gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Numerical Modeling of Self-heating in MOSFET and FinFET Basic Logic Gates Using Effective Thermal Conductivity (2012)

Recent trend of minimization in microprocessors has introduced increasing self-heating effects in FinFET and MOSFET transistors. To study these self-heating effects, we developed self-consistent 3D models of FinFET and MOSFET basic logic gates, and simulated steady-state thermal transport for the worst heating case scenario. Incorporating size-dependent effective thermal conductivity of thin films instead of bulk values, these simulations provide a more accurate prediction of temperature rise in the logic gates. Results of our simulations predict higher temperature rise in FinFETs, compared to MOSFETs. Existence of buried oxide layer and confined geometry of FinFET structure are determined to be the most contributing to this higher temperature rise. To connect the results of our simulations to higher scale simulations, we proposed an equivalent thermal conductivity for each basic logic gate. These values were tested and found to be independent of the magnitude of chosen boundary conditions, as well as heat generation rate.
High throughput wafer defect monitor for integrated metrology applications in photolithography (2008)

The traditional approach to semiconductor wafer inspection is based on the use of stand-alone metrology tools, which while highly sensitive, are large, expensive and slow, requiring inspection to be performed off-line and on a lot sampling basis. Due to the long cycle times and sparse sampling, the current wafer inspection approach is not suited to rapid detection of process excursions that affect yield. The semiconductor industry is gradually moving towards deploying integrated metrology tools for real-time "monitoring" of product wafers during the manufacturing process. Integrated metrology aims to provide end-users with rapid feedback of problems during the manufacturing process, and the benefit of increased yield, and reduced rework and scrap. The approach of monitoring 100% of the wafers being processed requires some trade-off in sensitivity compared to traditional standalone metrology tools, but not by much. This paper describes a compact, low-cost wafer defect monitor suitable for integrated metrology applications and capable of detecting submicron defects on semiconductor wafers at an inspection rate of about 10 seconds per wafer (or 360 wafers per hour). The wafer monitor uses a whole wafer imaging approach to detect defects on both un-patterned and patterned wafers. Laboratory tests with a prototype system have demonstrated sensitivity down to 0.3 µm on un-patterned wafers and down to 1 µm on patterned wafers, at inspection rates of 10 seconds per wafer. An ideal application for this technology is preventing photolithography defects such as "hot spots" by implementing a wafer backside monitoring step prior to exposing wafers in the lithography step.
The Next Step in Deployment of Computer Based Procedures For Field Workers: Insights And Results From Field Evaluations at Nuclear Power Plants (2015)

The paper-based procedures currently used for nearly all activities in the commercial nuclear power industry have a long history of ensuring safe operation of the plants. However, there is potential to greatly increase efficiency and safety by improving how the human operator interacts with the procedures. One way to achieve these improvements is through the use of computer-based procedures (CBPs). A CBP system offers a vast variety of improvements, such as context driven job aids, integrated human performance tools (e.g., placekeeping, correct component verification, etc.), and dynamic step presentation. The latter means that the CBP system could only display relevant steps based on operating mode, plant status, and the task at hand. A dynamic presentation of the procedure (also known as context-sensitive procedures) will guide the operator down the path of relevant steps based on the current conditions. This feature will reduce the operator’s workload and inherently reduce the risk of incorrectly marking a step as not applicable and the risk of incorrectly performing a step that should be marked as not applicable. The research team at the Idaho National Laboratory has developed a prototype CBP system for field workers, which has been evaluated from a human factors and usability perspective in four laboratory studies. Based on the results from each study revisions were made to the CBP system. However, a crucial step to get the end users' (e.g., auxiliary operators, maintenance technicians, etc.) acceptance is to put the system in their hands and let them use it as a part of their everyday work activities. In the spring 2014 the first field evaluation of the INL CBP system was conducted at a nuclear power plant. Auxiliary operators conduct a functional test of one out of three backup air compressors each week. During the field evaluation activity, one auxiliary operator conducted the test with the paper-based procedure while a second auxiliary operator followed along with the computer-based procedure. After each conducted functional test the operators were asked a series of questions designed to provide feedback on the feasibility to use a CBP system in the plant and the general user experience of the CBP system. This paper will describe the field evaluation and its results in detail. For example, the result shows that the context driven job aids and the incorporated human performance tools are much liked by the auxiliary operators. The paper will describe and present initial findings from a second field evaluation conducted at second nuclear utility. For this field evaluation a preventive maintenance work order for the HVAC system was used. In addition, there will be a description of the method and objective of two field evaluations planned to be conducted late 2014 or early 2015.
Behaviour of Systems Mixing Parallel Strings of Lithium-Ion and Lead-Acid Batteries for Telecommunications Applications (2005)

Lithium-ion batteries offer many attributes that are attractive for telecom reserve applications relative to flooded and VRLA technologies. These attributes include much higher energy density per unit weight and per unit volume, no hydrogen outgassing, no thermal runaway mechanism, and much lower steady-stage float current. Lithium-ion batteries are particularly attractive for sites where floor space or floor loading is a limiting factor for expansion of existing lead-acid sites. System level understanding and management of mixed-mode reserve systems with parallel strings of lithium-ion and lead-acid batteries is critical for successful deployment at these sites. This paper discusses system behaviour when mixing parallel strings of lithium-ion batteries with lead-acid batteries for capacity expansion of existing lead-acid sites
Evaluation of Beta-Absorbed Fractions in a Mouse Model for <sup>90</sup> Y, <sup>188</sup> Re, <sup>166</sup> Ho, <sup>149</sup> Pm, <sup>64</sup> Cu, and <sup>177</sup> Lu Radionuclides (2005)

Several short-lived, high-energy beta emitters are being proposed as the radionuclide components for molecular- targeted potential cancer therapeutic agents. The laboratory mice used to determine the efficacy of these new agents have organs that are relatively small compared to the ranges of these high-energy particles. The dosimetry model developed by Hui et al. was extended to provide realistic beta-dose estimates for organs in mice that received therapeutic radiopharmaceuticals containing (90)Y, (188)Re, (166)Ho, (149)Pm, (64)Cu, and (177)Lu. Major organs in this model included the liver, spleen, kidneys, lungs, heart, stomach, small and large bowel, thyroid, pancreas, bone, marrow, carcass, and a 0.025-g tumor. The study as reported in this paper verifies their results for (90)Y and extends them by using their organ geometry factors combined with newly calculated organ self-absorbed fractions from PEREGRINE and MCNP. PEREGRINE and MCNP agree to within 8% for the worst-case organ with average differences (averaged over all organs) decreasing from 5% for (90)Y to 1% for (177)Lu. When used with typical biodistribution data, the three different models predict doses that are in agreement to within 5% for the worst-case organ. The beta-absorbed fractions and cross-organ-deposited energy provided in this paper can be used by researchers to predict mouse-organ doses and should contribute to an improved understanding of the relationship between dose and radiation toxicity in mouse models where use of these isotopes is favorable.
Measurement of the impact ionization rates in Al0.06Ga0.94Sb (1990)

We measured impact ionization rates in AlxGa1−xSb at x=0.06, where the band-gap energy Eg equals the spin-orbital splitting energy Δ, in an electric field of 1.5×105–3.2×105 V/cm. By considering exact field profile in the depletion layer for each sample, the ionization rates of AlxGa1−xSb have been determined to be α=2.35×106 exp(−1.30×106/E) and β=9.02×105 exp(−9.03×105/E). Although our data have not shown the resonant enhancement of hole ionization rates described by O. Hildebrand, W. Kuebart, and M. Pilkuhn [Appl. Phys. Lett. 37, 801 (1980)], exact values of impact ionization rates have been established in practical electric fields required for designing AlxGa1−xSb avalanche photodiodes.
Immunocytochemical Characterization of Alzheimer Disease Hallmarks in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice Treated with a New Anti-Amyloid-<i>β</i>Vaccine (2013)

APP/PS1 double-transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD), which overexpress mutated forms of the gene for human amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin 1 (PS1), have provided robust neuropathological hallmarks of AD-like pattern at early ages. This study characterizes immunocytochemical patterns of AD mouse brain as a model for human AD treated with the EB101 vaccine. In this novel vaccine, a new approach has been taken to circumvent past failures by judiciously selecting an adjuvant consisting of a physiological matrix embedded in liposomes, composed of naturally occurring phospholipids (phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, and cholesterol). Our findings showed that administration of amyloid-β₁₋₄₂ (Aβ) and sphingosine-1-phosphate emulsified in liposome complex (EB101) to APP/PS1 mice before onset of Aβ deposition (7 weeks of age) and/or at an older age (35 weeks of age) is effective in halting the progression and clearing the AD-like neuropathological hallmarks. Passive immunization with EB101 did not activate inflammatory responses from the immune system and astrocytes. Consistent with a decreased inflammatory background, the basal immunological interaction between the T cells and the affected areas (hippocampus) in the brain of treated mice was notably reduced. These results demonstrate that immunization with EB101 vaccine prevents and attenuates AD neuropathology in this type of double-transgenic mice.
LATEST : Lazy Dynamic Test Input Generation (2007)

We present lazy expansion, a new algorithm for scalable test input generation using directed concolic execution. Lazy expansion is an instantiation of the counterexample-guided refinement paradigm from static software verification in the context of testing. Our algorithm works in two phases. It first explores, using concolic execution, an abstraction of the function under test by replacing each called function with an unconstrained input. Second, for each (possibly spurious) trace generated by this abstraction, it attempts to expand the trace to a concretely realizable execution by recursively expanding the called functions and finding concrete executions in the called functions that can be stitched together with the original trace to form a complete program execution. Thus, it reduces the burden of symbolic reasoning about interprocedural paths to reasoning about intraprocedural paths (in the exploration phase), together with a localized and constrained search through functions (in the concretization phase). <p> Lazy expansion is particularly effective in testing functions that make more-or-less independent calls to lower level library functions (that have already been unit tested), by only exploring relevant paths in the function under test. We have implemented our algorithm on top of the CUTE concolic execution tool for C and applied it to testing parser code in small compilers. In preliminary experiments, our tool, called LATEST, outperformed CUTE by an order of magnitude in terms of the time taken to generate inputs, and in contrast to CUTE, produced many syntactically valid input strings which exercised interesting paths through the compiler (rather than only the parser error handling code)
Optimization of Growth Methods and Recombinant Protein Production in BTI‐Tn‐5B1‐4 Insect Cells Using the Baculovirus Expression System (1993)

A novel insect cell line from Trichoplusia ni, BTI-Tn 5B1-4 (Tn 5), was compared to Spodoptera frugiperda, Sf 9, cells for production of two recombinant secreted proteins: truncated Epstein-Barr viral attachment protein (EBV gp105) and truncated, soluble tissue factor (sTF). Under optimum conditions for both cell lines, Tn 5 cells produced 28-fold more secreted sTF than Sf 9 cells, respectively, on a per cell basis. The total production of gp105 was similar for the two cell lines. However, Tn5 cells secreted gp105 much more efficiently, resulting in 5-fold higher levels in the extracellular medium. Despite these increases, Tn 5 cells are attachment-dependent, and protein production is sensitive to the cell density (cells/cm2), unlike the Sf9 cell line which can be easily grown and scaled up in cell suspension cultures without significantly affecting its per cell production. Thus, protein production from Tn 5 cells above 0.1 L scales was optimized with respect to cell density using standard techniques for the growth of attachment-dependent cells. Roller bottles precoated with DEAE-based microcarriers and suspension cultures employing collagen-coated microcarriers were found to be effective ways of culturing Tn 5 cells. Predetermined optimal cell densities were used to produce EBV gp105 in microcarrier-coated roller bottles or in suspension cultures using collagen-coated microcarriers at concentrations close to those observed in tissue culture flasks.
An all-bubble text-editing system (1974)

An all-bubble text-editing system configuration is described, which is simpler and more versatile than the more conventional systems typically composed of a mechanical-access magnetic storage, a semiconductor buffer, and semiconductor editing shift-registers. In addition to storage and text editing, bubble devices are also proposed to implement address decoding, character encoding, and timing signal initiation.
Effects of droplet size on the oxidative stability of oil‐in‐water emulsions (2005)

The effects of droplet size and emulsifiers on oxidative stability of polyunsaturated TAG in oil-in-water (o/w) emulsions with droplet sizes of 0.806 +/- 0.0690, 3.28 +/- 0.0660, or 10.7 +/- 0.106 microm (mean +/- SD) were investigated. Hydroperoxide contents in the emulsion with a mean droplet size of 0.831 microm were significantly lower than those in the emulsion with a mean droplet size of 12.8 microm for up to 120 h of oxidation time. Residual oxygen contents in the headspace air of the vials containing an o/w emulsion with a mean droplet size of 0.831 microm were lower compared with those of the emulsion with a mean droplet size of 12.8 microm. Hexanal developed from soybean oil TAG o/w emulsions with smaller droplet size showed significantly lower residual oxygen contents than those of the larger droplet size emulsions. Consequently, oxidative stability of TAG in o/w emulsions could be controlled by the size of oil droplet even though the origins of TAG were different. Spin-spin relaxation time of protons of acyl residues on TAG in o/w emulsions measured by H NMR suggested that motional frequency of some acyl residues was shorter in o/w emulsions with a smaller droplet size. The effect of the wedge associated with hydrophobic acyl residues of emulsifiers was proposed as a possible mechanism to explain differences in oxidative stability between o/w emulsions with different droplet sizes.
Low Frequency Non-Separable Transform (LFNST) (2019)

Transform is an essential part to remove spatial redundancy in prediction residual blocks for all modern block-based hybrid video coding. In addition, the existing directional intra prediction causes directional pattern in prediction residual and it leads to predictable pattern for transform coefficients. The predictable patterns in transform coefficients are mostly observed in low frequency components. Therefore, in this paper, a non-separable transform, which is called low-frequency non-separable transform (LFNST), is introduced to further compress the redundancy between low-frequency primary transform coefficients, which are transform coefficients from the conventional directional intra prediction. The proposed LFNST is a direct matrix multiplication so that it doesn't require multiple iterations which causes undesirable delay in transform processing. The proposed LFNST is included in next generation video coding standard called versatile video coding (VVC).
Blind dereverberation of monaural speech signals based on harmonic structure (2006)

Abstract This paper presents a new method for dereverberating monaural speech signals. Speech signals captured by a distant microphone usually contain a lot of reverberation, which severely degrades the performance of speech applications such as automatic speech recognition (ASR) systems. Although a number of dereverberation methods have been proposed, dereverberation remains a challenging problem, especially when using a single microphone. To overcome this problem, we propose a dereverberation method based on an inherent property of speech signals, namely, their harmonic structure. We show that a filter that enhances the harmonic structure of reverberant speech signals approximates an inverse filter of the reverberation process, and can achieve high‐quality speech dereverberation. Experimental results show that a dereverberation filter trained with a sufficient amount of observed reverberant signals can effectively reduce the signal reverberation when the reverberation time is 0.1 to 1.0 s. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 37(6): 1–12, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/scj.20509
Catalysis: Modern Trends (1996)

Zeolite Chemistry and Catalysis Catalysis by Oxides and Clays Catalysis in Industry Catalysis in the Environmental Control Structure-Activity Relationship Homogeneous Catalysis Catalysis by Metals and Electrocatalysis Catalyst Poisoning.
Characterization of Pyroelectric Materials for Energy Harvesting from Human Body (2014)

Pyroelectric energy harvesting is one of the feasible ways to harvest waste heat from human body. Heat is constantly lost from human body to maintain a constant temperature through a process known as thermoregulation. The maximum heat lost from the human body to the environment occurs through the skin. The heat loss varies throughout the human body, but, the most at the feet, the palms, and the exterior back which are the optimal areas for pyroelectric energy harvesting. In this paper, we investigate the feasibility of harvesting energy from the human body to power portable electronic devices such as computer mice. Current computer mice use either batteries or USB ports for power and run continuously, consuming significant amount of power. We present the design of a pyroelectric computer mouse, that uses the heat of the user's palm to power or supplement the energy demand of the mouse. Important parameters such as the heat generation rate of users, the design of the pyroelectric system, and the optimal operating conditions that provides highest power output, will be briefly discussed using commercially available materials.
Preparative Applications of Subunit Exchange Chromatography (1987)

In the purification of macromolecules bioaffinity methods are the procedures of choice since they enable one to obtain high purity products in a significantly reduced number of steps. Subunit exchange chromatography is such a method that permits the purification of polymeric and self-associating systems. It exploits the specificity of subunit recognition and in particular the reversible interactions of matrix-bound protein subunits with soluble subunits of the same or closely related proteins (1–6).
A Deep Dive into Automatic Code Generation Using Character Based Recurrent Neural Networks (2017)

Deep Learning is an emerging field in Artificial Intelligence that uses biologically inspired neural networks to recognize patterns in the natural world. These neural networks have an amazing ability to process large amounts of data and learn from them. Recurrent Neural Networks (RNN) are used in applications involving natural language processing like text translations and text generation. This research evaluates the effectiveness of a RNN to be able to automatically generate programming code. Programming languages are different from natural languages in that they have unique structure and syntax. The goal for this research is to conduct experiments on a character RNN model with for three programming languages; Java, Python and C#, and evaluate the results by testing and analyzing the ability for the RNN to automatically produce code that is able to compile.
Adiponectin Resistance and Proinflammatory Changes in the Visceral Adipose Tissue Induced by Fructose Consumption via Ketohexokinase-Dependent Pathway (2014)

An epidemic of obesity and type 2 diabetes is linked with the increase in consumption of fructose-containing sugars, such as sucrose and high-fructose corn syrup. In mammalian cells, fructose is metabolized predominantly via phosphorylation to fructose-1 phosphate by ketohexokinase (KHK) or by alternative pathways. Here we demonstrate that a KHK-dependent pathway mediates insulin resistance and inflammatory changes in the visceral fat in response to high fructose. We used mice (males, C57BL/6 background) including littermate wild-type control and mice lacking both isoforms of KHK (KHK-null). Fructose diet induced metabolic syndrome, including visceral obesity, insulin resistance, proinflammatory changes in the visceral fat (production of proinflammatory adipokines and macrophage infiltration), the endoplasmic reticulum stress signaling, and decrease of the high-molecular weight adiponectin followed by decrease in the downstream signaling. KHK-KO mice consuming the same high-fructose diet remained lean, with normal insulin sensitivity and healthy visceral adipose tissue with normal adiponectin function not distinguishable from the control by any of the tested parameters. This study demonstrates that blocking KHK and redirecting fructose metabolism to alternative pathways is an effective way to prevent visceral obesity and insulin resistance induced by high fructose, a widespread component of Western diets.
III-V Compounds-on-Si: Heterostructure Fabrication, Application and Prospects (2009)

While silicon and gallium arsenide are dominant materials in modern micro-and nanoelectronics, devices fabricated from them still use Si and GaAs substrates only separately. Integrating these materials on the large and cheep Si substrate has been the subject of enormous research efforts for the past three decades. This review attempts to systematize and generalize the current understanding of the fundamental physical mechanisms governing the epitaxial growth of GaAs and related III-V compounds on Si substrates. Different kinds of bonding as a very promising non-epitaxial method for III-V thin film integration on Si substrate are reviewed. Basic techniques available for improving the quality of such heterostructures are described, and recent advances in fabricating of device-quality III-V-on-Si heterostructures and corresponding devices are also presented.