gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Advances in Glaucoma Treatment and Management: Neurotrophic Agents (2012)

The causes of glaucoma are complex and so are its treatment regimens. It is almost as if glaucoma were several separate diseases. Controlling intraocular pressure (IOP) in the anterior segment is certainly a prime consideration, but the pathologic endpoint of glaucoma is the death of the retinal ganglion cell in the posterior segment. The disease itself is probably best called an optic neuropathy, one of many diseases that can affect neuronal cells. However, it is unique as to the cell affected (the ganglion cell) and the endpoints of the disease process. Biologically and physically, glaucoma is characterized by changes in the optic disc, optic nerve, and brain and by ganglion cell death. Functionally, the changes lead to visual impairment, as best exemplified by a decrease in visual field. Thus, developing methods of preserving ganglion cell function and lifespan are the ultimate goals in maintaining vision in glaucoma. One way to achieve preservation is through neuroprotection—the use of neuron-survival (neurotrophic) agents. In a rational approach to disease control, one should first ask: What are the stages of glaucoma pathology where neurotrophic agents might be effective? Probably not at the stage of an initial insult or injury such as with a genetic mutation, increased IOP, and so on. Intervention can come relatively early, though, maybe at the first signs of physical and structural changes in the disc region and optic nerve, or at least at the first signs of vision loss. These changes would be rooted in biochemical alterations secondary to the primary insult but still early enough to slow, halt, or even reverse the disease process. A prime therapeutic target would be the process of cell death of the ganglion cells; similarly, a secondary target would be the induced degeneration to neighboring ganglion cells through a “bystander” effect. An important but difficult area would be controlling gliosis and the changes that occur in glial activation. However, the effects of neurotrophic agents will be different at different stages of the disease, with obviously no effect after most or all the ganglion cells are dead.
Reliability and validity of the RBANS in a traumatic brain injured sample (2006)

The RBANS has become increasingly utilized in various populations since it reliably assesses individual neurocognitive domains in a rapid, efficient manner. The present study examined the convergent validity of the RBANS to frequently administered instruments in a moderate-severe traumatic brain injured (M-S TBI) sample. Fifty-seven individuals who sustained a M-S TBI were included in this study. The RBANS subtests showed moderate to strong internal reliability within the sample. Most of the subtests displayed moderate to strong correlations with the other neuropsychological tests, including the CVLT-II, COWAT, and WAIS-III subtests. The strongest correlations were within the RBANS Attention Index, with both the Digit Span and Coding subtests showing strong correlations with their WAIS-III counterparts. The RBANS measures distinct abilities that supplement other neuropsychological instruments that assess similar functions within a TBI sample. In addition to its administration advantages, the results of this study provide support for the use of the RBANS as a clinical valid and reliable tool in the brief screening of individuals with M-S TBI.
MSRLM: a Scalable Language Modeling Toolkit (2007)

MSRLM is the release of our internal language modeling tool chain used in Microsoft Research. It was used in our submission for NIST MT 2006. The main difference with other freely available tools is that it was designed to scale to large amounts of data. We successfully built a language model on high end hardware on 40 billion words of web data within 8 hours. It only supports a minimal set of features. Large gigaword language models may be consumed in a first pass machine translation decoding without further processing. This document describes the implementation and usage of the tools summarily. It is our stated goal and hope that this release will be useful to the scientific community. The tool may not be used in a commercial product, or to build models used in a commercial product, or in for any commercial purpose. In addition, we require that you kindly cite this technical report when publishing results derived with this language model tool chain. This describes the LM tool which is available as: http://research.microsoft.com/research/downloads/details/78e26f9c-fc9a-44bb-80a769324c62df8c/details.aspx
Uncovering shared structures in multiclass classification (2007)

This paper suggests a method for multiclass learning with many classes by simultaneously learning shared characteristics common to the classes, and predictors for the classes in terms of these characteristics. We cast this as a convex optimization problem, using trace-norm regularization and study gradient-based optimization both for the linear case and the kernelized setting.
Macroscopic acoustoelectric charge transport in graphene (2013)

We demonstrate macroscopic acoustoelectric transport in graphene, transferred onto piezoelectric lithium niobate substrates, between electrodes up to 500 μm apart. Using double finger interdigital transducers we have characterised the acoustoelectric current as a function of both surface acoustic wave intensity and frequency. The results are consistent with a relatively simple classical relaxation model, in which the acoustoelectric current is proportional to both the surface acoustic wave intensity and the attenuation of the wave caused by the charge transport.
On the optimum design of regulated cascode operational transconductance amplifiers (1998)

An optimal design procedure to achieve minimum power consumption for a given technology and gain bandwidth is presented. Regulated cascode gain enhancement is used to ensure sufficient DC-gain at minimum gate length transistors. To validate the approach five folded cascode OTA's have been implemented, spanning a bias range of 1µA - 10mA, with measured unity-gain bandwidths within 20% of the designed value. For 17 mW at 3 V, a 0.5 µm CMOS OTA achieves 630 MHz with 51° phase margin. The method has been applied in the design of a 3rd order ΔΣ modulator for GSM receivers. The modulator consumes 2.8 mW at 3 V and has a dynamic range of 86 dB for a 100 kHz input signal bandwidth.
Preparation of alginate microparticles by emulsification for oral vaccine delivery (1997)

The traditional method of vaccine delivery is by parenteral administration. However, delivery of vaccine by the oral route offers great potential in producing systemic and local immune responses at various mucosal surfaces not only in the GI-tract where infection begins but also in the lung, salivary glands, and genitourinary region. Preparation of alginate microparticles by an emulsification method was investigated. Formulation effects of the type and concentration of the surfactant and cation on the particle size and size distribution of the alginate microparticles was also investigated. The results obtained indicated that surfactant HLB, structure and concentration as well as the concentration of the cation and alginate played an important role in the formation of alginate microparticles within the 1-10 $\mu$m size range. Microparticles in the size range of 2-5 $\mu$m were obtained using high concentration of surfactant sorbitan trioleate at a HLB of 1.8, high concentration of zinc chloride, and a sodium alginate concentration of 1.2% (w/v).
Decomposition methods for optimized collision avoidance with multiple threats (2011)

Aircraft collision avoidance systems assist in the resolution of collision threats from nearby aircraft by issuing avoidance maneuvers to pilots. Encounters where multiple aircraft pose a threat, though rare, can be difficult to resolve because a maneuver that might resolve a conflict with one aircraft might induce conflicts with others. Recent efforts to develop robust collision avoidance systems for single-threat encounters have involved modeling the problem as a Markov decision process and applying dynamic programming to solve for the optimal avoidance strategy. Because this methodology does not scale well to multiple threats, this paper evaluates a variety of decomposition methods that leverage the optimal avoidance strategy for single-threat encounters.
Signal Recovery from Pooling Representations (2013)

In this work we compute lower Lipschitz bounds of $\ell_p$ pooling operators for $p=1, 2, \infty$ as well as $\ell_p$ pooling operators preceded by half-rectification layers. These give sufficient conditions for the design of invertible neural network layers. Numerical experiments on MNIST and image patches confirm that pooling layers can be inverted with phase recovery algorithms. Moreover, the regularity of the inverse pooling, controlled by the lower Lipschitz constant, is empirically verified with a nearest neighbor regression.
Turbidimetric assay of IgG with use of single monoclonal antibodies. (1986)

We describe a turbidimetric assay for quantifying total immunoglobulin G (IgG) in serum with use of a single monoclonal antibody. The reaction, monitored by a centrifugal analyzer, is technically simple, rapid, and precise. Buffer of low ionic strength and polyethylene glycol are required for formation of detectable antibody-antigen complexes. We measured IgG concentrations in 49 polyclonal sera (Group 1) and 84 sera containing monoclonal IgG (Group 2) in assays in which we used either of two anti-IgG monoclonal antibodies (HG6 or HG8). Results compared well with those obtained with a nephelometric assay involving polyclonal antiserum, except for sera from four persons of Group 2 whose immunoglobulins were not detected by antibody HG6. HG6 bound IgG from these four sera in a solid-phase binding assay. HG6 and HG8 recognize epitopes on the Fab and Fc regions of IgG, respectively, and they do not compete for binding to the whole molecule. However, use of the two monoclonal antibodies combined failed to improve the sensitivity or range of the assay. We conclude that light-scattering assays of IgG can be validly performed with a single monoclonal antibody.
Stilbenes and a New Acetophenone Derivative from Scirpus holoschoenus (2001)

Separation of the extract of the tubers of Scirpus holoschoenus L. (family Cyperaceae), a species easily confused with Juncus plants, afforded 2-prenyl-3,5,4'-trimethoxystilbene, 2-prenyl-3-hydroxy-5,4'-dimethoxystilbene, 2-prenyl-3,4'-dihydroxy-5-methoxy-stilbene and 3,5,4'-trimethoxystilbene, in addition to a new acetophenone derivative. The isolated compounds were identified on the basis of spectral measurements.
Intensified Azeotropic Distillation: A Strategy for Optimizing Direct Amidation (2012)

The direct synthesis of amides from the corresponding carboxylic acids and amines is shown to operate under varying degrees of mixed kinetic and mass transfer rate control when water is removed by azeotropic distillation. Unless the volumetric heat input rate is reported, it is not possible to make a valid comparison between different catalysts, as the difference in Qboil alone can be responsible for the apparent difference in observed rate. A systematic approach is developed to quantify the contribution of boil-up rate to conversion rate and so decouple the physical rates from the chemistry. Intensive boiling is used to improve the removal of water during azeotropic distillation and considerably enhance conversion. The results show that some acylations previously thought to be difficult or impossible can be achieved in the absence of coupling agents under green conditions. The use of a cascade of CSTR flow reactors operating under intensified conditions is assessed for scale up of direct amidation reactions and compared to a production scale batch reactor. The findings and conclusions of this work have general applicability to all condensation reactions.
IFN- <i>alpha</i> 1 gene expression into a metastatic murine adenocarcinoma (TS/A) results in CD8+ T cell-mediated tumor rejection and development of antitumor immunity. Comparative studies with IFN-gamma-producing TS/A cells. (1994)

Cells from a spontaneous, invasive, and metastasizing mouse mammary adenocarcinoma (TS/A-pc) were transfected with a retroviral vector containing the mouse IFN-alpha 1 gene. TS/A clones secreting varying amounts of IFN-alpha 1 were isolated and their tumorigenicity was evaluated after s.c. or i.v. injection into immunocompetent BALB/c mice. Almost all of the IFN-alpha-secreting TS/A clones failed to grow in a high percentage of mice or formed small tumors after a long latency time, whereas TS/A-pc or transfection control cells always grew into large s.c. tumors. Rejection was mainly mediated by CD8+ T lymphocytes and partially by polymorphonuclear cells, as demonstrated by selective immunosuppression experiments and histologic and ultrastructural data. After rejection, a significant portion of mice displayed an immune resistance to the subsequent challenge with TS/A-pc. When the metastatic ability of IFN-alpha-secreting clones was compared with that of previously characterized IFN-gamma-secreting TS/A clones, it was found that the expression of IFN-alpha into TS/A tumor cells resulted in a potent inhibition of metastases formation, whereas IFN-gamma expression either did not affect or even enhanced the metastatic behavior of TS/A cells. These results provide strong evidence for the usefulness of IFN-alpha-producing tumor cells for the development of gene therapy strategies and vaccines against metastatic tumors.
The 5-nitrofuran-2-ylmethylidene group as a potential bioreductively activated prodrug system for diol-containing drugs. (1998)

Acid-catalysed condensation of 5-nitrofuran-2-carboxaldehyde with 1-phenylethane-1,2-diol and with 2,2-dimethyl-1-phenylproane-1,3-diol in boiling benzene gave the expected cyclic nitrofuranyl acetals. Biomimetic reduction of these acetals with sodium borohydride in the presence of palladium triggered release of the parent diols. Thus these nitrofuran acetals may have potential for applications as prodrugs for selective release of diol-containing drugs in hypoxic solid tumours.
Chemistry and Properties of Porous, Organically Modified Silica (1994)

Sol—gel techniques were used to prepare porous, organically modified silica materials. The introduction of organic groupings was carried out with alkoxysilanes as precursors; methyl and propyl amino groups were used. The results show that high-porosity materials can be synthesized; the microstructure strongly depends on reaction conditions such as composition, solvent, catalyst type, and concentration. Microstructure tailoring affects mechanical as well as adsorption properties, and custom-made materials such as abrasives and adsorbents with special properties were synthesized.
Communities and Competitions (2009)

Abstract By the early 1950s, Osamu Tezuka had become the most popular cartoonist, and one of the highest-earning artists, in Japan. Because of his innovations and popularity, Tezuka inspired a large number of young people throughout the country to pursue a career in cartoons. His apartment in Tokyo became a commune of emerging cartoonists such as Terada Hiroo, Fujiko Fujio, and Ishinomori Shōtarō. During his early years in Tokyo, Tezuka reworked some of his early akahon volumes, including 38 do senjō no kaibutsu (The Monster on the 38th Parallel, 1953). Although Tezuka remained one of the most successful cartoonists in Japan, he struggled to keep up with competition in the comics industry as new genres emerged, such as kaiki manga (horror) and harenchi manga (comic-erotica), along with weekly magazines. Tezuka created his own versions of these newer genres by embellishing them with his own jokes, stars, and references.
Glycodelin in ovarian serous carcinoma: association with differentiation and survival. (2003)

Ovarian cancer consists of many subtypes, serous carcinoma being the most common of them. In addition to the histopathological subtype, grading, clinical staging, and the amount of residual tumor, a great number of putative prognostic markers have been introduced. This study addresses in ovarian serous carcinoma the role of glycodelin, the major progesterone-regulated lipocalin protein of the reproductive axis with diverse actions in cell recognition and differentiation. Glycodelin expression was determined by immunohistochemistry of tissue microarrays in ovarian serous carcinomas from 460 patients, and the results were analyzed with respect to progesterone receptor subtype A (PRA) and progesterone receptor subtype B (PRB), clinical parameters, and survival. Glycodelin was localized to the cytoplasm of tumor cells, whereas vascular endothelium in tumor tissue was glycodelin-negative. Glycodelin expression was more frequent in well-differentiated (grade I, 79%) than in poorly differentiated carcinomas (grade III, 51%; P < 0.0001), and it was also more frequent in early-stage compared with advanced-stage carcinomas (P = 0.002). Nuclear PRA and PRB were often coexpressed with cytoplasmic glycodelin. Although this was not consistent in all tumors, there was a positive correlation between the presence of glycodelin and PRs in the tumor (P < 0.02), but not between the presence of, or the absence of, glycodelin in tumor and the CA-125 serum concentration. Although in multivariate analysis glycodelin was not an independent variable, the patients with glycodelin-expressing tumors showed a higher 5-year overall survival compared with those with glycodelin-negative tumors (55 versus 39%; P < 0.0001; hazard ratio in univariate analysis, 0.57; confidence interval, 0.44-0.74). This difference was notable in patients with grade I tumors and stage III disease. In the latter group, the 10-year survival probability of patients with glycodelin-positive tumors was more than twice as high as that in women with glycodelin-negative tumors. This was also found within well-defined clinical categories, e.g., stage III/grade II and stage III/grade III carcinomas, in which patients with glycodelin-positive tumors carried significantly better 10-year overall survival compared with those with glycodelin-negative tumors. It is concluded that, in ovarian serous carcinoma, glycodelin expression portends better prognosis, probably because of its differentiation-related disposition.
An Interferometric-Dilatometer with Photographic Recording (1941)

An interferometric-dilatometer for the temperature range from +750° to −190°C with photographic recording. The method is illustrated by results obtained on quartz perpendicular to the optic axis.
Evaluation of Machine Learning Techniques for Hand Pose Estimation on Handheld Device with Proximity Sensor (2020)

Tracking finger movement for natural interaction using hand is commonly studied. For vision-based implementations of finger tracking in virtual reality (VR) application, finger movement is occluded by a handheld device which is necessary for auxiliary input, thus tracking finger movement using cameras is still challenging. Finger tracking controllers using capacitive proximity sensors on the surface are starting to appear. However, research on estimating articulated hand pose from curved capacitance sensing electrodes is still immature. Therefore, we built a prototype with 62 electrodes and recorded training datasets using an optical tracking system. We have introduced 2.5D representation to apply convolutional neural network methods on a capacitive image of the curved surface, and two types of network architectures based on recent achievements in the computer vision field were evaluated with our dataset. We also implemented real-time interactive applications using the prototype and demonstrated the possibility of intuitive interaction using fingers in VR applications.
Performance of Single Layer Luminescent Concentrators with Multiple Dyes (2006)

A ray tracing simulation has been developed for luminescent solar concentrators. By fitting to measurements on the devices, parameters such as the quantum efficiency of the dyes employed can be determined. Once a complete description of the device is available it becomes clear where the losses originate from and directions for the improvement of the devices can be given
The Tongue Microbiota of Low Odour and Malodorous Individuals (1996)

The tongue bacterial microbiota of 50 individuals was identified and enumerated to group or genus level. Possible relationships between these data and the oral malodour status of each individual were explored. When subjects were grouped into low or high odour producers, significant increases in the total bacterial load and key bacterial groups, namely gram-negative anaerobes, which include Porphyromonas/Prevotella species and fusiforms, were related to high odour. However, on an individual basis the extensive variation between subjects reduced the correlation between bacterial groups and odour.Two phenotypic characteristics of the microbiota, volatile sulphur production and proteolytic activity, were also assessed. These were strongly associated with odour; in particular, the proportions of hydrogen sulphide producing organisms were significantly related to the odour levels of the individuals, despite the interpersonal variation. Thus it appears that it is the metabolic activity of the mixed microbiota rather than the bacterial load, or genus types present, that most contributes to oral malodour.
Corona poling of PZT ceramics and flexible piezoelectric composites (1988)

Abstract In the conventional poling method, piezoelectric ceramics and composites are poled by applying a large D.C. voltage directly to the sample. The poling of composites having a polymer matrix with 0–3 connectivity is especially difficult because the electric field within the high dielectric constant grains is far smaller than in the low dielectric constant polymer matrix. Therefore, very large electric fields are required to align the piezoelectric grains. Unfortunately, such large electric fields often cause localized dielectric breakdown of the samples which effectively prevents further poling.
Efficient target preparation by combining laser ablation and FIB milling in a single tool (2011)

Analysis of samples from 3D integration, packaging and joining technologies more often than ever requires the removal of large amounts of material to access deeply buried target structures. Until now, such sample preparation has been achieved using demanding and slow techniques, such as metallographic cross-sectioning, or focused ion beam (FIB) milling. A new tool that combines pulsed laser ablation and FIB milling now allows precise target preparation of deeply buried features in a more efficient way.