gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Amino acid requirements of Legionella pneumophila (1980)

The amino acids required for growth and as energy sources by 10 strains of Legionella pneumophila were determined by using a chemically defined medium. All strains required arginine, cysteine, isoleucine, leucine, threonine, valine, methionine, and phenylalanine or tyrosine. Most strains (7 of 10) required serine, and two strains had to be supplied proline before growth could be established. All 10 strains used serine and, to a lesser extent, threonine as the sole sources of carbon and energy. The Y serine calculated was 94.9 +/- 8.5 g (dry weight) of cells/mol of serine. Assuming that the value of Y adenosine 5'-triphosphate is 10.5, these results indicate that oxidative catabolism of 1 mol of serine yielded approximately 9 mol of adenosine 5'-triphosphate. This high yield suggests that although serine was the major source of carbon, other amino acids may also be metabolized.
11 Effect of Dietary Fiber and Foods on Carbohydrate Metabolism (2001)

This chapter will review the relationship between gastrointestinal events and carbohydrate metabolism in the short and long terms,beginning with the effects of dietary fiber and including the extension of this to more recent work on the glycemic index of foods where fiber,food form,and the so-called “antinutrients” all combine to produce the glycemic response typical of the whole food.
Search for new industrial oils. V. Oils of cruciferae (1961)

Abstract Seeds from 37 species of plants in the family Cruciferae were analyzed for oil and protein, and the fatty acid composition of the oils was determined by gas‐liquid chromatography. Erucic acid, generally considered characteristic of crucifer oils, occurs in about three‐fourths of these species in amounts ranging from 3 to 59%. Some oils free of erucic acid contain up to 63% linolenic acid or up to 58% eicosenoic.
Soviet-American Relations, 1917-1920. Volume I, Russia Leaves the War (1957)

Journal Article Soviet-American Relations, 1917–1920. Volume I, Russia Leaves the War. By George F. Kennan. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1956. xiv + 544 pp. Maps, illustrations, appendix, bibliography, and index. $7.50.) Get access Fred Harvey Harrington Fred Harvey Harrington University of Wisconsin Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of American History, Volume 44, Issue 1, June 1957, Pages 165–166, https://doi.org/10.2307/1898709 Published: 01 June 1957
Distinct Functional Sites for Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Stromal Cell-Derived Factor 1α on CXCR4 Transmembrane Helical Domains (2005)

The entry of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) into the cell is initiated by the interaction of the viral surface envelope protein with two cell surface components of the target cell, CD4 and a chemokine coreceptor, usually CXCR4 or CCR5. The natural ligand of CXCR4 is stromal cell-derived factor 1alpha (SDF-1alpha). Whereas the overlap between HIV-1 and SDF-1alpha functional sites on the extracellular domains of CXCR4 has been well documented, it has yet to be determined whether there are sites in the transmembrane (TM) helices of CXCR4 important for HIV-1 and/or SDF-1alpha functions, and if such sites do exist, whether they are overlapping or distinctive for the separate functions of CXCR4. For this study, by employing alanine-scanning mutagenesis, (125)I-SDF-1alpha competition binding, Ca(2+) mobilization, and cell-cell fusion assays, we found that the mutation of many CXCR4 TM residues, including Tyr(45), His(79), Asp(97), Pro(163), Trp(252), Tyr(255), Asp(262), Glu(288), His(294), and Asn(298), could selectively decrease HIV-1-mediated cell fusion but not the binding activity of SDF-1alpha. Phe(87) and Phe(292), which were involved in SDF-1alpha binding, did not play a significant role in the coreceptor activity of CXCR4, further demonstrating the disconnection between physiological and pathological activities of CXCR4 TM domains. Our data also show that four mutations of the second extracellular loop, D182A, D187A, F189A, and P191A, could reduce HIV-1 entry without impairing either ligand binding or signaling. Taken together, our first detailed characterization of the different functional roles of CXCR4 TM domains may suggest a mechanistic basis for the discovery of new selective anti-HIV agents.
Physical and chemical characterization of purified ovalbumin messenger RNA. (1975)

Preparative agarose gel electrophoresis under denaturing conditions has been successfully employed to purify large quantities of ovalbumin mRNA from hen oviducts. The mRNA thus prepared is physically homogeneous based on its migration as a single component on electrophoresis in both analytical acid-urea agarose gels and formamide-containing, neutral polyacrylaminde gels; it also sediments as a single peak in sucrose gradients containing 70% formamide. The mRNA is chemically free of ribosomal RNA contamination since its oligonucleotide fingerprint map after complete T1 ribonuclease digestion contains no detectable specific large oligonucleotide markers of ribosomal RNAs. It is also not contaminated by other biologically active messenger RNAs because, when it is added to the cell-free wheat germ translation system, the only protein product synthesized is ovalbumin as analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and specific immunoprecipitation. Ovalbumin mRNA has a nucleotide composition of 32.3% A, 21.0% G, 25.7% U, and 20.7% C [(A+U)/(G+C) equal 1.41]. The mRNA contains a heterogeneous poly(A) tract ranging from 20 to 140 residues with a number average chain length of 62 adenylate residues. The molecular weight of the sodium salt of the purified mRNA is approximately 650,000 +/- 63,000, corresponding to a chain length of 1890 +/- 180 nucleotides, as determined by electron microscopy under completely denaturing conditions. This value is in close agreement with the values obtained from: (a) sucrose gradient centrifugation in the presence of 70% formamide; (b) evaluation of poly(A) content in the mRNA and the number average chain length of its poly(A) tract; and (c) sedimentation velocity studies in the presence of 3% formaldehyde. When 125I-labeled ovalbumin mRNA is allowed to hybridize with a large excess of chick DNA, the observed kinetics of hybridization reveal no appreciable reaction between the mRNA and the repeated sequences of the chick DNA, although the mRNA appears to be approximately 600 nucleotides longer than necessary to code for ovalbumin. It thus appears that the entire ovalbumin mRNA is primarily transcribed from a unique sequence in the chick genome.
Bioartificial Liver Using Hepatocytes on Biosilon Microcamers: Treatment of Chemically Induced Acute Hepatic Failure in Rats (1991)

An artificial liver support procedure based on hemoperfusion via hepatocytes cultured on microcarriers is described. The efficiency of the system was assessed by the survival rate of rats treated with either lethal dosage of 7% CCl4 [30 ml/kg body weight (b.w.)] or D-galactosamine (2.5 g/kg b.w.). In CCl4-treated rats, hemoperfusion via empty microcarriers (n = 16) revealed no surviving animals, whereas the use of the bioartificial liver (n = 11) resulted in 80% (p less than 0.01) and 60% (p less than 0.05) survival 48 and 168 h after hepatotoxin, respectively. For the same time periods, the survival rate in D-galactosamine-intoxicated rats after hemoperfusion with hepatocytes (n = 20) was approximately 60% (p less than 0.05) and was only 5% in those of rats treated with empty microcarriers (n = 20). Sublethal dosage of 7% CCl4 (15 ml/kg b.w.) caused 25% mortality and prolonged (48 h) increase of activity of the liver enzymes and bilirubin levels in the serum of surviving animals. In these rats (n = 8) at the end of 3 h of hemoperfusion via hepatocytes, the bilirubin concentration decreased by 45% as compared with the control group (n = 6) treated with empty microcarriers. Moreover, by 48 h after intoxication, the use of the bioartificial liver resulted in more than a three-fold decrease in glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase and a 10-fold decrease in glutamate-pyruvate transaminase serum activity as well as a fivefold decline in total and a ninefold decline in conjugated bilirubin levels as compared with the control animals.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Galectins as immunoregulators during infectious processes: from microbial invasion to the resolution of the disease (2005)

Recent evidence has implicated galectins, a family of evolutionarily conserved carbohydrate-binding proteins, as regulators of immune cell homeostasis and host-pathogen interactions. Galectins operate at different levels of innate and adaptive immune responses, by modulating cell survival and cell activation or by influencing the Th1/Th2 cytokine balance. Furthermore, galectins may contribute to host-pathogen recognition and may serve as receptors for specific interactions of pathogens with their insect vectors. Here we will explore the influence of galectins in immunological processes relevant to microbial infection and will summarize exciting recent work related to the specific interactions between galectins and their glycoconjugate ligands as critical determinants of pathogen recognition. Understanding the role of galectin-sugar interactions during the course of microbial infections might contribute to defining novel targets for disease prevention and immune intervention.
Epimerization of Chlorophyll Derivatives. V. Effects of the Central Magnesium and Ring Substituents on the Epimerization of Chlorophyll Derivatives (1992)

Abstract Kinetic and equilibrium features of the epimerization in six C132-epimer pairs of chlorophyllous pigments, namely chlorophyll (Chl) a/a′, Chl b/b′, pheophytin (Pheo) a/a′, Pheo b/b′, C20-chlorinated Chl (Cl–Chl) a/a′, and Cl–Pheo a/a′, catalyzed by bases (triethylamine, pyrrolidine, and piperidine) and by Lewis acids (magnesium acetylacetonate and magnesium chloride), have been studied in diethyl ether and methanol. A significant difference was noted in the epimerization rate and equilibrium epimeric composition among the pigment systems. The difference in the rate constants was rationalized in terms of the ease in C132-proton detachment, affected by the ring π-electron density which in turn depends on the electron donation or withdrawal by the central metal and/or ring substituents. For Lewis acid-catalysis, a dominant factor appears to be the stabilization of the C131-enolate anion via formation of a loose complex with extraneous Mg2+. A synergistic action of a base (triethylamine) and a Lewis acid (Mg2+) was observed for the epimerization or enolization of Pheo a/a′ in methanol.
Partitioning applications for hybrid and federated clouds (2012)

On-demand access to computing resources as-a-service has the potential to allow enterprises to temporarily scale out of their private data center into the infrastructure of a public cloud provider during times of peak demand. How-ever, concerns about privacy and security may limit the adoption of this technique. We de-scribe an approach to partitioning a software application (particularly a client-facing web ap-plication) into components that can be run in the public cloud and components that should remain in the private data center. Static code analysis is used to automatically establish a partitioning based on low-effort input from the developer. Public and private versions of the application are created and deployed; at run-time, user navigation proceeds seamlessly with requests routed to the public or private data center as appropriate. We present implementa-tions for both Java and PHP web applications, tested on sample applications. 1
Dynamic read/write characteristics of magneto-optical TbFeCo and DyFeCo disk (1984)

Amorphous ternary TbFeCo and DyFeCo alloy films were prepared on PMMA pregrooved disks with a dielectric surface layer by Electron-Beam Evaporation technique. Thermomagnetic recording and readout experiments were carried out on these disks using magneto-optical disk player with a detector of Si-APD. It was found that S/N, proportional to <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\sqrt{R}\cdot\Theta_{k}</tex> , is dependent on the thickness of dielectric layer both theoretically and experimentally, where the optimum thickness exists. The mean value of carrier-to-noise ratio (C/N) of 53 dB (resolution bandwidth 30 KHz) was obtained at 2.048 Mb/s (NRZ), which was 5dB larger than that of the disk without a dielectric layer.
Challenges in Autonomous Vehicle Testing and Validation (2016)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Software testing is all too often simply a bug hunt rather than a well-considered exercise in ensuring quality. A more methodical approach than a simple cycle of system-level test-fail-patch-test will be required to deploy safe autonomous vehicles at scale. The ISO 26262 development V process sets up a framework that ties each type of testing to a corresponding design or requirement document, but presents challenges when adapted to deal with the sorts of novel testing problems that face autonomous vehicles. This paper identifies five major challenge areas in testing according to the V model for autonomous vehicles: driver out of the loop, complex requirements, non-deterministic algorithms, inductive learning algorithms, and fail-operational systems. General solution approaches that seem promising across these different challenge areas include: phased deployment using successively relaxed operational scenarios, use of a monitor/actuator pair architecture to separate the most complex autonomy functions from simpler safety functions, and fault injection as a way to perform more efficient edge case testing. While significant challenges remain in safety-certifying the type of algorithms that provide high-level autonomy themselves, it seems within reach to instead architect the system and its accompanying design process to be able to employ existing software safety approaches.</div></div>
The First Synthesis of Some Spiro[2,3-Dihydro-2,2-Dimethylbenzofuran-3,1'-Cyclopropanes] through, Mo(CO)<sub>6</sub> Catalyzed, One Pot Claisen Rearrangement-Cyclization Reaction of 2-Cyclopropylidene-Aryloxy Alkanes (1997)

Mo(CO)6 effectively transforms the cyclopropylidene aryloxy derivatives 2a-e,g into the previously unknown spiro[2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethylbenzofuran-3,1'-cyclopropanes] 3a-e,g.
Reducing geometric dilution of precision using ridge regression (1990)

A signal processing technique is proposed for improving position-fix navigation system accuracy performance when the geometry of the navigation landmarks (e.g. sensors) are nearly collinear. In the navigation literature, the accuracy degradation associated with a nearly collinear measure geometry is termed the geometric dilution of precision (GDOP). Its presence causes not only the variance of the position estimates to be highly inflated but also any bias terms which may be present in the model. Since a nearly collinear predictor matrix is mathematically equivalent to GDOP, it is proposed to use the ridge regression technique in a navigation signal processor. A position-fix algorithm based on ridge regression reduces the bias and variance inflation caused by GDOP and the overall mean-squared position error as well. Ridge regression contains the GDOP-sensitive least-mean-square (LMS) estimator as a special case. Even with a matched model, GDOP can inflate the mean-square error (MSE) of the ordinary least-squares estimator, whereas the ridge regression technique chooses a suitable biased estimator that will reduce the MSE, which is the main goal. The ridge concept is extended to include GDOP-amplified bias errors. A simple range/range navigation system is analyzed to illustrate the underlying principles of ridge regression.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
IPv6 Drivers in Broadband Networks (2009)

This chapter contains sections titled: IPv6-Based Services Broadband Access Models Summary References
Continuous monitoring of mixed venous oxygen saturation during aortic operations (1992)

Reperfusion via extensive pelvic and lumbar collaterals in patients with aortoiliac occlusive disease reduces the delta SvO2 after aortic unclamping. Monitoring the changes in SvO2 during different types of aortic reconstruction helps to define precisely the physiologic alterations that occur in the course of these operations.
Lyzl4, a novel mouse sperm-related protein, is involved in fertilization (2011)

The role of Chicken-type (c-type) lysozyme, a prototype lysozyme, in immunity has been characterized in many organisms. In this study, we cloned a novel c-type lysozyme-like gene, Lyzl4, which was located on mouse chromosome 9F4 and encoded 145 amino acids with a putative signal peptide and a protease cleavage site. The mature recombinant Lyzl4 protein expressed in yeast did not show the bacteriolytic activity. Sequence alignment analysis demonstrated that 3 of the 20 invariant residues in c-type lysozymes were changed in Lyzl4. One of the 'changed' amino acids (D52G) is located in the catalytic domain. Lyzl4 mRNA was selectively expressed in testis and epididymis in adult mice, with varying expression level across different developmental stages. High level of Lyzl4 protein was found on the spermatozoa of acrosomal region and principal piece of tail. Immuno-neutralization of Lyzl4 protein in spermatozoa with its specific antibody significantly decreased in vitro fertilization percentage in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting that Lyzl4 might be important for fertilization.
Microoxen: Microorganisms to move microscale loads (2005)

It is difficult to harness the power generated by biological motors to carry out mechanical work in systems outside the cell. Efforts to capture the mechanical energy of nanomotors ex vivo require in vitro reconstitution of motor proteins and, often, protein engineering. This study presents a method for harnessing the power produced by biological motors that uses intact cells. The unicellular, biflagellated algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii serve as "microoxen." This method uses surface chemistry to attach loads (1- to 6-microm-diameter polystyrene beads) to cells, phototaxis to steer swimming cells, and photochemistry to release loads. These motile microorganisms can transport microscale loads (3-microm-diameter beads) at velocities of approximately 100-200 microm.sec(-1) and over distances as large as 20 cm.
Advanced solar panel designs (1996)

Solar panel designs that utilize new high-efficiency solar cells and lightweight rigid panel technologies are described. The resulting designs increase the specific power (W/kg) achievable in the near-term and are well suited to meet the demands of higher performance small satellites (smallsats). Advanced solar panel designs have developed and demonstrated on two NASA contracts at TECSTAR. The first used 19% efficient, large area (5.5 cm/spl times/6.5 cm) GaAs/Ge solar cells with a lightweight rigid graphite epoxy isogrid substrate configuration. A 1,445 cm/sup 2/ coupon was fabricated and tested to demonstrate 60 W/kg with a high potential of achieving 80 W/kg. The second panel design used new 22% efficiency, dual-junction GaInP/sub 2//GaAs/Ge solar cells combined with a lightweight aluminum core graphite fiber mesh facesheet substrate. A 1,445 cm/sup 2/ coupon was fabricated and tested to demonstrate 105 W/kg with the potential of achieving 115 W/kg.
<i>BLAST</i> ing away preconceptions in crystallization trials (2019)

Crystallization is in many cases a critical step for solving the three-dimensional structure of a protein molecule. Determining which set of chemicals to use in the initial screen is typically agnostic of the protein under investigation; however, crystallization efficiency could potentially be improved if this were not the case. Previous work has assumed that sequence similarity may provide useful information about appropriate crystallization cocktails; however, the authors are not aware of any quantitative verification of this assumption. This research investigates whether, given current information, one can detect any correlation between sequence similarity and crystallization cocktails. BLAST was used to quantitate the similarity between protein sequences in the Protein Data Bank, and this was compared with three estimations of the chemical similarities of the respective crystallization cocktails. No correlation was detected between proteins of similar (but not identical) sequence and their crystallization cocktails, suggesting that methods of determining screens based on this assumption are unlikely to result in screens that are better than those currently in use.
Effective Techniques for Diagnosis and Test of Hard-to-Detect Faults in Analog Circuits (2009)

Testing of analog(and mixed-signal) circuits has been a difficult task for test engineers and effective test techniques to solve these problems are required. This paper develops a new technique which increases fault detection and diagnosis rates for analog circuits by using extended MTSS (Modified Time Slot Specification) technique based on MTSS proposed by the author. High performance current sensors with digital outputs are used as core components for these techniques. A fault diagnosis structure with minimal hardware overhead in ATE is also described.
Parthenogenetic Activation and Subsequent Development of Porcine Oocytes Activated by a Combined Electric Pulse and Butyrolactone I Treatment (2003)

This study was designed to evaluate the parthenogenetic activation of porcine oocytes matured in vitro for a varied period after combined electric pulse (EP; 1500 V/cm, 100 microsec) and Butyrolactone I (BL I). After 36 h of maturation culture, the rates of activated oocytes and oocytes with two pronuclei were significantly lower than those of oocytes cultured for 42 and 48 h after EP. However, when treated by a combined EP and BL I (150 microM), these rates increased to the same level as 42 and 48 h oocytes. When oocytes cultured for 48 h and activated by a combined EP and BL I treatment were subsequently cultured in mNCSU37 medium, the rates of embryos cleaved and developed to the blastocyst stage were significantly higher than those in Whitten's medium. In contrast, when activated oocytes were cultured in mNCSU37 medium under two oxygen environments (5% vs 20% O(2)), there was no difference in the rates of cleavage, blastocyst formation and nuclear numbers per blastocyst. Our results demonstrated that the combined EP and BL I treatment of porcine oocytes matured in vitro is capable of producing high rates of good quality blastocysts when cultured in a suitable in vitro condition.