gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Joint Approach for Single-Channel Speaker Identification and Speech Separation (2012)

In this paper, we present a novel system for joint speaker identification and speech separation. For speaker identification a single-channel speaker identification algorithm is proposed which provides an estimate of signal-to-signal ratio (SSR) as a by-product. For speech separation, we propose a sinusoidal model-based algorithm. The speech separation algorithm consists of a double-talk/single-talk detector followed by a minimum mean square error estimator of sinusoidal parameters for finding optimal codevectors from pre-trained speaker codebooks. In evaluating the proposed system, we start from a situation where we have prior information of codebook indices, speaker identities and SSR-level, and then, by relaxing these assumptions one by one, we demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed fully blind system. In contrast to previous studies that mostly focus on automatic speech recognition (ASR) accuracy, here, we report the objective and subjective results as well. The results show that the proposed system performs as well as the best of the state-of-the-art in terms of perceived quality while its performance in terms of speaker identification and automatic speech recognition results are generally lower. It outperforms the state-of-the-art in terms of intelligibility showing that the ASR results are not conclusive. The proposed method achieves on average, 52.3% ASR accuracy, 41.2 points in MUSHRA and 85.9% in speech intelligibility.
Augmentation of Vortex Lift by Spanwise Blowing (1976)

An investigation has been conducted to evaluate the aerodynamic effects associated with blowing a jet spanwise over a wing's upper surface in a direction parallel to the leading edge. Experimental pressure and force data were obtained on wings with sweep angles of 30 and 45 degrees and showed that spanwise blowing aids in the formation and control of the leading-edge vortex and, hence, significantly improves the aerodynamic characteristics at high angles of attack. Full vortex section lift is achieved at the inboard span station with a small blowing rate, but successively higher blowing rates are necessary to attain the full vortex-lift level at increased span distances. Spanwise blowing generates large increases in lift at high angles of attack, improves the drag polars, and extends the linear pitching moment to high lifts.
Confidence metrics based on n-gram language model backoff behaviors (1997)

We report results from using language model confidence measures based on the degree of backoff used in a trigram language model. Both utterance-level and wordlevel confidence metrics proved useful for a dialog manager to identify out-of-domain utterances. The metric assigns successively lower confidence as the language model estimate is backed off to a bigram or unigram. It also bases its estimates on sequences of backoff degree. Experimental results with utterances from the domain of medical records management showed that the distributions of the confidence metric for in-domain and out-of-domain utterances are separated. Use of the corresponding word-level confidence metric shows similar encouraging results.
<title>An Autocollimating F/1 CAMERA For Use With Echelle Spectrographs Using Image Converters</title> (1979)

Two spectrograph configurations are considered for fast echelle spectrographs, one autocollimated and another with the camera placed at 45° to the collimator beam. An example is given where both cameras have the same focal length and gratings the same angular dispersion. The effect of different slit widths and astronomical seeing are considered. The effect of optical aberrations for the two cameras, an f/1.0 system for the 45° camera angle and 0.77 for the autocollimated configuration offsets the slit width advantage of the 45° camera angle case. The light losses due to the use of a slit re-imaging lens and double-pass through the camera are considered for the autocollimated configuration. The f/1.77 camera permits easy folding for use with an image tube, and if made of a solid block of optical material yields close to an f/1 camera with the same geometrical dimensions. All things considered, we recommend the autocollimated configuration for optimum use with echelle spectrographs.
Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Viruses and Their Impact on Non-Human Primate Models for AIDS (2012)

© 2012 Smith et al., licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Simian-Human Immunodeficiency Viruses and Their Impact on Non-Human Primate Models for AIDS
A Reliable Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-HfO<sub>2</sub>Stack MIM Capacitor for High-Voltage Analog Applications (2014)

In this paper, we propose for the first time an attractive Si <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> /laminated Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> -HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> (LAHO) stack metal- insulator-metal (MIM) capacitor with a low-leakage characteristic, good voltage linearity, high capacitance density, and excellent time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) reliability. The capacitor demonstrates a capacitance density of 4.2 fF/μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , quadratic voltage coefficients (α) of 106 ppm/V <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , and 18.92-year TDDB lifetime under a stressing voltage of 6.6 V. For the extended performance, it is projected that such a capacitor can possess a maximum capacitance density of 4.13 fF/μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> with α ≤ 100 ppm/V <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and TDDB lifetime of 10 years under an analog operation of 7 V. Furthermore, this paper shows that α and TDDB lifetime of the new capacitor are very sensitive to the thickness of the Si <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> film. Comparison of the new MIM capacitors with the SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> /HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> stack MIM capacitors shows that the SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> /HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> capacitor is more suitable for low-voltage applications, whereas the new Si <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> /LAHO capacitor is superior for operations requiring a higher biasing condition.
Synthesis and Biological Characterization of Protease-Activated Prodrugs of Doxazolidine (2012)

Doxazolidine (doxaz) is a new anthracycline anticancer agent. While structurally similar to doxorubicin (dox), doxaz acts via a distinct mechanism to selectively enhance anticancer activity over cardiotoxicity, the most significant clinical impediment to successful anthracycline treatment. Here, we describe the synthesis and characterization of a prodrug platform designed for doxaz release mediated by secreted proteolytic activity, a common association with invasiveness and poor prognosis in cancer patients. GaFK-Doxaz is hydrolyzable by the proteases plasmin and cathepsin B, both strongly linked with cancer progression, as well as trypsin. We demonstrate that activation of GaFK-Doxaz releases highly potent doxaz that powerfully inhibits the growth of a wide variety of cancer cells (average IC(50) of 8 nM). GaFK-Doxaz is stable in human plasma and is poorly membrane permeable, thereby limiting activation to locally secreted proteolytic activity and reducing the likelihood of severe side effects.
DEHYDROALANYLLYSINE: IDENTICAL COOH-TERMINAL STRUCTURES IN THE PEPTIDE ANTIBIOTICS NISIN AND SUBTILIN (1969)

The recent finding of alpha,beta-unsaturated amino acid residues by Gross and Morrel in the polypeptide antibiotic nisin has stimulated a wider investigation of other antibiotic peptides, particularly those known to contain lanthionine. Subtilin is similar to nisin in that it polymerizes easily and contains lanthionine and beta-methyl lanthionine. Like nisin it was found to contain a carboxyl terminal dehydroalanyllysine sequence and to be split by the enzyme nisinase. An additional alpha,beta-unsaturated amino acid residue was shown to be present in subtilin by reaction with excess methyl mercaptoacetate and subsequent hydrolysis and amino acid analysis. Nisin contains three dehydropeptide residues.
Detection of Ozone on Ganymede (1996)

An absorption band at 260 nanometers on the trailing hemisphere of Ganymede, identified as the Hartley band of Ozone (O3), was measured with the Hubble Space Telescope. The column abundance of ozone, 4.5 x 10(16) per square centimeter, can be produced by ion impacts or by photochemical equilibrium with previously detected molecular oxygen (O2). An estimated number density ratio of [O3]/[O2] = 10(-4) to 10(-3) requires an atmospheric density orders of magnitude higher than upper limits from spacecraft occultation experiments. Apparently, this O2-O3 "atmosphere" is trapped in Ganymede's surface ice, an inference consistent with the shift and broadening of the band compared with the gas-phase O3 band.
The roles of microtubule-based motor proteins in mitosis (2003)

Kinesins and dyneins play important roles during cell division. Using RNA interference (RNAi) to deplete individual (or combinations of) motors followed by immunofluorescence and time-lapse microscopy, we have examined the mitotic functions of cytoplasmic dynein and all 25 kinesins in Drosophila S2 cells. We show that four kinesins are involved in bipolar spindle assembly, four kinesins are involved in metaphase chromosome alignment, dynein plays a role in the metaphase-to-anaphase transition, and one kinesin is needed for cytokinesis. Functional redundancy and alternative pathways for completing mitosis were observed for many single RNAi knockdowns, and failure to complete mitosis was observed for only three kinesins. As an example, inhibition of two microtubule-depolymerizing kinesins initially produced monopolar spindles with abnormally long microtubules, but cells eventually formed bipolar spindles by an acentrosomal pole-focusing mechanism. From our phenotypic data, we construct a model for the distinct roles of molecular motors during mitosis in a single metazoan cell type.
A molecular redox switch via iron translocation in a bicompartmental ligand (1998)

Mononuclear complexes of an unsymmetrical bicompartmental ligand containing an iron ion that can occupy either the ‘soft nitrogen box’ or the ‘hard oxygen box’ have been synthesized. When the ferric iron is electrochemically reduced or when the ferrous iron is electrochemically oxidized, it hops from one binding site to the other. The process is reversible. During the switching process, the iron ion remains bound to the bridging phenolate ligand and the iron translocation may be regarded as a ‘pendular motion’. Un interrupteur mole′culaire par translocation du fer dans un ligand à deux compartiments. Des complexes mononucle′aires d'un ligand à deux compartiments dissyme′triques contenant un ion fer qui peut occuper soit le compartiment azote′ (mou), soit le compartiment oxyge′ne′ (dur) ont e′te′ pre′pare′s. Quand l'ion ferrique est re′duit e′lectrochimiquement ou quand l'ion ferreux est oxyde′ e′lectrochimiquement, il saute d'un compartiment à l'autre. Le processus est re′versible. Pendant la translocation, le me′tal reste lie′ au groupement phe′nolate pontant, dans un mouvement pendulaire.
Attitudes and Back Belts in the Workplace (1994)

This study, conducted on hospital workers, investigated the influence of wearing back belts on employee job attitudes and the experience of back pain. Serial attitude surveys were administered to workers involved in a preventative program of education, exercise, and back belts. Attitudes were found to be significantly improved as a result of the back belt program. Employees perceived back belts as helping them avoid injury and reported a decreased experience of low back pain.
Miniature heat pumps for portable and distributed space conditioning applications (1997)

The Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) is developing a miniature absorption heat pump for a range of microclimate control applications, including manportable cooling and distributed space conditioning. The miniature absorption heat pump will be sized to provide 350 W cooling, will have dimensions of 9 cm/spl times/9 cm/spl times/6 cm, and will weigh approximately 0.65 kg. Compared to a macroscale absorption heat pump, this represents reduction in volume by a factor of 60. A complete manportable cooling system including the heat pump, an air-cooled heat exchanger, batteries, and fuel is estimated to weigh between 4 and 5 kg, compared to the 10 kg weight of alternative systems. Size and weight reductions are obtained by developing a device that can simultaneously take advantage of the high heat and mass transfer rates attainable in microscale structures while being large enough to allow electric powered pumping.
Benchmarking of commercial software for fault detection and classification (FDC) of plasma etchers for semiconductor manufacturing equipment (1997)

In order to evaluate the performance of a large number of commercial FDC software, we conducted a benchmarking study at SEMATECH. The purpose of this paper is to report the tool data and the procedures that we were successfully able to use to benchmark the FDC software. These procedures can be used to compare FDC software based on similar or different principals. The results from this benchmarking have allowed the SEMATECH member companies to choose the software for beta-testing in the production environment. We conducted the benchmarking, by using the tool data obtained from three SEMATECH member companies, Texas Instruments, MOTOROLA and Lucent Technologies. Tool data was put on a secured FTP site with the instructions for solving the benchmarking problems. The software suppliers downloaded the data, analyzed the data and returned the results within the specified time-limits. The best results indicated that it may be possible to predict the tool faults in advance.
Rapid Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay for the Mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol in Wheat (2002)

The fungus Fusarium graminearum, a pathogen of both wheat and maize, produces a toxin, deoxynivalenol (DON), that causes disease in livestock. A rapid test for DON in wheat was developed using the principle of fluorescence polarization (FP) immunoassay. The assay was based on the competition between DON and a novel DON-fluorescein tracer (DON-FL2) for a DON-specific monoclonal antibody in solution. The method, which is a substantial improvement over our previous DON FP immunoassay, combined a rapid (3 min) extraction step with a rapid (2 min) detection step. A series of naturally contaminated wheat and maize samples were analyzed by both FP immunoassay and liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV). For wheat the HPLC-UV and FP methods agreed well (linear regression r(2) = 0.936), but for maize the two methods did not (r (2) = 0.849). We conclude that the FP method is useful for screening wheat, but not maize, for DON.
Iterative Channel Estimation for Turbo Equalization of Time-Varying Frequency-Selective Channels (2004)

We investigate turbo equalization, or iterative equalization and decoding, as a receiver technology for systems where data is protected by an error-correcting code, shuffled by an interleaver, and mapped onto a signal constellation for transmission over a frequency-selective channel with unknown time-varying channel impulse response. The focus is the concept of soft iterative channel estimation, which is to improve the channel estimate over the iterations by using soft information fed back from the decoder from the previous iteration to generate "extended training sequences" between the actual transmitted training sequences.
A Single-Ended Disturb-Free 9T Subthreshold SRAM With Cross-Point Data-Aware Write Word-Line Structure, Negative Bit-Line, and Adaptive Read Operation Timing Tracing (2012)

This paper presents a novel single-ended disturb-free 9T subthreshold SRAM cell with cross-point data-aware Write word-line structure. The disturb-free feature facilitates bit-interleaving architecture, which can reduce multiple-bit upsets in a single word and enhance soft error immunity by employing Error Checking and Correction (ECC) technique. The proposed 9T SRAM cell is demonstrated by a 72 Kb SRAM macro with a Negative Bit-Line (NBL) Write-assist and an adaptive Read operation timing tracing circuit implemented in 65 nm low-leakage CMOS technology. Measured full Read and Write functionality is error free with V <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$ _{\rm DD}$</tex></formula> down to 0.35 V ( <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\sim $</tex> </formula> 0.15 V lower than the threshold voltage) with 229 KHz frequency and 4.05 µW power. Data is held down to 0.275 V with 2.29 µW Standby power. The minimum energy per operation is 4.5 pJ at 0.5 V. The 72 Kb SRAM macro has wide operation range from 1.2 V down to 0.35 V, with operating frequency of around 200 MHz for V <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$ _{\rm DD}$</tex></formula> around/above 1.0 V.
A Hierarchical Storage Strategy Based on Block-Level Data Valuation (2008)

Hierarchical storage is the core for information lifecycle management (ILM), and data classification based on its value is the key issue for hierarchical storage. In this paper, a block-level valuation model is proposed to classify data in disk. The model parameters is determined by comparing the factors in the view of block-level with in the file-level view data value, and it also discussed how to gather and measure the parameters in the model from a real storage environment. At last the model is validated through a real case study. The experiment shows that the model is feasible and valuable for data classification in storage subsystem, even it knows nothing about the data context in the disk.
In Vitro Release of Doxycycline From Bioabsorbable Materials and Acrylic Strips (1990)

Treatment of marginal periodontitis may include use of local antibiotics. In the present in vitro study the bioabsorbable materials Surgicel, Tissell, and CollaCote and acrylic strips were examined for release of doxycycline into liquids and residual antibacterial activity of the materials. Pieces of material were incubated in 1 ml of water or human serum which was exchanged every day for 9 days. The concentration of doxycycline in the liquids was measured spectrophotometrically while the residual antibacterial activity of the materials was determined microbiologically. Surgicel constantly showed very high concentrations and level of residual activity. The acrylic strip and CollaCote decreased to low levels of both concentration and residual activity in a few days. Tissell was intermediate with a continuous decrease in concentration but rather high level of residual activity throughout the study. In serum the acrylic strip was partly dissolved and Surgicel was totally dissolved after 2 days. Left undisturbed in serum Surgicel was not dissolved for 2 weeks. These results indicate that Surgicel and Tissel may be capable of prolonged release of doxycycline in vivo.
Formal specification tools for test coverage analysis (2002)

This paper describes a prototype software tool that supports analyses for 21 structural coverage criteria. Formal techniques were developed for axiomatizing Ada and translating the path expressions of subprogram bodies into conjunctive normal form for use in a resolution-refutation theorem prover to determine feasibility. Coverage specifications were combined with feasible path construct a minimal specifications. These methods proved effective for small subprograms written in a restricted subset of the Ada language. This work laid the groundwork for subsequent research into automating test generation and coverage determination. Directions for future research are outlined and briefly discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Perceptions of the Chinese by Malay Respondents (2016)

A scholarly article by authors Maya Khemlani David, Kuang Ching Hei, and Ponmalar N. Alagappar, Gan Kah Hui, Syed Abdul Manan published in The International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social and Community Studies
Copper-catalysed oxidation of hydroxy compounds by tert-butyl hydroperoxide under phase-transfer conditions (1994)

In the presence of quaternary ammonium phase-transfer agents copper salts catalyse the selective oxidative dehydrogenation of alcohols and hydroxy acids by tert-butyl hydroperoxide in aqueous–organic two-phase systems.
Female Sexual Dysfunction: Principles of Diagnosis and Therapy (2005)

Female sexual dysfunction is a common health problem, affecting approximately 43% of women. Female sexual dysfunction is defined as disorders of libido, arousal, orgasm, and sexual pain that lead to personal distress or interpersonal difficulties. It is frequently multifactorial in etiology, with physiological and psychologic roots. Approaching female sexual dysfunction involves an open discussion with the patient, followed by a thorough physical examination and laboratory testing. Therapy consists of patient and partner education, behavior modification, and may include individualized pharmacotherapy. Ultimately, as awareness and research in the field grows, it is hoped that a better understanding of the physiology and pharmacology of the female sexual response will be achieved.
NIST Handbook of Mathematical Functions (2010)

Modern developments in theoretical and applied science depend on knowledge of the properties of mathematical functions, from elementary trigonometric functions to the multitude of special functions. These functions appear whenever natural phenomena are studied, engineering problems are formulated, and numerical simulations are performed. They also crop up in statistics, financial models, and economic analysis. Using them effectively requires practitioners to have ready access to a reliable collection of their properties. This handbook results from a 10-year project conducted by the National Institute of Standards and Technology with an international group of expert authors and validators. Printed in full color, it is destined to replace its predecessor, the classic but long-outdated Handbook of Mathematical Functions, edited by Abramowitz and Stegun. Included with every copy of the book is a CD with a searchable PDF of each chapter.