gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On the occurrence of two spherulitic (“variolitic”) basalt dykes in Ardmuchnish, Argyll (1905)

The peninsula of Ardmuchnish is situated about five miles north of Oban, between the mouths of Loch Etive and Loch Creran. It formed a small archipelago, whose various members are now united to one another and to the mainland of Argyll by wide stretches of “raised beach” materials in many places overgrown by peat. From its situation, Ardmuchnish might be expected to retain many proofs of igneous activity, for in the Benderloch, immediately to the east, are both lavas and granites of Old Eed Sandstone age, while some eight miles to the west the Tertiary volcanics of Morvern and Mull rise up steeply from the sea. Hence we find on examining the coast sections numerous later dykes of igneous material penetrating the schists of sedimentary origin which constitute the country rock of the peninsula. The great majority of the dykes are basaltic in character and have a general north-westerly trend, so that they are probably of Tertiary age. The two dykes now under consideration probably belong to this group of Tertiary intrusions, and special reasons in favour of this view will be given in the sequel.

In connection with this research I wish to acknowledge my great indebtedness to my colleague Dr J. S. Flett, for it was under his constant supervision that the microscopical investigation of the two rocks was undertaken, and also to Mr T. C. Hall, who prepared the micro-photographs which illustrate the paper (Plate XI.), and which belong to the survey collection.
Enlargement of step-free SiC surfaces by homoepitaxial web growth of thin SiC cantilevers (2002)

Lateral homoepitaxial growth of thin cantilevers emanating from mesa patterns that were reactive ion etched into on-axis commercial SiC substrates prior to growth is reported. The thin cantilevers form after pure stepflow growth removes almost all atomic steps from the top surface of a mesa, after which additional adatoms collected by the large step-free surface migrate to the mesa sidewall where they rapidly incorporate into the crystal near the top of the mesa sidewall. The lateral propagation of the step-free cantilevered surface is significantly affected by pregrowth mesa shape and orientation, with the highest lateral expansion rates observed at the inside concave corners of V-shaped pregrowth mesas with arms lengthwise oriented along the 〈11̄00〉 direction. Complete spanning of the interiors of V’s and other mesa shapes with concave corners by webbed cantilevers was accomplished. Optical microscopy, synchrotron white beam x-ray topography and atomic force microscopy analysis of webbed regions formed over a micropipe and closed-core screw dislocations show that c-axis propagation of these defects is terminated by the webbing. Despite the nonoptimized process employed in this initial study, webbed surfaces as large as 1.4×10−3 cm2, more than four times the pregrowth mesa area, were grown. However, the largest webbed surfaces were not completely free of bilayer steps, due to unintentional growth of 3C-SiC that occurred in the nonoptimized process. Further process optimization should enable larger step-free webs to be realized.
The Polyol Pathway as a Mechanism for Diabetic Retinopathy: Attractive, Elusive, and Resilient (2007)

The polyol pathway is a two-step metabolic pathway in which glucose is reduced to sorbitol, which is then converted to fructose. It is one of the most attractive candidate mechanisms to explain, at least in part, the cellular toxicity of diabetic hyperglycemia because (i) it becomes active when intracellular glucose concentrations are elevated, (ii) the two enzymes are present in human tissues and organs that are sites of diabetic complications, and (iii) the products of the pathway and the altered balance of cofactors generate the types of cellular stress that occur at the sites of diabetic complications. Inhibition (or ablation) of aldose reductase, the first and rate-limiting enzyme in the pathway, reproducibly prevents diabetic retinopathy in diabetic rodent models, but the results of a major clinical trial have been disappointing. Since then, it has become evident that truly informative indicators of polyol pathway activity and/or inhibition are elusive, but are likely to be other than sorbitol levels if meant to predict accurately tissue consequences. The spectrum of abnormalities known to occur in human diabetic retinopathy has enlarged to include glial and neuronal abnormalities, which in experimental animals are mediated by the polyol pathway. The endothelial cells of human retinal vessels have been noted to have aldose reductase. Specific polymorphisms in the promoter region of the aldose reductase gene have been found associated with susceptibility or progression of diabetic retinopathy. This new knowledge has rekindled interest in a possible role of the polyol pathway in diabetic retinopathy and in methodological investigation that may prepare new clinical trials. Only new drugs that inhibit aldose reductase with higher efficacy and safety than older drugs will make possible to learn if the resilience of the polyol pathway means that it has a role in human diabetic retinopathy that should not have gone undiscovered.
Interobserver variability in histopathologic subtyping and grading of pulmonary adenocarcinoma (1993)

The degree of agreement in subtying and grading of ACL in Stages IIIa-IV is low, suggesting that more objective criteria is needed before a prognostic impact of such variables can be assessed. The quality and quantity of material available for subtyping obviously influence the results, which is reflected in a better agreement when histologic material is obtained by thoracotomy.
Data driven approach to ECG signal quality assessment using multistep SVM classification (2011)

In response to the PhysioNet/CinC Challenge 2011: Improving the quality of ECGs collected using mobile phones we have developed an algorithm based on a decision support system. It combines couple of simple rules — in order to discard recordings of obviously low quality (i.e. high-amplitude noise, detached electrodes) with more sophisticated support vector machine (SVM) classification that deals with more difficult cases where simple rules are inefficient. It turns out that complicatedly computed features provide only small information gain and therefore we used for SVM classifier only time-lagged covariance matrix elements, which provide useful information about signal structure in time. Our results are 0.836.
Anomalous Nernst Effect in the Dirac Semimetal <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mi>Cd</mml:mi><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi>As</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math> (2017)

Dirac and Weyl semimetals display a host of novel properties. In Cd_{3}As_{2}, the Dirac nodes lead to a protection mechanism that strongly suppresses backscattering in a zero magnetic field, resulting in ultrahigh mobility (∼10^{7} cm^{2} V^{-1} s^{-1}). In an applied magnetic field, an anomalous Nernst effect is predicted to arise from the Berry curvature associated with the Weyl nodes. We report the observation of a large anomalous Nernst effect in Cd_{3}As_{2}. Both the anomalous Nernst signal and transport relaxation time τ_{tr} begin to increase rapidly at ∼50 K. This suggests a close relation between the protection mechanism and the anomalous Nernst effect. In a field, the quantum oscillations of bulk states display a beating effect, suggesting that the Dirac nodes split into Weyl states, allowing the Berry curvature to be observed as an anomalous Nernst effect.
Simulations of Artificial Neural Network with Memristive Devices (2012)

The memristor has been hypothesized to exist as the missing fourth basic circuit element since 1971 [1]. A memristive device is a new type of electrical device that behaves like a resistor, but can change and remember its internal resistance. This behavior makes memristive devices ideal for use as network weights, which will need to be adjusted as the network tries to acquire correct outputs through a learning process. Recent development of physical memristive-like devices has led to an interest in developing artificial neural networks with memristors. In this thesis, a circuit for a single node network is designed to be re-configured into linearly separable problems: AND, NAND, OR, and NOR. This was done with fixed weight resistors, programming the memristive devices to pre-specified values, and finally learning of the resistances through the Madaline Rule II procedure. A network with multiple layers is able to solve difficult problems or recognize more complex patterns. To illustrate this, the XOR problem has been used as a benchmark for the multilayer neural network circuit. The circuit was designed and learning of the weight values was successfully shown.
Potential spread of multidrug-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci through healthcare waste (2015)

Considering the high antimicrobial resistance observed, our results raise concerns about the survival of putative bacterial pathogens carrying important resistance markers in HCW and their environmental spread through untreated residues discharged in sanitary landfills.
Electroencephalographic Changes during Respiratory Cycles Predict Sleepiness in Sleep Apnea (2005)

Common polysomnographic measures of sleep-disordered breathing have shown a disappointing ability to predict important consequences such as excessive daytime sleepiness. Using novel analytic techniques, this study tested the hypothesis that numerous, brief disruptions in cortical activity could occur on a breath-to-breath basis during nonapneic sleep. Spectral analysis proved the existence of respiratory cycle-related electroencephalographic changes in each of 38 adult patients evaluated by polysomnography for sleep-disordered breathing. Furthermore, the tendency for sigma (13-15 Hz) electroencephalographic power to vary with the respiratory cycle predicted next-day sleepiness as measured by the multiple sleep latency test. The predictive value was enhanced when the analysis was limited to those 27 patients who had sleep-disordered breathing (more than 5 apneas or hypopneas per hour of sleep). In contrast, nocturnal rates of apneas and hypopneas, as well as minimal oxygen saturation, did not predict sleepiness as well. On average, sigma power increased notably during inspiration, whereas delta (1-4 Hz) power showed a simultaneous decrease. We conclude that electroencephalographic activity shows detectable changes during nonapneic respiratory cycles in adults evaluated for sleep-disordered breathing. Quantification of these changes, which may reflect numerous inspiratory microarousals, could prove useful in prediction of excessive daytime sleepiness.
Cyber security exercises: testing an organization's ability to prevent, detect, and respond to cyber security events (2004)

The digital age has transformed how today's organizations operate. The production and delivery of essential goods and services takes place through complex and interconnected business processes that in turn rely on a set of interdependent infrastructures. These infrastructures and their supporting information systems transcend individual organizations. However, information systems security research is largely under the purview of computer science and engineering departments, and consequently often focuses on technological issues while overlooking the pervasive nature of information systems in today's society. This has generated calls for a new approach to information systems security; one that employs a socio-organizational perspective that includes not only individual organizations but entire industry sectors and government agencies as well. This paper presents one such approach, the use of scenario-based exercises in addressing security issues common to large organizations, industry sectors, and various levels of government. Lessons learned from illustrative examples of such exercises, as well as suggestions to help organizations conduct their own exercise, are discussed.
[Anaerobic bacteria as a gene delivery system for breast cancer therapy]. (2008)

A fundamental obstacle in systemic therapy for metastatic breast cancer patients is specific targeting of therapy directly to a solid tumor. Hypoxic or necrotic regions are characteristic of solid tumors in many murine and human tumors, including the majority of primary tumors of the breast. A strain of anaerobic bacteria such as Bifidobacterium or Clostridium selectively localizes to and proliferates in solid tumors after systemic application. Another approach uses attenuated Salmonella strains that need tumor-specific nutrients to selectively proliferate and is a potential gene delivery system. We constructed a plasmid, pBLES100-S-eCD, which included the cytosine deaminase gene. Transfected Bifidobacterium longum produced cytosine deaminase in the hypoxic tumor. Enzyme/pro-drug therapy was confirmed to be effective for systemic administration.
An interaction torque control improving human force estimation of the rehab-exos exoskeleton (2014)

This paper describes the interaction torque control of the Rehab-Exos, an upper-limb robotic exoskeleton with direct torque joint sensors for interaction in Virtual Environments and rehabilitation. The control architecture consists in a centralized torque control and separated optimal torque observers for each joint of the exoskeleton. The optimal observer is a full-state Kalman filter providing the estimates of both internal and external torques acting on the joints and overcoming most of the issues due to the noise in the torque sensor signals. The centralized torque control is based on a full dynamics model of the exoskeleton, calculates the kinematics and dynamics of the system and estimates the feed-forward contribution for the compensation of dynamic loads measured by joint torque sensors. Experimental tests have been carried out to validate the desired torque tracking in haptic interaction tasks.
Switchable and tunable microwave frequency multiplication based on a dual-passband microwave photonic filter (2015)

In this paper, a novel approach to implement switchable and tunable microwave frequency multiplication has been proposed and experimentally demonstrated. High order harmonics of microwave signal with external modulation technique can be selected by using a novel switchable dual-passband microwave photonic filter (MPF) based on a modified fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer (FMZI) and a dispersive medium. By adjusting the polarization controllers in the modified FMZI, the passbands of the MPF can switch between lower frequency, higher frequency or dual-passband states, and by changing the length of the variable optical delay line (VODL) in the modified FMZI, the central frequencies of these passbands can also be tuned. Therefore, tunable and switchable microwave signal frequency multiplication can be achieved. The experimental results show that by modulating a driving signal with frequency of 2.5 GHz, a signal with frequency of 7.5 GHz, which is three times of the driving frequency, the other one with the frequency of 15 GHz, which is six times of the driving frequency can be generated and freely switchable between two frequencies and dual frequency states by simply adjusting the polarization controllers in the modified FMZI.
What is LiFi? (2015)

Light-Fidelity (LiFi) takes visible light communication (VLC) further by using light emitting diodes (LEDs) to realise fully networked wireless systems. Synergies are harnessed as lights become LiFi attocells resulting in enhanced wireless capacity for the Internet-of-Things (IoT), 5G and beyond.
A Wide-Bandwidth Low-Voltage Pll for Powerpc Microprocessors (2005)

A 3.3 V Phase-Locked-Loop (PLL) clock synthesizer implemented in 0.5 μm CMOS technology is described. The PLL support internal to external clock frequency ratios of 1, 1.5, 2, 3, and 4 as well as numerous static power down modes for PowerPC microprocessors. The CPU clock lock range spans from 6 to 175 MHz. Lock times below 15 μs, PLL power dissipation below 10 mW as well as phase error and jitter below ±100 ps have been measured. The total area of the PLL is 0.52 mm 2
Reliability in underwater inter-vehicle communications (2008)

Underwater networks are envisioned to enable several applications for oceanographic data collection, environmental monitoring, navigation, and tactical surveillance. Underwater acoustic networking is the enabling technology for these applications. Most of these applications make use of underwater vehicles and rely on inter-vehicle communication capabilities for information exchange and coordination purposes. Reliable data delivery, especially in the case of mobile underwater vehicles, is therefore a major concern in many of these applications. In this paper, three versions of a reliable unicast protocol are proposed, which integrate MAC and routing functionalities and leverage different levels of neighbor knowledge for making optimum decisions for reliable data delivery. The different levels of neighbor knowledge used by the protocols are: (i) no neighbor knowledge, (ii) one-hop neighbor knowledge, and (iii) two-hop neighbor knowledge. The three versions of the protocol have been devised by considering the peculiar characteristics of underwater channel, in design as well as in performance simulation. The protocols have been compared in static as well as mobile scenarios in terms of different end-to-end networking metrics.
Bacterial Production of<scp>d</scp>-Erythroascorbic Acid and<scp>l</scp>-Ascorbic Acid through Functional Expression of<i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i><scp>d</scp>-Arabinono-1,4-Lactone Oxidase in<i>Escherichia coli</i> (1999)

D-Arabinono-1,4-lactone oxidase, which catalyzes the terminal step in the biosynthesis of D-erythroascorbic acid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was functionally expressed in Escherichia coli inherently lacking the enzyme. The recombinant E. coli strain expressing the enzyme could overproduce D-erythroascorbic acid and L-ascorbic acid when supplied with D-arabinono-1,4-lactone and L-galactono-1,4-lactone, respectively.
User-Constrained Multi-Modal Route Planning (2012)

In the multi-modal route planning problem we are given multiple transportation networks (e.g., pedestrian, road, public transit) and ask for a best integrated journey between two points. The main challenge is that a seemingly optimal journey may have changes between networks that do not reflect the user's modal preferences. In fact, quickly computing reasonable multimodal routes remains a challenging problem: Previous approaches either suffer from poor query performance or their available choices of modal preferences during query time is limited. In this work we focus on computing exact multi-modal journeys that can be restricted by specifying arbitrary modal sequences at query time. For example, a user can say whether he wants to only use public transit, or also prefers to use a taxi or walking at the beginning or end of the journey; or if he has no restrictions at all. By carefully adapting node contraction, a common ingredient to many speedup techniques on road networks, we are able to compute point-to-point queries on a continental network combined of cars, railroads and flights several orders of magnitude faster than Dijkstra's algorithm. Thereby, we require little space overhead and obtain fast preprocessing times.
Design procedure of class-E amplifier for off-nominal operation at 50% duty ratio (2006)

Design equations for satisfying the off-nominal operating condition [i.e., only the zero-voltage switching (ZVS) condition] of the Class-E amplifier with a linear shunt capacitance at a duty ratio D=0.5 are derived. A new parameter s (V/s), called the slope of switch voltage when the switch turns on is introduced to obtain an image of the distance from the nominal conditions. By examining off-nominal Class-E operation degree of the design freedom of the Class-E amplifier increases by one. In addition various amplifier parameters such as operating frequency, output power, and load resistance range can be set as design specifications. For example, the peak switch voltage and switch current can be taken into account in the design procedure. Examples of a design procedure of the Class-E amplifier for off-nominal operation are given. The theoretical results were verified with PSpice simulation and experiments.
Specific Genetic Predictors of Chemotherapeutic Response and Survival in Patients With Anaplastic Oligodendrogliomas (1998)

Gliomas are common malignant neoplasms of the central nervous system. Among the major subtypes of gliomas, oligodendrogliomas are distinguished by their remarkable sensitivity to chemotherapy, with approximately two thirds of anaplastic (malignant) oligodendrogliomas responding dramatically to combination treatment with procarbazine, lomustine, and vincristine (termed PCV). Unfortunately, no clinical or pathologic feature of these tumors allows accurate prediction of their response to chemotherapy. Anaplastic oligodendrogliomas also are distinguished by a unique constellation of molecular genetic alterations, including coincident loss of chromosomal arms 1p and 19q in 50%-70% of tumors. We have hypothesized that these or other specific genetic changes might predict the response to chemotherapy and prognosis in patients with anaplastic oligodendrogliomas. Therefore, we have analyzed molecular genetic alterations involving chromosomes 1p, 10q, and 19q and the TP53 (on chromosome 17p) and CDKN2A (on chromosome 9p) genes, in addition to clinicopathologic features in 39 patients with anaplastic oligodendrogliomas for whom chemotherapeutic response and survival could be assessed.Allelic loss (or loss of heterozygosity) of chromosome 1p is a statistically significant predictor of chemosensitivity, and combined loss involving chromosomes 1p and 19q is statistically significantly associated with both chemosensitivity and longer recurrence-free survival after chemotherapy. Moreover, in both univariate and multivariate analyses, losses involving both chromosomes 1p and 19q were strongly associated with longer overall survival, whereas CDKN2A gene deletions and ring enhancement (i.e., contrast enhancement forming a rim around the tumor) on neuroimaging were associated with a significantly worse prognosis. The inverse relationship between CDKN2A gene deletions and losses of chromosomes 1p and 19q further implies that these differential clinical behaviors reflect two independent genetic subtypes of anaplastic oligodendroglioma. These results suggest that molecular genetic analysis may aid therapeutic decisions and predict outcome in patients with anaplastic oligodendrogliomas.
A theoretical limitation on the formation of lossless multiple beams in linear arrays (1961)

It is well known that through the use of lenses, several independent beams can be formed from a single antenna, with each beam having essentially the gain corresponding to the aperture of the lens. Recently, feed systems have been developed for linear arrays which achieve similar performance through the use of directional couplers. In this paper it is shown that the shape of the beams which can be formed from an equispaced array by such a feed matrix is not arbitrary, unless one is willing to accept losses in addition to normal plumbing losses. It is shown that the array space factors associated with the individual beams must be such that they are mutually orthogonal over a period of the space-factor pattern.