gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Deposition of pressurized suspension aerosols inhaled through extension devices. (1981)

Only a small fraction of the dose from a pressurized aerosol inhaler reaches the lung, because most is deposited on the upper airways by inertial impaction. We have investigated the effects on aerosol deposition of two spacer devices (a 10-cm tube and a 22-cm cone) by incorporating teflon particles (mass median aerodynamic diameter, 3.2 micrometer) labeled with 99mTc into pressurized canisters. Ten subjects with obstructive airway disease inhaled the aerosol in a controlled manner from a conventional actuator alone or in combination with the tube or the cone. Radioaerosol distribution was measured using a shadowshield whole body counter. Deposition on the conducting airways was significantly improved by both spacers, but alveolar deposition was unchanged. Initial oropharyngeal deposition was reduced by both spacers in all 10 patients. We conclude that the spacer devices may have a role to play in aerosol therapy by increasing drug availability to the lung, while at the same time decreasing unwanted drug deposition in the oropharynx.
Path switching (2015)

The advent of virtualization, containerization and the Internet of Things (IoT) is leading to an explosive growth in the number of endpoints. Ideally with Software Defined Networking (SDN), one would like to customize packet handling for each of these endpoints or applications. However this typically leads to a large growth in forwarding state. This growth is avoided in current networks by using aggregation which trades off fine-grained control of micro-flows for reduced forwarding state. It is worthwhile to ask whether the benefits of micro-flow control can be retained without a large growth in forwarding state and without using aggregation. In this paper we describe an incrementally deployable SDN-friendly packet forwarding mechanism called Path Switching that achieves this by compactly encoding a packet's path through the network in the packet's existing address fields. Path Switching provides the same reduction in forwarding state as source routing while retaining the benefits and use of fixed size packet headers and existing protocols.
A Tetraphosphorus Ligand for Highly Regioselective Isomerization−Hydroformylation of Internal Olefins (2006)

A new pyrrole-based tetraphosphorus ligand capable of forming multiple chelating modes has been prepared. Higher regioselectivity has been achieved in the rhodium-catalyzed isomerization-hydroformylations of internal olefins compared with its bisphosphorus analogue.
General and Efficient Copper-Catalyzed Amidation of Saturated C−H Bonds Using <i>N</i>-Halosuccinimides as the Oxidants (2008)

We have developed a general and efficient method for copper-catalyzed amidation of saturated C-H bonds under mild conditions, and the used substrates include benzylic reagents, the N, N-dimethylaniline derivatives, the free carboxamides, and sulfonamides. The protocol uses inexpensive and readily available CuBr/ N-halosuccinimide (NBS or NCS) as the catalyst/oxidant, so it provides practical applications for synthesis of various amides via C-H activation.
The Geminal Dimethyl Analogue of Flurbiprofen as a Novel Aβ<sub>42</sub> Inhibitor and Potential Alzheimer′s Disease Modifying Agent. (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Precision atom interferometry (1997)

The basic physical principles behind atom interferometers based on optical pulses of light are summarized. This method of atom interferometry is based on measurements in the time and frequency domain and is an inherently precise measurement technique. After a brief discussion of some of the important technical requirements for good fringe accuracy and visibility, we describe an interferometer that has measured the acceleration of an atom due to gravity with a resolution better than one part in 1010. We project that the absolute accuracy of our measurement will be of the order of a few parts in 109. We also describe an interferometer experiment that measures the recoil energy shift of an atom when it absorbs a photon. When combined with the value of the Rydberg constant and the mass ratios MCs/mp and mp/me, one can obtain a value for α, the fine structure constant. Currently, we have an experimental resolution Δα/α ∼ 10-8 after two hours of integration time and are studying the systematic effects that affect the measurement.
Novel patent publications on high-affinity nicotinic acid receptor agonists (2009)

Highly potent GPR109A agonists with minimal flushing effects and robust free fatty acid reduction have been identified. Despite the failure of the partial agonist MK-0354 to achieve efficacy in a Phase II clinical trial, at least three other GPR109A agonists have been evaluated in clinical trials. The upcoming clinical data would be critical to validate the therapeutic utility of this receptor.
Auxiliary Subunits of Shaker-type Potassium Channels (1998)

Voltage-gated potassium channels are important determinants of membrane excitability. This family of ion channels is composed of several classes of proteins, including the pore-forming Kvalpha subunits and the recently identified auxiliary Kvbeta subunits. A combination of a large number of genes that encode various alpha subunits and beta subunits and the selective formation of alpha-alpha and alpha-beta heteromultimeric channels provides rich molecular diversity that allows for regulated functional heterogeneity in both excitable tissues and nonexcitable tissues. Because the Kvbeta subunits can either upregulate or downregulate potassium currents, depending on the specific subunit combination, it is essential to understand their function at the molecular level. Furthermore, targeted changes of the Kvbeta expression or disruption of certain alpha-beta interactions could serve as a molecular basis for designing drugs and therapy to regulate excitability clinically.
DNA concentration and length in sputum of patients with cystic fibrosis during inhalation with recombinant human DNase. (1995)

rhDNase was delivered to the secretions and was enzymatically active in vivo.
Effect of Leishmania donovani Lipophosphoglycan on Ornithine Decarboxylase Activity in Macrophages (2001)

P. Kapoor, V. Samuel Raj, Shailendra Saxena, Sridevi Balaraman, Rentala Madhubala, Effect of Leishmania donovani Lipophosphoglycan on Ornithine Decarboxylase Activity in Macrophages, The Journal of Parasitology, Vol. 87, No. 5 (Oct., 2001), pp. 1071-1076
Mitochondrial DNA level, but not active replicase, is essential for Caenorhabditis elegans development (2009)

A number of studies showed that the development and the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans is dependent on mitochondrial function. In this study, we addressed the role of mitochondrial DNA levels and mtDNA maintenance in development of C. elegans by analyzing deletion mutants for mitochondrial polymerase gamma (polg-1(ok1548)). Surprisingly, even though previous studies in other model organisms showed necessity of polymerase gamma for embryonic development, homozygous polg-1(ok1548) mutants had normal development and reached adulthood without any morphological defects. However, polg-1 deficient animals have a seriously compromised gonadal function as a result of severe mitochondrial depletion, leading to sterility and shortened lifespan. Our results indicate that the gonad is the primary site of mtDNA replication, whilst the mtDNA of adult somatic tissues mainly stems from the developing embryo. Furthermore, we show that the mtDNA copy number shows great plasticity as it can be almost tripled as a response to the environmental stimuli. Finally, we show that the mtDNA copy number is an essential limiting factor for the worm development and therefore, a number of mechanisms set to maintain mtDNA levels exist, ensuring a normal development of C. elegans even in the absence of the mitochondrial replicase.
W.C.C. 신학에 대한 이해와 평가 (2010)

슐라이에르마허(Friedrich Ernst Daniel Schleiermacher)를 시작으로 19세기와 20세기 초 신학계를 지배하던 구 자유주의 또는 현대주의 신학사상의 유입과, 이후1919년 칼 바르트(Karl Barth)의『로마서 주석』의 발간과 1921년 루돌프 불트만(Rudolf Bultmann)의『공관복음 전승사』의 발간으로 말미암아 소위신 신학, 또는 신 현대주의의 시작을 알리는 새 조류와 함께 발전된 신학사상은구 자유주의,또는현대주의와 그 맥을 같이하고 있는데, 이를 통칭한『현대 자유주의의 신학사상』의 도전은 끊임없이 한국교회를 위협하고 있다. 이러한 현대 자유주의 신학에 근거한 에큐메니칼 교회론은 한국의 전통적인 역사적 개혁주의, 정통 칼빈주의 신학 전반에 대한 도전일 뿐 아니라, 특히 청교도 장로교 신학을 지향해 온 한국 장로교회에 대한 도전으로 나타나고 있다. 19세기말 미국 전역과 유럽을 휩쓸었던 일련의 부흥운동은 다수의 단체들을 탄생시켰다. 이 중에는 기독 청년회(Y.M.C.A., 1844), 복음주의 연맹(the Evangelical Alliance, 1846), 기독 여성 청년회(Y.W.C.A., 1855), 세계 기독 학생회(the World`s Student Christian Association, 1895) 등이 있었다. 이후 복음전도와 선교사역을 증진하기 위하여 수차례 국제적인 대회들이 열렸으며, 마침내 1910년 에딘버러에서 열린``1910년 세계선교대회``(the 1910 World Missionary Conference)는 현대 에큐메니칼 운동의 시작으로 간주된다. 이 대회의 목적은 세계를 복음화 하기 위하여 다음단계들을 계획하는 것이었다. 주요 지도자로는 존 모트(John E. Mott)와 조셉 올덤(Joseph H. Oldham)이었다. 이 대회에서 비롯된``신앙과 직제 세계대회``(World Conference on Faith and Order)와``생활과 사역을 위한 보편적 기독교 협의회``(Universal Christian Council for Life and Work)는 결국 네덜란드 암스테르담에서 창립된``세계 교회 협의회``(the World Council of Churches, W.C.C.)로 발전하게 되었다. 이후 1961년``국제 선교 협의회``(I.M.C.)를 병합하면서 세계 교회 협의회는 명실공히 선교, 사회문제, 교회의 일치를 표방하는 세계적 기구가 된 것이다. 이후 진행된 W.C.C. 운동은 하나님께서 그리스도의 피로 말미암아 이 땅 위에 친히 세우신 초자연적인 제도인 교회의 모습 대신에, 하나님은 이 땅의 수많은 수단이나 제도들을 통하여 역동적으로 세상과 관계를 맺으시는 분이라고 하는 다분 히 세속화된 교회론을 지향하고 있다. 그러므로 이러한 에큐메니칼 운동의 영향을 받은 교회론은 당연히 교회의 일치를 지향하는 데 그 강조점을 둔 기능적 교회론으로 나타나고 있다. 이러한 기능적 교회론은 교회의 순결이라고 하는 또 하나의 측면을 무시하고, 교회의 본질에 대한 바른 이해 없이 교회의 세속화를 가중시키고 있다. 필자는W.C.C. 신학에 대하여 다음과 같이 지적하고 있다. 1. 신학적 자유주의의 주도와 복음의 약화2. 종교다원주의를 넘어 혼합주의 경향의 심화3. 성경적 일치에 심각한 폐해를 지적하고W.C.C. 신학에 대하여 비판하고 있다.
Infiltration of Alternatively Activated Macrophages in Cancer Tissue Is Associated with MDSC and Th2 Polarization in Patients with Esophageal Cancer (2014)

Myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) expand in cancer bearing hosts and contribute to tumor immune evasion. M2 macrophages constitute a major cellular component of cancer-related inflammation. However, the correlation between circulating MDSCs and infiltrating M2 macrophages in tumor tissues from patients with esophageal cancer (ECA), and its potential relationship with the polarization of Th2 cells remain unclear. In the present study, we showed the level of MDSCs in PBMC and Arg1 in plasma were significantly elevated in ECA patients, and the increased ratio of MDSC in PBMC was closely related to the expression of CD163 in cancer tissues. In addition, the ECA patients exhibited remarkable increases in the mRNA levels of IL-4 and GATA3, as well as the protein levels of IL-13 and IL-6, but IFN-γ and IL-12 in peripheral blood were decreased. Our data indicate that the increased Th2 cytokines are associated with MDSCs and M2 macrophages polarization, and foster the infiltration of CD163+M2 macrophages in cancer tissues, which promote the formation of immunosuppressive microenvironment in ECA patients.
Maintenance and Repair of the Bronchiolar Epithelium (2008)

Bronchioles of the distal conducting airway are lined by a simple epithelium composed primarily of nonciliated secretory (Clara) cells and ciliated cells. These cells are long-lived in the normal lung; renewal is mediated by cells that constitute a nonclassical stem cell hierarchy. Within this type of hierarchy, facultative progenitor cells are responsible for normal epithelial maintenance and rare adult tissue-specific stem cells are activated only in response to depletion of the facultative progenitor cell pool. This organizational structure is a departure from the classical stem cell hierarchies that maintain rapidly renewing tissues such as the epithelium of the small intestine. This article compares cellular and molecular mechanisms of epithelial renewal in the relatively quiescent bronchiolar epithelium and in the mitotically active intestinal epithelium. Fundamental distinctions between stem cell hierarchies of slowly and rapidly renewing epithelia are highlighted and may provide insight into tissue-specific interpretation of signals that mediate repair in some tissues but lead to remodeling and chronic disease in other organ systems.
Cross-linking of Bovine Plasma Albumin and Wool Keratin (1956)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCross-linking of Bovine Plasma Albumin and Wool KeratinJ. E. Moore and W. H. WardCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1956, 78, 11, 2414–2418Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1956Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1956https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01592a020https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01592a020research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views615Altmetric-Citations65LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Commanding and controlling satellite clusters (2000)

Many organizations, including the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the US Department of Defense, want to use constellations or fleets of autonomous spacecraft working together to accomplish complex mission objectives. At the Air Force Research Laboratory's Space Vehicles Directorate, we are developing architectures for commanding and controlling a cluster of cooperating satellites through autonomous software development for the TechSat 21 program. Large clusters of satellites flying in formation must have some level of onboard autonomy in order to: fly within specified tolerance levels; avoid collisions; address fault detection, isolation, and resolution (FDIR); share knowledge; and plan and schedule activities. Commanding and controlling a large cluster of satellites can be very burdensome for ground operators as well. The article describes efforts to address these issues through the technology development for TechSat 21.
Developing a Testing Method for Antimicrobial Efficacy on TiO<sub>2</sub>Photocatalytic Products (2008)

TiO2 photocatalyst has been known to exhibit a notable disinfecting activity against a broad spectrum of microorganisms.A lot of commercial TiO2 photocatalyst products have been developed for antimicrobial purposes.However, a standard method has not yet been proposed for use in testing antimicrobial activity.In this study, we developed a TiO2 photocatalytic adhesion test method with film as the standard testing method for the evaluation of antimicrobial activity.This method was devised by modifying the previous antimicrobial products test method, which has been widely used, and considering the characteristics of TiO2 photocatalytic reaction.The apparatus for testing the antimicrobial activity was composed of a Black Light Blue (BLB) lamp as UV-A light source, a Petri dish as the cover material, and a polypropylene film as the adhesion film.The standard TiO2 photocatalyst sample, Degussa P25 TiO2 -coated glass, could only be used once.The optimal initial concentration of the microorganism, proper light intensity, and light irradiation time were determined to be 10 6 CFU/mL, 1.0 mW/cm 2 , and 3 hr, respectively, for testing and evaluating antimicrobial activity on the TiO2 surface.
Novel Chromatic Technique Based on Optical Absorbance in Characterizing Mineral Hydraulic Oil Degradation (2012)

A low cost, compact, real-time, and quick measurement optical device based on the absorbance of white light, which comprised of photodiodes in a 3-element color-sensor, feedback diodes, water and temperature sensing element, and so on, was developed and tested in low absorption mineral oil. The device, a deviation from conventional electrical, mechanical, and electrochemical techniques, uses color ratio (CR) and total contamination index (TCI) parameters based on transmitted light intensity in RGB wavelengths for oil condition monitoring. Test results showed that CR corroborated CIE chromaticity (- Coordinates) and increased with oil degradation unlike Saturation and Hue . CR was found to be independent of the particulate contaminants of oil, but dependent on chemical degradation. TCI depended on both chemical degradation and particulate contaminants in oil, being most sensitive in the blue wavelength range and least in the green. Furthermore, results agreed with those of viscometry, total acid number (TAN), and UV-VIS photospectrometry. CR and TCI gave clearer indication of oil degradation than key monitoring parameters like TAN and were found to be effective criteria for characterizing the degradation of hydraulic mineral oils.
Chromatic contrast discrimination: Data and prediction for stimuli varying inL andM cone excitation (2000)

Chromatic discrimination data are presented for pulsed and steady stimuli as a function of surround chromaticity and structure. All stimuli and surrounds were at equiluminance and at a constant level of short-wavelength-sensitive cone excitation. The test stimulus was a square array of four 1° squares. A 0.07° crosshair of the same chromaticity as the surround separated the squares. Both the test stimuli and the surrounds varied in relative excitation of the long-wavelength and middle-wavelength sensitive cones. When stimuli briefly replaced a portion of a steadily viewed background (the Pulse Paradigm), the discriminations were optimal at the background chromaticity and degraded for chromaticities away from the background. The discrimination steps were independent of the background size, which varied from a spatially extensive display to one matching exactly the appearance of the test array. Discrimination was determined only by the spatio-temporal chromatic contrast of the stimulus relative to the background. When the stimuli were presented continuously within a surround (the Pedestal Paradigm), discrimination was still determined by the surround chromaticity, independent of the surround size. Even a narrow 0.07° crosshair was sufficient to establish optimal discrimination at the crosshair chromaticity. With the surround and crosshair dark, spectral opponent channels maintained an intrinsic normalization near equal energy white. There was little indication of adaptation to the test stimuli. The data were fit by a model of spectral opponency linking detection and discrimination as a function of both retinal illuminance level and chromaticity. The model is explicitly based on observations of the behavior of retinal ganglion cells of the Macaque retina. The model incorporates well-accepted psychophysical concepts that adaptation in cone spectral-opponent channels occurs at multiple sites both before and after spectral opponency. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Col Res Appl, 25, 105–115, 2000
Low-Complexity, Listener's Position-Adaptive Binaural Reproduction Over a Loudspeaker Array (2017)

This work presents a method for binaural reproduction over a loudspeaker array that adapts to the listener’s position by using a cross-talk cancellation approach that is updated in real-time. This is obtained by combining the audio signal processing system together with a computer vision mechanism that estimates listener’s position. A novel approach to adapt the cross-talk cancellation filters is introduced here, which employs filters created for a central listening position using a free-field propagation model and far field beamforming techniques, hence<br/>requiring little memory and processing. The paper introduces simulations to show the effectiveness and robustness of the formulation together with free-field measurements of performance using a 16 loudspeaker compact array.
Flight Characteristics of Shaping the Membrane Wing of a Micro Air Vehicle (2005)

Biologically inspired concepts are rapidly expanding the range of aircraft technology. Consideration is given to merging two biologically-inspired concepts, morphing and micro air vehicles, and the resulting flight characteristics are investigated. Specifically, wing shaping is used to morph the membrane wings of a micro air vehicle. The micro air vehicle has poor lateral control because hinges, and consequently ailerons, are difficult to install on a membrane wing. Instead, a set of torque rods, aligned along the wings, are used to twist the membrane and shape the wing. The resulting morphing is shown to provide significant control authority for lateral dynamics. A set of flight tests are undertaken to determine the flight characteristics by commanding pulses and doublets to the control actuation. The vehicle demonstrates excellent roll performance in response to wing shaping. Futhermore, the vehicle demonstrates several types of spin behavior related to combinations of elevator deflection and the wing shaping.
Persistent Pulmonary Nodular Ground-Glass Opacity at Thin-Section CT: Histopathologic Comparisons (2007)

About 75% of persistent pulmonary GGO nodules are attributed to BAC or adenocarcinoma with predominant BAC component, and at thin-section CT, these nodules do not manifest morphologic features that distinguish them from other GGO nodules with different histopathologic diagnoses.
Time dependence of colour-temperature characteristics of liquid-crystalline thermoindicators (1979)

The temperature and time dependencies of the wavelength of selective light scattering of cholesteric liquid crystals dispersed in various polymers are studied. The stability of liquid crystals is found to be determined by the gas permeability of polymers. The injection of the antioxidants into the polymer increases essentially the lifetime of the capsulated liquid crystals.
Heritage and national identity: Exploring the relationship in Romania (1997)

Abstract Within heritage studies the relationship between national heritage and national identity is frequently taken as axiomatic. The construction of a national heritage is an important part of nation‐building, and historic buildings and monuments can be powerful symbols of a nation's aspirations and identity. Yet this relationship has received relatively little empirical investigation. This paper reports an exploratory study of the heritage/national identity relationship in Romania which focuses on just one Roman monument – Trajan's bridge. For many Romanians the monument is a powerful symbol of their identity representing Dacian and Roman origins, Latinity, and the continuity of Romanian settlement in Transylvania. The monument was also seen by some as an important symbol of Romania's attempt to construct a post‐Communist identity, and to forge closer links with western Europe. However, the meanings of the monument are not shared by all Romanians, and in particular are strongly contested by Romania's Hungarian minority.