gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Two-stage speech/music classifier with decision smoothing and sharpening in the EVS codec (2015)

In most internationally recognized standardized multi-mode codecs, signal classification is performed in a single step by either linear discrimination or SNR-based metrics. The speech/music classifier of the EVS codec achieves greater discrimination than these single-step models by combining Gaussian mixture modelling (GMM) with a series of context-based improvement layers. Additionally, unlike traditional GMM classifiers the EVS model adopts a short hangover period, allowing it to track transitions between music and speech. Misclassifications are mitigated by applying a novel decision smoothing and sharpening technique. The results in relatively static environments demonstrate that the new two-stage approach with selective hangover leads to classification accuracies comparable to speech/music classifiers with longer hangovers. They also show that the new approach leads to faster and more accurate switching of coding modes than conventional classifiers for more complex audio environments such as advertisements, jingles and speech superimposed on music.
Ultrasonographic and Three-Dimensional Analyses at the Glabella and Radix of the Nose for Botulinum Neurotoxin Injection Procedures into the Procerus Muscle (2019)

Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) injections are widely used for facial rejuvenation procedures, and the procerus muscle is a major target in cases of glabellar transverse lines or rhytids. Although there have been many cadaveric studies of the procerus, its depth and thickness have not been investigated thoroughly. The aim of this study was to measure the depth and thickness of the procerus and identify the location of the intercanthal vein using ultrasonographic (US) imaging and the three-dimensional scanning method, which is needed to know to avoid side effects during BoNT injections. The morphology of the procerus was classified into two types based on the US images obtained at the glabella. The procerus was located deeper below the skin surface at the glabella than the sellion (3.8 ± 0.7 mm versus 2.7 ± 0.6 mm). The width of the procerus in US images increased from the sellion (10.9 ± 0.2 mm) to the glabella (14.5 ± 4.6 mm), whereas its thickness decreased (from 1.6 ± 0.6 mm to 1.1 ± 0.5 mm). The intercanthal vein was located 5.1 ± 4.0 mm superior to the sellion and 3.0 ± 0.6 mm below the skin's surface. The present findings provide anatomical knowledge as well as the reference location information for use when injecting BoNT into the procerus.
96. Acid-catalysed hydration of acraldehyde. Kinetics of the reaction and isolation of β-hydroxypropaldehyde (1950)

R. H. Hall and E. S. Stern, J. Chem. Soc., 1950, 490 DOI: 10.1039/JR9500000490
Sodium Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide Mediates Woolly Monkey Hepatitis B Virus Infection of Tupaia Hepatocytes (2013)

Primary Tupaia hepatocytes (PTHs) are susceptible to woolly monkey hepatitis B virus (WMHBV) infection, but the identity of the cellular receptor(s) mediating WMHBV infection of PTHs remains unclear. Recently, sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) was identified as a functional receptor for human hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection of primary human and Tupaia hepatocytes. In this study, a synthetic pre-S1 peptide from WMHBV was found to bind specifically to cells expressing Tupaia NTCP (tsNTCP) and it efficiently blocked WMHBV entry into PTHs; silencing of tsNTCP in PTHs significantly inhibited WMHBV infection. Ectopic expression of tsNTCP rendered HepG2 cells susceptible to WMHBV infection. These data demonstrate that tsNTCP is a functional receptor for WMHBV infection of PTHs. The result also indicates that NTCP's orthologs likely act as a common cellular receptor for all known primate hepadnaviruses.
Drug therapy for epilepsy. (1994)

Epilepsy, a chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, affects 1 to 3 percent of the U.S. population. In addition to six drugs classically used either alone or in combination to control epilepsy, three new agents have recently become available. The choice of therapy for each patient must be individualized, based on an accurate determination of the type of epilepsy, an understanding of drug pharmacokinetics, interactions and side-effect profiles, and issues related to patient acceptability and compliance. Approximately 70 percent of patients currently achieve good control of epilepsy, and it is hoped that new agents and improved therapeutic management can substantially increase this percentage.
A MEMS Disk Resonator-Based Oscillator (2006)

A fully integrated MEMS based oscillator using a MEMS disk resonator is presented. Parameter extraction for a circuit model of the disk resonator using ANSYS is carried out at 60.6 MHz. A PIERCE oscillator using the disk resonator is designed. The circuit simulations are presented. The different specs of the oscillator like frequency, phase noise and frequency stability are investigated. The effect of the presence of the disk resonator on the performance of the oscillator is demonstrated.
Detection of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) via Acoustic Analysis (2018)

ABSTRACT ALS is a fatal neurodegenerative disease with no cure. Experts typically measure disease progression via the ALSFRS-R score, which includes measurements of various abilities known to decline. We propose instead the use of speech analysis as a proxy for ALS progression. This technique enables 1) frequent non-invasive, inexpensive, longitudinal analysis, 2) analysis of data recorded in the wild, and 3) creation of an extensive ALS databank for future analysis. Patients and trained medical professionals need not be co-located, enabling more frequent monitoring of more patients from the convenience of their own homes. The goals of this study are the identification of acoustic speech features in naturalistic contexts which characterize disease progression and development of machine models which can recognize the presence and severity of the disease. We evaluated subjects from the Prize4Life Israel dataset, using a variety of frequency, spectral, and voice quality features. The dataset was generated using the ALS Mobile Analyzer, a cell-phone app that collects data regarding disease progress using a self-reported ALSFRS-R questionnaire and several active tasks that measure speech and motor skills. Classification via leave-five-subjects-out cross-validation resulted in an accuracy rate of 79% (61% chance) for males and 83% (52% chance) for females.
Unequal protection of JPEG2000 code-streams in wireless channels (2003)

The rapid growth of wireless communication has resulted in a demand for robust transmission of compressed images over wireless channels. The challenge of robust transmission is to protect the compressed image data against loss in such a way as to maximize the received image quality. The paper addresses this problem; investigating unequal error protection of JPEG2000 compressed imagery. More particularly, the results reported in this paper provide guidance concerning the selection of JPEG2000 coding parameters and appropriate combinations of RS (Reed-Solomon) codes, for typical wireless bit error rates in the range 10/sup -4/ to 10/sup -3/.
Rostral Fastigial Nucleus Activity in the Alert Monkey During Three-Dimensional Passive Head Movements (1997)

The fastigial nucleus (FN) receives vestibular information predominantly from Purkinje cells of the vermis. FN in the monkey can be divided in a rostral part, related to spinal mechanisms, and a caudal part with oculomotor functions. To understand the role of FN during movements in space, single-unit activity in alert monkeys was recorded during passive three-dimensional head movements from rostral FN. Seated monkeys were rotated sinusoidally around a horizontal earth-fixed axis (vertical stimulation) at different orientations 15 degrees apart (including roll, pitch, vertical canal plane and intermediate planes). In addition, sinusoidal rotations around an earth-vertical axis (yaw stimulus) included different roll and pitch positions (+/-10 degrees, +/-20 degrees). The latter positions were also used for static stimulation. One hundred fifty-eight neurons in two monkeys were modulated during the sinusoidal vertical search stimulation. The vast majority showed a uniform response pattern: a maximum at a specific head orientation (response vector orientation) and a null response 90 degrees apart. Detailed analysis was obtained from 111 neurons. On the basis of their phase relation during dynamic stimulation and their response to static tilt, these neurons were classified as vertical semicircular canal related (n = 79, 71.2%) or otolith related (n = 25; 22.5%). Only seven neurons did not follow the usual response pattern and were classified as complex neurons. For the vertical canal-related neurons (n = 79) all eight major response vector orientations (ipsilateral or contralateral anterior canal, posterior canal, roll, and nose-down and nose-up pitch) were found in Fn on one side. Neurons with ipsilateral orientations were more numerous and on average more sensitive than those with contralateral orientations. Twenty-eight percent of the vertical canal-related neurons also responded to horizontal canal stimulation. None of the vertical canal-related neurons responded to static tilt. Otolith-related neurons (n = 25) had a phase relation close to head position and were considerably less numerous than canal-related neurons. Except for pitch, all other response vector orientations were found. Seventy percent of these neurons responding during dynamic stimulation also responded during static tilt. The sensitivity during dynamic stimulation was always higher than during static stimulation. Sixty-one percent of the otolith-related neurons responded also to horizontal canal stimulation. These results show that in FN, robust vestibular signals are abundant. Canal-related responses are much more common than otolith-related responses. Although for many canal neurons the responses can be related to single canal planes, convergence between vertical canals but also with horizontal canals is common.
Predicting Aqueous Solubility: The Role of Crystallinity (2009)

This paper revisits the role of crystallinity in predicting the aqueous solubility of a wide variety of organic compounds. Box and Comer (Current Drug Metabolism, 2008, 9, 869-878) fitted solubility data for 86 drugs to an equation based solely on log P. The General Solubility Equation of Jain and Yalkowsky, which accounts for the crystal lattice energy, was applied to the same data set and gives more accurate solubility predictions. In this simple comparison between two solubility prediction methods, we show that log P alone is only half of the solution, and that there is a need to include the melting point when dealing with crystalline solutes.
Induction Plasma Technology Applied to Powder Manufacturing: Example of Titanium-Based Materials (2016)

Powder metallurgy technologies require specific powders to ensure a good quality to the manufactured parts. The critical properties are; the powder chemistry, flow ability, packing density, and the absence of porosity. This review highlights the capability of Tekna’s Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) technology for the production of high quality powders for the additive manufacturing industry.
Dielectric Properties of Bi<sub>4</sub>Ti<sub>3</sub>O<sub>12</sub> below the Curie Temperature (1981)

The dielectric permittivity, optical transmission spectrum and temperature dependence of resistance were investigated in single crystals of Bi 4 Ti 3 O 12 and BaBi 4 Ti 4 O 15 . It is found that the dielectric anomalies previously reported below the Curie temperature are due electron space charges of inhomogeneous distribution in the material and near the non-ohmic electrodes.
Peroxidase metabolism of the urinary bladder carcinogen 2-amino-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole. (1983)

Metabolism of 2-amino-4-(5-nitro-2-furyl)thiazole (ANFT) by a variety of different peroxidases was examined. Metabolism of ANFT was measured by the binding of radiolabeled substrates to protein and DNA. Prostaglandin hydroperoxidase but not horseradish peroxidase, lactoperoxidase, or chloroperoxidase metabolically activated ANFT. All four peroxidases catalyzed the binding of benzidine to protein and DNA. With peroxide substrates, peroxidase-catalyzed binding of both carcinogens was observed with or without molecular oxygen. Arachidonic acid-dependent binding of ANFT and benzidine by prostaglandin endoperoxide synthetase was inhibited by anaerobic conditions and aspirin. Chloroperoxidase activation of benzidine was also inhibited by aspirin. Vitamin E inhibited activation of both carcinogens by all enzymes examined. Prostaglandin hydroperoxidase-catalyzed binding of benzidine to protein was inhibited by the 5-nitrofurans ANFT and 3-hydroxymethyl-1-(([3-(5-nitro-2-furyl)allydidene] amino))hydantoin and acetaminophen, while only acetaminophen inhibited horseradish peroxidase-catalyzed binding. These results indicate that different peroxidases may exhibit specificity with respect to their activation of carcinogens. Only prostaglandin hydroperoxidase activated the 5-nitrofuran ANFT, while a number of peroxidases activated the aromatic amine benzidine.
The 9-position in berberine analogs is an important determinant of DNA topoisomerase II inhibition. (2000)

A current model suggests that the intercalative and minor groove binding components of protoberberines and related compounds are important for DNA topoisomerase I and/or II inhibition. The significance of the 9-substituent in berberine on drug-topoisomerase II interactions is reported here and is based on a comparison of 9-ethoxycarbonyl berberine (compound 1), 9-N,N-dimethylcarbamoyl berberine (compound 2) and 12-bromo berberine (methoxy group at 9-position; compound 3) as enzyme inhibitors. Compound 1 selectively inhibited topoisomerase II and stabilized cleavage complexes predominantly at unique sites and some background sites (depending on the concentration). This agent also allowed partial dissociation of enzyme from the DNA in the absence of religation, indicating unique interactions between 1, enzyme and DNA in the ternary complexes. Compound 2, which had similar DNA binding properties to 1, was not a topoisomerase II poison in the tested concentration range. In contrast, compound 3 was a stronger DNA binding agent but a much weaker enzyme poison both in vitro and in cell-based assays. The results show that the proposed drug domain for DNA intercalation is not a major determinant of enzyme inhibition for simple berberine analogs. Rather, the 9-substituent within the domain has a major influence, presumably by facilitating drug interaction with enzyme and/or enzyme-DNA complexes.
Methotrexate-albumin conjugate causes tumor growth delay in Dunning R3327 HI prostate cancer-bearing rats (1999)

Based on the rationale of a preferred albumin uptake by tumors, conjugates comprising of rat serum albumin (RSA) as a drug carrier and of methotrexate (MTX) as chemotherapeutic drug were prepared. For a comparative study of MTX-RSA and MTX we chose a slow growing Dunning R3327 HI prostate cancer model. In a radiopharmacologic study blood kinetics and the tumor and organ distribution pattern of residualizingly labeled MTX-RSA were determined, and were found to be similar to that of residualizingly labeled RSA. The MTD was established for Copenhagen rats at a total four injections of 2 mg/kg MTX or MTX-RSA administered at days 0, 4, 8 and 12. Tumor volume measurements and tumor removal showed a small non-significant growth delay in the MTX treatment group, suggesting MTX resistance for the Dunning R3327 HI prostate carcinoma. In contrast, treatment with MTX-RSA resulted in a significant (50%) growth inhibition of the Dunning R3327 HI tumor. The cellular mechanisms responsible for MTX resistance in Dunning HI tumor cells is not known. The improved therapeutic effects seen during MTX-RSA treatment in this slow growing adenocarcinoma might be a result of prolonged tumor exposure time and an altered cellular uptake by a lysosomal route. MTX-albumin conjugates have shown antitumor activity exceeding that of MTX in several tumor xenografts in nude mice, including human prostate cancer. The recently initiated clinical development of MTX-human serum albumin will be continued and cancer of the prostate will be included as a potential target tumor during further clinical phase II testing.
CH2 Energy Harvesting Systems: Economic Use and Efficiency (2012)

This paper looks at the City of Melbourne's new office development CH2 as a case study of world class energy performance. In particular, the integrated design of conventionally independent systems has led to the potential to deliver significant savings to the Council and to deliver better environmental conditions to building occupants that in turn may contribute to satisfaction, well-being and productivity. It is concluded that this project has the potential to be an iconic example of effective implementation of ESD (environmental sustainable design) principles and therefore act as a demonstration project to others. Energy efficiency of more than 50% of current benchmarks for Melbourne is effected. Energy harvesting is defined as arising from squander, waste and nature, which is a new concept introduced in this paper to better describe the design decision process.
A 512-kb flash EEPROM embedded in a 32-b microcontroller (1992)

A 512-kb flash EEPROM developed for microcontroller applications is reported. Many process and performance constraints associated with the conventional flash EEPROM have been eliminated through the development of a new flash EEPROM cell and new circuit techniques. Design of the 512-kb flash EEPROM, which is programmable for different array sizes, has been evaluated from 256- and 384-kb arrays embedded in new 32-b microcontrollers. The 512-kb flash EEPROM has incorporated the newly developed source-coupled split-gate (SCSG) flash EEPROM cell, Zener-diode controlled programming voltages, internally generated erase voltage, and a new differential sense amplifier. It has eliminated overerase and program disturb problems without relying on tight process controls and on critical operational sequences and timings, such as intelligent erase, intelligent program, and preprogram before erase. A modular approach was used for chip design to minimize development time and for processing technology to achieve high manufacturability and flexibility.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Design and implementation of multichannel bandpass filter for embedded system (2006)

Digital bandpass filters are widely used in the field of signal processing. A lot of implementations can be found in the literature, either by software or hardware solutions. The proposed design will use many IIR-biquads in serial and parallel form to construct a multichannel bandpass filter; each biquad contains a very small processor inside. The advantages of this modulized arrangement are simple but flexible, expandable and cost-effective. In the VLSI implementation, the hardware complexity of the filter is directly proportional to the number of orders and the bit-width of input signal and the coefficients. To reduce the hardware cost, this can be solved with iteration calculations by software; therefore, a co-design of hardware and software may produce cost-efficient IIR filters. The key design concept is to build a processor for software processing with minimum hardware resources, without sacrificing the performance of the original IIR filter. The proposed design architecture can be used for embedded systems in system-on-chip (SOC) environments easily.
Agglutination of Mouse Erythrocytes by <i>Eperythrozoon coccoides</i> (1983)

Erythrocytes from blood of mice infected with Eperythrozoon coccoides for 3 or 4 days agglutinated spontaneously. Washed E. coccoides particles agglutinated washed erythrocytes of uninfected mice. E. coccoides-mediated agglutination of normal mouse erythrocytes would be an excellent system for studies of bacterial adhesion.
A 3.3 V high-density AND flash memory with 1 ms/512B erase and program time (2002)

A 3.3 V single-supply 32 Mb flash memory realizing a 512B per sector program/erase unit features serial sector read, sector program and sector erase modes. By using AND cells and connecting one sense and latch (SL) circuit to every data line (DL) pair, these modes can handle data strictly sector by sector (512B). The same sector size for both programming and erasing simplifies the rewrite operation to a small number of sectors and prevents system performance degradation. The chip is implemented in a 0.45 /spl mu/m triple-well CMOS process.
Hedgehog signaling pathway: A novel target for cancer therapy: Vismodegib, a promising therapeutic option in treatment of basal cell carcinomas (2014)

The Hedgehog signaling pathway is one of the major regulators of cell growth and differentiation during embryogenesis and early development. It is mostly quiescent in adults but inappropriate mutation or deregulation of the pathway is involved in the development of cancers. Therefore; recently it has been recognized as a novel therapeutic target in cancers. Basal cell carcinomas (BCC) and medulloblastomas are the two most common cancers identified with mutations in components of the hedgehog pathway. The discovery of targeted Hedgehog pathway inhibitors has shown promising results in clinical trials, several of which are still undergoing clinical evaluation. Vismodegib (GDC-0449), an oral hedgehog signaling pathway inhibitor has reached the farthest in clinical development. Initial clinical trials in basal cell carcinoma and medulloblastoma have shown good efficacy and safety and hence were approved by U.S. FDA for use in advanced basal cell carcinomas. This review highlights the molecular basis and the current knowledge of hedgehog pathway activation in different types of human cancers as well as the present and future prospects of the novel drug vismodegib.
Experimental realisation of a full adder by substrate fed threshold logic structure (1983)

A full adder has been designed and fabricated utilising substrate fed threshold logic. The internal operation is performed by four-valued threshold currents while the input and output signals are of binary form. The delay times of the experimental circuit operating with 10 μA per injection window have been measured as 5 μs for the sums and 1 μs for the carry.