gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Surface properties of surfactants derived from natural products. Part 2: Structure/property relationships—Foaming, dispersion, and wetting (2004)

Abstract Several novel and some previously known, mostly sugar‐based, surfactants have been synthesized, and their surface properties have been characterized and compared with commercial nonylphenol ethoxylates. The dispersion properties of the surfactants were studied by mixing carbon black into an aqueous surfactant solution. It was found that open sugars, as the headgroup, give rise to higher conformational repulsion and hence more effective dispersion properties than ringclosed sugar headgroups (e.g., furanoside or pyranoside forms). No conclusions could be made about the differences in dispersion properties between surfactants with aliphatic or aromatic tail groups. Increasing the area of the tail group, however, by using twin‐chain tail groups increased the dispersion properties of the surfactants further. The surfactants’ ability for wetting a hydrophobic parafilm surface was studied. The sugar‐based surfactants were found generally to possess poor wetting properties.
Enabling Efficient Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Imaging of Synaptic Vesicle Glycoprotein 2A (SV2A) with a Robust and One-Step Radiosynthesis of a Highly Potent <sup>18</sup>F-Labeled Ligand ([<sup>18</sup>F]UCB-H) (2016)

We herein describe the straightforward synthesis of a stable pyridyl(4-methoxyphenyl)iodonium salt and its [<sup>18</sup>F] radiolabeling within a one-step, fully automated and cGMP compliant radiosynthesis of [<sup>18</sup>F]UCB-H ([<sup>18</sup>F]7), a PET tracer for the imaging of synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2A (SV2A). Over the course of 1 year, 50 automated productions provided 34 ± 2% of injectable [<sup>18</sup>F]7 from up to 285 GBq (7.7 Ci) of [<sup>18</sup>F]fluoride in 50 min (uncorrected radiochemical yield, specific activity of 815 ± 185 GBq/μmol). The successful implementation of our synthetic strategy within routine, high-activity, and cGMP productions attests to its practicality and reliability for the production of large doses of [<sup>18</sup>F]7. In addition to enabling efficient and cost-effective clinical research on a range of neurological pathologies through the imaging of SV2A, this work further demonstrates the real value of iodonium salts for the cGMP <sup>18</sup>F-PET tracer manufacturing industry, and their ability to fulfill practical and regulatory requirements in that field.
Requirements for photoware (2002)

Eleven PC-owning families were interviewed at home about their use of conventional and digital photos. They also completed photo diaries and recorded photo-sharing conversations that occurred spontaneously over a three month period after the in-home interviews. From an analysis of the resulting materials we illustrate the strengths and weaknesses of past and present technology for photo sharing. These allow us to prioritise user requirements for a range of future photo-sharing technologies or 'photoware'.
Cloning and Expression of Three New <i>Azotobacter vinelandii</i> Genes Closely Related to a Previously Described Gene Family Encoding Mannuronan C-5-Epimerases (1999)

ABSTRACT The cloning and expression of a family of five modular-type mannuronan C-5-epimerase genes from Azotobacter vinelandii ( algE1 to - 5 ) has previously been reported. The corresponding proteins catalyze the Ca 2+ -dependent polymer-level epimerization of β- d -mannuronic acid to α- l -guluronic acid (G) in the commercially important polysaccharide alginate. Here we report the identification of three additional structurally similar genes, designated algE6 , algE7 , and algY . All three genes were sequenced and expressed in Escherichia coli . AlgE6 introduced contiguous stretches of G residues into its substrate (G blocks), while AlgE7 acted as both an epimerase and a lyase. The epimerase activity of AlgE7 leads to formation of alginates with both single G residues and G blocks. AlgY did not display epimerase activity, but a hybrid gene in which the 5′-terminal part was exchanged with the corresponding region in algE4 expressed an active epimerase. Southern blot analysis of genomic A. vinelandii DNA, using the 5′ part of algE2 as a probe, indicated that all hybridization signals originated from algE1 to - 5 or the three new genes reported here.
Positron imaging feasibility studies. I: Characteristics of [3H]thymidine uptake in rodent and canine neoplasms: concise communication. (1981)

Uptake [3H] thymidine was studied in BALB/c mice with EMT-6 sarcoma, in Buffalo rats with Morris 7777 hepatoma, and in nine dogs with spontaneous neoplasms: four lymphomas, two osteosarcomas, two soft-tissue sarcomas, and a thyroid carcinoma. High tumor-to-tissue ratios were observed for all tumor types assayed, and absolute uptakes, when computed as percent dose per gram tumor normalized for body weight, were similar for transplanted and spontaneous tumors. In the rodent tumors, radiothymidine was retained for at least 3 hr in the tumor without appreciable loss. In canine neoplasms, although the highest uptakes were observed in cellular tumors with many mitotic figures, tumor uptake showed significant variability that did not correlate with any obvious histologic change, and thus may reflect true biologic differences in metabolism among tumors at different sites in the same animal. These studies provide additional experimental evidence that the ratios of neoplastic to normal tissue and the kinetics of thymidine uptake by tumors are suitable for positron emission tomography of neoplasms in small and large animals, including both transplanted and spontaneous tumors.
Pathological Effects of the Radiation Protector WR-151327 in Mice (1990)

The systemic effects of the radiation protective agent, S-3-(3-methylaminopropylamino) propylphosphorothioic acid (WR-151327), were studied in unirradiated B6CF1 male mice. Fifty mice were injected intraperitoneally with 540 mg/kg WR-151327, and groups of five mice were sacrificed at 14-day intervals up to and including 140 days post-treatment. Ten mice served as sham-injected controls. A necropsy was performed and gross morphological abnormalities were noted. Tissues (brain, eyes, harderian gland, salivary glands, sternal bone marrow, thyroid, lung, thymus, esophagus, trachea, skeletal muscle, heart, liver, kidney, adrenal gland, spleen, small intestine, pancreas, and testes) were fixed in 10% formalin, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned. Slides were routinely stained with hematoxylin and eosin while Alizarin red stain was used to test specifically for the presence of calcium salts. Histopathological effects of WR-151327 were restricted to the testes, salivary gland, and pancreas. The caudal pole of the testes was observed to undergo progressive changes from coagulation necrosis to dystrophic calcification. The cells of the submandibular salivary gland showed mainly hyperchromatic nuclei while the pancreas showed enlarged islets of Langerhans.
Gene-Activated Matrix Comprised of Atelocollagen and Plasmid DNA Encoding BMP4 or Runx2 Promotes Rat Cranial Bone Augmentation (2015)

To date, therapeutic method for in vivo gene delivery has not been established on bone engineering though its potential usefulness has been suggested. For clinical applications, an effective condition should be developed to transfer the genes in vivo without any transfection reagents or virus vectors. In this study, to facilitate the clinical setting of this strategy, particularly aimed at atrophic bone repair, we simply investigated whether manufactured gene-activated matrix (GAM) with atelocollagen containing a certain amount of plasmid (p) DNA encoding osteogenic proteins could augment the cranial bone in rat. GAMs were manufactured by mixing 0.02, 0.1, or 1 mg of AcGFP plasmid vectors harboring cDNA of BMP4 (pBMP4) or Runx2 (pRunx2) with 2% bovine atelocollagen and β-tricalcium phosphate granules. Before manufacturing GAMs, to determine the biological activity of generated pDNAs, we confirmed GFP expression and increased level of alkaline phosphatase activities in MC3T3-E1 cells transfected with pBMP4 or pRunx2 during culture. Then, GAMs were lyophilized and transplanted to onlay placement on the cranium. At 2 weeks of transplantation, GFP-expressing cells could be detectable in only GAMs containing 1 mg of AcGFP plasmid vectors. Then, at 4 weeks, significant bone formation was recognized in GAMs containing 1 mg of pDNAs encoding BMP4 or Runx2 but not in 0.02 or 0.1 mg of GAMs. These newly formed bone tissues surrounded by osteocalcin-stained area were augmented markedly until 8 weeks after transplantation. In contrast, minimal bone formation was observed in GAMs without harboring cDNA of osteogenic proteins. Meanwhile, when GAMs were transplanted to the cranial bone defect, bone formation was detectable in specimens containing 1 mg of pBMP4 or pRunx2 at 8 weeks as well. Thus, atelocollagen-based GAM reliably could form the engineered bone even for the vertical augmentation when containing a certain amount of plasmid vectors encoding osteogenic proteins. This study supports facilitating the clinical application of GAM for bone engineering.
Metformin increases insulin sensitivity and basal glucose clearance in Type 2 (non‐insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus (1991)

The effects of metformin on glycaemia, insulin and c-peptide levels, hepatic glucose production and insulin sensitivity (using the euglycaemic, hyperinsulinaemic clamp) were evaluated at fortnightly intervals in 9 Type 2 diabetic patients using a stepwise dosing protocol: Stage 1--no metformin for four weeks; stage 2--metformin 500mg mane; stage 3--metformin 500mg thrice daily; stage 4--metformin 1000mg thrice daily. Results are expressed as Mean +/- SEM. Fasting blood glucose decreased from basal values (9.7 +/- 1.0 mmol/L) by 13% at stage 2, 34% at stage 3 and 41% at stage 4 (p less than 0.02 vs basal for all stages; p less than 0.02 stage 2 vs stage 3). Post-prandial glycaemia was significantly improved only with metformin 3000mg/day (p less than 0.05). Fasting, meal-stimulated and total insulin and c-peptide levels showed no change. Hepatic glucose output did not change significantly with metformin. Insulin sensitivity, measured as total glucose utilisation during hyperinsulinaemia, increased from stage 1 (10.3 +/- 2.1 mumoL/kg/min) by 23% at stage 3 (p less than 0.05) and by 29% at stage 4 (p less than 0.02). Basal metabolic clearance of glucose increased compared to stage 1 (1.69 +/- 0.16 mL/kg/min) by 30% at stage 2, 53% at stage 3 and 44% at stage 4 (all p less than 0.02). This study demonstrates that improved efficiency of glucose utilisation, both basally and under conditions of euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemia, is the basis of metformin's antihyperglycaemic action.
The Bcl-2 Protein: a Prognostic Indicator Strongly Related to p53 Protein in Lymph Node-Negative Breast Cancer Patients (1994)

The predictive role of Bcl-2 expression on 6-year relapse-free and overall survival was mainly dependent on p53 expression.
Survey of Carbon Dioxide Capture in Phosphonium-Based Ionic Liquids and End-Capped Polyethylene Glycol Using DETA (DETA = Diethylenetriamine) as a Model Absorbent (2011)

We have performed a survey of carbon dioxide capture in phosphonium-based ionic liquids and end-capped polyethylene glycol using DETA (DETA = diethylenetriamine) as a model absorbent. The carbon dioxide adduct of DETA is zwitterionic and forms readily in both ionic and polymeric media. Crystals of the adduct have been isolated, and its X-ray crystal structure is reported. The adduct is hygroscopic and decomposes with heating, with the onset of decomposition occurring at ∼85 °C. Computational studies were performed examining possible structures for the adducts formed between DETA and CO2 in the gas phase. Also described is a study of the thermal stability of phosphonium ionic liquids and selected polymeric solvents under neutral and oxidizing conditions. Heat capacity measurements were also performed on a number of ionic liquids.
Interactive visual co-cluster analysis of bipartite graphs (2016)

A bipartite graph models the relation between two different types of entities. It is applicable, for example, to describe persons' affiliations to different social groups or their association with subjects such as topics of interest. In these applications, it is important to understand the connectivity patterns among the entities in the bipartite graph. For the example of a bipartite relation between persons and their topics of interest, people may form groups based on their common interests, and the topics also can be grouped or categorized based on the interested audiences. Co-clustering methods can identify such connectivity patterns and find clusters within the two types of entities simultaneously. In this paper, we propose an interactive visualization design that incorporates co-clustering methods to facilitate the identification of node clusters formed by their common connections in a bipartite graph. Besides highlighting the automatically detected node clusters and the connections among them, the visual interface also provides visual cues for evaluating the homogeneity of the bipartite connections in a cluster, identifying potential outliers, and analyzing the correlation of node attributes with the cluster structure. The interactive visual interface allows users to flexibly adjust the node grouping to incorporate their prior knowledge of the domain, either by direct manipulation (i.e., splitting and merging the clusters), or by providing explicit feedback on the cluster quality, based on which the system will learn a parametrization of the co-clustering algorithm to better align with the users' notion of node similarity. To demonstrate the utility of the system, we present two example usage scenarios on real world datasets.
Standards pipeline (1997)

This is the first in a series of Standards Pipeline articles concerning important "de-facto" or "public" specifications rather than formal standards. Paula Womack and John Schimpf of SGI contributed the material on which this article is based.
PARP inhibitors for anticancer therapy (2014)

PARP-1 [poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1], which plays a key role in DNA repair, was discovered 50 years ago. PARPi (PARP inhibitors), originally made to probe the function of the enzyme, inhibit DNA repair and increase the potency of anticancer cytotoxic agents. PARPi of increasing potency were developed as chemo- and radio-sensitizers and first entered clinical trial in cancer patients in 2003. However, it was the revelation in 2005 that they were synthetically lethal in cells with DNA repair defects, found almost exclusively in some tumours, that led to a major interest in this class of drug. Several PARPi have entered clinical trials and show promising activity in breast, ovarian and other cancers associated with BRCA (breast cancer early-onset) mutations or other defects in homologous recombination DNA repair. It is likely that at least one of these will be licensed soon. The present review describes key events from the discovery to clinical application of PARPi.
Choline: an important nutrient in brain development, liver function and carcinogenesis. (1992)

Choline is required to make certain phospholipids which are essential components of all membranes. It is a precursor for biosynthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and also is an important source of labile methyl groups. Much attention has been given to the effect of supplemental choline upon brain function, i.e., enhancement of acetylcholine synthesis and release. In addition, choline supplements administered to rats in utero or shortly after birth permanently after brain function. The mechanisms for this effect is unknown and under investigation at this time. Healthy humans fed diets deficient in choline, and humans fed parenterally have decreased plasma choline concentrations and develop liver dysfunction that is similar to that seen in choline-deficient animals. In experimental animals, fatty liver occurs in choline deficiency because phosphatidylcholine synthesis is required for very low-density lipoprotein secretion. This accumulation of lipids in liver may explain why choline-deficient rats spontaneously develop hepatocarcinoma. We found that choline deficiency was associated with the accumulation of 1,2-diacylglycerol, an activator of protein kinase C. Several lines of evidence indicate that cancers might develop secondary to abnormalities in protein kinase C-mediated signal transduction.
Organic peroxides. Part III. The preparation of alkyl hydroperoxides and dialkyl peroxides. Characteristic derivatives of alkyl hydroperoxides (1954)

A. G. Davies, R. V. Foster and A. M. White, J. Chem. Soc., 1954, 2200 DOI: 10.1039/JR9540002200
Synthesis of imidazolium‐functionalized ionic polyurethane and formation of CdTe quantum dot–polyurethane nanocomposites (2011)

Abstract A series of positively charged imidazolium‐functionalized ionic polyurethanes (IPUs) were prepared in one‐step polymerization process by polymerization of presynthesized short‐chain imidazolium‐based ionic diol, polyethylene glycols with different molecular weights as long‐chain diols, and toluylene‐2,4‐diisocyanate. The structures of IPUs are confirmed by 1 H NMR analysis, and the thermogravimetric analysis measurement indicates that the IPUs have high degradation temperature. Fluorescent nanocrystal–polymer composites CdTe–IPU can be prepared conveniently, by the electrostatic interaction between positively charged IPUs and the negatively charged aqueous CdTe quantum dots (QDs). UV–vis absorption and photoluminescence spectra indicate the photochemical stability and strong fluorescent emission of CdTe–IPU composites. The quantum yields (QYs) of the composites are high and basically restore the QYs of the pure QDs. In addition, the transmission electron microscopy photographs show that the QDs in composites are uniform (about 3 nm in diameter) and monodisperse. The obtained nanocomposites are powder or elastomers with good film building. The casted CdTe–IPU films are transparent under visible light, and the colors of the composites and their films are vivid under a UV lamp. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
Energy efficient active cooling of integrated circuits using autonomous Peltier/Seebeck mode switching of a thermoelectric module (2014)

Thermoelectric (TE) devices have shown promise for on-demand cooling of ICs. However, the additional energy required for cooling remains a challenge for the successful deployment of these devices. This paper presents a closed loop control system that dynamically switches a TE module between Peltier and Seebeck modes depending on chip temperature. The autonomous system harvests energy during regular operation and uses the harvested energy to cool during high power operation. The system is demonstrated using a commercial thin-film TE device, an integrated boost regulator and few off chip components. The feasibility of the integration of the TEM and the automated mode switching within the microprocessor package is also evaluated.
A novel approach for mitigating the effects of the TCP SYN flood DDoS attacks (2016)

Today’s modern society greatly depends on computer systems. Security is a basic need for any computer system. This is more than acceptable if we consider that any disruption of the normal function of the computer and networks may lead to catastrophic consequences. The most frequently attacks conducting malicious activities against the networks and systems are the Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attacks. The paper concerns the TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) vulnerability that gives space for a type of DoS (Denial of Service) attack called TCP-SYN Flood DDoS attack which is well-known to the community for several years. It explains in more detail the TCP SYN Flood DDoS attacks and methods for preventing and mitigating the effects of these attacks. Furthermore, the paper proposes a novel method consisting of five modules which can be used for mitigation and protection against the considered TCP SYN Flood attack, as well as against other similar flooding based attacks.
Mononuclear Titanium(IV)−Citrate Complexes from Aqueous Solutions:  pH-Specific Synthesis and Structural and Spectroscopic Studies in Relevance to Aqueous Titanium(IV)−Citrate Speciation (2005)

Titanium is a metal frequently employed in a plethora of materials supporting medical applications. In an effort to comprehend the involvement of titanium in requisite biological interactions with physiological ligands, synthetic efforts were launched targeting aqueous soluble species of Ti(IV). To this end, aqueous reactions of TiCl(4) with citric acid afforded expediently, under pH-specific conditions, the colorless crystalline materials Na(6)[Ti(C(6)H(4.5)O(7))(2)(C(6)H(5)O(7))].16H(2)O (1) and Na(3)(NH(4))(3)[Ti(C(6)H(4.5)O(7))(2)(C(6)H(5)O(7))].9H(2)O (2). Complexes 1 and 2 were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, (13)C-MAS solid state and solution NMR, cyclic voltammetry, and X-ray crystallography. 1 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P, with a = 15.511(9) A, b = 15.58(1) A, c = 9.848(5) A, alpha = 85.35(2) degrees, beta = 76.53(2) degrees, gamma = 61.97(2) degrees, V = 2042(2) A(3), and Z = 2. 2 crystallizes in the triclinic space group P, with a = 12.437(5) A, b = 12.440(5) A, c = 12.041(5) A, alpha = 83.08(2) degrees, beta = 81.43(2) degrees, gamma = 67.45(2) degrees, V = 1697(2) A(3), and Z = 2. The X-ray structures of 1 and 2 reveal the presence of a mononuclear complex, with Ti(IV) coordinated to three citrate ligands in a distorted octahedral geometry around Ti(IV). The citrates employ their central alkoxide and carboxylate groups to bind Ti(V), while the terminal carboxylates stay away from the Ti(IV)O(6) core. Worth noting in 1 and 2 is the similar mode of coordination but variable degree of protonation of the bound citrates, with the locus of (de)protonation being the noncoordinating terminal carboxylates. As a result, this work suggests the presence of a number of different Ti(IV)-citrate species of the same nuclearity and coordination geometry as a function of pH. This is consistent with the so far existing pool of mononuclear Ti(IV)-citrate species and provides a logical account of the aqueous speciation in the requisite binary system. Such information is vital in trying to delineate the interactions of soluble and bioavailable Ti(IV) forms promoting biological interactions in humans. To this end, chemical properties, structural attributes, and speciation links to potential ensuing biological effects are dwelled on.
Database modeling & design (1999)

1 Introduction 2 The ER Model: Basic Concepts 3 ER Modeling in Logical Database Design 4 Transformation of the ER Model to SQL 5 Normalization 6 Access Methods 7 An Example of Relational Database Design 8 Distributed Data Allocation 9 Data Warehousing, OLAP, and Data Mining 10 Advanced Database Technologies
Efficacy, Safety, and Dose-Response Characteristics of Glipizide Gastrointestinal Therapeutic System on Glycemic Control and Insulin Secretion in NIDDM: Results of two multicenter, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials (1997)

The once-daily glipizide GITS 1) lowered HbA1c, FPG, and PPG over a dose range of 5-60 mg, 2) was maximally effective at 5 mg (using HbA1c) or 20 mg (using FPG) based on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic relationships, 3) maintained its effectiveness in poorly controlled patients (those with entry FPG > or = 250 mg/dl), 4) was safe and well tolerated in a wide variety of patients with NIDDM, and 5) did not produce weight gain or adversely affect lipids.