gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Coupling Equation-of-State Compositional and Surfactant Models in a Fully Implicit Parallel Reservoir Simulator Using the Equivalent-Alkane-Carbon-Number Concept (2009)

Summary Equation-of-state (EOS) compositional and surfactant models are coupled in a fully implicit parallel reservoir simulator using the equivalent alkane carbon number (EACN) of the oleic phase. The EACN of the oleic phase is computed using a mole-fraction-weighted carbon number for each component present in the oleic phase. Important microemulsion properties such as optimum salinity and optimum solubilization parameter as a function of the EACN of the oleic phase are implemented on the basis of known correlations. Type II(-) surfactant phase behavior is considered in this study. The simulator developed is validated using our implicit-pressure/explicit-concentration (IMPEC) chemical-flooding simulator. Case studies, including a large-scale simulation, emphasize that surfactant floods should be modeled carefully, taking the EACN of crude oil into consideration for more realistic and accurate oil-recovery predictions.
The initial bearing capacities of subchondral bone replacements considerably contributing to chondrogenesis. (2010)

The degeneration of articular cartilage results from osteoarthritis and many other forms of severe arthritis. Current treatments for cartilage repair are less than satisfactory, and rarely restore a full function or return the tissue to its natural state. The leading strategies in the treatment are aimed at the transplantation of cells and/or the use of various biological grafts, bioactive agents, or biologically compatible implant matrices. The insertion of a crushed autologous bone graft has been reported as a possible therapy. However, the regenerative quality of the tissue was less than 70% of healthy cartilage for fragments and controls. The implantation of cycloolefin-blend 3D-cylinders with hydrogel scaffolds on their proximal parts and with the applications of type I collagen films is one of several surgical therapies. The replacement and continuous biomechanical properties of the subchondral bone play an important role in the morphology and the quality of chondrogenesis. The initial biomechanical stability of COC-blend polymer replacements in the subchondral bone contributes to the formation of a new cartilage tissue. The initial bearing capacities of the implanted tissue/replacements and vertical positions of the replacements have a principal influence upon both the quality and the quantity of new articular cartilage.
Recent Progress in Resistance Change Memory (2008)

Resistance change memory (RRAM) is now attracting a lot of attention in parallel with phase change memory (PCM). Both memories are based on materials which exhibit nonvolatile changes in resistivity, through either the motion of charged species (RRAM) or through a crystalline-noncrystalline phase changes (PCM). Phase change memory is now viewed as a relatively near-term solution, while the RRAM has longer-term challenges and opportunities, which a large variety of materials research is addressing on a world-wide scale, mostly in academia. But, even though there are many promising results published, fundamental understanding of many aspects of the nonvolatile switching mechanism(s) or RRAM is still lacking. The authors look at some of the developments in resistance change memory, in particular the two types of RRAM materials: metal sulfides and metal oxides.
X-Ray determination of the stereochemistry and molecular structure of 2,6-dinitrato-9-thiabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane 9,9-dioxide (1982)

The molecular geometry of the title compound, C8H12N2O6S, has been determined by X-ray diffraction. The molecule has a twin-chair conformation with the nitrato-groups in equatorial positions on the thiacyclohexane rings. The C(3)⋯ C(7) transannular separation is 3.128(2)Å and the H ⋯ H 3,7-separation is ca. 1.9 Å. Crystallographic data are a= 15.144(3), b= 7.851(3), c= 19.958(4)Å, β= 90.295(14)°, Z= 8, space group A2/a. Diffractometer intensity measurements were made with both Cu-Kα and Mo-Kα radiation and least-squares adjustment of the atomic parameters converged at R 0.080 for 1 872 Cu-Kα reflexions and at R 0.040 for 2 718 Mo-Kα reflexions.
Classifying Respiratory Sounds with Different Feature Sets (2006)

In this study, different feature sets are used in conjunction with (k-nearest neighbors) k-NN and artificial neural network (ANN) classifiers to address the classification problem of respiratory sound signals. A comparison is made between the performances of k-NN and ANN classifiers with different feature sets derived from respiratory sound data acquired from one microphone placed on the posterior chest area. Each subject is represented by a single respiration cycle divided into sixty segments from which three different feature sets consisting of 6th order AR model coefficients, wavelet coefficients and crackle parameters in addition to AR model coefficients are extracted. Classification experiments are carried out on inspiration and expiration phases separately. The two class recognition problem between healthy and pathological subjects is addressed.
Utilization of Cotton Plant Residues by Ruminants (1987)

Cotton plant residues can serve as viable feedstuffs for ruminants. Cotton gin trash is available in large quantities, but due to its slow rate of decomposition, processing by physical and chemical means is required for its consideration as an economical source of dietary energy. Physical processing, in itself, offers little towards increasing energy availability in cotton gin trash. Chemical treatments have been shown to be beneficial in allowing more energy to be derived from cotton gin trash by ruminants. However, the response to chemical treatment of cotton gin trash varies with both the chemical and its concentration, relative to cotton gin trash. The more caustic alkali, sodium hydroxide, has shown greater effectiveness than ammonium hydroxide. In growing ruminants, cotton gin trash treated with anhydrous ammonia resulted in performance similar to that of animals receiving N from soybean meal. Severe treatment of cotton gin trash with strong oxidizing agents has shown more benefit than the strong alkali. No commercial method is as yet available for treatment with strong oxidizing agents in quantities similar to those used in treated crop residues with sodium hydroxide. Caution must also be exercised in chemically treating crop residues because some techniques develop chemical by-products that may be deleterious to animals.
Dynamic Programming and the Variation of Green's Functions (1958)

Abstract : The functional equation technique of dynamic programming is applied to the study of quadratic functionals whose Euler variational equations are linear self-adjoint partial differential equations of the second order. A first consequence is the classical Hadamard variational formula for the Green's function of a region. Some extensions are indicated.
Prioritised research agenda for prevention and control of chronic respiratory diseases (2010)

The 2008-2013 World Health Organization (WHO) action plan on noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) includes chronic respiratory diseases as one of its four priorities. Major chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs) include asthma and rhinitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, occupational lung diseases, sleep-disordered breathing, pulmonary hypertension, bronchiectiasis and pulmonary interstitial diseases. A billion people suffer from chronic respiratory diseases, the majority being in developing countries. CRDs have major adverse effects on the life and disability of patients. Effective intervention plans can prevent and control CRDs, thus reducing morbidity and mortality. A prioritised research agenda should encapsulate all of these considerations in the frame of the global fight against NCDs. This requires both CRD-targeted interventions and transverse NCD programmes which include CRDs, with emphasis on health promotion and disease prevention.
Luminal capsaicin inhibits fluid secretion induced by enterotoxin E. coli STa, but not by carbachol, in vivo in rat small and large intestine (1996)

The enterotoxin E. coli STa induced fluid secretion in the rat jejunum, ileum and proximal colon in vivo that was greatly inhibited by the co-presence of luminal capsaicin, which is a specific neural toxin of afferent C fibres. The same dose of capsaicin had no effect on the fluid secretion activated by carbachol in the jejunum, ileum and proximal colon. Afferent C fibres appear to be involved in the activation by STa of fluid secretion in the rat intestine in vivo.
Fourier Transformed Finding Propagation Matrix Method of Characteristics of Complex Anisotropic Layered Media . (1984)

A planar structure having arbitrarily located conductor lines immersed in complex anisotropic media presents one with a very general guided wave problem. This problem is solved here by a rigorous formulation technique characterizing each layer by a 6 x 6 tensor and finding the appropriate Fourier transformed Green's function matrix G of 2n x 2n size. From G, a method-of-moments solution for the propagation characteristics follows, including propagation constant eigenvalues and field eigenvectors at all spatial Iocations. The method is very versatile and can handle a huge class of microwave or millimeter-wave integrated circuit or monolithic circuit problems, no matter how simple or complex as long as they possess planar symmetry.
A latency-adaptive communication architecture for inter-networked virtual environments (2005)

With the availability of broadband Internet access, networked virtual environment (NVE) is ready for deployment over the Internet. Of existing NVE communication architectures, the most suitable one for inter-networked VE is client/server architecture with multi-server. However under this architecture each client connects with only one server, so when a client migrates from one server to another, it should disconnect with the previous server and make connection to another server. Because of the Internet's inherent latency problem, there would be an abrupt appearance in other clients' view due to it. To avoid this abrupt appearance, the paper bright out a new NVE's communication architecture in which each client connects with other server(s) in advance according to prediction. The new architecture was adopted by Tourism Expo '2003 of Zhejiang Province, and achieved a great success.
Synergistic combinations of antifungals and anti-virulence agents to fight against<i>Candida albicans</i> (2015)

Candida albicans, one of the pathogenic Candida species, causes high mortality rate in immunocompromised and high-risk surgical patients. In the last decade, only one new class of antifungal drug echinocandin was applied. The increased therapy failures, such as the one caused by multi-drug resistance, demand innovative strategies for new effective antifungal drugs. Synergistic combinations of antifungals and anti-virulence agents highlight the pragmatic strategy to reduce the development of drug resistant and potentially repurpose known antifungals, which bypass the costly and time-consuming pipeline of new drug development. Anti-virulence and synergistic combination provide new options for antifungal drug discovery by counteracting the difficulty or failure of traditional therapy for fungal infections.
Online Embedded Impedance Measurement Using High-Power Battery Charger (2014)

This paper presents a new functionality for high-power battery chargers by incorporating an impedance measurement algorithm. The measurement of battery impedance can be performed by the battery charger to provide an accurate equivalent model for battery management purposes. In this paper, an extended control capability of the onboard battery charger for electric vehicles is used to measure the online impedance of the battery. The impedance of the battery is measured by the following: 1) injecting ac current ripple on top of the dc charging current; 2) transforming voltage and current signals using a virtual α-β stationary coordinate system, a d-q rotating coordinate system, and two filtering systems; 3) calculating ripple voltage and current values; and 4) calculating the angle and magnitude of the impedance. The contributions of this paper are the use of the d-q transformation to attain the battery impedance, theta, and its ripple power, as well as providing a controller design procedure which has impedance measurement capability. The online impedance information can be utilized for diverse applications such as the following: 1) a theta control for sinusoidal current charging; 2) the quantifying of reactive current and voltage; 3) ascertaining the state of charge; 4) determining the state of health; and 5) finding the optimized charging current. Therefore, the benefit of this method is that it can be deployed in already existing high-power chargers regardless of battery chemistry. Validations of the proposed approach were made by comparing measurement values by using a battery charger and a commercial frequency response analyzer.
Biological phenotypes associated with individuals at high risk for developing alcohol‐related disorders: Part 1 (2000)

This article reviews the results of studies concerning particular classes of biological phenotypes that may have relevance for alcohol dependence. Broadly defined, these classes include brain neurotransmitter systems and neuroelectric potentials. Evidence is presented concerning genotypic variation in alcoholics and high-risk relatives suggesting that the etiology of alcoholism and other addictive diseases is mediated in part through suboptimal neurotransmitter functioning. Research opportunities are offered with respect to specific candidate genes that have been cloned from these neurotransmitter systems that could be most fully utilized in family-based genetic analyses. Additional evidence is offered, suggesting that characteristics of particular neuroelectric potentials (e.g. the amplitude of the P300 component of the event-related potential) may provide another dimension of potential markers that could be used to identify children at risk. Finally, methodological considerations specific to high risk studies are discussed. Among these are the need to include a plan for studying more severe cases of alcohol dependence that are relatively uncomplicated by other major psychiatric disorders. Plans for long-term follow-up of children at highest risk for developing the disorder should also be included. Multiple domains of inquiry should not be viewed as "unfocused" but rather as an economical means for utilizing highly characterized samples of individuals meeting rigorous research criteria.
A Crop Loss-Related Forecasting Model for Sclerotinia Stem Rot in Winter Oilseed Rape (2007)

Sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) is an increasing threat to winter oilseed rape (OSR) in Germany and other European countries due to the growing area of OSR cultivation. A forecasting model was developed to provide decision support for the fungicide spray against SSR at flowering. Four weather variables-air temperature, relative humidity, rainfall, and sunshine duration-were used to calculate the microclimate in the plant canopy. From data reinvestigated in a climate chamber study, 7 to 11 degrees C and 80 to 86% relative humidity (RH) were established as minimum conditions for stem infection with ascospores and expressed as an index to discriminate infection hours (Inh). Disease incidence (DI) significantly correlated with Inh occurring post-growth stage (GS) 58 (late bud stage) (r(2) = 0.42, P </= 0.001). Using the sum of Inh from continuous infection periods exceeding 23 h significantly improved correlation with DI (r(2) = 0.82; P </= 0.001). A parallel GS model calculates the developmental stages of OSR based on temperature in the canopy and starts the model calculation at GS 58. The novel forecasting system, SkleroPro, consists of a two-tiered approach, the first providing a regional assessment of the disease risk, which is assumed when 23 Inh have accumulated after the crop has passed GS 58. The second tier provides a field-site-specific, economy-based recommendation. Based on costs of spray, expected yield, and price of rapeseed, the number of Inh corresponding to DI at the economic damage threshold (Inh(i)) is calculated. A decision to spray is proposed when Inh >/= Inh(i). Historical field data (1994 to 2004) were used to assess the impact of agronomic factors on SSR incidence. A 2-year crop rotation enhanced disease risk and, therefore, lowered the infection threshold in the model by a factor of 0.8, whereas in 4-year rotations, the threshold was elevated by a factor 1.3. Number of plants per square meter, nitrogen fertilization, and soil management did not have significant effects on DI. In an evaluation of SkleroPro with 76 historical (1994 to 2004) and 32 actual field experiments conducted in 2005, the percentage of economically correct decisions was 70 and 81%, respectively. Compared with the common practice of routine sprays, this corresponded to savings in fungicides of 39 and 81% and to increases in net return for the grower of 23 and 45 euro/ha, respectively. This study demonstrates that, particularly in areas with abundant inoculum, the level of SSR in OSR can be predicted from conditions of stem infection during late bud or flowering with sufficient accuracy, and does not require simulation of apothecial development and ascospore dispersal. SkleroPro is the first crop-loss-related forecasting model for a Sclerotinia disease, with the potential of being widely used in agricultural practice, accessible through the Internet. Its concept, components, and implementation may be useful in developing forecasting systems for Sclerotinia diseases in other crops or climates.
Significant Correlation between Ankle-Brachial Index and Vascular Access Failure in Hemodialysis Patients (2009)

Our findings show that ABI <0.9 is significantly correlated with increased VAF. Screening hemodialysis patients by means of ABI may help to identify a high-risk group for VAF.
Binary Fluorescence Labeling for the Recovery of Polymeric Materials for Recycling (2013)

Fluorescent perylene derivatives for the invisible digital coding of polymers were reported where a binary combination of fluorescent doping allows the unambiguous identification of the polymers for sorting. The mono-material recovery of the polymeric materials is an important prerequisite for the high-performance application of recycled material and was enabled by the application of optical methods.
Determination of Tolperisone Enantiomers in Plasma and Their Disposition in Rats. (1992)

A stereoselective assay for the determination of tolperisone enantiomers in plasma by high performance liquid chromatography was developed. Calibration curves obtained for the enantiomers were linear over plasma concentrations of 0.1-3.0 micrograms/ml with a detection limit of 20 ng/ml. Following intravenous bolus administration of 10 mg/kg of racemic tolperisone to rats, stereoselective disposition of tolperisone enantiomers was observed, and plasma concentrations were significantly higher for l-tolperisone than for d-tolperisone at 5, 15 and 30 min after administration. When either enantiomer was administered alone to rats, both enantiomers were found in plasma, indicating that a mutual chiral inversion occurs in the body.
Electromagnetic Activation of Shape Memory Polymer Networks Containing Magnetic Nanoparticles (2006)

Abstract Summary: By incorporation of surface‐modified superparamagnetic nanoparticles into shape memory polymer matrices, remote actuation of complex shape transitions by electromagnetic fields is possible. The composite thermosets of oligo( ε ‐caprolactone)dimethacrylate/butyl acrylate contain between 2 and 12 wt.‐% magnetite nanoparticles serving as nanoantennas for magnetic heating. It is shown that the particles are dispersed homogenously within the matrix and that the basic thermal and mechanical properties of the polymer matrix are maintained. The specific loss power of the particles is determined to be 30 W · g −1 at 300 kHz and 5.0 W. During the shape transition at 43 °C, no further temperature increase is observed. magnified image
Structural Relaxation Behaviors of Three Different Asphaltenes Using MD Calculations (2004)

Abstract For asphaltene obtained from vacuum residues of three different kinds of crude oils (Khafji, Maya, and Iranian-Light), the energy-minimum conformation calculated by molecular mechanics–dynamics simulations showed that aggregated structures of asphaltene molecules through noncovalent interactions are the most stable conformation. Changes of aggregated structures by heating or solvent treatment were investigated by using the molecular dynamics calculation. For Khafji and Iranian-Light asphaltenes, the simulation showed that the aggregated structure was dissociated at 673K, while for Maya asphaltene the dissociation behavior was not observed, showing that Maya asphaltene seems difficult to be dissociated by heating, compared to other asphaltenes. In contrast, the simulation of relaxation of the Maya aggregates in quinoline showed that at 573K a part of aggregates was dissociated more easily than Khafji and Iranian-Light asphaltenes. These results above suggest that the effects of heating and solvent treatment on the structural relaxation of asphaltene aggregates can be different.
Glucocorticoids stimulate the production of preprocalcitonin-derived secretory peptides by a rat medullary thyroid carcinoma cell line. (1983)

A rat medullary thyroid carcinoma cell line, CA-77, has been established as a model system for investigating calcitonin biosynthesis and secretion. Growth of this cell line in serum-free defined medium provided suitable conditions for studying steroid hormone effects on the production of calcitonin and related peptides. After exposure for 5 days to a variety of steroids, only dexamethasone and corticosterone increased cellular content of calcitonin and a second secretory peptide (CCAP) derived from the same mRNA translation product as calcitonin. Glucocorticoids had no effect on cellular somatostatin, another secretory product of these cells. Increasing doses of dexamethasone progressively elevated cellular calcitonin and CCAP, with a maximal effect at 10(-8) M; 10(-9) M and lower doses were ineffective. On a molar basis, corticosterone was approximately 50-fold less potent than the synthetic glucocorticoid. An increase in cellular calcitonin content was observed only after 48 h of glucocorticoid treatment; a maximum increase (13-fold) occurred after 7 days. Glucocorticoids also increased basal calcitonin secretion. Similar effects were observed for cellular and secreted CCAP. Withdrawal of dexamethasone after 4 days of treatment lowered cellular calcitonin toward the level of control cultures. Dexamethasone pretreatment potentiated the acute secretory response to calcium for both calcitonin and CCAP, while no such enhancement was noted for calcium stimulation of somatostatin secretion. We conclude that the glucocorticoids specifically stimulate the production and secretion of calcitonin and CCAP, two secretory peptides derived from preprocalcitonin.
Addition reactions of heterocumulenes. IV. Reactions of diketene and diphenylketene with N-aryl-S,S-dimethylsulfilimines. (1979)

The reactions of diketene with S, S-dimethyl-N-2-pyridinylsulfilimine (IVa) and N-2-benzothiazolyl-S, S-dimethylsulfilimine (IVb) gave 2-(2-dimethylsulfuranylideneaceto-acetamido) pyridine (VIa) and 2-(2-dimethylsulfuranylideneacetoacetamido) benzothiazole (VIb), respectively. However, the reaction of diketene with S, S-dimethyl-N-(4-nitrophenyl) sulfilimine (IVc) and N-2-benzoxazolyl-S, S-dimethylsulfilimine (IVd) gave 3-acetyl-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-pyridone (VIIc) and 3-acetyl-1-(2-benzoxazolyl)-4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-pyridone (VIId), respectively. On the other hand, the reaction of diphenylketene with sulfilimines (IVa, IVb, and IVd) gave the corresponding 1, 3-cyclization products (VIII, IX, and X).