gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The challenge of realistic music generation: modelling raw audio at scale (2018)

Realistic music generation is a challenging task. When building generative models of music that are learnt from data, typically high-level representations such as scores or MIDI are used that abstract away the idiosyncrasies of a particular performance. But these nuances are very important for our perception of musicality and realism, so in this work we embark on modelling music in the raw audio domain. It has been shown that autoregressive models excel at generating raw audio waveforms of speech, but when applied to music, we find them biased towards capturing local signal structure at the expense of modelling long-range correlations. This is problematic because music exhibits structure at many different timescales. In this work, we explore autoregressive discrete autoencoders (ADAs) as a means to enable autoregressive models to capture long-range correlations in waveforms. We find that they allow us to unconditionally generate piano music directly in the raw audio domain, which shows stylistic consistency across tens of seconds.
Visible and infrared solid-state image sensors (1983)

This paper reviews the progress, major issues, and trends in the development of solid-state visible and infrared image sensors. The most common photodetector readout structure and imager architectures are discussed. This presentation also includes a brief review of recently reported visible and infrared image sensing arrays.
The allergenic specificities of the house dust mite. (2004)

The most important house dust mites are Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and in drier areas D. farinae. In subtropical and tropical regions the glycyphagid mite Blomia tropicalis is a major source of allergen, which co-exists with D. pteronyssinus. The group 1 and 2 allergens of Dermatophagoides mites are clearly major specificities and it is likely that these allergens could be the basis of new strategies of immunotherapy for many mite-allergic subjects. About 20% of patients, however, do not have IgE antibody to the group 1 and 2 allergens, and even though this is a minority, it constitutes a large population. There are also many other house dust mite allergens which have high IgE binding activity but these are present in low and variable concentrations in mite extracts, usually at less than 1% of the group 1 and 2 allergens. It must be appreciated that mite extracts are arbitrary preparations that do not accurately represent the relative concentrations of allergens in inhaled air. There is now the opportunity to produce more representative and more balanced formulations of allergens, possibly by mixtures of recombinant allergens. It is likely that the group 3, 5, 7 and 9 allergens will be important along with the high molecular weight group 11, 14, 15 and 18. The tropomyosin group 10 may be an important cross-reacting allergen. B. tropicalis is, because of its distribution in highly populated regions with increasing affluence, a very important allergen. It has low-grade cross-reactivity with Dermatophagoides but most allergens only have 30-40% sequence identity between the different families so they require different allergens for immunotherapy and new diagnostic measures are required to distinguish the sensitivity between the mite families. Studies on B. tropicalis allergens are required to identify the major allergens that do not appear to be the group land 2 specificities. Component resolved diagnosis is a newly developing procedure that uses allergen arrays to provide a diagnostic format to differentiate between cross-reacting allergens and to identify the optimal formulation of allergens for different patients.
The Size Exclusion Characteristics of Type I Collagen (2007)

The mineral in bone is located primarily within the collagen fibril, and during mineralization the fibril is formed first and then water within the fibril is replaced with mineral. The collagen fibril therefore provides the aqueous compartment in which mineral grows. Although knowledge of the size of molecules that can diffuse into the fibril to affect crystal growth is critical to understanding the mechanism of bone mineralization, there have been as yet no studies on the size exclusion properties of the collagen fibril. To determine the size exclusion characteristics of collagen, we developed a gel filtration-like procedure that uses columns containing collagen from tendon and bone. The elution volumes of test molecules show the volume within the packed column that is accessible to the test molecules, and therefore reveal the size exclusion characteristics of the collagen within the column. These experiments show that molecules smaller than a 6-kDa protein diffuse into all of the water within the collagen fibril, whereas molecules larger than a 40-kDa protein are excluded from this water. These studies provide an insight into the mechanism of bone mineralization. Molecules and apatite crystals smaller than a 6-kDa protein can diffuse into all water within the fibril and so can directly impact mineralization. Although molecules larger than a 40-kDa protein are excluded from the fibril, they can initiate mineralization by forming small apatite crystal nuclei that diffuse into the fibril, or can favor fibril mineralization by inhibiting apatite growth everywhere but within the fibril.
40Gb/s Pure Photonic Packet Switch for Datacenters (2015)

We demonstrate a 40Gb/s pure photonic packet switch testbed for a datacenter network. It uses a photonic wrap/un-wrap to handle all packet sizes, separate control and data paths, and a synchronization scheme to align packets of all nodes at the photonic switch despite different network fiber lengths.
<title>NCR MODUS: A Data Management Subsystem</title> (1983)

This paper describes MODUS, an intelligent data management subsystem currently offered by NCR. This paper also discusses MODUS in an Image Database Management Subsystem. MODUS consists of the hardware and software necessary to communicate via a high level interface to hosts or host networks for the purpose of managing data and peripherals for those hosts. The hardware configuration is an Input/Output Processor, one or more Communication Processors and at least one SCSI Interface to peripherals. The software configuration consists of data and peripheral management Controlware, and multiple optionally supported communication protocols. MODUS will accept high level commands from hosts to access, store and maintain data. Data management features such as multi-user file and database access manage-ment, spacial management, back-up procedures, archival procedures, data security and data integrity are supported. Resource management features such as shared peripherals, hierarchy of memories including cache, standard SCSI interface to peripherals, error logging, print spooling and multiple peripheral types including memory, disks, tapes and optical products are supported. Multiple communication paths can be used with MODUS. Physical connections like NCR OMNINET, RS232 and Ethernet are supported. Communication protocols like CP/NET and Ethernet are available. MODUS would be used in an Image Database Management system for distributed image data storage and retrieval, archival storage management, image data availability and integrity and personnel and patient database management.
Isolation of Stress-Related Genes of Rubber Particles and Latex in Fig Tree (Ficus carica) and their Expressions by Abiotic Stress or Plant Hormone Treatments (2003)

Two rubber particle protein genes and one latex gene in fig tree (Ficus carica) have been isolated and their expression following various abiotic stress treatments have been investigated. The two major proteins that are tightly associated with the catalytically active rubber particles have been sequenced to be peroxidase (POX) and trypsin inhibitor (TRI). A cDNA encoding a basic class I chitinase (CHI) has also been isolated from the fig tree latex. Wounding treatment strongly induced the expression of the three stress-related genes. Among the abiotic stresses investigated, drought treatment greatly induced the expression of POX, whereas the expression of CHI and TRI decreased after the same treatment. Cold treatment reduced slightly the transcript levels of the thee genes, and NaCl reduced marginally the expression of CHI. The expression of POX, CHI, and TRI was induced by jasmonic acid and abscisic acid, by jasmonic acid, and by salicylic acid, respectively. Different expression of the stress-related genes following various abiotic stress or plant hormone treatments suggests that a crosstalk exists between the signal transduction pathways elicited by abiotic stresses and hormones in plants. Our present results showing the expression of stress-related proteins on the surface of rubber particles and latex in F. carica also imply the possible role of rubber particles and latex in defense in rubber-producing plant species.
Nod factor-induced phosphatidic acid and diacylglycerol pyrophosphate formation: a role for phospholipase C and D in root hair deformation (2001)

Rhizobium-secreted nodulation factors are lipochitooligosaccharides that trigger the initiation of nodule formation on host legume roots. The first visible effect is root hair deformation, but the perception and signalling mechanisms that lead to this response are still unclear. When we treated Vicia sativa seedlings with mastoparan root hairs deformed, suggesting that G proteins are involved. To investigate whether mastoparan and Nod factor activate lipid signalling pathways initiated by phospholipase C (PLC) and D (PLD), seedlings were radiolabelled with [(32)P]orthophosphate prior to treatment. Mastoparan stimulated increases in phosphatidic acid (PA) and diacylglycerol pyrophosphate, indicative of PLD or PLC activity in combination with diacylglycerol kinase (DGK) and PA kinase. Treatment with Nod factor had similar effects, although less pronounced. The inactive mastoparan analogue Mas17 had no effect. The increase in PA was partially caused by the activation of PLD that was monitored by its in vivo transphosphatidylation activity. The application of primary butyl alcohols, inhibitors of PLD activity, blocked root hair deformation. Using different labelling strategies, evidence was provided for the activation of DGK. Since the PLC antagonist neomycin inhibited root hair deformation and the formation of PA, we propose that PLC activation produced diacylglycerol (DAG), which was subsequently converted to PA by DGK. The roles of PLC and PLD in Nod factor signalling are discussed.
Comparative Analysis of Pyrolysis Products from a Variety of Herbaceous Canadian Crop Residues (2011)

Abstract: Interest in recovering and valorizing agricultural biomass residues has increased in recent years in response to emerging economic opportunities and the potential for more sustainable use of renewable and nonrenewable resources. Agricultural crop residues are a major source of lignocellulose, with considerable potential for use as a renewable resource and lignin’s polyphenolic structure makes it a potential source of high value products such as fine chemicals. To achieve this requires characterization of the chemical composition of biomass and in this study we determined the lignin and structural carbohydrate content of various sources of agricultural biomass such as flax shives, wheat straw, wheat bran, triticale straw, triticale bran, barley straw, oat straw and mustard straw along with selected lignin samples that were isolated using an environmentally benign ionic liquid (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([emim]Ac)). Pyrolysis-GC/MS was used to determine the thermal degradation products of the select biomass and lignin samples. The main phenolic compounds obtained from pyrolysis included catechol, guaiacol, 4-vinyl guaiacol, eugenol, vanillin and isoeugenol. We quantified the lignin content of the select biomass samples directly from pyrolysis-GC/MS measurements. Lignin values obtained from pyrolysis-GC/MS (Py-lignin) were compared against conventional acid insoluble lignin values and good correlation was found between lignin values obtained from pyrolysis-GC/MS and acid insoluble lignin 2 2 content within species (R =0.98). Also a good correlation was established between species (R =0.97). This work provides information that demonstrates that pyrolysis is a depolymerization technology capable of producing high value phenolic molecules from crop residues. This work also provides information demonstrating that analytical pyrolysis can be used to assess the lignin content in monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous herbaceous crop residues. Key words: Agricultural biomass Pyrolysis-GC-MS Thermal degradation products Lignin content determination
Left ventricular targeting of reporter gene expression in vivo by human BNP promoter in an adenoviral vector (2002)

To selectively introduce genes into the mouse myocardium, we used a recombinant adenovirus encoding a transgene composed of a cardiac-specific promoter [the proximal human brain natriuretic peptide (hBNP) promoter] coupled to a luciferase reporter gene (Ad.hBNPLuc). Activity in vitro and in vivo was compared with Ad.CMVLuc, which contained the cytomegalovirus (CMV) enhancer/promoter. We tested cell-specific and inducible regulation of Ad.hBNPLuc in vitro. Expression was higher in neonatal cardiac myocytes than in a fibroblast cell line and was induced by interleukin-1beta, phenylephrine, and isoproterenol in myocytes. For in vivo experiments, Ad.hBNPLuc, Ad.CMVLuc, or vehicle was injected into the left ventricular (LV) free wall of the mouse heart. In Ad.hBNPLuc-injected mice, luciferase activity was only detected in the heart. In contrast, Ad.CMVLuc-injected mice had detectable luciferase activity in all tissues examined. Our studies indicate that 1) the cardiac-specific hBNP promoter and direct cardiac injection limit expression of the transgene to the LV free wall; and 2) transgene expression in vitro is inducible and cardiac myocyte specific. Thus the use of the proximal hBNP promoter in recombinant adenoviral vectors may allow cardiac-specific and inducible expression of therapeutic genes in vivo and prevent some of the side effects of systemic adenovirus administration.
Estimation of Left Ventricular Recovery Level Based on the Motor Current Waveform Analysis on Circulatory Support with Centrifugal Blood Pump (2001)

In a mock circulatory loop simulating the left heart bypass using a centrifugal blood pump, analysis of the motor current waveform of the centrifugal pump was performed to derive a useful parameter to evaluate the status of ventricular function. The relationship between the peak, amplitude, and the peak of the fundamental frequency of the power spectral density of the periodic motor current waveform (MCpsdP) that reflected the pulsatile ventricular pressure, and the peak of the left ventricular pressure (LVP) was examined. Although both peak and amplitude of the motor current waveform showed an excellent correlation with the peak LVP, they failed to predict the opening of the aortic valve. The MCpsdP that corresponds to the frequency of the heart rate showed an excellent correlation with the peak LVP throughout the LVP levels, but the slope between them changed with the opening of the aortic valve. Thus, it is possible to follow the change in the LVP and detect even the opening of the aortic valve, and, hence, the recovery of the left ventricle. However, the slope of the linear regression equation varied, depending on the pump speed. This result implies that the MCpsdP can be possibly used to follow the change of ventricular function during circulatory assistance with a centrifugal blood pump as well as to control the pump speed in response to varying ventricular function.
Mechanisms of ring opening of oxirans by acids in aqueous and non-aqueous solvents (1975)

The kinetics of the ring opening of oxirans mainly by halogen acids in aqueous and non-aqueous solvents have been studied. Rate measurements and product proportions show that straightforward A1 or A2 mechanisms are insufficient to explain the facts. An ion-pair intermediate is proposed which rationalises many of the data.
General theoretical treatment of spectral modulation light-labeling spectroscopy (2016)

We theoretically derive the analytic relationship between experimental parameters and the measured incident (or illumination) optical power spectrum for a new form of spectroscopy, entitled light labeling spectroscopy. The light labeling signals are shown to arise from the interference between fields diffracted from a grating with time varying ruling density. A Gaussian model is used to illustrate the bounds of the method for recovering power spectra without artificial spectral apodization. Finally, several example systems are tabulated to give numerical insight into the possible system performances across a range of wavelength regions.
Genome-enabled prediction using probabilistic neural network classifiers (2016)

The PNN classifier outperformed the MLP classifier in all 33 (maize and wheat) datasets when using AUC and AUCpr for selecting individuals of a specific class. Use of PNN with Gaussian radial basis functions seems promising in genomic selection for identifying the best individuals. Categorizing continuous traits into three classes generally provided better classification than when using two classes, because classification accuracy improved when classes were balanced.
Rectangular Uniform-Chromaticity-Scale Coordinates (1939)

The advantages and limitations of the I.C.I. coordinate system and the trilinear coordinate system yielding uniform chromaticity scales as proposed by Judd are compared. The advantages for engineering applications of a system combining rectangular coordinates with the uniform chromaticity scale (U.C.S.) are pointed out. The U.C.S. triangle is transformed to give such a system. A slight modification of the constants and a simple translation give a system of coordinates in which the first quadrant contains only greens, the second blues, the third purples and the fourth reds and yellows. The resulting diagram is compared with that obtained by MacAdam. Transformation equations for obtaining the rectangular uniform-chromaticity-scale coordinates from the I.C.I. coordinates and for the reverse transformation, the distribution coefficients for an equal-energy spectrum and for the spectrum of the Planckian radiator at 2355°K and at 2842°K, and also the ordinates to be used in computing rectangular uniform-chromaticity-scale coordinates by the Hardy selected ordinate method for a source at 2842°K are included.
Tumor immunotherapy: New aspects of natural killer cells (2018)

A group of impressive immunotherapies for cancer treatment, including immune checkpoint-blocking antibodies, gene therapy and immune cell adoptive cellular immunotherapy, have been established, providing new weapons to fight cancer. Natural killer (NK) cells are a component of the first line of defense against tumors and virus infections. Studies have shown dysfunctional NK cells in patients with cancer. Thus, restoring NK cell antitumor functionality could be a promising therapeutic strategy. NK cells that are activated and expanded ex vivo can supplement malfunctional NK cells in tumor patients. Therapeutic antibodies, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), or bispecific proteins can all retarget NK cells precisely to tumor cells. Therapeutic antibody blockade of the immune checkpoints of NK cells has been suggested to overcome the immunosuppressive signals delivered to NK cells. Oncolytic virotherapy provokes antitumor activity of NK cells by triggering antiviral immune responses. Herein, we review the current immunotherapeutic approaches employed to restore NK cell antitumor functionality for the treatment of cancer.
A wavelet approach to foveating images (1997)

Motivated by applications of foveated images in visualization, we introduce the foveation transform of an image. We study the basic properties of these transforms using the multiresolution framework of Mallat. We also consider practical methods of realizing such transforms. In particular, we introduce a new method for foveating images based on wavelets. Preliminary experimental results are shown.
Effect of exosomes derived from multipluripotent mesenchymal stromal cells on functional recovery and neurovascular plasticity in rats after traumatic brain injury (2015)

The authors demonstrate for the first time that MSC-generated exosomes effectively improve functional recovery, at least in part, by promoting endogenous angiogenesis and neurogenesis and by reducing inflammation in rats after TBI. Thus, MSC-generated exosomes may provide a novel cell-free therapy for TBI and possibly for other neurological diseases.
Avirulence of <i>Candida albicans CaHK1</i> Mutants in a Murine Model of Hematogenously Disseminated Candidiasis (1999)

Deletion of both alleles of the Candida albicans CaHK1 gene, which causes cells to flocculate when grown at pH 7.5, a pH comparable to that of mammalian blood, abolishes the ability of the yeast to establish a successful infection in a murine model of hematogenously disseminated candidiasis. Within 72 h all mice inoculated with the parental C. albicans strain had died. The mice infected with either the heterozygote or revertant strain, either of which harbors only one functional CaHK1 allele, also succumbed to the infection, although survivors were observed for up to 16 days postinfection. However, mice inoculated with the Deltacahk1 null strain survived for the course of the infection. These results indicate that CaHK1 is required for the virulence of C. albicans in a murine model of hematogenously disseminated candidiasis. In contrast, CaHK1 is not required for the virulence of C. albicans in a rat model of vaginal candidiasis.
Reactions for selective elimination of TEMPO end groups in polystyrene (1998)

The “living” free radical polymerization of styrene in the presence of 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl (TEMPO) affords low polydispersity polystyrene (PS). The thermal instability of the linkage of the TEMPO group of the PS, however, restricts the processing possibilities of the resin. Therefore, different methods were tried to remove the TEMPO end groups from the polystyrene. It was found that oxidation with m-chloroperbenzoic acid (MCPA) and heating in the presence of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol give the best results while other reagents such as cumene hydroperoxide or lithium aluminium hydride only reduce the concentration of the TEMPO end groups in the final polymer. The product of the oxidation with MCPA was investigated with MALDI-TOF MS and with 1H NMR spectroscopy. It was found that a signal at 4 ppm commonly referred to the polystyrene end connected to the TEMPO group overlaps with an absorption caused by the Diels-Alder adduct of the thermally self-initiated polystyrene. Hence, the facile removal of the TEMPO group gives the opportunity to determine the degree of autopolymerization in a TEMPO based polystyrene.