gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Dictyostelium cell cycle and its relationship to differentiation (1994)

The dictyostelium vegetative cell cycle is characterized by a short mitotic period followed immediately by a short S-phase (less than 30 min) and a long and variable G2 phase. The cell cycle continues during differentiation despite a decrease in cell mass: DNA replication and mitosis occur early in development and also at the tipped aggregate stage. Cells that are in mitosis, S-phase or early G2, when starved differentiate into prestalk cells and cells that are in the middle of G2 differentiate into prespore cells. We postulate that there is a restriction point late in the G2 phase, about 1-2 h before mitosis, where the cells can be arrested either by starvation and the initiation of development, by growing into stationary phase, or by prolonged incubation at low temperature. During development, this block persists to the tipped aggregate stage, where it is specifically released in prespore cells, and these cells then go through one more round of cell division. Genes encoding components of the cell cycle machinery have recently been isolated and attempts to specifically block the cell cycle by reverse genetics to study the effects on differentiation have been initiated.
Contraceptive Vaginal Rings (2001)

Contraceptive vaginal rings (CVRs) contain sex steroids that diffuse through a plastic polymer ring at a constant rate and are absorbed directly through the vaginal epithelium into the systemic circulation. This delivery system provides many advantages over oral contraceptives (OCs), including avoidance of the first-pass effect through the liver, constant serum steroid levels, longer duration of use, and greater bioavailability of the hormones. CVRs containing progestin only are designed for continuous use for 3 to 6 months. Those containing progesterone alone are indicated for use in women who are breastfeeding. Large clinical trials of progestin-containing CVRs demonstrated good efficacy and safety of the CVR, with continuation rates similar to that of OCs. CVRs containing a combination of estrogen and progestin are designed to be used for 1 to 12 months in a cyclic manner similar to OCs, with withdrawal bleeding in the fourth week of each cycle. In clinical trials these CVRs have typical use efficacies similar to OCs, with an acceptable pattern of bleeding.
Anwendung der Infrarot‐Spektrographie auf dem Fettgebiet II: Quantitative Bestimmung trans‐ungesättigter Fettsäuren in Gemischen mit cis‐isomeren und gesättigten Verbindungen (1959)

Abstract Zur quantitativen Erfassung des trans‐Gehaltes in Fettsäuren, deren Ba‐Salzen und Fettsäureestern werden verschiedene Methode geprüft. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse an monoungesättigten Verbindungen und künstlichen und natürlichen Gemischen geben an, in welchem Bereich die einzelnen Verfahren praktisch ausgewertet werden können. Die Bestimmungen des trans‐Gehaltes in Fetten zeigen, daß durch die Glyceridstruktur in einem Fett oder Öl ein trans‐Gehalt in z. T. beachtlicher Menge vorgetäuscht werden kann.
Database usability (1983)

There is a clear shift of emphasis in the way in which computer systems in general, and database management systems in particular, are perceived in the marketplace today. Questions of usability are beginning to outweigh the more traditional concerns with raw performance. The reason for this state of affairs is obvious; People costs are rising and machine costs are falling. This presentation consists of a critical examination of database management systems, or more specifically the externals of such systems, from a usability standpoint.The talk is divided into three parts. The first part, "What Does Usability Mean?", is an attempt to capture the notion of usability, or at least to characterize certain aspects of the notion in a variety of helpful ways. It is argued that usability is fundamentally concerned with raising the level of abstraction of the user interface in an appropriate and coherent manner --- with the emphasis on "appropriate" and "coherent".The second part of the talk, "Where We Are Today", contrasts the usability of modern (relational) systems with the comparative lack of usability found in older (nonrelational) systems. The usability advantages of the relational model and of relational systems are summarized and briefly analyzed.The third (and longest) part is called "How We Might Improve". Improvements are needed in at least four somewhat overlapping areas:1. Quality of current interfacesEven though they represent a major advance over earlier systems, most relational systems today still suffer from a number of usability problems, specifically with regard to missing function and what might be termed "ad hoc"-ness. Both of these aspects are illustrated with examples. Some principles of interface design (for example, uniformity and orthogonality) are briefly discussed.2. More semantics over current dataRaising the intelligence of the system (via semantic modeling) can also help to make the system more usable, especially with regard to database design and definition.3. New kinds of dataIncorporating new kinds of data (e.g., text, arrays, noncoded information) can also help to raise the level of the user interface, especially if the database management function is properly integrated with appropriate statistics, word-processing, graphics, and similar packages.4. New kinds of interfaceConventional, written-word-oriented query languages are very clumsy in many applications. The Field is wide open for improvements: text-editor-like interfaces, voice input and output, 3D terminals, pictorial interfaces, etc., etc.
Nox4 Acts as a Switch Between Differentiation and Proliferation in Preadipocytes (2008)

Nox4 acts as a switch from insulin-induced proliferation to differentiation by controlling MKP-1 expression, which limits ERK1/2 signaling.
Sickle cell detection using a smartphone (2015)

Sickle cell disease affects 25% of people living in Central and West Africa and, if left undiagnosed, can cause life threatening "silent" strokes and lifelong damage. However, ubiquitous testing procedures have yet to be implemented in these areas, necessitating a simple, rapid, and accurate testing platform to diagnose sickle cell disease. Here, we present a label-free, sensitive, and specific testing platform using only a small blood sample (<1 μl) based on the higher density of sickle red blood cells under deoxygenated conditions. Testing is performed with a lightweight and compact 3D-printed attachment installed on a commercial smartphone. This attachment includes an LED to illuminate the sample, an optical lens to magnify the image, and two permanent magnets for magnetic levitation of red blood cells. The sample is suspended in a paramagnetic medium with sodium metabisulfite and loaded in a microcapillary tube that is inserted between the magnets. Red blood cells are levitated in the magnetic field based on equilibrium between the magnetic and buoyancy forces acting on the cells. Using this approach, we were able to distinguish between the levitation patterns of sickle versus control red blood cells based on their degree of confinement.
Does an Increase in Membrane Unsaturated Fatty Acids Account for Tween 80 Stimulation of Glucosyltransferase Secretion by Streptococcus salivarius? (1985)

When Streptococcus salivarius was grown in batch culture in the presence of various Tween detergents, the fatty acid moiety of the detergent was incorporated into the lipids of its membrane. Tween 80 (containing primarily oleic acid) markedly stimulated the production of extracellular glucosyltransferase and also increased the degree of unsaturation of the membrane lipid fatty acids. The possibility that an increase in membrane unsaturated fatty acids promoted extracellular glucosyltransferase production was examined by growing cells at different temperatures in the presence or absence of Tween 80. The membrane lipids of cells grown at 30 degrees C, 37 degrees C and 40 degrees C without Tween 80 exhibited unsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratios of 2.06, 1.01 and 0.87 respectively. A significant increase in the production of extracellular glucosyltransferase was observed at 30 degrees C compared to cells grown at 40 degrees C. However, cells produced much more exoenzyme at all temperatures when grown with Tween 80. The results indicated that an increase in the unsaturated fatty acid content of the membrane lipids was not by itself sufficient to account for the stimulation of extracellular glucosyltransferase production by Tween 80, but that the surfactant also had to be present.
Roughness and anisotropy effects on wettability of polytetrafluoroethylene and sodium‐treated polytetrafluoroethylene (1973)

Abstract The effect of roughness on wettability of skived polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE or Teflon) and Na‐treated PTFE film were studied by advancing contact angle measurements. The effect of an anisotropic force field of elongated Na‐treated PTFE on the shear bond strength were also studied as a function of elongation. The results are analyzed in terms of London dispersion γs d and Keesom polar γs p contributions to surface energy γs. It was found that the roughness effect on wettability of PTFE is significant for untreated PTFE and negligible for Na‐treated PTFE. Our shear bond strength σ b analysis of elongated Na‐treated PTFE showed that σ b is influenced by an anisotropic force field and the σ b increases with the fractional polarity p = γs p /γs but decreases with the dispersion fraction d = γs d /γs of solid‐vapor surface tension γs = γs d + γs p
The Effect of AlloMatrix Injectable Putty on the Outcome of Long Bone Applications (2003)

Long bone defects due to nonunion or surgical excision of benign bone tumors result in areas that require rapid regeneration of local bone. This clinical and radiographic article details the results of a commercially prepared allograft demineralized bone matrix in patients with long bone voids or gaps. Of the 76 patients included for study, 41 (54%) patients were undergoing surgical intervention for removal of benign tumors or space-occupying lesions and 35 (46%) patients had long bone nonunions. AlloMatrix Injectable Putty (Wright Medical Technology, Inc, Arlington, Tenn) was used alone in 74 (97%) patients and in combination with bone marrow aspirate in two (3%) patients with tibial nonunion. Adjunctive strut allografts were used in three patients with humeral nonunion. The average time to follow-up for the combined population was 7 months (nonunion group 6 months; benign tumor group 7 months). At the most recent follow-up, radiographic evidence of the average percent of bone healing was 85.1% for the nonunion patient group and 93% for the benign tumor patient group. From this study, AlloMatrix Injectable Putty used as a bone void filler in long bone nonunions and benign tumors shows results equal to those historically reported for autograft and other materials.
H<sub>6</sub>phospa-trastuzumab: bifunctional methylenephosphonate-based chelator with<sup>89</sup>Zr,<sup>111</sup>In and<sup>177</sup>Lu (2013)

The acyclic chelator H6phospa and the bifunctional derivative p-SCN-Bn-H6phospa have been synthesized using nosyl protection chemistry and evaluated with (89)Zr, (111)In, and (177)Lu. The p-SCN-Bn-H6phospa derivative was successfully conjugated to trastuzumab with isotopic dilution assays indicating 3.3 ± 0.1 chelates per antibody and in vitro cellular binding assays indicating an immunoreactivity value of 97.9 ± 2.6%. Radiolabeling of the H6phospa-trastuzumab immunoconjugate was achieved with (111)In in 70-90% yields at room temperature in 30 minutes, while (177)Lu under the same conditions produced more inconsistent yields of 40-80%. Stability experiments in human serum revealed the (111)In-phospa-trastuzumab complex to be 52.0 ± 5.3% intact after 5 days at 37 °C, while the (177)Lu-phospa-trastuzumab to be only 2.0 ± 0.3% intact. Small animal SPECT/CT imaging using mice bearing subcutaneous SKOV-3 ovarian cancer xenografts was performed, and it was found that (111)In-phospa-trastuzumab successfully identified and delineated small (~2 mm in diameter) tumors from surrounding tissues, despite visible uptake in the kidneys and bone due to moderate chelate instability. As predicted from stability assays in serum, the (177)Lu-phospa-trastuzumab conjugate served as a negative control and displayed no tumor uptake, with high uptake in bones indicating rapid and complete radiometal dissociation and suggesting a potential application of H6phospa in transient lanthanide chelation for bone-delivery. Radiolabeling with (89)Zr was attempted, but even with elevated temperatures of 37 °C, the maximum observed radiometal incorporation over 18 hours was 12%. It can be concluded from this work that H6phospa is not superior to the previously studied H4octapa for use with (111)In and (177)Lu, but improvements in (89)Zr radiolabeling were observed over H4octapa, suggesting H6phospa to be an excellent starting point for elaboration of (89)Zr-based radiopharmaceutical development. To our knowledge, H6phospa is the best desferrioxamine alternative for (89)Zr radiolabeling to be studied to date.
Synergy Between Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a Rat Model of Complex Orthopaedic Wounds (2001)

Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogen commonly seen in orthopaedic patients. The pathogenicity of Staphylococcus aureus was shown to be increased in the presence of anaerobic bacteria. This study is the first one that we are aware of that demonstrated synergy between Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, at low concentrations, in a wound model while at the same time showing that Staphylococcus aureus lowers the rate of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.
The next generation of highly reliable and secure encryption for the IBM z13 (2015)

New business opportunities for cloud, analytics, mobile, and social applications depend on a secure computing infrastructure. The introduction of the IBM 4767 cryptographic coprocessor continues IBM leadership in marketplace security. The IBM 4767/Crypto Express5S is a versatile solution, offering three modes of operations on the IBM z13™ System: 1) Accelerator, 2) Common Cryptographic Architecture (CCA) Coprocessor, and 3) Enterprise PKCS #11 (public-key cryptography standard) Coprocessor. The highly programmable cryptographic coprocessor environment features a new ASIC (application-specific integrated circuit), FPGA (field-programmable gate array), and enhanced performance. The innovative internal hardware and firmware can be easily updated to achieve new security standards and requirements as well as new customer-specific functionality. The secure APIs (application programming interfaces) are designed to support standard cryptographic functions as well as specialized banking and financial functions. This is done in a way that allows the sensitive key material never to be exposed outside the physical secure boundary in a clear format. Performance benefits include the incorporation of elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) and format preserving encryption (FPE) in the hardware. For the z13, the number of logical domains has been increased from 16 to 85, allowing more system versatility. This new design also supports SRIOV (single root I/O virtualization) and the ability to customize arbitration to target SRIOV or quality of service.
Significance of the association between heparin‐binding epidermal growth factor‐like growth factor and CD9 in human gastric cancer (2002)

Heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF) is a member of the EGF family. Juxtacrine activity of proHB-EGF (the membrane-anchored form of HB-EGF) has been shown to be significantly potentiated when it is coexpressed with CD9 in vitro. The purpose of our study was to investigate the issue of whether proHB-EGF and CD9 are coexpressed in gastric cancer. HB-EGF gene expression and protein production in human gastric cancers was investigated, and EGF receptor and CD9 expressions were also evaluated. HB-EGF mRNA levels in gastric cancers were elevated, compared with normal gastric tissues, especially in the intestinal type. ProHB-EGF immunoreactivity was detected primarily in the cytoplasm and plasma membrane of gastric cancer cells. Of 66 patients, 40 (60.6%) exhibited proHB-EGF immunoreactivity and the level of its expression was significantly associated with tumor status (p < 0.01) and histological differentiation (p < 0.001). In addition, proHB-EGF mRNA was detected at high levels in the intestinal type by in situ hybridization. CD9 immunoreactivity was found to be preserved in 26 of 36 patients (72.2%) and CD9 protein expression was inversely associated with lymph node status (p < 0.05). A significant correlation between its expression and histological differentiation (p < 0.01) was found, and the association of CD9 with proHB-EGF was increased in the intestinal type, as evidenced by an immunoprecipitation method. These results indicate that the coexpression of proHB-EGF and CD9 may be involved in the tumorigenesis and/or proliferation of gastric cancers in a juxtacrine manner.
Lowering the barriers to programming (2005)

Since the early 1960's, researchers have built a number of programming languages and environments with the intention of making programming accessible to a larger number of people. This article presents a taxonomy of languages and environments designed to make programming more accessible to novice programmers of all ages. The systems are organized by their primary goal, either to teach programming or to use programming to empower their users, and then, by each system's authors' approach, to making learning to program easier for novice programmers. The article explains all categories in the taxonomy, provides a brief description of the systems in each category, and suggests some avenues for future work in novice programming environments and languages.
Progesterone receptor subtype B is differentially regulated in human endometrial stroma (1998)

Two anti-progesterone receptor (PgR) antibodies, a new one specific to PgRB, the other to PgR subtypes A + B, have been used to examine the cellular location of PgR subtypes A and B in normal endometrium throughout the menstrual cycle and in early human decidua by standard immunohistochemical techniques. PgR(A+B) is the receptor detected by the antibody recognizing both isoforms of the receptor. PgRB is the receptor detected by the new antibody specific to the B isoform. Since it is not possible to raise antibody specific to PgR subtype A, all immunohistochemical analysis of the PgRA subtype is by subtractive inference. Thus we refer to PgRA as the subtype responsible for positive immunoreactivity when the PgRB subtype cannot be specifically detected. Endometrial biopsies were collected from 40 women with regular menses (n = 5 each stage of cycle: menstrual; early, mid and late proliferative; ovulatory; early, mid, and late secretory). Decidual tissue was obtained from 10 women undergoing first trimester surgical termination of pregnancy. As previously reported, the PgR(A+B) antibody stained glandular and stromal nuclei during the proliferative phase but only stromal nuclei during the secretory phase and early pregnancy. The new PgRB antibody also stained both cell types intensely during the proliferative phase, but failed to stain either stromal or glandular nuclei strongly during the secretory phase and early pregnancy. We concluded that, while both PgR subtypes were present in glands and stroma in the proliferative phase, and both subtypes were dramatically reduced in the glands during the secretory phase, PgRA remained as the predominant type in the stroma during the secretory phase and early pregnancy. The profound effects of progesterone on endometrium during the secretory phase and early pregnancy appear to be mediated primarily by PgRA in the stroma.
Global and time-resolved monitoring of crop photosynthesis with chlorophyll fluorescence (2014)

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants harvest sunlight to produce sugars from carbon dioxide and water. It is the primary source of energy for all life on Earth; hence it is important to understand how this process responds to climate change and human impact. However, model-based estimates of gross primary production (GPP, output from photosynthesis) are highly uncertain, in particular over heavily managed agricultural areas. Recent advances in spectroscopy enable the space-based monitoring of sun-induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) from terrestrial plants. Here we demonstrate that spaceborne SIF retrievals provide a direct measure of the GPP of cropland and grassland ecosystems. Such a strong link with crop photosynthesis is not evident for traditional remotely sensed vegetation indices, nor for more complex carbon cycle models. We use SIF observations to provide a global perspective on agricultural productivity. Our SIF-based crop GPP estimates are 50-75% higher than results from state-of-the-art carbon cycle models over, for example, the US Corn Belt and the Indo-Gangetic Plain, implying that current models severely underestimate the role of management. Our results indicate that SIF data can help us improve our global models for more accurate projections of agricultural productivity and climate impact on crop yields. Extension of our approach to other ecosystems, along with increased observational capabilities for SIF in the near future, holds the prospect of reducing uncertainties in the modeling of the current and future carbon cycle.
Oral tolerance originates in the intestinal immune system and relies on antigen carriage by dendritic cells (2006)

Oral tolerance induction is a key feature of intestinal immunity, generating systemic nonresponsiveness to ingested antigens. In this study, we report that orally applied soluble antigens are exclusively recognized in the intestinal immune system, particularly in the mesenteric lymph nodes. Consequently, the initiation of oral tolerance is impeded by mesenteric lymphadenectomy. Small bowel transplantation reveals that mesenteric lymph nodes require afferent lymph to accomplish the recognition of orally applied antigens. Finally, oral tolerance cannot be induced in CCR7-deficient mice that display impaired migration of dendritic cells from the intestine to the mesenteric lymph nodes, suggesting that immunologically relevant antigen is transported in a cell-bound fashion. These results demonstrate that antigen transport via afferent lymphatics into the draining mesenteric lymph nodes is obligatory for oral tolerance induction, inspiring new therapeutic strategies to exploit oral tolerance induction for the prevention and treatment of autoimmune diseases.
DETERMINATION OF THE UAV POSITION BY AUTOMATIC PROCESSING OF THERMAL IMAGES (2012)

Abstract. If images acquired from Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) need to be accurately geo-referenced, the method of choice is classical aerotriangulation, since on-board sensors are usually not accurate enough for direct geo-referencing. For several different applications it has recently been proposed to mount thermal cameras on UAVs. Compared to optical images, thermal ones pose a number of challenges, in particular low resolution and weak local contrast. In this work we investigate the automatic orientation of thermal image blocks acquired from a UAV, using artificial ground control points. To that end we adapt the photogrammetric processing pipeline to thermal imagery. The pipeline achieves accuracies of about ±1 cm in planimetry and ±3 cm in height for the object points, respectively ±10 cm or better for the camera positions, compared to ±100 cm or worse for direct geo-referencing using on-board single-frequency GPS.