gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Scene Intrinsics and Depth from a Single Image (2015)

Intrinsic image decomposition factorizes an observed image into its physical causes. This is most commonly framed as a decomposition into reflectance and shading, although recent progress has made full decompositions into shape, illumination, reflectance, and shading possible. However, existing factorization approaches require depth sensing to initialize the optimization of scene intrinsics. Rather than relying on depth sensors, we show that depth estimated purely from monocular appearance can provide sufficient cues for intrinsic image analysis. Our full intrinsic pipeline regresses depth by a fully convolutional network then jointly optimizes the intrinsic factorization to recover the input image. This combination yields full decompositions by uniting feature learning through deep network regression with physical modeling through statistical priors and random field regularization. This work demonstrates the first pipeline for full intrinsic decomposition of scenes from a single color image input alone.
Spot the prior reference (1951)

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100. Addition of hydrogen bromide to double bonds. Undecenoic acid (1934)

R. Ashton and J. C. Smith, J. Chem. Soc., 1934, 435 DOI: 10.1039/JR9340000435
Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor Reduces Experimental Lung Metastasis of B16 Melanoma (2002)

The importance of tissue factor (TF) in tumor biology has been highlighted by studies suggesting its involvement in cell signaling, metastasis and angiogenesis. Since many animal studies have shown that anticoagulant therapy can reduce experimental metastasis, we studied whether the natural inhibitor of TF-mediated blood coagulation, Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor (TFPI), might be similarly effective. Using a murine experimental model, we found that intravenous injection of recombinant murine TFPI immediately before introduction of tumor cells reduced metastasis by 83% (P < 0.001). B16 murine melanoma cells stably transfected with a TFPI expression vector exhibited reduced lung seeding following intravenous injection by 81% (P < 0.001) compared with controls. No difference in primary tumor growth was observed between TFPI+ and control cells. Mice receiving intravenous somatic gene transfer of sense TFPI expression vector developed 78% fewer lung nodules than controls (P < 0.05). We conclude that TFPI has significant anti-metastatic activity in this experimental model.
The CRC Handbook of Mechanical Engineering (2004)

Since the first edition of this comprehensive handbook was published ten years ago, many changes have taken place in engineering and related technologies. Now, this best-selling reference has been updated for the 21st century, providing complete coverage of classic engineering issues as well as groundbreaking new subject areas. The second e
Interaction of hydrogen sulfide with ion channels (2010)

1. Hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) is a signalling gasotransmitter. It targets different ion channels and receptors, and fulfils its various roles in modulating the functions of different systems. However, the interaction of H(2)S with different types of ion channels and underlying molecular mechanisms has not been reviewed systematically. 2. H(2)S is the first identified endogenous gaseous opener of ATP-sensitive K(+) channels in vascular smooth muscle cells. Through the activation of ATP-sensitive K(+) channels, H(2)S lowers blood pressure, protects the heart from ischemia and reperfusion injury, inhibits insulin secretion in pancreatic beta cells, and exerts anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive and anti-apoptotic effects. 3. H(2)S inhibited L-type Ca(2+) channels in cardiomyocytes but stimulated the same channels in neurons, thus regulating intracellular Ca(2+) levels. H(2)S activated small and medium conductance K(Ca) channels but its effect on BK(Ca) channels has not been consistent. 4. H(2)S-induced hyperalgesia and pro-nociception seems to be related to the sensitization of both T-type Ca(2+) channels and TRPV(1) channels. The activation of TRPV(1) and TRPA(1) by H(2)S is believed to result in contraction of nonvascular smooth muscles and increased colonic mucosal Cl(-) secretion. 5. The activation of Cl(-) channel by H(2)S has been shown as a protective mechanism for neurons from oxytosis. H(2)S also potentiates N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor-mediated currents that are involved in regulating synaptic plasticity for learning and memory. 6. Given the important modulatory effects of H(2)S on different ion channels, many cellular functions and disease conditions related to homeostatic control of ion fluxes across cell membrane should be re-evaluated.
<title>Distributed force-sensing optical fiber using forward time-division multiplexing</title> (1992)

A new optical fiber capable of sensing distributed forces along its continuous length comprises a small central core and a noncontiguous second light-guiding region of longer optical path length. When interrogated with sufficiently short light pulses launched into the central core at the fiber launch end, mechanical forces acting at different points along the fiber cause the deflection of a fraction of the intensity of the interrogating light pulses propagating along the fiber at each point from the central core to the second light-guiding region, where they generate positive pulsed light signals reaching the fiber distal end separated in the time domain from the interrogating light pulses and from the signals generated at other sensing points along the fiber, and with an intensity several order of magnitude stronger than that of Rayleigh- backscatter signals. In addition to its potential use as a distributed force sensor, the fiber could serve as a telecommunications line allowing the noninvasive coupling of information at many points, simultaneously or in any arbitrary sequence, without the need for time-sharing protocols.
High focusing efficiency in subdiffraction focusing metalens (2018)

Abstract Vector beams with phase modulation in a high numerical aperture system are able to break through the diffraction limit. However, the implementation of such a device requires a combination of several discrete bulky optical elements, increasing its complexity and possibility of the optical loss. Dielectric metalens, an ultrathin and planar nanostructure, has a potential to replace bulky optical elements, but its optimization with full‐wave simulations is time‐consuming. In this paper, an accurate and efficient theoretical model of planar metalens is developed. Based on this model, a twofold optimization scheme is proposed for optimizing the phase profile of metalenses so as to achieve subdiffraction focusing with high focusing efficiency. Then, a metalens that enables to simultaneously generate radially polarized beam (RPB) and modulate its phase under the incidence of x ‐polarized light with the wavelength of 532 nm is designed. Full‐wave simulations show that the designed metalens of NA = 0.95 can achieve subdiffraction focusing (FWHM = 0.429λ) with high transmission efficiency (77.6%) and focusing efficiency (17.2%). Additionally, superoscillation phenomenon is found, leading to a compromise between the subdiffraction spot and high efficiency. The proposed method may provide an accurate and efficient way to achieve sub‐wavelength imaging with the expected performances, which shows a potential application in super‐resolution imaging.
Protection against Malaria by MSP3 Candidate Vaccine (2011)

Malaria is a leading cause of illness and death in the developing world. Thus, the need for an effective vaccine is great. In this phase 1 trial in Burkina Faso, a merozoite surface protein–based vaccine showed some evidence of protection against clinical malaria.
[Anticoagulant therapy in pulmonary embolism]. (1995)

Venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism are the two faces of thromboembolic disease. In over 90% of cases, the initial treatment of the pulmonary embolism is anticoagulant therapy, the necessity and efficacy of which were demonstrated over 30 years ago with a reduction of mortality of 25 to 6%. Intravenous heparin relayed rapidly (1st to 3rd day) is still the conventional treatment protocol. Heparin therapy adapted to the result of the activated cephalin time (two to three times the control value) and oral vitamin K antagonists with a dosage adapted to keep the International Normalized Ratio between 2 and 3 is the safest and most effective treatment to date. The efficacy is shown by the low rate of recurrency, about 5% under anticoagulant therapy, lethal recurrence being very rare (less than 1%), and safety is attested by the low rate of severe bleeding complications (3 to 5%). The introduction of low molecular weight heparin and the excellent results observed in the treatment of deep vein thrombosis will probably lead to rapid extension of its indications to mild or moderate but haemodynamically well-tolerated pulmonary embolism. Hirudine and heparinoids will probably be the next step in the treatment of pulmonary embolism.
A Single Channel Speech Enhancement Technique Using Psychoacoustic Principles (2009)

Publication in the conference proceedings of EUSIPCO, Glasgow, Scotland, 2009
Higher Education and Reform of Postgraduate Education in China Compared with that in Tajikstan (2015)

Today the higher education system including graduate and postgraduate, has become increasingly important for almost all countries. The situation of higher education in Tajikistan and China was presented, and the most significant aspects were discussed, such as the existing problems, system reform. Furthermore, the education system was analyzed, and then the demonstration was summed up. Finally, proposals were put forward.
Synthesis of Protohypericin from Emodin (1977)

The violet plant pigment protohypericin (1) is formed in the dark by alkaline dimerization of emodin; it is transformed into hypericin by light and oxygen. 1H-NMR decoupling experiments establish the orientation of the two emodin units in (1)
Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors from Natural Products: Discovery of Next-Generation Antihyperglycemic Agents (2016)

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition associated with the metabolic impairment of insulin actions, leading to the development of life-threatening complications. Although many kinds of oral antihyperglycemic agents with different therapeutic mechanisms have been marketed, their undesirable adverse effects, such as hypoglycemia, weight gain, and hepato-renal toxicity, have increased demand for the discovery of novel, safer antidiabetic drugs. Since the important roles of the sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) for glucose homeostasis in the kidney were recently elucidated, pharmacological inhibition of SGLT2 has been considered a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Since the discovery of the first natural SGLT2 inhibitor, phlorizin, several synthetic glucoside analogs have been developed and introduced into the market. Furthermore, many efforts to find new active constituents with SGLT2 inhibition from natural products are still ongoing. This review introduces the history of research on the development of early-generation SGLT2 inhibitors, and recent progress on the discovery of novel candidates for SGLT2 inhibitor from several natural products that are widely used in traditional herbal medicine.
Stable and Efficient Transfection of siRNA for Mutated KRAS Silencing Using Novel Hybrid Nanoparticles (2014)

siRNA is currently the most widely studied form of RNAi, and it has promising therapeutic potential not just in cancer but also in other diseases such as autoimmune and infectious diseases. However, efficient delivery of siRNA to target cells is being limited by lack of an effective delivery system that ensures efficient transfection into cells while protecting the encapsulated siRNA from nuclease. We hypothesized that a hybrid nanoparticle system composed of human IgG and poloxamer-188, a stealth polymer, will efficiently deliver mutated KRAS siRNA to A549 cells, leading to an efficient knockdown of mutated siRNA while protecting the siRNA from serum nuclease. We also hypothesized that the nanoparticles will not elicit an immunostimulatory effect in murine macrophages and also avoid clearance by macrophages. These nanoparticles were found to efficiently deliver siRNA to the cytoplasm and nuclease of A549 cells in a controlled and sustained manner while avoiding recycling by endosomes. An effective knockdown of mutated KRAS was achieved, which subsequently led to an increased sensitivity to erlotinib. These nanoparticles successfully avoided uptake by murine macrophages and reduced immune responses normally associated with siRNA/nanoparticle therapy. These results demonstrate that the novel hybrid nanoparticles could potentially serve as a platform for efficient delivery of siRNA to cells for stable gene knockdown.
Pharmaceutical Solids: Size, Shape, and Surface Area (2009)

Pharmaceutical Solids discusses scientific principles associated with pharmaceutical solids useful to prac- titioners in validation and compliance. We intend this column to help the understanding of principles associated with pharmaceutical solids and to be a useful resource for daily work applications. The key objective for this column: Useful information. Reader comments, questions, and suggestions are needed to help us fulfill our objective for this column. Suggestions for future discussion topics or questions to be addressed are requested. Case studies illustrat- ing principles associated with pharmaceutical solids submitted by readers are also most welcome. Please send your comments and suggestions to column coordinator John Bauer at consultjb@comcast.net or to journal coordinating editor Susan Haigney at
DRAM performance improvement by lowering interconnect capacitance (2001)

SiOC low k (k/spl sim/3.0) ILD was successfully integrated into a 0.18 /spl mu/m Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM) with high yields in probe, backend and QA reliability tests. As a result, the bitline capacitance (Cbit) was reduced by 8%. The refresh, speed and power consumption performances were significantly improved.
Polarisation-insensitive optical coherent SCM system using mixed lightwave transmission of signal and local laser light (1991)

An optical coherent transmission and distribution system using subcarrier multiplexing (SCM) techniques is proposed in which the local LD is set in the transmitter and the signal and local light are mixed before transmission. The feasibility of the system was experimentally confirmed, using three-electrode DFB-LDs, with an optical FM by two-channel 560 Mbit/s ASK-SCM signal and a heterodyne transmission through 25.7 km of single mode fibre. This system was insensitive to the state of polarisation in the transmission fibre. It was shown that more than 1000 subscribers could be served with Er3+-doped fibre amplifiers.
Flunarizine I.V. in the Acute Treatment of Common or Classical Migraine Attacks A Placebo‐Controlled Double Blind Trial (1989)

The efficacy and tolerance of 20 mg flunarizine i.v. were tested in comparison with placebo in a multicentre randomised double-blind trial in the acute treatment of migraine attacks. Sixty case reports were included in the evaluation; 31 patients were treated with flunarizine and 29 with placebo. Flunarizine proved to be significantly superior in its effect on the intensity of pain and the typical concomitant symptoms of the attacks. Patients were classed as responders who displayed a reduction in pain intensity by at least 50% within 60 minutes after the administration of flunarizine. 23 patients (= 74.2%) were responders, including 11 patients being without pain after 60 minutes. In the placebo group the responder rate was 27.6% The fact that both groups were comparable in all respects should be emphasized. The tolerance of intravenously administered flunarizine was excellent and corresponded to that of placebo. Apart from a sedative effect reported by 9 patients there were no side-effects. The circulatory conditions remained largely stable. The result of this study seems to indicate that an intravenous injection of 20 mg flunarizine might represent a genuine alternative, and as regards tolerance even a superior one, to the parenteral administration of ergotamine in migraine attacks.
Resistance of HIV-1 to antiretroviral agents in blood and seminal plasma (1998)

HIV-1 variants with genotypic resistance markers are present in the male genital tract and evolve over time on incompletely suppressive antiretroviral therapy. The absence of genotypic changes consistent with protease inhibitor resistance in the semen, despite their presence in blood plasma, suggests the possibility of limited penetration of these agents into the male genital tract. Sexual transmission of resistant variants may have a negative impact on treatment outcome in newly infected individuals and on the spread of the diseases within a population. Therapeutic strategies that fully suppress HIV-1 in the genital tract should be a public health priority.
Identification of candidate molecular markers predicting chemotherapy resistance in non-small cell lung cancer (2010)

SELDI-TOF MS may provide a useful means in the search for serum biomarkers for predicting chemotherapy resistance in patients with advanced NSCLC.
Tailoring the graphene/silicon carbide interface for monolithic wafer-scale electronics (2012)

Graphene is an outstanding electronic material, predicted to have a role in post-silicon electronics. However, owing to the absence of an electronic bandgap, graphene switching devices with high on/off ratio are still lacking. Here in the search for a comprehensive concept for wafer-scale graphene electronics, we present a monolithic transistor that uses the entire material system epitaxial graphene on silicon carbide (0001). This system consists of the graphene layer with its vanishing energy gap, the underlying semiconductor and their common interface. The graphene/semiconductor interfaces are tailor-made for ohmic as well as for Schottky contacts side-by-side on the same chip. We demonstrate normally on and normally off operation of a single transistor with on/off ratios exceeding 10(4) and no damping at megahertz frequencies. In its simplest realization, the fabrication process requires only one lithography step to build transistors, diodes, resistors and eventually integrated circuits without the need of metallic interconnects.
Surgically modelled reduced ridge in the beagle dog (1991)

A reproducible surgical method for the production of reduced alveolar ridge in dogs using guided tissue regeneration principles is described. 3 defects resembling a reduced ridge were formed on both sides of the mandible in 4 dogs. In each of the dogs, a polytetrafluoroethylene membrane was placed on 4 defects, while 2 defects were covered by gingival flaps only. Half of the defects were allowed to heal for 6 weeks and half for 12 weeks. Bucco-lingual width measurements revealed healing up to the membrane. In the uncovered defects, the bony wall width increased during the 12-week healing period. Histological examination showed close adaptation between bone and membrane in well-sealed defects. In cases of incomplete sealing, connective tissue had penetrated into the defect, resulting in unpredictable bone healing. The use of guided tissue regeneration techniques is suggested as a valuable tool in creating experimentally reduced ridges.
Identifying parking spaces & detecting occupancy using vision-based IoT devices (2017)

The increasing number of vehicles in high density, urban areas is leading to significant parking space shortages. While systems have been developed to enable visibility into parking space vacancies for drivers, most rely on costly, dedicated sensor devices that require high installation costs. The proliferation of inexpensive Internet of Things (IoT) devices enables the use of compute platforms with integrated cameras that could be used to monitor parking space occupancy. However, even with camera-captured images, manual specification of parking space locations is required before such devices can be used by drivers after device installation. In this paper, we leverage machine learning techniques to develop a method to dynamically identify parking space topologies based on parked vehicle positions. More specifically, we designed and evaluated an occupation detection model to identify vacant parking spaces. We built a prototype implementation of the whole system using a Raspberry Pi and evaluated it on a real-world urban street near the University of Washington campus. The results show that our clustering-based learning technique coupled with our occupation detection pipeline is able to correctly identify parking spaces and determine occupancy without manual specication of parking space locations with an accuracy of 91%. By dynamically aggregating identied parking spaces from multiple IoT devices using Amazon Cloud Services, we demonstrated how a complete, city-wide parking management system can be quickly deployed at low cost.
Studies on Phospholipases from Streptomyces (1975)

1. Phospholipase D [EC 3.1.4.4] from Streptomyces hachijoensis was purified about 570-fold by column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-50 followed by isoelectric focusing. 2. The purified preparation was found to be homogeneous both by immunodiffusion and polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis. 3. The isoelectric point was found to be around pH 8.6 and the molecular weight was about 16,000. 4. The enzyme has maximal activity at pH 7.5 at 37 degrees. The optimal temperature is around 50 degrees at pH 7.5, using 20 min incubation. 5. The enzyme was stable at 50 degrees for 90 min. At neutral pH, between 6 and 8, the enzyme retained more than 95% of its activity on 24 hr incubation at 25 degrees. However, the enzyme lost 80% of its activity under the same conditions at pH 4.0. 6. The enzyme was stimulated slightly by Ca2+, Mn2+, and Co2+, and significantly by Triton X-100 and ethyl ether. It was inhibited by Sn2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Al3+, EDTA, sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium cholate, and cetylpyridinium chloride. 7. This phospholipase D hydrolyzes phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, cardiolipin, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylserine, and lysophosphatidylcholine, liberating the corresponding bases. 8. The Km value was 4mM, determined with phosphatidylethanolamine as a substrate.
Key-Aggregate Cryptosystem for Scalable Data Sharing in Cloud Storage (2013)

Data sharing is an important functionality in cloud storage. In this paper, we show how to securely, efficiently, and flexibly share data with others in cloud storage. We describe new public-key cryptosystems that produce constant-size ciphertexts such that efficient delegation of decryption rights for any set of ciphertexts are possible. The novelty is that one can aggregate any set of secret keys and make them as compact as a single key, but encompassing the power of all the keys being aggregated. In other words, the secret key holder can release a constant-size aggregate key for flexible choices of ciphertext set in cloud storage, but the other encrypted files outside the set remain confidential. This compact aggregate key can be conveniently sent to others or be stored in a smart card with very limited secure storage. We provide formal security analysis of our schemes in the standard model. We also describe other application of our schemes. In particular, our schemes give the first public-key patient-controlled encryption for flexible hierarchy, which was yet to be known.