gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Parallelized edge-based droplet generation (EDGE) devices (2009)

We here report on three parallelized designs of the new edge-based droplet generation mechanism, which, unlike existing mechanisms, produces many equally sized droplets simultaneously at a single droplet formation unit. Operation of the scaled-out systems is straight forward; only the oil inlet pressure has to be controlled to let all the units produce oil droplets, given certain basic design constraints. For systems with a typical nozzle depth of 1.2 microm, the mean droplet diameter is 7.5 microm and the coefficient of variation is below 10%. The number of droplets that is formed per unit can easily be increased by increasing the length of the unit. The stable pressure range in which monodisperse droplets are formed can be extended by small adjustments to the design. Overall, the EDGE devices are simple in design and robust in use, making them suitable for massive outscaling.
A Beacon Color Code Scheduling for the Localization of Multiple Robots (2011)

This paper proposes a beacon color code scheduling algorithm for the localization of multiple robots in a multiblock workspace. With the development of intelligent robotics and ubiquitous technology, service robots are applicable for use in wide areas, such as airports and train stations, where multiple indoor GPS systems are required for the localization of the mobile robots. Indoor localization schemes using ultrasonic sensors have been widely studied due to their cheap price and high accuracy. However, ultrasonic sensors have some disadvantages, such as a short transmission range and interference with other ultrasonic signals. In order to concurrently use multiple robots in wide-area workspaces, it is necessary to resolve the interference problem among the multiple robots in the localization process. This paper proposes an indoor localization system for concurrent multiple robots localization in a wide service area divided into multiblocks for reliable sensor operation. The beacon color code scheduling algorithm is developed in order to avoid signal interference and to achieve an efficient localization with a high accuracy and a short sampling time. The performance of the proposed localization system has been verified through real experiments.
Modulation of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis in the BALB/c mouse by cyclophosphamide-sensitive T cells. (1984)

Endotracheal bleomycin treatment is an effective inducer of pneumonitis and pulmonary fibrosis. Certain strains of mice, however, develop only minimal or no pulmonary fibrosis after treatment with bleomycin. The mechanism of unresponsiveness or low responsiveness in the BALB/c strain of mice is examined in this article. Pretreatment with cyclophosphamide (100 mg/kg) 2 days prior to bleomycin instillation significantly augmented the fibrotic response in these mice. Treatment by cyclophosphamide alone at the same dosage caused no significant pulmonary disease or fibrosis. Furthermore, suppression of fibrosis in the cyclophosphamide-pretreated animals could be reconstituted with spleen cells from normal untreated donor mice. If the donor spleen cells were depleted of T cells by cytotoxic anti-Thy-1.2 antisera prior to infusion into recipient animals, no such reconstitution was observed, suggesting that a population of splenic T cells was responsible for the effect. Since this dose of cyclophosphamide is known to be cytotoxic for suppressor T cells, these data would signify that the intensity of the lung fibrogenic response to bleomycin in BALB/c mice can be modulated by a population of this T cell subset. Furthermore, the cell reconstitution data would exclude the possibility that cyclophosphamide augments the bleomycin response by non-T-cell-mediated synergistic effects on lung injury. Nevertheless, the results conclusively demonstrate the ability of T cells to modulate pulmonary fibrosis in vivo, at least in the BALB/c mouse.
User-Defined Privacy Grid System for Continuous Location-Based Services (2015)

Location-based services (LBS) require users to continuously report their location to a potentially untrusted server to obtain services based on their location, which can expose them to privacy risks. Unfortunately, existing privacy-preserving techniques for LBS have several limitations, such as requiring a fully-trusted third party, offering limited privacy guarantees and incurring high communication overhead. In this paper, we propose a user-defined privacy grid system called dynamic grid system (DGS); the first holistic system that fulfills four essential requirements for privacy-preserving snapshot and continuous LBS. (1) The system only requires a semi-trusted third party, responsible for carrying out simple matching operations correctly. This semi-trusted third party does not have any information about a user's location. (2) Secure snapshot and continuous location privacy is guaranteed under our defined adversary models. (3) The communication cost for the user does not depend on the user's desired privacy level, it only depends on the number of relevant points of interest in the vicinity of the user. (4) Although we only focus on range and k-nearest-neighbor queries in this work, our system can be easily extended to support other spatial queries without changing the algorithms run by the semi-trusted third party and the database server, provided the required search area of a spatial query can be abstracted into spatial regions. Experimental results show that our DGS is more efficient than the state-of-the-art privacy-preserving technique for continuous LBS.
Impact of Homogeneously Dispersed Al Nanoclusters by Si-monolayer Insertion into Hf<sub>0.5</sub>Zr<sub>0.5</sub>O<sub>2</sub> Film on FeFET Memory Array with Tight Threshold Voltage Distribution (2019)

Threshold voltage (Vth) variation for ferroelectric field-effect transistor (FeFET) memory using Hf <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.5</sub> Zr <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.5</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> (HZO) films with Al nanoclusters is investigated. We show that Si-monolayer formed over Al nanoclusters effectively reduces the variation, due to suppressing the migration and aggregation of Al nanoclusters, resulting that the orientation and the growth rate for each ferroelectric domain is successfully aligned. The effect is more evident for the erase state at which the potential fluctuation of the substrate side is superposed on the Vth variation.
Deposition of a Thin Film of TiO<i><sub>x</sub></i> from a Titanium Metal Target as Novel Blocking Layers at Conducting Glass/TiO<sub>2</sub> Interfaces in Ionic Liquid Mesoscopic TiO<sub>2</sub> Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (2006)

In dye-sensitized TiO2 solar cells, charge recombination processes at interfaces between fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), TiO2, dye, and electrolyte play an important role in limiting the photon-to-electron conversion efficiency. From this point of view, a high work function material such as titanium deposited by sputtering on FTO has been investigated as an effective blocking layer for preventing electron leakage from FTO without influencing electron injection. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis indicates that different species of Ti (Ti4+, Ti3+, Ti2+, and a small amount of Ti0) exist on FTO. Electrochemical and photoelectrochemical measurements reveal that thin films of titanium species, expressed as TiOx, work as a compact blocking layer between FTO and TiO2 nanocrystaline film, improving Voc and the fill factor, finally giving a better conversion efficiency for dye-sensitized TiO2 solar cells with ionic liquid electrolytes.
Poles of inaccessibility: A calculation algorithm for the remotest places on earth (2007)

Abstract An algorithm is presented to calculate the point on the surface of a sphere maximising the great-circle distance to a given spherical polygon. This is used to calculate the spots furthest from the sea in major land masses, also known as Poles of Inaccessibility (PIA), a concept that has raised the interest of explorers. For the Eurasian pole of inaccessibility (EPIA), the results reveal a misplacement in previous calculations ranging from 156 to 435 km. Although in general there is only one pole for a given coastline, the present calculations show that, within the error inherent to the definition of the coastline, two locations are candidates for EPIA, one equidistant from Gulf of Ob, Gulf of Bengal and Arabian Sea, and the other equidistant from Gulf of Ob, Gulf of Bengal and Gulf of Bohai, both poles being located in the north westernmost Chinese province of Xinjiang. The distance to the sea at these locations is 2510 and 2514 km respectively, about 120 km closer than generally thought.
Txe, an endoribonuclease of the enterococcal Axe–Txe toxin–antitoxin system, cleaves mRNA and inhibits protein synthesis (2010)

The axe-txe operon encodes a toxin-antitoxin (TA) pair, Axe-Txe, that was initially identified on the multidrug-resistance plasmid pRUM in Enterococcus faecium. In Escherichia coli, expression of the Txe toxin is known to inhibit cell growth, and co-expression of the antitoxin, Axe, counteracts the toxic effect of Txe. Here, we report the nucleotide sequence of pS177, a 39 kb multidrug-resistant plasmid isolated from vancomycin-resistant Ent. faecium, which harbours the axe-txe operon and the vanA gene cluster. RT-PCR analysis revealed that the axe-txe transcript is produced by strain S177 as well as by other vancomycin-resistant enteroccoci. Moreover, we determine the mechanism by which the Txe protein exerts its toxic activity. Txe inhibits protein synthesis in E. coli without affecting DNA or RNA synthesis, and inhibits protein synthesis in a cell-free system. Using in vivo primer extension analysis, we demonstrate that Txe preferentially cleaves single-stranded mRNA at the first base after an AUG start codon. We conclude that Txe is an endoribonuclease which cleaves mRNA and inhibits protein synthesis.
Silicon nitride single-layer x-ray mask (1982)

In LP-CVD process, preparation of silicon nitride film with small tensile stress and low refractive index was investigated as a function of deposition temperature and reactant gas ratio (SiH2Cl2/NH3). The small stress film with low refractive index can be prepared easily by high temperature deposition. Applying the film to an x-ray mask membrane, a new silicon nitride single-layer x-ray mask with a large area window (such as 50 mm in diameter) and high transparency to visible light is realized. Using this mask, a submicron resist pattern (0.5 μm line and space) can be replicated easily by Si–K x-ray exposure system.
Cooperation-Aware Reinforcement Learning for Merging in Dense Traffic (2019)

Decision making in dense traffic can be challenging for autonomous vehicles. An autonomous system only relying on predefined road priorities and considering other drivers as moving objects will cause the vehicle to freeze and fail the maneuver. Human drivers leverage the cooperation of other drivers to avoid such deadlock situations and convince others to change their behavior. Decision making algorithms must reason about the interaction with other drivers and anticipate a broad range of driver behaviors. In this work, we present a reinforcement learning approach to learn how to interact with drivers with different cooperation levels. We enhanced the performance of traditional reinforcement learning algorithms by maintaining a belief over the level of cooperation of other drivers. We show that our agent successfully learns how to navigate a dense merging scenario with less deadlocks than with online planning methods.
Simple constant frequency constant current load-resonantpower supplyunder variable load conditions (1997)

A power supply incorporating a load-resonant converter operating at a fixed frequency and capable of efficient operation with a constant current characteristic, independent of the load conditions, is presented. The simple resonant circuit is designed so that at one of its multiple resonant frequencies both the load current and the resonant frequency are independent of the value of the load. A power supply is designed and constructed which delivers over 1 kW to a variable load at a constant switching frequency of 82 kHz.
Factors affecting the dimerization of the p66 form of HIV‐1 reverse transcriptase (2001)

The association and dissociation of the homodimeric p66/p66 form of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase were investigated. The effects on the dimerization process of different salt concentrations, pH and the presence of a template/primer and nucleotide substrates were monitored by measuring polymerase activity and analytical size-exclusion HPLC. At submicromolar concentrations of enzyme and physiological salt concentrations, most of the enzyme exists in the inactive monomeric form. Increasing NaCl concentration from 0.05 to 1 M decreased the equilibrium dissociation constant from 2.0 to 0.34 microM. Analysis of the kinetics of the dimerization process indicated it followed a two-step mechanism, with rapid initial association of the two subunits to form an inactive homodimer followed by a slow isomerization step rendering the active enzyme form. The presence of poly(rA)/dT(20) decreased the equilibrium dissociation constant of the homodimer about 30-fold, while the addition of 5 microM dTTP had no effect. The kinetics of the process showed that the template/primer favored dimerization by binding to the inactive homodimer and promoting its isomerization to the active form. These results were confirmed by analyzing the reverse reaction, i.e. the dissociation of the enzyme, by dilution in a low-ionic-strength buffer. The results suggest that binding of immature HIV-1 reverse transcriptase to its natural template/primer may be relevant in both the dimerization process and the selection of its natural primer.
Coumarins: Old Compounds with Novel Promising Therapeutic Perspectives (2010)

Natural as well as synthetic coumarins have recently drawn much attention due to its broad pharmacological activities. Many coumarins and their derivatives exert anti-coagulant, anti-tumor, anti-viral, anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant effects, as well as anti-microbial and enzyme inhibition properties. The recognition of key structural features within coumarin family is crucial for the design and development of new analogues with improved activity and for the characterization of their mechanism of action and potential side effects. The different substituents in the coumarin nucleus strongly influence the biological activity of the resulting derivatives. Although some coumarins have been already characterized to evoke a particular biological activity, the challenge would be the design and synthesis of new derivatives with high specific activity for other pharmacological targets and define their mechanism of action to achieve new therapeutic drugs. The present review highlights the current progress in the development of coumarin scaffolds for drug discovery as novel anti-cancer agents. The major challenges about coumarins include the translation of current knowledge into new potential lead compounds and the repositioning of known compounds for the treatment of cancer.
MICA: Pervasive middleware for learning, sharing and talking (2004)

MICA (multimodal interagent communication architecture) is a middleware layer for pervasive computing that is especially well suited to sharing of information between users, learning user's preferences and interacting with the user through many devices and modalities. It is based on the idea of a blackboard: a global shared memory which acts as both a communication and storage mechanism. It uses an extremely simple API that is easy to program, but still small enough to fit on PDAs and mobile phones. It has been used to implement several systems, including a context-aware application that learns the user's email preferences.
Purification of Monoacylglycerol with Conjugated Linoleic Acid Synthesized through a Lipase-Catalyzed Reaction by Solvent Winterization (2006)

Monoacylglycerol of conjugated linoleic acid (MAG-CLA) is synthesized efficiently by esterification of a free fatty acid mixture of CLA (FFA-CLA) with glycerol using Penicillium camembertii lipase. However, the reaction mixture contained 3-7 wt% FFAs (the acid value, 6-14 mg KOH/g), although the acid value of MAG, which can be used as a food additive, is prescribed to be <6 mg KOH/g (the content of FFAs, <about 3 wt%). Hence, the removal of FFAs in the reaction mixture by winterization was attempted. After the enzyme reaction, the reaction mixture was separated to the oil and glycerol layers. The oil layer (referred to as Rmix[MAG]) included 21.6 wt% glycerol, and its oil part was composed of 5.2 wt% FFAs, 87.0 wt% MAGs, and 7.8 wt% diacylglycerols (DAGs). Here, oil part means FFAs, MAGs, and DAGs in Rmix[MAG]. Rmix[MAG] was first dissolved in 4 mL hexane per 1 g of the Rmix, and the mixture was kept at 0°C for 24 h. The crystallized materials were recovered by centrifugation at -20°C. The content of FFAs in the precipitates decreased from 5.2 to 2.0 wt%, and the content of MAGs increased from 87.0 to 95.8 wt%. To further remove FFAs, solvent winterization of the precipitates was conducted similarly, resulting in a decrease of the content of FFAs from 2.0 to 0.9 wt% and increase of the content of MAGs from 95.8 to 98.4 wt%. The recovery of MAGs through a series of procedures was 84.7% of the initial content of MAGs in the reaction mixture. These results showed that solvent winterization is very effective for purification of MAG-CLA from the reaction mixture obtained by lipase-catalyzed esterification of FFA-CLA and glycerol.
Endpoint Detection Of Photoresist Development Using Multiple Wavelengths And Polarized Light (1989)

A novel methodology for development endpoint detection is presented which utilizes a polarizing optical head (Tritec Industries) to monitor dissolution of exposed photoresist by interferometry. We have found significant improvement in the interferometric signal modulation when using circularly polarized illumination and detection. This result is attributed to a reduction in ambient light effects and to rejection of depolarized light due to scattering from resist sidewalls, aerosol droplets, suspended particles, and bubbles in the developer. Additional improvement in the interferometric signal modulation has been obtained by monitoring an infrared wavelength at which the developer absorption is minimized. This approach tends to ameliorate the problem of "red cloud" opacity that sometimes plagues single-wavelength laser endpoint detection systems. Interferometric data at 660, 830, and 890nm wavelengths are compared using robust fast Fourier transform and finite difference algorithms.
Tumor promoters block tyrosine-specific phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor receptor. (1984)

Tyrosine-specific phosphorylation of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor in hormonally stimulated A431 cells is blocked by three chemically distinct classes of tumor promoters. Tumor-promoting esters of the diterpene phorbol (phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, beta-phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate, and beta-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate), indole alkaloids (teleocidin and lyngbyatoxin A), and polyacetates ( aplysiatoxin and debromoaplysiatoxin ) all inhibited EGF-stimulated phosphorylation of the receptor. Non-tumor-promoting analogs (beta-phorbol, alpha-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate, and hydrolyzed teleocidin) had no effect on the levels of receptor phosphorylation. The ED50 values of the inhibitory effect (0.1-3 ng/ml) reflected the relative tumor-promoting abilities of these compounds in vivo. None of the tumor promoters tested significantly decreased the overall specific binding of 125I-labeled EGF to A431 cells. Scatchard analysis, however, revealed two apparent EGF receptors in this cell type. The dose-responses for tumor-promoter inhibition of EGF receptor tyrosine phosphorylation and high-affinity EGF binding were similar, suggesting that the same initial event is responsible for both effects. This demonstrates a correlation between modulation of EGF receptor binding and phosphorylation of tyrosine by tumor promoters. The data suggest a possible role for protein kinase C, the putative cellular receptor for these tumor promoters, in the mechanism of action.
On the Salt-Induced Stabilization of Pair and Many-body Hydrophobic Interactions (2004)

Salting-out of hydrophobic solutes in aqueous salt solutions and their relevance to salt effects on biophysical phenomena are now well appreciated. Although salt effects on hydrophobic transfer have been well studied, to our knowledge, no quantitative molecular simulation study of salt-induced strengthening of hydrophobic interactions has yet been reported. Here we present quantitative characterization of salt-induced strengthening of hydrophobic interactions at the molecular and nanoscopic length scales through molecular dynamics simulations. Specifically, we quantify the effect of NaCl on the potential of mean force between molecular hydrophobic solutes (methanes) and on conformational equilibria of a 25-mer hydrophobic polymer that efficiently samples ensembles of compact and extended states in water. In both cases, we observe relative stabilization of compact conformations that is accompanied by a clear depletion of salt density (preferential exclusion) and a slight enhancement of water density (preferential hydration) in the solute vicinity. We show that the structural details of salt exclusion can be related to the salt-induced free energy changes using preferential interaction coefficients. We also test the applicability of surface-area-based models to describe the salt-induced free energy changes. These models provide a useful empirical description that can be used to predict the effects of salt on conformational equilibria of hydrophobic solutes. However, we find that the effective increase in the surface tension of the solute-aqueous solution interface depends on the type and concentration of salt as well as the length-scale (i.e., molecular vs nanoscopic) of the conformational change. These calculations underscore the utility of simulation studies to connect quantitatively structural details at the molecular level (described by preferential hydration/exclusion) to macroscopic solvation thermodynamics. The hydrophobic polymer also provides a useful model for studies of effect of thermodynamic variables (P, T, salt/additives) on many-body hydrophobic interactions at nanometer length scales.
Fetal nucleated erythrocyte recovery: Fluorescence activated cell sorting-based positive selection using anti-gamma globin versus magnetic activated cell sorting using anti-CD45 depletion and anti-gamma globin positive selection (2000)

The data from this study demonstrate that both techniques have benefits and limitations. FACS has the advantage of having higher yield, higher purity, higher FISH efficiency and ease in microscope analysis, and MACS has the advantage of having higher specificity and less cell loss during FISH.
Uterine effects of 3-year raloxifene therapy in postmenopausal women younger than age 60 (2000)

Raloxifene given to healthy postmenopausal women at doses from 30 to 150 mg per day does not stimulate uterine growth and does not cause vaginal bleeding, spotting, or discharge through 3 years of therapy. Thus, any bleeding during therapy should be deemed unexpected and prompt a clinical evaluation.