gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Three New Triterpenoids from Antrodia cinnamomea. (1995)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Inorganic Hole Conducting Layers for Perovskite-Based Solar Cells (2014)

Hybrid organic-inorganic semiconducting perovskite photovoltaic cells are usually coupled with organic hole conductors. Here, we report planar, inverse CH3NH3PbI3-xClx-based cells with inorganic hole conductors. Using electrodeposited NiO as hole conductor, we have achieved a power conversion efficiency of 7.3%. The maximum VOC obtained was 935 mV with an average VOC value being 785 mV. Preliminary results for similar cells using electrodeposited CuSCN as hole conductor resulted in devices up to 3.8% in efficiency. The ability to obtain promising cells using NiO and CuSCN expands the presently rather limited range of available hole conductors for perovskite cells.
Moisture sorption isotherms for paper and paperboard in food chain conditions (2006)

The moisture content of paper and paper-based packaging materials affects packaging function and integrity. For perishable food products it is especially important to understand the moisture sorption properties of paper based materials in high humidity, and the frozen to ambient temperature conditions experienced during storage and distribution. This paper reviews the published moisture sorption isotherm data for paper and paper based materials and the reasons for the differences in measured behaviour of different materials. Particular focus is made on the availability and prediction of the moisture sorption isotherm in the high relative humidity region. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection &amp; classification of arrow markings on roads using signed edge signatures (2012)

In this paper, we propose a novel method to robustly identify and classify arrow markings in road images. In the proposed method, simple and unique signatures are first derived for the various arrow types, based on signed edge maps and decomposing the arrows into smaller parts. The signed edge maps are processed using Hough Transform (HT), and the resulting Hough spaces are analyzed systematically, using a set of simple rules. The signatures are rotation-invariant and scale-invariant, thereby making the approach robust to variations in the appearance of the arrow markings. It is shown that the method yields a high detection and classification accuracy, of as high as 97% in the test images considered.
Cytoplasmic vacuolation of mouse peritoneal macrophages and the uptake into lysosomes of weakly basic substances. (1981)

With few exceptions, weakly basic compounds that are sufficiently lipophilic in their neutral forms and sufficiently hydrophilic in their protonated forms accumulate in lysosomes. When the concentration within the lysosomes becomes sufficiently high, osmotic swelling occurs. The cells than take on a vacuolated appearance. The concentrations at which different weak bases cause lysosomal vacuolation vary over almost three orders of magnitude. For any particular weak base, it is the concentration of the neutral form that determines the extent of uptake and the degree of vacuolation. Chloroquine is anomalous in that concentrations greater than approximately 30 microM cause less uptake and less vacuolation than do lower concentrations.
Lipid transport function is the main target of oral oleoylethanolamide to reduce adiposity in high-fat-fed mice (2011)

We evaluated the biological basis of reduced fat gain by oleoylethanolamide (OEA) in high-fat-fed mice and sought to determine how degradation of OEA affected its efficiency by comparing its effects to those of KDS-5104, a nonhydrolyzable lipid OEA analog. Mice were given OEA or KDS-5104 by the oral route (100 mg/kg body weight). Sixty-eight variables per mouse, describing six biological processes (lipid transport, lipogenesis, energy intake, energy expenditure, endocannabinoid signaling, and glucose metabolism), spanning gene expression of biochemical and physiological parameters were examined to determine the primary target whereby OEA reduces fat gain. Although KDS-5104 but not OEA was resistant to fatty acid amide hydrolase hydrolysis, OEA was degraded by an unidentified hydrolysis system in the liver. Nevertheless, both compounds equally decreased body fat pads after 5 weeks (20%; P < 0.05). The six biological functions constructed from the 68 initial variables predicted up to 58% of adipose fat variations. Lipid transport appeared central to the explanation for body fat deposition (16%; P < 0.0001), in which decreased expression of the FAT/CD36 gene was the component most related to adipose depots. Lipid transport appears to be a determinant player in the OEA fat-lowering response, with adipose tissue FAT/CD36 expression being the most relevant bioindicator of OEA action.
Probable Observation of the Josephson Superconducting Tunneling Effect (1963)

Received 11 January 1963DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.10.230©1963 American Physical Society
Hydrodynamic properties of the angiotensin II receptor from bovine adrenal zona glomerulosa (1990)

The bovine adrenal angiotensin II receptor was solubilized with the non-ionic detergent octyl beta-D-glucoside following its binding with the high-affinity antagonist 125I-labelled [Sar1,Ile8]angiotensin II. The complex was sufficiently stable to allow the determination of its hydrodynamic properties. The solubilized receptor migrated on a Superose 6 column as a single peak with a Stokes radius of 5.29 nm. Comparison of sedimentation behaviour through a sucrose density gradient in H2O and 2H2O lead to a partial specific volume of 0.751 ml/g and a sedimentation coefficient (S20,w) of 5.17 S. Combination of gel filtration and sedimentation data indicated that the labelled protein-detergent complex has an Mr of 124,000 and a frictional ratio of 1.42. The Mr of the angiotensin II receptor was estimated as 104,000 kDa after correction for the bound detergent. Photoaffinity cross-linking of 125I-[Sar1, (4-N3)Phe8]angiotension II with bovine adrenal membrane receptor followed by SDS/PAGE under reducing and non-reducing conditions yielded a broad band of Mr 54,000. This suggests that the angiotensin II receptor is a non-covalent dimer in which the two subunits have a similar Mr.
Biologically Active Components From Mycobacterial Cell Walls. II. Suppression and Regression of Strain-2 Guinea Pig Hepatoma (1974)

Journal Article Biologically Active Components From Mycobacterial Cell Walls. II. Suppression and Regression of Strain-2 Guinea Pig Hepatoma Get access Thomas J. Meyer, Thomas J. Meyer Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Edgar E. Ribi, Edgar E. Ribi Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Ichiro Azuma, Ichiro Azuma Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Berton Zbar Berton Zbar Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute, Volume 52, Issue 1, January 1974, Pages 103–111, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/52.1.103 Published: 01 January 1974 Article history Received: 08 May 1973 Accepted: 17 September 1973 Published: 01 January 1974
Role of Ca<sup>2+</sup>Ions in Nicotinic Facilitation of GABA Release in Mouse Thalamus (1997)

Presynaptic nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are present in many regions of the brain and potentially serve as targets for the pharmacological action of nicotine in vivo. To investigate their mechanism of action, we performed patch-clamp recordings in relay neurons from slices of thalamus sensory nuclei. In these nuclei, nAChR activation facilitated the release of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. Micromolar concentrations of nicotinic agonists increased the frequency of miniature GABAergic synaptic currents and decreased the failure rate of evoked synaptic currents. These actions of nicotinic agonists were not observed in knock-out mice lacking the beta 2 nAChR subunit gene. Nicotinic effects were dependent on extracellular calcium ions, and they persisted when calcium was replaced by strontium or barium but not by magnesium. Furthermore, in high extracellular calcium concentrations, nicotinic agonists evoked an increase in spontaneous release lasting for minutes after removal of the agonist. This supports the view that presynaptic nAChRs facilitate the release of neurotransmitter by increasing the calcium concentrations in presynaptic nerve endings. With use of cadmium and nickel ions as selective blockers, it was found that in different sensory nuclei the presynaptic influx of calcium could result either from the activation of voltage-dependent calcium channels or from a direct influx through nAChR channels. Finally, we propose that the nicotinic facilitation of GABAergic transmission may contribute to the increase of signal-to-noise ratio observed in the thalamus in vivo during arousal.
Copper indium diselenide solar cells prepared by electrodeposition (2003)

Copper indium diselenide (CIS) layers have been prepared by an electrodeposition based process. The composition, density and adhesion properties of theses films were found to be highly suitable for use as the active layer in a CIS solar cell. After recrystallisation and the completion of the device layer (by the deposition of CdS and ZnO layers), efficiencies as high as 8.8 % were found (total area, 100 MW/cm/sup 2/, no AR coating) for small area devices (0.06 cm/sup 2/). To the best of our knowledge, this is a record efficiency for electrodeposited CIS, without any post additional vacuum deposition process. Promising results have been also obtained on 5/spl times/5 cm/sup 2/ substrates (average efficiency of 4.5 %).
Presynaptic Ca<sup>2+</sup>-Activated K<sup>+</sup>Channels in Glutamatergic Hippocampal Terminals and Their Role in Spike Repolarization and Regulation of Transmitter Release (2001)

Large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) channels (BK, also called Maxi-K or Slo channels) are widespread in the vertebrate nervous system, but their functional roles in synaptic transmission in the mammalian brain are largely unknown. By combining electrophysiology and immunogold cytochemistry, we demonstrate the existence of functional BK channels in presynaptic terminals in the hippocampus and compare their functional roles in somata and terminals of CA3 pyramidal cells. Double-labeling immunogold analysis with BK channel and glutamate receptor antibodies indicated that BK channels are targeted to the presynaptic membrane facing the synaptic cleft in terminals of Schaffer collaterals in stratum radiatum. Whole-cell, intracellular, and field-potential recordings from CA1 pyramidal cells showed that the presynaptic BK channels are activated by calcium influx and can contribute to repolarization of the presynaptic action potential (AP) and negative feedback control of Ca(2+) influx and transmitter release. This was observed in the presence of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP, 40-100 microm), which broadened the presynaptic compound action potential. In contrast, the presynaptic BK channels did not contribute significantly to regulation of action potentials or transmitter release under basal experimental conditions, i.e., without 4-AP, even at high stimulation frequencies. This is unlike the situation in the parent cell bodies (CA3 pyramidal cells), where BK channels contribute strongly to action potential repolarization. These results indicate that the functional role of BK channels depends on their subcellular localization.
Scatter correction for cone-beam computed tomography using simulated object models (2006)

Scattered radiation is a major source of artifacts in flat detector based cone-beam computed tomography. In this paper, a novel software-based method for retrospective scatter correction is described and evaluated. The method is based on approximation of the imaged object by a simple geometric model (e.g., a homogeneous water-like ellipsoid) that is estimated from the set of acquired projections. This is achieved by utilizing a numerical optimization procedure to determine the model parameters for which there is maximum correspondence between the measured projections and the projections of the model. Monte-Carlo simulations of this model are used for calculation of scatter estimates for the acquired projections. Finally, using the scatter-corrected projections, tomographic reconstruction is conducted by means of cone-beam filtered back-projection. The correction method is evaluated using simulated and experimentally acquired projection data sets of geometric and physical head phantoms. It is found that the method is able to accurately estimate mean scatter levels in X-ray projections, allowing to significantly reduce scatter-caused artifacts in 3D reconstructed images.
Analytical approach of seismic-derived resistivity (2008)

Nowadays, there are several seismic-petrophysical researchers investigating the relationship between seismic waves and water saturation in rocks. Unfortunately, the results always end-up in terms of empirical relationships, even when using geostatistical methods. The application of artificial neural network techniques, as published in recent research papers showed a robust correlation between the two, despite the result being a poorly defined relationship. This suggested that there may be an analytical relationship between seismic characteristics and water saturation in porous rocks. In this research, we have considered the electrical properties of porous rocks as they are related-to and influenced-by water saturation. We succeeded in deriving several conversion equations to prove a valid analytical relationship between acoustic impedance and resistivity. This was followed by satisfactory testing on well data. The theory is based on the analytical definition of acoustic impedance involving a common bulk density and Gassmann’s acoustic velocity formula. We also used the modified Archie equations for a shale-sand model and by arranging those variables within the mathematical operations, we were able to derive true rock resistivity as a function of acoustic impedance. For further application, the constructed amplitude of reflected seismic energy in the range of nearly-normal incidence was used for identifying fluid type in saturated rock, whilst porosity and shale volume can be derived respectively from density,<br>neutron, velocity and gamma ray log from well data.
Evaluation of constant voltage testing for electromigration study (2013)

Constant voltage electromigration testing (CV) was evaluated to be a complementary method to traditional constant current (CC) testing during electromigration (EM) qualification. It is demonstrated that the EM lifetime in copper conductors could vary depending on the details of the circuit. There is also a difference in failure distribution and possibly in failure modes as well. Furthermore, the constant voltage test was used to probe the lifetime dependency on location and for investigating redundancy. The experiments showed non negligible differences in both types of test and it is concluded that further failure analysis required for confirming and/or understanding the differences in the observations.
Characterization of a Facultatively Psychrophilic Bacterium, <i>Vibrio rumoiensis</i> sp. nov., That Exhibits High Catalase Activity (1999)

A novel facultatively psychrophilic bacterium, strain S-1, which exhibits extraordinarily high catalase activity was isolated from the drain pool of a fish product processing plant that uses H2O2 as a bleaching and microbicidal agent. The catalase activity of the isolate was 1 or 2 orders of magnitude higher than those of Corynebacterium glutamicum, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and five other species tested in this study. The strain seemed to possess only one kind of catalase, according to the results of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the cell extract. The optimum temperature for catalase activity was about 30 degreesC, which was about 20 degreesC lower than that for bovine catalase activity. Electron microscopic observation revealed that the surface of the microorganism was covered by blebs. Although the isolate was nonflagellated, its taxonomic position on the basis of physiological and biochemical characteristics and analysis of 16S rRNA sequence and DNA-DNA relatedness data indicated that strain S-1 is a new species belonging to the genus Vibrio. Accordingly, we propose the name Vibrio rumoiensis. The type strain is S-1 (FERM P-14531).
Effects of peroxisome proliferators on the thymus and spleen of mice (2000)

The effects of peroxisome proliferators on the immune system of male C57B1/6 mice have been investigated. Significant atrophy of the thymus and spleen was observed in animals treated with potent peroxisome proliferators (e.g. perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP), Wy-14643 and nafenopin), whereas the effects of a moderate peroxisome proliferator (i.e. acetylsalicylic acid (ASA)) were relatively weak. The time course of thymic and splenic atrophy caused by PFOA was found to resemble the time course of the increase in liver weight and of peroxisome proliferation. Analysis of the numbers and phenotypes of thymocytes and splenocytes from PFOA-treated mice revealed the following: (i) the numbers of thymocytes and splenocytes were decreased > 90% and about 50%, respectively, by PFOA treatment; (ii) although all populations of thymocytes were decreased, the immature CD4+CD8+ population was decreased most dramatically; (iii) the numbers of both T and B cells in the spleen were decreased by PFOA treatment. Analysis of the cell cycle of thymocytes indicated that the thymic atrophy caused by PFOA in mice results, at least in part, from inhibition of thymocyte proliferation. Interestingly, in vitro exposure to PFOA for up to 24 h did not produce analogous effects in either thymocytes or splenocytes. Thus, the thymic and splenic atrophy caused by PFOA appears to involve an indirect pathway.
Cherenkov emission of terahertz surface plasmon polaritons from a superluminal optical spot on a structured metal surface (2009)

We propose to launch terahertz surface plasmon polaritons on a structured metal surface by using a femtosecond laser pulse obliquely incident on a strip of an electro-optic material deposited on the surface. The laser pulse creates a nonlinear polarization that moves along the strip with a superluminal velocity and emits surface terahertz waves via the Cherenkov radiation mechanism. We calculate the radiated fields and frequency distribution of the radiated energy for a grooved perfect-conductor surface with a GaAs strip illuminated by Ti:sapphire laser. This technique can be used to perform surface terahertz spectroscopy.
Tumours derived from HTLV-Itax transgenic mice are characterized by enhanced levels of apoptosis and oncogene expression (1998)

In order to investigate the role that the human T-lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) tax oncogene plays in apoptosis and transformation in vivo, four lines of HTLV-I tax transgenic mice were generated under the regulatory control of the CD3-epsilon promoter-enhancer sequence. These mice develop a variety of phenotypes including mesenchymal tumours, which develop at wound sites, and salivary and mammary adenomas. In situ DNA fragment labelling and immunocytochemical analysis of these tumours reveals that they display enhanced levels of apoptosis, which is associated with elevated levels of Myc, Fos, Jun, and p53 protein expression. Furthermore, double immunofluorescent staining shows that Tax expression and apoptosis co-localize, indicating that Tax expression is closely associated with apoptosis in vivo.
Endocytosed Transferrin Receptors Recycle via Distinct Dynamin and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase-dependent Pathways (2002)

Recycling of endocytosed membrane proteins involves passage through early endosomes and recycling endosomes. Previously, we demonstrated a role for clathrin-coated vesicles in transferrin receptor recycling. These clathrin-coated vesicles are formed from recycling endosomes in a process that was inhibited in dynamin-1(G273D)-overexpressing cells. Here we show a second transferrin recycling pathway, which requires phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity. Two unrelated phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors, LY294002 and wortmannin, retained endocytosed transferrin in early endosomes but did not affect transfer through recycling endosomes. The inhibitory effects of LY294002 and dynamin-1(G273D) on transferrin recycling were additive. In combination with brefeldin A, a drug that prevents the formation of clathrin-coated buds at recycling endosomes, LY294002 inhibited transferrin recycling synergistically. Collectively, these data indicate two distinct recycling pathways. One pathway involves transfer from early endosomes to recycling endosomes, from where clathrin/dynamin-coated vesicles provide for further transport, whereas the other route bypasses recycling endosomes and requires phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity.
Modulation of the Phenotypic Expression of a Human Serine tRNA Gene by 5′-Flanking Sequences (1988)

Mammalian nonsense suppressors provide a model system to investigate structural and functional aspects of mammalian tRNAs and their genes in vivo. To assess the role that extragenic flanking sequences may have on the expression of mammalian tRNA genes in vivo, deletion/substitutions ending in the 5'-flanking sequence or 3'-flanking sequence of a cloned human serine amber suppressor tRNA gene were constructed. The phenotypic expression of these mutant genes was examined by transfection in mammalian cells and by measuring the efficiency with which they were able to suppress an amber (UAG) nonsense mutation in the Escherichia coli chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (cat) gene. Deletion of the 5'-flanking region up to nucleotide position -66 with respect to the first nucleotide of the coding region had no effect on levels of nonsense suppression as compared to the wild-type gene; however, deletion to -18 led to a 12-fold reduction in suppressor activity. Deletion up to -1 did not further reduce suppression efficiency. Deletion of the 3'-flanking region up to 9 nucleotides downstream from the consecutive T residue termination site resulted in only a slight reduction in functional tRNA expression. In in vivo competition studies, the -18 deletion clone was less able to compete out the activity of a second suppressor tRNA gene than was the wild-type corresponding gene, suggesting that the upstream region plays a role in the formation of active transcription complexes in vivo. These results imply that the human serine tRNA gene contains an upstream regulatory region located between positions -66 and -18 that plays a positive role in modulating expression of this gene in vivo.