gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ortho-Directed Lithiation of ω-Phenoxy Alcohols (1999)

omega-Phenoxy alcohols, PhO(CH(2))(n)()OH (n = 2-7), have been subjected to metalation with 2 equiv of n-butyllithium in tetrahydrofuran/methylcyclohexane solvent. Reaction of the resulting lithiated compounds with carbon dioxide (n = 2-7), benzaldehyde (n = 2-6), benzophenone (n = 2, 3), dimethylformamide (n = 2), ethyl formate (n = 2), and chlorodiphenylphosphine (n = 3) afforded the corresponding ortho-substituted hydroxyalkoxybenzenes in yields ranging from 45 to 83%. The synthesis is also reported of five new bis[o-(omega-hydroxyalkoxy)phenyl]mercury compounds (n = 2-6), four crystal structures of which have been determined.
Phase Locking of Auditory-Nerve Fibers to the Envelopes of High-Frequency Sounds: Implications for Sound Localization (2006)

Although listeners are sensitive to interaural time differences (ITDs) in the envelope of high-frequency sounds, both ITD discrimination performance and the extent of lateralization are poorer for high-frequency sinusoidally amplitude-modulated (SAM) tones than for low-frequency pure tones. Psychophysical studies have shown that ITD discrimination at high frequencies can be improved by using novel transposed-tone stimuli, formed by modulating a high-frequency carrier by a half-wave-rectified sinusoid. Transposed tones are designed to produce the same temporal discharge patterns in high-characteristic frequency (CF) neurons as occur in low-CF neurons for pure-tone stimuli. To directly test this hypothesis, we compared responses of auditory-nerve fibers in anesthetized cats to pure tones, SAM tones, and transposed tones. Phase locking was characterized using both the synchronization index and autocorrelograms. With both measures, phase locking was better for transposed tones than for SAM tones, consistent with the rationale for using transposed tones. However, phase locking to transposed tones and that to pure tones were comparable only when all three conditions were met: stimulus levels near thresholds, low modulation frequencies (<250 Hz), and low spontaneous discharge rates. In particular, phase locking to both SAM tones and transposed tones substantially degraded with increasing stimulus level, while remaining more stable for pure tones. These results suggest caution in assuming a close similarity between temporal patterns of peripheral activity produced by transposed tones and pure tones in both psychophysical studies and neurophysiological studies of central neurons.
[Effects of cooking and steep time of nixtamalized corn grain (sea mayz L.) on the physicochemical, rheological, structural and textural characteristics of grain, mass and tortillas]. (2001)

The corn tortilla is elaborated using corn grain masa processed by the traditional nixtamalization method, which consists of two steps: cooking and steeping. In these steps the physicochemical and structural properties are strongly affected, resulting in changes in the textural characteristics of the tortilla produced. In this work the effects of cooking and steeping time on the moisture content, amylographic profiles, crystallinity, weigh loss from masa to tortilla, starch damage, rollability, elasticity and cutting force for grain, masa and corn tortillas, were evaluated. The milling of the nixtamalized grain and the cooking of tortilla conditions were the same in all treatments. All tortillas samples showed a good rollability. The results show that the moisture content of corn grain was increased up to 42 g/100 g during the total cooking time (45 min), and it further increased to 52-53 g/100 g after when the cooked grain was steeped for 4 h. All evaluated parameters showed high correlation coefficients with the texture properties of tortillas. The starch damage was the variable with the best correlation among all evaluated parameters. The correlation coefficients between starch damage and moisture content, weigh loss and maximum viscosity for corn grain, masa and tortillas were larger than 0.92 (p < 0.01). The best tortillas were produced using nixtamal with the follow characteristics: moisture content of nixtamal, 42-44 g/100 g and tortilla, 43-44 g/100 g; adhesiveness of masa, 30-50 g; maximum viscosity of nixtamal, 860-880 cp and tortilla 490-510 cp; starch damage of nixtamal, 14 g/100 g and tortilla, 35-37 g/100 g, and weigh loss of tortilla during cooking, 16 g/100 g.
The server network generator (SNG) (1991)

The Server Network Generator (SNG) is a CASE tool that employs a problem solver's ability to represent an application as an ordinary block diagram, a graphical specification of its macroscopic structure. This functional decomposition provides a natural mechanism for subdividing the application into processing tasks that can be distributed across a computing network. Each "server" is a software process that assumes the role of one block in the diagram, performing one processing task, employing interprocess communication as indicated graphically. This approach differs from related research in its use of a functional decomposition in the application context, and its use of graphical programming of the application's macroscopic structure. A distributed network of IBM 7437 VM/SP Technical Workstations are shown as a powerful platform for problem solving, using the SNG as a CASE tool. Distributed computing models based upon networks of microprocessors have long been proposed as an alternative to centralized mainframe computing. The 7437 provides a genuine VM/370 computing environment, so that this approach to distributed computing allows large mainframe systems to be the most powerful nodes in the network, rather than attempting to replace them. A recently completed auxiliary processor is presented that was required to support interprocess communication via the shared-variable interface between virtual machines on different hosts.
Neurocomputer interfaces and performance measures (2003)

A brief discussion of methods for interfacing neurocomputers with host computers is presented, followed by a discussion of neurocomputer performance measures. Both of these issues are central to the development of neurocomputers to support neural network research as well as the development and deployment of practical applications of neurocomputing. In using the author's neurocomputer performance measures, a methodology that starts with operational requirements assessment is often a useful approach. The first step is to define the class of applications that are to be solved by the neurocomputer. From these, a list of neural networks of specified architectural types and sizes that will have to run (along with duty-cycle information such as the expected mean and standard deviation of the time durations of the runs for each network, as well as the expected frequency of those runs as a function of the time of day). The end result of this analysis is a table expressing the neural network implementation requirements that must be met by the neurocomputer.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Beeinflussung funktioneller Eigenschaften von Proteinen durch gekoppelte mechanolytische und chemische Modifizierung (1984)

Abstract Schon bei kurzzeitiger Schwingmahlung reicht der Energieeintrag aus, um Proteine in Gegenwart von Säureanhydriden zu acylieren. Je nach Protein oder Proteinrohstoff sowie der Art und Menge des beigefügten Anhydrids werden 30–60% der £‐Aminogruppen des Lysins blockiert. Als Folge von Mechanolyse und Acylierung verbessern sich für Lebensmittelzwecke in typischer Weise die Löslichkeitsprofile und andere funktionelle Eigenschaften. Am Beispiel von Casein wird gezeigt, daß sich das Ausmaß der bei kurzer Schwingmahldauer mechanolytisch erreichbaren Verschäumbarkeit und Schaumstabilität durch gleichzeitige Acetylierung noch steigern läßt. Eine merkliche Erhöhung des Wasserbindungsvermögens tritt bei Acetylierungsgraden über 40% ein. Die molekularen Vorgänge bei der Kopplung von Mechanolyse und Acylierung von Proteinen und deren Auswirkung auf die funktionellen Eigenschaften werden diskutiert.
A hybrid PZT-silicon microvalve (2005)

A low-voltage, low-power microvalve for compact battery-powered portable microfluidic platforms is designed, fabricated and experimentally characterized. The microvalve employs laser-machined piezoelectric unimorphs mechanically linked to surface micromachined nickel structures anchored on corrugated Si/sub x/N/sub y/-Parylene composite membrane tethers. The Parylene layer also serves as a compliant sealing layer on the valve seat for reducing the leakage in the off state. A mechanical linking process to connect the bulk piezoelectric unimorphs to micromachined diaphragms in a self-aligned manner has been developed. The design enables large strokes (2.45 /spl mu/m) at low-actuation voltages (10 V) consuming a comparatively low switching energy (678 nJ). The dependence of the measured flow rates on the modulated clearance over the orifice was found to be in good agreement with the theory of laminar flow in the low (1-100) Reynolds number regime. The microvalve was experimentally characterized for both gas and liquid flows. For example, at 10 V unimorph actuation, a gas flow rate of 420 /spl mu/L/min at a differential pressure of 9.66 kPa was measured. The off-state leakage rate for 0 V actuation is estimated to be 10-20 /spl mu/L/min. Typical flow rates with pulse width modulated (PWM) actuation with 50% duty cycle at 20 V/sub pp/ (1 kHz) were measured to be 770 /spl mu/L/min at 6.9 kPa for gases and 2.77 /spl mu/L/min at 4.71 kPa for liquids.
NF-κB Suppression by the Deubiquitinating Enzyme Cezanne (2008)

Transcription factors belonging to the NF-kappaB family regulate inflammation by inducing pro-inflammatory molecules (e.g. interleukin (IL)-8) in response to cytokines (e.g. tumor necrosis factor (TNF) alpha, IL-1) or other stimuli. Several negative regulators of NF-kappaB, including the ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20, participate in the resolution of inflammatory responses. We report that Cezanne, a member of the A20 family of the deubiquitinating cysteine proteases, can be induced by TNFalpha in cultured cells. Silencing of endogenous Cezanne using small interfering RNA led to elevated NF-kappaB luciferase reporter gene activity and enhanced expression of IL-8 transcripts in TNFalpha-treated cells. Thus we conclude that endogenous Cezanne can attenuate NF-kappaB activation and the induction of pro-inflammatory transcripts in response to TNF receptor (TNFR) signaling. Overexpression studies revealed that Cezanne suppressed NF-kappaB nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity by targeting the TNFR signaling pathway at the level of the IkappaB kinase complex or upstream from it. These effects were not observed in a form of Cezanne that was mutated at the catalytic cysteine residue (Cys209), indicating that the deubiquitinating activity of Cezanne is essential for NF-kappaB regulation. Finally, we demonstrate that Cezanne can be recruited to activated TNFRs where it suppresses the build-up of polyubiquitinated RIP1 signal adapter proteins. Thus we conclude that Cezanne forms a novel negative feedback loop in pro-inflammatory signaling and that it suppresses NF-kappaB activation by targeting RIP1 signaling intermediaries for deubiquitination.
Degradation mechanisms in organic light-emitting diodes (2001)

Recent discoveries of degradation mechanisms in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) are reviewed. One common observation regarding the OLED reliability is the gradual increase of the diode driving voltage under forward bias. This trend reverses when the bias polarity is reversed, and the initial driving voltage can be recovered almost completely. The mobile ions are exposed to explain the phenomenon. By solving a system of transient equations governing the mobile ion motion under an external field, we obtained the transient mobile ion distributions and their contribution to the driving voltage. We found that the mobile ion model with reasonable assumptions could very well explain the experimental results. Another advancement in the field is the utilization of a single organic alloy layer to improve the device lifetime. A typical organic alloy layer consists of a mixture of hole and electron transport materials. Significant lifetime improvement over heterojunction structures is achieved with comparable efficiency. The significant improvement in the device reliability is attributed to the elimination of the heterojunction interface and the minimization of the formation of Alq<SUB>3</SUB> cations. The high efficiency is achieved due to the balanced carrier injection, transport and confined recombination in the device.
Metal induced crystallization of amorphous silicon (1987)

The reactions between a thin metal film of Al or Ag and a layer of amorphous Si have been investigated using transmission electron microscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy. The samples were analyzed after deposition and after different heat treatments. Al and Ag were found to reduce the crystallization temperature of amorphous Si. A crystallization temperature of 325 °C was observed for the Al–Si structure and of 525 °C for the Ag–Si structure. A new phase between Al and Si, which has not previously been reported, has been detected at a temperature of 150 °C. Some evidence for a formation of a metastable phase between Ag and Si during the crystallization process has also been found.
Reactions of 1,1-diarylethylenes with selenium compounds (1971)

The synthesis of substituted benzoselenopheno[2,3-b]benzoselenophens from 1,1-diarylethylenes was achieved in much higher yields with diselenium dichloride than with seleninyl chloride. 1,1-Bis-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)-ethylene with either selenium tetrachloride or diselenium dichloride yielded the corresponding 2,2-diarylvinyl selenide; reactions of other diarylethylenes with selenium tetrachloride or tetrabromide gave selenium-free products. The reaction with seleninyl chloride was extended to yield a di-1-benzoselenopheno[2,3-b:2′,3′-b′]benzodiselenophen.
Efficient motion compensated frame rate upconversion using multiple interpolations and median filtering (2009)

Methods for motion compensated frame rate upconversion exploit motion in order to generate interpolated frames that are temporally located between the available original frames of a video sequence. When the interpolated frames are inserted into the original sequence, the resulting sequence has a higher visual quality due to the increased frame rate. We propose a method for motion compensated frame rate upconversion which reduces upconversion artifacts by combining multiple intermediate interpolations utilizing median filtering. We use an efficient block based motion estimation method which makes use of motion vectors extracted from an H.264 bitstream. Low computational complexity makes the method suitable for real time operation.
Decay of nuclear magnetization by bounded diffusion in a constant field gradient (1994)

Transverse magnetization of spins diffusing in a bounded region in the presence of a constant field gradient is studied. We investigate the breakdown at short times of the much used formula for the Hahn echo amplitude in a constant gradient in unbounded space: ℳ(2τ)/ℳ(0)=exp(−2D0g2τ3/3). Here D0 is the diffusion constant in unbounded space and g is the field gradient multiplied by the gyromagnetic ratio. We find that this formula is replaced by ℳ(2τ)/ℳ(0)=exp[−2Deffg2τ3/3 +𝒪(D5/20g4τ13/2S/V)] with an effective diffusion coefficient Deff(2τ) =D0[1−α√D0τ(S/V) +...], where α is a constant and S/V is the surface to volume ratio of the bounded region. Breakdown is complex but we find that the interplay between a natural length scale lc=(g/D0)−1/3 and the geometry of the region governs the problem. The long-time behavior of the free induction decay and echo amplitude are then considered where pure exp[−const t] decay is expected. We consider some simple geometries and find in addition to the well-known result, ln‖M(z,t)‖∼−D0g2R4pt, valid for Rp≪lc (where Rp is the size of the confining space) that in the regime Rp≫lc the decay becomes ln‖M(z,t)‖∼−g2/3D1/30t. We then argue that this latter result should apply to more general geometries. We discuss implications for realistic experimental echo measurements and conclude that the g2/3D1/30 decay regime is hard to measure. Implications for the effect of edge enhancement in NMR microscopy are also discussed.
1ère Partie : Département des Sciences de la Terre - Faculté des Sciences de Lyon (1963)

David L. 1ère Partie : Département des Sciences de la Terre - Faculté des Sciences de Lyon. In: Documents des Laboratoires de Géologie de la Faculté des Sciences de Lyon, n°3, 1963. Rapport annuel 1963. pp. 7-68.
Geometric Parameters Estimation and Calibration in Cone-Beam Micro-CT (2015)

The quality of Computed Tomography (CT) images crucially depends on the precise knowledge of the scanner geometry. Therefore, it is necessary to estimate and calibrate the misalignments before image acquisition. In this paper, a Two-Piece-Ball (TPB) phantom is used to estimate a set of parameters that describe the geometry of a cone-beam CT system. Only multiple projections of the TPB phantom at one position are required, which can avoid the rotation errors when acquiring multi-angle projections. Also, a corresponding algorithm is derived. The performance of the method is evaluated through simulation and experimental data. The results demonstrated that the proposed method is valid and easy to implement. Furthermore, the experimental results from the Micro-CT system demonstrate the ability to reduce artifacts and improve image quality through geometric parameter calibration.
Secondary lymph node involvement from primary cutaneous large B-cell lymphoma of the leg: sentinel lymph nodectomy as a new strategy for staging circumscribed cutaneous lymphomas. (1999)

SLNE may gain a prominent role in the staging of circumscribed cutaneous lymphomas, in addition to its already established position in melanoma management. Further positive effects of SLNE are 1) better distinction of primary cutaneous lymphomas with secondary lymph node involvement from primary lymph node lymphomas with skin manifestation, and 2) better insight into the biology of different primary cutaneous lymphoma types.
Management of Toenail Onychomycosis with 2% Butenafine and 20% Urea Cream: A Placebo‐controlled, Double‐blind Study (1998)

Onychomycosis is an increasingly common and recalcitrant fungal nail infection world-wide. The purpose of this placebo-controlled, double-blind study was to determine the clinical efficacy, chemical avulsion, and tolerability of 2% butenafine hydrochloride and 20% urea incorporated in a cream to cure toenail onychomycosis in a preselected population. Sixty patients (38M, 22F), ranging between 18 and 60 years (mean 27.4), with more than 25% involvement of the big toenail were enrolled in the study. The diagnosis of onychomycosis was established by mycologic identification and reconfirmed by positive fungal culture. A precoded 25-g tube was randomly assigned to each patient (50 active and 10 placebo) with instructions to apply the trial medication to their infected toenail twice daily with an occlusive dressing for one week. The affected nail was removed with a nail clipper. No occlusive dressing was maintained after the initial one week regimen. To assess the chemical avulsion of the infected toenail, mycologic cure, clinical effectiveness of the treatment, and overall success, patients were examined twice a week for 16 weeks and thereafter on a weekly basis for a further 36 weeks. The treatment was well tolerated by all the patients throughout the study, with no dropouts. Marked improvement was seen in 73.3% patients after weeks 8, 16 and 24 with clinically and mycologically confirmed negative fungal culture. Code disclosure revealed that active butenafine and urea cream cured significantly more patients than placebo (88% versus 0%; p < 0.0001). Of the 60 patients 91.6% reported no drug-related adverse symptoms. Five patients reported non-objective mild inflammation without discontinuation of the treatment. During one year follow-up of the study phase, none of the cured patients had a relapse. In conclusion, the mycologic and overall assessment of this study demonstrate that 2% butenafine HCl and 20% urea incorporated in a cream for keratinolysis is safe to use and significantly more effective than placebo in curing big toenail onychomycosis.
Pathophysiologic Substrate for Sustained Ventricular Tachycardia in Coronary Artery Disease (1997)

Sustained ventricular tachycardia (VT) in the presence of coronary artery disease (CAD) is almost always associated with prior infarction. Its mechanism is reentrant excitation and it can be initiated > 95% of the time. Disrupted and delayed endocardial activation and prolonged, fragmented electrograms recorded during sinus rhythm distinguish patients with VT from those with normal ventricles and those of prior infarction without VT. The extent of abnormalities of activation and number of abnormal, fragmented and late electrograms are greatest in patients with sustained VT. These abnormalities are associated with scar tissue separating the viable myocytes. Fragmented electrograms are due to discontinuous activation due to nonuniform anisotropy caused by the scar tissue. Patients with CAD demonstrate depressed excitability and prolonged relative refractory periods (ie, an upward shift in the strength-interval curve) at sites of infarction but effective refractory periods measured at 10 mA comparable to normals and dispersion of refractory periods. However the associated abnormalities of conduction and activation produce an abnormal dispersion of recovery. Intraoperative mapping of patients with CAD has shown that most of the abnormalities of endocardial activation and conduction are in the subendocardial layers and subendocardial resection of these areas cures VT and abolishes delayed, fragmented electrograms and split potentials and normalizes the electrograms recorded from the subjacent tissue. This supports the hypothesis that abnormalities of conduction are the critical pathophysiologic substrate of VT in CAD.
Combined Effects of Acrobatic Exercise and Magnetic Stimulation on the Functional Recovery after Spinal Cord Lesions (2008)

The objective of the study was to determine whether physical exercise combined with epidural spinal cord magnetic stimulation could improve recovery after injury of the spinal cord. Spinal cord lesioning in mice resulted in reduced locomotor function and negatively affected the muscle strength tested in vitro. Acrobatic exercise attenuated the behavioral effects of spinal cord injury. The exposure to magnetic fields facilitated further this improvement. The progress in behavioral recovery was correlated with reduced muscle degeneration and enhanced muscle contraction. The acrobatic exercise combined with stimulation with magnetic fields significantly facilitates behavioral recovery and muscle physiology in mice following spinal cord injury.
Canopus: A Domain-Specific Language for Modeling Performance Testing (2016)

Despite all the efforts to reduce the cost of the testing phase in software development, it is still one of the most expensive phases. In order to continue to minimize those costs, in this paper, we propose a Domain-Specific Language (DSL), built on top of MetaEdit+ language workbench, to model performance testing for web applications. Our DSL, called Canopus, was developed in the context of a collaboration <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> between our university and a Technology Development Laboratory (TDL) from an Information Technology (IT) company. We present, in this paper, the Canopus metamodels, its domain analysis, a process that integrates Canopus to Model-Based Performance Testing, and applied it to an industrial case study.