gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Criteria for Gas-Lift Stability (1988)

Summary Severe flow instability (heading or annulus heading) is known from operations of gas-lift systems. Here, two simple stability criteria are developed and compared with reported field data. The stability problems experienced for the cases examined would have been identified with these criteria and corrected at the design stage. Introduction The currently used principles for gas-lift design were established during the early 1950's. They provide relations betweengas injection pressure and the most efficient point of injection andgas injection rate and the production rate to be expected. From these relations, standardized procedures for gas-lift design have been worked out. Works on application and optimization of the procedures have provided further insight into the interrelations between gas-lift design and economic performance. Often-unstated assumptions of gas-lift design are that it will be possible to inject gas at a constant downhole rate and that the resultant production rate will be stable. This is not necessarily true; severe flow instability is well known in the actual operation of gas-lift systems. Variations in pressure and flow rate are observed in all multiphase flow systems, even in pumping wells, because of redistribution of gas and liquids. They cause relatively small short-duration pressure and flow changes. Alone, this has little effect on the continuity of production. In a gas-lift system, however, it may trigger system instabilities. API recommends that, for the sizing of pipes receiving gas-lifted production, a "surge factor" of 40 to 50% should be added to the estimated steady-state flow rate, compared with 20% for naturally flowing wells. Intended as guidelines for cases where more definite information is lacking, these numbers may indicate something about the uncertainties concerning the flow instabilities during gas lift. Bertuzzi et al. observed that when the lift-gas input rate was reduced below a certain minimum, violent heading would occur and the liquid production would eventually cease. They postulated that "a sudden drop in pressure in the tubing brought about a sudden surge of gas into the tubing. The volume of gas surging into the tubing is dependent on the pressure and volume of gas in the annular space. If the pressure in the annular space dropped too much, gas ceased to flow into the tubing." More recently, gas-lift insta-bilities have led to shutdowns of wells in the Claymore field. This was amended by replacement of the downhole injection valve by a fixed orifice. Flow instabilities have also been observed and analyzed for simple air-lift pumps. This is related to gas-lift instability. However, the inflow mechanisms of a gas-lift system are considerably more complicated than for an air-lift pump. Besides, the friction dampening will be much larger in a gas-lift system because of order-of-magnitude-larger flow length. Thus, the dominating mechanisms of instability will be quite different.
Enhanced Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation after Focal Ischemia in Rat Brain (1998)

Nitric oxide from neuronal cells plays detrimental roles in glutamate neurotoxicity and in focal brain ischemia. Nitric oxide directly damages DNA, and breaks in the DNA strands activate poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), which brings poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of the nuclear proteins. The excessive activation of PARP is thought to cause depletion of ATP and the energy failure resulting in cell death. To clarify the involvement of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in ischemic insult, we examined poly(ADP ribosyl)ation by immunohistochemical methods and the protective effect of 3-aminobenzamide, which is a PARP inhibitor, on focal brain ischemia using an intraluminal permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion model in rats. Poly(ADP ribosyl)ation was widely and markedly detected 2 hours after the ischemic insult in the cerebral cortex and striatum in which infarction developed 24 hours later. The enhanced immunoreactivity of poly(ADP-ribose) gradually decreased, and 16 hours later, no immunoreactivity was detected. Intraventricular administration of 3-aminobenzamide (1 to 30 mg/kg) 30 minutes before the ischemic insult decreased infarction volume in a dose-dependent manner along with the immunohistochemical reduction of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. Pretreatment with 7-nitroindazole (25 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), a selective neuronal nitric oxide synthetase inhibitor, partially reduced poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. These data suggest the involvement of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation in the development of cerebral infarction.
Robust Audio Watermarking Scheme Based on Nonuniform Discrete Fourier Transform (2006)

To enhance security and robustness of digital audio watermarking algorithms, this paper proposes a robust audio watermarking scheme based on nonuniform discrete Fourier transform (NDFT), where the embedding watermark frequency points are selected by secret key. The proposed method has good security because NDFT transform can set up sampling points with any interval in frequency domain as the requested. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme not only makes sure robustness against common attacks, but it also further improves systemic security and robustness against malicious attack
The<i>Lymnaea</i>Cardioexcitatory Peptide (LyCEP) Receptor: A G-Protein–Coupled Receptor for a Novel Member of the RFamide Neuropeptide Family (1998)

A novel G-protein-coupled receptor (GRL106) resembling neuropeptide Y and tachykinin receptors was cloned from the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis. Application of a peptide extract from the Lymnaea brain to Xenopus oocytes expressing GRL106 activated a calcium-dependent chloride channel. Using this response as a bioassay, we purified the ligand for GRL106, Lymnaea cardioexcitatory peptide (LyCEP), an RFamide-type decapeptide (TPHWRPQGRF-NH2) displaying significant similarity to the Achatina cardioexcitatory peptide (ACEP-1) as well as to the recently identified family of mammalian prolactin-releasing peptides. In the Lymnaea brain, the cells that produce egg-laying hormone are the predominant site of GRL106 gene expression and appear to be innervated by LyCEP-containing fibers. Indeed, LyCEP application transiently hyperpolarizes isolated egg-laying hormone cells. In the Lymnaea pericardium, LyCEP-containing fibers end blindly at the pericardial lumen, and the heart is stimulated by LyCEP in vitro. These data confirm that LyCEP is an RFamide ligand for GRL106.
Automatic organ localizations on 3D CT images by using majority-voting of multiple 2D detections based on local binary patterns and Haar-like features (2013)

This paper describes an approach to accomplish the fast and automatic localization of the different inner organ regions on 3D CT scans. The proposed approach combines object detections and the majority voting technique to achieve the robust and quick organ localization. The basic idea of proposed method is to detect a number of 2D partial appearances of a 3D target region on CT images from multiple body directions, on multiple image scales, by using multiple feature spaces, and vote all the 2D detecting results back to the 3D image space to statistically decide one 3D bounding rectangle of the target organ. Ensemble learning was used to train the multiple 2D detectors based on template matching on local binary patterns and Haar-like feature spaces. A collaborative voting was used to decide the corner coordinates of the 3D bounding rectangle of the target organ region based on the coordinate histograms from detection results in three body directions. Since the architecture of the proposed method (multiple independent detections connected to a majority voting) naturally fits the parallel computing paradigm and multi-core CPU hardware, the proposed algorithm was easy to achieve a high computational efficiently for the organ localizations on a whole body CT scan by using general-purpose computers. We applied this approach to localization of 12 kinds of major organ regions independently on 1,300 torso CT scans. In our experiments, we randomly selected 300 CT scans (with human indicated organ and tissue locations) for training, and then, applied the proposed approach with the training results to localize each of the target regions on the other 1,000 CT scans for the performance testing. The experimental results showed the possibility of the proposed approach to automatically locate different kinds of organs on the whole body CT scans.
Synthesis and anthelmintic activity of a series of of pyrazino[2,1-a][2]benzazepine derivatives (1989)

A series of 1,2,3,4,6,7,8,12b-octahydropyrazino[2,1-alpha][2] benzazepine derivatives was prepared and the cestocidal activity of the compounds evaluated in an in vitro Taenia crassiceps screen. Many of these derivatives proved to be highly active, and 2-(cyclohexylcarbonyl)-4-oxo-1,2,3,4,6,7,8,12b- octahydropyrazino[2,1-alpha][2]benzazepine, epsiprantel (BAN) (22), was selected for further development. The structure-activity relationships are discussed.
Adequacy of the International 10–20 Electrode System for Computed Neurophysiologic Topography (1990)

The adequacy of the International 10-20 System is reviewed in light of demands imposed on the accuracy of lead placement by improvements in spatiotemporal brain electrical activity mapping technology. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies reveal that the most frequent sources of inaccuracy of electrode locations are difficulties in defining the inion, variance in the anatomy of the occipital bone, inconspicuous sagittal deformities, variance of sulcal pattern, and brain width asymmetries. Owing to these factors, electrodes placed bilaterally and equidistant from the nasion-inion line may not be homotopically located. Therefore, the authors suggest that practitioners who employ the 10-20 System in order to gain precise and more individualized laterality information do so with extreme caution until the range of placement and interpretative errors is more precisely determined using CT/MRI-assisted EEG.
Therapeutic Ultrasound in Lower Extremity Wound Management (2003)

In medical practice, ultrasound (US) is used for diagnosis and therapy. High-frequency (1-4 MHz) and low-frequency (20-120 KHz) therapeutic US are relevant to wound healing. The heating effects of high-frequency US are important, whereas the mechanical effects of low-frequency US must be considered. The physiological effects of low-frequency US include metabolic enhancement, perfusion, wound cleansing, and the acceleration of wound granulation. The therapeutic efficacy of US depends on dose (W/cm (2) time)and dosage (frequency of application, series). At adequate doses, high-frequency and low-frequency therapeutic US induce in vitro cell proliferation; protein synthesis; and the production of cytokines by fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and monocytes. The mechanical effects of low-frequency US cause transient cavitation in wound surfaces for soft and smooth wound cleaning, ulcer debridement, and the stimulation of granulation. These effects can be determined in clinical studies, though the quality of the studies done so far and of the evidence of the usefulness of US is poor. Nevertheless, high-frequency and low-frequency US may be reasonable options in the management of chronic wounds.
Biological, biochemical, and physicochemical evidence for the existence of the polyadenylic-polyuridylic-polyinosinic acid triplex. (1975)

When primary rabbit kidney cell cultures are treated with either polyadenylic acid-polyuridylic acid or polyadenylic acid-polyribothymidylic acid (poly(rT)) and then judiciously exposed to actinomycin D and cycloheximide, high titers of interferon are found in the extracellular medium ("superinduction") (Vilcek, J. (1970) Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 173, 390-403; Tan, Y. H., Armstrong, J. A., Ke, Y. H., and Ho, M. (1970) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 67, 464-471). If polyinosinic acid is added 1 hour prior to, simultaneously with, or 1 hour after the active interferon inducers, dramatic reductions in interferon production from the "superinduced" cells result. Based on experiments involving sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation, pancreatic ribonuclease A resistance, ultraviolet mixing curves, and ultraviolet absorbance-temperature profiles, the explanation for this phenomenon was determined to be the formation of polynucleotide triplexes in the following way: poly(A)-poly(U) + poly(I) yields poly(A)-poly(U)-poly(I)poly(A)-poly(rT) + poly(I) yields poly(A)-poly(rT)-poly(I). In addition, based on similar methodology, the following reactions involving these triplexes were demonstrated: poly(A)-2 poly(I) + poly(U) yields poly(A)-poly(U)-poly(I) + poly(I)poly(A)-2 poly(I) + poly(rT) yields poly(A)-poly(rT)-poly(I) + poly(I)POLY(A)-2 poly(I) + 2 poly(U) yields poly(A)-2 poly(U) + 2 poly(I) and POLY(A)-poly(U)-poly(I) + poly (U) yields poly(A)-2 poly(U) + poly(I).
Inorganic nanoparticles in porous coordination polymers (2016)

Porous coordination polymers (PCPs) have been recently highlighted because of their high synthetic designability in structure and functions. Because of their ordered nanoporous structures with a large surface area and tunable pore surface functionality, PCPs have emerged as a significant class of nanoporous materials with potential applications in gas storage, separation, catalysis, and chemical sensing. Recent research has shown the utility of PCPs as host materials for the confinement of nanoparticles of inorganic polymers (IPs), such as metals, metal oxides, and metal chalcogenides. The fabrication of IP nanoparticles in PCPs (PCP⊃IP) has been studied for manifesting specific nanosized-dependent properties and host-guest synergistic functions. In this review, we describe the recent progress in the accommodation of IPs in the nanochannels of PCPs and the remarkable functions of the composite materials.
Dynamics of excitons in CuBr nanocrystals: Spectral-hole burning and transient four-wave-mixing measurements (1998)

CuBr nanocrystals (NC's) embedded in a borosilicate glass matrix have been studied by transmission pump-and-probe experiments with both spectral and temporal resolution. Transient as well as persistent spectral hole-burning phenomena are observed in the excitonic absorption of small NC's (mean radius less than 4 nm) when picosecond and nanosecond dye-laser pulses excite selectively NC's of a specific size at low temperatures. The holes consist of a zero-phonon line (at the photon energy of the excitation) and marked phonon sidebands. This structure is explained by a strong exciton--optical-phonon interaction. A value of about 1 of the Huang-Rhys factor $S$ is obtained from the Stokes shifts between absorption and photoluminescence spectra. From the width of zero-phonon holes, a lower limit of 2.3 ps of the exciton dephasing time ${T}_{2}$ is deduced. This value is compared to the one obtained by transient four-wave-mixing measurement (6.4 ps) at low excitation intensities. When the radii of NC's decrease, both types of spectral holes become broader and the persistent spectral-hole burning is more efficient.
Biomechanical Properties of Concussions in High School Football (2010)

These threshold values are nearly identical with those reported at the collegiate and professional level. If the Head Impact Telemetry System were implemented for medical use, sideline personnel can expect to diagnose one of every five athletes with a concussion when the impact exceeds these tolerance levels. Why all athletes did not sustain a concussion when the impacts generated variables in excess of our threshold criteria is not entirely clear, although individual differences between participants may play a role. A similar threshold to concussion in adolescent athletes compared with their collegiate and professional counterparts suggests an equal concussion risk at all levels of play.
The Giant Protein Titin: A Regulatory Node That Integrates Myocyte Signaling Pathways (2011)

Titin, the largest protein in the human body, is well known as a molecular spring in muscle cells and scaffold protein aiding myofibrillar assembly. However, recent evidence has established another important role for titin: that of a regulatory node integrating, and perhaps coordinating, diverse signaling pathways, particularly in cardiomyocytes. We review key findings within this emerging field, including those related to phosphorylation of the titin springs, and also discuss how titin participates in hypertrophic gene regulation and protein quality control.
Adaptive Co-weighting Deep Convolutional Features For Object Retrieval (2018)

Aggregating deep convolutional features into a global image vector has attracted sustained attention in image retrieval. In this paper, we propose an efficient unsupervised aggregation method that uses an adaptive Gaussian filter and an elementvalue sensitive vector to co-weight deep features. Specifically, the Gaussian filter assigns large weights to features of region-of-interests (RoI) by adaptively determining the RoI's center, while the element-value sensitive channel vector suppresses burstiness phenomenon by assigning small weights to feature maps with large sum values of all locations. Experimental results on benchmark datasets validate the proposed two weighting schemes both effectively improve the discrimination power of image vectors. Furthermore, with the same experimental setting, our method outperforms other very recent aggregation approaches by a considerable margin.
Radio-Echo Sounding: Glaciological Interpretations and Applications (1975)

Abstract After a brief review of factors relevant to the propagation of radio waves in ice, problems of profiling the upper and bedrock surfaces of ice sheets are considered. These include deconvolution of echo traces and accurate navigation. Results already available not only provide knowledge of sub-ice geomorphology, but also confirm our general ideas on interaction of temperature and flow in large ice sheets. Difficulties encountered in the study of temperate glaciers appear to be due to irregular dielectric properties of the ice mass, which in turn suggest an irregular distribution of water. In the future, application of radio-echo methods should lead to more detailed knowledge of accumulation and ablation over ice masses, improve our understanding of temperatures at great depths in polar ice sheets, and give data on ice movement from central areas of ice sheets.
Accessibility for the HTML5 <video> element (2009)

In this paper, we describe existing implementations for putting subtitles and captions alongside the HTML5 <video> tag inside Web pages and a proposal for standardizing such approaches, which will make them interoperable and easier to be processed by automated tools. Since video and audio are fundamental data types that any Web user will want to make use of nowadays -- if young or old -- if impaired or not -- a standard means of providing accessibility to such fundamental data types is of utmost importance as part of the standardization process of the <video> and <audio> tags. The proposal is an outcome of a Mozilla grant and of extensive discussions within the Xiph accessibility group. Ideas discussed on the WHATWG mailing list have also been taken into account. Standardization work for this is ongoing.
Posterior subcapsular cataracts and glaucoma associated with long-term oral corticosteroid therapy. In patients with rheumatoid arthritis and related conditions. (1969)

Centrally placed opacities lying under the capsule at theposteriorpart of the lens-posterior subcapsular cataracts (PSC)-have been reported in 12.5 to 6o per cent. (mean 36-7 per cent.) of patients receiving treatment with long-term oral corticosteroid therapy (Black, Oglesby, von Sallmann, and Bunim, I960; Oglesby, Black, von Sallmann, and Bunim, 196I; Giles, Mason, Duff, and McLean, I962; Crews, I963; Spencer and Andel- man, I965; Furst, Smiley, and Ansell, I966). No such cataracts were reported by these workers in patients who had never received oral corticosteroid therapy (Black and others, I960; Oglesby and others, I96I; Giles and others, I962; Crews, I963; Furst and others, I966) (Table Although Crews found five patients with PSC in non-steroid treated patients, he considered that he could distinguish these cataracts from corticosteroid- induced PSC. Other workers, however, have failed to note any definite relationship between long-term oral corticosteroid therapy and the development of PSC (Pfahl,
Arginine Conversion to Nitroxide by Tetrahydrobiopterin-free Neuronal Nitric-oxide Synthase (2000)

We studied catalysis by tetrahydrobiopterin (H4B)-free neuronal nitric-oxide synthase (nNOS) to understand how heme and H4B participate in nitric oxide (NO) synthesis. H4B-free nNOS catalyzed Arg oxidation to N(omega)-hydroxy-l-Arg (NOHA) and citrulline in both NADPH- and H(2)O(2)-driven reactions. Citrulline formation was time- and enzyme concentration-dependent but was uncoupled relative to NADPH oxidation, and generated nitrite and nitrate without forming NO. Similar results were observed when NOHA served as substrate. Steady-state and stopped-flow spectroscopy with the H4B-free enzyme revealed that a ferrous heme-NO complex built up after initiating catalysis in both NADPH- and H(2)O(2)-driven reactions, consistent with formation of nitroxyl as an immediate product. This differed from the H4B-replete enzyme, which formed a ferric heme-NO complex as an immediate product that could then release NO. We make the following conclusions. 1) H4B is not essential for Arg oxidation by nNOS, although it helps couple NADPH oxidation to product formation in both steps of NO synthesis. Thus, the NADPH- or H(2)O(2)-driven reactions form common heme-oxy species that can react with substrate in the presence or absence of H4B. 2) The sole essential role of H4B is to enable nNOS to generate NO instead of nitroxyl. On this basis we propose a new unified model for heme-dependent oxygen activation and H4B function in both steps of NO synthesis.
Active site of RNase: neutron diffraction study of a complex with uridine vanadate, a transition-state analog. (1983)

A complex of RNase A with a transition-state analog, uridine vanadate, has been studied by a combination of neutron and x-ray diffraction. The vanadium atom occupies the center of a distorted trigonal bipyramid, with the ribose oxygen O2' at the apical position. Contrary to expectations based on the straightforward interpretation of the known in-line mechanism of action of RNase, nitrogen NE2 of histidine-12 was found to form a hydrogen bond to the equatorial oxygen O8, while nitrogen NZ of lysine-41 makes a clear hydrogen bond to the apical oxygen O2'. Nitrogen ND1 of histidine-119 appears to be within a hydrogen-bond distance of the other apical oxygen, O7. Two other hydrogen bonds between the vanadate and the protein are made by nitrogen NE2 of glutamine-11 and by the amide nitrogen of phenylalanine-120. The observed geometry of the complex may necessitate reinterpretation of the mechanism of action of RNase.