gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The potential for 'store-and-forward' communications using small satellites in low Earth orbits (1993)

The UoSAT Spacecraft Engineering group at the University of Surrey has investigated the use of low Earth orbits for electronic mail or 'store and forward' systems. the launch of UoSAT-2 in 1984 as an auxiliary payload alongside LANDSAT-5 pioneered the use of electronic mail via low Earth orbit. The experience gained in experimenting with UoSAT-2, still operational in 1993, has led to a new generation of operational store and forward transponders. The first operational network Health Net, operated by SateLife (a US medical aid agency) has been established using the store and forward transponder on UoSAT-3 alongside its sister network operated by Volunteers in Technical Assistance (VITA,USA). The HealthNet network ties together medical centres and schools within rural and developing areas with those in developed areas. The store and forward system provides for the exchange of messages and files containing a range of medical information allowing health workers more immediate access and the ability to request recent information. The UoSAT networks show that a complementary role can be played by cost effective microsatellites in low Earth orbit carrying digital store and forward transponders. The users of these systems have a requirement for regular low volume data transfer which cannot be satisfied by the use of conventional satellite links and for which terrestrial links are unavailable.
Eccentric Reaming in Total Shoulder Arthroplasty: A Cadaveric Study (2009)

Posterior glenoid bone loss often is seen in association with glenohumeral osteoarthritis. Many different techniques have been proposed to account for this bone loss during total shoulder arthroplasty, the most popular being eccentric anterior reaming. However, the amount of correction that can be achieved has not been been well quantified. The purpose of this study was to define the amount of eccentric posterior glenoid wear that can be corrected by anterior glenoid reaming. Eight cadaveric scapulae were studied. Simulations of posterior glenoid wear in 5 degrees increments were performed on each scapula. The specimens were then eccentrically reamed to correct the deformity. Anteroposterior width, superior-inferior height, and the best-fit pegged glenoid prosthesis size were measured. Anterior reaming to correct a 10 degrees posterior defect resulted in a decrease in anteroposterior glenoid diameter from 26.7+/-2.5 mm to 23.8+/-3.1 mm (P=.006). In 4 of 8 specimens, placing a glenoid prosthesis was not possible after correcting a 15 degrees deformity because of inadequate bony support (N=2), peg penetration (N=1) or both (N=1). A 20 degrees deformity was correctable in 2 of 8 specimens and only after downsizing the glenoid component. Anterior glenoid reaming to correct eccentric posterior wear of >10 degrees results in significant narrowing of the anteroposterior glenoid width. A 15 degrees deformity has only a 50% chance of successful correction by anterior, eccentric reaming. Orthopedic surgeons need to be cognizant of this in their preoperative planning for total shoulder arthroplasty.
Preparation and characterization of helical self-assembled nanofibers (2008)

This tutorial review serves as an introduction to helical self-assembled systems, illustrated by a specific class of helical aggregates: helical nanofibers. The common ways by which these systems are designed, prepared, and characterized will be presented.
Nuclear Localization of Cell-Penetrating Peptides Is Dependent on Endocytosis Rather Than Cytosolic Delivery in CHO Cells (2009)

The nuclear localization of various cell penetrating peptides (CPPs), including Tat [47-57], YG(R)9, YG(K)9, and model amphipathic peptide (MAP), was examined and correlated with the endocytosis and cytosolic transfer efficiency in CHO cells. The results showed that the internalization of the amphipathic peptide, MAP, was much higher than that of the other cationic CPPs tested. During subcellular fractionation analysis, MAP was only found in the vesicular fraction and was not detectable in the cytosol, similar to the intracellular localization of YG(K)9 as previously determined. This localization pattern differs greatly from the cationic CPPs oligoarginine and Tat, which were previously found primarily in the cytosol. Both quantitative and qualitative analysis of MAP showed high nuclear localization, with staining in perinuclear vesicles. On the other hand, YG(R)9 was found to be excluded from the nucleus. Lysosomotropic amines altered the nuclear localization of the CPPs tested, and the change was correlated with the release of degradation products from the treated cells. These results suggest that highly endocytosed CPPs such as MAP may be more suitable for nuclear drug delivery applications than peptides such as Tat and YG(R)9 that are efficiently delivered to the cytosol.
A goal-driven modular neural network predicts parietofrontal neural dynamics during grasping (2020)

One of the primary ways we interact with the world is using our hands. In macaques, the circuit spanning the anterior intraparietal area, the hand area of the ventral premotor cortex, and the primary motor cortex is necessary for transforming visual information into grasping movements. However, no comprehensive model exists that links all steps of processing from vision to action. We hypothesized that a recurrent neural network mimicking the modular structure of the anatomical circuit and trained to use visual features of objects to generate the required muscle dynamics used by primates to grasp objects would give insight into the computations of the grasping circuit. Internal activity of modular networks trained with these constraints strongly resembled neural activity recorded from the grasping circuit during grasping and paralleled the similarities between brain regions. Network activity during the different phases of the task could be explained by linear dynamics for maintaining a distributed movement plan across the network in the absence of visual stimulus and then generating the required muscle kinematics based on these initial conditions in a module-specific way. These modular models also outperformed alternative models at explaining neural data, despite the absence of neural data during training, suggesting that the inputs, outputs, and architectural constraints imposed were sufficient for recapitulating processing in the grasping circuit. Finally, targeted lesioning of modules produced deficits similar to those observed in lesion studies of the grasping circuit, providing a potential model for how brain regions may coordinate during the visually guided grasping of objects.
Synthesis of novel arylamine containing perfluorocyclobutane and its electrochromic properties (2009)

A new electrochromic oligomer based on an arylamine compound containing a perfluorocyclobutane (PFCB) ring has been synthesized via 2 + 2 cyclodimerization. A new N,N,N′,N′-tetraphenyl-biphenyl-4,4′-diamine (TPD) with PFCB (TPD-PFCB) showed high thermal stability with a decomposition temperature (Td) of 435 °C. Cyclic voltammograms of TPD-PFCB films coated onto an indium–tin oxide substrate showed two reversible redox steps during a potential scan between 0.7 and 1.2 V. The spectroelectrochemical series of TPD-PFCB films exhibited color change from colorless to yellow and then to greenish blue during the oxidation reaction of TPD-PFCB. This oligomer exhibited a high electrochromic coloration efficiency (602 cm2/C) and a comparable response speed (coloring and bleaching time at 700 nm were 0.71 and 0.12 s, respectively).
Adherence to lipids and intestinal mucin by a recently recognized human pathogen, Campylobacter upsaliensis (1996)

Campylobacter upsaliensis is a recently recognized human enteric pathogen associated with enteritis, colitis, bacteremia, and sepsis. Very little is known about the mechanisms of pathogenesis of this organism. The goals of this study were to determine whether C. upsaliensis binds to epithelial cells and whether there are specific lipid molecules that might serve as cell membrane receptors. In addition, we also explored C. upsaliensis binding to purified human small-intestinal mucin, since the mucus gel overlying the epithelium provides an initial contact surface for the bacteria and must be penetrated for the organisms to reach their cell receptors. Binding of C. upsaliensis to model epithelial cells was shown by microscopy adhesion assays, and binding to lipids was detected by thin-layer chromatography-overlay assays. Bacteria bound to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), gangliotetraosylceramide (Gg4), and, more weakly, to phosphatidylserine (PS). There was no binding to ceramide, cholesterol, phosphatidylcholine, and globosides. Using receptor-based microtiter well immunoassays, we observed binding to be equal, specific, and saturable for PE and Gg 4 but low and nonspecific for PS. At least five bacterial surface proteins (50 to 90 kDa) capable of PE binding were identified by a lipid-silica affinity column technique. In slot blot overlay assays, biotin-labeled C. upsaliensis also bound in a concentration-dependent fashion to purified human small-intestinal mucin, implying that these microorganisms also express an adhesin(s) recognizing a specific mucin epitope(s). We speculate that binding to mucins may influence access of the bacteria to cell membrane receptors and thereby influence host resistance to infection.
Molecular and Cytogenetic Subgroups of Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (2006)

Our findings suggest that assessing HPV, TP53, 9p21, and EGFR status may be crucial to finding more tailored and beneficial treatments for oropharyngeal SCCs.
Extraction-spectrophotometric determination of zinc with <I>N</I>, <I>N</I>'-bis-salicylidene-2, 3-diaminobenzofuran (1971)

亜鉛(II)がピリジン,γ-ピコリン,イソキノリンのような窒素をドナー原子とする単座配位子の共存下でN,N'-ビス-サリチリデン-2,3-ジアミノベンゾフラン(以下SABFと略記)と3種混合錯体を形成すること,およびこれらの錯体がクロロホルム,ベンゼン,メチルイソブチルケトンなどの有機溶媒に抽出されることを見いだし,特に亜鉛(II)-SABF-ピリジン錯体の生成ならびに抽出につき基礎的な検討を行なって微量亜鉛の定量方法を確立した.亜鉛(II)-SABF-ピリジン錯体はpH8.8～9.8でクロロホルムに定量的に抽出されて一定の吸光度を与え,その吸収曲線は波長502および535mμに極大を有し,抽出された錯体は安定であった.亜鉛濃度と吸光度との間には良好な直線関係が認められ,波長535mμにおける見かけのモル吸光係数および吸光度0.001に対する感度はそれぞれ19200および3.4×10-3μg Zn/cm2であった.カドミウム(II),コバルト(II),銅(II),鉄(III),マンガン(II),ニッケル(II),クロム(III),チタン(IV),クエン酸塩は亜鉛の定量を妨害した.
Analysis of nonvolatile oxidation products of polypropylene. III. Photodegradation (1970)

Abstract The nonvolatile oxidation products of photodegraded polypropylene have been analyzed by infrared spectroscopy and chemical reactions. The major functional group is ester followed by vinyl alkene, then acid. In comparison, thermally oxidized polypropylene contains relatively more aldehyde, ketone, and γ‐lactone and much less ester and vinyl alkene. Photodegraded polyethylene contains mostly vinyl alkene followed by carboxylic acid. Gel‐permeation chromatography (GPC) determined the decrease in polypropylene molecular weights with exposure time. A calculation determined that there is one functional group formed per chain scission; in thermal oxidation there are two groups formed per scission.
Jun Blockade of Erythropoiesis: Role for Repression of GATA-1 by HERP2 (2004)

Although Jun upregulation and activation have been established as critical to oncogenesis, the relevant downstream pathways remain incompletely characterized. In this study, we found that c-Jun blocks erythroid differentiation in primary human hematopoietic progenitors and, correspondingly, that Jun factors block transcriptional activation by GATA-1, the central regulator of erythroid differentiation. Mutagenesis of c-Jun suggested that its repression of GATA-1 occurs through a transcriptional mechanism involving activation of downstream genes. We identified the hairy-enhancer-of-split-related factor HERP2 as a novel gene upregulated by c-Jun. HERP2 showed physical interaction with GATA-1 and repressed GATA-1 transcriptional activation. Furthermore, transduction of HERP2 into primary human hematopoietic progenitors inhibited erythroid differentiation. These results thus define a novel regulatory pathway linking the transcription factors c-Jun, HERP2, and GATA-1. Furthermore, these results establish a connection between the Notch signaling pathway, of which the HERP factors are a critical component, and the GATA family, which participates in programming of cellular differentiation.
Characteristic Patterns of Dendritic Remodeling in Early-Stage Glaucoma: Evidence from Genetically Identified Retinal Ganglion Cell Types (2015)

Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) loss is a hallmark of glaucoma and the second leading cause of blindness worldwide. The type and timing of cellular changes leading to RGC loss in glaucoma remain incompletely understood, including whether specific RGC subtypes are preferentially impacted at early stages of this disease. Here we applied the microbead occlusion model of glaucoma to different transgenic mouse lines, each expressing green fluorescent protein in 1-2 specific RGC subtypes. Targeted filling, reconstruction, and subsequent comparison of the genetically identified RGCs in control and bead-injected eyes revealed that some subtypes undergo significant dendritic rearrangements as early as 7 d following induction of elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). By comparing specific On-type, On-Off-type and Off-type RGCs, we found that RGCs that target the majority of their dendritic arbors to the scleral half or "Off" sublamina of the inner plexiform layer (IPL) undergo the greatest changes, whereas RGCs with the majority of their dendrites in the On sublamina did not alter their structure at this time point. Moreover, M1 intrinsically photosensitive RGCs, which functionally are On RGCs but structurally stratify their dendrites in the Off sublamina of the IPL, also underwent significant changes in dendritic structure 1 week after elevated IOP. Thus, our findings reveal that certain RGC subtypes manifest significant changes in dendritic structure after very brief exposure to elevated IOP. The observation that RGCs stratifying most of their dendrites in the Off sublamina are first to alter their structure may inform the development of new strategies to detect, monitor, and treat glaucoma in humans.
Salvaging test windows in BIST diagnostics (1998)

This paper uses the STUMPS architecture to study the properties of a new diagnostic procedure. According to the old procedure, the process stops at the end of each test window to compare the measured signature against its precomputed value. The old procedure also calls for the abandonment of all future test windows after the first failing one is encountered. This is due to the unavailability of expected future test window signatures in the presence of a previously captured error. This paper shows a simple method of salvaging future test windows by adjusting their expected signatures to fit past observed errors. Experiments conducted using this new procedure reveal an improvement of at least one order of magnitude in diagnostic resolution over what has been previously experienced.
Estrone and Estradiol Levels in the Ovarian Venous Blood from Rats During the Estrous Cycle and Pregnancy* (1971)

Estrone and estradiol measurements were made in rat ovarian vein plasma by radioimmunoassay using dextran coated charcoal for separation (Hotchkiss and Knobil, unpublished). Separation of the steroids was carried out by subjecting the ether extract of the plasma to phenolic partition and column chromatography (celite microcolumn). During the estrous cycle the estrogen secretion rate varied greatly. During diestrus the secretion rates of E1 and E2 were low. They had, however, risen sharply by the morning of proestrus. By 2100–2300 hr on the same day the levels again fell significantly, and then remained low during estrus. Secretion rates of E1 and E2 were similar early on Day 3 of pregnancy to the values seen at estrus. On Day 4 significant increases in secretion rates of both E1 and E2 were observed the peak secretion of E1 and E2 occurring between 1400–1600 hr. Estrogen secretion then dropped again to intermediate values and with minor fluctuations remained essentially unchanged until increases were again observed towards the end of pregnancy. The ratio of E2/E1 varied from 1 to 7 throughout estrous cycle and pregnancy. The largest ratios were seen at the maximal rates of secretion.
The evaluation of the use of a scanning electron microscope combined with an energy dispersive X‐ray analyser for quantitative analysis (1973)

Abstract This paper describes an evaluation of the use of a scanning electron microscope to perform a rapid total analysis under secondary electron image conditions using a commercial energy dispersive X‐ray analyser. Problems encountered with overlapping intensity peaks and interference by the solid state Si (Li) detector are discussed. Elements heavier than sodium are detectable in metallic and geological samples and the total analysis of oxides requires only pure elements as standards.
A Method for Screening Total Mercury in Water Using a Flow Injection System with Piezoelectric Detection (2002)

An automatic microgravimetric screening system based on piezoelectric detection and the use of acidic stannous chloride as reductant was developed for the fast detection and determination of total mercury in water. Reduced mercury is detected as an amalgam by using a gold-coated piezoelectric crystal, the sensor subsequently being regenerated by passing it through a peroxydisulfate solution. The gold-coated piezoelectric crystal is a highly efficient retention unit for the main soluble mercury species (inorganic, complexed, and organometallic) previously reduced to elemental mercury and is free of interferences from other metal ions. This detector exhibits good sensitivity: it allows the determination of mercury at sub-parts-per-billion concentration levels (0.30-1.00 microg/L). The precision, expressed as relative standard deviation, was +/- 2.7% (n = 11; P = 0.05) at 0.5 microg/L total mercury. The proposed method was successfully used as a rapid screening method for mercury monitoring in natural waters.
New Insights into the Atomic Structure of 45S5 Bioglass by Means of Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy and Accurate First-Principles Simulations (2010)

An integrated computational method that couples classical molecular dynamics simulations with density functional theory calculations has been used to simulate the solid-state 17O and 23Na MQMAS, 29Si, 31P, and 23Na static and MAS NMR spectra of the 45S5 Bioglass structural models with up to 248 atoms. Comparison with the experimental spectra collected in this work (the 17O MQMAS spectrum of the 45S5 Bioglass is reported for the first time in the literature) shows an excellent agreement. The results provide deep insights into fundamental open questions regarding the atomic-scale structural details of this glass of great medical interest. In particular, the host silica network, described by the Qn distribution (a Qn species is a network-forming ion bonded to n bridging oxygens), consists of chains and rings of Q2Si (67.2%) SiO4 tetrahedra cross-linked with Q3Si (22.3%) species and terminated by a low quantity of Q1Si (10.1%) species. No Si−O−P bridges have been detected by both 31P NMR and 17O MQMAS experiments, and therefore isolated orthophosphate units are able to form nanodomains that subtract sodium and calcium cations from their network modifying role into the silicate network. Finally, both the experimental and theoretical results show a mixture of dissimilar cations (Na,Ca) around NBO, according to a nonrandom distribution of these species.
Effect of FIO2 on Physiological Responses and Cycling Performance at Moderate Altitude (2003)

We concluded that a typical LH + TLO(2) training session results in significant increases in arterial oxyhemoglobin saturation, [V02] and average power output contributing to a significant improvement in exercise performance.
Purification of staphylococcal alpha-toxin by adsorption chromatography on glass (1976)

Staphylococcal alpha-toxin was purified from Staphylococcus aureus growth medium using adsorption chromatography on controlled pore glass beads. Elution of alpha-toxin from the unmodified glass surface of the beads with various anions generally followed the chaotropic series. Alpha-toxin, purified by glass bead chromatography, is composed of a single electrophoretic form, containing less than 2% of other forms.
Use of the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite as an Outcome Measure in a Phase 3 Clinical Trial (2001)

The MSFC demonstrated excellent intrarater reliability in this multinational phase 3 trial. Three prebaseline testing sessions were sufficient to compensate for practice effects. The pattern of correlations among the MSFC, its components, and the Kurtzke Expanded Disability Status Scale supported the validity of the MSFC.
Hepatic perfusion abnormalities during CT angiography: detection and interpretation. (1986)

Twenty-seven perfusion abnormalities were detected in 17 of 50 patients who underwent computed tomographic angiography (CTA) of the liver. All but one of the perfusion abnormalities occurred in patients with primary or metastatic liver tumors. Perfusion abnormalities were lobar in nine cases, segmental in 11, and subsegmental in seven; 14 were hypoperfusion and 13 were hyperperfusion abnormalities. The causes for the abnormalities included nonperfusion of a replaced hepatic artery (n = 11), cirrhosis and nodular regeneration (n = 3), altered hepatic hemodynamics (e.g., siphoning, laminar flow) caused by tumor (n = 7), contrast media washout from a nonperfused vessel (n = 1), compression of adjacent hepatic parenchyma (n = 1), and unknown (n = 4). Differentiation of perfusion abnormalities from tumor usually can be made by comparing the morphology of the known tumor with the suspected perfusion abnormality, changes of each on delayed CTA scans, and review of initial angiograms and other imaging studies.
THE ROLE OF AN ANTIDEPRESSANT, DIBENZEPIN (NOVERIL), IN THE RELIEF OF PAIN IN CHRONIC ARTHRITIC STATES (1974)

In a double-blind uncrossed trial extending over three months of patients with chronic pain from either osteoarthritis or rheumatoid arthritis, the antidepressant dibenzepin (Noveril) was demonstrated to lessen the pain and consequently lower the analgesic intake when compared with placebo.
Unsupervised Label Noise Modeling and Loss Correction (2019)

Despite being robust to small amounts of label noise, convolutional neural networks trained with stochastic gradient methods have been shown to easily fit random labels. When there are a mixture of correct and mislabelled targets, networks tend to fit the former before the latter. This suggests using a suitable two-component mixture model as an unsupervised generative model of sample loss values during training to allow online estimation of the probability that a sample is mislabelled. Specifically, we propose a beta mixture to estimate this probability and correct the loss by relying on the network prediction (the so-called bootstrapping loss). We further adapt mixup augmentation to drive our approach a step further. Experiments on CIFAR-10/100 and TinyImageNet demonstrate a robustness to label noise that substantially outperforms recent state-of-the-art. Source code is available at https://git.io/fjsvE