gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Investigating the Effects of Block versus Statistical Glycopolycations Containing Primary and Tertiary Amines for Plasmid DNA Delivery (2014)

Polymer composition and morphology can affect the way polymers interact with biomolecules, cell membranes, and intracellular components. Herein, diblock, triblock, and statistical polymers that varied in charge center type (primary and/or tertiary amines) were synthesized to elucidate the role of polymer composition on plasmid DNA complexation, delivery, and cellular toxicity of the resultant polyplexes. The polymers were synthesized via RAFT polymerization and were composed of a carbohydrate moiety, 2-deoxy-2-methacrylamido glucopyranose (MAG), a primary amine group, N-(2-aminoethyl) methacrylamide (AEMA), and/or a tertiary amine moiety, N,N-(2-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylamide (DMAEMA). The lengths of both the carbohydrate and cationic blocks were kept constant while the primary amine to tertiary amine ratio was varied within the polymers. The polymers were characterized via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and the polyplex formulations with pDNA were characterized in various media using dynamic light scattering (DLS). Polyplexes formed with the block copolymers were found to be more colloidally stable than statistical copolymers with similar composition, which rapidly aggregated to micrometer sized particles. Also, polymers composed of a higher primary amine content were more colloidally stable than polymers consisting of the tertiary amine charge centers. Plasmid DNA internalization, transgene expression, and toxicity were examined with each polymer. As the amount of tertiary amine in the triblock copolymers increased, both gene expression and toxicity were found to increase. Moreover, it was found that increasing the content of tertiary amines imparted higher membrane disruption/destabilization. While both block and statistical copolymers had high transfection efficiencies, some of the statistical systems exhibited both higher transfection and toxicity than the analogous block polymers, potentially due to the lack of a hydrophilic block to screen membrane interaction/disruption. Overall, the triblock terpolymers offer an attractive composition profile that exhibited interesting properties as pDNA delivery vehicles.
The Chromosomal Location and Pleiotropic Effects of Mutations of the nirA+ Gene of Escherichia coli k12: The Essential Role of nirA+ in Nitrite Reduction and in Other Anaerobic Redox Reactions (1978)

Cytochrome c552, which has been implicated as an electron carrier for nitrite reduction by Escherichia coli, has been separated from NADH-nitrite oxidoreductase activity. The cytochrome is therefore not required for the reduction of nitrite by NADH in vitro. Nevertheless, some mutants which were selected by their inability to use nitrite as a nitrogen source during anaerobic growth synthesize neither NADH-nitrite oxidoreductase nor cytochrome c552. The defects in these mutants are due to mutations in a single gene, nirA, which is located at about minute 29 on the recalibrated linkage map. Experiments with an F' plasmid which carries a nirA+ allele established that nirA+ is dominant to the defective allele. Other mutants, defective in nitrate reductase activity because of mutations in the chlA or chlB genes, synthesized nitrite reductase and cytochrome c552 in the absence of nitrate or nitrite. A mutant with a defective fnr gene was also NirA- and, conversely, nirA mutants were Fnr-. In a series of transduction experiments, attempts to separate the nirA and fnr defects were unsuccessful. Furthermore, no complementation was observed when an F' plasmid carrying a defective nirA allele was transferred into the fnr strain. It is concluded that the fnr gene described by Lambden & Guest (1976) is identical to the nirA gene and that its product affects the synthesis or assembly of a variety of anaerobic redox enzymes which include nitrite reductase, cytochrome c552, nitrate reductase, fumarate reductase and formate hydrogenlyase.
Automatic acquisition of vernacular places (2008)

This paper delineates our approach to augment geospatial datasets by named regions which are not typically handled by surveyors. Such regions are very important in vernacular speech and play a significant role in context-aware systems. Three different region types can be distinguished: (i) functional regions which are named after their purpose (e.g., financial district, business quarter), (ii) regions which have vernacular names (e.g. Bohnenviertel) and (iii) regions which are named after spatial attributes (Stuttgart-Süd). To acquire such regions we use a web-based approach. Our first implementation is used as a proof of concept and provides promising results. We describe several improvements which will be implemented in the future. Finally a possible scenario for a rigorous evaluation is introduced.
Novel effects of memantine in antagonizing acute aldicarb toxicity: Mechanistic and applied considerations (1991)

Abstract Administration of a single sublethal dose of aldicarb (0.4 mg/kg, i.p.) to male Sprague‐Dawley rats produced the onset of hypercholinergic signs within 3–5 min. With increasing intensity the most severe signs, predominantly involving the peripheral nervous system (muscle fasciculations and convulsions), were evident within 15–30 min and lasted for about 90 min. Rats dosed with 0.1 mg/kg, i.p. did not develop intoxication while those dosed with 0.2 mg/kg, i.p. exhibited signs of moderate toxicity. A dosage of 0.6 mg/kg was found to be the minimal lethal dose (MLD). The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and carboxylesterase (CarbE) was dose‐depedent. Significant (P<0.01) inhibition in the activities of AChE and CarbE occured as early as within 15 min, and the maximal effect within 30 min. Time course of CarbE activity revealed marked inhibition in different neuronal and nonenuronal tissues, suggesting tremedous nonspecific binding of aldicarb. Prophylaxis with memantine HCl (18 mg/kg, i.p.) and atropine sulfate (16 mg/kg, i.p.) 30 min and 15 min, respectively, prior to aldicarb (0.4 mg/kg), provided compelte protection. Therapeutic administration of these two antidotes in combination also completely reversed the clinical signs of intoxication. It is suggested that memantine antagonized the aldicarb acute toxicity by protection/reactivation of activities of AChE and CarbE and reversible blockade of hyperneuromuscular transmission, in addition to muscarinic ACh receptor blockade by atropine.
Design and development challenges for complex laminate multichip modules (2002)

Multichip module (MCM) design in the past has focused on ceramic and deposited MCM technologies. More recently, laminate MCMs have emerged as viable solutions for many MCM applications, particularly where cost is a key concern. The majority of these laminate MCMs fall into the category of few chip modules containing 2-4 ICs. It can be shown, however, that laminate based MCMs can play a key role in the development of more complex modules. A Programmable Modem Module (PMM) MCM has been developed which consists of an 18 layer, 6.6/spl times/6.6 cm laminate substrate with 19 ICs (8 types), 53 passives, and 529 I/O in a pin grid array (PGA) format. This paper will discuss technology trade-offs and design issues associated with this module and similar complex laminates MCMs.
Studies on acquired immunity to coccidiosis in bursaless and thymectomized fowls. (1965)

Fowls hatched from embryos inoculated in ovo with testosterone between the sixth and ninth day of incubation hatched without a detectable bursa of Fabricius. These fowls failed to develop antibodies as the result of repeated infection with Eimeria tenella and levels of serum immune globulin were usually markedly reduced or undetectable. There were very few pyroninophilic cells in the caeca or spleen and secondary foci in the spleen and caecal lymphoid tissue were either not detected or were very reduced in number. The spleen and thymus weights were significantly reduced by testosterone treatment. Nevertheless, these fowls were successfully immunized, so that they resisted infection when challenged with viable oocysts of E. tenella. Active E. tenella infection of normal, susceptible, control fowls significantly reduced the thymus weight and increased the bursa weight. Severe haemorrhage into the caecal lumen of infected fowls resulted in lowered blood erythrocyte and lymphocyte counts and a reduction in the total serum protein. Antibodies, capable of lysing sporozoites, were detected in normal fowls after immunization and in normal susceptible fowls 5 days after initial infection. Complete surgical thymectomy was attempted within the first 1½ hours after hatching. However, this was only exceptionally complete and about 10 per cent of thymic tissue was detectable at subsequent post-mortem 56 days later. Thymectomized birds produced antibody, pyroninophilic cells and secondary spleen foci indistinguishable from normal control immunized chickens. However, there was a significant reduction in the number of small lymphocytes in the blood. Although thymectomized fowls were successfully immunized against E. tenella infection, there was an indication, shown by daily oocyst discharge determinations that thymectomized fowls were less resistant during immunization than normal fowls. However, both groups of fowls, when challenged, were fully immune. The significance of partial thymectomy and the time of thymectomy in the fowl in relation to the acquisition of resistance is discussed. The results support our previous observations which have failed to demonstrate a significant role for humoral antibody in the mediation of resistance to E. tenella.
Telomerase activity in vivo in human malignant hematopoietic cells. (1994)

In somatic cells, each DNA replication round gives a shortening of the telomere ends as a consequence of incomplete lagging strand synthesis. Telomeres are essential for chromosomal integrity and extensive telomere length reduction is associated with increased instability of the genome. In germ line cells and in established cell lines, telomerase activity maintains the length of the telomeres by de novo synthesis of telomeric repeats, in humans (T2AG3)n. Recently, it was for the first time shown the existence of telomerase activity in human ovarian carcinomas. In the present study we show that telomerase activation can also occur in human hematopoietic tumor cells in vivo. Cell extracts from 19 cases with leukemia, lymphoma and myeloma were tested for telomerase activity using an in vitro assay with (T2AG3)3 or permutations of this sequence as primers. Eight cases demonstrated an RNAse A sensitive ability to add new nucleotides to the human telomere sequence. Nine acute leukemias were tested telomerase negative. Our data demonstrate that telomerase activation in vivo seems to be a common event in B cell neoplasias with a mature immunophenotype like non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and myeloma, in contrast to acute leukemias of B, T or myeloid cell origin. Telomere length evaluation indicated no marked differences between samples with or without telomerase activity which could argue for a telomere length independent mechanism for telomerase activation in at least some cases.
Treating Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy With Interleukin 7 and Vaccination With JC Virus Capsid Protein VP1 (2014)

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is a currently untreatable infection of the brain. Here, we demonstrate in 2 patients that treatment with interleukin 7, JC polyomavirus (JCV) capsid protein VP1, and a Toll-like receptor 7 agonist used as adjuvant, was well tolerated, and showed a very favorable safety profile and unexpected efficacy that warrant further investigation.
Gene expression during ER stress–induced apoptosis in neurons (2003)

Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress has been implicated in the pathogenesis of ischemic and neurodegenerative disorders. Treatment of human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells with tunicamycin, an inhibitor of protein glycosylation, rapidly induced the expression of target genes of the unfolded protein response. However, prolonged treatment also triggered a delayed, caspase-dependent cell death. Microarray analysis of gene expression changes during tunicamycin-induced apoptosis revealed that the Bcl-2 homology domain 3-only family member, Bcl-2 binding component 3/p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (Bbc3/PUMA), was the most strongly induced pro-apoptotic gene. Expression of Bbc3/PUMA correlated with a Bcl-xL-sensitive release of cytochrome c and the activation of caspase-9 and -3. Increased expression of Bbc3/PUMA was also observed in p53-deficient human cells, in response to the ER stressor thapsigargin, and in rat hippocampal neurons after transient forebrain ischemia. Overexpression of Bbc3/PUMA was sufficient to trigger apoptosis in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, and human cells deficient in Bbc3/PUMA showed dramatically reduced apoptosis in response to ER stress. Our data suggest that the transcriptional induction of Bbc3/PUMA may be sufficient and necessary for ER stress-induced apoptosis.
A Kinetic Model for Advanced Oxidation Processes of Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water:  Application to Phenanthrene and Nitrobenzene (1999)

A kinetic model for the advanced oxidation (ozonation alone, UV radiation alone, ozone plus hydrogen peroxide, ozone plus UV radiation, and UV radiation plus hydrogen peroxide) of aromatic hydrocarbons in water is proposed and tested with experimental results of the oxidation of nitrobenzene and phenanthrene, two aromatic hydrocarbons of different reactivity with ozone. The kinetic model leads to good results in the case that the compound treated reacts exclusively with ozone, that is, without the contribution of hydroxyl radical oxidation as in the case of phenanthrene oxidation. In this case, it is not necessary to account for intermediate reactions to have good predictions of experimental remaining concentrations of ozonation processes. On the contrary, when the aromatic hydrocarbon is mainly removed by hydroxyl radicals (case of nitrobenzene), mole balance equations of intermediates have to be included for the experimental concentrations to be reproduced. For so doing, the kinetic parameters, such as rate constants of reactions between ozone and hydroxyl radical with intermediates and their corresponding quantum yields at 254 nm, were also determined. The kinetic model, however, is unable to reproduce, with accuracy, the experimental results of the ozone−UV radiation oxidation system.
Unbalance mitigation strategies in microgrids (2020)

Unbalance or asymmetry in the distribution network is a well‐known power quality issue. In the modern active distribution system, with the increasing penetration of renewables, this phenomenon becomes more pronounced. In the context of microgrids (MGs), several works have been proposed for the management and mitigation of the unbalance, for both the sharing of unbalanced load and maintaining the voltage quality in the islanded mode and for the control of distributed generators in the grid‐connected mode during unbalanced conditions. This study comprehensively reviews, summarises, and classifies the various strategies of the unbalance mitigation techniques for the islanded and grid‐connected modes of operation for three‐phase MGs and presents the possible challenges and avenues for future investigations on the topic.
Usability engineering methods for software developers (2005)

The human-computer interaction community aims to increase the awareness and acceptance of established methods among software practitioners. Indeed, awareness of the basic usability methods will drive an Information Society for all.
Resveratrol: Biologic and Therapeutic Implications (2009)

Resveratrol (3,4',5 trihydroxystilbene), a naturally-occurring molecule known as a phytoalexin, is synthesized by plants in response to attacks by fungi, bacteria, or other injurious substances; it is also known to possess an array of cardioprotective effects. Recently, studies have shown resveratrol to protect against the metabolic changes associated with hypercaloric diets in mice with induced insulin resistance, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. Despite impressive gains in diagnosis and treatment, cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains a serious clinical problem and threat to public health. The metabolic syndrome, which identifies persons at higher risk for diabetes mellitus and CVD, is approaching a prevalence of nearly 25% of the western world. If the metabolic syndrome can be considered a polar opposite to caloric restriction, then agents that mimic caloric restriction may offer a new therapeutic approach to preventing CVD. The authors discuss the cardioprotective effects of resveratrol and highlight its role in glucose homeostasis and lipid metabolism in mice. Armed with the ability to prevent the deleterious effects of excess caloric intake and prevent detrimental cardiovascular events, resveratrol merits proper clinical investigations for its efficacy in treating metabolic diseases and CVD.
Reversible Realization of Quaternary Decoder, Multiplexer, and Demultiplexer Circuits. (2007)

Abstract—A quaternary reversible circuit is more compact than the corresponding binary reversible circuit in terms of number of input/output lines required. Decoder, multiplexer, and demultiplexer are very important building blocks of digital systems. In this paper, we show reversible realization of these circuits using quaternary shift gates (QSG), quaternary controlled shift gates (QCSG), and quaternary Toffoli gates (QTG). We also show the realization of multi-digit QCSG and QTG using QSGs and QCSG. Index Terms — Decoder, demultiplexer, multiple-valued
The Free Radical Polymerization of Methyl Methacrylate to High Conversions (1972)

This dissertation describes an investigation into the free radical batch polymerization of methyl methacrylate to high conversion. The overall objective was to develop a kinetic model to accurately predict conversion and molecular weight distribution for the polymerization. The dissertation is divided into three self-contained parts. Part I describes the development and testing of the kinetic model. New gel permeation chromatograph (GPC) data interpretation methods (developed in Part I I), the free volume concept of diffusion theory, and newly obtained isothermal kinetic data, are combined with computer implemented optimization techniques, to show that classical kinetics apply to high conversions. Part II details the development of three new GPC interpretation techniques. The two most recent are evaluated in Part I. The third has been used by other workers. Other interpretation methods are also evaluated and discussed. Part I I I describes the development of a high shear concentric cylinder viscometer and its use with Newtonian standards. This is a prelude to future studies in polymer rheology and polymerization under shear conditions.
Ultrathin film imaging at 157 nm (2002)

In future lithography the 157 nm wavelength is expected to succeed the 193 nm wavelength in 2004. So an early CARL resist for sub 100 nm resolution was developed at Infineon Technologies within the German BMBF project Laserbasierte Ultraprazisionstechnik - 157 nm Lithographie. Common 248 and 193 nm resist materials have a high absorbance (7- 12 μm<sup>-1</sup>) A main challenge at this short exposure wavelength is the development of a transparent base polymer or the imaging has to be done alternatively with ultra thin films. In contrast to a high transparency of the polymer a high quantum yield for the photo chemicals is required. CARL is a bilayer resist system developed by Siemens/Infineon Technologies. A modified CARL version is presented here for exposures at 157 nm, consisting of a silicon free top resist (Si free CARL) as thin imaging layer. A separate silylation step of the structured top resist after exposure and wet development provides a high etch resistance in the dry development step and allows imaging of ultra-thin films with a film thickness of ca. 50 nm. An oxygen plasma is taken to transfer these top resist structures into the up to 300 nm thick underlying Novolac type bottom resist. In dry development. The bottom resist itself provides high etch resistance also for aggressive substrate etch processes.
초기 자궁경부암에서 DNA 배수성 분석이 예후에 미치는 영향 (1994)

1. 38명의 자궁경부암 환자에서 이배수성암이 20예(57예), 비배수성암이 18예(43%)이였다. 2. 38예의 환자에서 광범위 자궁적출 및 양측 임파선 적출시 임파선 전이가 된 것이 8예(21%)이었고 그중 이배수성암이 5예(28%), 배수성암이 3예(15%)이었다. 3. 5년재발율에서는 이배수성암이 3예(15%), 비배수성암이 5예(28%)이었다. 4. 5년 무병생존율이 이배수성암에서는 79.72%, 배배수성암에서는 67.57%이었다.
Silicon Decorated with Amorphous Cobalt Molybdenum Sulfide Catalyst as an Efficient Photocathode for Solar Hydrogen Generation (2015)

The construction of viable photoelectrochemical (PEC) devices for solar-driven water splitting can be achieved by first identifying an efficient independent photoanode for water oxidation and a photocathode for hydrogen generation. These two photoelectrodes then must be assembled with a proton exchange membrane within a complete coupled system. Here we report the preparation of a Si/a-CoMoSx hybrid photocathode which shows impressive performance (onset potential of 0.25 V vs RHE and photocurrent jsc of 17.5 mA cm(-2) at 0 V vs RHE) in pH 4.25 phosphate solution and under simulated AM 1.5 solar illumination. This performance is among the best reported for Si photocathodes decorated with noble-metal-free catalysts. The electrode preparation is scalable because it relies on a photoassisted electrodeposition process employing an available p-type Si electrode and [Co(MoS4)2](2-) precursor. Investigation of the mechanism of the Si/a-CoMoSx electrode revealed that under conditions of H2 photogeneration this bimetallic sulfide catalyst is highly efficient in extracting electrons from illuminated Si and subsequently in reducing protons into H2. The Si/a-CoMoSx photocathode is functional over a wide range of pH values, thus making it a promising candidate for the construction of a complete solar-driven water splitting PEC device.
Stability of high bit rate quantum key distribution on installed fiber (2012)

We present a study of the effects of ambient fluctuations on the bit rate stability of a quantum key distribution (QKD) link operating on installed fiber. Secure quantum keys were distributed continuously for 60 hours over 45km of installed fiber. A total of 6.33 × 1010 bits were exchanged during this period, the largest volume of secure keys distributed on installed fiber in a single continuous session to date. We report a record bit-rate distance product for QKD of 13.2 × 106 (bits/s)-km.
8-bit 5-MS/s Analog-to-Digital Converter for Pixel-Level Integration (2013)

A pixel-level 8-bit 5-MS/s Wilkinson-type analog-to-digital converter was designed and fabricated in the IBM 8M1P 130-nm CMOS technology. The pixel blocks are implemented with a core area of 130 μm by 140 μm, consuming about 560 μW at 1.2 V. Taking the measured dynamic range of 0.86 V into account, a signal-to-noise ratio above 65 dB was achieved for small signal amplitudes. The maximum differential and integral nonlinearity remains well below 0.4 LSB and 0.5 LSB, respectively. The conversion time is 160 ns, and the energy per conversion step 470 fJ. The digitizer permits the trimming of gain and offset.