gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stable micro-dystrophin gene transfer using an integrating adeno-retroviral hybrid vector ameliorates the dystrophic pathology in mdx mouse muscle (2002)

The ability to transfer the dystrophin gene stably to the skeletal muscle of DMD patients is a major confounding issue in establishing an effective gene therapy for this disease. To overcome this problem, we have examined the ability of muscle fibres from mdx mice to act as in situ factories of retroviral vector production. Tibialis anterior (TA) muscles from 4-week-old mdx mice were injected with an adenoviral vector expressing LacZ within a retroviral expression cassette (AdLZIN). Retroviral vector production was induced by the inclusion of two additional adenoviral vectors expressing retroviral gag-pol (AdGagPol) and 10A1 env genes (Ad10A1). Upon introduction of infected muscles into cell culture, colonies of beta-galactosidase-expressing myotubes formed only in cultures where the muscle was injected with AdLZIN, AdGagPol and Ad10A1, but not from muscle injected with AdLZIN only. Muscles from mdx/nude mice producing retroviral vector displayed a 4.6-fold increase in beta-galactosidase-positive myofibres after 1 month, compared with contralateral muscle in the same animal injected with AdLZIN and AdGagPol only. By constructing a hybrid adeno-retroviral vector expressing a truncated micro-dystrophin construct (AdmicroDyIN), we were able to partially correct the mdx dystrophic phenotype. AdmicroDyIN-mediated expression of micro-dystrophin in mdx TA muscle restored the formation of the dystrophin-associated glycoprotein complex and significantly reduced the level of muscle degeneration over uninjected controls. By stimulating in situ production of retroviral vector expressing micro-dystrophin, we achieved 92%+/-6% transduction of myofibres in the TA muscle by 4 weeks. Strikingly, by 3 months post injection, micro-dystrophin was still expressed to high levels in nearly all the myofibres of the TA muscle. By comparison, there was a pronounced drop in the levels of micro-dystrophin expressed by muscles injected with AdmicroDyIN only. Finally, using a novel PCR approach, we detected reverse-transcribed, integrated proviral sequences in TA muscle genomic DNA by 4 weeks post injection, the levels of which were found to increase after 3 months.
Estimation of Glomerular Filtration Rate in Diabetic Subjects (2005)

Although both equations have imperfections, the MDRD equation is more accurate for the diagnosis and stratification of renal failure in diabetic patients.
Enhanced Basal Activity of a Cardiac Ca <sup>2+</sup> Release Channel (Ryanodine Receptor) Mutant Associated With Ventricular Tachycardia and Sudden Death (2002)

Mutations in the human cardiac Ca2+ release channel (ryanodine receptor, RyR2) gene have recently been shown to cause effort-induced ventricular arrhythmias. However, the consequences of these disease-causing mutations in RyR2 channel function are unknown. In the present study, we characterized the properties of mutation R4496C of mouse RyR2, which is equivalent to a disease-causing human RyR2 mutation R4497C, by heterologous expression of the mutant in HEK293 cells. [3H]ryanodine binding studies revealed that the R4496C mutation resulted in an increase in RyR2 channel activity in particular at low Ca2+ concentrations. This increased basal channel activity remained sensitive to modulation by caffeine, ATP, Mg2+, and ruthenium red. In addition, the R4496C mutation enhanced the sensitivity of RyR2 to activation by Ca2+ and by caffeine. Single-channel analysis showed that single R4496C mutant channels exhibited considerable channel openings at low Ca2+ concentrations. HEK293 cells transfected with mutant R4496C displayed spontaneous Ca2+ oscillations more frequently than cells transfected with wild-type RyR2. Substitution of a negatively charged glutamate for the positively charged R4496 (R4496E) further enhanced the basal channel activity, whereas replacement of R4496 by a positively charged lysine (R4496K) had no significant effect on the basal activity. These observations indicate that the charge and polarity at residue 4496 plays an essential role in RyR2 channel gating. Enhanced basal activity of RyR2 may underlie an arrhythmogenic mechanism for effort-induced ventricular tachycardia.
The sgp gene modulates stress responses of Streptococcus mutans: utilization of an antisense RNA strategy to investigate essential gene functions (1998)

The sgp gene from Streptococcus mutans has been previously isolated, characterized, and demonstrated to encode a G-protein. In order to investigate the function of this gene, a novel antisense RNA strategy was developed. Expression of sgp antisense RNA in Escherichia coli led to transient inhibition of growth. In addition, sgp antisense RNA expression in S. mutans resulted in decreased growth under environmental stress conditions (44°C, acidic pH, and high osmolarity). Therefore, these results suggest that the sgp gene plays a role in modulating the stress responses of S. mutans. This approach could be applicable for investigating the function of essential genes in other organisms for which mutants are not available.
Mock retroviral infection alters the developmental potential of murine bone marrow stem cells. (1989)

Retroviral vectors were used to introduce an activated ras gene into murine pluripotent hemopoietic stem cells. We attempted to reconstitute the hemopoietic system of lethally irradiated mice with isolated spleen colonies obtained in vivo after injection of infected bone marrow cells. Spleen colonies derived from infected bone marrow were inefficient in promoting long-term survival of irradiated hosts. This loss of reconstitutive capacity of spleen colonies was not due to the retroviral infection per se but to the in vitro culture of spleen colony precursors. Incubation for 24 h in the presence of fetal calf serum and interleukin-3 without virus-producing cells was sufficient to abolish completely the reconstitutive capacity of spleen colonies while maintaining both self-renewal and pluripotential capacities of spleen colony precursors. These results show that the in vitro manipulation of stem cells that is included in current protocols for retroviral infection can modify the developmental potential of these cells. This finding clearly indicates that the use of retroviral vectors can introduce a bias in the analysis of hemopoiesis.
Toll-like Receptors and Their Signaling Mechanisms (2003)

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in the recognition of invading pathogens and the activation of subsequent immune responses against them. Individual TLRs recognize distinct pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). The TLR family harbors an extracellular leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain as well as a cytoplasmic domain that is homologous to that of interleukin-1 receptor (IL-1R). Upon stimulation, TLR recruits IL-1R-associated protein kinases via adaptor MyD88, and finally induces activation of nuclear factor-kappaB and mitogen-activated protein kinases. However, the response to TLR ligands varies, indicating the diversity of TLR signaling pathways. Besides MyD88, several novel adaptor molecules have recently been identified. Differential utilization of these adaptor molecules may provide the specificity in the TLR signaling. Characterization of each TLR signaling pathway will reveal the molecular mechanism of self-tolerance as well as cross-tolerance in response to a variety of PAMPs.
Self-amplified depolymerization of oligo(thiourethanes) for the release of COS/H<sub>2</sub>S (2019)

Herein we report the self-amplified depolymerization of an aryl oligo(thiourethane) (OTU) for the release of COS/H<sub>2</sub>S.
Separation of native prion protein (PrP) glycoforms by copper-binding using immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) (2005)

The conformational conversion of the normal cellular prion protein (PrPC) into the pathology-associated PrPSc isoform is a key event in TSEs (transmissible spongiform encephalopathies). The host PrPC molecule contains two N-linked glycosylation sites and binds copper under physiological conditions. In contrast with PrPC, PrPSc is insoluble in non-ionic detergents and does not bind to Cu2+ ions. Hence, we utilized copper binding to separate and characterize both PrP isoforms. Infected and uninfected murine brain and bovine stem brain specimens were treated with the mild non-ionic detergent n-octyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside (octylglucoside) to maintain the native PrP conformations during isolation. The solubilized homogenates were loaded on to Cu2+-saturated IMAC (immobilized metal affinity chromatography) columns and eluted using the chelating agent EDTA. Fractions were separated by SDS/PAGE and analysed by immunoblotting using anti-PrP monoclonal antibodies for glycosylation profiling. Whereas native PrPC and denatured PrPSc were retained by a Cu2+-loaded resin, native PrPSc and PrPres [PK (proteinase K)-resistant PrP] passed through the column. We demonstrate here that the IMAC technique is appropriate to isolate and partially purify PrPC from healthy brains in its native-like and biologically relevant glycosylated copper-binding forms. The IMAC technique is also well suited for the separation of native PrPC from aggregated PrPSc in infected brains. Our results indicate that in contrast with PrPSc in uninfected as well as infected brains, PrPC is predominantly present in the glycosylated forms.
Minimal incision approach to osteotomy of the hallux. (1991)

Minimal incision approach to osteotomy of the hallux results in less trauma and eliminates the need for internal fixation. The surgeon must completely understand the instruments used and always be aware of the axes of motion in which the instrument is used.
Fault Detection and Self-Restore Control for Linear Systems (2006)

Facing to a class of actuator faults and sensor faults with known dynamic characteristics but unknown initial conditions for linear systems with multiple disturbances, the fault detection and isolation (FDI) problems are considered based on the reduced dimensional state observer. This approach has simpler construction, less computation and quicker response speed, and this approach is more easily understood and designed. Making use of the result of fault detection, the fault self-restore controller and the feedforward control law are designed to make the system work normally with faults, i.e., faults are isolated. According to the pole assignment, the system with faults may have expected performance indexes. An example is used to demonstrate that the FDI scheme and the control law are efficient
NISIN and the Market for Commercial Bacteriocins (2005)

This report provides a background analysis of the market for nisin and other commercially available antimicrobial food additives. The report concludes that there is a potential role for a new U.S.-based entity to compete with a nisin product that is cost-competitive or provides quality guarantees to satisfy U.S. buyers who have tight specifications for ingredient sourcing and food safety and quality oversight.
Partially polymerized liposomes: stable against leakage yet capable of instantaneous release for remote controlled drug delivery (2011)

A critical issue for current liposomal carriers in clinical applications is their leakage of the encapsulated drugs that are cytotoxic to non-target tissues. We have developed partially polymerized liposomes composed of polydiacetylene lipids and saturated lipids. Cross-linking of the diacetylene lipids prevents the drug leakage even at 40 °C for days. These inactivated drug carriers are non-cytotoxic. Significantly, more than 70% of the encapsulated drug can be instantaneously released by a laser that matches the plasmon resonance of the tethered gold nanoparticles on the liposomes, and the therapeutic effect was observed in cancer cells. The remote activation feature of this novel drug delivery system allows for precise temporal and spatial control of drug release.
Context (2010)

This section provides the historical, theoretical, philosophical, and contextual background for why we would want to consider doing ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM). Admittedly, many of these areas are outside my area of expertise, but there have been several delightful summaries, histories, and perspectives written on the topic from which I was able to draw quite heavily. I have written this section to set the stage and provide some background before we begin some of the more technical aspects (read: math!) on the topic of EBFM.
Controlled/Living Radical Polymerization of <i>tert</i>-Butyl Acrylate Mediated by Chiral Nitroxides. A Stereochemical Study (2002)

The two diastereomeric alkoxyamines of tBP-DEPN, where tBP is 1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)ethyl and DEPN is N-(2-methylpropyl)-N-(1-diethylphosphophono-2,2-dimethylpropyl)aminoxyl, have marked differences in their thermodynamic stability (ratio of diastereomers is 5:1 at 100 °C in o-dichlorobenzene). They were used as initiators for the controlled/living radical polymerization of tert-butyl acrylate to test the premise that such moderators could potentially affect the tacticity of the resulting poly(tert-butyl acrylate). 2D NMR was used to analyze the end group configuration for the samples with shorter chain lengths (DPn = 15−20). Although the diastereomeric excess in the polymer alkoxyamine end group is even higher than for the model compound (ratio of diastereomers is 7:1), the distribution of terminal triads in poly(tert-butyl acrylate) does not differ from those in the entire chain and is identical to that of the polymers prepared by ATRP. Thus, the tacticities of the poly(tert-butyl acrylate)s prepared by DEPN-mediated polymerization, atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), and conventional free radical polymerization were the same.
Molecular analysis of virulence factors of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> (1997)

Journal Article Molecular analysis of virulence factors of Streptococcus pneumoniae Get access T.J. Mitchell, T.J. Mitchell 1Division of Infection and Immunity, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK Professor T. J. Mitchell Division of Infection andImmunity, Joseph Black Building, University of Glasgow, GlasgowG12 8QQ , UK. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar J.E. Alexander, J.E. Alexander Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical Sciences Building, University of Leicester, Leicester Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar P.J. Morgan, P.J. Morgan Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical Sciences Building, University of Leicester, Leicester Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar P.W. Andrew P.W. Andrew Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical Sciences Building, University of Leicester, Leicester Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Applied Microbiology, Volume 83, Issue S1, 1 October 1997, Pages 62S–71S, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2672.83.s1.7.x Published: 01 October 1997
A service platform for distributed applications (2003)

The paper presents the main rationales and design concepts for an architecture and service platform for the development of distributed applications in a cooperative open environment. This environment can be characterised as a 'service market' where various services are offered at different costs and with different qualities. Suitable servers must be selected from a large, varying number of components residing at different locations and belonging to a variety of organisations. In the architecture four planes are identified and the solutions adopted for each plane are described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Evidence for nonvectorial, retrograde transferrin trafficking in the early endosomes of HEp2 cells. (1995)

We have previously characterized the trafficking of transferrin (Tf) through HEp2 human carcinoma cells (Ghosh, R. N., D. L. Gelman, and F. R. Maxfield, 1994. J. Cell Sci. 107:2177-2189). Early endosomes in these cells are comprised of both sorting endosomes and recycling compartments, which are distinct separate compartments. Endocytosed Tf initially appears in punctate sorting endosomes that also contain recently endocytosed LDL. After short loading pulses, Tf rapidly sorts from LDL with first-order kinetics (t1/2 approximately 2.5 min), and it enters the recycling compartment before leaving the cell (t1/2 approximately 7 min). Here, we report a second, slower rate for Tf to leave sorting endosomes after HEp2 cells were labeled to steady state with fluorescein Tf instead of the brief pulse used previously. We determined this rate using digital image analysis to measure the Tf content of sorting endosomes that also contained LDL. With an 11-min chase, the Tf in sorting endosomes was 24% of steady-state value. This was in excess of the amount expected (5% of steady state) from the rate of Tf exit after short filling pulses. The excess could not be accounted for by reinternalization of recycled cell surface Tf, implying that either some Tf was retained in sorting endosomes, or that Tf was delivered back to the sorting endosomes from the recycling compartment. The former is unlikely since nearly all sorting endosomes contain detectable Tf after an 11-min chase, even though more than one third of the sorting endosomes were formed during the chase time. Furthermore, while observing living cells by confocal microscopy, we saw vesicle movements that appeared to be fluorescent Tf returning from recycling compartments to sorting endosomes. The slow rate of exit after steady-state labeling was similar to the Tf exit rate from the cell, suggesting an equilibration of Tf throughout the early endosomal system by this retrograde pathway. This retrograde traffic may be important for delivering molecules from the recycling compartment, which is a long-lived organelle, to sorting endosomes, which are transient.
Reliability modeling of a single phase liquid cooling system for power electronics applications (2010)

This paper provides an overview of the fundamental wear out mechanisms that can cause a reduction in performance in a single phase liquid cooling system. This system utilizes a plastic insert cold plate design to provide even cooling over the backside of a device by directing liquid coolant through parallel serpentine channels. The channel design increases the efficiency of convective heat transfer from a device, but its small feature sizes are subject to fouling, clogging, or erosion. Computational fluid dynamics software will be used to evaluate the thermal performance of the cooling system under ideal conditions as well as various wear out conditions.
Production of Starch Foams by Twin-Screw Extrusion:  Effect of Maleated Poly(butylene adipate-<i>co</i>-terephthalate) as a Compatibilizer (2005)

Free-radical-initiated grafting of maleic anhydride (MA) onto poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), a biodegradable aliphatic-aromatic copolyester, was performed by reactive extrusion. 2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-di(tert-butylperoxy)hexane was used as the free-radical initiator. The peroxide concentration was varied between 0.0 and 0.5 wt % at 3.0 wt % MA concentration; the MA concentration was varied between 1.0 and 5.0 wt % at 0.5 wt % peroxide concentration. The reaction temperature was maintained at 185 degrees C for all experiments. Under these conditions, between 0.194% and 0.691% MA was grafted onto the polyester backbone. Size-exclusion chromatography, melt flow index, intrinsic viscosity measurements, thermal gravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry were used to characterize the maleated copolyester. Increasing the initiator concentration at a constant MA concentration of 3% resulted in an increase in the grafting of MA while decreasing the molecular weight of the resulting polymer. Increasing the feed MA concentration also increased the grafting percentage. The maleation of the polyester proved to be very efficient in promoting strong interfacial adhesion with high amylose cornstarch in starch foams as prepared by melt blending. Thus, the use of maleated copolyester as a compatibilizer between starch and PBAT allowed the reduction of the density of resulting starch foams to approximately 21 kg/m3 and improved the resilience from 84% to as high as 95%. Also, the resulting starch foams exhibited improved hydrophobic properties in terms of lower weight gain and higher dimensional stability on moisture sorption.
Formal Methods Fact File: VDM and Z (1996)

From the Publisher:
This book presents a novel view of formal methods, spanning the range of specification techniques. It provides a short overview of formal methods and detailed chapters on the two most popular languages, VDM and Z.
Hydroboration polymerization. 1. Synthesis of organoboron polymers by polyaddition between diene and monoalkylborane (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHydroboration polymerization. 1. Synthesis of organoboron polymers by polyaddition between diene and monoalkylboraneYoshiki Chujo, Ikuyoshi Tomita, Yuichi Hashiguchi, Hiroto Tanigawa, Eiji Ihara, and Takeo SaegusaCite this: Macromolecules 1991, 24, 2, 345–348Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00002a001https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00002a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views658Altmetric-Citations61LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Uncooperative congestion control (2004)

Traditionally uncooperative rate control schemes have implied open loop protocols such as UDP, CBR, etc. In this paper we show that closed loop uncooperative rate control schemes also exist and that the current AQM proposals cannot efficiently control their mis-behavior. Moreover, these proposals require that AQM be installed at all routers in the Internet which is not only expensive but requires significant network upgrade.In this paper we show that management of uncooperative flows need not be coupled with AQM design but can be viewed as edge based policing question. In this paper we propose an analytical model for managing uncooperative flows in the Internet by re-mapping their utility function to a target range of utility functions. This mapping can be achieved by transparently manipulating congestion penalties conveyed to the uncooperative users.The most interesting aspect of this research is that this task can be performed at the edge of the network with little state information about uncooperative flows. The proposed solution is independent of the buffer management algorithm deployed on the network. As such it works with Drop-Tail queues as well as any AQM scheme. We have analyzed the framework and evaluated it on various single and multi-bottleneck topologies with both Drop-Tail and RED. Our results show that the framework is robust and works well even in presence of background traffic and reverse path congestion.