gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reactive Sulfur Species: Kinetics and Mechanism of the Reaction of Hypothiocyanous Acid with Cyanide To Give Dicyanosulfide in Aqueous Solution (2009)

The chief sources of cyanide (CN(-)) in humans are tobacco and occupationally derived smoke, inflammation [vis-a-vis myeloperoxidase (MPO)-induced chlorination of glycine], and microbial cyanogenesis (including Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection of the cystic fibrosis lung). The human mucosae of healthy individuals are usually protected from infection by innate defense mechanisms that include the defensive peroxidase systems. In the oral cavity, salivary peroxidase and MPO catalyze the oxidation of the pseudohalide thiocyanate (SCN(-)) by hydrogen peroxide to produce the antimicrobial hypothiocyanite (OSCN(-)). Lactoperoxidase carries out the same reaction in the human lung (as does MPO during inflammatory response). In the present study, we show that OSCN(-) and CN(-) react with pH-dependent kinetics to produce SCN(-) and cyanate (OCN(-)) via dicyanosulfide (NCSCN), with the maximum rate occurring near neutral, physiological pH. In addition to presenting a detailed chemical mechanism, we discuss unresolved issues, including the possible biological relevance of the NCSCN intermediate.
Detecting orbital angular momentum in radio signals (2008)

Electromagnetic waves with an azimuthal phase shift are known to have a well defined orbital angular momentum. Different methods that allow for the detection of the angular momentum are proposed. For some, we discuss the required experimental setup and explore the range of applicability.
Superimposed display of coronary artery on gated myocardial perfusion scintigraphy. (2004)

We developed a simple method of superimposing the image of the coronary artery tree on images from gated MPI. The technique yielded useful information about myocardial perfusion and function as well as the supplying coronary artery.
Few-View CT reconstruction method based on deep learning (2016)

To reduce patient's dose, few-view CT reconstruction promises to be a good attempt. The key to better reconstruction is the sparse view artifacts. In recent years, DL(deep learing) has attracted a lot of attention because its outstanding performance in image processing. We propose a deep learning method for few-view CT reconstuction. Our method directly learns an end-to-end mapping between the full-view/few-view reconstruction. The mapping is represented as a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) that takes the few-view reconstruction image as the input and outputs the full-view one. We further show that traditional Dictionary Learning based reconstruction methods can also be viewed as a deep convolutional network. But unlike traditional methods that handle each component separately, our method jointly optimizes all layers. Our deep CNN has a lightweight structure, yet demonstrates state-of-the-art reconstruction quality, and achieves fast speed for practical on-line usage. We explore different network structures and parameter settings to achieve trade-offs between performance and speed.
Lineages of human T-cell clones, including T helper 17/T helper 1 cells, isolated at different stages of anti–factor VIII immune responses (2009)

The development of neutralizing antibodies (inhibitors) after factor VIII (FVIII) infusions is a serious complication that affects approximately one-quarter of hemophilia A patients who have access to replacement therapy. To investigate the differentiation of naive T cells into FVIII-specific helper T cells that promote B-cell activation and antibody secretion, HLA-DRA-DRB1*0101-restricted T-cell clones that respond to a specific epitope in FVIII were isolated from a mild hemophilia A subject (the proband) 19 weeks and 21 months after his development of a high-titer inhibitor. Clones responding to the same epitope were also isolated from his multiply infused brother, who has not developed a clinically significant inhibitor. The 19-week proband clones were T helper (T(H))17/T(H)1- or T(H)1/T(H)2-polarized, whereas all 8 clones isolated 21 months postinhibitor development were T(H)2-polarized cells. In contrast, all 6 clones from the brother who did not develop an inhibitor were T(H)1-polarized, indicating that tolerance to FVIII can be maintained even with circulating T(H)1-polarized cells that respond vigorously to in vitro FVIII stimulation. This is the first evidence that T(H)17/T(H)1-polarized cells play a role in hemophilic immune responses to FVIII. Furthermore, this is the first report of successful isolation and expansion of antigen-specific human T(H)17/T(H)1 clones using standard culture conditions.
Spontaneous phloem exudation accompanying abscission in Lupinus mutabilis (Sweet) (1999)

Like some of the Mediterranean members of the genus Lupinus, the New World lupin, Lupinus mutabilis (Sweet; cv. Inti), exhibits prolonged (20–40 min) exudation of phloem sap from incisions made in stems, in the raceme and at the tips and sutures of developing fruits. Just prior to or immediately following abscission of flowers of L. mutabilis there was also spontaneous exudation from the proximal face of the abscission zone at the base of the pedicel. This is not a recorded feature of other lupins. Analysis of solutes in this exudate was consistent with its having been derived directly from phloem. The major solutes were sucrose (0.94±0.04 M), amino acids (188±11 mM, 45% as asparagine and 15% as glutamine), K ion (52 mM), and total phosphorus (17 mM). Microscopic examination of the proximal face of the pedicel abscission zone at or following abscission showed little or no breakage of the cells at the zone. The major solutes of spontaneous exudate were similar to those in exudates collected from incisions made in the supporting raceme, upper stem and branches, at the tips and sutures of developing fruits and in the mid- and basal stem regions. However, there were significant compositional differences among minor constituents. The spontaneous exudate had a higher level of Ca ion and, consequently, a narrower Mg/Ca ratio (2.8) than exudate from incisions in the adjacent raceme (9.3) or fruits (15.7). There were also higher concentrations of trace elements (Mn, Zn and Cu) but lower concentrations (3 ng ml−1) of cytokinins compared to exudates collected from incisions (20 ng ml−-1). The relative contents of K and Na ions in exudates from incisions at different sites on the plant showed evidence of selective phloem loading and downward translocation of Na ion and selective loading and upward translocation of K ion.
Thermodynamics of the Second Dissociation of a Substituted Aminopropanesulfonic Acid (TAPSO) from 5 °C to 55 °C (1997)

Electromotive force (emf) measurements of the cell without a liquid junction of the type Pt|H2|TAPSO (m1) + NaTAPSOate (m2) + NaCl (m3)|AgCl|Ag were made at intervals of 5 K from 5 °C to 55 °C, including 37 °C, with stoichiometric molalities m1 = m2 = m3 ranging from 0.01 to 0.1 mol·kg-1. At 25 °C, pK2 is 7.635, and consequently buffer solutions of TAPSO and its salt (NaTAPSOate) are useful for pH control in the region pH 6 to 8. The second dissociation constant (pK2) of TAPSO can be expressed by the equation 2254.0057/(T/K) − 4.9783 + 0.88672 ln(T/K), with a standard deviation of ±0.0008. The zwitterionic buffer TAPSO is represented as 3-[N-(tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl)amino]-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid, a derivative of the parent compound taurine.
Dural Laceration Occurring with Lumber Burst Fractures. A Case Report. (1994)

We report a case of dural laceration occurring with lumbar burst fractures which was suggested by preoperative MRI and confirmed by Surgery.The patient was a 37-year-old man who fell from a 6m height while working and was transported to our hospital. Plain X-ray studies showed burst and laminar fractures of the third and fourth lumbar vertebrae. However, only slight numbness was noted in the left dorsal femoral reqion. Since preoperative MRI suggested dural laceration, posterior decompression and fixation with pedicle screws were performed and the patient's postoperative course was uneventful.Surgical treatment is indicated for thoracolumbar burst fractures especially when accompanied by neurological symptoms or shows marked instability. However, dural laceration may be present even though neurological symptoms are unremarkable as in the present case. Preoperative detection of dural laceration is considered to be important for selection of appropriate treatment.
Method for determining distribution of reflection sites in the arterial system (1996)

We developed a new method to determine the location and importance of reflection sites in the arterial system. The method is based on the decomposition of the aortic pressure wave into its forward and backward components, and it provides the reflection profile of the arterial system as a wave reflection site amplitude versus distance from the heart. The reflection profile can be seen as the response of the arterial system to a pressure delta pulse where reflections upstream from the measurement location have been eliminated. The method was successfully tested on a simple model loaded with a pure resistor, a two-element windkessel, and a bifurcating tube system. It was then applied to the aortic pressure and flow signals measured in six mongrel dogs whose aorta was occluded at different levels. The profiles obtained from measurements at control showed two main reflection regions, one located in the vicinity (0.1-0.2 m) of the heart and the other located in the region of the iliac bifurcation. All occlusions, even the most distant one at the iliac bifurcation, could be identified in both amplitude (amount of reflections) and distance from the heart. The spatial resolution of the profiles was approximately 0.1 m as a result of the limited power spectrum contained in the arterial pulse, and the identification of reflection sites decreased rapidly with the distance.
Genetic Predisposition to Pancreatic Cancer: A Brief Review (2007)

Greer, Julia B. M.D., M.P.H.; Whitcomb, David C. M.D., Ph.D.; Brand, Randall E. M.D. Author Information
Phospholipid biosynthetic enzymes in human brain (1997)

Growing evidence suggests an involvement of brain membrane phospholipid metabolism in a variety of neurodegenerative and psychiatric conditions. This has prompted the use of drugs (e.g., CDPcholine) aimed at elevating the rate of neural membrane synthesis. However, no information is available regarding the human brain enzymes of phospholipid synthesis which these drugs affect. Thus, the objective of our study was to characterize the enzymes involved, in particular, whether differences existed in the relative affinity of substrates for the enzymes of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) compared to those of phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis. The concentration of choline in rapidly frozen human brain biopsies ranged from 32-186 nmol/g tissue, a concentration similar to that determined previously for ethanolamine. Since human brain ethanolamine kinase possessed a much lower affinity for ethanolamine (Km = 460 microM) than choline kinase did for choline (Km = 17 microM), the activity of ethanolamine kinase in vivo may be more dependent on substrate availability than that of choline kinase. In addition, whereas ethanolamine kinase was inhibited by choline, and to a lesser extent by phosphocholine, choline kinase activity was unaffected by the presence of ethanolamine, or phosphoethanolamine, and only weakly inhibited by phosphocholine. Phosphoethanolamine cytidylyltransferase (PECT) and phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (PCCT) also displayed dissimilar characteristics, with PECT and PCCT being located predominantly in the cytosolic and particulate fractions, respectively. Both PECT and PCCT exhibited a low affinity for CTP (Km approximately 1.2 mM), suggesting that the activities of these enzymes, and by implication, the rate of phospholipid synthesis, are highly dependent upon the cellular concentration of CTP. In conclusion our data indicate different regulatory properties of PE and PC synthesis in human brain, and suggest that the rate of PE synthesis may be more dependent upon substrate (ethanolamine) availability than that of PC synthesis.
Feasibility of near-infrared diffuse optical spectroscopy on patients undergoing imageguided core-needle biopsy (2007)

We describe a side-firing fiber optic sensor based on near-infrared spectroscopy for guiding core needle biopsy diagnosis of breast cancer. The sensor is composed of three side firing optical fibers (two source fibers and one detection fiber), providing two source-detector separations. The entire assembly is inserted into a core biopsy needle, allowing for sampling to occur at the biopsy site. A multi-wavelength frequency-domain near-infrared instrument is used to collect diffuse reflectance in the breast tissue through an aperture on the biopsy needle before the tissue is removed for histology. Preliminary in vivo measurements performed on 10 normal or benign breast tissues from 5 women undergoing stereo- or ultrasound-guided core needle biopsy show the ability of the system to determine tissue optical properties and constituent concentrations, which are correlated with breast tissue composition derived from histopathology.
Electrophoretic Deposition of ZnO:Zn Phosphor for Field Emission Display Applications (1996)

Electrophoretic deposition of the phosphor particles was employed to prepare an anode plate for the field emitter display. The process was analyzed by depositing magnesium hydroxide with phosphor particles via electrolysis of in isopropyl alcohol. It was found that the concentration of and ions from the water present in the coating bath play important roles in deposition of phosphors onto the substrate. The deposition rate and the deposited amounts of phosphors are optimized for maximum brightness under low‐voltage excitation. Also, the effects of MgO as a binder on luminance are discussed. In ZnO:Zn phosphors, the brightness of 400 cd/m2 can be obtained at 500 V and 30 μA.
Designing a spatially aware, automated quadcopter using an Android control system (2014)

Intelligence gathering is a critical component of military operations. Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have become an increasingly useful tool due to their surveillance and reconnaissance capabilities. However, the use of many of these vehicles is limited to outdoor environments because of their size and reliance on Global Positioning Satellites (GPS). Knowledge of indoor environments is important so that the risk of entering an unsafe or unknown building can be minimized. This paper describes the development of a spatially aware, autonomous quadcopter that uses an Android control system and functions indoors. The system consists of a laser rangefinder for sensory input, a IOIO microcontroller for data communication across platforms, an autopilot system (APM) for flight control, and an Android phone for mission control. The Android Control and Sensor System (ACSS) is currently being developed by the Department of Defense (DOD), MITRE, and academic partners, and will be integrated into the solution. To be considered autonomous, the quadcopter must be able to make a map from the data provided by the laser rangefinder, determine its own location and position in that map, and then execute a set of navigational commands from the Android control system. The success of this project is measured by the system's ability to travel autonomously while simultaneously creating a map and being aware of its location.
Synthesis and Stabilization of Colloidal Gold Nanoparticle Suspensions for SERS (2008)

Colloidal gold nanoparticles were synthesized by thiosulfate reduction of aqueous HAuCl4. Nanoparticle flocculation was controlled by addition of a stabilizing agent (e.g., Na2SO4 or NaCl) 5 minutes into the reaction. Synthesis kinetics were followed by monitoring the growth in intensity of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) at ~535 nm using visible-NIR absorption spectroscopy. In addition to the SPR, the time-dependent spectra also exhibited an extended plasmon band (EPB) in the NIR that initially increased in intensity and red-shifted with time before blue-shifting and eventually disappearing due to changes in nanoparticle flocculation. TEM and x-ray diffraction measurements showed that the resultant nanoparticles were predominantly spherical in shape and ~20-30 nm in diameter. Surface chemistry was confirmed using XPS. The stabilizing agent was found to play a key role in the subsequent SERS activity of the nanoparticles by adsorbing to their surface, preventing premature nanoparticle aggregation and mediating the analyte-nanoparticle interaction.
Smart Polymers and Protein Purification (1998)

Abstract Smart polymers undergo fast and reversible changes in microstructure triggered by small changes of medium property (pH, temperature, ionic strength). These properties of smart polymers were exploited for the development of new protein purification techniques: affinity precipitation, affinity partitioning, and temperature-induced elution in dye-affinity chromatography. Different smart polymers were used for affinity precipitation: Eudragit S 100 (a copolymer of methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate which precipitates on decreasing pH); stoichiomet-ric polyelectrolyte complexes of poly(methacrylate) and poly(N-ethyl-4-vinylpyridium bromide); poly(N-vinyl caprolactam), and poly(N-iso-propylacrylamide) (both precipitate on heating aqueous solutions to 35–40°C or increase in ionic strength). Recombinant thermostable lac-tate dehydrogenase from a thermophile Bacillus stear other mophilus was purified by affinity partitioning in an aqueous two-phase polymer system formed by dextran and a copolymer of N-vinyl caprolactam and 1-vinyl imidazole. The enzyme partitioned preferentially into the copolymer phase in the presence of Cu ions. The thermoprecipitation of the copolymer at 45°C resulted in an aqueous solution of the purified en- At elevated temperatures, poly-VCL molecules are in a compact globule conformation, capable of binding only to a few ligands on the matrix. The enzyme lactate dehydrogenase from porcine muscle has better access to the ligands and binds to the column. With a decrease in temperature, the polymer molecules undergo transition to a more expanded coil conformation. Polymer molecules interact now with more ligands and begin to compete with the bound enzyme for the ligands. Finally, the bound enzyme is replaced by the expanded polymer chains. This system was used for lactate dehydrogenase purification. Porcine muscle homogenate was applied on a column until breakthrough at 40°C. The foreign proteins were washed out with 0.1 M KC1; then the column was cooled to room temperature and virtually homogeneous lactate dehydrogenase was eluted with the same buffer. The purification factor was 17; recovery was 90% (13).
A rapid method for determination of endoproteinase substrate specificity: specificity of the 3C proteinase from hepatitis A virus. (1991)

The preferred amino acid residues at the P'1 and P'2 positions of peptide substrates of the 3C proteinase from hepatitis A virus (HAV-3C) have been determined by a rapid screening method. The enzyme was presented with two separate mixtures of N-terminal acetylated peptides, which were identical in sequence except for the amino acids at the P'1 or P'2 positions, where a set of 15 or 16 amino acids was introduced. Enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of the peptide mixtures generated free amino termini, which allowed direct sequence analysis by Edman degradation. The relative yield of each amino acid product in the appropriate sequencing cycle gave the amount of each substrate mixture component hydrolyzed. This allowed the simultaneous evaluation of the relative kcat/Km values for each component in the mixture. The peptide substrates preferred by the HAV-3C proteinase in the P'1 mixture were glycine, alanine, and serine. The enzyme has little specificity at P'2; only arginine and proline peptides were excluded as substrates. This method provides a rapid determination of the preferred residues for a peptide substrate and should be applicable to other endoproteinases.
An automated process for efficiently measuring the patterns of all elements located in a phased-array antenna (2002)

An automated technique for measuring element patterns of the elements located in a phased array antenna is described and demonstrated. The procedure utilizes Hadamard encoding applied to the beamformer in an iterative fashion as the measurement positioner moves the probe relative to the array. A coherent receiver and cross-correlator decoder are used to extract the desired element patterns. This paper experimentally shows that it is possible to measure all individual element patterns within the array simultaneously. The new technique is easily automated and eliminates the need for manually removing cables and installing terminations, as was necessary using the prior art.
The purification and properties of <i>myo</i>-inositol monophosphatase from bovine brain (1988)

1. An inositol monophosphatase was purified to homogeneity from bovine brain. 2. The enzyme is a dimer of subunit Mr 29,000. 3. The enzyme hydrolyses both enantiomers of myo-inositol 1-phosphate and both enantiomers of myo-inositol 4-phosphate, but has no activity towards inositol bisphosphates, inositol trisphosphates or inositol 1,3,4,5-tetrakisphosphate. 4. Several non-inositol-containing monophosphates are also substrates. 5. The enzyme requires Mg2+ for activity, and Zn2+ supports activity to a small extent. 6. Other bivalent cations (including Zn2+) are inhibitors, competitive with Mg2+. 7. Phosphate, but not inositol, is an inhibitor competitive with substrate. 8. Li+ inhibits hydrolysis of inositol 1-phosphate and inositol 4-phosphate uncompetitively with different apparent Ki values (1.0 mM and 0.26 mM respectively).
Intelligent Real-Time Adaptation for Power Efficiency in Sensor Networks (2008)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> This paper presents an intelligent, dynamic power conservation scheme for sensor networks in which the sensor network operation is adaptive to both changes in the objects under measurement and the network itself. The conservation scheme switches sensor nodes between a sleep and an active mode in a manner such that the nodes can maximize the time they spend in a power-efficient sleep state, which corresponds to a nonmeasuring and/or nontransmitting mode, while not missing important events. A switching decision is made based on changes (or their absence) in the signals sensed from the environment by an intelligent agent that has been trained to determine whether or not a special event has occurred. This intelligent agent is based on a novel neural network topology that allows for a significant reduction in the resource consumption required for its training and operation without compromising its change detection performance. The scheme was implemented to control a sensor network built from a number of Telos rev. B motes currently available on the market. A few new utilities including an original neural network-based intelligent agent, a “visualizer,” a communication manager, and a scheduler have been designed, implemented, and tested. Power consumption measurements taken in a laboratory environment confirm that use of the designed system results in a significant extension of sensor network lifetime (versus “always on” systems) from a few days to a few years. </para>
Australia Antigen (Hepatitis B Antigen): A Conformational Antigen Dependent on Disulfide Bonds (1972)

Reduction and alkylation of purified hepatitis-associated Australia antigen (hepatitis B antigen) resulted in a total loss of serologic activity. The reduced and alkylated protein formed a single band with a sedimentation coefficient of 31S on analytical ultracentrifugation, and no subunits were detected by Sephadex gel filtration. Although this preparation induced a delayed hypersensitivity response when injected into guinea pigs, it failed to stimulate humoral antibody formation. The data suggest that hepatitis B antigen is a conformational antigen critically dependent upon the disulfide bonds of the protein moiety.