gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spatial orientation in translumenal surgery (2010)

"Natural Orifice Translumenal Endoscopic Surgery" (NOTES) is assumed to offer significant benefits to patients, such as reduced trauma as well as reduced collateral damage. But the potential advantages of this new technology can only be achieved through safe and standardized operation methods. Several barriers, which have been identified during clinical practice in flexible intra-abdominal endoscopy, can only be solved with computer-assisted surgical (CAS) systems. In order to assist the surgeon during the intervention and enhance his visual possibilities, some of these CAS systems require 3-D information of the intervention site, for others 3-D information is even mandatory. Therefore it is evident that the definition and design of new technologies for CAS systems must be strongly considered. A 3-D endoscope, called "Multisensor-Time-of-Flight" (MUSTOF) endoscope, is actually being developed. Within these developments, an optical 3-D time-of-flight (TOF) sensor is attached to the proximal end of a common endoscope. The 3-D depth information obtained by this enhanced endoscope can furthermore be registered with preoperatively acquired 3-D volumetric datasets such as CT or MRI. These enhanced or augmented 3-D data volumes could then be used to find the transgastric or transcolonic entry point to the abdomen. Furthermore, such acquired endoscopic depth data can be used to provide better orientation within the abdomen. Moreover it can also prevent intra-operative collisions and provide an optimized field of view with the possibility for off-axis viewing. Furthermore, providing a stable horizon on video-endoscopic images, especially within non-rigid endoscopic surgery scenarios (particularly within NOTES), remains an open issue. Hence, our recently presented "endorientation" approach for automated image orientation rectification could turn out as an important contribution. It works with a tiny micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) tri-axial inertial sensor that is placed on the distal tip of an endoscope. By measuring the impact of gravity on each of the three orthogonal axes the rotation angle can be estimated with some calculations out of these three acceleration values, which can be used to automatically rectify the endoscopic images using image processing methods. Using such enhanced, progressive endoscopic system extensions proposed in this article, translumenal surgery could in the future be performed in a safer and more feasible manner.
The Effect of Oilseeds in Diets of Lactating Cows on Milk Production and Methane Emissions (2002)

Thirty-six lactating multiparous Holstein cows were assigned to diets that contained 2.3, 4.0, and 5.6% fat for an entire lactation to determine the effect of oilseeds on milk composition, production, and methane emissions. The diets were formulated so that whole cottonseeds and canola oilseeds provided equal amounts of added fat. Methane emissions were measured every 3 mo from two replicates of four cows per treatment using a room tracer approach. Dry matter intakes and yields of milk and FCM were greater for cows fed the diets containing oilseeds. Although the concentration of protein in milk was reduced, yields of both protein and fat tended to be increased by the addition of fat. Within the milk fat, the concentrations of C10, C12, C14:0, and C16:0 were reduced and concentrations of C18, C18:1, and trans-C18:1 were increased in response to dietary oilseeds. In serum, urea-N was increased by the dietary oilseeds. Supplementation of diets with oilseeds did not affect methane emissions but tended to increase the efficiency of milk produced per unit of methane emitted. A 1.7% addition of fat to the control diet from a combination of oilseed types increased yields of milk without reducing methane emission rates. The strategy of using unsaturated fats from oilseeds to substantially reduce methane emissions was ineffective, although yield of milk was increased.
Altered pathogenesis in herpes simplex virus type 1 infection due to a syncytial mutation mapping to the carboxy terminus of glycoprotein B (1991)

A syncytial (syn) variant of herpes simplex virus type 1 strain 17 syn+ was selected by serial passage in heparin, a glycosaminoglycan which potently inhibits herpes simplex virus infectivity. This virus, 17 hep syn, is sixfold more heparin resistant than its parent. By using marker transfer techniques, its syn phenotype, but not heparin resistance, was mapped first to the BamHI G fragment (0.343 to 0.415 map units) and then to a 670-bp KpnI-PstI subclone (0.345 to 0.351 map units) encoding the carboxy terminus of glycoprotein B (gB). Three cloned syncytial recombinants were generated from cotransfections of 17 syn+ with either 17 hep syn BamHI-G or the 670-bp subclone. After footpad inoculation of mice, 17 hep syn was as virulent as its parent, despite reaching lower titers in feet, sciatic nerves, dorsal root ganglia, spinal cords, and brains. Animals infected with 17 hep syn or the gB recombinant viruses developed a unique pattern of disease that was strikingly different than that seen with wild-type virus: severe inflammation and edema of the inoculated limb and death without antecedent paralysis. Histopathologic examination revealed limitation of spinal involvement by 17 hep syn to the dorsal aspect of the cord and decreased virus-induced damage in the central nervous system. The genetically unrelated syn variant MP, in contrast, was avirulent and did not cause severe local inflammation. After intracerebral inoculation, 17 hep syn was highly virulent and replicated to high titers in the brain. Yet, unlike the parental virus, it resulted in an altered distribution of herpes simplex virus antigens, which were limited to the ependymal and subependymal regions surrounding the lateral ventricles. Despite their syncytial phenotype and pathogenic properties, the recombinant viruses, unlike 17 hep syn, were not heparin resistant. We conclude that a transferable alteration in the 670-bp carboxy-terminal portion of the glycoprotein gB gene of 17 hep syn results in both its syncytial phenotype and the unique pattern of disease that it causes but does not result in heparin resistance. These observations provide direct biological evidence for an important role for herpes simplex virus gB in pathogenic events both at the peripheral site of infection and within the nervous system.
Characteristics of patients potentially eligible for pharmacotherapy for weight loss in primary care practice in the United States (2016)

Few eligible patients received pharmacotherapy for weight loss. Patients who received pharmacotherapy tended to be heavier, younger, female, commercially insured, and used more antidepressants and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.
The temperature dependence of the refractive indices of fused silica and crystal quartz (1983)

The temperature dependence of the refractive indices of high-purity fused silica and crystal quartz was measured in the 450-1600 nm wavelength range and at temperatures from room temperature to 400 degrees C. The average thermal coefficients of the refractive indices of those materials show opposite sign. The wavelength dependence of the coefficient in fused silica is smaller than that in crystal quartz.
Protein tyrosine kinase p56-Lck regulates lymphocyte function-associated 1 adhesion molecule expression, granule exocytosis, and cytolytic effector function in a cloned T cell. (1994)

Elevated levels of p56-Lck kinase activity were achieved in an interleukin 2 (IL-2)-dependent cloned cytolytic T cell CTLL-2 through gene transfer approaches. CTLL-2-Lck cells remained dependent on IL-2 for growth and survival in culture but exhibited markedly elevated, IL-2-independent cytolytic activity against a variety of tumor targets. This immune cell effector function was similar to the non-major histocompatibility complex-restricted cytolytic activity previously described for lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells, and involved a cytolytic mechanism that was independent of protein synthesis in either the T cells or the tumor targets. Characterization of CTLL-2-Lck cells revealed markedly elevated levels of both the alpha (CD11a) and beta (CD18) chains of the cell adhesion molecule lymphocyte function-associated 1 (LFA-1) and increased binding of these T cells to a recombinant protein representing the extracellular domain of the LFA-ligand, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1). Antibodies to CD11a partially abrogated cytolytic killing of tumor target cells by CTLL-2-Lck cells, suggesting that the upregulation in LFA protein levels potentially accounts at least in part for the phenotype of these T cells. Gene transfer-mediated elevations in p56-Lck kinase activity in an IL-3-dependent myeloid cell clone 32D.3 also resulted in increased LFA-1 expression, demonstrating that the findings are not unique to CTLL-2 cells. In addition to upregulation of LFA-1 expression, CTLL-Lck cells also exhibited more efficient exocytosis of cytotoxic granules upon activation with Ca(2+)-ionophore and phorbol ester, relative to control transfected and untransfected CTLL-2 cells. The findings functionally link the Lck kinase to a T cell effector pathway involved in cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
Wound assessment and documentation (1997)

Trudie Young looks at the wound assessment and documentation process.
Condemned Bar in 1849 (1933)

Research Article| December 01 1933 Condemned Bar in 1849 Erastus Saurin Holden, Erastus Saurin Holden Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar E. D. Holden E. D. Holden Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar California Historical Society Quarterly (1933) 12 (4): 312–317. https://doi.org/10.2307/25178225 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Erastus Saurin Holden, E. D. Holden; Condemned Bar in 1849. California Historical Society Quarterly 1 December 1933; 12 (4): 312–317. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/25178225 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentCalifornia History Search This content is only available via PDF. Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
Describing Telephone Speech Codec Quality Degradations by Means of Impairment Factors (2002)

The equipment impairment factor methodology adopted by the ITU-T for describing perceptual quality degradations associated with nonwaveform telephone speech codecs is discussed with regard to other degradations of the transmission channel. A new algorithm allows such factors to be calculated from the results of auditory tests, and first steps toward a derivation by means of instrumental models are presented. Limitations of the current approach for codec tandems are pointed out.
Data Object Based Security for DNP3 Over TCP/IP for Increased Utility Commercial Aspects Security (2007)

Potential effectiveness of cyber-attacks against utility networks using protocol DNP3 would increase rapidly, when DNP3 is employed over TCP/IP, because attacks succeed on the Internet can be used against DNP3. This becomes a critical concern for DNP3 since an outstation may be accessed from multiple masters of external networks. However, commercial Internet security does not provide applicable security since they were not designed specifically for DNP3. This paper proposes a new efficient cyber-security specifically designed for DNP3 at its interface with TCP/IP to augment utility commercial security capability. Rule-based security is implemented for the proposed cyber-security for DNP3 over TCP/IP using the function codes, data objects, and data sets from DNP3 data link layer and application layer. The rule-based security is implemented on a connection basis so that detailed security rules are specifically defined for each connection to the device.
BRAF mutant non-small cell lung cancer and treatment with BRAF inhibitors. (2013)

Inhibitors targeting active protein kinases, such as EGFR or ALK, have demonstrated significant efficacy in the treatment of lung cancer. Activating mutations in the MAPK pathway, which includes the enzymes RAS, RAF, MEK, and ERK, result in constitutive signalling, leading to oncogenic cell proliferation and escape from apoptosis; therefore this pathway is a focus of crucial interest for the development of cancer drugs. In melanoma, the most commonly mutated gene is BRAF, with mutations usually occurring in about 50% of all tumours. The BRAF Val600Glu (V600E) mutation constitutes more than 90% of mutations in melanoma. V600E BRAF mutation shows a great dependency on MEK activity, and offers a rational therapeutic strategy for this genetically defined tumour subtype. The use of vemurafenib and dabrafenib, agents that block MAPK signaling in patients with melanoma and the BRAF V600E mutation, has been associated with prolonged survival and progression-free survival. The frequency of V600E BRAF mutation in lung adenocarcinoma is 1.5% to 2.8%. Treatment of V600E BRAF-mutant lung adenocarcinomas with dabrafenib is under evaluation in a phase 2 trial, and could represent another milestone in individualized therapy for lung cancer patients. The next step will be a combination therapy of BRAF inhibitor dabrafenib and MEK inhibitor trametinib.
Social and economic costs of carpal tunnel surgery. (1995)

In conclusion, we estimate the incidence of carpal tunnel surgery to be between 400,000 and 500,000 cases annually in the United States, with economic costs in excess of $2 billion per year. The costs incurred in workers' compensation cases are almost three times those of other workers and five times those of nonworkers. Despite an increase in medial costs for endoscopic carpal tunnel release, the procedure has a potential to decrease overall costs by lowering productivity and wage reimbursement losses. With better surveillance and data collection systems, workers at risk can be identified and the incidence of occupational carpal tunnel syndrome reduced through appropriate worksite intervention.
A voltage-scalable biomedical signal processor running ECG using 13pJ/cycle at 1MHz and 0.4V (2011)

Recent work on designing ultra-low-power systems has focused on the sub-threshold regime [1–3] and an energy efficiency of a few pJ/cycle was reported. While operating at the minimum energy point is attractive for energy-frugal devices like those used for wireless biomedical signal monitoring, the achieved clock frequency is usually in the kHz range. The low frequency combined with limited processing capacity, small on-chip memory, and low computation precision prevents the use of these systems for complex ambulatory monitoring beyond a simple ECG algorithm. Low-voltage systems with more computational power are demonstrated in [4] and [5].
Encyclopedia of Optical Engineering (2003)

rom Astronomy to X-ray optics, this encyclopedia contains more than 230 vivid entries which examine technological advances and perspectives from distinguished professionals around the globe. Topics of importance were selected in areas including digital image enhancement, biological modelling, biomedical spectroscopy and ocean optics for thorough coverage of applications in this continually expanding field.
Investigation of p-n junctions in the emission electron microscope EF-6 (1970)

The emission microscope EF-6 of VEB Carl Zeiss was used to locate p-n junctions in p- and n-type silicon. Basic questions of the imaging method were investigated. Density curves were obtained from photographs of a model capacitor. From the half-widths of these curves an empirical relation could be derived by means of which it can be determined quantitatively which influence the surface states have on the width of the space charge region of p-n junctions. The technique is shown to be suitable for the determination of the width of the space charge region on the surface of p-n junctions. Using this research method it is also possible to demonstrate inversion layers on the surface of p-n junctions. Results from literature are discussed. Mit dem Emissionsmikroskop EF-6 des VEB Carl Zeiss konnten p-n-Übergänge in p-und n-Silizium lokalisiert werden. Prinzipielle Fragen der Abbildungsmethode wurden untersucht. Aus Aufnahmen eines Modellkondensators wurden Schwärzungskurven gewonnen. Aus deren Halbwertsbreiten konnte eine empirische Beziehung aufgestellt werden, mit deren Hilfe quantitativ erfaßt werden kann, welchen Einfluß die Oberflächenzustände auf die Breite der Raumladungszone von p-n-Übergängen haben. Es konnte gezeigt werden, daß das Verfahren geeignet ist, die Breite der Raumladungszone auf der Oberfläche von p-n-Übergängen zu bestimmen. Ferner ist es möglich, mit Hilfe dieser Untersuchungsmethode Inversionsschichten auf der Oberfläche von p-n-Übergängen nachzuweisen. Ergebnisse aus der Literatur werden diskutiert.
Fabrication of a GaAs quantum-well-wire structure by Ga focused-ion-beam implantation and its optical properties (1988)

A quantum-well wire was fabricated with use of local intermixing of a GaAs-${\mathrm{Al}}_{\mathrm{x}}$${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{x}}$As single-quantum-well epitaxial layer induced by Ga focused-ion-beam implantation. Fine structures were observed in low temperature photoluminescence and photoluminescence excitation spectra. These fine structures are explained by the density of states specific to the two-dimensionally confined carrier system.
Collage CAPTCHA (2007)

Nowadays, many daily human activities such as education, commerce, talks, etc. are carried out through the Internet. In cases such as the registering in websites, some hackers write programs to make automatic false enrolments which waste the resources of the website while this may even stop the entire website from working. Therefore, it is necessary to tell apart human users from computer programs which is known as CAPTCHA (completely automated p[ublic turing test to tell computers and human apart). CAPTCHA methods are mainly based on the weak points of OCR (optical character recognition) systems while using them are undesirable to human users. In this paper a method has been presented for telling the human users and computer softwares apart on the basis of choice of an object shown on the screen. In this method some pictures are chosen randomly and after effecting some changes such as rotating, all of them are shown on the screen. Then we ask the user to choose a specific object. If the user chooses the right object we can guess that the user has been a human being not computer software. The main advantage of this method is its simplicity because the user does not have to type anything. This method has been implemented by the Java programming language.
Acute Myocardial Infarction Detected in the 12-Lead ECG by Artificial Neural Networks (1997)

Artificial neural networks can be used to improve automated ECG interpretation for acute myocardial infarction. The networks may be useful as decision support even for the experienced ECG readers.
EFFECTS OF CONTINUOUS DAILY ADMINISTRATION OF 0.5 MG OF NORETHINDRONE ON THE PLASMA LEVELS OF PROGESTERONE AND ON THE URINARY EXCRETION OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE, PREGNANEDIOL AND TOTAL OESTROGENS (1970)

ABSTRACT Daily determinations of the plasma level of progesterone and the urinary excretion of LH, total oestrogens and pregnanediol were performed in 4 subjects during one control cycle, immediately followed for 2 or 3 months of daily treatment with 0.5 mg of norethindrone continuously. The control cycles were ovulatory according to all the parameters investigated. During treatment the mid-cycle LH peak disappeared in all cases while the basal LH excretion showed considerable day to day variations. The excretion of total oestrogens was increased in all subjects but did not show the normal biphasic pattern. Periods of increased oestrogen excretion also appeared in the subjects with consistently low progesterone and pregnanediol levels during the treatment. In two cases, all signs of luteal activity immediately disappeared after the commencement of treatment. The other cases had one and three periods of increased progesterone and pregnanediol levels respectively. However, these periods were shorter than those of the control cycles. One of the subjects had regular menstrual bleeding while the other three had more or less irregular vaginal flows, often appearing during elevated but declining oestrogen excretion.
A process model for analyzing and managing flexibility in information systems (2013)

Competitive pressures are forcing organizations to be flexible. Being responsive to changing environmental conditions is an important factor in determining corporate performance. Earlier research, focusing primarily on IT infrastructure, has shown that organizational flexibility is closely related to IT infrastructure flexibility. Using real-world cases, this paper explores flexibility in the broader context of the IS function. An empirically derived framework for better understanding and managing IS flexibility is developed using grounded theory and content analysis. A process model for managing flexibility is presented; it includes steps for understanding contextual factors, recognizing reasons why flexibility is important, evaluating what needs to be flexible, identifying flexibility categories and stakeholders, diagnosing types of flexibility needed, understanding synergies and tradeoffs between them, and prescribing strategies for proactively managing IS flexibility. Three major flexibility categories, flexibility in IS operations, flexibility in IS systems & services development and deployment, and flexibility in IS management, containing 10 IS flexibility types are identified and described.
NiTro-VLB:用RISC武装你的PC! (1995)

ShaBlamm Computer的NiTro-VLB Windows NT Booster可将大部分VL-Bus PC转换成基于MIPS R4600的Windows NT工作站,不过它的名称对于一种新产品来说过于复杂。包含一个处理器和快速内存的NiRro-VLB卡不仅可将现有系统武装成可以
The Antibiotic Potential of Prokaryotic IMP Dehydrogenase Inhibitors (2011)

Inosine 5'-monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) catalyzes the first committed step of guanosine 5'-monophosphate (GMP) biosynthesis, and thus regulates the guanine nucleotide pool, which in turn governs proliferation. Human IMPDHs are validated targets for immunosuppressive, antiviral and anticancer drugs, but as yet microbial IMPDHs have not been exploited in antimicrobial chemotherapy. Selective inhibitors of IMPDH from Cryptosporidium parvum have recently been discovered that display anti-parasitic activity in cell culture models of infection. X-ray crystal structure and mutagenesis experiments identified the structural features that determine inhibitor susceptibility. These features are found in IMPDHs from a wide variety of pathogenic bacteria, including select agents and multiply drug resistant strains. A second generation inhibitor displays antibacterial activity against Helicobacter pylori, demonstrating the antibiotic potential of IMPDH inhibitors.
Ester synthesis in various organic solvents by three kinds of lipase preparations derived from Pseudomonas fragi 22.39B. (1988)

In recent years, it has been reported that lipases function as catalysts for esterification or transesterification reactions in organic solvents and the activity was influenced by the kind of solvent used as a medium.1~4) Therefore, selecting the organic solvent suitable for the specific lipase preparation is important to make it have higher activity.