gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>Physics of Semiconductor Devices</i> (1990)

Introduction. Part I Semiconductor Physics. Chapter 1 Physics and Properties of Semiconductors-A Review. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Crystal Structure. 1.3 Energy Bands and Energy Gap. 1.4 Carrier Concentration at Thermal Equilibrium. 1.5 Carrier-Transport Phenomena. 1.6 Phonon, Optical, and Thermal Properties. 1.7 Heterojunctions and Nanostructures. 1.8 Basic Equations and Examples. Part II Device Building Blocks. Chapter 2 p-n Junctions. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Depletion Region. 2.3 Current-Voltage Characteristics. 2.4 Junction Breakdown. 2.5 Transient Behavior and Noise. 2.6 Terminal Functions. 2.7 Heterojunctions. Chapter 3 Metal-Semiconductor Contacts. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Formation of Barrier. 3.3 Current Transport Processes. 3.4 Measurement of Barrier Height. 3.5 Device Structures. 3.6 Ohmic Contact. Chapter 4 Metal-Insulator-Semiconductor Capacitors. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Ideal MIS Capacitor. 4.3 Silicon MOS Capacitor. Part III Transistors. Chapter 5 Bipolar Transistors. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Static Characteristics. 5.3 Microwave Characteristics. 5.4 Related Device Structures. 5.5 Heterojunction Bipolar Transistor. Chapter 6 MOSFETs. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Basic Device Characteristics. 6.3 Nonuniform Doping and Buried-Channel Device. 6.4 Device Scaling and Short-Channel Effects. 6.5 MOSFET Structures. 6.6 Circuit Applications. 6.7 Nonvolatile Memory Devices. 6.8 Single-Electron Transistor. Chapter 7 JFETs, MESFETs, and MODFETs. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 JFET and MESFET. 7.3 MODFET. Part IV Negative-Resistance and Power Devices. Chapter 8 Tunnel Devices. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Tunnel Diode. 8.3 Related Tunnel Devices. 8.4 Resonant-Tunneling Diode. Chapter 9 IMPATT Diodes. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Static Characteristics. 9.3 Dynamic Characteristics. 9.4 Power and Efficiency. 9.5 Noise Behavior. 9.6 Device Design and Performance. 9.7 BARITT Diode. 9.8 TUNNETT Diode. Chapter 10 Transferred-Electron and Real-Space-Transfer Devices. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Transferred-Electron Device. 10.3 Real-Space-Transfer Devices. Chapter 11 Thyristors and Power Devices. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Thyristor Characteristics. 1 1.3 Thyristor Variations. 11.4 Other Power Devices. Part V Photonic Devices and Sensors. Chapter 12 LEDs and Lasers. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 Radiative Transitions. 12.3 Light-Emitting Diode (LED). 12.4 Laser Physics. 12.5 Laser Operating Characteristics. 12.6 Specialty Lasers. Chapter 13 Photodetectors and Solar Cells. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Photoconductor. 13.3 Photodiodes. 13.4 Avalanche Photodiode. 13.5 Phototransistor. 13.6 Charge-Coupled Device (CCD). 13.7 Metal-Semiconductor-Metal Photodetector. 13.8 Quantum-Well Infrared Photodetector. 13.9 Solar Cell. Chapter 14 Sensors. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Thermal Sensors. 14.3 Mechanical Sensors. 14.4 Magnetic Sensors. 14.5 Chemical Sensors. Appendixes. A. List of Symbols. B. International System of Units. C. Unit Prefixes. D. Greek Alphabet. E. Physical Constants. F. Properties of Important Semiconductors. G. Properties of Si and GaAs. H. Properties of SiO, and Si3N. Index.
A Terradynamics of Legged Locomotion on Granular Media (2013)

The theories of aero- and hydrodynamics predict animal movement and device design in air and water through the computation of lift, drag, and thrust forces. Although models of terrestrial legged locomotion have focused on interactions with solid ground, many animals move on substrates that flow in response to intrusion. However, locomotor-ground interaction models on such flowable ground are often unavailable. We developed a force model for arbitrarily-shaped legs and bodies moving freely in granular media, and used this "terradynamics" to predict a small legged robot's locomotion on granular media using various leg shapes and stride frequencies. Our study reveals a complex but generic dependence of stresses in granular media on intruder depth, orientation, and movement direction and gives insight into the effects of leg morphology and kinematics on movement.
The role of trehalose in the osmoadaptation of Escherichia coli NCIB 9484: interaction of trehalose, K+ and glutamate during osmoadaptation in continuous culture (1991)

Natural abundance 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy identified the disaccharide trehalose as the major organic osmolyte synthesized by Escherichia coli grown in continuous culture under nitrogen limitation in the presence of 0.5 M-NaCl. Trehalose accumulation was dependent on both the growth phase of the culture and the osmolality of the growth medium, but independent of the solute used to increase the osmolality as long as the solute was non-penetrant. The penetrant solute glycerol did not induce trehalose synthesis indicating that the loss of cell turgor rather than increasing medium osmolality per se was the mechanism stimulating trehalose synthesis. Under conditions of either carbon or nitrogen limitation osmoadaptation was distinctly biphasic. The initial response consisted of a rapid (within 30 min) accumulation of K+ and a concurrent synthesis of the amino acid glutamate; trehalose synthesis occurred during the second slower phase of osmoadaption. Chloramphenicol severely inhibited trehalose accumulation indicating that the enzyme(s) involved in trehalose synthesis were inducible.
Deformation-based mapping of volume change from serial brain MRI in the presence of local tissue contrast change (2006)

This paper is motivated by the analysis of serial structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data of the brain to map patterns of local tissue volume loss or gain over time, using registration-based deformation tensor morphometry. Specifically, we address the important confound of local tissue contrast changes which can be induced by neurodegenerative or neurodevelopmental processes. These not only modify apparent tissue volume, but also modify tissue integrity and its resulting MRI contrast parameters. In order to address this confound we derive an approach to the voxel-wise optimization of regional mutual information (RMI) and use this to drive a viscous fluid deformation model between images in a symmetric registration process. A quantitative evaluation of the method when compared to earlier approaches is included using both synthetic data and clinical imaging data. Results show a significant reduction in errors when tissue contrast changes locally between acquisitions. Finally, examples of applying the technique to map different patterns of atrophy rate in different neurodegenerative conditions is included.
Herpes simplex virus type 1 mutant strain in1814 establishes a unique, slowly progressing infection in SCID mice (1992)

Ocular infection of immunocompetent (BALB/c) mice with wild-type herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) 17+ may lead to acute fatal encephalitis; however, in surviving animals, a latent (nonproductive) infection of the nervous system is established. In contrast, 17+ infection invariably kills mice with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID mice) within 2 weeks. Ocular infection of immunocompetent mice with a mutant HSV-1 strain, in1814, which does not produce a functional alpha-transinducing protein, results in no detectable viral replication in the nervous system during the time corresponding to the acute phase of infection, no mortality, and the establishment of latency. In SCID mice, however, the in1814 virus establishes a unique, slowly progressing infection. In studying the courses of in1814 infection in SCID and BALB/c mice, we found that although intact B- and/or T-lymphocytic functions were required for the control of viral replication in the nervous system, some of the infected neurons of SCID mice seemed to be able to restrict in1814 replication and harbor the virus in a latent state.
Cerebrospinal fluid APOE levels: an endophenotype for genetic studies for Alzheimer's disease (2012)

The apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype is the major genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). We have access to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma APOE protein levels from 641 individuals and genome-wide genotyped data from 570 of these samples. The aim of this study was to test whether CSF or plasma APOE levels could be a useful endophenotype for AD and to identify genetic variants associated with APOE levels. We found that CSF (P = 8.15 × 10(-4)) but not plasma (P = 0.071) APOE protein levels are significantly associated with CSF Aβ(42) levels. We used Mendelian randomization and genetic variants as instrumental variables to confirm that the association of CSF APOE with CSF Aβ(42) levels and clinical dementia rating (CDR) is not because of a reverse causation or confounding effect. In addition the association of CSF APOE with Aβ(42) levels was independent of the APOE ε4 genotype, suggesting that APOE levels in CSF may be a useful endophenotype for AD. We performed a genome-wide association study to identify genetic variants associated with CSF APOE levels: the APOE ε4 genotype was the strongest single-genetic factor associated with CSF APOE protein levels (P = 6.9 × 10(-13)). In aggregate, the Illumina chip single nucleotide polymorphisms explain 72% of the variability in CSF APOE protein levels, whereas the APOE ε4 genotype alone explains 8% of the variability. No other genetic variant reached the genome-wide significance threshold, but nine additional variants exhibited a P-value <10(-6). Pathway mining analysis indicated that these nine additional loci are involved in lipid metabolism (P = 4.49 × 10(-9)).
Synthesis of Organic Bases. IX (1953)

1) Sulfuric acid decomposition of β-phenyl-β-(2-pyridyl)-β-cyanopropionaldehyde diethyl acetal, obtained by the condensation of phenylacetonitrile, 2-bromopyridine, and bromoacetal, yielded β-phenyl-β-(2-pyridyl)-propionaldehyde. p-Chloro derivative was also obtained in a similar manner.2) The aldoxime obtained by the application of hydroxylamine and β-phenyl-β-(2-pyridyl)-propionaldehyde was reduced and methylated to give 1-phenyl-1-(2-pyridyl)-3-diethylaminopropane.3) Reductive amination and Leuckart reaction of β-phenyl-β-(2-pyridyl)-propional-dehyde yielded 1-phenyl-1-(2-pyridyl)-3-dimethylaminopropane. 1-(p-Chlorophenyl)-1-(2-pyridyl)-3-aminopropanes, e.g. its N-dimethyl, N-diethyl, N-methyl, and N-ethyl derivatives, were prepared in a similar manner.4) It was observed that during the formation of p-chlorophenyl-2-pyridylmethane by the sulfuric acid decomposition of p-chlorophenyl-2-pyridylacetonitrile, p-chlorophenyl 2-pyridyl ketone is formed as a by-product.
Multiresolution 2-dimensional edge analysis using wavelets (2002)

The authors show that wavelet transforms can be used in an empirical way to improve edge-detected pictures. Specifically, the first derivative of a Gaussian distribution function is used as the wavelet for detecting edges. The wavelet transforms are calculated using integer scales instead of dyadic scales. This empirical approach is justified by comparing the method with an exact reconstruction process that uses wavelet transforms of the original image. The approach was demonstrated in an experiment that used a magnetic resonance image of a brain. >
Reduction of motion artifacts in computed tomography (2003)

The authors report on an analysis of motion artifacts by retrospectively reconstructing partial scan images, scanning moving phantoms, and using computer simulations of the scanner and moving object. The partial scan reconstructions eliminated some artifacts. Phantom and computer simulations substantially reproduced the clinical artifacts and provided insight into the relationships between motion, artifacts and scanner parameters. It is concluded that motion artifacts can be reduced by short scan times combined with gantry synchronization to align the X-ray beam along the axis of any residual motion.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Vision In and Out of Vehicles: Integrated Driver and Road Scene Monitoring (2004)

One of the more startling effects of road related accidents is the economic and social burden that they cause. In OECD countries (the 23 leading economically developed countries of the world) over 150,000 people are killed every year (44,000+ in the USA, 38,000+ in Europe and 11,000+ in Japan) at an estimated cost of US$ 500 billion. One way of combating this problem is to develop intelligent vehicles that are self-aware and act to increase the safety of the transportation system. In this paper we present preliminary results of an Intelligent Transport System project that has fused visual lane tracking and driver monitoring technologies in the first step towards closing the loop between vision inside and outside the vehicle. Experimental results of a novel 15 Hz visual lane tracking system will be discussed, focusing on the particle filter and cue fusion technology used. The results from the integration of the lane tracker and the driver monitoring system are presented with an analysis of the driver’s visual behavior in several different scenarios.
Impact of registration error of reticle on total overlay error budget (2006)

As the overlay specification decreases drastically, it is necessary to consider how the total overlay is influenced by each contributing factor. In particular, it is expected that the contribution on overlay error budget can be quantitatively analyzed in terms of the correlation among registration errors of the reticle. The reticle contribution of about 25% is assessed by the breakdown of the sources of overlay metrology uncertainty through the double exposure technique (DET) process. A positive correlation of around 0.7 mitigates the reticle contribution by 180%, compared to the uncorrelated case. In both DET and double patterning technique (DPT) processes, it is needed to positively correlate the registration errors among many reticles in order to decrease the reticle contribution. To maintain the gain of 180% due to positive correlation, the correlation coefficient requisite has to be increased it is difficult to achieve highly positive correlation among more than three reticles. From an integration point of view, three reticles used in DET and DPT generate three combinations of reticle sets. When the positive correlation between two reticle sets is determined to be 0.78, the other reticle set will statistically have a smaller correlation coefficient, 0.61&lt;0.78. With an overlay specification of 12% of design rule and a reticle contribution of 25%, the specification for registration error was expected to be 7.7nm (4×) at the 45nm node and 5.5nm (4×) at the 32nm node in the uncorrelated case between two reticles. The positive correlation of around 0.7–0.78 helps to reduce the reticle specification by around 200% even in the DPT process.
The human carbonic anhydrase I gene has two promoters with different tissue specificities (1991)

Primer extension and S1 nuclease analysis of human carbonic anhydrase I (HCA1) mRNA transcripts in erythroid and non-erythroid tissues show that the HCA1 gene has two promoters with different tissue specificities, separated by 36 kb of DNA. The promoter of the HCA1 gene which is active in non-erythroid tissue shows strong sequence similarity with a similar region in the mouse CA1 gene, but has two equally used transcription start sites.
EEG AND AUTONOMIC RESPONSE PATTERN DURING WAKING AND SLEEP STAGES (1971)

ABSTRACT The response hierarchy of EEG and autonomic variables to tones of increasing intensity was studied during waking and sleep stages 2, REM, and SW (3 & 4 combined). Tones of 1000 Hz (5 sec duration, 55 sec ISI) were presented to 35 young adult male subjects. During waking, the tones began below awake auditory threshold and increased by 5 db until a motor response (button press) was made. During sleep, tones began at awake threshold and went to arousal threshold, i.e., motor response and/or an EEG change indicative of arousal. Changes in EEG, finger pulse amplitude, heart rate, skin potential, skin resistance, and respiration period were measured for each stimulus and were compared to a pseudostimulus response scored 25 sec prior to the actual stimulus. In the awake state, statistically significant responses ( p < .05) were found for EEG, finger pulse, heart rate early deceleration, skin potential, and skin resistance to the tone at awake threshold, but not to tones at lesser db levels. During sleep, significant EEG responses were present to tones 30–25 db below arousal threshold, finger pulse 20–15 db below, and heart rate acceleration 20–5 db below. Significant skin potential, skin resistance, and motor responses were seen only at arousal threshold. Thus, in sleep, in contrast to waking, there were clear responses to stimuli below the arousal threshold, and there was definite ordering of the appearance of the various responses: EEG preceded the cardiovascular, with electrodermal and motor occurring only at arousal. This order was constant over sleep stages. Arousal thresholds were very similar across sleep stages in day sleepers (approximately 35 db above awake threshold). The threshold during stage 2 for night sleepers was about 15 db lower than that for day sleepers.
GPS Community Map Generation for Enhanced Routing Methods Based on Trace-Collection by Mobile Phones (2009)

The paper describes a map generation system which relies on random individual contributions of GPS traced movements. In a typical use case, mobile phone users would join a specific community to contribute their movements along streets, roads or pathways in form of so called traces. Neither contributing subscribers nor the map generation need to have an a priori knowledge of the charted area. The approach presented here comprises the trace recording, the upload process to a common server and the processing algorithm for map generation. The problem of noisy data, resulting from GPS inaccuracies and random movements is addressed and countermeasures are proposed. One major perspective of this paper is the decomposition of a map into reasonable segments. In this context, the filter mechanism applied to the raw data is a key component for the deduction of precise street maps. Furthermore, the proof of concept is given and a guideline for a lower limit of active subscribers to achieve an operational system is derived.
An Approach to the Skeleton of the Securinega Alkaloids. The Total Synthesis of (±)-Securinine (2001)

[structure: see text]. The concise total synthesis of securinine in nine steps from readily available starting materials is described. Key steps of the synthesis include an addition of a silyloxyfuran to an in situ generated iminium ion and a novel ring closing metathesis reaction.
TLR-2/TLR-4 TREM-1 Signaling Pathway Is Dispensable in Inflammatory Myeloid Cells during Sterile Kidney Injury (2013)

Inflammatory macrophages are abundant in kidney disease, stimulating repair, or driving chronic inflammation and fibrosis. Damage associated molecules (DAMPs), released from injured cells engage pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) on macrophages, contributing to activation. Understanding mechanisms of macrophage activation during kidney injury may lead to strategies to alleviate chronic disease. We identified Triggering-Receptor-in-Myeloid-cells (TREM)-1, a regulator of TLR signaling, as highly upregulated in kidney inflammatory macrophages and tested the roles of these receptors in macrophage activation and kidney disease. Kidney DAMPs activated macrophages in vitro, independently of TREM-1, but partially dependent on TLR-2/-4, MyD88. In two models of progressive interstitial kidney disease, TREM-1 blockade had no impact on disease or macrophage activation in vivo, but TLR-2/-4, or MyD88 deficiency was anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic. When MyD88 was mutated only in the myeloid lineage, however, there was no bearing on macrophage activation or disease progression. Instead, TLR-2/-4 or MyD88 deficiency reduced activation of mesenchyme lineage cells resulting in reduced inflammation and fibrosis, indicating that these pathways play dominant roles in activation of myofibroblasts but not macrophages. To conclude, TREM-1, TLR2/4 and MyD88 signaling pathways are redundant in myeloid cell activation in kidney injury, but the latter appear to regulate activation of mesenchymal cells.
A distributed power control and mode selection algorithm for D2D communications (2012)

Device-to-device (D2D) communications underlaying a cellular infrastructure has recently been proposed as a means of increasing the resource utilization, improving the user throughput and extending the battery lifetime of user equipments. In this article we propose a new distributed power control algorithm that iteratively determines the signal-to-noise-and-interference-ratio (SINR) targets in a mixed cellular and D2D environment and allocates transmit powers such that the overall power consumption is minimized subject to a sum-rate constraint. The performance of the distributed power control algorithm is benchmarked with respect to the optimal SINR target setting that we obtain using the Augmented Lagrangian Penalty Function method. The proposed scheme shows consistently near optimum performance both in a single-input-multiple-output and a multiple-input-multiple-output setting. We also propose a joint power control and mode selection algorithm that requires single cell information only and clearly outperforms the classical cellular mode operation.
Photophysical and Optoelectronic Properties of Green-Emitting Alkoxy-Substituted PE/PV Hybrid Conjugated Polymers (2004)

A series of phenyleneethynylene (PE)/phenylenevinylene (PV) hybrid conjugated polymers with alkoxy side chains were studied. It was found that longer alkoxy side chains improve EL efficiency through enhanced material solubility and film-forming properties. Polymers with longer side chains attached to the phenylenevinylene units exhibit higher EL efficiency. With increasing solvent polarity, both absorption and emission spectra of the polymer display bathochromic shifts. With increasing chromophore concentration, the solution PL spectra display red shifts and new bands, indicating intermolecular excimer formation. The relative intensity of the 0−0 band in the solution PL spectra increases with increase of the excitation energy. When the nonsolvent methanol is added to the homogeneous polymer/chloroform solution, the absorption and emission spectra display red shifts and new bands, clearly indicating aggregate and excimer formation in the solvent/nonsolvent systems.
Capacity of fading channels with channel side information (1997)

We obtain the Shannon capacity of a fading channel with channel side information at the transmitter and receiver, and at the receiver alone. The optimal power adaptation in the former case is "water-pouring" in time, analogous to water-pouring in frequency for time-invariant frequency-selective fading channels. Inverting the channel results in a large capacity penalty in severe fading.
<title>Efficient rate-control algorithm for fast transcoding</title> (1999)

In this paper, a new rate control algorithm is introduced for a fast rate control requirement in transcoding. The specific transcoding issue mentioned in this paper is referred to as bit-rate conversion. For video services in heterogeneous network environments, it is necessary to convert the bit-rate of compressed video to match it to given transmission channels of lower capacity. the transcoding of coded video streams by requantization in the DCT domain is considered as a promising technique for its low complexity and acceptable picture quality. We carried out experiments for various video sequences to validate the existence of a novel R-Q model in the requantization process and found a piecewise linearly decreasing model. Based on this model, we present an efficient rate control algorithm for transcoding, that requires much lower complexity than conventional one. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm provides a significant advantage over conventional method in both picture quality and bit-rate deviation.