gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High Bone Mass in Mice Expressing a Mutant <i>LRP5</i> Gene (2003)

A unique mutation in LRP5 is associated with high bone mass in man. Transgenic mice expressing this LRP5 mutation have a similar phenotype with high bone mass and enhanced strength. These results underscore the importance of LRP5 in skeletal regulation and suggest targets for therapies for bone disease. A mutation (G171V) in the low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein 5 (LRP5) has been associated with high bone mass (HBM) in two independent human kindreds. To validate the role of the mutation, several lines of transgenic mice were created expressing either the human LRP5 G171V substitution or the wildtype LRP5 gene in bone. Volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) analysis by pQCT showed dramatic increases in both total vBMD (30-55%) and trabecular vBMD (103-250%) of the distal femoral metaphysis and increased cortical size of the femoral diaphysis in mutant G171V transgenics at 5, 9, 17, 26, and 52 weeks of age (p < 0.01 for all). In addition, high-resolution microcomputed tomography (microCT) analysis of the distal femorae and lumbar vertebrae revealed an increase (110-232%) in trabecular bone volume fraction caused by both increased trabecular number (41-74%) and increased trabecular thickness (34-46%; p < 0.01 for all) in the mutant G171V mice. The increased bone mass was associated with significant increases in vertebral compressive strength (80-140%) and the increased cortical size with significant increases in femoral bending strength (50-130%). There were no differences in osteoclast number at 17 weeks of age. However, compared with littermate controls, the mutant G171V transgenic mice showed an increase in actively mineralizing bone surface, enhanced alkaline phosphatase staining in osteoblasts, and a significant reduction in the number of TUNEL-positive osteoblasts and osteocytes. These results suggest that the increased bone mineral density in mutant G171V mice was caused by increased numbers of active osteoblasts, which could in part be because of their increased functional lifespan. While slight bone anabolic activity was observed from overexpression of the wildtype LRP5 gene, it is clear that the G171V mutation, rather than overexpression of the receptor itself, is primarily responsible for the dramatic HBM bone effects. Together, these findings establish the importance of this novel and unexpected role of a lipoprotein receptor in regulating bone mass and afford a new model to explore LRP5 and its recent association with Wnt signaling in bone biology.
Overview of an image-based technique for predicting far-field radar cross section from near-field measurements (2003)

For the last 18 years, our group has been developing a variety of near-field-to-far-field transformations (NFFFTs) for predicting the far-field (FF) RCS of targets from monostatic near-field (NF) measurements. The most practical and mature of these is based on the reflectivity approximation, commonly used in ISAR imaging to model the target scattering. This image-based NFFFT is also the most computationally efficient because - despite its theoretical underpinnings - it does not explicitly require image formation as part of its implementation. This paper presents a formulation and implementation of the image-based NFFFT that is applicable to two-dimensional (2D) spherical and one-dimensional (1D) circular near-field measurement geometries, along with numerical and experimental examples of its performance. We show that the algorithm's far-field RCS pattern-prediction performance is quite good for a variety of frequencies, near-field measurement distances, and target geometries. In addition, we show that the predicted RCS statistics remain quite accurate under conditions where the predicted far-field patterns have significantly degraded due to multiple interactions and other effect.
ROLE OF GRANULE SIZE AND SIZE DISTRIBUTION IN THE VISCOSITY OF COWPEA STARCH DISPERSIONS HEATED IN EXCESS WATER (1996)

ABSTRACT The role of granule size and size distribution, measured by laser diffraction, in affecting the flow behavior and yield stress of cowpea starch dispersions (2.6% w/w) heated for various time intervals at 67, 70, 75 and 80C was studied. Flow data on the dispersions at 20C were fitted to the power law flow equation. The standard deviation of the granules described the transition of flow behavior from shear thickening (dilatant) in the early stages of gelatinization to shear thinning (pseudoplastic) in the latter stages. It was an important variable for also correlating the critical shear rate, λ˙c, for the onset of shear thickening in starch dispersions. The granules swelled to a maximum of about 3.5 X raw starch granule mean diameter and a granule mass fraction of 65%. The consistency index of the dispersions increased with granule mean diameter.
A suggestive interface for 3D drawing (2006)

This paper introduces a new type of interface for 3D drawings that improves the usability of gestural interfaces and augments typical command-based modeling systems. In our suggestive interface, the user gives hints about a desired operation to the system by highlighting related geometric components in the scene. The system then infers possible operations based on the hints and presents the results of these operations as small thumbnails. The user completes the editing operation simply by clicking on the desired thumbnail. The hinting mechanism lets the user specify geometric relations among graphical components in the scene, and the multiple thumbnail suggestions make it possible to define many operations with relatively few distinct hint patterns. The suggestive interface system is implemented as a set of suggestion engines working in parallel, and is easily extended by adding customized engines. Our prototype 3D drawing system, Chateau, shows that a suggestive interface can effectively support construction of various 3D drawings.
Contending with Animal Bones (2003)

This issue has been assembled in order to focus on some of the current directions in animal remains research. Since serious study of ancient animal remains began in the nineteenth century, this field and its specific areas of inquiry have evolved and diversified, and this collection of papers highlights that diversity, by including contributions that address issues from excavation and field recording methods and preservational conditions, to the use of bone for understanding past animal populations, as well as bones as proxy indicators for human activities. This volume is not meant only for the attention of the faunal remains specialist, and only a couple of these papers have actually been contributed by &quot;archaeozoologists&quot;. Rather we hope to demonstrate the importance of faunal remains studies, on a par with lithic or
Initiation of blood coagulation - Evaluating the relevance of specific surface functionalities using self assembled monolayers (2010)

The surface of biomaterials can induce contacting blood to coagulate, similar to the response initiated by injured blood vessels to control blood loss. This poses a challenge to the use of biomaterials as the resulting coagulation can impair the performance of hemocompatible devices such as catheters, vascular stents and various extracorporeal tubings [1], what can moreover cause severe host reactions like embolism and infarction. Biomaterial induced coagulation processes limit the therapeutic use of medical products, what motivates the need for a better understanding of the basic mechanisms leading to this bio-incompatibility [2] in order to define modification strategies towards improved biomaterials [3]. Several approaches for the enhancement of hemocompatible surfaces include passive and active strategies for surface modifications. The materials’ chemical-physical properties like surface chemistry, wettability and polarity are parameters of passive modification approaches for improved hemocompatibility and are the focus of the present work. In the present study self assembled monolayers with different surface functionalities (-COOH, -OH, -CH3) were applied as well as two-component-layers with varying fractions of these, as they allow a defined graduation of surface wettability and charge. The ease of control over these parameters given by these model surfaces enables the evaluation of the influence of specific surface-properties on biological responses. To evaluate the effects of different surface chemistry on initial mechanisms of biomaterial induced coagulation, the surfaces were incubated with protein solution, human plasma, blood cell fractions or fresh heparinised human whole blood. Indicative hemocompatibility parameters were subsequently analysed focusing on protein adsorption, coagulation activation, contact activation (intrinsic/ enhancer pathway), impact of tissue factor (extrinsic/ activator pathway) and cellular systems (blood platelets and leukocytes).
Automatic display of RNA secondary structures (1993)

A set of programs written in C language with the GL library and under UNIX has been developed for generating compact, pleasant and non-overlapping displays of secondary structures of ribonucleic acids. The first program, rnasearch, implements a new search procedure that dynamically rearranges overlapping portions of the two-dimensional drawing while preserving clear and readable displays of the two-dimensional structure. The algorithm is fast (the execution time for the command rnasearch is 38.6 s for the 16S rRNA of Escherichia coli with 1542 bases), accepts outputs from two-dimensional prediction programs and therefore allows for rapid comparison between the various two-dimensional folds generated. A second program, rnadisplay, allows the graphical display of the computed two-dimensional structures on a graphics workstation. Otherwise, it is possible to obtain a paper output of the two-dimensional structure by using the program print2D which builds a Postscript file. Moreover the two-dimensional drawing can be labelled for representing data coming from chemical modifications and/or enzymatic cleavages. Application to a few secondary structures such as RNaseP, 5S rRNA and 16S rRNA are given.
Two Independent Mechanisms Down-regulate the Intrinsic SecA ATPase Activity (2000)

SecA initiates protein translocation by interacting with ATP, preprotein, and the SecYEG membrane components. Under such conditions, it undergoes a conformational change characterized as membrane insertion, which is then followed by hydrolysis of ATP, enabling the release of the preprotein and deinsertion of SecA itself for the next cycle of reactions. Without ongoing translocation, the ATPase activity of SecA is kept very low. Previously, it was shown that the C-terminal 34-kDa domain of SecA interacts with the N-terminal 68-kDa ATPase domain to down-regulate the ATPase. Here, we show, using a deregulated SecA mutant, that the intrinsic ATPase activity is subject to dual inhibitory mechanisms. Thus, the proposed second ATP-binding domain down-regulates the ATPase activity executed by the primary ATPase domain. This regulation, within the N-terminal ATPase domain, operates independently of the C-terminal domain-mediated regulation. The absence of both the mechanisms resulted in a 50-fold elevation of translocation-uncoupled ATP hydrolysis.
Porphyran Primary Structure (1983)

Porphyran, a highly substituted agarose from Porphyra umbilicalis was degraded by highly purified beta-agarase I from Pseudomonas atlantica. This enzyme cleaved at the reducing side of units of beta-neoagarobiose (3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-beta-D-galactopyranose). The oligosaccharides were divided into fractions of low and high molecular weight by dialysis. The permeate (23% of total starting carbohydrate) was separated by ion-exchange into neutral and anionic fractions. Gel filtration of the neutral fraction (19%) resolved two major oligosaccharides. These were shown by 13C-NMR spectroscopy to be 6(3)-O-methyl-neoagarotetraose and 6(3),6(5)-di-O-methyl-neoagarohexaose. Gel filtration of the anionic oligosaccharides (3.3%) revealed two novel monosulphated tetrasaccharides, 6-O-sulphato-alpha-L-galacto-pyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 4)-3,6-anhydro-alpha-L-galactopyranosyl-(1 leads to 3)-D-galactopyranose and its 6(3)-O-methylated derivative. The 13C-NMR data from the sulphated tetrasaccharides provided a novel reference which was used to characterise higher, partially sulphated fragments in the dialysis permeate. The fraction retained on dialysis (77%) had an average degree of polymerisation of 40 and was homologous with the high-molecular-weight anionic permeate. From 13C-NMR spectroscopy porphyran was found to comprise 49% sulphated disaccharide units and these were calculated to occur in stretches averaging 2.0-2.5 contiguous units.
Pretreatment of Guayule Biomass Using Supercritical CO 2 -based Method for Use as Fermentation Feedstock (2010)

Guayule is a commercial desert shrub grown in the dry
regions of Arizona and California. Its resin and latex products are
non-allergenic to most people unlike the products made from the
rubber from Hevea brasiliensis. Latex and
resins, however, make up only about 20% of biomass. Converting the
waste bagasse to biorefinery feedstock makes good economic sense. A
supercritical CO2-based process had been
developed for pre-treating the guayule. Our approach used
supercritical CO2 and moisture for mild
hydrolysis and subsequent explosion, created by sudden pressure
release. The pretreatment involved: adding water to the bagasse,
raising system temperature, pressurizing using supercritical
CO2, holding the system for a period of
time, and exploding the bagasse. The different pretreatments were
compared based on the sugar yield from the enzyme hydrolysis and
our method was more effective than other techniques such as acid
hydrolysis and delignification. No inhibitory/toxic effects were
apparent in terms of growth of Trichoderma reesei Rut C-30. A
factorial design was performed to find the optimum working
conditions for maximum sugar yields from the supercritical
CO2 pretreatment of the guayule. The optimum
yields of glucose and pentose were 55% and 60% from enzyme
hydrolysis at a temperature of 170 °C, 3800 psi, 57% moisture and
32 minutes of holding time. Additional solvents like acetone and
ethanol were tried in place of water as solvents. Although acetone
and ethanol gave yields 50% and 54% which are comparable with that
of water, only in case of acetone the working conditions were
milder (60 °C). A study involving the removal of lignin from the
biomass was performed using the supercritical
CO2 method. A Supercritical carbon
dioxide-ethanol- water system was studied to extract the lignin
present in the bagasse. The extraction process was not efficient
and removed very little lignin (30%). Guayule has a lot of
hemicelluloses and so micro-organisms that can metabolize xylose
efficiently in addition to glucose were chosen and were tested for
their ethanol tolerance and ability to withstand the hydrolyzate
toxicity. Three yeast species were found to consume xylose and have
high ethanol tolerance. But the highest yield of ethanol was from
the simultaneous saccharification fermentation of the pretreated
bagasse with the K.marxianus yeast, 0.36 g ethanol/ g of
hydrolysable sugars.The process as a whole aims at using a non food
crop as a source of fermentation feedstock. There is no competing
use as a food crop and hence no increase in food prices. The
supercritical pretreatment process preserves all kinds of sugars
including the hemicelluloses. The process does not destroy any
sugars compared to the widely used dilute acid pretreatment. The
fermentation process involves the use of yeasts that can metabolize
hemi-cellulosic sugars in addition to the six carbon sugars and
produce ethanol. The thermotolerant K.marxianus
yeast gave a high ethanol yield compared to…
Improving the learning speed of 2-layer neural networks by choosing initial values of the adaptive weights (1990)

The authors describe how a two-layer neural network can approximate any nonlinear function by forming a union of piecewise linear segments. A method is given for picking initial weights for the network to decrease training time. The authors have used the method to initialize adaptive weights over a large number of different training problems and have achieved major improvements in learning speed in every case. The improvement is best when a large number of hidden units is used with a complicated desired response. The authors have used the method to train the truck-backer-upper and were able to decrease the training time from about two days to four hours
Characterization of polyacetylene/low density polyethylene composites prepared by <i>in</i>‐<i>situ</i> polymerization (1983)

Abstract The results of thermal, mechanical, and conductivity studies of polymer composites prepared by polymerization of acetylene in low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) films impregnated with a Ziegler–Natta catalyst are presented and discussed. The enthalpy of melting of the LDPE component decreases as the amount of polyacetylene (CH) x grown in the matrix increases and is rationalized as being due to entanglement effects, although grafting cannot be unequivocally ruled out. Composites prepared well below the melting point of the LDPE matrix possess enhanced tensile moduli and tensile strengths at break, compared with pristine LDPE; this suggests reinforcement of the LDPE amorphous regions by the (CH) x chains. Measurements of electrical conductivity as a function of (CH) x content for a series of iodine‐doped composites reveal an apparent percolation threshold at ca. 3 wt % (CH) x .
pKa of zinc-bound water and nucleophilicity of hydroxo-containing species. Ab initio calculations on models for zinc enzymes (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTpKa of zinc-bound water and nucleophilicity of hydroxo-containing species. Ab initio calculations on models for zinc enzymesIvano Bertini, Claudio Luchinat, Marzio Rosi, Antonio Sgamellotti, and Francesco TarantelliCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1990, 29, 8, 1460–1463Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic00333a004https://doi.org/10.1021/ic00333a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views657Altmetric-Citations84LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Stress-induced self-organization of nanoscale structures in SiGe/Si multilayer films (1996)

In the growth of ${\mathrm{Si}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Ge}}_{\mathit{x}}$ films on Si(001), the growth front undergoes a series of elastic stress relief mechanisms. We use these mechanisms in the molecular-beam-epitaxy growth of SiGe/Si superlattices to create relatively periodic surface and interface patterns of small coherent {105}-faceted SiGe crystallites. The self-organization of these islands is affected in different ways by tuning substrate miscut, alloy composition, and layer thickness. \textcopyright{}1996 The American Physical Society.
Anemia in patients with cancer: Incidence, causes, impact, management, and use of treatment guidelines and protocols (2007)

The use of evidence-based guidelines and protocols that take into consideration the heterogeneity of patients with cancer can optimize anemia treatment.
Simulation In Vitro of Pulsatile Vascular Hemodynamics Using a CAD/CAM‐Designed Cam Disc and Roller Follower (1986)

An in vitro perfusion circuit is described that is capable of stimulating pulsatile peripheral vascular hemodynamics. A novel feature of its design is the incorporation of a computer-aided design and manufacture disc cam and roller follower for delivery of pulsatile hemodynamics. To date approximately 75 canine carotids have been perfused for periods of 2-24 h. The delivery of quantifiable hemodynamics in vitro via the rotation of a cam and roller follower has been found to be highly reliable on a cycle-to-cycle basis.
Medial Axis Transformation of a Planar Shape (1982)

The medial axis transformation is a means first proposed by Blum to describe a shape. In this paper we present a 0(n log n) algorithm for computing the medial axis of a planar shape represented by an n-edge simple polygon. The algorithm is an improvement over most previously known results interms of both efficiency and exactness and has been implemented in Fortran. Some computer-plotted output of the program are also shown in the paper.
Chondroclasts and endothelial cells collaborate in the process of cartilage resorption (1992)

The condylar cartilage of the young rat is a major growth center of the craniofacial complex. Differences between the mechanism that results in bone formation from growth centers in the epiphyseal plates of long bones are dictated primarily by the different character of the mineralization of the cartilage. In this ultrastructural study we demonstrate that the terminal hypertrophic chondrocytes undergo apoptosis and disintegration while simultaneously chondroclasts dissolve gaps in the calcified cartilage that engulfs them. The latter are also phagocytizing debris of the chondrocytes. The chondroclasts are intimately followed by tube-forming endothelial cells that most probably coalesce to create extensions of the invading capillaries into the evacuated lacunae. The chondroclasts have ultrastructural features similar to osteoclasts. They are multinucleate, are rich in mitochondria and vacuoles, form clear zones that adhere to the spicules of the calcified cartilage, and also form a sort of ruffled border. The latter is not as elaborate and orderly arranged as is known from osteoclasts. The capillaries that follow orient the stroma cells to the evacuated lacunae and, together with the calcified cartilaginous scaffold, supply the adequate environmental conditions for the stroma cells to differentiate into osteoblasts and to build up trabecular bone.