gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Mild and Efficient Palladium-Catalyzed Cyanation of Aryl Chlorides with K<sub>4</sub>[Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub>] (2011)

An efficient palladium-catalyzed cyanation of aryl chlorides is established. In the presence of a highly effective Pd/CM-phos catalyst, cyanation of aryl chlorides proceeds at 70 °C in general, which is the mildest reaction temperature achieved so far for this process. Common functional groups such as keto, aldehyde, ester, nitrile and -NH(2), and heterocyclic coupling partners including N-H indoles are well tolerated. Moreover, a sterically hindered nonactivated ortho,ortho-disubstituted electrophile is shown to be a feasible coupling partner in cyanation.
Novel Dimers of 2,2′-(m-Phenylene)bis(4,5-diphenyl-1-imidazolyl) Diradical (1998)

Abstract The oxidation of 2,2′-(m-phenylene)bis(4,5-diphenylimidazole) 1 with potassium ferricyanide in benzene-aqueous KOH heterogeneous solution gave the diradical dimers 2 and 3. The dimer 2 showed photochromic and piezochromic properties, whereas the dimer 3 has only photochromic property. The structure of the dimers was deduced by NMR analyses. The X-ray structural analysis revealed that the dimer 3 has a novel syn-[3.3]metacyclophane structure.
Suppression of expression and function of negative immune regulator PD-1 by certain pattern recognition and cytokine receptor signals associated with immune system danger (2004)

Stimulation of certain cytokine and pattern recognition receptors enhances adaptive immune responses, and in chronic situations, may play a role in the loss of self-tolerance. We hypothesized that in addition to upregulating positive immune receptors (i.e. co-stimulatory molecules), certain cytokine and pattern recognition signals might downregulate negative immune receptors, removing a potential barrier to lymphocyte responsiveness. The newly identified CD28 family member Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) is an inhibitory receptor involved in peripheral tolerance, as evidenced by the frank autoimmunity and autoantibody formation found in PD-1-deficient mice. Here we report that antigen-receptor induced PD-1 expression on murine B cells is markedly reduced by certain signals associated with immune system danger, including LPS, CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and several pro-inflammatory cytokines, through distinct signaling pathways. We further report for the first time that engagement of PD-1 inhibits cell cycle progression in primary B cells and that modulation of PD-1 expression by CpG or IL-4 significantly reverses such inhibition. Our data suggest a novel mechanism for enhancement of normal immune responses and disruption of normal tolerance mechanisms.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the incidence of Parkinson disease (2006)

Animal and epidemiologic studies suggest that nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) decrease the incidence of Parkinson disease (PD). The authors studied 1,258 PD cases and 6,638 controls from the General Practice Research Database. The odds ratios (95% CI) for ever vs never use were 0.93 (0.80 to 1.08) for nonaspirin NSAIDs, 1.29 (1.05 to 1.58) for aspirin, and 1.16 (1.00 to 1.35) for acetaminophen. Nonaspirin NSAID use was associated with a higher risk in women and a lower risk in men.
Concurrent paclitaxel, carboplatin, and radiation therapy for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer. (1999)

Combination chemotherapy plus radiation therapy for non-small cell lung cancer has several theoretical advantages: the potential of chemotherapy to radiosensitize tumors, the possibility of improved local control due to combined treatment, and the opportunity for spatial cooperation, attacking disease both locally and systemically and thus potentially increasing response and, ultimately, survival. The combination of radiotherapy plus standard chemotherapy (etoposide plus cisplatin) has yielded limited success; therefore, new and novel chemotherapies have been sought. Paclitaxel (Taxol; Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton, NJ), the prototype of a novel class of drugs, the taxanes, has proven feasible both alone and with other agents in combined-modality regimens with radiation. Concurrent paclitaxel/carboplatin/radiotherapy appears to offer a relatively safe and more active regimen to control local and metastatic non-small cell lung cancer than the current standard. This report reviews the range of experience with paclitaxel-based combined-modality therapy.
Polyelectrolyte Complexes Stabilize and Controllably Release Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (2007)

Angiogenesis has long been a desired therapeutic approach to improve clinical outcomes of conditions typified by ischemia. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has demonstrated the ability to generate new blood vessels in vivo, but trials using intravenous delivery have not yet produced clinical success. Localized, sustained delivery of VEGF has been proven necessary to generate blood vessels as demonstrated by implantable, controlled release devices. Ultimately, nanoparticles delivered by intravenous injection may be designed to accumulate in target tissues and sustain the local VEGF concentration; however, injectable nanosuspensions that control the release of stabilized VEGF must first be developed. In this study, we utilize the heparin binding domain of VEGF to bind the polyanion dextran sulfate, resulting in an enhanced thermal stability of VEGF. Coacervation of the VEGF-bound dextran sulfate with selected polycations (chitosan, polyethylenimine, or poly-L-lysine) produced nanoparticles approximately 250 nm in diameter with high VEGF encapsulation efficiency (50-85%). Release of VEGF from these formulations persisted for >10 days and maintained high VEGF activity as determined by ELISA and a mitogenic bioassay. Chitosan-dextran sulfate complexes were preferred because of their biodegradability, desirable particle size ( approximately 250 nm), entrapment efficiency ( approximately 85%), controlled release (near linear for 10 days), and mitogenic activity.
Use of pooled protozoal cultures of preputial scraping samples obtained from bulls for the detection of Tritrichomonas foetus by means of a real-time polymerase chain reaction assay (2014)

Results indicated the evaluated real-time PCR assay had high specificity and good sensitivity for the detection of T foetus in pooled protozoal cultures of preputial scraping samples obtained from up to 25 animals.
Magnification and Third-Order Aberrations in Holography* (1965)

Formulas for angular, lateral, and longitudinal magnification in reconstructed images by holography (imaging by reconstructed wavefronts) are derived and discussed as a function of object–hologram distance, radii of spherical reference and illuminating wavefronts, wavelength ratio of reconstructing to recording radiation, and scale-change factor of the hologram. Expressions for third-order aberrations in the reconstructed wavefronts of point objects are given and conditions are established under which one or more of the aberration coefficients vanish, taking into account an off-axis angle of both reference and illuminating beam.
Evolution to Pathogenicity of the Parvovirus Minute Virus of Mice in Immunodeficient Mice Involves Genetic Heterogeneity at the Capsid Domain That Determines Tropism (2007)

Very little is known about the role that evolutionary dynamics plays in diseases caused by mammalian DNA viruses. To address this issue in a natural host model, we compared the pathogenesis and genetics of the attenuated fibrotropic and the virulent lymphohematotropic strains of the parvovirus minute virus of mice (MVM), and of two invasive fibrotropic MVM (MVMp) variants carrying the I362S or K368R change in the VP2 major capsid protein, in the infection of severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. By 14 to 18 weeks after oronasal inoculation, the I362S and K368R viruses caused lethal leukopenia characterized by tissue damage and inclusion bodies in hemopoietic organs, a pattern of disease found by 7 weeks postinfection with the lymphohematotropic MVM (MVMi) strain. The MVMp populations emerging in leukopenic mice showed consensus sequence changes in the MVMi genotype at residues G321E and A551V of VP2 in the I362S virus infections or A551V and V575A changes in the K368R virus infections, as well as a high level of genetic heterogeneity within a capsid domain at the twofold depression where these residues lay. Amino acids forming this capsid domain are important MVM tropism determinants, as exemplified by the switch in MVMi host range toward mouse fibroblasts conferred by coordinated changes of some of these residues and by the essential character of glutamate at residue 321 for maintaining MVMi tropism toward primary hemopoietic precursors. The few viruses within the spectrum of mutants from mice that maintained the respective parental 321G and 575V residues were infectious in a plaque assay, whereas the viruses with the main consensus sequences exhibited low levels of fitness in culture. Consistent with this finding, a recombinant MVMp virus carrying the consensus sequence mutations arising in the K368R virus background in mice failed to initiate infection in cell lines of different tissue origins, even though it caused rapid-course lethal leukopenia in SCID mice. The parental consensus genotype prevailed during leukopenia development, but plaque-forming viruses with the reversion of the 575A residue to valine emerged in affected organs. The disease caused by the DNA virus in mice, therefore, involves the generation of heterogeneous viral populations that may cooperatively interact for the hemopoietic syndrome. The evolutionary changes delineate a sector of the surface of the capsid that determines tropism and that surrounds the sialic acid receptor binding domain.
Timers in OSI protocols-specifications versus implementation (2003)

The authors discuss modeling and implementation of timers in OSI protocols. They examine the Estelle, Lotos, and SDL specification languages with emphasis on the features that can be used to express timing. They develop the corresponding models for timer facilities, and discuss possible mechanisms that would support them. As an example drawn from full implementations of the ISO transport and network layers, the authors describe their particular implementation approach for providing timer support.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
TT-Net: Topic Transfer-Based Neural Network for Conversational Reading Comprehension (2019)

Conversational machine reading comprehension (MRC) is a new question answering task, which is more challenging compared to traditional single-turn MRC since it requires a better understanding of conversation history. In this paper, a novel neural network model for conversational reading comprehension, namely TT-Net, is proposed, which is capable of capturing topic transfer features using temporal convolutional network (TCN) in the dialog. The TT-Block packaged by the BiLSTM, TCN and Self-attention mechanism is presented to extract topic transfer features between questions. Our model is evaluated on the CoQA benchmark dataset compared with several baseline models including the strong baseline model named FlowQA. The results show that the model outperforms the baseline models: BiDAF++ by 7.6% and FlowQA by 0.7%, especially in children's story domain our model promotes FlowQA's performance by 3.9%, which indicates that the TT-Net contributes to a decent promotion for conversational reading comprehension.
Westmere-EX: A 20 thread server CPU (2010)

This article consists of a collection of slides from the author's conference presentation on Intel's Westmere-EX, a 20 thread server CPU family of products. Some of the specific topics discussed include: the special features, system specifications, and system design of the Westmere-EX; system architecture; applications for use; platforms supported; processing capabilities; and targeted markets.
Workload-Aware Credit Scheduler for Improving Network I/O Performance in Virtualization Environment (2014)

Single-root I/O virtualization (SR-IOV) has become the de facto standard of network virtualization in cloud infrastructure. Owing to the high interrupt frequency and heavy cost per interrupt in high-speed network virtualization, the performance of network virtualization is closely correlated to the computing resource allocation policy in Virtual Machine Manager (VMM). Therefore, more sophisticated methods are needed to process irregularity and the high frequency of network interrupts in high-speed network virtualization environment. However, the I/O-intensive and CPU-intensive applications in virtual machines are treated in the same manner since application attributes are transparent to the scheduler in hypervisor, and this unawareness of workload makes virtual systems unable to take full advantage of high performance networks. In this paper, we discuss the SR-IOV networking solution and show by experiment that the current credit scheduler in Xen does not utilize high performance networks efficiently. Hence we propose a novel workload-aware scheduling model with two optimizations to eliminate the bottleneck caused by scheduler. In this model, guest domains are divided into I/O-intensive domains and CPU-intensive domains according to their monitored behaviour. I/O-intensive domains can obtain extra credits that CPU-intensive domains are willing to share. In addition, the total number of credits available is adjusted to accelerate the I/O responsiveness. Our experimental evaluations show that the new scheduling models improve bandwidth and reduce response time, by keeping the fairness between I/O-intensive and CPU-intensive domains. This enables virtualization infrastructure to provide cloud computing services more efficiently and predictably.
Nickel Zigs, Gold Zags to Keep the Goldfields Balance (2009)

Mining companies producing gold an nickel in the Eastern Goldfields are working together to ensure the health of the region. Some of the different efforts being undertaken to improve the situation following the global financial crisis are highlighted.
Polymérisation induite sous irradiation laser visible, 4. Le système éosine/photoamorceur ultra‐violet/amine (1991)

Abstract A study of the photoinitiating system eosin/UV‐photoinitiator/amine has been carried out through time resolved laser spectroscopy. Rates of polymerization of methyl methacrylate have been determined. A model for the photoinitiation step is proposed: the efficient role played by the UV‐photoinitiator is mainly explained in terms of interactions in the excited states; a small contribution to a decrease of the termination reactions of the growing polymer chains by eosinderived radicals is also shown.
Distributed Adaptive Robust Voltage/VAR Control With Network Partition in Active Distribution Networks (2019)

This paper proposes a distributed adaptive robust voltage/var control (DAR-VVC) method in active distribution networks to minimize power loss while keeping operating constraints under uncertainties. The DAR-VVC aims to coordinate on-load tap changers, capacitor banks and PV inverters in multiple operation stages through a distributed algorithm. To improve efficiency of the distributed algorithm, an affinity propagation clustering algorithm is employed to divide the distribution network by aggregating “the close nodes” together and setting “the far nodes” apart, leading to the network partition where the information exchange between adjacent sub-networks is reduced. Moreover, the virtual load which describes load characteristics of the sub-networks is applied to enhance the boundary conditions. To fully deal with the uncertainties, the proposed DAR-VVC is formulated in a robust optimization model which considers the worst case to guarantee solution robustness against uncertainty realization. Besides, this paper develops an alternating optimization procedure integrating a column-and-constraint generation algorithm and an alternating direction method of multipliers to solve the DAR-VVC problem. The proposed approach is tested on IEEE 33 and IEEE 123 bus distribution test system and numerical simulations verify high efficiency and full solution robustness of the DAR-VVC.
EFFICACY OF MEDIA ENRICHED WITH NONLACTATE-GENERATING SUBSTRATE FOR ORGAN PRESERVATION (1999)

Using a cornea model, present and recent studies show that CM is very effective for preserving tissue viability and endothelial integrity. Previous study revealed that CM-stored tissues maintained high levels of ATP and metabolic function, with suppression of lactate formation and accumulation. Thus, these findings support the concept that preservation of tissue viability is closely associated with the ability of the tissues to retain metabolic activity, to generate ATP efficiently, and to prevent acidosis effectively during storage.
Transforming growth factor <i>β</i> decreases the rate of proliferation of rat vascular smooth muscle cells by extending the G2 phase of the cell cycle and delays the rise in cyclic AMP before entry into M phase (1994)

Transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) decreased the rate of proliferation of rat aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) stimulated with serum showing a maximal effect at > 5 ng/ml (200 pM). However, it did not reduce the proportion of cells which passed through S phase (> 90%) and entry into S phase was delayed by less than 3 h. The proportion of cells passing through M phase (> 90%) was also unaffected, but entry into mitosis was delayed by approx. 24 h. This increase in cell cycle time was therefore due mainly to an increase in the G2 to mitotic metaphase period. Addition of TGF-beta 1 late in G1 or late in S phase failed to delay the onset of mitosis, but the presence of TGF-beta 1 between 0 and 12 h after the addition of serum to quiescent cells was sufficient to cause the maximal delay in mitosis of approx. 24 h. The role of cyclic AMP in the mechanism of the TGF-beta 1 effects on the cell cycle was examined. Entry into mitosis was preceded by a transient 2-fold increase in cyclic AMP concentration and TGF-beta 1 delayed both this increase in cyclic AMP and entry into mitosis to the same extent. Addition of forskolin or 8-(4-chlorophenylthio)-cyclic AMP to cells 30 h after stimulation with serum completely reversed the increase in duration of G2 in the presence of TGF-beta 1, suggesting that the rise in cyclic AMP levels which precedes mitosis might trigger entry of the VSMCs into M phase. Addition of forskolin late in S phase (26 h after stimulation with serum) advanced the entry of the cells into M phase and they divided prematurely. This effect was unaffected by the addition of cycloheximide with the forskolin; however, the effect of forskolin on cell division was completely inhibited when cycloheximide was added late in G1. TGF-beta 1 prevented the loss of smooth-muscle-specific myosin heavy chain (SM-MHC), which occurs in primary VSMC cultures in the presence or absence of serum, and the cells proliferated while maintaining a differentiated phenotype. However, TGF-beta 1 did not cause re-differentiation of subcultured VSMCs which contained very low amounts of SM-MHC and the effect of TGF-beta 1 in extending the G2 phase of the cell cycle is exerted independently of its effect on differentiation.
<title>Spatial frequency filtering using hybrid polymer/VLSI technology</title> (1999)

We present a new approach for achieving spatial frequency filtering in the analog domain. Our device, the Thin Film Analog Image Processor (TAIP), is a hybrid structure that combines the strengths of analog VLSI technology with the simplicity of a conducting polymer film. The TAIP consists of a silicon chip with a square array of metal pads corresponding to the image pixels, onto which a conducting polymer film is applied to create lateral interaction between pixels. Analog image data (0 - 2 Volts) is multiplexed into the array, and the image is processed with up to 72 dB of resolution. The TAIP arrays are capable of performing either high or low pass spatial frequency filtering, operations that become computationally intensive for large images in the digital domain. Multiple arrays can be combined to create tunable bandpass spatial frequency filters that are capable of extracting features from complex images. Two array formats have been fabricated, 60 X 80 and 320 X 240, each capable of 60 Hz operation with a power consumption of approximately 100 mW.
Physicochemical and pharmacokinetic parameters in drug selection and loading for transdermal drug delivery (2008)

Skin of an average adult body covers a surface of approximately 2 m2 and receives about one-third of the blood circulating through the body. The transdermal route of administration cannot be employed for a large number of drugs. The rationality of drug selection based on pharmacokinetic parameters and physicochemical properties of the drug are the important factors to be considered for deciding its suitability of drug for delivery by transdermal route.
Synthesis of biodegradable chiral polyesters by asymmetric enzymatic polymerization and their formulation into microspheres (2008)

Materials with selective bio-responsiveness could have potential in medical applications. Here we report the synthesis of chiral microspheres obtained from non-crystalline aliphatic polyesters, with the aim to use chirality to program polymer microsphere degradation. By enzymatic enantioselective kinetic resolution polymerization from racemic monomers, hydroxyl-terminated (R)-, (S)- and racemic poly-(4-methylcaprolatone) (PMCL) were successfully synthesized. Preliminary degradation experiments with Candida Antarctica Lipase B show that the degradation rate can be tuned by the polymer chirality. Chiral microspheres around 40 microns were obtained after acrylation of the polymers and subsequent in situ cross-linking in an oil-in-water (O-W) emulsion evaporation approach.
B. reviews and notes of recent bibliographies (1979)

i. Oman and Southeastern Arabia: A Bibliographic Survey. By Michael Owen Shannon. Boston, Mass., G.K.Hall & Co., 1978. pp.xvi, 165. $18.00. ii. Türk Dili ve Edebiyati Ansiklopedisi: Devirler/Isimler/ Eserler/Terimler. Istanbul, Dergah Yayinlari, 1977. TL600 (for 2 vols.). iii. Arab‐Israeli conflict: a historical, political, social and military bibliography. By Ronald M.De Vore. Oxford, Clio Press, 1976, pp.273. £10.45. Conflict in the Middle East from October 1973 to July 1976: a selected bibliography. By Michael Rubner. Los Angeles, Center for the Study of Armament and Disarmament, California State University, 1977. pp.83. $3.00. The Palestine Question: a select bibliography. Compiled from the holdings of the Dag Hammarskj⊘ld Library, United Nations. New York, United Nations, 1976. pp.63. £3.25 (Distributed in the U.K. by H.M.S.O.). iv. Middle East Contemporary Survey: Volume I 1976–77. Edited by Colin Legum. Tel Aviv, Shiloah Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, University of Tel Aviv, and New York and London, Holmes and Meier, 1978. pp.xxiv, 684. £32.50. v. The Modern Middle East: A Guide to Research Tools in the Social Sciences. By Reeva S.Simon. Boulder, Colorado, Westview Press, 1978. pp.xv, 283. £6.10. vi. Gustav Meisels, Reference Literature to Arabic Studies, a bibliographical guide. Tel Aviv, University Publishing Projects Ltd., 1978. pp.xiv + 251. vii. Saudi Arabia (World Bibliographical Series Vol.5). Compiled by Frank A.Clements. Oxford and Santa Barbara, Clio Press, 1979. pp.xiv, 195. £16.75. viii. The Records of the British Residency and Agencies in the Persian Gulf. IOR R/15. (India Office Records: Guides to Archive Groups). By Penelope Tuson. London, India Office Library and Records, 1979. pp.xix, 188. Pl.6. Index. £21.95. ix. Modern Syria: An Introduction to the Literature. Compiled by C.H.Bleaney. Durham University, Centre for Middle Eastern and Islamic Studies (Occasional Papers Series, no.6). 1979. £4.00. x. The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition: Encyclopédie de 1'Islam. Nouvelle édition. Index to Volumes/aux [sic: read ‘des‘] Tomes I‐III. Compiled by/Établi par H.& J.D. Pearson. Edited by/Publié par E.van Donzel. Leiden, Brill/Paris, G.P.Maisonneuve & Larose S.A., 1979. pp.viii, 195. 60 guilders.