gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Amblyopia: prevalence, natural history, functional effects and treatment (2005)

Amblyopia, defined as poor vision due to abnormal visual experience early in life, affects approximately three per cent of the population and carries a projected lifetime risk of visual loss of at least 1.2 per cent. The presence of amblyopia or its risk factors, mainly strabismus or refractive error, have been primary conditions targeted in childhood vision screenings. Continued support for such screenings requires evidence-based understanding of the prevalence and natural history of amblyopia and its predisposing conditions, and proof that treatment is effective in the long term with minimal negative impact on the patient and family. This review summarises recent research relevant to the clinical understanding of amblyopia, including prevalence data, risk factors, the functional impact of amblyopia and optimum treatment regimes and their justification from a vision and life skills perspective. Collectively, these studies indicate that treatment for amblyopia is effective in reducing the overall prevalence and severity of visual loss from amblyopia. Correction of refractive error alone has been shown to significantly reduce amblyopia and less frequent occlusion can be just as effective as more extensive occlusion. Occlusion or penalisation in amblyopia treatment can create negative changes in behaviour in children and impact on family life, and these factors should be considered in prescribing treatment, particularly because of their influence on compliance. Ongoing treatment trials are being undertaken to determine both the maximum age at which treatment of amblyopia can still be effective and the importance of near activities during occlusion. This review highlights the expansion of current knowledge regarding amblyopia and its treatment to help clinicians provide the best level of care for their amblyopic patients that current knowledge allows.
Probabilistic location recognition using reduced feature set (2006)

The localization capability is central to basic navigation tasks and motivates development of various visual navigation systems. In this paper we describe a two stage approach for localization in indoor environments. In the first stage, the environment is partitioned into several locations, each characterized by a set of scale-invariant keypoints and their associated descriptors. In the second stage the keypoints of the query view are integrated probabilistically yielding an estimate of most likely location. The novelty of our approach is in the selection of discriminative features, best suited for characterizing individual locations. We demonstrate that high location recognition rate is maintained with only 10% of the originally detected features, yielding a substantial speedup in recognition and capability of handling larger environments. The ambiguities due to the self-similarity and dynamic changes in the environment are resolved by exploiting spatial relationships between locations captured by hidden Markov model
On Boosting Single-Frame 3D Human Pose Estimation via Monocular Videos (2019)

The premise of training an accurate 3D human pose estimation network is the possession of huge amount of richly annotated training data. Nonetheless, manually obtaining rich and accurate annotations is, even not impossible, tedious and slow. In this paper, we propose to exploit monocular videos to complement the training dataset for the single-image 3D human pose estimation tasks. At the beginning, a baseline model is trained with a small set of annotations. By fixing some reliable estimations produced by the resulting model, our method automatically collects the annotations across the entire video as solving the 3D trajectory completion problem. Then, the baseline model is further trained with the collected annotations to learn the new poses. We evaluate our method on the broadly-adopted Human3.6M and MPI-INF-3DHP datasets. As illustrated in experiments, given only a small set of annotations, our method successfully makes the model to learn new poses from unlabelled monocular videos, promoting the accuracies of the baseline model by about 10%. By contrast with previous approaches, our method does not rely on either multi-view imagery or any explicit 2D keypoint annotations.
A Novel Virulence Strategy for Pseudomonas aeruginosa Mediated by an Autotransporter with Arginine-Specific Aminopeptidase Activity (2012)

The opportunistic human pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, is a major cause of infections in chronic wounds, burns and the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients. The P. aeruginosa genome encodes at least three proteins exhibiting the characteristic three domain structure of autotransporters, but much remains to be understood about the functions of these three proteins and their role in pathogenicity. Autotransporters are the largest family of secreted proteins in Gram-negative bacteria, and those characterised are virulence factors. Here, we demonstrate that the PA0328 autotransporter is a cell-surface tethered, arginine-specific aminopeptidase, and have defined its active site by site directed mutagenesis. Hence, we have assigned PA0328 with the name AaaA, for arginine-specific autotransporter of P. aeruginosa. We show that AaaA provides a fitness advantage in environments where the sole source of nitrogen is peptides with an aminoterminal arginine, and that this could be important for establishing an infection, as the lack of AaaA led to attenuation in a mouse chronic wound infection which correlated with lower levels of the cytokines TNFα, IL-1α, KC and COX-2. Consequently AaaA is an important virulence factor playing a significant role in the successful establishment of P. aeruginosa infections.
Generating Workflow Models from OWL-S Service Descriptions with a Partial-Order Plan Construction (2011)

In this work we construct partial order plans from a pool of atomic services described in OWL-S. We make extensions to Partial Order Planning to allow multiple conditional effects in action definitions. The purpose is to handle the uncertain behavior of Web services with incomplete initial information. We post-process the partial order plan to auto-generate a workflow model. We developed a method to identify a subset of workflow patterns from the solution plan to create a workflow diagram.
Detection of Prostate Cancer with MR Spectroscopic Imaging: An Expanded Paradigm Incorporating Polyamines (2007)

The statistically based classification rule developed indicated that PAs have an important role in the detection of PZ prostate cancer. With commercial software, this method can be applied in clinical settings.
Incorporation of prior information on parameters into nonlinear regression groundwater flow models: 1. Theory (1982)

Prior information on the parameters of a groundwater flow model can be used to improve parameter estimates obtained from nonlinear regression solution of a modeling problem. Two scales of prior information can be available: (1) prior information having known reliability (that is, bias and random error structure) and (2) prior information consisting of best available estimates of unknown reliability. A regression method that incorporates the second scale of prior information assumes the prior information to be fixed for any particular analysis to produce improved, although biased, parameter estimates. Approximate optimization of two auxiliary parameters of the formulation is used to help minimize the bias, which is almost always much smaller than that resulting from standard ridge regression. It is shown that if both scales of prior information are available, then a combined regression analysis may be made.
Improving pronunciation dictionary coverage of names by modelling spelling variation. (2004)

This paper describes an attempt to improve the coverage of an existing name pronunciation dictionary by modelling variation in spelling. This is done by the derivation of string rewrite rules which operate on out-of-vocabulary words to map them to in-vocabulary words. These string rewrite rules are derived automatically, and are “pronunciation-neutral” in the sense that the mappings they perform on the existing dictionary do not result in a change of pronunciation. The approach is data-driven, and can be used online to make predictions for some (not all) OOV words, or offline to add significant numbers of new pronunciations to existing dictionaries. Offline the approach has been used to increase dictionary coverage for four domain-based dictionaries for forenames, surnames, streetnames and placenames. For surnames, a model trained on a 23,000-entry dictionary was subsequently able to add 5,000 new entries, improving both type coverage and token coverage of the dictionaries by about 1%. An informal evaluation suggests that the suggested pronunciations are good in 80 % of cases. 1.
A CMOS 4× speed DVD read channel IC (1998)

Optical disk is a data storage medium of the highest density, and is widely used for compact disk and digital versatile disk (CD/DVD) players and read-only memory and random-access memory (ROM/RAM) drives. In this work, all functions for 1/spl times/ speed DVD read channels are integrated on a single 0.8-/spl mu/m CMOS chip. A ninth-order pulse slimming equalizer with two zeros is made programmable to cover a frequency range of over five octaves from 0.7 to 25 MHz with high-frequency boost of 12 db and group delay variation of less than /spl plusmn/3%. A one-beam tracking error detector features six allpass delay equalizers with a tunable delay range of 93 ns at 2 MHz. Other control functions integrated on the chip are three-beam tracking error generator, laser power control circuit, and detectors for track crossing, disk defect, signal envelope, focus error, etc. The chip occupies 25 mm/sup 2/ and consumes 500 mW at 5 V.
Isolation and Characterisation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Rat Bone Marrow and the Endosteal Niche: A Comparative Study (2018)

Within bone, mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) exist within the bone marrow stroma (BM-MSC) and the endosteal niche, as cells lining compact bone (CB-MSCs). This study isolated and characterised heterogeneous MSC populations from each niche and subsequently investigated the effects of extensive cell expansion, analysing population doublings (PDs)/cellular senescence, colony-forming efficiencies (CFEs), MSC cell marker expression, and osteogenic/adipogenic differentiation. CB-MSCs and BM-MSCs demonstrated similar morphologies and PDs, reaching 100 PDs. Both populations exhibited consistent telomere lengths (12-17 kb), minimal senescence, and positive telomerase expression. CB-MSCs (PD15) had significantly lower CFEs than PD50. CB-MSCs and BM-MSCs both expressed MSC (CD73/CD90/CD105); embryonic (Nanog) and osteogenic markers (Runx2, osteocalcin) but no hematopoietic markers (CD45). CB-MSCs (PD15) strongly expressed Oct4 and p16<sup>INK4A</sup>. At early PDs, CB-MSCs possessed a strong osteogenic potency and low potency for adipogenesis, whilst BM-MSCs possessed greater overall bipotentiality for osteogenesis and adipogenesis. At PD50, CB-MSCs demonstrated reduced potency for both osteogenesis and adipogenesis, compared to BM-MSCs at equivalent PDs. This study demonstrates similarities in proliferative and mesenchymal cell characteristics between CB-MSCs and BM-MSCs, but contrasting multipotentiality. Such findings support further comparisons of human CB-MSCs and BM-MSCs, facilitating selection of optimal MSC populations for regenerative medicine purposes.
Generation of turquoise light by sum frequency mixing of a diode-pumped solid-state laser and a laser diode in periodically poled KTP (2004)

We report a simple and efficient method to achieve visible light by sum-frequency mixing radiation from a diode-pumped solid-state laser and a laser diode in a periodically poled KTiOPO4 crystal. Since high-power laser diodes are available at a wide range of wavelengths, it is thereby possible to obtain essentially any wavelength in the visible spectrum by appropriate choice of lasers. For demonstration we choose to construct a light source in the blue-green region. A turquoise output power of 4.0 mW was achieved.
Multifunctionalization of carbon nanotube fibers with the aid of graphene wrapping (2012)

Carbon nanotube (CNT) fibers are promising candidates for developing multifunctional textiles. The direct introduction of functional guests within or around CNT fibers meets problems due to the rough fiber surface and weak interfacial bindings. To improve the functionality and performance stability, we report a new method to modify the surface roughness and level of functionalization of CNT fibers, by wrapping graphene oxide (GO) or reduced graphene (RG) around them. Besides the functional groups on the graphene sheets, the introduction of a graphene layer also has smoothing and shield effects, resulting in higher tensile strength and improved and stabilized performance. The electrochemical and photocurrent applications were exploited by depositing polyaniline around GO-wrapped CNT fibers and TiO2 around RG-wrapped fibers, with a capacitance up to 229.5 F cm−3 and a photocurrent density of 132 μA cm−2, respectively. The present technique has the advantage that the mechanical and functional properties can be optimized by simply modifying the core CNT fiber via polymer infiltration during the fiber spinning.
Cytokines and Nash: A Pilot Study of the Effects of Lifestyle Modification and Vitamin E (2003)

There are few data evaluating plasma and/or peripheral blood monocyte cytokine concentrations/production or attempts to manipulate proinflammatory cytokines in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). A pilot project in a general clinical research center evaluated the effects of a step 1 American Heart Association diet plus aerobic exercise with or without 800 IU of vitamin E daily on cytokine profiles and liver enzyme levels in 16 patients with biopsy-proven NASH. Biochemical assessment of liver function, lipid profiles, and body mass index significantly improved during the first 6 weeks of therapy and remained stable during the following 6 weeks. Plasma hyaluronic acid (HA) concentrations decreased in parallel with weight loss. Plasma tumor necrosis factor (TNF) concentrations were significantly elevated in patients with NASH and similar to patients with stable alcoholic cirrhosis but not as elevated as in patients with acute alcoholic steatohepatitis (AH). Although plasma TNF, interleukin 8 (IL-8), and IL-6 concentrations were all significantly elevated compared with control values, only plasma IL-6 levels significantly decreased with therapy. Peripheral blood monocyte TNF, IL-8, and IL-6 production was significantly elevated in patients with NASH but did not significantly decrease. Independent effects of vitamin E were not observed in this small sample. In conclusion, patients with NASH have dysregulated cytokine metabolism similar to, but less pronounced than abnormalities documented in AH. Cytokine values generally did not decrease significantly with weight loss with or without vitamin E over the duration of the study. Lifestyle modifications (low-fat diet and exercise) were associated with improvement in liver enzymes, cholesterol, and plasma HA levels in patients with NASH, whereas the level of vitamin E supplementation used in this short-term pilot study provided no apparent added benefit.
Microwave Acoustic Surface-Wave Components (1975)

Various acoustic surface-wave components operating at frequencies higher than 1 GHz have been realized using an electron beam pattern generator. Thus delay lines, filters and oscillators have been realized on lithium niobate and quartz substrates. Simple and tapped delay lines using transducers with constant or variable finger-spacing have been tested and the bandwidth and maximum delay were found to be respectively about 600 MHz and 10 μsec. A line coded according to a 13 chip Barker code was realized as well as dispersive delay lines using split fingers. A filter with a narrow bandwidth (8 × 10-4 in relative value) was looped with an amplifier in order to obtain an oscillator operating at 1.4 GHz.
Dominant-Negative Histone H3 Lysine 27 Mutant Derepresses Silenced Tumor Suppressor Genes and Reverses the Drug-Resistant Phenotype in Cancer Cells (2006)

Histone modifications and DNA methylation are epigenetic phenomena that play a critical role in many neoplastic processes, including silencing of tumor suppressor genes. One such histone modification, particularly at H3 and H4, is methylation at specific lysine (K) residues. Whereas histone methylation of H3-K9 has been linked to DNA methylation and aberrant gene silencing in cancer cells, no such studies of H3-K27 have been reported. Here, we generated a stable cell line overexpressing a dominant-negative point mutant, H3-K27R, to examine the role of that specific lysine in ovarian cancer. Expression of this construct resulted in loss of methylation at H3-K27, global reduction of DNA methylation, and increased expression of tumor suppressor genes. One of the affected genes, RASSF1, was shown to be a direct target of H3-K27 methylation-mediated silencing. By increasing DNA-platinum adduct formation, indicating increased access of the drug to target DNA sequences, removal of H3-K27 methylation resensitized drug-resistant ovarian cancer cells to the chemotherapeutic agent cisplatin. This increased platinum-DNA access was likely due to relaxation of condensed chromatin. Our results show that overexpression of mutant H3-K27 in mammalian cells represents a novel tool for studying epigenetic mechanisms and the Histone Code Hypothesis in human cancer. Such findings show the significance of H3-K27 methylation as a promising target for epigenetic-based cancer therapies.
Effects of mouthguards on vertical dimension, muscle activation, and athlete preference: a prospective cross-sectional study. (2017)

Mandibular repositioning and subsequent neuromuscular signaling are proposed mechanisms of action for commercial mouthguards marketed for performance enhancement. A prospective cross-sectional study of 24 healthy adult weightlifters with normal occlusal relationships was designed to determine whether 2 self-fit performance mouthguards; a custom-fabricated, bilaterally balanced, dual-laminated mouthguard; and no mouthguard (control) differed in their effects on vertical dimension, muscle activation, and user preference during a 75% maximum power clean lift. Each subject was tested for each of the mouthguard categories: Power Balance POWERUP, Under Armour ArmourBite, custom, and no mouthguard. Interocclusal distance was measured at baseline and with each mouthguard. Mean and peak activity of the anterior temporalis, masseter, sternocleidomastoid, and cervical paraspinal muscles was measured during sitting and during a 75% maximum power clean lift. A mouthguard preference questionnaire was completed. Analyses were conducted to determine whether interocclusal distance differed among mouthguard type and to examine the effect of mouthguard type on mean and peak muscle activation during the clean lift. Interocclusal distance was affected by mouthguard type (P = 0.01). Mean and peak activity of the anterior temporalis and masseter muscles and mean activity of the sternocleidomastoid muscle differed among mouthguards (P < 0.05). Mouthguard type did not influence muscle activation of the cervical paraspinal muscle group. Overall, the Power Balance mouthguard produced more muscle activity. Participants preferred custom mouthguards nearly 2:1 over self-fit performance mouthguards (P = 0.05). Participants perceived that they were stronger and were less encumbered when using a custom mouthguard during submaximum power clean lifts.
Application of microfluidics technology in chemical engineering for enhanced safety (2015)

The unique virtues of microfluidic technology have earned it an important place in a variety of chemical engineering applications. Among advantages including improved selectivity or yield, one crucial yet often neglected one is enhanced safety. Herein, we have critically reviewed latest progress in the study of using microreactors to reduce associated risk when performing experiments. Related research results have been carefully selected and categorized based on the major consideration to employ microfluidic technology, for example, fast heat/mass transfer, tolerance to high pressure, and confinement of toxic materials. Frontiers and remaining challenge of the field have been addressed at the end of this review as well. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 35: 365–373, 2016
Thyroid disorders in polycystic ovarian syndrome subjects: A tertiary hospital based cross-sectional study from Eastern India (2013)

High prevalence of thyroid disorders in PCOS patients thus points towards the importance of early correction of hypothyroidism in the management of infertility associated with PCOS.
Generation and sampling of nanoscale infectious viral aerosols (2016)

Airborne viruses represent a potentially significant health threat. However, only recently have researchers begun to characterize the size and infectivity of viral bioaerosols in the nanoscale size range. There are limitations in the generation of test viral aerosols and the ability to sample with acceptable efficiency. Reported here is use of a laminar-flow water condensation method to efficiently sample nanoscale bioaerosols to sizes well below 100 nm. We used MS2 bacteriophage in water to provide an aerosol with particles sizes from 300 nm down to 45 nm for sampling by both an all-glass impinger (4 mm; AGI-4) and the water condensation bioaerosol sampler. We demonstrated the existence of infectious viral particles below 100 nm and a higher collection efficiency by the water condensation sampler compared to the AGI-4 at nanoscale sizes. For example, the water condensation bioaerosol sampler that collected particles at 45 nm in diameter had 20 times more infective virions per collected particle compared to the AGI-4. However, when we corrected the AGI-4 data for particle size–dependent collection efficiency, the results were similar. We also used quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, along with culturing for infectivity to determine the percent infectivity of the aerosol by particle size. Finally, we used a simple calculation to determine that a large fraction of sub-100 nm particles did not contain infectious virus because of the low titer concentration of virus in the Collison fluid.© 2016 RTI International
Recursive outlier-robust filtering and smoothing for nonlinear systems using the multivariate student-t distribution (2012)

Nonlinear Kalman filter and Rauch-Tung-Striebel smoother type recursive estimators for nonlinear discrete-time state space models with multivariate Student's t-distributed measurement noise are presented. The methods approximate the posterior state at each time step using the variational Bayes method. The nonlinearities in the dynamic and measurement models are handled using the nonlinear Gaussian filtering and smoothing approach, which encompasses many known nonlinear Kalman-type filters. The method is compared to alternative methods in a computer simulation.
Photonic wavelength-division and time-division hybrid switching networks for large line-capacity broadband switching systems (2003)

It is shown that the multiplexity of hybrid switching networks, which is given by the product of wavelength-division multiplexity and time-division multiplexity, is sufficient to allow fabrication of large-line-capacity broadband switching systems. It is suggested that the achievement of eight wavelength-division multiplexity and eight time-division multiplexity for 150-Mb/s signals is a reasonable short-range, objective considering current semiconductor optical device technology. It is shown that a proposed 4096-line four-state junctor network for a 150-Mb/s channel has inherent advantages, providing more compact hardware and fewer optical fiber connections than conventional electronic/photonic broadband switching networks.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>