gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Contagious Equine Metritis: Isolation and Characterization of the Etiologic Agent (1980)

Uterine, cervical, and clitoral specimens on swabs from pony mares infected with contagious equine equine metritis (CEM) bacteria were streaked on agar plates. Colonies of CEM bacteria were observed under CO2 incubation in 2 days on Eugon chocolate agar and Eugon blood agar plates. The diameter of the colonies varied from 0.2 mm to 1 mm in 2 days which increased to 0.3 mm to 2.0 mm on day 4. The colonies on Eugon chocolate agar plates on days 2 to 4 were shiny, brown, round, and convex, and easily glided when pushed with a loop. The diameter of the colonies on chocolate and blood agar plates made from tryptose blood agar base (TrCA or TrBA) was 0.2 to 0.3 mm on day 4. Due to their small size on TrCA or TrBA, colonies of CEM bacteria were easily recognized from large numbers of contaminants. The organism required hemin for its growth. It gelled in water, caused delayed hemolysis of blood agar plates, and was extremely susceptible to acid in the pH range to 3 to 4.5. A difference in growth of CEM bacterium was observed on primary isolation media obtained from two different commerical sources.
Assessment by Meta-Analysis of PCR for Diagnosis of Smear-Negative Pulmonary Tuberculosis (2003)

We conducted a meta-analysis to assess the performance of PCR for the diagnosis of smear-negative pulmonary tuberculosis (SPT) and to identify factors that account for differences in the diagnostic accuracy of different studies. Studies published before February 2002 were included if sensitivity and specificity of PCR in smear-negative respiratory or gastric-aspirate specimens could be calculated. Analysis was conducted by using summary receiver operating characteristics models. Sensitivity and specificity ranged from 9 to 100% and from 25 to 100%, respectively. Fewer than 40% of the 50 studies reported results by number of patients, reported clinical characteristics of patients, or used as a reference standard combined culture and clinical criteria. Studies that included bronchial specimens showed higher accuracy than studies that evaluated only sputum specimens or included gastric aspirates. Studies that did not report that tests were applied blindly showed higher accuracy than those reporting blind testing. Increased sensitivity due to the use of DNA purification methods was associated with decreased specificity. Studies published after 1995, using Amplicor or dUTP-UNG, were associated with an increase in specificity at the expense of lower sensitivity. We concluded that PCR is not consistently accurate enough to be routinely recommended for the diagnosis of SPT. However, PCR of bronchial specimens could be useful in highly suspicious SPT cases. Studies not reporting blind testing are likely to overestimate accuracy of PCR. Future evaluation of PCR accuracy should be conducted by patient and type of respiratory specimen, blindly, by using a reference standard that combines culture and clinical criteria and addresses the issue of how patient characteristics affect PCR accuracy.
[Cell therapy for Parkinson's disease: II. Somatic stem cell-based applications]. (2009)

Motor dysfunctions in Parkinson's disease are believed to be primarily due to the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons located in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Numerous cell replacement therapy approaches have been developed and tested, including these based on donor cell transplantation (embryonic and adult tissue-derived), adult mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs)-, neural stem cells (hNSCs)- and finally human embryonic stem cells (hESCs)-based. Despite the progress achieved, numerous difficulties prevent wider practical application of stem cell-based therapy approaches for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Among the latter, ethical, safety and technical issues stand out. Current series of reviews (Cell therapy for Parkinson's disease: I. Embryonic and adult donor tissue-based applications; II. Adult stem cell-based applications; III. Neonatal, fetal and embryonic stem cell-based applications; IV. Risks and future trends) aims providing a balanced and updated view on various issues associated with cell types (including stem cells) in regards to their potential in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Essential features of the individual cell subtypes, principles of available cell handling protocols, transplantation, and safety issues are discussed extensively.
Recent Progress on the Growth Mechanism of Carbon Nanotubes: A Review (2011)

Tremendous progress has been achieved during the past 20 years on not only improving the yields of carbon nanotubes and move progressively towards their mass production, but also on gaining a profound fundamental understanding of the nucleation and the growth processes. Parameters that influence the yield but also the quality (e.g., microstructure, homogeneity within a batch) are better understood. The influence of the carbon precursor, the reaction conditions, the presence of a catalyst, the chemical and physical status of the latter, and other factors have been extensively studied. The purpose of the present Review is not to list all the experiments reported in the literature, but rather to identify trends and provide a comprehensive summary on the role of selected parameters. The role of the catalyst occupies a central place in this Review as a careful control of the metal particle size, particle dispersion on the support, the metastable phase formed under reaction conditions, its possible reconstruction, and faceting strongly influence the diameter of the carbon nanotubes, their structure (number of walls, graphene sheet orientation, chirality), their alignment, and the yield. The identified trends will be compared with recent observations on the growth of graphene. Recent results on metal-free catalysts will be analyzed from a different perspective.
Optimizing Regular Expression Matching with SR-NFA on Multi-Core Systems (2011)

Conventionally, regular expression matching (REM) has been performed by sequentially comparing the regular expression (regex) to the input stream, which can be slow due to excessive backtracking [21]. Alternatively, the regex can be converted to a deterministic finite automaton (DFA) for efficient matching, which however may require an extremely large state transition table (STT) due to exponential state explosion [17, 27]. We propose the segmented regex-NFA (SR-NFA) architecture, where the regex is first compiled into modular nondeterministic finite automata (NFA), then partitioned, optimized, and matched efficiently on modern multi-core processors. SR-NFA offers attack-resilient multi-gigabit per second matching throughput, does not suffer from either backtracking or state explosion, and can be rapidly constructed. For regex sets that construct a DFA with moderate state explosion, i.e., on average 200k states in the STT, the proposed SR-NFA is 367k times faster to construct and update and use 23k times less memory than the DFA approach. Running on an 8-core 2.6 GHz Opteron platform, our prototype achieves 2.2 Gbps average matching throughput for regex sets with up to 4,000 SR-NFA states per regex set.
Parallel inverter with resistance load (1935)

Calculation of inverter performance and analysis of the circuit apparently have not been treated to any great extent in technical literature. This paper presents a method of calculating in terms of 2 parameters the characteristics of an inverter supplying a pure resistance load, and discusses the various modes of operation, including that in which the direct current supplied to the inverter flows in pulses.
Differential Detection of MSK with Nonredundant Error Correction (1979)

A proposed scheme for differential detection of MSK with nonredundant error correction utilizes the output detected from the difference in phase between alternate signaling intervals, along with the output of the conventional differential detector, in accordance with the concept of a convolutional error correcting code. Theoretical analysis and experimental results show that the degradation from coherent detection is about 0.1 dB at a 10 dB signal-to-noise ratio.
VEGFA/VEGFR2-targeted therapies prevent the VEGFA-induced proliferation of regulatory T cells in cancer (2013)

Some of the anti-angiogenic agents currently used to treat solid malignancies have effects on tumor endothelial cells as well as on immune cells. We have recently demonstrated that targeting the vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA)/VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) signaling pathway reduces the proportion of regulatory T cells (Treg) in a mouse model of colorectal cancer (CRC) and in metastatic CRC patients as it inhibits tumor-induced Treg proliferation.
Word independent context pair classification model for word sense disambiguation (2005)

Traditionally, word sense disambiguation (WSD) involves a different context classification model for each individual word. This paper presents a weakly supervised learning approach to WSD based on learning a word independent context pair classification model. Statistical models are not trained for classifying the word contexts, but for classifying a pair of contexts, i.e. determining if a pair of contexts of the same ambiguous word refers to the same or different senses. Using this approach, annotated corpus of a target word A can be explored to disambiguate senses of a different word B. Hence, only a limited amount of existing annotated corpus is required in order to disambiguate the entire vocabulary. In this research, maximum entropy modeling is used to train the word independent context pair classification model. Then based on the context pair classification results, clustering is performed on word mentions extracted from a large raw corpus. The resulting context clusters are mapped onto the external thesaurus WordNet. This approach shows great flexibility to efficiently integrate heterogeneous knowledge sources, e.g. trigger words and parsing structures. Based on Senseval-3 Lexical Sample standards, this approach achieves state-of-the-art performance in the unsupervised learning category, and performs comparably with the supervised Naïve Bayes system.
Influence of Ferromagnetic Elastic Modulus Relaxation on the Determination of Magnetic Specific Heat of Fe, Ni, and Co (1964)

Data are presented for Young's modulus of (110) [001] oriented Fe-3.1% Si up to 1200°C for various angles to the rolling direction. These data exhibit a strong decrease in Young's modulus with increasing temperature during the ferromagnetic transformation so that the Young's modulus of the paramagnetic state is lower than for the ferromagnetic state. This effect also exists for Ni and Co, and is attributed to a decrease in interatomic forces accompanying the decrease of the exchange interaction between 3d electrons. This ferromagnetic modulus relaxation leads to a new specific heat term CΔθ which represents the energy absorbed in decreasing the mean frequency of the vibrational spectrum. The value of CΔθ, calculated from Young's modulus data, remains appreciable above the Curie temperature, thus accounting for the apparent excess specific heat of the ferromagnetic metals above that temperature. Separation of the total electronic specific heat suggests that three-fourths of the low-temperature electronic specific heat of Fe, Ni, and Co is of magnetic origin and that the magnetic specific heat Cm increases linearly with temperature up to 0.7 Tc and then increases rapidly to a peak at Tc, the Curie temperature. Well above Tc, a residual electronic term of nonmagnetic origin is found. The calculated values of magnetic entropy and energy derived from Cm for Fe, Ni, and Co are in reasonable agreement with Heisenberg theory using s=½.
Translational Initiation Factor eIF-4E (1996)

To define the coupling mechanism between cardiac load and the rate of protein synthesis, changes in the extent of eIF-4E phosphorylation were measured after imposition of a load. Electrically stimulated contraction of adult feline cardiocytes increased eIF-4E phosphorylation to 34% after 4 h, as compared with 8% phosphorylation in quiescent controls. However, eIF-4E phosphorylation did not increase upon electrical stimulation in the presence of 7.5 mM 2,3-butanedione monoxime, an inhibitor of actin-myosin cross-bridge cycling and active tension development. Treatment of adult cardiocytes with either 0.1 microM insulin or 0.1 microM phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate increased eIF-4E phosphorylation to 23 and 64%, respectively, but these increases were not blocked by 2,3-butanedione monoxime. In canine models of acute hemodynamic overload in vivo, eIF-4E phosphorylation increased to 23% in response to left ventricular pressure overload as compared with 7% phosphorylation in controls. Acute volume overload had no effect on eIF-4E phosphorylation. These changes in eIF-4E phosphorylation account for differences in anabolic responses to acute pressure versus acute volume overload. These data suggest that eIF-4E phosphorylation is a mechanism by which increased cardiac load is coupled to accelerated rates of protein synthesis.
The wheelchair as a full-body tool extending the peripersonal space (2015)

Dedicated multisensory mechanisms in the brain represent peripersonal space (PPS), a limited portion of space immediately surrounding the body. Previous studies have illustrated the malleability of PPS representation through hand-object interaction, showing that tool use extends the limits of the hand-centered PPS. In the present study we investigated the effects of a special tool, the wheelchair, in extending the action possibilities of the whole body. We used a behavioral measure to quantify the extension of the PPS around the body before and after Active (Experiment 1) and Passive (Experiment 2) training with a wheelchair and when participants were blindfolded (Experiment 3). Results suggest that a wheelchair-mediated passive exploration of far space extended PPS representation. This effect was specifically related to the possibility of receiving information from the environment through vision, since no extension effect was found when participants were blindfolded. Surprisingly, the active motor training did not induce any modification in PPS representation, probably because the wheelchair maneuver was demanding for non-expert users and thus they may have prioritized processing of information from close to the wheelchair rather than at far spatial locations. Our results suggest that plasticity in PPS representation after tool use seems not to strictly depend on active use of the tool itself, but is triggered by simultaneous processing of information from the body and the space where the body acts in the environment, which is more extended in the case of wheelchair use. These results contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying body-environment interaction for developing and improving applications of assistive technological devices in different clinical populations.
Absorbed dose in the presence of contrast agents during pediatric cardiac catheterization (1979)

Administration of x-ray contrast agents during heart catheterization examination increases the absorbed radiation dose in tissue. To estimate the dose absorbed by the blood of children undergoing diagnostic heart catheterization and angiocardiography, a number of measurements and calculations were conducted. First, entrance and exit exposures to the patient were measured with thermoluminescent dosimeters calibrated for the diagnostic x-ray energy range. Second, a dose enhancement factor was calculated from mass energy absorption coefficients for various concentrations of the contrast media and at selected x-ray energies. Third, the dose enhancement factor was estimated from survival of peripheral blood lymphocytes suspended in varying concentrations of the contrast agent during exposure to graded doses of x-rays. Fourth, a mean absorbed dose to the patient's blood was calculated using (a) the dose enhancement factor determined above, (b) an estimate of the mean exposure in the irradiated body volume calculated from the entrance and exit exposure measurements, (c) an effective iodine concentration in the blood during the exposure time, and (d) a ratio correcting for the distribution and circulation of the blood. For eight pediatric patients monitored, absorbed doses to the blood ranged between 3 and 12 rad. These values were two to three times greater than the expected dose without administration of a contrast agent.
Oncolytic Adenovirus Expressing IL-23 and p35 Elicits IFN-γ- and TNF-α-Co-Producing T Cell-Mediated Antitumor Immunity (2013)

Cytokine immunogene therapy is a promising strategy for cancer treatment. Interleukin (IL)-12 boosts potent antitumor immunity by inducing T helper 1 cell differentiation and stimulating cytotoxic T lymphocyte and natural killer cell cytotoxicity. IL-23 has been proposed to have similar but not overlapping functions with IL-12 in inducing Th1 cell differentiation and antitumor immunity. However, the therapeutic effects of intratumoral co-expression of IL-12 and IL-23 in a cancer model have yet to be investigated. Therefore, we investigated for the first time an effective cancer immunogene therapy of syngeneic tumors via intratumoral inoculation of oncolytic adenovirus co-expressing IL-23 and p35, RdB/IL23/p35. Intratumoral administration of RdB/IL23/p35 elicited strong antitumor effects and increased survival in a murine B16-F10 syngeneic tumor model. The levels of IL-12, IL-23, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were elevated in RdB/IL23/p35-treated tumors. Moreover, the proportion of regulatory T cells was markedly decreased in mice treated with RdB/IL23/p35. Consistent with these data, mice injected with RdB/IL23/p35 showed massive infiltration of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells into the tumor as well as enhanced induction of tumor-specific immunity. Importantly, therapeutic mechanism of antitumor immunity mediated by RdB/IL23/p35 is associated with the generation and recruitment of IFN-γ- and TNF-α-co-producing T cells in tumor microenvironment. These results provide a new insight into therapeutic mechanisms of IL-12 plus IL-23 and provide a potential clinical cancer immunotherapeutic agent for improved antitumor immunity.
Experimental designs of ballistic reversible logic gates using fluxons (2019)

Compared to irreversible gate operations, reversible digital logic gates can provide a fundamental advantage in energy efficiency. Here we discuss previously discovered 1-bit ballistic reversible logic gates and new experimental plans to measure it. The gates consist of long Josephson junctions (LJJs) connected by a circuit interface. The gate dynamics evanescently extends into the LJJs to realize the physically resonant gate operation. It differs from known adiabatic superconducting gates because it does not work in the adiabatic limit. Depending on the gate type, that is the Identity or NOT gate, the polarity of the outgoing fluxon should be preserved or inverted, respectively. The dynamics of the scattering process, originally discovered in full numerical simulation, is understood using collective coordinate analysis. We plan to experimentally study how well a fluxon can travel ballistically towards the interface, and scatter with the designed gate operation. Here we present gate and SQUID-sensing layout designs for a NOT gate. The LJJ circuit layout uses niobium trilayer short junctions with connecting wiring for inductors. Part of the design includes the shunting capacitors at the gate interface which is key for the resonant dynamics in the gates.
<b>Points</b> : Effect of aspirin in “aspirin sensitive” patients (1984)

Wasted journeys in the NHS SIR,-How heartening it was to see the tribulations of consultant applicants receiving attention in your columns.Mr C T Howe (7 April, p 1091
Automated Support for Development, Maintenance, and Testing in the Presence of Implicit Control Flow (2004)

Although object-oriented languages can improve programmingpractices, their characteristics may introducenew problems for software engineers. One important problemis the presence of implicit control flow caused byexception handling and polymorphism. Implicit controlflow causes complex interactions, and can thus complicatesoftware-engineering tasks. To address this problem, wepresent a systematic and structured approach, for supportingthese tasks, based on the static and dynamic analyses ofconstructs that cause implicit control flow. Our approachprovides software engineers with information for supportingand guiding development and maintenance tasks. Wealso present empirical results to illustrate the potential usefulnessof our approach. Our studies show that, for thesubjects considered, complex implicit control flow is alwayspresent and is generally not adequately exercised.
Animal models of chronic liver diseases (2012)

Chronic liver diseases are frequent and potentially life threatening for humans. The underlying etiologies are diverse, ranging from viral infections, autoimmune disorders, and intoxications (including alcohol abuse) to imbalanced diets. Although at early stages of disease the liver regenerates in the absence of the insult, advanced stages cannot be healed and may require organ transplantation. A better understanding of underlying mechanisms is mandatory for the design of new drugs to be used in clinic. Therefore, rodent models are being developed to mimic human liver disease. However, no model to date can completely recapitulate the "corresponding" human disorder. Limiting factors are the time frame required in humans to establish a certain liver disease and the fact that rodents possess a distinct immune system compared with humans and have different metabolic rates affecting liver homeostasis. These features account for the difficulties in developing adequate rodent models for studying disease progression and for testing new pharmaceuticals to be translated into the clinic. Nevertheless, traditional and new promising animal models that mimic certain attributes of chronic liver diseases are established and being used to deepen our understanding in the underlying mechanisms of distinct liver diseases. This review aims at providing a comprehensive overview of recent advances in animal models recapitulating different features and etiologies of human liver diseases.
Excess of Rare Amino Acid Polymorphisms in the Toll-like Receptor 4 in Humans (2001)

The Toll-like receptor 4 protein acts as the transducing subunit of the lipopolysaccharide receptor complex and assists in the detection of Gram-negative pathogens within the mammalian host. Several lines of evidence support the view that variation at the TLR4 locus may alter host susceptibility to Gram-negative infection or the outcome of infection. Here, we surveyed TLR4 sequence variation in the complete coding region (2.4 kb) in 348 individuals from several population samples; in addition, a subset of the individuals was surveyed at 1.1 kb of intronic sequence. More than 90% of the chromosomes examined encoded the same structural isoform of TLR4, while the rest harbored 12 rare amino acid variants. Conversely, the variants at silent sites (intronic and synonymous positions) occur at both low and high frequencies and are consistent with a neutral model of mutation and random drift. The spectrum of allele frequencies for amino acid variants shows a significant skew toward lower frequencies relative to both the neutral model and the pattern observed at linked silent sites. This is consistent with the hypothesis that weak purifying selection acted on TLR4 and that most mutations affecting TLR4 protein structure have at least mildly deleterious phenotypic effects. These results may imply that genetic variants contributing to disease susceptibility occur at low frequencies in the population and suggest strategies for optimizing the design of disease-mapping studies.