gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Do Web search engines suppress controversy? (2004)

Do Web search engines suppress controversy? by Susan L. Gerhart Web behavior depends upon three interlocking communities: (1) authors whose Web pages link to other pages; (2) search engines indexing and ranking those pages; and (3) information seekers whose queries and surfing reward authors and support search engines. Systematic suppression of controversial topics would indicate a flaw in the Web’s ideology of openness and informativeness. This paper explores search engines’ bias by asking: Is a specific well–known controversy revealed in a simple search? Experimental topics include: distance learning, Albert Einstein, St. John’s Wort, female astronauts, and Belize. The experiments suggest simple queries tend to overly present the "sunny side" of these topics, with minimal controversy. A more "Objective Web" is analyzed where: (a) Web page authors adopt research citation practices; (b) search engines balance organizational and analytic content; and, (c) searchers practice more wary multi–searching.
Magnetically Insulated Transformer for Attaining Ultrahigh Voltages (1970)

A high voltage transformer in which a high magnetic field inside a hard vacuum insulates against breakdown is proposed. The magnetic field is generated by electric currents in high field superconductors. Voltages up to 109 V may be attainable with such a system. A rectifier using high magnetic fields can transform the end voltage from ac to dc. The energy output at the terminal of the secondary coil can be extracted in the form of either an electron or an ion beam through the use of the field emission process. Potential applications include (1) high energy particle accelerators with beam intensities many orders of magnitude larger than in conventional accelerators or meson factories, (2) use in controlled thermonuclear fusion devices, and (3) continuous pumping of powerful lasers. The feasibility of the system will depend upon depressing the breakdown perpendicular to the direction of the high magnetic field.
Feature extraction for the analysis of gait and human motion (2003)

In this work we introduce a new model-based approach towards the 3D tracking and extraction of gait patterns in human motion. We suggest the use of a hierarchical, structural model of the human body with a novel derivation of system dynamics from hard and soft kinematic constraints. The hard constraints place physical limitations on possible model configurations while the soft constraints represent probabilistic distributions learned from previous examples of human motion. Using the parameters of the structural and dynamic models, we derive a methodology for extracting a number of gait variables at both coarse and fine resolutions with coincident robustness and precision. In particular, we demonstrate an ability to accurately measure gait velocity, stance width, stride length, arm swing, cadence, and stance times from multi-view, video sequences of human movement captured in a complex home environment.
Topographic organization of corticospinal projections from the frontal lobe: motor areas on the medial surface of the hemisphere (1995)

We examined the topographic organization of corticospinal neurons in the four premotor areas on the medial wall of the hemisphere of macaques. These motor areas include the supplementary motor area (SMA) and three areas buried within the cingulate sulcus: the caudal cingulate motor area on the dorsal bank (CMAd), the caudal cingulate motor area on the ventral bank (CMAv), and the rostral cingulate motor area (CMAr). In one set of animals, we injected one fluorescent tracer into lower cervical segments of the spinal cord and another fluorescent tracer into lower lumbosacral segments to define the topographic organization of arm and leg representation within each premotor area. Similarly, in another set of animals, we injected different tracers into upper cervical and lower cervical segments to provide an indication of the topographic organization of proximal and distal arm representation within the arm representation of each premotor area. We found that all four of the premotor areas on the medial wall project to cervical and lumbosacral segments of the spinal cord. Three of these areas (SMA, CMAd, and CMAv) are like the primary motor cortex in having distinct arm and leg representations. The arm representation in each of the four motor areas on the medial wall contains separate regions that project densely to upper or to lower cervical segments. This observation suggests that each motor area contains distinct proximal and distal representations of the arm. Surprisingly, the size of the distal representation is comparable to or larger than the size of the proximal representation in each motor area. Thus, contrary to some previous hypotheses, the anatomical substrate exists for the premotor areas on the medial wall to be involved in the control of distal, as well as proximal arm movements. Our results provide a new map for guiding the exploration of the motor functions of the medial wall of the hemisphere. Furthermore, the observations of the present study support our suggestion that each of the premotor areas may be an important source of descending commands for the generation and control of movement.
Diagnosis of Human Lymphoma with Monoclonal Antileukocyte Antibodies (1983)

Two monoclonal antibodies have been produced that react with antigens present on human white cells. These reagents differ from other monoclonal antibodies of similar specificity in that the antigens they recognize are resistant to conventional tissue-fixation and embedding procedures. These reagents can therefore be used in immunocytochemical staining of paraffin-embedded tissue sections. We assessed the practical usefulness of this technique in the histopathological diagnosis of human lymphoid neoplasms by staining a wide range of routine surgical biopsy specimens of normal and neoplastic tissue (gathered from five institutions), using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. In all 40 cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, positive labeling of neoplastic cells was obtained with one or both antibodies. In contrast, no staining of neoplastic cells was observed in 60 samples of nonlymphoid neoplasms. We conclude that many of the difficulties encountered by histopathologists in distinguishing between lymphoid and nonlymphoid neoplasms may be overcome by immunohistologic labeling with monoclonal antibodies such as the ones we have studied.
Linear stereo matching (2011)

Recent local stereo matching algorithms based on an adaptive-weight strategy achieve accuracy similar to global approaches. One of the major problems of these algorithms is that they are computationally expensive and this complexity increases proportionally to the window size. This paper proposes a novel cost aggregation step with complexity independent of the window size (i.e. O(1)) that outperforms state-of-the-art O(1) methods. Moreover, compared to other O(1) approaches, our method does not rely on integral histograms enabling aggregation using colour images instead of grayscale ones. Finally, to improve the results of the proposed algorithm a disparity refinement pipeline is also proposed. The overall algorithm produces results comparable to those of state-of-the-art stereo matching algorithms.
Determination of Polydimethylsiloxane on Cotton Fabrics Using Fourier Transform Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy (1985)

Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was chosen as a model siloxane molecule so a method could be developed for its quantification on cotton fabric with the use of ATR/FT-IR spectroscopy. PDMS is transferred onto an ATR crystal in the presence of methanol under pressure. This eliminates strong spectral interference from cellulose and improves precision. Methanol was needed to swell the fibers to release PDMS. The method is more sensitive, rapid, and nondestructive compared to extraction and transmission techniques.
DETAILS OF ADMINISTRATION (2010)

When Lanfranc came to Canterbury, he drew up for the regulation of the monks of Christ Church a book of Customs, which found its way into many of the English monasteries and was known sometimes as the Customs of Canterbury and sometimes as the Customs of Bec. It represented the result of the experience of Lanfranc and Anselm, as gained and formulated in the eager life of Herluin's new foundation; but it rested largely on earlier codes which can be traced back through Fécamp and Dijon to Cluny and even to that strenuous reformer Benedict of Aniane. Lanfranc made some modifications in detail in deference to English traditions, though in general he was not sympathetic in dealing with the religious life of his new fellow-countrymen. We can hardly doubt that this code, which Gilbert must have seen in force at Canterbury, was brought by him to Westminster. As a matter of fact, considerable portions of it are embodied word for word in the thirteenth century Customary of Abbot Ware. Vitalis, who had come to Westminster from Bernay, which was a cell of Fécamp, must have paved the way for the peaceable introduction of the new regulations. From Lanfranc's book a picture might easily be drawn of the daily life of Westminster Abbey at the close of the eleventh century; but we must confine ourselves here to the more laborious task of gathering together such scattered notices as can be found in charters or elsewhere of Abbot Gilbert's rule.
Effect of simvastatin on desaturase activities in liver from lean and obese zucker rats (1993)

The effect of simvastatin, a hypocholesterolemic drug, on the biosynthesis of arachidonic acid was studied in obese and lean Zucker rats. After administration of 2 mg/kg body weight/d for 13 d, delta 6 and delta 5 desaturase activities were measured in liver microsomes at two substrate concentrations. In untreated rats, the delta 6 desaturation rate was similar in the obese and lean rats when measured at saturating substrate levels, whereas delta 5 desaturation was lower in the obese animals. Treatment with simvastatin did not change delta 6 desaturation in either phenotype but increased delta 5 desaturation in obese rats to reach the unchanged rate observed in lean animals. The changes were not reflected in the fatty acid composition of liver microsomal phospholipids when expressed as micrograms fatty acid/g of liver.
Removing Background of Raman Spectrum Based on Wavelet Transform (2009)

Raman spectrum is usually so weak that the noise usually distorts the interesting Raman bands. Especially, when the sample is focus, the strong fluorescence background often completely dominates Raman peaks. In this case, it is vital to remove fluorescence background for analyzing of Raman spectrum. Wavelet transform (WT) has proved to be a high-performance signal processing tool, and very efficient in removing low frequency noise. In this paper, WT was used to remove fluorescent background of Raman spectrum of Sudan I. Both the global thresholding method and the interval thresholding method were applied, and their de-noising performances were compared. The results indicated that the interval thresholding method is more efficient than the global thresholding method in removing fluorescence background of Raman spectrum.
Pentraxin 3(PTX 3): An Endogenous Modulator of the Inflammatory Response (2012)

Inflammatory or anti-inflammatory? That is the question as far as the acute-phase response and its mediators, the pentraxins, are concerned. Only some ten years ago, the classical or short pentraxin C-reactive protein and the newly discovered long pentraxin PTX3 were considered to exert most of the detrimental effects of acute inflammation, whether microbial or sterile in origin. However, accumulating evidence suggests an at least dichotomous, context-dependent outcome attributable to the pentraxins, if not a straightforward anti-inflammatory nature of the acute-phase response. This paper is focused on the inherent effects of pentraxin 3 in inflammatory responses, mainly in coronary artery disease and in Aspergillus fumigatus infection. Both are examples of inflammatory reactions in which PTX3 is substantially involved; the former sterile, the latter infectious in origin. Apart from different inducing noxae, similarities in the pathogenesis of the two are striking. All the same, the introductory question still persists: is the ultimate impact of PTX3 in these conditions inflammatory or anti-inflammatory, paradoxical as the latter might appear? We try to provide an answer such as it emerges in the light of recent findings.
An updated survey of evolutionary multiobjective optimization techniques: state of the art and future trends (2003)

This paper reviews some of the most popular evolutionary multiobjective optimization techniques currently reported in the literature, indicating some of their main applications, their advantages, disadvantages, and degree of applicability. Finally, some of the most promising areas of future research are briefly discussed.
Induction of NK cell activity against fresh human leukemia in culture with interleukin 2. (1987)

Natural killer (NK) cells have been implicated in defense against malignancies, especially leukemia. Because patients with leukemia and preleukemic disorders manifest low NK activity, it is possible that NK cell impairment may contribute to leukemogenesis. In view of this possibility, it was important to characterize the NK cell defect of leukemic patients and to design new approaches for its correction. Analysis of the mechanism of NK cell defect demonstrated that NK cells of leukemic patients were impaired in their tumor-binding and lytic activity and did not display ability to recycle or to produce cytotoxic factor. However, deficient NK activity could be corrected by culture of peripheral blood effector cells with IL 2. IL 2-activated NK cells manifested restoration of all measured parameters of the cytotoxic mechanism, as exemplified by normalized tumor-binding and lytic activity, as well as the rate of lysis and ability to recycle. Importantly, such in vitro stimulated cytotoxic cells displayed reactivity against fresh leukemic cells of autologous as well as allogeneic origin. Another interesting observation from these studies was that the NK activity was also induced in the leukemic bone marrow, a tissue with a very low frequency of cytotoxic NK cells. It is important to note that cultured NK cells did not represent a stationary cell population, but proliferated in vitro quite actively (doubling time 3 to 6 days) for at least 5 wk. Characterization of the in vitro generated cytotoxic cells indicated that these cells displayed large granular lymphocyte morphology and CD16 and Leu-19 cell surface phenotype. Our data demonstrate that the NK cell defect of leukemic patients is not a permanent phenomenon, but can be reversed in culture with IL 2, and that fully cytotoxic NK cells can be maintained and expanded in vitro. Thus, it is reasonable to suggest that adoptive transfer of autologous NK cells to the patients may represent a promising new therapy for treatment of leukemia.
Formation of diethylene glycol as a side reaction during production of polyethylene terephthalate (1970)

Abstract Polymers of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) always contain a certain amount of incorporated diethylene glycol (DEG), substituting the incorporated glycol. DEG is formed in a side reaction during the ester interchange of dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) with ethylene glycol or during direct esterification of terephthalic acid with ethylene glycol, and to a smaller extent during the polycondensation of the low‐molecular material. DEG is formed via an unusual type of reaction: ester + alcohol → ether + acid. Some evidence of this type of reaction is given by the formation of dioxane in low molecular PET and of methyl Cellosolve and methyl carbitol during the ester interchange of DMT with ethylene glycol and diethylene glycol, respectively. The strongest support for this type of reaction, however, was obtained from kinetic data. Polyesters of low molecular weight with OH group contents ranging from 3 to 0.5 mole/kg were heated at 270°C in sealed tubes for 1–7 hr. The kinetic equation for the proposed reaction is: d [DEG]/ dt = k [OH] [ester]. With the aid of one rate constant the formation of DEG in all esters could be described.
Object oriented module interconnection languages (2002)

The authors discuss two approaches to a module interconnection language (MIL) for object components. They first look at a prototypical programming language which makes the connectivity between objects explicit by making the specification of the object type identify not just the methods it provides but also those it requires. They then propose an algebra of objects which enables new objects (components) to be built from old and, because the algebra is closed, the new components themselves can be used to build further components.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Co-design and modeling of novel packaging interposer with IPD layers (2010)

Three innovative topics are presented in this research. First, the structure of packaging interposer with IPD layers is proposed and broadband equivalent model of TSV has been extracted. Second, a co-design case which includes coplanar waveguide transfer layers from top to bottom side with TSV is simulated and compared between TSV equivalent model we performed and 3D full wave EM simulation. Third, a resonator design case with TSV, which combines an inductor, a capacitor and the TSV equivalent model. The simulation results of the structure and equivalent model proof the broadband accuracy of TSV equivalent model.
Imbalance of the Vanin-1 Pathway in Systemic Sclerosis (2016)

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease characterized by fibrosis of the skin and visceral organs and vascular alterations. SSc pathophysiology involves systemic inflammation and oxidative stress. Because the vanin-1 gene (vnn1) encodes an enzyme with pantetheinase activity that converts vasculoprotective pantethine into profibrotic pantothenic acid and pro-oxidant cystamine, we tested this pathway in the pathophysiology of SSc. Activation of the vanin-1/pantetheinase pathway was investigated in wild-type BALB/c mice with hypochlorous acid (HOCl)-induced SSc by ELISA and Western blotting. We then evaluated the effects of the inactivation of vnn1 on the development of fibrosis, endothelial alterations, and immunological activation in mice with HOCl- and bleomycin-induced SSc. We then explored the vanin-1/pantetheinase pathway in a cohort of patients with SSc and in controls. In wild-type mice with HOCl-induced SSc, the vanin-1/pantetheinase pathway was dysregulated, with elevation of vanin-1 activity in skin and high levels of serum pantothenic acid. Inactivation of the vnn1 gene in vnn1<sup>-/-</sup> mice with HOCl-induced SSc prevented the development of characteristic features of the disease, including fibrosis, immunologic abnormalities, and endothelial dysfunction. Remarkably, patients with diffuse SSc also had increased expression of vanin-1 in skin and blood and elevated levels of serum pantothenic acid that correlated with the severity of the disease. Our data demonstrate that vanin-1/pantetheinase controls fibrosis, vasculopathy, autoimmunity, and oxidative stress in SSc. The levels of vanin-1 expression and pantothenic acid determine SSc severity and can be used as markers of disease severity. More importantly, inhibition of vanin-1 can open new therapeutic approaches in SSc.
Pathogenicity and Immunogenicity of Recombinant Rabies Viruses Expressing the Lagos Bat Virus Matrix and Glycoprotein: Perspectives for a Pan-Lyssavirus Vaccine (2017)

Lagos bat virus (LBV) is a phylogroup II lyssavirus exclusively found in Africa. Previous studies indicated that this virus is lethal to mice after intracranial and intramuscular inoculation. The antigenic composition of LBV differs substantially from that of rabies virus (RABV) and current rabies vaccines do not provide cross protection against phylogroup II lyssaviruses. To investigate the potential role of the LBV matrix protein (M) and glycoprotein (G) in pathogenesis, reverse genetics technology was used to construct recombinant viruses. The genes encoding the glycoprotein, or the matrix and glycoprotein of the attenuated RABV strain SPBN, were replaced with those of LBV resulting in SPBN-LBVG and SPBN-LBVM-LBVG, respectively. To evaluate the immunogenicity of the LBV G, the recombinant RABV SPBNGAS-LBVG-GAS was constructed with the LBV G inserted between two mutated RABV G genes (termed GAS). All the recombinant viruses were lethal to mice after intracranial (i.c.) inoculation although the pathogenicity of SPBNGAS-LBVG-GAS was lower compared to the other recombinant viruses. Following intramuscular (i.m.) inoculation, only SPBN-LBVM-LBVG was lethal to mice, indicating that both the M and G of LBV play a role in the pathogenesis. Most interestingly, serum collected from mice that were inoculated i.m. with SPBNGAS-LBVG-GAS neutralized phylogroup I and II lyssaviruses including RABV, Duvenhage virus (DUVV), LBV, and Mokola virus (MOKV), indicating that this recombinant virus has potential to be developed as a pan-lyssavirus vaccine.
Review of pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, and therapeutic properites of sulodexide (1998)

Due to various side effects of heparin, such as heparin-induced thrombocytopenia type I or type II, alternative anticoagulants are in clinical development to optimize the anticoagulant regimes in patients requiring low or high anticoagulation dosages. Sulodexide is a highly purified preparation containing a fast-moving heparin fraction as well as dermatansulfate. The pharmacological effects of sulodexide differ substantially from unfractionated heparin and are mainly characterized by a prolonged half-life and reduced effect on global coagulation and bleeding parameters. The lipolytic activity of sulodexide is increased in comparison to unfractionated heparin. Clinical studies demonstrate the safety and efficacy of sulodexide. Specially, oral administration leads to fibrinolytic activities in contrast to oral administration of other glycosaminoglycans. Thus, sulodexide releases tissue plasminogen activator and decreases fibrinogen levels as well as HDL and total cholesterol levels and blood viscosity. Clinical efficacy is demonstrated in peripheral arterial disease, cardiovascular events, in postphlebitic syndrome and on albuminuria in nephropathy. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Med Res. Rev. 18, No. 1, 1-20, 1998.