gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Next Generation Science Assessment (2013)

The recent release of science education documents such as A Framework for K-12 Science Education: Practices, Crosscutting Concepts, and Core Ideas (National Research Council, 2012) marks the transition into a new generation of science education. This transition necessitates a close look at how pre-college science teachers will assess a diverse group of students in ways that are consistent with science education reform. In this chapter, the authors identify current research in science assessment and employ assessment coherence, assessment use, and assessment equity as guiding principles to address the challenges of putting science assessment research into classroom practice. To exemplify these challenges, they describe a study where a research instrument designed to measure scientific reasoning skills was translated into a high school science classroom assessment. The goal of this chapter is to stimulate conversation in the science education community (researchers, assessment developers, teacher educators, administrators, and classroom teachers) about how to put science assessment research successfully into practice and to describe what next steps need to be taken, particularly around assessing diverse student populations.
Design and implementation of a nanometer phase-shifting interferometer for micro-surface profile measurement (2006)

A vertical-shaft-type Mirau white-light phase-shifting interferometer is designed based on white-light phase-shifting interference microscopy in this paper. The interferometer is composed of an illumination and interference imaging part, a piezoelectric transducer in the vertical direction, a two-dimensional scanning part in the test surface, image collection and interferograms analysis part. The light illuminates the sample and the test surface uniformly, and the interferogram is formed. In order to get phase-shifting, the move of the objective is driven by PZT. The three-dimensional scanning system consists of a two-dimensional horizontal motorized stage and a vertical piezoelectric transducer. Multi-aperture stitching extends the measurement range in the test surface. A new pixel divided phase-extracting algorithm was put forward in combination with a residues-pretreatment phase-unwrapping algorithm based on image segmentation. The algorithm is used to minimize the phase-shifting error and nonlinearity error of the detector. The surface profile of a fiber connector with fiber inserted was measured. Mean value of the protrusion between fiber and fiber connector was measured to be 45.7nm, with 0.9 nm error. The mean height of a spot on the end surface of fiber connector was measured to be 23.6nm, with 0.7nm error.
Urea-Ethanol-Water Solution Properties for Diesel NOx Control Using Urea SCR (2000)

No abstract prepared.
Mode characteristics of twisted resonators composed of two cylindrical mirrors (1998)

We examine the optical resonator composed of two astigmatic elements, in a twisted configuration. These cavities have mode cross-sections with principal axes that rotate on propagation. Explicit cavity mode equations are derived for the case of identical mirrors. Such a resonator is appropriate for a solid-state laser that is end-pumped with the output of a laser-diode array brought to a line focus. We present a simple analysis of the significance of rotational misalignment, which effects the pump-to-mode power coupling, beam quality, and cavity stability.
Eu<sup>II</sup>-cryptate with optimal water exchange and electronic relaxation: a synthon for potential pO<sub>2</sub>responsive macromolecular MRI contrast agents (2002)

The cryptate [EuII(2.2.2)(H2O)2]2+ displays several interesting features with respect to pO2 responsive MRI contrast agent applications: it is relatively stable against oxidation, it has two inner sphere water molecules, and the water exchange and electron spin relaxation rates are in the optimal range to attain high proton relaxivities, provided the rotation is also optimized.
Liquid slosh and its influence on braking and roll responses of partly filled tank vehicles (2008)

Liquid cargo contained in a partly-filled tank is known to experience the sloshing movement when subjected to manoeuvre-induced disturbances. Large amplitude slosh can be induced within a partly-filled road tank vehicle under mild to severe directional manoeuvres, which could severely degrade the vehicle stability and directional control limits. A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics slosh model is implemented for the partly-filled cleanbore and baffled tanks on the basis of the Navier-Stokes equations incorporating the VOF technique. A comprehensive experimental study is conducted to analyze the fluid slosh within a scale model tank with and without the baffles under continuous as well as single-cycle sinusoidal lateral and longitudinal acceleration excitations. The three-dimensional fluid slosh responses are further investigated for full scale baffled and unbaffled vehicle tanks using the validated fluid slosh model. The fluid slosh characteristics are analyzed under different fill volumes corresponding to a constant load and subjected to excitations representing steady-turning, straight-line braking, braking-in-turn and path change maneuvers. The fluid slosh analyses are also carried out to explore the anti-slosh effectiveness of baffles and to evaluate the effects of baffle design factors, such as equalizer and the orifice size. The influences of transient fluid slosh on the tank vehicle stability and responses are studied by incorporating the fluid slosh model to in-plane vehicle models. The two-dimensional roll-plane slosh models of partly-filled tanks of different cross-sections are integrated with the roll moment equilibrium of an articulated vehicle to derive the vehicle roll stability limits. The roll stability analyses are performed for circular and "Reuleaux triangular" tanks under the conditions of constant and variable cargo loads. The results attained are compared with the quasi-static solutions to demonstrate the role of transient slosh loads on the roll stability limits. The three-dimensional slosh model of a partly-filled tank is also integrated into a 7-DOF pitch plane model of a tridem truck to analyze its straight-line braking characteristics in the presence of fluid slosh. The straight-line braking responses of the coupled tank-vehicle model with and without baffles are analyzed under different fill volumes but constant load for different magnitudes of braking treadle pressure and road surface adhesion limits
Food Processing: Principles and Applications (2005)

Food processing :principles and applications , Food processing :principles and applications , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
A 0.4mW/Gb/s 16Gb/s near-ground receiver front-end with replica transconductance termination calibration (2012)

The growing demand for low-power and high-fidelity chip-to-chip data communication has motivated the use of near-ground or low-common-mode voltage (LCM) signaling [1-2]. However, deployment of such signaling for high-speed applications such as graphics memory interfaces has been hampered by complications of the transmitter and receiver designs. Recent techniques have enhanced the performance of source-series terminated transmitters by accommodating impedance and equalization calibration at a low power cost [3]. This work advances LCM receiver high-frequency operation by introducing an accurate termination calibration, taking into account the receiver loading on the data link channel. Our receiver also incorporates common-mode-to-differential-gain cancellation and in-situ equalization calibration for reliable data reception at 16Gb/s over a 3” FR4 PCB memory link with 15dB loss at Nyquist frequency.
Infections in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus (1999)

Contrary to common belief, the association between diabetes mellitus and increased susceptibility to infection in general is not supported by strong evidence.1,2 However, many specific infections are more common in diabetic patients, and some occur almost exclusively in them. Other infections occur with increased severity and are associated with an increased risk of complications in patients with diabetes.Several aspects of immunity are altered in patients with diabetes. Polymorphonuclear leukocyte function is depressed, particularly when acidosis is also present. Leukocyte adherence, chemotaxis, and phagocytosis may be affected.35 Antioxidant systems involved in bactericidal activity may also be impaired.6 The . . .
Dysregulated interleukin 6 expression produces a syndrome resembling Castleman's disease in mice. (1990)

Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is an important regulator of the acute phase response, T cell function, and terminal B cell differentiation. Excessive or inappropriate production of this cytokine may be involved in a variety of autoimmune and neoplastic disorders. To investigate the consequences of dysregulated synthesis of IL-6 in vivo, a high-titer recombinant retroviral vector produced in psi-2 packaging cells was used to introduce the coding sequences of murine IL-6 into mouse hematopoietic cells. Congenitally anemic W/Wv mice reconstituted with bone marrow cells transduced with the retroviral vector developed a syndrome characterized by anemia, transient granulocytosis, hypoalbuminemia, and polyclonal hypergammaglobulinemia, with marked splenomegaly and peripheral lymphadenopathy. Extensive plasma cell infiltration of lymph nodes, spleen, liver, and lung was noted. The similarity of these findings to those of multicentric Castleman's disease, taken together with the observation that lymph nodes from these patients elaborate large amounts of this cytokine, suggest that the inappropriate synthesis of IL-6 has a primary role in the pathogenesis of this systemic lymphoproliferative disorder.
Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting of Campylobacter outer membrane proteins (1987)

We characterized outer membrane proteins (OMPs) from selected Campylobacter jejuni, C. coli, and C. fetus strains by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DGE), using isoelectric focusing and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and by immunoblotting with immune rabbit serum. The flagellar band with a molecular mass of 63 kilodaltons (kDa) demonstrated previously by one-dimensional SDS-PAGE was shown by 2DGE to consist of one or several charge trains, depending upon the species, strain, and type of preparation studied; each of the individual peptides was found to be antigenic by immunoblotting. In contrast, in all of the strains studied, the major OMP (43 to 44 kDa) of C.jejuni and C. coli consisted of a single isomeric form which was weakly immunogenic. Several minor proteins (29 to 31 kDa) were found to be strongly immunogenic by immunoblotting. C. fetus strains possessed two major OMPs of 45 to 47 kDa, each of which consisted of either a single isomer or a major isomer comprising at least 90% of the major OMP. Serum-resistant strains of C. fetus possessed an acid-labile 100-kDa glycoprotein (pI, 4.1) which was markedly diminished or absent in serum-sensitive strains. These 2DGE analyses provide information that is useful in taxonomic and epidemiologic studies and for the purification of surface antigens for the development of campylobacter vaccines and may also facilitate the identification of specific virulence factors.
Brown Adipose Tissue in Humans Is Activated by Elevated Plasma Catecholamines Levels and Is Inversely Related to Central Obesity (2011)

Brown adipose tissue activity in adult human can be activated by elevated plasma TMN levels, such as in the case of patients with pheochromocytoma, and is negatively associated with central adiposity.
A low-impedance open-bitline array for multigigabit DRAM (2002)

The noise-generating mechanisms inherent in the open-bitline DRAM array using the 6F/sup 2/ (F: feature size) memory cells and techniques for reducing the noise are described. The sources of differential noise coupled to the paired bitlines laid out in two arrays are the p-well, cell plate, and the group of nonselected wordlines. It was found, by simulation and by experiment with a 0.13-/spl mu/m 256-Mb test chip, that the level of noise is dramatically reduced by using a low-impedance array with careful layout featuring low-resistivity materials, tight bridging between pairs of adjacent arrays, and a small array, achieving a comparable level of noise to that seen in the twisted and folded-bitline array. On basis of these results, it turns out that the open-bitline array has a strong chance of revival in the multigigabit generation, as long as these noise reduction techniques are applied.
[Influence of age, pregnancy and lactation on serum calcium, inorganic phosphate and alkaline phosphatase in the Gobra zebu]. (1991)

Serum concentrations of two minerals (Ca, P) and activity ol ALP of 368 Gobra Zebu of breeding centre of Dahra have been measured. Blood samples were taken from groups of zebu of varying age (< 1 month to 3 years) and physiological status (pregnancy, lactation). Concentrations of Ca, P and activity of ALP hither on young animals are related to the needs of bone growth. Concentrations of these constituents in serum decrease with advancing age. On early pregnancy calcemia decreases because Ca is extracted towards the fetus, while phosphatemia decreases strongly on late pregnancy. Activity of ALP changes during pregnancy, but does not appear to be correlated with any stage of pregnancy.
<title>Prospects for mm-wave aperture synthesis from spaceborne and aerial platforms</title> (2000)

Passive imaging using mm-waves offers very significant advantages in scientific and military surveillance. However, the relatively long wavelengths mean that for the resolutions that are sought, the input aperture of the imager needs to be quite large, typically in excess of one meter. Deployment of conventional dish antennas of these dimensions on aircraft and in Low Earth Orbit is highly problematic. The use of snapshot synthetic aperture interferometric radiometry (SAIR) offers an attractive route to integrating a two-dimensional antenna array into the structure of an aircraft so that the transverse dimensions of the antenna can be almost as large as the aircraft. We report here a study into the feasibility of deployment of a SAIR on unmanned airborne vehicles and the achievable performance parameters. The critical considerations are the achievement of acceptable sensitivity and angular resolution from a SAIR that does not require excessive complexity. It is shown that traditional approaches based on fully sampling the spatial frequencies in the scene are unable to simultaneously meet all of these criteria, but a that a SAIR based on thinned sampling of the spatial frequencies shows promise.
Positive effects of anabolic steroids, vitamin D and calcium on muscle mass, bone mineral density and clinical function after a hip fracture (2002)

A total of 63 women who had an operation for a fracture of the hip was randomly allocated to one year of treatment either with anabolic steroids, vitamin D and calcium (anabolic group) or with calcium only (control group). The thigh muscle volume was measured by quantitative CT. The bone mineral density of the hip, femur and tibia was assessed by quantitative CT and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and of the heel by quantitative ultrasound. Quantitative CT showed that the anabolic group did not lose muscle volume during the first 12 months whereas the control group did (p< 0.01). There was less bone loss in the proximal tibia in the anabolic group than in the control group. The speed of gait and the Harris hip score were significantly better in the anabolic group after six and 12 months. Anabolic steroids, even in this moderate dose, given in combination with vitamin D and calcium had a beneficial effect on muscle volume, bone mineral density and clinical function in this group of elderly women.
Web application development by nonprogrammers: user-centered design of an end-user web development tool (2005)

This work investigates entry barriers and approaches for facilitating end-user web application development with the particular focus on shaping web programming technology and tools according to end-users' expectations and natural mental models. My underlying assumption and motivation is that given the right tools and techniques even nonprogrammers may become successful web application developers. The main target audience for this research are "casual" webmasters without programming experience - a group likely to be interested in building web applications. As an important subset of web applications I focus on supporting the development of basic data collection, storage and retrieval applications such as online registrations forms, staff databases, or report tools. First I analyze the factors contributing to the complexity of web application development through surveys and interviews of experienced programmers; then I explore the "natural mental models" of potential end-user web developers, and finally discuss my particular design solutions for lowering entry barriers, as embodied by a proof-of-concept development tool, called Click. Furthermore, I introduce and evaluate the concept of "Design-at-Runtime" - a new technique for facilitating and accelerating the development-test cycle when building web-based applications.
A Review on Aerosol-Based Direct-Write and Its Applications for Microelectronics (2012)

Aerosol-based direct-write refers to the additive process of printing CAD/CAM features from an apparatus which creates a liquid or solid aerosol beam. Direct-write technologies are poised to become useful tools in the microelectronics industry for rapid prototyping of components such as interconnects, sensors, and thin film transistors (TFTs), with new applications for aerosol direct-write being rapidly conceived. This paper aims to review direct-write technologies, with an emphasis on aerosol-based systems. The different currently available state-of-the-art systems such as Aerosol Jet CAB-DW, MCS, and aerodynamic lenses are described. A review and analysis of the physics behind the fluid-particle interactions including Stokes and Saffman force, experimental observations, and how a full understanding of theory and experiments can lead to new technology are presented. Finally, the applications of aerosol direct-write for microelectronics are discussed.
Kinetic Isotope Quantum Effects in the Adsorption of H<sub>2</sub>O and D<sub>2</sub>O on Porous Carbons (2007)

This paper describes an investigation of the adsorption characteristics of H2O and D2O on two activated carbons, BAX950, containing a range of micro- and mesoporosity, and G209, a predominantly microporous material. Adsorption kinetics of H2O and D2O on activated carbon BAX950 were studied over temperature ranges of 293−313 K and 278−303 K, respectively. The adsorption/desorption of H2O and D2O were also studied on activated carbon G209 at 298 K. The adsorption isotherms for H2O and D2O agree well while greater adsorption hysteresis was observed for H2O compared with D2O. Comparison of the adsorption kinetic behavior of H2O and D2O indicated a kinetic isotope effect. The trends in isotherm hysteresis, kinetic parameters, and activation energies are attributed to quantum effects, which are the source of differences in intermolecular hydrogen bonding in H2O and D2O adsorbates and bonding between these adsorbates and surface oxygen functional groups. The effects of confinement in pores on adsorbate structure are discussed.
Experimental results on target detection in cluttered medium using electromagnetic time-reversal techniques (2005)

We describe an experimental technique that can be used to improve the detection performance of a radar system in cluttered environments. The detection algorithm depends on time-reversal techniques. By using time-reversal, the response from cluttered medium is first nulled. When the target enters into the medium, the electromagnetic energy focuses around the target so that a stronger echo is obtained. The initial experimental results show that using time-reversal techniques, we can improve the signal-to-noise ratio of the return-echo due to the target compared to conventional change-detection radar.
Numerical study of radar backscattering from sea surface contaminated by oil (2011)

This paper presents a numerical simulation of the radar backscattering from oil spills on ocean surfaces. This paper presents a numerical simulation of the radar backscattering from oil spills on ocean surfaces. At first, a one-dimensionally rough sea surface is numerically generated with an ocean height spectrum for a given wind velocity. A two-layered medium is generated by adding a thin oil layer on the rough sea surface. The electric fields scattered from the contaminated sea surface by oil are computed using the method of moments (MoM). Then, the backscattering coefficients are statistically obtained using N independent samples for each oil-spilled surface using the Monte Carlo technique for various conditions of surface roughness, oil-layer thickness, frequency, polarization and incidence angle. The numerical simulation results are compared with theoretical models for clean sea surfaces. The reduction of the backscattering coefficients due to oil-spills on sea surfaces has been analyzed based on numerical simulation results.
The hydrational effect of alkali metal and halide ions on the Rh-anti-Rh system. (1971)

An examination has been made of the action of alkali metal and halide ions on the Rh-anti-Rh system. Under conditions in which differences due to electrostatic effects are minimal, there is appreciable variation in the experimental response measured by the Race score. This variation is attributed to hydrational effects of the ions and it is noted that the erythrocyte permeability of halide ions complicates their behaviour. It is suggested that ionic hydration is an important factor governing the magnitude of the entropy change that accompanies Rh-anti-Rh combination in the first stage reaction.
<i>In-situ</i> spectroscopic ellipsometry study of copper selective-area atomic layer deposition on palladium (2014)

Selective area copper atomic layer deposition on palladium seed layers has been investigated with in-situ real-time spectroscopic ellipsometry to probe the adsorption/desorption and reaction characteristics of individual deposition cycles. The reactants are copper bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate) vapor and hydrogen gas. Self-limiting atomic layer deposition was observed in the temperature range of 135–230 °C in a low pressure reactor. Under optimal conditions, growth occurs selectively on palladium and not on silicon dioxide or silicon nitride layers. Based on in-situ ellipsometry data and supporting experiments, a new mechanism for growth is proposed. In the proposed mechanism, precursor adsorption is reversible, and dissociatively adsorbed hydrogen are the stable surface intermediates between growth cycles. The mechanism is enabled by continuous diffusion of palladium from the seed layer into the deposited copper film and strong H* binding to palladium sites. Less intermixing can be obtained at low growth temperatures and short cycle times by minimizing Cu/Pd inter-diffusion.