gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Disturbance source location of forced power oscillation in regional power grid (2011)

It is well known that continuous small power disturbances can excite the forced power oscillation in power systems, and removal of disturbance source is the best way to rapidly attenuate the oscillation. In order to find the location of disturbance source, energy conversion characteristics of the forced power oscillation in a linear system during steady-state resonance were analyzed. Considering practical application in power systems, this paper proposes an improved energy function method for disturbance source location of forced power oscillation. Case studies of two-area with four-machine benchmark system and a practical large regional power grid prove the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extraction of Southern Pine and Ponderosa Pine (1991)

Pine wood and bark were extracted with supercritical (SC) carbon dioxide under various experimental conditions.The extractive yields ranged from 20-60% relative to the total diethyl ether extractive content.The yields were dependent on temperature, pressure, particle size, and fluid to wood ratio.The addition of ethanol to bark particles prior to SC CO, extraction produced higher yields of extracts relative to extractions without the addition of ethanol.Gas chromatographic (GC) analysis of selected SC carbon dioxide extracts revealed that the concentration of resin acids, as well as the yield of pure abietic acid, increased with temperature at constant pressure.Fatty acids were more soluble in SC carbon dioxide relative to diethyl ether.The concentration of fatty acids in SC carbon dioxide extracts did not appear to follow definite trends.In addition, observation of the wood particles with scanning electron microscope (SEM) revealed that the supercritical extraction process did not appear to significantly alter the wood surface structure.
Loose synchronization of multithreaded replicas (2003)

Although multithreading can improve performance, it is a source of nondeterminism in application behavior. Existing approaches to replicating multithreaded applications either synchronize replicas at the interrupt level, at the expense of performance, or use a nonpreemptive deterministic scheduler at the expense of concurrency. This paper presents a loose synchronization algorithm for ensuring deterministic replica behavior while preserving concurrency. The algorithm synchronizes replica threads only on state updates by enforcing an equivalent order of mutex acquisitions across replicas.
An Extracelluar Protease, SepM, Generates Functional Competence-Stimulating Peptide in Streptococcus mutans UA159 (2012)

Cell-cell communication in Gram-positive bacteria often depends on the production of extracellular peptides. The cariogenic bacterium Streptococcus mutans employs so-called competence-stimulating peptide (CSP) to stimulate mutacin (bacteriocin) production and competence development through the activation of the ComDE two-component pathway. In S. mutans, CSP is secreted as a 21-residue peptide; however, mass spectrometric analysis of culture supernatant indicates the presence of an 18-residue proteolytically cleaved species. In this study, using a transposon mutagenesis screening, we identified a cell surface protease that is involved in the processing of 21-residue CSP to generate the 18-residue CSP. We named this protease SepM for streptococcal extracellular protease required for mutacin production. We showed that the truncated 18-residue peptide is the biologically active form and that the specific postexport cleavage is a prerequisite to activate the ComDE two-component signal transduction pathway. We also showed that the CSP and the mutacins are exported outside the cell by the same ABC transporter, NlmTE. Our study further confirmed that the ComDE two-component system is absolutely necessary for mutacin production in S. mutans.
Dual‐energy mammography: A detector analysis (1990)

Dual-energy mammography acquisition scenarios employing single-shot techniques are examined using computer simulation. A figure of merit of the signal-to-noise ratio squared over the glandular dose was chosen for the optimization task due to its exposure independence. Doses were evaluated using Monte Carlo techniques. The effects of kilovoltage, prepatient filtration, front detector thickness, mid-detector filtration thickness and composition were studied. Of the six detector pairs studied (Y2O2S/Gd2O2S, SrFBr/BaFBr, Y2O2S/LaOBr, Y2O2S/CaWO4, Y2O2S/YTaO4, and Y2O2S/LuTaO4), Y2O2S/Gd2O2S and SrFBr/BaFBr were found to be the best combinations. The effects of scatter and signal quantization were also examined. An alternative display technique whereby the tissue-subtracted (i.e., calcium) image is colorized and overlaid onto the conventional mammogram is introduced.
Stripe-geometry AlGaAs-GaAs quantum-well heterostructure lasers defined by impurity-induced layer disordering (1984)

Stripe-geometry AlGaAs-GaAs single quantum-well heterostructure lasers are demonstrated in which the region complementary to the stripe (outside of and defining the stripe) is shifted to higher band gap, and lower refractive index, by low-temperature (600 °C) Zn diffusion. Impurity-induced Al-Ga interdiffusion causes the single GaAs quantum well (x=0, Lz≊80 Å) outside of the stripe region to be mixed (‘‘absorbed,’’ x→x′) into the Alx′Ga1−x′As (x′∼0.3, Lz′≊0.18 μm) bulk-layer waveguide of the crystal.
Regulation of microtubule dynamics by microtubule-associated protein expression and phosphorylation during neuronal development. (1994)

Neuronal morphogenesis is driven by cytoskeletal changes in which microtubules play a leading role. A very heterogeneous group of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) seems to control the dynamics and contribute to the organization of the microtubule cytoskeleton. Of great importance in this regard is the developmental regulation of the expression of certain MAPs in specific neuronal compartments. Furthermore, MAP functionality is also modulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events. A correlation between the expression and/or phosphorylation of distinct MAPs and definite stages of neuronal development may be established. A putative role in synaptic plasticity for MAP modifications similar to those occurring during development can be anticipated. Interestingly, gross alterations in microtubule-associated proteins are found in several neuropathologies including Alzheimer's disease. In this review we focus on recent advances in the understanding of the molecular properties of major neuronal MAPs which may be relevant to these issues.
Electric load forecasting in smart grids using Long-Short-Term-Memory based Recurrent Neural Network (2017)

Electric load forecasting plays a vital role in smart grids. Short term electric load forecasting forecasts the load that is several hours to several weeks ahead. Due to the nonlinear, non-stationary and nonseasonal nature of the short term electric load time series in small scale power systems, accurate forecasting is challenging. This paper explores Long-Short-Term-Memory (LSTM) based Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) to deal with this challenge. LSTM-based RNN is able to exploit the long term dependencies in the electric load time series for more accurate forecasting. Experiments are conducted to demonstrate that LSTM-based RNN is capable of forecasting accurately the complex electric load time series with a long forecasting horizon. Its performance compares favorably to many other forecasting methods.
Induced Pluripotent Stem (iPS) Cell Research Overview (2010)

Stem cells are capable of self-renewal and differentiation into a wide range of cell types with multiple clinical therapeutic applications. The two most important issues associated with embryonic stem (ES) cells are immune rejection and medical ethics. In 2006, induced pluripotent (iPS) cells were generated from somatic cells via the introduction of four transcriptional factors: OCT4, SOX2, c-MYC, and KLF4. Researchers found that iPS cell morphology, proliferation, surface antigens, gene expression, telomerase activity, and the epigenetic status of pluripotent cell-specific genes were similar to the same characteristics in ES cells. iPS cells are capable of overcoming hurdles associated with ES cells due to their generation from mature somatic cells (e.g., fibroblasts). For this reason, iPS cells are considered an increasingly important cell therapy technology. iPS cell production entails the use of retroviruses, lentiviruses, adenoviruses, plasmid transfections, transposons, or recombinant proteins. In this article we discuss the advantages and limitations of each strategy and address issues associated with clinical trials, including the potential for liver tumor formation and low generation efficiency.
Silicon-rich Coral Sand Improves Bone Metabolism and Bone Mechanical Properties in Mice (2006)

数種のカルシウム (Ca) 原材料のうち, 骨形成の必須元素である可溶性ケイ素 (Si) を高含有するサンゴ未焼成Ca (CS) を0.5%と3%添加した標準飼料を正常老化を示すSAMR1雄マウスへ1カ月齢から投与した。最大骨量域の4カ月齢では, 炭酸カルシウム対照群と比べて灰化骨重量と骨コラーゲン量が増加し, この変化は骨強度 (応力) と骨硬度 (弾性率) の増加をもたらした。また, 加齢による骨量減少を示す7カ月齢では骨のコラーゲンとCa含量の増加, アルカリ性フォスファターゼ活性の上昇等に骨量増加を伴ったことから骨形成優位の代謝が示唆された。特に, 対照群の171%Caと117%Si摂取量になる3%CS添加食群では機械的骨強度の全指標について増強効果が得られた。対照群の102%Caと105%Si摂取量となる0.5%CS群でも, 3%CS群程ではないが骨成分の増加と, 機械的骨強度の3指標 (骨強度, たわみ率, 強靭性) について増強効果がみられたことから, サンゴカルシウムは対照群のカルシウム源とは異なる特性をもつことが示され, その一因として可溶性Si含量差による可能性が考えられる。
Wnt/Ryk signaling contributes to neuropathic pain by regulating sensory neuron excitability and spinal synaptic plasticity in rats (2015)

Treating neuropathic pain continues to be a major clinical challenge and underlying mechanisms of neuropathic pain remain elusive. We have recently demonstrated that Wnt signaling, which is important in developmental processes of the nervous systems, plays critical roles in the development of neuropathic pain through the β-catenin-dependent pathway in the spinal cord and the β-catenin-independent pathway in primary sensory neurons after nerve injury. Here, we report that Wnt signaling may contribute to neuropathic pain through the atypical Wnt/Ryk signaling pathway in rats. Sciatic nerve injury causes a rapid-onset and long-lasting expression of Wnt3a, Wnt5b, and Ryk receptors in primary sensory neurons, and dorsal horn neurons and astrocytes. Spinal blocking of the Wnt/Ryk receptor signaling inhibits the induction and persistence of neuropathic pain without affecting normal pain sensitivity and locomotor activity. Blocking activation of the Ryk receptor with anti-Ryk antibody, in vivo or in vitro, greatly suppresses nerve injury-induced increased intracellular Ca and hyperexcitability of the sensory neurons, and also the enhanced plasticity of synapses between afferent C-fibers and the dorsal horn neurons, and activation of the NR2B receptor and the subsequent Ca-dependent signals CaMKII, Src, ERK, PKCγ, and CREB in sensory neurons and the spinal cord. These findings indicate a critical mechanism underlying the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain and suggest that targeting the Wnt/Ryk signaling may be an effective approach for treating neuropathic pain.
High‐resolution solution structure of gurmarin, a sweet‐taste‐suppressing plant polypeptide (1999)

Gurmarin is a 35-residue polypeptide from the Asclepiad vine Gymnema sylvestre. It has been utilised as a pharmacological tool in the study of sweet-taste transduction because of its ability to selectively inhibit the neural response to sweet tastants in rats. We have chemically synthesised and folded gurmarin and determined its three-dimensional solution structure to high resolution using two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy. Structure calculations utilised 612 interproton-distance, 19 dihedral-angle, and 18 hydrogen-bond restraints. The structure is well defined for residues 3-34, with backbone and heavy atom rms differences of 0.27 +/- 0.09 A and 0.73 +/- 0.09 A, respectively. Gurmarin adopts a compact structure containing an antiparallel beta-hairpin (residues 22-34), several well-defined beta-turns, and a cystine-knot motif commonly observed in toxic and inhibitory polypeptides. Despite striking structural homology with delta-atracotoxin, a spider neurotoxin known to slow the inactivation of voltage-gated Na+ channels, we show that gurmarin has no effect on a variety of voltage-sensitive channels.
Distributed Representations of Words to Guide Bootstrapped Entity Classifiers (2015)

Bootstrapped classifiers iteratively generalize from a few seed examples or prototypes to other examples of target labels. However, sparseness of language and limited supervision make the task difficult. We address this problem by using distributed vector representations of words to aid the generalization. We use the word vectors to expand entity sets used for training classifiers in a bootstrapped pattern-based entity extraction system. Our experiments show that the classifiers trained with the expanded sets perform better on entity extraction from four online forums, with 30% F 1 improvement on one forum. The results suggest that distributed representations can provide good directions for generalization in a bootstrapping system.
Effects of exercise on leukocytosis and blood hemostasis in 800 healthy young females and males (2013)

Our results indicate that exercise whether leisure or strenuous affects leukocytosis and hemostasis in both genders. A major advantage of this study is the high numbers of individuals involved and the inclusion of both females and males values.
Cytotoxic effect of an alpha-hemolytic Escherichia coli strain on human blood monocytes and granulocytes in vitro (1983)

The alpha-hemolytic Escherichia coli strain C134-73 Hly+ was primarily cytocidal to human blood monocytes and granulocytes in vitro in the presence of fresh autologous plasma. Monocytes and granulocytes underwent marked morphological changes during incubation with the bacteria, and the percentages of intact phagocytes decreased progressively with the time of incubation. The cytotoxic effect increased with the number of bacteria per phagocyte and was produced by log-phase microorganisms only. Neither free hemolysin nor free cytotoxic activity to leukocytes could be detected in the incubation medium if the bacteria were removed from the test system. Bacteria-free culture supernatants containing alpha-hemolysin were cytotoxic to monocytes, granulocytes, and lymphocytes, monocytes and granulocytes being the most sensitive. However, this effect was abolished by fresh autologous plasma. Two nonhemolytic strains, a mutant derivative of C134-73 Hly+ and strain X43, were not cytotoxic. These observations suggest that alpha-hemolysin associated with the bacterial cells may enhance the virulence of E. coli by injuring phagocytes, whereas free alpha-hemolysin may be of minor importance because its cytotoxic effect is neutralized by host plasma.
Role for the Kunitz-3 Domain of Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor-α in Cell Surface Binding (2004)

Optimal cell binding of endogenously expressed TFPI-alpha requires its K3 and C-terminal domains, and within the K3 domain, the P1 (R199) residue plays an important role. Thus, one role of the K3 domain involves the cell surface localization of TFPI-alpha.
Micro-analysis of nucleotide composition of RNA by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membrane (1969)

The method for analyzing small amounts (10μg) of alkaline hydrolysates of RNA by electrophoresis on cellulose acetate membranes is described.Oxoid membrane was soaked overnight in buffer prior to electrophoresis to lower the content of UV-absorbing substances. Electrophoreses were carried out in ammonium formate buffer of pH 3.0 and μ0.02 at a potential gradient of 30v/cm for 60min. Four nucleotides thus separated were extracted from membranes with 0.01 N HCl to measure, their absorbances or radioactivities.Nucleotide compositions of ribosomal RNA (rat liver and E. Coli) and S-RNA (rat liver) determined by the present method showed good reproducibilities and were consistent with the cited values.
The breast cancer conundrum (2013)

For decades, rates of breast cancer have been going up faster in rich countries than in poor ones. Scientists are beginning to understand more about its causes but unanswered questions remain. Patrick Adams reports.
A SEI Modeling Approach Distinguishing between Capacity and Power Fade (2017)

In this paper we introduce a pseudo two-dimensional (P2D) model for a common lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese-oxide versus graphite (NCM/graphite) cell with solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) growth as the dominating capacity fade mechanism on the anode and active material dissolution as the main aging mechanism on the cathode.The SEI implementation considers a growth due to non-ideal insulation properties during calendar as well as cyclic aging and a re-formation after cyclic cracking of the layer during graphite expansion.Additionally, our approach distinguishes between an electronic ( SEI ) and an ionic ( SEI ) conductivity of the SEI.This approach introduces the possibility to adapt the model to capacity as well as power fade.Simulation data show good agreement with an experimental aging study for NCM/graphite cells at different temperatures introduced in literature.
Isolation of plant organelles and structures : methods and protocols (2017)

1. The Isolation of Plant Organelles and Structures in the Post-Genomics Era A. Harvey Millar and Nicolas L. Taylor 2. Approaches to Characterize Organelle, Compartment, or Structure Purity Stefanie J. Mueller, Sebastian N.W. Hoernstein, and Ralf Reski Part I: Isolation of Organelles and Organelle Compartments < 3. Isolation of Nuclei and Nucleoli Alison F. Pendle and Peter J. Shaw 4. Isolation and Suborganellar Fractionation of Arabidopsis Chloroplasts Ursula Flores-Perez and Paul Jarvis 5. Isolation of Chromoplasts and Sub-Organellar Compartments from Tomato and Bell Pepper Fruit Cristina Barsan, Marcel Kuntz, and Jean-Claude Pech 6. Leucoplast Isolation and Subfractionation William C. Plaxton 7. Isolation of Mitochondria, Their Sub-Organellar Compartments, and Membranes Owen Duncan, A. Harvey Millar, and Nicolas L. Taylor 8. Isolation of Arabidopsis Leaf Peroxisomes and the Peroxisomal Membrane Sigrun Reumann and Piotr Lisik 9. Isolation of Vacuoles and the Tonoplast Jan Zouhar 10. Isolation of Endoplasmic Reticulum and Its Membrane G. Eric Schaller 11. Enrichment of Golgi Membranes from Triticum aestivum (Wheat) Seedlings Wei Zeng, Berit Ebert, Harriet T. Parsons, Carsten Rautengarten, Antony Bacic, and Joshua L. Heazlewood 12. Isolation of Autolysosomes from Tobacco BY-2 Cells Chihiro Takatsuka, Yuko Inoue, and Yuji Moriyasu 13. Isolation of Protein Storage Vacuoles and Their Membranes Tomoo Shimada and Ikuko Hara-Nishimura Part II: Isolation of Other Structures and Compartments < 14. Isolation of the Cell Wall Herve Canut, Cecile Albenne, and Elisabeth Jamet 15. Isolation of Plasmodesmata Christine Faulkner and Emmanuelle M.F. Bayer 16. Isolation of Plasma Membrane and Plasma Membrane Microdomains Anzu Minami, Daisuke Takahashi, Yukio Kawamura, and Matsuo Uemura 17. Enrichment of the Plant Cytosolic Fraction Jeemeng Lao, Andreia M. Smith-Moritz, Jennifer C. Mortimer, and Joshua L. Heazlewood 18. Isolation of Apoplast Erik Andreasson, Kibrom B. Abreha, and Svante Resjoe 19. Isolation of Cytosolic Ribosomes Hanna Klang Arstrand and Maria V. Turkina 20. Isolation of Plastid Ribosomes Kenichi Yamaguchi 21. Isolation of Mitochondrial Ribosomes Adam J. Carroll 22. Isolation of Microtubules and Microtubule-Associated Proteins Takahiro Hamada and Seiji Sonobe 23. Isolation of Actin and Actin Binding Proteins Etsuo Yokota 24. Purification of 26S Proteasomes and Their Sub-Complexes from Plants Richard S. Marshall, David C. Gemperline, and Richard D. Vierstra
Efficient Sparse Semismooth Newton Methods for the Clustered Lasso Problem (2019)

We focus on solving the clustered Lasso problem, which is a least squares problem with the $\ell_1$-type penalties imposed on both the coefficients and their pairwise differences to learn the group structure of the regression parameters. Here we first reformulate the clustered Lasso regularizer as a weighted ordered-Lasso regularizer, which is essential in reducing the computational cost from $O(n^2)$ to $O(n\log (n))$. We then propose an inexact semismooth Newton augmented Lagrangian (Ssnal) algorithm to solve the clustered Lasso problem or its dual via this equivalent formulation, depending on whether the sample size is larger than the dimension of the features. An essential component of the Ssnal algorithm is the computation of the generalized Jacobian of the proximal mapping of the clustered Lasso regularizer. Based on the new formulation, we derive an efficient procedure for its computation. Comprehensive results on the global convergence and local linear convergence of the Ssnal algorithm are established. For the purpose of exposition and comparison, we also summarize/design several first-order methods that can be used to solve the problem under consideration, but with the key improvement from the new formulation of the clustered Lasso regularizer. As a demonstration of the applicability of our algorithms, numerical experiments on the clustered Lasso problem are performed. The experiments show that the Ssnal algorithm substantially outperforms the best alternative algorithm for the clustered Lasso problem.
Kinetics of fractionation by SO2–ethanol–water (SEW) treatment: understanding the deconstruction of spruce wood chips (2012)

The kinetics of SO2–ethanol–water (SEW) fractionation of spruce were studied using wood meal and chips and compared to those of SO2–water, acid sulfite (AS) and ethanol–acid sulfite treatment. The SEW lignin removal rate was found to be similar to that of AS at the same free SO2 concentration, while the lignin sulfonation rate is considerably higher for the acid sulfite systems. No relation between acidity and sulfonation rate was observed putting into question the acid-catalysed nature of this reaction. The observed SEW sulfonation and delignification patterns are consistent with Hägglund's “fast sulfonation–slow hydrolysis” consecutive scheme. The data indicate that during the initial phase hemicelluloses are removed together with lignin as lignocarbohydrate complexes, while cellulose is protected from hydrolytic attack by lignin leading to a lower hydrolysis rate. The SEW hemicellulose dissolution behaviour can be understood by the low tendency of glucomannan to “crystallise” onto cellulose. The understanding of the dissolution pattern of lignin and hemicellulose may help to interpret the enzymatic hydrolysis behaviour of SEW residual solids subjected to different degree of fractionation.
Cellular neural networks for real-time DNA microarray analysis (2002)

A new methodology for real-time processing of DNA chip images is proposed. The idea developed here is to use the cellular neural network (CNN) array to analyze the DNA microarray. A CNN is an analog dynamic processor array that reflects this property: the processing elements interact directly within a finite local neighborhood. Due to its architecture, a two-dimensional CNN array is widely used to solve image processing and pattern recognition problems; moreover, the parallelism characteristic of this structure allows one to perform the most computationally expensive image analysis tasks three orders of magnitude faster than a classical CPU-based computer. This approach, thanks to the supercomputing capabilities of the CNN architecture, makes the whole DNA chip methodology fully parallel and also makes the processing phase, until now very time consuming, a real-time step. We discuss the results of testing an algorithm based on the CNN universal machine (CNN-UM) that has been designed to classify the image data. The algorithm is implemented in an analogic (analog and logic) microprocessor.