gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Isothermal Microcalorimetry To Investigate the Phase Separation for Amorphous Solid Dispersions of AMG 517 with HPMC-AS (2013)

Understanding the crystallization kinetics of an amorphous drug is critical for the development of an amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) formulation. This paper examines the phase separation and crystallization of the drug AMG 517 in ASDs of varying drug load at various conditions of temperature and relative humidity using isothermal microcalorimetry. ASDs of AMG 517 in hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate (HPMC-AS) were manufactured using a Buchi 290 mini spray dryer system. ASDs were characterized using modulated differential scanning calorimetry (mDSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) prior to isothermal microcalorimetry evaluation, and crystallinity was measured using (19)F solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (SSNMR), before and after crystallization. The crystallization of ASDs of AMG 517 in HPMC-AS was significantly slowed by the presence of HPMC-AS polymer, indicating enhanced physical stability for the ASD formulations. A two-phase crystallization was observed by isothermal microcalorimetry at temperatures near the glass transition temperature (Tg), indicating a drug-rich phase and a miscible ASD phase. (19)F SSNMR showed that only partial crystallization of the drug occurred for the ASDs, suggesting a third phase which did not crystallize, possibly representing a thermodynamically stable, soluble component. Isothermal microcalorimetry provides important kinetic data for monitoring crystallization of the drug in the ASDs and, together with (19)F SSNMR, suggests a three-phase ASD system for AMG 517 in HPMC-AS.
American Cancer Society/American Society of Clinical Oncology Breast Cancer Survivorship Care Guideline (2015)

The purpose of the American Cancer Society/American Society of Clinical Oncology Breast Cancer Survivorship Care Guideline is to provide recommendations to assist primary care and other clinicians in the care of female adult survivors of breast cancer. A systematic review of the literature was conducted using PubMed through April 2015. A multidisciplinary expert workgroup with expertise in primary care, gynecology, surgical oncology, medical oncology, radiation oncology, and nursing was formed and tasked with drafting the Breast Cancer Survivorship Care Guideline. A total of 1,073 articles met inclusion criteria; and, after full text review, 237 were included as the evidence base. Patients should undergo regular surveillance for breast cancer recurrence, including evaluation with a cancer-related history and physical examination, and should be screened for new primary breast cancer. Data do not support performing routine laboratory tests or imaging tests in asymptomatic patients to evaluate for breast cancer recurrence. Primary care clinicians should counsel patients about the importance of maintaining a healthy lifestyle, monitor for post-treatment symptoms that can adversely affect quality of life, and monitor for adherence to endocrine therapy. Recommendations provided in this guideline are based on current evidence in the literature and expert consensus opinion. Most of the evidence is not sufficient to warrant a strong evidence-based recommendation. Recommendations on surveillance for breast cancer recurrence, screening for second primary cancers, assessment and management of physical and psychosocial long-term and late effects of breast cancer and its treatment, health promotion, and care coordination/practice implications are made.This guideline was developed through a collaboration between the American Cancer Society and the American Society of Clinical Oncology and has been published jointly by invitation and consent in both CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians and Journal of Clinical Oncology. All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission by the American Cancer Society or the American Society of Clinical Oncology.
Analyzing the performance of ultrasonic B-mode imaging for breast lesion diagnosis (2014)

We studied the efficiency of transferring task information from each stage of the ultrasonic imaging to another by computing the total task energy available at each stage. We computed the task-energy efficiency for the B-mode data with respect to RF data as an expression to predict performance efficiency. We also measured performance efficiency of B-mode image observers with that of ideal observer of the RF data using both analytical SNR expressinos and Monte-Carlo expreriment over a range of visual tasks related to breast lesion diagnosis. The performance efficiency results are compared with the prediction from task-energy efficiency and information efficiency. It is shown that task-energy efficiency can closely predict the performance efficiency especially for large-area tasks.
The effect of route of nutrient administration on the nutritional state, catabolic hormone secretion, and gut mucosal integrity after burn injury (1987)

So that the efficacy of route of nutrient administration in thermal injury could be determined, a comparison was made between immediate enteral vs parenteral feedings in burned guinea pigs. Thirty-five guinea pigs underwent both catheter gastrostomy and jugular vein catheterization. On postoperative day 8, burned animals [30% total body surface area (TBSA)] were divided into an intragastrically (ig) fed group (N = 14) and a parenterally (iv) fed group (N = 14). Animals in each group received 175 kcal/kg/day with a solution of identical nutrient value beginning 2 hr after burn. The body weight change until postburn day (PBD) 8 and the average nitrogen balance were significantly better in the ig group than in the iv group. Values were also higher for the iv group than for the ig group in the early postburn period for urinary vanillyl mandelic acid (VMA) (p less than 0.05), plasma cortisol (p less than 0.05), and plasma glucagon (p less than 0.05). Also, the iv group showed reduced mucosal weight and thickness compared to the ig group on PBD 1 (p less than 0.02). There were significant negative correlations between VMA excretion and body weight change, and between plasma cortisol and jejunal mucosal structure (thickness and weight). These findings suggest that immediate postburn enteral nutrition can provide better nutritional support than parenteral nutrition through the maintenance of gut mucosal integrity and the prevention of increased secretion of catabolic hormones.
Network Assisted Content Protection Architectures for a Connected World (2012)

Content protection is a key component for the success of a multimedia services platform, as proven by the plethora of solutions currently on the market. In this paper we analyze a new network scenario where permanent bidirectional connectivity and video-aware encryption technologies allow a trustful operation of ubiquitous end devices. We propose new scalable models for a content protection architecture that may achieve dramatic improvement in robustness, reliability, and scalability. Selective ciphering and countermeasures are included in those models, together with several examples of their application. © 2012 Alcatel-Lucent.
Determining code symbol LLRs on diversity channels with applications to cdma2000 (2003)

The reverse link of cdma2000 uses a code-multiplexed pilot signal to allow for near coherent demodulation at the base station receiver. Typical RAKE receivers approximate maximal ratio combining by using a "pilot filter" to derive a combiner weight estimate from the noisy pilot signal. It is possible to improve on this design by exploiting the channel information that is also embedded in the encoded data-bearing signal. We show how the pilot and data-bearing signals may be used to determine, implicitly, "combiner weights", and explicitly, code symbol log likelihood ratios (LLRs). Simulation results on the cdma2000 reverse link demonstrate SNR gains on the order of 0.5 dB with the default pilot-to-traffic ratios. Even larger gains may be achieved by optimizing the pilot-to-traffic ratio appropriately.
Learning to Rank Semantic Coherence for Topic Segmentation (2017)

Topic segmentation plays an important role for discourse parsing and information retrieval. Due to the absence of training data, previous work mainly adopts unsupervised methods to rank semantic coherence between paragraphs for topic segmentation. In this paper, we present an intuitive and simple idea to automatically create a “quasi” training dataset, which includes a large amount of text pairs from the same or different documents with different semantic coherence. With the training corpus, we design a symmetric CNN neural network to model text pairs and rank the semantic coherence within the learning to rank framework. Experiments show that our algorithm is able to achieve competitive performance over strong baselines on several real-world datasets.
ChemInform Abstract: HALOGENATION OF ENAMINES ‐ SYNTHESIS OF β‐HALO IMINIUM HALIDES (1979)

Abstract Die Enamine (I) geben beim Bromieren bei ‐78°C unter Feuchtigkeitsausschluß die Salze (II), deren saure Hydrolyse zu den Ketonen (III) führt (keine Ausb.‐Angaben).
Phase I study of suramin combined with doxorubicin in the treatment of androgen-independent prostate cancer. (1998)

In this study, we determined the maximum tolerated plasma concentration of suramin (within the predetermined study target range) when combined with doxorubicin in the treatment of androgen-independent prostate cancer. Twenty-four patients received suramin dosages based on proportional adjustment of the steady-state plasma suramin concentration to achieve the targeted plasma concentrations of 50-100, 101-150, 151-200, or 201-250 microg/ml. Doxorubicin (20 mg/m2) was administered i.v. over 24 h at weekly intervals. Suramin was given i.v. over 2 h twice weekly. Patients received treatment until dose-limiting toxicity or disease progression. Side effects similar to those reported for suramin and doxorubicin administered as individual agents were observed. Dose-limiting motor neuropathy developed in three patients (13%). Twelve of 24 evaluable patients (50%; 95% confidence interval, 28-71%) and 6 of 10 evaluable patients (60%; 95% confidence interval, 26-88%) had a >50% decrease of prostate-specific antigen and measurable lesions, respectively. The maximum tolerated plasma level of suramin when combined with doxorubicin was 151-200 microg/ml. Future studies on suramin combined with doxorubicin or other agents could be performed using a fixed dosing scheme with a targeted suramin steady-state plasma concentration of 200 microg/ml.
Purification and characterization of an endogenous inhibitor specific to the Z‐Leu‐Leu‐Leu‐MCA degrading activity in proteasome and its identification as heat‐shock protein 90 (1994)

We previously identified a benzyloxycarbonyl(Z)-Leu-Leu-Leu-4-methylcoumaryl-7-amide (ZLLL-MCA) degrading activity in proteasome as a candidate for the regulator of neurite outgrowth. As its counterpart, we purified a protein from bovine brain that specifically inhibits the ZLLL-MCA degrading activity in proteasome. This protein is heat stable and has no effect on the other catalytic activities in proteasome, or on the activities of trypsin, chymotrypsin, or m- and mu-calpains either. The molar ratio of inhibitor-to-proteasome that inhibits 50% of the ZLLL-MCA degrading activity of proteasome is 1:1. The inhibitory mechanism of the inhibitor against proteasome is non-competitive. Finally, the inhibitor was identified as heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90) by partial amino acid sequencing and immunodetection. The results suggest that HSP90 initiates neurite outgrowth through the inhibition of the ZLLL-MCA degrading activity in proteasome.
Performance analysis of high power photoconductive switch at elevated temperature (2005)

The entire dissertation/thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file (which also appears in the research.pdf); a non-technical general description, or public abstract, appears in the public.pdf file.
Isoelectric Split-Flow Thin (SPLITT) Fractionation of Proteins (1997)

Abstract Electric split-flow thin (SPLITT) fractionation permits the continuous separation of charged species, particularly proteins, at gram and subgram levels. We characterized this system and separated protein mixtures based on the difference between protein isoelectric points (pI). For characterization, we examined seven variables. Buffer stability was determined by measuring pH changes per hour and the UV spectrum before and after an electrical potential of 50 V was applied. The electrical field across the channel was determined by measuring the buffer conductivity and the current passed through it. The experimental and theoretical (calculated) fractional retrieval of proteins was determined by the relative magnitude of field-induced and outlet flow rates. The protein response at various electrical fields (0, 10, 20, 30 V) and solution pHs (4.85, 5.60, 6.87, and 7.80) was examined, as were the effects of the ionic strength of the buffer, protein recovery, and protein separation with pulsed sample injection. To separate protein mixtures after the system was characterized, we ran continuous SPLITT fractionation of five protein mixtures for more than 8 hours. Characterization results show that 1) buffer stability was good for acetate and phosphate buffers, 2) the electrical field across the channel was about 60% of that predicted by a geometric estimation, 3) experimental retrieval of four proteins (ferritin, BSA, hemoglobin, and cytochrome c) agreed well with calculated retrieval, 4) protein response at the four electrical fields and four solution pHs corresponded to the difference between protein pI and solution pH, 5) lower buffer ionic strength was better for protein separation, 6) protein sample recovery was reasonable from 78 to 90% (mean 85%) for six proteins, and 7) pulsed sample injection led to successful separation of five protein mixtures. In the second part of the study, three protein mixtures were successfully separated using continuous separation over 8 hours. The collected fractions showed clean separation as confirmed by flow field-flow fractionation and spectrophotometer analysis. The throughput was around 15 mg/h and the minimum difference between protein pIs that permitted separation was about two units. We conclude that isoelectric SPLITT fractionation has potential for use in protein purification.
A Bayesian approach to spectral quantitative photoacoustic tomography (2014)

A Bayesian approach to the optical reconstruction problem associated with spectral quantitative photoacoustic tomography is presented. The approach is derived for commonly used spectral tissue models of optical absorption and scattering: the absorption is described as a weighted sum of absorption spectra of known chromophores (spatially dependent chromophore concentrations), while the scattering is described using Mie scattering theory, with the proportionality constant and spectral power law parameter both spatially-dependent. It is validated using two-dimensional test problems composed of three biologically relevant chromophores: fat, oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood. Using this approach it is possible to estimate the Grüneisen parameter, the absolute chromophore concentrations, and the Mie scattering parameters associated with spectral photoacoustic tomography problems. In addition, the direct estimation of the spectral parameters is compared to estimates obtained by fitting the spectral parameters to estimates of absorption, scattering and Grüneisen parameter at the investigated wavelengths. It is shown with numerical examples that the direct estimation results in better accuracy of the estimated parameters.
FlexiShare: Channel sharing for an energy-efficient nanophotonic crossbar (2010)

On-chip network is becoming critical to the scalability of future many-core architectures. Recently, nanophotonics has been proposed for on-chip networks because of its low latency and high bandwidth. However, nanophotonics has relatively high static power consumption, which can lead to inefficient architectures. In this work, we propose FlexiShare - a nanophotonic crossbar architecture that minimizes static power consumption by fully sharing a reduced number of channels across the network. To enable efficient global sharing, we decouple the allocation of the channels and the buffers, and introduce novel photonic token-stream mechanism for channel arbitration and credit distribution The flexibility of FlexiShare introduces additional router complexity and electrical power consumption. However, with the reduced number of optical channels, the overall power consumption is reduced without loss in performance. Our evaluation shows that the proposed token-stream arbitration applied to a conventional crossbar design improves network throughput by 5.5× under permutation traffic. In addition, FlexiShare achieves similar performance as a token-stream arbitrated conventional crossbar using only half the amount of channels under balanced, distributed traffic. With the extracted trace traffic from MineBench and SPLASH-2, FlexiShare can further reduce the amount of channels by up to 87.5%, while still providing better performance - resulting in up to 72% reduction in power consumption compared to the best alternative.
Increased intracellular Ca2+ selectively suppresses IL-1-induced NO production by reducing iNOS mRNA stability. (1995)

This study addresses the role of intracellular calcium (Ca2+) in the expression of iNOS, an IL-1 inducible gene in human articular chondrocytes. The calcium ionophore A23187 and ionomycin did not induce NO release or iNOS expression but inhibited dose dependently IL-1-induced NO release with IC50 of 200 nM and 100 nM, respectively. Increased intracellular Ca2+ induced by thapsigargin or cyclopiazonic acid, inhibitors of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase, had similar inhibitory effects with IC50 of 1 nM and 3 microM, respectively. LPS and TNF alpha induced NO production were also suppressed by these Ca2+ elevating drugs. Levels of IL-1-induced iNOS protein were reduced by A23187, thapsigargin, and cyclopiazonic acid. These drugs as well as Bay K 8644 and KCl inhibited IL-1-induced iNOS mRNA expression. To analyze the role of Ca2+ in the expression of other IL-1 responsive genes in chondrocytes, these Ca2+ modulating drugs were tested for effects on COXII. In contrast to the inhibitory effects on iNOS mRNA, these drugs induced COXII mRNA expression and in combination with IL-1, enhanced COXII mRNA levels. Ca2+ mediated increases in COXII mRNA expression were associated with an increase in COXII protein. The kinetics of Ca2+ effects on IL-1-induced iNOS mRNA levels suggested a posttranscriptional mechanism. Analysis of iNOS mRNA half life showed that it was 6-7 h in IL-1-stimulated cells and decreased by A23187 to 2-3 h. In conclusion, these results show that Ca2+ inhibits IL-1-induced NO release, iNOS protein, and mRNA expression in human articular chondrocytes by reducing iNOS mRNA stability. Under identical conditions increased Ca2+ enhances IL-1-induced COXII gene and protein expression.
A Genetic polymorphism of the N-oxidation of trimethylamine in humans (1987)

Trimethylamine (TMA) and its N-oxide (TMAO) are normal components of human urine. They are present in the diet and also derived from the enterobacterial metabolism of precursors such as choline. Dietary TMA is almost entirely metabolized to and excreted as TMAO. However, the extent to which TMA undergoes N-oxidation appears to be polymorphic in a British white population study (n = 169). Two propositi were identified with relative TMA N-oxidation deficiency that was further confirmed by oral challenge with TMA (600 mg). The study of the families of the two propositi, as well as those of two identified subjects with trimethylaminuria, under both normal dietary conditions and after oral TMA challenge strongly indicates that the conditions of impaired N-oxidation is inherited as a recessive trait. It is proposed that the N-oxidation of TMA in humans is polymorphic and under single gene diallelic control in which individuals who are homozygous for the variant allele exhibit marked N-oxidation deficiency and trimethylaminuria.
Quantitative Method for the Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Short-Chain Monocarboxylic and Dicarboxylic Acids in Fermentation Media (1975)

A method for the preparation and gas chromatographic analysis of the butyl esters of volatile (C-1-C-7) and nonvolatile (lactic, succinic, and fumaric) acids in microbial fermentation media is presented. Butyl esters were prepared from the dry salts of the acids. The esters were separated by temperature programming on a column of Chromosorb W coated with Dexsil 300 GC liquid phase and analyzed with a flame ionization detector. Apparent recoveries with butanol-HCl or butanol-H2SO4 as butylating agents were 80 to 90% for most acids. Chromatographic profiles of the butyl esters demonstrated that both volatile and nonvolatile acids can be detected and separated in 24 min on a single column. Standard calibration curves (peak area versus concentration) of the butyl esters were linear in the range of 5 to 40 mumol of acid per ml. The advantages of using an internal standard (heptanoic acid) for quantitating fatty acids in a mixture are given. Chromatograms of butylated fermentation media in which rumen anaerobic bacteria were grown illustrated that this method is useful for determining short-chain volatile and nonvolatile acids of toxonomic significance.
Methyl orange adsorption by microporous and mesoporous TiO2-SiO2 and TiO2-SiO2-Al2O3 composite xerogels (2004)

Abstract We investigate the adsorption behavior of methyl orange (MO) on composite xerogels. Mesoporous TiO2-SiO2 and TiO2-SiO2-Al2O3 xerogels are prepared by hydrolysis of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), tetrabutyl orthotitanate (TBOT), and AlCl3 ·6H2O using HCl as a catalyst and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as a templating agent. The corresponding microporous xerogels are also prepared without addition of CTAB. These xerogels are then characterized by XRD, FTIR, and BET.We find that MO is adsorbed by the mesoporous xerogels in acidic solutions, showing Langmuir type adsorption isotherms. We also find that the adsorption decreases with increasing temperature. It is suggested that adsorption exhibits a sieve effect and that MO is adsorbed through electrostatic attraction and hydrogen bonding between MO and the xerogels. Keywords: MESPOROUS XEROGELMETHYL ORANGEADSORPTIONSIEVE EFFECT.