gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Microbial Pectic Enzymes in the Food and Wine Industry (2012)

Pectins are polysaccharides ubiquitous in the plant kingdom and constitute the major component of plant cell walls. The pectinases are a group of related enzymes capable of degrading pectin. Therefore, this group of enzymes have been used for decades in the food and winemaking industry for the processing of fruit juices The pectinases are synthesized by plants and microorganisms, the latter being used for industrial production. Microorganisms are used to produce many enzymes of industrial interest in processes relatively inexpensive and environmentally friendly. Moreover, enzymatic catalysis is preferred over other chemical methods since it is more specific, less aggressive and generates less toxicity Advances in biotechnology, especially in the fields of molecular biology and microbial genetics, have led to major advances in enzyme technology and have allowed, in many cases, the development of new producing strains and microbial enzymes. The production of pectinases may also benefit from these technologies. This article reviews the characteristics of pectic substances, the types and mode of action of enzymes which degrade them and the main applications of commercial preparations of microbial pectinases in the food and winemaking industry, followed by a review of new microorganisms and pectolytic enzymes, evaluating new approaches to their production, marketing and use.
Light Extraction from Organic Light Emitting Diode Substrates: Simulation and Experiment (2007)

The extraction of light from the glass substrate of bottom emitting organic light emitting diodes by structured substrate surfaces is investigated by modelling and experiment. The angular intensity distribution emitted by the oled into the substrate is taken from measurement or calculation and the extraction enhancement by various microrefractive and scattering outcoupling structures is evaluated by Monte Carlo raytracing and experiment. Diagrams for the characterization of outcoupling structures are presented and discussed. It is concluded that the reflectance of the oled stack ultimately limits the amount of light which can be transferred from the oled through the substrate into air and that the transfer can be increased from about 50% for unstructured to about 80% and more for structured substrates and that the theoretical limit can be reached, e.g., with simple microlens structures. To further increase the efficiency of oleds the light guided and absorbed in the oled stack itself has to be tapped. The influence of the outcoupling structures on the angular light distribution emitted from the substrate into air is also studied.
Iontophoretic administration of pirprofen or lysine soluble aspirin in the treatment of rheumatic diseases. (1988)

A double-blind study was designed to compare the efficacy and tolerability of pirprofen and lysine soluble aspirin administered by iontophoresis to 80 patients with various painful rheumatic diseases. Treatment lasted two weeks, with five administrations a week, each lasting 20 minutes (direct current; mean intensity, 2.3 mA). After five administrations, patients showed significant improvement in pain at rest and on movement, with no significant differences between pirprofen and aspirin. Final results were excellent or good in about 75% of the patients treated and functional improvement was satisfactory in about 80%. There were no side effects.
The Application of Hierarchical Tag Cluster in Multimedia Search (2010)

Generated by socialized identification on web pages, pictures, videos and etc by the mass Internet users, tag is an unique meta data comprised of words on Internet. As a new data resource, it offers a new way to produce, manage and obtain Internet information. This paper will try to explore and utilize the characteristics of tag, start from hierarchical tag relation definition, integrate the knowledge of informatics and probability theory, and provide a easy and quick picture search method with relatively accurate data for users.
SEQUENCES, SEQUENCES, AND SEQUENCES (1988)

The Hippo pathway was initially discovered in Drosophila melanogaster as a key regulator of tissue growth. It is an evolutionarily conserved signaling cascade regulating numerous biological processes, including cell growth and fate decision, organ size ...Read More
Rogowski sensor for power grid traveling wave based fault location (2008)

Faults generated traveling wave capturing is a key factor for traveling wave based fault location. Traditional voltage or current transformer can not transmit the traveling wave with enough accurate for detecting. Rogowski coil based traveling wave sensor is developed in the paper. Its transform characteristics are analyzed. It is found that the ferrite ring with double-layers wire in 0.24 cm diameters coils, inner and exterior diameter 6.0 cm and 12.0 cm respectively, with 12 turns in "count-turn" method, can achieve excellent transform characteristics. EMTP simulations and prototypes experimental are also carried out. Simulation and experimental results show that the developed sensor has small transmission delay and little distortion. The sensor based traveling wave fault location system has error no more than 150 m.
The Ohio Conference on Political Cinema (1979)

Abstract The 1979 Ohio University Film Conference on Political Cinema held April 25-29 in Athens, Ohio, raised important theoretical and methodological issues for radical film theory. The following schematic summary of the conference sessions, while not exhausting the range and complexity of these issues, may serve to identify a number of current perspectives on political cinema. The opening panel on European Political Filmmaking examined politically significant films. Speaking on Italian cinema during fascism, John Rowe argued that, despite Mussolini's Censor Board, the production of anti-fascist films, whose latent form and content were subversive to fascist ideology and supportive of socialist themes, continued.
The role of antigen recognition and suppressor cells in mice with oral tolerance to ovalbumin. (1985)

The induction of tolerance by feeding proteins may prevent potentially harmful delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions to food antigens. Suppressor T cells (Ts) are present in mice with tolerance of systemic DTH after feeding ovalbumin (OVA) but, as other immunoregulatory mechanisms have also been described, the exact role of Ts in maintaining tolerance is not known. In this study, we have used the ability of native and denaturated OVA to cross-react at the level of helper/effector T cells, but not Ts, to re-examine the role of Ts in oral tolerance to OVA. Mice immunized with native OVA (nOVA) or denatured OVA (dOVA) in adjuvant had fully cross-reacting DTH to either nOVA or dOVA, but intravenous administration of antigen induced Ts which were specific for the appropriate form. Mice fed nOVA or dOVA had identical tolerance of systemic DTH to both forms of OVA, and feeding nOVA induced splenic Ts which suppressed the DTH response to both nOVA and dOVA. Splenic Ts could not be detected in mice fed dOVA. The results support the hypothesis that tolerance of systemic DTH in mice fed native proteins is due to Ts. Although, for the moment, there is no complementary evidence for a role for Ts in oral tolerance to denatured proteins, this study is consistent with the idea that Ts are the mechanism which normally prevent enteropathy due to DTH against dietary proteins. In addition, our study underlines the differences between orally and parenterally induced Ts and reinforces the view that fed proteins induce Ts after processing by the gut or its lymphoid accessory cells.
Cholinergic denervation occurs early in Parkinson disease (2009)

Although Parkinson disease (PD) is viewed traditionally as a motor syndrome secondary to nigrostriatal dopaminergic denervation, recent studies emphasize nonmotor features. Nonmotor comorbidity, such as cognitive impairment, can be explained better by multisystem neurodegeneration that extends beyond the loss of dopaminergic nigral neurons.1 Lewy2 first identified the eponymous Lewy body in neurons of the nucleus basalis of Meynert, the source of cholinergic innervation of the cerebral cortex. There is considerable evidence for altered cholinergic neurotransmission in PD. In the Braak et al.3 staging scheme of PD pathology, nigral and basal forebrain pathology occur simultaneously. Loss of cholinergic forebrain neurons in PD postmortem specimens is of similar magnitude or greater than loss found in Alzheimer disease (AD).4 A postmortem study found greater reductions of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in the frontal cortex of patients with dementia compared to patients without dementia with PD.5 The development of PET technology to measure AChE functional activity offers the opportunity to study cholinergic innervation in vivo at early stages of neurodegenerative disorders.

In this issue of Neurology ®, …
Structure–function relationships in the tryptophan‐rich, antimicrobial peptide indolicidin (2001)

Indolicidin is a cationic 13 amino acid peptide amide produced in the granules of bovine neutrophils with the sequence H-ILPWKWPWWPWRR-NH2. Indolicidin is both antimicrobial and, to a lesser extent, haemolytic. In order to systematically investigate structure-function relationships, the solid-phase synthesis of indolicidin and 48 distinct analogues are reported, as well as the characterization of their respective biological properties. Peptides synthesized and characterized include analogues with modified terminal functions, truncations from either terminus, an alanine scan to determine the role of each individual amino acid, specific amino acid exchanges of aromatic, charged and structural residues and several retro-, inverso- and retroinverso-analogues. Together, characterization of these analogues identifies specific residues involved in antimicrobial or haemolytic activity and suggests a core structure that may form a scaffold for the further development of peptidomimetic analogues of indolicidin.
Model-based object recognition in dense-range images—a review (1993)

The goal in computer vision systems is to analyze data collected from the environment and derive an interpretation to complete a specified task. Vision system tasks may be divided into data acquisition, low-level processing, representation, model construction, and matching subtasks. This paper presents a comprehensive survey of model-based vision systems using dense-range images. A comprehensive survey of the recent publications in each subtask pertaining to dense-range image object recognition is presented.
Phospholipid-hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase. Genomic DNA, cDNA, and deduced amino acid sequence. (1994)

The complete amino acid sequence of the selenoprotein phospholipid-hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase (PHGPX) from pig heart has been deduced from the corresponding genomic DNA, the cDNA covering the coding region, and by sequencing the N terminus of the protein. The maximum length of the peptide chain derived from the cDNA amounts to 170 amino acid residues. By protein sequencing the N-terminal residues methionine and cysteine of the deduced sequence were found to be cleaved. The molecular mass of 19,671 Da obtained by laser desorption mass spectroscopy, however, significantly exceeds the mean molecular mass of 19,257.09 calculated for the sequence 3-170 of PHGPX, thus indicating posttranscriptional modification. In contrast to glutathione peroxidase (GPX) the coding area of the PHGPX gene is composed of seven exons. Only the amino acid sequences encoded by the third and fifth exon are highly homologous to GPX sequences. The amino acid residues selenocysteine, tryptophan, and glutamine forming the catalytic site in bovine GPX are conserved in homologous positions of PHGPX, whereas the arginine residues presumed to bind GSH in GPX are not. Gaps in the PHGPX sequence correspond to subunit interaction sites of the tetrameric GPX. The data suggest an identical catalytic mechanism of the selenoperoxidases, a less stringent substrate specificity of PHGPX, and explain the monomeric nature of PHGPX. As in other selenoproteins, the selenocysteine residue of PHGPX is encoded by UGA. The 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of the PHGPX shows a limited consensus with that of GPX and 5'-deiodinase, where it was shown to be responsible for the decoding of UGA as selenocysteine. The 3'-UTR of PHGPX can form a stem/loop as in other mammalian selenoprotein genes. The 5'-UTR and the first intron of the PHGPX gene contain a variety of putative regulatory elements indicating hormonal control.
Evaluation of a novel screening method for fetal aneuploidy using cell-free DNA in maternal plasma (2019)

This new technology demonstrates equivalent test performance compared with alternative sequencing approaches, and demonstrates that each chromosome can be successfully interrogated using a single probe.
14C-urea breath test for the detection of Helicobacter pylori. (1990)

The high urease activity of Helicobacter pylori can be used to detect this bacterium by noninvasive breath tests. We have developed a 14C-urea breath test which uses 5 microCi 14C with 50 mg nonradioactive urea. Breath samples are collected at baseline and every 30 min for 2 h. Our study compared the outcome of the breath test to the results of histology and culture of endoscopically obtained gastric biopsies in 84 patients. The breath test discriminated well between the 50 positive patients and the 34 patients negative for Helicobacter pylori: the calculated sensitivity was 100%, specificity 88%, positive predictive value 93%, and negative predictive value 100%. Treatment with bismuth subsalicylate and/or ampicillin resulted in lower counts of exhaled 14CO2 which correlated with histological improvement in gastritis. The 14C-urea breath test is a better "gold standard" for the detection of Helicobacter pylori than histology and/or culture.
Posterior Capsule Opacification (1985)

Posterior capsule opacification results from migration of lens epithelial cells onto the posterior capsule, where they produce collagen and contract to cause wrinkling of the capsule. We have designed an in vitro model that reproduces the process of opacification. Lens capsules removed from enucleated bovine eyes are placed within specially designed holders, creating a culture dish with the capsule as its bottom surface. Albino rabbit lens epithelial cells are then plated on the capsule. These capsules develop clinical and ultrastructural features of opacification very similar to those observed in humans. Membranes composed of confluent epithelial cells closely resemble the cellular membranes observed with specular microscopy in human patients. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrates that a membrane several cells thick forms on the capsules. This model allows careful morphologic, metabolic, and biochemical studies of the process of opacification and the investigation of therapies designed to prevent opacification of the posterior capsule.
Different strategies in higher plants in mobilization and uptake of iron (1986)

Abstract Higher plants differ considerably in their capability for mobilization of iron in the rhizospere of soils with low iron availability. In the plant kingdom at least two different Strategies exist in the Fe deficiency‐induced root responses which lead to enhancement of both iron mobilization in the rhizosphere and uptake rate of iron. Strategy I is found in all dicots and in monocots, with the exception of the grasses (graminaceous species, e.g. barley, corn, sorghum). Strategy I is characterized in all instances, by an increase in the activity of a plasma membrane‐bound reductase leading to enhanced rates of Fe‐III reduction and corresponding splitting of Fe‐III‐chelates at the plasma membrane. Often, the net rate of H+ extrusion, i.e. acidification of the rhizosphere, is also increased. This acidification facilitates iron uptake by both enhancement of the reductase activity and solubilization of iron in the rhizosphere. An additional mobilization of sparingly soluble iron in the rhizosphere may occur by release of reducing and/or chelating substances (e.g. phenolics) from the Fe deficient root in response to the acidification. The efficiency of Strategy I relies mainly on the supply of Fe chelates to the reductase and its activity respectively. Thus, high HCO, concentrations in the rhizosphere strongly depress the efficiency of Strategy I. Strategy II has been found only in grasses. This Strategy is characterized by an Fe deficiency‐induced enhancement of release of phytosiderophores (non‐pro‐teinogenic amino acids) which mobilize sparingly soluble inorganic Fe‐III compounds by complexation of Fe‐III and formation of Fe phytosiderophores. The release of phytosiderophores is only slightly depressed by high substrate pH and is positively correlated to genotypical differences between species in their resistance to “lime chlorosis”;. The uptake of Fe phytosiderophores by grasses is mediated by a highly specific system which is absent in species with Strategy I. The affinity of this specific system for synthetic or microbial Fe chelates (Fe‐siderophores) is very low, it may even be absent. The utilization of iron from these chelates depends upon their rate of decay (chelate stability) and thus the supply of inorganic Fe‐III as substrate for the phytosiderophores. High substrate pH only slightly depresses the uptake rate of Fe phytosiderophores by grasses. The principal differences between Strategy I and II have important ecological implications and also require systematic consideration in the develolpment of screening methods for higher resistance to “lime chlorosis”;.
Adsorbed Polymer Layers in Nonequilibrium Situations (1996)

This article reviews published data on the mechanical properties of additively manufactured metallic materials. The additive manufacturing techniques utilized to generate samples covered in this review include powder bed fusion (e.g., EBM, SLM, DMLS) and ...Read More
Synthesis, Mesomorphism, Isomerization, and Aromatization of Stereoregular Poly{[4-({[6-({[4‘-(heptyl)oxy-4-biphenylyl]carbonyl}oxy)- hexyl]oxy}carbonyl)phenyl]acetylene} (1999)

The polymerizations of a functional phenylacetylene derivative, [4-({[6-({[4‘-(heptyl)oxy-4-biphenylyl]carbonyl}oxy)hexyl]oxy}carbonyl)phenyl]acetylene (1), are effected by molybdenum and tungsten halides and rhodium−diene complexes. The rhodium-initiated polymerizations produce polymers (2) of high molecular weights (Mn up to 1.2 × 105) in high yields (up to 93%). IR, UV, and NMR analyses confirm that 2 possesses a stereoregular alternating-double-bond backbone with a predominant cis conformation. DSC, POM, and XRD measurements reveal that 2 is liquid crystalline: it shows smectic A mesophase in the temperature range 135−146 °C. The cis-rich 2 undergoes active isomerization to the trans conformation at 170 °C. Intrachain cyclization followed by chain scission at ca. 200 °C releases 1,3,5-trisubstituted benzene as the sole aromatization product, proving that the repeat units of the polymer chains are linked in a regular head-to-tail fashion.
Dynamic iris localisation: A novel approach suitable for fake iris detection (2009)

In iris recognition system, accurate iris segmentation and localisation from eye image is the foremost important step. Success rate of any feature extraction algorithm of iris recognition systems is primarily decides by the performance of iris segmentation from an eye image. In the proposed method, the outer boundary of iris is calculated by tracing objects of various shape and structure. For inner iris boundary, two eye images of same subject at different intensities are compared with each other to detect the variation in pupil size. The variation in pupil size is also used for aliveness detection of iris. Thus, this approach is a very promising technique in making iris recognition systems more robust against fake-iris-based spoofing attempts. The algorithm is tested on Phoenix database of 384 images both eyes of 64 subjects. The success rate of accurate iris localisation from eye image is 99.48% with minimal loss of iris texture features in spatial domain as compared to all existing techniques. The processing time required is also comparable with existing techniques.
LXIX.—Organic derivatives of silicon. Part XXII. The so-called siliconic acids (1914)

J. A. Weads and F. S. Kipping, J. Chem. Soc., Trans., 1914, 105, 679 DOI: 10.1039/CT9140500679
Polycrystal scattering topography (1982)

The concept of X-ray diffraction topography, which has been ordinarily applied to single crystals, has been extended to the observation of polycrystals and amorphous materials. This new method utilizes X-rays scattered elastically or inelastically from a specimen to observe polycrystals, and is called polycrystal scattering topography (PST). The principle and some PST techniques are described. The discussion is further extended to the potentiality of PST and an experimental method with synchrotron radiation. In order to demonstrate the capability of this method, several techniques of PST have been applied to metallurgical problems. It has been found that the PST provides a helpful tool in studying polycrystals in which neither X-ray radiography nor X-ray diffraction topography would be helpful.
THE ENERGY EXPENDITURE AND MECHANICAL ENERGY DEMAND IN WALKING (1960)

Abstract 1.)The energy expenditure, the vertical lift work of the trunk per step, and the leg and foot lengths have boon measured for 11 young male subjects walking on a horizontal treadmill at 1-4 m.p.h. at natural step frequency and in some instances at controlled frequencies and up and down hill. Similar measurements have been made whilst box stepping. These data and others from the literature have been analysed. 2.)The vertical lift per stop (L) is a geometric function of the lengths of the leg, foot and pace (R, d and P respectively) such that, L = (P−d)2/8R. 3.)The energy expenditure of walking at natural step frequency on the horizontal troadmill is linearly related to the vertical lift work which is the product of lift per step, stop frequency and body weight. This relationship does not hold at arbitrary stop frequencies above and below those chosen spontaneously. Under those circumstances the energy expenditure of walking at a given speed increases : by contrast the lift and the lift work decrease progressively with increasing step frequency in accordance with the geometric configuration. However, a relationship has been developed which suggests that energy expenditure may again be a linear function of lift work when step frequency is taken into account. The energy expenditure of uphill but not of downhill walking at natural stop frequency can be described in similar terms when allowance is made for the additional vertical work. Analysis of the energy expenditure of stepping exercise suggests that, as compared with walking, a smaller proportion of the total energy is expended in vertical work. 4.)The energy expenditure of horizontal walking at natural stop frequency is linearly related to the square of the forward velocity (u 2). This relationship has been used to calculate the velocity of minimal energy expenditure per unit of horizontal distance moved. The velocities so obtained, including and excluding the resting energy expenditures, are respectively 3½ and 2¼, m.p.h. which agree with those experimentally determined. The linear extrapolation of the regression relationship gives a mean energy expenditure at zero velocity of 2·4 kcal/min which is in excess of the observed mean resting level. 5.)Prediction of walking energy expenditure (E O2 ) has been attempted using both the lift work and velocity squared relationships. Use of the first requires knowledge both of leg and foot lengths and of the pace which the subject will adopt at a given velocity; the latter has not so far proved amenable to prediction. The second in the form E O2 /W = 0·0386 × 4·25 × 10−6 v 2 kcal/kg/min can be used to predict the walking energy expenditure of our subjects to within 0·7 kcal in 95 per cent of cases. Greater precision can be achieved by individual calibration of the subjects.