gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pilot-Scale Continuous Production of LY2886721: Amide Formation and Reactive Crystallization (2014)

The design, development, and implementation of a pilot-scale continuous Schotten–Baumann amide bond formation and reactive crystallization to afford LY2886721 is described. The material met all API quality attributes and was comparable to material produced by a defined batch process. The scalability of the reaction and crystallization processes was confirmed during the development process. The pilot-scale equipment set was contained in a walk-in fume hood and operated at a production rate of 3 kg/day in a 72 h continuous run. Significant technical and business drivers for running the process in continuous flow mode were proposed and examined during development. The continuous process provided for lab hood commercialization and provided for minimal material at risk in the process. The demonstration also confirmed the risk inherent to operation of a tubular reactor under supersaturated conditions, and fouling occurred in the plug flow reactor. Fouling also occurred in the crystallizer. Recognizing these deficiencies, the process operated within the footprint of a standard walk-in fume hood, providing a successful demonstration of the opportunities afforded by continuous processing for low volume pharmaceuticals.
Microbial community structures differentiated in a single-chamber air-cathode microbial fuel cell fueled with rice straw hydrolysate (2014)

The results demonstrated that rice straw hydrolysate can be used as fuel for microbial fuel cells; microbial community structure differentiated depending on niches after microbial fuel cell operation; exoelectrogens were enriched; sulfate from rice straw hydrolysate might be responsible for the large relative abundance of sulfate reducing bacteria.
Recovery of superquadrics from depth information (1987)

Superquadrics are a a class volumetric primitive which can model objects including rectangular solids with rounded corners, ellipsoids, octaheadrons, 8-pointed stars, hyperbolic sheets, and toroids with cross sections ranging from rectangles with rounded corners to elliptical regions. They can be stretched, bent, tapered and combined with boolean operations to model a wide range of objects. This paper discusses our progress at attempting to recover a subclass of superquadrics from 3D depth data. The first section of this paper presents a mathematical definition of superquadrics. Some of the rationale for using superquadrics for object recognition is then discussed. Briefly, superquadrics are flexible enough to represent a wide class of objects, but are simple enough to be recovered from 3d data. Additionally, the surface and its normal surface both have well defined inside-out functions which provide a useful tool for their recovery. The third section examines some of the difficulties to be encountered when modeling objects with superquadrics, or attempting to recover superquadrics from 3D data. These difficulties include the general problems of a non-orthogonal representation, difficulties of dealing with objects which are not exactly representable with CSG operations on the primitives, the need to recognize negative objects. Certain numerical instabilities and some problems caused by using the inside-out function as an approximation of the distance of a point from the superquadric. Our current system employs a nonlinear least square minimization technique on the inside-out function to recover the parameters. After discussing the details of the current system, the paper presents examples, using noisy synthetic data, where the system succe88fully uses multiple views to recover underlying superquadrics. Also presented are examples using range data, including the recovery of a negative superellipsiod. Some pros and cons of our approach as well as few conclusions, and a discussion of our planned future work appear in the final section. The main result is that least square minimization using the inside-out function allows both positive and negative instances of superellipsoids to be recovered from depth data. A second preliminary result is that a single view of a superquadric may not be sufficient for reconstruction without additional assumption.
Asymptotically Exact TTL-Approximations of the Cache Replacement Algorithms LRU(m) and h-LRU (2016)

Computer system and network performance can be significantly improved by caching frequently used information. When the cache size is limited, the cache replacement algorithm has an important impact on the effectiveness of caching. In this paper we introduce time-to-live (TTL) approximations to determine the cache hit probability of two classes of cache replacement algorithms: the recently introduced h-LRU and LRU(m). These approximations only require the requests to be generated according to a general Markovian arrival process (MAP). This includes phase-type renewal processes and the IRM model as special cases. We provide both numerical and theoretical support for the claim that the proposed TTL approximations are asymptotically exact. In particular, we show that the transient hit probability converges to the solution of a set of ODEs (under the IRM model), where the fixed point of the set of ODEs corresponds to the TTL approximation. We further show, by using synthetic and trace-based workloads, that h-LRU and LRU(m) perform alike, while the latter requires less work when a hit/miss occurs. We also show that, as opposed to LRU, h-LRU and LRU(m) are sensitive to the correlation between consecutive inter-request times.
Third generation infrared optics (2008)

The advancement from 2<sup>nd</sup> Gen FLIR to 3<sup>rd</sup> Gen FLIR provides a significant improvement in capability, but at the cost of increased optical complexity. It is not feasible to utilize optics from previous generations image adequately with a 3<sup>rd</sup> Gen FLIR engine. Incorporating new technologies such as dual f/number dewars and dual band detectors results in very different optical design requirements from previous generations. Lack of broadband optical materials and coatings adds further complexity to the 3<sup>rd</sup> Gen optical problem. This paper examines the new complexities that are being introduced by 3<sup>rd</sup> Gen, some of the generic approaches that are necessary, and areas where more work is required.
Uncertainty Quantification in Gear Remaining Useful Life Prediction Through an Integrated Prognostics Method (2013)

Accurate health prognosis is critical for ensuring equipment reliability and reducing the overall life-cycle costs. The existing gear prognosis methods are primarily either model-based or data-driven. In this paper, an integrated prognostics method is developed for gear remaining life prediction, which utilizes both gear physical models and real-time condition monitoring data. The general prognosis framework for gears is proposed. The developed physical models include a gear finite element model for gear stress analysis, a gear dynamics model for dynamic load calculation, and a damage propagation model described using Paris' law. A gear mesh stiffness computation method is developed based on the gear system potential energy, which results in more realistic curved crack propagation paths. Material uncertainty and model uncertainty are considered to account for the differences among different specific units that affect the damage propagation path. A Bayesian method is used to fuse the collected condition monitoring data to update the distributions of the uncertainty factors for the current specific unit being monitored, and to achieve the updated remaining useful life prediction. An example is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
A Ferroelectric FET-Based Processing-in-Memory Architecture for DNN Acceleration (2019)

This paper presents a ferroelectric FET (FeFET)-based processing-in-memory (PIM) architecture to accelerate the inference of deep neural networks (DNNs). We propose a digital in-memory vector-matrix multiplication (VMM) engine design utilizing the FeFET crossbar to enable bit-parallel computation and eliminate analog-to-digital conversion in prior mixed-signal PIM designs. A dedicated hierarchical network-on-chip (H-NoC) is developed for input broadcasting and on-the-fly partial results processing, reducing the data transmission volume and latency. Simulations in 28-nm CMOS technology show <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$115\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$6.3\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> higher computing efficiency (GOPs/W) over desktop GPU (Nvidia GTX 1080Ti) and resistive random access memory (ReRAM)-based design, respectively.
High Temperature Air Combustion (2002)

Maximize efficiency and minimize pollution: the breakthrough technology of high temperature air combustion (HiTAC) holds the potential to overcome the limitations of conventional combustion and allow engineers to finally meet this long-standing imperative. Research has shown that HiTAC technology can provide simultaneous reduction of CO2 and nitric
Radio Access Selection in Integrated UMTS/WLAN Networks (2009)

Heterogeneous networks combine different access technologies. An important problem in such networks is the selection of the most suitable radio access network. To perform this task efficiently, a lot of information is required, such as signal strength, QoS, monetary cost, battery consumption, and user preferences. These are well known issues and a considerable effort has been made to tackle them using a number of solutions. These efforts improve the performance of vertical handover but also add considerable complexity. In this paper, we introduce an enhanced algorithm for radio access network selection, which is simple, flexible and applicable to future mobile systems. Its main characteristics are the distribution of the radio access selection process among the mobile terminal and the core network, the evaluation of mobile terminal connections separately and the primary role of user preferences in the final decision. The performance of the algorithm is evaluated through simulation results, which show that the algorithm provides a high rate of user satisfaction. It decreases the messages required for the vertical handovers in the whole network and it alleviates the core network from the processing of unnecessary requests.
Prevention of Ocular Inflammation Induced by Lens Protein, Endotoxin, and Interleukin-1 with Synthetic Interleukin-1 Blockers (1994)

It is well known that corticosteroids are potent anti-inflammatory agents, yet they produce serious side effects. Although arachidonate metabolite blockers have been developed for the treatment of inflammation, they are much less potent than corticosteroids. Furthermore, they still process serious side effects. In search of potent and safe non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIA), interleukin-1 (IL-1) blockers have been developed. Among 121 CK-analogs studied, CK-17, CK-101A and CK103A have been identified as promising anti-inflammatory agents as potent as prednisolone in inhibiting lens proteins-induced inflammation and twice as potent as prednisolone in inhibiting endotoxin-and IL-1-induced uveitis. No serious side effects could be noticed with the doses of these compounds tested to date. These results indicate that the development of potent NSAIAs is feasible. Moreover, these compounds are not related to arachidonate metabolites.
Ultra-shallow junction formation using conventional ion implantation and rapid thermal annealing (2003)

The major trends in conventional ion implantation and rapid thermal annealing (RTA) in recent years have been the use of ultra-low energy implants and spike anneals for the formation of ultra-shallow junctions. These trends have allowed the conventional technologies to continue to be used to form nand p-type source/drain extensions that meet the ITRS requirements for at least the 100 nm gate-length technology. While the necessity of ultra-low energies (sub-keV for B) is well accepted, the lowest implant energy that will be required in practice has not been decided. Data showing the effects of physical phenomena such as sputtering, enhanced dopant diffusion and dopant out-diffusion suggest that /spl ap/0.5 keV might be a sufficiently low energy. It is shown here that indeed junction depths achieved by 0.2-keV implants can be matched by lower dose 0.5-keV implants. Similarly, in RTA processing, while the necessity of spike anneals, characterized by a minimized soak-time at peak temperature and fast temperature ramp rates, has been accepted, the optimum ramp-up rate has not been agreed upon. Through a combination of experimental data and diffusion simulations, the effect of the ramp rates on junction diffusion has been reviewed here. The relative contribution of the ramp- and soak-time portions of the anneal has been quantified through thermal budget calculations.
Photon path distribution in inhomogeneous turbid media: theoretical analysis and a method of calculation (2002)

The photon path distribution (PPD) is a measure that I have developed to express optical responses in inhomogeneous turbid media in the time and frequency domains. The PPD is defined by local photon pathlengths of possible photons having total zigzag pathlengths I between the points of light input and detection. Such a distribution is independent of absorption and is uniquely determined for the medium under quantification. I show that the PPD is derived through the local photon count of the possible photons arising from an optical impulse incident on an imaginary medium having the same optical properties as the medium under quantification, except for the absence of absorption. The formulas derived can be used to calculate the PPD simultaneously with, for example, the numerical calculation of a diffusion equation.
Management of allergic conjunctivitis: an evaluation of the perceived comfort and therapeutic efficacy of olopatadine 0.2% and azelastine 0.05% from two prospective studies (2009)

In the reported studies, olopatadine 0.2% qd was more comfortable than azelastine 0.05% and preferred by patients with allergic conjunctivitis by a ratio of 4:1.
MgO powders for protective layer of alternating current plasma display panel (1996)

Abstract The MgO powder used for a screen‐printed protective layer on plasma display panels was evaluated. The MgO powder was formed by either vapor‐phase oxidation or decomposition of Mg(OH) 2 . For the same BET value, the diameter of MgO particles formed by the latter method was larger than that by the former method. It was found that the particle diameter calculated by Scherrer's equation using the half‐value width of an X‐ray diffraction pattern was less than one‐fifth of that calculated using the BET value. When the distribution of the particle size was evaluated by the centrifuge precipitation method, it was found that both the median and modal diameters of the MgO powders formed by the latter method were larger than that by the former method. The powder formed by the latter method also contained powder with diameters of less than 20 nm; the weight ratio of the fine powder to the entire MgO powder was 5.5 ∼15.9 wt%. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observation revealed that the powder formed by the former method had a higher crystallinity and that the powder formed by the latter method tended to aggregate. When protective MgO layers were fabricated by sintering MgO powder formed by the above two methods, the powders oriented in the (111) orientation and the MgO formed by the former method had a higher crystallinity. It was concluded that, since the MgO powder formed by the former method (vapor phase method) had a finer particle diameter, higher crystallinity, and higher uniformity than the powder formed by the latter method (decomposition of Mg(OH) 2 ), the MgO powder formed by the former method is more suitable for the alternating current plasma display panel (AC‐PDP) printed protective layer.
ChemInform Abstract: A NEW SYNTHESIS OF 2‐AMINOINDANES (1974)

Abstract Ninhydrin (I) und die Carbonsäureamide (II) bilden in siedendem Benzol die Amidhydroxyindandione (III), die zu (IV) über Palladiumkohle hydriert werden.
Dependence of Positive Effects of Granulocyte Colony‐stimulating Factor on the Antibiotic Regimen: Evaluation in Rats with Polymicrobial Peritonitis (2004)

We tested the hypothesis that the ability of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) to prevent death from fecal peritonitis is influenced by the composition of the antibiotic regimen with which it is administered. We used a rodent model of polymicrobial peritoneal contamination and infection and the concept of clinical modeling randomized trials (CMRTs), which includes the conditions of randomized, clinical trials and complex clinical interventions (e.g., anesthesia, volume substitution, antibiotics, surgery, postoperative analgesia). With the peritonitis model we obtained a mortality dose-response curve that was sensitive to antibiotic prophylaxis. G-CSF was most efficacious when it was administered both prophylactically and after the onset of peritonitis. Cefuroxime/metronidazole, ofloxacin/metronidazole, and amoxicillin/clavulanate improved survival in combination with G-CSF best, whereas cefotaxime or ceftriaxone with and without metronidazole did not. G-CSF administration was associated with improved polymorphonuclear neutrophil phagocytosis and enhanced bacterial clearance. Pro-inflammatory cytokine release (tumor necrosis factor-a, interleukin-6, macrophage inflammatory protein-2) was decreased in plasma and in the peritoneal fluid. Their expression was lowered in various organs on the protein and mRNA level. The results were used to design a clinical trial to test the ability of G-CSF to prevent serious infections in patients with colorectal cancer surgery. In this trial G-CSF application and antibiotic prophylaxis were performed with the most effective scheduling and combinations (cefuroxime/metronidazole and ofloxacin/metronidazole) as defined here.
MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-IMS)―Application of Spatial Proteomics for Ovarian Cancer Classification and Diagnosis (2011)

MALDI imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS) allows acquisition of mass data for metabolites, lipids, peptides and proteins directly from tissue sections. IMS is typically performed either as a multiple spot profiling experiment to generate tissue specific mass profiles, or a high resolution imaging experiment where relative spatial abundance for potentially hundreds of analytes across virtually any tissue section can be measured. Crucially, imaging can be achieved without prior knowledge of tissue composition and without the use of antibodies. In effect MALDI-IMS allows generation of molecular data which complement and expand upon the information provided by histology including immuno-histochemistry, making its application valuable to both cancer biomarker research and diagnostics. The current state of MALDI-IMS, key biological applications to ovarian cancer research and practical considerations for analysis of peptides and proteins on ovarian tissue are presented in this review.
Old Testament Theology: A Fresh Approach [review] / Ronald E. Clements. (1980)

Roman rule."How was this possible?Cassidy believes that if large numbers of people had ever accepted the social patterns advocated by the Lucan Jesus and adopted his stance toward ruling political authorities, the Roman government, or any other government based on a similar social order, could not have continued.
Study on reconfigurable resource utilization algorithm based on FPGAs (2011)

As a new computing architecture, reconfigurable computing can achieve potentially much higher performance than software, while maintain a higher level of flexibility than hardware, so it has become a hotspot of current computer architecture research field. The main technique basic of reconfigurable computing is Field Programmable Gate Arrays(FPGA) and it's architecture is constitutive of the reconfigurable hardware and Micro-processing unit. One type of the reconfigurable architecture is that the Micro-processor is embedded into the reconfigurable hardware. This paper presents some improvements for FPGAs reconfigurable resource utilization algorithm with Genetic Algorithms. It is found that the new algorithm is more efficient. It can get the tradeoff between the system performance and the reconfigurable resource utilization efficiency.
Measuring Vegetation (NDVI & EVI) : Feature Articles (2000)

In an effort to monitor major fluctuations in vegetation and understand how they affect the environment scientist use satellite remote sensors to measure and map the density of green vegetation over the Earth. By carefully measuring the wavelengths and intensity of visible and near-infrared light reflected by the land surface back up into space, scientists use an algorithm called a “Vegetation Index” to quantify the concentrations of green leaf vegetation around the globe.
Advances in sensors based on conducting polymers (2006)

Conducting polymers with a blend of interesting optical and mechanical properties can be used in situations where inorganic materials are not suitable. Synthetic capabilities as well as fabrication techniques have been developed to such an extent that molecular electronic devices based on conducting polymers can be designed, marking evolution of a sophisticated technology in the field of microelectronics. These electro-active conducting polymers cover a broad spectrum of applications from solid-state technology to biotechnology and sensor technology. Present paper addresses the various issues on sensors for chemical and biochemical species.
Local Optimization of Energy Systems (1996)

Abstract Many thermal systems are very complex due to the number of components and/or its strong interdependence. This complexity makes difficult the optimization of the system design and operation. The Theory of Exergetic Cost is based on concepts such as resources, structure, efficiency and purpose (belonging to any theory of production) and on the Second Law. This paper will show how is it possible to obtain from the theory of exergetic cost the marginal costs (Lagrange multipliers) of local resources being consumed by a component. This paper also shows the advantage of the proposed Theory of Perturbations when describing the complexity of structural interactions in a straightforward way. This theory allows to formulate simple procedures for local optimization of components in a plant. Finally strategies for optimization of complex systems are shown. They are based in the sequential optimization from component to component. This clear and efficient method comes form the fact that we have now an operative application of the Thermoeconomic Isolation Principle.