gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A reduction sensitive cascade biodegradable linear polymer (2010)

Abstract Cascade degradable linear polymers offer the potential for a high degree of control over the degradation process. They comprise a backbone that is stable in the presence of an end cap, but upon removal of the end cap a cascade of intramolecular reactions is initiated that leads of depolymerization of the polymer backbone. Reported here is a new polymer backbone based on N , N ′‐dimethylethylenediamine and 2‐mercaptoethanol linked by carbamates and thiocarbamates. A disulfide end cap was incorporated such that its cleavage under reducing conditions revealed the thiol of 2‐mercaptoethanol, leading to alternating cyclizations of the 2‐mercaptoethanol and N , N ′‐dimethylethylenediamine moieties to provide 1,3‐oxathiolan‐2‐one and N , N ′‐dimethylimidazolidinone, respectively. The degradation was monitored by 1 H NMR and GPC. The expected products were observed, along with a portion of nondegradable polymer that was likely cyclic species. Overall, the results demonstrate the promise of this new class of polymers to degrade selectively in reducing environments such as hypoxic tumor tissue or the intracellular compartments of cells. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 48: 3977–3985, 2010
The increasing use of ceramic filters in air pollution control applications (1997)

Environmental legislation enacted as a result of government policy has compelled many industry segments and individual process operators to consider and install pollution abatement equipment. There are many companies in the environmental industry supplying a wide range of pollution control technologies and in the area of particulate emission control there are perhaps four principal abatement techniques — cyclones, electrostatic precipitators, wet scrubbers and fabric filters. A relatively new technology but one which is being increasingly broadly applied in air pollution control (APC) and other areas is the use of low density ceramic filters in filter plant. Gary Elliott and Andy Startin from Cerel Ltd, UK discuss the use of this medium, in particular Cerafil® (Figure 1) which is marketed by Scapa Filtration Europe.
In Vitro Growth Inhibition of Mastitis Causing Bacteria by Phenolics and Metal Chelators (1985)

Antimicrobial activities of three phenolic compounds and four metal chelators were tested at 0, 250, 500, and 1000 ppm in vitro against four major mastitis-causing bacteria, Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Escherichia coli. Overall, butylated hydroxyanisole and tert-butylhydroquinone showed the greatest antimicrobial activity. These phenolics were bactericidal at 250 to 500 ppm against all four bacteria tested. The butylated hydroxytoluene was bactericidal against the gram-positive bacteria but was ineffective against the coliforms. At 250 ppm, disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid was bactericidal against the gram-positive bacteria but much less effective against the gram-negatives. However, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid was more growth inhibitory than ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid against the gram-negative bacteria and especially against Escherichia coli. All other compounds were generally much less effective or ineffective against all four microorganisms. Therefore, butylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, tert-butylhydroquinone, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, and diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid may have practical implications in the prevention or treatment of bovine mastitis.
The Era of Pathway Quantification (1998)

Biochemistry is in its third era, the Era of Quantification. So argues Koshland in his commentary, in which he describes this era as one in which the rates of production and degradation of substrates and products of biochemical pathways are quantified. In an example of this sort of analysis by
 Ferrel and Machleder
 in this issue, cell cycle regulation by the MAP kinase cascade is analyzed.
Calcitriol Treatment Is Not Effective in Postmenopausal Osteoporosis (1989)

Calcitriol is not an effective treatment for established postmenopausal osteoporosis.
<i>N</i> -Acetyl-Ser-Asp-Lys-Pro Inhibits Phosphorylation of Smad2 in Cardiac Fibroblasts (2002)

N-Acetyl-Ser-Asp-Lys-Pro (AcSDKP) is a specific substrate for the N-terminal site of ACE and increases 5-fold during ACE inhibitor therapy. It is known to inhibit the proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells and has also recently been reported to inhibit the growth of cardiac fibroblasts. We investigated its mode of action in cardiac fibroblasts by assessing its influence on transforming growth factor beta(1) (TGFbeta1)-mediated Smad signaling. AcSDKP inhibited the proliferation of isolated cardiac fibroblasts (P<0.05) but significantly stimulated the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Flow cytometry of rat cardiac fibroblasts treated with AcSDKP showed significant inhibition of the progression of cells from G0/G1 phase to S phase of the cell cycle. In cardiac fibroblasts transfected with a Smad-sensitive luciferase reporter construct, AcSDKP decreased luciferase activity by 55+/-9.7% (P=0.01). Moreover, phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of Smad2 was decreased in cardiac fibroblasts treated with AcSDKP. To conclude, AcSDKP inhibits the growth of cardiac fibroblasts and also inhibits TGFbeta1-stimulated phosphorylation of Smad2. Because AcSDKP increases substantially during ACE inhibitor therapy, this suggests a novel pathway independent of angiotensin II, by which ACE inhibitors can inhibit cardiac fibrosis.
Sirtuins: novel targets for metabolic disease. (2008)

Sirtuins represent a novel family of enzymes that are collectively well situated to help regulate nutrient sensing and utilization, metabolic rate and ultimately metabolic disease. Activation of one of these enzymes, SIRT1, leads to enhanced activity of multiple proteins, including peroxisome-proliferator activated receptor coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha), which helps to mediate some of the in vitro and in vivo effects of sirtuins. As such, enhanced SIRT1 activity decreases glucose levels, improves insulin sensitivity, increases mitochondrial number and function, decreases adiposity, improves exercise tolerance and potentially lowers body weight. SRT-501 is a proprietary formulation of resveratrol with improved bioavailability. As such, SRT-501 represents the first in a novel class of SIRT1 activators that has proven to be safe and well-tolerated in humans. Clinical trials in type 2 diabetic patients are currently underway.
Noninvasive Electromagnetic Wave Sensing of Glucose (2018)

Diabetic patients need long-term and frequent glucose monitoring to assist in insulin intake. The current finger-prick devices are painful and costly which make noninvasive glucose sensors highly demanded. In this review paper, we discuss several advanced electromagnetic (EM) wave based technologies for noninvasive glucose measurement, including infrared (IR) spectroscopy, photoacoustic (PA) spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, fluorescence, optical coherent tomography (OCT) and microwave sensing. Development and progress of each method are discussed regarding fundamental principle, system setup and experimental results. Despite the promising achievements reported previously, there is no established product to obtain FDA approval or survive marketing test. Limitations and prospects of these techniques are discussed at the end of this review.
Coupled Resonator Optical Waveguides: Toward the Slowing and Storage of Light (2005)

The development of a simple, solid-state-based technology to slow the propagation of light could prove an important step in the realization of the high-bit-rate communication systems of the future. The use of coupled resonator optical waveguides (CROWs) as practical elements to slow and store light pulses is one possibility.
Concept of empiric therapy with antibiotic combinations. Indications and limits. (1986)

It appears that the use of antibiotic combinations, especially synergistic ones, is indicated for the management of gram-negative bacillary sepsis in granulocytopenic patients. Synergism is a valuable factor in increasing the serum bactericidal activity, which is highly likely to be important for a favorable outcome in these infections. The potential side effects of antimicrobial combinations should not deter clinicians from their use. The most frequently used combinations for gram-negative bacillary infections are those involving beta-lactams and aminoglycosides. Other potentially synergistic combinations exist as well; however, the clinical experience with these combinations is limited, and, as with double beta-lactam combinations, their potential for antagonism necessitates care when using them. Besides gram-negative bacillary sepsis in granulocytopenic patients, severe staphylococcal infections might represent an indication for the use of combination therapy, especially in patients with compromised mechanisms of defense against infection.
Deletion or replacement of the second EGF-like domain of protein S results in loss of APC cofactor activity (2003)

Human protein S (PS), a cofactor of anticoagulant-activated protein C (APC), is a modular protein containing 4 epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains. EGF1 appears to mediate PS interaction with APC, but the roles of EGFs 2, 3, and 4 are less clear. We synthesized PS variants lacking single EGF domains (EGF2, 3, or 4) and assessed their APC cofactor activity in a factor Va inactivation assay. The variant lacking EGF2 (variant 134) showed the most dramatic loss of activity (approximately 10% of recombinant wild-type PS activity). Replacement of EGF2 by an additional EGF3 (variant 1334) resulted in a comparable loss of activity, suggesting that the loss of a specific rather than "spacer" function of EGF2 was responsible. We confirmed that the variant 134 had a functional gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) domain and that EGF1 was correctly folded. This is the first clear evidence that EGF2 is required for the expression of PS activity.
A Study of the Efficacy of the Immunomodulatory Compound 7-thia-8-oxoguanosine in Coronavirus 229E Infections in Human Volunteers (1991)

Intranasal 7-thia-8-oxoguanosine (NARI 10146) compared with placebo had no influence on the course of experimental coronavirus 229E infections in human volunteers. Possible reasons are discussed for the failure to confirm successful rodent experiments in man.
EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR (EGFR) ACTIVATION BY GASTRIN RELEASING PEPTIDE (GRP) IN HEAD AND NECK CANCER: MECHANISMS AND CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS (2005)

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a malignant tumor that threatens human health worldwide. Disturbance of the gut microbiota caused by various external factors is one of the leading causes. Carnosic acid (CA) is a phenolic diterpene compound, mainly isolated from rosemary plants, with anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of CA in CRC development and its underlying mechanisms in B6/JGpt-Apc<sup>em1Cin(min)</sup>/Gpt (Apc<sup>Min/+</sup>) mice based on the analysis of gut microbiota, serum metabolomics, and tumor proteomics. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot were performed to confirm the changes in cytokine and protein levels related to inflammation after CA administration. CA regulated the abundance of the gut microbiota, which further caused changes in the production of dl-lactic acid. CA suppressed the inflammatory response by reducing the levels of IL-1β, -6, and -17A. Overall, CA showed anti-CRC properties via modulation of gut microbiota and serum metabolites through NF-κB/STAT3 signaling to inhibit IL-17 expression in Apc<sup>Min/+</sup> mice. These results provide experimental evidence for the future treatment of CRC with CA.
Printing (2017)

Printing began in different parts of the British Isles at different times. William Caxton is famed as the first English printer who brought the printing press to Westminster in 1476. The earliest books in Scotland were produced by Walter Chepman and Androw Myllar in 1507. Printing comes later in the sixteenth century to Wales and Ireland (and so is beyond the focus of this volume). The role of printing in promoting literacy, culture, and religious reform cannot be underestimated.
Effect of Glucocorticoid Replacement Therapy on Bone Mineral Density in Patients with Addison Disease (1994)

Long-term treatment with standard replacement doses of glucocorticoids may induce bone loss in men with Addison disease. Adjustment of glucocorticoid therapy to the lowest acceptable dose is mandatory in Addison disease, and regular measurement of bone mineral density may be helpful in identifying men at risk for the development of osteoporosis.
Features of the molecular structure of pyridinium salts and their dissolving power with respect to cellulose (2012)

Main geometric parameters and electronic structure of molecules of alkylpyridinium chlorides, bromides, and acetates were calculated by a quantum-chemical method. The influence of the electronic structure of molecules on their dissolving power with respect to cellulose was analyzed.
덧셈기와 공통패턴 공유방식을 사용한 저전력 IMDCT 구조 설계 (2003)

이 논문에서는 MP3에 사용되는 32-point IMDCT 블록의 저전력 hard-wired 구조를 제안하였다. 행렬의 재배열을 통하여 16, 8, 4, 2, 1 cycle에 동작하는 5개의 multirate block을 유도함으로서 저전력 systolic 구조를 제안하였다. 각각의 sub-block들의 곱셈 구현은 덧셈기와 쉬프트로 구현하는 CSD(Canonic signed digit) 방식을 채택하여 덧셈의 수를 줄임으로서 전력소모를 감소시켰다. 또한 각각의 sub-block들의 전력소모를 더욱 감소시키기 위하여 common sub-expression sharing 방식을 채용함으로서 덧셈의 연산량을 더욱 감소시킨 구조를 제안하였다. 그 결과, 2의 보수형을 사용하는 구조와 비교하여 58.4%의 상대 전력소모를 줄일 수 있었다. 또한 하드웨어 구현을 Verilog-HDL 코딩을 통하여 시뮬레이션 함으로서 구조가 정확하게 동작함을 확인하였다.
Stress–strain behavior of polyolefin blends (1973)

As part of a study on reuse of plastics as blends, the yield tensile strength, elongation at break, and the modulus of melt blends of low-density polyethylene, high-density polyethylene, and polypropylene have been studied over the entire ternary composition range. The modulus and strength are nearly monotonic functions of blend composition. The contribution of the pure components to these properties is roughly additive. The elongation at break is a more complex function of composition in that minima are observed near the center of the triangular composition diagram and on each of the three binary legs. The response is nearly symmetrical along two of the binary legs but is skewed toward high-density polyethylene for blends of high- and low-density polyethylene. The deterioration of elongation produced by blending is much less severe for polyolefins than observed for other blend systems. This, combined with the observed additivity of strength, make polyolefin blends mechanically superior to blends of other plastics found in wastes. This fact is interpreted in terms of compatibility and amorphous phase interactions which are likely for polyolefins. Modification of polyolefin blends by addition of a rubbery copolymer of ethylene and propylene produced large improvements in elongation at break for some compositions.
Antioxidant Function of Thioredoxin and Glutaredoxin Systems (2000)

Selenium is an essential trace element with known antioxidant properties. Cytosolic thioredoxin reductase from mammalian cells is a dimeric flavin enzyme comprising a glutathione reductase-like equivalent elongated with 16 residues including the conserved carboxy-terminal sequence, Gly-Cys-SeCys-Gly, where SeCys is selenocysteine. Replacement of the SeCys residue by Cys in rat cytosolic thioredoxin reductase using site-directed mutagenesis and expression in Escherichia coli resulted in a functional mutant enzyme having about one percent activity with thioredoxin as a substrate through a major loss of Kcat and a shift in the pH optimum from 7 to 9. The truncated enzyme expected in selenium deficiency by the UGA mRNA codon for SeCys acting as a stop codon was also expressed. This enzyme lacking the carboxy-terminal SeCys-Gly dipeptide contained FAD but was inactive because the SeCys selenol is in the active site. These results show that selenium is essential for the activity of thioredoxin reductase, explaining why this trace element is required for cell proliferation by effects on thioredoxin-dependent control of the intracellular redox state, ribonucleotide reductase production of deoxyribonucleotides, or activation of transcription factors. The selenazol drug ebselen (2-phenyl-1,2 benzisoselenazol-3 (2H)-one) is a known glutathione (GSH) peroxidase mimic with antioxidant properties. The hydrogen peroxide reductase activity of human thioredoxin reductase was stimulated 15-fold by 2 microM ebselen. Glutaredoxins protect against oxidative stress by catalyzing reduction of protein mixed disulfides with GSH. The mechanism of glutaredoxins as efficient general GSH-mixed disulfide oxidoreductases may protect proteins from inactivation as well as play a major role in general redox signaling.
Quantifying of Severity of Exacerbations in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: Adaptations to the Definition to Allow Quantification (2007)

Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) offer a considerable clinical challenge for clinical practice and drug development. The underlying pathobiology of these characteristic events is unclear. We are far behind other disease areas, such as cardiology, where there are effective approaches for diagnosing and managing acute and potentially fatal events. A joint initiative has begun between the pharmaceutical industry, academia, and the Food and Drug Administration to produce a valid diary card measure of exacerbation severity: the EXAcerbations of Chronic pulmonary disease Test-Patient-Reported Outcome (EXACT-PRO). This article describes the background to this initiative, using the consensus definition of a COPD exacerbation as the starting point from which to propose a new method for quantifying the severity of the event. This approach takes into account the relationships between the symptoms that make up an exacerbation and shows that they can be used in a single continuous severity scale. Methods for defining exacerbation onset and cessation are also proposed.
A novel 3D reconstruction approach by dynamic (de)focused light (2010)

In this paper, we propose a novel active 3D recovery method based on dynamic (de)focused light. The method combines both depth from focus (DFF) and depth from defocus (DFD) techniques. With this approach, optimized illumination pattern is projected on the object in order to enforce strong dominant texture on the surface. The imaging system is specifically constructed to keep the whole object sharp in all captured images. Consequently, only projected patterns experience the defocused deformation according to an object depth. Projected light pattern images are acquired within certain focused ranges similar to DFF approach, while the focus measures across these images are calculated for depth estimation by using DFD manner. This guarantees that at least one focus or near-focus image within depth of field exists in the computation. Therefore, the final reconstruction is supposed to be prominent to the one obtained from DFD and also less computational extensive compared to DFF provided.
A novel splice variant of the stem cell marker LGR5/GPR49 is correlated with the risk of tumor-related death in soft-tissue sarcoma patients (2011)

An attenuated mRNA level of the newly identified transcript variant GPR49Δ5 is a negative prognostic marker for disease-associated and recurrence-free survival in STS patients. Additionally, a lower GPR49Δ5 mRNA level is associated with a later age of tumor onset. A putative role of GPR49Δ5 expression in tumorigenesis and tumor progression of soft tissue sarcomas is suggested.
Formal semantics of control in a completely visual programming language (2002)

Visual representations of programs can facilitate program understanding by presenting aspects of programs using explicit and intuitive representations. To explore this idea, we have designed a completely visual static and dynamic presentation of an imperative programming language. Because our representation of control is completely visual, programmers of this language can understand the static and dynamic semantics of programs using the same framework. In this paper, we describe the semantics of our language, both informally and formally, focusing on support for control constructs. We also prove that using our language to model common high-level constructs is semantically sound.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Recent advance in glucocorticoid therapy for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (2012)

进行性肌营养不良是一类由于基因缺陷所导致的肌肉变性病,以进行性加重的肌肉无力和萎缩为主要临床表现.根据临床表现和基因缺陷的不同,临床上将其分为多种类型.Duchenne肌营养不良(Duchenne muscular dystrophy,DMD)是其中最为常见的一种,又被称为假肥大型肌营养不良、杜氏肌营养不良[1]. 关键词：肌营养不良症;糖皮质激素;神经肌肉疾病 分类号：R746.2 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1671-8925(2012)11-1182-04
The network data delivery service: real-time data connectivity for distributed control applications (2002)

The network data delivery service (NDDS) is a novel network data-sharing system. NDDS builds on the model of information producers (sources) and consumers (sinks). Producers generate data at their own discretion, unaware of prospective consumers. Consumers "subscribe" to data-updates without concern for who is producing them. The routing protocol is connectionless and nearly "stateless", thus network reconfigurations, node failures, etc. are handled naturally. This scheme is particularly effective in systems (such as distributed control systems) where information is of a repetitive nature. NDDS provides support for multiple producers, reliable data-delivery, consumer update guarantees, notifications vs. polling for updates, dynamic binding of producers and consumers, distributed queries, and user-defined data types. NDDS is integrated into the ControlShell real-time framework and is being used in several robotic applications as an effective means of information sharing between sensor systems, robot controllers, planners, graphical user interfaces, and simulators.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Roscovitine inhibits STAT5 activity and induces apoptosis in the human leukemia virus type 1-transformed cell line MT-2. (2003)

T cells expressing human leukemia virus (HTLV) type 1, the etiological agent of adult T-cell leukemia, are remarkably resistant to conventional chemotherapy, and the need for drugs that effectively kill these cells is apparent. Here we show that roscovitine, an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), induces the apoptosis of the HTLV-1-transformed T-cell line MT-2. Roscovitine prevented the tyrosine phosphorylation and consequent activation of the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) 5 when presented to MT-2 cells in the presence or absence of a caspase-3 inhibitor, and ectopic expression of a dominant-negative form of STAT5 in MT-2 cells induced apoptosis. Roscovitine and dominant-negative STAT5 also reduced the expression of the antiapoptotic protein XIAP, and STAT5 was associated with the XIAP promoter in vivo. Antibody to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) alpha receptors coprecipitated STAT5 from extracts of untreated but not roscovitine-treated cells. The tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor sodium orthovanadate ablated the inhibitory effects of roscovitine on STAT5/PDGF alpha receptor interaction, STAT5 activity, and cell survival. We suggest that roscovitine reduces the abundance of tyrosine-phosphorylated PDGF alpha receptors; as a result, STAT5 does not become active, and STAT5 gene products required for cell survival are not expressed.