gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the Impacts of Signal Slew and Skew on the Behavior of Coupled RLC Interconnects for Different Switching Patterns (2009)

This paper presents an in-depth analysis of signal slew and skew variations in coupled inductive lines for different switching patterns. It is revealed that variations of rise/fall time and skew alter the behavior of coupled inductive lines under different switching patterns. We observe that crosstalk noise reduces with increasing signal skew, and the impact of skew variation on crosstalk noise is more prominent for lines with strong capacitive coupling. A performance comparison is done between power supply and ground line as inductive shield, and it is found that ground lines work better than power lines in inductive crosstalk minimization. The 100%-delay measurement technique has been proposed as opposed to the conventional 50%-delay method, and we notice that the 50%-delay technique underestimates the propagation delay for an inductive dominant line with varying signal slew times. Closed-form equations for propagation delay in terms of signal slew time have been derived, which are within 9% of HSPICE-simulated results for a set of interconnect structures. These expressions are simple, and accuracy increases with growing number of interconnect lines.
Dose-energy match for the formation of high-integrity buried oxide layers in low-dose separation-by-implantation-of-oxygen materials (2002)

High-quality low-dose separation-by-implantation-of-oxygen (SIMOX) silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafers have been fabricated from a series of good matches of dose-energy combinations. The results reveal that a wafer fabricated at an optimum dose-energy match has a superior SOI layer with a low threading dislocation density, a high-integrity buried oxide (BOX) layer with a minimal detectable silicon island density and a low pinhole density. This work introduces an approach to flexibly control the thickness of both SOI and BOX layers, allowing the fabrication of ultrathin SIMOX wafers with ultrathin SOI and BOX layers, and improving the throughput capacity by selecting good dose-energy matches. A possible mechanism is discussed.
Model for Contact Angles and Hysteresis on Rough and Ultraphobic Surfaces (2002)

Very rough surfaces can suspend small water drops, prevent wetting, and cause contact angles to approach 180°. A criterion based on contact line density is proposed for predicting the conditions that produce these ultrahydrophobic surfaces, where, above a critical value, drops are suspended by asperities. Critical values of the contact line density can be calculated from contact angles, asperity shape, and information about the contact liquid, such as density and surface tension. The criterion was found to correctly predict suspension for several model surfaces prepared by lithography techniques. Apparent contact angles from suspended and collapsed drops also were modeled by accounting for rough edges and employing a linear average of contact angle along the perimeter of the drop, rather than an area average of cosine. This linear model suggests that, for suspended drops, both advancing and receding angles should increase. Alternatively, for drops that have collapsed over surface asperities, advancing contact angles should increase, while receding angles should decrease. These findings agree with the observations of a number of investigators that have suggested that asperity height may be less important than asperity shape in determining wetting.
Linkage Disequilibrium Mapping of the Replicated Type 2 Diabetes Linkage Signal on Chromosome 1q (2009)

Detailed fine-mapping of the 23-Mb region of replicated linkage has failed to identify common variant signals contributing to the observed signal. Future studies should focus on identification of causal alleles of lower frequency and higher penetrance.
Multi-modal emotion recognition using semi-supervised learning and multiple neural networks in the wild (2017)

Human emotion recognition is a research topic that is receiving continuous attention in computer vision and artificial intelligence domains. This paper proposes a method for classifying human emotions through multiple neural networks based on multi-modal signals which consist of image, landmark, and audio in a wild environment. The proposed method has the following features. First, the learning performance of the image-based network is greatly improved by employing both multi-task learning and semi-supervised learning using the spatio-temporal characteristic of videos. Second, a model for converting 1-dimensional (1D) landmark information of face into two-dimensional (2D) images, is newly proposed, and a CNN-LSTM network based on the model is proposed for better emotion recognition. Third, based on an observation that audio signals are often very effective for specific emotions, we propose an audio deep learning mechanism robust to the specific emotions. Finally, so-called emotion adaptive fusion is applied to enable synergy of multiple networks. In the fifth attempt on the given test set in the EmotiW2017 challenge, the proposed method achieved a classification accuracy of 57.12%.
Nonopsonic uptake of Mycobacterium avium complex by human monocytes and alveolar macrophages. (1992)

The uptake of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) microorganisms by human peripheral blood monocytes (PBMs) and alveolar macrophages (AMs) is not well understood. We have previously shown, under opsonic conditions, that humoral factors are important in mediating the uptake of MAC by PBMs. However, the receptor-ligand interactions occurring under nonopsonic conditions remain unclear. We compared the uptake of untreated human PBMs and AMs in a serum-free medium with phagocytes treated to remove surface receptors. Removal of complement receptors CR1 and CR3, the Fc receptor (FcR), and the transferrin receptor (TfR) resulted in significantly lower levels of MAC uptake in serum-free medium by both PBMs and AMs. The addition of barley beta-glucan or mannan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae inhibited MAC uptake by untreated phagocytes in a dose-dependent manner. MAC uptake by PBMs or AMs was never completely abrogated by combining treatments (removal of CR1, CR3, FcR, and TfR and adding mannan or beta-glucan), indicating still-unknown mechanisms of uptake under nonopsonic conditions. We conclude that CR1, CR3, FcR, TfR, the mannose receptor, and possibly a separate beta-glucan-inhibitable receptor all may be involved in nonopsonic uptake of MAC by both PBMs and AMs.
Scattering of electromagnetic fields by a moving boundary: The one-dimensional case (1980)

The scattered field is studied that results when a plane wave is normally incident on a perfectly conducting flat plate in motion. The exact solution is analyzed for both periodic and aperiodic motion. The quasi-stationary approximation is compared with the exact solution, and the error is found to be on the order of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\beta = \upsilon_{M}c^{-1}</tex> where <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\upsilon_{M}</tex> is the maximum speed of the moving boundary and <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</tex> is the speed of light. This error estimate includes a factor which increases as the distance from the plate increases. A uniform quasi-stationary approximation is developed which has an error on the order of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\beta</tex> independent of the space variable. By taking into account the Doppler shift, it is possible to construct a uniform approximation to the exact solution on the order of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">a_{M}c^{-2}</tex> where <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">a_{M}</tex> is the maximum acceleration of the boundary.
Speaker Placement, Externalization, and Envelopment in Home Listening Rooms (1998)

The ideal number and placement of low frequency drivers in small listening rooms has been controversial. Most research has assumed listener satisfaction is determined by the sound pressure as a function of frequency and source-listener position. We believe two additional properties of the soundfield, externalization and envelopment, contribute to listener preference. We propose mathematical methods for quantifying these two perceptual properties given a measured or calculated binaural impulse response. The Average Interaural Time Difference (AITD) is our measure for externalization, and the Diffuse Field Transfer function (DFT) is our measure for envelopment. An image model for small rectangular rooms is used to predict the values of pressure, AITD, and DFT for different room properties and driver locations. It is found that the low frequency pressure uniformity, the AITD, and the DFT can be increased in the prime listening area by using multiple low frequency drivers -- especially at ...
Catalytic Proficiency: The Unusual Case of OMP Decarboxylase (2002)

Enzymes are called upon to differ greatly in the difficulty of the tasks that they perform. The catalytic proficiency of an enzyme can be evaluated by comparing the second-order rate constant (kcat/Km) with the rate of the spontaneous reaction in neutral solution in the absence of a catalyst. The proficiencies of enzymes, measured in this way, are matched by their affinity constants for the altered substrate in the transition state. These values vary from approximately approximately 10(9) M(-1) for carbonic anhydrase to approximately 10(23) M(-1) for yeast orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase (ODCase). ODCase turns its substrate over with a half-time of 18 ms, in a reaction that proceeds in its absence with a half-time of 78 million years in neutral solution. ODCase differs from other decarboxylases in that its catalytic activity does not depend on the presence of metals or other cofactors, or on the formation of a covalent bond to the substrate. Several mechanisms of transition state stabilization are considered in terms of ODCase crystal structures observed in the presence and absence of bound analogs of the substrate, transition state, and product. Very large connectivity effects are indicated by the results of experiments testing how transition state stabilization is affected by the truncation of binding determinants of the substrate and the active site.
Toward the complete relational graph of fundamental circuit elements (2015)

A complete and harmonized fundamental circuit relational graph with four linear and four memory elements is constructed based on newly defined elements, which provides a guide to developing novel circuit functionalities in the future. In addition to resistor, capacitor and inductor which are defined in terms of a linear relationship between the charge q, the current i, the voltage v, and the magnetic flux, Chua proposed in 1971 the fourth linear circuit element to directly relate magnetic flux and charge. A non-linear resistive device defined in memory i-v relation and dubbed memristor, was later attributed to such an element and has been realized in various material structures. Here we clarify that the memristor is not the true fourth fundamental circuit element but the memory extension to the concept of resistor, in analogy to the extension of memcapacitor to capacitor and meminductor to inductor. Instead, a two-terminal device employing the linear magnetoelectric effects, termed transtor, possesses the function of relating directly flux and charge and should take the position of the fourth linear element. Moreover, its memory extension, termed memtranstor, is proposed and analyzed here.
Adaptive control of aerospace systems using neural networks (2002)

In this paper we describe an approach to the adaptive control of aerospace systems. The approach is based on the computed-torque method used for adaptive control of robotic manipulators. We show how a similar scheme can be developed for typical aerospace models, resulting in a computed-torque method for aerospace systems. In our strategy the plant models used in the computed-torque algorithm can be estimated using a neural network.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
OKT4 AND OKT4A ANTIBODY TREATMENT AS IMMUNOSUPPRESSION FOR KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION IN RHESUS MONKEYS (1985)

A mixture of OKT4+4A monoclonal antibodies (reactive with T4 cells) was tested for its immunosuppressive potential in rhesus monkeys receiving a kidney allograft. The kidney transplant model used in this study was designed to mimic the clinical situation. Therefore, all animals received a low dose of azathioprine and prednisolone, and the effectiveness of monoclonal antibody treatment was assessed in nontransfused and transfused recipients. The treatment very effectively suppressed acute graft rejection in untransfused recipients. In transfused recipients, which show an improved graft survival, no additional favorable effect of OKT4 + 4A treatment was seen when this treatment was given at the time of transplantation. It is possible that transfused recipients that reject their kidney in an acute fashion do not benefit from the OKT4 + 4A treatment because they have generated primed effector cells that belong to a T4-negative subpopulation or a T4-positive subpopulation with high affinity for donor cells. When the OKT4 + 4A treatment was given at the time of graft rejection in transfused recipients, thus treating chronic rather than acute rejection, a modest improvement in graft survival was observed. It seems, therefore, that anti-T4 antibodies will be of limited value for clinical transplantation and should be used in combination with other immunosuppressive drugs.
Surfactant Activated Dip-Pen Nanolithography (2004)

Direct nanoscale patterning of maleimide-linked biotin on mercaptosilane-functionalized glass substrates using dip-pen nanolithography (DPN) was facilitated by the addition of a small amount of the biocompatible nonionic surfactant Tween-20. A correlation was found between activated biotin transfer from the AFM tip with surfactant included in the ink and an increase in the wettability of the partially hydrophobic silanized substrate. Surfactant concentration represents a new control variable for DPN that complements relative humidity, tip−substrate contact force, scan speed, and temperature. Using surfactants systematically as ink additives may expand the possible ink−substrate combinations that can be used for patterning biotin and other biomolecules, including proteins.
Probe-based automatic target recognition in infrared imagery (1997)

A probe-based approach combined with image modeling is used to recognize targets in spatially resolved, single frame, forward looking infrared (FLIR) imagery. A probe is a simple mathematical function that operates locally on pixel values and produces an output that is directly usable by an algorithm. An empirical probability density function of the probe values is obtained from a local region of the image and used to estimate the probability that a target of known shape is present. Target shape information is obtained from three-dimensional (3-D) computer-aided design (CAD) models. Knowledge of the probe values along with probe probability density functions and target shape information allows the likelihood ratio between a target hypothesis and background hypothesis to be written. The generalized likelihood ratio test is then used to accept one of the target poses or to choose the background hypothesis. We present an image model for infrared images, the resulting recognition algorithm, and experimental results on three sets of real and synthetic FLIR imagery.
Changes in frequencies of clonable pre B cells during life in different lymphoid organs of mice (1993)

Progenitor and precursor B lymphocytes with the capacity of long-term proliferation on stromal cells in the presence of interleukin-7 (IL-7) can be cloned ex vivo from fetal liver, neonatal blood, and spleen, and from adult bone marrow (BM) in frequencies that are similar in different strains of mice and that change with age. A wave of clonable cells appears before birth and disappears after birth in liver. Up to 2 weeks after birth, high frequencies of clonable cells are present in spleen but become undetectable at 6 to 8 weeks of age. In BM, high frequencies (1 in 50) of clonable cells are present early after birth, and then decrease continuously to 10- to 20-fold lower levels at 6 to 8 months of age. The earliest clonable cells have at least part of their IgH genes in germline configuration. Clones of pro/pre B cells apparently continue to rearrange DH to JH segments on both chromosomes. Rearrangements without insertion of N-sequences at the DHJH joints are found in fetal liver, while DHJH joints in pre B cells of spleen and BM throughout life have N-regions inserted. At least half of all primary pre B-cell clones develop mitogen-reactive B cells after differentiation to sIg+ B cells. Clonable pro and pre B cells are enriched in B220- c-kit(low) as well as in B220+ c-kit+ and B220+ CD43+ cell populations of BM. The frequencies of clonable cells in the B220- c-kit(low) BM cell population decrease 10- to 20-fold during 8 months of life, while those in the B220+ c-kit+ population remain constant, although their absolute numbers drop 5- to 10-fold during that time. All long-term proliferating clones express the surrogate L chain VpreB/lambda 5 as well as c-kit and CD43 on all cells. The number of total clonable pro and pre B cells is at best 10% of the number of cells required to produce the estimated daily output of 5 x 10(7) B-lineage cells in a mouse. This suggests that the production of a relatively constant number of B cells during adulthood may be effected by precursors, which are not clonable on stromal cells and IL-7 with long-term proliferative capacity. On the other hand, BM transplantation experiments indicate that a mouse retains B220- progenitors throughout life, from which pre B and B cells can be generated in old mice in frequencies characteristic of young mice.
In vitro studies of poison oak immunity. I. In vitro reaction of human lymphocytes to urushiol. (1979)

Poison oak, ivy, and sumac dermatitis is a T-cell-mediated reaction against urushiol, the oil found in the leaf of the plants. This hapten is extremely lipophilic and concentrates in cell membranes. A blastogenesis assay employing peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from humans sensitized to urushiol is described. The reactivity appears 1--3 wk after exposure and persists from 6 wk to 2 mon. The dose-response range is narrow, with inhibition occurring at higher antigen concentrations. Urushiol introduced into the in vitro culture on autologous lymphocytes, erythrocytes and heterologous erythrocytes produces equal results as measured by the optimal urushiol dose, the intensity of reaction, and the frequency of positive reactors. This suggests that the urushiol is passed from introducer to some other presenter cell. Although the blastogenically reactive cell is a T cell, there is also a requirement for an accessory cell, found in the non-T-cell population, for reactivity. Evidence is presented that this cell is a macrophage.
Development of Phased Array Ultrasonic Detection System Using a Post-Processing Technique (2018)

- Phased array ultrasonic is an advanced method of ultrasonic testing that has application in medical imaging and industrial nondestructive testing. Compared with single-element probes, a phased array probe can focus and swept the beam electronically without moving the probe. An ultrasonic testing system has been established using phased array probes and postprocessing technique. Processing of ultrasonic array data is traditionally based on having parallel transmission circuits that enable staggered firing of transmitter elements to produce the desired wavefront. This paper describes an approach in which the full matrix of time domain signals from every transmitter-receiver pair is captured and post-processed. An advanced processing algorithm is implemented which allows the array to be focused at every point in the target region. In addition, the experimental detecting process and system have been designed and the testing results of composite material part are presented which show the efficiency and feasibility of this ultrasonic detection system.
A COMPACT TRANSPORTABLE HF RADAR SYSTEM FOR DIRECTIONAL (1979)

A low-powered transportable coastal radar system which can measure the first five angular Fourier coefficients of the Wave height directional spectrum as a function of wave numbep is pro­ posed and described. Operating at a single frequency in the upper HF region~ the surface-wave radar employs a novel~ stationary three­ element receiving antenna to obtain angular infoPmation. The received signals from two crossed loop antennas and a monopole~ all aligned along the same vertical axis and standing ~2 m high~ are combined digitally to foPm and scan a broad cardio·i.d beam. The second-order portion of the sea-echo Doppler spectrum is used to extract wave spectral infoPmation. This echo portion is described mathematically by a nonlinear integral equation. Trigonometric basis functions are used to represent the radar system output (both first and second order) as well as the wave height spectrum's angular dependence. The first-order echo is used to linearize the integral equation in an approximation valid at upper HF for higher sea states (e.g.~ at 25 MHz for PmS sea wave heights greater than 0.4 m). A FredhoLm linear integral equation in which the radar data and the desired wave data are five-element vectors or tensors is then obtained. Differen~ inversion methods are employed for the echo region between the first-order peaks and for the region beyond these peaks. In­ version error is examined based upon N-sarrrple averaging of the ~ndomsea-echo voltage~ and a stabilization technique is introduced to circumvent the problem of ill-conditioning. The standard devia­ tion of the five coefficients is obtained from simulations using a 153
Main Chain Polyrotaxanes by Threading Crown Ethers onto A Preformed Polyurethane:  Preparation and Properties (1998)

A new method for preparation of crown ether-based polyrotaxanes is described; stirring a solution of the melt of an aliphatic crown ether and a polyurethane afforded the corresponding polypseudorotaxane with hydrogen bonding between the NH groups of the polymer and the ether oxygen atoms of the cyclic species as the driving force. The degree of threading (m/n, the average number of cyclics per repeat unit) increased with increasing molar feed ratio of crown ether to polymeric NH groups. The degree of threading was reduced by simple dilution with a cosolvent, or threading was prevented by use of a competitive hydrogen-bonding solvent such as DMSO. The polyrotaxanes had higher intrinsic viscosities but lower shape-dependent Huggins constants than the backbone; this was attributed to their greater hydrodynamic volumes and more expanded chain conformations. Moreover, all the polyrotaxanes had only one glass transition temperature; the values depending on m/n agreed with the Fox equation using a Tg of −22 °C for threaded crown ether instead of using the Tg (−68 °C) of the free counterpart.