gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cataract: Biochemistry, Epidemiology and Pharmacology (1991)

Part 1 The normal lens: transparency metabolism crystallins membrane and cytoskeletal proteins. Part 2 The ageing lens: physical changes metabolic changes changes to crystallins changes to plasma membranes and cytoskeleton. Part 3 The epidemiology of cataract: the size of the problem prevalence and incidence case-control studies diabetes diarrhoe, malnutrition, poverty and sunlight renal failure hypertension and diuretics myopia miscellaneous risks cataract and mortality. Part 4 Experimental opacification of the lens in vivo and in vitro: sugar cataract radiation cataract cynate, isocyanates, urea and cataract steroid-induced cataract selenite-induced cataract genetic cataracts calcium and opacification oxidation and opacification phase seperation opacification (cold cataract) miscellaneous cataracts synergistic cataracts common pathways to cataract. Part 5 Human cataract: physical changes metabolic changes changes to crystallins changes to membranes common pathways to human cataract. Part 6 Prevention and therapy: prevention by eliminating causes anti-cataract agents.
Characterization of a Monoclonal Antibody, KR-P8, That Detects a New Prostate-Specific Marker<xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2">2</xref> (1984)

This report characterizes a prostate-specific monoclonal antibody, KP-P8, which was prepared against the human prostate cell line PC3. The antigen detected by KR-P8 was identified on the surfaces of 90% of cells of the PC3 line, as well as on 67% of cells of the Du-145 prostate line, but it was absent from the surfaces of normal peripheral blood leukocytes and cells of a number of lymphoblastoid lines. As judged by immunoperoxidase staining techniques, KR-P8 reacted with the glandular epithelium of all specimens of normal, benign hypertrophic, and malignant prostate glands tested. However, no reactivity was noted with numerous other human tissues including normal bladder, lung, liver, kidney, testis, colon, parotid gland, thyroid gland, and spleen. These results indicate that the antigen detected by KR-P8 is prostate organ-specific. Competitive blocking studies showed that the antibody did not recognize the previously described prostate-specific antigen or the alpha-Pro-3 antigen described by other investigators. The KR-P8 antibody also did not bind to purified prostatic acid phosphatase. The presence of the KR-P8 antigen was demonstrated in cell-free preparations of dilute seminal plasma by radioimmunoassay, indicating that this antigen is secreted by the glandular cells of the prostate gland. The clinical significance of this marker was demonstrated by its ability to identify prostate metastases of the lymph node.
Understanding videos, constructing plots learning a visually grounded storyline model from annotated videos (2009)

Analyzing videos of human activities involves not only recognizing actions (typically based on their appearances), but also determining the story/plot of the video. The storyline of a video describes causal relationships between actions. Beyond recognition of individual actions, discovering causal relationships helps to better understand the semantic meaning of the activities. We present an approach to learn a visually grounded storyline model of videos directly from weakly labeled data. The storyline model is represented as an AND-OR graph, a structure that can compactly encode storyline variation across videos. The edges in the AND-OR graph correspond to causal relationships which are represented in terms of spatio-temporal constraints. We formulate an Integer Programming framework for action recognition and storyline extraction using the storyline model and visual groundings learned from training data.
Sialic Acids and Sialic Acid-Recognising Proteins: Drug Discovery Targets and Potential Glycopharmaceuticals (1997)

Sialic acids, and the proteins and enzymes which utilise them, are increasingly becoming recognised as playing pivotal roles in a variety of disease states, including microbial infection, inflammation and some cancers. This article reviews aspects of sialic acid biology and chemistry with relation to their biological functions and, in the case of influenza virus infection, details work towards the development of potential therapeutic agents.
Achieving a given reflectance for unpolarized light by controlling the incidence angle and the thickness of a transparent thin film on an absorbing substrate: application to energy equipartition in the four-detector photopolarimeter (1992)

At a given wavelength lambda we determine all possible solution pairs (?, zeta) of the incidence angle ? and the thickness zeta of a transparent thin film on an absorbing substrate that achieve a given unpolarized light reflectance R(u). The trajectory of the point that represents a solution pair in the zeta, ? plane depends on the optical properties of the film and substrate and on whether R(u) is greater than or less than the normal-incidence reflectance -R(0) of the bare substrate. When R(u) > - R(0), the specified reflectance is achieved over a limited range of ?. At the least possible incidence angle, the film thickness is approximately ? th wave. As an application we consider SiO(2) films on Si detectors that produce R(u). = 0.75, 0.6667, and 0.50 at lambda = 337 and 633 nm. If the first three detectors of the four-detector photopolarimeter (FDP) are coated to have these reflectance levels, with the reflectance diminishing in the direction of propagation of the light beam, and the last detector is antireflection coated (e.g., with a quarter-wave Si(3)N(4) layer), equipartition of energy among the four detectors is accomplished for incident unpolarized light. Such a condition is desirable in the operation of the FDP. The ellipsometric parameters of the coated surfaces and the FDP instrument matrix are also calculated.
François Charles-Roux. — Autour d’une route : L'Angleterre, l'Isthme de Suez et l’Égypte au XVIIIe siècle — Paris, Plon, 1922 (1922)

Boyer Ferdinand. François Charles-Roux. — Autour d’une route : L'Angleterre, l'Isthme de Suez et l’Égypte au XVIIIe siècle — Paris, Plon, 1922. In: Revue internationale de l'enseignement, tome 76,1922. pp. 376-378.
Increased group II phospholipase A2 in colonic mucosa of patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. (1994)

The immunochemical protein content of group II phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and PLA2 enzymatic activity were measured for colonic mucosal biopsy samples obtained from patients with either Crohn's disease of the colon or ulcerative colitis, and control patients without inflammatory bowel disease. Immunoreactive group II PLA2 (IR-PLA2 II) content and PLA2 activity in actively inflamed colonic mucosa of Crohn's disease patients were significantly higher than those in inactively inflamed mucosa of Crohn's disease patients and the colonic mucosa of controls. IR-PLA2 II content and PLA2 activity in severely inflamed mucosa of ulcerative colitis patients were significantly higher than those in the colonic mucosa of the controls. Mucosal PLA2 enzymatic activity was closely correlated with mucosal IR-PLA2 II content in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. These results suggest that an increase in PLA2 enzymatic activity in inflamed colonic mucosa of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis was mainly attributed to increased protein content of group II PLA2, and that an increase in mucosal group II PLA2 may be involved in the pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
Down-trapered double-clad fibre for diode array pumped lasers and amplifiers (1995)

The behaviour of the effective pump absorption of array pumped, double-clad fibre laser is studied. In order to realise a high rate of pump absorption in a shorter length of fibre, we propose a linearly down-tapered fibre geometry for cladding-pumped fibre lasers and amplifiers. The pump absorption in a down-tapered fibre is modelled using the ray tracing method.
Twin-wire GMAW : Process characteristics and applications (1999)

Although more complicated than regular GMAW, twin-wire gas metal arc welding offers benefits that include high deposition rates and increased travel speeds.
Using Secondary VAr Controllers to Enhance Integrated Volt-VAr Optimization Benefits (2019)

Grid modernization efforts are on the rise for many utilities in the US with major investments seen in the distribution networks where conventional visibility and control has been scarce. Primary drivers for such investments include the increasing energy efficiency of the grid and managing uncertainty seen with rapid adoption of EVs, and solar PV by end users. Integrated Volt-VAr Optimization (IVVO) has been used to achieve energy efficiency objectives in the past by few utilities. Newer technologies such as Secondary VAr Compensators (SVCs) are providing new and cheaper avenues for utilities to enhance the energy efficiency goals in addition to providing distributed visibility and control. Through a pilot project and field testing performed at Xcel Energy in Colorado, this paper quantifies the benefits of SVCs in coordination with IVVO assets in enhancing energy savings (3.3%) and demand reduction (4.2%). The LCoE for an SVC solution is much lower (0.5 - 1 cts/kWh) than conventional approaches for providing social and environmental benefits (reduction in CO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> emissions) in addition to achieving the grid modernization benefits of increasing resilience and reliability of the network.
Flow cytometric determination of size and complex refractive index for marine particles: comparison with independent and bulk estimates (2003)

We advance a method to determine the diameter D and the complex refractive index (n + n'i) of marine particles from flow cytometric measurements of forward scattering, side scattering, and chlorophyll fluorescence combined with Mie theory. To understand better the application of Mie theory with its assumptions to flow cytometry (FCM) measurements of phytoplankton cells, we evaluate our flow cytometric-Mie (FCM-Mie) method by comparing results from a variety of phytoplankton cultures with independent estimates of cell D and with estimates of n and n' from the inversion of bulk measurements. Cell D initially estimated from the FCM-Mie method is lower than independent estimates, and n and n' are generally higher than bulk estimates. These differences reflect lower forward scattering and higher side scattering for single-cell measurements than predicted by Mie theory. The application of empirical scattering corrections improves FCM-Mie estimates of cell size, n, and n'; notably size is determined accurately for cells grown in both high- and low-light conditions, and n' is correlated with intracellular chlorophyll concentration. A comparison of results for phytoplankton and mineral particles suggests that differences in n between these particle types can be determined from FCM measurements. In application to natural mixtures of particles, eukaryotic pico/nanophytoplankton and Synechococcus have minimum mean values of n' in surface waters, and nonphytoplankton particles have higher values of n than phytoplankton at all depths.
Galenische Formulierung rekombinanter Wirkstoffe: Problem Arzneistoffstabilität (2003)

Abstract Die galenische Formulierung von rekombinanten Wirkstoffen zur Behandlung der RA beschränkt sich auf parenteral zu applizierende Darreichungsformen. Es werden kleinvolumige, s. c. zu applizierende Injektionslösungen bis hin zu Infusionslösungen monoklonaler Antikörper eingesetzt. Als Herausforderung gilt es nach wie vor, die Stabilität der Proteine über einen Zeitraum von 2 bis 3 Jahren in der Arzneiform zu gewährleisten. Heute gilt die Lyophilisation als Technik der Wahl, um diesen Anforderungen gerecht zu werden.
Techniques for the Generation of 3D Finite Element Meshes of Human Organs (2010)

The Finite Element Method (FEM) is probably the most used technique to model the mechanic properties of a body. The method needs a subdivision of the body (or domain) to be simulated in simpler geometrical structures. This subdivision is known as a mesh. This chapter gives a short introduction to the FEM, then continues with the most important aspects to consider for choosing a mesh like, element type, quality and node density. Finally this chapter reviews several meshing techniques currently used in the medical-field simulations. The techniques are classified and compared.
Prodrug forms for the sulfonamide group. IV. Kinetics of hydrolysis of N-sulfonyl pseudourea derivatives. (1989)

Two N-sulfonyl pseudourea derivatives, ethyl N-(p-tolylsulfonyl)-1-pyrrolidinecarboximidate and 3-butyl-2-ethyl-1-p-tolylsulfonylpseudourea, were prepared and evaluated as potential prodrug forms for the primary sulfonamide group in the model p-toluenesulfonamide. The stability characteristics of the compounds were examined in aqueous solution at various pH values as well as in the presence of human plasma and rat liver homogenate. The degradation of the derivatives was specific acid and base catalyzed, the maximal stability occurring at pH around 5. The products arising from the degradation included N-ethoxycarbonyl p-toluenesulfonamide, an N-sulfonylurea as well as the parent p-toluenesulfonamide. Human plasma did not significantly catalyze the hydrolysis and although some catalysis was observed in the presence of liver homogenate it is concluded that N-sulfonyl pseudoureas are too stable to be considered as a potentially useful prodrug form for the primary sulfonamide group.
Linearization of 1.3-/spl mu/m MQW electroabsorption modulators using an all-optical frequency-insensitive technique (1998)

A novel all-optical linearization technique has been developed for discrete multiquantum-well electroabsorption modulators by exploiting the wavelength dependence of the quantum-confined Stark effect. The correcting signal for a particular order of nonlinearity is generated by the same modulator at a detuned optical wavelength, canceling the undesired order of nonlinear distortion via coherent RF recombination at the photodetector. This dual-wavelength approach is simple and insensitive to the microwave subcarrier frequency. A dramatic 30-dB reduction in the third-order nonlinear distortion at 10 GHz and 8-dB increase in the suboctave link dynamic range were achieved experimentally.
Smart energy management system for optimal microgrid economic operation (2011)

This study presents a smart energy management system (SEMS) to optimise the operation of the microgrid. The SEMS consists of power forecasting module, energy storage system (ESS) management module and optimisation module. The characteristic of the photovoltaics (PV) output in different weather conditions has been studied and then a 1-day-ahead power forecasting module is presented. As energy storage needs to be optimised across multiple-time steps, considering the influence of energy price structures, their economics are particularly complex. Therefore the ESS module is applied to determine the optimal operation strategies. Accordingly, multiple-time set points of the storage device, and economic performance of ESS are also evaluated. Smart management of ESS, economic load dispatch and operation optimisation of distributed generation (DG) are simplified into a single-object optimisation problem in the SEMS. Finally, a matrix real-coded genetic algorithm (MRC-GA) optimisation module is described to achieve a practical method for load management, including three different operation policies and produces diagrams of the distributed generators and ESS.
The Binding of a Glycoprotein 120 V3 Loop Peptide to HIV-1 Neutralizing Antibodies (2000)

The structural and antigenic properties of a peptide ("CRK") derived from the V3 loop of HIV-1 gp120 protein were studied using NMR and SPR techniques. The sequence of CRK corresponds to the central portion of the V3 loop containing the highly conserved "GPGR" residue sequence. Although the biological significance of this conserved sequence is unknown, the adoption of conserved secondary structure (type II beta-turn) in this region has been proposed. The tendency of CRK (while free or conjugated to protein), to adopt such structure and the influence of such structure upon CRK antigenicity were investigated by NMR and SPR, respectively. Regardless of conjugation, CRK is conformationally averaged in solution but a weak tendency of the CRK "GPGR" residues to adopt a beta-turn conformation was observed after conjugation. The influence of GPGR structure upon CRK antigenicity was investigated by measuring the affinities of two cognate antibodies: "5023A" and "5025A," for CRK, protein-conjugated CRK and gp120 protein. Each antibody bound to all the antigens with nearly the same affinity. From these data, it appears that: (a) antibody binding most likely involves an induced fit of the peptide and (b) the gp120 V3 loop is probably conformationally heterogeneous. Since 5023A and 5025A are HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies, neutralization in these cases appears to be independent of adopted GPGR beta-turn structure.
Enhanced Expression of Resident Leukocyte Interferon γ mRNA in Endometriosis (1993)

These findings support a possible paracrine role for resident leukocytes in regulating cell proliferation in endometriosis.
Worldwide burden of cancer attributable to HPV by site, country and HPV type (2017)

HPV is the cause of almost all cervical cancer and is responsible for a substantial fraction of other anogenital cancers and oropharyngeal cancers. Understanding the HPV-attributable cancer burden can boost programs of HPV vaccination and HPV-based cervical screening. Attributable fractions (AFs) and the relative contributions of different HPV types were derived from published studies reporting on the prevalence of transforming HPV infection in cancer tissue. Maps of age-standardized incidence rates of HPV-attributable cancers by country from GLOBOCAN 2012 data are shown separately for the cervix, other anogenital tract and head and neck cancers. The relative contribution of HPV16/18 and HPV6/11/16/18/31/33/45/52/58 was also estimated. 4.5% of all cancers worldwide (630,000 new cancer cases per year) are attributable to HPV: 8.6% in women and 0.8% in men. AF in women ranges from <3% in Australia/New Zealand and the USA to >20% in India and sub-Saharan Africa. Cervix accounts for 83% of HPV-attributable cancer, two-thirds of which occur in less developed countries. Other HPV-attributable anogenital cancer includes 8,500 vulva; 12,000 vagina; 35,000 anus (half occurring in men) and 13,000 penis. In the head and neck, HPV-attributable cancers represent 38,000 cases of which 21,000 are oropharyngeal cancers occurring in more developed countries. The relative contributions of HPV16/18 and HPV6/11/16/18/31/33/45/52/58 are 73% and 90%, respectively. Universal access to vaccination is the key to avoiding most cases of HPV-attributable cancer. The preponderant burden of HPV16/18 and the possibility of cross-protection emphasize the importance of the introduction of more affordable vaccines in less developed countries.
A cross sectional study of renal involvement in tuberous sclerosis. (1996)

Renal disease is a frequent manifestation of tuberous sclerosis (TSC) and yet little is known about its true prevalence or natural history. We reviewed the notes of 139 people with TSC, who had presented without renal symptoms, but who had been investigated by renal ultrasound. Information on the frequency, type, and symptomatology of renal involvement was retrieved. The prevalence of renal involvement was 61%. Angiomyolipomas were detected in 49%, renal cysts in 32%, and renal carcinoma in 2.2%. The prevalence of angiomyolipoma was positively correlated with age, compatible with a two hit aetiology. Renal cysts were the commoner lesion in young children, and their prevalence did not appear to be age related. Renal investigation in people with TSC had been inconsistent and limited. We suggest guidelines for renal investigation in those with TSC.
Binary Edwards curves in elliptic curve cryptography (2013)

Edwards curves are a new normal form for elliptic curves that exhibit some cryptographically desirable properties and advantages over the typical Weierstrass form. Because the group law on an Edwards curve (normal, twisted, or binary) is complete and unified, implementations can be safer from side channel or exceptional procedure attacks. The different types of Edwards provide a better platform for cryptographic primitives, since they have more security built into them from the mathematic foundation up. Of the three types of Edwards curves—original, twisted, and binary—there hasn't been as much work done on binary curves. We provide the necessary motivation and background, and then delve into the theory of binary Edwards curves. Next, we examine practical considerations that separate binary Edwards curves from other recently proposed normal forms. After that, we provide some of the theory for binary curves that has been worked on for other types already: pairing computations. We next explore some applications of elliptic curve and pairing-based cryptography wherein the added security of binary Edwards curves may come in handy. Finally, we finish with a discussion of e2c2, a modern C++11 library we've developed for Edwards Elliptic Curve Cryptography.
A sequential circuit structure with combinational test generation complexity and its application (1997)

If, upon substituting signal lines for all flip-flops in a sequential circuit, the test generation problem for this sequential circuit can be reduced to the problem of test generation for a combinational circuit, one may call this sequential circuit a sequential circuit allowing test generation with combinational test generation complexity. For example, balanced structures are characterized by this feature. The authors introduce a new wider class called internally balanced structures. The sequential circuits can be classified by the circuit structure as follows: {sequential circuits of acyclic structure} ⊃ {sequential circuits of internally balanced structure} ⊃ {sequential circuits of balanced structure}. It is shown that, as opposed to sequential circuits of acyclic structure, which do not necessarily allow test generations with combinational test generation complexity, sequential circuits of internally balanced structure and balanced structure allow test generation with combinational test generation complexity. On the other hand, it is shown that finite state machines (FSM) can be grouped by their realization possibility as follows: {FSM allowing realization as acyclic structure} = {FSM allowing realization as internally balanced structure} ⊃ {FSM allowing realization as balanced structure}. Finally, the authors discuss using features of the internally balanced structures which allow test generation with combinational test generation complexity for implementing designs for testability based on the new partial scan approach, and for reducing the test generation time in sequential circuits. © 1998 Scripta Technica, Syst Comp Jpn, 28(11): 11–21, 1997