gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Glycerol and urea can be used to increase skin permeability in reduced hydration conditions (2013)

The natural moisturizing factor (NMF) is a group of hygroscopic molecules that is naturally present in skin and protects from severe drying. Glycerol and urea are two examples of NMF components that are also used in skin care applications. In the present study, we investigate the influence of glycerol and urea on the permeability of a model drug (metronidazole, Mz) across excised pig skin membranes at different hydrating conditions. The degree of skin hydration is regulated by the gradient in water activity across the membrane, which in turn depends on the water activity of the formulation in contact with the skin membrane. Here, we determine the water activity of all formulations employed using an isothermal calorimetric method. Thus, the gradient in water activity is controlled by a novel experimental set-up with well-defined boundary conditions on both sides of the skin membrane. The results demonstrate that glycerol and urea can retain high steady state flux of Mz across skin membranes at dehydrating conditions, which otherwise would decrease the permeability due to dehydration. X-ray diffraction measurements are performed to give insight into the effects of glycerol and urea on SC molecular organization. The novel steady state flux results can be related to the observation that water, glycerol, and urea all affect the structural features of the SC molecular components in a similar manner.
Sevenfold-reduced osmotic water permeability in primary astrocyte cultures from AQP-4-deficient mice, measured by a fluorescence quenching method (2004)

A calcein fluorescence quenching method was applied to measure osmotic water permeability in highly differentiated primary cultures of brain astrocytes from wild-type and aquaporin-4 (AQP-4)-deficient mice. Cells grown on coverglasses were loaded with calcein for measurement of volume changes after osmotic challenge. Hypotonic shock producing twofold cell swelling resulted in a reversible approximately 12% increase in calcein fluorescence, which was independent of cytosolic calcein concentration at levels well below where calcein self-quenching occurs. Calcein fluorescence was quenched in <200 ms in response to addition of cytosol in vitro, indicating that the fluorescence signal arises from changes in cytosol concentration. In astrocytes from wild-type CD1 mice, calcein fluorescence increased reversibly in response to hypotonic challenge with a half-time of 0.92 +/- 0.05 s at 23 degrees C, corresponding to an osmotic water permeability (Pf) of approximately 0.05 cm/s. Pf was reduced 7.1-fold in astrocytes from AQP-4-deficient mice. Temperature dependence studies indicated an increased Arrhenius activation energy for water transport in AQP-4-deficient astrocytes (11.3 +/- 0.5 vs. 5.5 +/- 0.4 kcal/mol). Our studies establish a calcein quenching method for measurement of cell membrane water permeability and indicate that AQP-4 provides the principal route for water transport in astrocytes.
Combining lexicon and learning based approaches for concept-level sentiment analysis (2012)

In this paper, we present the anatomy of pSenti --- a concept-level sentiment analysis system that seamlessly integrates into opinion mining lexicon-based and learning-based approaches. Compared with pure lexicon-based systems, it achieves significantly higher accuracy in sentiment polarity classification as well as sentiment strength detection. Compared with pure learning-based systems, it offers more structured and readable results with aspect-oriented explanation and justification, while being less sensitive to the writing style of text. Our extensive experiments on two real-world datasets (CNET software reviews and IMDB movie reviews) confirm the superiority of the proposed hybrid approach over state-of-the-art systems like SentiStrength.
MicroRNAs in plants (2008)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression in eukaryotes. In plants, most miRNAs exist in multiple copies throughout the genome and many of these miRNAs target multiple messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts. Mutations at miRNAs in natural populations could facilitate evolutionary changes within and between species because of their positions at critical positions in gene regulatory networks. Dissecting the contribution of miRNAs to plant evolution requires the identification of potentially functional mutations at miRNAs within and between species. Recently, we and others have published papers focused on this topic, laying the foundation for studying the contributions of miRNAs to the phenotypic diversification of plants.
Polyethylene‐structure, crystallinity and properties (1951)

Abstract By polymerizing ethylene under various conditions of temperature and pressure a wide range of polymers may be made including oils, greases, soft and hard waxes and plastics both softer and harder than the familiar type of polymer used for electrical insulation and film. Some of these variations in properties are caused by changes in average molecular weight. Variations among samples of the same molecular weight are, however, observed; these cannot normally be attributed to changes in distribution of molecular weight but are due to differences in the structure of the polymer molecule. Many of the properties of the solid polymer are determined by the degree of crystallinity. This is affected little by average molecular weight and distribution of molecular weights, but is dependent to a major extent by the degree of chain branching. The measurement of chain branching and its effect on crystallization is discussed and the influence of average molecular weight and molecular structure on a number of properties, including cracking in organic liquids, is described. The importance of the arrangement of the crystalline regions is stressed.
Liver Disease in Adults with Alpha<sub>1</sub>-Antitrypsin Deficiency (1972)

Examination of hepatic tissue obtained at autopsy (13 cases) and by biopsy (one case) from patients with homozygous alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency showed that the hepatocytes contained periodic-acid-Schiff-positive globular material similar to that seen in infantile cirrhosis with alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. Five of the adult patients had cirrhosis, and three fibrosis of the liver; of these eight, all over 50 years of age, three also had hepatomas. Twelve of the 13 autopsy cases had either bullous or panacinar emphysema. The findings suggest that in alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency liver disease and emphysema are linked to the same genetic defect.
Dual Task Interference During Gait in People With Parkinson Disease: Effects of Motor Versus Cognitive Secondary Tasks (2002)

Although the performance of simultaneous motor or cognitive tasks compromised gait in people with PD, the type of secondary task was not a major determinant of the severity of dual task interference.
[Surgical and local treatment in a case of fungal sinusitis in a patient with bone marrow aplasia]. (1995)

We report a clinical case of severe medullary aplasia complicated by fungal antritis. The treatment adopted for this patient consists in a clean operation of the infective focus and the local instillation of Amfotericina B during the post operative period. In this way the systemic circulation is not interested by the use of Amfotericina B, which is extremely important to avoid the inevitable onset of several unwanted side-effects; besides, we avoid the progression of the infective focus and its systemic diffusion.
A Medium-Voltage Hybrid DC Circuit Breaker—Part II: Ultrafast Mechanical Switch (2016)

This paper presents the test results of an ultrafast (less than 2 ms) medium-voltage hybrid dc circuit breaker prototype that consists of three switching devices: a 15-kV silicon carbide (SiC) emitter turn-off thyristor as the main breaker (MB), a fast acting mechanical switch, and a commutating switch (CS) to quickly divert the primary current to the MB for arcless interruption. The hybrid dc circuit breaker prototype can interrupt a circuit in less than 2 ms in dc power systems up to 10 kV, such as in electric ships. The ultrafast operations and extremely low loss can effectively limit the fault current level and switching transients in all medium-voltage systems, and can provide intelligent and fast protection function for smart power distribution and critical loads in a modernized grid. The design considerations of the three switching devices of the hybrid dc circuit breaker are presented. This paper focuses on the ultrafast mechanical switch and the testing of the hybrid dc circuit breaker, while a companion paper addresses the high-voltage solid-state main switch and the low-voltage solid-state CS.
Real-Time Quantitative Telomeric Repeat Amplification Protocol Assay for the Detection of Telomerase Activity2 (2001)

Our results suggest that the conventional TRAP assay frequently overestimates telomerase activity in tumor samples. The RTQ-TRAP method is thus a useful tool to rapidly and precisely quantify telomerase activity.
Factors influencing acute thrombus formation on carotid artery vascular grafts. (1988)

Scintillation camera imaging of 111Indium-labeled platelets has been used to measure acute thrombus formation on modified expanded Teflon (ePTFE) vascular grafts (Gore-Tex, 4.0 mm i.d. x 3-5 cm in length, W. L. Gore and Associates, Inc., Flagstaff, AZ) placed in the carotid arteries of normal baboons. Platelet deposition plateaued over 2 hr postoperatively and occurred primarily at the graft-vessel anastomoses. A positive correlation was found between the circulating platelet count in individual animals and the extent of early platelet thrombus deposition. Unmodified ePTFE grafts accumulated 4.6 +/- 1.2 x 10(9) platelets per graft, or 2.3 +/- 0.71 x 10(9) platelets per anastomosis. Acutely, platelet accumulation was reduced versus control graft results by coating the graft lumenal surfaces with a smooth layer of silicone rubber polymer (0.60 +/- 0.19 x 10(9) platelets per anastomosis; P less than 0.02) but not by coating the grafts using a plasma polymer based on methane, which did not modify graft texture (8.2 +/- 1.7 x 10(9) platelets per graft; P greater than 0.10). The benefit of the silicone rubber coating persisted for at least 48 hr. However, longer term patency was not preserved because 10 of 12 grafts placed had failed within 1 to 2 months.
Locating spin traps in heterogeneous media by carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy. Investigations in SDS micelles, DMPC vesicles, and rat liver microsomes (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLocating spin traps in heterogeneous media by carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy. Investigations in SDS micelles, DMPC vesicles, and rat liver microsomesEdward G. Janzen, D. Larry Haire, Gregory A. Coulter, Henry J. Stronks, Peter H. Krygsman, Rheal A. Towner, and James W. HilbornCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1989, 54, 12, 2915–2920Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00273a027https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00273a027research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views207Altmetric-Citations31LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Collective free-electron laser studies (1981)

We present the results of a series of collective free-electron laser (FEL) experiments. Under the conditions of a resonant pump, a wide-band emission spectrum (50-350 GHz) is observed. However, in nonresonant conditions, very little radiation is detected from the laser. Occurrence of the emission for a resonant pump is explained using a very simple model. The wide-band nature of the emitted radiation is not completely understood.
PAK1 Mediates Resistance to PI3K Inhibition in Lymphomas (2013)

Thus, we show that PI3K inhibition is broadly effective in lymphomas and PAK1 is a key modulator of resistance to PI3K inhibition.
Review of silicon-germanium BICMOS technology after 4 years of production and future directions (2002)

Silicon Germanium (SiGe) HBTs have proven themselves as cheaper, viable replacements for GaAs in many different applications. SiGe RFIC products have been available for the last couple of years. SiGe SONET parts have also become available and demonstrate good performance. Adding to this product success, it has been possible to replace several GaAs chips with one silicon-germanium chip for yield, reliability, power, and cost improvements. Integration with low-power, digital CMOS has also been demonstrated in different applications. Digital CMOS application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) have been combined with SiGe HBT circuits. Various SiGe BICMOS ICs are in volume production in our CMOS fab. The quality of passive components such as inductors and capacitors is also approaching that of GaAs, enabling high-performance RF and networking circuits.
Multi-resolution statistical image reconstruction for mitigation of truncation effects: application to cone-beam CT of the head (2016)

A prototype cone-beam CT (CBCT) head scanner featuring model-based iterative reconstruction (MBIR) has been recently developed and demonstrated the potential for reliable detection of acute intracranial hemorrhage (ICH), which is vital to diagnosis of traumatic brain injury and hemorrhagic stroke. However, data truncation (e.g. due to the head holder) can result in artifacts that reduce image uniformity and challenge ICH detection. We propose a multi-resolution MBIR method with an extended reconstruction field of view (RFOV) to mitigate truncation effects in CBCT of the head. The image volume includes a fine voxel size in the (inner) nontruncated region and a coarse voxel size in the (outer) truncated region. This multi-resolution scheme allows extension of the RFOV to mitigate truncation effects while introducing minimal increase in computational complexity. The multi-resolution method was incorporated in a penalized weighted least-squares (PWLS) reconstruction framework previously developed for CBCT of the head. Experiments involving an anthropomorphic head phantom with truncation due to a carbon-fiber holder were shown to result in severe artifacts in conventional single-resolution PWLS, whereas extending the RFOV within the multi-resolution framework strongly reduced truncation artifacts. For the same extended RFOV, the multi-resolution approach reduced computation time compared to the single-resolution approach (viz. time reduced by 40.7%, 83.0%, and over 95% for an image volume of 600<sup>3</sup>, 800<sup>3</sup>, 1000<sup>3</sup> voxels). Algorithm parameters (e.g. regularization strength, the ratio of the fine and coarse voxel size, and RFOV size) were investigated to guide reliable parameter selection. The findings provide a promising method for truncation artifact reduction in CBCT and may be useful for other MBIR methods and applications for which truncation is a challenge.
Phased Array Synthesis Using Modified Particle Swarm Optimization (2011)

In this paper, a linear phased array is synthesized to produce a desired far field radiation pattern with a constraint on sidelobe level and beamwidth. The amplitude of the excitation current of each individual array element is optimized to give desired sidelobe level and beamwidth. A modified particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm with a novel inertial weight variation function and modified stochastic variables is used here. The performance of the modified PSO is compared with standard PSO in terms of amount of iterations required to get desired fitness value and convergence rate. Using optimized excitation amplitudes, the far field radiation pattern of the phased array is analyzed to verify whether the design criterions are satisfied.
On the production of transparent metallic film by the electrical discharge in exhausted tubes (1877)

THE spectra of gases contained in vacuum-tubes, which have .beenprepared by the use of the mercury pump, usually exhibit lines caused by the presence of the vapor of this metal.In some cases this is no disadvantage, since they serve as convenient reference points in fixing the position of the othtlr lines or bands observed.As the mercury vapor is naturally an excellent, cond uctor of electricity, however, there is often reason to suspect tIl at its presence may affect the character of the discharge somewhat, and its removal becomes desirable.In some recent experiments hy the writer this end was obtained by placing in each tube a few pieces of clean gold foil loosely rolled into small pellets.As this metal is readily amalgamated it will, after a time, take up the mercul'Y vapor, clausing the disappearallce of its characteristic lines from the spectrum.A still better method is to wrap a small piece of the foil about the end of the electmde, 01' to attach to it a short gold wire.The gold will be volatilized and deposited upon the walls of the tube in a vel'y thin layer, thus exposing a much larger surface to the action of the mercury vapor, in the manner described below.In some of these expel'iments the tube nnder examination .wasso placed that the gold lay at the bottom of the upper portion, at the point w here the capillary part is attached.In this position it was exposed to the action of the more intense dischal'ge through the narrow part, and after a time it was found that a lustrous and coherent film was deposited upon the glass, the gold having evidently been volatilized by the electricity ann condensed upon the walls of the tube.In order to study more conveniently the conditions under which the best effects might be produced, a loose roll of the foil was placed in the middle of a tube about five millimeters in caliber, having a branch near one end for the purpose of withdl'awing the air, and with platinum electl'Odes inserted into the ends.This was exhausted until a diRchal'ge from an induction coil passed readily, when it was found that the gold was speedily deposited upon the tube as before, and by shaking the foil along, a considerable area was covered with it in a short time.It appeared, even under the microscope, as a perfectly continuous film, forming a brilliant mirror, and showing the characteristic green
Surface Properties of Liquid Sodium and Sodium-Potassium Alloys in Contact with Metal Oxide Surfaces (1961)

Dissolved oxygen was shown to be surface active in liquid sodium from measurements of surface tension and of contact angle of the liquid on various oxide surfaces. When sufficient oxygen was present wetting of UO2 by liquid sodium could be brought about at temperatures above approximately 300 °C. Observations on the wetting of several solid oxides by sodium gave some support to the hypothesis that wetting was more effective on those oxides with larger cations. Sodium-potassium alloys showed non-wetting contact angles when relatively free of oxygen but wetting occurred when the oxygen content of the liquid was increased.
Analysis and Design Considerations of Integrated 3-Level Buck Converters (2016)

This paper presents a systematic analysis of integrated 3-level buck converters under both ideal and real conditions as a guidance for designing robust and fast 3-level buck converters. Under ideal conditions, the voltage conversion ratio, the output voltage ripple and, in particular, the system's loop-gain function are derived. Design considerations for real circuitry implementations of an integrated 3-level converter, such as the implementation of the flying capacitor, the impacts of the parasitic capacitors of the flying capacitor and the 4 power switches, and the time mismatch between the 2 duty-cycle signals are thoroughly discussed. Under these conditions, the voltage conversion ratio, the voltage across the flying capacitor and the power efficiency are analyzed and verified with Cadence simulation results. The loop-gain function of an integrated 3-level buck converter with parasitic capacitors and time mismatch is derived with the state-space averaging method. The derived loop-gain functions are verified with time-domain small signal injection simulation and measurement, with a good match between the analytical and experimental results.
Kinetic Modeling of Continuous Flow Peritoneal Dialysis (2001)

Kinetic models have been derived for analysis of the effects on peritoneal urea clearance (Kp) of continuous single-pass flow of fresh peritoneal dialysate and continuous flow of peritoneal dialysate recirculating through an external dialyzer. Generalized solution of the models shows that both predict Kp to be a well-defined function of the peritoneal mass transfer coefficient (MTC) and the dialysance (D) of the external dialyzer, while the MTC is a function of the rate and distribution of dialysate flow. Thus the models should be useful to guide studies to optimize CFPD. Analysis of reported in vivo data indicate that with dialysate flow rate and D both in the range of 200 ml/min, MTC levels of 60-70 ml/min and Kp levels of 50 ml/min can be achieved. If the model predictions are verified in vivo, 8-hour overnight CFPD 6 nights/week could provide the average-size anephric patient a weekly stdKt/V of 3.2 which is competitive with daily hemodialysis. Kinetic modeling of ultrafiltration indicated ultrafiltration rates 0.2-0.3 L/hr should be achieved with 1.0-1.25% dextrose dialysate. The model shows average rates of glucose absorption can theoretically be reduced by 33% compared to CAPD with the same amount of fluid removal.
Fast frequency acquisition all-digital PLL using PVT calibration (2008)

Fast frequency acquisition is crucial for phase-locked loops (PLLs) used in portable devices, as on-chip clocks are frequently scaled down or up in order to manage power consumption. This paper describes a new frequency acquisition method that is effective in all-digital PLLs (ADPLLs). To achieve fast frequency acquisition, the codeword of the digitally controlled oscillator (DCO) is predicted by measuring the variations of process, supply voltage and temperature (PVT). A PVT sensor implemented with a ring oscillator is employed to monitor the variations. As the sensor frequency at the current operating condition is directly related to the PVT variations, the sensor frequency is taken into account to compensate such variations in predicting the DCO codeword. The proposed method enables one-cycle frequency acquisition, and the frequency error is less than 1.5%. The proposed ADPLL implemented in a 0.18μm CMOS process operates from 150MHz to 500MHz and occupies 0.075mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
Surveillance of active human cytomegalovirus infection in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HLA sibling identical donor): search for optimal cutoff value by real-time PCR (2010)

The low incidence of CMV disease in HSCT recipients in our study attests to the efficacy of CMV surveillance based on clinical routine assay. The quantification of CMV DNA load using real-time PCR appears to be applicable to the clinical practice and an optimal cutoff value for guiding timely preemptive therapy should be clinically validated in future studies.