gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Maturity Trends in Raman Spectra from Kerogen and Coal (2001)

The present work explores the potential of Raman spectroscopy to provide maturity information about catagenesis stage kerogens and coals. The first-order Raman spectra of coals and kerogens show a broad amorphous A band between 1310 and 1360 cm-1 and a graphite-like G band near 1580−1600 cm-1. As vitrinite reflectance (R0) increases, the Raman A band becomes narrower and shifts to lower frequencies while the absorption strength of the A band relative to the G band decreases. The area ratio of the A band to G band (R = fA/fG) decreases from 3.2 to 2.4 in going from the least mature sample up to R0 = 2.0%. Similar trends were observed for maturation suites of Type II and other Type III kerogens. Laboratory thermolysis produced a range of samples with well-defined laboratory R0. The changes in the Raman A and G bands from the laboratory matured samples directionally paralled the natural samples. These results demonstrate that the Raman spectra of catagenesis stage samples vary in regular ways with sample maturity. The underlying chemical and structural changes associated with changes in the Raman A and G bands are discussed.
Observations of single-event upsets in non-hardened high-density SRAMs in Sun-synchronous orbit (1992)

Observations of single-event upset (SEU) activity in nonhardened static and dynamic RAMs of both low (16-kb) and high (256-kb, 1-Mb), density are presented for a family of small spacecraft in low-earth, near-polar, Sun-synchronous orbits. The observation of single-event multiple-bit upset (MBU) in these devices is discussed, and the implications of such events for error-protection coding schemes are examined. Contrary to expectations, the 1-Mb static RAMs (SRAMs) are more resilient to SEU than the 256-kb SRAMs, and one type of commercial 1-Mb SRAM shows a particularly low error rate.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A microwave technique to improve the measurement of directional ocean wave spectra (1995)

Abstract Azimuthally travelling ocean waves are seldom well imaged by microwave real aperture radar (RAR) operating with conventional HH or VV polarizations. Attenuation of image intensity modulation in the azimuthal direction implies that ocean wave spectra derived from such images also will not be accurate. Real aperture radar cross-section modulation by long ocean waves is normally attributed to two principal sources, tilt modulation and hydrodynamic modulation. In ocean radar images both of these modulation sources are significantly attenuated in the azimuthal direction. Therefore, complete two-dimensional k-space wave spectra derived from microwave data often are quite different than physical ocean spectra. This paper uses fully-polarimetric radar measurements of ocean backscatter to identify a new source of backscatter modulation that is strongest in the azimuthal direction. This modulation source has potential for augmenting tilt and hydrodynamic modulation sources in the azimuthal direction where their weakness causes poor wave visibility. The predicted improvement in the measurement of ocean wave spectra using an optimized polarization is investigated by means of a RAR ocean imaging model. Fully-polarimetric, and conventional, radar spectrometers are proposed which are specifically optimized to sense wave-tilts in the azimuthal direction.
Cell Activation: Genetic Approaches (1991)

Researchers studying signal transduction in various cell types have identified many overlapping pathways of activation; but whether all of these biochemical events are required for initiation or maintenance of cell growth and differentiation has not yet been determined. This volume presents studies using various molecular biologic and genetic approaches to explore the role of cell surface receptors or intracellular molecules linked to these receptors in regulating cell growth and activation. The contributors, all leading authorities, describe their research methods and offer new leads for further investigation of the mechanisms regulating cell growth.
Ensembl 2021 (2020)

The Ensembl project (https://www.ensembl.org) annotates genomes and disseminates genomic data for vertebrate species. We create detailed and comprehensive annotation of gene structures, regulatory elements and variants, and enable comparative genomics by inferring the evolutionary history of genes and genomes. Our integrated genomic data are made available in a variety of ways, including genome browsers, search interfaces, specialist tools such as the Ensembl Variant Effect Predictor, download files and programmatic interfaces. Here, we present recent Ensembl developments including two new website portals. Ensembl Rapid Release (http://rapid.ensembl.org) is designed to provide core tools and services for genomes as soon as possible and has been deployed to support large biodiversity sequencing projects. Our SARS-CoV-2 genome browser (https://covid-19.ensembl.org) integrates our own annotation with publicly available genomic data from numerous sources to facilitate the use of genomics in the international scientific response to the COVID-19 pandemic. We also report on other updates to our annotation resources, tools and services. All Ensembl data and software are freely available without restriction.
Effect of hygroscopic nature on the electrical characteristics of lanthanide oxides (Pr2O3, Sm2O3, Gd2O3, and Dy2O3) (2003)

The hygroscopic nature of lanthanide oxides such as Pr2O3, Sm2O3, Gd2O3, and Dy2O3 was characterized by means of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and its effect on the electrical characteristics of the compounds was investigated. Among the four samples, Pr2O3 was found to be the most reactive with water which can be attributed to the relatively large ionic radius and lower electronegativity of Pr. In contrast, Dy2O3 was the least reactive with water. A direct correlation between the hygroscopicity and electronegativity of lanthanide elements was found. With increasing hygroscopicity, a significant growth of interfacial oxide with annealing temperature was observed. A clear understanding of the nature of hygroscopic effects and the optimization of process flow will be needed for future high-k gate dielectric application.
A user scheduling scheme for MU-MIMO system with coordinated beamforming (2010)

In this paper, we propose a new joint user scheduling and beamforming scheme based on coordinated beamforming (CBF), as called orthogonal linear coordinated beamforming (OLCBF) for multiuser multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) systems. With the assumption that a single information stream is transmitted to each user, the base station (BS) may select a subset of users from a large number of users by utilizing the feedback of the matched channel matrix. Unlike the conventional user scheduling schemes in which transmit beamforming is merely considered, the proposed scheme optimizes transmit beamforming and receive combining jointly. Simulation results show that the proposed OLCBF scheme achieves a higher sum rate compared to the conventional orthogonal linear beamforming (OLBF) scheme with maximal ratio combining (MRC) at receivers when the number of receive antennas is more than one.
Development of a new hollow fiber silicone membrane oxygenator for ECMO: the recent progress. (2002)

Throughout the last 50 years, many improvements have been made for a more effective oxygenator. A large plate type membrane oxygenator, used by Clowes, and a coil type, used by Kolff, has evolved into the small hollow fiber oxygenator. The complex bubble oxygenator, or rotating disk oxygenator, has become a small disposable bubble oxygenator. The currently available oxygenators are extremely small, efficient, and can be used for extended periods of time. However, there are some problems with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Currently in the United States, there are no clinically applicable hollow fiber ECMO oxygenators available, in spite of the extended ECMO application. Therefore, the development of a small, yet efficient, silicone hollow fiber membrane oxygenator for long-term ECMO usage was attempted. Based on the results of many experimental models, preclinical oxygenator models for long-term ECMO were developed in our laboratory using an ultra-thin silicone rubber hollow fiber membrane.
Display security for online transactions: SMS-based authentication scheme (2010)

Secure online transactions with human users normally require visual display for verifying the correctness of central elements of the transaction before it is submitted. When commodity computer platforms get exposed to the Internet, even for a short period, there is a real and substantial risk that they become infected with malware that can modify anything on the computer, including what is displayed to the user and what is being sent over the Internet. This threat makes visual verification of transaction data unreliable and undermines other security mechanisms used to protect online transactions. This paper proposes a method for display security to make the verification of displayed data in the SMS-based authentication scheme more robust against the threat of compromised platforms.
The Role of Cell-Free DNA Size Distribution in the Management of Prostate Cancer (2006)

Cell-free DNA has been shown to have diagnostic potential in a number of malignant diseases. Recently, the integrity or size distribution of these fragments has also been identified as having possible diagnostic value. The current study explores the role of this novel parameter in the clinical diagnosis of prostate cancer. Plasma samples, collected prospectively from men undergoing investigation for prostate cancer, were used to obtain a cell-free DNA sample. Real-time PCR was used to quantify the level of cell-free DNA (ng/ml) and its size distribution (delta CD in each case. Sixty-one samples were collected from patients with prostate cancer and 62 from those with benign histology. Analysis failed to reveal a statistically significant relationship between either the level of cell-free DNA (p = 0.82) or its size distribution (p = 0.91) and the presence of cancer. These results demonstrate that cell-free DNA is unlikely to be of diagnostic value in the clinical management of this disease.
Observation of Plasmarons in Quasi-Freestanding Doped Graphene (2010)

A hallmark of graphene is its unusual conical band structure that leads to a zero-energy band gap at a single Dirac crossing point. By measuring the spectral function of charge carriers in quasi-freestanding graphene with angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy, we showed that at finite doping, this well-known linear Dirac spectrum does not provide a full description of the charge-carrying excitations. We observed composite "plasmaron" particles, which are bound states of charge carriers with plasmons, the density oscillations of the graphene electron gas. The Dirac crossing point is resolved into three crossings: the first between pure charge bands, the second between pure plasmaron bands, and the third a ring-shaped crossing between charge and plasmaron bands.
Brain GLP-1 Signaling Regulates Femoral Artery Blood Flow and Insulin Sensitivity Through Hypothalamic PKC-δ (2011)

Our studies show that brain GLP-1 signaling activates hypothalamic glucose-dependent PKC-δ to regulate femoral artery blood flow and insulin sensitivity. This mechanism is attenuated during the development of experimental hyperglycemia and may contribute to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes.
Problems in Safety Education (1940)

(1940). Problems in Safety Education. The Journal of Health and Physical Education: Vol. 11, No. 4, pp. 225-270.
A Design Methodology for MOS Current-Mode Logic Frequency Dividers (2007)

In this work, a methodology for the design of MOS current-mode logic frequency dividers is presented. A mix of hand calculations and circuit simulations is used to relate the power consumption and the frequency of operation. Each latch in the dividers is sized separately in order to minimize the overall power consumption. Furthermore, the effect on the power consumption of circuit parameters such as output swing and voltage gain of the input differential pair is analyzed in detail. The methodology has been applied to dividers by two and dividers by three with 50% output duty cycle
Implementation of normally-off function for TOPPERS/ASP kernel (2013)

This paper proposes a normally-off embedded system. The idea behind this system is it turns the power off when the system is idle. Volatile devices, however, cannot maintain their own internal information when they are powered off. So, we use non-volatile RAM (NVRAM) to save the internal information. We developed an operating system (OS) function that saves the internal information to and loads it from this NVRAM. We then implemented it into the TOPPERS/ASP kernel as a power saving framework. We conducted two experiments. The first was a simulation for evaluating the break-even point (BEP). The second evaluated the power consumption behavior.
Rapid colorimetric field test to determine levels of deltamethrin on PermaNet<sup>®</sup> surfaces: association with mosquito bioactivity (2009)

The observed correlation between the amount of deltamethrin adsorbed onto the filter paper and the entire amount of deltamethrin per unit area of net material was good: 0.967, five assays. The relationship between the surface levels of deltamethrin determined by the colorimetric test and the 'gold standard' mosquito bioassay reveals a relatively accurate field test with a sensitivity of 91.4% and specificity if 85.4% (76 samplings from 19 nets).
The roles of TLRs, RLRs and NLRs in pathogen recognition (2009)

The mammalian innate immune system detects the presence of microbial infection through germ line-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Toll-like receptors, retinoic acid-inducible gene-I-like receptors and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors serve as PRRs that recognize different but overlapping microbial components. They are expressed in different cellular compartments such as the cell surface, endosome, lysosome or cytoplasm and activate specific signaling pathways that lead to expression of genes that tailor immune responses to particular microbes. This review summarizes recent insights into pathogen sensing by these PRRs and their signaling pathways.
Flip-chip Bonding Technology (2005)

Flip-chip bonding technology is a potential process in the electronic packaging. Now there are C4 , Thermosonic flip-chip bonding and Conducting adhesive bonding process and so on. This paper introduces characteristic and application scope and bonding process of three flip-chip bonding technology .
Learning Dialogue Management Models for Task-Oriented Dialogue with Parallel Dialogue and Task Streams (2013)

Learning dialogue management models poses significant challenges. In a complex taskoriented domain in which information is exchanged via parallel, interleaved dialogue and task streams, effective dialogue management models should be able to make dialogue moves based on both the dialogue and the task context. This paper presents a data-driven approach to learning dialogue management models that determine when to make dialogue moves to assist users ’ task completion activities, as well as the type of dialogue move that should be selected for a given user interaction context. Combining features automatically extracted from the dialogue and the task, we compare two alternate modeling approaches. The results of an evaluation indicate the learned models are effective in predicting both the timing and the type of system dialogue moves. 1
Tailoring the Pore Structure of SBA-16 Silica Molecular Sieve through the Use of Copolymer Blends and Control of Synthesis Temperature and Time (2004)

SBA-16 mesoporous silicas with cubic Im3m structure were synthesized using Pluronic F127 poly(ethylene oxide)−poly(propylene oxide)−poly(ethylene oxide) triblock copolymer (EO106PO70EO106) and its blends with Pluronic P123 triblock copolymer (EO20PO70EO20) as supramolecular templates. The resulting materials were characterized using X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and argon and nitrogen adsorption. Selected samples were also modified with series of organosilanes of gradually increasing sizes and the accessibility of the pore structure after the modification was assessed using argon adsorption, which allowed us to determine the diameter of entrances to the ordered mesopores. It was shown that the pore cage diameter in SBA-16 can be enlarged in a wide range not only by increasing the synthesis temperature and time, as previously known, but also by increasing the content of P123 copolymer in the polymer mixture. These three ways allowed us to synthesize SBA-16 with nominal mesopore diameters from ∼4.5 to 9 nm. Even more importantly, they were also suitable for the tailoring of the pore entrance diameter from ∼1 to at least 6 nm, although in this case, the effect of the copolymer mixture composition on the entrance size was relatively small. In the case of SBA-16 samples synthesized at low temperatures or short hydrothermal treatment times, there was evidence that the pore entrance size was as low as 0.4−0.7 nm, as argon atoms were capable of entering the pore structure, but trimethylchlorosilane appeared to be largely excluded from it. By varying the synthesis temperature, time, and template composition, SBA-16 samples with essentially the same mesopore cage diameter and with largely different pore entrance sizes were synthesized. The present work is a step forward in the synthesis of a mesoporous molecular sieve with independently tailored mesopore diameter and entrance size.
Formation of Discrete, Functional Assemblies and Informational Polymers through the Hydrogen-Bonding Preferences of Calixarene Aryl and Sulfonyl Tetraureas (1998)

Derivatives of the calix[4]arenes in the cone conformation featuring either aryl urea or sulfonyl urea functions on their larger (upper) rims dimerize through hydrogen bonding to give molecular capsules. The capsules act as hosts that reversibly bind smaller molecule guests in organic media. Heterodimers form when both aryl and sulfonyl ureas are present, and the heterodimers form exclusively with respect to the homodimers. The heterodimerization encodes information at the molecular level and allows the predictable formation of discrete aggregates of nanometer dimensions. Evidence for the reversible assembly of these structures is provided by 1H NMR, guest encapsulation studies, and gel permeation chromatography. Covalent attachment of these calixarene aryl and sulfonyl ureas at their smaller (lower) rims leads to polymeric assemblies in which the informational content is preserved.
OPERA (1967)

Journal Article OPERA Get access Monteverdi Claudio, L'Orfeo, ed. by Denis Stevens. Octavo score. (Novello, London, 1967, £1 1s.) J. A. W. J. A. W. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Music and Letters, Volume XLVIII, Issue 4, October 1967, Pages 400-c–402, https://doi.org/10.1093/ml/XLVIII.4.400-c Published: 01 October 1967
Structures of new terpenoid constituents of Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) KARST (Polyporaceae). (1985)

Eight new terpenoid constituents named ganoderenic acids A (1), B (2), C (3) and D (4), ganoderic acids E (5), F (6), and G (7), and lucidenic acid D (8) were isolated from dried fruiting bodies of the fungus, Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) KARST (Polyporaceae) and their structures were determined on the basis of spectral data and some chemical interconversions.
Suspended Animation in <i>C. elegans</i> Requires the Spindle Checkpoint (2003)

In response to environmental signals such as anoxia, many organisms enter a state of suspended animation, an extreme form of quiescence in which microscopically visible movement ceases. We have identified a gene, san-1, that is required for suspended animation in Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. We show that san-1 functions as a spindle checkpoint component in C. elegans. During anoxia-induced suspended animation, embryos lacking functional SAN-1 or a second spindle checkpoint component, MDF-2, failed to arrest the cell cycle, exhibited chromosome missegregation, and showed reduced viability. These data provide a model for how a dynamic biological process is arrested in suspended animation.
Dirty-paper trellis codes for watermarking (2003)

Informed coding is the practice of representing watermark messages with patterns that are dependent on the cover works. This requires the use of a dirty-paper code, in which each message is represented by a large number of alternative vectors. Most previous dirty-paper codes are based on lattice codes, in which each code vector, or pattern, is a point in a regular lattice. While such codes are very efficient to implement, they suffer from inherent weakness against valumetric scaling, such as changes in audio volume or image brightness. In the present paper, we present an alternative to lattice codes that is inherently robust to valumetric scaling. This code is based on a trellis that has been modified so that each bit value may be coded by traversing several alternative arcs. A Viterbi decoder is used in the detector to identify the path with the highest correlation to the input work. Since relative correlation values are unaffected by valumetric scaling, the same message will be detected no matter how the input has been scaled.
Effect of layer-thickness randomness on gap solitons and optical bistability in nonlinear superlattices with photonic stop gaps (1997)

We calculate the nonlinear optical response of finite random-thickness superlattices and investigate the effect of randomness on gap solitons and optical bistability. The structures we consider are composed by alternating stacking of linear and nonlinear layers with randomly distributed thicknesses. We calculate the transmissivity for superlattices with a different extent of randomness by numerically solving the nonlinear wave equation. The frequency of incident light is within a stop gap that is produced by the modulation of the linear part of the dielectric constant. We find that for samples with different degree of randomness the bistability still exists, but the peaks of the transmission resonance caused by the nonlinearity are lowered and shifted towards the direction of high incident power. More multivalued branches of transmissivity, as a function of the incident power, emerge in some regions when randomness is introduced. The excitations of the gap solitons that are responsible for the resonance in the transmissivity are also suppressed by the randomness.
Experiments in UNIX command prediction (1997)

A good use interface is central to the success of most products. Our research is concerned with improving an interface by making it adaptive - changing over time as it learns more about the user. In this paper, we consider the task of modifying a UNIX shell to learn to predict the next command executed as one sample adaptive user interface. To this end, we have collected command histories (some extensive) from 77 people, and have calculated the predictive accuracy for each of five methods over this dataset. The algorithm with the highest performance produces an average online predictive accuracy of up to 38%.
Solvent-coated organic materials for high-density optical recording (1981)

Bilayer structures consisting of organic dye/polymer binder systems solvent-coated on reflective substrates are useful for real-time high-density optical recording. Information is recorded by using focused actinic light that is highly absorbed in the vicinity of the surface of the dye/binder layer. Recorded marks consist of steep-walled flat-bottomed depressions or ’’pits’’ that have depth designed to impart a phase shift of ∠r/2 to a focused readout light beam having a wavelength at which the dye/binder layer is essentially transparent. The optical and physical characteristics of these structures that lead to good recording sensitivity and high levels of playback performance are discussed.