gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Static and dynamic locality optimizations using integer linear programming (2001)

The delivered performance on modern processors that employ deep memory hierarchies is closely related to the performance of the memory subsystem. Compiler optimizations aimed at improving cache locality are critical in realizing the performance potential of powerful processors. For scientific applications, several loop transformations have been shown to be useful in improving both temporal and spatial locality. Recently, there has been some work in the area of data layout optimizations, i.e., changing the memory layouts of multidimensional arrays from the language-defined default such as column-major storage in Fortran. The effect of such memory layout decisions is on the spatial locality characteristics of loop nests. While data layout transformations are not constrained by data dependences, they have no effect on temporal locality. On the other hand, loop transformations are not readily applicable to imperfect loop nests and are constrained by data dependences. More importantly, loop transformations affect the memory access patterns of all the arrays accessed in a loop nest and, as a result, the locality characteristics of some of the arrays may worsen. This paper presents a technique based on integer linear programming (ILP) that attempts to derive the best combination of loop and data layout transformations. Prior attempts to unify loop and data layout transformations for programs consisting of a sequence of loop nests have been based on heuristics not only for transformations for a single loop nest but also for the sequence in which loop nests will be considered. The ILP formulation presented here obviates the need for such heuristics and gives us a bar against which the heuristic algorithms can be compared. More importantly, our approach is able to transform memory layouts dynamically during program execution. This is particularly useful in applications whose disjoint code segments demand different layouts for a given array. In addition, we show how this formulation can be extended to address the false sharing problem in a multiprocessor environment. The key data structure we introduce is the memory layout graph (MLG) that allows us to formulate the problems as path problems. The paper discusses the relationship of this ILP approach based on the memory layout graphs to other work in the area including our previous work. Experimental results on a MIPS R10000-based system demonstrate the benefits of this approach and show that the use of the ILP formulation does not increase the compilation time significantly.
A 4-Element Phased-Array System With Simultaneous Spatial- and Frequency-Domain Filtering at the Antenna Inputs (2014)

To reject strong interference in excess of 0 dBm, a 4- element LO-phase shifting phased-array receiver with 8-phase passive mixers terminated by baseband capacitors is presented. The passive mixers upconvert both the spatial and frequency domain filtering from baseband to RF, hence realizing blocker suppression directly at the antenna inputs. A comprehensive mathematical model provides a set of closed-form equations describing the spatial and frequency domain filtering including imperfections. A prototype is realized in 28 nm CMOS. It exploits third harmonic reception to achieve a wide RF-frequency range from 0.6-4.5 GHz at 34-119 mW power dissipation, while also providing impedance matching. Out of the band/beam, a 1 dB-compression point as high as +12/+10 dBm has been measured. The 1-element noise figure over the RF-frequency range is 4-6.3 dB, while in-beam/band IIP3 values of 0- +2.6 dBm are measured. This proposed technique can be instrumental to make RF receivers more robust for interference, while still being flexibly tunable in frequency.
Thymidine induced perturbations in ribonucleoside and deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pools in human leukemic CCRF-CEM cells. (1979)

The inhibition of growth of CCRF-CEM cells in culture by various concentrations of thymidine was correlated with alterations in the intracellular concentration of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates. With increasing growth inhibition, the concentrations of dTTP, dGTP and dATP all increased while that of dCTP decreased somewhat. Although there was a linear relationship between the decrease in growth rate and the concentration of dCTP, the change in the pool of dCTP does not appear to be of sufficient magnitude to account for the growth inhibition. The addition of deoxycytidine (3 to 10 µM) completely reversed the growth inhibition produced by thymidine. Higher concentrations of deoxycytidine (20 µM), however, again produced a 13% inhibition of growth rate in the presence of thymidine. The intracellular concentrations of dCTP and dATP were equal to control values; those of dTTP and dGTP were increased. The results indicate that small perturbations in the deoxynucleosides triphosphate pools inhibit cellular growth and that increases as well as decreases in these pools may inhibit DNA synthesis as mediated through their interaction with DNA polymerase.
Effect of pH on Bone Resorption by Rat Osteoclasts<i>in Vitro</i> (1986)

Acidosis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various metabolic bone diseases. Experimental acid ingestion is known to stimulate the release of bone mineral in humans and increase osteoclastic resorption surfaces in animals, but the mechanism has remained unclear. We have investigated the effect of medium pH on osteoclastic activity in vitro using a new method that allows direct measurement of bone resorption. Osteoclasts were disaggregated from neonatal rat long bones and allowed to settle onto thin slices of bovine cortical bone. After 24-h incubation in medium 199, adjusted to the required pH, bone slices were fixed, and the number and surface area of resorption pits per slice were determined. Reduction in medium pH from 7.4 to 6.8 resulted in a 14-fold increase in the mean area resorbed per bone slice (P less than 0.01). Five- and 9-fold increases were seen at pH 7.2 and 7.0, respectively. Incubation of bone cells with human PTH-(1-34) (100 ng/ml) did not significantly enhance resorption at either pH 7.4 or 6.4, whereas human calcitonin (50 pg/ml) produced near-total inhibition. Mean osteoclast and mononuclear cell numbers were unaltered by all treatments. This is the first direct demonstration that low pH stimulates cell-mediated bone resorption, an observation that may have considerable physiological and pathophysiological significance.
Geodesic Cone Antenna (1984)

The subject of this paper is a novel phased array antenna which is capable of providing 360 degree continuous scanning with low side lobes over a wide band. The antenna consists of a ring of feed elements coupling energy through a coaxial conical waveguide to a circular radiating aperture. Rays from the feed ring are constrained within the conical coaxial waveguide and propagate along geodesic paths in such a way as to be focused in the far field. A paper presenting a preliminary design of a Geodesic Lens Antenna was presented at this symposium in 1981. Since that time, evaluation has shown performance equivalent to a linear aperture illuminated with a Tchebyshev distribution. Progress achieved in computer aided design and analysis allows tailoring a Geodesic Cone Antenna to the specific needs and constraints of given applications. A brief explanation of the function of the Geodesic Cone Waveguide using geometric optics is presented. Design and analysis techniques utilizing geometric optics and modal analysis are described. A half octave demonstration model of a Geodesic cone Antenna has been built and tested and showed good correspondence with predicted performance.
Renewable Biobased Polymeric Materials: Facile Synthesis of Itaconic Anhydride-Based Copolymers with Poly(<scp>l</scp>-lactic acid) Grafts (2012)

This paper reports a new synthesis of biobased polymers by using itaconic anhydride (IAn) and lactic acid (LA) as renewable starting materials. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA)-graft copolymers were synthesized via two approaches. First, the macromonomer approach utilized IAn for Sn-catalyzed synthesis of PLA-containing macromonomers (IAn-PLA Macro). The macromonomer was radically copolymerized with n-butyl methacrylate (BMA), n-butyl acrylate (BA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), and ethyl methacrylate (EMA) to give efficiently graft copolymers (PLA-Graft copolymer (I)) with molecular weight Mn up to 1.61 × 105 having biomass content higher than 34 wt %. Second, the copolymer approach employed first IAn as comonomer for radical copolymerization with BMA, giving rise to IAn-BMA copolymer with Mn higher than 5.76 × 104. Then, Sn-catalyzed grafting of PLA onto IAn moiety of the copolymer produced PLA-Graft copolymer (II) with Mn higher than 5.88 × 104, showing biomass content ≥29 wt %. In addition, radical homopolymerization of IAn was examined to give polyIAn. By using these two approaches employing IAn as a starting reactive material, PLA-graft copolymers were obtained as "biomass-plastics". Properties of PLA-Graft copolymers (I) were also examined, which revealed possible applications for coatings and plastics. Furthermore, the IAn-containing graft copolymers will be a convenient starting biomass polymer having reactive IAn moiety in the main chain for further grafting or various functional group-introducing reactions.
ERK activation protects against DNA damage and apoptosis in hyperoxic rat AEC2 (1999)

The survival of type 2 alveolar epithelial cells (AEC2) in the lung after hyperoxic injury is regulated by signals from the cellular environment. Keratinocyte growth factor and Matrigel can ameliorate the hallmarks of apoptosis seen in hyperoxic AEC2 after 24-h culture on plastic [S. Buckley, L. Barsky, B. Driscoll, K. Weinberg, K. D. Anderson, and D. Warburton. Am. J. Physiol. 274 (Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol. 18): L714-L720, 1998]. We used the same model of in vivo short-term hyperoxia to characterize the protective effects of substrate attachment. Culture of hyperoxic AEC2 on various biological adhesion substrates showed reduced DNA end labeling in cells grown on all biological substrates compared with growth on plastic. In contrast, the synthetic substrate poly-D-lysine conferred no protection. Hyperoxic AEC2 cultured on laminin showed an increased ratio of expression of Bcl-2 to interleukin-1beta-converting enzyme compared with culture on plastic. Laminin also partially restored hyperoxia-depleted glutathione levels and conferred improved optimal mitochondrial viability as measured by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Conversely, attachment to the nonphysiological substrate poly-D-lysine afforded no such protection, suggesting that protection against hyperoxia-induced damage may be associated with integrin signaling. Increased activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), as detected by increased ERK tyrosine phosphorylation, was seen in hyperoxic AEC2 as soon as the cells started to attach to laminin and was sustained after 24 h of culture in contrast to that in control AEC2. To confirm that protection against DNA strand breakage and apoptosis was being conferred by ERK activation, the cells were also plated in the presence of 50 microM PD-98059, an inhibitor of the ERK-activating mitogen-activating kinase. Culture for 24 h with PD-98059 abolished the protective effect of laminin. We speculate that after hyperoxic lung injury, signals through the basement membrane confer specific protection against oxygen-induced DNA strand breakage and apoptosis through an ERK activation-dependent pathway.
Cancer Chemopreventive <i>in vitro</i> Activities of Isoflavones Isolated from <i>Iris germanica</i> (2003)

Six known isoflavones were isolated from the rhizomes of Iris germanica, and were established by UV, MS and NMR techniques as irisolidone (1), irisolidone 7-O-α-D-glucoside (1a), irigenin (2), irilone (3), iriflogenin (4), and iriskashmirianin (5). These compounds were examined for their cancer chemopreventive potential. They were shown to be potent inhibitors of cytochrome P450 1A activity with IC50 values in the range 0.25 - 4.9 μM. The isoflavones 2, 3 and 5 displayed moderate activity as inducers of NAD(P)H:quinone reductase (QR) in cultured mouse Hepa 1c1c7 cells, with CD values (concentration required to double the specific activity of QR) of 3.5 - 16.7 μM, whereas weak activity was observed with compounds 4 and 5 in the radical (DPPH) scavenging bioassay (IC50 values 89.6 and 120.3 μM, respectively). With respect to anti-tumor promoting potential based on anti-inflammatory mechanisms, none of the compounds demonstrated significant activity in the concentration range tested.
PAX3 and SOX10 activate MET receptor expression in melanoma (2010)

Melanoma is a cancer with a poorly understood molecular pathobiology. We find the transcription factors PAX3, SOX10, MITF, and the tyrosine kinase receptor MET expressed in melanoma cell lines and primary tumors. Analysis for MET expression in primary tumor specimens showed 27/40 (68%) of the samples displayed an increased expression of MET, and this expression was highly correlated with parallel expression of PAX3, SOX10, and MITF. PAX3 and MITF bind to elements in the MET promoter independently, without evidence of either synergistic activation or inhibition. SOX10 does not directly activate the MET gene alone, but can synergistically activate MET expression with either PAX3 or MITF. In melanoma cells, there was evidence of two pathways for PAX3 mediated MET induction: (i) direct activation of the gene, and (ii) indirect regulation through MITF. SK-MEL23 melanoma cells have both of these pathways intact, while SK-MEL28 melanoma cells only have the first pathway. In summary, we find that PAX3, SOX10 and MITF play an active role in melanoma cells by regulating the MET gene. In consequence, MET promotes the melanoma cancer phenotype by promoting migration, invasion, resistance to apoptosis, and tumor cell growth.
Assessing a proposal for an energy-based overall equipment effectiveness indicator through discrete event simulation (2014)

New challenges demand that manufacturing companies adopt sustainable approaches and succeed in this adoption. Energy efficiency plays a key role in achieving sustainability goals, and performance indicators are necessary beyond measurement of data to evaluate energy efficiency. In this landscape, scalable and easy-to-understand metrics providing an energy competitiveness degree of manufacturing resources are currently missing. The study aims to test through simulation applicability and potential offered by a novel Energy Overall Equipment Effectiveness - Energy OEE - indicator for discrete manufacturing firms. A simulation of a discrete manufacturing CNC machine case is used to evaluate the applicability of using Energy OEE assessment for management decision support. As a result, this study paves the way to a better exploitation of data that energy monitoring and sensor technology aim to offer in the future.
Measurement of alkali vapor concentration in the PFBC (pressurized fluidized-bed combustion) flue gas (1989)

A laboratory-scale PFBC/alkali sorber unit has been used to measure the level of vapor-phase alkali in PFBC (9.2 atm absolute) flue gas. Prior to sampling with a hot (850--900/degree/C) stainless steel tube for alkali analysis, the flue gas was cleaned of particulates by use of a hot cyclone and SiC candle filters. The alkali emission from two different coal-sorbent combustions were determined. In the combustion of Pittsburgh Sewickley seam coal and Tymochtee dolomite at average bed temperatures of 900--925/degree/C, the alkali vapor concentration (Na + K) was measured by an Ames real-time, on-line alkali analyzer to be >50 ppbW in the PFBC flue gas. In the combustion of Beulah lignite of North Dakota and Tymochtee dolomite at average bed temperatures of 850--875/degree/C, the average sodium vapor concentration in the PFBC flue gas was measured to be 1.42, 1.51, and 1.31 ppmW by a newly developed analytical alkali sorber beds of activated bauxite (two beds) and diatomaceous earth, respectively. Based on these measurements, the average sodium vapor concentration of 1.3-1.5 ppmW in the PFBC flue gas of Beulah lignite is more than 1.5 orders of magnitude greater than the currently suggested alkali specification limit (0.024 ppm) for an industrial gas turbine.more » 15 refs., 7 figs., 2 tabs.« less
Wideband monopole antenna coupled with a chip‐inductor‐loaded shorted strip for LTE/WWAN mobile handset (2011)

Abstract An eight‐band long term evolution/wireless wide area network (LTE/WWAN) mobile handset antenna using a wideband monopole antenna coupled with a chip‐inductor‐loaded shorted strip is presented. Two wide operating bands are obtained to cover the eight‐band LTE/WWAN operation in the 698–960 and 1710–2690 MHz bands. The antenna's lower band is contributed by the coupled shorted strip of length about 100 mm which is short‐circuited to the system ground plane of the mobile handset through a loaded chip inductor of 10 nH. The loaded chip inductor leads to dual‐resonant behavior of the excited resonant mode and greatly enhances the lower‐band bandwidth. The upper band is formed by a wide resonant mode generated by the wideband monopole antenna and a higher‐order resonant mode generated by the coupled shorted strip. The upper‐band bandwidth of larger than 1 GHz is hence obtained. With two wide bands obtained, the antenna can be disposed on the bottom edge of the main circuit board of the mobile handset with a small board area of 10 × 60 mm 2 . The specific absorption rate (SAR) values of the antenna for 1‐g head tissue are also well below the limit of 1.6 W/kg for frequencies over the operating bands. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 53:1293–1298, 2011; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/mop.25977
An Optimal Linear Systems Approach to Load-Frequency Control (1971)

The load-frequency control problem for interconnected systems is considered from the viewpoint of optimal stochastic system theory. A control algorithm is developed which provides improved power system performance in both large and small signal modes of operation. An especially attractive feature of the proposed control scheme is that it requires as inputs only the variables currently used, i. e., frequency deviations and scheduled interchange deviations. The classical two-area power system is used as a base system for comparative studies relating the response of an interconnected power system using the new control algorithm to the response obtained using conventional control strategy.
The targeted marketing of consumer durables (1993)

In this article, an approach for identifying prime prospects and developing targeted marketing strategies for durables is presented and empirically illustrated using a set of major home appliances. The proposed approach combines probability models for identifying segments (as a function of household characteristics) and determining replacement potentials (as a function of the age of a current unit). Importantly, these models use data that are generally available to manufacturers and retailers of durable products (e.g., syndicated survey data, warranty card information, data overlays from commercial firms).
Mammalian Orthoreovirus Particles Induce and Are Recruited into Stress Granules at Early Times Postinfection (2009)

Infection with many mammalian orthoreovirus (MRV) strains results in shutoff of host, but not viral, protein synthesis via protein kinase R (PKR) activation and phosphorylation of translation initiation factor eIF2alpha. Following inhibition of protein synthesis, cellular mRNAs localize to discrete structures in the cytoplasm called stress granules (SGs), where they are held in a translationally inactive state. We examined MRV-infected cells to characterize SG formation in response to MRV infection. We found that SGs formed at early times following infection (2 to 6 h postinfection) in a manner dependent on phosphorylation of eIF2alpha. MRV induced SG formation in all four eIF2alpha kinase knockout cell lines, suggesting that at least two kinases are involved in induction of SGs. Inhibitors of MRV disassembly prevented MRV-induced SG formation, indicating that viral uncoating is a required step for SG formation. Neither inactivation of MRV virions by UV light nor treatment of MRV-infected cells with the translational inhibitor puromycin prevented SG formation, suggesting that viral transcription and translation are not required for SG formation. Viral cores were found to colocalize with SGs; however, cores from UV-inactivated virions did not associate with SGs, suggesting that viral core particles are recruited into SGs in a process that requires the synthesis of viral mRNA. These results demonstrate that MRV particles induce SGs in a step following viral disassembly but preceding viral mRNA transcription and that core particles are themselves recruited to SGs, suggesting that the cellular stress response may play a role in the MRV replication cycle.
Propensity of Lignin to Associate: Light Scattering Photometry Study with Native Lignins (2008)

Many studies of lignins in solution invoke association and aggregation phenomena to explain their solution behavior (e.g., reprecipitation onto pulp fibers, condensation, etc.). Following their colloidal (apparent) molecular weights in solution as a function of time allows us to explore observable dissociation phenomena. These measurements were carried out using multiple angle laser light scattering (MALLS) photometry in the static mode. The challenges and opportunities of measuring the specific refractive index increment (dn/dC) of lignin solutions and determining the kinetics of the dissociation process were thus investigated. Hardwood and softwood representative lignins were isolated, and method for their full dissolution in THF was further developed, which then lead to accurate dn/dC values being obtained as a function of time. When coupled to additional work using light scattering static measurements and Zimm plots for the same solutions, this effort offers insight into the aggregation and ensuing dissociative events that operate within the lignin macromolecules.
New Types of Ear Protectors (1952)

In the construction of ear plugs the chief problem is to combine the necessary sound insulation with comfort and sufficient speech intelligibility. Ear plugs are described which fulfill these requirements to a reasonable degree. They can be used for the attenuation of all audible frequencies or, with minor adaptation, as low-pass filters attenuating the more dangerous high frequencies only. For maximum speech intelligibility, both kinds of sound insulation are adequate for steady noises, whereas the low-pass filter is better for intermittent noises, detonations, and noise that can be interrupted to permit communication. Extensive experiments in industry and the armed forces have shown that low-pass filters with a cut-off frequency of 1000 cps provide sufficient hearing protection in most situations.