gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Architectures for Recursive Digital Filters Using Stochastic Computing (2016)

This paper addresses implementation of digital IIR filters using stochastic computing. Stochastic computing requires fewer logic gates and is inherently fault-tolerant. Thus, these structures are well suited for nanoscale CMOS technologies. While it is easy to realize FIR filters using stochastic computing, implementation of IIR digital filters is non-trivial. Stochastic logic assumes independence of input signals; however, feedback in IIR digital filters leads to correlation of input signals, and the independence assumption is violated. This paper demonstrates that, despite feedback in IIR filters, these filters can be implemented using stochastic logic. The key to stochastic implementation is selection of an IIR filter structure where the states are orthogonal and are, therefore, uncorrelated. Two categories of architectures are presented for stochastic IIR digital filters. One category is based on the basic lattice filter representation where the states are orthogonal, and the other is based on the normalized lattice filter representation where states are orthonormal . For each category, three stochastic implementations are introduced. The first is based on a state-space description of the IIR filter derived from the lattice filter structure. The second is based on transforming the lattice IIR digital filter into an equivalent form that can exploit the novel scaling approach developed for inner product computations. The third is optimized stochastic implementation with reduced number of binary multipliers. Simulation results demonstrate high signal-to-error ratio and fault tolerance in these structures. Furthermore, hardware synthesis results show that these filter structures require lower hardware area and power compared to two's complement realizations.
The Histidine 115-Histidine 134 Dyad Mediates the Lactonase Activity of Mammalian Serum Paraoxonases (2006)

Serum paraoxonases (PONs) are calcium-dependent lactonases that catalyze the hydrolysis and formation of a variety of lactones, with a clear preference for lipophilic lactones. However, the lactonase mechanism of mammalian PON1, a high density lipoprotein-associated enzyme that is the most studied family member, remains unclear, and other family members have not been examined at all. We present a kinetic and site-directed mutagenesis study aimed at deciphering the lactonase mechanism of PON1 and PON3. The pH-rate profile determined for the lactonase activity of PON1 indicated an apparent pK(a) of approximately 7.4. We thus explored the role of all amino acids in the PON1 active site that are not directly ligated to the catalytic calcium and that possess an imidazolyl or carboxyl side chain (His(115), His(134), His(184), His(285), Asp(183), and Asp(269)). Extensive site-directed mutagenesis studies in which each amino acid candidate was replaced with all other 19 amino acids were conducted to identify the residue(s) that mediate the lactonase activity of PONs. The results indicate that the lactonase activity of PON1 and PON3 and the esterase activity of PON1 are mediated by the His(115)-His(134) dyad. Notably, the phosphotriesterase activity of PON1, which is a promiscuous activity of this enzyme, is mediated by other residues. To our knowledge, this is one of few examples of a histidine dyad in enzyme active sites and the first example of a hydrolytic enzyme with such a dyad.
Real Hilbertianity and the field of totally real numbers (1994)

We use moduli spaces for covers of the Riemann sphere to solve regular embedding problems, with prescribed extendability of orderings, over PRC fields. As a corollary we show that the elementary theory of Q tr is decidable. Since the ring of integers of Q tr is undecidable, this gives a natural undecidable ring whose quotient field is decidable.
Lock-Visor: An Efficient Transitory Co-scheduling for MP Guest (2012)

Multiprocessor (MP) virtual machines (VMs) are widely used in cloud environments. However, MP VMs suffer from lock holder preemption (LHP) issue. This causes a tremendous waste of CPU cycles, leading to deteriorated synchronization latency and a significant degradation in system performance. Previous works have addressed the problem with software co-scheduling or lock waiter yielding. However, co-scheduling suffers from CPU utility fragmentation, priority inversion and loss of the flexibility of hyper visor scheduler, which causes inefficiency in CPU usage. Lock waiter yielding, another solution, suffers from a large impact on hyper visor scheduler and issues with response latency. In this paper, we propose Lock-visor, an efficient transitory co-scheduling algorithm, to bypass the guest spin lock loop effectively. Our protocol has little to no impact on the flexibility of hyper visor scheduler, and achieves better system performance. Multiple policies are explored on top of transitory co-scheduling to maximize the efficiency of Lock-visor, i.e. instant transitory, selective instant transitory and deferred transitory co-scheduling. Comprehensive experiments are conducted using CPU-intensive, I/O-intensive and lock-intensive workloads. Our experimental results show that Lock-visor can significantly improve system performance (e.g. Lock-visor has up to 341.3% performance advantage over original Linux kernel 2.6.38 in Sys Bench 4-VM case), while at the same time improve system latency with little to no effect on scheduling fairness.
Cryptococcus neoformans melanin and virulence: mechanism of action (1995)

Black melanin-like pigments are produced by several neurotropic fungi, including Cryptococcus neoformans. Pigment production is associated with virulence. In media containing phenolic substrates such as L-dopa, C. neoformans cells become black as a result of pigment accumulation. Pigmented and nonpigmented C. neoformans cells were studied with transmission electron microscopy and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. Transmission electron microscopy showed electron-dense cell walls, and ESR spectroscopy revealed a stable free-radical population in pigmented cells. The ESR signals of pigmented cells were increased by light, alkaline pH, and Zn2+ and decreased by acid pH, indicating that the black pigment was a type of melanin. A mutant deficient in melanin synthesis (mel) generated by UV radiation lacked ESR-detectable radicals, was less virulent for mice, was more susceptible to killing by nitrogen- and oxygen-derived radicals, and had 100-foldless phenoloxidase activity than the parent strain. The interaction of melanized C. neoformans, nonmelanized C. neoformans, and the hypomelanotic mel mutant with J774.16 murine macrophage-like cells was studied. Melanized cells were more resistant to antibody-mediated phagocytosis and the antifungal effects of murine macrophages than nonmelanized cells. Small increases in the intensity of the ESR signals of melanized cells in solutions containing chemically generated oxygen- and nitrogen-derived radicals indicated electron transfer to or from melanin. Melanin appears to contribute to virulence by protecting fungal cells against attack by immune effector cells.
The assessment of the amount of fat in the human body from measurements of skinfold thickness (1967)

1. Skinfold thickness and body density were measured on 105 young adult men and women and 86 adolescent boys and girls. 2. The correlation coefficients between the skinfold thicknesses, either single or multiple, and density were in the region of −0.80. 3. Regression equations were calculated to predict body fat from skinfolds with an error of about ±3.5%. 4. A table gives the percentage of the body-weight as fat from the measurement of skin-fold thickness.
Neutral loss analysis of amino acids by desorption electrospray ionization using an unmodified tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer (2007)

A new method to analyze free amino acids using desorption electrospray ionization (DESI) has been implemented. The method is based on the neutral loss mode determination of underivatized amino acids using a tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with an unmodified atmospheric interface. Qualitative and quantitative optimization of DESI parameters, including ESI voltage, solvent flow rate, angle of collection and incidence, gas flow and temperatures, was performed for amino acids detection. The parameters for DESI analysis were evaluated using a mixture of valine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine and tyrosine standards. A few microliters of this mixture were deposited on a slide, dried and analyzed at a flow rate of 2 microL/min. The optimal ionization response was obtained using laboratory glass slides and an equivalent solution of water/methanol doped with 2% of formic acid. The method specificity was evaluated by comparing product ion spectra and neutral loss analysis of amino acids obtained either by DESI or by electrospray ionization flow injection analysis (ESI-FIA). To evaluate the quantitative response on amino acids analyzed by DESI, calibration curves were performed on amino acid standard solutions spiked with a fixed amount of labelled amino acids. The method was also employed to analyze free amino acids from blood spots, after a rapid solvent extraction without other sample pretreatment, from positive and negative subjects. The method enables one to analyze biological samples and to discriminate healthy subjects from patients affected by inherited metabolic diseases. The intrinsic high-throughput analysis of DESI represents an opportunity, because of its potential application in clinical chemistry, for the expanded screening of some inborn errors of metabolism.
An Evaluation of Steam Injected Combustion Turbine Systems (1981)

Performance and economic evaluation results are presented for steam injected combustion turbine systems. The steam injected gas turbine plant shows a potential for low capital cost and high efficiency for sites where water consumption is not a deterrent. Steam produced in a heat recovery steam generator is injected into the gas turbine combustor section to the extent of 0.155 pounds steam per pound of air flow. Water consumption is estimated to be 2.5 pounds per kWh (1.13 kg/hWh). When burning distillate fuel at 2200°F (1204°C), the potential efficiency is 40 percent as compared to 38 percent for a simple cycle gas turbine, and the specific output per pound of air flow is increased by 30 percent. The estimated capital cost per kilowatt is 3 percent greater than that for the simple cycle gas turbine.
Superconducting Solid Solution Alloys of the Transition Elements (1961)

The solid solution alloys formed by the incomplete $d$-shell metals in groups 4, 5, 6, and 7 have been tested for superconductivity down to 1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. For alloys formed between neighboring elements in a given row of the periodic table, two transition temperature maxima are observed with valence numbers approximately equal to 4.7 and 6.4, respectively, the only exception being the first long period, in which the upper maximum is absent. Similar maxima occur when the constituent elements are selected from different rows of the periodic table, thus confirming the dominant role of the $d$-shell electrons. It is known that the normal density-of-states function, $N(0)$, passes through a series of maxima as the $d$-shell is filled up, two of these peaks lying at about the same composition as the two transition temperature peaks observed in the present work. The relationship of ${T}_{c}$ to $N(0)$ for the transition metal alloys is discussed. Transition temperature data are also presented for alloys composed of neighboring elements in a given column of the periodic table. In this case, the form of the relationship between ${T}_{c}$ and electronic or lattice properties is still obscure.
The Coxsackievirus B 3Cpro Protease Cleaves MAVS and TRIF to Attenuate Host Type I Interferon and Apoptotic Signaling (2011)

The host innate immune response to viral infections often involves the activation of parallel pattern recognition receptor (PRR) pathways that converge on the induction of type I interferons (IFNs). Several viruses have evolved sophisticated mechanisms to attenuate antiviral host signaling by directly interfering with the activation and/or downstream signaling events associated with PRR signal propagation. Here we show that the 3C(pro) cysteine protease of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) cleaves the innate immune adaptor molecules mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) and Toll/IL-1 receptor domain-containing adaptor inducing interferon-beta (TRIF) as a mechanism to escape host immunity. We found that MAVS and TRIF were cleaved in CVB3-infected cells in culture. CVB3-induced cleavage of MAVS and TRIF required the cysteine protease activity of 3C(pro), occurred at specific sites and within specialized domains of each molecule, and inhibited both the type I IFN and apoptotic signaling downstream of these adaptors. 3C(pro)-mediated MAVS cleavage occurred within its proline-rich region, led to its relocalization from the mitochondrial membrane, and ablated its downstream signaling. We further show that 3C(pro) cleaves both the N- and C-terminal domains of TRIF and localizes with TRIF to signalosome complexes within the cytoplasm. Taken together, these data show that CVB3 has evolved a mechanism to suppress host antiviral signal propagation by directly cleaving two key adaptor molecules associated with innate immune recognition.
New Triphenylamine-Based Dyes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (2008)

A series of new conjugated metal−free organic dyes (TC1, TC2, TC3, and TC4) comprising triphenylamine (TPA) moieties as the electron donor and cyanoacetic acid moieties as the electron acceptor/anchoring groups were designed at the molecular level and developed for the use in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs). Quantum chemical calculations have been performed to gain insight into structural, electronic, and optical properties of the as-synthesized sensitizers. The time-dependent density functional theory calculations allowed assignment of the experimental spectroscopic data. It is found that the photovoltaic performance of the DSCs with the as-synthesized dyes can be improved by enhancing the electron-donor ability and extending the π-conjugated bridge of the dyes. In particular, the DSCs based on 2-cyano-5-(4-(phenyl(4-vinylphenyl)amino)phenyl) penta-2,4-dienoic acid dye (TC4) showed an open circuit voltage of 652 mV, a short circuit photocurrent density of 11.5 mA cm-2, and a fill factor of 0.64, corresponding to an overall light to electricity conversion efficiency of 4.82% under AM 1.5 irradiation (100 mW cm-2). This result reveals that efficient electron injection from the excited sensitizer to the conduction band of titania film occurs, owing to the more delocalizing electrons of the bridge and donor part of the dyes.
An All-Feline Retroviral Packaging System for Transduction of Human Cells (2010)

Abstract The subgroup C feline leukemia virus (FeLV-C) receptor FLVCR is a widely expressed 12-transmembrane domain transporter that exports cytoplasmic heme and is a promising target for retrovirus-mediated gene delivery. Previous studies demonstrated that FeLV-C pseudotype vectors were more efficient at targeting human hematopoietic stem cells than those pseudotyped with gibbon ape leukemia virus (GALV), and thus we developed an all FeLV-C-based packaging system, termed CatPac. CatPac is helper-virus free and can produce higher titer vectors than existing gammaretroviral packaging systems, including systems mixing Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV) Gag-Pol and FeLV-C Env proteins. The vectors can be readily concentrated (>30-fold), refrozen (three to five times), and held on ice (>2 days) with little loss of titer. Furthermore, we demonstrate that CatPac pseudotype vectors efficiently target early CD34(+)CD38(-) stem/progenitor cells, monocytic and erythroid progenitors, activated T cells, mature macrophages, and cancer cell lines, suggesting utility for human cell and cell line transduction and possibly gene therapy.
Effect of coffee Melanoidin on human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Protection against oxidative stress induced by <i>tert</i>‐butylhydroperoxide (2007)

Soluble high-molecular weight fraction (named melanoidin) from coffee brew was isolated by ultrafiltration, subsequently digested by simulating a gastric plus pancreatic digestive condition and partly characterized by CZE, gel-filtration and browning. The objective of the present study was to investigate the potential protective effect of the coffee melanoidin submitted to gastrointestinal digestion on cell viability (lactate dehydrogenase leakage) and redox status of cultured human hepatoma HepG2 cells submitted to oxidative stress induced by tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BOOH). Concentration of reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA), generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activity of antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and reductase (GR) were used as markers of cellular oxidative status. Pretreatment of cultured HepG2 cells with 0.5-10 microg/mL digested coffee melanoidin (DCM) for 2 or 20 h completely prevented the increase in cell damage and GR and partly prevented the decrease of GSH and the increase of MDA and GPx evoked by t-BOOH in HepG2 cells. In contrast, increased ROS generation induced by t-BOOH was not prevented when cells were pretreated with DCM. The results show that treatment of HepG2 cells with concentrations of DCM within the expected physiological range confers the cells a significant protection against an oxidative insult.
Deep Perceptual Mapping for Thermal to Visible Face Recognition (2015)

Cross modal face matching between the thermal and visible spectrum is a much de- sired capability for night-time surveillance and security applications. Due to a very large modality gap, thermal-to-visible face recognition is one of the most challenging face matching problem. In this paper, we present an approach to bridge this modality gap by a significant margin. Our approach captures the highly non-linear relationship be- tween the two modalities by using a deep neural network. Our model attempts to learn a non-linear mapping from visible to thermal spectrum while preserving the identity in- formation. We show substantive performance improvement on a difficult thermal-visible face dataset. The presented approach improves the state-of-the-art by more than 10% in terms of Rank-1 identification and bridge the drop in performance due to the modality gap by more than 40%.
Diamond Schottky-pn diode with high forward current density and fast switching operation (2009)

We fabricated a diamond diode, namely a Schottky-pn diode (SPND), which is composed of a fully depleted n-type active layer sandwiched between a highly doped p-type layer and a Schottky metal layer. The SPND has superior characteristics that overcome the weak points of both a Schottky barrier diode and a pn diode. That is, the SPND showed high current density (over 4000 A/cm2) with low specific resistance (0.4 mΩ cm2) at a forward bias of 6 V while maintaining a high rectification ratio of ∼1010. Moreover, the SPND showed extremely fast turn-off speed of nanosecond order.
Vascular endothelial growth factor messenger ribonucleic acid expression in the primate ovary (1992)

We studied the distribution of messenger RNA (mRNA) that encodes for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) within the primate ovary by in situ hybridization and Northern analysis to determine if the presence of mRNA for this angiogenic factor is associated with structures within the ovary in which angiogenesis is thought to play a role in development and/or function. In situ hybridization to sections of cynomolgus ovaries with a 35S-labeled antisense RNA probe revealed specific tissue localization within the follicle as well as the corpus luteum, but not stromal tissue. Intense expression of mRNA for VEGF during the late follicular phase was confined to the maturing follicle which, we presume, was destined for ovulation. Hybridization within the corpus luteum exhibited a punctate pattern suggesting that there may be specific cells within the corpus luteum that express mRNA for VEGF. The expression of mRNA for VEGF during the early and late luteal phase of the menstrual cycle was studied by Northern analysis. Messenger RNAs were detectable at approximately 3.7 and 5.0 kb positions in corpora lutea collected during the early luteal phase of the menstrual cycle (days 3-5 postovulation). No hybridization signals were observed with RNA prepared from regressing corpora lutea (1-2 days following the onset of menses). The gonadotropic regulation of the expression of mRNA for VEGF in the corpus luteum was studied by treating monkeys with a potent GnRH antagonist during the midluteal phase of the menstrual cycle. Administration of the antagonist for 1 or 2 days did not alter the expression of mRNA for VEGF in comparison to corresponding controls. However, a 3-day treatment regimen brought about a significant reduction in the levels of mRNA for VEGF (P less than 0.01). These studies demonstrate a development-related expression of mRNA for VEGF in the ovary during the menstrual cycle and are consistent with the hypothesis that VEGF may play important roles in follicle selection and corpus luteum function in primates.
Automated Drilling Technologies Showing Promise (2015)

Drilling Automation For the past several years, automated drilling has promised to deliver major improvements in drilling performance. But the technology is facing new obstacles that might affect its progress and commercialization. Global oil prices and an ongoing gas glut have upturned the economics of automated projects, while in North America, human-operated drilling has improved substantially. For Shell, those factors have caused it to scale back or cancel several projects in which automated drilling was to play a key role in the development of thousands of wells. This comes after years of headway the company was making with automated technology. In 2011, Drilling Contractor reported that the first generation of Shell’s automated control system had already shown a 70% improvement in rate of penetration (ROP) in areas where the company was testing the system. However, that figure is no longer relevant as human drillers in the US have narrowed the gap. “What has happened is instead of competing against the average driller in an environment of high activity and scarcity, we are now competing against a pool of extremely talented and accomplished drillers,” said Mark Anderson, manager of drilling mechanics technologies at Shell. “Thus, the bar has been raised for the adoption of drilling automation-type technologies.” Globally, however, there remains significant shortcomings in the capabilities and availability of rig crews, which underpin the need to deliver automation in the near future. Whether the goal is met rests on the shoulders of a small group of early adopters and innovators. If successful, their work will bring about a major departure from how drilling systems are designed and operated today by proving that, with data and algorithms in the driller’s seat, drilling can be made safer, more consistent, and ultimately cheaper by way of reducing nonproductive time (NPT). Some experts foresee a generation of rigs that will operate mostly autonomously. Others predict that in the near future, it is more likely that rigs will be remotely controlled by drillers, geologists, and engineers working, not in the field, but in office buildings and on several wells at once. Some of the systems evolving now aim to turn drillers and rigs into something resembling today’s commercial airliners, whereby many functions of the airplane are automated with pilots able to take control if they need to.