gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Further heterogeneity demonstrated for serum creatine kinase isoenzyme MM. (1980)

Abstract Serum creatine kinase (EC 2.1.3.2) isoenzyme MM was resolved by isoelectric focusing into a five-band pattern, a pattern that gradually changed after the onset of myocardial infarction. Similar changes were also demonstrated in patients undergoing coronary-bypass surgery. The evolution of two CK-MB sub-bands was studied in both cases. We found that three electrophoretic bands (CK-MM, pI 7.10; MM1, pI 6.88; MB1, pI 5.61) were predominant in patterns for sera collected during the early phase of myocardial infarction, but rapidly disappeared during the following hours, whereas bands of increased electrophoretic mobility (MM2, pI 6.70; MM3, pI 6.45; MM4, pI 6.25; MB2, pI 5.34) gradually increased. MM3 was always the major band at the end of the observation period in acute myocardial infarction (mean, 61.4% of total creatine kinase activity 36 h after the peak value for total creatine kinase in serum). The CK-MM bands were also present in the serum of patients without heart disease. Changes in the electrophoretic pattern were induced by a thermolabile factor in normal human serum, which transformed the muscular or myocardial MM and MM1 bands after their release into the blood stream.
Immunological detection of O6-methylguanine in alkylated DNA (1978)

Antibodies to O6-methyldeoxyguanosine were produced in rabbits and utilized in a radioimmunoassay to detect this nucleoside at picomole levels. The specificity of the antibodies was demonstrated by the use of nucleoside analogues as inhibitors in the radioimmunoassay. The antibodies cross-reacted with O6-methylguanosine, O6-methylguanine, and O6-ethylguanosine. There was 10(4) to 10(6) times less sensitivity to inhibition by deoxyadenosine, deoxyguanosine, and guanosine than by O6-methyldeoxyguanosine. The radioimmunoassay also detected O6-methylguanine in DNA alkylated by agents known to produce O6-methylguanine, such as N'-methyl-N-nitrosourea. DNA alkylated with dimethyl sulfate, which does not produce O6-methylguanine in DNA, cross-reacted with the antibodies to a very limited extent. Such an assay system for modified nucleic acid components would be very useful in following the production, persistence, and repair of these lesions in a variety of cells and tissues treated with a broad spectrum of carcinogens and suspected carcinogens.
Blending digital and physical spaces for ubiquitous community participation (2004)

Blurring the notional boundary between the digital and the physical in social activity spaces helps blend---and motivate---online and face-to-face community participation.
Treatment of Inoperable Primary Pancreatic and Liver Cancer by the Intra-Arterial Administration of Radioactive Isotopes (Y Radiating Microspheres) (1965)

Pack Medical Foundation, and the Division of Radioactive Isotopes, Department of Radiation Therapy, Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, New York
Easily Accessible Uniform Wide-Diameter Helical, Cylindrical, and Nested Diacetylene Superstructures That Can Be Metallized and Oriented in Magnetic Fields (1999)

Very long lipid tubules with uniform widths, spirals, and spirals nested in tubular superstructures are formed rapidly from a lipid analogue made by acylating 1- (N,N-1-dimethylamino)ethyl-2,3-dihydroxybutyramide with two molecules of pentacosa-10,12-diynoic acid. The high propensity of this molecule for tubule formation is attributed to the large carbonyl dipole in the headgroup. The tubules formed from the pure lipid are hollow and can be gold-plated by vapor deposition without collapsing. The superstructures can also be metallized by adsorption of nickel(II) or copper(II) ions followed by reduction with borohydride. The nickel-metallized tubules can be oriented in very modest magnetic fields. Tubules can be over 1000 μm in length and have a wide diameter. The unusual length, stability, and ease of preparation of these tubules should be of great utility in the construction of microstructures.
In-plane anisotropy in thin-film media: physical origins of orientation ratio (1995)

Variations of in-plane magnetic properties are observed in most commercial thin-film media. Magnetic anisotropies of varied origins give rise to preferred orientations quantified by the term orientation ratio (OR). Several mechanisms for in-plane anisotropy have been proposed. Oblique angle of incidence effects from vacuum deposition can lead to the formation of tilted columnar or curved grains resulting in a strong shape anisotropy. The most effort has been involved in understanding 'scratch' anisotropy in textured media where OR develops along texture lines. Mechanisms involving stress, preferred orientation, circumferential alignment of grain c-axes, and radial out of plane c-axis effects have been proposed. Recent experiments and calculations suggest that isotropic media, (OR=1), are superior in signal to media noise, S/N/sub m/, at high recording densities. It is thus important to understand the origin of in-plane anisotropies in thin-film media so as to control them for possible recording property improvements or eliminate them altogether to achieve an isotropic media.
[Autophagy: a new concept in cancer research]. (2008)

Macroautophagy is a lysosomal catabolic process involved in recycling cell components and maintaining cellular homeostasis. Identifying some of the molecules involved in the control and execution steps of autophagy has shed light on the close link between autophagy and tumour progression. Several tumour-suppressor proteins -including Beclin 1, a protein involved in autophagosome formation- positively regulate autophagy. Conversely, some oncogenic proteins display inhibitory effects on autophagy. The antitumoral role of autophagy is supported by its involvement in reducing chromosome instability, proliferation and inflammation of tumour cells. However, autophagy can also be a protumoral mechanism which helps tumour cells to adapt to changes in their microenvironment (hypoxia, starvation...). Moreover, autophagy is induced in response to several anticancer treatments. This response can either be a mechanism allowing cell survival or a mechanism promoting cell death. The aim of this article is to summarize recent progress focusing on the dual role of autophagy in cancer.
Zebra Mussel Chemical Control Guide. (2000)

Control and prevention of macrofouling caused by the freshwater zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas), is a major concern of managers of inland waterways, water treatment plants, and power generation facilities in many areas of eastern North America. The threat to structures in navigable waterways makes the issue of interest to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. In North America, chemical applications to water have been the most commonly used method of zebra mussel treatment and control for internal and closed systems. Numerous organic and inorganic chemicals with toxicity to zebra mussels can provide versatile, cost-effective, and easy to implement ways to deal with established populations, and can prevent new infestations. Chemical treatments can be designed to protect whole systems very safely when use and discharge are carried out in compliance with environmental regulations. This report describes basic guidelines for the use of molluscicidal compounds that are currently registered with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for zebra mussel control.
The chemistry of pseudomonic acid. Part 1. The absolute configuration of pseudomonic acid A (1978)

The configuration of the double bond in pseudomonic acid A (1a) is shown to be E by comparison of the spectroscopic properties of its methyl ester (1b) with those of methyl isopseudomonate A (2) obtained from (1b) by photolysis. Ozonolysis of methyl pseudomonate A (1b) afforded the crystalline ketone (3a). An X-ray analysis of the o-bromophenylhydrazone derivative of ketone (3a) confirmed the structural assignment and provided the absolute stereochemistry at each of the eight chiral centres. Pseudomonic acid A, therefore, may be formulated as (4), 9-{4-[5S-(2S,3S-epoxy-5S-hydroxy-4S-methylhexyl)-3R,4R-dihydroxytetrahydropyran-2S-yl]-3-methylbut-2(E)-enoyloxy}nonanoic acid.
Adaptive switching control method and its application to tracking control of a robot (2002)

In this paper, the authors develop an adaptive switching control method for servo systems with large structured parameter uncertainty by using a supervisor. Two design methods of the supervisor with small switching interval are investigated. Several experimental results of tracking control of a SCARA-type robot with unknown payload are given to show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Octamer transcription factor-1 enhances hepatic nuclear factor-1alpha-mediated activation of the human UDP glucuronosyltransferase 2B7 promoter. (2000)

The human UDP glucuronosyltransferase, UGT2B7, is expressed in the liver and gastrointestinal tract, where it catalyzes the glucuronidation of steroids and bile acids. In this study, the UGT2B7 gene was isolated and its proximal promoter was analyzed. The UGT2B7 gene consists of 6 exons and extends over 16 kilobases (kb). It does not contain a canonical TATA box but has a region (-2 to -40) adjacent to the transcription start site that binds nuclear proteins. This region contains a consensus hepatic nuclear factor-1alpha (HNF1alpha)-binding site and an overlapping AT-rich segment. Varying lengths of the UGT2B7 gene promoter, with and without these sites, were fused to the firefly luciferase reporter gene and transfected into HepG2 cells. UGT2B7 promoter activity with the HNF1/AT-rich element was stimulated by cotransfection with HNF1alpha. Additional activation was observed when HNF1alpha and octamer transcription factor-1 (Oct-1) were cotransfected simultaneously. However, Oct-1 alone did not stimulate promoter activity and did not bind to the promoter in the absence of HNF1alpha. Deletion of the HNF1/AT-rich region, or mutations in this region, abolished UGT2B7 gene promoter activity and prevented HNF1alpha-mediated increases in promoter activity. The presence of HNF1alpha and octamer transcription factor-1 (Oct-1) in the protein complex that bound to the HNF1/AT-rich region was demonstrated by gel shift analyses with antibodies specific to HNF1alpha and Oct-1 protein. These results strongly suggest that the liver-enriched factor HNF1alpha binds to, and activates, the UGT2B7 gene promoter and that the ubiquitous transcription factor, Oct-1, enhances this activation by directly interacting with HNF1alpha. This interaction between HNF1alpha and Oct-1 may fine-tune UGT2B7 expression.
Toyota production system and Kanban system Materialization of just-in-time and respect-for-human system (1977)

SUMMARY The Toyota Production System and Kanban System introduced in this paper was developed by the Vice-President of Toyota Motor Company, Mr. Taiiohi Ohno, and it was under his guidance that these unique production systems have become deeply rooted in Toyota Motor Company in the past 20 years. There are two major distinctive features in these systems. One of these is the ‘just-in-time production ’, a specially important factor in an assembly industry such as automotive manufacturing. In this type of production, “ only the necessary products, at the necessary time, in necessary quantity ” are manufactured, and in addition, the stock on hand is held down to a minimum. Second, the System is the ‘respect-for-human’ system where the workers are allowed to display in full their capabilities through active participation in running and improving their own workshops.
A high performance reconfigurable motion estimation hardware architecture (2009)

Motion Estimation (ME) is the most computationally intensive part of video compression and video enhancement systems. For the recently available high definition frame sizes and high frame rates, the computational complexity of full search (FS) ME algorithm is prohibitively high, while the PSNR obtained by fast search ME algorithms is low. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a new ME algorithm and a high performance reconfigurable systolic ME hardware architecture for efficiently implementing this algorithm. The proposed ME algorithm performs up to three different granularity search iterations in different size search ranges based on the application requirements. Simulation results showed that the proposed ME algorithm performs very close to FS algorithm, even though it searches much fewer search locations than FS algorithm. It outperforms successful fast search ME algorithms by searching more search locations than these algorithms. The proposed reconfigurable ME hardware is implemented in VHDL and mapped to a low cost Xilinx XC3S1500-5 FPGA. It works at 130MHz and is capable of processing high definition and high frame rate video formats in real time. Therefore, it can be used in flat panel displays for frame rate conversion and de-interlacing, and in video encoders.
Visual detection of nucleic acids based on Mie scattering and the magnetophoretic effect (2015)

Visual detection of nucleic acid biomarkers is a simple and convenient approach to point-of-care applications. However, issues of sensitivity and the handling of complex bio-fluids have posed challenges. Here we report on a visual method detecting nucleic acids using Mie scattering of polystyrene microparticles and the magnetophoretic effect. Magnetic microparticles (MMPs) and polystyrene microparticles (PMPs) were surface-functionalised with oligonucleotide probes, which can hybridise with target oligonucleotides in juxtaposition and lead to the formation of MMPs-targets-PMPs sandwich structures. Using an externally applied magnetic field, the magnetophoretic effect attracts the sandwich structure to the sidewall, which reduces the suspended PMPs and leads to a change in the light transmission via the Mie scattering. Based on the high extinction coefficient of the Mie scattering (∼3 orders of magnitude greater than that of the commonly used gold nanoparticles), our results showed the limit of detection to be 4 pM using a UV-Vis spectrometer or 10 pM by direct visual inspection. Meanwhile, we also demonstrated that this method is compatible with multiplex assays and detection in complex bio-fluids, such as whole blood or a pool of nucleic acids, without purification in advance. With a simplified operation procedure, low instrumentation requirement, high sensitivity and compatibility with complex bio-fluids, this method provides an ideal solution for visual detection of nucleic acids in resource-limited settings.
Large-signal characteristics of InP-based heterojunction bipolar transistors and optoelectronic cascode transimpedance amplifiers (1996)

A large-signal model for InP/InGaAs-based single HBTs incorporating soft-breakdown effects to the LIBRA Gummel-Poon (GP) model is developed and its validity is established from DC to microwave frequencies and over a wide range of input excitation levels. The large-signal characteristics of a cascode InP-based transimpedance optoelectronic preamplifier employing such devices are studied. Gain compression for the preamplifier was found to take place at an input power level of -20 dBm. Input power excitation varying from -65 to -5 dBm results in a degradation of the amplifier transimpedance gain of the order of 3 dBn. Experimental and theoretical characteristics are presented for the InP-based HBTs and transimpedance amplifier. Self-biasing effects are suggested as possible origin of the transimpedance variations with input power.
Influence of metal–metal bonds on electron spectra of MoO<sub>2</sub>and WO<sub>2</sub> (1996)

Core and valence level photoemission and electron energy loss (EELs) spectra of MoO2 and WO2 have been measured. Metal–metal bonding in these distorted rutile dioxides splits the metal 4d or 5d conduction band into two components, with a significantly bigger splitting for WO2 than MoO2. The O 2p bandwidth is also found to be bigger for WO2 then MoO2. Plasmon loss peaks below 2 eV show that the effective mass ratios for electrons not involved in σ metal–metal bonding are much greater than unity. The photoemission and EELS data both suggest that metal–metal π bonding is important in these compounds. Comparison between photoemission spectra of WO2 and oxygen-deficient Na0.65WO3 –y suggests that structure evident in the bandgap of the latter compound may be associated with metal–metal bonding allowed by oxygen deficiency.
DFINITY Technology Overview Series, Consensus System (2018)

In this paper, we address the Byzantine Agreement problem in synchronous systems where Byzantine agents can move from process to process, corrupting their host. We focus on two representative models: Garay’s and Buhrman’s models. In Garay’s model, when a process has been left by the Byzantine agent, it enters a cured state, is aware of its condition, and can remain silent for a round to prevent the dissemination of incorrect information. In Buhrman’s model, a Byzantine agent moves together with the message. It has been shown that solving Byzantine Agreement requires at least 4t + 1 processes in Garay’s model, and at least 3t + 1 in Buhrman’s model. In this paper, we aim to increase the tolerance to mobile Byzantine agents by integrating a trusted counter abstraction into both models. This abstraction prevents nodes from equivocating. In the new models, we prove that at least 3t+1, respectively 2t+1 processors are needed to tolerate t mobile Byzantine agents. Furthermore, we propose novel Mobile Byzantine Agreement algorithms that match these new lower bounds for both Garay’s and Buhrman’s models, achieving agreement in 𝒪(n) synchronous rounds.
The Relationship between Material Failures and Flight Hours: Statistical Considerations. (1985)

This paper attempts to clarify the relationships among the following four hypotheses: (1) The number of material failures across intervals of calender time containing equal accumulated flight hours follows a Poisson distribution; (2) the number of elapsed flight hours between successive independent material failures follows an exponential distribution; (3) the expected number of monthly material failures is strongly correlated with monthly flight hours. By a well-known result, hypotheses (1) and (2) are equivalent. By a second well-known result, hypotheses (1) and (3) are also equivalent. However, hypotheses (1) and (4) are not equivalent. That is, while the expected number of failures is exactly proportional to flight hours under a Poisson distribution, this relationship is not revealed by a linear regression between failures and flight hours. For example, we demonstrate that if the mean and variance of flight hours across months are equal and if the failure rate per flight hour equals .01, then the correlation between failures and flight hours will equal .10. Additional keywords: Goodness of fit tests; A-7 aircraft; Naval aircraft.
Lysyl oxidase is associated with increased thrombosis and platelet reactivity (2016)

Lysyl oxidase (LOX) is overexpressed in various pathologies associated with thrombosis, such as arterial stenosis and myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). LOX is elevated in the megakaryocytic lineage of mouse models of MPNs and in patients with MPNs. To gain insight into the role of LOX in thrombosis and platelet function without compounding the influences of other pathologies, transgenic mice expressing LOX in wild-type megakaryocytes and platelets (Pf4-Lox(tg/tg)) were generated. Pf4-Lox(tg/tg) mice had a normal number of platelets; however, time to vessel occlusion after endothelial injury was significantly shorter in Pf4-Lox(tg/tg) mice, indicating a higher propensity for thrombus formation in vivo. Exploring underlying mechanisms, we found that Pf4-Lox(tg/tg) platelets adhere better to collagen and have greater aggregation response to lower doses of collagen compared with controls. Platelet activation in response to the ligand for collagen receptor glycoprotein VI (cross-linked collagen-related peptide) was unaffected. However, the higher affinity of Pf4-Lox(tg/tg) platelets to the collagen sequence GFOGER implies that the collagen receptor integrin α2β1 is affected by LOX. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that LOX enhances platelet activation and thrombosis.
The Allyl Leaving Group Approach to Tricoordinate Silyl, Germyl, and Stannyl Cations (1999)

A group 14 atom bonded to three mesityl groups (2,4,6-trimethylphenyl) and to one allyl group serves as a novel precursor to tricoordinate group 14 cations, the analogues of the carbocation. The double bond of the allyl group provides an accessible reaction site that is located beyond the ortho methyl groups. Reaction of various electrophiles with the double bond releases the allyl group and leads to formation of the group 14 cations. The mesityl groups then are of sufficient steric bulk to protect the tricoordinate metal center from attack by nucleophiles. This approach is used herein with silicon, germanium, and tin as the central atom. The 29Si chemical shift (δ 225) indicates full cationic character for the silicon system. The 119Sn chemical shift (δ 806) indicates less than full cationic character for the tin system. The positive charge for the germanium system has been assessed by examination of the aromatic 13C chemical shifts. These results provide the highest current cationic character for silylium and stannylium ions.
Plasmid encoded bacteriophage resistance in<i>Streptococcus cremoris</i>SK11 (1984)

In Streptococcus cremoris SK11, different permutations of a total of 8 plasmids were observed within and between cultures of various origins. All showed similar growth rates in milk. Those variants which carried a 34-MDa plasmid, pSK112, were resistant to bacteriophage øSK11G, whereas those from which the plasmid was absent or had been cured were sensitive to this phage. Plasmid pSK112 was shown to confer resistance by reduced phage adsorption. These observations have important potential for the development of phage-resistant dairy cultures.
Thread Scheduling Based on Low-Quality Instruction-Prediction for Simultaneous Multithreaded Processors (2005)

A simultaneous multithreaded (SMT) processor is capable of executing instructions from multiple threads in the same cycle. SMT in fact was introduced as a complementary architecture to superscalar to increase the throughput of the processor. Recently, several computer manufacturers have introduced their first generation SMT architecture. SMT permits multiple threads to compete simultaneously for shared resources. An example is the race for the fetch unit which is a critical logic responsible for thread scheduling decisions. When more threads than hardware execution contexts are available, the decision of choosing the best threads to fetch instructions from, will affect the processor's efficiency. In this paper the authors presented a new approach to choose the most useful threads among all available threads while they compete on a shared resource. The quality of instructions was identified based on the time they spend in the instruction queue. Low-quality instructions spend more time in the instruction queue. Accordingly threads with fewer number of low-quality instructions have a higher contribution to the entire processor throughput. In an experimental study, such low-quality instructions in each thread was identified to a maximum of 92% accuracy (average 72%). The authors exploited this to increase the overall processor throughput by giving higher priority to threads with lesser number of low-quality instructions. Overall an average of 11% performance improvement was achieved over the traditional algorithm that schedules threads in a round-robin fashion.