gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Selective Review of the Quantification of Defect Dynamics in Growing Czochralski Silicon Crystals (2005)

A vast majority of modern microelectronic devices are built on the monocrystalline silicon substrates produced from the crystals grown by the Czochralski (CZ) process and the float-zone (FZ) process. Silicon crystals inherently contain various precipitates known as microdefects that often affect the yield and the performance of many devices. Hence, the quantitative understanding and the control of the microdefect formation and the microdefect distributions in silicon crystals play a central role in determining the quality of silicon substrates. This paper reviews significant developments in the field of the quantification of the defect dynamics in growing CZ and FZ crystals. The breakthrough discovery of the initial point defect incorporation in the vicinity of the melt/crystal interface made in the early 1980s allowed a simplified quantification of the CZ and the FZ defect dynamics. A deeper insight into the formation and the growth of microdefects was provided over the past decade by various treatments of the agglomeration of the intrinsic point defects of silicon. In particular, a rigorous quantification of the agglomeration of the point defects using the classical nucleation theory, a recently developed lumped model that captures the microdefect distribution by representing the actual population of microdefects by an equivalent population of identical microdefects, and another rigorous treatment involving the Fokker−Planck equations are discussed in detail.
Entry and Integration of Transplanted Hepatocytes in Rat Liver Plates Occur by Disruption of Hepatic Sinusoidal Endothelium (1999)

To establish the process by which transplanted cells integrate into the liver parenchyma, we used dipeptidyl peptidase IV-deficient F344 rats as hosts. On intrasplenic injection, transplanted hepatocytes immediately entered liver sinusoids, along with attenuation of portal vein radicles on angiography. However, a large fraction of transplanted cells (>70%) was rapidly cleared from portal spaces by phagocyte/macrophage responses. On the other hand, transplanted hepatocytes entering the hepatic sinusoids showed superior survival. These cells translocated from sinusoids into liver plates between 16 and 20 hours after transplantation, during which electron microscopy showed disruption of the sinusoidal endothelium. Interestingly, production of vascular endothelial growth factor was observed in hepatocytes before endothelial disruptions. Portal hypertension and angiographic changes resulting from cell transplantation resolved promptly. Integration of transplanted hepatocytes in the liver parenchyma required cell membrane regenesis, with hybrid gap junctions and bile canaliculi forming over 3 to 7 days after cell transplantation. We propose that strategies to deposit cells into distal hepatic sinusoids, to disrupt sinusoidal endothelium for facilitating cell entry into liver plates, and to accelerate cell integrations into liver parenchyma will advance applications of hepatocyte transplantation.
Phospholipase C Inhibitors: A New Class of Agents (1994)

A series of nitrocoumarin and nitrochromene derivatives have been prepared and shown to inhibit the phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C(PLC)(IC50 < 10 micrograms/mL) isolated from human melanoma. The inhibition of PLC by nitrocoumarin 4a was time-dependent and irreversible. The inhibition of PLC was shown to interfere with inositide metabolism in whole cells (IC50 = 4 micrograms/mL) in a manner consistent with their proposed mode of activity. Finally, the compounds were shown to be growth inhibitory to cultured melanoma cells (ID50 = 2 micrograms/mL), suggesting that PLC may be an attractive new target for chemotherapeutic intervention.
Comparative genomic hybridization and karyotyping of human embryonic stem cells reveals the occurrence of an isodicentric X chromosome after long-term cultivation (2004)

Human embryonic stem (hES) cells are important research tools in studies of the physiology of early tissue differentiation. In addition, prospects are high regarding the use of these cells for successful cell transplantation. However, one concern has been that cultivation of these cells over many passages might induce chromosomal changes. It is thus important to investigate these cell lines, and check that a normal chromosomal content is retained even during long‐term in vitro culture. Comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) was used to analyse three hES cell lines derived in our laboratory and cultured continuously for 30–42 weeks, comprising 35–39 cell passages. CGH could be successfully performed in 48 out of a total of 50 isolated single cells (96%). All three lines (HS181, HS235 and HS237) were shown to have a normal chromosomal content when analysed by both single cell CGH and by karyotyping up to passages 39, 39 and 35 respectively. No aneuploidies or larger deletions or amplifications were detected, and they were female (46,XX). However, HS237 was reanalysed at passage 61, and at that point an aberrant X chromosome was detected by karyotyping. The aberration was confirmed and characterized by single cell CGH and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis, 46,X,idic(X)(q21). Thus, chromosomal aberrations may occur over time in stem cell lines, and continuous analysis of these cells during cultivation is crucial. Single cell CGH is a method that can be used for continuous analysis of the hES cell lines during cultivation, in order to detect chromosome imbalance.
Freezing of gait affects quality of life of peoples with Parkinson's disease beyond its relationships with mobility and gait (2007)

The aim of this study was to examine the association between freezing of gait (FOG) and quality of life (QoL) in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). PD patients (n = 118) completed the PDQ-39 (QoL) and FOG-Q questionnaires. Disease severity was assessed by the Hoehn and Yahr (H&Y) staging and the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). The relations between those parameters were assessed using regression models. 66 men and 52 women (mean age 65.8 +/- 10.2 years, UPDRS total score 48.4 +/- 17.1, disease duration 8.5 +/- 5.8 years, H&Y stage 2.7 +/- 0.8) participated. FOG severity had a significant effect on QoL (P < 0.0015), accounting for disease severity assessed by UPDRS. Specifically, FOG severity was correlated with all the dimensions of the PDQ-39 except for stigma and social support, as follows: with mobility, bodily discomfort, activity of daily living (ADL) (P < 0.005 in all), with emotional, communication, and cognition (P < 0.05 in all). FOG severity (FOG-Q) was also found to affect a modified PDQ total score, without the mobility aspect (P = 0.0081). FOG should be viewed as a highly important symptom with regard to QoL of PD patients beyond its effect on gait and mobility. On the basis of the present results, special attention should be given to FOG in the treatment of patients with PD.
Altered muscle calcium channel binding kinetics in autoimmune motoneuron disease (1995)

While skeletal muscle is not apparently affected directly in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), immunoglobulin G fractions purified from patients with ALS (ALS IgG) bind dihydropyridine (DHP)-sensitive L-type voltage-gated calcium channel (VGCC) antigen isolated from skeletal muscle in ELISA and Western immunoblot, and alter VGCC function in vitro. To determine whether muscle VGCC properties are altered in ALS, VGCC-enriched subsarcolemmal membrane fractions were prepared from biopsied quadriceps muscle of patients with ALS, with other neurologic diseases, or without apparent muscle disease, and tested for DHP binding with [3H]PN200-110. ALS muscle VGCCs possessed eightfold higher binding affinities for [3H]PN200-110 than did VGCCs from muscle fractions of most other patients, independent of denervation-induced increases in DHP binding site number. Similarly elevated DHP binding affinities were observed in specimens from patients with autoimmune motor neuropathies, suggesting that ALS and immune mediated motoneuron disease share skeletal muscle L-type VGCC alterations.
Optical channel waveguide fabrication based on electron beam irradiation of silica (1990)

The bombardment of silica by low-energy electrons induces compaction and an increase in refractive index. We have used this phenomenon, combined with photolithographic processing, to make channel waveguides in silica, most of which are monomode, with a depth of 2–7 μm, and peak index variation between 10−3 and 10−2. Channel waveguide widths down to 2 μm have been fabricated on fused silica plates and on silica layers grown on silicon by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) methods. The lowest measured linear losses at 633 nm were 0.3 db/cm in PECVD silica and 1.9 db/cm in the fused silica plates, although much lower losses are anticipated in the latter material. Using this method we have fabricated 3 dB directional couplers in both materials.
<i>Termight</i> (1994)

We propose a semi-automatic tool, termight, that helps professional translators and terminologists identify technical terms and their translations. The tool makes use of part-of-speech tagging and word-alignment programs to extract candidate terms and their translations. Although the extraction programs are far from perfect, it isn't too hard for the user to filter out the wheat from the chaff. The extraction algorithms emphasize completeness. Alternative proposals are likely to miss important but infrequent terms/translations. To reduce the burden on the user during the filtering phase, candidates are presented in a convenient order, along with some useful concordance evidence, in an interface that is designed to minimize keystrokes. Termight is currently being used by the translators at AT&T Business Translation Services (formerly AT&T Language Line Services).
Sharing the caring (1996)

Working parents-Numerous documents and directives have encouraged job sharing in the NHS. but a look at the job advertisements shows how rare job shares still are, says Wendy Hall
Accelerating HMMer on FPGAs using systolic array based architecture (2009)

HMMer is a widely-used bioinformatics software package that uses profile HMMs (Hidden Markov Models) to model the primary structure consensus of a family of protein or nucleic acid sequences. However, with the rapid growth of both sequence and model databases, it is more and more time-consuming to run HMMer on traditional computer architecture. In this paper, the computation kernel of HMMer, P7Viterbi, is selected to be accelerated by FPGA. There is an infrequent feedback loop in P7Viterbi to update the value of beginning state (B state), which limits further parallelization. Previous work either ignored the feedback loop or serialized the process, leading to loss of either precision or efficiency. Our proposed syslolic array based architecture with a parallel data providing unit can exploit maximum parallelism of the full version of P7Viterbi. The proposed architecture speculatively runs with fully parallelism assuming that the feedback loop does not take place. If the rare feedback case actually occurs, a rollback mechanism is used to ensure correctness. Results show that by using Xilinx Virtex-5 110T FPGA, the proposed architecture with 20 PEs can achieve about a 56.8 times speedup compared with that of Intel Core2 Duo 2.33 GHz CPU.
Rheumatoid Arthritis: Current Clinical and Research Directions (1997)

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by synovitis and joint erosions. It affects approximately 1% of the adult population in a female/male ratio ranging from 2:1 to 4:1. RA is an insidious disease, typically having an onset of symmetric joint swelling and reaching a peak incidence in the fourth and fifth decades. Extraarticular manifestations include pulmonary, ocular, and vascular disease. The etiology of RA remains unknown. Attempts to discover infectious causes have proven unsuccessful, although environmental influences may trigger a response leading to the development of this autoimmune disease. Genetic associations have been identified, particularly with the major histocompatibility complex class II antigens. Furthermore, twin studies have shown a 30%-50% concordance rate for monozygotic twins. Approximately 70%-80% of patients with RA have rheumatoid factor present in the blood, although its role remains unclear. Hormonal status may influence RA. The majority of RA patients are women, and in 75% of them, the disease improves during pregnancy. RA has significant financial and social implications associated with treatment costs, lost wages, disability, and increased mortality. Mainstays of medical therapy have included nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents, such as prednisone and methotrexate. Recent advances in the treatment of RA include specific inhibitors of cyclooxygenase II, T cells, blood vessels, cytokines (such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-alpha] or interleukin-1 [IL-1]), and adhesion molecules. Additional studies are ongoing with combination interventions. It is anticipated that a better understanding of the basic pathophysiologic mechanisms critical in RA pathogenesis will provide more precise and efficacious therapy.
Batch Steeping of Corn: Effects of Adding Lactic Acid and Sulfur Dioxide at Different Times on Starch Yields, Protein Contents, and Starch Pasting Properties (1999)

ABSTRACT The effect of adding lactic acid and sulfur dioxide at different times from the start of batch steeping on corn starch yields was studied. Five commercial hybrids were steeped with 0.5% lactic acid or 0.2% sulfur dioxide added over the first 15 hr of steeping and wet‐milled following a 100‐g corn wet‐milling procedure. No significant differences were observed in starch yields when lactic acid was added to the steep solution (SO 2 and water) from 0 hr (start of steeping) to 15 hr. Addition of SO 2 to the steep solution (lactic acid and water) resulted in significantly higher average starch yields when SO 2 was added between 5 and 15 hr compared with addition at 0 hr (SO 2 and lactic acid for full 24 hr of steeping). Based on the results of the first experiment, a second experiment was done in which one of five original hybrids was steeped for 24 hr, during which lactic acid or SO 2 was added until 23.9 hr (i.e., 5 min before milling) after the start of steeping. Similar results were found in the second experiment. Residual protein in starch samples did not exceed 0.85%. Steepwater protein content decreased with delays (16–20 hr) in adding either chemical to the steep solution. A significant effect on starch pasting properties of chemicals and duration of chemicals in steep‐water was observed. Testing these findings using a larger scale (1,000 g) corn wet‐milling procedure produced results similar to those obtained with the 100‐g corn wet‐milling procedure.
Cloning, Expression, and Sequence Analysis of the Gene Encoding the Alkali-Stable, Thermostable Endoxylanase from Alkalophilic, Mesophilic <i>Bacillus</i> sp. Strain NG-27 (2000)

Alkalophilic Bacillus sp. strain NG-27 produces a 42-kDa endoxylanase active at 70 degrees C and at a pH of 8.4. The gene for this endoxylanase was cloned and sequenced. The gene contained one open reading frame of 1,215 bases. An active site characteristic of the family 10 beta-glycanases was recognized between amino acids 303 and 313, with the active glutamate at position 310. Though highly thermostable, the enzyme contains no cysteine residue.
Measuring visual discomfort associated with 3D displays (2009)

Some people report visual discomfort when watching 3D displays. For both the objective measurement of visual fatigue and the subjective measurement of visual discomfort, we would like to arrive at general indicators that are easy to apply in perception experiments. Previous research yielded contradictory results concerning such indicators. We hypothesize two potential causes for this: 1) not all clinical tests are equally appropriate to evaluate the effect of stereoscopic viewing on visual fatigue, and 2) there is a natural variation in susceptibility to visual fatigue amongst people with normal vision. To verify these hypotheses, we designed an experiment, consisting of two parts. Firstly, an optometric screening was used to differentiate participants in susceptibility to visual fatigue. Secondly, in a 2×2 within-subjects design (2D vs 3D and two-view vs nine-view display), a questionnaire and eight optometric tests (i.e. binocular acuity, fixation disparity with and without fusion lock, heterophoria, convergent and divergent fusion, vergence facility and accommodation response) were administered before and immediately after a reading task. Results revealed that participants found to be more susceptible to visual fatigue during screening showed a clinically meaningful increase in fusion amplitude after having viewed 3D stimuli. Two questionnaire items (i.e., pain and irritation) were significantly affected by the participants' susceptibility, while two other items (i.e., double vision and sharpness) were scored differently between 2D and 3D for all participants. Our results suggest that a combination of fusion range measurements and self-report is appropriate for evaluating visual fatigue related to 3D displays.
Metabolic phenotype of breast-fed infants, and infants fed standard formula or bovine MFGM supplemented formula: a randomized controlled trial (2019)

Formula-fed (FF) infants exhibit a different metabolic profile than breast-fed (BF) infants. Two potential mechanisms are the higher protein level in formula compared with breast milk and the removal of the milk fat and associated milk fat globule membranes (MFGM) during production of infant formula. To determine whether MFGM may impact metabolism, formula-fed infants were randomly assigned to receive either an MFGM isolate-supplemented experimental formula (EF) or a standard formula (SF) from 2 until 6 months and compared with a BF reference group. Infants consuming EF had higher levels of fatty acid oxidation products compared to infants consuming SF. Although the protein level in the study formula was approximately 12 g/L (lower than most commercial formulas), a metabolic difference between FF and BF remained such that FF infants had higher levels of amino acid catabolism by-products and a low efficiency of amino acid clearance (preference for protein metabolism). BF infants had higher levels of fatty acid oxidation products (preference for fat metabolism). These unique, energy substrate-driven metabolic outcomes did not persist after diet was shifted to weaning foods and appeared to be disrupted by complementary feeding. Our results suggest that MFGM may have a role in directing infant metabolism.
An Investigation Into Computer Forensic Tools. (2004)

Voluntary movement is a result of signals transmitted through a communication channel that links the internal world in our minds to the physical world around us. Intention can be considered the desire to effect change on our environment, and this is contained in the signals from the brain, passed through the nervous system to converge on muscles that generate displacements and forces on our surroundings. The resulting changes in the world act to generate sensations that feed back to the nervous system, closing the control loop. This Perspective discusses the experimental and theoretical underpinnings of current models of movement generation and the way they are modulated by external information. Movement systems embody intentionality and prediction, two factors that are propelling a revolution in engineering. Development of movement models that include the complexities of the external world may allow a better understanding of the neuronal populations regulating these processes, as well as the development of solutions for autonomous vehicles and robots, and neural prostheses for those who are motor impaired.
VIBRATORY COMPACTING OF METAL POWDERS (1964)

The vibratory compacting of copper powder has been studied using a mechanical vibrator. The major factors influencing the green density of the compacts were the amplitude and frequency of vibration, and the applied pressure. A minimum time of 10 sec on the vibrator was necessary to achieve the maximum density value. Other factors examined were the effects of vibration on blended powders with constituents of widely different densities, and the suitability of this method to compact various materials. Vibratory compacting produced compacts of improved uniformity and green density.
A multicarrier GMSK modulator (2001)

A multicarrier Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK) modulator has been developed and implemented. The design contains four GMSK modulators, which generate GMSK modulated carriers at the specified center frequencies. Utilization of the redundancy in the stored waveforms reduces the size of the GMSK trajectory look-up table to less than one-quarter of the original size in the modulator. Conventionally, the power ramping and output power level controlling are performed in the analog domain. A novel digital ramp generator and output power level controller perform both the burst ramping and the dynamic power control in the digital domain. The power control is realized by scaling the ramp curve, which follows a raised cosine/sine curve. The four GMSK modulated signals are combined together in the digital domain. The digital multicarrier GMSK modulator is designed to fulfil the spectrum and phase error specifications of the GSM 900 and DCS 1800 base stations.
Multilayered graphene efficiently formed by mechanical exfoliation for nonlinear saturable absorbers in fiber mode-locked lasers (2010)

An efficiently prepared graphene from a bulk graphite using mechanical exfoliation is experimentally investigated for the first practical application to ultrafast photonics. Overcoming the limitations of the method in its size and atomic layer control, the multilayered graphene guarantees a nonlinear intensity modulation. After confirming its excellent crystal quality and few-layered nanostructure employing Raman analysis and atomic force microscopy the graphene layer is introduced into a fiber laser as an intracavity saturable absorber to realize the passive mode-locking that produces picosecond pulses at the repetition rate of 10.9 MHz. Extinction ratio of the resultant pulsed output is higher than 40 dB.
Seguridad de la vacuna frente al virus del papiloma humano Gardasil®: revisión en europa: (Nota informativa de la AEMPS 2009/04, de 19 de febrero de 2009) (2009)

Adicionalmente a la evaluacion llevada a cabo por la Agencia Espanola de Medicamentos
y Productos Sanitarios (AEMPS) y a requerimiento de esta Agencia tal y como se indicaba
en la nota informativa 2009/02, el Comite de Medicamentos de Uso Humano (CHMP) de
la Agencia Europea de Medicamentos (EMEA) y su Grupo de Trabajo de Farmacovigilancia
(PhVWP) han revisado la informacion disponible de los casos de convulsiones notificados en
Europa.
Fair queueing wireless ATM MAC protocols (2002)

Wireless ATM networks, which are currently under investigation, promise to support future multimedia applications. The medium access control (MAC) protocol of such systems plays a key role in providing differentiated quality of service (QoS). A variety of proposed MAC protocols use a centrally controlled flexible allocation of time slots. In order to support differentiated QoS the base station scheduler must allow a fair sharing of the available resources depending on the requested QoS. Moreover it should be insensitive against partially outdated status information of the mobile station queues. Our proposed scheme is able to support these properties and is simple to implement.
About This Issue (1988)

Provides an overview of the technical articles and features presented in this issue.