gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fair Distributed Congestion Control in Multirate (2005)

We study fairness of resource allocation in multirate, multicast networks. In multirate networks, different receivers of the same multicast session can receive service at different rates. We develop a mathematical framework to model the maxmin fair allocation of bandwidth with minimum and maximum rate con- straints. We present a necessary and sufficient condition for a rate allocation to be maxmin fair in a multirate, multicast network. We propose a distributed algorithm for computing the maxmin fair rates allocated to various source-destination pairs. This algorithm has a low message exchange overhead, and is guaranteed to con- verge to the maxmin fair rates in finite time. Index Terms—Algorithms, complexity theory, fairness, multi- cast.
Laminar cortical dynamics of cognitive and motor working memory, sequence learning and performance: Toward a unified theory of how the cerebral cortex works. (2008)

How does the brain carry out working memory storage, categorization, and voluntary performance of event sequences? The LIST PARSE neural model proposes an answer that unifies the explanation of cognitive, neurophysiological, and anatomical data. It quantitatively simulates human cognitive data about immediate serial recall and free recall, and monkey neurophysiological data from the prefrontal cortex obtained during sequential sensory-motor imitation and planned performance. The model clarifies why spatial and non-spatial working memories share the same type of circuit design. It proposes how laminar circuits of lateral prefrontal cortex carry out working memory storage of event sequences within layers 6 and 4, how these event sequences are unitized through learning into list chunks within layer 2/3, and how these stored sequences can be recalled at variable rates that are under volitional control by the basal ganglia. These laminar prefrontal circuits are variations of visual cortical circuits that explained data about how the brain sees. These examples from visual and prefrontal cortex illustrate how laminar neocortex can represent both spatial and temporal information, and open the way towards understanding how other behaviors derive from shared laminar neocortical designs.
Effect of atomic distribution on the saturation magnetization of cobalt-chromium films (1984)

The saturation magnetization Ms of CoCr films as a function of Cr content and atomic distribution has been modeled. For homogeneous films, two distinct cases have been calculated. The first case is a random array of atoms in an hcp lattice, while the second is an array with the condition that there be no Cr-Cr bonds. Ms is calculated by summing up the Co atom’s contribution, counting only nearest neighbor interactions, and assuming that the Cr atom is nonmagnetic. The model assumes that the contribution of the Co atom to Ms is determined by its Cr nearest neighbors; for zero Cr nearest neighbors, the moment is maximum with the moment linearly decreasing to zero for four or more Cr neighbors. These two cases describe the range of behavior of Ms for CoCr films produced by rf diode sputtering with applied rf bias. For cold substrates with no bias, Ms is close to that predicted for the random distribution, while as the bias level is increased, Ms approaches that predicted by the no Cr-Cr bond distribution. For 20 at. % Cr, the two models predict moments of 480 and 220 emu/cc, respectively. Experimental data supporting the model are presented for Cr concentrations of 11–20 at. %. This model explains why sputtered films tend to have higher Ms values than do bulk samples. In addition, the effect of heat treatment on the magnetic properties of CoCr films is determined by the combination of atomic distribution in the grain and Cr segregation at grain boundaries.
Stress-induced Response, Localization, and Regulation of the Pmk1 Cell Integrity Pathway in Schizosaccharomyces pombe (2005)

Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways are critical for the sensing and response of eukaryotic cells to extracellular changes. In Schizosaccharomyces pombe, MAPK Pmk1/Spm1 has been involved in cell wall construction, morphogenesis, cytokinesis, and ion homeostasis, as part of the so-called cell integrity pathway together with MAPK kinase kinase Mkh1 and MAPK kinase Pek1. We show that Pmk1 is activated in multiple stress situations, including hyper- or hypotonic stress, glucose deprivation, presence of cell wall-damaging compounds, and oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide or pro-oxidants. The stress-induced activation of Pmk1 was completely dependent on Mkh1 and Pek1 function, supporting a nonbranched pathway in the regulation of MAPK activation. Fluorescence microscopy revealed that Mkh1, Pek1, and Pmp1 (a protein phosphatase that inactivates Pmk1) are cytoplasmic proteins. Mkh1 and Pek1 were also found at the septum, whereas Pmk1 localized in both cytoplasm and nucleus as well as in the mitotic spindle and septum during cytokinesis. Interestingly, Pmk1 subcellular localization was unaffected by stress or the absence of Mkh1 and Pek1, suggesting that its activation by the Mkh1-Pek1 cascade takes place at the cytoplasm and/or septum and that the active and inactive forms of this kinase cross the nuclear membrane. Cdc42 GTPase and its effectors, p21-activated kinases Pak2 and Pak1, are not upstream elements controlling the basal level or the stress-induced activation of Pmk1. However, Sty1 MAPK was essential for proper Pmk1 deactivation after hypertonic stress in a process regulated by Atf1 transcription factor. These results provide the first evidence for the existence of cross-talk between two MAPK cascades during the stress response in fission yeast.
Noise reduction of images with multiple subband transforms (2005)

It is reported that the use of multiple subband transforms for thresholding based denoising gains performance in the mean square error sense. In traditional thresholding-based methods, a noisy image is decomposed by linear transformations such as wavelets, FFT and so on and the transformed coefficients are hard/soft-thresholded. In particular, it is well-known that wavelets work well for denoising. From the viewpoint that wavelets are in a class of subband transforms, we propose a strategy in which multiple subband transforms are switched region by region, i.e. block by block. For reconstruction, the projection-based iterative method is used. Experimental results are pretty good and promising.
Optimization of PDCCH blind detection method in LTE-A system (2019)

In LTE-A system, physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) plays a key role in system scheduling. In order to overcome the high complexity of the conventional blind detection method which leads to the low efficiency of the terminal receiving PDCCH, the improvement is made on the basis of the conventional blind detection method. Using the channel indication information reported by UE terminal to get the current channel condition, and the optimal blind detection level is selected according to the current channel condition, and the blind detection range can be narrowed. When the downlink control information is successfully detected, mark its location, Same PDCCH candidate can be avoided duplicate detection, and optimized the condition of blind multiple DCI detection. By simulation, the improved me effectively reduces the number of times required for blind detection, and improves the efficiency of blind detection.
Mouse Models of Brain Tumors and Their Applications in Preclinical Trials (2006)

Primary brain tumors, including gliomas and medulloblastomas, often represent the most devastating and difficult-to-treat tumors, and are thought to arise from glial cells and/or their precursors or the external granule cell layer, respectively. The majority of genetic alterations characteristic of the human brain tumors are thought to occur in genes encoding proteins involved in signal transduction or cell cycle regulation. Accurate recapitulation of these genetic alterations using genetically engineered mouse models allows for in vivo modeling of brain tumors with similar histopathology, etiology, and biology. These mouse models, in turn, increase our understanding of brain tumor initiation, formation, progression, and metastasis, providing an experimental system to discover novel therapeutic targets and test various therapeutic agents.
Defensins Reduce the Barrier Integrity of a Cultured Epithelial Monolayer without Cytotoxicity (1993)

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) contribute to epithelial injury at sites of inflammation, but their mechanisms of action are incompletely understood. PMN can injure target tissues by oxidative and nonoxidative mechanisms. Included in the nonoxidative mechanisms are defensins (DEF), small (3.5 to 4.0 kD), arginine- and cysteine-rich polypeptides. DEF are bactericidal, fungicidal, viricidal, and tumoricidal, but their ability to contribute to inflammatory injury has not been extensively evaluated. One marker of inflammatory injury is disrupted epithelial barrier integrity. Using Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial monolayers, we measured the effect of both human and rabbit DEF on barrier integrity using mannitol permeability (Pmann) and transepithelial electrical resistance (Rt). Human DEF (HNP1-3, 2:2:1 molar ratio) increased Pmann in a time- and concentration-dependent manner and Rt fell progressively over a 48-h period after exposure of monolayers to HNP1-3. Rabbit DEF peptide 1 (NP-1) also increased Pmann, but rabbit peptide 5 (NP-5) had no effect on Pmann. To investigate the role of charge, HNP1-3 was added to the monolayers with the polyanions heparin or sulfated dextran. Heparin and sulfated dextran only partially inhibited the increase in Pmann. Fetal bovine serum (FBS), however, completely inhibited the effect of HNP1-3, but this protection was only partially explained by the anionic protein, albumin. The FBS protection was time dependent and was present when FBS was added up to 16 h after exposure to HNP1-3. While both HNP1-3 and NP-1 increased epithelial permeability, neither were cytolytic to MDCK cells as measured by lactate dehydrogenase release.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Isothiocyanates inhibit cell cycle progression of HeLa cells at G2/M phase (1993)

To analyze the inhibitory effects of isothiocyanates on the growth of human cancer cells, the effects of these compounds on the cell cycle progression of HeLa cells were studied by flow cytometry. The accumulation of cells at G2/M phase was observed at 16 h after treatment with 10 microM allyl isothiocyanate, 2.5 microM benzyl or phenethyl isothiocyanate, at which concentrations the cell growth was inhibited to 41-79% of control. These results suggest that isothiocyanates delay the cell cycle progression of HeLa cells, leading to inhibition of cell growth.
Distonic ions as reacting species (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDistonic ions as reacting speciesThomas. Bjoernholm, Steen. Hammerum, and Dietmar. KuckCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 12, 3862–3869Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00220a023https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00220a023research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views170Altmetric-Citations37LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
ChemInform Abstract: SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS OF 4‐ALKOXYPYRIDINIUM SALTS (1976)

Abstract 4‐Alkoxy‐1‐methyl‐pyridiniumjodide (I) reagieren über radikalische Zwischenstufen thermisch zum 4‐Pyridon (II) und den Benzyljodiden (III).
Design on ESD protection circuit with very low and constant input capacitance (2002)

Effective on-chip ESD design to solve the ESD protection challenge on the analog pins for high-frequency or current-mode applications is studied. The device dimension of ESD clamp devices in analog ESD protection circuit can be reduced to have a much small input capacitance for high-frequency applications, but it can still sustain a high HBM and MM ESD level. To find the optimized device dimensions and layout spacings on ESD clamp devices, a design model is developed to keep the input capacitance as constant as possible (within 1% variation).
III−V Nitride Epilayers for Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting:  GaPN and GaAsPN (2006)

Epilayers of single-crystal GaAsPN and GaPN semiconductor samples with varying nitrogen compositions were photoelectrochemically characterized to determine their potential to serve as water splitting photoelectrodes. The band gap and flatband potentials were determined and used to calculate the valence and conduction band edge energies. The band edges for all compositions appear to be too negative by more than 500 mV for any of the materials to effect light-driven water splitting without an external bias. Corrosion analysis was used to establish material stability under operating conditions. GaPN was found to show good stability toward photocorrosion; on the other hand, GaAsPN showed enhanced photocorrosion as compared to GaP.
Geophysical applications of global optimization methods (1994)

Model based inversion methods as applied to geophysical problems involve finding the global minimum of an objective function (given by a suitably chosen norm) that corresponds to an earth model which best explains the observed geophysical data. It has long been realized that geophysical inverse problems are nonlinear and the objective functions are multimodal. Traditionally such problems have been solved using iterative linear methods which require a good starting solution.
Delegation-based semantics for modularizing crosscutting concerns (2008)

We describe semantic mappings of four high-level programming languages to our delegation-based machine model for aspect-oriented programming. One of the languages is a class-based object-oriented one. The other three represent extensions thereof that support various approaches to modularizing crosscutting concerns. We explain informally that an operational semantics expressed in terms of the model's concepts preserves the behavior of a program written in one of the high-level languages. We hence argue our model to be semantically sound in that sense, as well as sufficiently expressive in order to correctly support features such as class-based object-oriented programming, the open-classes and pointcut-and-advice flavors of aspect-oriented programming, and dynamic layers. For the latter, being a core feature of context-oriented programming, we also provide a formal semantics.
Molecular cloning and expression of an Erwinia sp. gene encoding diphenyl ether cleavage in Escherichia coli (1989)

A 2.1-kilobase fragment obtained by restriction enzyme HindIII digestion of Erwinia sp. genomic DNA was cloned into plasmid pUC19 and introduced into Escherichia coli by transformation. The transformants with diphenyl ether cleaving activity (Dpe+) were selected on agar plates with a specially designed medium (LTFN) containing 4-nitrodiphenyl ether. The positive clones showed a clear zone around the colonies. Analysis of mutants obtained by transposon mini-Mu dI(lacZ Kmr) mutagenesis indicated the coding region of the gene (dpe) and the utilization of a lacZ promoter of pUC19 for transcription of dpe. Clones with dpe in the opposite orientation in pUC19 were not expressed, confirming the need for a lacZ promoter. Utilization of a lacZ promoter in pUC19 was further confirmed by the observation that the degradation of 4-nitrodiphenyl ether was enhanced in the presence of isopropyl-beta-D-thiogalactoside. Expression of dpe was also found in pDPE7321, generated from cloning this gene into another plasmid, pSP73. Analysis of the plasmid-encoded proteins by the maxicell technique showed a polypeptide of 21,000 molecular weight as the product of dpe.
Terahertz graphene optics (2012)

The magnitude of the optical sheet conductance of single-layer graphene is universal, and equal to e 2/4ħ (where 2πħ = h (the Planck constant)). As the optical frequency decreases, the conductivity decreases. However, at some frequency in the THz range, the conductivity increases again, eventually reaching the DC value, where the magnitude of the DC sheet conductance generally displays a sample- and doping-dependent value between ∼e 2/h and 100 e 2/h. Thus, the THz range is predicted to be a non-trivial region of the spectrum for electron transport in graphene, and may have interesting technological applications. In this paper, we present the first frequency domain measurements of the absolute value of multilayer graphene (MLG) and single-layer graphene (SLG) sheet conductivity and transparency from DC to 1 THz, and establish a firm foundation for future THz applications of graphene.
Two-dimensional Navier–Stokes simulation of breaking waves (1999)

Numerical simulations describing plunging breakers including the splash-up phenomenon are presented. The motion is governed by the classical, incompressible, two-dimensional Navier–Stokes equation. The numerical modeling of this two-phase flow is based on a piecewise linear version of the volume of fluid method. Capillary effects are taken into account such as a nonisotropic stress tensor concentrated near the interface. Results concerning the time evolution of liquid–gas interface and velocity field are given for short waves, showing how an initial steep wave undergoes breaking and successive splash-up cycles. Breaking processes including overturning, splash-up and gas entrainment, and breaking induced vortex-like motion beneath the surface and energy dissipation, are presented and discussed. It is found that strong vorticities are generated during the breaking process, and that more than 80% of the total pre-breaking wave energy is dissipated within three wave periods. The numerical results are compared with some laboratory measurements, and a favorable agreement is found.
Role of Prostaglandins in Neuroinflammatory and Neurodegenerative Diseases (2012)

Increasing data demonstrates that inflammation participates in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. Among the different inflammatory mediators involved, prostaglandins play an important role. The effects induced by prostaglandins might be mediated by activation of their known receptors or by nonclassical mechanisms. In the present paper, we discuss the evidences that link prostaglandins, as well as the enzymes that produce them, to some neurological diseases.
Concern modeling in the concern manipulation environment (2005)

The Concern Manipulation Environment (CME) is an AOSD environment in which software is organized and manipulated in terms of concerns. This paper is about ConMan, the CME concern manager, which supports the identification, definition, encapsulation, extraction and composition of concerns. ConMan models software in terms of concerns, relationships, constraints, units, artifacts, and associated information. The concern model is multidimensional and concerns can be defined extensionally and/or intensionally. ConMan is neutral with respect to artifact types and formalisms, and it can be used with both aspect-oriented and non-aspect oriented software and methods. ConMan is intended to serve both as a tool for directly modeling concerns and as a platform for developing alternative concern-modeling approaches.
Magnesium sulphate infusion decreases circulating calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) in women with primary Raynaud's phenomenon (1994)

The effects of two different vasodilating agents (MgSO4 infusion and the calcium antagonist nifedipine) on circulating levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) were studied in 12 women with pronounced primary Raynaud's phenomenon (PRP) and in 12 healthy females. There were no significant differences with regard to basal levels of circulating CGRP between women with PRP and the control group; median 15.5 (range 10-48) vs. 14 (range 10-69) pmol l-1, respectively. However, treatment with MgSO4 infusion significantly decreased circulating CGRP in women with PRP only from median 15.5 (range 10-48) to 10 (range 10-110) pmol l-1) (P < 0.05). On the other hand 14 days of treatment with nifedipine did not affect circulating CGRP in either of the investigated groups. Erythrocyte magnesium (ery-Mg) levels increased significantly after MgSO4 infusion in women with PRP (2.43 +/- 0.13 vs. 2.52 +/- 0.15 mmol l-1, P < 0.05) but not in the controls (2.51 +/- 0.24 vs. 2.57 +/- 0.28 mmol l-1, ns). In conclusion, the decrease of circulating CGRP after MgSO4 infusion in women with PRP provides further evidence that magnesium plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of PRP.
Mechanical properties of mother of pearl in tension (1977)

Abstract Mother of pearl, or nacre, is one of a number of characteristic skeletal structures of molluscs, occurring in cephalopods, gastropods and bivalves. It consists of plates of aragonite, about 0.3 μm thick, arranged in sheets, with a tenuous protein matrix. Mechanical tests of nacre from all three classes show that it has a tensile strength of between 35 and 110 MN m-2. It is slightly viscoelastic, and shows marked, though not extensive, plastic deformation. The maximum measured strain was 0.018. While under­going plastic deformation the material shows considerable optical changes. The regions where plastic flow is occurring show ‘tension lines’, probably equivalent to similar lines in bone. These are probably caused by voids forming in the protein matrix. The work of fracture is very different in different loading directions, being about 1.65 x 103 J m-2 when fractured across the grain, and 1.5 x 102 J m-2 when fractured along it. Nacre shows considerable ability to stop cracks. An attempt is made to explain qualitatively the mechanical behaviour of nacre in terms of its submicroscopic structure. It is concluded that the precise geometric arrangement of the plates is most important, and that this constraint may make nacre less suitable for shells that must be built quickly.
Performance analysis of optical orthogonal codes in CDMA LANs (1998)

The adoption of optical signal processing in CDMA LANs requires the design of new families of spreading codes called optical orthogonal codes (OOCs), due to the absence of negative elements in the system. Previously, performance analysis used in electrical signal-processing systems has been applied in optical systems without taking into account the differences between the two systems. The probabilities of data bit errors for systems with OOCs as spreading codes are derived and evaluated by taking into account these differences. The analysis presents a more realistic picture of the performance of OOCs in optical CDMA LANs, and hence provides a reliable way of comparing the performances of different families of OOCs.
The human cumulus–oocyte complex gene-expression profile (2006)

The identification of genes that were up- and down-regulated during oocyte maturation greatly improves our understanding of oocyte biology and will provide new markers that signal viable and competent oocytes. Furthermore, genes found expressed in cumulus cells are potential markers of granulosa cell tumours.