gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Application of the Pentafluorosulfanyl Group as a Bioisosteric Replacement (2017)

The success of fluorinated molecules in drug design has led medicinal chemists to search for new fluorine-containing substituents. A major recently developed group is the pentafluorosulfanyl group. This group is stable under physiological conditions and displays unique physical and chemical properties. There are currently few synthetic methods to install the SF<sub>5</sub> group, yet efforts to integrate this group into lead optimization continue unabated. Typically, the SF<sub>5</sub> group has been used as a replacement for trifluoromethyl, tert-butyl, halogen, or nitro groups. In this review, the use of the SF<sub>5</sub> group as a bioisosteric replacement for each of these three functionalities is compared and contrasted across various groups of biologically active molecules. The organization and presentation of these data should be instructive to medicinal chemists considering to design synthetic strategies to access SF<sub>5</sub> -substituted molecules.
Boundary Layer Effects in Chemical Laser Nozzle Inlet. (1977)

Fluorine atom recombination and heat loss to the wall are investigated in the inlet and supersonic expansion region of typical CW chemical laser nozzles. It is concluded that the major losses occur in the inlet section. Expressions given for estimating these losses are based on zero pressure gradient flows with unit Prandtl and Schmidt numbers. For typical geometries, a plenum temperature T sub o = 1500 K, and plenum pressures in the range 1 or = p sub o, atm or = 10, the reduction of total enthalpy at the downstream end of the inlet section varied from about 10% to 30%. The reduction within the actual boundary layer mass flow is approximately 40% for a boundary layer thickness defined such that U/u sub e = 0.9, where u and u sub e denote local and free-stream velocities, respectively. It is concluded that these losses should be considered when CW chemical laser performance is being estimated or analyzed. (Author)
A UDP glucosyltransferase from <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> successively transfers up to four glucose residues to 1,2‐diacylglycerol: expression of <i>ypfP</i> in <i>Escherichia coli</i> and structural analysis of its reaction products (1998)

We have isolated the ypfP gene (accession number P54166) from genomic DNA of Bacillus subtilis Marburg strain 60015 (Freese and Fortnagel, 1967) using PCR. After cloning and expression in E. coli , SDS–PAGE showed strong expression of a protein that had the predicted size of 43.6 kDa. Chromatographic analysis of the lipids extracted from the transformed E. coli revealed several new glycolipids. These glycolipids were isolated and their structures determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry. They were identified as 3‐[ O ‐β‐ D ‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→6)‐ O ‐β‐ D ‐glucopyranosyl]‐1,2‐diacylglycerol, 3‐[ O ‐β‐ D ‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→6)‐ O ‐β‐ D ‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→6)‐ O ‐β‐ D ‐glucopyranosyl]‐1,2‐diacylglycerol and 3‐[ O ‐β‐ D ‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→6)‐ O ‐β‐ D ‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→6)‐ O ‐β‐ D ‐glucopyranosyl‐(1→6)‐ O ‐β‐ D ‐glucopyranosyl]‐1,2‐diacylglycerol. The enzymatic activity expected to catalyse the synthesis of these compounds was confirmed by in vitro assays with radioactive substrates. In these assays, one additional glycolipid was formed and tentatively identified as 3‐[ O ‐β‐ D ‐glucopyranosyl]‐1,2‐diacylglycerol, which was not detected in the lipid extract of transformed cells. Experiments with some of the above‐described glycolipids as 14 C‐labelled sugar acceptors and unlabelled UDP‐glucose as glucose donor suggest that the ypfP gene codes for a new processive UDP‐glucose: 1,2‐diacylglycerol‐3‐β‐ D ‐glucosyl transferase. This glucosyltransferase can use diacylglycerol, monoglucosyl‐diacylglycerol, diglucosyldiacylglycerol or triglucosyldiacylglycerol as sugar acceptor, which, apart from the first member, are formed by repetitive addition of a glucopyranosyl residue in β (1→6) linkage to the product of the preceding reaction.
Protein-Carbohydrate Interactions as Part of Plant Defense and Animal Immunity (2015)

The immune system consists of a complex network of cells and molecules that interact with each other to initiate the host defense system. Many of these interactions involve specific carbohydrate structures and proteins that specifically recognize and bind them, in particular lectins. It is well established that lectin-carbohydrate interactions play a major role in the immune system, in that they mediate and regulate several interactions that are part of the immune response. Despite obvious differences between the immune system in animals and plants, there are also striking similarities. In both cases, lectins can play a role as pattern recognition receptors, recognizing the pathogens and initiating the stress response. Although plants do not possess an adaptive immune system, they are able to imprint a stress memory, a mechanism in which lectins can be involved. This review will focus on the role of lectins in the immune system of animals and plants.
Sur les esters activés I. Aminolyse des dérivés de oximes et amidoximes (1964)

Abstract O‐Acylamidoximes and acyloximes can be considered as activated esters which are useful acylating agents. A number of activated esters are compared in their action on benzylamine. Their acylating power is directly related to the acidity of the OH group of the leaving species (alcohol or oxime respectively).
Synthesis, Properties and in vitro Degradation of Carboxyl-Bearing PCL (2001)

Aliphatic polyesters derived from lactic and glycolic acids (PLAGA) are the most attractive degradable polymers with respect to biomedical and environmental applications. Poly(e-caprolactone), PCL, is a hydrophobic highly crystalline aliphatic polyester that is more resistant to hydrolytic degradation than PLA. It is not biodegradable in animal body but is rapidly degraded by outdoor microorganisms. In order to increase the rate of hydrolysis of the material, carboxyl-bearing PCL copolymers (PCLCOOH) were synthesized by anionic activation with LDA and reaction of CO 2 on the polycarbanion. Variations in crystallinity, thermal properties and hydrophilicity caused by the presence of the pendent carboxyl groups were investigated. The degradation behavior of PCLCOOH was assessed by the evaluation of water uptake, mass loss, molecular masses and ESEM microphotographs. A dramatic increase in the hydrolytic degradation rate was observed compared with pure PCL, thus PCLCOOH can now be considered as a hydrolytically degradable polymer.
Rapid determination of lignocellulose by diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRapid determination of lignocellulose by diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectrometryTor P. Schultz, M. Curry. Templeton, and Gary D. McGinnisCite this: Anal. Chem. 1985, 57, 14, 2867–2869Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00291a027https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00291a027research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views643Altmetric-Citations95LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Face recognition by support vector machines (2002)

Support vector machines (SVM) have been recently proposed as a new technique for pattern recognition. SVM with a binary tree recognition strategy are used to tackle the face recognition problem. We illustrate the potential of SVM on the Cambridge ORL face database, which consists of 400 images of 40 individuals, containing quite a high degree of variability in expression, pose, and facial details. We also present the recognition experiment on a larger face database of 1079 images of 137 individuals. We compare the SVM-based recognition with the standard eigenface approach using the nearest center classification (NCC) criterion.
Pharmacologic management of black hypertensive patients (1988)

Cardiothoracic Clinical Nurse Specialist, Division of Clinical Nursing, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
Transdermal clonidine for ameliorating tamoxifen-induced hot flashes. (1994)

Better means are needed to alleviate hot flashes among patients in whom estrogen therapy is contraindicated.
Density-functional thermochemistry. IV. A new dynamical correlation functional and implications for exact-exchange mixing (1996)

A new dynamical correlation functional is constructed subject to a small number of simple, yet key, requirements not all satisfied by existing functionals in the literature. The new functional gives good atomic correlation energies, and, in conjunction with previous gradient-corrected exchange functionals and exact-exchange mixing, excellent thermochemistry in the G2 benchmarks of Pople and co-workers.
Quantitation of Tail Lesions in Vaccinia-Infected Mice (1969)

When mice were infected with vaccinia virus via the tail vein, the number of lesions was influenced by the injection site. A site 3 cm from the base of the tail is of greatest practical value.
Adrenomedullin blockade improves catecholamine responsiveness and kidney function in resuscitated murine septic shock (2012)

Purpose
Adrenomedullin (ADM) has been referred to as a double-edged sword during septic shock: On one hand, ADM supplementation improved organ perfusion and function, attenuated systemic inflammation, and ultimately reduced tissue apoptosis and mortality. On the other hand, ADM overproduction can cause circulatory collapse and organ failure due to impaired vasoconstrictor response and reduced myocardial contractility. Since most of these data originate from un-resuscitated shock models, we tested the hypothesis whether the newly developed anti-ADM antibody HAM1101 may improve catecholamine responsiveness and thus attenuate organ dysfunction during resuscitated murine, cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced septic shock.
Return Mode Selection and Pricing Strategy for a Dual-Channel Retailer (2020)

With the rapid development of e-commerce and the economy, an increasing number of retailers are adopting a dual-channel retail strategy (DCRS), which allows customers to return unsatisfactory products, provided that their complaints are reasonable, and receive a full refund. This paper studies the pricing strategies of an integrated dual-channel retailer (DCR) when it provides return policies to customers, including original channel return, fixed cross-channel return, and relaxed cross-channel return. The relationship between the DCR’s system performance and channel pricing is impacted by customer channel preferences, and the return rates of different channels are discussed. The results show that the greater the difference in customer preferences between channels is, the greater the profitability of the DCR will be. A fixed cross-channel return model should be selected when the return rate in the online channel is higher or the cross-channel return rate is lower; otherwise, the original channel return model should be selected. When the return rate of a certain channel is high, the retailer should increase the price in that channel and reduce the pricing of its competing channel to compensate for the loss caused by the returns and transfer sales between channels. A selective return policy can not only improve the flexibility of business operations and enhance competitive advantage but also provide convenient customer returns and enhance consumers’ sense of security.
Uranium Extraction from Florida Phosphates (1981)

Domestic phosphate reserves have been estimated to contain more than 600 000 tons of uranium at an average U3O8 concentration of ∼0.015%. Research in the 1940s showed that this uranium could be extracted as a by-product of wet-process phosphoric acid production, but the low price of uranium at that time prevented the formation of a viable industry. Research on process improvement was continued by Oak Ridge National Laboratory and by the Bureau of Mines during the 1960s and 1970s, and in 1974 and 1975, the increase in the price of uranium caused many phosphate producers to reexamine uranium recovery. Several companies entered the business, and by 1981, commercial plants will be recovering about 4.5 million pounds of U3O8 per year.Uranium extraction from phosphoric acid is an example of natural resource conservation: if the uranium is not extracted, it is forever lost from the economy. A side benefit is that the concentrations of radioactivity in fertilizers are lowered significantly.
Scattered Pilot Assisted Channel Estimation for IFDMA Uplink (2009)

Interleaved Frequency Division Multiple Access (IFDMA) is a modulation scheme that achieves a frequency diversity gain and establishes a frequency orthogonal channel. In multicarrier modulation schemes such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), a pilot signal is dispersed over the frequency and time domains and thus the estimated channel transfer function can track the fluctuations that occur in the time and frequency domains. This pilot signal is referred to as a scattered pilot signal. However, the scattered pilot signal has not yet been applied to IFDMA. In this paper, we propose a scattered pilot signal for IFDMA. The problem with the proposed scattered pilot signal is that it increases the peak to average power ratio of the transmitted signal. Therefore, we also propose three peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) reduction schemes for the IFDMA symbols including the scattered pilot signal. A computer simulation shows that the proposed pilot signal achieves a highly accurate channel estimation under various channel conditions and that the proposed reduction shemes significantly reduce the PAPR.
A systematic study on mixtures of Pt/zeolite as hydroisomerization catalysts (2017)

Mixtures of bifunctional catalysts exhibited cooperative effects in the hydroisomerization of <italic>n</italic>-hexadecane. The performance of a hybrid can be simulated based on those of individuals, as illustrated.
Characterization of the biocontrol activity of <i>Debaryomyces hansenii</i> in the control of <i>Penicillium digitatum</i> on grapefruit (1989)

Interactions between Debaryomyces hansenii and Penicillium digitatum were studied in culture and on fruit to better characterize the observed biological control of green mold on grapefruit by the yeast. The antagonist did not produce antibiotic substances in culture and was ineffective in protecting against the disease when killed by heat or chemicals. Incidence of green mold was dependent upon the concentration of both the pathogen spores and the antagonist yeast cells. Control of green mold was most effective at 10 9 cfu/mL of D. hansenii. The role of available nutrients in the biological control activity of D. hansenii was assessed. Significant inhibition of spore germination and hyphal growth of P. digitatum in culture was achieved by the addition of the yeast cells to a minimal synthetic growth medium. Inhibition of P. digitatum by the antagonist in culture and on the fruit peel could be overcome by the addition of exogenous nutrients. Our results indicate that competition for nutrients may play a role in the biocontrol of P. digitatum by D. hansenii on grapefruit.Key words: biological control, Penicillium digitatum, Debaryomyces hansenii, grapefruit.
Effects of photoperiod during incubation on embryonic and post‐embryonic development of quail and chickens<sup>1</sup> (1973)

Synopsis The effect of light during incubation on embryonic and post‐embryonic development of White Leghorn chickens and Northern Bobwhite quail was determined. The treatments were: (a) 12 h light followed by 12 h dark (12L—12D), (b) 24 h light (24L—0D) and (c) 24 h dark (0L—24D) per day throughout incubation. The development of the embryos of both species was accelerated by increasing the length of exposure to light during incubation. There were no differences in hatchability, weight at hatching, or at 4, 8, 12, 16 or 20 weeks of age. The incidence of healed navels was increased with greater length of exposure to light during incubation. No differences in egg production due to treatment were detected. Notes Florida Agricultural Experiment Station Journal Series No. 4094. Present address: Christmas, Florida.
Immunity against Cyclin B1 Tumor Antigen Delays Development of Spontaneous Cyclin B1‐Positive Tumors in p53<sup>−/−</sup> Mice (2009)

We previously identified cyclin B1-specific T cells and antibodies in cancer patients with cyclin B1-positive (+) tumors and also in some healthy individuals. We also demonstrated that these responses may be important in cancer immunosurveillance by showing that vaccination against cyclin B1 prevents growth of transplantable cyclin B1(+) tumors in mice. Constitutive overexpression of cyclin B1 was determined to correlate with the lack of p53 function. This allowed us to use p53(-/-) mice as a model that better approximates human disease. These p53(-/-) mice spontaneously develop cyclin B1(+) tumors. At 5-6 weeks of age, when the mice were still healthy with no evidence of tumor, they received the cyclin B1 vaccine and were then observed for tumor growth. We demonstrate that cyclin B1 vaccination delays spontaneous cyclin B1(+) tumor growth and increases median survival of tumor-bearing p53(-/-) mice.
Use of a monoclonal antibody to purify the tetrodotoxin binding component from the electroplax of Electrophorus electricus. (1982)

The tetrodotoxin binding component of the voltage-sensitive sodium channel from Electrophorus electricus electroplax was purified by using a monoclonal antibody. An impure preparation of tetrodotoxin binding component was mixed with the pure monoclonal antibody, and the immune complex so formed was isolated by affinity chromatography on a protein A-Sepharose column. Excess antibody was removed by ion-exchange chromatography. The purified material has a specific activity of over 1,800 pmol of [3H]tetrodotoxin bound per mg of protein. By assuming that the immune complex has a stoichiometry of 1:1, this specific activity then represents an actual specific activity of 3,000 pmol of [3H]tetrodotoxin bound per mg of eel electroplax protein, or 75% of the theoretical specific activity expected for a pure toxin binding component of Mr 250,000. The peptide composition of the purified material was simple with the predominant species present being of Mr approximately equal to 250,000. Minor components were also present with Mrs of approximately equal to 95,000, approximately equal to 44,000, and approximately equal to 23,000.
Sustained Dysfunction of Antiviral CD8<sup>+</sup>T Lymphocytes after Infection with Hepatitis C Virus (2001)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) sets up persistent infection in the majority of those exposed. It is likely that, as with other persistent viral infections, the efficacy of T-lymphocyte responses influences long-term outcome. However, little is known about the functional capacity of HCV-specific T-lymphocyte responses induced after acute infection. We investigated this by using major histocompatibility complex class I-peptide tetrameric complexes (tetramers), which allow direct detection of specific CD8+ T lymphocytes ex vivo, independently of function. Here we show that, early after infection, virus-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes detected with a panel of four such tetramers are abnormal in terms of their synthesis of antiviral cytokines and lytic activity. Furthermore, this phenotype is commonly maintained long term, since large sustained populations of HCV-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes were identified, which consistently had very poor antiviral cytokine responses as measured in vitro. Overall, HCV-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes show reduced synthesis of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) after stimulation with either mitogens or peptides, compared to responses to Epstein-Barr virus and/or cytomegalovirus. This behavior of antiviral CD8+ T lymphocytes induced after HCV infection may contribute to viral persistence through failure to effectively suppress viral replication.
Fabrication of submicron Nb/AlO/sub x/-Al/Nb tunnel junctions using focused ion beam implanted Nb patterning (FINP) technique (1995)

We have successfully fabricated 0.2 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ Nb/AlO/sub x//Nb tunnel junctions using the focused-ion-beam implanted Nb patterning (FINP) technique for junction definition. The success was due to improvement of the edge profile of the counter electrode. The vertical edge profile was realized with the large etching selectivity of Ga implanted Nb over unimplanted Nb by controlling the reactive neutrals in the plasma. The critical current I/sub c/ and the quality parameter V/sub m/ of 0.2 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ junctions were 10.5 /spl mu/A and 11 mV, respectively. The R/sub sg//R/sub n/ was 12. The maximum to minimum spread in I/sub c/ of 60 series junctions with areas of 0.5 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ was /spl plusmn/10%.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Surface Relaxation Mechanisms of Laser-Polarized<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi/><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>129</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Xe</mml:mi></mml:math> (1995)

We have determined the dominant mechanism for nuclear spin relaxation of laser-polarized ${}^{129}\mathrm{Xe}$ in silicone coated cells. The ${}^{129}\mathrm{Xe}$ relaxation rate is found to be strongly dependent on magnetic field, which indicates that ${}^{129}\mathrm{Xe}$ becomes trapped in the coating for extraordinarily long times ( $\ensuremath{\tau}>10\ensuremath{\mu}$s). Relaxation is caused by dipolar coupling between the trapped ${}^{129}\mathrm{Xe}$ and the protons in the coating, which we confirm with a novel double resonance scheme. This result should aid the development of improved coatings, and offers new possibilities for using laser-polarized ${}^{129}\mathrm{Xe}$ as a probe of other polymer and biological systems.
Robust identification of molecular phenotypes using semi-supervised learning (2019)

The consistent incorporation of the structure of the molecular data into the classifier helps to minimize overfitting and facilitates not only good generalization of classification and molecular phenotypes, but also reliable identification of biologically relevant features and elucidation of underlying biological processes.
Nitrodecarboxylation and Nitrodeformylation of Some Electron-Rich Benzoic Acids and Benzaldehydes (1996)

Abstract The nitration ipso to a carboxylic or formyl group of disubstituted and trisubstituted benzoic acids and benzaldehydes using nitric acid in acetic acid is described.