gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Way‐Finder: guided tours through complex walkthrough models (2004)

Abstract The exploration of complex walkthrough models is often a difficult task due to the presence of densely occluded regions which pose a serious challenge to online navigation. In this paper we address the problem of algorithmic generation of exploration paths for complex walkthrough models. We present a characterization of suitable properties for camera paths and we discuss an efficient algorithm for computing them with little or no user intervention. Our approach is based on identifying the free‐space structure of the scene (represented by a cell and portal graph) and an entropy‐based measure of the relevance of a view‐point. This metric is key for deciding which cells have to be visited and for computing critical way‐points inside each cell. Several results on different model categories are presented and discussed.
Modeling low-frequency electrode-type resistivity tools in invaded thin beds (1994)

The authors formulate and implement a numerical mode-matching (NMM) method to model electrode-type resistivity tools in invaded thin beds. The authors derive the low-frequency approximation of the Maxwell's equations to obtain the partial differential equation for the potential field. The new NMM program is validated by comparing the numerical results with those obtained from other dc programs. It is found that this new program is much faster than the program using the finite-element method (FEM), and hence is useful for routine interpretation of resistivity logs and for inversion.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
SiO2 mask erosion and sidewall composition during CH4/H2 reactive ion etching of InGaAsP/InP (1993)

SiO2 mask erosion has been studied during CH4/H2 reactive ion etching of InGaAsP/InP double heterostructures. The amount of mesa mask narrowing at a pressure of 100 mT, normalized for an etch depth of 3.5 μm, is approximately 0.4–0.6 μm and decreases slightly with increasing self-bias voltage. It is not strongly dependent on the sidewall angle of the mask or CH4 concentration. Mask residue deposits on the etched sidewall under conditions of relatively high CH4 concentration and low power density. Auger electron spectroscopic analysis of the sidewall shows that the deposit contains a significant amount of elemental Si, which suggests a mechanism for mask erosion in which SiO2 is reduced to Si in the hydrogen/hydrocarbon-rich environment of the plasma.
Natural Product Isolation (2006)

There has been a remarkable resurgence of interest in natural product research over the last decade or so. With the outstanding developments in the areas of separation science, spectroscopic techniques, and microplate-based ultrasensitive in vitro assays, natural product research is enjoying renewed attention for providing novel and interesting chemical scaffolds. The various available hyphenated techniques, e.g., GC-MS, LC-PDA, LC-MS, LC-FTIR, LC-NMR, LC-NMR-MS, CE-MS, have made possible the preisolation analyses of crude extracts or fractions from different natural sources, isolation and on-line detection of natural products, chemotaxonomic studies, chemical finger printing, quality control of herbal products, dereplication of natural products, and metabolomic studies. While different chapters in this book are devoted to a number of specific aspects of natural product isolation protocols, this chapter presents, with practical examples, a general overview of the processes involved in natural product research, starting from extraction to determination of the structures of purified products and their biological activity.
Variation in Salmonella core lipopolysaccharide as detected by the monoclonal antibody M105 (1996)

The lipopolysaccharide antigenicity of 22 Salmonella strains (representing nine serogroups) and four non-salmonellae Enterobacteriaceae to the Salmonella genus specific monoclonal antibody M105 was analysed. The monoclonal antibody M105 reacted with all 22 Salmonella strains. Probing SDS-PAGE separated LPS molecules with MAb M105 revealed that the antibody reacted with the core region of all Salmonella serovars. However, no reaction was obtained to the long-chain LPS of serovars O (Salm. adelaide and Salm. ealing), C1 (Salm. infantis, Salm. livingstone and Salm. virchow) or Salm. arizonae. It is plausible that the presence of a second core antigenic type results in the lack of reaction between long-chain LPS and the Salmonella genus specific monoclonal antibody M105.
Hepatic and neuromuscular forms of glycogen storage disease type IV caused by mutations in the same glycogen-branching enzyme gene. (1996)

Glycogen storage disease type IV (GSD-IV) is an autosomal recessive disease resulting from deficient glycogen-branching enzyme (GBE) activity. The classic and most common form is progressive liver cirrhosis and failure leading to either liver transplantation or death by 5 yr of age. However, the liver disease is not always progressive. In addition, a neuromuscular type of the disease has been reported. The molecular basis of GSD-IV is not known, nor is there a known reason for the clinical variability. We studied the GBE gene in patients with various presentations of GSD-IV. Three point mutations in the GBE gene were found in two patients with the classical presentation: R515C, F257L, and R524X. Transient expression experiments showed that these mutations inactivated GBE activity. Two point mutations, L224P and Y329S, were detected in two separate alleles of a patient with the nonprogressive hepatic form. The L224P resulted in complete loss of GBE activity, whereas the Y329S resulted in loss of approximately 50% of GBE activity. The Y329S allele was also detected in another patient with the nonprogressive form of GSD-IV but not in 35 unrelated controls or in patients with the more severe forms of GSD-IV. A 210-bp deletion from nucleotide 873 to 1082 of the GBE cDNA was detected in a patient with the fatal neonatal neuromuscular presentation. This deletion, representing the loss of one full exon, was caused by a 3' acceptor splicing site mutation (ag to aa). The deletion abolished GBE activity. Our studies indicate that the three different forms of GSD-IV were caused by mutations in the same GBE gene. The data also suggest that the significant retention of GBE activity in the Y329S allele may be a reason for the mild disease. Further study of genotype/phenotype correlations may yield useful information in predicting the clinical outcomes.
Self‐Assembled Layers of Alkanethiols on Copper for Protection Against Corrosion (1993)

Self‐assembled monolayers of alkanethiols adsorbed on the surface of a polycrystalline bulk Cu were constructed and characterized by x‐ray photoelectron (XPS) and surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy and contact angle and impedance measurements. The protection ability of the alkanethiol monolayers against Cu corrosion in an aerated 0.5M solution was examined by impedance and polarization techniques. Results of XPS, SERS, and contact angle measurements showed that alkanethiols were chemisorbed on the Cu surface by the formation of strong bonds between Cu and S atoms following cleavage of a S‐H bond and formed densely packed, water‐repellent monolayers on the surface. The advancing contact angle of these monolayer films was comparable to that of alkanethiolate monolayers adsorbed at a vapor‐deposited Cu on a Si wafer. However, sufficiently high protection abilities of the films against Cu corrosion were not obtained in 0.5M . A preliminary experiment demonstrated the formation of a promising protective film which was prepared on the Cu surface by modification of self‐assembled 11‐mercapto‐1‐undecanol monolayer with octyltrichlorosilane to form cross‐linkages between the thiol molecules with siloxane bonds.
Molecular Design of Sweet Tasting Compounds Based on 3β-Amino-3β-deoxy-18β-glycyrrhetinic Acid: Amido Functionality Eliciting Tremendous Sweetness (2005)

Abstract A series of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA)-based, sweet tasting compounds has been prepared, where anionic NHCO(CH2)nCO2K side chains are attached to the 3β-C position of the GA skeleton through an amide linkage. As compared with the corresponding ester-linking compounds, these amido-linking ones, except that of n = 0, elicit 13 to 25 times increase in sweetness. The sweetness enhancement is due probably to the proton donation capability of the amido NH group which would render the binding of these compounds to the taste bud cell receptor advantageous.
Comparison of lattice-Boltzmann and Brownian-dynamics simulations of polymer migration in confined flows (2010)

This paper compares results from lattice-Boltzmann and brownian-dynamics simulations of polymer migration in confined flows bounded by planar walls. We have considered both a uniform shear rate and a constant pressure gradient. Lattice-Boltzmann simulations of the center-of-mass distribution agree quantitatively with brownian-dynamics results, contradicting previously published results. The mean end-to-end distance of the extended polymer is more sensitive to grid resolution Δx and time-step Δt. Nevertheless, for sufficiently small Δx and Δt, convergent results for the polymer stretch are obtained which agree with brownian dynamics within statistical uncertainties. The brownian-dynamics simulations incorporate a mobility matrix for a confined polymer that is both symmetric and positive definite for all physically accessible configurations.
Ca2+-dependent Protein Kinase C Isoforms Induce Cholestasis in Rat Liver (2004)

Bile secretion is regulated by different signaling transduction pathways including protein kinase C (PKC). However, the role of different PKC isoforms for bile formation is still controversial. This study investigates the effects of PKC isoform selective activators and inhibitors on PKC translocation, bile secretion, bile acid uptake, and subcellular transporter localization in rat liver, isolated rat hepatocytes and in HepG2 cells. In rat liver activation of Ca(2+)-dependent cPKCalpha and Ca(2+)-independent PKCepsilon by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA, 10nmol/liter) is associated with their translocation to the plasma membrane. PMA also induced translocation of the cloned rat PKCepsilon fused to a yellow fluorescent protein (YFP), which was transfected into HepG2 cells. In the perfused liver, PMA induced marked cholestasis. The PKC inhibitors Gö6850 (1 micromol/liter) and Gö6976 (0.2 micromol/liter), a selective inhibitor of Ca(2+)-dependent PKC isoforms, diminished the PMA effect by 50 and 60%, respectively. Thymeleatoxin (Ttx,) a selective activator of Ca(2+)-dependent cPKCs, did not translocate rat PKCepsilon-YFP transfected in HepG2 cells. However, Ttx (0.5-10 nmol/liter) induced cholestasis similar to PMA and led to a retrieval of Bsep from the canalicular membrane in rat liver while taurocholate-uptake in isolated hepatocytes was not affected. Gö6976 completely blocked the cholestatic effect of Ttx but had no effect on tauroursodeoxycholate-induced choleresis. The data identify Ca(2+)-dependent PKC isoforms as inducers of cholestasis. This is mainly due to inhibition of taurocholate excretion involving transporter retrieval from the canalicular membrane.
The effect of prolonged physical training on the properties of long bone: a study of Wolff's Law. (1981)

It has long been recognized that stress deprivation from immobilization in plaster casts results in profound bone atrophy, and it is generally accepted that a minimum level of activity is necessary for homeostasis of bone. These results show that exercise at a level comparable to that prescribed in running fitness programs for humans (65 to 80 per cent of maximum heart rate) can not only maintain homeostasis, but produce actual hypertrophy of bone. This work further suggests the importance of graduated, prolonged, supervised rehabilitation programs in overcoming osteoporotic states.
Induction of Neovascularization and Nonlymphoid Mesenchymal Cell Proliferation by Macrophage Cell Lines (1985)

The mature murine macrophage-like cells NCTC-3749 and J-774, the immature human macrophage-like cells U-937-1, and their conditioned media exhibited potent angiogenic activity in rat corneas and stimulated proliferation of bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) and DNA synthesis in BALB/c-3T3 cells in culture. In contrast, the immature human macrophage-like cells HL-60 and their conditioned media either failed to produce or release detectable quantities of these activities. Exposure of HL-60 cells to phorbol-myristate-acetate (PMA) did not enhance expression of angiogenic and growth stimulating activities by these cells. Both the angiogenic and growth stimulating activities appear to be mediated by a factor(s) that has biochemical properties in common with macrophage-derived growth factor (MDGF) produced by normal rat peritoneal macrophages. These results suggest that NCTC-3749, J-774, and U-937-1 macrophage-like cell lines may be a useful source for the large scale production and characterization of MDGF and macrophage-derived angiogenic activity.
Field-Plated Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>MOSFETs With a Breakdown Voltage of Over 750 V (2015)

Depletion-mode field-plated Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors were demonstrated for the first time. Substantial enhancement in breakdown voltage was achieved with a gate-connected field plate. The device channels, formed by selective-area Si ion implantation doping of an undoped Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> epilayer, were electrically isolated by the highly resistive epilayer without mesa etching. Effective surface passivation and high Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> material quality contributed to the absence of drain current collapse. The transistors exhibited an off-state breakdown voltage of 755 V, a high drain current on/off ratio of over 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">9</sup> , and stable high temperature operation against 300°C thermal stress.
CLINICAL PERSPECTIVES ON NEUROPEPTIDES (1987)

Abnormalities in various neuropeptide systems have been detected in a number of neuropsychiatric disorders. Understanding the pathophysiological significance of these findings requires considering them in the context of the neural circuits involved. In both Huntington's disease and Alzheimer's disease, the reported alterations in multiple neuropeptide systems may help define the primary pathologic change, and may lead to new therapeutic strategies.
Treatment of Kaposi's sarcoma in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome with an alternating vincristine-vinblastine regimen. (1986)

Twenty-four patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) were treated with a regimen alternating vincristine with vinblastine on a weekly basis. Objective responses to this regimen were observed in nine patients (45%), and seven (35%) had stabilization of progressive KS. Few toxic effects were observed. Alternating vincristine-vinblastine therapy is well-tolerated and effective palliative treatment for KS in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.
Photochemical 1,3-stannyl rearrangement of allylic stannanes (1998)

The photochemical 1,3-stannyl rearrangement of allylic stannanes has been investigated. The photorearrangement of (E)-cinnamyl(triphenyl)stannane is not observed in benzene under anaerobic conditions, while the photoinduced 1,3-stannyl migration takes place in the same solvent under aerobic conditions, or in the presence of organic halides or a radical-trapping agent to give a photoequilibrium mixture of the cinnamylstannane and its branched regioisomer, 1-phenylprop-2-enyl(triphenyl)stannane, with the latter predominating. Cinnamyl(trialkyl)stannanes and their homologues also afford the corresponding branched allylstannanes under similar photochemical conditions. These 1,3-stannyl migrations proceed intramolecularly via cinnamyl π-π* excitation in competition with homolytic (cinnamyl)C–Sn bond fission. In contrast, the 1,3-stannyl migration of crotyl- and prenyl-(tributyl)stannanes is not efficient, but their triphenyl or dibutylphenyl derivatives undergo the 1,3-rearrangement via excitation of the phenyl group(s) on the tin atom to give a regioisomeric mixture of the starting linear tin compounds and the branched ones with the former predominating.
Isolation, characterization, and comparison of recombinant DNAs derived from genomes of human hepatitis B virus and woodchuck hepatitis virus. (1980)

The human hepatitis B virus (HBV) and the woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) are closely related by several criteria and belong to the same class of DNA viruses. The DNA genomes from these viruses are difficult to obtain in quantities required for biochemical analysis. We have, therefore, cloned these two DNAs in the vector lambda gtWES and subcloned into the kanamycin resistance plasmid pA01. Comparison of the recombinant DNAs with authentic viral DNAs by specific hybridization, size, and restriction enzyme analysis suggests that the recombinants contain the complete genome of each virus. The nominal size of the cloned HBV genome was 3150 base pairs, compared to 3200 base pairs for the cloned WHV genome. The small amount of nucleic acid homology previously reported between the HBV and WHV DNAs could be demonstrated between the cloned viral DNAs.
New self-aligned complementary bipolar transistors using selective-oxidation mask (1984)

This paper describes a new self-aligned complementary transistor structure which makes a high-speed and high-accuracy analog bipolar LSI possible. This device structure consists of a 2 µm epitaxial layer, a non-LOCOS trench isolation burried with polycrystalline silicon, and complementary (NPN and vertical PNP) transistors which have self-aligned active base and emitter. The principal feature of the fabrication process is forming an active base and an emitter by ion implantations through the silicon nitride film using an oxidation film as a mask which lies upon an inactive base region. Because residual defects induced by the ion implantations are confined into the emitter region, the leakage current at the base-emitter junction is minimized. Current gains of the both transistors (NPN and PNP) are constant down to low current region I <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">C</inf> =10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-9</sup> A. The distribution of base-emitter offsets (ΔV <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">BE</inf> ) of transistor pairs is O.2mV as the standard deviation; 3σ. Maximum values of f <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</inf> of NPN and PNP transistors are 6 GHz and 1.5 GHz, respectively.
A Network Model to Describe the Terminal Differentiation of B Cells (2016)

Terminal differentiation of B cells is an essential process for the humoral immune response in vertebrates and is achieved by the concerted action of several transcription factors in response to antigen recognition and extracellular signals provided by T-helper cells. While there is a wealth of experimental data regarding the molecular and cellular signals involved in this process, there is no general consensus regarding the structure and dynamical properties of the underlying regulatory network controlling this process. We developed a dynamical model of the regulatory network controlling terminal differentiation of B cells. The structure of the network was inferred from experimental data available in the literature, and its dynamical behavior was analyzed by modeling the network both as a discrete and a continuous dynamical systems. The steady states of these models are consistent with the patterns of activation reported for the Naive, GC, Mem, and PC cell types. Moreover, the models are able to describe the patterns of differentiation from the precursor Naive to any of the GC, Mem, or PC cell types in response to a specific set of extracellular signals. We simulated all possible single loss- and gain-of-function mutants, corroborating the importance of Pax5, Bcl6, Bach2, Irf4, and Blimp1 as key regulators of B cell differentiation process. The model is able to represent the directional nature of terminal B cell differentiation and qualitatively describes key differentiation events from a precursor cell to terminally differentiated B cells.
Disordered antireflective nanostructures on GaN-based light-emitting diodes using Ag nanoparticles for improved light extraction efficiency (2010)

In this study, we demonstrate GaN light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with antireflective subwavelength structures (SWS) for enhanced light extraction efficiency. To eliminate the internal Fresnel reflection, SWS were fabricated on an indium-tin-oxide (ITO) surface using an overall dry etch process of Ag nanoparticles. The average size of the Ag nanoparticles was carefully chosen by theoretical calculation of the reflective diffraction efficiency using a rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) method. Improvement in light output power of ∼30.2% was achieved for the fabricated ITO SWS LEDs compared to conventional LEDs, with no significant increase in the forward voltage.
An Adjustable Clock Scan Structure for Reducing Testing Peak Power (2007)

Power consumption during testing is becoming a primary concern. In this paper, an adjustable clock scan structure is presented. It can significantly reduce the peak power consumption during testing. The adjustable clock controlling multiple scan chains is used to reduce SA (switching activity) and avoid simultaneous shifting operation. Compared with exiting techniques of low power scan testing, the adjustable clock scan structure has numerous advantages. It keeps peak power below a limit and maintains the same fault coverage. Moreover, it only takes up small DFT hardwires. Theoretical analysis and experiments on ISCAS89 benchmark circuits conformably show that the peak power consumption is reduced by about 60% during testing.
Effect of rotor profiles on the torque of a switched-reluctance motor (1992)

The authors examine effects on the torque that simple variations of the standard rotor pole face profile could have, basically from an elementary viewpoint of how the modified profiles affect the distribution and magnitude of the radial and tangential components of the flux density. It is observed that the average torque is mostly affected by changes that alter the dominant radial component, such as changes in the effective air gap length. The other observation that an increase in the average torque can also be obtained by a favorable shift in the torque versus angle characteristics by relatively simple changes of the rotor pole profile is not so well known. Such a shift that reduces the slope of the torque angle characteristic, skewing the curve towards the unaligned position, has two advantages: one is that the phase inductance is at its maximum positive slop and, hence, the maximum torque, when the phase is energized; second, the flatter inductance profile near the aligned position when the phase current is to be commutated would allow a faster drop off of the commutated current and, thus, a smaller negative torque.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>