gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Drag reduction of an elastic fish model (2003)

Investigations into unsteady fish-like locomotion have shown that it is a highly efficient method of marine propulsion. Recent experimental work argued that the power needed to propel a swimming fish-like body is significantly less that the power needed to tow an identical, but non-swimming body. This experimental work to prove drag reduction has involved complex robotic systems with many moving parts and actuation devices. Often, the complexity of these systems overshadows their purpose, which is to understand the interaction between the fluid and the body. The purpose of this project is to experimentally obtain drag reduction using the simplest experimental setup possible; a solid urethane rubber fish with a single actuator. This simple model does not allow for precise control of the body movement. However, in nature, there are broad ranges of species that are all able to swim efficiently; and inside each species, each individual has a different size, shape, and swimming style. Therefore to fulfill the goal of the project, it should only be necessary to make a model that looks and moves like an "average" fish. A slight change in the model's form or motion should not drastically change the efficiency results. We chose to base the physical and kinematic characteristics of the model off of a rainbow trout. Trout are a common laboratory fish, and extensive data on their swimming behavior is available. The model was tested at a range of different actuation amplitudes and frequencies, with a range of Strouhal numbers between 0.1 and 0.5. The highest efficiencies of 30% for a self-propelled fish were measured at a Strouhal number of 0.2. Drag reduction was not shown, because the hydrodynamic efficiency of the fish was not high enough. However, the results show that by adjusting the swimming parameters of the fish, a wide range of efficiencies can be achieved. These results suggest that efficient, evolving fish models will have to be used to maximize efficiency and show drag reduction. Fish was more efficient and maneuverable than any existing manmade underwater vehicle. A better understanding of the fluid dynamics of fish swimming combined with the development of new technologies such as artificial muscles will allow for the application of unsteady fish-like propulsion to underwater vehicles.
2010 ACCF/AHA Guideline for Assessment of Cardiovascular Risk in Asymptomatic Adults (2010)

The recommendations listed in this document are, whenever possible, evidence based. An extensive evidence review was conducted for the period beginning March 2008 through April 2010. Searches were limited to studies, reviews, and other evidence conducted in human subjects and published in English. Key search words included, but were not limited to, African Americans, Asian Americans, albuminuria, asymptomatic, asymptomatic screening and brachial artery reactivity, atherosclerosis imaging, atrial fibrillation, brachial artery testing for atherosclerosis, calibration, cardiac tomography, compliance, carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), coronary calcium, coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA), C-reactive protein (CRP), detection of subclinical atherosclerosis, discrimination, endothelial function, family history, flow-mediated dilation, genetics, genetic screening, guidelines, Hispanic Americans, hemoglobin A, glycosylated, meta-analysis, Mexican Americans, myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI), noninvasive testing, noninvasive testing and type 2 diabetes, outcomes, patient compliance, peripheral arterial tonometry (PAT), peripheral tonometry and atherosclerosis, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, primary prevention of coronary artery disease (CAD), proteinuria, cardiovascular risk, risk scoring, receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve, screening for brachial artery reactivity, stress echocardiography, subclinical atherosclerosis, subclinical and Framingham, subclinical and Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA), and type 2 diabetes. Additionally, the writing committee reviewed documents related to the subject matter previously published by the ACCF and AHA, American Diabetes Association (ADA), European Society of Cardiology, and the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure (JNC) 7. References selected and published in this document are representative and not all-inclusive.
Heritable defects of the human TLR signalling pathways (2005)

Recently, three human primary immunodeficiencies associated with impaired TLR signalling were described. Anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency (EDA-ID), either X-linked recessive or autosomal dominant, is caused by hypomorphic mutations in NEMO or hypermorphic mutation in IKBA, respectively, both involved in nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation. These patients present with abnormal development of ectoderm-derived structures and suffer from a broad spectrum of infectious diseases. In vitro studies of the patients' cells showed an impaired, but not abolished, NF-κB activation in response to a large set of stimuli, including TLR agonists. More recently, patients with autosomal recessive amorphic mutations in IRAK4 have been reported, presenting no developmental defect and a more restricted spectrum of infectious diseases, mostly caused by pyogenic encapsulated bacteria, principally, but not exclusively Gram-positive. In vitro studies carried out with these patients' cells showed a specific impairment of the Toll—interleukin-1 receptor (TIR)—interleukin-1 receptor associated kinase (IRAK) signalling pathway. NF-κB- and mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways are impaired in response to all TIR agonists tested. These data, therefore, suggest that TLRs play a critical role in host defence against pyogenic bacteria, but may be dispensable or redundant for immunity to most other infectious agents in humans.
Comparison of force sensors for atomic force microscopy based on quartz tuning forks and length-extensional resonators (2011)

The force sensor is key to the performance of atomic force microscopy (AFM). Nowadays, most atomic force microscopes use micromachined force sensors made from silicon, but piezoelectric quartz sensors are being applied at an increasing rate, mainly in vacuum. These self-sensing force sensors allow a relatively easy upgrade of a scanning tunneling microscope to a combined scanning tunneling/atomic force microscope. Two fundamentally different types of quartz sensors have achieved atomic resolution: the ``needle sensor,'' which is based on a length-extensional resonator, and the ``qPlus sensor,'' which is based on a tuning fork. Here, we calculate and measure the noise characteristics of these sensors. We find four noise sources: deflection detector noise, thermal noise, oscillator noise, and thermal drift noise. We calculate the effect of these noise sources as a factor of sensor stiffness, bandwidth, and oscillation amplitude. We find that for self-sensing quartz sensors, the deflection detector noise is independent of sensor stiffness, while the remaining three noise sources increase strongly with sensor stiffness. Deflection detector noise increases with bandwidth to the power of 1.5, while thermal noise and oscillator noise are proportional to the square root of the bandwidth. Thermal drift noise, however, is inversely proportional to bandwidth. The first three noise sources are inversely proportional to amplitude while thermal drift noise is independent of the amplitude. Thus, we show that the earlier finding that quoted an optimal signal-to-noise ratio for oscillation amplitudes similar to the range of the forces is still correct when considering all four frequency noise contributions. Finally, we suggest how the signal-to-noise ratio of the sensors can be improved further, we briefly discuss the challenges of mounting tips, and we compare the noise performance of self-sensing quartz sensors and optically detected Si cantilevers.
Low-Power Circuit Analysis and Design Based on Heterojunction Tunneling Transistors (HETTs) (2013)

The theoretical lower limit of subthreshold swing in mosfets (60 mV/decade) significantly restricts low-voltage operation since it results in a low ON -to- OFF current ratio at low supply voltages. This paper investigates extremely low-power circuits based on new Si/SiGe heterojunction tunneling transistors (HETTs) that have a subthreshold swing of . Device characteristics, as determined through technology computer aided design tools, are used to develop a Verilog-A device model to simulate and evaluate a range of HETT-based circuits. We show that an HETT-based ring oscillator (RO) shows a 9-19 times reduction in dynamic power compared to a CMOS RO. We also explore two key differences between HETTs and traditional mosfets, namely, asymmetric current flow and increased Miller capacitance, analyze their effect on circuit behavior, and propose methods to address them. HETT characteristics have the most dramatic impact on static random access memory (SRAM) operation and we propose a novel seven-transistor HETT-based SRAM cell topology to overcome, and take advantage of, the asymmetric current flow. This new HETT SRAM design achieves 7-37 times reduction in leakage power compared to CMOS.
On the fault location in combinational logic circuits (2002)

A method is presented to identify and locate a fault in combinational logic circuits. A test pattern generator (called SPARK) has been developed, based on a modified version of the D-algorithm. A fault dictionary is set up during test generation. Through simulation, all activated lines under a test vector are identified. The test response is evaluated to identify possible paths which may have the fault. One does not stop testing as soon as a fault is detected. Based on circuit topology, the circuit is further exercised using fan-in and fan-out points to identify a faulty line segment or a gate. The fault location algorithm and experimental results on some combinational circuits are given.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Self-tuning controller for regulation of glucose levels in patients with type 1 diabetes (2008)

Closing the loop with a fully automated artificial pancreas will definitely improve the life of patients with type 1 diabetes. An adaptive control strategy is proposed in order to dynamically respond to unpredicted glucose fluctuations due to internal or external perturbations. The adaptability of the controller is further assured with models derived from continuous glucose measuring device data collected from the patient. The implicit self-tuning tracker is used to keep the glucose concentrations within normoglycemic range, while the controller parameters are directly tuned at each step based on patient specific time-series models. Closed-loop results are demonstrated on a simulated patient assuming intravenous measurement of glucose and subcutaneous infusion of rapid-acting insulin.
Personal Authentication Using 3-D Finger Geometry (2006)

In this paper, a biometric authentication system based on measurements of the user's three-dimensional (3-D) hand geometry is proposed. The system relies on a novel real-time and low-cost 3-D sensor that generates a dense range image of the scene. By exploiting 3-D information we are able to limit the constraints usually posed on the environment and the placement of the hand, and this greatly contributes to the unobtrusiveness of the system. Efficient, close to real-time algorithms for hand segmentation, localization and 3-D feature measurement are described and tested on an image database simulating a variety of working conditions. The performance of the system is shown to be similar to state-of-the-art hand geometry authentication techniques but without sacrificing the convenience of the user.
Japanese Zero Reference Resolution Considering Exophora and Author/Reader Mentions (2013)

In Japanese, zero references often occur and many of them are categorized into zero exophora, in which a referent is not mentioned in the document.However, previous studies have focused on only zero endophora, in which a referent explicitly appears.We present a zero reference resolution model considering zero exophora and author/reader of a document.To deal with zero exophora, our model adds pseudo entities corresponding to zero exophora to candidate referents of zero pronouns.In addition, we automatically detect mentions that refer to the author and reader of a document by using lexico-syntactic patterns.We represent their particular behavior in a discourse as a feature vector of a machine learning model.The experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our model for not only zero exophora but also zero endophora.
General and efficient method for direct N-monomethylation of aromatic primary amines with methanol (2012)

The direct N-monomethylation of aromatic primary amines, including arylamines, arylsulfonamides and amino-azoles, using methanol as a methylating agent has been accomplished in the presence of a [Cp*IrCl2]2/NaOH system. From both synthetic and environmental points of view, the reaction is highly attractive because of low catalyst loading, broad substrate scope and excellent selectivities.
Vehicular MIMO SAR imaging in multipath environments (2011)

In this paper, multi-input multi-output (MIMO) forward looking synthetic aperture radar (FL-SAR) is developed for imaging from a moving ground vehicle in urban multipath environments. Conventional SAR is often seriously degraded by ghost artifacts with the same direction of arrival and delays as direct path returns. In this paper, MIMO methods are used to improve SAR images by suppressing directions of departure which would otherwise be multipath scattered and added to direct path returns. Both conventional and adaptive MIMO SAR methods are presented and compared in a multipath imaging simulation. The results suggest MIMO SAR may offers substantial gains versus conventional SIMO imaging in urban settings.
Isolation, characterisation and crystallization of deoxyribonuclease I from bovine and rat parotid gland and its interaction with rabbit skeletal muscle actin (1984)

A purification procedure is described yielding DNase I from bovine and rat parotid glands of high homogeneity. The apparent molecular masses of the DNases I isolated have been found by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to be 34 and 32 kDa for bovine and rat parotid DNase I, respectively, and thus differ from the enzyme isolated from bovine pancreas (31 kDa). By a number of different criteria concerning their enzymic behaviour, the isolated enzymes could be clearly classified as DNases I, i.e. endonucleolytic activity preferentially on native double-stranded DNA yielding 5'-oligonucleotides, a pH optimum at about 8.0, the dependence of their enzymic activity on divalent metal ions, their inhibition by 2-nitro-5-thiocyanobenzoic acid and by skeletal muscle actin. Comparison of their primary structure by analysis of their amino acid composition and also two-dimensional fingerprints and isoelectric focusing indicate gross similarities between the enzymes isolated from bovine pancreas and parotid, but distinct species differences, i.e. between the enzymes isolated from bovine and rat parotid. All the DNases I are glycoproteins. From bovine parotid DNase I crystals suitable for X-ray structure analysis could be obtained. The DNases I from both parotid sources specifically interact with monomeric actin forming 1:1 stoichiometric complexes. Their binding constants to monomeric actin differ, being 2 X 10(8) M-1 and 5.5 X 10(6) M-1 for bovine and rat parotid DNase I, respectively. Only the enzyme isolated from bovine sources is able to depolymerize filamentous actin.
Algorithms for Detection of Faults in Logic Circuits (1971)

Programmed algorithms for test generation and test evaluation are described. The D-notation is introduced and a test generator (DALG) for combinational logic is presented. The sequential case is then examined. "Real life" constraints related to LSI testing are discussed. Two heuristic test generators satisfying these constraints are introduced. The iterative test generator (ITG) generates tests by transforming the given sequential circuit into an iterative combinational circuit. The macroblock test generator (MTG) uses the same approach but makes use of complex primitives (latches, triggers, etc.) to represent the circuit to be tested. Both the ITG and the MTG are not always guaranteed to generate good tests for each examined failure, and are used in connection with a test evaluator (simulator). Basic features of this evaluator are discussed.
EFFECT OF EMULSIFYING SALTS ON OBJECTIVE AND SUBJECTIVE PROPERTIES OF PROCESSED CHEESE (1980)

ABSTRACT The effects of several types of emulsifying salts (ES) currently used in the manufacture of processed cheese were evaluated with particular emphasis on water‐soluble nitrogen (WSN), relative casein content (RCC), and general acceptability. For the ES at the 3% level, no significant differences were obtained for RCC and general acceptability, with significant differences (P > 0.05) obtained for WSN. For the ES at high and low levels, no significant differences were obtained for WSN and general acceptability, while significant differences (P > 0.05) were obtained for RCC.
An amplitude-preserved adaptive focused beam seismic migration method (2015)

Gaussian beam migration (GBM) is an effective and robust depth seismic imaging method, which overcomes the disadvantage of Kirchhoff migration in imaging multiple arrivals and has no steep-dip limitation of one-way wave equation migration. However, its imaging quality depends on the initial beam parameters, which can make the beam width increase and wave-front spread with the propagation of the central ray, resulting in poor migration accuracy at depth, especially for exploration areas with complex geological structures. To address this problem, we present an adaptive focused beam method for shot-domain prestack depth migration. Using the information of the input smooth velocity field, we first derive an adaptive focused parameter, which makes a seismic beam focused along the whole central ray to enhance the wave-field construction accuracy in both the shallow and deep regions. Then we introduce this parameter into the GBM, which not only improves imaging quality of deep reflectors but also makes the shallow small-scale geological structures well-defined. As well, using the amplitude-preserved extrapolation operator and deconvolution imaging condition, the concept of amplitude-preserved imaging has been included in our method. Typical numerical examples and the field data processing results demonstrate the validity and adaptability of our method.
Synthesis of Tri‐ and Tetracyclic Condensed Quinoxalin‐2‐ones Fused Across the C‐3−N‐4 Bond (2003)

Abstract We have studied the preparation of some fused quinoxalinones by Stevens rearrangement of a spiro‐quinoxaline‐derived ammonium ylide or by treatment of N ‐(2,4‐dinitrophenyl)‐ and N ‐(2‐nitrophenyl)imino acids with different reducing agents. We have reinvestigated and clarified some related processes found in the literature starting from imino acids derivatives. Additional reactions of the fused quinoxalinones, as well as the useful dehydrogenation/decarboxylation of some easily available 1‐arylindoline‐2‐carboxylic acids to the corresponding 1‐arylindoles, are also reported. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Effect of nimodipine on the outcome of patients after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and surgery (1988)

✓ The effect of intravenous nimodipine on the incidence of mortality and delayed ischemic neurological deficits of patients after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and surgery was studied in a prospective double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Upon admission, all of the patients were in Grades I to III according to the classification of Hunt and Hess. Of the 213 patients enrolled in the study, 58 underwent early surgery (within 72 hours after the bleed: Days 0 to 3), 69 were operated on subacutely (between Days 4 and 7), and 74 had late surgery (on Day 8 or later). Eleven patients died before surgery was undertaken and one was not scheduled for operation. Administration of the drug was started immediately after the radiological diagnosis of a ruptured aneurysm had been made. The dose of nimodipine or matching placebo was 0.5 µ g/kg/min via continuous intravenous infusion for 7 to 10 days after the SAH and, if the patient was operated on late, for 2 to 3 days after the operation as well. After intravenous treatment, oral administration of nimodipine or placebo was continued for up to 21 days after SAH in a dose of 60 mg every 4 hours. Nimodipine treatment was associated with a significant decrease in mortality rate (p = 0.03) in the early and subacute surgery groups. In the total series the number of deaths due to delayed ischemic deterioration was significantly lower in the nimodipine group than in the placebo group (p = 0.01).
Growth hormone (GH) induces tyrosine-phosphorylatedproteins in mouse L cells that express recombinant GH receptors. (1994)

Porcine and bovine GH receptor (GHR) cDNAs were stably expressed in mouse L cells, which normally do not possess detectable levels of mouse GHR. Expression of the GHR cDNAs resulted in specific binding of 125I-labeled GH by these cell lines. To study GHR-related signaling events in these cells, protein tyrosine phosphorylation was examined. In GH-treated cells, a tyrosine-phosphorylated protein with a molecular mass of approximately 95 kDa (pp95) was increased dramatically (approximately 100-fold) relative to non-GH-treated cells. The amount of pp95 within the cells after GH treatment was positively correlated with the number of GHRs on the cells. Tyrosine phosphorylation of pp95 could not be induced by prolactin, insulin, insulin-like growth factor I, interleukin 2, epidermal growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, or fibroblast growth factor. Phosphorylation of pp95 was found to be a rapid event that could be observed 60 sec after GH treatment. Also, pp95 appears to exist as a complex of two proteins, i.e., pp95 and pp96. The GH-induced response by these cells may be of use in screening GH analogs for biological activity.
Effect of interface roughness on the carrier transport in germanium MOSFETs investigated by Monte Carlo method (2010)

Interface roughness strongly influences the performance of germanium metal–organic–semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFETs). In this paper, a 2D full-band Monte Carlo simulator is used to study the impact of interface roughness scattering on electron and hole transport properties in long- and short- channel Ge MOSFETs inversion layers. The carrier effective mobility in the channel of Ge MOSFETs and the in non-equilibrium transport properties are investigated. Results show that both electron and hole mobility are strongly influenced by interface roughness scattering. The output curves for 50 nm channel-length double gate n and p Ge MOSFET show that the drive currents of n- and p-Ge MOSFETs have significant improvement compared with that of Si n- and p-MOSFETs with smooth interface between channel and gate dielectric. The 82% and 96% drive current enhancement are obtained for the n- and p-MOSFETs with the completely smooth interface. However, the enhancement decreases sharply with the increase of interface roughness. With the very rough interface, the drive currents of Ge MOSFETs are even less than that of Si MOSFETs. Moreover, the significant velocity overshoot also has been found in Ge MOSFETs.
High speed all-optical switching based on a single-arm interferometer (1996)

Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1996.