gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
XLV. <i>Theory of ætherification</i> (1850)

W HEN sulphurlc acid is brought in contact with alcohol under certain circumstances, a new arrangement is effected in the elements of the alcohol, which divide into two t~oups~ forming ~ther and water.Now it is well known that e process by which this change is effected may be represented in two ways, the difference of which consists in their respectively selecting for starting-point a difIhrent view of the constitution of alcohol.According to the one view, an atom of alcohol weighs 2S~ and is made up of C 2 H 6 O; so that to form ~ether, two atoms of it are needed, one of which takes C a H 4 from the other, setting free the water with which these elements were combined; whereas, according to the other view, alcohol weighs 46, and contains rather and water.These are not the only points of difference which are urged ; but they are the most real and tangible, and their consideration is sufficient for our present purpose.If by any direct fact we could decide which of these two expressions is the correct one, the ground would be clear for an examination of the process of ~etherification itself.In order to show more clearly the true meaning of the facts I have to adduce on this poin b 1 will bring them before you in the order in which they arose, My object in commencing the experiments was to obtain new alcohols by substituting carburetted hydrogen for hydrogen in a known alcohol.With this view I had recourse to an expedient, which may render valuable services on similar occasions.It consisted in replacing the hydrogen first by potassium, and acting upon the compound thus formed by the chloride or iodide of the carburetted hydrogen which was to be introduced in the place of that hydrogen.I commenced with common alcohol, which, after careful purification, was saturated with potassium~ and as soon as the action bad ceased, mixed with a portion of iodide of eethyle equivalent to the potassium used.Iodide of potassium was readily formed on the application of a gentle heat, and the desired substitution was effected ; but, to my astonishment, the compound thus formed had none of the properties of an alcohol--it; was nothing else than common rather, C a H 10 O. Now this result at once struck me as being inconsistent with the higher formula of alcohol ; for if that body contained twice as many atoms of oxygen as are in ,ether, I ought clearly
Catalytic Asymmetric Conjugate Addition and Allylic Alkylation with Grignard Reagents (2008)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXTCatalytic Asymmetric Conjugate Addition and Allylic Alkylation with Grignard ReagentsSyuzanna R. Harutyunyan, Tim den Hartog, Koen Geurts, Adriaan J. Minnaard, and Ben L. Feringa*View Author Information Organic Chemistry Laboratories, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, Groningen 9747 AG, The Netherlands* Author for correspondence. E-mail: [email protected]Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2008, 108, 8, 2824–2852Publication Date (Web):August 13, 2008Publication History Received13 February 2008Published online13 August 2008Published inissue 1 August 2008https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr068424khttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr068424kreview-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2008 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views15951Altmetric-Citations684LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Catalysts,Ligands,Reagents,Selectivity,Stereoselectivity Get e-Alerts
Human Single-Chain Fv Fragments Specific for Natural Killer Cell Receptors from Phage Display Libraries (2003)

The exquisite specificity of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) has made them extremely versatile tools for scientific, diagnostic, and therapeutic purposes. However, their production is time consuming and requires the immunization of animals and the subsequent use of rodent cells. These procedures can be circumvented by the application of in vitro-selected single-chain Fv (scFv) fragments, a method increasingly used to obtain reagents principally suitable for recognizing any desired antigen (reviewed in refs. 1–4).
INCREASING HEALTH BURDEN OF HUMAN BABESIOSIS IN ENDEMIC SITES (2003)

Human infection due to Babesia microti has been regarded as infrequent and a condition primarily affecting the elderly or immunocompromised. To determine whether risk in endemic sites may be increasing relative to that of Borrelia burgdorferi and to define its age-related clinical spectrum, we carried out a 10-year community-based serosurvey and case finding study on Block Island, Rhode Island. Less intensive observations were conducted in nearby sites. Incidence of babesial infection on Block Island increased during the early 1990s, reaching a level about three-fourths that of borrelial infection. The sera of approximately one-tenth of Block Island residents reacted against babesial antigen, a seroprevalence similar to those on Prudence Island and in southeastern Connecticut. Although the number and duration of babesial symptoms in people older than 50 years of age approximated those in people 20 to 49 years of age, more older adults were admitted to hospital than younger adults. Few Babesia-infected children were hospitalized. Babesial incidence at endemic sites in southern New England appears to have risen during the 1990s to a level approaching that due to borreliosis.
Layout design methodologies for sub-wavelength manufacturing (2002)

In this paper, we describe new types of layout design constraints needed to effectively leverage advanced optical wafer lithography techniques. Most of these constraints are dictated by the physics of advanced lithography processes, while other constraints are imposed by new photomask techniques. Among the methods discussed are (1) phase shift mask (PSM) lithography in which phase information is placed on the photomask in combination with conventional clear and dark information; (2) optical proximity correction (OPC) where predictable distortions in feature geometry are corrected by putting an inverse distortion on the mask; (3) off-axis illumination optics that improve resolution of some configurations at the expense of others; and (4) use of non-resolving assist features that improve neighboring structures.
Amylose Complexes (1950)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAmylose ComplexesWalter J. Katzbeck and Ralph W. KerrCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1950, 72, 7, 3208–3211Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1950Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1950https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01163a115https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01163a115research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views104Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Diagnosis, etiology, and therapy of fibromyalgia. (1993)

Fibromyalgia is characterized by diffuse pain, multiple tender points, fatigue, and sleep disturbance. Its frequent concurrence with rheumatic diseases modifies the clinical picture of the "primary" disease. This article reviews new information about the etiopathogenesis and treatment of this syndrome.
Rapid decrease in lymphocyte adherence to high endothelial venules in lymph nodes deprived of afferent lymphatic vessels (1987)

Occlusion of the afferent lymph flow to the lymph node (LN) results in both flattening of the endothelium of high endothelial venules (HEV) and a severe decrease in numbers of lymphocytes in transit across the walls of the flattened HEV. In the present study we have used the in vitro lymphocyte-binding assay to investigate the ability of HEV in rat LN to bind lymphocytes at various time points after occlusion of the afferent lymph flow. In addition the specificity of T and B lymphocyte adherence to HEV of such operated LN was studied. In normal LN, lymphocytes adhered to virtually all HEV using the in vitro binding assay. However, 1 and 2 weeks after operation lymphocytes bound to only 50-60% of the HEV and by 3-6 weeks 20-30%. The total numbers of lymphocytes bound to these HEV had also diminished to 10% of the control value 3-6 weeks after operation. Morphometric analysis showed that this was not only due to a reduction in the area of HEV endothelium available for lymphocyte adherence by flattening of the high endothelial cells, but also to a strong decrease in the numbers of bound lymphocytes per unit area high endothelium. In spite of the reduction in numbers of adhering lymphocytes the T/B cell ratio did not change. The results show that the reduction in lymphocyte binding of HEV in operated LN is a rapid event, probably due to loss of high endothelial cell determinants involved in binding of lymphocytes. The decrease in lymphocyte binding clearly precedes flattening of HEV endothelium suggesting that the height of high endothelial cells is of secondary importance to lymphocyte adherence.
Mapping of early firing origins on a replication profile of budding yeast (2002)

The monitoring method of DNA replication and the analysis method of microarray data used in this study proved powerful for obtaining a genome-wide view of the initiation and progression of DNA replication.
Webis at the TREC 2012 Session Track (2012)

Abstract In this paper we give a brief overview of the Webis group’s participation in the TREC 2012 Session track. Our runs focus on three research questions: (1) distinguishing low risk sessions where we want to involve session knowledge from those where we don’t, (2) examining conservative query expansion (only few expansion terms based on keywords from previous queries and seen/clicked documents/titles/snippets), and (3) incorporating knowledge from other users’ similar sessions. Altogether, especially similar sessions seem to help improving retrieval performance in our experiments. 1
Impact of hot electron trapping on half micron PMOSFETs with p<sup>+</sup>poly Si gate (1986)

Hot carrier trapping effects have been studied on a half micron p <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> poly-Si gate PMOSFET which is the optimum device structure in future VLSI. The stress experiments show that the hot carrier-induced device degradation becomes appreciable even at supply voltage in half-micron VLSI because of the increase in avalanched hot electron trapping. From a detailed comparison of hot carrier effect at short stress time between PMOS and NMOS FETs, we have clarified the hot electron trapping mechanism for PMOS and NMOS FETs systematically. Though we need to pay attention to the hot carrier degradation of p <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> poly-Si gate PMOSFET, the p <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> poly-Si gate is an applicable technology to half-micron VLSIs.
Sequential logic optimization based on state space decomposition (2002)

Binary decision diagrams (BDDs) and implicit state enumeration have provided remarkable improvements to sequential logic synthesis, testing, and verification in recent years. However, their inability to deal with large circuits has been the major limitation of the methods based on them. A method to compute a subset of unreachable states using implicit state enumeration, which can be applied to large circuits where the current exact methods fail is presented. Since it is guaranteed that the computed unreachable state set is contained in the exact unreachable state set, this set can be used as invalid state don't cares in sequential logic optimization. Traversal and optimization results on benchmark examples are provided.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Recognition and restoration of blurred bilevel waveforms (1992)

Most recognition techniques for bilevel waveforms directly estimate the edge locations and therefore show a poor performance when adjacent edges interact. A new approach to bilevel waveform recognition that utilizes points of high curvature as features is proposed. These high curvature points are estimates of the midpoint locations between adjacent edges and are more stable in scale space than traditional inflection point features. The points of high curvature are grouped into feature vectors and statistical pattern recognition is used to classify the waveform. Ambiguous classification decisions are resolved by a secondary classifier that utilizes the height of waveform peaks as features. A 40% increase in performance over commercial bar code readers is obtained when these classification techniques are applied to bar code waveforms. If waveform restoration rather than recognition is the final objective then an edge equalization algorithm is used to deblur the waveform. This is a time domain, feature based, approach to deblurring and is suited to bilevel waveforms whose instantaneous transitions violate the basic bandlimited assumptions made by most traditional deblurring techniques. Edge equalization is accomplished by taking three edges as input and forcing the effects of two of them to cancel each other. Thus the third edge appears to be isolated and is located using a traditional edge detector. Since the edge locations are unknown a priori, two adjacent midpoints and the first derivative of the waveform provide a representation for the three input edges. A convolution distortion model based on interacting edges is used to relate the midpoint estimates provided by the high curvature points to the edge estimates provided by the inflection points. This model allows waveforms with closely spaced edges to be accurately restored.
The presence of free D‐serine in rat brain (1992)

Free amino acid enantiomers in adult rat brain extracts were analyzed as their N,O-pentafluoropropionyl isopropyl derivatives by gas chromatography on a capillary column of Chirasil-L-Val. A peak X, which exhibited the same retention time as the N,O-pentafluoropropionyl isopropyl derivative of authentic D-serine, was detected in the brain extracts. Electron impact and positive chemical ionization mass spectra of the peak X of the brain extracts were identical to those of authentic D-serine. The concentration of free D-serine and the ratio of D-serine/total serine in the brain were estimated to be 0.27 and 0.23 mumol/g of wet weight, respectively. These data provide the first evidence that substantial quantities of free D-serine are present in mammalian brain tissues.
Novel Strategies for the Treatment of Heart Failure (2012)

Heart failure is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality with a prevalence that is rising throughout the world. Currently the pharmaceutical therapy of heart failure is mainly based on inhibition of the neurohumoral pathways that are activated secondary to the deterioration of cardiac function, and diuretics to alleviate the salt and water overload. With our increasing understanding of the pathophysiology of heart failure, it is now clear that the macroscopic and functional changes in the failing heart result from remodeling at the cellular, interstitial, and molecular levels. Therefore, emerging therapies propose to intervene directly in the remodeling process at the cellular and the molecular levels. Here, several experimental strategies that aim to correct the abnormalities in receptor and post-receptor-function, calcium handling, excitation and contraction coupling, signaling, and changes in the extra-cellular matrix in the failing heart will be discussed. These novel approaches, aiming to reverse the remodeling process at multiple levels, may appear on the clinical arena in the coming years.
Genetic Diversity of Argentine Isolates of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (1996)

We report the nucleotide sequence and genetic diversity of part of the envelope (env) gene of four strains of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) isolated from Argentine domestic cats. The DNA encoding the V3 to V5 regions of the env gene of the FIV isolates were amplified by PCR, cloned and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Argentine isolates did not cluster into a single group; one isolate clustered with subtype B FIV isolated in the USA and Japan, whereas the others formed a new cluster of FIV which might represent a prototype sequence for subtype E.
Development of the malaria parasite in the skin of the mammalian host (2010)

The first step of Plasmodium development in vertebrates is the transformation of the sporozoite, the parasite stage injected by the mosquito in the skin, into merozoites, the stage that invades erythrocytes and initiates the disease. The current view is that, in mammals, this stage conversion occurs only inside hepatocytes. Here, we document the transformation of sporozoites of rodent-infecting Plasmodium into merozoites in the skin of mice. After mosquito bite, ∼50% of the parasites remain in the skin, and at 24 h ∼10% are developing in the epidermis and the dermis, as well as in the immunoprivileged hair follicles where they can survive for weeks. The parasite developmental pathway in skin cells, although frequently abortive, leads to the generation of merozoites that are infective to erythrocytes and are released via merosomes, as typically observed in the liver. Therefore, during malaria in rodents, the skin is not just the route to the liver but is also the final destination for many inoculated parasites, where they can differentiate into merozoites and possibly persist.
Isolation from Bovine Brain of 155 kDa Component Exhibiting Myosin Light Chain Kinase Activity1 (1988)

1) Taking myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) activity as the index, bovine extract was fractionated by the use of anion-exchange chromatography, cation-exchange chromatography, and calmodulin affinity chromatography. The kinase activity of the fraction thus obtained was elevated up to about 12,400 times over that of the original crude extract. 2) The fraction mentioned above was subjected again to anion exchange chromatography. The kinase activities were divided into two parts, i.e., part I which contained the 155 kDa component and part II which was virtually free of 155 kDa component. The MLCK activity of part I was considerably lower than that of part II. 3) Part I was subjected to gel filtration using AcA 34 gel and the 155 kDa component was isolated. The fraction contained the 155 kDa component in a homogeneous state and showed myosin specific kinase activity, which was about 2 X 10(5) times that of the original crude extract. 4) The high kinase activity of part II seemed to be ascribable to the 130 kDa component, in accord with the report of Hathaway, Adelstein, and Klee (J. Biol. Chem. 256, 8183-8189, 1981).
Validation of Molecular Docking Programs for Virtual Screening against Dihydropteroate Synthase (2009)

Dihydropteroate synthase (DHPS) is the target of the sulfonamide class of antibiotics and has been a validated antibacterial drug target for nearly 70 years. The sulfonamides target the p-aminobenzoic acid (pABA) binding site of DHPS and interfere with folate biosynthesis and ultimately prevent bacterial replication. However, widespread bacterial resistance to these drugs has severely limited their effectiveness. This study explores the second and more highly conserved pterin binding site of DHPS as an alternative approach to developing novel antibiotics that avoid resistance. In this study, five commonly used docking programs, FlexX, Surflex, Glide, GOLD, and DOCK, and nine scoring functions, were evaluated for their ability to rank-order potential lead compounds for an extensive virtual screening study of the pterin binding site of B. anthracis DHPS. Their performance in ligand docking and scoring was judged by their ability to reproduce a known inhibitor conformation and to efficiently detect known active compounds seeded into three separate decoy sets. Two other metrics were used to assess performance; enrichment at 1% and 2% and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves. The effectiveness of postdocking relaxation prior to rescoring and consensus scoring were also evaluated. Finally, we have developed a straightforward statistical method of including the inhibition constants of the known active compounds when analyzing enrichment results to more accurately assess scoring performance, which we call the 'sum of the sum of log rank' or SSLR. Of the docking and scoring functions evaluated, Surflex with Surflex-Score and Glide with GlideScore were the best overall performers for use in virtual screening against the DHPS target, with neither combination showing statistically significant superiority over the other in enrichment studies or pose selection. Postdocking ligand relaxation and consensus scoring did not improve overall enrichment.
Magnetic Feedback Stabilization in a Tokamak (1973)

A feedback system is analyzed for the magnetic field in a fusion device; the system is based on the use of orthogonal coils, which are coupled inductively to the plasma perturbations. The circuit of each coil is connected to a two-pole system with negative impedance, thus realizing the required reflection coefficient of the perturbed magnetic field. The stabilization of helical perturbations in a plasma is investigated taking account of toroidal corrections. It is shown that the requirwments on the longtudinal field can be relaxed by the proper choice of gain. The spatial structure of the coils and the control parameters are discussed. (auth)
A fast motion estimator for real-time system (1997)

We modify the three step search (TSS) algorithm to be applicable to real-time system, based on the statistics of motion vector distribution and propose a new architecture. The proposed technique includes a mechanism to stop the TSS algorithm anytime during its processing without degrading the accuracy of motion vector seriously. Thus, the anytime scheduling policy can be applied to the proposed algorithm for a less imprecise motion estimation in real-time application. The simple and regular architecture allows easy VLSI implementation, and minimizes the input data bandwidth. The performance is also analyzed in detail, and compared with those for other architectures.