gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of nuclear spin-lattice relaxation in insulators at very low temperatures (1988)

Nuclear spin-lattice relaxation by paramagnetic impurities in insulating crystals is expected in conventional theory to be frozen out in the millikelvin temperature region owing to the freezing of the electron-spin orientation into the lowest-energy spin state in the presence of a static field. Experimental relaxation times are much shorter than the conventional theory predicts. The authors show that by extending the normal relaxation theory to include the slight change in electron-spin quantization arising from a nuclear spin flip, the electron effectively gains a new degree of freedom, which we call wobble, which takes much less energy to excite than a complete electron-spin flip. The electron-spin orientation is, therefore, effectively unfrozen even at millikelvin temperatures. This new mechanism is expected to dominate in high field at temperatures of tens of millikelvin and below.
Optical beam direction compensating system for board-to-board free space optical interconnection in high-capacity ATM switch (1997)

In interconnections between bookshelf-assembled asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) switch boards, a large number of micro-optical signal beams can be optically interconnected by a beam direction compensating system using a vertical cavity surface emitting laser, an x-y beam positioning sensor and a beam deflector made of an adjustable liquid prism. This beam direction compensating system can suppress the decrease in coupling efficiency between transmitters and receivers to no more than 15%, even if boards are inserted and extracted repeatedly, and are shocked repeatedly at a high intensity of 100 G. The compensation is very fast (20 ms). Furthermore, various optical interconnections necessary for ATM switching networks can be achieved by beam deflectors of a liquid crystal microprism array. In this preliminary study, we fabricate no more than eight-channel optical interconnections. However, since one surface emitting laser diode can have many channels in a small area (64 channels per 4 mm/sup 2/) and the aperture of this adjustable liquid prism is wide (28 mm in diameter) and uniform, a huge number of optical interconnection channels is possible using this system.
427. AAV2- and AAV5-Mediated CNS Delivery of Human CLN2 Reduces Lysosomal Storage in a Mouse Model of Late Infantile Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis (2005)

Marco A. Passini,1 Dolan Sondhi,2 James C. Dodge,1 Jie Bu,1 Wendy Yang,1 Neil R. Hackett,2 Stephen M. Kaminsky,2 Mukarram El-Banna,3 Qinwen Mao,4 Beverly L. Davidson,4 David E. Sleat,3 Peter Lobel,3 Ronald G. Crystal,2 Gregory R. Stewart,1
A review of trends in the distribution of vector-borne diseases: is international trade contributing to their spread? (2011)

It is difficult to determine the part that international trade has played in the expansion of vector-borne diseases, because of the multitude of factors that affect the transformation of habitats and the interfaces between vectors and hosts. The introduction of pathogens through trade in live animals or products of animal origin, as well as the arrival of arthropod vectors, is probably quite frequent but the establishment of an efficient transmission system that develops into a disease outbreak remains the exception. In this paper, based on well-documented examples, the authors review the ecological and epidemiological characteristics of vector-borne diseases that may have been affected in their spread and change of distribution by international trade. In addition, they provide a detailed analysis of the risks associated with specific trade routes and recent expansions of vector populations. Finally, the authors highlight the importance, as well as the challenges, of preventive surveillance and regulation. The need for improved monitoring of vector populations and a readiness to face unpredictable epidemiological events are also emphasised, since this will require rapid reaction, not least in the regulatory context.
1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Route to Novel Isoxazole‐Type Derivatives Related to Combretastatin A‐4. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Antiretroviral Therapy and HIV/Hepatitis B Virus Coinfection (2004)

Among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals, the prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seropositivity is approximately 10-fold higher than in the general population. HIV/hepatitis B virus (HBV)-coinfected patients have an increased risk of cirrhosis and liver-disease-related death. The strategy and management of anti-HBV therapy in HIV-infected persons must take into consideration both viral infections. Among HIV/HBV-coinfected patients, lamivudine promptly inhibits HBV replication. The emergence of resistance to lamivudine has been documented in HBV strains. Adefovir has been shown to be effective in the treatment of lamivudine-resistant HBV in HIV/HBV-coinfected patients. Tenofovir has recently been shown to have significant activity against both HIV and HBV. HBsAg seropositivity has been identified as an independent predictor of highly active antiretroviral therapy-related hepatotoxicity. However, further research is needed to determine the exact role of HBV and the mechanisms involved in antiretroviral-associated hepatotoxicity in HBV/HIV-coinfected patients.
The discharge of the fluorescent lamp (1971)

As pointed out in the previous chapter, ultra-violet radiation is produced in the discharge and converted into visible light by the phosphor situated on the inner wall of the tube. Since the sensitivity of phosphors is not the same for all wavelengths — that is to say that the number of visible quanta we obtain for 100 ultra-violet quanta absorbed by the phosphor depends on the wavelength of the ultra-violet radiation (we call this number the quantum efficiency in percent) — we will try to choose a discharge which produces as much energy at the wavelength to which the phosphor is most sensitive. Moreover we would like to use a phosphor which is very sensitive to ultraviolet radiation, not too far away from the visible, because the energy difference between the ultra-violet quantum and the visible quantum is converted into heat and therefore lost for light production. Thus with a quantum efficiency of 100%, the energy efficiency equals λ e /λ v if λ e represents the wavelength of the exciting quantum and λ v that of the emitted visible quantum. This ratio is closer to 1 the more λ e approaches the visible.
Hormonal, Drug, and Dietary Factors Affecting Peptidyl Glycine<i>α</i>-Amidating Monooxygenase Activity in Various Tissues of the Adult Male Rat* (1985)

The factors controlling levels of peptidyl glycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase (PAM) activity in its major tissue sources in the adult male rat were investigated by carrying out a variety of endocrine, pharmacological, and dietary manipulations. Levels of PAM activity and alpha MSH immunoactivity in the neurointermediate lobe of the pituitary gland rose and fell in parallel in rats treated with the dopamine antagonist haloperidol or the dopamine agonist bromocriptine, respectively. PAM activity in the anterior pituitary lobe was increased after adrenalectomy or castration and decreased after thyroidectomy or treatment with haloperidol. PAM activity in the submandibular gland was increased after treatment with the alpha-adrenergic antagonist phenoxybenzamine and decreased after treatment with the alpha-adrenergic agonist phenylephrine. Serum levels of PAM activity were unaltered after hypophysectomy, adrenalectomy, sialectomy, or castration, but rose after thyroidectomy and declined after treatment with the ganglionic blocker chlorisondamine or phenoxybenzamine. Chronic dietary copper deficiency in rats resulted in increased PAM activity in homogenates of anterior pituitary lobe and submandibular gland assayed under optimized conditions; chronic dietary ascorbate deficiency in guinea pigs did not produce consistent changes in PAM activity in the tissues examined.
Architectural remodeling of lung allografts in acute and chronic rejection. (1992)

The mesenchymal and extracellular matrix alterations that occur in acute and chronic rejection of the lung allograft were studied immunohistochemically, utilizing a wide panel of antibodies. In early rejection, perivascular and peribronchiolar mononuclear infiltrates were associated with basement membrane disruption of the vessels and airways and an ingrowth of muscle-specific actin-, vimentin-positive, desmin-negative spindle cells accompanied by type IV collagenase-positive histiocytes. Subsequent fibrous scarring was manifested by perforation and reduplication of the basement membrane of airways and vessels and dense collagen deposition, primarily type III. As has been suggested in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, the fragmentation of basement membranes and the deposition of collagen IV and laminin by mesenchymal cells in vessels and airways may reflect the irreversible fibrosis responsible for allograft dysfunction.
Estrogen Action Via the G Protein-Coupled Receptor, GPR30: Stimulation of Adenylyl Cyclase and cAMP-Mediated Attenuation of the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-to-MAPK Signaling Axis (2002)

Estrogen triggers rapid yet transient activation of the MAPKs, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk)-1 and Erk-2. We have reported that this estrogen action requires the G protein-coupled receptor, GPR30, and occurs via Gbetagamma-subunit protein-dependent transactivation of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor through the release of pro-heparan-bound EGF from the cell surface. Here we investigate the mechanism by which Erk-1/-2 activity is rapidly restored to basal levels after estrogen stimulation. Evidence is provided that attenuation of Erk-1/-2 activity by estrogen occurs via GPR30-dependent stimulation of adenylyl cyclase and cAMP-dependent signaling that results in Raf-1 inactivation. We show that 17beta-E2 represses EGF-induced activation of the Raf-to-Erk pathway in human breast carcinoma cells that express GPR30, including MCF-7 and SKBR3 cells which express both or neither, ER, respectively. MDA-MB-231 cells, which express ERbeta, but not ERalpha, and low levels of GPR30 protein, are unable to stimulate adenylyl cyclase or promote estrogen-mediated blockade of EGF-induced activation of Erk-1/-2. Pretreatment of MDA-MB-231 cells with cholera toxin, which ADP-ribosylates and activates Galphas subunit proteins, results in G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-independent adenylyl cyclase activity and suppression of EGF-induced Erk-1/-2 activity. Transfection of GPR30 into MDA-MB-231 cells restores their ability to stimulate adenylyl cyclase and attenuate EGF-induced activation of Erk-1/-2 by estrogen. Moreover, GPR30-dependent, cAMP-mediated attenuation of EGF-induced Erk-1/-2 activity was achieved by ER antagonists such as tamoxifen or ICI 182, 780; yet not by 17alpha-E2 or progesterone. Thus, our data delineate a novel mechanism, requiring GPR30 and estrogen, that acts to regulate Erk-1/-2 activity via an inhibitory signal mediated by cAMP. Coupled with our prior findings, these current data imply that estrogen balances Erk-1/-2 activity through a single GPCR via two distinct G protein-dependent signaling pathways that have opposing effects on the EGF receptor-to-MAPK pathway.
An overview of embedding models of entities and relationships for knowledge base completion. (2017)

Knowledge bases (KBs) of real-world facts about entities and their
relationships are useful resources for a variety of natural language processing
tasks. However, because knowledge bases are typically incomplete, it is useful
to be able to perform knowledge base completion or link prediction, i.e.,
predict whether a relationship not in the knowledge base is likely to be true.
This article serves as a brief overview of embedding models of entities and
relationships for knowledge base completion, summarizing up-to-date
experimental results on standard benchmark datasets FB15k, WN18, FB15k-237,
WN18RR, FB13 and WN11.
Structure of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, an essential monotopic membrane enzyme involved in respiration and metabolism (2008)

Sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GlpD) is an essential membrane enzyme, functioning at the central junction of respiration, glycolysis, and phospholipid biosynthesis. Its critical role is indicated by the multitiered regulatory mechanisms that stringently controls its expression and function. Once expressed, GlpD activity is regulated through lipid-enzyme interactions in Escherichia coli. Here, we report seven previously undescribed structures of the fully active E. coli GlpD, up to 1.75 A resolution. In addition to elucidating the structure of the native enzyme, we have determined the structures of GlpD complexed with substrate analogues phosphoenolpyruvate, glyceric acid 2-phosphate, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, and product, dihydroxyacetone phosphate. These structural results reveal conformational states of the enzyme, delineating the residues involved in substrate binding and catalysis at the glycerol-3-phosphate site. Two probable mechanisms for catalyzing the dehydrogenation of glycerol-3-phosphate are envisioned, based on the conformational states of the complexes. To further correlate catalytic dehydrogenation to respiration, we have additionally determined the structures of GlpD bound with ubiquinone analogues menadione and 2-n-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline N-oxide, identifying a hydrophobic plateau that is likely the ubiquinone-binding site. These structures illuminate probable mechanisms of catalysis and suggest how GlpD shuttles electrons into the respiratory pathway. Glycerol metabolism has been implicated in insulin signaling and perturbations in glycerol uptake and catabolism are linked to obesity in humans. Homologs of GlpD are found in practically all organisms, from prokaryotes to humans, with >45% consensus protein sequences, signifying that these structural results on the prokaryotic enzyme may be readily applied to the eukaryotic GlpD enzymes.
Genetic Diversity and Horizontal Transfer of Genes Involved in Oxidation of Reduced Phosphorus Compounds by <i>Alcaligenes faecalis</i> WM2072 (2005)

Enrichment was performed to isolate organisms that could utilize reduced phosphorus compounds as their sole phosphorus sources. One isolate that grew well with either hypophosphite or phosphite was identified by 16S rRNA gene analysis as a strain of Alcaligenes faecalis. The genes required for oxidation of hypophosphite and phosphite by this organism were identified by using transposon mutagenesis and include homologs of the ptxD and htxA genes of Pseudomonas stutzeri WM88, which encode an NAD-dependent phosphite dehydrogenase (PtxD) and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent hypophosphite dioxygenase (HtxA). This organism also has the htxB, htxC, and htxD genes that comprise an ABC-type transporter, presumably for hypophosphite and phosphite transport. The role of these genes in reduced phosphorus metabolism was confirmed by analyzing the growth of mutants in which these genes were deleted. Sequencing data showed that htxA, htxB, htxC, and htxD are virtually identical to their homologs in P. stutzeri at the DNA level, indicating that horizontal gene transfer occurred. However, A. faecalis ptxD is very different from its P. stutzeri homolog and represents a new ptxD lineage. Therefore, this gene has ancient evolutionary roots in bacteria. These data suggest that there is strong evolutionary selection for the ability of microorganisms to oxidize hypophosphite and phosphite.
Lipopolysaccharide antagonists (1992)

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a potent and pleiotropic stimulus of immune cells. LPS has important clinical relevance because it has a direct role in the pathogenesis of Gram-negative bacterial infection. The lipid A moiety of LPS is responsible for the toxic effects of LPS. The identification of structural analogs and precursors of lipid A, which are apparently competitive antagonists of the biological actions of LPS, is strong evidence that the actions of LPS are mediated by a specific LPS receptor or family of receptors. Identification and analysis of these LPS receptors with LPS antagonists should help to define the pathways of cellular activation by LPS and lead to the development of novel anti-LPS strategies in the therapy of bacterial diseases.
Theory of Stokes Pulse Shapes in Transient Stimulated Raman Scattering (1970)

The theory of transient stimulated Raman scattering has been extended to include an arbitrary shape of the laser pump pulse. It is shown that the maximum Stokes gain depends on the total energy content per unit area of the pump pulse, and not on the instanteous intensity for an exciting pulse of short duration. The Stokes pulse has a leading edge which rises sharply to a maximum, where the maximum occurs with some delay with respect to the maximum of the pump pulse. The trailing edge follows the decay of the pump. In a nondispersive medium, the gain is not reduced by frequency broadening of the laser output, while in a dispersive medium, considerable gain reduction is expected. Numerical results for various laser-pulse shapes and spectral distributions are presented.
Lactobacillus casei Shirota Supplementation Does Not Restore Gut Microbiota Composition and Gut Barrier in Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Pilot Study (2015)

ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01182844.
The globalization of leptospirosis: worldwide incidence trends (2007)

Leptospirosis is a re-emerging zoonosis of global importance and unique environmental and social correlations. Attempts at global co-ordination and recognition of the true burden of an infectious disease with significant mortality should be encouraged.
Advertisement Detection, Segmentation, and Classification for Newspaper Images and Website Snapshots (2016)

Advertisement plays an important role in the human society. Advertisement studies are related to many important issues in economics, social science, and marketing. In this paper, we propose a system to detect, segment, and classify advertisements from newspaper images and website snapshots, in order to facilitate advertisement studies. First, we detect advertisement candidates based on a connected components method. We then design rule-based filters and learning-based filters to remove non-advertisement candidates. From the remained advertisement candidates, we extract visual features and construct classifiers to classify them into predefined advertisement categories. Based on the advertisement categories published over years, we uncover several interesting statistics derived from newspaper front pages and website snapshots.
Linkage of Replication to Start by the Cdk Inhibitor Sic1 (1996)

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, three G1 cyclins (Clns) are important for Start, the event committing cells to division. Sic1, an inhibitor of C1b-Cdc28 kinases, became phosphorylated at Start, and this phosphorylation depended on the activity of Clns. Sic1 was subsequently lost, which depended on the activity of Clns and the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Cdc34. Inactivation of Sic1 was the only nonredundant essential function of Clns, because a sic1 deletion rescued the inviability of the cln1 cln2 cln3 triple mutant. In sic1 mutants, DNA replication became uncoupled from budding. Thus, Sic1 may be a substrate of Cln-Cdc28 complexes, and phosphorylation and proteolysis of Sic1 may regulate commitment to replication at Start.
Complete genome sequence of Jonesia denitrificans type strain (Prevot 55134T) (2009)

Jonesia denitrificans (Prevot 1961) Rocourt et al. 1987 is the type species of the genus Jonesia, and is of phylogenetic interest because of its isolated location in the actinobacterial suborder Micrococcineae. J. denitrificans is characterized by a typical coryneform morphology and is able to form irregular nonsporulating rods showing branched and club-like forms. Coccoid cells occur in older cultures. J. denitrificans is classified as a pathogenic organism for animals (vertebrates). The type strain whose genome is described here was originally isolated from cooked ox blood. Here we describe the features of this organism, together with the complete genome sequence and annotation. This is the first completed genome sequence of a member of the genus for which a complete genome sequence is described. The 2,749,646 bp long genome with its 2558 protein-coding and 71 RNA genes is part of the Genomic Encyclopedia of Bacteria and Archaea project.
Purification of Ligandin by Affinity Chromatography on Sulfobromophthalein-Agarose Gel (1979)

Affinity chromatography of rat liver cytosol on sulfobromophthalein coupled to agarose via a glutathione bridge is described. Protein bound to the gel is eluted with 0.1 M Na2HPO4 at pH 9.2, resulting in a fourfold enrichment of ligandin as compared to cytosol. This technique should be useful in the study of organic anion binding to rat liver components other than cytosol, and may permit characterization of their potential role in hepatic uptake and excretory mechanisms.
Total multimode reflection at facets of planar high-contrast optical waveguides (2002)

Based on rigorous mode expansion simulations, we consider the problem of guided light reflection at rectangular end facets of planar dielectric waveguides. Emphasis is on multimode structures with high refractive index contrast and on configurations that show a high reflectivity. Given the matrix of reflection coefficients for the guided fields, one can compute the maximum power reflectance for an incident mode superposition. While even for a substantial refractive index contrast across the facet the maximum reflected power for a single incoming mode is always moderate, the reflectivity may rise to a level that justifies the attribute total if one considers specific superpositions of at least two guided modes. The paper shows the results of numerical experiments for two series of symmetrical and nonsymmetrical waveguides and identifies conditions on the facet geometry and the exciting field, which are prerequisites for the full reflection effect.
Allocating budget across portals in search engine advertising (2009)

As increasingly popular of search engine advertising which displays advertisements alongside the search results in response to user queries, advertisers can issue ads campaigns across different search engines simultaneously for better return of investment and overall clicks. Advertisers typically have a limited budget that should not be overspent, therefore advertisers must decide how to allocate budget across portals by selecting which portal to use and how much expenditure to allocate for each portal in order to gain maximal return of investment. In this paper, we present a model that can be used for this purpose by using profile of search engine in terms of search volume, advertising efforts, conversion rate and average revenue per action of portals. By examining the necessary conditions of optimal solution and conducting elastic analysis we propose budget allocation principles should be followed by advertisers for their ultimate goal. Furthermore we also analysis the situation when response function of advertising efforts is S-shape, we show that, advertisers should concentrate on one portal when budget is small.