gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Aeroservoelastic modeling and applications using minimum-state approximations of the unsteady aerodynamics (1989)

Various control analysis, design, and simulation techniques for aeroelastic applications require the equations of motion to be cast in a linear time-invariant state-space form. Unsteady aerodynamics forces have to be approximated as rational functions of the Laplace variable in order to put them in this framework. For the minimum-state method, the number of denominator roots in the rational approximation. Results are shown of applying various approximation enhancements (including optimization, frequency dependent weighting of the tabular data, and constraint selection) with the minimum-state formulation to the active flexible wing wind-tunnel model. The results demonstrate that good models can be developed which have an order of magnitude fewer augmenting aerodynamic equations more than traditional approaches. This reduction facilitates the design of lower order control systems, analysis of control system performance, and near real-time simulation of aeroservoelastic phenomena.
Explanation by the double-metal-ion mechanism of catalysis for the differential metal ion effects on the cleavage rates of 5′-oxy and 5′-thio substrates by a hammerhead ribozyme (1997)

In a previous examination using natural all-RNA substrates that contained either a 5'-oxy or 5'-thio leaving group at the cleavage site, we demonstrated that (i) the attack by the 2'-oxygen at C17 on the phosphorus atom is the rate-limiting step only for the substrate that contains a 5'-thio group (R11S) and (ii) the departure of the 5' leaving group is the rate-limiting step for the natural all-RNA substrate (R11O) in both nonenzymatic and hammerhead ribozyme-catalyzed reactions; the energy diagrams for these reactions were provided in our previous publication. In this report we found that the rate of cleavage of R11O by a hammerhead ribozyme was enhanced 14-fold when Mg2+ ions were replaced by Mn2+ ions, whereas the rate of cleavage of R11S was enhanced only 2.2-fold when Mg2+ ions were replaced by Mn2+ ions. This result appears to be exactly the opposite of that predicted from the direct coordination of the metal ion with the leaving 5'-oxygen, because a switch in metal ion specificity was not observed with the 5'-thio substrate. However, our quantitative analyses based on the previously provided energy diagram indicate that this result is in accord with the double-metal-ion mechanism of catalysis.
Blood Flow around Hollow Fibers (2000)

In an artificial lung, blood is oxygenated and flows around a bundle of hollow fibers while gas flows inside the fiber. The objective of this study is to understand the hydrodynamics of three different fiber banks (inline square IS, staggered square SS and equilateral triangle ET) and to investigate the influence of both a Newtonian and non-Newtonian Casson viscosity model on the flow field. A two-dimensional finite element model for permanent, isothermal, laminar blood flow perpendicular to hollow fibers is used. All fibers are assumed identical, straight and parallel. Porosity ranges from 0.4 to 0.6 and Reynolds number varies from 1 to 60. For a given Re, ET generates less resistance than SS, the latter being comparable with IS. A lower porosity increases resistance. Non-Newtonian viscosity affects velocity patterns only at low Re (<0.5) and higher porosity (>0.5). Resistance at low Re is significantly elevated in the fiber banks due to an overall increase in viscosity. This model makes it possible to study the influence of geometry and viscosity on hydrodynamics in fiber banks and may aid in the optimization of hollow fiber artificial lung design.
Complex formation between urokinase and plasma protein C inhibitor in vitro and in vivo (1989)

Protein C inhibitor (PCI) and plasminogen activator inhibitor 3 (PAI-3; urinary urokinase inhibitor) are immunologically identical. The role of PCI for urokinase (uPA) inhibition in vivo was investigated. We therefore developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) specific for uPA-PCI complexes: Rabbit anti-PCI IgG was immobilized on a microtiter plate and following incubation with uPA-PCI complex- containing samples, bound uPA-PCI complexes were quantified with a horseradish-peroxidase-linked monoclonal antibody (MoAb) to uPA. Using this assay, time, dose, and heparin-dependent complexes were detected when uPA was incubated with normal plasma or purified urinary PCI, whereas no complexes were measurable using PCI-immunodepleted plasma. Plasma samples (containing 20 mmol/L benzamidine to prevent complex formation ex vivo) from patients undergoing systemic urokinase therapy (1 x 10(6) IU/60 min intravenously [IV]) after myocardial infarction were also studied. uPA present in these plasma samples (up to 1,200 ng/mL) had only 43% to 70% of the specific activity of purified 2-chain uPA, suggesting that a major portion of uPA is complexed to inhibitors. In these plasma samples uPA-PCI complexes were present in a concentration corresponding to 21% to 25% of inactive uPA antigen. These data suggest that at high uPA concentrations, such as during uPA therapy, plasma PCI might contribute significantly to uPA inhibition in vivo.
New Directions in Real-Time and Dynamic Control for Stormwater Management and Low Impact Development (2008)

Although the application of real-time and dynamic controls is commonplace in wastewater and combined sewer system management, the use of on-site dynamic control systems for stormwater has been limited. The availability of low cost, highly functional, internet accessible, programmable logic controller systems and single board computer platforms and a new breed of large diameter, lower cost, low maintenance valve systems are making real-time and dynamic controls viable options for both new construction as well as retrofits of stormwater systems. The inclusion of dynamic control systems in on-site stormwater systems provides designers with an effective tool for meeting increasingly complex stormwater suite of goals by retaining water as close as possible to where it is generated and releasing it over an extended period to minimize the potential effects from stream ecological and morphological perspectives. Typical stormwater analysis and modeling is focused on developing designs that passively achieve stated goals; however, passive systems rarely represent optimal solutions. Dynamic systems are particularly well suited for complex situations where timing, duration of flow, peak discharge, volume reduction and reuse, and water quality are critically important. This paper focuses on describing the state-of-the practice, recent research by the authors, and new directions in applications, design, and equipment. Innovative applications that will be described include integration into low impact designs, flow-duration control, integration of embedded stormwater models, adaptive management approaches, water quality treatment optimization, and reuse. Case studies where such implementations have been explored as discussed.
Akustische Meßverfahren in der Automobilentwicklung / Acoustical measuring procedures in automobile development (1978)

Article Akustische Meßverfahren in der Automobilentwicklung / Acoustical measuring procedures in automobile development was published on December 1, 1978 in the journal tm - Technisches Messen (volume 503-513, issue 1).
Characterization of L-amino acid oxidase and antimicrobial activity of aplysianin A, a sea hare-derived antitumor-antimicrobial protein (2003)

L-amino acid oxidase (LAAO) activity, as well as mechanisms of antimicrobial action of aplysianin A, a sea hare-derived 340 kDa homotetrameric protein, was determined. Spectrophotometric and High-performance liquid chromatography analyses of aplysianin A indicated that one flavin adenine dinucleotide, a cofactor of LAAO, bound to each subunit of the homotetramer. Aplysianin A can specifically catalyze oxidation of basic amino acids (L-arginine and L-lysine), and is the first protein from marine invertebrate animals with LAAO activity. Substrate specificity of aplysianin A is markedly different from that of commonly known LAAO, such as snake venom LAAO, which prefer hydrophobic amino acids. Km value of aplysianin A was the smallest of those for all known LAAO reported. In the presence of catalase, the antibacterial activity of aplysianin A was inhibited as expected, indicating that the antibacterial action of aplysianin A results from hydrogen peroxide production during the reaction with substrates. Interestingly, aplysianin A acted as an antibacterial agent even in the presence of excess catalase. Antibacterial assays in various media suggested that this phenomenon was simply attributed to the consumption of amino acids required for bacterial growth in the media by aplysianin A.
Nonsuppressed Glucagon After Glucose Challenge as a Potential Predictor for Glucose Tolerance (2016)

Glucagon levels are classically suppressed after glucose challenge. It is still not clear as to whether a lack of suppression contributes to hyperglycemia and thus to the development of diabetes. We investigated the association of postchallenge change in glucagon during oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs), hypothesizing that higher postchallenge glucagon levels are observed in subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). Glucagon levels were measured during OGTT in a total of 4,194 individuals without diabetes in three large European cohorts. Longitudinal changes in glucagon suppression were investigated in 50 participants undergoing a lifestyle intervention. Only 66-79% of participants showed suppression of glucagon at 120 min (fold change glucagon<sub>120/0</sub> <1) during OGTT, whereas 21-34% presented with increasing glucagon levels (fold change glucagon<sub>120/0</sub> ≥1). Participants with nonsuppressed glucagon<sub>120</sub> had a lower risk of IGT in all cohorts (odds ratio 0.44-0.53, <i>P</i> < 0.01). They were also leaner and more insulin sensitive and had lower liver fat contents. In the longitudinal study, an increase of fold change glucagon<sub>120/0</sub> was associated with an improvement in insulin sensitivity (<i>P</i> = 0.003). We characterize nonsuppressed glucagon<sub>120</sub> during the OGTT. Lower glucagon suppression after oral glucose administration is associated with a metabolically healthier phenotype, suggesting that it is not an adverse phenomenon.
BDNF increases rat brain mitochondrial respiratory coupling at complex I, but not complex II (2004)

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) governs both the selective survival of neurons during development and the experience-based regulation of synaptic strength throughout life. BDNF produced a concentration-dependent increase in the respiratory control index (RCI, a measure of the efficiency of respiratory coupling, ATP synthesis and organelle integrity) of rat brain mitochondria. This effect was mediated via a MAP kinase pathway and highly specific for oxidation of glutamate plus malate (complex I) by brain mitochondria. The oxidation by brain mitochondria of the complex II substrate succinate was unaffected by BDNF. The failure of BDNF to modify respiratory activity associated with mitochondrial preparations isolated from rat liver indicates that the actions of the neurotrophin are tissue specific. BDNF also increased the RCI values associated with Ca2+ -induced respiration to a similar extent. This is the first demonstration that BDNF, in addition to modifying neuronal plasticity, can modify brain metabolism and the efficiency of oxygen utilization. The finding that neurotrophins can alter mitochondrial oxidative efficiency has important implications for neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases.
Learning Self-Imitating Diverse Policies (2018)

The success of popular algorithms for deep reinforcement learning, such as policy-gradients and Q-learning, relies heavily on the availability of an informative reward signal at each timestep of the sequential decision-making process. When rewards are only sparsely available during an episode, or a rewarding feedback is provided only after episode termination, these algorithms perform sub-optimally due to the difficultly in credit assignment. Alternatively, trajectory-based policy optimization methods, such as cross-entropy method and evolution strategies, do not require per-timestep rewards, but have been found to suffer from high sample complexity by completing forgoing the temporal nature of the problem. Improving the efficiency of RL algorithms in real-world problems with sparse or episodic rewards is therefore a pressing need. In this work, we introduce a self-imitation learning algorithm that exploits and explores well in the sparse and episodic reward settings. We view each policy as a state-action visitation distribution and formulate policy optimization as a divergence minimization problem. We show that with Jensen-Shannon divergence, this divergence minimization problem can be reduced into a policy-gradient algorithm with shaped rewards learned from experience replays. Experimental results indicate that our algorithm works comparable to existing algorithms in environments with dense rewards, and significantly better in environments with sparse and episodic rewards. We then discuss limitations of self-imitation learning, and propose to solve them by using Stein variational policy gradient descent with the Jensen-Shannon kernel to learn multiple diverse policies. We demonstrate its effectiveness on a challenging variant of continuous-control MuJoCo locomotion tasks.
Simple capacitance transducer for instantaneous angular-velocity measurement (1970)

To measure accurately the instantaneous angular velocity of a low-inertia stepper motor, a simple noncontact capacitance transducer has been developed. The capacitance has a value linear1 related to angular displacement of the motor shaft. The basic design is discussed, and construction details and practical result are give.
Overexpression of RasN17 Fails to Neutralize Endogenous Ras in MCF7 Breast Cancer Cells (2005)

Receptor tyrosine kinases of the ErbB family have been implicated in the onset/progression of a number of neoplasias. In these diseases, ErbB receptor expression may be accompanied by constitutive activation caused by molecular alterations, overexpression, or ligand binding. An important signaling route activated by these receptors that has been linked to the stimulation of cell proliferation is the Ras route. Here we have investigated the action of a mutant Ras form, H-RasN17, on the proliferation of the breast cancer epithelial cell line MCF7 cells. In these cells expression of RasN17 failed to affect serum or ErbB receptor-stimulated proliferation. Analysis of the action of RasN17 indicated that overexpression of this mutant form of Ras did not affect neuregulin or protein kinase C-induced activation of Erk1/2. In addition, RasN17 failed to prevent activation of endogenous N-Ras and H-Ras even though the levels of the latter were much lower than those of the RasN17 form. The failure of RasN17 to prevent endogenous Ras activation did not appear to be due to deficient processing or sorting of the mutated form. These data indicated that the action of RasN17 as a bona fide inhibitor of Ras depends on the cell type and requires detailed analysis of the biochemical and biological properties of RasN17, particularly with respect to the activation of endogenous Ras.
Complementary optical diagnostic modelling of the argon positive column (2002)

The argon positive column has been investigated by means of a complementary diagnostic approach, which combines the CW laser collisionally induced fluorescence (LCIF) technique with kinetic models for the excited-state populations and emission line ratios. The conditions ranged from pressures of 0.30-8.0 Torr and currents of 1-10 mA, equivalent to reduced axial electric fields of 1.7-53 Td. Fitting theory to experimental observations of the 1s densities and 2p-1s emission intensities allows determination of the electron temperatures relating to the high-energy electrons in the tail of the electron energy distribution function. The tail temperatures vary from 0.9 to 1.9 eV over the range of conditions investigated. Examination of CW LCIF for 1s5-2p2 (696.5 nm) laser excitation along with the traditional optical absorption and emission techniques provides specific information on the collisional kinetics involving the metastable states.
Choosing the best stethoscope (2005)

Go beyond the bells and whistles to learn how to select this important assessment tool.
Novel End Point Analytic Techniques and Interpreting Shifts Across the Entire Range of Outcome Scales in Acute Stroke Trials (2007)

Dichotomized, global statistic, responder, and shift analyses each offer distinctive benefits and drawbacks. Choice of primary end point analytic technique should be tailored to the study population, expected treatment response, and study purpose. Shift analysis generally provides the most comprehensive index of a treatment's clinical impact.
Unstable resonators with excited converging wave (1990)

The properties of unstable resonators with an additional mirror inside or outside the resonator were investigated, both experimentally and theoretically. It was found that the additional mirror excites the converging wave so that output coupling is decreased without affecting beam quality. Experiments were performed with a pulsed Nd:YAG system; the theoretical model was based on the coupled Kirchhoff integrals and solved numerically by the Fox and Li algorithm. Agreement between theory and experiments indicates that this kind of resonator provides high focusability and maximum extraction efficiency simultaneously, even with low-gain media. This enables one to apply unstable resonators to solid-state lasers with low small-signal gain such as alexandrite or CW-pumped Nd:YAG.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Data›Driven Processing in Sensor Networks (2007)

Wireless sensor networks are poised to enable continuous data collection on unprecedented scales, in terms of area location and size, and frequency. This is a great boon to fields such as ecological modeling. We are collaborating with researchers to build sophisticated temporal and spatial models of forest growth, utilizing a variety of measurements. There exists a crucial challenge in supporting this activity: network nodes have limited battery life, and radio communication is the dominant energy consumer. The straightforward solution of instructing all nodes to report their measurements as they are taken to a base station will quickly consume the network's energy. On the other hand, the solution of building models for node behavior and substituting these in place of the actual measurements is in conflict with the end goal of constructing models. To address this dilemma, we propose data-driven processing, the goal of which is to provide continuous data without continuous reporting, but with checks against the actual data. Our primary strategy for this is suppression, which uses in-network monitoring to limit the amount of communication to the base station. Suppression employs models for optimization of data collection, but not at the risk of correctness. We discuss techniques for designing data-driven collection, such as building suppression schemes and incorporating models into them. We then present and address some of the major challenges to making this approach practical, such as handling failure and avoiding the need to co-design the network application and communication layers.
Electrochemistry of quinones (2010)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Half-Wave Potentials Electrochemistry in Non-Aqueous Solvents Electrochemistry in Aqueous Solutions Appendix: Half-Wave Potentials of Quinones in Non-Aqueous References
Interleaver design methods for turbo codes (2002)

It is generally assumed that when a turbo decoder is operating at low bit error rates, error sequences have small Hamming weights. From this, and properties of turbo encoders, a mathematical structure is developed for interleaver design, permitting the identification of quantitatively optimal interleavers. Simulations show the math captures some but not all the essential characteristics of a successful interleaver. Modifying a random interleaver according to the mathematical ideas gives excellent simulation results.
Cardiorespiratory instability before and after implementing an integrated monitoring system* (2010)

The integrated monitoring system INDEX correlated significantly with cardiorespiratory instability concern criteria, usually occurred before overt instability, and when coupled with a nursing alert was associated with decreased cardiorespiratory instability concern criteria in step-down unit patients.
Progress with MEMS based UGS (IR/THz) (2008)

The sensor community has long been presented with the problem of prioritizing among several competing sensor system variables due to the inability to produce a high confidence, low-cost, reliable, and compact device. Typically a solution for very critical scenarios has been a high-cost scale reduction of larger laboratory based instrumentation. This often produced data on a single parameter that is beyond reproach, however this can also produce a very delicate, bulky, and costly system often requiring a vacuum system of some sort. An alternative approach involves using micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) based sensors. This typically results in low-cost and extremely compact devices that often produce dubious or insufficient data. Our approach integrates multiple orthogonal stimuli within a single chip to produce a MEMS based sensor that has a very high degree of signal confidence. Each individual sensed parameter may not produce very high-confidence data, but the combination of multiple independent parameters significantly improves detection reliability in a small low-cost package. In this work we address the integration of THz to our traditional MEMS based IR sensor elements. Also it is very significant that we can now produce IR images at atmospheric pressures which enables the integration of chemical and biological sensing within the same MEMS array.
Graft vs. Host Disease (2004)

With detailed contributions from more than 40 leading authorities on the topic, this Third Edition comprehensively explores the immunobiology, pathophysiology, and clinical manifestations of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD)-offering sections revealing the most up-to-date research on immune activation and dysregulation, the pathophysiology of target
The 'Gelosia Method' for Simple Multiplication (2003)

The conventional written formal algorithm for multiplication has been taught in schools for many years, and consequently many adults have received this as a taught skill, without any realisation that other methods may be possible, or perhaps even preferable. This paper outlines an alternative method that seems to display some distinct advantages and disadvantages when compared with the conventional method. Starting with an example of the conventional method ('long multiplication'), its strengts and weaknesses are discussed, some alternatives are mentioned, and then the 'Gelosia' method is described. Finally, the advantages of the 'Gelosia' method are listed.