gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Wirelessly Controlled Irrigation System (2014)

In the city of Basrah, there is an urgent need to use the water for irrigation process more efficiently for many reasons: one of them, the high temperature in long summer season and the other is the lack of sources fresh water sources. In this work, a smart irrigation system based wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is implemented. This system consists of the main unit that represented by an Arduino Uno board which include an ATmega328 microcontroller, different sensors as moisture sensors, temperature sensors, humidity sensors, XBee modules and solenoid valve. Zigbee technology is used in this project for implementing wireless technology. This system has two modes one manual mode, the other is a smart mode. The set points must be changed manually according to the specified season to satisfy the given conditions for the property irrigation, and the smart operation of the system will be according to these set points.
Diagnostic Value of Urinary Sodium, Chloride, Urea, and Flow (2011)

Up to 30% of hospitalized critically ill patients may have a rise in serum creatinine concentration. In addition to history and physical examination, there is diagnostic value in assessing urinary electrolytes, solute excretion, and urine flow in these patients. The correct interpretation of these urinary parameters can avoid unnecessary volume overload and mechanical ventilation, risk factors for increased mortality in patients with rising serum creatinine. The present article also discusses the role of arterial underfilling in causing prerenal azotemia in the presence of an increase in total body sodium and extracellular fluid expansion. As with extracellular fluid volume depletion, arterial underfilling secondary to impaired cardiac function or primary arterial vasodilation can delay or prevent recovery from ischemic or toxic acute tubular necrosis. The present brief review discusses the various aspects of the correct interpretation of urinary electrolytes, solute excretion, and urine flow in the setting of a rising serum creatinine concentration.
<title>Fundamental SAR ATR performance predictions for design trade-offs: 1D HRR versus 2D SAR versus 3D SAR</title> (1999)

This paper continues the development of a fundamental, algorithm-independent view of the ATR performance that can be achieved using SAR data. Such ATR performance predictions are intended to enable evaluation of performance tradeoffs for SAR designs, including both parameter selections (e.g., bandwidth and transmit power) and added domains of SAR observation, such as 3-D, full polarimetry, aspect diversity, and/or frequency diversity. Using a Bayesian framework, we show target classification performance predictions for two tactical targets (either stationary with radar netting assumed deployed, or moving) using three different domains of observation: 1-D HRR (high-range-resolution radar), 2-D SAR, and 3-D SAR. Comparisons of the three domains are made at 3m, 1m, 0.5m and 0.3m range and cross-range resolutions. The discussion of 3-D SAR includes parameter tradeoffs of various height resolutions at the target, and various numbers of sensors. For each measurement modality, we list some of the unique sensitivities which could cause performance degradations.
Passive Scrambling and Unscrambling for Secure Fiber Optic Communications (2008)

We propose an all-fiber based approach to scramble and un-scramble optical signal for secure fiber optic communications. A scrambler and un-scrambler pair with an operation range from 0.8 Gb/s to 1.4 Gb/s was demonstrated.
Energy consideration in the two-capacitor problem (2000)

A derivation of the specific electrostatic energy loss for two interacting capacitors is given. The connecting wires are assumed to be superconducting. The method of derivation is based purely on the Poynting vector involved in the process without any reference to the nature of the mechanism that may be involved in achieving a final equilibrium state.
Transport layer protocol for optical flow-switched networks (2013)

We explore transport layer protocol design for an optical flow-switched (OFS) network. The design guarantees the reliable delivery of data files over an all-optical end-to-end flow-switched lightpath which is a burst-error channel due to gain transients in EDFAs. TCP performs poorly for OFS. TCP flow control and fair resource allocation with windowing are unnecessary in OFS networks since they are done via scheduling. In our protocol design, we optimize throughput efficiency and delay using file segmentation and reassembly, interleaving with forward error-correction and frame retransmission.
Direct Integration of Metal Oxide Nanowire in Vertical Field-Effect Transistor (2004)

We demonstrate seamless direct integration of a semiconductor nanowire grown using a bottom-up approach to obtain a vertical field-effect transistor (VFET). We first synthesize single crystalline semiconductor indium oxide (In2O3) nanowires projecting vertically and uniformly on a nonconducting optical sapphire substrate. Direct electrical contact to the nanowires is uniquely provided by a self-assembled underlying In2O3 buffer layer formed in-situ during the nanowire growth. A controlled time-resolved growth study reveals dynamic simultaneous nucleation and epitaxial growth events, driven by two competitive growth mechanisms. Based on the nanowire-integrated platform, a depletion mode n-channel VFET with an In2O3 nanowire constituting the active channel is fabricated. Our unique vertical device architecture could potentially lead to tera-level ultrahigh-density nanoscale electronic, and optoelectronic devices.
Oxygen Reduction: Non‐Pt Nanostructured Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction: Synthesis, Catalytic Activity and its Key Factors (Adv. Energy Mater. 17/2016) (2016)

Fuel cell electric vehicles are at the center of extensive attention due to their high efficiency and pollution-free traits. Electrochemical reaction occurs when fuels are subjected to oxidation at the anode catalyst layer while oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) takes place between oxygen, cations and electrons. Various ORR catalysts as potential alternatives to Pt are under intensive research right now. In article number 1600458, Dingguo Xia and co-workers present recent progress on ORR electrocatalysts used in proton-exchange-membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs).
The fracture of brittle materials (1967)

This review discusses systematically the nature of the cleavage crack and the structural features and mechanisms which contribute to the nucleation of cracks and which assist or retard their propagation in a wide variety of materials.
Graded-index diffractive elements by thermal ion exchange in glass (1995)

High-efficiency diffractive elements with a graded volume distribution of refractive index are proposed, designed, and fabricated using thermal ion exchange in glass. A deliberate use of isotropic diffusion of ions enables us to generate, even with a single binary mask, a structure that acts like a continuous surface-relief profile. The advantages of the proposed method include the ease of cleaning and antireflection coating the flat surface, the absence of alignment problems in the fabrication process, and compatibility with stacked planar optics. A grating beam splitter with three equal-efficiency central orders and 89.7% diffraction efficiency is demonstrated.
Tables of the Refractive Index for Standard Air and the Rayleigh Scattering Coefficient for the Spectral Region between 02 and 200 μ and Their Application to Atmospheric Optics (1957)

The refractive index of standard air has been tabulated for the range 0.2 to 20.0 μ, namely, 0.2(0.01)0.8; 0.8(0.1)2.0; 2.0(0.5)10.0; 10(1)20 μ. The values are based on Edlen’s formula. For computations of Rayleigh scattering, the scattering cross sections, the mass and volume scattering coefficients have been tabulated for the same values of wavelength as for the refractive index. The optical thickness and the transmissivity of the standard atmosphere is given next, and finally, the mean scattering coefficient for visual observations which is βv=1.23×10−7 (cm−1).
Reactions of Silanes with Pentaerythritol and Piperazine<sup>1</sup> (1960)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReactions of Silanes with Pentaerythritol and Piperazine1L. W. BREED, WILLIAM J. HAGGERTY Jr., and JOHN HARVEYCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1960, 25, 10, 1804–1806Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1960Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1960https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01080a034https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01080a034research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views170Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Asymmetric synthesis of moiramide B (1996)

The first asymmetric synthesis of Moiramide B 1 is achieved using lithium amide 4 and pyrrolidinone auxiliary 5; pyrrolidinone auxiliary 5 is used to create the novel (S)-2-methyl-N-benzyloxysuccinimide 15 which is subsequently acylated with the highly reactive tert-butoxycarbonyl-protected N-carboxanhydride of L-valine (Boc-Val-NCA) under strongly basic conditions, without racemization, while lithium amide 4 is used to synthesize homochiral D-β-phenylalanine tert-butyl ester 8.
Presentation of peptides and proteins by intestinal epithelial cells. (1993)

Murine intestinal epithelial cells (IEC) constitutively express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules, which enable them to present foreign antigens to T cells in vitro. In this study we have compared the ability of freshly isolated IEC and spleen adherent cells to present both protein and peptide antigens to T cells in vitro. Consistently IEC were unable to present protein but could readily present immunogenic peptides in an MHC-dependent fashion to stimulate lymphokine release from T cells. Consistent with their inability to process protein antigens, IEC were also unable to present a synthetic peptide which requires intracellular processing, whereas spleen antigen-presenting cells (APC) could readily present the same peptide. These findings indicate that IEC may lack the necessary intracellular machinery to process exogenous antigens but they raise the possibility that IEC may play an important immunological role in vivo by presenting processed peptides to T cells.
Enhanced expression of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor and its receptor in hypertrophied left ventricle of spontaneously hypertensive rats (1998)

The enhanced expression of HB-EGF mRNA and protein in LV of SHR suggest that this growth factor may play an important role during the early development of LV hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis in SHR. The association between double products and HB-EGF expression suggest that the latter may be induced by increased mechanical load and may contribute, in turn, to cardiac remodeling.
SUCH: A Cloud Computing Management Tool (2012)

A cloud computing management tool, named Scientific Utility for Cloud Harnessing (SUCH), has been developed to provide an automated and user-friendly mechanism for deploying applications to Microsoft Windows Azure cloud platform. The experimental results demonstrate that users can use this tool deploying applications to Azure cloud platform and running them correctly. It also exhibits with SUCH, applications can be deployed and executed in the cloud without the need of changing any source code. Due to its simplicity, a user with limited technical skills and cloud knowledge can use it easily.
Palovarotene, a novel retinoic acid receptor gamma agonist for the treatment of emphysema. (2009)

Emphysema is characterized by the destruction of alveoli and alveolar ducts within the lungs. Retinoid signaling is believed to play a role in alveologenesis, with the retinoic acid receptor gamma thought to be required for alveolar formation. Based on this hypothesis, Roche Holding AG is developing palovarotene (R-667, RO-3300074), a selective retinoic acid receptor gamma agonist for the treatment of emphysema. In small animal studies, palovarotene was claimed to reverse the structural, functional and inflammatory features of cigarette smoke-induced emphysema. Phase I clinical trials of palovarotene in patients with emphysema demonstrated that the drug is well tolerated, with improvements observed in markers of emphysema progression. Unlike all-trans retinoic acid, the pharmacokinetic profile of palovarotene appears to be dose-proportional. At the time of publication, a phase II, placebo-controlled trial was ongoing, and was expected to report prospective measurements of exercise, gas transfer and lung densitometry endpoints. The development of a selective retinoic acid receptor gamma agonist for the treatment of emphysema represents the first of a new class of small-molecule regenerative therapies that may prove useful for the treatment of destructive or age-related lung disease.
FM-DCSK: a novel method for chaotic communications (2002)

In binary Differential Chaos Shift Keying (DCSK), each information bit is mapped to the correlation between two pieces of a chaotic waveform. The receiver determines the correlation (which is proportional to the energy per bit) in order to demodulate the received signal. Since a chaotic signal is not periodic, the energy per bit is not constant and can only be estimated, even in the noise-free case. This estimation has a non-zero variance that limits the attainable data rate. This problem can be avoided if the energy per bit is kept constant. In this paper, the DCSK technique is combined with frequency modulation in order to achieve two properties: the excellent noise performance of DCSK is maintained; in addition, the energy per bit is kept constant in order not to limit the data rate. A low-pass equivalent model that significantly speeds up the simulation of an FM-DCSK system is also developed. Finally the noise performance of the proposed FM-DCSK system is given.
Optimum elevation angle estimation in the presence of ground reflection multipath (1976)

Radars that are developed for the purpose of monitoring aircraft landings in the terminal Air Traffic Control system can be designed to exploit the relatively high signal-to-noise ratio that characterizes the power budgets calculated for such a link. An interferometer using a pair of low gain antennas can be used to obtain passive coverage over a large azimuth and elevation sector. A large base line can be used to obtain the desired elevation angle estimation accuracy. An optimal tradeoff between the width of the subarray aperture and the width of the interferometer base line is performed that achieves a specified elevation angle estimation error while minimizing the overall height of the interferometer configuration. The algorithm searches through the class of antenna patterns that can be synthesized from so-called finite impulse, linear phase digital filters. In Part II, the design of a separate sensor for resolving the interferometer ambiguities is formulated as a hypothesis testing problem and solved using statistical decision theory. A bound on the probability of an ambiguity error is derived that accounts for the effects of ground reflection multipath and receiver noise. Acceptable performance can be achieved using a 4-element non-uniformly spaced array (0, 3.2, 6.4, 11.2 wavelengths) with relatively inexpensive dipole antennas mounted on tri-plane reflectors.
On the design of ergonomic wearable robotic devices for motion assistance and rehabilitation (2012)

The appropriate ergonomic design of a wearable robotic device is critical for the effectiveness of the device itself. In this paper we identified two key requirements for a structural ergonomics: the correct kinematic compatibility with the human limb and a comfortable and adaptable physical human-robot interface. We then show how the aforementioned requirements have been faced and implemented in the mechanical design of two wearable devices for elbow and hand rehabilitation, both developed at The BioRobotics Institute of Scuola Superiore Sant' Anna.
Effect of vitamin B12 deficiency on neurodevelopment in infants: current knowledge and possible mechanisms (2008)

Severe vitamin B(12) deficiency produces a cluster of neurological symptoms in infants, including irritability, failure to thrive, apathy, anorexia, and developmental regression, which respond remarkably rapidly to supplementation. The underlying mechanisms may involve delayed myelination or demyelination of nerves; alteration in the S-adenosylmethionine:S-adenosylhomocysteine ratio; imbalance of neurotrophic and neurotoxic cytokines; and/or accumulation of lactate in brain cells. This review summarizes the current knowledge concerning infantile vitamin B(12) deficiency, including a pooled analysis of case studies of infants born to mothers with untreated pernicious anemia or a strict vegetarian lifestyle and a discussion of the mechanisms that may underlie the manifestations of deficiency.
The Chromatographic Separation and Amino Acid Composition of the Subunits of Several Collagens<sup>*</sup> (1963)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Chromatographic Separation and Amino Acid Composition of the Subunits of Several Collagens*Karl A. Piez, Elizabeth A. Eigner, and Marc S. LewisCite this: Biochemistry 1963, 2, 1, 58–66Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1963Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1963https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00901a012https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00901a012research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views697Altmetric-Citations601LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
New Lanostanes and Naphthoquinones Isolated from<i>Antrodia salmonea</i>and their Antioxidative Burst Activity in Human Leukocytes (2006)

Four new compounds were isolated from the basidiomata of the fungus Antrodia salmonea, a newly identified species of Antrodia (Aphyllophorales) in Taiwan. These new compounds are named as lanosta-8,24-diene-3beta,15alpha,21-triol (1), 24-methylenelanost-8-ene-3beta,15alpha,21-triol (2), 2,3-dimethoxy-5-(2',5'-dimethoxy-3',4'-methylenedioxyphenyl)-7-methyl-[1,4]-naphthoquinone (3), and 2,3-dimethoxy-6-(2',5'-dimethoxy-3',4'-methylenedioxyphenyl)-7-methyl-[1,4]-naphthoquinone (4), respectively. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. An in vitro cellular functional assay was performed to evaluate their anti-oxidative burst activity in human leukocytes. They showed inhibitory effects against phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA), a direct protein kinase C activator, induced oxidative burst in neutrophils (PMN) and mononuclear cells (MNC) with 50 % inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) ranging from 3.5 to 25.8 microM. The potency order of these compounds in PMA-activated leukocytes was as 1 > 3 > 4 > 2. They were relatively less effective in formyl-Met-Leu-Phe (fMLP), a G-protein coupled receptor agonist, induced oxidative burst, except for compounds 3 and 4 in fMLP-activated PMN. These results indicated that three (1, 3, and 4) of these four newly identified compounds displayed anti-oxidative effect in human leukocytes with different potency and might confer anti-inflammatory activity to these drugs.
Syntheses and Effect of Bombesin-Fragment6-14 and its Four Analogues on Food Intake in Rats (2001)

A nonapeptide, H-Asn-Gln-Trp-Ala-Val-Gly-His-Leu-Met-NH2, corresponding to amino acids 6 to 14 of bombesin and its four analogues were synthesized by a solid-phase method and were tested for their comparative effect on reducing activity on food intake using male Wistar rats. The synthetic bombesin-fragment6-14 showed reducing effect on food intake using male Wistar rats. Of the synthetic analogues, [Phe(4F)13]bombesin-fragment6-14 exhibited the most potent effect. The reducing effect on food intake of [Sar11]bombesin-fragment6-14 was lower than that of our synthetic bombesin-fragment6-14, but the other two analogues, [betaAla11]bombesin-fragment6-14 and [1-Nal8]bombesin-fragment6-14 showed no reducing effect on food intake in rats.
Development of a real-time transport performance optimization methodology (1996)

The practical application of real-time performance optimization is addressed (using a wide-body transport simulation) based on real-time measurements and calculation of incremental drag from forced response maneuvers. Various controller combinations can be envisioned although this study used symmetric outboard aileron and stabilizer. The approach is based on navigation instrumentation and other measurements found on state-of-the-art transports. This information is used to calculate winds and angle of attack. Thrust is estimated from a representative engine model as a function of measured variables. The lift and drag equations are then used to calculate lift and drag coefficients. An expression for drag coefficient, which is a function of parasite drag, induced drag, and aileron drag, is solved from forced excitation response data. Estimates of the parasite drag, curvature of the aileron drag variation, and minimum drag aileron position are produced. Minimum drag is then obtained by repositioning the symmetric aileron. Simulation results are also presented which evaluate the affects of measurement bias and resolution.
Bipolar-MOS monolithic cascode switch in VIPower technology (2002)

In this paper a bipolar-power MOSFET cascode monolithic device, realized in ST-SGS Thomson VIPower (Vertical Intelligent Power) Technology called M3, is presented. The basic device features a three-stage deep-base NPN BJT and a vertical power MOSFET, realized inside the emitter of the trilinton output stage itself for emitter switching. The paper starts with a survey of the main characteristics of the SGS-Thomson Vertical Intelligent Power technology. Then the switching performances of the device are compared to power MOSFET and fast-switching IGBTs in terms of their forward conduction current density turn-off times and breakdown voltages.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>