gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chaotic mixing deep in the lung (2002)

Our current understanding of the transport and deposition of aerosols (viruses, bacteria, air pollutants, aerosolized drugs) deep in the lung has been grounded in dispersive theories based on untested assumptions about the nature of acinar airflow fields. Traditionally, these have been taken to be simple and kinematically reversible. In this article, we apply the recently discovered fluid mechanical phenomenon of irreversible low-Reynolds number flow to the lung. We demonstrate, through flow visualization studies in rhythmically ventilated rat lungs, that such a foundation is false, and that chaotic mixing may be key to aerosol transport. We found substantial alveolar flow irreversibility with stretched and folded fractal patterns, which lead to a sudden increase in mixing. These findings support our theory that chaotic alveolar flow--characterized by stagnation saddle points associated with alveolar vortices--governs gas kinematics in the lung periphery, and hence the transport, mixing, and ultimately the deposition of fine aerosols. This mechanism calls for a rethinking of the relationship of exposure and deposition of fine inhaled particles.
Sleeping pills. (1970)

sudden pain in the calf to death from mas- sive pulmonary embolism.Apprehension still exists as continuing investigations indicate that there are grave discrepancies in the recommended methods of laundering and sterilizing in the hospital service.The non-clinical approach is paramount.Hospital flora are now accepted, apparently calmly (8 August, p. 305).Just how far have we gone backwards in 22 years?Do we need another Lister?-Iam, etc.,
The Effect of Exercise on the Atrial Electrogram Voltage in Young Patients (1991)

Atrial electrogram sensing is an important function in active individuals with permanently implanted bipolar dual chamber pacing systems. We undertook to determine the effect of vigorous exercise on the atrial electrogram size in 11 children and young adults (average age 12 years). Using a telemetry signal through a handheld programming wand, nine tracings were completely and clearly recorded for analysis. Six patients had tined/passive fixation atrial leads and three patients had screw-in/active fixation lead systems. All leads were bipolar. The atrial electrogram size for each patient was measured at rest and at each minute of exercise. The atrial electrogram size decreased with exercise from a mean of 5.08 mV to 3.44 mV (range 0.9-4.25 mV) (P = 0.002). The 1.64 mV mean decrease represented a 33.8% reduction (range 19%-56%) (P less than 0.001). There was no difference in the change in atrial electrogram size between the two lead types. Treadmill exercise testing with telemetric data of atrial electrograms showed a decrease in atrial electrogram size produced by exercise and may be helpful in determining appropriate atrial sensitivity settings in selected individuals. Because of the documented decrease in atrial electrogram size produced by exercise, we recommend obtaining maximal atrial electrograms at the time of implant and use of pacing systems that allow maximal flexibility in atrial sensing especially in athletically active individuals.
Selective Catalytic Transfer Dehydrogenation of Alkanes and Heterocycles by an Iridium Pincer Complex (2014)

Catalytic alkane dehydrogenation is a reaction with tremendous potential for application. We describe a highly active PSCOP-pincer iridium catalyst for transfer dehydrogenation of cyclic and linear alkanes. The dehydrogenation of linear alkanes occurs under relatively mild conditions with high regioselectivity for α-olefin formation. In addition, the catalyst system is very effective in the dehydrogenation of heterocycles to form heteroarenes and olefinic products.
Ti/sub x/Zr/sub 1-x/ underlayers for CoCrPtB perpendicular magnetic recording media (2002)

We describe the effects of Ti/sub x/Zr/sub 1-x/ underlayers on the microstructural and magnetic properties of CoCrPtB layers. We found that as the Zr atomic composition increases in the Ti/sub x/Zr/sub 1-x/ underlayers, the unit cells of the Ti/sub x/Zr/sub 1-x/ underlayers expand. The Ti/sub x/Zr/sub 1-x/ (0002) texture is strongest as the Zr atomic composition ranges from 40% to 60%. In addition, the CoCrPtB (0002) texture induced by the (0002) textured Ti/sub x/Zr/sub 1-x/ underlayer is enhanced at these optimizing Zr compositions. The grain size of the CoCrPtB layers deposited onto the Ti/sub x/Zr/sub 1-x/, underlayers is around 7.5-9.5 nm. Stacking fault streaks observed by transmission electron microscopy indicate that stacking faults exist in the CoCrPtB films with the Ti/sub x/Zr/sub 1-x/ underlayers. The Hc (coercivity) and S* (squareness) of the CoCrPtB magnetic layers deposited onto the pure Ti and Zr underlayer were higher than those with the TiZr alloy underlayers.
Gene-Disease Network Analysis Reveals Functional Modules in Mendelian, Complex and Environmental Diseases (2011)

The gene-disease networks used in this study and part of the analysis are available at http://ibi.imim.es/DisGeNET/DisGeNETweb.html#Download.
Recent advances in detection of AGEs: Immunochemical, bioanalytical and biochemical approaches (2015)

Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are a cohort of heterogeneous compounds that are formed after the nonenzymatic glycation of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Accumulation of AGEs in the body is implicated in various pathophysiological conditions like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and atherosclerosis. Numerous studies have reported the connecting link between AGEs and the various complications associated with diseases. Hence, detection and measurement of AGEs becomes centrally important to understand and manage the menace created by AGEs inside the body. In recent years, an increasing number of immunotechniques as well as bioanalytical techniques have been developed to efficiently measure the levels of AGEs, but most of them are still far away from being clinically consistent, as relative disparity and ambiguity masks their standardization. This article is designed to critically review the recent advances and the emerging techniques for detection of AGEs. It is an attempt to summarize the major techniques that exist currently for the detection of AGEs both qualitatively and quantitatively. This review primarily focuses on the detection and quantification of AGEs which are formed in vivo. Immunochemical approach though costly but most effective and accurate method to measure the level of AGEs. Literature review suggests that detection of autoantibody targeting AGEs is a promising way that can be utilized for detection of AGEs. Future research efforts should be dedicated to develop this method in order to push forward the clinical applications of detection of AGEs.
Improved Bacterial 16S rRNA Gene (V4 and V4-5) and Fungal Internal Transcribed Spacer Marker Gene Primers for Microbial Community Surveys (2015)

Designing primers for PCR-based taxonomic surveys that amplify a broad range of phylotypes in varied community samples is a difficult challenge, and the comparability of data sets amplified with varied primers requires attention. Here, we examined the performance of modified 16S rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) primers for archaea/bacteria and fungi, respectively, with nonaquatic samples. We moved primer bar codes to the 5' end, allowing for a range of different 3' primer pairings, such as the 515f/926r primer pair, which amplifies variable regions 4 and 5 of the 16S rRNA gene. We additionally demonstrated that modifications to the 515f/806r (variable region 4) 16S primer pair, which improves detection of <i>Thaumarchaeota</i> and clade SAR11 in marine samples, do not degrade performance on taxa already amplified effectively by the original primer set. Alterations to the fungal ITS primers did result in differential but overall improved performance compared to the original primers. In both cases, the improved primers should be widely adopted for amplicon studies. <b>IMPORTANCE</b> We continue to uncover a wealth of information connecting microbes in important ways to human and environmental ecology. As our scientific knowledge and technical abilities improve, the tools used for microbiome surveys can be modified to improve the accuracy of our techniques, ensuring that we can continue to identify groundbreaking connections between microbes and the ecosystems they populate, from ice caps to the human body. It is important to confirm that modifications to these tools do not cause new, detrimental biases that would inhibit the field rather than continue to move it forward. We therefore demonstrated that two recently modified primer pairs that target taxonomically discriminatory regions of bacterial and fungal genomic DNA do not introduce new biases when used on a variety of sample types, from soil to human skin. This confirms the utility of these primers for maintaining currently recommended microbiome research techniques as the state of the art.
Simulating Pathological Gait Using the Enhanced Linear Inverted Pendulum Model (2005)

In this paper, we propose a new method to simulate human gait motion when muscles are weakened. The method is based on the enhanced version of three-dimensional linear inverted pendulum model that is used for generation of gait in robotics. After the normal gait motion is generated by setting the initial posture and the parameters that decide the trajectories of the center of mass and angular momentum, the muscle to be weakened is specified. By minimizing an objective function based on the force exerted by the specified muscle during the motion, the set of parameters that represent the pathological gait was calculated. Since the number of parameters to describe the motion is small in our method, the optimization process converges much more quickly than in previous methods. The effects of weakening the gluteus medialis, the gluteus maximus, and vastus were analyzed. Important similarities were noted when comparing the predicted pendulum motion with data obtained from an actual patient.
Hydrotropy, solubilisation and related emulsification processes (1948)

HYDROTROPY, SOLUBILISATION AND RELATED HYDROTROPY, SOLUBILISATION AND RELATED BY P. A. WINSOR. Received 13th January, 1947as revised 5th June, 1947. This paper is the first in a series in which certain phenomena of hydro- tropy, solubilisation and emulsification are discussed from a point of view in whi
CHANNEL CATFISH VIRUS DISEASE (1977)

Channel catfish virus disease (CCVD) is an acute infection of cultured fry and fingerling channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). The causative agent is the channel catfish virus (CCV) , a member of the herpesvirus group. Since its first identification (Fijan 1968) the virus has been isolated from infected fish collected during epizootics at catfish hatcheries in the warmer latitudes of the United States. The disease is found primarily during the summer and, with a single known exception to date, in fish less than 4 months old. The virus has been isolated only from fish taken while an epizootic was in progress
Synthesis of piperidine analogs of 1‐(3‐chlorophenyl)piperazine, a well known serotonin ligand (1999)

Abstract Synthesis of arylpiperideines 3a‐3d and arylpiperidines 4a‐4d as analogs of a well known serotonin ligand 1‐(3‐chlorophenyl)piperazine is reported. Starting aryllithium derivatives were treated with 1‐methyl‐piperdin‐4‐one to provide the corresponding hydroxy derivatives 6a and 6b. N ‐Methylpiperideine derivatives 3a and 3c were obtained by their dehydration while the corresponding N ‐unsubstituted compounds 3b and 3d were prepared indirectly by a three‐step procedure. Hydrogenation of piperideine 3a provided the corresponding piperidine derivative 4a which after demethylation yielded 4b. Similar 4‐pyridyl derivatives 4c and 4d were prepared by a similar strategy via the corresponding methoxy derivatives.
TESTING THE COMPREHENSION DIFFICULTY OF CURRICULAR MATERIALS (1926)

(1926). TESTING THE COMPREHENSION DIFFICULTY OF CURRICULAR MATERIALS. Religious Education: Vol. 21, No. 6, pp. 611-617.
Gesture recognition based on sparse representation (2016)

Aiming at the problem that the robustness of gesture recognition is difficult to guarantee, this paper presents a method based on multi-features and sparse representation. Hu invariant moments and HOG features of training samples are extracted in training phase. The K-SVD algorithm is used to train the initial value of dictionary formed by two features so as to obtain two sub-dictionaries. In recognition phase, sparse coefficients of corresponding training dictionary are derived by solving minimum l1-norm. Finally, the overall reconstruction error is calculated to judge the categories of test samples. In experimental simulation, five kinds of grasp gesture are collected to create gesture sample library. After selecting optimal HOG parameters and the weight of two features, the recognition effect of the method is analysed. Compared with the commonly used classification, the results show that the method has better recognition rate and robustness.
Web Personalization as a Persuasion Strategy: An Elaboration Likelihood Model Perspective (2005)

With advances in tracking and database technologies, firms are increasingly able to understand their customers and translate this understanding into products and services that appeal to them. Technologies such as collaborative filtering, data mining, and click-stream analysis enable firms to customize their offerings at the individual level. While there has been a lot of hype about web personalization recently, our understanding of its effectiveness is far from conclusive. Drawing on the elaboration likelihood model (ELM) literature, this research takes the view that the interaction between a firm and its customers is one of communicating a persuasive message to the customers driven by business objectives. In particular, we examine three major elements of a web personalization strategy: level of preference matching, recommendation set size, and sorting cue. These elements can be manipulated by a firm in implementing its personalization strategy. This research also investigates a personal disposition, need for cognition, which plays a role in assessing the effectiveness of web personalization. Research hypotheses are tested using 1,000 subjects in three field experiments based on a ring-tone download website. Our findings indicate the saliency of these variables in different stages of the persuasion process. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
RELAÇÃO ENERGÉTICA RUSSIA-UNIÃO EUROPEIA* The Energy Relations Between EU and Russia (2011)

The geopolitical interpretation is very central in the bulk of the scientiÞ c literature related to the energy relations between EU and Russia. In this approach, mainly based on a realist vision of the international relations, Gazprom is most of the time presented as an instrument of power in the hands of Kremlin and eventually as a mean to jeopardize a more and more energetically dependant Europe (principally the European Union). In this paper, we show that the geopolitical approach is correct. However, we assume that it is not sufÞ cient at all when it comes to the behaviour of various actors of the energetic domain. The purchase of assets by Gazprom in foreign countries is not pure politics. It is also an economic necessity and a way to make proÞ ts and to make its exports more secure. Besides, although it is now recognized as an actor in international relations, EU does not exist as a coherent ands visible actor in the energy domain. It is deeply divided in several groups of actors whose traditions, policies and behaviours are diverging.
V<sub>1a</sub>‐ and V<sub>2</sub>‐type vasopressin receptors mediate vasopressin‐induced Ca<sup>2+</sup> responses in isolated rat supraoptic neurones (1999)

1. The pharmacological profile of receptors activated by vasopressin (AVP) in freshly dissociated supraoptic magnocellular neurones was investigated using specific V1a- and V2-type AVP receptor agonists and antagonists. 2. In 97 % of AVP-responding neurones (1-3000 nM) V1a or V2 receptor type agonists (F-180 and dDAVP, respectively) elicited dose-dependent [Ca2+]i transients that were suppressed by removal of external Ca2+. 3. The [Ca2+]i response induced by 1 microM F-180 or dDAVP was selectively blocked by 10 nM of V1a and V2 antagonists (SR 49059 and SR 121463A, respectively). The response to V1a agonist was maintained in the presence of the V2 antagonist, and the V2 agonist-induced response persisted in the presence of the V1a antagonist. 4. The [Ca2+]i response induced by 1 microM AVP was partially (61 %) blocked by 10 nM SR 121463A. This blockade was increased by a further 31 % with the addition of 10 nM SR 49059. Similarly, the AVP-induced response was partially (47 %) decreased by SR 49059, and a further inhibition of 33 % was achieved in the presence of SR 121463A. 5. We demonstrate that AVP acts on the magnocellular neurones via two distinct types of AVP receptors that exhibit the pharmacological profiles of V1a and V2 types. However, since V2 receptor mRNA is not expressed in the supraoptic nucleus (SON), and since V1b receptor transcripts are observed in the SON, we propose that the V2 receptor agonist and antagonist act on a 'V2-like' receptor or a new type of AVP receptor that remains to be elucidated. The possibility that V2 ligands act on the V1b receptor cannot be excluded.
Corona-Treated Polyethylene Films Are Macroscopic Charge Bilayers (2012)

Top and bottom surfaces of polyethylene (PE) films exposed to corona discharge display large and opposite electrostatic potentials, forming an electric bilayer in agreement with recent and unexpected findings from Zhiqiang et al. Water wetting, chemical composition and roughness of the two surfaces are different. Surprisingly, the bottom surface, opposite to the corona electrode is charged but it is not oxidized, neither is it wetted with water. Moreover, its morphology is unaltered by charging, while the hydrophilic top surface is much rougher with protruding islands that are the result of oxidation followed by phase separation and polymer-polymer dewetting. Common liquids extract the oxidized, hydrophilic material formed at the upper surface, a result that explains the well-known sensitivity of adhesive joints made using corona-treated thermoplastics to liquids, especially water. These results show that poling the surface closer to the corona electrode triggers another but different charge build-up process at the opposite surface. The outcome is another poled PE surface showing high potential but with unchanged chemical composition, morphology and wetting behavior as the pristine surface, thus opening new possibilities for surface engineering.
Influence of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine conjugates of lipids on the growth and metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma. (1988)

Five different lipid conjugates of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) were tested for their therapeutic activity on the growth and metastasis of Lewis lung carcinoma (3-LL). Among 1 ester-linked lipid conjugate (Ara-CDP-L-dipalmitin), 3 1-O-alkyl-lipid conjugates (ara-CDP-D,L-PBA, ara-CDP-D,L-PCA, ara-CDP-D,L-MBA) and a thioether-lipid conjugate (ara-CDP-D,L-PTBA) ara-CDP-D,L-PTBA, ara-CDP-D,L-PBA, and ara-CDP-L-dipalmitin produced the strongest tumor growth inhibition and increase of surviving animals in C57Bl6-mice bearing i.p.-implanted 3-LL. Furthermore these conjugates were superior to the parent compounds alone, or equimolar mixtures of the alkyllysophospholipid derivatives ET-18-OCH3 and ara-C. Successful therapeutic regimen consisted of 80-100 mg conjugate/kg, given i.p. daily for five consecutive days. Similar regimen injected shortly after the surgical removal of the primary tumor as adjuvant chemotherapy inhibited the metastasis of 3-LL to the lungs of the animals as demonstrated by an increase of survival time and the number of surviving animals.
A filament stretching device for measurement of extensional viscosity (1993)

A filament stretching device for measuring the extensional viscosity of low-viscosity liquids is presented. The fluid sample is held between two disks which move apart at an increasing velocity so that the extension rate, based on the filament midpoint diameter, is constant. The device was used to measure the extensional stress growth coefficients of three ideal elastic solutions, including the model fluid M1 and a shear-thinning model fluid A1. The results indicate that all solutions containing high molecular weight polymer exhibit significant strain hardening as the fluid is extended. For the ideal elastic fluids, steady state in extensional stress was observed at strain above 4.5 and the steady Trouton ratio obtained for the fluids range from 2 to 5×103. For the fluid M1 the extensional viscosities obtained are higher than the apparent extensional viscosity obtained by other methods. This is the first time that the steady extensional viscosity has been measured for polymer solutions. The results obtained enable one to evaluate the numerous constitutive equations that have been proposed for polymer solutions.
Complementation analysis of the wild-type and mutant ompR genes exhibiting different phenotypes of osmoregulation of the ompF and ompC genes of Escherichia coli. (1986)

Expression of the ompF and ompC genes, which encode the major outer membrane proteins, OmpF and OmpC, respectively, is affected in a reciprocal manner by the osmolarity of the growth medium. This osmoregulation is mediated by the OmpR protein, a positive regulator of both genes, which is encoded by the ompR gene. Structural and functional properties of this regulatory protein were studied through complementation analysis of the wild-type and five mutant ompR genes that exhibited differences in osmoregulation of the expression of the OmpF and OmpC proteins. Complementation was carried out with combinations of a host strain and a plasmid, each of which carried either the wild-type or a mutant ompR gene. In some combinations, negative complementation was observed. For example, ompR1, a deletion mutation with an OmpF- OmpC- phenotype, was dominant to OmpF+ or OmpC+ phenotypes conferred by other ompR genes. Positive complementation of two mutant ompR genes was also observed in other combinations, when the two mutations were distantly located from each other on the OmpR protein. These results, together with other observations, support the view that the OmpR protein has a two-domain structure, each domain exhibiting a different role in the expression of the OmpF and OmpC proteins, and that this protein takes a multimeric structure as a functional unit.
A speech preprocessing strategy for intelligibility improvement in noise based on a perceptual distortion measure (2012)

A speech pre-processing algorithm is presented to improve the speech intelligibility in noise for the near-end listener. The algorithm improves the intelligibility by optimally redistributing the speech energy over time and frequency for a perceptual distortion measure, which is based on a spectro-temporal auditory model. In contrast to spectral-only models, short-time information is taken into account. As a consequence, the algorithm is more sensitive to transient regions, which will therefore receive more amplification compared to stationary vowels. It is known from literature that changing the vowel-transient energy ratio is beneficial for improving speech-intelligibility in noise. Objective intelligibility prediction results show that the proposed method has higher speech intelligibility in noise compared to two other reference methods, without modifying the global speech energy.