gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Maskless Selective Growth Method for p–n Junction Applications on (001)-Oriented Diamond (2012)

A maskless selective growth method by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is a promising technique for fabricating various types of p–n junction devices on diamond semiconductors, instead of the impurity doping by ion-implantation technique. We control diamond growth and impurity doping using patterned surface morphologies of (001)-oriented diamond, which results in a selective growth along the <111> or <110> direction. In the case of phosphorus doping, the diamond with selective <111> growth shows the n-type conducting property, whereas that with selective <110> growth shows the insulating property owing to the coincorporation of hydrogen. Such strong orientational properties are peculiar in CVD phosphorus doping. The detailed procedures of this selective growth method and the electrical properties of fabricated vertical and lateral p–n junction diodes are described in this article.
Saliency-Guided Lighting (2009)

The comprehensibility of large and complex 3D models can be greatly enhanced by guiding viewer's attention to important regions. Lighting is crucial to our perception of shape. Careful use of lighting has been widely used in art, scientific illustration, and computer graphics to guide visual attention. In this paper, we explore how the saliency of 3D objects can be used to guide lighting to emphasize important regions and suppress less important ones.
Kinetic Behavior of Catalytic Active Sites Connected with a Conducting Surface through Various Electronic Coupling (2015)

Electrocatalytic model surfaces consisting of catalytically active local surface sites and conducting electrode were formed by layer-by-layer assembly of functional molecules. The strength of electronic coupling between the catalytic surface sites and the electrode was tuned by changing the length and structure of wire molecules. When cobalt(II)–tetraphenylporphyrin was employed as a model surface site, the induced activity for oxygen reduction reaction was critically dependent on the coupling strength through the wire molecules. The overall reaction kinetics was disentangled to contributions of the internal electron tunneling and the intermolecular electron transfer. In the weak coupling condition with nanometer separation between the porphyrin and electrode, the overall reaction rate was limited by coherent quantum tunneling rate inside the catalytic system. In the strong coupling condition with the closer separation, on the other hand, the activity of the catalytic sites was significantly suppressed, and the electrochemical charge transfer rate was thus rate-limiting. This result provides a detailed insight for molecular-scale design methodology of highly efficient electrocatalysts.
PhishCatch - A Phishing Detection Tool (2009)

Phishing has become the most popular practice among the criminals of the Web. Phishing attacks are becoming more frequent and sophisticated. The impact of phishing is drastic and significant since it can involve the risk of identity theft and financial losses. This paper explains the most popular methods used for phishing and the PhishCatch algorithm developed to detect phishing. The PhishCatch algorithm is a heuristic based algorithm which will detect phishing emails and alert the users about the phishing emails. The phishing filters and rules in the algorithm are formulated after extensive research of phishing methodologies and tactics. After testing, we determined that PhishCatch algorithm has a catch rate of 80% and an accuracy of 99%. The approach used in developing this algorithm, the implementation details and testing results are discussed in this paper.
Hierarchically structured porous organic polymer microspheres with built-in Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> supraparticles: construction of dual-level pores for Pt-catalyzed enantioselective hydrogenation (2015)

A magnetic responsive, dual-pore-distributed, and hyper-crosslinking polymer composite microsphere is synthesized and inlaid with platinum nanoparticles for enantioselective catalytic hydrogenation.
Trench Etches in Silicon with Controllable Sidewall Angles (1988)

This paper describes the role of the temperature of the silicon wafer in controlling a deep trench etch sidewall angle and also the etch rate. In addition, we discuss the role of pressure in controlling etch rate and selectivity. This work was performed in a Tegal 1500 Test Bench. The temperature of the wafer could be held fixed as a function of time at any temperature between 20° and 200°C. Our chemistry is chloroform, with and as additives. We have found that the sidewall angle of the trench (the angle that the sidewall makes with a normal to the wafer surface) could be varied continuously from about 32° at 40°C to 7° at 190°C. The sidewalls are typically planar and relatively smooth. The bottom of the etch becomes increasingly planar as sidewall angle decreases. In order for the above processes to occur, there must be a small flow of through the chamber, e.g., 3–5 sccm. Results from the simulation code SAMPLE suggest that the rate of deposition of a material on the etch surface can control sidewall angle. We theorize that a chlorinated hydrocarbon polymer is being deposited, and that the wafer temperature is controlling the rate of deposition of the polymer. In addition to sidewall angle, for zero , increasing wafer temperature over the range stated above can cause the etch rate to increase with increasing temperature by 1800 Å/min at a nominal etch rate of 4000 Å/min. By adding to the gas mixture, the etch rate becomes insensitive to temperature. By increasing the total gas pressure to 1.2 torr, an etch rate of 8000 Å/min has been obtained, with an attendant selectivity in excess of 15.
Survival in congestive heart failure during treatment with drugs with positive inotropic actions. (1987)

Retrospective studies have shown that patients with severe chronic heart failure who receive long-term treatment with positive inotropic agents have a high mortality rate, but in the absence of controlled trials it remains unclear whether the high incidence of fatal cardiovascular events in these patients is related to treatment or to the severity of the underlying disease. Most of the evidence that suggests a detrimental effect of positive inotropic therapy on survival remains circumstantial. The pooling of data from long-term studies of patients after an acute myocardial infarction suggests that use of digitalis may be associated with an unfavorable effect on survival. The prolonged administration of intravenous or oral catecholamines is associated with a high mortality rate, which may not be seen in similar patients treated conventionally. The presence of intrinsic sympathomimetic activity appears to neutralize the benefits of beta-blockade during the first year after an acute myocardial infarction; treatment with such agents after the first year may increase mortality. Long-term treatment with phosphodiesterase inhibitors is associated with a high mortality rate, which exceeds that reported in earlier years with vasodilator therapy. Nevertheless, most of these studies of positive intropic agents were not performed to evaluate the issue of survival and did not randomly assign patients to treatment groups. Hence, we do not know that the patients entered into these studies were truly comparable to their proposed control groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Gamma-neutron activation experiments using laser wakefield accelerators (2001)

Gamma-neutron activation experiments have been performed with relativistic electron beams produced by a laser wakefield accelerator. The electron beams were produced by tightly focusing (spot diameter ≈6 μm) a high power (up to 10 TW), ultra-short (⩾50 fs) laser beam from a high repetition rate (10 Hz) Ti:sapphire (0.8 μm) laser system, onto a high density (&gt;1019 cm−3) pulsed gasjet of length ≈1.5 mm. Nuclear activation measurements in lead and copper targets indicate the production of electrons with energy in excess of 25 MeV. This result was confirmed by electron distribution measurements using a bending magnet spectrometer. Measured γ-ray and neutron yields are also found to be in reasonable agreement with simulations using a Monte Carlo transport code.
Alcohol dehydrogenases that catalyse methyl formate synthesis participate in formaldehyde detoxification in the methylotrophic yeast <i>Candida boidinii</i> (2004)

Methyl formate synthesis during growth on methanol by methylotrophic yeasts has been considered to play a role in formaldehyde detoxification. An enzyme that catalyses methyl formate synthesis was purified from methylotrophic yeasts, and was suggested to belong to a family of alcohol dehydrogenases (ADHs). In this study we report the gene cloning and gene disruption analysis of three ADH-encoding genes in the methylotrophic yeast Candida boidinii (CbADH1, CbADH2 and CbADH3) in order to clarify the physiological role of methyl formate synthesis. From the primary structures of these three genes, CbAdh1 was shown to be cytosolic and CbAdh2 and CbAdh3 were mitochondrial enzymes. Gene products of CbADH1, CbADH2 and CbADH3 expressed in Escherichia coli showed both ADH- and methyl formate-synthesizing activities. The results of gene-disruption analyses suggested that methyl formate synthesis was mainly catalysed by a cytosolic ADH (CbAdh1), and this enzyme contributed to formaldehyde detoxification through glutathione-independent formaldehyde oxidation during growth on methanol by methylotrophic yeasts.
Effect of Tibial Plateau Leveling on Stability of the Canine Cranial Cruciate–Deficient Stifle Joint: An In Vitro Study (2002)

Tibial plateau leveling osteotomy may prevent cranial translation during weight bearing in dogs with CCL rupture by converting axial load into caudal tibial thrust. The amount of caudal tibial thrust seems to be proportional to the amount of weight bearing.
Nonspecific pyogenic spondylodiscitis: clinical manifestations, surgical treatment, and outcome in 24 patients (2004)

Surgical treatment is the modality of choice in patients with acute spinal osteomyelitis. It is especially indicated in patients with progressive or severe neurological deficits and spinal deformity. In experienced hands, surgery is safe and offers the advantages of spinal cord decompression, immediate mobilization, and correction of spinal deformity. The decision whether an anterior or posterior approach should be used must be made on an individual basis.
Analysis for mean effective gain of mobile antennas in land mobile radio environments (1990)

A method is described for analyzing the mean effective gain (MEG) of antennas moving in a mobile communication environment. The MEG characteristics of a mobile antenna are determined by the mutual relation between the antenna patterns and the statistical distribution of incident waves in an environment. To analyze this relation theoretically, a general expression for the MEG using a statistical model of incident waves is derived, and a novel statistical model, whose distribution is uniform in azimuth and Gaussian in elevation, is proposed. The validity of the statistical model is confirmed through 900-MHz-band measurements carried out in a Tokyo urban area, and the empirical parameters for the statistical distribution are described. The MEG characteristics of a half-wavelength dipole antenna are investigated using the proposed method, and it is shown that the theoretical curves calculated using the empirical parameters are in excellent agreement with experimental results. This analysis is extremely applicable for evaluating the MEG characteristics of arbitrary mobile antennas in various mobile communication environments.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Real time humanoid sound source localization and tracking in a highly reverberant environment (2008)

An algorithm for real time humanoid sound localization and tracking using only two microphones in a highly reverberant environment is proposed. Several recently developed 3D humanoid sound localization algorithms require the environment to be anechoic. Also, the resolution of front-back ambiguity problem during sound localization requires the knowledge about the reference signals. Using HRTF (head related transfer functions) based sound localization together with extended Kalman filtering, we are able to accurately track moving sound sources in real time in a highly reverberant environment. This algorithm uses only two microphones and requires no prior knowledge of the reference signals.
Calcium-binding protein from mouse Ehrlich ascites-tumour cells is homologous to human calcyclin (1989)

A Ca2+-binding protein was purified from mouse Ehrlich ascites-tumour cells. The protein forms monomers and disulphide-linked dimers, which can be separated by reverse-phase h.p.l.c. A partial amino acid sequence analysis demonstrated that the protein has an EF-hand structure. A striking homology was found to rat and human calcyclin (a member of the S-100 protein family), which is possibly involved in cell-cycle regulation.
THz photonics: The synergy of micro-microwaves and quasi-optics (2011)

THz photonics will be reviewed, starting with the use of photo-conductive switching on lithographically fabricated transmission lines on semiconductor chips to the development of a complete optoelectronic THz-TDS system. The performance of microwave antennas and quasi-optics will be directly compared. Future opportunities in fundamental research and practical applications, including THz communications, will be described.
Cysteamine-Induced Duodenal Ulcers: A New Model to Test Antiulcer Agents (1974)

Cysteamine, administered as a single subcutaneous or oral dose, produced duodenal ulcers in rats within 24 h. At least 50% of the ulcers perforated at a dose of 425 mg/kg subcutaneously. Cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcers were prevented by an anti-cholinergic agent (methscopolamine bromide), by an antacid, by prostaglandins (PGE2 and 16,16-dimethyl PGE2), by prednisolone, and by interruption of the gastroduodenal transit (pylorus ligation). Fasting did not affect the incidence but reduced the severity (perforations) of the ulcers. The incidence and severity of ulcers was higher in female than in male rats. Desoxycorticosterone and ACTH did not influence the ulcers. Cysteamine inhibited gastric secretion (volume, acid and pepsin output, but not acid and pepsin concentration), in a dose-dependent manner. The pathogenesis of cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcers is unkown. Although cysteamine by itself is antisecretory, it requires some acid secretion and the passage of acid gastric contents over the duodenum to produce ulcers. Duodenal ulcers produced by cysteamine constitute the best model yet devised to test anti-ulcer agents. It is simple, rapid (24 h), and it responds to all antiulcer agents tested so far.
Case Study of Diagnosis on Muculoskeletal Disorders Risk Factors at an Autopart Company (2007)

The goal of this study is to propose the effective method of investigating the injurious factors and making improved plans that prevents the workers against musculoskeletal disorders at an autopart company and the same business field with similar working conditions and process. A questionnaire were adopted to analyze the symptoms of workers' musculoskeletal disorders, and an ergonomic assessment method such as QEC, RULA, S.I were performed to find out harmful factors of workplace and working posture. Based on the result of the evaluation, to enhance the working environment, improvement of worktable, working space, tools, and outfit was suggested, and induction of mechanical system was also suggested. It can be concluded that the method and process described in this paper could be helpful for diagnosing the musculoskeletal disorders and making improvement plans to the autopart company and the same business field with similar working conditions and process.
Clinical Evidence of Dermal and Epidermal Restructuring from a Biologically Active Growth Factor Serum for Skin Rejuvenation (2019)

Background: Topical skin care products use various technologies to promote skin repair. Growth factors of human, animal, and plant-derived origins have clinically demonstrated the ability to repair skin by promoting collagen, elastin, and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) production to reconstruct and reinforce skin’s extracellular matrix (ECM). Human skin cells respond to instructions from highly specialized proteins or hormones referred to as growth factors. These growth factors initiate cellular communication that instigates cellular replication, production, or proliferation. The production of elastin and collagen dermal connective fibers slows, and, with age, the regenerative rates of GAGs become delayed. These biological issues can be exacerbated by extrinsic factors such as sun exposure, pollutants, and various other factors. Growth factor-based products have become important topical treatment modalities for addressing signs of skin aging such as fine lines, deep wrinkles, dryness, laxity, and textural irregularities. Objective: The aim of a 12-week clinical trial of a growth factor composition was to assess its effectiveness at restoring skin health through dermal and epidermal restructuring of aged skin. Results: Data from expert grading, and from corneometer and cutometer evaluations, as well as 2D and 3D image analysis, reflected significant improvements in facial skin appearance, firmness, elasticity, and hydration. Elements that improved most dramatically in investigators’ assessments included radiance, firmness, tactile elasticity, textural smoothness, overall appearance, and crow’s feet. Ultrasound imaging showed continual increases in dermal and epidermal restructuring throughout the study duration. Subject assessments reflected positive product tolerability and positive perception across a broad range of efficacy attributes through 12 weeks of usage. Conclusion: The results verified the ability of a multi-modal plant and enzymatically derived growth factor-based product to achieve skin rejuvenation improvements by stimulating dermal ECM and fibrous tissue regeneration to reduce fine lines and coarse wrinkles, and improve skin firmness and elasticity, while restoring skin to a properly hydrated state. J Drugs Dermatol. 2019;18(3):290-295.
An application of artificial neural networks to experimental data approximation (1993)

As an initial step in the evaluation of networks, a feedforward architecture is trained to approximate experimental data by the backpropagation algorithm. Several drawbacks were detected and an alternative learning algorithm was then developed to partially address the drawbacks. This noniterative algorithm has a number of advantages over the backpropagation method and is easily implemented on existing hardware.
Photoinduced and thermal stress in silicon microcantilevers (1998)

The photogeneration of free charge carriers in a semiconductor gives rise to mechanical strain. We measured the deflection of silicon microcantilevers resulting from photoinduced stress. The excess charge carriers responsible for the photoinduced stress, were produced via photon irradiation from a diode laser with wavelength λ=780 nm. For Si microcantilevers, the photoinduced stress is of opposite direction and about four times larger than the stress resulting from only thermal excitation. In this letter we report on our study of the photoinduced stress in silicon microcantilevers and discuss their temporal and photometric response.
Framework for GMPLS and PCE Control of Wavelength Switched Optical Networks (2008)

This memo provides a framework for applying Generalized Multi-
Protocol Label Switching (GMPLS) and the Path Computation Element
(PCE) architecture to the control of wavelength switched optical
networks (WSON). In particular we provide control plane models for
key wavelength switched optical network subsystems and processes. The
subsystems include wavelength division multiplexed links, tunable
laser transmitters, reconfigurable optical add/drop multiplexers
(ROADM) and wavelength converters. Lightpath provisioning, in
general, requires the routing and wavelength assignment (RWA)
process. This process is reviewed and the information requirements,
both static and dynamic for this process are presented, along with
alternative implementation scenarios that could be realized via
GMPLS/PCE and/or extended GMPLS/PCE protocols. This memo does NOT
address optical impairments in any depth and focuses on topological
elements and path selection constraints that are common across
different WSON environments. It is expected that a variety of
different techniques will be applied to optical impairments
depending on the type of WSON, such as access, metro or long haul.
Effect of solution introduction rate on the performance of nebulisers in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (1988)

A Hildebrand grid, and ultrasonic and a Babington-type nebuliser were compared by varying the sample uptake rate and measuring several parameters: relative response, precision, detection limit and wash-in and wash-out times. It was found that the sample introduction rate could be reduced 20-fold (4.5 to 0.21 ml min–1) with relative response falling by less than a factor of three for the Hildebrand and ultrasonic nebulisers, whereas the Babington-type experienced loss of half the optimum relative response at 1.1 ml min–1. Wash-in time was only slightly increased, but wash-out times were much longer at lower flow-rates. The latter problem could be overcome by using a higher rinse rate than sampling rate.
Hydrogen exchange mass spectrometry for studying protein structure and dynamics (2010)

Hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) mass spectrometry (MS) has become a key technique for monitoring structural and dynamic aspects of proteins in solution. This approach relies on the fact that exposure of a protein to D(2)O induces rapid amide H → D exchange in disordered regions that lack stable hydrogen-bonding. Tightly folded elements are much more protected from HDX, resulting in slow isotope exchange that is mediated by the structural dynamics ("breathing motions") of the protein. MS-based peptide mapping is a well established technique for measuring the mass shifts of individual protein segments. This tutorial review briefly discusses basic fundamentals of HDX/MS, before highlighting a number of recent developments and applications. Gas phase fragmentation strategies represent a promising alternative to the traditional proteolysis-based approach, but experimentalists have to be aware of scrambling phenomena that can be encountered under certain conditions. Electron-based dissociation methods provide a solution to this problem. We also discuss recent advances that facilitate the applicability of HDX/MS to membrane proteins, and to the characterization of short-lived protein folding intermediates. It is hoped that this review will provide a starting point for novices, as well as a useful reference for practitioners, who require an overview of some recent trends in HDX/MS.