gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nonionic Urea Surfactants:  Influence of Hydrocarbon Chain Length and Positional Isomerism on the Thermotropic and Lyotropic Phase Behavior (2006)

The thermotropic and lyotropic phase behavior of 1- and 5-decyl urea, and 1-, 2-, 4-, and 6-dodecyl urea have been studied. This allowed the effect of positional isomerism to be examined. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding by the urea moiety is the dominant factor in determining the solid-state thermal behavior and crystal solubility boundary of these linear nonionic surfactants. The positional isomers where the urea moiety was not situated at the terminus of the hydrocarbon chain exhibited higher melting points than the 1-alkyl ureas. This has been rationalized by postulating interdigitated chains in the solid state. In the urea surfactant-water systems, three phases are observed, viz. crystalline solid, a dilute aqueous solution of the alkyl urea, and an isotropic liquid. The last two phases coexist in the low-surfactant, high-temperature region of the binary phase diagram. An overview of structure-property correlations for linear nonionic urea surfactants is presented in light of the new physicochemical data obtained for the decyl urea and dodecyl urea positional isomers.
Photonic crystal heterostructures and interfaces (2006)

Photonic crystal heterostructures, like their semiconductor quantum electronic counterparts, generate complex function from simple, well-understood building blocks. They have led to compact photonic crystal-based waveguides and record-quality-factor resonant cavities. Here the progress on the experimental realization of photonic crystal heterostructure devices, and on the development of convenient, intuitive, and computationally efficient models of devices that unite multiple finite-sized photonic crystal media to engineer photon localization and guidance is summarized.
A convenient animal model for testing bone substitute materials. (1980)

There is consijerable interest in developing substitute materials for bone to perform the functions of autogenous bone grafts. However, a persistent problem is finding a suitable animal model in which to test the biodegradable implants. This paper reviews the requirements of an ideal animal model for this purpose and discusses the shortcomings of existing procedures. A technique is described that uses the cranial vault of the rabbit and allows accurate radiologic and histologic assessment of implant resorption and ingrowth of new bone.
Deploying and Managing a Cloud Infrastructure: Real-World Skills for the CompTIA Cloud+ Certification and Beyond: Exam CV0-001 (2015)

Learn in-demand cloud computing skills from industry experts Deploying and Managing a Cloud Infrastructure is an excellent resource for IT professionals seeking to tap into the demand for cloud administrators. This book helps prepare candidates for the CompTIA Cloud+ Certification (CV0-001) cloud computing certification exam. Designed for IT professionals with 2-3 years of networking experience, this certification provides validation of your cloud infrastructure knowledge. With over 30 years of combined experience in cloud computing, the author team provides the latest expert perspectives on
A Simple Route to 2-Alkenethioic<i>O</i>-Esters and 2-Alkenedithioic Esters [Thiono- and Dithioesters, 37] (1985)

The reaction of the copper(I) derivative of dimethyl methanephosphonic ester with O-alkyl carbonochloridothioates affords O-alkyl (dimethoxyphosphinyl)-thioacetates. These compounds as well as the corresponding dithioesters react with aldehydes in a Horner-Emmons reaction to give O-alkyl 2-alkenethioates or alkyl 2-alkenedithioates, respectively.
Effects of the modification of reforming alumina-platinum catalysts with zirconium (2010)

The effects of the modification of supported platinum as a constituent of reforming Pt/Al2O3 and Pt-Re/Al2O3 catalysts by introducing zirconium, which was obtained from various starting compounds, into the composition of the support were studied. These effects were most pronounced if difficult-to-hydrolyze compounds served as a source of zirconium. It was found that zirconium affected the metal-support interaction strength, which is responsible for the formation of the most strongly adsorbed hydrogen species (over the temperature range of 300–500°C). This suggests a change in the electronic state of platinum under the action of zirconium. Platinum sites became more regular; as a result of this, the reaction rate parameters of heptane conversion changed.
In Vitro Synthesis of Subunits of Bacterial Luciferase in an <i>Escherichia coli</i> System (1983)

RNA extracted from the luminescent bacterium Vibrio harveyi was translated in an Escherichia coli system. RNA from highly luminescent cells produced both alpha and beta subunits of luciferase in vitro, as confirmed by immunoprecipitation and partial proteolysis. RNA from cells before induction of luminescence did not direct luciferase synthesis.
An Implementation of Multimodal User Interface using Speech, Image and EOG (2011)

There have been many recent studies on gaze recognition system in the field of HCI (Human Computer Interaction). This system will be the most natural and intuitive HCI system due to the application of gaze direction or biomedical Signals. We propose a multimodal user interface system using the nine directional gaze recognition based on image, EOG (Electrooculography) signal and speech recognition. In this paper, we use DFA (Deterministic Finite Accepter), Haar-like feature and Adaboost algorithm, SVM (Support Vector Machine) for gaze recognition based on the EOG signal and image. Furthermore, the CHMM (Continuous Hidden Markov Model) based speech recognition system has been linked for inputting speech commands. The proposed multimodal user interface system solves the problem of constraint of single modal recognition systems. As a result, the proposed system achieves higher recognition performance and more natural interface using speech commands.
Metabolism of 1-beta-D-arabinofuranosylcytosine in human leukemic cells. (1977)

Summary The synthesis of nucleoside triphosphate (ara-CTP) from 1- β -d-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) in leukemic cells of blood and bone marrow was measured in vitro . Blood samples from 74 patients and 12 healthy donors were compared. During initial periods of incubation (0 to 45 min), when ara-CTP synthesis was linear, cells from acute myelocytic or myelomonocytic leukemia patients, who were currently or previously sensitive to ara-C therapy, produced twofold more ara-CTP than did cells from chronic myelocytic, lymphocytic leukemic (acute or chronic), and normal subjects. In previously untreated acute myelocytic leukemia patients, particularly low levels of ara-CTP synthesis may have negative prognostic value. All synthesized ara-CTP was trapped intracellularly, and, at the level of 15 ng/10 6 cells, ara-CTP inhibited incorporation of [ methyl - 3 H]thymidine into DNA of myeloblasts by 94%. Negligible amounts of the total radioactivity of ara-C were incorporated into DNA or RNA during incubation. In the presence of the pyrimidine nucleoside deaminase inhibitor, tetrahydrouridine (THU), ara-CTP synthesis by acute myelocytic leukemia, chronic myelocytic leukemia, and acute lymphocytic leukemia was significantly increased. The THU effect was even more prominent during the nonlinear phases of synthesis (2 to 20 hr) in which THU not only inhibited the deamination of ara-C but also partially blocked the catabolic pathway from ara-CTP to ara-U. Samples from relapsed patients, previously sensitive to ara-C and currently showing secondary resistance, synthesized high levels of ara-CTP; this result indicates that secondary resistance is due to factors other than the lack of kinases that phosphorylate ara-C. Thus, high levels of ara-CTP appear to be a prerequisite, but not a sufficient condition, for determining the therapeutic efficacy of ara-C. The present data suggest that the combined use of THU with ara-C may increase the therapeutic efficacy of ara-C in humans.
Selective Synthesis of Unsymmetrical 3,4-Disubstituted and 4-Substituted 2(5<i>H</i>)-Furanones (2000)

Easily available 3,4-dibromo-2(5H)-furanone undergoes regioselective palladium-catalyzed reaction with aryl(trialkyl)stannanes to give the corresponding 4-aryl-3-bromo-2(5H)-furanones in satisfactory yields. These monobromo derivatives have proven to be useful precursors to unsymmetrical 3,4-diaryl-2(5H)-furanones, 4-aryl-3-methyl-2(5H)-furanones and 4-aryl-2(5H)-furanones.
Polynomial Time Approximation Schemes for the Constrained MinimumSpanning Tree Problem (2012)

Let G = ( V , E ) be an undirected graph with a weight function and a cost function on edges. The constrained minimum spanning tree problem is to find a minimum cost spanning tree T in G such that the total weight in T is at most a given bound B . In this paper, we present two polynomial time approximation schemes (PTASs) for the constrained minimum spanning tree problem.
Influence of Electrode Placement on Signal Quality for Ambulatory Pregnancy Monitoring (2014)

Noninvasive fetal health monitoring during pregnancy has become increasingly important in order to prevent complications, such as fetal hypoxia and preterm labor. With recent advances in signal processing technology using abdominal electrocardiogram (ECG) recordings, ambulatory fetal monitoring throughout pregnancy is now an important step closer to becoming feasible. The large number of electrodes required in current noise-robust solutions, however, leads to high power consumption and reduced patient comfort. In this paper, requirements for reliable fetal monitoring using a minimal number of electrodes are determined based on simulations and measurement results. To this end, a dipole-based model is proposed to simulate different electrode positions based on standard recordings. Results show a significant influence of bipolar lead orientation on maternal and fetal ECG measurement quality, as well as a significant influence of interelectrode distance for all signals of interest.
Designing and Implementing Strategies for Solving Large Location-Allocation Problems with Heuristic Methods (91-10) (1991)

Solution techniques for location-allocation problems usually are not a part of micro-computer based geo-processing systems. The large volumes of data to process and store and the complexity of algorithms present a barrier to implementation of these solution techniques in a micro-computer environment. Yet decision-makers need analysis systems that return solutions to location selection problems in real time. We show that processing requirements for the most accurate heuristic, location-allocation algorithm can be drastically reduced by pre-processing inter-point distance data as both candidate and demand strings and exploiting the spatial structure of location-allocation problems by updating an allocation table. Consequently, solution times increase approximately linearly with problem size. These developments allow the solution of large problems (3,000 nodes) in a microcomputer-based, interactive decision-making environment. These methods are implemented in a micro-computer system and tests on three network problems validate our claims.
COMBINATION THERAPY USING THE SMALL INTERFERING RNA BEVASIRANIB (2009)

Bevasiranib, the first small interfering RNA agent developed for the treatment of neovascular age-related macular degeneration, has demonstrated clinical promise. Injected intravitreally, this small interfering RNA acts by inducing catalytic destruction of messenger RNA to silence gene expression. Bevasiranib targets the production of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein. It does not affect existing VEGF protein, suggesting that it may offer a synergistic effect when given in combination with anti-VEGF treatments, such as ranibizumab. The safety of bevasiranib has been supported by preclinical and clinical research.
Detection of a gammaretrovirus, XMRV, in the human population: Open questions and implications for xenotransplantation (2010)

XMRV (xenotropic murine leukaemia virus-related virus) is a gammaretrovirus that has been detected in human patients with prostate carcinoma, chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and also in a small percentage of clinically healthy individuals. It is not yet clear whether the distribution of this virus is primarily limited to the USA or whether it is causally associated with human disease. If future investigations confirm a broad distribution of XMRV and its association with disease, this would have an impact on xenotransplantation of porcine tissues and organs. Xenotransplantation is currently being developed to compensate for the increasing shortage of human material for the treatment of tissue and organ failure but could result in the transmission of porcine pathogens. Maintenance of pathogen-free donor animals will dramatically reduce this risk, but some of the porcine endogenous retroviruses (PERVs) found in the genome of all pigs, can produce infectious virus and infect cultured human cells. PERVs are closely related to XMRV so it is critical to develop tests that discriminate between them. Since recombination can occur between viruses, and recombinants can exhibit synergism, recipients should be tested for XMRV before xenotransplantation.
A Cross-Layer Scheduling Algorithm With QoS Support in Wireless Networks (2006)

Scheduling plays an important role in providing quality of service (QoS) support to multimedia communications in various kinds of wireless networks, including cellular networks, mobile ad hoc networks, and wireless sensor networks. The authors propose a scheduling algorithm at the medium access control (MAC) layer for multiple connections with diverse QoS requirements, where each connection employs adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) scheme at the physical (PHY) layer over wireless fading channels. Each connection is assigned a priority, which is updated dynamically based on its channel and service status; the connection with the highest priority is scheduled each time. The authors' scheduler provides diverse QoS guarantees, uses the wireless bandwidth efficiently, and enjoys flexibility, scalability, and low implementation complexity. Its performance is evaluated via simulations.
On secure communication over wireless erasure networks (2008)

This paper studies the secrecy capacity of unicast communication in a wireless erasure network setting in the presence of a wire-tapper. From an information-theoretic setting of perfect secrecy, both upper bounds and achievable secrecy rates are presented. Secrecy capacity is determined in closed form for a class of broadcast constrained erasure networks.
On the economics of requirements-based test case prioritization (2005)

Software testing is a strenuous and expensive process. At least 50% of the total software cost is spent on testing activities [12]. Companies are often faced with time and resource constraints that limit their ability to effectively complete testing efforts. Companies generally save suites for reuse; test suite reuse accounts for almost half of the maintenance cost [9]. As the product goes thru several versions, executing all the test cases in a test suite can be expensive [9]. Prioritization of test cases can be cost effective when the time allocated to complete testing is limited [9]. Test case prioritization (TCP) involves the explicit planning of the execution of test cases in a specific order and is shown to improve the rate of fault detection [3, 9]. The current software TCP techniques are primarily coverage-based (statement, branch or other coverage) [3,9]. Coverage-based white-box prioritization techniques are most applicable for regression testing at the unit level and are harder to apply on complex systems [2]. These techniques require testers to read and understand the code, which can be time consuming [2], and may assume that all faults are equally severe.
Optimal Beaconing for 60 GHz Millimeter Wave (2009)

This paper addresses optimal beacon fragmentation schemes for high-performance MAC in 60 GHz millimeter wave (mmWave) networks. The proposed optimal beacon scheme can be classified into two methods, i.e., differentiated and fragmentized beaconing. Differentiated and fragmentized beaconing schemes are for directional and omni-directional data transmission. By the result of performance evaluation, the novelty of the proposed schemes is verified.
A Saponification Method for Chlorophyll Removal from Microalgae Biomass as Oil Feedstock (2016)

Microalgae oil is an optimal feedstock for nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and biodiesel production, but its high levels of chlorophyll limit its large-scale application. To date, few effective approaches have been developed to remove chlorophyll from microalgae oil. The main purpose of this study was to present a preprocessing method of algae oil feedstock (Scenedesmus) to remove chlorophyll by saponification. The results showed that 96% of chlorophyll in biomass was removed. High quality orange transparent oil could be extracted from the chlorophyll reduced biomass. Specifically, the proportion of neutral lipids and saturation levels of fatty acids increased, and the pigments composition became carotenoids-based. The critical parameters of chlorophyll reduced biodiesel conformed to the standards of the USA, China and EU. Sodium copper chlorophyllin could be prepared from the bleaching effluent. The results presented herein offer a useful pathway to improve the quality of microalgae oil and reduce the cost of microalgae biodiesel.
Determination of the Solution Structure of the N-Domain Plus Linker of Antarctic Eel Pout Antifreeze Protein RD3 (1999)

RD3, a new antifreeze protein (AFP) extracted from antarctic eel pout is a single polypeptide divided into homologous N-terminal (residues Asn(1)-Glu(64)) and C-terminal (residues Ser(74)-Glu(134)) domains, each of which has a high sequence identity with Type III AFP. A 9-residue linker (-D(65)GTTSPGLK(73)-) connects these two domains in tandem and is thought to play a significant role in defining the nature of the intact molecule. The present paper shows for the first time the solution structure and preliminary (15)N-NMR backbone dynamics data of the N-domain plus the linker of recombinant RD3 protein (RD3-Nl: residues 1-73) by employing homo- and heteronuclear multidimensional NMR spectroscopy. Forty converged structures of RD3-Nl were successfully calculated by using a total of 958 NMR-derived structural restraints. It was found that the N-domain of RD3-Nl has a globular form comprising six beta-strands, three type III turns, and several loops, which stabilize a flat, ice-binding site formed on one side of this domain. Further, the linker portion appears to have a definitive structure, which is independent of the globular N-domain. This definitive linker is roughly divided into two short strands, -D(65)GTTSP(70)- and -G(71)LK(73)-, which are bent around -T(67)TSPG(71)- at an angle of approximately 60 degrees. This bending motif of the linker may function to orient the two ice-binding sites of the N- and C-domains of RD3 in the same direction, leading to their simultaneous interactions with the ice crystal surface.
Wideband unit-cell based on liquid crystals for reconfigurable reflectarray antennas in f-band (2012)

A reconfigurable reflectarray-cell has been designed to provide a large tunable phase range in the frequency band 117-130 GHz. The unit-cell comprises three parallel dipoles printed on a quartz-wafer and a tunable liquid crystal (LC) placed on a cavity between the dipoles and a ground plane. The simulation results show a tunable phase-shift in a range larger than 300 degree for a 10% bandwidth and low sensitivity to the angle of incidence.
<title>High-Q whispering-gallery mode sensor in liquids</title> (2002)

Optical sensing of biomolecules on microfabricated glass surfaces requires surface coatings that minimize nonspecific binding while preserving the optical properties of the sensor. Microspheres with whispering-gallery (WG) modes can achieve quality factor (Q) levels many orders of magnitude greater than those of other WG-based microsensors: greater than 10<SUP>10</SUP> in air, and greater than 10<SUP>9</SUP> in a variety of solvents, including methanol, H<SUB>2</SUB>O and phosphate buffered saline (PBS). The presence of dyes that absorb in the wavelength of the WG excitation in the evanescent zone can cause this Q value to drop by almost 3 orders of magnitude. Silanization of the surface with mercapto-terminal silanes is compatible with high Q (>10<SUP>9</SUP>), but chemical cross-linking of streptavidin reduces the Q to 10<SUP>5</SUP>-10<SUP>6</SUP> due to build-up of a thick, irregular layer of protein. However, linkage of biotin to the silane terminus preserves the Q at a ~2x10<SUP>7</SUP> and yields a reactive surface sensitive to avidin-containing ligands in a concentration-dependent manner. Improvements in the reliability of the surface chemistry show promise for construction of an ultrasensitive biosensor.
Lysophosphatidic acid opens a Ca++ channel in human erythrocytes (2000)

Abstract Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a lipid-derived second messenger that mobilizes many cells of the circulatory and vascular systems to assist in thrombus development and wound healing. LPA, however, has not been tested on human erythrocytes, largely because erythrocytes are considered to be both biologically inert and inactive in intercellular communication. To test this presumption, we have examined the impact of LPA on signaling reactions within the human red blood cell (RBC). Using both 45Ca++ and a Ca++-sensitive fluorescent probe (Fluo-3), we demonstrated that LPA, but not phosphatidic acid or the closely related sphingosine-1–phosphate, stimulates the influx of micromolar quantities of extracellular Ca++ into fresh RBCs. This Ca++ influx was shown to be channel mediated rather than leak promoted because the influx was observed at LPA concentrations too low to perturb membrane integrity, it was inhibited by P-type but not L-type Ca++ channel blockers, it was inhibited by broad-specificity protein kinase inhibitors, and it was not induced by inactive analogues of LPA. Further characterization reveals that only approximately 25% of the RBCs participate in LPA-induced Ca++ entry and that within this active population, Ca++ gating occurs in an all-or-nothing manner. Because the stimulation of Ca++ uptake occurs at LPA concentrations (1-5 μmol/L) known to occur near a developing thrombus and because the internalized Ca++can potentially promote prothrombic properties in the stimulated RBCs, we conclude that RBCs are not insensitive to signals released from other cells.
Privacy Preserving Spam Filtering (2011)

Email is a private medium of communication, and the inherent privacy constraints form a major obstacle in developing effective spam filtering methods which require access to a large amount of email data belonging to multiple users. To mitigate this problem, we envision a privacy preserving spam filtering system, where the server is able to train and evaluate a logistic regression based spam classifier on the combined email data of all users without being able to observe any emails using primitives such as homomorphic encryption and randomization. We analyze the protocols for correctness and security, and perform experiments of a prototype system on a large scale spam filtering task. State of the art spam filters often use character n-grams as features which result in large sparse data representation, which is not feasible to be used directly with our training and evaluation protocols. We explore various data independent dimensionality reduction which decrease the running time of the protocol making it feasible to use in practice while achieving high accuracy.