gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Root causes of recovery boiler leaks (1998)

A leak in any area of the recovery boiler where water is under pressure has the potential of causing a smelt-water explosion. Understanding the root causes of these leaks will be of enormous value in guiding future efforts to improve inspections, operations, welding, materials selection, boiler design, and safety. The thousands of hours of downtime caused by these leaks provides a clear economic justification for further improvements. This article presents the preliminary results of a study encompassing the most recent 830 incidents of leaks in the recovery unit. Among the findings, the economizer accounts for one-third and the furnace walls account for one-fourth of the failures. Clearly, a more reliable design is required. Welds account for twice as many failures as corrosion. One-third of the weld failures are related to attachment welds - not butt welds - suggesting the need for a rigorous effort to improve welding techniques. Half of the corrosion-related failures are associated with general thinning and wastage, indicating the need for materials of greater integrity and designs that provide access to all areas for thorough inspection. Fatigue failures point to design deficiencies.
The Measurement of National Morale (1941)

I N TOTAL WAR, economic and psychological weapons are forged to fight in accompaniment with military instruments. Psychological pressures are developed to lower the morale of the enemy or heighten morale on the home front. As a collective consciousness of the important role of national morale grows, a greater attention is given to it. This concept is now widely discussed and many organizations have sprung up to encourage both soldier and civilian in the more spirited performance of their work. These newly organized groups have generally conceived their task as the improving of personal morale to the end that national morale might be raised and sustained. Throughout this effort, plans are made largely on the basis of hunch and insight mixed with a goodly proportion of simple trial and error. Scientific knowledge is scanty. Only a meagre amount of systematic research is available on personal morale.' With respect to national morale, contemporary records display only a few theoretical attempts to identify the component social psychological factors and to describe their association.2 The research reported here was undertaken to test by empirical analysis a theory of national morale. A set of hypotheses which are believed to operate as basic factors in national morale are first set forth. Then, these same hypotheses are tested empirically and a final scale of measurement given. A Theory of National Morale. Personal morale may be defined as the confidence held by the individual in his ability to cope with the future; national morale may be defined as the degree of confidence held by all of the people in the ability of the nation to cope with the future. The following hypotheses are proposed as components of national morale: (i) belief in the superiority of the social structure in the in-group; (2) degree and manner by which personal goals are identified with national goals; (3) judgments of the competence of national leadership; (4) belief that resources are available to hurl back any threats to the ingroup; (5) confidence in the permanence of the national goals.
Control of in vitro growth of viviparous embryo mutants of maize by abscisic acid (1979)

Abstract The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) is believed to play a role in the onset of developmental arrest in seeds. Embryos of the viviparous mutants of Zea mays do not undergo arrest but germinate directly on the ear. This study investigates the possibility that the mutants vp1, vp5, vp7, vp8, and vp9 are defective in some aspect of ABA action. Mutant and wild type embryos were removed from developing seeds at 18, 21, and 24 days after pollination and cultured aseptically on media containing a range of ABA concentrations. Seedlings were harvested after seven days when lengths and fresh and dry weights were recorded. The results indicate that these five viviparous mutants differ in their response to ABA. Two mutants, vp5 and vp8, exhibit the same sensitivity to growth inhibition by ABA as wild type. The remaining three mutants, however, manifest a range of decreased sensitivities with vp1 being the least sensitive, followed by vp7 and vp9.
Expression and its clinical significance of RhoC mRNA in human primary hepatocellular carcinoma (2002)

Objective To study the expression of RhoC mRNA in human primary hepatocellular carcinoma(PHCC) and paracarcinoma liver(PCL) tissues .Method Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction(RT-PCR) was used to detect the expression of RhoC mRNA in the PHCC and PCL tissue of 30 patients with PHCC. Results The opacity density (OD)of RhoC mRNA expression in PHCC tissues was significantly higher than that in PCL tissures(P0.01);the OD of RhoC mRNA expression in the PHCC with intrahepatic metastasis was significantly higher than that in the PHCC without intrahepatic metastasis(P 0.05). Conclusions The expression of RhoC mRNA in the PHCC is likely related to the metastasis,so that it may act as a good marker for the metastasis of PHCC.
CommTrust: Computing Multi-Dimensional Trust by Mining E-Commerce Feedback Comments (2014)

Reputation-based trust models are widely used in e-commerce applications, and feedback ratings are aggregated to compute sellers' reputation trust scores. The “all good reputation” problem, however, is prevalent in current reputation systems-reputation scores are universally high for sellers and it is difficult for potential buyers to select trustworthy sellers. In this paper, based on the observation that buyers often express opinions openly in free text feedback comments, we propose CommTrust for trust evaluation by mining feedback comments. Our main contributions include: 1) we propose a multidimensional trust model for computing reputation scores from user feedback comments; and 2) we propose an algorithm for mining feedback comments for dimension ratings and weights, combining techniques of natural language processing, opinion mining, and topic modeling. Extensive experiments on eBay and Amazon data demonstrate that CommTrust can effectively address the “all good reputation” issue and rank sellers effectively. To the best of our knowledge, our research is the first piece of work on trust evaluation by mining feedback comments.
Tubular Foreign Body or Stent: Safe Retrieval or Repositioning Using the Coaxial Snare Technique (2002)

The coaxial snare technique, an application of the loop snare technique, is a useful and safe method for the retrieval of tubular foreign bodies, and one which involves minimal injury to the patient.
Rapid Detection of <i>Candida albicans</i> in Clinical Blood Samples by Using a TaqMan-Based PCR Assay (2003)

We describe a rapid and reproducible PCR assay for quantitation of the Candida albicans ribosomal DNA (rDNA) in clinical blood samples based on the TaqMan principle (Applied Biosystems), in which a signal is generated by cleavage of a template-specific probe during amplification. We used two fluorogenic probes based on universal, fungus-specific primers, one for the detection of C. albicans species DNA and one for the detection of all Candida genus DNA. C. albicans blastoconidia mixed with whole blood in a titration experiment yielded a linear PCR signal over a range of 3 orders of magnitude. The TaqMan-based PCR assay for C. albicans exhibited a low limit of detection (5 CFU/ml of blood) and an excellent reproducibility (96 to 99%). While the C. albicans species-specific probe had 100% specificity for C. albicans, all Candida genus-specific probes cross-reacted with other organisms likely to coinfect patients with C. albicans infections. On the basis of these data, we determined the C. albicans loads with a species-specific probe from 122 blood samples from 61 hematology or oncology patients with clinically proven or suspected systemic Candida infections. Eleven positive samples exhibited a wide range of C. albicans loads, extending from 5 to 100,475 CFU/ml of blood. The sensitivity and specificity of the present assay were 100 and 97%, respectively, compared with the results of blood culture. These data indicate that the TaqMan-based PCR assay for quantitation of C. albicans with a species-specific probe provides an attractive alternative for the identification and quantitation of C. albicans rDNA in pure cultures and blood samples.
Ex Vivo Expansion of Hematopoietic Stem Cells (2003)

A number of studies have demonstrated the feasibility of amplifying the short-term repopulating progenitors in vitro and have shown the relevance of ex vivo expansion approaches in hematopoietic transplantation (1-3) and gene therapy protocols (4-5). In spite of the beneficial effects generally associated with ex vivo expansion strategies, a number of observations suggest that further studies on the biology of ex vivo expansion are required to facilitate the optimal implantation of this strategy in the clinics (6-7). In this respect, although in some instances data showing an impairment in the long-term repopulating capacity of ex vivo expanded grafts t(6), ex vivo amplifications in other cases of very primitive progenitors have been observed (9). To prevent the prompt differentiation of the hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) during the ex vivo expansion process, new combinations of early-acting cytokines have been used to facilitate the self-renewal divisions in the HSC compartment (1,10-12).
α-COP binding to the survival motor neuron protein SMN is required for neuronal process outgrowth (2015)

Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), a heritable neurodegenerative disease, results from insufficient levels of the survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. α-COP binds to SMN, linking the COPI vesicular transport pathway to SMA. Reduced levels of α-COP restricted development of neuronal processes in NSC-34 cells and primary cortical neurons. Remarkably, heterologous expression of human α-COP restored normal neurite length and morphology in SMN-depleted NSC-34 cells in vitro and zebrafish motor neurons in vivo. We identified single amino acid mutants of α-COP that selectively abrogate SMN binding, retain COPI-mediated Golgi-ER trafficking functionality, but were unable to support neurite outgrowth in cellular and zebrafish models of SMA. Taken together, these demonstrate the functional role of COPI association with the SMN protein in neuronal development.
Chemoprevention of intestinal polyposis in the APCΔ716 mouse by rofecoxib, a specific cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor (2000)

On the basis of published data, it is widely believed and cited that rofecoxib use is associated with approximately a 50% reduction in significant gastrointestinal (GI) complications such as bleeding.Data made available as part of litigation, including the Vioxx Gastrointestinal Outcomes Research trial and an Alzheimer’s study, allow a reassessment of the reported benefits of rofecoxib in terms of a significant reduction in complicated GI events and in lower GI bleeding.During the review process of the Vioxx Gastrointestinal Outcomes Research study, it was suggested that rofecoxib might have little benefit, with regard to GI toxicity, for patients with rheumatoid arthritis not treated with corticosteroids. Reanalysis of the original Merck data set showed 9 complicated confirmed events in the rofecoxib group compared with 10 in the naproxen group among corticosteroid nonusers and 7 versus 27 among corticosteroid users so that the difference between rofecoxib and naproxen in the occurrence of confirmed complicated perforations, ulcers or bleeds seemed to be entirely because of the effects within corticosteroid users. The claim that serious lower GI events were 54% lower with the use of the selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor rofecoxib was stated to be based on an assessment blinded to treatment allocation. In fact, the choice did not represent the original blinded analysis that showed a nonsignificant difference, but rather was based on an assessment after treatment allocation was disclosed.Examination and reanalysis of unpublished data regarding rofecoxib has failed to confirm a safety advantage of rofecoxib over traditional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in terms of complicated upper or lower GI events.
Repertoire of microRNAs in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer as Determined by Next Generation Sequencing of Small RNA cDNA Libraries (2009)

This report expands the body of miRNAs known to be expressed in epithelial ovarian cancer and provides a useful resource for future studies of the role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis and early detection of ovarian cancer.
Blockade of XBP1 splicing by inhibition of IRE1α is a promising therapeutic option in multiple myeloma (2012)

Multiple myeloma (MM) cells are characterized by high protein synthesis resulting in chronic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which is adaptively managed by the unfolded protein response. Inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) is activated to splice X-box binding protein 1 (XBP1) mRNA, thereby increasing XBP1s protein, which in turn regulates genes responsible for protein folding and degradation during the unfolded protein response. In this study, we examined whether IRE1α-XBP1 pathway is a potential therapeutic target in MM using a small-molecule IRE1α endoribonuclease domain inhibitor MKC-3946. MKC-3946 triggered modest growth inhibition in MM cell lines, without toxicity in normal mononuclear cells. Importantly, it significantly enhanced cytotoxicity induced by bortezomib or 17-AAG, even in the presence of bone marrow stromal cells or exogenous IL-6. Both bortezomib and 17-AAG induced ER stress, evidenced by induction of XBP1s, which was blocked by MKC-3946. Apoptosis induced by these agents was enhanced by MKC-3946, associated with increased CHOP. Finally, MKC-3946 inhibited XBP1 splicing in a model of ER stress in vivo, associated with significant growth inhibition of MM cells. Taken together, our results demonstrate that blockade of XBP1 splicing by inhibition of IRE1α endoribonuclease domain is a potential therapeutic option in MM.
Monitoring refractive index variations in turbid media using phase-sensitive frequency-domain OCT (2005)

Functional imaging of clear and tissue-simulating phantoms using phase-resolved swept-source spectroscopic OCT (PhS-SSOCT) is described. Superior sensitivity of PhS-SSOCT technique to monitor ultra-small changes in sample refractive index is demonstrated using aqueous solutions of glucose and aqueous suspensions of polystyrene microspheres and glucose. Glucose-induced changes in the phase are found to be 0.039 rad/mM and 0.037 rad/mM in the 200 μm-thick cell for clear and turbid media, respectively, that is in good agreement with our previous data obtained using differential-phase time-domain OCT. Obtained results suggest that PhS-SSOCT has a potential for noninvasive, depth-resolved, real-time quantitative monitoring of concentrations of glucose and other analytes with high accuracy.
Potential Prevention Strategies for Alzheimer Disease (1996)

Primary prevention trials for Alzheimer disease (AD) should be considered because of the substantial cost of caring for AD patients. Current clues to possible treatments include the potential use of antioxidants, estrogens, anti-inflammatory drugs, drugs designed to alter apolipoprotein E4 status, and compounds altering amyloid metabolism. Because of the expense of primary prevention trials, resources should be devoted to developing epidemiological clues for environmental loss in vivo and searching for additional epidemiological clues for environmental factors that may protect individuals from AD. A primary prevention trial would involve the recruitment of 4,000-5,000 subjects followed for 3-5 years at a cost of approximately $20 million. Alternatively, a primary prevention trial could be performed as an "add on" study to an existing clinical trial of a compound of interest currently being tested in an elderly population at substantially less cost.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of antibodies to Angiostrongylus cantonensis (1986)

The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed for the sero-diagnosis of Angiostrongylus cantonensis infections in rats and man. Metabolic and 'purified' antigens of adult or juvenile A. cantonensis were evaluated by ELISA and compared against Toxocara canis antigen for sensitivity and specificity. Sera and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from both rats and man gave higher ELISA values against antigens of A. cantonensis than those obtained from negative control samples. The results showed that cross reaction occurred between T. canis and A. cantonensis. Of four A. cantonensis antigens tested, a Sephacryl S-300 'purified' fraction was shown to be superior in the ELISA to determine angiostrongyliasis.
The Finite Element Method in the Deformation and Consolidation of Porous Media (1987)

Introduction The Governing Equations of Multiphase Flow in a Deforming Porous Medium Numerical Solutions of the Governing Equations Constitutive Relationships and Variable Permeabilities Validation of Elastic and Elasto-plastic Consolidation Programs Modelling of Subsidence Heat and Fluid Flow in Deforming Porous Media Secondary Consolidation Two- dimensional, Non-linear Thermoelastoplastic Consolidation Program Plascon.
Determination of the orientation of collagen fibers in human bone (2002)

A human calcaneus bone, consisting of hydroxyapatite and collagen fibers, was successively sliced into samples in a direction perpendicular to the long axis of the bone and parallel to the long axis of the human lower limb. The transmitted microwave intensities of 12 GHz, reflecting the dielectric property, were measured for the slice samples using Osaki's microwave method (Tappi J., 1987; 70:105-108). The complex dielectric constant of 12 GHz of the collagen fiber film was much greater than that of hydroxyapatite disc, which demonstrated that the dielectric anisotropy observed for the sliced bone was mainly affected by the collagen fibers. The angular dependence of the transmitted microwave intensity gives the orientation angle reflecting the direction of the collagen-fiber orientation, and the degree of orientation reflecting the anisotropic property of collagen fibers. The orientation angle and the degree of orientation for the slice samples changed with changing position along the long axis of the calcaneus bone. The direction of orientation deviated to the lateral side at the heel part of the left calcaneus, and to the medial side at the middle part. The degree of orientation is relatively high at the heel part and low at the middle. Such results give a two-dimensional distribution of collagen-fiber orientation in the left calcaneus, and suggest that the direction and degree of orientation are closely related to the direction and magnitude of the stress applied to the bone, respectively.
Post-treatment skin reactions reported by cancer patients differ by race, not by treatment or expectations (2007)

Cancer patients may experience skin problems while undergoing chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Frequency of skin reactions may be influenced by skin pigmentation and psychological factors. A Symptom Inventory completed by 656 cancer patients nationwide before and after chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or chemotherapy plus radiation therapy was analysed to determine if treatment type, race (Black vs White), and pretreatment expectations influenced post-treatment skin reactions. Subsequent analysis of a local Symptom Inventory completed weekly for 5 weeks by 308 patients receiving radiation therapy examined severity of reported skin reactions. Significantly more patients receiving radiation therapy had stronger expectations of skin problems (62%) than patients receiving chemotherapy (40%, P=0.001) or chemotherapy plus radiation therapy (45%, P=0.003). Overall, expectations did not correlate with patient reported post-treatment skin problems in white (r=0.014, P=0.781) or black (r=0.021, P=0.936) patients. Although no significant difference was found between black and white patients in their pretreatment expectations of skin problems (P=0.32), black patients (10 out of 18, 56%) reported more skin problems than white patients (90 out of 393, 23%, P=0.001). Similarly, the local study showed that significantly more black patients (1 out of 5, 20%) reported severe skin reactions at the treatment site than white patients (12 out of 161, 8%). A direct correlation was observed between severity of skin problems and pain at the treatment site (r=0.541, P<0.001). Total radiation exposure did not significantly correlate with the report of skin problems at the treatment site for white or black patients. Overall, black patients reported more severe post-treatment skin problems than white patients. Our results suggest that symptom management for post-treatment skin reactions in cancer patients receiving radiation treatment could differ depending on their racial background.
Low Power system Design techniques for mobile computers (1997)

Portable products are being used increasingly. Because these systems are battery powered, reducing power consumption is vital. In this report we give the properties of low power design and techniques to exploit them on the architecture of the system. We focus on: min imizing capacitance, avoiding unnecessary and wasteful activity, and reducing voltage and frequency. We review energy reduction techniques in the architecture and design of a hand-held computer and the wireless communication system, including error control, sys tem decomposition, communication and MAC protocols, and low power short range net works.
Preservation of functioning human thyroid "organoids" in the severe combined immunodeficient mouse. III. Thyrotropin independence of thyroid follicle formation (1994)

The severe combined immunodeficient (scid) mouse allows the in vivo reconstitution of thyroid follicles from thyroid monolayer cells when transplanted sc within an extracellular basement membrane matrix. After 2-3 weeks, these human thyroid organoids show an active microfollicular histology and secrete human thyroglobulin into the murine serum in response to the administration of recombinant human TSH. Furthermore, such organoids survive for more than 3 months in this functional state. To assess whether thyroid follicular reconstitution was TSH dependent, we examined organoid follicular reconstruction in T3-induced hyperthyroid scid mice, in which endogenous murine TSH was presumed to be totally suppressed. By providing water with 12 micrograms/ml T3, we increased the murine serum T3 levels from a mean of 1.9 nmol/liter in controls to greater than 12.0 nmol/liter. After 3 weeks, thyroid cells derived from normal human thyroid monolayers were suspended in an extracellular basement membrane matrix, and the suspension was transplanted sc into scid mice (with or without T3-induced hyperthyroidism) and allowed to reconstitute. Histological examination 4 weeks later showed a similar degree of thyroid follicle formation in mice treated with or without T3, indicating that the hyperthyroid state had caused no interference with thyroid follicle reconstitution. This was further confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, which demonstrated normal human thyroid follicle cell polarity in the organoids of both euthyroid and hyperthyroid mice. In addition, using an extracellular basement membrane preparation with reduced growth factor (epidermal growth factor, insulin-like growth factor-I, and platelet-derived growth factor) levels also allowed normal thyroid follicle formation in T3-fed mice. These data demonstrate that in vivo thyroid follicle formation is TSH independent and that extrathyroidal epidermal growth factor, insulin-like growth factor-I, and platelet-derived growth factor may be relatively unimportant. The factors and molecular mechanisms leading to follicular reorganization of adult human thyroid cells remain to be determined, but are likely to depend largely on intrathyroidal growth factor secretion and cell-cell interaction.