gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Microcomputer aided tracking (MCAT) (1983)

Abstract : The goal of the MCAT project was to investigate the effectiveness of operator initiated tracks followed by automatic tracking. Adding this capability to a display was intended to relieve operator overload and fatigue which results when the operator is limited to grease pencil tracking. MCAT combines several microprocessors and a microcomputer-driven PPI(Plan Position Indications) with graphics capability. The operator is required to make the initial detection and MCAT then performs automatic detection and tracking in a limited area centered around the detection. This approach was chosen because it is far less costly than a full-up auto detect and track approach. MCAT is intended for use in a non-NTDS (Naval Tactical Data System) environment where operator aids are minimal at best. There are approximately 200 non-NTDS ships in today's Navy. Each of these ships has a combat information center (CIC) which includes numerous PPIs typically SPA-25s, SPA-66s, SPA-50s) and various manual means (e.g., air summary plotboards, NC-2 plotters) of producing summary plots and performing calculations (e.g., maneuvering board paper) pertinent to tracks in progress. The operator's duties are time-consuming and there are many things that could be done via computer control and graphics displays that the non-NTDS operate must now do manually. Because there is much manual information handling, accumulation of data is slow and there is a large probability of error.
A New Procedure to Assess Individual Risk of Exposure to Schistosomiasis Cercariae (2018)

Exposure to schistosomiasis cercariae can be measured in terms of frequency of bathing, washing clothes, washing animals, cleaning canals, etc. As randomized studies are neither practical nor ethical, evidence must be based on observational studies with uncontrollable patterns of activities. For individuals who are already at high risk because of one type of exposure, adding another risk may be less relevant than for individuals where the first risk factor is not present. The observed differences between the two villages could be explained, for instance, through different crops being cultivated. Also, if in one village a larger proportion of the population is engaged in farming, this could lead, on the average, to a lesser degree of water contact per person. The proposed marginal-likelihood procedure provides a solution for a problem which frequently arises in the analysis of questionnaire data.
Integration of Si-CMOS and III-V materials through multi-wafer stacking (2017)

A method to integrate III-V compound semiconductors (e.g., GaN HEMT, InGaN LED, InGaAs HEMT or AlGaInP LED) and Si-CMOS on a common Si substrate is demonstrated. The Si-CMOS layer from SOI wafer is temporarily held on a Si handle wafer. Another III-V/Si substrate is then bonded to the Si-CMOS containing handle wafer. Finally, the handle wafer is released to realize the Si-CMOS on III-V/Si substrate. Additional III-V/Si substrates with different materials and structures can be integrated on the same piece of Si-CMOS+III-V/Si substrate by stacking another III-V/Si substrate before the handle wafer is removed. Through this method, integration of Si-CMOS with more than one type of III-V materials on a single Si platform can be realized (e.g., CMOS/InGaAs HEMT/GaN LED on a silicon substrate). Hence, a new generation of system with diversed functionalities, better energy efficiency, and smaller form factor can be achieved.
Texture and reflection in computer generated images (1976)

In 1974 Ed Catmull developed a new algorithm for rendering images of bivariate surface patches. This paper describes extensions of this algorithm in the areas of texture simulation and lighting models.The parametrization of a patch defines a coordinate system which is used as a key for mapping patterns onto the surface. The parametric values within each picture element are input to a pattern definition function. A weighted average of the values of this function over the picture element scales the intensity of that picture element. By suitably defining the pattern function, various surfaces textures can be simulated. The shape and size of this weighting function is chosen using digital signal processing theory.The other problem addressed here concerns lighting models. The patch rendering algorithm allows accurate computation of the surface.
The Use of Serum Trypsin-like Immunoreactivity for the Diagnosis of Canine Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency (1990)

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) is an important cause of malassimilation in the dog. Due to the unreliability of available diagnostic procedures in the past the prevalence of EPI has probably been exaggerated. A new procedure has recently been developed and is proving to be highly sensitive and highly specific for the measurement of exocrine pancreatic function. This test, a radioimmunoassay of serum trypsin-like immunoreactivity, shows pronlise for more accurately distinguishing between EPI and small intestinal disease as the cause of malassimilation.
Price - wage dynamics and the transmission of inflation in socialist economies : empirical models for Hungary and Poland (1991)

The authors of this paper set up a simple inflation model to analyze the transmission and short-run dynamics of inflation in partially reformed socialist economies. The model has features derived from market economies with few producers and sticky prices. It also tries to capture some attributes of socialist economies, including chronic excess demand in goods markets. Most of the empirical analysis focuses on the period after 1982 when market-related reforms had been implemented. The dynamic price and wage models are simultaneously estimated allowing the authors to explore the role and weight of foreign prices and domestic factors in propagating inflation in Hungary and Poland. They find that cost developments are critical in relating exogenous, policy-determined price adjustments to increases in inflation. In most periods, wages were indexed to prices - but in Poland more complex bargaining games emerged which caused an inability to make centralized wage norms hold. Polish planners relied increasingly on price adjustments to address emerging macroeconomic imbalances, but these only further destabilized the system and failed to address the underlying sources of macroeconomic imbalances. In contrast, the Hungarian experience points to some of the ways administered prices can be used to stabilize the system.
Real-time interactive MR imaging system: sequence optimization, and basic and clinical evaluations. (2000)

A real-time interactive MR imaging system (real-time MRI) is an MR scanner which has a fast image updating cycle and the ability to freely change slice orientation, just like an ultrasound imaging system. Recently, such a system has been developed and installed on a clinical 1.5-Tesla system. The purpose of this study was to optimize the pulse sequences for clinical use and to evaluate the clinical usefulness and basic functionality of real-time MRI. For T1-weighted imaging, FLASH (fast low angle shot) can be selected, and up to 5 frames per second can be acquired depending on the matrix size. For T2-weighted imaging, true FISP (fast imaging with steady-state precession) can be selected, and up to 4 frames per second can be acquired. Maximum C/N between liver and spleen was obtained at a flip angle of 20 degrees on FLASH. Maximum C/N between cardiac cavity and wall was obtained at a flip angle of 60 degrees on true FISP. Localization of the right and left coronary arteries could be performed within 30 seconds in three volunteers. Although the present real-time MRI system has drawbacks such as low spatial resolution and relatively low contrast resolution, we expect real-time MRI to be one of the most important tools for future clinical MRI.
Two (βα)<sub>8</sub>-Barrel Enzymes of Histidine and Tryptophan Biosynthesis Have Similar Reaction Mechanisms and Common Strategies for Protecting Their Labile Substrates<sup>,</sup> (2002)

The enzymes N'-[(5'-phosphoribosyl)formimino]-5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide isomerase (HisA) and phosphoribosylanthranilate isomerase (TrpF) are sugar isomerases that are involved in histidine and tryptophan biosynthesis, respectively. Both enzymes have the (betaalpha)(8)-barrel fold and catalyze Amadori rearrangements of a thermolabile aminoaldose into the corresponding aminoketose. To identify those amino acids that are essential for catalysis, conserved residues at the active sites of both HisA and TrpF from the hyperthermophile Thermotoga maritima were replaced by site-directed mutagenesis, and the purified variants were investigated by steady-state enzyme kinetics. Aspartate 8, aspartate 127, and threonine 164 appeared to be important for the HisA reaction, whereas cysteine 7 and aspartate 126 appeared to be important for the TrpF reaction. On the basis of these results and the X-ray structure of a complex between TrpF and a bound product analogue, a reaction mechanism involving general acid-base catalysis and a Schiff base intermediate is proposed for both enzymes. A comparison of the HisA and TrpF enzymes from T. maritima and Escherichia coli showed that, at the physiological temperatures of 80 and 37 degrees C, respectively, the enzymes from the hyperthermophile have significantly higher catalytic efficiencies than the corresponding enzymes from mesophiles. These results suggest that HisA and TrpF have similar chemical reaction mechanisms and use the same strategy to prevent the loss of their thermolabile substrates.
Robust contour decomposition using a constant curvature criterion (1991)

The problem of decomposing an extended boundary or contour into simple primitives is addressed with particular emphasis on Laplacian-of-Gaussian zero-crossing contours. A technique is introduced for partitioning such contours into constant curvature segments. A nonlinear 'blip' filter matched to the impairment signature of the curvature computation process, an overlapped voting scheme, and a sequential contiguous segment extraction mechanism are used. This technique is insensitive to reasonable changes in algorithm parameters and robust to noise and minor viewpoint-induced distortions in the contour shape, such as those encountered between stereo image pairs. The results vary smoothly with the data, and local perturbations induce only local changes in the result. Robustness and insensitivity are experimentally verified.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Anatomy of Threats to the Internet of Things (2018)

The world is resorting to the Internet of Things (IoT) for ease of control and monitoring of smart devices. The ubiquitous use of IoT ranges from industrial control systems (ICS) to e-Health, e-Commerce, smart cities, supply chain management, smart cars, cyber physical systems (CPS), and a lot more. Such reliance on IoT is resulting in a significant amount of data to be generated, collected, processed, and analyzed. The big data analytics is no doubt beneficial for business development. However, at the same time, numerous threats to the availability and privacy of the user data, message, and device integrity, the vulnerability of IoT devices to malware attacks and the risk of physical compromise of devices pose a significant danger to the sustenance of IoT. This paper thus endeavors to highlight most of the known threats at various layers of the IoT architecture with a focus on the anatomy of malware attacks. We present a detailed attack methodology adopted by some of the most successful malware attacks on IoT, including ICS and CPS. We also deduce an attack strategy of a distributed denial of service attack through IoT botnet followed by requisite security measures. In the end, we propose a composite guideline for the development of an IoT security framework based on industry best practices and also highlight lessons learned, pitfalls and some open research challenges.
Morbidity and Mortality in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus During a 10-Year Period (2003)

In the present study, we assessed the frequency and characteristics of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) during a 10-year period and compared the frequency of early manifestations with those that appeared later in the evolution of the disease. In 1990, we started a multicenter study of 1,000 patients from 7 European countries. All had medical histories documented and underwent medical interview and routine general physical examination when entered in the study, and all were followed prospectively by the same physicians during the ensuing 10 years (1990-2000).A total of 481 (48.1%) patients presented 1 or more episodes of arthritis at any time during the 10 years, 311 (31.1%) patients had malar rash, 279 (27.9%) active nephropathy, 194 (19.4%) neurologic involvement, 166 (16.6%) fever, 163 (16.3%) Raynaud phenomenon, 160 (16.0%) serositis (pleuritis and/or pericarditis), 134 (13.4%) thrombocytopenia, and 92 (9.2%) thrombosis. When the prevalences of the clinical manifestations during the initial 5 years of follow-up (1990-1995) were compared with those during the ensuing 5 years (1995-2000), most manifestations were found to be more frequent during the initial 5 years. Of the 1,000 patients, 360 (36%) presented infections, 169 (16.9%) hypertension, 121 (12.1%) osteoporosis, and 81 (8.1%) cytopenia due to immunosuppressive agents. Twenty-three (2.3%) patients developed malignancies; the most frequent primary localizations were the uterus and the breast.Sixty-eight (6.8%) patients died, and the most frequent causes of death were similarly divided between active SLE (26.5%), thromboses (26.5%), and infections (25%). A survival probability of 92% at 10 years was found. A lower survival probability was detected in those patients who presented at the beginning of the study with nephropathy (88% versus 94% in patients without nephropathy, p = 0.045). When the causes of death during the initial 5 years of follow-up (1990-1995) were compared with those during the ensuing 5 years (1995-2000), active SLE and infections (28.9% each) appeared to be the most common causes during the initial 5 years, while thromboses (26.1%) became the most common cause of death during the last 5 years.In conclusion, most of the SLE inflammatory manifestations appear to be less common after a long-term evolution of the disease, probably reflecting the effect of therapy as well as the progressive remission of the disease in many patients. Meanwhile, a more prominent role of thrombotic events is becoming evident, affecting both morbidity and mortality in SLE.
Studies on the syntheses of heterocyclic compounds. Part CDI. Rearrangement of β-hydroxylaudanosine (1971)

1,2,3,4-Tetrahydro-1-(α-hydroxy-3,4-dimethoxybenzyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methylisoquinoline (β-hydroxylaudanosine)(5) was treated with toluene-p-sulphonyl chloride in the presence of triethylamine to afford 2,3-dihydro-7,8-dimethoxy-5-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-3-methyl-1H-3-benzazepine (6), whose reduction product (9) was also obtained by dehydrative cyclisation of β-hydroxy-3,4-dimethoxy-N-(3,4-dimethoxyphenethyl)phenethylamine (15), followed by an Eschweiler–Clarke reaction of the resulting benzazepine (18).
Magnetic resonance techniques and artifacts. (1992)

One area in which MR imaging can use improvement is the reduction of artifacts due to various physiologic motions during imaging. These artifacts degrade images and can cause misleading interpretations. This paper reviews some of the recent technical advances directed to remove these artifacts, as well as other techniques that improve MR imaging quality in general.
Is There an Indication for Surgical Resection in Colorectal Adenoma? (2014)

If a surgical approach is necessary, minimally invasive surgery in the hands of an experienced laparoscopic surgeon is a suitable option. Adenomas in the lower two thirds of the rectum are suitable for transanal full-thickness resection. This is done by conventional resection or transanal endoscopic microsurgery. The histopathological preparation of these specimens provides diagnostic and therapeutic benefits, particularly compared to piecemeal resection of early carcinoma.
Applying Terrestrial Laser Scanning for Soil Surface Roughness Assessment (2015)

Terrestrial laser scanning can provide high-resolution, two-dimensional sampling of soil surface roughness. While previous studies demonstrated the usefulness of these roughness measurements in geophysical applications, questions about the number of required scans and their resolution were not investigated thoroughly. Here, we suggest a method to generate digital elevation models, while preserving the surface’s stochastic properties at high frequencies and additionally providing an estimate of their spatial resolution. We also study the impact of the number and positions of scans on roughness indices’ estimates. An experiment over a smooth and isotropic soil plot accompanies the analysis, where scanning results are compared to results from active triangulation. The roughness measurement conditions for ideal sampling are revisited and updated for diffraction-limited sampling valid for close-range laser scanning over smooth and isotropic soil roughness. Our results show that terrestrial laser scanning can be readily used for roughness assessment on scales larger than 5 cm, while for smaller scales, special processing is required to mitigate the effect of the laser beam footprint. Interestingly, classical roughness parametrization (correlation length, root mean square height (RMSh)) was not sensitive to these effects. Furthermore, comparing the classical roughness parametrization between one- and four-scan setups shows that the one-scan data can replace the four-scan setup with a relative loss of accuracy below 1% for ranges up to 3 m and incidence angles no larger than 50°, while two opposite scans can replace it over the whole plot. The incidence angle limit for the spectral slope is even stronger and is 40°. These findings are valid for scanning over smooth and isotropic soil roughness.
Measuring the Quantum State of Light (1997)

1. Introduction 2. Quantum theory of light 3. Quasiprobability distribution 4. Simple optical instruments 5. Quantum tomography 6. Simultaneous measurement of position and momentum 7. Summary Appendices Bibliography Index.
A study on the automatic recognition of voiceless unaspirated stops (1991)

This paper presents a method of feature extraction for the automatic recognition of voiceless unaspirated stop consonants in Mandarin speech. The features are derived from the spectrographic acoustic patterns of syllable-initial voiceless unaspirated stops /p,t,k/, which include the burst spectrum, the formant transition, and the voice onset time. A normalization process for the second and the third formants at the voice onset is proposed. Based on these derived features, Bayes classifiers and a layered neural net are applied to classify the places of articulation of these stop consonants. The experiments show that the derived features are robust and efficient for speaker-independent speech recognition, and the neural net is a preferable choice in the classification of these stops in multiple contexts.
Felbamate overdose: A case report and discussion of a new antiepileptic drug (1995)

Felbamate was approved in July 1993 for use alone or in combination with other antiepileptic drugs for partial seizures and Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. We report an overdose of felbamate in a teenage female patient who, in a suicide gesture, ingested eight times her maximum dose and suffered only mild side effects. This first report of a felbamate overdose is presented and followed by a discussion of felbamate's effectiveness, pharmacology, adverse effects, and drug interactions.
P³ & Beyond: Move Making Algorithms for Solving Higher Order Functions (2008)

In this paper, we extend the class of energy functions for which the optimal \alpha-expansion and \alpha \beta-swap moves can be computed in polynomial time. Specifically, we introduce a novel family of higher order clique potentials, and show that the expansion and swap moves for any energy function composed of these potentials can be found by minimizing a submodular function. We also show that for a subset of these potentials, the optimal move can be found by solving an st-mincut problem. We refer to this subset as the {\cal P};n Potts model. Our results enable the use of powerful \alpha-expansion and \alpha \beta-swap move making algorithms for minimization of energy functions involving higher order cliques. Such functions have the capability of modeling the rich statistics of natural scenes and can be used for many applications in Computer Vision. We demonstrate their use in one such application, i.e., the texture-based image or video-segmentation problem.
A Java Implementation of the Branch and Bound Algorithm: The Asymmetric Traveling Salesman Problem. (2005)

This paper offers a description of a Java implementation of the branch-and-bound (BnB) algorithm for the Traveling Salesman Problem with asymmetric cost matrix (ATSP). A generic interface for solving minimization problems with BnB is proposed and the results of computational experiments for ATSP with random cost matrices are given for different problem sizes (50, 100, 150, 200, 250, and 300 cities).
Opposite replication polarity of the germ line c-myc gene in HeLa cells compared with that of two Burkitt lymphoma cell lines. (1989)

To study the cell type specificity of the direction of replication of the human c-myc genes and the relationship of replication polarity to transcriptional activity, we analyzed the directions of replication of the c-myc genes in two Burkitt lymphoma cell lines, CA46 and ST486, and in HeLa cells. On the basis of in vitro runoff replication of forks initiated in intact cells, we found that transcribed c-myc genes in the germ line configuration in HeLa cells were replicated in the direction of transcription from origins in the 5'-flanking DNA, while the repressed, unrearranged c-myc genes of CA46 and ST486 cells were replicated in the antitranscriptional direction. In contrast, the transcribed c-myc genes of CA46 cells were replicated in the transcriptional direction, while the translocated, amplified c-myc genes of ST486 cells showed no preferred polarity of replication. The data also provided evidence for the existence of an endogenous barrier to DNA polymerases in the flanking DNA immediately 5' to the HeLa c-myc genes.
Distinct Roles of CSF-1 Isoforms in Lupus Nephritis (2011)

Colony-stimulating factor-1 (CSF-1), the principal growth factor for macrophages, is increased in the kidney, serum, and urine of patients with lupus nephritis, and eliminating CSF-1 suppresses lupus in MRL-Fas(lpr) mice. CSF-1 has three biologically active isoforms: a membrane-spanning cell surface glycoprotein (csCSF-1), a secreted proteoglycan (spCSF-1), and a secreted glycoprotein (sgCSF-1); the role of each isoform in the circulation and kidney in autoimmune disease is not well understood. Here, we constructed mutant MRL-Fas(lpr) mice that only express csCSF-1 or precursors of the spCSF-1 and sgCSF-1 isoforms. Both csCSF-1 and spCSF-1 shifted monocytes toward proinflammatory, activated populations, enhancing their recruitment into the kidney during lupus nephritis. With advancing lupus nephritis, spCSF-1 was the predominant isoform responsible for increasing circulating CSF-1 and, along with the csCSF-1 isoform, for increasing intrarenal CSF-1. Thus, csCSF-1 appears to initiate and promote the local activation of macrophages within the kidney. Intrarenal expression of csCSF-1 and spCSF-1 increases with advancing nephritis, thereby promoting the intrarenal recruitment of monocytes and expansion of Ly6C(hi) macrophages, which induce apoptosis of the renal parenchyma. Taken together, these data suggest that the three CSF-1 isoforms have distinct biologic properties, suggesting that blocking both circulating and intrarenal CSF-1 may be necessary for therapeutic efficacy.