gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Glycation of Skin Collagen in Type I Diabetes Mellitus: Correlation With Long-Term Complications (1986)

Nonenzymatic glycosylation (glycation) of collagen was measured by boronate affinity chromatography in skin biopsies from 41 type I diabetics with mean duration of diabetes of 25 yr (range 20-40 yr) and from 25 age-matched controls. Mean level of Amadori products was significantly increased in diabetic [7.85 +/- 1.78 (SD) nmol/mg collagen] versus control subjects [3.34 +/- 1.06 (SD) nmol/mg collagen, P less than .001] but did not correlate with age, diabetes duration, or severity of retinopathy, nephropathy, arterial stiffness, and joint stiffness. Similarly, mean collagen content per biopsies was 42% increased in diabetic versus control subjects (P less than .001) but did not correlate with age, diabetes duration, or severity of complications. A weak but positive correlation between glycohemoglobin level and glycation of skin collagen was observed. These results indicate that Amadori products cannot explain by themselves the pathogenesis of diabetic complications unless individual tissue response to glycation is different in subjects with and without complication. They do not exclude a role for the late stages of the Maillard reaction, nonenzymatic browning, in the formation of some of these complications.
A Measurement Technique To Obtain The Delay Time Of A Comparator In 120nm CMOS (2006)

The delay time of a regenerative comparator can be in the range of some tens of picoseconds. In this paper, an on-chip measurement technique is presented to obtain this delay time. For this task simple RC low-passes and different variants of implementing a fast XOR gate are examined to determine a short time difference, where after sampling the logic decision at the inverted and non-inverted output of the comparator, both outputs overlap with the same logical value. This time-difference is identified as the delay time of the comparator and occurs, if in the reset phase of the comparator the output nodes are pulled to the same logical value. An advantage of this technique is that only a DC voltage has to be measured outside the chip, which is proportional to the delay time and which is not influenced by bond wire inductances. A test-chip with the low-power comparator and a test-bed for delay-time detection was manufactured in a 120nm CMOS technology with a supply voltage of 1.5V. Compared with simulation results it turns out that a simple RC low-pass is sufficient for delay measurements. When applying a rectangular signal at the input of the implemented comparator, a minimal resolution of 8mV at a clock frequency of 1.5GHz was reached. The power consumption of the comparator was 160muW at 1.5GHz and the offset voltage was typically l0mV
A globally adaptive pixel-decimation algorithm for block-motion estimation (2000)

For the estimation of block-motion vectors, common techniques use uniform pixel-decimation patterns to select pixels to evaluate block-matching criterion, while other techniques use adaptive pixel patterns and have achieved better efficiency. However, these adaptive techniques still require an initial division of a block into a set of uniform regions, and therefore, are locally adaptive in essence. Our proposed scheme, which does not fix any regions at the beginning and selects pixels only when they have the features important in determining a match, shows an improvement in performance over the existing adaptive schemes. Our results suggest the usefulness of this method in block-motion estimation for low-bit-rate video coding, particularly in video phone and video conferencing.
Insulin Regulates Plasma Ghrelin Concentration (2002)

Ghrelin is a novel gastric peptide which stimulates growth hormone and has orexigenic and adipogenic properties. Plasma ghrelin is influenced by nutritional status and is thought to play a role in regulating food intake and body weight. We examined the effect of infusing insulin (40 mU/m(2)/min) for 2 hours while maintaining euglycemia on plasma ghrelin in 8 subjects (5 M, 3 F) aged 46 +/- 4 yrs (mean +/- SEM). Plasma insulin increased from 78 +/- 9 to 564 +/- 23 pmol/L during and returned rapidly to basal values after stopping the insulin infusion. Plasma ghrelin decreased from 85 +/- 28 to 61 +/- 18 pmol/L (p < 0.01) by 90 minutes of and continued to be suppressed for 15 minutes after the insulin infusion was discontinued. Subsequently, plasma ghrelin rose rapidly to near-basal values (81 +/- 23 pmol/L) within 60 minutes. The reciprocal relation between insulin and ghrelin was observed consistently in all subjects with the maximum insulin-induced suppression of ghrelin ranging from 19 to 64% (mean 32 +/- 5) and occurring 90-135 minutes after starting the insulin infusion (median 120). These findings indicate that insulin is a physiological and dynamic modulator of plasma ghrelin and that insulinemia possibly mediates the effect of nutritional status on its concentration.
High-throughput and quantitative assessment of enhancer activity in mammals by CapStarr-seq (2015)

Cell-type specific regulation of gene expression requires the activation of promoters by distal genomic elements defined as enhancers. The identification and the characterization of enhancers are challenging in mammals due to their genome complexity. Here we develop CapStarr-Seq, a novel high-throughput strategy to quantitatively assess enhancer activity in mammals. This approach couples capture of regions of interest to previously developed Starr-seq technique. Extensive assessment of CapStarr-seq demonstrates accurate quantification of enhancer activity. Furthermore, we find that enhancer strength is associated with binding complexity of tissue-specific transcription factors and super-enhancers, while additive enhancer activity isolates key genes involved in cell identity and function. The CapStarr-Seq thus provides a fast and cost-effective approach to assess the activity of potential enhancers for a given cell type and will be helpful in decrypting transcription regulation mechanisms.
A New Mutation in Plant<i>ALS</i>Confers Resistance to Five Classes of ALS-Inhibiting Herbicides (2007)

Experiments were conducted to evaluate a biotype of smooth pigweed that had survived applications of sulfonylurea (SU) and imidazolinone (IMI) herbicides in a single season. The source field had a history of repeated acetolactate synthase (ALS)-inhibiting herbicide use over several years. Whole-plant response experiments evaluated the resistant (R11) biotype and an ALS-inhibitor susceptible (S) smooth pigweed biotype to herbicides from the SU, IMI, pyrimidinylthiobenzoate (PTB), and triazolopyrimidine sulfonanilide (TP) chemical families. The R11 biotype exhibited 60- to 3,200-fold resistance to all four ALS-Inhibiting herbicide chemistries compared with the S biotype. Nucleotide sequence comparison of ALS genes from R11 and S biotypes revealed a single nucleotide difference that resulted in R11 having an amino acid substitution of aspartate to glutamate at position 376, as numbered relative to the protein sequence of mouseearcress. This is the first report of an amino acid substitution at this position of an ALS gene isolated from a field-selected weed biotype. To verify the role of this mutation in herbicide resistance, the ALS gene was cloned and expressed in Arabidopsis . Transgenic Arabidopsis expressing this ALS gene exhibited resistance to SU, IMI, PTB, TP, and sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone ALS-Inhibiting herbicide classes.
STUDIES IN BURNS. XI. ETHYL LINOLEATE (1972)

The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care: November 1972 - Volume 12 - Issue 11 - p 974-978
Simultaneous measurement of particle size, velocity and temperature (1993)

A measurement technique for simultaneously obtaining the size, velocity and temperature of particles entrained in thermal plasma jets is described. Particle size and velocity are obtained from a combination laser sizing system and laser Doppler velocimeter (LDV). The particle temperature is determined by two-colour pyrometry and the data rate is a measure of relative particle number density. Since particle size, velocity and temperature are measured simultaneously, cold, solid particles or unmelts are identified and their relative number density can be quantified. Typical data are presented.
Enalapril: a well-tolerated and efficacious agent for the pediatric hypertensive patient. (1987)

Enalapril either alone or with a diuretic was administered to 15 children with various renal diseases and hypertension. Five were transplant recipients on multiple immunosuppressive agents. No adverse clinical or laboratory experiences were encountered except for mild proteinuria in two children, one of whom has evidence of chronic rejection. Enalapril effectively controlled blood pressure in all 15 patients when given once daily with or without food. Renal function improved in seven children. Six children are under excellent blood pressure control despite a reduction in the dose of enalapril. Two are currently on no medication, five require a diuretic, while one child is on an increased dose of enalapril.
Military robots - a glimpse from today and tomorrow (2005)

The military forces always tried to use new gadgets and weapons for reducing the risk of their casualties and to defeat their enemies. With the development of sophisticated technology, it mostly relies on the high tech weapons or machinery being used. Robotics is one of the hot fields of modern age in which the nations are concentrating upon for military purposes in the state of war and peace. They have been in use for some time for demining and rescue operations but now they are under research for combat or spy missions. Today's modern military forces are using different kinds of robots for different applications ranging from mine detection, surveillance, logistics and rescue operations. In the future they will be used for reconnaissance and surveillance, logistics and support, communications infrastructure, forward-deployed offensive operations, and as tactical decoys to conceal maneuver by manned assets. In order to make robots for the unpredicted cluttered environment of the battlefield, research on different aspects of robots is under investigation in laboratories to be able to do its job autonomously, as efficiently as a human operated machine can do. Latest techniques are being investigated to have advanced and intelligent robots for different operations. This paper presents different kinds of robotic technologies being used in all the three main forces, Navy, Army and Air. Some of the robots discussed are also being used in the wars of Afghanistan and Iraq, also, the robots that are under investigation in laboratories for future military operations. These robots are under investigation for autonomous and cooperative environment. We focus our attention on the uses of robots in war and peace as well as their impact on society.
Polyethylene-Based Block Copolymers for Anion Exchange Membranes (2015)

Block copolymer membranes with a semicrystalline polyethylene component were prepared by anionic polymerization and postpolymerization functionalization reactions. Polybutadiene-b-poly(4-methylstyrene) (PB-b-P4MS) precursors with four different block compositions and 92–95% 1,4-content in the polybutadiene block were produced by living anionic polymerization in a nonpolar solvent. The polybutadiene block was subsequently hydrogenated to prepare a polyethylene block, and the hydrogenated block copolymers were then brominated at the arylmethyl group of the P4MS block. Subsequent quaternization reaction with trimethylamine led to the anion exchange membranes. The degree of crystallinity in the polyethylene block was determined by differential scanning calorimetry to be approximately 24–27%. The postpolymerization modification reactions were examined by 1H NMR and IR spectroscopy. The amount of quaternary ammonium groups was quantified by ion exchange capacity (IEC) measurements. Membranes with IEC’s ranging from 1.17 to 1.92 mmol/g were prepared. The IEC was varied by changing the relative amount of P4MS in the precursor block copolymer, and water uptake and ionic conductivity were found to increase with increasing IEC. Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) showed phase-separated, bicontinuous structures at all compositions. Materials with higher IEC show improved ionic conductivity as well as lower activation energy of ion conduction compared to less functionalized membranes. The hydroxide conductivity of the block copolymer membrane with an IEC of 1.92 mmol/g reached 73 mS/cm at 60 °C in water. Tensile measurements indicated excellent mechanical properties of the semicrystalline membranes for potential use as alkaline fuel cell membrane materials.
The discovery and early structural studies of arachidonic acid (2016)

Arachidonic acid and esterified arachidonate are ubiquitous components of every mammalian cell. This polyunsaturated fatty acid serves very important biochemical roles, including being the direct precursor of bioactive lipid mediators such as prostaglandin and leukotrienes. This 20 carbon fatty acid with four double bonds was first isolated and identified from mammalian tissues in 1909 by Percival Hartley. This was accomplished prior to the advent of chromatography or any spectroscopic methodology (MS, infrared, UV, or NMR). The name, arachidonic, was suggested in 1913 based on its relationship to the well-known arachidic acid (C20:0). It took until 1940 before the positions of the four double bonds were defined at 5,8,11,14 of the 20-carbon chain. Total synthesis was reported in 1961 and, finally, the configuration of the double bonds was confirmed as all-cis-5,8,11,14. By the 1930s, the relationship of arachidonic acid within the family of essential fatty acids helped cue an understanding of its structure and the biosynthetic pathway. Herein, we review the findings leading up to the discovery of arachidonic acid and the progress toward its complete structural elucidation.
Sharing of the optical band in local systems (1988)

Ways of supporting large numbers (on the order of thousands) of simultaneous high-speed ( approximately 10 Mb/s) users on the lowest hierarchical unit of a coherent optical system are investigated. Assuming each channel uses a different optical carrier, a key impairment is laser phase noise, which causes modulated optical carriers, nominally widely separated in frequency, to not be truly spectrally disjoint. To deal with this problem in consideration of the superabundance of optical bandwidth, attention is focused on the region of low spectral utilization. For this region, formulas are derived that describe the performance of three arrangements of optical channels: equally spaced carriers, randomly placed carriers, and randomly placed carriers with spread spectrum. The formulas quantify the great superiority of equally spaced carriers over random placement, despite the highly significant benefit afforded by spread spectrum. Numerical examples are worked out to show this result.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Trioxolane-Mediated Delivery of Mefloquine Limits Brain Exposure in a Mouse Model of Malaria (2015)

Peroxidic antimalarial agents including the sequiterpene artemisinins and the synthetic 1,2,4-trioxolanes function via initial intraparasitic reduction of an endoperoxide bond. By chemically coupling this reduction to release of a tethered drug species it is possible to confer two distinct pharmacological effects in a parasite-selective fashion, both in vitro and in vivo. Here we demonstrate the trioxolane-mediated delivery of the antimalarial agent mefloquine in a mouse malaria model. Selective partitioning of the trioxolane-mefloquine conjugate in parasitized erythrocytes, combined with effective exclusion of the conjugate from brain significantly reduced brain exposure as compared to mice directly administered mefloquine. These studies suggest the potential of trioxolane-mediated drug delivery to mitigate off-target effects of existing drugs, including the adverse neuropsychiatric effects of mefloquine use in therapeutic and chemoprophylactic settings.
Multistage temporal motion compensation for motion vector coding (2002)

Motion vector field is generally encoded by using an intraframe differential coding, that is, the well known DPCM approach. An interframe differential coding might be an alternative when the motion vector field is not spatially smooth enough. In this paper, we propose a multistage interframe differential coding approach. In addition to the temporal dependencies between the motion vector fields, temporal dependencies between residual vector fields of consecutive stages are also exploited in this approach. An accumulated average for generating the compensation vector field is also proposed in this paper. Experimental results have shown that the proposed approach is more suitable for real applications where various characteristics of motion fields might exist.
Solution structure of eggcase silk protein and its implications for silk fiber formation (2009)

Spider silks are renowned for their excellent mechanical properties and biomimetic and industrial potentials. They are formed from the natural refolding of water-soluble fibroins with alpha-helical and random coil structures in silk glands into insoluble fibers with mainly beta-structures. The structures of the fibroins at atomic resolution and silk formation mechanism remain largely unknown. Here, we report the 3D structures of individual domains of a approximately 366-kDa eggcase silk protein that consists of 20 identical type 1 repetitive domains, one type 2 repetitive domain, and conserved nonrepetitive N- and C-terminal domains. The structures of the individual domains in solution were determined by using NMR techniques. The domain interactions were investigated by NMR and dynamic light-scattering techniques. The formation of micelles and macroscopic fibers from the domains was examined by electron microscopy. We find that either of the terminal domains covalently linked with at least one repetitive domain spontaneously forms micelle-like structures and can be further transformed into fibers at > or = 37 degrees C and a protein concentration of > 0.1 wt%. Our biophysical and biochemical experiments indicate that the less hydrophilic terminal domains initiate the assembly of the proteins and form the outer layer of the micelles whereas the more hydrophilic repetitive domains are embedded inside to ensure the formation of the micelle-like structures that are the essential intermediates in silk formation. Our results establish the roles of individual silk protein domains in fiber formation and provide the basis for designing miniature fibroins for producing artificial silks.
A mild and Selective Method of Ester Hydrolysis (1989)

Abstract Carboxylic esters, when refluxed in an aqueous suspension of Dowex-50, furnish the corresponding carboxylic acids in excellent yields. Tertiary ester and nitriles remain unaffected under this condition and β-keto esters undergo smooth decarboxylations.
Specialist Gelator for Ionic Liquids (2005)

Cyclo(l-beta-3,7-dimethyloctylasparaginyl-L-phenylalanyl) (1) and cyclo(L-beta-2-ethylhexylasparaginyl-L-phenylalanyl) (2), prepared from L-asparaginyl-L-phenylalanine methyl ester, have been found to be specialist gelators for ionic liquids. They can gel a wide variety of ionic liquids, including imizazolium, pyridinium, pyrazolidinium, piperidinium, morpholinium, and ammonium salts. The mean minimum gel concentrations (MGCs) necessary to make gels at 25 degrees C were determined for ionic liquids. The gel strength increased at a rate nearly proportional to the concentration of added gelator. The strength of the transparent gel of 1-butylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate ([C(4)py]BF(4)), prepared at a concentration of 60 g L(-1) (gelator 1/[C(4)py]BF(4)), was ca. 1500 g cm(-2). FT-IR spectroscopy indicated that a driving force for gelation was intermolecular hydrogen bonding between amides and that the phase transition from gel to liquid upon heating was brought about by the collapse of hydrogen bonding. The gels formed from ionic liquids were very thermally stable; no melting occurs up to 140 degrees C when the gels were prepared at a concentration of 70 g L(-1) (gelator/ionic liquid). The ionic conductivities of the gels were nearly the same as those of pure ionic liquids. The gelator had electrochemical stability and a wide electrochemical window. When the gels were prepared from ionic liquids containing propylene carbonate, the ionic conductivities of the resulting gels increased to levels rather higher than those of pure ionic liquids. The gelators also gelled ionic liquids containing supporting electrolytes.
[4+2]‐Cycloadditionen von 1,2‐Dicyanocyclobuten und seine thermische Ringöffnung zum 2,3‐Dicyanobutadien‐1,3 (1973)

Abstract Facile synthetic routes to 1,2‐dicyanocyclobutene ( 3 ), cyclobutene‐1,2‐dicarboxylic acid ( 56 ) and derivatives thereof are presented, starting from 1,2‐dicyanocyclobutane ( 1 ), a commercially available acrylonitrile cyclodimer. The favored mode of [4+2]‐cycloadditions of 3 to cyclic dienes with sp 3 carbon atoms is the endo ‐addition (above 90% relative yields of adducts with endo ‐cyclobutane ring). Exo ‐cycloaddition, however, is preferred by dienes having no sp 3 ‐carbon atom ( e . g . furane). Cyclisation reactions involving cis ‐vicinal substituents in [4+ 2]‐cycloadducts afford ( m . n . 2)‐azapropellanes 18 , 74 and 77 . 1 H‐ and 13 C‐NMR. spectra of the stereoisomeric adducts are discussed in detail. The structures of the furane adducts 14 and 15 were determined by 1 H‐NMR. using the shift reagent Eu(dpm) 3 . Reactive butadienes 32 , 53 ‐ 55 are obtained in high yield and purity by gasphase thermolysis (380–420°) of the correspondingly substituted cyclobutenes. 2,3‐Dicyanobutadiene‐l, 3 ( 32 ) gives good yields of [4 + 2]‐cycloadducts with strained cycloolefines, moderate yields with vinylethers and non‐activated olefins, and no adducts at all with electrophilic dienophiles (8.g. maleic anhydride, fumaronitrile). Thus, reactions of 32 are typical Diels ‐ Alder reactions with ‘inverse electron demand’. Some of these primary [4+2]‐cycloadducts ( 38 , 39 and 45 ) were dehydrogenated to new aromatic ortho ‐ dinitriles 46 ‐ 48 .
CORRESPONDENCE. CORRUGATED CONCRETE SHELL ROOFS. (1953)

"CORRESPONDENCE. CORRUGATED CONCRETE SHELL ROOFS.." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers, 2(6), pp. 615–616
Well-Defined Surface Imido Amido Tantalum(V) Species from Ammonia and Silica-Supported Tantalum Hydrides (2006)

The MCM-41 supported hydrides [(⋮SiO)2TaH], 1a, and [(⋮SiO)2TaH3], 1b, cleave N−H bonds of ammonia at room temperature to yield the well-defined imido amido surface complexes [(⋮SiO)2Ta(NH)(NH2)], 2, and 2·NH3. Additionally, the surface silanes [⋮Si−H] that exist in close proximity to 1a and 1b also react with ammonia at room temperature to give the surface silylamido [⋮Si−NH2]. Such reaction is tantalum assisted: surface silanes were synthesized independently and in absence of tantalum by reaction of highly strained silica, SiO2-1000, with SiH4 and no reaction with ammonia was observed. Surface-supported complexes 2, 2·NH3,and [⋮Si−NH2] have been characterized by, inter alia, solid-state NMR, IR, and EXAFS and independent synthesis of [⋮Si−NH2]. The NMR studies on the fully 15N-labeled samples have led to unambiguous discrimination between imido, amido, and amino resonances of 2*, 2*·15NH3, and [⋮Si−15NH2] through the combination of solid-state magic angle spinning (MAS), heteronuclear correlation (HETCOR), 2D proton double-quantum (DQ) single-quantum (SQ) correlation, and 2D proton triple-quantum (TQ) single-quantum (SQ) correlation spectra. The in situ IR monitoring of the reaction of 1a and 1b with regular NH3 and 15NH3, and after H/D exchange has yielded the determination of all the NHx vibration and deformation modes, with their respective H/D and 14N/15N isotopic shifts. EXAFS study yielded the bond distances in 2 of 1.79(2) Å for TaN, 1.89(1) Å for Ta−O, and 1.98(2) Å for Ta−N.