gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Adjunct based operations of digital loop carrier technology in an intelligent network (2002)

The remote digital loop carrier (DLC) network element is a natural platform for the deployment of network access technologies necessary to support advanced network services in the intelligent networks (INs) of today and beyond. The author takes an operations view of the insertion of intelligent DLC elements into today's network of embedded switches and operations systems (OSs,). First, the characteristics of an intelligent network application are introduced as a basis for analysis of future DLC operations integration plans. That analysis reveals several areas which call for the coordination of DLC operations integration plans with IN operation plans. A switch adjunct architecture is presented that inserts an evolvable platform into the network of embedded switches and OSs to support this coordination.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Internet food retailing: the UK in context (1998)

How fast will Internet shopping grow? Many retailers are currently developing a presence in the Internet shopping arena because they wish to be, and to be seen to be, at the forefront of technological innovation. Before electronic retailing takes a significant market share from traditional retailing there are a number of issues that need to be addressed. This article explores these issues in the context of food shopping and retailing. Current developments in Internet retailing and shopping and specifically in food retailing are reviewed.
Iris Segmentation for Recognition using Local Statistics (2006)

Iris recognition is one of the more commonly used biometrics for recognition due to its accuracy. One of the first steps in iris recognition is to segment the iris from the rest of the image for further processing. This paper investigates the use of local statistics to find the pupillary (inner) and limbic (outer) boundaries of the iris. In particular, the local standard deviation and local kurtosis have shown to be useful in this respect. The methodology and results using the University of Bath and the United States Naval Academy iris databases are presented.
Latent Dirichlet Allocation (2002)

We propose a generative model for text and other collections of discrete data, that generalizes or improves on several previous models, including naive Bayes/unigram, mixtures of naive Bayes [6], and Hofmann&apos;s pLSI/aspect model [3]. In the context of text modeling, our model posits that each document is generated as a mixture of topics, where the continuous-valued mixture proportions are distributed as a latent Dirichlet random variable. Inference and learning are carried out eciently via variational algorithms. We present empirical results on applications of this model to problems in text modeling, collaborative ltering, and text classi cation.
Transparent conductivity of fluorine-doped anatase TiO2 epitaxial thin films (2012)

Transparent conductive anatase TiO2−xFx(F:TiO2) epitaxial thin films were fabricated by reactive pulsed laser deposition with a solid fluorine source. F-doping as high as 1.6 × 1021 cm−3 (TiO1.95F0.05) was achieved under optimal growth conditions, and the obtained anatase TiO1.95F0.05 film had a low resistivity of 1.6 × 10−3 Ωcm and a high internal transmittance of &gt;95%. Furthermore, the refractive index of a TiO1.95F0.05 film was &gt;0.2 less than that of undoped TiO2. By comparing the refractive indices of F:TiO2 and Nb:TiO2, we concluded that the decreased refractive index in F:TiO2 can be attributed to a reduced electronic polarizability due to increased bond ionicity as well as doped electrons.
Nitride cladded poly-Si spacer LOCOS (NCPSL) isolation technology for the 1 giga bit DRAM (2002)

A novel LOCOS type isolation technology, Nitride Cladded Poly-Si Spacer LOGOS (NCPSL) which is for the 1 giga bit DRAM, has been developed. The features of the NCPSL process are low bird's beak encroachment and long effective isolation length, which are achieved by using substrate silicon recess etching, poly-Si sidewall spacer, and selectively deposited SiN to the poly-Si spacer. NCPSL isolation shows the excellent active definition, high punchthrough voltage, low junction leakage current, hump free transistor characteristic, and good gate oxide integrity. Considering its isolation characteristics, NCPSL is the very practical technology for the isolation of 1 giga bit DRAM.
Effects of sodium hyaluronate on tendon healing and adhesion formation in horses (1991)

Sodium hyaluronate reduces adhesions after tendon repair in rodents and dogs, and has been used in limited clinical trials in people. To evaluate its effect on tendon healing and adhesion formation in horses and to compare these effects with those of a compound of similar visco-elastic properties, a study was performed in horses, using a model of collagenase injection in the flexor tendons within the digital sheath. Eight clinically normal horses were randomly allotted to 2 groups. Adhesion formation between the deep digital flexor tendon and the tendon sheath at the pastern region was induced in the forelimbs of all horses. Using tenoscopic control, a 20-gauge needle was inserted into the deep digital flexor tendon of horses under general anesthesia and 0.2 ml of collagenase (2.5 mg/ml) was injected. The procedure was repeated proximally at 2 other sites, spaced 1.5 cm apart. A biopsy forceps was introduced, and a 5-mm tendon defect was created at each injection site. Group-A horses had 120 mg of sodium hyaluronate (NaHA) gel injected into the tendon sheath of one limb. Group-B horses had methylcellulose gel injected at the same sites. The contralateral limbs of horses in both groups served as surgical, but noninjected, controls. Horses were euthanatized after 8 weeks of stall rest. Ultrasonographic evaluation revealed improved tendon healing after NaHa injection, but no difference in peritendinous adhesion formation. Tendon sheath fluid volume and hyaluronic acid (HA) content were greater in NaHA-treated limbs. Gross pathologic examination revealed considerably fewer and smaller adhesions when limbs were treated with NaHA. However, significant difference in pull-out strengths was not evident between NaHA-treated and control limbs. Histologically, the deep digital flexor tendon from the NaHA-treated limbs had reduced inflammatory cell infiltration, improved tendon structure, and less intratendinous hemorrhage. Treatment with methylcullulose had no significant effect on tendon healing, adhesion size, quantity, or strength or on the volume and composition of the tendon sheath fluid. Sodium hyaluronate, administered intrathecally, appears to have a pharmaceutically beneficial action in this collagenase-induced tendinitis and adhesion model in horses.
Engineered, Robust Polyelectrolyte Multilayers by Precise Control of Surface Potential for Designer Protein, Cell, and Bacteria Adsorption (2016)

Cross-linked layer-by-layer (LbL) assemblies with a precisely tuned surface ζ-potential were fabricated to control the adsorption of proteins, mammalian cells, and bacteria for different biomedical applications. Two weak polyions including a synthesized polyanion and polyethylenimine were assembled under controlled conditions and cross-linked to prepare three robust LbL films as model surfaces with similar roughness and water affinity but displaying negative, zero, and positive net charges at the physiological pH (7.4). These surfaces were tested for their abilities to adsorb proteins, including bovine serum albumin (BSA) and lysozyme (LYZ). In the adsorption tests, the LbL films bind more proteins with opposite charges but less of those with like charges, indicating that electrostatic interactions play a major role in protein adsorption. However, LYZ showed higher nonspecific adsorption than BSA, because of the specific behavior of LYZ molecules, such as stacked multilayer formation during adsorption. To exclude such stacking effects from experiments, protein molecules were covalently immobilized on AFM colloidal probes to measure the adhesion forces against the model surfaces utilizing direct protein molecule-surface contacts. The results confirmed the dominating role of electrostatic forces in protein adhesion. In fibroblast cell and bacteria adhesion tests, similar trends (high adhesion on positively charged surfaces, but much lower on neutral and negatively charged surfaces) were observed because the fibroblast cell and bacterial surfaces studied possess negative potentials. The cross-linked LbL films with improved stability and engineered surface charge described in this study provide an excellent platform to control the behavior of different charged objects and can be utilized in practical biomedical applications.
Monoclonal antibody to a 43 000 <i>M</i> <i>r</i> surface protein of a human leukaemia cell line (thp-1) crossreacts with the fibroblast intermediate filament protein vimentin (1985)

Monoclonal antibodies were produced against surface antigens of live cells from a human acute monocytic leukaemia cell line (THP-1). One clone, VIC-C2, when assayed by immunofluorescence microscopy, brightly stained the surface of THP-1 cells and the cytoplasm of Langerhans cells, fibroblasts and melanocytes in sections of human skin. The immunoreactive cytoplasmic structures were filamentous and resembled intermediate filaments. By double immunofluorescence microscopy using VIC-C2 and polyclonal antibodies to vimentin, the VIC-C2 antigen was shown to be located on intermediate filaments of cultured fibroblasts and to follow these filaments during various drug-induced rearrangements. As demonstrated by immunoprecipitation, antibody gel overlay and immunoblotting of two-dimensional polyacrylamide gels, VIC-C2 recognized two different antigens in extracts of THP-1 cells: one of Mr = 43 000 and pI = 7, the other of Mr = 57 000. In extracts from various cultured fibroblast cells only the 57 000 Mr antigen was detected. This 57 000 Mr protein was identified as vimentin by immunoblotting of rat glioma C6 cytoskeletons on two-dimensional gels. When vimentin was digested with chymotrypsin, only fragments containing parts of both helical rod pieces and the connecting non-helical spacer-region were strongly antigenic, whereas the helical rods alone were only weakly crossreactive. Moreover, immunoprecipitation revealed that VIC-C2 preferentially reacted with native compared to denatured vimentin.
Hydraulics and Mass Transfer Efficiency of a Commercial-Scale Membrane Extractor (1993)

Abstract In recent years there has been significant interest in utilizing microporous hollow fiber membranes for liquid-liquid extraction. The membrane extractor resembles the shell and tube heat exchanger with the tube section composed of 1000–2500 fibers/in2. The diameter of each fiber is approximately 300 microns. In this process, the feed may be passed through the shell side, while the solvent is passed through the fiber side, or vice versa. Mass transfer occurs across the liquid-liquid interface formed in the pores of the fiber wall. The advantages of this technology are high throughput capacities, independence of density difference between the feed and solvent, and potentially high mass transfer areas. The mass transfer performance of an available commercial scale nonbaffled membrane extraction module was determined to be lower than expected from results obtained in smaller scale modules. Mass transfer studies of a commercial-scale membrane extraction module at the Separations Research Program have shown that a significant portion of the fibers are bypassed by the shell side fluid and consequently only a fraction of the total fiber surface area is utilized. A hydraulic study using a dye tracer technique verified this finding with an aqueous flow on the shell side. A model which incorporates mass transfer correlations reported by others has been developed and shown to have excellent agreement with the experimental data obtained. In this paper, the efficiency of the membrane extractor is compared with conventional spray, sieve tray, and packed columns; the effect of shell side bypassing is also presented.
Large Arrays and Properties of 3‐Terminal Graphene Nanoelectromechanical Switches (2013)

Large arrays of 3-terminal nanoelectromechanical graphene switches are fabricated. The switch is designed with a novel geometry that leads to low actuation voltages and improved mechanical integrity, while reducing adhesion forces, which improves the reliability of the switch. A finite element model including non-linear electromechanics is used to simulate the switching behavior and to deduce a scaling relation between the switching voltage and device dimensions.
Selection of the Ideal Disinfectant (2014)

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Differential receptor usage by measles virus strains. (1998)

Recently, we demonstrated that infection of cells with all measles virus (MV) strains tested was inhibited by antibodies against CD46, although not all strains caused downregulation of the MV receptor CD46 from the surface of human cells. We now show that infection of cells with MV strain WTFb, a variant of wild-type isolate WTF which has been isolated and propagated on human BJAB cells, is not inhibited by antibodies against CD46. In contrast, infection of cells with the closely related strain WTFv, a Vero cell-adapted variant of WTF, is inhibited by antibodies against CD46. This observation led us to investigate the interaction of these viruses and the vaccine strain Edmonston (Edm) with CD46 and target cells. Cellular receptors with high affinity binding for WTFb are present on BJAB cells, but not on transfected CD46-expressing CHO cells. In contrast to the Edm strain, virus particles and solubilized envelope glycoproteins of WTFb have a very limited binding capacity to CD46. Furthermore, we show that recombinant soluble CD46 either does not bind, or binds very weakly, to WTFb glycoproteins expressed on the cell surface. Our findings indicate that wild-type MV strain WTFb and vaccine strain Edm use different binding sites on human cells. In addition, the results suggest that MV strains may alternatively use CD46 and an unknown molecule as receptors, and that the degree of usage of both receptors may be MV strain-specific.
Issues in neuroprotection clinical trials in Parkinson’s disease (2006)

Despite advances in understanding the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD), treatments that favorably influence the course of illness have remained elusive. In order to identify potentially neuroprotective interventions, improved clinical trial designs are needed. Researchers have to carefully consider what type of PD patients, how to measure the impact of putative neuroprotective agents, how to choose which interventions to study and what sequence of clinical trial designs is most appropriate. The possible use of futility studies to rapidly identify strongly ineffective agents and the use of delayed start designs to identify disease modifying interventions may both be important advances. Improved clinical trial design along with continued new insights into PD pathogenesis will likely lead to the identification of agents which can favorably influence the course of this disease.
Combinations of Edetic Acid and Antibiotics in the Treatment of Rat Burns Infected with a Resistant Strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1973)

A rat-burn model was used for the evaluation of combinations of edetic acid and antibiotics in the treatment of thermal burns infected with a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant to ampicillin and tetracycline. Experiments were standardized so that a fixed inoculum size of the test organism produced 100% mortality in two weeks when applied to a 30% full thickness burn. Edetic acid combined with various concentrations of antibiotics in a polyethylene glycol base was applied to the infected wound daily for 10 days. Survival rates and mean survival times of rats treated with either base alone or with the combination therapy did not differ significantly, and all animals that perished had a septicemia due to Pseudomonas.
OFM: A Novel Multicast Mechanism Based on OpenFlow (2012)

IP multicast is resource efficient in delivering data to a group of members simultaneously. However, in the current multicast architecture, the routers need to be involved both in forwarding multicast packets and multicast management, which arouse a lot of control overhead and add substantial complexity to the router. Large numbers of multicast groups result in large amount of state to be maintained at routers, which means lots of message exchange between routers and slow packet forwarding. In additions, the dynamic receiver join or leave also increases the complexity of management for multicast router. This paper proposed a novel multicast mechanism based on OpenFlow, called OpenFLow Multicast (OFM). OFM separate the data and control plane by shifting the multicast management to a remote centralized controller, and the routers (named as forwarders in OFM) are used as a forwarding engine only. The centralized controller is a core part in OFM multicast, which is responsible for handling the member request, constructing the multicast tree, and multicast state maintenance. Forwarders forward the multicast packet based on multicast routing entries which were generated by the centralized controller. Compared with traditional multicast, OFM can alleviate the burden of multicast routers and also accelerate the router’s packet forwarding speed. Simulation and experiment results demonstrate that OFM has a good performance.
Gel Filtration: Size Exclusion Chromatography (2011)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Basic Considerations Selection of the SEC Support Packing the Column Sample and Buffer Preparation The Chromatographic System Applications Symbols used in SEC Acknowledgments References
Iterative and incremental developments. a brief history (2003)

Although many view iterative and incremental development as a modern practice, its application dates as far back as the mid-1950s. Prominent software-engineering thought leaders from each succeeding decade supported IID practices, and many large projects used them successfully. These practices may have differed in their details, but all had a common theme-to avoid a single-pass sequential, document-driven, gated-step approach.
Worldwide frequency distribution of the ‘<i><scp>G</scp>ait keeper</i>’ mutation in the <i><scp>DMRT</scp>3</i> gene (2014)

For centuries, domestic horses have represented an important means of transport and served as working and companion animals. Although their role in transportation is less important today, many horse breeds are still subject to intense selection based on their pattern of locomotion. A striking example of such a selected trait is the ability of a horse to perform additional gaits other than the common walk, trot and gallop. Those could be four-beat ambling gaits, which are particularly smooth and comfortable for the rider, or pace, used mainly in racing. Gaited horse breeds occur around the globe, suggesting that gaitedness is an old trait, selected for in many breeds. A recent study discovered that a nonsense mutation in DMRT3 has a major impact on gaitedness in horses and is present at a high frequency in gaited breeds and in horses bred for harness racing. Here, we report a study of the worldwide distribution of this mutation. We genotyped 4396 horses representing 141 horse breeds for the DMRT3 stop mutation. More than half (2749) of these horses also were genotyped for a SNP situated 32 kb upstream of the DMRT3 nonsense mutation because these two SNPs are in very strong linkage disequilibrium. We show that the DMRT3 mutation is present in 68 of the 141 genotyped horse breeds at a frequency ranging from 1% to 100%. We also show that the mutation is not limited to a geographical area, but is found worldwide. The breeds with a high frequency of the stop mutation (>50%) are either classified as gaited or bred for harness racing.
Data compression technique in recording electric arc furnace voltage and current waveforms for tracking power quality (2004)

A data compression technique is used to enhance the storage capability of electric power quality instruments in recording electric arc furnace voltage and currents waveforms, where voltage flicker and harmonic current distortion are major power quality disturbances. The compression approaches by multi-resolution analysis with threshold coding and vector quantization coding are compared. The digital filters are designed by the discrete wavelet transform. The results from spectrum analysis show high compression ratios while keeping low information loss. From the calculation results, the reconstructed voltage waveforms using threshold coding almost keep the same voltage flicker values. The vector quantization coding is better for current waveforms to keep harmonic distortion values. From the simulation results of the measurement data, the memory requirement is reduced to 20.4% while power quality characteristics are almost kept.
Electroluminescence of Multicomponent Conjugated Polymers. 1. Roles of Polymer/Polymer Interfaces in Emission Enhancement and Voltage-Tunable Multicolor Emission in Semiconducting Polymer/Polymer Heterojunctions (2000)

Effects of the electronic structure of polymer/polymer interfaces on the electroluminescence efficiency and tunable multicolor emission of polymer heterojunction light-emitting diodes were explored by a series of 16 n-type conjugated polymers with varying electron affinities and ionization potentials in conjunction with poly(p-phenylenevinylene). Efficiency and luminance of diodes of the type indium−tin oxide/poly(p-phenylenevinylene)/n-type polymer/aluminum were maximized and were as high as 3% photons/electron and 820 cd/m2, respectively, when the energetics at the polymer/polymer interface favored electron transfer while disfavoring hole transfer. Energetic barrier to electron transfer at the polymer/polymer interface was more important to electroluminescence efficiency and diode luminance than injection barrier at the cathode/polymer interface. By a judicious choice of the relative layer thicknesses and the components of the bilayer heterojunctions, the rate of both electron and hole transfer across the polymer/polymer interface can be regulated by the applied voltage, resulting in continuous voltage tunability of emission colors. The voltage tunable multicolor emission is exemplified by red (5 V) ↔ yellow (9 V) ↔ green (12 V) and other intermediate color switching in poly(p-phenylenevinylene)/poly(2,6-(4-phenyl)quinoline) (PPQ) diodes. The multicolors obtained from a single heterojunction diode by varying the applied voltage originated from the mixing of the component emission spectra in varying proportions facilitated by interfacial charge transfer and finite size effects. Electroluminescence microscopy was used to directly image the multicolor diodes. These results suggest that the electronic structure of polymer/polymer interfaces and finite size effects dominate the emission features and performance of light-emitting devices based on multicomponent polymers such as multilayered thin films, phase-separated blends, and block copolymers. The results also have implications for photovoltaic cells and other optoelectronic devices using conjugated polymers.