gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Assay of Endotoxin in Human Plasma Using Immobilized Histidine, Limulus Amoebocyte Lysate and Chromogenic Substrate (1994)

The Limulus amoebocyte lysate test for endotoxin is inhibited or enhanced by many substances. It is particularly difficult to determine endotoxin in plasma. In order to overcome this problem, we have modified the specific endotoxin assay method by using a membrane filter unit, a chromogenic Limulus amoebocyte lysate reagent, and immobilized histidine (which is a specific adsorbent for endotoxins). This immobilized histidine method consists of the endotoxin adsorption step on immobilized histidine, the separation step, in which Limulus amoebocyte lysate-interfering substances are removed, and the Limulus amoebocyte lysate test. Preheating of plasma samples (40-fold dilution with distilled water, at 100 degrees C for 7.5 min) was necessary, and it was necessary to dilute the sample more than 100-fold for the adsorption step. Under these conditions, the fraction of endotoxin recovered from plasma by the immobilized histidine method was almost 1. Moreover, by increasing the sample volume and extending the Limulus amoebocyte lysate reaction time, the sensitivity could be increased. By using the immobilized histidine method, 50-200 units/l of endotoxin in plasma samples can be accurately assayed. The method was used for the determination of plasma endotoxin in rabbits.
Bisabolane Sesquiterpenes: Synthesis of (<i>R</i>)-(+)-Sydowic Acid and (<i>R</i>)-(+)-Curcumene Ether (2000)

A stereoselective synthesis of (R)-(+)-sydowic acid 1 and (R)-(+)-curcumene ether 2 is described. The enantiomerically pure tetrahydropyran building block (R)-(-)-cinenic acid 5 is obtained by resolution of the racemic acid. The aromatic moiety is constructed using a benzoannulation reaction as a key step. An easy way to the title compounds in racemic form is also reported.
Cardiovascular disease and diabetes in people with severe mental illness position statement from the European Psychiatric Association (EPA), supported by the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) and the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) (2009)

People with severe mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia, depression or bipolar disorder, have worse physical health and reduced life expectancy compared to the general population. The excess cardiovascular mortality associated with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder is attributed in part to an increased risk of the modifiable coronary heart disease risk factors; obesity, smoking, diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia. Antipsychotic medication and possibly other psychotropic medication like antidepressants can induce weight gain or worsen other metabolic cardiovascular risk factors. Patients may have limited access to general healthcare with less opportunity for cardiovascular risk screening and prevention than would be expected in a non-psychiatric population. The European Psychiatric Association (EPA), supported by the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD) and the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) published this statement with the aim of improving the care of patients suffering from severe mental illness. The intention is to initiate cooperation and shared care between the different healthcare professionals and to increase the awareness of psychiatrists and primary care physicians caring for patients with severe mental illness to screen and treat cardiovascular risk factors and diabetes.
Changes in Polyamine Titer in Etiolated Pea Seedlings Following Red Light Treatment1 (1982)

Journal Article Changes in Polyamine Titer in Etiolated Pea Seedlings Following Red Light Treatment Get access Raphael Goren, Raphael Goren Department of Biology, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT 06511, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Narcin Palavan, Narcin Palavan Department of Biology, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT 06511, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Hector Flores, Hector Flores Department of Biology, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT 06511, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Arthur W. Galston Arthur W. Galston Department of Biology, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT 06511, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Plant and Cell Physiology, Volume 23, Issue 1, January 1982, Pages 19–26, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a076325 Published: 01 January 1982 Article history Received: 24 August 1981 Accepted: 22 October 1981 Published: 01 January 1982
Implications of immunomodulant therapy in Alzheimer’s disease (1988)

Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system (CNS), generally characterized by the impairment of memory (especially, the memory of recent events), intellect and cognitive functions in elderly individuals. The deterioration of these mental activities is attributed to the degeneration of nerve cells specifically localized in certain brain regions, e.g. basal forebrain, neocortex, hippocampus and amygdala [1–3]. About 6 to 8 % of individuals past the age of 60 years suffer from senile dementia and approximately 56 % of them are known to be afflicted with AD.
Magnetic field sensing by an electrostrictive/magnetostrictive composite resonator (2005)

A magnetic field sensor made of an electrostrictive plate and magnetostrictive layers is investigated. Its response to an external field suggests that the sensor has sensitivity high enough to detect terrestrial field. An analysis to predict the basic behavior was developed. Deviation of the experiments from the theoretical curve was attributed to complicated domain structures. Performance of a feedback system to improve the characteristics is demonstrated. It is expected that the performance would be improved appreciably by fabricating them by a thin film process.
Thermally Impregnated Ni−Olivine Catalysts for Tar Removal by Steam Reforming in Biomass Gasifiers (2008)

A novel and potentially economic preparation technique, thermally impregnation (TI), was developed to incorporate catalytic active materials (i.e., Ni) onto olivine. The approach allows for the synthesis of attrition-resistant Ni−olivine catalysts. Comparative studies were performed over Ni−olivine catalysts prepared by TI and traditional incipient wetness impregnation (IWI), as well as olivine without Ni. Various characterization techniques such as BET surface area analysis, temperature-programmed reaction/oxidation/reduction, XRD, and XPS were performed to examine the catalysts. The Ni−olivine catalyst prepared by TI demonstrated improved activity and “coke selectivity” compared to the olivine support, indicating that Ni is necessary for enhanced activity. Additionally, the Ni−olivine catalyst prepared by TI showed similar high-temperature activity and decreased coke deposition rates compared to similar formulations prepared by IWI. Stronger interactions between Ni and the olivine support for the TI catalyst were responsible for the improved catalytic properties compared to IWI catalysts. Moreover, effects of pretreatment and reaction parameters such as temperature and time-on-stream (TOS) were studied. The reaction network in simulated biomass-derived syngas was also investigated to probe the possible reactions occurring in a biomass gasifier. The Ni−olivine catalyst prepared by TI possessed catalytic activity for several reactions such as the water gas shift (WGS), reverse WGS, methanation, and Boudouard reactions.
Existence and uniqueness of GPS solutions (1991)

The existence and uniqueness of positions computed from global positioning system (GPS) pseudorange measurements is studied. Contrary to the claims of S. Bancroft (1985) and L.O. Krause (1987), in the case of n=4 satellites a fix may not exist, and, if a fix exists, it is not guaranteed to be unique. In the case of n>or=5 satellites, a unique fix is assured, except in certain degenerate cases such as coplanar satellites. An alternate formulation of the direct n=4 pseudorange to three-space position solutions of Bancroft and Krause is presented, and simple tests for existence and uniqueness are derived.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Altered Virulence of a Pleiotropic <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Mutant with a Low Producibility of Coagulase and Other Factors in Mice (1989)

The virulence of a pleiotropic Staphylococcus aureus mutant with an extremely low producibility of coagulase and other factors was investigated in mouse. A mutant strain, designated as CL-1, showed the same LD50 and the same intrarenal proliferation as its parental strain, when the mutant organisms were inoculated in mice in high doses. The mutant organisms, however, showed a diminished intrarenal proliferation compared with its parental organisms in low doses. This mutant strain expressed a pleiotropic phenotype such as a concomitant reduction in the producibility of coagulase, alpha-toxin, and Panton-Valentine leucocidin. The total effect due to the reduction in producibility of various factors on the virulence of the mutant strain was investigated with studies on the bacterial resistance to the phagocytic activity of leucocytes. A possible role of coagulase and that of some other staphylococcal exoproteins in the pathogenesis of S. aureus were discussed.
A new perspective on health (2002)

Abstract This paper reports on a higher degree research study to explore the potential of the mental image as a means for defining personal health. Since the 1970s, the use of the mental image as a tool for exploring the lay symbology of sickness and social issues has gained considerable importance in medical and social science. In these fields, however, the idea of a personal health image has not been researched. This paper introduces a new initiative in image research for observing the health image. The data from forty six images by twenty three participants was analysed using conventional comparative content and thematic approaches. Results suggested that these approaches deter observation of the health image. Subsequently, the data from twenty images by two participant's was analysed using a composite contextual and structural approach. Results suggested that this approach was conducive to identifying and differentiating the health image from images of sickness and social issues and that, unlike such images, the health image did not appear to be affected by the events of the moment. In this respect, the health image revealed the dominant qualities of an archetype, and the recurring characteristics of a model. This further suggested that a health image is also an image model of personal health and, as such, has pertinent implications for understanding the impact of health care interventions, especially in image therapy. Copyright © 2002 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Protecting replicated objects against media failures (2003)

Presents a replication control protocol that provides excellent data availabilities while guaranteeing that all writes to the object are recorded in at least two replicas. The protocol, robust dynamic voting (RDV) accepts reads and writes as long as at least replicas remain available. The replicated object remains inaccessible until either the two last available replicas recover or one of the two last available replicas can collect the votes of a majority of replicas. The authors evaluate the read and write availabilities of replicated data objects managed by the RDV protocol and compare them with those of replicated objects managed by majority consensus voting, dynamic voting and hybrid dynamic voting protocols. They show that RDV can provide extra protection against media failures with no significant loss of availability.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Driving Manoeuvre Recognition using Mobile Sensors (2016)

Automobiles are integral in today's society as they are used for transportation, commerce, and public services. The ubiquity of automotive transportation creates a demand for active safety technologies for the consumer. Recently, the widespread use and improved sensing and computing capabilities of mobile platforms have enabled the development of systems that can measure, detect, and analyze driver behaviour. Most systems performing driver behaviour analysis depend on recognizing driver manoeuvres. Improved accuracy in manoeuvre detection has the potential to improve driving safety, through applications such as monitoring for insurance, the detection of aggressive, distracted or fatigued driving, and for new driver training. This thesis develops algorithms for estimating vehicle kinematics and recognizing driver manoeuvres using a smartphone device.\n\nA kinematic model of the car is first introduced to express the vehicle's position and orientation. An Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) is developed to estimate the vehicle's positions, velocities, and accelerations using mobile measurements from inertial measurement units and the Global Positioning System (GPS). The approach is tested in simulation and validated on trip data using an On-board Diagnostic (OBD) device as the ground truth. The 2D state estimator is demonstrated to be an effective filter for measurement noise.\n\nManoeuvre recognition is then formulated as a time-series classification problem. To account for an arbitrary orientation of the mobile device with respect to the vehicle, a novel method is proposed to estimate the phone's rotation matrix relative to the car using PCA on the gyroscope signal. Experimental results demonstrate that e Principal Component (PC) corresponds to a frame axis in the vehicle reference frame, so that the PCA projection matrix can be used to align the mobile device measurement data to the vehicle frame.\n\nA major impediment to classifier-manoeuvre recognition is the need for training data, specifically collecting enough data and generating an accurate ground truth. To address this problem, a novel training process is proposed to train the classifier using only simulation data. Training on simulation data bypasses these two issues as data can be cheaply generated and the ground truth is known. In this thesis, a driving simulator is developed using a Markov Decision Process (MDP) to generate simulated data for classifier training. Following training data generation, feature selection is performed using simple features such as velocity and angular velocity. A manoeuvre segmentation classifier is trained using multi-class SVMs. Validation was performed using data collected from driving sessions. A grid search was employed for parameter tuning. The classifier was found to have a 0.8158 average precision rate and a 0.8279 average recall rate across all manoeuvres resulting in an average F1 score of 0.8194 on the dataset.
Effects of Escherichia coli and E. coli lipopolysaccharides on the function of human ureteral epithelial cells cultured in serum-free medium (1993)

Escherichia coli is the microorganism most commonly isolated from human urinary tract infections. Earlier studies by others have shown that bacterial attachment and production of toxins (e.g., lipopolysaccharides [LPS]) enhance recruitment of leukocytes to the infection site and mucosal inflammation. The mechanisms by which these changes occur have not been completely defined. In the present study, epithelial cell cultures isolated from the human ureter (UT cells) (A. Elgavish, J. J. Wille, F. Rahemtulla, and L. Debro, Am. J. Physiol. 261:C916-C926, 1991; J. J. Wille, J. Park, and A. Elgavish, J. Cell. Physiol. 150:52-58, 1992) served as a model system with which to explore the mechanisms of action of Escherichia coli and E. coli LPS in UT cells. E. coli adhered to UT cells and inhibited carrier-mediated sulfate uptake to half of that in untreated UT cells, suggesting that the intracellular pool of sulfate available for sulfation may be lower in infected cells and may lead to the production of undersulfated glycoconjugates. Incubation of UT cells with E. coli LPS inhibited carrier-mediated sulfate uptake to an extent similar to that caused by whole E. coli, indicating that the effect of E. coli on sulfate uptake may be mediated by LPS. LPS caused an increase in Na+ content in rapidly proliferating UT cells but not in quiescent cells. We postulated that this change in the intracellular ionic environment or changes coupled to it (e.g., pH or Ca2+ levels) may serve as a transducing signal. This possibility was supported by the fact that LPS stimulated clustering of ICAM-1 on the cell surface of rapidly proliferating but not quiescent UT cells. This study suggests that, in vivo, LPS stimulation of ICAM-1 clustering on the surface of the urothelium may allow more effective binding of leukocytes. This may be the mechanism underlying earlier findings in vivo indicating a role for LPS in the recruitment of leukocytes to the urinary tract as a host defense mechanism following urinary tract infection.
Purification and partial characterization of prostate-derived growth factor. (1986)

A potent growth-promoting polypeptide, the prostate-derived growth factor (PrDGF), has been purified to apparent homogeneity from acid extracts of rat prostatic tissue using ion-exchange, reverse-phase, and gel-permeation chromatography. PrDGF migrates as a single protein-staining band in NaDodSO4/PAGE in precise correspondence to extractable PrDGF activity in nonstained NaDodSO4 gels. PrDGF is acid- and heat-stable but is sensitive to reduction or protease treatment. PrDGF is an acidic (pI 5.0) protein of approximately equal to 25 kDa in NaDodSO4/polyacrylamide gels and of approximately equal to 6-8 kDa in reduced NaDodSO4/polyacrylamide gels. PrDGF stimulates the linear incorporation of [methyl-3H]thymidine into normal rat kidney cells between 0 and 16 ng/ml. PrDGF appears to differ from other known growth factors in chemical composition and biological properties, suggesting that PrDGF is a previously undescribed growth factor.
Convenient Stereoselective Syntheses of (6<i>E</i>)- and (6<i>Z</i>)-5,6-Dimethyl-8-silyl-octenals (1990)

A stereoselective synthetic method for the title compounds, E- and Z- allylsilanes, which would be generally applicable for the preparation of other trisubstituted allylsilanes, has been elaborated. The key steps are the following: (i) stereoselective preparation of (2Z)- and (2E)-3-[(diethoxy)phosphoryloxy]-2-octenoates (Z)- and (E)- 4, (ii) substitution of 3-phosphoryloxy group with methyl in the presence of palladium catalyst [(Z/E)-4 → (E/Z)-5]; and (iii) substitution reaction of the desired allyl chlorides with appropriate silyllithiums [(E/Z)-7 → (E/Z)-8].
Weighting of neural prediction error by rhythmic complexity: A predictive coding account using mismatch negativity (2018)

The human brain's ability to extract and encode temporal regularities and to predict the timing of upcoming events is critical for music and speech perception. This work addresses how these mechanisms deal with different levels of temporal complexity, here the number of distinct durations in rhythmic patterns. We use electroencephalography (EEG) to relate the mismatch negativity (MMN), a proxy of neural prediction error, to a measure of information content of rhythmic sequences, the Shannon entropy. Within each of three conditions, participants listened to repeatedly presented standard rhythms of five tones (four inter-onset intervals) and of a given level of entropy: zero (isochronous), medium entropy (two distinct interval durations), or high entropy (four distinct interval durations). Occasionally, the fourth tone was moved forward in time that is it occurred 100 ms (small deviation) or 300 ms early (large deviation). According to the predictive coding framework, high-entropy stimuli are more difficult to model for the brain, resulting in less confident predictions and yielding smaller prediction errors for deviant sounds. Our results support this hypothesis, showing a gradual decrease in MMN amplitude as a function of entropy, but only for small timing deviants. For large timing deviants, in contrast, a modulation of activity in the opposite direction was observed for the earlier N1 component, known to also be sensitive to sudden changes in directed attention. Our results suggest the existence of a fine-grained neural mechanism that weights neural prediction error to the complexity of rhythms and that mostly manifests in the absence of directed attention.
Bipolar device design for high density high performance application (2003)

An analysis of a loaded ECL (emitter coupled logic) gate fabricated in a modern bipolar process shows that the delay is dominated equally by intrinsic and extrinsic components. The design of technology to minimize these components is discussed. As device dimensions are reduced the extrinsic delay components dominate; these components can be minimized by optimizing packing density and using reduced ECL voltage swings. It is suggested that circuits of complexity of 100 K gates and delays of less than 20 ps will be possible in the near future.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Cigarette Smoking, Serum Estrogens, and Bone Loss during Hormone-Replacement Therapy Early after Menopause (1985)

To elucidate the effect of smoking on estrogen metabolism, we examined 136 postmenopausal women treated for one year with one of three different doses of combined estrogen-progestogen or placebo. The women were grouped according to smoking status, and serum levels of estrone and estradiol were measured before and after treatment. The results showed reduced levels of both estrogens in smokers as compared with nonsmokers in all three dosage groups. This reduction was most pronounced in the high-dose group (4 mg of estradiol), in which the serum levels of estrone and estradiol in smokers were only 50 per cent of those in nonsmokers (P less than 0.001 and less than 0.05, respectively). In contrast, no significant changes could be demonstrated in the corresponding placebo groups. Moreover, it was possible to demonstrate significant inverse correlations between the number of cigarettes smoked daily and the changes in the levels of serum estrone and estradiol, respectively, (P less than 0.001). This study suggests that an increased hepatic metabolism of estrogens results in lower estrogen levels among postmenopausal smokers. This may contribute to the reported risk of osteoporosis among smokers.
A Simple Manual Rosetting Method for Absolute CD4 <sup>+</sup> Lymphocyte Counting in Resource-Limited Countries (2006)

A CD4 monoclonal antibody which reacts with CD4+ lymphocytes but does not react significantly with monocytes was generated and used to develop a simple method for CD4 count. In a comparison with standard flow cytometry, high correlation was obtained. The developed method can be an alternative to flow cytometry for resource-limited countries.