gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Differential wax-wane focus servo technique applied to optical recording systems. (1993)

This dissertation investigates a new focus error detection technique, i.e., differential wax-wane focus servo, for use in optical recording systems. A combination of scalar diffraction modeling and experiment is used to quantify its performance. A brief review of optical recording is given. The performance of an optical drive is linked directly to its servo system. Performance parameters of focus error signals are discussed. A few popular focus and tracking error detection techniques are summarized. We concentrate on the differential wax-wane focus error detection technique. In order to accurately predict its performance, a scalar diffraction model is employed. Diffraction modeling results, such as detector alignment tolerance and effect of aberrations, are presented. Comparisons to the astigmatic and pupil obscuration focus error detection technique are also given. The gain of the differential wax-wane technique is two times that of single wax-wane. The lock-on range is about three times that of most other techniques in the configuration we studied. Without any aberration, it has 0.04 μm of tracking crosstalk amplitude compared to about 0.25 μm in other techniques. Even if aberrations are present, the crosstalk can be eliminated by adjusting the detector and changing the electronic gain of the individual channels. The overall performance of the differential wax-wane technique is better than the other techniques. The design and alignment of an optical head are summarized. The optical head is used to test the modeling results. One factor that affects optical drives significantly is aberration. A phase-shifting interferometer is used to measure the wavefront of our optical head. The measured wavefront is implemented in our diffraction model, and an excellent agreement between experimental and modeling results is achieved. We also present preliminary studies of a multiple beam optical head. A model that combines ray trace and diffraction propagation is used to analyze the focused beam on the disk. The focus-error signal of off-axis beams are discussed. The effects of disk tilt are also given. By using a two-dimensional array, the number of channels available can be increased with the same optics. Possible disk formats and a tracking scheme for multi-beam optical recording using a two-dimensional array are also discussed.
Note on Becker's Theory of the Shock Front (1944)

Becker, in a classical paper, concludes that weak shocks are many free paths thick and may be treated by ordinary hydrodynamics including the effects of viscosity and thermal conductivity of the medium; that moderately strong shocks have a thickness of the order of a free path and must be treated by a direct attack on the relevant Boltzmann equation; while violent shocks have a thickness small compared with a free path and even the Boltzmann equation is no longer applicable. It is shown here that this last conclusion rests on an oversight; the thickness of a shock front is always at least of the order of magnitude of a free path, and it is to be expected that the Boltzmann equation can be applied even for the most violent shocks.
High Expression of Truncated Viral Rep Protein Confers Resistance to Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus in Transgenic Tomato Plants (1997)

A truncated version of the C1 gene of tomato yellow leaf curl geminivirus (TYLCV), encoding the first 210 amino acids of the multifunctional Rep protein, was introduced by Agrobacterium transformation into Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Moneymaker plants under the transcriptional control of an enhanced cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. One R 0 plant (line 47) carrying the C1 gene in two loci (A and B) and accumulating the truncated Rep protein (T-Rep), was crossed with either a wild-type plant, or a C1 antisense plant (line 10). The wild type (wt) × 47 progeny were phenotypically homogeneous, contained either A or B locus, expressed high levels of T-Rep protein, had a “curled” phenotype, and were resistant to TYLCV when challenged either by agroinfection or by the vector Bemisia tabaci. In the 10 × 47 progeny, plants carrying only the sense gene behaved like the wt × 47 progeny, while those containing both sense and antisense transgenes did not accumulate the T-Rep protein, showed a normal phenotype, and were not resistant, showing that accumulation of T-Rep protein is required to confer TYLCV resistance. Plants accumulating T-Rep were susceptible to a distinct geminivirus, tomato leaf curl virus (ToLCV-Au).
Functional domains of the very low density lipoprotein receptor: molecular analysis of ligand binding and acid-dependent ligand dissociation mechanisms (1999)

The very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) receptor is closely related in structure to the low density lipoprotein receptor. The ectodomain of these endocytic receptors is composed of modules which include clusters of cysteine-rich class A repeats, epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like repeats, tyrosine-tryptophan-threonine-aspartic acid (YWTD) repeats and an O-linked sugar domain. To identify important functional regions within the ectodomain of the VLDL receptor, we produced a mutant receptor in which the EGF, YWTD and O-linked sugar domains were deleted. Cells transfected with the mutant receptor were able to bind and internalize (125)I-labeled receptor associated protein (RAP). In contrast to the wild-type receptor, however, RAP did not dissociate from the mutant receptor and consequently was not degraded. Immunofluoresence data indicated that once bound to the mutant receptor, fluorescent-labeled RAP co-localized with markers of the endosomal pathway, whereas, in cells expressing the wild-type receptor, RAP fluorescence co-localized with lysosomal markers. Thus this deleted region is responsible for ligand uncoupling within the endosomes. To identify regions responsible for ligand recognition, soluble receptor fragments containing the eight cysteine-rich class A repeats were produced. (125)I-RAP and (125)I-labeled urokinase-type plasminogen activator:plasminogen activator inhibitor type I (uPA:PAI-1) complexes bound to the soluble fragment with K(D, app) values of 0.3 and 14 nM, respectively. Deletion analysis demonstrate that high affinity RAP binding requires the first four cysteine-rich class A repeats (L1-4) in the VLDL receptor while the second repeat (L2) appears responsible for binding uPA:PAI-1 complexes. Together, these results confirm that ligand uncoupling occurs via an allosteric-type mechanism in which pH induced changes in the EGF and/or YWTD repeats alter the ligand binding properties at the amino-terminal portion of the molecule.
Phillips–Heffron model of power systems installed with STATCOM and applications (1999)

The paper establishes the linearised Phillips–Heffron model of a power system installed with a static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) and demonstrates the application of the model in analysing the damping effect of the STATCOM and designing a STATCOM stabiliser to improve power-system-oscillation stability. Both cases of single machine infinite bus and multimachine power systems are studied and example power systems are presented. These show the negative damping influence of a STATCOM DC voltage regulator on power system oscillations and the effectiveness of the STATCOM stabiliser superimposed on a STATCOM AC voltage regulator to counterattack the negative damping effect.
High Polymerization of Acetaldehyde by Alumina. (1959)

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Using one-dimensional finite element analysis to estimate differential pressure of renal artery stenoses (2007)

A study was conducted to evaluate the ability of a simple one-dimensional (1D) computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to identify a hemodynamically significant renal artery stenosis by predicting pressure loss and flow rate across a renal artery stenosis. Six combinations of wall properties, inlet, and outlet boundary conditions were used to evaluate their effects on blood pressure estimation. All combinations of boundary conditions in the 1D model produced pressure to flow relations that compared favourably with previously reported in vitro and three-dimensional CFD model of a similar geometry. The mean error of the 1D results, using the in vitro model as the gold standard, ranges from 0.53 to 3.46 mmHg. While further work is required to optimize the specification of renal outlet boundary conditions from patient specific data, these results show that a 1D model may be used to identify pressure gradients across a renal artery stenoses.
Micro-Power LSI'd Hand Held Color Camera for ENG System (1976)

NEC placed emphasis on increased reliability and stability as the basic design concept for developing completely self-contained color camera for ENG. The result of examinations led us to think that power consumption reduced to the minimum and reduced heating are the prime requirements to realize the above aims. For without attaining those requirements, miniaturization of camera and driving over long period through battery those are essential for ENG camera are impossible. NEC owes it to NHK that NEC introduced the technical direction of “μ-POWER” as the fundamental design philosophy. Under the joint effort with NHK, NEC started development of μ-Power LSI of Process Amplifier in the summer of 1974 and the test product was developed in the spring of 1975. This product clearly indicated the possibility of LSI'd video circuit. with this knowledge, NEC expanded the scope of development of LSI including encoder, preamplifier, synchronizing system and deflection system to develop next generation color camera and the prototype of μ-Power LSI'd color camera was developed in October 1975. Commercialized first lot will be completed in the spring of 1976. The prototype camera is 3-tube color camera employing 2/3ʺ Plumbicon* that power consumption is approximately 25 W.
<title>Highly sensitive register mark based on moire patterns</title> (1993)

A highly sensitive register mark is formed by the moire pattern resulting from the overprinting of two screened patches. The two screened patches have slightly different screen frequencies so that when the two planes are in exact register a bright spot appears in the center of the register mark. When the two planes are misregistered, the bright spot is displaced by a gain factor times the misregister, where the gain factor is approximately equal to the size of the patch times the screen frequency (typically 10 to 20). The register mark indicates both the direction and degree of misregister. If the screen frequency were uniform throughout the patch, the mark could falsely indicate register when in fact the misregister was a multiple of exactly one dot. We warp the frequency of the screen pattern, with the center of the patch having a finer screen than the perimeter. A misregister of one dot or more does not produce a symmetrical bright spot in the center of the mark. Thus, the mark provides a positive indication of exact register. The range of sensitivity is nominally plus or minus half of a screen dot in both X and Y directions. It may, however, be extended by recognition of the frequency warped patterns resulting from larger misregistrations.
Characterization of human hybridoma clones isolated from hemophilia patients with specificity for different domains of coagulating factor VIII (2003)

Hemophilia A patients treated with human coagulating factor VIII (FVIII) may develop inhibitory antibodies (inhibitors). Characterization of the inhibitors at the clonal level may help exploring new therapeutic strategies. We have generated lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) producing anti-FVIII antibodies from peripheral blood lymphocytes of hemophilia A patients with high inhibitor titers. We fused the anti-FVIII-positive LCLs with a heteromyeloma, to produce FVIII specific hybridomas. We determined the specificity, isotype, idiotypic and immunoglobulin (Ig) variable region heavy (VH) chain gene family profiles of the secreted antibodies (Ab) by ELISA, immunoblotting and RT-PCR. We established eight hybridomas which produced high titers of anti-FVIII Ab. All hybridomas secreted IgM Ab, associated with either kappa(5/8) or lambda(3/8) light chain. Analysis of the expressed VH genes by RT-PCR revealed that the hybridomas utilized only the VH1 (63%) or the VH3 (37%) gene families. Among the cross-reactive idiotypes (CRIs) we tested, only the VH1 and VK3b-associated CRIs were expressed by 3 hybridomas. Immunoblotting of thrombin-digested FVIII demonstrated distinct patterns of reactivity of the monoclonal Ab (MAb) secreted by the hybridomas, which recognized either the A2 domain of the Fvm heavy chain, or the light chain, or both. Our findings suggest that: a) the isotype of the anti-FVIII Ab secreted by LCLs and hybridoma clones (IgM) differs from that of anti-FVIII Ab in vivo, which are predominantly IgG4: this suggests a negative selection of the isotype-switched FVIII-specific B-cells in the periphery of these patients; b) the anti-FVIII Ab have a biased representation of the VH1 gene family, and c) somatic mutations in the VH genes coding for FVIII specificity occur in the anti-FVIII Ab response, as evidenced by lack of expression of the VH-associated CRI.
Retinal channelrhodopsin-2-mediated activity in vivo evaluated with manganese-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. (2010)

First-time evidence is presented indicating the usefulness of measuring intraretinal manganese accumulation as a noninvasive biomarker of channelrhodopsin-2-mediated activity in vivo.
Nanobodies<sup>®</sup>: proficient tools in diagnostics (2010)

With the advent of new antibody engineering technologies, conventional antibodies have been minimized into smaller antibody formats. Small size is an important advantage for current and future diagnostic development. Nanobodies® (Ablynx) are among the smallest known antigen-binding antibody fragments, and are derived from the heavy-chain only antibodies that occur naturally in the serum of Camelidae. Endowed by natural evolution, these Nanobodies inherently exhibit unique biophysical, biochemical and pharmacological characteristics. In addition to their excellent potential as molecules in drug development, Nanobodies possess very attractive functional properties that aid in their development for diagnostic tools. Here we present several examples of currently available applications of Nanobodies to the field of immunosensor for cancer, immunoaffinity chromatography, in vivo and intracellular imaging.
Trust‐Tech Paradigm for Computing High‐Quality Optimal Solutions: Method and Theory (2007)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Problem Preliminaries A Trust-Tech Paradigm Theoretical Analysis of Trust-Tech Method A Numerical Trust-Tech Method Hybrid Trust-Tech Methods Numerical Schemes Numerical Studies Conclusions Remarks References
Yeast Glucan in the Cyst Wall <i>of Pneumocystis carinii</i> (1989)

Ultrastructurally, the cyst wall of Pneumocystis carinii consists of an electron-dense outer layer, an electron-lucent middle layer, and an innermost plasmalemma. This is similar in appearance to the cell wall of some yeasts, e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which consists of an outer dense layer of mannan, a middle lucent layer of beta-1,3-glucan (yeast glucan) and an innermost plasmalemma. The cyst wall of P. carinii, as well as the cell wall of S. cerevisiae, can be labeled by a variety of methods which stain polysaccharides, such as Gomori's methenamine silver (GMS) and by Aniline blue, a dye which selectively stains beta-1,3-glucan. The treatment of P. carinii cysts with Zymolyase, which the key enzyme is beta-1,3-glucan laminaripentaohydrolase, results in lysis of the outer 2 layers of the cyst wall and the loss of positive staining by both GMS and Aniline blue. The lysis of elements of the cyst wall of P. carinii is achieved under the same conditions and concentration at which Zymolyase lyses the outer 2 layers of the cell wall of viable cells of S. cerevisiae. These observations indicate that a major component of the cyst wall of P. carinii is beta-1,3-glucan.
NFκB Mediates Apoptosis through Transcriptional Activation of Fas (CD95) in Adenoviral Hepatitis (2000)

NFkappaB is an essential survival factor in several physiological conditions such as embryonal liver development and liver regeneration. However, NFkappaB is also a main mediator of the cellular response to a variety of extracellular stress stimuli, and it has been shown that some viral-induced host cell apoptosis appears to be dependent on NFkappaB activation. The activation of NFkappaB upon viral infection may be a rapid way of initiating an innate immune response against the viral particles. We have assessed the role of NFkB during the early phase of adenoviral hepatitis in a nude mouse model using an adenoviral vector expressing a mutant form of IkappaBalpha. Administration of a LacZ-expressing adenoviral vector induces NFkB DNA and correlates with the up-regulation of Fas (CD95) mRNA, but not FasL (CD95L) mRNA, during the early phase of adenoviral hepatitis. The rapid increase in NFkappaB DNA binding after adenoviral infection of the liver could be very effectively inhibited by IkappaBalpha. Compared with the LacZ control virus, the IkappaBalpha-expressing adenoviral vector inhibits the increase of Fas (CD95) mRNA expression, in particular in the very early phase of the hepatitis. Reporter gene experiments in hepatoma cell lines with a Fas promoter-luciferase construct indicated that the repression of Fas (CD95) mRNA by IkappaBalpha was transcriptionally mediated. The functional relevance of the NFkappaB-dependent increase in Fas (CD95) transcription was assessed by caspase 3 assays and terminal dUTP nick-end labeling tests. Compared with the control, IkappaBalpha adenoviral infection resulted in reduced caspase 3 activity during the early phase of viral hepatitis and in a prevention of liver cell apoptosis 24 h after adenoviral administration. Therefore our study demonstrates a new pro-apoptotic function of NFkappaB in Fas (CD95)-mediated apoptosis of hepatocytes. Interestingly, NFkappaB mediates liver cell apoptosis upon viral infection even in a phase where tumor necrosis factor-alpha is already induced, as shown by the time curves of tumor necrosis factor-alpha serum levels. Therefore, the pro- or anti-apoptotic role of NFkappaB appears to be more determined by the nature of the death stimulus than by the origin of the tissue.
Overlay Path Option for IP and TCP (2013)

Data transport through overlay networks often uses either connection
termination or network address translation (NAT) in such a way that
the public IP addresses of the true endpoint machines involved in the
data transport are invisible to each other. This document describes
IPv4, IPv6, and TCP options for communicating this information from
the overlay network to the endpoint machines.
Smart Grid security technology (2010)

The security of the United States and the way of life of its citizens is dependant on the availability of the North American power grid. Much of the technology currently in use by the grid is outdated and in many cases unreliable. There have been three major blackouts in the past nine years. Further, the reliance on old technology leads to inefficient systems, costing the utilities and taxpayers unnecessary sums. There is virtually universal agreement that it is imperative to upgrade the electric grid to increase overall system efficiently and reliability. Such upgrades will require significant dependence on distributed intelligence and broadband communication capabilities. The access and communications capabilities require the latest in proven security technology for extremely large, wide area communications networks. This paper discusses the key components for a secure Smart Grid system.
A class of self-healing ring architectures for SONET network applications (1992)

A class of SONET-based self-healing ring (SHR) architectures and associated control schemes are reviewed. It is shown that the cost and capacity tradeoffs between bidirectional SHRs (B-SHRs) and unidirectional SHRs (U-SHRs) depend strongly upon the application, the network size and the demand pattern. An analysis of the impact on the SONET standard suggests that using automatic protection switching (APS) schemes with SONET SHR architectures requires a change of currently standardized SONET K1 and K2 overhead byte definitions and functionality. Alternatively, a simple distributed control scheme using path AIS avoids a change of the SONET standard in terms of K1 and K2 operations, and thus can be deployed on a timely basis and may ease intervendor compatibility problems. The selection of appropriate SONET SHR architectures depends upon the operating telephone companies' economic analysis, emphases on multivendor environment, SHR implementation time frame, and standards progress on making the change to support a bidirectional ring architecture.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Multispectral size-averaged incoherent spatial filtering (1979)

A method of 2-D size-averaged incoherent recognition filtering is described. White light input illumination is used to multiplex chromatically a continuum of inputs differing in their spatial Fourier spectral magnifications. A two-grating dichromated-gelatin lateral-dispersion compensating device is inserted to correct chromatic dispersion introduced by a computer-generated hologram filter. The resulting registered recognition patterns are added to form a single effective filter size-averaged recognition peak. Using high efficiency compensating gratings and a bleached binary hologram allow the use of a relatively low-power light source.
Evaluation of Alternate Materials and Methods for Strontium and Alpha Removal from Savannah River Site High-Level Waste Solutions (2000)

A literature survey indicated a number of alternate materials and methods for the removal of strontium and alpha-emitting radionuclides (actinides). We evaluated the use of alternate materials versus proposed flowsheets for salt processing at the Savannah River Site (SRS). From this evaluation we recommend the following materials for further testing to determine the rate and extent of removal. We do not recommend testing of liquid/liquid extraction and polymer filtration methods at this time.
Effect of morphology on the superconductor-insulator transition in one-dimensional nanowires (2004)

We study the effect of morphology on the low-temperature behavior of superconducting nanowires which vary in length from 86 nm to 188 nm. A well-defined superconductor-insulator transition is observed only in the family of homogeneous wires, in which case the transition occurs when the normal resistance is close to ${h/4e}^{2}.$ Inhomogeneous wires, on the other hand, exhibit a mixed behavior, such that signatures of the superconducting and insulating regimes can be observed in the same sample. The resistance versus temperature curves of inhomogeneous wires show multiple steps, each corresponding to a weak link constriction (WLC) present in the wire. Similarly, each WLC generates a differential resistance peak when the bias current reaches the critical current of the WLC. Due to the presence of WLC's an inhomogeneous wire splits into a sequence of weakly interacting segments where each segment can act as a superconductor or as an insulator. Thus the entire wire then shows a mixed behavior.
Nuevas evidencias acerca del megalitismo de la región de los Picos de Europa (1995)

espanolEn este trabajo se pretende poner al dia la informacion existente acerca del fenomeno megalitico en la comarca de los Picos de Europa, incorporando los primeros resultados de diversas exploraciones llevadas a cabo durante los anos 1989 a 1992. EnglishThis paper intends to update the information about megalithism in the region of the Picos de Europa (northern Spain). The results of reconnaissances developped between 1989 and 1992 are also reported.