gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Von Federn und Massen: Physik isotopenreiner Halbleiter (1996)

Abstract Massenseparatoren in der früheren Sowjetunion und in den USA wurden neben der Trennung militärisch wichtiger Elemente auch zur Gewinnung von großen Mengen anderer stabiler Isotope eingesetzt. Durch das Ende des kalten Krieges sind aus diesen Quellen nun seit einigen Jahren stabile Isotope zu einem Preis erhältlich, der es erlaubt, sie zur Kristallzucht zu verwenden. Da die meisten für die Halbleiterphysik wichtigen Elemente aus beträchtlichen Anteilen verschiedener stabiler Isotope zusammengesetzt sind (s. Tab. 1), ergeben sich bei Verwendung isotopen reiner Ausgangssubstanzen neue Möglichkeiten zur Untersuchung fundamentaler physikalischer Eigenschaften, die bisher nicht in dieser Form zugänglich waren.
Theory of Overlithiation Reaction in LiMO<sub>2</sub> Battery Electrodes (2006)

Layered compounds with composition LixMO2 and structure R3̄m, in which M is a first-row transition metal or a combination of transition (and possibly nontransition) metals, are attractive materials for lithium-battery cathodes. For most choices of M, lithiation beyond x = 1 results in either decomposition or transformation to a nonlayered structure. In this article, we present first-principles calculations, on the basis of the GGA+U method, to compare addition, decomposition (with metal oxide and lithia as products), and displacement (with metal and lithia as products) reactions when an additional Li is added to LiMO2. We consider M = Mn, Co, and Ni, as well as equiatomic binary mixtures of these elements. Although the displacement reaction is energetically (or thermodynamically) favored, the addition and decomposition reactions are apparently more favored kinetically, as it is the latter that are observed experimentally. The ratio of the open-circuit cell voltage to the magnitude of the reaction energy, V0/ΔEr, is higher for systems such as M = Mn0.5Ni0.5, for which an addition reaction occurs, than for those such as M = Co, which undergoes decomposition.
Spotting little stars: High ability, gifted and talented children (2008)

Labelling children as ‘gifted and talented’ or genius, or of high ability may be contentious to some, but by doing so, we can offer personalised learning and appropriate opportunities, as Elaine Hook explains.
Practicable regiospecific bifunctionalization on the secondary face of α- and β-cyclodextrins (2000)

Practicable regiospecific bifunctionalization onto the A,B-secondary hydroxyl face of α- and β-cyclodextrins, such as diepoxidation and diamination, has been made possible by staple-disulfonation with benzophenone-3,3′-disulfonyl imidazole and molecular sieves in DMF.
Influence of chromium picolinate on glucose usage and metabolic criteria in growing Holstein calves2 (1994)

Holstein calves, 10 steers (98 +/- 16 kg; Exp. 1) and 14 heifers (122 +/- 7 kg; Exp. 2), were fed either corn-cottonseed hull basal diets (CON; 15.1 and 13.2% CP, respectively) or CON plus 370 micrograms/kg of Cr as Cr-tripicolinate (CrP). After either 58 (Exp. 1) or 56 (Exp. 2) days of ADG and DMI measurement, calves were individually fed 1.4% of their BW every 12 h through the end of each experiment. Nitrogen balance, i.v. glucose tolerance tests (IVGTT), i.v. insulin challenge tests (IVICT), baseline growth hormone (GH) measurements, and GH-releasing hormone challenges were then performed on calves in split groups on d 70 through 87 in Exp. 1. In Exp. 2, all challenges began on d 78 and N balance was not determined. Inclusion of CrP did not affect (P > .10) ADG, DMI, or ADG/DMI of pooled data from Exp. 1 and 2 or N balance criteria in Exp. 1. Plasma glucose, insulin, and NEFA concentrations were not affected (P > .10) by CrP. Total plasma cholesterol was lower (P < .05) for CrP- than for CON-fed calves at wk 4 in Exp. 1 and wk 6 in Exp. 2. During IVGTT, calves fed CrP vs CON had higher (P < .05) clearance rates for glucose in Exp. 1 (2.68 vs 1.88%/min) and in Exp. 2 (2.64 vs 2.08%/min). During IVICT, calves fed CrP vs CON had higher clearance rates for glucose in Exp. 1 (2.98 vs 2.34%/min; P = .12) and in Exp. 2 (2.89 vs 2.00%/min; P < .05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Locally-connected Hierarchical Neural Networks for GPU-accelerated Object Recognition (2009)

Convolutional neural networks have achieved good recognition results on image datasets while being computationally efficient, i.e., scaling well with the number of training patterns and the resolution of the patterns. Here we investigate a neu-ral network model that has a similar hierarchical structure, but does not employ weight sharing. Instead, each neuron has a fixed receptive field with unique con-nection weights. To deal with the enormous number of weights resulting from this architecture, we implemented a parallel version of the model using Nvidia’s CUDA framework. This implementation is up to 82 times faster than a serial CPU implementation. Our model achieves state-of-the-art recognition performance on the NORB normalized-uniform dataset (2.87 % error rate) and good results on the MNIST dataset (0.76 % error rate). This suggests that large networks with local, non-shared connections might be an interesting architecture for object recognition tasks. To further evaluate the model, we created a large, publicly available train-ing and testing set, which consists of objects extracted from the LabelMe natural image dataset. 1
Reducing dv/dt of Motor Inverters by Staggered-Edge Switching of Multiple Parallel SiC Half-Bridge Cells (2017)

A novel concept for reducing the output voltage dv/dt of PWM inverters (especially for traction motor applications) is proposed which however keeps high semiconductor switching speed resulting in low switching losses. Each phase of the intended converter is formed by a parallel arrangement of half-bridge legs which are PWM operated such that a small time-delay is given between the legs (time staggered switching). The output voltages of the legs subsequently are combined by an interphase transformer/inductor network/device to a total output voltage of staircase-type switching edge behavior which finally leads to a much lower dv/dt at the motor terminals despite high-speed semiconductor switching. The paper describes the basic principle and application variants, the dimensioning and the required current balancing. Finally, measurements taken from a laboratory testing setup are presented.
Formation and Physical Properties of Milk Protein Gels (2002)

Gelation of milk proteins is the crucial first step in both cheese and yogurt manufacture. Several types of milk gels are discussed, with an emphasis on recent developments in our understanding of how these gels are formed and some of their key physical properties. Areas discussed include the latest dual-binding model for casein micelles; some recent developments in rennet-induced gelation; review of the methods that have been used to monitor milk coagulation; and a discussion of some of the possible causes for the wheying-off defect in yogurts. Casein micelles are the primary building blocks of casein-based gels; however, controversy about its structure continues. The latest model proposed for the formation of casein micelles is the dual-binding model proposed by Horne, 1998, which suggests that casein micelles are formed as a result of two binding mechanisms, namely hydrophobic attraction and colloidal calcium phosphate (CCP) bridging. Most previous models for the casein micelle have treated milk gelation from the viewpoint of simple particle destabilization and aggregation, but they have not been able to explain several unusual rheological properties of milk gels. Although there have been many techniques used to monitor the milk gelation process over the past few decades, only a few appear attractive as possible in-vat coagulation sensors. Another important aspect of milk gels is the defect in yogurts called wheying-off, which is the appearance of whey on the gel surface. The factors responsible for its occurrence are still unclear, but they have been investigated in model acid gel systems.
Scalable high-throughput SRAM-based architecture for IP-lookup using FPGA (2008)

Most high-speed Internet Protocol (IP) lookup implementations use tree traversal and pipelining. However, this approach results in inefficient memory utilization. Due to available on-chip memory and pin limitations of FPGAs, state-of-the-art designs on FPGAs cannot support large routing tables arising in backbone routers. Therefore, ternary content addressable memory (TCAM) is widely used. We propose a novel SRAM-based linear pipeline architecture, named DuPI. Using a single Virtex-4, DuPI can support a routing table of up to 228 K prefixes, which is 3times the state-of-the-art. Our architecture can also be easily partitioned, so as to use external SRAM to handle even larger routing tables (up to 2 M prefixes), while maintaining a 324 MLPS throughput. The use of SRAM (instead of TCAM) leads to orders of magnitude of reduction in power dissipation. Employing caching to exploit Internet traffic locality, we can achieve a throughput of 1.3 GLPS (billion lookups per second). Our design also maintains packet input order, and supports in-place non-blocking route updates.
Improving performance of PRML/EPRML through noise prediction (1996)

Sequence estimation detectors for the digital magnetic recording channel based on noise-predictive partial-response equalization are described. Called noise-predictive maximum-likelihood (NPML) detectors, they imbed a noise prediction/whitening process into the branch metric computation of a Viterbi detector. Simulation results show that a judicious tradeoff between system parameters leads to substantial performance gains over both PRML and EPRML systems. A programmable 8-state NPML detector without decision feedback is presented.
Characterization of Naphthenic Acids from Athabasca Oil Sands Using Electrospray Ionization:  The Significant Influence of Solvents (2007)

There is a need to develop routine and rugged methods for the characterization of oil sands naphthenic acids present in natural waters and contaminated soils. Mass spectra of naphthenic acids, obtained using a variant of electrospray ionization coupled with a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer, are shown here to vary greatly, reflecting their dependence on solubilities of the acids in organic solvents. The solubilities of components in, for example, 1-octanol (similar solvent to fatty tissue) compared to polar solvents such as methanol or acetonitrile are used here as a surrogate to indicate the more bioavailable or toxic components of naphthenic acids in natural waters. Monocarboxylic compounds (CnH2n+zO2) in the z=-4, -6, and -12 (2-, 3-, and 6-ring naphthenic acids, respectively) family in the carbon number range of 13-19 were prevalent in all solvent systems. The surrogate method is intended to serve as a guide in the isolation of principle toxic components, which in turn supports efforts to remediate oil sands contaminated soils and groundwater.
Purification and characterization of the catalytic domains of the human receptor-linked protein tyrosine phosphatases HPTP beta, leukocyte common antigen (LCA), and leukocyte common antigen-related molecule (LAR). (1992)

Human HPTP beta, leukocyte common antigen (LCA), and leukocyte common antigen-related molecule (LAR) are transmembrane receptor-like proteins whose cytoplasmic regions contain either one (HPTP beta) or two (LCA and LAR) domains that are homologous to protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPases). Whereas the membrane-proximal domain 1 has enzymatic activity, the membrane-distal domain 2 of both LCA and LAR has no detectable catalytic activity. The cytoplasmic regions of HPTP beta, LCA, and LAR were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to greater than 90% purity. Modulatory effects of various low molecular weight compounds and homo- and copolymers of amino acids were examined. Several polypeptides that contain a high proportion of tyrosine were strongly inhibitory to these PTPases. To determine a possible role for the LAR domain 2, the properties of recombinant LAR PTPases containing both domains 1 and 2 (LAR-D1D2) or only domain 1 (LAR-D1) were compared. In nearly all aspects examined, LAR-D1 and LAR-D1D2 were indistinguishable. However, polycationic polypeptides strongly stimulated the PTPase activity of LAR-D1D2, but not LAR-D1, using the peptide substrate Raytide. Thus, basic polypeptides seem to indirectly alter the catalytic activity of domain 1 by interacting with domain 2. This result suggests that domain 2 has a regulatory function.
Demonstration of real-time pattern correction for high-throughput maskless lithography (2011)

MAPPER Lithography is developing a maskless lithography technology based on massively-parallel electron-beam writing with high speed optical data transport for switching the electron beams. In this way electron optical columns can be made with a throughput of 10 wafers per hour. The amount of data for each 26mm x 33mm field is 8 Tbyte. The data rate is approximately 3 Tbyte per second. In order to realize overlay the patterns for different fields on the wafer need to be slightly adjusted. Additionally it is beneficial for the electron optics design to be able to correct a number of tool parameters on the data. For this it is desirable to be able to correct the pattern data in real time. By implementing the correction algorithms on an FPGA test board it has been demonstrated that it is possible to perform the corrections on the exposed data real time. By using a pixel size of 3.5nm, a CDu and overlay contribution of smaller than 1nm 3s is obtained. A datapath for 10wph based on an FPGA implementation that stores the switching data uncompressed in DRAM fits in 4 racks of 2 meters high, with a footprint of 600mm x 700mm each. By replacing the FPGA by an ASIC implementation, and by using real time decompression, the footprint can be reduced in a later stage.
Dimensional synthesis of a lightweight shoulder exoskeleton (2015)

Powered exoskeletons can provide motion enhancement for both healthy and physically challenged people. Compared with lower limb exoskeletons, upper limb exoskeletons are required to have multiple degrees-of-freedom and can still produce sufficient augmentation force. Designs using serial mechanisms usually result in complicated and bulky exoskeletons that prevent themselves from being wearable. This paper presents a new exoskeleton aimed to achieve compactness and wearability. We consider a shoulder exoskeleton that consists of two spherical mechanisms with two slider crank mechanisms. The actuators can be made stationary and attached side-by-side, close to a human body. Thus better inertia properties can be obtained while maintaining lightweight. The dimensions of the exoskeleton are synthesized to achieve maximum output force. Through illustrations of a prototype, the exoskeleton is shown to be wearable and can provide adequate motion enhancement of a human's upper limb.
Quorum quenching: role in nature and applied developments (2015)

Quorum sensing (QS) refers to the capacity of bacteria to monitor their population density and regulate gene expression accordingly: the QS-regulated processes deal with multicellular behaviors (e.g. growth and development of biofilm), horizontal gene transfer and host-microbe (symbiosis and pathogenesis) and microbe-microbe interactions. QS signaling requires the synthesis, exchange and perception of bacterial compounds, called autoinducers or QS signals (e.g. N-acylhomoserine lactones). The disruption of QS signaling, also termed quorum quenching (QQ), encompasses very diverse phenomena and mechanisms which are presented and discussed in this review. First, we surveyed the QS-signal diversity and QS-associated responses for a better understanding of the targets of the QQ phenomena that organisms have naturally evolved and are currently actively investigated in applied perspectives. Next the mechanisms, targets and molecular actors associated with QS interference are presented, with a special emphasis on the description of natural QQ enzymes and chemicals acting as QS inhibitors. Selected QQ paradigms are detailed to exemplify the mechanisms and biological roles of QS inhibition in microbe-microbe and host-microbe interactions. Finally, some QQ strategies are presented as promising tools in different fields such as medicine, aquaculture, crop production and anti-biofouling area.
Generalizable distributional regularities aid fluent lan- guage processing: The case of semantic valence tendencies (2008)

Sentence processing is an extraordinarily complex and speeded process, and yet proceeds, typically, in an effortless manner. What makes us so fluent in language? Incremental models of sentence processing propose that speakers continuously build expectations for upcoming linguistic material based on partial information available at each relevant time point. In addition, statistical analyses of corpora suggest that many words entail probabilistic semantic consequences. For instance, in English, the verb provide typically precedes positive words (e.g., ‘to provide work’) whereas cause typically precedes negative items (e.g., ‘to cause trouble’; Sinclair 1996). We hypothesized that these statistical patterns form units of meaning that imbue lexical items, and their argument structures, with semantic valence tendencies (SVTs), and that such knowledge assists fluent on-line sentence comprehension by facilitating the predictability of upcoming information. First, a sentence completion task elicited such tendencies in adults, suggesting that speakers constrain their free productions to conform to the connotative meaning of words. Second, fluent on-line reading was slowed down significantly in sentences that contained a violation of a valence tendency (e.g. cause optimism). Third, an automated computer algorithm assessed the pervasiveness of valence tendencies in large computerized samples of English, supporting the hypothesis that valence tendencies are a distributional phenomenon. We conclude that not only can aspects of meaning be modeled with word cooccurrence statistics, but that such statistics are likely to be computed by the human brain during the processing of language. They thus simultaneously contribute to our understanding of the use of language and the psychology of language*.
[Significance and challenges to the establishment of the China National Center for Food safety Risk Assessment]. (2012)

2011年10月13日,中国国家食品安全风险评估中心(以下简称评估中心)举行成立仪式.这是全体从事食品安全专业人员盼望已久的一件大喜事,因为它填补了我国长期缺乏食品安全风险评估专业技术机构的空白,预示着我国食品安全风险评估水平将迈上一个新的台阶。
The Role of the COP/DET/FUS Genes in Light Control of Arabidopsis Seedling Development (1996)

Light is vital to plant life, not only as an energy source for photosynthesis but also as an important environmental signal regulating development and growth. Light affects almost every stage of plant development (Kendrick and Kronenberg, 1994), including seedling development, which represents one of the most dramatic and best characterized processes In Arabidopsis tkaliana, for example, the morphology of the embryo in the imbibing seed (d 1), as well as the emerging seedling from the seed coat (d Z), are minimally affected by light conditions (Wei et al., 199417). Soon after, however, seedling morphogenesis differs drastically, depending on the light environment (Fig. Light-grown seedlings exhibit short hypocotyls and open and expanded cotyledons. Cell-type differentiation and chloroplast development are soon established, and photosynthetically related genes are highly expressed. The shoot apical meristem is activated to produce true leaves and the plants proceed with further vegetative and reproductive growth soon thereafter. This development pattern in light is known as photomorphogenesis. In contrast, when seedlings are grown in complete darkness, they undergo a developmental program known as skotomorphogenesis or etiolation, in which the cotyledons remain folded and undeveloped, while the hypocotyls rapidly elongate. The apical hook serves to protect cotyledons and the quiescent shoot meristems as the seedling elongates rapidly to reach for the light. Instead of developing chloroplasts, the cotyledon cells form etioplasts that can readily convert into chloroplasts when exposed to light. This process is known as greening or de-etiolation. In addition, etiolated seedlings display a very different gene expression pattern from that determined by light. After the initial elongating growth, the seedlings come to a developmental arrest in the continuous absence of light.
Electrokinetic Dewatering of Oil Sands Tailings (2012)

Oil sands tailings are the final product of oil sands processing and in the form of slurry with very low solid content. After sedimentation, due to a low hydraulic conductivity of the tailings, both dewatering and consolidating the tailings are difficult. Since electrokinetic (EK) is an effective method to consolidate low permeability soils, the objective of this study is to assess the effectiveness and efficiency of EK dewatering of MFT, a man-made geomaterial. Two series of tests were conducted in this study. In the first series, four EK cell tests were performed on oil sands tailings to measure the electroosmotic permeability, ke, along with other parameters, such as the EK induced water flow rate, electrical conductivity of the tailings, and power consumptions. The second test series was the dewatering model tests to investigate the feasibility of EK dewatering on oil sands tailings. The performance of the EK dewatering under two conditions was compared, i.e., 5 kPa consolidation at first followed by EK dewatering; and 5 kPa consolidation and EK dewatering simultaneously. The final water content, undrained shear strength and plasticity properties of MFT were measured after the EK dewatering tests. After the EK dewatering model tests, a significant overall increase in the undrained shear strength and decrease in the water content of tailings samples are observed, along with significant changes of the plasticity.
Single and double distributed optical amplifier fiber bus networks with wavelength division multiplexing for photonic sensors (1998)

This paper presents numerical simulations of single and dual fiber bus networks with distributed amplification, which are used for the wavelength division multiplexing of photonic sensors. The model upon which the simulations are based has been compared to a previously published experimental result and good agreement has been obtained. A novel technique for allocating the signal wavelength to the sensor position in order to equalize the received signal power is also discussed.
Physiology and pathophysiology of nitric oxide. (1996)

Nitric oxide (NO) was discovered to be a potent vasodilator, inhibitor of platelet aggregation, and active species of nitroglycerin before the discovery of endothelium-derived relaxing factor (EDRF) in 1980. Subsequent studies revealed that EDRF is NO, and is synthesized by mammalian cells from L-arginine through a complex oxidation reaction catalyzed by the flavo-hemoprotein NO synthase (NOS). NOS catalyzes the NADPH- and oxygen-dependent oxygenation of L-arginine to NO plus L-citrulline in a reaction that requires at least six cofactors including NADPH, FAD, FMN, tetrahydrobiopterin, heme, and calmodulin. NO elicits its known physiological actions by activating cytosolic guanylate cyclase, which converts GTP to cyclic GMP. Endothelial NOS and neuronal NOS are constitutively present and activated by increases in intracellular calcium triggered by endogenous chemicals. NO then diffuses into nearby target cells to elevate cyclic GMP levels and thereby trigger cell function. NOS activity can also be regulated by a negative feedback mechanism involving NO itself. Much greater quantities of NO are produced pathophysiologically by a distinct form of NOS that can be induced in vascular endothelium, smooth muscle and macrophages by endotoxin and cytokines. This high-output production of NO is not regulated by calcium and is cytotoxic by mechanisms involving interaction with iron-containing proteins.