gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Prediction of Multistage Fracturing Performance in Horizontal Heavy Oil Carbonate Reservoir (2015)

Abstract Horizontal oil and gas wells with low permeability might not be economic without multistage fracturing. Nevertheless, heavy oil horizontal wells instigate the additional problems of low mobility and low oil gravity. In these heavy oil prospects, multistage fracturing can increase the reservoir contact tremendously but the viscous nature of oil flowing within the matrix and through fractures may pose a challenge to the economical success of the fracturing treatments. The objective of this paper is to study multistage fracturing performance in heavy oil horizontal wells across carbonate reservoirs. A sector model was extracted from a full field reservoir model and was then equipped with Local Grid Refinement (LGR) mesh to accurately predict the performance of multiple transverse fractures. The model was used to study the effect of several design parameters on the performance of the horizontal well. Special consideration was given to PVT data. The output of the refined simulation sector LGR model was compared with available analytical and numerical models for multistage fracturing performance predication. Finally, the resulting optimal fracturing strategy was evaluated using the full field simulation model. This work presents an analysis and history match of actual multistage acid fracturing treatment in heavy oil field. Results of the model were important for the heavy oil field development and well placement and completion strategies.
Infection and autoimmunity: Lessons of animal models (2011)

While the key initiating processes that trigger human autoimmune diseases remain enigmatic, increasing evidences support the concept that microbial stimuli are among major environmental factors eliciting autoimmune diseases in genetically susceptible individuals. Here, we present an overview of evidences obtained through various experimental models of autoimmunity for the role of microbial stimuli in disease development. Disease onset and severity have been compared in numerous models under conventional, specific-pathogen-free and germ-free conditions. The results of these experiments suggest that there is no uniform scheme that could describe the role played by infectious agents in the experimental models of autoimmunity. While some models are dependent, others prove to be completely independent of microbial stimuli. In line with the threshold hypothesis of autoimmune diseases, highly relevant genetic factors or microbial stimuli induce autoimmunity on their own, without requiring further factors. Importantly, recent evidences show that colonization of germ-free animals with certain members of the commensal flora [such as segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB)] may lead to autoimmunity. These data drive attention to the importance of the complex composition of gut flora in maintaining immune homeostasis. The intriguing observation obtained in autoimmune animal models that parasites often confer protection against autoimmune disease development may suggest new therapeutic perspectives of infectious agents in autoimmunity.
Ferric saccharate induces oxygen radical stress and endothelial dysfunction in vivo (2002)

Iron infusion at a currently used therapeutic dose for intravenous iron supplementation leads to increased oxygen radical stress and acute endothelial dysfunction.
Immunofluorescent Triple-Staining Technique to Identify Sensory Nerve Endings in Human Thumb Ligaments (2011)

Ligament innervation purportedly plays a critical role in stability, proprioception and pathology of joints with minimal bony constraints. The human thumb carpometacarpal (CMC) joint is such a joint: with a complex saddle configuration and wide circumduction, its constraint is primarily ligamentous and it is prone to osteoarthritis. CMC reconstruction is the most commonly performed arthritis surgery in the upper extremity. Little, however, is known about CMC ligament innervation. We describe a novel triple-staining immunofluorescence technique using the markers for low-affinity neurotrophin receptor p75, the pan-neuronal marker protein gene product (PGP) 9.5 and 4',6'-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) to simultaneously detect and differentiate between specific sensory nerve endings: the Pacini corpuscles, the Ruffini endings and nerve fascicles. Five primary CMC ligaments (dorsal radial, dorsal central, posterior oblique, anterior oblique and ulnar collateral ligaments) were harvested from 10 fresh-frozen human cadaver hands. Following paraffin sectioning, each ligament was stained using a triple-stain technique and imaged with fluorescence microscopy. Multidimensional acquisition permitted simultaneous capture of images at different wavelengths. Pacini corpuscles were distinguished by their distinct p75 immunoreactive capsules, and Ruffini endings by their overlapping p75 and PGP9.5 immunoreactive dendritic nerve endings. Simultaneous use of PGP9.5, p75 and DAPI immunofluorescence to analyze innervation patterns in human ligaments provides descriptive analysis of staining patterns and receptor structure as well as clues as to the proprioceptive function of CMC ligaments and the joint as a whole. Our novel findings of CMC ligament innervation augment the study of normal and pathological joint mechanics in this joint so prone to osteoarthritis.
Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Bypass (1996)

Devices and techniques used for pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass are ever changing. There are frequently reports in the literature about new techniques and new devices. Periodic surveys are helpful because they reveal the actual extent to which these techniques and devices are applied to clinical practice. Advances in research are bringing about a better understanding of the intricate aspects of CPB and the effects of CPB on pediatric patients. There appears to be a trend from widely divergent approaches to CPB for pediatric patients to more uniformity in practice. For example, the use of membrane oxygenation and arterial line filtration has become universal, and there is an increase in the use of all types of safety devices. Techniques reported in the medical literature at the beginning of the decade, such as, the use of modified ultrafiltration, the use of centrifugal cell washers to process packed red blood cells before adding them to the prime, and the use of the antifibrinolytic drug, aprotinin, have become part of practice at a large number of pediatric heart centers. Periodic surveys are useful, as they provide a measurement of current practice. They also provide a historical record of the advances in the field.
Aspects of Light Production by <i>Photobacterium fischeri</i> (1968)

Studies of luminescence in growing cultures of Photobacterium fischeri revealed the characteristic kinetics of light emission, including a minimal phase of bacterial light output. A dialyzable substance present in the nutrient broth medium caused this transient inhibition in light production, although this substance did not affect culture growth. Experiments were carried out to determine the mechanism of action and the chemical properties of the inhibitor. The results suggest that the inhibitor may be binding directly to the luciferase molecules.
C4 rice: a challenge for plant phenomics (2009)

There is now strong evidence that yield potential in rice (Oryza sativa L.) is becoming limited by ‘source’ capacity, i.e. photosynthetic capacity or efficiency, and hence the ability to fill the large number of grain ‘sinks’ produced in modern varieties. One solution to this problem is to introduce a more efficient, higher capacity photosynthetic mechanism to rice, the C4 pathway. A major challenge is identifying and engineering the genes necessary to install C4 photosynthesis in rice. Recently, an international research consortium was established to achieve this aim. Central to the aims of this project is phenotyping large populations of rice and sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) mutants for ‘C4-ness’ to identify C3 plants that have acquired C4 characteristics or revertant C4 plants that have lost them. This paper describes a variety of plant phenomics approaches to identify these plants and the genes responsible, based on our detailed physiological knowledge of C4 photosynthesis. Strategies to asses the physiological effects of the installation of components of the C4 pathway in rice are also presented.
Lifetimes of metastable microbubbles (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLifetimes of metastable microbubblesPaul C. EngelkingCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1985, 89, 8, 1520–1523Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100254a042https://doi.org/10.1021/j100254a042research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views116Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Oxidation of Primary Alcohol Groups of Polysaccharides with 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-1-Piperidine Oxoammonium Ion (1997)

The primary alcohol groups of four kinds of polysaccharides (com starch, rice starch, sweet potato starch, and cellulose), with different structures and water solubilities, were oxidized to carboxyl groups using 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidine oxoammonium ion (TEMPO) at . The optimum pH, TEMPO content, and NaBr content for the TEMPO/hypobromite-catalyzed oxidation of the polysaccharides were , 10 mmol/mol primary alcohol, and 0.49 mmol/mol primary alcohol, respectively. The oxidation degree for the primary alcohol group was more than 90% for all four kinds of the polysaccharides. The oxidation process greatly increased the water solubility of the polysaccharides. Water-insoluble polysaccharide such as cellulose became water-soluble to the extent of 8.42% (w/v). And also, the polysaccharides with very low water solubility (less than 0.10% (w/v)) such as com starch, rice starch, and sweet potato starch had high water solubility of approximately 45%(w/v). The gel-forming abilities with calcium ion were determined. The oxidized polysaccharides are new anionic polymers with unique structures that could have application as gums, gels, and films.
Color-Variable Emission in Multilayer Polymer Electroluminescent Devices Containing Electron-Blocking Layer (1996)

Color-variable emission in multilayer polymer electroluminescent (EL) devices has been obtained by the use of poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVCz) as an electron-blocking layer. The emissive polymers used were poly ( p -phenylenevinylene), poly(3-dodecylthiophene), and poly(2,5-dinonyloxy- p -phenylenevinylene), whose emission colors were green, red, and orange, respectively. When EL devices consisting of two emissive polymer layers separated by a PVCz layer were driven under either forward or reverse bias mode, emission from the negatively biased polymer was observed. PVCz is assumed to act as an electron-blocking layer due to its small electron affinity (2.3 eV) compared with those of the emissive polymers (2.7–3.5 eV), and to facilitate exciton confinement in the negatively biased polymer layer, where radiative recombination of the charge carriers occurs.
The physical chemistry of cholesterol solubility in bile. Relationship to gallstone formation and dissolution in man. (1978)

In various application domains there is a desire to compare process models, e.g., to relate an organization-specific process model to a reference model, to find a web service matching some desired service description, or to compare some normative process model with a process model discovered using process mining techniques. Although many researchers have worked on different notions of equivalence (e.g., trace equivalence, bisimulation, branching bisimulation, etc.), most of the existing notions are not very useful in this context. First of all, most equivalence notions result in a binary answer (i.e., two processes are equivalent or not). This is not very helpful, because, in real-life applications, one needs to differentiate between slightly different models and completely different models. Second, not all parts of a process model are equally important. There may be parts of the process model that are rarely activated while other parts are executed for most process instances. Clearly, these should be considered differently. To address these problems, this paper proposes a completely new way of comparing process models. Rather than directly comparing two models, the process models are compared with respect to some typical behavior. This way we are able to avoid the two problems. Although the results are presented in the context of Petri nets, the approach can be applied to any process modeling language with executable semantics.
The urokinase inhibitor <i>p</i>‐aminobenzamidine inhibits growth of a human prostate tumor in scid mice (1995)

Malignant cells possess a high degree of proteolytic activity in which the plasminogen activator system plays an important role. An increased expression of urokinase type plasminogen activator (uPA) is of significance for degradation of the extracellular tumor matrix, facilitating invasiveness and growth. Inhibition of the active site of uPA makes it possible to evaluate the significance of uPA in tumor growth. We report here experiments on a uPA-producing human prostate xenograft (DU 145) using a competitive inhibitor of uPA, p-aminobenzamidine. In vitro experiments with DU 145 cells showed that p-aminobenzamidine caused a dose-dependent inhibition of uPA activity. DU 145 cells were inoculated s.c. in SCID mice and, once tumors were established, treatment with p-aminobenzamidine added to drinking water was started and lasted for 23 days. Mice receiving 250 mg/kg/day of p-aminobenzamidine showed a clear decrease in tumor-growth rate compared to the non-treated mice, resulting in 64% lower final tumor weight. In addition, uPA-antigen levels in the membrane fractions of DU 145 tumors from p-aminobenzamidine-treated mice were found to be decreased by 59%. We also show that p-aminobenzamidine has an anti-proliferative effect in cell culture at low cell number, correlating with a dose-dependent decrease in uPA production. In conclusion, we show that a low-molecular-weight uPA-inhibitor, p-aminobenzamidine, has a growth-inhibitory effect on a solid uPA-producing tumor.
Parametric identification by minimizing the squared residuals (Application to a photovoltaic cell) (2013)

In this study we develop an algorithm of nonlinear programming to identify the structural parameters of a photovoltaic cell. This algorithm adjusts at best the parameters of the cell's electrical model to the experimental measurements. Thus, to achieve this optimization, we minimize a sum of squared residuals by Gauss Newton's Method which presents an interesting rate of convergence but with sensitivity to the initial conditions. To overcome this issue, we apply, beforehand, the Least Squares Method to the two distinct parts (linear and not linear) of the I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">PV</sub> =f(V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">PV</sub> ) characteristic. This first phase allows us to improve the convergence of the algorithm but not its rate. Regarding the last issue we suggest a modified version of Gauss Newton's algorithm.
Frequency-domain elastic wave modeling by finite differences; a tool for crosshole seismic imaging (1990)

Abstract The migration, imaging, or inversion of wide-aperture cross-hole data depends on the ability to model wave propagation in complex media for multiple source positions. Computational costs can be considerably reduced in frequency-domain imaging by modeling the frequency-domain steady-state equations, rather than the time-domain equations of motion. I develop a frequency-domain approach in this note that is competitive with time-domain modeling when solutions for multiple sources are required or when only a limited number of frequency components of the solution are required.
Analogy as relational priming: A developmental and computational perspective on the origins of a complex cognitive skill (2008)

The development of analogical reasoning has traditionally been understood in terms of theories of adult competence. This approach emphasizes structured representations and structure mapping. In contrast, we argue that by taking a developmental perspective, analogical reasoning can be viewed as the product of a substantially different cognitive ability - relational priming. To illustrate this, we present a computational (here connectionist) account where analogy arises gradually as a by-product of pattern completion in a recurrent network. Initial exposure to a situation primes a relation that can then be applied to a novel situation to make an analogy. Relations are represented as transformations between states. The network exhibits behaviors consistent with a broad range of key phenomena from the developmental literature, lending support to the appropriateness of this approach (using low-level cognitive mechanisms) for investigating a domain that has normally been the preserve of high-level models. Furthermore, we present an additional simulation that integrates the relational priming mechanism with deliberative controlled use of inhibition to demonstrate how the framework can be extended to complex analogical reasoning, such as the data from explicit mapping studies in the literature on adults. This account highlights how taking a developmental perspective constrains the theory construction and cognitive modeling processes in a way that differs substantially from that based purely on adult studies, and illustrates how a putative complex cognitive skill can emerge out of a simple mechanism.
Design of Preheaters and Heat Exchangers for Coal-Hydrogenation Plants (1950)

Abstract The preheater and the heat-exchanger possibilities of the coal-hydrogenation process are described. Comparison has been made between the demonstration and the German plant equipment. Emphasis has been placed on the importance of developing applicable high-pressure heat exchangers for commercial-size plants, in order to eliminate the preheaters and increase the thermal efficiency of the process.
Comparison of holmium and flashlamp pumped dye lasers for use in lithotripsy of biliary calculi (1992)

The characteristics of laser lithotripsy of biliary calculi are compared for a flashlamp pumped dye laser (lambda = 640 nm) and a Cr:Tm:Ho-YAG laser (lambda = 2.1 microns). Data on fragmentation efficiency with respect to laser power and pulse repetition rate are presented for different types of stones. It is shown that both lasers can produce effective stone fragmentation. The laser power required for efficient fragmentation characteristics is significantly less for the visible wavelength laser. However, the problems associated with damage to the fiber tips of the delivery system during operation were found to be less with the near infrared wavelength. The laser power for efficient fragmentation with the dye laser varies significantly for different types of stones while the power for efficient fragmentation with the holmium laser is the same for all stones.
Absence of Entourage: Terpenoids Commonly Found in <i>Cannabis sativa</i> Do Not Modulate the Functional Activity of Δ <sup>9</sup> -THC at Human CB <sub>1</sub> and CB <sub>2</sub> Receptors (2019)

<b>Introduction:</b> Compounds present in <i>Cannabis sativa</i> such as phytocannabinoids and terpenoids may act in concert to elicit therapeutic effects. Cannabinoids such as Δ<sup>9</sup>-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ<sup>9</sup>-THC) directly activate cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB<sub>1</sub>) and cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB<sub>2</sub>); however, it is not known if terpenoids present in <i>Cannabis</i> also affect cannabinoid receptor signaling. Therefore, we examined six common terpenoids alone, and in combination with cannabinoid receptor agonists, on CB<sub>1</sub> and CB<sub>2</sub> signaling <i>in vitro</i>. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Potassium channel activity in AtT20 FlpIn cells transfected with human CB<sub>1</sub> or CB<sub>2</sub> receptors was measured in real time using FLIPR<sup>®</sup> membrane potential dye in a FlexStation 3 plate reader. Terpenoids were tested individually and in combination for periods up to 30 min. Endogenous somatostatin receptors served as a control for direct effects of drugs on potassium channels. <b>Results:</b> α-Pinene, β-pinene, β-caryophyllene, linalool, limonene, and β-myrcene (up to 30-100 μM) did not change membrane potential in AtT20 cells expressing CB<sub>1</sub> or CB<sub>2</sub>, or affect the response to a maximally effective concentration of the synthetic cannabinoid CP55,940. The presence of individual or a combination of terpenoids did not affect the hyperpolarization produced by Δ<sup>9</sup>-THC (10 μM): (CB<sub>1</sub>: control, 59%±7%; with terpenoids (10 μM each) 55%±4%; CB<sub>2</sub>: Δ<sup>9</sup>-THC 16%±5%, with terpenoids (10 μM each) 17%±4%). To investigate possible effect on desensitization of CB<sub>1</sub> responses, all six terpenoids were added together with Δ<sup>9</sup>-THC and signaling measured continuously over 30 min. Terpenoids did not affect desensitization, after 30 min the control hyperpolarization recovered by 63%±6% in the presence of the terpenoids recovery was 61%±5%. <b>Discussion:</b> None of the six of the most common terpenoids in <i>Cannabis</i> directly activated CB<sub>1</sub> or CB<sub>2</sub>, or modulated the signaling of the phytocannabinoid agonist Δ<sup>9</sup>-THC. These results suggest that if a phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effect exists, it is not at the CB<sub>1</sub> or CB<sub>2</sub> receptor level. It remains possible that terpenoids activate CB<sub>1</sub> and CB<sub>2</sub> signaling pathways that do not involve potassium channels; however, it seems more likely that they may act at different molecular target(s) in the neuronal circuits important for the behavioral effect of <i>Cannabis</i>.
Formation of amplitude gratings in the medium of a CO laser subject to the field of its own multifrequency radiation (1994)

It is shown that, under conditions typical of the active medium of a continuous-flow CO laser, large-scale gain gratings play the main role in a phase-conjugation system based on degenerate four-wave mixing. The multifrequency nature of the emission spectrum of a CO laser increases the depth of modulation of the amplitude gratings as a result of two principal mechanisms: the dependence of the rate of relaxation of the function describing the distribution of molecules between vibrational levels on the number of such levels, when this function is disturbed; and the mutual influence of the emission and amplification processes involving adjacent vibrational transitions.