implemented uses triangularization by Givens rotations to solve a least-squares problem in the voltage domain. In this paper, the implementation of an inexpensive algorithm-based error-detection scheme is proposed for this systolic array. Column average checksum encoding is intended to detect most errors caused by the failure of any single arithmetic unit. It retains or almost retains the 100% processor utilization of Lincoln Laboratory's novel design. For the case of 64 degrees of freedom, the increase in time complexity is only 3%. The increase in hardware is mainly two adders and two comparators per CORDIC processor. We believe that the small increase in cost will be amply offset by the improvement in system performance brought about by this error detection.
Supporting Information Extraction from Printed Documents by Lexico-Semantic (1997)

Document analysis and understanding (DAU) systems aim not only at the recognition of text and document structures but also at the extraction of relevant information out of a scanned document. Depending on the class of a document, information to be extracted may be defined in advance in syntactic structures as well as in semantic structures. In this paper we present a system for detecting such information and transforming it into a semantic representation. The basic component is a pattern matcher which incorporates geometric positions to detect phrases in the document. By defining a Levenshtein distance, the component reacts more generously in order to be error- tolerant against OCR failures.