gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and biological activities of 14-epi-MART-10 and 14-epi-MART-11: implications for cancer and osteoporosis treatment. (2009)

The 14-epimer of MART-10, namely 14-epi-MART-10 (14-epi-2alpha-(3-hydroxypropyl)-1alpha,25-dihydroxy-19-norvitamin D3) and its 2-epimeric analog (14-epi-MART-11) were efficiently synthesized using the Julia coupling reaction to connect between the C5 and C6 positions (steroid numbering). An A-ring precursor was prepared from (-)-quinic acid as shown in the previous MART-10 synthesis. The novel 14-epi-CD-ring coupling partner with an elongated two carbon unit as a sulfone was synthesized from 14-epi-25-hydroxy Grundmann's ketone in good yield. The subsequent coupling reaction followed by a deprotection step afforded a mixture of 14-epi-MART-10 and 14-epi-MART-11 in 40% yield. To separate 14-epi-MART-10 and 14-epi-MART-11, each primary hydroxyl group was esterified with a pivaloyl group and the resulting pivalates 2alpha and 2beta were separated by high performance liquid chromatography. After the separation, the C2-stereochemistry of each (2alpha or 2beta) was determined by 1H NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) studies including NOE (nuclear Overhauser effect) experiments. The pivaloyl group was removed under basic conditions to obtain the target molecules of 14-epi-MART-10 and 14-epi-MART-11, respectively. The VDR (vitamin D receptor)-binding affinity, HL-60 (human promyelocytic leukemia) cell differentiation activity, antiproliferative activity in PZ-HPV-7 (immortalized normal prostate) cells and transactivation activity of the osteocalcin promoter in HOS (human osteoblast cell line) cells (serum-free conditions) were investigated. In addition, the effects on bone mineral density (BMD) and the blood and urine calcium concentrations of ovariectomized (OVX) rats were examined. 14-epi-MART-10 has much greater antiproliferative and cell differentiation activities compared to 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1alpha,25(OH)2D3).
Chronic lymphoid leukemias: Recent advances in biology and therapy (1995)

There exists a wide variety of lymphoid leukemias derived from B and T lymphocytes. These diseases have distinct immunologic and biologic features as well as varied responses to therapeutics. The most common lymphoid leukemia is chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) which is a clonal proliferation of a subset of B cells expressing the CD5 antigen. Prolymphocytic leukemia is usually derived from B cells and shares some features with CLL but is clearly a distinct entity. Hairy-cell leukemia is a B cell malignancy that is uniquely responsive to a variety of biologic and chemotherapeutic agents. Waldenström's macroglobulinemia is a B cell malignancy that secretes immunoglobulin M (IgM) and may present with the hyperviscosity syndrome. Other B cell malignancies that less commonly present as leukemias include non-Hodgkin's lymphomas such as follicular lymphoma or mantle zone lymphoma. Multiple myeloma may rarely present or evolve into a plasma cell leukemia, typically in far advanced disease. T cell malignancies that may present as chronic lymphoid leukemias, and in the past have often been referred to as T cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia, are large granular lymphocytic leukemia, adult T cell leukemia/lymphoma, Sézary cell leukemia and rare cases of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma that are T cell derived and may present or evolve into a leukemic phase. There is also a rare T cell counterpart of prolymphocytic leukemia. Distinguishing these diseases is critical for optimal care of these patients.
Detection of miRNAs using chimeric DNA/RNA iLock probes utilizing novel activity of PBCV-1 DNA ligase : RNA-templated ligation of ssRNA (2017)

Accurate detection of miRNAs with complementary probes is challenging due to the short target size, and often high sequence similarity between isoforms belonging to the same miRNA family. Ligation ...
Studies on diamondlike carbon films for antireflection coatings of infrared optical materials (1994)

Diamondlike carbon (DLC) films were directly deposited onto germanium (Ge) and zinc sulphide (ZnS) slices by a capacitively coupled 13.56 MHz rf glow discharge plasma with Ar-C2H2 gas mixtures. The IR transmittance was measured using a Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer. The maximum values of the IR transmission of Ge and ZnS with DLC films on both sides are 99% and 95.8%, respectively, which come up to the theoretical values. A nonuniform DLC film, of which the refractive index gradually changes along the thickness, has been successfully deposited onto a Ge slice for the first time and the IR transmission of a nonuniform DLC film coated onto both sides of a Ge substrate at the wider wave band of 2.5–15 μm is over 85%.
Metal-molecule contacts (2005)

Metal-molecule contacts play a key role in determining the current-voltage (I-V) characteristics of a molecular junction. This article reviews specific ways that metal-molecule contacts can be controlled to impart a desired functionality, and highlights some unanswered questions.
High torque ultrasonic motor using longitudinal and torsional vibrations (2003)

The design and characteristics of an ultrasonic motor that uses longitudinal and torsional vibrations are described. The design is aimed at achieving a high-torque motor. This motor is characterized by the fact that the torsional stator vibrator is also used as a rotor and revolves about its length axis. Experimental results have shown that this design is suited for a high-torque ultrasonic motor. Some detailed data on the prototype motor are described. The maximum torque of the motor is improved by making the diameters of the longitudinal and torsional vibrators large.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Frequency-Dividing Locked-in Oscillator Frequency-Modulation Receiver (1944)

A new type of frequency-modulation receiving system is described in which a continuously operating local oscillator is frequency-modulated by the received signal. In an embodiment of the system which is described, the oscillator is locked in with the received signal at one fifth the intermediate frequency. With this 5:1 relationship between the intermediate frequency and the oscillator frequency, an equivalent reduction in the frequency variations of the local oscillator is obtained. Received signal-frequency variations of ±75 kilocycles are reproduced as ±15-kilocycle variations in the oscillator frequency. The frequency-modulated signal derived from the oscillator is applied to a discriminator which is designed for this reduced range of frequencies. The oscillator is designed to lock in only with frequency variations which occur within the desired-signal channel. The oscillator is, therefore, prevented from following the frequency variations of a signal on an adjacent channel. A substantial improvement in selectivity is thus obtained. The voltage required to lock in the oscillator with a weak signal is approximately one twentieth of the voltage applied to the discriminator. Since this voltage gain is obtained at a different and lower frequency than the intermediate frequency, the stability of the receiver from the standpoint of over-all feedback is materially improved. Other performance advantages and the factors affecting the operation of the sytem are discussed.
Identification of molecular markers of embryogenesis in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> by promoter trapping (1994)

The technique of promoter trapping has been exploited to identify markers of embryogenesis in Arabidopsis thaliana. A population of transgenic A. thaliana was generated containing the promoter trap vector pdeltagusBin19, following Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation. This vector contains at the T-DNA left border, a promoterless gusA gene, which is activated following integration downstream of a native gene promoter that directs transgene transcription. Screening of a population of 430 independent transgenic lines revealed that 74 lines (17.2%) exhibited GUS activity in siliques, as determined by fluorimetric assay. Histochemical GUS analysis was used to identify lines that expressed GUS in embryos, and three lines that were demonstrated to contain single T-DNA inserts were analysed in detail. Each line showed a distinct pattern of GUS fusion activity. Fusion transcripts were identified, demonstrating that transcription was initiated in the genomic DNA flanking the T-DNA left border. Inverse PCR was used to clone the T-DNA flanking sequences, and for one line a corresponding cDNA was identified, demonstrating that the tagged sequences are transcribed. The markers represent the earliest embryonic genes known to be expressed in plants.
The Space GPS Reflectometry Experiment on the UK Disaster Monitoring Constellation Satellite (2003)

A spaceborne GNSS reflectometry experiment is to be undertaken by Surrey Satellite Technology Limited with support from the British National Space Centre (BNSC) to investigate the reception of reflected GPS signals off the ocean for oceanography applications. The GPS receiver on the UK-DMC satellite has been modified to accommodate a downward (nadir) pointing high gain antenna, to send sampled data to a solid-state data recorder and to process reflected signals in real time. This instrument will be used to search for signals reflected off the ocean and when detected, characterise their relationship with the sea state. If successful, this experiment could prove an enabling step towards a constellation of low cost small satellites that could make real-time measurements of the sea state around the globe.
Tactile Displays for Orientation, Navigation and Communication in Air, Sea and Land Environments (Les systemes d'affichage tactiles pour l'orientation, la navigation et la communication dans les environments aerien, maritime et terrestre) (2008)

This report describes the state-of-the-art of touch-based displays in military environments: neurophysiology, psychophysics, perceptual and human factors issues, hardware and integration issues and lessons learned, and future directions. The document gives an overview of NATO activities and is useful for both end users and designers.
Effect of Operative Position on Sagittal Alignment of the Lumbar Spine (1994)

A variety of techniques and frames are used for positioning patients during posterior lumbar spinal instrumentation and fusion. Little information is available on the relationship of lumbar lordosis and the various positioning options, so it was felt that further investigation was warranted. Ten volunteers with no history of back pain were positioned and radiographed in the standing position followed by four lateral radiographs with the patient positioned on chest rolls, Andrew's frame, the Hasting's frame, and a four-poster spinal frame. Total lumbar lordosis from L1 to S1 as well as intervertebral body angles at each of the lumbar interspaces using standardized techniques were computed. No significant difference was found in lumbar lordosis between the standing and chest roll position. However, there was approximately a 50% reduction in lumbar lordosis when using the Hasting's, Andrew's, and four-poster frame as compared to the standing and chest roll configuration. The clinical implications are discussed.
Practical Network-Based Techniques for Mobile Positioning in UMTS (2006)

This paper presents results of research on network-based positioning for UMTS (universal mobile telecommunication system). Two new applicable network-based cellular location methods are proposed and assessed by field measurements and simulations. The obtained results indicate that estimation of the position at a sufficient accuracy for most of the location-based services does not have to involve significant changes in the terminals and in the network infrastructure. In particular, regular UMTS terminals can be used in the presented PCM (pilot correlation method), while the other proposed method - the ECID+RTT (cell identification + round trip time) requires only minor software updates in the network and user equipment. The performed field measurements of the PCM reveal that in an urban network, of users can be located with an accuracy of m. In turn, simulations of the ECID+RTT report accuracy of m– m for of the location estimates in an urban scenario.
The variability in activity of the universally expressed human cytomegalovirus immediate early gene 1 enhancer/promoter in transgenic mice (1991)

Transcriptional control regions which direct transgene expression to all tissues in transgenic animals can be useful tools for gain-of-function experiments in transgenic animals. A candidate for this purpose is the regulatory region of the human cytomegalovirus immediate early 1 gene (HCMVIE1) which is highly expressed in many lines of tissue culture cells. Here we analyzed the activity of the HCMVIE1 enhancer/promoter using a sensitive reporter gene, the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene. Three lines of transgenic mice with an intact transgene were established. All 3 lines expressed the transgene in all 28 tissues analyzed; however, levels of expression between the three lines varied up to 100,000 fold. In addition, expression levels in the high expressing line varied over a 10,000 fold continuum, while expression levels between tissues was almost uniform in the lowest expressing line. The transgene was well expressed in the high expressing line; CAT activity in the highest expressing tissues was equivalent to levels previously reported for tissue specific CAT transgenes active only in a limited number of tissues. These data support the utilization of the HCMVIE1 enhancer/promoter as a means of expressing a transgene in all tissues, but indicate that lines with substantially different overall levels of expression may be generated, and that markedly different levels of tissue specific expression may be found when the overall level of transgene expression is high.
Transition-metal-promoted cyclization reactions of isocyanide ligands. Synthesis of cyclic diaminocarbenes from isocyanide complexes of palladium(II) and platinum(II) and x-ray structure of cis-Br2Pt[CN(C6H4-p-Me)CH2CH2N(H)](PPh3) (1988)

Electrophilic isocyanide CNR ligands in cationic Pt(II) complexes of the type trans-[(PR’3)2Pt(CNR)Cl]BF4 (I) (PR’3 = PPh3, PMe2Ph; R = p-MeOC6H4, p-MeCaH4, p-NO2C6H4, Me, C6Hll) are converted to the corresponding 5-membered cyclic aminooxycarbene derivatives trans-((PR’3)2Pt[CN(R)CH2CH2O]X)(BF4) (II) (X = Cl, Br) by reaction in THF with 2-bromoethanol in the presence of n-BuLi.
Relationship between detrended fluctuation analysis and spectral analysis of heart-rate variability (2002)

The recently-introduced technique of detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA) for heart-rate variability appears to yield improved prognostic power in cardiovascular disease through calculation of the fractal scaling exponent alpha. However, the physiological meaning of alpha remains unclear. In DFA, the signal is segmented into lengths from 4 to 64 beats. For each segmentation length (n), the individual segments are cumulated, detrended and the sum of the squares (F2) of residuals calculated. Alpha is the slope of log(F) against log(n). We show mathematical equivalence between alpha calculated by DFA and by a novel alternative method using frequency-weighted power spectra. We show F2 (and thus alpha) can be obtained from a frequency-weighted power spectrum without DFA. To do this, we cumulate and detrend the Taylor series of individual Fourier components. F2 is found to depend on the relationship between the signal period and segment length. F2 can therefore be expressed in terms of frequency-weighted power spectra. From this, the alpha coefficient of DFA can then be described in power-spectral terms, which facilitates exploration of its physiological basis. We confirm these findings using samples from 20 healthy volunteers and 40 patients with heart failure.
Confined etchant layer technique for two-dimensional lithography at high resolution using electrochemical scanning tunnelling microscopy (1992)

In order to realize two-dimensional lithography at high resolution (several tens of nanometres), a new approach to the lithography of a fine pattern using a confined etchant layer technique (CELT) in an electrochemical system is presented. A mould plate of conductive material with a high-resolution line pattern (which can be prepared with the aid of e.g. electron beams) is used instead of the tip in scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM). The etchant species is generated at the surface of the mould plate by electrochemical photochemical or photoelectrochemical methods, then diffuses away from the surface of the mould plate. The key feature of CELT is the design of a chemical reaction which rapidly destroys the etchant (e.g. within microseconds on average) following its generation. Therefore, the gradient of the concentration of etchant can be greatly enhanced and the thickness of the diffusion layer can be greatly decreased to several tens of nanometres. Thus, the etchant layer is confined and its outer boundary can essentially retain the fine structure of the pattern of the mould plate. Then the substrate to be corroded is adjusted by ECSTM to approach the mould plate within several tens of nanometres and the corroded pattern can retain the fine structure giving a resolution of several tens of nanometres.
Adaptive Active Capacitor Converter for Improving Stability of Cascaded DC Power Supply System (2012)

Connecting converters in cascade is a basic configuration of dc distributed power systems (DPS). The impedance interaction between individually designed converters may make the cascaded system unstable. The previous presented approaches of stabilizing the cascaded systems need to modify the source and/or load converter's internal structure such as the topology and control circuit that are contradictory to the modularization characteristic of dc DPS. In this paper, an adaptive active capacitor converter (AACC) is introduced to stabilize the cascaded system. The AACC is connected in parallel with the cascaded system's intermediate bus and only needs to detect the bus voltage without any change of the existing subsystems. Hence, it can be designed as a standard module for dc DPS. The AACC serves as an equivalent bus capacitor to reduce the output impedance of the source converter, thus avoiding the intersection with the load converter's input impedance, and as a result, the cascaded system becomes stable. The equivalent bus capacitor emulated by the AACC is adaptive according to the output power of the cascaded system, and thus, the power loss of AACC is minimized and the dynamic response of the system is better than that of the system using a passive capacitor. Furthermore, since no electrolytic capacitor is needed in the AACC, the cascaded system's lifetime is prolonged. The operation principle, control, and design consideration of the AACC are discussed in this paper, and a 480 W cascaded system comprising two phase-shifted full-bridge converters has been built and evaluated. The experimental results verify the validity of the proposed AACC.
Serum electrolyte and acid base composition. The influence of graded degrees of chronic renal failure (1979)

Data from 41 ambulatory patients with graded degrees of uncomplicated, chronic renal failure were used to define the quantitative relationship between serum acid-base and electrolyte composition and the serum creatinine level. Even in patients with only moderate renal insufficiency, serum total carbon dioxide (tCO<sub>2</sub>) content was reduced significantly. This early fall in tCO<sub>2</sub>was offset by an increase in serum chloride (Cl-), serum undetermined anion concentration (A-) remaining normal. In patients with more severe degrees of renal insufficiency, further decrements in tCO<sub>2</sub>occurred that were proportional to the increment in serum creatinine. These latter decrements in tCO<sub>2</sub>were associated with equivalent increments in A-, serum Cl-- remaining unchanged at the elevated level observed during moderate renal insufficiency. Confidence limits of 95% for tCO<sub>2</sub>and A were calculated from the data. (<i>Arch Intern Med</i>139:1099-1102, 1979)
Failure preventive mechanism for IPsec gateways (2013)

Operators are mainly using IPsec Virtual Private Networks (VPNs) to extend a security domain over untrusted networks. A VPN is usually established when an End-User (EU) and a Security Gateway (SG) negotiate security associations (SA). For a better QoS, the SGs are geographically distributed so they are as close as possible to EU. As such, the higher is the level of responsibility of the SG, the higher is the risk to be overloaded and to break down. This paper presents a mechanism for extracting and reinstalling security associations as well as a mechanism to transfer a given IPsec traffic from one SG to another. We also propose an additional mechanism for solving the mis-synchronization of IPsec anti-replay counters and IKEv2 Messages ID counters. Finally some performance measurements are provided in terms of delays, and packet loss, and prove feasibility of the approach. Results obtained through real implementation showed that the system time to extract an IKEv2/IPsec session is in a range of 5ms up to 15ms whereas the system time to restore an IKEv2/IPsec session can take 2ms up to 22ms.
Caveolin-2 Is Targeted to Lipid Droplets, a New “Membrane Domain” in the Cell (2001)

Caveolin-1 and -2 constitute a framework of caveolae in nonmuscle cells. In the present study, we showed that caveolin-2, especially its beta isoform, is targeted to the surface of lipid droplets (LD) by immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy, and by subcellular fractionation. Brefeldin A treatment induced further accumulation of caveolin-2 along with caveolin-1 in LD. Analysis of mouse caveolin-2 deletion mutants revealed that the central hydrophobic domain (residues 87-119) and the NH(2)-terminal (residues 70-86) and COOH-terminal (residues 120-150) hydrophilic domains are all necessary for the localization in LD. The NH(2)- and COOH-terminal domains appeared to be related to membrane binding and exit from ER, respectively, implying that caveolin-2 is synthesized and transported to LD as a membrane protein. In conjunction with recent findings that LD contain unesterified cholesterol and raft proteins, the result implies that the LD surface may function as a membrane domain. It also suggests that LD is related to trafficking of lipid molecules mediated by caveolins.
Levodopa-responsive dystonia (2000)

Autosomal dominant DOPA-responsive dystonia (DRD) is usually caused by mutation in the gene encoding guanosine triphosphate-cyclohydrolase I (GTPCH I). We studied 22 families with a phenotype of levodopa-responsive dystonia by sequencing the six coding exons, the 5'-untranslated region and the exon-intron boundaries of the GTPCH I gene. Eleven heterozygous mutations were identified, including five missense mutations, one splice site mutation, two small deletions and two nonsense mutations, in 12 families that included 27 patients and 13 asymptomatic carriers. Six mutations were new and five had already been reported. Four of the mutations caused truncation of the GTPCH I protein. One family carried a base-pair change in the 5'-untranslated region, not detected in controls, that could be responsible for the phenotype. Three of the remaining 10 families had deletions in the parkin gene on chromosome 6, underlining how difficult it is to distinguish, in some cases, between DRD and parkin mutations. No mutations were identified in seven families. The clinical spectrum extended from the classical DRD phenotype to parkinsonism with levodopa-induced dyskinesias, and included spastic paraplegia as well as the absence of dystonia.