gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antimalarial drug discovery – the path towards eradication (2013)

Malaria is a disease that still affects a significant proportion of the global human population. Whilst advances have been made in lowering the numbers of cases and deaths, it is clear that a strategy based solely on disease control year on year, without reducing transmission and ultimately eradicating the parasite, is unsustainable. This article highlights the current mainstay treatments alongside a selection of emerging new clinical molecules from the portfolio of Medicines for Malaria Venture (MMV) and our partners. In each case, the key highlights from each research phase are described to demonstrate how these new potential medicines were discovered. Given the increased focus of the community on eradicating the disease, the strategy for next generation combination medicines that will provide such potential is explained.
Morbihan's Disease: Treatment with CO<sub>2</sub> Laser Blepharoplasty (2004)

Morbihan's disease is a rare condition characterized by chronic persistent erythema and edema of the upper half of the face. Therapeutic regimens such as X-ray irradiation, lymphatic massage, interferon gamma injections, antihistamines, and high-dose antibiotics are often unsatisfactory. Promising results in some patients have been achieved by a systemic combination therapy of isotretinoin with ketotifen or clofazimine. Excision of redundant edematous tissue may be an alternative. We present a 67-year-old Caucasian patient with a two-year history of right lower and upper eyelid swelling and erythema. Systemic therapies with corticocosteroids and antibiotics were not successful, but CO2 laser blepharoplasty led to good cosmetic results with marked improvement of visual impairment and no recurrence during the six-month follow-up period.
Application of a granular activated carbon-biological fluidised bed for the treatment of landfill leachates containing high concentrations of ammonia (1997)

The Envirex granular activated carbon biological fluidized bed (GAC-BFB) process was used to treat landfill leachate containing organic material with typical COD values in the range 800 to 2,700 mg/l, but with high concentrations of ammonia in the range 220 to 800 mg/l. Prior to treatment the leachate was softened by raising the pH to 9.0 using lime in order to remove any contaminating heavy metals. Two identical pilot-plant GAC-BFB's were used in series to treat the softened leachate. The first of these was intended to achieve carbonaceous removal whilst the second was used for ammonia removal by nitrification. During the first four months of operation at a loading rate of 1.56 kg ammonia-N/m3 d, the reactors removed 70% of the ammonia, 60% of COD and achieved a complete removal of BOD. After optimising the reactor operating regime, it proved possible to achieve greater than 90% removal of ammonia at a loading rate of 0.71 kg N/m3 d; however the COD removal remained unchanged. In order to compare the ammonia removal efficiency of the GAC-BFB system, two conventional activated sludge reactors were operated in parallel at hydraulic retention times of 24 and 36 hours (equivalent to ammonia loadings of 0.72 and 0.48 kg ammonia-N/m3 d) and with a sludge age of 20 days. These reactors were not able to nitrify and although a BOD removal of 90% was achieved the COD removal was poor at 20%. Thus the GAC-BFB system offers a highly effective option for the biological removal of ammonia from high ammonia leachates, with the additional advantage of a good COD removal.
Formation and cure of novolacs: NMR study of transient molecules (1973)

Abstract High‐resolution magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used to investigate three areas of novolac resin chemistry: first, the lifetimes of glycol species in formalin under acid and base conditions and the reactivity of methylene glycol towards alcohols; second, the in situ identification of novolac resin intermediates; third, the novolac–hexamethylenetetramine cure mechanisms. It is shown that the mean lifetime of a given glycol species is an order of magnitude shorter under basic conditions than under an acid of equal normality. The ratio of the equilibrium constants for the addition of methylene glycol to methanol, benzyl alcohol, and phenol was measured as 70:20:1. New reactive intermediates were discovered while monitoring the reaction of phenol and formalin. The reactions of various phenols with hexamethylenetetramine were studied, and short‐lived benzoxazines were detected at 100–120°C whenever ortho hydrogen was available on the phenolic nucleus. The NMR peak assignments in the reaction sequence: benzoxazine, dibenzylamine, tribenzylamine, diphenylmethane are presented. Spectra of the very elusive p ‐benzylamines of 2,6‐xylenol were recorded at 100–155°C. At 170°C, the lifetimes of these p ‐benzylamines are too short to afford proton resonance spectra. No evidence of hexahydrotriazine or (CH 2 = N‐CH 2 ) 3 N type structures was found in 100 MHz NMR spectra of reaction mixtures of a phenol and hexamethylene‐tetramine.
Energy storage system with PV generation and on-line UPS functions (2014)

In this paper, an energy storage system (ESS) with a photovoltaic (PV) generation and an on-line uninterruptible power supply (UPS) functions is proposed. The proposed system is composed of an inverter, a bidirectional converter, a PV converter, and a battery converter. The inverter provides a regulated sinusoidal output voltage to the load like the on-line UPS. The bidirectional converter operates as an inverter or a rectifier to transmit the power to and from the grid. The PV converter extracts the maximum power from the PV panels and sends it to the DC-bus. The battery converter is connected in parallel with the DC-bus.
Design method for an automotive laser radar system and future prospects for laser radar (2003)

Presents a technical explanation of the specific procedure used in designing an automotive laser radar system. Laser radar represents an effective collision avoidance technology that can contribute to improved vehicle and traffic safety. An analysis is given of the problems involved in the practical application of laser radar and ways of overcoming them. The future prospects for automotive laser radar are also discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Left atrial decompression through unidirectional left-to-right interatrial shunt for the treatment of left heart failure: first-in-man experience with the V-Wave device (2015)

Left atrial decompression through a unidirectional left-to-right interatrial shunt represents a new concept for the treatment of patients with left ventricular failure. The present report shows the feasibility of applying this new therapy with the successful and uneventful implantation of the V-Wave device, which was associated with significant improvement in functional, quality of life and haemodynamic parameters at 90 days.
Measuring Multipath Routing in the Internet (2010)

Tools to measure Internet properties usually assume the existence of just one single path from a source to a destination. However, load-balancing capabilities, which create multiple active paths between two end-hosts, are available in most contemporary routers. This paper extends Paris trace route and proposes an extensive characterization of multipath routing in the Internet. We use Paris traceroute from RON and PlanetLab nodes to collect various datasets in 2007 and 2009. Our results show that the traditional concept of a single network path between hosts no longer holds. For instance, 39% of the source-destination pairs in our 2007 traces traverse a load balancer. This fraction increases to 72% if we consider the paths between a source and a destination network. In 2009, we notice a consolidation of per-flow and per-destination techniques and confirm that per-packet load balancing is rare.
Uniplanar UWB antenna for diversity applications (2012)

A compact, uniplanar, dual-polarized, circular slot antenna for ultra-wideband diversity applications is presented. The proposed design consists of two identical, orthogonal coplanar waveguide fed U-shaped elements, and an annulus. A cross shaped strip is also incorporated to achieve high isolation between the ports. Measurement results demonstrate that, the antenna provides a 2:1 VSWR bandwidth from 2.6 GHz to 11 GHz. The measurement results disclose good performance in terms of radiation characteristics and isolation which makes the proposed antenna a good candidate for UWB dual polarized MIMO applications.
Recent Biotechnological Applications Using Oleosins (2008)

Oleosins are naturally occurring, small (15-24 kDa), amphipathic, plant proteins that prevent the coalescence of oil bodies (OBs) during seed and pollen maturation. The physiochemical properties of oleosins and their association with OBs have led to a broad array of potential applications in biotechnology utilizing native or recombinant forms of oleosin or oleosin-fused polypeptides. This review begins by briefly outlining the current understanding of oleosin topology, oil body assembly and potential health issues. A schematic model is given to potentially explain the apparent simultaneous existence of parallel and anti-parallel β sheets and a figure summarizing the process of oleosin translation through to oil body formation in vivo is also presented. The applications for oleosins, the associated modes of action and their relevant patents are then discussed in six areas: recombinant protein purification; generating protein complexes; in planta delivery; emulsification; artificial oil bodies; and modifications to the properties of oleosin itself by creating polyoleosin.
40-Gb/s systems on G.652 fibers: comparison between periodic and all-at-the-end dispersion compensation (2002)

In the literature, two system solutions have been proposed to overcome high dispersion problems typical of G.652 fibers at high bit rates (40 Gb/s): they are periodic and all-at-the-end dispersion compensation. We carry out an exhaustive comparison between the two methods that, up to this moment, have been studied separately. In the first part, we introduce a simplified model on strong dispersion management (DM) with intrachannel four-waves mixing (IFWM) and intrachannel cross-phase modulation (IXPM). We then carry out extensive numerical simulations of a complete system in order to verify the results as a function of the input average power and of the input pulsewidth. Finally, we tackle a typical system aspect, i.e., the influence of nonlinear effects on dispersion compensating fibers (DCFs).
Limit functions of discrete dynamical systems (2014)

In the theory of dynamical systems, the notion of <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="omega"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>ω</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\omega</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula>-limit sets of points is classical. In this paper, the existence of limit functions on subsets of the underlying space is treated. It is shown that in the case of topologically mixing systems on appropriate metric spaces <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="left-parenthesis upper X comma d right-parenthesis"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi>d</mml:mi> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">(X,d)</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula>, the existence of at least one limit function on a compact subset <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper A"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> of <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper X"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>X</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">X</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula> implies the existence of plenty of them on many supersets of <inline-formula content-type="math/mathml"> <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper A"> <mml:semantics> <mml:mi>A</mml:mi> <mml:annotation encoding="application/x-tex">A</mml:annotation> </mml:semantics> </mml:math> </inline-formula>. On the other hand, such sets necessarily have to be small in various respects. The results for general discrete systems are applied in the case of Julia sets of rational functions and in particular in the case of the existence of Siegel disks.
Quantitation of chemokines (MDC, TARC) expression in mucosa from Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. (2002)

Chemokines and their receptors are involved in the migration of different mononuclear cells. Among them macrophages-derived chemokines (MDC) and thymus-and activation regulated chemokine (TARC) belong to a new cluster of genes involve in Th2 lymphocytes homing. Cytokines appear to play a significant role in pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases with an excessive Th1 response in chronic lesions of Crohn's disease (CD) and a Th2 pattern in both earlier mucosal CD lesions and in mucosa of ulcerative colitis (UC). Here we demonstrate that RNAm coding for MDC and TARC are expressed in mucosa from CD and UC patients. Using real-time fluorescent RT-PCR, MDC and TARC mRNA were increased in CD inflamed mucosa. Moreover MDC and TARC transcripts were increased in inflamed CD specimen compared to non-involved CD mucosa. These differences both discriminate CD from UC patients. Additionally, MDC protein was produced in isolated mononuclear cells from peripheral blood (PBMC) or mucosa (LPMC) from UC and CD patients: spontaneously, MDC production from PBMC was increased in CD compared to UC patients. MDC production from CD PBMC was also higher than that found in healthy controls. Together, these data indicate that MDC should be involved in the lymphocytes homing in mucosa from CD patients.
Prism coupler and microscopic investigations of DNA films (2007)

DNA is a polyelectrolyte capable of forming thin films with interesting optical properties. We investigated refractive indices and optical anisotropy of films of the native, sodium ion-based DNA (Na-DNA) and DNA bearing the cetyltrimethylammonium ion (DNA-CTMA) using a prism coupler technique. The light polarization direction was either parallel (<i>n</i><sub>TE</sub>) or perpendicular to the surface plane of the films (<i>n</i><sub>TM</sub>). The index values and the birefringence of DNA films vary considerably depending on the type of the counter-ion, the film fabrication method and the relative humidity (RH) of the environment. A high negative birefringence in films of Na-DNA, <i>n</i><sub>TE</sub>-<i>n</i><sub>TM</sub> = -0.03 at an RH ~ 55 %, was measured in solution-cast films, indicating that the optically anisotropic DNA molecules are aligned in the plane parallel to the film surface. Refractive indices of DNA-CTMA thin films were smaller and more isotropic than those for films of Na-DNA polymer. The prism coupler reflectance curves showed a hysteresis of the index values when the RH of a DNA-CTMA film environment varied. Polarization microscopy studies showed liquid-crystalline textures at the edges of Na-DNA and DNA-CTMA films.
Innovative learning capabilities in a natural language user interface for computer-based measurement systems (1990)

A natural language man-machine interface with innovative learning capabilities in the field of computer-based measurement systems is described. Such an interface has been designed not only to receive the user's messages expressed in the nonrigorous form which is typical of human language and to execute them by means of the measurement routines available in the system, but also to learn new ways in which users express commands, new measurement procedures, and new definitions of electrical quantities or mathematical functions. A first version of the interface has been implemented on a general-purpose computer.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Fiber-Bridging Constitutive Law of Engineered Cementitious Composites (2008)

This paper is on modeling and measuring fiber-bridging constitutive law of Engineered Cementitious Composites (ECC), a high performance fiber-reinforced cementitious composite featuring high tensile ductility. Fiber-bridging constitutive law plays an important role in the multiple cracking behavior of ECC. Therefore, proper control of fiber-bridging behavior through tailoring material microstructure is the key to successfully designing tensile strain-hardening ECC. In this paper, an analytical fiber-bridging model of ECC which connects material constituent parameters and composite properties, built on a previous simplified version, was proposed. To improve accuracy of crack opening prediction, new mechanisms of fiber/matrix interactions, specifically fiber two-way debonding and pull-out, matrix micro-spalling, and Cook-Gordon effects were included. This revised model was compared with experimental measurement of fiber-bridging behavior and the validity of the model was confirmed. It is expected that this model will greatly improve ECC design technology in terms of steady-state crack width control, key for structural long-term durability, and in terms of composite tensile properties important for structural safety at ultimate limit state.
Evaluation of the Antimicrobial Activity of the K9CATH Peptide (38 Amino Acids) Against a Mastitis Isolated Strain of <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> by the Resazurin microtiter Method (2014)

The antimicrobial activity of the synthetic peptide K9CATH was determined by the Resazurin microtitre Method (RMM) against a strain of <em>S. aureus</em> isolated from a case of mastitis. To the antibiogram this bacteria strain showed to be resistant to Ampicillin, Erythromycin, Cefeprime, Dicloxaciline and Penicillin (10 U), while the MIC obtained for the K9CATH was 5.66 &mug/mL. Unlike the reference broth method, visual reading for MIC determination with the RMM showed to be easier, rapid, inexpensive and more sensitive for antimicrobial peptide screening, based in a color change from blue (not growth) to pink (growth). This is the first time that the resazurin method is used to determine the MIC of the 38 aas K9CATH peptide against a mastitic isolate of <em>S. aureus</em>.
Immunohistochemical distribution of heat shock protein 47 (HSP47) in scirrhous carcinoma of the stomach. (2006)

These findings indicate that fibroblasts predominantly produce stromal collagen and may play an important role in the development of stromal change in scirrhous gastric cancer. Further studies are required to elucidate the significance of HSP47 in the development of new clinical approaches for treating scirrhous gastric cancer.
New Oral Dosage Form for Elderly Patients Preparation and Characterization of Gelatin Gel Containing Indigestible Dextrin. (1996)

The Pharmaceutical utility of the Fiber Drink Jelly®(FDJ) gel which consists of gelatin and indigestible dextrin was investigated as a possible material for an oral dosage form for elderly patients. The gel formation was studied as a function of the variety of sugars added and the concentration of FDJ or sugar added. The gel formation was affected by the variety of sugars added, such as ribose, xylose, fructose, mannose, galactose and glucose. The rate of gelation seemed to be correlated to the number of equatorial hydroxyl groups of each sugar molecule. The FDJ or sugar content also affected the rate of gelation of the FDJ solution. Rheological properties of FDJ gel were evaluated using a creep meter. The variety of the sugar added affected the breaking stress of FDJ gel. From differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), the melting temperature of FDJ gel was observed to be affected by the variety of the sugars added and/or the concentration of the sugars. FDJ gel containing benfotiamine (BTMP) was prepared. The release behavior of BTMP from FDJ gel was studied as a function of the variety of the sugars added and the content of indigestible dextrin. The release rate of BTMP from FDJ gel was retarded with the increase of the number of equatorial hydroxyl groups of the sugar molecule and the content of indigestible dextrin. On the basis of the sensory test, FDJ gel prepared in glucose or mannose solution is considered to be adequate for the practical dosage form.
Enhanced cell survival of Hep3B cells by the hepatitis B x antigen effector, URG11, is associated with upregulation of β-catenin (2006)

Intrahepatic expression of hepatitis B x antigen (HBxAg) is associated with the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), perhaps through trans-activation of selected cellular genes. When this was examined by PowerBlot analysis, upregulated levels of beta-catenin and several known beta-catenin effectors were observed in HBxAg-positive compared with HBxAg-negative HepG2 cells. When HBxAg was introduced into Hep3B cells, upregulated expression of wild-type beta-catenin was observed. This was also observed in Hep3B cells overexpressing the HBxAg upregulated gene, URG11. Upregulated expression of URG11 and beta-catenin correlated with HBxAg trans-activation function. Transient transfection assays with fragments of the beta-catenin promoter showed that it was activated by both HBxAg and URG11 and inhibited by URG11-specific small inhibitory RNA. The latter also inhibited the growth of Hep3BX cells in a serum-free medium, which correlated with depressed levels of beta-catenin. Activation of beta-catenin effector genes was observed in cells stably expressing HBxAg or overexpressing URG11 compared with control cells transfected with the pTOPFLASH reporter plasmid. Extensive costaining between HBxAg, URG11, and beta-catenin was observed in infected liver and HCC nodules, suggesting a close relationship in vivo. In conclusion, wild-type beta-catenin is activated by HBxAg, in part, through the upregulated expression of the HBxAg effector URG11. URG11 stimulates the beta-catenin promoter and hepatocellular growth and survival. These observations also suggest that URG11 may be a regulatory element in the beta-catenin signaling pathway and may be a target for chemoprevention of HCC.
Efficiency of the surface-acoustic-wave diode convolver (1976)

The diode convolver performs signal processing, for example correlation, by mixing two input waveforms in an array of diodes, each diode being connected to a tap on a surface acoustic wave delay line. This paper gives the theory for the device efficiency, for a parallel circuit arrangement of taps and diodes. The effect of stray capacity is also analyzed. An experimental 31-tap device used hybrid circuitry in order to allow close spacing of the taps, giving a tap-to-tap propagation time of 90 ns. The efficiency agrees well with theory, showing that the bilinearity factor is maximized for an intermediate value of the bias current. The maximum bilinearity factor, relating external powers, was -34 dBm.
Bone marrow involvement in systemic ALK+ anaplastic large cell lymphoma: morphological resemblance with Hodgkin's lymphoma. (2006)

A 21 years old male presented with enlarged cervical lymph nodes. Diagnosis of anaplastic large cell lymphoma was made on lymph node biopsy and confirmed by immunohistochemistry using a panel of monoclonal antibodies including ALK-1. Bone marrow aspiration revealed the presence of large lymphoma cells and trephine biopsy showed interstitial involvement. In addition, there was presence of binucleate cells, lymphocytes, plasma cells and eosinophils. All these features resulted in a strong resemblance of the morphology with Hodgkin's lymphoma.