gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A 12 b 5-to-50 MS/s 0.5-to-1 V Voltage Scalable Zero-Crossing Based Pipelined ADC (2012)

A voltage scalable zero-crossing based (ZCB) pipelined ADC built in 65 nm CMOS is described. The highly digital implementation characteristic of the ZCB circuit technique enables energy efficient operation and supply voltage scaling. Several new techniques including the unidirectional coarse-fine charge transfer scheme, programmable ramp rates, and flash resistor ladder scaling, are developed to allow efficient operation at different supply voltages as well as to extend the supply voltage range down to 0.5 V. Two versions, the first fabricated in 65 nm GP (general purpose) technology, and the second in 65 nm LP (low power) technology from an identical design file show similar performance characteristics except for the power supply voltage ranges, demonstrating the robustness of the design. At 1.0 V (GP)/1.2 V (LP) nominal supply and 50 MS/s, the ADC achieves 67.7 dB (GP)/68.1 dB (LP) SNDR after calibration while dissipating 4.07 mW (GP)/4.93 mW (LP), resulting in an FOM of 41.0 fJ/step (GP)/47.5 fJ/step (LP). The supply voltage scalability is demonstrated down to 0.5 V (GP)/0.8 V (LP) and improves the FOM to 28.0 fJ/step (GP)/37.8 fJ/step (LP), while maintaining higher than 66 dB SNDR.
Glycogen-accumulating organisms in laboratory-scale and full-scale wastewater treatment processes b bThe GenBank accession numbers for the sequences reported in this paper are given in Methods. (2002)

Laboratory-scale sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) as models for wastewater treatment processes were used to identify glycogen-accumulating organisms (GAOs), which are thought to be responsible for the deterioration of enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR). The SBRs (called Q and T), operated under alternating anaerobic-aerobic conditions typical for EBPR, generated mixed microbial communities (sludges) demonstrating the GAO phenotype. Intracellular glycogen and poly-beta-hydroxyalkanoate (PHA) transformations typical of efficient EBPR occurred but polyphosphate was not bioaccumulated and the sludges contained 1.8% P (sludge Q) and 1.5% P (sludge T). 16S rDNA clone libraries were prepared from DNA extracted from the Q and T sludges. Clone inserts were grouped into operational taxonomic units (OTUs) by restriction fragment length polymorphism banding profiles. OTU representatives were sequenced and phylogenetically analysed. The Q sludge library comprised four OTUs and all six determined sequences were 99.7% identical, forming a cluster in the gamma-Proteobacteria radiation. The T sludge library comprised eight OTUs and the majority of clones were Acidobacteria subphylum 4 (49% of the library) and candidate phylum OP10 (39% of the library). One OTU (two clones, of which one was sequenced) was in the gamma-Proteobacteria radiation with 95% sequence identity to the Q sludge clones. Oligonucleotide probes (called GAOQ431 and GAOQ989) were designed from the gamma-Proteobacteria clone sequences for use in fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH); 92% of the Q sludge bacteria and 28% of the T sludge bacteria bound these probes in FISH. FISH and post-FISH chemical staining for PHA were used to determine that bacteria from a novel gamma-Proteobacteria cluster were phenotypically GAOs in one laboratory-scale SBR and two full-scale wastewater treatment plants. It is suggested that the GAOs from the novel cluster in the gamma-Proteobacteria radiation be named 'Candidatus Competibacter phosphatis'.
Cross-layer resource allocation over wireless relay networks for quality of service provisioning (2007)

The authors propose a physical-datalink cross-layer resource allocation scheme over wireless relay networks for quality-of-service (QoS) guarantees. By integrating information theory with the concept of effective capacity, the proposed scheme aims at maximizing the relay network throughput subject to a given delay QoS constraint. This delay constraint is characterized by the so-called QoS exponent thetas, which is the only requested information exchanged between the physical layer and the datalink layer in our cross-layer design based scheme. Over both amplify-and-forwards (AF) and decode-and-forward (DF) relay networks; the authors develop the associated dynamic resource allocation algorithms for wireless multimedia communications. Over DF relay network, the authors also study a fixed power allocation scheme to provide QoS guarantees. The simulations and numerical results verify that our proposed cross-layer resource allocation can efficiently support diverse QoS requirements over wireless relay networks. Both AF and DF relays show significant superiorities over direct transmissions when the delay QoS constraints are stringent. On the other hand, the results demonstrate the importance of deploying the dynamic resource allocation for stringent delay QoS guarantees.
Synthesis and Rice Blast Controlling Activity of Thiosemicarbazones and 1-Thiocarbamoyl-2<i>H</i>-pyrazolin-5-ones (1986)

α-アルキルアセト酢酸エチルおよびアミドと4-置換および非置換チオセミカルバジドをエチルアルコールまたは50%エチルアルコール溶媒中, 中性ないしpH 4～5の酸性条件下で反応を行ない対応する4-置換および非置換チオセミカルバゾンを得た. 1-チオカルバモイル-2H-ピラゾリン-5-オンはα-アルキルアセト酢酸エチルおよびアミドをエチルアルコール中強酸性条件下で還流することにより得た. このようにして合成したチオセミカルバゾン類および1-チオカルバモイル-2H-ピラゾリン-5-オン類のイネいもち病防除活性試験を行なった結果, チオセミカルバゾン類の中ではα-ヘキシルアセト酢酸エチルチオセミカルバゾンが強い活性を示した. そして, 1-チオカルバモイルピラゾリン-5-オン類の活性は3-メチル置換化合物のほうが3-フェニル置換化合物より大であり, とくに4-ヘキシル-3-メチル-1-(N-メチルチオカルバモイル) ピラゾリン-5-オンは最も強い防除および治療効果を示した.
The World Bank and children : a review of activities (2002)

This paper reviews Bank interventions that supported the welfare of children in the last decade. Though the Bank has always addressed children's development, and protection through its focus of broader economic development, and social protection, it has recently intensified its efforts to directly address children's issues in the context of a broader international effort to improve the general welfare of children and, more specifically, to reduce child labor. This paper focuses on Human Development projects with an objective relating to children, or that are expected to have an indirect, but non-trivial impact on children. In the last decade (FY1990-2000), the Bank financed close to 635 Human Development projects, of which 302 projects, fully or partially supported child welfare, development and protection - and the focus of these interventions is discussed in this paper.
The solution of the biomagnetic inverse problem by maximum statistical entropy (1989)

The method of maximum statistical entropy (to be distinguished from the more usual maximum configurational entropy) is explained for a general inverse problem. Application to the biomagnetic situation then yields a solution which, in the limit as the available information becomes zero, gives the minimum-power current distribution. The method is developed in detail for the case of a uniform sphere.
A Survey on Vehicular Social Networks (2015)

This paper surveys recent literature on vehicular social networks that are a particular class of vehicular ad hoc networks, characterized by social aspects and features. Starting from this pillar, we investigate perspectives on next-generation vehicles under the assumption of social networking for vehicular applications (i.e., safety and entertainment applications). This paper plays a role as a starting point about socially inspired vehicles and mainly related applications, as well as communication techniques. Vehicular communications can be considered the “first social network for automobiles” since each driver can share data with other neighbors. For instance, heavy traffic is a common occurrence in some areas on the roads (e.g., at intersections, taxi loading/unloading areas, and so on); as a consequence, roads become a popular social place for vehicles to connect to each other. Human factors are then involved in vehicular ad hoc networks, not only due to the safety-related applications but also for entertainment purposes. Social characteristics and human behavior largely impact on vehicular ad hoc networks, and this arises to the vehicular social networks, which are formed when vehicles (individuals) “socialize” and share common interests. In this paper, we provide a survey on main features of vehicular social networks, from novel emerging technologies to social aspects used for mobile applications, as well as main issues and challenges. Vehicular social networks are described as decentralized opportunistic communication networks formed among vehicles. They exploit mobility aspects, and basics of traditional social networks, in order to create novel approaches of message exchange through the detection of dynamic social structures. An overview of the main state-of-the-art on safety and entertainment applications relying on social networking solutions is also provided.
Health Monitoring of IGBTs in Automotive Power Converter Systems (2013)

The use of IGBT power modules in the automotive industry is becoming increasingly common as manufacturers develop more hybrid and all electric vehicles. In an industry such as this, the reliability of a component is critical and vehicle manufacturers have conducted much research into diagnostic and prognostic systems for internal combustion engines that run in real time on the vehicle to determine when components will fail. Power electronic components do not have similar prognostics available. The traditional use of power electronic modules has been in applications where their life or duty cycle is well defined, and accelerated life tests are carried out to determine a mean time to failure. This type of prognostics is not appropriate for the automotive industry because the operating cycle of the vehicle varies greatly, both in driving style, duty cycle and environment. A new type of prognostics is therefore required which will calculate the life remaining in the power module in real time as the device is being used.Because of the high robustness of IGBT power modules, testing for time to failure can be a very lengthy process. A novel procedure and test rig based on Peltier effect thermoelectric coolers was developed, which can automatically temperature cycle IGBT power modules in a very short time and determine their life expectancy, all within their operating specifications. This was tested using several power modules. The failure modes of IGBT power modules are also investigated with a view to developing a failure prediction algorithm. The causes of failure are analysed and a prognostics algorithm is proposed. This prognostics algorithm uses thermal cycle history as a means to predict the life consumed for the power module. The data obtained by the accelerated life tests is used to calculate the coefficients for the prognostic algorithm. A simulation of a vehicle drive cycle is used to show how the prognostics algorithm can be used, and a value indicating the extent to which the IGBT power module has aged is calculated. It is also proved that by intelligently controlling the heat flowing from the heat sink on which the power module is mounted, the life of the IGBT power module can be increased by approximately three times.Hardware and software were developed to implement the health monitoring algorithm. Measurement and control circuits were designed, built and tested together with software that processes the input data, records the thermal cycle history of the IGBT power modules and calculates a value of age for the IGBT power modules in real time. This was tested on several modules to prove the validity of the algorithm.The new algorithms and methodology developed could enable vehicle manufacturers to predict the failure of power modules in hybrid and all electric vehicles. This technology could also benefit other industries such as the renewables (eg wind turbines) and aerospace, where the industry is moving towards all electric aircraft.
Packet switched voice conferencing across interconnected networks (2003)

The authors extend the logical ring control mechanism of C. Zielger et al. to the case of a multiparty conference across interconnected networks. In addition, the alternate implementation is expanded to allow for multiple-network connectivity. A comparative network between the alternate implementation methods with respect to station workload, gateway workload, network workload, and maximum number of conference participants is presented and discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Channel estimation using complementary sequence pairs for UWB/OFDM systems (2004)

It is well known that time domain channel estimation can achieve better performance than frequency domain channel estimation with a time-multiplexed preamble in common OFDM systems. When it is applied to UWB/OFDM systems, however, its high complexity becomes the main obstacle because of the large number of resolvable paths. To solve this problem, a low-complexity channel estimation scheme is presented by exploiting a special construction of complementary sequence pairs.
Polysaccharide side chains are not required for attaching and effacing adhesion of Escherichia coli O157:H7 (1996)

Escherichia coli of the serotype O157:H7 is an enterohemorrhagic human pathogen which demonstrates attaching and effacing adhesion to colonocytes in vivo and to epithelial cells grown in tissue culture. Transposon TnphoA mutants of E. coli O157:H7 strain CL-8 were produced. Two of 300 alkaline phosphatase positive mutants, designated JB6 and JB27, did not express O157 side chains as assessed by agglutination with specific polyclonal O157 antiserum, silver staining of lipopolysaccharide extracts separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and Western immunoblots with polyclonal O157-specific antiserum. Both O157-negative mutants and the parent strain demonstrated localized adherence to HEp-2 cells when examined by Giemsa staining and bright-field microscopy. Furthermore, both O157-negative mutants showed enhanced adherence to HEp-2 cells compared with the parent strain when assessed by quantification of adherent bacterial CFUs. The parent strain, CL-8, and both of the mutants produced fluorescent foci when adherent bacteria and HEp-2 cells were stained with fluorescein isothiocyanate-labelled phalloidin. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed attaching and effacing adherence of strain CL-8 and the OO7-negative mutants to HEp-2 cells. These findings indicate that mutants deficient in O157 polysaccharide repeats exhibit adherence to tissue culture cells in vitro and that O157 polysaccharide repeats are not required to produce the attaching and effacing lesion.
Role of Organically Complexed Iron(II) Species in the Reductive Transformation of RDX in Anoxic Environments (2007)

Organically complexed iron species can play a significant role in many subsurface redox processes, including reactions that contribute to the transformation and degradation of soil and aquatic contaminants. Experimental results demonstrate that complexation of Fe(II) by catechol- and thiol-containing organic ligands leads to formation of highly reactive species that reduce RDX (hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine) and related N-heterocyclic nitramine explosive compounds to formaldehyde and inorganic nitrogen byproducts. Under comparable conditions, relative reaction rates follow HMX << RDX << MNX < DNX < TNX. Observed rates of RDX reduction are heavily dependent on the identity of the Fe(II)-complexing ligands and the prevailing solution conditions (e.g., pH, Fe(II) and ligand concentrations). In general, reaction rates increase with increasing pH and organic ligand concentration when the concentration of Fe(II) is fixed. In solutions containing Fe(II) and tiron, a model catechol, observed pseudo-first-order rate constants (k(obs)) for RDX reduction are linearly correlated with the concentration of the 1:2 Fe(II)-tiron complex (FeL2(6-)), and kinetic trends are well described by -d[RDX]/dt= k(FeL2)6-[FeL2(6-)][RDX], where k(FeL2)6- = 7.31(+/-2.52) x 10(2) M(-1) s(-1). The reaction products and net stoichiometry (1 mol of RDX reduced for every 2 mol of Fe(II) oxidized) support a mechanism where RDX ring cleavage and decomposition is initiated by sequential 1-electron transfers from two Fe(II)-organic complexes.
Representing dimensions, tolerances, and features in MCAE systems (1988)

A method is presented for explicitly representing dimensions, tolerances, and geometric features in solid models. The method combines CSG and boundary representations in a graph structure called an object graph. Dimensions are represented by a relative position operator. The method can automatically translate changes in dimensional values into corresponding changes in geometry and topology. The representation provides an important foundation for higher-level application programs to automate tolerance analysis and synthesis. The implementation of a prototype interactive polyhedral modeler based on this representation is presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Reactively rf magnetron sputtered AlN films as gate dielectric (1983)

AlN films were deposited on silicon (100, 111), fused quartz and GaAs (100) by sputtering in an Ar:N2 gas mixture. We report on the physical and chemical analysis of the films with the aid of scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and Auger electron spectroscopy. The films were found to be transparent with a c-axis orientation. Their bulk resistivity was 1015 Ω-cm. Quasistatic C-V analysis of Al/AlN/Si gave a flat-band voltage of 0.85 V, density of fixed charge of 6×1010 cm−2 and a density of fast interface charge of 1.5×1011 cm−2 eV−1 at midgap. These films were formed at 250 °C and offer an attractive fabrication alternative for gate dielectric.
Growth kinetics and chemoprevention of aberrant crypts in the rat colon (1992)

Single and multiple colonic crypts exhibiting dysplasia that are detectable in situ by staining of rat colon with methylene blue are called aberrant crypts (AC) and may serve as an intermediate marker for colon cancer. In a characterization study, we have established the kinetics of AC growth and development over a period of 20 d following injection of rats with the carcinogen azoxymethane (AOM). AC are not present at 5 d post-injection, but are a constant feature at 10 d and thereafter. Multiple AC, presumably clonal, begin to evolve at 10 d and are consistent by 20 d, forming incipient microadenomata. We have examined 20 candidate chemopreventive agents for inhibition of AC. All agents were given in AIN-76 diet, at two dose levels, with injections of AOM. AC were measured after 5 weeks of growth. Among the most active AC-inhibiting agents were BHA, DFMO, quercetin, diallyl sulfide, 18 beta-glycyrrhetinic acid, and ascorbyl palmitate. In a post-initiation study, the differentiating agent sodium butyrate was ineffective, but piroxicam was highly effective in modulating AC growth. Further, piroxicam inhibited AC development at all stages of growth from single to polycryptal clusters of AC. The AC assay shows marked sensitivity and specificity for screening agents for chemoprevention of colon cancer.
Open questions in organic crystal polymorphism (2020)

Polymorphs, crystals with different structure and properties but the same molecular composition, arise from the subtle interplay between thermodynamics and kinetics during crystallisation. In this opinion piece, the authors review the latest developments in the field of polymorphism and discuss standing open questions.
Using lifetime predictors to improve memory allocation performance (1993)

Dynamic storage allocation is used heavily in many application areas including interpreters, simulators, optimizers, and translators. We describe research that can improve all aspects of the performance of dynamic storage allocation by predicting the lifetimes of short-lived objects when they are allocated. Using five significant, allocation-intensive C programs, we show that a great fraction of all bytes allocated are short-lived (> 90% in all cases). Furthermore, we describe an algorithm for liftetime prediction that accurately predicts the lifetimes of 42–99% of all objects allocated. We describe and simulate a storage allocator that takes adavantage of lifetime prediction of short-lived objects and show that it can significantly improve a program's memory overhead and reference locality, and even, at times, improve CPU performance as well.
Murine Strain Differences in Acute Lung Injury and Activation of Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase by <i>In Vitro</i> Exposure of Lung Slices to Bleomycin (1992)

The DNA-cleaving, antitumor antibiotic bleomycin (BLM) causes pulmonary fibrosis, but the essential early events initiating the fibrotic state have not been well characterized. Thus, we have directly examined BLM-mediated pulmonary cell injury by monitoring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and nuclear poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PAP) activity, which is stimulated by DNA breakage, using lung slices isolated from BLM-sensitive (C57B1/6) and BLM-resistant (BALB/c) mice. Lung slices were incubated continuously with or without the PAP inhibitor, 3-aminobenzamide (3-AB), and exposed to BLM for 45 min. LDH release from C57B1/6 lung slices increased 2-fold by 8.5 h after treatment with BLM. In contrast, BLM failed to enhance cumulative LDH release by BALB/c mouse lung slices. Co-incubation of C57B1/6 lung slices with 3-AB prevented BLM-induced LDH release. Nuclear PAP was activated 3- to 4-fold 1.25 h after exposure of C57B1/6 lung slices to BLM but returned to control levels by 3.75 h. Nuclear PAP was only marginally affected at these times in BALB/c lung slices. Co-incubation of C57B1/6 slices with 3-AB prevented the early increases in PAP activity. These results demonstrate that murine strain sensitivity to acute cell injury and early PAP activation by BLM in lung slices parallels the in vivo sensitivity of lungs. In addition, 3-AB suppresses PAP activation and acute cell injury in lung slices. Differential activation of PAP appears to govern murine strain variation in response to BLM and is consistent with the hypothesis that activation of PAP participates in acute pneumocyte injury, initiating the process of BLM-induced fibrosis.
Interworking of SMS between GSM based GMPCS system and IS-41 based cellular system using I-SMC (2003)

This paper describes a scheme for the interworking short message service (SMS) between the GMPCS and cellular networks with different interface standards. With the global coverage of the GMPCS system, such interworking is expected to increase the utility of SMS, while its implementation is generally quite complex. In the proposed scheme, we introduce the interworking short message center (I-SMC), which can, with its ability for status checking and protocol conversion, simplify the implementation. Technical assumptions and functions of I-SMC and concrete descriptions of the signaling flow for SMS interworking are given. The performance enhancing features of the proposed scheme are also discussed.
Gas-Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Coumarin (1,2-Benzopyrone) in May Wine (1975)

Abstract A method for the determination of coumarin (1,2-benzopyrone) in wine is described. The method calls for the gas chromatographic comparison of chloroform extracts of 2 aliquots of the sample, 1 aliquot having been spiked with a known amount of coumarin. The results of a series of prepared samples containing from 2.5 to 10.0 mg coumarin/L are given and these show an average of 3.7 relative per cent error. The results of the analysis of 10 May wines are also given. The method is fast, and accurate results are obtained. It is suggested that an Associate Referee be appointed and that the coumarin method be collaboratively studied.
A dual-mode signaling response of a AuNP-fluorescein based probe for specific detection of thiourea (2016)

By employing fluorescein and AuNPs as energy donors and acceptors, respectively, a novel fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based dual-mode sensor for selective recognition and quantitative detection of thiourea was designed and constructed in this study for the first time.