gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Passive Detection of Wrong Way Drivers on Motorways Based on Low Power Wireless Communications (2014)

This paper describes a solution for the problem of wrong way driving on motorways by proposing a new Passive Vehicle Detection (PVD) technology, which is able to detect the driving direction based on roadside radio sensors. The new sensor technology is combined with local and wide-area warning functionality and generates real-time telematics information to increase the safety of all road users. The major benefit of the proposed system is that the vehicle itself must not be equipped with additional hardware. Based on simulation results, we developed a prototype of the Wireless Detection and Warning System (WDWS) to perform experiments for validation. Afterwards, the system was deployed in an extensive field trial at a German motorway in Bochum. The paper describes the architecture, the algorithm design and the results of the performance evaluation. Another benefit is the enormous time gain by a factor of 33 in the generation and transmission of an automated warning to endangered road users.
Heat Pipe Cooled Induction Motor (1974)

The feasibility of employing heat pipe cooling in an A-C Induction Motor has been demonstrated with the successful analysis, design and construction of an experimental motor. The heat pipes were integrally designed into both the rotor and stator of the motor allowing the heat absorbing section (evaporator) of the heat pipes to be placed as close as possible to the points of heat generation. The experimental portion of this effort demonstrated the thermal effectiveness of this configuration as well as supplying verification of a prior thermal analysis of this type of motor. The overall performance indicated the motor is applicable for adjustable speed operation at constant torque through an seven-to-one speed range as well as producing information on the operating characteristics under varying load and frequency conditions.
Double or nothing: a Drosophila mutation affecting meiotic chromosome segregation in both females and males. (1994)

We describe a Drosophila mutation, Double or nothing (Dub), that causes meiotic nondisjunction in a conditional, dominant manner. Previously isolated mutations in Drosophila specifically affect meiosis either in females or males, with the exception of the mei-S332 and ord genes which are required for proper sister-chromatid cohesion. Dub is unusual in that it causes aberrant chromosome segregation almost exclusively in meiosis I in both sexes. In Dub mutant females both nonexchange and exchange chromosomes undergo nondisjunction, but the effect of Dub on nonexchange chromosomes is more pronounced. Dub reduces recombination levels slightly. Multiple nondisjoined chromosomes frequently cosegregate to the same pole. Dub results in nondisjunction of all chromosomes in meiosis I of males, although the levels are lower than in females. When homozygous, Dub is a conditional lethal allele and exhibits phenotypes consistent with cell death.
Allosteric Regulation of Pyruvate Kinase M2 Isozyme Involves a Cysteine Residue in the Intersubunit Contact (1998)

Pyruvate kinase M2 isozyme mutants with amino acid substitutions in the subunit interface were prepared and characterized. The substitutions were made in the allosteric M2 isozyme by the corresponding residues of the nonallosteric M1 isozyme to identify the residue involved in the allosteric effects. The replacement of Cys-423 by Leu led to substantial loss of both homotropic and heterotropic allosteric effects while the substitutions at Phe-389, Arg-398, Ala-401, Pro-402, Thr-408, and Ile-427 did not. The altered kinetic properties of the Cys-423-substituted mutant resulted from the shift of the allosteric transition toward the active R-state since the mutant exhibits the allosteric properties in the presence of an allosteric inhibitor, L-phenylalanine. The inverse correlation between the hydrophobicity of residue 423 and the extent of stabilization of the R-state was found by analysis of mutants with un-ionizable amino acids at position 423. Furthermore, the modification of Cys-423 with methyl methanethiosulfonate led to a shift of the allosteric transition toward the R-state, probably the result of increased hydrophobicity of the residue. These results suggest that Cys-423 is involved in the allosteric regulation of the enzyme through hydrophobic interactions.
Comparative studies on lipid and colony-stimulating factor-induced macrophage growth. (1990)

We previously reported that lipids such as cholesterol esters, triglycerides, and some phospholipids that constitute cell membranes or serum lipoproteins induced growth of mouse peritoneal macrophages in vitro. In this paper, we compared the macrophage growth-stimulating activity of cardiolipin (CL), an active phospholipid with that of CSF-1. Growth kinetics and maximal degree of growth of exudated macrophages induced by CL were similar to those of CSF-1. CL did not stimulate macrophages to release soluble macrophage growth factors. Also, the activity of CL was not blocked as much by anti-CSF-1, suggesting that most of the effect of CL was direct and not mediated by CSF-1 or other protein factors. There was no synergistic effect between CL and CSF-1. CL induced growth of both exudate and resident macrophages, whereas CSF-1 induced very little resident macrophage growth. Furthermore, although the growth-stimulating activities of both substances were inhibited by IFN-gamma and TNF, CL was more resistant to these inhibitory effects. These results suggest that the lipid has some different characters from CSF-1 and may induce the growth of resident macrophages in inflammations or tumors.
Design of high speed cylindrical NMR sample spinners (1981)

Simple approximate solutions to compressible fluid flow problems are used to arrive at useful design equations for high-speed spinning on cylindrical air bearings for NMR studies of solids. The optimum radial clearance is shown to depend on the 1/3 power of the rotor diameter, and is 0.027 mm for a 12-mm rotor, with a surface speed of one half the speed of sound, c. The required air bearing hole diameter is about 0.3 mm with a square root dependence on the rotor diameter. A few general comments are made concerning turbine design, and a simple combination impulse-reaction type is described which offers some improvement in drive efficiency. Drive air flow is shown to depend approximately on the square root of the rotor volume for a surface speed 0.5 c. Relevant data for a number of high strength materials including hard ceramics are tabulated, and limiting speeds are calculated. The design equations are verified for 8 and 12 mm rotors made from Al2O3 with wall thicknesses equal to 6% of the diameter.
Vision-Based Control of a Handheld Surgical Micromanipulator With Virtual Fixtures (2013)

Performing micromanipulation and delicate operations in submillimeter workspaces is difficult because of destabilizing tremor and imprecise targeting. Accurate micromanipulation is especially important for microsurgical procedures, such as vitreoretinal surgery, to maximize successful outcomes and minimize collateral damage. Robotic aid combined with filtering techniques that suppress tremor frequency bands increases performance; however, if knowledge of the operator's goals is available, virtual fixtures have been shown to further improve performance. In this paper, we derive a virtual fixture framework for active handheld micromanipulators that is based on high-bandwidth position measurements rather than forces applied to a robot handle. For applicability in surgical environments, the fixtures are generated in real-time from microscope video during the procedure. Additionally, we develop motion scaling behavior around virtual fixtures as a simple and direct extension to the proposed framework. We demonstrate that virtual fixtures significantly outperform tremor cancellation algorithms on a set of synthetic tracing tasks (p < 0.05). In more medically relevant experiments of vein tracing and membrane peeling in eye phantoms, virtual fixtures can significantly reduce both positioning error and forces applied to tissue (p < 0.05).
Mechanism of the glycine cleavage reaction. Properties of the reverse reaction catalyzed by T-protein. (1987)

T-protein, one of the components of the glycine cleavage system, catalyzes the synthesis of the H-protein-bound intermediate from methylenetetrahydrofolate, ammonia, and H-protein having a reduced lipoyl prosthetic group (Okamura-Ikeda, K., Fujiwara, K., and Motokawa, Y. (1982) J. Biol. Chem. 257, 135-139). Spectroscopic studies indicated that the utilization of methylenetetrahydrofolate occurred only in the presence of the three substrates, indicating the formation of a quaternary complex. The amount of methylenetetrahydrofolate consumed was equal to that of methylene carbon attached to H-protein. Steady-state kinetic studies show that the reaction proceeds through an Ordered Ter Bi mechanism. Reduced H-protein is the first substrate that binds T-protein followed by methylenetetrahydrofolate and ammonia. The order of release of products is tetrahydrofolate and the H-protein-bound intermediate. Km values for H-protein, methylenetetrahydrofolate, and ammonia are 0.55 microM, 0.32 mM, and 22 mM, respectively.
Control of protein synthesis by hemin. Purification of a rabbit reticulocyte hsp 70 and characterization of its regulation of the activation of the hemin-controlled eIF-2(alpha) kinase. (1994)

We have purified a soluble rabbit reticulocyte protein, previously termed the supernatant factor, that reverses the inhibition of protein synthesis in hemin-deficient lysate by promoting the inactivation of the hemin-controlled eIF-2 alpha kinase (HCR) mediating the effect of hemin deficiency. We have identified the supernatant factor as a member of the heat shock protein 70 family, denoted hsp 70(R), based upon its size (72 kDa), specific reaction to a monoclonal antibody against eukaryotic hsp 70, strong binding affinity for ATP, and endogenous ATPase activity. We have investigated the role of hsp 70(R) and hemin in the regulation of the activation of HCR from its latent precursor (ProHCR) and the translational control of protein synthesis in rabbit reticulocyte lysate. We find that autophosphorylation of Pro-HCR is reduced by about 75% by adding saturating hsp 70(R) and almost completely reduced by adding either saturating hemin or limiting hemin plus limiting hsp 70(R). In contrast, autophosphorylation of HCR, which is similar in magnitude to that of ProHCR, is unaffected by adding either saturating hsp 70(R), saturating hemin, or limiting amounts of both. The activation of HCR (measured by inhibition of protein synthesis) from isolated ProHCR is completely prevented by hsp 70(R) in the presence, but not absence, of dithiothreitol. This suppression appears to be due to the association of hsp 70(R) with ProHCR, since hsp 70(R) action is prevented by ATP/Mg2+ and because activation of HCR from less purified ProHCR, that has associated hsp 70(R), is suppressed by dithiothreitol alone. This association is confirmed by sucrose gradient centrifugation, which shows co-sedimentation of some hsp 70(R) with ProHCR following preincubation together that is prevented by ATP/Mg2+ and does not occur after conversion of ProHCR to HCR. Limiting hsp 70(R) reduces the concentration of hemin required to prevent activation of HCR from isolated ProHCR from 0.75 to 0.15 microM and the optimal hemin concentration needed to maintain protein synthesis in reticulocyte lysate from 25 to 10 microM. Limiting hsp 70(R) also allows the delayed addition of hemin to suppress activation of HCR from ProHCR and to reverse inhibition of protein synthesis in hemin deficient lysate. The association of hsp 70(R) with ProHCR also underlies the observation that much more protein is synthesized in reticulocyte lysate in the absence of hemin at 25 degrees C than at temperatures of 30 degrees C or greater. These observed effects may be specific to hsp 70(R), since they are not observed with rabbit reticulocyte eIF-2 or eIF-2B, and since the comparable hsp 70 from bovine brain is incapable of maintaining or restoring protein synthesis in hemin-deficient lysate.
Highly Improved Quantum Efficiency in Blend Polymer LEDs (1996)

We report on light-emitting diodes (LEDs) made from blend polymers composed of two organic soluble and emittable conducting polymers, poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MEH-PPV) and poly[1,3-propanedioxy-1,4-phenylene-1,2-ethenylene(2,5-bis(trimethylsilyl)-1,4-phenylene)-1,2-ethenylene-1,4-phenylene] (DSiPV), as the emitting layers. The emitting colors of the blend polymers were yellowish orange, which indicates that the emission is mainly due to MEH-PPV and DSiPV greatly contributes to the enhancement of the luminescence. The efficiencies of the blend polymers increase with decreasing MEH-PPV/DSiPV weight ratio. In blending MEH-PPV with DSiPV, DSiPV is believed to serve as an EL enhancing polymer rather than EL active in our devices. The quantum efficiency is measured as the function of MEH-PPV content in the blend. Especially, the maximum quantum efficiency of MEH-PPV/DSiPV(1/15) blend polymer is about 500 times greater than that of MEH-PPV homopolymer, and the luminance is up to 500 cd/m2 at 30 V with 23.6 mA/cm2 current density.
Encapsulated Breaker Release Rate at Hydrostatic Pressure and Elevated Temperatures (2002)

Abstract Encapsulated breakers for water-based fracturing fluids have been widely used for the past decade. These breakers provide a delayed break because the reactive chemical is separated from the fracturing fluid by a water-resistant coating. Higher breaker concentrations can be used, resulting in improved proppant pack conductivity. However, the coating is not completely impermeable. The breaker material can release through the coating under certain conditions when placed in an aqueous environment. This paper shows the breaker release rate as a function of temperature, hydrostatic pressure and aqueous fluid pH. A breaker release apparatus was developed, and tests were performed from 150°F to 225°F, 0 to 8000 psig, and fluid pH of 4, 7, and 9.5. The major findings were that the breaker release rate is a very strong function of pressure and temperature, but is independent of aqueous fluid pH. Fifteen percent of the encapsulated breaker is released after 6 hours at 150°F and 0 psig, whereas only 8% and 7% of the breaker is released at 2000 psig and 8000 psig, respectively. Sixty percent of the breaker is released after 1 hour at 225°F and 500 psig, while the 8000 psig breaker release is 12% after 1 hr. These findings suggest that tests evaluating the stability of fracturing fluids at low hydrostatic pressure conditions (such as using Model 35 or Model 50 rheometers) do not represent the actual breaker performance under fracturing conditions. Breaker schedules based on these low-pressure tests underuse encapsulated breakers and jeopardize the proppant pack cleanup process. Using the correlations developed in this study, it is possible to calculate the wellsite breaker schedule from low-pressure rheology tests using encapsulated breakers. Polymer-induced fracture damage will be reduced and well productivity increased.
Sulphur Enhanced Fertilizer (SEF). A new generation of fertilizers (2009)

Reductions in atmospheric inputs of S in rainfall, and the world's reliance on non-, or low-S containing TSP, DAP, MAP and urea has resulted in a widening gap in the S input/output balance, and an increasing incidence of S deficiency in agriculture.A technology (“Thiogro”) to incorporate elemental S, with or without sulphate S, into phosphatic fertilizers has been developed and patented by Shell. The fertilizers produced by this process are generically called "Sulphur Enhanced Fertilizer" (SEF). The technology to produce these fertilizers results in microfine particles of elemental S being distributed throughout the fertilizer granule and the process can be safely and economically retrofitted to most existing ammonium phosphate and TSP fertilizer plants.A wide range of experimental N, P, S formulations have been made, with elemental S concentrations up to 15%. Controlled environment and glasshouse studies, with and without 35S as a tracer, have shown that S oxidation readily occurs. Agronomic testing of several of these products has been undertaken in pastures and in a wide range of crops in temperate and tropical environments. Of the 136 experiments conducted 84 were responsive to S and these generating a weighted mean crop yield increase to SEF of 14%, compared to the zero S control.SEF technology allows the incorporation of S into fertilizers in a safe and economical way and the increased yields resulting from their application to S responsive soils has resulted in improved utilization of the other nutrients applied in the fertilizer.
Toughening of vinylester–urethane hybrid resins through functionalized polymers (2002)

Liquid nitrile rubber, hyperbranched polyester, and core/shell rubber particles of various functionality, namely, vinyl, carboxyl, and epoxy, were added up to 20 wt % to a bisphenol-A-based vinylester–urethane hybrid (VEUH) resin to improve its toughness. The toughness was characterized by the fracture toughness (Kc) and energy (Gc) determined on compact tensile (CT) specimens at ambient temperature. Toughness improvement in VEUH was mostly achieved when the modifiers reacted with the secondary hydroxyl groups of the bismethacryloxy vinyl ester resin and with the isocyanate of the polyisocyanate compound, instead of participating in the free-radical crosslinking via styrene copolymerization. Thus, incorporation of carboxyl-terminated liquid nitrile rubber (CTBN) yielded the highest toughness upgrade with at least a 20 wt % modifier content. It was, however, accompanied by a reduction in both the stiffness and glass transition temperature (Tg) of the VEUH resin. Albeit functionalized (epoxy and vinyl, respectively) hyperbranched polymers were less efficient toughness modifiers than was CTBN, they showed no adverse effect on the stiffness and Tg. Use of core/shell modifiers did not result in toughness improvement. The above changes in the toughness response were traced to the morphology assessed by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and fractographic inspection of the fracture surface of broken CT specimens. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 672–680, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10392
Synthesis in vitro of Psi29-Specific Early Proteins Directed by Phage DNA (1975)

The RNA and proteins synthesized in an Escherichia coli cell-free system of protein synthesis directed by Bacillus subtilis phage phi29 DNA were studied. Hybridization-competition experiments showed that most of the RNA species synthesized in vitro are early RNAs. Many of the early proteins induced after phage infection were also synthesized in the E. coli cell-free system. None of the late proteins, structural or non-structural, were synthesized in the system in vitro.
THE REACTION OF RHEUMATOID FACTOR WITH ANIMAL GAMMA-GLOBULINS: QUANTITATIVE CONSIDERATIONS. (1965)

Bis-diazotized benzidine has been conjugated to the γ-globulins of three species to produce soluble aggregates and insoluble aggregates for use in the study of the rheumatoid factor. Soluble aggregates have proved useful in the study of the interaction of rheumatoid factor with human and rabbit γ-globulins by agar diffusion methods. Insoluble complexes have provided a method for the absorption and quantitative determination of the rheumatoid factor capable of reacting with the γ-globulins of various species. The rheumatoid factor in three sera extensively studied has been demonstrated to consist of a heterogeneous entity, which reacts in toto with human γ-globulin and moieties of which also react with rabbit, bovine and equine γ-globulins. The extent of cross-reactivity with rabbit and bovine γ-globulins has been demonstrated to differ from one serum to another. The characteristics of the reactivities of rheumatoid factor make it seem most probable that the rheumatoid factor is an antibody to denatured human γ-globulin possessing cross-reactivity with other mammalian γ-globulins.
Opportunistic communications to improve reliability of AMI mesh networks (2011)

Driven by the need to improve energy efficiency and reduce environmental impact, we observe a thrust towards enabling a Smart Grid. It is envisaged that to achieve these goals, the Smart Grid will be equipped with communications infrastructure and mechanisms which will enable near real time control of the grid components. One of the key elements of the Smart Grid is the Automated Metering Infrastructure (AMI) which is expected to facilitate the transport of meter readings from a smart electricity meter at the customer premises to the utility provider, and control data in the other direction. These communications can be realised by deploying a self-organising mesh network composed of smart metering nodes connected to concentrator nodes which in turn are connected to the utility provider data management systems. This paper explores a cooperative communications approach to improve reliability of such mesh networks. The proposed opportunistic forwarding protocol called `ORPL' has been realised as an enhancement on top of the Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL), a connectivity enabling mechanism in AMI mesh networks. In ORPL, smart meter nodes select multiple candidate relays to facilitate reliable transport of smart metering data to the concentrator node. Moreover, it is designed to work in a distributed manner thereby ensuring scalability.
<i>C</i>-terminal domain of apolipoprotein CII as both activator and competitive inhibitor of lipoprotein lipase (1990)

In this study we have prepared peptides of the C-terminal domain of apolipoprotein CII (ApoCII) by a solid-peptide-synthesis technique and demonstrated that the C-terminal tetrapeptide, Lys-Gly-Glu-Glu, represents an inhibitor of lipoprotein lipase. The tetrapeptide not only inhibits the basal activity of lipoprotein lipase, but also blocks the activation effect of native ApoCII. The lengthening of this tetrapeptide resulted in a corresponding increase in affinity for lipoprotein lipase. This suggested that amino acids other than those of the C-terminal tetrapeptide also contribute to the binding affinity of ApoCII for lipoprotein lipase. On the basis of an essential requirement of the ApoCII terminal domain for binding to lipoprotein lipase, we suggest that the initial interaction of ApoCII, mediated via the C-terminal tetrapeptide, promotes the proper alignment of ApoCII with lipoprotein lipase, followed by the weak interaction of the ApoCII activator domain with the lipoprotein lipase activator site, enhancing the lipolysis process.
The Impact of Geometric and Surface Electronic Properties of Pt-Catalysts on the Particle Size Effect in Electrocatalysis (2005)

The particle size effect on the formation of OH adlayer, the CO bulk oxidation, and the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) have been studied on Pt nanoparticles in perchloric acid electrolyte. From measurements of the CO displacement charge at controlled potential, the corresponding surface charge density versus potential curves yielded the potentials of total zero charge (pztc), which shifts approximately 35 mV negative by decreasing the particle size from 30 nm down to 1 nm. As a consequence, the energy of adsorption of OH is more enhanced, that is, at the same potential the surface coverage with OH increases by decreasing the particle size, which in turn affects the catalytic reactions thereon. The impact of the electronically induced potential shift in the OH adsorption is demonstrated at the CO bulk oxidation, in which adsorbed OH is an educt species and promotes the reaction, and the ORR, where it can act as a surface site blocking species and inhibits the reaction.