gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cancellous Bone Remodeling Occurs in Specialized Compartments Lined by Cells Expressing Osteoblastic Markers (2001)

We describe a sinus, referred to as a bone remodeling compartment (BRC), which is intimately associated with cancellous bone remodeling. The compartment is lined on its marrow side by flattened cells and on its osseous side by the remodeling bone surface, resembling a roof of flattened cells covering the bone surface. The flat marrow lining cells are in continuity with the bone lining cells at the margins of the BRC. We examined a large number of diagnostic bone biopsy specimens received during recent years in the department. Furthermore, 10 patients (8 women and 2 men, median age 56 [40-69] years) with the high turnover disease of primary hyperparathyroidism who were treated with parathyroidectomy and followed for 3 years were included in the histomorphometric study. Bone samples for the immuno-enzyme staining were obtained from an amputated extremity of child. The total cancellous bone surface covered by BRC decreases by 50% (p < 0.05) following normalization of turnover and is paralleled by a similar 50% decrease in remodeling surface (p < 0.05). The entire eroded surface and two-thirds of the osteoid surface are covered by a BRC. BRC-covered uncompleted walls are 30% (p < 0.05) thinner than those without a BRC. This indicates that the BRC is invariably associated with the early phases of bone remodeling, that is, bone resorption, whereas it closes during the late part of bone formation. Immuno-enzyme staining shows that the flat marrow lining cells are positive for alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin, and osteonectin, suggesting that they are bone cells. The first step in cancellous bone remodeling is thought to be the lining cells digesting the unmineralized matrix membrane followed by their disappearance and the arrival of the bone multicellular unit (BMU). We suggest that the lining cell barrier persists during bone remodeling; that the old lining cells become the marrow lining cells, allowing bone resorption and bone formation to proceed under a common roof of lining cells; that, at the end of bone formation, new bone lining cells derived from the flattened osteoblasts replace the marrow lining cells thereby closing the BRC; and that the two layers of lining cells eventually becomes a single layer. The integrity of the osteocyte-lining cell system is reestablished by the new generation of lining cells. The BRC most likely serves multiple purposes, including efficient exchange of matrix constituents and minerals, routing, monitoring, or modulating bone cell recruitment, and possibly the anatomical basis for the coupling of bone remodeling.
Commercial synthesis of monoalkyl phosphates (2002)

Abstract Historically, phosphate esters have been prepared by the reaction of alcohols with phosphoric anhydride or polyphosphoric acid. Recently, hybrid reagents have been developed. A review of the commercial production of long‐chain monoalkyl phosphate esters is presented. The titled esters are the subject of increased interest, especially in low‐irritation surfactant formulations.
Fluorescent and luminescent probes for detection of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (2011)

Oxidative and nitrosative stress induced by ROS/RNS play crucial roles in a wide range of physiological processes and are also implicated in various diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders. Sensitive and selective methods for the detection of ROS/RNS based on fluorescent and luminescent probes are of great use in monitoring the in vivo production of these species and elucidating their biological functions. This critical review highlights recent advances that have been made in the development of fluorescent and luminescent probes employed to monitor various ROS/RNS (132 references).
Surface Grafting of Ferrocene-Containing Triazene Derivatives on Si(100) (2008)

Ferrocene-containing molecules have been grafted to Si(100) surfaces to form monolayers and multilayers via a triazene derivative and its subsequent diazonium chemistry. The growth of the ferrocene-containing films was controlled by molecular concentrations and reaction times. Results from ellipsometry showed that the film thicknesses were in the range of subnanometer to several nanometers. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy has confirmed the structural integrity of ferrocene in the films. Electrochemical studies of the ferrocene-containing multilayer have shown a reversible one-electron wave of the ferrocene/ferrocenium couple. The multilayer coverage was found to be 2.8 × 10−9 mol cm−2. The calculated electron transfer rate constant was 164 s−1.
Studies of Skeletal Remodeling in Aging Men (1980)

Senile osteoporosis in the male skeleton was studied in midshaft cross-sections from the femur, humerus, and metacarpal of 42 white male cadavers, aged 37 to 96 years. The cortical area (AC) and polar moment of inertia (J) of each section were measured. Cortical porosity and haversian canal density were also measured as functions of position in the sections, and the sizes of osteons and haversian canals in the femur were studied. In addition, the density and cross-sectional geometry of the neck of the femur were determined in 10 subjects. Age-related increases in porosity at each skeletal site are compensated by concomitant increases in cross-sectional geometry. These increases in J and AC are limited, however, being reversed at age 80 in the femur and humerus, and at age 60 in the metacarpus. Intracortical porosity was found to be localized in each bone in ways consistent with Wolff's law. The number of haversian canals/mm2 increased with age, but the size of haversian canals did not. Osteon size decreased with age. Osteon distribution patterns in the femur were consistent with random rather than directed patterns of osteon placement.
Linkage Mapping of Resistance to Reniform Nematode in Cotton following Introgression from <i>Gossypium longicalyx</i> (Hutch. & Lee) (2009)

Reniform nematodes ( Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford & Oliveira) decrease U.S. production of Upland cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L., 2 n = 52, 2[AD] 1 ) by more than US$100 million yr −1 We report here on the mapping of a gene for extreme resistance that was introgressed from the African species G. longicalyx (Hutch. & Lee, 2 n = 2x = 26; 2F 1 ). The responsible allele, designated Ren lon , was localized to chromosome 11 by first screening A‐subgenome simple sequence repeat (SSR) marker loci for parental polymorphism and then for association with resistance. The three most strongly coupled SSRs and a G. longicalyx gene conferring green seed fuzz, designated Fzg lon , were screened against 984 resistant and susceptible individuals of multiple backcross generations. We used marker data and pedigrees to identify nonrecombinant heterozygous parents and thereby avoid bias from repeated sampling of a recombination event. We constructed linkage maps after progeny testing a small population (147) and after implementing three alternative approaches better suited to larger populations—marker‐assisted genotyping analysis, applying a cut‐off value as population‐wide genotyping criterion, and genotype‐selective sampling. The maps concordantly indicated the order to be Fzg lon – Ren lon –BNL3279_114–BNL1066_156–BNL836_215, with most Ren ‐proximal bilaterally flanking markers within 6 cM of each other. The results will clearly facilitate use of Ren lon in breeding, additional mapping, genomics, and prospective cloning.
Unsupervised learning in noise (1989)

The structural stability of real-time unsupervised learning in feedback dynamical systems is demonstrated with the Ito-Stratonovich stochastic calculus. Structural stability allows globally stable feedback systems to be perturbed without changing their qualitative equilibrium behavior. This increases the reliability and biological plausibility of large-scale hardware implementations of such networks. These structurally stable dynamical systems are called random adaptive bidirectional associative memory (RABAM) models. RABAM models include several popular nonadaptive and adaptive feedback models, such as the Hopfield circuit and the ART-2 model. A new hybrid unsupervised-learning law, called the differential competitive law, which uses the signal velocity as a local unsupervised reinforcement mechanism, is introduced, and its coding and stability behavior in feedforward and feedback networks is studied.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Atmospheric pressure, nonthermal plasma inactivation of MS2 bacteriophage: effect of oxygen concentration on virucidal activity (2013)

The atmospheric pressure, nonthermal plasma jet employed in this study exhibits rapid virucidal activity against a norovirus surrogate virus, the MS2 bacteriophage, which is superior to previously published inactivation rates for chemical disinfectants.
Target-specific cytotoxic activity of recombinant immunotoxin scFv(MUC1)-ETA on breast carcinoma cells and primary breast tumors (2007)

MUC1 is a mucin family protein, overexpressed in more than 90% of breast cancers in an underglycosylated form, exposing the core peptides of the extracellular domain that act as a potential target for antibody-mediated therapy. We have developed an anti-MUC1 scFv antibody from a phage library of mice immunized with synthetic peptide MUC1-variable number of tandem repeats. MUC1 binding phages were affinity selected through biopanning using a biotin-streptavidin pull-down method. The selected phage clones showed target-specific binding to MUC1-expressing cells. Fusion of truncated Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (ETA) to a high binder, phage-derived scFv clone and bacterial expression and purification of recombinant scFv(MUC1)-ETA immunotoxin were done with good yield and purity. In vitro target-specific cytotoxic activity and target-specific binding of immunotoxin were shown on MUC1-expressing cells and primary breast tumor samples. A truncated ETA fusion protein expressed from the same vector but lacking scFv did not show cytotoxic effects, confirming target specificity. Our results suggest that the scFv(MUC1)-ETA immunotoxin has therapeutic potential and deserves further development and characterization for MUC1-specific breast cancers treatment.
Acetylcholine receptors at neuromuscular synapses: phylogenetic differences detected by snake alpha-neurotoxins. (1975)

Phylogenetic differences in acetylcholine receptors from skeletal neuromuscular synapses of various species of snakes and lizards have been investigated, using the snake venom alpha-neurotoxins alpha-atratoxin (cobrotoxin) and alpha-bungarotoxin. The acetylcholine receptors of the phylogenetically primitive lizards, like those from all other vertebrates previously tested, are blocked by these alpha-neurotoxins. In contrast, receptors from snakes and advanced lizards are insensitive to one or both of the toxins. It is suggested that toxin-resistant acetylcholine receptors appeared early in the evolution of Squamata and preceded the appearance of alpha-neurotoxins.
Cs<sub>2</sub>Pd<sub>3</sub>(P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>)<sub>2</sub> and Cs<sub>2</sub>Pd<sub>3</sub>(As<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>)<sub>2</sub>:  A 3D Palladium Phosphate with a Tunnel Structure and a 2D Palladium Arsenate Containing Strings of Palladium Atoms (2004)

Cs(2)Pd(3)(P(2)O(7))(2) (1) and Cs(2)Pd(3)(As(2)O(7))(2) (2) have been synthesized by molten flux reactions and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The structure of 1 consists of discrete Pd(II)O(4) squares which are linked by P(2)O(7) groups via corner-sharing to generate a 3D framework containing 12-ring channels in which Cs(+) cations are located. Compound 2 adopts a 2D layer structure with the interlayer space filled with Cs(+) cations. Within a layer there are PdO(4) squares and As(2)O(7) groups fused together via corner-sharing. Adjacent layers are stacked such that strings of Pd atoms are formed. The PdO(4) squares show eclipsed and staggered stacks with alternate short and long Pd...Pd distances. The two compounds adopt considerably different structures although they have the same general formula: Cs(2)Pd(3)(X(2)O(7))(2). Compound 2 is the first palladium arsenate reported. Crystal data for 1: orthorhombic, space group Cmc2(1) (No. 36), a = 7.6061(4) A, b = 14.2820(7) A, c = 14.1840(7) A, and Z = 4. Crystal data for 2: tetragonal, space group P4/n (No. 85), a = 16.251(1) A, c = 5.9681(5) A, and Z = 4.
The interaction of 5 KeV electrons with polymers of methyl isopropenyl ketone (1974)

Abstract Poly(methyl isopropenyl ketone) (PMIPK) degrades upon exposure to 5 keV electrons. Using a scanning electron microscope to expose fine‐line raster patterns in thin films of this polymer and subsequently solvent‐developing the thus‐degraded regions, sharp walled troughs are observed, the width of which is a measure of the sensitivity to degradation. Copolymers with several vinyl monomers were prepared and the sensitivities of these were similarly determined. Information relevant to the mechanism of depolymerization was obtained by comparing homopolymers with copolymers and by the use of additives in the irradiated polymer films. Examples of potential device‐fabrication techniques using PMIPK resist are given.
Facile Hydrolysis-Based Chemical Destruction of the Warfare Agents VX, GB, and HD by Alumina-Supported Fluoride Reagents (2008)

A facile solvent-free hydrolysis (chemical destruction) of the warfare agents VX (O-ethyl S-2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl methylphosphonothioate), GB (O-isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate or sarin), and HD (2,2'-dichloroethyl sulfide or sulfur mustard) upon reaction with various solid-supported fluoride reagents is described. These solid reagents include different alumina-based powders such as KF/Al(2)O(3), AgF/KF/Al(2)O(3), and KF/Al(2)O(3) enriched by so-called coordinatively unsaturated fluoride ions (termed by us as ECUF-KF/Al(2)O(3)). When adsorbed on these sorbents, the nerve agent VX quickly hydrolyzed (t(1/2) range between 0.1-6.3 h) to the corresponding nontoxic phosphonic acid EMPA as a major product (>90%) and to the relatively toxic desethyl-VX (<10%). The latter byproduct was further hydrolyzed to the nontoxic MPA product (t(1/2) range between 2.2-161 h). The reaction rates and the product distribution were found to be strongly dependent on the nature of the fluoride ions in the KF/Al(2)O(3) matrix and on its water content. All variations of the alumina-supported fluoride reagents studied caused an immediate hydrolysis of the highly toxic GB (t(1/2) < 10 min) to form the corresponding nontoxic phosphonic acid IMPA. A preliminary study of the detoxification of HD on these catalyst supports showed the formation of the nontoxic 1,4-thioxane as a major product together with minor amounts of TDG and vinylic compounds within a few days. The mechanisms and the efficiency of these processes were successfully studied by solid-state (31)P, (13)C, and (19)F MAS NMR.
Molecular aspects of organization and expression of SARS-CoV coronavirus genome (2003)

Розглянуто молекулярні аспекти будови геному коронавірусу SARS-CoV – збудника атипової пневмонії, або тяжкого гострого респіраторного синдрому. Наведено характеристику коронавірусів і будову віріона. Аналізуються дані стосовно 36 повністю секвенованих геномів різних ізолятів SARS-CoV та результати молекулярного філогенетичного вивчення. Описано передбачені властивості восьми субгеномних мРНК та 14 відкритих рамок зчитування. Охарактеризовано синтез полібілків, їхній процесинг та зрілі білки SARS-CoV. Обговорюються властивості передбачених білків SARS-CoV та їхні функції. Поверхневий глікопротеїн S-білок є одним з основних антигенів SARS-CoV і відіграє важливу роль у взаємодії вірусу з клітинним рецептором. Описано також потенційні сайти зв'язування S-білка з можливим рецептором – амінопептидазою hAPN з використанням біоінформаційних та структурних підходів. Представлено будову основної Мpro (3CLpro) протеїнази як потенційної мішені для антивірусної терапії, моделювання її просторової структури, будову активного центра, скринінг та дизайн потенційних інгібіторів SARS-CoV.
Building energy-efficient multi-level cell STT-RAM caches with data compression (2017)

Spin-transfer torque magnetic random access memory (STT-RAM) technology has emerged as a potential replacement of SRAM in cache design, especially for building large-scale and energy-efficient last level caches. Compared with single-level cell (SLC), multi-level cell (MLC) STT-RAM is expected to double cache capacity and increase system performance. However, the two-step read/write access schemes incur considerable energy consumption and performance degradation. In this paper, we propose two techniques using data compression to optimize MLC STT-RAM cache design. The first technique tries to compress a cache line and fit it into only the soft-bit region of the cells, so that reading or writing this cache line takes only one step which is fast and energy-efficient. We introduce a second technique to increase the cache capacity by enabling the left hard-bit region to store another compressed cache line, which can improve the system performance for memory intensive workloads. The experimental results show that, compared with a conventional MLC STT-RAM last level cache design, our overhead minimized technique reduces the dynamic energy consumption by 38.2% on average with the same system performance, and our capacity augmented technique boosts the system performance by 6.1% with 19.2% dynamic energy saving on average, across the evaluated multi-programmed benchmarks.
Theory and analysis of near field adaptive nulling (1986)

A theory is developed for analyzing the behavior of adaptive hulling array antennas when subjected to a near field interference test source. Numerical results are presented for a linear array of isotropic receive antennas arranged in a sidelobe canceller configuration. It is shown that the near-field nulling performance of an adaptive array is comparable to its far-field nulling performance.
Residual Voltage in Biphasic Electrical Stimulation: Cause, Clues, and Control (2016)

Electrical stimulation of neural tissue has been known to evoke functional responses in animals. Stimulation is primarily performed by passing controlled, symmetric biphasic current pulses to an electrode placed near the neural tissue. The biphasic current pulse consists of a negative pulse, followed by a positive pulse to maintain charge neutrality. A theoretical analysis on a first order electrode-electrolyte (tissue) interface model has shown that perfectly balanced input current signals do not ensure net neutrality at the interface, due to an unrecoverable loss of charge via the faradaic impedance. In chronically implanted devices, there is currently no practical way to quickly identify changes that occur at the electrode-tissue interface, especially in high-density electrode arrays. This work explores the extent to which the residual voltage can act as a preliminary indicator of electrode degradation, because residual voltage is essentially a characteristic of the interface. While residual voltage provides timely feedback when sampled at regular intervals, it can accumulate and a DC voltage on a stimulation electrode can be potentially unsafe in a chronically implanted device. The method of delivering current signals has traditionally been implemented as an open loop system. This work also demonstrates that one can control the residual voltage by correcting the positive pulse of the biphasic signal based on the existing state of the electrode-electrolyte/tissue interface. While the resulting biphasic stimulation waveform is imbalanced, the interface is electrochemically neutral. The updated value of the imbalanced anodic pulse width can provide us meta-data about the interface, in case there is any degradation. By controlling the residual voltage at the electrode actively with feedback, the proposed closed loop system will improve the safety of neural stimulator systems.
Newer aspects of inflammatory bowel disease and its cutaneous manifestations: a selective review. (1991)

Idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) denotes several types of gastrointestinal disorders characterized by protracted inflammation of the large or small bowel, and a tendency toward relapse or recurrence. The two major groups of IBD are identified as chronic nonspecific ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). Extraintestinal manifestations of IBD are diverse and may antedate, occur with, or postdate the onset of the disease process itself. Cutaneous diseases such as erythema nodosum or pyoderma gangrenosum are not infrequent, and test the clinician's ability to recognize the underlying bowel pathology and institute appropriate treatment. This selective review will address the immunological pathogenesis of IBD, new or rarely reported skin markers in IBD, drug therapy and side effects, zinc deficiency, management of osteotomy patients, and cutaneous cancer complicating IBD. Although the prognosis of IBD has improved, the role of the dermatologist as a consultant remains invaluable in reducing the attendant cutaneous morbidity.
The One-Step Pickering Emulsion Polymerization Route for Synthesizing Organic-Inorganic Nanocomposite Particles (2010)

Polystyrene-silica core-shell nanocomposite particles are successfully prepared via one-step Pickering emulsion polymerization. Possible mechanisms of Pickering emulsion polymerization are addressed in the synthesis of polystyrene-silica nanocomposite particles using 2,2-azobis(2-methyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)propionamide (VA-086) and potassium persulfate (KPS) as the initiator. Motivated by potential applications of “smart” composite particles in controlled drug delivery, the one-step Pickering emulsion polymerization route is further applied to synthesize polystyrene/poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm)-silica core-shell nanoparticles with N-isopropylacrylamide incorporated into the core as a co-monomer. The polystyrene/PNIPAAm-silica composite nanoparticles are temperature sensitive and can be taken up by human prostate cancer (PC3-PSMA) cells.
Role of the vagus in modulation by Ca<sup>2+</sup> of the depressant action of adenosine and adenosine 5'‐triphosphate on the canine sinus node <i>in vivo</i> (1987)

1 The effect of elevated plasma Ca2+ level on the depressant action of adenosine and adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) on the sinus node was studied in a canine model in vivo. 2 Under baseline conditions, both adenosine and ATP (3 mumol/kg) administered as a rapid bolus injection into the right atrium, caused a transient (less than 120 s) prolongation of sinus cycle length (SCL) of 128 +/- 25 ms and 439 +/- 31 ms respectively (P less than 0.02). 3 Infusion of CaCl2 (0.025 mmol/kg/min for 40 min) prolonged SCL from 257 +/- 17 ms to 418 +/- 17 ms (at t = 40 min; P less than 0.05), but did not significantly change arterial blood pressure. 4 Ca2+ infusion had no significant effect on SCL prolongation caused by adenosine (128 +/- 25 ms vs 151 +/- 31 ms; before and at t = 40 min respectively), but caused pronounced enhancement of SCL prolongation caused by ATP (439 +/- 31 ms vs 1215 +/- 401 ms; before and at t = 40, respectively, P less than 0.02). 5 Atropine (0.2 mg/kg, i.v.) did not affect the action of adenosine before or during Ca2+ infusion. In contrast, atropine abolished SCL prolongation by Ca2+ and abolished Ca2+ enhancement of the action of ATP. 6 The present data give further support to the hypotheses that (a) calcium potentiates vagally mediated actions and (b) the vagus is involved in the differential electrophysiological actions of adenosine and ATP in the canine heart in vivo.