gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Neuropathogenesis in HIV-1 Clade B and C Infection Associated with IL-33 and ST2 Regulation (2015)

In present research work, for the first time, we demonstrate that neuropathogenesis in HIV-1 clade B and C infection is associated with IL-33 and ST2 dysregulation, that is, implication toward neuropathogenesis. It is known that neuropathogenesis of HIV infected individuals is clade dependent. Proinflammatory cytokines and related receptors play a significant role in the complex regulatory mechanisms of neuropathogenesis in HIV-1 infection. Among them, IL-33 is an inflammatory cytokine expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and activates microglia cells and may affect neuroimmune inflammatory processes involved in HIV neuropathogenesis. Beside this, IL-33 receptor (ST2) plays a role in neuroinflammatory processes through the modulation of the biological action of IL-33. quantitative real time PCR (qRT-PCR), ELISA, Western blot (WB), and flow cytometry experiments were performed to elucidate the role of IL-33/ST2 in HIV neuropathogenesis in CNS cells. Apoptosis and mechanisms of IL-33 in neuronal cells were studied using caspase-3 assay and RT-PCR. Results of the studies suggest that the infection in CNS cells with HIV-1 clade B resulted in higher levels of IL-33/ST2L expression compared to HIV-1 clade C infection. Furthermore, higher concentrations of IL-33 were associated with a decrease in myocyte enhancer factor 2C (MEF2C) expression, a transcription factor that regulates synaptic function, and an increase in apoptosis, NOD2, and SLC11A1 in clade B infection. This led to neuroinflammation which dysregulates synaptic function and apoptosis. These parameters are common in neuroAIDS provoked by HIV infection.
Complex-based OCT angiography algorithm recovers microvascular information better than amplitude- or phase-based algorithms in phase-stable systems (2017)

Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is increasingly becoming a popular inspection tool for biomedical imaging applications. By exploring the amplitude, phase and complex information available in OCT signals, numerous algorithms have been proposed that contrast functional vessel networks within microcirculatory tissue beds. However, it is not clear which algorithm delivers optimal imaging performance. Here, we investigate systematically how amplitude and phase information have an impact on the OCTA imaging performance, to establish the relationship of amplitude and phase stability with OCT signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), time interval and particle dynamics. With either repeated A-scan or repeated B-scan imaging protocols, the amplitude noise increases with the increase of OCT SNR; however, the phase noise does the opposite, i.e. it increases with the decrease of OCT SNR. Coupled with experimental measurements, we utilize a simple Monte Carlo (MC) model to simulate the performance of amplitude-, phase- and complex-based algorithms for OCTA imaging, the results of which suggest that complex-based algorithms deliver the best performance when the phase noise is < ~40 mrad. We also conduct a series of in vivo vascular imaging in animal models and human retina to verify the findings from the MC model through assessing the OCTA performance metrics of vessel connectivity, image SNR and contrast-to-noise ratio. We show that for all the metrics assessed, the complex-based algorithm delivers better performance than either the amplitude- or phase-based algorithms for both the repeated A-scan and the B-scan imaging protocols, which agrees well with the conclusion drawn from the MC simulations.
Reaction Kinetics and Chemical Equilibrium of Homogeneously and Heterogeneously Catalyzed Acetic Acid Esterification with Methanol and Methyl Acetate Hydrolysis (2000)

The reaction kinetics and chemical equilibrium of the reversible esterification of methanol with acetic acid were investigated. This system is of major importance as a model reaction for reactive distillation. The reaction has been catalyzed both homogeneously by acetic acid itself and heterogeneously by an acidic ion-exchange resin (Amberlyst 15). The chemical equilibrium composition was measured for various temperatures and starting compositions of the reactants and products. Kinetic information was obtained at temperatures between 303.15 and 343.15 K at various starting compositions covering concentration ranges from the stoichiometric regime to the dilute regions. Both the esterification and the hydrolysis reaction were investigated to yield a model which is applicable for any starting composition. The homogeneous reaction has been described with a simple power-law model. The use of activities in the kinetic model instead of mole fractions results in a much smaller residual error. To compare pseudohomogeneous and adsorption-based kinetic models for the heterogeneously catalyzed reaction, independent binary liquid adsorption experiments were used to fit the adsorption constants to keep the number of adjustable parameters the same for each model. The use of activities instead of mole fractions results in a slight improvement of the kinetic model only, while incorporating adsorption information into the kinetic model results in a much better fit. The chemical equilibrium composition calculated from the kinetic model is in agreement with the measured chemical equilibrium.
An In-Depth Look at Pressure Sores Using Monolithic Silicon Pressure Sensors (1984)

Three-dimensional scalar pressure distributions were measured in solid tissue near bony prominences in vitro in meat and in vivo in pigs using silicon pressure sensors. Data are in accord with previous theoretical models and indicate that pressure is three to five times higher internally near a bony prominence than it is at the skin over the prominence. Pressure sores are thus thought to begin internally; by the time they are evident at the skin, the sore has worked its way completely from bone to skin. This conclusion is in accord with previous clinical data. Future measurement of local vector forces is needed to fully characterize the force distribution in vivo.
Relative Cohomology (1957)

It is our purpose in this paper to present certain aspects of a cohomology theory of a ring R relative to a subring S , basing the theory on the notions of induced and produced pairs of our earlier paper (2), but making the paper self-contained except for references to a few specific results of (2). The cohomology groups introduced occur in dual pairs. Generic cocycles are defined, and the groups are related to the protractions and retractions of R -modules.
Bounded skew clock routing for 3D stacked IC designs: Enabling trade-offs between power and clock skew (2010)

This paper addresses a bounded skew clock routing problem in 3D stacked IC designs to enable effective trade-offs between power and clock skew. The existing 3D clock tree synthesis (CTS) techniques for power and temperature management solve the clock routing problem in two steps: (step 1) constructing a zero skew clock tree and (step 2) restructuring the clock tree to minimize the increased clock skew caused by temperature variation. Unlike the previous works, this paper provides various solutions for step 1 by relaxing skew bound rather than one (possibly extreme) solution, so that the task of step 2 is more amenable and effective by reduced or controlled power in step 1. To this end, we propose an algorithm, called BSTDME-3D (bounded skew clock tree with deffered merge embedding for 3D ICs), to solve the bounded skew clock tree embedding problem in 3D ICs for a given tree topology. By utilizing the proposed clock tree embedding algorithm, we setup the (un)buffered 3D CTS flow under a (non-)zero skew bound, and study impacts of skew bound on total wirelength and thus clock power consumption. From the extensive experiments, it is shown that the unbuffered CTS with 100ps skew bound reduces 3D clock wirelength by 16% on average for the 4-die stacked 3D ICs. The buffered CTS with 100ps skew bound reduces 3D clock wirelength by 18%, buffer resource by 25%, and thereby clock power consumption by 16% on average for the 4-die stacked 3D ICs.
β‐Amyloid protein converting enzyme 1 and brain‐specific type II membrane protein BRI<sub>3</sub>: binding partners processed by furin (2004)

Using a yeast two-hybrid system, we screened a human brain cDNA library for possible interacting proteins with the C-terminal cytosolic tail of the beta-secretase beta-amyloid protein converting enzyme (BACE)1. This identified seven potential candidates, including the brain-specific type II membrane protein BRI3. Co-localization and co-immunoprecipitation experiments confirmed that BACE1 and BRI3 co-localize and interact with each other via the cytosolic tail of BACE1. Furthermore, pulse and pulse-chase analyses revealed that the pro-protein convertases furin, and to a lesser extent PC7 and PC5A, process BRI3 into a C-terminal secreted approximately 4-kDa product. Thus, furin efficiently processes both pro-BACE1 and its novel interacting protein pro-BRI3.
Structural phase transition in ferroelectric fluorine polymers: X-ray diffraction and infrared/Raman spectroscopic study (1989)

Abstract The structural phase transition has been investigated by X-ray diffraction and infrared and Raman spectroscopic measurements for ferroelectric fluorine polymers, including poly(vinylidene fluoride) and its copolymers with trifluoroethylene or tetrafluoroethylene. One of the most characteristic features of this ferroelectric transition is the large conformational change of the molecular chains between the trans and gauche rotational isomers, quite different from the structural change observed generally in the usual ionic ferroelectric materials. The crystallization and transition behaviors depend sensitively on the monomer composition in the copolymers as well as on the sample preparation conditions. The roles of the optic and acoustic phonons in the ferroelectric phase transition have been discussed based on the temperature dependences of the far-infrared spectra and the ultrasonic velocity. Key Words: Ferroelectric fluorine polymersphase transitionX-ray diffractioninfrared spectraRaman spectraultrasonic velocityoptic phononacoustic phonon
Moisture-triggered physically transient electronics (2017)

Physically transient electronics, a form of electronics that can physically disappear in a controllable manner, is very promising for emerging applications. Most of the transient processes reported so far only occur in aqueous solutions or biofluids, offering limited control over the triggering and degradation processes. We report novel moisture-triggered physically transient electronics, which exempt the needs of resorption solutions and can completely disappear within well-controlled time frames. The triggered transient process starts with the hydrolysis of the polyanhydride substrate in the presence of trace amounts of moisture in the air, a process that can generate products of corrosive organic acids to digest various inorganic electronic materials and components. Polyanhydride is the only example of polymer that undergoes surface erosion, a distinct feature that enables stable operation of the functional devices over a predefined time frame. Clear advantages of this novel triggered transience mode include that the lifetime of the devices can be precisely controlled by varying the moisture levels and changing the composition of the polymer substrate. The transience time scale can be tuned from days to weeks. Various transient devices, ranging from passive electronics (such as antenna, resistor, and capacitor) to active electronics (such as transistor, diodes, optoelectronics, and memories), and an integrated system as a platform demonstration have been developed to illustrate the concept and verify the feasibility of this design strategy.
Studies on the syntheses of sesquiterpene lactones. 10. Improved syntheses of (+)-tuberiferin and the related .alpha.-methylene-.gamma.-lactones and their biological activities (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStudies on the syntheses of sesquiterpene lactones. 10. Improved syntheses of (+)-tuberiferin and the related .alpha.-methylene-.gamma.-lactones and their biological activitiesMasayoshi Ando, Tetsuo Wada, Haruhiko Kusaka, Kahei Takase, Naonori Hirata, and Yoshikazu YanagiCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1987, 52, 21, 4792–4796Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1987https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00230a028Request reuse permissionsArticle Views727Altmetric-Citations36LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (674 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Large-angle magnetization dynamics measured by time-resolved ferromagnetic resonance (2006)

A time-resolved ferromagnetic resonance technique was used to investigate the nonlinear magnetization dynamics of a thin film in response to a sequence of large-amplitude field pulses. The magnetic field pulse sequence was set at a repetition rate equal to the magnetic system's resonance frequency. Both inductive and optical techniques were used to observe the resultant magnetization dynamics. We compared data obtained by this technique with conventional pulsed inductive microwave magnetometry. The results for damping and frequency response obtained by these two different methods coincide in the limit of a small-angle excitation. However, when applying large-amplitude field pulses, there was a substantial increase in the apparent damping. Analysis of vector-resolved magnetic second-harmonic generation data indicate that the increase in damping is correlated with a decrease in the spatial homogeneity of the magnetization dynamics. This suggests that unstable spin wave generation occurs in the limit of large-amplitude dynamics.
A Metal‐Free Synthesis of N‐Aryl Carbamates under Ambient Conditions (2015)

Abstract The first chemo‐ and site‐selective process for the formation of N‐aryl‐carbamates from cyclic organic carbonates and aromatic amines is reported. The reactions proceed smoothly under extremely mild reaction conditions using TBD (triazabicyclodecene) as an effective and cheap organocatalyst, thus providing a sustainable and new methodology for the formation of a wide variety of useful N‐aryl carbamate synthons in good to excellent yields. Computational investigations have been performed and show the underlying reason for the observed unique reactivity as related to an effective proton‐relay mechanism mediated by the bicyclic guanidine base.
Profiling Sulfonate Ester Stability: Identification of Complementary Protecting Groups for Sulfonates (2010)

Sulfonation is prized for its ability to impart water-solubility to hydrophobic molecules such as dyes. This modification is usually performed as a final step, since sulfonated molecules are poorly soluble in most organic solvents, which complicates their synthesis and purification. This work compares the intrinsic lability of different sulfonate esters, identifying new sulfonate protecting groups and mild, selective cleavage conditions.
Radiosensitivity of Vascular Tissue: II. Differential Radiosensitivity of Aortic Cells in Vitro (1984)

The cellular outgrowths from three layers of rabbit and monkey aorta were used as primary cultures. Irradiation of the tissue fragments at the time of explanation resulted in a reduction in outgrowth of 50% with a dose of 200 rad, and in a reduction of over 90% with doses of 300 rad and above. When comparable cultures were irradiated after 2 months in vitro as a mature actively metabolizing but slowly proliferating cell population, radioresistance was increased. Subcultures of medial smooth muscle cells irradiated during their logarithmic growth phase showed a linear dose response in the cell number parameter up to 150 rad. A dose of 250 rad resulted in complete flattening of the growth curve, with a reduction in labeling index, after a 3-hr terminal [3H]TdR pulse. On the other hand, the labeling index indicated some recovery 3 days after irradiation in cultures receiving less than 250 rad. Under the same experimental conditions, cells derived from the intima of the same aorta showed no recovery when increase in cell numbers over time, or the number of labeled cells per area, were used as parameters. Cells derived from adventitia showed a relative increase in the number of labeled cells per area 4 and 7 days after irradiation following an initial decrease on Day 1.
The identification of genes with unique and essential functions in the development of the zebrafish, <i>Danio rerio</i> (1996)

In a large-scale screen, we isolated mutants displaying a specific visible phenotype in embryos or early larvae of the zebrafish, Danio rerio. Males were mutagenized with ethylnitrosourea (ENU) and F2 families of single pair matings between sibling F1 fish, heterozygous for a mutagenized genome, were raised. Egg lays were obtained from several crosses between F2 siblings, resulting in scoring of 3857 mutagenized genomes. F3 progeny were scored at the second, third and sixth day of development, using a stereomicroscope. In a subsequent screen, fixed embryos were analyzed for correct retinotectal projection. A total of 4264 mutants were identified. Two thirds of the mutants displaying rather general abnormalities were eventually discarded. We kept and characterized 1163 mutants. In complementation crosses performed between mutants with similar phenotypes, 894 mutants have been assigned to 372 genes. The average allele frequency is 2.4. We identified genes involved in early development, notochord, brain, spinal cord, somites, muscles, heart, circulation, blood, skin, fin, eye, otic vesicle, jaw and branchial arches, pigment pattern, pigment formation, gut, liver, motility and touch response. Our collection contains alleles of almost all previously described zebrafish mutants. From the allele frequencies and other considerations we estimate that the 372 genes defined by the mutants probably represent more than half of all genes that could have been discovered using the criteria of our screen. Here we give an overview of the spectrum of mutant phenotypes obtained, and discuss the limits and the potentials of a genetic saturation screen in the zebrafish.
Regional sciatic nerve blood flow response to limb movement (1987)

The regional blood flow in the sciatic nerves (NBF), biceps femoris muscles (MBF), and hind limb skin (SBF) was measured simultaneously in anesthetized, normal rats, in other rats immediately after 15 min of electrical stimulation of one sciatic trunk (10 shocks/s), and in a group of similarly stimulated but previously curarized rats. These experiments were done to quantitate NBF during direct nerve stimulation in both the presence and absence of associated vigorous limb twitching, as these relationships have not previously been examined. Tissue blood flows were measured by an "indicator-fractionation" technic, using the distribution of [14C]butanol. NBF in normal controls was 11.1 +/- 1.4 ml X min-1 X 100 g-1; MBF was 6.8 +/- 0.6 ml X min-1 X 100 g-1. In the stimulated limb of noncurarized rats, NBF rose to 19.8 +/- 3.5 ml X min-1 X 100 g-1. MBF was elevated approximately tenfold. SBF also rose. In stimulated limbs of curarized rats, NBF was also approximately double the resting normal value, 23.2 +/- 4.8 ml X min-1 X 100 g-1, but MBF was then only slightly increased. We conclude that sciatic NBF increases appreciably when this nerve is stimulated, irrespective, for the most part, of whether limb motor activity is increased. The vascular mechanisms which regulate NBF differ from and are largely independent of those regulating MBF.
An Adaptive Semantic Filter for Blue Gene/L Failure Log Analysis (2007)

Frequent failure occurrences are becoming a serious concern to the community of high-end computing, especially when the applications and the underlying systems rapidly grow in size and complexity. In order to better understand the failure behavior of such systems and further develop effective fault-tolerant strategies, we have collected detailed event logs from IBM Blue Gene/L, which has as many as 128K processors, and is currently the fastest supercomputer in the world. Due to the scale of such machines and the granularity of the logging mechanisms, the logs can get voluminous and usually contain records which may not all be distinct. Consequently, it is crucial to filter these logs towards isolating the specific failures, which can then be useful for subsequent analysis. However, existing filtering methods either require too much domain expertise, or produce erroneous results. This paper thus fills this crucial void by designing and developing an adaptive semantic filtering (ASF) method, which is accurate, light-weight, and more importantly, easy to automate. Specifically, ASF exploits the semantic correlation between two events, and dynamically adapts the correlation threshold based on the temporal gap between the events. We have validated the ASF method using the failure logs collected from Blue Gene/L over a period of 98 days. Our experimental results show that ASF can effectively remove redundant entries in the logs, and the filtering results can serve as a good base for future failure analysis studies.
Determination of regional myocardial blood flow using fluorescent microspheres. (1993)

Determination of blood flow in tissues at risk for infarction is necessary for in vivo studies of the pathologic effects of vascular occlusion. Such blood flow measurements are traditionally carried out using radioactive microspheres. These are expensive and may pose a significant hazard to laboratory personnel. In addition, disposal of radioactive wastes, especially radioactive carcasses, is an increasingly expensive and inconvenient process. To avoid these problems, we have developed a modified procedure using fluorescent microspheres. To measure blood flow, spheres are injected intravenously and a blood sample is taken. Following cardiectomy, appropriate segments of left ventricular myocardium are digested with proteases to release the spheres, which are then purified through sucrose gradients. The spheres may be counted manually using an epifluorescence microscope, or by flow cytometry. Comparison of this method with the traditional radioactive microsphere procedure reveals similar results for the two methods. Fluorescent microspheres should provide a useful and accurate alternative method for measuring blood flow in studies of vascular disease.