gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The application and mechanisms of polyethylene glycol 8000 on stabilizing lactate dehydrogenase during lyophilization. (2004)

The purpose of this paper is to explore the application and mechanisms of polyethylene glycol 8000 (PEG 8000) on stabilizing lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) during lyophilization. In earlier freeze-thawing experiments, different molecular weights and concentrations of PEGs were formulated with LDH, and ultraviolet (UV) enzymatic activity and circular dichroism (CD) wavelength scanning studies were conducted. In lyophilization studies, different molecular weights of saccharides, e.g., glucose, sucrose, dextran 37,000 (D 37K), and dextran 160,000 (D 160K), with or without PEG 8000, were formulated with LDH at various molar ratios. UV assays, size exclusion chromatography -high performance liquid chromatography (SEC-HPLC), CD, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) were conducted for LDH. Upon lyophilization, enzymatic activity and tetrameric structure recoveries of LDH-saccharide formulations reached over 90% with PEG 8000 vs. 60-80% without PEG 8000. LDH-PEG 8000-saccharide formulations shifted the melting temperature (Tm) to higher temperatures than did LDH-saccharide formulations. Most LDH-PEG 8000-saccharide formulations at 1:100:1000 molar ratio showed better preservation of LDH secondary structures than did LDH-saccharide formulations at 1:1000 molar ratio. Since PEG 8000 was confirmed an effective cryoprotectant, saccharides were assumed to be protecting LDH from destabilization during drying. However, LDH-PEG 8000-dextran formulations preserved more LDH secondary structure than did LDH-dextran formulations, but preserved less LDH secondary structures than did LDH-PEG 8000 formulations. This indicated that dextrans not only did not stabilize LDH during drying, but they disrupted the stabilization effect of PEG 8000 on LDH during freezing. After reconstitution, CD wavelength scanning showed that some of the unfolded or denatured structures of LDH were refolded. Based on the steric hindrance of the bulky dextrans and the "water replacement mechanism", sucrose with PEG 8000 had synergistic protective effects, and dextrans with PEG 8000 had antagonistic effects, on stabilization of LDH during lyophilization.
Regulation of IL-18 (IFN-gamma-inducing factor) gene expression (1997)

Abstract IL-18 (also known as IFN-gamma-inducing factor), although structurally unrelated to IL-12, shares with it the role of activating NK cells and polarizing T cells toward Th1 cell function. To understand how the IL-18 gene (and consequently Th1 function) is regulated, we have determined the gene structure and investigated the mechanisms of transcriptional control and cell type expression. The mouse IL-18 gene comprises seven exons distributed over 26 kb. Exons 1 and 2 of this gene are 5’-noncoding exons. Promoter activity was detected upstream of these noncoding exons in two distinct regions. Both promoters are TATA-less and not G+C rich. The promoter activity located upstream of exon 2 was shown to act constitutively, while the activity located upstream of exon 1 was up-regulated in activated macrophage and T cell lines. IL-18 gene expression may be regulated in a wide range of cell types by the activities of these two distinct promoters. IL-18 is known to be synthesized as a precursor, pro-IL-18, and its maturation is controlled by IL-1beta-converting enzyme (ICE). We observed concordant expression of IL-18 and ICE mRNAs in a wide range of cell types, unlike the more restricted expression of IL-12 p40 mRNA. The widespread IL-18 mRNA distribution and the special relationship with ICE lead us to the hypothesis that IL-18 expression may be coupled with apoptotic processes involving activation of ICE or ICE-like proteinase.
Learning Parameters in Entity Relationship Graphs from Ranking Preferences (2006)

Semi-structured entity-relation (ER) data graphs have diverse node and edge types representing entities (paper, person, company) and relations (wrote, works for). In addition, nodes contain text snippets. Extending from vector-space information retrieval, we wish to automatically learn ranking function for searching such typed graphs. User input is in the form of a partial preference order between pairs of nodes, associated with a query. We present a unified model for ranking in ER graphs, and propose an algorithm to learn the parameters of the model. Experiments with carefully-controlled synthetic data as well as real data (garnered using CiteSeer, DBLP and Google Scholar) show that our algorithm can satisfy training preferences and generalize to test preferences, and estimate meaningful model parameters that represent the relative importance of ER types.
Integration of TmSiO/HfO<sub>2</sub> Dielectric Stack in Sub-nm EOT High-k/Metal Gate CMOS Technology (2015)

Integration of a high-k interfacial layer (IL) is a promising technological solution to improve the scalability of high-k /metal gate CMOS technology. We have previously demonstrated a CMOS-compatible integration scheme for thulium silicate (TmSiO) IL and shown excellent characteristics in terms of equivalent oxide thickness (EOT), interface state density, channel mobility, and threshold voltage control. Here, we report on optimized annealing conditions leading to gate leakage current density comparable with state-of-the-art SiOx/HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> nFETs (0.7 A/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> at 1 V gate bias) at sub-nm EOT (as low as 0.6 nm), with near-symmetric threshold voltages (0.5 V for nFETs and -0.4 V for pFETs). We demonstrate an excellent performance benefit of the TmSiO/HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> stack, i.e., improved channel mobility over SiOx/HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> dielectric stacks, demonstrating high-field electron and hole mobility of 230 and 70 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /Vs, respectively, after forming gas anneal at EOT = 0.8 nm. Finally, the reliability of the TmSiO/HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> /TiN gate stack is investigated, demonstrating 10-year expected lifetimes for both oxide integrity and threshold voltage stability at an operating voltage of 0.9 V.
The Cleavage Efficiency of the Human Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain VH Elements by the RAG Complex (2002)

The human immunoglobulin heavy chain locus contains 39 functional human V(H) elements. All 39 V(H) elements (with their adjacent heptamer/nonamer signal) were tested for site-specific cleavage with purified human core RAG1 and RAG2, and HMG1 proteins in a 12/23-coupled cleavage reaction. Both nicking and hairpin formation were measured. The individual V(H) cleavage efficiencies vary over nearly a 30-fold range. These measurements will be useful in considering the factors affecting the generation of the immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor repertoires in the adult humans. Interestingly, when these cleavage efficiencies are summed for each of the V(H) families, the six V(H) family efficiencies correspond closely to the observed profile of unselected V(H) family usage in the peripheral B cells of normal adult humans. This correspondence raises the possibility that the dominant factor determining V(H) element utilization within the 1-megabase human genomic V(H) array is simply the individual RAG cleavage efficiencies.
Submicrometre gate length scaling of inversionchannel heterojunction field effect transistor (1994)

The scaling to 0.5 µm of the inversion channel HFET with a single strained InGaAs quantum well is described. A unity current gain frequency of 40 GHz, gm = 205 mS/mm and VTH = –0.34 V have been obtained for 0.5 × 100 µm2 devices. For shorter gate lengths, threshold shifts are sizeable so that in order to scale further, modifications to the growth and processing are required.
Comparative Studies on the Effect of Three Drying Methods on the Nutritional Composition of Seaweed <i>Sargassum hemiphyllum </i>(Turn.) C. Ag. (1997)

The effect of sun-drying, oven-drying, and freeze-drying methods on the nutritional composition of the seaweed Sargassum hemiphyllum (Turn.) C. Ag. was investigated. Proximate and nutrient compositions (amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, and vitamin C) of the seaweed dried by the above methods were determined. The results indicated that dietary fiber and ash were the most abundant components of seaweed S. hemiphyllum. No significant differences in the content of crude protein and crude lipid were found among all three dried seaweed samples. Freeze-dried seaweed had the highest content of total amino acids, total polyunsaturated fatty acids, and total vitamin C when compared with sun-dried and oven-dried seaweed. However, sun-dried seaweed has the lowest values of ash, mineral, and total vitamin C contents among the three dried seaweed samples. This might be due to the leaching effect and long exposure time to air during sun-drying. Although oven-dried seaweed had the greatest nutrient losses, probably due mainly to the effect of high temperature during drying, it contained the highest mineral content. Thus, it can be concluded that the nutritional composition of seaweed S. hemiphyllum is greatly affected by different drying methods. Keywords: Seaweed; freeze-drying; oven-drying; sun-drying; nutritional composition
Finding Buffer Overflow Inducing Loops in Binary Executables (2012)

Vulnerability analysis is one among the important components of overall software assurance practice. Buffer overflow (BoF) is one example of the such vulnerabilities and it is still the root cause of many effective attacks. A general practice to find BoF is to look for the presence of certain functions that manipulate string buffers, like the strcpy family. In these functions, data is moved from one buffer to another, within a loop, without considering destination buffer size. We argue that similar behaviour may also be present in many other functions that are coded separately, and therefore are equally vulnerable. In the present work, we investigate the detection of such functions by finding loops that exhibit similar behaviour. We call such loops Buffer Overflow Inducing Loops (BOIL). We implemented a lightweight static analysis to detect BOILs, and evaluated it on real-world x86 binary executables. The results obtained show that this (simple but yet efficient) vulnerability pattern happens to be very effective in practice to retrieve real vulnerabilities, providing a drastic reduction of the part of the code to be analysed.
Analogs of cannabinoids: synthesis of some 7<i>H</i>-indolo-, 5<i>H</i>-imidazolo, 7<i>H</i>-benzimidazolo[1,2-<i>c</i>] [1,3]benzoxazines – novel ring systems (1985)

Tetrahydrocannabinol 1, the active constituent of CannabissativaLinn, is a well-known CNS-active compound and introduction of a nitrogen atom at the ring junction of the pyran and alicyclic ring is of considerable interest. This prompted the synthesis of 7H-indolo[1,2-c] [1,3]-, 5H-imidazolo[1,2-C] [1,3],- and 7H-benzimidazolo[1,2-c] [1,3]-benzoxazine, a novel heterocyclic system. 2-(2′-Hydroxyphenyl) indoles, 2-(2′-hydroxyphenyl) imidazoles, and 2-(2′-hydroxyphenyl) benzimidazoles are suitable intermediates for the preparation of this type of benzoxazines, as the second heterocycle (ring B) can then be constructed by introduction of a methylene bridge between the hydroxyl of the 2′-hydroxy phenyl substituent and the imino group of the heterocyclic system.
Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review of Current Treatment Options (2010)

As our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of SCI improves, we must keep abreast of these discoveries to translate them into therapies that will hopefully benefit patients. We summarize this process of bench to bedside with regard to SCI.
Effects of interface roughness and phonon scattering on intersubband absorption linewidth in a GaAs quantum well (2001)

We experimentally and theoretically study the effects of interface roughness and phonon scattering on intersubband absorption linewidth in a modulation-doped GaAs/AlAs quantum well. Quantitative comparisons between experimental results and theoretical calculations make it clear that interface roughness scattering is the dominant scattering mechanism for absorption linewidth in the temperature range below 300 K. Even at room temperature, phonon scattering processes contribute little to linewidth, while polar-optical phonon scattering limits electron mobility.
Reduced Clinical Effect of Monofluorophosphate in the Presence of Sodium Lauryl Sulphate (1983)

It was shown that addition of 2% sodium lauryl sulphate to a 3% aqueous solution of sodium monofluorophosphate reduced the caries-inhibiting potential of the monofluorophosphate solution significantly, when this solution was applied topically at fortnightly intervals. It is suggested that this may be due to enzyme inhibition by the lauryl sulphate, denaturing bacterial enzymes in the oral cavity which would otherwise release free fluoride from the monofluorophosphate molecule. Almost all commercial toothpaste with sodium monofluorophosphate contains high amounts of sodium lauryl sulphate. It is suggested that this may impair the clinical effect of these toothpastes.
Plasma damaging process of porous ultra-low-k dielectrics and dielectric repair (2012)

The Ultra-low-k material is required to reduce the RC time delay in the integrated circuits. However, the integration of the porous low-k material into the on-chip interconnects was impeded by the plasma induced damage during etching and photoresist stripping processes. This dissertation aims to study the mechanism of plasma damage to porous ultra-low-k dielectrics with the objective to minimize the damage and to develop methods and processes to restore the low-k dielectric after the plasma damage. First, the plasma etching induced surface roughening was studied on blanket porous SiCOH films in the fluorocarbon based plasma. Substantial surface roughening was found in the low polymerization region, where the surface roughening process was initiated by the unevenly distribution of surface fluorocarbon polymers in the pore structure and enhanced by ion induced surface densification. With oxygen addition, the surface densification layer increased the radial diffusion rate difference between the top and the bottom of the pits, resulting in further increase of the surface roughness. The best process optimization was found at a threshold point where the surface polymerization level is just high enough to suppress the roughness initiation. The second part of this dissertation investigates the mechanism of the oxygen plasma damaging process. The roles of plasma constituents (i.e. ions, radicals and photons with different wavelengths) were differentiated by an on-wafer filter system. Oxygen radical was identified as the most critical and its damage effect was enhanced by photons with wavelength smaller than 185nm. The oxygen radical kinetics in the porous structure of low-k, including diffusion, reaction and recombination, was described analytically with a plasma altered layer model and then simulated with a Monte Carlo computational method, which give guidelines to minimize the damage. The analytical model of oxygen radical kinetic process is also used to investigate the oxygen plasma damage to patterned low-k structure, which is confirmed by experiments. Finally, the dielectric recovery was studied using silylation and broadband thermal treatment, both individually and in combination. After both vapor and supercritical CO₂ silylation, surface carbon and hydrophobicity were partially recovered. However, the recovery effect was limited to the surface. In comparison, treatment can effectively remove water from the bulk of the damaged film and consolidate the silanol bonds with the help of thermal activation. The combination of and silylation treatments is more effectively for dielectric recovery than or silylation alone. The UV first treatment provided a better recovery in sequential processes. Under the same conditions, simultaneous treatments by silylation and irradiation achieved better bulk and surface recovery than the sequential process.
Laser source for DIRCM at CILAS (2009)

We report on the development and characteristics of infrared solid state laser as compact and robust light sources for Directed Infrared Countermeasures (DIRCM). DIRCM against infrared missile seekers requires wavelength tunable laser sources. When adding an optical parametric oscillator to a pump laser source, it is possible to cover the 2-5 μm wavelength transmission windows. For more than five years, CILAS has developed critical technologies for the development of a laser source adapted for DIRCM application. This includes: The choice of the crystals, the optical coatings in band II, the thermal management and an optimized oscillator configuration insensitive to repetition rate variation in a wide range. The scope of this presentation is to recall performances of the technologies developed and to present the technical base line of our laser concept. This work is supported by the French MOD (DGA).
MagIC system (2009)

In the health-care area, there is a growing demand for devices capable of monitoring cardiorespiratory function in a simple and comfortable way without interfering with the patient's behavior. Smart monitoring systems are also requested for the recording of vital signs in healthy subjects for research, assessment of performances, safety, and injury prevention purposes. Typical nonclinical areas of application include ergonomics, occupational medicine, wellness, and sport.
Highly Efficient Stereoconservative Amidation and Deamidation of α-Amino Acids (2004)

[reaction: see text] An overall stereoconservative protection and deprotection method of amino and carboxyl groups is presented. N-Phthaloyl N'-alkyl secondary amides of alpha-amino acids can be generated from corresponding N-phthaloyl amino acids by coupling reaction of N-alkylamines using mixed anhydride method. These secondary amides can be transformed by thermal rearrangement of intermediate nitrosoamides to O-alkyl esters with retention of configuration and excellent yields.
Novel Color-Sequential Transflective Liquid Crystal Displays (2007)

A novel transflective liquid crystal display architecture and its system driving schemes are proposed. In the reflective mode, the ambient light is used to readout the displayed images. While in the transmissive mode, a color-sequential light emitting diode backlight is used to eliminate the color filters. Under such device configuration, several advantages such as increased brightness and maximized color saturation for both transmissive and reflective modes can be achieved
Metal- and Ligand-Centered Reactivity of <i>meta</i>-Carboranyl-Backbone Pincer Complexes of Rhodium (2016)

We report the synthesis of the chelating phosphinite-arm carboranyl POBOP-H (POBOP = 1,7-OP(i-Pr)2-m-carboranyl) ligand precursor, preparation of its rhodium complexes, and their reactivity in oxidative addition/reductive elimination reactions. The oxidative addition of iodobenzene to the low-valent (POBOP)Rh(PPh3) resulted in the selective formation of the 16-electron complex (POBOP)Rh(Ph)(I), featuring a highly strained exohedral rhodium–boron bond. The complex (POBOP)Rh(Ph)(I) is the first example of a B-carboranyl aryl metal complex, which is a proposed intermediate in metal-promoted B–C coupling reactions. The complex (POBOP)Rh(Ph)(I) was selectively and directly converted, in the presence of acetonitrile, to (POB(BPh)OP)Rh(H)(I)(CH3CN) (POB(BPh)OP = 1,7-OP(i-Pr)2-2-Ph-m-carboranyl) through unprecedented cascade reductive elimination of the phenyl-B-carboranyl and the oxidative addition of a vicinal B–H bond of the boron cluster to the metal center, exhibiting both metal- and cluster-centered reactivity.
The evolving story of incretins ( <scp>GIP</scp> and <scp>GLP</scp> ‐1) in metabolic and cardiovascular disease: A pathophysiological update (2021)

The incretin hormones glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) have their main physiological role in augmenting insulin secretion after their nutrient-induced secretion from the gut. A functioning entero-insular (gut-endocrine pancreas) axis is essential for the maintenance of a normal glucose tolerance. This is exemplified by the incretin effect (greater insulin secretory response to oral as compared to "isoglycaemic" intravenous glucose administration due to the secretion and action of incretin hormones). GIP and GLP-1 have additive effects on insulin secretion. Local production of GIP and/or GLP-1 in islet α-cells (instead of enteroendocrine K and L cells) has been observed, and its significance is still unclear. GLP-1 suppresses, and GIP increases glucagon secretion, both in a glucose-dependent manner. GIP plays a greater physiological role as an incretin. In type 2-diabetic patients, the incretin effect is reduced despite more or less normal secretion of GIP and GLP-1. While insulinotropic effects of GLP-1 are only slightly impaired in type 2 diabetes, GIP has lost much of its acute insulinotropic activity in type 2 diabetes, for largely unknown reasons. Besides their role in glucose homoeostasis, the incretin hormones GIP and GLP-1 have additional biological functions: GLP-1 at pharmacological concentrations reduces appetite, food intake, and-in the long run-body weight, and a similar role is evolving for GIP, at least in animal studies. Human studies, however, do not confirm these findings. GIP, but not GLP-1 increases triglyceride storage in white adipose tissue not only through stimulating insulin secretion, but also by interacting with regional blood vessels and GIP receptors. GIP, and to a lesser degree GLP-1, play a role in bone remodelling. GLP-1, but not GIP slows gastric emptying, which reduces post-meal glycaemic increments. For both GIP and GLP-1, beneficial effects on cardiovascular complications and neurodegenerative central nervous system (CNS) disorders have been observed, pointing to therapeutic potential over and above improving diabetes complications. The recent finding that GIP/GLP-1 receptor co-agonists like tirzepatide have superior efficacy compared to selective GLP-1 receptor agonists with respect to glycaemic control as well as body weight has renewed interest in GIP, which previously was thought to be without any therapeutic potential. One focus of this research is into the long-term interaction of GIP and GLP-1 receptor signalling. A GLP-1 receptor antagonist (exendin [9-39]) and, more recently, a GIP receptor agonist (GIP [3-30] NH<sub>2</sub> ) and, hopefully, longer-acting GIP receptor agonists for human use will be helpful tools to shed light on the open questions. A detailed knowledge of incretin physiology and pathophysiology will be a prerequisite for designing more effective incretin-based diabetes drugs.
High-Dosage Ascorbic Acid Treatment in Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Type 1A (2013)

clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00484510.