gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modeling the Effect of Permeability Anisotropy on the Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) Process (2011)

Abstract The SAGD process utilizes horizontal wells hence permeability anisotropy can play a very strong role in recovery. In fact, it has been well documented that poor vertical permeability kills the SAGD process because the steam chamber will not grow properly. Several authors have attempted to model this phenomenom by using time-independent averaging (e.g. harmonic, geometric averaging etc.) methods only to discover the inadequacy of such an approach as several field implementations reveal a definite time component to this effect. Consequently most studies on the effect of anisotropy during SAGD have involved only commercial simulators. However, there exists a need to describe this phenomenon quantitatively prior to any numerical simulation and delineating conditions where it can be considered important or not. Isotropy of permeability can be geometrically represented as a sphere (or circle in 2D) where the permeability radii are the same in all directions. Anisotropy can be represented as an ellipsoid (or ellipse in 2D) with varying permeability radii in different directions and the principal axes representing principal permeability directions. In this work, we assume that the principal axes point in the vertical and horizontal directions. We will show that the SAGD process has a unique geometry that allows a meaningful mapping of the steam chamber wall to the coordinate frame of such an ellipsoid. We will then use this transformation to incorporate permeability anisotropy within the framework of Butler type models. This will be done in dimensionless space and the results obtained can be used as type curves for correcting any isotropic SAGD model for anisotropic effects. Our results show that the effect of anisotropy is time dependent (generally obeying a sigmoid function) and there exists a given time for a given set of reservoir and fluid properties, after the effect of anisotropy ceases to exist. This is remarkable because it suggests a way to improve modeling efficiency for reservoirs with strong anisotropic permeabilities. Our results also explain why most other static averaging methods fail. The analytical expression can be used as a fast SAGD predictive model suitable for history matching purposes.
Tungsten: Occurrence, Chemistry, Environmental and Health Exposure Issues (2007)

Tungsten also called wolfram is a steel gray to tin-white metal with a high melting point and good electrical conductivity. Tungsten occurs both naturally and can be manufactured commercially. Because of its unique physical and chemical properties tungsten has been used extensively both in industry and other electrical and high temperature application. The production and massive applications of tungsten are also of environmental and health concerns. This paper reviews the historical occurrence of tungsten, the unique physical and chemical properties and environmental fate and health exposure issues of tungsten.
Turbo Codes with Internal Pilot Insertion (2008)

In this paper we present a simple modification of a classical turbo code allowing for improved distance properties and rate adaptation. The proposed scheme suggests the insertion of pilot bits in the data sequence in such a manner that low weight codewords are eliminated or their weight multiplicity being reduced. In this way, pilots are utilized to increase the minimum distance of the code effectively. Furthermore, the rate can be made adaptive, almost arbitrarily according to the channel conditions under fixed interleaver length constraint. The resulting code uses fixed length codeword, can support a wide range of rates and even outperform the original system that uses external pilot insertion, in terms of error performance specifically at high signal to noise ratio. The proposed scheme does not add any complexity to the encoder neither to the decoder. Two recursive systematic convolutional (RSC) encoders together with S-random interleaver are used at the encoder side. At the decoder, soft-input soft-output Viterbi algorithm (SOVA) to accomplish iterative decoding with a maximum of five iterations is used.
Enhanced lymphatic delivery of mitomycin C conjugated with dextran. (1984)

Absorption and lymphatic transfer of a polymeric prodrug of mitomycin C (MMC), mitomycin C-dextran conjugate (MMC-D), following i.m. injection were studied in rats in order to assess the feasibility of a macromolecular prodrug as a lymphotropic delivery system. Three types of MMC-D, conjugates with dextran with molecular weights of 10,000, 70,000 and 500,000, were synthesized, and the disposition of MMC was determined by bioassay. Following i.m. injection of MMC-D, MMC was retained at the injection site for a long period in a conjugated form while MMC administered as a free form disappeared rapidly. The disappearance was markedly influenced by the size of carrier dextran, because the remaining amount of MMC increased with an increase of molecular size. The lymphatic uptake of the drug was evaluated by determining the concentration in the regional lymph nodes and thoracic lymph fluid. In contrast to a slight lymphatic uptake following i.v. and i.m. injection of free MMC, MMC-D exhibited remarkable accumulation in the regional lymph nodes after i.m. injection which persisted up to 48 hr. MMC-D (Mr 10,000) appeared in the thoracic lymph as both the conjugated and the free form. Larger MMC-D gave a persistent supply of free MMC in thoracic lymph, suggesting that it was accumulated in the lymph node and supplying MMC continuously. These MMC-Ds suppressed the lymph node metastases introduced by a s.c. inoculation of L1210 leukemia cells. The usefulness of MMC-D as a lymphotropic delivery system for preventing lymphatic metastasis of cancer was suggested.
Manual therapy and exercises for shoulder impingement revisited (2013)

Background: Disorders related to shoulder impingement are consistently classified as the most common diagnostic subgroup of shoulder pain. A variety of interventions for shoulder impingement have been proposed, including manual therapy and exercises. Despite a growing body of evidence on these interventions, their effectiveness has not yet been conclusively established.Objectives: To establish the current state of evidence on the effectiveness of manual therapy and exercises to improve patient-centered outcomes in adults with shoulder impingement.Methods: This systematic review updates a previous systematic review by the same authors. It includes evidence from randomized controlled trials published between October 2008 and September 2012. Comprehensive searches were made of seven relevant electronic databases including MEDLINE, Cochrane CENTRAL, CINAHL, and PEDro, supplemented by further sources. Methodological quality was assessed with the PEDro scale.Results: Nine randomized controlled trials were included and synthesized narratively. The trials varied considerably in methodological quality and reporting quality, as well as in terms of the interventions and comparisons considered, and in the outcome measures used. Clinical heterogeneity precluded meta-analysis. The trials provide limited evidence to support the effectiveness of a diversity of manual therapy and exercise approaches for treating shoulder impingement.Conclusions: This systematic review update provides some further evidence supporting the effectiveness of manual therapy and exercises for shoulder impingement, but methodological deficits/risk of bias warrant cautious interpretation. Further research is needed to establish the optimal manual therapy and exercise techniques and parameters.
Materials both Tough and Soft (2014)

Tough elastomers are created by adapting an approach previously used for hydrogels. [Also see Report by Ducrot et al. ]
Macromol. Biosci. 3/2010 (2010)

Front Cover: Constrain-dried electrospun silk materials exhibit flat pliable membrane conformations and demonstrate a potential utility to provide an impermeable barrier to bacterial pathogens, manage wound site edema, and support time-synchronized tissue regeneration biotherapies as a resorbable full-thickness wound dressing. Further details can be found in the article by S. E. Wharram, X. Zhang, D. L. Kaplan, and S. P. McCarthy* on page 246.
RNA-dependent RNA polymerase activity in coronavirus- infected cells (1982)

An enzymatic activity which incorporates [3H]UMP into acid-precipitable material in the presence of endogenous template was found in the cytoplasm of porcine cells infected with the transmissible gastroenteritis virus of swine. This activity was not found in uninfected control cells, nor was it found in purified virus. The activity was associated with the mitochondrial fraction of infected cells, suggesting that the enzyme is membrane bound. The activity required the presence of all three ribonucleoside triphosphates in addition to [3H]UTP, and it was not inhibited by actinomycin D. The heated product was digested by RNase but not by DNase. Mg2+ was required for enzymatic activity, and its optimal concentration was approximately 5 mM. The size of the in vitro products was compared by electrophoresis with that of in vivo-synthesized virus-specified RNA to confirm the viral specificity of the polymerase activity. Virus-specified RNA from infected cells consisted of 10 species of single-stranded, polyadenylated RNA with molecular weights of 6.8 X 10(6), 6.2 X 10(6), 3.15 X 10(6), 1.40 X 10(6), 1.05 X 10(6), 0.94 X 10(6), 0.66 X 10(6), 0.39 X 10(6), 0.34 X 10(6), and 0.24 X 10(6). In vitro synthesized RNA consisted of a high-molecular-weight species, of apparently higher molecular weight than genomic RNA, and two single-stranded species that electrophoretically comigrated with the species of 1.40 X 10(6) and 0.66 X 10(6) molecular weight made in vivo.
An architectural co-synthesis algorithm for distributed, embedded computing systems (1997)

Many embedded computers are distributed systems, composed of several heterogeneous processors and communication links of varying speeds and topologies. This paper describes a new, heuristic algorithm which simultaneously synthesizes the hardware and software architectures of a distributed system to meet a performance goal and minimize cost. The hardware architecture of the synthesized system consists of a network of processors of multiple types and arbitrary communication topology; the software architecture consists of an allocation of processes to processors and a schedule for the processes. Most previous work in co-synthesis targets an architectural template, whereas this algorithm can synthesize a distributed system of arbitrary topology. The algorithm works from a technology database which describes the available processors, communication links, I/O devices, and implementations of processes on processors. Previous work had proposed solving this problem by integer linear programming (ILP); our algorithm is much faster than ILP and produces high-quality results.
GD3 Synthase Expression Enhances Proliferation and Tumor Growth of MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cells through c-Met Activation (2010)

The disialoganglioside G(D3) is overexpressed in ∼50% of invasive ductal breast carcinoma, and the G(D3) synthase gene (ST8SIA1) displays higher expression among estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer tumors, associated with a decreased overall survival of breast cancer patients. However, no relationship between ganglioside expression and breast cancer development and aggressiveness has been reported. We have previously shown that overexpression of G(D3) synthase induces the accumulation of b- and c-series gangliosides (G(D3), G(D2), and G(T3)) at the cell surface of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells together with the acquisition of a proliferative phenotype in the absence of serum. Here, we show that phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt and mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways are constitutively activated in G(D3) synthase-expressing cells. Analysis of phosphorylation of tyrosine kinase receptors shows a specific c-Met constitutive activation in G(D3) synthase-expressing cells, in the absence of its ligand, hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor. In addition, inhibition of c-Met or downstream signaling pathways reverses the proliferative phenotype. We also show that G(D3) synthase expression enhances tumor growth in severe combined immunodeficient mice. Finally, a higher expression of ST8SIA1 and MET in the basal subtype of human breast tumors are observed. Altogether, our results show that G(D3) synthase expression is sufficient to enhance the tumorigenicity of MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells through a ganglioside-dependent activation of the c-Met receptor.
The Open Meeting: A Web-Based System for Conferencing and Collaboration (1995)

An asynchronous collaboration system was developed for Vice President AL Gore's Open Meeting on the National Performance Review. The system supported a large online meeting with over 4000 participants and successfully achieved all its design goals. A theory for managing wide-area collaboration guided the implementation as it extended an earlier system developed to publish electronic documents. It provided users access over SMTP and HTTP to hypertext synthesized from an object database and structured with knowledge representation techniques, including a light-weight semantics based on argument connectives. The users participated in policy planning as they discussed, evaluated, and critiqued recommendations by linking their comments to points in the evolving policy hypertext. These policy conversations were structured according to a link grammar that constrained the types of comments which could be attached in specific discourse contexts. Persistent actions enforced constraints on man-machine tasks, such as moderation workflow. Timely delivery of newly moderated comments kept the conversation gain at a level comparable to tightly-focused mailing lists threading out from specific points in the hypertext. After reviewing the architecture and performance of the system in this Open Meeting, the paper closes with discussion of lessons learned and suggestions for future research.
Intersection detection and recognition for autonomous urban driving using a virtual cylindrical scanner (2013)

In this study, the authors propose an effective real‐time approach for intersection detection and recognition during autonomous driving in an unknown urban environment. The authors approach use point cloud data acquired by a three‐dimensional laser scanner mounted on the vehicle. Intersection detection and recognition are formulated as a classification problem whereby roads are classified as segments or intersections and intersections are subclassified as T‐shaped or +‐shaped. They first construct a novel model called a virtual cylindrical scanner for efficient feature‐level representation of the point cloud data. Then they use support vector machine classifiers to resolve the classification problem according to the features extracted. A series of experiments on real‐world data sets and in a simulation environment demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the authors approach, even in highly dynamic urban environment. They also performed simulation experiments to investigate effects of several critical factors on their proposed approach, such as other vehicles on the road and the advance detection distance.
DETECTING AND SORTING TARGETING PEPTIDES WITH NEURAL NETWORKS AND SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINES (2006)

This paper presents a composite multi-layer classifier system for predicting the subcellular localization of proteins based on their amino acid sequence. The work is an extension of our previous predictor PProwler v1.1 which is itself built upon the series of predictors SignalP and TargetP. In this study we outline experiments conducted to improve the classifier design. The major improvement came from using Support Vector machines as a "smart gate" sorting the outputs of several different targeting peptide detection networks. Our final model (PProwler v1.2) gives MCC values of 0.873 for non-plant and 0.849 for plant proteins. The model improves upon the accuracy of our previous subcellular localization predictor (PProwler v1.1) by 2% for plant data (which represents 7.5% improvement upon TargetP).
Code-size conscious pipelining of imperfectly nested loops (2007)

This paper is a step towards enabling multidimensional software pipelining of non-perfectly nested loops on memory-constrained architectures. We propose a method to pipeline multiple inner loops without increasing the size of the loop nest, apart from an outermost prolog and epilog. We focus on the domain of media and signal processing, where short inner loops are common and where embedded constraints drive the selection of code-size conscious algorithms. Our first results indicate that the additional constraints associated with the method do not impede the extraction of significant amounts of instruction-level parallelism. In addition to preserving precious scratch-pad or cache memory, our method also avoids the performance overhead of prologs and epilogs resulting from pipelined inner loops with short trip count.
Arginine metabolism in wounds (1988)

Arginine metabolism in wounds was investigated in the rat in 1) lambda-carrageenan-wounded skeletal muscle, 2) Schilling chambers, and 3) subcutaneous polyvinyl alcohol sponges. All showed decreased arginine and elevated ornithine contents and high arginase activity. Arginase could be brought to the wound by macrophages, which were found to contain arginase activity. However, arginase was expressed by macrophages only after cell lysis and no arginase was released by viable macrophages in vitro. Thus the extracellular arginase of wounds may derive from dead macrophages within the injured tissue. Wound and peritoneal macrophages exhibited arginase deiminase activity as demonstrated by the conversion of [guanido-14C]arginine to radiolabeled citrulline during culture, the inhibition of this reaction by formamidinium acetate, and the lack of prokaryotic contamination of the cultures. These findings and the known metabolic fates of the products of arginase and arginine deiminase in the cellular populations of the wound suggest the possibility of cooperativity among cells for the production of substrates for collagen synthesis.
Wireless sensor network for substation monitoring (2008)

We present the design and performance of a wireless sensor network that is deployed in a substation for monitoring the health of power subsystems such as circuit breakers, transformers and transformer bushings. The sensor network consists of 45 low power nodes for temperature sensing and a high power node that is capable of performing more specialized computations. All nodes communicate over a multihop mesh network that uses a dynamic link-quality based routing protocol. The nodes are solar powered and are capable of operating autonomously for multiple years.
Pulsed electromagnetic fields enhance BMP‐2 dependent osteoblastic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells (2008)

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) express an osteoblastic phenotype when treated with BMP-2, and BMP-2 is used clinically to induce bone formation although high doses are required. Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMF) also promote osteogenesis in vivo, in part through direct action on osteoblasts. We tested the hypothesis that PEMF enhances osteogenesis of MSCs in the presence of an inductive stimulus like BMP-2. Confluent cultures of human MSCs were grown on calcium phosphate disks and were treated with osteogenic media (OM), OM containing 40 ng/mL rhBMP-2, OM + PEMF (8 h/day), or OM + BMP-2 + PEMF. MSCs demonstrated minor increases in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) during 24 days in culture and no change in osteocalcin. OM increased ALP and osteocalcin by day 6, but PEMF had no additional effect at any time. BMP-2 was stimulatory over OM, and PEMF + BMP-2 synergistically increased ALP and osteocalcin. PEMF also enhanced the effects of BMP-2 on PGE2, latent and active TGF-beta1, and osteoprotegerin. Effects of PEMF on BMP-2-treated cells were greatest at days 12 to 20. These results demonstrate that PEMF enhances osteogenic effects of BMP-2 on MSCs cultured on calcium phosphate substrates, suggesting that PEMF will improve MSC response to BMP-2 in vivo in a bone environment.
Smart papers comprising carbon nanotubes and cellulose microfibers for multifunctional sensing applications (2017)

Multifunctional carbon nanotube–cellulose microfiber papers applied as highly sensitive detectors for tensile strain and water.
Classical Optics and its Applications (2002)

Covering a broad range of fundamental topics in classical optics and electro-magnetism, this book is ideal for graduate-level courses in optics, providing supplementary reading materials for teachers and students alike. Industrial scientists and engineers developing modern optical systems will also find it an invaluable resource. Now in color, this second edition contains 13 new chapters, covering optical pulse compression, the Hanbury Brown-Twiss experiment, the Sagnac effect, Doppler shift and stellar aberration, and optics of semiconductor diode lasers. The first half of the book deals primarily with the basic concepts of optics, while the second half describes how these concepts can be used in a variety of technological applications. Each chapter is concerned with a single topic, developing an understanding through the use of diagrams, examples, numerical simulations, and logical arguments. The mathematical content is kept to a minimum to provide the reader with insightful discussions of optical phenomena.
Broadcast to Broadband: Unlicensed Access to Unused TV Channels? (2008)

Although much public attention has focused on the US digital TV transition- and the resulting reallocation of analog TV channels by auction to wireless carriers - the US Federal Communications Commission will decide how to reallocate an even larger swath of prime TV band spectrum this year: the unused "white space" between occupied DTV channels. This reallocation of unused spectrum from broadcasting to broadband permits unlicensed access for both fixed and mobile applications. Although this policy is strongly supported by high-tech companies and consumer advocates, it's just as strongly opposed by broadcast licensees and other incumbent users of the TV band.
Impedance-based power-system analysis using a spreadsheet (2002)

A procedure is presented for applying circuit-analysis techniques to perform noniterative power system analysis with a microcomputer spreadsheet. Balanced three-phase conditions are assumed, and an expanded-radial system is employed to show examples of spreadsheet cell allocations and formulae. It is shown that the solution is not as flexible as iterative and load flow programs. However, the spreadsheet approach offers a high degree of convenience as it produces adequate analysis results using software that is readily available for microcomputers. The outcomes of system modifications are observed quickly because the spreadsheet offers recalculation immediately after data entry.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Epitaxial BiFeO3 thin films on Si (2004)

BiFeO 3 was studied as an alternative environmentally clean ferro/piezoelectric material. 200-nm-thick BiFeO3 films were grown on Si substrates with SrTiO3 as a template layer and SrRuO3 as bottom electrode. X-ray and transmission electron microscopy studies confirmed the epitaxial growth of the films. The spontaneous polarization of the films was ∼45μC∕cm2. Retention measurement up to several days showed no decay of polarization. A piezoelectric coefficient (d33) of ∼60pm∕V was observed, which is promising for applications in micro-electro-mechanical systems and actuators.