gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Celastrol Stimulates Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1 Activity in Tumor Cells by Initiating the ROS/Akt/p70S6K Signaling Pathway and Enhancing Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α Protein Synthesis (2014)

Celastrol, a tripterine derived from the traditional Chinese medicine plant Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F. ("Thunder of God Vine"), has been reported to have multiple effects, such as anti-inflammation, suppression of tumor angiogenesis, inhibition of tumor growth, induction of apoptosis and protection of cells against human neurodegenerative diseases. However, the mechanisms that underlie these functions are not well defined. In this study, we reported for the first time that Celastrol could induce HIF-1α protein accumulation in multiple cancer cell lines in an oxygen-independent manner and that the enhanced HIF-1α protein entered the nucleus and promoted the transcription of the HIF-1 target genes VEGF and Glut-1. Celastrol did not influence HIF-1α transcription. Instead, Celastrol induced the accumulation of the HIF-1α protein by inducing ROS and activating Akt/p70S6K signaling to promote HIF-1α translation. In addition, we found that the activation of Akt by Celastrol was transient. With increased exposure time, inhibition of Hsp90 chaperone function by Celastrol led to the subsequent depletion of the Akt protein and thus to the suppression of Akt activity. Moreover, in HepG2 cells, the accumulation of HIF-1α increased the expression of BNIP3, which induced autophagy. However, HIF-1α and BNIP3 did not influence the cytotoxicity of Celastrol because the main mechanism by which Celastrol kills cancer cells is through stimulating ROS-mediated JNK activation and inducing apoptosis. Furthermore, our data showed that the dose required for Celastrol to induce HIF-1α protein accumulation and enhance HIF-1α transcriptional activation was below its cytotoxic threshold. A cytotoxic dose of Celastrol for cancer cells did not display cytotoxicity in LO2 normal human liver cells, which indicated that the novel functions of Celastrol in regulating HIF-1 signaling and inducing autophagy might be used in new applications, such as in anti-inflammation and protection of cells against human neurodegenerative diseases. Future studies regarding these applications are required.
Tacrine in the Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease (1989)

The initial report of the effectiveness of tacrine or tetrahydroaminoacridine (THA) in the treatment of some patients with Alzheimer's disease has been confirmed by further study of additional subjects and by preliminary reports from other investigators. The major side effect, elevation of liver enzymes, is shown to be reversible, dose-dependent and without significant hepatic pathology. Therapeutic serum concentrations of THA vary between 7 and 20 ng/ml. In addition to its presumed action as an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, data are presented demonstrating marked effects on other brain neurotransmitters in animal models.
Activation of Hedgehog Signaling Inhibits Osteoblast Differentiation of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells (2008)

Mesenchymal stem cells within the bone are responsible for the generation of osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and adipocytes. In rodents, Indian hedgehog has been shown to play a role in osteoblast differentiation. However, evidence for a direct function of hedgehog (Hh) in human osteoblastic differentiation is missing. Using different models of human mesenchymal stem cells we show that Hh signaling decreases during osteoblast differentiation. This is associated with a decrease in Smoothened expression, a key partner that triggers Hh signaling, and in the number of cells displaying a primary cilium, an organelle necessary for Hh signaling. Remarkably, treatment of human mesenchymal stem cells with sonic hedgehog or two molecules able to activate Hh signaling inhibits osteoblast differentiation. This inhibition is visualized through a decrease in mineralization and in the expression of osteoblastic genes. In particular, activation of Hh signaling induces a decrease in Runx2 expression, a key transcriptional factor controlling the early stage of osteoblast differentiation. Consistently, the activation of Hh signaling during the first days of differentiation is sufficient to inhibit osteoblast differentiation, whereas differentiated osteoblasts are not affected by Hh signaling. In summary, we show here, using various inducers of Hh signaling and mesenchymal stem cells of two different origins, that Hh signaling inhibits human osteoblast differentiation, in sharp contrast to what has been described in rodent cells. This species difference should be taken into account for screening for pro-osteogenic molecules.
Mutation and ADAMTS13-dependent modulation of disease severity in a mouse model for von Willebrand disease type 2B (2010)

Von Willebrand disease (VWD)-type 2B originates from a gain-of-function mutation in von Willebrand factor (VWF), resulting in enhanced platelet binding. Clinical manifestations include increased bleeding tendency, loss of large multimers, thrombocytopenia, and circulating platelet aggregates. We developed a mouse model to study phenotypic consequences of VWD-type 2B mutations in murine VWF: mVWF/R1306Q and mVWF/V1316M. Both mutations allow normal multimerization but are associated with enhanced ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation, typical for VWD-type 2B. In vivo expression resulted in thrombocytopenia and circulating aggregates, both of which were more pronounced for mVWF/V1316M. Furthermore, both mutants did not support correction of bleeding time or arterial vessel occlusion in a thrombosis model. They further displayed a 2- to 3-fold reduced half-life and induced a 3- to 6-fold increase in number of giant platelets compared with wild-type VWF. Loss of large multimers was observed in 50% of the mice. The role of ADAMTS13 was investigated by expressing both mutants in VWF/ADAMTS13 double-deficient mice. ADAMTS13 deficiency resulted in more and larger circulating platelet aggregates for both mutants, whereas the full multimer range remained present in all mice. Thus, we established a mouse model for VWD-type 2B and found that phenotype depends on mutation and ADAMTS13.
Effects of Maximal and Submaximal Exercise under Normoxic and Hypoxic Conditions on Serum Erythropoietin Level (1991)

This study was carried out to investigate the influence of different exercise regimens on serum immunoreactive erythropoietin concentration (EPO). The same untrained male subjects performed bouts of maximal and submaximal exercise (60 min at 60% of maximal performance) under normoxia (n = 10) and normobaric hypoxia (PIO2 92 mmHg, n = 9). Five of them were exposed to hypoxia for 90 min under resting conditions (RTH). [EPO] was unchanged up to five hours after maximal (MEN) and submaximal (SEN) exercise under normoxia. After RTH, [EPO] increased after 3 hours by 5.0 mU/ml (p less than 0.01). Submaximal exercise under hypoxia (SEH) led to a similar increase in [EPO] (after 3 hours: + 5.5 mU/ml), which remained elevated the following days (after 24 h: + 6.1 mU/ml, 48 h: + 5.3 mU/ml; ANOVA p less than 0.001). Maximal exercise under hypoxia (MEH) had no significant effect. The results indicate that exercise has no immediate effect on serum [EPO], whereas the higher EPO level one and two days after SEH could result from the occurring hemodilution as is indicated by a slight negative correlation between [EPO] and Hct (r = 0.59, p less than 0.001). The number of reticulocytes increased after all hypoxic experiments and after MEN without any correlation to [EPO].
Fast and Reliable Hybrid routing for Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (2013)

Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs) have been attracting tremendous attention in both academia and industry due to emerging applications that pave the way towards safer enjoyable journeys and inclusive digital partnerships. Undoubtedly, these ITS applications will demand robust routing protocols that not only focus on Inter-Vehicle Communications but also on providing fast, reliable, and secure access to the infrastructure. In this paper, we propose a Fast and Reliable Hybrid routing (FRHR) protocol for efficient infrastructure access which is capable of handling efficient vehicle to vehicle communications. Interface to infrastructure is provided by carefully placed RoadSide Units (RSUs) which broadcast beacons in a multi-hop fashion in constrained areas. This enables vehicles proactively to maintain fresh minimum-delay routes to other RSUs while reactively discovering routes to nearby vehicles. The proposed protocol utilizes RSUs connected to the wired backbone network to relay packets toward remote vehicles. A vehicle selects an RSU to register with according to the expected mean delay instead of the device's remoteness. We demonstrate the efficiency and robustness of the routing protocol through simulation experiments performed with accurate mobility and propagation models.
NaOH Recovery from MEROX Tower Waste Stream Using the Electrodialysis Process (2010)

Electrodialysis with two different configurations was used for the recovery of NaOH from the waste stream of a MEROX tower. For this purpose, the effects of cell applied voltage and initial Na+ concentration in the feed solution on NaOH recovery and current efficiency were studied. Results showed that the recovery and current efficiency were improved by increasing the initial Na+ concentration. Also, increasing applied voltage had different effects on current efficiency. A NaOH recovery of about 70% and a current efficiency of 98% for a three-compartment cell at 15 volts showed that the method can be considered as a promising one for NaOH recovery from the waste stream of a MEROX tower.
Dual drug release from CO<sub>2</sub>‐infused nanofibers via hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions (2015)

ABSTRACT This study investigated the effects of hydrophobic–hydrophilic interactions on dual drug release from CO 2 ‐infused nanofibers scaffolds (PCL, PCL–gelatin, and PCL “core” PCL–gelatin “shell”) using BODIPY 493/503 and Rhodamine B fluorescent dyes as drug models. Favorable dye–scaffold interactions increased total dye loading and promoted steady, more linear release. Unfavorable dye–scaffold interactions reduced overall loading and led to a greater burst release of dye. However, when CO 2 was used to infuse dye into an unfavorable scaffold, the changes in loading and release were less pronounced. When two dyes were infused, these behaviors were accentuated due to interactions between the dissolved forms of the dyes. Core–shell composite nanofibers displayed radically different release properties versus pure PCL–gelatin fibers when treated with dyes via CO 2 infusion. Dye release from core–shell scaffolds was highly sensitive to both interactions with scaffolds and the phase of CO 2 used to infuse the compounds of interest. By using different phases of CO 2 to partition dyes into hydrophobic and hydrophilic sections of core–shell nanofibers, such interactions can be manipulated to develop a bimodal drug release system with potential application in drug delivery or tissue engineering. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132 , 42571.
Proto-oncogene FBI-1 (Pokemon) and SREBP-1 Synergistically Activate Transcription of Fatty-acid Synthase Gene (FASN) (2008)

FBI-1 (Pokemon/ZBTB7A) is a proto-oncogenic transcription factor of the BTB/POZ (bric-à-brac, tramtrack, and broad complex and pox virus zinc finger) domain family. Recent evidence suggested that FBI-1 might be involved in adipogenic gene expression. Coincidentally, expression of FBI-1 and fatty-acid synthase (FASN) genes are often increased in cancer and immortalized cells. Both FBI-1 and FASN are important in cancer cell proliferation. SREBP-1 is a major regulator of many adipogenic genes, and FBI-1 and SREBP-1 (sterol-responsive element (SRE)-binding protein 1) interact with each other directly via their DNA binding domains. FBI-1 enhanced the transcriptional activation of SREBP-1 on responsive promoters, pGL2-6x(SRE)-Luc and FASN gene. FBI-1 and SREBP-1 synergistically activate transcription of the FASN gene by acting on the proximal GC-box and SRE/E-box. FBI-1, Sp1, and SREBP-1 can bind to all three SRE, GC-box, and SRE/E-box. Binding competition among the three transcription factors on the GC-box and SRE/E-box appears important in the transcription regulation. FBI-1 is apparently changing the binding pattern of Sp1 and SREBP-1 on the two elements in the presence of induced SREBP-1 and drives more Sp1 binding to the proximal promoter with less of an effect on SREBP-1 binding. The changes induced by FBI-1 appear critical in the synergistic transcription activation. The molecular mechanism revealed provides insight into how proto-oncogene FBI-1 may attack the cellular regulatory mechanism of FASN gene expression to provide more phospholipid membrane components needed for rapid cancer cell proliferation.
Large thermoelectric power factor in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">TiS</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>crystal with nearly stoichiometric composition (2001)

A ${\mathrm{TiS}}_{2}$ crystal with a layered structure was found to have a large thermoelectric power factor. The in-plane power factor ${S}^{2}/\ensuremath{\rho}$ at 300 K is $37.1\ensuremath{\mu}{\mathrm{W}/\mathrm{K}}^{2}\mathrm{cm}$ with resistivity (\ensuremath{\rho}) of 1.7 m\ensuremath{\Omega} cm and thermopower (S) of -251 \ensuremath{\mu}V/K, and this value is comparable to that of the best thermoelectric material, ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Te}}_{3}$ alloy. The electrical resistivity shows both metallic and highly anisotropic behaviors, suggesting that the electronic structure of this ${\mathrm{TiS}}_{2}$ crystal has a quasi-two-dimensional nature. The large thermoelectric response can be ascribed to the large density of states just above the Fermi energy and inter-valley scattering. In spite of the large power factor, the figure of merit $\mathrm{ZT}$ of ${\mathrm{TiS}}_{2}$ is 0.16 at 300 K, because of relatively large thermal conductivity, 68 mW/K cm. However, most of this value comes from reducible lattice contribution. Thus, $\mathrm{ZT}$ can be improved by reducing lattice thermal conductivity, e.g., by introducing a rattling unit into the inter-layer sites.
AcnC of Escherichia coli is a 2-methylcitrate dehydratase (PrpD) that can use citrate and isocitrate as substrates (2002)

Escherichia coli possesses two well-characterized aconitases (AcnA and AcnB) and a minor activity (designated AcnC) that is retained by acnAB double mutants and represents no more than 5% of total wild-type aconitase activity. Here it is shown that a 2-methylcitrate dehydratase (PrpD) encoded by the prpD gene of the propionate catabolic operon (prpRBCDE) is identical to AcnC. Inactivation of prpD abolished the residual aconitase activity of an AcnAB-null strain, whereas inactivation of ybhJ, an unidentified acnA paralogue, had no significant effect on AcnC activity. Purified PrpD catalysed the dehydration of citrate and isocitrate but was most active with 2-methylcitrate. PrpD also catalysed the dehydration of several other hydroxy acids but failed to hydrate cis-aconitate and related substrates containing double bonds, indicating that PrpD is not a typical aconitase but a dehydratase. Purified PrpD was shown to be a monomeric iron-sulphur protein (M(r) 54000) having one unstable [2Fe-2S] cluster per monomer, which is needed for maximum catalytic activity and can be reconstituted by treatment with Fe(2+) under reducing conditions.
A probabilistic call admission control algorithm for WLAN in heterogeneous wireless environment (2009)

In an integrated WLAN and cellular network, if all mobile users whose connections originate in the cellular network migrate to the WLAN whenever they enter the double coverage area, the WLAN will be severely congested and its users will suffer from performance degradation. Therefore, we propose a Call Admission Control (CAC) algorithm that allows the WLAN to limit downward Vertical Handovers (VHOs) from the cellular network to reduce unnecessary VHO processing. Numerical and simulation results demonstrate that our CAC scheme reduces the unnecessary VHO processing while keeping the DVHO blocking rate within acceptable limits and maintaining reasonable throughput in the WLAN.
Multifocus confocal Raman microspectroscopy for fast multimode vibrational imaging of living cells (2010)

We have developed a multifocus confocal Raman microspectroscopic system for the fast multimode vibrational imaging of living cells. It consists of an inverted microscope equipped with a microlens array, a pinhole array, a fiber bundle, and a multichannel Raman spectrometer. Forty-eight Raman spectra from 48 foci under the microscope are simultaneously obtained by using multifocus excitation and image-compression techniques. The multifocus confocal configuration suppresses the background generated from the cover glass and the cell culturing medium so that high-contrast images are obtainable with a short accumulation time. The system enables us to obtain multimode (10 different vibrational modes) vibrational images of living cells in tens of seconds with only 1 mW laser power at one focal point. This image acquisition time is more than 10 times faster than that in conventional single-focus Raman microspectroscopy.
A dual mode 802.11b/Bluetooth radio in 0.35μm CMOS (2003)

A dual-mode CMOS 2.4GHz transceiver consumes 65mA in RX and 78mA in TX from a 3V supply. The receiver achieves a typical sensitivity of -88dBm at 11Mb/s for 802.11b, and -83dBm for Bluetooth mode. The receiver minimum IIP3 is -8dBm, and the transmitter delivers a nominal output power of 0dBm, with a power control range of 20dB in 2dB steps.
Regulation of Allergic Mucosal Sensitization by Interleukin-12 Gene Transfer to the Airway (1999)

Expression of granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) in the airway allows allergic sensitization to ovalbumin (OVA) in an experimental protocol that others have shown to induce inhalation tolerance. The ensuing response is characterized by T helper (Th)2 cytokines, marked eosinophilia in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and the tissue, and goblet-cell hyperplasia. These findings, which underscore the importance of the airway microenvironment in the development of immune responses to airborne antigens, prompted us to investigate whether a Type 1 polarized cytokine milieu in the airway would modulate the allergic sensitization. To this end, we concurrently expressed GM-CSF and interleukin (IL)-12 in the airway, using an adenovirus-mediated gene transfer approach. Coexpression of IL-12 did not prevent the development of an antigen-specific immune inflammatory response, but altered its phenotype. Whereas a similar total cell number was observed in the BALF, airway eosinophilia was abrogated. Histologic evaluation of the tissue corroborated the findings in the BALF and demonstrated that IL-12 coexpression prevented goblet-cell hyperplasia. Expression of IL-12 decreased IL-4 and IL-5 content in the BALF by about 80 and 95%, respectively, and IL-5 in the serum by approximately 80%. In contrast, interferon (IFN)-gamma was increased in both BALF and serum. Similarly, we observed a Th2/Th1 shift in OVA-specific cytokine production in vitro. Recall challenge with OVA in vivo after resolution of the initial inflammatory response demonstrated that the effect of IL-12 was persistent. IL-12-mediated inhibition of airway eosinophilia was mainly IFN-gamma-independent, whereas inhibition of OVA-specific IgE synthesis was IFN-gamma-dependent. Our data underscore the importance of the airway microenvironment in the elicitation of immune responses to environmental antigens.
The high affinity state of the beta 2-adrenergic receptor requires unique interaction between conserved and non-conserved extracellular loop cysteines. (1994)

A disulfide bond between two extracellular cysteines, conserved in all G-protein-coupled receptors, is believed to be critical for stabilization of the ligand-binding pocket. The beta 2-adrenergic receptor (beta 2-AR) contains two conserved cysteines (Cys106 and Cys184) as well as two other extracellular cysteines (Cys190 and Cys191). The specificity of the interactions between these four cysteines has not yet been clearly established. Mutants encoding alanines for specific extracellular cysteines in the beta 2-AR gene were constructed and expressed in COS-1 and Chinese hamster ovary cells. Ala106, Ala184,190,191, and Ala106,184,190,191 mutants displayed low affinity for the beta-antagonist, 125I-cyanopindolol and insensitivity to dithiothreitol (DTT). The Ala106,191 mutant displayed an intermediate affinity and DTT sensitivity. Mutants Ala184, Ala184,190, and Ala184,191 displayed high affinity and DTT sensitivity, indicating that a solvent-accessible disulfide bond(s) is present in these mutant receptors as in the wild-type beta 2-AR. Additionally, thermal stability studies provided evidence that the extracellular disulfide bonds are essential for stabilization of the high affinity state of the receptor. These studies indicate that the covalent linkage between loops 1 and 2 of the beta 2-AR extracellular domains involves the formation of disulfide bonds, uniquely between Cys106 and Cys191, and Cys184 and Cys190, and is, thus, distinct from that of other G-protein-coupled receptors.
Analysis of rectangular-core dielectric waveguides: an accurate perturbation approach (1983)

We report the exact solution of the scalar-wave equation for a rectangular-core waveguide structure and develop a perturbation analysis for evaluating accurately the propagation characteristics of practical integrated-optical structures. We show that the present method gives results that are more accurate than other analytical methods reported earlier.
Blanching of vegetables for freezing: which indicator enzyme to choose (1986)

A review article assesses the selection of an appropriate vegetable enzyme as a potential indicator to optimize blanching processing conditions. Such enzymes control 4 different areas of vegetable quality: flavor, texture, color, and nutritional value. Topics include: criteria for selecting an indicator enzyme; problems with the use of peroxidase; enzymatic aroma development; heat stabilities of green pea enzymes; and the advantages of lipoxygenase. A rapid assay procedure for lipoxygenase is detailed, and results with various vegetables are presented.(wz)
A Blackboard Architecture For Object Recognition: Locating Address Blocks On Mail Pieces (1987)

A framework for determining special interest objects in images is presented in the context of determining destination address blocks on images of mail pieces such as letters, magazines, and parcels.. The .iinages range from those having a high degree of global spatial structiire (e.g. carefully prepared letter mail envelopes which conform to specifications) to those with no structure (e.g., magazines with randomly pasted address labels). A method of planning the use of a large numbers of specialized tools is given. The control is based on the blackboard model and utilizes a dependency graph, knowledge rules and a blackboard.
RF impedance measurements by voltage-current detection (1993)

A RF impedance measurement technique using the V-I probe is discussed in comparison with the vector reflectometer. The V-I probe samples voltage and current of a DUT (device under test), the impedance of the DUT being determined from the complex ratio of the sampled values. A calibration procedure with standard devices is used to eliminate the nonideal characteristics of the probe. Theoretical and experimental analyses suggest that better accuracy can be realized by the V-I method than by the vector reflectometer in lower and higher impedance measurements for the frequency range extending beyond 500 MHz. The combination of the V-I method and reflectometry is suggested as a means to provide accurate measurements in a wider impedance range.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>