gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Video streaming systems with cooperative caching mechanisms</title> (2002)

In this paper, we investigate mechanisms for the video streaming system where proxies cooperate to provide users with low-latency and high-quality services under heterogeneous and mobile environment where hosts have different capabilities and dynamically change their locations. The proxy is capable of adapting incoming or cached video data to user's demand by means of transcoders and filters. With such proxies, heterogeneous QoS requirements on the delivered stream can be fully satisfied by preparing high-quality video data in the local cache buffer and adjust them to the requirements. On receiving a request from a user, the proxy first checks the cache. If no appropriate data is available, it retrieves the video data of the satisfactory quality from the video server or proxies nearby. The proxy communicates with the others and finds an appropriate one for data retrieval by taking into account the transfer delay and the video quality. We propose a cooperative video caching mechanism for the video streaming system and evaluate the performance in terms of the delay introduced and the video quality.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Characterization of Al <sub>2</sub> O <sub>3</sub> /GaN/AlGaN/GaN metal—insulator—semiconductor high electron mobility transistors with different gate recess depths (2011)

In this paper, in order to solve the interface-trap issue and enhance the transconductance induced by high-k dielectric in metal—insulator—semiconductor (MIS) high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs), we demonstrate better performances of recessed-gate Al2O3 MIS-HEMTs which are fabricated by Fluorine-based Si3N4 etching and chlorine-based AlGaN etching with three etching times (15 s, 17 s and 19 s). The gate leakage current of MIS-HEMT is about three orders of magnitude lower than that of AlGaN/GaN HEMT. Through the recessed-gate etching, the transconductance increases effectively. When the recessed-gate depth is 1.02 nm, the best interface performance with τit = (0.20−1.59) μs and Dit = (0.55−1.08) × 1012 cm−2 · eV−1 can be obtained. After chlorine-based etching, the interface trap density reduces considerably without generating any new type of trap. The accumulated chlorine ions and the N vacancies in the AlGaN surface caused by the plasma etching can degrade the breakdown and the high frequency performances of devices. By comparing the characteristics of recessed-gate MIS-HEMTs with different etching times, it is found that a low power chlorine-based plasma etching for a short time (15 s in this paper) can enhance the performances of MIS-HEMTs effectively.
Measurement-Based Spectrum Database for Flexible Spectrum Management (2015)

In this paper, we propose the novel concept of a spectrum database for improving the efficiency of spectrum utilization. In the current design of TV white space spectrum databases, a propagation model is utilized to determine the spectrum availability. However, this propagation model has poor accuracy for radio environment estimation because it requires a large interference margin for the PU coverage area to ensure protection of primary users (PUs); thus, it decreases the spectrum sharing efficiency. The proposed spectrum database consists of radio environment measurement results from sensors on mobile terminals such as vehicles and smart phones. In the proposed database, actual measurements of radio signals are used to estimate radio information regarding PUs. Because the sensors on mobile terminals can gather a large amount of data, accurate propagation information can be obtained, including information regarding propagation loss and shadowing. In this paper, we first introduce the architecture of the proposed spectrum database. Then, we present experimental results for the database construction using actual TV broadcast signals. Additionally, from the evaluation results, we discuss the extent to which the proposed database can mitigate the excess interference margin.
Evaluation of Single-Stranded Nucleic Acids as Carriers in the DNA-Directed Assembly of Macromolecules (1999)

Current developments in nanosciences indicate that the self-assembly of macromolecules, such as proteins or metallic nanoclusters, can be conveniently achieved by means of nucleic acid hybridization. Within this context, we here report on the evaluation of single-stranded nucleic acids to be utilized as carrier backbones in DNA-directed self-assembly. A microplate solid-phase hybridization assay is described which allows rapid experimental determination of the hybridization efficiencies of various sequence stretches within a given nucleic acid carrier strand. As demonstrated for two DNA fragments of different sequence, the binding efficiencies of several oligonucleotides depend on the formation of specific secondary structure elements within the carrier molecule. A correlation of sequence-specific hybridization capability with modeled secondary structure is also obvious from experiments using the fluorescence gel-shift analysis. Electrophoretic studies on the employment of helper oligonucleotides in the formation of supramolecular conjugates of several oligonucleotide-tagged proteins indicate, that structural constraints can be minimized by disruption of intramolecular secondary structures of the carrier molecule. To estimate the influences of the chemical nature of the carrier, gel-shift experiments are carried out to compare a 170mer RNA molecule with its DNA analogue. Ternary aggregates, containing two protein components bound to the carrier, are formed with a greater efficiency on the DNA instead of the RNA carrier backbone.
The Bacteriocin Sublancin Attenuates Intestinal Injury in Young Mice Infected With <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (2014)

Sublancin, a bacteriocin, has bactericidal activity against a broad spectrum of gram-positive bacteria. However, studies have not been conducted to determine its in vivo efficacy against potential pathogens. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of sublancin in a Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infected mouse model which induced intestinal injury. A total of 160, 4-week-old mice were randomly assigned to one of eight treatments. Mice in the control group were injected intraperitoneally with 0.5 mL of 0.9% saline. Mice in the other seven groups were given an intraperitoneal injection of 0.5 mL saline containing 1.0 × 10(10) colony-forming units (CFU)/mL S. aureus. Six hours after inoculation, mice in the control group were again injected with 0.5 mL of 0.9% saline. Mice in the other seven groups were injected intraperitoneally with 0.5 mL of 0.9% saline containing 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, or 4.0 mg/kg body weight (BW) sublancin or 1.0 or 2.0 mg/kg BW ampicillin. The results showed that 4.0 mg/kg sublancin and 2.0 mg/kg ampicillin significantly reduced mice mortality from 55 to 10%. The height and the number of proliferated cells from the intestinal villi in the sublancin and ampicillin treated mice were higher than in the control. We conclude that sublancin has potent antibacterial activity against S. aureus. Therefore, sublancin could find use as an alternative antimicrobial agent for the treatment of gram-positive bacterial infections.
The localization of nerve growth factor‐like immunoreactivity in the adult rat basal forebrain and hippocampal formation (1992)

The role of nerve growth factor (NGF) as a target derived neurotrophic agent for specific cell populations in the peripheral nervous system has been well documented and much evidence suggests that NGF may serve a similar neurotrophic role in the CNS supporting the cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain. Previous attempts to localize NGF by immunocytochemical methods, however, have not yielded evidence confirming the regional distribution expected based upon reported levels of extractable NGF. In the present study, affinity purified polyclonal antibodies to beta-NGF and a modified immunohistochemical protocol were used to demonstrate specific NGF-like immunoreactivity in the adult rat hippocampal formation and basal forebrain. In the hippocampal formation, NGF-like immunoreactivity was localized primarily within the hilus of the dentate gyrus and within stratum lucidum of the CA3 and CA2 hippocampal subfields. Staining appeared to be associated with cell processes and was similar to the reported distribution of mossy fibers suggesting that granule cells may either serve as a primary source of hippocampal NGF or that mossy fibers selectively accumulate NGF produced by other cell populations. In the basal forebrain, NGF-like immunoreactivity was localized within neuronal cell bodies of the medial septum, diagonal band, and nucleus basalis of Meynert and was further demonstrated to colocalize exclusively with LNGF-R positive neurons. These findings demonstrate the presence of an NGF-like antigen in association with cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain and strongly support the hypothesis that NGF may serve as an endogenous trophic factor for this adult neuronal population.
Changes in the Macromolecular Structure of a Type I Kerogen during Maturation (1997)

The solvent swelling of a maturation series consisting of 5 Type I kerogens from the Uinta basin has been studied. The swelling of the kerogens in 10 solvents has been used to determine the solubility parameter (δ) of the samples. It is 9.5−10.0 (cal/cm3)1/2. The same data have been used to calculate the number average molecular weights between cross-links (reciprocal of the cross-link density) for the samples. The cross-linking increases during early maturation, and sharply above 80% maturation, but remains about constant from 20% to 80% maturation. Oil formation involves a reconstruction of the kerogen during which bond cleavage to form bitumen is accompanied by bond making to increase the remaining kerogen cross-link density. The change in cross-link density closely parallels a model for maturation in this basin published previously by Sweeney et al. (Am. Assoc. Pet. Geol. Bull. 1987, 71, 967−985).
Test platform of smart grids with renewable energy systems and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (2011)

The main goal of smart grids via ICT infrastructure is to limit the peak power with less required capacity of energy storages or to maximally supply power for the local loads from the renewable energy sources, if there is a certain percent of time shift-table power sources and loads. However, the response time of these sources and loads might be significant. Moreover, the impact of large scale integration of renewable energy sources and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in smart grids cannot be ignored. In order to ensure the stability and reliability, power difference must be limited in the different time scales. In this paper, a test platform of smart grids with super capacitor based peak power unit and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles is presented. And the enhanced strategies of power management are evaluated in islanding mode as well as in grid connected mode. The evaluation results prove that seamless grid connection/disconnection can be realised by using the presented control principles in this paper.
Methods for Avoiding the "Small-Subgroup" Attacks on the Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement Method for S/MIME (2000)

In some circumstances the use of the Diffie-Hellman key agreement scheme in a prime order subgroup of a large prime p is vulnerable to certain attacks known as small-subgroup attacks. Methods exist, however, to prevent these attacks. This document will describe the situations relevant to implementations of S/MIME version 3 in which protection is necessary and the methods that can be used to prevent these attacks.
In Vivo Imaging of<sup>64</sup>Cu-Labeled Polymer Nanoparticles Targeted to the Lung Endothelium (2007)

The use of small-animal PET to track (64)Cu-labeled nanostructures in vivo shows potential as a strategy for the preclinical screening of new NP drug delivery agents targeting the lung endothelium and other tissues. Future design optimization to prolong the stability of the radiolabel in vivo will further improve this promising approach.
Phase I chemoprevention study of piroxicam and alpha-difluoromethylornithine. (1998)

A two-step Phase I study of piroxicam (PXM) and a-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) alone and in combination was initiated to assess toxicity and the impact of these drugs on several biological markers. In step 1, 12 subjects with a history of skin cancers were assigned to receive PXM 10 mg every day (q.d.) or 10 mg every other day (q.o.d.). The dosage of PXM 10 mg q.o.d. was tolerated. No changes were seen in 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) or urinary polyamine levels. Steady-state serum levels of PXM were consistent with the oral dose level. In step 2, 31 subjects with stage 0 or I nonmelanoma skin cancers, stage A or B prostate or colon cancer, or stage I breast cancer or who had a family history of cancer were randomized to receive DFMO 0.5 g/m2, PXM 10 mg q.o.d., or the combination of DFMO and PXM. In addition to the biological markers of TPA-induced ODC activity in skin biopsies and urinary polyamine levels, we measured urinary 11-dehydrothromboxane B2, a specific metabolite of thromboxane A2. Of the 12 subjects on DFMO/PXM, 2 dropped out for non-drug-related reasons. Three developed grade-2 drug-related toxicities. One subject developed dyspnea that resolved and was able to continue on the study for 6 months. One subject who developed diarrhea that resolved after 5 days was also able to restart the drug without a recurrence. A third subject described intermittent episodes of tinnitus starting 4 h after taking PXM that lasted only 5 s and did not progress on treatment. Comparing the 6-month measurements with pretreatment, DFMO/PXM or DFMO significantly reduced TPA-induced ODC levels (Ps, 0.03 and 0.05). Urinary polyamine levels of spermidine decreased slightly with the DFMO/PXM or DFMO alone, whereas putrescine decreased with PXM alone. Levels of 11-dehydrothromboxane B2 were depressed by PXM and PXM/DFMO. The doses of DFMO/PXM determined in step 2 are potential starting dosages for Phase IIa and IIb chemoprevention trials.
A cell for the measurement of reflectance of powders at low temperatures (1966)

A cell is described with which the reflectance spectra of air-sensitive powders can be measured from room temperature down to liquid nitrogen temperature.
Current induced intersubband absorption in GaAs/GaAlAs quantum wells (1995)

The observation of intersubband (e1–e2) absorption induced by current injection in GaAs/GaAlAs multiquantum wells is reported. The new technique enables sensitive measurement of intersubband transitions in undoped quantum wells. The carrier concentration in the wells is easily controlled by varying the current density. The technique is demonstrated on undoped multiquantum well layers sandwiched in a p-i-n laser-diodelike structure. The lowest confined level was populated by biasing the junction and hence injecting carriers into the quantum wells. The spectra were taken by a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, modulating the current and using the double modulation method. The dependence of the absorption on current intensity was examined and excess carrier concentration and lifetime were calculated. The induced absorption saturates at current densities higher than 100 mA/cm2.
Knee pain as a predictor of structural progression over 4 years: data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative, a prospective cohort study (2018)

Knee pain over 1 year predicted accelerated cartilage volume loss and increased risk of incident and progressive ROA. Early management of knee pain and controlling knee pain over time by targeting the underlying mechanisms may be important for preserving knee structure and reducing the burden of knee OA.
Toward a fully decentralized architecture for multi-sensor data fusion (2002)

A fully decentralized architecture is presented for data fusion problems. This architecture takes the form of a network of sensor nodes, each with its own processing facility, which together do not require any central processor or any central communication facility. In this architecture, computation is performed locally and communication occurs between any two nodes. Such an architecture has many desirable properties, including robustness to sensors failure and flexibility to the addition or loss of one or more sensors. This architecture is appropriate for the class of extended Kalman filter (EKF)-based geometric data fusion problems. The starting point for this architecture is an algorithm which allows the complete decentralization of the multisensor EKF equations among a number of sensing nodes. This algorithm is described, and it is shown how it can be applied to a number of different data-fusion problems. An application of this algorithm to the problem of multicamera, real-time tracking of objects and people moving through a room is described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
CRASH TEST EVALUATION OF THE VEHICLE-ATTENUATING TERMINAL (V-A-T) (1987)

An energy-absorbing guardrail terminal (end treatment) was designed and partially developed in a Federal Highway Administration contract at Southwest Research Institute (SwRI). The development of this device was completed by Syro Steel Company under contract to SwRI. The vehicle-attenuating terminal (V-A-T) described in this paper is a unique energy-absorbing design to attenuate vehicle energy in end-on impacts. The basic principle of this design uses the tearing of metal between slots specially punched in W-beam sections to absorb the energy. The design also provides essential anchorage for guardrail impacts downstream of the terminal. This paper reports the results of a crash test series conducted according to the terminal test requirements of NCHRP Report 230 with 1,800-lb (820-kg) and 4,500-lb (2040-kg) test vehicles. Results of the crash test series indicate compliance with Report 230, and recommendations for V-A-T use are given.
Addressing Class Imbalance in Non-binary Classification Problems (2008)

The problem of class imbalance in machine learning is quite real and cumbersome when it comes to building a useful and practical classification model. We present a unique insight into addressing class imbalance for classification problems that involve three or more categories, i.e. non-binary. This study is different than related works in the literature because most works focus on addressing class imbalance only for binary classification problems, even if it means transforming a non-binary dataset into a binary classification problem. We propose an effective, yet simple approach to alleviating class imbalance issues when the classification problem involves more than two classes. The process, with four different methods, is based on applying random undersampling and random oversampling to different parts of the dataset for achieving better classification performance. The proposed data sampling methods are evaluated in the context of two real-world datasets obtained from the UCI Repository for Machine Learning Databases, and two commonly used classification algorithms: C4.5 and RIPPER. Our results demonstrate that the multi-group classification accuracy increases significantly in most cases after the proposed data sampling methods are applied. The positive outcome of this study motivates us to further our research on class imbalance and non-binary classification problems.
Development and Application of SnP<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>-based Proton Conductors to Intermediate-temperature Fuel Cells (2010)

Much attention has been devoted to efforts to operate polymer electrolyte fuel cells (PEFCs) at temperatures above 100°C in order to avoid the problem of serious CO poisoning of the anode catalyst. It is also of great concern to operate PEFCs under low-humidity conditions, because the space and energy required for external humidification are eliminated or minimized in the fuel cell system. Thus, proton-conducting materials that can satisfy the above criteria have been proposed, developed, and evaluated worldwide. In particular, recent research efforts have been increasingly focusing on the design of anhydrous proton conductors, since these materials, at least in principle, do not need the presence of water as a charge carrier. We have recently found that In, Al, or Mg-doped SnP2O7 show high proton conductivities>10−1 S·cm−1 between 150 and 350°C under water-free conditions. Attempts to apply these materials as electrolytes in some electrochemical devices were also made. This paper presents an overview of the current status of doped SnP2O7 with principal emphasis on the materials aspect. In addition, the benefits of intermediate-temperature fuel cells using these materials are briefly summarized in terms of cell design, electrolyte and electrode materials.
Flow Effects in Monolithic Honeycomb Automotive Catalytic Converters (1974)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper describes the results of durability tests of monolithic catalytic converters with mechanical devices used to tailor the exhaust gas flow. Deflectors of several different shapes show promise of extending the useful life of the converter by improving conversion efficiencies of hydrocarbons and CO. The tests were run on engine/dynamometers with round cross-sectional area samples and with symmetrical inlet cones. Improvements are found in initial activity and reduced deterioration. The penalty for altering the flow is in slower catalyst light-off and increased pressure drop.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Sequential photographs of catalyst light-off with different flow distributions are included as well as postmortem analysis of catalyst loading and poison deposition.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The potential benefits appear to be a result of a more balanced exhaust gas flow over the monolith cross section and thereby providing more effective use of the catalyst.</div>
Cloning, sequencing and characterization of the human Alpha glutathione <i>S</i>-transferase gene corresponding to the cDNA clone pGTH2 (1992)

The human Alpha glutathione S-transferase gene corresponding to the human liver cDNA clone pGTH2 was isolated from a cosmid genome library. The gene, represented by the clone cosGTH2, spans nearly 12 kb and contains seven exons. The intron/exon borders conform to the standard rules, and an open reading frame is present, starting at position 67 in exon 2, the double-stop codon being at position 733 in exon 7. Exons 1, 2 and 7 differ in length from the known rat gene coding for the Ya enzyme. A 209 bp 5'-upstream region contains TATA and CAT boxes and, in addition, motifs for Sp1-, NF1- and HNFI-binding factors. Clone cosGTH2 represents the less basic subunit, alpha y, of two Alpha glutathione S-transferase subunits (alpha x and alpha y) expressed in liver, which is identical with the kidney subunit alpha 2.