gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Statins and Cancer (2014)

Statins have pleiotropic properties and might exert an effect even in the field of cancer. Statins competitively inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme (HMG-CoA) reductase, the major rate-limiting enzyme that controls the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonic acid. Specifically, inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase by statins has been proved to prevent the synthesis of mevalonic acid, a precursor of non-steroidal isoprenoids, which are lipid attachment molecules for small G proteins, such as Ras, Rho and Rac. Thus, statins may inhibit the synthesis of isoprenoids and thereby suppress the activation of small G proteins. In addition, statins exert pro-apoptotic, anti-angiogenic, and immunomodulatory effects, which may prevent cancer growth. Statins may inhibit the growth of a variety of cancer cell types, including breast, gastric, pancreatic, and prostate carcinoma, neuroblastoma, melanoma, mesothelioma and acute myeloid leukemia cells. They exert pro-apoptotic effects in a wide range of cancer cell lines, but with many differences in the sensitivity to statin-induced cell death among different cancer cell types. Regarding anti-angiogenic effects, multiple statin effects on blood vessel formation by inhibition of angiogenesis through down-regulation of pro-angiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor, inhibition of endothelial cell proliferation and inhibition of adhesion to extracellular matrix by blocking intercellular adhesion molecules have been suggested. The molecular mechanisms of statin immunomodulation often implicate multiple pathways, regarding the regulation of genes encoding key molecules, which are involved in antigen presentation and subsequent immunomodulation. Another mechanism involves the down-regulation of the nuclear factor-kappa-B, which is responsible for the transcription of many genes involved in immunologic mechanisms, such as interferon-inducible protein-10, monocyte chemo-attractant protein 1 and cyclooxygenase-2. Statins have been associated with a significantly lower risk of breast, colorectal, ovarian, pancreatic, lung cancers and lymphoma in several observational studies. On the other hand, other studies, including meta-analyses have raised concerns about the safety of statins among elderly patients. A recent study upon the relationship between statin use (prior to cancer diagnosis) and cancer-related mortality in the entire Danish population from 1995-2009 in adults > 40 years of age has been conducted. As compared to statin non-users, patients using statins prior to cancer diagnosis were 15% less likely to die from any cause or cancer specifically. Further investigation is needed to elaborate on their mode of action as well as their true significance on cancer prevention and perhaps as an adjuvant to cancer chemotherapy. Keywords: Cancer, chemotherapy, statin, mechanisms, mortality.
Action classification from motion capture data using topological data analysis (2016)

This paper proposes a novel framework for activity recognition from 3D motion capture data using topological data analysis (TDA). We extract point clouds describing the oscillatory patterns of body joints from the principal components of their time series using Taken's delay embedding. Topological persistence from TDA is exploited to extract topological invariants of the constructed point clouds. We propose a feature extraction method from persistence diagrams in order to generate robust low dimensional features used for classification of different activities. Our experimental results demonstrate high separability of generated features, and as a result a high accuracy of classification.
Developmental segregation in the afferent projections to mammalian auditory hair cells. (1992)

The mammalian ear contains two types of auditory receptors, inner and outer hair cells, that lie in close proximity to each other within the sensory epithelium of the cochlea. In adult mammals, these two classes of auditory hair cells are innervated by separate populations of afferent neurons that differ strikingly in their cellular morphology and their pattern of arborization within the cochlea. At present, it is unclear when or how these distinctive patterns of cochlear innervation emerge and become segregated during development. In the present study, an in vitro horseradish peroxidase labeling method was used to examine the formation of individual auditory neuron arbors at the same location within the apex of the developing gerbil cochlea. At birth, most cochlear neurons displayed peripheral arbors that embraced both inner and outer hair cell receptors. During the next 6 days, however, the arbors of individual cochlear afferents become confined to either the inner or outer hair cell zone, and thus there is a complete segregation of afferent innervation. This neural segregation occurs principally through the withdrawal of inappropriate connections to the outer hair cell system and is completed well before hearing commences.
An In Situ Method for Determination of Current Distribution in PEM Fuel Cells Applied to a Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (2002)

This paper describes and demonstrates a new method for determination of current density distribution in an operating polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) fuel cell. The technique is a modification of the current mapping technique that relies on an array of shunt resistors embedded within a current collecting plate. Standard, nonaltered membrane electrode assemblies are utilized with gas diffusion layers in direct contact with an electrically segmented current collector/flow field. Multiple current measurements are taken simultaneously, allowing transient distribution detection with a multichannel potentiostat. Both steady state and transient data are presented for an operating liquid fed direct methanol fuel cell. Cathode flooding is predicted, and shown to occur at relatively high cathode flow rates. This technique can contribute to knowledge and understanding of key phenomena including water management and species distribution in PEM fuel cells. © 2002 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Prostheses for Primary Total Hip Replacement:<i>A Critical Appraisal of the Literature</i> (1995)

Eighty-one published papers on the performance of prostheses in total hip replacement were appraised. Sound methodology was demonstrated in 1 of 8 randomized controlled trials and 4 of 17 nonrandomized comparative studies. Of 56 case series without controls, 32 met the appraisal criteria, but these are intrinsically less useful. The published literature does not provide solid evidence for the superiority of cement-free or hybrid prostheses over modern cemented types.
Phase 0 Trial of AZD1775 in First-Recurrence Glioblastoma Patients (2018)

<b>Purpose:</b> AZD1775 is a first-in-class Wee1 inhibitor with dual function as a DNA damage sensitizer and cytotoxic agent. A phase I study of AZD1775 for solid tumors suggested activity against brain tumors, but a preclinical study indicated minimal blood-brain barrier penetration in mice. To resolve this controversy, we examined the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of AZD1775 in patients with first-recurrence, glioblastoma.<b>Patients and Methods:</b> Twenty adult patients received a single dose of AZD1775 prior to tumor resection and enrolled in either a dose-escalation arm or a time-escalation arm. Sparse pharmacokinetic blood samples were collected, and contrast-enhancing tumor samples were collected intraoperatively. AZD1775 total and unbound concentrations were determined by a validated LC/MS-MS method. Population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed to characterize AZD1775 plasma pharmacokinetic profiles. Pharmacodynamic endpoints were compared to matched archival tissue.<b>Results:</b> The AZD1775 plasma concentration-time profile following a single oral dose in patients with glioblastoma was well-described by a one-compartment model. Glomerular filtration rate was identified as a significant covariate on AZD1775 apparent clearance. AZD1775 showed good brain tumor penetration, with a median unbound tumor-to-plasma concentration ratio of 3.2, and achieved potential pharmacologically active tumor concentrations. Wee1 pathway suppression was inferred by abrogation of G<sub>2</sub> arrest, intensified double-strand DNA breakage, and programmed cell death. No drug-related adverse events were associated with this study.<b>Conclusions:</b> In contrast to recent preclinical data, our phase 0 study of AZD 1775 in recurrent glioblastoma indicates good human brain tumor penetration, provides the first evidence of clinical biological activity in human glioblastoma, and confirms the utility of phase 0 trials as part of an accelerated paradigm for drug development in patients with glioma. <i>Clin Cancer Res; 24(16); 3820-8. ©2018 AACR</i><i>See related commentary by Vogelbaum, p. 3790</i>.
High-density recording in photopolymer-based holographic three-dimensional disks (1996)

The performance specifications of a holographic three-dimensional disk system are experimentally characterized. A surface density of 10 bits/µm(2) is experimentally demonstrated with a 100-µm-thick photopolymer as the recording medium.
Quantitative X-Ray Investigations on the Crystallinity of Cellulose Fibers. A Background Analysis (1948)

A quantitative investigation of the intensity of scattered radiation in a series of native and regenerated cellulosic objects, including bacterial cellulose and fibers transformed into cellulose IV, is offered. The technique used involves the use of copper radiation monochromatized by reflection, specimens with randomized orientation of equal size and density, rotation of the plane film, and measurement of primary beam intensity by means of a device introduced by Goppel. The procedure of evaluation consists of measuring integrated intensities of the crystalline peaks and that of the diffuse background. After correction of the latter for radiation scattered by air and for the background components due to Compton radiation and thermal scattering, as derived from exposures of sugar crystals and diamond, the diffuse background is represented by a curve exhibiting a flat maximum. The height of this maximum was assumed to be a correct relative measure of the disordered portion and the total intensity of the coherently diffracted radiation of the crystalline peaks as a relative measure of the crystalline portion. Within the series of native specimens the ordered and disordered fractions are found to be equal in cotton, cotton linters, ramie, and flax fibers. In woodpulp the disordered fraction is slightly higher and in bacterial cellulose considerably higher. Within a series of rayons, including slightly and highly orientated viscose rayons, Cellophane, Lilienfeld rayon, and cuprammonium rayon, the ordered and disordered fractions were also found to be equal. Slightly less disordered substance is found in Fortisan, in mercerized ramie and in specimens where cellulose II has been transformed in cellulose IV by a heat treatment. It is shown that the relative proportions of the fractions of disordered substance, for all objects investigated, are in satisfactory quantitative agreement with those deduced from the sorptive capacity for water vapor. The absolute percentage of the crystalline portion calculated from the experimental data is 70±2 percent for the native fibers and 39±3 percent for the rayons. These figures are in reasonable agreement with those previously estimated from sorption isotherms (68 percent and 35 percent), from density determinations (60 percent and 25 percent), from birefringence and x-ray orientation measurements in regenerated fibers (≤40 percent for rayon), and from recrystallization of amorphous cellulose powder (∼35 percent for rayon). The observed relative intensities of the principal crystalline interferences give rise to a discussion of the limited scope of the concept ``crystallinity'' in cellulose fibers, and it is argued that the concept ``degree of lateral order'' may be preferable. Comparison of observed relative line intensities with the theoretically calculated ones, reveals another marked difference between native and regenerated fibers, pointing to the fact that certain states of lateral order prevalent in the latter may be absent in the former.
H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> — etching of {001}‐faces of InP, (GaIn)P, GaP, and Ga(AsP) (1979)

Abstract This paper shows that hot H 3 PO 4 is a suitable etchant for the production of dislocation etch pits on {001}‐InP, (InGa)P, GaP, Ga(AsP), and {111}‐GaP. The effects upon etch pit morphology of the misorientation of samples and the type of dislocations are investigated in detail.
High-field transport in SiO2 on silicon induced by corona charging of the unmetallized surface (1976)

A study has been made of high-field electronic transport in thermally grown SiO2 in which the injection and transport of carriers were induced by charging the exposed surface of the insulator with ions extracted from a corona discharge. This technique totally avoids destructive breakdown through weak spots in the insulator. Auxiliary developments included a comparison technique for measuring the steady-state potential difference across the unmetallized insulator and a p-n junction method for determining the sign of the principal charge carrier in the oxide. Using a corona discharge in dry air, breakdown fields of approximately 6.5 and 13.5 MV/cm were obtained for charging with positive and negative ions, respectively. Electrons were identified as the current carriers for both polarities of applied field. Measurements of the discharge of the samples, made with a Kelvin probe, yield results that are consistent with Fowler-Nordheim tunneling of electrons from the silicon into the oxide, with an electron effective mass in the oxide m*ox=0.48m. Positive charge accumulation was observed in the oxide after charging with negative corona to fields above 11 MV/cm.
THE IONIZATION OF PHENOLIC AMINES, INCLUDING APOMORPHINE, DOPAMINE AND CATECHOLAMINES AND AN ASSESSMENT OF ZWITTERION CONSTANTS (1976)

The dissociation constants of many phenolic amines, including benzylamines, phenethylamines, phenylethanolamines, phenylpropylamines, catecholamines, and apomorphine have been measured by potentiometric titration at 25 degrees C. Measurements have also been made with many of their methoxy derivatives and with series of phenolic quaternary ammonium salts. Some compounds were also studied at 37 degrees C. 2 Usually at least five titrations were made with each compound and Debye--Hückel theory was applied to convert concentrations to activities but the estimates of pKa were not constant and found to increase with increasing concentration. The range studied was usually 5-15 mM and a least-squares line-fit, based on the empirical assumption that pKa varies with (concentration)1/2, has been used to calculate values for 10 mM solutions and to extrapolate to infinite dilution and to 100 mM. The dependence of pKa on concentration was much less at 37 degrees C than at 25 degrees C. 3 At 37 degrees C the pKa values of many biologically interesting compounds in the group, dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline and isoprenaline, coryneine (the trimethylammonium derivative of dopamine) and apomorphine are within 1 log unit of physiological pH, indicating the presence of a significant proportion of either the zwitterion or of the uncharged phenolic amine. 4 Zwitterion constants have been estimated from the pKa values of the phenolic amines and those of their methoxy and quaternary trimethylammonium analogues. Zwitterion formation does not appear to be associated with activity at alpha-adrenoceptors and probably not with activity at beta-receptors. The active species seems likely to contain the unionised phenolic group but at dopamine receptors this may be in the uncharged phenolic amine rather than in the phenolic ammonium salt.
Synthesis and Properties of Certain Substituted Lumazines<sup>1,2</sup> (1961)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and Properties of Certain Substituted Lumazines1,2CLAIRE HUMMEL WINESTOCK and G. W. E. PLAUTCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1961, 26, 11, 4456–4462Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1961Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1961https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01069a063https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01069a063research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views297Altmetric-Citations30LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Output plane analysis of load-sharing in multiple-module converter systems (1994)

This paper explores the origin of the DC current-sharing problem of parallel-converter systems and the dual problem of voltage sharing in series-converter systems. Both problems may be studied by examining the output plane (output current versus output voltage) of a particular converter. It is shown that strict current source behavior is unnecessary for good current sharing in parallel-converter systems. Furthermore, a broad class of converters whose output voltage is load-dependent, i.e., those that have a moderate value of output resistance, all exhibit good voltage- and current-sharing characteristics. Such converters are often suitable for a/spl times/b arrays of converters that can meet a large range of power-conversion requirements. The output planes of discontinuous mode PWM converters as well as conventional and clamped series resonant converters are examined in detail. A simple small-signal model of the modular converter system is developed. Experimental confirmation of load sharing and the small-signal model is given for the clamped series resonant converter and the series resonant converter for various configurations of four converters.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Overview of SHDSL system performance (2003)

SHDSL is the first standardized multi-bit-rate symmetric DSL for data rates between 192 kbit/s and 2312 kbit/s. A 16-level trellis-coded PAM line code is used. The main challenges of SHDSL system design are optimization with respect to reach, spectral compatibility, power consumption and implementation cost. The loop reach of PAM-based DSL systems can be estimated by a method independent of specific implementation details. In this paper, techniques to increase loop reach using shaped and asymmetric PSD are discussed. With asymmetric PSD, some increase in loop reach can be obtained if ideal assumptions are made on the system. but in application this theoretical increase is limited by practical implementation issues, and is counter-balanced by higher power consumption.
A natural antisense transcript at the Huntington's disease repeat locus regulates HTT expression (2011)

Huntington's disease (HD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder caused by a CAG repeat expansion in exon 1 of huntingtin (HTT). Relatively little attention has been directed to the genomic features of the antisense strand at the HD locus, though the presence of a transcript from this strand has been suggested by a survey of the entire transcriptome and the existence of several EST tags. In this study, we identified huntingtin antisense (HTTAS), a natural antisense transcript at the HD repeat locus that contain the repeat tract. HTTAS is 5' capped, poly (A) tailed and contains three exons, alternatively spliced into HTTAS_v1 (exons 1 and 3) and HTTAS_v2 (exons 2 and 3). Exon 1 includes the repeat. HTTAS_v1 has a weak promoter, and is expressed at low levels in multiple tissue types and throughout the brain. Reporter assays indicate that while efficient promoter activity requires a short repeat, repeat expansion reduces promoter efficiency. Consistent with the reporter assays, levels of HTTAS_v1 are reduced in human HD frontal cortex. In cell systems, overexpression of HTTAS_v1 specifically reduces endogenous HTT transcript levels, while siRNA knockdown of HTTAS_v1 increases HTT transcript levels. Minigene constructs of the HD locus confirm the regulatory effect of HTTAS_v1 on HTT, and demonstrate that the effect is dependent on repeat length and is at least partially Dicer dependent. Together, these findings provide strong evidence for the existence of a gene antisense to HTT, with properties that include regulation of HTT expression.
Self-Assembly of Designed Oligomeric Siloxanes with Alkyl Chains into Silica-Based Hybrid Mesostructures (2005)

A novel self-assembly route to ordered silica-organic hybrids using well-defined siloxane oligomers with alkoxy functionality and covalently attached alkyl chains has been investigated. Various hybrid mesostructures were obtained by hydrolysis and polycondensation without the use of any structure-directing agents. The oligomers 1(Cn), having an alkylsilane core and three branched trimethoxysilyl groups, formed highly ordered lamellar phases when n = 14-18, while those with shorter alkyl chains formed cylindrical assemblies, slightly distorted two-dimensional (2D) hexagonal structures (n = 6-10), and a novel 2D monoclinic structure (n = 12). Furthermore, the mixtures of 1(Cn) with different chain lengths yielded well-ordered 2D hexagonal phases, possibly due to the better packing of the precursors. The hybrids consisting of cylindrical assemblies were converted to ordered porous silica with tunable pore sizes upon calcination to remove organic groups. The liquid-state 29Si NMR analysis of the hydrolysis and polycondensation processes of 1(Cn) revealed a unique intramolecular reaction yielding primarily the oligomer with a tetrasiloxane ring which is a new class of amphiphilic molecule having both self-assembling ability and high cross-linking ability. We also found that the mesostructure (lamellar or 2D hexagonal) was strictly controlled by varying the number of siloxane units per alkyl chain. These results provide a deeper understanding of the present self-assembly process that is strongly governed by the molecular packing of oligosiloxane precursors.