gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
[Electron microscopic observation of synaptonemal complexes in spermatocytes of six species of fishes]. (1991)

The synaptonemal complexes (SCs) in spermatocytes of six species of fishes were detected with a combination of surface spreading and silver staining technique and observed under both light and electron microscopes. These fishes are Tilapia nilotica, T. mossambica and Mastacembelus sinensis of Perciformes. Sarcocheilichthys nigripinnis, Pseudorasbora parva and Hemibarbus maculatus of Gobioninae in Cypriniformes. The formation of SCs started in Zygotene and completed at Pachytene. During the pachytene, each SC was morphologically intact, preferentially stained and attached to the nuclear envelope by a dense terminal plaque. Interlock in SCs frequently occurred in Zygotene. In several cases breakage and disentangling of interlocked lateral elements were observed. SCs disappeared in diplotene. The pairing of the SCs started at telomeres and stretched towards kinetochore. The sex determination of Mastacembelus sinensis was xx/xy. The X and Y chromosomal SCs' axes had a distinctive morphology at pachytene and were clearly distinguishable from autosomal SCs. The X and Y chromosomes begain to pair at early pachytene. The X and Y chromosome axes paired to form a length of SC that is somewhat longer than the unpaired portion at the mid-pachytene. There was a dense substance at unpaired portion. Quantitatine evaluation demonstrated that relative length and arm ratio were distinctive characteristics for each autosomal SC. The consistency of relative length and arm ratio indicates the stability of the techniques. The idiograms of SC karyotypes of three species (Tilapia niloticus, T. mossambicus and Mastacembelus sinensis) have been constructed.
Highly Elastic and Ultratough Hybrid Ionic–Covalent Hydrogels with Tunable Structures and Mechanics (2018)

Hybrid ionically-covalently crosslinked double-network (DN) hydrogels are attracting increasing attention on account of their self-recovery ability and fatigue resistance, but their relative low mechanical strength and tedious performance adjustment severely limit their applications. Herein, a new strategy to concurrently fabricate hybrid ionic-covalent DN hydrogels and modulate their structures and mechanics is reported, in which an in situ formed chitosan ionic network is incorporated by post-crosslinking the chitosan-based composite hydrogel using multivalent anions solutions. The obtained hybrid DN hydrogels exhibit predominant mechanical properties including superior elastic modulus, high tensile strength, and ultrahigh fracture energy because of the more efficient energy dissipation of rigid short-chain chitosan network. Notably, the swollen hydrogels still remain mechanically strong and tough even after immersion in water for 24 h. More significantly, simply changing the post-crosslinking time can vary the compactness and rigidity of the chitosan network in situ, achieving flexible and efficient modulation of the structures and mechanics of the hybrid DN hydrogels. This study opens up a new horizon in the preparation and regulation of DN hydrogels for promising applications in tissue scaffolds, actuators, and wearable devices.
Activation of calpain may alter the postsynaptic density structure and modulate anchoring of NMDA receptors (2001)

Elevation of calcium during sustained synaptic activity may lead to the activation of the postsynaptic calcium-dependent protease calpain and thus could alter the integrity and localization of endogenous proteins. The distribution of anchoring proteins for neuroreceptors is an important determinant of the efficacy of neuronal transmission. Many of these anchoring proteins are concentrated within the postsynaptic density (PSD). In the present study, we examined the effects of calpain II on isolated PSDs using biochemical and electron microscopic techniques. Biochemical analysis reveals that PSD-95, a clustering molecule which anchors NMDA receptors by interaction with their NR2 subunits, as well as the NR2 subunits themselves, are cleaved by calpain. On the other hand, under conditions where all the PSD-95 protein is cleaved, actin and alpha-actinin-a protein thought to anchor NMDA receptors to actin filaments-remain intact. For analysis by electron microscopy, PSDs were adsorbed on glass, immunogold-labeled with an antibody to PSD-95, slam frozen, freeze dried, and rotary shadowed. Electron micrographs of replicas indicate that PSDs are disc-shaped and are composed of a lattice-like structure which labels with PSD-95 immunogold. After calpain treatment, PSDs adsorbed on glass become thinner overall and the lattice becomes fragmented. Altogether, these results suggest that calpain activity could produce changes in the organization of the PSD and, by cleaving PSD-95 associated with the PSD lattice, could modify the anchoring of NMDA receptors.
Purification and properties of a Meloidogyne-antagonistic chitinase from Lysobacter capsici YS1215 (2014)

The root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., cause serious diseases in various plants and their chemical control may lead to environmental problems. Therefore, alternative control measures against the phytopathogenic nematodes are being sought. One of the potential targets against Meloidogyne spp. may be the chitinolysis and degradation of nematode eggs. Therefore, in the present study, a chitinolytic and nematicidal strain of Lysobacter capsici YS1215 was isolated from an agricultural field in Korea. The aim of this study was to purify chitinase secreted by L. capsici YS1215 and investigate its nematicidal role against Meloidogyne incognita . The chitinase secreted by L. capsici YS1215 was purified by protein precipitation with 80% ammonium sulphate, anion-exchange chromatography with DEAE-cellulose and gel-filtration chromatography with Sephadex G-100. By chitinase-active staining of the purified enzyme, a single band was obtained with an estimated molecular mass of 43.6 kDa. The optimal pH and optimal temperature for the highest chitinase activity were 6.0 and 40°C, respectively. The purified chitinase degraded the chitin layer of the eggshells and significantly reduced hatch of second-stage juveniles. The activity of chitinase secreted by L. capsici YS1215 was not affected by CoCl 2 , MnCl 2 , MgCl 2 , CuSO 4 , CaCl 2 or EDTA. The purified enzyme could also hydrolyse swollen chitin, glycol chitin, glycol chitosan and chitin powder. Thus, the role of chitinase secreted by L. capsici YS1215 against Meloidogyne spp. may be useful for further development of a biocontrol agent.
An Algorithmic Framework for Robot Navigation in Unknown Terrains. (1988)

The problem of navigating a robot body through a terrain whose model is a priori known is well-solved problem in many cases. Comparatively, a lesser number of research results have been reported about the navigation problem in unknown terrains i.e., the terrains whose model are not a priori known. The focus of our work is to obtain an algorithmic framework that yields algorithms to solve certain navigational problems in unknown terrains. We consider a finite-sized two-dimensional terrain populated by a finite set of obstacles $O$ = $\{O\sb1,O\sb2,\...,O\sb{n}\}$ where $O\sb{i}$ is a simple polygon with a finite number of vertices. Consider a circular body R, of diameter $\delta\geq$ O, capable of translational and rotational motions. R houses a computational device with storage capability. Additionally, R is equipped with a sensor system capable of detecting all visible vertices and edges. We consider two generic problems of navigation in unknown terrains: the Visit Problem, VP, and the Terrain model acquisition Problem, TP. In the visit problem, R is required to visit a sequence of destination points $d\sb1,d\sb2,\...,d\sb{M}$ in the specified order. In the terrain model acquisition problem, R is required to acquire the model of the terrain so that it can navigate to any destination without using sensors and by using only the path planning algorithms of known terrains. We present a unified algorithmic framework that yields correct algorithms to solve both VP and TP. In this framework, R 'simulates' a graph exploration algorithm on an incrementally-constructible graph structure, called the navigation course, that satisfies the properties of finiteness, connectivity, terrain-visibility and local-constructibility. Additionally, we incorporate the incidental learning feature in our solution to VP so as to enhance the performance. We consider solutions to VP and TP using navigation courses based two geometric structures, namely the visibility graph and the Voronoi diagram. In all the cases, we analyze the performance of the algorithms for VP and TP in terms of the number of scan operations, the distance traversed and the computational complexity.
News from bubble dynamics: High static pressures, shock waves and interior dynamics (2012)

Three topics from the vast area of bubble dynamics are addressed: (i) the influence of high static pressure on the oscillation of a spherical bubble in a sound field (calculations), (ii) the response of a bubble to a shock wave (experiments), and (iii) the interior dynamics as seen by molecular dynamics calculations. The notion of a bubble habitat is used for positionally and spherically stable, not dissolving bubbles in some two-dimensional space of parameters (mainly\nbubble radius at rest and sound pressure amplitude) for presenting the results. An elevated static pressure substantially enlarges the bubble habitat and thus the range, where bubbles can be stably trapped. Shock wave – bubble interaction is investigated in the context of laser induced bubbles collapsing in the neighborhood of a solid, plane boundary. Jet development as influenced by both the boundary and by a shock wave propagating parallel to the boundary is studied by high speed photography. The interior of a bubble is explored by molecular dynamics calculations. Temperature and density are calculated for different species in the bubble, as there are noble gases, water vapor\nand its decomposition products.
Sensorless, online motor diagnostics (1997)

Early detection of abnormalities in electric motors helps to avoid expensive failures. Motor current signature analysis (MCSA) implemented in a computer-based motor monitor can contribute to such condition-based maintenance functions. Such a system may also detect an abnormality in the process as well as the motor. Extensive online monitoring of the motors can lead to greater plant availability, extended plant life, higher quality product, and smoother plant operation. With advances in digital technology over the last several years, adequate data processing capability is now available on cost-effective, microprocessor-based, protective-relay platforms to monitor motors for a variety of abnormalities in addition to the normal protection functions. Such multifunction monitors, are displacing the multiplicity of electromechanical devices commonly applied for many years. Following some background information on motor monitoring, this article features recent developments in providing tools for the diagnosis of faults or incipient faults in electric motor drives, including: sensorless torque measurement; direct detection of turn-to-turn short circuits; detection of cracked or broken rotor bars; and detection of bearing deterioration.
Time-efficient VLSI artwork analysis algorithms in GOALIE2 (1989)

New algorithms used in the GOALIE2 circuit extraction system are presented that are based on representing VLSI layout geometries as trapezoids. These include polygon-to-trapezoid decomposition, scanline management, and output sorting. The scanline algorithm virtually eliminates the redundant computation present in similar systems. It solves the VLSI layout analysis problem in O(n+k) expected time and O( square root n) expected space, where n is the total number of input segments and k is the total number of intersection points. The new scanline algorithm is robust in what it will maintain its performance over a wide range of layout styles. Experimental results show that the running time is O(n/sup 1.0547/), i.e. that these algorithms enable one to perform VLSI layout analysis in nearly linear time.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Laser emission at 413 and 730 nm in upconversion-pumped YLiF 4 :Nd 3+ (1989)

Recently, there has been considerable progress in the development of rare-earth lasers pumped by upconversion excitation.1-4 In particular, laser operation at visible wavelengths shorter than those of the pump was demonstrated in YAlO3:Er3+ and YLiF4:Er3+ at 550 nm,1 and in LaF3:Nd3+ at 380 nm4 using either sequential two-photon absorption or energy transfer processes for upconversion pumping. Here we report two new laser transitions of the neodymium ion at 413.0 and 729.5 nm using upconversion pumping of YLiF4:Nd3+ at low temperatures.
Expression in <i>Escherichia coli</i> of a secreted invertebrate ferritin (1994)

The coding regions of the cDNAs for cytoplasmic soma ferritin and secreted yolk ferritin from the snail Lymnaea stagnalis were inserted into the prokaryotic expression vector pEMBLex2. The vector directed the synthesis in Escherichia coli of soma ferritin up to a concentration of 15% of soluble proteins. Soma ferritin was expressed as the multimeric protein (480 kDa). Its similarity with natural soma ferritin was confirmed by PAGE, immunostaining and electron microscopy. Yolk ferritin was expressed in the form of inclusion bodies. Attempts to refold and assemble the purified yolk ferritin subunit in vitro failed. The yolk ferritin coding sequence was therefore inserted into the expression vector pMAL-p2. At a growth temperature of the bacterial cells of 23 degrees C and at an isopropyl beta-D-thiogalactopyranoside concentration of 50 microM, about 5% of the induced MalE-yolk-ferritin fusion protein was secreted into the periplasmic space and could be purified by affinity chromatography on amylose; the rest occurred as insoluble cytoplasmic inclusion bodies. Soluble MalE-yolk-ferritin fusion protein was capable of assembly into ferritin-like particles. Fully assembled yolk apoferritin shells (610 kDa) were obtained by digestion of these particles with proteinase K (yield: 180 micrograms yolk ferritin/l bacterial culture). Recombinant yolk ferritin was capable of taking up iron in vitro. Yolk ferritin (610 kDa) and soma ferritin (480 kDa) were run to the pore limit of a non-denaturing 5-20% PAGE gradient gel. Under these conditions, yolk ferritin had a higher mobility than soma ferritin (480 kDa) and therefore the yolk ferritin may have a rather compact structure. A 41-amino-acid-residue stretch of the insertion, a distinctive feature of the yolk ferritin subunit, was deleted by site-directed mutagenesis. The MalE-yolk-ferritin variant thus obtained was readily degradable by proteinase K and could not be assembled into ferritin-like particles. Therefore residues in the deleted peptide must be important for the maintenance of the native structure.
A Novel Fingered Stacked Capacitor Cell (1995)

A simple novel fingered stacked capacitor cell with dimensions suitable for 64 Mbit DRAM has been successfully fabricated and electrically tested. The key to the formation of this capacitor cell is the selection of materials with different Wet etch characteristics that can be deposited alternately in the same process chamber. The main advantages of this process are the process simplicity and lower cost of ownership (COO). Results are shown with oxide materials [thermal chemical vapor deposition (CVD) oxide and plasma CVD oxide] having etch selectivities of 4:1 (thermal CVD: plasma CVD) but other materials such as BN or with etch selectivity of up to 2000:1 could be used to improve the controllability of the process. Compared with a straight wall chimney capacitor, this novel fingered cell (using alternating oxide layers) has a 2X increase in capacitance per cell. The 2X capacitance increase was achieved without significant addition in fabrication process complexity, without additional lithography requirements, and without compromising the integrity of the node dielectric due to the formation of the fingers.
Ever Higher Power From Mode-Locked Lasers (2003)

Passive mode locking was first used to generate ultrashort pulses in the mid-1960s. Today, mode locked lasers can generate pulses on the order of 5 fs at 60 W, a level of performance that allows researchers to target new applications.
A routing method using a tunable cost function to obtain required communication quality and performance (1998)

In high speed multimedia networks, numerous communication quality requirements must be satisfied. In this paper, a tunable routing method for quality of service (QOS) is proposed. In this method, a cost value is given to each link. For these cost values, the routing selection is made by a minimum cost route selection algorithm from graph theory. However, the routing cost value is determined by a tunable cost function that depends on the service class for the quality of service. The cost function proposed in this paper has sorting parameters whose values are determined by the network delay and required quality of service. The proposed method is evaluated for a class in which network delay requirements are strict and for forgiving classes (class 2 or 3) in which the network delay requirement is not so strict. Using simulation, we show that this method makes it possible to select the route for different network delay requirements (targeted QOS) unlike the conventional method in which a uniform cost function is used for every condition. Furthermore, using the proposed condition, a network load equalizing effect can be expected. © 1998 Scripta Technica. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 81(5): 30–40, 1998
Anticaries and antiplaque potential of free-fatty acids in vitro and in vivo. (1980)

The efficacy of several fatty acids as antimicrobial, antiplaque, and anticaries agents, as well as their ability to inhibit hydroxyapatite dissolution were examined. All effectively inhibited bacterial growth. Lauric, linoleic, and oleic acids decreased plaque formation and lauric acid inhibited hydroxyapatite dissolution. When used in the food, lauric acid decreased caries in rats, but not significantly.
Mycosubtilin Overproduction by <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> BBG100 Enhances the Organism's Antagonistic and Biocontrol Activities (2005)

A Bacillus subtilis derivative was obtained from strain ATCC 6633 by replacement of the native promoter of the mycosubtilin operon by a constitutive promoter originating from the replication gene repU of the Staphylococcus aureus plasmid pUB110. The recombinant strain, designated BBG100, produced up to 15-fold more mycosubtilin than the wild type produced. The overproducing phenotype was related to enhancement of the antagonistic activities against several yeasts and pathogenic fungi. Hemolytic activities were also clearly increased in the modified strain. Mass spectrometry analyses of enriched mycosubtilin extracts showed similar patterns of lipopeptides for BBG100 and the wild type. Interestingly, these analyses also revealed a new form of mycosubtilin which was more easily detected in the BBG100 sample. When tested for its biocontrol potential, wild-type strain ATCC 6633 was almost ineffective for reducing a Pythium infection of tomato seedlings. However, treatment of seeds with the BBG100 overproducing strain resulted in a marked increase in the germination rate of seeds. This protective effect afforded by mycosubtilin overproduction was also visualized by the significantly greater fresh weight of emerging seedlings treated with BBG100 compared to controls or seedlings inoculated with the wild-type strain.
Suppression of Growth Instability in Electropolymerization of Pyrrole (1996)

Abstract The pattern formation of electropolymerized polypyrrole was studied in bulk-solution and thin-layer-solution cells with and without a magnetic field. A diffusion-limited aggregation pattern was observed in the bulk-solution cell in the absence of a magnetic field. The growth instability was found to be suppressed by thinning the solution and the application of the magnetic field.
Immune Depletion With Cellular Mobilization Imparts Immunoregulation and Reverses Autoimmune Diabetes in Nonobese Diabetic Mice (2009)

In addition to lending further credence to the notion that combination therapies can enhance efficacy in addressing autoimmune disease, these studies also support the concept for utilizing agents designed for other clinical applications as a means to expedite efforts involving therapeutic translation.
Numerical Modeling and Solution of Galvanic Corrosion Systems: Part II. Finite-Element Formulation and Descriptive Examples (1991)

This is the second of two papers describing the method and application of numerical modeling of the galvanic corrosion problem. The first paper4 derived the partial differential equation and boundary conditions governing this phenomenon. This paper describes the formulation of the finite-element method to solve that boundary-value problem within an electrolyte medium and presents several descriptive examples of the application of this method to real situations. The method of galvanic modeling and analysis was demonstrated by the several examples. One problem simulated one of simple geometry and idealized linear electrode kinetics previously solved exactly in the literature. Two problems with measured results for correlation were solved, one of a laboratory-scale experiment with two dissimilar metals submerged in the electrolyte, and a second of a macro-scopic field problem of a shipboard seawater tank with the electrolyte enclosed by wetted metals. All three demonstration problems predicted electrochemical potential distributions in very good agreement with the exact solution or measured results. It was concluded that the electrochemical modeling method developed in this research embodies both mixed potential theory and full electrodic behavior of metal/electrolyte systems with demonstrated accuracy.
3D reconstruction model of underwater environment in stereo vision system (2013)

Underwater 3D reconstruction has shown great prospects in ocean investigations. In this paper, the stereo vision system has been set up to explore the 3D reconstruction scheme of the underwater environment at small scale and high density. The dense disparity map will be first developed in a fast stereo matching algorithm with the biocular consistency checking and uniqueness validation, and then 3D surface model can be completed on the basis of the depth map and further adjusted by the image quality enhancement combined with the homomorphic filtering and wavelet decomposition. It has been shown in the simulation experiments that the proposed model could get good performances in both robustness and effectiveness, and the colors and textures in the 3D reconstruction process could be corrected against the underwater light propagation.
Stress impact on dielectric properties of Bi3.15Nd0.85Ti3O12 films (2010)

Dielectric properties of Bi3.15Nd0.85Ti3O12 films under applied uniaxial stress were investigated. The results showed that the dielectric constant and loss increased with the stress changing from maximum compression (−70 MPa) to maximum tension (+70 MPa). Further studies discovered that the variation of the dielectric constant under stress was more distinct at higher testing ac field and ambient temperature. These observations were explained based on the domain wall movability related with the stress-induced domain reorientation.