gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antigenic modulation of<i>Bordetella pertussis</i> (1960)

The antigenic structure of Bordetella pertussis varies continuously with environmental conditions of growth and, under suitable conditions, any of three forms (or modes) with markedly different antigenic surfaces may be developed. High temperatures and certain ions, such as sodium, potassium, halides, formate and nitrate, favour growth like that on Bordet and Gengou's medium at 35° C. Low temperatures and other ions, such as magnesium, sulphate and mono- and dicarboxylic acids with more than two carbon atoms, favour growth with a markedly different antigenic structure and character. These two extreme forms have been called X mode and C mode respectively. A third mode (called I mode) is induced within a narrow range of intermediate temperatures and ion ratios. Bacterial cells in C mode, unlike those in X mode, do not agglutinate red-blood cells, are not haemolytic or agglutinable by heavy metal salts, have no surface antigen related to Bordetella parapertussis or B. bronchiseptica and are serotypically homogeneous. The influence of ions is a function of their species and ratios and not of their absolute concentrations or total ionic strength. A number of ions has been arranged in a pattern. In this the influence of any salt is represented at the centre of a line joining its component ions, and a measure of the influence of any salt mixture is given by the position of its imaginary centre of inertia. (For calculating this, mass is represented by the product of salt concentration and conductance ratio and radius of gyration by distance.) The influences of ions and temperature appear not to interact since their combined influence is proportional to the sum of their separate influences. The change from one mode to another (modulation) occurs without mutation or selection, is complete within 7–15 cell divisions and appears to stem from altered rates of synthesis of at least three kinds of antigen molecule. During the process of modulation, antigens not detectable by agglutination in any of the three equilibrium modes (X, I and C) may appear transiently at the surface. Mutants may or may not modulate. Modulatable mutants may be distinguishable from the wild type in only one mode. Almost all convalescent antibodies are directed against X mode, but C-mode antibodies have been found in several adults with persistent cough and infection. I wish particularly to thank Dr E. K. Andersen for her generous gifts of sera, Drs P. L. Kendrick, H. Proom, A. F. B. Standfast and A. J. H. Tomlinson for gifts of cultures and Mr M. Breach for his invaluable help in the preparation of media and sera. I am also indebted to the University of London Central Research Fund and the Governors of Westminster Hospital for grants towards the purchase of materials.
Curved micromachined ultrasonic transducers (2004)

Capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (cMUTs) have recently emerged as an alternative to traditional piezoelectric ultrasonic transducers. They have demonstrated competitive image quality, increased bandwidth and the potential for integrated on-chip electronics. For a variety of reasons, the cMUT fabrication process has limited initial cMUT array prototypes to high frequency, flat linear or phased array designs. However, Sensant has developed a straightforward method for the manufacture of curvilinear cMUT probes. This paper outlines the modeling and cMUT design strategies, describes relevant process steps, and details the manufacturing challenges associated with the curving and packaging of a cMUT. The paper concludes with measured results, including time and frequency domain impulse response plots and phantom and in vivo images from a fully packaged cMUT array with a center frequency of 4 MHz and a radius of curvature of 40 mm, parameters typical of an abdominal imaging probe.
Hippocampal atrophy in recurrent major depression. (1996)

Hippocampal volumes of subjects with a history of major depressive episodes but currently in remission and with no known medical comorbidity were compared to matched normal controls by using volumetric magnetic resonance images. Subjects with a history of major depression had significantly smaller left and right hippocampal volumes with no differences in total cerebral volumes. The degree of hippocampal volume reduction correlated with total duration of major depression. In addition, large (diameter > or = 4.5 mm)-hippocampal low signal foci (LSF) were found within the hippocampus, and their number also correlated with the total number of days depressed. These results suggest that depression is associated with hippocampal atrophy, perhaps due to a progressive process mediated by glucocorticoid neurotoxicity.
Mushroom Toxins and Present Research of Its Utilization (2010)

The toxic compositions, chemical character, mechanism of poisoning and their future application in the areas of medicine and biology were summarized.
One-Step Synthesis of Labeled Sugar Nucleotides for Protein <i>O</i>-GlcNAc Modification Studies by Chemical Function Analysis of an Archaeal Protein (2004)

Herein we present the chemical function analysis of a recombinant sugar nucleotidyltransferase from the hyperthermophile Pyrococcus furiosus and its use in the one-pot synthesis of chloroacetyl- and alkyne-tagged analogues of uridinediphospho-N-acetylglucosamine (UDP-GlcNAc). The gene was originally annotated as a glucose-1-phosphate deoxythymidylyltransferase; however, kinetic analysis of a panel of sugar-1-phosphates with the protein shows that it is better described as a bifunctional protein that synthesizes UDP-GlcNAc from glucosamine-1-phosphate and acetyl coenzyme A (CoA). A new mass-spectrometry-based assay for the rapid analysis of the acyltransferase activity demonstrates that the enzyme can also accept cheaper truncated N-acetylcysteamine thioester substrates in place of the natural acetyl CoA. The enzyme can tolerate alkyne or chloride substitutions in the acyl moiety, thereby allowing the facile synthesis of tagged sugar nucleotides for future use in protein O-GlcNAc modification studies.
Globularifolin, A New Acyl Iridoid Glucoside from <i>Globularia cordifolia</i> (1980)

Abstract Six iridoid glucosides have been isolated from Globularia cordifolia by the combination of open column ‐ and high performance liquid chromatography. The structure of the new compound, named globularifolin, and the identity of the others have been established by chemical transformations and spectral evidence of the compounds and their derivatives.
First approach for respiratory monitoring by amplitude demodulation of the electrocardiogram (1992)

This paper presents a new method for cardiorespiratory monitoring called Cardio-Modulo-Respirography (C.M.R.). Its principle is based on amplitude demodulation of the electrocardiogram (ECG). The C.M.R. is compared to the classical method of Impedance Rheography (I.R.) by simultaneous respiratory signal recordings on newborns and adults. On a qualitative analysis, C.M.R. is more insensitive to movement- and cardiac artifacts than I.R. Furthermore, it permits the cardiorespiratory monitoring and apnea detection without electric current injection throuth the chest. The first results lead us to improve the C.M.R. electronic system sensibility in order to adjust it to new-borns and prematures.
Video Error Concealment Using a Computation-Efficient Low Saliency Prior (2013)

Error concealment in packet-loss-corrupted streaming video is inherently an under-determined problem, as there are insufficient number of well-defined criteria to recover the missing blocks perfectly. When a Region-of-Interest (ROI) based unequal error protection (UEP) scheme is deployed during video streaming-i.e., more visually salient regions are strongly protected-a lost block is likely to be of low saliency in the original frame. In this paper, we propose to add a low-saliency prior to the error concealment problem as a regularization term. It serves two purposes. First, in ROI-based UEP video streaming, low-saliency prior provides the correct side information for the client to identify the correct replacement blocks for concealment. Second, in the event that a perfectly matched block cannot be unambiguously identified, the low-saliency prior reduces viewer's visual attention on the loss-stricken region, resulting in higher overall subjective quality. We study the effectiveness of a low-saliency prior in the context of a previously proposed RECAP error concealment system. RECAP transmits a low-resolution (LR) version of an image alongside the original high-resolution (HR) version, so that if blocks in the HR version are lost, the correctly-received LR version can serve as a template for matching of suitable replacement blocks from a previously correctly-decoded HR frame. We add a low-saliency prior to the block identification process, so that only replacement candidate blocks with good match and low saliency can be selected. Further, we develop a low-complexity convex approximation to the well known Itti-Koch-Niebur saliency model, which enables the low-saliency error concealment problem to be solved efficiently. Experimental results show that: i) PSNR of the error-concealed frames can be increased dramatically (up to 3.6 dB over the original RECAP), showing the effectiveness of a low-saliency prior in the under-determined error concealment problem; and ii) subjective quality of the repaired video using our proposal, as confirmed by an extensive user study, is better than the original RECAP.
Qualitätsmanagement und Social Media (2012)

Basierend auf den technischen Entwicklungen des Internets in den letzten Jahren nimmt die Nutzung sowohl im privaten als auch im geschäftlichen Bereich ständig zu. Durch seine zunehmend bessere Unterstützung der Prozessabläufe in Organisationen steigt die Nachfrage nach Lösungen für verschiedene Querschnittsfunktionen, wie beispielsweise der Dokumentationspflichten im Qualitätsmanagement. Im Rahmen dieses Beitrages wird ein Ansatz aufgezeigt, wie sich moderne Techniken aus dem Bereich des Social Media nutzen lassen, um Qualitätsmanagement-Handbücher zu erstellen und das Leben dieser Inhalte zu intensivieren. Ein besonderes Augenmerk liegt dabei auf der Zusammenarbeit aller Mitarbeiter einer Organisation.
Synthesis of thermo‐responsive poly(<i>N</i>‐vinylcaprolactam)‐containing block copolymers by cobalt‐mediated radical polymerization (2011)

Abstract Thermo‐responsive block copolymers based on poly( N ‐vinylcaprolactam) (P N VCL) have been prepared by cobalt‐mediated radical polymerization (CMRP) for the first time. The homopolymerization of N VCL was controlled by bis (acetylacetonato)cobalt(II) and a molecular weight as high as 46,000 g/mol could be reached with a low polydispersity. The polymerization of N VCL was also initiated from a poly(vinyl acetate)‐Co(acac) 2 (PVAc‐Co(acac) 2 ) macroinitiator to yield well‐defined PVAc‐ b ‐P N VCL block copolymers with a low polydispersity ( M w / M n = 1.1) up to high molecular weights ( M n = 87,000 g/mol), which constitutes a significant improvement over other techniques. The amphiphilic PVAc‐ b ‐P N VCL copolymers were hydrolyzed into unprecedented double hydrophilic poly(vinyl alcohol)‐ b ‐P N VCL (PVOH‐ b ‐P N VCL) copolymers and their temperature‐dependent solution behavior was studied by turbidimetry and dynamic light scattering. Finally, the so‐called cobalt‐mediated radical coupling (CMRC) reaction was implemented to PVAc‐ b ‐P N VCL‐Co(acac) 2 precursors to yield novel PVAc‐ b ‐P N VCL‐ b ‐PVAc symmetrical triblock copolymers. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012
Supporting multimedia with soft-QoS guarantee in wireless communication systems (2003)

In this paper we propose transport and control solutions to convey multimedia traffic on the air interface of a multitier system that also includes satellite coverage. Algorithms for call and handover management are introduced. They are based on the idea of conveying each component of a multimedia call on a specific radio bearer. Soft QoS is guaranteed to multimedia applications, depending on network variability, but higher than an acceptable minimum level specified by the user at set-up.
<title>Multicolor FISH using a novel spectral bioimaging system</title> (1996)

FISH (fluorescence in situ hybridization) is a cytogenetic technique for locating and quantifying small genetic defects that cannot be detected by traditional karyotyping, the banding analysis of stained chromosomes. The selectivity of FISH holds the promise for the accurate, low cost and fast diagnosis of genetic disorders, birth defects, and various types of cancer that are not detectable by other means. To aid investigators with their FISH measurements, filter-based digital imaging systems are available to enhance and analyze faint FISH images. The accuracy and reliability of traditional FISH measurements is generally compromised when there is (1) sample autofluorescence, (2) image movement, e.g., due to lack of registration between images acquired through different filter sets, or (3) spectral overlap between fluorescent DNA probe emission spectra. SpectraCube<SUP>TM</SUP> is an interferometric imaging method which is not subject to the limitations of filters-based systems. By measuring a definitive spectrum, simultaneously at all points in a sample, SpectraCube<SUP>TM</SUP> has the potential to revolutionize FISH by enabling the detection and separation of a large number of spectrally and spatially overlapping fluorescent DNA probes, and by eliminating sample autofluorescence. Details of the Applied Spectral Imaging SD200 spectral bio-imaging system and the results of a six-color FISH measurement will be discussed.
Limits of detection for time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS): detection of low amounts of adsorbed protein (2002)

Characterization of biomaterial surfaces requires analytical techniques that are capable of detecting a wide concentration range of adsorbed protein. This range includes detection of low amounts of adsorbed protein (<10 ng/cm2) that may be present on non-fouling biomaterials. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Time of Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) are surface sensitive techniques capable of detecting adsorbed proteins. We have investigated the lower limits of detection of both XPS and ToF-SIMS on four model substrates each presenting unique challenges for analysis by XPS and ToF-SIMS: mica, poly(tetrafluoroethylene), allyl amine plasma polymer and heptyl amine plasma polymer. The detection limit for XPS ranged from 10 ng/cm2 of fibrinogen (on mica) to 200 ng/cm2 (on allyl amine plasma polymers). The detection limit for ToF-SIMS ranged from 0.1 ng/cm2 of fibrinogen to 100 ng/cm2, depending on the substrate and data analysis. Optimal conditions provided detection limits between 0.1 ng/cm2 and 15 ng/cm2 on all of the substrates used in this study. While both techniques were shown to be effective in detecting protein, the sensitivity of both XPS and ToF-SIMS was shown to be dependent on substrate surface chemistry and the organization of the adsorbed protein film. This study specifically highlights the applicability of ToF-SIMS in the characterization of low level protein adsorption.
Injection molding quality control by integrating weight feedback into a cascade closed‐loop control system (2007)

Abstract Quality control plays a crucial role in injection molding control to meet stringent tolerance requirements and to facilitate automation. Previous work has tackled this challenging subject mainly through consistent machine operations or process variable control. In this paper, a direct quality feedback control system has been proposed and developed. The system has a cascade structure and combines both feedback and feedforward controls. An important quality index, namely, part weight, is measured in each molding cycle. The difference between this measurement and a quality target is used to adjust the mold separation at the process level. The mold separation is controlled via both a cycle‐to‐cycle mass‐based switchover point and a within‐cycle holding pressure control. Molding experiments have been conducted using different mold geometries and resins. Compared with the cavity pressure based control system currently used in industry, the control system in this study results in a significant improvement of both long‐term and short‐term consistencies in part quality. In addition, this direct quality feedback control has other benefits, such as 100% quality inspection and automatic process tuning. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 47:852–862, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Effects of Age and Gender on Single‐Dose Pharmacokinetics of Gabapentin (1999)

The results of this study suggest that changes in renal function are responsible for age-related changes in GBP pharmacokinetics. Reduction of GBP dosage may be required in elderly patients with reduced renal function. The pharmacokinetics of GBP are similar in men and women.
IEEE 802.11bd & 5G NR V2X: Evolution of Radio Access Technologies for V2X Communications (2019)

With the rising interest in autonomous vehicles, developing radio access technologies (RATs) that enable reliable and low-latency vehicular communications has become of paramount importance. Dedicated short-range communications (DSRCs) and cellular V2X (C-V2X) are two present-day technologies that are capable of supporting day-1 vehicular applications. However, these RATs fall short of supporting communication requirements of many advanced vehicular applications, which are believed to be critical in enabling fully autonomous vehicles. Both the DSRC and C-V2X are undergoing extensive enhancements in order to support advanced vehicular applications that are characterized by high reliability, low latency, and high throughput requirements. These RAT evolutions—the IEEE 802.11bd for the DSRC and NR V2X for C-V2X—can supplement today’s vehicular sensors in enabling autonomous driving. In this paper, we survey the latest developments in the standardization of 802.11bd and NR V2X. We begin with a brief description of the two present-day vehicular RATs. In doing so, we highlight their inability to guarantee the quality of service requirements of many advanced vehicular applications. We then look at the two RAT evolutions, i.e., the IEEE 802.11bd and NR V2X, outline their objectives, describe their salient features, and provide an in-depth description of key mechanisms that enable these features. While both, the IEEE 802.11bd and NR V2X, are in their initial stages of development, we shed light on their preliminary performance projections and compare and contrast the two evolutionary RATs with their respective predecessors.
AZD6738, A Novel Oral Inhibitor of ATR, Induces Synthetic Lethality with ATM Deficiency in Gastric Cancer Cells (2017)

Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR) can be considered an attractive target for cancer treatment due to its deleterious effect on cancer cells harboring a homologous recombination defect. The aim of this study was to investigate the potential use of the ATR inhibitor, AZD6738, to treat gastric cancer.In SNU-601 cells with dysfunctional ATM, AZD6738 treatment led to an accumulation of DNA damage due to dysfunctional RAD51 foci formation, S phase arrest, and caspase 3-dependent apoptosis. In contrast, SNU-484 cells with functional ATM were not sensitive to AZD6738. Inhibition of ATM in SNU-484 cells enhanced AZD6738 sensitivity to a level comparable with that observed in SNU-601 cells, showing that activation of the ATM-Chk2 signaling pathway attenuates AZD6738 sensitivity. In addition, decreased HDAC1 expression was found to be associated with ATM inactivation in SNU-601 cells, demonstrating the interaction between HDAC1 and ATM can affect sensitivity to AZD6738. Furthermore, in an <i>in vivo</i> tumor xenograft mouse model, AZD6738 significantly suppressed tumor growth and increased apoptosis.These findings suggest synthetic lethality between ATR inhibition and ATM deficiency in gastric cancer cells. Further clinical studies on the interaction between AZD 6738 and ATM deficiency are warranted to develop novel treatment strategies for gastric cancer. <i>Mol Cancer Ther; 16(4); 566-77. ©2017 AACR</i>.
Multibeam scanning electron microscope: Experimental results (2010)

The authors present the first results obtained with their multibeam scanning electron microscope. For the first time, they were able to image 196 (array of 14×14) focused beams of a multielectron beam source on a specimen using single beam scanning electron microscope (SEM) optics. The system consists of an FEI Novanano 200 SEM optics column equipped with a multielectron beam source module. The source module consists of the multibeam source and an accelerator lens. In the multibeam source, the wide angle beam of a high brightness Schottky source is divided into 196 beamlets and focused by an aperture lens array. The accelerator lens is positioned on the image plane of the multibeam source to direct the beams toward the SEM column. The array of source images is further imaged by the SEM magnetic lenses, and the beam opening angle is defined at the variable aperture of the SEM. The system is designed to deliver 14×14 arrays of beamlets with a minimum probe size of 1 nm. In this article, the performance of the system is examined for a fixed magnification case.
Synthesis of Large‐Area MoS<sub>2</sub> Atomic Layers with Chemical Vapor Deposition (2012)

Large-area MoS(2) atomic layers are synthesized on SiO(2) substrates by chemical vapor deposition using MoO(3) and S powders as the reactants. Optical, microscopic and electrical measurements suggest that the synthetic process leads to the growth of MoS(2) monolayer. The TEM images verify that the synthesized MoS(2) sheets are highly crystalline.
An ultra-low resistance and thermally stable W/pn-poly-Si gate CMOS technology using Si/TiN buffer layer (2002)

Advanced tungsten/pn-poly-Si gate CMOS devices with ultra-low resistance of 1 /spl Omega///spl square/ have been demonstrated using Si/TiN buffer layer. Propagation delay time of inverter ring oscillator with this novel gate CMOS is greatly smaller than that with Co-salicide CMOS in wider channel width.
Relationship between the Antifreeze Activities and the Chemical Structures of Oligo- and Poly(glutamic acid)s (1998)

Antifreeze activities of various oligo- and poly(amino acid)s, more particularly oligo(glutamic acid)s (OGAs) and poly(glutamic acid)s (PGAs), were measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The polymers composed of acidic amino acids, such as PGA, had higher antifreeze activity than the other polymers. The antifreeze activities of the OGAs and PGAs tended to decrease as their molecular weights increased. However, their activities in the molecular weight range below 20 000 were higher than the antifreeze activity of glucose, which is known as a highly antifreeze substance. The antifreeze activities were only slightly affected by the optical isomerism and the peptide linkage type and decreased in the order Na salt = K salt ≫ Ca salt ≫ acidic form. It was considered that the high antifreeze activities of OGA and PGA are mainly caused by Coulomb's force of the dissociating counterions. Keywords: Antifreeze activity; oligo(glutamic acid); poly(glutamic acid); molecular weight; counterion