gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Implementing neural architectures using analog VLSI circuits (1989)

Analog very large-scale integrated (VLSI) technology can be used not only to study and simulate biological systems, but also to emulate them in designing artificial sensory systems. A methodology for building these systems in CMOS VLSI technology has been developed using analog micropower circuit elements that can be hierarchically combined. Using this methodology, experimental VLSI chips of visual and motor subsystems have been designed and fabricated. These chips exhibit behavior similar to that of biological systems, and perform computations useful for artificial sensory systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Inexpensive, Low-Dead Volume Flow Cells for Microcolumn LC (1987)

Abstract The dead volume of the detector flow cell is very important in packed microcolumn liquid chromatography. Most commercially available detectors are inadequate because of excessive extra column band broadening. In this work, the conversion of conventional liquid chromatographic UV detectors to low dead volume capillary detectors is described. Inexpensive flow cell conversion has been completed successfully on four different LC detectors.
Automatic prototype extraction for adaptive OCR (2002)

A Bayesian method of isolating character bitmaps from paragraph-length samples of heavily degraded text images is demonstrated. The method requires a transcript of the text, but it is sufficiently robust to tolerate errors in transcripts obtained from multifont commercial OCR software. The resulting prototypes (labeled character images) are used to recognize additional text an the same document.
Coordinate and Divergent Regulation of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor (CRF) and CRF-Binding Protein Expression in an Immortalized Amygdalar Neuronal Cell Line (1999)

CRF is a 41-amino acid neuropeptide best known for its hypophysiotropic actions. CRF is widely distributed in the central nervous system in areas beyond the hypothalamus. CRF-binding protein (CRF-BP) regulates the bioavailability of CRF, and knowledge of the regulation of CRF-BP synthesis is an integral component of understanding the actions of CRF. To better study the regulation of CRF and CRF-BP, primary amygdalar cultures were immortalized by transfection with the SV 40 large T antigen. A clonal line that expresses CRF immunoreactivity and messenger RNA was selected. The production of CRF peptide and message by this line is regulated in a manner indistinguishable from primary cultures. We also observed that the immortalized cells express CRF-BP immunoreactivity and messenger RNA. The expression of both CRF and CRF-BP is positively regulated by forskolin and interleukin-6. Unlike CRF, the expression of CRF-BP message and peptide was increased by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate or dexamethasone. These results demonstrate that the synthesis of CRF and CRF-BP in this clonal cell line may be regulated in parallel by some agents but not by others. These data also suggest that dexamethasone may decrease the biological availability of CRF in the amygdala by increasing the expression of CRF-BP, rather than by decreasing CRF expression.
Numerical Subgrid Upscaling for Waterflood Simulations (2001)

Abstract We present a subgrid-scale numerical technique for upscaling waterflood simulations. We scale up the usual parameters porosity and relative and absolute permeabilities, and also the location of wells and capillary pressure curves. Some of these are critical nonlinear terms that need to be resolved on the fine scale, or serious errors will result. Upscaling is achieved by explicitly decomposing the differential system into a coarse-grid-scale operator coupled to a subgrid-scale operator. The subgrid-scale operator is approximated as an operator localized in space to a coarse-grid element. An influence function (numerical Greens function) technique allows us to solve these subgrid-scale problems independently of the coarse-grid approximation. The coarse-grid problem is modified to take into account the subgrid-scale solution and solved as a large linear system of equations. Finally, the coarse scale solution is corrected on the subgrid-scale, providing a fine-grid scale representation of the solution. In this approach, no explicit macroscopic coefficients nor pseudo-functions result. The method is easily seen to be optimally convergent in the case of a single linear parabolic equation. The method is several times faster than solving the fine-scale problem directly, generally more robust, and yet achieves good results as it requires no ad hoc assumptions at the coarse scale and retains all the physics of the original multiphase flow equations.
Modular design of an ultrahigh-intensity nanoparticle probe for cancer cell imaging and rapid visual detection of nucleic acids (2012)

Based on a modular design, a novel ultrahigh-intensity nanoparticle probe was synthesized by orderly assembling supramolecular DNA/CdTe quantum dot nanowires and recognition DNA sequences on polystyrene microbeads. The probe was successfully applied to cancer cell imaging and visual detection of nucleic acids.
Structural basis for stereo‐specific catalysis in NAD<sup>+</sup>‐dependent (<i>R</i>)‐2‐hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase from <i>Acidaminococcus fermentans</i> (2004)

NAD(+)-dependent (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate dehydrogenase (HGDH) catalyses the reduction of 2-oxoglutarate to (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate and belongs to the d-2-hydroxyacid NAD(+)-dependent dehydrogenase (d-2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase) protein family. Its crystal structure was determined by phase combination to 1.98 A resolution. Structure-function relationships obtained by the comparison of HGDH with other members of the d-2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenase family give a chemically satisfying view of the substrate stereoselectivity and catalytic requirements for the hydride transfer reaction. A model for substrate recognition and turnover is discussed. The HGDH active site architecture is structurally optimized to recognize and bind the negatively charged substrate 2-oxoglutarate. The structural position of the side chain of Arg52, and its counterparts in other family members, strongly correlates with substrate specificity towards substitutions at the C3 atom (linear or branched substrates). Arg235 interacts with the substrate's alpha-carboxylate and carbonyl groups, having a dual role in both substrate binding and activation, and the gamma-carboxylate group can dock at an arginine cluster. The proton-relay system built up by Glu264 and His297 permits His297 to act as acid-base catalyst and the 4Re-hydrogen from NADH is transferred as hydride to the carbonyl group Si-face leading to the formation of the correct enantiomer (R)-2-hydroxyglutarate.
A High Throughput Screen Identifies Chemical Modulators of the Laminin-Induced Clustering of Dystroglycan and Aquaporin-4 in Primary Astrocytes (2011)

These findings reveal the mechanism of action of chloranil in preventing the laminin-induced clustering of dystroglycan and AQP4 and validate the use of high-throughput screening as a tool to identify drugs that modulate AQP4 clustering and that could be tested in models of brain edema.
A new algorithm to compute the DCT and its inverse (1991)

A novel algorithm to convert the discrete cosine transform (DCT) to skew-circular convolutions is presented. The motivation for developing such an algorithm is the fact that VLSI implementation of distributed arithmetic is very efficient for computing convolutions. It is also shown that the inverse DCT (IDCT) can be computed using the same building blocks which are used for computing the DCT. A DCT/IDCT processor can be designed to compute either the DCT or the IDCT depending on a 1-b control signal.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Demonstration of modified inactive first component of complement (C1) inhibitor in the plasmas of C1 inhibitor-deficient patients. (1986)

The first component of complement (C1) inhibitor plays a critical role in the regulation of the classical complement pathway and the contact system, and the deficiency of C1 inhibitor protein or function is associated with recurrent angioedema. In this study we evaluated the size of the C1 inhibitor antigens present in the plasmas of C1 inhibitor-deficient patients. We found that the C1 inhibitor in the plasmas existed in three forms: high molecular weight forms in complex with proteases, native 110-kD C1 inhibitor, and a modified inactive 94-kD form. The proportion of the total C1 inhibitor in the 94-kD form was 28% in nine hereditary angioedema patients, 92% in five acquired C1 inhibitor-deficiency patients, and 1.2% in five normal controls. In vitro activation of normal plasma with kaolin, but not heat-aggregated gamma-globulin generated 94-kD C1 inhibitor from 110-kD C1 inhibitor. Neither kaolin activation nor heat-aggregated gamma-globulin activation generated 94-kD C1 inhibitor in Hageman factor-deficient plasma. These results suggest that 94-kD C1 inhibitor is generated in vitro by activation of the contact system. The in vivo mechanism of 94-kD C1 inhibitor generation in C1 inhibitor-deficient patients is not known.
Photoelectrochemical Properties of n‐Type In2 O 3 (1981)

The electrochemical and photoelectrochemical properties of single crystal n‐type were examined in and . The photocurrent‐wavelength response indicated the absorption edge is an indirect transition of about 2.3–2.5 eV. The flatband potentials were determined from Mott‐Schottky plots to be −0.72 and 0.22V (vs. SCE) in and , respectively. The photocurrent from the electrode was steady during 13 hr while illuminating the sample in at 0.3V (vs. SCE).
Automatic determination of reject thresholds in classifiers employing discriminant functions (1992)

In most statistical pattern classifiers, each class has different error probabilities. If a reject threshold is introduced, the error and reject probabilities can still vary widely for different classes. An algorithm is developed for finding separate reject thresholds for each class in order to attempt to equalize the probabilities. A gradient approach is used to minimize a measure of the difference between the desired and actual reject and error probabilities for each class. Examples are given for a Gaussian classifier of handprinted numerals. However, the method is applicable in any classifier employing discriminant functions. It is possible to significantly improve the tradeoff between error and reject probabilities, when the thresholds are allowed to be different for each class.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Prophylactic versus selective use of surfactant in preventing morbidity and mortality in preterm infants (2001)

Prophylactic surfactant administration to infants judged to be at risk of developing respiratory distress syndrome (infants less than 30-32 weeks gestation), compared to selective use of surfactant in infants with established RDS, has been demonstrated to improve clinical outcome. Infants who receive prophylactic surfactant have a decreased risk of pneumothorax, a decreased risk of pulmonary interstitial emphysema and a decreased risk of mortality. However, it remains unclear exactly which criteria should be used to judge "at risk" infants who would require prophylactic surfactant administration.
Differential forgetting in patients with temporal lobe dysfunction (1988)

Delayed recall performance was investigated in 13 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and 13 healthy age-matched controls who were matched on a pairwise basis for initial learning on the Selective Reminding test. TLE patients performed significantly worse on the 30-minute delayed recall condition despite equivalent initial continuous long-term retrieval scores. These data suggest that TLE patients forget at disproportionately rapid rates as compared to healthy controls despite equivalent initial learning. Consequently, delayed recall may increase group discrimination when initial learning levels are similar.
Detecting rogue devices in bluetooth networks using radio frequency fingerprinting (2006)

Unauthorized Bluetooth devices or rogue devices can impersonate legitimate devices through address and link key spoofing. Moreover, they can infiltrate a Bluetooth network and initiate other forms of attacks. This paper investigates a novel intrusion detection approach, which makes use of radio frequency fingerprinting (RFF) for profiling, Hotelling’s T 2 statistics for classification and a decision filter, for detecting these devices. RFF is a technique that is used to uniquely identify a transceiver based on the transient portion of the signal it generates. Moreover, the use of a statistical classifier proves advantageous in minimizing requirements for memory. Finally, the detection rate is also improved by incorporating a decision filter, which takes the classification results of a set of events into consideration, prior to rendering the final decision. The average False Alarm Rate of five percent and Detection Rate of ninety-three percent support the feasibility of employing these components to address the aforementioned problem.
Efficient Utilization of Nanospace of Layered Transition Metal Oxide HNbMoO<sub>6</sub>as a Strong, Water-Tolerant Solid Acid Catalyst (2008)

Layered HNbMoO6 was found to function as a strong solid acid catalyst, exceeding the activity of zeolites and ion-exchange resins for Friedel-Crafts alkylation. HNbMoO6 also exhibited high catalytic activity for esterification of hydrocarboxylic acid and hydration. The catalytic performance of layered HNbMoO6 is attributed to the intercalation of reactants into the interlayer and the development of strong acidity.
Management of Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain (2014)

Chronic musculoskeletal pain results from a complex interplay of mechanical, biochemical, psychological, and social factors. Effective management is markedly different from that of acute musculoskeletal pain. Understanding the physiology of pain transmission, modulation, and perception is crucial for effective management. Pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic therapies such as psychotherapy and biofeedback exercises can be used to manage chronic pain. Evidence-based treatment recommendations have been made for chronic pain conditions frequently encountered by orthopaedic surgeons, including low back, osteoarthritic, posttraumatic, and neuropathic pain. Extended-release tramadol; select tricyclic antidepressants, serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and anticonvulsants; and topical medications such as lidocaine, diclofenac, and capsaicin are among the most effective treatments. However, drug efficacy varies significantly by indication. Orthopaedic surgeons should be familiar with the widely available safe and effective nonnarcotic options for chronic musculoskeletal pain.
Factors Affecting False Sharing on Page-Granularity Cache-Coherent Shared-Memory Multiprocessors (1994)

E#ciently supporting a shared memory paradigm in a large-scale multiprocessor generally involves some form of data caching. One of the drawbacks of caching shared data is the cost of keeping the multiple copies coherent. One source of unnecessary coherency overhead is caused by a problem known as false sharing . Unfortunately, the lack of a precise, universally accepted, definition of false sharing hinders research to detect and eliminate the problem. We articulate our intuitive notion of false sharing and address the problems encountered in previous attempts at defining false sharing. We motivate the importance of a concrete measure by demonstrating that false sharing related coherence overhead comprises a significant portion of the coherence costs in real applications, especially when page-granularity coherence is required. An architecture-independent measure of the false sharing exhibited in a reference trace for cache lines of a specified size is proposed and evaluated experimental...
A Framework to Automate Assessment of Upper-Limb Motor Function Impairment: A Feasibility Study (2015)

Standard upper-limb motor function impairment assessments, such as the Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA), are a critical aspect of rehabilitation after neurological disorders. These assessments typically take a long time (about 30 min for the FMA) for a clinician to perform on a patient, which is a severe burden in a clinical environment. In this paper, we propose a framework for automating upper-limb motor assessments that uses low-cost sensors to collect movement data. The sensor data is then processed through a machine learning algorithm to determine a score for a patient's upper-limb functionality. To demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed approach, we implemented a system based on the proposed framework that can automate most of the FMA. Our experiment shows that the system provides similar FMA scores to clinician scores, and reduces the time spent evaluating each patient by 82%. Moreover, the proposed framework can be used to implement customized tests or tests specified in other existing standard assessment methods.
Expression of the Human FSHD-Linked <i>DUX4</i> Gene Induces Neurogenesis During Differentiation of Murine Embryonic Stem Cells (2013)

Misexpression of the double homeodomain protein DUX4 in muscle is believed to cause facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD). Although strategies are being devised to inhibit DUX4 activity in FSHD, there is little known about the normal function of this protein. Expression of DUX4 has been reported in pluripotent cells and testis. To test the idea that DUX4 may be involved in initiating a germ lineage program in pluripotent cells, we interrogated the effect of expressing the human DUX4 gene at different stages during in vitro differentiation of murine embryonic stem (ES) cells. We find that expression of even low levels of DUX4 is incompatible with pluripotency: DUX4-expressing ES cells downregulate pluripotency markers and rapidly differentiate even in the presence of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4). Transcriptional profiling revealed unexpectedly that DUX4 induced a neurectodermal program. Embryoid bodies exposed to a pulse of DUX4 expression displayed severely inhibited mesodermal differentiation, but acquired neurogenic potential. In a serum-containing medium in which neurogenic differentiation is minimal, DUX4 expression served as a neural-inducing factor, enabling the differentiation of Tuj1+ neurites. These data suggest that besides effects in muscle and germ cells, the involvement of DUX4 in neurogenesis should be considered as anti-DUX4 therapies are developed.
Cold-knife conization versus photodynamic therapy with topical 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) II with associated human papillomavirus infection: a comparison of preliminary results. (2003)

The results presented in this study indicate that topical PDT with 5-ALA is in most cases a successful treatment of CIN II with comparable results to cold-knife conization. In contrast to cold-knife conization, PDT causes no substantial cervical stroma destruction with the risk of a possible subsequent incompetent cervix. Also the feasibility of topical PDT on an outpatient basis, the lack of significant post-treatment complications and the cost effectiveness make the topical approach with PDT preferable in selected circumstances. Due to the potential risk of invasive cancer with metastatic spread, patient's selection criteria must be strict and a pretreatment histological examination is obligatory.
On a Topic Model for Sentences (2016)

Probabilistic topic models are generative models that describe the content of documents by discovering the latent topics underlying them. However, the structure of the textual input, and for instance the grouping of words in coherent text spans such as sentences, contains much information which is generally lost with these models. In this paper, we propose sentenceLDA, an extension of LDA whose goal is to overcome this limitation by incorporating the structure of the text in the generative and inference processes. We illustrate the advantages of sentenceLDA by comparing it with LDA using both intrinsic (perplexity) and extrinsic (text classification) evaluation tasks on different text collections.
Acoustic time-domain reflectometer used as a short-range fiber-optic fault locator (1982)

Difficulties arise in detecting a fault in an optical fiber, when an optical time-domain reflectometer is used for fiber with a tilted surface fracture. The difficulty arises from the fact that the optical reflection coefficient becomes too small to be detected. As an alternate means, an acoustic time-domain reflectometer was attempted. Some experimental results are presented.
Estimation theory and uncertainty intervals evaluation in presence of unknown but bounded errors: Linear families of models and estimators (1982)

The problem of parameter estimation and of the evaluation of related uncertainty intervals is considered in the case that a probabilistic description of noise and errors is not available (of suitable), but only a bound on them is known. In the present paper only linear parametrizations and estimators are considered. Very simple and computationally feasible algorithms are derived for evaluating two different types of uncertainty intervals (Estimates Uncertainty Intervals, Parameter Uncertainty Intervals). The relationships between the EUI's and the PUI's are established, and the solution to the problem of the minimum uncertainty intervals estimator is given: the latter can be obtained by means of a simple linear programming algorithm.
Evaluation of the Tobacco Heating System 2.2 (THS2.2). Part 5: microRNA expression from a 90-day rat inhalation study indicates that exposure to THS2.2 aerosol causes reduced effects on lung tissue compared with cigarette smoke (2016)

Modified-risk tobacco products (MRTP) are designed to reduce the individual risk of tobacco-related disease as well as population harm compared to smoking cigarettes. Experimental proof of their benefit needs to be provided at multiple levels in research fields. Here, we examined microRNA (miRNA) levels in the lungs of rats exposed to a candidate modified-risk tobacco product, the Tobacco Heating System 2.2 (THS2.2) in a 90-day OECD TG-413 inhalation study. Our aim was to assess the miRNA response to THS2.2 aerosol compared with the response to combustible cigarettes (CC) smoke from the reference cigarette 3R4F. CC smoke exposure, but not THS2.2 aerosol exposure, caused global miRNA downregulation, which may be explained by the interference of CC smoke constituents with the miRNA processing machinery. Upregulation of specific miRNA species, such as miR-146a/b and miR-182, indicated that they are causal elements in the inflammatory response in CC-exposed lungs, but they were reduced after THS2.2 aerosol exposure. Transforming transcriptomic data into protein activity based on corresponding downstream gene expression, we identified potential mechanisms for miR-146a/b and miR-182 that were activated by CC smoke but not by THS2.2 aerosol and possibly involved in the regulation of those miRNAs. The inclusion of miRNA profiling in systems toxicology approaches increases the mechanistic understanding of the complex exposure responses.