gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>para</i>‐Sulfonated Calixarenes Used as Synthetic Receptors for Complexing Photolabile Cholinergic Ligand (2005)

Abstract The water‐soluble tetra‐, hexa‐ and octasulfonated calix[4]arenes, calix[6]arenes, and calix[8]arenes 1 – 3 , respectively, were investigated as potential synthetic receptors for photolabile cholinergic ligand A , a photolytic precursor of choline. Ligand A is a bifunctional molecule carrying a photolabile 2‐nitrobenzyl group at one end and a choline moiety at the other end. Results from NMR studies have shown that calixarenes 1 – 3 form stable 1 : 1 complexes with A , having similar binding potential to that observed with the cholinergic enzymes acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase. Further studies have suggested that calix[8]arene forms a ditopic complex by binding concomitantly to both the cationic choline moiety and the aromatic photolabile group of A , whereas calix[4]arene and calix[6]arene form monotopic complexes with A . The ditopic complex between calix[8]arene and A results from mutually induced fitting process, while the monotopic complexes between calix[4]arene and A can be regulated by pH: at neutral pH, calix[4]arene specifically binds the cationic choline moiety, while, at acidic pH, it complexes unselectively both the cationic choline moiety and the aromatic group of A . Our results show that para ‐sulfonated calixarenes are versatile artificial receptors which bind in various ways to the bifunctional photolabile cholinergic ligand A , depending on their size, geometry, and state of protonation.
Molecular Lithography for Wafer-Scale Fabrication of Molecular Junctions (2004)

High-resolution patterning is critical for the development of functional devices and sensors with nanometer dimensions. To date, no patterning methodology exists with the capability to produce molecular-scale features reliably over an entire wafer. In this paper, a lithographic process is presented to fabricate pairs of electrodes reproducibly with nanometer-scale resolution quickly, efficiently, and economically. Additionally, this work demonstrates that molecules of interest can be added to, or removed from, patterned molecular junctions. This novel technology provides a relatively simple and economical means to produce devices capable of monitoring the addition of molecules to a structure.
Quelling: transient inactivation of gene expression in <i>Neurospora crassa</i> by transformation with homologous sequences (1992)

Up to 36% of Neurospora crassa transformants showing an albino phenotype were recovered by transforming a wild-type strain with different portions of the carotenogenic albino-3 (al-3) and albino-1 (al-1) genes. The presence of the exogenous sequences (which were randomly integrated in ectopic locations) provoked a severe impairment in the expression of the endogenous al-1 or al-3 genes. This phenomenon, which we have termed 'quelling', was found to be spontaneously and progressively reversible, leading to wild-type or intermediate phenotypes. The phenotypic reversion is characterized by a progressive release of the transcriptional inhibition and seems to correlate with a reduction of the number of the ectopic integrated sequences. Moreover, quelling appears to be monodirectional, as, once relieved, it cannot take place again, despite the continuing presence of some of the ectopic sequences in the genome.
SOLUBLE GLUCAN PROTECTS AGAINST ENDOTOXIN SHOCK IN THE RAT (1998)

Soluble carboxymethyl-b-1,3-glucan (CMG), a possible ligand for scavenger receptors, has macrophage-activating action but lacks the granulomatose inflammatory side effect: it is a promising immunomodulator that may mitigate the severity of sepsis. This motivated us to study in rats the effect of CMG (25 mg/kg), injected into the tail vein at 48 and 24 h prior to the administration of 5 mg/kg Escherichia coli 0127.B8 endotoxin on survival, hemodynamic condition, and, in vitro, on the chemiluminescence of PMNs and macrophages, and on macrophagal tumor necrosis factor (TNF) production. Acetylated low density lipoprotein (AcLDL) clearance in vivo and in vitro binding to macrophages was used to study scavenger receptor function. In the nonpretreated group 9 of 10 rats died during the first 24 h after endotoxin, but all CMG-pretreated rats survived. CMG-pretreatment prevented severe decreases in cardiac output and blood pressure after endotoxin. Chemiluminescence of macrophages and PMNs from CMG-pretreated rats was about two times less (p < .05) than that from nonpretreated ones; the endotoxin induced TNF production by macrophages also decreased. Pretreatment with CMG increased, but coinjection of CMG and AcLDL decreased the AcLDL clearance, while coinjection of endotoxin and AcLDL decreased the survival rate. In vitro AcLDL uptake by macrophages decreased after coinjection with CMG. Our results thus showed that CMG was protective in rat endotoxin shock, which seemed partly connected with enhancement of endotoxin clearance through scavenger receptors and to decreased TNF production.
Antimutagenic and some other effects of conjugated linoleic acid (2000)

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a collective term for positional and geometric isomers of octadecadienoic acid in which the double bonds are conjugated, i.e. contiguous. CLA was identified as a component of milk and dairy products over 20 years ago. It is formed as an intermediate in the course of the conversion of linoleic acid to oleic acid in the rumen. The predominant naturally occurring isomer is the cis-9, trans-11 modification. Treatment of linoleic acid-rich oils such as safflower oil, soybean oil, or maize oil with base and heat will result in the formation of CLA. Two isomers predominate in the synthetic preparation, c9,t11 and t10,c12. CLA has been shown to inhibit chemically-induced skin, stomach, mammary or colon tumours in mice and rats. The inhibition of mammary tumours in rats is effective regardless of type of carcinogen or type or amount of dietary fat. CLA has also been shown to inhibit cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis in rabbits. When young animals (mice, pigs) are placed on CLA-containing diets after weaning they accumulate more body protein and less fat. Since CLA is derived from the milk of ruminant animals and is found primarily in their meat and in products derived from their milk there is a concerted world-wide effort to increase CLA content of milk by dietary means. Its effect on growth (less fat, more protein) is also a subject of active research. The mechanisms underlying the effects of CLA are still moot.
Mitral Valve Surgery: Replacement vs Reconstruction (1991)

In comparative series, valve repair has been effective, with few of the problems--notably, thromboemboli--associated with replacement procedures. Although many patients are elderly and have coronary artery disease, reparative surgery not only is low-risk but also allows earlier intervention, before irreversible left ventricular damage occurs.
Hysteretic levitation forces in superconducting ceramics (1988)

Magnetization forces between small permanent magnets and bulk high Tc superconducting ceramic materials have been measured and show marked hysteretic behavior as a function of the distance between the magnet and superconductor. Magnetic forces of up to 2500 dyn, both normal and tangential to the superconductor surface, have been made. Near-reversible forces are obtained for small motions of the magnet, however, which are believed to be related to flux pinning.
Soluble Interleukin-5 Receptor Alpha Is Increased in Acute Exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (2004)

sIL5Ralpha is increased in AE-COPD and not affected by smoking like ECP. sIL5Ralpha is increased in patients with virus-associated AE-COPD compared to smokers and controls. Concentrations of sIL5Ralpha mirror changes in the clinical status and lung function. These data support the involvement of eosinophils in acute exacerbations of COPD.
Effect of donepezil on motor and cognitive function in Huntington disease (2006)

Striatal cholinergic dysfunction may be important in Huntington disease (HD). We studied whether donepezil improves chorea, cognition, and quality of life (QoL) in HD. Thirty patients were randomly assigned to treatment with donepezil or placebo. At the doses studied, donepezil did not improve chorea, cognition, or QoL. Adverse events were similar between both groups. Based on this small sample study, donepezil was not an effective treatment for HD.
Mode matches and their locations in the hydrophobic free energy sequences of peptide ligands and their receptor eigenfunctions (1997)

Patterns in sequences of amino acid hydrophobic free energies predict secondary structures in proteins. In protein folding, matches in hydrophobic free energy statistical wavelengths appear to contribute to selective aggregation of secondary structures in "hydrophobic zippers." In a similar setting, the use of Fourier analysis to characterize the dominant statistical wavelengths of peptide ligands' and receptor proteins' hydrophobic modes to predict such matches has been limited by the aliasing and end effects of short peptide lengths, as well as the broad-band, mode multiplicity of many of their frequency (power) spectra. In addition, the sequence locations of the matching modes are lost in this transformation. We make new use of three techniques to address these difficulties: (i) eigenfunction construction from the linear decomposition of the lagged covariance matrices of the ligands and receptors as hydrophobic free energy sequences; (ii) maximum entropy, complex poles power spectra, which select the dominant modes of the hydrophobic free energy sequences or their eigenfunctions; and (iii) discrete, best bases, trigonometric wavelet transformations, which confirm the dominant spectral frequencies of the eigenfunctions and locate them as (absolute valued) moduli in the peptide or receptor sequence. The leading eigenfunction of the covariance matrix of a transmembrane receptor sequence locates the same transmembrane segments seen in n-block-averaged hydropathy plots while leaving the remaining hydrophobic modes unsmoothed and available for further analyses as secondary eigenfunctions. In these receptor eigenfunctions, we find a set of statistical wavelength matches between peptide ligands and their G-protein and tyrosine kinase coupled receptors, ranging across examples from 13.10 amino acids in acid fibroblast growth factor to 2.18 residues in corticotropin releasing factor. We find that the wavelet-located receptor modes in the extracellular loops are compatible with studies of receptor chimeric exchanges and point mutations. A nonbinding corticotropin-releasing factor receptor mutant is shown to have lost the signatory mode common to the normal receptor and its ligand. Hydrophobic free energy eigenfunctions and their transformations offer new quantitative physical homologies in database searches for peptide-receptor matches.
Condition Monitoring the Drive Train of a Direct Drive Permanent Magnet Wind Turbine Using Generator Electrical Signals (2013)

The benefit of wind turbine (WT) can be significantly improved through a well-organized condition-based maintenance strategy. However, such a target has not been fully achieved today. One of the major reasons is lack of an efficient WT condition monitoring system (CMS). The existing WT CMSs often involve high initial capital cost, with complex structure, suffer from inefficient management and show unsatisfactory hardware reliability. So, the operators still have desire for an economical, effective, and reliable CMS for their machines. The work reported in this paper is intended to meet such a demand. Because direct drive permanent magnet (PM) WTs are showing increased market share, but the existing WT CMSs are not designed to deal specifically with this new design, this paper reports on a CM technique dedicated to monitoring the drive train of direct drive WTs. Instead of taking the vibration analysis approach that is being popularly adopted by commercial WT CMSs, a novel CM strategy is researched in this paper by introducing generator electrical signals into WT CM and interpreting them by using a dedicated criterion named instantaneous variance (IV) and Teager–Huang transform (THT), i.e. the generator electrical signals will be evaluated first by using the IV, of which the fault detection capability can be further enhanced with the aid of empirical mode decomposition (EMD). Once an abnormality is detected, then detailed THT analysis of the signal will be conducted for further investigation. The technique has been verified experimentally on a specifically designed WT drive train test rig, on which a PM generator rotates at slow variable speed and is subjected to varying load like a real WT does. Considering the electric subassemblies and rotor blades of direct drive WTs are most vulnerable to damage in practice, rotor unbalance and generator winding faults were emulated on the test rig. Experimental results show that the proposed CM technique is effective in detecting both types of faults occurring in the drive train of direct drive PM WTs. In summary, the proposed CM technique can be identified by (i) the CM is accomplished through analyzing the generator electrical signals without resorting to any other information (e.g. vibro-acoustic). Hence, the data acquisition work will be eased off; (ii) no more transducer other than current and voltage sensors are required. Thus, the cost of the CMS will be significantly reduced; (iii) attributed to the distinguished superiorities of THT to traditional spectral analyses in processing nonlinear signals, the proposed technique is more reliable in interpreting WT CM signals; and (iv) the CM criterion IV has a simple computational algorithm. It is therefore suited to both online and offline WT CM applications.
Cockayne syndrome group B protein promotes mitochondrial DNA stability by supporting the DNA repair association with the mitochondrial membrane (2010)

Cockayne syndrome (CS) is a human premature aging disorder associated with severe developmental deficiencies and neurodegeneration, and phenotypically it resembles some mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diseases. Most patients belong to complementation group B, and the CS group B (CSB) protein plays a role in genomic maintenance and transcriptome regulation. By immunocytochemistry, mitochondrial fractionation, and Western blotting, we demonstrate that CSB localizes to mitochondria in different types of cells, with increased mitochondrial distribution following menadione-induced oxidative stress. Moreover, our results suggest that CSB plays a significant role in mitochondrial base excision repair (BER) regulation. In particular, we find reduced 8-oxo-guanine, uracil, and 5-hydroxy-uracil BER incision activities in CSB-deficient cells compared to wild-type cells. This deficiency correlates with deficient association of the BER activities with the mitochondrial inner membrane, suggesting that CSB may participate in the anchoring of the DNA repair complex. Increased mutation frequency in mtDNA of CSB-deficient cells demonstrates functional significance of the presence of CSB in the mitochondria. The results in total suggest that CSB plays a direct role in mitochondrial BER by helping recruit, stabilize, and/or retain BER proteins in repair complexes associated with the inner mitochondrial membrane, perhaps providing a novel basis for understanding the complex phenotype of this debilitating disorder.
Trapping and cooling of atoms in a vacuum perturbed in a frequency-dependent manner (1991)

We show that light-induced mechanical forces that act on atoms may be significantly enhanced and acquire novel physical character when the electromagnetic reservoir which mediates the atomic relaxation is colored (i.e., frequency dependent).
The effects of track non-linearity on wheel/rail impact (2004)

Wheel/track impact due to rail joints or wheel flats has been studied over many years. The railway track is usually assumed to be linear in order to simplify the track model, although the rail pad and ballast are actually non-linear. This may cause incorrect results to some extent in some circumstances, as the pad and ballast stiffness varies with load. In this paper wheel/track impact is studied using a non-linear track model. The rail is represented by a finite element (FE) model and is supported by a non-linear track foundation. Wheel/track impacts are simulated at different train speeds and three types of rail pad, soft, medium and stiff, are used in the simulations. It is shown that the impact forces rise dramatically when the stiff rail pads are used. On the other hand, using soft pads can reduce impact forces significantly. Compared with the results from the linear track model, both the impact force and the track vibration level are shown to be noticeably higher from the nonlinear track than those from the linear track. It is therefore concluded that linear track models are not appropriate for wheel/track impact because the track foundation stiffness varies dramatically under the impact force.
Natural products derived from unusual variants of the shikimate pathway (1997)

H. G. Floss, Nat. Prod. Rep., 1997, 14, 433 DOI: 10.1039/NP9971400433
Emission Spectra of Alkali-Metal Molecules Observed with a Heat-Pipe Discharge Tube (1971)

Intense molecular emission spectra from vapors of each of the alkali metals with the exception of lithium have been observed using a new device, the heat-pipe discharge tube. For Na2, K2, and Br2 the total emission appears to be almost entirely comprised of transitions Σu+1→1Σg+ from the first excited singlet state. For Cs2, emission from a low-lying Πu3 state appears to contribute as well.
A minimal RNA ligand for potent RIG-I activation in living mice (2018)

We have developed highly potent synthetic activators of the vertebrate immune system that specifically target the RIG-I receptor. When introduced into mice, a family of short, triphosphorylated stem-loop RNAs (SLRs) induces a potent interferon response and the activation of specific genes essential for antiviral defense. Using RNA sequencing, we provide the first in vivo genome-wide view of the expression networks that are initiated upon RIG-I activation. We observe that SLRs specifically induce type I interferons, subsets of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), and cellular remodeling factors. By contrast, polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [poly(I:C)], which binds and activates multiple RNA sensors, induces type III interferons and several unique ISGs. The short length (10 to 14 base pairs) and robust function of SLRs in mice demonstrate that RIG-I forms active signaling complexes without oligomerizing on RNA. These findings demonstrate that SLRs are potent therapeutic and investigative tools for targeted modulation of the innate immune system.
Studies on the Molecular Compounds of Organic Medicinals. I. Dissolution Behavior of the Molecular Compounds of Sulfanilamide and Sulfathiazole (1965)

In order to establish the therapeutical significance of the molecular compound composed of organic medicinals, dissolution behaviors of both the one-to-one molecular compound of sulfanilamide and sulfathiazole and the corresponding mechanical mixture were investigated at 15, 25, and 35°. Soon after the dissolution of the molecular compound, both components showed a fixed and the same concentrations for several time which is attributable to the metastable solubility of the molecular compound itself. By further stirring of the solution and the solid residue, the compound was gradually decomposed by water, and the stable equilibrium of the system was finally attained, at which the total concentration of sulfanilamide was larger than that of sulfathiazole. Stability constants of the compound at these temperatures were determined. As was expected, the constants at the stable equilibria agreed well with the ones at the metastable equilibra. In the case of the mechanical mixture, the dissolution curves were completely different from those of the former, and neither of the components showed a constant concentration during the course of experiment. The difficulty of attainment to the solution equilibrium would be mainly attributed to the fact that sulfathiazole particles in the residue were coated with the molecular compound deposited from the solution. Thus, it may be concluded that the absorption pattern of the molecular compound will be different from that of the mechanical mixture, since dissolution into the intestinal fluid prior to absorption will take place in an analogous manner to that observed in the above.
Towards manufacturing of advanced logic devices by double-patterning (2011)

As reported previously, the IBM Alliance has established a DETO (Double-Expose-Track-Optimized) baseline, in collaboration with ASML, TEL, and CNSE, to evaluate commercially available DETO photoresist system for the manufacturing of advanced logic devices. Although EUV lithography is the baseline strategy for <2x nm logic nodes, alternative techniques are still being pursued. The DETO technique produces pitch-split patterns capable of supporting 16 nm and 11 nm node semiconductor devices. We present the long-term monitoring performances of CD uniformity (CDU), overlay, and defectivity of our DETO process. CDU and overlay performances for controlled experiments are also presented. Two alignment schemes in DETO are compared experimentally for their effects on inter-level & intralevel overlays, and space CDU. We also experimented with methods for improving CDU, in which the CD-Optimizer<sup>TM</sup>and DoseMapper<sup>TM</sup> were evaluated separately and in tandem. Overlay improvements using the Correction Per Exposure (CPE) and the intra-field High-Order Process Correction (i-HOPC) were compared against the usual linear correction method. The effects of the exposure field size are also compared between a small field and the full field. Included in all the above, we also compare the performances derived from stack-integrated wafers and bare-Si wafers.
A novel image encryption method to reduce decryption execution time in cloud (2015)

Parallel computing on cloud infrastructure had gained tremendous attention and popularity in recent years. In this paper, we propose a new technique to encrypt an image for secure image transmission and parallel decryption using cloud resources. The encoding of the image is done using the FFT conjugate complex property and private random phase key value shared between sender and receiver. First, using FFT complex conjugate property, we construct a two dimensional matrix consisting of real and imaginary portion of the image. Second, we encrypt the complex conjugate matrix using private random phase key value shared between sender and receiver. Detailed simulations have been carried out to test the encryption algorithm. Furthermore, we use cloud resources for the development of an efficient parallel image encryption and decryption algorithm. Significant speedup was achieved using different image size and number of cloud servers.