gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Brain-scale simulation of the neocortex on the IBM Blue Gene/L supercomputer (2008)

Biologically detailed large-scale models of the brain can now be simulated thanks to increasingly powerful massively parallel supercomputers. We present an overview, for the general technical reader, of a neuronal network model of layers II/III of the neocortex built with biophysical model neurons. These simulations, carried out on an IBM Blue Gene/L™ supercomputer, comprise up to 22 million neurons and 11 billion synapses, which makes them the largest simulations of this type ever performed. Such model sizes correspond to the cortex of a small mammal. The SPLIT library, used for these simulations, runs on single-processor as well as massively parallel machines. Performance measurements show good scaling behavior on the Blue Gene/L supercomputer up to 8,192 processors. Several key phenomena seen in the living brain appear as emergent phenomena in the simulations. We discuss the role of this kind of model in neuroscience and note that full-scale models may be necessary to preserve natural dynamics. We also discuss the need for software tools for the specification of models as well as for analysis and visualization of output data. Combining models that range from abstract connectionist type to biophysically detailed will help us unravel the basic principles underlying neocortical function.
Large capacity LNG trains: focus on improving plant operability during the design stage. (2007)

The rapid growth in natural gas demand has posed unique technical challenges for the LNG industry. There is a significant push towards designing and building larger capacity LNG trains (5 MTPA or higher). This shift to larger trains requires unique compressor driver and process configuration modifications to reduce capital cost. The operability of these LNG plant designs needs to be analyzed and validated using dynamic simulation. Any potential trade-off between operability and plant capacity has to be understood and accounted for during the design stage. This paper discusses the technical issues encountered by the design team in studying the operability and controllability of a selected compressor driver configuration using dynamic simulation. The LNG plant scheme under consideration used an unconventional driver configuration new to the design. The gas turbine drivers selected were of limited operating range. This, along with the process changes resulted in very different operating philosophy for the plant. The operability of this plant design for various transient scenarios was studied with simulation. Plant wide control strategies were modified to account for the process modifications and the new driver configuration. Alternate control strategies were introduced such as anti-bog control scheme and novel operating/start-up procedures were developed to reduce operator intervention. This paper presents the strategies employed by the team during the design stage to ensure that the increase in LNG train size does not come at the expense of plant reliability and availability.
Speech bandwidth extension based on speech phonetic content and speaker vocal tract shape estimation (2011)

In this paper, we introduce a new speech bandwidth extension (BWE) algorithm which involves phonetic and speaker dependent estimation of the high-band part of the spectral envelope. Speech phoneme information is extracted by using a hidden Markov model. Speaker vocal tract shape information corresponding to the wideband signal is extracted by a codebook search. The proposed method allows better estimation of high-band formant frequencies, especially for voiced sounds, and better estimation of spectral envelope gain, especially for unvoiced sounds. Postprocessing of the estimated vocal tract shape allows artifacts reduction in cases of erroneous estimation of speech phoneme or vocal tract shape. We present experimental results that demonstrate improved wideband quality for different speech sounds in comparison to other BWE methods.
Performance characteristics of qualified cell lines for isolation and propagation of influenza viruses for vaccine manufacturing (2014)

Cell culture is now available as a method for the production of influenza vaccines in addition to eggs. In accordance with currently accepted practice, viruses recommended as candidates for vaccine manufacture are isolated and propagated exclusively in hens' eggs prior to distribution to manufacturers. Candidate vaccine viruses isolated in cell culture are not available to support vaccine manufacturing in mammalian cell bioreactors so egg-derived viruses have to be used. Recently influenza A (H3N2) viruses have been difficult to isolate directly in eggs. As mitigation against this difficulty, and the possibility of no suitable egg-isolated candidate viruses being available, it is proposed to consider using mammalian cell lines for primary isolation of influenza viruses as candidates for vaccine production in egg and cell platforms. To investigate this possibility, we tested the antigenic stability of viruses isolated and propagated in cell lines qualified for influenza vaccine manufacture and subsequently investigated antigen yields of such viruses in these cell lines at pilot-scale. Twenty influenza A and B-positive, original clinical specimens were inoculated in three MDCK cell lines. The antigenicity of recovered viruses was tested by hemagglutination inhibition using ferret sera against contemporary vaccine viruses and the amino acid sequences of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase were determined. MDCK cell lines proved to be highly sensitive for virus isolation. Compared to the virus sequenced from the original specimen, viruses passaged three times in the MDCK lines showed up to 2 amino acid changes in the hemagglutinin. Antigenic stability was also established by hemagglutination inhibition titers comparable to those of the corresponding reference virus. Viruses isolated in any of the three MDCK lines grew reasonably well but variably in three MDCK cells and in VERO cells at pilot-scale. These results indicate that influenza viruses isolated in vaccine certified cell lines may well qualify for use in vaccine production.
Highly atroposelective synthesis of nonbiaryl naphthalene-1,2-diamine N-C atropisomers through direct enantioselective C-H amination (2019)

Nonbiaryl N-C atropisomer is an important structural scaffold, which is present in natural products, medicines and chiral ligands. However the direct enantioselective C-H amination to access optically pure N-C atropisomer is still difficult and rare. Here we report a π-π interaction and dual H-bond concerted control strategy to develop the chiral phosphoric acids (CPAs) catalyzed direct intermolecular enantioselective C-H amination of N-aryl-2-naphthylamines with azodicarboxylates as amino sources for the construction of atroposelective naphthalene-1,2-diamines. This type of N-C atropisomers is stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bond and the method features a broad range of substrates, high yields and ee values, providing a strategy to chirality transfer via the modification of N-C atropisomers.
Antidepressants but not antipsychotics have antiepileptogenic effects with limited effects on comorbid depressive‐like behaviour in the <scp>WAG</scp>/<scp>R</scp>ij rat model of absence epilepsy (2015)

In this animal model, antipsychotics had no antiepileptogenic effects and might worsen depressive-like comorbidity, while antidepressants have potential antiepileptogenic effects even though they have limited effects on comorbid depressive-like behaviour.
Purification and Characterization of Polyamine Aminotransferase of Arthrobacter sp. TMP-1 (1997)

Polyamine aminotransferase of Arthrobacter sp. TMP-1 was induced by 1,3-diaminopropane (DAP), N-3-aminopropyl-1,3-diaminopropane (norspermidine), spermidine, and spermine, but not by putrescine. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity. Its molecular weight and subunit size were 129,000 and 64,000, respectively. Its absorption spectrum had maxima at 280 and 420 nm and a shoulder at about 350 nm, and changes were observed upon the addition of DAP, putrescine, and sodium borohydride. The spectrum and its changes indicated that the enzyme contained pyridoxal-5'-phosphate as the coenzyme. The coenzyme content was found to be 1 mol per mol of subunit. DAP, putrescine, norspermidine, spermidine, and spermine were active amino donors and gave relative rates of 100, 73, 24, 30, and 23%, respectively. Pyruvate was the most active amino acceptor, while 2-ketoglutarate and oxaloacetate were inert. The equilibrium constant of the DAP-pyruvate transamination was 0.34. DAP was suggested to be a minor product of the norspermidine-pyruvate reaction.
<title>Track and tracklet fusion filtering</title> (2002)

Track and tracklet fusion filtering is complicated because the estimation errors of tracks from two sources for the same target may be cross-correlated. This cross-correlation of these errors should be taken into account when designing the filter used to combine the track data. This paper addresses the various track and tracklet fusion methods and their impact on communications load and tracking characteristics. In track and tracklet fusion a sequence of measurements is processed at the sensor or platform level to form tracks; then sensor level track data (in the form of tracks or tracklets) for a target is distributed and fused with each other or with a global track. Track Fusion and Tracklet Fusion are also sometimes called Hierarchical Fusion, Federated Fusion, or Distributed Fusion. Track data can include features or other information useful for target classification. One characteristic of track and tracklet fusion that distinguishes one method from another is whether the local track data is combined or if global tracks are maintained and updated using the sensor track data. Another important issue is whether there is filter process noise to accommodate target maneuvers. Some filtering methods are designed for maneuvering targets and others are not. This paper enumerates the various track and tracklet fusion methods for processing data from distributed sensors and their impact on filter performance and communications load.
Trends in process analytical technology (2010)

Since the promotion of Process Analytical Technology (PAT) by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), there has been a flurry of activities happening across related fields. This excitement permeates regulatory agencies, professional societies, academia and industry worldwide. This review surveys the PAT related developments that have taken place in the period 2004–2009. It serves as an introduction to PAT, with highlights on the parallel advances and convergence points across various fields and applications. From this review, five common threads are identified from the underlying trends of the recent global PAT endeavor, namely, organisational objectives, enabling sciences, economic outlook, collaborative efforts and emerging trends. There are also six potential gaps that require further efforts to bridge. The overall PAT venture is promising for delivering an integrated systems approach for quality design, process analyses, understanding and control, continuous improvement, knowledge and risk-based management within the FDA 21st century pharmaceuticalcGMP initiative.
Cognitive Response to Advertising and Trial: Belief Strength, Belief Confidence and Product Curiosity (1988)

Abstract Abstract This paper presents conceptual and empirical evidence regarding consumers' cognitive responses to advertising and trial for a low-cost/risk product. Three dimensions of cognitive responses—belief strength, belief confidence, and product curiosity—are defined and examined from the perspective of expectancy-value theory. A recent expectancy-value-based model (the integrated information-response model) is used to make specific predictions about consumers' cognitive responses to product information. A study is reported that compares the actual cognitive responses of consumers to the model's theoretical predictions. Implications for advertising research and practice are discussed.
LITHIUM-MOIST AIR BATTERY (1966)

Abstract : The purpose of the first six months work in this program was to determine, insofar as possible, the feasibility of the three principle components of a lithium-moist air battery system, i.e., anode, cathode, and electrolyte. From the work done during this period, it is concluded that at low current density lithium air cell is feasible. Oxygen reduction is shown to occur in two steps in 1m lithium perchlorate-nitrosodimethylamine on a platinum electrode, at -0.6V and -1.75V versus Ag/AgCl. The current obtainable with an air electrode appears to be determined by the rate of absorption of oxygen at the electrode surface and by the rate of mass transport of oxygen to the electrode surface. Unfortunately, these studies have been somewhat impeded by the presence of some electrochemically active species in the electrolyte which competes with oxygen for sites on the electrode surface. The work carried out in the first six months is largely exploratory and more detailed studies are required before the air electrode in nonaqueous electrolyte will be completely characterized.
Anion Effect on the Nanostructure of a Metal Ion Binding Self-Assembling Peptide (2006)

Effects of copper salts containing different anions (SO(4)(2)(-), Cl(-), and NO(3)(-)) on the self-assembly of a designed peptide EAK16(II)GGH with affinity for Cu(2+) have been investigated. The peptide secondary structure, self-assembled nanostructures, and surface activity were observed to depend strongly on the type of anion. Over a salt concentration range from 0.05 to 10.0 mM, SO(4)(2)(-) induced long fiber formation, whereas Cl(-) and NO(3)(-) caused short fiber formation. The fiber length increased with copper sulfate concentration, but the concentration of copper chloride and copper nitrate did not affect the peptide nanostructures significantly. Analysis by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) revealed that the addition of the copper salts tended to cause the peptide conformation to change from alpha-helix/random coil to beta-sheet, the extent to which depended on the anion type. This evidence of the anion effect was also supported by surface tension measurements using the axisymmetric drop shape analysis-profile (ADSA-P) technique. An explanation for the effect of anions on the peptide self-assembly was proposed. The divalent anion SO(4)(2)(-) might serve as a bridge by electrostatically interacting with two lysine residues from different peptide molecules, promoting beta-sheet formation. The extensive beta-sheet formation may further promote peptide self-assembly into long fibers. On the other hand, monovalent anions Cl(-) and NO(3)(-) may only electrostatically interact with one charged residue of the peptide; hence, a mixed secondary structure of alpha-helix/random coil and beta-sheet was observed. This observation might explain the predominant formation of short fibers in copper chloride and copper nitrate solutions.
Experimental Study of the Elastic Properties of a Percolating System (1984)

Simultaneous measurement of the conductivity and the elasticity exponents in two dimensions for a percolating system made of metal and voids is reported. The elasticity exponent is $T=3.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4$, much larger than the conductivity exponent $t=1.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.1$. This result is in excellent agreement with the theoretical prediction of Bergman.
Rendering of X3D content on mobile devices with OpenGL ES (2006)

The availability of more powerful mobile devices, sometimes equipped with graphics accelerators, is making it easier to experiment with mobile 3D graphics. In this paper, we exploit the main emerging standard in 3D rendering on mobile devices (OpenGL ES) to build a mobile player (called MobiX3D) for X3D and H-Anim content. The rendering engine of the MobiX3D player supports classic lighting and shading algorithms. We discuss the performance of the player and we apply it to sign language visualization.
A method for nonlinearity correction of wideband FMCW radar (2016)

The nonlinearity in the transmitted signal of the Frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) radar has become a bottleneck to its utilization. This paper presents a new method to conduct nonlinearity correction for wideband FMCW radars. The nonlinearity is first modeled as a polynomial phase function, whose coefficients are then estimated with the proposed polynomial regression algorithm (PRA). Combined with the Match Fourier Transform, the nonlinearity is finally corrected. Simulation results show the feasibility of the proposed algorithm. Echo processing result of an X-band FMCW radar indicates that the nonlinearity can be eliminated effectively. SAR images further validate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Temporal and Spatial Expression of Podocyte-Associated Molecules Are Accompanied by Proteinuria in IgA Nephropathy Rat Model (2013)

We used a rat model to assess the role of nephrin, podocin, and desmin in the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN). A rat IgAN model was established by administration of BSA, CCl(4), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and compared with healthy control rats. Urinary protein, urine red blood cells, and biochemical parameters were measured for 12 weeks. Renal morphology and ultrastructure were examined by light and electron microscopy. Immunofluorescence was used to assess IgA deposition in the glomeruli and to measure expression of nephrin, podocin, and desmin. Real-time quantitative PCR was used to measure expression of nephrin, podocin, and desmin mRNAs. IgAN rats developed proteinuria at week-6 and this worsened over time. Pathological changes were evident under light microscopy at week-8 and under electron microscopy at week-4. Immunofluorescence analysis showed deposition of IgA in the kidneys of IgAN rats, but not control rats. IgAN rats had increased expression of glomerular podocin, nephrin, and desmin mRNAs and proteins at week-4. The expression of nephrin, podocin and desmin proteins and the expression of podocin and desmin mRNAs preceded the increase in urinary protein. Taken together, our study of a rat model of IgAN indicates that changes in the expression and distribution of nephrin, podocin, and desmin precede and may cause foot process fusion and proteinuria.
Competitive oxidations of dibenzyl trisulfide <i>vs.</i> substituted aryl polysulfides (2008)

The competitive oxidations of dibenzyl trisulfide and several substituted aryl polysulfides were conducted using meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid as the oxidizing agent. The reaction products were determined and analyzed using 1H NMR spectroscopy. The results indicate that aryl trisulfides are not competitive in oxidation rates with dibenzyl trisulfides, the latter are oxidized much faster. However, aryl disulfides containing strong electron-donating groups are competitively oxidized and an aryl substitution effect was observed. The decomposition products of dibenzyl trisulfide 1-oxide were determined to be dibenzyl tetrasulfide and dibenzyl disulfide-1,1-dioxide.
Hypertext for heterogeneous software environments (1993)

Emerging software development environments are characterized by heterogeneity: they are composed of diverse object stores, user interfaces, and tools. This paper presents an approach for providing hypertext services in this heterogenous setting. Central notions of the approach include the following. Anchors are established with respect to interactive views of objects, rather than as attributes of objects. Composable, n-ary links can be established between anchors maintained by different viewers for objects stored in distinct object bases. Viewers (and objects) may be implemented in different programming languages, as a client-server architecture can be used to support the approach. Multiple, concurrently active viewers can be utilized. The paper describes the approach and considers how interfaces to these hypertext services can be supported. Experience with a prototype implementation is described.
The Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics and Metabolism of Sumatriptan (1991)

Clinical pharmacology studies were undertaken in young healthy volunteers, in a small number of elderly subjects and in migraine subjects during and between attacks. Absorption after subcutaneous and oral administration was rapid. Bioavailability was nearly 100% after subcutaneous administration and averaged 14% after oral administration. Elimination was predominantly by metabolism to a non-active indoleacetic acid analogue. The plasma half-lives of sumatriptan and the metabolite were about 2 h. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic variables were similar in all groups studied and were not altered by the presence of food, alcohol, dihydroergotamine or prophylactic migraine treatments. Sumatriptan produced a number of minor adverse events, but had no clinically significant effect on routine haematological or biochemical investigations using the intravenous, subcutaneous or oral routes. Transient rises in blood pressure were observed which were no greater than those that would be anticipated during moderate exercise. The physician-administered subcutaneous injection resulted in transient stinging at the site of injection in many subjects; administration using the auto-injector was better tolerated.
Methotrexate for psoriasis (1996)

Methotrexate is an effective antipsoriatic agent and has been widely used to treat severe psoriasis since the 1960s. It is especially useful in acute generalized pustular psoriasis, psoriatic erythroderma, psoriatic arthritis and for extensive chronic plaque psoriasis in patients who are inadequately controlled by topical therapy alone. It has not, however, been formally compared with other systemic treatments for severe psoriasis such as cyclosporin, retinoids or photochemotherapy with psoralen and UVA (PUVA), but in comparison with these other therapies it is inexpensive, with correct use, its safety profile is favourable. In summary, therefore, it can be used as a short-term option to gain control of unstable psoriasis such as pustular psoriasis or erythroderma before returning to other modes of treatment, or more often, as long-term maintenance treatment. The most important potential side-effect is acute myelosuppression, which is the cause of most of the rare deaths attributable to this therapy for psoriasis. Myelosuppression is more likely in the elderly, in patients with renal impairment and/or folate depletion, and with overdose or drug interactions. Long-term therapy carries with it a risk of liver fibrosis which is related to the dosage regimen employed, and is increased by exposure to other hepatic toxins, particularly alcohol. The correlation between the risk of development of liver fibrosis, cumulative lifetime dose and duration of treatment with methotrexate is not clear-cut, but may have been overstated in some studies.
A Biotin Analog Inhibits Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase Activity and Adipogenesis (2002)

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase catalyzes the first committed step in the synthesis of long chain fatty acids. In this study, we observed that treatment of 3T3-L1 cells with biotin chloroacetylated at the 1' nitrogen reduced the enzymatic activity of cytosolic acetyl-CoA carboxylase and concomitantly inhibited the differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with chloroacetylated biotin blocked the induction of PPARgamma, STAT1, and STAT5A expression that normally occurs with adipogenesis. Moreover, addition of chloroacetylated biotin inhibited lipid accumulation, as judged by Oil Red O staining. Our results support recent studies that indicate that acetyl-CoA carboxylase may be a suitable target for an anti-obesity therapeutic.