gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Advancements in inherently dissipative polymer (IDP) alloys provide new levels of clean, consistent ESD protection (2002)

A new class of inherently dissipative polymer (IDP) alloys has been developed through recent advances in IDP formulation utilizing additional charge carriers in the polymerization of the IDP. This new generation of IDP technology delivers static decay times of less than 0.1 s and surface resistance values of 10/sup 7/ /spl Omega/ which are two orders of magnitude better than previously available generations of IDPs. This IDP technology has enabled the development of a new class of IDP alloys with host polymers such as PETG, polypropylene and polyurethane. These IDP alloys reach previously unattainable surface and volume resistance levels of 10/sup 8/ /spl Omega/. These resistance values hold permanently and consistently through injection molding or extrusion due to a flat loading curve, differing from the steep loading curves in this resistance range seen in conductive filler systems. Additional optimization of the IDP alloys has led to improvements in cleanliness. Packaging and components therefore exhibit consistent, permanent surface resistance values between 10/sup 8/ and 10/sup 9/ /spl Omega/ without introducing contaminants into the cleanroom. The new class of IDP alloys provides new levels of clean, consistent ESD protection via a unique blend of electrical, physical, and cleanliness properties of the optimized alloy.
Changes in the Ratio of Non-Calcified Collagen to Calcified Collagen in Human Vertebrae with Advancing Age (1993)

Bone loss associated with aging is associated primarily with a decline in bone formation. To try and further understand the nature of this process we have used a biochemical approach which relies on the fact that osteoid is susceptible to enzymatic degradation whereas calcified collagen is protected by the mineral phase against proteolytic digestion. Our findings show a statistically significant inverse relationship between osteoid and age (r = 0.70 female, r = 0.47 male). A closer relationship was observed when age was related to the ratio of osteoid to bone (r = 0.73 female, r = 0.56 male). In both cases, the observed linear decline begins at an early age and becomes marked with advancing age. Histologic observations illustrate these findings showing decreased osteoid and osteoblasts in the older vertebral specimens compared to the younger ones. Even though the mechanism for osteoid calcification seems to remain unimpaired, the decline of a calcifiable matrix in the presence of normal bone turnover could lead to bone loss.
High spatial frequency periodic structures induced on metal surface by femtosecond laser pulses (2012)

The high spatial frequency periodic structures induced on metal surface by femtosecond laser pulses was investigated experimentally and numerically. It is suggested that the redistribution of the electric field on metal surface caused by the initially formed low spatial frequency periodic structures plays a crucial role in the creation of high spatial frequency periodic structures. The field intensity which is initially localized in the grooves becomes concentrated on the ridges in between the grooves when the depth of the grooves exceeds a critical value, leading to the ablation of the ridges in between the grooves and the formation of high spatial frequency periodic structures. The proposed formation process is supported by both the numerical simulations based on the finite-difference time-domain technique and the experimental results obtained on some metals such as stainless steel and nickel.
Disc Instabilities in Soft X-ray Transients (2003)

I briefly review the theory of soft X-ray transient systems. Irradiation of the accretion disc faces by the central X-ray source determines both the occurrence and the nature of the outbursts, in particular forcing these to be long viscous events and producing exponential decays at short orbital periods. Soft X-ray transients constitute the majority of LMXBs, persistent systems being largely confined to a subset of neutron-star LMXBs with periods P < 2 d. It appears that LMXBs very frequently contain nuclear-evolved companions, even at short orbital periods. In long-period transients (P > 20 d) the outburst recurrence times must become extremely long (> 1500 yr). The outbursts are highly super-Eddington, markedly reducing the accretion efficiency. Spinup of a neutron-star primary to millisecond periods probably cannot occur for orbital periods > 200 d, in agreement with observations of binary pulsars.
Isolation of Bright Blue Fluorescent Substances from Sonochemical Hydroxylation of Methyl <i>p</i>-Cyanobenzoate (1999)

Abstract Sonochemical hydroxylation of methyl p-cyanobenzoate (1a) in water gave a bright blue fluorescence, which are mainly ascribed to three new fluorescent compounds, 3-hydroxy, 2,3-and 2,5-dihydroxy derivatives of 1a. Other benzenes substituted with electron-withdrawing groups also gave similar fluorescence from their hydroxylated derivatives. Among the fluorescence substances, methyl 2,5-dihydroxybenzoate was supposed to be applicable for a fluorescent chemosensor.
Optical properties of undoped and Co2+-doped Cd2GeSe4 single crystals (2001)

Cd 2 GeSe 4 and Cd2GeSe4:Co2+ (Co: 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 mol %) single crystals with a rhombohedral (hexagonal) structure were grown by the vertical Bridgman method. The structural and optical properties of Cd2GeSe4:Co2+ (Co: 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5 mol %) were characterized by x-ray diffraction and optical absorption measurements at room temperature (298 K). The lattice constants, a0 and c0, increased when increasing Co2+ in the Cd2GeSe4:Co2+ crystal to 0.3 mol %. They increased sharply when increasing Co2+ to 0.4 and 0.5 mol %. The optical energy band gap of the Cd2GeSe4:Co2+ crystal decreased when increasing Co2+ in the Cd2GeSe4:Co2+ crystal to 0.3 mol % and it also decreased sharply when increasing the amount of Co2+ to 0.4 and 0.5 mol %. Two impurity optical absorption bands were observed at wavelength ranges of 1300–1900 nm and 700–900 nm. These bands originated from the Co2+ ions located at the C3v symmetry point in the Cd2GeSe4:Co2+ crystal.
Experimental Study on Flexural Behavior of Precast Concrete Sandwich Panels (2003)

Based on the flexural experiments of precast concrete sandwich panels (PCSPs), this paper primarily discusses the effects of pretressing force on the flexural behavior of concrete sandwich panels. The experiments show that PCSPs have excellent flexural behavior, stiffness and flexural capacity, which satisfy the requirements of codes. According to the flexural analysis, the equations of computation for cracking moment and ultimate moment of PCSPs have been proposed and the computation results match well with the experimental ones. These equations can be used for structural design.
Variation-Based Linearization of Nonlinear Systems Evolving on $SO(3)$ and $\mathbb S^{2}$ (2015)

In this paper, we propose a variation-based method to linearize the nonlinear dynamics of robotic systems, whose configuration spaces contain the manifolds S <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and SO(3), along dynamically feasible reference trajectories. The proposed variation-based linearization results in an implicitly time-varying linear system, representing the error dynamics, that is globally valid. We illustrate this method through three different systems: 1) a 3-D pendulum: 2) a spherical pendulum; and 3) a quadrotor with a suspended load, whose dynamics evolve on SO(3), S <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , and SE(3) × S <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , respectively. We show that for these systems, the resulting time-varying linear system obtained as the linearization about a reference trajectory is controllable for all possible reference trajectories. Finally, a linear quadratic regulator-based controller is designed to attenuate the error so as to locally exponentially stabilize tracking of a reference trajectory for the nonlinear system. Several simulations results are provided to validate the effectiveness of this method.
Data formats and arithmetic operators for serial/parallel trade-offs in pipelined architectures (2002)

Data formats which can offer a full range of tradeoffs between bit-serial and bit-parallel computation are described. The design of arithmetic operators based on these data formats, especially a digit-serial multiplier is presented. It is shown that these data formats can combine the advantage of limited interconnection and small chip size of bit-serial computation with the advantage of throughput of parallel computation and that they lead to the most efficient pipelined implementation of the desired function.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Comparison of dielectric dispersion of Al2O3 and Se thin films (2001)

We investigate the frequency and temperature dependence of the dielectric conductivity and dielectric constant of Al2O3 thin films having ionic structure and compare the results with those obtained for Se thin films having homopolar structure in the 0.1–100 kHz frequency range and in the 100–400 K temperature range. Our samples have a metal–insulator–metal configuration. Oxide-layer thickness ranges between 50 and 1550 Å for Al2O3 films and 150 and 8500 Å for Se films. The existence of a minimum in the imaginary part of dielectric constant versus frequency curves for each thickness of Al2O3 films leads us to conclude that two types of polarization mechanisms are dominant in different frequency regions, depending on the structure of Al2O3 samples, but that only one mechanism dominates in Se samples, which do not have such minima in the imaginary part of their dielectric constant versus frequency curves.
Strong Necessity Modals: Four Socio-pragmatic Corpus Studies (2015)

Need to is less ambiguous than have to or got to about the source of the obligation; need to is said to require the obligation to stem from someone’s priorities or internal needs, whereas have to and got to can tie the obligation to any contextually plausible source. This paper investigates the social reasons that a speaker might choose or avoid the less ambiguous form. In view of the semantics of need to, the speaker who utters you need to unambiguously acts as if she is familiar with the hearer’s priorities and licensed to tell him what is good for him – a socially risky move. I therefore predict that you need to will be more appropriate and thus more common from people with knowledge about the relevant domain, people in authority over the hearer, and people who play a mentoring role in the hearer’s life because these people are more likely to be licensed to tell the hearer what is good for him in the context. I find evidence consistent with these predictions by investigating corpora that contain information about how the speaker and hearer relate to each other.
Current Protocols in Food Analytical Chemistry (2001)

With an emphasis on food components, you'll find entire chapters devoted to water, proteins, enzymes, lipids, carbohydrates, colors and flavors. Each protocol includes detailed step-by-step annotated instructions as well as comprehensive lists of required materials, critical parameters, complete recipes, allotted time, and safety considerations. Accompanying troubleshooting tips and pointers from the author, an expert in that methodology, will virtually assure your success. All protocols, ranging from fundamental to cutting edge, are contributed by top researchers in their respective fields representing leading food science institutions and food analytical laboratories from around the world.
Role of coproantibody in clinical protection of children during reinfection with rotavirus (1992)

Rotavirus is the major cause of severe, dehydrating infantile gastroenteritis. Infection is limited to the gut, but the relative roles of serum and secretory copro-immunoglobulin A (IgA) in protection are unclear. Specific copro-IgA is predictive of duodenal antirotaviral IgA and correlates with virus-neutralizing coproantibody. Copro-IgA conversion is a more sensitive marker of rotavirus reinfection than seroconversion. We measured rotavirus reinfections by copro-IgA conversion prospectively in 35 children recruited at a time of severe rotavirus illness. The children were followed up longitudinally for 14 to 31 months to determine whether high coproantibody levels correlated with clinical protection against rotavirus disease. Ninety-four percent of the children experienced reinfection, and 38% developed persistent elevations in specific copro-IgA termed plateaus. Plateau children had a higher mean annual rate of rotavirus infection and a lower ratio of symptomatic to total number of rotavirus reinfections than did nonplateau children. The annual rates of rotavirus infection and disease were significantly higher outside the plateau than inside it in children experiencing antirotavirus copro-IgA plateaus. Frequent rotavirus infection of children appears to stimulate production of a specific copro-IgA plateau which correlates with protection against an excess of infection and symptomatic disease.
Environmentally Robust Electret Condenser Microphone (2006)

A new structure of front filter of ECMs has been introduced to protect in practical use from such common hazards as water or alcohol. This protection structure is composed of acoustically transparent mesh with a water-repellent coating on an electrically-conductive layer. This water-repellent coating has a contact angle of more than 150 degree for water on the filter having less than 50 /spl mu/m aperture which chokes water invasion but is enough for acoustical transmission. The new protection structure also has an electrically conductive layer inside which copes with the induction noise problem by the effect of electrostatic shielding. The reliability of the coating was confirmed by several accelerated tests such as long term immersion in water, heat cycling in the presence of both high and low moisture, heat shocks and surface scratch. These tests showed no damage to the coating. The fabricated electret condenser microphone has met the requirements for the IEC 60526 class 7 which is 30 minutes under water at a depth of 1 meter. The induction noise was reduced by approximately 10 dB at 2 GHz.
Belief Change and Cryptographic Protocol Verification (2007)

Cryptographic protocols are structured sequences of messages that are used for exchanging information in a hostile environment. Many protocols have epistemic goals: a successful run of the protocol is intended to cause a participant to hold certain beliefs. As such, epistemic logics have been employed for the verification of cryptographic protocols. Although this approach to verification is explicitly concerned with changing beliefs, formal belief change operators have not been incorporated in previous work. In this paper, we introduce a new approach to protocol verification by combining a monotonic logic with a non-monotonic belief change operator. In this context, a protocol participant is able to retract beliefs in response to new information and a protocol participant is able to postulate the most plausible event explaining new information. We illustrate that this kind of reasoning is particularly important when protocol participants have incorrect beliefs.
Self-Assembly of Mesoscopic Materials To Form Controlled and Continuous Patterns by Thermo-Optically Manipulated Laser Induced Microbubbles (2013)

The formation of continuous patterns of nanostructured materials using directed self-assembly under external fields has generated considerable current research interest. We demonstrate for the first time such continuous patterning by inducing irreversible self-assembly leading to nucleation in mesocopic materials (inorganic, organic, and nanoparticles) using a tightly focused laser beam in an optical tweezers apparatus. A dense aqueous dispersion or solution of the material which has high absorption at the laser wavelength is taken in a sample holder so that some material is adsorbed on the top surface. A hot spot is created on the top surface when the adsorbed material absorbs the high intensity at the focus of the laser beam (a submicrometer sized spot), due to which a water vapor bubble is formed. This causes self-assembly of material around the bubble due to Gibbs-Marangoni convection and capillary flow after which the material eventually nucleates into a crystalline state. The bubble is "trapped" at the hot spot due to the temperature gradient around it and can be manipulated by thermal forces generated optically, so that the system may be described as a "thermo-optical" tweezers. We translate the trapped bubble using the microscope sample holder stage of the apparatus so that the nucleation site of the material is simultaneously translated generating continuous patterns. We have demonstrated the technique using exotic inorganic materials such as soft oxometalates, an organic material such as glycine, and a fluorescent dye such as perylene as well as with carbon nanotubes. We have written patterns over lengths of nearly 1 mm at the rate of 1 Hz, with best resolution of about 4 μm. The technique has potential for a wide range of applications ranging from solution processed printable electronics to controlled catalysis.
Mycotoxin Detection Plays “Cops and Robbers”: Cyclodextrin Chemosensors as Specialized Police? (2008)

As in a cops and robbers play we discover new mycotoxins and metabolites everyday and we are forced to develop new molecules quickly as chemo- or biosensors or to modify existing molecules able to recognize these new hazardous compounds. This will result in an enormous cost saving to agro-food industry through the prevention and reduction of product recalls and reduced treatment costs. Here we present a brief review of the rapid methods used to detect mycotoxins, considering usefulness and limits. Then we propose a new fast, efficient and cheap methodology, based on a combination of computer chemistry aided design and fluorescence, that can help to drive synthesis in a more efficient way.
Convex Hull Discretization Approach to the Global Optimization of Pooling Problems (2009)

The pooling problem is an important optimization problem that is encountered in process operation and scheduling. Because of the presence of bilinear terms, the traditional formulation is nonconvex. Consequently, there is a need to develop computationally efficient and easy-to-implement global-optimization techniques. In this paper, a new approach is proposed based on three concepts: linearization by discretizing nonlinear variables, preprocessing using implicit enumeration of the discretization to form a convex-hull which limits the size of the search space, and application of integer cuts to ensure compatibility between the original problem and the discretized formulation. The continuous quality variables contributing to the bilinear terms are first discretized. The discretized problem is a mixed integer linear program (MILP) which is globally solvable in a computationally effective manner using the branch and bound method. The merits of the proposed approach are illustrated with case studies from literature and comparison with published results.
Colloidal Silica (2005)

In spite of the apparent simplicity of silica's composition and structure, scientists are still investigating fundamental questions regarding the formation, constitution, and behavior of colloidal silica systems. Colloidal Silica: Fundamentals and Applications introduces new information on colloid science related to silica chemistry as well
Development of a Fluorescent Multiplex Assay for Detection of MSI‐High Tumors (2004)

Determining whether a tumor exhibits microsatellite instability (MSI) is useful in identifying patients with hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer and sporadic gastrointestinal cancers with defective DNA mismatch repair (MMR). The assessment of MSI status aids in establishing a clinical prognosis and may be predictive of tumor response to chemotherapy. A reference panel of five markers was suggested for MSI analysis by a National Cancer Institute (NCI) workshop in 1997 that has helped to standardize testing. But this panel of markers has limitations resulting from the inclusion of dinucleotide markers, which are less sensitive and specific for detection of tumors with MMR deficiencies compared to other types of markers that are currently available. This study demonstrates that mononucleotides are the most sensitive and specific markers for detection of tumors with defects in MMR and identifies an optimal panel of markers for detection of MSI-H tumors. A set of 266 mono-, di-, tetra- and penta-nucleotide repeat microsatellite markers were used to screen for MSI in colorectal tumors. The best markers for detection of MSI-H tumors were selected for a MSI Multiplex System, which included five mononucleotide markers: BAT-25, BAT-26, NR-21, NR-24 and MONO-27. In addition, two pentanucleotide markers were added to identify sample mix-ups and/or contamination. We classified 153 colorectal tumors using the new MSI Multiplex System and compared the results to those obtained with a panel of 10 microsatellite markers combined with immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis. We observed 99% concordance between the two methods with nearly 100% accuracy in detection of MSI-H tumors. Approximately 5% of the MSI-H tumors had normal levels of four MMR proteins and as a result would have been misclassified based solely on IHC analysis, emphasizing the importance of performing MSI testing. The new MSI Multiplex System offers several distinct advantages over other methods of MSI testing in that it is both extremely sensitive and specific and amenable to high-throughput analysis. The MSI Multiplex System meets the new recommendations proposed at the recent 2002 NCI workshop on HNPCC and MSI testing and overcomes problems inherent to the original five-marker panel. The use of a single multiplex fluorescent MSI assay reduces the time and costs involved in MSI testing with increased reliability and accuracy and thus should facilitate widespread screening for microsatellite instability in tumors of patients with gastrointestinal cancers.
Hydrogen Release from Mixtures of Lithium Borohydride and Lithium Amide:  A Phase Diagram Study (2006)

We recently reported the synthesis of a new quaternary hydride in the lithium-boron-nitrogen-hydrogen quaternary phase diagram with the approximate composition LiB0.33N0.67H2.67 having a theoretical hydrogen content of 11.9 wt %. This new compound forms by the reaction of appropriate amounts of lithium amide (LiNH2) and lithium borohydride (LiBH4) and releases greater than 10 wt % hydrogen when heated. A small amount of ammonia, 2-3 mol % of the generated gas, is also released. We now report a study of hydrogen and ammonia release from the series of reactant mixtures (LiNH2)x(LiBH4)1-x, where x=0.667 corresponds to the composition LiB0.33N0.67H2.67. We measured hydrogen and ammonia release amounts as a function of composition and found that maximum hydrogen and minimum ammonia release do occur for x=0.667. We also present evidence for an additional new quaternary phase and for two possibly metastable phases in this system.