gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antifouling and Antimicrobial Mechanism of Tethered Quaternary Ammonium Salts in a Cross-linked Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Matrix Studied Using Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy (2010)

Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) materials containing chemically bound (''tethered'') quaternary ammonium salt (QAS) moieties are being developed as new contact-active antimicrobial coatings. Such coatings are designed to inhibit the growth of microorganisms on surfaces for a variety of applications which include ship hulls and biomedical devices. The antimicrobial activity of these coatings is a function of the molecular surface structure generated during film formation. Sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy has been demonstrated to be a powerful technique to study polymer surface structures at the molecular level in different chemical environments. SFG was successfully used to characterize the surface structures of PDMS coatings containing tethered QAS moieties that possess systematic variations in QAS chemical composition in air, in water, and in a nutrient growth medium. The results indicated that the surface structure was largely dependent on the length of the alkyl chain attached to the nitrogen atom of the QAS moiety as well as the length of alkyl chain spanning between the nitrogen atom and silicon atom of the QAS moiety. The SFG results correlated well with the antimicrobial activity, providing a molecular interpretation of the activity. This research showed that SFG can be effectively used to aid in the development of new antimicrobial coating technologies by correlating the chemical structure of a coating surface to its antimicrobial activity.
Dynamically Programmable DRU for High-Speed Serial I/O (2010)

Multi-service optical networks today require the availability of transceivers that can operate over a wide range of input data rates. High-speed serial I/O has a native lower limit for operating data rates, preventing easy interfacing to low-speed client signals. The non-integer data recovery unit (NI-DRU) presented in this application note is specifically designed for RocketIO ™ GTP and GTX transceivers in Virtex®-5 LXT, SXT, TXT, and FXT platforms and consists of look-up tables (LUTs) and flip-flops. The NI-DRU extends the lower data rate limit to 0 Mb/s and the upper limit to 1,250 Mb/s, making embedded high-speed transceivers the ideal solution for true multi-rate serial interfaces. The NI-DRU’s operational settings (data rate, jitter bandwidth, input ppm range, and jitter peaking) are dynamically programmable, thus avoiding the need for bitstream reload or partial reconfiguration. Operating on a synchronous external reference clock, the NI-DRU supports fractional oversampling ratios. Thus, only one BUFG is needed, independent of the number of channels being set up, even if all channels are operating at different data rates. Given the absence of a relationship between the reference clock and incoming data rate, two optional barrel shifters ease the interfacing of the NI-DRU with an external FIFO and/or with any required decoder. The first barrel shifter has a 10-bit output that can be easily coupled to an 8B/10B or 4B/5B decoder (both not included in the reference design). The second barrel shifter has a 16-bit output and is specifically designed for 8-bit protocols, such as SONET/SDH. Other barrel shifters can be designed by the user.
Computer interface to use head movement for handicapped people (2002)

We propose one computer interface device for handicapped people, which enables the operator to communicate with the computer without typing on the computer keyboard. Input signals of the interface device are movements of the head and breathing of the handicapped operator The movements of the head are detected by an image processing system. One feature of our system is that the operator is requested to wear special glasses which has three LED marks. Due to the special geometry of the LED marks, the 3-dimensional posture and position of the glasses can be detected by a simple image processing algorithm. The movement of the head is used as a positioning signal of the computer cursor on the computer monitor. Breathing of the operator is used as a switching signal. Using this interface device, we built an environmental control system and also a word processing system. Experimental results reveal the applicability of our system.
A Lithium Carboxylate Ultrathin Film on an Aluminum Cathode for Enhanced Electron Injection in Organic Electroluminescent Devices (1999)

The effects of new insulating materials of lithium fluoride and lithium carboxylates at an aluminum cathodic interface on the performance of organic electroluminescent (EL) devices are described. Three different cathode interface materials are used: lithium salts of fluoride, acetate, and benzoate. We compare the current density–voltage (I–V) and the luminance–voltage (L–V) characteristics of the devices with Al/lithium carboxylates with those of the devices with Al/LiF or an Al cathode. We find that the bilayer cathodes with lithium carboxylates exhibit better device performance than the cathodes with LiF or the Al cathode itselt. In particular, the device with lithium benzoate gives the best performance of all the devices studied. The improvements are attributed to the lowering in work function of the cathode due to lithium metal formation by the higher reactivity of lithium carboxylates than LiF, with hot Al atoms impinging on these insulating materials.
3-D Reservoir Characterization: Worldwide Examples and Economics: ABSTRACT (1996)

This DOI is not currently attached to any metadata records. DOIs can’t actually ever be deleted (they’re persistent), but sometimes our members create DOIs in error. We do have a process to approximate deletion which we follow only in rare cases where the DOI has been genuinely created in error, and most crucially, if the DOI has never been published anywhere online or in print and never otherwise distributed to or communicated with anyone (authors, readers, reviewers, etc.
A dual-L antenna with a novel tuning technique for dual frequency applications (2002)

A planar dual-L antenna with a novel tuning technique is presented for an integrated GPS/PCS dual-band application. The tuning structure is made of a metal stub attached to one of the shorting plates of the dual-L, antenna, and thus facilitates the independent tuning for lower frequency bands. Simulation and measurements were performed and dual bands of 1565.19 MHz-1585.65 MHz and 1850 MHz-1990 MHz with a return loss better than -10 dB were achieved.
Collagenase during Burn Wound Healing (1994)

Epithelialization of second-degree burn wounds is known to be accelerated by topical treatment with hydrogel dressings and further enhanced by pulsed electrical stimulation compared with no treatment (air exposure). Tissue collagenase has been proposed to be involved during the process of epithelialization. In the present study collagenase levels were examined in partial-thickness burn wounds in the skin of four domestic pigs. Collagenase levels, assayed on postburn days 1 to 10, were substantially reduced in deblistered and air-exposed burn wounds compared with excisional partial-thickness wounds. Early application of hydrogel dressing to the burn wounds was accompanied by elevated collagenase activities and an increased inflammatory reaction in dermis. Addition of pulsed electrical stimulation increased (p < 0.001) collagenase levels twofold above those with hydrogel alone during initiation of epithelialization (postburn days 3 and 4). These results suggest that collagenase is closely linked to wound epithelialization.
Thrombophilia and New Anticoagulant Drugs (2004)

Venous thromboembolism, which includes deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, is the result of an imbalance among procoagulant, anticoagulant and profibrinolytic processes. This imbalance reflects a complex interplay between genetic and environmental or acquired risk factors. Genetic thrombophilic defects influence the risk of a first episode of thrombosis. How these defects influence the risk of recurrence in patients whose first episode of venous thromboembolism was unprovoked is less certain. Thus, when anticoagulants are stopped, patients with unprovoked venous thromboembolism have a risk of recurrence of at least 7% to 10% per year, even in the absence of an underlying thrombophilic defect. Consequently, there is a trend toward longer durations of anticoagulation therapy for these patients, which is problematic given the limitation of existing anticoagulants. This chapter provides an overview of the thrombophilic defects and how they influence the risk of venous thromboembolism. The chapter also details advances in anticoagulant therapy, focusing on new inhibitors of factor Xa and thrombin. In Section I, Dr. Saskia Middeldorp describes the various thrombophilic defects and reviews their relative importance in the pathogenesis of a first episode of venous thromboembolism. She then discusses the influence of these defects on the risk of recurrent thrombotic events in patients with unprovoked venous thromboembolism and in those whose thrombosis occurred in association with a known risk factor, such as surgery. In Section II, Dr. William Geerts reviews the pharmacology of new parenteral and oral factor Xa inhibitors and describes the results of the Phase II and III clinical trials with these agents. He then provides perspective on the potential advantages and drawbacks of these drugs for the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism. In Section III, Dr. John Heit focuses on direct thrombin inhibitors. He discusses their mechanism of action and compares and contrasts their pharmacological profiles prior to describing the results of Phase II and III clinical trials. Dr. Heit then provides perspective on the potential advantages and limitations of these drugs relative to existing anticoagulants.
Immunotherapy of cancer in 2012 (2012)

The immunotherapy of cancer has made significant strides in the past few years due to improved understanding of the underlying principles of tumor biology and immunology. These principles have been critical in the development of immunotherapy in the laboratory and in the implementation of immunotherapy in the clinic. This improved understanding of immunotherapy, enhanced by increased insights into the mechanism of tumor immune response and its evasion by tumors, now permits manipulation of this interaction and elucidates the therapeutic role of immunity in cancer. Also important, this improved understanding of immunotherapy and the mechanisms underlying immunity in cancer has fueled an expanding array of new therapeutic agents for a variety of cancers. Pegylated interferon-α2b as an adjuvant therapy and ipilimumab as therapy for advanced disease, both of which were approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for melanoma in March 2011, are 2 prime examples of how an increased understanding of the principles of tumor biology and immunology have been translated successfully from the laboratory to the clinical setting. Principles that guide the development and application of immunotherapy include antibodies, cytokines, vaccines, and cellular therapies. The identification and further elucidation of the role of immunotherapy in different tumor types, and the development of strategies for combining immunotherapy with cytotoxic and molecularly targeted agents for future multimodal therapy for cancer will enable even greater progress and ultimately lead to improved outcomes for patients receiving cancer immunotherapy.
Enhanced hepatocyte growth factor level in human prostate cancer treated with endocrine therapy. (1998)

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) has been revealed to have various functions such as regeneration, cancer invasion and tumor suppression in normal and cancer cells of different organs. To compare HGF expression in non-malignant prostate tissues and prostate cancers pretreated with or without neoadjuvant endocrine therapy (pretreated PC and non-treated PC), the amounts of HGF protein and mRNA were quantitated by Western blot analysis and reverse transcription-competitive polymerase chain reaction. The biologically active HGF (baHGF), which was converted by an HGF activator protein from secretory type proHGF, showed significantly higher expression in pretreated PC than in non-treated PC. The amounts of baHGF in pretreated PC were similar to those in non-malignant prostate tissues. There was no difference in the expression level of full-length HGF mRNA encoding secretory type HGF among the three groups. No variance of tissue content of short variant HGF mRNA encoding a competitive HGF antagonist among the three groups indicated that short variant HGF protein in prostate cancer seemed not to function similarly to a competitive HGF antagonist in benign prostate tissues. These results suggest that the tissue level of baHGF in non-treated and pretreated PC depends on activation of proHGF supplied from distal organs rather than de novo HGF mRNA synthesis in prostate glands. Increased baHGF in pretreated PC is expected to relate to tumor suppression in vivo.
A study of practical deduplication (2012)

We collected file system content data from 857 desktop computers at Microsoft over a span of 4 weeks. We analyzed the data to determine the relative efficacy of data deduplication, particularly considering whole-file versus block-level elimination of redundancy. We found that whole-file deduplication achieves about three quarters of the space savings of the most aggressive block-level deduplication for storage of live file systems, and 87% of the savings for backup images. We also studied file fragmentation, finding that it is not prevalent, and updated prior file system metadata studies, finding that the distribution of file sizes continues to skew toward very large unstructured files.
Kinetic Polymerase Chain Reaction on Pooled DNA (2002)

The ideal technology for screening single-nucleotide polymorphisms requires high throughput with minimal cost per sample, minimal usage of valuable DNA resources, and maximal flexibility for assessment of new polymorphisms. We demonstrate here the feasibility of kinetic allele-specific PCR with DNA pooling (S. Germer et al. , Genome Res., 10: 258–266, 2000) in a population study that satisfies all of the mentioned criteria and offers a powerful new tool for detecting meaningful polymorphic differences in candidate gene association studies and genome-wide linkage dysequilibrium scans. Three individuals prepared pooled DNA samples from 269 individuals separated into three racial/ethnic groups: Caucasians ( n = 56), African-Americans ( n = 86), and Hispanics ( n = 127). We used kinetic allele-specific PCR to determine the allele frequencies of the common paraoxonase 1 polymorphism, PON1 Q191R, in these pools. Paraoxonase 1 is a critical enzyme for inactivating neurotoxic intermediates in the metabolism of organophosphates. In a blinded test of the technology, these nine pooled DNA samples were sent to Roche for genotyping by kinetic allele-specific PCR. The allele frequencies found were 0.266 ± 0.011, 0.386 ± 0.011, and 0.617 ± 0.010, respectively, which were comparable to the frequencies of 0.269, 0.403, and 0.622 determined by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. These same samples were genotyped on two kinetic PCR platforms from different manufacturers, using three different DNA polymerases. The results were comparable between both platforms and among all three polymerases. The results demonstrate a powerful new technology for determining frequencies of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in an epidemiological study.
Mobility management for an integrated network platform (2003)

This paper initially, describes the NOMAD test-bed being set up at ComNets for network integration to integrate various bearer technologies (GSM, GPRS, WLAN, Ethernet). It is based on different Mobile IP versions (IPv4 and IPv6) and software for ad-hoc networking using the AODV (Ad-hoc On Demand Vector routing) protocol. The second section describes the Mobile IP implementations and the improvements achieved in the area of handoff delays. The paper also details the results obtained from the ad-hoc network, to determine the performance of AODV when new nodes are added, and explains future research.
The Reduction of Photoresist Stripping Rates in an Oxygen Plasma by By‐product Inhibition and Thermal Mass (1977)

It has been observed that the photoresist stripping rate in an oxygen plasma is slower for a full load of silcon wafers than it is for the center wafer of a three‐wafer array. For molecular oxygen flow rates of 500 cm3/min corresponding to reactor residence times of approximately 5 sec and substrate temperatures from 120° to 200°C, it is shown that 200 cm3/min of carbon monoxide or 15 cm3/min of water vapor reduces the atomic oxygen flow from about 33 cm3/min to about 15 cm3/min and reduces the stripping rate also by about a factor of two. If water vapor is added to a mixture of molecular oxygen and 200 cm3/min of carbon monoxide or if carbon monoxide is added to a mixture of molecular oxygen and 15 cm3/min of water vapor, the atomic oxygen concentration is not appreciably changed. However, the photoresist stripping rates are reduced by a factor of 1.5–2.0. A model is proposed which explains some aspects of the results, and it is shown that the difference in strip times between the full boat and three‐wafer array is in most current instances a thermal effect.
Update on Inflammatory Biomarkers and Treatments in Ischemic Stroke (2016)

After an acute ischemic stroke (AIS), inflammatory processes are able to concomitantly induce both beneficial and detrimental effects. In this narrative review, we updated evidence on the inflammatory pathways and mediators that are investigated as promising therapeutic targets. We searched for papers on PubMed and MEDLINE up to August 2016. The terms searched alone or in combination were: ischemic stroke, inflammation, oxidative stress, ischemia reperfusion, innate immunity, adaptive immunity, autoimmunity. Inflammation in AIS is characterized by a storm of cytokines, chemokines, and Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) released by several cells contributing to exacerbate the tissue injury both in the acute and reparative phases. Interestingly, many biomarkers have been studied, but none of these reflected the complexity of systemic immune response. Reperfusion therapies showed a good efficacy in the recovery after an AIS. New therapies appear promising both in pre-clinical and clinical studies, but still need more detailed studies to be translated in the ordinary clinical practice. In spite of clinical progresses, no beneficial long-term interventions targeting inflammation are currently available. Our knowledge about cells, biomarkers, and inflammatory markers is growing and is hoped to better evaluate the impact of new treatments, such as monoclonal antibodies and cell-based therapies.
ChemInform Abstract: A Hydroformylation Route to Diazabicycloalkanes and Oxazabicycloalkanes Containing Medium and Large Rings. (2000)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Syntheses of organofluorine compounds. VII. Structurally biased 2-fluoroallyl cations as generated (or not generated) in cyclopropane ring-opening reactions (1977)

The Ag ion-catalyzed ring-opening of a 1:4 mixt. of syn- and anti-cyclopropanes I and II gave the expected mixt. of CH2:CFC(OH)MeCMe3 and (Z)-MeC(CMe3):CFCH2OH in 56 and 19% yield, resp. Under similar conditions spiro analog. III underwent Wagner-Meerwein rearrangement to give bicycloheptane IV. Mechanism of the reactions are discussed. [on SciFinder (R)]
Small-Molecule Inhibitors Specifically Targeting Type III Secretion (2005)

The type III secretion (TTS) system is used by several animal and plant pathogens to deliver effector proteins into the cytosol of the eukaryotic target cell as a strategy to evade the defense reactions elicited by the infected organism. The fact that these systems are highly homologous implies that novel antibacterial agents that chemically attenuate the pathogens via a specific interaction with the type III secretion mechanism can be identified. A number of small organic molecules having this potential have recently been identified (A. M. Kauppi, R. Nordfelth, H. Uvell, H. Wolf-Watz, and M. Elofsson, Chem. Biol. 10:241-249, 2003). Using different reporter gene constructs, we showed that compounds that belong to a class of acylated hydrazones of different salicylaldehydes target the TTS system of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. One of these compounds, compound 1, was studied in detail and was found to specifically block Yop effector secretion under in vitro conditions by targeting the TTS system. In this respect the drug mimics the well-known effect of calcium on Yop secretion. In addition, compound 1 inhibits Yop effector translocation after infection of HeLa cells without affecting the eukaryotic cells or the bacteria. A HeLa cell model that mimics in vivo conditions showed that compound 1 chemically attenuates the pathogen to the advantage of the eukaryotic cell. Thus, our results show proof of concept, i.e., that small compounds targeting the TTS system can be identified, and they point to the possible use of TTS inhibitors as a novel class of antibacterial agents.
Microwave generation of bubble domains in magnetic thin films (1983)

The generation of bubble domains in nonconducting magnetic thin films by strong localized microwave fields has been simulated on a computer. The excitation region was modeled as a small cylinder, driven by a uniform microwave field, within a film of infinite extent. Material characterization data were taken from Dotsch, however the cubic crystalline anisotropy contribution was omitted for simplicity. The resonant frequency, ω <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">r</inf> (θ) for the system modeled using these data is dominated by the uniaxial crystalline anisotropy contribution, H <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k</inf> (θ). Here, θ denotes the magnetization tilt angle. When circularly-polarized microwave excitation of the proper sense and of sufficient amplitude is applied, bubble generation (flipover) occurs. The system responds most strongly when the driving frequency, ω, is below the small signal resonance frequency, ω <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">r</inf> (0), which is computed to correspond to 1.78 GHz for our modeling. We find, at 1.0 GHz, that a microwave amplitude of 110 Oe is sufficient for flipover. Data on the time required for flipover have also been obtained.
Cutting Edge: Granzyme B Proteolysis of a Neuronal Glutamate Receptor Generates an Autoantigen and Is Modulated by Glycosylation (2001)

Autoimmune processes are initiated when tolerance to self-proteins fails to be established or maintained and immune cells are stimulated by self-Ags. Although intracellular autoantigens are common, the origin of extracellular autoantigens is poorly defined and possibly more dangerous. In this study, we considered a mechanism for the origin of an extracellular autoantigen from the neuronal glutamate receptor subunit 3 (GluR3) in Rasmussen's encephalitis, a severe form of pediatric epilepsy. We demonstrate that specific cleavage of GluR3 by granzyme B (GB), a serine protease released by activated immune cells, can generate the GluR3B autoantigenic peptide, but only if an internal N:-linked glycosylation sequon within the GluR3-GB recognition sequence (ISND*S) is not glycosylated. However, this N:-glycon sequon while glycosylated normally is inefficiently used and glycosylation can fail. These results suggest that GB/N:-glycon sites may escape normal tolerance mechanisms and contribute to autoantibody-mediated immune diseases.