gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Coal and the Present Energy Situation (1974)

To summarize, we must make greater use of coal, an energy resource that the nation has in great abundance, if we are to approach our former position of self-sufficiency in energy production. The first step is to move immediately to replace the oil and gas used in electric generating plants with coal and to require that coal be used in fossil fuel electric plants planned or under construction in the next few years. The technology to remove sulfur and particulates from the stack gases is at hand, and therefore environmental regulations can be met. Producing and transporting the required increased tonnages of coal are problems that can be met with appropriate incentives to the coal and transportation industries. Improved mining technology would be helpful but is not a requiremlent. Oil and gas from coal should be in significant commercial production in about a decade. Underground, or in situ, gasification of coal, now in field tests, looks promising as a practical process for recovering the energy from coal, especially in deep or thick beds that cannot be mined efficiently. Recoverable methane occurs in coal beds in the United States in an amount approximately equal to the total reserves of natural gas-about 260 trillion cubic feet. This large reserve of natural gas should be exploited as quickly as possible. Only minor investments in exploration and modest advances in technology are required. Finally, as coal production is expanded. adequate planning and the most modern technology should be used to ensure that coal is extracted with maximum recovery and with minimum damage to the environment.
Scalable Zero-shot Entity Linking with Dense Entity Retrieval (2019)

This paper introduces a conceptually simple, scalable, and highly effective BERT-based entity linking model, along with an extensive evaluation of its accuracy-speed trade-off. We present a two-stage zero-shot linking algorithm, where each entity is defined only by a short textual description. The first stage does retrieval in a dense space defined by a bi-encoder that independently embeds the mention context and the entity descriptions. Each candidate is then re-ranked with a cross-encoder, that concatenates the mention and entity text. Experiments demonstrate that this approach is state of the art on recent zero-shot benchmarks (6 point absolute gains) and also on more established non-zero-shot evaluations (e.g. TACKBP-2010), despite its relative simplicity (e.g. no explicit entity embeddings or manually engineered mention tables). We also show that bi-encoder linking is very fast with nearest neighbour search (e.g. linking with 5.9 million candidates in 2 milliseconds), and that much of the accuracy gain from the more expensive cross-encoder can be transferred to the bi-encoder via knowledge distillation. Our code and models are available at https://github.com/facebookresearch/BLINK.
Design, Fabrication and Experimental Validation of a Novel Dry-Contact Sensor for Measuring Electroencephalography Signals without Skin Preparation (2011)

In the present study, novel dry-contact sensors for measuring electro-encephalography (EEG) signals without any skin preparation are designed, fabricated by an injection molding manufacturing process and experimentally validated. Conventional wet electrodes are commonly used to measure EEG signals; they provide excellent EEG signals subject to proper skin preparation and conductive gel application. However, a series of skin preparation procedures for applying the wet electrodes is always required and usually creates trouble for users. To overcome these drawbacks, novel dry-contact EEG sensors were proposed for potential operation in the presence or absence of hair and without any skin preparation or conductive gel usage. The dry EEG sensors were designed to contact the scalp surface with 17 spring contact probes. Each probe was designed to include a probe head, plunger, spring, and barrel. The 17 probes were inserted into a flexible substrate using a one-time forming process via an established injection molding procedure. With these 17 spring contact probes, the flexible substrate allows for high geometric conformity between the sensor and the irregular scalp surface to maintain low skin-sensor interface impedance. Additionally, the flexible substrate also initiates a sensor buffer effect, eliminating pain when force is applied. The proposed dry EEG sensor was reliable in measuring EEG signals without any skin preparation or conductive gel usage, as compared with the conventional wet electrodes.
A Genome-Wide Functional Investigation into the Roles of Receptor-Like Proteins in Arabidopsis     (2008)

Receptor-like proteins (RLPs) are cell surface receptors that typically consist of an extracellular leucine-rich repeat domain, a transmembrane domain, and a short cytoplasmatic tail. In several plant species, RLPs have been found to play a role in disease resistance, such as the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) Cf and Ve proteins and the apple (Malus domestica) HcrVf2 protein that mediate resistance against the fungal pathogens Cladosporium fulvum, Verticillium spp., and Venturia inaequalis, respectively. In addition, RLPs play a role in plant development; Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) TOO MANY MOUTHS (TMM) regulates stomatal distribution, while Arabidopsis CLAVATA2 (CLV2) and its functional maize (Zea mays) ortholog FASCINATED EAR2 regulate meristem maintenance. In total, 57 RLP genes have been identified in the Arabidopsis genome and a genome-wide collection of T-DNA insertion lines was assembled. This collection was functionally analyzed with respect to plant growth and development and sensitivity to various stress responses, including susceptibility toward pathogens. A number of novel developmental phenotypes were revealed for our CLV2 and TMM insertion mutants. In addition, one AtRLP gene was found to mediate abscisic acid sensitivity and another AtRLP gene was found to influence nonhost resistance toward Pseudomonas syringae pv phaseolicola. This genome-wide collection of Arabidopsis RLP gene T-DNA insertion mutants provides a tool for future investigations into the biological roles of RLPs.
The Effect of Terrain Mask on RAIM Availability (2009)

Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM) is a method, used by an aircraft's receiver, for detecting and isolating faulty satellites of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). In order for a receiver to be able to detect and isolate a faulty satellite using a RAIM algorithm, a couple of conditions must be met: a minimum number of satellites, and an adequate satellite geometry. Due to the highly predictable orbits of the GPS satellites, a RAIM availability prediction can be done easily. A number of RAIM methods exist; however, none of them takes into account the precise terrain masking of the satellites for the specific location. They consider a uniform fixed mask angle over the whole horizon. This paper will introduce the variable mask RAIM algorithm in order to show to what extent the terrain can affect the RAIM availability and how much it differs from the conventional algorithms.
Analytical- and Preparative-Scale Isoelectric Focusing Separation of Enantiomers (1999)

Isoelectric focusing has been used to achieve the analytical- and preparative-scale separation of the enantiomers of amphoteric analytes. By considering the simultaneous multiple equilibria involved in the chiral recognition process, a model has been developed to describe the magnitude of the ΔpI value that develops between the enantiomers in the presence of a noncharged chiral resolving agent, such as a noncharged cyclodextrin. Theoretical analysis of the model indicates that three kinds of IEF enantiomer separations are possible: aniono-selective and cationo-selective, when only the identically charged forms of the enantiomers bind selectively to the resolving agent, and duo-selective, when the differently charged forms of the enantiomers bind selectively to the resolving agent. The model predicts that the ΔpI vs cyclodextrin concentration curves approach limiting ΔpI values which can be as large as 0.1, even when the binding constants of the enantiomers differ only by 10%. The parameters of the model can be readily determined by free solution capillary electrophoretic or pressure-mediated capillary electrophoretic experiments. The validity of the proposed model has been tested with hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin as resolving agent and dansyl phenylalanine as probe. Capillary IEF enantiomer separations have been achieved using both ampholytes and binary propionic acid-serine buffers (Bier's buffers). Preparative-scale IEF enantiomer separations with production rates as high as 1.3 mg/h have been achieved in an Octopus continuous free-flow electrophoretic system.
Coupling of thermogravimetric and X-ray diffraction methods (1974)

Describes a set-up designed to realise the coupling of thermogravimetry and X-ray diffraction methods. It consists essentially in a symmetrically moving theta , theta X-ray diffraction source and counter goniometer, a controlled high-temperature and pressure cell, and a zero microbalance adapted for coupling. This apparatus allows the simultaneous recording of data relative to the mass and the structural change of a single sample. Possible applications lie in the study of nonstoichiometric phases, nonstable intermediate phases, correlation between structure transformation kinetics and decomposition kinetics.
IMS-based push-to-talk over GPRS/UMTS (2005)

This paper reports the design of a push-to-talk service operated over a GPRS/UMTS network (push-to-talk over cellular - PoC). The new service was built based on the 3GPP IP multimedia subsystem (IMS). We discuss the key design decisions made for our solution and describe how the IMS supports the new service. The contributions of this paper are: [1] the verification of the overall PoC approach through an implementation; [2] a discussion of design details that were not defined in the original PoC specifications; and [3] the measurement results achieved in a live network based on existing GPRS access technology.
Improved white matter fiber tracking using stochastic labeling (2002)

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) promises a robust means of visualizing in vivo white matter fibers in individual subjects, and of inferring direct connectivity between distant points in the brain. By following the primary eigenvector of the diffusion tensor, trajectories may be defined that trace the path of the underlying fiber tract. However, fiber tracking is prone to cumulative error from acquisition noise and partial volume, which limits the repeatability of such techniques. An image-processing method based on stochastic labeling, by which the noisy primary eigenvectors may be reconfigured according to anatomically reasonable assumptions, is described. The method's potential to improve fiber tracking is first demonstrated on numerical test data. It is then applied to real data acquired from healthy volunteers. Trajectories defined within the corpus callosum and the pyramidal tracts are rendered using 3D graphic imaging software, and the results are compared before and after processing. Fiber tracking was shown to produce anatomically plausible results, and typical errors were largely resolved by the method. Further, the sensitivity of trajectories to their start point was greatly reduced after processing. The use of stochastic labeling may therefore improve the reliability of experiments using white matter fiber tracking.
Alz 50 recognizes abnormal filaments in Alzheimer's disease and progressive supranuclear palsy (1988)

The monoclonal antibody Alz 50 recognizes a 68-kDa protein present in large amounts in cerebral tissue of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). We used light and electron microscopic as well as quantitative immunochemical techniques to compare distribution, characteristics, and amount of Alz 50 antigen in the tegmental nuclei of the pons of subjects with progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) and subjects with AD. In both conditions Alz 50 antigen was found in neurons with and without neurofibrillary tangles (NFT). In NFT-bearing neurons the antigen was located in the filamentous components of NFT in both diseases, i.e., in straight filaments forming the NFT in PSP and in paired helical filaments components of the NFT in AD. In neurons lacking NFT the antigen was associated with straight filaments of various sizes, but the straight filaments were generally thinner than those of PSP. On immunoblots of both PSP and AD tissues, Alz 50 recognized a set of bands between 68 and 35 kDa which were not present in control tissue. The amount of Alz 50 antigen in AD tissue was estimated to be 10 times higher than that present in PSP tissue. The higher amount of Alz 50 antigen in AD tissue correlates with the more severe fibrillary pathology in this disease than in PSP. We propose that the Alz 50 antigen, although possibly related to tau proteins, distinguishes neurons that are forming abnormal filaments.
Targeted Cross-linking of the Human β-Globin Gene in Living Cells Mediated by a Triple Helix Forming Oligonucleotide (2006)

Triple helix forming oligonucleotides (TFOs) may have utility as gene targeting reagents for "in situ" gene therapy of genetic disorders. Triplex formation is challenged by negative charge repulsion between third strand and duplex phosphates, and destabilizing positive charge repulsion between adjacent protonated cytosines within pyrimidine motif third strands. Here we describe the synthesis of TFOs designed to target a site in the human beta-globin gene, which is the locus for mutations that underlie the beta-globinopathies, including sickle cell anemia. The target is an uninterrupted polypurine:polypyrimidine sequence, containing four adjacent cytosines, next to a psoralen cross-link site. Pyrimidine motif TFOs that contained four adjacent cytosines or 5-methylcytosines did not form stable triplexes at physiological pH, despite the introduction of otherwise stabilizing base and sugar analogues. We synthesized a series of pso-TFOs containing 2'-O-methyl (OMe) and 2'-O-aminoethoxy substitutions (AE), as well as 8-oxo-adenine (A8) and 2'-O-methylpseudoisocytidine (P) as neutral cytosine replacements. Thermal stability measurements indicated that TFOs with A8 did not meet criteria established in previous work. However, TFOs with P did form triplexes with appropriate T(m) and k(ON) values. A pso-TFO with AE and P residues was sufficiently active to permit the determination of targeting in living cells by direct measurement of cross-link formation at the target site. Our results validate the modification format described in our previous studies and indicate that P substitutions are an effective solution to the problem of targeting genomic sequences containing adjacent cytosines.
Über Lichtreaktionen VIII. Photolyse von 1.2.3‐Thiodiazolen (1958)

Abstract Aromatisch substituierte 1.2.3‐Thiodiazole liefern bei Belichtung N 2 und 1.4‐Dithia‐fulvene (z.B. VI). Die Struktur wurde durch Entschwefelung mit Raney ‐Nickel, Oxydation zu Disulfonen und deren Alkalispaltung sowie durch Reduktion bewiesen. Die 1.4‐Dithia‐fulvene bilden mit starken Säuren farblose Salze, die ein tropyliumanaloges Kation besitzen. Soweit sie unsubstituierten Wasserstoff enthalten, können sie zu tieffarbigen Salzen oxydiert werden. Di‐substituierte 1.2.3‐Thiodiazole geben neben 1.4‐Dithia‐fulvenen als weitere Belichtungsprodukte 1.4‐Dithia‐cyclohexadiene oder Thiophene, deren Konstitution und Eigenschaften beschrieben werden.
Intracellular calcium storage and release in the human platelet. Chlorotetracycline as a continuous monitor. (1984)

The calcium-sensitive fluorescent probe chlorotetracycline was used to monitor calcium movement in human platelets. The chlorotetracycline fluorescence signal is a linear measure of the level of free calcium in the dense tubules and in the mitochondria, with probe sensitivity in the millimolar range. Experiments perturbing the system with the calcium ionophore A23187 shows that the level of free internal calcium in the organelle depends upon the cytoplasmic level, which, in turn, depends upon the passive permeability of the plasma membrane. Chlorotetracycline in the cytoplasmic compartment does not respond to changes in the cytoplasmic calcium concentration, which is held in the micromolar to submicromolar range by an extrusion system. The calcium concentration in the cytoplasmic compartment can be directly manipulated by the calcium ionophore A23187 and is measured in parallel experiments with Quin 2, a high-affinity indicator. The calcium transport systems of the organelles are shown to be less susceptible to short circuit by A23187. Analysis shows that mitochondrial uptake is slow (t 1/2 = 20 minutes), produces a large increase in chlorotetracycline fluorescence, and is inhibited by sodium azide plus oligomycin. Uptake by the dense tubules is more rapid (t 1/2 = 2 minutes), produces a smaller increase in chlorotetracycline fluorescence, is inhibited by trifluoperazine, and is less sensitive to A23187. The Km is estimated as 1 microM or lower. Studies show that the chlorotetracycline technique is useful for the monitoring of calcium uptake and release by the platelet organelles, and suggests that the Quin 2/chlorotetracycline technique will be useful as a diagnostic of both physiological and pathological activation mechanisms.
Regression of Hepatocellular Carcinoma Spontaneous or Herbal Medicine Related? (2004)

Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common causes of death from cancer in Taiwan. Treatments for this disease include surgical resection, transcatheter arterial embolization, chemoembolization and systemic chemotherapy. Without treatment, the prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma is poor, and mortality continues to be significant even in patients with small tumors detected during follow-up. For patients in Taiwan with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma, traditional herbal medicine is frequently used. However, neither the overall prevalence of this therapy nor its efficacy has been studied systematically. Spontaneous regression of cancer, although rare, may occur, but the mechanism leading to regression is still far from understood. Here, we report a case of hepatocellular carcinoma with complete regression after taking herbal medicine. We cannot be certain how significant the herbal preparation was in the regression of the hepatocellular carcinoma, but the regression of the tumor provides us a reason and hope for further research.
Activity-based cloud sending: Push services for user device multiplicity (2015)

With increasing numbers of devices per user, data delivery and annoyance problems arise from sending real-time or near real-time application push notification messages to all these devices. This paper presents a push notification service approach that is based on a user-centric viewpoint to deliver notification messages to the right device at the right time. The approach increases the chances of a user to timely respond to a notification without annoyance. As side benefit, the overload on the server side can be significantly reduced in terms of minimizing unnecessary duplicate notification messages sent to an individual user's multiplicity of devices. We exemplarily discuss a prototypical implementation based on cross-platform web technologies that can be readily implemented.
Design, synthesis, and preliminary ex vivo and in vivo evaluation of cationic magnetic resonance contrast agent for rabbit articular cartilage imaging (2013)

Since early-stage diagnosis of osteoarthritis (OA) is necessary to retard the progress of the disease, magnetic resonance (MR) and computed tomography (CT) imaging agents have been applied to evaluate the integrity of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the articular cartilage (AC). Although several negatively charged contrast agents were employed, they provided indirect images of the AC based on the coulombic repulsion with anionic glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the ECM. To achieve direct imaging of the ECM, positively charged contrast agents have quite recently been designed for optical and CT imaging. In this paper, we report on a positively charged MR contrast agent, DOTA-Gd-G2R8, which was applied preliminarily to ex vivo and in vivo imaging of rabbit AC. In the ex vivo imaging, the contrast agent was accumulated in the AC in high concentration due to the strong coulombic attraction between the negative charge of the GAGs and the positive charge of the octaarginine (R8). The thickness of the AC measured in the MR image was found to be comparable to that determined by the histological staining of the slice. The AC was also observed in vivo by MR imaging with the use of DOTA-Gd-G2R8.
Formalizing Analytical Discourse in Visual Analytics (2007)

This paper presents a theory of analytical discourse and a formal model of the intentional structure of visual analytic reasoning process. Our model rests on the theory of collaborative discourse, and allows for cooperative human-machine communication in visual interactive dialogues. Using a sample discourse from a crisis management scenario, we demonstrated the utility of our theory in characterizing the discourse context and collaboration. In particular, we view analytical discourse as plans consisting of complex mental attitude towards analytical tasks and issues. Under this view, human reasoning and computational analysis become integral part of the collaborative plan that evolves through discourse.
Extraction of Lung Water Content from Computerized Tomography Scans (2019)

An automatic procedure is developed to extract the water content in lungs based on the computerized tomography (CT) scans of the human torso. Image processing techniques such as watershed segmentation are used to isolate the lungs from rest of the organs in the torso. The water contents of 60 sets (patients) of CT scans are calculated with a mean values similar to the values in the literature.
The plasmid R64 thin pilus identified as a type IV pilus (1997)

The entire nucleotide sequence of the pil region of the IncI1 plasmid R64 was determined. Analysis of the sequence indicated that 14 genes, designated pilI through pilV, are involved in the formation of the R64 thin pilus. Protein products of eight pil genes were identified by the maxicell procedure. The pilN product was shown to be a lipoprotein by an experiment using globomycin. A computer search revealed that several R64 pil genes have amino acid sequence homology with proteins involved in type IV pilus biogenesis, protein secretion, and transformation competence. The pilS and pilV products were suggested to be prepilins for the R64 thin pilus, and the pilU product appears to be a prepilin peptidase. These results suggest that the R64 thin pilus belongs to the type IV family, specifically group IVB, of pili. The requirement of the pilR and pilU genes for R64 liquid mating was demonstrated by constructing their frameshift mutations. Comparison of three type IVB pilus biogenesis systems, the pil system of R64, the toxin-coregulated pilus (tcp) system of Vibrio cholerae, and the bundle-forming pilus (bfp) system of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli, suggests that they have evolved from a common ancestral gene system.