gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Boosting the Transferability of Video Adversarial Examples via Temporal Translation (2022)

Although deep-learning based video recognition models have achieved remarkable success, they are vulnerable to adversarial examples that are generated by adding human-imperceptible perturbations on clean video samples. As indicated in recent studies, adversarial examples are transferable, which makes it feasible for black-box attacks in real-world applications. Nevertheless, most existing adversarial attack methods have poor transferability when attacking other video models and transfer-based attacks on video models are still unexplored. To this end, we propose to boost the transferability of video adversarial examples for black-box attacks on video recognition models. Through extensive analysis, we discover that different video recognition models rely on different discriminative temporal patterns, leading to the poor transferability of video adversarial examples. This motivates us to introduce a temporal translation attack method, which optimizes the adversarial perturbations over a set of temporal translated video clips. By generating adversarial examples over translated videos, the resulting adversarial examples are less sensitive to temporal patterns existed in the white-box model being attacked and thus can be better transferred. Extensive experiments on the Kinetics-400 dataset and the UCF-101 dataset demonstrate that our method can significantly boost the transferability of video adversarial examples. For transfer-based attack against video recognition models, it achieves a 61.56% average attack success rate on the Kinetics-400 and 48.60% on the UCF-101.
Processing of Reelin by Embryonic Neurons Is Important for Function in Tissue But Not in Dissociated Cultured Neurons (2007)

Reelin, the protein defective in reeler mutant mice, plays a key role during brain development. Reelin is processed proteolytically at two sites, and the central fragment mimics function in vitro. Here, we show that processing is functionally important in vivo, a question that could not be addressed in our previous study. New monoclonal antibodies directed against central Reelin block its binding to lipoprotein receptors and perturb cortical development in vitro, confirming the importance of the central fragment that is detected in tissue and body fluids. Processing occurs when Reelin is incubated with embryonic neurons in culture or with their supernatant, but inhibition of processing by a metalloproteinase blocker does not prevent Reelin signaling in neurons. Furthermore, neurons internalize similarly full-length or central Reelin. In contrast, inhibition of processing prevents signaling and perturbs cortical development in cultured embryonic brain slices. Moreover, in vivo, the concentration of central Reelin is dramatically and selectively increased in receptor-deficient tissue, suggesting its specific downregulation after binding to receptors and internalization. We propose that processing by end-migration neurons is required in tissue (where Reelin is likely anchored to the extracellular matrix) to release the central fragment that diffuses locally and signals to target cells, whereas, in vitro, all Reelin forms have indiscriminate access to cells, so that cleavage is not necessary for signaling.
Multimodality image fusion for radiosurgery localisation of large AVMs (2002)

Radiosurgery for arteriovenous malformations (AVM) is commonly planned with MR, CT and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) images. T1-weigted MRI and CT provide excellent anatomical information but do not reveal vascular flow. For this reason, DSA images are employed for target localisation, but being 2D projections of 3D structures, they have been shown to be inadequate for the 3D definition of large, complexly shaped AVMs. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) does provide vascular volume data, but it suppresses stationary anatomical information and therefore, alone, it cannot be used for treatment planning. To benefit from the functionality of all modalities, the authors have developed a multimodality image fusion environment, which combines 3D MRA and 2D DSA vasculature information with 3D MR/CT anatomical information. Within this environment, MRA/MR/CT datasets are registered and fused by reformatting in common stereotactic space. DSA images are linked to 3D datasets in stereotactic space by recovering their acquisition geometry. The consistency of the recovery procedure is verified by correlation of the DSA images to 2D ray-traced projections of the MRA/MR/CT datasets. Since after the fusion, organ contours drawn on any dataset simultaneously appear on all others, all vascular and anatomical information can be used in the process of target/organ localisation and true 3D delineation. Seven patients that have previously undergone radiosurgery for AVMs are currently being replanned within this environment. The newly defined target volumes are found to differ from those based only on DSA images. This finding can have significant dosimetric implications especially for large AVMs.
Water-extended polyester neutron shield for a 252Cf neutron source (2007)

A Monte Carlo study to determine the shielding features to neutrons of water-extended polyester was carried out. During calculations, (252)Cf and shielding were modelled and the neutron spectra as well as the H(10) were calculated in four sites. The calculation was extended to include a water shielding, the source in vacuum and in air. Besides neutron shielding characteristics, the Kerma in air due to gammas emitted by (252)Cf and due to capture gamma rays in the shielding were included.
Protective Role of Gamma Interferon during the Recall Response to Influenza Virus (1998)

During secondary immune responses to influenza virus, virus-specific T memory cells are a major source of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma). We assessed the contribution of IFN-gamma to heterologous protection against the A/WSN/33 (H1N1) virus of wild-type and IFN-gamma-/- mice previously immunized with the A/HK/68 (H3N2) virus. The IFN-gamma-/- mice displayed significantly reduced survival rates subsequent to a challenge with various doses of the A/WSN/33 virus. This was associated with an impaired ability of the IFN-gamma-/- mice to completely clear the pulmonary virus by day 7 after the challenge, although significant reduction of the virus titers was noted. However, the IFN-gamma-/- mice developed type A influenza virus cross-reactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) similar to the wild-type mice, as demonstrated by both cytotoxicity and a limiting-dilution assay for the estimation of CTL precursor frequency. The pulmonary recruitment of T cells in IFN-gamma-/- mice was not dramatically affected, and the percentage of CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells was similar to that of wild-type mice. The T cells from IFN-gamma-/- mice did not display a significant switch toward a Th2 profile. Furthermore, the IFN-gamma-/- mice retained the ability to mount significant titers of WSN and HK virus-specific hemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies. Together, these results are consistent with a protective role of IFN-gamma during the heterologous response against influenza virus independently of the generation and local recruitment of cross-reactive CTLs.
Copolymerization of allyl butyl ether with acrylates via controlled radical polymerization (2004)

Abstract The atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) of acrylates (methyl acrylate and butyl acrylate) with allyl butyl ether (ABE) were investigated. Well‐defined copolymers containing almost 20 mol % ABE were obtained with ethyl‐2‐bromoisobutyrate as an initiator. Narrow molar mass distributions (MMDs; polydispersity index ≤ 1.3) were obtained from the ATRP experiments, and they suggested conventional ATRP behavior, with no peculiarities caused by the incorporation of ABE. The comparable free‐radical (co)polymerizations resulted in broad MMDs. Increasing the fraction of ABE in the monomer feed led to an increase in the level of incorporation of ABE in the copolymer, at the expense of the overall conversion. Similarly, RAFT copolymerizations with S,S ′‐bis(α,α′‐dimethyl‐α″‐acetic acid)trithiocarbonate also resulted in excellent control of the polymerization with a significant incorporation of ABE within the copolymer chains. The formation of the copolymer was confirmed with matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF MS). From the obtained MALDI‐TOF MS spectra for the ATRP and RAFT systems, it was evident that several units of ABE were incorporated into the polymer chain. This was attributed to the rapidity of the cross‐propagation of ABE‐terminated polymeric radicals with acrylates. This further indicated that ABE was behaving as a comonomer and not simply as a chain‐transfer agent under the employed experimental conditions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 3271–3284, 2004
Causes of Injectivity Problems During Fractured Water Disposal and Their Remediation (2002)

Abstract For many years, all the untreated production water from the Groningen gas field in The Netherlands had been injected into a dedicated water disposal well without problems. Recently, however, the injectivity of this well reduced significantly as a result of downhole blockages. Various remedial injection well clean ups and acidisations were executed without much long-lasting success. Early 2001, a dedicated study was conducted to identify the causes of the problems and come up with remedial actions. In particular, the question was whether the well plugging was due to the the low quality of the injection water, which would imply building dedicated water treatment faclities in order to remediate the problem, or whether the blockages were due to some other mechanism. By carrying out a thorough analysis of all the injection data over the years, and combining this analysis with water injection computer simulations, it was concluded that the injectivity problems had nothing to do with the low injection water quality, but were the result of sand production during shut-ins. This result appeared surprising at first sight as the disposal water is injected into a fairly competent sandstone. It led to a set of recommendations for an improved way of operating the disposal well. The recommendations have been followed up, as a result of which the well has been in operation trouble-free over the last six months.
Discovery of a β-MSH-Derived MC-4R Selective Agonist (2005)

A series of novel, disulfide-constrained human beta-melanocyte stimulating hormone (beta-MSH)-derived peptides were optimized for in vitro melanocortin-4 receptor (MC-4R) binding affinity, agonist efficacy, and selectivity. The most promising of these, analogue 18, was further studied in vivo using chronic rat food intake and body weight models.
Redistribution of Bax Is an Early Step in an Apoptotic Pathway Leading to Germ Cell Death in Rats, Triggered by Mild Testicular Hyperthermia1 (2000)

Programmed cell death occurs spontaneously during spermatogenesis and can be induced in a cell- and stage-specific manner by mild testicular hyperthermia. Studies using transgenic mice suggest the involvement of Bcl-2 proteins in regulating germ cell apoptosis. To delineate further the pathways involved, we examined the temporal changes in proapoptotic Bax and antiapoptotic Bcl-2 in rat testes after transient exposure to heat (43 degrees C for 15 min). Germ cell apoptosis, involving exclusively early (I-IV) and late (XII-XIV) stages, was activated within 6 h. Initiation of apoptosis was preceded by a redistribution of Bax from a cytoplasmic to perinuclear localization within 0.5 h of heating as assessed by immunocytochemical methods. In contrast, Bcl-2 is distributed both in the cytoplasm and nucleus in those cell types susceptible to heat-induced apoptosis. Despite the striking redistribution, Bax levels remained unchanged as determined by Western analysis; Bcl-2 levels increased significantly by 6 h after heat exposure. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis indicated no change in either Bax or Bcl-2 mRNA levels in response to heat, suggesting the involvement of post-transcriptional rather than transcriptional mechanisms mediating their activity. The marked subcellular redistribution of Bax prior to activation of apoptosis and the increase in Bcl-2 suggest an involvement of Bcl-2 family members in heat-induced apoptotic death of germ cells.
Applicability of Repassivation Potential for Long-Term Prediction of Localized Corrosion of Alloy 825 and Type 316L Stainless Steel (1993)

Repassivation potential (Erp) was investigated for use as a parameter in the long-term prediction of pitting resistance of two Fe-Ni-Cr-Mo alloys that are candidate materials for high-level nuclear waste containers. This potential was found to be independent of the extent of prior pit growth for alloy 825 (UNS N08825) and type 316L (UNS S31603) stainless steel (SS). Repassivation potential decreased by an increase in backward scan rate after pits were grown under potentiostatic conditions. This was related to the effect of potential on repassivation time. The corrosion potential (Ecorr) in simulated pit-crevice solutions increased with a decrease in pH and was independent of chloride (Cl–) concentration even to the point of depassivation. The depassivation pH (pHD) was independent of Cl– concentration and increased slightly with an increase in temperature. The relationship between repassivation potential and Ecorr in simulated pit solutions was discussed. It was hypothesized that the repassivation potential for shallow pits was related to the time-dependent alteration of solution composition inside the pits and that the repassivation potential for deep pits was related to Ecorr of the depassivated metal inside the pit modified by the ohmic potential drop in the pit.
Broadband wireless communications via stratospheric HALO/sup TM/ aircraft (2002)

Broadband wireless communications services provided from a High Altitude Long Operation (HALO/sup TM/) aircraft are now feasible. The authors emphasize the conceptual design of a "bandwidth-on-demand" wireless network whose data rates to and from the user is in the multi-megabit per second range. The network uses the millimeter wave range of the spectrum (>20 GHz). The HALO/sup TM/ aircraft is specially designed for stratospheric operation (>50,000 feet). The HALO/sup TM/ aircraft fuselage houses packet switching circuitry and fast digital network functions. The communications antenna and related components are located in a pod suspended below the aircraft fuselage. To offer "ubiquitous" service throughout a large region, the HALO/sup TM/ antenna utilizes multiple spot beams arranged in a typical cellular pattern. Broadband channels to users in adjacent cells are separated in frequency. As the beams traverse over a user location, the virtual path through the packet switch is changed to perform a beam-to-beam handoff. This paper describes the system in its commercial application. It should be easy for the reader to imagine how this broadband wireless network can also be used for battlefield communications.
3D ELECTROMAGNETIC INVERSION USING INTEGRAL EQUATIONS<sup>1</sup> (1989)

ABSTRACT Utilizing electromagnetic data in geophysical exploration work is difficult when measured responses are complicated by the effects of 3D structures. 1D and 2D models may not be capable of accurately simulating the physical processes that contribute to a measured response. 3D conductive‐host modelling is difficult, costly and time‐consuming. Using a 3D inverse procedure it is possible to automate the interpretation of controlled‐source electromagnetic data. This procedure uses an inverse formulation based on frequency‐domain, volume integral equations and a pulse‐basis representation for the internal electrical field and anomalous conductivity. Beginning with an initial model composed of a 3D inhomogeneous region residing in a laterally homogeneous (layered‐earth) geoelectrical section, iterative least‐squares algorithms are used to refine the geometry and the conductivity of the inhomogeneity. This novel approach for 3D electromagnetic interpretation yields a reliable and stable inverse solution provided constraints on how much the variable can change at each iteration are incorporated. Integral‐equation‐based inverse formulations that do not correctly address the non‐linearity of this inverse problem may have poor convergence properties, particularly when dealing with the high conductivity contrasts that are typical of many exploration problems. While problems associated with contamination of the data by random noise and non‐uniqueness of solutions do not usually influence the inverse solution in an adverse manner, problems associated with model inadequacy and errors in an assumed background conductivity structure can produce undesirable effects.
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON THE TIME FACTOR IN ARTERIAL INJURIES (1949)

Department of surgery, tufts college medical school, the new england center hospital, and the ziskind research laboratory, boston, Massachusetts
Hydrogen Peroxide Decomposition on Manganese Oxide Supported Catalyst: From Batch Reactor to Continuous Microreactor (2013)

The decomposition of hydrogen peroxide, promoted by a manganese oxide catalyst supported on γ-alumina, has been studied in three different reactors. A batch reactor was used for catalyst screening and for studying the reaction kinetics, whereas a tubular continuous reactor was used for catalyst life testing and manganese loading optimization. In fact, a progressive deactivation was observed passing from 80% to 30% conversion. The final value of conversion remained unchanged for a long time. The deactivation was due to partial manganese dissolution. On the contrary, a residual activity was observed, because the undissolved manganese oxide was more strongly bonded to the alumina surface. Therefore, by reducing the amount of loaded manganese from 5 to 2 wt %, a stable catalyst was obtained. Then, catalysts containing different amounts of manganese oxide (up to 2 wt %) were prepared and tested in a kinetic study. The same catalysts were deposited as catalytic coatings on the channels wall of microchanneled stainless steel plates and tested for coating stability. Finally, the best catalyst was also deposited on the walls of a microreactor to verify the possibility of process intensification. The kinetic law derived from the batch runs was successfully used to simulate the performance of the microreactor.
Identification of a Collagen-Binding Protein from Necator americanus by Using a cDNA-Expression Phage Display Library (2001)

A. Viaene, A. Crab, M. Meiring, D. Pritchard, H. Deckmyn, Identification of a Collagen-Binding Protein from Necator americanus by Using a cDNA-Expression Phage Display Library, The Journal of Parasitology, Vol. 87, No. 3 (Jun., 2001), pp. 619-625
A novel high breakdown voltage lateral bipolar transistor on SOI with multizone doping and multistep oxide (2009)

A novel high breakdown voltage lateral bipolar junction transistor (LBJT) on silicon-on- insulator (SOI) is proposed. The novelty of the device is the use of the combination of multistep-doped drift region and multistep buried oxide. The steps in doping and in oxide thickness have been used as a replacement for much complex linearly varying drift doping and linearly varying oxide thickness. The LBJT structure incorporating the combination of multistep doping and multistep oxide is analyzed for electrical characteristics using a two-dimensional numerical simulator MEDICI. Numerical simulation has demonstrated that the breakdown voltage of the proposed device with a two-zone step doped (TZSD) drift region is >150% higher than the conventional device. It has been observed that increasing the number of doping zones to 3 from 2 results in a >40% rise in breakdown voltage. The proposed device gives high breakdown voltage even at high doping concentration in the collector drift region. This reduces the on-resistance of the device and thus improves its speed. The dependence of breakdown voltage on various device parameters has been extensively studied to achieve optimum device performance. A process flow for the device fabrication is also being proposed.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INFESTATION LEVELS AND YIELD LOSS CAUSED BY WHEAT MIDGE, <i>SITODIPLOSIS MOSELLANA</i> (GÉHIN) (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE), IN SPRING WHEAT IN SASKATCHEWAN (1985)

Abstract Losses in yield of spring wheat due to infestations of Sitodiplosis mosellana (Géhin) were determined for 700 000 ha of arable land in northeast Saskatchewan, Canada in 1983. The proportion of kernels infested ( y ) was a power function of the number of wheat-midge larvae ( x ) ( y = 35.3 x 0.725 ). One, 2, 3, and 4 larvae per kernel resulted in a level of infestation of 38, 58, 78, and 96%, respectively. There was no significant difference between infestation levels from fields sampled at the heading stage of crop growth and the estimates of infestation levels for these fields at harvest time. Yield of grain ( y ) was negatively exponential to an increase in level of infestation ( x ) (ln y = 5.7−0.017 x ). Infestations of 30, 60, and 90% reduced yields of spring wheat by 40, 65, and 79%, respectively. The average decrease in crop yield in the study area was about 30%, which resulted in estimated losses in total gross revenue of about $30 million.
Secret communication by using data hiding in IPv6 (2007)

In this paper the use of Internet Protocol ver.6 packets to convey hidden information is exploited. The possibility to hide information in commonly used data transport mechanisms allows one to send extra information in a transparent way. The hidden message does not affect the routing mechanism neither interferes with the security mechanisms implemented on IP based networks, as firewalls, intrusion detection systems, authentication tools.
Electrophysiological effects of ATP sensitive potassium channel modulation: implications for arrhythmogenesis (1994)

Journal Article Electrophysiological effects of ATP sensitive potassium channel modulation: implications for arrhythmogenesis Get access Arthur A M Wilde, Arthur A M Wilde Department of Cardiology and Experimental Cardiology, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands: A A M Wilde, M J Janse. Correspondence to Dr Wilde. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Michiel J Janse Michiel J Janse Department of Cardiology and Experimental Cardiology, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Centre, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands: A A M Wilde, M J Janse. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cardiovascular Research, Volume 28, Issue 1, January 1994, Pages 16–24, https://doi.org/10.1093/cvr/28.1.16 Published: 01 January 1994 Article history Received: 27 April 1993 Accepted: 10 August 1993 Published: 01 January 1994