gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Public Health Interventions for COVID-19 (2020)

An Pan, PhD; Li Liu, MD, PhD; Chaolong Wang, PhD; Huan Guo, MD, PhD; Xingjie Hao, PhD; Qi Wang, MD, PhD; Jiao Huang, PhD; Na He, PhD; Hongjie Yu, PhD; Xihong Lin, PhD; Sheng Wei, MD, PhD; Tangchun Wu, MD, PhD
Multipurpose plasma generator suitable for diamondlike carbon film formation (1989)

A plasma generator with a large open secondary plasma has been developed and used to fragment and ionize hydrocarbon gas for diamondlike carbon (DLC) film formation. It is also useful for other materials and as a research tool. The open secondary plasma is created and maintained using electrons from an adjacent plain cylindrical magnetron. The importance of argon partial pressure on the hydrocarbon plasma stability is discussed and the optical emission spectra of various plasmas is presented. The use of a thermal fragmenter is also discussed and the effect it has on the ion energy needed for film formation is highlighted. The conditions necessary for the formation of high-quality, thick, stress-free DLC films are given.
Efficient sweet pepper transformation mediated by the BABY BOOM transcription factor (2011)

Pepper (Capsicum L.) is a nutritionally and economically important crop that is cultivated throughout the world as a vegetable, condiment, and food additive. Genetic transformation using Agrobacterium tumefaciens (agrobacterium) is a powerful biotechnology tool that could be used in pepper to develop community-based functional genomics resources and to introduce important agronomic traits. However, pepper is considered to be highly recalcitrant for agrobacterium-mediated transformation, and current transformation protocols are either inefficient, cumbersome or highly genotype dependent. The main bottleneck in pepper transformation is the inability to generate cells that are competent for both regeneration and transformation. Here, we report that ectopic expression of the Brassica napus BABY BOOM AP2/ERF transcription factor overcomes this bottleneck and can be used to efficiently regenerate transgenic plants from otherwise recalcitrant sweet pepper (C. annuum) varieties. Transient activation of BABY BOOM in the progeny plants induced prolific cell regeneration and was used to produce a large number of somatic embryos that could be converted readily to seedlings. The data highlight the utility of combining biotechnology and classical plant tissue culture approaches to develop an efficient transformation and regeneration system for a highly recalcitrant vegetable crop.
Identification of Hypoxanthine Transport and Xanthine Oxidase Activity in Brain Capillaries (1985)

Microvessel segments were isolated from rat brain and used for studies of hypoxanthine transport and metabolism. Compared to an homogenate of cerebral cortex, the isolated microvessels were 3.7-fold enriched in xanthine oxidase. Incubation of the isolated microvessels with labeled hypoxanthine resulted in its rapid uptake followed by the slower accumulation of hypoxanthine metabolites including xanthine and uric acid. The intracellular accumulation of these metabolites was inhibited by the xanthine oxidase inhibitor allopurinol. Hypoxanthine transport into isolated capillaries was inhibited by adenine but not by representative pyrimidines or nucleosides. Similar results were obtained when blood to brain transport of hypoxanthine in vivo was measured using the intracarotid bolus injection technique. Thus, hypoxanthine is transported into brain capillaries by a transport system shared with adenine. Once inside the cell, hypoxanthine can be metabolized to xanthine and uric acid by xanthine oxidase. Since this reaction leads to the release of oxygen radicals, it is suggested that brain capillaries may be susceptible to free radical mediated damage. This would be most likely to occur in conditions where the brain hypoxanthine concentration is increased as following ischemia.
Picosecond optoelectronic switching in insulating diamond (1986)

Insulating diamond has earlier been demonstrated as an efficient photoconductive material capable of switching up to several kilovolts with a subnanosecond response time. Here we report the results of a systematic study and comparison of the optoelectronic properties of specimens from the three major classes of insulating natural diamonds (types Ia, Ib, and IIa) and semiconducting diamond (type IIb) using picosecond 1.06, 0.53, 0.35, and 0.266μm pulses. The studies included measurements of the sensitivity at the different wavelengths, linearity as a function of light intensity up to 350 MW/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , linearity as a function of bias voltage up to approximately 2 kV and determination of the time response of the diamonds. The results allow us to conclude that at all wavelengths photoconductivity occurs through the presence of mid-gap defects or impurities and that multiphoton effects are negligible. The photoconductivity is observed to be entirely due to bulk mechanisms and role of electrical contacts or space-charge effects is found to be negligible except in the case of the IIa diamonds. The photoconductivity decay time is found to be essentially constant at a value of approximately 150 ps for all the insulating diamonds; this contrasts with the 50-300 ps range observed for the semiconducting stones.
Cobblestone-like brain dysgenesis and altered glycosylation in congenital cutis laxa, Debre type (2008)

Our results suggest that autosomal recessive cutis laxa, Debré type, initially considered a dermatologic syndrome, is a multisystemic disorder with cobblestone-like brain dysgenesis manifesting as developmental delay and an epileptic neurodegenerative syndrome. It might represent a metabolic cause of Dandy-Walker malformation. It is associated with a deficient N- and-O glycosylation of proteins and shares many similarities with muscle-eye-brain syndromes.
Some Recent Developments in Electrokinetic Methods and Their Application to Biology and Medicine (1937)

Of the four general methods of making measurements leading to the calculation of electrokinetic potentials, the microelectrophoresis technique seems to be the most useful for the investigation of bacteria, blood cells, proteins and other organic surfaces of especial interest to the biologist. Important contributions, however, have also been made using the moving boundary method. The techniques of electro‐osmosis and streaming potential serve best to develop our knowledge of the electrokinetic properties of chemical systems, especially those involving small pores and those complicated by surface conductance. The communications dealing with electrokinetic phenomena which have recently appeared are very numerous. The discussion is restricted to certain changes in method which are of interest to the writers and perhaps of general interest in biological or medical procedures. In addition, brief mention is made of data obtained with or pertinent to them.
The Effect of Cyclization of Magainin 2 and Melittin Analogues on Structure, Function, and Model Membrane Interactions:  Implication to Their Mode of Action (2001)

The amphipathic alpha-helical structure is a common motif found in membrane binding polypeptides including cell lytic peptides, antimicrobial peptides, hormones, and signal sequences. Numerous studies have been undertaken to understand the driving forces for partitioning of amphipathic alpha-helical peptides into membranes, many of them based on the antimicrobial peptide magainin 2 and the non-cell-selective cytolytic peptide melittin, as paradigms. These studies emphasized the role of linearity in their mode of action. Here we synthesized and compared the structure, biological function, and interaction with model membranes of linear and cyclic analogues of these peptides. Cyclization altered the binding of melittin and magainin analogues to phospholipid membranes. However, at similar bound peptide:lipid molar ratios, both linear and cyclic analogues preserved their high potency to permeate membranes. Furthermore, the cyclic analogues preserved approximately 75% of the helical structure of the linear peptides when bound to membranes. Biological activity studies revealed that the cyclic melittin analogue had increased antibacterial activity but decreased hemolytic activity, whereas the cyclic magainin 2 analogue had a marked decrease in both antibacterial and hemolytic activities. The results indicate that the linearity of the peptides is not essential for the disruption of the target phospholipid membrane, but rather provides the means to reach it. In addition, interfering with the coil-helix transition by cyclization, while maintaining the same sequence of hydrophobic and positively charged amino acids, allows a separated evaluation of the hydrophobic and electrostatic contributions to binding of peptides to membranes.
Soil phosphorus management and water quality: a UK perspective (1998)

Abstract. An increasing proportion of P reaching surface waters appears to be derived from agricultural land; apportioning the relative contribution to particular farming systems is not straightforward. The majority of farms in the UK operate on the basis of an annual agricultural P surplus, the size of which varies across different farm types. Particularly high values (>20kg ha ‐1 ) are commonly associated with intensive‐livestock production and the lower values (<10kg P ha ‐1 ) with arable farms. The geographical divide between the predominance of arable cropping in the east and livestock enterprises in the west of the UK should result in an uneven pattern to the distribution of annual P surplus. The expected cumulative effects of this surplus should be a noticeable increase in total and extractable soil P concentrations, but this is not readily apparent. While evidence from experimental plots suggests a relationship between the concentration of available soil P and that present in drainage waters, extrapolating this information so that it can be useful at the scale of a whole catchment is difficult. The loss of P from agricultural land is controlled by factors which are independent of the size of the annual P surplus. The pattern of P cycling, together with the dominant loss pathways, differ greatly between livestock and arable farming systems. Proportioning the contributions that either increased soil erosion arising from changing agricultural practices or the cumulative effect of a P surplus have had upon P loss is a necessary prerequisite to effective management.
Enhancing crop yields in the developing countries through restoration of the soil organic carbon pool in agricultural lands (2005)

Abstract Food production in developing countries, estimated at 1223 million metric tons (Mg), must be increased by 778 million Mg or 2·5 per cent y −1 between 2000 and 2025 to meet the needs of an increased population and projected change in diet. Among numerous options, the one based on enhancing soil quality and agronomic productivity per unit area through improvement in soil organic carbon pool has numerous ancillary benefits. The available data show that crop yields can be increased by 20–70 kg ha −1 for wheat, 10–50 kg ha −1 for rice, and 30–300 kg ha −1 for maize with every 1 Mg ha −1 increase in soil organic carbon pool in the root zone. Adoption of recommended management practices on agricultural lands and degraded soils would enhance soil quality including the available water holding capacity, cation exchange capacity, soil aggregation, and susceptibility to crusting and erosion. Increase in soil organic carbon pool by 1 Mg ha −1 y −1 can increase food grain production by 32 million Mg y −1 in developing countries. While advancing food security, this strategy would also off‐set fossil fuel emissions at the rate of 0·5 Pg C y −1 through carbons sequestration in agricultural soils of developing countries. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Human Factors Evaluation of Level 2 and Level 3 Automated Driving Concepts (2015)

The purpose of this study was to investigate user interactions with Level 2 and Level 3 partially automated vehicles. L2 and L3 were of interest because it is at this point where the driver’s role transitions and longitudinal and lateral control are ceded in varying degrees to the vehicle. At this point, the driver becomes an intermittent operator. For L2 and L3, the level of involvement by the human might vary. Therefore, the authors use the term operator as opposed to driver. The study focused on how these intermittent operators transition between automated and non-automated vehicle operation, and how this interaction is affected by the human-machine interface (HMI). Three experiments were performed with prototype partially automated vehicles on controlled test tracks in mixed traffic. The first experiment investigated which HMI characteristics are most effective at issuing a take-over request (TOR) during the operation of an L2 automated vehicle. The second experiment investigated how to prompt operators to attend to the road when distracted during the operation of an L2 automated vehicle, and whether these prompts are effective over time. The third experiment investigated which HMI characteristics are most effective at issuing a TOR during the operation of an L3 automated vehicle. The findings suggest that the most effective hand-off strategies were those that incorporated nonvisual components. The driver engagement patterns observed in this study provide data and evidence that could support the future development of human factors design principles for L2 and L3 partially automated vehicles.
Neural Network Stream Processing Core (NnSP) for Embedded Systems (2006)

NnSP is a stream-based programmable and code-level statically reconfigurable processor for realization of neural networks in embedded systems. NnSP is provided with a neural-network-to-stream compiler and a hardware core builder. The NnSP stream compiler makes it possible to realize various neural networks using NnSP. On the other hand, the NnSP builder makes the NnSP processor an IP core that can be restructured to satisfy different demands and constraints. This paper presents the architecture of the NnSP processor, the streaming mechanism, and the builder facilities. Also, synthesis results of a 64-PE NnSP on a 0.18 mum standard-cell library are presented. The obtained results show that a 64-PE NnSP can perform computations of 25.6 giga connections in a second, while its throughput is upto 51.2 giga 32-bit fixed point operations per second. Comparing with high performance parallel architectures locates 64-PE NnSP among the best state of the art parallel processors
Field-induced forces in colloidal particle chains (1995)

Electrorheological and magnetorheological effects occur when applied fields polarize particles dissolved in solution. When dipole interaction energies between particles are comparable to thermal energies and particle volume fraction is low, particles align in chains. This paper considers the dipole and higher moment forces within such a chain. We examine forces due to interactions beyond nearest neighbors within a chain, mutual polarization of the particles, and distortion of particle shapes by the applied field. Thermal expansion of the chain enters in the limit of weak applied field.
Nitric Oxide Production and Nitric Oxide Synthase Type 2 Expression by Human Mononuclear Phagocytes: A Review (1998)

41) Mo Mycobacterium Nitrite Yes avium, TNF, GM-CSF Sherman et al. (42) Alv Mac LPS, IFN-y Nitrite, L-Cit Yes No increase in nitrite, but increased L-Cit with IFN--y treatment
Superacidic Activation of α,β‐Unsaturated Amides and Their Electrophilic Reactions (2004)

Abstract The electrophilic reactivity of α,β‐unsaturated amides towards weak nucleophiles such as arenes and cyclohexane, initiated either with triflic acid (CF 3 SO 3 H) or with excess AlCl 3 , has been studied. The amides generally condense readily with aromatics in the presence of AlCl 3 to give 3‐arylpropionamides and related compounds in excellent yields, while some amides also undergo selective ionic hydrogenation with cyclohexane to give saturated amides. The proposed mechanism of these reactions involves dicationic intermediates (superelectrophiles). The direct observation of a dicationic species (by low‐temperature NMR) is reported. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Hole and electron current transport in metal-oxide-nitride-oxide-silicon memory structures (1989)

The carrier transport properties in metal-oxide (top oxide) nitride-oxide (tunnel oxide) silicon (MONOS) memory structures have been investigated in steady-state conditions under negative gate bias voltage. Carriers were separated into holes and electrons utilizing an induced junction of the p-channel MONOS transistors. Two-carrier transport is confirmed in the structure at negative gate polarity. It is found that the relatively thick top oxide acts as a potential barrier to the holes injected from the Si into the thin nitride. It is also found that a portion of the electrons injected from the gate at negative gate polarity recombine with the holes injected from the Si even in such a thin nitride and/or at the top-oxide/nitride interface.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
<sup>1</sup>H‐NMR study of reaction of melamine with oxiranes (1995)

Abstract This work describes results of investigations relative to composition and structure of the initial products of the addition of oxiranes to melamine analyzed by 1 H‐NMR spectrometry. The work Algebraic equations are shown that describe changes of contents in the functional groups of intermediate products in the function of the number of moles of oxirane that were attached. Reactivity of individual function groups of intermediate products are also discussed. The structure of polyetherols with an s ‐triazine ring that forms in the reaction of melamine with oxiranes is proposed on the basis of these investigations. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Correction: Cationic surface functionalization of cellulose nanocrystals (2015)

Correction for ‘Cationic surface functionalization of cellulose nanocrystals’ by Merima Hasani et al., Soft Matter, 2008, 4, 2238–2244.
The effect of aprotinin (a serine protease inhibitor) on renal function and renin release. (1983)

We studied the effect of aprotinin, a reversible inhibitor of kallikrein and other serine proteases, upon urinary kallikrein and kinin excretion, renal function and hemodynamics, blood pressure, and plasma renin activity (PRA). When aprotinin was administered to anesthetized rats at 10,000 KIU/kg as a bolus, and at 1000 KIU/kg/min infusion for 60 minutes, urinary kininogenase activity and immunoreactive kallikrein, kinins, sodium, potassium, and water excretion, and PRA decreased significantly. Aprotinin also caused a 36% decrease (p less than 0.001) in renal blood flow (RBF), and a 37% decrease (p less than 0.001) in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), although neither blood pressure nor cardiac output changed. The effect of aprotinin on PRA was further studied in conscious rats before and after stimulation of renin release by isoproterenol or furosemide. Aprotinin (5,000 KIU/kg bolus and 1000 KIU/kg/min infusion for 60 minutes) did not alter basal or isoproterenol-stimulated PRA, but it blunted the increase in PRA as stimulated by furosemide. Aprotinin at a higher dose (20,000 KIU/kg bolus and 5000 KIU/kg/min infusion for 60 minutes) significantly lowered blood pressure and increased hematocrit and PRA. These effects may be due to inhibition of serine protease(s) or to other as yet unrecognized properties of this peptide resulting from its highly cationic nature. In conclusion, aprotinin at a low dose decreased kallikrein, kinin, sodium, and water excretion. These decreases may be due to the inhibition of kallikrein and/or other serine proteases or may be secondary to the renal hemodynamic changes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Diagnosis of prostate cancer by detection of minichromosome maintenance 5 protein in urine sediments (2010)

Urinary Mcm5 detection seems to be a simple, accurate and noninvasive method for identifying patients with prostate cancer. Large-scale prospective trials are now required to evaluate this test in diagnosis and screening.
MDA5 Participates in the Detection of Paramyxovirus Infection and Is Essential for the Early Activation of Dendritic Cells in Response to Sendai Virus Defective Interfering Particles (2008)

Defective interfering (DI) particles are byproducts of virus replication that potently enhance dendritic cell (DC) maturation by virus infection. DI particles have been reported for many different viruses and are strong inducers of type I IFNs. The cellular mechanisms involved in the response to DI particles are not known. In this study, we show that 1) DI particles are recognized by more than one viral sensor independently of TLRs and type I IFN signaling; 2) The helicase MDA5 participates in the detection of DI genomes as MDA5-deficient DCs respond inefficiently to Sendai virus stocks containing DI particles; 3) DI particles stimulate the expression of IRF3-responsive genes by a uniquely potent mechanism when compared with other prototypic viral stimulus; and 4) the efficient detection of DI particles overcomes virus immune antagonism. These data highlight the outstanding adjuvant capacity of DI particles in stimulating mouse and human DCs. They also offer biological relevance to the previously reported inhibition of MDA5 by different paramyxovirus V proteins. The unique mechanism by which DI particles trigger the maturation of DCs represents a novel strategy that could be further exploited for the development of potent adjuvant molecules.
Sugar-Induced Hypertension in Sprague-Dawley Rats (1991)

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed either conventional rat chow, or a diet in which vegetable starch was replaced with either glucose or sucrose for two weeks. At the end of this period, measurements were made of weight, blood pressure, and plasma glucose, insulin, and triglyceride concentrations. The average weight gain over the dietary period was approximately 75 g, and did not vary between the three groups. Mean (+/- SEM) blood pressure remained stable in the rats fed conventional chow (124 +/- 2 to 127 +/- 3 mm Hg), but increased significantly in rats fed the glucose-enriched diet (122 +/- 1 to 134 +/- 2 mm Hg, P less than .02, compared to chow-fed rats). The increase in blood pressure was even greater in rats fed the sucrose-enriched diet (122 +/- 2 to 144 +/- 2), and was significantly greater (P less than .005) than in rats fed either conventional chow or the glucose-enriched diet. Plasma glucose concentrations did not change in any of the groups, but plasma insulin concentration approximately doubled in rats fed either the glucose-enriched or sucrose-enriched diets. Finally, plasma triglyceride concentrations also were significantly higher (P less than .002) in both glucose-fed and sucrose-fed rats than in the control group. However, the increase was greatest in the sucrose-fed rats, and was significantly higher than in rats fed the glucose-enriched diet (P less than .002).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)