gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Popcorn-shaped polyethylene synthesised using highly active supported permethylindenyl metallocene catalyst systems (2018)

Unsymmetrical permethylindenyl bent metallocene complexes have been synthesised and reacted with inorganic solid supports to afford catalysts for the slurry phase polymerisation of ethylene. Those supported on solid polymethylaluminoxane were both highly active catalysts and afforded polymers with a desirable, low aggregation, "popcorn" morphology.
Isolation and properties of a major cellobiohydrolase from the cellulosome of Clostridium thermocellum (1991)

In the anaerobic, thermophilic, cellulolytic bacterium Clostridium thermocellum, efficient solubilization of the insoluble cellulose substrate is accomplished largely through the action of a cellulose-binding multienzyme complex, the cellulosome. A major cellobiohydrolase activity from the cellulosome has been traced to its Mr 75,000 S8 subunit, and an active fragment of this subunit was prepared by a novel procedure involving limited proteolytic cleavage. The truncated Mr 68,000 fragment, termed S8-tr, was purified by gel filtration and high-performance ion-exchange chromatography. The purified protein adsorbed weakly to amorphous cellulose, and its enzymatic action yielded cellobiose as the major end product from both amorphous and crystalline cellulose preparations. The high ratio of exo- to endo-beta-glucanase activities was supported by viscosimetric measurements. The use of model substrates showed that the smallest cellodextrin to be degraded was cellotetraose, but cellopentaose was degraded at a much greater rate. Cellobiose dramatically inhibited the cellulolytic activities. In the absence of calcium or other bivalent metal ions, both the truncated cellobiohydrolase activity of S8-tr and the true cellulase activity of the parent cellulosome were relatively unstable at temperatures above 50 degrees C. Cysteine further enhanced the stabilizing effect of calcium. This is the first report of a defined cellobiohydrolase in C. thermocellum. Its association with the cellulosome and the correspondence of several of their major distinctive properties suggest that this cellobiohydrolase plays a key role in the solubilization of cellulose by the intact cellulosomal complex.
Synthesis of 6- and 7-Arylindoles<i>via</i>Palladium-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling of 6- and 7-Bromoindole with Arylboronic Acids (1994)

Couplings of 6- and 7-bromoindole with various arylboronic acids were effected via the Suzuki reaction. This method provided good yields and was found to be suitable for scale-up to 10-20 grams of the desired arylindole products. The primary advantage of this cross-coupling method is that indole functionalization or nitrogen protection is unnecessary. Also, during these investigations a known synthesis of 6-bromoindole was improved, and the revised procedure is amenable to large-scale preparation.
Remote Sensing of Vital Signs Using a Doppler Radar and Diversity to Overcome Null Detection (2011)

Vital signs detection by means of several topologies based on Doppler radar are proposed in this paper with the aim of overcoming the problem of null detection. They are based on phase and frequency diversity. The proposed topologies are an alternative to I/Q demodulation and double-sideband transmission. Four topologies are proposed, three of them based on phase diversity and one based on frequency diversity. The first topology is based on using two phase-shifted receivers. The second one is based on a physical antenna displacement between two receivers. A third system with a dynamic phase variation is also presented, which permits to work with only one receiver. The last topology is a radar with frequency diversity within the 2.4 GHz ISM band, which permits a dynamic change of the frequency dynamically in order to place the receiver always in a maximum. A system to empirically characterize nulls is also developed to validate the proposed topologies.
In-Situ Stress Tests and Acoustic Logs Determine Mechanical Properties and Stress Profiles in the Devonian Shales (1990)

Summary The in-situ stress contrast between a reservoir rock and the surrounding formations is important to the design and analysis of hydraulic fracture treatments. The stress contrast between layers controls the fracture's vertical (height) growth, which in turn affects the fracture length and width. As part of the Gas Research Inst.'s (GRI's) Comprehensive Study Well (CSW) program in the Devonian shales of the Appalachian basin, we measured in-situ stresses directly and used these values to calibrate acoustic log measurements to develop stress profiles across the Devonian shales. This discusses the measurement and interpretation of in-situ stresses, the use of acoustic logs to determine mechanical properties and a more complete stress profile, and the practical use of the stress profile in fracture-treatment design and analysis. In-situ stresses were measured directly throughout the Devonian shale interval with both openhole and cased-hole stress tests, conducted with nitrogen, a specially designed downhole shut-in tool, and a downhole quartz pressure gauge with surface readout. The paper describes the procedure used and presents interpreted stress-test results from two CSW's. Full-waveform acoustic tools were run to define elastic properties of the Devonian shales. These properties also were determined under both static and dynamic conditions from whole-core plugs taken in the shales. Logs were calibrated to core-measured values, and then elastic properties determined from the logs were used to compute an in-situ-stress profile, which was calibrated against field measurements of in-situ stresses. Finally, we discuss how these data are used to design and analyze hydraulic fracture treatments in CSW's.
Experimental observation of lateral emission in freestanding GaN-based membrane devices (2014)

This Letter describes a double-sided process to fabricate freestanding membrane devices on a GaN-on-silicon platform. The photoluminescence measurement is taken to characterize the optical performance. A large portion of the excited light from InGaN/GaN multiple quantum wells is trapped as waveguide modes and propagates in different directions. Experimental results show that the propagation direction of the waveguide mode can be converted into the direction normal to the surface at the edge of a freestanding membrane, and the emitted light is attenuated due to light propagation loss before it gets out from the edge. Subwavelength grating can also convert waveguide modes into air modes on a freestanding membrane. These results suggest that the emission efficiency can be greatly improved by employing more efficient light extraction methods and that GaN-based photonic waveguides are promising in the visible range.
Electrocardiographs Findings according to Level of Fitness and Sport Activity (1993)

We have investigated 52 ECG parameters in 1,299 athletes and 151 control subjects. Data on fitness were available in 840 athletes. They were split in three groups according to level of fitness and compared with each other and the control group with regard to the ECG findings. The most marked findings with increasing fitness were lower heart rate, increased prevalence of bradycardia, increased precordial ST segment elevation, and increased T wave amplitudes. Only slightly increased parameters of right and left ventricular hypertrophy were found. A highly significant correlation was found between fitness and heart rate, while no such correlation was found between fitness and the Sokolow index. The athletes were subdivided according to sports activity, and ECG parameters were compared in endurance athletes, ball players, strength athletes, gymnasts, and controls. Apart from a lower heart rate in endurance athletes and ball players as compared with strength athletes and gymnasts, few differences were found between the athletic groups. The heart rate is the most important parameter reflecting level of fitness and sports activity. The differences in ECG findings are relatively minor and do not distinguish type of sport activity.
Modeling disfluency and background events in ASR for a natural language understanding task (1999)

This paper investigates techniques for minimizing the impact of non-speech events on the performance of large vocabulary continuous speech recognition (LVCSR) systems. An experimental study is presented that investigates whether the careful manual labeling of disfluency and background events in conversational speech can be used to provide an additional level of supervision in training HMM acoustic models and statistical language models. First, techniques are investigated for incorporating explicitly labeled disfluency and background events directly into the acoustic HMM. Second, phrase-based statistical language models are trained from utterance transcriptions which include labeled instances of these events. Finally, it is shown that significant word accuracy and run-time performance improvements are obtained for both sets of techniques on a telephone-based spoken language understanding task.
High-power efficient diode-pumped Nd:YVO_4/LiB_3O_5457 nm blue laser with 46 W of output power (2006)

Continuous-wave 457 blue laser emission at powers as high as 4.6 W is achieved by using a fiber-coupled laser diode array with a power of 30 W to pump 0.1 at. % low-doped bulk Nd:YVO4 crystal, with intracavity frequency doubling in a 15 mm long type I critical phase-matched LiB3O5 (LBO) crystal in a compact three-fold cavity with a length of less than 100 mm. The optical-optical conversion efficiency is greater than 15.3%, and the stability of the output power is better than 3% for an hour.
Atmospheric cross-wind and turbulence measurements using turbulence-induced scintillations (2010)

We report on remote measurements of cross-wind and atmospheric turbulence, using a one-station scheme. As most remote wind-sensing methods, our method is based on observing the drift of the scintillation pattern across the line of sight. The scintillations are caused by naturally-occurring turbulence-induced refractive index irregularities in the atmosphere, which drift at wind speed. Analyzing spatial-temporal cross-correlation function of the signals of two elements in the array, it is possible to obtain the cross-wind speed. We use the zero-crossings technique for measuring the cross-wind value, while the cross-wind direction is determined by comparing areas from both sides of the peak of the cross-correlation function. Here we present results obtained using these techniques in comparison to independent measurements of the anemometers. The experiments were performed along a uniform path over a flat beach parallel to the Mediterranean Sea shore. Four white-screen diffusive targets were placed at distances of 300, 600, 850 and 1200m. Five anemometers were placed along the laser beam path, one near each target and at the measurement station. Each target was illuminated with a beam from a glass fiber pulsed infrared laser with a repetition rate of several thousand Hz, and a sub-microsecond pulse-length, and output beam divergence of ~300 μrad. The receiver has an entrance aperture of 80mm, and the incoming radiation is focused onto an array of four 50×250um InGaAs detectors by a lens with f=500mm. The results show good agreement. From the fluctuations of the signal on the detector array, our system also measures the turbulence structure parameter Cn 2, using the angle-of arrival technique. The obtained results show reasonable agreement with independent scintillometer measurements of C<sub>n</sub><sup>2</sup>, performed with a CW He-Ne laser in a two-station setup with a detector at a distance of 60m from the laser.
Technologies and standards forTD-SCDMA evolutions to IMT-advanced (2009)

The current TD-SCDMA commercialization in China brings about many issues concerning the implementation of TD-SCDMA technology, the market, and its applications. In order to make TD-SCDMA successful, evolution from the current TD-SCDMA standards to international mobile telecommunications-advanced are anticipated. TD-SCDMA standards and technologies will take a home-made evolution path in China, aiming at a smooth migration to the next-generation mobile communication system. This article provides a brief description of the evolution strategies of both the standards and key technologies, in which the evolution is divided into three phases. The state of the art of TD-SCDMA evolution is surveyed, and its technologies and standards in different evolution phases are characterized. Single- and multi-carrier high-speed packet access is specified in the first evolution phase for guaranteeing the high transmission bit rate of packet services. Meanwhile, broadcast services are supported, and the HSPA evolution is also incorporated in this phase. Long term evolution is defined in the second evolution phase for approaching similar performance as mobile WiMAX, where channel-reciprocity- based multiple antenna techniques are utilized. The last phase is the revolution to the IMT-Advanced system and becoming one alternative standard in beyond 3G systems, which is based on the evolution of TD-LTE. The difference of standardizations between 3GPP and local standard releases are introduced. Some challenging work and open issues in different evolution phases are discussed as well.
Flow past a square-section cylinder with a wavy stagnation face (2001)

Numerical investigations have been performed for the flow past square-section cylinders with a spanwise geometric deformation leading to a stagnation face with a sinusoidal waviness. The computations were performed using a spectral/ hp element solver over a range of Reynolds numbers from 10 to 150. Starting from fully developed shedding past a straight cylinder at a Reynolds number of 100, a sufficiently high waviness is impulsively introduced resulting in the stabilization of the near wake to a time-independent state. It is shown that the spanwise waviness sets up a cross-flow within the growing boundary layer on the leading-edge surface thereby generating streamwise and vertical components of vorticity. These additional components of vorticity appear in regions close to the inflection points of the wavy stagnation face where the spanwise vorticity is weakened. This redistribution of vorticity leads to the breakdown of the unsteady and staggered Kármán vortex wake into a steady and symmetric near-wake structure. The steady nature of the near wake is associated with a reduction in total drag of about 16% at a Reynolds number of 100 compared with the straight, non-wavy cylinder. Further increases in the amplitude of the waviness lead to the emergence of hairpin vortices from the near-wake region. This wake topology has similarities to the wake of a sphere at low Reynolds numbers. The physical structure of the wake due to the variation of the amplitude of the waviness is identified with five distinct regimes. Furthermore, the introduction of a waviness at a wavelength close to the mode A wavelength and the primary wavelength of the straight square-section cylinder leads to the suppression of the Kármán street at a minimal waviness amplitude.
Clinicopathologic features associated with efficacy and long‐term survival in metastatic melanoma patients treated with <scp>BRAF</scp> or combined <scp>BRAF</scp> and MEK inhibitors (2015)

Long-term survival occurs for a minority of patients receiving MAPK inhibitor treatment alone. Sex, serum LDH, BRAF genotype, and primary melanoma ulceration status are independent factors associated with treatment outcomes. Patients with a complete response to treatment have the best survival, but relapses still occur.
Targeted CNS delivery using human MiniPromoters and demonstrated compatibility with adeno-associated viral vectors (2014)

Critical for human gene therapy is the availability of small promoter tools to drive gene expression in a highly specific and reproducible manner. We tackled this challenge by developing human DNA MiniPromoters using computational biology and phylogenetic conservation. MiniPromoters were tested in mouse as single-copy knock-ins at the <i>Hprt</i> locus on the X Chromosome, and evaluated for lacZ reporter expression in CNS and non-CNS tissue. Eighteen novel MiniPromoters driving expression in mouse brain were identified, two MiniPromoters for driving pan-neuronal expression, and 17 MiniPromoters for the mouse eye. Key areas of therapeutic interest were represented in this set: the cerebral cortex, embryonic hypothalamus, spinal cord, bipolar and ganglion cells of the retina, and skeletal muscle. We also demonstrated that three retinal ganglion cell MiniPromoters exhibit similar cell-type specificity when delivered via adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors intravitreally. We conclude that our methodology and characterization has resulted in desirable expression characteristics that are intrinsic to the MiniPromoter, not dictated by copy number effects or genomic location, and results in constructs predisposed to success in AAV. These MiniPromoters are immediately applicable for pre-clinical studies towards gene therapy in humans, and are publicly available to facilitate basic and clinical research, and human gene therapy.
The Dedicated Short-Range Vehicle Tracking (2010)

This paper describes the tracking of a vehicle by using a 3-dimensional positioning system, which is composed of two 2-dimensional Infrared (IR) signal source trackers. Once the 2D trackers detect the incident angles of the IR signal source, the 3D positioning system will locate the IR signal source. In the experiments, the detection on the longitudinal direction is concerned, and the IR signal source on the preceding vehicle is detected by the 3D positioning system implemented on the following vehicle. While GPS cannot tell two adjacent vehicles, the short-ranged positioning system is able to locate the nearby moving target.
A novel non-targeted screening method for urinary exposure biomarker discovery of phthalates using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (2018)

Phthalates are a group of compounds widely used in consumer products and they are ubiquitous in the environment due to their widespread commercial use.
Studies on Gonococcus Infection V. Observations on In Vitro Interactions of Gonococci and Human Neutrophils (1974)

The association of in vitro human leukocytes with pilated, type 2 Neisseria gonorrhoeae exceeds that for nonpilated, type 4 organisms but is less than that for nonpilated, type 4(*) gonococci. The two nonpilated forms of gonococci (types 4 and 4(*)) attach to tissue culture cells to a much lesser extent than do pilated, type 2 organisms of the same strain. Trypsin treatment of either pilated (type 2) or nonpilated (type 4(*)) gonococci markedly reduces the attachment-ingestion of these organisms with leukocytes, but the same trypsin treatment does not depilate the type 2 organisms nor visibly alter the morphology of their pili. Similar reductions in association with leukocytes are found if the gonococci are pretreated with chymotrypsin, heat, or glutaraldehyde. High levels of association between gonococci and leukocytes are reestablished if the trypsin or chymotrypsin-treated organisms are reincubated in protease-free medium. These data suggest that interactions between gonococci and human neutrophils are mediated through surface characteristics of the bacteria, different from those which influence attachment of the organisms to tissue culture cells. In the latter instance, pili appear to positively influence gonococcal attachment, whereas in the former a nonpilus bacterial cell wall nonpilus protein is probably the major determiner in the interaction between leukocytes and gonococci.
Growth of Streptococcus Starter Cultures in Milk Fortified with Nucleic Acid Derivatives (1964)

Fortification of milk with purines or purine ribosides stimulated acid produetion by lactic streptococcus starter cultures. Addition of' inosine or adenosine resulted in production of more acid than any other individual purine or purine riboside tested. Fortification of nfilk with pyrimidines is not necessary for the optimum growth of these bacteria. The purine or purine ribosides were interchangeable in the nutrition of these bacteria; they produced as much acid in the presence of inosine as in a mixture of all four naturally occurring purines or purine ribosides. However, growth was slow when uone of the exogenous purines or purine ribosides was supplied. Promotion of growth by inosine was not the maximmn, because supplementation with pancreas extract resulted in enhanced growth of the cultures.
Results and Significance of Angiography in Potential Kidney Donors (1979)

Multiple renal arteries originating from the aortoiliac vessels were identified angiographically in 44% of 444 prospective renal donors. Bilateral multiple renal arteries were identified in 12%. With good immunological donor-recipient matching, 17 kidneys with multiple renal arteries were transplanted with excellent results; therefore, presence of multiple renal arteries should not be considered a contraindication to kidney transplantation. A high proportion (17%) of the prospective donors, acceptable by all other means of evaluation, had abnormmal angiographic findings that led to reconsideration of their acceptance. In addition to multiple renal arteries, neither renovascular atherosclerosis nor fibromuscular dysplasia proved to be an absolute contraindication to transplantation.
Regioselectivity in Sulfation of Galactosides by Sulfuric Acid and Dicyclobexylcarbodi-imide (1992)

Methyl alpha- and beta-D-galactopyranosides and 4-O-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-3,6-anhydro-L-galactose dimethylacetal were sulfated with sulfuric acid and dicyclohexylcarbodiimide as a condensation reagent. The sulfated sugars were isolated by ion-exchange chromatography, characterized, and assigned by methylation analyses. On the basis of the yield of each sulfated product that was isolated, sulfation on O-6 appeared to be predominant.
Duality relationships among "space", "time", and "wavelength" in all-optical networks (1996)

All-optical networks (AONs) are emerging as the next generation broadband networks for both wide-area and local-area networks. New optical devices such as wavelength routers, and wavelength division switches are currently being developed to realize these AONs. In this paper, we examine "dual" properties that exist among "space", "time", and "wavelength" in multiplexed signals in AONs. This observation will clarify relationships among architectural alternatives and suggest novel space-time-wavelength switching structures. It will also lead to a performance analysis of all-optical networks, by exploiting some well studied results obtained for classical circuit switched systems. A study on call blocking probabilities will be reported in a separate paper.
Interpolation minimizing maximum normalized error for band-limited signals (1978)

An interpolation procedure is presented which, for band-limited signals, minimizes a normalized time-domain error. The resulting interpolator is closely related to that proposed by Oetken et al. which is based on a least square error.