gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cyclosporin A inhibits initiation but not progression of human T cell proliferation triggered by phorbol esters and calcium ionophores. (1988)

Cyclosporin A (CsA) is a potent inhibitor of T lymphocyte proliferation induced by Ag and mitogens. In an attempt to further delineate the mechanism of action of CsA, we have examined its effects on T cell proliferation induced by the combination of the phorbol ester, phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate (PDB), and the calcium ionophore, ionomycin. T cells were rendered competent as the result of a 30-min initial incubation with both drugs, after which the drugs were washed out. Competence is defined as the ability to subsequently proliferate in response to exogenously added IL-2 or PDB in the second phase of the culture, but not to synthesize IL-2 or proliferate without these additions. Addition of CsA (1 microgram/ml) to the cells in the initial, competence-inducing 30-min incubation with PDB/ionomycin abrogated their subsequent response to IL-2 or PDB. In contrast, addition of CsA to cells after they had been treated for 30 min with PDB/ionomycin and then washed did not affect their responses to subsequent addition of either IL-2 or PDB. Treatment with CsA during induction of competence prevented the expression of the 55-kDa IL-2R gene during competence induction and inhibited IL-2 gene expression and IL-2 production in response to PDB in the second phase. These results indicate that the effects of CsA are limited to the initiation (competence induction) period of T cell activation, that CsA apparently affects expression of more than one gene, and in competent cells, CsA does not affect their ability to progress to DNA synthesis.
Methods for the determination of adenosine triphosphate and other adenine nucleotides (2009)

The following methods for the determination of adenosine triphosphate reported in the past 25 years are considered: bioluminescence methods with the use of the firefly luciferase enzyme (with sensitivity to 10−14 M); chromatographic methods (ion-exchange, thin-layer, and high performance liquid chromatography) for the determination of adenine nucleotides in mixtures with other nucleotides, nucleosides, and nitrogen bases; and fluorescence, spectrophotometric, and electrochemical techniques (including those with the use of sensors), which are promising but not commonly used for the determination of adenine nucleotides. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are demonstrated.
Evanescent Detection of Adsorbed Protein Concentration-Distance Profiles: Fit of Simple Models to Variable-Angle Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Data (1987)

Total internal reflection fluorescence spectroscopy (TIRF) is an established technique for following the course of interfacial reactions. Theoretically, by gathering TIRF data as a function of observation angle, one can obtain the density of fluorophores with respect to distance away from a solid/liquid interface. In order that the practical application of the theory might be explored, variable observation angle data from solutions of fluorescein and from adsorbed layers of fluorescein isothio-cyanate labeled immunoglobulin have been analyzed in terms of simple concentration-distance profiles. In all cases the general shape of the data curves was found to conform to the theoretical expectation. Layer thickness determinations varied over a range of 20 to 100 nm, with concentrations in the layer ranging from 12 to 61 mg/mL. The theoretical background, sources of error, and system improvements are also discussed.
Solid-Phase Synthesis of Smac Peptidomimetics Incorporating Triazoloprolines and Biarylalanines (2011)

Apoptotic induction mechanisms are of crucial importance for the general homeostasis of multicellular organisms. In cancer the apoptotic pathways are downregulated, which, at least partly, is due to an abundance of inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) that block the apoptotic cascade by deactivating proteolytic caspases. The Smac protein has an antagonistic effect on IAPs, thus providing structural clues for the synthesis of new pro-apoptotic compounds. Herein, we report a solid-phase approach for the synthesis of Smac-derived tetrapeptide libraries. On the basis of a common (N-Me)AVPF sequence, peptides incorporating triazoloprolines and biarylalanines were synthesized by means of Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition and Pd-catalyzed Suzuki cross-coupling reactions. Solid-phase procedures were optimized to high efficiency, thus accessing all products in excellent crude purities and yields (both typically above 90%). The peptides were subjected to biological evaluation in a live/dead cellular assay which revealed that structural decorations on the AVPF sequence indeed are highly important for cytotoxicity toward HeLa cells.
Determination of capacitances and inductances of a discharge circuit for a copper vapor laser by using a genetic algorithm (2000)

The LC parameters of the discharge circuit for a copper vapor laser are optimized by applying the genetic algorithm,in which the cost function is the maximum laser output power,and using the computational kinetics model.The optimized store\|energy capacitor is 7 26?nF (8?nF chosen in experiments).The ratio of the store\|energy capacitance to the peaking capacitance is 1 08 (3∶1 chosen in experiments),and the ratio of the two equivalent inductances is 4∶1 (2∶1 chosen in experiments).The optimized laser output power is increased by 15%.
A General and Efficient Synthesis of 2-Phenylbenzothiazoles From Diphenyl Disulfides (1993)

Abstract Benzothiazoles containing a substituted-phenyl at the 2 position can be synthesized cleanly and efficiently from the corresponding bis(2-aminophenyl) disulfide. Bis(2-aminophenyl) disulfides represent a stable source of 2-aminobenzenethiols.
Enhanced wet etching of patterned GaN with heavy-ion implantation (2010)

We present the enhanced wet etching of GaN epilayer implanted with Au <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> ion. Patterned GaN with 2 ¿m-wide sink-like strips was achieved by using 500 keV Au <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> ion implantation and KOH etching. The dependence of etching depth on etching time for the implantation at different ion fluences was investigated. Erosion of GaN surface was obvious with implantation at the fluence of 3×1016 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> . The experiment showed that the damaged GaN area could be completely etched out at high ion fluence, and the etching depth could exceed the project range of incident 500 keV Au <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> ion. The ~400 nm depth etching could be achieved with high fluence implantation and a long etching time, and the edge of etched area could remain clear until the etching process passes 80 mins. As-deposited SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> spheres were used to mask the GaN sample in implantation process to investigate the etching effect. ~70 nm wave of the GaN surface was observed. The results of our experiments may suggest an approach to the fabricating of GaN devices.
Regulation of natural cytotoxicity by the adaptor SAP and the Src-related kinase Fyn (2005)

SAP is an adaptor protein that is expressed in NK and T cells. It is mutated in humans who have X-linked lymphoproliferative (XLP) disease. By interacting with SLAM family receptors, SAP enables tyrosine phosphorylation signaling of these receptors by its ability to recruit the Src-related kinase, Fyn. Here, we analyzed the role of SAP in NK cell functions using the SAP-deficient mouse model. Our results showed that SAP was required for the ability of NK cells to eliminate tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. This effect strongly correlated with expression of CD48 on tumor cells, the ligand of 2B4, a SLAM-related receptor expressed in NK cells. In keeping with earlier reports that studied human NK cells, we showed that SAP was necessary for the ability of 2B4 to trigger cytotoxicity and IFN-gamma secretion. In the absence of SAP, 2B4 function was shifted toward inhibition of NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. By analyzing mice lacking Fyn, we showed that similarly to SAP, Fyn was strictly required for 2B4 function. Taken together, these results provide evidence that the 2B4-SAP-Fyn cascade defines a potent activating pathway of natural cytotoxicity. They also could help to explain the high propensity of patients who have XLP disease to develop lymphoproliferative disorders.
Dependence of the Electrical Conductivity and Thermoelectric Power of Pure and Aluminum-Doped Rutile on Equilibrium Oxygen Pressure and Temperature (1963)

The electrical conductivity $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ and thermoelectric power $Q$ have been measured as a function of equilibrium oxygen pressure in crystals of pure and Al-doped rutile. The pressure was varied over the range ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ mm Hg to \ensuremath{\sim}${10}^{3}$ mm Hg with the temperature held constant at several fixed values in the vicinity of 1000\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The electrical conductivity of the pure material varied with pressure according to the relation $\ensuremath{\sigma}\ensuremath{\propto}{p}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{x}}$ with $x\ensuremath{\approx}6$ for $p>10$ mm Hg and $x\ensuremath{\approx}5$ for $p<10$ mm Hg. For the Al-doped crystal, $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ reached a minimum for $p={p}_{0}$ mm Hg. At low pressures $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ followed a relation of the form $\ensuremath{\sigma}\ensuremath{\propto}{p}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{x}}$ with $x\ensuremath{\sim}5$, whereas at high pressures a relation of the form $\ensuremath{\sigma}\ensuremath{\propto}{p}^{+\frac{1}{x}}$ with $x\ensuremath{\sim}5$ was obeyed. The thermoelectric power exhibited a reversal near ${p}_{0}$, being negative at lower pressures and positive for $p>{p}_{0}$. For pure rutile a defect model involving anion vacancies and estimated values of equilibrium constants leads to a pressure dependence of the conductivity: $\ensuremath{\sigma}\ensuremath{\propto}{p}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{6}}$, whereas for a model involving titanium interstitials the pressure dependence is $\ensuremath{\sigma}\ensuremath{\propto}{p}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{5}}$. On the basis of the present measurements it seems that for pure rutile the anion vacancy mechanism obtains at "high" pressures with the titanium interstitials mechanism predominating at "low" pressures. For Al-doped rutile, both the anion vacancy model and the titanium interstitials model are shown to give rise to approximately the observed pressure dependence of conductivity. The anion vacancy model equations are solved in detail (assuming certain values of the equilibrium constants). The titanium interstitials model equations are not solved explicitly for this case but it is shown that for a certain combination of reaction constants the observed pressure dependence may be approximated. Assuming a two-band formalism to be valid---and therefore, a formalism into which the results derived from any defect model must fit---we have analyzed the data and shown that reasonable agreement with observation results. Some indications that hole mobilities at 1000\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K are considerably larger (\ensuremath{\sim}180 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/V sec) than those of the electrons are discussed. Assuming high-temperature polar scattering to obtain, a hole effective mass ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}{m}_{0}$ (where ${m}_{0}$ is the free-electron mass) is deduced as a consequence of the mobility calculations.
Perceptual knowledge construction from annotated image collections (2003)

This paper presents and evaluates new methods for extracting perceptual knowledge from collections of annotated images. The proposed methods include automatic techniques for constructing perceptual concepts by clustering the images based on visual and text feature descriptors, and for discovering perceptual relationships among the concepts based on descriptor similarity and statistics between the clusters. There are two main contributions of this work. The first lies on the support and the evaluation of several techniques for visual and text feature descriptor extraction, for visual and text feature descriptor integration, and for data clustering in the extraction of perceptual concepts. The second contribution is in proposing novel ways for discovering perceptual relationships among concepts. Experiments show extraction of useful knowledge from visual and text feature descriptors, high independence between visual and text feature descriptors, and potential performance improvement by integrating both kinds of descriptors compared to using either kind of descriptor alone.
Pharmacologic Prevention of Myocardial Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury in Patients With Acute Coronary Syndrome Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (2021)

Establishing efficient perfusion into the myocardium is the main purpose in patients with acute coronary syndrome, but the process of reperfusion is not without risk and can damage the myocardium paradoxically. Unfortunately, there is no effective treatment for reperfusion injury, and efforts to find an efficient preventive approach are still ongoing. In the past 3 decades, there have been many successful animal studies on how to prevent reperfusion injury; nonetheless, translation to the clinical setting has almost always proven disappointing. In this article, we review clinical studies on the prevention of reperfusion injury in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention in a pharmacologic-based approach. We categorize all the agents that are evaluated for the prevention of myocardial reperfusion injury based on their mechanisms of action into 5 groups: drugs that can reduce oxidative stress, drugs that can affect cellular metabolism, rheological agents that target microvascular obstruction, anti-inflammatory agents, and agents with mixed mechanisms of action. Then, review all the clinical studies of these agents in the setting of primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Finally, we will discuss the possible reasons for the failure in translation of studies into practice and propose potential solutions to overcome this problem.
The frequency shifting synthesizer (1980)

An unusual class of digital frequency synthesizers is presented capable of very high frequency-resolution. Construction may be made very simple. In typical applications the complexity of the hardware may be reduced by up to 50% compared with earlier approaches. A standard circuit is defined which may be used in a variety of applications, several of which have been outlined as illustrations of the flexibility of the technique.
Terahertz-time domain spectrometer with 90 dB peak dynamic range (2014)

Many time-domain terahertz applications require systems with high bandwidth, high signal-to-noise ratio and fast measurement speed. In this paper we present a terahertz time-domain spectrometer based on 1550 nm fiber laser technology and InGaAs photoconductive switches. The delay stage offers both a high scanning speed of up to 60 traces / s and a flexible adjustment of the measurement range from 15 ps – 200 ps. Owing to a precise reconstruction of the time axis, the system achieves a high dynamic range: a single pulse trace of 50 ps is acquired in only 44 ms, and transformed into a spectrum with a peak dynamic range of 60 dB. With 1000 averages, the dynamic range increases to 90 dB and the measurement time still remains well below one minute. We demonstrate the suitability of the system for spectroscopic measurements and terahertz imaging.
The Effects of Hamstring Stretching on Range of Motion: A Systematic Literature Review (2005)

Overall, methodological quality was poor, with only 21.4% (6/28) of studies achieving a score between 6 and 8. Thus it was difficult to confidently identify 1 most effective hamstring stretching method. Instead, the evidence appears to indicate that hamstring stretching increases range of motion with a variety of stretching techniques, positions, and durations.
100GHz LIGA-fabricated coupled-cavity device (2009)

This abstract describes the design, fabrication and testing of microfabricated 100 GHz coupled-cavity backward wave oscillator (CCBWO), which is operated in space harmonics -1 at 12 kV and 50 mA with round-beam radius 0.18 mm. The RF performance has studied using 3-D electromagnetic field simulator and particle-in-cell code. The cold-test assembly has been fabricated. The complete device assembly for hot-test is under fabrication. Experimental results will be presented.
Dimensional changes of the alveolar ridge contour after different socket preservation techniques (2008)

Socket preservation techniques, used in the present experiment, were not able to entirely compensate for the alterations after tooth extraction. Yet, incorporation of BioOss Collagen seems to have the potential to limit but not avoid the post-operative contour shrinkage.
Simultaneous and Direct Fabrication of Lithium Cobalt Oxide Film and Powder Using Soft Solution Processing at 100°C (1999)

Lithium cobalt oxide film and powder as cathodes for lithium rechargeable batteries were simultaneously prepared in a single synthetic step using soft solution processing in solution at without any postsynthesis annealing. Their structure, chemical composition, and electrochemical activity were checked by X‐ray diffraction pattern analysis, Raman spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X‐ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry. While layered in bulk form was prepared as a precipitate upon the hydrothermal treatment of metal substrates, mixed layered and spinel lithium cobalt oxide film was obtained on the surface of the metal substrate. ©1999 The Electrochemical Society
A prospective longitudinal study of abusers of alcohol granted disability pension. (1983)

The present study was carried out to obtain a better conception of the consequences of disability pension for abusers of alcohol. A total of 78 abusers applied for disability pension during 1 1/2 years in one specific region of the Swedish county of Ostergötland. Fifty-six of 61 individuals who could be contacted and who were examined immediately before they were pensioned, could also be re-examined after 2 years. Two minor matched reference groups, newly pensioned non-abusers and abusers undergoing rehabilitation, were also examined in almost an identical way with a 2-year interval. In contrast to common expectations, the pensioned abusers demonstrated positive changes in their reported abuse, psychiatric status, self-rated well-being, nutritional status and mental test performance, as regards perceptual analysis and figurative memory. Their social and structural situation as well as their daily activities were fairly constant. The results are discussed particularly with regard to the selection of examination occasions, the international evaluational research on treatment for alcoholics and the course of alcoholism. It is advocated that the results should be interpreted with caution and not taken as indications for granting pensions to an even greater extent. However, it can be concluded that the examined pensioned abusers showed improvement rather than impairment. This is the fifth report in a series from the research project "Abuse of alcohol - Disability pension - Quality of life".
Circulating Ghrelin Levels Are Decreased in Human Obesity (2001)

Ghrelin is a novel endogenous natural ligand for the growth hormone (GH) secretagogue receptor that has recently been isolated from the rat stomach. Ghrelin administration stimulates GH secretion but also causes weight gain by increasing food intake and reducing fat utilization in rodents. To investigate the possible involvement of ghrelin in the pathogenesis of human obesity, we measured body composition (by dual X-ray absorption) as well as fasting plasma ghrelin concentrations (radioimmunoassay) in 15 Caucasians (8 men and 7 women, 31+/-9 years of age, 92+/-24 kg body wt, and 29+/-10% body fat, mean +/- SD) and 15 Pima Indians (8 men and 7 women, 33+/-5 years of age, 97+/-29 kg body wt, and 30+/-8% body fat). Fasting plasma ghrelin was negatively correlated with percent body fat (r = -0.45; P = 0.01), fasting insulin (r = -0.45; P = 0.01) and leptin (r = -0.38; P = 0.03) concentrations. Plasma ghrelin concentration was decreased in obese Caucasians as compared with lean Caucasians (P < 0.01). Also, fasting plasma ghrelin was lower in Pima Indians, a population with a very high prevalence of obesity, compared with Caucasians (87+/-28 vs. 129+/-34 fmol/ml; P < 0.01). This result did not change after adjustment for fasting plasma insulin concentration. There was no correlation between fasting plasma ghrelin and height. Prospective clinical studies are now needed to establish the role of ghrelin in the pathogenesis of human obesity.
Synthesis and characterization of heteroepitaxial diamond-structured Ge1−<i>x</i>C<i>x</i> (<i>x</i>=1.5–5.0%) alloys using chemical vapor deposition (1996)

We report growth of high quality heteroepitaxial Ge1−xCx alloys on Si(100) with C concentrations ranging from 1.5 to 5 at.%. The materials were obtained by reactions of the novel methylgermanes CH3GeH3 and HC(GeH3)3 with GeH4 at 470 °C using ultrahigh-vacuum chemical-vapor deposition techniques. The crystallinity, composition, and microstructure of the films were characterized by Rutherford backscattering, carbon-resonance spectroscopy, and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. Ge1−xCx (x=0.015–0.030) materials were deposited using CH3GeH3 and displayed excellent crystallinity. Films with higher C content were deposited using HC(GeH3)3. These films were epitaxial and of high crystallinity but they also displayed interfacial defects which sometimes persisted through the entire layer. Electron diffraction data and carbon-ion channeling experiments indicated that carbon primarily occupied substitutional sites in the Ge diamond-cubic lattice. Secondary ion mass spectrometry revealed that the films were pure and highly homogeneous.
A broadband compound waveguide lens (1978)

A broadband compound waveguide lens which is the analog of the optical achromatic doublet is described and analyzed for its phase error characteristics. The bandwidth over which the aperture phase error remains less than <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\pi/4</tex> is shown to vary from 40 to 20 percent for lens diameters varying from 20 to 100 wavelengths. This is an order of magnitude greater than the bandwidth heretofore obtainable with conventional waveguide lenses.
EXAFS and FTIR studies on the binding of deoxycholic acid with copper and zinc ions (1995)

Abstract Deoxycholic acid is an important physiological bile acid. The binding of bile salts with metal ions has received more attention due to its clinical significance. In this study, a series of copper and zinc deoxycholate complexes were synthesized. EXAFS and FTIR spectroscopic techniques were used for characterization. The results indicated that both the carboxyl and hydroxyl groups of deoxycholic acid are binding to the Cu (or Zn) ion to form a new complex. There are six oxygen atoms surrounding the metal ion with the average bond lengths of Cu‐O and Zn‐O are 1.95 and 2.06 Å respectively. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Assessment of Different Bariatric Surgeries in the Treatment of Obesity and Insulin Resistance in Mice (2011)

Both restrictive and GI bypass procedures provide positive effects on weight loss, fat composition, liver steatosis and glucose tolerance; however, in the long term, the GI bypass shows better results than restrictive procedures.