gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Endothelial dysfunction in diabetes mellitus: role in cardiovascular disease. (2001)

Diabetes mellitus is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD), even in the presence of intensive glycemic control. Substantial clinical and experimental evidence suggests that both diabetes and insulin resistance cause a combination of endothelial dysfunctions, which may diminish the anti-atherogenic role of the vascular endothelium. Endothelial dysfunctions that have been described include decreased endothelium-dependent vasorelaxation, increased leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion and vascular permeability, and the altered production of a variety of vasoactive substances, which affect coagulation, extracellular matrix homeostasis, and smooth muscle physiology. The primary mechanisms that contribute to these endothelial dysfunctions in diabetes appear to involve the activation of protein kinase C (PKC) pathways, increased non-enzymatic glycation, increased oxidant stress, and reduced endothelial insulin action. In addition, many of the adverse effects of these abnormalities associated with hyperglycemia and insulin resistance are mediated and amplified by potent vasoactive hormones including angiotensin II, transforming growth factor-beta, and vascular endothelial growth factor. Multiple interventions have been shown to improve endothelial dysfunction in diabetes, including PKC inhibition, infusion of soluble receptors for advanced glycation end-products, antioxidant and insulin supplementation, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition. These findings are consistent with a model involving a combination of factors contributing to the etiology of the endothelial dysfunctions in diabetes. Further work is needed to determine whether endothelial function can be used as a therapeutic target to reduce CVD and improve clinical outcomes.
Repeated Authentication in Internet Key Exchange (IKEv2) Protocol (2006)

This document extends the Internet Key Exchange (IKEv2) Protocol
document [IKEv2]. With some IPsec peers, particularly in the remote
access scenario, it is desirable to repeat the mutual authentication
periodically. The purpose of this is to limit the time that security
associations (SAs) can be used by a third party who has gained control
of the IPsec peer. This document describes a mechanism to perform this
function. This memo defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet
community.
Effect of Micelles and Mixed Micelles on Efficiency and Selectivity of Antibiotic-Based Capillary Electrophoretic Enantioseparations (1995)

Vancomycin (an oligophenolic, glycopeptide, macrocyclic antibiotic) has been shown to be a superb chiral selector for anionic and neutral compounds. It was found that adding sodium dodecyl sulfate to the run buffer increased efficiency by over 1 order of magnitude, decreased analysis times, and reversed the elution order of the enantiomers. This allows for control of the retention order as well as the resolution of enantiomers in complex mixtures in a single run. A mechanism is proposed which explains all of the observed effects and is verified experimentally. Since vancomycin is present in both the micelle and in free solution, previously proposed micelle-selector models are, at best, limiting cases. A general equation is derived which can be used to describe all possible interactions, including those with the capillary wall, if needed. Also, it is shown that electrophoretic mobilities and not migration times must be used to calculate binding constants of a solute to the micelle, the chiral selector, or both. Furthermore, it is shown that a neutral marker molecule cannot be used to accurately correct mobilities that have been altered due to changes in solution viscosity. While this work utilizes the practical vancomycin-micelle system, the general conclusions and theory apply to most other analogous CE systems as well.
<i>In vivo</i> ultrasonic attenuation slope estimates for detecting cervical ripening in rats: Preliminary results (2008)

To effectively postpone preterm birth, cervical ripening needs to be detected and delayed. As the cervix ripens, the spacing between the collagen fibers increases and fills with water, hyaluronan, decorin, and enzymes suggesting that the ultrasonic attenuation of the cervix should decrease. The decrease in ultrasonic attenuation may be detectable, leading to an effective means of detecting cervical ripening. Herein, the traditional attenuation slope-estimation algorithm based on measuring the downshift in center frequency of the ultrasonic backscattered signal with propagation depth was modified and applied to the cervix of rats. The modified algorithm was verified using computer simulations and an ex vivo tissue sample before being evaluated in in vivo animal studies. Spherically-focused f/3 transducers with 33-MHz center frequencies and with 9-mm focal lengths were used in both the simulations and experiments. The accuracy was better than 15% in the simulations, and the attenuation slope of the cervix in the ex vivo experiment was 2.6+/-0.6 dB/cm-MHz, which is comparable to 2.5+/-0.4 dB/cm-MHz measured using a through-transmission insertion loss technique. For the in vivo experiments, a statistically significant effect of ultrasonic attenuation with gestational age was not observed. The large variances in the in vivo results were most likely due to the natural variation in attenuation for biological tissue between animals.
Oxymercuration‐jones oxidation of β‐ and γ‐hydroxyolefinic acids (1988)

Abstract A treatment of 12‐hydroxyoctadec‐ cis ‐9‐enoic acid (I) and 9‐hydroxyoctadec‐ cis ‐12‐enoic acid (II) in the presence of a catalytic amount of mercuric acetate reacts with Jones reagent to afford 9,12‐dioxooctadecanoic acid in high yield, involving two different mechanistic routes.
Control of the chemical reactivity of a silicon single-crystal surface using the chemical modification technique (1990)

A technique is developed to control the chemical reactivity of a silicon single-crystal surface through chemical modification with atomic hydrogen. The reactivity of the reconstructed single-crystal surface prepared by high-temperature treatment in an ultrahigh vacuum is significantly decreased by capping the dangling bonds of top-layer silicon atoms with hydrogen atoms. The Si—H bonds on the hydrogenated surface are found to be much more stable against oxidation than the Si—Si back bonds. The hydrogen-passivated silicon surface is reactivated by electron beam irradiation. An ultrathin oxide layer pattern can be prepared using preferential oxidation of the area reactivated by a focused electron beam.
STEAM PRESSURE FILTRATION: MECHANICAL-THERMAL DEWATERING PROCESS (2001)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image sizeKeywords: Disk filterDrum filterHyperbar filtrationSolvent removalSteam dryingThrough dryingWashing ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank the German Science Foundation (DFG) and the German Ministry of Research and Technology (BmBF) for their financial support. Further we would like to thank all scientific co-workers who have yielded their spirit and energy into this research project. Sincere thanks belong to Dr. Stefan Gerl, who worked from 1992–1997 on the fundamentals of Steam Pressure Filtration.
Solution-Processed Organic Solar Cells with Power Conversion Efficiencies of 2.5% using Benzothiadiazole/Imide-Based Acceptors (2011)

A new series of electron-deficient molecules based on a central benzothiadiazole moiety flanked with vinylimides has been synthesized via Heck chemistry and used in solution-processed organic photovoltaics (OPV). Two new compounds, 4,7-bis(4-(N-hexyl-phthalimide)vinyl)benzo[c]1,2,5-thiadiazole (PI-BT) and 4,7-bis(4-(N-hexyl-naphthalimide)vinyl)benzo[c]1,2,5-thiadiazole (NI-BT), show significantly different behaviors in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells using poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) as the electron donor. Two-dimensional grazing incidence X-ray scattering (2D GIXS) experiments demonstrate that PI-BT shows significant crystallization in spin-coated thin films, whereas NI-BT does not. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations predict that while PI-BT maintains a planar structure in the ground state, steric interactions cause a twist in the NI-BT molecule, likely preventing significant crystallization. In BHJ solar cells with P3HT as donor, PI-BT devices achieved a large open-circuit voltage of 0.96 V and a maximum device power-conversion efficiency of 2.54%, whereas NI-BT containing devices only achieved 0.1% power-conversion efficiency.
A Unified Hybrid Recorder: Combining Hard Disk Drives, Betacam SX, and Analog Betacam (1997)

The transition of the broadcast industry to an all-digital environment for the operation of television news programming poses some unique challenges. Harnessing the best of contemporary digital compression technology with an efficient total video/audio data rate that supports higher quality (than the best of current analog ENG systems) while also facilitating novel new networked system concepts (that introduce crucial new efficiencies to the total broadcast news operation), formed a core design imperative. This new high-speed digital system streamlines the production of broadcast news to service the existing analog NTSC service, but also fully anticipates the imminent 4:2:0 MPEG-2 SDTV digital U.S. broadcasting standard by being squarely based on the 4:2:2 digital component signal format. At the same time, the recognition that broadcasters must transition at their own pace — oftentimes in incremental steps spanning some years — dictates a system approach that assigns an equally high priority to maintenance of a crucial compatibility with the predominantly component analog Betacam environment (presently the mainstay of ENG acquisition and news program editing).
Brain-enriched Hyaluronan Binding (BEHAB)/Brevican Cleavage in a Glioma Cell Line Is Mediated by a Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin Motifs (ADAMTS) Family Member (2000)

Brain-enriched hyaluronan binding (BEHAB)/brevican is a brain-specific extracellular matrix protein containing a cleavage site between Glu(395)-Ser(396), which bears remarkable homology to the "aggrecanase" site in the cartilage proteoglycan aggrecan. Expression of BEHAB/brevican is dramatically increased in human gliomas, notoriously invasive tumors. Recently, we showed that the rat 9L gliosarcoma cell line, which does not express BEHAB/brevican and forms non-invasive tumors when grown as intracranial grafts, can form invasive tumors when transfected with a 5' cDNA fragment of BEHAB/brevican, but not when transfected with the full-length cDNA. In marked contrast, the highly invasive CNS-1 glioma cell line expresses and cleaves BEHAB/brevican protein when grown as an intracranial graft. These results suggest that both synthesis and cleavage of BEHAB/brevican protein may play a role in the invasiveness of gliomas. We report here, using an antibody developed to the neoepitope created by BEHAB/brevican cleavage at the Glu(395)-Ser(396) site, that the CNS-1 cells are able to cleave the protein in vitro. We characterized the CNS-1-derived cleavage activity by assaying its ability to cleave BEHAB/brevican proteoglycan, and determined that the enzyme is a constitutively expressed, secreted activity. Using a variety of protease inhibitors, reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, and specific antibodies, we determined that this activity is likely to be a member of the ADAMTS family of metalloproteinases, specifically ADAMTS4. These results suggest a novel function for ADAMTS family members in BEHAB/brevican cleavage and glioma and indicate that inhibition of ADAMTS in glioma may provide a novel therapeutic strategy.
Fault-tolerant disk storage and file systems using reflective memory (2002)

Most replicated storage and file systems either take a specialized hardware approach or a software-oriented approach to fault tolerance. The paper describes a fault-tolerant disk storage and file system that falls in between the hardware and software categories. The system uses reflective memory to interconnect an array of standard computers comprising a massively parallel system. This architecture provides the basis for high availability replicated file and storage systems with the performance and low overhead expected from specialized hardware while offering the modularity and scalability of a distributed system. We describe the implementation of the fault-tolerant file and storage system to run large scale I/O-intensive applications, such as emulation of a stable storage DASD subsystem. Preliminary performance measurements indicate that selectively broadcasting regions of reflective memory allows for virtually no overhead over conventional systems for supporting replicated, distributed storage and file services.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Theoretical study of phase forming of NaZn<sub>13</sub>-type rare-earth intermetallics (2002)

By using the interatomic pair potential obtained with the lattice inversion method, the stability of RT13−xMx (R = La, Ce, Pr and Nd; T = Co and Fe; M = Si, Al, Cr, V and Ti) of the NaZn13 type and its derivative structure are studied. The structural transition of LaT13−xSix (T = Co and Fe) between the cubic one with the space group Fm3c and the tetragonal one with I4/mcm is imitated from the viewpoint of energy. As for the function of the third elements, Al and Si are beneficial to the phase stability of RT13−xMx, whereas Cr, Ti and V are unfavourable to the stability. In the calculation, the range of x, with which RT13−xMx could crystallize in the cubic or tetragonal structures, agrees with the experiments very well. The calculated crystallographic parameters coincide with the experimental observation. In the cubic structure, Si and Al prefer the 96i site, and in the tetragonal structure Si first occupy the 16l(2) site, then the 16k site. In addition, all the site positions of the compounds with either the cubic or tetragonal structure are really congruent with the experimental one.
Acylation and carbanilation of cellulose in ionic liquids (2005)

Ionic liquids (ILs) namely 1-N-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C4mim]+Cl−), 1-N-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C2mim]+Cl−), 1-N-butyldimethylimidazolium chloride ([C4dmim]+Cl−) and 1-N-allyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium bromide ([Admim]+Br−) were investigated as solvent for the homogeneous acylation and carbanilation of the biopolymer cellulose. Cellulose acetates with a degree of substitution (DS) in the range from 2.5 to 3.0 are accessible within 2 h at 80 °C in a complete homogeneous procedure. The acylation of cellulose with the fatty acid chloride lauroyl chloride leads to cellulose laurates with DS from 0.34 to 1.54. The reaction starts homogeneously and continues heterogeneously. The synthesis of cellulose carbanilates succeeds in the ionic liquid [C4mim]+Cl− without any catalyst. The new homogeneous path gives pure cellulose carbanilates. All reactions are carried out under mild conditions, low excess of reagent and a short reaction time. The reaction media applied can be easily recycled and reused.
Additional Peptidyl Diazomethyl Ketones, Including Biotinyl Derivatives, Which Affinity-Label Calpain and Related Cysteinyl Proteinases (1993)

Calpain, the calcium-activated cysteinyl proteinase, can be irreversibly inactivated by peptidyl diazomethyl ketones in which the peptide portion contains a penultimate leucine residue. Some new derivatives of this type have been synthesized and examined for their rates of inactivation of chicken gizzard and human platelet calpain. Two derivatives containing a C-terminal biotin residue, Biot-Aca-Leu-TyrCHN2 and Biot-Aca-Leu-Leu-TyrCHN2, have also been prepared in the expectation that their application to the study of the function of calpain and related proteases will prove fruitful.
Ligand-Controlled Polytypism of Thick-Shell CdSe/CdS Nanocrystals (2009)

We report the synthesis of CdSe/CdS semiconductor core/shell nanocrystals with very thick (5 nm) CdS shells. As in the case of core CdSe nanocrystals, we show that a thick-shell CdSe/CdS core/shell structure can be synthesized in either a pure wurtzite (W) or a zinc-blende (ZB) crystal structure. While the growth of thick-shell wurtzite CdSe/CdS is quite straightforward, we observe that the growth of a CdS shell on zinc-blende CdSe cores is more difficult and leads to wurtzite/zinc-blende polytypism when primary amines are present during the shell formation. Using absorption spectra analysis to differentiate zinc blende from wurtzite CdSe, we show that primary amines can induce a nearly complete structural transformation of CdSe ZB cores into W cores. This better understanding of the CdSe ligand-dependent crystal structural evolution during shell growth is further used to grow large (10 nm)-diameter perfect zinc-blende CdSe core crystals emitting above 700 nm, and perfect ZB thick-shell CdSe/CdS nanocrystals. We observed that all thick-shell CdSe/CdS QDs have extremely reduced blinking events compared to thin-shell QDs, without any significant influence of crystalline structure and polytypism.
LFMCW based MIMO imaging processing with keystone transform (2013)

In this paper, a new signal processing technique for Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) image processing of a Linear Frequency-Modulated Continuous Wave (LFMCW) automotive radar was developed. The image is the range-speed-direction data cube. The technique comprises two improvements to the standard MIMO image processing: 1) A fast unambiguous Doppler target detection. 2) An improved direction finding with estimated virtual antenna elements besides the synthesized virtual antenna elements. High speed automotive targets go through several range cells in the observation period making it difficult to obtain coherent accumulated power. Another problem with high speed targets in combination with a low Sweep Repetition Frequency (SRF) is ambiguous Doppler speed measurement. In order to remove range migration and obtain coherent accumulated power the keystone transform is applied. The direction finding resolution depends on the number of transmitter- and the receiver elements of the MIMO configuration. A combination of the transmitter and receiver elements give synthesized virtual elements with corresponding antenna width. In order to improve the direction finding, the antenna width with extrapolated virtual antenna elements was extended. The Band Width Extrapolation (BWE) method is applied for estimating these extrapolated virtual antenna elements. The proposed method is verified by simulation and real radar measurements.
Analogues azotés de dérivés de l'acide orotique (1977)

Abstract Les synthéses de deux nouveaux types de composés de structures oxo‐3 thioxo‐5 et dithioxo‐3,5 éthoxycarl)onyl‐6 tétrahydro‐2,3,4,5 triazines‐1,2,4 sont décrites; leur réactivite vis á vis d'agents alkylants et de I'hydrazine est examinée.
Sonic gradient index lens for aqueous applications (2010)

We study the acoustic scattering properties of a phononic crystal designed to behave as a gradient index lens in water, both experimentally and theoretically. The gradient index lens is designed using a square lattice of stainless-steel cylinders based on a multiple scattering approach in the homogenization limit. We experimentally demonstrate that the lens follows the graded index equations derived for optics by mapping the pressure intensity generated from a spherical source at 20 kHz. We find good agreement between the experimental result and theoretical modeling based on multiple scattering theory.
AIDS with special reference to pediatric aspect. (1992)

The article discusses the disease AIDS, and its increasing incidence all over the world. The alarming rise of HIV infection amongst those tested in India is noted. The projection as made by WHO are mentioned. The various modes of transmission of HIV infection and the high risk groups for each mode are identified. Clinical manifestation of an adult case is followed by that of a pediatric patient in whom the infection is mostly transplacental. The risk of TAA amongst children is highlighted as also the difference between adult and pediatric AIDS. Diagnosis of AIDS, its management, prognosis and prevention are mentioned. The similarity between HIV-1, SIV and HIV-2 induced immunodeficiency is recorded.
Control of system calls from outside of virtual machines (2008)

A virtual machine monitor (VMM) can isolate virtual machines (VMs) for trusted programs from VMs for untrusted ones. The security of VMs for untrusted programs can be enhanced by monitoring and controlling the behavior of the VMs with security systems running in a VM for trusted programs. However, programs running outside of a monitored VM usually obtain only low-level events and states such as interrupts and register values. Therefore, it is not straight-forward for the programs to understand the high-level behavior of an operating system in a monitored VM and to control resources managed by the operating system. In this paper, we propose a security system that controls the execution of processes from the outside of VMs. It consists of a modified VMM and a program running in a trusted VM. The system intercepts system calls invoked in a monitored VM and controls the execution according to a security policy. To fill the semantic gap between low-level events and high-level behavior, the system uses knowledge of the structure of a given operating system kernel. The user creates the knowledge with a tool when building an operating system. We implemented the system using Xen, and measured the overhead through experiments using microbenchmarks and a benchmark for the Apache web server.
Simultaneous up‐regulation of neurofilament proteins during the postnatal development of the rat nervous system (1990)

The expression of neurofilament (NF) proteins was examined during postnatal development of the rat nervous system in order to elucidate the nature of NF expression during the period of transition from the embryonic (immature) to the adult (mature) stages of NF expression. mRNAs to the light (NF-L), mid-sized (NF-M), and heavy (NF-H) NF proteins were compared by Northern blots and by in situ hybridizations, in NF-rich (i.e., DRG, spinal cord and brainstem) and in NF-poor (i.e., cerebellum and cerebral cortex) regions of the developing rat nervous system. NF proteins were analyzed by gel electrophoresis and by immunoblots. In each tissue, the expression of NF-H was delayed compared to that of NF-L and NF-M, as previously reported. The present study now shows that the delayed expression of NF-H is accompanied by parallel up-regulations in the expressions of NF-L and NF-M, both at the levels of mRNA and protein. Similar rates of increase of all three NF mRNAs occur between postnatal days 5 (P5) and 24 (P24) in rat spinal cord and DRG. Furthermore, the postnatal up-regulation of NF expression is characterized by a progressive accumulation of all three NF proteins in the tissues. The findings indicate that the adult pattern of NF expression (with high levels of expression of all three NF proteins) becomes established during the postnatal period of development, raising questions as to the nature of factors that coregulate the expression of NF subunits.