gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Relationship of Pleural and Serum Cholesterol and Lipoprotein Levels in Exudative and Transudative Effusions (2008)

Background: This study aimed to assess whether total cholesterol (CHOL), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) are sensitive markers for discriminating between transudative and exudative pleural effusions (PE). Materials and Methods: In this study CHOL, LDL, HDL, TG, protein and LDH were analyzed in PE and serums of 119 patients with pleural effusion out of which 49 had transudative and 70 had exudative pleural effusion. Sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) of CHOL, LDL and HDL were measured by receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). Results: Pleural fluid CHOL, LDL and HDL levels were significantly lower in the transudate group compared to the exudate (29.6 ±16.3 mg/dl versus 65.24 ± 25.9 mg/dl, p<0.001; 17 ±14.8 mg/dl versus 43.94 ± 21.6 mg/dl, p<0.001; and 9.2 ± 4.8 mg/dl versus14.9 ± 6.3 mg/dl, p<0.001, respectively). Sixty-seven percent of cases with pleural transudates were secondary to heart failure, while 41% and 39% of those with pleural exudates were of parapneumonic effusion and neoplastic origin, respectively. Pleural fluid CHOL, LDL and HDL levels were significantly higher in malignant pleural effusion (71.5±18.6, 48.1±17.4 and 16.1±6.6mg/dl, respectively), and in parapneumonic effusion (70.7±28.5, 49.4±22.4 and 14.7±6.4 mg/dl, respectively) than in heart failure (30.6±11.9, 17.5±10.4 and 9.6 ±5.4 mg/dl, respectively). The optimum cut-off value for pleural fluid CHOL level of ≥38 mg/dL had a sensitivity of 87% and 80% specificity, for LDL pleural fluid level a cut-off value of ≥ 22.5 mg/dl had a sensitivity of 87% and 78% specificity, and for HDL pleural fluid a cut-off value of ≥ 10.5 mg/dl had a sensitivity of 70% and 69% specificity. AUC values were 0.906, 0.883, and 0.783, for CHOL, LDL, and HDL of pleural fluid, respectively. Conclusion: We conclude that pleural fluid CHOL, LDL and HDL are significantly increased in exudative effusions compared to the transudative ones. Measurement of CHOL, LDL and HDL concentrations in pleural effusions is useful in distinguishing
Photoperiod-dependent regulation of inhibin in Siberian hamsters: II. Regulation of inhibin production and secretion by pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (2002)

Inhibin production differs in ovaries of Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) exposed to long days (LD) or short days (SD). We believe that seasonal differences in serum follicle-stimulating hormone contribute to this difference. However, given the profound photoperiodic differences in follicle maturation, serum gonadotropins alone may not account for all of the observed differences in inhibin processing. To test this hypothesis, we challenged LD and SD female hamsters with exogenous gonadotropins. While both groups responded with increased inhibin expression, the effects were muted in ovaries of SD females and there was no evidence of ovulation in these animals. These data indicate that the ovaries of SD females are not immediately equipped to respond to gonadotropin stimulation. More generally, these data suggest that photoperiodic history affects ovarian inhibin production and secretion in response to gonadotropins.
In vitro selection of RNAs that bind to the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 gag polyprotein (1997)

RNA ligands that bind to the human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) gag polyprotein with 10(-9) M affinity were isolated from a complex pool of RNAs using an in vitro selection method. The ligands bind to two different regions within gag, either to the matrix protein or to the nucleocapsid protein. Binding of a matrix ligand to gag did not interfere with the binding of a nucleocapsid ligand, and binding of a nucleocapsid ligand to gag did not interfere with the binding of a matrix ligand. However, binding of a nucleocapsid ligand to gag did interfere with binding of an RNA containing the HIV-1 RNA packaging element (psi), even though the sequence of the nucleocapsid ligand is not similar topsi. The minimal sequences required for the ligands to bind to matrix or nucleocapsid were determined. Minimal nucleocapsid ligands are predicted to form a stem-loop structure that has a self-complementary sequence at one end. Minimal matrix ligands are predicted to form a different stem-loop structure that has a CAARU loop sequence. The properties of these RNA ligands may provide tools for studying RNA interactions with matrix and nucleocapsid, and a novel method for inhibiting HIV replication.
A multinational report to characterise SARS-CoV-2 infection in people with cystic fibrosis (2020)

This early report shows good recovery from SARS-CoV-2 in this heterogeneous CF cohort. The disease course does not seem to differ from the general population, but the current numbers are too small to draw firm conclusions and people with CF should continue to strictly follow public health advice to protect themselves from infection.
Characterization of Limiting Factors in Laminar Flow-Based Membraneless Microfuel Cells (2005)

This paper characterizes the performance-limiting factors of a membraneless microfuel cell in which two aqueous streams flow laminarly in parallel in the absence of a physical membrane without turbulent mixing. The all-liquid configuration allows for easy external addition of a reference electrode, enabling the determination of the type of performance limiting factors such as kinetics and mass transfer limitations, including the source ~anode or cathode!, and the cell resistance. In addition, options to address the present dominating mass transfer limitations at the cathode are discussed. © 2005 The Electrochemical Society. @DOI: 10.1149/1.1921131# All rights reserved.
On the Causes of British Railway Nationalisation: A Re-examination of the Causes, 1866-1921 (2002)

This article examines public debate over the proper relationship between railways and the British State (the railway question) between 1866 and 1921, and challenges the argument that their later nationalisation was the inevitable outcome of long-run economic and political tendencies. It outlines the socio-economic context for the emergence of the railway question. Contemporary responses to it are then examined, and it is argued that they form three distinct perspectives on the railway question. Lastly, the 1921 Railways Act is interpreted as shaping the railways in accordance with a perspective on the railway question which opposed their nationalisation.
Improved photonic bandgap cavity and metal rod lattices for microwave and millimeter wave applications (2002)

We report an experimental and theoretical study of a photonic bandgap (PBG) cavity with improved coupling of the TE/sub 10/ rectangular waveguide mode into the cavity. The 17 GHz PBG cavity is built with a triangular array of metal rods with a defect (missing rod) in the center. The TM/sub 010/-like defect mode is the operating mode for this cavity. In the experiment, critical coupling was achieved by removal or by partial withdrawal of some rods, a result that was verified by simulations. We also report simulation results of PBG structures in metal rod lattices useful for vacuum microwave electron devices. The bandgaps for the fundamental and higher-frequency oscillations in the lattices are determined. These results show that PBG cavities are very promising for applications in active and passive devices at microwave and millimeter wave frequencies.
The Effects of Learning on the Ventilatory Responses to Inspiratory Threshold Loading (1998)

Progressive threshold loading (PTL) is frequently used to assess inspiratory muscle endurance in health and disease. We and others have noted a systematic increase in endurance with the first few exposures to the task in subjects previously naïve to PTL, which may not be related to conditioning of the muscles themselves. The purpose of this study was to investigate the mechanisms responsible for this increased endurance by examining the ventilatory responses to 3 PTL tests, each > 24 h apart, in 18 healthy subjects. During PTL, threshold pressure (Pth) was increased by approximately 10% every 2 min until task failure. Subjects were allowed to adopt any breathing pattern. Respiratory muscle strength (maximal inspiratory pressure [PImax]) was unchanged over successive tests while maximal Pth (Pthmax) during PTL increased (69 +/- 17, 77 +/- 16, and 86 +/- 11% of PImax, respectively, p < 0.05) (mean +/- SD), indicating that the increased Pthmax could not be attributed to improved respiratory muscle strength. Breathing pattern changed with successive tests, so that for comparative loads inspiratory time (TI), respiratory frequency (f ), and duty cycle (TI/Ttot) decreased. This change in breathing pattern did not alter respiratory muscle efficiency (respiratory muscle V O2/work), which was similar in each test (2.4 +/- 2.2%), but perceived effort (Borg Score), which was maximal at task failure in each test, decreased at comparative loads with successive tests. Thus, Pthmax during initial tests appeared to be limited by discomfort rather than respiratory muscle function. These findings suggest that the increased Pthmax with successive tests is a consequence of differences in the breathing pattern adopted, reflecting neuropsychological rather than respiratory muscle conditioning. Measurements from PTL should only be used to assess respiratory muscle performance after allowing time for learning.
QUANTITATIVE HISTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF GLYCOLYTIC INTERMEDIATES AND COFACTORS WITH AN OIL WELL TECHNIQUE (1968)

Quantitative histochemical measurements of glycolytic intermediates and cofactors in samples of the order of 0.1 µg dry weight have been made possible by the use of enzymatic fluorometric methods in combination with the technique of enzymatic cycling. In order to prevent evaporation of the necessarily small volumes of fluid and to avoid exposure to CO 2 in the air, incubations are carried out under oil in wells drilled in Teflon. The general technique for conducting analyses in oil wells is described together with specific procedures for measuring glycogen, glucose, glucose 6-phosphate, uridine diphosphoglucose, fructose diphosphate, lactate, adenosine triphosphate, phosphocreatine and inorganic phosphate. The potential of the technique is illustrated by measurements of these compounds in each of nine discrete layers of the retina.
Engineering of a target site-specific recombinase by a combined evolution- and structure-guided approach (2012)

Site-specific recombinases (SSRs) can perform DNA rearrangements, including deletions, inversions and translocations when their naive target sequences are placed strategically into the genome of an organism. Hence, in order to employ SSRs in heterologous hosts, their target sites have to be introduced into the genome of an organism before the enzyme can be practically employed. Engineered SSRs hold great promise for biotechnology and advanced biomedical applications, as they promise to extend the usefulness of SSRs to allow efficient and specific recombination of pre-existing, natural genomic sequences. However, the generation of enzymes with desired properties remains challenging. Here, we use substrate-linked directed evolution in combination with molecular modeling to rationally engineer an efficient and specific recombinase (sTre) that readily and specifically recombines a sequence present in the HIV-1 genome. We elucidate the role of key residues implicated in the molecular recognition mechanism and we present a rationale for sTre's enhanced specificity. Combining evolutionary and rational approaches should help in accelerating the generation of enzymes with desired properties for use in biotechnology and biomedicine.
PC-DARTS: Partial Channel Connections for Memory-Efficient Architecture Search (2019)

Differentiable architecture search (DARTS) provided a fast solution in finding effective network architectures, but suffered from large memory and computing overheads in jointly training a super-network and searching for an optimal architecture. In this paper, we present a novel approach, namely, Partially-Connected DARTS, by sampling a small part of super-network to reduce the redundancy in exploring the network space, thereby performing a more efficient search without comprising the performance. In particular, we perform operation search in a subset of channels while bypassing the held out part in a shortcut. This strategy may suffer from an undesired inconsistency on selecting the edges of super-net caused by sampling different channels. We alleviate it using edge normalization, which adds a new set of edge-level parameters to reduce uncertainty in search. Thanks to the reduced memory cost, PC-DARTS can be trained with a larger batch size and, consequently, enjoys both faster speed and higher training stability. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Specifically, we achieve an error rate of 2.57% on CIFAR10 with merely 0.1 GPU-days for architecture search, and a state-of-the-art top-1 error rate of 24.2% on ImageNet (under the mobile setting) using 3.8 GPU-days for search. Our code has been made available at: https://github.com/yuhuixu1993/PC-DARTS.
Adherens Junctions on the Move—Membrane Trafficking of E-Cadherin (2017)

Cadherin-based adherens junctions are conserved structures that mediate epithelial cell-cell adhesion in invertebrates and vertebrates. Despite their pivotal function in epithelial integrity, adherens junctions show a remarkable plasticity that is a prerequisite for tissue architecture and morphogenesis. Epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin) is continuously turned over and undergoes cycles of endocytosis, sorting and recycling back to the plasma membrane. Mammalian cell culture and genetically tractable model systems such as <i>Drosophila</i> have revealed conserved, but also distinct, mechanisms in the regulation of E-cadherin membrane trafficking. Here, we discuss our current knowledge about molecules and mechanisms controlling endocytosis, sorting and recycling of E-cadherin during junctional remodeling.
Brain metabolite composition during early human brain development as measured by quantitative in vivo <sup>1</sup>H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (2002)

Biochemical maturation of the brain can be studied noninvasively by (1)H magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) in human infants. Detailed time courses of cerebral tissue contents are known for the most abundant metabolites only, and whether or not premature birth affects biochemical maturation of the brain is disputed. Hence, the last trimester of gestation was observed in infants born prematurely, and their cerebral metabolite contents at birth and at expected term were compared with those of fullterm infants. Successful quantitative short-TE (1)H MRS was performed in three cerebral locations in 21 infants in 28 sessions (gestational age 32-43 weeks). The spectra were analyzed with linear combination model fitting, considerably extending the range of observable metabolites to include acetate, alanine, aspartate, cholines, creatines, gamma-aminobutyrate, glucose, glutamine, glutamate, glutathione, glycine, lactate, myo-inositol, macromolecular contributions, N-acetylaspartate, N-acetylaspartylglutamate, o-phosphoethanolamine, scyllo-inositol, taurine, and threonine. Significant effects of age and location were found for many metabolites, including the previously observed neuronal maturation reflected by an increase in N-acetylaspartate. Absolute brain metabolite content in premature infants at term was not considerably different from that in fullterm infants, indicating that prematurity did not affect biochemical brain maturation substantially in the studied population, which did not include infants of extremely low birthweight.
Vibrational and rotational quenching of CO by collisions with H, He, and H2 (2006)

Collisional quenching of molecular species is an important process in a variety of astrophysical environments including interstellar clouds, photodissociation regions, and cool stellar/planetary atmospheres. In this work, quantum mechanical scattering calculations are presented for the rotational and vibrational relaxation of rotationally-excited CO due to collisions with H, He and H2 for collision energies between 10(exp -6) and approx.15000/cm. The calculations were performed using the close-coupling approach and the l-labeled form of the coupled-states approximation. Cross sections and rate coefficients for the quenching of the v=0-2, j=0-6 levels of CO are presented and comparisons with previous calculations and measurements, where available, are provided.
Higher order polarization mode dispersion compensator with three degrees of freedom (2002)

We compare several PMD compensation methods, and find that the simple PMD compensator with a variable polarization controller (PC) and a variable time delay line can compensate for not only first, but also higher order PMD.
Multiple‐point adsorption of terbium ions by lead ion templated thermosensitive gel: elucidating recognition of conformation in gel by terbium probe (2003)

Lead ion templated thermosensitive heteropolymer gel which has recognition ability of methacrylate pairs has been synthesized and characterized. The gel consists of a main monomer component, N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPA), responsible for volume phase transition, methacrylic acid (MAA) moieties imprinted as pairs to adsorb terbium ions and cross-links. An imprinting technique was applied using lead ion complex with methacrylate ligands in dioxane media. After gel was obtained, lead ions were removed by washing and the imprinted gel showed strong binding ability to terbium ions, comparable with that of the non-imprinted gel prepared without lead ions. It was found that the Tb(3+) fluorescence intensity was considerably increased upon binding this ion to both imprinted and non-imprinted gels, but the largest enhancement of fluorescence intensity was observed when Tb(3+) was bound to imprinted gel in shrunken state. This is because of the decrease of coordinated water molecules on Tb(3+) and the strong binding of this ion to methacrylate pairs which are encoded within the weakly cross-linked network of imprinted gel.
Tumor immunotherapy using bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells overexpressing Toll‐like receptor adaptors (2007)

Myeloid dendritic cells (mDCs) play an important role in the initiation of immune responses to cancer and infectious diseases. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) expressed on mDCs recognize microbial products to elicit signals for mDC maturation, including cytokine production, antigen-presentation and induction of effector cells. TLR agonists work as adjuvants to modulate the function of mDCs. In TLR signaling, MyD88 and TRIF/TICAM-1 are major TLR adaptor molecules, which when overexpressed are able to transduce downstream signals without TLR stimuli. We successfully introduced the adaptors into mouse bone marrow-derived mDCs using lentiviral vectors. Introduction of MyD88 into mDCs in vitro led to the production of IL-6 and IL-12p40 while introduction of TICAM-1 stimulated interferon (IFN)-alpha production. Expression of TICAM-1, but not MyD88, in mDCs slightly induced the co-stimulatory molecule CD86, while significant upregulation of CD86 was observed in response to other TLR stimuli. Both MyD88 and TICAM-1 augmented allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). Ex vivo mouse spleen cells pre-exposed to tumor antigen exhibited antitumor cytotoxicity when incubated with MyD88- or TICAM-1-expressing mDCs. Using mDC adoptive transfer and a syngeneic mouse tumor implant model, we established an antitumor immunotherapy whereby tumor growth is retarded by adaptor-manipulated mDCs.
Language-model optimization by mapping of corpora (2002)

It is questionable whether words are really the best basic units for the estimation of stochastic language models-grouping frequent word sequences to phrases can improve language models. More generally, we have investigated various coding schemes for a corpus. In this paper, it is applied to optimize the perplexity of n-gram language models. In tests on two large corpora (WSJ and BNA) the bigram perplexity was reduced by up to 29%. Furthermore, this approach allows to tackle the problem of an open vocabulary with no unknown word.
Effects of Intraarticular Corticosteroid and Sodium Hyaluronate Injections on Synovial Fluid Production and Synovial Fluid Content of Sodium Hyaluronate and Proteoglycans in Normal Equine Joints (1993)

Hyaluronate and cartilage proteoglycan fragments in synovial fluid from normal equine joints were determined after repeated intraarticular injections of beta-methasone, methylprednisolone, hyaluronate, saline and a combination of beta-methasone + hyaluronate and methylprednisolone + hyaluronate. The experimental intraarticular treatments were given at the beginning of the study and after one and two weeks. Synovial samples were obtained at the onset of the study and after 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 weeks. The synovial volume was determined and showed no significant changes after the repeated arthrocenteses and the experimental treatments. Corticosteroid injections resulted in increased levels of hyaluronate in the synovial fluid which indicated a stimulatory effect on the synoviocytes to produce hyaluronate. The corticosteroids also resulted in high levels (up to 20 times the initial level) of proteoglycans which indicated joint cartilage degradation. A combined injection of corticosteroids and high molecular weight hyaluronate reduced proteoglycan breakdown which indicated a protective effect of hyaluronate on the articular cartilage.
New Analogues of the Antitumor Alkaloid Girolline: The 4-Deazathiogirolline Series (2004)

Aminothiazole analogues of the antitumor alkaloid girolline have been asymmetrically synthesised using the chiral pool. The key-steps involved the Hantzsch reaction to build the thiazole heterocycle and the functionalisation of the side chain using the triphenylphosphane chemistry (i.e. azidation-chlorination of a diol). Biological activity of analogues has been evaluated (cytotoxicity on KB tumor cells and anti-HIV activity).
The assessment of old book collections in libraries (2008)

Las bibliotecas con documentos antiguos potencian la valoración de sus fondos mediante la investigación. Se recomienda la puesta en valor de los fondos mediante la difusión de los contenidos y de sus circunstancias por Internet, sin olvidar los sistemas clásicos de la difusión para la recuperación. En este sentido y especialmente, la confección de facsímiles y las exposiciones son capitales para la puesta en valor de los fondos.
An interface for rapid prototyping and evolutionary support of database-intensive applications (2003)

The authors present a programmer interface that enables rapid prototyping and evolutionary support of the database portion of applications. The interface supports flexible, rapid application development, and insulates applications from the underlying data model and database schema changes. The interface comprises a set of routines that allow the programmer to use logical objects and the logical relationships between objects to implement queries against a given database in a nonprocedural fashion. These routines implement a generic query processor that produces syntactically correct queries using only the object relationships existing at run time.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>