gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Infrared photoionization of interface states in Cr-SiO2-(<i>n</i>,<i>p</i>)Si structures (1985)

Transient photocurrents caused by subband-gap illumination of n- and p-Si metal-oxide-semiconductor structures were measured and analyzed. The obtained interface state density distribution Dit did agree with that from electrical measurements. Electron and hole photoionization cross sections, σ0n,p ≂10−18 cm2, increased monotonically with rising photon energy, hν&lt;EG, and with trap energy approaching the corresponding silicon band edge. Optical occupancy, relaxation time of, and electron-hole pair generation in interface states, calculated for high illumination as functions of photon and trap energy, are sufficient to model the photocurrent.
Newly developed low background hard X-ray/gamma-ray telescope with the well-type phoswich counters (1993)

A low background hard X-ray/gamma-ray telescope (Welcome-1) for balloon-borne experiments in the energy range from 40 keV to 800-1000 keV is discussed. The detector is based on newly developed well-type phoswich counters. In the first well-type phoswich counter, GSO(Ce) (Gd/sub 2/SiO/sub 5/ doped with Ce) is used as the detection part and CsI(Tl) as the shielding part. Welcome-1 consists of 64 GSO/CsI well-type phoswich counters assembled in the compound-eye configuration, and the effective area is 740 cm/sup 2/ at 122 keV and 222 cm/sup 2/ at 511 keV line. The well-type phoswich counter and the compound eye configuration reduce background significantly both externally and internally, and allow a high signal-to-noise ratio in balloon-borne experiments. The background levels at an attitude of 4.5 g/cm/sup 2/ are 1*10/sup -4//cm/sup 2//s/keV at 122 keV. Crab nebula is observed with the signal to background ratio better than unity between 100 and 200 keV. The design of the telescope and the flight performance are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Long Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation Alleviates Doxorubicin-Induced Depressive-Like Behaviors and Neurotoxicity in Rats: Involvement of Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation (2016)

Doxorubicin (DOX) is a chemotherapeutic agent widely used in human malignancies. Its long-term use can cause neurobiological side-effects associated with depression. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs), the essential fatty acids found in fish oil, possess neuroprotecitve and antidepressant activities. Thus, the aim of this study was to explore the potential protective effects of ω-3 PUFAs against DOX-induced behavioral changes and neurotoxicity. ω-3 PUFAs were given daily by gavage (1.5 g/kg) over three weeks starting seven days before DOX administration (2.5 mg/kg). Open-field test (OFT) and forced swimming test (FST) were conducted to assess exploratory activity and despair behavior, respectively. Our data showed that ω-3 PUFAs supplementation significantly mitigated the behavioral changes induced by DOX. ω-3 PUFAs pretreatment also alleviated the DOX-induced neural apoptosis. Meanwhile, ω-3 PUFAs treatment ameliorated DOX-induced oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Additionally, gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, and the protein levels of NF-κB and iNOS were significantly increased in brain tissues of DOX-treated group, whereas ω-3 PUFAs supplementation significantly attenuated DOX-induced neuroinflammation. In conclusion, ω-3 PUFAs can effectively protect against DOX-induced depressive-like behaviors, and the mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effect are potentially associated with its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties.
Icon-Based Visualization Using Mosaic Metaphors (2006)

This paper introduces a new approach to extend icon-based visualization methods by using a mosaic-based paradigm. We discuss how image metaphors closely related to the application domain can be applied for icon-based representations. Therefore, we enhance visualizations by well-known image mosaic techniques, such as image layouts, image selection and color adaption. Furthermore, we present the results of our approach by discussing an example of a clustered real-world climate data set.
Comparative in vitro effects of liposomal amphotericin B, amphotericin B-deoxycholate, and free amphotericin B against fungal strains determined by using MIC and minimal lethal concentration susceptibility studies and time-kill curves (1991)

Multilamellar liposomal amphotericin B (L-AmB) was generally less active in vitro against yeast strains than was amphotericin B-deoxycholate or free amphotericin B, although continual agitation of the broth disproportionately increased the activity of L-AmB. Time-kill studies also demonstrated a slower onset of action of L-AmB and supported the hypothesis that liposomes may act as reservoirs for free amphotericin B, which is the active moiety.
Anti‐heat shock protein 90β antibodies decrease pre‐oligodendrocyte population in perinatal and adult cell cultures. Implications for remyelination in multiple sclerosis (2005)

Lesions in the CNS of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) often fail to remyelinate, resulting in neurological dysfunction. A key factor seems to be the inefficiency of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). We recently reported antibodies against heat shock protein 90beta (Hsp90beta) in MS patients that recognized the antigen on the OPC surface. This study investigates the mechanism and result of anti-Hsp90beta antibody attack. These antibodies induced OPC death in culture in a complement-dependent fashion. Anti-Hsp90beta antibody-induced, complement-mediated OPC death only operated in these cells and caused a significant reduction in the number of O4-positive pro-oligodendrocytes (pre-oligodendrocytes). Adult cultured OPCs also expressed Hsp90beta on their cell surface and were attacked by anti-Hsp90beta antibodies leading to a significant decrease in the pre-oligodendrocyte population. In the presence of low levels of anti-Hsp90beta antibody--i.e. in the range seen in the CSF of MS patients--the complement concentration was critical to reduce the pre-oligodendrocyte population (via attack to OPCs). Higher concentrations of anti-Hsp90beta antibodies and complement became extinct the pre-oligodendrocytes. Complement 1-esterase inhibitor prevented these effects in the pre-oligodendrocyte population. These findings demonstrate, for the first time in vitro, a feasible mechanism to decrease the production of new oligodendrocytes, thus limiting the possibility of remyelination.
Compressed poly(vinyl alcohol)‐polycaprolactone admixture as a model to evaluate erodible implants for sustained drug delivery (1989)

An implant may release a drug either by diffusion concurrent with dissolution of the polymeric implant material without depolymerization (Type A) or by bioerosion involving depolymerization (Type B). The Type A material may induce immune response, while the erosion of Type B polymer releases fragments which could cause toxicity problems. It is proposed that a combination of the two types of polymers may attenuate the intensity of immune response and toxicity, because the presence of one in an implant of the same weight reduces the amount of the other. However, it is important to determine first, if sustained delivery may be achieved by such an implant. In this study, partially hydrolyzed poly(vinyl acetate) (PVA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) were chosen as the model Type A, and B polymers, respectively, to evaluate this objective in vitro. Pellet discs were prepared to assess the effects of compression, proportion of PVA to PCL, acetyl content of PVA, PCL hydrolysis catalyst and drug loading, using methylene blue (MB) as a model drug. Results showed that sustained delivery could be effected, but PCL erosion did not occur as planned. Therefore, PCL served only as a passive component of the implant, while PVA was eroded with the release of MB. Consequently, it was inferred that a polymer may not be required as a passive component, which suggested the use of other compounds of known biocompatibility. Tests with insulin in a compressed solid admixture with cholesterol showed that reduction of hyperglycemia in diabetic Wistar rat could be effected reproducibly for at least 2 weeks. Thus, the present study, originally planned to test a proposed concept, indicates that many nonpolymeric materials of known biocompatibility may be suitable for drug delivery implants as well.
Circularly polarized microwaves for magnetic resonance study in the GHz range: Application to nitrogen-vacancy in diamonds (2015)

The ability to create time-dependent magnetic fields of controlled polarization is essential for many experiments with magnetic resonance. We describe a microstrip circuit that allows us to generate strong magnetic field at microwave frequencies with arbitrary adjusted polarization. The circuit performance is demonstrated by applying it to an optically detected magnetic resonance and Rabi nutation experiments in nitrogen-vacancy color centers in diamond. Thanks to high efficiency of the proposed microstrip circuit and degree of circular polarization of 85%; it is possible to address the specific spin states of a diamond sample using a low power microwave generator. The circuit may be applied to a wide range of magnetic resonance experiments with a well-controlled polarization of microwaves.
Intelligent indoor emergency evacuation systems: Reference architecture and data requirements (2016)

An intelligent indoor emergency evacuation system (IES) can take appropriate risk reduction actions in response to alerts from building safety systems warning of emergencies originated within the building and from government agencies warning of natural disasters affecting surrounding areas. This paper presents data model and reference architecture of IES for large public buildings and case studies to capture their data requirements. Many technical and practical challenges can raise barriers to the wide deployment of IES. Examples of such challenges and solutions to overcome them are also presented.
Carbon-Doped Silicon Oxide Films with Hydrocarbon Network Bonds for Low-k Dielectrics: Theoretical Investigations (2007)

We have computationally explored the chemical structures of carbon-doped silicon oxide (SiOCH) films that give the smallest dielectric constant (k) under the required mechanical strength for low-k dielectrics. The focus of this study is on the SiOCH structures that have hydrocarbon components in the polymer network as cross-links. It has been found that SiOCH films of small dielectric constants can have improved mechanical strengths if the hydrocarbon components form cross-links, instead of the terminal methyl groups in the conventional structure. The calculated results suggest that SiOCH films of ideal structures can have substantially smaller dielectric constants than films of current interconnect technology with the same mechanical strengths.
AIRBORNE IMAGE GEOREFERENCING BY GPS-AIDED INERTIAL SYSTEMS: CONCEPTS AND PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS (2001)

This paper describes how position and orientation measurement systems are used to directly georeference airborne imagery data, and presents the accuracies that are attainable for the final mapping products. The Applanix Position and Orientation System for Airborne Vehicles (POS/AV TM ) has been used successfully since 1994 to georeference airborne data collected from multispectral and hyperspectral scanners, LIDAR's, and film and digital cameras. The POS/AV TM uses integrated inertial/GPS technology to directly compute the position and orientation of the airborne sensor with respect to the local mapping frame. A description of the POS/AV TM system is given, along with an overview of the integrated inertial/GPS processing. An error analysis for the airborne direct georeferencing technique is then presented. Firstly, theoretical analysis is used to determine the attainable positioning accuracy of ground objects using only camera position, attitude, and image data, without ground control. Besides theoretical error analysis, a practical error analysis was done to present actual results using only the POS data plus digital imagery without ground control except for QA/QC. The results show that the use of POS/AV enables a variety of mapping products to be generated from airborne navigation and imagery data without the use of ground control.
Bivalency Is Required for Anticapsular Monoclonal Antibodies To Optimally Suppress Activation of the Alternative Complement Pathway by the<i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i>Capsule (1998)

Encapsulated cells of Cryptococcus neoformans are potent activators of the alternative complement pathway. Previous studies found that monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for the major capsular polysaccharide, termed glucuronoxylomannan (GXM), can markedly suppress the ability of the capsule to accumulate C3 from normal human serum via the alternative pathway. The present study examined the abilities of F(ab)2 and Fab fragments of three MAbs (MAbs 439, 3C2, and 471) to mediate the suppressive effect. The results showed that F(ab)2 fragments of all three MAbs suppressed activation and binding of C3 via the alternative pathway in a manner similar to that of intact antibodies. In contrast, Fab fragments of MAb 439 and MAb 3C2 showed no suppressive activity, and Fab fragments of MAb 471 were markedly reduced in suppressive activity. Indeed, there was an earlier accumulation of C3 on encapsulated cryptococci in the presence of the Fab fragments. Study of subclass switch families of MAb 439 and MAb 471 found that MAbs of an immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclass with increased flexibility in the hinge region (IgG2b) had less suppressive activity than MAbs of IgG subclasses with less flexibility (IgG1 or IgG2a). Taken together, these results indicate that cross-linking of the capsular matrix is an essential component in suppression of the alternative complement pathway by anti-GXM MAbs.
Spatial accuracy of surgical robots (2009)

Robots have been introduced to the operating room primarily to provide higher accuracy and dexterity. Mechatronic devices can support surgeons with advanced targeting, visualization and task execution with a precision beyond the human skills. To evaluate a system, accuracy tests are required, and proper methodology should be applied to describe its properties. It is crucial in interventional medicine to test the application accuracy of a system, showing the overall task execution error. This may be a non-linear function of the intrinsic- and registration accuracies, as described in the paper. Different methods are presented to provide system characteristics. Also, the most important surgical robot systems are introduced in details along with their published accuracy measures. Despite the fact that the added value of a surgical robot is usually consistent with the precision it can achieve, the importance of overall safety, predictability and transparency many times overcomes the need for spatial precision.
Design process of a trans-vaginal morcellator for total laparoscopic hysterectomy; from clinical functionality assessment to first prototype (2012)

Morcellator functionality information is relatively limited in literature and mainly restricted to general clinical data.No specific parameters related to morcellator working principles have been reported, making a surgeons choice to use a specific device mostly based on past experience and potential risks vs. benefits.Gaining insight into the morcellation time, morcellator speed, the number of tissue strips removed at a certain uterus weight and the amount of debris created by the morcellation process, can aid in the assessment of the procedure.This research evaluates these criteria both in-vitro and in clinical practice for a morcellator based on the electromechanical tissue peeling principle.Additionally, time-action analyses are performed to gain insight into the time division of the separate phases inherent to the morcellation procedure.Concluded is that the morcellation rates found in-vitro and from gynaecological procedures are different, but still allow for working principle comparison and insight into the functional speed of the instrument combined with the surgeons experience.Morcellation speed is found to increase with larger uteri, showing better instrument functioning speed at larger tissue masses.Time gained with respect to optimal functioning of the instrument is offset by time lost due to longer inspection and irrigation time necessary for debris removal after the morcellation procedure.Time-action analyses show an approximate 80% downtime of the morcellator both in test setup and in clinical practice, displaying the room for improvement of the instrument.
An Application of Saw Convolves to High Bandwidth Spread Spectrum Communications (1981)

A spread spectrum communications subsystem that is based on the separated medium acoustoelectric convolver is described. The subsystem generates minimum-shift-keyed (MSK) waveforms with the aid of SAW filters and performs differential-phase-shift-keyed (DPSK) data demodulation with acoustoelectric convolvers. The convolver provides a BT product of 2200 with a 3-dB bandwidth of 100 MHz. The signals processed by the subsystem have a BT product of 1100. In this paper, the subsystem, the generation of MSK waveforms, and the use of acoustoelectric convolvers are described. Important subsystem performance characteristics, including dynamic range (/spl cong/50 dB), contribution to implementation loss (/spl cong/1 dB), DPSK demodulation, and distortion levels are illustrated and discussed.
Polymorphism of Cellulose I Family:  Reinvestigation of Cellulose IV<sub>I</sub> (2004)

Polymorphs of cellulose I, III(I), and IV(I) have been investigated by X-ray diffraction, FT-IR, and solid-state (13)C NMR spectroscopy. Highly crystalline cellulose III(I) samples were prepared by treating cellulose samples in supercritical ammonia at 140 degrees C for 1 h, and conventional cellulose III(I) samples were prepared by liquid ammonia treatment. The cellulose IV(I) sample of highest crystallinity was that prepared from Cladophora cellulose III(I) in supercritical ammonia, followed by the sample treated in glycerol at 260 degrees C for 0.5 h, whereas the lowest crystallinity was observed in ramie cellulose prepared by conventional liquid ammonia treatment followed by glycerol annealing. In general, the perfection of cellulose IV(I) depends on the crystallinity of the original material: either of the starting cellulose I or of the cellulose III(I) after ammonia treatment. The product thus obtained was analogous to cellulose I(beta), which is what it should be called rather than cellulose IV(I). If the existence of the polymorph cellulose IV(I) is not accepted, the observations on which it has been based may be explained by the fact that the structure termed cellulose IV(I) is cellulose I(beta) which contains lateral disorder.
In vivo <sup>31</sup>P spectroscopy by fully adiabatic extended image selected in vivo spectroscopy: A comparison between 3 T and 7 T (2011)

An improved image selected in vivo spectroscopy (ISIS) sequence for localized (31)P magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 7 T was developed. To reduce errors in localization accuracy, adiabatic excitation, gradient offset independent adiabatic inversion pulses, and a special extended ISIS ordering scheme were used. The localization accuracy of extended ISIS was investigated in phantoms. The possible spectral quality and reproducibility in vivo was explored in a volunteer (brain, muscle, and liver). A comparison between 3 T and 7 T was performed in five volunteers. Adiabatic extended ISIS provided high spectral quality and accurate localization. The contamination in phantom experiments was only ∼5%, even if a pulse repetition time ∼ 1.2·T(1) was chosen to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio per unit time. High reproducibility was found in the calf muscle for 2.5 cm isotropic voxels at 7 T. When compared with 3 T, localized (31)P magnetic resonance spectroscopy in the human calf muscle at 7 T provided ∼3.2 times higher signal-to-noise ratio (as judged from phosphocreatine peak amplitude in frequency domain after matched filtering). At 7 T, extended ISIS allowed the performance of high-quality localized (31)P magnetic resonance spectroscopy in a short measurement time (∼3 to 4 min) and isotropic voxel sizes of ∼2.5 to 3 cm. With such short measurement times, localized (31)P magnetic resonance spectroscopy has the potential to be applied not only for clinical research but also for routine clinical practice.
Distribution system modelling for voltage stability studies (1996)

This paper presents a method to include a radial distribution system, with cascaded tap-changers, in voltage stability studies. A rural distribution system, including the 50 kV, 20 kV, 10 kV and 0.4 kV levels, has been studied. A detailed model of the network down to the customer level, with all lines and transformers explicitly represented, has been compared with a simple model consisting of an impedance in series with a modified tap-changer. The response to a step change in the transmission system voltage, has been studied for the entire distribution system as well as for the model derived. The series impedance of the model is based on the losses in the distribution system, and the equivalent tap-changer is derived from the behaviour of the real tap-changers which operate in series and in parallel. The detailed network has also been compared with other methods of including the distribution network in voltage stability studies. From the detailed model of the network an equivalent transfer function, describing the ratio of the equivalent tap-changer from 130 kV down to 0.4 kV, is derived.
Surface Modification of Polymeric Micelles by Strain‐Promoted Alkyne–Azide Cycloadditions (2010)

Organomicelles modified by surface dibenzylcyclooctyne moieties can conveniently be functionalized by strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloadditions. The ligation approach is highly efficient, does not require toxic reagents and is compatible with a wide variety of functional modules. Interactions of proteins with surface ligands of the micelles have been studied by AFM, which revealed that it leads to disassembly of the particles thereby providing a mechanism for triggered drug release.
Urinary Procollagen III Aminoterminal Propeptide (PIIINP) (2010)

UPIIINP/Cr is a promising fibro-test for the kidney and may alleviate the need for KB in some patients with CKD. Its predictive value for CKD progression deserves evaluation in prospective studies.
Construction of Efficient and Secure Pairing Algorithm and its Application. (2007)

Abstract. The randomized projective coordinate (RPC) method applied to a pairing computation algorithm is a good solution that provides an efficient countermeasure against side channel attacks. In this study, we investigate measures for increasing the efficiency of the RPC-based countermeasures and construct a method that provides an efficient RPCbased countermeasure against side channel attacks. We then apply our method to the well-known ηT pairing algorithm over binary fields and obtain an RPC-based countermeasure for the ηT pairing; our method is more efficient than the RPC method applied to the original ηT pairing algorithm.
Asia - Pacific Panaroma - Development of pension in China from a historical perspective (2014)

Traditionally in Chinese society, raising children to get support in old age had been the social norm and ethical value which people complied. Family took the main responsibility for taking care of older parents, and it was only when family could not afford to do so would society provide help. In a society where agriculture was the basis of economy, individuals would continue to work in the field as long as they could so as to earn a living, which is to say, in most cases, people would not stop working because of reaching a certain age, not to mention retirement.