gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neural Transplantation in Parkinson's Disease (1997)

Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that affects about 1% of Canadians between the ages of fifty and seventy. The medical management for these patients consists of drug therapy that is initially effective but has limited long term benefits and does not alter the progressive course of the disease. The recalcitrance of longstanding Parkinson's disease to medical management has prompted the use of alternative surgical therapies. Many neurosurgical procedures have been utilized in order to improve the disabling symptoms these patients harbour. Although most of the current procedures involve making destructive lesions within various basal ganglia nuclei, neural transplantation attempts to reconstitute the normal nigrostriatal pathway and restore striatal dopamine. The initial success of neural transplantation in the rodent and primate parkinsonian models has led to its clinical application in the treatment of parkinsonian patients. Currently, well over one hundred patients throughout the world have been grafted with fetal tissue in an effort to ameliorate their parkinsonian symptoms. Although the results of neural transplantation in clinical trials are promising, a number of issues need to be resolved before this technology can become a standard treatment option. This review focuses on the current status of neural transplantation in Parkinson's disease within the context of other surgical therapies in current use.
Propene‐Ethene Copolymers Synthesised with <i>C</i><sub>s</sub>‐Symmetric Metallocenes and Different Cocatalysts (2005)

Abstract Summary: Propene‐ethene copolymers with low to moderate amounts of ethene were synthesised with two C s ‐symmetric metallocene complexes, [( p ‐CH 3 OPh) 2 C(2,7‐di‐ t BuFlu)(Cp)]ZrCl 2 ( I ) and [( p ‐CH 3 OPh) 2 C(2,7‐di‐ t BuFlu)(Cp)]HfCl 2 ( Ia ). Methylalumoxane (MAO), N , N ‐dimethylanilinium tetra(pentafluorophenyl)borate {[Me 2 HNPh][B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ]}, trityl tetra(pentafluorophenyl)borate {[Ph 3 C][B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ]} and tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane [B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 ] were used as cocatalysts in the polymerisations. The differences in polymerisation activity, ethene incorporation rate and molecular weight as well as the microstructure and the thermal behaviour of the homo‐ and copolymers were studied. The different cocatalysts have a strong influence on the polymerisation activity and the syndiotacticity of the polymers, but only a minor influence on the ethene incorporation rate and the molecular weight. At 30 °C, the incorporation rate of ethene is ca. 25 times faster for complex I and ca. 16 times faster for complex Ia than the incorporation rate of propene. The thermal behaviour of the homo‐ and copolymers is dependent of the polymerisation temperature and the cocatalyst. I /MAO produces homo‐ and copolymers at 30 °C with more regular microstructure than I /[Me 2 HNPh][B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ], I /[Ph 3 C][B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ] and I /B(C 6 F 5 ) 3 leading to homo‐ and copolymers with higher melting and crystallisation temperatures. On the contrary, at 0 °C I /[Me 2 HNPh][B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ] and I /[Ph 3 C][B(C 6 F 5 ) 4 ] produce copolymers with higher propene sequence syndiotacticity and higher melting and crystallisation temperatures than I /MAO. The influence of the cocatalyst on the catalyst coordination environment is temperature‐dependent and thereby the structure of the forming homo‐ or copolymers varies. Effect of different cocatalysts and the amount of ethene in the feed on the polymerisation activity of complex I. magnified image Effect of different cocatalysts and the amount of ethene in the feed on the polymerisation activity of complex I.
Deduced Amino Acid Sequence and Possible Catalytic Residues of a Thermostable, Alkaline Cellulase from an Alkaliphilic <i>Bacillus</i> Strain (2000)

Alkaliphilic Bacillus sp. strain KSM-S237 (a relative of Bacillus pseudofirmus) produces a thermostable, alkaline endo-1,4-beta-glucanase (Egl). The entire gene for the enzyme harbored a 2,472-bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 824 amino acids, including a 30-aminoacid signal peptide. The deduced amino acid sequence of the mature enzyme (794 amino acids, 88,284 Da) showed very high similarity to those of family 5 mesophilic, alkaline Egls from some alkaliphilic bacilli. The enzyme had a region similar to a novel cellulose binding domain proposed for an Egl (EngF) from Clostridium cellulovorans. Expression of the Bacillus Egl gene in Bacillus subtilis resulted in high carboxymethy cellulase activity (2.0 g/l) in the culture broth, concomitant with the appearance of a protein band on an SDS gel at 86 kDa. Site-directed mutagenesis delineated the importance of Arg111, His151, Glu190, His262, Tyr264, and Glu305 in catalysis and/or substrate binding of the enzyme.
Ozone Generation in an Electrostatic Precipitator With a Heated Corona Wire (1975)

The body of information in this paper is directed to individuals involved in the design of electrostatic precipitators or of any devices utilizing the corona discharge where the ozone generation is considered to be a problem. A method that gives as much as 85 % reduction in the ozone generation per unit corona current for a given corona wire is described. The electrical parameters governing the formation of O3 in an electrical discharge are summarized. It is shown that a reduction in the average gas density in the ionized sheath of a corona discharge should lead to lower O3 generation. Experiments were carried out with an a.c. heating current being used to heat a corona wire in a cylindrical geometry corona section. It was found that as the heating power applied to the wire increased, the O3 generation per unit corona current decreased for both positive and negative corona. An experimental formula was obtained that relates the heating power to the O3 generation with and without heating for positive corona. This formula was based upon experimental work carried out on corona wires of different materials and sizes and at flow conditions typical of two-stage electrostatic precipitators. The reduction in the O3 concentration is believed to be caused primarily by the reduced corona power dissipated in the ionized sheath under heating conditions. These results have great practical importance for improving the performance of the two-stage type electrostatic precipitator as it allows the corona current and hence charging efficiency of the unit to be increased without exceeding the O3 limits.
Suspected Female-to-Male Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus — New York City, 2016 (2016)

A routine investigation by the New York City (NYC) Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH) identified a nonpregnant woman in her twenties who reported she had engaged in a single event of condomless vaginal intercourse with a male partner the day she returned to NYC (day 0) from travel to an area with ongoing Zika virus transmission. She had headache and abdominal cramping while in the airport awaiting return to NYC. The following day (day 1) she developed fever, fatigue, a maculopapular rash, myalgia, arthralgia, back pain, swelling of the extremities, and numbness and tingling in her hands and feet. In addition, on day 1, the woman began menses that she described as heavier than usual. On day 3 she visited her primary care provider who obtained blood and urine specimens. Zika virus RNA was detected in both serum and urine by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) performed at the DOHMH Public Health Laboratory using a test based on an assay developed at CDC (1). The results of serum testing for anti-Zika virus immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody performed by the New York State Department of Health Wadsworth Center laboratory was negative using the CDC Zika IgM antibody capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Zika MAC-ELISA) (2).
Advancements in Impulse Response Measurements by Sine Sweeps (2007)

Sine sweeps are employed since long time for audio and acoustics measurements, but in recent years (2000 and later) their usage became much larger, thanks to the computational capabilities of modern computers. Recent research results allow now for a further step in sine sweep measurements, particularly when dealing with the problem of measuring impulse responses, distortion and when working with systems which are neither time invariant, nor linear. The paper presents some of these advancements, and provide experimental results aimed to quantify the improvement in signal-to-noise ratio, the suppression of pre-ringing, and the techniques employable for performing these measurements cheaply employing a standard PC and a good-quality sound interface, and currently available loudspeakers and microphones.
Three-dimensional band structure and bandlike mobility in oligoacene single crystals: A theoretical investigation (2003)

Quantum-chemical calculations coupled with a tight binding band model are used to study the charge carrier mobilities in oligoacene crystals. The transfer integrals for all nonzero interactions in four crystalline oligoacenes (naphthalene, anthracene, tetracene, and pentacene) were calculated, and then used to construct the excess electron and hole band structures of all four oligoacene crystals in the tight binding approximation. From these band structures, thermal-averaged velocity–velocity tensors in the constant-free-time and the constant-free-path approximations for all four materials were calculated at temperatures ranging from 2 to 500 K. The bandwidths for these oligoacenes were found to be of the order of 0.1–0.5 eV. Furthermore, comparison of the thermal-averaged velocity–velocity tensors with the experimental mobility data indicates that the simple band model is applicable for temperatures only up to about 150 K. A small-polaron band model is also considered, but the exponential band narrowing effect is found to be incompatible to experimental power law results.
Regulation of Fatty Acid Synthesis in Isolated Hepatocytes (1973)

Abstract In isolated hepatocytes prepared from unfed neonatal chicks, stimulation of fatty acid synthesis by fructose or dihydroxyacetone required acetate or octanoate in the medium, suggesting that the stimulatory effect of these compounds required the enhanced production of intramitochondrial acetyl coenzyme A. Stimulation of fatty acid synthesis by lactate or pyruvate did not require a supplementary substrate. Distribution of acetyl-CoA synthetase was 80% intramitochondrial and 20% cytosolic. However, sufficient acetate could be activated in the cytosol to accommodate the most rapid rates of fatty acid synthesis observed in isolated cells. This was shown experimentally by an undiminished rate of incorporation of [1-14C]acetate plus [12C]lactate or [12C]fructose into fatty acids when ATP-citrate lyase was inhibited by (-)-hydroxycitrate. The citrate content of the isolated cells was positively correlated with fatty acid synthesis under all incubation conditions. The ATP content of the cells did not correlate with fatty acid synthesis. Fatty acyl-CoA and α-glycerophosphate levels only partially correlated with fatty acid synthesis. Hence, citrate appears to be an important determinant in the regulation of fatty acid synthesis in intact liver cells, probably via its ability to activate acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Inhibition of fatty acid synthesis by free fatty acids was reversible, did not increase with time of incubation, and was not relieved by simultaneous incubation with the inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation, (+)-decanoylcarnitine. Thus, the active inhibitor was not a stable product of the esterification of fatty acids nor a product of the oxidation of fatty acids. Inhibition of fatty acid synthesis by medium free fatty acids was accompanied by an increase in the fatty acyl-CoA level. Fatty acyl-CoA may inhibit fatty acid synthesis by directly inhibiting acetyl-CoA carboxylase or by inhibiting the mitochondrial citrate carrier and, thereby, reducing the activation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase caused by citrate.
Three-dimensional network of coaxial carbon nanotube/manganese oxides electrode for supercapacitors (2017)

This three-dimensional network of carbon nanotube structure is served as a stable and conductive framework for controlled electrochemical deposition of MnO<italic>x</italic> and provides sufficient voids for fast ionic transport during charging/discharging.
Surface effects on magnetic properties of superparamagnetic magnetite nanoparticles (2006)

Abstract Superparamagnetic nanoparticles of magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) 2 nm in size were produced by a co‐precipitation method. Superparamagnetic resonance (SPR) spectra at room temperature show a broad line with a Landé g ‐factor, g eff ≈ 2. It was observed that, as the temperature decreased to 24 K, the apparent resonance field decreases while the line width considerably increases. We used a theoretical formalism based on a distribution of diameters or volumes of the nanoparticles. The nanoparticles behave as single magnetic domains with random orientations of magnetic moments which are subject to thermal fluctuations. A Landau–Lifshitz line shape function presents adequate results which are in good agreement with the experimental ones. A single set of parameters provides good fits to the spectra recorded at different temperatures. At high T the SPR line shape is governed by the core anisotropy and the thermal fluctuations. By decreasing the temperature, the magnetic susceptibility of shell spins increases. As a result of this, the surface spins produce an effective field on the core leading to a decrease of resonance field, B r . Also, the effective anisotropy increases as the shell spins begin to order. So, the results are interpreted by a simple model, in which each single‐domain nanoparticle is considered as a core–shell system, with magnetocrystalline anisotropy on the core and surface anisotropy on the shell. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Potentielle Cytostatica, XV. Synthese und Methylierung von 1<i>H</i>‐Pyrazolo[3.4‐<i>b</i>]pyrazinen, einer neuen Klasse von Purin‐Antagonisten (1968)

Abstract Aus 3(5).4‐Diamino‐bzw. aus 4.5‐Diamino‐1‐methyl‐pyrazol ( 2 bzw. 3 ) und 1.2‐Dicarbonyl‐Verbindungen werden 1 H ‐ ( 5 ) bzw. 1‐Methyl‐pyrazolo[3.4‐ b ]pyrazine ( 4 ) synthetisiert. Die Methylierung von 5 liefert, neben 4 , 2‐Methyl‐pyrazolo[3.4‐ b ]pyrazine ( 6 ), was NMR‐spektroskopisch bewiesen wird.
Boosting VoIP Capacity of Wireless Mesh Networks through Lazy Frame Aggregation (2007)

A novel method of voice frame aggregation for wireless mesh networks is presented. In the method, the degree of aggregation is automatically regulated by the congestion level on the wireless link. On the IEEE 802.11-based mesh network, it is shown to yield approximately twice the call capacity, while incurring no additional delay for frame aggregation.
Retrovirally Transduced Human Dendritic Cells Express a Normal Phenotype and Potent T-Cell Stimulatory Capacity (1997)

Dendritic cells are attractive candidates for vaccine-based immunotherapy because of their potential to function as natural adjuvants for poorly immunogenic proteins derived from tumors or microbes. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility and consequences of introducing foreign genetic material by retroviral vectors into dendritic cell progenitors. Proliferating human bone marrow and cord blood CD34+ cells were infected by retroviral vectors encoding the murine CD2 surface antigen. Mean transduction efficiency in dendritic cells was 11.5% from bone marrow and 21.2% from cord blood progenitors. Transduced or untransduced dendritic cell progeny expressed comparable levels of HLA-DR, CD83, CD1a, CD80, CD86, S100, and p55 antigens. Granulocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells were equally represented among the transduced and mock-transduced cells, thus showing no apparent alteration in the differentiation of transduced CD34+ precursors. The T-cell stimulatory capacity of retrovirally modified and purified mCD2-positive allogeneic or nominal antigen-pulsed autologous dendritic cells was comparable with that of untransduced dendritic cells. Human CD34+ dendritic cell progenitors can therefore be efficiently transduced using retroviral vectors and can differentiate into potent immunostimulatory dendritic cells without compromising their T-cell stimulatory capacity or the expression of critical costimulatory molecules and phenotypic markers. These results support ongoing efforts to develop genetically modified dendritic cells for immunotherapy.
Regulatory strategy and approval processes considered for PEG-drug conjugates and other nanomedicines (2009)

Therapeutic products prepared by PEG conjugation currently undergo the same regulatory scrutiny as small molecule drugs. A brief review of historical and current regulatory submission strategies is dis cussed in this chapter. In addition, some forward looking suggestions and considerations are made for nanomedicines that employ PEG and other polymers.
PLC-type variable optical attenuatoroperated at low electrical power (2000)

A novel voltage-controlled variable optical attenuator based on a polymeric planar lightwave circuit (PLC) is demonstrated. The fabricated variable attenuator shows 30 dB attenuation with only 80 mW electrical input power at 1.55 µm. The polarisation dependences at 0 and 10 dB attenuations are 0.2 and 1 dB, respectively. The rise and fall times are less than 5 ms.
A Cobalt Requirement for Symbiotic Growth of <i>Azolla filiculoides</i> in the Absence of Combined Nitrogen (1966)

Cobalt was shown to be essential for the symbiotic growth of Azolla filiculoides and Anabacna azollac in the absence of fixed nitrogen. Addition of 0.01 mug/liter cobalt resulted in large increases in yield, chlorophyll content and nitrogen fixation as compared to control cultures without cobalt. Cobalt was not required for the growth of Azolla when nitrate nitrogen was supplied. The number of Anabaena azollae cells in the fronds of Azolla appeared to be decreased by ommission of cobalt from the culture medium containing nitrate nitrogen. It is concluded that cobalt is essential for the symbiotic growth of Azolla in the absence of combined nitrogen and it is suggested that the cobalt requirement is associated with the growth of Anabaena azollae.
Synthesis of Lumped Transmission-Line Analogs (2007)

Transmission lines and their lumped approximating networks have long been incorporated into radio-frequency power amplifiers to improve efficiency and shape circuit waveforms and are beginning to perform a similar roles in high-frequency switched-mode power electronics. Though lumped line-simulating networks are often preferred to their distributed exemplars for reasons of design flexibility and manufacturability, the impedance peaks and nulls of such lumped networks must be aligned in a precise, harmonic manner to minimize loss and symmetrize converter waveforms. This paper addresses the issue of harmonic frequency alignment in line-simulating networks, presenting new analytic results for predicting the impedance-minimum and impedance-maximum frequencies of networks in a ladder form. Two means of correcting for the observed harmonic misalignment in practical structures will be presented, corroborated by measurements of laminar structures built into the thickness of printed-circuit boards. These structures comprise inductances and capacitances whose dimensions are largely decoupled, such that the simulated line can be accurately analyzed and designed on a lumped basis. The presented techniques will be placed within a power-electronics setting by a representative application incorporating a lumped, line-simulating network.
Optimal design of focused experiments and surveys (1999)

Experiments and surveys are often performed to obtain data that constrain some previously underconstrained model. Often, constraints are most desired in a particular subspace of model space. Experiment design optimization requires that the quality of any particular design can be both quantified and then maximized. This study shows how the quality can be defined such that it depends on the amount of information that is focused in the particular subspace of interest. In addition, algorithms are presented which allow one particular focused quality measure (from the class of focused measures) to be evaluated efficiently. A subclass of focused quality measures is also related to the standard variance and resolution measures from linearized inverse theory. The theory presented here requires that the relationship between model parameters and data can be linearized around a reference model without significant loss of information. Physical and financial constraints define the space of possible experiment designs. Cross-well tomographic examples are presented, plus a strategy for survey design to maximize information about linear combinations of parameters such as bulk modulus, κ =λ+ 2μ/3.
Isozymes of Superoxide Dismutase fromAloe Vera (1996)

Extracts from the parenchymatous leaf gel and the rind of the Aloe vera plant (Aloe harbadensis Miller) were shown to contain seven electrophoretically-identifiable superoxide dismutases (SODs). The chromatographic elution profiles and the migration of these bands on native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), for both the gel and rind, are quite similar. Two of these seven activities are insensitive to cyanide treatment, suggesting that they are mangano-SODs. The other five activities are sensitive to cyanide treatment, but insensitive to azide treatment and are presumed to be cupro-zinc SODs. All of the seven proteins appear to be homodimers with apparent native molecular masses centered at approximately 32 and 42 kD as indicated by SDS-PAGE and gelfiltration (FPLC) chromatography. The specific activities of SODs in the A. vera rind and gel are comparable to those of spinach leaves and of rabbit liver.
<i>Ustilago maydis</i> produces itaconic acid via the unusual intermediate <i>trans</i> ‐aconitate (2015)

Itaconic acid is an important biomass-derived chemical building block but has also recently been identified as a metabolite produced in mammals, which has antimicrobial activity. The biosynthetic pathway of itaconic acid has been elucidated in the ascomycetous fungus Aspergillus terreus and in human macrophages. In both organisms itaconic acid is generated by decarboxylation of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediate cis-aconitate. Here, we show that the basidiomycetous fungus Ustilago maydis uses an alternative pathway and produces itaconic acid via trans-aconitate, the thermodynamically favoured isomer of cis-aconitate. We have identified a gene cluster that contains all genes involved in itaconic acid formation. Trans-aconitate is generated from cis-aconitate by a cytosolic aconitate-Δ-isomerase (Adi1) that belongs to the PrpF family of proteins involved in bacterial propionate degradation. Decarboxylation of trans-aconitate is catalyzed by a novel enzyme, trans-aconitate decarboxylase (Tad1). Tad1 displays significant sequence similarity with bacterial 3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate lactonizing enzymes (CMLE). This suggests that U. maydis has evolved an alternative biosynthetic pathway for itaconate production using the toxic intermediate trans-aconitate. Overexpression of a pathway-specific transcription factor (Ria1) or a mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid transporter (Mtt1) resulted in a twofold increase in itaconate yield. Therefore, our findings offer new strategies for biotechnological production of this valuable biomass-derived chemical.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION OF UNSYMMETRICAL METHYL/PHENYLCARBODIPHOSPHORANES BY SYNTHESIS OR REARRANGEMENT (1985)

Abstract Das durch doppelte Quartärsalz‐Bildung aus dem Diphosphinobenzol (I) erhaltene Diphosphoniumsalz (II) ergibt bei der Umylidierung mit überschüssigem Et3P= CH‐Me als unerwartetes Umlagerungsprodukt das Carbodiphosphoran (IV).