gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Palladium catalyzed reductions of halo- and nitroaromatic compounds with triethylammonium formate (1977)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPalladium catalyzed reductions of halo- and nitroaromatic compounds with triethylammonium formateNicholas A. Cortese and Richard F. HeckCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1977, 42, 22, 3491–3494Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1977Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1977https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00442a008https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00442a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2585Altmetric-Citations170LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Wire bonding of Cu and Pd coated Cu wire: Bondability, reliability, and IMC formation (2011)

Wire bonding with bare Cu and Pd coated Cu (PdCu) wire have been adopted quickly as a mainstream packaging technology for high pin count and fine pitch devices. The differences between Au and Cu wire bonding are well understood as a result of extensive research. However, the differences between Cu and PdCu wire have not been investigated in as much detail. This paper is a result of collaborative work to study the wire bonding process using Cu wire and PdCu wire. 0.7 mil Cu and PdCu wires are used in the study with bonded ball diameter of about 33μm. This is the leading edge of fine pitch Cu wire bonding. This study showed that Cu and PdCu wire can be bonded with similar 1st bond parameters, and the bonding results for these two wire types are similar. Process window test results with respect to the ultrasonic level and force level showed that shear, ball size and pad splash are very similar between Cu wire and PdCu wire. 1st bond pull strength is about 11% higher with PdCu wire indicating higher PdCu wire tensile strength. The after bake pull test results are very different between the two wires. PdCu wire has much higher pad peeling failure rate than Cu wire and the peeling showed up after 24 hour bake at 175°C. The after bake pull strength is also much lower. The poor after bake results indicate that PdCu wire may need different bonding parameter settings than Cu wire. The effect of forming gas versus nitrogen should be examined as well. Second bond study showed the advantage of PdCu wire. The most significant difference is the tail pull strength. PdCu wire has 50% higher tail strength than Cu wire, indicating a more robust 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">nd</sup> bond process and less chance for short tails. A deeper understanding of these and other differences will assist in the proper selection between these wire types. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer (EDX) studies show that the approximately 80 nm Pd coating dissolves into the Cu bulk during ball formation process, therefore, almost no Pd is present at the bond interface in the as-bonded state. However, Pd congregates and diffuses back to the bond interface, especially, a Pd-rich layer forms in the peripheral interface. The congregation of Pd near the bond interface appears to be detrimental to the bond strength, causing high peeling failure.
Precision CMOS current reference with process and temperature compensation (2014)

This paper presents a new first-order temperature compensated CMOS current reference. To achieve a compact architecture able to operate under low voltage with low power consumption, it is based on a self-biasing beta multiplier current generator. Compensation against temperature is achieved by using instead of an ordinary resistor two triode transistors in parallel, acting as a negative and a positive temperature coefficient resistor, that generate a proportional to absolute temperature and a complementary to absolute temperature current which can be directly added to attain a temperature compensated current. Programmability is included to adjust the temperature coefficient and the reference current magnitude over process variations. Results for a 0.18 μm CMOS implementation show that the proposed 500 nA reference operate with supplies down to 1.2 V accomplishing over a (-40 to +120°C) range temperature drifts below 120 ppm/°C.
Assessing the Economic Impacts of University R&D and Identifying Roles for Technology Transfer Officers (2000)

The increasing role that universities are playing in supporting national technological infrastructure and the increasing attention that governments are paying towards fiscal responsibility combine to underscore the importance for universities of demonstrating to their stakeholders the impacts of their R&D activities. This paper sets forth guidelines for assessing the economic impacts of university R&D and identifies what may become the roles and responsibilities of technology transfer officers in the assessment process.
A biologically inspired programming model for self-healing systems (2002)

There is an increasing need for software systems to be able to adapt to changing conditions of resource variability, component malfunction and malicious intrusion. Such self-healing systems can prove extremely useful in situations where continuous service is critical or manual repair is not feasible. Human efforts to engineer self-healing systems have had limited success, but nature has developed extraordinary mechanisms for robustness and self-healing over billions of years. Nature's programs are encoded in DNA and exhibit remarkable density and expressiveness. We argue that the software engineering community can learn a great deal about building systems from the broader concepts surrounding biological cell programs and the strategies they use to robustly accomplish complex tasks such as development, healing and regeneration. We present a cell-based programming model inspired from biology and speculate on biologically inspired strategies for producing robust, scalable and self-healing software systems.
Aftereffects of high-intensity DC stimulation on the electromechanical performance of ventricular muscle (1994)

To clarify the mechanisms underlying cardiac dysfunction after electrical defibrillation, we investigated the effects of direct current field stimulation (10 ms, 1-80 V/cm) on isolated guinea pig papillary muscles. Shocks (S2) > 15 V/cm lowered the plateau height of the S2-induced action potential and inhibited its terminal repolarization. Subsequent responses to basic stimuli (S1, 1.0 Hz) for 1-3 min were characterized by a decrease in the maximum diastolic potential, a shortening of action potential duration, and an increase of the developed tension. With S2 > 30 V/cm, a marked delay in repolarization of the S2-induced action potential was followed by oscillation of membrane potential, resulting in repetitive spontaneous activity and often refractoriness to S1 stimulation. The aftereffects were independent of the phase of S2 application. Most of the aftereffects were preserved in the presence of nifedipine (1 microM) or ryanodine (1 microM). Only sodium channel blockade by tetrodotoxin (10 microM) modified the aftereffects by depressing the generation of spontaneous activity. These findings suggest that strong shocks (> 15 V/cm) will produce abnormal arrhythmogenic responses probably through a transient rupture of sarcolemmal membrane (electroporation) leading to a disturbance of the ionic equilibrium of the myocyte.
Solution−Liquid−Solid Growth of Ternary Cu−In−Se Semiconductor Nanowires from Multiple- and Single-Source Precursors (2009)

Ternary CuInSe(2) nanowires were synthesized for the first time by the solution-liquid-solid (SLS) mechanism. Here, both metal-organic multiple- and single-source molecular precursors were thermally decomposed in the presence of molten metal nanoparticles and coordinating ligands. The nature of the precursor-multiple- compared to single-source (wherein Cu-Se-In bonds are effectively preformed)-as well as the choice of coordinating ligands, reaction temperature, and reactant order-of-addition strongly affected the morphology and composition of the reaction product obtained. Crystalline, straight, and nearly stoichiometric CuInSe(2) nanowires were most readily achieved using the single-source precursor; however, careful tuning of reaction conditions could also be used to obtain high-quality nanowires from multiple-source precursor systems. The CuInSe(2) nanowires are strong light absorbers from the near-infrared through the visible and ultraviolet spectral regions and, thereby, comprise new soluble and processable "building blocks" for applications in solar-light harvesting.
Fernando Delgado and Samuel Bourdin,<i>Exhibit A, Guy Bourdin</i> (2004)

(2004). Fernando Delgado and Samuel Bourdin, Exhibit A, Guy Bourdin. Fashion Theory: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 109-111.
The incidence of brucellosis clinical and latent among various groups of the population (1938)

1. The population as a whole is exposed to Brucella infection by the consumption of infected milk. This does not appear to be a very potent source of infection as relatively few clinical cases of brucellosis occur, nor are many latent infections discovered by the agglutination reaction. 2. Those exposed to contact with infected animals or meat, as are farm workers, slaughterers and butchers, run a greater risk of contracting infection. The risk is not, however, markedly increased when the contact is limited to the handling of carcasses or meat, milking or ordinary animal husbandry. 3. Members of the veterinary profession, who assist in calving and remove placentas from infected cows are exposed to the greatest risk of infection. They come in contact with the greatest natural concentration of Br. abortus through the most dangerous route, the skin. Clinical brucellosis is not common among them, but many contract latent infection. 58·3% of post-graduate and 10·8% of undergraduate veterinary students were found to have agglutinins for Br. abortus in their serum. This should be borne in mind when a diagnosis of undulant fever is considered in a member of the veterinary profession.
Herpes Simplex Virus Tegument Protein US11 Interacts with Conventional Kinesin Heavy Chain (2002)

Little is known about the mechanisms of transport of neurotropic herpesviruses, such as herpes simplex virus (HSV), varicella-zoster virus, and pseudorabies virus, within neurons. For these viruses, which replicate in the nucleus, anterograde transport from the cell body of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons to the axon terminus occurs over long distances. In the case of HSV, unenveloped nucleocapsids in human DRG neurons cocultured with autologous skin were observed by immunoelectron microscopy to colocalize with conventional ubiquitous kinesin, a microtubule-dependent motor protein, in the cell body and axon during anterograde axonal transport. Subsequently, four candidate kinesin-binding structural HSV proteins were identified (VP5, VP16, VP22, and US11) using oligohistidine-tagged human ubiquitous kinesin heavy chain (uKHC) as bait. Of these viral proteins, a direct interaction between uKHC and US11 was identified. In vitro studies identified residues 867 to 894 as the US11-binding site in uKHC located within the proposed heptad repeat cargo-binding domain of uKHC. In addition, the uKHC-binding site in US11 maps to the C-terminal RNA-binding domain. US11 is consistently cotransported with kinetics similar to those of the capsid protein VP5 into the axons of dissociated rat neurons, unlike the other tegument proteins VP16 and VP22. These observations suggest a major role for the uKHC-US11 interaction in anterograde transport of unenveloped HSV nucleocapsids in axons.
Time-varying spectra through optical diffraction scanning (1964)

ABSTRACT An optical scanning method has been developed to present frequency content as it occurs and changes throughout a variable-density seismogram. Energy distributions are shown in both frequency and time. A two-dimensional pattern is presented which can be visually evaluated, and is suitable for numerical measurement. Seismic wave dispersions can be revealed and measured through a similar scanning method.
Molybdenum Disulfide Catalytic Coatings via Atomic Layer Deposition for Solar Hydrogen Production from Copper Gallium Diselenide Photocathodes (2019)

We demonstrate that applying atomic layer deposition-derived molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) catalytic coatings on copper gallium diselenide (CGSe) thin film absorbers can lead to efficient wide band gap photocathodes for photoelectrochemical hydrogen production. We have prepared a device that is free of precious metals, employing a CGSe absorber and a cadmium sulfide (CdS) buffer layer, a titanium dioxide (TiO2) interfacial layer, and a MoS2 catalytic layer. The resulting MoS2/TiO2/CdS/CGSe photocathode exhibits a photocurrent onset of +0.53 V vs RHE and a saturation photocurrent density of −10 mA cm–2, with stable operation for >5 h in acidic electrolyte. Spectroscopic investigations of this device architecture indicate that overlayer degradation occurs inhomogeneously, ultimately exposing the underlying CGSe absorber.
An Interferometric Approach to the Measurement of Optical Polarization (1970)

After discussing the desirability of determining the variation of polarization with frequency in planetary spectra, the possibility of measuring the intensity and state of polarization of optical radiation by means of the high resolution Fourier spectroscopic method is discussed. In the proposed experimental arrangement a two-beam interferometer is used with a polarizer in each beam. After recombination the emergent radiation is analyzed with a linear polarizer. It is shown that the interferograms obtained in this way contain information about the four Stokes parameters of the incident radiation. The polarizers introduce an asymmetry in the interferograms requiring full (exponential) transforms for retrieval of the desired data. The effects of the finite range of path difference and the variation of its zero point with frequency are considered, and evaluation of the corresponding phase error with a proper choice of the polarizer settings is discussed. The formalism also takes into account the residual polarization introduced by the beam splitter, and the differential transmission of the two beams. Generally, three independent interferograms are needed for determining the phase error and the four Stokes parameters. Some simple arrangements are described in which the two beams are either both linearly or both circularly polarized. It is hoped that instruments based on the principle described here will be built by workers in the field.
Phosphorylation of histone H3 at serine 10 is correlated with chromosome condensation during mitosis and meiosis in <i>Tetrahymena</i> (1998)

H3 phosphorylation has been correlated with mitosis temporally in mammalian cells and spatially in ciliated protozoa. In logarithmically growing Tetrahymena thermophila cells, for example, H3 phosphorylation can be detected in germline micronuclei that divide mitotically but not in somatic macronuclei that divide amitotically. Here, we demonstrate that micronuclear H3 phosphorylation occurs at a single site (Ser-10) in the amino-terminal domain of histone H3, the same site phosphorylated during mitosis in mammalian cells. Using an antibody specific for Ser-10 phosphorylated H3, we show that, in Tetrahymena, this modification is correlated with mitotic and meiotic divisions of micronuclei in a fashion that closely coincides with chromosome condensation. Our data suggest that H3 phosphorylation at Ser-10 is a highly conserved event among eukaryotes and is likely involved in both mitotic and meiotic chromosome condensation.
Model-Free reinforcement learning with continuous action in practice (2012)

Reinforcement learning methods are often considered as a potential solution to enable a robot to adapt to changes in real time to an unpredictable environment. However, with continuous action, only a few existing algorithms are practical for real-time learning. In such a setting, most effective methods have used a parameterized policy structure, often with a separate parameterized value function. The goal of this paper is to assess such actor-critic methods to form a fully specified practical algorithm. Our specific contributions include 1) developing the extension of existing incremental policy-gradient algorithms to use eligibility traces, 2) an empirical comparison of the resulting algorithms using continuous actions, 3) the evaluation of a gradient-scaling technique that can significantly improve performance. Finally, we apply our actor-critic algorithm to learn on a robotic platform with a fast sensorimotor cycle (10ms). Overall, these results constitute an important step towards practical real-time learning control with continuous action.
Antibody-Producing Effects in Mice by Synthetic Immunoactive Lipopeptides with the Conjugated Amino Acid Sequence of gp120 in Human Immunodeficiency Virus. (1996)

To induce peptide-specific antibodies in mice, as a model for vaccination against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), lipopeptide analogs conjugated with three repeating units (KAB-112; designated as gp120-peptide) of a part (Gly-Pro-Gly-Arg-Ala-Phe) of the amino acid sequences of the V3 loop region in gp120 of HIV were synthesized. The mitogenicity, production of nitric oxide (NO) and induction of peptide-specific antibodies in mice by synthetic lipopeptides were examined. Compounds, KAB-8 (diacylglycerol-tetrapeptide having a part of the amino acid sequence in Escherichia coli), KAB-116 (diacylglycerol-cysteine), KAB-117 (diacylglycerol with gp120-peptide) and KAB-121 (KAB-8 with gp120-peptide) were capable of increasing significantly the incorporation of [3H]thymidine into splenocytes of C3H/He mice at concentrations ranging from 12.5 to 100 microM, but KAB-112 (gp120-peptide) and KAB-115 (monoacylglycerol with gp120-peptide) did not show such activity. The compounds, KAB-8, KAB-117 and 121, exhibited NO production in murine macrophages. When 50 nmol of these compounds was administered intraperitoneally into BALB/c mice on days 0, 16 and 46, the peptide-specific antibody titers in their sera produced by each compound were determined with ELISA. The sera of KAB-117 and KAB-121, which were obtained on days 14, 30, 42, 57 and 70, had a higher titer than that of KAB-112 and KAB-115, suggesting that the diacylglycerol derivative enhance the production of the peptide-specific antibodies.
CWMP extensions for enhanced management of domestic network services (2010)

Broadband Forum's CPE Wan Management Protocol (CWMP/TR-069) became, in the last few years, a key industry standard for the management of devices that, despite located in the local network of domestic broadband users, still need to be directly managed by operators due to their relevance to added value services such as VoIP, IPTV, VoD or femtocell applications. Despite its relevance, the adoption of CWMP is still slow, in part because current CWMP applications do not cope well (yet) with the dynamic environment of domestic LANs, where the nature of topologies and services to be managed quickly evolves. In this paper we propose an extensible CWMP agent framework that, whilst keeping full compatibility with the original specification, allows it to better adapt to the home network environment, by incorporating the notion of extensible CWMP agents and proxying mechanisms.
Flow Behavior of HDPE-Fine Wood Particles Composites (2007)

This study presents an experimental investigation on the flow behavior of the composites of high density polyethylene (HDPE) and very fine wood particles (smaller than 50 mm). Knowledge of the flow behavior can give insight into the processability of these composites especially in injection molding process. Complex modulus, melt flow index (MFI), and flow length are measured for composites containing 40—70 wt% wood particles. The results indicate that noticeable increase is observed for all measured properties upon increasing the wood content; however this change is very significant for MFI. Thus, for this study, composites having fine wood particles content above 60 wt% can be considered as the highly filled composites.
Diffusion‐weighted MR microscopy with fast spin‐echo (1993)

A diffusion-weighted fast spin-echo (FSE) imaging sequence for high-field MR microscopy was developed and experimentally validated in a phantom and in a live rat. Pulsed diffusion gradients were executed before and after the initial 180 degrees pulse in the FSE pulse train. This produced diffusion-related reductions in image signal intensity corresponding to gradient ("b") factors between 1.80 and 1352 s/mm2. The degree of diffusion weighting was demonstrated to be independent of echo train length for experiments using trains up to 16 echoes long. Quantitative measurements on a phantom and on a live rat produced diffusion coefficients consistent with literature values. Importantly, the eight- to 16-fold increase in imaging efficiency with FSE was not accompanied by a significant loss of spatial resolution or contrast. This permits acquisition of in vivo three-dimensional data in time periods that are appropriate for evolving biological processes. The combination of accurate diffusion weighting and high spatial resolution provided by FSE makes the technique particularly useful for MR microscopy.
Heuristic Versus Optimal Charging of Supercapacitors, Lithium-Ion, and Lead-Acid Batteries: An Efficiency Point of View (2017)

Electrical energy storage systems are extensively utilized in applications, including electrified vehicles, renewable power generation, and electronic devices. While discharging events are a function of the power demand, the charging procedure is often controllable. This paper evaluates different charging strategies for stand-alone supercapacitors (SCs), lithium-ion (Li-ion), and lead-acid batteries. Constant power and optimal charging strategies are formulated and the corresponding charging currents are obtained. Efficiency analysis for different charging strategies and charging times (slow and fast) is performed. The identical objective function for all modules is to minimize the resistive losses during a given charging time by utilizing Pontryagin's minimum principle. An analytical solution exists for the SC case, which is constant current charging. The variation of the total internal resistance with state of charge in lead-acid chemistry is considerable, and the optimal charging problem results in a two-point boundary value problem. In case of the Li-ion battery, the model includes the electronic as well as polarization resistance. Furthermore, in order to investigate the influence of temperature on the optimal charging of the Li-ion battery, a constrained optimal control problem for a three state electrothermal model is formulated and solved using dynamic programming.