gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Post‐trauma Lipitor treatment prevents endothelial dysfunction, facilitates neuroprotection, and promotes locomotor recovery following spinal cord injury (2007)

We have previously reported neuroprotection in spinal cord injury (SCI) by Lipitor [atorvastatin (AT)]-pre-treatment. Though informative, pre-treatment studies find only limited clinical application as trauma occurrence is unpredictable. Therefore, this study investigates the efficacy of AT treatment post-SCI. In a rat model of contusion-SCI resulting in complete hindlimb paralysis, AT treatment (5 mg/kg; gavage) was begun 2, 4, or 6 h post-SCI followed by a once daily dose thereafter for 6 weeks. While the placebo vehicle (VHC)-SCI rats showed substantial functional deficit, AT-SCI animals exhibited significant functional recovery. AT diminished injury-induced blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB) dysfunction with significantly reduced infiltration and tumor necrosis factor-alpha/interleukin-1beta/inducible nitric oxide synthase expression at site of injury. BSCB protection in AT-SCI was attributable to attenuated matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) expression - a central player in BSCB disruption. Furthermore, endothelial MMP9 expression was found to be RhoA/ROCK pathway-mediated and regulated by AT through an isoprenoid-dependent mechanism. Attenuation of these early inflammatory events reduced secondary damage. Significant reduction in axonal degeneration, myelin degradation, gliosis, and neuronal apoptosis with resultant enhancement in tissue sparing was observed in AT-SCI compared with VHC-SCI. In summary, this novel report presenting the efficacy of post-injury AT treatment might be of critical therapeutic value as effective treatments are currently unavailable for SCI.
Genotypic analyses of uropathogenic Escherichia coli based on fimH single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (2007)

The application of genotyping techniques for subtyping uropathogenic Escherichia coli has contributed to better understanding of the epidemiology of community-acquired urinary tract infection (UTI). However, the current techniques are hampered by limited reproducibility, poor discriminatory power, labour-intensive performance or high cost. A screening test that is sequence-based would provide an inexpensive, reproducible way to subtype E. coli isolates. Such a test, if also discriminatory, would be highly useful for epidemiological studies. The discriminatory ability of 12 putative virulence genes (fimH, fliD, fliM, iha, motA, papA/H, kpsMTII, fepE, fimA, flgA, malG, purD) was evaluated based on single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in nine uropathogenic E. coli isolates, all previously found to belong to a single multilocus sequence type (MLST) complex (ST69). An additional 25 epidemiologically well-characterized E. coli isolates belonging to 12 distinct MLST clonal complexes were analysed for fimH SNP. None of the 12 genes except fimH were able to further discriminate the nine ST69-complex strains. Isolates belonging to the 12 non-ST69 MLST groups were separated into 10 fimH SNP subgroups. While fimH SNP analysis may not be an appropriate phylogenetic method, it offers discriminatory power similar to that of MLST and could be used as a simple, inexpensive screening test for epidemiological studies of uropathogenic E. coli.
DL-.alpha.-(Difluoromethyl)arginine: a potent enzyme-activated irreversible inhibitor of bacterial arginine decarboxylases (1981)

DL-alpha-(Difluoromethyl)arginine (RMI 71 897) is an irreversible inhibitor of both the biosynthetic and biodegradative arginine decarboxylases of Escherichia coli and of the biosynthetic arginine decarboxylases of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The Ki is close to 800 muM for the biosynthetic decarboxylase of E. coli and 140 muM for the biodegradative enzyme while the respective half-lives (t1/2) calculated for an infinite concentration of inhibitor are 1.0 and 2.1 min. The inhibitor also blocks the arginine decarboxylase activity of E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa in vivo, indicating that the compound is transported into the cell. DL-alpha-Methylarginine (RMI 71 699) was found to be a competitive inhibitor of both arginine decarboxylases from E. coli. These results suggest that it may be possible to use an arginine decarboxylase inhibitor in conjunction with known inhibitors of ornithine decarboxylase to block all putrescine biosynthesis in prokaryotic cells and thus to study the effects of such inhibition in these organisms.
The Role of the Cerebral Capillaries in Acute Ischemic Stroke: The Extended Penumbra Model (2013)

The pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia is traditionally understood in relation to reductions in cerebral blood flow (CBF). However, a recent reanalysis of the flow-diffusion equation shows that increased capillary transit time heterogeneity (CTTH) can reduce the oxygen extraction efficacy in brain tissue for a given CBF. Changes in capillary morphology are typical of conditions predisposing to stroke and of experimental ischemia. Changes in capillary flow patterns have been observed by direct microscopy in animal models of ischemia and by indirect methods in humans stroke, but their metabolic significance remain unclear. We modeled the effects of progressive increases in CTTH on the way in which brain tissue can secure sufficient oxygen to meet its metabolic needs. Our analysis predicts that as CTTH increases, CBF responses to functional activation and to vasodilators must be suppressed to maintain sufficient tissue oxygenation. Reductions in CBF, increases in CTTH, and combinations thereof can seemingly trigger a critical lack of oxygen in brain tissue, and the restoration of capillary perfusion patterns therefore appears to be crucial for the restoration of the tissue oxygenation after ischemic episodes. In this review, we discuss the possible implications of these findings for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of acute stroke.
Novel Two-Phase Interleaved LLC Series-Resonant Converter Using a Phase of the Resonant Capacitor (2009)

An LLC series-resonant converter has many unique characteristics and improvements over pulsewidth-modulation topologies. However, many output capacitors are needed in parallel to satisfy an output voltage ripple and a rated ripple current of the capacitors. This paper deals with a novel two-phase interleaved LLC resonant converter using a phase of the resonant capacitor. The proposed converter satisfies low output-voltage ripple requirement and meets the rated ripple of output capacitor's current with few output capacitors. The operation and features are considered in detail, and a prototype with a 12-V-100-A output is investigated.
Neural progenitor cell death is induced by extracellular ATP via ligation of P2X7 receptor (2009)

Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) are capable of self-renewal and differentiation into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, and have been used to treat several animal models of CNS disorders. In the present study, we show that the P2X7 purinergic receptor (P2X7R) is present on NPCs. In NPCs, P2X7R activation by the agonists extracellular ATP or benzoyl ATP triggers opening of a non-selective cationic channel. Prolonged activation of P2X7R with these nucleotides leads to caspase independent death of NPCs. P2X7R ligation induces NPC lysis/necrosis demonstrated by cell membrane disruption accompanied with loss of mitochondrial membrane potential. In most cells that express P2X7R, sustained stimulation with ATP leads to the formation of a non-selective pore allowing the entry of solutes up to 900 Da, which are reportedly involved in P2X7R-mediated cell lysis. Surprisingly, activation of P2X7R in NPCs causes cell death in the absence of pore formation. Our data support the notion that high levels of extracellular ATP in inflammatory CNS lesions may delay the successful graft of NPCs used to replace cells and repair CNS damage.
Mediating interaction conflicts between network-provided and endpoint-provided telephony services (2005)

Unintended interactions between different telephony services are a common phenomenon in today's telephony networks. Solutions exist to mediate such conflicts among network-provided services. With the advent of VoIP, services traditionally provided by the network may now also run on intelligent VoIP endpoints. However, network-based service mediation solutions are typically not aware of endpoint-provided services nor can they control their behavior. In this paper, we discuss how the mediation of service interaction conflicts can be extended to support services provided by VoIP endpoints.
CX3CR1+ Cell–Mediated <i>Salmonella</i> Exclusion Protects the Intestinal Mucosa during the Initial Stage of Infection (2016)

During Salmonella Typhimurium infection, intestinal CX<sub>3</sub>CR1<sup>+</sup> cells can either extend transepithelial cellular processes to sample luminal bacteria or, very early after infection, migrate into the intestinal lumen to capture bacteria. However, until now, the biological relevance of the intraluminal migration of CX<sub>3</sub>CR1<sup>+</sup> cells remained to be determined. We addressed this by using a combination of mouse strains differing in their ability to carry out CX<sub>3</sub>CR1-mediated sampling and intraluminal migration. We observed that the number of S. Typhimurium traversing the epithelium did not differ between sampling-competent/migration-competent C57BL/6 and sampling-deficient/migration-competent BALB/c mice. In contrast, in sampling-deficient/migration-deficient CX<sub>3</sub>CR1<sup>-/-</sup> mice the numbers of S. Typhimurium penetrating the epithelium were significantly higher. However, in these mice the number of invading S. Typhimurium was significantly reduced after the adoptive transfer of CX<sub>3</sub>CR1<sup>+</sup> cells directly into the intestinal lumen, consistent with intraluminal CX<sub>3</sub>CR1<sup>+</sup> cells preventing S. Typhimurium from infecting the host. This interpretation was also supported by a higher bacterial fecal load in CX<sub>3</sub>CR1<sup>+/gfp</sup> compared with CX<sub>3</sub>CR1<sup>gfp/gfp</sup> mice following oral infection. Furthermore, by using real-time in vivo imaging we observed that CX<sub>3</sub>CR1<sup>+</sup> cells migrated into the lumen moving through paracellular channels within the epithelium. Also, we reported that the absence of CX<sub>3</sub>CR1-mediated sampling did not affect Ab responses to a noninvasive S. Typhimurium strain that specifically targeted the CX<sub>3</sub>CR1-mediated entry route. These data showed that the rapidly deployed CX<sub>3</sub>CR1<sup>+</sup> cell-based mechanism of immune exclusion is a defense mechanism against pathogens that complements the mucous and secretory IgA Ab-mediated system in the protection of intestinal mucosal surface.
High-level architecture exploration for MPEG4 encoder with custom parameters (2006)

this paper proposes the use of a high-level architecture exploration method for different MPEG4 video encoders using different customization parameters. The targeted architecture is a heterogeneous MP-SoC which may include up 2 coarse grain SIMD (task level SIMD) subsystems to perform the computations. The customization parameters are related to video resolution, frame rate, Communication Network, level of parallelism and CPU types. These parameters are determined during the high-level architecture exploration, by estimating the architecture performances at early stages of the design flow. Experiments shows that the error factor of these high-level performances estimations are less than 10% compared to those obtained with final manually implemented RTL architecture. This method was used successfully for exploration of different MPEG4 architecture configurations with different customization parameters. We consider these experiments a break-through because they show how a complex design can be mastered through a set of pragmatic choices.
Interference Cancellation: Better Receivers for a New Wireless MAC. (2007)

We argue that carrier sense in 802.11 and other wireless protocols leads to scheduling decisions that are overly pessimistic and hence waste capacity. As an alternative, we propose interference cancellation, in which simultaneous signals are modeled and decoded together rather than treating all but one as random noise. This method greatly expands the conditions under which overlapping transmissions can be successfully received, even by a single receiver. We demonstrate the practicality of these better receivers via a proof-of-concept experiment with USRP software radios. We argue that supporting concurrent transmissions enables new and more effective wireless MACs in which carrier sense is disabled. 1
Oligonucleotide Primed in Situ DNA Synthesis (PRINS): An Alternative to in Situ Hybridization for Gene Mapping and the Investigation of Genome Organization (2003)

The technique of in situ hybridization has come of age, it being more than 21 years since the first descriptions of the procedure were published (1). In that time, the capabihties of the method have expanded enormously. In the early years, the sensitivity (minimum size of target capable of being detected) was restricted to highly repeated DNA sequences, such as satellite DNAs, and detection was exclusively by autoradiography of radioisotopic label (e.g., ref. 2). In time, it became possible to map unique sequences (e.g., ref. 3), but this was a tedious procedure involving the analysis of grain distribution over large numbers of metaphase spreads, in order to distinguish specific hybridization signal from background grains.
DEVELOPMENT OF A GENERAL-PURPOSE MOORING ANALYSIS CAPABILITY FOR THE U.S. NAVY (1985)

Cet article permettra au lecteur de mieux comprendre les analyses du phenomene d'amarrage pour reconnaitre la nature du systeme de telles analyses et, de facon plus importante, pour etre informe des nombreuses sources d'erreurs inherentes dans les analyses. Grâce a cette information l'analyse de l'amarrage peut etre intelligemment conduite et interpretee
Comprehensive Label-Free Method for the Relative Quantification of Proteins from Biological Samples (2005)

Pharmaceutical companies and regulatory agencies are broadly pursuing biomarkers as a means to increase the productivity of drug development. Quantifying differential levels of proteins from complex biological samples such as plasma or cerebrospinal fluid is one specific approach being used to identify markers of drug action, efficacy, toxicity, etc. We have developed a comprehensive, fully automated, and label-free approach to relative protein quantification from LC-MS/MS experiments of proteolytic protein digests including: de-noising, mass and charge state estimation, chromatographic alignment, and peptide quantification via integration of extracted ion chromatograms. Results from a variance components study of the entire method indicate that most of the variability is attributable to the LC-MS injection, with a median peptide LC-MS injection coefficient of variation of 8% on a ThermoFinnigan LTQ mass spectrometer. Spiked recovery results suggest a quantifiable range of approximately 32-fold for a sample protein.
Effect of transmitter power control imperfections on capacity in DS/CDMA cellular mobile radios (2003)

Three imperfections commonly found in transmitter power control (TPC) for direct sequence code division multiple access (DS/CDMA) cellular mobile radios, faulty control of transmission power, unavailable site diversity, and nonuniform user distribution, are investigated. The effects of these TPC imperfections on the traffic capacity of the DS/CDMA mobile communications systems were evaluated through computer simulations. Also, for the TPC system, the accuracy with which the average received signal power must be measured is examined under a wideband signal transmission environment. It is shown that 90% of the traffic capacity with perfect TPC can be achieved by using received signal power measurement whose time interval is larger than eight times the inverse of the maximum Doppler frequency.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Hjc resolvase is a distantly related member of the type II restriction endonuclease family (2000)

Hjc resolvase is an archaeal enzyme involved in homologous DNA recombination at the Holliday junction intermediate. However, the structure and the catalytic mechanism of the enzyme have not yet been identified. We performed database searching using the amino acid sequence of the enzyme from Pyrococcus furiosus as a query. We detected 59 amino acid sequences showing weak but significant sequence similarity to the Hjc resolvase. The detected sequences included DPN:II, HAE:II and Vsr endonuclease, which belong to the type II restriction endonuclease family. In addition, a highly conserved region was identified from a multiple alignment of the detected sequences, which was similar to an active site of the type II restriction endonucleases. We substituted three conserved amino acid residues in the highly conserved region of the Hjc resolvase with Ala residues. The amino acid replacements inactivated the enzyme. The experimental study, together with the results of the database searching, suggests that the Hjc resolvase is a distantly related member of the type II restriction endonuclease family. In addition, the results of our database searches suggested that the members of the RecB domain superfamily are evolutionarily related to the type II restriction endonuclease family.
Effect of group II impurity and group III native defect on disordering Cu–Pt type ordered structures in In0.5(AlxGa1−x)0.5P layers (2002)

Cu–Pt ordering is studied with cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy in p-type, n-type, and nominally undoped InAlP and In(AlGa)P layers. These different doping conditions allow us to investigate the effect of acceptor doping with magnesium and donor doping with tellurium on removing Cu–Pt ordering in In(AlGa)P. Even more significant, however, is the ability to investigate the effect of native group III self-diffusion in p-type, n-type, and nominally undoped InAlP and In(AlGa)P layers. Our data indicate that the rapidly diffusing Mg acceptor species is less effective on removing Cu–Pt ordering than the relatively slow diffusing Te donor species. Also, our results indicate that the native group III defects and group III self-diffusion play a more important role in removing Cu–Pt ordering than either group II acceptor diffusion or group VI donor diffusion.
The design and implementation of MAC security in EPON (2006)

Because Ethernet passive optical network (EPON) is based on shared-medium network and a point-to-multipoint optical tree configuration, frames transmitted to any ONU are actually broadcast simultaneously to all ONUs. In EPON, the security of data transmission is critical in protecting the privacy of users and confidentiality of their communication. The MACsec is a link security method proposed by IEEE 802.1AE WG and under standardization. We implement the MACsec on the basis of Draft suggested by IEEE 802.1AE. Our MAC security (MACsec) provides user data confidentiality, frame data integrity check, and data origin authentication. Also, it provides protection of security threats such as replay attack and DoS attack, etc. These security protections are provided by 128-bit GCM-AES cipher mechanism. We designed the function of MACsec, and implemented it in HDL. Then, we developed two kinds of EPON MAC ASICs using 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS process, MACsec is a part of these chips.
Diffusion Mechanism of Ion Bombardment (1987)

Some new ideas on diffusion modelling under ion bombardment heat treatment conditions are presented. The model put forward may explain why ion bombardment treatment times can be much shorter than those for conventional processes. Some of the problems are discussed, such as the influence of ion bombardment on treated surface structure and vacancy diffusion.
Functional characterization of the cis-regulatory elements of the rat ribophorin I gene (1995)

The ribophorin I gene encodes a rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) specific membrane protein which is a subunit of the oligosaccharyltransferase. To establish the functional activity of its promoter region we have performed transient gene transcription experiments employing plasmid constructs that contain 5' flanking regions of the ribophorin I gene cloned upstream of the CAT reporter gene. Among the restriction fragments obtained from the 1.3-kilobase 5' flanking region, a proximal fragment (-42 to +24) containing two GC-rich elements was required for basic promoter activity, while a fragment (-364 to +24) encoding an additional GC-box and an octamer like motif at -233 conferred the maximal promoter activity. In order to investigate the functionality of an octomer-like sequence co-transfection experiments were performed with Oct-2 cDNA and the CAT reporter gene containing the ribophorin I fragment (-364 to +24). A 3-4-fold increase in the transcriptional activity was observed with this construct. In addition, gel shift experiments showed Oct-2 binding to this construct. These results indicate that Oct-2 is most likely involved in the regulation of the ribophorin I gene transcription. We suggest that the GC-rich elements are necessary for constitutive ribophorin I expression while octamer motif binding proteins function synergistically with the GC-rich element binding proteins to increase the expression of the ribophorin I gene during the proliferation of RER.
Focused two-dimensional antiscatter grid for mammography (2002)

We are developing freestanding high-aspect-ratio, focused, two-dimensional antiscatter grids for mammography using deep x-ray lithography and copper electroforming. The exposure is performed using x-rays from bending magnet beamline 2-BM at the Advanced Photon Source (APS) of Argonne National Laboratory. A 2.8-mm-thick prototype freestanding copper antiscatter grid with 25μm-wide parallel cell walls and 550 μm periodicity has been fabricated. The progress in developing a dynamic double-exposure technique to create the grid with the cell walls aligned to a point x-ray source of the mammography system is discussed.
Modulation Techniques for Three-Phase Four-Leg Inverters (2006)

Abstract:- Three-phase four-leg inverters are typically employed to supply unbalanced loads avoiding the use of a transformer. Usually, the inverter control is performed by modulation techniques, such as the three-dimensional one, requiring complex mathematical algorithms. The paper suggests a different approach, based on the separation of the control of the fourth leg from that of the other phases, allowing the application to the three inverter phases of traditional SVM techniques and avoiding the employment of complex procedures.
The World Bank and the provision of assistance to redundant workers : experience with enterprise restructuring and future directions (2001)

This paper summarizes the World Bank's experience in dealing with redundant (laid-off) workers. It identifies World Bank lending of 88 loans in 47 countries that have contained labor assistance to redundant workers related to enterprise restructuring or privatization since 1987. The paper classifies total World Bank lending into three broader categories that consist of different forms of labor and income support. The findings show that the total number of such loans more than doubled from 1994-98, and most of Bank's labor assistance goes towards long-term capacity building to develop the institutional framework needed to support redundant workers. Training, labor market mobility and severance pay programs were the three major labor programs used most frequently. The paper examines regional differences in total amount of labor assistance and regional difference in using the particular type of labor assistance. The findings also show how major type of labor assistance program changes over time, for example, severance pay program surpassed training program in 1997.