gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Web-scale information extraction with vertex (2011)

Vertex is a Wrapper Induction system developed at Yahoo! for extracting structured records from template-based Web pages. To operate at Web scale, Vertex employs a host of novel algorithms for (1) Grouping similar structured pages in a Web site, (2) Picking the appropriate sample pages for wrapper inference, (3) Learning XPath-based extraction rules that are robust to variations in site structure, (4) Detecting site changes by monitoring sample pages, and (5) Optimizing editorial costs by reusing rules, etc. The system is deployed in production and currently extracts more than 250 million records from more than 200 Web sites. To the best of our knowledge, Vertex is the first system to do high-precision information extraction at Web scale.
Application of neural networks to the reconstruction of scanning probe microscope images distorted by finite-size tips (1995)

This paper reports a novel approach to the reconstruction of scanning probe microscopy (SPM) images by means of neural networks. The method aims to correct the integrating effect of a finite stylus tip. It is part of a general plan to enhance the performance of SPMs by means of neural networks. A well trained neural network is used in this approach to fulfil the nonlinear mapping from the apparent image to true surface. The results of experiments and simulations show that the reconstructed image tends to be closer the true surface than that measured images, and provides a better lateral resolution of measurements.
Selective Nanosensor Array Microsystem For Exhaled Breath Analysis (2011)

This work describes a novel concept of a three-nanosensor array microsystem that may serve as a handheld breath analyzer for disease diagnosis. The specification and performance of a simple metal oxide nanosensor operating between three distinct temperatures are discussed, focusing on the need for a non-invasive blood cholesterol monitor. Interfacing the sensor array to an integrated circuit for electrical readout and temperature control provides for a complete microsystem capable to capturing a single exhaled breath and analyzing it with respect to its relative content of isoprene, carbon dioxide, and ammonia gas. This inexpensive sensor technology may be used as a personalized medical diagnostics in the near future.
Dynamic response of cochlear blood flow to occlusion of anterior inferior cerebellar artery in guinea pigs (1994)

In this study we investigated the autoregulation and hemodynamics of cochlear blood flow (CBF) as measured by laser-Doppler flowmetry. When the anterior inferior cerebellar artery was clamped, CBF decreased approximately 40% (not to "biological zero"), followed by a gradual increase. When the clamp was released, CBF quickly increased to as much as 167% of the baseline level and then slowly returned to baseline. We assume that the dynamic CBF response to anterior inferior cerebellar artery clamping reflects primarily a combination of passive elastic properties of the cochlear vessels and active autoregulatory mechanisms. The decrease portion of the negative phase and the increase portion of the positive phase reflect mainly passive behavior, static compliance, and resistance of vessels, whereas the slow exponential negative and positive changes indicate an active response of vessels: an autoregulatory mechanism based on compensatory vascular dilation and constriction. Our preliminary data show a very strong CBF autoregulatory response to a change in intravascular pressure. Sympathetic stimulation can enhance this autoregulation, and CO2 inhalation promotes compensatory dilation and inhibits compensatory vascular constriction.
The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes—KEGG (2000)

The site (http://www.genome.ad.jp/kegg/kegg2.html) is organized into three sections: pathway information, genomic information, and computational tools.The pathway information section includes searchable pathway maps and orthologue tables of metabolic and regulatory pathways.There are also extensive catalogues of diseases (human), organisms (completely sequenced genomes or chromosomes), cells (cell lineages), enzymes and `compounds'.All of these are extensively supported by searches of the relevant sections of the KEGG databases, which can be used to help with the correct speci®cation of search terms.The genomic information section is broken down into two parts, gene catalogues and Java map browsers.The `gene catalogues' section is a comprehensive listing of all sequenced genes, for each organism, ordered by species.There are KEGG pages, which have all the genes present in the metabolic and regulatory pathway resources of KEGG, ordered by pathway.There are also links to pages that have the original functionally categorized lists of genes, as de®ned by the relevant sequencing consortia.The `Java map browsers' section provides genome maps, and a tool that will draw a comparative map between two speci®ed genomes.Currently, the expression map tools only allow users to query the expression data produced using the yeast microarrays.This section will no doubt be expanded as more microarray-based expression analysis is performed.The computational tools section provides BLAST and FASTA searches of the gene and genome catalogues of KEGG.
Heat Release Analysis of Engine Pressure Data (1984)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">In analyzing the processes inside the cylinder of an internal combustion engine, the principal diagnostic at the experimenter's disposal is a measured time history of the cylinder pressure. This paper develops, tests, and applies a heat release analysis procedure that maintains simplicity while including the effects of heat transfer, crevice flows and fuel injection. The heat release model uses a one zone description of the cylinder contents with thermodynamic properties represented by a linear approximation for γ(T). Applications of the analysis to a single-cylinder spark-ignition engine, a special square cross-section visualization spark-ignition engine, and a direct-injection stratified charge engine are presented.</div>
Abnormal<i>p53</i>Expression in Human Lung Cancer is Associated with Histologic Subtypes and Patient Smoking History (1994)

Among the most common mutations in human lung cancer are those affecting the p53 gene. The expression of p53 in the nucleus is considered an immunohistochemical reflection of the nuclear accumulation of mutant p53 protein, which is coded by the p53 gene with missense mutation and has a prolonged half-life. In the present study, p53 expression detected by means of immunohistochemistry occurred frequently in human lung cancer and was associated with histologic subtypes. The alteration in the p53 gene was found to be a relatively early genetic event in the development and progression of lung cancer and to be maintained in the process of metastasis: abnormal p53 expression was found in both the early and late clinical stages, and identical p53 expression was detected consistently among primary and metastatic lesions from the same patients. Furthermore, an observed association between abnormal p53 expression and the patients' smoking history suggests that the p53 gene could be a common target of tobacco-associated carcinogenesis in lung cancer.
A Hierarchical Convolutional Neural Network for Malware Classification (2019)

Malware detection and classification is a challenging problem and an active area of research. Particular challenges include how to best treat and preprocess malicious executables in order to feed machine learning algorithms. Novel approaches in the literature treat an executable as a sequence of bytes or as a sequence of assembly language instructions. However, in those approaches the hierarchical structure of programs is not taken into consideration. An executable exhibits various levels of spatial correlation. Adjacent code instructions are correlated spatially but that is not necessarily the case. Function calls and jump commands transfer the control of the program to a different point in the instruction stream. Furthermore, these discontinuities are maintained when treating the binary as a sequence of byte values. In addition, functions might be arranged randomly if addresses are correctly reorganized. To address these issues we propose a Hierarchical Convolutional Network (HCN) for malware classification. It has two levels of convolutional blocks applied at the mnemonic-level and at the function-level, enabling us to extract n-gram like features from both levels when constructing the malware representation. We validate our HCN method on the dataset released for the Microsoft Malware Classification Challenge, outperforming almost every deep learning method in the literature.
Visual feedback in querying large databases (1993)

In this paper, we describe a database query system that provides visual relevance feedback in querying large databases. The goal of our system is to support the query specification process by using each pixel of the display to represent one data item of the database. By arranging and coloring the pixels according to their relevance for the query, the user gets a visual impression of the resulting data set. Using sliders for each condition of the query, the user may change the query dynamically and receives immediate feedback by the visual representation of the resulting data set. By using multiple windows for different parts of a complex query, the user gets visual feedback for each part of the query and, therefore, will easier understand the overall result. The system may be used to query any database that contains tens of thousands to millions of data items, but it is especially helpful to explore large data sets with an unknown distribution of values and to find the interesting hot spots in huge amounts of data. The direct feedback allows to visually display the influence of incremental query refinements and, therefore, allows a better, easier and faster query specification. >
Polymer electrolyte membranes based on poly(arylene ether sulfone) with pendant perfluorosulfonic acid (2012)

Poly(arylene ether sulfone)-based ionomers with sulfonate groups of varying acidity (perfluoroalkyl sulfonate, aryl sulfonate and alkyl sulfonate) were synthesized via borylation of aromatic C–H bonds and Suzuki coupling with sulfonated phenyl bromides. Properties of the ionomers, such as thermal stability, water uptake, ion exchange capacity, morphology and proton conductivity, were analyzed with respect to the effect of the sulfonate group. Superacidic fluoroalkyl sulfonated ionomers displayed much higher conductivity at low relative humidity than less acidic aryl and alkyl sulfonated ionomers in spite of their lower ion exchange capacities. The water uptake of the membranes correlated with their IEC, regardless of the acid group identity. The membranes with fluoroalkyl and alkyl sulfonate groups had similar hydration numbers as a function of RH, but the hydration number of the aromatic sulfonate sample was greater than the other polymers. Ionic domain structure analysis by atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering revealed that all of the aromatic ionomers in this study had a small, disorganized phase structure. These results demonstrate that the primary influence on the proton conductivity of these randomly sulfonated copolymers is the acid strength while the nanoscale domain structure plays a secondary role in the low RH proton transport.
Rural recreation space: alternatives to national parks (1983)

Increasing pressure on public resource-based recreation areas, coupled with budgetary constraints and a scarcity of suitable land, have led some countries to consider alternative means of providing rural recreation space convenient for urban populations. In Australia, opportunities exist to create national reserves thereby encouraging rural landholders to permit use of selected sites for recreation purposes as a complement to national parks. Despite some limitations and disadvantages the national reserve concept has had wide application in the United States, Britain and Europe. Given understanding, consultation and co-operation, similar reserves, or ‘countryside parks’ modelled on the national reserve concept, could serve as an efficient, cost-effective means of making available extra-urban recreation space in Australia.
Understanding the design space of referencing in collaborative augmented reality environments (2007)

For collaborative environments to be successful, it is critical that participants have the ability to generate effective references. Given the heterogeneity of the objects and the myriad of possible scenarios for collaborative augmented reality environments, generating meaningful references within them can be difficult. Participants in co-located physical spaces benefit from non-verbal communication, such as eye gaze, pointing and body movement; however, when geographically separated, this form of communication must be synthesized using computer-mediated techniques. We have conducted an exploratory study using a collaborative building task of constructing both physical and virtual models to better understand inter-referential awareness -- or the ability for one participant to refer to a set of objects, and for that reference to be understood. Our contributions are not necessarily in presenting novel techniques, but in narrowing the design space for referencing in collaborative augmented reality. This study suggests collaborative reference preferences are heavily dependent on the context of the workspace.
Activation of Spinal GABA Receptors Attenuates Chronic Central Neuropathic Pain after Spinal Cord Injury (2006)

In this study, we investigated the role of the spinal GABAergic system in central neuropathic painlike outcomes following spinal cord injury (SCI) produced by a spinal hemitransection at T13 of the rat. After SCI, mechanical allodynia develops bilaterally in both hind paws of the rat, lasting longer than 40 days, as evidenced by an increase in paw withdrawal frequency in response to a weak von Frey filament. In naive rats, intrathecal (i.t.) administration in the lumbar spinal cord of GABAA and GABAB receptor antagonists, bicuculline (1-5 microg) and phaclofen (0.1-5 microg), respectively, causes a dose-dependent increase in the magnitude of mechanical allodynia. The SCI-induced mechanical allodynia in both hind-paws is attenuated by i.t. administration in the lumbar spinal cord of GABAA or GABAB receptor agonists, muscimol (1 microg) or baclofen (0.5 microg), respectively. In electrophysiological experiments, rats with SCI show a bilateral increase in hyperexcitability in response to natural stimuli in wide dynamic range (WDR) neurons in the lumbar spinal dorsal horn. The topical application of muscimol (1 microg) or baclofen (0.5 microg) onto the lumbar cord surface reduce the SCIinduced increased responsiveness of WDR neurons. Inhibitory effects of muscimol and baclofen on both the behavioral mechanical allodynia and the hyperexcitability in WDR neuron with SCI compared to controls, were antagonized by pre-treatment of bicuculline (10 microg) and phaclofen (5 microg), respectively. This study provides behavioral and electrophysiological evidence for the important role of the loss of spinal inhibitory tone, mediated by activation of both GABAA and GABAB receptors, in the development of central neuropathic pain following SCI.
Influence of the Rare‐Earth Element on the Mechanical Properties of RE–Mg‐Bearing Silicon Nitride (2005)

Silicon nitride bulk ceramics with varying compositions of the grain boundary phase but similar grain sizes were developed, which allows to analyze the influence of the grain boundary chemistry on mechanical properties. Micrographs of the crack path reveal a much weaker interface when the rare‐earth element in the grain boundary phase changes from a small to a large rare‐earth cation (RE 3+ ). Room temperature measurements of toughness and bending strength show that weaker grain boundaries result in a higher toughness, but in a decreased strength of the bulk material. This investigation demonstrates that the mechanical behavior of silicon nitride can be readily tuned by chemical composition changes of the grain boundary phase, but that a compromise between toughness and strength has to be found when designing the material.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of 1′-<i>C</i>-Cyano-Pyrimidine Nucleosides (1996)

Abstract 2′-Deoxy-, 2′-bromo-, and arabino-1′-C-cyano-pyrimidine nucleosides were synthesized from O2 ,2′-cyclouridine. Incorporation of cyano group at the anomeric position was achieved by treatment of 1′,2′-unsaturated uridine with NBS in the presence of pivalic acid followed by TMS-cyanide and stannic chloride. Antineoplastic and antiviral activities of those compounds are also discussed.
Improved sensitivity in assays for binding of novel beta-lactam antibiotics to penicillin-binding proteins of Escherichia coli (1987)

Tigemonam and temocillin, but not aztreonam, bound to penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) 1a and 3 of Escherichia coli with apparent improved affinity when challenged with benzylpenicillin at lowered temperatures. Half times for deacylation of the tigemonam-PBP complexes were shorter than were those of the corresponding aztreonam-PBP complexes. The implications of the routine testing of PBP affinities are discussed.
Extended-spectrum plasmid-mediated  -lactamases (1995)

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) are mutant enzymes which derive from TEM or SHV (class A) enzymes. They confer variable levels of resistance to cefotaxime, ceftazidime and other broad-spectrum cephalosporins and to monobactams such as aztreonam but have no detectable activity against cephamycins and carbapenems. Recently, new plasmid-mediated ESBLs, not derived from TEM or SHV enzymes but related to cephalosporinases of Enterobacteriaceae (class C enzymes), that confer resistance to all cephalosporins including cephamycins, have been reported. However, to date there have been no reported outbreaks due to strains producing transferable cephalosporinases. Klebsiella pneumoniae is the species in which the ESBL enzymes have been most commonly reported around the world. Most of the clinical isolates that produce TEM- or SHV-derived ESBL, come from hospitalised patients and have frequently caused nosocomial outbreaks. Care should be taken in the selection of a beta-lactam for the treatment of infections because the presence of an ESBL does not prevent other mechanisms of resistance, such as decreased permeability, from emerging. Broad-spectrum cephalosporins including cefepime and cefpirome are hydrolysed by ESBL. However, low level resistance to cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, cefepime and aztreonam does occur in some strains producing certain TEM-derived ESBL. It remains to be seen, therefore, whether such isolates are clinically susceptible to these drugs. The combination of a third-generation cephalosporin and a beta-lactamase inhibitor such as sulbactam could be of interest against some strains producing certain ESBLs. Among the 7-alpha-methoxy cephalosporins, cefotetan and latamoxef are the most active. However, cephamycins should be used with caution to treat infections caused by ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae because of the relative ease with which clinical strains decrease the expression of outer membrane proteins. The most active beta-lactams are the carbapenems, imipenem and meropenem, which are highly resistant to hydrolysis by TEM and SHV related beta-lactamases. Meropenem is intrinsically the more active agent, with MICs (0.03-0.12 mg/L) generally lower than those of imipenem (0.06-0.5 mg/L) and appears stable to all the beta-lactamases belonging to class A or C, including those with an extended-spectrum against third-generation cephalosporins.
A 480 × 400 element image sensor with a charge sweep device (1985)

A description of a vertical charge transfer that makes it possible to narrow the channel width to the size of the lithographic limit without degradation of charge handling capacity of the vertical charge transfer will be presented. The array size of the imager sensor with a 1/2" format is 480(V)×400(H) and the pixel size is <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">10×16μ^{2}</tex> .
Storage@home: Petascale Distributed Storage (2007)

Storage@home is a distributed storage infrastructure developed to solve the problem of backing up and sharing petabytes of scientific results using a distributed model of volunteer managed hosts. Data is maintained by a mixture of replication and monitoring, with repairs done as needed. By the time of publication, the system should be out of testing, in use, and available for volunteer participation.
Fermentation kinetics of <i>Zymomonas mobilis</i> at high ethanol concentrations: Oscillations in continuous cultures (1986)

Substrate-limited continuous culture results at 47 g/L ethanol show that the maintenance factor and the yield factor of an unstructured maintenance model are lower compared to the values at 23 g/L ethanol. Computing the results according to a structured two-compartment model predicts an enhanced turnover rate of the K-compartment (RNA fraction) by ethanol, resulting in a lower steady-state amount of K-compartment. This is in agreement with experimentally determined RNA fractions. The parameters of both models respond qualitatively in the same way to elevation of the ethanol concentration as to elevation of the temperature. In product-inhibited continuous cultures, at ethanol concentrations above 55 g/L, nearly sustained oscillations in biomass, substrate, and products were observed. The maximum ethanol concentration achieved in these continuous cultures was 70 g/L. The oscillations could be described by a structured mathematical model, in which ethanol inhibits the maximum specific growth rate indirectly by inhibiting the synthesis of an internal growth-rate-determining compound.
Increasing the performance of silicon microphones by the benefit of a complete system simulation (2004)

This paper presents a Spice based model of a silicon microphone system. The model considers the acoustical, the mechanical as well as the electrical behaviour. The simulation results are compared with the measurements to focus on the well understood model. Furthermore, a profit of the model is taken by determining the individual noise sources and their contribution to the total noise. Thus it is possible to calculate performance key parameters like sensitivity, noise or signal-to-noise ratio which are subject to special technology parameters. At last, optimizing these parameters will increase the performance.