gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Forensic DNA Evidence Interpretation (2004)

Biological Basis for DNA Evidence, Peter Gill and John Buckleton Historical and Background Biology Understanding PCR Profiles A Framework for Interpreting Evidence, John Buckleton The Frequentist Approach The Logical Approach The Full Bayesian Approach A Possible Solution A Comparison of the Different Approaches Population Genetic Models, John Buckleton Product Rule Simulation Testing Discussion of the Product Rule and the Subpopulation Model A Complex Case Example - DNA Evidence and Orethral James Simpson Relatedness, John Buckleton and Christopher Triggs Conditional Probabilities Joint Probabilities The Unifying Formula The Effect of Linkage Validating Databases, John Buckleton Which Is the Relevant Population? Population Databases Validating the Population Genetic Model Estimating Q Descriptive Statistics for Databases Sampling Effects, John Buckleton and James Curran Bounds and a Level Methods for Assessing Sampling Uncertainty Minimum Allele Probabilities Discussion of the Appropriateness of Sampling Uncertainty Estimates Mixtures, Tim Clayton and John Buckleton Frequentist Approaches Bayesian Approaches Statistical Evaluation of Mixtures Low Copy Number, John Buckleton and Peter Gill Changes in LCN Profile Morphology The Interpretation of LCN Profiles Non-autosomal Forensic Markers, Simon Walsh, SallyAnn Harbison, and John Buckleton Forensic Mitochondrial DNA Typing Forensic Y Chromosome Analysis Forensic X Chromosome Analysis A Famous Case Example - The Romanovs Parentage Testing, John Buckleton, Tim Clayton, and Chris Triggs Evaluation Of Evidence Paternity Trios: Mother, Child and Alleged Father Non-autosomal DNA Use of the Sub-Population Model of Balding and Nichols to Evaluate the Paternity Index Relatedness in Paternity Cases Multiple Children Inconsistencies in the Mendelian Pattern 'Exclusions' Paternity Trios: Mother, Child and Alleged Father Considering the Possibility of Silent (Null) Alleles Disaster Victim Identification, Identification of Missing Persons, and Immigration Cases, John Buckleton, Chris Triggs, and Tim Clayton Mitochondrial or Nuclear DNA? Human Remains - Obtaining a Profile from Bodily Remains Extraction of DNA from Bone, Tooth, Hair and Nail Complicating Factors DNA Intelligence Databases, Simon Walsh and John Buckleton A Brief History Functional Aspects Legislation Aspects of Forensic Significance Social and ethical considerations Interpretation Issues Associated with DNA Databases
Inhibition of Oral Carcinogenesis by a Protease Inhibitor<xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2">2</xref><xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN3">3</xref> (1986)

The effect of the Bowman-Birk inhibitor (BBI) and soybean trypsin inhibitor (SBTI) on experimental 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene [(DMBA) CAS: 57-97-6]-induced oral carcinogenesis in Syrian male hamsters was examined. All treatments were applied topically on both cheek pouches for 20 weeks, and the animals were then sacrificed. Gross and microscopic evaluations revealed a statistically significant reduction in the number of invasive carcinomas, the total number of tumors, and the tumor mass for the DMBA + BBI treatment group compared to animals treated with DMBA alone, DMBA and autoclaved BBI (a preparation in which protease inhibitor activity is destroyed), or DMBA + SBTI. A protease activity (with the use of Boc-Val-Pro-Arg-MCA as substrate) was measured and found to be elevated about tenfold in tumorous and nontumorous tissue from DMBA-treated cheek pouches. This protease activity was found to be decreased in the DMBA and BBI treatment group but not in the DMBA + SBTI or DMBA and autoclaved BBI treatment groups, as compared to the protease activity in the DMBA treatment group. Partial characterization of the Boc-Val-Pro-Arg-MCA hydrolyzing activity with diisopropyl fluorophosphate suggests that the proteolytic activity is a serine protease. Iodoacetamide and diethyl pyrocarbonate also inhibit enzyme activity, suggesting that other residues may be necessary for catalysis, possibly including cysteine and histidine. Our results suggest that this protease activity may play a role in DMBA-induced cheek pouch carcinogenesis.
Terahertz paintmeter for noncontact monitoring of thickness and drying progress in paint film (2005)

We propose a paintmeter for noncontact and remote monitoring of the thickness and drying progress of a paint film based on the time-of-flight measurement of the echo signal of a terahertz (THz) electromagnetic pulse. The proposed method is effectively applied to two-dimensional mapping of the painting thickness distribution for single-layer and multilayer paint films. Furthermore, adequate parameters for the drying progress are extracted from the THz pulse-echo signal and effectively applied to monitor the wet-to-dry transformation. The THz paintmeter can be a powerful tool for quality control of the paint film on the in-process monitoring of car body painting.
A Better Home Project (1925)

The great possibility for making our present homes as well as our future homes better, both within and without, depends not only upon good instruction in our secondary schools and colleges, but upon actual experience under capable guidance.
Flow cytometric analysis of pulmonary lymphocytes from mice infected with respiratory syncytial virus. (1989)

BALB/c mice were infected intra-nasally with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and cells recovered from the lungs by single or repeated bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). Single BAL gave enough cells (1 - 2 x 10(5) cells/mouse) for morphological study of Giemsa stained cytospin preparations, and allowed the same mouse lungs to be assayed for virus titre or processed for histology. In normal or sham-infected mice the majority of recovered cells were macrophages, with less than 5% lymphocytes. Following infection the proportion of lymphocytes increased to about 20% between days 10 and 16 and decreased thereafter. By contrast, histological changes in the lung peaked at day 7 and resolved by day 9 or 10. Repeated BAL yielded a higher proportion of lymphocytes and provided enough cells for flow cytometric study of cell surface markers. The results of two-colour stains with antibodies to L3T4 (CD4), Lyt2 (CD8), mouse CD3, Thy 1.2 and surface immunoglobulin (SIg) were studied by flow cytometry. Analysis of the small non-granular cells (lymphocytes) showed that fewer than 5% of recovered lymphocytes were SIg+ (B cells), while most bore T cell surface markers. Early during infection (day 3-6), 30-60% of lymphocytes were Thy 1.2-, T3-, CD4-/CD8- and SIg- CD8+ cells outnumbered CD4+ cells 2:1 or 4:1 from day 6 of infection. In conclusion, CD8+ T cells constitute the major subpopulation of lymphocytes recovered from the lungs of mice recovering from RSV infection. BAL provides a useful quantitative method of assessing the cellular immune response in the lung following RSV infection.
Combining Tabular, Rule-Based, and Procedural Knowledge in Computer-Based Guidelines for Childhood Immunization (1997)

IMM/Serve is a computer program which implements the clinical guidelines for childhood immunization. IMM/Serve accepts as input a child's immunization history. It then indicates which vaccinations are due and which vaccinations should be scheduled next. The clinical guidelines for immunization are quite complex and are modified quite frequently. As a result, it is important that IMM/Serve's knowledge be represented in a format that facilitates the maintenance of that knowledge as the field evolves over time. To achieve this goal, IMM/Serve uses four representations for different parts of its knowledge base: (1) Immunization forecasting parameters that specify the minimum ages and wait-intervals for each dose are stored in tabular form. (2) The clinical logic that determines which set of forecasting parameters applies for a particular patient in each vaccine series is represented using if-then rules. (3) The temporal logic that combines dates, ages, and intervals to calculate recommended dates, is expressed procedurally. (4) The screening logic that checks each previous dose for validity is performed using a decision table that combines minimum ages and wait intervals with a small amount of clinical logic. A knowledge maintenance tool, IMM/Def, has been developed to help maintain the rule-based logic. The paper describes the design of IMM/Serve and the rationale and role of the different forms of knowledge used.
Material properties and selection for selective laser sintering process (2013)

Nowadays, to produce better quality products with less cost, shorter lead times, more customer delights have become the key requirements to remain competitive in the global market. To fulfil these requirements, additive manufacturing (AM) provides a technological tool for making solid free form products. Selective laser sintering (SLS) is one of the AM techniques using wide range of materials developed by various groups of technology for producing high strength parts with good aesthetic quality satisfying the customer needs. To make this technology viable, more investigation is required to improve the properties of fabricated parts, its accuracy and development of new materials for various applications. Currently, limited materials are available with very high cost that impedes growing number of applications of AM. Knowledge of SLS material properties and fabrication parameter relationship leads to appropriate selection of material for various applications without compromising the value and quality of the SLS fabricated part and customer satisfaction.
Differential Carbonylation of Proteins as a Function of <i>in vivo</i> Oxidative Stress (2011)

This study reports for the first time qualitative and quantitative differences in carbonylated proteins shed into blood as a function of increasing levels of OS. Carbonylated proteins in freshly drawn blood from pairs of diabetic and lean rats were derivatized with biotin hydrazide, dialyzed, and enriched with avidin affinity chromatography. Proteins thus selected were used in several ways. Differences between control and diabetic subjects in relative concentration of proteins was achieved by differential labeling of tryptic digests with iTRAQ reagents followed by reversed phase chromatography (RPC) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Identification and characterization of OS induced post-translational modification sites in contrast was achieved by fractionation of affinity selected proteins before proteolysis and RPC-MS/MS. Relative quantification of peptides bearing oxidative modifications was achieved for the first time by selective reaction monitoring (SRM). Approximately 1.7% of the proteins in Zucker diabetic rat plasma were selected by the avidin affinity column as compared to 0.98% in lean animal plasma. Among the 35 proteins identified and quantified, Apo AII, clusterin, hemopexin precursor, and potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily H member 7 showed the most dramatic changes in concentration. Seventeen carbonylation sites were identified and quantified, 11 of which changed more than 2-fold in oxidation state. Three types of carbonylation were identified at these sites: direct oxidative cleavage from reactive oxygen species, glycation and addition of advanced glycation end products, and addition of lipid peroxidation products. Direct oxidation was the dominant form of carbonylation observed while hemoglobin and murinoglobulin 1 homologue were the most heavily oxidized proteins.
An analysis of current supply chain best practices in the retail industry with case studies of Wal-Mart and Amazon.com (2005)

Thesis (M. Eng. in Logistics)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2005.
A novel cascade-based de-embedding method for on-wafer microwave characterization and automatic measurement (2004)

This paper presents a general S-parameter de-embedding method using only one "OPEN" and one "THRU" dummy structures for on-wafer microwave characterization and automatic measurement. By aggressively combining the transmission-line theory and cascade-configuration concept, this method can efficiently create the scalable and repeatable interconnect parameters to accurately eliminate the redundant parasitics of the device-under-test (DUT). With the application of the proposed technique, both active and passive devices, such as MOSFET, BJT, spiral inductor, and MIM capacitor, can be de-embedded to acquire their intrinsic performances, and the consumption of chip area for on-wafer device characterization can be significantly saved.
Viral DNA Sensors IFI16 and Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase Possess Distinct Functions in Regulating Viral Gene Expression, Immune Defenses, and Apoptotic Responses during Herpesvirus Infection (2016)

How mammalian cells detect and respond to DNA viruses that replicate in the nucleus is poorly understood. Here, we decipher the distinct functions of two viral DNA sensors, IFI16 and cGAS, during active immune signaling upon infection with two herpesviruses, herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) and human cytomegalovirus (HCMV). We show that IFI16 rapidly oligomerizes at incoming herpesvirus genomes at the nuclear periphery to transcriptionally repress viral gene expression and limit viral replicative capacity. We further demonstrate that IFI16 does not initiate upstream activation of the canonical STING/TBK-1/IRF3 signaling pathway but is required for downstream antiviral cytokine expression. In contrast, we find that, upon DNA sensing during herpesvirus infection, cGAS triggers apoptosis in a STING-dependent manner. Our live-cell imaging, mass spectrometry-based proteomics, CRISPR-based cellular assays, and optogenetics underscore the value of integrative approaches to uncover complex cellular responses against pathogens.
Models of Computation: Exploring the Power of Computing (1998)

Theoretical computer science treats any computational subject for which a good model can be created. Research on formal models of computation was initiated in the 1930s and 1940s by Turing, Post, Kleene, Church, and others. In the 1950s and 1960s programming languages, language translators, and operating systems were under development and therefore became both the subject and basis for a great deal of theoretical work. The power of computers of this period was limited by slow processors and small amounts of memory, and thus theories (models, algorithms, and analysis) were developed to explore the efficient use of computers as well as the inherent complexity of problems. The former subject is known today as algorithms and data structures, the latter computational complexity. The focus of theoretical computer scientists in the 1960s on languages is reflected in the first textbook on the subject, Formal Languages and Their Relation to Automata by John Hopcroft and Jeffrey Ullman. This influential book led to the creation of many language-centered theoretical computer science courses; many introductory theory courses today continue to reflect the content of this book and the interests of theoreticians of the 1960s and early 1970s.
Hydroxamic Acid Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibitors (2001)

It is now apparent that the matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a key role in the remodeling of basement membrane that is associated with tumor metastasis, growth, and angiogenesis. Thus there is considerable interest in the design of MMP inhibitors (MMPIs) (1–6) as they promise to provide a novel noncytotoxic means of treating human cancer. Furthermore, pharmacological studies of MMPIs in animal models of human disease suggest that the potential therapeutic applications will encompass other endpoints such as arthritis and multiple-sclerosis. Recently, evidence has shown that MMP inhibitors can also reduce the production of TNF-α by inhibiting a TNF-α converting enzyme (TACE) (7–9). As a consequence, this “dual activity” may be of benefit in diseases which involve both inflammation and matrix remodeling. In this chapter we review the hydroxamic acid class of MMPIs with specific reference to the research program at British Biotech and the compounds batimastat 1 (BB-94) and marimastat 2 (BB-2516) (Fig. 1). Batimastat was the first MMPI to enter human clinical trials in cancer patients. This compound has been superseded by the orally active MMPI marimastat which is now under Phase III clinical evaluation in late-stage cancer patients. Here we present an overview of the medicinal chemistry relating to batimastat and marimastat, discuss the preclinical evaluation of compounds of this class in animal models of cancer and other human diseases and review the current clinical status for marimastat.
ChemInform Abstract: Inverse Intramolecular (4 + 2)Cycloadditions with Activated 1,2,4‐ Triazine‐6‐carboxylic Acid Alkinylamides. (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Hippocampal shape analysis: surface-based representation and classification (2003)

Surface-based representation and classification techniques are studied for hippocampal shape analysis. The goal is twofold: (1) develop a new framework of salient feature extraction and accurate classification for 3D shape data; (2) detect hippocampal abnormalities in schizophrenia using this technique. A fine-scale spherical harmonic expansion is employed to describe a closed 3D surface object. The expansion can then easily be transformed to extract only shape information (i.e., excluding translation, rotation, and scaling) and create a shape descriptor comparable across different individuals. This representation captures shape features and is flexible enough to do shape modeling, identify statistical group differences, and generate similar synthetic shapes. Principal component analysis is used to extract a small number of independent features from high dimensional shape descriptors, and Fisher's linear discriminant is applied for pattern classification. This framework is shown to be able to perform well in distinguishing clear group differences as well as small and noisy group differences using simulated shape data. In addition, the application of this technique to real data indicates that group shape differences exist in hippocampi between healthy controls and schizophrenic patients.
Size Distribution of Bacterial Cells (1972)

By using differential light-scattering measurements of single cells suspended in a laser beam, an effective cell radius has been determined for 141 individual bacteria from suspensions of Staphylococcus epidermidis. The accumulation of these measurements has provided the size distribution for the sampling.
High temperature polymer matrix composites (1987)

Polymers research at the NASA Lewis Research Center has produced high-temperature, easily processable resin systems, such as PMR-15. In addition, the Polymers Branch has investigated ways to improve the mechanical properties of polymers and the microcracking resistance of polymer matrix composites in response to industry need for new and improved aeropropulsion materials. Current and future research in the Polymers Branch is aimed at advancing the upper use temperature of polymer matrix composites to 700 F and beyond by developing new resins, by examining the use of fiber reinforcements other than graphite, and by developing coatings for polymer matrix composites to increase their oxidation resistance.
The Discipline Gap: Teachers' Views on the Over-Representation of African American Students in the Discipline System (2004)

While the achievement gap between African American students and white and Asian students is discussed widely in the media (e.g. Schemo, 2003 Schemo, D. J. 2003. Students' scores rise in math, not in reading. New York Times, A18 November 14 [Google Scholar]), the gap in discipline between African Americans and these groups has gained much less attention. Few studies have explored teacher processes that affect the over-representation of African American students in discipline referrals. Teachers decide which students are considered a discipline problem, what is driving the problem, and how to intervene. This qualitative study examines teachers' implicit theories about the causes of discipline problems, and specifically examines how they consider race and culture in their theorizing. The results show that teachers considered forces inside the school, the adolescent, and the community as causes for misbehavior. Most teachers' theories were culture- and race-blind and could not account for the discipline gap. Drawing on the teachers' theories, we present a new framework of Culturally Relevant Discipline that takes into account the ecology of the school, community, and society in understanding discipline problems. This multifaceted framework has implications for culturally and racially conscious solutions to narrow the discipline gap.
Synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives with potential antihistaminic activity. (1977)

Some new esters and amides of benzimidazole-1-acetic acid which contain different cationic heads were prepared as atropine substitutes. Preliminary pharmacological testing showed that the prepared compounds possess atropine-like activity.
Effect of the Pressure on the Performance of the Vortex Tube (2005)

The effect of the inlet pressure on the performance of the vortex tube which was designed by author was investigated by experiment with air as medium.The experiment results show that the cooling performance of the vortex tube keeps unchanged under a fixed lower expansion ratio,with the increase of the expansion ratio,the effect of the inlet pressure on the cooling performance of the vortex tube is becoming remarkable.Under a fixed bigger expansion ratio,the cooling performance of the vortex tube increases with the increase of the inlet pressure.
The melanoma epidemic. Is increased surveillance the solution or the problem? (1996)

Melanoma has a very bad reputation, and rightfully so. Until relatively recently, the prognosis for melanoma was dismal and, very reasonably, early detection has been proposed as a viable approach to preventing melanoma deaths. On the surface, this simple approach appears to have been a stellar success, with melanoma survival rates improving markedly. There is no question that there has been a dramatic increase in the number of people with a diagnosis of melanoma. On careful scrutiny, the numbers reflected in the increased incidence may not add up. Mortality rates and the diagnosis rate for thick tumors ( > 1.5 mm thick) have not gone up commensurate with the growing rate of diagnosis. The obvious explanation for this discrepancy is that we are doing a great job! However, this explanation must assume that an overwhelming percentage of those at risk for melanoma are in a position to benefit from our service. It is very unlikely that this is the case. It is not clear whether the increase in the number of melanoma cases diagnosed reflects an actual increase in real disease. Could this increase be in part a product of aggressive surveillance resulting in the identification of "atypical" pigmented skin tumors of limited or nonexistent potential for malignant behavior? Could the dramatic improvement in the prognosis of melanoma simply be a consequence of removing biologically benign pigmented tumors that are inadvertently classified as malignant?