gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
How to operate a PC without using the hands (2005)

A demo of a biosignal interface, which allows to operate a Windows® PC without using the hands, shall be given. The system -- called HaMCoS (for Hands-free Mouse Control System) -- enables its user to simulate clicks and movements of the computer mouse by issuing intentional contractions of a single muscle of choice only. Therefore, by employing HaMCoS, even a person with very severe physical disabilities can operate a PC, provided everything exclusively relies on mouse input. The framework built around the system's Main Module is optimized in this respect, since it offers a comfortable keyboard-free user interface (e.g. comprising large, easily clickable buttons).
Osteoclast precursors: cytokine-stimulated immunomodulators of inflammatory bone disease (2006)

OCPs are effector immunomodulatory cells in inflammatory bone diseases. They respond to and secrete cytokines, and are therefore targets for anti-inflammatory therapy.
The nitrogen ion laser pumped by charge transfer (1984)

Charge transfer from He+ <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> to N <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> has been used in a variety of devices to pump significant levels of inversion of the <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">B^{2}\Sigma_{u}</tex> electronic transistion of N+ <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> . Laser output has been achieved at three wavelengths, 391.4, 427.8, and 470.9 nm. Each has corresponded to a transition from the same upper laser level to lower levels having vibrational quantum numbers equal to 0, 1, and 2, respectively. With proper mirror sets each has been individually excited. Studies of the scaling and efficiency at which the laser output could be obtained have been made with devices pumped by <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">e</tex> -beams, preionized avalanche discharges, and preionized resonant and traveling wave discharges. The possible efficiencies for the extraction of the energies stored in the inversions have been examined for various configurations of the coupling of the optical fields to the plasmas. Resulting devices have included self-excited oscillators, regenerative amplifiers, and master oscillator power amplifiers. The experimental results have supported a kinetic model which generally explains the unique features of the nitrogen ion laser. Of particular interest is the capacity of these systems to support the simultaneous optimization of both scale and efficiency. With <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">e</tex> -beam excitation optical power densities of 320 MW . l <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> have been achieved at a constant power transfer efficiency of 3 percent. With resonant discharge excitation 44 MW . l <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> have been demonstrated at power conversion efficiencies of 2 percent and overall efficiencies ranging from 0.2 to 0.4 percent. From these results the kinetic model has projected an overall efficiency of 0.9 percent to be ultimately realized in a discharge device.
Usability evaluation and interface design : cognitive engineering, intelligent agents and virtual reality (2001)

[3-Volume Set--Usability Evaluation and Interface ] Systems, Social, and Internationalization Design Aspects of Human-Computer Interaction + Universal Access in HCI]
A Rule-Based Logic Circuit Synthesis System for CMOS Gate Arrays (1986)

This paper presents a CMOS gate-array version of Digital System Design Language/Synthesis eXpert (DDL/SX), a rule-based system for logic circuit synthesis. The system inputs technology-independent functional diagrams, and automatically generates conventional technology-dependent logic diagrams in order to eliminate time-consuming and error-prone tasks in logic design. Because the synthesis process was not clear enough to establish a fixed algorithm, a rule-based approach was adopted to develop the system. This approach made it easy to incrementally improve the system's capabilities by adding, modifying, or deleting design knowledge represented as rules. Experimental use of the system revealed that the automatically generated logic design is almost as good as a manual design, and the design time is reduced by a factor of four.
Influenza type A in humans, mammals and birds: Determinants of virus virulence, host‐range and interspecies transmission (2003)

The virulence of a virus is determined by its ability to adversely affect the host cell, host organism or population of host organisms. Influenza A viruses have been responsible for four pandemics of severe human respiratory disease this century. Avian species harbour a large reservoir of influenza virus strains, which can contribute genes to potential new pandemic human strains. The fundamental importance of understanding the role of each of these genes in determining virulence in birds and humans was dramatically emphasised by the recent direct transmission of avian influenza A viruses to humans, causing fatal infection but not community spread. An understanding of the factors involved in transmission between avian and mammalian species should assist in the development of better surveillance strategies for early recognition of influenza A virus strains having human pandemic potential, and possibly in the design of anti-viral strategies.
Purification of morphologically intact triad structures from skeletal muscle. (1983)

A procedure has been devised for isolation of triads (t-tubule/sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) junctional complexes) from rabbit skeletal muscle. The procedure consists of preparation of a heavy microsomal fraction followed by two sequential 90-min sucrose gradient centrifugations to enrich the triads. A pyrophosphate/phosphate/magnesium buffer system was introduced to decrease aggregation in order to achieve effective separation. The preparation time is 12 h. Some differences between purified triads isolated by two variants of this method are noted. The purity of the triad fractions has been estimated by particle counting to be in the vicinity of 50%. There is good retention of morphology and Ca++-loading activity and enrichment in Na+,K+-ATPase and adenylate cyclase. The triads are practically devoid of contractile elements, mitochondria, and free plasmalemma, and low in content of light SR. The method for obtaining enriched triads is reproducible, and sufficient yields are obtained for structural, biochemical, and functional characterization.
Elastase-mediated fibrinogenolysis by chemoattractant-stimulated neutrophils occurs in the presence of physiologic concentrations of antiproteinases. (1987)

Plasma levels of the HNE-derived fibrinopeptide A alpha 1-21 reflect in vivo enzyme activity. To provide a possible explanation for the presence of circulating A alpha 1-21 in individuals with normal plasma antiproteinase concentrations we investigated whether PMN-associated HNE is more resistant to inhibition than the free enzyme. PMN were stimulated to migrate across 125I-fibrinogen-coated nitrocellulose filters in response to 10(-7) M FMLP, and the extent of fibrinogenolysis was determined by measuring release of A alpha 1-21 and 125I-labeled fibrinogen degradation products. The fibrinogenolytic activity of migrating PMN was then compared with that of free HNE present in PMN lysates or secreted by PMN stimulated with FMLP. Whereas the fibrinogenolytic activity of soluble HNE was completely inhibited by low concentrations (1%) of plasma or serum and macromolecular antiproteinase (alpha 1 proteinase-inhibitor and soybean trypsin-inhibitor), even in the presence of undiluted plasma or serum the activity of the migrating PMN was incompletely blocked (81-85%). Further, concentrations of alpha 1 proteinase-inhibitor and soybean trypsin-inhibitor that totally inhibited free HNE activity also incompletely blocked (88-89%) the fibrinogenolytic activity of migrating PMN, indicating that FMLP-stimulated PMN demonstrate significant fibrinogenolytic activity in the presence of antiproteinases as small as 20,000 mol wt. A specific low molecular weight HNE inhibitor (MeO-Suc-Ala2-Pro-ValCH2Cl), however, totally blocked PMN-mediated fibrinogenolysis without affecting intracellular HNE activity, HNE secretion from PMN, or PMN migration in response to FMLP. These findings support the hypothesis that PMN migrating on a fibrinogen-coated surface form zones of close contact with fibrinogen, thus preventing access of plasma antiproteinases to HNE released at the cell-substrate interface. The occurrence of this phenomenon in vivo would explain the presence of circulating A alpha 1-21 in individuals with normal antiproteinase concentrations.
Mixing Loop Control using Reinforcement Learning (2019)

In hydronic heating systems, a mixing loop is used to control the temperature and pressure. The task of the mixing loop is to provide enough heat power for comfort while minimizing the cost of heating the building. Control strategies for mixing loops are often limited by the fact that they are installed in a wide range of different buildings and locations without being properly tuned. To solve this problem the reinforcement learning method known as Q-learning is investigated. To improve the convergence rate this paper introduces a Gaussian kernel backup method and a generic model for pre-simulation. The method is tested via high-fidelity simulation of different types of residential buildings located in Copenhagen. It is shown that the proposed method performs better than well tuned industrial controllers.
A New Synthesis of 2,6-Xylenol<sup>1</sup> (1950)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA New Synthesis of 2,6-Xylenol1Robert B. Carlin and Harold P. LanderlCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1950, 72, 6, 2762–2763Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1950Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1950https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01162a504https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01162a504research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views104Altmetric-Citations6LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Cortical projections of area V2 in the macaque (1997)

To determine the locus, extent and topograhic organization of cortical projections of area V2, we injected tritiated amino acids under electrophysiological control into 15 V2 sites in 14 macaques. The injection sites included the foveal representation and representations ranging from central to far peripheral eccentricities in both the upper and lower visual fields. The results indicated that all V2 sites project topographically back to V1 and forward to V3, V4 and MT. There is also a topographically organized projection from V2 to V4t, but this projection is limited to the lower visual field representation. V2 thus appears to project to virtually all the visual cortex within the occipital lobe. In addition to these projections to occipital visual areas, V2 sites representing eccentricities of approximately 30 degrees and greater project to three visual areas in parietal cortex-the medial superior temporal (MST), parieto-occipital (PO) and ventral intraparietal (VIP) areas. This peripheral field representation of V2 also projects to area VTF, a visual area located in area TF on the posterior parahippocampal gyrus. Projections from the peripheral field representation of V2 of parietal areas could provide a direct route for rapid activation of circuits serving spatial vision and spatial attention.
Overconstrained library-based fitting method reveals age- and disease-related differences in transcutaneous Raman spectra of murine bones (2013)

Clinical diagnoses of bone health and fracture risk typically rely on measurements of bone density or structure, but the strength of a bone is also dependent on its chemical composition. Raman spectroscopy has been used extensively in ex vivo studies to measure the chemical composition of bone. Recently, spatially offset Raman spectroscopy (SORS) has been utilized to measure bone transcutaneously. Although the results are promising, further advancements are necessary to make noninvasive, in vivo measurements of bone with SORS that are of sufficient quality to generate accurate predictions of fracture risk. In order to separate the signals from bone and soft tissue that contribute to a transcutaneous measurement, we developed an overconstrained extraction algorithm that is based on fitting with spectral libraries. This approach allows for accurate spectral unmixing despite the fact that similar chemical components (e.g., type I collagen) are present in both bone and soft tissue. The algorithm was utilized to transcutaneously detect biochemical differences in the tibiae of wild-type mice between 1 and 7 months of age and between the tibiae of wild-type mice and a mouse model of osteogenesis imperfecta. These results represent the first diagnostically sensitive, transcutaneous measurements of bone using SORS.
K(+)-dependent Na+/Ca2+ exchange in human platelets. (1993)

Ca2+ influx via Na+/Ca2+ exchange was examined using fura-2 fluorescence techniques in human platelets loaded internally with Na+ by pretreatment with ouabain. In 140 mM LiCl, Ca2+ influx via the exchanger was completely dependent upon the presence of extracellular K+ (Km approximately 1 mM). In 140 mM N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG), Ca2+ influx was stimulated by K+ but was not absolutely dependent upon it; the inclusion of 20 mM NaCl in the NMDG medium restored the K+ dependence of Ca2+ influx. Stimulation of Ca2+ influx by K+ was confirmed by 45Ca2+ flux studies. 86Rb+ fluxes were measured to determine if Ca2+ and Rb+ were co-transported by the exchanger. The presence of extracellular Ca2+ stimulated 86Rb+ influx in ouabain-treated platelets in 160 mM LiCl or NMDG. The Rb+/Ca2+ influx ratio was 0.42 +/- 0.04 (n = 3) at [Rb+] = 0.2 mM and 0.89 at [Rb+] = 1.3 mM. Neither K(+)-dependent Ca2+ influx nor Ca(2+)-dependent Rb+ influx was observed in 160 mM NaCl or in platelets that had not been pretreated with ouabain, indicating that these fluxes resulted from Na+/Ca2+ exchange activity. Na(+)-dependent Ca2+ efflux was also shown to be dependent upon the presence of internal K+. These properties are similar to those of the Na+/Ca(2+)-K+ exchanger found in retinal rods, as distinct from the more widely distributed cardiac-type exchanger.
About Learning Space and Non-Monotonicity in Assessment of Classification Risk (2007)

The characteristic of modern pattern classification methods is to admit empirical risk non-zero, whereas inseparable feature set never provides a chance for learning algorithms to make a classifier with zero of empirical risk. In order to investigate the potential connection between inseparable feature set, which is usually thought as trustless on intuition, and the modern idea on learning problem, this paper argues the necessary condition of the availability of inseparable feature set, by which elaborates an opportunistic learning method to validate the sufficient condition experimentally. Experimental evidences show that inseparable feature subset can make important contributions for improving the performance of pattern classifier. Further more, the relation between the assessment of classification and the predictive performance on test set is proved to be non-monotone in experiments. Both the analytical results and experimental studies reflect that this conclusion may be a challenge to pattern classification and its applications in the future.
Translation products of pre-S(1), pre-S(2) regions and the S gene of hepatitis B virus: susceptibility of their antigenic activities to treatment with heat, urea, formalin or pepsin. (1986)

Hepatitis B subviral particles, purified from plasma of asymptomatic carriers seropositive for hepatitis B e antigen, were treated with various conditions reported for the processing of vaccines. Thereafter, antigenic activities displayed by the translation products of pre-S(1), pre-(2) regions and the S gene were determined with monoclonal antibodies, and the reactivity for polyalbumin receptor was tested. Heating at 100 degrees C for 1.5 min and then at 65 degrees C for 10 h preserved more than 1/2 of antigenic activities representing products of pre-S(1), pre-S(2) regions and the S gene. After incubation in the presence of 8 M urea at 37 degrees C for 4 h, more than 2/3 of antigenic activities still remained. The antigenic activity of the S gene product was decreased to 2/3 and that of pre-S(2) region product to 1/3, after treatment with formalin at the final concentration of 1:4000 at 37 degrees C for 72 h, whereas the activity of pre-S(1) region product was affected drastically. Although 1/5 of the antigenic activity of the S gene product survived the digestion with pepsin for 18 h, antigenic activities of pre-S(1) and pre-S(2) region products were destroyed almost completely. Polyalbumin receptor, borne by the pre-S(2) region product, was lost by pepsin digestion also. Based on the results obtained, heating may be most appropriate for sterilizing plasma-derived hepatitis B particles for use as a vaccine, because it is reliably virucidal and would not affect the protective efficacy to an extent as the other virucidal methods would.
Pathological changes in virus infections of the lower respiratory tract in children (1970)

The pathological changes are described in 22 children with proven or suspected virus infection of the lower respiratory tract. Two main patterns of disease were found: acute bronchiolitis and interstitial pneumonia. Particular viruses were not specifically associated with particular histological changes. The prime importance of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) as a cause of disease and death in young infants is again shown. Structural lesions and clinical dysfunction correlate fairly well; in acute bronchiolitis the main lesion is epithelial necrosis when a dense plug is formed in the bronchiolar lumen leading to trapping air and other mechanical interference with ventilation: in interstitial pneumonia there is widespread inflammation and necrosis of lung parenchyma, and severe lesions of the bronchial and bronchiolar mucosa as well. The implications of these structural changes for clinical management are discussed. The possibility of a hypersensitivity reaction in the cot death syndrome is raised, mediated by a serum antibody-antigen-complement reaction.
Adaptive sensor selection algorithms for wireless sensor networks (2009)

A wireless sensor network is a collection of tiny, autonomously powered devices commonly called sensor nodes endowed with sensing, communication, and processing capabilities. Once deployed over a region of interest, sensor nodes can collect ne-grained measurements of physical variables, like the temperature of a glacier or the concentration of a pollutant. To report their readings to one or more data sinks, sensor nodes communicate using their integrated radio-transceivers and build ad-hoc possibly multi-hop relay networks. Thanks to the potentially large number of nodes they are composed of and their ability to operate unattended for long periods of time, wireless sensor networks allow monitoring the environment at an unprecedented spatial and temporal scale. However, enabling a wireless sensor network to reliably report large quantities of data over long periods of time is still a challenging goal. In particular, since the operation of the radio is known to be the major factor of energy consumption on sensor nodes, limiting communication is crucial for increasing the lifetime of the network. On the other hand, meeting the requirements of wireless sensor network applications may require sensor nodes to collect and report large amounts of sensor readings. The e cient operation of a wireless sensor network thus requires careful scheduling of node participation in sensing and communication. Beyond the role that medium access control and routing protocols may play in this context, so-called sensor selection algorithms can provide for signi cant communication savings by identifying subsets of the deployed nodes that are su cient to comply with the application requirements. This thesis argues for endowing sensor selection algorithms with the ability to dynamically adapt to the observed data and to the local topology of the network. The presented work o ers novel sensor selection strategies that can continuously tune their parameters in a distributed fashion, thereby relying on no or only little a priori knowledge about the phenomena of interest. In particular, the thesis rst addresses the
Reaction of allylic thioethers with elemental sulfur (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReaction of allylic thioethers with elemental sulfurRaymond D. Baechler, John P. Hummel, and Kurt. MislowCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1973, 95, 13, 4442–4444Publication Date (Print):June 27, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 27 June 1973https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00794a062https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00794a062research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views207Altmetric-Citations32LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Learning to Drive: Reading the Signs (1999)

As a family, we never owned a car. Nor did any of us as individuals own a car. Until now. I know a woman who, upon turning forty, bought herself a brand new Porsche, reasoning that if she couldn't do something like that then, when could she? I bought, somewhat later (mid-forties), brand new, a small car, my first car ever. In her eulogy for my father at his funeral, my eldest sister reminded us that our father often asked, rhetorically, why he should buy a car when all his friends had cars.