gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Coordinate Covalent Cobalt-Diisocyanide Multilayer Thin Films Grown One Molecular Layer at a Time (1999)

Multilayer thin films consisting of alternating layers of cobalt and 1,4-diisocyano-benzene (DiCNB) synthesized layer by layer on an amine functionalized silicon substrate were first reported in 1996. This paper describes further work in characterizing these films using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), ellipsometry, attenuated total reflectance−infrared spectroscopy (ATR−IR), and reflection−absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS). Ellipsometry shows the films grow uniformly, suggesting sequential binding of metal and diisocyanide components. Control experiments confirm that both components are necessary for film growth and that 1-isocyano-2-phenylethane, a mono-functional isocyanide, caps the film and terminates further growth. Although the ellipsometry data suggests uniform film growth consistent with DiCNB molecules oriented perpendicular to the plane of the substrate, in accord with a simple model of these films, a more complex picture of the resulting film constituents is seen with further analysis. FTIR and XPS results indicate the presence of significant amounts of oligomeric isocyanide species in the films. We also report the growth of uniform multilayers of cobalt and 1,6-diisocyanohexane.
On the use of scalar quantization for fast HMM computation (2002)

This paper describes an algorithm for reducing the amount of arithmetic operations in the likelihood computation of continuous mixture HMM (CMHMM) with diagonal covariance matrices while retaining high performance. The key points are the use of the scalar quantization of the input observation vector components and table look-up. These make multiplication, squaring and division operations entirely unnecessary in the whole HMM computation (i.e., output probability calculation and trellis/Viterbi computation). It is experimentally proved in an large-vocabulary isolated word recognition task that scalar quantization into no less than 16 levels does not cause significant degradation in the speech recognition performance. Scalar quantization is also utilized in the computation truncation for unlikely distributions; the total number of distribution likelihood computations can be reduced by 66% with only a slight performance degradation. This "multiplication-free" HMM algorithm has high potentiality in speech recognition applications on personal computers.
Dynamics of Oil Ganglia During Immiscible Displacement in Water-Wet Porous Media (1982)

Strong interest in the dynamic behavior of a population of non-wetting ganglia undergoing immiscible displacement has arisen because this problem is central to the understanding of oil-bank formation during enhanced oil recovery by chemical flooding. The same problem arises in the analysis of the relative permeabilities to any pair of wetting and non-wetting phases, when the saturation of the wetting phase exceeds approx. 0.60. Saturation of a phase is defined as the fraction of the void space that is occupied by that phase. Many drainage or imbibition phenomena fall into this category. This work concentrates on the case where the non-wetting phase is oleic (oil-based), the wetting phase is aqueous, and the objective is enhanced oil recovery. Discussions include theoretical modeling of the porous medium; mobilization, fissioning, and stranding of a solitary oil ganglion; and dynamics of oil-ganglion populations. 39 references.
Rainflow algorithm based lifetime estimation of power semiconductors in utility applications (2014)

Rainflow algorithms are one of the best counting methods used in fatigue and failure analysis popularly used in semiconductor lifetime estimation models. However, the rainflow algorithm used in power semiconductor reliability does not consider the time dependent mean temperature calculation. The equivalent temperature calculation proposed by Nagode et al is applied to semiconductor lifetime estimation for the first time in this paper. A month long arc furnace load profile is used as a test profile to estimate temperatures in IGBT in a STATCOM for reactive compensation of load. The degradation in the life of the IGBT power device is predicted based on time dependent temperature calculation.
Characterization of human involucrin promoter distal regulatory region transcriptional activator elements–a role for Sp1 and AP1 binding sites (1998)

Human involucrin (hINV) is an important precursor of the keratinocyte cornified envelope that is specifically expressed in the suprabasal layers of stratifying epithelia. Previous truncation and mutagenesis experiments have shown that an activator protein 1 (Ap1) site, AP1-5, located 2100bp upstream of the transcription start site, is required for optimal promoter activity. These previous studies suggest that AP1-5 is part of a distal regulatory region spanning nucleotides -2473 to -2088. In the present report, we study the distal regulatory region (DRR), which surrounds AP1-5. Our studies show that this region contains weak and strong activator elements spanning nucleotides -2473/-2216 and -2140/-2088, respectively. The strong activator element contains AP1-5 and an adjacent specificity protein 1 (Sp1) site. The AP1-5 site is absolutely required for DRR activity, as its mutation reduces transcription to basal levels. Mutagenesis studies of the AP1-5 and Sp1 sites in the presence or absence of the weak activator element indicate that the Sp1 site and the weak activator element synergistically activate the AP1-5 site-dependent transcription. The cooperation between the Sp1 and AP1-5 sites is also observed in the context of the full-length promoter. Gel mobility shift and supershift studies show that Sp1, but not Sp2, Sp3 or Sp4 binds to the Sp1 site. When the Sp1 site is mutated or the distance between the AP1-5 and Sp1 site is increased, the binding of AP1 factors to AP1-5 is markedly reduced. Surprisingly, gel shift studies suggest that activation does not require the formation of a stable AP1/Sp1/DNA ternary complex. These studies suggest that the AP1-5 site is absolutely required for transcriptional activation, that the weak activator element and Sp1 sites serve to enhance this activation, and that the Sp1 site is required for optimal AP1 factor binding at the AP1-5 site.
Synaptic Theory of Working Memory (2008)

It is usually assumed that enhanced spiking activity in the form of persistent reverberation for several seconds is the neural correlate of working memory. Here, we propose that working memory is sustained by calcium-mediated synaptic facilitation in the recurrent connections of neocortical networks. In this account, the presynaptic residual calcium is used as a buffer that is loaded, refreshed, and read out by spiking activity. Because of the long time constants of calcium kinetics, the refresh rate can be low, resulting in a mechanism that is metabolically efficient and robust. The duration and stability of working memory can be regulated by modulating the spontaneous activity in the network.
SOCS3 Exerts Its Inhibitory Function on Interleukin-6 Signal Transduction through the SHP2 Recruitment Site of gp130 (2000)

Interleukin-6 is involved in the regulation of many biological activities such as gene expression, cell proliferation, and differentiation. The control of the termination of cytokine signaling is as important as the regulation of initiation of signal transduction pathways. Three families of proteins involved in the down-regulation of cytokine signaling have been described recently: (i) SH2 domain-containing protein-tyrosine phosphatases (SHP), (ii) suppressors of cytokine signaling (SOCS), and (iii) protein inhibitors of activated STATs (PIAS). We have analyzed the interplay of two inhibitors in the signal transduction pathway of interleukin-6 and demonstrate that the tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 and SOCS3 do not act independently but are functionally linked. The activation of one inhibitor modulates the activity of the other; Inhibition of SHP2 activation leads to increased SOCS3-mRNA levels, whereas increased expression of SOCS3 results in a reduction of SHP2 phosphorylation after activation of the interleukin-6 signal transduction pathway. Furthermore, we show that tyrosine 759 in gp130 is essential for both SHP2 and SOCS3 but not for SOCS1 to exert their inhibitory activities on interleukin-6 signal transduction. Besides SHP2, SOCS3 also interacts with the Tyr(P)-759 peptide of gp130. Taken together, our results suggest differences in the function of SOCS1 and SOCS3 and a link between SHP2 and SOCS3.
Development of a surgical robot for cementless total hip replacement (1993)

The combination of robotics and medical imaging may soon provide orthopaedic surgeons with a tool that significantly increases the precision of cementless total hip replacement operations and directly links preoperative planning with surgical execution. Twenty-six successful robot-assisted operations have been performed on dogs and the first clinical trials on human patients have recently taken place.
Activation of Oxygen and Hydrogen Peroxide by Copper(II) Coupled with Hydroxylamine for Oxidation of Organic Contaminants (2016)

This study reports that the combination of Cu(II) with hydroxylamine (HA) (referred to herein as Cu(II)/HA system) in situ generates H2O2 by reducing dissolved oxygen, subsequently producing reactive oxidants through the reaction of Cu(I) with H2O2. The external supply of H2O2 to the Cu(II)/HA system (i.e., the Cu(II)/H2O2/HA system) was found to further enhance the production of reactive oxidants. Both the Cu(II)/HA and Cu(II)/H2O2/HA systems effectively oxidized benzoate (BA) at pH between 4 and 8, yielding a hydroxylated product, p-hydroxybenzoate (pHBA). The addition of a radical scavenger, tert-butyl alcohol, inhibited the BA oxidation in both systems. However, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy analysis indicated that (•)OH was not produced under either acidic or neutral pH conditions, suggesting that the alternative oxidant, cupryl ion (Cu(III)), is likely a dominant oxidant.
Immunohistochemistry in Undifferentiated Neoplasm/Tumor of Uncertain Origin (2014)

To better guide therapeutic decisions and predict prognostic outcomes, it is crucial to differentiate the specific lineage of an undifferentiated neoplasm. Application of appropriate immunohistochemical panels enables the accurate classification of most undifferentiated neoplasms. Knowing the utilities and pitfalls of each tissue-specific biomarker is essential for avoiding potential diagnostic errors because an absolutely tissue-specific biomarker is exceptionally rare. We review frequently used tissue-specific biomarkers, provide effective panels, and recommend diagnostic algorithms as a standard approach to undifferentiated neoplasms.
Assembly of the tendon extracellular matrix during development. (1994)

The assembly of the collagenous extracellular matrix during tendon development was studied to determine the mechanisms involved in collagen fibril growth. Developing avian metatarsal tendons were studied using structural, immunochemical and biochemical approaches. Tendon fibroblasts were shown to establish a hierarchy of extracellular compartments associated with fibrils, bundles, and macroaggregates during development. These distinct domains provide a mechanism for the fibroblast to influence the extracellular steps in matrix assembly. A discontinuous fibrillar matrix was assembled and fibril segments approximately 10-20 microns long were deposited into bundles by the 14 d embryo fibroblasts. The fibril segment is a normal assembly intermediate, permitting orderly linear, lateral and intercalatory development and growth. A lateral and/or linear fusion of segments may be responsible for the formation of mature continuous fibrils. Fibril segments were isolated from 12-18 d chick embryo metatarsal tendons. Homogenisation almost completely disrupted the 12-15 d tendons. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated intact segments. Between d 12 and 15 of development, mean segment length increased from approximately 22 to 33 microns. The incremental increase in length with development indicates a limited linear fusion of segments which is supported by morphological examination. At 16 d, there was a significant decrease in segment extractability and by 17-18 d, intact segments were unextractable. Mean segment lengths were 37 microns and > 70 microns for 16 and 17 d tendons respectively. During this period, fibril diameter also increased.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Robot-Assisted Sensor Network Deployment and Data Collection (2007)

Wireless sensor networks have been widely used in many applications such as environment monitoring, surveillance systems and unmanned space explorations. However, poor deployment of sensor devices leads (1) bad network connectivity which makes data communication or data collection very hard; or (2) redundancy of coverage which wastes energy of sensors and causes redundant data in the network. Thus, in this paper, we propose using a mobile robot to assist the sensor deployment and data collection for unmanned explorations or monitoring. We assume that the robot can carry and deploy the sensor devices, and also have certain communication capacity to collect the data from the sensor devices. Given a set of interest points in an area, we study the following interesting problems: (1) how to decide minimum number of sensor devices to cover all the interest points; (2) how to schedule the robot to place these sensor devices in certain position so that the path of the robot is minimum; and (3) after the deployment of sensors, how to schedule the robot to visit and communicate with these sensor devices to collect data so that the path of the robot is minimum. We propose a complete set of heuristics for all these problems and verify the performances via simulation.
Analysis of the Role of Lead Resistivity in Specific Absorption Rate for Deep Brain Stimulator Leads at 3T MRI (2010)

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on patients with implanted deep brain stimulators (DBSs) can be hazardous because of the antenna-effect of leads exposed to the incident radio-frequency field. This study evaluated electromagnetic field and specific absorption rate (SAR) changes as a function of lead resistivity on an anatomically precise head model in a 3T system. The anatomical accuracy of our head model allowed for detailed modeling of the path of DBS leads between epidermis and the outer table. Our electromagnetic finite difference time domain (FDTD) analysis showed significant changes of 1 g and 10 g averaged SAR for the range of lead resistivity modeled, including highly conductive leads up to highly resistive leads. Antenna performance and whole-head SAR were sensitive to the presence of the DBS leads only within 10%, while changes of over one order of magnitude were observed for the peak 10 g averaged SAR, suggesting that local SAR values should be considered in DBS guidelines. With rho(lead) = rho(copper) , and the MRI coil driven to produce a whole-head SAR without leads of 3.2 W/kg, the 1 g averaged SAR was 1080 W/kg and the 10 g averaged SAR 120 W/kg at the tip of the DBS lead. Conversely, in the control case without leads, the 1 g and 10 g averaged SAR were 0.5 W/kg and 0.6 W/kg, respectively, in the same location. The SAR at the tip of lead was similar with electrically homogeneous and electrically heterogeneous models. Our results show that computational models can support the development of novel lead technology, properly balancing the requirements of SAR deposition at the tip of the lead and power dissipation of the system battery.
Influence of aspirin and indomethacin on variability of alveolar hypoxic vasoconstriction (1978)

Alveolar hypoxia induces pulmonary vasoconstriction but the strength of alveolar hypoxic vasoconstriction (AHV) is variable even within the same species. The influence of aspirin and indomethacin, cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors, was examined in two groups of dogs, those with weak AHV and those with vigorous AHV. A double-lumen endotracheal tube allowed ventilation of one lung with nitrogen as an alveolar hypoxic stimulus and ventilation of the other lung with O2 to maintain systemic oxygenation. Perfusion to each lung was measured with xenon-133 and external counters. In weak reactors both aspirin and indomethacin induced fourfold enhancement of AHV (P less than 0.01), whereas no significant influence on vigorous reactors was noted. Cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors also produced enhanced reactivity in the isolated lung to alveolar hypoxia and prostaglandin F2alpha but not to angiotensin II and norepinephrine. Aspirin-enhanced AHV in the isolated lung could not be diminished with blockade of angiotensin II receptors or of alpha receptors. In summary, weak AHV in intact or isolated dog lung may be due to an excess of a prostaglandin or prostacyclin vasodilator.
The Mechanism of Fluorination. I. Fluorine Sensitized Oxidation of Trichloro- and Tetrachloroethylene (1956)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Mechanism of Fluorination. I. Fluorine Sensitized Oxidation of Trichloro- and TetrachloroethyleneWilliam T. Miller Jr. and Albert L. DittmanCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1956, 78, 12, 2793–2797Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1956Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1956https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01593a039https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01593a039research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views198Altmetric-Citations39LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Recommended Methods for the Determination of Four Enzymes in Blood (1974)

(1974). Recommended Methods for the Determination of Four Enzymes in Blood. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation: Vol. 33, No. 4, pp. 291-306.
1,4-Benzodiazepines as Inhibitors of Respiratory Syncytial Virus. The Identification of a Clinical Candidate (2007)

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the cause of one-fifth of all lower respiratory tract infections worldwide and is increasingly being recognized as representing a serious threat to patient groups with poorly functioning or immature immune systems. Racemic 1,4-benzodiazepines show potent anti-RSV activity in vitro. Anti-RSV evaluation of 3-position R- and S-benzodiazepine enantiomers and subsequent optimization of this series resulted in selection of a clinical candidate. Antiviral activity was found to reside mainly in the S-enantiomer, and the R-enantiomers were consistently less active against RSV. Analogues of 1,4-(S)-benzodiazepine were synthesized as part of the lead optimization program at Arrow and tested in the XTT assay. From this exercise, (S)-1-(2-fluorophenyl)-3-(2-oxo-5-phenyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-benzo[e][1,4]-diazepin-3-yl)-urea, 17b (RSV-604) was identified as a clinical candidate, exhibiting potent anti-RSV activity in the XTT assay, which was confirmed in secondary assays. Compound 17b also possessed a good pharmacokinetic profile and has now progressed into the clinic.
<title>Anisotropic etching of (111)-oriented silicon and applications</title> (1998)

Anisotropic etching characteristics of (111)-oriented silicon in alkaline solutions was studied. Through a spoke pattern, it was found that (110) planes have the highest etching rate rather than high-index ones such as (211) or (331). With a round open, the final emergent periphery is hexagonal. The six sidewalls are defined by other (111) facets from its crystal geometry with three inclining angles of 70.5 degrees and another three declining angles of 109.5 degrees. The etched bottom surface morphology was also investigated by SEM pictures observation. Results show that aqueous KOH solution results in smooth surface due to its higher etching rate of residual oxide existed in the silicon, while the other etchants such as hydrazine (N<SUB>2</SUB>H<SUB>4</SUB>) and tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) induce seriously wavy roughness. As an application example, floating single-crystal silicon (c-Si) structures were fabricated with some potential functions as thermopile, silicon bolometer, mass flow transducer and other force microsensors.
Stability of Cyanogen (1957)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStability of CyanogenRichard Welcher, Donald Berets, and Lemuel SentzCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1957, 49, 10, 1755–1758Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1957Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1957https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50574a043https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50574a043research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views84Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts