gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hyperbranched Polymers (2001)

Abstract Hyperbranched polymers are polymers based on A x B‐monomers, ie, monomers having one B‐functionality and two or more A‐groups resulting in polymers with a potential branching point in each repeat unit. The properties of hyperbranched polymers have been shown to depend on several parameters, the most important ones ate the backbone and the end‐group structure in combination. The properties of hyperbranched polymers differ from linear polymers, for example, the solubility, which is much higher for hyperbranched polymers. Attachment of reactive end‐groups in various amounts leads to thermoset structures where the T g and cross‐link density can be greatly varied for the same hyperbranched polymer. A wide variety of hyperbranched polymers has been described in the literature. The synthesis of hyperbranched polymers can be done in several different ways. Classical condensation reactions are the most commonly used. The condensation reactions are either made in bulk or in solution where the A x B‐monomers are condensed by themselves or in combination with a B y ‐core monomer. Another approach to the synthesis of hyperbranched polymers is the use of self‐condensing vinyl polymerization which is a way of using vinyl‐functional monomers to obtain hyperbranched polymers.
Microhomology-mediated end joining is activated in irradiated human cells due to phosphorylation-dependent formation of the XRCC1 repair complex (2016)

Microhomology-mediated end joining (MMEJ), an error-prone pathway for DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair, is implicated in genomic rearrangement and oncogenic transformation; however, its contribution to repair of radiation-induced DSBs has not been characterized. We used recircularization of a linearized plasmid with 3΄-P-blocked termini, mimicking those at X-ray-induced strand breaks, to recapitulate DSB repair via MMEJ or nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ). Sequence analysis of the circularized plasmids allowed measurement of relative activity of MMEJ versus NHEJ. While we predictably observed NHEJ to be the predominant pathway for DSB repair in our assay, MMEJ was significantly enhanced in preirradiated cells, independent of their radiation-induced arrest in the G2/M phase. MMEJ activation was dependent on XRCC1 phosphorylation by casein kinase 2 (CK2), enhancing XRCC1's interaction with the end resection enzymes MRE11 and CtIP. Both endonuclease and exonuclease activities of MRE11 were required for MMEJ, as has been observed for homology-directed DSB repair (HDR). Furthermore, the XRCC1 co-immunoprecipitate complex (IP) displayed MMEJ activity in vitro, which was significantly elevated after irradiation. Our studies thus suggest that radiation-mediated enhancement of MMEJ in cells surviving radiation therapy may contribute to their radioresistance and could be therapeutically targeted.
Structure and Mechanism of the Lantibiotic Cyclase Involved in Nisin Biosynthesis (2006)

Nisin is a posttranslationally modified antimicrobial peptide that is widely used as a food preservative. It contains five cyclic thioethers of varying sizes that are installed by a single enzyme, NisC. Reported here are the in vitro reconstitution of the cyclization process and the x-ray crystal structure of the NisC enzyme. The structure reveals similarities in fold and substrate activation with mammalian farnesyl transferases, suggesting that human homologs of NisC posttranslationally modify a cysteine of a protein substrate.
Filtering distributions of normals for shading antialiasing (2016)

High-frequency illumination effects, such as highly glossy highlights on curved surfaces, are challenging to render in a stable manner. Such features can be much smaller than the area of a pixel and carry a high amount of energy due to high reflectance. These highlights are challenging to render in both offline rendering, where they require many samples and an outliers filter, and in real-time graphics, where they cause a significant amount of aliasing given the small budget of shading samples per pixel. In this paper, we propose a method for filtering the main source of highly glossy highlights in microfacet materials: the Normal Distribution Function (NDF). We provide a practical solution applicable for real-time rendering by employing recent advances in light transport for estimating the filtering region from various effects (such as pixel footprint) directly in the parallel-plane half-vector domain (also known as the slope domain), followed by filtering the NDF over this region. Our real-time method is GPU-friendly, temporally stable, and compatible with deferred shading, normal maps, as well as with filtering methods for normal maps.
Thermal Hazards of the Vilsmeier−Haack Reaction on <i>N</i>,<i>N</i>-Dimethylaniline (2005)

From literature data and a preliminary calorimetric study it is clear that the Vilsmeier−Haack reaction poses specific thermal hazards as both the Vilsmeier−Haack intermediate (1) in N,N-dimethylformamide (2) and the reaction mixture with N,N-dimethylaniline (3) are thermally unstable and can generate high and fast temperature and pressures rises when heated. Therefore alternatives were investigated for their thermal hazards. The stability of Vilsmeier intermediates generated from a series of other formamides was investigated. In principle the Vilsmeier intermediate could be generated and converted in situ, thus avoiding large amounts of an unstable intermediate in the process vessel and yielding the same reaction mixture. This concept could also be applied to the other formamides studied, and this option was also included in the investigation.
Identification and characterization of diadenosine 5′,5‴‐P <sup>1</sup> ,P <sup>2</sup> ‐diphosphate and diadenosine 5′,5‴‐P <sup>1</sup> ,P <sup>3</sup> ‐triphosphate in human myocardial tissue (1999)

We examined whether human cardiac tissue contains diadenosine polyphosphates and investigated their physiological role. Extracts from human cardiac tissue from transplant recipients were fractionated by size exclusion-, affinity-, anion exchange- and reversed-phase chromatography. MALDI-MS analysis of two absorbing fractions revealed molecular masses of 676.2 Da and 756.0 Da. The UV spectra of both fractions were identical to that of adenosine. Postsource decay MALDI mass spectrometry indicated that the molecules with a mass of 676.2 Da and 757.0 Da contained AMP and ATP, respectively. As shown by enzymatic cleavage, both molecules consist of two adenosines interconnected by either two or three phosphates in 5'-positions of the riboses. Two substances can be identified as 5',5"'-P1,P2-diphosphate (Ap2A) and 5',5"'-P1, P3-triphosphate (Ap3A). Ap2A and Ap3A, together with ATP and ADP, are stored in myocardial-specific granules in biologically active concentrations. In the isolated perfused rat heart, Ap2A and Ap3A caused dose-dependent coronary vasodilations. In myocardial preparations, Ap2A and Ap3A attenuated the effect of isoproterenol, exerting a negative inotropic effect. The calcium current of guinea pig ventricular myocytes, stimulated by isoproterenol, was also attenuated by Ap2A and Ap3A. The presence of Ap2A and Ap3A in cardiac-specific granules and the actions of these substances on the myocardium and coronary vessels indicate a role for these substances as endogenous modulators of myocardial functions and coronary perfusion.
Fast Wavefront Reconstruction in Large Adaptive Optics Systems Using the Fourier Transform (2002)

Wavefront Reconstruction using the Fast Fourier Transform and spatial filtering is shown to be computationally tractable and sufficiently accurate for use in large Shack Hartmann-based adaptive optics systems (up to at least 10,000 actuators). This method is significantly faster and can have lower noise propagation than traditional VMM reconstructors. The boundary problem which prevented the accurate reconstruction of phase in circular apertures using square-grid FTs is identified and solved. The methods are adapted for use on the Fried-geometry. Detailed performance analysis of mean squared error and noise propagation for FT methods is presented, using both theory and simulation.
Exploiting the Web as the multilingual corpus for unknown query translation (2006)

Abstract Users' cross‐lingual queries to a digital library system might be short and the query terms may not be included in a common translation dictionary (unknown terms). In this article, the authors investigate the feasibility of exploiting the Web as the multilingual corpus source to translate unknown query terms for cross‐language information retrieval in digital libraries. They propose a Web‐based term translation approach to determine effective translations for unknown query terms by mining bilingual search‐result pages obtained from a real Web search engine. This approach can enhance the construction of a domain‐specific bilingual lexicon and bring multilingual support to a digital library that only has monolingual document collections. Very promising results have been obtained in generating effective translation equivalents for many unknown terms, including proper nouns, technical terms, and Web query terms, and in assisting bilingual lexicon construction for a real digital library system.
Taspoglutide, an Analog of Human Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 with Enhanced Stability and in Vivo Potency (2010)

Taspoglutide is a novel analog of human glucagon-like peptide-1 [hGLP-1(7-36)NH2] in clinical development for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Taspoglutide contains alpha-aminoisobutyric acid substitutions replacing Ala(8) and Gly(35) of hGLP-1(7-36)NH2. The binding affinity [radioligand binding assay using [(125)I]hGLP-1(7-36)NH2], potency (cAMP production in CHO cells stably overexpressing hGLP-1 receptor), and in vitro plasma stability of taspoglutide compared with hGLP-1(7-36)NH2 have been evaluated. Effects on basal and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion were determined in vitro in INS-1E cells and in vivo in normal rats. Taspoglutide has comparable affinity (affinity constant 1.1 +/- 0.2 nm) to the natural ligand (affinity constant 1.5 +/- 0.3 nm) for the hGLP-1 receptor and exhibits comparable potency in stimulating cAMP production (EC(50) Taspo 0.06 nm and EC(50) hGLP-1(7-36)NH2 0.08 nm). Taspoglutide exerts insulinotropic action in vitro and in vivo and retains the glucoincretin property of hGLP-1(7-36)NH2. Stimulation of insulin secretion is concentration dependent and evident in the presence of high-glucose concentrations (16.7 mm) with a taspoglutide concentration as low as 0.001 nm. Taspoglutide is fully resistant to dipeptidyl peptidase-4 cleavage (during 1 h incubation at room temperature with purified enzyme) and has an extended in vitro plasma half-life relative to hGLP-1(7-36)NH2 (9.8 h vs. 50 min). In vitro, taspoglutide does not inhibit dipeptidyl peptidase-4 activity. This study provides the biochemical and pharmacological basis for the sustained plasma drug levels and prolonged therapeutic activity seen in early clinical trials of taspoglutide. Excellent stability and potency with substantial glucoincretin effects position taspoglutide as a promising new agent for treatment of type 2 diabetes.
Kinetics of the Liquid Phase Hydrogenation of Di- and Trisubstituted Alkylbenzenes over a Nickel Catalyst (1996)

The liquid phase hydrogenation kinetics of five di- and trisubstituted alkylbenzenes, xylenes, mesitylene, and p-cymene were determined in a semibatch reactor operating at hydrogen pressures of 20−40 atm and at temperatures of 95−125 °C. Commercial preactivated catalyst particles of nickel−alumina were used in all experiments. The hydrogenation activity of the aromatic compound was affected by both the number of substituents and their relative positions in the benzene ring. The trisubstituted benzene (mesitylene) had a lower reaction rate than the disubstituted compounds (xylenes). The activity of the different substituent positions decreased in the order para > meta > ortho. The main reaction product was always the completely hydrogenated cycloalkane; no cycloalkenes were detected. The hydrogenation rates were virtually constant at low and intermediate conversions of the aromatics, but at high conversions the rates decreased. Rate equations based on the formation of partially hydrogenated surface complexes were derived, and the kinetic parameters were estimated from a heterogeneous reactor model with nonlinear regression analysis. The rate equations were able to describe the features of the experimental data.
Self-Paced Multitask Learning with Shared Knowledge (2017)

This paper introduces self-paced task selection to multitask learning, where instances from more closely related tasks are selected in a progression of easier-to-harder tasks, to emulate an effective human education strategy, but applied to multitask machine learning. We develop the mathematical foundation for the approach based on iterative selection of the most appropriate task, learning the task parameters, and updating the shared knowledge, optimizing a new bi-convex loss function. This proposed method applies quite generally, including to multitask feature learning, multitask learning with alternating structure optimization, etc. Results show that in each of the above formulations self-paced (easier-to-harder) task selection outperforms the baseline version of these methods in all the experiments.
김세종제 춘향가 작창법 연구 (2012)

정노식의 조선창극사에 기록된 김세종의 사설은 현재 성우향이 전하는 사설과 거의 비슷하다. 김세종 당시의 음원을 들을 수 없어서 현재 불려지는 와 음악적인 비교는 불가하나, 사설의 가감 없이 현재 전승되고 있는 점을 미루어 볼 때, 이미 음악적인 가치는 반증된다 하겠다. 이에 본 연구에서는 성우향의...
Fundamentals and Applications of Multi-functional NSOM Technology to Characterization of Nano Structured Materials (2004)

최근 근접장 광학주사현미경 (NSOM)을 이용한 재료의 표면 및 구조 분석은 생물학에서 재료과학에까지 광범위하게 응용되고 있다. 본 총설에서는 기존의 NSOM을 여러가지 현미경법 (광학, 형광, 전자 및 전기화학 현미경 관찰법)과 접목하여 구성한 다기능 NSOM (multi-functional NSOM, mf-NSOM)을 이용, 나노 재료의 고분해능 이미징에 대한 원리와 응용을 고찰하였다. 본 mf-NSOM 기술을 이용하여 실제로 Al합금 및 다결정 Ti 표면에서의 공식 (pitting)을 일으키는 취약 지역을 광학적으로 분석한 결과를 기술하였다. 또한, mf-NSOM과 레이저 기술을 통해 나노 Ag 입자를 형성하고 실시간 분석한 연구결과에 대해서도 소개하고자 한다. Imaging of surfaces and structures by near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) has matured and is routinely used for studies ranging from biology to materials science. Of interest in this review paper is a versatility of modified or multi-functional NSOM (mf-NSOM) to enable high resolution imaging in several modes: (1) Concurrent fluorescence and Topographical Imaging (gases) (2) Microspectroscopy (gases) (3) Concurrent Scanning Electrochemical and Topographical Imaging (SECM) (liquids) (4) Concurrent Photoelectrochemical and Topographical Imaging (PEM) (liquids) The present study will summarize some of the recent advances in mf-NSOM work confirmed and supported by the results from several other imaging techniques of optical, fluorescence, electron and electrochemical microscopy. The studies are directed at providing local information on pitting precursor sites and vulnerable areas on metal and semiconductor surfaces, and at reactive sites on heterogeneous, catalytic substrates, especially on Al 2024 alloy and polycrystalline Ti. In addition, we will introduce some results related to the laser-induced nanometal (Ag) synthesis using mf-NSOM.
Efficient blue light-emitting diodes with InGaN/GaN triangular shaped multiple quantum wells (2003)

InGaN/GaN triangular shaped multiple quantum wells (QWs) grown by grading In composition with time were adopted as an active layer of blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Compared to the LEDs with conventional rectangular QW structures, the triangular QW LEDs showed a higher intensity and a narrower linewidth of electrical luminescence (EL), a lower operation voltage, and a stronger light-output power. EL spectra of the triangular-QW-based LEDs also showed that the peak energy is nearly independent of the injection current and temperature, indicating that the triangular QW LED is more efficient and stable than the rectangular one.
Isolation and characterization of radiation hybrids for human chromosome 12 (1995)

We have used an irradiation and fusion procedure to generate somatic cell hybrids that maintain fragments of human chromosome 12. To identify hybrids retaining human material we performed repeat element-mediated PCR (intra-ALU PCR) on DNA extracted from individual cell clones. Twenty-five of 38 hybrids tested were shown to contain human material at low passage. These were further characterized by inter-ALU and inter-LI PCR. FISH analysis, using human Cot1 DNA as a probe, revealed the presence of 1-2 fragments in 11 out of 12 hybrids. The majority of the hybrids, 8 out of 12, were found to be homogeneous. The hybrid panel was characterized by 18 markers with known locations covering the entire chromosome 12. Thirteen of the 25 hybrids were positive for at least one marker. The results indicated the following order of loci on 12q: Cen-WNTI-A2MR-RAP1B-D12S8-PTBR-ATP2B1++ +-D12S7-D12S52-IGF1-PAH-PLA2-IFNG-ALDH2-te r. Three hybrids studied in more detail were found to carry overlapping fragments from chromosome segment 12q12-->q14.
[MRSA--detection of mecA and its regulatory genes]. (1993)

Methicillin resistance in S.aureus and S.epidermidis strains is primarily due to production of a new penicillin-binding protein PBP2' with extremely low binding affinity to most beta-lactam antibiotics. The structural gene for PBP2', mecA, is detectable in clinical specimens by using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Amplified target DNA of 630bp can be resolved on ethidium bromide-stained gels, and hybridized with a probe conjugated to alkaline phosphatase. Survey for the mecA gene in 304 staphylococci revealed a good correlation between the presence of mecA and cultivation on agar plates with 4 micrograms/ml of oxacillin, although 3% of sensitive S. aureus strains had the mecA gene. On the other hand, analysis of the regulatory genes (orf 1 and 2) of methicillin resistance was performed on methicillin-resistant S.aureus strains N315 and MR108, demonstrating that the genome of MR108 lacks orf 2 which encodes the repressor protein (Hiramatsu et al., see Ref.5). The regulatory genes of mecA were surveyed for 192 staphylococci by using PCR and allele-specific oligonucleotide probes: 76% of resistant S. aureus strains and 48% of resistant S. epidermidis strains possessed orf 1 corresponding to MR108 (constitutive-type strain), while the remainder of the resistant strains and two strains of sensitive S. epidermidis had two orfs of N315 (inducible-type strain). Furthermore, it appeared that mutation of the femA gene might not be an additional factor for expression of methicillin resistance. These observations suggest that mecA and its regulatory genes should be examined to understand how the genetic background contributed to the phenotypic expression of methicillin resistance in clinical strains.
Contact resistance modulation in carbon nanotube devices investigated by four-probe experiments (2006)

The contact resistance (Rcont) between nanotube and metal electrodes was directly measured in a four-terminal configuration of field-effect transistors for individual single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) bundles and a multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT). Both Rcont and the nanotube resistance (RNT) in a semiconducting SWNT device drastically changed with gate voltage, while Rcont, being more than one-order smaller than Rcont in metallic SWNTs and MWNTs, was almost constant against the gate voltage. Carriers introduced either by gate voltage or chemical doping induced a rapid decrease in Rcont compared with the resistance of semiconducting SWNTs.
Immune Tolerance Therapy in Patients with Acquired Hemophilia (2004)

Acquired hemophilia is a rare disorder with an estimated annual incidence of 0.2-1 cases per million individuals. The etiology of the disorder remains obscure, although approximately half of all cases are associated with other underlying conditions. In acquired hemophilia, the severe hemorrhagic diathesis is caused by the development of autoantibodies directed against a clotting factor, most commonly factor VIII. These autoantibodies inhibit normal coagulation and lead to bleeding complications, which can be life-threatening in a high percentage of cases. Prompt diagnosis and appropriate management of the disorder enable effective control; the short- and long-term aims of therapy are to terminate the acute bleed and eliminate or reduce the inhibitor, respectively. Immune tolerance therapy has been shown to successfully eradicate or suppress inhibitors in patients with congenital hemophilia A and may be applicable to patients with acquired hemophilia. Here we present preliminary data on the use of immune tolerance therapy in patients with acquired hemophilia and discuss possible treatment strategies.
New negative-resistance device by a chirp superlattice (1983)

A new type of supperlattice named CHIRP (coherent heterointerfaces for reflection and penetration) superlattice, in which the periodicity is gradually changed, is proposed. The electron transmissivity through the superlattice is modulated by the applied electric field. A possible application to a negative-resistance device is discussed.
Biodegradation of polyethylene by the thermophilic bacterium Brevibacillus borstelensis (2005)

Biodegradation of polyethylene by a single bacterial strain contributes to our understanding of the process and the factors affecting polyethylene biodegradation.
XML Voucher: Generic Voucher Language (2005)

This document specifies rules for defining voucher properties in XML syntax. A voucher is a logical entity that represents a right to claim goods or services. A voucher can be used to transfer a wide range of electronic values, including coupons, tickets, loyalty points, and gift certificates, which often have to be processed in the course of payment and/or delivery transactions.
1. Polymerization of Vinylanthracene Monomers (1976)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT1. Polymerization of Vinylanthracene MonomersM. Stolka, J. F. Yanus, and J. M. PearsonCite this: Macromolecules 1976, 9, 2, 374–376Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1976Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1976https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma60050a044https://doi.org/10.1021/ma60050a044research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views111Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts