gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Key-Dependent S-Box Generation in AES Block Cipher System (2009)

Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) block cipher system is widely used in cryptographic applications. A nonlinear substitution operation is the main factor of the AES cipher system strength. The purpose of the proposed approach is to generate the random S-boxes changing for every change of the secret key. The fact that the S-boxes are randomly key-dependent and unknown is the main strength of the new approach, since both linear and differential cryptanalysis require known S-boxes. In the paper, we briefly analyze the AES algorithm, substitution S-boxes, linear and differential cryptanalysis, and describe a randomly key-dependent S-box and inverse S-box generation algorithm. After that, we introduce the independency measure of the S-box elements, and experimentally investigate the quality of the generated S-boxes.
Stereotactic radiation therapy combined with immunotherapy: augmenting the role of radiation in local and systemic treatment. (2015)

Stereotactic radiosurgery and stereotactic body radiation therapy are two contemporary radiation modalities that can treat tumors in any area of the body using highly focused radiation. Recently, immunotherapy has established itself as a viable and powerful anticancer treatment. In this review we detail the rationale supporting a combination of immunotherapy and stereotactic radiation. Additionally, we discuss the evidence for the immune stimulatory effects of focused radiation and the role that radiation may play in enhancing the systemic treatment effects of immunotherapy.
LOC 390443 (RNase 9) on Chromosome 14q11.2 Is Related to the RNase A Superfamily and Contains a Unique Amino-Terminal Preproteinlike Sequence (2004)

A new member of the human RNase A superfamily is reported. Identified in the human genome assembly as LOC 390443, this locus is located 128 kb telomeric to the established RNase A gene family cluster on chromosome 14q11.2. The amino acid sequence of this locus is sufficiently similar to the eight previously identified gene family members to warrant a designation as RNase 9. RNase 9 is expressed in a wide range of human tissues. In addition, a 30-amino acid sequence lying between a 26-amino acid putative signal peptide and the last 148 amino acids that align with the other RNases A is not seen in other members of the RNase A superfamily in any species. Nucleotide and amino acid sequences of RNase 9 in 13 nonhuman primate species were determined and indicate several conserved sites but, also, an excess of nonsynonymous substitutions, about one-third of which are radical substitutions. This suggests that RNase 9, similar to several other human RNases A, has been under diversifying selection in the primates. Data from the mouse and rat genomes indicate that RNase 9 is also present in rodents, thus making it older than most of the established members of the human RNase A superfamily. Many of the human RNases A have been shown to have antimicrobial, antiviral, or antiparasitic functions involved in host-defense mechanisms. The features of RNase 9 described here suggest that it, too, may be involved in host defense and that it, along with the rest of the superfamily, may prove to have played an important role in anthropoid evolution.
Acquisition performance of blind sequence detectors using per-survivor processing (2002)

The acquisition capabilities of binary sequence detection algorithms based on per-survivor processing (PSP) is demonstrated via numerical results. The limits of these capabilities are motivated based on analytical results and verified via computer simulations. It is demonstrated that the acquisition of PSP-based data detection algorithms is very rapid and can be improved even further by carefully initialization.
Measurement and calculation of the dose at large distances from brachytherapy sources: Cs‐137, Ir‐192, and Co‐60 (1996)

In a small number of special cases it may be necessary to estimate the radiation dose to organs far away from the target volume of a patient receiving radiotherapy, e.g. the dose to the gonads or to the fetus of a pregnant patient. Previously, for external beam radiotherapy a model was developed, which enabled this estimation with acceptable accuracy for the range of photon beam energies from cobalt-60 to 25 MV, independent of the make of the treatment machines, for generally used techniques and for a wide range of distances from the beam axis and field sizes [Van der Giessen and Hurkmans, Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys. 27, 717-724 (1993); van der Giessen, ibid. 30, 1239-1246 (1994); to appear in Int. J. Radiat. Oncol. Biol. Phys.]. In this paper, results of measurements and Monte Carlo calculations are reported for evaluation of the dose at large distances from some brachytherapy sources. This has resulted in information on the behavior of the tissue attenuation factor T(r) for commonly used sources: Co-60, Ir-192, and Cs-137, in the range of distances up to 60 cm from the source. The influence of the size of the phantom was investigated. A mathematical model, described earlier by Kornelsen and Young, proved to yield the best fit to the results [Br. J. Radiol. 54, 136 (1981)]. Parameters for this model are derived for these isotopes. A few experiments in a Rando Alderson phantom are presented to support the measurements and the calculations.
Synthesis and Characterization of New Radioligands for the Mammalian Melanin-Concentrating Hormone (MCH) Receptor (1999)

Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a neuropeptide present in the brain of all vertebrates. For the characterization of MCH receptors, a monoiodinated [Phe13, Tyr19]-MCH radioligand analogue was developed. The high susceptibility of [125I]-[Phe13, Tyr19]-MCH to oxidative damage and its very lipophilic nature made it necessary to develop new MCH radioligands. To increase the stability, native methionines were replaced by non-sulphur containing amino acid residues. In one analogue, the L-enantiomer of the phenylalanine residue at position 13 was substituted by the D-enantiomer, which increased the relative affinity of the ensuing [125I]-[D-Phe13, Tyr19]-MCH about 7-fold. The different analogues were iodinated by an enzymatic reaction and used for binding studies with mouse melanoma cells. [125I]-[Met(O)4,8, Phe13, Tyr19]-MCH and [125I]-[Hse4,8, Phe13, Tyr19]-MCH showed only about 19% of total binding and [125I]-[Ser4,8, Phe13, Tyr19]-MCH displayed about 44% of total binding when compared with [125I]-[Phe13, Tyr19]-MCH. Non-specific binding for all tracers was below 11% of total binding of [125I]-[Phe13, Tyr19]-MCH binding. [125I]-[D-Phe13, Tyr19]-MCH was used for saturation binding studies and revealed a KD of 122.7 +/- 15.3 pmol/l. This radioligand was further characterized by association and dissociation binding studies.
Gene Delivery Using Ternary Lipopolyplexes Incorporating Branched Cationic Peptides: The Role of Peptide Sequence and Branching (2012)

Cationic peptide sequences, whether linear, branched, or dendritic, are widely used to condense and protect DNA in both polyplex and lipopolyplex gene delivery vectors. How these peptides behave within these particles and the consequences this has on transfection efficiency remain poorly understood. We have compared, in parallel, a complete series of cationic peptides, both branched and linear, coformulated with plasmid DNA to give polyplexes, or with plasmid DNA and the cationic lipid, DOTMA, mixed with 50% of the neutral helper lipid, DOPE, to give lipopolyplexes, and correlated the transfection efficiencies of these complexes to their biophysical properties. Lipopolyplexes formulated from branched Arg-rich peptides, or linear Lys-rich peptides, show the best transfection efficiencies in an alveolar epithelial cell line, with His-rich peptides being relatively ineffective. The majority of the biophysical studies (circular dichroism, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, small angle neutron scattering, and gel band shift assay) indicated that all of the formulations were similar in size, surface charge, and lipid bilayer structure, and longer cationic sequences, in general, gave better transfection efficiencies. Whereas lipopolyplexes formulated from branched Arg-containing peptides were more effective than those formulated from linear Arg-containing sequences, the reverse was true for Lys-containing sequences, which may be related to differences in DNA condensation between Arg-rich and Lys-rich peptides observed in the CD studies.
D-galactose/D-glucose-binding Protein from Escherichia coli as Probe for a Non-consuming Glucose Implantable Fluorescence Biosensor (2007)

D-Galactose/D-glucose-binding protein from E. coli (GGBP) is a monomer thatbinds glucose with high affinity. The protein structure of GGBP is organized in twoprincipal domains linked by a hinge region that form the sugar-binding site. In this workwe show that the mutant form of GGBP at the amino acid position 182 can be utilized as aprobe for the development of a non-consuming analyte fluorescence biosensor to monitorthe glucose level in diabetes health care.
TEFLON AF-A new polymer for electronics (2002)

Teflon PTFE is now available in a soluble form which will make it suitable for use in the electronics industry. The new grade is called Teflon AF, and it is believed that, with a dielectric constant as low as 1.89, it will be ideal as a thin-layer dielectric in microelectronic circuits particularly for high-density packings and integrated circuits where the requirement is for dielectric layers of a few micrometers in thickness. The chemical, electrical, thermal, and optical properties of this material are described and applications are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Functional neuroanatomy of visuo‐spatial working memory in turner syndrome (2001)

Turner syndrome (TS), a genetic disorder characterized by the absence of an X chromosome in females, has been associated with cognitive and visuo-spatial processing impairments. We utilized functional MRI (fMRI) to investigate the neural substrates that underlie observed deficits in executive functioning and visuo-spatial processing. Eleven females with TS and 14 typically developing females (ages 7-20) underwent fMRI scanning while performing 1-back and 2-back versions of a standard visuo-spatial working memory (WM) task. On both tasks, TS subjects performed worse than control subjects. Compared with controls, TS subjects showed increased activation in the left and right supramarginal gyrus (SMG) during the 1-back task and decreased activation in these regions during the 2-back task. In addition, decreased activation in the left and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and caudate nucleus was observed during the 2-back task in TS subjects. Activation differences localized to the SMG, in the inferior parietal lobe, may reflect deficits in visuo-spatial encoding and WM storage mechanisms in TS. In addition, deficits in the DLPFC and caudate may be related to deficits in executive function during WM performance. Together these findings point to deficits in frontal-striatal and frontal-parietal circuits subserving multiple WM functions in TS.
Nitrogen‐Based Alternative Fuels: Progress and Future Prospects (2015)

Abstract We describe and review recent research of a low‐carbon nitrogen‐based alternative fuel consisting of an aqueous solution of urea and ammonium nitrate (UAN). This fuel possesses a volumetric energy density of 4.44 MJ L −1 . Conceptually, it is intriguing to think of ample atmospheric nitrogen as a future storage hub for sustainable and economic hydrogen derived from water rather than fossil fuels. First, we discuss and compare the nitrogen‐ and carbon‐based routes for chemical hydrogen storage. Second, we review recent research developments of this fuel: continuous combustion with lower NO x emissions than US regulation, computerized combustion simulations, ambient and high pressure thermal analyses, safety and stability considerations, catalytic effect on the effluent, and metal corrosion resistance at reaction and storage conditions. Aqueous UAN is found to yield about 99.9 % N 2 when combusted at 25 MPa without a catalyst. Finally, future prospects and research needs are discussed.
Rhodamine-Labeled 2β-Carbomethoxy-3β-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)tropane Analogues as High-Affinity Fluorescent Probes for the Dopamine Transporter (2005)

Novel fluorescent ligands were synthesized to identify a high-affinity probe that would enable visualization of the dopamine transporter (DAT) in living cells. Fluorescent tags were extended from the N- or 2-position of 2beta-carbomethoxy-3beta-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)tropane, using an ethylamino linker. The resulting 2-substituted (5) and N-substituted (9) rhodamine-labeled ligands provided the highest DAT binding affinities expressed in COS-7 cells (Ki= 27 and 18 nM, respectively) in the series. Visualization of the DAT with 5 and 9 was demonstrated by confocal fluorescence laser scanning microscopy in stably transfected HEK293 cells.
Accidental cameras : creating images from shadows (2018)

Thesis: M. Eng., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2018.
A locality-improving dynamic memory allocator (2005)

In general-purpose applications, most data is dynamically allocated. The memory manager therefore plays a crucial role in application performance by determining the spatial locality of heap objects. Previous general-purpose allocators have focused on reducing fragmentation, while most locality-improving allocators have either focused on improving the locality of the allocator (not the application), or required programmer hints or profiling to guide object placement. We present a high-performance memory allocator called Vam that transparently improves both cache-level and page-level locality of the application while achieving low fragmentation. Over a range of large-footprint benchmarks, Vam improves application performance by an average of 4%-8% versus the Lea (Linux) and FreeBSD allocators. When memory is scarce, Vam improves application performance by up to 2X compared to the FreeBSD allocator, and by over 10X compared to the Lea allocator.
EMD: A Package for Empirical Mode Decomposition and Hilbert Spectrum (2009)

The concept of empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and the Hilbert spectrum (HS) has been developed rapidly in many disciplines of science and engineering since Huang et al. (1998) invented EMD. The key feature of EMD is to decompose a signal into so-called intrinsic mode function (IMF). Furthermore, the Hilbert spectral analysis of intrinsic mode functions provides frequency information evolving with time and quantifies the amount of variation due to oscillation at different time scales and time locations. In this article, we introduce an R package called EMD (Kim and Oh, 2008) that performs oneand twodimensional EMD and HS.
Pressure Ulcers in the United States' Inpatient Population From 2008 to 2012: Results of a Retrospective Nationwide Study. (2016)

Pressure ulcers are common, increase patient morbidity and mortality, and costly for patients, their families, and the health care system. A retrospective study was conducted to evaluate the impact of pressure ulcers on short-term outcomes in United States inpatient populations and to identify patient characteristics associated with having 1 or more pressure ulcers. The US Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database was analyzed using the International Classification of Disease, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9 CM) diagnosis codes as the screening tool for all inpatient pressure ulcers recorded from 2008 to 2012. Patient demographics and comorbid conditions, as identified by ICD-9 code, were extracted, along with primary outcomes of length of stay (LOS), total hospital charge (TC), inhospital mortality, and discharge disposition. Continuous variables with normal distribution were expressed in terms of mean and standard deviation. Group comparisons were performed using t-test or ANOVA test. Continuous nonnormal distributed variables such as LOS and TC were expressed in terms of median, and nonparametric tests were used to compare the differences between groups. Categorical data were presented in terms of percentages of the number of cases within each group. Chi-squared tests were used to compare categorical data in different groups. For multivariate analysis, linear regressions (for continuous variable) and logistic regression (for categorical variables) were used to analyze the possible risk factors for the investigated outcomes of LOS, TC, inhospital mortality, and patient disposition. Coefficients were calculated with multivariate regression with all included patients versus patients with pressure ulcers alone. The 5-year average number of admitted patients with at least 1 pressure ulcer was determined to be 670 767 (average overall rate: 1.8%). Statistically significant differences between patients with and without pressure ulcers were observed for median LOS (7 days [mean 11.1 ± 15] compared to 3 days [mean 4.6 ± 6.8]) and median TC ($36 500 [mean $72 000 ± $122 900] compared to $17 200 [mean $32 200 ± $57 500]). The mortality rate in patients with a pressure ulcer was significantly higher than in patients without a pressure ulcer (9.1% versus 1.8%, OR = 5.08, CI: 5.03-5.1, P <0.001). Pressure ulcers were significantly more common in patients who were older or had malnutrition. The results of this study confirm the importance of prevention initiatives to help reduce the negative impact of pressure ulcers on patient outcomes and costs of care.
Study of CO Oxidation Kinetics on Rh/Ceria (1995)

CO oxidation kinetics, at differential conversions, have been studied on model Rh/ceria catalysts over a wide pressure and temperature range to investigate the effect of ceria support interactions with Ph on the catalytic properties. The kinetics suggest that there are two reaction mechanisms in excess CO. The first is identical to that reported for pure Rh and exhibits a reaction order of ∼ 1 for O2 and −1 for CO, with an activation energy between 25 and 27 kcal/mol. The second mechanism is 0.4 order in O2 and zeroth order in CO, with a much lower activation energy, between 12 and 15 kcal/mol. This second reaction, which becomes more important for smaller Ph particle sizes, high CO pressures, and low temperatures, appears to involve reaction of oxygen from the ceria with CO from Ph. Possible implications of these results for catalytic performance are discussed.
Sustainable Synthesis of High-Surface-Area Graphite Oxide via Dry Ball Milling (2018)

A sustainable route to produce graphite oxide (GO) is presented using dry ball milling. The production method was based on pristine graphite flakes in a planetary ball mill. The prepared GO was characterized using UV–vis spectroscopy, BET surface area analysis, thermal analysis, SEM-EDX, TEM, XPS, elemental analysis, and Raman spectroscopy. The degree of graphite oxidation was controllable by the milling time and milling material, and the carbon-based yields ranged from 86 to 97%. The maximum oxygen/carbon ratios of the produced GOs were 0.16 and 0.15 after 24 h of ball milling with steel and zirconia balls, respectively. The BET surface area increased with increasing milling time from 1 m2 g–1 for pristine graphite up to 730 m2 g–1 for the ball-milled samples. Furthermore, the intensity ratios of the D and G bands (ID/IG) from the Raman spectra were 0.84 and 0.77 for GO produced with the steel and zirconia balls, respectively. The in-plane sp2 crystallite sizes (La) of graphite (168 nm) decreased to 20 (steel balls) and 22 nm (zirconia balls). Additionally, the produced GO was tested as an adsorbent for methylene blue dye removal.
Aldehyde Sources, Metabolism, Molecular Toxicity Mechanisms, and Possible Effects on Human Health (2005)

Aldehydes are organic compounds that are widespread in nature. They can be formed endogenously by lipid peroxidation (LPO), carbohydrate or metabolism ascorbate autoxidation, amine oxidases, cytochrome P-450s, or myeloperoxidase-catalyzed metabolic activation. This review compares the reactivity of many aldehydes towards biomolecules particularly macromolecules. Furthermore, it includes not only aldehydes of environmental or occupational concerns but also dietary aldehydes and aldehydes formed endogenously by intermediary metabolism. Drugs that are aldehydes or form reactive aldehyde metabolites that cause side-effect toxicity are also included. The effects of these aldehydes on biological function, their contribution to human diseases, and the role of nucleic acid and protein carbonylation/oxidation in mutagenicity and cytotoxicity mechanisms, respectively, as well as carbonyl signal transduction and gene expression, are reviewed. Aldehyde metabolic activation and detoxication by metabolizing enzymes are also reviewed, as well as the toxicological and anticancer therapeutic effects of metabolizing enzyme inhibitors. The human health risks from clinical and animal research studies are reviewed, including aldehydes as haptens in allergenic hypersensitivity diseases, respiratory allergies, and idiosyncratic drug toxicity; the potential carcinogenic risks of the carbonyl body burden; and the toxic effects of aldehydes in liver disease, embryo toxicity/teratogenicity, diabetes/hypertension, sclerosing peritonitis, cerebral ischemia/neurodegenerative diseases, and other aging-associated diseases.
효과적인 뇌기반 수업 설계 및 적용 방안 탐색 -초등학교 과학교과를 중심으로- (2014)

본 연구에서는 뇌의 구조와 발달 등 이론적인 특징을 살펴 본 후, 뇌기반 관련 학습 환경 및 교수-학습 방법 등 뇌교육적인 방향성을 정립하고 구체적인 뇌기반 수업 설계 및 적용 방안을 모색하였다. 본 연구의 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 좌뇌와 우뇌가 가지고 있는 구조적 특성을 토대로 각급학교 좌뇌형 및 우뇌형 교사들이 실천 가능한 수업 방법과 좌뇌형 및 우뇌형 학생들에게 적용할 수 있는 구체적인 학습 방법을 도출 하였다. 둘째, 뇌기반 학습환경 분석, 뇌기반 단원 목표 설정, 뇌기반 한습내용 선정 및 조직, 뇌기반 교수-학습 전략, 뇌기반 단원 평가 계획 수립 등 5단계를 거침으로써 과학적으로 뇌기반 수업을 설계활 수 있는 토대를 마련하였다. 셋째, 좌뇌·우뇌·전뇌 등 뇌 특성에 적절한 맞춤형 뇌기반 수업를 설계함으로써 한쪽에 치우친 편향적인 뇌기반 수입이 아닌, 좌뇌·우뇌·전뇌 등이 균형 잡힌 뇌기반 수업을 가능해 질 수 있다. 그러나, 좀 더 발전적인 연구를 수행하기 위해서는 교사 배경 변인, 교육과정 특성 변인, 학생 개별 특성 변인 등을 고려하여 실제 학교급별 특성이 반영된 뇌기반 교육과정 개발은 물론, 다양한 변인들을 고려하여 효과적인 뇌기반 수업을 설계·적용할 수 있는 후속 연구들이 필요하다.
Beta-ig. Molecular cloning and in situ hybridization in corneal tissues. (1997)

The highly conserved amino acid sequence homology between the human, mouse, and rabbit proteins and the temporal expression of beta ig message during corneal healing and development suggest this protein plays an important role in the morphogenesis of corneal tissues.
BLLD PROGRESS REPORT 1975/76 (1976)

During the year under review, a further large increase in demand was experienced, including a record increase from overseas. Design work on the Phase III building, to begin early in 1977, was almost completed, and a feasibility study for a further extension was prepared.
Partitioned Quasi-Newton Approximation for Direct Collocation Methods and Its Application to the Fuel-Optimal Control of a Diesel Engine (2014)

The numerical solution of optimal control problems by direct collocation is a widely used approach. Quasi-Newton approximations of the Hessian of the Lagrangian of the resulting nonlinear program are also common practice. We illustrate that the transcribed problem is separable with respect to the primal variables and propose the application of dense quasi-Newton updates to the small diagonal blocks of the Hessian. This approach resolves memory limitations, preserves the correct sparsity pattern, and generates more accurate curvature information. The effectiveness of this improvement when applied to engineering problems is demonstrated. As an example, the fuel-optimal and emission-constrained control of a turbocharged diesel engine is considered. First results indicate a significantly faster convergence of the nonlinear program solver when the method proposed is used instead of the standard quasi-Newton approximation.