gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bacterial microcolonies involved in bioestimation: A method for assessing water purification (2007)

Bacterial microcolonies submerged in the total fibrillar matrix, rusty in color due to the presence of ferric oxide, were described. They are isomorphic, that is, identical in appearance, but belonging to different taxonomic groups. These microcolonies inhabit various water bodies, both fresh and saline, as well as soil water and the activated sludge of aerotanks. They are especially abundant when the process of biological destruction of difficult-to-oxidize organic compounds, such as liquid humus, is disrupted. In our hydrobiological method for controlling sewage purification and natural water autopurification (bioestimation), we use the data obtained from our study of the quantitative dynamics of these microcolonies. We propose the term “siderotheca” to describe such a bacterial microcolony.
Desmopressin (DDAVP) for treatment of disorders of hemostasis. (1986)

At a time when the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome as well as hepatitis and other blood-borne diseases are a threat to patients with bleeding disorders who need treatment with blood products, it is rewarding to realize that a number of these patients can be safely and effectively treated with their own desmopressin-stimulated F.VIII:C and vWF. Desmopressin is clinically useful for treatment of patients with moderate and mild hemophilia. The limits of the clinical indications are established by the nature of the bleeding episode, the resting factor level, the level that must be achieved, and the length of time the level must be maintained to manage any given bleeding episode. In von Willebrand disease, desmopressin can be used more extensively to raise F.VIII:C levels than in classic hemophilia, because fewer of the patients have the severe form of the disease that is unresponsive to desmopressin. Increases in the level of F.VIII:C of about four times the resting value can be expected both in hemophilia and von Willebrand disease, but it must be borne in mind that the range of individual responses is large. Even though it is not easy to correct the prolonged bleeding time, particularly in patients with dysfunctional vWF, this drawback is of clinical relevance only in a minority of cases. A role for the use of desmopressin in acquired diseases of primary hemostasis has been proposed more recently, and experience is more limited than in congenital bleeding disorders. Uremia is probably the most firmly established indication because it has been shown that the bleeding time is often dramatically shortened by desmopressin, and hemorrhages can be stopped or prevented before surgical procedures. The indications for use of the compound in liver cirrhosis and congenital and acquired platelet dysfunctions are promising but much less established from a clinical standpoint. The bulk of available clinical experience is based on intravenous administration. Intranasal and subcutaneous administration have been successfully attempted and might be more convenient in selected circumstances, such as home treatment and the stimulation of blood donors to provide more abundant supplies of F.VIII:C and vWF. However, the responses after intranasal administration are less predictable and consistent than after intravenous administration. Desmopressin has few troublesome side-effects. Mild facial flushing, a small increase in heart rate, and, more rarely, mild headache can occur transiently during infusion. Signs of hyponatremia or cerebral edema are extremely rare, providing that excessive fluid intake is avoided.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
<title>Adaptive beam-size control for ground-to-satellite laser communications</title> (1998)

Atmospheric turbulence severely degrades the performance of uplinks. Employment of adaptive optics to enhance ground-space laser communication systems has recently been considered and possible benefits have been shown. Uplink scintillation reduction by using multiple transmitters is also being considered. What appears to be currently missing in these works is the realization that transmitter beam-size is a crucial design parameter and its optimum value changes continuously according to changing turbulence conditions along the propagation path. In this paper we consider a configuration where uplink transmitter beam-size is controlled in real-time in response to measured turbulence parameters to maximize mean intensity and minimize fluctuations on the satellite receiver. Controlling the beam-size, especially by a factor of two or so, in relatively long time scales (seconds) should not be a problem. Although it is obvious that this will greatly improve the performance of especially a variable data rate communication system, we find that the current state of knowledge is fragmentary and insufficient to quantify the improvement in any general and sufficiently accurate way. Semi-analytic simulations can be useful in exploring the improvement for different scenarios and site conditions
Isoform-Selective and Stereoselective Inhibition of Hypoxia Inducible Factor-2 (2015)

Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) transcription factors reside at the center of signaling pathways used by mammalian cells to sense and respond to low oxygen levels. While essential to maintain oxygen homeostasis, misregulation of HIF protein activity correlates with tumor development and metastasis. To provide artificial routes to target misregulated HIF activity, we identified small molecule antagonists of the HIF-2 transcription factor that bind an internal cavity within the C-terminal PAS domain of the HIF-2α subunit. Here we describe a new class of chiral small molecule ligands that provide the highest affinity binding, the most effective, isoform-selective inhibition of HIF-2 in cells, and trigger the largest protein conformation changes reported to date. The current results further illuminate the molecular mechanism of HIF-2 antagonism and suggest additional routes to develop higher affinity and potency HIF-2 antagonists.
Risk Management Using Quasi–static Hedging (2002)

In this paper, we try to develop a comprehensive theory of risk management for illiquid trading instruments and exotics by examining the consequences of a quasi–static hedging strategy. In contrast to a static hedging strategy, in which an initial hedge once executed is kept in place for the life of the trade, and a dynamic hedging strategy, in which hedges are frequently adjusted over the life of the trade, a quasi–static hedging strategy utilizes hedge adjustments but tries to minimize the frequency. Almost all the examples studied in the framework introduced here take this minimization to the extreme by limiting hedge adjustments to at most one during the life of a trade. We examine the application of this approach to long–dated forwards, long–dated options and exotic options such as cliquet and barriers. The model we present for barriers is a new generation of the Derman–Ergener–Kani approach which combines the flexibility of the approach with a sizable increase in model independence.
Flow focusing in overpressured sandstones: Theory, observations, and applications (2002)

Dipping permeable sandstone bodies encased in overpressured low permeability mudstone have a characteristic pressure field: sandstone pressures follow the hydrostatic gradient while mudstone pressures have a steeper (often lithostatic) gradient. This pressure distribution drives fluid into the base of the sandstone and expels it at the crest. We use mudstone pressures predicted from porosity and measured sandstone pressures to describe the spatial variation in pressure in two Eugene Island 330 reservoirs (Gulf of Mexico). In one severely overpressured reservoir, bounding mudstones are less compacted at the reservoir crest than at the reservoir base, and we interpret that flow is focused along the reservoir and expelled at the crest. In the second reservoir, mudstone is compacted around the base of the sandstone, and we interpret pore fluids were drawn into the sandstone. Dipping sandstone bodies encased in overpressured mudstone regulate hydrocarbon migration, affect borehole stability, and impact slope stability.
INTERSTRAIN TRANSFER OF THE 2μm DNA PLASMID OF<i>SACCHAROMYCES</i>BY CYTODUCTION (1981)

Respiratory-sufficient, [rho+], cytoductants were obtained from matings where the respiratory-deficient, [rho−], parent lacked 2μm DNA. In these crosses, the cytoduction frequency (no. cytoductants × 100/no. cytoductants plus no. diploids) was ca. 20% or less, even though the [rho+] parent was defective in nuclear fusion. This apparent suppression of the kar defect was specific to matings where the kar nucleus was derived from a [rho+] cytoplasm, but was not a consequence of the lack of 2μm DNA in the recipient strains. Of 16 cytoductants examined from such a cross, only 3 contained 2μm DNA. This confirmed an anomalous mode of cytoplasmic inheritance for the plasmid but demonstrated that the frequency of transmission during cytoduction can be somewhat lower than has been reported previously. The plasmid, in those [cir+] cytoductants which received it, was stably maintained over more than 120 cell doublings. From a preliminary comparison of [cir+] and [ciro] cytoductants, no evidence for a plasmid-specific phenotype was obtained.
Ischemia and infarction in the isolated rabbit heart: a model for the evaluation of myocardial imaging agents. (1980)

An isolated-heart preparation has been adapted to permit rapid evaluation of, and imaging by, myocardial tracers. The rabbit heart provided a mass large enough for imaging and serial biopsies. Coronary arteries could be selectively ligated and provided landmarks for epicardial ST segment mapping. Uptake ratios between a tissue sample and normal myocardium (T/N), obtained using Tc-99m glucoheptonate as an infarct-seeker, increased with duration of the ischemic period, which was followed by reflow. After 25 min of occlusion the T/N was 4.5; after 40 min T/N = 6; after 60 min T/N = 8; and after 120 min T/N = 19. This well-controlled adjunct to in vivo studies allows evaluation of myocardial imaging agents without interfering with systemic effects or blood and tissue background. Functional and structural changes can be sequentially measured and correlated with the localization of various radiopharmaceuticals.
2D Materials: Metallic MXene Saturable Absorber for Femtosecond Mode‐Locked Lasers (Adv. Mater. 40/2017) (2017)

In article number 1702496, Ju Han Lee, Yury Gogotsi, Young Min Jhon, and co-workers demonstrate that 2D transition-metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitides, called MXenes, can be excellent saturable absorbers to generate femtosecond mode-locked pulsed lasers in a fiber laser cavity. The promise of MXenes in broadband laser applications is suggested due to the wide range of superb optical absorptions, from the visible to the terahertz range, which results from the unique metallic characteristics.
Snell's law applied to finite surfaces (1993)

Snell's law of reflection applies to a plane wave incident on an infinite surface. For finite surfaces the size of the surface, the angle of incidence, and the polarization of the incident wave all contribute to deviations from Snell's law. An eigenfunction expansion for the scattering pattern of a perfectly conducting strip and experimental bistatic scattering measurements of rectangular plates are used to verify the deviations. Physical optics calculations also predict these deviations and are used to provide a physical explanation for the deviations.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Cross-Protection Experiment in Pigs Vaccinated with Haemophilus parasuis Serovars 2 and 5 Bacterins, and Evaluation of a Bivalent Vaccine under Laboratory and Field Conditions. (2001)

Cross-protection between Haemophilus parasuis serovars 2 and 5 was examined in pigs using a bacterin based vaccine, and subsequently the safety and efficacy of a bivalent vaccine were evaluated. Upon intratracheal challenge of a serovar 2 or 5 strain, pigs immunized with a monovalent vaccine were protected against challenge with a homologous serovar strain, but not with a heterologous serovar strain. Immunization with a bivalent vaccine containing both serovars 2 and 5 bacterins conferred protection in pigs against lethal challenge with each of the serovar strains. A total of 86 pigs from two SPF herds were injected with the bivalent vaccine intramuscularly twice at a four-week interval. No adverse reactions following the vaccination were observed. On day 7 after the second vaccination, vaccinated and non-vaccinated control pigs from herd A were transferred to herd B, where Glasser's disease had broken out. Pigs in the control group developed clinical signs of the disease, and 6 of 8 (75%) pigs died until slaughter, in contrast with only 4 of 46 (9%) pigs in the vaccinated group. In herd C, where there was no outbreak of Glasser's disease, complement fixation antibody titer was raised only in the vaccinated group. A challenge experiment on days 20 and 79 after the second vaccination showed that only the vaccinated pigs were protected. From these findings, the safety and efficacy of the bivalent vaccine were confirmed under laboratory and field conditions.
Polishing Mechanism of Glass Substrates with its Processing Characteristics by Cerium Oxide and Manganese Oxide Slurries (2010)

With an aim to reduce the consumption of cerium oxide (CeO2) used in large quantity for the polishing of glass substrates applied for HDD and display, we have attempted to obtain the processing characteristics of glass substrates by CeO2 slurry. We also paid attention to manganese oxide abrasives to replace cerium oxide abrasives. As a result, we have found Mn2O3 abrasives potential to replace disappearing CeO2 for the polishing of glass substrates.
Estimation of variance by a recursive equation (1969)

The information presented herein was included in a dissertation entitled A Feasibility Study of an Adaptive Binary Detector which was offered in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Science in Electrical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, August 1968.
Efficient stereochemical regulation of octahedral cobalt(III) complexes by a chiral bidentate ligand. Part 1. Effect of N-alkyl substitutions (1994)

A series of octahedral cobalt(III) complexes involving a tetradentate diaminedicarboxylate and a chiral diamine was prepared: [CoL(am)]+ where L = ethylenediamine-N,N′-diacetate (edda2–), or its N,N′-dimethyl (dmedda2–) and N,N′-diethyl (deedda2–) derivatives; am =(1R),(2R)-cyclohexane-1,2-diamine (R,R-chxn), or its N,N′-dimethyl (R,R′-dmchxn) and N,N′-diethyl (R,R-dechxn) derivatives. The complexes were separated into their diastereoisomers using cation-exchange column chromatographies, and characterized by elemental analyses, electronic absorption, circular dichroism and 13C NMR spectroscopies The crystal structure of a dominant product in the [Co(edda)(R,R-dmchxn)]+ system, (–)550[Co(edda)(R,R-dmchxn)]ClO4·H2O, has been established, and the stereochemistry determined to be Δ-sym-cis; orthorhombic, space group P212121, a= 13.469(2), b= 19.184(3), c= 7.917(1)Å, Z= 4, R= 0.067, R′= 0.055, N-Alkyl substitutions on the edda ligand and those on the R,R-chxn ligand influence the stereochemistry of the cobalt(III) complexes in different ways. The former caused stereoselective formation of ∧-sym-cis forms, the latter preferential formation of Δ-sym-cis forms. High stereoselectivity was observed in the formation of [Co(deedda)(R,R-chxn)]+, yielding a final product distribution of 96%∧-sym-cis and 4%Δ-sym-cis forms, whereas [Co(edda)(R,R-dechxn)]+ yielded 2%∧-sym-cis and 98%Δ-sym-cis forms. The latter is due to steric interaction between N-alkyl substituents in the R,R-chxn chelate and acetate rings in the edda chelate, while the former is due to steric interaction between N-alkyl substituents in the edda chelate and NH in the R,R-chxn chelate. Such interactions are efficient in steric regulation of octahedral cobalt(III) complexes.
Interferon regulatory factor family of transcription factors and regulation of oncogenesis (2008)

A family of transcription factors, the interferon regulatory factors (IRF), was identified originally in the context of the regulation of the type I interferon (IFN)-alpha/beta system. The IRF family has now expanded to nine members, and gene-disruption studies have revealed the critical involvement of these members in multiple facets of host defense systems, such as innate and adaptive immune responses and tumor suppression. In the present review article, we aim at summarizing our current knowledge of the roles of IRF in host defense, with special emphasis on their involvement in the regulation of oncogenesis.
Vehicle Lateral State Estimation Based on Measured Tyre Forces (2009)

Future active safety systems need more accurate information about the state of vehicles. This article proposes a method to evaluate the lateral state of a vehicle based on measured tyre forces. The tyre forces of two tyres are estimated from optically measured tyre carcass deflections and transmitted wirelessly to the vehicle body. The two remaining tyres are so-called virtual tyre sensors, the forces of which are calculated from the real tyre sensor estimates. The Kalman filter estimator for lateral vehicle state based on measured tyre forces is presented, together with a simple method to define adaptive measurement error covariance depending on the driving condition of the vehicle. The estimated yaw rate and lateral velocity are compared with the validation sensor measurements.
Selection of genetic variants of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus in spleens of persistently infected mice. Role in suppression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte response and viral persistence. (1984)

We studied the mechanism of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) persistence and the suppression of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses in BALB/c WEHI mice infected at birth with LCMV Armstrong strain. Using adoptive transfer experiments we found that spleen cells from persistently infected (carrier) mice actively suppressed the expected LCMV-specific CTL response of spleen cells from normal adult mice. The suppression was specific for the CTL response and LCMV -specific antibody responses were not affected. Associated with the specific CTL suppression was the establishment of persistent LCMV infection. The transfer of spleen or lymph node cells containing LCMV -specific CTL resulted in virus clearance and prevented establishment of the carrier state. The suppression of LCMV -specific CTL responses by carrier spleen cells is not mediated by a suppressor cell, but is due to the presence of genetic variants of LCMV in spleens of carrier mice. Such virus variants selectively suppress LCMV-specific CTL responses and cause persistent infections in immunocompetent mice. In striking contrast, wild-type LCMV Armstrong, from which these variants were generated, induces a potent CTL response in immunocompetent mice and the LCMV infection is rapidly cleared. Our results show that LCMV variants that emerge during infection in vivo play a crucial role in the suppression of virus-specific CTL responses and in the maintenance of virus persistence.
DJ-1, a Target Protein for an Endocrine Disrupter, Participates in the Fertilization in Mice. (2002)

DJ-1 was first identified as an activated ras-dependent oncogene product and was later also found to be an infertility-related protein affected by sperm toxicants such as ornidazole (OR) and epichlorohydrin. These findings suggest that DJ-1 has functions in both somatic cells and sperm. In this study, to determine the relationship between DJ-1 and an endocrine disrupter and to determine the functions of DJ-1 in sperm, in vitro fertilization experiments were carried out using eggs and sperm extracted from mice that had or had not been treated with OR. We found that the amount of DJ-1 in sperm and the efficiency of fertilization decreased with the increasing dose of OR to which the mice were exposed. The addition of an anti-mouse DJ-1 serum to sperm solution before the in vitro fertilization reaction with eggs resulted in a decrease in the efficiency of fertilization to about one-third of that when pre-immune serum was added to sperm solution, indicating that DJ-1 participates in the fertilization.
Operation and test of hybridized silicon p-i-n arrays using open-source array control hardware and software (2003)

A system for controlling and testing high-resolution non-destructive astronomical imagers was constructed using open-source components, both hardware and software. The open-source electronics design, originated by Carnegie Observatories (OCIW) for CCD cameras, was modified, assembled, and augmented with new circuitry which facilitates monitoring of voltages and currents. The electronics was run from Python user interface software based on a design from the University of Rochester. This new software utilized the Numarray and pyFITS modules developed at the Space Telescope Science Institute (STScI). Interfacing to the "dv" FITS image analysis package from the NASA IRTF was also implemented. Python (the STScI language of choice) was used as the primary language for systems integration, scripts for data acquisition, and scripts for data analysis. The DSP clocking software was a mixture of C and Motorola 56303 assembly. An interrupt-driven kernel-mode PCI device driver for Red Hat Linux was written in C, and used the PC processor and memory for image processing and acquisition. Two 1Κ × 1Κ Raytheon SB226-based hybridized silicon p-i-n arrays were operated and tested with the new system at temperatures as low as 10K. Signal path gain, node capacitance, well depth, dark current, and MTF measurements were made and are presented here.
BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS AND NITROGEN REMOVAL FROM WASTEWATER USING MOVING BED BIOFILM PROCESS (2009)

In this research, an experimental study to evaluate nutrient removal from synthetic wastewater by a labscale moving bed biofilm process was investigated. Also, kinetic analysis of the process with regard to phosphorus and nitrogen removal was studied with different mathematical models. For nutrient removal, the moving bed biofilm process was applied in series with anaerobic, anoxic and aerobic units in four separate reactors that were operated continuously at different loading rates of phosphorus and nitrogen and different hydraulic retention times. Under optimum conditions, almost complete nitrification with an average ammonium removal efficiency of 99.72% occurred in the aerobic reactor. In the aerobic reactor, the average specific nitrification rate was 1.92 g NOx-N (NOx-N=NO2-N +NO 3 -N) produced/kg volatile suspended solids. hour (VSS.h). Denitrification rate increased with increasing NO x -N loading in the second anoxic reactor. The aerobic phosphate removal rate showed good correlation with the anaerobic phosphate release rate. Under optimum conditions, the average total nitrogen and phosphorus removal efficiencies were 80.9% and 95.8%, respectively. As a result of the moving bed biofilm process (MBBR) kinetic analysis, the StoverKincannon model was chosen for modeling studies and experimental data analysis. The Stover-Kincannon model gave high correlation coefficients for phosphorus and nitrogen removal, which were 0.9862 and 0.986, respectively. Therefore, this model could be used in predicting the behavior or design of the moving bed biofilm process.