gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Early selective packet discard for alternating resource access of TCP over ATM-UBR (2002)

We investigate packet discarding schemes for TCP over ATM with UBR service. In doing so, we tested the effective throughput of two existing schemes, Partial Packet Discard (PPD) and Early Packet Discard (EPD), as compared to the Random Cell Discard (RCD) scheme which discards any incoming cells after buffer overflow. We observed that PPD alleviates the effect of packet fragmentation so that it gets effective throughput enhancement over RCD, and EPD provides further enhancement over PPD. After closer investigation, we found that there is a sustained congestion problem other than packet fragmentation that causes the effective throughput to be degraded. We noted that sustained congestion resulted in the synchronization of TCP window expansion and shrinkage. To provide a solution for this problem, we propose the Early Selective Packet Discard (ESPD) policy, a strategy which makes sessions take turns in accessing network capacity by discarding packets from selected sessions rather than randomly. Our results shows that ESPD achieves throughput and fairness enhancement over EPD with only a modest increase in implementation complexity.
Aggregate congestion control for distributed multimedia applications (2004)

We consider the problem of applying aggregate congestion control to a class of distributed multimedia applications known as Cluster-to-Cluster (C-to-C) applications. Flows in such an application share a common intermediary path that is the primary source of network delay and packet loss. Using the Coordination Protocol (CP) architecture, we show how aggregate congestion control can be achieved with the following properties: Almost any rate-based, single-flow congestion control algorithm may be applied to make aggregate C-to-C traffic congestion responsive. C-to-C applications may use multiple flow bandwidth shares and still exhibit correct aggregate congestion responsiveness. C-to-C applications may implement complex, application-specific adaptation schemes in which the behavior of individual flows is decoupled from the behavior of the congestion responsive aggregate flow. Bandwidth filtered loss detection (BFLD) is presented as a technique for making single-flow loss detection algorithms work when aggregate traffic uses multiple flowshares. The approach is evaluated using both ns2 simulation and an experimental implementation in Free BSD and Linux. Results demonstrate its success for a wide range of network conditions.
Comparison of two alternative methods for CD4<sup>+</sup> T‐cell determination (Coulter manual CD4 count and CyFlow) against standard dual platform flow cytometry in Uganda (2006)

Both, the manual Cyto-Spheres method and the CyFlow method can be used for the enumeration of CD4(+) cells in resource-limited settings. Under supervised conditions, the CyFlow method produced results more consistent with the reference method than the Cyto-Spheres method.
Simulation of Ideal External and Internal Flows with Arbitrary Boundaries Using Schwarz Christoffel Transformation (2004)

The flow field, velocity and pressure coefficient distribution of some 2-D ideal flows are presented. Conformal mapping is used to simulate two-dimensional ideal flow for a variety of complex internal and external configurations, based on the numerical integration of Schwarz-Christoffel transformation. The advantages of this method are simplicity and high accuracy. The method presented in this paper has been applied to flow problems for which established experimental results are available in the literature. The close agreement between the predictions of simulation program and experimental results shows that the present method is applicable to any 2-D ideal flow regardless of the system of coordinates.
Metabolic effects of thia fatty acids (2002)

Thia substituted fatty acids are saturated fatty acids which are modified by insertion of a sulfur atom at specific positions in the carbon backbone. During the last few years pleiotropic effects of the 3-thia fatty acid tetradecylthioacetic acid have been revealed. The biological responses to tetradecylthioacetic acid include mitochondrial proliferation, increased catabolism of fatty acids, antiadiposity, improvement in insulin sensitivity, antioxidant properties, reduced proliferation and induction of apoptosis in rapidly proliferating cells, cell differentiation and antiinflammatory action. These biological responses indicate that tetradecylthioacetic acid changes the plasma profile from atherogenic to cardioprotective. As a pan-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor ligand, tetradecylthioacetic acid regulates the adipose tissue mass and the expression of lipid metabolizing enzymes, particularly those involved in catabolic pathways. In contrast, circumstantial evidences suggest that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-independent metabolic pathways may be of importance for the antioxidant, antiproliferative and antiinflammatory action of tetradecylthioacetic acid.
Mechanical and Electrical Properties of CdTe Tetrapods Studied by Atomic Force Microscopy - eScholarship (2008)

Mechanical and Electrical Properties of CdTe Tetrapods Studied by Atomic Force Microscopy Liang Fang 1 , Jeong Young Park 1 , Yi Cui 2 , Paul Alivisatos 2 , Joshua Shcrier 3 , Byounghak Lee 3 , Lin-Wang Wang 3 , and Miquel Salmeron 1 * Molecular Foundry, Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720 Chemistry Department, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720 Computational Research Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, One Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720 *Author to whom correspondence should be addressed. Electronic mail: mbsalmeron@lbl.gov Abstract The mechanical and electrical properties of CdTe tetrapod-shaped nanocrystals have been studied with atomic force microscopy. Tapping mode images of tetrapods deposited on silicon wafers revealed that they contact the surface with the ends of three arms. The length of these arms was found to be 130 ± 10 nm. A large fraction of the tetrapods had a shortened vertical arm as a result of fracture during sample preparation. Fracture also occurs when the applied load is a few nanonewtons. Compression experiments with the AFM tip indicate that tetrapods with the shortened vertical arm deform elastically when the applied force was less than 50 nN. Above 90 nN additional fracture events occurred that further shorted the vertical arm. Loads above 130 nN produced irreversible damage to the other arms as well. Current-voltage characteristics of tetrapods deposited on gold indicated semiconducting behavior with a current gap of ~2 eV at low loads (<50 nN) and a narrowing to about 1 eV at loads between 60 and 110 nN. Atomic calculation of the deformation suggests that the ends of the tetrapod arms are stuck during compression so that the deformations are due to bending modes. The reduction of the current gap is due to electrostatic effects, rather than strain deformation effects inside the tetrapod.
Molecular cloning of the avian β‐nerve growth factor gene: transcription in brain (1986)

A chicken gene cross-hybridizing with a murine beta-nerve growth factor (beta NGF) cDNA probe was identified by Southern blot analysis and isolated from a genomic DNA library. The DNA sequence coding for the putative mature beta NGF protein was determined, providing direct evidence for the existence in birds of a neurotrophic factor sharing a high degree of sequence homology with mammalian beta NGF. In addition this gene is shown to be transcriptionally active in adult avian brain as demonstrated by Northern blot analysis.
An interactive approach to mining gene expression data (2005)

Effective identification of coexpressed genes and coherent patterns in gene expression data is an important task in bioinformatics research and biomedical applications. Several clustering methods have recently been proposed to identify coexpressed genes that share similar coherent patterns. However, there is no objective standard for groups of coexpressed genes. The interpretation of co-expression heavily depends on domain knowledge. Furthermore, groups of coexpressed genes in gene expression data are often highly connected through a large number of "intermediate" genes. There may be no clear boundaries to separate clusters. Clustering gene expression data also faces the challenges of satisfying biological domain requirements and addressing the high connectivity of the data sets. In this paper, we propose an interactive framework for exploring coherent patterns in gene expression data. A novel coherent pattern index is proposed to give users highly confident indications of the existence of coherent patterns. To derive a coherent pattern index and facilitate clustering, we devise an attraction tree structure that summarizes the coherence information among genes in the data set. We present efficient and scalable algorithms for constructing attraction trees and coherent pattern indices from gene expression data sets. Our experimental results show that our approach is effective in mining gene expression data and is scalable for mining large data sets.
Characterization of monoclonal antibodies specific for the human growth hormone 22K and 20K isoforms. (1996)

We have derived and characterized a set of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) specific for the different human GH (hGH) isoforms. The binding characteristics of each antibody to the hGH isoforms (22K and 20K) were analyzed in direct and competitive immunoassays as well as by Western blot. We studied the effects of these mAb on the biological activity of hGH and showed that they specifically block their respective activities. Using these mAb, we developed several immunoassays that have been applied for the quantitation of the different hGH isoforms in body fluids. Therefore, these mAb may help to unravel the biological function of these variants.
The Correlation between Factors in Festival Marketing Activities, Visitors’ Value Perception and Post-Purchase Feelings (2016)

<p>Marketing activities represent one of the drivers of regional industrial development. Festival marketing activities, in particular, have been widely adopted by local governments and business owners as marketing strategies to attract tourists and investors, thus boosting local economic development. How should the festival marketing activities be conducted in association with other relevant factors, in order to be distinctive and effective in local development is the topic to be discussed in this paper. This study aims to investigate the influence of factors, including festival marketing, regional image, infrastructure and local characteristics on tourists’ value perception, post-travel feelings and revisit willingness. The results showed that festival marketing activities are most effective in enhancing tourists’ value perception, followed by local characteristics and infrastructure. The social and hedonic values perceived by the tourists could enhance their satisfaction, thus further elevate their revisit willingness. Local governments and business owners should thus attach more importance on whether the content of festival marketing activities could highlight the local characteristics and infrastructure, thus drawing better results from these activities.</p>
Advancing Renewable Normal Human Cell Assays for Drug Discovery (2013)

Abstract Preclinical Research A major shortcoming in current drug development evaluation assays is the routine absence of renewable normal human tissue cells. Renewable tumor‐derived and transformed cell lines are pervasive in human cell culture panels used in drug screens and for drug evaluations. Although there are examples of inclusion of preparations of primary human tissue cells (e.g., human hepatocytes), the quality of these materials is variable and their availability is unreliable. The absence of renewable normal tissue cells in drug assays reflects a normal characteristic of most mature cells in human tissues. With few exceptions, they are terminally differentiated and do not divide, in vivo or in vitro, and those which do divide are developmentally programmed to undergo a permanent cell cycle arrest after a limited number of divisions. Because of these intrinsic tissue cell properties, producing normal human tissue cells in sufficient quantity for routine use in drug evaluation studies has proven essentially impossible. Tissue‐specific distributed stem cells ( DSCs ), which divide by asymmetric self‐renewal to continuously renew mature differentiated tissue cells, may be the key to addressing this unmet need for more effective drug discovery. However, DSCs , which are exceedingly scarce in tissues, are notoriously difficult to identify and, previously, inexplicably refractory to expansion in culture. Here, recent advances in the discovery of DSC ‐specific biomarkers and methods for ex vivo expansion of human DSC strains are discussed in terms of their potential to enable a new era of drug discovery and development by advancing renewable normal human cell assays into routine practice.
Uncertainty analysis of a virtual water flow measurement in building energy consumption monitoring (2012)

Abstract The virtual flow meter introduced in this article is developed by calculating water flow rates through two measurable inputs (differential pressure measurements and pump speed measurements) and a calibrated pump curve. However, due to the fact that the flow measurements are achieved by indirect calculations based on multiple input variable measurements, the possibility of error is significantly increased compared with direct flow measurements. This article first introduces the mechanism of virtual flow measurements, analyzes typical errors that can result in incorrect flow readings, and compares the sensitivity index of each input variable and its error impacts on the output variable. Finally, experimental results are presented to validate the uncertainty analysis. As a result, the pump speed is found to be the most influential variable in determining the accuracy of the virtual flow meter. The experiment shows that, compared with the measurement results of an ultrasonic flow meter, a 1% error at full scale (i.e., twice the pump design flow rate) can be achieved with 95% confidence. The analysis in this article demonstrates a theoretical method to quantify the propagated uncertainties of the virtual flow meter through its input variable uncertainties. Acknowledgments Li Song, PhD, PE, Member ASHRAE, is Assistant Professor. Ik-seong Joo, PhD, PE, is Principal/Chief Engineer. Gang Wang, PhD, PE, is Assistant Professor.
Performing dynamic sonography of the infant hip. (1990)

Real-time sonography is gaining wide acceptance as the method of choice for imaging the infant hip. The dynamic technique of hip sonography incorporates motion and stress maneuvers that are based on accepted clinical examination techniques. The multiview dynamic assessment emphasizes hip position and stability, but includes assessment of acetabular development. It has been found to be effective in the initial detection of infant hip abnormalities and in monitoring treatment.
Lithography technique to reduce the alignment errors from die placement in fan-out wafer level packaging applications (2011)

The rapid growth of wireless consumer electronics products is driving demand for cost effective and small form factor packaging solutions. While front end silicon technologies have followed Moore's law by device scaling, the back end infrastructure has lagged in similar advancements. This has created an interconnect gap whereby the signal speed achieved on silicon is significantly higher than the speed achieved on the printed circuit boards. Innovative advancements such as Fan-out wafer level packaging technology were introduced to address the pad limitation consideration with traditional wafer level packaging while delivering miniaturization and potential low cost packaging advantages. It does this by extending the package interconnect area beyond the front end chip size to allow increased number of I/O required for large die sizes. This technology allows tested-good dice to be reconstituted into wafer form, and interconnections are formed using wafer level processing technology. Die positioning control within the reconstituted wafer significantly affects downstream process requirements. The use of high productivity pick and place equipment with multiple gantries create challenges for the lithographic tool alignment when die placements from each gantry are not identical. This will be especially true in the future as the placement tolerances are reduced for advanced products containing multiple die types. This paper describes the inaccuracy in pick and place from single and dual gantry operation, and investigates lithographic alignment methods specifically developed to minimize pick and place errors from multiple gantry operation. The current single zone alignment algorithm was extended to create multiple selection zones to match the multiple gantries of the die pick and place equipment. The enhanced capability allows the flexibility to conduct a separate alignment mapping for different zones of the reconstituted Fan-out wafers. The dual zone mapping gave more effective compensation for a gantry matching error, resulting in better than 50% improvement in registration error compared with a single zone mapping. This provides significantly superior alignment control for next generation devices fabricated with fan out wafer level packaging process.
An overview of wireless structural health monitoring for civil structures (2006)

Wireless monitoring has emerged in recent years as a promising technology that could greatly impact the field of structural monitoring and infrastructure asset management. This paper is a summary of research efforts that have resulted in the design of numerous wireless sensing unit prototypes explicitly intended for implementation in civil structures. Wireless sensing units integrate wireless communications and mobile computing with sensors to deliver a relatively inexpensive sensor platform. A key design feature of wireless sensing units is the collocation of computational power and sensors; the tight integration of computing with a wireless sensing unit provides sensors with the opportunity to self-interrogate measurement data. In particular, there is strong interest in using wireless sensing units to build structural health monitoring systems that interrogate structural data for signs of damage. After the hardware and the software designs of wireless sensing units are completed, the Alamosa Canyon Bridge in New Mexico is utilized to validate their accuracy and reliability. To improve the ability of low-cost wireless sensing units to detect the onset of structural damage, the wireless sensing unit paradigm is extended to include the capability to command actuators and active sensors.
Stability of biocatalysts (1999)

Biocatalysts are inherently labile; therefore their operational stability is of paramount importance for any bioprocess. The problem of biocatalyst stability has been tackled from different perspectives, which are reviewed in the present paper. Inherently stable biocatalysts are well appreciated and a systematic effort is being done in the search of new organisms that harbor them. The potential of extremophiles has recently been recognized. Moreover, cloning such termophilic genes into more suitable mesophilic hosts is now at hand to produce stable biocatalysts. Another approach is to use site-directed mutagenesis to code for more stable proteins. A relevant number of actual industrial biocatalysts are being produced using such genetic and protein engineering tools. Operational stabilization of biocatalysts is an alternative. Immobilized and crystallized biocatalysts are stable forms already in use. Also engineering the reaction media can contribute to biocatalyst stabilization. This is a key factor for using enzymes in organic synthesis where non-aqueous media are mandatory or at least highly desirable. Bioreactor design requires sound expressions to describe biocatalyst inactivation under operation conditions. Unfortunately, most information has been gathered in non-reactive situations, which poorly describe actual behavior. Models are proposed to consider the presence of substrate and products on biocatalyst stability and thus describe properly bioreactor performance.
Orienting Tetracene and Pentacene Thin Films onto Friction-Transferred Poly(tetrafluoroethylene) Substrate (2003)

Oriented films of tetracene and pentacene have been obtained by high vacuum sublimation onto oriented poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) substrates. Polymorphism, orientation, and morphology of the pentacene and tetracene films are studied as a function of deposition parameters [substrate temperature (Ts), deposition time (t), and deposition rate (τ)] using X-ray and electron diffraction, transmission and scanning electron microscopies and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Oriented films of the triclinic structures reported by Campbell et al. (Acta Crystallogr. 1961, 14, 705; 1962, 15, 289) have been obtained in well-defined Ts-ranges. Oriented acene films of 50 nm consist of a continuous texture of flat-lying and terraced domains with a dense (0 0 1) contact plane and a high degree of in-plane orientation. Specific nucleation sites of pentacene on the PTFE substrate have been identified by AFM in the early stage of deposition. The similarity found in the growth phenomenology of tetracene and pentacene allows for identification of the mechanism responsible for oriented growth which involves (i) ledge-directed nucleation and (ii) confined growth of nanocrystals by the PTFE meso-scale relief, e.g. nanoscopic grooves between successive PTFE fibrils. In addition, various crystal defects, e.g. edge dislocations, have been identified by high-resolution TEM.
High-performance, free-space ruled concave gratingdemultiplexer (1995)

Near-diffraction-limited performance at 1.5 µm of a free-space concave ruled grating demultiplexer for densely-spaced wavelength routed networks is reported. Over the wavelength range of 16 nm (40 channels) and channel spacing of 0.4 nm, the fibre-to-fibre loss was 6–9 dB and channel crosstalk was better than 25 dB. [This Letter first appeared in print in 1995, issue 17, p.1466–1467, and has been reprinted because of the significance of the corrections.]
Single and Double Suzuki−Miyaura Couplings with Symmetric Dihalobenzenes (2005)

[reaction: see text] m- or p-Diiodobenzene undergoes selective double coupling reactions with arylboronic acids and esters. Selectivity for double coupling over single coupling is remarkably strong: even with a diiodobenzene:monoboronic acid ratio of 10:1, the products of double coupling are formed in good yields. Steric hindrance and electronic influences of the boronic acid or ester, and reaction conditions do not appear to impact significantly upon the outcome of the reaction. In contrast, m- and p-dibromobenzenes undergo single couplings with aryl boronic acids with high selectivity.
Intraocular CNTF Reduces Vision in Normal Rats in a Dose-Dependent Manner (2007)

Intraocular delivery of CNTF, which preserves photoreceptors in animal models of retinal degeneration, impairs visual function in normal rats at very high doses, but not at lower doses that still provide protection from constant light damage.