gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The detection of astrovirus in sludge biosolids using an integrated cell culture nested PCR technique (2000)

The work presented here demonstrates the utility of the integrated cell culture-reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (ICC-RT-PCR) coupled with nested PCR to detect human astroviruses and enteroviruses in sludge biosolids. Viruses were concentrated by beef extract elution and organic flocculation prior to analysis by a plaque assay and ICC-RT-PCR. Astroviruses were detected in all but one sample and all of the samples were positive for enteroviruses. We have demonstrated the prevalence and frequency ofastrovirus in sludge and validated the ICC-RT-PCR/nested PCR technique as a useful tool to detect viruses in sludge.
Automated Wing Panel Assembly for the A340-600 (2000)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The Airbus A340-600 wing panel manufacturing system, which entered production in 1999, represents a major milestone for automated aircraft assembly. The new A340-600 system builds upon the success of the E4000 based A320 wing panel assembly system, which was introduced into production three years ago. The new A340-600 system consists of two 440 ft. assembly lines. One produces upper wing skin panels and the second produces lower skin panels. Each line consists of three fully automated CNC controlled flexible fixtures placed end to end serviced by two E4100 CNC assemble machines. Each fixture accepts multiple wing panels and can be automatically changed between the different configurations. Stringers are located and held using clamps mounted to “popping posts”. These posts automatically drop out of the machine path into the floor to provide clearance for complete stringer to skin fastening.</div>
Joseph Conrad's Literary Theory (1960)

Despite the great interest shown recently in Joseph Conrad's fiction, there has appeared comparatively little comment relating the ideas on literary technique expressed by Ford Madox Ford in his several chapters on Conrad to the latter's own remarks in his letters, essays, and notes to his first Collected Edition. These remarks, when brought together and evaluated, go far to provide a basis for Conrad's literary intentions and suggest criteria by which to judge his early artistic successes as well as his later generally less successful work. They demonstrate almost conclusively that when Conrad forsook the theories he worked out with Ford and those expressed in his early letters and essays, especially in the now famous Preface to The Nigger of the Narcissus, his work became thin and uninteresting, losing the range and texture of his best fiction. They demonstrate further that when he wrote his Author's Notes, from which several critics have been tempted to derive his aesthetic, he was already shucking off many of the early ideas in favor of the very practices he had once repudiated. Conrad's notes were almost frivolous for a major novelist intent on the seriousness of his craft, and they were obviously conceived more to establish rapport with his newly-won popular audience than as a guide to his artistic intentions. If we want insight into the major Conrad, we must return to the critical comments thrown out when he was an apprentice writer still excited by the ideas he and Ford had agreed upon, a time almost twenty years before the debility set in which marked his last years of creative work and which carried over into the notes written during the same period. It should be mentioned that although this paper will make passing references to Conrad's development as a creative artist, such remarks will always be secondary to the main intention: to examine in detail his literary theory to determine upon what base he built his major works. Consequently, in this paper, I employ Conrad's novels merely to provide concrete examples for various aspects of his theory; a close
Adaptive box filters for removal of random noise from digital images (1990)

Adaptive box-filtering algorithms to remove random bit errors and to smooth noisy data have been developed. For both procedures, the standard deviation of those pixels within a local box surrounding each pixel is used. A series of two or three filters with decreasing box sizes can be run to clean up extremely noisy images and to remove bit errors near sharp edges. The second filter, for noise smoothing, is similar to the 'sigma filter' of Lee (1983). The technique effectively reduces speckle in radar images without eliminating fine details.
Practical Risk Analysis (2003)

Once a fairly esoteric subject, risk analysis and measurement has become a critical function for both portfolio managers and traders. Yet accurate measurement and analysis of risk presents many practical challenges, including the choice of risk model, portfolio optimization pitfalls, horizon mismatches, and out-of-sample testing. This detailed overview of recent developments in risk analysis and modeling focuses on practical applications. While risk management tools can provide invaluable insights as to portfolio risk, they must be applied with considerable care. Risk analysis, as it stands today, is as much an art as a science.
An Algorithm for Rapid Binary Division (1961)

A new algorithm is given for reducing the number of additions and subtractions required in binary division in a computer. The algorithm is presented in two parts. A simplified algorithm, which can significantly reduce the number of operations with minimal additional circuitry, is used to develop the justification of the method. The complete algorithm introduces modifications which allow the minimum number of operations by examination of no more than the leading five bits of the divisor and remainder. An average of two-thirds can be saved in the number of operations.
Functional inflammatory profiles distinguish myelin-reactive T cells from patients with multiple sclerosis (2015)

Myelin-reactive T cells have been identified in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and healthy subjects with comparable frequencies, but the contribution of these autoreactive T cells to disease pathology remains unknown. A total of 13,324 T cell libraries generated from blood of 23 patients and 22 healthy controls were interrogated for reactivity to myelin antigens. Libraries derived from CCR6(+) myelin-reactive T cells from patients with MS exhibited significantly enhanced production of interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin-17 (IL-17), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) compared to healthy controls. Single-cell clones isolated by major histocompatibility complex/peptide tetramers from CCR6(+) T cell libraries also secreted more proinflammatory cytokines, whereas clones isolated from controls secreted more IL-10. The transcriptomes of myelin-specific CCR6(+) T cells from patients with MS were distinct from those derived from healthy controls and, notably, were enriched in T helper cell 17 (TH17)-induced experimental autoimmune encephalitis gene signatures, and gene signatures derived from TH17 cells isolated other human autoimmune diseases. These data, although not causal, imply that functional differences between antigen-specific T cells from MS and healthy controls are fundamental to disease development and support the notion that IL-10 production from myelin-reactive T cells may act to limit disease progression or even pathogenesis.
Effects of a potent synthetic melanotropin, Nle<sup>4</sup>-D-Phe<sup>7</sup>-α-MSH (Melanotan-I) on tanning: a dose-ranging study (1999)

An open-label, dose-finding study of a superpotent melanotropic peptide [Nle4-D-Phe7]α-MSH1-13, called Melanotan-I (MT-I), was performed in eight male volunteers with “tannable” skin types III-IV. This synthetic analog of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), was administered subcutaneously for 10 days at three dose levels of 0.16 mg/kg per dose, 0.26 mg/kg per dose and 0.4 mg/kg per dose. Skin pigmentation at eight anatomic sites was measured serially using light reflectance values quantitated as luminance (L-values) and blue-yellow hue (b-values). All subjects tanned during the course of the trial, but there was no evidence of improved tanning beyond that obtained at the 0.16 mg/kg dose (P = 0.04). The most responsive site of skin darkening was the forehead, followed by the cheek, chin, neck and forearm. The anterior leg and buttock did not darken. There were no toxicities of grade 2 or more by World Health Organization (WHO) criteria at the 0.16 mg/kg dose, whereas the two higher doses produced moderate gastrointestinal upset and some mild to moderate fatigue. The optimal dose for ten daily subcutaneous injections of this agent is 0.16 mg/kg per day.
FTV (Free-viewpoint TV) (2010)

We have developed a new type of television named FTV (Free-viewpoint TV). FTV is the ultimate 3DTV that enables us to view a 3D scene by freely changing our viewpoints. At present, FTV is available on a single PC or a mobile player. The international standardization of FTV has been conducted in MPEG. The first phase of FTV was MVC (Multi-view Video Coding) and the second phase is 3DV (3D Video). FDU (FTV Data Unit) is proposed as a data format for 3DV. FTU can compensate errors of the synthesized views caused by depth error.
Soft tactile sensor arrays for micromanipulation (2012)

Micromanipulation methods used for complicated tasks such as microrobot assembly and microvascular surgery often lack the force reflection and contact localization capability necessary to achieve robust grasps of micro-scale objects without applying excessive forces. This absence of haptic feedback is especially prohibitive in cases where visual evidence of force application, such as object surface deformation, is imperceptible and where unstructured, dynamically changing environments require force sensing and modulation for safe, atraumatic object manipulation. This paper describes the design, fabrication, and experimental validation of a soft tactile sensor array for sub-millimeter contact localization and contact force measurement during micromanipulation. The geometry and placement of conductive liquid embedded channels within the sensor array are optimized to provide adequate sensitivity for representative micro-manipulation tasks. Mechanical testing of the sensor demonstrates a sensitivity of less than 50mN and contact localization resolution on the order of 100's of microns.
Influence of Bond Type on Structure and Properties (1992)

The various types of interatomic and intermolecular bonds were described in Chapter 2 and it was stated that the bond energies, that is the strengths of bonds, varied from one type to another. It was noted also that covalent bonds were directional whereas the ionic and metallic bonds were not directional in nature. These characteristics exert influences on both the structures and properties of materials. An attempt is made in this chapter to indicate the general ways in which the bond type helps to determine the properties of a material. It should be remembered though that bond type is only one of many disparate factors which influence the final properties of any material.
A strongly adhesive hemostatic hydrogel for the repair of arterial and heart bleeds (2019)

Uncontrollable bleeding is a major problem in surgical procedures and after major trauma. Existing hemostatic agents poorly control hemorrhaging from traumatic arterial and cardiac wounds because of their weak adhesion to wet and mobile tissues. Here we design a photo-reactive adhesive that mimics the extracellular matrix (ECM) composition. This biomacromolecule-based matrix hydrogel can undergo rapid gelling and fixation to adhere and seal bleeding arteries and cardiac walls after UV light irradiation. These repairs can withstand up to 290 mm Hg blood pressure, significantly higher than blood pressures in most clinical settings (systolic BP 60-160 mm Hg). Most importantly, the hydrogel can stop high-pressure bleeding from pig carotid arteries with 4~ 5 mm-long incision wounds and from pig hearts with 6 mm diameter cardiac penetration holes. Treated pigs survived after hemostatic treatments with this hydrogel, which is well-tolerated and appears to offer significant clinical advantage as a traumatic wound sealant.
Expression of human vitamin D receptor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Purification, properties, and generation of polyclonal antibodies. (1990)

We have cloned a cDNA encoding the human vitamin D receptor (VDR) into a high copy yeast plasmid controlled transcriptionally by the copper-inducible metallothionein (CUP-1) promoter to produce YEpV1. Introduction of this plasmid in the protease deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain BJ 3505 and subsequent growth in the presence of copper and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 leads to the synthesis of intact VDR comprising over 0.5% of total soluble protein. The VDR was purified to near homogeneity from similarly induced yeast cultures by ammonium sulfate precipitation, and sequential DNA-cellulose and DEAE-Sephadex chromatography, and then characterized for physical and functional properties. The purified VDR associated with a specific synthetic DNA sequence comprising the vitamin D response element as assayed through bandshift analysis. Binding, however, required the presence of a mammalian cell protein factor that also enhances vitamin D response element interaction by mammalian cell-derived VDR. Polyclonal antibodies raised in rabbits against the purified VDR further retarded the receptor/nuclear factor/DNA complex in these analyses. These studies, together with our previous experiments that demonstrate reconstitution of a vitamin D-dependent transcription system in yeast, show that the VDR can be produced and purified from yeast in a functional form.
N‐Acyl‐N‐alkyl‐sulfonamide Anchors Derived from Kenner′s Safety‐Catch Linker: Powerful Tools in Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Double functionalisation of carbon nanotubes for multimodal drug delivery (2006)

Multi-walled carbon nanotubes have been covalently functionalized via 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides with orthogonally protected amino functions that can be selectively deprotected and subsequently modified with drugs and fluorescent probes.
Extension of Shelf‐Life of Oysters by Pasteurization in Flexible Pouches (1984)

ABSTRACT Combination of chlorination, packaging in flexible pouches, heating, cooling and cold storage could extend shelf‐life of oysters from 2 wk to 3 months. Freshly shucked oysters were first blown (or washed) in aerated chlorinated water, drained and vacuum sealed in flexible pouches. Pouched oysters were heated in two successive water baths for appropriate thermal treatment. After cooling in ice water, the products were stored at 0.5°C. Sensory tests performed immediately after pasteurization indicated that the pasteurized oysters were similar to freshly shucked oysters. Both aerobic and facultatively anaerobic bacterial counts were drastically decreased after pasteurization. Chemical changes during treatment and storage were determined and are discussed.
Gradient-index antireflective subwavelength structures for planar waveguide facets (2007)

We demonstrate the use of subwavelength gratings etched into the facets of silicon-on-insulator ridge waveguides as a means of reducing facet reflectivity by the gradient-index effect. Reflectivities as low as 2.0% and 2.4% for the fundamental TE and TM modes, respectively, are demonstrated experimentally for light of 1.55 microm wavelength, in agreement with both effective medium theory and finite-difference time domain calculations. Simulations show that facet reflectivites can be further reduced to less than 1% by increasing the grating modulation depth.
Feasibility of using smart phones to estimate chlorophyll content in corn plants (2016)

New spectral absorption photometry methods are introduced to estimate chlorophyll (Chl) content of corn leaves by smart phones. The first method acquires light passing through a leaf by smartphone camera, compensating for differences in illumination conditions. In order to improve performance of the method, spectral absorption photometry (SAP) with background illumination has been considered as well. Data were acquired by smartphone camera in Iowa State University maize fields. Various indices were extracted and their correlation with Chl content were examined by Minolta SPAD-502. Hue index in SAP reached R 2 value of 0.59. However, with light-aided SAP (LASAP), R 2 of 0.97 was obtained. Among traits, the vegetation index gave the most accurate indication. We can conclude that the high performance of LASAP method for estimating Chl content, leads to new opportunities offered by smart phones at much lower cost. This is a highly accurate alternative to SPAD meters for estimating Chl content nondestructively.
Significance of V444A polymorphism of ABCB11 gene in neonatal cholestasis (2013)

Objective
To explore the association between one common variant in ABCB11-1331T>C(V444A) and neonatal cholestasis.


Methods
One hundred and ninety-two children with neonatal cholestasis were enrolled as case group, and 196 healthy children were selected as healthy control group.The SNP site of V444A was tested by fluorescent quantitative PCR.Fisher's exact test was performed to detect the differences in allele and genotype distribution between the 2 groups.Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to test the differences of total bilirubin, total bile acid, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase levels among the patients with different genotypes.


Results
TT, TC and CC genotypic distribution of V444A were not significantly different between patients and controls(P=0.530). The T allele in the case group accounted for 29.9%, in the healthy control group accounted for 26.3%, there was no significant difference between the 2 groups(OR=1.12, P=0.264). Total bilirubin, total bile acid, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase levels in patients with different genotypes of V444A were also not statistically different(all P>0.05).


Conclusion
Only V444A variant may have no impacts on neonatal cholestasis.


Key words: 
ABCB11 gene; V444A; Neonatal cholestasis
The steady and unsteady state analysis of a simple gas centrifuge (1976)

Abstract The operating theory of the gas centrifuge is developed under both steady and unsteady state behavior. It is shown that countercurrent flow patterns in a gas centrifuge enhance the possible separation. The effect of self‐diffusion of the gaseous mixtures is shown to be significant with low molecular weight gases but of less significance with heavy gases such as uranium isotopes. The time required to develop steady state pressure and concentration profiles is in the order of minutes, even with no net flow to and from the machine.
Nanoscale Heterogeneity of Polyamide Membranes Formed by Interfacial Polymerization (2003)

The nanoscale structure of composite polyamide reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) membranes was investigated by transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. The study demonstrated that the polymer density and charge are distributed across the active polyamide layer in a highly nonuniform fashion. The polyamide films appear to be built of a negatively charged outer layer sitting on top of an inner layer possessing a small positive charge. This picture appears to be fairly general for all types of composite membranes and seems to reconcile previously reported contradictory experimental facts concerning measurements of charge for this type of membrane. The sharp boundary between the layers roughly corresponds to the region of the highest polymer density, that is, the actual selective barrier. The location of this barrier deep inside the RO films indicates that formation of the RO polyamide is not limited solely by monomer diffusion through the film, as was suggested previously, but by other factors as well. In the NF polyamide, the location of the boundary nearer toward the surface might suggest a larger role of the diffusion-limited regime in this type of membrane. Comparison of the morphology of standard and high-flux RO membranes showed that the modified procedure used to manufacture the latter apparently results in a more open structure of the active layer, and hence increased surface roughness, and a smaller thickness of the densest barrier. This finding contradicts the currently held view that the high permeability of this type of membrane is a function of increased surface roughness. The results largely support a recently presented theoretical model of polyamide membrane formation via interfacial polymerization.
Programmable diffractive optical element using a multichannel lanthanum-modified lead zirconate titanate phase modulator (1995)

We introduce a programmable diffractive optical element based on an electro-optic phased array implemented with a multichannel lanthanum-modified lead zirconate titanate phase modulator. The design and fabrication procedures are outlined, along with an experimental demonstration of the device. Experimental results from a 16-channel device operating with a 2pi ; voltage of 300 V demonstrate selective beam steering. The programmable diffractive optical element allows for efficient, high-speed high-resolution random-access optical beam steering over a continuous scanning range.
Increased Dispersion of Supported Gold during Methanol Carbonylation Conditions (2009)

The active site in supported gold catalysts for the carbonylation of methanol has been identified as dimers/trimers of gold which are formed from large gold particles >10 nm in diameter. Methyl iodide was found to be critical for this dispersion process and to maintain the catalyst in the active form. This study also shows that it may be possible to redisperse gold catalysts, in general, after reaction.
Environment Disaster Linkages (2012)

Citation (2012), "Environment Disaster Linkages", Shaw, R. and Tran, P. (Ed.) Environment Disaster Linkages (Community, Environment and Disaster Risk Management, Vol. 9), Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Bingley, p. i. https://doi.org/10.1108/S2040-7262(2012)0000009024 Publisher: Emerald Group Publishing Limited Copyright © 2012, Emerald Group Publishing Limited Book Chapters Environment Disaster Linkages Community, Environment and Disaster Risk Management Copyright Page List of Contributors List of Editors Brief Introduction to the Series Brief Introduction to the Volume Preface Chapter 1 Environment Disaster Linkages: An Overview Chapter 2 Water: Water, Communities and Disasters: Inter-linkages Chapter 3 Air: Typhoon and Tornado Risk Management Chapter 4 Land: Proactive Management of Drought and Its Derived Disasters in Mongolia Chapter 5 Forest: Catastrophic Flood and Forest Management in Vietnam Chapter 6 Coast: Coast and Communities: The Linkages Chapter 7 Urban: Urban Climate Resilience as a Planning Tool in Vietnam Chapter 8 Livelihoods: Linking Livelihoods and Ecosystems for Enhanced Disaster Management Chapter 9 Employment: Interrelationship of Disaster and Employment from the Perspective of Urban-Rural Linkages in India Chapter 10 Health: Impacts of Salinity, Arsenic and Drought in South-western Bangladesh Chapter 11 Waste: Disaster Waste Management: An Overview Chapter 12 Land Use: Urban and Land Use Planning for Disaster Resilience Chapter 13 Ecosystem: Values of the Mangrove Ecosystem of Gujarat, India and its Socio-Economic Implications Chapter 14 Eco-Villages: Can Eco-villages be a ‘Build Back Better’ strategy after Tsunami Disasters? Chapter 15 Education: Climate Change Issues in Education Sectors: An environmental entry point of risk reduction Chapter 16 Technology: Information and Communication Technologies (ICT), Water and Climate Change: Asian Priorities Chapter 17 Way Forward: Environment Disaster Linkages: a Way Forward