gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Growth factors in early hair follicle morphogenesis. (2000)

Classic studies show the embryonic epidermis and mesenchyme must communicate during embryogenesis to form a hair follicle. However, the methods of communication between and within the epidermis and dermis that regulate hair follicle development are poorly understood. Potentially, the epidermis and dermis communicate by utilizing cell surface receptor expression, cell adhesion molecules, extra cellular matrix products, and chemical messaging via secreted molecules. With each product involved in cell communication, intensity, potency, time of production during hair follicle development, production duration, and spatial distribution must all be considered. The total sum of these factors must provide adequate information to cells about their respective location and role within the developing hair follicle. Here we review the potential contribution made to hair follicle embryogenesis by growth factors and their receptors.
High-speed imaging upgrade for a standard sample scanning atomic force microscope using small cantilevers (2014)

We present an atomic force microscope (AFM) head for optical beam deflection on small cantilevers. Our AFM head is designed to be small in size, easily integrated into a commercial AFM system, and has a modular architecture facilitating exchange of the optical and electronic assemblies. We present two different designs for both the optical beam deflection and the electronic readout systems, and evaluate their performance. Using small cantilevers with our AFM head on an otherwise unmodified commercial AFM system, we are able to take tapping mode images approximately 5-10 times faster compared to the same AFM system using large cantilevers. By using additional scanner turnaround resonance compensation and a controller designed for high-speed AFM imaging, we show tapping mode imaging of lipid bilayers at line scan rates of 100-500 Hz for scan areas of several micrometers in size.
Distinct Roles of BARD1 Isoforms in Mitosis: Full-Length BARD1 Mediates Aurora B Degradation, Cancer-Associated BARD1β Scaffolds Aurora B and BRCA2 (2009)

The BRCA1-associated ring domain protein 1 (BARD1) interacts with BRCA1 via its RING finger domain. The BARD1-BRCA1 complex participates in DNA repair, cell cycle control, genomic stability, and mitotic spindle formation through its E3 ubiquitin ligase activity. Cancer cells express several BARD1 protein isoforms, including the RING finger-deficient variant BARD1beta. Here, we show that BARD1 has BRCA1-dependent and BRCA1-independent functions in mitosis. BARD1, but not BRCA1, localizes to the midbody at telophase and cytokinesis, where it colocalizes with Aurora B. The 97-kDa full-length (FL) BARD1 coimmunoprecipates with BRCA1, but the 82-kDa BARD1beta coimmunoprecipitates with Aurora B and BRCA2. We used selective small interfering RNAs to distinguish the functions of FL BARD1 and BARD1beta. Depletion of FL BARD1 had only minor effects on cell growth and did not abolish midbody localization of BARD1 staining, but resulted in massive up-regulation of Aurora B. In contrast, suppression of FL BARD1 and BARD1beta led to growth arrest and correlated with various mitotic defects and disappearance of midbody localization of BARD1 staining. Our data suggest a novel function of FL BARD1 in Aurora B ubiquitination and degradation, opposing a proproliferative function of BARD1beta in scaffolding Aurora B and BRCA2. Thus, loss of FL BARD1 and up-regulation of Aurora B, as observed in cancer cells, can be explained by an imbalance of FL BARD1 and BARD1beta.
Evaluating the effect of inter-programmer communication (1982)

Various methods exist for estimating the complexity of single modules and the complexity of interacting modules. We propose to demonstrate how the degree of programmer inter-communication in a multi-programmer project also has a significant effect on productivity. Specifically, projects which use programming team structures which require more inter-programmer communication will experience lower productivities than projects which use team structures which minimize the need for inter-programmer communications.The design proposed here involves the simultaneous re-implementation of an existing, well-documented design by teams of seven graduate-level students. It offers the advantage of alternate levels of work depending upon the amount of data collection and analysis to be underwritten. The results of even the least demanding study will be of significance to any medium to large scale development environment as a guide to selecting programming team structure. The more involved study will give more general results as to the effects of unconstrained communication paths in a team environment.
Piezoelectric Direct Discharge: Devices and Applications (2020)

The piezoelectric direct discharge (PDD) is a comparatively new type of atmospheric pressure gaseous discharge for production of cold plasma. The generation of such discharge is possible using the piezoelectric cold plasma generator (PCPG) which comprises the resonant piezoelectric transformer (RPT) with voltage transformation ratio of more than 1000, allowing for reaching the output voltage >10 kV at low input voltage, typically below 25 V. As ionization gas for the PDD, either air or various gas mixtures are used. Despite some similarities with corona discharge and dielectric barrier discharge, the ignition of micro-discharges directly at the ceramic surface makes PDD unique in its physics and application potential. The PDD is used directly, in open discharge structures, mainly for treatment of electrically nonconducting surfaces. It is also applied as a plasma bridge to bias different excitation electrodes, applicable for a broad range of substrate materials. In this review, the most important architectures of the PDD based discharges are presented. The operation principle, the main operational characteristics and the example applications, exploiting the specific properties of the discharge configurations, are discussed. Due to the moderate power achievable by PCPG, of typically less than 10 W, the focus of this review is on applications involving thermally sensitive materials, including food, organic tissues, and liquids.
An Algebra for the Detection and Prediction of Malicious Activity in Concurrent Systems (2010)

The specification, verification, and validation of concurrent systems pose a number of challenges that are increasingly commonplace as multi-core and multi-processor systems are becoming ubiquitous. Any such system, particularly when actively exploiting concurrency, will experience variations up to non-determinism in some aspects of its behavior such as when awaiting I/O events or interacting with operation scheduling. We argue that this also makes it easier for adversaries - including both external exploits, logic bombs, or Trojan horses - to evade detection using conventional intrusion detection and prevention mechanisms. Novel attacks and subversion attempts cannot be reliably captured using specification-based approaches, whilst statistical and machine learning approaches are hampered by the inability to establish a clear baseline under the conditions described above. Therefore, we describe an algebra useful for specifying and identifying undesirable changes in state as linearizations of concurrent processes when supported by the ability to generate concurrent cross-view and cross-sectional observations of invariant behavior at semantically significant loci. This potential is enabled by the underlying concurrency assumption and the observation that malicious activity leading to subversion is generally non-atomic. The algebraic model is instantiated for the case of a multiprocessor host operating system and a sample subsystem.
Three-dimensional photonic crystals with an active surface: Gold film terminated opals (2010)

A hybrid metal-dielectric photonic crystal, a thin opal slab coated by a gold film, has been designed in order to exercise additional control upon the light propagation in a photonic band-gap material using extraordinary optical transmission in the corrugated gold film. The photonic and plasmonic components of the hybrid crystal are closely linked, because the photonic crystal lattice provides a spatial template for the gold film corrugation and modifies the electromagnetic vacuum in the vicinity of the gold film. Due to coupling of light diffracted in the opal lattice to surface plasmon polaritons in the metal film, the spectra and angle diagrams of transmission in hybrid structures deviate from the linear superposition of transmission functions of both hybrid components. In particular, the selective conversion of diffraction minima, and cavity mode and thickness dependence of the surface plasmon polariton-related properties have been observed. The synergy of three resonance mechanisms behind the functionality of hybrid photonic crystals provides a uniquely broad tunability of their optical properties.
Outer-Wall Loop Antenna for Ultrawideband Capsule Endoscope System (2010)

The capsule endoscopy system has been used to obtain an image from the inside of the human digestive tract. To acquire high-resolution images, a loop antenna with ultrawide bandwidth is proposed. It is part of the outer wall of the capsule, thus decreasing volume and increasing performance, and uses a meandered line for resonance in an electrically small area. The proposed antenna makes maximal use of the capsule's outer surface, enabling the antenna to be larger than inner antennas. The measured result shows that the gain of the proposed antenna is higher than that of inner antennas. Return loss and radiation pattern are investigated through simulation and measurement, showing that the proposed antenna has an ultrawide bandwidth of 260 MHz (from 370 to 630 MHz) for VSWR <; 2 and an omnidirectional radiation pattern. Using identical antenna pairs in the equivalent body phantom fluid, antenna efficiency is measured to 43.7% (-3.6 dB).
Reducing Uncertainty With Seismic Measurements While Drilling (2009)

This paper discusses both seismic checkshot data inversion and seismic waveform look-ahead imaging while drilling. We investigate the estimation under real-time data uncertainties of interval velocity profiles calculated from checkshot measurements acquired while drilling. It is found that real-time checkshots may suffer from downhole time-picking errors in addition to an unpredictable clock drift uncertainty. We developed a method to account for these uncertainties and to provide drillers with reliable formation interval velocity models in real time, regardless of whether the direct arrival times are detected by an automated downhole process or picked by an interpreter uphole once the seismograms have been transmitted to the surface through mud-pulse telemetry. By quantifying the posterior uncertainties in the interpreted velocity measurements, we then demonstrate: 1) the value of making the seismic waveforms recorded in downhole memory available in real time at the surface and 2) the benefit of quantifying and accounting for the standard deviations, which describe the downhole time-picking errors, in the case when the real-time seismograms are not available. This is exemplified with the application of the proposed methodology to measurements collected in deep water in the Gulf of Mexico, with inverted real-time velocity models that are consistent and comparable to the ones obtained from travel times picked after the drilling is complete. Finally, a case study is shown combining real-time checkshot inversion and downhole-to-surface transmitted seismic waveforms to look ahead while drilling for an optimal well steering in high-probability hydrocarbon sands.
Cytotoxicity and Antimycobacterial Properties of Pyrrolo[1,2-a]quinoline Derivatives: Molecular Target Identification and Molecular Docking Studies (2020)

A series of ethyl 1-(substituted benzoyl)-5-methylpyrrolo[1,2-<i>a</i>]quinoline-3-carboxylates <b>4a</b>-<b>f</b> and dimethyl 1-(substituted benzoyl)-5-methylpyrrolo[1,2-<i>a</i>]quinoline-2,3-dicarboxylates <b>4g</b>-<b>k</b> have been synthesized and evaluated for their anti-tubercular (TB) activities against H37Rv (American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) strain 25177) and multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> by resazurin microplate assay (REMA). Molecular target identification for these compounds was also carried out by a computational approach. All test compounds exhibited anti-tuberculosis (TB) activity in the range of 8-128 µg/mL against H37Rv. The test compound dimethyl-1-(4-fluorobenzoyl)-5-methylpyrrolo[1,2-<i>a</i>]quinoline-2,3-dicarboxylate <b>4j</b> emerged as the most promising anti-TB agent against H37Rv and multidrug-resistant strains of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> at 8 and 16 µg/mL, respectively. In silico evaluation of pharmacokinetic properties indicated overall drug-likeness for most of the compounds. Docking studies were also carried out to investigate the binding affinities as well as interactions of these compounds with the target proteins.
Demonstration of a 12 nm-half-pitch copper ultralow-k interconnect process (2013)

A process to achieve 12 nm half-pitch interconnect structures in ultralow-k interlayer dielectric (ILD) is realized using standard 193 nm lithography. An optimized pattern transfer that minimizes unwanted distortion of ILD features is followed by copper fill. Electrical measurements that validate functionality of the drawn structures are presented.
Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease type 2E, a disorder of the cytoskeleton (2006)

The neurofilament light chain (NF-L) is a major constituent of intermediate filaments and plays a pivotal function in the assembly and maintenance of axonal cytoskeleton. Mutations in the NF-L gene (NEFL) cause autosomal dominant neuropathies that are classified either as axonal Charcot-Marie-Tooth (CMT) type 2E (CMT2E) or demyelinating CMT type 1F (CMT1F). The pathophysiological bases of the disorder(s) are elusive. We performed a mutational analysis of NEFL in a series of 177 index cases with CMT and without mutations in the genes for peripheral myelin protein zero (MPZ), peripheral myelin protein 22 (PMP22) and connexin 32 (GJB1); the motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) at the median nerve was below 38 m/s in 76 cases and above 38 m/s in 101. We identified five new pedigrees with four mutations in the head and rod domains of NF-L, including a novel Leu268Pro substitution and a novel del322Cys_326Asn deletion. Several examined affected members exhibited marked variability in the severity of disease and age at onset. Nerve conduction alterations were consistent with an axonal neuropathy often associated with demyelinating features, such as prolonged distal latencies (DL). Pathological examination of sural nerve biopsies in the probands detected in four cases a chronic axonal neuropathy dominated by focal accumulations of NF with axonal swellings (giant axons) and significant secondary demyelination; in the fifth case no NFs accumulations were evident but many myelinated fibres consisted exclusively of microtubules with few or absent NF. The pathological phenotype correlated with the pattern of nerve conduction alterations and indicated that NEFL mutations cause a profound alteration of the cytoskeleton possibly related to defective targeting of NF.
Rolling Circle Replication of Hepatitis Delta Virus RNA Is Carried Out by Two Different Cellular RNA Polymerases (2002)

Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) contains a viroid-like circular RNA that is presumed to replicate via a rolling circle replication mechanism mediated by cellular RNA polymerases. However, the exact mechanism of rolling circle replication for HDV RNA and viroids is not clear. Using our recently described cDNA-free transfection system (L. E. Modahl and M. M. Lai, J. Virol. 72:5449-5456, 1998), we have succeeded in detecting HDV RNA replication by metabolic labeling with [32P]orthophosphate in vivo and obtained direct evidence that HDV RNA replication generates high-molecular-weight multimeric species of HDV RNA, which are processed into monomeric and dimeric forms. Thus, these multimeric RNAs are the true intermediates of HDV RNA replication. We also found that HDV RNA synthesis is highly temperature sensitive, occurring most efficiently at 37 to 40 degrees C and becoming virtually undetectable at temperatures below 30 degrees C. Moreover, genomic HDV RNA synthesis was found to occur at a rate roughly 30-fold higher than that of antigenomic RNA synthesis. Finally, in lysolecithin-permeabilized cells, the synthesis of full-length antigenomic HDV RNA was completely resistant to high concentrations (100 microg/ml) of alpha-amanitin. In contrast, synthesis of genomic HDV RNA was totally inhibited by alpha-amanitin at concentrations as low as 2.5 microg/ml. Thus, these results suggest that genomic and antigenomic HDV RNA syntheses are performed by two different host cell enzymes. This observation, combined with our previous finding that hepatitis delta antigen mRNA synthesis is likely performed by RNA polymerase II, suggests that the different HDV RNA species are synthesized by different cellular transcriptional machineries.
Improvement of allergic dermatitis via regulation of the Th1/Th2 immune system balance by macrophages activated with lipopolysaccharide derived from Pantoea agglomerans (IP-PA1). (2009)

Recently, the incidence of allergies has been increasing, especially in advanced countries. The cause of these allergies is believed to be a failure in the immune system balance that has been caused by changes in the living environment. The incidence of allergy shows a negative correlation with the decrease of infectious diseases in childhood. It has been suggested that the key to alleviating allergies is to activate innate immunity by exposure to microbial components such as lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The activation of innate immunity is expected to normalize the T-helper type 1 and 2 (Th1/Th2) immune system balance and to suppress the excessive reaction of Th2 type responses that cause immunoglobulin (Ig) E-dependent allergies. This study introduces information on how the activation of macrophages, which are important in innate immunity, by LPS derived from Pantoea agglomerans (IP-PA1) caused suppressive effects on type I allergic reactions and improved allergic dermatitis. We also summarize our hypothesis that regulating the immune system balance using LPS to stimulate macrophages may be an important procedure for preventing and improving allergic dermatitis.
Expression of the c-ErbB-2/HER2 proto-oncogene in normal hematopoietic cells (2003)

The HER2/c-ErbB-2 proto-oncogene is overexpressed in 25-30% of human breast cancers. We previously reported the c-ErbB-2 transcript in mononuclear cells (MNC) from bone marrow (BM), peripheral blood (PB), and mobilized PB (MPB). Here, we describe extensively the expression pattern of c-ErbB-2 mRNA and protein in normal adult hematopoietic tissue and cord blood (CB)-derived cells. Quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction shows that the c-ErbB-2 transcript is expressed in hematopoietic cells at low levels if compared with normal epithelial and breast cancer cells. The c-ErbB-2 protein was detected predominantly in MNC from PB and CB by Western blot analysis. Flow cytometry revealed that CD15+, CD14+, and glycophorin A+ subpopulations express c-ErbB-2 protein, whereas lymphocytes are c-ErbB-2-negative. The c-ErbB-2 expression is higher in CB MNC. More than 90% of BM- and MPB-derived CD34+ progenitors are c-ErbB-2-negative; by contrast, 5-40% of CB-derived CD34+ progenitors express c-ErbB-2. We found that c-ErbB-2 protein is up-regulated during cell-cycle recruitment of progenitor cells. Similarly, it increases in mature, hematopoietic proliferating cells. This study reports the first evidence that the c-ErbB-2 receptor is correlated to the proliferating state of hematopoietic cells. Studies in progress aim to clarify the role of c-ErbB-2 in regulation of this process in hematopoietic tissues.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Asymmetric Aziridination with a Chiral VAPOL — Boron Lewis Acid. (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
RGe(I)Ge(I)R Compound (R = PhC(N<i>t</i>Bu)<sub>2</sub>) with a Ge−Ge Single Bond and a Comparison with the Gauche Conformation of Hydrazine (2008)

This article reports the reduction of the chloride [PhC(NtBu)2]GeCl with potassium in THF to afford the reddish crystals of [PhC(NtBu)2]2Ge2 (2). The molecule of 2 contains a Ge−Ge bond. The X-ray structure and DFT calculation indicate that the Ge−Ge bond possesses an unusual gauche-bent geometry. The Ge−Ge bond length in 2 is 2.570 Å, which is very close to the single Ge−Ge interaction (2.61 Å) but significantly longer than that for typical digermenes, R2GeGeR2 (2.21−2.51 Å) and the two structurally characterized digermynes (2.2850 Å and 2.2060 Å), which proves that there is no multiple bond character in 2.
Clinical Practice Guideline: Tinnitus (2014)

The development group made a strong recommendation that clinicians distinguish patients with bothersome tinnitus from patients with nonbothersome tinnitus. The development group made a strong recommendation against obtaining imaging studies of the head and neck in patients with tinnitus, specifically to evaluate tinnitus that does not localize to 1 ear, is nonpulsatile, and is not associated with focal neurologic abnormalities or an asymmetric hearing loss. The panel made the following recommendations: Clinicians should (a) perform a targeted history and physical examination at the initial evaluation of a patient with presumed primary tinnitus to identify conditions that if promptly identified and managed may relieve tinnitus; (b) obtain a prompt, comprehensive audiologic examination in patients with tinnitus that is unilateral, persistent (≥ 6 months), or associated with hearing difficulties; (c) distinguish patients with bothersome tinnitus of recent onset from those with persistent symptoms (≥ 6 months) to prioritize intervention and facilitate discussions about natural history and follow-up care; (d) educate patients with persistent, bothersome tinnitus about management strategies; (e) recommend a hearing aid evaluation for patients who have persistent, bothersome tinnitus associated with documented hearing loss; and (f) recommend cognitive behavioral therapy to patients with persistent, bothersome tinnitus. The panel recommended against (a) antidepressants, anticonvulsants, anxiolytics, or intratympanic medications for the routine treatment of patients with persistent, bothersome tinnitus; (b) Ginkgo biloba, melatonin, zinc, or other dietary supplements for treating patients with persistent, bothersome tinnitus; and (c) transcranial magnetic stimulation for the routine treatment of patients with persistent, bothersome tinnitus. The development group provided the following options: Clinicians may (a) obtain an initial comprehensive audiologic examination in patients who present with tinnitus (regardless of laterality, duration, or perceived hearing status); and (b) recommend sound therapy to patients with persistent, bothersome tinnitus. The development group provided no recommendation regarding the effect of acupuncture in patients with persistent, bothersome tinnitus.