gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Performance models of flash-based solid-state drives for real workloads (2011)

There is a wide gap between the potential performance of NAND flash-based solid state drives (SSDs) and their performance in many real-world applications; understanding this gap requires knowledge of their behavior and internal algorithms for various workloads. We develop analytic models for two commonly-used Flash Translation Layer (FTL) algorithms, as used in SSDs, as well as a methodology for applying these models to real-world workloads. We demonstrate the accuracy of these models via simulation, extend this approach to incorporate measurement-based approximations when detailed parameters are unknown, and validate this methodology against real devices.
A novel design and feasibility analysis of a fuel cell plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (2008)

Hydrogen powered fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) are receiving global attention, stimulated by the urgent need for more fuel-efficient vehicles. However, current challenges for fuel cells such as high cost, sizing problem, and limited driving range, greatly affect the pace of FCV development. At the same time, domestic and renewable energy resource usage is frequently being encouraged for future electric propulsion applications. This philosophy has lead auto manufacturers to investigate the potential of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs). In this paper, a fuel cell based PHEV (FC-PHEV) configuration, powered by combining an on-board regenerative fuel cell (RFC) and down-sized Ni-MH batteries, is modeled and investigated in detail. This configuration prospectively points towards remarkable advantages from the point of view of both environmental as well as cost friendliness. In addition, an FC-PHEV will also depict longer life span, while maintaining good vehicle performance, compared to regular plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs) or fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles (FC-HEVs). This paper will present a power train configuration of a FC-PHEV, developed for a family sedan. A suitable power management approach has been developed, which considers fuel economy, component efficiency, and driving pattern. The vehicle performance and feasibility are also investigated based on the modeling and simulation studies. A detailed comparison and discussion from the point of view of fuel economy, drive train efficiency, as well as practical cost and commercialization issues will also be presented.
Synthesis of Hyperbranched and Highly Branched Methacrylates by Self-Condensing Group Transfer Copolymerization (2001)

We report a study of the self-condensing group transfer copolymerization of the initiator−monomer (“inimer”) 2-(2-methyl-1-triethylsiloxy-1-propenyloxy)ethyl methacrylate (MTSHEMA) with methyl methacrylate (MMA). The highly branched polymethacrylates were characterized by multidetector SEC and NMR. Kinetic measurements show that cyclization, i.e., the intramolecular reaction of an active center with the vinyl group of the polymer, limits the molecular weights and lowers the polydispersity. Depending on the comonomer ratio, γ = [MMA]0/[MTSHEMA]0, molecular weights up to Mw = 240 000 at a polydispersity of Mw/Mn ≈ 3 could be obtained. The Mark−Houwink exponent of these branched copolymers depends on the comonomer ratio and is significantly lower (0.45 ≥ α ≥ 0.23) than linear PMMA (α = 0.69). Only 4% of inimer are necessary to lower the Mark−Houwink exponent to half the value of linear PMMA. Using slow addition of the comonomer mixture to the monofunctional initiator 1-methoxy-3-(trimethylsilyloxy)-2-methyl-1-propene (MTS) enables control of the molecular weights and decreases the polydispersity to Mw/Mn ≈ 1.6. Copolymerization of MTSHEMA with tert-butyl methacrylate followed by acid-catalyzed hydrolysis of the tert-butyl groups yields highly branched poly(methacrylic acid).
High Doses of Topical Amitriptyline in Neuropathic Pain: Two Cases and Literature Review (2011)

Severe chronic neuropathic pain is a challenge to treat, and due to adverse effects of classical oral medication, optimal and effective dose levels are difficult to reach. Therefore, administration of topical analgesics might be an option, due to reduced adverse effects, and increased patient compliance. The aim of this article is to describe two cases treated effectively with topical amitriptyline 5% and 10%, the highest dosage described to date. The first patient was a 39-year-old man, suffering from severe intractable neuropathic pain in feet and hands, due to diabetes mellitus type II (DM-II). After application of amitriptyline 5% the patient experienced a complete relieve only in the hands, whereas after application of amitriptyline 10%, a total reduction of pain occurred within 20 minutes, lasting the whole day. The second patient was a 57-year-old man, suffering for 10 years from progressive sensory disturbances in both feet and increasing pain due to chronic idiopathic axonal polyneuropathy (CIAP). Amitriptyline 5% cream reduced pain in the toes nearly completely, but this was not the case in the heels. Amitriptyline 10% reduced pain in the feet, however, systemic adverse effects occurred, mainly drowsiness. The patient decided to stop topical treatment because of these adverse effects. These two cases suggest an analgesic dose-response effect of topical amitriptyline in painful neuropathy. Systemic adverse effects should be taken into account.
Population Transfer between Two Quantum States by Piecewise Chirping of Femtosecond Pulses: Theory and Experiment (2008)

We propose and experimentally demonstrate the method of population transfer by piecewise adiabatic passage between two quantum states. Coherent excitation of a two-level system with a train of ultrashort laser pulses is shown to reproduce the effect of an adiabatic passage, conventionally achieved with a single frequency-chirped pulse. By properly adjusting the amplitudes and phases of the pulses in the excitation pulse train, we achieve complete and robust population transfer to the target state. The piecewise nature of the process suggests a possibility for the selective population transfer in complex quantum systems.
Evaluation of a New Cervical Immobilization/Extrication Device (1992)

The collar was significantly better than the short spine board in both lateral and rotational immobilization (p less than 0.001). There was no significant difference for flexion or extension (p greater than 0.05). The Red E.M. limited motion to a mean of 15 degrees or less in any direction. Ratings by EMS personnel for the device (mean+/- standard error) were: ease of application (sitting) 3.5+/-0.2, (supine) 2.7+/-0.2; ease of extrication 3.1+/-0.2; access to patient 3.4+/-0.2; storage 3.1+/-0.3; and overall utility 3.1+/-0.2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
42. Decontamination of the SGHWR prototype (1978)

Introduction Process Maintenance Programme Aspects Decontamination Plant Outline of a Decontamination Doserate Reductions Doserates in Contact with Plant Items Radio Isotope Harvest In-Service Oxides and Deposits Plant Modifications Corrosion Discussion of Inhibitor Effects Wastes Treatment
Anti-Glycoprotein G Antibodies of Herpes Simplex Virus 2 Contribute to Complete Protection after Vaccination in Mice and Induce Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity and Complement-Mediated Cytolysis (2014)

We investigated the role of antibodies against the mature portion of glycoprotein G (mgG-2) of herpes simplex virus 2 (HSV-2) in protective immunity after vaccination. Mice were immunized intramuscularly with mgG-2 and oligodeoxynucleotides containing two CpG motifs plus alum as adjuvant. All C57BL/6 mice survived and presented no genital or systemic disease. High levels of immunoglobulin G subclass 1 (IgG1) and IgG2 antibodies were detected and re-stimulated splenic CD4+ T cells proliferated and produced IFN-γ. None of the sera from immunized mice exhibited neutralization, while all sera exerted antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) and complement-mediated cytolysis (ACMC) activity. Passive transfer of anti-mgG-2 monoclonal antibodies, or immune serum, to naive C57BL/6 mice did not limit disease progression. Immunized B‑cell KO mice presented lower survival rate and higher vaginal viral titers, as compared with vaccinated B-cell KO mice after passive transfer of immune serum and vaccinated C57BL/6 mice. Sera from mice that were vaccinated subcutaneously and intranasally with mgG-2 presented significantly lower titers of IgG antibodies and lower ADCC and ACMC activity. We conclude that anti-mgG-2 antibodies were of importance to limit genital HSV‑2 infection. ADCC and ACMC activity are potentially important mechanisms in protective immunity, and could tentatively be evaluated in future animal vaccine studies and in clinical trials.
Full-wave analysis of coupling between combline resonators and its application to combline filters with canonical configurations (2001)

Resonant frequencies and coupling coefficient between two combline cavities, in the presence of other cavities, are obtained accurately using the mode-matching technique. The effect of iris dimensions and position on the electric and magnetic coupling is rigorously investigated. The corresponding data for two isolated cavities are included for comparison. The adjacent and nonadjacent couplings are rigorously investigated for different configurations of three coupled cavities. A four-pole slot-coupled elliptic combline filter is designed.
The EGS5 Code System (2005)

In the nineteen years since EGS4 was released, it has been used in a wide variety of applications, particularly in medical physics, radiation measurement studies, and industrial development. Every new user and every new application bring new challenges for Monte Carlo code designers, and code refinements and bug fixes eventually result in a code that becomes difficult to maintain. Several of the code modifications represented significant advances in electron and photon transport physics, and required a more substantial invocation than code patching. Moreover, the arcane MORTRAN3[48] computer language of EGS4, was highest on the complaint list of the users of EGS4. The size of the EGS4 user base is difficult to measure, as there never existed a formal user registration process. However, some idea of the numbers may be gleaned from the number of EGS4 manuals that were produced and distributed at SLAC: almost three thousand. Consequently, the EGS5 project was undertaken. It was decided to employ the FORTRAN 77 compiler, yet include as much as possible, the structural beauty and power of MORTRAN3. This report consists of four chapters and several appendices. Chapter 1 is an introduction to EGS5 and to this report in general. We suggest that you read it. Chapter 2 is a major update of similar chapters in the old EGS4 report[126] (SLAC-265) and the old EGS3 report[61] (SLAC-210), in which all the details of the old physics (i.e., models which were carried over from EGS4) and the new physics are gathered together. The descriptions of the new physics are extensive, and not for the faint of heart. Detailed knowledge of the contents of Chapter 2 is not essential in order to use EGS, but sophisticated users should be aware of its contents. In particular, details of the restrictions on the range of applicability of EGS are dispersed throughout the chapter. First-time users of EGS should skip Chapter 2 and come back to it later if necessary. With the release of the EGS4 version, a deliberate attempt was made to present example problems in order to help the user ''get started'', and we follow that spirit in this report. A series of elementary tutorial user codes are presented in Chapter 3, with more sophisticated sample user codes described in Chapter 4. Novice EGS users will find it helpful to read through the initial sections of the EGS5 User Manual (provided in Appendix B of this report), proceeding then to work through the tutorials in Chapter 3. The User Manuals and other materials found in the appendices contain detailed flow charts, variable lists, and subprogram descriptions of EGS5 and PEGS. Included are step-by-step instructions for developing basic EGS5 user codes and for accessing all of the physics options available in EGS5 and PEGS. Once acquainted with the basic structure of EGS5, users should find the appendices the most frequently consulted sections of this report.
Expression of Multiple<i>CPB</i>Genes Encoding Cysteine Proteases Is Required for<i>Leishmania mexicana</i>Virulence In Vivo (2003)

Leishmania mexicana mutants deficient in the multicopy CPB gene array have reduced virulence, demonstrated by poor lesion growth in BALB/c mice and induction of a protective Th1 response. Reinsertion of the amastigote-specific CPB2.8 or metacyclic stage-specific CPB2 gene into a CPB-deficient mutant L. mexicana failed to restore either a Th2 response or sustained virulence. However, reexpression of multiple CPB genes from a cosmid significantly restored virulence. This was characterized by increased lesion and parasite growth and the acquisition of a Th2 response, as determined by measuring interleukin-4 production and immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgE levels. These studies confirm that L. mexicana cysteine proteases are important virulence factors and provide an explanation for the presence in L. mexicana of a multicopy tandem array of CPB genes.
Parallel simulation of the Sharks World problem (1990)

The authors describe the design of a Maisie program to simulate the Shark's World problem and present the timings for both sequential and parallel executions of the model. The sequential implementation of Maisie used a single event-list and a global simulation clock. The parallel implementation was executed on a multicomputer architecture using a space-time simulation algorithm. Experimental results indicate that reasonable speedups may be achieved for a relatively small number of creatures; further, the speedups increased linearly as the number of creatures in the system was increased. For a configuration with 2048 creatures, the parallel implementation with 32 nodes and 32 sectors was better by a factor of almost five over the best sequential implementation. The performance of the space-time algorithm depends on a number of factors, including frequency of checkpointing, time-length for which multiple incarnations of an entity are created, and the algorithm used to detect the time up to which the simulation has converged. >
Development of a Research, Screening, and Testing Strategy for Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (1997)

Presenting Author: Robert J. Kavlock, BS, PhD; Director, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; Research Triangle Park, NC
Electronically scanned cmt detector array for the 8–14 μm band (1982)

A cadmium-mercury-telluride photovoltaic hybrid array of 1024 elements is described. The device operates in the 8–14 μm band and is electronically scanned by means of MOS silicon switches. An example of a ‘staring’ image obtained with the device is shown.
Thermal design in the open compute datacenter (2012)

The advent of Web-based services and cloud computing has instigated an explosive growth in demand for datacenters. Traditionally, Internet companies would lease datacenter space and servers from vendors that often emphasize flexibility over efficiency. But as these companies grew larger, they sought to reduce acquisition and operation costs by building their own datacenters. Facebook reached this stage earlier in 2011 when it unveiled its first customized datacenter in Prineville, Oregon. In designing this datacenter, Facebook took a blank-slate approach where all aspects were rethought for maximum efficiency. Although the resulting datacenter is optimized for Facebook's workload, it is general enough to be appeal to a wide variety of applications. This paper describes our choices and innovations in the thermal design of the datacenter building, which employs 100% outside-air economization. The efficiency of this design is manifest in an average infrastructure energy use reduction of 86% compared to leased space, and an overall energy use reduction of 29%. This reduction in turn translates to a power usage efficiency of 1.08, measured over the summer of 2011.
Ionic Liquid Applications: Pharmaceuticals, Therapeutics, and Biotechnology (2010)

Design and synthesis of pharmaceutically acceptable salts is one of the prime aspect of drug development. An estimated half of all drugs used in medicine are administered as salts. The salt formation of drug candidates has been recognized as an essential preformulation task. Salt formation of APIs can improve their aqueous solubility, industrial processing, safety aspects and sometimes biological properties. These properties can be further enhanced by changing counterion of the active component. Though there is no concerned effort of finding applications of ionic liquids in the pharmaceutical arena in recent years, a detailed survey of the literature shows that pharmaceutical salts having properties now termed as ‘ionic liquids’ have existed for a long time. In this chapter a historical overview of ‘ionic liquid like pharmaceutical salts’, their importance and application in drug development has been described.
The ABMS Paradigm (2007)

Abstract This chapter discusses foundational issues in modeling, such as the differences between deterministic and stochastic models as well as the strategic, tactical, and operational model guidance horizons. It also explains how agent-based modeling and simulation fits into this context.
Pollen‐specific expression of <i>DEFH125</i>, a MADS‐box transcription factor in <i>Antirrhinum</i> with unusual features (1997)

MADS-box genes encode transcription factors that regulate different processes of early and late floral development. A novel type of MADS-box gene, DEFH125, was isolated from a stamen specific cDNA library from Antirrhinum majus. The DEFH125 protein shows extensive similarity over the entire length to AGL17, a root-specific MADS-box protein of Arabidopsis. By sharing amino acid deviations from the consensus MADS-box sequence not found in other MADS-box families, these two proteins constitute a novel MADS-box subfamily. However, in contrast to members of other subfamilies the overall structural similarity between the DEFH125 and AGL17 proteins does not coincide with a similarity of expression patterns and functions. The DEFH125 gene is expressed at detectable levels only in the third whorl when the meiotic division of the pollen mother cell is already accomplished. The DEFH125 protein has been located in the cytoplasm of the vegetative cell within the maturing pollen. Surprisingly, after pollination, the DEFH125 protein is also found in nuclei of cells within the transmitting tract of the carpel. The intriguing role of DEFH125, the first MADS-box transcription factor of this type, in aspects of fertilization, such as pollen maturation, pollen tube formation or pollen tube guidance in the carpel, is discussed.
Parallel rendering of volumetric data set on distributed‐memory architectures (1993)

Abstract A solution is proposed to the problem of interactive visualization and rendering of volume data. Designed for parallel distributed memory MIMD architectures, the volume rendering system is based on the ray tracing (RT) visualization technique, the Sticks representation scheme (a data structure exploiting data coherence for the compression of classified data sets), the use of a slice‐partitioning technique for the distribution of the data between the processing nodes and the consequent ray‐data‐flow parallelizing strategy. The system has been implemented on two different architectures: an inmos Transputer network and a hypercube nCUBE 6400 architecture. The high number of processors of this latter machine has allowed us to exploit a second level of parallelism (parallelism on image space, or parallelism on pixels) in order to arrive at a higher degree of scalability. In both proposals, the similarities between the chosen data‐partitioning strategy, the communications pattern of the visualization processes and the topology of the physical system architecture represent the key points and provide improved software design and efficiency. Moreover, the partitioning strategy used and the network interconnection topology reduce the communications overhead and allow for an efficient implementation of a static load‐balancing technique based on the prerendering of a low resolution image. Details of the practical issues involved in the parallelization process of volumetric RT, commonly encountered problems (i.e. termination and deadlock prevention) and the sw migration process between different architectures are discussed.
Polymer-Bound Oxidovanadium(IV) and Dioxidovanadium(V) Complexes As Catalysts for the Oxidative Desulfurization of Model Fuel Diesel (2010)

The Schiff base (Hfsal-dmen) derived from 3-formylsalicylic acid and N,N-dimethyl ethylenediamine has been covalently bonded to chloromethylated polystyrene to give the polymer-bound ligand, PS-Hfsal-dmen (I). Treatment of PS-Hfsal-dmen with [V(IV)O(acac)(2)] in the presence of MeOH gave the oxidovanadium(IV) complex PS-[V(IV)O(fsal-dmen)(MeO)] (1). On aerial oxidation in methanol, complex 1 was oxidized to PS-[V(V)O(2)(fsal-dmen)] (2). The corresponding neat complexes, [V(IV)O(sal-dmen)(acac)] (3) and [V(V)O(2)(sal-dmen)] (4) were similarly prepared. All these complexes are characterized by various spectroscopic techniques (IR, electronic, NMR, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)) and thermal as well as field-emission scanning electron micrographs (FE-SEM) studies, and the molecular structures of 3 and 4 were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The EPR spectrum of the polymer supported V(IV)O-complex 1 is characteristic of magnetically diluted V(IV)O-complexes, the resolved EPR pattern indicating that the V(IV)O-centers are well dispersed in the polymer matrix. A good (51)V NMR spectrum could also be measured with 4 suspended in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), the chemical shift (-503 ppm) being compatible with a VO(2)(+)-center and a N,O binding set. The catalytic oxidative desulfurization of organosulfur compounds thiophene, dibenzothiophene, benzothiophene, and 2-methyl thiophene (model of fuel diesel) was carried out using complexes 1 and 2. The sulfur in model organosulfur compounds oxidizes to the corresponding sulfone in the presence of H(2)O(2). The systems 1 and 2 do not loose efficiency for sulfoxidation at least up to the third cycle of reaction, this indicating that they preserve their integrity under the conditions used. Plausible intermediates involved in these catalytic processes are established by UV-vis, EPR, (51)V NMR, and density functional theory (DFT) studies, and an outline of the mechanism is proposed. The (51)V NMR spectra recorded for solutions in methanol confirm that complex 4, on treatment with H(2)O(2), is able to generate peroxo-vanadium(V) complexes, including quite stable protonated peroxo-V(V)-complexes [V(V)O(O)(2)(sal-dmen-NH(+))]. The (51)V NMR and DFT data indicate that formation of the intermediate hydroxido-peroxo-V(V)-complex [V(V)(OH)(O(2))(sal-dmen)](+) does not occur, but instead protonated [V(V)O(O)(2)(sal-dmen-NH(+))] complexes form and are relevant for catalytic action.