gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Decarboxylative Cross-Electrophile Coupling of <i>N</i>-Hydroxyphthalimide Esters with Aryl Iodides (2016)

A new method for the decarboxylative coupling of alkyl N-hydroxyphthalimide esters (NHP esters) with aryl iodides is presented. In contrast to previous studies that form alkyl radicals from carboxylic acid derivatives, no photocatalyst, light, or arylmetal reagent is needed, only nickel and a reducing agent (Zn). Methyl, primary, and secondary alkyl groups can all be coupled in good yield (77% ave yield). One coupling with an acid chloride is also presented. Stoichiometric reactions of (dtbbpy)Ni(2-tolyl)I with an NHP ester show for the first time that arylnickel(II) complexes can directly react with NHP esters to form alkylated arenes.
Using Multiple GNSS Constellations with Strict Quality Constraints for More Accurate Positioning in Urban Environments (2014)

Combined multi-global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signals are capable of improving satellite availability for both standalone and differential positioning. Currently, the potential for highaccuracy automobile navigation using GNSS is constrained by severe multipath and poor satellite geometry, especially in “urban canyons” in large cities. With differential GNSS (D-GNSS) positioning, inconvenient system time differences can be removed by reference-station processing, allowing a user’s receiver position to be accurately calculated using four or more visible satellite signals. Therefore, in the future, we can filter numerous multi-GNSS measurements based on their quality in order to enhance the positioning performance in urban environments. In this paper, we present several methods that use multi-GNSS to filter signals from satellites containing severe multipath errors. In addition, we select single-frequency code-based D-GNSS because it has significant potential due to its low cost and robustness. The first method uses the measured carrier-to-noise ratio (C/N0). When only reflected signals are received in dense urban areas, the C/N0 will decrease by more than 6 dB-Hz, with the exception of high-elevation satellites. Thus, by comparing the measured and expected C/N0 at various elevation angles, we may be able to detect the presence of severe multipath signals. The second method involves using the error residual from the Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM), which is a well-known technique for checking the quality of measurements. Signals having severe multipath effects result in significant deterioration of measurements. In addition to the above methods, we introduce several points that should be noted in order to improve D-GNSS. To evaluate our proposed method, we perform positioning tests using a car in an urban environment. Differential positioning was used for multi-GNSS with GPS, QZSS, BeiDou, and GLONASS. We present an evaluation of each technique that is used to mitigate multipath errors. The results show that our proposed techniques effectively improved the horizontal accuracy. In addition, the accuracy of the horizontal errors was improved by more than 50% in two different environments.
Trends in Stroke Prevalence Between 1973 and 1991 in the US Population 25 to 74 Years of Age (2002)

These data point to the increasing importance of the care and rehabilitation of stroke survivors.
Ginga-NCL: Declarative middleware for multimedia IPTV services (2010)

This article presents the innovative features of Ginga-NCL, an open middleware specification for multimedia IPTV services. Ginga-NCL relies on the Nested Context Language, a domain-specific declarative language targeting multimedia application authoring. As a glue language, NCL relates media objects in time and space without restricting or imposing any media content type, including media objects with imperative and declarative code written using other languages. Other NCL features include support for multidevice presentations, content adaptations, presentation adaptations, and advanced code reuse. Ginga-NCL allows NCL applications to be modified on the fly by means of live editing commands. Initially defined as the standard middleware for the Brazilian terrestrial DTV system, Ginga-NCL has recently become part of ISDB standards and an ITU-T Recommendation for IPTV services.
Behavioral models of impulsivity in relation to ADHD: Translation between clinical and preclinical studies (2006)

Impulsivity, broadly defined as action without foresight, is a component of numerous psychiatric illnesses including attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), mania and substance abuse. In order to investigate the mechanisms underpinning impulsive behavior, the nature of impulsivity itself needs to be defined in operational terms that can be used as the basis for empirical investigation. Due to the range of behaviors that the term impulsivity describes, it has been suggested that impulsivity is not a unitary construct, but encompasses a variety of related phenomena that may differ in their biological basis. Through fractionating impulsivity into these component parts, it has proved possible to devise different behavioral paradigms to measure various aspects of impulsivity in both humans and laboratory animals. This review describes and evaluates some of the current behavioral models of impulsivity developed for use with rodents based on human neuropsychological tests, focusing on the five-choice serial reaction time task, the stop-signal reaction time task and delay-discounting paradigms. Furthermore, the contributions made by preclinical studies using such methodology to improve our understanding of the neural and neurochemical basis of impulsivity and ADHD are discussed, with particular reference to the involvement of both the serotonergic and dopaminergic systems, and frontostriatal circuitry.
Redox-Neutral Photocatalytic Cyclopropanation via Radical/Polar Crossover (2018)

A benchtop stable, bifunctional reagent for the redox-neutral cyclopropanation of olefins has been developed. Triethylammonium bis(catecholato)iodomethylsilicate can be readily prepared on multigram scale. Using this reagent in combination with an organic photocatalyst and visible light, cyclopropanation of an array of olefins, including trifluoromethyl- and pinacolatoboryl-substituted alkenes, can be accomplished in a matter of hours. The reaction is highly tolerant of traditionally reactive functional groups (carboxylic acids, basic heterocycles, alkyl halides, etc.) and permits the chemoselective cyclopropanation of polyolefinated compounds. Mechanistic interrogation revealed that the reaction proceeds via a rapid anionic 3- exo- tet ring closure, a pathway consistent with experimental and computational data.
Linear prediction from samples of a function and its derivatives (1987)

Some formulas for the prediction of the values of a band-limited function based on its samples from the past are generalized by including past samples of its first derivative. The new sums, developed by an approach based on Newton series, make it possible to double the distance between the sample points. The resulting formulas are shown to apply to the prediction problem for a large class of entire functions of exponential type. In addition, a related prediction formula which uses past samples of successively higher derivatives is shown to behave similarly to the Taylor series approximation, again for a class of functions that includes the band-limited functions.
Immunologic Memory 5 Years after Meningococcal A/C Conjugate Vaccination in Infancy (2001)

Infant vaccination with meningococcal conjugates may provide long-term protection against disease. Antibody levels and immunologic memory were assessed in 5-year-old Gambian children who received meningococcal A/C conjugate vaccination (MenA/C) in infancy. At 2 years, they were randomized to receive a booster of MenA/C (conjugate group), meningococcal A/C polysaccharide (MPS group), or inactivated polio vaccine (IPV group). All groups were revaccinated with 10 microg MPS at 5 years of age, as were 39 previously unvaccinated age-matched control subjects. Before revaccination, titers were higher in the conjugate and MPS groups than in control subjects (P<.001); titers for the IPV group were similar to those for control subjects. Ten days after revaccination, the conjugate and IPV groups had similar serogroup C serum bactericidal antibody titers (3421 vs. 2790, respectively). These levels were significantly higher than those in the MPS (426) and control (485) groups (P<.001). Thus, immunologic memory was sustained for > or =5 years; however, MPS challenge at 2 years interfered with a subsequent memory response.
Clinical anesthesia and control engineering: Terminology, concepts and issues (2003)

The anesthesia community has recently witnessed numerous advances in the monitoring of the anesthetic state. This development has spurred a renewed interest in the automation of clinical anesthesia. While this subject was the apanage of researchers with strong clinical background, recently the control community became also involved. The collaborative studies which resulted have proven the feasibility of feedback-controlled anesthesia systems, while stressing out the many challenges this field imposes. This paper addresses its specificities in a familiar context for control engineers. Anesthesia concepts and terminology, monitoring issues, as well as drug properties and mechanisms of action, are covered. Prior attempts at closed loop anesthesia are reviewed.
Graft copolymerization onto starch. III. Grafting of acrylonitrile to gelatinized potato starch by manganic pyrophosphate initiation (1978)

Abstract Recent development of synthesis and applications in grafting of acrylonitrile (AN) to gelatinized starch by Ce 4+ initiation have been briefly reviewed. Using the Mn 3+ method, the effects of starch pretreatment temperature on grafting parameters in grafting of AN onto starch have been studied. Total conversion of AN to PAN and % add‐on were almost constant and showed only slight variation with increasing starch pretreatment temperature. Average molecular weight of grafts showed, however, an increase by a factor of nearly 10 (i.e., from 0.4 X 10 5 to 4 X 10 5 ) after swelling and gelatinization of the starch, and the grafting frequency (anhydroglucose units per grafted chain) increased in proportion. In grafting of AN onto gelatinized starch, increasing Mn 3+ concentration increased the conversion of monomer and % add‐on, whereas the average molecular weight of grafts and the grafting frequency (AGU/chain) decreased. An increase in the amount of starch also increased the conversion of monomer and the grafting frequency (AGU/chain) but decreased the % add‐on and the average molecular weight of the grafts. Selective solution of PAN homopolymer by dimethylformamide indicated that grafting efficiencies were high in all cases. The results are interpreted in terms of slow termination rates due to high viscosity of gelatinized starch.
Secure Access for Healthcare Data in the Cloud Using Ciphertext-Policy Attribute-Based Encryption (2012)

As more and more healthcare organizations adopt electronic health records (EHRs), the case for cloud data storage becomes compelling for deploying EHR systems: not only is it inexpensive but it also provides the flexible, wide-area mobile access increasingly needed in the modern world. However, before cloud-based EHR systems can become a reality, issues of data security, patient privacy, and overall performance must be addressed. As standard encryption (including symmetric key and public key) techniques for EHR encryption/decryption cause increased access control and performance overhead, this paper proposes the use of Ciphertext-Policy Attribute-Based Encryption (CPABE) to encrypt EHRs based on healthcare providers' attributes or credentials, to decrypt EHRs, they must possess the set of attributes needed for proper access. The design and usage of a cloud-based EHR system based on CP-ABE is motivated and presented, along with preliminary experiments to analyze the flexibility and scalability of the proposed approach.
戴尔2．0——更新换代还是自我加强 (2007)

全球PC市场上的“大鳄”——戴尔,在进入2007年后颇不顺心。先是售后服务环节一直被用户诟病,接着在中国区市场又发生了“换芯案”,严重影响到品牌信誉。事实上,依靠直销模式发家的戴尔走到今天,似乎提前步入暮年,发展步伐明显放缓,不仅在中国区一直停滞不前,就连全球PC市场老大的地位也拱手让给了惠普。质疑之声首先来自投资者,美国纳斯达克戴尔股票持续低迷,甚至跌到两年前的一半。
Space-time codes for future WLANs: principles, practice, and performance (2004)

The mobility and ubiquitous access afforded by wireless local area networks (WLANs) and high-performance portable products promise to revolutionize the way we live, work, and play. However, sustained improvements in the throughput of WLANs, while also supporting robust long-range operation, requires the use of multiple antennas at both the mobile terminal and the access point. This article reviews the various space-time coding and decoding technologies employed for capitalizing on the increased capacity of the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radio channel. Also described is a channel sounding campaign performed in the office environments used to scope the expected performance of these space-time codes in realistic deployments.
Thermodynamic Analysis of the Experimental Equilibria for the Liquid-Phase Etherification of Isobutene with C<sub>1</sub> to C<sub>4</sub> Linear Primary Alcohols (2016)

The chemical equilibrium of the liquid-phase syntheses of 2-methoxy-2-methylpropane (MTBE), 2-ethoxy-2-methylpropane (ETBE), 2-methyl-2-propoxypropane (PTBE), and 1-tert-butoxybutane (BTBE) by reaction of isobutene with methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, and 1-butanol, respectively, has been studied. Four different ion exchange resins as the catalysts, and two different reactor systems, namely, a batch reactor and a setup of tubular reactors, were used. Temperature and pressure were in the range 313–383 K and 1.5–2.0 MPa, respectively. MTBE and ETBE synthesis reactions experiments were carried out mainly to validate the reliability of the reaction systems. Experiments in PTBE and BTBE etherifications allowed estimating thermodynamic properties for those reactions and involved species, namely, molar standard enthalpy and entropy changes of reaction and molar enthalpy change of formation of the four ethers. A comparison of estimated reaction thermodynamic values among the homologous series of linear alcohols, and with results quoted in the literature, when available, has been made.
Characterization of Rock Wettability Though Dielectric Measurements (1998)

The wettability of glass filters and Berea sandstone was investigated using the electric response in the interval 10² - 10 (to the power of 8) Hz. The natural wettability of the materials was modified to get two different sets of samples, one with strong water and the other with strong oil wettability. The samples were saturated to various degrees up to 40% with deionized water or brine. Measurements showed that the electric responses of water-wet and oil-wet samples were markedly different and more complex than those predicted by two standard models. The dispersivity and the loss tangent were found to be the most suitable parameters to check the wettability of the samples.
Large energy soliton erbium-doped fiber laser with a graphene-polymer composite mode locker (2009)

Due to its unique electronic property and the Pauli blocking principle, atomic layer graphene possesses wavelength-independent ultrafast saturable absorption, which can be exploited for the ultrafast photonics application. Through chemical functionalization, a graphene-polymer nanocomposite membrane was fabricated and first used to mode lock a fiber laser. Stable mode locked solitons with 3 nJ pulse energy, 700 fs pulse width at the 1590 nm wavelength have been directly generated from the laser. We show that graphene-polymer nanocomposites could be an attractive saturable absorber for high power fiber laser mode locking.
High resolution waveguide THz-TDS of melamine (2008)

THz absorption spectra of planar ordered polycrystalline films of melamine were measured at 295 K and 77 K with linewidths considerably narrower than for conventional THz (far-infrared) spectroscopy.
Enhanced rail component detection and consolidation for rail track inspection (2012)

For safety purposes, railroad tracks need to be inspected on a regular basis for physical defects or design noncompliances. Such track defects and non-compliances, if not detected in a timely manner, may eventually lead to grave consequences such as train derailments. In this paper, we present a real-time automatic vision-based rail inspection system, with main focus on anchors - an important rail component type, and anchor-related rail defects, or exceptions. Our system robustly detects important rail components including ties, tie plates, anchors with high accuracy and efficiency. Detected objects are then consolidated across video frames and across camera views to map to physical rail objects, by combining the video data streams from all camera views with GPS information and speed information from the distance measuring instrument (DMI). After these rail components are detected and consolidated, further data integration and analysis is followed to detect sequence-level track defects, or exceptions. Quantitative analysis performed on a real online field test conducted on different track conditions demonstrates that our system achieves very promising performance in terms of rail component detection, anchor condition assessment, and compliance-level exception detection. We also show that our system outperforms another advanced rail inspection system in anchor detection.
Reactive motion control for human-robot tactile interaction (2003)

In the field of service robotics, robots serve and assist human beings. It is natural for humans to directly interact with the robot via tactile interfaces. This paper introduces several kinds of tactile interactions between a user and the robot as well as interactions of the robot with the environment. All interactions are implemented in a single paradigm: Forces measured from tactile sensors result in motion vectors at the contact points. The motion vectors from different sensors are superimposed and then determine the robot's joint velocities. We present results from our experimental setup consisting of an 8 degrees of freedom manipulator arm mounted on a mobile platform. In the illustrated example, a human interacts with the robot using only the tactile interface.
Association of Atrial Tissue Fibrosis Identified by Delayed Enhancement MRI and Atrial Fibrillation Catheter Ablation (2014)

Among patients with AF undergoing catheter ablation, atrial tissue fibrosis estimated by delayed enhancement MRI was independently associated with likelihood of recurrent arrhythmia. The clinical implications of this association warrant further investigation.
New TiPTMO and ZrPTMO ceramer hybrid materials prepared by the sol gel method: Synthesis and characterization (1991)

Abstract New transparent flexible hybrid network “ceramer” materials have been synthesized by incorporating triethoxysilane capped polytetramethylene oxide with highly reactive titanium isopropoxide or zirconium n ‐propoxide without adding chelating agents. Both of these types of ceramer materials display high transparency while the zirconium systems show considerable transparency in the UV region. The titanium systems exhibit higher refractive index than the corresponding zirconium materials of equal alkoxide content.
Low voltage, high power T/R switch MMIC using LC resonators (2002)

A T/R (transmit/receive) MMIC (monolithic microwave integrated circuit) switch for high-power/low-distortion operation at low control voltage is proposed. LC-resonant switches composed of inductors, capacitors, and switching FETs are incorporated in the TX and RX arms to provide a reverse control scheme which removes the RF voltage limitation in the transmit mode. An LC-resonant T/R switch with total periphery of 2.88 mm exhibits third IMR less than -40 dB for input power up to 28 dBm when controlled at 0 V/2 V.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Body Join Drilling for One-Up-Assembly (2013)

Over 1,200 large diameter holes must be drilled into the sideof-body join on a Boeing commercial aircraft’s fuselage. The material stack-ups are multiple layers of primarily titanium and CFRP. Due to assembly constraints, the holes must be drilled for one-up-assembly (no disassembly for deburr). In order to improve productivity, reduce manual drilling processes and improve first-time hole quality, Boeing set out to automate the drilling process in their Side-of-Body join cell. Implementing an automated solution into existing assembly lines was complicated by the location of the target area, which is over 15 feet (4 meters) above the factory floor. The Side-of-Body Drilling machines (Figure 1) are capable of locating, drilling, measuring and fastening holes with less than 14 seconds devoted to non-drilling operations. Drilling capabilities provided for holes up to ae” in diameter through stacks over 4.5” thick in a titanium/CFRP environment. Using high precision servo control, each layer could be customized with specific drill parameters optimized to improve hole quality and decrease drill cycle time. Drill life was improved by tracking depth drilled for each drill bit. The drilling process is stabilized by rigid support structure which is optimized for both stiffness and natural frequency resulting in deflections no greater than 0.020 inches. Each drilling machine is light-weight and mobile to accommodate multiple work zones in multiple assembly lines. One-up assembly was achieved by using custom doweling/clamping fasteners automatically installed by the machine in strategic locations to provide the proper part clamping.
Fine-grained metadata journaling on NVM (2016)

Journaling file systems have been widely used where data consistency must be assured. However, we observed that the overhead of journaling can cause up to 48.2% performance drop under certain kinds of workloads. On the other hand, the emerging high-performance, byte-addressable Non-volatile Memory (NVM) has the potential to minimize such overhead by being used as the journal device. The traditional journaling mechanism based on block devices is nevertheless unsuitable for NVM due to the write amplification of metadata journal we observed. In this paper, we propose a fine-grained metadata journal mechanism to fully utilize the low-latency byte-addressable NVM so that the overhead of journaling can be significantly reduced. Based on the observation that conventional block-based metadata journal contains up to 90% clean metadata that is unnecessary to be journalled, we design a fine-grained journal format for byte-addressable NVM which contains only modified metadata. Moreover, we redesign the process of transaction committing, checkpointing and recovery in journaling file systems utilizing the new journal format. Therefore, thanks to the reduced amount of ordered writes to NVM, the overhead of journaling can be reduced without compromising the file system consistency. Experimental results show that our NVM-based fine-grained metadata journaling is up to 15.8× faster than the traditional approach under FileBench workloads.
A Novel Shape-Feature Based Approach to Virtual Library Screening (2002)

The shape of and the chemical features of a ligand are both critical for biological activity. This paper presents a strategy that uses these descriptors to build a computational model for virtual screening of bioactive compounds. Molecules are represented in a binary shape-feature descriptor space as bit-strings, and their relative activities are used to identify the subset of the bit-string that is most relevant to bioactivity. This subset is used to score virtual libraries. We describe the computational details of the method and present an example validation experiment on thrombin inhibitors.