gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Isolation of a human repetitive sequence and its application to regional chromosome mapping. (1982)

Recombinant lambda phage Charon 4A with repetitive human DNA inserts have been constructed by using cellular DNA from a human-Chinese hamster ovary cell hybrid retaining the complete hamster genome and a single human chromosome 12. One recombinant phage, 12-11, contains several repetitive sequences, each with a different repetition pattern in the human genome. A 2.2-kilobase (kb) EcoRI fragment of this phage was subcloned in pBR325. This sequence has fewer than 5,000 copies in the human genome and does not cross-hybridize with Chinese hamster DNA. When the labeled 2.2-kb probe was hybridized to human chromosome 12 DNA digested with EcoRI, there was an intense band at the 2.2-kb position and a series of other discrete bands. The band pattern at positions other than 2.2 kb appears to be distinct for each human chromosome. The 2.2-kb fragment is composed of at least three subregions. The ends of the fragment are repeated more frequently in the genome than is the middle portion. Hybridization of chromosome 12 DNA with probes made to these subregions yielded simpler band patterns. By using a series of cell hybrids containing various deletions of human chromosome 12, five sequences related to the 2.2-kb fragment have been assigned regionally to a specific portion of the short arm of chromosome 12. These results demonstrate that certain repetitive sequences in the human genome can be used as genetic markers and may permit detailed regional mapping of human chromosomes.
A Biodegradable Low Molecular Weight Polyethylenimine Derivative as Low Toxicity and Efficient Gene Vector (2009)

Polyethylenimine (PEI) is a class of cationic polymers proven to be effective for gene delivery. However, PEI is nondegradable and the molecular weight of PEI affects the cytotoxicity and gene transfer activity. Aiming to prepare a biodegradable gene vector with high transfection efficiency and low cytotoxicity, we conjugated low molecular weight (LMW) PEIs to the biodegradable backbone polyglutamic acids derivative (PEG-b-PBLG) by aminolysis to form PEIs combined PEG-b-PLG-g-PEIs (GGI). Two copolymers, GGI 30 and GGI 40, were synthesized. The chemistry of GGI was characterized using IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR, GPC, and CD, respectively. The degradation behaviors of copolymer GGI in papain solution were investigated. GGIs showed good DNA condensation ability and high protection of DNA from nuclease degradation. The zeta potential of the GGI/pDNA polyplexes was approximately 15 mV, and the particle size was in the range 102-138 nm at N/P ratios between 10 and 30. The particle size and the morphology of the polyplex was further confirmed by transmission electron microscope (TEM). In cytotoxicity assay, GGIs were significantly less toxic than PEI 25k. The degradation product of GGI exhibited negligible effects on cells even at high copolymer concentration. The results of GFP flow cytometry and fluorescence imaging showed that the trasnfection efficiencies of GGIs were all markedly higher than PEI 25k in Hela, HepG2, Bel 7402, and 293 cell lines. Importantly, the presence of serum had a lower inhibitive effect on the transfection activity of GGI in comparison to PEI 25k and Lipofectamine 2000. Therefore, PEG-b-PLG-g-PEI copolymers may be attractive cationic polymers for nonviral gene therapy.
Reliability of lower extremity alignment measurement using radiographs and PACS (2011)

Abstract Purpose Lower extremity alignment is an important consideration prior to cartilage surgery and/or osteotomy about the knee. This is measured on full length standing hip to ankle radiographs, which has traditionally been done using hard copy radiographs. However, the advent of PACS (Picture Archiving and Communication Systems) has allowed these measurements to be done on computer based digital radiographs. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the intra‐ and inter‐observer reliability of lower limb alignment measures manually obtained from hard copy radiographs versus using the Philips Easy Vision system, and to assess the subjective ease of use for the two methods. Methods Forty‐two patients who underwent surgery and who had a standing hip to ankle radiograph on file were identified. Four raters, including two radiologists and two orthopaedic surgeons, measured each hard copy radiograph and computer image on two separate occasions. Three measurements were recorded for each hard copy radiograph and computer image—width of tibial plateau, the distance from the medial aspect of the tibial plateau to the weight‐bearing line, and the mechanical axis. Results All correlations for this study were high. For tibial plateau data, the hard copy radiographs compared to PACS demonstrated intra‐class correlation coefficients (ICC) ranging from 0.93 to 0.99 for inter‐rater reliability for the four raters. The ICC for intra‐rater reliability for hard copies ranged from 0.90 to 0.99 and for PACS from 0.94 to 0.99. The inter‐rater data comparing raters ranged from 0.87 to 0.98 for hard copy radiographs and from 0.98 to 0.99 for PACS. For mechanical axis data, the ICC for hard copy radiograph compared to PACS ranged from 0.93 to 0.97 for the intra‐rater reliability for the four raters. The intra‐rater reliability for mechanical axis data on hard copy radiograph ranged from an ICC of 0.86 to 0.96, and for PACS the ICC ranged from 0.93 to 0.99. The inter‐observer data for hard copy radiographs using the mechanical axis ranged from 0.88 to 0.94 and for PACS ranged from 0.93 to 0.97. The physicians rated PACS as statistically significantly easier to use when compared to hard copy ( P = 0.03). Conclusion Evaluation of lower extremity alignment using two techniques prior to knee surgery was found to have higher inter‐ and intra‐observer reliability using PACS software. PACS is now used prior to cartilage surgery and/or osteotomy to measure both alignment and the location of the weight bearing line on the tibial plateau both before and after surgery. Level of evidence Diagnostic study, Level I.
Introduction (2009)

Shape optimization problems arise in various practical applications. As stated in [DJPZ01], the object that is to be optimized is the geometry as a variable. Shape optimization is closely related to topology optimization, where not only the shape and sizing of a structure has to be found, but also the topology, i.e. the location and shape of holes (see e.g. [BS03]).
BAG2: A process-portable framework for generator-based AMS circuit design (2018)

We present BAG2, a framework for the development of process-portable Analog and Mixed Signal (AMS) circuit generators. Such generators are parametrized design procedures that produce schematics, layouts, and verification testbenches for a circuit given input specifications. This paper expands on previous work by introducing a universal AMS circuit verification framework into BAG2, as well as two new layout engines, XBase and Laygo, that enable development of process-portable layout generators. We have developed various complex circuit generators as driving examples, including a time-interleaved SAR ADC and a SerDes transceiver frontend. Instances of these designs have been produced in a TSMC 16nm FFC process; we however verify our claims of process portability by presenting circuits generated (using a single methodology code-base and only primitives adapted to the specific process) in various technology nodes, including TSMC 28nm, TSMC 16nm, GLOBALFOUNDRIES 45nm RF-SOI, ST 28nm FD-SOI, and GLOBALFOUNDRIES 22nm FDX.
Chain Extension of Sugar δ-Lactones with the Enolate of <i>tert-</i>Butyl Bromoacetate and Elaboration into Functionalized <i>C</i>-Ketosides, <i>C</i>-Glycosides, and <i>C</i>-Glucosyl Glycines (2001)

[structure: see text] We describe the synthesis of a series of exocyclic sugar epoxides 1 prepared in a one-step procedure from sugar delta-lactones with the enolate of tert-butyl bromoacetate. Ring opening of the sugar oxiranes provides C-ketosides while reduction affords functionalized C-glycosides bearing an alpha-hydroxy ester moiety. The alpha-hydroxy ester can be converted into C-glucosyl glycine analogues 2.
Mössbauer Spectroscopy: Recent Developments (1972)

In this review I have emphasized two basic points. First, Mössbauer spectroscopy has been widely used as a tool for basic research in solid-state physics, chemical structure, and magnetism. Second, the technique has been applied to many analytical and materials science problems where the nature of the sample prevents the use of more traditional approaches. Mössbauer spectroscopy research on frozen solutions, colloids, interface chemistry, and crystallographic transformations can be expected to increase rapidly in the next few years.
Electron field emission from diamond tips prepared by ion sputtering (1996)

In this letter we report the field emission from cones etched into a synthetic-type IIb (100) oriented boron-doped diamond crystal. The cones were produced with an ion sputtering process. With a high-resolution scanning electron microscope we found the curvature radius at the end of the cones to be less than 10 nm. The length of these cones is in the range of 10 μm giving a field enhancement of approx. 1000. Field emission started at field strength of 2 V/μm, and at 3.8 V/μm 10 nA were measured using a spherical anode of 4 mm diam. From a Fowler-Nordheim fit the work function could be deduced to be 3–4 eV. Hence, electrons are emitted from the valence band.
Mapping of multiple binding domains of the superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin A for HLA (1992)

Multiple binding sites on the staphylococcal enterotoxin A (SEA) molecule which interact with class II MHC Ag have been suggested by previous studies comparing SEA binding with that of another superantigen, toxic shock syndrome toxin-1. Using the synthetic peptide approach we have identified multiple regions of the SEA molecule which are responsible for binding to HLA Ag on Raji cells. Overlapping peptides were synthesized corresponding to the complete amino acid sequence of SEA: SEA(1-45), SEA(39-66), SEA(62-86), SEA(83-104), SEA(102-124), SEA(121-149), SEA(146-173), SEA(166-193), SEA(187-217), and SEA(211-233). Like the native SEA molecule, all of the peptides exhibited relatively high beta-sheet and low alpha-helical structure as determined by circular dichroism spectroscopy. A direct competition assay was employed with peptide blockage of 125I-SEA binding to MHC Ag. SEA(1-45), SEA(39-66), SEA(62-86), and SEA(121-149) but none of the other peptides blocked binding to Raji cells. The relative potency of the peptides in blocking SEA binding was determined with SEA(39-66) much greater than SEA(1-45) = SEA(62-86) = SEA(121-149). Peptide competition was seen at concentrations as low as 55 microM. Further, antibodies were produced to all of the peptides and tested for their ability to bind to SEA and inhibit SEA binding to HLA. Consistent with the direct inhibition of binding, antisera to SEA(1-45), SEA(39-66), and SEA(62-86) reduced the ability of SEA to bind Raji cells, whereas, antisera to the remaining peptides failed to block binding. The data suggest that the binding of the superantigen SEA to MHC molecules involves several N-terminal regions on SEA as well as an additional internal domain. This allows for the presence of multiple binding sites in an extended N-terminal region of the SEA molecule or a discontinuous binding epitope.
A general framework for positioning, evaluating and selecting the new generation of development tools (2002)

This paper focuses on the evaluation and positioning of a new generation of development tools containing subtools (browsers, debuggers, GUI-builders, ...) and programming languages that are designed to work together and have a common graphical user interface and are therefore called environments. Several trends in IT have led to a pluriform range of development tools that can be classified in numerous categories. Examples are: object-oriented tools, GUI-tools, upper and lower CASE-tools, client/server tools and 4GL environments. This classification does not sufficiently cover the tools subject in this paper for the reason that only one criterion is used to distinguish them. The new generation of development environments often fit in several categories because to a certain extent, several criteria can be applied to evaluate them. In this study, we will offer a broad classification scheme with which tools can be positioned and which can be refined through further research.
Measurement of viewer sentiment to improve the quality of television and interactive content using adaptive content (2016)

This paper describes the proposal and the results obtained by implementing an experimental model to monitor sentiment against adaptive content viewers a live TV program and using interactive television. Initially it makes an introduction to the “Login” (Login Telepacífico, sf) program. With the aim to analyze the television format that uses as experimental base to the aims of this work, immediately afterwards there is done a reference to the concepts of Interactive Television - iTV and Content adaptative in television that they are applied to the characteristics of the program “Login”. From the definitions and analysis one presents the methodological offer applied to the experimental program (“Login”) that will be object of monitoring and valuation of the feeling of the television viewers. Immediately afterwards the methodology and technologies are described used in the obtaining information product of the expressions of feeling published by the television viewers on the social networks Twitter, Facebook and Whatsapp. To further explain the methodology and modeling techniques in text analysis and predictive analysis of the data collected, describing the valuation model viewer the feeling and results against the inclusion of adaptive content. At the end of the article the results of the quality of television content for eight months of tests on the “Login” program showing the results, conclusions and future works of investigation on this proposal is presented.
Rendering on browsers responsive to user head position and environmental conditions (2014)

In this paper we propose a browser on a mobile device that makes dynamic adjustments to the way the web content is rendered based on the environmental conditions and the head position of the user. The system makes constant adjustments in the font size, color, contrast and web page layout by monitoring environmental conditions such as ambient light, the user's usage patterns and interactions with the mobile device, and calculating and applying the changes via a feedback mechanism. It also changes the web page along with the tilting angle of the user's head. We discuss the implementation of a system to automatically make the adjustments using an OpenCV library for head tracking and making the required corrections on a web page.
Using semi-supervised classifiers for credit scoring (2012)

In credit scoring, low-default portfolios (LDPs) are those for which very little default history exists. This makes it problematic for financial institutions to estimate a reliable probability of a customer defaulting on a loan. Banking regulation (Basel II Capital Accord), and best practice, however, necessitate an accurate and valid estimate of the probability of default. In this article the suitability of semi-supervised one-class classification (OCC) algorithms as a solution to the LDP problem is evaluated. The performance of OCC algorithms is compared with the performance of supervised two-class classification algorithms. This study also investigates the suitability of over sampling, which is a common approach to dealing with LDPs. Assessment of the performance of one- and two-class classification algorithms using nine real-world banking data sets, which have been modified to replicate LDPs, is provided. Our results demonstrate that only in the near or complete absence of defaulters should semi-supervised OCC algorithms be used instead of supervised two-class classification algorithms. Furthermore, we demonstrate for data sets whose class labels are unevenly distributed that optimising the threshold value on classifier output yields, in many cases, an improvement in classification performance. Finally, our results suggest that oversampling produces no overall improvement to the best performing two-class classification algorithms.
A temperature and disturbance insensitive calibration method for high speed digital to analog converters (2011)

The accuracy of a Digital to Analog Converter (DAC) is crucial for its operation. Due to production tolerances [1], the DAC static accuracy is limited, increasing the Integral Non-Linearity (INL). Traditionally, various calibration techniques are used to improve the INL [2]. In a Current Steering (CS) DAC, the output signal is generated by switchable current sources, the current cells, see Fig. 1. Typically, calibration techniques incorporate an additional current source (Calibration DAC, CALDAC) in each current cell, which adds a correction current to the main current source thereby cancelling the error of the main current source. However, the response of the CALDAC to voltage disturbances\nand temperature variations differs from the response of the main current source. In the proposed calibration method, the new current cell contains the same unit transistors for both the main current\nsource and the CALDAC, guaranteeing matched response for all current cells. The CALDAC contains an excess of current source unit transistors. Hence, some of these transistors in the CALDAC must be enabled and others must be disabled. By carefully selecting the enabled transistors, the mismatch of the enabled CalDAC transistors cancel the mismatch of the main current source of the current cell.\nTherefore, all calibrated current cells feature matched temperature coefficients and disturbance response. For an exemplary 6+6bits segmented current steering DAC, the expected 99% yield INL improves with almost 3 bits while using only 30% additional unit transistors.
Back to basics (2005)

We welcome readers’ letters and entries for the ‘Help wanted’ and ‘People’ sections. But we reserve the right to edit them, and withhold names and addresses or both. Write to: Mental Health Practice, RCN Publishing Company, The Heights, 59-65 Lowlands Road, Harrow-on-the-Hill, Middlesex HA1 3AE. Fax: 020 8872 3198 or email: helen.hyland@rcnpublishing.co.uk
Active patch antennas integrated with FETs using coupled transmission lines (2002)

A novel idea of controlling the coupled power from a patch antenna to a coupled transmission line at resonant frequency is developed. With FETs serving as active components, an appropriate gap and the coupled line's length adjusted for expected coupling, a compact five-element uniform linear array is designed. A thicker substrate giving stronger coupling is also presented. This design may find applications in active arrays and quasi-optical power combining.
Web based teaching (1996)

This paper outlines the motivation for the development of some distance teaching tools.
An approach to massively distributed aggregate computing on peer-to-peer networks (2004)

The emergence of the Internet as a computing platform increases the demand for new classes of algorithms that combine massive distributed processing and complete decentralization. Moreover, these algorithms should be able to execute in an environment that is heterogeneous, changes almost continuously, and consists of millions of nodes. An important class of algorithms that can play an important role in such environments is aggregate computing: computing the aggregation of attributes such as extremal values, mean, and variance. These algorithms typically find their application in distributed data mining and systems management. We present novel, massively scalable and fully decentralized algorithms for computing aggregates, and substantiate our scalability claims through simulations and theoretical analysis.
Iron Ore Resources and Beneficiation Practices (2007)

Iron and Steel Industry provides foundation for indust-rial development of a country. The per capita consumption of steel is considered as one of the important parameters of a nation's prosperity. Iron ore is the basic raw mater-ial for iron and steel making. The world reserves of iron ore are estimated to around 370 bill on tonnes. The prin-cipal minerals of iron are the oxides(hematite and magne-tite), hydroxide (limonite and goethite) and carbonate (siderite). In nature the commercial deposits are mostly of bed type, although deposits of magnetic, contact meta-somatic and of a replacement nature also exist. In many cases, ground water circulation and weathering have resul-ted in concentration of the ore from primary sources. The major iron ore producing countries in the world are the Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, India, USA, Russia,
Kazakhstan, South Africa, Ukraine and Sweden. Pre Cambrian banded iron formations containing 30% or more of iron are the predominant sources of iron.
dc Bias-Sputtered Aluminum Films (1973)

Low resistivity aluminum films have been deposited by dc bias sputtering without excessive presputtering. Minimum resistivity occurs for a bias (VB) of approximately −40 V and, in contrast to the case for sputtered molybdenum, the resistivity increases for higher negative biases. For as-deposited 6500-Å films, resistance ratios (R.T./4.2 K) greater than 20 were obtained for VB=−40 V, indicating a minimum resistivity within 5% of bulk. Total (tensile) stress for these same films (deposited at substrate temperatures of 120–200 C) is ∼+1.5×109 dyn/cm2 for VB=−40 V, dropping to ∼+0.8×109 dyn/cm2 for VB=−125 to −150 V. The films exhibit an increasingly rougher surface for increasing negative bias, in contrast with sputtered molybdenum films, which show the opposite bias dependence.
Markers and signals associated with nitrogen assimilation in higher plants (2002)

A key concept underpinning current understanding of the carbon/nitrogen (C/N) interaction in plants is that the capacity for N assimilation is aligned to nutrient availability and requirements by the integrated perception of signals from hormones, nitrate, sugars, organic acids, and amino acids. Studies on the nature and integration of these signals over the last ten years has revealed a complex network of controls brokered by an interplay of C and N signals. These controls not only act to orchestrate the relative rates of C and N assimilation and carbohydrate and amino acid production, but they also have a significant influence on plant development. Amino acids are the hub around which the processes of N assimilation, associated C metabolism, photorespiration, export of organic N from the leaf, and the synthesis of nitrogenous end-products revolve. Since specific major amino acids or their relative ratios are modulated differentially by photorespiration and N assimilation, even though these processes are tightly intermeshed, they are potentially powerful markers for metabolite profiling and metabolomics approaches to the study of plant biology. Moreover, while minor amino acids show marked diurnal rhythms, their contents fluctuate in a co-ordinated manner. It is probable that factors associated with early events and processes in C and N assimilation influence the relative composition of minor amino acids.