gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Picosecond microwave pulse generation (1981)

Picosecond duration X-band microwave pulses have been generated using a laser-activated photoconductive switch. These pulses have been used to observe the microwave reflection from optically excited germanium. The reflection measurements indicate that the microwave pulse has a full width at half-maximum of 50 ps and is synchronized with picosecond precision to the laser pulse. A high-resolution radar experiment is also reported.
HIV‐1 integrase inhibitory substances from <i>Coleus parvifolius</i> (2003)

For the purpose of discovering anti-HIV-1 agents from natural sources, water and EtOH extracts of 50 Thai plants were screened for their inhibitory activity against HIV-1 integrase (IN), an enzyme essential for viral replication. Of these plants, an EtOH extract of Coleus parvifolius Benth. (aerial parts) showed potent activity against HIV-1 IN with an IC50 value of 9.2 microg/mL. From this extract, 11 compounds were isolated and identified as luteolin 5-O-beta-d-glucopyranoside (1), luteolin (2), luteolin 7-methyl ether (3), luteolin 5-O-beta-d-glucuronide (4), 5-O-beta-d-glucopyranosyl-luteolin 7-methyl ether (5), rosmarinic acid (6), rosmarinic acid methyl ester (7), daucosterol (8), a mixture of alpha- and beta-amyrin (9, 10) and phytol (11). Of these compounds, rosmarinic acid methyl ester (7), rosmarinic acid (6), luteolin (2) and luteolin 7-methyl ether (3) exhibited inhibitory activities against HIV-1 IN with IC50 values of 3.1, 5.0, 11.0 and 11.0 microM, respectively. Among rosmarinic acid derivatives, the HIV-1 IN inhibitory activity increased in turn for a dimer (IC50 = 5.0 microM), a trimer (IC50 = 1.4 microM), and a tetramer (IC50 = 1.0 microM).
Absorption and Magnetic Circular Dichroism Spectra of CsI:Tl<sup>+3</sup> (1984)

Abstract The temperature dependence of the optical absorption and magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) of CsI crystals doped with Tl + is measured between liquid helium temperature and room temperature. The absorption spectra are more complicated than usual for impurity ions with the s 2 ground‐state configuration and show five strong bands on the long‐wavelength side of the absorption edge. Three of these bands are assigned to internal transitions of the Tl + ion and the other two to charge‐transfer transitions. The first and second moments of the first two absorption bands, as well as the first and third moments of thecorresponding MCD bands, are determined from spectra measured below 140 K. For these bands at higher temperatures and for the remaining bands strong overlapping precludes a meaningfull determination of the higher moments. Coupling constants and g ‐values are obtained from the moments, and the origin of the spectral bands is discussed.
Cerebrospinal fluid levels of oxytocin in Prader–Willi syndrome: a preliminary report (1998)

These data provide further evidence for hypothalamic and oxytocinergic dysfunction in PWS. The associations between oxytocin, appetite regulation, and obsessive compulsive symptomatology in PWS warrant further investigation.
Electrical-field–induced curvature increase on a drop of conducting liquid (2006)

We present an analytical approach using conformal mapping to the free-boundary problem of the shape of a liquid drop submitted to a strong electrical field, as encountered in electrowetting systems. In agreement with recent numerical calculations, we show that both the curvature of the surface profile and the electric field diverge algebraically close to the three-phase line. The algebraic exponents agree with the numerical results. We show analytically that the local contact angle remains equal to Young's angle, independent of the applied voltage. Furthermore, we present experimental evidence of a curvature increase close to the contact line.
Therapeutic Developments in Friedreich Ataxia (2012)

Friedreich ataxia is an inherited, severe, progressive neuro- and cardiodegenerative disorder for which there currently is no approved therapy. Friedreich ataxia is caused by the decreased expression and/or function of frataxin, a mitochondrial matrix protein that binds iron and is involved in the formation of iron-sulfur clusters. Decreased frataxin function leads to decreased iron-sulfur cluster formation, mitochondrial iron accumulation, cytosolic iron depletion, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Cloning of the disease gene for Friedreich ataxia and elucidation of many aspects of the biochemical defects underlying the disorder have led to several major therapeutic initiatives aimed at increasing frataxin expression, reversing mitochondrial iron accumulation, and alleviating oxidative stress. These initiatives are in preclinical and clinical development and are reviewed herein.
Error probability analysis of IP Time To Live covert channels (2007)

Communication is not necessarily made secure by the use of encryption alone. The mere existence of communication is often enough to raise suspicion and trigger investigative actions. Covert channels aim to hide the very existence of the communication. The huge amount of data and vast number of different protocols in the Internet makes it ideal as a high-bandwidth vehicle for covert communications. A number of researchers have proposed different techniques to encode covert information into the IP time to live (TTL) field. This is a noisy covert channel since the TTL field is modified between covert sender and receiver. For computing the channel capacity it is necessary to know the probability of channel errors. In this paper we derive analytical solutions for the error probabilities of the different encoding schemes. We simulate the different encoding schemes and compare the simulation results with the analytical error probabilities. Finally, we compare the performance of the different encoding schemes for an idealised error distribution and an empirical TTL error distribution obtained from real Internet traffic.
The Frontal Plane Vectorcardiogram in Old Inferior Myocardial Infarction (1968)

The early part of the frontal plane QRS loop (Frank lead system) was analyzed in 100 consecutive patients with an old inferior myocardial infarction. In order to be included in this study, all cases had to fulfill, at some time, Myers' classical ECG criteria for the diagnosis. The vectorcardiogram was made months to years after the patient's original acute episode. Several scalar and planar parameters, pertaining to these frontal plane early QRS vectors, were analyzed. As a result of this analysis and in order to prevent overlap with values found in 315 normal control subjects, VCG criteria, based on the interrelationships of several of these parameters, were proposed for the diagnosis of old inferior myocardial infarction. Pitfalls in the use of only scalar or planar analyses were pointed out. In 90 of the 100 cases the diagnosis was made on the basis of the proposed VCG criteria. However, the ECG made at the same time fulfilled Myers' or Goldberger's classical criteria in only 42 of the 100 cases. All cases diagnosed from the ECG were also diagnosed from the VCG.
Prevalence of Factor V Leiden in Patients with Myocardial Infarction and Normal Coronary Angiography (2000)

Factor V Leiden is associated with an increased risk of venous thrombosis and myocardial infarction in young women, but not in men in this latter case. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of this mutation in patients with myocardial infarction but normal coronary angiography. We compared 3 groups of patients: one group consisted of 107 patients with premature myocardial infarction but no significant coronary artery stenosis; another group of 244 patients with myocardial infarction and significant coronary artery stenosis; a third group of 400 healthy controls. Factor V Leiden was found in 13 patients (12.1%) who had a myocardial infarction without significant coronary artery stenosis, 11 patients (4.5%) who had a myocardial infarction with significant coronary artery stenosis (p = 0.01) and in 20 controls (5%) (p = 0.01). Odds ratio associated with factor V Leiden were respectively 2.93 (CI95: 1.18-7.31 ) and 2.63 (CI95: 1.19-5.78) when we compared myocardial infarction patients without significant coronary artery stenosis to controls or to patients with significant coronary artery stenosis. In myocardial infarction patients without significant coronary artery stenosis, prevalence of factor V Leiden is significantly higher than in controls. This new finding supports the hypothesis that thrombosis plays a key role in this selected situation.
Making Sense of Pharmacology: Inverse Agonism and Functional Selectivity (2018)

Constitutive receptor activity/inverse agonism and functional selectivity/biased agonism are 2 concepts in contemporary pharmacology that have major implications for the use of drugs in medicine and research as well as for the processes of new drug development. Traditional receptor theory postulated that receptors in a population are quiescent unless activated by a ligand. Within this framework ligands could act as agonists with various degrees of intrinsic efficacy, or as antagonists with zero intrinsic efficacy. We now know that receptors can be active without an activating ligand and thus display "constitutive" activity. As a result, a new class of ligand was discovered that can reduce the constitutive activity of a receptor. These ligands produce the opposite effect of an agonist and are called inverse agonists. The second topic discussed is functional selectivity, also commonly referred to as biased agonism. Traditional receptor theory also posited that intrinsic efficacy is a single drug property independent of the system in which the drug acts. However, we now know that a drug, acting at a single receptor subtype, can have multiple intrinsic efficacies that differ depending on which of the multiple responses coupled to a receptor is measured. Thus, a drug can be simultaneously an agonist, an antagonist, and an inverse agonist acting at the same receptor. This means that drugs have an additional level of selectivity (signaling selectivity or "functional selectivity") beyond the traditional receptor selectivity. Both inverse agonism and functional selectivity need to be considered when drugs are used as medicines or as research tools.
A new high frequency current generation method for inductive power transfer applications (2006)

This paper proposes a new method to generate high frequency currents for inductive power transfer systems where AC-DC-AC or DC-AC converters are being used. There are a lot of circuit and controller design issues associated with these traditional converters. A DC link has to be used as a middle stage for high frequency current generation even when a low frequency AC source is available, which causes large system cost, size, as well as power losses and maintenance associated. Unlike matrix converters having complicated switching topologies and control, the new converter proposed in this paper is based on simply free oscillation and energy injection control. It can achieve DC to AC inversion, or direct AC to AC conversion without using any DC links, thus a low frequency utility power source at 50/60Hz can be converted to a high frequency current source along a track loop directly. Furthermore, soft switching techniques are applied to minimize the power losses and EMI, and the track current magnitude can be controlled easily without any overshoots. Theoretical analysis, simulation and experimental results have demonstrated the new converting method is valid for high frequency currents generation for most inductive power transfer systems.
Overcoming a species-specificity barrier in development of an inhibitory antibody targeting a modulator of tumor stroma (2016)

The secreted disulfide catalyst Quiescin sulfhydryl oxidase-1 (QSOX1) affects extracellular matrix organization and is overexpressed in various adenocarcinomas and associated stroma. Inhibition of extracellular human QSOX1 by a monoclonal antibody decreased tumor cell migration in a cell co-culture model and hence may have therapeutic potential. However, the species specificity of the QSOX1 monoclonal antibody has been a setback in assessing its utility as an anti-metastatic agent in vivo, a common problem in the antibody therapy industry. We therefore used structurally guided engineering to expand the antibody species specificity, improving its affinity toward mouse QSOX1 by at least four orders of magnitude. A crystal structure of the re-engineered variant, complexed with its mouse antigen, revealed that the antibody accomplishes dual-species targeting through altered contacts between its heavy and light chains, plus replacement of bulky aromatics by flexible side chains and versatile water-bridged polar interactions. In parallel, we produced a surrogate antibody targeting mouse QSOX1 that exhibits a new QSOX1 inhibition mode. This set of three QSOX1 inhibitory antibodies is compatible with various mouse models for pre-clinical trials and biotechnological applications. In this study we provide insights into structural blocks to cross-reactivity and set up guideposts for successful antibody design and re-engineering.
Characterization of a cytochrome P-450 dependent monoterpene hydroxylase from the higher plant Vinca rosea (1976)

<P>Abstract copyright UK Data Service and data collection copyright owner.</P>The <i>English House Condition Survey</i> (EHCS) was a national survey of housing in England, commissioned by the Department for Communities and Local Government (DCLG). The survey was originally called the <i>National House Condition Survey</i> and covered England and Wales. The information obtained through the survey provides an accurate picture of the type, condition and energy efficiency of housing in England, the people living there, and their views on housing and their neighbourhoods. The survey covers all tenure types.<br>\n<br>\nThe EHCS ran quinquennially from 1967-2001. From 2002, the survey moved to a continuous basis and the data were provided as a two-year rolling sample of approximately 16,000 cases (i.e. the data for 2003 cover information collected from April 2002 to March 2004, data for 2004 comprise information collected from April 2003 to March 2005). From April 2008, the EHCS merged with the <i>Survey of English Housing</i> (SEH) (available at the UK Data Archive under GN 33277) to form the <i>English Housing Survey</i> (EHS) (available at the Archive under GN 33422).<br>\n<br>\nFurther information can be found on the <a href="http://www.communities.gov.uk/housing/housingresearch/housingsurveys/englishhousecondition/" title ="English House Condition Survey">English House Condition Survey</a> and <a href="http://www.communities.gov.uk/housing/housingresearch/housingsurveys/englishhousingsurvey/" title="English Housing Survey">English Housing Survey</a> web pages.<br>\n
Analyzing Facial Images using Empirical Mode Decomposition for Illumination Artifact Removal and Improved Face Recognition (2007)

A popular modality of biometrics, facial recognition is effective when used in controlled environments as in those situations where factors such as camera position, facial expression, and illumination effects are either completely or partially controlled in a beneficial way. Regulation of such factors has an immediate effect on the performance of facial recognition algorithms, in particular illumination effects which can not be controlled by even the most cooperative of users, in this paper we describe a method to address illumination effects in the biometric modality of face recognition using the signal processing analysis tool of empirical mode decomposition (EMD) to decompose images into their intrinsic mode function that correspond to the dominant illumination factors. Using these illumination modes we reconstruct the facial image without these illumination distortion components to synthesize a more illumination neutral facial image. We then perform verification experiments using algorithms such as principal component analysis (PCA), Fisher linear discriminant analysis (FEDA), and advanced correlation filters (ACF's) to demonstrate the fundamental effectiveness of EMD as an illumination compensation method. Results are reported on the Carnegie Mellon University pose-illumination-expression (CMU PIE) database.
CONCEPTION OF INFORMATION TOOLS TO ASSIST THE SURGEON WHEN HE CARRIES OUT RADIAL KERATOTOMY WITH A MICROTELEMANIPULATOR (1995)

The work presented in this article is the result of a well attended collaboration between the Centre of Automatic of the University of Lille and the Hospitable Regional Centre of Lille. The medical domain follows the evolution of the technique and contributes to projects of scientific research. The progress achieved in surgery, then in micro-surgery, makes surgical operation more difficult and seems favours the use of the Teleoperation Aided by Computer T.A.C. This project of surgical microtelemanipulator started in 1983 with a theoretical survey which led to the creation of the mechanic part of prototype in mid 1985. It WBS the first prototype of surgical microtelemanipilator for ocular operations. Until 1988 the survey permitted to carry out the global command of minotelemanipulator and the adaptation of sensors in order to render it intelligent in the sense where it was able to following a path no defmcd and without previously training. After that we created a motor of inference of a practised system facilitating the co-operation Man-Machine in the ocular surgery domain. We present the interfacing Man-Machine dialogue, the information acquired for dialogue means and the fashions of communication between the surgeon and the microtelemanipulator.
A Dynamic Cost Weighting Framework for Unit Selection Text–to–Speech Synthesis (2009)

Unit selection text-to-speech synthesis relies on multiple cost criteria, each encapsulating a different aspect of acoustic and prosodic context at any given concatenation point. Constraints are normally invoked on diverse characteristics such as inter-unit discontinuity, overall pitch contour, local duration profile, etc., leading to costs often too heterogeneous for a direct quantitative comparison. In order to rank available candidate units, this complexity must be reduced to a single number, and the relative importance of each information stream becomes highly critical. Yet this influence is typically determined in an empirical manner (e.g., based on a limited amount of synthesized data), yielding global weights that are thus applied to broad classes of concatenations indiscriminately. This paper proposes an alternative approach, <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">dynamic cost weighting</i> , based on a data-driven framework separately optimized for each concatenation considered. Specifically, the cost distribution in every stream is dynamically leveraged on a per concatenation basis to locally shift weight towards those characteristics that offer a high discrimination between candidate units, and away from those characteristics that are intrinsically less discriminative. An illustrative case study demonstrates the potential benefits of this solution, and listening evidence suggests that it does indeed entail higher perceived TTS quality.
Making the Most of Major Histocompatibility Complex Molecule Multimers: Applications in Type 1 Diabetes (2012)

Classical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II molecules present peptides to cognate T-cell receptors on the surface of T lymphocytes. The specificity with which T cells recognize peptide-MHC (pMHC) complexes has allowed for the utilization of recombinant, multimeric pMHC ligands for the study of minute antigen-specific T-cell populations. In type 1 diabetes (T1D), CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes, in conjunction with CD4+ T helper cells, destroy the insulin-producing β cells within the pancreatic islets of Langerhans. Due to the importance of T cells in the progression of T1D, the ability to monitor and therapeutically target diabetogenic clonotypes of T cells provides a critical tool that could result in the amelioration of the disease. By administering pMHC multimers coupled to fluorophores, nanoparticles, or toxic moieties, researchers have demonstrated the ability to enumerate, track, and delete diabetogenic T-cell clonotypes that are, at least in part, responsible for insulitis; some studies even delay or prevent diabetes onset in the murine model of T1D. This paper will provide a brief overview of pMHC multimer usage in defining the role T-cell subsets play in T1D etiology and the therapeutic potential of pMHC for antigen-specific identification and modulation of diabetogenic T cells.
Breaking up is hard to do: modeling security threats for smart cards (1999)

Smart card systems differ from conventional computer systems in that different aspects of the system are not under a single trust boundary. The processor, I/O, data, programs, and network may be controlled by different, and hostile, parties. We discuss the security ramifications of these “splits ” in trust, showing that they are fundamental to a proper understanding of the security of systems that include smart cards. 1
Mechanism of biosynthesis of 11<i>R</i>‐ and 12<i>R</i>‐hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids by eggs of the sea urchin <i>Strongylocentrotus purpuratus</i> (1989)

11(R)-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid [11(R)-HETE] and 12(R)-HETE are biosynthesized by eggs of the sea urchin S. purpuratus. We report here the isolation of the 11(4)- and 12(R)-hydroperoxy-eicosanoids from incubations of the desalted 30-50%(NH4)2SO4 fraction of the egg homogenate; biosynthesis required the addition of calcium but not NADPH. Egg 11- and 12-HETE were formed from octadeuterated arachidonic acid without loss of geminal 2H from C11 or C12, thus revealing that 11- or 12-keto intermediates are not involved in the biosynthesis. The results support the conclusion that egg 11(R)- and 12(R)-HETE are synthesized by a lipoxygenase and not by an NADPH-dependent cytochrome P450 monooxygenase mechanism.
Selective Immunoaffinity-Based Enrichment of CD34 <sup>+</sup> Cells Transduced with Retroviral Vectors Containing an Intracytoplasmatically Truncated Version of the Human Low-Affinity Nerve Growth Factor Receptor (ΔLNGFR) Gene (1997)

Human hematopoietic stem cells remain one of the most promising target cells for gene therapeutic approaches to treat malignant and nonmalignant diseases. To rapidly characterize transduced cells and to isolate these from residual nontransduced, but biologically equivalent, cells, we have used a Moloney murine leukemia virus (Mo-MuLV)-based retroviral vector containing the intracytoplasmatically truncated human low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor (deltaLNGFR) cDNA as a marker gene. Supernatant transduction of CD34+ cells (mean purity 97%) in fibronectin-coated tissue culture flasks resulted in 5.5-45% (mean 26%) transduced cells expressing deltaLNGFR (LNGFR+ cells). After transduction, more than 65% of the transduced cells remained CD34+. Compared with control (mock- and nontransduced) CD34+ cells, transduction did not decrease the cloning efficiency of CD34+ cells. Immunomagnetic selection of the transduced cells with a monoclonal anti-LNGFR antibody resulted in >90% LNGFR+ cells. Further phenotypic characterization of these highly enriched LNGFR+ cells indicated that the majority co-expressed the CD34 and CD38 antigens. These results show that transduced cells expressing an ectopic cell-surface protein can be rapidly and conveniently quantitated and characterized by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) analysis and fast and efficiently enriched by immunoadhesion using magnetic beads. The use of cell-surface reporters should facilitate optimization of methods of gene transfer into more primitive hematopoietic progenitors.