gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nasal route: an alternative approach for antiemetic drug delivery (2011)

Due to its superiorities, the nasal route could be considered as an attractive alternative to oral and parenteral routes. To overcome the barrier properties of the nasal epithelium and to enhance transport of antiemetic drugs, several approaches, including permeation enhancers, in situ gel formulations and micro- and nanoparticulate systems, have been evaluated. The results obtained are promising and indicate that nasal formulations of some antiemetic drugs may enter the market in the near future.
Resuscitation of cardiac energy metabolism in the rabbit heart by brief hypothermic reperfusion after preservation studied by<sup>31</sup>P NMR spectroscopy (1995)

Abstract Rabbit hearts were subjected to 24-h cold ischaemic storage (at 0°–2°C in melting ice) after initial flushing with either St Thomas' cardioplegic solution (STS) or modified lactobionate/raffinose solution (LR), and the status of phosphorylated energy metabolites was measured by 31phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance (P NMR) spectroscopy. In both groups signals for ATP and phosphocreatine (PCr) were still detectable by 31P NMR after 24 h, and there was significantly more ATP in the LR group (P < 0.01). The hearts were then subjected to coronary reperfusion via an aortic cannula using the same storage solution (either STS or LR) at 6°–8°C, which was oxygenated. In both groups PCr recovered within 30 min of cold reperfusion, and by 60 min PCr was significantly higher in the LR group (P < 0.001). Also, levels of ATP were maintained at higher values during cold reperfusion in the LR group. These studies suggest two important points: (1) the general supply of phosphorylated high-energy intermediates of hearts during cold ischaemic storage is better preserved using LR, and (2) brief cold reperfusion may be used to restore energy metabolism in hearts before re-implantation.
Design, modeling and control of a bidirectional wireless power transfer for light-duty vehicles: G2V and V2G systems (2017)

Design approach and control strategy have a significant impact on the performance of the wireless power transfer systems in electric vehicles power trains in terms of efficiency, charging power, charging modes (i.e. G2V and V2G) and charging time, etc. Thus, this paper proposes new design methodology and control system for a bidirectional 3.7 kW wireless power-transfer (WPT) of light-duty electric vehicles (EVs); operating at frequency 85 kHz and at frequency 140 kHz. In this paper, Series/Series (SS) WPT compensation topology is optimally designed and controlled for G2V and V2G modes using MATLAB/Simulink. A simulation study is performed for a selected WPT for both G2V and V2G operating modes to ensure its functionality and performance at different switching frequencies. Moreover, the impact on the grid quality is investigated for both operation modes.
The Influence of Repressor DNA Binding Site Architecture on Transcriptional Control (2014)

In Escherichia coli, the response regulator ArcA maintains homeostasis of redox carriers under O2-limiting conditions through a comprehensive repression of carbon oxidation pathways that require aerobic respiration to recycle redox carriers. Although a binding site architecture comprised of a variable number of sequence recognition elements has been identified within the promoter regions of ArcA-repressed operons, it is unclear how this variable architecture dictates transcriptional regulation. By dissecting the role of multiple sequence elements within the icdA promoter, we provide insight into the design principles that allow ArcA to repress transcription within diverse promoter contexts. Our data suggest that the arrangement of recognition elements is tailored to achieve sufficient repression of a given promoter while maintaining appropriate signal-dependent regulation of repression, providing insight into how diverse binding site architectures link changes in O2 with the fine-tuning of carbon oxidation pathway levels.
Fast uncooled detector for far-IR and submillimeter laser beams (1985)

The development and construction of a new type of fast-response uncooled photodetector for pulsed laser beams are reported. The detector, operating at wavelengths from 50 to 500 microns, functions on the basis of a change in carrier mobility in semiconductors during intraband absorption of light by free carriers. At 50-500 microns, the sensitivity of the detector is found to be 0.1-10 mV sq cm/kW for a supply voltage of 4.5 V.
Chiral Separations by Capillary Electrophoresis Using Proteins as Chiral Selectors (2004)

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) chiral stationary phases based on a protein are of special interest because of their unique properties of stereoselectivity and because they are suited for separating a wide range of enantiomeric mixtures. These come from the multiple binding sites in a protein, and/or the multiple interactions between a solute and protein. Similarly, capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods using proteins as the immobilized or adsorbed ligands or running buffer additives have been developed for the separation of enantiomeric mixtures (1–4). Proteins used so far as chiral selectors have included albumins, such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), human serum albumin (HSA), and serum albumins from other species; glycoproteins such as α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP), ovomucoid from chicken egg whites (OMCHI), ovoglycoprotein from chicken egg whites (OGCHI), avidin, and riboflavin-binding protein (or flavoprotein); enzymes, such as fungal cellulase from fungus Aspergillus niger, cellobiohydrolase I, pepsin, and lysozyme; and other proteins such as ovotransferrin (or conalbumin), β-lactoglobulin, casein, and human serum transferrin.
Synthesis of aza-C-disaccharides using cycloaddition reactions of a functionalized cyclic nitrone (2000)

Cycloaddition reactions of a functionalized nitrone with sugar alkenes gives stereoselective access to aza-C-disaccharide analogues of α-D-Lyx(1→6)-α-D-Man and α-D-Lyx(1→6)-D-Gal.
Luciferases as Reporter Genes (2006)

Luciferase is the ideal reporter gene to provide temporal and spatial information on promoter activity in Arabidopsis and other eukaryotes; the noninvasive detection of luminescence and short half-life of luciferase activity allow repeated measurements of individual seedlings over several days to assay dynamic changes in gene expression. Transgenic or transiently transformed plants with a luciferase gene under the control of a promoter of interest are required. Detection of the low level of luminescence produced by the luciferase gene in Arabidopsis requires the use of low light detecting charge-coupled device (CCD) cameras or scintillation counters. This chapter contains protocols on assaying and imaging luciferase in vivo and the automation for high-resolution timecourses.
The World of Music: SDP layout of high dimensional data (2005)

In this paper we investigate the use of Semidefinite Programming (SDP) optimization for high dimensional data layout and graph visualization. We developed a set of interactive visualization tools and used them on music artist ratings data from Yahoo!. The computed layout preserves a natural grouping of the artists and provides visual assistance for browsing large music collections. CR Categories: I.3.3 [Computer Graphics]: Picture/Image Generation Display Algorithms I.5.3 [Pattern Recognition]: Clustering similarity measures
Maturation of hagfish gland thread cells: Composition and characterization of intermediate filament polypeptides (1988)

Previous studies with the hagfish, a primitive vertebrate, have shown that the gland thread cells (GTCs) each contain a single thread (approximately 60 cm long in average-sized cells) in the form of a concisely coiled cytoskeletal entity destined for export by holocrine secretion. The thread in relatively immature GTCs consists almost entirely of intermediate filaments (IFs) bundled in parallel alignment with far fewer microtubules (MTs). The three thread polypeptides described earlier (alpha, basic; beta, acidic; gamma, most acidic; each with a Mr of 63-64 kD) are now further evaluated with respect to in vitro assembly, cross-reactivity with IF polypeptides from higher vertebrates, and peptide sequence homology with known IF polypeptides. The overall results mainly suggest that the hagfish polypeptides are keratinlike substances but lamins or a new type of IF is not ruled out. However, cross-reactivity is weak with mammalian keratins; the 8-11-nm filaments formed from mixtures of alpha and gamma in vitro are generally linear rather than the curvilinear structures usually formed by keratin and nonkeratin IFs; and mixtures of alpha and beta tend to yield 9-12-nm granules or granular strings. Polypeptide analyses on GTCs segregated on the basis of maturational stage show a progressive increase in beta/gamma values which correlates with cell maturation, but the alpha/(beta + gamma) ratios remain near 1. Inasmuch as beta and gamma have many similar properties, the documented increase in the amount of the beta component in aging GTCs might in part be the result of a failure in a posttranslational modification system and may contribute to the ultrastructural changes that accompany thread maturation in preparation for holocrine secretion and subsequent modulation of the viscoelastic properties of mucus.
Recent experiments on vacuum breakdown of oxygen-free copper electrode (2002)

The effects of the gas content, in-situ sputter cleaning, annealing and a mirror finish of oxygen-free copper (OFC) electrodes on the electrical breakdown in a vacuum were investigated. The grade of the OFC meets the ASTM-F-68 Class 1 standard. Electrochemical buffing (ECB) or diamond turning was employed for obtaining a mirror finish. It was found that every one of parameters investigated namely, low gas content, in-situ sputter cleaning and annealing, increases the breakdown fields after conditioning due to repetitive breakdowns. In addition, a higher annealing temperature produced higher breakdown fields. The mirror finish reduced the required number of breakdowns (conditioning procedure by repetitive breakdowns) to improve the insulating capability of the vacuum gap. A breakdown field of about 250 MV/m was obtained by a combination of annealing at 700/spl deg/C and a mirror finish by diamond turning. It has been pointed out that the combination of these treatments is necessary for obtaining higher breakdown fields. The effect of annealing and diamond turning is discussed on the basis of the recrystallization of copper and residual stresses on the surface.
Towards fully integrated high temperature wireless sensors using GaN-based HEMT devices (2008)

Wireless sensors that are capable of working in extreme environments can significantly improve the efficiency and performance of industrial processes by facilitating better monitoring and control. Gallium Nitride (GaN), a widely researched wide bandgap material, can potentially be used to fabricate components for sensing and actuation for high temperature integrated wireless sensors. In this paper we are presenting an experimental study on the performance of AlGaN/GaN HEMT at high temperatures (up to 300°C). From test results, DC and microwave parameters at different temperatures were extracted.
Qualitative analysis of arsine by sealed inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (1992)

Parameter optimization of a sealed inductively coupled plasma and the qualitative analysis of arsine are described. The choice and role of an additive gas, effect of flow rate, discharge container size and geometry, r.f. power and signal reproducibility are discussed. The qualitative determination of C, Fe, Ge, Mg, Mo, Ni, Sn and V impurities in arsine is established.
An overview of high-temperature electronic device technologies and potential applications (1994)

High-temperature electronics applications are found in combustion systems, well logging, and industrial processes, air stagnation points in supersonic aircraft, vehicle brakes, nuclear reactors, and dense electronic packages. We summarize physical effects and materials issues important for reliable operation of semiconductor device technologies at high temperatures (>125/spl deg/C). We review the high-temperature potential of Si, GaAs, other III-V compounds, and SiC. For completeness, we also comment on nitrides, diamond, and vacuum microelectronics. We conclude that Si on insulator (SOI) technology can be developed readily for small signal operation up to about 300/spl deg/C. There is some ongoing work in this area. GaAs offers little advantage over Si because of poor device isolation and the lack of reliable contacts above 250/spl deg/C. Other III-V compounds could be developed for operation to /spl sim/600/spl deg/C, using processes similar to those used for optoelectronics. There may be a market niche for III-V power devices above 200/spl deg/C. There is considerable activity in semiconducting SiC, and device functionality has been demonstrated above 600/spl deg/C. SiC is promising for operation above 300/spl deg/C, and for power devices at frequencies from dc to /spl sim/10 GHz, but it faces numerous challenges to achieve manufacturable status. We attempt to match technologies with application areas.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Analog Integrated Circuits (1997)

Analog Integrated Circuits deals with the design and analysis of modem analog circuits using integrated bipolar and field-effect transistor technologies. This book is suitable as a text for a one-seme
Macrolide antibiotics as biological response modifiers. (2000)

Erythromycin was first isolated in the 1950s from a Philippine soil sample, and the derivatives of erythromycin A, called the macrolide antibiotics, have been used as effective antibacterial agents ever since. It has long been suspected that the 14-membered macrolides have immunomodulatory activity as demonstrated by their early use as adjunctive therapy for asthma and their astounding effectiveness for the therapy of diffuse panbronchiolitis. It is now clear, that the macrolides and their cousins, the 15-membered azalides, and perhaps the ketolides, have a broad range of biological response modifying effects on inflammation, tumor cells, airway secretions and host defenses. This review highlights some exciting new data, as well as controversies related to understanding the mechanism of action for these diverse effects.
Changes in equine endometrial oestrogen receptor α and progesterone receptor mRNAs during the oestrous cycle, early pregnancy and after treatment with exogenous steroids (1999)

Two experiments were performed to determine changes in the abundance of oestrogen and progesterone receptor (ER alpha and PR) mRNAs in equine endometrium during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy, and under the influence of exogenous steroids. In Expt 1, endometrial biopsies were obtained from non-mated mares during oestrus and at days 5, 10 and 15 after ovulation, and from pregnant mares at days 10, 15 and 20 after ovulation. There were overall effects of day on the abundance of ER alpha (P = 0.0001) and PR (P = 0.0014) mRNAs. The amount of ER alpha mRNA decreased at day 10 of pregnancy, and PR mRNA was reduced at day 5 in non-mated mares and at day 15 of pregnancy, compared with oestrous values. Experiment 2 was conducted to determine the effects of exogenous steroids on endometrial ER alpha and PR mRNAs. Endometrial biopsies were obtained from 19 anoestrous mares that had been treated with vehicle, oestradiol, progesterone, or oestradiol followed by progesterone for either a short or a long duration. The steroid treatment affected the abundance of ER alpha mRNA (P = 0.0420), which was higher (P < 0.05) in the oestradiol group than in the group treated with oestradiol followed by long duration progesterone. The steroid treatment did not affect the abundance of PR mRNA. These results demonstrate that the amount of steroid receptor mRNA changes with the fluctuating steroid environment in the uterine endometrium of cyclic and early pregnant mares, and that the duration of progesterone dominance may affect ER alpha gene expression. In addition, factors other than steroids may regulate ER alpha and PR gene expression in equine uterine endometrium.
A review of hydrogel use in fracture healing and bone regeneration (2014)

This review explores the application of hydrogels in orthopaedic clinical situations which may benefit from enhanced growth factor delivery and improved osteogenesis of bone graft material. Hydrogels are defined, and in vivo evidence supporting their application in these clinical areas is explored. Our focus is on clinically pertinent properties, such as the chemistry of formation, biocompatibility, efficacy of cell and growth factor delivery, ability to withstand mechanical loading and potential to be delivered via an injection. Naturally derived hydrogels, such as gelatin, hyaluronic acid and fibroin, together with a number of synthetic polyethylene glycol-based gels combined with protease-sensitive domains, have shown excellent biocompatibility. There is significant literature evidence supporting the ability of hydrogels to facilitate growth factor and cell delivery. Burst release of the selected growth factor remains a consistent challenge, which has been overcome in some studies with chemical modifications of the hydrogel. Interestingly, a number of studies detail percutaneous delivery with hydrogels combined with calcium-based minerals to enhance osteogenicity, with mixed results. Few of the studies explored the biomechanical properties of the materials, and none of the studies reviewed demonstrated the ability of a hydrogel/graft material to withstand mechanical loading in a clinically relevant segmental bone defect model.
Retrace error evaluation on a figure-measuring interferometer (2005)

A micro-refractive lens figure error measurement is performed at the confocal position with the interferometer in reflection mode. The wavefront in the interferometer reflecting from the test surface inherently has aberrations at some level, and reflection from an imperfect test surface further deviates the wavefront and adds to the interferometer aberrations. The interferometer aberration causes each ray of light to reflect off the test lens and back into the interferometer at a different angle. Consequently, the ray takes a different path back through the interferometer and therefore accumulates a different aberration. The result is a re-trace error which increases with the test lens surface curvature and becomes significant in the micro-optic range. The dependence of test part radius on micro-lens figure-error-measuring interferometer wavefront bias data was confirmed both experimentally and by software simulation. Results clearly indicate that the re-trace error increases with test lens surface curvature. The fact that re-trace errors depend on the radius of the test part implies that when calibrating the instrument even with a perfect artifact, the calibration is nominally valid only when measuring parts with the same approximate radius as the calibration artifact. A compact micro-interferometer useful for measuring several properties of micro-lenses including figure error, was developed to verify this phenomenon. The instrument has the capability of measuring micro-lenses with radii of curvature between 150 μm and 3 mm.
The MNK–eIF4E Signaling Axis Contributes to Injury-Induced Nociceptive Plasticity and the Development of Chronic Pain (2017)

Injury-induced sensitization of nociceptors contributes to pain states and the development of chronic pain. Inhibiting activity-dependent mRNA translation through mechanistic target of rapamycin and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways blocks the development of nociceptor sensitization. These pathways convergently signal to the eukaryotic translation initiation factor (eIF) 4F complex to regulate the sensitization of nociceptors, but the details of this process are ill defined. Here we investigated the hypothesis that phosphorylation of the 5' cap-binding protein eIF4E by its specific kinase MAPK interacting kinases (MNKs) 1/2 is a key factor in nociceptor sensitization and the development of chronic pain. Phosphorylation of ser209 on eIF4E regulates the translation of a subset of mRNAs. We show that pronociceptive and inflammatory factors, such as nerve growth factor (NGF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and carrageenan, produce decreased mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity, decreased affective pain behaviors, and strongly reduced hyperalgesic priming in mice lacking eIF4E phosphorylation (<i>eIF4E<sup>S209A</sup></i> ). Tests were done in both sexes, and no sex differences were found. Moreover, in patch-clamp electrophysiology and Ca<sup>2+</sup> imaging experiments on dorsal root ganglion neurons, NGF- and IL-6-induced increases in excitability were attenuated in neurons from <i>eIF4E<sup>S209A</sup></i> mice. These effects were recapitulated in <i>Mnk1/2</i><sup>-/-</sup> mice and with the MNK1/2 inhibitor cercosporamide. We also find that cold hypersensitivity induced by peripheral nerve injury is reduced in <i>eIF4E<sup>S209A</sup></i> and <i>Mnk1/2</i><sup>-/-</sup> mice and following cercosporamide treatment. Our findings demonstrate that the MNK1/2-eIF4E signaling axis is an important contributing factor to mechanisms of nociceptor plasticity and the development of chronic pain.<b>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT</b> Chronic pain is a debilitating disease affecting approximately one in three Americans. Chronic pain is thought to be driven by changes in the excitability of peripheral nociceptive neurons, but the precise mechanisms controlling these changes are not elucidated. Emerging evidence demonstrates that mRNA translation regulation pathways are key factors in changes in nociceptor excitability. Our work demonstrates that a single phosphorylation site on the 5' cap-binding protein eIF4E is a critical mechanism for changes in nociceptor excitability that drive the development of chronic pain. We reveal a new mechanistic target for the development of a chronic pain state and propose that targeting the upstream kinase, MAPK interacting kinase 1/2, could be used as a therapeutic approach for chronic pain.
Plaque disruption and thrombosis: potential role of inflammation and infection. (2001)

Acute coronary syndromes (unstable angina, acute myocardial infarction, and ischemic sudden death) result from coronary thrombosis superimposed on an atherosclerotic plaque. Thrombosis is generally a consequence of disruption of the atherosclerotic plaque in the form of a fissure/rupture in the fibrous cap overlying a lipid-rich pool or superficial endothelial erosion covering a smooth muscle and proteoglycan-rich matrix with or without a lipid-core. Approximately 2/3 of acute coronary syndromes evolve from atherosclerotic plaques that are minimally or mildly obstructive of the lumen before the acute event. Inflammation with accumulation of activated mononuclear cells may play a potential role in plaque disruption through the elaboration of proteases, such as matrix degrading neutral metalloproteinases and other proteases, inhibition of function and/or survival, or promotion of apoptosis of matrix synthesizing smooth muscle cells. Inflammation may also contribute to thrombosis after plaque disruption by providing a source for tissue factor in the plaque. Inflammation in the plaque may result from accumulation of modified lipids, oxidant and hemodynamic stress, and infectious agents, such as Chlamydia pneumoniae or pro-inflammatory triggers from distant sites of infection and inflammation (eg, chronic gingivitis and chronic bronchitis). Improved insights into the pathophysiology of plaque disruption and thrombosis are likely to provide new and improved methods of stabilizing atherosclerotic disease process.