gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preservation of Leptospiras by Liquid-Nitrogen Refrigeration (1972)

The viability and virulence of an 8-day-old culture of a hamster-virulent strain of Leptospira interrogans serotype canicola in Stuart’s medium were successfully preserved by the use of liquid nitrogen for freezing and storage. Glycerol was added to the culture to give a final 10% concentration. The culture was rapidly cooled at a rate of 65 C degrees per min from 0 C to -130 C and then stored in the vapor portion of the liquid-nitrogen refrigerator. Prior to freezing, the viability count and LD50 titer for hamsters were 1.2 X 108 per ml and 10-7,2 respectively. One day after freezing, the viability and virulence values were reduced 10- to 100-fold but remained essentially unchanged thereafter over a 5-year observation period. The serological properties of the strain did not appear to be altered after prolonged storage. All except 9 of 103 additional cultures of diverse L. interrogans serotypes grown in either Stuart’s medium or in a Tween-80 albumin medium were successfully preserved by liquid-nitrogen refrigeration over a 7- to 38-month observation period with glycerol as a cryoprotective agent and a controlled rate of freezing of 35 or 60 C drop per min. Failures to recover leptospiras could be attributed to either the presence of contaminating microorganisms or the sparse concentration of organisms in the original preparation. The viability of thawed cultures persisted for 7 days when held at room temperature. The feasibility of storage of stock leptospiral cultures by use of liquid-nitrogen refrigeration was demonstrated.
<i>In Vitro </i>Gene Delivery to Hepatocytes with Galactosylated Polyethylenimine (1997)

A hepatocyte-directed vector has been developed; it includes several key features thought to favor in vivo gene delivery to the liver: electrostatically neutral particles which avoid nonspecific binding to other cells, to the extracellular matrix, and to complement proteins; asialoglycoprotein receptor-mediated endocytosis which may address the complexes to the perinuclear region; and polyethylenimine (PEI)-mediated endosome buffering and swelling as an escape mechanism to the cytoplasm. This system is based on a 5% galactose-bearing polyethylenimine (PEI-gal) polymer which is condensed with plasmid DNA to neutrality. Murine (BNL CL.2) and human (HepG2) hepatocyte-derived cell lines were transfected 10(4)-10(5)-fold more efficiently than murine fibroblasts (3T3), whether transfection was assessed globally (luciferase expression from the cell extract) or following histochemical staining (beta-galactosidase). Under these conditions, over 50% of the hepatocytes were selectively transfected in the presence of 10% serum. Transfection was suppressed by removal of the targeting galactose residues, by their replacement with glucose, or by the addition of excess asialofetuin. Thus, results from comparative and competitive experiments indicate the asialoglycoprotein receptor is involved in transfection of hepatocytes with neutral PEI-gal/DNA complexes.
Pressure contact assembly technology of high power devices (2002)

The paper describes pressure contact technology applied to high power semiconductor devices. Specific application to multiple chip assembly, particularly IGBT chips, is dealt with, and improved reliability characteristics are demonstrated.
Mapping transcription mechanisms from multimodal genomic data (2010)

The information theory approach presented in this paper is able to infer the dependence networks between SNPs and transcripts, which in turn can identify cis- and trans-eQTLs. The application of our method to the leukemia study explains how genetic variants and gene expression are linked to leukemia.
Neutrophil Defects as Risk Factors for Periodontal Diseases (1994)

There are several hypotheses proposed for the etiologic mechanisms causing periodontal diseases. These include a paradigm in which all individuals are equally susceptible to one or several pathogenic bacteria; a second paradigm that holds that all bacteria are equally virulent and that host susceptibility determines onset of disease; or a combination of the above. In this review, we analyze the role of neutrophil dysfunction as a risk factor for the onset of periodontitis. Both intrinsic or genetically inherited abnormalities of neutrophils and acquired neutrophil abnormalities are considered. While a large body of data implicates neutrophil dysfunction, either intrinsic or acquired (bacterially or extrinsically induced), as a significant risk factor for the periodontal diseases, clear, prospective, longitudinal epidemiologic studies to evaluate this association remain to be performed. J Periodontol 1994; 65:521-529.
Fault analysis of voltage-source converter based multi-terminal HVDC transmission links (2011)

A new detection method for DC line faults in a voltage source Converter based three terminal high voltage DC (VSC-MTDC) systems is proposed in this paper. A three-terminal MTDC model is used to investigate fault behavior and detection of type of fault and the dc line of the model where fault has occurred using the simulation program MATLAB/SIMULINK. The fault clearing must be done very rapidly, to limit the effect of the fault on neighboring DC lines because of the rapid increase in DC current. However, before clearing the line, the fault location must be detected as soon as possible. A rapid fault location and detection algorithm is therefore needed. The detection method proposed in this paper uses wavelet decomposition to detect the type of fault and the line in which fault has occurred, based on local measurements. The energy of the fifth level detailed decomposed coefficients of the positive line dc current is calculated for each case of fault. The final objective is to form a decision tree by analyzing the Energy values of each case and implementing it to a MATLAB program which will accurately detect the type of fault and the dc line of the model where fault has occurred. Simulation results shows that the proposed method is simple and very effective in fault detection on the dc side of a VSC-MTDC system.
Short paper: Establishing trust in a vehicular network (2013)

This work aims to formulate a procedure to establish a graded trust system within autonomous vehicular networks. A trust management system in VANETs typically falls into one of two categories: centralized or distributed. Our solution is a hybrid system which merges the two canonical designs of a centralized and distributed structure that utilizes to capabilities of both systems. In this paper we provide the design of a trust system that takes into account both central and local evaluations to establish trust. In order to validate the trust system we design a simulation model in MATLAB that captures the interaction between different vehicles and between the vehicles and the Central Authority. The simulations show a high decision performance for the trust management system and validate the proposed scheme as a coherent grading system.
CCCLXVII.—Studies in nitration. Part I. The velocity of nitration of phenol (1923)

F. Arnall, J. Chem. Soc., Trans., 1923, 123, 3111 DOI: 10.1039/CT9232303111
Smooth Pursuit and Saccades after Sport-Related Concussion (2019)

Smooth pursuit eye movements (SPEMs) and saccadic eye movements are both commonly impaired following sport-related concussion (SRC). Typical oculomotor assessments measure individual eye movements in a series of restrictive tests designed to isolate features such as response times. These measures lack ecological validity for athletes because athletes are adept at simple tasks designed for the general population. Yet, because eye movement metrics are sensitive and well-characterized neuroanatomically, it would be valuable to test whether athletes exhibit abnormal eye movements with more challenging tasks. To address this gap in knowledge, we collected eye-tracking data during a sport-like task to gain insight on gaze behavior during active self-motion. SPEMs and saccadic eye movements were recorded during a sport-like visual task within 24-48 h following SRC. Thirty-six Division I student-athletes were divided into SRC and control (CON) groups. All participants completed two blocks of the Wii Fit<sup>©</sup> soccer heading game (WF) while wearing a monocular infrared eye tracker. Eye movement classification systems quantified saccadic amplitude (SA), velocity (SV), and count (SC); as well as SPEM velocity (SPV) and amplitude (SPA). Separate Mann-Whitney U tests evaluated SPA and SC and found no significant effects (SPA, <i>p</i> = 0.11; SC, <i>p</i> = 0.10). A multi-variate analysis of variance (MANOVA) for remaining variables revealed SPV was significantly greater in CON (<i>p</i> < 0.05), but the SRC group had greater SA and SV (<i>p</i> < 0.05). These findings suggest that during a sport-like task, to maintain foveation SRC subjects used larger amplitude, faster saccades, but exhibited slower SPEMs. Measuring oculomotor function during ecologically valid, sport-like tasks may serve as a concussion biomarker and provide insights into eye movement control after SRC.
Axonal Remyelination by Cord Blood Stem Cells after Spinal Cord Injury (2007)

Human umbilical cord blood stem cells (hUCB) hold great promise for therapeutic repair after spinal cord injury (SCI). Here, we present our preliminary investigations on axonal remyelination of injured spinal cord by transplanted hUCB. Adult male rats were subjected to moderate SCI using NYU Impactor, and hUCB were grafted into the site of injury one week after SCI. Immunohistochemical data provides evidence of differentiation of hUCB into several neural phenotypes including neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. Ultrastructural analysis of axons reveals that hUCB form morphologically normal appearing myelin sheaths around axons in the injured areas of spinal cord. Colocalization studies prove that oligodendrocytes derived from hUCB secrete neurotrophic hormones neurotrophin-3 (NT3) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Cord blood stem cells aid in the synthesis of myelin basic protein (MBP) and proteolipid protein (PLP) of myelin in the injured areas, thereby facilitating the process of remyelination. Elevated levels of mRNA expression were observed for NT3, BDNF, MBP and PLP in hUCB-treated rats as revealed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. Recovery of hind limb locomotor function was also significantly enhanced in the hUCB-treated rats based on Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) scores assessed 14 days after transplantation. These findings demonstrate that hUCB, when transplanted into the spinal cord 7 days after weight-drop injury, survive for at least 2 weeks, differentiate into oligodendrocytes and neurons, and enable improved locomotor function. Therefore, hUCB facilitate functional recovery after moderate SCI and may prove to be a useful therapeutic strategy to repair the injured spinal cord.
Energy analysis of load-induced flutter instability in classical models of electric power networks (1989)

Consideration is given to the local structure of energy functions for electric power networks near points (parameter values) of incipient flutter instability. Previous work by several investigators clearly indicates the subtle nature of energy functions and energylike Lyapunov functions when the system exhibits such an instability mechanism. In fact, the question of existence of an energy function under these circumstances has been raised. The issue is important because it is now well known that power systems with loads contain such bifurcation points. It is shown that a local energy function does exist in a sense consistent with the inverse problem of analytical mechanics. However, sufficiently near points of flutter instability, the energy function for both stable and unstable systems is not sign definite. Such an energy function cannot be used as a Lyapunov function. Nevertheless, it is possible to obtain natural Lyapunov functions by combining the energy function with one or more additional first integrals. The analysis is based on the association of the linearized undamped power system with loads with a quadratic Hamiltonian system. General (universal) perturbations of the normal forms of the degenerate quadratic Hamiltonians at such bifurcation points are derived and lead to the stated conclusions. An example is included.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Effects of neonatal and adult castration and of testosterone substitution in male rats on growth of enzyme-altered hepatic foci in the resistant hepatocyte model. (1990)

Marked sex differences in the growth of enzyme-altered hepatic foci have been observed in rats treated according to the "resistant hepatocyte model." The present study was performed to investigate the effect of neonatal and adult castration of male rats, with or without testosterone substitution, on the growth rate of foci during selection of initiated cells with 2-acetylaminofluorene and partial hepatectomy. Neonatal castration of male rats decreased focal growth to the same level as in female rats. Castration of adult male rats 2 wk before initiation with diethylnitrosamine also decreased the growth rate of foci, but less markedly than in neonatally castrated rats. Testosterone substitution of male rats castrated as neonates or as adults, from 10 days after initiation with diethylnitrosamine, restored focal growth to that of sham-castrated controls. Previous investigations concerning the role of gonadal hormones in sex differentiation of various liver functions indicated a role of the hypothalamo-pituitary-liver axis in mediating the effects of androgens. It is therefore also suggested that the effects of androgens on early steps of hepatocarcinogenesis observed in the present study are mediated by similar mechanisms, possibly through an influence on the metabolism of 2-acetylaminofluorene.
Toll‐like receptors in alcoholic liver disease, non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis and carcinogenesis (2013)

Activation of innate immune systems including Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling is a key in chronic liver disease. Recent studies suggest that gut microflora-derived bacterial products (i.e. lipopolysaccharide [LPS], bacterial DNA) and endogenous substances (i.e. high-mobility group protein B1 [HMGB1], free fatty acids) released from damaged cells activate hepatic TLRs that contribute to the development of alcoholic (ASH) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and liver fibrosis. The crucial role of TLR4, a receptor for LPS, has been implicated in the development of ASH, NASH, liver fibrosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the role of other TLRs, such as TLR2 and TLR9 in chronic liver disease remains less clear. In this review, we will discuss the role of TLR2, 4, and 9 in Kupffer cells and hepatic stellate cells in the development of ASH, NASH, and hepatocarcinogenesis.
Kinetic Investigation and modeling of cellulase enzyme using Non-crystalline cellulose and Cello-oligosaccharides (2006)

Hydrolysis of cellulose by cellulase enzymes is a solid-liquid heterogeneous reaction. As such the reaction is strongly affected by the non-reaction resistances caused most notably by the crystalline structure. Other non-reaction factors include surface area, diffusion of enzyme, substrate and product, and adsorption of enzyme onto non-cellulosic components. These non-reaction factors mimic the true nature of the hydrolytic enzymatic reaction. For this study, non-crystalline cellulose produced in our laboratory is used as the substrate. This material is drastically different from natural cellulose in that the crystalline structure is disrupted. This chapter focuses on the hydrolytic reactivity of cellulase enzyme against this novel substance. The most notable difference seen in this study is that the activity measured by initial rates against NCC is an order-of-magnitude higher than that against the crystalline cellulose. Since removal of physical barrier primarily increases the hydrolysis by Endo-glucanase and consequently by Exoglucanase, a significant amount of cello-oligosaccharides and cellobiose were seen to accumulate in the early phase of hydrolysis.
A decision support system for breast cancer treatment based on data mining technologies and clinical practice guidelines (2005)

Evidence based medicine is the clinical practice that uses medical data and proof in order to make efficient decisions in the field of the medical domain. Information technology services play a crucial role in exploiting the huge size of medical data involved. Furthermore health care society nowadays utilizes clinical guidelines [1][2] as a new assistant in their efforts to improve clinical decision efficacy. Clinical guidelines provide for the decrease of variance in medical decision making, leading to an improvement of clinical outcome. Therefore this paper focus is twofold. Improving the provision and visualization of disease specific, clinical data, providing for it's faster and more efficient use[l0], while making sure that consistency appears in the clinical practice by importing clinical guidelines in decision support systems.
MCNTs@MnO<sub>2</sub> Nanocomposite Cathode Integrated with Soluble O<sub>2</sub>-Carrier Co-salen in Electrolyte for High-Performance Li–Air Batteries (2017)

Li-air batteries (LABs) are promising because of their high energy density. However, LABs are troubled by large electrochemical polarization during discharge and charge, side reactions from both carbon cathode surface/peroxide product and electrolyte/superoxide intermediate, as well as the requirement for pure O<sub>2</sub>. Here we report the solution using multiwall carbon nanotubes (MCNTs)@MnO<sub>2</sub> nanocomposite cathode integrated with N,N'-bis(salicylidene)ethylenediaminocobalt(II) (Co<sup>II</sup>-salen) in electrolyte for LABs. The advantage of such a combination is that on one hand, the coating layer of δ-MnO<sub>2</sub> with about 2-3 nm on MCNTs@MnO<sub>2</sub> nanocomposite catalyzes Li<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> decomposition during charge and suppresses side reactions between product Li<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and MCNT surface. On the other hand, Co<sup>II</sup>-salen works as a mobile O<sub>2</sub>-carrier and accelerates Li<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> formation through the reaciton of (Co<sup>III</sup>-salen)<sub>2</sub>-O<sub>2</sub><sup>2-</sup> + 2Li<sup>+</sup> + 2e<sup>-</sup> → 2Co<sup>II</sup>-salen + Li<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. This reaction route overcomes the pure O<sub>2</sub> limitation and avoids the formation of aggressive superoxide intermediate (O<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> or LiO<sub>2</sub>), which easily attacks organic electrolyte. By using this double-catalyst system of Co-salen/MCNTs@MnO<sub>2</sub>, the lifetime of LABs is prolonged to 300 cycles at 500 mA g<sup>-1</sup> (0.15 mA cm<sup>-2</sup>) with fixed capacity of 1000 mAh g<sup>-1</sup> (0.30 mAh cm<sup>-2</sup>) in dry air (21% O<sub>2</sub>). Furthermore, we up-scale the capacity to 500 mAh (5.2 mAh cm<sup>-2</sup>) in pouch-type batteries (∼4 g, 325 Wh kg<sup>-1</sup>). This study should pave a new way for the design and construction of practical LABs.
C(aryl)O Activation of Aryl Carboxylates in Nickel‐Catalyzed Biaryl Syntheses (2009)

Crucial breakthroughs in the activation of the C(aryl)-O bond of phenol derivatives were achieved almost simultaneously by two research groups (see scheme; Cy = cyclohexyl). Garg et al. coupled a range of aryl pivalates with arylboronic acids to give unsymmetrical biaryls. Shi et al. achieved this through C(aryl)-O activation of aryl carboxylates; the best results for the coupling of aryl boroxines were again obtained with aryl pivalates.
Mélanges de Philosophie et de Littérature Juives 3-4-5, 1962 (1963)

Vajda Georges. Mélanges de Philosophie et de Littérature Juives 3-4-5, 1962. In: Revue des études juives, tome 122, n°1-2, janvier-juin 1963. p. 228.
Identification of two antigenically and genetically distinct lineages of H3N8 equine influenza virus in Sweden (1998)

Four Swedish strains of equine H3N8 influenza virus isolated from outbreaks during the last 4 years were characterized. Antigenic typing using monoclonal antibodies raised against a variety of H3N8 strains showed that the viruses are heterogeneous, the 1993 isolate being closely related to the 1991 Swedish isolate TAB/91 and the other three isolates from 1994 and 1996 being more closely related to each other. This pattern is reflected in the phylogenetic data calculated from nucleotide sequencing of the haemagglutinin genes. H3N8 equine influenza can be seen to be evolving in two distinct lineages, one European and one American. The 1993 isolate is closely related to the European lineage and is the most recent Swedish strain of this lineage to be isolated. The 1994 and 1996 isolates fit into the American lineage, which contains recent isolates from the United States and also Britain. These results indicate that American-type H3N8 viruses have become endemic in Sweden and, in light of the antigenic differences which can be observed between viruses belonging to the two lineages, we believe that equine influenza virus vaccines should be updated with an American-type virus strain.
New aromatic benzazole polymers. I. Benzobisthiazole and benzobisoxazole polymers with main-chain triarylamino units (1997)

Thermally stable, nonrigid-rod poly(benzobisthiazoles), (R)TPA-PBZT, where R = H, Me, NMe2, and OH, and poly(benzobisoxazoles), (R)TPA-PBO, where R = Me, NMe2 containing electron-rich triarylamine groups with various para-substituents (Rs) on the pendent phenyl ring, were synthesized from either 2,5-diamino-1,4-benzenedithiol dihydrochloride or 2,4-diamino-1,5-benzenediol dihydrochloride and the respective triarylamine-based dinitrile or diacid monomer in polyphosphoric acid. Whereas (R)TPA-PBZT polymers were obtained in moderate molecular weights, analogous (R)TPA-PBO polymers were only prepared in low molecular weights. No lyotropic behaviors, characteristic of the unmodified rigid-rod benzazole polymers, as evidenced by the absence of either stir opalescence or birefringence under crosspolarizers, were observed for these homopolymers at about 10 wt % polymer concentration. Among these polymers, only (Me)TPA-PBZT and (NMe2)TPA-PBZT formed cast films with good mechanical integrity. In their pristine state, their film conductivity values were in the range of 10−10–10−9 S/cm at room temperature. Upon exposure to iodine vapor, their conductivities were increased to the maximal values of 5.0 × 10−5 S/cm ((Me)TPA-PBZT) and 4.1 × 10−4 S/cm ((NMe2)TPA-PBZT). © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 35: 1909–1924, 1997