gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Correction to “Background Subtraction Using Multiscale Fully Convolutional Network” (2018)

In the above paper <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[1]</xref> , the authors did not cite a reference that was crucial to the paper. Please note that the following citation <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[2]</xref> should have been cited in the following paragraph (page 16014): “From the output binary masks we can see that there is a great contrast between the foreground objects and their back-grounds, and in most cases the foreground objects are uniform connected areas, which means that in the input frames, there should also have a big difference of the features between the foreground and the background <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[2]</xref> .” and “So in order to extract this kind of contrast information, we add a contrast layer <xref ref-type="bibr" rid="ref2" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[2]</xref> after the feature layer <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">X<sub>i</sub></i> .”
Genetic transformation of Vitis viniferavia organogenesis (2002)

The phenotypic homogeneity of the regenerated plants highlights the validity of this method for both propagation and genetic transformation of table grape cultivars. Expression of the DefH9-iaaM gene takes place in young flower buds of transgenic plants from both grape cultivars.
Preliminary design of OFDM and CDMA acoustic communication system (2002)

A preliminary design of a reliable under water acoustic communication system is conducted using OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) which is robust to multipath interference and CDMA (code division multiplexing) which is strong to noise, and also can keep the communications secrecy.
Interfacial Activity of Gradient Copolymers (2002)

Numerical self-consistent field (SCF) theory is used to study the equilibrium segregation of A/B gradient copolymers to the interface between immiscible A and B homopolymers. A generalized SCF theory is developed that allows arbitrary composition gradients to be investigated. The focus of this paper is on symmetric copolymers consisting of equal amounts of A and B repeat units, with a linear or hyperbolic tangent composition gradient. A gradient parameter, λ, is introduced that describes the length of the composition gradient relative to the length of the entire copolymer molecule. Critical values of the copolymer chemical potential corresponding to the formation of copolymer micelles, or to a vanishing interfacial free energy between A and B homopolymer phases, decrease with λ, and are about 1.6kBT lower for λ = 1 than for λ = 0. The width of the concentration profile of A or B repeat units within a lamellar copolymer phase, or across an emulsified interface, increases with λ, and is equal to about twice the copolymer radius of gyration for λ = 1.
Effects of Resistant Starch, A Non‐digestible Fermentable Fiber, on Reducing Body Fat (2006)

Inclusion of RS in the diet may affect energy balance through its effect as a fiber or a stimulator of PYY and GLP-1 expression. Increasing gut hormone signaling with a bioactive functional food such as RS may be an effective natural approach to the treatment of obesity.
Ultrasmall and ultralow threshold GaInAsP-InP microdisk injection lasers: design, fabrication, lasing characteristics, and spontaneous emission factor (1999)

We have calculated lasing characteristics of current injection microdisk lasers of several microns in diameter, taking account of the scattering loss at center posts and the carrier diffusion effect. We found that the optimum width of the disk wing exposed to the air is 0.6-0.7 /spl mu/m and the minimum threshold current is nearly 10 /spl mu/A for the disk diameter of 2 /spl mu/m. The internal differential quantum efficiency can be 95% if the transparent carrier density is reduced to 7.5/spl times/10/sup 17/ cm/sup -3/ and the diffusion constant is increased to 8 cm/sup 2//s. In the experiment, we have obtained the room temperature continuous-wave operation of a GaInAsP-InP device of 3 /spl mu/m in diameter, for the first time, with a record low threshold of 150 /spl mu/A. This achievement was mainly owing to the reduction of the scattering loss at the disk edge, and hence the reduction of the threshold current density. The spontaneous emission factor was estimated to be 6/spl times/10/sup -3/. This value was much reduced by the large detuning of the lasing wavelength against the spontaneous emission peak. A larger value over 0.1, which is expected for such a small device, will be obtained by the wavelength tuning and the narrowing of the spontaneous emission spectrum.
Predictive value of pulmonary venous flow patterns in detecting mitral regurgitation and left ventricular abnormalities. (1999)

A normal PVF does not rule out the absence of LV abnormalities but confirms the absence of significant MR. Systolic flow reversal is highly predictive of the presence of significant MR. A blunted PVF is more likely to be associated with LV abnormalities than with MR and has limited usefulness in the diagnosis of significant MR.
The sigma(E) and the Cpx signal transduction systems control the synthesis of periplasmic protein-folding enzymes in Escherichia coli. (1997)

In Escherichia coli, the heat shock-inducible sigma-factor sigma(E) and the Cpx two-component signal transduction system are both attuned to extracytoplasmic stimuli. For example, sigma(E) activity rises in response to the overproduction of various outer-membrane proteins. Similarly, the activity of the Cpx signal transduction pathway, which consists of an inner-membrane sensor (CpxA) and a cognate response regulator (CpxR), is stimulated by overproduction of the outer-membrane lipoprotein, NlpE. In response to these extracytoplasmic stimuli, sigma(E) and CpxA/CpxR stimulate the transcription of degP, which encodes a periplasmic protease. This suggests that CpxA/CpxR and sigma(E) both mediate protein turnover within the bacterial envelope. Here, we show that CpxA/CpxR and sigma(E) also control the synthesis of periplasmic enzymes that can facilitate protein-folding reactions. Specifically, sigma(E) controls transcription of fkpA, which specifies a periplasmic peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase. Similarly, the Cpx system controls transcription of the dsbA locus, which encodes a periplasmic enzyme required for efficient disulfide bond formation in several extracytoplasmic proteins. Taken together, these results indicate that sigma(E) and CpxA/CpxR are involved in regulating both protein-turnover and protein-folding activities within the bacterial envelope.
Antigen-Specific Therapies in Multiple Sclerosis (2005)

During recent years, many new therapies for human autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) have been considered based on promising in vitro data or animal experiments. A number of them have proceeded to early clinical testing. However, very few finally advanced to approval by the regulatory agencies and are currently available to patients. The main reasons for failure were either lack of efficacy in humans and/or unexpected and untolerable adverse events. Although previous attempts toward antigen-specific immunomodulation have often been disappointing, these difficulties have led to renewed interest in therapies that aim at reestablishing tolerance to autoantigens at the level of either T cell-mediated or antibody-mediated immune responses or both. Such antigen-specific immunotherapies offer the prospect of correcting pathological immune reactivity against autoantigens in a highly specific and effective manner and also achievement of this goal with relatively little side effects. Here we will review the various approaches that are currently being considered for antigen-specific immunotherapies in MS.
원저 : 기능성 소화불량증 환자에 대한 복부(腹部) 수기치료의 효과 (2015)

Objectives Functional dyspepsia is a type of disease characterized by bothersome postprandial fullness, early satiation, epigastric pain and burning without structural gastrointestinal disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in symptoms, quality of life, HRV (Heart Rate Variability) before and after abdominal manipulation therapy in functional dyspepsia patients. Methods We recruited twenty functional dyspepsia patients from the volunteers who applied for this clinical trial. State of Patients were assessed by NDI-K (Nepean Dyspepsia Index Korean Version), HRV (Heart Rate Variability) before treatment. After 4 times of abdominal manipulation therapy for 2 weeks, state of patients were assessed by the same methods. Results Total symptom score and total quality of life score of NDI-K were significantly improved by the abdominal manipulation therapy. After the treatment, the number of subjects within normal range of LF/HF ratio was significantly increased. Although the median of LF/HF ratio did not significantly changed, interquartile range was reduced. Conclusions Abdominal manipulation therapy possibly can be an effective treatment for functional dyspepsia patients, but further studies are needed to demonstrate the effectiveness of abdominal manipulation therapy for functional dyspepsia patients. (J Korean Med Rehab 2015;25(4):113-121)
Demulsification of Water-in-Oil Emulsion by an Electrostatic Coalescence Method (1991)

Various factors affecting the demulsification rate of emulsion were examined by means of an electrostatic coalescence method using emulsion which consisted of an organic phase containing tri-n-octhylamine (TNOA) and Span 80 or ECA 4360J and an internal aqueous phase containing Na2CO3. Increases in applied voltage, Na2CO3 concentration, and WI/O ratio result in an increase in demulsification rate, while increases in surfactant (including Span 80 and ECA 4360J) concentration, agitation speed of homogenizer and homogenizing time cause a decrease in demulsification rate. Changes in TNOA concentration do not have a significant effect. The regeneration of emulsion was examined using organic solution recovered from a Mo(VI) extraction circuit. It was found that the regeneration of emulsion containing Span 80, is generally difficult, while that containing ECA 4360J is relatively easy.
Direct Cu<sup>2+</sup> ion-exchanged into as-synthesized SAPO-34 and its catalytic application in the selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH<sub>3</sub> (2016)

A facile and direct ion-exchange (DIE) method has been developed to prepare Cu-exchanged SAPO-34s, in which as-synthesized SAPO-34 is used as a precursor.
ASARM peptides: PHEX-dependent and -independent regulation of serum phosphate (2010)

Increased acidic serine aspartate-rich MEPE-associated motif (ASARM) peptides cause mineralization defects in X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets mice (HYP) and "directly" inhibit renal phosphate uptake in vitro. However, ASARM peptides also bind to phosphate-regulating gene with homologies to endopeptidases on the X chromosome (PHEX) and are a physiological substrate for this bone-expressed, phosphate-regulating enzyme. We therefore tested the hypothesis that circulating ASARM peptides also "indirectly" contribute to a bone-renal PHEX-dependent hypophosphatemia in normal mice. Male mice (n = 5; 12 wk) were fed for 8 wk with a normal phosphorus and vitamin D(3) diet (1% P(i) diet) or a reduced phosphorus and vitamin D(3) diet (0.1% P(i) diet). For the final 4 wk, transplantation of mini-osmotic pumps supplied a continuous infusion of either ASARM peptide (5 mg·day(-1)·kg(-1)) or vehicle. HYP, autosomal recessive hypophosphatemic rickets (ARHR), and normal mice (no pumps or ASARM infusion; 0.4% P(i) diet) were used in a separate experiment designed to measure and compare circulating ASARM peptides in disease and health. ASARM treatment decreased serum phosphate concentration and renal phosphate cotransporter (NPT2A) mRNA with the 1% P(i) diet. This was accompanied by a twofold increase in serum ASARM and 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D(3) [1,25 (OH)(2)D(3)] levels without changes in parathyroid hormone. For both diets, ASARM-treated mice showed significant increases in serum fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23; +50%) and reduced serum osteocalcin (-30%) and osteopontin (-25%). Circulating ASARM peptides showed a significant inverse correlation with serum P(i) and a significant positive correlation with fractional excretion of phosphate. We conclude that constitutive overexpression of ASARM peptides plays a "component" PHEX-independent part in the HYP and ARHR hypophosphatemia. In contrast, with wild-type mice, ASARM peptides likely play a bone PHEX-dependent role in renal phosphate regulation and FGF23 expression. They may also coordinate FGF23 expression by competitively modulating PHEX/DMP1 interactions and thus bone-renal mineral regulation.
특1급 호텔직원이 지각한 BSC 성공요인과 기대성과 간의 관계 (2013)

본 연구는 균형성과표(BSC)의 성공요인에 대한 지각이 BSC 기대성과에 미치는 영향을 검증하는 것이 목적이다. 표본은 서울에 위치한 특1급 호텔 중에서, BSC를 이미 도입해서 운영 중에 있는 호텔들만을 대상으로 선정하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같이 요약할 수 있다. BSC 성공요인에 대한 지각은 BSC의 4가지 관점 - 고객관점, 내부프로세스관점, 성장과 학습관점, 재무적관점-으로 구성된 BSC 기대성과에 영향을 미치고 있었다. 이러한 연구결과는 BSC 4가지 관점의 성과의 개선을 위해서는 호텔직원들이 BSC 성공요인에 대한 개념을 이해하는 것도 중요하지만, 직원들의 참여가 반영된 BSC 시스템의 설계 및 재설계 역시 중요함을 의미한다. 전략적 측정 및 성과도구로서 BSC 시스템을 활용하여 경쟁우위를 달성하고 유지하려는 호텔기업의 경영자는 호텔직원들이 BSC 성공요인에 대한 중요성을 이해하도록 해야 한다. 또한 BSC 성공요인에 대한 정보와 지식에 대한 부서 간, 직원 간 그리고 최고경영진과 일선직원 간의 의사소통이 활발히 이루어질 수 있는 BSC 시스템이 되도록 설계 및 재설계를 하는 것 역시 중요하다 하겠다.
Protective HLA Class I Alleles That Restrict Acute-Phase CD8<sup>+</sup>T-Cell Responses Are Associated with Viral Escape Mutations Located in Highly Conserved Regions of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (2008)

The control of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) associated with particular HLA class I alleles suggests that some CD8(+) T-cell responses may be more effective than others at containing HIV-1. Unfortunately, substantial diversities in the breadth, magnitude, and function of these responses have impaired our ability to identify responses most critical to this control. It has been proposed that CD8 responses targeting conserved regions of the virus may be particularly effective, since the development of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) escape mutations in these regions may significantly impair viral replication. To address this hypothesis at the population level, we derived near-full-length viral genomes from 98 chronically infected individuals and identified a total of 76 HLA class I-associated mutations across the genome, reflective of CD8 responses capable of selecting for sequence evolution. The majority of HLA-associated mutations were found in p24 Gag, Pol, and Nef. Reversion of HLA-associated mutations in the absence of the selecting HLA allele was also commonly observed, suggesting an impact of most CTL escape mutations on viral replication. Although no correlations were observed between the number or location of HLA-associated mutations and protective HLA alleles, limiting the analysis to mutations selected by acute-phase immunodominant responses revealed a strong positive correlation between mutations at conserved residues and protective HLA alleles. These data suggest that control of HIV-1 may be associated with acute-phase CD8 responses capable of selecting for viral escape mutations in highly conserved regions of the virus, supporting the inclusion of these regions in the design of an effective vaccine.
Reactive Air Brazing: A Novel Method of Sealing SOFCs and Other Solid-State Electrochemical Devices (2005)

High-temperature electrochemical devices operate via an ion gradient that develops across a solid electrolyte. Consequently, hermeticity across this membrane is paramount. Not only must the electrolyte contain no interconnected porosity, but it must be connected to device chassis with a gas-tight seal. Here we report a new method of brazing developed specifically for solid-state electrochemical applications. We demonstrate that the seal is hermetic and resistant to thermal aging, can be thermally cycled under rapid heating rates with no measurable loss in seal strength, and has shown promise in sealing full-size planar solid oxide fuel cell (pSOFC) components. © 2005 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Adherence and internalization of Streptococcus uberis to bovine mammary epithelial cells are mediated by host cell proteoglycans (1999)

The role of cell glycosaminoglycans (GAG) on adherence and internalization of Streptococcus uberis to bovine mammary epithelial cells was evaluated by adherence/internalization competition assays, by removal of GAG from the host cell surface and by inhibition of GAG glycosylation in the host cell. Heparin (HEP), heparan sulfate (HSA), chondroitin sulfate A (CSA) and chondroitin sulfate B (CSB) inhibited adherence and internalization of S. uberis in a dose-dependent manner. However, inhibition was lower with CSA and CSB than that observed with HEP and HSA. Adherence and internalization were also inhibited upon treatment of mammary epithelial cells with GAG lyases. The greatest inhibition was observed with heparinase I. Tunicamycin, an inhibitor of mammalian cell glycosylation of cell surface glycoproteins, markedly inhibited internalization of S. uberis into mammary epithelial cells. Differences between strains were observed. These results suggest that a HSA proteoglycan receptor on the host cell surface may mediate S. uberis adherence to and internalization of bovine mammary epithelial cells.
Augmented Weighted Estimators Dealing with Practical Positivity Violation to Causal inferences in a Random Coefficient Model (2019)

The inverse probability of treatment weighted (IPTW) estimator can be used to make causal inferences under two assumptions: (1) no unobserved confounders (ignorability) and (2) positive probability of treatment and of control at every level of the confounders (positivity), but is vulnerable to bias if by chance, the proportion of the sample assigned to treatment, or proportion of control, is zero at certain levels of the confounders. We propose to deal with this sampling zero problem, also known as practical violation of the positivity assumption, in a setting where the observed confounder is cluster identity, i.e., treatment assignment is ignorable within clusters. Specifically, based on a random coefficient model assumed for the potential outcome, we augment the IPTW estimating function with the estimated potential outcomes of treatment (or of control) for clusters that have no observation of treatment (or control). If the cluster-specific potential outcomes are estimated correctly, the augmented estimating function can be shown to converge in expectation to zero and therefore yield consistent causal estimates. The proposed method can be implemented in the existing software, and it performs well in simulated data as well as with real-world data from a teacher preparation evaluation study.
Low-density parity-check codes for FFH/BFSK systems with partial-band noise jamming (2006)

The performance of low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes is investigated for fast frequency hopping / binary frequency shift keying (FFH/BFSK) in partial-band noise jamming channels. We employ different diversity combining schemes to compute the codeword bit decision reliability. In this paper, we consider the maximum-likelihood (ML) diversity combining scheme and two low-complexity suboptimal diversity combining schemes: square-law with adaptive gain control (AGC) combining and square-law with equal gain combining. Simulation results show that, by combining both of the diversity and coding gain, our proposed system can provide excellent performance against partial-band noise jamming.
Addressing Next Generation Packaging and IoT with Glass Solutions (2016)

Abstract New requirements are emerging in electronics packaging. The ever-growing need for solutions for mobile communications and sensors that address the Internet of Things (IoT) brings about interesting new challenges. RF applications strive to move to higher frequency bands, fan-out technology is being leveraged as an effective way to address interconnect demands, and there is a continuous search for more cost-effective solutions for difficult packaging challenges. Glass provides numerous opportunities to address these needs. As an insulator, glass has low electrical loss, particularly at high frequencies. The relatively high stiffness and ability to adjust coefficient of thermal expansion helps optimize warp in glass core substrates, and manage bonded stacks leveraging TGV and carrier applications. Glass forming processes allow to form in a panel format as well as wafer format at thicknesses as low as 100 μm, giving opportunities to optimize or eliminate current polishing type manufacturing methods and address packaging challenges in a cost effective way. As the industry adopts glass solutions, significant advancements have been made in downstream processes such as glass handling and via/surface metallization. Of particular interest is the ability to leverage tool sets and processes for panel fabrication to enable cost structures desired by the industry. We will provide the latest demonstrations of electrical, thermal and mechanical performance and reliability as well as describe areas where glass is being leveraged to achieve goals of next generation products.
Communication Efficiency Comparison of Several Communication Systems (1960)

Of increasing importance in communication systems, particularly those required for data transmission from space craft, is the minimization of the total transmitted energy required to transmit a given amount of data. Modulation systems can be compared on the basis of a figure of merit defined as the ratio of energy required per bit transmitted in the presence of a given noise spectral density. Using this criterion, several families of communication systems are compared in this article, including AM, FM, FM/FM, and orthogonal matched filter communication systems. It is found that the orthogonal systems uniformly require less power to transmit at a given information rate than other systems and approach closely the theoretical limit established by Shannon's channel capacity theorem.
Don't multiply lightly: Quantifying problems with the acoustic model assumptions in speech recognition (2011)

We describe a series of experiments simulating data from the standard Hidden Markov Model (HMM) framework used for speech recognition. Starting with a set of test transcriptions, we begin by simulating every step of the generative process. In each subsequent experiment, we substitute a real component for a simulated component (real state durations rather than simulating from the transition models, for example), and compare the word error rates of the resulting data, thus quantifying the relative costs of each modeling assumption. A novel sampling process allows us to test the independence assumptions of the HMM, which appear to present far more serious problems than the other data/model mismatches.
Bisulfite-based epityping on pooled genomic DNA provides an accurate estimate of average group DNA methylation (2009)

In this study we demonstrate the validity of using pooled DNA samples to accurately assess group DNA methylation averages. Such an approach can be readily applied to the assessment of disease phenotypes reducing the time, cost and amount of DNA starting material required for large-scale epigenetic analyses.
A High Definition Noninvasive Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation System for Cortical Control of Combinatorial Rotary Hand Movements in a Human With Tetraplegia (2018)

These results have implications for enabling complex rotary hand functions in sequence with other functionally relevant movements for patients suffering from SCI, stroke, and other sensorimotor dysfunctions.