gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Direct observation of the primary state of damage of ion-irradiated tungsten. II. Definitions, analyses and results (1983)

Abstract In a previous paper (Wei, Current and Seidman 1981) the results of an extensive field-ion microscope investigation of the vacancy portion of the primary state of damage of ion-irradiated tungsten specimens were presented. The vacancies were contained in depleted zones (DZs) which had been created, at ≤ 15 K, by a variety of single projectile ions with initial energies in the range 15 to 70 keV. In this paper (Part II) the definitions of all the principal quantities used to characterize the three-dimensional vacancy population within a DZ are presented; that is, the number of vacancies, the average diameter and orientation of a DZ with respect to the incident ion beam, the average vacancy concentration within a DZ, the radial distribution functions and the first-nearest-neighbour cluster functions. All the DZs are analysed in great detail, using these principal quantities, and the results are presented in graphical form. In addition, many other detailed physical proporties of DZs are presented.
Grooming of arbitrary traffic in SONET/WDM rings (2003)

SONET add-drop multiplexers (ADMs) are the dominant cost in SONET/WDM rings. They can potentially be reduced by optical bypass via wavelength add-drop multiplexers (WADMs) and traffic grooming. While many works have been done on the grooming of all-to-all uniform traffic and one-to-all traffic, the grooming of arbitrary traffic have not been studied yet. We first prove the NP-hardness of this problem. We then presents two general lower bounds on the minimum ADM cost. After that we propose a two-phased algorithm. The two subproblems in these two phases are both NP-hard. Various approximation algorithms are proposed to each subproblem, and their performances are discussed.
49.4: Effect of Resolution, Sharpness, Contrast and Luminance on Depth Impression and Overall Image Quality for a 2D TV (2004)

Abstract Based on two experiments, we investigated the effect of the attributes display resolution, sharpness, contrast and luminance on the impression of depth and overall image quality for a 2D TV. The results of the first experiment indicated that display resolution, sharpness and contrast contribute to an augmented depth impression and a better overall image quality. The second experiment focused more on the effect of luminance, and showed that, probably due to an insufficient high dynamic range of current available TV sets, it is not possible to find a brightness setting that combines optimal overall image quality with a maximal impression of depth.
New insights on the roles of BMP signaling in bone—A review of recent mouse genetic studies (2011)

It is well known that Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) induce bone formation and that some BMPs, including BMP2 and BMP7, are clinically used in orthopedics. Signaling by BMPs plays an important role in a variety of cell-types in bone such as osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and osteoclasts. It is recently reported using an osteoblast-targeted deletion of BMP signaling that BMP signaling in osteoblasts physiologically induces bone resorption by enhancing osteoclastogenesis via the RANKL-OPG pathway and reduces bone mass. In this review, the physiological function of BMP signaling in bone will be focused, and the current outcomes from mouse genetic studies will be discuss.
Bilateral Hermite Radial Basis Functions for Contour‐based Volume Segmentation (2013)

Abstract In this paper, we propose a novel contour‐based volume image segmentation technique. Our technique is based on an implicit surface reconstruction strategy, whereby a signed scalar field is generated from user‐specified contours. The key idea is to compute the scalar field in a joint spatial‐range domain (i.e., bilateral domain) and resample its values on an image manifold. We introduce a new formulation of Hermite radial basis function (HRBF) interpolation to obtain the scalar field in the bilateral domain. In contrast to previous implicit methods, bilateral HRBF (B‐HRBF) generates a segmentation boundary that passes through all contours, fits high‐contrast image edges if they exist, and has a smooth shape in blurred areas of images. We also propose an acceleration scheme for computing B‐HRBF to support a real‐time and intuitive segmentation interface. In our experiments, we achieved high‐quality segmentation results for regions of interest with high‐contrast edges and blurred boundaries.
Binaural intelligibility prediction based on the speech transmission index (2008)

Although the speech transmission index (STI) is a well-accepted and standardized method for objective prediction of speech intelligibility in a wide range of environments and applications, it is essentially a monaural model. Advantages of binaural hearing in speech intelligibility are disregarded. In specific conditions, this leads to considerable mismatches between subjective intelligibility and the STI. A binaural version of the STI was developed based on interaural cross correlograms, which shows a considerably improved correspondence with subjective intelligibility in dichotic listening conditions. The new binaural STI is designed to be a relatively simple model, which adds only few parameters to the original standardized STI and changes none of the existing model parameters. For monaural conditions, the outcome is identical to the standardized STI. The new model was validated on a set of 39 dichotic listening conditions, featuring anechoic, classroom, listening room, and strongly echoic environments. For these 39 conditions, speech intelligibility [consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC) word score] and binaural STI were measured. On the basis of these conditions, the relation between binaural STI and CVC word scores closely matches the STI reference curve (standardized relation between STI and CVC word score) for monaural listening. A better-ear STI appears to perform quite well in relation to the binaural STI model; the monaural STI performs poorly in these cases.
Classifying component interaction in product-line architectures (2003)

This paper describes a set of interaction patterns that were used to facilitate the composition of components in the product-line architecture of a robot control system. The primary purpose of supporting a common set of component interaction patterns in a product-line architecture is to reduce the learning curve of the inner working of the architecture. Interaction patterns provide the means for informal reasoning about the functionality and temporal behavior of components and their interconnections. In addition, it supports increased readability of the architecture diagrams.
Topoisomerase IV, alone, unknots DNA in <i>E. coli</i> (2001)

Knotted DNA has potentially devastating effects on cells. By using two site-specific recombination systems, we tied all biologically significant simple DNA knots in Escherichia coli. When topoisomerase IV activity was blocked, either with a drug or in a temperature-sensitive mutant, the knotted recombination intermediates accumulated whether or not gyrase was active. In contrast to its decatenation activity, which is strongly affected by DNA supercoiling, topoisomerase IV unknotted DNA independently of supercoiling. This differential supercoiling effect held true regardless of the relative sizes of the catenanes and knots. Finally, topoisomerase IV unknotted DNA equally well when DNA replication was blocked with hydroxyurea. We conclude that topoisomerase IV, not gyrase, unknots DNA and that it is able to access DNA in the cell freely. With these results, it is now possible to assign completely the topological roles of the topoisomerases in E. coli. It is clear that the topoisomerases in the cell have distinct and nonoverlapping roles. Consequently, our results suggest limitations in assigning a physiological function to a protein based upon sequence similarity or even upon in vitro biochemical activity.
Ohnologs are overrepresented in pathogenic copy number mutations (2013)

A number of rare copy number variants (CNVs), including both deletions and duplications, have been associated with developmental disorders, including schizophrenia, autism, intellectual disability, and epilepsy. Pathogenicity may derive from dosage sensitivity of one or more genes contained within the CNV locus. To understand pathophysiology, the specific disease-causing gene(s) within each CNV need to be identified. In the present study, we test the hypothesis that ohnologs (genes retained after ancestral whole-genome duplication events, which are frequently dosage sensitive) are overrepresented in pathogenic CNVs. We selected three sets of genes implicated in copy number pathogenicity: (i) genes mapping within rare disease-associated CNVs, (ii) genes within de novo CNVs under negative genetic selection, and (iii) genes identified by clinical array comparative genome hybridization studies as potentially pathogenic. We compared the proportion of ohnologs between these gene sets and control genes, mapping to CNVs not known to be disease associated. We found that ohnologs are significantly overrepresented in genes mapping to pathogenic CNVs, irrespective of how CNVs were identified, with over 90% containing an ohnolog, compared with control CNVs >100 kb, where only about 30% contained an ohnolog. In some CNVs, such as del15p11.2 (CYFIP1) and dup/del16p13.11 (NDE1), the most plausible prior candidate gene was also an ohnolog, as were the genes VIPR2 and NRXN1, each found in short CNVs containing no other genes. Our results support the hypothesis that ohnologs represent critical dosage-sensitive elements of the genome, possibly responsible for some of the deleterious phenotypes observed for pathogenic CNVs and as such are readily identifiable candidate genes for further study.
Nodulation Studies in the Model Legume <i>Medicago truncatula</i>: Advantages of Using the Constitutive <i>EF1α</i> Promoter and Limitations in Detecting Fluorescent Reporter Proteins in Nodule Tissues (2007)

The Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter currently is being used in RNAi-based approaches for attenuating host gene expression during legume root nodule development and also for the expression of fluorescent reporters in nodule tissues. In this study, we have evaluated the expression of this promoter in the indeterminate nodules of the model plant Medicago truncatula. Our results clearly show that the 35S promoter is inactive in both the nodule meristem and in bacteroid-containing cells of the nodules. On the other hand, the Arabidopsis thaliana EF1alpha promoter was found to be strongly expressed both in the nodule meristem and in all nodule-invaded cells. Therefore, we conclude that the constitutive EF1alpha promoter is far superior for mRNAi or overexpression studies in nodule tissues compared with the commonly used 35S promoter. In addition, our experiments have revealed that the intensity of fluorescent markers such as green fluorescent protein is severely attenuated within invaded cells in the nitrogen-fixation zone of the nodule, most likely by fluorescence quenching. This phenomenon may hinder the use of these tools for live-cell imaging in nodule tissue.
Utilization of Soft Acid/Base Interactions in Low Molecular Weight Biochemical Separations (1996)

Categorization of acid/base interactions using hard soft acid base (HSAB) theory suggested that sulfur-containing low molecular weight biological molecules could be specifically targeted for reversible complexation using soft metal ions. A viable method of employing soft metal ions for bioseparations is to immobilize Ag(I) and Pt(II) ions using a soft ligand such as thiourea. This immobilization chemistry allows for the use of Ag(I) columns that are stable in the presence of chloride and phosphate ions in the mobile phase, and it enhances the complexation chemistry of Ag(I) and Pt(II) ions toward solutes which are soft bases. Because chloride ions are soft bases, NaCl can be used for competitive elution. However, in amino acid separations, electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions influence the selectivity and capacity of Ag(I) and Pt(II) columns. A detailed study of the effects of Ag(I) ion loading and pH on the retention time of methionine, histidine, and tryptophan illustrates the need for accounting for Lewis acid/base, electrostatic, and hydrophobic interactions in biological molecule separations.
Groove shape-dependent absorption enhancement of 850 nm MSM photodetectors with nano-gratings (2010)

Finite difference time-domain (FDTD) analysis is used to investigate the light absorption enhancement factor dependence on the groove shape of the nano-gratings etched into the surfaces of metal-semiconductor-metal photodetector (MSM-PD) structures. By patterning the MSM-PDs with optimized nano-gratings a significant improvement in light absorption near the design wavelength is achieved through plasmon-assisted electric field concentration effects. Simulation results show about 50 times light absorption enhancement for 850 nm light due to improved optical signal propagation through the nano-gratings.
(<i>S</i>)-4,5-Dihydro-2-(2-hydroxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)-4-methyl-4-thiazolecarboxylic Acid Polyethers:  A Solution to Nephrotoxicity (2006)

Previous studies revealed that within a family of ligands the more lipophilic chelators have better iron-clearing efficiency. The larger the log P(app) value of the compound, the better the iron-clearing efficiency. What is also clear from the data is that although the relative effects of log P(app) changes are essentially the same through different families, there are differences in absolute value between families. However, there also exists a second, albeit somewhat more disturbing, relationship. In all sets of ligands, the most lipophilic chelator is always the most toxic. The current study focuses on designing ligands that balance the lipophilicity/toxicity problem while iron-clearing efficiency is maintained. Earlier studies with (S)-4,5-dihydro-2-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-4-methyl-4-thiazolecarboxylic acid [(S)-4'-(CH(3)O)-DADFT, 6] indicated that this methyl ether was a ligand with excellent iron-clearing efficiency in both rodents and primates; however, it was too toxic. On the basis of this finding, a less lipophilic, more water-soluble ligand than 6 was assembled, (S)-4,5-dihydro-2-[2-hydroxy-4-(3,6,9-trioxadecyloxy)phenyl]-4-methyl-4-thiazolecarboxylic acid [(S)-4'-(HO)-DADFT-PE, 11], a polyether analogue, along with its ethyl and isopropyl esters. The parent polyether and its isopropyl and ethyl esters were all shown to be highly efficient iron chelators in both rodents and primates. A comparison of 11 in rodents with the desferrithiocin analogue (S)-4,5-dihydro-2-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-4-methyl-4-thiazolecarboxylic acid [(S)-4'-(HO)-DADFT, 1] revealed the polyether to be more tolerable, achieving higher concentrations in the liver and significantly lower concentrations in the kidney. The lower renal drug levels are in keeping with the profound difference in the architectural changes seen in the kidney of rodents given 1 versus those treated with 11.
CT Fluoroscopy-guided Interventional Procedures: Techniques and Radiation Dose to Radiologists (2001)

By using a low-milliampere technique and the quick-check method, CT fluoroscopic time and radiation exposure can be minimized.
Diffusion in Supersaturated Solutions. II. Glucose Solutions (1953)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDiffusion in Supersaturated Solutions. II. Glucose SolutionsJ. K. Gladden and Malcolm DoleCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1953, 75, 16, 3900–3904Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1953Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1953https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01112a008https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01112a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views798Altmetric-Citations96LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Data reduction methods for ektacytometry in clinical hemorheology (2013)

Laser-diffraction ektacytometry is a generally accepted technique for measuring RBC deformability induced by fluid shear stress (SS) and yields paired elongation index-SS data at several levels of stress. Unfortunately, comparison of results is hindered by the lack of simple indices that accurately characterize these data. Several mathematical models have been proposed, including those developed for analysis of enzyme kinetics (Lineweaver-Burk, Eadie-Hofstee) and curve fitting (Streekstra-Bronkhorst). All of these analytical approaches provide a value for cell deformation at infinite stress (EImax) and the shear stress required to achieve one-half of this deformation (SS1/2); the use of non-linear regression is essential when calculating these parameters. While the current models provide equivalent results for normal RBC if used with non-linear regression, EImax and SS1/2 are not always concordant for cells with abnormal mechanical behavior. This technical note examines such differences for three conditions: glutaraldehyde treatment, mechanical stress and non-isotonic media. It was found that none of the models yield completely satisfactory values for EImax and SS1/2, especially if there are large changes of EImax. However, the ratio of SS1/2 to EImax (SS1/2/EImax) is much less affected by these problems, has similar power (i.e., standardized difference) as SS1/2 and EImax and is more robust in reflecting alterations of deformability. We thus conclude that the SS1/2/EImax ratio can be used when reporting and comparing various populations of RBC or cells obtained from subjects having different clinical states.
In situ Observations of Catalyst Dynamics during Surface-Bound Carbon Nanotube Nucleation (2007)

We present atomic-scale, video-rate environmental transmission electron microscopy and in situ time-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of surface-bound catalytic chemical vapor deposition of single-walled carbon nanotubes and nanofibers. We observe that transition metal catalyst nanoparticles on SiOx support show crystalline lattice fringe contrast and high deformability before and during nanotube formation. A single-walled carbon nanotube nucleates by lift-off of a carbon cap. Cap stabilization and nanotube growth involve the dynamic reshaping of the catalyst nanocrystal itself. For a carbon nanofiber, the graphene layer stacking is determined by the successive elongation and contraction of the catalyst nanoparticle at its tip.
Feature suppression based CAD mesh model simplification (2008)

According to the characteristics of CAD mesh model and the requirements of engineering applications, we propose a novel method of simplifying CAD mesh model. First, the model is segmented using an improved watershed segmentation algorithm, and the region-level representation required by feature recognition is set up. Second, the form features needing to be suppressed are extracted through feature recognition and the feature-level representation is established. Third, every recognized feature is suppressed in a proper way and the simplified model is obtained finally. Several experimental results are given to show the superiority and effectivity of our approach.
Infinitary control flow analysis (1997)

Defining the collecting semantics is usually the first crucial step in adapting the general methodology of abstract interpretation to the semantic framework or programming language at hand. In this paper we show how to define a collecting semantics for control flow analysis: due to the generality of the formulation we need to appeal to coinduction (or greatest fixed points) in order to define the analysis. We then prove the semantic soundness of the collecting semantics and that all totally deterministic instantiations have a least solution; this incorporates k-CFA, polymorphic splitting and a new class of uniform-k-CFA analyses.
HVEM serial‐section analysis of rabbit foliate taste buds: I. Type III cells and their synapses (1991)

Serially sectioned rabbit foliate taste buds were examined with high voltage electron microscopy (HVEM) and computer-assisted, three-dimensional reconstruction. This report focuses on the ultrastructure of the type III cells and their synapses with sensory nerve fibers. Type III cells have previously been proposed to be the primary gustatory receptor cells in taste buds of rabbits and other mammals. Within rabbit foliate taste buds, type III cells constitute a well-defined, easily recognizable class and are the only taste bud cells observed to form synapses with intragemmal nerve fibers. Among 18 type III cells reconstructed from serial sections, 11 formed from 1 to 6 synapses each with nerve fibers; 7 reconstructed type III cells formed no synapses. Examples of both convergence and divergence of synaptic input from type III cells onto nerve fibers were observed. The sizes of the active zones of the synapses and numbers of vesicles associated with the presynaptic membrane specializations were highly variable. Dense-cored vesicles 80-140 nm in diameter were often found among the 40-60 nm clear vesicles clustered at presynaptic sites. At some synapses, these large dense-cored vesicles appeared to be the predominant vesicle type. This observation suggests that there may be functionally different types of synapses in taste buds, distinguished by the prevalence of either clear or dense-cored vesicles. Previous investigations have indicated that the dense-cored vesicles in type III cells may be storage sites for biogenic amines.
ChemInform Abstract: Acyclic Stereochemical Control Using Hexacarbonyldicobalt‐Stabilized Propargyl Cations. A Highly Stereoselective Route to 1β‐Methylcarbapenem Precursors. (1987)

Abstract The azetidinone (I) reacts with nucleophiles such as (II) to give the derivatives (III).
Commissions and the Use of Social Science Research (1985)

Social scientists are increasingly involved in the work of appocnted commissions. As advisers, consultants, or members of such bodies, social scientists may have an oppor tunity to promote the use of social science knowledge in the policymaking process. Based on existing literature, a model for analyzing the behavior of commissions is developed, and the role of social science in the model is discussed. The model is then applied to the case of Boston's Safe Schools Commission. Data on how social science was used by this commission are used to suggest several modifications to the model Despite many constraints that prevent commissions from taking full advantage of social science, it is concluded that they frequently provide a significant vehicle for increasing the influence of social science on policy.