gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimizing Algorithms for Region-of-Interest Video Compression, with Application to Mobile Telehealth (2006)

Wireless communication of video poses constraints on information capacity. Region-of-interest (ROI) video coding provides higher quality in the ROI, but poorer quality in the background (BKGRND), for a given total bitrate (TBR). Researchers, including the authors, have also proposed more graceful quality management methods, using what is referred to here as an extended-region-of-interest (EROI). We consider three levels of losslessness-mathematical, diagnostic, and perceptual, with the goal of associating them with the above-mentioned regions. We describe work in progress aimed at optimizing an elastic expert system based on the above methodology, with telehealth video as its anchor. The optimizations are threefold-user, perceptual, and network oriented, and are incorporated in the rate control algorithm. We propose a rate control method where, unlike conventional methods, bit allocation is shifted from the frame level to individual regions within the frame. Thereafter, the above-mentioned criteria are used to determine regional bit allocation. Peak-signal-to-noise-ratio (PSNR) results show, as expected, that the proposed scheme achieves higher ROI-EROI quality than the verification model VM8 of MPEG4. This is illustrated with four examples of pediatrics video. The value and design of the proposed methodology is being corroborated by subjective testing involving medical experts. We are independently researching another standing issue in the telehealth application, that of low complexity segmentation and tracking of the ROI-EROI boundaries
Hyperkalemic Periodic Paralysis: 14 Years Later (2006)

Myopathies can be broadly divided into several categories. The first involves damage to the muscle itself, called rhabdomyolysis, which typically results in clinical signs seen in tying up. The horse manifests clinical signs of exercise intolerance, muscle stiffness, or painful muscle cramps. The second category includes disorders resulting from changes in the conductivity of muscle membranes that lead to myotonia or sustained muscle contraction. Clinical signs are muscle fasciculations or trembling. One example is hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (HYPP) caused by a defect in the skeletal muscle-sodium channel. Other reported disorders with suspected membrane defects in horses include myotonic dystrophy and congenital myotonia. In humans, over a dozen such disorders have been described that have some striking clinical similarities leading to the coining of the terms ion-channel diseases or ion channelopathies. Many muscle-membrane channel defects (so-called “channelopathies”) have been characterized, and the molecular basis for disease is well described. A third category of myopathies includes those associated with atrophy and weakness, such as neurogenic causes like equine motor neuron disease and botulism and myogenic causes like disuse, immunemediated causes, or causes associated with Cushing’s disease. Glycogen-branching enzyme deficiency, recently described in Quarter Horse foals, causes severe muscle weakness because of the foal’s inability to store glycogen. HYPP is an autosomal dominant trait affecting Quarter Horses, Paint Horses, Appaloosas, and Quarter Horse-crossbred animals worldwide. A “syndrome” in related horses was first recognized in the 1980s by breeders and veterinarians; it was first reported to be similar to HYPP in humans by Cox at the Annual American Association of Equine Practitioners convention in 1985. In December 1992, this genetic disease was publicly linked to a popular Quarter-Horse sire named Impressive. This prolific sire, born in 1969, has 355,000 offspring registered with the American Quarter Horse Association (AQHA), and these offspring dominate the halterhorse industry. Current estimates indicate that 4% of the Quarter Horse breed may be affected. Unfortunately, the gene frequency has not decreased in the past 14 yr since genetic testing has been available to breeders, and controversy continues among horse breeders whose stock carry this gene. Affected horses seem to have been preferentially selected as breeding stock because of their pronounced muscle development, and there is evidence of selection of HYPP-affected horses as superior halter horses by show judges. In 1996, AQHA officially recognized HYPP as a genetic defect or undesirable trait. To increase public awareness
Prospective isolation and molecular characterization of hematopoietic stem cells with durable self-renewal potential (2009)

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are generally defined by their dual properties of pluripotency and extensive self-renewal capacity. However, a lack of experimental clarity as to what constitutes extensive self-renewal capacity coupled with an absence of methods to prospectively isolate long-term repopulating cells with defined self-renewal activities has made it difficult to identify the essential components of the self-renewal machinery and investigate their regulation. We now show that cells capable of repopulating irradiated congenic hosts for 4 months and producing clones of cells that can be serially transplanted are selectively and highly enriched in the CD150(+) subset of the EPCR(+)CD48(-)CD45(+) fraction of mouse fetal liver and adult bone marrow cells. In contrast, cells that repopulate primary hosts for the same period but show more limited self-renewal activity are enriched in the CD150(-) subset. Comparative transcriptome analyses of these 2 subsets with each other and with HSCs whose self-renewal activity has been rapidly extinguished in vitro revealed 3 new genes (VWF, Rhob, Pld3) whose elevated expression is a consistent and selective feature of the long-term repopulating cells with durable self-renewal capacity. These findings establish the identity of a phenotypically and molecularly distinct class of pluripotent hematopoietic cells with lifelong self-renewal capacity.
On Hiding Information from an Oracle (1987)

We consider the problem of computing with encrypted data. Player A wishes to know the value f(x) for some x but lacks the power to compute it. Player Β has the power to compute f and is willing to send f(y) to A if she sends him y, for any y. Informally, an encryption scheme for the problem f is a method by which A, using her inferior resources, can transform the cleartext instance x into an encrypted instance y, obtain f(y) from B, and infer f(x) from f(y) in such a way that Β cannot infer x from y. When such an encryption scheme exists, we say that f is encryptable.
Pseudomyxoma peritonei as an intractable disease and its preoperative assessment to help improve prognosis after surgery: A review of the literature (2012)

Pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) is a rare and intractable disease with an estimated incidence of one per million population per year. Many aspects of PMP need to be fully and precisely understood; these include its preoperative assessment, i.e. diagnosis, early diagnosis, pathologic classification, and staging according to the peritoneal cancer index, and its surgical treatment. This review focuses on elements of preoperative assessment and surgery using the Sugarbaker procedure to help improve the prognosis for patients with PMP. Accurate data on the incidence of PMP must be based on large populations rather than estimates, and much work needs to be done especially in China. Special attention should be paid to its preoperative assessment. Also proposed here are steps to manage PMP with an emphasis on preoperative assessment.
Living as a Burn Survivor: Implications for Pastoral Care (2010)

As chaplain serving a burn unit and trauma ICU, the author discusses common issues faced by burn survivors and their families. Writing from his personal experience, he also explains how recognition of his Shadow Gifts and incorporation of them into his ministry enable him to “pay it forward” to others who walk the path of healing from burn injuries. A reflection based on his experience as a burn survivor was published earlier this year. See “Called through Grace,” PlainViews 9, no. 23 [January 6, 2010]: Spiritual Development.
Optimized bilayer hexamethyldisiloxane film as bottom antireflective coating for both KrF and ArF lithographies (2000)

A new bilayer bottom antireflective coating (BARC) layer composed of hexamethyldisiloxane film stack is demonstrated for both KrF and ArF lithographies. By simply adjusting the gas flow rate ratio, the materials of the bilayer can be varied to have suitable optical constants as BARC materials working at both 248 and 193 nm wavelengths. The swing effect is experimentally shown to be reduced significantly on both silicon and Al–Si substrates. The bilayer scheme is also demonstrated to be capable of providing large thickness-controlled tolerance.
Polydimethylsioxane fluidic interconnects for microfluidic systems (2003)

This paper presents novel polydimethylsioxane (PDMS) based interconnects for microfluidic systems with a low dead volume. Through-hole type and "/spl lceil/" type PDMS interconnects have been designed, fabricated, and tested for glass and plastic capillary tubing. Oxygen reactive ion etching and epoxy bonding methods are employed to bond PDMS interconnects to different substrate materials including silicon, glass, polymer and other thin film materials. Leakage pressure, leakage rate, and pull-out force are characterized for these interconnects. For reusable PDMS interconnects, the maximum leakage pressure reaches 510 kPa (75 psi) and the maximum pull-out force is about 800 mN. For nonreusable PDMS interconnects, the maximum leakage pressure is found to be 683 kPa (100 psi) and the maximum pull-out force is 2 N. For both types of PDMS interconnects, the leakage rate test demonstrates that the leakage is not detectable at a working pressure of 137 kPa (20 psi).
The benefits of fluorine in pnp polysilicon emitter bipolar transistors (1994)

BF/sub 2/ implantation into polysilicon and its subsequent rapid thermal diffusion into single crystal silicon is commonly used for the fabrication of pnp polysilicon emitter bipolar transistors. In this paper the effect of the fluorine, which is introduced into the polysilicon during the BF/sub 2/ implant, is investigated. Pnp polysilicon emitter bipolar transistors are fabricated in which the boron and fluorine are implanted separately, with the fluorine only going into one half of each wafer. Electrical results show that fluorine has two interrelated effects. In devices given a low thermal budget emitter drive-in, a drop in base current by a factor of approximately 3.2 is observed when the fluorine is present, together with an improvement in the ideality of the base characteristics. This is explained by the passivation of trapping states at the polysilicon/silicon interface by the fluorine. In contrast, in devices-given a higher thermal budget emitter drive-in, an increase in base current by a factor of approximately 2.5 is observed, when fluorine is present. This is explained by the action of the fluorine in accelerating the breakup of the interfacial layer. A model is proposed to explain this behavior.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Noncompressed NTSC Digital Videodisk Recorder Using Magneto-Optical Media (1996)

A digital videodisk recorder with a net information bit rate of 94 Mbits/sec and a recording capacity of 23 Gbytes has been successfully developed. The recorder has a recording capability of 32 min for a noncompressed NTSC digital signal and can independently reproduce two, three, or four channels. Discussions are presented on the unique recording method for a constant bit-length, magneto-optical (MO) head implemented by a short-wavelength laser and on various reproducing modes that employ multiple heads.
Re-Directing an Alkylating Agent to Mitochondria Alters Drug Target and Cell Death Mechanism (2013)

We have successfully delivered a reactive alkylating agent, chlorambucil (Cbl), to the mitochondria of mammalian cells. Here, we characterize the mechanism of cell death for mitochondria-targeted chlorambucil (mt-Cbl) in vitro and assess its efficacy in a xenograft mouse model of leukemia. Using a ρ° cell model, we show that mt-Cbl toxicity is not dependent on mitochondrial DNA damage. We also illustrate that re-targeting Cbl to mitochondria results in a shift in the cell death mechanism from apoptosis to necrosis, and that this behavior is a general feature of mitochondria-targeted Cbl. Despite the change in cell death mechanisms, we show that mt-Cbl is still effective in vivo and has an improved pharmacokinetic profile compared to the parent drug. These findings illustrate that mitochondrial rerouting changes the site of action of Cbl and also alters the cell death mechanism drastically without compromising in vivo efficacy. Thus, mitochondrial delivery allows the exploitation of Cbl as a promiscuous mitochondrial protein inhibitor with promising therapeutic potential.
Evaluation of the use of tyrosinase-specific and melanA/MART-1-specific reverse transcriptase-coupled-polymerase chain reaction to detect melanoma cells in peripheral blood samples from 299 patients with malignant melanoma (2001)

We conclude that the presence of circulating tyrosinase-positive cells as detected by this method appears to be a discontinuous rather than a continuous phenomenon, even in patients with stage 4 disease. For this reason the assay cannot be recommended as a method of sequentially monitoring individual patients in a clinical setting.
Degradation and stabilization of polymers : a series of comprehensive reviews (1983)

Chapter 1. Laser photolysis in polymer chemistry (J.C. Scaiano). 2. Energy transfer and migration in degradation reactions (H. Itagaki and I. Mita). 3. Polymer combustion (N.A. Khalturinsky and Al.Al. Berlin). 4. The Cu-catalyzed oxidation of isotactic polypropylene and low density (branched) polyethylene including a brief discussion of the basic autoxidation scheme (BAS) (H.H.G. Jellinek). 5. Ozone degradation of elastomers: kinetics and mechanism (S.D. Razumovsky and G.E. Zaikov). 6. Photodegradation of polymer films on reflecting substrates (J.D. Webb, A.W. Czanderna and P. Schissel). 7. Biodegradation of polymers: kinetics and mechanism (G.E. Zaikov). 8. Degradation and stabilization of poly(vinyl chloride) (B. Ivan, T. Kelen and F. Tudos). Index.
Optical connections on flexible substrates (2006)

Optical interconnections integrated on a flexible substrate combine the advantages of optical data transmissions (high bandwidth, no electromagnetic disturbance and low power consumption) and those of flexible substrates (compact, ease of assembly...). Especially the flexible character of the substrates can significantly lower the assembly cost and leads to more compact modules. Especially in automotive-, avionic-, biomedical and sensing applications there is a great potential for these flexible optical interconnections because of the increasing data-rates, increasing use of optical sensors and requirement for smaller size and weight. The research concentrates on the integration of commercially available polymer optical layers (Truemode Backplane (TM) Polymer, Ormocer (R)) on a flexible Polyimide film, the fabrication of waveguides and out-of plane deflecting 45 degrees mirrors, the characterization of the optical losses due to the bending of the substrate, and the fabrication of a proof-of-principal demonstrator. The resulting optical structures should be compatible with the standard fabrication of flexible printed circuit boards.
The instability of liquid surfaces when accelerated in a direction perpendicular to their planes. I (1950)

Abstract It is shown that, when two superposed fluids of different densities are accelerated in a direction perpendicular to their interface, this surface is stable or unstable according to whether the acceleration is directed from the heavier to the lighter fluid or vice versa. The relationship between the rate of development of the instability and the length of wave-like disturbances, the acceleration and the densities is found, and similar calculations are made for the case when a sheet of liquid of uniform depth is accelerated.
Interactions of antitumor drugs with natural DNA: proton NMR study of binding mode and kinetics (1984)

1H NMR has been used to study the interactions of over 70 clinical and experimental antitumor drugs with DNA. Spectra of the low-field (H-bonded imino proton) resonances of DNA were studied as a function of drug per base pair ratio. From the spectral changes observed, it was possible to distinguish three modes of drug binding (intercalation, groove binding, and nonspecific outside binding), to determine the kinetics of drug binding (approximate lifetime of the bound drug), and, in favorable cases, to determine the specificity of the drugs for A X T or G X C base pairs. This method is a useful assay for general drug-binding characteristics. For the intercalating compounds there appears to be a correlation between drug-binding kinetics and useful antitumor activity.
Revisiting the Ambiguity of "And" and "Or" in Legal Drafting (2012)

Most general works on legal drafting contain a discussion of ambiguity, and usually such discussions touch on the ambiguity associated with the words and and or.1 Treatment of this topic has, however, been characterized by oversimplification and error. This is not without consequence, as an element of this flawed analysis has made its way into case law.2 The analysis offered in Barbara Child’s Drafting Legal Documents: Principles and Practices is representative. To illustrate the ambiguity of and and or, it offers three examples, the first two involving or and the third involving and.3 But in the first example,4 the emphasized or is in fact not ambiguous; this example just demonstrates that drafters sometimes use or when the better choice would be and.5 The second example6 does
Raman spectroscopy of graphite intercalation compounds: Charge transfer, strain, and electron–phonon coupling in graphene layers (2014)

Graphite intercalation compounds (GICs) are an interesting and highly studied field since 1970’s. It has gained renewed interest since the discovery of superconductivity at high temperature for CaC and the rise of graphene. Intercalation is a technique used to introduce atoms or molecules into the structure of a host material. Intercalation of alkali metals in graphite has shown to be a controllable procedure recently used as a scalable technique for bulk production of graphene, and nano‐ribbons by induced exfoliation of graphite. It also creates supra‐molecular interactions between the host and the intercalant, inducing changes in the electronic, mechanical, and physical properties of the host. GICs are the mother system of intercalation also employed in fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and carbon‐composites. We will show how a combination of Raman and calculations of the density and the electronic band structure in GICs can serve as a tool to elucidate the electronic structure, electron–phonon coupling, charge transfer, and lattice parameters of GICs and the graphene layers within. This knowledge of GICs is of high importance to understand superconductivity and to set the basis for applications with GICs, graphene and other nano‐carbon based materials like nanocomposites in batteries and nanoelectronic devices.
Creation of Novel Green and Sustainable Gemini‐Type Cationics Containing Carbonate Linkages (2010)

Abstract Novel gemini‐type cationics containing carbonate linkages as biodegradable and chemically recyclable segments were designed and synthesized by a green process. The carbonate linkages were introduced into only the hydrophobic moiety or in both the hydrophobic and linker moieties of gemini‐type cationics. They showed higher surface activities, such as a low critical micelle concentration value, a surface tension lowering, and a high adsorption efficiency, when compared to the corresponding single‐type cationics. Also, the gemini‐type cationics containing carbonate linkages in both the hydrophobic and the linker moieties showed stronger antimicrobial activities when compared to those only in the hydrophobic moiety. It was found that some gemini‐type cationics containing carbonate linkages showed higher biodegradability compared to the conventional gemini‐type cationics. The biodegradability of the gemini‐type cationics decreased when a carbonate linkage was introduced into the hydrophobic moiety rather than the linker moiety. However, some gemini‐type cationics containing carbonate linkages both in the hydrophobic and linker moieties showed ready biodegradability. The gemini‐type cationics containing carbonate linkages in the hydrophobic moiety showed chemical recyclability by a lipase (E.C. 3.1.1.3).
Toward the Synthesis of Extra-Large-Pore MCM-41 Analogues (2001)

A new approach is proposed for the synthesis of extra-large-pore (diameter > 7 nm) MCM-41 analogues, potentially useful as hosts for the synthesis of nanowires and as model porous solids for fundamental research. The approach is based on the recently demonstrated opportunity for elimination of the connecting pores in the walls of SBA-15 silica during high-temperature (about 1243 K) calcination, which afforded MCM-41 analogues, but the latter had a limited pore size (<7 nm) and small pore volume. Herein, we propose an approach to overcome these limitations by judiciously selecting SBA-15 silicas that exhibit a relatively small content of connecting pores (to reduce the shrinkage upon their elimination) and sufficiently large initial pore size. This approach allowed us to obtain materials with uniform pores of diameter up to 8.8 nm, which is much larger than that attainable for good-quality MCM-41, and with adsorption properties expected for MCM-41 analogues and appreciably different from those of SBA-15 prepared using standard procedure. It is expected that MCM-41 analogues with yet larger pore sizes can be obtained, when the proposed methodology will be applied for some of SBA-15 silicas reported to date.
A Study of the Reproduction and Index Properies in Contemporaη Painting (2010)

오늘날 현대 미술의 문맥에서 사진은 복제 매체적 특징인 복제와 지표적 특성을 통해 모더니즘의 원본성과 독창성을 부정하며 포스트모더니즘 미술의 중심적 매체로 등장하게 되었다. 사진 인덱스 이론은 이러한 사진의 현대성을 이론적 근거로 밝힘으로써 사진에 대한 단순한 이론을 넘어 현대미술작품의 개념적 원리를 설명하는 근거로써 후기 구조주의적 담론의 중심에 서게 되었다. 이러한 맥락에서 포스트모더니즘 작가들의 적극적인 사진 활용은 현대미술에서의 사진이 갖는 중요한 의미를 시사하고 있다 현대미술에서의 사진의 활용은 인텍스의 개념적 특정에 주목하였던 마르셀 뒤생Marcel Duchamp)을 시작으로 1950년대 중반부터 등장한 팝아트를 거치며 본격화되었다. 특히 사진의 기법 및 개념에 주목하였던 팝아트의 출현은 현대문화 속의 일상이 되어버린 대중매체의 복제 이미지 환경을 예술의 형식으로 반영하였다. 이와 같은 일상의 대중매체 이미지는 사진이미지의 복제성을 부각시키며 예술의 형식에서 비개성적 특징들을 통해 일상성의 의미를 주목하게 하였다. 로잘린드 크라우스(Rosalind Krauss)의 사진 인덱스 이론은 지표 개념을 중심으로 사진의 해석을 이루어냄으로써 이제까지의 이분법적인 주체중심적 시각개념에 대한 새로운 인식의 전환을 이루었다. 즉 인텍스 이론은 이제까지의 구조주의적 관점을 사진의 지표 특성을 통해 생성론적 관점으로 바라보도록 함으로써 이미지의 존재론적 정의를 가능하게 하였다 또한 이러한 사진의 복제와 지표 특성은 이미지의 ‘원본성’이나 ‘독창성’의 결여를 뜻한다는 점에서 비평가 롤랑 바르트(Roland Barthes)의 ‘작가의 죽음’이라는 의미를 부각시킨다. 이는 객관적 시지각 방식에서 비롯된 사진에 대한 연구자의 관심은 사진의 물리적 특정에서 비롯된 인덱스 즉，지표적 특성의 회화적 가능성이었다. 사진의 지표는 시간을 고정하고자 한 행위로 나타난 시간을 지시하는 일종의 징후적 자국 혹은 흔적이다 이러한 의미에서 연구자의 복제 이미지 작품은 사진의 복제라는 지표적 특성을 활용한 시간의 연속과 불연속의 문제와 연관된 일상의 의미 찾기이다. 사진의 본질적 특정인 과거 시간의 기록에서 잘려진 시간성은 일상의 해석에서 존재론적 의미를 지닌다. 이러한 점에서 일상의 의미를 찾고자 하는 연구자의 의도는 사진에서 드러나는 시간의 특정에서 출발하였다 연구자는 시간의 의미와 일상의 재해석이라는 주제의 표현에서 사진의 복제가 지닌 표현 형식에 주목하였다 연구자가 사진 복제의 반복과 중첩의 과정을 통해 이미지의 끝없는 파편화와 해체의 형식 속에서 시간을 담지한 일상의 해석을 의도한 것이다 즉 서술적 내용에서보다 표현의 형식인 복제 방법론 속에서 주제에 접근하고 있다 이러한 맥락에서 연구자의 복제이미지작품은 사진적 특징들을， 회화적 맥락에서 방법론적 가능성을 모색함으로써 시간의 특성 속에서 드러나는 일상의 의미를 개념화시키는 것이다. 이상의 기술에서처럼 이 연구는 사진적 특정과 개념을 중심으로 연구자 작품의 방법론적 근거의 구체적인 분석에 초점을 맞추고 작품에서 사진의 복제성과 지표성이 지닌 표현적 특정과 의미를 확인하고자 하였다. 이는 사진의 인덱스 개념과 시간의 의미，상징이미지가 어떠한 연관성을 지니고 주제에 접근해 가는지에 대한 해석을 포함한다. 이러한 과정에서 활용된 사진의 복제와 상징문양의 중첩이 지시하는 바는 시간의 연속성 속에서 물리적 일시점을 갖는 단면이라는 불연속성과 화면 공간의 초현실적 불안정성을 동시에 드러내는 효과적인 재현 방식임을 확인하게 되었다.