gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Exposure of human islets to cytokines can result in disproportionately elevated proinsulin release (1999)

Infiltration of immunocytes into pancreatic islets precedes loss of beta cells in type 1 diabetes. It is conceivable that local release of cytokines affects the function of beta cells before their apoptosis. This study examines whether the elevated proinsulin levels that have been described in prediabetes can result from exposure of beta cells to cytokines. Human beta-cell preparations were cultured for 48 or 72 hours with or without IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, or IFN-gamma, alone or in combination. None of these conditions were cytotoxic, nor did they reduce insulin biosynthetic activity. Single cytokines did not alter medium or cellular content in insulin or proinsulin. Cytokine combinations, in particular IL-1beta plus IFN-gamma, disproportionately elevated medium proinsulin levels. This effect expresses an altered functional state of the beta cells characterized by preserved proinsulin synthesis, a slower hormone conversion, and an increased ratio of cellular proinsulin over insulin content. The delay in proinsulin conversion can be attributed to lower expression of PC1 and PC2 convertases. It is concluded that disproportionately elevated proinsulin levels in pre-type 1 diabetic patients might result from exposure of their beta cells to cytokines released from infiltrating immunocytes. This hormonal alteration expresses an altered functional state of the beta cells that can occur independently of beta-cell death.
Beneficial use of biosolids: progress in controlling metals (1996)

Beneficial use of wastewater and its by-products is receiving increasing attention. The objective is to maximize the resource value and minimize the need to consider disposal only. While not always possible, more opportunities for such uses are being pursued. One aspect of this effort is the beneficial use of biosolids or, as it long has been known, sludge. Even the change in terminology reflects the effort to consider these materials as potential resources. While the new term may reflect more an effort to make such materials acceptable to the public from a psychological basis, efforts to assure the material is acceptable based on health risks by minimizing hazards from organisms and chemicals are prerequisite. Among the contaminants of concern are several elements. In the mid 1970s (designated 1975) and during the last several years (designated 1993), samples of wastewater solids were collected from 22 publicly owned wastewater treatment facilities (POTWs), all with pretreatment programs, in Massachusetts. These samples were analyzed for seven metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn). While there are several potentially confounding factors such as differences in sampling and analytical methods, the fact that the mean concentrations of all seven of the metals monitored decreased during the interval 1975–1993 when the two sets of data (126 and 54 samples respectively) were collected suggests that pretreatment and pollution prevention efforts have contributed to improving the quality of biosolids.
Shift-Time Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Assembly: Fast Film Growth and High Gas Barrier with Fewer Layers by Adjusting Deposition Time (2014)

In an effort to reduce deposition time and number of layers needed to achieve high gas barrier, multilayer films were deposited using 1 s exposures for the first four bilayers (BLs) and 1 min for subsequent dips. Thin-film assemblies of polyethylenimine (PEI) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) were deposited onto poly(ethylene terephthalate) [PET] using the layer-by-layer deposition process. Varying the exposure time of PET to polyelectrolyte solutions (i.e., dip time) significantly alters the growth rate of the multilayer thin films. The PEI/PAA system grows linearly with 1 s dip times and exponentially with longer times. Eight bilayers (650 nm) were required to achieve an undetectable oxygen transmission rate (<0.005 cm<sup>3</sup>/(m<sup>2</sup>·day)) using 1 min deposition steps, but this barrier was obtained with only 6 BLs (552 nm) using 1s deposition of the initial layers, reducing total deposition time by 73%. This "shift-time" concept makes layer-by-layer assembly much faster and more commercially feasible.
Treatment of sepsis with activated protein C (2001)

See also Education and debate p 923 

When uncomplicated sepsis progresses to uncontrolled systemic inflammation with evidence of organ dysfunction and impaired tissue perfusion (severe sepsis) or hypotension unresponsive to expansion of the circulating volume (septic shock), mortality is high (20%-60%).1–3

Until now attempts to improve outcome by manipulating the inflammatory response have proved disappointing and in some instances possibly harmful.4 Failure to improve outcome with anti-inflammatory strategies can be explained partly by the limitations of the trials used to assess new treatments. These include the heterogeneity of patients in multicentre studies, the wide range in the severity of their illness, co-morbidity, standardised use of concomitant therapy (especially antibiotics), the timing of treatment, the question of attributable mortality, and the choice of outcome measures. The development of successful strategies to modulate inflammation has also been hampered by our limited understanding of the complex mechanisms that regulate the inflammatory response, combined with a naive assumption that mortality can be reduced by temporarily neutralising just one component of the pro-inflammatory system.

But at last it seems that an effective treatment for some patients with severe sepsis has been identified in a recent …
Building safer cars (2002)

In the future, cars will help make the world's roads nearly accident free. Humans are fallible: we get sleepy while driving at night, do dumb things like put on makeup or shave while creeping along in bumper-to-bumper traffic, or look away from the road to adjust our car radios. But cars will soon make road travel safer by looking over drivers' shoulders, so to speak, keeping their attention from being pulled away from the road, and finding ways to reduce the hazard should a driver's focus stray. To this end, researchers envision smart systems that give the driver "the right information, in the right way, at the right time". R&D programs are advancing toward a smart car capable of reducing the number of stimuli, some of them simultaneous, to which a driver must react, or taking over elements of the driving task such as braking or steering. Adaptive cruise control (ACC) systems are being developed which combine radar- or laser-based sensors that scan the road ahead with throttle and brake actuators, to maintain a safe, preset minimum distance between cars in the same lane.
New provider responsibilities under the Patient Self-Determination Act: living wills, durable powers of attorney, and the law. (1991)

Home care and hospice providers participating in Medicare or Medicaid are subject to the new obligations created by the Patient Self-Determination Act, and therefore must be familiar with their states' laws on patients' rights to direct medical care.
Low-loss dual-wave laser optics coatings at 1060 nm and 530 nm (2011)

Red-to-green laser conversion requires dual-wave laser optics coatings at 1060nm and 530nm. Loss analysis of the dual-wave coatings were presented for 3 types of coating designs with a coating material combination of HfO<sub>2</sub>/SiO<sub>2</sub>. Homogeneity and smoothness of the HfO<sub>2</sub>/SiO<sub>2</sub> multilayers via standard plasma ion assisted deposition were evaluated. A modified plasma ion assisted deposition process with in-situ plasma smoothing was developed to deposit dense and smooth HfO2/SiO2 multilayers. Improved film microstructure was revealed on single layer and multilayer coated samples by means of atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The improved film microstructure led to low loss and laser durable coating performance.
Pyrazine Biosynthesis in <i>Corynebacterium glutamicum</i> (2010)

Abstract The volatile compounds released by Corynebacterium glutamicum were collected by use of the CLSA technique (closed‐loop stripping apparatus) and analysed by GC‐MS. The headspace extracts contained several acyloins and pyrazines that were identified by their synthesis or comparison to commercial standards. Feeding experiments with [ 2 H 7 ]acetoin resulted in the incorporation of labelling into trimethylpyrazine and tetramethylpyrazine. Several deletion mutants targeting genes of the primary metabolism were constructed to elucidate the biosynthetic pathway to pyrazines in detail. A deletion mutant of the ketol‐acid reductoisomerase was not able to convert the acetoin precursor ( S )‐2‐acetolactate into the pathway intermediate ( R )‐2,3‐dihydroxy‐3‐methylbutanoate to the branched amino acids. This mutant requires valine, leucine, and isoleucine for growth and produces significantly higher amounts and more different compounds of the acyloin and pyrazine classes. Gene deletion of the acetolactate synthase (AS) resulted in a mutant that is not able to convert pyruvate into ( S )‐2‐acetolactate. This mutant also requires branched amino acids and produces only very small amounts of pyrazines likely from valine via the valine biosynthetic pathway operating in reverse order. A ΔASΔKR double mutant was constructed that does not produce any pyrazines at all. These results open up a detailed biosynthetic model for the formation of alkylated pyrazines via acyloins.
Time Series Data Mining (2014)

Time series data is a large part of the growing amount of data being captured and stored by organizations. Organizations frequently take transactions created by either people or machines and convert that information to time series data. Because time series data can be large, it is often best to perform dimension reduction. Reducing the dimensionality of the data reduces the size while maintaining the maximum amount of information. Pattern detection is another common use of time series data mining and includes applications such as fraud detection or forecasting demand for new products. The growing popularity of wearable fitness devices is an example of this explosion of data. Data from a Nike+ FuelBand serves as a practical example of analysis of times series data.
The Triple Combination Indinavir-Zidovudine-Lamivudine Is Highly Synergistic (2000)

Administration of the combination of indinavir-zidovudine-lamivudine has been demonstrated to cause a large fraction of treated patients to have a decline in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) copy number to below the detectability of sensitive assays. A recent investigation (G. L. Drusano, J. A. Bilello, D. S. Stein, M. Nessly, A. Meibohm, E. A. Emini, P. Deutsch, J. Condra, J. Chodakewitz, and D. J. Holder, J. Infect. Dis. 178:360-367, 1998) demonstrated that the durability of the antiviral effect was affected by combination chemotherapy. Zidovudine-lamivudine-indinavir differed significantly from the combination of zidovudine plus indinavir. We hypothesized that the addition of lamivudine might alter the regimen, producing a synergistic anti-HIV effect. In vitro analysis of drug interaction demonstrated that zidovudine-indinavir interacted additively. The addition of lamivudine in concentrations which suppressed viral replication by 20% or less by itself demonstrated marked increases in the synergy volume, increasing the synergy volume 20-fold with the addition of 320 nM lamivudine (which does not suppress HIV by itself) and 40-fold with the addition of 1,000 nM lamivudine (20% viral inhibition as a single agent). A fully parametric analysis with a newly developed model for three-drug interaction confirmed and extended these observations. The interaction term (alpha(IND,AZT, 3TC)) for all three drugs showed the greatest degree of synergy. This marked synergistic interaction among the three agents may explain some of the clinical results which differentiate this regimen from the double-drug regimen of zidovudine plus indinavir.
Mercury and methylmercury, in individual zooplankton: Implications for bioaccumulation (1992)

Using trace-metal-clean sampling and handling techniques along with ultrasensitive analytical procedures, it is possible to measure both total Hg and monomethylmercury (methyl-Hg) in natural planktonic communities with the same level of taxonomic, ontogenic, and trophic resolution that is currently possible in fish communities. In an experimentally manipulated lake, both acidification and trophic position enhanced the bioaccumulation of methyl-Hg in the plankton. A consistant pattern of methyl-Hg enrichment (2−4 ×) in water, bulk phytoplankton, and individual zooplankton was associated with a 1.5 unit pH decrease in Little Rock Lake. Regardless of pH, bioconcentration factors [Bf = log(Cb/Cw), where Cb and Cw are Hg concentrations in biota and water] were substantially higher for methyl-Hg than those for total Hg or nonmethyl-Hg at three pelagic trophic levels (~10−100×). Between each trophic level, the Bf(methyl-Hg) increased by ~0.5 log units, clearly indicating biomagnification. Although somewhat higher in the acidified basin, Bf(methyl-Hg) was more strongly influenced by trophic position than by pH. This suggests that methyl-Hg was bioaccumulated largely in proportion to supply and that acidification may have directly increased supply to the base of the food chain.
Next-generation visual supercomputing using PC clusters with volume graphics hardware devices (2001)

To seek a low-cost, extensible solution for the large-scale data visualization problem, a visual computing system is designed as a result of a collaboration between industry and government research laboratories in Japan, also with participation by researchers in U.S. This scalable system is a commodity PC cluster equipped with the VolumePro 500 volume graphics cards and a specially designed image compositing hardware. Our performance study shows such a system is capable of interactive rendering 5123 and 10243 volume data and highly scalable. In particular, with such a system, simulation and visualization can be performed concurrently which allows scientists to monitor and tune their simulations on the fly. In this paper, both the system and hardware designs are presented.
Effects of Y Dopant on Lattice Distortion and Electrical Properties of In<sub>3</sub>SbTe<sub>2</sub> Phase‐Change Material (Phys. Status Solidi RRL 11/2017) (2017)

Minho Choi et al. (article no. 1700275) have investigated a computational high-throughput screening method to search a suitable doping element for novel phase-change materials. 29 dopants (Ag, Bi, Co, Cr, Er, Fe, Ga, Gd, Ir, Po, Rh, Ge, Ta, Nb, Sc, Zr, Mo, Si, La, Lu, Tl, V, Pr, Tb, Y, Yb, Cu, Ti, and Zn) have been screened by calculating the doping formation energy and lattice distortion angle with density functional theory when these dopants substitute each host atom – In, Sb, and Te sites in the ternary alloy In3SbTe2 (IST) in this work. Comparing with the 216 supercell model, the authors have confirmed that the 64 model is a fast and effective method to predict a suitable dopant through ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations of lattice distortion. Theoretically, Y is predicted as an ideal dopant because of its negative doping formation energy and the largest lattice distortion. Experimentally, the Y-doped IST shows excellent thermodynamic stability and a fast switching at lower power consumption.
Methods of embryo scoring in in vitro fertilization. (2004)

It has been 25 years since the introduction of in vitro fertilization (IVF) for treatment of infertility. During this time very dynamic advances have taken place in all aspects of assisted reproductive technology (ART). The rapid improvement in embryological methods, especially these related to preimplantation embryo evaluation are of great importance. This article is a review of embryo classification systems utilized in ART programs. The most widely used scoring systems of zygotes and embryos (including blastocysts) are described. Additionally, the advantages of advanced embryo classifications in relation to ART success rates are presented.
Technology Update: Using Schematics for Managing Well Barriers (2015)

Technology Update Well integrity and well barriers have been part of the exploitation for oil and gas for nearly a century, with the introduction of the blowout preventer (BOP) in the 1920s. The concept of creating well barrier schematics was inaugurated in Norway in 1992, long before the accidents on the Montara platform in 2009 and the Deepwater Horizon rig in 2010 elevated the global focus on well integrity. A Common Understanding Yet there are large variations in the industry’s perception of well integrity and well barriers, despite the daily use of these terms by drilling and well engineers. Well integrity is defined by the Norsok Standard D-010 (Rev. 4, 2013) as an “application of technical, operational, and organizational solutions to reduce risk of uncontrolled release of formation fluids and well fluids throughout the life cycle of a well.” The definition is so broad that engineers might prefer something that lends itself to a more practical, hands-on description. This is where the well barriers principle comes into play. If you ask someone what a well barrier is, you will get many different answers. However, it is possible to unify them on the concept of an envelope. The well barrier envelope is the physical system that prevents fluids from flowing unintentionally from the formation into another formation or to the external environment. The envelope is designed to contain this pressurized effluent. Barrier Envelope Principle The benefit of using the envelope principle is that we can create two independent envelopes, one outside of the other. We will have primary containment of the pressurized fluid, so that no matter where the pressure might escape through the primary barrier, there will always be a secondary containment behind the primary barrier as a backup (Figs. 1a and 1b). To be consistent and to avoid ambiguity, it is best to define the secondary barrier as the last line of defense rather than barrier No. 2.
Ionospheric Correction Improvements for Single Frequency GPS Receivers (2001)

The dilution of precision (DOP) error currently 
introduced by the Ionosphere is the single largest source 
of error for single frequency GPS receivers. Current 
techniques for reducing this error in single frequency 
receivers utilize a thin shell model of the Ionosphere in 
conjunction with an obliquity factor. These methods 
contain a systematic error resulting from the height 
distribution of the electron density in the Ionosphere. 
A new technique is introduced that allows for 
compensation for varying height profiles of the 
Ionosphere while maintaining compatibility with current 
thin shell models. This method utilizes an effective shell 
height model in conjunction with the current electron 
density shell models to provide superior estimation of the 
Ionospheric contribution to the GPS signal delay.
Targeted Mutagenesis for Functional Analysis of Gene Duplication in Legumes (2013)

Assessment of gene function oftentimes requires mutant populations that can be screened by forward or reverse genetic analysis. The situation becomes more complicated in polyploidy or paleopolyploid genomes that have two or more copies for most genes. Here we describe a method for engineering zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) for the purpose of creating targeted mutations in the paleopolyploid soybean genome. ZFNs are recombinant proteins composed of an engineered zinc-finger array fused to a nonspecific cleavage domain. When engineered to recognize a specific nucleotide sequence, the cleavage domain will generate highly mutagenic DNA double-strand breaks frequently resulting in insertions and deletions at the target locus. Depending on the number of target sites present within the genome, this method has the capacity to target either single- or multi-copy gene families. In this chapter, we describe an inexpensive, rapid, and user-friendly approach for ZFN assembly and application in soybean based on the previously described context-dependent assembly method.
Role of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in the inner ear : identification of an E3 ubiquitin ligase for Atoh1 (2014)

Thesis: Ph. D., Harvard-MIT Program in Health Sciences and Technology, 2014.
POSTTRANSPLANT NONFUNCTION OF CANINE ISLETS IN PVG RATS DEFICIENT IN COMPLEMENT COMPONENT C61 (1998)

The membrane attack complex does not appear to play a major role in primary nonfunction of canine islet xenografts in nonimmunosuppressed PVG rats. However, there was a lower incidence of primary nonfunction and a longer posttransplant survival time in immunosuppressed C6D rats, suggesting the membrane attack complex may play a minor role in recipients that are heavily immunosuppressed.
Molecular Cloning Reveals Alternative Splice Forms of Human α(E)-Catenin (1994)

At least three proteins (alpha, beta, and gamma catenin) comprise the cytoplasmic domain of the cadherin cell-cell adhesion complex. We have cloned and sequenced human epithelial alpha(E)-catenin and have identified two distinct transcripts, designated alpha 1- and alpha 2-. The human alpha 1(E)-catenin transcript predicts a 907 aa sequence 97% identical to mouse alpha-catenin. The second transcript, alpha 2(E)-catenin, displays a 24 amino acid insertion after codon 812, yielding a 931 amino acid protein (GenBank #L23805). Analysis by RT-PCR and Northern blotting detects one or both transcripts in epithelial and non-epithelial tissues. Southern blotting indicates that both arise from a single gene. The alternative transcription site in alpha-catenin is analogous to the splice site in vinculin that creates met alpha-vinculin, extending the homology between alpha-catenin and vinculin. These data with the reported structure of other catenin genes suggest that vinculin and alpha-catenin generate a superfamily of proteins mediating membrane-cytoskeletal associations.
e-beam induced EUV photomask repair: a perfect match (2010)

Due to the updated ITRS roadmap EUV might enter the market as a productive solution for the 32 nm node1. Since the EUV-photomask is used as mirror and no longer as transitive device the severity of different defect types has changed significantly. Furthermore the EUV-photomask material stack is much more complex than the conventional 193nm photomask materials which expand the field of critical defect types even further. In this paper we will show, that "classical" 193 mask repair processes cannot be applied to EUV material. We will show the performance of a new repair process based on the novel ebeam repair tool MeRiT® HR 32. Furthermore this process will be applied on real EUV mask defects and the success of these repairs confirmed by wafer prints.