gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Eudesmane-type sesquiterpene diols directly synthesized by a sesquiterpene cyclase in <i>Tripterygium wilfordii</i> (2018)

Cryptomeridiol, a typical eudesmane diol, is the active principle component of the antispasmodic Proximol. Although it has been used for many years, the biosynthesis pathway of cryptomeridiol has remained blur. Among terpenoid natural products, terpenoid cyclases are responsible for cyclization and generation of hydrocarbon backbones. The cyclization is mediated by carbocationic cascades and ultimately terminated via deprotonation or nucleophilic capture. Isoprene precursors are, respectively, converted into hydrocarbons or hydroxylated backbones. A sesquiterpene cyclase in <i>Tripterygium wilfordii</i> (TwCS) was determined to directly catalyze (<i>E</i>,<i>E</i>)-farnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) to unexpected eudesmane diols, primarily cryptomeridiol. The function of TwCS was characterized by a modular pathway engineering system in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> The major product determined by NMR spectroscopy turned out to be cryptomeridiol. This unprecedented production was further investigated <i>in vitro</i>, which verified that TwCS can directly produce eudesmane diols from FPP. Some key residues for TwCS catalysis were screened depending on the molecular model of TwCS and mutagenesis studies. As cryptomeridiol showed a small amount of volatile and medicinal properties, the biosynthesis of cryptomeridiol was reconstructed in <i>S. cerevisiae</i> Optimized assays including modular pathway engineering and the CRISPR-cas9 system were successfully used to improve the yield of cryptomeridiol in the <i>S. cerevisiae</i> The best engineered strain TE9 (BY4741 erg9::Δ-200-176 rox1::mut/pYX212-IDI + TwCS/p424-tHMG1) ultimately produced 19.73 mg/l cryptomeridiol in a shake flask culture.
Haemophilus influenzae pili are composite structures assembled via the HifB chaperone. (1996)

Haemophilus influenzae is a Gram-negative bacterium that represents a common cause of human disease. Disease due to this organism begins with colonization of the upper respiratory mucosa, a process facilitated by adhesive fibers called pili. In the present study, we investigated the structure and assembly of H. influenzae pili. Examination of pili by electron microscopy using quick-freeze, deep-etch and immunogold techniques revealed the presence of two distinct subassemblies, including a flexible two-stranded helical rod comprised of HifA and a short, thin, distal tip structure containing HifD. Genetic and biochemical studies demonstrated that the biogenesis of H. influenzae pili is dependent on a periplasmic chaperone called HifB, which belongs to the PapD family of immunoglobulin-like chaperones. HifB bound directly to HifA and HifD, forming HifB-HifA and HifB-HifD complexes, which were purified from periplasmic extracts by ion-exchange chromatography. Continued investigation of the biogenesis of H. influenzae pili should provide general insights into organelle development and may suggest novel strategies for disease prevention.
The Mammalian Longevity-associated Gene Product p66 Regulates Mitochondrial Metabolism (2006)

Previous studies have determined that mice with a homozygous deletion in the adapter protein p66(shc) have an extended life span and that cells derived from these mice exhibit lower levels of reactive oxygen species. Here we demonstrate that a fraction of p66(shc) localizes to the mitochondria and that p66(shc-/-) fibroblasts have altered mitochondrial energetics. In particular, despite similar cytochrome content, under basal conditions, the oxygen consumption of spontaneously immortalized p66(shc-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts were lower than similarly maintained wild type cells. Differences in oxygen consumption were particularly evident under chemically uncoupled conditions, demonstrating that p66(shc-/-) cells have a reduction in both their resting and maximal oxidative capacity. We further demonstrate that reconstitution of p66(shc) expression in p66(shc-/-) cells increases oxygen consumption. The observed defect in oxidative capacity seen in p66(shc-/-) cells is partially offset by augmented levels of aerobic glycolysis. This metabolic switch is manifested by p66(shc-/-) cells exhibiting an increase in lactate production and a stricter requirement for extracellular glucose in order to maintain intracellular ATP levels. In addition, using an in vivo NADH photobleaching technique, we demonstrate that mitochondrial NADH metabolism is reduced in p66(shc-/-) cells. These results demonstrate that p66(shc) regulates mitochondrial oxidative capacity and suggest that p66(shc) may extend life span by repartitioning metabolic energy conversion away from oxidative and toward glycolytic pathways.
Manufacture and Test of a Prototype Cyanate Ester Coil (2010)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> In order to demonstrate that cyanate ester resin could be successfully used in an industrial environment to produce a fusion magnet, a test coil has been made as part of the MAST-Upgrade programme. </para>
Development of Advanced Verification and Validation Procedures and Tools for the Certification of Learning Systems in Aerospace Applications (2005)

Adaptive control technologies that incorporate learning algorithms have been proposed to enable automatic flight control and vehicle recovery, autonomous flight, and to maintain vehicle performance in the face of unknown, changing, or poorly defined operating environments. In order for adaptive control systems to be used in safety-critical aerospace applications, they must be proven to be highly safe and reliable. Rigorous methods for adaptive software verification and validation must be developed to ensure that control system software failures will not occur. Of central importance in this regard is the need to establish reliable methods that guarantee convergent learning, rapid convergence (learning) rate, and algorithm stability. This paper presents the major problems of adaptive control systems that use learning to improve performance. The paper then presents the major procedures and tools presently developed or currently being developed to enable the verification, validation, and ultimate certification of these adaptive control systems. These technologies include the application of automated program analysis methods, techniques to improve the learning process, analytical methods to verify stability, methods to automatically synthesize code, simulation and test methods, and tools to provide on-line software assurance.
On Using the Viterbi Path Along With HMM Likelihood Information for Online Signature Verification (2007)

This paper describes a system using two complementary sorts of information issuing from a hidden Markov model (HMM) for online signature verification. At each point of the signature, 25 features are extracted. These features are normalized before training and testing in order to improve the performance of the system. This normalization is writer-dependent; it exploits only five genuine signatures used to train the writer HMM. A claimed identity is confirmed when the arithmetic mean of two similarity scores, obtained on an input signature, is higher than a threshold. The first score is related to the likelihood given by the HMM of the claimed identity; the second score is related to the segmentation given by such an HMM on the input signature. A personalized score normalization is also proposed before fusion. Our approach is evaluated on several online signature databases, such as BIOMET, PHILIPS, MCYT, and SVC2004, which were captured under different acquisition conditions. For the first time in signature verification, we show that the fusion of segmentation-based information generated by the HMM with likelihood-based information considerably improves the quality of the verification system. Finally, owing to our two-stage normalization (at the feature and score levels), we show that our system results in more stable client-score distributions across databases and in a better separation between the distributions of client and impostor scores.
American-Indian Identities in the Twentieth Century. (1995)

When the Navajo poet LuciTapahonso traveled France, she kept meet ing people who thought I was 'neat'? being a 'real' They asked all kinds of questions and wanted learn Navajo. It was weird, she remem bered, to be a 'real' She had m grown accustomed being regular, one of the bunch, laughing with relatives and friends, mixing Navajo and English. We were always telling jokes about cow boys, computer warriors and stuff (1). All Americans have an immediate image of a real Indian. For most of the image of Native Americans is based on misrepresentation?in film, adver tisements, novels, or curio shops. When Standing Rock Sioux author Vine Deloria, Jr. wrote his classic manifesto, Custer Died For Your Sins, he began it with a chapter on Today, the Real and the Unreal. People can just tell by looking at us, Deloria observed, we want, what should be done help how we feel, and what a 'real' Indian is really like. After all, he said, Understanding Indians is not an esoteric art. All it takes is a trip through Arizona or New Mexico, watching a documentary on TV, having known one in the service, or having read a popular book on them (2). In the quarter of a century since the publication of Custer Died For Your Sins, as Luci Tapahonso reminds things may not have improved much. We have moved from lampoons laments. The most common depictions of Indians today are
Cardiac arrest (1975)

THE TERM "cardiac arrest" implies a sudden cessation of the heart's pumping function due either to ventricular asystole (electrical or mechanical) or to ventricular fibrillation. Although cardiac arrest is a terminal event in all fatal illnesses, this discussion will deal with the problem of cardiac arrest (usually unexpected) in people who otherwise might recover. The causes of reversible cardiac arrest are many, including acute hypoxemia (food asphyxiation, pulmonary edema, drowning, etc) accidental electrocution, electrolyte imbalance, acute pulmonary embolism, drug toxicity (digitalis, quinidine, etc) aortic stenosis, advanced heart block, and cardiac trauma; however, the most important cause in adults is coronary artery disease. Putting it another way, more than half of deaths due to coronary artery disease are sudden and unexpected, usually occurring outside of the hospital. <h3>DIAGNOSIS</h3> Cardiac arrest should be considered whenever a person suddenly collapses and loses consciousness. A grand mal seizure may occur at the same time.
Space and frequency diversity measurements of the 1.7 GHz indoor radio channel for wireless personal communications (2003)

The authors empirically evaluate three diversity schemes for indoor wireless personal communications. Measurements at 1.75 GHz, using a four-branch diversity receiver and selection combining (SC), are analyzed to determine the effects of physical parameters, signal fading statistics and a switched combiner on diversity performance. Results are obtained from numerous locations and over 800 measurements. These indicate that antenna separations of as small as a quarter wavelength provide significant diversity gains. For similar performance, frequency diversity requires separations of at least 5 MHz. A 4-branch combination of these schemes (hybrid diversity) yields on average a 16 dB improvement at 99% signal availability. The local mean variations between branches in these measurements is +or-3 dB but this has a negligible effect on average diversity performance using ideal SC. The diversity gains are shown to have a variability of +or-2.5 dB. Switch and stay combining (SAS), a form of SC, is sensitive to the input fading statistics and to switch delay. These variations in diversity performance should be considered for a worst case link design.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Microwave ablation at 915 MHz vs 2.45 GHz: A theoretical and experimental investigation (2015)

Single- and dual-antenna arrays systems operating at 2.45 GHz yield larger ablation zone due to greater power deposition in proximity to the antenna, as well as greater role of thermal conduction.
Acceptance and Prevalence of Vasectomy in Developing Countries (1983)

The paper presents an overview of acceptance and prevalence information for sterilization. The use of vasectomy in developing countries shows much variation. China India and Bangladesh have relied heaviliy on it while other large developing countries have made little use of it. Sterilizaiton in general has been increasing rapidly in many countries but female sterilization has usually been the leading alternative. There is evidence that as tubal ligation has become simpler safer and more popular vasectomy has declined in some countries. Widely fluctuating numbers of vasectomies within regions and over time suggest that acceptance is highly sensitive to the way in which vasectomy is provided. Lack of emphasis and limited availability have meant that relatively few countries have adequately tested the true interest in vasectomy. Tables provide sterilization prevalence for selected developing countries in % of couples using this method trends in male and female sterilization acceptance in national programs and acceptors of government supported sterilization services by method and year of acceptance for 20 countries. The trend is for acceptors to be younger and have fewer children. However men choosing vasectomy appear to have smaller families than women choosing sterilization in the same country and time period. The author concludes that the growing popularity of female sterilization proves the existence of a market for a permanent method and that acceptance of vasectomy is responsive to provider determinants--program actions are tied clearly to annual changes in the numbers of men choosing vasectomy. (authors modified)
LL-37 Concentrations and the Relationship to Vitamin D, Immune Status, and Inflammation in HIV-Infected Children and Young Adults (2014)

Antimicrobial peptide LL-37 is produced in response to active vitamin D to exert immunomodulatory effects and inhibits HIV replication in vitro. To date, no studies have investigated LL-37 in HIV-infected patients. This study sought to investigate LL-37 and the relationship to 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and HIV-related variables in this population. HIV-infected subjects and healthy controls ages 1-25 years old were prospectively enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Fasting plasma LL-37 and 25(OH)D concentrations were measured in duplicate with ELISA. HIV(+) subjects (36 antiretroviral therapy (ART)-experienced subjects; 27 ART-naïve subjects) and 31 healthy controls were enrolled. Overall, 93% were black and the median age was 20 years. There was no difference in median (interquartile range) LL-37 between the HIV-infected group and controls [58.3 (46.4,69.5) vs. 51.3 (40.8,98.2) ng/ml, respectively; p=0.57]; however, the ART-experienced group had higher concentrations than the ART-naive group [66.2 (55.4,77.0) vs. 48.9 (38.9,57.9) ng/ml, respectively; p<0.001]. LL-37 was positively correlated with 25(OH)D in controls, but not in HIV-infected groups, and was positively correlated with current CD4 and ΔCD4 (current-nadir) in the ART-experienced group. After adjustment for age, race, sex, and HIV duration, the association between LL-37 and CD4 remained significant. These findings suggest that HIV and/or HIV-related variables may alter the expected positive relationship between vitamin D and LL-37 and should be further investigated.
Exchangeable GTP binding site of the beta-subunit of brain tubulin in Alzheimer disease. (1989)

A major cytoskeletal and molecular change of yet unknown mechanism is the accumulation of argentophilic neurofibrillary tangles in certain selected neurons of the aged human brain, especially the Alzheimer disease/senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (AD/SDAT). Increasing evidence suggests an association between neurofibrillary tangles and a defective microtubule (MT) assembly in AD/SDAT brain. Tubulin, the basic unit of MT is an alpha-beta heterodimer protein of about 55,000 molecular weight each. The beta subunit of tubulin has an exchangeable (E) binding site for guanosine triphosphate (GTP) which in the presence of microtubule-associated proteins (MAPS) promotes the MT assembly. The 8-azido GTP, a photoaffinity analog of GTP, which has been proven to mimic the natural ligand in promoting MT assembly, was used to examine the GTP binding of beta- tubulin in AD brain. Preliminary studies revealed a minimal photoinsertion into the beta-subunit of tubulin in AD/SDAT brain homogenate. Furthermore, the exchangeable GTP binding site was also unavailable in brain tubulin isolated from most of the AD/SDAT cases.
Vaccination with human induced pluripotent stem cells creates an antigen-specific immune response against HIV-1 gp160 (2011)

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are artificially derived from somatic cells that have been transduced with defined reprogramming factors. A previous report has indicated the possibility of using iPSCs as an immune stimulator to generate antigen-specific immunity. In our current study, we have investigated whether human iPSCs (hiPSCs) have the ability to enhance specific immune response against a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) antigen in a xenogenic mouse model. Our results show that BALB/c mice immunized with hiPSCs transduced with an adenoviral vector encoding HIV-1 gp160 exhibited prominent antigen-specific cellular immune responses. We further found that pre-treatment of hiPSCs with ionizing radiation promotes the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α), IL-12, and IL-18. These cytokines might promote the activation of antigen-presenting cells and the effective induction of cellular immunity. Our present findings thus demonstrate that a hiPSCs-based vaccine has the potential to generate cellular immunity against viral antigens such as HIV-1 gp160 in a xenogenic condition.
Role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, glucocorticoids and glucocorticoid receptors in toxic sequelae of exposure to bacterial and viral products (2004)

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is activated during many bacterial and viral infections, resulting in an increase in circulating glucocorticoid levels. This HPA axis activation and glucocorticoid response are critical for the survival of the host, as demonstrated by the fact that removal of the HPA axis (by adrenalectomy or hypophysectomy) or glucocorticoid receptor (GR) blockade enhances the severity of the infection and in some cases enhances the mortality rate. Replacement with a synthetic glucocorticoid reverses these effects by reducing the severity of the infection and provides protection against lethal effects. In addition, some bacteria and viral infections have been shown to affect the GR directly. These have been described and the implications of such an effect discussed.
Corneal and external disorders and refractive surgery (1996)

*University of Ulm, Department of Opthalmology, Prittwitzstr. 41, 89075 Ulm, Germany. †University of Erlangen-Nurnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, D 91504 Erlangen, Germany.
Illumination-induced recovery of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells after high-energy electron irradiation (2003)

Cu ( In , Ga ) Se 2 / CdS / ZnO solar cells irradiated with a 1 MeV electron fluence of 1018 cm−2 degrade to about 80% of their initial conversion efficiency. Illumination with white light at an intensity of 100 mW cm−2 for 3 h at room temperature restores more than 90% of the preirradiation efficiency. The healing process is more efficient if the device is kept under open-circuit conditions during illumination than for short-circuit conditions. Injecting minority carriers by voltage bias in the dark, instead of illumination, does not cause enduring device recovery. This behavior of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 is in contrast to illumination-induced defect healing processes reported for other semiconductor materials, like GaAs, InP, or GaP.
Lung toxicity determination by<i>in vitro</i>exposure at the air liquid interface with an integrated online dose measurement (2009)

Epidemiological studies show an association between the concentration of ultrafine particles in the atmosphere and the rate of mortality or morbidity due to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. For the quantitative assessment of the toxicity of airborne nanoparticles the dose–response relationship is tested in in vitro test systems using bioassays of cell cultures as sensor.
Dispersion-Free Solvent Extraction of Cr(VI) from Acidic Solutions Using Hollow Fiber Contactor (2009)

The use of dispersión-free solvent extraction, through microporous hydrophobic membrane has been investigated. The hollow fiber contactor, with surface area of 1.4 m2 was used to extract Cr(VI) (0.005-0.12 g/L from aqueous sulphuric acidic media (pH 2.5-4.2 +/- 0.05). Several parameters such as extractant concentration, feed acidity and metal concentration in the initial aqueous solution were investigated. Results revealed that 15% v/v Cyanex 923 in Exxsol D-100 as organic phase and feed in the 2.5 pH range, gave optimum extraction (exceeding 95%) of Cr(VI) and it was possible to strip using 10 g/L hydrazine sulfate (also with recoveries exceeding 95%). In this step, Cr(VI) is immediately reduced to the less hazardous Cr(III) state. Results also showed that under the various experimental conditions, chromium(VI) extraction was rate-controlled by the interfacial reaction on the membrane surface. Typical overall mass transfer coefficients values are 4.2 x 10(-5) and 3.6 x 10(-6) cm/s for extraction and stripping operations, respectively.
Detection of lineage-specific evolutionary changes among primate species (2011)

DivE provides an easy-to-use method to predict both positive and negative selection in noncoding DNA, that is particularly well-suited to detecting lineage-specific selection in large genomes.
Palmitic Acid Induces Production of Proinflammatory Cytokines Interleukin-6, Interleukin-1<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">β</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>, and Tumor Necrosis Factor-<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2"><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="bold-italic">α</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>via a NF-<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M3"><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="bold">κ</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>B-Dependent Mechanism in HaCaT Keratinocytes (2013)

To investigate whether palmitic acid can be responsible for the induction of inflammatory processes, HaCaT keratinocytes were treated with palmitic acid at pathophysiologically relevant concentrations. Secretion levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor- α (TNF- α), interleukin-1 β (IL-1 β), NF- κ B nuclear translocation, NF- κ B activation, Stat3 phosphorylation, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR α) mRNA and protein levels, as well as the cell proliferation ability were measured at the end of the treatment and after 24 hours of recovery. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC, a selective chemical inhibitor of NF- κ B) and goat anti-human IL-6 polyclonal neutralizing antibody were used to inhibit NF- κ B activation and IL-6 production, respectively. Our results showed that palmitic acid induced an upregulation of IL-6, TNF- α , IL-1 β secretions, accompanied by NF- κ B nuclear translocation and activation. Moreover, the effect of palmitic acid was accompanied by PPAR α activation and Stat3 phosphorylation. Palmitic acid-induced IL-6, TNF- α , IL-1 β productions were attenuated by NF- κ B inhibitor PDTC. Palmitic acid was administered in amounts able to elicit significant hyperproliferation and can be attenuated by IL-6 blockage. These data demonstrate for the first time that palmitic acid can stimulate IL-6, TNF- α , IL-1 β productions in HaCaT keratinocytes and cell proliferation, thereby potentially contributing to acne inflammation and pilosebaceous duct hyperkeratinization.