gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Physics Based Electrolytic Capacitor Degradation Models for Prognostic Studies under Thermal Overstress (2012)

Electrolytic capacitors are used in several applications ranging from power supplies on safety critical avionics equipment to power drivers for electro-mechanical actuators. This makes them good candidates for prognostics and health management research. Prognostics provides a way to assess remaining useful life of components or systems based on their current state of health and their anticipated future use and operational conditions. Past experiences show that capacitors tend to degrade and fail faster under high electrical and thermal stress conditions that they are often subjected to during operations. In this work, we study the effects of accelerated aging due to thermal stress on different sets of capacitors under different conditions. Our focus is on deriving first principles degradation models for thermal stress conditions. Data collected from simultaneous experiments are used to validate the desired models. Our overall goal is to derive accurate models of capacitor degradation, and use them to predict performance changes in DC-DC converters.
Phase Evolution in Laser Rapid Forming of Compositionally Graded Ti–Ni Alloys (2009)

A graded binary titanium-nickel alloy with a compositional gradient, from elemental Ti to Ti–23.2 at. % Ni, has been successfully deposited using laser rapid forming. A metallurgical study of the phase evolution along the compositional gradient showed that a series of phase evolutions α→α+β→α+β+Ti2Ni→β/B2+Ti2Ni have occurred. Phase formation and microstructure evolution along the compositional gradient was analyzed by Scheil–Gulliver and eutectic growth models. In particular, the morphology of the β/B2+Ti2Ni anomalous and coupled eutectic is discussed in detail.
Imaging Atomic Line Filter For Satellite Tracking (1989)

To reduce power requirements for a high data rate optical satellite communications network it is advantageous to broadcast a signal with a very small angular divergence. If the receiver also has a narrow field of view, background light (from the daylit earth, etc.) can be sufficiently blocked with conventional passive filters. A narrow communications transceiver field of view, however, requires an accurate mutual tracking capability. Initial acquisition and subsequent tracking will require a tracking receiver with a much larger field of view than what is necessary for communications. To minimize weight and absolute pointing requirements on the telescope steering mechanism, this field of view should be as large as possible subject to the constraint of keeping collected background light levels below an acceptable level, and maintaining a tracking accuracy better than the communications laser divergence angle. Background light can be minimized and tracking accuracy can be maintained by using a narrow bandwidth, wide field of view imaging atomic line filter which matches the wavelength of a semiconductor diode laser. The operational principles of such an active image preserving atomic line filter are explained, especially as related to satellite tracking for a communications network. Preliminary results showing image preservation at a spatial resolution of 0.5 mm by a cesium atomic line filter at 852 nm with an acceptance bandwidth of 0.002 nm are presented. Expected limiting resolution, conversion efficiency, time response and laser power requirements for image preserving alkali atomic line filters are also discussed.
Arabic/persian cursive signature recognition and verification using line segment distribution (2004)

This work proposes a fast method for line segment extraction based on chain code differentiation. It is applied to cursive signature recognition of Arabic/Persian. The evaluation method is introduced to obtain a quantitative value for the recognition rate. The comparative results show the existing differences among the methods in recognition, building time and searching time criteria. The two methods used for comparison are invariant moments and CBLSE method.
ASIC development for SiPM readout (2009)

The design of CMOS front-end electronics suitable for Silicon Photo-Multipliers (SiPM) is described in this paper, starting with the specification of an accurate electrical model of the detector and its experimental validation. A novel current-mode solution is proposed for the preamplifier and the discriminator, to cope with the large dynamic range and the extremely fast rise time of the detector signal. Experimental results achieved from front-end prototypes designed according to this current-mode approach demonstrate its effectiveness: dynamic range of the order of 50 pC and timing accuracy of the electronics alone of about 30 ps have been measured.
FACTORS INFLUENCING TUBERCULOSIS TREATMENT INTERRUPTIONS (2010)

A quantitative, descriptive study was used to investigate factors contributing to the treatment interruption of tuberculosis (TB) patients in four Tembisa clinics in South Africa. A structured interview schedule was used to collect data from 30 patients who had interrupted their TB treatment. Factors influencing treatment interruptions included socio-economic, TB policy-related and health care worker-related issues. The findings revealed that TB management requires a multisectoral approach and joint efforts to control this disease which is curable but continues to kill many people.
Multidrug resistance-associated protein expression in clinical gastric carcinoma (1996)

MRP expression relates to the chemosensitivity of tumor cells against some anticancer drugs and is independent of known factors related to the development, invasion, and metastasis of human gastric cancers.
Analysis of the Antiviral Activities of Natural IFN- <i>α</i> Preparations and Their Subtype Compositions (2001)

Here we report on the antiviral effects of two commercially available natural interferon-alpha (IFN-alpha) preparations, their subtype compositions, and the effects of combinations of pairs of the subtypes on virally infected cells. Our results show that the antiviral effects of these preparations depend on the target cell and on the infecting virus. The component subtypes vary with the preparations, and combinations of pairs of IFN-alpha subtypes may have synergistic or competitive effects. Our results suggest that optimal preparations of synergistically acting subtypes may provide more therapeutic benefit to patients.
Confidence Intervals for the Generalized ROC Criterion (1997)

Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves are frequently used to assess the usefulness of diagnostic markers. When several diagnostic markers are available, they can be combined by a best linear combination: that is, when the area under the ROC curve of this combination is maximized among all possible linear combinations. This maximal area is the generalized ROC criterion, which provides a measure of how effective the combination of the markers is. This criterion needs to be estimated from the data, and is usually evaluated against single markers. In the present paper, we provide confidence intervals for the generalized ROC criterion under the assumption of homogeneous covariance matrices, derive an approximation for the heterogeneous covariance matrices case, and evaluate the approximation via a simulation study. Finally, we present an illustrative example.
ChemInform Abstract: ISOLIERUNG UND HOMOLYTISCHE ZERS. VON N‐ACYLOXYTRIALKYLAMMONIUM‐SALZEN (1970)

Abstract Triäthylamin (I) wird mit Benzoylperoxid (II) in Gegenwart von Tetraphenylborat in einem Gemisch aus Alkohol und Toluol bei ‐5°C zur Reaktion gebracht.
Role of Endogenous Cannabinoids in Synaptic Signaling (2003)

Research of cannabinoid actions was boosted in the 1990s by remarkable discoveries including identification of endogenous compounds with cannabimimetic activity (endocannabinoids) and the cloning of their molecular targets, the CB1 and CB2 receptors. Although the existence of an endogenous cannabinoid signaling system has been established for a decade, its physiological roles have just begun to unfold. In addition, the behavioral effects of exogenous cannabinoids such as delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, the major active compound of hashish and marijuana, await explanation at the cellular and network levels. Recent physiological, pharmacological, and high-resolution anatomical studies provided evidence that the major physiological effect of cannabinoids is the regulation of neurotransmitter release via activation of presynaptic CB1 receptors located on distinct types of axon terminals throughout the brain. Subsequent discoveries shed light on the functional consequences of this localization by demonstrating the involvement of endocannabinoids in retrograde signaling at GABAergic and glutamatergic synapses. In this review, we aim to synthesize recent progress in our understanding of the physiological roles of endocannabinoids in the brain. First, the synthetic pathways of endocannabinoids are discussed, along with the putative mechanisms of their release, uptake, and degradation. The fine-grain anatomical distribution of the neuronal cannabinoid receptor CB1 is described in most brain areas, emphasizing its general presynaptic localization and role in controlling neurotransmitter release. Finally, the possible functions of endocannabinoids as retrograde synaptic signal molecules are discussed in relation to synaptic plasticity and network activity patterns.
Application of an integrated prepstation-GC-NPD system to automated continuous measurement of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in the atmosphere. (2001)

An integrated PrepStation-gas chromatography-nitrogen phosphorus detection (GC-NPD) system was used for the fully automated, continuous, low parts per billion analysis of lower aldehydes in the atmosphere. Analysis involved a solid phase extraction procedure based on the collection of aldehydes from air pumped through a silica gel cartridge impregnated with acidified 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH). Automated continuous measurements were performed with a typical temporal resolution of 3 h, including 146 min for sampling of air at a constant air flow rate of 0.15 L min(-1) and 34 min for the preparation and extraction of several cartridges. Analysis of samples could be performed in parallel by using previously defined scheduler settings from separate, independent software to operate the PrepStation module. GC-NPD measurements were highly repeatable, and relative standard deviations were < 3.0%. Recoveries for all compounds were 88-101%. DNPH decomposition products did not adversely affect the quantitative determination of aldehyde DNPHs; therefore, it was not necessary to remove excess DNPH reagent. The limits of quantification (10sigma of the blank hydrazones) of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were 2.2 and 1.2 ppb, respectively, for 21.9 L (0.15 L min(-1) for 146 min) of air sample volume. The integrated PrepStation GC-NPD system gave results comparable to those of the Sep-Pak DNPH silica cartridge method.
Palladium catalyzed synthesis of 2-trifluoromethylquinolines through a domino Sonogashira–alkyne carbocyclization process (2010)

A new, rapid and high-yielding method to prepare 3,4-disubstituted 2-trifluoromethylquinolines by a palladium catalyzed tandem Sonogashira-alkyne carbocyclization of beta-trifluoromethyl beta-enaminoketones with arynes is described. Moderate to excellent yields have been achieved under mild conditions. This reaction can also be expanded to the non-fluorine containing substrates. The reaction mechanism is also discussed.
Allergen-induced airway remodelling (2007)

Airway remodelling is associated with chronic asthma but it remains unclear whether it results from airway inflammation in response to allergens or immune-mediated events such as viral infections. Although the acute inflammation associated with asthma has been modelled extensively both in vitro and in vivo, the structural changes occurring in the lung have only recently been investigated. These in vitro, in vivo and in silico systems have been designed to examine the pathways leading to allergen-induced airway remodelling and have enabled investigators to draw conclusions about the participation of key cells and molecules in the development of allergen-induced airway remodelling. However, fundamental questions remain regarding the genesis of remodelling as well as the relationship between functional symptoms and pathological changes that occur. In this review the key questions relating allergen exposure to development of remodelling are discussed, as well as the steps that are being undertaken to investigate them.
SODIUM DITHIONITE, DECOMPOSITION IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION AND IN THE SOLID STATE (1959)

The decomposition of sodium dithionite has been investigated in alkaline aqueous solution. Under these conditions it decomposes by a first order reaction with a rate constant of 4.5 × 10 −4 min −1 at 88.5 °C and an activation energy of 26.5 kcal/g-molecule. The ionic strength, and the concentration of the sodium hydroxide also present, affect the rate to some extent. A possible mechanism is suggested. The decomposition of solid sodium dithionite was also examined, and was found to give the best fit to the equations deduced assuming random nucleation, followed by linear growth of nuclei, with possible ingestion and interference of reacting zones. The activation energy of nucleus growth is 32 to 33 kcal/g-molecule, and that for nucleation probably between 40 and 45 kcal/g-molecule.
Dispersive correlation spectroscopy: a study of mask optimization procedures (1977)

A procedure has been established to obtain the design parameters of the masks used in dispersive correlation spectrometers. The SNR equations are used to derive the mask equations. These are later solved for some simplified band models, and the obtained parameters are used as the initial values in an iterative program which determines the final design parameters. The calculations can be performed for various backgrounds and instrumental line profiles in order to achieve the best compromise for the detection of pollutants, and other trace gases, in the atmosphere.
Platelet deposition at high shear rates is enhanced by high plasma cholesterol levels. In vivo study in the rabbit model. (1991)

We have studied the effects of high plasma cholesterol levels on platelet-vessel wall interactions under high shear rate conditions typical of the apex of stenotic arteries (2,600 sec-1). Hypercholesterolemia was induced by feeding rabbits a 0.5% cholesterol-rich diet for 60 days. Platelet deposition was studied by use of an annular perfusion chamber and de-endothelialized abdominal rabbit aortas as substrates. After ingestion of the atherogenic diet, the experimental group of animals developed severe hypercholesterolemia, platelets became more fluid as determined by steady-state fluorescence anisotropy (p less than 0.05), and red blood cell deformability was decreased (p less than 0.001) when compared with normal controls. The fatty acid composition of platelet membranes showed an increase in the percentage of the long-chain saturated fatty acids (palmitic, C16:0, and stearic, C18:0) that may account for the lower polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acid ratio observed in the hyperlipemic animals. Total platelet deposition was significantly increased (p less than 0.05) in the hyperlipemic group as compared with the control group at 5 minutes' perfusion time, becoming less evident at 20 minutes' perfusion time. Our results suggest that the presence of hyperlipidemia may contribute to acute thrombosis by enhancing platelet-vessel wall interaction.
Evaluation of Additives Required for Periodontal Disease Formulation Using Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor (2010)

To design a suitable periodontal disease formulation using basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), legally available thickeners were evaluated focusing on their viscosity, extrusive force from a syringe, flow property and inertness to bFGF. Thirteen candidate thickeners showed appropriate viscosity (about 1×10⁴ mPa·s), and further evaluations were conducted on them. Flow property was evaluated by the tilting test tube method. As a result, most thickener solutions with the optimum viscosity showed appropriate flow time (about 100 s) and the flow time did not depend on thickener concentration, whereas the extrusive force from a syringe depended on thickener concentration despite the thickener type and grade. Thickener solutions of 2-3% showed ideal result (10-20 N) and thickener solutions prepared outside of the concentration range (2-3%) were found to show unsuitable extrusive force. Consequently, to obtain required properties for a dental drug formulation, thickener solutions needed to show adequate viscosity (about 1×10⁴ mPa·s) at 2-3% thickener concentration. In addition, several types of cellulose derivatives showed inertness to the bFGF because of their structure, without strong ionic dissociable groups, and neutral pH. Overall, the present work demonstrates that some water-soluble cellulose derivatives, such as hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) and hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), were suggested to have required properties for a dental drug formulation including bFGF.
Plasma membrane changes during programmed cell deaths (2017)

Ruptured and intact plasma membranes are classically considered as hallmarks of necrotic and apoptotic cell death, respectively. As such, apoptosis is usually considered a non-inflammatory process while necrosis triggers inflammation. Recent studies on necroptosis and pyroptosis, two types of programmed necrosis, revealed that plasma membrane rupture is mediated by MLKL channels during necroptosis but depends on non-selective gasdermin D (GSDMD) pores during pyroptosis. Importantly, the morphology of dying cells executed by MLKL channels can be distinguished from that executed by GSDMD pores. Interestingly, it was found recently that secondary necrosis of apoptotic cells, a previously believed non-regulated form of cell lysis that occurs after apoptosis, can be programmed and executed by plasma membrane pore formation like that of pyroptosis. In addition, pyroptosis is associated with pyroptotic bodies, which have some similarities to apoptotic bodies. Therefore, different cell death programs induce distinctive reshuffling processes of the plasma membrane. Given the fact that the nature of released intracellular contents plays a crucial role in dying/dead cell-induced immunogenicity, not only membrane rupture or integrity but also the nature of plasma membrane breakdown would determine the fate of a cell as well as its ability to elicit an immune response. In this review, we will discuss recent advances in the field of apoptosis, necroptosis and pyroptosis, with an emphasis on the mechanisms underlying plasma membrane changes observed on dying cells and their implication in cell death-elicited immunogenicity.
Viability and dose–response studies on the effects of the immunoenhancing lactic acid bacterium<i>Lactobacillus rhamnosus</i>in mice (2001)

Previous studies have indicated that the lactic acid bacterium Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 can enhance immune function in mice, following oral delivery. However, the influence of bacterial cell viability on immunoenhancement, and the optimum dose of HN001 required for this effect, have not been determined. In the present study, both live and heat-killed preparations of L. rhamnosus HN001 were shown to enhance the phagocytic activity of blood and peritoneal leucocytes in mice, at a dose of 109 micro-organisms daily. In contrast, only live HN001 enhanced gut mucosal antibody responses to cholera toxin vaccine. Feeding mice with 107 viable HN001/d for 14 d was shown to enhance the phagocytic capacity of blood leucocytes, with incremental enhancement observed at 109 and 1011 daily doses. In contrast, a minimum dose of 109 viable HN001/d was required to enhance the phagocytic activity of peritoneal leucocytes, and no further increment was observed with 1011 daily. This study demonstrates that L. rhamnosus HN001 exhibits dose-dependent effects on the phagocytic defence system of mice, and suggests that while the innate cellular immune system is responsive to killed forms of food-borne bacteria, specific gut mucosal immunity may only be stimulated by live forms.
Estimation of dormant Micrococcus luteus cells by penicillin lysis and by resuscitation in cell-free spent culture medium at high dilution (1994)

Micrococcus luteus starved for 2-7 months in spent medium following growth to stationary phase in batch culture exhibited a culturability (as estimated by direct plating on nutrient agar plates) of < 0.001%.However, following a lag, some 70% of the cells could be lysed upon inoculation into and cultivation in fresh lactate minimal medium containing penicillin, showing the capability of a significant portion of the cells at least to enlarge (and thus potentially to resuscitate).When the viable cell count was estimated using the most probable number method, by incubation of high dilutions of starved cells in liquid growth media, the number of culturable or resuscitable cells was very low, and little different from the viable cell count as assessed by plating on solid media.However, the apparent viability of these populations evidenced with the most probable number method was 1000-100000fold greater when samples were diluted into liquid media containing supernatants taken from the stationary phase of batch cultures of the organism, suggesting that viable cells can produce a factor which stimulates the resuscitation of dormant cells.Both approaches show, under conditions in which the growth of a limited number of viable cells during resuscitation is excluded, that a significant portion of the apparently non-viable cell population in an extended stationary phase is dormant, and not dead.
Interactions of High Affinity Insulin-like Growth Factor-binding Proteins with the Type V Transforming Growth Factor-β Receptor in Mink Lung Epithelial Cells (1999)

High affinity insulin-like growth factor-binding proteins (IGFBP-1 to -6) are a family of structurally homologous proteins that induce cellular responses by insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-dependent and -independent mechanisms. The IGFBP-3 receptor, which mediates the IGF-independent growth inhibitory response, has recently been identified as the type V transforming growth factor-beta receptor (TbetaR-V) (Leal, S. M., Liu, Q. L., Huang, S. S., and Huang, J. S. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 20572-20576). To characterize the interactions of high affinity IGFBPs with TbetaR-V, mink lung epithelial cells (Mv1Lu cells) were incubated with 125I-labeled recombinant human IGFBPs (125I-IGFBP-1 to -6) in the presence of the cross-linking agent disuccinimidyl suberate and analyzed by 5% SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. 125I-IGFBP-3, -4, and -5 but not 125I-IGFBP-1, -2, and -6 bound to TbetaR-V as demonstrated by the detection of the approximately 400-kDa 125I-IGFBP.TbetaR-V cross-linked complex in the cell lysates and immunoprecipitates. The analyses of 125I-labeled ligand binding competition and DNA synthesis inhibition revealed that IGFBP-3 was a more potent ligand for TbetaR-V than IGFBP-4 or -5. Most of the high affinity 125I-IGFBPs formed dimers at the cell surface. The cell-surface dimer of 125I-IGFBP-3 preferentially bound to and was cross-linked to TbetaR-V in the presence of disuccinimidyl suberate. IGFBP-3 did not stimulate the cellular phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3, key transducers of the transforming growth factor-beta type I/type II receptor (TbetaR-I.TbetaR-II) heterocomplex-mediated signaling. These results suggest that IGFBP-3, -4, and -5 are specific ligands for TbetaR-V, which mediates the growth inhibitory response through a signaling pathway(s) distinct from that mediated by the TbetaR-I and TbetaR-II heterocomplex.