gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Generalized Model For Wire Grid Polarizers</title> (1982)

A generalized optical model for wire grid polarizers is derived based on the form birefringence of composite media of either parallel slabs or cylinders. It is shown that a wire grid polarizer can be represented by a thin sheet of uniaxially anisotropic material with complex refractive indices. This model also applies to sheet polarizers.
Roles of Platelet STIM1 and Orai1 in Glycoprotein VI- and Thrombin-dependent Procoagulant Activity and Thrombus Formation (2010)

In platelets, STIM1 has been recognized as the key regulatory protein in store-operated Ca(2+) entry (SOCE) with Orai1 as principal Ca(2+) entry channel. Both proteins contribute to collagen-dependent arterial thrombosis in mice in vivo. It is unclear whether STIM2 is involved. A key platelet response relying on Ca(2+) entry is the surface exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS), which accomplishes platelet procoagulant activity. We studied this response in mouse platelets deficient in STIM1, STIM2, or Orai1. Upon high shear flow of blood over collagen, Stim1(-/-) and Orai1(-/-) platelets had greatly impaired glycoprotein (GP) VI-dependent Ca(2+) signals, and they were deficient in PS exposure and thrombus formation. In contrast, Stim2(-/-) platelets reacted normally. Upon blood flow in the presence of thrombin generation and coagulation, Ca(2+) signals of Stim1(-/-) and Orai1(-/-) platelets were partly reduced, whereas the PS exposure and formation of fibrin-rich thrombi were normalized. Washed Stim1(-/-) and Orai1(-/-) platelets were deficient in GPVI-induced PS exposure and prothrombinase activity, but not when thrombin was present as co-agonist. Markedly, SKF96365, a blocker of (receptor-operated) Ca(2+) entry, inhibited Ca(2+) and procoagulant responses even in Stim1(-/-) and Orai1(-/-) platelets. These data show for the first time that: (i) STIM1 and Orai1 jointly contribute to GPVI-induced SOCE, procoagulant activity, and thrombus formation; (ii) a compensating Ca(2+) entry pathway is effective in the additional presence of thrombin; (iii) platelets contain two mechanisms of Ca(2+) entry and PS exposure, only one relying on STIM1-Orai1 interaction.
Theoretical and experimental study of synchronously pumped dispersion-compensated femtosecond fiber Raman lasers (1990)

A fiber Raman laser with intracavity pulse compression is investigated both theoretically and experimentally. A theoretical model of such a laser is described: the dynamics of laser generation from the spontaneous noise level is investigated numerically, and stable regimes of femtosecond pulse generation are found. Smoothly tuned generation inside two Stokes components with a minimum pulse width of ∼150 fsec is obtained experimentally. We show that these lasers can generate smoothly tuned pulses in all silica-fiber transparency spectral regions. The efficiency of pump energy conversion into the Raman generation energy can reach more than 80% (30% was obtained experimentally), and the average output power can be more than 1 W.
Studies on monocomponent insulin. IV. Subcutaneous absorption of insulin from preparations with protracted action. (1980)

Since purity and source species might influence the absorption of a long-acting monocomponent insulin (MC-insulin) preparation, studies were carried out with a preparation of mixed bovine and porcine insulin obtained by conventional recrystallization, a specially prepared preparation of mixed MC grade bovine and porcine insulin, a specially prepared preparation composed of recrystallized porcine insulin alone, and MC-insulin. These were injected subcutaneously into rabbits, and their absorption were examined using hypoglycemia as an index. The preparation composed only of porcine insulin gave a higher maximum hypoglycemic rate than the mixed bovine and porcine insulin preparation, but the blood glucose recovered to the original level earlier, indicating its more rapid absorption. This phenomenon was more strinking at larger test doses. However, there was no difference in absorption between preparations of different purity. Furthermore, the mixed MC-grade bovine and porcine insulin preparation and MC-insulin were subcutaneously administered to an in situ animal experimental model to determine the blood insulin course. MC-insulin was again found to be absorbed more rapidly. It is suggested that this occurs because porcine insulin crystals dissolve more rapidly than bovine insulin crystals. Such a difference in the solubility of the insulin crystals may be caused by configurational differences between porcine and bovine insulin, arising from the differences in the amino acid residues at positions 8 and 10 of the A-chain.
Design of DEVOTE (Trial Comparing Cardiovascular Safety of Insulin Degludec vs Insulin Glargine in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes at High Risk of Cardiovascular Events) – DEVOTE 1 (2016)

DEVOTE was designed to evaluate the cardiovascular safety of insulin degludec (IDeg) vs insulin glargine U100 (IGlar) in patients with T2D at high risk of cardiovascular events. DEVOTE is a phase 3b, multicenter, international, randomized, double-blind, active comparator-controlled trial, designed as an event-driven trial that would continue until 633 positively adjudicated primary events were accrued. The primary end point was the time from randomization to a composite outcome consisting of the first occurrence of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or nonfatal stroke. Patients with T2D at high risk of cardiovascular complications were randomized 1:1 to receive either IDeg or IGlar, each added to background therapies. This trial was designed to demonstrate statistical noninferiority of IDeg vs IGlar for the primary end point. DEVOTE enrolled 7,637 patients between October 2013 and November 2014 at 436 sites in 20 countries. Of these, 6,506 patients had prior cardiovascular disease or chronic kidney disease, and the remainder had multiple cardiovascular risk factors. DEVOTE was designed to provide conclusive evidence regarding the cardiovascular safety of IDeg relative to IGlar in a high-risk population of patients with T2D.
Picosecond to Microsecond Photodynamics of a Nonplanar Nickel Porphyrin:  Solvent Dielectric and Temperature Effects (1998)

The lifetime of the (dz2,dx2-y2) metal excited state of nickel(II) 5,10,15,20-tetra-tert-butylporphyrin (NiT(t-Bu)P) exhibits an extraordinary dependence on solvent dielectric properties and temperature. At room temperature, the excited-state deactivation time varies from 2 ps in highly polar solvents to about 50 ns in nonpolar media. The lifetimes increase to several microseconds in both polar and nonpolar solvents near 80 K. In contrast, the (d,d) lifetimes of nominally planar nickel porphyrins such as nickel tetraphenylporphyrin (NiTPP) vary only weakly with solvent dielectric properties and temperature, and typically fall in the range of 100 to 300 ps. All available evidence indicates that NiT(t-Bu)P in solution is highly ruffled (nonplanar) in the ground electronic state. It is proposed that the photoinduced conformational changes that occur in NiT(t-Bu)P in order to accommodate the excited-state electronic distribution are limited by the severe steric constraints imposed by the bulky meso tert-butyl substituents, and result in molecular and electronic asymmetry and thus a polar excited state. Solvent dielectric properties and temperature modulate these conformational excursions and thus the electronic deactivation rates by affecting the excited-state energies, porphyrin/solvent reorganizations, and the populations of low-frequency out-of-plane vibrations of the macrocycle. The novel findings for this nonplanar nickel porphyrin demonstrate the intimate connectivity that exists between the static and dynamic molecular structures of porphyrins and their ground- and excited-state electronic properties. Furthermore, the results obtained provide insights into the interactions between tetrapyrrole chromophores and their host proteins, and suggest the potential use of nonplanar porphyrins as building blocks for molecular photonics applications.
Glucocorticoid-induced tropoelastin expression is mediated via transforming growth factor-beta 3 (1996)

Glucocorticoids play a central role in fetal lung maturation. As fibroblasts have been shown to be an important target cell for glucocorticoids in fetal lung, we have recently cloned several cDNAs representing genes induced by cortisol in fetal rat lung fibroblasts. Approximately 30% of the cDNAs were identified as transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 3. Here, we selected and sequenced another cDNA. Analysis of DNA sequence homology indicated that this cDNA encodes the rat tropoelastin (TE). Using this cDNA as a TE probe, we confirmed that TE mRNA was expressed in a developmental, organ- and cell type-specific fashion. Exogenous glucocorticoids indeed increased the number of TE transcripts in fetal lung fibroblasts. Blockage of endogenous TGF-beta 3 production with antisense TGF-beta 3 oligonucleotides abrogated the stimulatory effect of cortisol on TE mRNA production by fetal lung fibroblasts. Also, neutralizing antibodies to TGF-beta 3 blocked the cortisol-stimulated TE mRNA expression. Fetal lung fibroblasts expressed both TGF-beta type I and II receptors. Cortisol did not influence the expression of either receptor mRNA. Antisense TGF-beta type I receptor oligonucleotides inhibited cortisol-induced TE mRNA expression. Cortisol activated the transcription of stable transfected cDNA for TGF-beta 3 under the control of glucocorticoid-inducible long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter in RFL-6 fibroblasts. Induction of TGF-beta 3 in the transfectants was accompanied by a marked increase in TE mRNA. These findings suggest that glucocorticoids mediate their stimulatory effect on TE mRNA expression in fetal lung fibroblasts via an autocrine action of glucocorticoid-induced TGF-beta 3.
New links between Ecuador and CERN (2011)

A new protocol recently signed in Quito opens the way to stronger links between the Ecuadorian scientific community and CERN. The operational framework provided by the protocol will enable scientists from Ecuador to take part in CERN’s projects, supported by the Ecuadorian authorities. Picture taken during the signing ceremony at SENESCYT (Quito, Ecuador) on 12 July 2011. From left to right: Guillermo Solórzano, Minister for Coordination of Knowledge and Human Talent, Rene Ramirez Gallegos, National Secretary for Higher Education, Science and Technology - SENECYT, Felicitas Pauss and Jose Salicio from CERN. Ecuador’s involvement with CERN dates back to 1999 when a first International Co-operation Agreement was signed. However, despite these early beginnings, only a few scientists from Ecuador, affiliated to non-Ecuadorian institutes, have since been directly involved in CERN’s projects, in particular the CMS experiment at the LHC. The situation is now about to change thanks to a new protocol, which gives a better-defined framework to the collaboration between CERN and Ecuador. “We were extremely pleased by the very positive spirit of the Ecuadorian authorities at the signature ceremony,” says Felicitas Pauss, Head of International Relations at CERN. “Uniting people from different countries and cultures is part of CERN’s mission and I hope that, thanks to the new agreement, the number of Ecuadorian scientists and educators visiting CERN will soon increase.” The new agreement will benefit both the scientific and the educational communities in Ecuador as it concerns not only physicists, engineers and specialized technicians from universities, but also high-school teachers and students. “One teacher from Ecuador has already participated in an early High-School Teacher programme at CERN,” confirms Felicitas Pauss. “The agreement also foresees the selection and funding, by the Ecuadorian National Secretariat for Higher Education, Science, Technology and Innovation, of students participating in the Summer Student programme.” One Ecuadorian student has already participated in this year’s Summer Student programme. The protocol also promotes the development of undergraduate and graduate programmes in physics at Ecuadorian universities. These courses should increase the number of qualified students who can participate in CERN’s scientific activities. Scientists from Ecuador will be involved in all aspects of these activities, from theoretical physics to experimental physics, GRID computing, electronics, etc. “The collaboration with Ecuador also aims at developing human skills that can better enable the local community to grow by building and strengthening research groups in the country’s institutions,” adds Jose Salicio, CERN’s Advisor for Latin American Countries. “There are scientists from Ecuador interested in becoming members of the CMS Collaboration, and this new protocol will play an important role in facilitating their efforts to stay on here,” confirms Felicitas Pauss.
Susceptibility variants for obesity and colorectal cancer risk: The multiethnic cohort and PAGE studies (2012)

Abstract Obesity is a leading contributor to colorectal cancer risk. We investigated whether the risk variants identified in genome‐wide association studies of body mass index (BMI) and waist size are associated with colorectal cancer risk, independently of the effect of obesity phenotype due to a shared etiology. Twenty‐four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 15 loci ( BDNF , FAIM2 , FTO , GNPDA2 , KCTD15 , LYPLAL1 , MC4R , MSRA , MTCH2 , NEGR1 , NRXN3 , SEC16B , SH2B1 , TFAP2B and TMEM18 ) were genotyped in a case–control study of 2,033 colorectal cancer cases and 9,640 controls nested within the multiethnic cohort study, as part of the population architecture using genomics and epidemiology consortium. Risk alleles for two obesity SNPs were associated with colorectal cancer risk— KCTD15 rs29941 [odds ratio (OR) for C allele = 0.90, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.83–0.98; p = 0.01] and MC4R rs17782313 (OR for C allele = 1.12, 95% CI 1.02–1.22; p = 0.02). These associations were independent of the effect of BMI. However, none of the results remained significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons. No heterogeneity was observed across race/ethnic groups. Our findings suggest that the obesity risk variants are not likely to affect the risk of colorectal cancer substantially.
Nucleoside diphosphate kinase/NM23 expression in breast cancer: Lack of correlation with lymph‐node metastasis (1992)

The product of the nm23-H1 gene, reported to be a metastatic suppressor gene, was recently identified as the nucleoside diphosphate (NDP) kinase A, and was found to be overexpressed in several types of malignant tumors as compared with normal tissues. In order to determine whether NDP-kinase expression serves as a marker for metastatic potential and whether hyperproliferation of neoplastic cells would correlate with expression, we analyzed NDP-kinase levels and activity by immunohistochemical staining and by an enzymatic assay in 13 benign and 98 malignant breast-tissue specimens. Our results confirm that NDP-kinase expression increases in malignant cells of breast carcinomas, but cannot be considered as a biological marker of metastatic dissemination. No correlation was found between NDP-kinase activity and S phase, taken as an index of cell proliferation. Moreover, no correlation was observed between NDP-kinase activity and tumor size, histoprognostic index, estrogen receptors or progesterone receptors. The mechanism of over-expression of NDP in malignant cells and its role in tumor progression remain to be determined.
TRAF1 is a key mediator for hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury (2014)

Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 1 (TRAF1), an adapter in signal transduction, is involved in immunity and in apoptotic processes in various cell types. However, little is known about its function and the molecular mechanism of its activation during liver injury. This study tested the hypothesis that TRAF1 is a mediator of cell injury after hepatic ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/R). In a mouse hepatic I/R injury model, we found that TRAF1 expression was highly induced. TRAF1 deficiency was liver protective, whereas sustained TRAF1 overexpression aggravated liver injury in response to hepatic I/R injury. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that a deficiency of TRAF1 in cultured hepatocytes led to the inhibition of NF-κB-mediated inflammatory responses, suppression of the ASK/JNK pro-death pathway and promotion of cellular regeneration capacity. In contrast, the converse occurred in hepatocyte-specific TRAF1 transgenic mice. TRAF1 activated the ASK1/JNK pathway and promoted hepatic injury. Our study demonstrates that TRAF1 is a crucial early mediator of hepatic I/R injury and suggests that TRAF1 may be a potential gene therapy target for the treatment of liver injury.
Enhanced Gravel-Pack Completions Revitalize a Mature Sand-Producing Field — A Case Study (2002)

Abstract The Dulang oilfield is located some 130 km offshore Terengganu in Peninsular Malaysia. The field is structurally complex. Production from the field began in March 1991, and oil production averaged 26 thousand STB/D. Production peaked at approximately 50 thousand STB/D. As with other field developments in the Malay Basin, all the wells in Dulang field were completed without any sand control measures as sand production under normal drawdown or producing conditions was not expected. However, in the later stages of the field's life, a significant amount of sand production was observed. This condition gradually increased over time, resulting in reduced hydrocarbon production, additional costs for routine wellbore sand clean-outs, and platform shutdowns for surface vessel sand clean up. To revitalize the field, a wellbore opportunity study was initiated in 1999. The objectives of the study were to 1) identify remaining reserves, and 2) identify new completion options to maximize recovery. The study identified three major scenarios that would improve oil production: Develop by-passed reserves behind casingReactivate idle wells that had been closed in as a result of sand production.Provide drainage points for undeveloped reserves. From the proposed wellbore opportunities study, ten wells were identified for a workover campaign, and six wells were identified for infill drilling or sidetracks. Sand control mitigation using a gravel-pack technique was identified as a requirement in the completion plan for the majority of the targeted reservoirs. However, the increase that would result in mechanical skin from sand control installation was also recognized. Hence, it was determined that the best approach for production optimization in these wells would be a combination of a sand control and a stimulation technique. Several technologies, which included frac and pack, extension pack with conductivity enhancer, and high-rate water pack (HRWP) gravel packing were identified. The use of a special completion tool was also identified to enable greater flexibility on short string selective production in multi-zone gravel-packed wells. The combination of sand control and stimulation techniques (frac pack, extension pack and high-rate water pack) has successfully increased the productivity and prevented sand production in the Dulang wells.
Ice-Nucleating Active Bacteria Reduce the Cold-Hardiness of the Freeze-Intolerant Colorado Potato Beetle (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) (1994)

In laboratory experiments, a freeze-dried concentrated form of the icenucleating active bacteria, Pseudomonas syringae, was used to decrease the supercooling capacity of field-collected diapausing Colorado potato beetles, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). Application of the P. syringae to adult beetles increased their mean supercooling point values from −7.6 ± 0.2°C (untreated) to −3.7 ± 0.1°C (1,000 ppm). No beetles survived cooling to temperatures below their supercooling point, indicating that this species is freeze-intolerant. During tests conducted in 1991 and 1992, the increase in the supercooling point was directly dependent on the amount of P. syringae added to soil containing the beetles. Cumulative freezing distributions indicated that 80% of beetles treated with 100ppm of P. syringae would be expected to freeze and die when exposed to −5°C; in contrast, none or very few of the untreated control beetles would be expected to freeze at this temperature. Other experiments demonstrated that the capacity of P. syringae treatments to increase the supercooling point of the beetles decreased after 2 wk of exposure at 4°C and when experiments were done at 10°C. If delivery systems were developed that would expose adult beetles to ice nucleating agents and preserve their ice nucleating activity until critical low-temperature exposure occurs in mid-winter, these nucleating agents could be used in conjunction with cultural control strategies for increasing winter mortality.
Foreign accent classification using source generator based prosodic features (2002)

Speaker accent is an important issue in the formulation of robust speaker independent recognition systems. Knowledge gained from a reliable accent classification approach could improve overall recognition performance. In this paper, a new algorithm is proposed for foreign accent classification of American English. A series of experimental studies are considered which focus on establishing how speech production is varied to convey accent. The proposed method uses a source generator framework, recently proposed for analysis and recognition of speech under stress [5]. An accent sensitive database is established using speakers of American English with foreign language accents. An initial version of the classification algorithm classified speaker accent from among four different accents with an accuracy of 81.5% in the case of unknown text, and 88.9% assuming known text. Finally, it is shown that as ascent sensitive word count increases, the ability to correctly classify accent also increases, achieving an overall classification rate of 92% among four accent classes.
Optimal Power Allocation in Multiuser OFDM Systems (2004)

Multiuser orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MU-OFDM) is a promising technique for achieving high downlink capacities in future cellular systems. A key issue in MU-OFDM is the allocation of the OFDM subcarriers and power among users sharing the channel. Previous allocation algorithms cannot ensure fairness in advance. In this paper, a proportional rate adaptive resource allocation method for MU-OFDM is proposed. Subcarrier and power allocation are carried out sequentially to reduce the complexity, and an optimal power allocation procedure is derived, through which proportional fairness is achieved. Simulation results show that this low-complexity MU-OFDM system achieves double the capacity of a fixed time division approach to OFDM multiple access, and also has higher capacity than previously derived suboptimal power distribution schemes.
On fast chirp modulations and compressed sensing for automotive radar applications (2014)

In the last decade radar based driver assistance systems have increased the safety in all vehicle classes and get the access to mass market applications. Currently slow FMCW waveforms are the state of the art principle for automotive radar sensors at 24 GHz and 77 GHz. This contribution presents an innovative 77 GHz multi channel radar sensor, with the capability for fast FMCW PLL locked chirp modulations down to 10 μs. It gives a brief review on short FMCW chirp modulations and its processing. Furthermore the application of compressed sensing algorithms for r/v estimation is discussed and system simulations and measurements are presented.