gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Protective Role of Melatonin and Its Metabolites in Skin Aging (2022)

The skin, being the largest organ in the human body, is exposed to the environment and suffers from both intrinsic and extrinsic aging factors. The skin aging process is characterized by several clinical features such as wrinkling, loss of elasticity, and rough-textured appearance. This complex process is accompanied with phenotypic and functional changes in cutaneous and immune cells, as well as structural and functional disturbances in extracellular matrix components such as collagens and elastin. Because skin health is considered one of the principal factors representing overall "well-being" and the perception of "health" in humans, several anti-aging strategies have recently been developed. Thus, while the fundamental mechanisms regarding skin aging are known, new substances should be considered for introduction into dermatological treatments. Herein, we describe melatonin and its metabolites as potential "aging neutralizers". Melatonin, an evolutionarily ancient derivative of serotonin with hormonal properties, is the main neuroendocrine secretory product of the pineal gland. It regulates circadian rhythmicity and also exerts anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and anti-tumor capacities. The intention of this review is to summarize changes within skin aging, research advances on the molecular mechanisms leading to these changes, and the impact of the melatoninergic anti-oxidative system controlled by melatonin and its metabolites, targeting the prevention or reversal of skin aging.
Commentary on "Mediation analysis without sequential ignorability: Using baseline covariates interacted with random assignment as instrumental variables" by Dylan Small. (2012)

I applaud Dr. Small for advancing causal mediation analysis and thank the editors for the opportunity to comment on this valuable article. Small's project was to relax and test the assumptions on which a previously proposed model relies; in the second half of this discussion I will assess those assumptions and others on which the model hinges. But first I will review the various schools of mediation analysis and situate the estimand considered by Small within the somewhat esoteric domain of mediation estimands.
Stability in Force-Production Tasks (2001)

Exerting a force on a mechanical system can induce mechanical instability. To overcome that instability, humans may take advantage of their upper limb mechanical impedance (e.g., hand stiffness). The authors investigated what stiffness is required to maintain static stability and how humans can achieve that stiffness in the context of the task of pushing on a pivoting stick. Results showed that the stiffness required is in the range of measured human upper limb stiffness. To avoid an ill-posed problem, one can better express the requirements for stability as a simple geometrical criterion related to the curvature of the potential energy field at the hand. A planar model of the upper limb revealed that individuals can use both hand rotational and translational stiffness to stabilize a stick. Although hand rotational stiffness does not participate in producing the axial force on the stick, it can significantly contribute to achieving a limb stiffness appropriate for maintaining static stability. Hand rotational stiffness can be important for the design of hand tools, because humans can increase it only by augmenting grip force, a biomechanical factor associated with cumulative trauma injuries of the upper extremities.
Characteristics of Very-High-Frequency-Excited SiH<sub>4</sub> Plasmas using a Ladder-Shaped Electrode (2001)

A very-high-frequency (VHF) -excited SiH 4 plasma was generated using a ladder-shaped electrode where the discharge frequency ranged up to 100 MHz and the plasma parameters were measured using a heated Langmuir probe. In the SiH 4 plasma as well as in the H 2 plasma, it was confirmed that when the discharge frequency is increased, the electron density increases while the electron temperature decreases. The electron density obtained at 100 MHz was 1.7×10 10 cm -3 , which is sevenfold that at 13.56 MHz. It was also found that the electron temperature tends to increase with increasing gas pressure in the SiH 4 plasma at a very high frequency of 100 MHz.
Further Studies on Conformationally Constrained Tricyclic Tropane Analogues and Their Uptake Inhibition at Monoamine Transporter Sites:  Synthesis of (<i>Z</i>)-9-(Substituted arylmethylene)-7-azatricyclo[4.3.1.0<sup>3,7</sup>]decanes as a Novel Class of Serotonin Transporter Inhibitors (2002)

A novel series of conformationally constrained tricyclic tropane analogues, (Z)-9-(substituted arylmethylene)-7-azatricyclo[4.3.1.0(3,7)]decanes, were prepared, and their abilities to inhibit high-affinity uptake of dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT), and norepinephrine (NE) into rat brain nerve endings (synaptosomes) were evaluated. First, a systematic screening of a variety of different substituents on the phenyl ring indicated that the substitution pattern plays an important role in the monoamine transporter activity. Most compounds in this series possessed a very low activity at the DA transporter (DAT) but a good to excellent affinity for the 5-HT transporter (SERT). In the case of para-substituted phenyl analogues, the electronic character of the substituent did not affect uptake inhibition as dramatically as observed in some benztropine analogues. Among these compounds, the 4-bromophenyl and 4-isopropylphenyl analogues 8d and 8j exhibited the highest potency at the SERT with a K(i) value of 10 nM. In the 3,4-disubstituted phenyl series, even more potent and highly selective compounds were discovered. Compound 8o has a K(i) value of 2.3 nM for uptake inhibition at the SERT, a DAT/SERT uptake ratio of 2360, and a NET/SERT uptake ratio of 200. Compound 8p exhibited a K(i) value of 1.8 nM for uptake inhibition at the SERT, a DAT/SERT uptake ratio of 1740, and a NET/SERT uptake ratio of 151. These compounds are 3-4-fold more potent than the antidepressant medication fluoxetine, and the selectivities for SERT over DAT and NET are also better than those of fluoxetine. Second, a variety of functional modifications on the ester moiety were investigated. Substitution by other esters or amides as well as alkenes did not increase potency, while most of the acetates or benzoates (16-21, 23, and 24) and the ketone 28 exhibited significantly improved activity. A good hydrogen-bonding ability of the substituent is believed to be required for high activity. The most potent and selective ligand is compound 23, which displayed a K(i) value of 0.06 nM and has essentially no activity at the DAT or NET. The present results have important implications for drug addiction as well as a number of psychiatric diseases.
Short-term load forecasting using semi-parametric additive models (2011)

Short-term load forecasting is an essential instrument in power system planning, operation and control. Many operating decisions are based on load forecasts, such as dispatch scheduling of generating capacity, reliability analysis, and maintenance planning for the generators. Overestimation of electricity demand will cause a conservative operation, which leads to the start-up of too many units or excessive energy purchase, thereby supplying an unnecessary level of reserve. On the contrary, underestimation may result in a risky operation, with insufficient preparation of spinning reserve, causing the system to operate in a vulnerable region to the disturbance. In this paper, semi-parametric additive models are proposed to estimate the relationships between demand and the driver variables. Specifically, the inputs for these models are calendar variables, lagged actual demand observations and historical and forecast temperature traces for one or more sites in the target power system. In addition to point forecasts, prediction intervals are also estimated using a modified bootstrap method suitable for the complex seasonality seen in electricity demand data. The proposed methodology has been used to forecast the half-hourly electricity demand for up to seven days ahead for power systems in the Australian National Electricity Market. The performance of the methodology is validated via out-of-sample experiments with real data from the power system, as well as through on-site implementation by the system operator.
The Quantitative Anatomy of the Laminas of the Spine (1999)

Surgical placement of sublaminar instruments may benefit from this quantitative study through the use of the provided anatomic parameters of the laminas.
THE EFFECT OF HYDROGEN PRESSURE ON THE ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE OF A HYDROGEN-CALOMEL CELL. II. THE FUGACITY OF HYDROGEN AND HYDROGEN ION AT PRESSURES TO 1000 ATMOSPHERES (1924)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTHE EFFECT OF HYDROGEN PRESSURE ON THE ELECTROMOTIVE FORCE OF A HYDROGEN-CALOMEL CELL. II. THE FUGACITY OF HYDROGEN AND HYDROGEN ION AT PRESSURES TO 1000 ATMOSPHERESW. R. Hainsworth, H. J. Rowley, and D. A. MacInnesCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1924, 46, 6, 1437–1443Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1924Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1924https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01671a013https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01671a013research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views84Altmetric-Citations16LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Requirement for membrane potential in injection of phage T4 DNA. (1979)

The first stages of infection by phage T4 may be divided into energy-dependent and energy-independent processes. Irreversible adsorption, unplugging, and initial exposure of the DNA terminus may occur at 4 degrees C, or at 37 degrees C in bacteria whose energy-yielding metabolism has been poisoned. DNA injection into the cytoplasm needs higher temperatures and energy from the host cell. The nature of this energy requirements was deduced from the use of metabolic inhibitors. Our results show that T4 DNA injection specifically requires the presence of a protonmotive force across the cytoplasmic membrane of the host. Moreover, the chemical gradient (delta pH) does not appear to be essential, but the membrane potential (delta psi) is required.
A stereoselective synthesis of the hydronaphthalene substructure of kijanolide (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA stereoselective synthesis of the hydronaphthalene substructure of kijanolideJames A. Marshall, Jonathan Grote, and Barry ShearerCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1986, 51, 9, 1633–1635Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1986https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00359a060RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views368Altmetric-Citations17LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (407 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The effects of switching noise on an oversampling A/D converter (2002)

This paper presents the results of an experimental study of the effects of switching noise in a high-resolution oversampling /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ modulator. An experimental test circuit emulates the embedding of such a modulator in the same substrate as a large amount of active digital circuitry. The modulator is a third-order cascade comprising a second-order /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ stage followed by a first-order stage, both employing 1 b quantisation. A 1 /spl mu/m CMOS implementation of this design provides a dynamic range of more than 100 dB at digital audio bandwidths.
Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) seroprevalence and characterization of a distinct HIV-2 genetic subtype from the natural range of simian immunodeficiency virus-infected sooty mangabeys (1997)

The extent of zoonotic infections in rural Sierra Leone, where both feral and pet sooty mangabeys harbor divergent members of the human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2)-sooty mangabey simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVsm) family, was tested in blood samples collected from 9,309 human subjects in 1993. Using HIV-1- and HIV-2-specific enzyme immunoassays and confirmatory Western blot analysis to test for antibodies to SIVsm-related lentiviruses, we found only nine subjects (0.096%) who tested positive for HIV: seven tested positive for HIV-1 and two tested positive for HIV-2. Compared with other rural West African communities, Sierra Leone displayed the lowest seroprevalence (0.021%) of HIV-2 infection yet reported, much lower than the previously reported seroprevalence in SIVsm-infected feral and household pet sooty mangabeys. Heteroduplex analysis demonstrated that two of the newly found HIV-1 strains belonged to subtype A, the most common HIV-1 subtype in Africa, but this is the first report of subtype A in Sierra Leone. The two HIV-2-infected individuals harbored two distinct HIV-2 strains, designated 93SL1 and 93SL2. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that HIV-2 93SL1 is a member of HIV-2 subtype A, the first strain of this HIV-2 subtype found in Sierra Leone. In contrast, HIV-2 93SL2 belongs to none of the five previously characterized HIV-2 subtypes (A to E) but is a new subtype, herein designated F, having the most divergent transmembrane sequences yet reported for HIV-2. The fact that both of the two most divergent HIV-2 subtypes known, E and F, are rare and found as single occurrences in persons from Sierra Leone may be related to the fact that this small region of West Africa also contains free-living and household pet sooty mangabeys with highly divergent variants of SIVsm. This finding provides support for the hypotheses that new HIV-2 subtypes result from independent cross-species transmission of SIVsm to the human population and that these single-occurrence transmission events had not spread widely into the population by 1993.
Design of wireless on-wafer submicron characterization system (2005)

A wireless technique for the testing of very large scale ICs and wafers is presented. This test technique uses standard CMOS to achieve wireless parametric testing. This technique has virtually no area overhead, minimal power requirements, and no process or design changes are required. Most compelling is that wafer contact is not required, thereby enabling the in-line process control/monitoring of the manufacture of VLSI wafers or chips. Simulations of representative VLSI antenna designs are presented along with experimental results from the implementation of the antenna coupling and communications link. Also presented are specific circuit simulations showing the characteristics of operation under a range of conditions. The technique is demonstrated experimentally in discrete form with operation at voltages as low as 1 V with submilliwatt power levels. This technique can be implemented with a requirement of 1/10 000th the area of a Pentium-class VLSI circuit, allowing contactless testing of wafers before packaging
Reviews Theatre of the Book 1480–1880 Print, Text, and Performance in Europe. By PETERSJULIE STONE. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2000. xii + 494 pp. £60.00. ISBN 0 19 818714 9 (2002)

Journal Article Reviews Get access Theatre of the Book 1480–1880 Print, Text, and Performance in Europe. By JULIE STONE PETERS. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2000. xii + 494 pp. £60.00. ISBN 0 19 818714 9 PETER DAVISON PETER DAVISON Marlborough Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Library, Volume 3, Issue 1, March 2002, Pages 92–94, https://doi.org/10.1093/library/3.1.92 Published: 01 March 2002
Vehicle type classification from visual-based dimension estimation (2002)

This paper presents a visual-based dimension estimation method for vehicle type classification. Our method extracts moving vehicles from traffic image sequences and fits them with a simple deformable vehicle model. Using a set of coordination mapping functions derived from a calibrated camera model and relying on a shadow removal method, vehicle's width, length and height are estimated. Our experimental tests show that the modeling method is effective and the estimation accuracy is sufficient for general vehicle type classification.
Nanoparticles and nanostructured films : preparation, characterization and applications (1998)

In this concise handbook leading experts give a broad overview of the latest developments in this emerging and fascinating field of nano-sized materials. Coverage includes new techniques for the synthesis of nanoparticles as well as an in-depth treatment of their characterization and chemical and physical properties. The future applications of these advanced materials are also discussed. The wealth of information included makes this an invaluable guide for graduate students as well as scientists in materials science, chemistry or physics - looking for a comprehensive treatment of the topic
Impact of Size Effects and Anomalous Skin Effect on Metallic Wires as GSI Interconnects (2008)

The 2006 International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors projects that for 2020, interconnects will be as narrow as 14 nm and will operate at frequencies as high as 50GHz. For a wire that operates at ultra-high frequencies, such that skin depth and the mean free path of the electrons are in the same order, skin effect and surface scattering should be considered simultaneously. This is known as the anomalous skin effect (ASE).\nThe objective of this work is to identify the challenges and opportunities for using GSI interconnects in the nanometer and GHz regime. The increase in the resistivity of a thin wire caused by the ASE is studied. The delay of a digital transmission line resulting from this effect is modeled. Compact models are presented for the bit-rate limit of transmission lines using a general form of resistance that for the first time simultaneously considers dc resistance, skin effect, and surface scattering. A conventional low-loss approximation that is only valid for fast rising signals is also relaxed.\nThe impact of size effects on the design of multi-level interconnect networks is studied. For high-performance chips at the 18 nm technology node, it is shown that despite a more than four times increase in the resistivity of copper for minimum-size interconnects, the increase in the number of metal levels is negligible (less than 7%), and interconnects that will be affected most are so short that their impact on chip performance is inconsequential. It is shown that for low-cost applications where very few wiring pitches are normally used, the number of metal levels needed to compensate for the impact of size effects on the average rc delay of a copper interconnect is drastically high. \nAn optimization methodology has been presented for power distribution interconnects at the local level. For a given IR drop budget, compact models are presented for the optimal widths of power and ground lines in the first two metal levels for which the total metal area used for power distribution is minimized.
Separation of Hydrophobic, Positively Chargeable Substances by Capillary Electrophoresis (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSeparation of Hydrophobic, Positively Chargeable Substances by Capillary ElectrophoresisChao-Xuan. Zhang, Franz. von Heeren, and Wolfgang. ThormannCite this: Anal. Chem. 1995, 67, 13, 2070–2077Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00109a028https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00109a028research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views167Altmetric-Citations29LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
First C−H Activation Route to Oxindoles using Copper Catalysis (2010)

The preparation of 3,3-disubstituted oxindoles by a formal C-H, Ar-H coupling of anilides is described. Highly efficient conditions have been identified using catalytic (5 mol %) Cu(OAc)(2).H(2)O with atmospheric oxygen as the reoxidant; no additional base is required, and the reaction can be run in toluene or mesitylene. Optimization studies are reported together with a scope and limitation investigation based on variation of the anilide precursors. The application of this methodology to prepare a key intermediate for the total synthesis of the anticancer, analgesic oxindole alkaloid Horsfiline is also described.
MONA: Monadic Second-Order Logic in Practice (1995)

The purpose of this article is to introduce Monadic Second-order<br />Logic as a practical means of specifying regularity. The logic is a<br />highly succinct alternative to the use of regular expressions. We have built a tool MONA, which acts as a decision procedure and as a translator to finite-state automata. The tool is based on new algorithms for minimizing finite-state automata that use binary decision diagrams (BDDs) to represent<br />transition functions in compressed form. A byproduct of this work is a<br />new bottom-up algorithm to reduce BDDs in linear time without hashing.<br />The potential applications are numerous. We discuss text processing,<br />Boolean circuits, and distributed systems. Our main example is an automatic proof of properties for the "Dining Philosophers with Encyclopedia" example by Kurshan and MacMillan. We establish these properties for the parameterized case without the use of induction.<br />Our results show that, contrary to common beliefs, high computational<br />complexity may be a desired feature of a specification formalism.