gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Insect Viruses (2014)

Abstract Viruses from over 16 families have been isolated from insects to date and show as much variation in structural and organisational paradigms as viruses from most other animal classes. Unique to the insect viruses is the ability of several families to produce a large pseudocrystalline occlusion body that protects the mature virus particles in the environment. Such occlusion bodies have led to these viruses evolving a complex array of associations with their insect host and in many cases causing large‐scale disease epizootics. Some of these viruses have been used for the purposes of biocontrol of insect pests in agriculture. Among the remaining nonoccluded insect viruses all of the basic structural and organisational paradigms are present in different families. Many insect viruses seem able to coexist in a single host without causing obvious disease. However, the life history strategies of their insect hosts has led the insect viruses to evolve some intriguing replicative strategies of their own that have few, if any, counterparts among the other animal viruses. Key Concepts: Insect viruses have genomes that may comprise double‐ or single‐stranded DNA or RNA. Insect viruses exhibit as much structural diversity as viruses that infect any other form of life. Insect viruses may be enveloped or non‐enveloped. Some insect viruses may form occlusion bodies comprising virions embedded within a protein matrix. Insect viruses may have evolved 350–400 million years ago. Many insect viruses share genetic and structural similarities with viruses of vertebrates. Some insect viruses are unique to invertebrate species. Insect viruses can be highly pathogenic to their hosts or cause little or no signs of infection. Some insect viruses have been used as biopesticides to control insect pests.
Actinic keratoses: non-invasive diagnosis for field cancerisation (2007)

Reflectance confocal microscopy may be a feasible alternative in the diagnosis of AK and may aid in the differentiation against normal skin, as well as in the detection of subclinical disease.
Telemetry Data Reduction for Space Vehicles (1964)

Real-time automatic digital data reduction and evaluation have been used at Lockheed Missiles and Space Company for the last year and a half. The advantages of this method over analog-record methods are clearly demonstrated. The computer programming-software is described which controls the system. The operation of the data evaluation system is described and operational data is included.
Myocardial protective effects of adenosine. Infarct size reduction with pretreatment and continued receptor stimulation during ischemia. (1992)

We conclude that 1) endogenous adenosine building up during ischemia is cardioprotective, and 2) pretreatment with adenosine confers cardioprotection independent of hemodynamic effects. Whether pretreatment effects of adenosine subsequently modulate the effects of endogenous adenosine (through alterations in receptor population or sensitivity) or endogenous and exogenous adenosine represent additive compartments is unclear.
Detection of Galactomannan and the 18 kDa Antigen from <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> in Serum and Urine from Cattle with Systemic Aspergillosis (1993)

Serum and urine samples from cattle with experimental and spontaneous systemic mycotic infections were tested for the presence of galactomannan and the 18 kDa antigen from Aspergillus fumigatus by an inhibition ELISA and immunoblotting, respectively. High levels of galactomannan (approximately 80 ng/ml.) were detected in serum from two of three calves experimentally infected with A. fumigatus. In two out of three cows with spontaneous acquired aspergillosis a similar amount of galactomannan was detected. Galactomannan was not found in serum samples of 20 cows which aborted due to either experimental or spontaneous placental aspergillosis. Twenty-four of forty urine samples from normal cattle reacted positively in the ELISA, consequently, the assay was not applicable on bovine urine. The 18 kDa antigen from A. fumigatus was detected in the urine from one calf out of three calves experimentally infected with aspergillosis and in the urine from one cow with spontaneous aspergillosis. It is concluded that detection of galactomannan in serum and the 18 kDa antigen in urine may be used as an aid for the diagnosis of disseminated bovine aspergillosis with the exception of placental and probably gastrointestinal localization.
Non-Governmental Organizations and Development in Brazil under Dictatorship and Democracy (1993)

Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) have, over the past two decades, come to be recognized as a significant force for development, not simply in terms of alleviating material poverty but also for promoting social justice and human rights. This is true all over the developing world, and nowhere more so than in Latin America, including Brazil. The term NGOs (or PVOs — Private Voluntary Organizations — in US terminology) embraces a wide variety of organizational forms, ranging from small grassroots community associations to intermediary bodies working with client groups, the Church, trade unions and comparable lobby organizations as well as large, international funding agencies. In the industrialized countries there are over 2000 NGOs involved with Third World development, concentrated overwhelmingly in Western Europe and North America. In the developing world NGOs are most concentrated in Asia (India has over 7000, for example) and in Latin America where they number several thousand, while in Africa NGOs are a more recent phenomenon (Schneider 1988). Brazil currently has well over a thousand (Landim 1987); in addition and most crucially, many European, US and some other overseas funding bodies are active in Brazil, sometimes operationally (implementing projects) but more commonly providing the bulk of financial resources necessary for NGOs there to carry on their work.KeywordsVoluntary OrganizationVoluntary AgencyClient GroupLand ConflictEnvironmental Defence FundThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Let's use the controller in contract negotiations (1967)

Abstract The controller is in the best position to evaluate the costs of proposals and counter‐proposals in bargaining sessions; he should be a regular member of the negotiating team.
Application of a Crankshaft Position Sensor to Control Engine Timing (1978)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The crankshaft position sensor (CPS) is a variable reluctance magnetic sensor which accurately senses the position of four teeth equally spaced 90° apart on a toothed ring attached to the crankshaft. The electronic engine control (EEC) calculates RPM using two adjacent pulses, and with other processed information, calculates spark advance. Actual spark initiation again uses the CPS as a reference position. The properties and environment of the sensor which determine accuracy, noise, and other characteristics important in its interface with the system is discussed.</div>
Reaction Rates of Isotopic Molecules (1980)

Explains in terms of transition-state theory and simple models for tunneling why isotopic molecules react at different rates and how to measure these differences in experiments. Critically surveys a wide range of the more important, reliable experimental results and conclusions, demonstrating how kinetic isotope effects can be interpreted to give information of mechanistic value. Contains numerous examples from organic chemistry that feature techniques which are also applicable to inorganic chemistry and biochemistry.
A Multiple Resampling Method for Learning from Imbalanced Data Sets (2004)

Resampling methods are commonly used for dealing with the class‐imbalance problem. Their advantage over other methods is that they are external and thus, easily transportable. Although such approaches can be very simple to implement, tuning them most effectively is not an easy task. In particular, it is unclear whether oversampling is more effective than undersampling and which oversampling or undersampling rate should be used. This paper presents an experimental study of these questions and concludes that combining different expressions of the resampling approach is an effective solution to the tuning problem. The proposed combination scheme is evaluated on imbalanced subsets of the Reuters‐21578 text collection and is shown to be quite effective for these problems.
Picosecond Pulse Radiolysis Studies. II. Reactions of Electrons with Concentrated Scavengers (1970)

The decay of solvated electrons in various aqueous solutions was studied using a stroboscopic pulse radiolysis technique with a time resolution of 24 psec. High concentrations of solutes such as H2O2, acetone, CdCl2, NaNO2, and NaNO3 decreased the initial solvated electron yield, while high acid concentrations did not. Reasons for this reduction in yield are discussed, and the conclusion reached is that the scavengers must be reacting with a precursor to the solvated electron. We believe that this precursor is probably a low-energy electron which reacts prior to solvation.
Orbital dependent ultrafast charge transfer dynamics of ferrocenyl-functionalized SAMs on gold studied by core-hole clock spectroscopy (2016)

Understanding the charge transport properties in general of different molecular components in a self-assembled monolayer (SAM) is of importance for the rational design of SAM molecular structures for molecular electronics. In this study, we study an important aspect of the charge transport properties, i.e. the charge transfer (CT) dynamics between the active molecular component (in this case, the ferrocenyl moieties of a ferrocenyl-n-alkanethiol SAM) and the electrode using synchrotron-based core-hole clock (CHC) spectroscopy. The characteristic CT times are found to depend strongly on the character of the ferrocenyl-derived molecular orbitals (MOs) which mediate the CT process. Furthermore, by systemically shifting the position of the ferrocenyl moiety in the SAM, it is found that the CT characteristics of the ferrocenyl MOs display distinct dependence on its distance to the electrode. These results demonstrate experimentally that the efficiency and rate of charge transport through the molecular backbone can be modulated by resonant injection of charge carriers into specific MOs.
High‐Temperature Behavior of MoSi <sub>2</sub> and Mo <sub>5</sub> Si <sub>3</sub> (1964)

The high‐temperature stability and behavior of MoSi 2 was studied by heating dense sintered specimens under a vacuum of 10 −5 mm Hg in the temperature range 1700° to 2000°C. The resulting material was examined using physical measurements, X‐ray analysis, and metallographic techniques. The decomposition of MoSi 2 into Mo 5 Si 3 is described. The Mo 5 Si 3 ‐MoSi 2 eutectic temperature was determined as 1900° C, and the melting points of MoSi 5 and Mo 5 Si 3 were determined as 1980° and 2085° C, respectively.
An Algorithm to Edge Detection Based on SUSAN Filter and Embedded Confidence (2006)

Edge detection is the base of the image measuring, image segmentation, image compressing and pattern recognition, and so on. The existing edge detection methods are analyzed, and the SUSAN filter and edge detection with embedded confidence are studied respectively. Then a new method based on SUSAN filter and embedded confidence is proposed. This new algorithm combines them to realize respective value. The experimental results show that this algorithm is more robust to noise and is rich in feature content and accurate. The algorithm has terribly capacious developed foreground
Nanostructures and Capacitive Characteristics of Hydrous Manganese Oxide Prepared by Electrochemical Deposition (2003)

Amorphous manganese oxide deposits with nanostructures (denoted as were electrochemically deposited onto graphite substrates from 0.16 M with pH 5.6 by means of the potentiostatic, galvanostatic, and potentiodynamic techniques. The maximum specific capacitance of deposits plated in different modes, measured from cyclic voltammetry at 25 mV s−1, is about 230 F g−1 in a potential window of 1.0 V. The high electrochemical reversibility, high-power characteristics, good stability, and improved frequency responses in 0.1 M for these nanostructured deposits prepared by electrochemical methods demonstrate their promising potential in the application to electrochemical supercapacitors. The nanostructure of clearly observed by means of a scanning electron microscope, was found to depend strongly on the deposition mode. The similar capacitive performance of all deposits prepared in different modes was attributable to their nonstoichiometric nature with a very similar oxidation state, demonstrated by XPS spectra. © 2003 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
The corrosion resistance and microstructure of UBM system-deposited NbxSiyNz thin films (2012)

"NbxSiyNz thin film nanostructure was grown using the unbalanced magnetron sputtering (UBM) technique with varying Si content. Corrosion resistance was evaluated by potentiodynamic polarisation technique in a 3% NaCl solution. Microstructure was analysed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and laser scanning microscopy. Chemical composition was ascer-tained by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) technique. The results showed that deposition rates increased with higher Si content. A micro-structural change was observed for greater than 5% Si content through the transition from a crystalline to an amorphous structure in the thin films. Corrosion test results demonstrated that the thin films having the highest silicon content had better corrosion resistance."
Free radicals, antioxidants in disease and health. (2008)

Free radicals and oxidants play a dual role as both toxic and beneficial compounds, since they can be either harmful or helpful to the body. They are produced either from normal cell metabolisms in situ or from external sources (pollution, cigarette smoke, radiation, medication). When an overload of free radicals cannot gradually be destroyed, their accumulation in the body generates a phenomenon called oxidative stress. This process plays a major part in the development of chronic and degenerative illness such as cancer, autoimmune disorders, aging, cataract, rheumatoid arthritis, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. The human body has several mechanisms to counteract oxidative stress by producing antioxidants, which are either naturally produced in situ, or externally supplied through foods and/or supplements. This mini-review deals with the taxonomy, the mechanisms of formation and catabolism of the free radicals, it examines their beneficial and deleterious effects on cellular activities, it highlights the potential role of the antioxidants in preventing and repairing damages caused by oxidative stress, and it discusses the antioxidant supplementation in health maintenance.
Efficient Solver for Spacetime Control of Smoke (2017)

We present a novel algorithm to control the physically-based animation of smoke. Given a set of keyframe smoke shapes, we compute a dense sequence of control force fields that can drive the smoke shape to match several keyframes at certain time instances. Our approach formulates this control problem as a spacetime optimization constrained by partial differential equations. In order to compute the locally optimal control forces, we alternatively optimize the velocity fields and density fields using an alternating direction method of multiplier (ADMM) optimizer. In order to reduce the high complexity of multiple passes of fluid resimulation during velocity field optimization, we utilize the coherence between consecutive fluid simulation passes. We demonstrate the benefits of our approach by computing accurate solutions on 2D and 3D benchmarks. In practice, we observe up to an order of magnitude improvement over prior optimal control methods.
Expression of maspin protein in cervical squamous carcinoma and its relationship with p53 expression and HPV infection (2010)

Objective To investigate expression of maspin protein in cervical squamous carcinoma (CSC) and evaluate its possible role in tumorigenesis and progression of cervical carcinoma, and to further investigate its relationship between p53 expression and HPV infection. Methods Levels of maspin protein and p53 protein in cervical squamous carcinoma, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and normal uterine neck were detected by immunohistochemistry. Analyses were made concerning possible relationship between the expression of 2 proteins and clinicopathologic indices and correlation between maspin in CSC and p53 expression. HPV detection was made with PCR amplification and hybridization. Results (1) Expression of maspin in squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix gradually down-regulated, as seen from normal cervical tissue to cervical intraepitbelial neoplasia to squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix with statistical significance (P < 0.05). The higher the clinical stages and the lower the cell differentiation, less expression of maspin there was. In cervical squamous carcinoma with lymphatic metastasis, positive expression rate of maspin was lower than that without lymphatic metastasis. And significant differences could be noted when comparisons were made between the two (P <0.05). Negative correlation could be seen between expressions of maspin and p53 in cervical squamous carcinoma(r_s = -0.399, P < 0.05). (2) Negative correlation was shown between expressions of maspin and the high-risk HPV infection(r_s =-0.294 ,P < 0.05). Conclusions Maspin might play a strong inhibitory role in the genesis and development of squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix. Abnormal expression of maspin might 

Key words: 
Maspin;  Squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix (SCC);  Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia(CIN);  p53;  Human papilloma vires(HPV)
APOE related alterations in cerebral activation even at college age (2005)

<b>Background:</b> Associations between the APOE genotype and various medical conditions have been documented at a very young age. The association between the APOE genotype and cognitive performance varies at different ages. APOE related changes in brain activation have been recently reported for middle aged and elderly subjects. <b>Objective:</b> To explore APOE related alterations during cognitive activation in a population of young adults. <b>Methods:</b> Using H<sub>2</sub><sup>15</sup>O positron emission tomography (PET), imaging was carried out in 20 healthy young adults (age 19 to 28 years; four ε4 carriers and 16 non-ε4 carriers) during a non-verbal memory task. Voxel-wise multiple regression analyses were undertaken, with the activation difference PET counts as the dependent variable and the APOE genotype as the independent variable. <b>Results:</b> Brain regions were identified where ε4 carriers showed significantly lower or higher activation than non-carriers. <b>Conclusions:</b> The results suggest that APOE dependent modulation of cerebral flow may be present even at a young age. This may reflect an APOE related physiological heterogeneity which may or may not predispose to brain disease in the ensuing decades or, less likely, the effect of very early Alzheimer’s disease related pathological changes.
Effects of AT<sub>1A</sub> receptor deletion on blood pressure and sodium excretion during altered dietary salt intake (2002)

The present study was performed to investigate the role of type 1A ANG II (AT(1A)) receptors in regulating sodium balance and blood pressure maintenance during chronic dietary sodium variations in AT(1A) receptor-deficient (-/-) mice. Groups of AT(1A) (-/-) and wild-type mice were placed on a low (LS)-, normal (NS)-, or high-salt (HS) diet for 3 wk. AT(1A) (-/-) mice on an LS diet had high urinary volume and low blood pressure despite increased renin and aldosterone levels. On an HS diet, (-/-) mice demonstrated significant diuresis, yet blood pressure increased to levels greater than control littermates. There was no effect of dietary sodium intake on systolic blood pressures in wild-type animals. The pressure-natriuresis relationship in AT(1A) (-/-) mice demonstrated a shift to the left and a decreased slope compared with wild-type littermates. These studies demonstrate that mice lacking the AT(1A) receptor have blood pressures sensitive to changes in dietary sodium, marked alterations of the pressure-natriuresis relationship, and compensatory mechanisms capable of maintaining normal sodium balance across a wide range of sodium intakes.
Highly Luminescent NIR-to-Visible Upconversion Thin Films and Monoliths Requiring No High-Temperature Treatment (2009)

A method is described for producing highly luminescent composite NIR-to-visible upconversion thin films, made from β-NaYF4:3%Er,17%Yb nanocrystals in a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) matrix, which require no postdeposition heat treatment. Nanocrystals are synthesized via a single-phase, high-boiling-point solvent method, which requires neither metal-trifluoroacetate precursors nor the use of autoclaves. Highly luminescent films are produced that can be varied in thickness down to dimensions approaching those of the nanocrystals themselves. The physical properties of the films are characterized by AFM and TEM, whereas the spectroscopic properties are characterized by NIR-to-visible confocal microscopy and by the time-dependence of upconversion luminescence following pulsed NIR excitation. It is shown that dispersal of β-NaYF4:3%Er,17%Yb nanocrystals in PMMA has no adverse effect on the intrinsic quantum efficiency of upconversion. By focusing the NIR pump beam (980 nm, cw) in the film, linear intensity response and constant color balance are achieved at pump powers down to 40 μW. It is also demonstrated that the thin-film method can be modified to produce large NIR-to-visible upconversion monoliths of high optical quality. This study supports an earlier assertion that the upconversion properties of β-NaYF4:Er,Yb nanocrystals approach those of the bulk material when nanocrystal size is greater than ∼70 nm.
Structure‐activity relationship of HP (2–20) analog peptide: Enhanced antimicrobial activity by N‐terminal random coil region deletion (2007)

HP (2-20) (AKKVFKRLEKLFSKIQNDK) is a 19-aa antimicrobial peptide derived from N-terminus of Helicobacter pylori Ribosomal protein L1 (RpL1). In the previous study, several analogs with amino acid substitutions were designed to increase or decrease only the net hydrophobicity. In particular, substitutions of Gln(16) and Asp(18) with Trp (Anal 3) for hydrophobic amino acid caused a dramatic increase in antibiotic activity without a hemolytic effect. HP-A3 is a potent antimicrobial peptide that forms, in a hydrophobic medium, an amphipathic structure consisting of an N-terminal random coil region (residues 2-5) and extended C-terminal regular alpha-helical region (residues 6-20). To obtain the short and potent alpha-helical antimicrobial peptide, we synthesized a N-terminal random coil deleted HP-A3 (A3-NT) and examined their antimicrobial activity and mechanism of action. The resulting 15mer peptide showed increased antibacterial and antifungal activity to 2- and 4-fold, respectively, without hemolysis. Confocal fluorescence microscopy studies showed that A3-NT was accumulated in the plasma membrane. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that A3-NT acted in salt- and energy-independent manner. Furthermore, A3-NT causes significant morphological alterations of the bacterial surfaces as shown by scanning electron microscopy. Circular dichroism (CD) analysis revealed that A3-NT showed higher alpha-helical contents than the HP-A3 peptide in 50% TFE solution. Therefore, the cell-lytic efficiency of HP-A3, which depended on the alpha-helical content of peptide, correlated linearly with their antimicrobial potency.