gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Strength of QR code over design and implementation of authentication system (2016)

This paper proposed a new system for image based authentication, where the image is treaded as identification of authenticated user. This system employs approach to store a unique id or password into image and helps to restrict unauthorized user access system. This proposed algorithm is help to eliminate the weakness of password authentication and bypass the risk generated from password authentication. This Authentication system helps to store product information over a network. Password provides security mechanism for authentication and protection services unwanted access to resource. In this paper we proposed a new QR code image password based system techniques that offer advantages over existing system.
Enhanced Chemosensitivity to Irinotecan by RNA Interference-Mediated Down-Regulation of the Nuclear Factor-κB p65 Subunit (2004)

In preclinical tumor models, inhibition of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) has been associated with increased sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents such as irinotecan (CPT-11). This is based on the fact that a variety of chemotherapy agents such as CPT-11 activate NF-kappaB to result in the expression of genes such as c-IAP1 and c-IAP2 that might be responsible for the inhibition of chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. In this study, RNA interference [small interfering RNA (siRNA)] was used to down-regulate the NF-kappaB p65 subunit in the HCT116 colon cancer cell line, and its role, in the presence and absence of CPT-11, was assessed on cell growth and apoptosis. Reduction of endogenous p65 by siRNA treatment significantly impaired CPT-11-mediated NF-kappaB activation, enhanced apoptosis, and reduced colony formation in soft agar. Furthermore, the in vivo administration of p65 siRNA reduced HCT116 tumor formation in xenograft models in the presence but not the absence of CPT-11 administration. These data indicate that the administration of siRNA directed against the p65 subunit of NF-kappaB can effectively enhance in vitro and in vivo sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents.
Studying interactions of four proteins in the yeast two-hybrid system: Structural resemblance of the pVHL/elongin BC/hCUL-2 complex with the ubiquitin ligase complex SKP1/cullin/F-box protein (1999)

The yeast two-hybrid system is a powerful technique that detects interactions between two proteins and has been useful in identifying new binding partners. However, the system fails to detect protein-protein interactions that require the presence of additional components of a multisubunit complex. Here we demonstrate that the vector YIpDCE1 can be used to express elongins B and C in yeast, and that these proteins form a stable complex that interacts with the von Hippel-Lindau tumor-suppressor gene product (pVHL). Only when pVHL and elongins B and C (VBC) are present does an interaction with the cullin family member, hCUL-2, occur, forming the heterotetrameric pVHL/elongin BC/hCUL-2 complex. This system was then used to map the binding region of hCUL-2 for the VBC complex. The first amino-terminal 108 aa of hCUL-2 are necessary for interaction with the VBC complex. The elongin BC dimer acts as a bridge between pVHL and hCUL-2 because pVHL and hCUL-2 can form distinct complexes with elongins B and C. These results reveal a striking structural resemblance of pVHL/elongin BC/hCUL-2 complex with the E3-like ubiquitin ligase complex SKP1/Cullin/F-box protein with respect to protein composition and sites of interactions. Thus, it seems possible that pVHL/elongin BC/hCUL-2 complex will possess ubiquitin ligase activity targeting specific proteins for degradation by the proteasome.
Spin dependent tunneling devices fabricated for magnetic random access memory applications using latching mode (2000)

Spin dependent tunneling (SDT) devices were fabricated as building blocks for magnetic random access memory (MRAM) applications using latching electronics. The basic SDT structure was NiFeCo/Al2O3/CoFe/IrMn deposited using rf diode sputtering. The SDT structures and the word and torque coils were patterned using standard photolithography techniques. The junction magnetoresistance was 25.6%, the switching field was 12 Oe, the junction resistance-area product was 116 kΩ μm2, and the pinning field was 150 Oe. There were two legs of SDT resistors in a latch cell, with each leg consisting of at least one pair of junctions. The basic latching function of the devices was evaluated using external electronics. The two memory states per cell were demonstrated by passing a current of 22 mA with both polarities through the on-chip word coil. This translates to a field efficiency of about 1 Oe/mA for the word coil, which can be further improved by adding a magnetic keeper layer. The raw output voltage change was 21 mV for a SDT cell with four junctions and 4.5 kΩ resistance in each leg using a 50 μA sense current. These results show great potential for SDT materials to be used in high speed and low power MRAM applications with latching mode.
3-Deoxy-3-fluoropyridoxamine 5‘-Phosphate:  Synthesis and Chemical and Biological Properties of a Coenzyme B<sub>6</sub> Analog (1997)

The C-3 deoxygenation of CDP-6-deoxy-l-threo-d-glycero-4-hexulose is the key step in the biosynthesis of ascarylose which is a 3,6-dideoxy sugar found in the lipopolysaccharide of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. This transformation, achieved by the catalysis of CDP-6-deoxy-l-threo-d-glycero-4-hexulose-3-dehydrase (E1) and CDP-6-deoxy-l-threo-d-glycero-4-hexulose-3-dehydrase reductase (E3), is initiated by a reversible dehydration followed by a stepwise electron transfer from NADH to reduce the resulting glucoseen−PMP adduct. An organic radical intermediate has been detected by EPR during E1−E3 catalysis, and its characteristics are consistent with a phenoxyl radical. Its formation has been hypothesized to involve a tautomerization of the glucoseen−PMP intermediate to a PMP−quinone methide species, which then serves as the electron acceptor during the reduction. In order to gain further experimental evidence supporting this proposed mechanism, the title compound (F-PMP) was synthesized and tested for its competence as a cofactor for the E1−E3 reaction. Upon incubation with F-PMP, no C-3 deoxysugar product could be detected in the mixture. This result initially appeared to support the prediction that the 3-F substituent would prevent the tautomerization and thus inhibit the subsequent reduction. However, further analysis showed that the catalysis was actually arrested at the dehydration step since no 18O was incorporated at C-3 of the recovered substrate when the reaction was conducted in [18O]H2O, and no tritium was released when [4-3H]F-PMP replaced PMP in the incubation. Interestingly, the pKa of the ring nitrogen (N-1) of F-PMP was found to be 2.91, a value drastically altered from the 8.74 of PMP itself. Since the catalytic role of B6 coenzymes is to act as an electron sink, storing the electrons that are later used for the cleavage and/or formation of covalent bonds, protonation at N-1 is clearly essential, as it allows the formation of a salt bridge/hydrogen bond with an active site aspartate residue and also enhances the electron-withdrawing capability of the pyridine ring. Because F-PMP is not expected to exist in the pyridinium form at neutral pH, its ability to promote 4‘-H abstraction is hampered since the resulting anion cannot be delocalized by the cofactor. Although incubation of E1−E3 with this new coenzyme B6 analog fails to provide additional support for the mechanism of this unique deoxygenation process, the results reported herein, along with those deduced from studies of other 3-substituted PLP derivatives, illustrate the importance of having an intact 3-OH group of the coenzyme in PLP/PMP dependent catalysis.
Simplified Scale Modeling Of Turbulent Flame Spread With Implication To Wildland Fires (1989)

Scale-model experiments were performed to measure rates of horizontal and up-slope flame spread for models of stem fires (fires of the tree crowns and the fibrous bark on the tree boles) and grass fires and radiant heat flux to the environments. This work was motivated by previous studies of stationary fires in which two different types of scaling laws were proposed, both of which were applicable for turbulent flame spread. Data obtained include radiant heat fluxes, flame heights and depths, and pyrolysis front locations. Comparisons of the measurements with the scaling laws aid understanding of scaling effects on turbulent flame spread; scaling laws for the flame spread in the wildland are suggested.
Research studies predict strong growth for MBR markets (2006)

Membrane bioreactor systems have, over the past ten years, emerged as an effective way of transforming various forms of wastewater into high-quality effluent that is suitable for discharge into the environment, and increasingly turning it into a reusable product. Two recently published reports provide details of the global and European membrane bioreactor markets. Here, we provide a summary of some of the salient points raised by these studies.
Correlated SiGe wires shaped by regular step bunches on miscut Si(113) substrates (1999)

Highly regular step bunches have been observed in appropriately strained SiGe/Si multilayers on miscut Si(113) substrates. Owing to the strong step-bunching properties on the Si(113) surface, both the Si layers and the SiGe layers of the multilayers exhibit a regular pattern of large steps. Considerable SiGe material in the SiGe layers accumulates at the edges of the underlying large Si steps (step bunches), forming well-shaped SiGe wires. The SiGe wires in the multilayers manifest an oblique correlation. A bending to vertical correlation is observed when the built-in strain in the multilayers is large enough. The oblique correlation is well described in a thermodynamic model of multilayer growth, based on the calculations of the in-plane strain fields of underlying step-modulated SiGe layers on the free surfaces of Si layers during growth. Si step bunches energetically form in the regions of maximum strain above the SiGe wires and cause lateral agglomeration of SiGe material at Si step edges, resulting in the oblique correlation. The bending to vertical correlation occurs, in contrast, if the in-plane strain field becomes large enough to cause the SiGe material to accumulate directly in the regions of maximum strain.
Water Resources Infrastructure Review (1990)

The Council was to specifically analyze: age and condition changes, methods of finance, trends in
Run ‐ to ‐Run Control of ITO Deposition Process (1998)

Abstract This paper describes the design and development of run‐to‐run control solution for an Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) deposition process. ITO deposition is an inherently complex process making it hard to simultaneously optimize the many characteristics of the ITO film such as optical transmission, resistivity, stresses in the film etc. With the run‐to‐run control solution, post‐process measurements made after every run are used along with empirical process models and drift compensation and noise rejection techniques to suggest new equipment settings for the next run. Theoretical models and simulation results show that this approach gives very stable ITO characteristics. Some of the methods that improve the control algorithm are discussed and future work is explored.
An Overview of Recent Patents on Nanocarrier Based Ophthalmic Drug Delivery Systems (2012)

Nanomedicine is one of the most promising drug delivery technologies. Treatment of anterior or posterior segment ocular diseases has always been a challenging task. The primary constraint to ophthalmic drug delivery is to deliver therapeutics at the target tissue without altering protective physiological mechanisms of the eye. In the last decade, research advancements in the field of nanotechnology have met many challenges for the treatment of ocular diseases. These nanomedicines have been employed to improve stability, solubility and ocular bioavailability, and also to reduce eye irritation caused by drug candidate or the formulation. This review article is focused on the patents issued for ophthalmic formulations particularly nanomedicines during the period of 2000-2011. The patents on nanomedicines are classified in different categories such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, micelles and nanoemulsion. Moreover, this review article also discusses the patents in which two approaches (such as nanoparticles suspended in contact lens, nanoemulsion in situ gelling system and nanoparticles delivered via iontophoresis) are combined to achieve the best formulation for ocular treatments.
SP 22.3: A 12mW Wide Dynamic Range CMOS Front-End for a Portable GPS Receiver (1996)

At submicron channel lengths, CMOS is an attractive alternative to silicon bipolar and GaAs MESFET technologies for use in wireless receivers. A 12mW global positioning system (GPS) receiver front-end, comprising a low noise amplifier (LNA) and mixer implemented in a standard 0.35µm digital CMOS process, demonstrates the aptitude of CMOS for portable wireless appli-cations. A block diagram of the receiver front-end test is shown in Figure 1. The system consists of a LNA, mixer, buffer (for testing purposes only), and associated bias circuitry. Note that the LNA output and mixer input are taken off-chip to facilitate testing of each block individually. To achieve a wide dynamic range, the noise figure of the LNA and linearity of the mixer are of primary concern. Figure 2 shows the circuit schematic of the LNA. A differential architecture is chosen in anticipation of eventual integration of a complete GPS receiver. Its common mode rejection eases the task of rejecting interference from other on-chip elements, such as a DSP core. This choice results in increased amplifier noise for a given power dissipation compared to a single-ended implementation. This increase is mitigated by the high ωT of the process, that permits acceptable noise performance despite a differential implementation. The input stage, consisting of M1,2 and L1,2, uses inductive source degeneration to generate a real term in the differential input impedance equal to ωT(L1+L2) that can be matched to the off-chip transmission lines from the image-reject filter. By resonating the input capacitance of the amplifier, the minimum possible noise figure can also be achieved [1]. A minimum exists due to the presence of induced gate noise in MOS devices, as described in Reference 2. The source degeneration inductors, L1,2, are imple-mented as on-chip spiral inductors. The output signal from M
Introduction (1998)

Consonant with the globalization of capital, the rise of a new discipline and scholarly industry called "postcolonial" discourse affords us the occasion for addressing issues central to the field of cultural studies and the human sciences in general.1 Postcolonial theory's claim to institutional authority deserves careful scrutiny for the questions about knowledge, power, and value it rehearses. Of pivotal importance are the question of identity and the multiple logics of inter alia difference, individuality, temporality, and singularity articulated with it; the question of agency and history that Arif Dirlik, in his insightful opus The Postcolonial Aura (1997), has thoroughly explored; and the question of reason, value, and structural transformation in history, both subsumed and sanitized in the current talk on "ethics," the "body," and "desire." Changes in the power alignment of nation-states with the end of the Cold War, the elevation of "terrorism" and human rights as international concerns overshadowing communist totalitarianism, ethnonationalist conflict, labor migration, and the traffic in women (to mention only the most topical) have all registered their varying pressures on the curriculum and research agenda in the humanities and social sciences. While neoconservatism remains the hegemonic ideology, cracks are beginning to appear in the walls of the fortress.KeywordsHistorical MaterialistNational LiberationPostcolonial TheoryCultural HybridityMetro PoleThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Measuring Asparagine Synthetase Activity in Crude Plant Extracts (2000)

Asparagine synthetase B (AS) is the primary enzyme responsible for asparagine synthesis in plants. Routine biochemical studies of this enzyme's activity have been hindered by several problems including enzyme instability and rapid physiological turnover, endogenous inhibitors, competing pathways, and asparaginase activity. We describe an extraction procedure and assay conditions that provide a reliable, direct assay for the determination of AS activity in crude plant extracts. This assay performed well with several leguminous species and the enzyme preparation retained activity for up to 3 weeks when stored at -80 degrees C. Radio-HPLC detection enabled quantitative measurement of de novo aspargine synthesis in the extracts. Optimal activity was obtained with 1 mM glutamine and 10 mM ATP in the reaction assay. Aminooxyacetic acid (AOA, 1 mM) which prevents the assimilation of aspartate into the TCA cycle, was necessary to measure AS activity in peas, but not in lupine or soybean.
A delay model and optimization method of a low-power BiCMOS logic circuit (1994)

A new delay model and optimization method is proposed for a low-power BiCMOS driver. A transient overdrive, base directly-tied complementary BiCMOS logic circuit operates faster than conventional BiCMOS and CMOS circuits for supply voltage down to 1.5 V by using a speed-power-area optimization approach. An analytical delay expression is derived for the first time for a full-swing BiCMOS circuit with short-channel effects. The circuit is simulated with a HSPICE model using 0.8-/spl mu/m BiCMOS technology with a 6-GHz n-p-n and a 1-GHz p-n-p transistor. The simulation results have verified the analytical results and demonstrated that the circuit can work up to 200 MHz operating frequency for a load capacitance of 1 pF at 1.5 V of supply voltage.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Mechanisms of Stabilization of the Insulin Hexamer through Allosteric Ligand Interactions (1997)

The insulin hexamer is an allosteric protein capable of undergoing transitions between three conformational states: T6, T3R3, and R6. These transitions are mediated by the binding of phenolic compounds to the R-state subunits, which provide positive homotropic effects, and by the coordination of anions to the bound metal ions, which act as heterotropic effectors. Since the insulin monomer is far more susceptible than the hexamer to thermal, mechanical, and chemical degradation, insulin-dependent diabetic patients rely on pharmaceutical preparations of the Zn-insulin hexamer, which act as stable forms of the biologically active monomeric insulin. In this study, the chromophoric chelator 2,2',2"-terpyridine (terpy) has been used as a kinetic probe of insulin hexamer stability to measure the effect of homotropic and heterotropic effectors on the dissociation kinetics of the Zn2+- and Co2+-insulin hexamer complexes. We show that the reaction between terpy and the R-state-bound metal ion is limited by the T3R3 <==> T6 or R6 <==> T3R3 conformational transition steps and the dissociation of one anionic ligand, or one anionic ligand and three phenolic ligand molecules, respectively, for T3R3 and R6. Consequently, because the activation energies of these steps are dominated by the ground-state stabilization energy of the R-state species, the kinetic stabilization of the insulin hexamer toward terpy-induced dissociation is linked to the thermodynamic stabilization of the hexamer. The mass action effect of anion binding and, foremost, of phenolic ligand binding provides the major mechanism of stabilization, resulting in the tightening of the tertiary and quaternary hexamer structures. Using this kinetic method, we show that the R6 conformation of Zn-insulin in the presence of Cl- ion and resorcinol is > 1.5 million-fold more stable than the T3 units of T6 and T3R3 and > 70,000-fold more stable than the R3 unit of T3R3. Furthermore, the stabilization effect is correlated with the affinity of the ligands: the tighter the binding, the slower the reaction between terpy and R-state-bound metal ion. These concepts provide a new basis for the pharmaceutical improvement of the physicochemical stability of formulations both for native insulin and for fast-acting monomeric insulin analogues through ligand-mediated allosteric interactions.
Complete Amino-Acid Sequence and Carbohydrate Content of the Naturally Occurring Glucosylceramide Activator Protein (A<sub>1</sub>Activator) Absent from a New Human Gaucher Disease Variant (1987)

Two naturally occurring non-enzymic glucosylceramide activator proteins (A1a and A1b activator) shown previously to be immunochemically not detectable in a new variant of human Gaucher disease (glucosylceramide lipidosis) without glucosylceramidase deficiency, were characterized by amino-acid sequence and carbohydrate content. The complete amino-acid sequence of the A1a activator was determined. The protein consists of 80 amino-acid residues including three disulfide bridges lacking arginine and tryptophan. The molecular mass is 8.95 kDa. About 20% of the polypeptide chain are shorter by two amino-acid residues at the N-terminal end. The A1b activator was characterized by the amino-acid compositions of all tryptic peptides and of the entire protein; sequencing was performed of the regions 1-34 and 42-56. Identical results were obtained for the polypeptide chains of both A1 activators. This suggests that they do not differ in their primary structures which is in agreement with the immunochemical results. The difference between A1a and A1b activator is due to the carbohydrate part. The total amount of 49% carbohydrate in A1a and 76.7% in A1b consists mainly of hexoses. Both chains contain two moles of N-acetylglucosamine per mole protein bound to asparagine in position 22. A comparison of the primary structure of the A1 activator with the sulfatide activator sequence revealed an interesting similarity, especially of the cysteine residues and the carbohydrate-binding asparagine. Sequence homology was also found between a part of the A1 activator sequence and the hemagglutinin neuraminidase of influenza virus as well as to a hypothetical glycoprotein of the Epstein-Barr virus. The comparison with human lysosomal glucosylcerebrosidase showed no sequence similarity.
BMP-2/-4 mediate programmed cell death in chicken limb buds (1996)

During limb development, the mesenchymal cells in restricted areas of limb bud, anterior necrotic zone, posterior necrotic zone, opaque zone and interdigital necrotic zones, are eliminated by programmed cell death. The transcripts of bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp)-2 and -4 were first detected in the areas where cell death was observed, then showed overlapping expression with the programmed cell death zones except the opaque zone. To investigate the function of BMP-2 and BMP-4 during limb pattern formation, the dominant negative form of BMP receptor was overexpressed in chick leg bud via a replication-competent retrovirus to block the endogenous BMP-2/-4 signaling pathway. This resulted in excess web formation at the anterior and posterior regions of limb buds in addition to marked suppression of the regression of webbing at the interdigital regions. Significant reductions in the number of apoptotic cells in these three necrotic zones were found in the limb buds which received the virus carrying dominant negative BMP receptor. This indicates that extra tissue formation is due to suppression of programmed cell death in the three necrotic zones. Moreover, BMP-2/-4 protein induced apoptosis of mesenchymal cells isolated from the interdigital region in vitro. Other TGFbeta family proteins as TGFbeta1 and Activin did not show this effect. These results suggest that BMP-2 and BMP-4 are the apoptotic signal molecules of the programmed cell death process in the chick limb buds.