gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
D-BIND: an accurate traffic model for providing QoS guarantees to VBR traffic (1997)

Variable bit-rate traffic that requires a bounded-delay network service is one of the most important types of traffic in future integrated services networks. We introduce a new deterministic traffic model called deterministic bounding interval-length dependent (D-BIND) to capture the important multiplexing properties of bursty streams. With the D-BIND model, clients specify their traffic to the network via multiple rate-interval pairs (R/sub k/, I/sub k/), where a rate R/sub k/ is a bounding or worst case rate over every interval of length I/sub k/. The model captures the intuitive property that, over longer interval lengths, a source may be bounded by a rate lower than its peak rate and closer to its long-term average rate. We analyze the new model in the context of a deterministic service, and we quantify its performance benefits using a set of experiments with traces of MPEG-compressed video. We show that D-BIND's more accurate characterization of traffic streams leads to substantial improvements in network utilization as compared to previous traffic models.
Non-selective autophagy. (1990)

Autophagy is the major process by which cells degrade their own cytoplasm. Autophagy begins with the sequestration of a portion of the cytoplasm by a membraneous organelle called a phagophore. The resulting vacuole (autophagosome) can fuse with an endocytic vacuole to form am amphisome, which subsequently fuses with a lysosome to have its mixed autophagic/endocytic content degraded by lysosomal enzymes. Autophagy is a non-selective bulk process as indicated by the fact that hepatocytic cytosol enzymes with widely different half-lives are sequestered at the same rate. Regulation of autophagy is exerted at the sequestration step by amino acids, purines, ATP-depleting metabolites, cyclic nucleotides, phosphorylation, and hormones like insulin, glucagon and alpha-adrenergic agonists.
Chemistry: A Key To Human Progress (2012)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNewsNEXTChemistry: A Key To Human ProgressView Author Information ACSCite this: Chem. Eng. News 2012, 90, 1, 2–4Publication Date (Print):January 2, 2012Publication History Published online29 March 2013Published inissue 2 January 2012https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-09001-coverhttps://doi.org/10.1021/cen-09001-covernewsACS PublicationsCopyright © 2012 Chemical & Engineering NewsArticle Views15Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Molecular determinants of antigenicity of two subtypes of the tick-borne flavivirus Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus (2004)

In 1964, D. H. Clarke defined two antigenic subtypes of Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus (OHFV) based on polyclonal antibody absorption and haemagglutination assays. The current report defines the molecular basis for these antigenic subtypes by comparison of the complete genomes of OHFV strains Kubrin (subtype I) and Bogoluvovska (subtype II). There were six nucleotide differences between these two strains throughout the entire genome and they encoded four amino acid changes including three in the viral envelope (E) protein. Two of these changes were in solvent-exposed regions of domain 3 of the E protein, one of which lies in a region that could easily function in virus-host cell or virus-antibody interactions. These results demonstrate the minimal changes that are required to significantly alter the antigenicity of flaviviruses and also demonstrate the tremendous genetic stability of the tick-borne flaviviruses.
Potent Nonclassical Nucleoside Antiviral Drugs Based on the <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-Diarylformamidine Concept (2004)

New formamidine-3TC (3TC = 2',3'-dideoxy-3'-thiacytidine) analogues have been synthesized through various methods, and their antiviral activities (HIV, HBV) have been evaluated in vitro. Anti-HIV-1 in acutely infected MT-4 cells and peripheral blood monocellular cells (PBMCs) showed that compounds substituted by N,N-diarylformamidine side chains at the 4-N nucleic base position (compounds 3 and 8-11) had at least equivalent anti-HIV activity as 3TC (EC50 = 0.5 and 11.6 microM, respectively). Moreover, the newly synthesized compounds demonstrated higher anti-HBV activity (EC50 ranging from 0.01 to 0.05 microM) compared to the parent nucleoside 3TC (EC50 = 0.2 microM). It should be underlined that these new promising derivatives inhibited HIV in cells of a macrophage lineage, which are known to be cellular reservoir for HIV. These results were particularly of interest, since the antiviral activities appeared not to be mediated through the formamidine bond hydrolysis and consequently the release of free 3TC. These new analogue series were found to be highly stable to hydrolysis even after prolonged incubation in different biological media (t(1/2) ranged from 48 to 120 h). This enzymatic stability, coupled to the fact that no delay in the antiviral response was observed compared to the free 3TC antiviral response, suggest that this new N,N-diarylformamidine nucleoside series should not be considered as classical prodrugs.
Electrical stimulation of the brain. III. The neural damage model. (1975)

A major concern in the use of neural prostheses is whether electrical stimualtion can cause irreversible damage to neurons. The Neural Damage Model was devised to study the problem and to provide guidlines. The cerebral cortex of cats was stimulated continuously for 36 hours with balanced, biphasic waveforms. The charge per phase, charge density and current density were varied in 16 separate tests. Of these stimulus parameters the charge per phase was more closely correlatable with neuronal damage than charge density and current density. Furthermore, the findings in this study suggest that current flow is more important than electrochemical reactions in causing neural damage. Correlation between blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown and neuronal damage was valid only in the group of animals sacrificed immediately following stimulation. The BBB is restored within one month following electrical injury. Convulsive seizures occurred in all but one of the animals during electrical stimulation. A technique for localizing the electrode sites at autopsy and in the microscopic sections is described.
Study of fluxes at low concentrations of <scp>l</scp>-tri-iodothyronine with rat liver cells and their plasma-membrane vesicles. Evidence for the accumulation of the hormone against a gradient (1981)

1. Influx and efflux of l-tri-[(125)I]iodothyronine with isolated rat liver parenchymal cells and their plasma-membrane vesicles were studied by a rapid centrifugation technique. 2. At 23 degrees C and in the concentration range that included the concentration of free l-tri-iodothyronine in rat plasma (3-5pm) influx into cells was saturable; an apparent K(t) value of 8.6+/-1.6pm was obtained. 3. At 5pm-l-tri-[(125)I]iodothyronine in the external medium the ratios of the concentrations inside to outside in cells and plasma-membrane vesicles were 38:1 and 366:1 respectively after 7s of incubation. At equilibrium (60s at 23 degrees C) uptake of l-tri-[(125)I]iodothyronine by cells was linear with the hormone concentration, whereas that by plasma-membrane vesicles exhibited an apparent saturation with a K(d) value of 6.1+/-1.3pm. 4. Efflux of l-tri-[(125)I]iodothyronine from cells equilibrated with the hormone (5-123pm) was constant up to 21 s; the amount that flowed out was 17.7+/-3.8% when cells were equilibrated with 5pm-hormone. When plasma-membrane vesicles were equilibrated with l-tri-[(125)I]iodothyronine (556-1226pm) 66.8+/-5.8% flowed out after 21 s. 5. From a consideration of the data on efflux from cells and binding of l-tri-[(125)I]iodothyronine to the liver homogenate, as studied by the charcoal-adsorption and equilibrium-dialysis methods, it appears that 18-22% of the hormone exists in the free form in the cell. 6. Vinblastine and colchicine diminished the uptake of l-tri-[(125)I]iodothyronine by cells but not by plasma-membrane vesicles; binding to the cytosol fraction was not affected. Phenylbutazone, 6-n-propyl-2-thiouracil, methimazole and corticosterone diminished the uptake by cells, plasma-membrane vesicles and binding to the cytosol fraction to different extents. 7. These results suggest that at low concentrations of l-tri-[(125)I]iodothyronine rat liver cells and their plasma-membrane vesicles accumulated the hormone against an apparent gradient by a membrane-mediated process. Contribution of cytoplasmic proteins to uptake by plasma-membrane vesicles was negligible. The amount of l-tri-[(125)I]iodothyronine required to achieve half-maximal uptake agrees with that occurring in the free form in the blood, conferring physiological importance to the transporting system in the plasma membrane of the liver cell.
High-energy collision induced dissociation fragmentation pathways of peptides, probed using a multiturn tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometer “MULTUM-TOF/TOF” (2007)

A new multiturn tandem time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometer "MULTUM-TOF/TOF" has been designed and constructed. It consists of a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization ion source, a multiturn TOF mass spectrometer, a collision cell, and a quadratic-field ion mirror. The multiturn TOF mass spectrometer can overcome the problem of precursor ion selection in TOF, due to insufficient time separation between two adjacent TOF peaks, by increasing the number of cycles. As a result, the total TOF increases with the increase in resolving power. The quadratic-field ion mirror allows temporal focusing for fragment ions with different kinetic energies. Product ion spectra from monoisotopically selected precursor ions of angiotensin I, substance P, and bradykinin have been obtained. The fragment ions observed are mainly the result of high-energy collision induced dissociation.
Cellular and Ionic Basis for T-Wave Alternans Under Long-QT Conditions (1999)

Our results suggest that TWA observed at rapid rates under long-QT conditions is largely the result of alternation of the M-cell APD, leading to exaggeration of transmural dispersion of repolarization during alternate beats, and thus the potential for development of torsade de pointes. Our data also suggest that unlike transient forms of TWA that damp out quickly and depend on electrical restitution factors, the steady-state electrical and mechanical alternans demonstrated in this study appears to be largely the result of beat-to-beat alternans of [Ca2+]i.
Effects of Substrate Surface Morphology on Microcrystalline Silicon Solar Cells (2001)

The relationship between µc-Si:H solar cell performance and surface morphology of substrate is studied systematically using textured-ZnO substrate which is formed by wet etching process in order to clarify the optimum morphology of substrate for high efficiency. An average slope, tan θ, of substrate surface textures is obtained by analysis of atomic force microscopy (AFM) images, and solar cell performance is correlated with the value os tan θ. As a result, because of the balance between the optical confinement and the grain boundary formation, a conversion efficiency shows a maximum at a tan θ of 0.08 which is 3 times smaller as compared to that used for a-Si:H. An efficiency of 9.4% ( V oc =0.526 V, J sc =25.3 mA/cm 2 , F F =0.710) is obtained at a deposition temperature of 140°C using the optimized morphology.
$I$-Divergence Geometry of Probability Distributions and Minimization Problems (1975)

Some geometric properties of PD's are established, Kullback's $I$-divergence playing the role of squared Euclidean distance. The minimum discrimination information problem is viewed as that of projecting a PD onto a convex set of PD's and useful existence theorems for and characterizations of the minimizing PD are arrived at. A natural generalization of known iterative algorithms converging to the minimizing PD in special situations is given; even for those special cases, our convergence proof is more generally valid than those previously published. As corollaries of independent interest, generalizations of known results on the existence of PD's or nonnegative matrices of a certain form are obtained. The Lagrange multiplier technique is not used.
Cyber attack challenges and resilience for smart grids (2015)

A smart grid system supports intelligent metering and monitoring functions spanning the areas of power generation, transmission and distribution. It has enormous benefits for meeting the energy demands and billing requirements through controls at the supply side rather than at the demand side. This departure from the traditional perspective makes it a very attractive transformation for both developing and developed economies. However, a major drawback is the increased vulnerability of the highly connected system and knock-on ramifications on various related sub systems and networks. With the connectivity emerge the associated dangers of exposed system entry points through nodes located at various geographical locations; making an easy target for a motivated hacker. Starting at the compromised node, the inner system can be penetrated and its core functionality can be compromised. There is thus a need for having a system wide resilience in the design and architecture to meet these challenges. This paper reviews the vulnerabilities and resilience strategies for a smart grid and proposes the combined use of macro and micro management techniques as an evolutionary process to enhance system availability.
Platform Independent Test Access Port Architecture (2008)

In this work, we present and analyze a generic test access port (TAP) architecture capable of being re-used without any modifications in various system-on-chip (SoC) ICs as well as a "modular Jtag" multi-TAP architecture that allows embedded IPs to control their boundary-scan segments and be IEEE 1149.1 compliant.
ABC Efflux Pump-Based Resistance to Chemotherapy Drugs (2009)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXTABC Efflux Pump-Based Resistance to Chemotherapy DrugsPaul D. W. Eckford and Frances J. Sharom*View Author Information Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel.: 519-824-4120 ext 52247. Fax: 519-837-1802. E-mail: [email protected]Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2009, 109, 7, 2989–3011Publication Date (Web):May 12, 2009Publication History Received17 January 2009Published online12 May 2009Published inissue 8 July 2009https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr9000226https://doi.org/10.1021/cr9000226review-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2009 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views6912Altmetric-Citations480LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Drug resistance,Membranes,Modulators,Peptides and proteins,Surface interactions Get e-Alerts
Zum Verständnis der katalytischen Reformierung von Biomasse in überkritischem Wasser (2010)

Arbeitskontrolle: Die Funktion eines arbeitenden Rutheniumkatalysators wurde während der Reformierung von Ethanol in überkritischem Wasser mithilfe von In-situ-Röntgenabsorptionsspektroskopie untersucht (siehe Aufbau). Die Reformierung von Ethanol über einem trägerfixierten Rutheniumkatalysator in unter- und überkritischem Wasser verläuft wahrscheinlich nach dem gleichen allgemeinen Mechanismus wie die Dampfreformierung bei tiefen Drücken. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
The mechanism of vascular calcification – a systematic review (2012)

Calcification of vessels reduces their elasticity, affecting hemodynamic parameters of the cardiovascular system. The development of arterial hypertension, cardiac hypertrophy, ischemic heart disease or peripheral arterial disease significantly increases mortality in patients over 60 years of age. Stage of advancement and the extent of accumulation of calcium deposits in vessel walls are key risk factors of ischemic events. Vascular calcification is an active and complex process that involves numerous mechanisms responsible for calcium depositions in arterial walls. They lead to increase in arterial stiffness and in pulse wave velocity, which in turn increases cardiovascular disease morbidity and mortality. In-depth study and thorough understanding of vascular calcification mechanisms may be crucial for establishing an effective vasculoprotective therapy. The aim of this study was to present a comprehensive survey of current state-of-the-art research into the impact of metabolic and hormonal disorders on development of vascular calcification. Due to strong resemblance to the processes occurring in bone tissue, drugs used for osteoporosis treatment (calcitriol, estradiol, bisphosphonates) may interfere with the processes occurring in the vessel wall. On the other hand, drugs used to treat cardiovascular problems (statins, angiotensin convertase inhibitors, warfarin, heparins) may have an effect on bone tissue metabolism. Efforts to optimally control calcium and phosphate concentrations are also beneficial for patients with end-stage renal disease, for whom vessel calcification remains a major problem.
Laser Doppler velocimeter with a differential photodiode array (1979)

A laser Doppler velocimeter is analyzed based on a Fourier optical model. A relation between power spectral density of output signal and structure of optical elements is derived. Based on the relation, a low-frequency disturbance, which appears in an ordinary LDV output, is shown to be canceled by using a differential detector. The output signal becomes a pure narrowband signal whose center frequency is proportional to the object velocity. A velocity measurement experiment result shows the usefulness of the differential detector method.
The effects of fluoromethyl ketone inhibitors of cathepsin B on adjuvant induced arthritis. (1993)

Peptidyl fluoromethyl ketones with the structure carbobenzoxy (Z)-L-phenylalanine-L-alanine-CH2F (MDL 201,053), and its diastereomer Z-L-phenylalanine-D-alanine-CH2F (MDL 201,117), were synthesized and evaluated in vitro for inhibition of purified human cathepsin B. MDL 201,053 was shown to be a potent inhibitor of cathepsin B activity, whereas MDL 201,117 was more than 100-fold less active. In rats with adjuvant induced arthritis, oral administration of MDL 201,053 (13 or 34 mg/kg/day), but not MDL, 201,117 (28 mg/kg/day), significantly decreased the severity of gross clinical arthritis and reduced histologically graded articular cartilage and bone destruction by 76 to 100%. Quantitative image analysis of radiographs indicated that MDL 201,053 treatment significantly reduced bone density changes and inhibited focal bone erosion that normally occur during the course of adjuvant disease. MDL 201,117 had no significant effect on cartilage or bone destruction by any of the evaluation methods used. The effects of MDL 201,053 treatment were dose dependent and treatment was at least partially effective when initiated after the onset of disease. Our studies suggest that inhibitors of cathepsin B may be useful for the treatment of chronic inflammatory joint disease.
High pressure liquid chromatographic separations of some rhodium and iridium triphenylphosphine complexes (1976)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHigh pressure liquid chromatographic separations of some rhodium and iridium triphenylphosphine complexesClay T. Enos, Gregory L. Geoffroy, and Terence H. RisbyCite this: Anal. Chem. 1976, 48, 7, 990–992Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1976Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1976https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60371a016RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views57Altmetric-Citations10LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (347 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts