gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Automatic Transliteration and Back-transliteration by Decision Tree Learning (2000)

Automatic transliteration and back-transliteration across languages with drastically different alphabets and phonemes inventories such as English/Korean, English/Japanese, English/Arabic, English/Chinese, etc, have practical importance in machine translation, cross-lingual information retrieval, and automatic bilingual dictionary compilation, etc. In this paper, a bi-directional and to some extent language independent methodology for English/Korean transliteration and back-transliteration is described. Our method is composed of character alignment and decision tree learning. We induce transliteration rules for each English alphabet and back-transliteration rules for each Korean alphabet. For the training of decision trees we need a large labeled examples of transliteration and back-transliteration. However this kind of resources are generally not available. Our character alignment algorithm is capable of highly accurately aligning English word and Korean transliteration in a desired way. 1.
Spectral matching with an LED-based spectrally tunable light source (2005)

A spectrally tunable light source using an integrating sphere with a large number of LEDs has been designed and constructed at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The source is designed to have a capability of producing any visible spectral distribution, mimicking various light sources in the visible region by feedback control of the radiant power emitted by individual LEDs. The spectral irradiance or radiance of the source is measured by a standard reference instrument; the source will be used as a transfer standard for colorimetric, photometric and radiometric applications. A series of simulations have been conducted to predict the performance of the designed tunable source and source distributions have been realized for a number of target distributions.
A Theoretical Analysis of NADPH Production and Consumption in Yeasts (1983)

Theoretical calculations of the NADPH requirement for yeast biomass formation reveal that this parameter is strongly dependent on the carbon and nitrogen source. The data obtained have been used to estimate the carbon flow over the NADPH-producing pathways in these organisms, namely the hexose monophosphate pathway and the NADP+-linked isocitrate dehydrogenase reaction. It was calculated that during growth of yeasts on glucose with ammonium as the nitrogen source at least 2% of the glucose metabolized has to be completely oxidized via the hexose monophosphate pathway for the purpose of NADPH synthesis. This figure increases to approximately 20% in the presence of nitrate as the nitrogen source. Not only during growth on glucose but also on other substrates such as xylose, methanol, or acetate the operation of the hexose monophosphate pathway as a source of NADPH is essential, since the NADP+-isocitrate dehydrogenase reaction alone cannot meet the NADPH demand for anabolism. NADPH production via these pathways requires an expenditure of ATP. Therefore, the general assumption made in calculations of the ATP demand for biomass formation that generation of NADPH does not require energy is, at least in yeasts, not valid.
Hypertensive rats produced by in vivo introduction of the human renin gene. (1993)

We established an efficient and nontoxic in vivo gene transfer method mediated by the Sendai virus (hemagglutinating virus of Japan [HVJ]), liposomes, and nuclear protein. In this study, to produce a hypertensive model rat that is dependent on human renin, the human renin gene was introduced into adult rat liver by our efficient in vivo gene transfer method using HVJ and liposomes (HVJ-liposomes). The rats treated with HVJ-liposomes containing the human renin gene showed a significant elevation of blood pressure for 6 days compared with control rats, which received injections of HVJ-liposomes without the human renin gene. On day 5 after the transfer, human active renin as well as angiotensin II were found in the plasma of rats in which the human renin gene was introduced. Moreover, the blood pressure of these rats was significantly correlated with the plasma levels of human active renin and angiotensin II. To confirm that the elevated blood pressure was due to the expression of the human renin gene, we administered a newly developed specific human renin inhibitor, FK 906. The elevated blood pressure was normalized by the intravenous administration of this drug. These data indicate that this hypertensive rat was produced by the in vivo transfer of the human renin gene into rat liver and that the expressed human renin cleaved rat substrate (angiotensinogen). This hypertensive rat produced by in vivo gene transfer should be useful in further studies on hypertension.
Development of a secure body area network for a wearable physiological monitoring system using a PSoC processor (2011)

Wearable physiological monitoring systems have gained popularity in the recent years due to their ability to continuously monitor physiological signals, thereby making them suitable for home-healthcare applications. The electrocardiogram (ECG), phonocardiogram (PCG) and photoplethysmogram (PPG) signals have been studied and it has been observed that there is a correlation between the three signals. This paper proposes the development of a secure body area network (BAN), for a wearable physiological monitoring system. The BAN is composed of three nodes, for ECG, PPG and PCG signals. The peak-peak distances of these signals are calculated first, in the coordinator of BAN. The coordinator is designed in such a manner that signals from it are transmitted to a monitoring station, only if the difference between the peak-peak distances of both ECG-PPG signals and ECG-PCG signals fall below a threshold. The entire operation of the coordinator is implemented using a real-time processor, Cypress(™) Programmable System on Chip (PSoC).
The Network Management Unit (NMU) (2019)

Reconfigurable compute devices, namely Field Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGA), have increasingly been deployed in datacenters and cloud infrastructures. Such devices have proven effective at performing certain types of compute tasks, often performing these tasks faster, with lower latency, at a higher throughput, and/or at lower power than traditional compute devices (e.g. CPUs). Some recent works have demonstrated the benefits of deploying such devices as direct-connected nodes, i.e., the FPGAs are connected directly to the datacenters' network infrastructure. In this work, we introduce the concept of the Network Management Unit (NMU), which secures the network from potentially unwarranted access from malicious or malfunctioning FPGA applications; specifically, the NMU targets network traffic originating from (or targeted towards) an application resident solely on the FPGA itself. We argue that this is a necessary feature of direct-connected reconfigurable compute devices. We present the design of several NMUs, introduce a taxonomy for describing these different designs, and analyze the trade-offs of each design. The NMUs discussed range from those that employ hairpin routing techniques to push management to the next level switch, to those that perform routing and access control directly.
C<scp>OHERENT</scp>N<scp>ONLINEAR</scp>S<scp>PECTROSCOPY</scp>: From Femtosecond Dynamics to Control (2001)

This review focuses on the study of the dynamics of isolated molecules and their control using coherent nonlinear spectroscopic methods. Emphasis is placed on topics such as bound-to-free excitation and the study of concerted elimination reactions, free-to-bound excitation and the study of bimolecular reactions, and bound-to-bound excitation and the study of intramolecular rovibrational dynamics and coherence relaxation. For each case the detailed time-resolved information reveals possible strategies to control the outcome. Experimental results are shown for each of the reactions discussed. The methods discussed include pump-probe and four-wave mixing processes such as transient grating and photon echo spectroscopy. Off-resonance transient-grating experiments are shown to be ideal for the study of ground state dynamics, molecular structure, and the molecular response to strong field excitation.
Chiral Bicyclic Phosphoramidites—A New Class of Ligands for Asymmetric Catalysis (2001)

The development of new ligands for catalytic asymmetric C−C bond formation is of great interest to organic synthesis. We describe here a new class of chiral phosphoramidites that embody one or two binaphthol units attached to an achiral azabicyclic [3.3.1] or [3.3.0] framework. These ligands were easily accessible from (R)-1,1′-binaphthyl-2,2′-dioxaphosphorchloridite (4) and the corresponding heterobicyclic core 1, 2, or 3. They were employed in enantioselective Cu-catalyzed additions of different dialkylzinc reagents to cyclic and acyclic enones. The chiral ketones were obtained with an enantiomeric ratio up to 91:9. The choice of the best ligand proved to be strongly dependent on each substrate. In addition, ligand 6 was found to be the most suitable for Rh-catalyzed hydrogenations of α,β-unsaturated esters, giving rise to dimethyl 2-methylsuccinate and methyl N-acetylalaninate with enantiomer ratios up to 95:5.
Ultra-shallow implant anneal using single wafer rapid thermal furnace (2002)

A new RTA approach using a single wafer type furnace which provides wafer temperature profiles equivalent to the ones achieved from the conventional lamp-based RTA systems is introduced. The single wafer rapid thermal furnace (SRTF) allows short time annealing in a nearly isothermal furnace environment. In this paper, <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sup> B <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> and <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">49</sup> BF <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> shallow and ultra-shallow implanted wafers (1 keV∼30 keV) were annealed using the SRTF system to investigate electrical activation efficiency as well as B diffusion during annealing.
Cloning of a cDNA encoding adenylosuccinate lyase by functional complementation in Escherichia coli. (1990)

Adenylosuccinate lyase was cloned by functional complementation of an Escherichia coli purB mutant using an avian liver cDNA expression library. The derived amino acid sequence is homologous to the bacterial purB-encoded adenylosuccinate lyase which catalyzes the same two steps in purine biosynthesis as the enzyme from animals. Avian adenylosuccinate lyase also shows regions of extensive sequence similarity to the urea cycle enzyme, argininosuccinate lyase. This homology suggests a similar mechanism for catalysis. Homology of adenylosuccinate and argininosuccinate lyases is intriguing because chickens do not utilize the urea cycle in nitrogen excretion. This is the first report of the cloning of a eukaryotic cDNA encoding adenylosuccinate lyase, and it affords a route to isolate the corresponding human gene which has been suggested to be defective in autistic children.
In vitro Formation of Hybrid Fibrils of Type v Collagen and Type I Collagen Limited Growth of Type I Collagen Into Thick Fibrils by Type V Collagen (1986)

Type V collagen and type I collagen were obtained from human placentas by pepsin treatment, followed by salt fractionation. The precipitates formed at 37 degrees C from a mixed solution of type V collagen and type I collagen, reacted with antibodies to either type V collagen or type I collagen. The precipitates seen by electron microscopy were fine flexible fibrils, with a D-periodic banding pattern. The average diameter of hybrid fibrils was smaller than 50 nm, when the proportion of type V collagen exceeded that of type I collagen. Type V collagen directly interacts with type I collagen in forming hybrid fibrils, resulting in limitation of the growth of type I collagen fibrils into thicker fibrils. We propose that the fibrils with a predominant type V collagen content may occur in the pericellular environment of various tissues, as a basic structure in connecting basal laminae with interstitial collagen fibrils.
Utilising dynamic logic for low power consumption in asynchronous circuits (2002)

Dynamic logic offers compact, fast solutions for synchronous design. Asynchronous design methodologies which conform to the bounded-delay model can also utilise dynamic logic for combinational circuits obtaining similar benefits to the synchronous case. To achieve these benefits, the logic is held in precharge until it is required and the evaluation phase is completed during a handshake communication action. The resultant power consumption is low since the input capacitance is far smaller than equivalent static CMOS circuits and spurious transitions in the computation are removed.
Branched Lateral Tail Fiber Organization in T5-Like Bacteriophages DT57C and DT571/2 is Revealed by Genetic and Functional Analysis (2016)

The T5-like siphoviruses DT57C and DT571/2, isolated from horse feces, are very closely related to each other, and most of their structural proteins are also nearly identical to T5 phage. Their LTFs (L-shaped tail fibers), however, are composed of two proteins, LtfA and LtfB, instead of the single Ltf of bacteriophage T5. In silico and mutant analysis suggests a possible branched structure of DT57C and DT571/2 LTFs, where the LtfB protein is connected to the phage tail via the LtfA protein and with both proteins carrying receptor recognition domains. Such adhesin arrangement has not been previously recognized in siphoviruses. The LtfA proteins of our phages are found to recognize different host O-antigen types: E. coli O22-like for DT57C phage and E. coli O87 for DT571/2. LtfB proteins are identical in both phages and recognize another host receptor, most probably lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of E. coli O81 type. In these two bacteriophages, LTF function is essential to penetrate the shield of the host's O-antigens. We also demonstrate that LTF-mediated adsorption becomes superfluous when the non-specific cell protection by O-antigen is missing, allowing the phages to bind directly to their common secondary receptor, the outer membrane protein BtuB. The LTF independent adsorption was also demonstrated on an O22-like host mutant missing O-antigen O-acetylation, thus showing the biological value of this O-antigen modification for cell protection against phages.
Radar emitter signal classification based on mutual information and fuzzy support vector machines (2008)

In this paper, a novel method based on mutual information and fuzzy support vector machines for recognizing radar emitter signals is introduced. The radar signal waveforms are the linear frequency modulation (LFM), frequency-coded signals, BPSK and QPSK. The wavelet ridges and higher-order statistics are used to extract signal features. Mutual information measures is used to reduce the redundant components from the feature vectors set. Then these discriminative and low dimensional features achieved are fed to a fuzzy support vector machine classifier for multi-class patter recognition. In simulation, the classifier attains over 78% overall average correct classification rate. Experimental results show that the proposed methodology is efficient for different complex radar signals detection and classification.
The nature of the near-infrared interline sky background using fibre Bragg grating OH suppression (2013)

We analyse the near-infrared interline sky background, OH and O2 emission in 19 hours of H band observations with the GNOSIS OH suppression unit and the IRIS2 spectrograph at the 3.9-m AAT. We find that the temporal behaviour of OH emission is best described by a gradual decrease during the first half of the night followed by a gradual increase during the second half of the night following the behaviour of the solar elevation angle. We measure the interline background at 1.520 microns where the instrumental thermal background is very low and study its variation with zenith distance, time after sunset, ecliptic latitude, lunar zenith angle and lunar distance to determine the presence of non-thermal atmospheric emission, zodiacal scattered light and scattered moonlight. Zodiacal scattered light is too faint to be detected in the summed observations. Scattered moonlight due to Mie scattering by atmospheric aerosols is seen at small lunar distances (< 11 deg), but is otherwise too faint to detect. Except at very small lunar distances the interline background at a resolving power of R~2400 when using OH suppression fibres is dominated by a non-thermal atmospheric source with a temporal behaviour that resembles atmospheric OH emission suggesting that the interline background contains instrumentally-scattered OH. However, the interline background dims more rapidly than OH early in the night suggesting contributions from rapid dimming molecules. The absolute interline background is 560 +/- 120 photons s^-1 m^-2 micron^-1 arcsec^-2 under dark conditions. This value is similar to previous measurements without OH suppression suggesting that non-suppressed atmospheric emission is responsible for the interline background. Future OH suppression fibre designs may address this by the suppression of more sky lines using more accurate sky line measurements taken from high resolution spectra.
A Copper-Catalyzed Three-Component Reaction of Triethoxysilanes, Sulfur Dioxide, and Hydrazines (2014)

A three-component reaction of triethoxysilanes, sulfur dioxide, and hydrazines catalyzed by copper(II) acetate is reported, leading to N-aminosulfonamides in good yields. Not only triethoxy(aryl)silanes but also triethoxy(alkyl)silanes are compatible during the process of insertion of sulfur dioxide. Additionally, diethoxydiarylsilanes are suitable under the conditions as well.
Self-Organizing Probability State Variable Parameter Search Algorithms for Systems that Must Avoid High-Penalty Operating Regions (1974)

Self-organizing probability state variable (PSV) parameter search algorithms possessing long-term memory have been formulated to cope with systems that must avoid high performance-penalty operating regions. The information gained from all previous experiments is efficiently encoded in multivariate probability distribution functions (pdf's). This long-term memory capability enables the PSV algorithms to avoid effectively future experiments in high penalty regions. The systems considered are resource-limited, and catastrophic failure may occur if parameter values lying in high penalty regions are implemented. Those cases in which the high penalty regions are not known in advance were investigated. The PSV algorithms have the capability of adaptively learning the location and hypervolume of these regions as the search proceeds. The algorithms are explicitly guided in their internal strategies as a function of the remaining system resources and the updated probability distribution functions. Clustering analysis is used both in the discovery of new operating regions and for updating the pdf's. As a by-product of this research, clustering was also investigated as a presearch scheme. It is shown that this procedure has great promise as a means of assessing the complexity of an optimization problem. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the utility of the self-organizing PSV search algorithms.
Nanostructure and related mechanical properties of an Al–Mg–Si alloy processed by severe plastic deformation (2008)

Microstructural features and mechanical properties of an Al-Mg-Si alloy processed by high-pressure torsion have been investigated using transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, three-dimensional atom probe, tensile tests and microhardness measurements. It is shown that HPT processing of the Al-Mg-Si alloy leads to a much stronger grain size refinement than of pure aluminium (down to 100 nm). Moreover, massive segregation of alloying elements along grain boundaries is observed. This nanostructure exhibits a yield stress even two times higher than that after a standard T6 heat treatment of the coarse grained alloy
Low frequency electrical impulses reduce atherosclerosis in cholesterol fed rabbits. (2003)

This investigation studied whether low frequency electrical impulses (EI) induce or prevent development of new atherosclerotic plaque in previously diseased vessels.In all rabbits, an electrode was sutured to the left psoas major muscle close to the upper part of the abdominal aorta (AA), and a pacemaker was implanted on the opposite side of the AA just below diaphragm. Group 1 received a high cholesterol diet (HCD) to induce atherosclerosis but no EI (control). Euthanasia followed after 3 weeks (series I), 8 weeks (series II) and 11 weeks (series III) of HCD. In series IV animals received HCD alone for 3 weeks then EI was added to the HCD for another 8 weeks (weeks 4-11) at a rate of 30 impulses per minute (IPM) at 3V. Euthanasia followed after 11 weeks. Atherosclerotic thickness grades were assigned using a 0 (low) to 4 (high) grading system, and the surface area involved in disease was calculated.In control rabbits, after 11 weeks of HCD atherosclerotic thickness grade in lower abdominal aorta was 1.68 +/-0.25. In rabbits exposed to EI (30 IPM at 3V) this grade was 0.5+/-0.37 (p<0.05). The involved surface area was only 8.5+/-4.69% (series IV) vs. 32.5+/-4.0 % in controlWhen applied near the AA, electrical impulses (30 IPM at 3V) decrease atherosclerotic deposits despite continuation of a high cholesterol diet.
Recombinant Vesicular Stomatitis Virus Vectors Expressing Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 gD Elicit Robust CD4<sup>+</sup>Th1 Immune Responses and Are Protective in Mouse and Guinea Pig Models of Vaginal Challenge (2006)

Recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV) vectors offer an attractive approach for the induction of robust cellular and humoral immune responses directed against human pathogen target antigens. We evaluated rVSV vectors expressing full-length glycoprotein D (gD) from herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) in mice and guinea pigs for immunogenicity and protective efficacy against genital challenge with wild-type HSV-2. Robust Th1-polarized anti-gD immune responses were demonstrated in the murine model as measured by induction of gD-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes and increased gamma interferon expression. The isotype makeup of the serum anti-gD immunoglobulin G (IgG) response was consistent with the presence of a Th1-CD4+ anti-gD response, characterized by a high IgG2a/IgG1 IgG subclass ratio. Functional anti-HSV-2 neutralizing serum antibody responses were readily demonstrated in both guinea pigs and mice that had been immunized with rVSV-gD vaccines. Furthermore, guinea pigs and mice were prophylactically protected from genital challenge with high doses of wild-type HSV-2. In addition, guinea pigs were highly protected against the establishment of latent infection as evidenced by low or absent HSV-2 genome copies in dorsal root ganglia after virus challenge. In summary, rVSV-gD vectors were successfully used to elicit potent anti-gD Th1-like cellular and humoral immune responses that were protective against HSV-2 disease in guinea pigs and mice.