gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Use of computational fluid dynamics in the design of dynamic contrast enhanced imaging phantoms (2013)

Phantoms for dynamic contrast enhanced (DCE) imaging modalities such as DCE computed tomography (DCE-CT) and DCE magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) are valuable tools for evaluating and comparing imaging systems. It is important for the contrast-agent distribution within the phantom to possess a time dependence that replicates a curve observed clinically, known as the 'tumor-enhancement curve'. It is also important for the concentration field within the lesion to be as uniform as possible. This study demonstrates how computational fluid dynamics (CFD) can be applied to achieve these goals within design constraints. The distribution of the contrast agent within the simulated phantoms was investigated in relation to the influence of three factors of the phantom design. First, the interaction between the inlets and the uniformity of the contrast agent within the phantom was modeled. Second, pumps were programmed using a variety of schemes and the resultant dynamic uptake curves were compared to tumor-enhancement curves obtained from clinical data. Third, the effectiveness of pulsing the inlet flow rate to produce faster equilibration of the contrast-agent distribution was quantified. The models employed a spherical lesion and design constraints (lesion diameter, inlet-tube size and orientation, contrast-agent flow rates and fluid properties) taken from a recently published DCE-MRI phantom study. For DCE-MRI in breast cancer detection, where the target tumor-enhancement curve varies on the scale of hundreds of seconds, optimizing the number of inlet tubes and their orientation was found to be adequate for attaining concentration uniformity and reproducing the target tumor-enhancement curve. For DCE-CT in liver tumor detection, where the tumor-enhancement curve varies on a scale of tens of seconds, the use of an iterated inlet condition (programmed into the pump) enabled the phantom to reproduce the target tumor-enhancement curve within a few per cent beyond about 6 s of wash-in. This time was cut in half by the final CFD-derived strategy of flow pulsing. Driving the pump with a 25% duty cycle pulsatile waveform produced a nearly uniform concentration in the phantom in just a few seconds under typical conditions. Comparisons with published x-ray measurements using tumor-enhancement curves for both benign and malignant breast lesions showed a difference of approximately 4% between the CFD predictions and measurements of the contrast-agent concentration averaged over the lesion volume. The techniques derived using CFD optimization can be used in future phantom designs, including as starting points for future CFD phantom studies employing new lesion geometries and tumor-enhancement curves.
Mutational Analysis of a Role for Salicylic Acid in Iron Metabolism of <i>Mycobacterium smegmatis</i> (2000)

The role of salicylic acid in iron metabolism was examined in two wild-type strains (mc(2)155 and NCIMB 8548) and three mutant strains (mc(2)1292 [lacking exochelin], SM3 [lacking iron-dependent repressor protein IdeR] and S99 [a salicylate-requiring auxotroph derived in this study]) of Mycobacterium smegmatis. Synthesis of salicylate in SM3 was derepressed even in the presence of iron, as was synthesis of the siderophores exochelin, mycobactin, and carboxymycobactin. S99 was dependent on salicylate for growth and failed to grow with the three ferrisiderophores, suggesting that salicylate fulfills an additional function(s) other than being a precursor of mycobactin and carboxymycobactin. Salicylic acid at 100 microgram/ml repressed the formation of a 29-kDa cell envelope protein (putative exochelin receptor protein) in S99 grown both iron deficiently and iron sufficiently. In contrast, synthesis of this protein was affected only under iron-limited conditions in the parent strain, mc(2)155, and remained unaltered in SM3, suggesting an interaction between the IdeR protein and salicylate. Thus, salicylate may also function as a signal molecule for recognition of cellular iron status. Growth of all strains and mutants with p-aminosalicylate (PAS) at 100 microgram/ml increased salicylate accumulation between three- and eightfold under both iron-limited and iron-sufficient growth conditions and decreased mycobactin accumulation by 40 to 80% but increased carboxymycobactin accumulation by 50 to 55%. Thus, although PAS inhibited salicylate conversion to mycobactin, presumptively by blocking salicylate AMP kinase, PAS also interferes with the additional functions of salicylate, as its effect was heightened in S99 when the salicylate concentration was minimal.
Interleukin 10 genotypes in irritable bowel syndrome: evidence for an inflammatory component?: Table 1 (2002)

These preliminary results suggest that at least some patients with irritable bowel syndrome may be genetically predisposed to produce lower amounts of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10. This lends some support to the hypothesis that there may be an inflammatory or genetic component in some cases of this condition and that further studies in specific irritable bowel syndrome subgroups are justified.
Study on the Bending of FRP Cylinders. (2003)

It is difficult to analyze bending properties of Filament Winding Cylinders (FW Cylinders) because fibers are complicatedly wound and FW Cylinders are not composed of laminae. In this study, the method to evaluate the flexural rigidities of FW Cylinders with several winding angles was proposed by using Finite Element Method (FEM), and the results of FEM analyses were compared with results of 3-point bending tests. As a result, both results of FEM analyses and experiments were quantitatively agreed to each other. And it was found that flexural rigidities of FW Cylinders which were made with small winding angles were became large values, but large deformation occurred on the cross-section at central loading point by bending load, especially for thin wall FW Cylinders. Moreover, it was cleared that flexural rigidities were strongly influenced by the thickness of FW Cylinders.
Duodenal Ulcer and Eradication of<i>Helicobacter pylori</i>in a Developing Country An 18-Month Follow-up Study (1992)

Forty-eight patients with endoscopically proven duodenal ulcer (DU) and Helicobacter pylori infection detected by 14C-urea breath test (BT) were assigned to 5 days of treatment with furazolidone, metronidazole, and amoxicillin in addition to eventual classical anti-ulcer agents if necessary. Clinical evaluation and BT were repeated at 2, 6, and 18 months after therapy to determine H. pylori eradication or reinfection. Endoscopy was also repeated at 6 and 18 months after treatment to detect DU relapse. In 29 (60%) patients H. pylori had been eradicated at 2 months after therapy, and in 19 (40%) infection persisted. After successful eradication, 6 of 29 (20.7%) were reinfected. All 24 patients who were negative at the 18-month evaluation were asymptomatic, free of anti-ulcer drugs, and with healed ulcers, whereas among the 19 positive patients followed up, 11 (57%) continued to be symptomatic and still using anti-ulcer agents (p less than 0.010), and 10 (53%) showed active ulcers at endoscopy (p less than 0.010). H. pylori eradication is clearly followed by long-term remission of DU. Reinfection may be an additional problem in treating DU patients in developing countries.
The Electronics for the Donner 600-Crystal Positron Tomograph (1986)

The data acquisition system, designed for the Donner 600-Crystal Positron Tomograph, is described. Coincidence timing resolution of less than five nanoseconds full width at half maximum and data rates in excess of one million events per second are achieved by using high-speed emitter coupled logic circuits, first-in first-out memory to derandomize data flow, and parallel architecture to increase throughput. These data rates allow the acquisition of adequate transmission data in a reasonable amount of time. Good timing resolution minimizes accidental coincidences and permits data rates greater than 100,000 image-forming events per second for high-speed dynamic emission tomography. Additional scatter and accidental rejection are accomplished for transmission data by using an orbiting source and a look-up table for valid events. Calibration of this complex electronic system is performed automatically under computer control.
"Millipede" Imaging Coil Design for High Field Micro Imaging Applications (2000)

The trend in NMR is to operate at high field strengths to take advantage of the SNR and spectral dispersion. For functional MRI greater TZ* contrast can be obtained at high fields. Most high field (> 7T) microscopy experiments have been carried out using conventional, wide bore (89 mm) vertical magnets. Depending on the shim and gradient configuration a clear bore diameter of 40 to 55 mm is available for the RF coil and the sample. Efficient design of the RF coil is critical for these applications. The “Millipede”7M (1) coil was designed with this goal in mind maximum clear bore space for large (animal) samples with good RF homogeneity and efficiency. The excellent RF homogeneity allows us to place the sample very close to the coil surface thus utilizing the space more efficiently. We have compared the performance of the 32mm “Millipede” design to a 28mm, 12-rung Birdcage coil. We have also built other coils with ID’s of 5 to 40 mm diameter for high field systems.
Winterization of sunflower oil (1984)

Abstract The chemical composition and percentage of waxes in sunflower oil are presented in relation to the crude oil quality obtained from decorticated or undecorticated sunflower seed. Three methods of winterizing are described: the conventional method with separation by filters, crystallization with a wetting agent and separation by centrifuge and winterization in solvent. We also comment on methods for checking the quality of winterized sunflower oil.
Dicranin, an Antimicrobial and 15-Lipoxygenase Inhibitor from the Moss Dicranum scoparium (1993)

Extracts of nine mosses, collected in Switzerland, were screened for antimicrobial, antioxidative, and 15-lipoxygenase (15-lpo) inhibitory activities. The CH2Cl2 extract of Dicranum scoparium was found to possess pronounced antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus, Bacillus stearothermophilus, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli. In addition, inhibition of soybean 15-lpo occurred at very low concentration. Phytochemical investigation of this extract afforded Z,Z,Z-octadeca-6-yne-9,12,15-trienoic acid [1] by a combination of chromatographic techniques. This compound, named dicranin [1], was found to be responsible for most of the biological activity. The strongest antimicrobial effect was observed against Streptococcus faecalis (disc diffusion assay). In contrast to the CH2Cl2 extract of D. scoparium, dicranin was inactive against E. coli. Dicranin was identified by ir, ms, and nmr spectroscopy. A 2D INADEQUATE experiment confirmed the structure and yielded the assignment of all 13C-nmr signals.
Leadership for medicineʼs promising future (1998)

Leadership in improving the education of doctors, while impressive, is not happening fast enough. While there are many obstacles, there is no time to waste in restructuring medical education to repair its present deficiencies, for otherwise outside forces could overwhelm today's education leaders with imperatives to make improvements on their own terms. The first step in addressing present shortcomings is to establish measurable objectives for the education of doctors that are aligned with the legitimate expectations of society and the enduring precepts of the medical profession. To provide guidance in establishing these objectives, the AAMC launched the Medical School Objectives Project (MSOP) two years ago. This project is now close to completing its initial phase, which is to define the knowledge, skills, attitudes, and values every medical student must demonstrate before graduating. Phase Two will be concerned with implementation (e.g., establishing assessment methods; improving faculty development; etc.). As for aligning the outcomes of medical education with the precepts of the profession, nothing is more important: if doctors do not have high standards of professionalism--altruism, respect, compassion, honesty, integrity, and others--medicine's very survival is threatened. Medical educators must insist that their graduates demonstrate these attributes, through more careful admission criteria, more attention to medical professionalism in the curriculum and in the evaluation of students, more community service for students, and improved role modeling by faculty. Leadership for the changes that are needed will not come from a once-in-a-lifetime leader of heroic proportions but from everyone within academic medicine leading the profession to its promising future through quality education.
Molecular orientation and rheology in sheared lyotropic liquid crystalline polymers (1998)

This article summarizes recent experiments relating measurements of molecular orientation to bulk rheological behavior in liquid crystalline polymers (LCPs) under shear. The principal experimental techniques are flow birefringence and x-ray scattering. Since LCPs usually exhibit a “polydomain” texture, measurements of flow-induced orientation reflect both the local distribution of molecular orientation around the director and the heterogeneous distribution of director orientations in the sheared LCP. In model lyotropic solutions of poly(benzyl glutamate) (PBG) and hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC), there are clear structural signatures of a transition from director tumbling dynamics at low Deborah number to flow alignment at high Deborah number. Rheo-optical measurements of the full refractive index tensor in PBG allow the orientation predictions of microstructural theories for LCP rheology to be quantitatively tested. At low shear rates the two model materials differ: PBG solutions exhibit significant orientation, while HPC solutions show little orientation. This is correlated with the presence of so-called “Region I” shear thinning in HPC solutions. Conversely, in PBG solutions of high concentration, x-ray scattering measurements demonstrate that Region I arises from the presence of a hexagonal phase. The model systems are further differentiated in relaxation. Molecular orientation increases in PBG solutions, but decreases in HPC solutions upon flow cessation; these differences are manifested in the evolution of dynamic properties. Finally, structural investigations of a PBG solution and a nematic surfactant solution during step changes in shear conditions are used to interrogate tumbling dynamics at low shear rates and test microstructural tumbling models.
FTP Security Extensions (1997)

This document defines extensions to the FTP specification STD 9, RFC 959, FILE TRANSFER PROTOCOL (FTP) (October 1985). These extensions provide strong authentication, integrity, and confidentiality on both the control and data channels with the introduction of new optional commands, replies, and file transfer encodings.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Spheres‐on‐Sphere Silica Particles from a Single Precursor for Fast HPLC with Low Back Pressure (2012)

Spheres-on-sphere (SOS) silica particles are prepared in a one-pot scalable synthesis from mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane with hydrophilic polymer and cationic surfactant under alkaline conditions. The SOS particles exhibit solid-core porous-shell properties. The fast separation of small molecules and proteins with low back pressure are demonstrated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for the columns packed with SOS-particles. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Clustering Depth Based Routing for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (2016)

Large propagation delay, high error rate, low band-width and limited energy in Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSNs) attract the attention of most researchers. In UWSNs, efficient utilization of energy is one of the major issue, as the replacement of energy sources in such environment is very expensive. In this paper, we have proposed a Cluster Depth Based Routing (cDBR) that is based on existing Depth Based Routing (DBR) protocol. In DBR, routing is based on the depth of the sensor nodes: the nodes having less depth are used as a forward nodes and consumes more energy as compared to the rest of nodes. As a result, nodes nearer to sink dies first because of more load. In cDBR, cluster based approach is used. In order to minimize the energy consumption, load among all the nodes are distributed equally. The energy consumption of each node is equally utilized as each node has equal probability to be selected as a Cluster Head (CH). This improves the stability period of network from DBR. In cDBR Cluster Heads (CHs) are used for forwarding packets that maximizes throughput of the network. We have compared our results with DBR and Energy Efficient DBR (EEDBR). The simulation result validates that cDBR achieves better stability period and high throughput comparatively to DBR and EEDBR.
A Multi-Arm Phase I Study of the PI3K/mTOR Inhibitors PF-04691502 and Gedatolisib (PF-05212384) plus Irinotecan or the MEK Inhibitor PD-0325901 in Advanced Cancer (2017)

Further evaluations of gedatolisib are warranted in patients with advanced solid malignancies.
Effects of tuner IQ imbalance on multicarrier-modulation systems (2002)

After giving a short description of the underlying principles of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) as a representative of a multicarrier modulation (MCM) system, this paper sets the main emphasis on investigating the effects of IQ imbalance caused by the analog signal processing in the tuner. A mathematical description of the resulting distortions is given. Special attention is paid to the description in the frequency domain. This is the prevailing level of digital signal processing in OFDM receivers to extract useful information from the received signal. An OFDM 64 QAM (quadrature amplitude modulation) transmission chain according to the European DVB-T (terrestrial digital video broadcasting) standard has been simulated in order to evaluate the impact of the tuner imperfections on the constellation diagram and the bit-error rate (BER). In the framework of the DVB-T system possible strategies to equalize these imperfections are briefly suggested.
Analgetics based on the azetidine ring (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAnalgetics based on the azetidine ringD. C. Bishop, J. F. Cavalla, I. M. Lockhart, M. Wright, C. V. Winder, A. Wong, and M. StephensCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1968, 11, 3, 466–470Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1968https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00309a012https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00309a012research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views203Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Inhibitory Smad7: Emerging Roles in Health and Disease (2011)

Smad7 is an inhibitory Smad protein that blocks Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling through a negative feedback loop, also capable of mediating the crosstalk between TGF-β and other signaling pathways. Smad7 mRNA and protein levels are upregulated after TGF-β signaling; subsequently, Smad7 protein binds TGF-β type I receptor blocking R-Smad phosphorylation and eventually TGF-β signaling. Because of this inhibitory function, Smad7 can antagonize diverse cellular processes regulated by TGF-β such as cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, adhesion and migration. Smad7 induction by different cytokines, besides TGF-β, is also critical for crosstalk/integration of a variety of signaling pathways, and relevant in the pathology of some diseases. Thus, Smad7 plays a key role in the control of various physiological events, and even in some pathological processes including fibrosis and cancer. This review highlights the main known functions of Smad7 with a particular focus on the relevance that alterations of Smad7 function may have in homeostasis, also describing some Smad7 emerging roles in the development of several human diseases that identify this protein as a potential therapeutic target.
Penicillin in Treatment of Experimental Clostridium welchii Infection (1943)

Conclusions1. Penicillin is far superior to sulfonamides in the treatment of CI. welchii infection in mice. A single injection of 50 Florey units of penicillin administered subcutaneously at the time of intramuscular inoculation with CI. welchii protects 98% of the infected animals. 2. Repeated small doses of penicillin give as good protection as single large doses. 3. Delay in the institution of therapy lowers the survival rate, but not appreciably unless the delay is over 3 hours. 4. Local lesions were completely healed within 3 weeks if penicillin was injected repeatedly into the site of infection. 5. Response to the treatment of this infection in guinea pigs seems to be as good as that in mice.
Image Enhancement Using Integer Sequences (2009)

Frequency domain filters are widely used for smoothening or sharpening of images. Windowing technique is one of the simplest methods to obtain such realizable frequency domain filters. In this paper, we discuss the effect of applying the filter coefficients generated using integer window sequences for image enhancement schemes. The mean square error plot for low pass filtered image shows that over a certain range of threshold values the filter designed based on integer sequences outperforms the filters designed using classical (real numbers) windows. High pass filters designed using integer windows are found to sharpen the images much better than the filters designed using classical windows.
Fully automatic nonrigid registration‐based local motion estimation for motion‐corrected iterative cardiac CT reconstruction (2010)

A fully automatic local cardiac motion compensated gated iterative method with volume-adapted blobs is proposed. The method leads to excellent motion-corrected images which outperform nonmotion corrected results in phases of strong cardiac motion. In clinical cases, a volume-dependent blob-footprint adaptation proves to be a good solution to take care of the change in the blob volume caused by a divergent motion field.