gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
LARGen: Automatic Signature Generation for Malwares Using Latent Dirichlet Allocation (2016)

As the quantity and complexity of network threats grow, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDSs) have become critical for securing networks. Achieving computer network intrusion detection with these IDSs requires high-level information technology and security expertise because malicious traffic has to be rigorously analyzed and the appropriate IDS rules written to effectively detect vulnerabilities that may potentially be exploited. However, incorrect IDS rules may produce numerous false positives, thereby degrading the performance of the IDS, and even worse, paralyzing the network. In this paper, we present a novel approach that exploits the Latent Dirichle Allocation (LDA) algorithm to generate IDS rules. Our proposed method, called LDA-based Automatic Rule Generation (LARGen), automatically performs an analysis of the malicious traffic and extracts the appropriate attack signatures that will be used for IDS rules. LARGen first extracts multiple signature strings embedded in network flows. Then, the flows are classified based on the extracted signature strings, and key content strings for malicious traffic are identified through the LDA inferential topic model. Those key content strings are the core of an IDS rule that can detect malicious traffic. We study the effectiveness of LDA in the context of network attack signature generation via extensive experiments with real network trace data, consisting of both benign and malicious traffic. Experimental results confirm that threat rules generated from LARGen accurately detect every cyber attack with high accuracy.
Long Term Potentiation Is Impaired in Membrane Glycoprotein CD200-deficient Mice (2011)

The membrane glycoprotein CD200 is expressed on several cell types, including neurons, whereas expression of its receptor, CD200R, is restricted principally to cells of the myeloid lineage, including microglia. The interaction between CD200 and CD200R maintains microglia and macrophages in a quiescent state; therefore, CD200-deficient mice express an inflammatory phenotype exhibiting increased macrophage or microglial activation in models of arthritis, encephalitis, and uveoretinitis. Here, we report that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and Pam(3)CysSerLys(4) exerted more profound effects on release of the proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), in glia prepared from CD200(-/-) mice compared with wild type mice. This effect is explained by the loss of CD200 on astrocytes, which modulates microglial activation. Expression of Toll-like receptors 4 and 2 (TLR4 and -2) was increased in glia prepared from CD200(-/-) mice, and the evidence indicates that microglial activation, assessed by the increased numbers of CD11b(+) cells that stained positively for both MHCII and CD40, was enhanced in CD200(-/-) mice compared with wild type mice. These neuroinflammatory changes were associated with impaired long term potentiation (LTP) in CA1 of hippocampal slices prepared from CD200(-/-) mice. One possible explanation for this is the increase in TNFα in hippocampal tissue prepared from CD200(-/-) mice because TNFα application inhibited LTP in CA1. Significantly, LPS and Pam(3)CysSerLys(4), at concentrations that did not affect LTP in wild type mice, inhibited LTP in slices prepared from CD200(-/-) mice, probably due to the accompanying increase in TLR2 and TLR4. Thus, the neuroinflammatory changes that result from CD200 deficiency have a negative impact on synaptic plasticity.
DR-nm23 gene expression in neuroblastoma cells: relationship to integrin expression, adhesion characteristics, and differentiation (1997)

DR-nm23 gene expression appears to be associated with differentiation in neuroblastoma cells and may affect cellular adhesion through regulation of integrin protein expression.
Inertial motion tracking of human arm movements in stroke rehabilitation (2006)

We present a real-time monitoring system for measuring human upper limb movements in post-stroke rehabilitation. It is based on an advanced inertial sensor MT9 that is commercially available. Human upper limb motion is represented by a kinematic chain in which there are six joint variables to be considered: three for the shoulder and the others for the elbow. Kinematic models are built to study human upper limb motion in three-dimension, based on measurements of the wrist motion. A simulated annealing based optimisation method is adopted to reduce errors in measurements. Experimental results demonstrate the favorable performance of the proposed system in real motion circumstances.
Neural Networks and Related Methods for Classification (1994)

SUMMARY Feed-forward neural networks are now widely used in classification problems, whereas non-linear methods of discrimination developed in the statistical field are much less widely known. A general framework for classification is set up within which methods from statistics, neural networks, pattern recognition and machine learning can be compared. Neural networks emerge as one of a class of flexible non-linear regression methods which can be used to classify via regression. Many interesting issues remain, including parameter estimation, the assessment of the classifiers and in algorithm development.
Design of double layer printed spiral coils for wirelessly-powered biomedical implants (2011)

In this paper employing double layer printed spiral coils (PSCs) is proposed for wireless power transmission in implantable biomedical applications. Detailed modeling of this type of PSCs is presented. Both calculations and measurements of fabricated double layer PSCs indicate that this structure can decrease the size of typical single layer PSCs without any change in the most important parameters of the coils, such as quality factor. Also, it is shown that with equal PSC dimensions and design parameters, double layer PSCs achieve significantly higher inductances and quality factors. Ultimately, a pair of double layer PSCs with a distance of 5 mm in air is used in an inductive link. The power transfer efficiency of this link is about 79.8% with a carrier frequency of 5 MHz and coupling coefficient of 0.189.
Distinct Sources of Hematopoietic Progenitors Emerge before HSCs and Provide Functional Blood Cells in the Mammalian Embryo (2015)

Hematopoietic potential arises in mammalian embryos before adult-repopulating hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs). At embryonic day 9.5 (E9.5), we show the first murine definitive erythro-myeloid progenitors (EMPs) have an immunophenotype distinct from primitive hematopoietic progenitors, maturing megakaryocytes and macrophages, and rare B cell potential. EMPs emerge in the yolk sac with erythroid and broad myeloid, but not lymphoid, potential. EMPs migrate to the fetal liver and rapidly differentiate, including production of circulating neutrophils by E11.5. Although the surface markers, transcription factors, and lineage potential associated with EMPs overlap with those found in adult definitive hematopoiesis, they are present in unique combinations or proportions that result in a specialized definitive embryonic progenitor. Furthermore, we find that embryonic stem cell (ESC)-derived hematopoiesis recapitulates early yolk sac hematopoiesis, including primitive, EMP, and rare B cell potential. EMPs do not have long-term potential when transplanted in immunocompromised adults, but they can provide transient adult-like RBC reconstitution.
Performance Evaluation of LTE and Wi-Fi Coexistence in Unlicensed Bands (2013)

The deployment of modern mobile systems has faced severe challenges due to the current spectrum scarcity. The situation has been further worsened by the development of different wireless technologies and standards that can be used in the same frequency band. Furthermore, the usage of smaller cells (e.g. pico, femto and wireless LAN), coexistence among heterogeneous networks (including amongst different wireless technologies such as LTE and Wi-Fi deployed in the same frequency band) has been a big field of research in the academy and industry. In this paper, we provide a performance evaluation of coexistence between LTE and Wi-Fi systems and show some of the challenges faced by the different technologies. We focus on a simulator-based system- level analysis in order to assess the network performance in an office scenario. Simulation results show that LTE system performance is slightly affected by coexistence whereas Wi-Fi is significantly impacted by LTE transmissions. In coexistence, the Wi-Fi channel is most often blocked by LTE interference, making the Wi-Fi nodes to stay on the LISTEN mode more than 96% of the time. This reflects directly on the Wi-Fi user throughput, that decreases from 70% to ≈100% depending on the scenario. Finally, some of the main issues that limit the LTE/Wi-Fi coexistence and some pointers on the mutual interference management of both the systems are provided.
Interconnect metals beyond copper: reliability challenges and opportunities (2018)

Reliability challenges of candidate metal systems to replace traditional Cu wiring in future interconnects are discussed. From a reliability perspective, a key opportunity is electromigration improvement: due to their high melting point and slower self-diffusion kinetics, higher current carrying capabilities are possible. Also, the higher cohesive energy and better resistance to oxidation of some metals potentially allows for barrierless integration, although adhesion properties must be carefully optimized. Besides avoiding small grain pinning and enabling high aspect ratio trench fill, the main processing challenges are identified to be a) avoiding seam voids, b) adhesion, c) CMP and d) disruptive metal etch. Main reliability challenges are related to higher mechanical stresses and higher joule heating which could lead to delamination during further processing and packaging and to enhanced electromigration in nearby metal lines.
Technologies for a Web object model (1999)

The World Wide Web is an increasingly important factor in planning for general distributed computing environments. This article surveys Web technologies that look to integrate aspects of object technology with the basic infrastructure of the Web.
Comparison of procedures for extracting free amino acids from polymorphonuclear lekocytes. (1976)

We studies five methods for extracting amino acids from human polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Both the use of cell lysis and of a deproteinizing agent interfere with quantitative determination of the amino acids, basic amino acids being the most sensitive to the extraction procedure. Among the methods used, disruption of the cells by freezing-thawing is the best method for extracting all the amino acids. Taurine is the only amino acid extracted in the same amount by all the methods studied, and it represents half of the intracellular pool.
Dephosphorylation of Plasmid DNA (2020)

This protocol presents a method to remove 5'-phosphate residues from protruding or blunt termini of linearized plasmids. This suppresses the recircularization of plasmid DNA during subsequent ligation procedures.
Linear correlation between bacterial overexpression of recombinant peptides and cell light scatter (1996)

Fusion of multiple copies of a test peptide leads to insoluble inclusion bodies. Their presence within bacteria increases either forward-angle light scattering or, to a lesser extent, right-angle light scattering. A linear correlation has been established between cell forward-angle scattering and the level of overexpression of atrial natriuretic peptide. The correlation is valid only for unlysed cells and is protein product specific.
System to Recommend the Best Place to Live Based on Wellness State of the User Employing the Heart Rate Variability (2017)

The conditions of the environment where a person lives have a great impact on his wellness state. When buying a new house, it is important to select a place that aids in improving the wellness state of the buyer or, at least, keeps it at the same level. A deficient wellness state implies an increase of stress and the appearance of some effects associated with it. Heart rate variability (HRV) allows measuring the stress or wellness levels of a person by measuring the difference in time between heartbeats. A low HRV is related to high stress levels whereas a high HRV is associated with a high wellness state. In this paper, we present a system that measures the wellness and stress levels of home buyers by employing sensors that measure the HRV. Our system is able to process the data and recommend the best neighborhood to live in considering the wellness state of the buyer. Several tests were performed utilizing different locations. In order to determine the best neighborhood, we have developed an algorithm that assigns different values to the area in accordance with the HRV measures. Results show that the system is effective in providing the recommendation of the place that would allow the person to live with the highest wellness state.
A gateway solution for IPv6 wireless sensor networks (2009)

Wireless sensor networks are expected to be deployed widely in various areas in coming years. The sensor device is small and has low computation power and memory thus perceived as not suitable to be loaded with the high resource IP capabilities. Due to this, the wireless sensor network remains isolated from the Internet. The emergence of IPv6 over low power wireless personal area network (6LoWPAN) has proved that IP communication is borderless and can be used for any devices. It provides a simple alternative to other wireless sensor networks and interoperable with IP-legacy systems and tools. However, the use of short addresses within the 6LoWPAN network is not visible to the outside world and hence a proper gateway is required. In this paper, we provide the architecture of the 6LoWPAN gateway which connects the wireless sensor world to the Internet. Our contribution is to provide direct accessibility to wireless sensor network using short address to full IPv6 address translation at the gateway. Our main focus is the flow of packets to and from the gateway including a simple address translation mechanism. The implementation and the use cases of the gateway are also highlighted.
Conformal photon-beam therapy with transverse magnetic fields: A Monte Carlo study (2001)

This work studies the idea of using strong transverse magnetic (B) fields with high-energy photon beams to enhance dose distributions for conformal radiotherapy. EGS4 Monte Carlo code is modified to incorporate charged particle transport in B fields and is used to calculate effects of B fields on dose distributions for a variety of high-energy photon beams. Two types of hypothetical B fields, curl-free linear fields and dipole fields, are used to demonstrate the idea. The major results from the calculation for the linear B fields are: (1) strong transverse B fields (> 1 T) with high longitudinal gradients (G) (> 0.5 T/cm) can produce dramatic dose enhancement as well as dose reduction in localized regions for high-energy photon beams; (2) the magnitude of the enhancement (reduction) and the geometric extension and the location of this enhancement (reduction) depend on the strength and gradient of the B field, and photon-beam energy; (3) for a given B field, the dose enhancement generally increases with photon-beam energy; (4) for a 5 T B field with infinite longitudinal gradient (solenoidal field), up to 200% of dose enhancement and 40% of dose reduction were obtained along the central axis of a 15 MV photon beam; and (5) a 60% of dose enhancement was observed over a 2 cm depth region for the 15 MV beam when B = 5 T and G = 2.5 T/cm. These results are also observed, qualitatively, in the calculation with the dipole B fields. Calculations for a variety of B fields and beam configurations show that, by employing a well-designed B field in photon-beam radiotherapy, it is possible to achieve a significant dose enhancement within the target, while obtaining a substantial dose reduction over critical structures.
The Cleavage of Two C1s Subunits by a Single Active C1r Reveals Substantial Flexibility of the C1s-C1r-C1r-C1s Tetramer in the C1 Complex (2000)

The activation of the C1s-C1r-C1r-C1s tetramer in the C1 complex, which involves the cleavage of an Arg-Ile bond in the catalytic domains of the subcomponents, is a two-step process. First, the autolytic activation of C1r takes place, then activated C1r cleaves zymogen C1s. The Arg463Gln mutant of C1r (C1rQI) is stabilized in the zymogen form. This mutant was used to form a C1q-(C1s-C1rQI-C1r-C1s) heteropentamer to study the relative position of the C1r and C1s subunits in the C1 complex. After triggering the C1 by IgG-Sepharose, both C1s subunits are cleaved by the single proteolytically active C1r subunit in the C1s-C1rQI-C1r-C1s tetramer. This finding indicates that the tetramer is flexible enough to adopt different conformations within the C1 complex during the activation process, enabling the single active C1r to cleave both C1s, the neighboring and the sequentially distant one.
Automating spectral unmixing of AVIRIS data using convex geometry concepts (1993)

Spectral mixture analysis, or unmixing, has proven to be a useful tool in the semi-quantitative interpretation of AVIRIS data. Using a linear mixing model and a set of hypothesized endmember spectra, unmixing seeks to estimate the fractional abundance patterns of the various materials occurring within the imaged area. However, the validity and accuracy of the unmixing rest heavily on the 'user-supplied' set of endmember spectra. Current methods for emdmember determination are the weak link in the unmixing chain.
Intracutaneous immune serum globulin therapy in allergic children. (1969)

Fifty allergic children with perennial bronchial asthma, aged 14 months to 13 1/2 years, from three separate pediatric allergy clinics were studied by double-blind, single crossover design comparing minute amounts (0.1 ml) of serum immune globulin given intracutaneously with placebo (sterile physiological saline). The immune serum globulin used in the study was of the same lot number and of placental origin. Random permutation tables were used to assign patients to the treatment groups. The clinical responses to immune serum globulin were excellent in 3, good in 15, fair in 20, and poor in 12. The responses to placebo were excellent in 4, good in 17, fair in 19, and poor in 10. It was concluded that there was no significant difference in the effects of immune serum globulin over those of placebo in the management of children with allergy in this study group.
Safety evaluation of a new allergy vaccine containing the adjuvant monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL<sup>®</sup>) for the treatment of grass pollen allergy (2004)

A novel allergy vaccine (Pollinex Quattro) has been developed for the prevention or relief of allergic symptoms caused by a variety of pollens. Within this range, the grass pollen allergy vaccine contains extracts of 12 grass pollens and rye cereal (all chemically modified by glutaraldehyde) that are adsorbed onto L-tyrosine with addition of the immunostimulatory adjuvant monophosphoryl lipid A (MPL). A specific preclinical safety testing strategy was developed to support clinical use, comprising single-dose toxicity, repeat-dose toxicity and local tolerance studies. Dose levels of up to 0.5 ml per animal (mouse) and up to 1.0 ml per animal (rat and rabbit) were used with vaccines containing 2000 or 12 000 standardized units (SU) ml(-1) of grass pollen allergoids, 50 micro g ml(-1) of MPL adjuvant and 20 mg ml(-1) of tyrosine. Overall, the product showed no toxicological findings of significance at levels greatly in excess of those proposed for clinical use. A not unexpected, but relatively minor, immunostimulatory effect was seen following repeated dosing (once weekly for 3 weeks) at 1.0 ml per rat.
Comparison of Femtosecond Laser and Continuous Wave UV Sources for Protein–Nucleic Acid Crosslinking (2007)

Crosslinking proteins to the nucleic acids they bind affords stable access to otherwise transient regulatory interactions. Photochemical crosslinking provides an attractive alternative to formaldehyde-based protocols, but irradiation with conventional UV sources typically yields inadequate product amounts. Crosslinking with pulsed UV lasers has been heralded as a revolutionary technique to increase photochemical yield, but this method had only been tested on a few protein-nucleic acid complexes. To test the generality of the yield enhancement, we have investigated the benefits of using approximately 150 fs UV pulses to crosslink TATA-binding protein, glucocorticoid receptor and heat shock factor to oligonucleotides in vitro. For these proteins, we find that the quantum yields (and saturating yields) for forming crosslinks using the high-peak intensity femtosecond laser do not improve on those obtained with low-intensity continuous wave (CW) UV sources. The photodamage to the oligonucleotides and proteins also has comparable quantum yields. Measurements of the photochemical reaction yields of several small molecules selected to model the crosslinking reactions also exhibit nearly linear dependences on UV intensity instead of the previously predicted quadratic dependence. Unfortunately, these results disprove earlier assertions that femtosecond pulsed laser sources provide significant advantages over CW radiation for protein-nucleic acid crosslinking.
Community detection in networks with positive and negative links (2009)

Detecting communities in complex networks accurately is a prime challenge, preceding further analyses of network characteristics and dynamics. Until now, community detection took into account only positively valued links, while many actual networks also feature negative links. We extend an existing Potts model to incorporate negative links as well, resulting in a method similar to the clustering of signed graphs, as dealt with in social balance theory, but more general. To illustrate our method, we applied it to a network of international alliances and disputes. Using data from 1993-2001, it turns out that the world can be divided into six power blocs similar to Huntington's civilizations, with some notable exceptions.
Transparent conducting oxide semiconductors for transparent electrodes (2005)

The present status and prospects for further development of polycrystalline or amorphous transparent conducting oxide (TCO) semiconductors used for practical thin-film transparent electrode applications are presented in this paper. The important TCO semiconductors are impurity-doped ZnO, In2O3 and SnO2 as well as multicomponent oxides consisting of combinations of ZnO, In2O3 and SnO2, including some ternary compounds existing in their systems. Development of these and other TCO semiconductors is important because the expanding need for transparent electrodes for optoelectronic device applications is jeopardizing the availability of indium-tin-oxide (ITO), whose main constituent, indium, is a very expensive and scarce material. Al- and Ga-doped ZnO (AZO and GZO) semiconductors are promising as alternatives to ITO for thin-film transparent electrode applications. In particular, AZO thin films, with a low resistivity of the order of 10−5 Ω cm and source materials that are inexpensive and non-toxic, are the best candidates. However, further development of the deposition techniques, such as magnetron sputtering or vacuum arc plasma evaporation, as well as of the targets is required to enable the preparation of AZO and GZO films on large area substrates with a high deposition rate.
Fabrication and performances analysis of ball lenses (2010)

In this paper, we fabricate ball lenses using the sagging method which diameters are from 0.3mm to 3.0mm. The basic performances such as the spectral transmittance, the effective focal length, the back focal length, the numerical aperture are analyzed in theory and experiment.