gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Effectiveness of Sodium Fluoride Treatment with and without Iontophoresis on the Reduction of Hypersensitive Dentin (1975)

The effectiveness of topical sodium fluoride applied with and without iontophoresis was compared in patients complaining of tooth hypersensitivity. Reduction of sensitivity to cold and mechanical stimuli was evaluated during a period of 8 months by pain scoring in the exposed cervical dentin of homologous teeth on the two sides of the jaws. There was a significant decrease in the sensitivity of the exposed cervical dentin after treatment with sodium fluoride solution, with or without iontophoresis, during the whole experimental period. There was no striking difference between the two forms of treatment with respect to the reduction of sensitivity to mechanical and cold stimuli.
Reevaluation of Inguinal Lymph Node Injection for Production of Adjuvant Arthritis in the Rat (1976)

An experiment was designed to compare the efficiency of lymph node injection for the induction of adjuvant arthritis (AA) with that of conventional footpad injection in the rat. Quantitative studies revealed that the minimal dose required for induction of AA by the lymph node route is one fifth of that by the footpad route. Thus, the lymph node route was found to be more efficient than the footpad method in terms of higher incidence and earlier onset of AA. PPD in Freund's incomplete adjuvant was able to produce tuberculin sensitization in the rat. The lymph node route again proved to be superior in terms of consistent appearance of the 24-hour reaction on days 8 and 14 and prolongation of the skin reaction over 48 h. These findings show that the lymph node method is so efficient in the rat that it will be especially useful for the trial induction of AA with various materials of unknown potency as well as for production of delayed hypersensitivity. In addition, this injection method appears to be a simple and efficient technique for assay of other immunological reactions.
Efficient optimization for data visualization as an information retrieval task (2012)

Visualization of multivariate data sets is often done by mapping data onto a low-dimensional display with nonlinear dimensionality reduction (NLDR) methods. Many NLDR methods are designed for tasks like manifold learning rather than low-dimensional visualization, and can perform poorly in visualization. We have introduced a formalism where NLDR for visualization is treated as an information retrieval task, and a novel NLDR method called the Neighbor Retrieval Visualizer (NeRV) which outperforms previous methods. The remaining concern is that NeRV has quadratic computational complexity with respect to the number of data. We introduce an efficient learning algorithm for NeRV where relationships between data are approximated through mixture modeling, yielding efficient computation with near-linear computational complexity with respect to the number of data. The method inherits the information retrieval interpretation from the original NeRV, it is much faster to optimize as the number of data grows, and it maintains good visualization performance.
InP-based quantum wells for electro-optic waveguide circuits (2002)

The author discusses some of the device issues that arise when InP-based quantum wells (QWs) are incorporated in guided-wave photonic integrated circuits (PICs). By operating at wavelengths close to the bandgap, enhanced electrooptic effects allow QW waveguide switches and modulators to have sizes that are significantly smaller than those in bulk semiconductors. Compactness is an advantage for monolithic integration with other components, for high-speed operation, and for lowering the unit cost by increasing the number of devices per wafer. However for QW devices to be useful in real optical systems, the negative implications of using near-bandedge phenomena must be confronted. These may include high propagation loss, limited optical bandwidth, and polarization-dependence. For manufacture of QW PICs the number of processing steps and their complexity must be reduced. These issues were examined and it was found that some can be successfully addressed through materials science and bandgap engineering.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
InGaN/AlGaN blue-light-emitting diodes (1995)

Highly efficient InGaN/AlGaN double-heterostructure blue-light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with an external quantum efficiency of 5.4% were fabricated by codoping Zn and Si into an InGaN active layer. The output power was as high as 3 mW at a forward current of 20 mA. The peak wavelength and the full width at half maximum of the electroluminescence of blue LEDs were 450 and 70 nm, respectively. Blue-green LEDs with a brightness of 2 cd and a peak wavelength of 500 nm were fabricated for application to traffic lights by increasing the indium mole fraction of the InGaN active layer.
Co<sup>II</sup>(dbbip)<sub>2</sub><sup>2+</sup>Complex Rivals Tri-iodide/Iodide Redox Mediator in Dye-Sensitized Photovoltaic Cells (2001)

Transient absorption spectroscopy was employed to study charge-transfer dynamics in dye-sensitized nanocrystalline solar cells (DSSC) containing a new one-electron redox mediator, cobalt(II)-bis[2,6-bis(1‘-butylbenzimidazol-2‘-yl)pyridine]. Photovoltaic cells incorporating this relay have yielded light-to-electricity power conversion efficiencies of up to 5.2%. This rivals the performance of the tri-iodide/iodide couple that is currently almost exclusively used in DSSC. Interception of the dye oxidized state by electron transfer from the Co(II) complex in diluted electrolyte was found to follow a first-order kinetics with a rate constant of km = 5 × 105 s-1. Above a threshold of 10-2 M, under which the cationic relay is essentially adsorbed onto the negatively charged particle surface, larger concentrations of the reduced mediator resulted in a linear increase of the apparent rate, yielding a second-order rate constant of km‘‘ = 2.9 × 106 M-1 s-1. Dynamics of the recombination reaction between injected conduction band electrons and the oxidized relay species was monitored spectroscopically, and a first-order rate constant of kr = 3 × 103 s-1 was determined directly. This kinetic behavior compares approximately with that of the tri-iodide/iodide redox couple. Practical advantages of the CoIII/CoII complex mediator, however, make it a promising candidate to replace this widely used system in DSSC.
Facile Access to Key Reactive Intermediates in the Pd/PR<sub>3</sub>‐Catalyzed Telomerization of 1,3‐Butadiene (2010)

Doch noch fündig geworden: Eine einfache und effiziente Eintopfsynthese liefert mehrere kationische [Pd(1,2,3,7,8-η5-Octa-2,7-dien-1-yl)(PR3)]+-Komplexe (siehe Struktur; rosa Pd, rot O, orange P), bei denen es sich um die lange gesuchten Schlüsselintermediate in der Pd/PR3-katalysierten Telomerisierung von Butadien handelt. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Significance and relationship between infiltrating inflammatory cell and tumor angiogenesis in hepatocellular carcinoma tissues (2005)

TAM and MC might be closely related to the enhancement of tumor angiogenesis. The MV count might be associated with tumor invasion and metastasis. Moreover, the MC count might be associated with tumor differentiation and prognosis of HCC.
Ligand-to-Ligand Charge Transfer in (2,2′-Biquinoline)bis(cyclopentadienyl)zirconium(IV) – Absorption and Emission in the Visible Range (1998)

The lowest energy electronic transition of [(cyclopentadienyl)2ZrIV(2,2′-biquinoline)]2+, which appears in absorption at λmax = 360 nm and in emission at λmax = 518 nm, is of the Cp− → biq ligand-to-ligand charge-transfer-type.
Collaborative reversing of input formats and program data structures for security applications (2014)

Reversing the syntactic format of program inputs and data structures in binaries plays a vital role for understanding program behaviors in many security applications. In this paper, we propose a collaborative reversing technique by capturing the mapping relationship between input fields and program data structures. The key insight behind our paper is that program uses corresponding data structures as references to parse and access different input fields, and every field could be identified by reversing its corresponding data structure. In details, we use a finegrained dynamic taint analysis to monitor the propagation of inputs. By identifying base pointers for each input byte, we could reverse data structures and conversely identify fields based on their referencing data structures. We construct several experiments to evaluate the effectiveness. Experiment results show that our approach could effectively reverse precise input formats, and provide unique benefits to two representative security applications, exploit diagnosis and malware analysis.
Synthesis and Evaluation of <sup>18</sup>F-Labeled 2-Phenylbenzothiazoles as Positron Emission Tomography Imaging Agents for Amyloid Plaques in Alzheimer’s Disease (2009)

Imaging agents targeting amyloid beta (Abeta) may be useful for early diagnosis and follow-up of treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Three of five tested 2-(4'-fluorophenyl)-1,3-benzothiazoles displayed high binding affinities for Abeta plaques in AD human brain homogenates (K(i) between 2.2 and 22.5 nM). They all contained the (18)F-label directly attached to the aromatic ring and were synthesized starting from the nitro precursor. Determination of the partition coefficient, biodistribution studies in normal mice, and in vivo microPET studies in normal rats showed that their initial brain uptake was high and brain washout was fast. The most promising compound [(18)F]5, or 6-methyl-2-(4'-[(18)F]fluorophenyl)-1,3-benzothiazole, seemed to be metabolically stable in the brain, and its plasma radiometabolites, which do not cross the blood-brain barrier, were determined. The preliminary results strongly suggest that this new fluorinated compound is a promising candidate as an Abeta plaque imaging agent for the study of patients with AD.
Modeling and Understanding of External Latchup in CMOS Technologies—Part II: Minority Carrier Collection Efficiency (2011)

The n-wells of the parasitic p-n-p-n devices found in a CMOS layout will collect excess minority carriers from the chip substrate, potentially triggering latchup. This paper presents a model for the minority carrier collection efficiency of a given substrate current injector and collector pair; the model captures the effects of spacing, supply voltage, temperature, and current level. The model further describes the quantitative reduction in collection efficiency obtained by using guard rings. A good fit of the model to measurement results is observed in four different CMOS technologies.
LIN28: roles and regulation in development and beyond (2015)

LIN28 is an RNA-binding protein that is best known for its roles in promoting pluripotency via regulation of the microRNA let-7. However, recent studies have uncovered new roles for LIN28 and have revealed how it functions, suggesting that it is more than just a regulator of miRNA biogenesis. Together, these findings imply a new paradigm for LIN28 - as a gatekeeper molecule that regulates the transition between pluripotency and committed cell lineages, in both let-7-dependent and let-7-independent manners. Here, we provide an overview of LIN28 function in development and disease.
Cas9 versus Cas12a/Cpf1: Structure–function comparisons and implications for genome editing (2018)

Cas9 and Cas12a are multidomain CRISPR-associated nucleases that can be programmed with a guide RNA to bind and cleave complementary DNA targets. The guide RNA sequence can be varied, making these effector enzymes versatile tools for genome editing and gene regulation applications. While Cas9 is currently the best-characterized and most widely used nuclease for such purposes, Cas12a (previously named Cpf1) has recently emerged as an alternative for Cas9. Cas9 and Cas12a have distinct evolutionary origins and exhibit different structural architectures, resulting in distinct molecular mechanisms. Here we compare the structural and mechanistic features that distinguish Cas9 and Cas12a, and describe how these features modulate their activity. We discuss implications for genome editing, and how they may influence the choice of Cas9 or Cas12a for specific applications. Finally, we review recent studies in which Cas12a has been utilized as a genome editing tool. This article is categorized under: RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > Protein-RNA Interactions: Functional Implications Regulatory RNAs/RNAi/Riboswitches > Biogenesis of Effector Small RNAs RNA Interactions with Proteins and Other Molecules > RNA-Protein Complexes.
Response of methylenetetrahydrofolate levels to methotrexate in Krebs ascites cells (1983)

Levels of methylenetetrahydrofolate in Krebs ascites cells subsequent to transplantation and the effects of methotrexate on these levels have been measured. To directly measure methylenetetrahydrofolate in tissue extracts, the cofactor was incorporated into a covalent ternary complex with thymidylate synthase and 3H-labelled fluorodeoxyuridine monophosphate. A 3-4-day lag preceded rapid growth of the tumour cells, and this same kinetic behaviour was observed for methylenetetrahydrofolate levels in the tumour cells. Liver and kidney tissue from the same animals also showed an increase in methylenetetrahydrofolate over the same time period. The impact of methotrexate on methylenetetrahydrofolate in the tumour cells depended upon concentration and the post-transplantation time at which treatment was initiated. Levels of methylenetetrahydrofolate in the tumour cells were most sensitive to the drug at the beginning of the rapid growth phase and were more sensitive to a given level of methotrexate in the presence of phospholipids. A slight but significant increase in methylenetetrahydrofolate occurred in some cases in response to the presence of methotrexate.
Improving navigation-based file retrieval (2013)

Navigating through a file hierarchy is one of the most common methods for accessing files, yet it can be slow and repetitive. New algorithms that predict upcoming file accesses have the potential to improve navigation-based file retrieval, but it is unknown how best to present their predictions to users. We present three design goals aiming to improve navigation-based file retrieval interfaces: minimise the time spent at each hierarchical level en route to the target file; reduce the number of levels traversed by providing shortcuts; and promote rehearsal of the retrieval mechanics to facilitate expertise. We introduce three interfaces that augment standard file browsers based on each of these goals: Icon Highlights give greater prominence to predicted items in the current folder; Hover Menus provide shortcuts to predicted folder content; and Search Directed Navigation uses predictive highlighting to guide users through the hierarchy in response to query terms. Results from a user evaluation show that all three interfaces improve file retrieval times, with Icon Highlights and Hover Menus best suited for frequently accessed items and Search Directed Navigation best suited for infrequent ones. We also show that the benefits are larger when folder content is spatially unstable. Finally, we discuss how the interfaces could be combined and deployed in existing file browsers.
Characterization of resistance to the protease inhibitor boceprevir in hepatitis C virus–infected patients† (2009)

During boceprevir monotherapy, resistance mutations at six positions within the NS3 protease were detected by way of clonal sequence analysis. All mutations are associated with reduced replicative fitness estimated by mathematical modeling and show cross-resistance to telaprevir.
Analog Design (2010)

Abstract Analog design is usually defined as the modification of a drug molecule or of any bioactive compound in order to prepare a new molecule showing chemical and biological similarity with the original model compound. Excellent descriptions of the various possibilities of bioisosteric replacement are found in Cannon's chapter “Analog Design” published in the previous edition of this book. As a rule, it is expected that the analog exhibits some improvements over the original drug molecule, but sometimes financial motivations are predominant and justify the decision to prepare an analog in order to share market parts. Analog design is a fruitful procedure, easy to practice, and very popularly employed in pharmaceutical research from the beginning. Particularly, from the second half of the twentieth century, the production of very sophisticated molecules such as steroids, prostaglandins, anticancer drugs, and antibiotics became available and considerable advances could be made in medicinal chemistry. Analog design represents two‐third of all small molecule sales. Among the 29 new drugs launched in 2000, 24 were copies.
Radioimmunoassay for Luteinizing Hormone in Human plasma Or Serum: Physiological Studies* (1967)

It is not practical to quantitate gonadotropin in the blood of normal men and women by utilizing bioassays. We have developed a method for sensitive, precise, and specific radioimmunoassay of luteinizing hormone (LH) in human serum or plasma. Antisera were developed against human chorionic gonadotropin, and one of these was selected for extensive cross-reaction with human LH. Highly purified LH was radioiodinated by the method of Greenwood, Hunter, and Glover. Separation of antibody-bound from free LH-(131)I was accomplished by a double antibody technique. Dose-response curves for the purifed LH, an impure urinary LH preparation, pituitary powder, and LH in plasma were all identical. Immunoassay and bioassay of impure urinary and pituitary gonadotropin preparations in terms of a common standard resulted in an index of discrimination of close to unity. LH levels in plasma from 32 adult men and 30 women outside the midcycle ranged from 0.6 to 3.2 mmug per ml (1 mmug of our laboratory LH standard is equivalent to 8 mU of the Second International Reference Preparation of Human Menopausal Gonadotropin). Levels were remarkably constant in men from day to day and in women except at midcycle, when a sharp peak occurred lasting less than 24 hours. In all women studied who had a midcycle LH peak, mean plasma LH levels during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle were higher than mean values obtained during the luteal phase. Prepubertal children had detectable plasma LH, and mean values were only slightly less than in adults. Plasma from castrate men or women or postmenopausal women contained 4.5 to 10.5 mmug per ml. Clomiphene treatment of four men resulted in a doubling of plasma LH in 5 days.
Field emission from 4.5 in. single-walled and multiwalled carbon nanotube films (2000)

Field emission properties of 4.5 in. flat panel displays in a diode type panel using single-walled (SWNTs) and multiwalled carbon nanotube tips (MWNTs) were characterized and compared. The panel, fabricated by a slurry squeezing and surface rubbing technique, enables the generation of more emission sites by removing materials on the surface. The turn-on field of MWNTs decreased from 6.4 to 3 V/μm by treatment of the surface, and that of SWNTs also decreased, from 4.5 to 2 V/μm. The density of aligned MWNTs is approximately 2/μm2, whereas the aligned SWNTs were uniformly distributed, with densities of 5–10/μm2. As a result, SWNT films show higher emission uniformity than MWNT films. A gradual degradation over time was observed in both MWNTs and SWNTs. The current stability curve of the SWNTs decreased about 20%, while that of the MWNTs decreased less than 10%.
SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV differ in their cell tropism and drug sensitivity profiles (2020)

Abstract SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus currently causing a pandemic. We show that the majority of amino acid positions, which differ between SARS-CoV-2 and the closely related SARS-CoV, are differentially conserved suggesting differences in biological behaviour. In agreement, novel cell culture models revealed differences between the tropism of SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. Moreover, cellular ACE2 (SARS-CoV-2 receptor) and TMPRSS2 (enables virus entry via S protein cleavage) levels did not reliably indicate cell susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2. SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV further differed in their drug sensitivity profiles. Thus, only drug testing using SARS-CoV-2 reliably identifies therapy candidates. Therapeutic concentrations of the approved protease inhibitor aprotinin displayed anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity. The efficacy of aprotinin and of remdesivir (currently under clinical investigation against SARS-CoV-2) were further enhanced by therapeutic concentrations of the proton pump inhibitor omeprazole (aprotinin 2.7-fold, remdesivir 10-fold). Hence, our study has also identified anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapy candidates that can be readily tested in patients.
Orthogonal dual-click diyne for CuAAC and/or SPAAC couplings (2016)

Carbamate-tethered propargyl and benzocyclononyne moieties within a single molecular unit undergo cycloaddition with azides under complementary CuAAC and/or SPAAC coupling conditions. The carbamate linker can be cleaved by analogy to the -CBz protecting group for click capture-and-release applications.
Salvaging The Ischaemic Penumbra: More Than Just Reperfusion? (2002)

1. The ischaemic penumbra is defined as a moderately hypoperfused region that retains structural integrity but has lost function. In animal models of ischaemic stroke, this region is prone to recurrent anoxic depolarization and will become infarcted if reperfusion does not occur. In the macaque model, an ischaemic penumbra has been identified for up to 3 h after ischaemic stroke onset, whereas in selected human patients it may exist for up to 48 h. 2. Although most definitions of the ischaemic penumbra stress a time-brain volume concept, few incorporate the idea that selective and delayed neuronal injury plays an important role. Thus, in addition to necrotic cell death caused by acute injury, it is important to also consider delayed death mediated by caspase-dependent and -independent apoptotic pathways. 3. Salvage of penumbral tissue is possible if reperfusion (e.g. after thrombolysis) occurs. However, neurons within this salvaged region may be still at risk of further delayed neuronal injury. 4. In the present review, we aim to revisit the concept of the ischaemic penumbra and explore the role of selective and delayed neuronal injury in enlargement of the volume of infarction, as well as pathogenic mechanisms of white matter ischaemia. Both animal and human models of cerebral ischaemia imaged using magnetic resonance and positron emission tomography techniques will be discussed.
Nucleoside diphosphate kinase from human erythrocytes: Purification, molecular mass and subunit structure (1989)

A new procedure for the purification of nucleoside diphosphate kinase from human erythrocytes is described. The enzyme (105 kDa by gel filtration) is made-up of two different kinds of subunits (19.0 and 20.5 kDa), both displaying enzymatic activity. The probable subunit structure of the enzyme is hexameric. The discrepancies related to earlier work are discussed.