gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A fast classification scheme and its application to face recognition (2013)

To overcome the high computational complexity in real-time classifier design, we propose a fast classification scheme. A new measure called ‘reconstruction proportion’ is exploited to reflect the discriminant information. A novel space called the ‘reconstruction space’ is constructed according to the reconstruction proportions. A point in the reconstruction space denotes the case of a sample reconstructed using training samples. This is used to search for an optimal mapping from the conventional sample space to the reconstruction space. When the projection from the sample space to the reconstruction space is obtained, a new sample after mapping to the new discriminant space would be classified quickly according to the reconstruction proportions in the reconstruction space. This projection technique results in a diversion of time-consuming calculations from the classification stage to the training stage. Though training time is prolonged, it is advantageous in that classification problems such as identification can be solved in real time. Experimental results on the ORL, Yale, YaleB, and CMU PIE face databases showed that the proposed fast classification scheme greatly outperforms conventional classifiers in classification accuracy and efficiency.
MC-silicon solar cells with &lt;17% efficiency (2002)

In a study we applied different solar cell processes of varying complexity to several different directionally solidified mc-Si materials. The materials differed with respect to the crystallization velocity, planarity of the crystallization interface, and feedstock quality. In general, higher solar cell efficiencies were observed with increasing process complexity. Emitter passivated solar cells with integrated gettering yielded efficiencies up to 17.4% for materials with planar crystallization interface while materials with strongly bent crystallization interface seem to be more vulnerable to prolonged processing times and higher temperatures. The limiting factor for solar cell efficiency seems to be the grown-in quality of the silicon like homogeneity and defect density rather than the solar cell process itself.
Increased levels of Porphyromonas gingivalis are associated with ischemic and hemorrhagic cerebrovascular disease in humans: an in vivo study (2012)

Stroke patients had deeper pockets, more severe attachment loss, increased bleeding on probing, increased plaque indexes, and in their pockets harbored increased levels of P. gingivalis. These findings suggest that periodontal disease is a risk factor for the development of cerebral hemorrhage or infarction. Early treatment of periodontitis may counteract the development of cerebrovascular episodes.
The bipolar disorder risk allele at CACNA1C also confers risk of recurrent major depression and of schizophrenia (2009)

Molecular genetic analysis offers opportunities to advance our understanding of the nosological relationship between psychiatric diagnostic categories in general, and the mood and psychotic disorders in particular. Strong evidence (P=7.0 × 10(-7)) of association at the polymorphism rs1006737 (within CACNA1C, the gene encoding the α-1C subunit of the L-type voltage-gated calcium channel) with the risk of bipolar disorder (BD) has recently been reported in a meta-analysis of three genome-wide association studies of BD, including our BD sample (N=1868) studied within the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium. Here, we have used our UK case samples of recurrent major depression (N=1196) and schizophrenia (N=479) and UK non-psychiatric comparison groups (N=15316) to examine the spectrum of phenotypic effect of the bipolar risk allele at rs1006737. We found that the risk allele conferred increased risk for schizophrenia (P=0.034) and recurrent major depression (P=0.013) with similar effect sizes to those previously observed in BD (allelic odds ratio ∼1.15). Our findings are evidence of some degree of overlap in the biological underpinnings of susceptibility to mental illness across the clinical spectrum of mood and psychotic disorders, and show that at least some loci can have a relatively general effect on susceptibility to diagnostic categories, as currently defined. Our findings will contribute to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of major psychiatric illness, and such knowledge should be useful in providing an etiological rationale for shaping psychiatric nosology, which is currently reliant entirely on descriptive clinical data.
<title>New family of 1:1 catadioptric broadband deep-UV high-Na lithography lenses</title> (1991)

This family of optical systems is developed from the Wynne-Dyson system, which can be used in UV and deep-UV lithography systems. Its numerical aperture is larger than 0.4, its spectral bandwidth is wide, so the unnarrowed excimer laser or mercury lamp can be used as an illuminator in these lenses and even the through-lens alignment system can be used in the lithography systems in which these lenses are used.
ROMP-Derived Pyridylborate Block Copolymers: Self-Assembly, pH-Responsive Properties, and Metal-Containing Nanostructures (2015)

The functionalization of organic polymers with polydentate ligands offers opportunities in areas ranging from supported catalysts to materials with desirable magnetic, redox-active, stimuli-responsive, and self-healing properties. Herein, we present the synthesis and self-assembly of tris(2-pyridyl)borate (Tpyb)-functionalized homo and block copolymers, prepared via ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of (bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-en-2-yl)-4-phenyl) (pyridin-1-ium-2-yl)di(pyridin-2-yl)borate (M1) and dimethyl-7-oxabicyclo[2.2.1]hept-5-ene-exo,exo-2,3-dicarboxylate (M2) using Grubbs third-generation catalyst. Controlled polymerization was confirmed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC; also referred to as size exclusion chromatography, SEC) and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy. The solution self-assembly in block-selective solvents (MeOH, THF) was investigated by dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning tunneling electron microscopy (STEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the microphase separation in a thin film was imaged by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Hydrolysis of the ester-substituted oxanorbornene block with NaOH led to a new copolymer with carboxylate functionalities that can be dispersed in water. The latter displays multiresponsive properties as each of the individual blocks can be reversibly switched between hydrophobic and hydrophilic states by simple adjustment of pH. Cross-linking of the block copolymer aggregates via metal ion complexation was accomplished, and the feasibility of metal ion exchange was demonstrated by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX).
Resveratrol Prevents Monocrotaline‐induced Pulmonary Hypertension in Rats (2008)

Progression of pulmonary hypertension (PAH) is associated with increased proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) and activation of inflammatory processes. We showed previously that resveratrol (RES) in vitro exerts anti‐oxidant anti‐inflammatory effects and attenuates cell proliferation. The present study was undertaken to investigate the efficacy of RES for preventing PAH. Rats injected with monocrotaline (MCT) progressively developed PAH. RES treatment (25 mg/kg/day, p.o., from day 1 post‐MCT) attenuated RV systolic pressure and pulmonary arterial remodeling, decreased expression of inflammatory cytokines (TNFa, IL‐1a, IL‐6, PDGFa/b) and limited the presence of ED‐1 positive cells in the lung. RES in vitro inhibited proliferation of PASMCs. There was an increased expression of eNOS, decreased oxidative stress, down‐regulation of NAD(P)H oxidase subunits and improved endothelial function in small pulmonary arteries of RES‐treated rats. RES treatment also prevented RV hypertrophy and attenuated RV myocardial oxidative stress. In conclusion, RES exerts anti‐inflammatory and anti‐oxidant effects attenuating vascular remodeling and cor pulmonale in experimental PAH.
Inhibitors of acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase. 5. Identification and structure-activity relationships of novel .beta.-keto amides as hypocholesterolemic agents (1993)

A study of structure-activity relationships of substituted beta-ketoamide ACAT inhibitors I and II was performed. The results of this study suggest that whereas the beta-keto group was tolerated with no loss in activity, beta-hydroxy and oxime moieties led to significantly reduced activity in vitro and in vivo. The most potent inhibitor from the acyclic series (I) (11, IC50 = 0.006 microM) contained a C-13 alkyl chain. This compound reduced plasma total cholesterol by 38% and 66% at 3 and 30 mg/kg, respectively, in cholesterol-fed rats. Dimethylation alpha to the anilide core (5) and subsequent N-methylation of the amide NH (6) decreased in vitro potency significantly. It was also found that high potency was retained with inhibitors which incorporated the carbonyl into a lactam ring (II).
III. A molecular prelude to intestinal inflammation (1999)

Nitric oxide (NO) synthesis is markedly augmented in states of inflammation, largely due to the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Although NO has anti-inflammatory consequences under basal conditions, it remains enigmatic as to why NO displays proinflammatory characteristics in chronic inflammation. Either the anti-inflammatory actions are weak and of little consequence or, alternatively, other factors influence the role of NO in chronic inflammation. We propose that the answer to this enigma lies in the conversion of NO to other higher oxides of nitrogen (NO2, nitrogen dioxide; N2O3, dinitrogen trioxide; and ONOO-, peroxynitrite). Emerging therapeutic strategies may be independent of NO synthesis; e.g., antioxidants have no direct interaction with NO but attenuate the levels and activity of higher nitrogen oxides. Thus, whereas iNOS may be a marker for the proinflammatory actions of NO, the species that mediate tissue injury/dysfunction in inflammation are likely to be nitrogen oxides other than NO.
Substrate specificity of Rv3378c, an enzyme from Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and the inhibitory activity of the bicyclic diterpenoids against macrophagephagocytosis (2010)

The Rv3378c gene product from Mycobacterium tuberculosis encodes a diterpene synthase to produce tuberculosinol (3), 13R-isotuberculosinol (4a), and 13S-isotuberculosinol (4b) from tuberculosinyl diphosphate (2). The product distribution ratios are 1 : 1 for 3 to 4 and 1 : 3 for 4a to 4b. The substrate specificity of the Rv3378c-encoded enzyme was examined. The 3 labdadienyl diphosphates, copalyl diphosphate (CDP) (7), ent-CDP (8), and syn-CDP (9), underwent the conversion reaction, with good yields (67-78%). Copalol (23) and manool (24) were produced from 7, ent-copalol (25) and ent-manool (26) from 8, and syn-copalol (27) and vitexifolin A (28) from 9. The ratio of 23 to 24 was 40 : 27, that of 25:26 was 22 : 50, and that of 27:28 was 16 : 62. Analysis on a GC-MS chromatograph equipped with a chiral column revealed that 24, 26, and 28 consisted of a mixture of 13R- (a) and 13S-stereoisomers (b) in the following ratio: ca. 1 : 1 for 24a to 24b, ca. 1 : 5 for 26a to 26b, and ca. 1 : 19 for 28a to 28b. The structures of these products indicate that the reactions of the 3 CDPs proceeded in the same fashion as that of 2. This is the first report on the enzymatic synthesis of natural diterpenes manool, ent-manool, and vitexifolin A. Both Rv3377c and Rv3378c genes are found in virulent Mycobacterium species, but not in avirulent species. We found that 3 and 4 inhibited the phagocytosis of opsonized zymosan particles by human macrophage-like cells. Interestingly, the inhibitory activity was synergistically increased by the coexistence of 3 and 4b. Other labdane-related diterpenes, 13-16 and 23-28, had little or no inhibitory activity. This synergistic inhibition by 3 and 4 may provide further advantage to the impairment of phagocyte function, which might contribute to pathogenicity of M. tuberculosis.
Contribution of immunohistochemistry to diagnostic problems of human cerebral tumors. (1978)

Free accessAbstractFirst published July 1978Contribution of immunohistochemistry to diagnostic problems of human cerebral tumors.L F Eng and L J RubinsteinVolume 26, Issue 7https://doi.org/10.1177/26.7.357640
Th1 and th2 responses, HIV-1 coreceptors, and HIV-1 infection. (2002)

The Th1/Th2 model provides an interesting paradigm for understanding several pathophysiological processes and possibly for developing new immunotherapeutical strategies. In HIV-1 infection the interaction between the type of HIV-1 strain and the pathway of the ongoing T-cell effector response, despite its complexity, may represent one of the crucial mechanisms in determining the outcome of virus infection. While the possibility of an HIV-1-driven Th1 to Th2 switch of the immune response is still debated, evidence is accumulating to suggest that cytokines produced during an immune response can contribute to promote a selective pressure toward the evolution of HIV-1 viral strains with different tropism. This article summarizes the results of our recent studies in which the expression of CCR5 and CXCR4 HIV-1 co-receptors, as well as the activity of R5- or X4- tropic strains of HIV-1 in different in vitro models of Th1/Th2 polarization was analyzed.
ABC transporters: bacterial exporters. (1993)

The ABC transporters (also called traffic ATPases) make up a large superfamily of proteins which share a common function and a common ATP-binding domain. ABC transporters are classified into three major groups: bacterial importers (the periplasmic permeases), eukaryotic transporters, and bacterial exporters. We present a comprehensive review of the bacterial ABC exporter group, which currently includes over 40 systems. The bacterial ABC exporter systems are functionally subdivided on the basis of the type of substrate that each translocates. We describe three main groups: protein exporters, peptide exporters, and systems that transport nonprotein substrates. Prototype exporters from each group are described in detail to illustrate our current understanding of this protein family. The prototype systems include the alpha-hemolysin, colicin V, and capsular polysaccharide exporters from Escherichia coli, the protease exporter from Erwinia chrysanthemi, and the glucan exporters from Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Rhizobium meliloti. Phylogenetic analysis of the ATP-binding domains from 29 bacterial ABC exporters indicates that the bacterial ABC exporters can be divided into two primary branches. One branch contains the transport systems where the ATP-binding domain and the membrane-spanning domain are present on the same polypeptide, and the other branch contains the systems where these domains are found on separate polypeptides. Differences in substrate specificity do not correlate with evolutionary relatedness. A complete survey of the known and putative bacterial ABC exporters is included at the end of the review.
Multi-cantilever piezoelectric MEMS generator in energy harvesting (2009)

In this paper, we present the development of a multi-cantilever piezoelectric MEMS generator, which has the ability to scavenge mechanical energy of ambient vibrations and transforms it into useful electrical power. The generator comprises four cantilever type devices, two d <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">31</sub> mode devices and two d <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">33</sub> mode devices, which were made by a silicon process in a single die. We developed a PZT deposition machine which uses an aerosol deposition method to fabricate the PZT thin film efficiently. The four cantilever devices can be connected in series or in parallel so as to possess different output characteristics. The measurement results show that our prototype device possesses resonance frequencies between 237 Hz and 244.5 Hz.
Resistive extraction of polysilicon gate linewidth (2002)

The polysilicon gate linewidth manufacturing control strategy typically includes an electrical resistance measurement to extract the gate dimension. The extraction method usually assumes that wide (reference) and narrow (gate dimension) resistors have the same absolute sheet resistance. However, upon deeper examination, we found that this assumption is frequently invalid, submicron resistors do not necessarily have the same sheet resistance as wide resistors. Moreover, N-type and P-type narrow resistors exhibit quite divergent behaviors.
Preliminary Characterization of a Diverging Cusped Field (DCF) Thruster (2009)

An initial characterization of a diverging cusped field (DCF) thruster with a straight (non-diverging) discharge channel is presented. The thruster is operated on krypton propellant, at power levels ranging from 25-250 W. Thrust, specific impulse, and thrust (anode) efficiency are found to be very sensitive to cathode placement, and thrust efficiencies exceeding 20% are found over a range of operating conditions. This thruster appears to be unusually quiescent, with small amplitude (<1%), high frequency (100 kHz) fluctuations in discharge current. Plume ion current measurements indicate the existence of a conical ion emission, similar to that seen previously in a model with diverging channel walls; this suggests that the ion divergence of the plume is more closely connected to the magnetic field topography than the channel geometry. When operating with 300 V to the anode, plasma potential measurements throughout the near field reveal regions of elevated plasma potential (in some places exceeding 100 V) that are coincident with the most luminous visible regions of the discharge, where the highest ion current densities are found. In contrast, the plume electron temperature is found to peak (at more than 10 eV) along the central axis.
Generation and Surface Localization of Intact M Protein in<i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i>Are Dependent on<i>sagA</i> (2001)

ABSTRACT The M protein is an important surface-located virulence factor of Streptococcus pyogenes , the group A streptococcus (GAS). Expression of M protein is primarily controlled by Mga, a transcriptional activator protein. A recent report suggested that the sag locus, which includes nine genes necessary and sufficient for production of streptolysin S, another GAS virulence factor, is also needed for transcription of emm , encoding the M protein (Z. Li, D. D. Sledjeski, B. Kreikemeyer, A. Podbielski, and M. D. Boyle, J. Bacteriol. 181:6019–6027, 1999). To investigate this in more detail, we constructed an insertion-deletion mutation in sagA , the first gene in the sag locus, in the M6 strain JRS4. The resulting strain, JRS470, produced no detectable streptolysin S and showed a drastic reduction in cell surface-associated M protein, as measured by cell aggregation and Western blot analysis. However, transcription of the emm gene was unaffected by the sagA mutation. Detailed analysis with monoclonal antibodies and an antipeptide antibody showed that the M protein in the sagA mutant strain was truncated so that it lacks the C-repeat region and the C-terminal domain required for anchoring it to the cell surface. This truncated M protein was largely found, as expected, in the culture supernatant. Lack of surface-located M protein made the sagA mutant strain susceptible to phagocytosis. Thus, although sagA does not affect transcription of the M6 protein gene, it is needed for the surface localization of this important virulence factor.
A recovery mechanism for modular software (1979)

When an exception occurs, the state of a system is damaged : further processing may cause additional exceptions. Under some hypotheses concerning the system structure we give an a priori estimate of the damage caused by exceptions. Based on this estimate we propose a recovery strategy and a recovery mechanism.
Current and Future Management of Chronic Hepatitis D. (2018)

Hepatitis D virus (HDV) is a defective RNA virus that requires the hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) for its assembly, release, and transmission. HDV is highly pathogenic, causing the least common, but most severe, form of chronic viral hepatitis at all ages. Although significant advances have been made in the treatment of chronic viral hepatitis, targeting HDV remains a major challenge because of the unconventional nature of this virus and the severity of its disease. The virus contains a ribonucleoprotein complex formed by the RNA genome with a single structural protein, delta antigen (HDAg), which exists in 2 forms (small and large HDAg) and is coated by HBsAg. Farnesylation of the large HDAg is essential for anchoring the ribonucleoprotein to HBsAg for the assembly of virion particles. HDV enters into hepatocytes by using the HBV receptor, the sodium taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP). Unlike other RNA viruses, HDV does not encode its own polymerase but exploits the host RNA polymerase II for replication. Thus, in contrast to HBV and hepatitis C virus, which possess virus-specific enzymes that can be targeted by specific inhibitors, the lack of a virus-specific polymerase makes HDV a particularly challenging therapeutic target. Treatment of hepatitis D remains unsatisfactory, and interferon-α has been the only approved drug over the past 30 years. This article examines the unconventional nature of HDV, the current management of chronic hepatitis D, and how new insights from the HDV life cycle have led to the development of 3 novel classes of drugs (NTCP receptor inhibitors, farnesyltransferase inhibitors, and nucleic acid polymers) that are currently under clinical evaluation.
Kidney regeneration and disease modeling research using iPS cell technology (2013)

医学的および医療経済的な問題となっている慢性腎臓病(chronic kidney disease; CKD)の解決策の一つとして，iPS細胞(induced pluripotent stem cell，人工多能性幹細胞)を用いた腎臓再生医療の開発が期待されている。実験動物を用いた腎臓発生および腎構成細胞の運命決定機構を解明する研究も進展し，それらの知見に基づいたマウスES細胞(embryonic stem cell，胚性幹細胞)から腎臓系譜の細胞を分化誘導する多くの試みもなされてきた。筆者らは，最近，ヒトES/iPS細胞から腎臓を派生させる胎生組織である中間中胚葉を90%以上の高効率で分化誘導する方法を確立した。今後，ヒトES/iPS細胞由来の中間中胚葉から腎細胞への高効率の分化誘導法の開発により，細胞療法や難治性腎疾患に対する疾患モデル作製とそれを用いた治療法開発などの臨床応用を目指した研究への進展が期待される。
Rapid Manual Diagnosis of<i>Plasmodium falciparum</i>Malaria Using<i>Para</i>Sight-F Dipsticks Applied to Human Blood and Urine (1996)

Rapid, simple and accurate methods are required for the diagnosis of malaria in travelers. Studies have reported field evaluation of a dipstick antigen-capture assay based on qualitative detection of Plasmodiumfalciyarm (Pf) histidine-rich protein I1 (PfHRP-11) in peripheral blood for diagnosis of ef infection (Parasight-F test, Becton Dickinson Advanced Diagnostics).’.* The dipstick, a preparation of nitrocellulose and glass fiber, is pretreated with a mouse monoclonal antibody (mAb) against PfHRP-11, which is applied across the stick in a line across about 1 cm from the base of the stick.A second dotted line of PfHRP-I1 antigen is incorporated in the dipstick about 3 mm above the line of mAb as a reagent control. The dipstick is placed in a drop of hemolyzed blood. Following this process, drops of developing and clearing reagents are applied at the base of the dipstick. A positive test result (indicating the presence of PfHRP-11) is evident when a thin, solid pink band appears on the dipstick. The sensitivity of the test, when compared with microscopic examination, increases with increasing parasite density to reach almost 100% for densities greater than 100 pf/l~.L.’ Since it is known that some Plasmodium antigens can be detected in the urine of parasitemic individual^,^ we conducted a pilot study to assess the sensitivity of the dipstick test when applied to human urine. We compared the results of blood slide examination by microscopy with the results of the dipstick test in both the blood and urine samples of 53 healthy adults living in a highly endemic area of Papua New G ~ i n e a . ~ Examiners were blinded to the results of the other tests.