gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Genetic Programming An Introductory Tutorial and a Survey of Techniques and Applications (2011)

1 This paper introduces genetic programming (GP) – a set of evolutionary computation techniques for getting computers to automatically solve problems without having to tell them explicitly how to do it. Since its inception, GP has been used to solve many practical problems, producing a number of human competitive results and even patentable new inventions. We start with a gentle introduction to the basic representation, initialisation and operators used in GP, complemented by a step by step description of their use for the solution of an illustrative problem. We then progress to discuss a variety of alternative representations for programs and more advance specialisations of GP. A multiplicity of real-world applications of GP are then presented to illustrate the scope of the technique. For the benefits of more advanced readers, this is followed by a series of recommendations and suggestions to obtain the most from a GP system. Although the paper has been written with beginners and practitioners in mind, for completeness we also provide an overview of the theoretical
Most-Urgent-First Protocol for Real-Time Wireless Channels in a Digital Cellular/PCN Environment (1995)

Providing mobile clients with real-time access to a shared information base in a digital cellular or Personal Communication Network (PCN) environment is vital to the success of many future Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) applications. The well-known limiting factors of such an environment are the relatively low channel bandwidth, a small number of available channels, and a potentially large number of users/clients to serve. We propose a most-urgent-first (MUF) protocol to solve the problem of accessing the reverse traffic channels where mobile clients compete for use of the channels to convey their requests to the server. We also present a method for evaluating the urgency of each client&apos;s request for traffic information. The MUF protocol gives more urgent requests higher priority, responds faster to more important inquiries, accommodates more clients in each channel, and allows information sharing among a potentially large number of clients. Moreover, all services can be prov...
Non-oxidized porous silicon-based power AC switch peripheries (2012)

We present in this paper a novel application of porous silicon (PS) for low-power alternating current (AC) switches such as triode alternating current devices (TRIACs) frequently used to control small appliances (fridge, vacuum cleaner, washing machine, coffee makers, etc.). More precisely, it seems possible to benefit from the PS electrical insulation properties to ensure the OFF state of the device. Based on the technological aspects of the most commonly used AC switch peripheries physically responsible of the TRIAC blocking performances (leakage current and breakdown voltage), we suggest to isolate upper and lower junctions through the addition of a PS layer anodically etched from existing AC switch diffusion profiles. Then, we comment the voltage capability of practical samples emanating from the proposed architecture. Thanks to the characterization results of simple Al-PS-Si(P) structures, the experimental observations are interpreted, thus opening new outlooks in the field of AC switch peripheries.
Graphene Solution‐Gated Field‐Effect Transistor Array for Sensing Applications (2010)

Abstract Graphene, with its unique combination of physical and electronic properties, holds great promise for biosensor and bioelectronic applications. In this respect, the development of graphene solution‐gated field‐effect transistor (SGFET) arrays capable of operation in aqueous environments will establish the real potential of graphene in this rapidly emerging field. Here, we report on a facile route for the scalable fabrication of such graphene transistor arrays and provide a comprehensive characterization of their operation in aqueous electrolytes. An on‐chip structure for Hall‐effect measurements allows the direct determination of charge carrier concentrations and mobilities under electrolyte gate control. The effect of the solution‐gate potential on the electronic properties of graphene is explained using a model that considers the microscopic structure of water at the graphene/electrolyte interface. The graphene SGFETs exhibit a high transconductance and correspondingly high sensitivity, together with an effective gate noise as low as tens of μV. Our study demonstrates that graphene SGFETs, with their facile technology, high transconductance, and low noise promise to far outperform state‐of‐the‐art Si‐based devices for biosensor and bioelectronic applications.
Clinical failures associated with <i>rpo</i>B mutations in phenotypically occult multidrug-resistant <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (2011)

We demonstrate a significant association between the presence of rpoB gene mutations that are not detected at the current RMP critical concentration and treatment failure. We suggest that a review of the current RMP critical concentration is warranted to ensure that RMP is not used inappropriately for the treatment of phenotypically occult multidrug-resistant tuberculosis.
Nonaqueous Dispersions as Vehicles for Polymer Coatings (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNonaqueous Dispersions as Vehicles for Polymer CoatingsRostyslaw Dowbenko and D. P. HartCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 1973, 12, 1, 14–28Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1973https://doi.org/10.1021/i360045a003RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views326Altmetric-Citations16LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (3 MB) Get e-Alerts
Photoinduced Electron-transfer Reaction of Pentafluoroiodobenzene with Alkenes (1997)

Irradiation of pentafluoroiodobenzene and alkenes gave the corresponding adducts. The presence of single electron-transfer scavengers, (p-dinitrobenzene and t-Bu2NO) and the free radical inhibitor (hydroquinone) suppressed the reaction. A photoinduced electron-transfer mechanism is proposed.
Virtual synchronous machines (VSG'S) for frequency stabilisation in future grids with a significant share of decentralized generation (2008)

In October 2007 the European project "VSYNC" started with project co-ordinator Energy research Centre of the Netherlands (NL) and partners Technical University of Eindhoven (NL), Delft University of Technology (NL), Catholic University of Leuven (BE), Universitatea Politehnica Bucuresti (RO), Fundacion LABEIN, 3E NV (BE), UfE Umweltfreundliche Energieanlagen Handelsgesellschaft mbH (DE), Electrica SA (RO), and Continuon NV (NL). This paper describes the project and some preliminary results. (4 pages)
Dietary Fiber and the Relationship to Chronic Diseases (2008)

Preventative medicine is targeting chronic diseases such as heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and obesity. Populations that consume more dietary fiber have less chronic disease. Intake of dietary fiber has beneficial effects on the risk factors for developing several chronic diseases. Dietary reference intakes recommend the consumption of 14 g of dietary fiber per 1000 kcal, or 25 g for women and 38 g for men, based on the goal of protection against cardiovascular disease. Usual intake of dietary fiber is only 16 g per day. Viscous fibers decrease the glycemic response and may assist in diabetes care. High-fiber diets provide bulk, are more satiating, and have been linked to lower body weights. Evidence that fiber decreases cancer is mixed, and further research is needed. Dietary messages to increase consumption of high-fiber foods such as whole grains, legumes, fruits, and vegetables should be broadly supported by the medical profession. Consumers are also turning to fiber supplements and bulk laxatives as additional fiber sources. As many fiber supplements have not been studied for physiological effectiveness, the best advice is to consume fiber in foods.
邢昺「爾雅疏」について (1992)

This present paper is a study The Er-ya-shu compiled by Xing-Bing 邢昺. In conclusion, I point out the fact that The Er-ya-shu have many the same contents of commentary as The Wujing-Zhengyi 五経正義, especially, as The Maoshi-Zhengyi 毛詩正義 and The Chunqiu-Zhengyi 春秋正義 have.
Cholestasis Associated with Total Parenteral Nutrition (1986)

It appears that neonates, especially those with very low birthweights, may be at especially high risk of developing cholestasis associated with total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Within 2 weeks of starting intravenous alimentation, it would appear highly desirable to be able to start at least small enteral feedings to interrupt the physiology of fasting. Such feedings may not have to be of much nutritional benefit to improve cholestasis. Calorie and amino acid intake should be limited to the requirements of the infant being treated. Whether protection of the TPN infusate from light is of benefit remains to be determined. Drug therapies for TPN-associated cholestasis of infancy have not been proven safe or effective. Additional investigations to further clarify the pathogenesis of this syndrome, and clinical studies of prophylaxis and therapy, are needed to enhance our ability to provide nutritionally effective and metabolically safe parenteral nutrition.
Layered Structures Constructed from New Linkages of Ge<sub>7</sub>(O,OH,F)<sub>19</sub> Clusters (2003)

Three new germanate solids, ASU-19, ASU-20-DAPe, and ASU-20-DACH, have been synthesized under hydrothermal conditions using respectively 1,4-diaminobutane (DAB), 1,5-diaminopentane (DAPe), and 1,4-diaminocyclohexane (DACH) as bases. The structures of ASU-19 and ASU-20-DACH have been characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction: ASU-19, Ge14O29X4·[GeOX2]·[H2DAB]3·3.8H2O (X = F or OH), space group P1̄, a = 11.4191(5), b = 12.0525(6), c = 18.1847(8) Å, α = 90.704(1)°, β = 92.635(1)°, γ = 91.389(1)°, V = 2499.1(2) Å3; ASU-20-DACH: Ge7O14X3·[H2DACH]1.5·2H2O, space group C2/c, a = 15.9525(11), b = 17.5476(12), c = 19.0027(13) Å, β = 109.446(1)°, and V = 5015.9(6) Å3. The structure of ASU-20-DAPe, Ge7O14X3·[H2DAPe]1.5·H2O, has been determined from X-ray powder diffraction data: space group C2/c, a = 16.3180(5), b = 16.6125(4), c = 17.8898(6) Å, β = 99.684(2)°, V = 4780.5(3) Å3. All three structures are based on the assembly of the same cluster Ge7(O,OH,F)19. The two ASU-20 structures consist of a slab of four-connected clusters. In ASU-19, the same layers are connected pairwise through a GeO2X2 spacer, generating a slab structure, with slab thickness ca. 20 Å. The existence of the same layer in the presence of three different organic bases shows the adaptability of the structures to molecules differing in size, shape, and symmetry.
Nitration of the Pollen Allergen Bet v 1.0101 Enhances the Presentation of Bet v 1-Derived Peptides by HLA-DR on Human Dendritic Cells (2012)

Nitration of pollen derived allergens can occur by NO(2) and ozone in polluted air and it has already been shown that nitrated major birch (Betula verrucosa) pollen allergen Bet v 1.0101 (Bet v 1) exhibits an increased potency to trigger an immune response. However, the mechanisms by which nitration might contribute to the induction of allergy are still unknown. In this study, we assessed the effect of chemically induced nitration of Bet v 1 on the generation of HLA-DR associated peptides. Human dendritic cells were loaded with unmodified Bet v 1 or nitrated Bet v 1, and the naturally processed HLA-DR associated peptides were subsequently identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Nitration of Bet v 1 resulted in enhanced presentation of allergen-derived HLA-DR-associated peptides. Both the copy number of Bet v 1 derived peptides as well as the number of nested clusters was increased. Our study shows that nitration of Bet v 1 alters antigen processing and presentation via HLA-DR, by enhancing both the quality and the quantity of the Bet v 1-specific peptide repertoire. These findings indicate that air pollution can contribute to allergic diseases and might also shed light on the analogous events concerning the nitration of self-proteins.
A Decline in Mupirocin Resistance in Methicillin-Resistant<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>Accompanied Administrative Control of Prescriptions (2004)

Susceptibility to mupirocin was assessed in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates selected from eras corresponding to differences in usage rate and prescription policies at a Veterans Affairs medical center. The eras studied encompassed from the time of introduction of the drug to its widespread use, through recommended judicious use, and finally to subsequent stringent administrative control. Prescriptions declined from 3.0 to 0.1 per 1,000 patient days. Precipitous declines first in the numbers of isolates with high-level resistance (from 31% to 4%) and then in those with low-level resistance (from 26% to 10%) accompanied prescription control.
Heat Transfer Design Data–Aqueous Solutions of Nitric Acid and of Sulfuric Acid (1955)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHeat Transfer Design Data–Aqueous Solutions of Nitric Acid and of Sulfuric AcidThomas R. Bump and Wilmer L. SibbittCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1955, 47, 8, 1665–1670Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1955Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1955https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50548a055https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50548a055research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views525Altmetric-Citations20LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Enhancing the Migration Ability of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells by Targeting the SDF-1/CXCR4 Axis (2013)

Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are currently being investigated in numerous clinical trials of tissue repair and various immunological disorders based on their ability to secrete trophic factors and to modulate inflammatory responses. MSCs have been shown to migrate to sites of injury and inflammation in response to soluble mediators including the chemokine stromal cell-derived factor-(SDF-)1, but during in vitro culture expansion MSCs lose surface expression of key homing receptors particularly of the SDF-1 receptor, CXCR4. Here we review studies on enhancement of SDF-1-directed migration of MSCs with the premise that their improved recruitment could translate to therapeutic benefits. We describe our studies on approaches to increase the CXCR4 expression in in vitro-expanded cord blood-derived MSCs, namely, transfection, using the commercial liposomal reagent IBAfect, chemical treatment with the histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid, and exposure to recombinant complement component C1q. These methodologies will be presented in the context of other cell targeting and delivery strategies that exploit pathways involved in MSC migration. Taken together, these findings indicate that MSCs can be manipulated in vitro to enhance their in vivo recruitment and efficacy for tissue repair.
Quality of life--the continent ileostomy. (1975)

Ten patients are presented in whom a continent ileostomy (internal ileal reservoir or Kock Pouch) was constructed. The series is unique in that it includes the first such ileostomy successfully constructed in this country. The other 9 patients, for a variety of reasons, sought conversion from a standard ileostomy with an external appliance, to a continent ileostomy. Eight of 9 were successfully converted. Subsequent loss of continence has occurred in 2 of the patients due to reduction or intususception of the nipple valve. In one of the two, a satisfactory level of continence appears related to adequate pouch size. The second patient is seriously inconvenienced by a varying level of continence in part related to slow development of pouch size. Seven of the 10 attest to a dramatic improvement in life style, and illustrate the high level of patient satisfaction with a continent ileostomy.
[Responses of the rat kidney to the water load test and vasopressin administered during normal feeding and fasting]. (2004)

Parameters of water-salt balance in Wistar rats were compared on empty stomach and at standard alimentary regimen (satiated animals). On empty stomach, the blood serum osmolatity amounted to 284 +/- 2, while in satiated rats--to 290 +/- 5 mOsm/kg H2O (p < 0.05); sodium ion concentration on empty stomach lower, whereas no difference in potassium concentration was found. After an intragastric administration of water (5 ml/100 g body mass) to unanaesthetised rats, the blood serum osmolality decreased, while diuresis increased to an equal extent in both groups of rats. For 120 min after the water administration the rats on an empty stomach excreted 92.9% of the administrated fluid, whereas the satiated animals--80.7%. The urine composition differed qualitatively: in fasting rats the increment of diuresis was due to a rise of osmotic free water excretion, whereas in satiated rats--to an increase of excretion of osmotic active substances (including Na and K ions) with water and a simultaneous increase of the osmotic free water reabsorption in the kidney. After the water load and injection of 0.005 nmole/100 g body mass of arginine-vasopressin for 2 hr of the study, diuresis in both groups of animals decreased to an equal extent, but in fasting animals this was due mostly to an increase of the osmotic free water. The data obtained indicate that, under conditions of usual alimentary regimen, the response of kidney to the water load had a character of a volume-regulating response, whereas in fasting rats--of the specific osmorequlating one. A problem is discussed of the concept of norm under usual conditions and at certain clinically accepted restrictions, for instance, on empty stomach.
Common Features at the Start of the Neurodegeneration Cascade (2012)

Amyloidogenic neurodegenerative diseases are incurable conditions with high social impact that are typically caused by specific, largely disordered proteins. However, the underlying molecular mechanism remains elusive to established techniques. A favored hypothesis postulates that a critical conformational change in the monomer (an ideal therapeutic target) in these "neurotoxic proteins" triggers the pathogenic cascade. We use force spectroscopy and a novel methodology for unequivocal single-molecule identification to demonstrate a rich conformational polymorphism in the monomer of four representative neurotoxic proteins. This polymorphism strongly correlates with amyloidogenesis and neurotoxicity: it is absent in a fibrillization-incompetent mutant, favored by familial-disease mutations and diminished by a surprisingly promiscuous inhibitor of the critical monomeric β-conformational change, neurotoxicity, and neurodegeneration. Hence, we postulate that specific mechanostable conformers are the cause of these diseases, representing important new early-diagnostic and therapeutic targets. The demonstrated ability to inhibit the conformational heterogeneity of these proteins by a single pharmacological agent reveals common features in the monomer and suggests a common pathway to diagnose, prevent, halt, or reverse multiple neurodegenerative diseases.
Reversible electronic logic using switches (1993)

The continuing revolution in computer hardware is packing ever more logic gates in ever smaller volumes. Unfortunately this produces ever more heat, which will limit the feasible packing density and performance unless the energy dissipated by each logic operation can also be dramatically reduced. To reduce the energy dissipation of a logic operation below ln(2) kT (near thermal noise) requires the use of reversible logic for fundamental thermodynamic reasons. Extrapolation of current trends suggest this limit will become significant within one to two decades. Many real devices can be viewed as electrically controlled switches, so a method of using an abstract switch in a reversible manner is useful. Two methods of using switches to implement reversible computations are discussed in this paper. The first method has an energy dissipation which is proportional to the square of the error in the voltage, while the second method has an energy dissipation which can in principle be reduced indefinitely by slowing the speed of computation. The first method is basically an extension to &quot;pass logic&quot; which has been previously used with both nMOS (hot clock nMOS) and CMOS transmission gates to achieve low energy dissipation. The second method is a novel thermodynamically reversible logic system based on CCD-like operations which switches charge packets in a reversible fashion to achieve low energy dissipation.
Enforcing safety of cyberphysical systems using flatness and abstraction (2011)

The diffusion of cyberphysical systems acting in human-populated environments brings to the fore the problem of implementing provably safe control laws, to avoid potentially dangerous collisions between moving parts of the system, and with nearby obstacles, without compromising the system's functionality. The limiting factor in most implementations is the model's complexity, and a common workaround includes the reduction of the physical model, based on differential equations, to a finite symbolic model. Following this strategy, we are investigating ways to exploit the specific structure of many mechanical systems (the differentially flat systems) to achieve this simplification. Our objective is to construct a supervisor enforcing a given set of safety rules, while imposing as little constraints as possible on the system's functionality. In this paper, we outline our approach, and present an example -- a collision avoidance algorithm for a fleet of vehicles converging to an intersection. Our approach improves on previous results by providing a deterministic symbolic model for a class of system, regardless of their stability properties, and by addressing explicitly the problem of safety enforcing.