gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Maximum <italic>a posteriori</italic> image and seeing condition estimation from partially coherent two-dimensional light detection and ranging images (2006)

Recent developments in staring focal plane technology have spawned significant interest in the application of gated laser radar systems to battlefield remote sensing. Such environments are characterized by rapidly changing atmospheric seeing conditions and significant image distortion caused by long slant-range paths through the most dense regions of the atmosphere. Limited weight, space, and computational resources tend to prohibit the application of adaptive optic systems to mitigate atmospheric image distortion. We demonstrate and validate the use of a fast, iterative, maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimator to estimate both the original target scene and the ensemble-averaged atmospheric optical transfer function parameterized by Fried's seeing parameter. Wide-field-of-view sensor data is simulated to emulate images collected on an experimental test range. Simulated and experimental multiframe motion-compensated average images are deconvolved by the MAP estimator to produce most likely estimates of the truth image as well as the atmospheric seeing condition. For comparison, Fried's seeing parameter is estimated from experimentally collected images using a knife-edge response technique. The MAP estimator is found to yield seeing condition estimates within approximately 6% using simulated speckle images, and within approximately 8% of knife-edge derived truth for a limited set of experimentally collected image data.
Lignin–polymer blends: evaluation of compatibility by image analysis (2004)

This paper opens onto a general discussion on the development of new polymeric materials obtained from lignin blends. The aim is (i) to look for good polymer candidates to obtain a good compatibility with lignins (that is among semi polar polymers), and (ii) to look for good lignin candidates to obtain a good compatibility with polymers showing extreme behaviours (very polar, e.g. starch, or apolar, e.g. polypropylene). The compatibility is simply assessed through the blend morphology, as studied by visible microscopy. The morphology of the blends obtained from semi polar polymers is very sensitive to the variation of the solubility parameters. In a low range of polymer solubility parameters (delta delta = 1 cal cm(-3)), both heterogeneous and homogeneous systems are obtained. These blends could be easily improved by a careful choice in the polymer structure (particularly in the family of biodegradable polyesters); it could be possible also to take advantage of lignin variability to improve the compatibility. Only low molecular weight lignins are compatible with apolar and very polar matrixes. These compounds induce interesting specific properties, and original methods have to be looked for in order to improve their production.
Barriers to the Success of 100% Maritime Cargo Container Scanning (2007)

The attacks of September 11, 2001 revealed national security vulnerabilities that had previously not received high level priority in the United States, such as insecure transportation and infrastructure networks. In response, airport security—including passenger and baggage scanning—has been improved. Yet seaport security policies have been slow to change. Five years after 9/11, only 5% of the six million cargo containers that arrive at U.S. seaports are scanned for threats.
FM–AM noise conversion in dispersive single-mode fibre transmission lines (1990)

It is shown that a considerable FM–AM-noise conversion occurs in dispersive fibre-links which must be taken into account when designing analogue subcarrier distribution systems. For a link-length of 10 km at λ = 1.55 μm, RIN-values between − 125 and − 145 dB/Hz are expected for frequencies between 1 and 10GHz.
The Effect of Continuous Low Dose Creatine Supplementation on Force, Power, and Total Work (2000)

Dietary supplementation (SUP) has become a significant part of athletic training. Studies indicate that creatine (Cr) can enhance short-duration, high-intensity activities. This study examined the effect of 21 days of low dose Cr SUP ( approximately 7.7 g/day) and resistance training on force output, power output, duration of mean peak power output, and total work performed until fatigue. A double-blind protocol was used, where an individual, who was not part of any other aspect of the study, randomly assigned subjects to creatine and placebo groups. Forty-one male university athletes were randomly assigned to either Cr (n = 20) or placebo (n = 21) SUP. On the first and last day of the study, subjects were required to perform concentric bench press movements until exhaustion on an isokinetic dynamometer. The dynamometer was hard-wired to a personal computer, which provided force, velocity, and duration measures. Force and power output until fatigue, were used to determine total work, force-time, and power-time relationships. ANOVA results revealed that the Cr subjects performed more total work until fatigue, experienced significantly greater improvements in peak force and peak power, and maintained elevated mean peak power for a longer period of time. These results indicate that Cr SUP can significantly improve factors associated with short-duration, high-intensity activity.
Silicon nitride overcoats for thin film magnetic recording media (1991)

A plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition process for silicon nitride films which can be used as overcoats for thin film magnetic recording disks has been developed. The most wear-resistant coatings are deposited at low concentrations of silane diluted with nitrogen, low deposition frequencies (100-400 kHz), low power densities (0.1 W/cm/sup 2/), low total pressure (30 Pa), and temperatures above 250 degrees C. Stoichiometric materials with hydrogen content down to 10 at.% are obtained. Increased deposition temperature leads to an increase in hardness and a decrease in hydrogen content in the films. The stress is compressive and increases linearly with increasing temperature. Wear rates drop by three orders of magnitude as the deposition temperature is raised from 100 to 250 degrees C. Unlubricated disks deposited above 250 degrees C exhibit low static friction without detectable wear for thousands and tens of thousands of start/stop cycles in dry and ambient environments, respectively. These disks lubricated with polyperfluoroethers have lifetimes in excess of ten thousand cycles even in dry conditions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Liquid Phase Behavior of Ionic Liquids with Alcohols:  Experimental Studies and Modeling (2006)

Ionic liquids (ILs) have been suggested as potential "green" solvents to replace volatile organic solvents in reaction and separation processes due to their negligible vapor pressure. To develop ILs for these applications, it is important to gain a fundamental understanding of the factors that control the phase behavior of ionic liquids with other liquids. In this work, we continue our study of the effect of chemical and structural factors on the phase behavior of ionic liquids with alcohols, focusing on pyridinium ILs for comparison to imidazolium ILs from our previous studies. The impact of different alcohol and IL characteristics, including alcohol chain length, cation alkyl chain length, anion, different substituent groups on the pyridinium cation, and type of cation (pyridinium vs imidazolium) will be discussed. In general, the same type of behavior is observed for pyridinium and imidazolium ILs, with all systems studied exhibiting upper critical solution temperature behavior. The impacts of alcohol chain length, cation chain length, and anion, are the same for pyridinium ILs as those observed previously for imidazolium ILs. However, the effect of cation type on the phase behavior is dependent on the strength of the cation-anion interaction. Additionally, all systems from this study and our previous work for imidazolium ILs were modeled using the nonrandom two-liquid (NRTL) equation using two different approaches for determining the adjustable parameters. For all systems, the NRTL equation with binary interaction parameters with a linear temperature dependence provided a good fit of the experimental data.
Psychometric properties of a Chinese version of the critical care family needs inventory (2005)

The Critical Care Family Needs Inventory (CCFNI) was developed to measure family needs of patients with critical illness. However, testing of the CCFNI has not been undertaken for a Chinese-speaking population. The purpose of this study was to assess the psychometric properties of a Chinese version of the CCFNI in a sample of Chinese family members of critically ill patients. Translation into Chinese and reverse translation were completed before administering the questionnaire. The findings show that the Chinese version addressed adequately the original concepts and dimensions, and demonstrated a high level of equivalence with the original version. High internal consistencies (alpha = .80-.92) of the scale and its subscales were found. Principal components factor analysis supported the existence of a five-factor structure. The Chinese version also demonstrated high sensitivity to family needs in terms of severity of illness and satisfactory correlations with theoretically related constructs. These findings support the potential of the Chinese version to be used as a diagnostic tool in assessment of family needs of Chinese patients.
Hydrocolloids in the Production of Special Textures (2003)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Fabricated foods Japanese desserts and molded products Use of hydrocolloids in spray-dried products Frozen products Stabilization and stable foams Candies Fluid and emulsion gels
Optimizing Digital Coupon Assignment Using Constrained Reinforcement Learning (2019)

Coupon marketing is a traditional but effective way to retain customers and stimulate new purchases. Recently, digital coupons have been widely used in e-commerce and distributed to almost everyone. However, the decision on when and whom to issue the coupon is often based on managers' experience and calling for optimization and automation. Collaborated with a leading e-commerce platform, we propose an exploratory constrained reinforcement learning modeling to optimize digital coupon distribution policy under the constraint of maximum offering number. Our experimental results showed that the optimal policy could increase the cumulative total sales about 6% comparing to the original policy of the platform. This work enriches the applications of reinforcement learning in real-world business practices and provides useful implications for future study on constrained reinforcement learning.
Polymorphism in the DNA Repair Gene <i>XPD</i>, Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon-DNA Adducts, Cigarette Smoking, and Breast Cancer Risk (2004)

DNA repair is essential to an individual's ability to respond to damage caused by environmental carcinogens. Alterations in DNA repair genes may affect cancer risk by influencing individual susceptibility to environmental exposures. XPD, a gene involved in nucleotide excision repair, may influence individual DNA repair capacity particularly of bulky adducts. Using a population-based breast cancer case-control study that was specifically conducted to examine markers of environmental exposures, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), on Long Island, NY, we examined whether XPD genotype modified the associations among PAH-DNA adducts, cigarette smoking, and breast cancer risk. Specifically, we examined the XPD polymorphism at exon 23, position 751 in 1,053 breast cancer cases and 1,102 population-based controls. The presence of at least one variant allele (Lys/Gln or Gln/Gln) was associated with a 20% increase in risk of breast cancer [odds ratio (OR), 1.21; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.01-1.44]. The increase in risk for homozygosity of the variant allele (Gln/Gln) seemed limited to those with PAH-DNA adduct levels above the median(OR, 1.61; 95% CI, 0.99-2.63 for adducts above the median versus OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.64-1.74 for adductsbelow the median), although the multiplicative interaction was not statistically significant. The increasein risk for homozygosity of the variant allele (Gln/Gln) was only seen among current smokers (OR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.02-3.81 for current smokers versus OR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.57-1.32 for never smokers); the multiplicative interaction was statistically significant. Overall, this study suggests that those individuals with this polymorphism in the XPD gene may face an increased risk of breast cancer from PAH-DNA adducts and cigarette smoking.
Fast implementation for compressive recovery of highly accelerated cardiac cine MRI using the balanced sparse model (2016)

Our approach can be utilized to achieve fast reconstruction of large MRI datasets, thereby increasing the clinical utility of reconstruction techniques based on compressed sensing. Magn Reson Med 77:1505-1515, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
PECVD of Nanocrystalline Si Layers on High‐<i>T</i><sub>g</sub> Polymer Substrates (2006)

Abstract Summary: Hydrogenated nanocrystalline silicon (nc‐Si:H) was deposited by plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) on transparent polymers in order to qualify these for possible use as electronic substrates. As a first step, plasma etch experiments in pure H 2 revealed small etch rates for these materials. Thin films of nc‐Si:H were then deposited on samples placed on the grounded electrode of a “Reinberg”‐type parallel plate RF (13.56 MHz) PECVD reactor, at various substrate temperatures (25 °C ≤ Ts ≤ 250 °C), using SiH 4 diluted in H 2 as the feed‐gas. Thermally induced failure of the nc‐Si:H/polymer composite was avoided within a certain range of deposition conditions, permitting structural and electrical characterization of the deposits. Temperature‐dependent conductivity, σ ( T ), for nanocrystalline silicon (nc‐Si:H) films on glass and three polymer substrates, all deposited at T s = 175 °C. magnified image Temperature‐dependent conductivity, σ ( T ), for nanocrystalline silicon (nc‐Si:H) films on glass and three polymer substrates, all deposited at T s = 175 °C.
Neural network applications to the color scanner and printer calibrations (1992)

In the context of colorimetric matching, the intent of color scanner and printer calibrations is to characterize the devicedependent responses to the device-independent representations such as CIEXYZ or CIE 1976 L*a*b* (CIELAB). Usually, this is accomplished by a two-step process of gray balancing and a matrix transformation, using a transfer matrix obtained from multiple polynomial regression. Color calibrations, printer calibrations in particular, are highly nonlinear. Thus, a new technique, the neural network with the Cascade Correlation learning architecture, is employed for representing the map of device values to CIE standards. Neural networks are known for their capabilities to learn highly nonlinear relationships from presented examples. Excellent results are obtamed using this particular neural net; in most training sets, the average color differences are about one Eab. This approach is compared to the polynomial approximations ranging from a 3-term linear fit to a 14-term cubic equation. The results from training sets indicate that the neural net outperforms the polynomial approximation. However, the comparison is not made in the same ground and the generalizations, using the trained neural net to predict relationships it has not been trained with, are sometimes rather poor. Nevertheless, the neural network is a very promising tool for use in color calibrations and other color technologies in general.
Efficient Implementations of the Chinese Remainder Theorem for Sign Detection and Residue Decoding (1985)

Two conversion techniques based on the Chinese remainder theorem are developed for use in residue number systems. The new implementations are fast and simple mainly because adders modulo a large and arbitrary integer M are effectively replaced by binary adders and possibly a lookup table of small address space. Although different in form, both techniques share the same principle that an appropriate representation of the summands must be employed in order to evaluate a sum modulo M efficiently. The first technique reduces the sum modulo M in the conversion formula to a sum modulo 2 through the use of fractional representation, which also exposes the sign bit of numbers. Thus, this technique is particularly useful for sign detection and for any operation requiring a comparison with a binary fraction of M. The other technique is preferable for the full conversion from residues to unsigned or 2's complement integers. By expressing the summands in terms of quotients and remainders with respect to a properly chosen divisor, the second technique systematically replaces the sum modulo M by two binary sums, one accumulating the quotients modulo a power of 2 and the other accumulating the remainders the ordinary way. A final recombination step is required but is easily implemented with a small lookup table and binary adders.
Conductive porous vanadium nitride/graphene composite as chemical anchor of polysulfides for lithium-sulfur batteries (2017)

Although the rechargeable lithium-sulfur battery is an advanced energy storage system, its practical implementation has been impeded by many issues, in particular the shuttle effect causing rapid capacity fade and low Coulombic efficiency. Herein, we report a conductive porous vanadium nitride nanoribbon/graphene composite accommodating the catholyte as the cathode of a lithium-sulfur battery. The vanadium nitride/graphene composite provides strong anchoring for polysulfides and fast polysulfide conversion. The anchoring effect of vanadium nitride is confirmed by experimental and theoretical results. Owing to the high conductivity of vanadium nitride, the composite cathode exhibits lower polarization and faster redox reaction kinetics than a reduced graphene oxide cathode, showing good rate and cycling performances. The initial capacity reaches 1,471 mAh g<sup>-1</sup> and the capacity after 100 cycles is 1,252 mAh g<sup>-1</sup> at 0.2 C, a loss of only 15%, offering a potential for use in high energy lithium-sulfur batteries.
Biomechanical Analysis of Posterior Fixation Techniques in a 360° Arthrodesis Model (2005)

Using a load-sharing interbody implant, translaminar facet screws are equivalent to bilateral pedicle screws in resisting motion in all three planes. Translaminar facet screws and bilateral pedicle screws offer greater stabilization in all three planes compared with unilateral pedicle screws and a single plate.
Foundations of Social Media Marketing (2014)

The Social Media have changed the power structures in the marketplace; evidence points to a major power migration taking place and to emergence of a new breed of powerful and sophisticated customer, difficult to influence, persuade and retain The paper outlines the nature, effects and present status of the Social Media, underlying their role as customer empowerment agents. It explains their aptitude and possible roles as part of the corporate Marketing strategy and identifies different ways of engaging them as marketing tools. The paper proposes two possible Social Media marketing strategies: a. The passive approach focusing on utilizing the Social Media domain as source of customer voice and market intelligence. b. The active approach i.e. engaging the Social Media as direct marketing and PR channels, as channels of customer influence, as tools of personalizing products and last but not least develop them as platforms of co-operation and customer-generated innovation. Finally the paper identifies future research directions around this new element of the marketing landscape
Enfermedades transmitidas por los alimentos: Análisis del riesgo microbiológico (2010)

The basic goals of risk assessment include the following: to identify potentially hazardous situations and apply appropriate methods to estimate the likelihood that a hazard occurs. In The uncertainty in that estimate, to provide alternative solutions to reduce the risk, estimate the effectiveness of those solutions, provide information to base a risk management decision, and estimate the uncertainty associated with the analysis. Risk analysis provides the rational framework for assembling and then analysing the evidence relating to risk and presenting the results in a form that is easy to understand and then act upon fairly and effectively. Progress made is no excuse for arrogance. The present review is definitely not designed as the last word on risk analysis for foodborne diseases. Rather, this review has been designed to continue an evolving and necessary process and to provide a reference point that indicates the state of development in 2010.
A role for HGF/SF in neural induction and its expression in Hensen’s node during gastrulation (1995)

ABSTRACT It was previously shown (Roberts, C., Platt, N., Streit, A., Schachner, M. and Stern, C. D. (1991) Development 112, 959-970) that grafts of Hensen’s node into chick embryos enhance and maintain expression of the L5 carbohydrate in neighbouring epiblast cells, and that antibodies against L5 inhibit neural induction by such a graft. We now show that L5 is initially widely expressed in the epiblast, but as neural induction proceeds it gradually becomes confined to and up-regulated in the early neural plate. L5 can therefore be considered as a marker for cells that are competent to respond to neural induction. We also show that Hepatocyte Growth Factor/Scatter Factor (HGF/SF) promotes the expression of L5 by extraembryonic epiblast in collagen gels after overnight culture. Explants cultured for several days in the presence of HGF/SF, as well as explants of prospective neural plate, can differentiate into cells with neuronal morphology expressing neuronal markers. To investigate whether HGF/SF is expressed in the chick embryo at appropriate stages of development, we produced specific cDNA probes and used them for in situ hybridization. We find that at the primitive streak stage, HGF/SF is expressed specifically in Hensen’s node. We therefore propose that HGF/SF plays a role during the early steps of neural induction, perhaps by inducing or maintaining the competence of the epiblast to respond to neural inducing signals.
Mill and Marx: Individual Liberty and the Roads to Freedom. (1993)

Part 1 Human nature: introductory comment - method and human nature Mill and human nature - the context, self-culture, free will and liberty, laws of the mind and the science of ethology instincts Marx and the Homo Faber - the continuity controversy, human nature, the productive individual etc. Part 2 The individual and freedom: introductory comment Mill and individuality - the elite, the generality and democracy, the principle of liberty, the autonomous individual, happiness and freedom, the elite, the generaltity and rep government Marx and the individual - Marx on morality and justice, Marxian justice and communist morality, Marx against justice and morality, the grundrisse, the individual and freedom, the individual, circulation and money, self-determination, social freedom and revolution.