gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A 32-bit RISC Implemented in Enhancement-Mode JFET GaAs (1986)

Recently, considerable attention has been focused on gallium arsenide (GaAs) semiconductor process technologies for very high speed digital integrated circuits. This attention is motivated primarily by the ability of GaAs transistors to switch much faster with lower power consumption than transistors in silicon technologies. Soon to be available with higher switching speed and more transistors than the fastest silicon technology (emitter-coupled logic), GaAs digital ICs will be a boon to developers of super-computers and specialized high-speed microprocessors, such as digital signal processors. GaAs transistors are also much more resistant to temperature extremes and to ionizing radiation than silicon, important features for applications requiring operation in harsh environments. This does not mean that GaAs will replace silicon; rather, where the higher cost of GaAs is warranted by application requirements that only GaAs can satisfy, it will augment silicon. The high cost of GaAs chips is due mainly to the scarcity of gallium and the inferior quality and difficulty in manufacturing the gallium arsenide compound. Unlike silicon, which is very uniform and pure, GaAs has many defects and its characteristics may vary considerably from ingot to ingot, affecting yield. Also, the wafers have a tendency to break during processing.
Microwave Converters (1947)

Microwave converters using point-contact silicon rectifiers as the nonlinear element are discussed, with particular emphasis on the design of the networks connecting the rectifier to the input and output terminals. Several converters which have been developed during recent years for use at wavelengths between 1 and 30 centimeters are described, and some of the effects of the impedance-versus-frequency characteristics of the networks on the converter performance are discussed.
Calculation of Theoretical Brand Performance Measures from the Parameters of the Dirichlet Model (2004)

The Dirichlet Model is used in marketing to provide a probability density function for the repeated purchases, by shoppers over a period of time, of the competing brands within a product category. The model is used to analyze a range of measures which report on the performance and competitive status of the brands. This Research Note provides an overview of the algebra and statistical theory of aspects of the Dirichlet Model. Specifically, it provides the algebra for using the parameter of the Dirichlet Model (or estimates) to generate the theoretical brand performance measures. These are marketing metrics such as market share, penetration, 100% loyals, share of category requirements and others. This algebra, which is critical to the further development of the Dirichlet Model, has not been previously documented. Program files to calculate the formulas are provided separately for both Excel and MATLAB.
Privacy-preserving Digital Identity Management for Cloud Computing. (2009)

Digital identity management services are crucial in cloud computing infrastructures to authenticate users and to support flexible access control to services, based on user identity properties (also called attributes) and past interaction histories. Such services should preserve the privacy of users, while at the same time enhancing interoperability across multiple domains and simplifying management of identity verification. In this paper we propose an approach addressing such requirements, based on the use of high-level identity verification policies expressed in terms of identity attributes, zero-knolwedge proof protocols, and semantic matching techniques. The paper describes the basic techniques we adopt and the architeture of a system developed based on these techniques, and reports performance experimental results. 1
Allopregnanolone infusion induced neurobehavioural alterations in a neonatal foal: Is this a clue to the pathogenesis of neonatal maladjustment syndrome? (2012)

Infusion of a steroid metabolite to a healthy neonatal foal resulted in neurobehavioural alterations compatible with those observed in foals with NMS. These findings suggest that increased progestagen concentrations may be responsible for some of the behavioural changes observed in foals with NMS.
Aldosterone induces p21‐regulated apoptosis via increased synthesis and secretion of tumour necrosis factor‐<i>α</i> in human proximal tubular cells (2012)

Summary Aldosterone has been shown to mediate p21‐dependent cellular senescence in rat kidney proximal tubules in vivo and in cultured human proximal tubular cells. The p21‐induced senescent cells express higher levels of apoptotic cytokines, such as tumour necrosis factor ( TNF )‐α compared with non‐senescent cells. The aim of the present study was to investigate the hypothesis that aldosterone increases proximal tubular apoptosis by increasing the secretion of apoptosis–inducing factors through a p21‐dependent mechanism. Human proximal tubular cells were incubated with aldosterone (10 nmol/L) and cell senescence was detected by senescence‐associated β‐galactosidase staining and expression of p21. Apoptosis was analysed by terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP –digoxigenin nick end‐labelling and annexin/propidium iodide staining, whereas p21 localization was determined by immunofluorescence. Exposure of cells to aldosterone for 3 or 5 days increased senescence–associated β‐galactosidase staining, p21 and TNF ‐α mRNA expression and secretion of TNF ‐α into the culture medium. These changes were abolished by gene silencing of p21. Aldosterone failed to increase the number of apoptotic cells on day 3, but did increase them on day 5. A neutralizing antibody against TNF ‐α prevented the aldosterone‐induced apoptotic changes. Aldosterone did not affect localization of p21. These findings indicate that aldosterone increases TNF ‐α synthesis and secretion in proximal tubular cells via p21/senescence–dependent cell phenotypic changes and that the TNF ‐α secreted plays an important role as a paracrine factor in mediating cell apoptosis, indicating a possible involvement in aldosterone‐induced renal damage.
Method for solution of Maxwell's equations in non-uniform media (1995)

It is shown that the L2 norm of electric currents induced in a dissipative medium can never exceed the norm of the external currents. This allows the construction of a simple iteration method to solve the Maxwell's equations. The method produces a series converging to the solution for an arbitrary conductivity distribution and arbitrary frequency of field variations. The convergence is slow if the lateral contrast of the conductivity distribution is about 104 or higher. A modification significantly improving the convergence is described in this paper. As an example, electromagnetic fields induced in the model (including the western part of the Northern American continent and the adjacent part of the Pacific Ocean) are calculated.
Common and Distinct Pathways for Cellular Activities in FGF-2 Signaling Induced by IL-1β in Corneal Endothelial Cells (2009)

These data suggest that CECs produce FGF-2 by IL-1beta stimulation through PI 3-kinase and p38. The IL-1beta-induced FGF-2 facilitates cell migration via PI 3-kinase and p38, whereas it stimulates cell proliferation using PI 3-kinase and ERK1/2 in parallel pathways.
Effect of alcohol chain length on tubule formation in 1,2-bis(10,12-tricosadiynoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (1992)

Aqueous dispersions of 1,2-bis(10,12-tricosadiynoyl)-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine, on cooling below the chain melting temperature, form hollow cylindrical structures known as 'tubules'. We have studied the formation of tubules in methanol/water, ethanol/water and n-propanol/water. For each alcohol, there is a defined window of alcohol/water ratios in which the lipid precipitates with the tubule morphology. As the chain length of alcohol is increased, the window shifts towards lower alcohol fraction. Light scattering studies show that at very low lipid concentrations the tubules self-assemble directly from the isotropic phase where as for lipid concentrations greater than 4 mg/ml an intermediate L alpha phase is observed. These results indicate that the mechanism of tubule formation may be dependent on lipid concentration.
High expression of long intervening non-coding RNA OLMALINC in the human cortical white matter is associated with regulation of oligodendrocyte maturation (2015)

Our study has demonstrated for the first time that a primate-specific lincRNA regulates the expression of genes critical to human oligodendrocyte maturation, which in turn might be regulated by an antisense counterpart.
<title>Segmentation of MPEG-2 motion imagery within the compressed domain</title> (2002)

Temporal segmentation of video in the compressed domain is becoming increasingly popular due to its computational advantages over video decompression followed by pixel-domain segmentation. This paper discusses the advantages of compressed-domain processing, and proposes a computationally-efficient method of detecting scene changes without reconstructing the video. The target application provides requirements that allow the algorithm to avoid complicated processing that searches for unnatural scenes changes such as dissolves, fades, and wipes that are common studio effects. The paper provides experimental results to demonstrate operation of the algorithm on real data.
A Rapid Chemical Means for Removing Labile Glycohemoglobin (1981)

We have devised a rapid and convenient method of eliminating the contribution of labile glycosylated hemoglobin in the hemoglobin A1 assay. The procedure requires a 30-min incubation of erythrocytes in 30 mM semicarbazide and 12 mM aniline (pH 5, 38 degrees C). This chemical means of eliminating the labile fraction is as effective as a 14-h incubation in isotonic saline as measured with high-pressure liquid chromatography or electrophoresis methods. The removal of the labile glycosylated hemoglobin fraction preserves the assay as a reliable index of chronic metabolic control.
<i>Comt1</i> genotype and expression predicts anxiety and nociceptive sensitivity in inbred strains of mice (2010)

Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) is a ubiquitously expressed enzyme that maintains basic biologic functions by inactivating catechol substrates. In humans, polymorphic variance at the COMT locus has been associated with modulation of pain sensitivity and risk for developing psychiatric disorders. A functional haplotype associated with increased pain sensitivity was shown to result in decreased COMT activity by altering mRNA secondary structure-dependent protein translation. However, the exact mechanisms whereby COMT modulates pain sensitivity and behavior remain unclear and can be further studied in animal models. We have assessed Comt1 gene expression levels in multiple brain regions in inbred strains of mice and have discovered that Comt1 is differentially expressed among the strains, and this differential expression is cis-regulated. A B2 short interspersed nuclear element (SINE) was inserted in the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of Comt1 in 14 strains generating a common haplotype that correlates with gene expression. Experiments using mammalian expression vectors of full-length cDNA clones with and without the SINE element show that strains with the SINE haplotype (+SINE) have greater Comt1 enzymatic activity. +SINE mice also exhibit behavioral differences in anxiety assays and decreased pain sensitivity. These results suggest that a haplotype, defined by a 3'-UTR B2 SINE element, regulates Comt1 expression and some mouse behaviors.
Evaluation of Decision Feedback Equalization and Viterbi Algorithm Detection for Voiceband Data Transmission--Part II (1976)

This paper describes experimental results of simulated 12000 and 14400 bits/s quadrature amplitude-modulated (QAM) systems (which were described in detail in Part I [1] ) operating on real and simulated voiceband channels. These experimental results show that both Viterbi algorithm detection and decision feedback equalization allow digital data transmission at symbol rates exceeding the nominal bandwidth capabilities of typical telephone channels. It is demonstrated in these experiments that the Viterbi algorithm receiver structure tested is less affected by linear distortion than the decision feedback receiver but exhibits greater sensitivity to phase jitter. On conditioned voiceband channels where there may be substantial phase jitter, a reasonable compromise between sensitivity to distortion and noise and sensitivity to phase jitter is made by a modem employing decision feedback equalization and decision-directed carrier phase tracking.
Poly[(ethylene oxide)-<i>co</i>-(methylene ethylene oxide)]: A hydrolytically degradable poly(ethylene oxide) platform (2012)

A facile method for imparting hydrolytic degradability to poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), compatible with current PEGylation strategies, is presented. By incorporating methylene ethylene oxide (MEO) units into the parent PEO backbone, complete degradation was defined by the molar incorporation of MEO, and the structure of the degradation byproducts was consistent with an acid-catalyzed vinyl-ether hydrolysis mechanism. The hydrolytic degradation of poly[(ethylene oxide)-co-(methylene ethylene oxide)] was pH-sensitive, with degradation at pH 5 being significantly faster than at pH 7.4 at 37 °C in PBS buffer while long-term stability could be obtained in either the solid-state or at pH 7.4 at 6 °C.
Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy method and studies of implant damage in single crystal diamond (2006)

Few transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies of single crystal diamond have been reported, most likely due to the time and difficulty involved in sample preparation. A method is described for creating a TEM cross section of single crystal diamond using a focused ion beam and in situ lift-out. The method results in samples approximately 10μm long by 3μm deep with an average thickness of 100–300nm. The total time to prepare a cross-sectional TEM sample of diamond is less than 5h. The method also allows for additional thinning to facilitate high resolution TEM imaging, and can be applied to oddly shaped diamond samples. This sample preparation technique has been applied to the study of ion implantation damage in single crystal diamond and its evolution upon annealing. High-pressure–high-temperature diamonds were implanted with Si+ at an energy of 1MeV and a temperature of 30°C. One sample, with a (110) surface, was implanted with a dose of 1×1014Sicm−2 and annealed at 950°C for 10 and 40min. No significant defect formation or evolution was discernible by cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy. Another sample, with a (100) orientation, was implanted with 1MeV at 1×1015Sicm−2 and annealed at 1050°C for 10min. Prior to annealing, a heavily damaged but still crystalline region was observed. Upon annealing, the sample showed no signs of conversion either to an amorphous form of carbon or to graphite. This is unexpected as the energy and dose are above the previously reported graphitization threshold for diamond. Higher annealing temperatures and possibly a high vacuum will be required for future study of defect formation, evolution, and phase transformations in ion-implanted single crystal diamond.
An Analysis of Single-Photon Detectors in an Environmentally Robust GigaHertz Clock Rate Quantum Key Distribution System (2011)

We have developed a robust, BB84, 850 nm wavelength, gigahertz clock, phase encoding quantum key distribution system. This has been analyzed using a number of single-photon detectors and tested against predictions from our theoretical model.
A shortcut to wide-ranging biological actions of dietary polyphenols: modulation of the nitrate–nitrite–nitric oxide pathway in the gut (2014)

Dietary polyphenols are complex, natural compounds with recognized health benefits. Initially attractive to the biomedical area due to their in vitro antioxidant properties, the biological implications of polyphenols are now known to be far from their acute ability to scavenge free radicals but rather to modulate redox signaling pathways. Actually, it is now recognized that dietary polyphenols are extensively metabolized in vivo and that the chemical, biophysical and biological properties of their metabolites are, in most cases, quite different from the ones of the parent molecules. Hence, the study of the metabolic, absorptive and signaling pathways of both phenolics and derivatives has become a major issue. In this paper we propose a short-cut for the systemic effects of polyphenols in connection with nitric oxide (˙NO) biology. This free radical is a ubiquitous signaling molecule with pivotal functions in vivo. It is produced through an enzymatic pathway and also through the reduction of dietary nitrate and nitrite in the human stomach. At acidic gastric pH, dietary polyphenols, in the form they are conveyed in foods and at high concentration, not only promote nitrite reduction to ˙NO but also embark in a complex network of chemical reactions to produce higher nitrogen oxides with signaling functions, namely by inducing post-translational modifications. Modified endogenous molecules, such as nitrated proteins and lipids, acquire important physiological functions. Thus, local and systemic effects of ˙NO such as modulation of vascular tone, mucus production in the gut and protection against ischemia-reperfusion injury are, in this sense, triggered by dietary polyphenols. Evidence to support the signaling and biological effects of polyphenols by modulation of the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway will be herein provided and discussed. General actions of polyphenols encompassing absorption and metabolism in the intestine/liver are short-cut via the production of diffusible species in the stomach that have not only a local but also a general impact.
The Electrochemical Reaction of Lithium with Tin Studied By In Situ AFM (2003)

During the electrochemical reaction of lithium with tin, there is sometimes anomalous high-voltage irreversible capacity characterized by an irreversible plateau at about 1.6 V vs. lithium. This has been attributed to electrolyte decomposition catalyzed by pure tin surfaces. Here, we show evidence for this catalytic reaction by in situ atomic force (AFM) and optical microscopy. During the early stages of the anomalous high-voltage plateau we have observed the formation of a film of decomposition products by both in situ AFM and optical microscopy. If lithium is supplied to the tin electrode at a rate greater than the catalytic process can support, then the cell potential decreases and Li-Sn alloys can form. Therefore, by subjecting the Li/Sn cell to a rapid initial discharge to 0.8 V the formation of this film can be suppressed, as we prove with AFM experiments. This rapid discharge to 0.8 V forms the first Li-Sn phase which apparently has no catalytic surfaces that decompose electrolyte. Since little film is formed using this method we then monitored the changes in volume and morphology of patterned Sn electrodes as they reacted reversibly with lithium. The volume of the patterned tin electrodes grows with cycle number due to substantial morphology changes, unlike electrodes made from amorphous Si or amorphous Si-Sn. © 2003 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Flexible perfect metamaterial absorbers for electromagnetic wave (2017)

The flexible metamaterials (MMs) provide a new field in controlling electromagnetic waves. This paper comprises the MMs made on flexible and elastic substrates, together with the relevant techniques and approaches. The perspective is also described, which includes the possible conversion of investigated MMs into practical devices. For an example of the research and development so far in this fascinating area, by using a planar and flexible MM, the low-frequency perfect absorption has been obtained even with very small unit-cell size in snake-shape structure. These shrunken, deep-sub-wavelength and thin MM absorbers were numerically and experimentally investigated by increasing the inductance. The absorbers are specially designed for absorption peaks around 2 GHz and 400 MHz, which can be used for depressing the EM noise from everyday electronic devices and mobile phones. It has been reported new concept of water droplet-based MM perfect absorber absorbing perfectly electromagnetic wave with water, an eco-friendly material which is very ordinary and plentiful on the earth. If arranging water droplets with particular height and diameter on material surface, meta-properties absorbing electromagnetic wave perfectly in GHz broadband were shown. It was possible to control absorption ratio and absorption wavelength band of electromagnetic wave according to the shape of water droplet and apply to various flexible and/or transparent substrates such as plastic, glass, and paper. These results can lead wide applications to variously civilian and military products in the future by providing perfect absorber of broadband in all products including bendable and transparent materials.
Efficacy and safety of 15(R/S)-methyl-lipoxin A <sub>4</sub> in topical treatment of infantile eczema (2012)

15(R/S)-methyl-LXA(4) was well tolerated, and significantly reduced the severity of eczema. The results of this small exploratory study suggest that 15(R/S)-methyl-LXA(4) warrants further investigation in the treatment of eczema.
Noninvasive Multimodality Imaging Techniques to Assess Kaposi's Sarcoma (2005)

We evaluated three non-invasive method, thermography, laser Doppler imaging and near infrared multi-spectral imaging to quantitatively assess parameters of vascularity in Kaposi's sarcoma. The KS lesion generally has increased temperature, blood velocity and blood deoxy-hemoglobin. There is a strong correlation between temperature and blood velocity (R= 81, p <0.001). After treatment with experimental drug (liposomal doxorubicin and interleukin-12), temperature, blood velocity, blood volume and deoxy-hemoglobin of the lesions are reduced from the baseline at week 18. The techniques are objective, easy to perform, and appear to be very sensitive in assessing improvement in the lesions upon administration of therapy.
Semantic similarity between ontologies at different scales (2016)

In the past decade, existing and new knowledge and datasets have been encoded in different ontologies for semantic web and biomedical research. The size of ontologies is often very large in terms of number of concepts and relationships, which makes the analysis of ontologies and the represented knowledge graph computational and time consuming. As the ontologies of various semantic web and biomedical applications usually show explicit hierarchical structures, it is interesting to explore the trade-offs between ontological scales and preservation/precision of results when we analyze ontologies. This paper presents the first effort of examining the capability of this idea via studying the relationship between scaling biomedical ontologies at different levels and the semantic similarity values. We evaluate the semantic similarity between three gene ontology slims (plant, yeast, and candida, among which the latter two belong to the same kingdom - fungi) using four popular measures commonly applied to biomedical ontologies (Resnik, Lin, Jiang-Conrath, and SimRel). The results of this study demonstrate that with proper selection of scaling levels and similarity measures, we can significantly reduce the size of ontologies without losing substantial detail. In particular, the performances of Jiang- Conrath and Lin are more reliable and stable than that of the other two in this experiment, as proven by 1) consistently showing that yeast and candida are more similar (as compared to plant) at different scales, and 2) small deviations of the similarity values after excluding a majority of nodes from several lower scales. This study provides a deeper understanding of the application of semantic similarity to biomedical ontologies, and shed light on how to choose appropriate semantic similarity measures for biomedical engineering.