gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhanced Transport by Acoustic Streaming in Deep Trench-Like Cavities (2002)

High frequency acoustic agitation is known to enhance chemical dissolution rates of patterned photoresists used in semiconductor and LIGA microdevice fabrication. To better understand the physical mechanism of this enhancement, we have developed analytical and numerical models of the acoustically induced steady streaming motion that transports dissolved polymer fragments from the bottom of trench-like features into the developer bath. Analytical solutions describing the time-periodic wave motion are used to evaluate the time-mean Reynolds stresses that drive the steady streaming motion. The resulting steady torroidal flow within the feature is computed by solving the Navier-Stokes equations, including either the acoustic Reynolds stresses or the slip velocity that applies when the acoustic boundary layers are sufficiently thin. The steady velocity field is then used to compute species transport by diffusion and advection. These numerical results are complemented by analytical solutions describing the dependence of enhanced transport on process parameters. The results indicate that acoustic streaming is probably responsible for the observed three to fourfold increase in development rates of LIGA features having widths of a few micrometers or more. To gain the same relative benefit in submicrometer features would, however, require use of frequencies and power levels more than tenfold greater than the conventional levels of 1 MHz and © 2002 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Consideration for performance of passive UHF far-field RFID tag to tag interference based localization system (2012)

In this research, we studied several factors which impact the performance of passive UHF far-field RFID based localization systems with KNN and LDTI algorithms. According to the empirical results, the localization system can be significantly interfered by distance relative factors such as the true positive reference identification rate and interrogation rates. Moreover, passive UHF RFID based localization systems need to analysis a required localization accuracy and interrogation duration to support RTLS.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Structure Studies of Ba2H(α‐FeO4W12O36)×26 H2O. (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Comparison of Yield, Composition, and Antioxidant Activity of Turmeric (<i>Curcuma longa</i> L.) Extracts Obtained Using Various Techniques (2003)

Turmeric extracts were obtained from two lots of raw material (M and S) using various techniques: hydrodistillation, low pressure solvent extraction, Soxhlet, and supercritical extraction using carbon dioxide and cosolvents. The solvents and cosolvents tested were ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, and their mixture in equal proportions. The composition of the extracts was determined by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and UV. The largest yield (27%, weight) was obtained in the Soxhlet extraction (turmeric (S), ethanol = 1:100); the lowest yield was detected in the hydrodistillation process (2.1%). For the supercritical extraction, the best cosolvent was a mixture of ethanol and isopropyl alcohol. Sixty percent of the light fraction of the extracts consisted of ar-turmerone, (Z)-gamma-atlantone, and (E)-gamma-atlantone, except for the Soxhlet extracts (1:100, ethanol), for which only ar-turmeronol and (Z)-alpha-atlantone were detected. The maximum amount of curcuminoids (8.43%) was obtained using Soxhlet extraction (ethanol/isopropyl alcohol). The Soxhlet and low pressure extract exhibited the strongest antioxidant activities.
Palladium-Catalyzed Ortho-Alkoxylation of Anilides via C–H Activation (2012)

A palladium-catalyzed ortho-alkoxylation of anilides with both primary and secondary alcohols via ligand-directed C-H activation has been explored. This alkoxylation promoted by catalytic methanesulfonic acid proceeds well at room temperature in most cases and affords aryl alkyl ethers in moderate to good yields.
Development of Fast-Switching SiC Transistor (2008)

Recently, with the growing global interest on energy saving, power device efficiency is becoming increasingly important. Almost all power devices are fabricated utilizing silicon (Si) and their performances have approached to the limit that can be obtained from Si. Silicon carbide (SiC) is one of the candidate materials for innovative power devices that can replace Si devices. The authors have developed a reduced surface field (RESURF) type junction field effect transistor (JFET) as the new power switching device with low-on-resistance and fast-switching characteristics that takes full advantage of SiC. This paper provides an overview of the design, fabricating process and electrical properties of this RESURF-JFET and also the characteristics enhanced by microfabrication. The fabricated 400 V /2.5 A RESURF-JFET shows a low specific on-resistance of 5.2 mWcm2 and a fast switching speed of less than 10 ns. These characteristics are superior to those of Si MOSFETs of the similar current and blocking voltage. These results show that the application of the SiC RESURF-JFET to power electronics will provide significant benefits in improving efficiency, dynamic performance and compactness.
Global gene expression during short‐term ethanol stress in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (2001)

DNA microarrays were used to investigate the expression profile of yeast genes in response to ethanol. Up to 3.1% of the genes encoded in the yeast genome were up-regulated by at least a factor of three after 30 min ethanol stress (7% v/v). Concomitantly, 3.2% of the genes were down-regulated by a factor of three. Of the genes up-regulated in response to ethanol 49.4% belong to the environmental stress response and 14.2% belong to the stress gene family. Our data show that in addition to the previously identified ethanol-induced genes, a very large number of genes involved in ionic homeostasis, heat protection, trehalose synthesis and antioxidant defence also respond to ethanol stress. It appears that a large number of the up-regulated genes are involved in energy metabolism. Thus, 'management' of the energy pool (especially ATP) seems to constitute an ethanol stress response and to involve different mechanisms.
Rigid Pairs of Long Arcs (1972)

Arcs (linearly ordered continua) A and B are constructed such that every map from A to B and every map from B to A is constant.The Generalized Continuum Hypothesis is sufficient for the existence of two such arcs each of cardinality 2" for each uncountable cardinal s. Introduction.By an arc we mean a compact connected Hausdorff space with exactly two noncut points.A separable arc is then a homeomorph of the real interval /= [0, 1].An arc is long if it is not separable or equivalently not metrizable.A survey of the literature on long arcs is given in [2].Here we construct arcs A and B such that if /: A-^-B and g: B~>A are continuous, then the image of each function is a point.We say such a pair of arcs is rigid.Due to Urysohn's lemma, neither A nor B contains a separable arc.Moreover if C and D are subarcs of a rigid pair of arcs A and B respectively, then C and D form a rigid pair.This follows immediately since subarcs are retracts.The desired arcs are obtained by constructing two kinds of simply ordered sets.Let Ibea simply ordered set (chain) with at least two elements.The intrinsic topology of X is obtained by taking open intervals and open rays as a basis.X is then an arc if Xha.s a supremum, every nonempty subset of Xhas an infimum, and for any two points x<y there is a point z, x<z<y [1, X, 7-8].2. Arcs from sequences of ordinals.The usual construction of the unit interval from sequences of digits involves the identification of discontinuities, e.g., 0.4999 and 0.5000 .In this section, long arcs are constructed in somewhat the same fashion from sequences of ordinals.Here identification is unnecessary.
Analysis of the facial measurements of Korean Air Force pilots for oxygen mask design (2013)

The face measurements of KAF pilots were collected and compared with those of Korean civilians and USAF personnel. The distinct facial features of the populations identified in this study are applicable to custom design of an oxygen mask for prevention of excessive pressure and oxygen leakage.
METHANE HYDRATE PRODUCTION FROM ALASKAN PERMAFROST (2003)

Natural-gas hydrates have been encountered beneath the permafrost and considered a nuisance by the oil and gas industry for years. Engineers working in Russia, Canada and the US have documented numerous drilling problems, including kicks and uncontrolled gas releases, in arctic regions. Information has been generated in laboratory studies pertaining to the extent, volume, chemistry and phase behavior of gas hydrates. Scientists studying hydrate potential agree that the potential is great--on the North Slope of Alaska alone, it has been estimated at 590 TCF. However, little information has been obtained on physical samples taken from actual rock containing hydrates. This gas-hydrate project is in the second year of a three-year endeavor being sponsored by maurer Technology, noble, and Anadarko Petroleum, in partnership with the DOE. The purpose of the project is to build on previous and ongoing R and D in the area of onshore hydrate deposition. They plan to identify, quantify and predict production potential for hydrates located on the North Slope of Alaska. They also plan to design and implement a program to safely and economically drill, core and produce gas from arctic hydrates. The current work scope is to drill and core a well on Anadarko leases in FY 2003 and 2004. They are also using an on-site core analysis laboratory to determine some of the physical characteristics of the hydrates and surrounding rock. The well is being drilled from a new Anadarko Arctic Platform that will have minimal footprint and environmental impact. They hope to correlate geology, geophysics, logs, and drilling and production data to allow reservoir models to be calibrated. Ultimately, the goal is to form an objective technical and economic evaluation of reservoir potential in Alaska.
Comparison of nose and face mask CPAP therapy for sleep apnoea (1998)

<h3>BACKGROUND</h3> Many patients with sleep apnoea/hypopnoea syndrome (SAHS) find nasal continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment unsatisfactory due to side effects related to mouth air leakage. A study was performed to compare side effects with face mask and nose mask CPAP therapy in patients with SAHS, with and without uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (U3P). <h3>METHODS</h3> Twenty newly diagnosed patients with SAHS took part in a randomised double limb trial of face or nose mask CPAP therapy (four weeks per limb) in which CPAP compliance in terms of machine run time was measured and patients answered a symptom questionnaire on side effects resulting from the mask. Ten patients with SAHS with U3P (SAHS/U3P) who were already regular users of nasal CPAP were also given a four week trial of face mask CPAP to compare compliance and symptoms. Ten patients with SAHS were matched with the 10 SAHS/U3P patients for body mass index, age, apnoea/hypopnoea index, and CPAP pressure. Long term compliance was estimated one year after the mask comparison studies. <h3>RESULTS</h3> For patients with SAHS nightly compliance was higher with a nose mask (mean (SE) 5.3 (0.4) hours/night CPAP) than with a face mask (4.3 (0.5) hours/night CPAP), p = 0.01 (mean difference 1.0 hour/night, 95% CI 1.8 to 0.3). Nose masks were rated more comfortable by 19 of 20 patients (p<0.001) despite more mouth leak related symptoms. For SAHS/U3P patients compliance was marginally higher with nose masks (5.1 (0.7) hours/night CPAP) than with face masks (4.0 (0.8) hours/night CPAP), p = 0.07 (mean difference 1.1 hour/night, 95% CI 2.1 to 0.1). Nose masks were rated more comfortable by seven of 10 patients. There were no significant differences in side effect scores with face and nose masks. At one year nine of 10 SAHS patients and nine of 10 SAHS/U3P patients were still using CPAP. Compliance was 5.4 (0.6) hours/night for the SAHS patients and 3.5 (0.4) hours/night for the SAHS/U3P patients, p = 0.02 (mean difference 1.9 hour/night, 95% CI 3.6 to 0.3). <h3>CONCLUSIONS</h3> Compliance is greater with nose mask CPAP than with face mask CPAP because the overall comfort is better and compensates for increased symptoms associated with mouth leakage. Improved face mask design is needed.
Immunomodulatory Effects of Saffron: A Randomized Double‐Blind Placebo‐Controlled Clinical Trial (2011)

Saffron is the dried stigmata of the flowers of saffron (Crocus sativus L.). Saffron is rich in carotenoids and carotenoids affect immunity. Thus, in this randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial with healthy men aged 21.4 ± 0.8 years (mean ± SE), the effects of taking one 100 mg saffron tablet daily for 6 weeks on the blood serum levels of IgG, IgM, IgA, C(3) and C(4) complements, counts and percentages of white blood cells, platelets, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes and monocytes, levels of some hematological parameters and levels of creatinine, SGOT and SGPT were evaluated in 45 subjects and compared with the placebo group (n = 44). After 3 weeks, saffron increased the IgG level and decreased the IgM level compared with the baseline and placebo (p < 0.01), decreased the percentage of basophils and the count of platelets compared with baseline, but increased the percentage of monocytes compared with placebo (p < 0.05). However, these parameters returned to the baseline levels after 6 weeks. Saffron did not have any significant effects on the other parameters. No adverse effects were reported. The results suggest that the sub-chronic daily use of 100 mg saffron has temporary immunomodulatory activities without any adverse effects.
The 1992 US Elections (1993)

The American Elections This Year Overturned conventional expectations. In March 1991 President Bush — leader of the free world during the fall of the Berlin wall and winner of the Gulf war — seemed invincible. With the troops home in victory parades, Bush's approval rating stood at 88 per cent in Gallup polls. Few thought he could lose against Governor Clinton, dogged by questions about the draft and marital fidelity, perceived as a second-rank Democratic contender from a small southern state. Yet President Bush won 37.7 per cent, the lowest share of the popular vote of any incumbent president since William Taft in 1912. Against most predictions, 19 per cent of the vote went to Ross Perot, the best result for a third party candidate since Teddy Roosevelt. Governor Clinton enjoyed a comfortable victory, with 43.2 per cent of the popular vote and 370 electoral college votes in 32 states. The result for Clinton was not a landslide, indeed his share of the popular vote was similar to Mondale's in 1984 and Carter's in 1980, and less than Dukakis's in 1988. But questions about a popular mandate are academic: Democrats now control both ends of Pennsylvania Avenue, and almost two-thirds of governorships and state legislative chambers.
Sound transmission loss of gypsum wallboard partitions. Report ♯2. Steel stud partitions having cavities filled with glass fiber batts (1982)

Using the data bank of the acoustics laboratory of Domtar Research, statistical equations based on density are derived for predicting the sound transmission loss and sound transmission class of double leaf wall partitions. The partitions are constructed from gypsum wallboard, light gauge steel studs, and have glass fiber batts (R–7) in the cavity space. The results predicted, using these equations, are found to be in good agreement with results on similar assemblies tested at other laboratories. The equations are used to illustrate the effect of surface density, steel stud size, and method of board attachment on sound transmission loss. The effect of adding glass fiber batts (R–7) to the cavity space is shown to depend upon the surface density of the partitions. Assuming equal surface densities, no improvement in STC was noted for partitions having unbalanced construction. The results, predicted for simple partition construction, are compared to test data for partitions constructed using resilient channels and for multiple rows of steel studs.
Biotransformation of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene with <i>Phanerochaete chrysosporium</i> in Agitated Cultures at pH 4.5 (1999)

ABSTRACT The biotransformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) (175 μM) by Phanerochaete chrysosporium with molasses and citric acid at pH 4.5 was studied. In less than 2 weeks, TNT disappeared completely, but mineralization (liberated 14 CO 2 ) did not exceed 1%. A time study revealed the presence of several intermediates, marked by the initial formation of two monohydroxylaminodinitrotoluenes (2- and 4-HADNT) followed by their successive transformation to several other products, including monoaminodinitrotoluenes (ADNT). A group of nine acylated intermediates were also detected. They included 2- N -acetylamido-4,6-dinitrotoluene and its p isomer, 2-formylamido-4,6-dinitrotoluene and its p isomer (as acylated ADNT), 4- N -acetylamino-2-amino-6-nitrotoluene and 4- N -formylamido-2-amino-6-nitrotoluene (as acetylated DANT), 4- N -acetylhydroxy-2,6-dinitrotoluene and 4- N -acetoxy-2,6-dinitrotoluene (as acetylated HADNT), and finally 4- N -acetylamido-2-hydroxylamino-6-nitrotoluene. Furthermore, a fraction of HADNTs were found to rearrange to their corresponding phenolamines (Bamberger rearrangement), while another group dimerized to azoxytoluenes which in turn transformed to azo compounds and eventually to the corresponding hydrazo derivatives. After 30 days, all of these metabolites, except traces of 4-ADNT and the hydrazo derivatives, disappeared, but mineralization did not exceed 10% even after the incubation period was increased to 120 days. The biotransformation of TNT was accompanied by the appearance of manganese peroxidase (MnP) and lignin-dependent peroxidase (LiP) activities. MnP activity was observed almost immediately after TNT disappearance, which was the period marked by the appearance of the initial metabolites (HADNT and ADNT), whereas the LiP activity was observed after 8 days of incubation, corresponding to the appearance of the acyl derivatives. Both MnP and LiP activities reached their maximum levels (100 and 10 U/liter, respectively) within 10 to 15 days after inoculation.
A comparison of remote radio head optical transmission technologies for next generation wireless systems (2009)

A performance and cost comparison is made between analogue and digital optical transmission technologies for linking remote radio heads to digital base stations for future wireless systems with wide channel bandwidth and multiple MIMO channels.
Marcel Duchamp's “<i>Encore à cet Astre</i>”: A New Look (1976)

Despite a flood of explanatory and interpretive literature about Marcel Duchamp and his art which has appeared in all kinds of publications, monographs, catalogues, and periodicals in recent years, close critical attention has been confined almost exclusively to a relatively small number of “major works” such as Nude Descending a Staircase and his large glass, La Marieé Mise à nu par ses Célibataires, même. Almost no examination has been made of drawings and sketches except insofar as these may give insight into how Duchamp developed an idea or transformed a motif from a study to a completed project, whether in painting, construction, or “ready-made.” As John Golding has implied, with considerable justice, some of Duchamp's most important creations may have been neglected by this practice, “since for Duchamp the casual, allusive remark is always [sic] more redolent of possibilities and of meaning than the emphatic, elaborately pondered statement.”1
Buccal Swabs and Treated Cards: Methodological Considerations for Molecular Epidemiologic Studies Examining Pediatric Populations (2008)

Self-collection of buccal cells provides a noninvasive method for obtaining biologic samples for genetic analyses in pediatric studies. Nevertheless, low yields, microbial contamination, and degradation of buccal samples present challenges for epidemiologic studies incorporating genetic investigations. The aims of this study were to compare the quality and yield of DNA extracted from buccal specimens with BuccalAmp swabs (Epicenter BioTechnologies, Madison, Wisconsin) or FTA cards (Whatman, Inc., Clifton, New Jersey) and to investigate the use of whole-genome amplification (WGA) for increasing DNA yields for single nucleotide polymorphism analyses. Buccal specimens were collected from 55 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and 52 control children without acute lymphoblastic leukemia in New South Wales, Australia, in 2003-2004. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to evaluate polymorphisms in the genes encoding the cytochrome p450 enzyme CYP3A4 (CYP3A4 A392G, also known as CYP3A4*1B) and the steroid xenobiotic receptor (SXR C25385T). Results showed that DNA could be isolated from buccal specimens collected by use of both methods and that yields could be substantially improved with WGA without introducing genotyping error. However, DNA quality was poorer in samples collected by BuccalAmp swabs, and the presence of polymerase chain reaction inhibitors in these samples reduced the sensitivity of quantitative real-time PCR analysis. These findings show that different methods for collecting buccal samples impact on the downstream success of genetic investigations and influence DNA quality after WGA.
Amorphous iron zirconium formed by solid state reaction (1985)

We report on the first iron based amorphous alloy formed by the process of solid state reaction. Amorphous iron zirconium was observed to result from thermal anneals of layered crystalline elemental constituents. Starting material was electron beam evaporated with about 50 monolayers of each constituent per layer, which results in an average composition of Fe61Zr39 and a compositional wavelength of 22 nm. Thermal anneals at 623 K were performed in vacuum, and x-ray diffraction was used to determine the structure. A calculated metastable free energy diagram shows the reaction is driven by a large thermodynamic driving force (several kcal/mole).
Leaky modes in graded index optical fibers (1976)

Leaky mode attenuation coefficients for graded index optical fibers are derived using the WKB approximation. For the case of a parabolic index profile, the attenuation coefficients for explicitly evaluated and used to calculate the leaky mode contribution to near field and attenuation measurements. Failure to observe the expected leaky mode contributions in several graded index fibers is interpreted as evidence for the presence of an additional loss mechanism.