gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of Chemotherapeutic Drug Release from Liposomes Using Low-Frequency Ultrasound (2015)

A Master of Science thesis in Chemical Engineering by Salma Elgaili Ahmed entitled, "Dynamics of Chemotherapeutic Drug Release from Liposomes Using Low-Frequency Ultrasound," submitted in January 2015. Thesis advisor is Dr. Ghaleb Husseini. Available in both soft and hard copy.
Inducible Expression of Protein Kinase CK2 in Mammalian Cells (1999)

Protein kinase CK2 (formerly casein kinase II) exhibits elevated expression in a variety of cancers, induces lymphocyte transformation in transgenic mice, and collaborates with Ha-Ras in fibroblast transformation. To systematically examine the cellular functions of CK2, human osteosarcoma U2-OS cells constitutively expressing a tetracycline-regulated transactivator were stably transfected with a bidirectional plasmid encoding either catalytic isoform of CK2 (i.e. CK2alpha or CK2alpha') together with the regulatory CK2beta subunit in order to increase the cellular levels of either CK2 isoform. To interfere with either CK2 isoform, cells were also transfected with kinase-inactive CK2alpha or CK2alpha' (i. e. GK2alpha (K68M) or CK2alpha'(K69M)) together with CK2beta. In these cells, removal of tetracycline from the growth medium stimulated coordinate expression of catalytic and regulatory CK2 subunits. Increased expression of active forms of CK2alpha or CK2alpha' resulted in modest decreases in cell proliferation, suggesting that optimal levels of CK2 are required for optimal proliferation. By comparison, the effects of induced expression of kinase-inactive CK2alpha differed significantly from the effects of induced expression of kinase-inactive CK2alpha'. Of particular interest is the dramatic attenuation of proliferation that is observed following induction of CK2alpha'(K69M), but not following induction of CK2alpha(K68M). These results provide evidence for functional specialization of CK2 isoforms in mammalian cells. Moreover, cell lines exhibiting regulatable expression of CK2 will facilitate efforts to systematically elucidate its cellular functions.
Fluid management in major burn injuries (2010)

It is a widely accepted fact that severe fluid loss is the greatest problem faced following major burn injuries. Therefore, effective fluid resuscitation is one of the cornerstones of modern burn treatment. The aim of this article is to review the current approaches available for modern trends in fluid management for major burn patients. As these current approaches are based on various experiences all over the world, the knowledge is essential to improve the status of this patient group.
A CMOS 8-Bit 1.6-GS/s DAC With Digital Random Return-to-Zero (2010)

A digital random return-to-zero technique is presented to improve the dynamic performance of current-steering digital-to-analog converters (DACs). To demonstrate the proposed technique, a CMOS 8-bit 1.6-GS/s DAC was fabricated in a 90-nm CMOS technology. The DAC achieves a spurious-free dynamic range better than 60 dB for a sine-wave input up to 460 MHz and better than 55 dB up to 800 MHz. The DAC consumes 90 mW of power.
Cutting Edge: MicroRNA-181 Promotes Human NK Cell Development by Regulating Notch Signaling (2011)

MicroRNAs (miRs) have recently been identified as important regulators of gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. Although it has clearly been established that miRs influence the ontogeny of several immune cell lineages, the role of individual miRs during NK cell development has not been described. In this study, we show that miR-181 expression levels have a profound impact on the development of human NK cells from CD34(+) hematopoietic progenitor cells and IFN-γ production in primary CD56(+) NK cells. We also demonstrate that nemo-like kinase (NLK), an inhibitor of Notch signaling, is a target of miR-181 in NK cells, and knockdown of NLK mirrors the developmental effect of miR-181 overexpression. We conclude that miR-181 promotes NK cell development, at least in part, through the suppression of NLK, providing an important link between miRs and Notch signaling.
Why Nature Chose Selenium (2016)

The authors were asked by the Editors of ACS Chemical Biology to write an article titled "Why Nature Chose Selenium" for the occasion of the upcoming bicentennial of the discovery of selenium by the Swedish chemist Jöns Jacob Berzelius in 1817 and styled after the famous work of Frank Westheimer on the biological chemistry of phosphate [Westheimer, F. H. (1987) Why Nature Chose Phosphates, Science 235, 1173-1178]. This work gives a history of the important discoveries of the biological processes that selenium participates in, and a point-by-point comparison of the chemistry of selenium with the atom it replaces in biology, sulfur. This analysis shows that redox chemistry is the largest chemical difference between the two chalcogens. This difference is very large for both one-electron and two-electron redox reactions. Much of this difference is due to the inability of selenium to form π bonds of all types. The outer valence electrons of selenium are also more loosely held than those of sulfur. As a result, selenium is a better nucleophile and will react with reactive oxygen species faster than sulfur, but the resulting lack of π-bond character in the Se-O bond means that the Se-oxide can be much more readily reduced in comparison to S-oxides. The combination of these properties means that replacement of sulfur with selenium in nature results in a selenium-containing biomolecule that resists permanent oxidation. Multiple examples of this gain of function behavior from the literature are discussed.
Methanol Reaction with Sulfuric Acid:  A Vibrational Spectroscopic Study (2004)

The reaction between methanol and sulfuric acid (SA) was investigated using Raman and vibrational broad bandwidth sum frequency generation spectroscopies. Evidence for the formation of methyl hydrogen sulfate (MHS) was obtained by the presence of a new peak in the 800 cm-1 region, not present in either the neat methanol or concentrated sulfuric acid spectra. This peak is attributed to the singly bonded OSO symmetric stretch of MHS. The maximum yield of MHS with a large SA excess (7 SA/1 methanol) is shown to be (95 ± 5)% at −(15 ± 2) °C. No evidence was found to suggest formation of dimethyl sulfate.
Health aspects of cannabis. (1986)

Marijuana seems firmly established as another social drug in Western countries, regardless of its current legal status. Patterns of use vary widely. As with other social drugs, the pattern of use is critical in determining adverse effects on health. Perhaps the major area of concern about marijuana use is among the very young. Using any drug on a regular basis that alters reality may be detrimental to the psychosocial maturation of young persons. Chronic use of marijuana may stunt the emotional growth of youngsters. Evidence for an amotivational syndrome is largely based on clinical reports; whether marijuana use is a cause or effect is uncertain. A marijuana psychosis, long rumored, has been difficult to prove. No one doubts that marijuana use may aggravate existing psychoses or other severe emotional disorders. Brain damage has not been proved. Physical dependence is rarely encountered in the usual patterns of social use, despite some degree of tolerance that may develop. The endocrine effects of the drug might be expected to delay puberty in prepubertal boys, but actual instances have been rare. As with any material that is smoked, chronic smoking of marijuana will produce bronchitis; emphysema or lung cancer have not yet been documented. Cardiovascular effects of the drug are harmful to those with preexisting heart disease; fortunately the number of users with such conditions is minimal. Fears that the drug might accumulate in the body to the point of toxicity have been groundless. The potential deleterious effects of marijuana use on driving ability seem to be self-evident; proof of such impairment has been more difficult. The drug is probably harmful when taken during pregnancy, but the risk is uncertain. One would be prudent to avoid marijuana during pregnancy, just as one would do with most other drugs not essential to life or well-being. No clinical consequences have been noted from the effects of the drug on immune response, chromosomes, or cell metabolites. Contamination of marijuana by spraying with defoliants has created the clearest danger to health; such attempts to control production should be abandoned. Therapeutic uses for marijuana, THC, or cannabinoid homologs are being actively explored. Only the synthetic homolog, nabilone, has been approved for use to control nausea and vomiting associated with cancer chemotherapy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Warp architecture and implementation (1998)

A high-performance systolic army computer called Warp has been designed and mnsuucted. The machine ha a synolic prry of 10 or more llncarly connected cells, each of which is a proptammable processor capable of performing 10 million floating-point operations per second (10 IMFLGPS). A lb-cell machine therefore ha a peak performance of 100 MFIBPS. Warp is integrated into a UNlX host system. Program development is supported by a compiler. llie fmt 10-d machine became operational in 1986. Low-level vision processing for robot vehicles is one of the first applicatiotts of the machino This paper dcacribes the architecture and implementation of the Warp machine. and justiile-s and evaluates some of the amhita? anal features with systan, software and applimtion considaathn 1. Int reduction Warp is a high-performance systolic array computer designed to provide computation power for signal, image and low-level vi& ptocmsing: the machine's first applimtions are vision-based control algorithms for robot vehicles, and image atul@s for large imege databases A full-aule Warp machine consists of a linear systolic array of 10 or more identical cells. each of which is a 10 MFLOPS programmable processor. The proccsor atnty is integrated in a powerful host system, which provides an adequate dam bandwidth to sustain the amty at full speed in the targeted applications, and a general purpose computing environmatt, cpefdlcally tmx. for application programa IIIS rcwarch aa rqpportd in part by Dafw Mvanccd Reaacb Fmjccu &cncy fDOl>l. monitored by tic Air Force Avionlm tiw under Contract P'33615--81.K-l539, and Naval E&uontc Systema Corn--
Cine substitution in vinylstannane cross-coupling reactions (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCine substitution in vinylstannane cross-coupling reactionsGilbert Stork and Richard C. A. IsaacsCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1990, 112, 20, 7399–7400Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00176a052https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00176a052research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views528Altmetric-Citations50LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Regulation of Lactate Production in Streptococcus bovis: A Spiraling Effect That Contributes to Rumen Acidosis (1985)

When Streptococcus bovis was grown in batch culture with 6 g/L glucose at pH 6.7, maximum specific growth rate was 1.47 h(-1), and lactate was the primary fermentation product. In continuous culture at pH 6.7 and growth rate equal to .10 h(-1), little lactate was formed, and formate, acetate, and ethanol accounted for most of the product. When extra-cellular pH decreased to 4.7, intra-cellular pH declined to 5.4, and organisms switched back to lactate production. Intracellular concentration of fructose 1,6-diphosphate of batch culture cells was greater than 12 mM, a concentration that allowed maximal lactate dehydrogenase activity. When Streptococcus bovis was grown in continuous culture at pH 6.7, intracellular fructose-l,6-diphosphate declined to .4 mM, a concentration which gave little lactate dehydrogenase activity at pH 6.5 or greater. Decreasing pH of continuous culture to 4.7 increased intracellular fructose-1,6-diphosphate concentration to .8 mM. This concentration was still limiting if lactate dehydrogenase was assayed at pH 6.5, but nearly maximal activity was obtained when enzyme was assayed at pH 5.5. The small increase in fructose-l,6-diphosphate and decreased requirement of lactate dehydrogenase for fructose-l,6-diphosphate under acidic assay conditions, accounted for increased lactate production during low pH (4.7) continuous culture. These and other aspects of lactate regulation by Streptococcus bovis are discussed as factors leading to rumen acidosis. This pattern of regulation also helps to explain why rumen acidosis is difficult to reverse.
A Combination Multi-signature Scheme (2009)

The concept of the multi-signature was first proposed by Itakura and Nakamura, in which multiple signers can cooperate to sign the same message and any verifier can verify the validity of the multi-signature. After that, a lot of multi-signature schemes were proposed, but almost all of the multi-signature schemes are either sequence multi-signature or broadcasting multi-signature, but a lot of examples need the two schemes combine each other. This paper proposed a new combination multi-signature based on the difficulty of the discrete logarithm problem. The public key and length of the signature in the new scheme have independent of the number of signature members. With checking of pubic key, it can resist the forgery attack, so it is a secure and effective signature scheme.
Is leptin the link between obesity and insulin resistance? (1997)

Leptin is the product of OB gene. This 16 kDa protein is produced by mature adipocytes and is secreted in plasma. Its plasma levels are strongly correlated with adipose mass in rodents as well as in humans. Leptin inhibits food intake, reduces body weight and stimulates energy expenditure. It has been suggested that leptin could be the link between obesity and diabetes. Recent experiments in rodents have shown that leptin expression in adipocytes is also regulated at short-term by hormones and nutrients. Leptin expression increases after food intake and decreases during fasting and diabetes. Insulin and glucocorticoids increase leptin expression, whereas catecholamines, via beta-adrenergic receptors and cAMP, and long-chain fatty acids (and thiazolidinediones), via PPARy, inhibit leptin expression. Leptin is a cytokine that binds to transmembrane receptors similar to the receptors of cytokine family (type IL-6), and transmit their information inside the cell, after dimerisation. A short-form of leptin receptor (with a cytoplasmic domain of 34 amino residues) has been identified in the choroid plexus. This type of receptor should be used for leptin transport across the blood-brain barrier. Then leptin binds to a long-form of leptin receptor in the hypothalamus (with a cytoplasmic domain of 302 amino residues) and decreases the production of neuropeptide Y, a neuromediator of food intake. The long-form of leptin receptor, transmits its information via the Janus Kinases (JAK) who subsequently phosphorylate transcription factors of the STAT family. Intermediary forms of leptin receptor have been identified in other tissues: liver, heart, skeletal muscles, endocrine pancreas. The role of leptin receptors in these tissues remains obscure, but is of considerable interest. Recent studies have shown that leptin inhibits insulin secretion and have anti-insulin effects on liver and adipose tissue. If these effects are confirmed, leptin could play a role similar to TNF alpha and could participate in the insulin-resistance of obesity and type II diabetes.
Attorney Fees: Handling Bankruptcies without Getting There Yourself (1982)

By enacting the Bankruptcy Reform Act of 1978, Congress significantly increased the stature and influence of bankruptcy law in our legal system and in society. Consistent with this, Congress sought to improve the quality of legal services rendered to clients in bankruptcy. cases by enhancing the recoverability of attorney fees for such services. In this article, the author treats the criteria a bankruptcy court will likely employ in deciding the reasonableness and recoverability of an attorney fee for services in cases under the Reform Act. The author attempts to show that an attorney who uses some forthought and attention to detail will find representation of a client in a bankruptcy case to be just as remunerative as representation of a client in any other context.
Mixed Mold Mycotoxicosis: Immunological Changes in Humans following Exposure in Water-Damaged Buildings (2003)

The study described was part of a larger multicenter investigation of patients with multiple health complaints attributable to confirmed exposure to mixed-molds infestation in water-damaged buildings. The authors present data on symptoms; clinical chemistries; abnormalities in pulmonary function; alterations in T, B, and natural killer (NK) cells; the presence of autoantibodies (i.e., antinuclear autoantibodies [ANA], autoantibodies against smooth muscle [ASM], and autoantibodies against central nervous system [CNS] and peripheral nervous system [PNS] myelins). A total of 209 adults, 42.7 +/- 16 yr of age (mean +/- standard deviation), were examined and tested with (a) self-administered weighted health history and symptom questionnaires; (b) standardized physical examinations; (c) complete blood counts and blood and urine chemistries; (d) urine and fecal cultures; (e) thyroid function tests (T4, free T3); (f) pulmonary function tests (forced vital capacity [FVC], forced expiratory volume in 1 sec [FEV1.0], and forced expiratory flow at 25%, 50%, 75%, and 25-75% of FVC [FEF25, FEF50, FEF75, and FEF2(25-75)]); (g) peripheral lymphocyte phenotypes (T, B, and NK cells) and mitogenesis determinations; and (h) a 13-item autoimmune panel. The molds-exposed patients reported a greater frequency and intensity of symptoms, particularly neurological and inflammatory symptoms, when compared with controls. The percentages of exposed individuals with increased lymphocyte phenotypes were: B cells (CD20+), 75.6%; CD5+CD25+, 68.9%; CD3+CD26+, 91.2%; CD8+HLR-DR+, 62%; and CD8+CD38+, 56.6%; whereas other phenotypes were decreased: CD8+CD11b+, 15.6% and CD3-CD16+CD56+, 38.5%. Mitogenesis to phytohemagglutinin was decreased in 26.2% of the exposed patients, but only 5.9% had decreased response to concanavalin A. Abnormally high levels of ANA, ASM, and CNS myelin (immunoglobulins [Ig]G, IgM, IgA) and PNS myelin (IgG, IgM, IgA) were found; odds ratios for each were significant at 95% confidence intervals, showing an increased risk for autoimmunity. The authors conclude that exposure to mixed molds and their associated mycotoxins in water-damaged buildings leads to multiple health problems involving the CNS and the immune system, in addition to pulmonary effects and allergies. Mold exposure also initiates inflammatory processes. The authors propose the term "mixed mold mycotoxicosis" for the multisystem illness observed in these patients.
The effects of S-nitrosocaptopril on renal filtration and blood pressure in rats (1998)

The present investigation was performed to evaluate the effects of S-nitrosocaptopril, a novel vasodilator possessing the capacities of both an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor and an NO donor, on blood pressure and renal function in rats. S-nitrosocaptopril produced acute reductions in mean arterial pressure after both oral dosing (5, 10, 50 mg/kg) to chronically-catheterized awake rats and intravenous administrations (0.125, 1.25, 12.5 mg/kg) to anesthetized rats. The hypotensive magnitude and duration of S-nitrosocaptopril were dose-dependent. Acute pressure-associated reductions in the glomerular filtration rate and urine flow were observed only at high concentration of S-nitrosocaptopril (12.5 mg/kg, i.v.) in both awake and anesthetized rats. These decreases were transient, followed by an overshoot of glomerular filtration rate and urine flow above basal values. In contrast, captopril (i.v.) did not produce any significant acute effects on mean blood pressure and glomerular filtration rate in either awake or anesthetized rats. In rats with acute hypertension induced by NG-monomethyl-L-arginine (L-NMMA, 30 mg/kg, i.v.), S-nitrosocaptopril (0.125 mg/kg, i.v.) significantly abolished the hypertensive effects. In contrast, the hypertension was not affected by captopril. In two-kidney one-clipped Goldblatt hypertensive rats, oral administration of S-nitrosocaptopril (25 mg/kg, b.i.d.) for 10 days significantly reduced systolic blood pressure and preserved glomerular filtration rate. The oral antihypertensive effect of S-nitrosocaptopril was more potent than captopril (P < 0.05). In conclusion, these findings indicate that: (1) S-nitrosocaptopril provides both acute and chronic anti-hypertensive effects orally and intravenously, whereas captopril has only moderate chronic oral effects; and (2) S-nitrosocaptopril preferentially decreases blood pressure without markedly affecting glomerular filtration rate.
Restriction enzymes increase efficiencies of illegitimate DNA integration but decrease homologous integration in mammalian cells (2001)

Mammalian cells repair DNA double-strand breaks by illegitimate end-joining or by homologous recombination. We investigated the effects of restriction enzymes on illegitimate and homologous DNA integration in mammalian cells. A plasmid containing the neo(R) expression cassette, which confers G418 resistance, was used to select for illegitimate integration events in CHO wild-type and xrcc5 mutant cells. Co-transfection with the restriction enzymes BamHI, BglII, EcoRI and KpnI increased the efficiency of linearized plasmid integration up to 5-fold in CHO cells. In contrast, the restriction enzymes did not increase the integration efficiency in xrcc5 mutant cells. Effects of restriction enzymes on illegitimate and homologous integration were also studied in mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells using a plasmid containing the neo(R) gene flanked by exon 3 of HPRT: The enzymes BamHI, BglII and EcoRI increased the illegitimate integration efficiency of transforming DNA several-fold, similar to the results for CHO cells. However, all three enzymes decreased the absolute frequency of homologous integration approximately 2-fold, and the percentage of homologous integration decreased >10-fold. This suggests that random DNA breaks attract illegitimate recombination (IR) events that compete with homology search.
Challenges and emerging solutions in testing TSV-based 2 1 over 2D- and 3D-stacked ICs (2012)

Through-Silicon Vias (TSVs) provide high-density, low-latency, and low-power vertical interconnects through a thinned-down wafer substrate, thereby enabling the creation of 2.5D- and 3D-Stacked ICs. In 2.5D-SICs, multiple dies are stacked side-by-side on top of a passive silicon interposer base containing TSVs. 3D-SICs are towers of vertically stacked active dies, in which the vertical inter-die interconnects contain TSVs. Both 2.5D- and 3D-SICs are fraught with test challenges, for which solutions are only emerging. In this paper, we classify the test challenges as (1) test flows, (2) test contents, and (3) test access.