gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Visualizing individual microtubules by bright field microscopy (2010)

Microtubules are slender (∼25 nm diameter), filamentous polymers involved in cellular structure and organization. Individual microtubules have been visualized via fluorescence imaging of dye-labeled tubulin subunits and by video-enhanced, differential interference-contrast microscopy of unlabeled polymers using sensitive CCD cameras. We demonstrate the imaging of unstained microtubules using a microscope with conventional bright field optics in conjunction with a webcam-type camera and a light-emitting diode illuminator. The light scattered by microtubules is image-processed to remove the background, reduce noise, and enhance contrast. The setup is based on a commercial microscope with a minimal set of inexpensive components, suitable for implementation in a student laboratory. We show how this approach can be used in a demonstration motility assay, tracking the gliding motions of microtubules driven by the motor protein kinesin.
Developments in Accelerators Used for Particle Therapy (2015)

After the invention of the cyclotron by Ernest Lawrence and Robert Wilson's suggestion to use the Bragg peak in the depth-dose distribution of protons to apply a high radiation dose selectively into a tumor, the first patient was treated with energetic ions at the Bevatron in Berkeley in 1950. Since then cyclotrons and synchrotrons have been used to accelerate protons and ions for particle therapy. In the first 50 years of particle therapy many treatment facilities were located at laboratory based accelerators, but since 2000 the number of clinical facilities in a hospital based environment is increasing. An overview of developments in and related to the accelerators typically used in this medical application will be presented. This paper will concentrate on developments in cyclotrons and synchrotrons, since these two accelerator types are and are likely to remain the major accelerator types used for therapy in the coming years.
Clusters, Superatoms, and Building Blocks of New Materials (2009)

The physical and chemical properties of cluster systems at the subnano and nanoscale are often found to differ from those of the bulk and display a unique dependence on size, geometry, and composition. Indeed, most interesting are systems which have properties that vary discontinuously with the number of atoms and composition, rather than scale linearly with size. This realm of cluster science where “one atom makes a difference” is undergoing an explosive growth in activity, and as a result of extensive collaborative activities through theory at VCU and experiment at PSU, our groups are recognized as pioneers in this area in which we have been active for many years. Herein we provide an overview of the field with primary focus on our joint undertakings which have spawned the superatom concept, giving rise to a 3-D periodic table of cluster elements and the prospect of using these as building blocks of new nanoscale materials with tailored properties.
Study on Fuel Supplying method and Methanol Concentration Sensor for the High Efficient Operation of Methanol Fuel Cells (1990)

Demands for the the application of fuel cells to home appliances and industrial equipments have been increasing because of their long life and continuous electricity. A methanol fuel cell is so handy that it is profitable to portable use. It is most important for fuel cells to operate them with higher efficiency. A fuel supplying system which could operate the methanol fuel cell with higher efficiency was studied in this paper. Since the consumption ratio of water and methanol in the cell varied with operating conditions, the system which methanol and water, were supplied independently from tanks in the circulating system of anordic electrolyte was adopted firstly. Then, the amounts of methanol and water supply were controlled by methanol concentration and liquid level sensors. The methanol concentration sensor based on electrochemical reaction under constant voltage could accurately detect methanol concentration in the range of 0.4_??_1.5mol/ι. On the other hand, the liquid level sensors were based on the principle that short circuit current flowed while they were immersed in anordic electrolyte, and were arranged at the upper, middle and bottom of the liquid level. As the result of operating the methanol fuel cell with this fuel supplying system, high efficient and stable characteristics of the cell within the variation of ±0.1mol/ι of specified of methanol concentration could be obtained.
Plant Propagation Through Tissue Cultures (1974)

THE ORCHIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 STAGES OF THE TISSUE CULTURE METHOD 138 Stage L Establishment of the Aseptic Culture . 139 Stage II: Multiplication of Propagula ......... , ........ ... . .. . ... . . ...... . . 140 Stage III: Preparation for Reestablishment of Plants in Soil . 140 REQUIREMENTS OF EACH STAGE ...... , . . .... ... . .. .... . .. ... . .. ... ..... . 140 The Explant of Stage I . 148 The Nutrient Medium . 150
Metallic Nanoparticle Based Interconnect for Heterogeneous 3D Integration (2016)

We explored the properties and performance of copper-based metallic nanoparticle paste (MNPs) for interconnects applications in 3D heterogeneous integration. A patterning method was developed to process micron sized sintered MNPs structures. This enables the fabrication of IC interconnect test structures to characterise specific resistivity sintered MNPs and the contact resistances of sintered MNP to bulk copper (bCu) which was respectively 78.4 mOhm.micrometer and 0.23 Ohm.micrometer2. In situ XRD analysis showed no oxidation of MNPs at processing temperatures below 100 oC. When Copper based MNPs are sintered under forming gas conditions, no oxidation of copper is measured. With in situ TEM at a temperature range of 220 -- 260 oC local melting of copper nanoparticles was observed. This is in agreement with the electrical measurements, the resistivity and contact resistance are considerably reduced when MNPs is sintered in this temperature range. Copper-based MNPs is successfully applied as die attach and wafer to wafer (W2W) bonding. However, for W2W bonding, the specific contact resistance was 800 Ohm.micrometer2.
Photosensitive Polyimide Siloxane (1984)

A photosensitive silicone polyamic acid is described. This material is easily prepared directly from the precursor silicone polyamic acid. Properties and characteristics of this polymer system are discussed including handling, use, and practical photochemistry. Thermal tempering of the photosensitive or crosslinked polymer gives the polyimide siloxane which has been previously shown to be an excellent candidate as an insulating polymer in electronics. The use of such a directly patternable polyimide for dielectric and passivation applications, particularly in microelectronics, should become increasingly important as polyimides become more widely accepted in the industry.
Regulation of CO2 assimilation in Ralstonia eutropha: premature transcription termination within the cbb operon (1996)

In the facultatively chemoautotrophic bacterium Ralstonia eutropha (formerly Alcaligenes eutrophus), most genes required for CO2 assimilation via the Calvin cycle are organized within two highly homologous cbb operons located on the chromosome and on megaplasmid pHG1, respectively, of strain H16. These operons are subject to tight control exerted by a promoter upstream of the 5'-terminal cbbL gene that is regulated by the activator CbbR. The existence of subpromoters within the operons was now excluded, as determined with lacZ operon fusions to suitable cbb gene fragments in the promoter-probe vector pBK. Nevertheless, marked differential expression of the promoter-proximal ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase genes cbbLS and the remaining distal genes occurs within the operons. Computer analysis revealed a potential stem-loop structure immediately downstream of cbbS that was suspected to be involved in the differential gene expression. Nuclease S1 mapping identified a major 3' end and a minor 3' end of the relatively stable cbbLS partial transcript just downstream of this structure. Moreover, operon fusions containing progressively deleted stem-loop structures showed that the structure primarily caused transcriptional termination downstream of cbbS rather than increased the segmental stability of the cbbLS transcript. Premature transcription termination thus represents an important mechanism leading to differential gene expression within the cbb operons.
Thermal barrier coatings by electron beam-physical vapor deposition of zirconia co-doped with yttria and niobia (2010)

Abstract: The most usual ceramic material for coating turbine blades is yttria doped zirconia. Addition of niobia, as a co-dopant in the Y2O3-ZrO2 system, can reduce the thermal conductivity and improve mechanical properties of the coating. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the influence of the addition of niobia on the microstructure and thermal properties of the ceramic coatings. SEM on coatings fractured cross-section shows a columnar structure and the results of XRD show only zirconia tetragonal phase in the ceramic coating for the chemical composition range studied. As the difference NbO2,5-YO1,5 mol percent increases, the tetragonality increases. A significant reduction of the thermal conductivity, measured by laser flash technique in the zirconia coating co-doped with yttria and niobia when compared with zirconia-yttria coating was observed.
Scheduling in time-correlated wireless networks with imperfect CSI and stringent constraint (2014)

In a wireless network, the efficiency of scheduling algorithms over time-varying channels depends heavily on the accuracy of the Channel State Information (CSI), which is usually quite “costly” in terms of consuming network resources. Scheduling in such systems is also subject to stringent constraints such as power and bandwidth, which limit the maximum number of simultaneous transmissions. In the meanwhile, communication channels in wireless systems typically fluctuate in a time-correlated manner. We hence design schedulers to exploit the temporal-correlation inherent in channels with memory and Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) feedback from the users for better channel state knowledge, under the assumption of Markovian channels and the stringent constraint on the maximum number of simultaneously active users. We model this problem under the framework of a Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes. In recent work, a low-complexity optimal solution was developed for this problem under a long-term time-average resource constraint. However, in real systems with instantaneous resource constraints, how to optimally exploit the temporal correlation and satisfy realistic stringent constraint on the instantaneous service remains elusive. In this work, we incorporate a stringent constraint on the simultaneously scheduled users and propose a low-complexity scheduling algorithm that dynamically implements user scheduling and dummy packet broadcasting. We show that the throughput region of the optimal policy under the long-term average resource constraint can be asymptotically achieved in the stringent constrained scenario by the proposed algorithm, in the many users limiting regime.
New single-mask approach to bubble device fabrication (1983)

Permalloy devices with two separate levels of fine permalloy and conductor patterns have been fabricated by the use of a single-mask process. This process makes possible the production of devices having an essentially conventional design in addition to a completely planar structure. The features of this new process include 1) preparation of a reticle on which patterns for both permalloy and conductor layers are superimposed, 2) use of SiO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> , Mo/Au/Mo, SiO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> , permalloy, and TiO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> thin films deposited sequentially on the bubble materials, and 3) simultaneous delineation of both photoresist patterns with two different thicknesses and of the desired patterns by CF <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</inf> plasma etching and ion-milling.
Determination of the secondary structure and folding topology of human interleukin-4 using three-dimensional heteronuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1992)

The secondary structure of human recombinant interleukin-4 (IL-4) has been investigated by three-dimensional (3D) 15N- and 13C-edited nuclear Overhauser (NOE) spectroscopy on the basis of the 1H, 15N, and 13C assignments presented in the preceding paper [Powers, R., Garrett, D. S., March, C. J., Frieden, E. A., Gronenborn, A. M., & Clore, G. M. (1992) Biochemistry (preceding paper in this issue)]. Based on the NOE data involving the NH, C alpha H, and C beta H protons, as well as 3JHN alpha coupling constant, amide exchange, and 13C alpha and 13C beta secondary chemical shift data, it is shown that IL-4 consists of four long helices (residues 9-21, 45-64, 74-96, and 113-129), two small helical turns (residues 27-29 and 67-70), and a mini antiparallel beta-sheet (residues 32-34 and 110-112). In addition, the topological arrangement of the helices and the global fold could be readily deduced from a number of long-range interhelical NOEs identified in the 3D 13C-edited NOE spectrum in combination with the spatial restrictions imposed by three disulfide bridges. These data indicate that the helices of interleukin-4 are arranged in a left-handed four-helix bundle with two overhand connections.
The evolution of ROSE: an engineering object-oriented database system (2002)

ROSE, an object-oriented database system for engineering applications, has recently been reengineered as part of the DARPA Initiative in Concurrent Engineering (DICE). The lessons learned from the first version of the system and the reasons for redesigning it are discussed. A detailed example illustrating how engineering applications tightly integrated with a ROSE database are built is presented. The role of the ROSE system in the DICE project and future plans for the system are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Structural and mechanical basis of exercise-induced muscle injury (1992)

It is well documented in both animal and human studies that unaccustomed, particularly eccentric, muscle exercise may cause damage of muscle fiber contractile and cytoskeletal components. These injuries typically include: Z-band streaming and dissolution, A-band disruption, disintegration of the intermediate filament system, and misalignment of the myofibrils. The mechanical basis for this damage is suggested to be due to the fiber strain magnitude rather than the absolute stress imposed on the fiber. We hypothesize that eccentric contraction-induced damage occurs early in the treatment period, i.e., within the first few minutes. The structural abnormalities predominate in the fast-twitch glycolytic fibers. In the final section of this paper, we hypothesize a damage scheme, based on the muscle fiber oxidative capacity as a determining factor.
Thermally induced marangoni instability of liquid microjets with application to continuous inkjet printing (2006)

We present an integrated microfluidic device for producing multiple steady steams of picoliter-sized droplets at kilohertz frequency rates. The device has a pressurized reservoir that feeds hundreds of active nozzles, each of which produces a continuous jet of fluid. The jets are inherently unstable, and can be individually thermally modulated at the orifice to produce droplets with a welldefined volume, at a consistent distance downstream from the nozzle. The thermal modulation at the orifice causes a variation in surface tension that propagates downstream inducing Marangoni instability, which is the underlying cause of drop formation. Controlled thermal modulation of each jet is achieved using CMOS/MEMS technology wherein a resistive heater element is integrated into the nozzle surrounding each orifice. In this presentation we discuss the operating physics of this device, methods for modeling its performance, and its application to high-speed continuous inkjet printing.
Molecular docking based screening of neem-derived compounds with the NS1 protein of Influenza virus (2015)

NS1 protein - Non Structural 1 protein, NA - Neuraminidase, HA - Hemagglutinin, M - Yersinia enterocolitica 8081, ypk - Yersinia pestis KIM, yps - Yersinia pseudotuberculosis Db1, KEGG - Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, KO - KEGG Orthology, KOBAS - KO Based Annotation System.
Transdermal fentanyl compared with parenteral buprenorphine in post-surgical pain in swine: a case study (2000)

The use of pigs as research animals in survival surgery has increased greatly in the last 15 years. Personnel conducting pig research have been hampered by a lack of proven long-acting analgesics for treatment of surgical pain of longer duration, and by a lack of reliable non-subjective parameters for the assessment of pain relief. The efficacy of the mixed opioid agonist-antagonist buprenorphine hydrochloride 0.10 mg/kg pr (n = 2) in the treatment of post-thoracotomy pain was compared with that of a transdermal therapeutic system (TTS) delivering 25 microg/h (n = 3) or 50 microg/h (n = 2) of the mu opioid agonist fentanyl hydrochloride. Food consumption, pain score, activity level and rate of movement were assessed under four conditions: normal pre-operative control (24h), pre-operative with analgesic alone (24h) and post-operative days 1, 2, 3 (72h). Serum concentration-time curves for fentanyl in clinical cases revealed that female Yorkshire cross pigs weighing 26.2+ 2.1 kg achieved serum values in the recognized human therapeutic range when treated with TTS fentanyl at 50 microg/h and experienced adequate pain control. Pigs treated with 25 microg/h TTS fentanyl had serum levels below the human analgesic range, experienced less adequate analgesia, and required supplemental analgesia in some cases. Based on existing pharmacokinetic data for fentanyl in pigs, the rate of uptake of TTS fentanyl when attached on inter-scapular skin was lower than predicted. Clinical pain scores and time intervals between each major postural change were not affected by analgesics in the absence of pain, but increased in all groups after surgery regardless of treatment. Food consumption was unaffected by analgesic treatment alone but decreased in all groups after surgery regardless of treatment. Analgesic effects on postoperative activity level were variable. TTS fentanyl at appropriate doses is a cost effective means of delivering basal analgesia following major surgery in pigs.
Digital goes analog (1998)

If we continue to increase the complexity of ICs at the same pace as we did from 1960 onwards, this complexity will have reached a level of half a billion transistors per chip, within a decade from now. And the clock period is 'expected' to be well below the one nanosecond. Even if we don't believe these excessive numbers, design styles and methods need to be changed to fully exploit the potentials of IC complexity and performance, as predicted by the Semiconductor Industrial Association (SIA) roadmap. In this paper the consequences for deep-submicron IC design will be discussed, with focus on future trends of power, speed, reliability and signal integrity. The increasing dominance of physical effects that create interference and noise in VLSI designs, more and more requires analog measures to limit their influence.
A Dynamic Conditional Access System for IPTV Multimedia Systems (2009)

An IPTV system that transmits contents through an IP network needs to adopt a conditional access system allowing only authorized subscribers to view premium content as in other Pay-TV systems. IPTV systems adopting one of conditional access systems provided by a specific major vendor have a difficulty in changing the conditional access system loaded on a set-top box or on a removable hardware device, such as Smart card. However, a software download scheme through an IP network enables an IPTV set-top box to change the existing conditional access system in a secure way. This paper proposes a dynamic conditional access system for an IPTV set-top box that securely downloads cryptographic software and dynamically executes the cryptographic software when it is required. Therefore, the proposed system enables an IPTV multimedia system to provide seamless conditional access services to IPTV subscribers without rebooting the IPTV set-top box or replacing a hardware security device while changing the running cryptographic software.
Clinical Aspects of Iron Deficiency (1965)

In 100 hospitalized older patients with iron-deficiency anemia, the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) varied with the degree of anemia, but the degree of poikilocytosis and cell size did not; in 21 patients mean corpuscular volumes (MCV's) were normal or above normal. Nucleated red blood cells (RBC's) were seen on the blood smears of 22 patients. Platelet counts often were considerably increased. Diameters of primitive bonemarrow erythroblasts were smaller than those of normal persons. Chronic, occult bleeding from the gastrointestinal tract was the usual cause of iron loss. More than 12 different gastrointestinal lesions were found in this group; no one type of lesion predominated. In 21 patients no source of blood loss could be found.
Carbon-14 fluorinated prostaglandins: synthesis and biological evaluation of the methyl esters of (+)-14-fluoro-, (+)-15-epi-14-fluoro-, (+)-13(E)-14-fluoro-, and (+)-13(E)-15-epi-14-fluoroprostaglandin F2.alpha. (1980)

The synthesis and biological evaluation of the methyl esters of (+)-14-fluoroPGF2 alpha, (+)-15-epi-14-fluoroPGF2 alpha, (+)-13(E)-14-fluoroPGF2 alpha, and (+)-13(E)-15-epi-14-fluoroPGF2 alpha are described. Each fluoroprostaglandin has been evaluated for pregnancy interruption in the hamster and smooth-muscle stimulating effects on gerbil colon and hamster uterine strips.
Two-Dimensional FT-IR Spectroscopy: A Powerful Method to Study the Secondary Structure of Proteins Using H-D Exchange (1997)

Two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy has been used for the first time to study the conformation of proteins by hydrogen–deuterium exchange. In order to generate the two-dimensional synchronous and asynchronous maps, hydrogen–deuterium exchange of the amide protons of proteins deposited on attenuated total reflection crystals has been used as an external perturbation. Owing to the fact that the amide protons associated with each conformation are not exchanged at the same rate, the different conformational contributions of the amide bands could be separated. The use of different sampling time domains turned out to be very helpful in order to separate more efficiently the fast kinetics from the slower ones. The results obtained on myoglobin show that this method is particularly useful to unravel the different components under the poorly resolved amide I, II, and II' bands of proteins. The analysis of the synchronous and asynchronous maps of myoglobin demonstrates that the amide I band of this protein is composed of at least four components that could be assigned to α-helical, intermolecular β-sheet, β-turn, and random coil conformations.