gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Incidence of a split alpha 2-glycoprotein band in the electrophoretic pattern for serum of adenocarcinoma patients. (1980)

Abstract We electrophoresed serum samples on Mylar-backed cellulose acetate membranes and stained for glycoproteins with the periodic acid—Schiff reagent. The samples were from untreated adenocarcinoma patients, adenocarcinoma patients receiving chemotherapy, and patients with other malignancies, and also from patients with benign proliferative diseases, inflammatory diseases, and other non-malignant conditions. Forty-five per cent of the sera from untreated adenocarcinoma patients and 80% of those from adenocarcinoma patients with progressive systemic disease exhibited a splitting of the alpha 2-glycoproteins into a fast and slow band. Such a pattern was seen in only 4% of the non-adenocarcinoma cancer patients and 4% of the control group. Serial studies indicated that electrophoretic patterns of alpha 2-glycoproteins change with clinical status. Non-cancer patients with high concentrations of acute-phase proteins in their serum did not exhibit two alpha 2-glycoprotein bands. Further characterization of serum proteins from the fast alpha 2 region suggest that alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and haptoglobin beta chains are the principal components staining with periodic acid—Schiff reagent. These components are markedly less apparent in, or are absent from, the fast alpha 2 region of normal sera.
MIS solar cells: A review (1978)

The metal-thin-film insulator-semiconductor (MIS) structure is currently receiving much attention in solar-cell studies. Both theoretical and practical investigations indicate that this structure offers a means of overcoming the principal deficiency of Schottky barrier solar cells, namely low open-circuit photovoltage, while maintaining the attractive features that have led the metal-semiconductor junction to be considered as a possible alternative to the p-n junction for large-area, terrestrial, solar-cell applications. The thin insulating layer allows control over not only the magnitude of the dark current flowing through the diode, but also the dominant type (majority or minority carrier) of this current. Desirably low values of dark current have been postulated for majority carrier devices incorporating suitable charge-trapping centres, located either within the insulator or at the semiconductor-insulator interface, and for minority carrier devices employing suitable insulator thicknesses, metal work functions, and semiconductor resistivities. Theories based on these models are reviewed in this paper and their relevance to explaining photovoltage enhancement in practical Si and GaAs MIS cells is examined. The factors affecting other salient solar-cell properties (photocurrent, fill factor, conversion efficiency) are also considered and suggestions as to the parameters limiting present device performance are given.
Bioabsorbable Plates and Screws in Pediatric Craniofacial Surgery (1997)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the application of bioabsorbable fixation devices in reconstructive craniofacial procedures in the pediatric population. We reviewed 22 cases in which bioabsorbable plates and screws were used in craniofacial surgery for reconstruction. The procedures were performed in a 7-month period. The patients ranged in age from 5 to 228 months at the time of surgery (mean, 76.7 months). The postoperative clinical follow-up ranged from 2 to 16 weeks. The fixation devices were evaluated with regards to satisfactory fixation at the time of procedure. The postoperative follow-up evaluated clinical wound healing, signs of infection or local inflammation, and visibility or palpability of plates through the skin. All patients except one showed satisfactory wound healing with no sign of infection or local inflammation. The plates provided satisfactory fixation and were not visible through the skin. Two patients had plates that were palpable at the 4-month follow-up period. One patient with repair of a blow-out fracture of the orbit with resorbable mesh had redness and swelling over the wound site 2 weeks postoperatively with resolution 4 weeks postoperatively. Our early experience suggests reabsorbable fixation is an attractive option in pediatric plastic and craniofacial surgery. With further experience, this technology may represent the standard of care in reconstruction of the infant calvarium.
Selective fluorescence detection of cysteine and N-terminal cysteine peptide residues (2010)

A new fluorogenic fluorescein derivative containing an alpha,beta-unsaturated aldehyde moiety produces a selective fluorescent signal enhancement in the presence of cysteine or peptides containing N-terminal cysteine residues. The mechanism is based on synergistic covalent and supramolecular interactions.
Structure of Rotavirus Outer-Layer Protein VP7 Bound with a Neutralizing Fab (2009)

Rotavirus outer-layer protein VP7 is a principal target of protective antibodies. Removal of free calcium ions (Ca2+) dissociates VP7 trimers into monomers, releasing VP7 from the virion, and initiates penetration-inducing conformational changes in the other outer-layer protein, VP4. We report the crystal structure at 3.4 angstrom resolution of VP7 bound with the Fab fragment of a neutralizing monoclonal antibody. The Fab binds across the outer surface of the intersubunit contact, which contains two Ca2+ sites. Mutations that escape neutralization by other antibodies suggest that the same region bears the epitopes of most neutralizing antibodies. The monovalent Fab is sufficient to neutralize infectivity. We propose that neutralizing antibodies against VP7 act by stabilizing the trimer, thereby inhibiting the uncoating trigger for VP4 rearrangement. A disulfide-linked trimer is a potential subunit immunogen.
Bioimaging of Nucleolin Aptamer-Containing 5-(<i>N</i>-benzylcarboxyamide)-2′-deoxyuridine More Capable of Specific Binding to Targets in Cancer Cells (2010)

Chemically modified nucleotides have been developed and applied into SELEX procedure to find a novel type of aptamers to fit with targets of interest. In this study, we directly performed chemical modification of 5-(N-benzylcarboxyamide)-2'-deoxyuridine (called 5-BzdU) in the AS1411 aptamer, which binds to the nucleolin protein expressed in cancer cells. Forty-seven compounds of AS1411-containing Cy3-labeled 5-BzdU (called Cy3-(5-BzdU)-modified-AS1411) were synthesized by randomly substituting thymidines one to twelve in AS1411 with Cy3-labeled 5-BzdU. Both statistically quantified fluorescence measurements and confocal imaging analysis demonstrated at least three potential compounds of interest: number 12, 29 and 41 that significantly increased the targeting affinity to cancer cells but no significant activity from normal healthy cells. These results suggest that the position and number of substituents in AS1411 are critical parameters to improve the aptamer function. In this study, we demonstrated that chemical modification of the existing aptamers enhanced the binding and targeting affinity to targets of interest without additional SELEX procedures.
Straightforward design of trellis coded modulation with new lower bound on free Euclidean distance (1989)

A systematic way of designing efficient trellis coded modulation (TCM) is presented. Our design method is based on the concept of trellis partitioning and newly defined branch distances. A lower bound on free Euclidean distance is given.
Best Current Practice for Communications Services in Support of Emergency Calling (2013)

The IETF and other standards organizations have efforts targeted at
standardizing various aspects of placing emergency calls on IP
networks. This memo describes best current practice on how devices,
networks, and services using IETF protocols should use such standards
to make emergency calls.
Natrual resouces, culture and problems of sea cucumber worldwide (2004)

Sea cucumbers possess high nutritional and medical value as they are abundant in proteins and mucopolysaccharide. The increasing demand of consumption market led to over-exploitation and reduction on the natural resources of those commercial sea cucumber species worldwide. Thus, sea cucumber farming has developed rapidly in recent years. Since 1980's, seed rearing techniques of several commercial species have been successively established in Japan, China, India and elsewhere. The culture areas expanded rapidly where varied rearing methods have been developed in these countries. However,the rapid development and poor operation resulted in many problems such as the deterioration of ecological environment ,the occurrence of diseases, et al. This article reviewed the natural stocks of the important holothurian species, their distribution, and the update techniques on seed rearing, sea ranching and commercial farming.The existing problems in the industry are also discussed and the countermeasures are proposed accordingly.
Out of Plane Propagation of Electromagnetic Waves in a Two-dimensional Periodic Dielectric Medium (1994)

Abstract By the use of the plane wave method we have calculated the dispersion curves (photonic band structure) of electromagnetic waves propagating in a structure consisting of an infinite array of parallel, infinitely long, dielectric rods of arbitrary cross-section, characterized by a dielectric constant εa, embedded in a medium characterized by a dielectric constant εb, when the intersections of the axes of the rods with a perpendicular plane form a two-dimensional Bravais lattice. In contrast with earlier calculations of the photonic band structures of two-dimensional, periodic, dielectric structures, in the present work the electromagnetic waves are assumed to propagate out of the plane perpendicular to the rods. In numerical calculations we study a triangular lattice of air cylinders in a dielectric medium, which has recently been shown to possess a band gap common to waves of both E and H polarization for propagation in the plane perpendicular to the rods. The shifts of the edges of this absolute band gap as k 3, the component of the wave-vector of the electromagnetic waves parallel to the rods, is increased from zero are studied, as is the closing up of this gap. A new absolute band gap is found to open up below the first band as k 3 is increased. Conclusions concerning the filtering behaviour of two-dimensional, periodic, dielectric structures in the case of out-of-plane propagation of electromagnetic waves through them are drawn.
Development of a Biostable Replacement for PEGDA Hydrogels (2012)

The exceptional tunability of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel chemical, mechanical, and biological properties enables their successful use in a wide range of biomedical applications. Although PEG diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogels are often used as nondegradable controls in short-term in vitro studies, it is widely acknowledged that the hydrolytically labile esters formed upon acrylation of the PEG diol make them susceptible to slow degradation in vivo. A PEG hydrogel system that maintains the desirable properties of PEGDA while improving biostability would be valuable in preventing degradation-related failure of gel-based devices in long-term in vivo applications. To this end, PEG diacrylamide (PEGDAA) hydrogels were synthesized and characterized in quantitative comparison to traditional PEGDA hydrogels. It was found that PEGDAA hydrogel modulus and swelling can be tuned over a similar range and to comparable degrees as PEGDA hydrogels with changes in macromer molecular weight and concentration. Additionally, PEGDAA cytocompatibility, low cell adhesion, and capacity for incorporation of bioactivity were analogous to that of PEGDA. In vitro hydrolytic degradation studies showed that the amide-based PEGDAA had significantly increased biostability relative to PEGDA. Overall, these findings indicate that PEGDAA hydrogels are a suitable replacement for PEGDA hydrogels with enhanced hydrolytic resistance. In addition, these studies provide a quantitative measure of the hydrolytic degradation rate of PEGDA hydrogels which was previously lacking in the literature.
Functional design for testability of control-dominated architectures (1997)

Control-dominated architectures are usually described in a hardware description language (HDL) by means of interacting FSMs. A VHDL or Verilog specification can be translated into an interacting FSM (IFSM) representation as described here. The IFSM model allows us to approach the testable synthesis problem at the level of each FSM. The functionality is modified by the addition of transparency to data flow. The complete testability of the IFSM implementation is thus achieved by connecting fully testable implementations of each modified FSM. In this way, test sequences separately generated for each FSM are directly applied to the IFSM to achieve complete fault coverage. The addition of test functionality to each FSM description, and its simultaneous synthesis with the FSM functionality, produces a lower area overhead than that necessary for the application of a partial-scan technique. Moreover, the test generation problem is highly simplified since it is reduced to the test generation for each separate FSM.
Enhancement of seed phytosterol levels by expression of an N‐terminal truncated <i>Hevea brasiliensis</i> (rubber tree) 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐CoA reductase (2003)

Dietary intake of phytosterols (plant sterols) has been shown to be effective in reducing blood cholesterol levels, thereby reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease. Phytosterols are most commonly sourced from vegetable oils, where they are present as minor components. We report here the generation of transgenic tobacco seeds substantially enhanced in phytosterol content by the expression of a modified form of one of the key sterol biosynthetic enzymes, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR). The constitutive expression of an N-terminal truncated Hevea brasiliensis HMGR (t-HMGR), lacking the membrane binding domain, enhanced seed HMGR activities by 11-fold, leading to increases in total seed sterol of 2.4-fold. Seed-specific expression of t-HMGR enhanced total seed sterol levels by 3.2-fold, to 1.36% dry weight or 3.25% of oil. 4-desmethylsterols were increased by 2.2-fold, whilst certain sterol biosynthetic intermediates, in particular cycloartenol and 24-ethylidene lophenol, also accumulated. The additional sterol in seed tissue was present in the form of fatty acid esters. Constitutive expression of t-HMGR increased leaf phytosterol sterol levels by 10-fold, representing 1.8% dry weight, and the sterol was sequestered, in acyl ester form, as cytoplasmic 'oil droplets'. These studies establish HMGR as a key enzyme controlling overall flux into the sterol biosynthesis pathway in seed tissue, but the accumulation of certain intermediates suggests additional slow steps in the pathway. The expression of an N-truncated HMGR activity has generated novel phytosterol-enriched raw materials that may provide the basis of new sourcing opportunities for this important class of cholesterol-lowering actives.
Run-Based Multi-Point Line Drawing (1993)

Line drawing on discrete graphics devices such as raster video displays, plotters, and image printers is one of the fundamental operations in computer graphics. Real-time interactive applications or high speed image output (such as on a Postscript laser printer) may require line drawing speeds in the millions of pixels per second. Such demands, which are ever increasing, push the efficiency of line generation. For nearly thirty years Bresenham&apos;s algorithm has been the standard which subsequent efforts in line drawing have sought to surpass. This work can be broadly classified into three groups: parallel algorithms which divide line generation over multiple processing units; multi-point algorithms which output a fixed number of pixels in each iteration with fewer decision tests per pixel; and structural methods, including run-length algorithms, which identify periodic patterns in raster lines to reduce the number of decision tests or even to eliminate them. This paper describes a hybrid method which uses structural properties of raster lines, such as runs, to improve the efficiency of multi-point line generation. A quadruple-step algorithm is developed which requires fewer decision tests than other multi-point algorithms, while retaining the multi-point&apos;s advantage in pixel output efficiency, particularly when implemented in hardware. A hardware state-machine circuit is described which efficiently implements the algorithm and outputs a four pixel segment every machine cycle.
Oxide defined AlAsSb/InGaAs/InP heterojunction bipolar transistors with a buried metal extrinsic base (2002)

Wet thermal oxidation of aluminum containing III-V semiconductors is a potent alternative technique for fabricating optoelectronic and microelectronic devices. Oxides have previously been used to define emitter openings of AlGaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) in low capacitance collector-up configurations. In the present work, the unique metal formation of AlAsSb oxidation is used to reduce the extrinsic base resistance under the collector in HBTs on InP. In particular, oxidation of AlAsSb can produce an insulating alumina film with a self-aligned, adjacent elemental antimony layer. We report on the electrical properties of this metal layer and the demonstration of HBTs with embedded metal underlying the extrinsic base. The combined low resistance and capacitance of such structures can potentially yield higher speed operation.
N-(Chlorosulfinyl)-Imidazole as a New Imidazole Transfer Reagent<sup>1</sup> (1980)

Abstract The usefulness of diimidazoles2 such as N, N′-carbonyldi-imidazole (1), and N, N′-thionyldiimidazole (2) in organic synthesis has been accumulated recently. In connection with the continuing our studies on the reaction using 1 or 2 3 (carbonyl, thionyl, and imidazole transfer reactions), our particular interest was focused on the synthesis of N-(chlorosulfinyl)-imidazole (3) in which one imidazole group in 2 was replaced by the other leaving group (Cl). Also, 3 was interesting for preparative purposes as a chlorine atom could be introduced via the addition reaction of 3 to carbonyl compounds as known in the reaction of 1 or 2 with ketones.
A Meta-model for Tests of Avionics Embedded Systems (2013)

Tests for avionics embedded systems are implemented using proprietary test languages. No standard has emerged and the set of existing test languages is heterogeneous. This is challenging for test solution providers, who have to accommodate the different habits of their clients. In addition, test exchange between aircraft manufacturers and equipment/system providers is hindered. To address these problems, we propose a model-driven approach for test implementation: test models are developed/maintained, with model-tocode transformations towards target executable test languages. This paper presents the test meta-model underlying the approach. It integrates the domain-specific concepts identified from an analysis of a sample of proprietary test languages. The test meta-model is the basis for building test model editors and templatebased automatic code generators, as illustrated by a demonstrator we developed.
In vitro antibacterial activity of DU-6859a, a new fluoroquinolone (1995)

The in vitro antibacterial activity of DU-6859a, a new fluoroquinolone, against a wide variety of clinical isolates was evaluated and compared with those of tosufloxacin, ofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and sparfloxacin. DU-6859a showed potent broad-spectrum activity against gram-positive, gram-negative, and anaerobic bacteria, and its activity was greater than those of the control quinolones. By comparison of MICs at which 90% of strains are inhibited, DU-6859a had potent activity against bacteria resistant to the control quinolones. The time-killing curves of quinolones showed that the number of viable cells decreased rapidly during 2 to 4 of incubation, and regrowth was not seen even after 8 h incubation. At a concentration of four times the MIC, the frequencies of appearance of spontaneous mutants of Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa resistant to DU-6859a were < or = 4.0 x 10(-9) to 1.9 x 10(-8). The 50% inhibitory concentrations of DU-6859a were 0.86 and 1.05 micrograms/ml for the supercoiling activities of DNA gyrases isolated from E. coli and P. aeruginosa, respectively. The rank order of the 50% inhibitory concentrations observed for both DNA gyrases roughly paralleled the MICs.
Development of tellurium oxide and lead-bismuth oxide glasses for mid-wave infra-red transmission optics (2013)

Heavy metal oxide glasses exhibiting high transmission in the Mid-Wave Infra-Red (MWIR) spectrum are often difficult to manufacture in large sizes with optimized physical and optical properties. In this work, we researched and developed improved tellurium-zinc-barium and lead-bismuth-gallium heavy metal oxide glasses for use in the manufacture of fiber optics, optical components and laser gain materials. Two glass families were investigated, one based upon tellurium and another based on lead-bismuth. Glass compositions were optimized for stability and high transmission in the MWIR. Targeted glass specifications included low hydroxyl concentration, extended MWIR transmission window, and high resistance against devitrification upon heating. Work included the processing of high purity raw materials, melting under controlled dry Redox balanced atmosphere, finning, casting and annealing. Batch melts as large as 4 kilograms were sprue cast into aluminum and stainless steel molds or temperature controlled bronze tube with mechanical bait. Small (100g) test melts were typically processed in-situ in a 5%Au°/95%Pt° crucible. Our group manufactured and evaluated over 100 different experimental heavy metal glass compositions during a two year period. A wide range of glass melting, fining, casting techniques and experimental protocols were employed. MWIR glass applications include remote sensing, directional infrared counter measures, detection of explosives and chemical warfare agents, laser detection tracking and ranging, range gated imaging and spectroscopy. Enhanced long range mid-infrared sensor performance is optimized when operating in the atmospheric windows from ~ 2.0 to 2.4μm, ~ 3.5 to 4.3μm and ~ 4.5 to 5.0μm.
An advanced FPGA-based processor and controller for the Next-Generation Precipitation Radar (2003)

The Next-Generation Precipitation Radar (PR-2) prototyped by NASA/JPL will depend heavily on high-performance digital processing to collect meaningful rain echo data. Using field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), we have developed for the PR-2 a pulse-compression processor and adaptive timing controller that will enable full on-board processing capabilities in a 14 and 36 GHz spaceborne radar. This paper describes some of the new technologies for the on-board processor, including a 40/spl times/10/sup 9/ op/s bit-serial filter attaining -60 dB range sidelobe performance, and an adaptive scanning control and timing unit (CTU) which yields a 7-fold increase in the radar's dwell time over areas of precipitation.