gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Myeloproliferative virus, a cloned murine sarcoma virus with spleen focus-forming properties in adult mice (1980)

Myeloproliferative virus, derived from Moloney sarcoma virus, causes erythroleukemia and myeloid leukemia in adult mice. This virus is also capable of fibroblast transformation in vitro. The virus consists of two separable biological entities which have been cloned. The helper virus component caused no visible changes in adult mice, whereas the defective virus induced both spleen focus formation and a large increase in erythroid precursor cells but retained the sarcoma virus property of transforming fibroblasts in vitro. Thus, myeloproliferative virus is the first murine sarcoma virus which induces erythroleukemia in adult animals.
Ramp descent performance with the C-Leg and interrater reliability of the Hill Assessment Index (2013)

C-Leg improves Hill Assessment Index ramp descent performance and time. In descent quality, C-Leg offers the possibility of eliminating assistive device use and/or improving step length in the absence of an assistive device. C-Leg resulted in 23% gait speed increase during ramp descent. The Hill Assessment Index had very good interrater reliability but should be assessed for intrarater reliability, minimal detectable change, and validity.
Increasing Viral Burden in CD4+ T Cells from Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection Reflects Rapidly Progressive Immunosuppression and Clinical Disease (1990)

Increasing viral burden in peripheral blood CD4+ T-cells is directly associated with a progressive decline in CD4+ T cells and deteriorating clinical course in HIV-infected patients.
Defining Affinity with the GABA<sub>A</sub>Receptor (1998)

At nicotinic and glutamatergic synapses, the duration of the postsynaptic response depends on the affinity of the receptor for transmitter (Colquhoun et al., 1977;Pan et al., 1993). Affinity is often thought to be determined by the ligand unbinding rate, whereas the binding rate is assumed to be diffusion-limited. In this view, the receptor selects for those ligands that form a stable complex on binding, but binding is uniformly fast and does not itself affect selectivity. We tested these assumptions for the GABAA receptor by dissecting the contributions of microscopic binding and unbinding kinetics for agonists of equal efficacy but of widely differing affinities. Agonist pulses applied to outside-out patches of cultured rat hippocampal neurons revealed that agonist unbinding rates could not account for affinity if diffusion-limited binding was assumed. However, direct measurement of the instantaneous competition between agonists and a competitive antagonist revealed that binding rates were orders of magnitude slower than expected for free diffusion, being more steeply correlated with affinity than were the unbinding rates. The deviation from diffusion-limited binding indicates that a ligand-specific energy barrier between the unbound and bound states determines GABAA receptor selectivity. This barrier and our kinetic observations can be quantitatively modeled by requiring the participation of movable elements within a flexible GABA binding site.
Optimizing Federated Learning on Non-IID Data with Reinforcement Learning (2020)

The widespread deployment of machine learning applications in ubiquitous environments has sparked interests in exploiting the vast amount of data stored on mobile devices. To preserve data privacy, Federated Learning has been proposed to learn a shared model by performing distributed training locally on participating devices and aggregating the local models into a global one. However, due to the limited network connectivity of mobile devices, it is not practical for federated learning to perform model updates and aggregation on all participating devices in parallel. Besides, data samples across all devices are usually not independent and identically distributed (IID), posing additional challenges to the convergence and speed of federated learning. In this paper, we propose Favor, an experience-driven control framework that intelligently chooses the client devices to participate in each round of federated learning to counterbalance the bias introduced by non-IID data and to speed up convergence. Through both empirical and mathematical analysis, we observe an implicit connection between the distribution of training data on a device and the model weights trained based on those data, which enables us to profile the data distribution on that device based on its uploaded model weights. We then propose a mechanism based on deep Q-learning that learns to select a subset of devices in each communication round to maximize a reward that encourages the increase of validation accuracy and penalizes the use of more communication rounds. With extensive experiments performed in PyTorch, we show that the number of communication rounds required in federated learning can be reduced by up to 49% on the MNIST dataset, 23% on FashionMNIST, and 42% on CIFAR-10, as compared to the Federated Averaging algorithm.
Five- and Six-Membered Conformationally Locked 2‘,4‘-Carbocyclic<i>ribo</i>-Thymidines:  Synthesis, Structure, and Biochemical Studies (2007)

Two unusual reactions involving the 5-hexenyl or the 6-heptenyl radical cyclization of a distant double bond at C4' and the radical center at C2' of the ribofuranose ring of thymidine have been used as key steps to synthesize North-type conformationally constrained cis-fused bicyclic five-membered and six-membered carbocyclic analogues of LNA (carbocyclic-LNA-T) and ENA (carbocyclic-ENA-T) in high yields. Their structures have been confirmed unambiguously by long range 1H-13C NMR correlation (HMBC), TOCSY, COSY, and NOE experiments. The carbocyclic-LNA-T and carbocyclic-ENA-T were subsequently incorporated into the antisense oligonucleotides (AONs) to show that they enhance the Tm of the modified AON/RNA heteroduplexes by 3.5-5 degrees C and 1.5 degrees C/modification for carbocyclic-LNA-T and carbocyclic-ENA-T, respectively. Whereas the relative RNase H cleavage rates with carbocyclic-LNA-T, carbocyclic-ENA-T, aza-ENA-T, and LNA-T modified AON/RNA duplexes were found to be very similar to that of the native counterpart, irrespective of the type and the site modification in the AON strand, a single incorporation of carbocyclic-LNA and carbocyclic-ENA into AONs leads to very much more enhanced nuclease stability in the blood serum (stable >48 h) as compared to that of the native (fully degraded <3 h) and the LNA-modified AONs (fully degraded <9 h) and aza-ENA ( approximately 85% stable in 48 h). Clearly, remarkably enhanced lifetimes of these carbocyclic-modified AONs in the blood serum may produce the highly desired pharmacokinetic properties because of their unique stability and consequently a net reduction of the required dosage. This unique quality as well as their efficient use as the AON in the RNase H-promoted cleavage of the target RNA makes our carbocyclic-LNA and carbocyclic-ENA modifications excellent candidates as potential antisense therapeutic agents.
Wavelet-based self-similar watermarking for still images (2000)

This paper presents a wavelet-based watermarking method for copyright protection of still images. Watermarks are structured in such a way to attain spatial self-similarity with respect to a cartesian grid. Embedding and detection are performed in the wavelet domain thus allowing multiresolution detection. The novelty of the current approach is the use of self-similar watermarks (quasi scale-invariant), which are expected to be robust against geometric transformations, especially scaling. The approach proves rather efficient against many kinds of distortions, such as linear and nonlinear filtering, JPEG compression, scaling, cropping and rotation.
Expression of angiogenesis‐related molecules in plexiform lesions in severe pulmonary hypertension: evidence for a process of disordered angiogenesis (2001)

Pulmonary arteries of patients with severe pulmonary hypertension (SPH) presenting in an idiopathic form (primary PH-PPH) or associated with congenital heart malformations or collagen vascular diseases show plexiform lesions. It is postulated that in lungs with SPH, endothelial cells in plexiform lesions express genes encoding for proteins involved in angiogenesis, in particular, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and those involved in VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) signalling. On immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, endothelial cells in the plexiform lesions expressed VEGF mRNA and protein and overexpressed the mRNA and protein of VEGFR-2, and the transcription factor subunits HIF-1alpha and HIF-1beta of hypoxia inducible factor, which are responsible for the hypoxia-dependent induction of VEGF. When compared with normal lungs, SPH lungs showed decreased expression of the kinases PI3 kinase and src, which, together with Akt, relay the signal transduction downstream of VEGFR-2. Because markers of angiogenesis are expressed in plexiform lesions in SPH, it is proposed that these lesions may form by a process of disordered angiogenesis.
Specific and efficient gene transfer strategy offers new potentialities for the treatment of motor neurone diseases (1995)

NeuroReport is a channel for rapid communication of new findings in neuroscience. It is a forum for the publication of short but complete reports of important studies that require very fast publication. Papers are accepted on the basis of the novelty of their finding, on their significance for neuroscience and on a clear need for rapid publication. Preliminary communications are not suitable for the Journal. Submitted articles undergo a preliminary review by the editor. Some articles may be returned to authors without further consideration. Those being considered for publication will undergo further assessment and peer-review by the editors and those invited to do so from a reviewer pool. The core interest of the Journal is on studies that cast light on how the brain (and the whole of the nervous system) works.
Acidic Characteristics of Fermented and Dried Cocoa Beans from Different Countries of Origin (1990)

ABSTRACT Thirty‐nine fermented and dried cocoa bean samples from 13 countries were evaluated for pH, titratable acidity and concentrations of volatile and nonvolatile acids. The correlation coefficient between pH and log 10 titratable acidity was ‐0.94. Cocoa beans from Brazil and Far Eastern countries were highly acidic while those from Central American and South American countries were low in acidity. Samples from West African countries were intermediate with titratable acidity values from 0.12 to 0.15 meq NaOH/g sample and pH values from 5.20 to 5.49. Highly acidic beans were characterized by high concentrations of acetic and lactic acids. The high correlation between acetic acid and both pH (r=0.86) and titratable acidity (r = 0.91) indicated that this acid could be primarily responsible for high acidity in cocoa beans.
Potential of the Antibody Against <i>cis</i>–Phosphorylated Tau in the Early Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Alzheimer Disease and Brain Injury (2016)

Alzheimer disease (AD) and chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) share a common neuropathologic signature-neurofibrillary tangles made of phosphorylated tau-but do not have the same pathogenesis or symptoms. Although whether traumatic brain injury (TBI) could cause AD has not been established, CTE is shown to be associated with TBI. Until recently, whether and how TBI leads to tau-mediated neurodegeneration was unknown. The unique prolyl isomerase Pin1 protects against the development of tau-mediated neurodegeneration in AD by converting the phosphorylated Thr231-Pro motif in tau (ptau) from the pathogenic cis conformation to the physiologic trans conformation, thereby restoring ptau function. The recent development of antibodies able to distinguish and eliminate both conformations specifically has led to the discovery of cis-ptau as a precursor of tau-induced pathologic change and an early driver of neurodegeneration that directly links TBI to CTE and possibly to AD. Within hours of TBI in mice or neuronal stress in vitro, neurons prominently produce cis-ptau, which causes and spreads cis-ptau pathologic changes, termed cistauosis. Cistauosis eventually leads to widespread tau-mediated neurodegeneration and brain atrophy. Cistauosis is effectively blocked by the cis-ptau antibody, which targets intracellular cis-ptau for proteasome-mediated degradation and prevents extracellular cis-ptau from spreading to other neurons. Treating TBI mice with cis-ptau antibody not only blocks early cistauosis but also prevents development and spreading of tau-mediated neurodegeneration and brain atrophy and restores brain histopathologic features and functional outcomes. Thus, cistauosis is a common early disease mechanism for AD, TBI, and CTE, and cis-ptau and its antibody may be useful for early diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of these devastating diseases.
The metabolic fate of supidimide in the rat. (1982)

The absorption, metabolism and excretion of 3-(2,3-dihydro-1,1-dioxido-3-oxo-1,2-benzisothiazol-2-yl)-2-oxopiperidine (supidimide) in the rat are investigated. Following oral administration of 35S-labelled supidimide (12.5 and 25 mg/kg), the radioactivity is rapidly absorbed and excreted almost quantitatively within 72 h. 85% of the radioactivity administered is recovered from urine. In the faeces a further 14% is found predominantly resulting from biliary excretion. Excretion rates of urinary radioactivity show a 2-phase course with half-lives of 2.6 h and 10 h. Unchanged supidimide is eliminated with a half-life of 2.1 h. A total of 10 metabolites are identified in urine, faeces or in vitro systems and quantified. Identification of the metabolites is achieved by co-crystallization or co-chromatography with synthetic reference compounds, chemical analysis, mass spectrometry or combinations of these techniques. The pattern of metabolites observed in vivo and in vitro studies reveal that supidimide is primarily oxidized in the piperidone moiety of the molecule by the microsomal drug metabolizing system. Largely spontaneous hydrolysis of preexisting or newly formed carbonamide bonds gives rise to the variety of metabolic products. Hydrolysis of the sulfonamide bond and oxidation of the benzene moiety are not detectable. Only after subchronic treatment with an elevated dosage of supidimide (greater than or equal to 150 mg/kg) is a reversible induction of cytochrome P-450 observed.
Asymmetric Conjugate Reduction of α,β‐Unsaturated Ketones and Esters with Chiral Rhodium(2,6‐bisoxazolinylphenyl) Catalysts. (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Automated detection of white matter and cortical lesions in early stages of multiple sclerosis (2015)

For WM lesion detection, similar results were observed when only conventional clinical sequences (FLAIR, MPRAGE) were used compared to a combination of conventional and "advanced" sequences (MP2RAGE, DIR). Cortical lesion detection increased significantly when "advanced" sequences were used. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2015. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;43:1445-1454.
Novel self-assembled lithocholic acid nanoparticles for drug delivery in cancer (2013)

Novel versatile self-assembled nanoparticles were developed from biocompatible, biodegradable lithocholic acid derivatives. These nanoparticles can incorporate different cytotoxic drugs (paclitaxel and doxorubicin) and PI3K signalling inhibitor (PI103). Drugs were released from the nanoparticles in a slow, sustained manner at acidic pH. The drug loaded nanoparticles were internalized through lysosomal compartments and induced cell death in HeLa cervical cancer cells.
Comparison of standing wave accelerators operating in the 2π/3 and π/2 modes (1975)

Calculations of fields in standing wave accelerators operating in the 2Π/ 3 and Π/ 2 modes have been done using a set of RLC coupled loop circuits to determine equilibrium current solutions. These results have been compared to experimental on-axis field measurements in an S-band accelerating structure. Tolerances of the two systems to frequency and coupling-constant differences are discussed as well as to operation slightly off-resonance. All results indicate that the Π/2 mode is significantly less sensitive to construction and operational differences.
Zero-Shot Relation Extraction via Reading Comprehension (2017)

We show that relation extraction can be reduced to answering simple reading comprehension questions, by associating one or more natural-language questions with each relation slot. This reduction has several advantages: we can (1) learn relationextraction models by extending recent neural reading-comprehension techniques, (2) build very large training sets for those models by combining relation-specific crowd-sourced questions with distant supervision, and even (3) do zero-shot learning by extracting new relation types that are only specified at test-time, for which we have no labeled training examples. Experiments on a Wikipedia slot-filling task demonstrate that the approach can generalize to new questions for known relation types with high accuracy, and that zero-shot generalization to unseen relation types is possible, at lower accuracy levels, setting the bar for future work on this task.
PCR detection of Listeria monocytogenes: a study of multiple factors affecting sensitivity (2003)

The method proposed for the detection of L. monocytogenes, has been validated in naturally contaminated food and is suitable to implement in the food industry.
The Viability of Single-Trip Sand-Control Completions in Deep Water—A Case History (2005)

Abstract Escalating development costs and increasing deepwater activity emphasize the need for reducing well completion costs dramatically. The evolution of single trip systems in the Gulf of Mexico Shelf provides proven technology to complete marginal properties in deepwater. Workstring trips on deepwater completions are the single most expensive operation; therefore minimizing trips can significantly reduce operational costs. Today, wells are being drilled deeper and therefore the impact of reducing the number of trips is significant. Single trip systems executed successfully in today's deeper environments can offer considerable savings. Realized project savings depends on the type infrastructure in place, i.e. Semi-Submersible, Drillship, Spar, TLP. Single Trip systems offer a viable option to reduce costs, however candidate selection and additional engineering considerations are associated with these systems. The progression of single trip systems to multi zone completions systems is examined along with the inherent advantages they present. Based on the completion architecture and rig infrastructure in place tangible savings in excess of half a million dollars can be realized. Installation of single trip systems, a deepwater completion performed from a drill ship, and the cost analysis for the feasibility of this application is presented.
Regulations Expressed As Logical Models (REALM) (2005)

Recent years have seen a number of high-profile incidents of corporate accounting fraud, security violations, terrorist acts, and disruptions of major financial markets. This has led to a proliferation of new regulations that directly impact businesses. As a result, businesses, in particular publicly traded companies, face the daunting task of complying with an increasing number of intricate and constantly evolving regulations. Together with the growing complexity of today's enterprises this requires a holistic compliance management approach with the goal of continually increasing automation.

We introduce REALM (Regulations Expressed as Logical Models), a metamodel and method for modeling regulations and managing them in a systematic lifecycle in an enterprise. We formalize regulatory requirements as sets of compliance rules in a novel real-time temporal object logic over concept models in UML, together with metadata for traceability. REALM provides the basis for subsequent model transformations, deployment, and continuous monitoring and enforcement of compliance in real business processes and IT systems.
Wool and Cashmere Fiber Identification Study Using Scanning Electron Microscopy (1998)

Abstract Despite the large production and consumption of textile fibers on a global basis, the ability to identify specific types of textile fibers with similar physical-chemical properties is a challenging obstacle for the textile industry. One problem in particular is the identification of specialty animal fibers. Cashmere is a specialty fiber that has a value of 7 to 8 times higher than its similar counterpart wool. It is important, therefore, for textile manufactures to be capable of distinguishing between bails of high value specialty fibers and those containing contamination from lower value products. Today the universally accepted method of identifying fibers is microscopic analysis. However, the optical microscope is limited because of the subjective nature of the analysis and its limited ability to easily measure different parameters of the fiber such as the fiber diameter, the fiber scale length and the fiber scale thickness.
Gallocatechin Gallate-Containing Fermented Green Tea Extract Ameliorates Obesity and Hypertriglyceridemia Through the Modulation of Lipid Metabolism in Adipocytes and Myocytes (2019)

Green tea is reported to exert beneficial effects on metabolic disorders through the regulation of lipid metabolism. On the contrary, fermented food products have been introduced to improve human health by modulating immune response and energy metabolism. To maximize health benefit, we applied fermentation processing to green tea. Fermented green tea extract (FGT) inhibited adipogenesis and lipogenesis in cultured adipocytes, whereas it augmented mRNA expression of fatty acid oxidation-related genes in differentiated myocytes. In diet-induced obese mice, FGT blunted body weight and fat mass gain by 69.7% and 56.7%, respectively. FGT also improved circulating triglyceride concentrations by 32.6%. Similar to <i>in vitro</i> results, FGT suppressed lipogenesis and promoted lipid catabolism in peripheral tissues. In addition, FGT administration modulated the composition of certain gut microbiota which are associated with obesity and related metabolic disorders. Among the various components of FGT, gallocatechin gallate is suggested to mediate the effect of FGT on lipid metabolism. Taken together, we propose FGT as a novel functional food to benefit human health by controlling adiposity and lipid metabolism.
Charles University in Prague Faculty of Mathematics and Physics (2011)

Hexagonal ferrites of M, W, X and Y structure types were studied by means of NMR, electronic structure calculations and magnetoelectric experiments. Presented results deal with cation distribution, localization of ferrous ions, interpretation of NMR spectra of studied materials and effects of size reduction. In oriented layers M type strontium ferrite and submicron particles of M type barium ferrite pronounced effects of reduced size were observed on Fe NMR spectra. Performance of magnetoelectric barium-strontium Y type hexaferrites with divalent zinc cations improved upon thermal treatment of samples while distribution of zinc was not significantly altered. In Sc substituted BaM, Sc content was found to be uniform throughout TSSG grown crystal. In LaSrM systems electron localization in 2a sublattice was observed, co-substitution with La+Zn, La+Co and La+Cu was found to lead to partial charge compensation. In strontium ferrites of type W and X localization of ferrous ions in octahedral sites in SS block pair was observed.