gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Studies of Peptide Antibiotics. XXXIV. Syntheses of Tyrocidine A and Its Analogs Containing Glycine (1977)

Abstract The synthesis of Tyrocidine A (TA), an antibiotic cyclic decapeptide, was achieved by a revised conventional method. Two analogs of TA, 6-glycine-TA and 7-glycine-TA, were synthesized by a similar method to investigate the contribution of l-phenylalanine6 and d-phenylalanine7 residues in TA to its antibacterial activity. The properties of synthetic TA were identical to natural TA. The antibacterial activities of the two analogs were weaker when compared with TA; the activity of 6-glycine-TA being weaker than 7-glycine-TA. The three cyclic peptides synthesized were subjected to droplet countercurrent chromatography (DCCC) and optical rotatory dispersion (ORD), and the elucidation of the difference in the activities between the two analogs was followed with DCCC and ORD.
Incorporation of probabilistic seismic phase labels into a Bayesian multiple-event seismic locator (2009)

We add probabilistic phase labels to the multiple-event joint probability function of Myers et al. that formerly included event locations, traveltime corrections and arrival-time measurement precision. Prior information on any of the multiple-event parameters may be used. The phase-label model includes a null label that captures phases not belonging to the collection of phases under consideration. Using the Markov-Chain Monte Carlo method, samples are drawn from the multiple-event joint probability function to infer the posteriori distribution that is consistent with priors and the arrival-time data set. Using this approach phase-label error can be accessed and phase-label error is propagated to all other multiple-event parameters. We test the method using a ground-truth data set of nuclear explosions at the Nevada Test Site. We find that posteriori phase labels agree with the meticulously analysed data set in more than 97 per cent of instances and the results are robust even when the input phase-label information is discarded. Only when a large percentage of the arrival-time data are corrupted does prior phase label information improve resolution of multiple-event parameters. Simultaneous modelling of the entire multiple-event system results in accurate posteriori probability regions for each multiple-event parameter.
Requirement for a Peptidoglycan Recognition Protein (PGRP) in Relish Activation and Antibacterial Immune Responses in <i>Drosophila</i> (2002)

Components of microbial cell walls are potent activators of innate immune responses in animals. For example, the mammalian TLR4 signaling pathway is activated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide and is required for resistance to infection by Gram-negative bacteria. Other components of microbial surfaces, such as peptidoglycan, are also potent activators of innate immune responses, but less is known about how those components activate host defense. Here we show that a peptidoglycan recognition protein, PGRP-LC, is absolutely required for the induction of antibacterial peptide genes in response to infection in Drosophila and acts by controlling activation of the NF-kappaB family transcription factor Relish.
Harmonic distortion reduction schemes for a new 100 A-48 V power supply (2003)

A new modular 100 A, 48 V power supply is presented, and techniques for improving the performance of its preregulator are described. These techniques address traditional shortcomings of the boost converter topology, such as uncontrolled diode reverse recovery, switch voltage overshoot, and EMI emission/susceptibility. Experimental results are used to evaluate the merits of each circuit variation and to determine the optimal solution for different power ranges. Special attention is given to the impact of total harmonic distortion (THD) correction on overall rectifier size, weight, input/output noise emission and line current conditioning, lightening surge ruggedness, and reliability, as well as commercial requirements such as product cost, modularity and regulatory compliance.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Oral versus transdermal hormone replacement therapy. (1993)

Loss of ovarian function at the menopause results in an increased risk for cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in postmenopausal women may reduce or remove this increased risk. The high hepatic bolus seen with oral steroid administration, which may produce unwanted metabolic effects, is avoided by transdermal administration. We studied the metabolic effects of transdermal HRT in comparison with oral HRT or no treatment in 96 healthy postmenopausal women over 3 years. Treatment consisted of either continuous oral conjugated equine estrogens, 0.625 mg daily, with sequential oral dl-norgestrel, 0.15 mg daily, for 12 days per month or continuous transdermal estradiol-17 beta, 0.05 mg daily, with sequential transdermal norethindrone acetate, 0.25 mg daily, for 14 days per month. We measured bone biochemistry and density, serum lipids, lipoproteins and apolipoproteins, and glucose, insulin, and C-peptide concentrations following an intravenous glucose bolus. Minimal modelling analyses provided measures of glucose and insulin kinetics. Both HRT regimens were effective in preventing bone loss, and produced generally favourable lipid and lipoprotein changes. Progestin addition prevented increases in HDL2 cholesterol, but lowered triglycerides. Transdermal estrogen lowered triglycerides, whereas oral estrogen increased them. Furthermore, oral HRT resulted in a deterioration in glucose tolerance and an overall increase in insulin secretion. Transdermal HRT appears at least as effective as oral HRT in preventing postmenopausal osteoporosis, and produces as good, if not better, changes in metabolic risk markers for cardiovascular disease.
Infection, inflammation, height, and longevity (2005)

Using historical data from cohorts born before the 20th century in four northern European countries, we show that increasing longevity and declining mortality in the elderly occurred among the same birth cohorts that experienced a reduction in mortality at younger ages. Concurrently, these cohorts also experienced increasing adult height. We hypothesize that both the decline in old-age mortality and the increase in height were promoted by the reduced burden of infections and inflammation. Thus, early growth and cardiovascular diseases of old age may share infectious and inflammatory causes rooted in the external environment.
Pseudonoise Optical Modulation for Real-Time 3-D Imaging With Minimum Interference (2007)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> In optical time-of-flight (TOF) range imaging, harmonic intensity modulation of the illumination source is very common. By detecting the phase delay between emitted and reflected sinusoids, the distance can be measured accurately. However, this harmonic approach does not allow for the concurrent operation of several TOF range cameras because the arbitrary superposition of several differently parametrized sinusoids leads to a sinusoid with incorrect phase. To minimize inaccuracies by multi-camera interference (MCI), pseudonoise (PN) modulated intensity signals are employed for robust TOF range imaging. The time of flight is locally measured by correlating the incident light intensity with two time-shifted versions of the PN sequence, making use of smart demodulation pixels. We derive two fundamental expressions for the basic limitations of TOF measurements using PN sequences. Firstly, the precision of the distance measurement is limited by photon shot noise, and it essentially shows an inverse square root dependence of the number of detected photoelectrons. Secondly, MCI causes an inaccurate distance measurement given as the ratio of two sums. The denominator is the sum of two autocorrelation and two cross-correlation values; the nominator is the sum of one autocorrelation and one cross-correlation value. Due to the lack of a strict mathematical theory of correlation properties of <formula><tex>$m$</tex></formula>-sequences, an exhaustive numerical simulation was carried out to obtain expectation values of the distance measurement inaccuracy as a function of the sequence length and the number of interfering cameras. For experimental verification, an image sensor with 176<formula formulatype="inline"> <tex>$\,\times\,$</tex></formula>144 demodulation pixels was manufactured with a standard CMOS process offering a CCD option. Measurements taken with up to five concurrently operating sensors were in excellent agreement with our theoretical predictions concerning </para>
A Tumor Suppressing Duo: TGFβ and Activin Modulate a Similar Transcriptome (2003)

Abstract Commentary to: The Essential Similarity of TGF-beta and Activin Receptor Transcriptional Responses in Cancer Cells Byungwoo Ryu and Scott E. KernThis article refers to:The Essential Similarity of TGFβ and Activin Receptor Transcriptional Responses in Cancer Cells
Impaired Gene and Protein Expression of Exocytotic Soluble <i>N</i>-Ethylmaleimide Attachment Protein Receptor Complex Proteins in Pancreatic Islets of Type 2 Diabetic Patients (2006)

Exocytosis of insulin is dependent on the soluble N-ethylmaleimide attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex proteins in the B-cells. We assessed insulin release as well as gene and protein expression of SNARE complex protein in isolated pancreatic islets of type 2 diabetic patients (n = 4) and nondiabetic control subjects (n = 4). In islets from the diabetic patients, insulin responses to 8.3 and 16.7 mmol/l glucose were markedly reduced compared with control islets (4.7 +/- 0.3 and 8.4 +/- 1.8 vs. 17.5 +/- 0.1 and 24.3 +/- 1.2 microU . islet(-1) . h(-1), respectively; P < 0.001). Western blot analysis revealed decreased amounts of islet SNARE complex and SNARE-modulating proteins in diabetes: syntaxin-1A (21 +/- 5% of control levels), SNAP-25 (12 +/- 4%), VAMP-2 (7 +/- 4%), nSec1 (Munc 18; 34 +/- 13%), Munc 13-1 (27 +/- 4%), and synaptophysin (64 +/- 7%). Microarray gene chip analysis, confirmed by quantitative PCR, showed that gene expression was decreased in diabetes islets: syntaxin-1A (27 +/- 2% of control levels), SNAP-25 (31 +/- 7%), VAMP-2 (18 +/- 3%), nSec1 (27 +/- 5%), synaptotagmin V (24 +/- 2%), and synaptophysin (12 +/- 2%). In conclusion, these data support the view that decreased islet RNA and protein expression of SNARE and SNARE-modulating proteins plays a role in impaired insulin secretion in type 2 diabetic patients. It remains unclear, however, to which extent this defect is primary or secondary to, e.g., glucotoxicity.
Multi-domain modeling and simulation of a linear actuation system (2004)

VHDL-AMS is used for the behavioral modeling of a linear actuation system that contains subsystems and components belonging to different physical domains, such as the solenoid (electromechanical), the valve (hydraulic), and the driver circuit (electrical). We describe the modeling methodologies applied to each subsystem and focus on additional modeling approaches for capturing the nonlinear behavior of the solenoid. Some extensions to the VHDL-AMS language for modeling nonlinear effects through table lookup are suggested.
Exploring Sparsity in Recurrent Neural Networks (2017)

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) are widely used to solve a variety of problems and as the quantity of data and the amount of available compute have increased, so have model sizes. The number of parameters in recent state-of-the-art networks makes them hard to deploy, especially on mobile phones and embedded devices. The challenge is due to both the size of the model and the time it takes to evaluate it. In order to deploy these RNNs efficiently, we propose a technique to reduce the parameters of a network by pruning weights during the initial training of the network. At the end of training, the parameters of the network are sparse while accuracy is still close to the original dense neural network. The network size is reduced by 8x and the time required to train the model remains constant. Additionally, we can prune a larger dense network to achieve better than baseline performance while still reducing the total number of parameters significantly. Pruning RNNs reduces the size of the model and can also help achieve significant inference time speed-up using sparse matrix multiply. Benchmarks show that using our technique model size can be reduced by 90% and speed-up is around 2x to 7x.
Molecular mechanisms of synovial joint lubrication (2006)

Current models for lubrication of synovial joints, and the nature of the cartilage surface, are briefly recalled. Direct friction studies between polymers attached to surfaces are then considered, particularly the very recent demonstration of extreme friction reduction enabled by hydrated ions and by charged polymers. It is proposed that the extremely efficient lubrication observed in living joints arises from the presence of a brush-like phase of charged macromolecules at the surface of the superficial zone. This phase forms when charged macromolecules, including lubricin, superficial-zone protein, and aggrecan, cross the interface between the superficial zone and the synovial cavity as they are secreted into the synovium from within the bulk of the cartilage, and, in particular, the feasibility of such brush-like surface-phases is examined in some detail. The molecular mechanisms for the reduction in friction are proposed to be similar to those recently revealed using surface force balance studies on lubrication by charged brushes.
A simple pulsed valve for use in supersonic nozzle experiments (1980)

Gas pulses having a typical duration of 500–600 μs are produced by a nozzle which uses a fuel injector valve as its primary component.
Eine Neue Methode zur Einführung von Alkylgruppen in die 4‐Stelle im Pyridinmolekül: 50. Mitteilung über Derivate von Pyridin und Chinolin (1942)

Abstract Analog der Bereitung von 4‐Äthylpyridin J. P. Wibaut und J. F. Arens, Rec. trav. chim. 60 , 119 (1941); Dissertation von J. F. Arens, Amsterdam 1941. aus Pyridin. Essigsäureanhydrid, Essigsäure und Zinkstaub können höhere 4‐Alkylpyridine bereitet werden durch Einwirkung von Zinkstaub auf ein Gemisch von Pyridin. Alkancarbonsäure‐anhydrid und Alkancarbonsäure. Wir nehmen an, dass hierbei als Zwischenprodukte, die N,N′‐Diacyltetrahydrodipyridyle entstehen. die während der Behandlung nach dem früher angegebenen Reaktionsschema zersetzt werden. In der vorliegenden Mitteilung beschreiben wir die Bereitung von 4‐n‐Propylpyridin, 4‐n‐Butylpyridin, 4‐Isobutylpyridin, 4‐Isoamylpyridin und 4‐n‐Octylpyridin. Die Ausbeuten werden um so niedriger, je höhere Säureanhydride verwendet werden, oder je mehr die Kohlenstoffketten der Alkylgruppen verzweigt sind. Die Ausbeute an Octylpyridin kann etwas dadurch verbessert werden, dass an Stelle des Anhydrids von Caprylsäure mit dem Chlorid dieser Säure gearbeitet wird.
Wortmannin-Sensitive Phosphorylation, Translocation, and Activation of PLCγ1, but Not PLCγ2, in Antigen-stimulated RBL-2H3 Mast Cells (1998)

In RBL-2H3 tumor mast cells, cross-linking the high affinity IgE receptor (FcepsilonRI) with antigen activates cytosolic tyrosine kinases and stimulates Ins(1,4,5)P3 production. Using immune complex phospholipase assays, we show that FcepsilonRI cross-linking activates both PLCgamma1 and PLCgamma2. Activation is accompanied by the increased phosphorylation of both PLCgamma isoforms on serine and tyrosine in antigen-treated cells. We also show that the two PLCgamma isoforms have distinct subcellular localizations. PLCgamma1 is primarily cytosolic in resting RBL-2H3 cells, with low levels of plasma membrane association. After antigen stimulation, PLCgamma1 translocates to the plasma membrane where it associates preferentially with membrane ruffles. In contrast, PLCgamma2 is concentrated in a perinuclear region near the Golgi and adjacent to the plasma membrane in resting cells and does not redistribute appreciably after FcepsilonRI cross-linking. The activation of PLCgamma1, but not of PLCgamma2, is blocked by wortmannin, a PI 3-kinase inhibitor previously shown to block antigen-stimulated ruffling and to inhibit Ins(1,4,5)P3 synthesis. In addition, wortmannin strongly inhibits the antigen-stimulated phosphorylation of both serine and tyrosine residues on PLCgamma1 with little inhibition of PLCgamma2 phosphorylation. Wortmannin also blocks the antigen-stimulated translocation of PLCgamma1 to the plasma membrane. Our results implicate PI 3-kinase in the phosphorylation, translocation, and activation of PLCgamma1. Although less abundant than PLCgamma2, activated PLCgamma1 may be responsible for the bulk of antigen-stimulated Ins(1,4,5)P3 production in RBL-2H3 cells.
A theoretical investigation of the laser damage threshold of metal multi-dielectric mirrors for high power ultrashort applications (2013)

An approach for the theoretical evaluation of the damage threshold in optical interference coatings that combine metal and dielectric films is presented. The model that is used combines a matrix formalism to describe the film system with the two temperatures model that describes the energy transfer and the temperatures of electrons and lattice in a solid submitted to a laser irradiation at the femtosecond time scale. With this approach the thermal consequences due to the ultrafast absorption of the metal film can be evaluated in the multilayer stack for single or multiple pulses. Some applications are presented for the case of broadband mirrors for ultrashort pulses with low dispersion. Particularly we study the impact of the metal film (metal element, thickness) and the design on the Laser Induced Damage Threshold in the sub picosecond regime.
Effects of hormones and local growth factors on articular chondrocyte metabolism. (1991)

Human chondrocyte proliferation and production of matrix components such as proteoglycans and type II collagen (coll. II) were studied in an in vitro model of differentiated chondrocytes. It clearly appears that several hormones such as growth hormone, calcitonin, androgens and parahormones such as insulin like growth factor I and epidermal growth factor stimulate chondrocyte proliferation and coll. II and proteoglycan synthesis. These hormones and parahormones have no effect on either prostaglandin production or release and activation of collagenase. From our investigations in vitro, articular chondrocytes are target cells for hormones and local factors mainly responsible of chondroformation.
Perforated Dried Blood Spots: A Novel Format for Accurate Microsampling (2011)

Dried blood spots (DBS) in their current format encounter challenges in bioanalysis using fixed areas, including but not limited to, waste of DBS samples (only a fraction is used for analysis), the need for sample punching leading to concerns of sample carryover, uncertainty for accurate recovery assessments and hematocrit (HCT) effects. Here we describe a novel concept, namely perforated dried blood spots (PDBS), for accurate microsampling that addresses previous challenges. PDBS discs were prepared from regular filter paper, with a diameter of 6.35 mm and a thickness of 0.83 mm. An accurate amount of blood sample (5-10 µl), was deposited, dried and stored on the PDBS discs. Upon sample analysis, PDBS samples are simply pushed by single-use pipette tips into 96-well plates. The proof-of-concept study was carried out on a PDBS LC-MS/MS assay development and validation under GLP criteria for the quantitation of lansoprazole in human whole-blood (K(3)EDTA). Particularly, the effect of HCT on the accuracy of quantitation was found to be related to recovery from PDBS samples. In all, PDBS was proved to be a viable alternative to conventional DBS, offering additional advantages of complete sample utilization, no requirement for punching, ease of recovery assessments, and elimination of sampling influence due to HCT levels.
Thin-film-transistor switching matrix for flat-panel displays (1975)

A thin-film-transistor (TFT) switching array suitable as a module for matrix addressing of a wide variety of display media in flat-panel form has been designed and fabricated. The switching matrix and the display medium are on separate substrates. Solder bumps or other suitable contacts are used to connect each switch to the corresponding resolution element of the display. The matrix is a 20-line-per-inch 32 × 32-element array on a 1.6-in-square active area. A 5 × 7-dot character matrix is employed, and a single module will produce four lines of five characters each. The application of this array to an electroluminescent (EL) film display is described.
Higher Serum Tenascin-C Levels Reflect the Severity of Heart Failure, Left Ventricular Dysfunction and Remodeling in Patients With Dilated Cardiomyopathy (2007)

The findings suggest that increased serum TN-C levels indicate the severity of heart failure, left ventricular dysfunction and remodeling in patients with DCM.
Characterization and Mechanical Behavior of Nanoporous Gold (2006)

Abstract Here we present current issues in understanding the mechanical behavior of nanoporous foams as a new class of high yield strength / low density materials. Gold nanoporous foams are used for a systematic study of mechanical properties since they can be synthesized with a wide range of ligaments sizes and densities. Preliminary tests demonstrate that a) Au foams have a fracture behavior dictated by the ligament size, and b) nanoporous Au is a high yield strength material.
Single particle detection: Phase control in submicron Hall sensors (2010)

We present a phase-sensitive ac-dc Hall magnetometry method which allows a clear and reliable separation of real and parasitic magnetic signals of a very small magnitude. High-sensitivity semiconductor-based Hall crosses are generally accepted as a preferential solution for non-invasive detection of superparamagnetic nanobeads used in molecular biology, nanomedicine, and nanochemistry. However, detection of such small beads is often hindered by inductive pick-up and other spurious signals. The present work demonstrates an unambiguous experimental route for detection of small magnetic moments and provides a simple theoretical background for it. The reliability of the method has been tested for a variety of InSb Hall sensors in the range 600 nm–5 μm. Complete characterization of empty devices, involving Hall coefficients and noise measurements, has been performed and detection of a single FePt bead with diameter of 140 nm and magnetic moment of μ≈108 μB has been achieved with a 600 nm-wide sensor.
Gesture-Based Input for Drawing Schematics on a Mobile Device (2011)

We present a system for drawing metro map style schematics using a gesture-based interface. This work brings together techniques in gesture recognition on touch-sensitive devices with research in schematic layout of networks. The software allows users to create and edit schematic networks, and provides an automated layout method for improving the appearance of the schematic. A case study using the metro map metaphor to visualize social networks and web site structure is described.