gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A comparative study of discretization methods for naive-Bayes classifiers (2002)

Discretization is a popular approach to handling numeric attributes in machine learning. We argue that the requirements for effective discretization differ between naive-Bayes learning and many other learning algorithms. We evaluate the effectiveness with naive-Bayes classifiers of nine discretization methods, equal width discretization (EWD), equal frequency discretization (EFD), fuzzy discretization (FD), entropy minimization discretization (EMD), iterative discretization (ID), proportional k-interval discretization (PKID), lazy discretization (LD), nondisjoint discretization (NDD) and weighted proportional k-interval discretization (WPKID). It is found that in general naive-Bayes classifiers trained on data preprocessed by LD, NDD or WPKID achieve lower classification error than those trained on data preprocessed by the other discretization methods. But LD can not scale to large data. This study leads to a new discretization method, weighted non-disjoint discretization (WNDD) that combines WPKID and NDD&apos;s advantages. Our experiments show that among all the rival discretization methods, WNDD best helps naive-Bayes classifiers reduce average classification error.
[Active constituents of Commelina communis L]. (1994)

According to the pharmacological results five compounds were isolated from the herb of Commelina communis. Based on physico-chemical constants and spectral data, four of them were identified as n-triacontanol, p-hydroxycinnamic acid, daucosteril and D-mannitol. p-hydroxycinnamic acid shows antibacterial activity and D-mannitol shows antitussive effect.
Single-phase unidirectional transducers employing uniform-width dithered electrodes (2002)

A new family of Dithered Single-Phase Unidirectional Transducer (DSPUDT) configurations is described. These structures are comprised of uniform width single-level electrodes on a non-uniform grid. They are an extension of the uniformly-sampled 3/spl lambda//8 and 5/spl lambda//8 double-level SPUDT configurations introduced in 1992. Instead of employing a double-level metalization, unidirectionality is achieved in these new structures by dithering the position of the electrodes. This technique is very powerful as it allows the reflectivity function in the transducer to be implemented in a near analogue fashion, rather than a discrete approximation. In addition to mean sampling rates of 3/spl lambda//8 and 5/spl lambda//8, other sampling rates are considered of the general form m/spl lambda//n and (1-m/n)/spl lambda/, where m and n are integers and m/spl les/n/2. These additional sampling rates provide additional flexibility for making design tradeoffs in the minimum critical geometry, implemented coupling and reflection coefficients, and undesired out-of-band responses in the transducer. Using combinations of these sampling rates, filters with excellent rejection characteristics can be constructed. The large critical geometry's possible with these new transducers permits low-loss filters to be easily fabricated at frequencies in excess of 1 GHz with very linear group-delay and high out-of-band rejection.
Prediction of conversion from mild cognitive impairment to dementia with neuronally derived blood exosome protein profile (2016)

Abnormal plasma NDE levels of P-tau, Aβ1-42, NRGN, and REST accurately predict conversion of MCI to AD dementia. Plasma NDEs from demented patients seeded tau aggregation and induced AD-like neuropathology in normal mouse CNS.
Psi- vectors: murine leukemia virus-based self-inactivating and self-activating retroviral vectors (1997)

We have developed murine leukemia virus (MLV)-based self-inactivating and self-activating vectors to show that the previously demonstrated high-frequency direct repeat deletions are not unique to spleen necrosis virus (SNV) or the neomycin drug resistance gene. Retroviral vectors pKD-HTTK and pKD-HTpTK containing direct repeats composed of segments of the herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (HTK) gene were constructed; in pKD-HTpTK, the direct repeat flanked the MLV packaging signal. The generation of hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine-resistant colonies after one cycle of retroviral replication demonstrated functional reconstitution of the HTK gene. Quantitative Southern analysis indicated that direct repeat deletions occurred in 57 and 91% of the KD-HTTK and KD-HTpTK proviruses, respectively. These results demonstrate that (i) deletion of direct repeats occurs at similar high frequencies in SNV and MLV vectors, (ii) MLV psi can be efficiently deleted by using direct repeats, (iii) suicide genes can be functionally reconstituted during reverse transcription, and (iv) the psi region may be a hot spot for reverse transcriptase template switching events.
Effect of UVA irradiation on proliferation and NO/iNOS system of human skin fibroblast. (2009)

UVA can inhibit the proliferation activity of human skin fibroblasts. It might be related to the up-regulation of iNOS gene expression and the over-secretion of NO induced by UVA.
X.——NEW BOOKS (1966)

X.——NEW BOOKS Get access Philosophy and Scientific Realism: By J. J. C. SMART. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1963. (International Library of Philosophy and Scientific Method.) Pp. viii + 160. 25s. PETER ALEXANDER PETER ALEXANDER University of Bristol Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Mind, Volume LXXV, Issue 299, July 1966, Pages 442–444, https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/LXXV.299.442 Published: 01 July 1966
A Novel Protein-Deamidating Enzyme from <i>Chryseobacterium proteolyticum</i> sp. nov., a Newly Isolated Bacterium from Soil (2000)

A novel protein-deamidating enzyme, which has potential for industrial applications, was purified from the culture supernatant of Chryseobacterium proteolyticum strain 9670(T) isolated from rice field soil in Tsukuba, Japan. The deamidating activities on carboxybenzoxy (Cbz)-Gln-Gly and caseins and protease activity were produced synchronously by the isolate. Both deamidating activities were eluted as identical peaks separated from several proteases by phenyl-Sepharose chromatography of the culture supernatant. The enzyme catalyzed the deamidation of native caseins with no protease and transglutaminase activities. Phenotypic characterization and DNA analyses of the isolate were performed to determine its taxonomy. Physiological and biochemical characteristics, 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, and DNA-DNA relatedness data indicated that the isolate should be placed as a new species belonging to the genus Chryseobacterium. The isolate showed no growth on MacConkey agar and produced acid from sucrose. The levels of DNA-DNA relatedness between the isolate and other related strains were less than 17%. The name Chryseobacterium proteolyticum is proposed for the new species; strain 9670 is the type strain (=FERM P-17664).
Synthesis, Characterization, and Electronic Structure of Single-Crystal SnS, Sn<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>, and SnS<sub>2</sub> (2013)

Tin sulfide is being widely investigated as an earth-abundant light harvesting material, but recorded efficiencies for SnS fall far below theoretical limits. We describe the synthesis and characterization of the single-crystal tin sulfides (SnS, SnS2, and Sn2S3) through chemical vapor transport, and combine electronic structure calculations with time-resolved microwave conductivity measurements to shed light on the underlying electrical properties of each material. We show that the coexistence of the Sn(II) and Sn(IV) oxidation states would limit the performance of SnS in photovoltaic devices due to the valence band alignment of the respective phases and the "asymmetry" in the underlying point defect behavior. Furthermore, our results suggest that Sn2S3, in addition to SnS, is a candidate material for low-cost thin-film solar cells. © 2013 American Chemical Society.
Overexpression of homologous phytochrome genes in tomato: exploring the limits in photoperception (2007)

Transgenic tomato [Lycopersicon esculentum (=Solanum lycopersicum)] lines overexpressing tomato PHYA, PHYB1, or PHYB2, under control of the constitutive double-35S promoter from cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) have been generated to test the level of saturation in individual phytochrome-signalling pathways in tomato. Western blot analysis confirmed the elevated phytochrome protein levels in dark-grown seedlings of the respective PHY overexpressing (PHYOE) lines. Exposure to 4 h of red light resulted in a decrease in phytochrome A protein level in the PHYAOE lines, indicating that the chromophore availability is not limiting for assembly into holoprotein and that the excess of phytochrome A protein is also targeted for light-regulated destruction. The elongation and anthocyanin accumulation responses of plants grown under white light, red light, far-red light, and end-of-day far-red light were used for characterization of selected PHYOE lines. In addition, the anthocyanin accumulation response to different fluence rates of red light of 4-d-old dark-grown seedlings was studied. The elevated levels of phyA in the PHYAOE lines had little effect on seedling and adult plant phenotype. Both PHYAOE in the phyA mutant background and PHYB2OE in the double-mutant background rescued the mutant phenotype, proving that expression of the transgene results in biologically active phytochrome. The PHYB1OE lines showed mild effects on the inhibition of stem elongation and anthocyanin accumulation and little or no effect on the red light high irradiance response. By contrast, the PHYB2OE lines showed a strong inhibition of elongation, enhancement of anthocyanin accumulation, and a strong amplification of the red light high irradiance response.
Genomic characterization of two Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteriophages with anti-biofilm potential (2012)

Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteriophages, vB_SepiS-phiIPLA5 and vB_SepiS-phiIPLA7, have a mosaic structure similar to other widespread S. epidermidis prophages. Virions of these phages are provided of pectin lyase-like domains, which may be regarded as promising anti-biofilm tools.
Low-frequency seismic spectrum measured by a laser interferometer combined with a low-frequency folded pendulum (2003)

Al aser interferometer combined with a reference mirror suspended on a long-period folded pendulum is presented to measure the low-frequency horizontal seismic spectrum. One of the reflecting mirrors is driven by a piezoelectric transducer to track another mirror. The experimental results show that the horizontal seismic motion is about 10 −9 mH z −1/2 at 1 Hz in
The Peripheral Vestibular System (2011)

This chapter explores the peripheral vestibular system, including the temporary bone, inner ear, characteristics of hair cells, inner ear vestibular receptors, primary vestibular neurons, and efferent vestibular neurons.
Identification of B Cell Epitopes of a 30kDa Babesia equi Merozoite Surface Protein. (1998)

A 30 kDa immunodominant surface antigen (p30) of Babesia equi has been used as a diagnostic antigen. The B cell epitopes on this molecule recognized by horse sera and monoclonal antibody (MAb) against p30, 36/133.97, were determined. A synthetic peptide of p30 with amino acid sequence of 123FYQEVLFKGFEAV135 exhibited strong positive reaction with the infected horse sera. In contrast, MAb 36/133.97 recognized different region of p30, as peptide synthesized with amino acid sequence of 27ASGAVVDFQLESI39 reacted strongly. In competitive inhibition ELISA, the binding of MAb 36/133.97 to recombinant p30 was inhibited by horse antibodies, although they did not recognize same or an overlapping epitope. The data on B cell epitopes in this study may be important in improving serodiagnostic methods of B. equi infection.
ING Proteins in Cellular Senescence (2009)

Cellular senescence is an effective anti-tumor barrier that acts by restraining the uncontrolled proliferation of cells carrying potentially oncogenic alterations. ING proteins are putative tumor suppressor proteins functionally linked to the p53 pathway and to chromatin regulation. ING proteins exert their tumor-protective action through different types of responses. Here, we review the evidence on the participation of ING proteins, mainly ING1 and ING2, in the implementation of the senescent response. The currently available data support an important role of ING proteins as regulators of senescence, in connection with the p53 pathway and chromatin organization.
Chronic intestinal<i>Mycobacteria</i>infection: discrimination via VOC analysis in exhaled breath and headspace of feces using differential ion mobility spectrometry (2011)

Differential ion mobility spectrometry (DMS) is a method to detect volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the ppt range. This study assessed whether VOC analysis using DMS could discriminate subjects with an experimentally induced chronic intestinal infection caused by Mycobacteria from non-infected controls. The animal model consisted of two groups of goats orally infected with two different doses of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) and one group of non-infected healthy controls (each group: n = 6). Using DMS, exhaled breath and headspace of feces were analyzed on-line on an individual basis 9 months after inoculation of MAP. Data analysis included peak detection, cluster analysis, selection of discriminating VOC features (Mann–Whitney U test), and classification using a support-vector-machine. Taking the background of ambient air conditions into account, VOC analysis of exhaled breath as well as of feces revealed significant differences between chronically infected animals and non-infected controls. In both specimens, increasing as well as decreasing VOC features could be attributed to infection. Discrimination between infected and non-infected animals was sharper analyzing exhaled breath compared to headspace of feces. In exhaled breath, at least two VOC features were found to increase in a dose-dependent manner with increasing doses of MAP inoculated. Results of this study provide strong evidence that DMS analysis of exhaled breath has the potential to become a valuable tool for non-invasive assessment of VOC specifically related to certain diseases or infections.
Axial Magnetic Bearing Development for the BiVACOR Rotary BiVAD/TAH (2009)

A suspension system for the BiVACOR biventricular assist device (BiVAD) has been developed and tested. The device features two semi-open centrifugal impellers mounted on a common rotating hub. Flow balancing is achieved through the movement of the rotor in the axial direction. The rotor is suspended in the pump casings by an active magnetic suspension system in the axial direction and a passive hydrodynamic bearing in the radial direction. This paper investigates the axial movement capacity of the magnetic bearing system and the power consumption at various operating points. The force capacity of the passive hydrodynamic bearing is investigated using a viscous glycerol solution. Axial rotor movement in the range of +/-0.15 mm is confirmed and power consumption is under 15.5 W. The journal bearing is shown to stabilize the rotor in the radial direction at the required operating speed. Magnetic levitation is a viable suspension technique for the impeller of an artificial heart to improve device lifetime and reduce blood damage.
Activation of the annexin 1 counter‐regulatory circuit affords protection in the mouse brain microcirculation (2007)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of the homeostatic antiinflammatory axis centered on annexin 1 (AnxA1) in cerebral microvascular dysfunction and tissue injury associated with middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion and reperfusion. Intravital fluorescence microscopy was used to visualize the mouse cerebral microcirculation: AnxA1 null mice exhibited more white blood cell adhesion in cerebral venules than their wild-type counterparts, and this was accompanied by a larger cerebral infarct vol and worse neurological score. All parameters were rescued by delivery of human recombinant AnxA1. To further explore these findings using pharmacological tools, the effect of a short AnxA1 peptidomimetic was tested. When given during the reperfusion phase, peptide Ac2-26 produced similar cerebroprotection, which was associated with a marked attenuation of cell adhesion and markers of inflammation as measured in tissue homogenates. The pharmacological effects of peptide Ac2-26 occurred via receptors of the formyl-peptide receptor (FPR) family, most likely FPR-rs2, as deduced by displacement assays with transfected cells and in vivo experiments with transgenic mice and receptor antagonists. Our findings indicate that the endogenous antiinflammatory circuit centered on AnxA1 produces significant cerebral protection, and that these properties might have therapeutic potential for stroke treatment.
Regulation: the art of control? Regulatory T cells and asthma and allergy (2004)

A better understanding of the immunology of regulation may allow preventive or disease modifying treatment for asthma and other respiratory diseases

Much is currently made of the control of asthma in therapeutic guidelines. Both the British guidelines and the Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) define measures of control of the disease, and recent studies have defined strategies for control using available anti-inflammatory and bronchodilator therapy such as inhaled steroids and long acting β2 agonists.1,2 However, currently available treatments suppress inflammation but do not modify the underlying immunological predisposition to the disease.

Asthma is widely recognised as an inflammatory airway disease driven by activation of Th2-type T lymphocytes in both atopic allergic and intrinsic or non-allergic forms.3–5 Recent advances in our understanding of the control of the immunological process have identified regulatory suppressive T cells which can prevent activation of self-reactive or pathological T cells in autoimmune or infectious disease models.6–8 Does this understanding of immune regulation hold the prospect of disease control or even prevention for asthma?

The interest of immunologists in actively suppressive T cells was re-awoken by the finding by Sakaguchi and co-workers that depletion of CD4+CD25+ T lymphocytes from mice led to development of autoimmune pathology which could be prevented by re-introduction of these cells.9 Such CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells were active in many disease models and could reverse established inflammatory diseases such as colitis.10 These cells were shown to arise by high affinity selection in the thymus and are thought to form a “naturally occurring” regulatory population that is an important part of maintenance of tolerance or non-reactivity of the immune system against itself.11,12 Shevach and co-workers established an in vitro system and showed that CD4+CD25+ T cells failed to proliferate to polyclonal or antigenic …
Increase of interleukin-6 mRNA in the spinal cord following peripheral nerve injury in the rat: potential role of IL-6 in neuropathic pain (1998)

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a multifunctional cytokine whose actions include modulation of proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of hemapoietic progenitors and other cell lineages; growth regulation of certain carcinoma cell lines; and control of cellular metabolic activities. Initially described in terms of its activities in the immune system and inflammation, accumulating evidence supports an essential role of IL-6 in the development, differentiation, regeneration and degeneration of neurons in the peripheral and central nervous system. We have previously demonstrated that immunoreactive-like IL-6 protein is significantly elevated in the spinal cord in response to peripheral nerve injury that results in neuropathic pain behaviors in the rat. In the current study, our objective was to determine if the source of IL-6 protein was endogenous to the central nervous system by measuring any detectable increases in spinal IL-6 mRNA expression following established mononeuropathy procedures associated with neuropathic pain: spinal nerve cryoneurolysis (SPCN) or spinal nerve tight ligation (SPTL). Using in situ hybridization and a digoxigenin-labeled oligonucleotide, IL-6 mRNA in neurons was significantly elevated at 3 and 7 days post SPCN and 7 days post SPTL in both dorsal and ventral horns. The cellular localization of the IL-6 mRNA expression was predominately neuronal as confirmed by NeuN serial staining. For example, in the SPCN 7 day group, IL-6 mRNA cell profiles in the ipsilateral dorsal horn were significantly different from the normal group (38.7+/-12.8 vs. 4.89+/-1.6, p<0.001). These data demonstrate the central, spinal production of a proinflammatory cytokine in response to a peripheral nerve injury. In addition, these results add to the growing body of literature implicating these immune products, cytokines, as potential neuromodulators/neurotransmitters and provides further evidence for their role in the nociceptive processing which leads to chronic pain.
Testing Circuit-Partitioned 3D IC Designs (2009)

3D integration is an emerging technology that allows for the vertical stacking of multiple silicon die. These stacked die are tightly integrated with through-silicon vias and promise significant power and area reductions by replacing long global wires with short vertical connections. This technology necessitates that neighboring logical blocks exist on different layers in the stack. However, such functional partitions disable intra-chip communication pre-bond and thus disrupt traditional test techniques.Previous work has described a general test architecture that enables pre-bond testability of an architecturally partitioned 3D processor and provided mechanisms for basic layer functionality. This work proposes new test methods for designs partitioned at the circuits level,in which the gates and transistors of individual circuits could be split across multiple die layers. We investigated a bit-partitioned adder unit and a port-split register file, which represents the most difficult circuit-partitioned design to test pre-bond but which is used widely in many circuits. Two layouts of each circuit, planar and 3D, are produced. Our experiments verify the performance and power results and examine the test coverage achieved.
Layered Li2MnO3·3LiNi0.5−xMn0.5−xCo2xO2 microspheres with Mn-rich cores as high performance cathode materials for lithium ion batteries (2013)

Layered Li2MnO3·3LiNi0.5-xMn0.5-xCo2xO2 (x = 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.165) microspheres with Mn-rich core were successfully synthesized by a simple two-step precipitation calcination method and intensively evaluated as cathode materials for lithium ion batteries. The X-ray powder diffractometry (XRD) results indicate that the growth of Li2MnO3-like regions is impeded due to the presence of cobalt (Co) in the material. The field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) data reveal the core-shell-like structure with a Mn-rich core in the as-prepared particles. The charge-discharge testing reveals that the capacity is markedly improved by adding Co. The activation of the cathode after Co doping becomes easier and can be accomplished completely when charged to 4.6 V at the C/40 rate in the initial cycle. Superior electrochemical performances are obtained for samples with x = 0.05 and 0.1. The corresponding initial discharge capacities are separately 281 and 285 mA h g(-1) at C/40 between 2 and 4.6 V at room temperature. After 250 cycles at C/2, the respective capacity retentions are 71.2% and 70.4%, which are better compared to the normal Li-excess Li2MnO3·3LiNi0.4Mn0.4Co0.2O2 sample with a uniform distribution of Mn element in the particles. The initial discharge capacities of both samples are approximately 250 mA h g(-1) at a rate of C/2 between 2 and 4.6 V at 55 °C after activation. Furthermore, the samples are investigated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) at room and elevated temperature, revealing that the key factor affecting electrochemical performance is the charge transfer resistance in the particles.