gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pharmacological basis for cladribine resistance in a human acute T lymphoblastic leukaemia cell line selected for resistance to etoposide (2001)

Cross-resistance between different classes of anti-neoplastic agents can jeopardize successful combination cancer chemotherapy. In this study, we observed an unexpected cross-resistance between the podophyllotoxine derivative etoposide (VP) and the nucleoside analogue cladribine (CdA) in CCRF-CEM cells developed for resistance to VP. The resistant cells also displayed 14- and twofold resistance to cytarabine (ara-C) and gemcitabine respectively. Closer analysis of these cells showed that they contained lower amounts of topoisomerase (topo) IIalpha (P < 0.001) and beta protein (P < 0.026), formed substantially lower amounts of the topo II-DNA complex, and had a markedly decreased level of Fas (CD95/APO-1)-ligand mRNA expression. Interestingly, Fas expression in the resistant cells did not differ from that in the parental cell line. No differences were observed in the accumulation/efflux of daunorubicin or in the gene expressions of P-glycoprotein, multidrug resistance-associated protein and the lung resistance-related protein. The activity of deoxycytidine kinase (dCK), responsible for activation of CdA and ara-C, was the same for resistant and wild-type cells. However, there was an increase in the activity of the cytosolic 5'-nucleotidases (5'-NT), responsible for deactivation of nucleotides, amounting to 206% (P < 0.001) for the high Km and 134% (P < 0.331) for the low Km 5'-NT in resistant cells. The high Km 5'-NT is probably responsible for the decreased amount of the active metabolite CdA 5'-triphosphate [40% decreased (P < 0.045)], as well as for other purine ribonucleosides and deoxyribonucleosides triphosphates in the resistant cells. In contrast, a significantly higher deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP) level (167%, P < 0.001) was observed in the resistant cells. Thus, this study suggests that the major cause of resistance to the nucleoside analogues CdA and ara-C in cells selected for resistance to VP is a result of metabolic alterations producing increased activity of 5'-NT and higher dCTP levels. Furthermore, these results indicate that there is a common factor in the regulation of nucleotide-degrading enzymes and DNA topoisomerases, which may be altered in cross-resistant cells.
Murine TLR4 Is Implicated in Cigarette Smoke-Induced Pulmonary Inflammation (2006)

We demonstrated that the TLR4 mutation in C3H/HeJ mice is protective against CS-induced pulmonary influx of neutrophils, DCs and lymphocytes upon subacute CS exposure. However, TLR4 is only of minor importance in chronic CS-induced inflammation in mice.
Competition Between, and Effectiveness of, IgG and IgM Antibodies in Indirect Fluorescent Antibody and Other Tests (1967)

Summary Natural human 19S (IgM) and 7S (IgG) antibodies reactive with Neisseria gonorrhoeae were assayed by agglutination, bactericidal and indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) procedures. Fluorescent antibody reagents specific for IgG and IgM were used in the IFA procedure. It was found that purified 19S serum fractions contained antibodies which were readily detected by agglutination, bactericidal and IFA techniques using an anti-IgM reagent. However, bactericidal and agglutination tests appeared to be relatively insensitive to natural IgG antibodies in purified 7S fractions. In contrast, the indirect fluorescent antibody technique using an anti-IgG reagent could detect high titers of IgG antibodies within the 7S fractions. A prozone phenomenon was observed in the IFA reactivity of IgM antibodies in whole serum. It was found that the addition of purified 7S antibodies to purified 19S antibody fractions decreased the ability of the 19S fraction to react with the anti-IgM reagent. This suggested that IgG antibodies inhibited IgM antibody reactivity in the IFA procedure. A partial inhibition of 19S bactericidal activity by 7S fractions was also found. This study indicates that the unequal capacity of different antibody classes to produce reactions, and the interactions between antibodies themselves in various test systems, must be taken into account in the interpretation of the results of immunologic tests.
How Selenium Has Altered Our Understanding of the Genetic Code (2002)

Mammalian Sec tRNA [Ser]Sec shown in a 9/4 and a 7/5 cloverleaf model (see text).Brackets around bases at positions 11, 12, and 47c indicate those bases that have been shown to vary in different mammals, as discussed in the text.
MR safety: Fast <i>T</i><sub>1</sub> thermometry of the RF‐induced heating of medical devices (2012)

Determining the MR compatibility of medical implants and devices is becoming increasingly relevant. In most cases, the heating of conductive implants due to radiefrequency (RF) excitation pulses is measured by fluoroptic temperature sensors in relevant tests for approval. Another common method to determine these heating effects is MR thermometry using the proton resonance frequency. This method gives good results in homogeneous phantoms. However in many cases, technical shortcomings such as susceptibility artifacts prohibit exact proton resonance frequency thermometry near medical implants. Therefore, this work aimed at developing a fast T₁-based method which allows controlled MR-related heating of a medical implant while simultaneously quantifying the spatial and temporal temperature distribution. To this end, an inversion recovery snapshot Fast Low-Angle Shot (FLASH) sequence was modified with additional off-resonant heating pulses. With an accelerated imaging method and a sliding-window technique, every 7.6 s a new temperature map could be generated with a spatial in-plane resolution of 2 mm. The temperature deviation from calculated temperature values to reference fluoroptic probe was found to be smaller than 1 K.
CFD-based operational thermal efficiency improvement of a production data center (2010)

Effective cooling of data centers presents a dual challenge: increased cooling power to meet the ever increasing device heat loads, and the need for energy efficient cooling. Detailed analysis of the thermal and flow conditions within a data center are necessary for obtaining optimal design and operational parameters. This paper describes the application of a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based model in a production data center for improving its operational efficiency. The model used in the present work is based on conjugate heat transfer and fluid flow at data center level. The effect of heat dissipation from racks, and thermal and flow conditions at perforated tiles are bought into the model through boundary conditions. The model is rigorously validated by comparing simulation results with actual measurements. Extensive parametric studies have been performed, and key issues, resulting in mixing and ineffective cooling, have been identified. Several design and operational changes have been recommended in terms of placement of blanking panels, operation of CRAC units, and operating set-points. These recommendations have been implemented at the data center, resulting in energy savings to the tune of 20%. Further, the model has been used extensively for obtaining guidelines for efficient ramping up of the data center.
Mobile Elemental Power Plant (MEPP): MEPP (2013)

Research into the feasibility of combining multiple renewable energy resources into a portable system led to the development of the Mobile Elemental Power Plant, MEPP. MEPP is a unique solution that currently utilizes two forms of renewable energy through cogeneration to provide portable power. The MEPP replaces a typical transportable gas powered generator combining photovoltaic solar energy and wind turbine energy to provide both AC and DC output from four 250 Amp-hour rechargeable batteries. The entire system is compactly mounted on a custom road-rated trailer, ready for quick and easy deployment on location. The development of MEPP has significant potential for remote area medical services, disaster relief situations, military operations, recreational locations and remote government and commercial sites.
Side Excitation of Fluorescence in Ultrathin Slab Gel Electrophoresis (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSide Excitation of Fluorescence in Ultrathin Slab Gel ElectrophoresisDanhua. Chen, Mark D. Peterson, Robert L. Brumley, Michael C. Giddings, Eric C. Buxton, Michael. Westphall, Lloyd. Smith, and Lloyd M. SmithCite this: Anal. Chem. 1995, 67, 19, 3405–3411Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00115a007https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00115a007research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views65Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Photobleaching of Arterial Autofluorescence for Immunofluorescence Applications (2001)

Immunohistochemical localization of low-level antigens in the arterial vasculature is complicated by the presence of complex molecules such as collagen, elastin, cholesterol, and fluorescent lipids that exhibit autofluorescence over a wide spectrum of wavelengths. UV irradiation of arterial vasculature has remained ineffective in preparing samples for immunofluorescent staining because of the recovery of the endogenous fluorescence within a short time following treatment. Therefore, we sought to further enhance the signal-to-noise ratio in arteries by optimizing the photobleaching of this tissue. We report here that the use of filtered sunlight significantly reduces arterial autofluorescence compared to standard UV shortwave and longwave irradiation and maintains multiple antigen epitopes suitable for immunohistochemical analysis. Using this method, we localized low-level laminin-5 isoform expression in situ, which was previously indistinguishable from endogenous autofluorescence.
A High-Reliability 565 Mbit/s Trunk Transmission System (1986)

A high-reliability 565 Mbit/s trunk transmission system capable of operating over a 25.5 dB fiber section loss at 1.3 μm is described. Details of the line terminal and repeater design are presented, together with an outline of the integrated circuit design and process. Aspects of the line code and interface choice are also discussed in relation to the optical receiver, transmitter, and supervisory circuits. Finally, systems design aspects are considered and field experience resulting from a system installation spanning 77 km between Birmingham and Derby is reported.
P‐81: Twisted Nematic Reflective Display with Internal Wire Grid Polarizer (2002)

Abstract We studied the optical performance of reflective wire grid polarizer designed for visible light. The polarizer reflects E‐polarization and transmits H‐polarization with low losses. When used in a twisted nematic (TN) device as a back polarizer it enhances the brightness and provides high contrast ratio at wide viewing angles. By placing the wire grid polarizer within the cell, viewing parallax is eliminated. The polarizer can also be used as the rear electrode.
Relationship between formation of radiation color centers and growth defects in YAG:Nd crystals (1981)

The spectral characteristics of radiation-colored YAG:Nd crystals grown by the Czochralski method were investigated. Some growth defects manifested in the absorption and luminescence spectra were identified. It was found that several types of radiation color centers were formed in these crystals. A correlation between the color centers and growth defects was established.
Dry-Polymer Blending Eliminates Need for Hydrocarbon Carrier Fluids (2009)

Abstract This paper presents methods, materials, and equipment that can be used to mix and apply viscous proppant-carrying fluids, on-the-fly, to support hydraulic fracturing processes using a dry-polymer blender. This dry-polymer blending system (DPBS) replaces the liquid-gel concentrate (LGC) mixing method, which requires premixing gel-producing powders with a hydrocarbon carrier fluid. The equipment and methods described have contributed to a cleaner environment without imposing any cost increases or wellsite expansion on the operating company. The on-the-fly dry-gel blending process is compatible with existing fracturing technology, and has helped enable environmentally responsible technology development. The fracturing fluid product used in this process is based on dry powders and does not contain hydrocarbon carrier fluids. Dry-polymer blending enables the use of new gel systems that work well in produced waters. This type of blending can be applied in any hydraulic fracturing operation requiring preparation, blending, and pumping of a viscous fluid to suspend proppant for transport to created fractures. The DPBS uses a trailer with a weigh system and continuous viscosity monitoring to help ensure job quality. Handling of the gel powder can be accomplished without dusting.
Synthesis and properties of alkylthioethanals (2011)

A method, allowing alkylthioethanals to be synthesized in 80-93% yields, has been developed. It comprises the hydrolysis of bis-1,1-alkoxy-2-alkylthioethanes using two-phase system waterorganic solvent. The method is applicable for both common aldehydes bearing lower radicals (R = Pr, Bu) and hitherto unknown highly boiling aldehydes (R = C7H15, C8H17, PhCH2). It has been found that alkylthioethanals can spontaneously trimerize into 2,4,6-alkylthiotrioxanes. In basic media (1N NaOH, KF/Si(OEt)4/EtOH), alkylthioethanals affords the products of aldol selfcondensation in up to 60% yield ( 1 H NMR). In competitive interaction (cross-aldol condensation) of butylthio-and alkoxyethanals with furan-or thiophen-2-carbaldehydes, the reactivity of sulfur-containing carbanions was shown to be more than six times higher than that of the alkoxy analogs.
Acylation and other reactions of 2- and 4-pyridylacetonitrile (1967)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAcylation and other reactions of 2- and 4-pyridylacetonitrileC. David Gutsche and Heinz W. VogesCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1967, 32, 9, 2685–2689Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1967Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1967https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01284a008https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01284a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views157Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Planning and Analysis of Pulse-Tests (1970)

Developed here are equations that approximate the pulse-test procedure and that, in turn, are plotted as simple graphs that can be used directly to design and analyze these tests. The necessary calculations require only 10 to 15 minutes. Introduction Pulse-testing is a fairly recent procedure that has received some attention in the last 2 years. In this method of testing, a well is pulsed with cycles of injection followed by shut-in, or production followed by shut-in. The pressure response to the cycles is then measured in an offset well. Articles in the literature1,2 discuss, to some extent, the theory of pulse-testing; but an engineer who wishes to analyze the results of such a test will find that he must make a number of tedious exponential integral calculations. The paper briefly covers the theoretical rationale behind pulse-testing, and then develops some approximate equations. As a result of these equations, two simple graphs are developed that can be used for design and analysis of pulse-tests. An example calculation is shown later in the text. General Response Theory Pulse-testing was first discussed by Johnson et al.l The concepts involved are fairly straightforward. Briefly, the bottom-hole pressure in a shut-in well will respond to production or injection cycles in an offset well. The magnitude and timing of the response depend on the flow rate, the permeability, porosity and thickness of the formation, and the compressibility and viscosity of the fluids that lie between the wells. Inhomogeneities, geometry and boundaries also affect the response, but these factors are not included in the scope of this paper, nor in the literature. The equations for the response are line-source solutions to the diffusivity equation. For instance, if a well is produced for a time ?t, then shut in, the equation for the pressure response in the shut-in well isEquation 1 Going further, if there are a number of cycles of production followed by shut-in, if each production rate is equal, and if each cycle lasts for an equal period of time (?t), then by superposition the equation for the pressure response becomesEquation 2 where N is the number of equal-length periods of production and shut-in (for instance, for one production and one shut-in period, N=2; Eq. 1). Eq. 2 is the same as cited by Johnson et al. Notice that each shut-in and production period is assumed equal. This is not necessary, but it is easier to handle theoretically and will be used throughout the rest of this paper. Also notice that Eqs. 1 and 2 are for production and shut-in. For continuity we will continue to speak of production; but the reader should realize that injection and shut-in will work equally well. We would merely reverse the signs.
Feeding six billion. (1992)

Between 1986-88 drought damage to crops caused the grain supply to decrease and the price of grain worldwide increased 50%. However, in 1989 higher prices and better weather did not result in a rebuilding of reserves lost in previous years. According to the US Agriculture Department, the 1989 harvest will be 13 million tons short of the projected 1684 million tons of consumption. If grain stock cannot be replenished this year, then when will they be replenished? There are a variety of problems causing this situation. Lack of crop land and irrigation water prevent expansion. Diminishing returns from fertilizer inputs, deforestation, soil erosion, and pollution are all decreasing yields. Growth in food production worldwide has stabilized. Between 1950-84 world grain harvest increased 2.6 times or 3%/year. But between 1985-90 that same growth was only 0.2%/year. While this is too short a time to establish a trend, it does suggest a slowdown in worldwide food production. Every year 24 billion tons of topsoil are lost to water and wind erosion, and the world population grows by 88 million annually. Together, these 2 trends indicate a pending disaster. There is no reason to believe that food production is going to continue to grow as fast as the population, thus, population growth must be drastically curtailed. The UN has changes its projected level of population stabilization from 10 billion to 14 billion based on the fact that worldwide population growth has dropped only to 1.7%. Family planning programs have not been as successful as was hoped, partly because the US has withdrawn a large amount of funding due to political pressure from conservatives. The outlook is not good, as the per capita food share shrinks, malnutrition and starvation will continue to grow. Food prices will rise sharply and many more people will be unable to afford food. In many developing countries, people spend 70% of their income on food. This is already occurring as measured by a worldwide increase in infant mortality.
Site-Directed Selection of Oligonucleotide Antagonists by Competitive Elution (1999)

Oligonucleotide ligands that bind a protein or a small molecule of interest are readily isolated by in vitro selection and amplification of rare sequences from combinatorial libraries of sequence-randomized oligonucleotides (Gold et al., 1995). Classic systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) protocols are affinity based (Tuerk and Gold, 1990), but because many problems and applications require antagonists, protocols for selecting inhibitors are both desirable and valuable. A widely applicable approach for isolating inhibitors is competitive elution with a molecule that binds the targeted molecule's active or binding site. We have used this approach to isolate antagonists of wheat germ agglutinin (WGA) from a library of 2'NH2-pyrimidine, 2'OH-purine oligonucleotides by elution with N N' N"-triacetylchitotriose, (GlcNAc)3. The highest affinity aptamers have equilibrium dissociation constants of 1 nM-20 nM for WGA, a 10(3)-10(4)-fold improvement relative to (GlcNAc)3, and unlike the carbohydrate, are highly specific. In addition to competing for binding with (GlcNAc)3, aptamers inhibit WGA-mediated agglutination of sheep erythrocytes, demonstrating that they are able to compete with natural ligands presented on the surfaces of cells. These results illustrate the feasibility of isolating high-affinity, high-specificity antagonists by competitive elution with low molecular weight, relatively low-affinity, and low-specificity small molecules.
On-chip stimulated Brillouin scattering (2011)

We report the first demonstration of on-chip stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS). SBS is characterized in a chalcogenide (As<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>) photonic chip where the measured Brillouin shift and full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) linewidth are 7.7 GHz and 34 MHz respectively. The measured Brillouin gain coefficient (g<sub>B</sub>) is 0.715 x 10<sup>-9</sup> m/W, consistent with the theoretical estimate.