gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Role of T-Type Calcium Channels in Epilepsy and Pain (2006)

T-type calcium channels open in response to small depolarizations of the plasma membrane. The entry of two positive charges with every calcium ion leads to a further depolarization of the membrane, the low threshold spike, and opening of channels that have a higher threshold. In this manner, T-channels play an important pacemaker role in gating the activity of Na+ and Ca2+ channels. T-channels are preferentially expressed in dendrites, suggesting they play important roles in synaptic integration. Pharmacological evidence indicates that they are expressed in the receptive fields of sensory neurons, suggesting they play a primary role in nociception. Molecular cloning of the three T-channel genes has allowed detailed studies on their channel properties, pharmacology, distribution in the brain, up-regulation in animal models of disease, and provided the tools to screen for novel drugs. Studies on transgenic animals have provided the proof-of-concept that T-channels are important drug targets for the treatment of absence epilepsy and neuropathic pain. Mutations in ion channel genes, or channelopathies, have been found in many diseases. Similarly, T-channel gene mutations have been found in patients with childhood absence epilepsy. Considering the important role T-channels play in the thalamus, it is likely that T-channel mutations also contribute to a wider range of disorders characterized by thalamocortical dysrhythmia.
Recycling of RIM Scrap by Compression Molding (1991)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">This new process for recycling of RIM process scrap consists of granulating scrap parts, pre-heating, then compression molding. Painted or unpainted parts, either reinforced or non-reinforced, can be recycled by this process. The degree of recovery of mechanical properties, relative to the original RIM part, depends on the key processing parameters, which include compression time, temperature, pressure and granulate size.</div>
The Roll-setting Method of Automatic Control of Gauge in Hot and Cold Rolling Mills (1955)

When strip is rolled at a constant speed, errors in the finished thickness occur owing to changes in width, hardness, and thickness of the incoming material, in tensions applied to it, and to variations in friction in the roll gap. The gauge of strip may also vary when the mill speed is changed. A closed-loop regulator had been constructed to demonstrate, on a pilot-plant scale, a method of automatically controlling the gauge of sheet and strip rolled in hot and cold mills. A measure of the departure from gauge is obtained from simultaneous measurements of roll-load and the roll-setting, and correction is made by varying the position of the rolls. The controller is described together with experiments which demonstrate that the method is capable of consistent rolling to close tolerances in gauge.
The search for alternative splicing regulators: new approaches offer a path to a splicing code (2008)

Complex multicellular organisms require a diverse set of proteins to set the form and function of specialized cell types. The availability of complete genomic sequences has revealed that instead of a large increase in the number of protein coding genes compared with unicellular organisms, more complex eukaryotes instead obtain more diversity out of a relatively limited number of genes through the process of alternative splicing (AS). AS results in the cell type-, developmental stage-, sex-, or signal-regulated changes in composition of an mRNA produced from a given gene, brought about by changes in splice site choice
Endoscopic Appraisal of the Gastroesophageal Valve After Antireflux Surgery (2004)

Using 10 gastroesophageal valve criteria, the key components of a successful functional repair of the esophagogastric junction were defined. These criteria can be employed when evaluating upper gastrointestinal complaints after antireflux surgery and may ultimately serve as a dependable outcome measure.
Visual search for faces (revisited): Orientation, Identity & Faceness. (2003)

The abstract for this item has not been populated
Femtosecond dynamics of rubredoxin: Tryptophan solvation and resonance energy transfer in the protein (2001)

We report here studies of tryptophan (Trp) solvation dynamics in water and in the Pyrococcus furiosus rubredoxin protein, including the native and its apo and denatured forms. We also report results on energy transfer from Trp to the iron-sulfur [Fe-S] cluster. Trp fluorescence decay with the onset of solvation dynamics of the chromophore in water was observed with femtosecond resolution ( approximately 160 fs; 65% component), but the emission extended to the picosecond range (1.1 ps; 35% component). In contrast, the decay is much slower in the native rubredoxin; the Trp fluorescence decay extends to 10 ps and longer, reflecting the local rigidity imposed by residues and by the surface water layer. The dynamics of resonance energy transfer from the two Trps to the [Fe-S] cluster in the protein was observed to follow a temporal behavior characterized by a single exponential (15-20 ps) decay. This unusual observation in a protein indicates that the resonance transfer is to an acceptor of a well-defined orientation and separation. From studies of the mutant protein, we show that the two Trp residues have similar energy-transfer rates. The critical distance for transfer (R(0)) was determined, by using the known x-ray data, to be 19.5 A for Trp-36 and 25.2 A for Trp-3, respectively. The orientation factor (kappa(2)) was deduced to be 0.13 for Trp-36, clearly indicating that molecular orientation of chromophores in the protein cannot be isotropic with kappa(2) value of 2/3. These studies of solvation and energy-transfer dynamics, and of the rotational anisotropy, of the wild-type protein, the (W3Y, I23V, L32I) mutant, and the fmetPfRd variant at various pH values reveal a dynamically rigid protein structure, which is probably related to the hyperthermophilicity of the protein.
Stereoselective photochemical ring-opening of cyclohexa-2,4-dienones (1971)

The stereoselectivity of the photochemical ring-opening of 6-acetoxy-6-methylcyclohexa-2,4-dienones to derivatives of hepta-3,5-dienoic acid has been shown to be general, and the stereochemistry of the products has been studied by use of n.m.r. long-range coupling and solvent-shift data. Two representative 6-benzoyloxy-analogues behave in a similar manner.
Virosomal adjuvanted antigen delivery systems (2003)

The development of novel and increasingly safer vaccines frequently utilizes well-characterized antigens, in particular highly purified proteins or synthetic peptides. In spite of some achievements, this approach is frequently impeded by the fact that such antigens are often poor immunogens when administered alone. This fact has necessitated the development of suitable adjuvants that possess the ability to enhance the immunogenicity of a given antigen, preferably with little or no side effects. This paper discusses one of the successes of vaccinology of the past decade: virosomal vaccines. The principles of the concept, immunoadjuvant action and application of virosomes in two currently licensed vaccines are detailed, with specific reference to the induction of both humoral and cellular immunity.
Ground Vehicle Condition Based Maintenance (2010)

Abstract : AGENDA: Ground Vehicle CBM+ Overview * Logistics Modeling and Simulation * TACOM LCMC CBM+ Initiatives * PEO/PM CBM+ Initiative * PEO/PM CBM+ * PM-HBCT Vehicle Health Management System * PM-TV CBM Activities * USMC PN-AL Embedded Platform Logistics System * S&T Initiatives * TARDEC P&D Process Map * Component Testing * ARL CBM Research * AMSAA SDC & Terrain Modeling.
Agarose Mold Embedding of Cultured Cells for Tissue Microarrays (2002)

There are several indications for the placement of samples of cultured cells in tissue microarrays (TMAs). To optimize this technique, three embedding procedures were compared: embedding of fixed cells pelleted by centrifugation, embedding of cells dispersed in an agarose matrix, and embedding of pelleted cells packed into the center of hollow agarose molds. TMAs were made from these preparations. The number of cells per tissue spot and the number of histologic sections that could be obtained from the preparations were determined. The agarose matrix and agarose mold techniques resulted in the longest core samples, while the cell pellet and agarose mold methods resulted in the greatest cell density. Thus, the use of cylindrical agarose molds optimizes both the number of cells present on a histologic section of a TMA, and the number of histologic sections that can be obtained from a TMA. This technique results in a paraffin-embedded cell preparation that yields a cell density of approximately 1000 cells per 0.6-mm diameter circular histologic section, and that produces uniform core samples the full thickness of the donor block. Histologic sections of TMAs prepared in this manner were validated in immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization assays.
Sentiment Analysis for e-Services (2014)

New e-services come on-line each year at an exponential rate. Most of them have the need to analyze and interpret enormous quantities of data. However, many of them do not take into account the emotions and sentiments in the Web page for their analysis. Thus, in this work, we proposed a novel system to obtain data of interest from a Web search engine by analyzing the emotional and sentimental content of each page. This information can provide a new way to identify the community response to a product: Given the positive vs negative average sentimental rates in the forums, it is possible to know the Web community perception to the product. In addition, this classification makes possible to identify the best sales options given a certain product, and it also permits to obtain a great reduction in the needed time to find the best options by grouping the comparison pages for an easy access. Thus, we believe that this system is the beginning of a new way to help the user in their selection of the best product to buy, and it makes possible to have a better understanding on how the users perceive the recommended products.
Improved 1.3-$\mu{\rm m}$ Electroluminescence of InGaAs-Capped Type-II GaSb/GaAs Quantum Rings at Room Temperature (2012)

Room-temperature 1.3-μm electroluminescence is observed for the InGaAs-capped GaSb quantum rings (QRs). The increasing carrier density in the InGaAs-capped type-II GaSb QRs would induce a larger blue shift in the same laser pumping power span and enhance the luminescence intensity. The enhanced luminescence intensity, a larger blue shift of peak wavelength, and 1.3-μm emission of the InGaAs-capped QR structure have revealed its potential application in multi-wavelength light-emitting devices in the near infrared range.
Sub-bandgap response of graphene/SiC Schottky emitter bipolar phototransistor examined by scanning photocurrent microscopy (2017)

Graphene layers grown epitaxially on SiC substrates are attractive for a variety of sensing and optoelectronic applications because the graphene acts as a transparent, conductive, and chemically responsive layer that is mated to a wide-bandgap semiconductor with large breakdown voltage. Recent advances in control of epitaxial growth and doping of SiC epilayers have increased the range of electronic device architectures that are accessible with this system. In particular, a recently-introduced Schottky-emitter bipolar phototransistor (SEPT) based on an epitaxial graphene (EG) emitter grown on a p-SiC base epilayer has been found to exhibit a maximum common emitter current gain of 113 and a UV responsivity of 7.1 A W−1. The behavior of this device, formed on an n+-SiC substrate that serves as the collector, was attributed to a very large minority carrier injection efficiency at the EG/p-SiC Schottky contact. This large minority carrier injection efficiency is in turn related to the large built-in potential found at a EG/p-SiC Schottky junction. The high performance of this device makes it critically important to analyze the sub bandgap visible response of the device, which provides information on impurity states and polytype inclusions in the crystal. Here, we employ scanning photocurrent microscopy (SPCM) with sub-bandgap light as well as a variety of other techniques to clearly demonstrate a localized response based on the graphene transparent electrode and an approximately 1000-fold difference in responsivity between 365 nm and 444 nm excitation. A stacking fault propagating from the substrate/epilayer interface, assigned as a single layer of the 8H-SiC polytype within the 4H-SiC matrix, is found to locally increase the photocurrent substantially. The discovery of this polytype heterojunction opens the potential for further development of heteropolytype devices based on the SEPT architecture.
Software and Hardware control of a hybrid robot for switching between leg-type and wheel-type modes (2011)

One of the objectives of the paper is to describe the hybrid robot PEOPLER-II (Perpendicularly Oriented Planetary Legged Robot) with regard to switching between leg-type and wheel-type. Our robot has an easier design and control system than other hybrid robots. The software and hardware control in the process of performing five robot tasks are considered. These are the walking, rolling, switching, turning and spinning. In the switching task, we show the control method based on minimization of total energycost. Also, the hardware components and their interconnections are described. The graphical user interfaces utilized in the simulation and experiment are demonstrated. The walking, rolling and the switching without reverse rotation and arm motion are verified in simulation and with real robot, in addition to turning and spinning.
A pipeline of associative memory boards for track finding (2001)

We present a pipeline of associative memory boards for track finding, which satisfies the requirements of level two triggers of the next Large Hadron Collider experiments. With respect to previous realizations, the pipelined architecture warrants full scalability of the memory bank, increased bandwidth (by one order of magnitude), and increased number of detector layers (by a factor of two). Each associative memory board consists of four smaller boards, each containing 32 programmable associative memory chips, implemented with a low-cost commercial field-programmable gate array (FPGA). FPGA programming has been optimized for maximum efficiency in terms of pattern density, while printed circuitboard design has been optimized in terms of modularity and FPGA chip density. A complete associative memory board has been successfully tested at 40 MHz; it can contain 7.2/spl times/10/sup 3/ particle trajectories.
Simultaneously Detecting Subtle and Intensive Human Motions Based on a Silver Nanoparticles Bridged Graphene Strain Sensor (2017)

There is a growing demand for flexible electronic devices. In particular, strain sensors with high performance have attracted more and more attention, because they can be attached on clothing or human skin for applications in the real-time monitoring of human activities. However, monitoring human-body motions that include both subtle and intensive motions, and many strain sensors cannot meet the diverse demands simultaneously. In this work, a silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) bridged graphene strain sensor is developed for simultaneously detecting subtle and intensive human motions. Ag NPs serve as many bridges to connect the self-overlapping graphene sheets, which endows the strain sensor with many excellent performances. Because of the high sensitivity, with a large gauge factor (GF) of 475 and a strain range of >14.5%, high durability of the sensor has been achieved. Besides, the excellent consistency and repeatability of the fabrication process is verified. Furthermore, the model for explaining the working mechanism of the strain sensor is proposed. Most importantly, the designed wearable strain sensor can be applied in human motion detection, including large-scale motions and small-scale motions.
Amplification in Two-Valley Semiconductors (1967)

Microwave amplification and negative conductance are discussed theoretically and experimentally for those semiconductors that exhibit the Gunn effect, e.g., GaAs, InP, and CdTe. Field-induced transfer of carriers, from the high-mobility, main conduction band minimum to energetically higher, low-mobility valleys, gives the medium a negative differential bulk conductivity. The resultant growing space-charge waves impart to the semiconductor structure a calculated negative conductance which is in good agreement with experiment. The regime of stable amplification in n-GaAs is found to be (2×107/l)&lt;−(1+γ)n1l&lt;0.65×1011 cm−2,where n1 is the carrier concentration in the lower valley, l is the sample length, and γ is the intervalley field rate of transfer of carriers. Static field distortion imposes a lower limit at n1l=1010 cm−2 on the above relation. Amplification under conditions of strong field distortion is also discussed, as well as other modes of amplification that exist in the bulk semiconductor.
Nitrile-containing natural products (1999)

The first page of this article is displayed as the abstract.
Evaluation of spinal bone changes in patients with chronic renal failure by CT and MR imaging with pathologic correlation (1994)

To investigate bone changes in patients with chronic renal failure (CRF), bone mineral density (BMD) and T1 relaxation times were measured with CT and MR imaging and the results were correlated to histology. Excised lumbar vertebrae from 25 autopsy cases of CRF (18 males and 7 females), including 12 cases in which the patients had been receiving hemodialysis were examined. BMD and T1 relaxation time values were associated with specific histologic findings for cellularity, trabeculae, and peritrabecular fibrosis. Three vertebrae with low BMD showed increased hematopoietic marrow content, a finding not observed in primary osteoporosis. The vertebrae with osteosclerosis showed prolonged T1 relaxation time, which was due to increased amount of hematopoietic marrow, and the presence of thickened or many small irregular trabeculae or peritrabecular fibrosis. These findings may be useful in the evaluation of bone changes in patients with CRF.
Position error signal estimation at high sampling rates using data and servo sector measurements (2003)

The sampling rate in most hard disk drives (HDDs) is limited by the number of servo burst sectors that have prewritten position error signal (PES) data and by the spinning speed of the HDD. The paper presents an algorithm that can generate estimates of the PES during read at high sampling rates by processing the dedicated servo burst measurements and the mean square error (MSE) path metric data used to choose the correct bit sequence using the Viterbi decoding process of the read signal. The MSE metric is a nonlinear function of the absolute value of the true position of the head relative to the center of the written data. The position estimation algorithm is nonlinear and is based on several logic statements together with the use of two state observers. The estimation algorithm is tested on an actual disk drive and demonstrated to provide values of the PES at a frequency four times higher than that generated by the servo burst measurements.
Differences in Amino Acid Content of Preimplantation Mouse Embryos that Develop in Vitro Versus in Vivo: In Vitro Effects of Five Amino Acids that are Abundant in Oviductal Secretions1 (1995)

Although it is now well established that amino acids can improve preimplantation development of mouse embryos in vitro, the mechanisms by which they influence development have not been determined. To investigate these mechanisms, we compared the contents of seven abundant amino acids (alanine, aspartate, glutamate, glycine, serine, and taurine) in 4-8-cell embryos and blastocysts developing in vivo with the contents in those developing from the 2-cell stage in vitro. We also studied the effects of five amino acids (alanine, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, and taurine) that are abundant in the oviductal lumen on the amino acid content of embryos developing in vitro. Blastocysts that developed in vitro contained about six times more alanine and about one-sixth as much taurine as blastocysts that developed in vivo, but the same amounts of glycine and serine. In the presence of glycine and four other abundant amino acids in oviductal secretions, however, blastocysts that developed in vitro had higher levels of both glycine and serine than those that developed in vivo. In contrast, glycine either alone or in combination with the other amino acids reduced the alanine content of blastocysts developed in vitro to nearer that of blastocysts developing in vivo. Similarly, taurine in the medium allowed blastocysts developed in vitro to increase their content of this amino acid to normal levels. The levels of taurine and, somewhat surprisingly, glutamine and glycine became abnormally low in embryos within 24 h of the onset of in vitro culture in medium that did not contain the amino acid.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Building Post-Crisis Capacity in the Solomon Islands (2009)

This capacity development brief summarizes the results of a multi-donor team review of four examples of post-crisis capacity development interventions in the Solomon Islands in 2005-08 whose performance was frequently cited as successful by local stakeholders. Although not based on post-project evaluations, the review found a number of patterns and potential lessons: (1) responding to immediate needs fosters national ownership; (2) 'quick wins' can lay the basis for wider system impact; (3) being clear on 'capacity for what' is key to project success, (4) critical mass in capacity means taking a team approach; (5) training must be grounded in time-relevant and actively operational tasks; (6) a coaching and partnering style is essential and, certainly, not optional; and (7) leadership becomes catalytic in capacity development when a broader coalition is engaged, and in some cases supports a 'heroic individual' as its leader.
Effects of vitamin A deficiency and repletion on rat insulin secretion in vivo and in vitro from isolated islets. (1987)

We studied the effects of vitamin A deficiency and repletion on rat insulin release and islet cellular retinol binding protein (CRBP) and cellular retinoic acid binding protein (CRABP). Biphasic insulin release from vitamin A-deficient perifused islets was markedly impaired. Release remained impaired with retinoic acid (RA) repletion, 2 micrograms/g diet compared to release from islets of rats repleted with retinol in the form of retinyl palmitate, 4 micrograms/g diet. Release normalized with RA, 8 micrograms/g diet. Vitamin A deficiency did not affect islet insulin content, cell size, number or structure. In vivo, vitamin A-deficient rats had impaired glucose-induced acute insulin release and glucose intolerance, which improved with repletion. Normal islets had greater concentrations of CRBP than CRABP; vitamin A deficiency reduced CRBP but not CRABP levels. We conclude retinol is required for normal insulin secretion. Retinoic acid may substitute for retinol in this function.