gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hydrogen passivation of acceptors in <i>p</i>-InP (1989)

The problem of hydrogenation of InP without surface degradation has been surmounted by exposure of the InP surface to a hydrogen plasma through a thin SiNx(H) cap layer. This layer is H permeable at the hydrogenation temperature of 250 °C, but P or PH3 impermeable thus minimizing PH3 loss and the attendant In droplet formation. In contrast to our results for this type of plasma exposure of GaAs, we find that shallow acceptors in InP are heavily passivated, whereas shallow donors are only very weakly affected. For example, p+-InP(Zn) of 3×1018 cm−3 has its residual hole concentration reduced to ≤3×1014 cm−3 over a depth of 1.3 μm by a 250 °C, 0.5 h deuteration. The presence of acceptors impedes H (or D) indiffusion, as indicated by D diffusion under the same conditions occurring to depths of 18 and 35 μm in p-InP (Zn, 2×1016 cm−3) and n-InP (S or Sn), respectively. Annealing for 1 min at 350 °C causes the acceptor passivation to be lost and the hole concentration to be returned to its prehydrogenation level, indicating that the passivation has similar thermal stability to that of acceptors in GaAs, but lower than that of donors.
Controlling the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein Conformation (2020)

The coronavirus (CoV) viral host cell fusion spike (S) protein is the primary immunogenic target for virus neutralization and the current focus of many vaccine design efforts. The highly flexible S-protein, with its mobile domains, presents a moving target to the immune system. Here, to better understand S-protein mobility, we implemented a structure-based vector analysis of available β-CoV S-protein structures. We found that despite overall similarity in domain organization, different β-CoV strains display distinct S-protein configurations. Based on this analysis, we developed two soluble ectodomain constructs in which the highly immunogenic and mobile receptor binding domain (RBD) is locked in either the all-RBDs 'down' position or is induced to display a previously unobserved in SARS-CoV-2 2-RBDs 'up' configuration. These results demonstrate that the conformation of the S-protein can be controlled via rational design and provide a framework for the development of engineered coronavirus spike proteins for vaccine applications.
Empirical Modeling and Estimation of End-to-End VoIP Delay over Mobile Multi-Hop Wireless Networks (2010)

We present an empirical model of the upstream end-to-end Voice-over-IP (VoIP) delay over a mobile, multi-hop wireless network towards a single gateway. First, we define the "VoIP regime" as the regime of network operation in which a fraction 1 - ϵ of the packets are received by the gateway within the maximum tolerable VoIP networking delay yvoip, and such that e is less than a maximum tolerable outage probability. We show that within the VoIP regime, the upstream VoIP delay is well-modeled by an exponential distribution whose parameter λi depends on the number of hops i to the gateway. Second, we show that the coherence time of the VoIP regime is large enough such that the estimation of the {λi} can be performed by the gateway, and distributed to the nodes such that each node can utilize the {λi} in estimating the end-to-end delay from its current location for autonomous call admission decisions. Third, we validate the empirical model across scenarios that range from a flat deployment region, to a deployment region with holes, and to the case where there is background User Datagram Protocol (UDP) data traffic. The results are significant for enabling VoIP over high-mobility, multi-hop wireless networks, and in aiding node-based call admission decisions.
Electron microscopy after rapid freezing on a metal surface and substitution fixation (1964)

Abstract A method for rapid freezing is described in which use is made of the good heat conducting properties of silver. The freezing was accomplished by bringing the tissue in contact with a polished silver surface at the temperature of liquid nitrogen either at atmospheric or reduced pressure. Helium gas flowing over this surface prevented the condensation of water or air on the silver. After freezing the tissue was placed in a substituting solvent. The best results were obtained with 2% osmium tetroxide in acetone at −85°C. The ultrastructure of the tissue was well preserved in a narrow surface layer only.
ChemInform Abstract: A SYNTHESIS OF (+‐)‐O‐TETRAMETHYLBRAZILIN (1975)

Abstract In situ aus AlCl 3 und NaBH 4 oder besser aus LiAlH 4 und BF 3 in Äther erzeugtes Diboran addiert sich an die Doppelbindung von (I).
Effects of Phospholipids Containing Docosahexaenoic Acid on Differentiation and Growth of HL-60 Human Promyelocytic Leukemia Cells (1997)

Effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) -containing phospholipids (DHA-PLs) on retionic acid (RA) -induced cell differentiation and growth inhibition of the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line, HL-60 were investigated. Cell differentiation judged from NBT reduction assay reached to 5060% by incubation with 12.5μM DHA-containing phosphatidylcholines (DHA-PCs) prior to the addition of RA. Differentiation without DHA-PCs remained at 39.2%. By prior incubation with DHA-containing phosphatidylethanolamines (DHA-PEs), differentiation was 70% at 12.5μM. DHA-PEs induced NBT reducing activity to as much as 2030%, and inhibited cell growth in the absence of RA. Activity for promoting cell differentiation differed according to DHA-PL molecular species. 1-Palmitoyl (or oleoyl)- 2-docosahexaenoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (or phosphoethanolamine) was found most effective molecular species for enhancing RA-induced cell differentiation.
Freud and the Erl King (1998)

If Freud is right in his Psychopathologie des Alltagslebens that no slip of the tongue or failure of memory is without significance, then an instance of memory lapse in his own work is of self-evident interest and no special justification is required to question its determinants. The case in point occurs in Die Traunzdeutung, at the beginning of the complex final chapter 'Zur Psychologie der Traumvorgange'. There Freud reports a dream of unusual provenance. As a rule, the dreams which Freud analysed were either his own or those recounted to him by his patients. On this occasion Freud had no idea as to the origin of the dream: a patient had heard of it in a lecture on dreams and had mentioned it to Freud who describes it as 'vorbildlich'. Possibly for this reason, it became a leitmotif of the chapter in which he makes his first published attempt to hypothesize a topology of mind. Following his usual practice, Freud describes the circumstances preceding the dream, and marks out the 'text' of the dream itself in italics:
Electronic tracking for wireless infrared communications (2003)

A high-speed wireless system (/spl ges/100 Mb/s) for indoor infrared (IR) communications via the line of sight is described and feasibility is shown in an experimental demonstrator. A diffuse link is used for connectivity, and tracked directed links are used for high-speed communications. The transmitter is made of a laser diode array in combination with multiple-beam forming optics. For the receiver (Rx), a wide-angle lens, and an avalanche photodiode array are used. For the diffuse link, the signals from all pixels in the array are combined. Pixels are selectively addressed to realize directed links. Fast electronic tracking of a directed link is possible by switching the signal path onto the right pixel in the array. Diffuse link, directed link, position detection, and tracking can be realized with one and the same transceiver hardware. A favorite system design is derived from constraints due to the IR channel, eye safety, lenses, photodetectors, and the overall system complexity. The experimental system shows some key features, namely 155-Mb/s wireless transmission over a distance of nearly 2 m with electronic tracking at an imaging IR Rx. Electronic tracking of IR links, thus, allows both high data rates and high capacity for wireless access in small office and home environments.
7SL RNA Mediates Virion Packaging of the Antiviral Cytidine Deaminase APOBEC3G (2007)

Cytidine deaminase APOBEC3G (A3G) has broad antiviral activity against diverse retroviruses and/or retrotransposons, and its antiviral functions are believed to rely on its encapsidation into virions in an RNA-dependent fashion. However, the cofactors of A3G virion packaging have not yet been identified. We demonstrate here that A3G selectively interacts with certain polymerase III (Pol III)-derived RNAs, including Y3 and 7SL RNAs. Among A3G-binding Pol III-derived RNAs, 7SL RNA was preferentially packaged into human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) particles. Efficient packaging of 7SL RNA, as well as A3G, was mediated by the RNA-binding nucleocapsid domain of HIV-1 Gag. A3G mutants that had reduced 7SL RNA binding but maintained wild-type levels of mRNA and tRNA binding were packaged poorly and had impaired antiviral activity. Reducing 7SL RNA packaging by overexpression of SRP19 proteins inhibited 7SL RNA and A3G virion packaging and impaired its antiviral function. Thus, 7SL RNA that is encapsidated into diverse retroviruses is a key cofactor of the antiviral A3G. This selective interaction of A3G with certain Pol III-derived RNAs raises the question of whether A3G and its cofactors may have as-yet-unidentified cellular functions.
Inverse regulation of F1-ATPase activity by a mutation at the regulatory region on the γ subunit of chloroplast ATP synthase (2000)

Chloroplast ATP synthase is a thiol-modulated enzyme whose DeltamuH(+)-linked activation is strongly influenced by reduction and the formation of a disulphide bridge between Cys(199) and Cys(205) on the gamma subunit. In solubilized chloroplast coupling factor 1 (CF(1)), reduction of the disulphide bond elicits the latent ATP-hydrolysing activity. To assess the regulatory importance of the amino acid residues around these cysteine residues, we focused on the three negatively charged residues Glu(210)-Asp-Glu(212) close to the two cysteine residues and also on the following region from Leu(213) to Ile(230), and investigated the modulation of ATPase activity by chloroplast thioredoxins. The mutant gamma subunits were reconstituted with the alpha and beta subunits from F(1) of the thermophilic bacterium Bacillus PS3; the active ATPase complexes obtained were purified by gel-filtration chromatography. The complex formed with a mutant gamma subunit in which Glu(210) to Glu(212) had been deleted was inactivated rather than activated by reduction of the disulphide bridge by reduced thioredoxin, indicating inverse regulation. This complex was insensitive to the inhibitory CF(1)-epsilon subunit when the mutant gamma subunit was oxidized. In contrast, the deletion of Glu(212) to Ile(230) converted the complex from a modulated state into a highly active state.
Nonoxynol-9 Protects Mice against Vaginal Transmission of Genital Herpes Infections (1993)

A vaginal application of a commercially available contraceptive jelly containing nonoxynol-9 (N9) prevented vaginal transmission of herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infections in the mouse. When N9 jelly was delivered to the vagina with the virus inoculum, 20 s before inoculum, or 5 min before inoculum, mice were completely protected from visible infection (P < .001). Protection lasted for at least 30 min (P < .03), and significant protection occurred even when the N9 jelly was delivered 15 min after the HSV-2 inoculum (P < .05). These results are consistent with results of studies using N9 products in other animal models and suggest that N9-based contraceptive products can provide significant protection against vaginal transmission of enveloped virus infections in animals.
Evolutionary Computation and Its Applications in Neural and Fuzzy Systems (2011)

Neural networks and fuzzy systems are two soft‐computing paradigms for system modelling. Adapting a neural or fuzzy system requires to solve two optimization problems: structural optimization and parametric optimization. Structural optimization is a discrete optimization problem which is very hard to solve using conventional optimization techniques. Parametric optimization can be solved using conventional optimization techniques, but the solution may be easily trapped at a bad local optimum. Evolutionary computation is a general‐purpose stochastic global optimization approach under the universally accepted neo‐Darwinian paradigm, which is a combination of the classical Darwinian evolutionary theory, the selectionism of Weismann, and the genetics of Mendel. Evolutionary algorithms are a major approach to adaptation and optimization. In this paper, we first introduce evolutionary algorithms with emphasis on genetic algorithms and evolutionary strategies. Other evolutionary algorithms such as genetic programming, evolutionary programming, particle swarm optimization, immune algorithm, and ant colony optimization are also described. Some topics pertaining to evolutionary algorithms are also discussed, and a comparison between evolutionary algorithms and simulated annealing is made. Finally, the application of EAs to the learning of neural networks as well as to the structural and parametric adaptations of fuzzy systems is also detailed.
Current Sharing and AC Loss of a Multi-Layer HTS Power Transmission Cable with Variable Cable Length (2001)

The superconducting transmission cable is one of interesting part in power application using high temperature superconducting wire. One important parameter in HTS cable design is transport current sharing because it is related with current transmission capacity and loss. In this paper, we calculate self inductances of each layer and mutual inductances between two layers from magnetic field energy, and current sharing of each layer for 4-layer cable using the electric circuit model which contain inductance and resistance (by joint and AC loss). Also, transport current losses which are calculated by monoblock model and Norris equation are compared. As a results, outer layer has always larger transport current than inner layer, and current capacity of each layer is largely influenced by resistance per unit cable length. As a conclusion, for high current uniformity and low AC loss, we have to decrease inductances themselves or those differences.
Human immunodeficiency virus and IgA nephropathy (1997)

Summary: IgA nephropathy (IgAN) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected patients has been described with increasing frequency. In contrast to HIV‐associated nephropathy, with collapsing variant of focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis and prominent tubular cell changes, a disorder which is more common in black persons, IgAN is a disease mainly of white patients. Most are asymptomatic carriers of HIV although few have acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or ARC at the time the renal disorder is discovered. The clinical manifestations are generally of haematuria, sometimes with proteinuria. In some patients, the finding of IgA reactive with anti‐HIV IgG or IgM in circulating immune complexes and in glomerular eluates strongly suggests this glomerulopathy to be an HIV‐associated immune complex disorder. Because of the demographic factors, IgAN may evolve to be an important renal lesion in HIV infection.
An experimental investigation of the active-idle pattern of speech over land mobile radio telephone channels (1983)

Two methods of speech detection at the syllabic level of voice traffic over land mobile radio telephone channels are presented. Both methods are based on the periodic comparison of the audio signal level with a threshold and provide an ON-OFF pattern of active-idle periods on the channel at a rate equal to 100 to 200 samples per second. One method is entirely digital whereas the other method uses an analog detector followed by digital processing. Results of the analysis show that during a conversation more than 50 percent of the time the channel is idle, with an average duration of the silences larger than 300 ms. These results and those concerning other parameters of interest indicate that even during a conversation many useful idle periods do occur. These silences could indeed be exploited by making them available to additional users and hence improve both the efficiency of the channels and their congestion.
Inheritance of associated ocular and skeletal dysplasia in Labrador Retrievers (1988)

A breeding colony was established to investigate the inheritance of associated ocular and skeletal dysplasia in Labrador Retrievers; 124 pups were produced. These pups were evaluated for the presence of ocular lesions, including cataracts, vitreous strands, persistent hyaloid remnants, retinal folds, retinal dysplasia, peripapillary hyperreflectivity, and rhegmatogenous retinal detachments, and skeletal abnormality, which was recognized by shorter than normal forelimbs and an abnormal morphologic appearance of the radius and ulna. Analysis of the distribution of lesions in pups indicated that the syndrome is caused by one abnormal gene, which has recessive effects on the skeleton and incompletely dominant effects on the eye. This would suggest that suspect carrier dogs could be identified by test matings with a known homozygote.
Fully CMOS compatible 1T1R integration of vertical nanopillar GAA transistor and Oxide based RRAM cell for high density nonvolatile memory application (2013)

Fully CMOS compatible vertical nanopillar GAA transistor integrated with Oxide based RRAM cell to realize 4F <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> footprint has been demonstrated and systematically characterized. Nanopillar transistor exhibits excellent transfer characteristics with diameter down to a few tens nanometer. Three type of resistive switching behavior have been found in the fabricated 1T1R cell, namely pre-forming ultralow current switching, unipolar switching and bipolar switching after forming process. Reset current of only 200pA has been observed in pre-forming ultralow current switching; while for unipolar and bipolar switching after forming process, good memory performance and operation parameter uniformity is demonstrated. Furthermore, reset current is found to decrease with reducing nanopillar transistor design diameter, which is beneficial for circuit power consumption concern.
The challenges and successes of implementing an enterprise patch management solution (2004)

With the proliferation of security threats we are required today, more than ever before, to effectively manage computer systems. Computers that we are responsible for in labs, classrooms, and faculty and staff offices require constant attention as manufacturer-supplied program patches and updates become available. Missing a critical update or patch in your networked environment can spell disaster or cost countless hours of "cleaning up" after an errant worm wreaks havoc on unpatched machines.
Mapping the Melatonin Receptor. 6. Melatonin Agonists and Antagonists Derived from 6<i>H</i>-Isoindolo[2,1-<i>a</i>]indoles, 5,6-Dihydroindolo[2,1-<i>a</i>]isoquinolines, and 6,7-Dihydro-5<i>H</i>-benzo[<i>c</i>]azepino[2,1-<i>a</i>]indoles (2000)

6H-Isoindolo[2,1-a]indoles (5, 7, 10, 13), 5,6-dihydroindolo[2, 1-a]isoquinolines (20, 21), and 6,7-dihydro-5H-benzo[c]azepino[2, 1-a]indoles (23, 25, 27, 30) have been prepared as melatonin analogues to investigate the nature of the binding site of the melatonin receptor. The affinity of analogues was determined in a radioligand binding assay using cloned human mt(1) and MT(2) receptor subtypes expressed in NIH 3T3 cells. Agonist and antagonist potency was measured using the pigment aggregation response of a clonal line of Xenopus laevis melanophores. The 2-methoxyisoindolo[2, 1-a]indoles (7a-d) showed much higher binding affinities than the parent isoindoles (5a-e), and whereas 7a-c were agonists in the functional assay, 7d and 5a-e were antagonists. The 2-ethoxyisoindolo[2,1-a]indoles (10a-d) showed reduced binding affinities compared to their methoxy analogues, while the 5-chloro derivative 13 showed a considerable reduction in binding affinity and potency compared to 7a. The 10-methoxy-5,6-dihydroindolo[2, 1-a]isoquinolines (21a-c) had higher binding affinities than the corresponding parent indoloisoquinolines (20a-c) in the human receptor subtypes, and the parent compounds were antagonists whereas the 10-methoxy derivatives were agonists in the functional assay. The N-cyclobutanecarbonyl derivatives of both the parent (20d) and 10-methoxyl (21d) series had similar binding affinities and were both antagonists with similar potencies. The 11-methoxy-6, 7-5H-benzo[c]azepino[2,1-a]indoles (25a-d) had higher binding affinities than the corresponding parent compounds (23a-d) at the MT(2) receptor but similar affinities at the mt(1) site; all of the compounds were antagonists in the functional assay. Changing 11-methoxy for 11-ethoxy decreased the binding affinity slightly, and this was more evident at the MT(2) receptor. All of the derivatives investigated had either the same or a greater affinity for the human MT(2) receptor compared to the mt(1) receptor (range 1:1-1:132). This suggests that the mt(1) and MT(2) receptor pockets differ in their ability to accommodate alkyl groups in the indole nitrogen region of the melatonin molecule. Two compounds (7c and 25c) were tested in functional assays on recombinant mt(1) and MT(2) melatonin receptors. Compound 7c is a potent agonist with some selectivity (44-fold) for the MT(2) receptor, while 25c is an MT(2)-preferring antagonist. Increasing the carbon chain length between N-1 of indole and the 2-phenyl group from n = 1 through n = 3 leads to a fairly regular decrease in the binding affinity, but, remarkably, when n = 3, it converts the methoxy compounds from melatonin agonists to antagonists. The Xenopus melatonin receptor thus cannot accommodate an N-n-alkyl chain attached to a 2-phenyl substituent with n > 2 in the required orientation to induce or stabilize the active receptor conformation.
A dual-mode sensing scheme of capacitor-coupled EEPROM cell (1992)

A dual-mode sensing (DMS) scheme for a capacitor-coupled EEPROM cell is described. A memory cell structure and a sensing scheme are proposed and estimated. The memory cell combines an EEPROM cell with a DRAM cell. The DMS scheme utilizes the charge-mode sensing of the EEPROM cell. Using this DMS technique, the sensing speed can be enhanced by 36% at a cell current of 15 mu A by virtue of the additional charge-mode sensing. Furthermore, the stress applied to the tunnel oxide of the memory transistor can be relieved by decreasing the programming voltage and shortening the programming time. Therefore, with this memory cell structure and sensing scheme, it is possible to realize high-speed sensing in low-voltage operation and high endurance.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>