gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The reflectometer (1949)

The paper describes a type of directional coupler called a reflectometer used for connecting test equipment to a radio-frequency transmission line. A single loop of wire with a resistor in one arm is mounted at a fixed point and is loosely coupled to both the electric and the magnetic fields of waves in the line. The relative phase of the two fields for a travelling wave depends upon the direction of propagation, and the couplings with these fields are arranged to cancel for one direction of propagation and add for the other. Thus the coupling will detect, or launch, waves travelling in one direction only.This type of coupler was used originally in America to measure the reflected waves in a 400-Mc/s coaxial feeder: hence the name “reflectometer.”1, 2 In the present paper the general theory is given, and a design suitable for waveguides at a wavelength of 10 cm is described. Applications to the monitoring of standing waves and transmitted power in a radar transmitter system and to the testing of radar receiver sensitivities are considered, and the methods which make use of a reflectometer are shown to have considerable advantages over others.
Optic Neuritis and Retinal Ganglion Cell Loss in a Chronic Murine Model of Multiple Sclerosis (2011)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) are neurodegenerative diseases with characteristic inflammatory demyelination in the central nervous system, including the optic nerve. Neuronal and axonal damage is considered to be the main cause of long-term disability in patients with MS. Neuronal loss, including retinal ganglion cell (RGC) apoptosis in eyes with optic neuritis (ON), also occurs in EAE. However, there is significant variability in the clinical course and level of neuronal damage in MS and EAE. The current studies examine the mechanisms and kinetics of RGC loss in C57/BL6 mice immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein to induce a chronic EAE disease. Clinical progression of EAE was scored daily and vision was assessed by optokinetic responses. At various time points, RGCs were counted and optic nerves were examined for inflammatory cell infiltration. Almost all EAE mice develop ON by day 15 post-immunization; however, RGC loss is delayed in these mice. No RGC loss is detected 25 days post-immunization, whereas RGC numbers in EAE mice significantly and progressively decrease compared to controls from 35 to 50 days post-immunization. The delayed time course of RGC loss is in stark contrast to that reported in relapsing EAE, as well as in rats with chronic EAE. Results suggest that different clinical disease courses of optic nerve inflammation may trigger distinct mechanisms of neuronal damage, or RGCs in different rodent strains may have variable resistance to neuronal degeneration.
Side-to-Side Nerve Grafts Sustain Chronically Denervated Peripheral Nerve Pathways During Axon Regeneration and Result in Improved Functional Reinnervation (2011)

Multiple side-to-side nerve bridges protect chronically denervated nerve stumps to improve axon regeneration and target reinnervation after delayed nerve repair.
Energy disposal during desorption of D2 from the surface and subsurface region of Ni(111) (2000)

The recombination of surface and subsurface D atoms on Ni(111) has been studied using resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionisation (REMPI) to measure the internal state and translational energy distributions of the desorbing product. By detecting D2 formed during temperature-programmed desorption we were able to examine the reaction between subsurface and surface D atoms, and the recombination of two D atoms chemisorbed on the surface. Translational energy distributions for D2 formed by recombination of surface D are very sensitive to coverage. Desorption from a low coverage surface produced a translational energy release of 2.6 kT, but a thermal rotational distribution, reflecting an entrance channel barrier to dissociative chemisorption on the clean Ni(111) surface. Sticking probabilities predicted from detailed balance are consistent with molecular beam adsorption measurements. Desorption from D coverages above 0.5 ML resulted in a sub-thermal energy release, desorption being mediated by a molecular precursor state with D2 dissociation occurring ia a non-activated, trapping–dissociation channel. In contrast, the reaction of subsurface D produces translationally hot D2, with a mean energy approaching 8 kTs at 180 K. This is consistent with the energetics for direct recombination of a chemisorbed D atom with a metastable subsurface D atom, which overcomes an activation barrier to resurface of between 0.35 and 0.47 eV depending on D concentration. The energy release decreases at higher temperature, probably as a result of a reduction in the energy of resurfacing D as the subsurface D concentration drops. This low energy component is attributed to accommodation of resurfacing D which is unable to react directly, followed by slow thermal desorption ia the high coverage, surface D recombination channel. No internal rotational or vibration excitation was found in D2 formed by reaction of subsurface D.
Fatigue damage estimation and data‐based control for wind turbines (2015)

The focus of this work is on fatigue estimation and data‐based controller design for wind turbines. The main purpose is to include a model of the fatigue damage of the wind turbine components in the controller design and synthesis process. This study addresses an online fatigue estimation method based on hysteresis operators, which can be used in control loops. The authors propose a data‐based model predictive control (MPC) strategy that incorporates an online fatigue estimation method through the objective function, where the ultimate goal in mind is to reduce the fatigue damage of the wind turbine components. The outcome is an adaptive or self‐tuning MPC strategy for wind turbine fatigue damage reduction, which relies on parameter identification on previous measurement data. The results of the proposed strategy are compared with a baseline model predictive controller.
Catalytic Control of NOx, CO, and NMHC Emissions From Stationary Diesel and Dual-Fuel Engines (1992)

Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) and oxidation catalyst technology have been applied to a stationary diesel and dual-fuel (natural gas and #2 diesel) engine for catalytic control of nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and nonmethane hydrocarbon (NMHC) emissions. At rated conditions, NOx emissions have been effectively reduced by up to 90 percent, with little loss of SCR catalyst performance after 850 hours of operation. Using adequate control of the ammonia (NH3) feed, the SCR system was capable of maintaining NH3 slip to 10 ppm or less. CO and NMHC were reduced by 93 and 85 percent, respectively. Little soot was observed on the surface of the catalyst due to the use of a catalyst system that minimizes the buildup of heavy hydrocarbons on the catalyst surface. In addition, the catalyst structure effectively resisted the buildup of sulfur compounds that could cause premature deactivation of the catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Efficient One‐Pot Synthesis of 7‐Azacoumarins by Knoevenagel Reaction Using Water as Reaction Medium. (1998)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Containment control with multiple stationary or dynamic leaders under a directed interaction graph (2009)

In this paper, we study the problem of distributed containment control of a group of mobile autonomous agents with multiple stationary or dynamic leaders under fixed and switching directed network topologies. In the case of stationary leaders, we show necessary and sufficient conditions on the network topology such that all followers will ultimately converge to the stationary convex hull formed by the stationary leaders for arbitrary initial states in both continuous-time and discrete-time settings. In particular, when the network topology is fixed, the final states of the followers are constant. When the network topology is switching, the final states of the followers might be changing depending on the switching graphs. In the case of dynamic leaders, we propose a distributed tracking control algorithm without velocity measurements and derive conditions on the network topology and the control gain to guarantee that all followers will ultimately converge to the dynamic convex hull formed by the dynamic leaders for arbitrary initial states.
Luminescence of Tiopronin Monolayer-Protected Silver Clusters Changes To That of Gold Clusters upon Galvanic Core Metal Exchange (2003)

Water-soluble tiopronin monolayer-protected silver clusters (Ag MPCs), with 1.6 nm average diameter cores, exhibit visible luminescence at 500 nm with a quantum yield estimated near 10-4 when excited at 400 nm. The Ag MPCs become organic-soluble upon conversion to poly(ethylene glycol) quaternary ammonium salts of the carboxylates of the N-2-mercaptopropionylglycine ligand monolayer. The Ag MPC luminescence becomes more intense in nonpolar organic solvents. The luminescence may arise from interband recombination transitions between the d band and the sp conduction band. Atoms in the Ag MPC core can be replaced by Au atoms via a galvanic metal exchange reaction between the silver clusters and Au(I)[SCH2(C6H4)C(CH3)3]. The reaction was detected by observing the time-dependent change of the surface plasmon absorbance and emission spectra of the Ag MPC to spectra characteristic of Au MPCs. The reaction was also assessed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and elemental analysis.
Classifier Transferability in the Detection of Error Related Potentials from Observation to Interaction (2013)

A challenge in brain computer interface (BCI) applications is the reduction of time required for the acquisition of training data, which is needed for a user specific calibration of a BCI. This paper proposes an application oriented approach to minimize the calibration time by transferring a classifier between different types of error related potentials (ErrPs). A classifier trained to detect a certain brain pattern is used to later detect a brain pattern which is expected to be similar to the first one. In the here presented approach, two different tasks (interaction task/observation task) are performed within one scenario which is developed to generate two types of ErrPs: interaction ErrPs and observation ErrPs. Since almost twice as much training data can be generated while performing the observation task compared to the interaction task within the same calibration time, we use the classifier trained on the data containing observation ErrPs to evaluate it's performance on the data containing the interaction ErrPs. Presented results support our approach. We show that a single trial detection of interaction ErrPs using the classifier trained on observation ErrPs is possible and results on average in a high detection performance of 0.77 balanced accuracy [(TPR+TNR)/2], i.e., an average of recognition rate of correct and erroneous trials of 77%. Without such classifier transfer, the classification performance of observation and interaction ErrPs is on average slightly higher (0.80 and 0.81 balanced accuracy, respectively). Our results suggest that classifier transfer is feasible and reduces calibration time. This is a relevant result from the perspective of applying an ErrP-based brain-computer interface in a realistic scenario in robotics.
The 1<sup>st</sup> Level &#x00026; 2<sup>nd</sup> Level Solder Joint Reliability Co-design for Larger Die Flip Chip Package (2007)

This work focuses on co-design of the 1 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">st</sup> level and 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">nd</sup> level solder joint reliability analysis of a flip chip package, with large die. Model with all the layered structures for the build up substrate is compared with the compact model of equivalent substrate. Two 1 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">st</sup> level solder bumps are modeled along with the 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">nd</sup> level solder balls. The fatigue life of 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">nd</sup> level solder joint is estimated by the Darveaux's method. Inelastic strain energy density per cycle accumulated in the solder bumps during thermal cycling is used to predict the trend of fatigue life for the 1 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">st</sup> level bumps. Model with and without heat spreader are considered in this study. Then a series of parametric study is performed by varying different crucial package dimensions which play an important role in solder fatigue life. Effects of die thickness, substrate thickness and heat spreader type on solder fatigue life are analyzed in this paper.
Active load modulation for contactless near-field communication (2012)

To integrate NFC functionality in Smartphones and mobile, personal devices requires small loop antennas and specific constructions. For card mode operation there is a physical limit for the minimum antenna size to achieve standard conformance with conventional, passive load modulation. Active load modulation (ALM) can overcome this limitation and allows to construct very small antennas, but other problems arise to fit into existing infrastructure. We consider NFC antennas and present a new ALM concept in construction and function, which can overcome these problems, and we present first comparative results for the performance gain.
Thermal stresses induced by a point heat source in a circular plate by quasi-static approach (2011)

The present paper deals with the determination of quasi-static thermal stresses due to an instantaneous point heat source of strength gpi situated at certain circle along the radial direction of the circular plate and releasing its heat spontaneously at time t = τ. A circular plate is considered having arbitrary initial temperature and subjected to time dependent heat flux at the fixed circular boundary of r = b. The governing heat conduction equation is solved by using the integral transform method, and results are obtained in series form in terms of Bessel functions. The mathematical model has been constructed for copper material and the thermal stresses are discussed graphically.
Continuous-wave mode-locked Nd:YAG-pumped subpicosecond dye lasers (1983)

The second harmonic of a cw mode-locked Nd:YAG laser using KTiOPO(4) has resulted in 0.532-microm optical pulses of 39-psec duration with a conversion efficiency of 18%. Stable, reproducible optical pulses of 0.24-psec duration have been obtained in a synchronously pumped linear cavity, containing both gain and saturable-absorber dye jets. Optical pulses of duration 0.15 psec have been achieved in a synchronously pumped ring cavity, but not without instabilities.
A thread synchronization model for SIP servlet containers (2009)

Multi-threaded SIP servlet containers pose difficult synchronization problems to application developers. On the one hand, if a container automatically locks resources for servlets according to some fixed protocol, this protocol is not likely to be appropriate for all applications. It may degrade performance or even introduce deadlock in some applications. On the other hand, leaving application programmers to code synchronization---while flexible---is prone to error. The logic to both infer the resources a servlet requires and then to lock the required resources is complex and cross-cutting. This "synchronization logic" can easily obscure an application's "business logic." Interleaving synchronization code with business code makes an application difficult to maintain and extend.
Using Computational Fluid Dynamics Modeling and Ultrasonic Doppler Velocimetry To Study Pulp Suspension Mixing (2007)

In this study, the flow field of a cylindrical pulp mixing chest equipped with a side-entering impeller was modeled using commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) software (Fluent) with the rheology of the pulp suspension approximated using the Herschel−Bulkley model. To validate the model, CFD results for the power and velocity field were compared to experimental data. Ultrasonic Doppler velocimetry (UDV), a noninvasive fluid flow measurement technique for opaque systems, was used to measure pulp suspension velocity. In order to calculate the mixing time, an unsteady state solver in Fluent was applied to monitor the tracer species concentration as a function of time in the tank. The validated CFD model provided useful information regarding the mixing time and the formation of the cavern around the impeller in the mixing of pulp suspension. The size of cavern predicted by the CFD model was in good agreement with that calculated using Solomon's model.
Mechanical Planarization Technology. The Current State of Processing and Problems of Chemical-Mechanical Polishing on the Semiconductor Device Manufacturing. (1996)

デバイス製造プロセスにCMP法を導入する場合,最も重要なのが安定した加工性能を得るために装置とプロセスをチューニングすることである.例えば,ポリシング特性を決定するパラメータである(1)スラリー,(2)研磨パッド,(3)加工時のウエハ保持方法,(4)研磨パッドの再生方法や条件を最適化することである.また,デバイス製造プロセス上重要となるのがクリーン化である.装置を構成する部材のクリーン化およびCMP後処理方法を確立することでウエハ汚染や他工程の汚染を防ぐことが必要である.またCMPプロセス特有の問題であるスクラッチングやディッシングを防ぐ工夫を行うことが重要である.新しいコンディショナの開発や終点検出用モニタなどのQC装置の開発が急務である.
<title>Applications of a self-developing photopolymer material: holographic interferometry and high-efficiency diffractive optical elements</title> (1998)

In this paper the applications of a photopolymerizable holographic recording material are discussed. The holographic recording characteristics of the photopolymer include very high diffraction efficiency in transmission mode and relatively low exposure energy, typically tens of milliJoules. The recording material has a resolution of 3000 lines/mm and there is not distortion of slanted gratings. This allows high inter-beam angles in transmission recording and makes the material particularly suitable for the holographic recording of diffractive optical elements. The implications of the resolution limit and other material properties for DOE fabrication are discussed in some detail and results for the recording of on- and off-axis focusing and beam splitting diffractive optical elements are presented. One of the most significant advantages of this material is that it is self-developing. As well as making ordinary transmission holography and DOE recording more convenient, this makes the material particularly useful for both live fringe and double exposure holographic interferometry. Live fringes can be viewed as soon as any stress is applied to the object. This material's unique self-developing properties also mean that the growth of the diffraction efficiency of a holographically recorded DOE can be monitored as it is being recorded. This type of on-line control is extremely useful in DOE fabrication particularly when controlling the ratio of beam splitters.
Effects of Proteolytic Activity of Thermolactic Cultures on Physical Properties of Mozzarella Cheese (1991)

The effect of proteolytic activity over time on physical parameters of Mozzarella cheese was examined. The proteolytic activity of a collection of commercial strains of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus salivarius ssp. thermophilus was determined by the 0-phthaldialdehyde test. Characteristics of trial vats (6 L) of Mozzarella cheese manufactured using single or paired strains either high or deficient in proteolytic activity were compared with Mozzarella cheese manufactured by direct acidification. Cheeses were analyzed for cook color by a reflectance colorimeter, melt by a tube test, and stretch by a helical viscometer at 1,7, 14, and 28 d of storage at 4'C. Cheese made with single strains of proteinasedeficient L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgan'cus exhibited less browning, greater melting, and less stretch than cheese made with single proteolytic strains. Cheese made with pairs of proteinasedeficient strains of L. delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus and S. salivarius ssp. thermophilus showed less browning and melting, but no difference in stretch compared with cheese made with proteinase-positive pairs. All cultured cheese had greater stretch, melt, and more browning than direct acid cheese after 1 d
Estimation of the true ileal digestible lysine and sulfur amino acid requirement and comparison of the bioefficacy of 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid and DL-methionine in eleven- to twenty-six-kilogram nursery pigs1,2 (2006)

Three experiments were conducted to determine the true ileal digestible (TID) Lys and sulfur AA (SAA) requirement and to compare the bioefficacy of 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid (HMTBA) and dl-MET as Met sources in nursery pigs. Experiment 1 included 2 studies: 1 was 662 nursery pigs (Triumph 4 x PIC C22; initial BW 12.2 +/- 0.18 kg) allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments with TID Lys concentrations ranging from 1.10 to 1.50%; and the second study was 665 nursery pigs (Triumph 4 x PIC C22; initial BW 12.3 +/- 0.18 kg) allotted to 1 of 5 dietary treatments with TID SAA concentration ranging from 0.63 to 0.90%. In Exp. 2, 638 nursery pigs (Triumph 4 x PIC C22; initial BW 13.0 +/- 0.16 kg) were allotted to the same 5 SAA dietary treatments as in Exp. 1. In Exp. 3, 1,232 pigs (Triumph 4 x PIC C22; initial BW 11.0 +/- 0.30 kg) were allotted to 1 of 7 dietary treatments. The basal diet (diet 1) was supplemented with high concentrations of synthetic AA but no Met; this resulted in a dietary concentration of TID Lys of 1.30% and TID SAA of 0.50%. Diets 2 to 7 were the basal diet supplemented with 3 equimolar levels of HMTBA or dl-MET to provide TID SAA concentrations of 0.56, 0.62, and 0.68%, respectively. In Exp. 1, increasing TID Lys from 1.10 to 1.50% increased ADG (quadratic; P < 0.05) and improved G:F (linear; P < 0.002). The pooled data of Exp. 1 (SAA study) and Exp. 2 indicated that increasing TID SAA from 0.63 to 0.90% increased ADG (quadratic; P < 0.01) and improved G:F (quadratic; P < 0.01). Various methods of analyzing the growth response surface indicated that the optimal TID Lys concentration ranged from 1.28 to 1.32% for ADG (Exp. 1), and the optimal TID SAA concentration ranged from 0.73 to 0.77% for ADG and 0.80 to 0.83% for G:F (pooled Exp. 1 and 2), respectively. In Exp. 3, increasing TID SAA concentrations from 0.50 to 0.68% resulted in a linear improvement of ADG (P < 0.001), ADFI (P < 0.05), and G:F (P < 0.001). The best fit comparison of HMTBA and dl-MET was determined by the Schwartz Bayesian Information Criteria index, which indicated the average relative efficacy of HMTBA vs. dl-MET was 111%, with 95% confidence interval of 83 to 138%, within the range of TID SAA tested. Thus, the TID Lys and SAA requirements of modern lean-genotype pigs from 11- to 26-kg were greater than the 1998 NRC recommendations, and both HMTBA and dl-MET as Met sources can supply equimolar amounts of Met activity.