gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Audience Response Made Easy: Using Personal Digital Assistants as a Classroom Polling Tool (2004)

Both teachers and students benefit from an interactive classroom. The teacher receives valuable input about effectiveness, student interest, and comprehension, whereas student participation, active learning, and enjoyment of the class are enhanced. Cost and deployment have limited the use of existing audience response systems, allowing anonymous linking of teachers and students in the classroom. These limitations can be circumvented, however, by use of personal digital assistants (PDAs), which are cheaper and widely used by students. In this study, the authors equipped a summer histology class of 12 students with PDAs and wireless Bluetooth cards to allow access to a central server. Teachers displayed questions in multiple-choice format as a Web page on the server and students responded with their PDAs, a process referred to as polling. Responses were immediately compiled, analyzed, and displayed. End-of-class survey results indicated that students were enthusiastic about the polling tool. The surveys also provided technical feedback that will be valuable in streamlining future trials.
The Norton score: an early warning of pressure sores? (1982)

This paper investigates the predictive power of the Norton score in the problem of anticipating pressure lesions, and looks at some variants on that score. The Norton score is now nearly 20 years old but is still not in frequent use by nurses, and has been the subject of little research, especially in its predictive ability. By following the progress of two matched samples over a 15-month period in a district general hospital it is established that the Norton score does perform at least as well as a number of reasonable variants of it, and that in particular the physical score and incontinence score are the crucial elements. A follow-up sample in which the variants are retested confirms the usefulness of the Norton score.
Structure—Property Relationships in Foods (1996)

For considering food structures at the molecular level, the concept of the conformational potential of food macromolecules and the concept of structural hierarchy of foods are used. Formation of structure-property relationship of foods is mainly based on non-specific interactions of food macromolecular components that are due to partial conversion of intra- into inter-macromolecular bonds. Mixtures of proteins and polysaccharides can be regarded as the most realistic models for the study of the molecular origin of the formation of food structures at four levels: submacromolecular, macromolecular, supermacromolecular and macroscopic. Functional properties of macromolecular components of traditional and novel food systems depend on compatibility, co-solubility and complexing. Under conditions of inter-biopolymer complexing and incompatibility, biopolymer interactions affect structural, rheological and other physico-chemical properties of food systems.
Surfactant-type asymmetric organocatalyst: organocatalytic asymmetric Michael addition to nitrostyrenes in water (2006)

A surfactant-type asymmetric organocatalyst (STAO) catalyzed highly efficient Michael addition to nitroalkenes with high stereoselectivities in water without using any organic solvents or additional additives.
Modulation of interferon‐γ receptor during human T lymphocyte alloactivation (1993)

Previous work has shown that neutralization of physiologically secreted interferon(IFN)-gamma or blockade of its receptor during T lymphocyte activation inhibits both proliferation and cytotoxic T lymphocyte generation, suggesting that IFN-gamma plays a crucial role in T lymphocyte induction and differentiation. In this study, the kinetics of the surface expression of the 90-kDa IFN-gamma receptor (IFN-gamma R) was followed during human mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) to alloantigens. IFN-gamma R mRNA is constitutively expressed on resting peripheral blood lymphocytes emerging from nylon wood column (NW-PBL) and its expression increases two- to threefold on alloactivated NW-PBL. IFN-gamma R protein is poorly expressed on the membrane of resting CD3+ cells, but up-modulates after 3-day MLR and sharply down-modulates at day 6. Both the p55 and the p75 chains of interleukin-2 receptor (IL-2R) were shown to up-modulate in parallel with IFN-gamma R, whereas they were still highly expressed at day 6. After alloactivation, IFN-gamma and IL-2 secretion starts at 24 h, peaks at day 3 and decreases just when IFN-gamma R and IL-2R begin to up-modulate. Proliferation peaks at day 6. Lastly, stimulation with distinct cell populations showed that the intensity of lymphocyte proliferation, IFN-gamma R membrane up-modulation, and IFN-gamma and IL-2 secretion are regulated in a parallel manner, thus suggesting that they are interrelated. Taken as whole these results demonstrate that increased expression of IFN-gamma R on T lymphocytes can be a critical event during their activation, and strongly support the hypothesis that IFN-gamma/IFN-gamma R interaction provides a signal for its progression.
The Spectrum of Cardiac Defects in the Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome, Types I and III (1980)

Nineteen patients with types I and III Ehlers-Danlos syndrome were hospitalized at our institution between 1973 and 1978. Chest roentgenogram, electrocardiogram, and echocardiogram were done; 11 patients underwent cardiac catheterization. Thirty-five cardiac or great vessel abnormalities were detected. Fifteen patients had nitral valve prolapse; six also had tricuspid valve prolapse. Dilatation of the aortic root or extasia of the sinuses of Valsalva, or both, occurred in six patients. Dilatation of the pulmonary artery and annulus caused pulmonary regurgitation in one patient. Congenital heart defects included bicuspid aortic valve (two), pulmonary valvular stenosis (one), ventricular septal defect (two), and an atrial septal defect (one). The apparent high prevalence of cardiovascular abnormalities in hospitalized patients with types I and III Ehlers-Danlos syndrome necessitates a careful cardiovascular evaluation. Conversely, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome types I and III should be excluded in patients with mitral or tricuspid valve prolapse, great vessel dilatation, and congenital heart defects.
Anaerobic waste‐activated sludge digestion–a bioconversion mechanism and kinetic model (1993)

The anaerobic bioconversion of raw and mechanically lysed waste-activated sludge was kinetically investigated. The hydrolysis of the biopolymers, such as protein, which leaked out from the biological sludge with ultrasonic lysis, was a first-order reaction in anaerobic digestion and the rate constant was much higher that the decay rate constant of the raw waste activated sludge. An anaerobic digestion model that is capable of evaluating the effect of the mechanical sludge lysis on digestive performance was developed. The present model includes four major biological processes-the release of intracellular matter with sludge lysis; hydrolysis of biopolymers to volatile acids; the degradation of various volatile acids to acetate; and the conversion of acetate and hydrogen to methane. Each process was assumed to follow first order kinetics. The model suggested that when the lysed waste-activated sludge was fed, the overall digestive performance remarkably increased in the two-phase system consisting of an acid forming process and a methanogenic process, which ensured the symbiotic growth of acetogenic and methanogenic bacteria.
Numerical study on measuring electrical resistivity through casing in a layered medium (1990)

PreviousNext No AccessSEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1990Numerical study on measuring electrical resistivity through casing in a layered mediumAuthors: C. J. SchenkelH. F. MorrisonC. J. SchenkelUniversity of California, Berkeley and H. F. MorrisonUniversity of California, Berkeleyhttps://doi.org/10.1190/1.1890257 SectionsAboutPDF/ePub ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail Permalink: https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1890257FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1990ISSN (print):1052-3812 ISSN (online):1949-4645Copyright: 1990 Pages: 1779 publication data© 1990 Copyright © 1990 Society of Exploration GeophysicistsPublisher:Society of Exploration Geophysicists HistoryPublished Online: 10 Feb 2005 CITATION INFORMATION C. J. Schenkel and H. F. Morrison, (1990), "Numerical study on measuring electrical resistivity through casing in a layered medium," SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts : 538-541. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1890257 Plain-Language Summary PDF DownloadLoading ...
Modulation of lymphocyte mitogenesis. (1975)

Comparisons of the stimulation of normal lymphocytes and lymphoma cells by tetrameric concanavalin a (Con ta) and dimeric succinyl-Con A suggest that both stimulatory and inhibitory signals operate to modulate mitogenesis. Synergistic effects can be obtained for the stimulatory event using lectins, phorbol esters, and calcium ionophores, all of which are independently mitogenic for lymphocytes. The inhibitory effects of high doses of Con A could be mimicked by the simultaneous addition of the phorbol ester and Con A under conditions in which both reagents are optimally mitogenic when used alone. No inhibition of stimulation was found, however, when succinyl-Con A was used with phorbol ester under the same conditions. Moreover, when lymphocytes were cultured with Con A in the presence of succinyl-Con A, the inhibitory effect of the native lectin was seen at lower doses than in the absence of the derivative. These observations suggest that the stimulatory and inhibitory portions of the dose-response curve can be manipulated independently and may be mediated by two distinct signals. It is likely the signal for the inhibition of cell proliferation is regulated by the same cell surface modulating assembly that controls the mobility of cell surface receptors.
Case-Based Reasoning for Evolutionary MEMS Design (2010)

A knowledge-based computer-aided design tool for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) design synthesis called case-based synthesis of MEMS (CaSyn-MEMS) has been developed. MEMS-based technologies have the potential to revolutionize many consumer products and to create new market opportunities in areas such as biotechnology, aerospace, and data communications. However, the commercialization of MEMS still faces many challenges due to a lack of efficient computer-aided design tools that can assist designers during the early conceptual phases of the design process. CaSyn-MEMS combines a case-based reasoning (CBR) algorithm and a MEMS case library with parametric optimization and a multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) to synthesize new MEMS design topologies that meet or improve upon a designer’s specifications. CBR is an artificial intelligence methodology that uses past design solutions and adapts them to solve current problems. Having the ability to draw upon past design knowledge is advantageous to MEMS designers, allowing reuse and modification of previously successful designs to accelerate the design process. To enable knowledge reuse, a hierarchical MEMS case library has been created. A reasoning algorithm retrieves cases with solved problems similar to the current design problem. Focusing on resonators as a case study, case retrieval demonstrated an 82% success rate. Using the retrieved cases, approximate design solutions were proposed by first adapting cases with parametric optimization, resulting in a 25% reduction in design area on average while bringing designs within 2% of the frequency goal. In situations where parametric optimization was not sufficient, a more radical design adaptation was performed through the use of MOGA. CBR provided MOGA with good starting points for optimization, allowing efficient convergence to higher quantities of Pareto optimal design concepts while reducing design area by up to 43% and meeting frequency goals within 5%.
Electrochemical Detection Based on Redox Cycling Using Interdigitated Microarray Electrodes at µL/min Flow Rates (2000)

The influence of convection on the degree of redox cycling at interdigitated microarray electrodes in a flow system was investigated in the end column detection mode for flow rates below 20 µL/min. It was found that the degree of redox cycling increased with decreasing flow rates and values of 2.9 and 2.2 were obtained for a flow rate of 2 and 20 µL/min, respectively, using photolithographically fabricated interdigitated arrays consisting of 140 microbands separated by 6 µm. The obtained degrees of redox cycling were lower than the value of 4.4 obtained in a stationary solution in the batch mode as a result of a decreased collection efficiency between adjacent microbands and a relatively low conversion efficiency at each microband in the presence of the flow. It is shown that a collection efficiency of more than 90 % is needed to produce an order of magnitude increase in the current due to redox cycling in a stationary solution. When using a microarray electrode consisting of 280 microbands in a thin layer flow cell, a conversion efficiency of close to 100 % could be obtained at flow rates below 1 µL/min. In the latter case, a significantly larger flow rate dependence of the current was found compared to that for a single microband electrode.
Sizing and Costing of Electrostatic Precipitators (1988)

Abstract This two-part article is intended for the reader who wishes to perform preliminary sizing and costing for electrostatic precipitator (ESP) installations. Descriptive material is provided on the precipitation process and procedures are given for estimating ESP size. These procedures range from simple, graphical methods to a recently devised loss factor method. Information obtained from vendors allows the reader to estimate costs of ESPs, including auxiliary equipment, based on recent costs. Part I of this article briefly describes the electrostatic precipitation process, types of ESPs by configuration and auxiliary equipment. Electrostatic precipitation theory is reviewed, including discussion of electrical operating point, particle charging and collection, and sneakage and reentrainment. Estimation methods are then given for specific collecting area and pressure drop, followed by discussions of factors that affect ESP sizing and operation. Part II of this article will appear in the May 1988 issue of JAPCA and will provide information for estimating total capital investment and total annual costs for electrostatic precipitation installations.
Devising a Cost Effective Schedule for a Baseball League (1994)

In this paper, we discuss the problem of devising a cost effective schedule for a baseball league. Sports scheduling is a notoriously difficult problem. A schedule must satisfy constraints on timing such as the number of games to be played between every pair of teams, the bounds on the number of consecutive home (or away) games for each team, that every pair of teams must have played each other in the first half of the season, and so on. Often, there are additional factors to be considered for a particular league, for example, the availability of venues on specific dates, home-game preferences of teams on specific dates, and balancing of schedules so that games between two teams are evenly-spaced throughout the season. In addition to finding a feasible schedule that meets all the timing restrictions, the problem addressed in this paper has the additional complexity of having the objective of minimizing travel costs. We discuss some structural properties of a schedule that meets the timing constraints and present two heuristics for finding a low-cost schedule. The methodology is used to develop an improved schedule for the Texas Baseball League.
Albumin Binding Capacity (ABiC) is reduced in commercially available Human Serum Albumin preparations with stabilizers (2001)

Albumin is clinically used as a liver function test describing the metabolic liver capacity and so as a marker of severity of illness in multiple scoring systems. Reduction of serum albumin concentration is correlated with an increased mortality in different diseases, therefore albumin concentration is seen and used as an independent predictor of severity of illness in different clinical scoring systems [1] [2] [3]. However, estimation of albumin concentration does not provide information about the existing functional status or capacity to transport endogenous substances (e. g. prostaglandin, bilirubin, bile acids, fatty acids, thyroid hormones, endogenous steroids and benzodiazepines) or drugs (e. g. diuretics, ß-Lactam-antibiotics, sedatives). Most of the albumin ligands are bound to one of the two common binding sites I or II, as described by Sudlow and colleagues [4; 5]. Free fatty acids, metal ions like Copper and bilirubin are bound selectively to specific binding domains [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11].
Measurement of Steady-State Current Flowing in Nematic Liquid Crystal (1994)

Applied voltage dependence of steady-state current was measured for a nematic liquid crystal (5CB). The current is proportional to the applied voltage in the low-voltage region. However, for the high-voltage region, the voltage dependence becomes a square law or cubic law.
A Convenient Synthesis of Perfluoroalkylated and Fluorinated-Aryl Nitrogen Bases by Electrochemically Induced S<sub>RN</sub>1 Substitution (1996)

Indirect electrochemical reduction, by means of an aromatic anion mediator, of perfluoroalkyl halides (CF3Br, n-C4F9I, n-C6F13I, I(CF2)4I) in the presence of imidazole, 4(5)-nitroimidazole, 2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole, 2-(4‘-methoxyphenyl)imidazole, imidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, 4(5)-nitroimidazole-2-carboxaldehyde, 5(6)-nitrobenzimidazole, purines (adenine, hypoxanthine, xanthine, theophylline, lumazine) and pyrimidine anions (uracil, cytosine, barbituric acid) yields the corresponding C-perfluoroalkylated nitrogen bases by an SRN1 mechanism. Aromatic nucleophilic substitution of some fluorinated aryl halides 1-iodo-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene and 1-(4‘-iodo-tetrafluorophenyl)imidazole was also investigated and it was found that 1-iodo-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzene could react successfully under redox-catalyzed conditions with imidazole, 2-(4‘-methoxyphenyl)imidazole anion, and uracil anion to give the corresponding 5-(fluorinated-aryl) nitrogen bases. In the case of 1-(4‘-iodo-tetrafluorophenyl)imidazole, direct electrochemical radical nucleophilic substitution with 2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole and uracil was possible in DMSO. In this way new, 4-[2‘,3‘,5‘,6‘-tetrafluoro-4‘-(imidazol-1‘‘-yl)phenyl] nitrogen bases were obtained in good yields.
Anatomical Substrates for Glutamate‐Dopamine Interactions (2003)

For normal regulation of motor, affective, and cognitive functions, dopamine provides an essential modulation of glutamate transmission within multiple brain regions. This paper will review three principal anatomical substrates for such interactions. First, dopamine modulates the activity of glutamate neurons within the cerebral cortex. Evidence will be reviewed for dopamine regulation of pyramidal neurons in the prefrontal cortex via synaptic and extrasynaptic mechanisms and through indirect effects mediated by GABA cells. Second, glutamate neurons innervate dopamine cells within the ventral tegmental area. Evidence will be described for selective glutamate input from the prefrontal cortex or the brain stem tegmentum to different populations of dopamine cells. The third level of interaction occurs within target regions via convergent synaptic or extrasynaptic regulation of common neurons. Such convergence will be reviewed for the basal ganglia, prefrontal cortex, and amygdala. Together, these substrates for glutamate-dopamine interactions provide several mechanisms for normal regulation of brain function. Sites of modulatory interaction between dopamine and glutamate also suggest circuit alterations that might contribute to the pathophysiology of mental health disorders and provide potential sites for therapeutic intervention in these conditions.
Enzymatic esterification of glycerol III. Lipase‐catalyzed synthesis of regioisomerically pure 1,3‐<i>sn</i>‐diacylglycerols and 1 (3)‐<i>rac</i>‐monoacylglycerols derived from unsaturated fatty acids (1996)

Abstract Lipases that display high regioselectivities and broad substrate tolerance were used as catalysts for the efficient esterification of glycerol under the conditions of irreversible acyl transfer. A variety of unsaturated fatty acids, such as oleic, linoleic, erucic, ricinolic, hydroxystearic and coriolic acid, were used for this purpose in the form of their vinyl esters. Suitable biocatalysts were chosen on the basis of systematic screening experiments regarding their regioselectivities (RE) and substrate tolerances. Distinct differences were found and expressed in numerical RE values as a measure for differences of these biocatalysts as being specific, selective, and nonspecific. Based on these experiments, a variety of molecules were synthesized on a preparative scale (>150 mmol) in good yield (ca.85%) and with high regioisomerical purities (>95% RE).
Bacterial Flagella Are Firmly Anchored (2008)

ABSTRACT There are mutants of Salmonella enterica (with mutations in fliF and fliL ) that shed flagella when they are swimming in a viscous medium or on the surface of soft agar. Filaments with hooks and the distal rod segment FlgG are recovered. We tried to extract flagellar filaments from such cells by pulling on them with an optical trap but failed, even when we used forces large enough to straighten the filaments. Thus, flagella are firmly anchored.
Synthesis of a Hybrid <i>m</i>-Terphenyl/<i>o</i>-Carborane Building Block: Applications in Phosphine Ligand Design (2015)

A hybrid terphenyl/o-carborane ligand building block is synthesized by the reaction of m-terphenylalkyne with B10H14. This sterically demanding substituent can be installed into ligands, as demonstrated by the preparation of carboranylphosphine. The bulky phosphine reacts with [ClRh(CO)2]2 to produce monophosphine complex ClRhL(CO)2, which subsequently extrudes CO under vacuum to afford the dimeric species [ClRhL(CO)]2. The latter complex does not react with excess phosphine and is resistant toward cyclometalation, which is in contrast to related o-carborane phosphine complexes. Data from a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study are utilized to quantify the steric impact of the ligand via the percent buried volume approach.
5H-1,4-Benzodiazepin-5-ones from Substituted o-Aminobenzamides (1966)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT5H-1,4-Benzodiazepin-5-ones from Substituted o-AminobenzamidesArthur A. Santilli and T. S. OsdeneCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1966, 31, 12, 4268–4271Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1966Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1966https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01350a525https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01350a525research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views92Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts