gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Feasibility Study of a Nuclear-powered Passenger Aircraft (2015)

A thorough redesign of the aircraft industry is needed to cope with diminishing fossil fuel reserves, including operation, aircraft design and propulsion systems. The European Commission sponsors the RECREATE research project to investigate the cruiser-feeder set-up, in which cruise-optimised aircraft stay aloft for extended periods while feeder aircraft transport payload and/or fuel between the ground and the cruiser. This study focusses on the design of a cruiser aircraft that uses nuclear power to transport up to 1000 passengers so that its endurance is only limited by maintenance intervals. Even though the Cold War produced some design options for nuclear aircraft, new research is needed to assess this concept’s feasibility in the near future aircraft industry. RECREATE has provided a preliminary layout for the cruiser aircraft, however weight estimation of the propulsion system that converts reactor power into propulsion proves to be a major hurdle in assessing the feasibility of the cruiser design. Within the 1 million kg weight budget that has been set, 100,000 kg is reserved for each heat cycle. Therefore, this study sets out to design a weight optimised heat cycle. The primary cycle reactor coolant is selected to be LBE because of its inherent radiation shielding and heat transfer properties. Outside of the shielding vessel, three options are investigated for the secondary cycle: an open cycle using FLiBe as a working ?uid, and a regenerative and recompression lay-out of closed cycle using s-CO2. Because LBE limits the output temperature, only the closed cycles prove feasible in this study. An optimisation process consisting of an initial grid search and a final optimisation is used to minimise the weight of heat exchangers and piping of the system, whilst leaving turbomachinery and driveshafts to be optimised in other studies. The regenerative cycle comes out as the lightest thanks to its reduced number of components and lower mass ?ow. After the optimisation the minimum weight cycle has an overall thermodynamic ef?ciency of 45.4% using a maximum pressure of 60.5 MPa, with the designed components weighing 65,600 kg. This leaves a budget of 34,400 kg for the systems that were excluded. This is considered more than suf?cient to state that the heat cycle weight remains within the required 100,000 kg. The nuclear cruiser requires comprehensive additional research and validation, such as a detailed design of the reactor and safety features. The results of this thesis also have to be corroborated by further calculations, simulations, and experiments. Nevertheless, this research has provided an important initial assessment of nuclear-powered propulsion for civil aviation.
Characterization of Continued Antibacterial Therapy After Diagnosis of Hospital‐Onset <i><scp>C</scp>lostridium difficile</i> Infection: Implications for Antimicrobial Stewardship (2012)

A majority of patients with CDI continued to receive antibacterial agents after their CDI diagnosis, although the interhospital range was large. Compared with patients who did not continue therapy, hospital length of study, mortality, and subsequent admissions among patients who continued their antibacterial therapy remained significantly higher after adjusting for confounders. The adverse outcomes associated with continued therapy likely reflect the severity of the underlying primary infection and/or a poorer response to CDI therapy, suggesting an opportunity for antimicrobial stewardship programs to make important contributions to patient care.
Starvation-Induced Stress Resistance in <i>Lactococcus lactis</i> subsp. <i>lactis</i> IL1403 (1994)

Carbohydrate-starved cultures of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis IL1403 showed enhanced resistance to heat, ethanol, acid, osmotic, and oxidative stresses. This cross-protection seems to be established progressively during the transitional growth phase, with maximum resistance occurring when cells enter the stationary phase. Chloramphenicol or rifamycin treatment does not abolish the development of a tolerant cell state but, on the contrary, seems to provoke this response in L. lactis subsp. lactis.
The role of tachykinins in central nervous system inflammatory responses (2004)

While glial cells are recognized for their roles in maintaining neuronal function, there is growing appreciation of the ability of resident glial cells to initiate and/or augment inflammation following trauma or infection in the central nervous system (CNS). The tachykinin, substance P, is found throughout the CNS, with evidence for both neuronal and glial cells as being sources of this neuropeptide. Substance P is well known to augment inflammatory responses at peripheral sites, such as the gastrointestinal tract and skin, which raises the possibility that this tachykinin might serve a similar function within the brain. This review focuses on the evidence for tachykinins in regulating the immune functions of CNS glial cells. Neurokinin-1 (NK-1) receptors have a high affinity for substance P and are expressed by a number of resident CNS cell types, including astrocytes and microglia. Importantly, substance P/NK-1 receptor interactions elicit activation of signal transduction pathways in both cell types and can initiate, or augment, inflammatory responses by astrocytes and microglia. The ability of substance P to augment immune responses of glial cells has important ramifications for the development of protective host responses within the CNS or, alternatively, the progression of damaging inflammation.
Hybrid ARQ/FEC techniques for wireless ATM local area networks (2002)

The problem of error control strategies in wireless multimedia networks adopting the ATM protocol is addressed. In particular, we investigate the performance attainable by using a hybrid combination of automatic repeat request (ARQ) techniques and forward error correcting (FEC) codes for class C, connection oriented, non-delay critical and variable bit-rate services. To mitigate the wireless channel impairments we propose an adaptive error control scheme that chooses the control technique for each connection according to its requirements described by the connection specific parameters (e.g. maximum delay and cell loss ratio). The analysis is carried out for an OFDM/QPSK modulation format over a typical indoor radio channel.
The Hedgehog Signaling Pathway as a Target for Anticancer Drug Discovery (2005)

The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway directs the development of multiple tissues during embryonic development, and contributes to tissue homeostasis in adults. Deficient Hh signaling results in defective embryogenesis; conversely, excessive Hh signaling is associated with an inherited cancer predisposition syndrome (Gorlin Syndrome), and a growing list of sporadic human cancers. It is now clear that multiple components of "The Hh Pathway" can be altered in tumors. The Hhs are morphogens that signal through effectors that are largely unprecedented in drug discovery, with many key concepts derived from studies in Drosophila melanogaster. However, studies in tumor cell lines have recently identified targets that can be exploited for the discovery of human Hh antagonists, with additional targets likely to emerge as the human pathway is further defined. Here, we review basic aspects of Hh signal transduction, with an emphasis on molecular targets for drug discovery. The use of first-generation Hh antagonists such as cyclopamine will also be discussed; such agents remain invaluable in ongoing efforts to validate drug discovery assays and survey tumor lines for Hh dependence. The various types and frequencies of Hh signaling defects in different human tumors will also be reviewed, as will the status of medicinal chemistry efforts to discover novel Hh antagonists. In section VI, we review assays from the literature that could be utilized to discover new Hh antagonists for the treatment of cancer.
RhoB regulates uPAR signalling (2012)

Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and its receptor, uPAR, play important roles in promoting cancer cell adhesion, migration and invasion. Rho GTPases are key coordinators of these processes; the Rho GTPase Rac1 has previously been implicated in uPA- and/or uPAR-induced migratory or morphological cell responses. We used RNAi to deplete 12 different Rho GTPases to screen for effects on uPA-stimulated migration, and found that depletion of RhoB significantly reduces uPA-induced migration and invasion of prostate carcinoma cells. RhoB depletion did not affect the expression or surface levels of uPAR but reduced the uPAR-induced increase in levels of several integrins and inhibited uPAR signalling to the actin regulator cofilin, the cell-adhesion signal-transduction adaptor molecule paxillin and the serine/threonine kinase Akt. uPAR rapidly activated RhoB and increased RhoB expression. RhoB depletion also reduced cell adhesion to and spreading on vitronectin, which is a uPAR ligand. This correlated with decreased association between integrins and uPAR and reduced integrin β1 activity. Our results indicate that RhoB is a key regulator of uPAR signalling in cell adhesion, migration and invasion.
Tenascin‐C induction by the diffusible factor epidermal growth factor in stromal‐epithelial interactions (1995)

Tenascin-C, a six-armed extracellular matrix glycoprotein, is expressed in a temporally and spatially restricted pattern during carcinogenesis and invasion or metastasis of carcinoma cells in association with stromal-epithelial interactions. The human epidermoid carcinoma-derived cell lines, A431 and HEp-2, which do not express tenascin-C by themselves in vitro, do express tenascin-C after transplantation into nude mice, and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) induces them to express tenascin-C in vitro. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) induced tenascin-C in these cells more effectively (about 3.5-fold greater) than did TGF-beta 1. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) had little effect on the induction of tenascin-C. EGF also induced other extracellular matrix components, fibronectin and laminin. Tenascin-C was also induced when the carcinoma cells were co-cultured with embryonic fibroblasts from mice which were homozygous for a null mutation in the tenascin-C gene, or when the conditioned medium from these cells was added. The induction of tenascin-C in the co-culture was reduced by treating the cells with antibodies against EGF or its receptor. The addition of EGF caused both cell types to disrupt their cytoskeleton and focal contacts as evidenced by the loss of stress fibers and vinculin plaques. EGF did neither induce tenascin-C nor affect the morphology in tenascin-C-nonproducing A549 carcinoma cells, which did not produce tenascin-C after transplantation. Thus, EGF induces tenascin-C in tenascin-C-nonproducing human carcinoma cells through EGF receptors. Furthermore, in stromalepithelial interactions, the diffusible factor EGF participates in the induction of human tenascin-C in these cells through EGF receptors.
Drag of a Spherical Bubble Rising in Power Law Fluids at Intermediate Reynolds Numbers (2006)

The steady rise of a spherical bubble through an incompressible quiescent power law fluid has been studied numerically in the 2-D axisymmetric flow regime using the finite volume method. Based on the present numerical results, a predictive correlation in terms of Reynolds number (Re) and power law index (n) is proposed which enables the prediction of the total drag coefficient for the ranges of conditions as 5 ≤ Re ≤ 500 and 0.5 ≤ n ≤ 2 (hence covering both shear-thinning and shear-thickening type of fluid behavior). For n < 1, the drag is reduced below the corresponding Newtonian value, whereas it increases above its Newtonian value in shear-thickening fluids (n > 1). Thus, the drag coefficient increases with the increasing power law index for all values of the Reynolds number. The contribution of the pressure drag also increases with the increasing Reynolds number, though the shear-thickening behavior (n > 1) seems to suppress this tendency. In addition to the drag behavior, streamline and constant vorticity plots are presented to show the detailed nature of the flow and the effect of Reynolds number and power law index on the flow characteristics.
1.7 .ANG. Structure of FR-1, a Fibroblast Growth Factor-Induced Member of the Aldo-Keto Reductase Family, Complexed with Coenzyme and Inhibitor (1995)

Murine FR-1 is a protein that is induced by fibroblast growth factor-1 and, therefore, may play a role in the regulation of the cell cycle. Sequence comparison indicates that it is a member of the NADPH-dependent aldo-keto reductase family. It bears 70% identity to human aldose reductase, an enzyme implicated in diabetic complications and a target for drug design. We have determined the 1.7 A resolution structure of the FR-1 in a ternary complex with NADPH and zopolrestat, a potent aldose reductase inhibitor. FR-1 folds into a (beta/alpha)8 barrel with an active site characterized by a preponderance of hydrophobic residues residing in a deep oblong cavity at the C-terminal end of the beta-barrel. The nicotinamide moiety of the coenzyme sits in the base of the cavity. Zopolrestat occupies the active site cavity and makes numerous contacts with several hydrophobic residues. The FR-1 ternary complex structure indicates that it uses the same general catalytic mechanism as aldose reductase and other members of the family whose structures have been determined. The protein exhibits reductase activity with DL-glyceraldehyde as a substrate and is strongly inhibited by zopolrestat. When compared with the structure of a similar ternary complex of aldose reductase, the binding site retains many of the interactions with the coenzyme and inhibitor from the conserved residues. Some differences in sequence, however, create a larger binding site that contains six more water molecules than in the aldose reductase ternary complex structure.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Exploring and browsing photos through characteristic geographic tag regions (2012)

We present a system that supports zoomable browsing and exploration of photos taken across the globe. Our system is based on a novel algorithm that automatically uncovers the colloquial boundaries of regions that are characteristic for individual tags used in a large collection of geo-referenced photos. We first model the data using scale-space theory, which allows us to represent it simultaneously across different scales as a family of increasingly smoothed density distributions, after which we derive the region boundaries by applying image analysis techniques to the scale-space representation of each tag. The interface visualizes the shape and size of the resulting boundaries for each tag along the dimensions of space and time across multiple scales, giving the user the ability to explore the world as patchwork of dynamic characterizing geographic tag regions and to browse through their associated photos.
SEDATION THRESHOLD AND METRAZOL THRESHOLD OF NARCOLEPTIC PATIENTS (1964)

The sedation threshold was measured in 10 narcoleptics and in 10 epileptics according to the method of Shagass (1954). The mean threshold value of the narcoleptics was 1.8mg/kg (S.D. 0.4), and that of epileptics was 3.5 mg/kg (S.D. 0.7). Metrazol activation was performed in 25 narcoleptics after the method of intravenously injecting 1 mg/kg of metrazol every 30 sec. The threshold value was higher than 6 mg/kg in 22 narcoleptics, and the mean value of the 25 patients was estimated to be 8.3 mg/kg (S.D. 2.3). It is suggested that narcolepsy is a different type of functional disorder than epilepsy, and that the measurement of both the metrazol and sedation thresholds is very useful responding diagnosis.
Synthesis of Novel Glycosidase-Inhibitory Hydroxymethyl-Substituted Polyhydroxylated Indolizidines:  Ring-Expanded Analogs of the Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids Alexine and Australine (1996)

The pyrrolizidine azasugars alexine (3) and australine (4) and their stereoisomers are glycosidase inhibitors of potential therapeutic use. Since the glycosidase inhibitory activity of azasugars is profoundly effected by ring size modification, the ring-expanded indolizidine analogs 7 (homoalexine), 8 (8-epihomoaustraline), 9 (homoaustraline), and 10 (8-epihomoalexine) were prepared. l-Xylose was converted into the diols 16, which were transformed into the nine-membered lactones 18 by Claisen rearrangment of the cyclic ketene acetal 17. Transesterification of the lactones to the hydroxy esters 19 followed by azide displacement and epoxidation gave the epoxides 21 and 31. Reductive double cyclization of these azido-epoxides followed by functional group adjustment provided the desired homologs 7−10. An alternative route involving stereoselective epoxidation of the nine-membered lactones was also examined. The homologs 7−10 were found to be good inhibitors of amyloglucosidase (Aspergillus niger). The inhibitory activities of 8 and 10 are comparable to those exhibited by castanospermine (5) and the pyrrolizidines alexine (3), australine (4), and 7-epiaustraline. Indolizidines 7−10 do not inhibit β-glucosidase (almond) or α-glucosidase (bakers' yeast). This activity parallels that exhibited by the pyrrolizidine inhibitors alexine, australine, and 7-epiaustraline, which are generally good amyloglucosidase inhibitors but relatively weak inhibitors of α-glucosidase and β-glucosidase. However, in contrast to the pyrrolizidine inhibitors which have not been reported to possess mannosidase inhibitory activity, the indolizidines 7−10 were found to inhibit α-mannosidase (jack bean), albeit weakly.
Response to BMP4 signalling during ES cell differentiation defines intermediates of the ectoderm lineage (2010)

The formation and differentiation of multipotent precursors underlies the generation of cell diversity during mammalian development. Recognition and analysis of these transient cell populations has been hampered by technical difficulties in accessing them in vivo. In vitro model systems, based on the differentiation of embryonic stem (ES) cells, provide an alternative means of identifying and characterizing these populations. Using a previously established mouse ES-cell-based system that recapitulates the development of the ectoderm lineage we have identified a transient population that is consistent with definitive ectoderm. This previously unidentified progenitor occurs as a temporally discrete population during ES cell differentiation, and differs from the preceding and succeeding populations in gene expression and differentiation potential, with the unique ability to form surface ectoderm in response to BMP4 signalling.
New epoxy resins. I. The stability of epoxy–trialkoxyboroxines triaryloxyboroxine system (1982)

Abstract A polymer with high aromaticity and/or cyclic ring structures chain backbone usually has high heat, thermal, and flame resistance. Two diglycidyl ethers of bisphenols were prepared from 4,4′ isopropylidenediphenol (DGEBA) and 9,9‐bis(4‐hydroxyphenyl) fluorene (DGEBF) for evaluation. Four boroxines—trimethoxyboroxine (TMB), triethoxyboroxine (TEB), triisopropoxyboroxine (TIPB) and triphenoxyboroxine (TPB)—were used as the curing agents. DGEBA and DGEBF cured with various boroxines indicate that the trend for their respective glass transition temperature ( T g 's), degradation temperatures ( T d 's), and gel fractions are TMB‐cured epoxy ≈ TEB‐cured epoxy < TIPB cured epoxy < TPB cured epoxy. The DGEBF system usually has a higher T g , T d , gel fraction, oxygen index (OI), and char yield than the related DGEBA system. DGEBF/DGEBA (80/20 mol ratio) shows a synergistic effect in regard to char formation. This effect exists not only in the copolymer system but also in blended homopolymers of the separately cured resins. A modified mechanism for the polymerization of phenyl glycidyl ether (PGE) with TMB has been proposed.
[Influence of extracorporeal circuits surface on hemostasis system during off-pump surgeries]. (2006)

It is demonstrated that special surface of extracorporeal circuit promotes reduction of artificial circulation negative influence on hemostasis system. During artificial circulation coating "duraflo" gradually loses its protective characteristics due to washout of heparin molecules from the surface of extracorporeal circuit, whereas chemical link between heparin and protein in "safe-line" coating is more stable. The results of the study demonstrate no advantages of heparin coating of extracorporeal circuits over protein one. Finally, all the advantages of extracorporeal circuits with "safe-line" coating lead to a decrease of postoperative blood loss.
A Study on the Fatigue-Fractured Surface of Normalized SS41 Steel and M.E.F. Dual Phase Steel by an X-ray Diffraction Technique (1996)

This study verified the relationship between fracture mechanics parameters and X-ray parameters for normalized SS41 steel with homogeneous crystal structure and M.E.F. dual phase steel(martensite encapsulated islands of ferrite). The fatigue crack propagation test were carried out and X-ray diffraction technique was applied to fatigue fractured surface. The change in X-ray parameters(residual stress, half-value breadth) according to the depth of fatigue fractured surface were investigated. The depth of maximum plastic zone, , were determined on the basis of the distribution of the half-value breadth for normalized SS41 steel and that of the residual stress for M.E.F. dual phase steel. could be estimated by the measurement of .
Direct Observation of Conducting Filaments in Tungsten Oxide Based Transparent Resistive Switching Memory (2016)

Transparent nonvolatile memory has great potential in integrated transparent electronics. Here, we present highly transparent resistive switching memory using stoichiometric WO<sub>3</sub> film produced by cathodic electrodeposition with indium tin oxide electrodes. The memory device demonstrates good optical transmittance, excellent operative uniformity, low operating voltages (+0.25 V/-0.42 V), and long retention time (>10<sup>4</sup> s). Conductive atomic force microscopy, ex situ transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy experiments directly confirm that the resistive switching effects occur due to the electric field-induced formation and annihilation of the tungsten-rich conductive channel between two electrodes. Information on the physical and chemical nature of conductive filaments offers insightful design strategies for resistive switching memories with excellent performances. Moreover, we demonstrate the promising applicability of the cathodic electrodeposition method for future resistive memory devices.
Molecular recognition and substrate mimicry drive the electron-transfer process between MIA40 and ALR (2011)

Oxidative protein folding in the mitochondrial intermembrane space requires the transfer of a disulfide bond from MIA40 to the substrate. During this process MIA40 is reduced and regenerated to a functional state through the interaction with the flavin-dependent sulfhydryl oxidase ALR. Here we present the mechanistic basis of ALR-MIA40 interaction at atomic resolution by biochemical and structural analyses of the mitochondrial ALR isoform and its covalent mixed disulfide intermediate with MIA40. This ALR isoform contains a folded FAD-binding domain at the C-terminus and an unstructured, flexible N-terminal domain, weakly and transiently interacting one with the other. A specific region of the N-terminal domain guides the interaction with the MIA40 substrate binding cleft (mimicking the interaction of the substrate itself), without being involved in the import of ALR. The hydrophobicity-driven binding of this region ensures precise protein-protein recognition needed for an efficient electron transfer process.