gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Particle Deposition in Human Nasal Airway Replicas Manufactured by Different Methods. Part I: Inertial Regime Particles (2004)

Information on the deposition efficiency of aerosol particles in the nasal airways is used for optimizing the delivery of therapeutic aerosols into the nose and for risk assessment of toxic airborne pollutants inhaled through the nose into the respiratory system. Nasal particle deposition is often studied using plastic replicas of nasal airways. Deposition efficiency in a nasal replica manufactured by stereolithography has not been reported to date. We determined the inertial particle deposition efficiency of two replicas of the same nasal airways manufactured by different stereolithography machines and compared results with deposition efficiencies reported for models manufactured by other techniques from the same magnetic resonance imaging scans. Deposition in the replicas was measured for particles of aerodynamic diameter between 1 and 10 μm and constant inspiratory flow rates ranging from 20–40 Ipm. Deposition efficiency of the replicas increased from nearly 0–100% with increasing particle inertia. For a range of particle inertias, particle deposition in the replica made with higher resolution stereolithography machine was slightly less than in the replica made with a lower resolution stereolithography process. These data showed lower deposition efficiency when compared with other deposition studies in nasal replicas based on the same magnetic resonance imaging data. The differences in deposition efficiency can be attributed in part to differences in methods used to manufacture the replicas. There was little or no difference in deposition due to cutting tool size, some difference due to the use of assembly plates, and some difference due to surface roughness. These associations suggest that inertial nasal particle deposition is significantly influenced by small differences in nasal airways.
Software Tamper Resistance: Obstructing Static Analysis of Programs (2000)

Reliable execution of software on untrustworthy platforms is a difficult problem. On the one hand, the underlying system services cannot be relied upon to provide execution assurance, while on the other hand, the effect of a tampered execution can be disastrous -- consider intrusion detection programs. What is needed, in this case, is tamper resistant software. Code obfuscation has been an area of development, in part, to enhance software tamper resistance. However, most obfuscation techniques are ad hoc, without the support of sound theoretical basis or provable results. In this paper, we address one aspect of software protection by obstructing static analysis of programs. Our techniques are based, fundamentally, on the difficulty of resolving aliases in programs. The presence of aliases has been proven to greatly restrict the precision of static data-flow analysis. Meanwhile, effective alias detection has been shown to be NP-Hard. While this represents a significant hurdle for code optimization, it provides a theoretical basis for structuring tamper-resistant programs -- systematic introduction of nontrivial aliases transforms programs to a form that yields data flow information very slowly and/or with little precision. Precise alias analysis relies on the collection of static control flow information. We further hinder the analysis by a systematic "break-down" of the program control-flow; transforming high level control transfers to indirect addressing through aliased pointers. By doing so, we have made the basic control-flow analysis into a general alias analysis problem, and the data-flow analysis and control-flow analysis are made co-dependent. We present a theoretical result which shows that a precise analysis of the transformed program, in the general case, is NP-hard and demonstrate the applicability of our techniques with empirical results.
Visão dos Bastidores (2015)

Como se pode ler nesses relatos dos editores, o panorama mudou na comunidade durante trinta anos e com isto, o aspecto da revista ao longo do tempo. Continuamos abertos a progressos que estão por vir e reflexões modernas na forma de artigos, contanto que estejam fundamentados nas teorias e práticas da Análise Bioenergética, como na proposta original de nosso estimado fundador, Alexander Lowen.
Mucosal T lymphocyte numbers are selectively reduced in integrin alpha E (CD103)-deficient mice. (1999)

The mucosal lymphocyte integrin alpha E(CD103)beta 7 is thought to be important for intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) localization or function. We cloned the murine integrin gene encoding alpha E, localized it to chromosome 11, and generated integrin alpha E-deficient mice. In alpha E-/- mice, intestinal and vaginal IEL numbers were reduced, consistent with the known binding of alpha E beta 7 to E-cadherin expressed on epithelial cells. However, it was surprising that lamina propria T lymphocyte numbers were diminished, as E-cadherin is not expressed in the lamina propria. In contrast, peribronchial, intrapulmonary, Peyer's patch, and splenic T lymphocyte numbers were not reduced in alpha E-deficient mice. Thus, alpha E beta 7 was important for generating or maintaining the gut and vaginal T lymphocytes located diffusely within the epithelium or lamina propria but not for generating the gut-associated organized lymphoid tissues. Finally, the impact of alpha E deficiency upon intestinal IEL numbers was greater at 3-4 wk of life than in younger animals, and affected the TCR alpha beta+ CD8+ T cells more than the gamma delta T cells or the TCR alpha beta+ CD4+CD8- population. These findings suggest that alpha E beta 7 is involved in the expansion/recruitment of TCR alpha beta+ CD8+ IEL following microbial colonization. Integrin alpha E-deficient mice will provide an important tool for studying the role of alpha E beta 7 and of alpha E beta 7-expressing mucosal T lymphocytes in vivo.
Vibrational Study of Eight-Membered Zirconium- and Boron-Containing Siloxane Rings (1996)

By condensation reactions of tBu2Si(OH)2 (L) with zirconium tetrachloride and phenyl borondichloride, two eight-membered zirconium and boron cyclosiloxane compounds were prepared in polar solvents. These compounds were crystallized and identified by the usual analytical techniques (1H, 13C, 29Si and 11B NMR spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction and mass spectrometry). Raman and IR spectra were recorded and confirmed the structure established by x-ray diffraction. The rings are well characterized by a ring breathing mode which appears in the 590–650 cm−1 range and an Si—O—M stretching–bending mode which appears in the 950–1050 cm−1 range.
The developmentally regulated ECM glycoprotein ISG plays an essential role in organizing the ECM and orienting the cells of <i>Volvox</i> (2000)

Volvox is one of the simplest multicellular organisms with only two cell types, yet it has a surprisingly complex extracellular matrix (ECM) containing many region-specific morphological components, making Volvox suitable as a model system for ECM investigations. ECM deposition begins shortly after inversion, which is the process by which the embryo turns itself right-side-out at the end of embryogenesis. It was previously shown that the gene encoding an ECM glycoprotein called ISG is transcribed very transiently during inversion. Here we show that the developmentally controlled ISG accumulates at the bases of the flagella right after inversion, before any morphologically recognizable ECM structures have yet developed. Later, ISG is abundant in the 'flagellar hillocks' that encircle the basal ends of all flagella, and in the adjacent 'boundary zone' that delimits the spheroid. Transgenic Volvox were generated which express a truncated form of ISG. These transgenics exhibit a severely disorganized ECM within which the cells are embedded in a highly chaotic manner that precludes motility. A synthetic version of the C-terminal decapeptide of ISG has a similar disorganizing effect, but only when it is applied during or shortly after inversion. We postulate that ISG plays a critical role in morphogenesis and acts as a key organizer of ECM architecture; at the very beginning of ECM formation ISG establishes an essential initial framework that both holds the somatic cells in an adaptive orientation and acts as the scaffold upon which the rest of the ECM can be properly assembled, assuring that somatic cells of post-inversion spheroids are held in orientations and locations that makes adaptive swimming behavior possible.
Studies on Acetamide Derivatives. Part-II. Preparation, Antimicrobial and Anthelmintic Activity of N-Arylaminoacetylbenzimidazole/ sulphadiazine or sulphamethazine and N-Arylbenzimidazol-1-yl/sulphadiazin-4-yl or sulphamethazin-4-yl/ acetamides (1987)

Department of Chemistry, Saurashtra University, Rajkot 360 005 <em>Manuscript received 24 June 1985, revised 14 July 1987, accepted 18 September 1987</em> We have synthesised <em>N</em>-arylaminoacetylbenzimidazole/sulphadiazine or sulpha­methazine by the condensation of <em>N</em>-chloroacetylbenzimidazole or 4-<em>N</em>-chloroacetyl­sulphadiazine derivatives with different aromatic amines. <em>N</em>-Arylbenzimidazol-1- yl/sulphadiazin-4-yl- or sulphamethazine-4-yl-acetamides were also obtained by the condensation of benzimidazole or sulphadiazine derivatives with<em> N</em>-chloroacetylated arylamines. The products were screened for antimicrobial and anthelmintic activities. The constitution of the product was supported by ir spectra and elemental analysis.
Towards a complete description of grasping kinematics: A framework for quantifying human grasping and manipulation (2011)

This paper proposes a framework for tracking both human hand kinematics and object contour during grasping task. The framework is based on modeling the object as point cloud and the use of marker-based tracking. We introduce how to estimate contact sites on both the hand and object, hand enclosing space, and graspable features from recorded data. Two experiments were performed to 1) verify the accuracy of contact site estimation (less than 5 mm), and 2) validate the feature extraction. Our approach can provide significant insight into how humans plan grasping and manipulation based on object recognition.
Novel Square Spiral Antennas for Broadband Applications (2009)

An investigation of novel square spiral antennas is presented. The antennas are designed by considering the special arrangements of spiral arms. The new designs perform much better in terms of the frequency independency of the fundamental antenna parameters, when compared with the well known and widely used Archimedean spiral antenna, which makes the antennas very suitable for broadband wireless applications. Experimental results are also presented and there is a good agreement between the measured and numerical data.
Hot Fusion: An Efficient Method to Clone Multiple DNA Fragments as Well as Inverted Repeats without Ligase (2014)

Molecular cloning is utilized in nearly every facet of biological and medical research. We have developed a method, termed Hot Fusion, to efficiently clone one or multiple DNA fragments into plasmid vectors without the use of ligase. The method is directional, produces seamless junctions and is not dependent on the availability of restriction sites for inserts. Fragments are assembled based on shared homology regions of 17-30 bp at the junctions, which greatly simplifies the construct design. Hot Fusion is carried out in a one-step, single tube reaction at 50 °C for one hour followed by cooling to room temperature. In addition to its utility for multi-fragment assembly Hot Fusion provides a highly efficient method for cloning DNA fragments containing inverted repeats for applications such as RNAi. The overall cloning efficiency is in the order of 90-95%.
<i>In-vivo</i> studies in the treatment of oral ulcers with liposomal dexamethasone sodium phosphate (1996)

Liposomes are man-made organelles composed of bimolecular lipid layers enclosing aqueous compartments. Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate (DSP) was encapsulated in MLV liposomes and served as the test solution. DSP in solution served as control. Both were labeled with 99mTc. The rats were divided into three groups: typical application group, intramucosal injection and control group. Oral mucosal ulcers were produced by silver nitrate and was monofocal. Rats were killed at three and 24 h, respectively, after application. Ulcerated mucosa, intact adjacent mucosa and distant mucosa were excised. Biodistribution was determined by radiotracer technique in the three mucosal parts as well as in the blood, liver, spleen and brain. Liposomes increase local and decrease systemic drug concentration. Another finding was that liposomes localize the drug in the ulcerated area. In conclusion, liposomes may be useful in the treatment of oral ulcers.
THE SUCCESSIONAL STATUS OF CUPRESSUS-ARIZONICA (1980)

(Uploaded by Plazi from the Biodiversity Heritage Library) No abstract provided.
Convicting exploitable software vulnerabilities: An efficient input provenance based approach (2008)

Software vulnerabilities are the root cause of a wide range of attacks. Existing vulnerability scanning tools are able to produce a set of suspects. However, they often suffer from a high false positive rate. Convicting a suspect and vindicating false positives are mostly a highly demanding manual process, requiring a certain level of understanding of the software. This limitation significantly thwarts the application of these tools by system administrators or regular users who are concerned about security but lack of understanding of, or even access to, the source code. It is often the case that even developers are reluctant to inspect/fix these numerous suspects unless they are convicted by evidence. In this paper, we propose a lightweight dynamic approach which generates evidence for various security vulnerabilities in software, with the goal of relieving the manual procedure. It is based on data lineage tracing, a technique that associates each execution point precisely with a set of relevant input values. These input values can be mutated by an offline analysis to generate exploits. We overcome the efficiency challenge by using Binary Decision Diagrams (BDD). Our tool successfully generates exploits for all the known vulnerabilities we studied. We also use it to uncover a number of new vulnerabilities, proved by evidence.
Compression by induction of hierarchical grammars (2002)

The paper describes a technique that constructs models of symbol sequences in the form of small, human-readable, hierarchical grammars. The grammars are both semantically plausible and compact. The technique can induce structure from a variety of different kinds of sequence, and examples are given of models derived from English text, C source code and a sequence of terminal control codes. It explains the grammatical induction technique, demonstrates its application to three very different sequences, evaluates its compression performance, and concludes by briefly discussing its use as a method for knowledge acquisition.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Energy-efficient channel access scheduling for power-constrained networks (2003)

We introduce the distributed energy-aware node activation (DEANA) channel access protocol for power-constrained networks. Conventional channel access protocols waste energy during periods of idle listening and collisions. In DEANA, the radio is switched to a low-power, stand-by mode when a node is not transmitting or receiving, which makes DEANA very attractive for sensor networks. Using an analytical model, we show that the proposed approach can achieve significant energy savings (up to 95%).
The Virtue of the Multifunctional Triazene Linkers in the Efficient Solid-Phase Synthesis of Heterocycle Libraries (2004)

With the implementation of combinatorial chemistry into the modern drug discovery process, the approach to novel diverse heterocycle libraries is an indispensable requirement. Triazenes, which are concealed diazonium salts, can be used to link functionalized arenes and amines to generate various heterocyclic structures, namely, benzoannelated nitrogen heterocycles, upon cleavage from the resin. Since triazene anchors are stable toward various reagents and perform well under a range of reaction conditions, these multifunctional linkers are well suited for automated solid-phase syntheses and the syntheses of complex organic molecules, such as natural products, on solid supports.
Functional responsiveness of an isolated and enriched fraction of rodent gastrin cells. (1980)

Abstract The response of isolated and enriched antral gastrin cells (G cells) to some known stimulants of gastrin release (peptone, peptic hydrolysate of BSA, and dibutyryl cAMP) were studied. Changes in medium and cell gastrin concentration and G-cell ultrastructure were monitored after the cells were incubated for varying periods in the presence and absence of these agents. Extracellular gastrin increased linearly as the peptone concentration was raised. After 5 min incubation in a 5% peptone solution, released gastrin was increased from 5.9 ± 0.7 to 15.4 ± 1.9 ng/ 10 6 cells. Cell gastrin concentration as well as total gastrin activity was significantly increased when cells were incubated in peptone-containing medium. The peptone-stimulated increase in gastrin release was significantly reduced after dialysis, suggesting that gastrin release is stimulated primarily by the constituent amino acids and small peptides of peptone. Similarly it was demonstrated that gastrin secretion into the medium was not increased when the cells were incubated in bovine serum albumin (BSA), whereas a peptic digest of BSA was a potent gastrin secretagogue. Peptone-treated G cells contained many lucent secretory granules and only occasional dense-cored granules. Incubation of cells for 20 min with dibutyryl cAMP (1 mM) also induced significant increases in medium cell and total gastrin activity. Addition of somatostatin at high concentration (1 μg/ml) to the medium inhibited peptone but not the cAMP-induced increase in medium gastrin levels. Quantitation of the number of G cells and immunoreactive gastrin activity indicated that each G cell contains between 0.2 and 0.3 pg gastrin. These results indicate that G cells isolated by pronase/ DNase digestion and enriched by unit gravity velocity sedimentation remain viable in vitro for the periods used in this study, and functionally respond to known stimulants which release gastrin.
Missed Registration of Disease Codes for Pediatric Anaphylaxis at the Emergency Department (2019)

In the case of pediatric anaphylaxis, more patients were registered inaccurately under other allergy-related codes and simple symptom codes, rather than under anaphylaxis codes. Therefore, future research on anaphylaxis should consider inaccurately registered anaphylactic patients, as shown in this study.
An 850-nm InAlGaAs strained quantum-well vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser grown on GaAs (311)B substrate with high-polarization stability (2000)

The polarization stability of 850-nm InAlGaAs strained quantum-well (QW) vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) grown on GaAs (311)B substrate was investigated by comparing it with that of GaAs unstrained QW VCSEL grown on GaAs (311)B substrate. Photoluminescence measurement showed that strained QWs grown on GaAs (311)B substrate had larger anisotropy in optical gain than unstrained QWs. The VCSEL with strained QWs showed an orthogonal polarization suppression ratio (OPSR) as high as 21 dB under CW operation. Time-dependent OPSR measurement indicated that the strained QW VCSEL had higher polarization stability than the unstrained QW VCSEL under zero-bias modulation.
Interplay of Ca2+ and cAMP Signaling in the Insulin-secreting MIN6 β-Cell Line (2005)

Ca2+ and cAMP are important second messengers that regulate multiple cellular processes. Although previous studies have suggested direct interactions between Ca2+ and cAMP signaling pathways, the underlying mechanisms remain unresolved. In particular, direct evidence for Ca2+-regulated cAMP production in living cells is incomplete. Genetically encoded fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based biosensors have made possible real-time imaging of spatial and temporal gradients of intracellular cAMP concentration in single living cells. Here, we used confocal microscopy, fluorescence resonance energy transfer, and insulin-secreting MIN6 cells expressing Epac1-camps, a biosynthetic unimolecular cAMP indicator, to better understand the role of intracellular Ca2+ in cAMP production. We report that depolarization with high external K+, tolbutamide, or glucose caused a rapid increase in cAMP that was dependent on extracellular Ca2+ and inhibited by nitrendipine, a Ca2+ channel blocker, or 2',5'-dideoxyadenosine, a P-site antagonist of transmembrane adenylate cyclases. Stimulation of MIN6 cells with glucose in the presence of tetraethylammonium chloride generated concomitant Ca2+ and cAMP oscillations that were abolished in the absence of extracellular Ca2+ and blocked by 2',5'-dideoxyadenosine or 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, an inhibitor of phosphodiesterase. Simultaneous measurements of Ca2+ and cAMP concentrations with Fura-2 and Epac1-camps, respectively, revealed a close temporal and causal interrelationship between the increases in cytoplasmic Ca2+ and cAMP levels following membrane depolarization. These findings indicate highly coordinated interplay between Ca2+ and cAMP signaling in electrically excitable endocrine cells and suggest that Ca2+-dependent cAMP oscillations are derived from an increase in adenylate cyclase activity and periodic activation and inactivation of cAMP-hydrolyzing phosphodiesterase.
UPTAKE OF TRITIATED THYMIDINE BY PRIMORDIAL GERMINAL CELLS IN THE OVARIES OF THE ADULT SLENDER LORIS (1974)

Summary. Six adult lorises (Loris tardigradus lydekkerianus) in anoestrus were selected for study. Four of the animals were pretreated with an injection of 0·5 mg oestradiol-17β, two were given FSH (2 × 50 i.u. with a 12-hr interval), while the remaining two were not treated with hormones. All of the animals were subsequently given a subcutaneous injection of 0·5 mCi [3H]thymidine and their ovaries were recovered for autoradiography 24 hr later. It was found that the non-follicular germinal cells within `nests' in the ovarian cortex actively incorporated the radioisotope. Some of the labelled germinal cells appeared to reach the pachytene-diplotene stages of meiotic prophase, although this would not be expected to occur in such a short time after treatment. None of the labelled germinal cells appeared to enter upon the phase of follicular growth, although a few (especially in ovaries treated with oestrogen and FSH) seemed to be in primordial follicles consisting of an incomplete layer of flattened cells.
Unique Substrate Spectrum and PCR Application of <i>Nanoarchaeum equitans</i> Family B DNA Polymerase (2008)

The known archaeal family B DNA polymerases are unable to participate in the PCR in the presence of uracil. Here, we report on a novel archaeal family B DNA polymerase from Nanoarchaeum equitans that can successfully utilize deaminated bases such as uracil and hypoxanthine and on its application to PCR. N. equitans family B DNA polymerase (Neq DNA polymerase) produced lambda DNA fragments up to 10 kb with an approximately 2.2-fold-lower error rate (5.53 x 10(-6)) than Taq DNA polymerase (11.98 x 10(-6)). Uniquely, Neq DNA polymerase also amplified lambda DNA fragments using dUTP (in place of dTTP) or dITP (partially replaced with dGTP). To increase PCR efficiency, Taq and Neq DNA polymerases were mixed in different ratios; a ratio of 10:1 efficiently facilitated long PCR (20 kb). In the presence of dUTP, the PCR efficiency of the enzyme mixture was two- to threefold higher than that of either Taq and Neq DNA polymerase alone. These results suggest that Neq DNA polymerase and Neq plus DNA polymerase (a mixture of Taq and Neq DNA polymerases) are useful in DNA amplification and PCR-based applications, particularly in clinical diagnoses using uracil-DNA glycosylase.