gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A PFN Marx generator based on high-voltage transmission lines (2000)

A novel, high-voltage Marx generator based on distributed transmission lines is described. The generator is capable of producing a nominally rectangular output voltage pulse of up to 200 kV into an open-circuit load. The voltage-pulse duration and risetime are 100 and 30 ns respectively. The generator is 50 cm in diameter and 50 cm in height, and is comprised of five voltage-multiplying stages with each stage made from 25 m of 50 , 40 kV dc co-axial transmission-line cable. The transmission-line cable for each stage is configured as two parallel pulse-forming lines with a resultant output impedance per stage of 25 . For five stages the output impedance is therefore 125 . The generator construction is described and the performance is evaluated in terms of the risetime, erection time, jitter in the erection time and output-voltage efficiency.
Are We Ready To Stratify Treatment for Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Using Molecular Hallmarks? (2012)

The division of the heterogeneous entity of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) into the ontogenic phenotypes of germinal center B-cell-like (GCB) and activated B-cell-like (ABC) is optimally determined by gene expression profiling (GEP), although simpler immunohistochemistry (IHC) algorithms are alternatively being used. The cell-of-origin (COO) classification assists in prognostication and may be predictive of response to therapy. Mounting data suggests that IHC methods of classifying COO may be inaccurate. GEP categorization of COO is superior in defining prognostically and biologically distinct DLBCL subtypes, but current barriers to its widescale use include inaccessibility, cost, and lack of methodological standardization and prospective validation. The poorer prognosis of ABC-DLBCL is frequently associated with constitutive activity in the NF-κB pathway and aberrations in upstream or downstream regulators of this pathway. The molecular mechanisms underlying lymphomagenesis in GCB-DLBCL are arguably less well defined, but C-REL amplification and mutations in BCL-2 and EZH2 are common. New technologies, such as next-generation sequencing, are rapidly revealing novel pathogenic genetic aberrations, and DLBCL treatment strategies are increasingly being designed focusing on distinctive pathogenic drivers within ontogenic phenotypes. This review examines emerging molecular targets and novel therapeutic agents in DLBCL, and discusses whether stratifying therapy for DLBCL using molecular features is merited by current preclinical and clinical evidence.
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and neurotrophin-3 activate striatal dopamine and serotonin metabolism and related behaviors: interactions with amphetamine (1994)

To investigate behavioral and neurochemical effects of neurotrophic factors in vivo, rats received continuous 14 d infusions of either brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin-3 (NT-3), or vehicle unilaterally into the substantia nigra. BDNF and NT-3 decreased body weights, an effect that was sustained over the infusion period. BDNF elevated daytime and nocturnal locomotion compared with infusions of vehicle or NT-3. At 2 weeks, a systemic injection of amphetamine (1.5 mg/kg, s.c.) increased the frequencies and durations of rotations contraversive to the side of BDNF and NT-3 infusions. Both factors attenuated amphetamine-induced locomotion without affecting amphetamine-induced stereotyped behaviors such as sniffing, head movements, and snout contact with cage surfaces. Only BDNF induced backward walking, and this response was augmented by amphetamine. BDNF, but not NT-3, increased dopamine turnover in the striatum ipsilateral to the infusion relative to the contralateral striatum. Both trophic factors decreased dopamine turnover in the infused substantia nigra relative to the contralateral hemisphere and increased 5-HT turnover in the striatum of both sides. Contraversive rotations were positively correlated with dopamine content decreases and 5-HT turnover increases in the striatum ipsilateral to the infused substantia nigra. Backward walking was positively correlated with increased dopamine and 5-HT turnover in the striatum of the infused hemisphere. Supranigral infusions of BDNF and NT-3 alter circadian rhythms, spontaneous motor activity, body weights, and amphetamine-induced behaviors including locomotion and contraversive rotations. These behavioral effects of the neurotrophins are consistent with a concomitant activation of dopamine and 5-HT systems in vivo.
Delay noise pessimism reduction by logic correlations (2005)

High-performance digital circuits are facing increasingly severe signal integrity problems due to crosstalk noise and therefore the state-of-the-art static timing analysis (STA) methods consider crosstalk-induced delay variation. Current noise-aware STA methods compute noise-induced delay uncertainty for each net independently and annotate appropriate delay changes of nets onto data paths and associated clock paths to determine timing violations. Since delay changes in individual nets contribute cumulatively to delay changes of paths, even small amounts of pessimism in noise computation of nets can add up to produce large timing violations for paths, which may be unrealistic. Unlike glitch noise analysis where noise often attenuates during propagation, quality of delay noise analysis is severely affected by any pessimism in noise estimation and can unnecessarily cost valuable silicon and design resources for fixing unreal violations. In this paper, we propose a method to reduce pessimism in noise-aware STA by considering signal correlations of all nets associated with an entire timing path simultaneously, in a path-based approach. We first present an exact algorithm based on the branch-and-bound technique and then extend it with several heuristic techniques so that very large industrial designs can be analyzed efficiently. These techniques, which are implemented in an industrial crosstalk noise analysis tool, show as much as 75% reduction in the computed path delay variations.
Memory Trace Oblivious Program Execution (2013)

Cloud computing allows users to delegate data and computation to cloud service providers, at the cost of giving up physical control of their computing infrastructure. An attacker (e.g., insider) with physical access to the computing platform can perform various physical attacks, including probing memory buses and cold-boot style attacks. Previous work on secure (co-)processors provides hardware support for memory encryption and prevents direct leakage of sensitive data over the memory bus. However, an adversary snooping on the bus can still infer sensitive information from the memory access traces. Existing work on Oblivious RAM (ORAM) provides a solution for users to put all data in an ORAM; and accesses to an ORAM are obfuscated such that no information leaks through memory access traces. This method, however, incurs significant memory access overhead. This work is the first to leverage programming language techniques to offer efficient memory-trace oblivious program execution, while providing formal security guarantees. We formally define the notion of memory-trace obliviousness, and provide a type system for verifying that a program satisfies this property. We also describe a compiler that transforms a program into a structurally similar one that satisfies memory trace obliviousness. To achieve optimal efficiency, our compiler partitions variables into several small ORAM banks rather than one large one, without risking security. We use several example programs to demonstrate the efficiency gains our compiler achieves in comparison with the naive method of placing all variables in the same ORAM.
Sex Is A Major Determinant of Cyp3a4 Expression in Human Liver (2003)

Many drugs that are substrates of CYP3A4, the major human drug-metabolizing cytochrome P450 (CYP), show higher clearance in women than in men. Although this effect is believed to be related to drug metabolism, the underlying cause has not been elucidated. We investigated CYP3A4 in a large collection (n = 94) of well-characterized surgical liver samples and found 2-fold higher CYP3A4 levels in female compared with male samples (P <.0001) and a corresponding 50% increase in the CYP3A-dependent N-dealkylation of verapamil (P <.01). This expression difference was not due to preferential induction in women following higher drug exposure because it was even larger in a subgroup not previously exposed to drugs. Higher expression in women was also found for CYP3A4 messenger RNA (mRNA) transcripts, suggesting a pretranslational mechanism. Expression of the pregnane X receptor (PXR), which is crucially involved in CYP3A4 induction by xenobiotics, was strongly correlated to CYP3A4 at the mRNA level in all individuals as well as in the subgroup not exposed to drugs (r = 0.81; P <.0001), but no sex-dependent expression of PXR mRNA was found. The ABC transporter P-glycoprotein, which has been proposed to be implicated in the mechanism of sex-dependent drug clearance, was also not differentially expressed. The influence of drug treatment on expression was examined from patient drug histories, and strong induction of CYP3A4 by carbamazepine and St. John's wort was found. In conclusion, sex, in addition to PXR and drug exposure, is a major factor for CYP3A4 expression in humans, thus explaining many of the previous observations of sex-dependent drug clearance.
SOUT optical intersatellite communication terminal elegant breadboard (1995)

The small optical user terminal (SOUT) is an optical communications transceiver for interconnecting a low earth orbiting satellite to future optical data relay terminals and is the subject of an ESA development programme led by MMS (UK), A complete breadboard terminal model has been constructed and tested to provide confidence in the feasibility of the flight design. The paper reports on the design of this elegant breadboard including the overall configuration, optical bench, and the pointing, acquisition and tracking (PAT) subsystem. The approach to the performance verification is discussed and the counter-terminal test equipment is described. The optical and PAT performances are presented which show that the terminal is compliant with the predicted performance.
Electrically actuated phase-change pixels for transmissive and reflective spatial light modulators in the near and mid infrared (2015)

Transmissive and reflective spatial light modulators have been designed and simulated for the 1.55 to 2.10 μm spectral region. An electrically actuated layer of phase-change material (PCM) was employed as the electro-optical medium for two-state self-holding "light-to-dark" intensity modulation of free-space light beams. The PCM was sandwiched between transparent conductive N-doped Si or indium tin oxide contact layers in a simple planar structure. A 100 to 500 nm PCM layer of Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST) was employed for optimum performance at 1.55 μm where the transmissive-modulator insertion loss was around 4.5 dB. The GST light-dark contrast was found to be 32 dB. For the GST reflection device, an included metal film (Ag) improved the 1.55 μm performance metrics to 0.7 dB of insertion loss with a contrast around 26 dB. The calculated performance for both types of spatial light modulators was robust to changes in the input incidence angle near normal incidence. Applications include infrared scene generation and signal processing.
Recombination between electrons and atomic ions, II. Optically thick plasmas (1962)

Abstract The effect of self-absorption on the rate of collisional-radiative recombination is investigated using the statistical theory developed in an earlier paper. Detailed calculations are carried out on hydrogen ion plasmas. The following cases are treated: case (i), plasma optically thick towards lines of the Lyman series; case (ii), plasma optically thick towards lines of all series; cases (ic) and (iic), plasma as in cases (ic) and (iic) respectively but also optically thick towards the Lyman continuum . It is found that self-absorption may reduce the recombination coefficient considerably even in the low electron density limit.
LACSLE: Lightweight and Adaptive Compressed Sensing Based on Deep Learning for Edge Devices (2019)

In this paper, we propose a lightweight and adaptive compressed sensing method based on deep learning for edge devices (LACSLE) that generate and transmit sensor data using wireless connection. To transmit data efficiently, edge devices should change the compression rate adaptively according to data sparsity. However, a large amount of calculation is required to optimize the compression ratio due to the repeated processes of basis conversion and L1-norm minimization required for calculating the reconstruction error. To address this problem, LACSLE optimizes the compression ratio employed in compressed sensing in real time to maximize the data transmission efficiency using deep learning. In LACSLE, a deep learning model is trained in advance to map sensor data to an optimal compression ratio using either supervised learning (LACSLE-SL) or reinforcement learning (LACSLE-RL). The model is installed on an edge device and used to estimate an optimal compression ratio. The performance evaluation of LACSLE demonstrated that the proposed method allows to significantly reduce the computational delay of the optimal compression ratio estimation while reducing both the compression ratio and reconstruction error.
Six Sigma Applied Throughout the Lifecycle of an Automated Decision System (2005)

Abstract Automated decision‐making systems have been deployed in many industrial, commercial, and financial applications. The needs for such systems are usually motivated by requirements for variation reduction, capacity increase, cost and cycle time reduction, and end‐to‐end traceability of the transaction or product. Before we can use any automated decision‐making system in a production environment we must develop a strategy to insure high quality throughout its entire lifecycle. We need to guarantee its performance through a rigorous Design for Six Sigma process (DFSS). This process includes validation, tuning, and production testing of the system. Once the system is in production we must monitor and maintain its performance over its lifecycle. In this paper we will outline the Six Sigma process that led to the deployment of an automated decision‐making system in one of the General Electric Financial Assurance businesses. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Endogenous IL-17 contributes to reduced tumor growth and metastasis (2009)

It has been reported that ectopically expressed interleukin-17 (IL-17) in tumor cells suppresses tumor progression through enhanced antitumor immunity in immune competent mice or promote tumor progression through an increase in inflammatory angiogenesis in immune-deficient mice. The role of endogenous IL-17 in tumor immunity remains undefined. Here we showed that tumor growth and lung metastasis were enhanced in IL-17-deficient mice, associated with decreased interferon-gamma(+) natural killer cells and tumor specific interferon-gamma(+) T cells in the tumor draining lymph nodes and tumors. Together with the published data showing that in vitro transforming growth factor-beta and IL-6-polarized Th17 cells induce tumor regression, our work supports the notion that endogenous IL-17 or/and Th17 cells may play a protective role in tumor immunity.
AN APPROACH TO QUANTITATION IN RHODAMINE ISOTHIOCYANATE LABELING* (1975)

A survey of commercially available TMRI and RBI products revealed that many are of unsatisfactory quality. Optimum dye/IgG ratios were obtained in conjugates with TMRI of about 65% purity by labeling them with reaction mixture ratios of 10 and 20 mug dye/mg IgG. Optimum labeling with RBI of comparable purity required reaction mixture ratios of at least 20 mug dye/mg IgG. Although specific storage stability studies of TMRI or RBI products were not performed, one TMRI product underwent appreciable degradation during a 2-year period of storage in a desiccator over Drierite. The importance of evaluating the protein labeling capacity of TMRI or RBI products before making immune conjugate preparations is evident.
Nickel-Catalyzed Direct Amination of Arenes with Alkylamines (2015)

The efficient nickel-catalyzed direct amination of arenes with simple alkylamines has been achieved with the assistance of a bidentate directing group through sp(2) C-H bond functionalization. Preliminary mechanistic investigations indicate that the reaction probably proceeds through a Ni(I)/Ni(III) catalytic pathway.
Retrospective Quantitative Structure—Activity Relationship (QSAR) Analysis of Tetrazolo- and Triazoloquinolines, a Series of Rice Blast Control Agents (1995)

Although the SAR of the tetrazolo- and triazoloquinolines that culminated in the discovery of tricyclazole was carried out more than twenty years ago, a QSAR analysis of the structures had never been conducted. This paper will compare and contrast the conclusions reached in the "classical" SAR study with those suggested by modern computer-assisted design techniques.
PCR- and ligation-mediated synthesis of marker cassettes with long flanking homology regions for gene disruption in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1998)

We developed a novel method for synthesizing marker-disrupted alleles of yeast genes. The first step is PCR amplification of two sequences located upstream and downstream of the reading frame to be disrupted. Due to the addition of non-specific single A overhangs by Taq DNA polymerase, each PCR product can be ligated with a marker DNA which has T residues at its 3' ends. After amplification of individual ligation products through the second PCR, both products are mixed and annealed, and the single strand is converted to a double strand by an extension reaction. The final step is PCR amplification of the fragment composed of a selectable marker and two flanking sequences with the outermost primers. This method is rapid and needs only short oligonucleotides as primers.
Insights into the distinct roles of MMP-11 in tumor biology and future therapeutics (Review) (2016)

The biological processes of cancer cells such as tumorigenesis, proliferation, angiogenesis, apoptosis and invasion are greatly influenced by the surrounding microenvironment. The ability of solid malignant tumors to alter the microenvironment represents an important characteristic through which tumor cells are able to acquire specific functions necessary for their malignant biological behaviors. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-dependent endopeptidases with the capacity of remodeling extracellular matrix (ECM) by degrading almost all ECM proteins, which plays essential roles during the invasion and metastasis process of solid malignant tumors, including allowing tumor cells to modify the ECM components and release cytokines, ultimately facilitating protease-dependent tumor progression. MMP-11, also named stromelysin-3, is a member of the stromelysin subgroup belonging to MMPs superfamily, which has been detected in cancer cells, stromal cells and adjacent microenvironment. Differently, MMP-11 exerts a dual effect on tumors. On the one hand MMP-11 promotes cancer development by inhibiting apoptosis as well as enhancing migration and invasion of cancer cells, on the other hand MMP-11 plays a negative role against cancer development via suppressing metastasis in animal models. Overexpression of MMP-11 was discovered in sera of cancer patients compared with normal control group as well as in multiple tumor tissue specimens, such as gastric cancer, breast cancer, and pancreatic cancer. At present, some evidence supports that MMP-11 may work as a significant tumor biomarker for early detection of cancer, tumor staging, prognostic analysis, monitoring recurrence during follow-up and also a potential target for immunotherapy against cancer. In view of the importance of MMP-11 in modifying tumor microenvironment and potent antitumoral effects on solid tumors, there is an urgent need for a deeper understanding of how MMP-11 modulates tumor progression, and exploring its potential clinical application.
Enzyme data and metabolic information: BRENDA, a resource for research in biology, biochemistry, and medicine (2000)

The number of fully sequenced genomes available is rapidly increasing, and experiments are underway to get quantitative information of the transcription and expression of the different gene products. As this is progressing and projects on structural genomics are starting, the lack of readily accessible functional information about proteins is becoming more obvious. Here, we describe the comprehensive enzymatic and metabolic information system BRENDA (BRaunschweig ENzyme DAta base) which has been created - and is continuously updated - by manual extraction and evaluation of functional and molecular parameters on enzymes from the primary literature, presently containing parameters from approx. 35 000 literature references, holding data of at least 20 000 different enzymes from more than 4330 different organisms classified in the approx. 3 700 EC-numbers. More than 260 000 different enzyme/ligand relationships are given in the data repository. BRENDA is available via the world wide web (www.brenda.uni-koeln.de).
Cyclosporine and Dexamethasone Inhibit T-Lymphocyte MHC Class II Antigens and IL-2 Receptor Expression in Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis (1987)

Results of recent studies indicated that a monoclonal ART18 antibody recognizes the receptor sites or closely related structures for IL-2 on activated rat T-cells. The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II (Ia) antigens (RT1B and RT1D in rat), detected with OX6 antibody, and OX17 antibody, may be present on activated rat T-cells. In the present report, we examined the effect of corticosteroids and cyclosporine (CsA) on the expression of IL-2 receptors and Ia antigens by the T-cells, which constituted the major cellular component of the ocular infiltration during the period of peak ocular inflammatory activity in experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU). Lewis rats immunized with retinal S-antigen (S-Ag) and treated for a limited time with suboptimal doses of either CsA or Dexamethasone (Dex) subsequently developed EAU. The inflamed ocular tissues were studied using an immunoperoxidase staining technique. CsA treatment resulted not only in the inhibition of IL-2 receptors on T-cells, but also in the prevention of the induction of Ia antigen expression on T-cells and other non-lymphoid cells. Dex treatment resulted in less inhibition of the expression of both class II antigens and IL-2 receptor by the infiltrating T-cells.
Monoclonal antibodies for the histopathological diagnosis of cervical neoplasia (1984)

Five monoclonal antibodies (Ca1, HMFG 1 and 2, 8.30.3 and 77.1) were used to study the distribution of antibody binding sites in cervical tissue with a view to identifying a marker which would distinguish between benign and malignant cervical epithelium. Both benign tissue (mature and immature metaplastic squamous epithelium, congenital transformation zone and glandular epithelium) and neoplastic tissue (cervical intraepithelial neoplasia, 1, 2 and 3 and invasive squamous cell carcinoma) were stained by these antibodies. Although immature metaplastic epithelium stained strongly with all the antibodies, the intensity and distribution of staining in general did not distinguish between benign and neoplastic conditions. All five antibodies, raised against three different antigens, stained cervical tissue in a similar way and thus were unsuitable for use as specific tumour markers in equivocal cases. Further studies on other tumour markers are indicated in view of the potential value of this approach.