gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Impact of Geometry on Thermoelastic Dissipation in Micromechanical Resonant Beams (2006)

Thermoelastic dissipation (TED) is analyzed for complex geometries of micromechanical resonators, demonstrating the impact of resonator design (i.e., slots machined into flexural beams) on TED-limited quality factor. Zener first described TED for simple beams in 1937. This work extends beyond simple beams into arbitrary geometries, verifying simulations that completely capture the coupled physics that occur. Novel geometries of slots engineered at specific locations within the flexural resonator beams are utilized. These slots drastically affect the thermal-mechanical coupling and have an impact on the quality factor, providing resonators with quality factors higher than those predicted by simple Zener theory. The ideal location for maximum impact of slots is determined to be in regions of high strain. We have demonstrated the ability to predict and control the quality factor of micromechanical resonators limited by thermoelastic dissipation. This enables tuning of the quality factor by structure design without the need to scale its size, thus allowing for enhanced design optimization.
Momentum space design of high-Q photonic crystal optical cavities (2002)

The design of high quality factor (Q) optical cavities in two dimensional photonic crystal (PC) slab waveguides based upon a momentum space picture is presented. The results of a symmetry analysis of defect modes in hexagonal and square host photonic lattices are used to determine cavity geometries that produce modes which by their very symmetry reduce the vertical radiation loss from the PC slab. Further improvements in the Q are achieved through tailoring of the defect geometry in Fourier space to limit coupling between the dominant momentum components of a given defect mode and those momentum components which are either not reflected by the PC mirror or which lie within the radiation cone of the cladding surrounding the PC slab. Numerical investigations using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method predict that radiation losses can be significantly suppressed through these methods, culminating with a graded square lattice design whose total Q approaches 10;5 with a mode volume of approximately 0.25 cubic half-wavelengths in vacuum.
[Monoclonal cryoglobulins in primary Sjögren's syndrome]. (1988)

Cryoglobulins were studied in the sera of 40 unselected pSS patients. The nature of the cryoglobulins was defined using a very fast and sensitive resolution electrophoresis technique combined with immunofixation. Thirty-five per cent of SS patients were shown to have circulating IgMk mixed monoclonal cryoglobulins. On the contrary, all the other tested cryoprecipitates were found to be mixed polyclonal, with the exception of one patient with SLE. The presence of cryoglobulins in the sera of SS patients correlated with extraglandular disease and with autoantibodies to Ro (SSA) cellular antigen and rheumatoid factor. Patients with cryoglobulins had lower serum C4 levels compared to patients without cryoglobulins. These findings suggest that SS in addition to polyclonal B-cell hyperreactivity expresses a monoclonal process preceding the development of lymphoid neoplasia. Extraglandular manifestations of the syndrome may be associated with an immune complex mediated pathology.
Learning to predict the cost-per-click for your ad words (2012)

In Internet ad campaign, ranking of an ad on search result pages depends on a cost-per-click (CPC) of ad words offered by an advertiser and a quality score estimated by a search engine. Bidding for ad words with a higher CPC is more competitive than bidding for the same ad words with a lower CPC in the ad ranking competition. However, offering a higher CPC will increase a burden on advertisers. In contrast, offering a lower CPC may decrease the exposure rate of their ads. Thus, how to select an appropriate CPC for ad words is indispensable for advertisers. In this paper, we extract different semantic levels of features, such as named entities, topic terminologies, and individual words from a large-scale real-world ad words corpus, and explore various learning based prediction algorithms. The thorough experimental results show that the CPC prediction models considering more ad words semantics achieve better prediction performance, and the prediction model using the support vector regression (SVR) and features from all semantic levels performs the best.
A Technique for Determining Yield Point Elongation (1993)

A method capable of calculating the Yield Point Elongation (YPE) in an automated testing system was investigated and an algorithm for determining YPE was developed. One problem that had to be resolved before a YPE algorithm could be developed was that the definition of YPE as presented in ASTM E 6, Definitions of Terms Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing, was based upon an informal definition of discontinuous yielding. Automation of the YPE calculation required a formal definition. Discontinuous yielding was formalized to be the region over which the stress-strain diagram exhibited points of inflection (i.e., points where the second derivative of the stress-strain diagram is equal to zero). The definition of YPE then became “the difference between the elongation at the yield point and the last inflection point.” Given the formalized definition of discontinuous yielding, it became necessary to develop an algorithm for the calculation of first and second derivatives. This investigation centered on the use of difference equations and the use of third order polynomial approximations (cubic splines) to the sampled data. Since derivative calculations inherently increase any noise that is present in the system, the susceptibility of each of these algorithms to noise was examined by impressing a gaussian noise source onto a sinusoid. The cubic spline method was selected since it caused the least amount of noise amplification. The amount of noise rejected by the cubic spline increased with the size of the region that was fitted. However, this caused an increase in the error of the polynomial approximation. When applied to actual test data, the error in the polynomial approximation resulted in increased error in the location of the inflection points. This put a limit on the amount of noise that could be rejected. Since the noise could not be completely eliminated, false inflection points were exhibited.Therefore it was necessary to identify and ignore these false inflections. This was accomplished by calculating the slopes at successive inflection points and comparing them to the slope of the line intersecting the origin and the point of ultimate load (i.e., the point at which the maximum load occurred after lower yield). If the slope at the inflection point was within certain bounds, specified as a percentage of the ultimate load line slope, then the inflection point was considered to be valid; otherwise, it was rejected. Once the false inflection points were eliminated, the location of the last inflection was identified and the yield point elongation was calculated.
Comparison of equilibrium ion density distribution and trapping force in penning, Paul, and combined ion traps (1998)

Starting from the classical Boltzmann distribution, we obtain the ion density distribution in the limit of either high temperature/low density (Coulomb interaction energy much less than ion kinetic energy) or low temperature/high density (kinetic energy much less than Coulomb interaction energy), and the trapping force for an ion cloud in Penning ion cyclotron resonance, Paul (quadrupole), and combined (Paul trap in a uniform axial static magnetic field) traps. At equilibrium (total angular momentum conserved), the ion cloud rotates at a constant frequency in Penning and combined traps. In a Penning trap, the maximum ion density is proportional to B2/m (B is magnetic field and m is the mass of ions), whereas the maximum ion density in a Paul trap is proportional to (Vrf2/mΩ2r04), with Mathieu equation axial q value <0.4 to satisfy the pseudopotential approximation. Ion maximum densities in both Penning and Paul ion traps depend on the trapping field (magnetic or electric) and ion mass, but not on ion charge. In a Penning trap at maximum ion density (zero pressure), the radial (but not the axial) trapping potential is mass dependent, whereas both radial and axial potentials in a Paul trap at maximum ion density are mass dependent.
Properties of Glycomacropeptide and Para-<i>K</i>-casein Derived from Human <i>K</i>-Casein and Comparison of Human and Bovine <i>K</i>-Caseins as to Susceptibility to Chymosin and Pepsin (1984)

Soluble and insoluble portions obtained after chymosin treatment of purified human K-casein were isolated by CM-Sephadex cation exchange chromatography. The soluble portion included all sugars present in intact human K-casein and the insoluble portion was devoid of sugars. They were designated as human glycomacropeptide and para-?-casein following the example of bovine K-casein. The results of amino acid analyses showed that human glycomacropeptide contained a large amount of acidic amino acids and a small amount of basic amino acids (His and Arg were not contained). On the other hand, para-?-casein contained both acidic and basic amino acids. Human para-?-casein was positively charged at pH 8.6 and migrated toward the cathode on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Kinetic parameters (Km) for the chymosin action on human and bovine K-caseins were 10.6x10-5 M and 6.6x10-5 M, and those for the pepsin action were 5.2 × 10-5 M and 4.0 × 10-5 M, respectively.
Corneal Topography and Optical Zone Location in Photorefractive Keratectomy (1990)

Optical zone diameters in photorefractive keratectomy are small in order to minimize the depth of stromal tissue excision and, possible, the resultant stromal scarring. A small optical zone demands accurate placement on the corneal surface. This article reviews the principles that are important to location and measurement of the optical zone in photorefractive keratectomy. The ablated area should be centered on the cornea overlying the entrance pupil while the patient is fixating coaxially with the surgeon. An optical zone that is too small or decentered may decrease acuity, lessen contrast sensitivity, or produce glare, either on the fovea or on the perifoveal retina. The relationship between optical zone size and location and quality of vision is not yet known. Studies of this relationship will require videokeratography to locate the optical zone and its relationship to the entrance pupil, a capability that current videokeratoscopes do not possess.
Beyond microarrays: Finding key transcription factors controlling signal transduction pathways (2006)

We developed a novel computational approach for revealing key transcription factors by knowledge-based analysis of gene expression data with the help of databases on gene regulatory networks (TRANSFAC and TRANSPATH. The corresponding software and databases are available at http://www.gene-regulation.com.
What is Local Optimality in Nonconvex-Nonconcave Minimax Optimization? (2019)

Minimax optimization has found extensive applications in modern machine learning, in settings such as generative adversarial networks (GANs), adversarial training and multi-agent reinforcement learning. As most of these applications involve continuous nonconvex-nonconcave formulations, a very basic question arises---"what is a proper definition of local optima?" Most previous work answers this question using classical notions of equilibria from simultaneous games, where the min-player and the max-player act simultaneously. In contrast, most applications in machine learning, including GANs and adversarial training, correspond to sequential games, where the order of which player acts first is crucial (since minimax is in general not equal to maximin due to the nonconvex-nonconcave nature of the problems). The main contribution of this paper is to propose a proper mathematical definition of local optimality for this sequential setting---local minimax, as well as to present its properties and existence results. Finally, we establish a strong connection to a basic local search algorithm---gradient descent ascent (GDA): under mild conditions, all stable limit points of GDA are exactly local minimax points up to some degenerate points.
Rapid Energy Transfer Annealing for the Crystallization of Amorphous Silicon (2003)

A rapid energy transfer annealing using an energy plate efficiently transferring photon energy to heat energy and by adjusting gas heat conduction can provide high energy transfer efficiency and controllability to rapidly crystallize amorphous silicon to polysilicon. The X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman scattering, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and I-V measurements demonstrate that both thin and thick a-Si films can be fully crystallized within 20 three-second 850°C pulses annealing, that the films before and after annealing have the same roughness of about 1.3 nm and the conductivities of about 1.0 ×10-10 and 2.3 ×10-7 (Ω·cm)-1, respectively.
How Tough are Better Business Bureau/Wise Giving Alliance Financial Standards? (2008)

The use of financial efficiency ratios to judge charities' performance is controversial. The authors investigate the stringency of one widely used set of standards by examining reported 2001 data for more than 111,000 organizations. The authors suggest the ability of many organizations to comply inhibits protests against the widespread use of these ratios. The Wise Giving Alliance adopted stricter standards in 2003, and the authors find that more organizations will be able to meet the new standards. As in the past, the great majority of organizations report compliance. The authors note marked differences in the rates of compliance with both the program spending and fund-raising efficiency standards by sector. Also, organizations with larger special events tend to incur relatively larger costs. The authors question the use of the same ratios for all organizations. The authors note no evidence of widespread expense allocation manipulation around the critical levels of ratios monitored by the Alliance.
Decoding Parkinson’s Disease Pathogenesis: The Role of Deregulated mRNA Translation (2016)

Mutations in a number of genes cause rare familial forms of Parkinson's disease and provide profound insight into potential mechanisms governing disease pathogenesis. Recently, a role for translation and metabolism of mRNA has emerged in the development of various neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's disease (PD). In PD, preliminary evidence supports a role for aberrant translation in the disease process stemming from mutations in several genes. Translation control is central to maintaining organism homeostasis under variable environmental conditions and deregulation of this may predispose to certain stressors. Hypothetically, deregulated translation may be detrimental to neuronal viability in PD through the misexpression of a subset of transcripts or through the impact of excessive bulk translation on energy consumption and burden on protein homeostatic mechanisms. While compelling preliminary evidence exists to support a role for translation in PD, much more work is required to identify specific mechanisms linking altered translation to the disease process.
Plasma paracetamol concentrations measured by fluorescence polarization immunoassay and gastric emptying time. (1988)

Radionuclide labeled gastric emptying was compared with plasma paracetamol (acetaminophen) concentration measured by fluorescence polarization immunoassay. A significant correlation was found between both gastric emptying half-time of radionuclide (t1/2) and % isotope remained in the region of the stomach and paracetamol absorption kinetic parameters. The strongest correlation was found between t1/2 and the time required to reach the peak plasma level of paracetamol (r = 0.680, p less than 0.01). This study indicates that simple paracetamol marker method has enabled an indirect quantitative measurement of gastric emptying by sampling at varying time intervals.
Integrated power devices (1982)

One of the two main trends in the power integration is the combination of logic functions with high voltage output stages resulting in complex HVIC chips which are mainly used for display driving and telecommunication applications. The other trend is to build high current high voltage structures with integrated additional functions making the power devices better compatible to normal IC's and microcomputers.
Reactions with α-Carboxy-4-Chlorostilbene (1952)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReactions with α-Carboxy-4-ChlorostilbeneJohn F. Codington and Erich MosettigCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1952, 17, 7, 1027–1034Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1952Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1952https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo50007a019https://doi.org/10.1021/jo50007a019research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views88Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The cytotoxicity of γ-secretase inhibitor I to breast cancer cells is mediated by proteasome inhibition, not by γ-secretase inhibition (2009)

We conclude that the cytotoxicity of Z-LLNle-CHO in breast cancer cells is mediated by proteasome inhibition, not by gamma-secretase inhibition.
Vitamin A status regulates glucocorticoid availability in Wistar rats: consequences on cognitive functions and hippocampal neurogenesis? (2014)

A disruption of the vitamin A signaling pathway has been involved in age-related memory decline and hippocampal plasticity alterations. Using vitamin A deficiency (VAD), a nutritional model leading to a hyposignaling of the retinoid pathway, we have recently demonstrated that retinoic acid (RA), the active metabolite of vitamin A, is efficient to reverse VAD-induced spatial memory deficits and adult hippocampal neurogenesis alterations. Besides, excess of glucocorticoids (GCs) occurring with aging is known to strongly inhibit hippocampal plasticity and functions and few studies report on the counteracting effects of RA signaling pathway on GCs action. Here, we have addressed whether the modulation of brain GCs availability could be one of the biological mechanisms involved in the effects of vitamin A status on hippocampal plasticity and functions. Thus, we have studied the effects of a vitamin A-free diet for 14 weeks and a 4-week vitamin A supplementation on plasma and hippocampal corticosterone (CORT) levels in Wistar rats. We have also investigated corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG) binding capacity and 11beta-Hydrosteroid Dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) activity, both important modulators of CORT availability at the peripheral and hippocampal levels respectively. Interestingly, we show that the vitamin A status regulates levels of free plasma CORT and hippocampal CORT levels, by acting through a regulation of CBG binding capacity and 11β-HSD1 activity. Moreover, our results suggest that increased CORT levels in VAD rats could have some deleterious consequences on spatial memory, anxiety-like behavior and adult hippocampal neurogenesis whereas these effects could be corrected by a vitamin A supplementation. Thus, the modulation of GCs availability by vitamin A status is an important biological mechanism that should be taken into account in order to prevent age-related cognitive decline and hippocampal plasticity alterations.
Semicircular Canal Stimulation in Cerebral Palsied Children (1978)

Twelve cerebral palsied children were exposed to 16 sessions of horizontal and vertical semicircular canal stimulation over a four-week period in order to determine the effectiveness of this form of stimulation as a therapeutic procedure. A control group of 11 cerebral palsied children was included. A quantitative evaluation of a series of reflexes and of gross motor skills showed a highly significant degree of improvement following the four weeks of treatment. A qualitative evaluation of each subject corroborated these findings and suggested improvements in fine motor control and in social/emotional behavior. A possible central nervous system mechanism underlying the improvement in motor skills is discussed.
Lipophorin receptor-mediated lipoprotein endocytosis in insect fat body cells (2003)

High-density lipophorin (HDLp) in the circulation of insects is able to selectively deliver lipids to target tissues in a nonendocytic manner. In Locusta migratoria, a member of the LDL receptor family has been identified and shown to mediate endocytosis of HDLp in mammalian cells transfected with the cDNA of this receptor. This insect lipophorin receptor (iLR) is temporally expressed in fat body tissue of young adult as well as larval locusts, as shown by Western blot analysis. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that fat body cells internalize fluorescently labeled HDLp and human receptor-associated protein only when iLR is expressed. Expression of iLR is down-regulated on Day 4 after an ecdysis. Consequently, HDLp is no longer internalized. By starving adult locusts immediately after ecdysis, we were able to prolong iLR expression. In addition, expression of the receptor was induced by starving adults after down-regulation of iLR. These results suggest that iLR mediates endocytosis of HDLp in fat body cells, and that expression of iLR is regulated by the demand of fat body tissue for lipids.
Layer-specific variation of iron content in cerebral cortex as a source of MRI contrast (2010)

Recent advances in high-field MRI have dramatically improved the visualization of human brain anatomy in vivo. Most notably, in cortical gray matter, strong contrast variations have been observed that appear to reflect the local laminar architecture. This contrast has been attributed to subtle variations in the magnetic properties of brain tissue, possibly reflecting varying iron and myelin content. To establish the origin of this contrast, MRI data from postmortem brain samples were compared with electron microscopy and histological staining for iron and myelin. The results show that iron is distributed over laminae in a pattern that is suggestive of each region's myeloarchitecture and forms the dominant source of the observed MRI contrast.