gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Recovery of Immunoglobulin Sequences from Single Human B Cells by Clonal Expansion (2003)

The development of phage-display technology and the construction of huge libraries of antibody (Ab) fragments have provided an unlimited source of binders to virtually any antigen (Ag) (1). However, it is unlikely that the heavy (VH) and light (VL) chains of the Abs obtained from these libraries resemble original in vivo pairings. In certain autoimmune diseases and immunological processes, such as B-cell tolerance, these VH and VL combinations can be of crucial importance. To be able to determine the original VH and VL combinations of Abs, we have set up a single B-cell culture system. This comprises the sorting of individual lymphocytes into culture wells using flow cytometry, a culture system to expand these cells (2) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of their variable-region genes, thereby immortalizing the VH and VL regions from individual human B cells. The method relies on the clonal expansion of single B cells in which cell-cell interactions (CD40-CD40L), as well as soluble factors, have been shown to be essential. One advantage beyond conventional hybridoma technology is that this method circumvents laborious plating and screening; the advantage compared to phage-display technology is that original VH and VL pairings can be isolated. This system has been used to analyze VH and VL pairings of human immunoglobulin G+(IgG+) B cells of unknown specificity (3) and, combined with a selection on the Ag U1A, a frequent autoantigenic protein target in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus, to analyze pairings in Ag-specific B cells (4). The efficiency of the system makes it possible to analyze large numbers of B cells and should therefore allow rare B-cell activities to be studied.
Effects of magnesium biotinate supplementation on serum insulin, glucose and lipid parameters along with liver protein levels of lipid metabolism in rats (2021)

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a novel form of biotin (magnesium biotinate) on serum glucose, lipid profile, and hepatic lipid metabolism-related protein levels in rats. Forty-two rats were divided into six groups and fed a standard diet-based egg white powdered diet supplemented with either d-biotin at 0.01, 1, or 100 mg/kg BW or magnesium biotinate at 0.01, 1, or 100 mg/kg BW for 35 days. Neither form of biotin influenced (p > 0.05) serum glucose or insulin concentrations. Serum total cholesterol and triglyceride decreased with biotin from both sources (p < 0.05). Concentrations were lower with magnesium biotinate when comparing the 1 mg/kg dose (p < 0.05). Serum, liver, and brain biotin and liver cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) concentrations were greater when rats were treated with magnesium biotinate versus d-biotin, particularly when comparing the 1 and 100 mg/kg dose groups (p < 0.05). Both biotin forms decreased the liver SREBP-1c and FAS and increased AMPK-α1, ACC-1, ACC-2, PCC, and MCC levels (p < 0.05). The magnitudes of responses were more emphasized with magnesium biotinate. Magnesium biotinate, compared with a commercial d-biotin, is more effective in reducing serum lipid concentrations and regulating protein levels of lipid metabolism-related biomarkers.
Pulsed mode thermal lens effect detection in the near field via thermally induced probe beam spatial phase modulation: a theory (1990)

A Fresnel diffraction model for dual beam pulsed mode laser thermal lens effect detection is described. The model accommodates the effects of aberrations in the lens element introduced by departures in the sample's thermally induced refractive index profile from the ideal parabolic approximation. The model also accommodates probe and irradiation beams of arbitrary complex radius at the sample, and permits the computation of probe beam intensity profiles observed at arbitrary cell-detector distances. The theoretical basis for a new method of thermal lens effect detection is demonstrated in which the radial dimensions of the lens element are much smaller than the probe beam. Detection of the thermal blooming effect is achieved by a Fourier transform method which uses spatial frequency domain detection to measure thermally induced departures in the probe beam's intensity profile from the TEM(0,0) Gaussian mode structure, as the lens element forms. This strategy, combined with near field detection predicts a sensitivity enhancement by a factor of 60 relative to the conventional far field beam center measurement.
Error probability for digital transmission over nonlinear channels with application to TCM (1990)

The computation of upper and lower bounds to error probability in digital transmission over nonlinear channels with a finite memory is considered. By using orthogonal Volterra series, the authors derive a canonical representation for discrete nonlinear systems, based on a linear convolutional code and a memoryless mapper. This representation shows that finite-memory, discrete nonlinear systems can be analyzed in much the same way as TCM (trellis-coded modulation) schemes. In particular, TCM over nonlinear channels can be analyzed. A technique is derived that expresses an upper bound to error probability based on the computation of the transfer of a state diagram with N branches, and whose branch labels are matrices rather than scalars. Some examples of its application are given. In particular, error bounds are derived for nonlinear TCM schemes and for TCM schemes operating on nonlinear channels.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Sol−Gel Based Chemical Synthesis of Nd<sub>2</sub>Fe<sub>14</sub>B Hard Magnetic Nanoparticles (2010)

Nd2Fe14B hard magnetic nanoparticles were synthesized by chemical synthesis techniques. Nd−Fe−B gel was prepared using NdCl3·6H2O, FeCl3·6H2O, H3BO3, citric acid, and ethylene glycol (EG) by a Pechini type sol−gel method. This gel was subsequently annealed to produce mixed oxide powders. Nd2Fe14B nanoparticles were prepared from these oxides by a reduction−diffusion process. The phase analysis, structure, and magnetic properties were determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) techniques. The mechanism of Nd2Fe14B formation was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), XRD, and thermodynamic free energy change data. Our experimental and modeling results showed that the reduction−diffusion of the Nd−Fe−B mixed oxide was a three step process. The reduction of Fe2O3 to Fe and B2O3 to B occurred at 300 °C. NdH2 and Fe was formed from Nd2O3 and NdFeO3 at 620 °C. The Nd2Fe14B phase was formed from NdH2, Fe, and B at 692 °C. The coercivity of as-synthesized powder was 6.1 kOe. The Henkel plot showed that this powder was exchange coupled; removal of CaO by washing led to dipolar interactions and a decrease in coercivity.
Improving wireless LAN throughput by using concurrent transmissions from multiple access points based on location of mobile hosts (2015)

The size of data exchanged via the Internet and the number of Wi-Fi devices have been increasing, and the amount of data traffic will continue to increase in the future. Thus, ensuring the communication capacity of wireless LANs is one of the most important issues. By reducing communication coverage of each wireless LAN access point (AP) and densely deploying APs, it is possible to improve the communication capacity of the wireless LAN. However, the communication capacity decreases due to frequent interference between APs when they are densely deployed. If neighboring APs can use different channels, interference between APs can be avoided. However, if the number of available channels is limited, it is difficult to improve the communication capacity by increasing the density of APs. For further improving the communication capacity of wireless LANs, the management and control of the APs on the same channel is important. In this paper, we present an architecture in which multiple APs working on the same channel concurrently transmit frames avoiding interference to improve the throughput. In the architecture, a device called an aggregator is introduced. All APs are connected to the aggregator, and the aggregator is connected to a wired LAN. The aggregator schedules downstream frames so as to increase the number of concurrent transmissions from multiple access points to different STAs in the area. It calculates SINR of APs and mobile hosts, and schedules concurrent transmissions. To this end, the aggregator obtains the location of the mobile hosts through the visible light communication or some other means. When there is only downstream traffic, simulation results show that the proposed architecture improves the throughput about 10% compared to the normal IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN.
Parallel-coupled line filters with enhanced stopband performances (2005)

A new class of parallel-coupled line filters with broad stopband response is introduced. The design is based on the synthesis of bandpass prototypes with pre-defined upper stopband characteristics. The new filters have uniform- and stepped-impedance resonators, some of which are loaded by open-circuited stubs at their open-circuited ends. A seventh-order filter implementation is presented with a fundamental passband centered at 1 GHz. The measured wide-band transmission characteristic of the filter demonstrated a broad upper stopband and was in agreement with simulations. The performance of the new filter is also compared with the characteristic of a conventionally designed filter to highlight the advantages of the proposed design method.
The Disintegration Process in Microcrystalline Cellulose Based Tablets, Part 1: Influence of Temperature, Porosity and Superdisintegrants (2015)

Disintegration performance was measured by analysing both water ingress and tablet swelling of pure microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and in mixture with croscarmellose sodium using terahertz pulsed imaging (TPI). Tablets made from pure MCC with porosities of 10% and 15% showed similar swelling and transport kinetics: within the first 15s, tablets had swollen by up to 33% of their original thickness and water had fully penetrated the tablet following Darcy flow kinetics. In contrast, MCC tablets with a porosity of 5% exhibited much slower transport kinetics, with swelling to only 17% of their original thickness and full water penetration reached after 100s, dominated by case II transport kinetics. The effect of adding superdisintegrant to the formulation and varying the temperature of the dissolution medium between 20°C and 37°C on the swelling and transport process was quantified. We have demonstrated that TPI can be used to non-invasively analyse the complex disintegration kinetics of formulations that take place on timescales of seconds and is a promising tool to better understand the effect of dosage form microstructure on its performance. By relating immediate-release formulations to mathematical models used to describe controlled release formulations, it becomes possible to use this data for formulation design. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 104:3440-3450, 2015.
Optimizing the Hit-to-Lead Process Using SPR Analysis (2004)

Secondary screening and lead optimization, where a large number of "hit" compounds are refined to a viable set of "lead" drug candidates, are considered to be bottlenecks to the drug discovery process and are targets for streamlining. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) is a nonlabel technology that can generate kinetic data on biomolecular interactions. This allows researchers to quantitate the binding characteristics of lead compounds with their targets in terms of affinity, specificity, and association/dissociation rates in parallel. The latest generation of SPR biosensors integrate the hit-to-lead process and generate a greater depth of information, providing answers that cannot be addressed by traditional end-point assays. This allows users to make more informed choices on the selection of candidate molecules prior to preclinical development. A number of studies have used SPR biosensors in secondary screening, lead optimization, quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis, and predictive adsorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and/or toxicity evaluations.
Comparison of plasma cytokine levels in rats subjected to superior mesenteric artery occlusion or hemorrhagic shock. (1995)

The overall goal of this study was to compare the effects of systemic hypotension (hemorrhagic shock) versus local gut ischemia (superior mesenteric artery (SMA) occlusion) on cytokine production and bacteria/endotoxin translocation. Sham or actual SMA occlusion led to an increase in tumor necrosis factor (TNF), which was greatest at the end of the occlusion period, while the IL-6 response peaked 3 h post-SMA occlusion. The TNF and IL-6 response after hemorrhagic shock differed from that observed after SMA occlusion in that the peak response occurred later and was of lower magnitude (p < .05). Although the animals subjected to SMA occlusion had a significantly increased incidence of bacterial translocation to both the mesenteric lymph nodes and systemic organs compared to rats subjected to hemorrhagic shock, in neither group was the blood level of endotoxin elevated and there was no association between bacterial translocation and cytokine levels. These results suggest that different models of intestinal ischemia have different cytokine profiles and that the early TNF response associated with SMA occlusion model is primarily due to the laparotomy.
PixNet (2010)

Given the abundance of cameras and LCDs in today's environment, there exists an untapped opportunity for using these devices for communication. Specifically, cameras can tune to nearby LCDs and use them for network access. The key feature of these LCD-camera links is that they are highly directional and hence enable a form of interference-free wireless communication. This makes them an attractive technology for dense, high contention scenarios. The main challenge, however, to enable such LCD-camera links is to maximize coverage, that is to deliver multiple Mb/s over multi-meter distances, independent of the view angle. To do so, these links need to address unique types of channel distortions, such as perspective distortion and blur. In this demo, we show how these LCD-camera links can be used to wirelessly transmit information. We present PixNet, an LCD-camera communication system. PixNet generalizes the popular OFDM transmission algorithms to address the unique properties of the LCD-camera link, including perspective distortion and blur. We have built a prototype of PixNet using off-the-shelf LCDs and cameras. In our demo, we will show our prototype communicating data from an LCD to a camera-equipped PC, over multi-meter distances and wide viewing angles.
Secure two-party computation and communication (2006)

In this dissertation, we address several issues that arise in protecting communication between parties, as well as in the area of secure function evaluation. Intuitively, the notion of secure function evaluation is clear and natural: several parties wish to compute some function of their inputs without revealing any information about the inputs, other than what is implied by the value of the function. Research included in this dissertation follows three main directions, briefly described below. The first direction (Chapters 3 and 4) is the design of efficient protocols for concrete functions of interest. Specifically, we present new, more efficient protocols for securely computing the Greater Than (GT) function on the inputs of two parties. Secure evalua-tion of GT is frequently needed in financial transactions. We introduce new primitives, which are convenient building blocks for more complex tasks, and generalize our GT solutions to satisfy them. Based on this, we construct secure auction protocols, protocols for determining whether an integer lies on an interval, and others. The second direction (Chapter 5) is a fundamental approach to secure evaluation of any function, given as a boolean circuit. We present a very efficient information-
The Role of Copper in Topa Quinone Biogenesis and Catalysis, as Probed by Azide Inhibition of a Copper Amine Oxidase from Yeast (2001)

All known copper amine oxidases (CAOs) contain 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalanine quinone (TPQ) as a redox cofactor. TPQ is derived posttranslationally from a specific tyrosine residue within the protein itself, and is utilized by the enzyme to oxidize amines to aldehydes. Several oxidative mechanisms for both turnover and the biogenesis of the cofactor have been proposed in recent years, which differ mainly in the nature of the interaction of oxygen with the enzyme. In this study, azide is used to probe the role of copper in catalysis and biogenesis, especially with respect to potential interactions between the metal and oxygen. During turnover, it is found that azide is a noncompetitive inhibitor with respect to O(2), most consistent mechanistically with oxygen binding off the metal prior to reaction. During biogenesis, it is found that azide likely prohibits ligation of the precursor tyrosine to the copper, thus preventing the formation of this key intermediate. This result is consistent with previous proposals, where the copper-tyrosine unit is the species that undergoes reaction with O(2). In addition, it is found that oxygen consumption is kinetically uncoupled from TPQ formation; this leads to an expanded kinetic model for biogenesis, with important implications for previous results.
Ring array antenna with optimized beamformer for Simultaneous Transmit And Receive (2012)

In order to avoid self-interference, Simultaneous Transmit And Receive (STAR) systems require low mutual coupling between their respective transmit and receive antennas. This paper discusses the development of an 8-element transmit ring array antenna on a circular ground plane with a raised receive element. When combined with a beamformer that supplies linear progressive phase shifts to the array with opposing elements phased 180-degrees apart, the receive and transmit antennas are measured to exhibit 55 dB of isolation and omni-directional patterns in the 2.4 to 2.5 GHz band.
Lipid composition of Bulgarian chokeberry, black currant and rose hip seed oils (1999)

The lipid composition of chokeberry, black currant and rose hip seeds was investigated. The seeds contain 19.3 g kg−1, 22.0 g kg−1 and 8.2 g kg−1 glyceride oil respectively. The content of phospholipids, mainly phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylethanolamine, was 2.8 g kg−1, 1.3 g kg−1 and 1.4 g kg−1, respectively. The total amounts of sterols were 1.2 g kg−1, 1.4 g kg−1 and 0.4 g kg−1. The main component was β-sitosterol, followed by campesterol and Δ5 -avenasterol. In the tocopherol fraction (55.5 mg kg−1 in chokeberry oil, 249.6 mg kg−1 in black currant oil and 89.4 mg kg−1 in rose hip oil), α-tocopherol predominated in chokeberry oil (70.6 mg kg−1). γ-Tocopherol was the main component in black currant oil (55.4 mg kg−1) and rose hip oil (71.0 mg kg−1). The fatty acid composition of triacylglycerols, individual phospholipids and sterol esters was also identified. In the phospholipids and sterol esters, the more saturated fatty acids, mainly palmitic, stearic, and long chain fatty acids predominated. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry
Lightning protection systems: an update and a discredited method vindicated (2003)

The end may be near for the two hundred year old method of using a Franklin rod to collect, control and convey to earth the awesome and destructive power of lightning. The side effects of allowing thousands of amperes to flow adjacent to and near computers and sensitive electronic equipment can be considered foolhardy and costly. The Charge Transfer System of preventing lightning strikes to protected areas is a valid concept and will replace the Franklin rod method in many applications. The changes that are occurring with lightning protection technology include the renewed debate over sharp pointed versus blunt rods. The advent of a method for the detection and measuring the magnitude of lightning strikes is replacing the old isokeraunic level charts. Promulgation of a standard for Early Streamer Emission, prevented by what can be considered as an act of restraint of trade, has resulted in legal action being taken against the National Fire Protection Association and others.
Discharge comparison of nonequilibrium atmospheric pressure Ar/O2 and He/O2 plasma jets (2003)

A plasma jet has been developed that operates using rf power and produces a stable homogeneous discharge at atmospheric pressure. Discharge characteristics for the gas mixture of He/O2 and Ar/O2 were studied. The temperature distribution at the exit of the nozzle of Ar/O2 discharge is about 100 K higher than that for the He/O2 discharge—identified by an increased temperature—extends much farther downstream for Ar/O2 discharge in contrast to the He/O2 discharge—250 mm as compared to 75 mm. Optical emission spectra for both discharges in the jet effluent shows only fractions of the peak intensities of Ar, He, and O atomic lines compared with spectra taken looking obliquely inside the jet volume. The spatial profile of excited atomic oxygen at λ=777 nm (4S0 3p–3s) taken side on to the flow direction outside the nozzle shows good correlation to the temperature distribution for both discharges. These results indicate that the Ar/O2 discharge has better energy transfer efficiency than the He/O2 discharge. Study of the electrical properties of the two discharges shows that the two discharges exhibit a different capacitive nature and the voltage wave form for He/O2 advances that of the Ar/O2 discharge by 16°, which means there is more ohmic component in the Ar/O2 discharge.
Improved Design of Single-Phase Unidirectional Transducers for Low-Loss SAW Filters (1987)

This paper describes several new designs based on the SPUDT (single-phase unidirectional transdu cer) concept. In order to improve on the sidelobe suppression performance of previous SPUDT designs, a new structure with withdrawal weighted IDT's and intra-transducer reflector strips is presented. An aperture weighting technique for SPUDT's is also described for > 35 dB sidelobe suppression. A stepped-electrode SPUDT for enhanced 5th harmonic low-loss operation is also detailed. In addition, a slanted SPUDT arrangement is described for mid-loss (>5 dB, <10 dB) filters with up to 10% bandwidths.
Analysis and Comparison of Three Topologies of the Ladder Multilevel DC/DC Converter (2012)

In this paper, three dc/dc ladder multilevel converters are compared. The first one is the classical ladder topology and the two other topologies presented are based on the classical one. A mathematical calculation of the output resistance and the gain of the converter as a function of the number of levels is carried out for the three topologies in order to estimate the voltage drop due to the output current. These calculations are validated with simulations and experimental results. Finally, the behavior of the three topologies is compared through experimental tests. Results show higher performance for the presented converters compared to the classical ladder.