gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cylindrical and Section Radioisotope Scanning of the Liver and Brain (1964)

The usual flat rectilinear detector motion in radioisotope scanning is by no means the only one possible, and sometimes changing it is advantageous. In brain scanning, for instance, Reid and Johns (1) have used concentric parasagittal arcs to match the curvature of the head. We have previously suggested that a cylindrical scan path would be useful in scanning the curved surface of the liver (2) and, more recently, we have demonstrated that the detector motion could be modified to make body-section scanning possible (3, 4). This report describes the first clinical use of a scanning instrument which we have constructed to explore the potential of cylindrical and section scanning. Scanning System Mechanical Design: The scanning system includes two opposed scintillation detectors employing 3-in. diameter by 2-in. thick NaI (Tl) crystals, with a minimum of 2-in. of lead side wall shielding, and a choice of focusing collimators designed for different photon energies (5). The mountings permit the detectors to be raised, lowered, swiveled on gimbal supports on two axes, and then locked in the required position (Fig. 1). The scanner is an assembly of three units : a yoke, a rotation arm, and a pedestal mounted on tracks by flanged wheels. A cantilever platform supports the patient between the two opposed scintillation detectors mounted at the extremities of the scanner yoke. The three basic motions of the scanner, rotary, transverse, and longitudinal, are obtained by applying power to axles in both the rotation arm and yoke, and, independently, to the wheels. For detector rotation, power is applied only to the axle of the rotation arm (Fig. 2, A). For a “straight-line” detector motion transverse to the patient, the central axle turns the rotation arm, while synchronized counter-rotation is applied to the yoke axle to fix the angle of the detector with respect to the line of travel (Fig. 2, B). This transverse detector excursion is actually a shallow arc of 2 cm. rise for a 30 cm. chord length. The transverse scan line can be oriented at any angle about the patient by appropriate positioning of the rotation arm prior to the excursion. The entire scanner can be moved step-wise with the powered wheels through a maximum longitudinal distance of 125 cm. to provide line spacing (Fig.2, C). Motor Control: The rotation arm axle and a 3-phase synchrotie generator are powered by a 1 1/2 horsepower d.c. motor. A 3-phase synchrotic motor, synchronous in rotation and powered by the generator, drives the yoke axle. A separate 1/2-horsepower d.c. motor drives the rear wheels for longitudinal travel. A servo-mechanism is used to maintain speed regulation in spite of changes in loading as the detector positions change. The machine is programmed for operation by adjusting calibrated front-panel controls for the scanning geometry desired. These controls establish voltages to represent limits of movement.
Hyperglycemia Causes Renal Cell Damage via CCN2-Induced Activation of the TrkA Receptor (2012)

CCN2, a secreted profibrotic protein, is highly expressed in diabetic nephropathy (DN) and implicated in its pathogenesis; however, the actions of CCN2 in DN remain elusive. We previously demonstrated that CCN2 triggers signaling via tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA). Trace expression of TrkA is found in normal kidneys, but its expression is elevated in several nephropathies; yet its role in DN is unexplored. In this study we show de novo expression of TrkA in human and murine DN. We go on to study the molecular mechanisms leading to TrkA activation and show that it involves hypoxia, as demonstrated by ischemia-reperfusion injury and in vitro experiments mimicking hypoxia, implicating hypoxia as a common pathway leading to disease. We also expose renal cells to hyperglycemia, which led to TrkA phosphorylation in mesangial cells, tubular epithelial cells, and podocytes but not in glomerular endothelial cells and renal fibroblasts. In addition, we report that hyperglycemia caused an induction of phosphorylated extracellular signal-related kinase 1/2 and Snail1 that was abrogated by silencing of TrkA or CCN2 using small interfering RNA. In conclusion, we provide novel evidence that TrkA is activated in diabetic kidneys and suggest that anti-TrkA therapy may prove beneficial in DN.
Capturing cancer cells using aptamer-immobilized square capillary channels (2011)

We report a simple square capillary-based cell affinity chromatography device that utilizes a coating of aptamers for selective capture of target cancer cells from a flowing suspension. The device consists of a square capillary with an inner diameter of roughly five cell diameters, connected via Teflon tubing to a syringe. Aptamers are immobilized on the inner surface of the capillary through biotin-avidin chemistry, the extent of which can be controlled by adjusting the aptamer concentration. Introduction of different cell types into separate devices, as well as mixtures of target and non-target cells, demonstrated that aptamer-target cells can be captured in significantly higher concentrations compared to non-target cells. Once optimized, 91.1 ± 3.5% capture efficiency of target leukemia cells was reported, as well as 97.2 ± 2.8% and 83.6 ± 5.8% for two different colon cancer cell lines. In addition, cells captured in the device were imaged, and the square capillary exhibited better optical properties than standard cylindrical capillaries, leading to the detection of leukemia cells in blood samples. Compared to current microfluidic cell affinity devices, this capture device requires no complicated design or fabrication steps. By providing a simple means of detecting and imaging cancer cells in the blood, this work has potential to directly assist clinicians in determining disease prognosis and measuring therapeutic response.
Use of General-purpose Negation Detection to Augment Concept Indexing of Medical Documents: A Quantitative Study Using the UMLS (2001)

Negation of most concepts in medical narrative can be reliably detected by a simple strategy. The reliability of detection depends on several factors, the most important being the accuracy of concept matching.
Nonlinear dynamic theory for photorefractive phase hologram formation (1976)

A nonlinear dynamic theory is developed for the formation of photorefractive volume phase holograms. A feedback mechanism existing between the photogenerated field and free-electron density, treated explicitly yields the growth and saturation of the space-charge field in a time scale characterized by the coupling strength between them. The expression for the field reduces in the short time limit to previous theories and approaches in the long time limit the internal or photovoltaic field. Additionally, the phase of the space-charge field is shown to be time dependent.
Development of a multivalent live vaccine active against a wide range of Enterobacteriaceae. (1980)

We have constructed a deletion mutant of E. coli which lacks O-antigen - "deep rough". Living bacteria of this strain were injected repeatedly in high numbers into mice and chicks and in all cases were found to be completely harmless. In C3HeB mice, protection was obtained against a wide variety of enteric bacteria and was accompanied by an appreciable increase in titer of antibodies which cross react with LPS extracted from these bacteria. Preliminary experiments indicate that the vaccine provides protection against avian coli pathogens.
Model predictive control of integrated room automation considering occupants preference (2015)

A framework for the simultaneous control of temperature, illumination and window roller blind position is considered. The occupants are allowable to adjust their comfort preference to a strict, mild or loose level. The cost function has two parts including energy consumption and comfort dissatisfaction, each of which is expected to be minimized based on the users' comfort settings. The control strategy is Model Predictive Control (MPC) and it computes a trajectory of future manipulated variables to optimize future room temperature, illumination and outside view along with the minimum possible departure from the desired level. Weather data like solar radiation, solar illumination and outside temperature are considered in the model with the aim of taking advantage of daylight without disrupting other comfort levels. Simulation analyses were performed for the summer and winter days revealing the influence of the roller blind position on the building total energy consumption. The simulation results affirm that the proposed model can save energy by minimally changing occupants' comfort requirements during some hours of the day.
Disruption of response regulator gene,<i>devR</i>, leads to attenuation in virulence of<i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (2004)

The devR-devS two-component system of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was identified earlier and partially characterized in our laboratory. A devR::kan mutant of M. tuberculosis was constructed by allelic exchange. The devR mutant strain showed reduced cell-to-cell adherence in comparison to the parental strain in laboratory culture media. This phenotype was reversed on complementation with a wild-type copy of devR. The devR mutant and parental strains grew at equivalent rates within human monocytes either in the absence or in the presence of lymphocytic cells. The expression of DevR was not modulated upon entry of M. tuberculosis into human monocytes. However, guinea pigs infected with the mutant strain showed a significant decrease in gross lesions in lung, liver and spleen; only mild pathological changes in liver and lung; and a nearly 3 log lower bacterial burden in spleen compared to guinea pigs infected with the parental strain. Our results suggest that DevR is required for virulence in guinea pigs but is not essential for entry, survival and multiplication of M. tuberculosis within human monocytes in vitro. The attenuation in virulence of the devR mutant in guinea pigs together with DevR-DevS being a bona fide signal transduction system indicates that DevR plays a critical and regulatory role in the adaptation and survival of M. tuberculosis within tissues.
Signal Peptide Requirements for Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Glycoprotein C Maturation and Virus Infectivity (2007)

Insertion of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) precursor glycoprotein C (GP-C) into the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum is mediated by an unusual signal peptide (SP(GP-C)). It is comprised of 58 amino acid residues and contains an extended hydrophilic N-terminal region, two hydrophobic regions, and a short C-terminal region. After cleavage by signal peptidase, SP(GP-C) accumulates in cells and virus particles. In the present study, we identified the LCMV SP(GP-C) as being an essential component of the GP complex and show that the different regions of SP(GP-C) are required for distinct steps in GP maturation and virus infectivity. More specifically, we show that one hydrophobic region of SP(GP-C) is sufficient for the membrane insertion of GP-C, while both hydrophobic regions are required for the processing and cell surface expression of the GPs. The N-terminal region of SP(GP-C), on the other hand, is essential for pseudoviral infection of target cells. Furthermore, we show that unmyristoylated SP(GP-C) exposes its N-terminal region to the exoplasmic side. This SP(GP-C) can promote GP-C maturation but is defective in pseudoviral infection. Myristoylation and topology of SP(GP-C) in the membrane may thus hold the key to an understanding of the role of SP(GP-C) in GP-C complex maturation and LCMV infectivity.
Influence of Plecopteran and Megalopteran Predators on Hydropsyche (Trichoptera:Hydropsychidae) Microdistribution and Behavior (1987)

In laboratory stream channels we investigated the influence of two predaceous aquatic insects on the substratum particle size preference and drift of a prey species. Predators were the stonefly Acroneuria lycorias and the dobsonfly Corydalus cornutus. The prey organisms were Hydropsyche bronta. In the absence of predators, no significant substratum preference was noted except for the strong avoidance of fine sand particles 0.5-1.0 mm in diameter. In the presence of predators, however, small substratum (13-33 mm) was significantly preferred over large substratum (53-175 mm). By choosing small substratum, Hydropsyche found some refuge from predation. This conclusion is based on our finding that mortality resulting from predation was lower on small than on large substrata. The presence of Acroneuria caused increased drift of Hydropsyche; however, Corydalus did not induce Hydropsyche drift. Drift was used by Hydropsyche both as an escape mechanism and as a method to redistribute at the microhabitat level. The major influence of the predaceous aquatic insects on Hydropsyche habitat selection probably occurred during the prey's active colonization period, during which Hydropsyche became redistributed in a new microhabitat based on substratum size and presence or absence of predators.
Direct Binding to Replication Protein A (RPA)-coated Single-stranded DNA Allows Recruitment of the ATR Activator TopBP1 to Sites of DNA Damage (2016)

A critical event for the ability of cells to tolerate DNA damage and replication stress is activation of the ATR kinase. ATR activation is dependent on the BRCT (BRCA1 C terminus) repeat-containing protein TopBP1. Previous work has shown that recruitment of TopBP1 to sites of DNA damage and stalled replication forks is necessary for downstream events in ATR activation; however, the mechanism for this recruitment was not known. Here, we use protein binding assays and functional studies in Xenopus egg extracts to show that TopBP1 makes a direct interaction, via its BRCT2 domain, with RPA-coated single-stranded DNA. We identify a point mutant that abrogates this interaction and show that this mutant fails to accumulate at sites of DNA damage and that the mutant cannot activate ATR. These data thus supply a mechanism for how the critical ATR activator, TopBP1, senses DNA damage and stalled replication forks to initiate assembly of checkpoint signaling complexes.
Molecular targets underlying general anaesthesia (2006)

The discovery of general anaesthesia, over 150 years ago, revolutionised medicine. The ability to render a patient unconscious and insensible to pain made modern surgery possible and general anaesthetics have become both indispensible as well as one of the most widely used class of drugs. Their extraordinary chemical diversity, ranging from simple chemically inert gases to complex barbiturates, has baffled pharmacologists, and ideas about how they might work have been equally diverse. Until relatively recently, thinking was dominated by the notion that anaesthetics acted 'nonspecifically' by dissolving in the lipid bilayer portions of nerve membranes. While this simple idea could account for the chemical diversity of general anaesthetics, it has proven to be false and it is now generally accepted that anaesthetics act by binding directly to sensitive target proteins. For certain intravenous anaesthetics, such as propofol and etomidate, the target has been identified as the GABA(A) receptor, with particular subunits playing a crucial role. For the less potent inhalational agents, the picture is less clear, although a relatively small number of targets have been identified as being the most likely candidates. In this review, I will describe the work that led up to the identification of the GABA(A) receptor as the key target for etomidate and propofol and contrast this with current progress that has been made in identifying the relevant targets for other anaesthetics, particularly the inhalational agents.
Production of <scp>l</scp> -Asparaginase II by <i>Escherichia coli</i> (1968)

l-Asparaginase II was synthesized at constant rates by Escherichia coli under anaerobic conditions. The enzyme was produced optimally by bacteria grown between pH 7 and 8 at 37 C. Although some enzyme was formed aerobically, between 100 and 1,000 times more asparaginase II was produced during anaerobic growth in media enriched with high concentrations of a variety of amino acids. Bacteria grown under these conditions should provide a rich starting material for the large-scale production of the enzyme. No single amino acid specifically induced the synthesis of the asparaginase, nor did l-asparagine, even when it was used as the only source of nitrogen. The enzyme was produced at lower rates in the presence of sugars; glucose was the most inhibitory.
Cataluña y la primera guerra mundial: la verdad sobre el caso Savolta (1994)

Cuando en 1914 estalla la Primera Guerra Mundial, Espana aun esta despertando del mal sueno que supuso la traumatica perdida de los ultimos vestigios de su antiguo imperio1 . La Restauracion monarquica y el sistema constitucional de 1876, con los partidos Liberal y Conservador turnandose en el ejercicio del poder, se habian revelado ineficaces para resolver los graves problemas del pais . Estas formaciones de turno, que «no pasaban de serlo de notables» engloban en su seno a defensores de intereses oligarquicos, a los que se encuentran muy, estrechamente vinculados.
Vertical In<inf>0.7</inf>Ga<inf>0.3</inf>As nanowire surrounding-gate transistors with high-k gate dielectric on Si substrate (2011)

In this paper, direct integration of vertical InGaAs nanowires (NWs) on Si substrate without buffering techniques, and fabrication of InGaAs NW surrounding-gate transistors (SGTs) with high-k gate dielectrics is reported for the first time. Furthermore, we investigated a passivation technique using InGaAs/InP/InAlAs/InGaAs core-multishell (CMS) structure, and showed enhancement of transconductance (G <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</sub> ) and I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ON</sub> /I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OFF</sub> ratio of the InGaAs CMS NW-SGT. The peak G <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</sub> for the InGaAs-related CMS NW-SGT was 500 μS/μm at V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DS</sub> of 1.00V, and I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ON</sub> /I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OFF</sub> ratio was ~ 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">9</sup> .
Resistance of 9–20%Cr‐steels against metal dusting (1997)

The metal dusting resistance of various 2¼ Cr to 20%Cr steels has been tested in flowing CO‐H 2 ‐H 2 O atmospheres at 525, 560, 600 and 650°C. For the 2¼Cr‐steel immediately a constant rate of metal wastage is reached, for the high alloy steels the approach to this rate where all surface area is attacked, is more or less retarded by an oxide layer. The formation of a protective Cr‐rich oxide layer is favoured by a high Cr‐content of the steels, by the ferritic structure, by a fine‐grained microstructure, by surface working and by high temperatures – these factors hinder or suppress metal dusting, whereas low Cr‐concentration, austenitic structure, coarse‐grained microstructure, removal of surface deformation by etching and a critical temperature of ≤ 600°C accelerate and enhance metal dusting.
Two‐dimensional model for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (1998)

Abstract A 2‐D mathematical model for the entire sandwich of a proton‐exchange membrane fuel cell including the gas channels was developed. The self‐consistent model for porous media was used for the equations describing transport phenomena in the membrane, catalyst layers, and gas diffusers, while standard equations of Navier‐Stokes, energy transport, continuity, and species concentrations are solved in the gas channels. A special handling of the transport equations enabled us to use the same numerical method in the unified domain consisting of the gas channels, gas diffusers, catalyst layers and membrane. It also eliminated the need to prescribe arbitrary or approximate boundary conditions at the interfaces between different parts of the fuel cell sandwich. By solving transport equations, as well as the equations for electrochemical reactions and current density with the membrane phase potential, polarization curves under various operating conditions were obtained. Modeling results compare very well with experimental results from the literature. Oxygen and water vapor mole fraction distributions in the coupled cathode gas channel‐gas diffuser were studied for various operating current densities. Liquid water velocity distributions in the membrane and influences of various parameters on the cell performance were also obtained.
Significance of blood serum catalase activity and malondialdehyde level for survival prognosis of ovarian cancer patients (2014)

MDA and CAT demonstrate oxidative stress in cancer patients: CAT activity was significantly lower and MDA levels higher in cancer patients compared to healthy controls. These variables were not confirmed to be prognostic factors in ovarian cancer, possibly due to small size of the study group.
Alpha‐hydroxyacids and carboxylic acids (2004)

The carboxylic acids include alpha-hydroxyacids (AHAs), polyhydroxy acids (PHAs), aldobionic acids (ABAs), retinoic acid, vitamin C and azelaic acid. They all have therapeutic actions. AHAs, PHAs and ABAs are organic hydroxyacids, a group of natural and physiological substances which can modulate skin keratinization and increase biosynthesis of dermal components. Because of these effects, AHAs, PHAs and ABAs are therapeutically effective or beneficial for topical treatment of dry skin, rough skin, acne, rosacea, warts, eczema, psoriasis and skin changes associated with ageing, including wrinkles and photoageing. In addition, PHAs and ABAs, which are antioxidants, are topically beneficial for sensitive or diseased skin and for the prevention of oxidative damage caused by UV radiation. The vitamin A derivatives, known as retinoids, include three that are found physiologically. Retinoic acid is the most potent of these in promoting proliferation and differentiation of epithelial cells, and in stimulating biosynthesis of collagen I and III. Because of these actions, retinoic acid is therapeutically effective for topical treatment of acne, actinic keratoses and photoaged skin. Vitamin C, which is l-ascorbic acid and a lactone form of 3-keto-polyhydroxy acid, is a water-soluble antioxidant. Because of this property vitamin C has been promoted for topical prevention of skin damage caused by UV radiation. Azelaic acid has been shown to normalize keratinization in the follicular infundibulum, exert an antibacterial effect against Propionibacterium acnes and inhibit melanogenesis and so has been used for topical treatment of acne and melasma. The carboxylic acids display similarities and differences in their topical actions and therapeutic applications.