gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-performance chemical vapor deposited graphene-on-silicon nitride waveguide photodetectors (2018)

Waveguide photodetectors integrated with graphene have demonstrated potential for ultrafast response and broadband operation. Here, we demonstrate high-performance chemical vapor deposited graphene-on-silicon nitride waveguide photodetectors by enhancing the absorption of light propagating in the transverse-magnetic mode through a metal-graphene junction. A doubling in responsivity is experimentally observed. In our zero-biased metal-graphene junction, a 15 mA W<sup>-1</sup> intrinsic responsivity and a 30 GHz bandwidth are achieved at ∼1550 nm. The results are comparable to those obtained from the best pristine graphene-based photodetectors. Our work enables new architectures for high-performance optoelectronic devices based on the graphene-on-silicon nitride platform.
Oral absorption of peptides and nanoparticles across the human intestine: Opportunities, limitations and studies in human tissues (2016)

In this contribution, we review the molecular and physiological barriers to oral delivery of peptides and nanoparticles. We discuss the opportunities and predictivity of various in vitro systems with special emphasis on human intestine in Ussing chambers. First, the molecular constraints to peptide absorption are discussed. Then the physiological barriers to peptide delivery are examined. These include the gastric and intestinal environment, the mucus barrier, tight junctions between epithelial cells, the enterocytes of the intestinal epithelium, and the subepithelial tissue. Recent data from human proteome studies are used to provide information about the protein expression profiles of the different physiological barriers to peptide and nanoparticle absorption. Strategies that have been employed to increase peptide absorption across each of the barriers are discussed. Special consideration is given to attempts at utilizing endogenous transcytotic pathways. To reliably translate in vitro data on peptide or nanoparticle permeability to the in vivo situation in a human subject, the in vitro experimental system needs to realistically capture the central aspects of the mentioned barriers. Therefore, characteristics of common in vitro cell culture systems are discussed and compared to those of human intestinal tissues. Attempts to use the cell and tissue models for in vitro-in vivo extrapolation are reviewed.
Retinoic acid regulates RARα-mediated control of translation in dendritic RNA granules during homeostatic synaptic plasticity (2008)

Homeostatic plasticity is thought to play an important role in maintaining the stability of neuronal circuits. During one form of homeostatic plasticity, referred to as synaptic scaling, activity blockade leads to a compensatory increase in synaptic transmission by stimulating in dendrites the local translation and synaptic insertion of the AMPA receptor subunit GluR1. We have previously shown that all-trans retinoic acid (RA) mediates activity blockade-induced synaptic scaling by activating dendritic GluR1 synthesis and that this process requires RARalpha, a member of the nuclear RA receptor family. This result raised the question of where RARalpha is localized in dendrites and whether its localization is regulated by RA and/or activity blockade. Here, we show that activity blockade or RA treatment in neurons enhances the concentration of RARalpha in the dendritic RNA granules and activates local GluR1 synthesis in these RNA granules. Importantly, the same RNA granules that contain RARalpha also exhibit an accumulation of GluR1 protein but with a much slower time course than that of RARalpha, suggesting that the former regulates the latter. Taken together, our results provide a direct link between dendritically localized RARalpha and local GluR1 synthesis in RNA granules during RA-mediated synaptic signaling in homeostatic synaptic plasticity.
Type II Arginine Methyltransferase PRMT5 Regulates Gene Expression of Inhibitors of Differentiation/DNA Binding Id2 and Id4 during Glial Cell Differentiation (2011)

PRMT5 is a type II protein arginine methyltranferase that catalyzes monomethylation and symmetric dimethylation of arginine residues. PRMT5 is functionally involved in a variety of biological processes including embryo development and circadian clock regulation. However, the role of PRMT5 in oligodendrocyte differentiation and central nervous system myelination is unknown. Here we show that PRMT5 expression gradually increases throughout postnatal brain development, coinciding with the period of active myelination. PRMT5 expression was observed in neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. siRNA-mediated depletion of PRMT5 in mouse primary oligodendrocyte progenitor cells abrogated oligodendrocyte differentiation. In addition, the PRMT5-depleted oligodendrocyte progenitor and C6 glioma cells expressed high levels of the inhibitors of differentiation/DNA binding, Id2 and Id4, known repressors of glial cell differentiation. We observed that CpG-rich islands within the Id2 and Id4 genes were bound by PRMT5 and were hypomethylated in PRMT5-deficient cells, suggesting that PRMT5 plays a role in gene silencing during glial cell differentiation. Our findings define a role of PRMT5 in glial cell differentiation and link PRMT5 to epigenetic changes during oligodendrocyte differentiation.
Factors Influencing the <i>In Vitro</i> Deposition of Tobramycin Aerosol: A Comparison of an Ultrasonic Nebulizer and a High-Frequency Vibrating Mesh Nebulizer (2006)

The aim of the study was to elaborate recommendations for inhalation during mechanical ventilation that could optimize delivery. Delivery of aerosols in vitro from nebulizers during mechanical ventilation is dependent on the dimensions of the ventilator circuit, the nebulizer type, and the ventilator settings. A review of the literature shows that some ventilator settings have a larger influence on the amount of aerosol delivered than others. It has been shown in an in vitro model that the factors influencing delivered aerosol are the ventilator flow rate, the diameter of the endotracheal tube, and the time spent in inspiration (all p < 0.05). Two different nebulizer types were used in the study: an ultrasonic nebulizer (SUN 345) and a high-frequency vibrating mesh nebulizer (Aeroneb Pro). No difference in the amount delivered was seen with different nebulizer types (p = 0.215). For optimizing the amount delivered, the largest possible flow, endotracheal tube, and time spent in inspiration should be used.
Analysis of an activated <i>ABI5</i> allele using a new selection method for transgenic <i>Arabidopsis</i> seeds (2004)

The Arabidopsis abscisic acid (ABA) insensitive (ABI)5 transcription factor participates in the ABA-dependent induction of late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) genes in the final stages of seed development. We tested whether the VP16 transcriptional activation domain is sufficient to provide ABI5 with the ability to activate the AtEm LEA genes in vegetative tissues. We took advantage of a new transgenic seed selection assay based on green fluorescent protein (GFP) fluorescence and found that VP16-ABI5 triggered growth retardation and ABA-independent induction of AtEm1 in seedlings. These results indicate that ABI5 activation potential is a limiting step and might be a target for ABA signaling.
Preliminary characterization of a cloned neutral isoelectric form of the human peptidyl prolyl isomerase cyclophilin (1991)

We report the cloning of a neutral isoelectric form of the human peptidyl prolyl isomerase, cyclophilin, its expression in Escherichia coli, and its purification and comparison to bovine thymus cyclophilin. The cloned protein exhibited a pI of approximately 7.8 and formed a simple 1:1 complex with cyclosporin A. This cloned form had a pI similar to that observed for the neutral isoform (pI approximately 7.4) of human splenocyte cyclophilin. The bovine thymus proteins exhibited anomalous behavior on CM-cellulose chromatography but were resolved into alkaline (pI approximately 9.3) isoforms and a new neutral (pI approximately 7.8) isoform by isoelectric focusing gel electrophoresis and ultimately into at least four discrete isoforms by capillary electrophoresis. For cyclosporin A binding we observe a Kd of approximately 160 nM for an electrophoretically heterogeneous preparation of the natural bovine protein and approximately 360 nM for the more homogeneous preparation of the cloned human neutral isoform. Stopped-flow measurements of the activation energies for peptidyl-prolyl isomerase activity indicate the recombinant human protein has an activation enthalpy of 3.67 kcal/mol and an activation entropy of -47.3 cal/K-mol for cis----trans isomerization.
The Duocarmycins: Synthetic and Mechanistic Studies (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Duocarmycins: Synthetic and Mechanistic StudiesDale L. BogerCite this: Acc. Chem. Res. 1995, 28, 1, 20–29Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ar00049a004https://doi.org/10.1021/ar00049a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views399Altmetric-Citations98LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Evaluation of the effect of pH on in vitro growth of Malassezia pachydermatis. (2003)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of pH on the growth of canine Malassezia pachydermatis isolates in vitro. Yeast growth was monitored by measuring the optical density with a spectrophotometer. The growth of American Type Culture Collection and field strains of M. pachydermatis was optimal between the pH values of 4.0 and 8.0, and inhibited at the ranges of 1.0 to 3.0 and 9.0 to 10.0. An analysis of covariance showed no significant differences among the growth curves at pH levels 5.0 to 8.0. Although specific contrast tests showed that the growth slope at pH 4.0 was significantly different from that at pH 5.0 to 8.0, only small, random differences were found when the growth slope at pH 4.0 was compared to the individual slopes at pH 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, and 8.0. The findings of this study suggest that topical acidifying products could be beneficial therapeutic options for cutaneous yeast infections in dogs.
Next‐generation sequencing technologies for environmental DNA research (2012)

Since 2005, advances in next-generation sequencing technologies have revolutionized biological science. The analysis of environmental DNA through the use of specific gene markers such as species-specific DNA barcodes has been a key application of next-generation sequencing technologies in ecological and environmental research. Access to parallel, massive amounts of sequencing data, as well as subsequent improvements in read length and throughput of different sequencing platforms, is leading to a better representation of sample diversity at a reasonable cost. New technologies are being developed rapidly and have the potential to dramatically accelerate ecological and environmental research. The fast pace of development and improvements in next-generation sequencing technologies can reflect on broader and more robust applications in environmental DNA research. Here, we review the advantages and limitations of current next-generation sequencing technologies in regard to their application for environmental DNA analysis.
An adaptive sampling scheme for improved energy utilization in wireless sensor networks (2010)

This paper presents the design and evaluation of a novel adaptive sampling algorithm for reducing energy consumption in data acquisition and communication subsystems of a wireless sensor node. The algorithm uses isochronous measurements of the frequency content of the signal as the basis for adaptively varying the sampling rate. This allows signal acquisition at the minimum rate without sacrificing signal quality. Simulation results indicate that the algorithm dynamically responds to changes in the frequency content by adjusting the sampling rate, thus achieving a significant reduction in the energy consumed in acquisition and communication, with only a minimal loss in signal fidelity.
Vibrating reed selectors for mobile radio use (1949)

A new type of signaling system <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> has been developed for mobile radiotelephone service in the Bell System. The basic selection of this system is performed by the use of vibrating reed selectors as described in this article.
Band-band impact ionization and solar cell efficiency (1993)

The effect of impact ionization has been taken into account in the calculation of the maximum solar cell efficiency in the thermodynamic limit. A red shift of the optimum band gap is observed with respect to the Shockley–Queisser result. A maximum solar cell efficiency of 60.3% at Eg=0.8 eV is predicted, which compares with 43.9% at Eg=1.1 eV for the usual case. In order to obtain a significant increase in η, an impact ionization probability of at least a few percent is required. A most pronounced effect is observed for bandgap energies below about 1 eV.
The studies of directional solidified RE-Co magnets (1989)

A new kind of rare-earth-cobalt material, Sm 20-24 wt.%/Ce 5-10 wt.%/Fe 8-15 wt.%/Cu 6-15 wt.%/Zr 1-3 wt.%/Co, has been made by directional solidification technology with liquid metal cooling (DSTLMC). The effects of different states, microstructures, and domains on the intrinsic coercive forces, iH/sub c/, were studied. The best magnetic properties of magnets prepared by the DSTLMC are B/sub r/=9500 Gs, iH/sub c/=5000 Oe, and (BH)/sub m/=18.0 MGOe. The magnets can be cut to 0.02 cm in thickness, turned, and drilled. Fine particles of 1/5 phase and zigzag and narrow domains that develop during aging increase the resistance to motion of remagnetization domains, which increases the intrinsic forces of the magnets 525% above those that exist after the preceding solution treatment.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Molecular Imaging of Cancer with Nanoparticle-Based Theranostic Probes (2017)

Although advancements in medical technology supporting cancer diagnosis and treatment have improved survival, these technologies still have limitations. Recently, the application of noninvasive imaging for cancer diagnosis and therapy has become an indispensable component in clinical practice. However, current imaging contrasts and tracers, which are in widespread clinical use, have their intrinsic limitations and disadvantages. Nanotechnologies, which have improved in vivo detection and enhanced targeting efficiency for cancer, may overcome some of the limitations of cancer diagnosis and therapy. Theranostic nanoparticles have great potential as a therapeutic model, which possesses the ability of their nanoplatforms to load targeted molecule for both imaging and therapeutic functions. The resulting nanosystem will likely be critical with the growth of personalized medicine because of their diagnostic potential, effectiveness as a drug delivery vehicle, and ability to oversee patient response to therapy. In this review, we discuss the achievements of modern nanoparticles with the goal of accurate tumor imaging and effective treatment and discuss the future prospects.
Characterization of the CD45 molecule on murine intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes. (1990)

The CD45 molecule was analyzed from murine intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL). Immunofluorescent staining of CD8+ IEL revealed varying degrees of reactivity with mAb specific for CD45-restricted determinants, some which are typically expressed only by B cells. Immunoprecipitation of CD45 molecules from IEL yielded an array of proteins with apparent (m.w.) ranging from 180,000 to 260,000. The m.w. 260,000 form was restricted to IEL, was distinct from the B220 molecule, and was the only CD45 isoform that expressed the CD45-associated carbohydrate differentiation Ag CT1. Moreover, the CT1 determinant was present on cells of the Thy-1- but not the Thy-1+ IEL subset. Sequential immunoprecipitation studies indicated that expression of the m.w. 260,000 protein was not restricted to CT1+ cells. The protein composition of the m.w. 260,000 CD45 isoform was examined by using the polymerase chain reaction for analysis of CD45 variable exon usage. In contrast to B cells in which the major CD45 mRNA contained all three variable exons (exons 4, 5, and 6), IEL CD45 mRNA contained significant amounts of two-exon, single exon, and zero variable exon forms. Restriction enzyme analysis identified the single exon form as exon 5 and the two-exon form as a mixture of exons 4 and 5 and exons 5 and 6. Metabolic labeling of CD45 in pulse-chase experiments suggested that the generation of this high m.w. protein was caused by post-translational modifications, perhaps glycosylation. Overall, the results indicated that the high m.w. form of CD45 and the addition of the CT1 determinant were generated via IEL-specific post-translational modifications and not by novel alternate exon usage.
Phase II study—intra-arterial bcnu therapy for metastatic brain tumors (1981)

Thirty-one patients with metastatic brain tumors (MBT) from lung cancer and ten patients with MBT from melanoma received BCNU, 100 mg/m2, every four weeks by intracarotid and/or vertebral artery infusion into each involved site. Twenty-five patients with lung cancer and all melanoma patients are currently evaluable. Twelve patients with lung cancer had complete and partial responses lasting from 1 to 14 months. Four of them with the histologic diagnosis of small cell carcinoma, one with large cell carcinoma and one with squamous cell carcinoma showed complete response. None of the patients with melanoma MBT experienced any response. All of the patients had periorbital erythralgia and/or occipital pain during the infusion. Four patients manifested mild focal seizures during the infusion or 6 to 24 hours after the treatment. Transient confusion with disorientation was observed in two patients 4 and 24 hours, respectively, after a BCNU infusion. Two patients developed reversible thrombocytopenia after the fifth course of the IA chemotherapy. Median survival of patients with MBT from lung carcinoma was 4 months, with two of them still alive at 10 and 14 months, respectively. Only one patients of the 25 with lung carcinoma died from MBT. Failure to control the primary disease resulted in the deaths of a vast majority of the patients.
Fully reconfigurable active-Gm-RC biquadratic cells for software defined radio applications (2006)

The 4th generation of wireless systems needs low-power integrated transceivers that can be reconfigured in order to satisfy different standard requirements. Standard analog blocks are often not suitable for this step towards the future because of their lack of flexibility. We defined a novel approach to make active-Gm-RC biquadratic cells completely reconfigurable. The biquad provides digitally programmable bandwidth and hence power consumption with a fully customizable cut-off frequencies range. Besides, the noise level can be conveniently modified leading to a further power saving. We exemplified the use of this basic building block in the design of a flexible low-pass filter for a zero-IF transceiver. A 2nd/4th/6th order Butterworth filter was implemented with a continuous cut-off frequency tuning between 330 KHz and 24.6 MHz and with a current consumption range between 0.6mA to 26mA
Wind Turbine Control for Load Reduction (2003)

Abstract This article reviews techniques for the control of wind turbines during power production. Pitch control is used primarily to limit power in high winds, but it also has an important effect on structural loads. Particularly as turbines become larger, there is increasing interest in designing controllers to mitigate loads as far as possible. Torque control in variable‐speed turbines is used primarily to maximize energy capture below rated wind speed, and to limit the torque above rated, but it can also be used to reduce certain loads. The design of the control algorithms is clearly of prime importance. Additional sensors such as accelerometers and load sensors can also help the controller to achieve its objectives more effectively. By controlling the pitch of each blade independently, it is also possible to achieve important further reductions in loading. It is important to be able to quantify the benefits of any new controller. Although computer simulations are useful, field trials are also vital. The variability of the real wind means that particular care is needed in the design of the trials. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human Glycolipid Transfer Protein:  Probing Conformation Using Fluorescence Spectroscopy<sup>,</sup> (2004)

Glycolipid transfer protein (GLTP) is a soluble 24 kDa protein that selectively accelerates the intermembrane transfer of glycolipids in vitro. Little is known about the GLTP structure and dynamics. Here, we report the cloning of human GLTP and characterize the environment of the three tryptophans (Trps) of the protein using fluorescence spectroscopy. Excitation at 295 nm yielded an emission maximum (lambda(max)) near 347 nm, indicating a relatively polar average environment for emitting Trps. Quenching with acrylamide at physiological ionic strength or with potassium iodide resulted in linear Stern-Volmer plots, suggesting accessibility of emitting Trps to soluble quenchers. Insights into reversible conformational changes accompanying changes in GLTP activity were provided by addition and rapid dilution of urea while monitoring changes in Trp or 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonic acid fluorescence. Incubation of GLTP with glycolipid liposomes caused a blue shift in the Trp emission maximum but diminished the fluorescence intensity. The blue-shifted emission maximum, centered near 335 nm, persisted after separation of glycolipid liposomes from GLTP, consistent with formation of a GLTP-glycolipid complex at a glycolipid-liganding site containing Trp. The results provide the first insights into human GLTP structural dynamics by fluorescence spectroscopy, including global conformational changes that accompany GLTP folding into an active conformational state as well as more subtle conformational changes that play a role in GLTP-mediated transfer of glycolipids between membranes, and establish a foundation for future studies of membrane rafts using GLTP.