gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pulsed CO<sub>2</sub> laser tissue ablation: Measurement of the ablation rate (1988)

Ablation of guinea pig skin using a CO2 laser emitting 2-mu sec-long pulses has been quantified by measuring the mass of tissue removed as a function of incident fluence per pulse. The mass-loss curves show three distinct regimes in which water evaporation, explosive tissue removal, and laser-induced plasma formation dominate. The data are fit to two models that predict that the mass removed depends either linearly or logarithmically on fluence. Although the data are best fit by a linear dependence upon fluence, plasma formation at high fluences prohibited obtaining data over a wide enough fluence range to differentiate unambiguously between the two models. Ablation efficiency, ablation thresholds, and the optical penetration depth at 10.6 micron were obtained from the measurements.
A marketed fermented dairy product containing <i>Bifidobacterium lactis</i> CNCM I‐2494 suppresses gut hypersensitivity and colonic barrier disruption induced by acute stress in rats (2012)

This study illustrates that a probiotic food containing B. lactis CNCM I-2494 strain reduces visceral hypersensitivity associated with acute stress by normalizing intestinal epithelial barrier via a synergistic interplay with the different probiotic strains and/or metabolites contained in this product.
Reinforcement Mechanisms in Carbon Black and Silica Loaded Rubber Melts at Low Stresses (1996)

Abstract For a range of different fillers, silicas and carbon blacks, added to a rubber melt at various concentrations, dynamic moduli in the linear viscoelastic limit have been determined. It is shown that reinforcement is due to hydrodynamic effects and the formation of a secondary particulate structure within the rubber matrix. Both mechanisms can be distinguished experimentally by a frequency sweep. Hydrodynamic reinforcement depends on the filler volume to which immobilized polymer must be added. Its concentration dependence is well described by the semiempirical exponential Thomas Equation. Nominal and effective filler loadings are related by concentration-independent effectiveness factors which can be modelled for all types of fillers considering an immobilized layer of constant height around an agglomerated cluster of filler particles. This provides an explanation for the well-known dependence of reinforcement ability on surface area at small stresses. The chemical and microscopic structure of the filler surface appears to be less important with respect to immobilization ability in the linear viscoelasic regime. The secondary structure formed by the particles is found to be tied together by the elastomer. Its modulus correlates with the filler's immobilization ability and shows little dependence on the filler nature. Due to formation of a filler-polymer structure with individual relaxation times, a strict separability of hydrodynamic and interparticular-reinforcement mechanisms at very high loadings no longer applies.
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of monocarbams leading to U-78608. (1990)

Monocarbamsare totally synthetic monocyclic
Characterization of CmaA, an Adenylation-Thiolation Didomain Enzyme Involved in the Biosynthesis of Coronatine (2003)

Several pathovars of Pseudomonas syringae produce the phytotoxin coronatine (COR), which contains an unusual amino acid, the 1-amino-2-ethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid called coronamic acid (CMA), which is covalently linked to a polyketide-derived carboxylic acid, coronafacic acid, by an amide bond. The region of the COR biosynthetic gene cluster proposed to be responsible for CMA biosynthesis was resequenced, and errors in previously deposited cmaA sequences were corrected. These efforts allowed overproduction of P. syringae pv. glycinea PG4180 CmaA in P. syringae pv. syringae FF5 as a FLAG-tagged protein and overproduction of P. syringae pv. tomato CmaA in Escherichia coli as a His-tagged protein; both proteins were in an enzymatically active form. Sequence analysis of CmaA indicated that there were two domains, an adenylation domain (A domain) and a thiolation domain (T domain). ATP-(32)PP(i) exchange assays showed that the A domain of CmaA catalyzes the conversion of branched-chain L-amino acids and ATP into the corresponding aminoacyl-AMP derivatives, with a kinetic preference for L-allo-isoleucine. Additional experiments demonstrated that the T domain of CmaA, which is posttranslationally modified with a 4'-phosphopantetheinyl group, reacts with the AMP derivative of L-allo-isoleucine to produce an aminoacyl thiolester intermediate. This covalent species was detected by incubating CmaA with ATP and L-[G-(3)H]allo-isoleucine, followed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis. It is postulated that the L-allo-isoleucine covalently tethered to CmaA serves as the substrate for additional enzymes in the CMA biosynthetic pathway that catalyze cyclopropane ring formation, which is followed by thiolester hydrolysis, yielding free CMA. The availability of catalytically active CmaA should facilitate elucidation of the details of the subsequent steps in the formation of this novel cyclopropyl amino acid.
Bone Mineral Recovery after Parathyroidectomy in Patients with Primary and Renal Hyperparathyroidism (1998)

Patients with hyperparathyroidism (HPT) generally display reduced bone mass due to excessive PTH activity. The effect of parathyroidectomy on bone mass changes in different types of HPT, however, is not well understood. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured in the distal radius, total body, femoral neck, and lumbar spine by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry in four groups of patients with different hyperparathyroid conditions: primary symptomatic HPT (n = 54), primary asymptomatic (mild) HPT (n = 24), HPT associated with hemodialysis (n = 20), and HPT associated with renal transplant (n = 30). Subsets of patients with primary symptomatic HPT (n = 52), HPT associated with hemodialysis (n = 19), and HPT associated with renal transplant (n = 15) underwent parathyroidectomy, and bone density was measured longitudinally for 3 yr. Patients with primary asymptomatic (mild) HPT did not undergo surgery and were followed prospectively. Before surgery, all groups showed a greater reduction of bone mineral density in cortical bone (distal radius) than in predominantly trabecular bone (lumbar spine). In primary symptomatic HPT, the BMD z-score of the distal radius was -1.80 +/- 0.21 (+/-SEM), and the corresponding figures for the total body, femoral neck, and lumbar spine were -0.60 +/- 0.15, -0.54 +/- 0.14, and -0.53 +/- 0.18 compared with those of an age- and sex-matched reference group. In renal HPT BMD z-scores were -2.51 +/- 0.38 (hemodialysis patients) and -2.83 +/- 0.43 (renal transplant patients) for the distal radius and between -0.81 and -1.46 for the other measured sites. After parathyroidectomy, BMD increased by 1-8% at all sites in patients with primary symptomatic HPT and HPT associated with renal transplant. The largest increase in bone mass was observed in patients with HPT associated with hemodialysis, in whom the improvement amounted to 7-23%. In patients with primary HPT and HPT associated with hemodialysis, this increase in bone density resulted in virtual recovery from their preoperative bone loss. The majority of patients with asymptomatic primary HPT disease (n = 21) maintained their bone density during the follow-up period and have not shown evidence of increases in serum calcium or PTH levels, but three patients followed conservatively underwent parathyroidectomy due to progressive deterioration of BMD. We conclude that, regardless of the etiology, a large proportion of HPT patients show reduced bone density. In patients with primary symptomatic HPT and patients with HPT associated with hemodialysis, bone density increases after parathyroidectomy to an extent that largely restores the preoperative bone loss. However, no anabolic effect of parathyroidectomy on bone mass was observed in patients with HPT associated with renal transplant, probably because of their immunosuppressive therapy.
16.2: World‐Best Performance LTPS TFTs with Robust Bending Properties on AMOLED Displays (2011)

Abstract This study reported a low temperature polycrystalline silicon LTPS thin film transistor TFT fabrication process on plastic substrates for flexible display applications. Polycrystalline silicon poly‐Si films were formed by excimer laser annealing ELA method. It was found by ELA thermal simulation that there was around 70 □ on plastic surface during ELA crystallization process. The excimer laser irradiated film was analyzed by using various spectroscopic methods such as X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Dehydrogenation and activation processes were performed by a conventional LTPS method without causing any plastic substrate distortion. The fabricated poly‐Si TFT on a flexible backplane shows a very good performance with field effect mobility of 95.3 cm 2 /Vs, on/off ratio current ratio > 10 8 , and threshold voltage of −1.6 V. Bending tests after a delamination process were also performed with TFT backplane samples.
TNF- <i>alpha</i> mediates recruitment of neutrophils and eosinophils during airway inflammation. (1995)

Airway inflammation is characterized by leukocyte extravasation around the peribronchial mucosa and into the airway of the lung. In the present study we utilized a model of airway inflammation induced by intratracheal challenge with soluble parasite (Schistosoma mansoni) egg Ag (SEA) in presensitized mice. The subsequent inflammatory response and leukocyte recruitment consists of early neutrophil (8 to 24 h) and later eosinophil (48 to 72 h) infiltration into the interstitium and airway. Little neutrophil and no eosinophil recruitment was observed in presensitized control mice challenged with vehicle. Multiple studies have demonstrated a crucial role for TNF-alpha during inflammatory responses. In these experiments we investigated the role of TNF-alpha in Ag-specific eosinophilic airway inflammation. Measurement of TNF-alpha expression by reverse transcriptase-PCR and ELISA in whole lung homogenates of SEA-challenged mice demonstrated an early increase in TNF-alpha levels (1 to 8 h). To determine the specific role of TNF-alpha in leukocyte recruitment during airway inflammation, mice were treated with soluble TNF-alpha receptor linked to an Fc Ab molecule (sTNFr-:Fc). This treatment has previously been used to effectively neutralize TNF in vivo. Intratracheal SEA-challenged mice treated with sTNFr-FC demonstrated significantly decreased leukocyte recruitment into the lung and airway. The inflammatory response in the lungs in sTNFr-Fc-treated mice was significantly decreased throughout the study period, as compared with control mice. An approximate decrease in early neutrophil infiltration into the airway was observed when sTNFr-Fc was administered 2 h before the Ag challenge. Eosinophil infiltration was also diminished when sTNFr-Fc was administered before Ag challenge. Interestingly, when sTNFr-Fc was administered therapeutically 24 h after Ag challenge, the eosinophil response was nearly abrogated at 48 h after challenge. These studies indicate that TNF-alpha acts as an initial inflammatory cytokine that subsequently regulates both early neutrophil infiltration and eosinophil recruitment into the lung and airspace.
Base Excision Repair and Lesion-Dependent Subpathways for Repair of Oxidative DNA Damage (2010)

Nuclear and mitochondrial genomes are under continuous assault by a combination of environmentally and endogenously derived reactive oxygen species, inducing the formation and accumulation of mutagenic, toxic, and/or genome-destabilizing DNA lesions. Failure to resolve these lesions through one or more DNA-repair processes is associated with genome instability, mitochondrial dysfunction, neurodegeneration, inflammation, aging, and cancer, emphasizing the importance of characterizing the pathways and proteins involved in the repair of oxidative DNA damage. This review focuses on the repair of oxidative damage-induced lesions in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA mediated by the base excision repair (BER) pathway in mammalian cells. We discuss the multiple BER subpathways that are initiated by one of 11 different DNA glycosylases of three subtypes: (a) bifunctional with an associated β-lyase activity; (b) monofunctional; and (c) bifunctional with an associated β,δ-lyase activity. These three subtypes of DNA glycosylases all initiate BER but yield different chemical intermediates and hence different BER complexes to complete repair. Additionally, we briefly summarize alternate repair events mediated by BER proteins and the role of BER in the repair of mitochondrial DNA damage induced by ROS. Finally, we discuss the relation of BER and oxidative DNA damage in the onset of human disease.
An Efficient Parallel Algorithm for the Solution of Large Sparse Linear Matrix Equations (1983)

An algorithm for the parallel solution of large sparse sets of linear equations, given their factor matrices, is developed. It is aimed at efficient practical implementation on a processor of the multiple instruction multiple data stream (MIMD) type. The software required to implement the algorithm is described. In addition, the amount of memory necessary for data retention during execution is considered and related to that which is required on single processor systems. Hardware developed for the implementation of the algorithm is described. Bus contention for the system is outlined and shown to be insignificant. Possible bus contention problems for systems differing in the number of processors and speed of processing elements are also considered. A simulator modeling the execution of the algorithm on large systems has been implemented. The performance of the algorithm, in terms of execution speed enhancement relative to the theoretical maximum, is shown to be good.
Matching Color Differences* (1965)

A new visual colorimeter has been designed and built to be used primarily for matching color differences. The colorimeter provides seven visual fields, arranged in a cluster of seven regular hexagons, one in the center and six adjacent to it. Both eyes of the observer see each field uniformly filled with light. The color of each field is a mixture of three primary lights (red, green, blue) and can be controlled by the observer independent of the color of the other fields. Depending on the nature of the experiment, the observer can be presented with all seven fields in operation or with some fields switched off. The colorimeter is calibrated to convert instrumental readings to CIE color coordinates. The first experiment performed with the colorimeter was to assess quantitatively the ability of the observer to make matches of color difference in an array of three adjacent fields of constant brightness. Fixing the colors of two fields, the observer was required to produce a color in the third field so as to form a perceptually equilateral triangle of colors of constant brightness. The repeatability of such matches is presented graphically in the 1960 CIE–UCS diagram.
Managing Financial and Water Supply Challenges With Regional Partnerships (2012)

Water managers are currently facing unprecedented financial and water supply challenges. Unusually dry conditions coupled with the worst economic downturn since the great depression have water managers looking for innovative ways to improve efficiencies and develop new water supplies with severely limited financial resources.
A high-performance switching element for a multistage interconnection network (1998)

This paper describes the design of the switching element of the multistage interconnection network used within Multiplus, a distributed shared memory multiprocessor. The switching element consists of a 2/spl times/2 crossbar switch, FIFO buffers at each input, arbitration and some additional control logic. Its first implementation has been carried out using Altera EPLDs and the Max+PlusII system. The implementation described in this paper is targeted to AMS 0.8 /spl mu//5 V double-metal CMOS technology and uses Synopsys tools to perform the logic synthesis step. This implementation is expected to provide better performance since a faster technology and larger FIFO input buffers are used. In fact, the critical path analysis within the designed circuit indicates that the new switching element implementation will be able to operate with a clock frequency 2.4 times higher than the previous EPLD implementation. In addition, the new switching element provides hardware support to message broadcasting which is expected to enhance Multiplus performance.
Crowdsourcing, citizen sensing and sensor web technologies for public and environmental health surveillance and crisis management: trends, OGC standards and application examples (2011)

'Wikification of GIS by the masses' is a phrase-term first coined by Kamel Boulos in 2005, two years earlier than Goodchild's term 'Volunteered Geographic Information'. Six years later (2005-2011), OpenStreetMap and Google Earth (GE) are now full-fledged, crowdsourced 'Wikipedias of the Earth' par excellence, with millions of users contributing their own layers to GE, attaching photos, videos, notes and even 3-D (three dimensional) models to locations in GE. From using Twitter in participatory sensing and bicycle-mounted sensors in pervasive environmental sensing, to creating a 100,000-sensor geo-mashup using Semantic Web technology, to the 3-D visualisation of indoor and outdoor surveillance data in real-time and the development of next-generation, collaborative natural user interfaces that will power the spatially-enabled public health and emergency situation rooms of the future, where sensor data and citizen reports can be triaged and acted upon in real-time by distributed teams of professionals, this paper offers a comprehensive state-of-the-art review of the overlapping domains of the Sensor Web, citizen sensing and 'human-in-the-loop sensing' in the era of the Mobile and Social Web, and the roles these domains can play in environmental and public health surveillance and crisis/disaster informatics. We provide an in-depth review of the key issues and trends in these areas, the challenges faced when reasoning and making decisions with real-time crowdsourced data (such as issues of information overload, "noise", misinformation, bias and trust), the core technologies and Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) standards involved (Sensor Web Enablement and Open GeoSMS), as well as a few outstanding project implementation examples from around the world.
Fully isolated lateral bipolar—MOS transistors fabricated in zone-melting-recrystallized Si films on SiO<sub>2</sub> (1983)

A four-terminal device that can be operated either as a lateral n-p-n bipolar transistor or as a conventional n-channel MOSFET has been fabricated in silicon-on-insulator films prepared by graphite-strip-heater zone-melting recrystallization. Common-emitter current gain close to 20 and emitter-base breakdown voltage in excess of 10 V have been obtained for bipolar operation. As a MOSFET, the device exhibits well-behaved enhancement-mode characteristics with a field-effect mobility of ∼ 600 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /V.s and drain breakdown voltage exceeding 15 V.
<i>Galleria mellonella</i> as a Model System To Study <i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i> Pathogenesis (2005)

Evaluation of Cryptococcus neoformans virulence in a number of nonmammalian hosts suggests that C. neoformans is a nonspecific pathogen. We used the killing of Galleria mellonella (the greater wax moth) caterpillar by C. neoformans to develop an invertebrate host model system that can be used to study cryptococcal virulence, host immune responses to infection, and the effects of antifungal compounds. All varieties of C. neoformans killed G. mellonella. After injection into the insect hemocoel, C. neoformans proliferated and, despite successful phagocytosis by host hemocytes, killed caterpillars both at 37 degrees C and 30 degrees C. The rate and extent of killing depended on the cryptococcal strain and the number of fungal cells injected. The sequenced C. neoformans clinical strain H99 was the most virulent of the strains tested and killed caterpillars with inocula as low as 20 CFU/caterpillar. Several C. neoformans genes previously shown to be involved in mammalian virulence (CAP59, GPA1, RAS1, and PKA1) also played a role in G. mellonella killing. Combination antifungal therapy (amphotericin B plus flucytosine) administered before or after inoculation was more effective than monotherapy in prolonging survival and in decreasing the tissue burden of cryptococci in the hemocoel. The G. mellonella-C. neoformans pathogenicity model may be a substitute for mammalian models of infection with C. neoformans and may facilitate the in vivo study of fungal virulence and efficacy of antifungal therapies.
Hutton TLP Mooring System (1982)

ABSTRACT The tension leg platform (TLP) which is being developed for the Hutton Field in the North Sea is the first application of this new platform concept which could be widely utilized for deep water oil field development. A major novel part 'of the TLP is the mooring system, comprising the tension leg components and the mechanical handling and installation equipment. The paper covers the functional and design requirements for the mooring system and describes the tension leg components. Details of some of the development test programmed are included and a brief out 1ine of the installation procedures and equipment is provided. The mooring system incorporates new hardware for the anchor connector and cross load bearing and a new screwed coupling has been designed and tested. The installation and change out equipment includes a special tensioner/motion compensator which effects translation from the free floating to the TLP mode, as well as a large capacity torque tool and special mechanical handling equipment. The mooring system technology developed for the Hutton TLP would be app licable to future tension leg platforms. INTRODUCTION The TLP is a floating platform fixed by vertical tension legs to piled foundation templates on the sea bed. It is a compliant structure which allows lateral movement (sway, surge and yaw) white the tension legs restrain vertical movements (heave, pitch and roll). Buoyancy is provided by the pontoons and columns of the hull. The excess of buoyancy, greater than the platform weight, maintains the legs in tension in all loading and environmental conditions. The platform supports all the necessary equipment and facilities for drilling and oil production, at a peak rate of 110,000 barrels per day, as well as providing accommodation and life support systems for up to 239 people. The plat form is a permanent installation for the life of the, field and will allow normal operations at all times, except in the most adverse environmental conditions. In this respect it is functionally similar to normal fixed offshore installations. The sixteen tension legs (four at each corner of the platform) provide the "flexible" connection between the hull and the foundations. They withes and very high cyc1ic tension 1oading which could vary from almost 0 to about 2400 tones per leg for extreme design environmental conditions. During their 20 year design life the legs are subject to about 108 load reversals, thus making fatigue an import ant factor in their design. The fact that the tension legs are an essential part of the permanent platform has necessitated careful selection of reliable materials with a high level of quality control in the manufacture of the components as well as rigorous design and analysis. The means of installing the tension legs from the platform at the Hutton Field has been a very important influencing factor in the development of the mooring system.