gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hypercalcemia and cosecretion of interleukin-6 and parathyroid hormone related peptide by a human renal cell carcinoma implanted into nude mice. (1995)

Humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy is a paraneoplastic syndrome believed to be due to production by the tumor of substances that stimulate osteoclastic bone resorption primarily. The human renal cell carcinoma cell line RC-8, grown in nude mice, was investigated for factors involved in renal cancer-induced hypercalcemia. At a tumor load of 200 to 400 mm.3 the mice developed hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia associated with a rise in serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D concentration and cachexia. The tumor released 1) significant amounts of human interleukin-6 (IL-6) and 2) parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) into the circulation. Cancer cells further expressed mRNA for both human IL-6 and PTHrP. No secretion of human tumor necrosis factor-alpha or interleukin-1 beta could be demonstrated in the circulation of the host. Antibodies to IL-6 caused a significant (p = 0.043) inhibition of tumor growth and decreased serum calcium concentrations compared with control animals. Our data suggest that IL-6 is involved, either directly or indirectly, in the development of hypercalcemia in renal cell carcinoma.
Single-phase active power filters for multiple nonlinear loads (1995)

This paper presents active power filters for single-phase power systems which are comprised of multiple nonlinear loads. The paper provides background on the operation of the filter, the details of the power circuit, the details of the control design, representative waveforms, and spectral performance for a filter which supports a 384 W AC controller and a 900 W uncontrolled bridge rectifier. Experimental data indicate that the active filter typically consumes 3% or less of the average load power, suggesting that a parallel filter is an efficient compensation approach. The spectral performance shows that the active filter brings the system into compliance with IEC-555 for decision frequencies in excess of 30 kHz. A discussion is presented outlining an alternative single-phase active filter which uses two controllable switches and is based on a half-bridge topology.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Kelvin probe force microscopy of alkali chloride thin films on Au(111) (2003)

Alkali chloride thin films on Au(111) are investigated under ultrahigh vacuum conditions at room temperature by noncontact atomic force microscopy in combination with Kelvin probe force microscopy. Sample preparation is carried out in situ and optimized in order to achieve a sub-monolayer coverage showing extended alkali chloride island formation. The local surface potential for LiCl, NaCl, KCl and RbCl thin films on Au(111) was directly determined and compared to values of the bare Au(111) substrate. Hence, the absolute change in the local work function ΔΦ was evaluated. We observe a linear dependence between ΔΦ and the ionic radius of the mentioned alkali chloride thin films.
Abstract 275: ER-886046, an antagonist of PGE2 receptor type-4, induces an effective antitumor immune response in mice by attenuating intratumoral MDSCs and TAMs (2015)

Abstract One of the hallmarks of an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment is the presence of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and type 2 tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). These myeloid cells derive from immature monocytes and their differentiation is highly regulated by the engagement of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) receptor type 4 (EP4) with PGE2 in the tumor microenvironment. To understand the importance of EP4 for tumor support, we implanted mouse tumors in EP4 inducible knockout mice and found that these tumors grew significantly more slowly than in wild type mice, indicating an important role of host cell EP4 signaling for tumor progression. Here we report the development and evaluation of ER-886046, a novel and specific EP4 antagonist, for cancer treatment. Daily oral administration of ER-886046 inhibited the growth of multiple mouse syngeneic tumor models with an inhibitory activity up to 100%. The anti-tumor activity of ER-886046 was T cell-dependent since it was not observed in T cell deficient mice. Furthermore, we found in vitro and in vivo mechanistic evidence that ER-886046 interferes with tumor-induced monocyte differentiation into immunosuppressive type 2 macrophages and MDSCs, instead supporting monocyte differentiation into APCs and facilitating intratumoral T cell accumulation. Importantly, ER-886046 has a desirable pharmacokinetic and metabolism profile in mice, rats and dogs which qualifies it as a good candidate for clinical studies in humans. Thus, the preclinical data support further investigation of targeting EP4 signaling by ER-886046 as a novel immune therapy for cancer treatment in clinical setting. Citation Format: Diana I. Albu, Zichun Wang, Jiayi Wu, Kuan-chun Huang, Wei Li, Diana Liu, Galina Kuznetsov, Qian Chen, Xingfeng Bao, Mary Woodall-Jappe. ER-886046, an antagonist of PGE2 receptor type-4, induces an effective antitumor immune response in mice by attenuating intratumoral MDSCs and TAMs. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 275. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-275
Breast Implants — Protection or Paternalism? (1992)

IN this issue of the Journal, Dr. David A. Kessler, the commissioner of the Food and Drug Administration, presents his rationale for removing silicone-gel breast implants from the market.1 Each year about 150,000 women receive these implants — 80 percent for the purpose of breast augmentation and almost all the others for reconstruction after mastectomy for cancer. Kessler reminds us that under the 1976 Medical Device Amendments to the federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, manufacturers are required to demonstrate the safety and effectiveness of drugs and devices. Since breast implants were already on the market in 1976, their . . .
Antiviral Activity of Melissa officinalis (Lemon Balm) Extract. (1964)

SummaryHot-water extracts of the plant Melissa officinalis (lemon balm herb), when injected into embryonated eggs, protect them against the lethal action of Semliki Forest, Newcastle, vaccinia, and herpes simplex viruses. Plaques produced by these viruses in chick embryo cell monolayers can be suppressed by applying melissa extract-impregnated antibiotic-sensitivity discs to the agar overlay surface. Injection of 10% gelatin into eggs before or after injection of melissa extract largely eliminates the antiviral effect. Melissa extracts precipitate gelatin and the antiviral activity can be recovered from the precipitate. It is suggested that the active moiety is a tannin or tannin-like polyphenol that perhaps acts at the cell surface.
RhoC GTPase, a novel transforming oncogene for human mammary epithelial cells that partially recapitulates the inflammatory breast cancer phenotype. (2000)

Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is the most aggressive form of breast cancer and is phenotypically distinct from other forms of locally advanced breast cancer. In a previous study, we identified specific genetic alterations of IBC that could account for a highly invasive phenotype. RhoC GTPase was overexpressed in 90% of IBC archival tumor samples, but not in stage-matched, non-IBC tumors. To study the role of RhoC GTPase in contributing to an IBC-like phenotype, we generated stable transfectants of human mammary epithelial cells overexpressing the RhoC gene. The HME-RhoC transfectants formed large colonies under anchorage-independent growth conditions, were more motile, and were invasive. In conjunction with an increase in motility, overexpression of RhoC led to an increase in actin stress fiber and focal adhesion contact formation. Furthermore, orthotopic injection into immunocompromised mice led to tumor formation. Taken together, these data indicate that RhoC GTPase is a transforming oncogene in human mammary epithelial cells and can lead to a highly invasive phenotype, akin to that seen in IBC.
Adsorption Properties of β‐Cyclodextrin for Adsorbing Aromatic Hydrocarbons from the Gas Phase and Water (2007)

β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) is a potentially useful adsorbent for the adsorption of aromatic hydrocarbons from the gas phase and water. In this paper, the adsorption properties of β‐CD for adsorbing six aromatic hydrocarbons from the gas phase and seven aromatic hydrocarbons from water were measured. The inverse gas chromatography (IGC) technique was used to characterize the Flory interaction parameters of β‐CD and the six aromatic hydrocarbons from the gas phase at 40, 50, 60, and 70°C. For these aromatic hydrocarbons, the order of β‐CD adsorption ability from strong to weak was: styrene>ethylbenzene>o‐xylene>chlorobenzene>toluene>benzene. For the seven aromatic hydrocarbons in water, adsorption values α, were measured at 20, 30, 40, and 50°C. The order of β‐CD adsorption ability from strong to weak was: ethylbenzene>o‐xylene>styrene>chlorobenzene>toluene>benzene>phenol. This trend was explained based on their solubility degrees in water. It was found that the adsorption abilities of β‐CD for adsorbing aromatic hydrocarbons from the gas phase and water have a similar trend.
Signal transduction by IRE1‐mediated splicing of <i>bZIP50</i> and other stress sensors in the endoplasmic reticulum stress response of rice (2011)

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress sensor IRE1 transduces signals by inducing the unconventional splicing of mRNAs encoding key transcription factors: HAC1 in yeast and XBP1 in animals. However, no HAC1 or XBP1 homologues have been found in plants, and until recently the substrate for plant IRE1 has remained unknown. This study demonstrates that the Oryza sativa (rice) OsbZIP50 transcription factor, an orthologue of Arabidopsis AtbZIP60, is regulated by IRE1-mediated splicing of its RNA. Despite the presence of a transcriptional activation domain, OsbZIP50 protein is not translocated into the nucleus efficiently in the absence of OsbZIP50 mRNA splicing. Unconventional splicing of OsbZIP50 mRNA causes a frame shift, which results in the appearance of a nuclear localization signal in the newly translated OsbZIP50. OsbZIP50 mRNA is spliced in a similar manner to HAC1 and XBP1 mRNAs; however, this splicing has very different effects on the translation products, a finding that shows the diversity of IRE1-related transcription factors in eukaryotes. In addition, the expression of OsbZIP50 is affected by ER stress sensor proteins OsIRE1, OsbZIP39 and OsbZIP60. ER stress-related genes differ with respect to their dependency on OsbZIP50 for their expression. The findings of this study improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the plant ER stress response.
Peroxynitrite inhibits leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions and protects against ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. (1997)

Peroxynitrite (ONOO-) anion, formed by the interaction of superoxide with nitric oxide (NO), has previously been implicated as a cytotoxic agent. However, the effects of this free radical species on neutrophil (PMN)-endothelial cell interactions is largely unknown. We investigated the direct actions of ONOO- on PMN adhesion to endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo, as well as the effects of ONOO- on PMN-mediated myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. In vitro, peroxynitrite (100-1,000 nM) inhibited the adhesion of rat PMNs to the endothelium of isolated thrombin- or H2O2-stimulated rat mesenteric artery (P < 0.01 vs. thrombin or H2O2 alone). In vivo, in the rat mesentery, thrombin (0.5 U/ml) or N(G)-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (50 microM) significantly increased venular leukocyte rolling and adherence, which were also significantly (P < 0.01) attenuated by ONOO (800 nM) accompanied by reduced P-selectin expression on the endothelial cell surface. Isolated perfused rat hearts were subjected to global ischemia and reperfusion with rat PMNs (10(8) cells), which resulted in profound cardiac depression (i.e., a marked reduction in left ventricular developed pressure and maximal rate of development of left ventricular pressure). Infusion of ONOO- reversed the myocardial contractile dysfunction of ischemic-reperfused rat hearts to near baseline levels, and markedly attenuated the accumulation of PMNs in the postischemic heart. The present study provides strong evidence that nanomolar concentrations of ONOO- both inhibit leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions and exert cytoprotective effects in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Furthermore, our results suggest that the inhibition of P-selectin expression by peroxynitrite is a key mechanism of the modulatory actions of ONOO- on leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions.
Estimation of human equivalent exposure from rat inhalation toxicity study of silver nanoparticles using multi-path particle dosimetry model (2012)

Respiratory tract dosimetry is a useful tool to estimate the exposure concentrations of an inhaled substance that will produce the same result at a target site of the respiratory tract in both rats and humans. Thus, to enable the results of animal inhalation studies to be extrapolated to human equivalent exposure levels, the MPPD (multi-path particle dosimetry) model was used to estimate the differences in the respiratory dosimetry of rats and humans. In our previous study, when animals were subchronically exposed to silver nanoparticles over a period of 90 days, a no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) of 100 μg m−3 was suggested. Therefore, this study used results from a previous animal study, including the test aerosol information and estimated clearance rate of silver nanoparticles after a 90 day inhalation toxicity test. As a result, the human equivalent workplace exposure concentration of silver nanoparticles was estimated as 59 μg m−3 compared to the rat NOAEL of 100 μg m−3.
Modulation of cell surface antigens and regulation of phagocytic activity mediated by CD11b in the monocyte‐like cell line U937 in response to lipopolysaccharide (1993)

Abstract: Modulation of the cellular antigens and regulation of the phagocytic activity of the monocyte‐like cell line U937 after culture with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were investigated. CD14 expression was induced on the surface of the U937 cells after 48 h of culture with LPS and then they became adhesive with numerous filamentous filopodia extruded on the cell surface, exhibiting the enhanced expression of CD16 and CD23, the activation cell surface markers for differentiation into macrophage. However, no induction or enhancement of the cell surface expression was observed with respect to CD11b, CD18, HLA‐A, B, C, HLA‐DR, DQ, DP or CD57. These U937 cells also acquired the ability to produce superoxide anions and to phagocytose the Salmonella enteritidis strain, 116–54. This phagocytosis was inhibited by the anti‐CD11b monoclonal antibodies, but not by the anti‐CD14, anti‐CD16, anti‐CD18, anti‐CD23, anti‐HLA‐A, B, C or anti‐HLA‐DR monoclonal antibodies. These findings indicate that the phagocytic activity against Salmonella enteritidis 116–54 induced by LPS is mediated mainly via the CD11b molecule, but is not associated with the increased expression of CD11b. Puromycin and cycloheximide, inhibitors of protein synthesis, or a divalent cation‐chelating agent, EDTA completely inhibited this phagocytic activity. Interestingly, EDTA was found to suppress specifically the CD11b expression on the U937 cells cultured with LPS. No phagocytic activity was induced when the U937 cells cultured with LPS were incubated at 4°C, but restored to the control level when shifted up to 37°C. This experimental system provides an excellent model for the investigation of the molecular mechanism underlying modulation of the cell surface antigens and regulation of the phagocytic activity mediated by CD11b in the U937 cells in response to LPS.
Sparse-to-Dense: Depth Prediction from Sparse Depth Samples and a Single Image (2018)

We consider the problem of dense depth prediction from a sparse set of depth measurements and a single RGB image. Since depth estimation from monocular images alone is inherently ambiguous and unreliable, to attain a higher level of robustness and accuracy, we introduce additional sparse depth samples, which are either acquired with a low-resolution depth sensor or computed via visual Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) algorithms. We propose the use of a single deep regression network to learn directly from the RGB-D raw data, and explore the impact of number of depth samples on prediction accuracy. Our experiments show that, compared to using only RGB images, the addition of 100 spatially random depth samples reduces the prediction root-mean-square error by 50% on the NYU-Depth-v2 indoor dataset. It also boosts the percentage of reliable prediction from 59 % to 92 % on the KITTI dataset. We demonstrate two applications of the proposed algorithm: a plug-in module in SLAM to convert sparse maps to dense maps, and super-resolution for LiDARs. Software <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> https://github.com/fangchangma/sparse-to-dense and video demonstration <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vNIIT_M7×7Y are publicly available.
Where Do the Dopants Go? (2005)

As the field-effect transistors used in modern electronic devices continue to shrink, scientists and engineers face new challenges. In their Perspective,
 Roy and Asenov
 discuss one such challenge: the problem that as device sizes shrink beyond a certain size, atomic-scale differences between devices result in different macroscopic properties. In particular, the locations and numbers of dopant atoms, introduced to alter the electrical properties of regions of the transistor, differ from device to device. The authors discuss recent successes in modeling the dopant distributions and their effects on transistor properties. Such simulations may help researchers to design devices that are resistant to fluctuations in dopant distributions.
Decomposition of Perfluoropolyether Lubricant on Air Bearing Surfaces during Heat-Assisted Magnetic Recording (2016)

The thermal decomposition of a thin film of D-4OH lubricant under heating conditions on air-bearing surfaces, such as those found in magnetic recording devices, was investigated using time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy. The substrates used in this experiment were those of actual magnetic head sliders with diamond-like carbon (DLC) thin-film coatings. Two kinds of surfaces were prepared: an undisturbed DLC thin-film surface and an Al2O3 surface exposed by sputtering of the DLC thin film. Changes in the positive mass spectra as a result of heating confirmed that thermal decomposition of the D-4OH lubricant thin-film occurred, and that it was catalytically accelerated by Al2O3 at heating temperatures below 150 °C. This observation contrasts with the fact that the D-4OH lubricant thin film on the undisturbed DLC thin-film surface did not decompose.
Electronic mode and power control of a high-power CO/sub 2/ laser (1990)

An electronic supervisory system has been developed which allows long-term mode and power stability to be obtained from a high-power CO/sub 2/ laser, without any form of mechanical compensation. The system is shown to be capable of stabilizing the total output power of the laser to within 3% of the desired level. Mode stability is evaluated by measuring the power level in each quadrant of the laser output. Individual quadrant power is shown to vary by no more than 2%, with the system in operation. The relatively simple and inexpensive controller appears suitable for retrofitting to any medium- or high-powered laser, whether repetitively pulsed or CW.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Cytogenetic and molecular delineation of the smallest commonly deleted region of chromosome 5 in malignant myeloid diseases. (1993)

Loss of a whole chromosome 5 or a deletion of its long arm (5q) is a recurring abnormality in malignant myeloid neoplasms. To determine the location of genes on 5q that may be involved in leukemogenesis, we examined the deleted chromosome 5 homologs in a series of 135 patients with malignant myeloid diseases. By comparing the breakpoints, we identified a small segment of 5q, consisting of band 5q31, that was deleted in each patient. This segment has been termed the critical region. Distal 5q contains a number of genes encoding growth factors, hormone receptors, and proteins involved in signal transduction or transcriptional regulation. These include several genes that are good candidates for a tumor-suppressor gene, as well as the genes encoding five hematopoietic growth factors (CSF2, IL3, IL4, IL5, and IL9). By using fluorescence in situ hybridization, we have refined the localization of these genes to 5q31.1 and have determined the order of these genes and of other markers within 5q31. By hybridizing probes to metaphase cells with overlapping deletions involving 5q31, we have narrowed the critical region to a small segment of 5q31 containing the EGR1 gene. The five hematopoietic growth factor genes and seven other genes are excluded from this region. The EGR1 gene was not deleted in nine other patients with acute myeloid leukemia who did not have abnormalities of chromosome 5. By physical mapping, the minimum size of the critical region was estimated to be 2.8 megabases. This cytogenetic map of 5q31, together with the molecular characterization of the critical region, will facilitate the identification of a putative tumor-suppressor gene in this band.
Introduction to fluid mechanics (2013)

This introductory text emphasizes the physical concepts of fluid mechanics and methods of analysis, beginning from first principles. In helping readers develop a more orderly approach to problem solving, the book starts from basic equations, states all assumptions clearly, and relates results to expected physical behavior with the aid of 103 example problems. The third edition features the use of SI units in approximately 70% of the more than 1,100 problems, 500 of which are new.
The <i>S1, S2</i> and <i>SGA1</i> ancestral genes for the <i>STA</i> glucoamylase genes all map to chromosome IX in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (1995)

The polymorphic extracellular glucoamylase-encoding genes STA1 (chr. IV), STA2 (chr. II) and STA3 (chr. XIV), from Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. diastaticus probably evolved by genomic rearrangement of DNA regions (S1, S2 and SGA1) present in S. cerevisiae, and subsequent translocation to unlinked regions of chromosomal regions. S1, encoding a homologue to the threonine/serine-rich domain of STA glucoamylases (GAI-III), mapped to the right arm of chromosome IX. S2, encoding the hydrophobic leader peptide of GAI-III), was also mapped on the right arm of chromosome IX, next to S1, close to DAL81. The SGA1 sporulation-specific, intracellular glucoamylase-encoding gene is located on the left arm of chromosome IX, 32 kb proximal of HIS5.
Application of the sodium diethyldithiocarbamate reaction to the micro-colorimetric determination of copper in organic substances (1932)

WHEN an aqueous solution of sodium diethyldithiocarbamate is added to a solution containing copper the normal copper salt of diethyldithiocarbamic acid, which has a golden-brown colour, is formed.