gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Estabilización económica con controles de precios (1985)

El 14 de junio de 1985 las autoridades argentinas anunciaron un nuevo plan de estabilización basado en tres medidas básicas. Primero, los precios de las empresas del sector público fueron incrementados sustancialmente a fin de cerrar sus déficits de flujos de caja. Segundo, todos los precios, tanto públicos como privados fueron congelados al nivel prevaleciente al 14 de junio. Tercero, el Presidente prometió en un discurso público que a partir del 14 de junio el Banco Central no imprimiría más dinero para financiar las operaciones del sector público. A pocos días del anuncio el plan fue aceptado por el FMI, puesto que esencialmente respetaba las metas monetarias y fiscales del acuerdo Stand-by al que se arribara durante la semana anterior. A pesar de que el plan fue presentado como un enfoque “nuevo” al problema de la estabilización, no hay demasiadas novedades con respecto a lo que ha sido tradicional en la Argentina –excepto por el compromiso público del Presidente de poner fin a la emisión monetaria para el financiamiento del sector público. Las altas tasas de inflación de los últimos años se reflejaban por toda la economía en altas tasas de interés, esquemas de indexación, y toda clase de contratos con pagos diferidos. A fin de considerar este problema el gobierno tomó provisiones legales para ajustar los contratos sobre la base de una tabla que contempla la diferencia entre la inflación esperada anterior y la nueva generada por el plan de estabilización, una medida dirigida a evitar transferencias de riqueza inesperadas en el supuesto de que el plan efectivamente funcione. El propósito del presente trabajo es presentar algunas conclusiones con respecto a la dinámica de un programa de estabilización basado en disciplina fiscal y controles de precios. Todos los demás aspectos –como ser la política del tipo de cambio, el endeudamiento externo, y las restricciones a los movimientos de capital– son ignorados o dejados de lado intencionalmente para un estudio más completo. Varios de estos aspectos son el objeto de un proyecto de investigación de largo plazo encarado por los autores. Clasificación JEL: E31 ; E52 ; E63 ; E64
Designer tools for hypertext authoring (1995)

Hypertext authors lack experience. In fact, the whole business of designing and producing hypertext systems is still a relatively new discipline. Creating hypertexts is complex because of the richness of interconnectivity that exists among nodes and links in hypertexts. As such, the demands placed on hypertext authors in authoring hypertexts cannot be underestimated. Hypertext authors have to perform many balancing acts: (1) ensure that the design and structure of the hypertext system is 'best' according to its function; (2) ensure that all the nodes and links created in the hypertext database correspond directly to the windows and links in the display screen so that there should be no redundant/missing links or nodes; and (3) incorporate good design guidelines for screen and information display, dialogue design, navigation aids and online assistance. Hypertext authors don't make good hypermedia documents because it is difficult to do so. They are faced with a vast range of potential structures and an astronomically large number of choices when creating a hypertext document. Just as users are often 'lost' while navigating in hypertexts, so are hypertext authors themselves in authoring hypertext systems! Could it be possible that because hypertext authors themselves are 'lost' in the process of designing and authoring hypertext systems, they inadvertently contribute to poorly designed hypertext systems, which in turn leads to users often being lost in 'hyperspace'? If so, how can authors then be helped in designing well-structured hypertext systems?.
A Study of Homogeneous-Twist Transitions in Surface Stabilized Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Cells (1986)

The effect of polarization electric field on homogeneous-twist transitions in surface stabilized ferroelectric liquid crystal sample is studied on the basis of the continuum theory. From numerically calculated phase diagrams for an applied DC electric field and the anchoring strength at the boundaries, one may find that twist structure becomes unstable by the polarization electric field due to the spatially distributing polarization charge accompanied with that structure. Consequently, a homogeneous uniform state is found to be more stable rather than a twist state. Some experiments are suggested to clarify the effect of polarization electric field, and the present results are compared with those previously obtained by Pavel.
Advancement of Electrochromic Windows (2006)

illuminance at a prescribed setpoint level is compared to conventional and the best available commercial windows as well as windows defined by the ASHRAE 90.1-1999 and California Title 24-2005 Prescriptive Standards. Perimeter zone energy use and peak demand savings data by orientation, window size, and climate are given for windows with interior shading, attached shading, and horizon obstructions (to simulate an urban environment). Perimeter zone primary energy use is reduced by 10-20% in east, south, and west zones in most climates if the commercial building has a large window-to-wall area ratio of 0.60 compared to a spectrally selective low-e window with daylighting controls and no interior or exterior shading. Peak demand for the same condition is reduced by 20-30%. The emerging electrochromic window with daylighting controls is projected to save approximately 91.5-97.3 10{sup 12} Btu in the year 2030 compared to a spectrally selective low-E window with manually-controlled interior shades and no daylighting controls if it reaches a 40% market penetration level in that year.
Oligonucleotides complementary to the alpha-sarcin domain of 28S rRNA inhibit cell-free protein synthesis. (1993)

Oligodeoxynucleotides complementary to the alpha-sarcin domain of rat 28S rRNA inhibit cell-free protein synthesis. The poly(U) translation system containing Artemia salina ribosomes was more sensitive to inhibition than the system containing rat liver ribosomes. The 21-mer, which was the most effective of the 7 oligonucleotides tested, hybridized with naked 28S rRNA. Hybridization with whole ribosomes, assayed by S1 nuclease protection, occurred only at high ionic strength or with ribosomes actively engaged in protein synthesis.
Release from or through a Wax Matrix System. II. Basic Properties of Release from or through the Wax Matrix Layer. (2002)

In order to examine basic properties of release from and through wax matrix layer, reservoir device matrix tablet was prepared from a physical mixture of hydrogenated caster oil and drug that was the same one in the reservoir. Release process could be divided into two stages. The first stage was the formation process of water channel by dissolving the drug in the wax matrix layer, and dissolved drug was released from the matrix layer following the square-root-of-time law equation. Hence, the drug penetration coefficient and tortuosity in the matrix layer were estimated. The second stage was the zero order release process of drug in the reservoir through the wax matrix layer. The release rate constant was calculated from the slope of line. Hence, the drug permeability coefficient and tortuosity were estimated. Fundamentally, tortuosity can not be expressed by some meaningful factors, and is obtained as an experimental result. By preparing wax matrix system from a physical mixture other than melted granule method, it was suggested that the matrix structure was uniform three-dimensionally. As a result, tortuosity could be expressed by a function of porosity, because unrecognized factors such as the surface coverage and thickness of melted wax on the soluble component should not be involved.
Positive end‐expiratory pressure during mechanical ventilation of the lungs. A new valve (1975)

A valve is described which will provide positive end-expiratory pressure during mechanical ventilation of the lungs. The authors will be pleased to supply further details of specification and production on request.
Magnetic resonance imaging of aging, accommodating, phakic, and pseudophakic ciliary muscle diameters (2006)

Although the undiminished ability of the ciliary muscle to decrease its diameter with accommodation can be relied on in strategies for presbyopia correction, even in advanced presbyopia, the decreasing circumlental space and its potential effects on zonular tension must also be considered.
LOD score exclusion analyses for candidate genes using random population samples (2001)

While extensive analyses have been conducted to test for , no formal analyses have been conducted to test against , the importance of candidate genes with random population samples. We develop a LOD score approach for exclusion analyses of candidate genes with random population samples. Under this approach, specific genetic effects and inheritance models at candidate genes can be analysed and if a LOD score is ≤− 2.0, the locus can be excluded from having an effect larger than that specified. Computer simulations show that, with sample sizes often employed in association studies, this approach has high power to exclude a gene from having moderate genetic effects. In contrast to regular association analyses, population admixture will not affect the robustness of our analyses; in fact, it renders our analyses more conservative and thus any significant exclusion result is robust. Our exclusion analysis complements association analysis for candidate genes in random population samples and is parallel to the exclusion mapping analyses that may be conducted in linkage analyses with pedigrees or relative pairs. The usefulness of the approach is demonstrated by an application to test the importance of vitamin D receptor and estrogen receptor genes underlying the differential risk to osteoporotic fractures.
State of the Art in Automation of Earthmoving, 2002 (2018)

This paper provides an overview of recent progress in the automation related to earthmoving systems. While a previous survey [28] has comprehensively examined various aspects of earthmoving automation, here we discuss recent representative ideas and systems. The discussion is divided based on the cycle of operation for any autonomous machine: sensing, planning, and execution. First, an automated machine must sense its own state and the world around it. Next it must use this information along with a description of a goal to be achieved to plan the next action to be taken. In some cases the mapping from sensing to action is direct, and, can take the form of a pre-determined control law. In other cases, deliberation, or the use of models is necessary. Finally, the action must be executed via the mechanism. This paper starts with a brief summary of sensing technologies as they pertain to earthmoving. Next, it examines the various models used to determine control laws, or, as tools for deliberative planners. Of specific interest are models of machines and their interaction with the earth, an area that has seen some recent activity. Planning and discussed next and in conclusion a three recent systems are discussed.
Inclusive volunteering: Benefits to participants and community (2002)

Society has become increasingly interested in volunteerism. After previous research revealed a lack of volunteer opportunities for individuals with disabilities, a pilot project was developed to examine the benefits of volunteerism for this population, as well as their nondisabled peers and the agency in which they served. The project involved college undergraduates and adolescents from a local school for students with disabilities. After two semesters of work for a local agency, benefits were discussed and evaluated. Benefits to the participants with disabilities included pride, skill development and generalization, empowerment, and increases in social interaction and verbal communication. Benefits to the participants without disabilities included positive attitude change, increased social interaction, and professional development. Benefits were also recognized for the agency involved and the community at large. Implications are provided for further research and project replication.
High-resolution soft lithography of thin film resists enabling nanoscopic pattern transfer (2007)

Soft UV-imprint lithography at sub-micron dimensions was achieved in thin films of photopolymer resist. The imprinting was enabled by overcoming resist absorption by polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) through surface treatment with a layer of (heptadecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrodecyl)dimethylchlorosilane. Characterization of the composite molds was done by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, nanoindentation, and contact angle measurements. PDMS molds treated with fluoroalkylsilane layer were used to imprint into thin films (70-630 nm) of UV curable resins consisting of either polyurethanes or acrylates, replicating with high fidelity features over the surface of wafer substrates. The use of these highly conformal PDMS molds allowed the patterning of functional materials including gold and aluminium by a simple imprint lithographic technique. This is the first report of the use of modified PDMS surfaces in an imprint process that enables the transfer of sub-micron patterns to underlying layers for device structure fabrication. The patterned features were studied with atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and optical microscopy.
Synthesis of the C(2)−C(13) Fragment (The A−B Spiroketal Unit) of Spongistatin 1 (Altohyrtin A):  Use of a Common Intermediate for the Synthesis of Both Spongistatin Spiroketals (2002)

[reaction: see text] A convergent synthesis of 14 corresponding to the A-B spiroketal core of spongistatin 1 has been accomplished via an iodo-spiroketalization reaction of glycal 9, which was synthesized in three steps from a late-stage intermediate used in our synthesis of the C-D spiroketal fragment of spongistatin 1. Elaboration of 14 to the A-B spiroketal 15 was accomplished in three steps.
Synthesis and Application of Circularizable Ligation Probes (2001)

We describe a PCR-based approach for the synthesis of circularizable ligation probes (CLiPs). CLiPs are single-stranded probes that consist of target-specific ends separated by a noncomplementary "linker" sequence. When hybridized to a target, the CLiP forms a nicked circle that may be sealed by DNA ligase only if the 5' and 3' ends show perfect Watson-Crick base pairing, thus enabling the discrimination of single nucleotide polymorphisms. Primers incorporating target sequence at their 5' end and plasmid sequence at the 3' end were used in a PCR amplification. In addition, the antisense primer was 5' labeled with biotin, and the amplification was performed in the presence of fluorescently labeled dUTP. The resulting PCR product was captured with streptavidin-coated paramagnetic beads, and the top strand, which forms the CLiP, was alkali eluted. This PCR-based method has allowed the synthesis of CLiPs that are larger and more highly labeled than has previously been possible, with ligation efficiencies similar to those of the purest chemically synthesized padlock probes. Ligations performed in the presence of cognate or mismatched sequence were analyzed by denaturing PAGE using a fluorescent DNA sequencer. Genotyping using target immobilized to nylon membranes was also performed. The CLiPs were readily able to distinguish between mutant and wild-type alleles for the common genetic disorder, 21-hydroxylase deficiency. Additionally, CLiPs of different lengths were synthesized and compared.
Megaloblastic Anemia Secondary to Folate Deficiency Associated with Hypothyroidism (1968)

Megaloblastic anemia and hypothyroidism, coexisting in relapse simultaneously, were documented in eight women; five patients had primary myxedema; two had secondary myxedema; and one had pituitary insufficiency. The diagnosis of pernicious anemia was excluded by the demonstration of an acidic gastric juice after betazole (Histalog®) stimulation in all eight, quantitatively normal gastric intrinsic factor concentrations in seven, and normal Schilling tests in two. The serum vitamin B12 concentrations were normal (seven patients) or diagnostically indeterminate (one patient) effectively excluding vitamin B12 deficiency as a cause of the megaloblastic anemia. Serum folate levels were subnormal in seven patients and diagnostically indeterminate in one; red cell folate concentrations were subnormal in three and normal in five. Five patients treated with 100 µg/day of oral pteroylglutamic acid in addition to undergoing thyroid replacement achieved complete hematologic remissions within 2 months, two patients were lost to follow-up, and one patient who exhibited a suboptimal hematologic response to phamacologic amounts of pteroylglutamic acid required iron administration for complete hematologic remission. These data suggest that folate deficiency was the cause of the megaloblastic anemia observed in these patients. The anemias occurring with myxedema are reviewed with reference to morphologic aspects and possible causative factors.
Comparison of the Effects of <i>Viscum album</i> Lectin ML-1 and Fresh Plant Extract (Isorel) on the Cell Growth <i>in vitro</i> and Tumorigenicity of Melanoma B16F10 (1998)

Numerous findings indicate that specific plant lectins acting against cancer could be major active components of Viscum album extracts, although activity of low molecular weight components (peptides, carbohydrates and alkaloids) might be as essential for the beneficial activity of the plain plant extracts, too. Thus, active principle of Viscum album extracts is still not understood, and is difficult to be analysed because of the complex composition of the extracts and uncertainty of the standardised effectiveness (batch consistency) of the extracts. The aims of this study were to compare the concentration dependent effects of the pure mistletoe lectin (ML-1) with the fresh plant Viscum album extract (Isorel) and its different MW components on the in vitro growth of ConA stimulated lymphocytes, on the growth and tumorigenicity (artificial lung metastases development) of murine melanoma B16F10 cells, and to compare concentration dependent effects of the different types of the Viscum album extracts in vitro (applying novel type of MTT assay). The results obtained indicate that the effects of Isorel used at high dose could be result of toxic activity of the mistletoe lectins ("ML-1 like" activity). Unlike ML-1, if used at low concentrations, Isorel selectively inhibited tumor cells, due the activity of the low MW components. On the other hand, the number of tumor nodules was reduced (in comparison to the control) equally in the lungs of mice injected with B16F10 cells pre-treated in vitro with the plain Viscum album extract or any of its modifications or ML-1. Hence, it is supposed that the beneficial therapeutic effects of Isorel might result from the combined biological activity of the high and the low MW components not lectins only. Similarly, in MTT assay low concentrations of all types of the Viscum album extract showed stronger inhibiting activity for B16F10 and HeLa cells than pure ML-1. According to these results we propose a standardisation of aqueous Viscum album extracts by comparing their and ML-1 concentration dependent activity on the tumor cells in vitro applying MTT bioassay described which should be relevant for further evaluation of their active principle and for improvement of biotherapy of cancer.
Chip detectives [reverse engineering] (2000)

The chip industry is finding new uses for reverse engineering-to defend patents, spur innovation, and trace product failures. Intellectual property negotiations rely on technical ammunition, and over the last decade or so, a handful of laboratories specializing in IC reverse engineering (including Taeus) have sprung up to provide it. As their clients will attest, the ability of these labs to dissect even the most complicated IC is essential for pinpointing cases of patent infringement, and also determining whether a patented technology is worth licensing or buying. Beyond that, semiconductor manufacturers turn to these reverse-engineering houses to get a sense of how their products stack up against the competition, to test the quality of their products, and to trace the root cause of device failures.
Ultra wideband photonic control of an adaptive phased array antenna (2006)

This paper presents a new concept for a photonic implementation of a time reversed RF antenna array beamforming system. The process does not require analog to digital conversion to implement and is therefore particularly suited for high bandwidth applications. Significantly, propagation distortion due to atmospheric effects, clutter, etc. is automatically accounted for with the time reversal process. The approach utilizes the reflection of an initial interrogation signal from off an extended target to precisely time match the radiating elements of the array so as to re-radiate signals precisely back to the target's location. The backscattered signal(s) from the desired location is captured by each antenna and used to modulate a pulsed laser. An electrooptic switch acts as a time gate to eliminate any unwanted signals such as those reflected from other targets whose range is different from that of the desired location resulting in a spatial null at that location. A chromatic dispersion processor is used to extract the exact array parameters of the received signal location. Hence, other than an approximate knowledge of the steering direction needed only to approximately establish the time gating, no knowledge of the target position is required, and hence no knowledge of the array element time delay is required. Target motion and/or array element jitter is automatically accounted for. This paper presents the preliminary study of the photonic processor, analytical justification, and simulated results. The technology has a broad range of applications including aerospace and defense and in medical imaging.
Effect of temperature, pressure and iron content on the electrical conductivity of olivine and its high‐pressure polymorphs (2012)

The electrical conductivity of olivine and its high‐pressure polymorphs with various iron contents [ X Fe = Fe/(Fe + Mg) = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 and 1.0] was measured over a wide range of pressure ( P ) and temperature ( T ) conditions covering the stability field of olivine, wadsleyite and ringwoodite in a Kawai‐type multianvil apparatus. The pressure was determined using in situ X‐ray diffraction of MgO as a pressure marker in SPring 8. Molybdenum electrodes were used so that oxygen fugacity is similar to that for the iron‐wüstite buffer. The transition from low‐pressure phase to high‐pressure phase led to an increase of conductivity. In the stability field of each phase, the electrical conductivity slightly increased with increasing pressure at a constant temperature, suggesting a negative activation volume. The conductivity increased with increasing total iron content for each phase. All electrical conductivity data fit the formula for electrical conductivity σ = σ 0 X Fe exp{−[Δ E 0 − αX Fe 1/3 + P (Δ V 0 − βX Fe )]/ kT }, where σ 0 is the pre‐exponential term, Δ E 0 and Δ V 0 are the activation energy and the activation volume at very low total iron concentration, respectively, and k is the Boltzmann constant. The activation energy decreased with increasing total Fe content in olivine and ringwoodite. Dependence of the activation energy on the total Fe content suggests that the dominant mechanism of charge transport is Fe 2+ ‐Fe 3+ hopping (small polaron). The activation volume for small polaron conduction in olivine and its high‐pressure polymorphs tends to decrease with total Fe content. For olivine with low Fe content, the activation volume for small polaron conduction still is negative and very small. Assuming constant Fe content ( X Fe = 0.1) and oxygen buffer condition, the conductivity will increase with depth mainly due to the increase of the temperature along the mantle adiabat.