gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Decline in US childhood cancer mortality. 1950 through 1980. (1984)

Cancer mortality among children in the United States, 1950 through 1979, as evaluated by death certificate diagnoses, revealed dramatic declines primarily in the second half of the 30-year interval. The numbers of deaths of persons younger than 15 years, 1965 through 1979, as compared with the number expected at 1950 rates, fell 50% for leukemia, 32% for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, 80% for Hodgkin's disease, 50% for bone sarcoma, 68% for kidney cancer, and 31% for all other cancer. There were 17,411 fewer deaths from childhood cancer from 1965 through 1979 than expected at the 1950 rate. Leukemia mortality declined by 8,073 deaths and kidney tumor mortality by 2,393. In data subsequently received for 1980, the decline in rates persisted for leukemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, but the rates for the other four cancer categories seem to have reached a plateau. The reduction in mortality is attributed to improved therapy.
Controlled Assembly of Highly Density SWNT Networks on a Flexible Parylene-C Substrate (2008)

In this paper, we present a directed assembly technique for controlled micro-patterning of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (SWNTs) on a flexible parylene-C substrate for electronic applications. The presented large scale fabrication of ordered carbon nanotube arrays and networks is achieved by performing site-selective fluidic assembly of SWNTs on a plasma treated parylene-C substrate. Parylene-C, which is lightweight, mechanically strong and stress-free material deposited at room temperature, is an emerging substrate material for flexible devices. The uniformly deposited nanotube lateral structures are formed directly on the parylene-C substrate without utilizing printing or transfer techniques. Both electrical and structural characterizations are performed on the SWNTbased devices on the flexible substrate. The developed nanotube patterning on polymeric substrates has immediate applications in wearable electronics and sensors, flexible field effect transistors (FETs) and lateral interconnects.
<i>Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae</i>Iron Transport and Urease Activity: Effects on Bacterial Virulence and Host Immune Response (2001)

ABSTRACT Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae , a porcine respiratory tract pathogen, has been shown to express transferrin-binding proteins and urease during infection. Both activities have been associated with virulence; however, their functional role for infection has not yet been elucidated. We used two isogenic A. pleuropneumoniae single mutants (Δ exbB and Δ ureC ) and a newly constructed A. pleuropneumoniae double (Δ ureC Δ exbB ) mutant in aerosol infection experiments. Neither the A. pleuropneumoniae Δ exbB mutant nor the double Δ ureC Δ exbB mutant was able to colonize sufficiently long to initiate a detectable humoral immune response. These results imply that the ability to utilize transferrin-bound iron is required for multiplication and persistence of A. pleuropneumoniae in the porcine respiratory tract. The A. pleuropneumoniae Δ ureC mutant and the parent strain both caused infections that were indistinguishable from one another in the acute phase of disease; however, 3 weeks postinfection the A. pleuropneumoniae Δ ureC mutant, in contrast to the parent strain, could not be isolated from healthy lung tissue. In addition, the local immune response—as assessed by fluorescence-activated cell sorter and enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot analyses—revealed a significantly higher number of A. pleuropneumoniae -specific B cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of pigs infected with the A. pleuropneumoniae Δ ureC mutant than in the BALF of those infected with the parent strain. These results imply that A. pleuropneumoniae urease activity may cause sufficient impairment of the local immune response to slightly improve the persistence of the urease-positive A. pleuropneumoniae parent strain.
Reactogenicity of live-attenuated <i>Vibrio cholerae</i> vaccines is dependent on flagellins (2010)

Cholera is a severe diarrheal disease caused by the motile Gram-negative rod Vibrio cholerae. Live-attenuated V. cholerae vaccines harboring deletions of the genes encoding cholera toxin have great promise for reducing the global burden of cholera. However, development of live vaccines has been hampered by the tendency of such strains to induce noncholeric reactogenic diarrhea in human subjects. The molecular bases of reactogenicity are unknown, but it has been speculated that reactogenic diarrhea is a response to V. cholerae's flagellum and/or the motility that it enables. Here, we used an infant rabbit model of reactogenicity to determine what V. cholerae factors trigger this response. We found that V. cholerae ctx mutants that produced flagellins induced diarrhea, regardless of whether the proteins were assembled into a flagellum or whether the flagellum was functional. In contrast, approximately 90% of rabbits infected with V. cholerae lacking all five flagellin-encoding genes did not develop diarrhea. Thus, flagellin production, independent of flagellum assembly or motility, is sufficient for reactogenicity. The intestinal colonization and intraintestinal localization of the nonreactogenic flagellin-deficient strain were indistinguishable from those of a flagellated motile strain; however, the flagellin-deficient strain stimulated fewer mRNA transcripts coding for proinflammatory cytokines in the intestine. Thus, reactogenic diarrhea may be a consequence of an innate host inflammatory response to V. cholerae flagellins. Our results suggest a simple genetic blueprint for engineering defined nonreactogenic live-attenuated V. cholerae vaccine strains.
Low power issues in a digital programmable artificial retina (1999)

Programmable Artificial Retina (PAR) means lodging a digital processing element in each pixel of a focal plane array. A PAR is faced with constraints coming from the meeting of both optical sensor and processor domains. Since image sensing is sensitive to device temperature, heat dissipation should be limited. A high resolution sensor implies a large chip and small pixel area. Combining these characteristics with the power hungry nature of the vision processing task ends the equation to be consider. Large array means many processors and potentially power consumption without the usual possibility of trading power against silicon area, due to extreme geometrical constraints. The considerations therein are based on experimenting with our last PAR chip fabricated in standard 0.8 /spl mu/m CMOS technology, called PVLSAR2.2, which features a resolution of 128/spl times/128 pixels and among other features, the ability to operate both under and above threshold voltage. Power considerations are tackled at three levels: power savings from the artificial retina concept at the vision system level, power issues from the global architecture of the chip and reducing power consumption in the processing task itself.
Model Based Gas Turbine Parameter Corrections (2003)

Ambient conditions have a significant impact on the temperatures and pressures in the flow path and on the fuel flow of any gas turbine. Making observed data comparable requires a correction of the raw data to sea level Standard Day conditions. The most widely applied gas turbine parameter correction method is based on keeping some dimensionless Mach number similarity parameters invariant. These similarity parameters are composed of the quantity to be corrected multiplied by temperature to the power ‘a’ and pressure to the power ‘b’ with exponent ‘a’ being theoretically either 0, +0.5 or −0.5 and ‘b’ either 0 or 1.0. To improve the accuracy of this approach it is common practice to empirically adapt the temperature and pressure exponents ‘a’ and ‘b’ in such a way that the correction process leads to a better correlation of the data. Finding empirical exponents requires either many consistently measured data that cover a wide range of ambient temperatures and pressures or a computer model of the engine. A high fidelity model is especially well suited for creating optimally matched exponents and for exploring the phenomena that make these exponents deviate from their theoretical value. This paper discusses the questions that arise when creating empirical exponents with a thermodynamic model of the gas turbine. The gas turbine parameter correction method based on Mach number similarity parameters can get complex if effects like humidity, bleed air or power off-take, free power turbines, switching between various fuel types (Diesel and natural gas), water respectively steam injection, variable geometry or afterburners have to be considered. In such a case it might be simpler — and certainly more accurate — to use the thermodynamic model for the gas turbine parameter correction. Computing power required for running a model is nowadays of no relevance and the better consistency of the data available for engine performance monitoring can yield a significantly improved performance diagnostic capability.
Determining shape and reflectance properties objects by using diffuse illumination (2002)

We propose a technique to estimate reflectance properties and the recovery of shape by using the Sample sphere and Diffuse Illumination Method. The Photometric Stereo Method (PSM) is generally based on a direct light source. Our PSM is modified with diffuse illumination and then applied to a hybrid reflectance model which consists of two main components, Lambertian and specular reflectance. A sample sphere made of one material is used to estimate the reflectance properties by using the LMS algorithm. We make a reference table which consists of surface normal and brightness values using estimated reflectance parameters. The photometric matching method proposed is robust because it matches object images with the reference table considering the neighbor brightness distribution. The 3-D shape of an object can be recovered from pixel intensity distribution and a reference table. The algorithm should be applicable to vision inspection systems.
Pentacene-based radio-frequency identification circuitry (2003)

Pentacene-based thin-film integrated circuits patterned only with polymeric shadow masks and powered by near-field coupling at radio frequencies of 125 kHz and above 6 MHz have been demonstrated. Sufficient amplitude modulation of the rf field was obtained to externally detect a clock signal generated by the integrated circuit. The circuits operate without the use of a diode rectification stage. This demonstration provides the basis for more sophisticated low-cost rf transponder circuitry using organic semiconductors.
Incidence and lifetime risk of motor neuron disease in the United Kingdom: a population‐based study (2009)

In this population-based database, we found that MND incidence is higher in men than women, peaking in both sexes between 75 and 79 years.
Realization of data-knowledge coordination model by an object deputy based method (2002)

The described data-knowledge coordination model is suitable for the integration of databases (DBs) and knowledge bases (KBs) under a distributed environment. Since data and knowledge are classified in different ways (data by their attributes and knowledge by their subjects), the model introduces the concept of context modules to realize dynamic coupling of the independently managed data and knowledge for various applications. It allows three kinds of hierarchies: data object hierarchies for data integration, knowledge object hierarchies for knowledge integration, and context module hierarchies for data-knowledge coordination. We discuss an object deputy-based method for realization of this model by Smalltalk. The interpretive nature of Smalltalk can realize dynamic links among multiple DBs and KBs. Through these links, the independently managed data and knowledge are imported into and treated as objects in Smalltalk, where data and knowledge are integrated by their respective deputy object hierarchies, which can be constructed by deputy mechanisms introduced by the authors. The context module hierarchies for coordination of the integrated data and knowledge are realized based on the model-view-controller architecture of Smalltalk. Realization of the data-knowledge coordination model in this way can achieve desirable features, including autonomy, multiple viewpoints and dynamic classification.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Detectability of varying interaural temporal differencesa) (1978)

Detectability and salience of time-varying interaural temporal differences (IATD's) were measured in three experiments by determining observers' ability to follow the temporal fluctuations of a "moving stimulus"--a 3000-Hz low-pass computer-generated noise presented binaurally with a sinusoidally varying IATD. In the first two experiments the peak IATD (deltat the "extent of movement") was manipulated to determine, for different rates of interaural variation (fm), threshold discriminability of the "moving" stimulus from a reference (two-interval forced-choice paradigm). The nonmoving reference was either a dichotic noise stimulus (experiment 1) or a dichotic noise stimulus whose "image width" matched that of the excursions traced by the "moving stimulus" (experiment 2). Threshold deltat's in the two experiments were similar, increasing from 30 microns at fm = 0 Hz to 90 microns at fm = 20 Hz, indicating a "low-pass characteristic" for the binaural system. Thresholds decreased again for fm = 50 Hz, apparently because at these high rates of "movement" observers used other cues than the varying IATD's to perform the task. The third experiment measured the threshold of a binaural click in the presence of a "moving noise" masker as a function of fm and of the instantaneous IATD of the masker when the click was presented. As fm increased, click threshold gradually became independent of the masker's instantaneous IATD, again suggesting a "low-pass" characteristic for the binaural system; additionally, there was some evidence for a lag in the system's response for fm greater than 5 Hz. The data from the three experiments are discussed in terms of results from other studies which have investigated temporal aspects of the binaural system. The possible existence of movement detectors in the auditory system is discussed.
ATTACK OF GLASSES BY ALKALINE SOLUTIONS* (1949)

A bstract A comparison is made between the attack by NaOH and that by sodium silicate solutions on a borosilicate glass, a lime glass, and a lead glass. Below roughly 0.5 Na 2 O normality the rate of attack by NaOH is greater, but at higher normalities this is more than doubled in some instances by that of silicate solutions of equivalent Na 2 O normality. The rate of attack by sodium silicates generally reaches a maximum as a function of the SiO 2 :Na 2 O ratio and decreases to low rates for high ratios. A similar behavior is observed for potassium silicate solutions, the maxima occurring at about the same silica‐to‐alkali ratios.
ChemInform Abstract: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF HOT‐PRESSED TITANIUM DIBORIDE‐ZIRCONIUM OXIDE COMPOSITES (1985)

Abstract Der Zusatz von 20‐75 Gew.‐% monoklinem 21‐02 zu TiB 2 verbessert Porosität, Rißfestigkeit und Bruchzähigkeit dieses Materials.
Effect of low intake of n−3 fatty acids during development on brain phospholipid fatty acid composition and exploratory behavior in rats (1991)

The effect of dietary restriction of n-3 fatty acids during development on brain phospholipid fatty acid composition and exploratory behavior has been studied in male Sprague Dawley rats. Female rats were fed semipurified diets containing either 5.5% safflower oil or 6% soybean oil for 6 wk prior to mating and throughout gestation and lactation. Control rats were maintained on laboratory chow. The male pups were weaned to the diets of the dams except for one group which was switched from safflower to soybean oil at weaning. Behavioral studies and brain phospholipid analyses were conducted at 16-18 wk of age. Rats fed safflower oil showed significantly lower levels of 22:6n-3 in phospholipids of synaptic membranes and myelin than rats fed soybean oil or chow. The decrease in 22:6n-3 was compensated for by an increase in 22:5n-6, the total content of polyunsaturated fatty acids remaining approximately constant. The brain phospholipid fatty acid composition of rats switched from safflower to soybean oil at weaning was similar to that of rats fed soybean oil throughout the experiment. There was no difference in spontaneous locomotor activity among the different dietary groups. However, rats raised on safflower oil displayed a significantly lower exploratory activity (horizontal movements and rearings) in a novel environment than rats fed soybean oil or chow. In contrast to the brain phospholipid fatty acid composition, there was no recovery of exploratory behavior in rats raised on safflower oil and switched to soybean oil at weaning suggesting a specific requirement of n-3 fatty acids during development.
C16:0 Sulfatide Inhibits Insulin Secretion in Rat β-Cells by Reducing the Sensitivity of KATP Channels to ATP Inhibition (2006)

Sulfatide (3'-sulfo-beta-galactosyl ceramide) is a glycosphingolipid present in mammalians in various fatty acid isoforms of which the saturated 16 carbon-atom length (C16:0) is more abundant in pancreatic islets than in neural tissue, where long-chain sulfatide isoforms dominate. We previously reported that sulfatide isolated from pig brain inhibits glucose-induced insulin secretion by activation of ATP-sensitive K+ channels (K(ATP) channels). Here, we show that C16:0 sulfatide is the active isoform. It inhibits glucose-stimulated insulin secretion by reducing the sensitivity of the K(ATP) channels to ATP. (The half-maximal inhibitory concentration is 10.3 and 36.7 micromol/l in the absence and presence of C16:0 sulfatide, respectively.) C16:0 sulfatide increased whole-cell K(ATP) currents at intermediate glucose levels and reduced the ability of glucose to induce membrane depolarization, reduced electrical activity, and increased the cytoplasmic free Ca2+ concentration. Recordings of cell capacitance revealed that C16:0 sulfatide increased Ca2+-induced exocytosis by 215%. This correlated with a stimulation of insulin secretion by C16:0 sulfatide in intact rat islets exposed to diazoxide and high K+. C24:0 sulfatide or the sulfatide precursor, beta-galactosyl ceramide, did not affect any of the measured parameters. C16:0 sulfatide did not modulate glucagon secretion from intact rat islets. In betaTC3 cells, sulfatide was expressed (mean [+/-SD] 0.30 +/- 0.04 pmol/microg protein), and C16:0 sulfatide was found to be the dominant isoform. No expression of sulfatide was detected in alphaTC1-9 cells. We conclude that a major mechanism by which the predominant sulfatide isoform in beta-cells, C16:0 sulfatide, inhibits glucose-induced insulin secretion is by reducing the K(ATP) channel sensitivity to the ATP block.
Erythrocyte and the Regulation of Human Skeletal Muscle Blood Flow and Oxygen Delivery (2002)

Blood flow to contracting skeletal muscle is tightly coupled to the oxygenation state of hemoglobin. To investigate if ATP could be a signal by which the erythrocyte contributes to the regulation of skeletal muscle blood flow and oxygen (O2) delivery, we measured circulating ATP in 8 young subjects during incremental one-legged knee-extensor exercise under conditions of normoxia, hypoxia, hyperoxia, and CO+normoxia, which produced reciprocal alterations in arterial O2 content and thigh blood flow (TBF), but equal thigh O2 delivery and thigh O2 uptake. With increasing exercise intensity, TBF, thigh vascular conductance (TVC), and femoral venous plasma [ATP] augmented significantly (P<0.05) in all conditions. However, with hypoxia, TBF, TVC, and femoral venous plasma [ATP] were (P<0.05) or tended (P=0.14) to be elevated compared with normoxia, whereas with hyperoxia they tended to be reduced. In CO+normoxia, where femoral venous O2Hb and (O2+CO)Hb were augmented compared with hypoxia despite equal arterial deoxygenation, TBF and TVC were elevated, whereas venous [ATP] was markedly reduced. At peak exercise, venous [ATP] in exercising and nonexercising limbs was tightly correlated to alterations in venous (O2+CO)Hb (r2=0.93 to 0.96; P<0.01). Intrafemoral artery infusion of ATP at rest in normoxia (n=5) evoked similar increases in TBF and TVC than those observed during exercise. Our results in humans support the hypothesis that the erythrocyte functions as an O2 sensor, contributing to the regulation of skeletal muscle blood flow and O2 delivery, by releasing ATP depending on the number of unoccupied O2 binding sites in the hemoglobin molecule.
Nucleoside analogs as non-substrate inhibitors of herpes simplex viruses thymidine kinase. (1989)

We have examined the capacity of a series of 6-substituted pyrimidine and 2-substituted purine derivatives to inhibit mammalian thymidine kinase and the thymidine kinases encoded by type 1 and type 2 herpes simplex viruses. Several N2-substituted guanine and deoxy guanosine derivatives displayed selective inhibitory activity against the HSV-1 and HSV-2 thymidine kinases by competing with the phosphorylation of thymidine, suggesting a possible novel pharmacological approach to herpes viruses infections.
Heuristics for Scalable Dynamic Test Generation (2008)

Recently there has been great success in using symbolic execution to automatically generate test inputs for small software systems. A primary challenge in scaling such approaches to larger programs is the combinatorial explosion of the path space. It is likely that sophisticated strategies for searching this path space are needed to generate inputs that effectively test large programs (by, e.g., achieving significant branch coverage). We present several such heuristic search strategies, including a novel strategy guided by the control flow graph of the program under test. We have implemented these strategies in CREST, our open source concolic testing tool for C, and evaluated them on two widely-used software tools, grep 2.2 (15 K lines of code) and Vim 5.7 (150 K lines). On these benchmarks, the presented heuristics achieve significantly greater branch coverage on the same testing budget than concolic testing with a traditional depth-first search strategy.
Analysis of Reconstruction Characteristics in Fluorescence Digital Holography (2011)

One of the important applications of digital holography is a fluorescence three-dimensional microscopy. We analyze the influence of spatial coherence degree to the reconstructed quality of 3D profiles in fluorescence digital holography.
Optimizing the processing of rigid PVC compounds (1991)

Abstract The optimization of the extrusion of a simple rigid PVC compound in both single and twin screw machines is considered. Mass throughput, short term mechanical properties (tensile and impact). degree of mixing, and energy efficiency were selected as important parameters of the process. Using a statistically based experimental design, regression polynomials of the above variables were defined. The corresponding responses were superimposed and adequate processing windows were defined. Generally, processing rigid PVC at high screw speeds, small die resistances, and medium to high temperature profiles led to the most adequate values of the process parameters.
A Review on the Effects of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide on Enzyme Activity (2010)

Different types of enzymes such as lipases, several phosphatases, dehydrogenases, oxidases, amylases and others are well suited for the reactions in SC-CO(2). The stability and the activity of enzymes exposed to carbon dioxide under high pressure depend on enzyme species, water content in the solution and on the pressure and temperature of the reaction system. The three-dimensional structure of enzymes may be significantly altered under extreme conditions, causing their denaturation and consequent loss of activity. If the conditions are less adverse, the protein structure may be largely retained. Minor structural changes may induce an alternative active protein state with altered enzyme activity, specificity and stability.