gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Identification and Optimization of Oömycete Dihydroorotate Dehydrogenase Inhibitors as Fungicides (2001)

The present study describes the discovery of novel antifungal compounds by using a known antifungal target from one class of fungi and exploiting this novel mode of action for the discovery of fungicides in Oömycete plant pathogens. Utilizing computational clustering for compound selection and a novel dihydroorotate dehydrogenase (DHO-DH) enzyme assay, a moderate in vitro active (I50= 1.98 μM) was identified. Through both classical structural activity relationship (SAR) investigations and pharmacophore modeling, this new class of aza-chalcones was optimized to provide a series of nM inhibitors of Pythium aphanidermatum DHO-DH.
Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Back Muscles in the Lumbar Spine With Reference to Biomechanical Modeling (2006)

Input parameters, moment arms, as well as physiologic cross-sectional areas have a profound effect on the predicted muscle forces. Therefore, it is important to choose the values for moment arm and physiologic cross-sectional area carefully because they are essential input parameters to biomechanical models.
The Practice of Pride (1998)

Pride has been denounced as one of the seven deadly sins and praised as the crown of the virtues. Perhaps because of the difficulty of navigating between these appraisals, pride has not been paid very much attention by ethicists. Moreover, pride is so familiar as a feeling that the suggestion that it could be a virtue may seem misplaced.
Distribution coefficient, a convenient term for the relation of predictable physico-chemical properties to metabolic processes (1988)

1. The consequences of metabolic transformation on lipophilicity have been considered using the terms log P (partition coefficient) and log D (distribution coefficient). 2. Transformations which result in no change in the degree of ionisation can be readily predicted by the use of fragmental constants and log P. 3. If metabolism alters the degree of ionization then the distribution coefficient, log D, at physiological pH is a more appropriate term to use. Intuitive empirical observations may be incorrect and lead to false assumptions about the lipophilicity or water solubility of metabolites. 4. Metabolism may form zwitterionic molecules. These metabolites need special consideration since their penetration into lipid phases may be greater than expected.
Antibacterial Activity Evaluation of Microcin J25 against Diarrheagenic <i>Escherichia coli</i> (2000)

The inhibitory activities of known microcins were evaluated against some diarrheagenic Escherichia coli strains. Some antibacterial properties of microcin J25, the most active one, were studied. A rapid two-step purification was performed. The MIC and the minimum bactericidal concentration of J25 against E. coli O157:H7 were 1 and 100 microg ml(-1), respectively. A 10(4)-CFU ml(-1) contamination by this strain was destroyed in milk and meat extract by 6.25 microg of J25 ml(-1) and in half-diluted egg yolk by 50 microg of J25 ml(-1).
Efficient massive multichannel active noise control using wave-domain adaptive filtering (2008)

Multichannel acoustic active noise control (ANC) systems are increasingly being developed in order to enlarge the spatial extend of the quiet zone. This paper discusses the physical background of an ideal ANC system for noise sources outside and within the ANC system. This idealized system can be realized reasonably well with a high number of channels (massive multichannel ANC). It is shown that the typically applied adaptation algorithms have fundamental limitations in the context of massive multichannel ANC. The versatile framework of eigenspace and wave-domain adaptive filtering is proposed as solution to these. Simulation of a massive multichannel ANC system illustrates the successful application of the proposed concepts.
Generating β-cells in vitro (2013)

Although generation of fully functional β-cells in vitro has not yet been achieved, possible intermediate approaches to treat diabetes include using PPCs or reprogramming adult cells to β-like cells. A cell therapy with either approach will require isolation from the host immune response. Ongoing efforts are addressing this need through the use of immune-isolation devices to avoid immunosuppressive drugs.
One watt, very high efficiency 10 and 18 GHz pseudomorphic HEMTs fabricated by dry first recess etching (2003)

The authors report 10- and 18-GHz power performance of double recessed 1.2-mm periphery pseudomorphic high electron mobility transistors (PsHEMTs). They have obtained demonstrably better uniformity in performance than conventionally fabricated PsHEMTs. This was accomplished by incorporating a new approach to recess formation using selective reactive ion etching of the first recess in a double recessed structure. The critical first recess was formed with exceptional uniformity using dry etching and an AlGaAs etch stop layer. Simultaneous power, gain, and power-added efficiency, representative of many devices, are summarized.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Polymeric liquid crystals (1982)

Soft contact lenses and ablative heat shields for spacecraft require materials with vastly different physical properties. Yet the materials for both—permeable elastic membranes and tenacious high-temperature composities—are products of polymer science.
In the Absence of Security: A Memoir (1969)

I met Billy Vance in September. We saw each other three more times that fall. He died the following March. Of course I had no way of knowing this would be the sequence of events on the occasion of our meeting. We met at a reception given partially in his honor after he was named as one of the new university fellowship recipients. The reception was attended by representatives from the university administration, faculty members, and current fellows like myself. We convened in the Great Room of the university's Alumni Center. I attended the affair with Gwenyth, another graduate student. After chugging my second glass of Merlot, I felt particularly witty and charming; thus, I left Gwenyth, inserting myself on the fringe of a social circle consisting of the Provost and a few of his minions. Shortly thereafter, Dr. Provost assumed his position at the podium and introduced the new fellows. As the list of names was read aloud,I scanned the room, looking for something (read: someone) of interest. And from the Department of English, Billy Vance, Ridge! Fellow, boomed Dr. Provost's stentorian voice.
Inhibition of Arginase Activity Enhances Inflammation in Mice with Allergic Airway Disease, in Association with Increases in Protein <i>S</i> -Nitrosylation and Tyrosine Nitration (2008)

Pulmonary inflammation in asthma is orchestrated by the activity of NF-kappaB. NO and NO synthase (NOS) activity are important modulators of inflammation. The availability of the NOS substrate, l-arginine, is one of the mechanisms that controls the activity of NOS. Arginase also uses l-arginine as its substrate, and arginase-1 expression is highly induced in a murine model of asthma. Because we have previously described that arginase affects NOx content and interferes with the activation of NF-kappaB in lung epithelial cells, the goal of this study was to investigate the impact of arginase inhibition on the bioavailability of NO and the implications for NF-kappaB activation and inflammation in a mouse model of allergic airway disease. Administration of the arginase inhibitor BEC (S-(2-boronoethyl)-l-cysteine) decreased arginase activity and caused alterations in NO homeostasis, which were reflected by increases in S-nitrosylated and nitrated proteins in the lungs from inflamed mice. In contrast to our expectations, BEC enhanced perivascular and peribronchiolar lung inflammation, mucus metaplasia, NF-kappaB DNA binding, and mRNA expression of the NF-kappaB-driven chemokine genes CCL20 and KC, and lead to further increases in airways hyperresponsiveness. These results suggest that inhibition of arginase activity enhanced a variety of parameters relevant to allergic airways disease, possibly by altering NO homeostasis.
Ecological Study of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus and Lactobacillus spp. at Sub-Sites from Approximal Dental Plaque from Children (1997)

Previous immunofluorescence (IF) studies have indicated that Streptococcus mutans may preferentially colonise specific sub-sites within approximal plaque. The present study aimed to extend these observations to other mutans streptococci and lactobacilli in such gingival margin plaque. Two hundred and seventy approximal plaque samples were taken from 90 teeth (3 from each tooth) in 64 children; three gingival margin sub-sites in relation to the contact area: away from (A), to the side of(S) and below (B) the contact area. Samples were processed by indirect IF using high-titred polyclonal anti-S. mutans 'c', anti-S. sobrinus 'd', anti-L. casei and anti-L. acidophilus antisera. An overall positive association was found between S. mutans 'c' and S. sobrinus 'd' (p < 0.001). Significant differences (p < 0.1) were found between the proportional counts at each sub-site for S. mutans 'c': A = 39%, S = 51% and B = 70%, and for S. sobrinus 'd' 21, 33 and 49%. Mutans streptococci (MS) appeared to preferentially colonise the sub-site below the contact area (B = 81%), compared with sub-sites A and S (48 and 62%, respectively). S. mutans 'c' and S. sobrinus 'd' were detected together at subsites A = 12%, S = 22%, and B = 38%, with proportional counts at B sites being higher than those at A (B > A, p < 0.01, and B > S, p < 0.05). Lactobacillus spp. were isolated rarely, and were usually found together with MS. There was a positive relationship between the presence of lactobacilli or MS and caries (white spot lesions only), although these species could frequently be isolated from noncarious sites. The presence of both S. mutans 'c' and S. sobrinus 'd' were strongly correlated with early caries lesions. In addition, this study confirmed the variation in the microflora at different sub-sites within approximal dental plaque.
Virtual leading blocks for the deaf-blind: a real-time way-finder by verbal-nonverbal hybrid interface and high-density RFID tag space (2004)

In this paper, we discuss application possibilities of augmented reality technologies in the field of mobility support for the deaf blind. We propose the navigation system called virtual leading blocks for the deaf-blind, which consists of a wearable interface for Finger-Braille, one of the commonly used communication methods among deaf-blind people in Japan, and a ubiquitous environment for barrier-free application, which consists of floor-embedded active radio-frequency identification (RFID) tags. The wearable Finger-Braille interface using two Linux-based wristwatch computers has been developed as a hybrid interface of verbal and nonverbal communication in order to inform users of their direction and position through the tactile sensation. We propose the metaphor of watermelon splitting for navigation by this system and verify the feasibility of the proposed system through experiments.
RESISTANCE AND SUSCEPTIBILITY OF NEURAL CELLS TO LYSIS BY CYTOTOXIC LYMPHOCYTES AND BY CYTOLYTIC GRANULES (1992)

The susceptibility of neural cells to immune-mediated lysis by alloantigen-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes is important in understanding cell-mediated immune responses during rejection of transplanted neural tissues and in inflammatory responses of the central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) nervous systems. In this study, we used 51Cr-release and granzyme A assays to examine whether primary cultures of astrocytes and CNS and PNS neurons could serve as targets for alloantigen-specific CTLs and granule-mediated lysis. The level of astrocyte killing by alloantigen-specific CTLs correlated with expression of the class I gene products of the major histocompatibility complex. Astrocytes cultured for 1-2 weeks did not express class I MHC antigens and were not susceptible to lysis by activated alloantigen-specific CTLs. Lengthening the astrocyte culture period to 3 weeks resulted in class I MHC antigen expression on the astrocyte surface and alloantigen-specific lysis. Astrocytes of all ages tested were susceptible to lysis by isolated cytolytic lymphocyte granules. PNS neurons of various ages tested also served as targets for CTLs and were lysed by isolated granules. In contrast, CNS neurons did not express class I MHC antigens and were highly resistant to killing by CTLs and lymphocyte granules. CNS neurons and astrocytes did not trigger specific granzyme A secretion from effector cells. In the presence of leucoagglutinin, CTLs-specific recognition of target cells is bypassed, and virtually any cell, regardless of its antigens, is killed nonspecifically. Although leucoagglutinin-treated CNS neurons and astrocytes triggered increased granzyme A secretion from effector cells, only astrocytes were lysed in an antigen-nonspecific manner, whereas CNS neurons remained strikingly resistant. These results suggest differences in the susceptibility of PNS and CNS neurons to T cell-mediated lysis. CNS neurons appear to possess protective mechanisms that render them refractory to CTL-mediated lysis and granule-mediated lysis, whereas PNS neurons and astrocytes are far more susceptible to both types of immune attack.
The liquid crystal light valve, an optical-to-optical interface device (1972)

A photoactivated liquid crystal light valve is described as an optical-to-optical interface device (OTTO) which is designed to transfer an optical image from a noncoherent light beam to a spatially coherent beam of light, in real time. Schematics of OTTO in use, the liquid cyrstal cell, and the liquid crystal structure are presented. Sensitivity characteristics and the principles of operation are discussed.
A Mutation of the RNA Polymerase β′ Subunit ( <i>rpoC</i> ) Confers Cephalosporin Resistance in Bacillus subtilis (2012)

In bacteria, mutations affecting the major catalytic subunits of RNA polymerase (encoded by rpoB and rpoC) emerge in response to a variety of selective pressures. Here we isolated a Bacillus subtilis strain with high-level resistance to cefuroxime (CEF). Whole-genome resequencing revealed only one missense mutation affecting an invariant residue in close proximity to the C-terminal DNA-binding domain of RpoC (G1122D). Genetic reconstruction experiments demonstrate that this substitution is sufficient to confer CEF resistance. The G1122D mutation leads to elevated expression of stress-responsive regulons, including those of extracytoplasmic function (ECF) σ factors (σ(M), σ(W), and σ(X)) and the general stress σ factor (σ(B)). The increased CEF resistance of the rpoC(G1122D) strain is lost in the sigM rpoC(G1122D) double mutant, consistent with a major role for σ(M) in CEF resistance. However, a sigM mutant is very sensitive to CEF, and this sensitivity is still reduced by the G1122D mutation, suggesting that other regulatory effects are also important. Indeed, the ability of the G1122D mutation to increase CEF resistance is further reduced in a triple mutant strain lacking three ECF σ factors (σ(M), σ(W), and σ(X)), which are known from prior studies to control overlapping sets of genes. Collectively, our findings highlight the ability of mutations in RNA polymerase to confer antibiotic resistance by affecting the activity of alternative σ factors that control cell envelope stress-responsive regulons.
Vapor Deposition of Metals by Hydrogen Reduction of Metal Chelates (1965)

Thin film deposits of Cu, Ni, and Rh were obtained by hydrogen reduction of , , , and from the gas phase (tfa = trifluoroacetylacetonate anion; hfa = hexafluoroacetylacetonate anion). The chelates are well suited for gas plating purposes by virtue of their high volatility and ease of reduction by hydrogen. The deposition process can be conducted at atmospheric pressure and at temperatures as low as 250°C. The process is potentially cyclic, free chelating agent being regenerated by the reduction reaction.
MMSE Equalizer for MIMO-ISI Channel With Shorten Guard Period (2006)

A finite-impulse-response minimum mean-square error equalizer (FIR-MMSEE) for block-based transmission over a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) intersymbol interference (ISI) channels is proposed in this correspondence. The proposed MMSE equalizer can avoid interblock interference (IBI) without requiring a guard period to be larger than or equal to the channel order. By reducing the number of redundant symbols in the transmitted signals, the spectral efficiency of the communication system with long channel dispersion can be greatly improved. We further investigated the parallel FIR-MMSEE equalization structure and proposed a group successive interference cancellation MMSE equalizer (GSIC-MMSEE). A group of elements in the output of the FIR-MMSEE will be used to successively cancel their own effect in the received signals after the signal detection in GSIC-MMSEE. Since the cancellation process eliminates some interference sources, the error performance of the subsequent equalization will be improved. Moreover, the interference cancellation is performed in a group-by-group basis. As a result, the computational complexity of the proposed equalizer can be controlled by adjusting the number of groups in the GSIC. Simulation results are presented to compare the performance of the proposed FIR-MMSEE and GSIC-MMSEE
Parallel-plate electrostatic actuation with vertical hinges (2001)

A microactuating structure with vertical polyimide hinges has been designed, fabricated and tested. Unlike traditional microactuators, which are located on the substrate surface, this new actuation mechanism is capable of producing linear motion at a point far from the substrate. This advantage can make it possible to drive other out-of-plane folded structures for on-wafer or out-of-wafer applications such as optical alignment or precise manipulation. The unique design of the planar structure fabricated by surface micromachining makes use of elastic polyimide joints to bring a movable large silicon plate in front of another plate to form a parallel-plate capacitor. The area of the capacitive plate is 430×330 µm where the height of the structure is about 1 mm. At resonance frequency, flapping silicon plates can start very large oscillations leading to a deflection angle of 8° with a lateral displacement of more than 160 µm when applying a voltage of 174 V (p-p). The resonance frequency is measured to be 380 Hz. A two-dimensional simplified mechanical model of the structure has been built and has been used to estimate the mechanical behaviour of the structure by using a commercial finite element analysis program.
The Influence of Lysophosphatidic Acid on the Functions of Human Dendritic Cells (2002)

Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lipid mediator which is generated by secretory phospholipase A(2). In this study, we studied the biological activity of LPA on human dendritic cells (DCs), which are specialized APCs characterized by their ability to migrate into target sites and secondary lymphoid organs to process Ags and activate naive T cells. We show that immature and mature DCs express the mRNA for different LPA receptors such as endothelial differentiation gene (EDG)-2, EDG-4, and EDG-7. In immature DCs, LPA stimulated pertussis toxin-sensitive Ca(2+) increase, actin polymerization, and chemotaxis. During the maturation process, DCs lost their ability to respond toward LPA with Ca(2+) transients, actin polymerization, and chemotaxis. However, LPA inhibited in a pertussis toxin-insensitive manner the secretion of IL-12 and TNFalpha as well as enhanced secretion of IL-10 from mature DCs. Moreover, LPA did not affect the endocytic or phagocytic capacities and the surface phenotype of DCs, although it increased the allostimulatory function of mature DC and inhibited their capacity to induce Th1 differentiation. In summary, our study implicates that LPA might regulate the trafficking, cytokine production, and T cell-activating functions of DCs.
Fetal Acidemia Associated With Regional Anesthesia for Elective Cesarean Delivery (1995)

Regional anesthesia is associated with fetal acidemia, occasionally severe, and has features of an acute respiratory type of acidemia. Fetal acidemia is less frequent with epidural anesthesia compared to subarachnoid techniques.
Vowel and Speaker Identification in Natural and Synthetic Speech (1972)

The purpose of this study was to develop a simple means for evaluating the relative quality of synthesizers. A set of 10 monophthongal English vowels was produced by a man, woman, and child. These vowels were synthesized on a Glace-Holmes synthesizer, using values measured from spectrograms. In addition, synthetic stimuli were generated on the basis of averages published by Peterson and Barney [J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 24, 175–184 (1951)]. In the latter set, formant values for men, women, and children were combined with the respective fundamental frequencies, resulting in 9 different combinations for each of the 10 vowels. The 150 stimuli were presented, in random order, to 60 trained listeners for both vowel and speaker identification. The overall vowel identification score for the normal set (all three speakers combined) was 79.46%; the over-all speaker identification score (all 10 vowels combined) was 90.03%. The corresponding scores for the set synthesized from measured spectrograms were 50.87 and 69.73%, respectively. The differences from the normal set (−28.59 and −20.30%) constitute an evaluation measure for the performance of the synthesizer (and the synthesizers). Results of the listeners' responses to the set of vowels synthesized from averages will also be discussed.
Neuronal DNA content variation (DCV) with regional and individual differences in the human brain (2010)

It is widely assumed that the human brain contains genetically identical cells through which postgenomic mechanisms contribute to its enormous diversity and complexity. The relatively recent identification of neural cells throughout the neuraxis showing somatically generated mosaic aneuploidy indicates that the vertebrate brain can be genomically heterogeneous (Rehen et al. [2001] Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 98:13361-13366; Rehen et al. [2005] J. Neurosci. 25:2176-2180; Yurov et al. [2007] PLoS ONE:e558; Westra et al. [2008] J. Comp. Neurol. 507:1944-1951). The extent of human neural aneuploidy is currently unknown because of technically limited sample sizes, but is reported to be small (Iourov et al. [2006] Int. Rev. Cytol. 249:143-191). During efforts to interrogate larger cell populations by using DNA content analyses, a surprising result was obtained: human frontal cortex brain cells were found to display "DNA content variation (DCV)" characterized by an increased range of DNA content both in cell populations and within single cells. On average, DNA content increased by approximately 250 megabases, often representing a substantial fraction of cells within a given sample. DCV within individual human brains showed regional variation, with increased prevalence in the frontal cortex and less variation in the cerebellum. Further, DCV varied between individual brains. These results identify DCV as a new feature of the human brain, encompassing and further extending genomic alterations produced by aneuploidy, which may contribute to neural diversity in normal and pathophysiological states, altered functions of normal and disease-linked genes, and differences among individuals.