gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Distribution and spatial genetic structure of European wildcat in France (2011)

Abstract Given the problem of hybridization with domestic cats, there is a growing need to identify populations of the European wildcat Felis silvestris silvestris in order to protect the genetic integrity of this subspecies. In this paper, we use known locations of observations of wildcats or recovered carcasses to reassess the distribution of the wildcat in France and, in cases where carcasses were collected, we use both phenotypic and molecular genetic analyses to distinguish wildcats from hybrids with domestic cats. Spatially explicit multivariate analysis of wildcat' genotypes was then performed to define genetic units. Our study confirms the presence of wildcats in a large area of c . 155 000 km 2 , suggestive of a range of expansion, and divided into two clearly distinct and unconnected areas – the Pyrenees and the north‐eastern part of France. However, European wildcat populations may be decreasing in the French Pyrenees, whereas the north‐eastern part represents the main area (MA) of wildcat presence. This extension does not appear to be primarily due to hybrids, as both wildcats and hybrids were located throughout the MA. In addition, we found that genetic diversity of wildcats in the MA is remarkably high, suggesting that French populations are not threatened by a lack of genetic diversity. Furthermore, wildcats of the MA are structured into two genetically distinct populations that are contiguous and probably extend into Germany to form the largest area of wildcat presence in Europe and an area of major interest for their conservation. Our study calls for localized examination of the feasibility and usefulness of wildlife corridors to enhance connectivity between the different populations, thereby allowing sufficient levels of immigration and gene flow within the regional meta‐population to ensure the long‐term viability of these populations.
Campylobacter Enteritis: Clinical and Epidemiologic Features (1979)

Campylobacter fetus subspecies (ssp.) jejuni has been recently recognized to cause diarrheal disease in man. To assess its importance as an enteric pathogen, we prospectively studied 514 patients with diarrhea. Campylobacter fetus ssp. jejuni was isolated from the feces of 26 patients (5%) and seven of 11 of their symptomatic household contacts. This organism was isolated from the feces of only one of 18 asymptomatic household contacts and not at all from 157 other healthy persons. Seventeen of 20 patients from whom C. fetus ssp. jejuni was isolated from fecal culture showed at least a fourfold rise in specific IgG titers. Review of 35 cases of campylobacter enteritis identified a typical clinical syndrome with acute onset of diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever, and constitutional symptoms. Stool examination revealed blood in 60% and polymorphonuclear leukocytes in 78% of patients. Epidemiologic investigation strongly suggested an external source for the infection in 22 of 35 patients.
The amino acid sequence of troponin I from rabbit skeletal muscle (1975)

The complete amino acid sequence of rabbit skeletal muscle troponin I was determined by the isolation of the cyanogen bromide fragments and the tryptic methionine-containing peptides. Troponin I contains 179 amino acid residues and has a molecular weight of 20864. Its N-terminus is acetylated. Detailed evidence on which the sequence is based has been deposited as Supplementary Publication SUP 50055 (23 pages) at the British Library (Lending Division), Boston Spa, Wetherby, West Yorkshire LS23 7QB, U.K., from whom copies may be obtained on the terms given in Biochem. J. (1975) 145, 5.
Ionic Electrodeposition of II–VI and III–V Compounds: I . Development of a Simple, Butler‐Volmer Equation‐Based Kinetic Model for Electrodeposition (1985)

A simple kinetic model has been developed for the electrodeposition of and other 12–16 (II–VI) or 13–15 (III–V) compounds from solutions containing reducible ions of both constituents and is based upon a generalized Butler‐Volmer equation that considers ion transport limitations near the cathode. Although the deposition itself is a non‐equilibrium process, the reaction between the plated cadmium and tellurium is assumed sufficiently rapid that any infinitesimally small volume in the deposit remains in quasi‐chemical equilibrium, as defined by the equilibrium constant‐mass action expression involving the activities of the solid constituents and conservation of mass, as invoked by a unity mole fraction sum. Exponential activity coefficients are postulated consistent with "regular" solution models. Although neglecting second‐order effects such as hydrogen generation, IR and space‐charge voltage drops within the deposit, and possible phase segregation, the model yields a convenient algorithm to numerically simulate voltammetric (j‐E) curves and calculate the mole fractions and activities of cadmium, tellurium, and cadmium telluride existing at the deposit surface for any deposition potential.
Classification of Potentially Unwanted Programs Using Supervised Learning (2013)

Malicious software authors have shifted their focus from illegal and clearly malicious software to potentially unwanted programs (PUPs) to earn revenue. PUPs blur the border between legitimate and illegitimate programs and thus fall into a grey zone. Existing anti-virus and anti-spyware software are in many instances unable to detect previously unseen or zero-day attacks and separate PUPs from legitimate software. Many tools also require frequent updates to be effective. By predicting the class of particular piece of software, users can get support before taking the decision to install the software. This Licentiate thesis introduces approaches to distinguish PUP from legitimate software based on the supervised learning of file features represented as n-grams. The overall research method applied in this thesis is experiments. For these experiments, malicious software applications were obtained from anti-malware industrial partners. The legitimate software applications were collected from various online repositories. The general steps of supervised learning, from data preparation (n-gram generation) to evaluation were, followed. Different data representations, such as byte codes and operation codes, with different configurations, such as fixed-size, variable-length, and overlap, were investigated to generate different n-gram sizes. The experimental variables were controlled to measure the correlation between n-gram size, the number of features required for optimal training, and classifier performance. The thesis results suggest that, despite the subtle difference between legitimate software and PUP, this type of software can be classified accurately with a low false positive and false negative rate. The thesis results further suggest an optimal size of operation code-based n-grams for data representation. Finally, the results indicate that classification accuracy can be increased by using a customized ensemble learner that makes use of multiple representations of the data set. The investigated approaches can be implemented as a software tool with a less frequently required update in comparison to existing commercial tools.
Effect of spinning conditions on the mechanical properties of polyacrylonitrile fibers modified with carbon nanotubes (2009)

Abstract Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were used to modify polyacrylonitrile (PAN) polymer. The PAN/CNT composite fibers were spun from dimethylformamide solutions containing different types of CNTs. The effect of nanotube addition to the fiber precursor on the resulting mechanical properties is discussed. In this study, we examined the relationship of the rheological properties of PAN spinning solutions containing various types of CNTs and the tensile strength of the resulting PAN fibers. The presence of CNTs in the PAN spinning solution enhanced its deformability during the drawing stage. This effect resulted in a higher tensile strength in the fibers containing nanotubes, as compared to the pure fibers. The use of a three‐stage drawing process resulted in a significant increase in the tensile strength of PAN fibers modified with multiwalled nanotubes. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Potassium Titanyl Phosphate and Its Isomorphs: Growth, Properties, and Applications (1999)

Potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) and its isomorphs have received enormous attention in the last 2 decades. In particular, KTP assumes importance due to its large nonlinear optic and electrooptic coefficients together with the broad thermal and angular acceptance for second harmonic generation. This article provides an overview of the material aspects, structural, physical, and chemical properties and device feasibility of the KTP family of crystals. Some of the current areas of research and development along with their significance in understanding the physical properties as well as device applications are addressed. Optical waveguide fabrication processes and characteristics with their relevance to the present-day technology are highlighted. Studies performed so far have enabled us to understand the fundamental aspects of these materials and what needs to be pursued vigorously is the exploitation of their device applications to the maximum extent.
A Fast Quaternion-Based Orientation Optimizer via Virtual Rotation for Human Motion Tracking (2009)

For real-time ambulatory human motion tracking with low-cost inertial/magnetic sensors, a computationally efficient and robust algorithm for estimating orientation is critical. This paper presents a quaternion-based orientation optimizer for tracking human body motion, using triaxis rate gyro, accelerometer, and magnetometer signals. The proposed optimizer uses a Gauss-Newton (G-N) method for finding the best-fit quaternion. In order to decrease the computing time, the optimizer is formulated using a virtual rotation concept that allows very fast quaternion updates compared to the conventional G-N method. In addition, to guard against the effects of fast body motions and temporary ferromagnetic disturbances, a situational measurement vector selection procedure is adopted in conjunction with the G-N optimizer. The accuracy of orientation estimates is validated experimentally, using arm motion trials.
Potentiometric Nanostructured Sensors (2014)

The use of nanostructured materials has promoted a new impulse in the chemical sensors area. Electrochemical sensors have taken advantage of the new properties associated with the nanometer‐sized objects, and these properties have greatly influenced the performance and operational parameters of the sensing devices. This article provides an overview of the advantages and limitations of different nanomaterials used for the development of the potentiometric sensors. Different dimensional structures, from nanoparticles to graphene, have been used as elements in the recognition layer or the transducers of field‐effect transistors and potentiometric electrodes. Moreover, the introduction of nanomaterials has enabled the development of new miniaturized sensors that display good performance, rapid responses, and reduced cost and are easy to use. These sensors can be used in situ or incorporated in garments and other everyday life objects. That is, the era of wearable chemical sensors has started.
The Use of 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine Derivatives of Ovarian Ketosteroids in Steroid Analysis (1978)

This paper reports the development of a technically simple analytical technique for the characterization and quantitative determination of ovarian ketosteroids employing derivative formation with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNP), separation by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), and quantitative determination by spectrophotometry. The chemical identities of the derivatives were established by nitrogen analysis. The melting point, chromatographic mobilities of the free steroids and their derivatives on silica gel G in three systems, wavelength of maximum absorption in chloroform and ethanol, and molar absorption coefficient are reported for the 2,4-DNP derivatives of ovarian ketosteroids. The relationship between the absorption maximum in chloroform and the chemical structure of the derivatives has been analyzed.
Fourier domain mode-locked (FDML) lasers at 1050 nm and 202,000 sweeps per second for OCT retinal imaging (2007)

Retinal imaging ranks amongst the most important clinical applications for optical coherence tomography (OCT) [1, 2]. The recent demonstration of increased sensitivity [3-6] in Fourier Domain detection [7, 8] has opened the way for dramatically higher imaging speeds, up to axial scan rates of several tens of kilohertz. However, these imaging speeds are still not sufficient for high density 3D datasets and a further increase to several hundreds of kilohertz is necessary. In this paper we demonstrate a swept laser source at 1050 nm with a sweep rate of 202 kHz. The laser source provides ~10 mW average output power, up to 60 nm total sweep range and a sensitivity roll off of less than 10 dB over 4 mm. In vivo 2D and 3D imaging of the human retina at a record axial scan rate of 101 kHz is demonstrated. These results suggest that swept source OCT has the potential to significantly outperform spectral/Fourier domain OCT for ophthalmic imaging applications in the future.
Decoy Receptor 3 Ameliorates an Autoimmune Crescentic Glomerulonephritis Model in Mice (2007)

Autoimmune crescentic glomerulonephritis (ACGN) is a variant of crescentic glomerulonephritis. The outcome of treatment of crescentic glomerulonephritis is poor. Binding of decoy receptor 3 (DCR3) to its ligand is capable of downregulating the alloresponsiveness of T cells. DCR3 has also been shown to benefit an experimental autoimmune model of diabetes. This study tested the hypothesis that a potential immune regulator, DCR3, could prevent the evolution of ACGN. With the use of an established ACGN model in mice, mice were treated with 100 microg/10 g body wt human DCR3 by hydrodynamics-based gene delivery at 14-d intervals. The results showed that the gene therapy resulted in (1) suppression of T and B cell activation and T cell proliferation; (2) a reduction in serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines; (3) improvement of proteinuria and renal dysfunction; (4) prevention of glomerular crescent formation, renal interstitial inflammation, and glomerulosclerosis; (5) a reduction in serum levels of autoantibodies and glomerular immune deposits; (6) inhibition of apoptosis in the spleen and kidney; (7) prevention of T cell and macrophage infiltration of the kidney; and (8) suppression of fibrosis-related gene expression in the kidney compared with empty vector-treated (disease control) ACGN mice. On the basis of these findings, it is proposed that human DCR3 exerts its preventive and protective effects on ACGN through modulation of T cell activation/proliferation, B cell activation, protection against apoptosis, and suppression of mononuclear leukocyte infiltration in the kidney.
Subunit NDUFV3 is present in two distinct isoforms in mammalian complex I (2016)

Complex I (NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase) is the first enzyme of the electron transport chain in mammalian mitochondria. Extensive proteomic and structural analyses of complex I from Bos taurus heart mitochondria have shown it comprises 45 subunits encoded on both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes; 44 of them are different and one is present in two copies. The bovine heart enzyme has provided a model for studying the composition of complex I in other mammalian species, including humans, but the possibility of additional subunits or isoforms in other species or tissues has not been explored. Here, we describe characterization of the complexes I purified from five rat tissues and from a rat hepatoma cell line. We identify a~50kDa isoform of subunit NDUFV3, for which the canonical isoform is only ~10kDa in size. We combine LC-MS and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry data from two different purification methods (chromatography and immuno-purification) with information from blue native PAGE analyses to show the long isoform is present in the mature complex, but at substoichiometric levels. It is also present in complex I in cultured human cells. We describe evidence that the long isoform is more abundant in both the mitochondria and purified complexes from brain (relative to in heart, liver, kidney and skeletal muscle) and more abundant still in complex I in cultured cells. We propose that the long 50kDa isoform competes with its canonical 10kDa counterpart for a common binding site on the flavoprotein domain of complex I.
METHODS FOR ATTACHMENT OF ANTIBODIES ONTO OPTICAL BIOSENSORS (2006)

Biosensors based on the affinity binding of analytes to specific bioreceptors immobilised on the surface of an optical transducer, such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor, grating coupler, resonant mirror, and various types of interferometers, are of increasing interest for realtime detection of analytes without the use of additional labelled reagents. A sensor consists of an optical transducer on the surface of which a biorecognition layer with immobilized bioreceptors is attached. The transducer optics is modified by changes in optical parameters of an adjacent medium interacting with the evanescent light wave at the transducer surface. An intensity of the evanescent light decays exponentially with a distance from the surface. Thus, the sensor responds to a mass added at its surface due to the analyte binding and is rather insensitive to changes out of a penetration depth of the evanescent wave (Figure 1).
Aromaticity in Heterocyclic Systems. IV. Substitution Reactions of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine and Related Methyl Derivatives<sup>1</sup> (1965)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAromaticity in Heterocyclic Systems. IV. Substitution Reactions of Imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine and Related Methyl Derivatives1John P. Paolini and Roland K. RobinsCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1965, 30, 12, 4085–4090Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1965Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1965https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01023a024https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01023a024research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views733Altmetric-Citations56LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Synthesis of Vinyl Isocyanides and Development of a Convertible Isonitrile (2016)

The reaction of isocyanomethylenetriphenylphosphorane, generated in situ from the corresponding phosphonium salt, with a diverse set of aldehydes afforded vinyl isocyanides in good to high yields. Excellent E-selectivity was observed for aliphatic aldehydes and 2,6-disubstituted aromatic aldehydes, whereas Z-olefins were formed predominantly with ortho-substituted aryl aldehydes. (Z)-1-Bromo-2-(2-isocyanovinyl)benzene (5l) was found to be a truly universal isonitrile since, after Ugi reaction, the resulting secondary amide unit (RNHCO-) is convertible under both acidic and basic conditions. The application of 5l in the synthesis of polyheterocycles is also illustrated.
Evaluation of Broth Microdilution Testing Parameters and Agar Diffusion Etest Procedure for Testing Susceptibilities of <i>Aspergillus</i> spp. to Caspofungin Acetate (MK-0991) (2003)

The NCCLS M38-A document does not describe guidelines for testing caspofungin acetate (MK-0991) and other echinocandins against molds. This study evaluated the susceptibilities of 200 isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus, A. flavus, A. nidulans, A. niger, and A. terreus to caspofungin (MICs and minimum effective concentrations [MECs]) by using standard RPMI 1640 (RPMI) and antibiotic medium 3 (M3), two inoculum sizes (10(3) and 10(4) CFU/ml), and two MIC determination criteria (complete [MICs-0] and prominent growth inhibition [MICs-2]) at 24 and 48 h. Etest MICs were also determined. In general, caspofungin MIC-2 and MEC pairs were comparable with both media and inocula (geometric mean ranges of MECs and MICs, respectively, with larger inoculum: 0.12 to 0.64 microg/ml and 0.12 to 0.44 microg/ml with RPMI versus 0.04 to 0.51 microg/ml and 0.03 to 0.21 microg/ml with M3); however, MEC results were less influenced by testing conditions than MICs, especially with the larger inoculum. Overall, the agreement between caspofungin Etest MICs and broth dilution values was higher with MECs obtained with M3 (>90%) and the large inoculum than under the other testing conditions. Because RPMI is a more stable and chemically defined medium than M3, the determination at 24 h of the easier visual MECs with RPMI and the inoculum recommended in the M38-A document appears to be a suitable procedure at present for in vitro testing of caspofungin against Aspergillus spp. Future in vitro correlations with in vivo outcome of both microdilution and Etest procedures may detect more-relevant testing conditions.
Fundamental Study on Tactile Cognition through Haptic Feedback Touchscreen (2013)

The touch screens of recent years are used in variety of purposes, since it can implement a switch to the software that can control easily and cheaply as well as present visual images at the same time. Traditional switch had physical shape and tactile feel, which made it possible to find and operate by touch, but with touch screen type switch, the texture would be uniform all over like the surface of a glass, so in order to operate the switch, one has to gaze at the image. This presents a huge obstacle to visually impaired or aged persons who cannot easily access visual information. On the other hand, the technology to bring about virtual reality with haptic feedback is beginning to be noticed, and touch screens with haptic feedback functions are gradually becoming viable. So in this paper, based on the assumption that in the coming days securing accessibility will be achieved by using haptic perception, human's virtual haptic information differentiation accuracy and memory will be examined, using touch screens with haptic feedback function. The main focus will be on the result of fundamental study carried out with visually impaired persons.
Nanostructured Materials in Electrochemistry (2008)

Providing the unique and vital link between the worlds of electrochemistry and nanomaterials, this reference and handbook covers advances in electrochemistry through the nanoscale control of electrode structures, as well as advances in nanotechnology through electrochemical synthesis strategies. It demonstrates how electrochemical methods are of great scientific and commercial interest due to their low cost and high efficiency, and includes the synthesis of nanowires, nanoparticles, nanoporous and layered nanomaterials of various compositions, as well as their applications -- ranging from superior electrode materials to energy storage, biosensors, and electroanalytical devices.