gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An empirical comparison of B-trees, compact B-trees and multiway trees (1984)

It is well-known that the B-tree data structure yields excellent worst-case search costs and for that reason is widely employed in the organization of external files and in the implementation of data bases. In this paper, we examine general B-trees empirically and compare them with a less restrictive structure, the general multiway tree, and a more restrictive structure, the compact B-tree. We compare search costs, insertion costs, and space costs of these three structures for both small and large orders and indicate their relative utility for large and small data sets. Although there are cases when general multiway trees are more effective than B-trees, this is not the case for most practical situations. Compact B-trees are also shown to degrade rapidly in the presence of insertions and are therefore only useful for static data sets.
Distributed graph-based convoy control for networked intelligent vehicles (2015)

This paper presents an approach for formation control of multi-lane vehicular convoys in highways. We extend a Laplacian graph-based, distributed control law such that networked intelligent vehicles can join or leave the formation dynamically without jeopardizing the ensemble's stability. Additionally, we integrate two essential control behaviors for lane-keeping and obstacle avoidance into the controller. To increase the performance of the convoy controller in terms of formation maintenance and fuel economy, the parameters of the controller are optimized in realistic scenarios using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), a powerful metaheuristic optimization method well-suited for large parameter spaces. The performances of the optimized controllers are evaluated in high-fidelity multi-vehicle simulations outlining the efficiency and robustness of the proposed strategy.
CTCF binding site classes exhibit distinct evolutionary, genomic, epigenomic and transcriptomic features (2009)

Our work reveals several key differences among CTCF occupancy-based classes and suggests a critical, yet distinct functional role played by low-occupancy sites.
Comparison of the reactivity of germanium and tin terminal chalcogenido complexes: the syntheses of chalcogenolate and dichalcogenidostannacyclopentane derivatives (1996)

The reactions of (η4-Me8taa)GeE (E = S, Se, Te) and (η4-Me8taa)SnE (E = S, Se) towards methyl iodide and ethylene sulfide highlight interesting similarities and differences in the reactivity of germanium and tin terminal chalcogenido functionalities.
CT of head trauma. (1998)

The advent of CT in the early 1970s revolutionized the diagnosis and management of head trauma patients. CT remains to be the imaging modality of choice in the evaluation of patients with acute head trauma. High resolution CT is excellent for evaluating facial and skull fractures. Neurosurgically significant lesions such as epidural hematomas, subdural hematomas, or depressed skull fractures are already detected by CT. The early detection of extra-axial hematomas made possible by the increased availability of CT, results in early surgical interventions with marked improvement in morbidity and mortality in head trauma patients.
All-optical hardware-compressive wavelength-multiplexed fiber optic architecture for true time-delay steering of 2-D phased-array antennas (1992)

We describe the extension of the 1-D hardware-compressive wavelength-multiplexed (lambda-MUX) true time delay (TTD) steering architecture described earlier to 2-D array or subarray antennas, and we present a technique for achieving multiple beams at different angles and frequencies. In addition to its enormous hardware saving, this 2-D architecture is reversible (i.e., the same hardware can be used for both transmit and receive modes), and requires very simple digital control. The limitation of the size of the lambda-MUX TTD system imposed by the finite wavelength spacing is also discussed.
Identification of a Fourth Staphylococcal Enterotoxin, Enterotoxin D (1967)

A fourth staphylococcal enterotoxin was identified serologically with antiserum to the very crude enterotoxic products of growth of a strain which also produces enterotoxin C, and then with antiserum to the considerably purified enterotoxic antigen of a strain which produces only the new enterotoxin. The identification of this antigen as enterotoxin D was based on the following observations. It was produced by strains which do not produce enterotoxins A, B, or C; it was absent in the growth products of nonenterotoxigenic strains; when appreciably purified, it was associated with emetic activity in the cat, and its biological activity was neutralized only by antisera containing its specific antibody and not by antibodies to enterotoxins A, B, and C. Staphylococcal strain 494 (ATCC 23235) was selected as the prototype strain. The production of this enterotoxin alone and together with enterotoxin A by strains of food-poisoning origin indicates that its role in food poisoning is second in frequency only to that of enterotoxin A. The incidence of production of enterotoxins A, B, C, and D, and of unidentified cat emetic substances by strains from several source categories, is presented.
Lithium Isotope Separation: A Review of Possible Techniques (1985)

Abstract Published methods for 6Li-7Li lithium isotope separation have been reviewed. Future demand for 6Li, whose main use will be as a tritium breeder in blankets surrounding the core of DT fusion power reactors, is likely to exceed 5 Mg/a in the next century. The applicability of the various available methods to such a large-scale production rate has been assessed. Research on improving the effectiveness of current lithium isotope separation processes has been carried out worldwide in several major areas during the past decade; these include two-phase chemical exchange systems, ion-exchange resin chromatography, and highly isotope-selective techniques like laser photoactivation and radiofrequency spectroscopy. Chemical exchange systems appear to offer good potential in the near term for 6Li enrichment, but efficient, laser-based methods could probably be developed for large-scale production by early in the next century.
Orbit-Raising and Maneuvering Propulsion: Research Status and Needs (1984)

Orbit-raising and maneuvering propulsion: research status and needs , Orbit-raising and maneuvering propulsion: research status and needs , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
Effect of cyclic moisture absorption desorption on the mechanical properties of silanized jute‐epoxy composites (1999)

Abstract The goal of this paper is to discuss the influence of water absorption‐desorption cycles on the mechanical properties of natural fiber reinforced plastics. Therefore, epoxy resins with jute wovens as reinforcement with untreated and silane treated fibers were investigated. Silane treatment of fibers led to increased tensile, flexural strength, and Young's modulus of composites with up to 30%. Absorption‐desorption cycles of fibers changed the fracture mechanisms of fibers without having significant effects on the tensile strength of the fibers. Light microscopic investigations showed that absorption‐desorption cycles of composites led to the debonding of resin from fibers as well as to cracks in the adjacent resin. Because of these mechanisms, tensile strength and Young's modulus decrease, independent of the quality of fiber resin adhesion. For dynamic loadings, storage cycle induces damages, further bringing about a decreased dynamic modulus and an increased progress in damage with increasing load cycles during the first two environmental cycles, being constant afterwards.
Approximating power indices (2008)

Many multiagent domains where cooperation among agents is crucial to achieving a common goal can be modeled as coalitional games. However, in many of these domains, agents are unequal in their to affect the outcome of the game. Prior research on weighted voting games has explored indices, which reflect how much real power a voter has. Although primarily used for voting games, these indices can be applied to any simple coalitional game. Computing these indices is known to be computationally hard in various domains, so one must sometimes resort to approximate methods for calculating them.We suggest and analyze randomized methods to approximate indices such as the Banzhaf index and the Shapley-Shubik index. Our approximation algorithms do not depend on a specific representation of the game, so they can be used in any simple coalitional game. Our methods are based on testing the game's value for several sample coalitions. We also show that no approximation algorithm can do much better for general coalitional games, by providing lower bounds for both deterministic and randomized algorithms for calculating indices.
α-Functionalized Phosphonylphosphinates:  Synthesis and Evaluation as Transcarbamoylase Inhibitors (1999)

Diverse alpha-methyl-substituted phosphonylphosphinates (P-C-P-C-X) are accessible from a protected, pentafluorophenylsulfonated phosphonylphosphinate via nucleophilic displacement. The utility of this route is demonstrated with several nitrogen nucleophiles. The resulting amine and amino acid phosphonylphosphinate derivatives were evaluated as inhibitors of Streptococcus faecalis ornithine transcarbamoylase (OTC). Compared with the structurally related phosphonoacetyl-L-ornithine (L-PALO), a known inhibitor of OTCs from various sources, the phosphonylphosphinates are surprisingly poor inhibitors, binding several orders of magnitude less tightly to the enzyme. These results suggest that the tetrahedral intermediate formed in the normal transcarbamoylase reaction is poorly mimicked by a tetrahedral and anionic phosphonate, either because of directly unfavorable interactions with a hydrogen-bond acceptor within the active site or because transition-state analogues are unable to induce the protein conformation changes that normally accompany reaction.
Cathepsin W Is Required for Escape of Influenza A Virus from Late Endosomes (2015)

Increasing levels of resistance of influenza viruses to available antiviral drugs have been observed. Development of novel treatment options is therefore of high priority. In parallel to the classical approach of targeting viral enzymes, a novel strategy is pursued: cell-dependent factors of the virus are identified with the aim of developing small-molecule inhibitors against a cellular target that the virus relies on. For influenza A virus, several genome-wide RNA interference (RNAi) screens revealed hundreds of potential cellular targets. However, we have only limited knowledge on how these factors support virus replication, which would be required for drug development. We have characterized cathepsin W, one of the candidate factors, and found that cathepsin W is required for escape of influenza virus from the late endosome. Importantly, this required the proteolytic activity of cathepsin W. We therefore suggest that cathepsin W could be a target for future host cell-directed antiviral therapies.
RESEARCH ARTICLE A Nonparametric EM algorithm for Multiscale Hawkes Processes (2011)

Estimating the conditional intensity of a self-exciting point process is particularly challenging when both exogenous and endogenous e!ects play a role in clustering. We propose maximum penalized likelihood estimation as a method for simultaneously estimating the background rate and the triggering density of Hawkes process intensities that vary over multiple time scales. We compare the accuracy of the algorithm with the recently introduced Model Independent Stochastic Declustering (MISD) algorithm and then use the model to examine self-excitation in Iraq IED event patterns.
Receptor-specific in vivo desensitization by the G protein-coupled receptor kinase-5 in transgenic mice. (1996)

Transgenic mice were generated with cardiac-specific overexpression of the G protein-coupled receptor kinase-5 (GRK5), a serine/threonine kinase most abundantly expressed in the heart compared with other tissues. Animals overexpressing GRK5 showed marked beta-adrenergic receptor desensitization in both the anesthetized and conscious state compared with nontransgenic control mice, while the contractile response to angiotensin II receptor stimulation was unchanged. In contrast, the angiotensin II-induced rise in contractility was significantly attenuated in transgenic mice overexpressing the beta-adrenergic receptor kinase-1, another member of the GRK family. These data suggest that myocardial overexpression of GRK5 results in selective uncoupling of G protein-coupled receptors and demonstrate that receptor specificity of the GRKs may be important in determining the physiological phenotype.
Dystroglycan modulates the ability of insulin‐like growth factor‐1 to promote oligodendrocyte differentiation (2010)

The adhesion receptor dystroglycan positively regulates terminal differentiation of oligodendrocytes, but the mechanism by which this occurs remains unclear. Using primary oligodendrocyte cultures, we identified and examined a connection between dystroglycan and the ability of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) to promote oligodendrocyte differentiation. Consistent with previous reports, treatment with exogenous IGF-1 caused an increase in MBP protein that was preceded by activation of PI3K (AKT) and MAPK (ERK) signaling pathways. The extracellular matrix protein laminin was further shown to potentiate the effect of IGF-1 on oligodendrocyte differentiation. Depletion of the laminin receptor dystroglycan using siRNA, however, blocked the ability of IGF-1 to promote oligodendrocyte differentiation of cells grown on laminin, suggesting a role for dystroglycan in IGF-1-mediated differentiation. Indeed, loss of dystroglycan led to a reduction in the ability of IGF-1 to activate MAPK, but not PI3K, signaling pathways. Pharmacological inhibition of MAPK signaling also prevented IGF-1-induced increases in myelin basic protein (MBP), indicating that MAPK signaling was necessary to drive IGF-1-mediated enhancement of oligodendrocyte differentiation. Using immunoprecipitation, we found that dystroglycan, the adaptor protein Grb2, and insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), were associated in a protein complex. Taken together, our results suggest that the positive regulatory effect of laminin on oligodendrocyte differentiation may be attributed, at least in part, to dystroglycan's ability to promote IGF-1-induced differentiation.
<b>The untranslated leader sequence of the barley</b><i><b>lipoxygenase 1</b></i><b>(</b><i><b>Lox1</b></i><b>) gene confers embryo‐specific expression</b> (1998)

The barley lipoxygenase 1 (Lox1) gene encodes a protein expressed in embryos during grain development and germination and in leaves after methyl-jasmonate (MeJA) treatment. Transient gene expression assays in germinating barley embryos were used to identify cis-regulatory elements involved in the embryo-specific expression of the Lox1 gene. Analysis of transcriptional or translational fusions between Lox1 5' upstream sequences and the gusA reporter gene indicated that the 5'-untranslated leader sequence was involved in embryo-specific expression. Replacement of the leader sequence from the aleurone-specific Chi26 gene with the Lox1 leader sequence resulted in a chimeric gene expressed at high levels in embryo as well as in aleurone cells. Insertion of the Lox1 leader sequence between the 35S minimum promoter (A domain -90/+8) and the gusA reporter gene greatly enhanced promoter activity in a tissue-specific manner. Deletion/replacement analysis of the Lox1 leader sequence, combined with transient expression in germinating embryos and in vitro transcription/translation assays, suggests that the Lox1 leader sequence contains cis-elements regulating qualitative (tissue-specific) and quantitative gene expression.
App Adoption: The Effect on Purchasing of Customers who have Used a Mobile Website Previously (2019)

A key question for retailers who already offer a mobile website is, whether they should add an app as an additional purchase channel. We address this issue by exploring whether consumers’ app adoption stimulates additional purchases and how this change in purchase behavior differs across customers with different levels of spending share for different product categories and customer loyalty. By using transactional data from a Chinese online retailer, we show that app adopters have higher purchase incidence, buy more frequently, and spend more in each order than non-adopters. We also find that app adoption has a stronger positive effect on the order size of customers who have a lower spending share of high-price products and customers who are less loyal to the focal retailer. Hereby, we contribute to multichannel and mobile marketing literature by empirically examining the effects of adding a similar (mobile) purchase channel to an already established (mobile) purchase channel. Managerially, our results suggest that apps are worth investing in despite their similarity to mobile websites and can induce non-loyal customers to purchase more and thus potentially foster these customers’ loyalty.
Inertial Sensor-Based Gait Recognition: A Review (2015)

With the recent development of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), inertial sensors have become widely used in the research of wearable gait analysis due to several factors, such as being easy-to-use and low-cost. Considering the fact that each individual has a unique way of walking, inertial sensors can be applied to the problem of gait recognition where assessed gait can be interpreted as a biometric trait. Thus, inertial sensor-based gait recognition has a great potential to play an important role in many security-related applications. Since inertial sensors are included in smart devices that are nowadays present at every step, inertial sensor-based gait recognition has become very attractive and emerging field of research that has provided many interesting discoveries recently. This paper provides a thorough and systematic review of current state-of-the-art in this field of research. Review procedure has revealed that the latest advanced inertial sensor-based gait recognition approaches are able to sufficiently recognise the users when relying on inertial data obtained during gait by single commercially available smart device in controlled circumstances, including fixed placement and small variations in gait. Furthermore, these approaches have also revealed considerable breakthrough by realistic use in uncontrolled circumstances, showing great potential for their further development and wide applicability.
Comparison of Intravenous Iron Sucrose to Oral Iron in the Treatment of Anemic Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease Not on Dialysis (2005)

These CKD patients had increases in both hemoglobin and ferritin following IV iron therapy, whereas those treated with oral iron had increases in hemoglobin without increases in iron stores. Iron sucrose, given weekly as 200 mg IV push over 5 min is an effective and safe anemia treatment in this population.
A design framework for collaborative browsing (2002)

Collaborative browsing has experienced increasing popularity as a topic for both academic research and commercial software development, due mainly to the promise that it represents an enabling technology for distant collaboration. Several areas are adequate for the application of this paradigm. We present the results of an overview analysis of different proposals found in the literature, and show their main differences from the point of view of the conceptual models they use, and the practical solutions they provide. Based on this overview, we propose a framework for the design of collaborative browsing systems. Finally, we focus on the framework instantiation for the conceptual model and architecture we started to develop.
Diabetes mellitus and risk of breast cancer: A meta‐analysis (2007)

Diabetes mellitus has been associated with an increased risk of several types of cancers, but its relationship with breast cancer remains unclear. We conducted a meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies to assess the evidence regarding the association between diabetes and risk of breast cancer. Studies were identified by searching MEDLINE (1966-February 2007) and the references of retrieved articles. We identified 20 studies (5 case-control and 15 cohort studies) that reported relative risk (RR) estimates (odds ratio, rate ratio/hazard ratio, or standardized incidence ratio) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the relation between diabetes (largely Type II diabetes) and breast cancer incidence. Summary RRs were calculated using a random-effects model. Analysis of all 20 studies showed that women with (versus without) diabetes had a statistically significant 20% increased risk of breast cancer (RR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.12-1.28). The summary estimates were similar for case-control studies (RR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.05-1.32) and cohort studies (RR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.11-1.30). Meta-analysis of 5 cohort studies on diabetes and mortality from breast cancer yielded a summary RR of 1.24 (95% CI, 0.95-1.62) for women with (versus without) diabetes. Findings from this meta-analysis indicate that diabetes is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer.
An Overview of Materials with Triply Periodic Minimal Surfaces and Related Geometry: From Biological Structures to Self‐Assembled Systems (2018)

Triply periodic minimal surface structures and related geometries are widely identified in many natural systems, such as biological membranes and biophotonic structures in butterfly-wing scales. Inspired by their marvelous and highly symmetrical structures and optimized physical properties, these structures have sparked immense interest for creating novel materials by extracting the design from nature. Significant progress has been made to understand these biological structures and fabricate artificial materials by top-down and bottom-up approaches for numerous applications in chemistry and materials science. Herein, research achievements, including theoretical and experimental discoveries, in both biological systems and the artificial synthesis of materials with triply periodic minimal surface structures and related materials are summarized. Recent developments in self-assembled lyotropic liquid crystal phases, block copolymer systems, and their inorganic replicas are discussed in detail.
Determination of branch fraction and minimum dimension of mass-fractal aggregates (2004)

Particles of micrometer to nanometer size often aggregate to form branched structures. Such materials include metals and metal oxides as well as biological and polymeric materials (considering the persistence length as a primary unit). Characterization of such structures is difficult since they typically display disordered, irregular features in three dimensions. Branched aggregates display two limiting size scales: that of the primary particle, R1 and that of the aggregate, R2. The mass-fractal model is often used to describe such structures where the aggregate mass, z=M2/M1, is related to the aggregate size, r=R2/R1, through a scaling relationship z=alpha r (d(f)), where the lacunarity alpha is close to 1 and may depend on the growth mechanism. Scattering of x rays, light and neutrons yields a direct measure of the mass-fractal dimension since I(q) approximately q(-d(f)) for 1/R2<q<1/R1 using scaling arguments. For linear, monodisperse aggregates with convoluted chain paths, analytic functions describing both the scaling and larger-size aggregate scattering regimes have been reported. For example, the Debye function for linear, Gaussian coils describes scattering when d(f)=2. Real, mass-fractal aggregates, however, can display variability from the linear chain, monodisperse model. Often the branch content is of vital importance to understanding both the growth of aggregates and their physical properties, especially dynamic properties. An approach is presented for the analysis of aggregate branching from static small-angle scattering. Comparison is made with analytic, simulation, and experimental results from the literature.