gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spontaneous release of interleukin 2 by lung T lymphocytes in active pulmonary sarcoidosis is primarily from the Leu3+DR+ T cell subset. (1986)

The inflammation within the lower respiratory tract of individuals with pulmonary sarcoidosis is dominated by large numbers of helper T lymphocytes that proliferate and spontaneously release interleukin 2 (IL-2). To identify the lymphocyte subpopulation that releases IL-2 in this disorder, lung lymphocytes recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage were characterized using the monoclonal antibodies Leu4 (T lymphocyte), Leu3 (helper/inducer), Leu2 (suppressor/cytotoxic), and anti-HLA-DR, and separated by panning and flow cytometry. The majority of the IL-2 spontaneously released by T cells in the sarcoid lung was contributed by the Leu3+ cell population (Leu3+65 +/- 23 IL-2 units released/10(6) cells per 24 h; Leu2+ 9 +/- 8, P less than 0.04). Further characterization of the lung Leu3+ T cells in sarcoid demonstrated that 30 +/- 3% were expressing HLA-DR molecules on their surface compared with 6 +/- 1% in normals (P less than 0.01). Importantly, the subpopulation of Leu3+ lung T lymphocytes expressing a high intensity of HLA-DR molecules on their surface was responsible for the majority of the release of IL-2 in the sarcoid lung (Leu3+ high-intensity DR 42 +/- 17 U/10(6) cells per 24 h, Leu3+ low-intensity DR 8 +/- 1 U/10(6) cells per 24 h; P less than 0.01). Thus, the spontaneous release of IL-2 in the lung of sarcoid patients appears to be localized to a subset of Leu3+ high-intensity DR ("activated" lung helper/inducer) T lymphocytes. Because the sarcoid lung is characterized by markedly increased numbers of these cells, it is likely that this compartmentalized T cell population plays a major role in sustaining the exaggerated localized immune processes of this disorder.
Development and Stability Studies of Novel Liposomal Vancomycin Formulations (2012)

A promising strategy to improve the therapeutic efficiency of antimicrobial agents is targeted therapy. Although vancomycin has been considered a gold standard for the therapy of MRSA pneumonia, clinical failure rates have also been reported owing to its slow, time-dependent bactericidal activity, variable lung tissue penetration and poor intracellular penetration into macrophages. Liposomal encapsulation has been established as an alternative for antimicrobial delivery to infected tissue macrophages and offers enhanced pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and decreased toxicity compared to standard preparations. The aim of the present work is to prepare vancomycin in two different liposomal formulations, conventional and PEGylated liposomes using different methods. The prepared formulations were optimized for their particle size, encapsulation efficiency and physical stability. The dehydration-rehydration was found to be the best preparation method. Both the conventional and PEGylated liposomal formulations were successfully formulated with a narrow particle size and size distribution and % encapsulation efficiency of 9 ± 2 and 12 ± 3, respectively. Both the formulations were stable at 4°C for 3 months. These formulations were successfully used to evaluate for their intracellular killing of MRSA and in vivo pharmacokinetic and bio-distribution studies.
Molecular Beam Formation by Long Parallel Tubes (1960)

The characteristics of molecular beams formed by sources consisting of long tube arrays are measured for several sources. The peak beam intensity and the beam width are calculated when collisions in the source are taken into account under the assumption that a limited region of Knudsen type flow occurs near the low-pressure end of the source. The peak beam intensity and the beam width are calculated to vary as the square root of the total flow rate for source pressures giving useful directivity, in good agreement with the observations. Considerations in the design of sources are discussed.
The effect of complex coupling coefficients on distributed feedback lasers (1982)

The effect of complex coupling coefficients on the performance of distributed feedback (DFB) lasers is studied. The physical origins of a complex coupling coefficient are specified, and its relation with gain or loss mechanisms which occur inside the laser is discussed. Numerical results are presented for the oscillation frequencies, threshold gains, and intensity patterns of the longitudinal modes of the DFB laser.
THE STRUCTURE OF DNA (1953)

It would be superfluous at a Symposium on Viruses to introduce a paper on the structure of DNA with a discussion on its importance to the problem of virus reproduction. Instead we shall not only assume that DNA is important, but in addition that it is the carrier of the genetic specificity of the virus (for argument, see Hershey, this volume) and thus must possess in some sense the capacity for exact self-duplication. In this paper we shall describe a structure for DNA which suggests a mechanism for its self-duplication and allows us to propose, for the first time, a detailed hypothesis on the atomic level for the self-reproduction of genetic material.
Knotted DNA from bacteriophage capsids. (1981)

The majority of the DNA prepared from tailless capsids of bacteriophage P2 by the phenol extraction procedure consists of monomeric rings that have their cohesive ends joined. Electron microscopic and ultracentrifugal studies indicate that these molecules have a complex structure that is topologically knotted; they have a more compact appearance and a higher sedimentation coefficient when compared with regular nicked P2 DNA rings. Linearization of these rings by thermal dissociation or repair of the cohesive ends by DNA polymerase I in the presence of all four deoxynucleoside triphosphates gives molecules that are indistinguishable from normal P2 DNA that has been similarly treated. The knotted nature of the majority of P2 head DNA is further supported by analyzing the products when these molecules are treated with ligase and the ligase-treated molecules are subsequently nicked randomly with DNase I. The data are consistent with the notion that, if such a molecule is first converted to a form that contains only one single-chain scission per molecule, strand separation gives a linear strand and a highly knotted single-stranded ring. The results suggest that the DNA packaged in tailless P2 capsids is arranged in a way that leads to the formation of a complex knot when the ends join. In an intact phage particle, the anchoring of one terminus of the DNA to the head-proximal end of the tail [Chattoraj, D. K. & Inman, R. B. (1974) J. Mol. Biol. 87, 11-22] presumably diminishes or prevents this kind of joining. The novel knotted DNA can be used to assay type II DNA topoisomerases that break and rejoin DNA in a double-stranded fashion.
X-ray Holographic Microscopy of Biological Specimens with an Electronic Zooming Tube (1996)

X-ray holographic microscopy of biological specimens has been performed using in-line holography with the following improvements: (i) an electronic zooming tube is utilized as a detector, and (ii) the object planes are restricted by a metal frame which is not transparent to X-rays at the wavelengths used in the present experiments. The latter modification is useful in computer reconstruction and serves as a reference area where there are no photons in the reconstructed images. This system can minimize the inclusion of errors when recording and reading out holograms compared with methods using an X-ray resist as a detector, or optical reconstruction methods. Two-dimensional images of human cells have been successfully obtained with the present system. Comparison of these images with optical images revealed a good coincidence in structure outlines but not in internal structure images. Holographic observation of HeLa cells at different wavelengths showed a wavelength dependence of the reconstructed images. Since the electronic zooming tube is applicable to a wide range of X-ray wavelengths and has a promising potential to improve its resolution, these results strongly suggest that the present system is a good candidate for the development and establishment of an X-ray holographic microscopy system.
The impact of metal-1 plasma processing-induced hot carrier injection on the characteristics and reliability of n-MOSFETs (1998)

We report on plasma processing-induced damage to sub-half-micron n-MOSFETs that is invoked by potential differences between device terminals during metal-1 plasma processing. The damage mechanism is identified as hot carrier (HC) injection promoted by the layout of metal-1 interconnect. Using conventional and modified charge pumping techniques as well as transistor parameter measurements, we also investigate the impact of the damage on device reliability by applying Fowler-Nordheim (FN) and hot carrier stresses. The results show the severe impact of this damage on device reliability, which is attributed to trapping of positive charge at the drain edge that is enough to shorten the device channel.
Mechanical properties and microstructure of Al2O3/TiAl in situ composites doped with Cr and V2O5 (2012)

Al2O3/TiAl in situ composites doped with Cr and V2O5 were successfully prepared from Ti, Al, TiO2, Cr and V2O5 by hot pressing. The effect of in situ formed Al2O3 content on the phase composition, microstructure and mechanical properties of Al2O3/TiAl composites were investigated. The results show that the as-synthesized composites mainly consisted of ?-TiAl/?2-Ti3Al matrix and dispersive Al2O3 reinforcing phases. The in situ formed fine Al2O3 ceramic particles mainly disperse on the grain boundaries of TiAl, resulting in refinement of TiAl matrix, which improves the mechanical properties of the Al2O3/TiAl in situ composite. The composite with 7.54 at.% Al2O3 possesses the maximum flexural strength and fracture toughness of 335.38 MPa and 5.39 MPa m1/2, respectively. The strengthening mechanism was also discussed in detail.
Morphological resonances for multicomponent immunoassays (1995)

An immunoassay technique capable of detecting and identifying a number of species of microorganisms in a single analysis is described. The method uses optical-resonance size discrimination of microspheres to identify antibodies to which stained microorganisms are bound.
Branched polypeptides as antigens for influenza virus hemagglutinin and T-cell receptor subunits. (1994)

The multiple antigenic peptide (MAP) method was applied to improve the immunogenicity of synthetic peptides representing distinct regions of the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA). A tetrameric MAP with multiply incorporated overlapping B- and T-cell epitopes was combined with a particular HA sequence representing the slightly modified fusion peptide on the C-terminus of the Lys core (MAP-1). As a result of repeated injections of BALB/c mice with MAP-1 but not with the monomeric HA1C[Arg] peptide, the appearance of MAP-1-specific antibodies crossreactive with the acid-pretreated virus could be observed. In vitro studies revealed the potency of the MAP-1 structure to induce proliferation of HA1C[Arg]-primed T-cells, and in vivo studies demonstrated the protective feature of the immune response elicited by MAP-1 and to a lesser extent by the monomeric HA1C[Arg]. The increased level of MAP-1 specific antibodies upon viral challenge shows the activation of MAP-1-specific B- and/or T-cells. The advantage of the previously verified FP3 helper T-cell epitope included in MAP-1 was further utilized to synthesize chimeric structures comprising short fragments of the zeta of (MAP-2) or delta (MAP-3) subunits of the T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) complex. The selected peptides of the zeta and delta-chain regions failed to elicit an antibody response in BALB/c mice as tetra- or octamers, but the inclusion of the modified fusion region resulted in an immunogenic construction.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Mechanisms of drug resistance in breast cancer. (1990)

Drug resistance is one of the most important problems in the treatment of cancer. Patients become resistant not only to the drugs used initially, but also those to which they have not yet been exposed. A number of factors influence the therapeutic outcome of patients with breast cancer, foremost of which is the tumor burden. The greater the tumor burden, the more difficult it is to achieve an adequate and lasting response. Timing of treatment, dose and schedule of therapy, and the duration of therapy are also important considerations in the therapeutic outcome. Of primary importance is the development of drug resistance, which appears to be related to genetic alterations that result in altered cellular pharmacology and lead to reduced drug efficacy. Multiple mechanisms may be involved, all or any number of which may occur simultaneously within each cell, producing an overall drug-resistant phenotype.
Characterization of the Human Cytomegalovirus Protease As an Induced-Fit Serine Protease and the Implications to the Design of Mechanism-Based Inhibitors (1999)

The conformational properties of the N-tert-butylacetyl-l-tert-butylglycyl-l-Nδ,Nδ-dimethylasparagyl-l-alanyl methyl ketone (MK) 1 and its terminal N-isopropylacetyl analogue 2 were investigated. Whereas these compounds are weak (mM IC50 range) inhibitors of the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) protease, their activated carbonyl analogues are >1000-fold more potent (e.g., trifluoromethyl ketone 3, IC50 = 1.1 μM). A combination of NMR techniques demonstrated that MK 2 exists in solution as a relatively rigid and extended peptide structure and that the bulky side chains, notably the P3 tert-butyl group, greatly contribute to maintaining this solution conformation. Furthermore, transferred nuclear Overhauser effect (TRNOE) studies provided an enzyme-bound conformation of MK 2 that was found to be similar to its free solution structure and compares very well to the X-ray crystallographic structure of a related peptidyl inhibitor complexed to the enzyme. The fact that ligands such as MK 2 exist in solution in the bioactive conformation accounts, in part, for the observed inhibitory activity of activated ketone inhibitors bearing comparable peptidyl sequences. Comparison of the X-ray structures of HCMV protease apoenzyme and that of its complex with a related peptidyl α-ketoamide inhibitor allowed for a detailed analysis of the previously reported conformational change of the enzyme upon complexation of inhibitors such as 1 and 3. The above observations indicate that HCMV protease is a novel example of a serine protease that operates by an induced-fit mechanism for which complexation of peptidyl ligands results in structural changes which bring the enzyme to a catalytically active (or optimized) form. Kinetic and fluorescence studies are also consistent with an induced-fit mechanism in which a considerable proportion of the intrinsic ligand-binding energy is used to carry out the conformational reorganization of the protease. Issues related to the rational design of both mechanism- and nonmechanism-based inhibitors of HCMV protease, notably in light of the peptidyl ligand-induced optimization of its catalytic functioning, are discussed.
Feature-based Similarity Assessment for Re-using CAD Models (2011)

Similarity assessment of a CAD model is one of important issues from the aspect of model re-using. In real practice, many new mechanical parts are designed by modifying existing ones. The reuse of part enables to save design time and efforts for the designers. Design time would be further reduced if there were an efficient way to search for existing similar designs. This paper proposes an efficient algorithm of similarity assessment for mechanical part model with design history embedded within the CAD model. Since it is possible to retrieve the design history and detailed-feature information using CAD API, we can obtain an accurate and reliable assessment result. For our purpose, our assessment algorithm can be divided by two: (1) we select suitable parts by comparing MSG (Model Signature Graph) extracted from a base feature of the required model; (2) detailed-features' similarities are assessed with their own attributes and reference structures. In addition, we also propose a indexing method for managing a model database in the last part of this article.
Determination of Small Amounts of Chloride in Ethylene Oxide (1959)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDetermination of Small Amounts of Chloride in Ethylene OxideJ. G. Hanna and H. M. SchrammCite this: Anal. Chem. 1959, 31, 11, 1821–1822Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1959Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1959https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60155a039https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60155a039research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views29Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Cellulose utilization by <i>Clostridium thermocellum</i> : Bioenergetics and hydrolysis product assimilation (2005)

The bioenergetics of cellulose utilization by Clostridium thermocellum was investigated. Cell yield and maintenance parameters, Y(X/ATP)True = 16.44 g cell/mol ATP and m = 3.27 mmol ATP/g cell per hour, were obtained from cellobiose-grown chemostats, and it was shown that one ATP is required per glucan transported. Experimentally determined values for G(ATP)P-T (ATP from phosphorolytic beta-glucan cleavage minus ATP for substrate transport, mol ATP/mol hexose) from chemostats fed beta-glucans with degree of polymerization (DP) 2-6 agreed well with the predicted value of (n-2)/n [corrected] (n = mean cellodextrin DP assimilated). A mean G(ATP)(P-T) value of 0.52 +/- 0.06 was calculated for cellulose-grown chemostat cultures, corresponding to n = 4.20 +/- 0.46. Determination of intracellular beta-glucan radioactivity resulting from 14C-labeled substrates showed that uptake is different for cellulose and cellobiose (G2). For 14C-cellobiose, radioactivity was greatest for G2; substantially smaller but measurable for G1, G3, and G4; undetectable for G5 and G6; and n was approximately 2. For 14C-cellulose, radioactivity was greatest for G5; lower but substantial for G6, G2, and G1; very low for G3 and G4; and n was approximately 4. These results indicate that: (i) C. thermocellum hydrolyzes cellulose by a different mode of action from the classical mechanism involving solubilization by cellobiohydrolase; (ii) bioenergetic benefits specific to growth on cellulose are realized, resulting from the efficiency of oligosaccharide uptake combined with intracellular phosphorolytic cleavage of beta-glucosidic bonds; and (iii) these benefits exceed the bioenergetic cost of cellulase synthesis, supporting the feasibility of anaerobic biotechnological processing of cellulosic biomass without added saccharolytic enzymes.
AutoCalib (2018)

Emerging smart cities are typically equipped with thousands of outdoor cameras. However, these cameras are usually not calibrated, i.e., information such as their precise mounting height and orientation is not available. Calibrating these cameras allows measurement of real-world distances from the video, thereby enabling a wide range of novel applications such as identifying speeding vehicles and city road planning . Unfortunately, robust camera calibration is a manual process today and is not scalable. In this article, we propose AutoCalib, a system for scalable, automatic calibration of traffic cameras. AutoCalib exploits deep learning to extract selected key-point features from car images in the video and uses a novel filtering and aggregation algorithm to automatically produce a robust estimate of the camera calibration parameters from just hundreds of samples. We have implemented AutoCalib as a service on Azure that takes in a video segment and computes the camera calibration parameters. Using video from real-world traffic cameras, we show that AutoCalib is able to estimate real-world distances with an error of less than 12%.
Determinants of Helicobacter pylori pathogenicity. (1996)

Helicobacter pylori is a recently recognized bacterial pathogen associated with diverse pathologies of varying severity, such as chronic gastritis, peptic ulceration, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, and gastric carcinoma. We here present a review of our current knowledge on the properties of H. Pylori that adapt it to its particular niche by allowing it to survive in the stomach and to colonize the gastric mucosa, as well as those that underlie its persistence and pathogenicity. While the bacterial determinants that preclude the persistent colonization of the gastric mucosa are better understood, those associated with pathogenicity appear to result from the possibility for some of the bacteria of the species to synthesize products that directly or indirectly damage the gastric mucosa, cause a persistent inflammatory reaction, and/or perturb the regulation of acid secretion.
PERFORMANCE OF A SCALABLE BITSTREAM ADAPTATION PROCESS BASED ON HIGH LEVEL XML DESCRIPTIONS (2008)

Multi-channel publication environments are necessary in our future universal multimedia access world. Therefore, we must adapt our digital video content taking the restrictions and characteristics of networks and terminals into consideration. To make the adaptation possible in a flexible manner, we use a scalable bitstream which gives us the possibility to extract new bitstreams with other characteristics without the need of a complete decodeencode step. The adaptation must happen in a formatagnostic way and terminal-independent. To realize this goal, we describe our bitstream in XML by using the MPEG-21 BSDL standard. The adaptation is done in the XML domain instead of on the bitstream. The generation of the description and the new bitstream can take place automatically. In this paper, we describe the adaptation of a bitstream by using a description and the performance of this approach of adaptation. 1.
Thermally excited magnetic noise from pinned and reference layers in current perpendicular-to-plane structure magnetoresistive heads (2008)

Thermally excited magnetic noise due to weakened antiferromgnetic layer pinning field and weakened coupling field between pinned layer and reference layer is studied with mircomagnetic model. Sensor noise increases with weakened pinning and coupling fields are dependent on sensor aspect ratio. Low stripe height can enhance shape anisotropy that reduces the pinning/coupling field and thus leads to noisier sensor. It is found that weakened pinning field is more effective in producing noise than weakened coupling field. It is also found that noise increases from weakened pinning field and coupling field and shows different trends with applied magnetic field. Experimental method to distinguish pinning and coupling weakness is discussed.