gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
5/15 GHZ Scattering Study (1991)

Abstract : Received signal level and multipath delay spread measurements were made at 5 and 16 GHz on a 161 km tropospheric scatter path over moderately rough terrain from Prospect Hill in Waltham, MA to Mt Tug in Lebanon, NH. The measurement campaign spanned the summer months of May through Aug 89. The signal level data were processed to obtain hourly median values for the estimation of the cumulative distribution function (cdf) of received signal level for use in troposcatter communication system design. Multipath delay spread observations were made at the higher frequency. These data were also processed to obtain the sample cdf of the hourly median values of the two sigma multipath delay spread estimates.
Abi3bp Is a Multifunctional Autocrine/Paracrine Factor that Regulates Mesenchymal Stem Cell Biology (2013)

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplanted into injured myocardium promote repair through paracrine mechanisms. We have previously shown that MSCs over-expressing AKT1 (Akt-MSCs) exhibit enhanced properties for cardiac repair. In this study, we investigated the relevance of Abi3bp toward MSC biology. Abi3bp formed extracellular deposits with expression controlled by Akt1 and ubiquitin-mediated degradation. Abi3bp knockdown/knockout stabilized focal adhesions and promoted stress-fiber formation. Furthermore, MSCs from Abi3bp knockout mice displayed severe deficiencies in osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation. Knockout or stable knockdown of Abi3bp increased MSC and Akt-MSC proliferation, promoting S-phase entry via cyclin-d1, ERK1/2, and Src. Upon Abi3bp binding to integrin-β1 Src associated with paxillin which inhibited proliferation. In vivo, Abi3bp knockout increased MSC number and proliferation in bone marrow, lung, and liver. In summary, we have identified a novel extracellular matrix protein necessary for the switch from proliferation to differentiation in MSCs.
Essential and supporting host cell factors for HIV-1 budding (2011)

HIV-1 employs its structural proteins to orchestrate assembly and budding at the plasma membrane of host cells. The Gag polyprotein is sufficient to form virus-like particles in the absence of other viral proteins and provides a platform to interact with numerous cellular factors that regulate Gag trafficking to the site of assembly and budding. Notably endosomal sorting complexes required for transport have attained much attention over the last decade because of their essential role in virion release. Here we review recent advances in understanding the role of host cell factors recruited by Gag during HIV-1 assembly and budding.
Criteria for categorizing early biochemical events occurring during sporulation of Bacillus subtilis (1975)

Two criteria are suggested for assessing the relevance of biochemical events occurring early in sporulation. The first is thymidine starvation, a condition known to inhibit sporulation. This also inhibits the production of metalloprotease, serine protease, and ribonuclease; alpha-amylase production, however, is unaffected. The second is the effect of a regulator mutation which increases the production of the proteases. In the mutant, ribonuclease is produced in correspondingly large quantities whereas alpha-amylase production is unaffected. We conclude that, whereas the serine protease is part of the main sequence of events leading to formation of the spore, the metalloprotease is a side effect, i.e., connected with the main sequence but not part of it. Ribonuclease could, on present evidence, be either in the main sequence or a side effect associated with it. Amylase, however, seems to be separately regulated and neither directly nor indirectly connected with the sporulation sequence.
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) induces vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) gene expression through Smad3 transcription factor (2005)

Journal of the American College of Surgeons 201(3):p S17-S18, September 2005. | DOI: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2005.06.027
BMP and FGF‐2 regulate neurogenin‐2 expression and the differentiation of sensory neurons and glia (2006)

We have examined the effects of signaling molecules and Notch signaling on the mechanisms regulating neurogenin (ngn)-2 expression. This ngn-2 is a transcription factor that is essential for the specification of early differentiating sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia. In the presence of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), anti-ngn-2-positive cells appeared in mouse trunk neural crest cell cultures, and they expressed Brn3, indicating that ngn-2-expressing cells are sensory neurons. These cells did not differentiate after fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 treatment or after Notch activation. The suppression of ngn-2 expression by FGF-2 was recovered by treatment with a Notch signaling inhibitor. Thus, FGF-2 may prevent ngn-2 expression through Notch activation. Whereas BMP-4 inhibited glial differentiation, FGF-2 promoted gliogenesis by means of Notch activation. Our data suggest that BMP and FGF-2 act as positive and negative regulators in ngn-2 expression, respectively, and that these signaling molecules regulate the differentiation of sensory neurons and glia.
A study on low Rx-band noise power amplifier for reconfigurable RF front-end circuit (2015)

RF paths in mobile phone have been increasing and the configuration has been becoming a complex year by year. A new tunable RF front-end circuit for a single RF chain architecture was proposed. That solution needs the tunable low RX-band noise power amplifier(LNPA) in order to reduce the noise at a RX input port of a transceiver IC in cooperation with the tunable duplexer in FDD system handsets. In this paper, a principle of LNPA is described and it is shown that an interstage filter is effective compared with other circuit configulations. The required characteristics for the interstage filter in LNPA are studied and the RX band attenuation of the interstage filter is calculated with employing equations using noise figure and gain parametaers. It is found that the RX-band noise floor of LNPA is determined by the noise level of a back stage amplifirer Q2, when the interstage filter RX band attenuation is more than 25dB. LNPA is fabricated to clarify the operation and less than -140dBm/Hz which is the target value of the system can be obtained. This results show the promising possibility of Tunable LNPA for simple RF front-end for future mobile handsets.
Suppression of Experimental Autoimmune Myasthenia Gravis After CD8 Depletion is Associated with Decreased IFN‐γ and IL‐4 (1995)

CD8+ T cells can perform both Th1- and Th2-like functions by producing cytokines such as interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-4 (IL-4), as well as the immune response down-regulating transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), which are all involved in the development of experimental autoimmune myasthenia gravis (EAMG), a model for human MG. We have reported that depletion of CD8+ T cells results in the suppression of EAMG accompanied by the down-regulation of AChR-specific B cell responses and AChR-reactive IFN-gamma secreting Th1-like cells. To identify the involvement of IFN-gamma, IL-4 and TGF-beta in the development of EAMG after CD8+ T cell depletion, the expression of mRNA for these cytokines was studied in mononuclear cells from popliteal, inguinal and mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen and thymus by adopting in situ hybridization with complementary DNA oligonucleotide probes. Depletion of CD8+ T cells resulted in decreased levels of IFN-gamma and IL-4 mRNA expressing cells in different lymphoid organs except thymus, but no change in the numbers of TGF-beta mRNA expressing cells. The results imply that the suppression of EAMG after depletion of CD8+ T cells is caused by decreasing the effector factors but not by increasing the suppressor factor(s).
Discrimination between Oxygen and Carbon Monoxide and Inhibition of Autooxidation by Myoglobin (1989)

Sperm whale myoglobin mutants were constructed using site-directed mutagenesis to replace the highly conserved distal histidine residue (His(E7)-64). His-64 was substituted with Gly, Val, Phe, Cys, Met, Lys, Arg, Asp, Thr, and Tyr, and all 10 mutant proteins expressed to approximately 10% of the total soluble cell protein in Escherichia coli as heme containing myoglobin. With the exception of His-64----Tyr, which did not form a stable oxygen (O2) complex, all mutant proteins could be reduced and bound O2 and carbon monoxide (CO) reversibly. However, removal of the distal histidine increased the rate of autooxidation 40-350-fold. The His-64----Gly, Val, Phe, Met, and Arg mutants all showed markedly increased O2 dissociation rate constants which were approximately 50-1500-fold higher than those for wild-type myoglobin and increased O2 association rate constants which were approximately 5-15-fold higher than those for the native protein. All mutants studied (except His-64----Tyr) showed approximately 10-fold increased CO association rates and relatively unchanged CO dissociation rates. These altered O2 and CO association and dissociation rate constants resulted in 3-14-fold increased CO affinities, 10-200-fold decreased O2 affinities, and 50-380-fold greater M (KCO/KO2) values for the mutants compared to the wild-type protein. Thus, the distal histidine of myoglobin discriminates between CO and O2 binding by both sterically hindering bound CO and stabilizing bound O2 through hydrogen bonding. The increased autooxidation rates observed for the mutants appear to be due to a decrease in oxygen affinity and an increase in solvent anion accessibility to the distal pocket.
Invited Review Article: Bibliometrics and Evaluation of Research Performance (1990)

Bibliometrics has been increasingly applied to research evaluation in recent years. This article reviews studies which supply data to assess the validity and accuracy of citation indicators as a measure of performance. To illustrate the points raised, the article also examines results obtained by case studies on Nordic cancer and cardiovascular research. It concludes that citations measure recognition of a piece of work by the international scientific community, but are also influenced by publication structures, citation conventions and social relations in the scientific community. Citation analysis complements peer review by supplying evidence to assess its accuracy and reliability.
Safety of moxidectin in avermectin-sensitive Collies (2000)

The moxidectin formulation used in the study reported here appears to have a wider margin of safety than ivermectin or milbemycin in avermectin-sensitive Collies.
Accurate cell segmentation in microscopy images using membrane patterns (2014)

Matlab code and examples are available at http://www.csb.ethz.ch/tools/cellSegmPackage.zip.
The Role of <i>HOX</i> Homeobox Genes in Normal and Leukemic Hematopoiesis (1996)

A sizable amount of new data points to a role for the HOX family of homeobox genes in hematopoiesis. Recent studies have demonstrated that HOXA and HOXB genes are expressed in human CD34+ cells, and are downregulated as cells leave the CD34+ compartment. In addition, expression of certain genes, including HOXB3 and HOXB4, is largely restricted to the long-term culture-initiating cell enriched pool, containing the putative stem cell population. Studies have also shown that HOX genes appear to be important for normal T lymphocyte and activated natural killer cell function. Overexpression of Hox-b4 in transplanted murine marrow cell results in a dramatic expansion of stem cells, while maintaining normal peripheral blood counts. In contrast, overexpression of Hox-a10 resulted in expansion of progenitor pools, accompanied by unique changes in the differentiation patterns of committed progenitors. Overexpression of Hox-a10 or Hox-b8 led to the development of myeloid leukemias, while animals transfected with marrow cells overexpressing Hox-b4 do not appear to develop malignancies. Blockade of HOX gene function using antisense oligonucleotides has revealed that several HOX genes appear to influence either myeloid or erythroid colony formation. Mice homozygous for a targeted disruption of the HOX-a9 gene show reduced numbers of granulocytes and lymphocytes, smaller spleens and thymuses, and reduced numbers of committed progenitors. These studies demonstrate that HOX homeobox genes play a role in both the early stem cell function as well as in later stages of hematopoietic differentiation, and that perturbations of HOX gene expression can be leukemogenic.
Color matches in diseased eyes with good acuity: detection of deficits in cone optical density and in chromatic discrimination (1995)

Reduced foveal cone optical density in diseased eyes with normal acuity can affect color matches. Using field diameters of 1 degree, 2 degrees, 4 degrees, and 8 degrees, we measured mean color-match midpoints and match widths in patients who had good acuity and who exhibited three categories of eye disease: hereditary macular degeneration (n = 12), retinitis pigmentosa (n = 19), and glaucoma (n = 18). Results were compared with those for normal observers of comparable ages. Mean color-match midpoints were abnormal only for the population with hereditary macular degeneration, indicating a reduction in cone optical density in the central 4 degrees. Mean color-match widths were enlarged for both hereditary macular degeneration and retinitis pigmentosa, a result consistent with a reduction in the number of foveal cones.
Deep learning for real-time robust facial expression recognition on a smartphone (2014)

We developed a real-time robust facial expression recognition function on a smartphone. To this end, we trained a deep convolutional neural network on a GPU to classify facial expressions. The network has 65k neurons and consists of 5 layers. The network of this size exhibits substantial overfitting when the size of training examples is not large. To combat overfitting, we applied data augmentation and a recently introduced technique called "dropout". Through experimental evaluation over various face datasets, we show that the trained network outperformed a classifier based on hand-engineered features by a large margin. With the trained network, we developed a smartphone app that recognized the user's facial expression. In this paper, we share our experiences on training such a deep network and developing a smartphone app based on the trained network.
A general route to 4-substituted imidazoles (1989)

Literature routes to di(imidazol-4-yl)methanol (1a) dinitrate and tri(imidazol-4-yl)methanol (2a) trihydrochloride were improved to give 32 and 16% overall yields, respectively; but we failed to synthesize bis-(1b) and tris-(1-methylimidazol-4-yl)methanol (2b) by the methylation of the corresponding N-methoxymethyl compounds (3; X= 2 and X= 3). Attempted 4-lithiation of the 1,2,5-protected imidazole (4a) with BuLi–TMEDA failed, giving after hydrolysis 1-methyl-5-trimethylsilylimidazole (4b); similar failures were observed for 2,5-dicarboxy-1-methylimidazole, which after metallation with BuLi–TMEDA and hydrolysis afforded 1-methylimidazole-5-carboxylic acid (5). Our attempts to obtain 4-bromo-1-methylimidazole (10a) and 4-bromo-1-ethylimidazole suitable for a halogen–lithium exchange or for Grignard reaction also failed. Attempted selective lithiation of 2-phenylthio-1-tritylimidazole (16) at the 4-position, then treatment with ethyl formate, led only to a mixture of 4- and 5-substituted products in very low yield, and 1-diethoxymethyl-2-phenylthioimidazole (18) was unstable and difficult to purify.4-Bromoimidazole with two mol equiv. of t-butyl-lithium gives 1,4-dilithioimidazole, which is now shown to provide a general route to 4-substituted imidazoles.
Conformational and Orientational Switching of Uridine Derivatives by Borates (1998)

Abstract We have demonstrated for the first time that the syn-anti orientation of 5′-amino-5′-deoxyuridine (1b) can readily be switched by adding borate as an extermal controlling factor. In borate added phosphate buffer, the syn/anti ratio of 1b dramatically increased with increasing borate concentration. This unique syn preference is most probably driven by the cooperative action of cyclic esterification of the 1b’s 2′,3′-cis-diol with borate and of hydrogen-bonding formation between 2-carbonyl oxygen and 5′-amino proton.
Wiped-Film Evaporators for Evaporating Alkaline Light Water Reactor Radioactive Wastes (1979)

Evaporation tests with synthetic alkaline wastes typical of intermediate-level waste streams from the processing of spent reactor fuel were made at the Savannah River Laboratory (SRL) with two small wiped-film evaporators [0.93 and 0.46 m2 (10 and 5 ft2) heat transfer area].Each feed (six total) was processed separately within the operating range of each evaporator. Feed flows varied from 0.026 to 0.24 ℓ/min (0.1 to 0.9 gal/min) in increments of 0.026 to 0.013 ℓ/min (0.1 or 0.05 gal/min). Steam chest temperatures were maintained at 130, 150, 170, or 182 C. Rotor-tip speed was maintained at 10.7 m/s (35 ft/s).Concentrate and process condensate from the evaporator were sampled at each set of operating conditions. The concentrate sample was analyzed for density (at exit temperature), volume percent of solids at room temperature, weight percent of water, and sodium concentration. Each evaporator condensate sample was analyzed for sodium to calculate entrainment from the evaporator based on sodium carryover.All concentrates from waste feeds high in NaOH and NaAlO2 flowed freely in liquid form out of the evaporator. Concentrates from waste feeds containing Na2SO4 and Na2CO3 included appreciable amounts of precipitated solids at high boildowns. The tests showed that all of the feeds could be converted in one pass to a free-flowing slurry that solidifies upon cooling to ambient temperature.Wiped-film evaporators with ∼3.72 m2 (40 ft2) of heat transfer surface are being installed at SRL to determine mechanical operability and processing characteristics with simulated alkaline defense waste. Both visual and instrument control systems will be tested during operability tests of the prototype evaporators.
Dyphylline Versus Theophylline: A Double‐Blind Comparative Evaluation (1983)

This study was a randomized double-blind evaluation of three doses of dyphylline, theophylline, and placebo for blocking exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB). Twenty patients aged 12 to 17 years took one of the following on five separate days prior to an exercise challenge: 10, 15, or 20 mg/kg dyphylline; 6 mg/kg anhydrous theophylline; or placebo. Linear relationships were found between the log of dyphylline doses and per cent changes from baseline for PEFR, FEV1 and FEF25-75%. The 15 and 20 mg/kg doses differed significantly from placebo in preventing declines in PEFR, FEV1, and FEF25-75%. While significant, these changes were one half to one third those found with 6 mg/kg theophylline. Tremor was twice as common with theophylline. While dyphylline has therapeutic effectiveness compared to placebo for blocking EIB, its benefit is small. Further evaluations are needed to elucidate optimal dosaging for maximal effectiveness.
Particle shape quantities and measurement techniques : a review (2013)

It has been shown in the early 20th century that particle shape has an influence on geotechnical properties. Even if this is known, there has been only minor progress in explaining the processes behind its performance and has only partly implemented in practical geotechnical analysis. This literature review covers different methods and techniques used to determine the geometrical shape of the particles. Particle shape could be classifying in three categories; sphericity- the overall particle shape and similitude with a sphere, roundness- the description of the particle’s corners and roughness- the surface texture of the particle. The categories are scale dependent and the major scale is to sphericity while the minor belongs to roughness. The overview has shown that there is no agreement on the usage of the descriptors and is not clear which descriptor is the best. One problem has been in a large scale classify shape properties. Image analysis seems according to the review to be a promising tool, it has advantages as low time consumption or repeatability. But the resolution in the processed image needs to be considered since it influences descriptors such as e.g. the perimeter. Shape definitions and its potential role in soil mechanics are discussed.
Red colouration in apple fruit is due to the activity of the MYB transcription factor, MdMYB10 (2006)

Anthocyanin concentration is an important determinant of the colour of many fruits. In apple (Malus x domestica), centuries of breeding have produced numerous varieties in which levels of anthocyanin pigment vary widely and change in response to environmental and developmental stimuli. The apple fruit cortex is usually colourless, although germplasm does exist where the cortex is highly pigmented due to the accumulation of either anthocyanins or carotenoids. From studies in a diverse array of plant species, it is apparent that anthocyanin biosynthesis is controlled at the level of transcription. Here we report the transcript levels of the anthocyanin biosynthetic genes in a red-fleshed apple compared with a white-fleshed cultivar. We also describe an apple MYB transcription factor, MdMYB10, that is similar in sequence to known anthocyanin regulators in other species. We further show that this transcription factor can induce anthocyanin accumulation in both heterologous and homologous systems, generating pigmented patches in transient assays in tobacco leaves and highly pigmented apple plants following stable transformation with constitutively expressed MdMYB10. Efficient induction of anthocyanin biosynthesis in transient assays by MdMYB10 was dependent on the co-expression of two distinct bHLH proteins from apple, MdbHLH3 and MdbHLH33. The strong correlation between the expression of MdMYB10 and apple anthocyanin levels during fruit development suggests that this transcription factor is responsible for controlling anthocyanin biosynthesis in apple fruit; in the red-fleshed cultivar and in the skin of other varieties, there is an induction of MdMYB10 expression concurrent with colour formation during development. Characterization of MdMYB10 has implications for the development of new varieties through classical breeding or a biotechnological approach.
Amorphous lanthanum lutetium oxide thin films as an alternative high-κ gate dielectric (2006)

Lanthanum lutetium oxide thin films were grown on (100) Si by pulsed laser deposition. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry, atomic force microscopy, x-ray diffraction, and x-ray reflectometry were employed to investigate the samples. The results indicate the growth of stoichiometric and smooth LaLuO3 films that remain amorphous up to 1000°C. Internal photoemission and photoconductivity measurements show a band gap width of 5.2±0.1eV and symmetrical conduction and valence band offsets of 2.1eV. Capacitance and leakage current measurements reveal C-V curves with a small hysteresis, a dielectric constant of ≈32, and low leakage current density levels.