gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Magnetic Carbon Nanotube–Cyclodextrin Composite and Its Adsorption of Dye (2014)

β-Cyclodextrin (CD) grafted carbon nanotube (CNT) composites were prepared by the reduction of oxidized CNT with hydrazine hydrate in the presence of CD. The obtained reduced CNT-CD (RCNT-CD) was attached to iron oxide particles in preparation of magnetic RCNT-CD (M-RCNT-CD). These composites were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). About 17 wt % CD was grafted onto RCNT, and about 23.5 wt % iron oxide particles were attached to the RCNT-CD. The kinetic adsorption fit the pseudo-second-order model, and the isotherm data followed the Langmuir model. The maximum adsorption capacity reached 196.5 mg/g for M-RCNT-CD, indicating that it is a good adsorbent for methylene blue. The positive free energy change (ΔG°) and negative enthalpy change (ΔH°) illustrated that the adsorption process was spontaneous and endothermic. M-RCNT-CD can be easily separated from solution in the magnetic field.
A Novel Two-Stage Spectrum-Based Approach for Dimensionality Reduction: A Case Study on the Recognition of Handwritten Numerals (2014)

Dimensionality reduction (feature selection) is an important step in pattern recognition systems. Although there are different conventional approaches for feature selection, such as Principal Component Analysis, Random Projection, and Linear Discriminant Analysis, selecting optimal, effective, and robust features is usually a difficult task. In this paper, a new two-stage approach for dimensionality reduction is proposed. This method is based on one-dimensional and two-dimensional spectrum diagrams of standard deviation and minimum to maximum distributions for initial feature vector elements. The proposed algorithm is validated in an OCR application, by using two big standard benchmark handwritten OCR datasets, MNIST and Hoda. In the beginning, a 133-element feature vector was selected from the most used features, proposed in the literature. Finally, the size of initial feature vector was reduced from 100% to 59.40% (79 elements) for the MNIST dataset, and to 43.61% (58 elements) for the Hoda dataset, in order. Meanwhile, the accuracies of OCR systems are enhanced 2.95% for the MNIST dataset, and 4.71% for the Hoda dataset. The achieved results show an improvement in the precision of the system in comparison to the rival approaches, Principal Component Analysis and Random Projection. The proposed technique can also be useful for generating decision rules in a pattern recognition system using rule-based classifiers.
임상 : 우연히 발견된 송과체 낭종의 자기공명영상 소견 (2011)

Objective: We performed this study to determine the incidence and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of pineal cysts. Material and Methods: We analyzed 1,168 patients with MR imaging between January 1, 2009 and May 13, 2010. MR imaging signal, enhancement patterns, size of the pineal cyst and amount of deformity of the tectum were analyzed. Result: Overall, 48 patients (4.1%) with pineal cyst were found in the 1168 patients evaluated. The most dominant signal of T2-weighted image, T1-weighted image, and fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery images of the pineal cyst were isointense compared with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in 46 patients (46/48), isointense compared with CSF in 30 patients (30/48), and hyperintensity compared with parenchyma in twenty one patients (21/48). Cyst enhancement pattern were slight cyst wall enhancement in twelve patients, and strong cyst wall enhancement in twenty four patients. Tectal deformity was ob-served as follow ; no contact between the cyst and the tectum in three patients, the cyst touching the tectum in twenty six, the cyst mildly deforming the tectum but not narrowing the aqueduct in nine, and the cyst moderately deforming the tec-tum but not narrowing the aqueduct in three patients. The diameter of the antero-posterior direction was 8.39±2.59 mm. Conclusion: The frequency of pineal cyst evaluated with MR images was 4.1%. The MR signal and enhancement of pi-neal cyst were constant in most cases. But some cases showed different signal. This variability may make them indistin-guishable from other pineal region tumors.
Extending the unambiguous range of two-color interferometers (1994)

The unambiguous distance measurement range in two-color interferometry is generally understood to be limited to the equivalent or synthetic wavelength, which is inversely proportional to the wavelength separation of the two colors. Here it is shown that one may extend the unambiguous range well beyond this limit by using optical phase information to determine the synthetic-wavelength fringe order.
Self-Assembled Monolayer Mechanism for Corrosion Inhibition of Iron by Imidazolines (1996)

Some of the most effective corrosion inhibitors for oil field pipeline applications are the oleic imidazoline (OI) class of molecules. However, the mechanism by which OIs inhibit corrosion is not known. We report atomistic simulations (quantum mechanics and molecular dynamics) designed to elucidate this mechanism. These studies lead to the self-assembled monolayer (SAM) model for corrosion inhibition, which explains the differences in corrosion inhibition efficiency for various OI molecules. The SAM model of OI inhibitors involves the following critical elements: (i) The function of the OI is to form a self-assembled monolayer on the native oxide surface of iron; this serves a protective role by forming a hydrophobic barrier preventing migration of H2O, O2, and electrons to the Fe surface. (ii) The imidazoline head group serves as a sufficiently strong Lewis base to displace H2O from the Lewis acid sites of the iron oxide surface. (iii) These head groups self-assemble on the surface to form an ordered monolayer on the iron oxide surface. [ for the (001) cleavage surface of α-Fe2O3.] (iv) The long hydrophobic tail (e.g., 2-oleic acid) tilts to form a tightly packed hydrophobic monolayer. [For α-Fe2O3(001) the tilt angle is about 72° with respect to the surface normal.] (v) This hydrocarbon tail must have a sufficient length to cover the surface. [For α-Fe2O3(001) the chain length must be 12 or more carbon atoms.] (vi) The hydrophobic tail and the pendent group (e.g., −CH2CH2NH2) must lead to an octanol/water partition coefficient (log P) below a critical value in order to rapidly form the monolayer. This SAM model should be useful in developing both alternative environmentally benign corrosion inhibitors and higher temperature corrosion inhibitors.
Visualization of sensor data using mobile phone augmented reality (2006)

We have developed a prototype system for visual inspection of hidden structures using a mobile phone wireless ZigBee sensor network. Data collected from an embedded wireless sensor matrix is used to synthesize graphics in real-time. Combining this with augmented reality technology on a mobile phone yields a novel approach to on-site inspection of a broad range of elements and their current internal states.
X-Band High-Power Microstrip AlGaN/GaN HEMT Amplifier MMICs (2006)

This work describes AlGaN/GaN power amplifier MMICs in microstrip line technology on s.i. SiC substrate for X-band frequencies with output power levels well beyond 15 W. A dual-stage design supplies 18 dB of gain at 10 GHz with a pulsed output power of 20 W at V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DS</sub> = 40 V. Further, a single-stage MMIC with 6 mm gate width provides a P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1dB</sub> of 14.5 W and a maximum output power of 22.4 W, also at 10 GHz
Predicting carcinogenicity by using batteries of dependent short-term tests. (1994)

Among the various methods for predicting carcinogenicity from a battery of short-term tests (STTs), the carcinogenicity prediction and battery selection (CPBS) procedure is the most prominent. A major assumption of CPBS is that the STTs used in the prediction are conditionally independent. Results of recent National Toxicology Program studies of four commonly used in vitro STTs contradict this assumption, thereby necessitating modification of CPBS to accommodate dependencies. This is accomplished via log-linear modeling, which then also yields an important dividend: standard errors for the predicted probabilities of carcinogenicity.
The correlogram: A visual display of periodicity (2003)

Fundamental frequency (F0) extraction is often used in voice quality analysis. In pathological voices with a high degree of instability in F0, it is common for F0 extraction algorithms to fail. In such cases, the faulty F0 values might spoil the possibilities for further data analysis. This paper presents the correlogram, a new method of displaying periodicity. The correlogram is based on the waveform-matching techniques often used in F0 extraction programs, but with no mechanism to select an actual F0 value. Instead, several candidates for F0 are shown as dark bands. The result is presented as a 3D plot with time on the x axis, correlation delay inverted to frequency on the y axis, and correlation on the z axis. The z axis is represented in a gray scale as in a spectrogram. Delays corresponding to integer multiples of the period time will receive high correlation, thus resulting in candidates at F0, F0/2, F0/3, etc. While the correlogram adds little to F0 analysis of normal voices, it is useful for analysis of pathological voices since it illustrates the full complexity of the periodicity in the voice signal. Also, in combination with manual tracing, the correlogram can be used for semimanual F0 extraction. If so, F0 extraction can be performed on many voices that cause problems for conventional F0 extractors. To demonstrate the properties of the method it is applied to synthetic and natural voices, among them six pathological voices, which are characterized by roughness, vocal fry, gratings/scrape, hypofunctional breathiness and voice breaks, or combinations of these.
The English bulldog: a natural model of sleep-disordered breathing (1987)

To establish a natural model of sleep-disordered breathing, we investigated respiration during wakefulness and sleep in the English bulldog. This breed is characterized by an abnormal upper airway anatomy, with enlargement of the soft palate and narrowing of the oropharynx. During sleep, the animals had disordered respiration and episodes of O2 desaturation. These were worst in rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, with most bulldogs having O2 saturations of less than 90% for prolonged durations. In contrast, control dogs never desaturated. In REM sleep, the bulldogs had episodes of both central and obstructive apnea, the latter being associated with paradoxical movements of the rib cage and abdomen. During wakefulness, the bulldogs were hypersomnolent as evidenced by a shortened sleep latency (mean of 12 min compared with greater than 150 min for controls). This animal model should facilitate studies of the natural history of the sleep apnea syndrome and its complications.
Quantitative Evaluation of Gettering Efficiencies Below 1×10[sup 12] Atoms∕cm[sup 3] in p-Type Silicon Using a [sup 65]Cu Tracer (2008)

Gettering efficiencies of copper, whose bulk concentrations are lower than 1 x 10(12) atoms/cm(3) in p-type silicon, have been evaluated quantitatively and the results are reported. Bulk copper introduced by intentional spiking and subsequent heat-treatment was shown to be gettered by bulk microdefects (BMDs), which had been introduced by heat-treatment prior to intentional contamination using a Cu-65 isotope tracer as a probe. For evaluation of gettering efficiencies, we found the trace analysis of the Cu-65 isotope to be critical and, thus, developed a procedure for trace analysis of bulk copper in the silicon bulk by modifying the published analytical technique, which allowed gettering efficiencies to be quantitatively evaluated for copper levels of below 10(12) atoms/cm(3). We also describe a few other parameters important to the evaluation of gettering efficiencies, including out-diffusion of copper through the silicon matrix, formation of BMDs, and low-temperature out-diffusion. (C) 2008 The Electrochemical Society.
Species specificity of human interleukin-3 demonstrated by cloning and expression of the homologous rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta) gene (1990)

To enable preclinical studies on homologous interleukin-3 (IL-3) in primate species, we isolated the gene encoding Rhesus monkey IL-3 (RhIL- 3). The nucleotide sequence of the RhIL-3 gene displayed 92.9% homology with that of the human IL-3 (hIL-3) gene. The isolated RhIL-3 gene encodes a 143-amino acid (aa) precursor polypeptide, nine C-terminal residues shorter than the human protein. Protein homology was found to be 89.5% for the signal peptide (19 aa) and 80.5% for the mature protein (124 aa). Comparison of the human and RhIL-3 coding sequences showed that the majority of substitutions had occurred at amino acid replacement sites indicating a rapid evolution of the IL-3 protein. After expression of a genomic fragment in COS cells, RhIL-3 cDNA was constructed, which enabled large-scale production of the RhIL-3 polypeptide, RhIL-3 produced by Bacillus licheniformis and purified to homogeneity appeared to be approximately 100-fold more effective in stimulating Rhesus monkey hematopoietic progenitors than hIL-3, whereas RhIL-3 and hIL-3 showed comparable stimulatory activity on normal as well as malignant human hematopoietic cells. Thus, the rapid evolution of hIL-3 has resulted in a unidirectional species specificity, which most likely restricts the in vivo effects of hIL-3 in Macaca species.
Associated lightning discharges (1982)

From observation of lightning activity in severe storms with VHF radar the echoes from lightning discharges following one another within a time interval typical for a multistroke cloud‐to‐ground flash and spaced in range by several km are designated "associated discharges". The hypothesis of association between lightning flashes is tested against an alternative hypothesis of independence between them by using methods of statistical analysis for series of events. The hypothesis of independence is rejected at a level of significance of 5%. The probability for lightning flashes in multicell storms to be associated increases when time intervals between flashes are very short (<100 ms for the investigated storm).
Ohm’s Law Survives to the Atomic Scale (2012)

As silicon electronics approaches the atomic scale, interconnects and circuitry become comparable in size to the active device components. Maintaining low electrical resistivity at this scale is challenging because of the presence of conﬁning surfaces and interfaces. We report on the fabrication of wires in silicon--only one atom tall and four atoms wide--with exceptionally low resistivity (~0.3 milliohm-centimeters) and the current-carrying capabilities of copper. By embedding phosphorus atoms within a silicon crystal with an average spacing of less than 1 nanometer, we achieved a diameter-independent resistivity, which demonstrates ohmic scaling to the atomic limit. Atomistic tight-binding calculations conﬁrm the metallicity of these atomic-scale wires, which pave the way for single-atom device architectures for both classical and quantum information processing.
Characterising depressed speech for classification (2013)

Depression is a serious psychiatric disorder that affects mood, thoughts, and the ability to function in everyday life. This paper investigates the characteristics of depressed speech for the purpose of automatic classification by analysing the effect of different speech features on the classification results. We analysed voiced, unvoiced and mixed speech in order to gain a better understanding of depressed speech and to bridge the gap between physiological and affective computing studies. This understanding may ultimately lead to an objective affective sensing system that supports clinicians in their diagnosis and monitoring of clinical depression. The characteristics of depressed speech were statistically analysed using ANOVA and linked to their classification results using GMM and SVM. Features were extracted and classified over speech utterances of 30 clinically depressed patients against 30 controls (both gender-matched) in a speaker-independent manner. Most feature classification results were consistent with their statistical characteristics, providing a link between physiological and affective computing studies. The classification results from low-level features were slightly better than the statistical functional features, which indicates a loss of information in the latter. We found that both mixed and unvoiced speech were as useful in detecting depression as voiced speech, if not better.
Modern Recording Techniques (2013)

As the most popular and authoritative guide to recording Modern Recording Techniques provides everything you need to master the tools and day to day practice of music recording and production. From room acoustics and running a session to mic placement and designing a studio Modern Recording Techniques will give you a really good grounding in the theory and industry practice. Expanded to include the latest digital audio technology the 7th edition now includes sections on podcasting, new surround sound formats and HD and audio.If you are just starting out or looking for a step up in industry, Modern Recording Techniques provides an in depth excellent read- the must have book
Empirical limits for template‐based protein structure prediction: the CASP5 example (2005)

Most protein structure prediction methods use templates to assist in the construction of protein models. In this paper, we analyse the current state of template-based modelling approaches and reach an estimate of the empirical limits of these methods. Our analysis show that current prediction methods are already reaching these empirical accuracy limits in the easier cases, where finding a close homologue to the native target structure is not a problem. However, we find that even in the absence of alignment errors and using optimal templates, template-based methods have intrinsic limitations, suggesting that other methodologies, such as ab initio procedures, must be used if accuracy is ultimately to be improved.
Omega-3 fatty acids (2013)

New mechanistic insights into the antiatherogenic action of n-3 FA have emerged. These studies may contribute to future therapeutic advances in preventing mortality and morbidity associated with atherosclerosis.
Development of a Multimedia-Based Vehicle Lane Departure Warning, Forward Collision Warning and Event Video Recorder Systems (2007)

This paper presents how an intelligent multimedia- based vehicle warning device is developed. The focal device incorporates the lane departure warning (LDW) function, the forward collision warning (FCW) function, and the event vide-recorder (EVR) function with a charged-coupled-diode (CCD) camera as the means to capture image. The LDW component uses a median filter, an edge-enhancement filter and the Hough Transform algorithm for lane recognition. The FCW component identifies vehicles with a feature- based approach while verifies the vehicle candidates by the appearance-based approach. Besides, we also propose a noble vehicle detecting scheme in which the task of vehicle detection depends not on the whole image within a frame but rather on the image's three constituent portions of different sizes, with a view to reduce the computing burden. The motion vector (MV) estimation is applied to track the detected vehicle in movement. This act helps that not all vehicles inside the image frame subject to detect in the vehicle detection stage. The EVR system is used to record the image captured in the event of a vehicle accident. The integration of LDW, FCW and EVR functions has successfully implemented in an ADI-BF561 600MHz dual core digital signal process (DSP).
Evaluation of an automated microbiologic blood culture device for detection of bacteria in platelet components (1998)

Data from this preliminary evaluation suggest that sampling times of 24 hours or more would be necessary to provide confidence in detection of E. coli or S. epidermidis in PCs using this culture method.
Lack of Infection with XMRV or Other MLV-Related Viruses in Blood, Post-Mortem Brains and Paternal Gametes of Autistic Individuals (2011)

No MLV-related virus was detected in blood, brain, and semen samples of ASD patients or fathers. Hence infection with XMRV or other MLV-related viruses is unlikely to contribute to autism pathogenesis.
PCR Detection of <i>Salmonella enterica</i> Serotype Montevideo in and on Raw Tomatoes Using Primers Derived from <i>hilA</i> (2000)

Salmonellae have been some of the most frequently reported etiological agents in fresh-produce-associated outbreaks of human infections in recent years. PCR assays using four innovative pairs of primers derived from hilA and sirA, positive regulators of Salmonella invasive genes, were developed to identify Salmonella enterica serotype Montevideo on and in tomatoes. Based on examination of 83 Salmonella strains and 22 non-Salmonella strains, we concluded that a pair of hilA primers detects Salmonella specifically. The detection limits of the PCR assay were 10(1) and 10(0) CFU/ml after enrichment at 37 degrees C for 6 and 9 h, respectively. When the assay was validated by detecting S. enterica serotype Montevideo in and on artificially inoculated tomatoes, 10(2) and 10(1) CFU/g were detected, respectively, after enrichment for 6 h at 37 degrees C. Our results suggest that the hilA-based PCR assay is sensitive and specific, and can be used for rapid detection of Salmonellae in or on fresh produce.
Mechanisms of action of isoniazid (2006)

For decades after its introduction, the mechanisms of action of the front-line antituberculosis therapeutic agent isoniazid (INH) remained unclear. Recent developments have shown that peroxidative activation of isoniazid by the mycobacterial enzyme KatG generates reactive species that form adducts with NAD(+) and NADP(+) that are potent inhibitors of lipid and nucleic acid biosynthetic enzymes. A direct role for some isoniazid-derived reactive species, such as nitric oxide, in inhibiting mycobacterial metabolic enzymes has also been shown. The concerted effects of these activities - inhibition of cell wall lipid synthesis, depletion of nucleic acid pools and metabolic depression - drive the exquisite potency and selectivity of this agent. To understand INH action and resistance fully, a synthesis of knowledge is required from multiple separate lines of research - including molecular genetic approaches, in vitro biochemical studies and free radical chemistry - which is the intent of this review.
Active snore noise control systems (2008)

This paper presents an application of active noise control (ANC) algorithms for reducing snoring noise. The snore ANC system installed on a traditional headboard has potential benefits of retrofitting, convenience, and being unobtrusive. ANC algorithms in both single-channel and multiple-channel structures have been developed and tested to evaluate their performance for canceling snore. Adaptive infinite impulse response (IIR) filters and adaptive finite impulse response (FIR) filters with feedback neutralization were examined on their effectiveness of reducing acoustic feedback. Real-time experiments were conducted using a digital signal processor development system and recorded snore samples. An average reduction of 15 to 20 dB at both ears of snorer's bed partner can be achieved using multiple-channel ANC systems.