gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fish Oil, Raynaud's Syndrome, and Undiscovered Public Knowledge (1986)

Divide and conquer—the strategy that science uses to cope with the mountains of printed matter it produces—appears on the surface to serve us well. Science organizes itself into manageable units—scientific specialties—and so its literature is created and assimilated in manageable chunks or units. But a few clouds on the horizon ought not to go unexamined. First, most of the units are no doubt logically related to other units. Second, there are far more combinations of units, therefore far more potential relationships among the units, than there are units. Third, the system is not organized to cope with combinations. I suggest that important relationships might be escaping our notice. Individual units of literature are created to some degree independently of one another, and, insofar as that is so, the logical connections among the units, though inevitable, may be unintended by and even unknown to their creators. Until those fragments, like scattered pieces of a puzzle, are brought together, the relationships among them may remain undiscovered—even though the isolated pieces might long have been public knowledge. My purpose in this essay is to show, by means of an example, how this might happen. I shall identify two units of literature that are logically connected but noninteractive; neither seems to acknowledge the other to any substantial degree. Yet the logical connections, once apparent, lead to a potentially useful and possibly new hypothesis.
Responses of apple seedlings to biocides and phosphate fertilizers in orchard soils in British Columbia (1985)

(1985). Responses of apple seedlings to biocides and phosphate fertilizers in orchard soils in British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology: Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 294-301.
Effects of diltiazem and verapamil on responses to acetylcholine (1987)

1. The calcium channel antagonists diltiazem and verapamil were found to alter the average lifetime of ion channels activated by acetylcholine (ACh). 2. Average channel lifetime was determined from the decay phase of miniature endplate currents at the neuromuscular junction of mouse hemidiaphragms and from direct recording of single channel currents activated by ACh from BC3H1 mouse tumour cells in culture. 3. Both diltiazem and verapamil reduced average channel lifetime in a dose-dependent manner. For each drug, concentrations as high as 20 microM-100 microM were required to decrease channel lifetime by 50%. 4. Single channel recording experiments also showed that both diltiazem and verapamil greatly decreased the frequency of opening events at concentrations as low as 2 microM to 5 microM. This finding is consistent with an enhancement of receptor desensitization.
Well Spacing Optimization in Eagle Ford (2014)

Abstract Due to the ultra-low permeability in shale reservoirs, hydraulic fractures are developed to provide secondary permeability to increase production in horizontal wells. Well spacing is a key factor in maximizing the net present value (NPV) of a shale reservoir utilizing horizontally fractured wells. The dilemma is that the wells should be spaced close enough together to maximize the total stimulated area and drain the entire section in a timely manner, yet on the other hand, far enough from each other to minimize the chance of fracture hits by offset wells or overlapping the drainage area of a nearby well to avoid over-capitalization. The Eagle Ford shale has become a major resource play in North America and has become the focus of exploration and drilling activity for several oil and gas operators. Numerous studies have been performed to optimize well placement in shale gas reservoirs but unfortunately few have been conducted in reservoirs with multi-phase flow of oil and gas. The purpose of this paper is to find a balance between maximizing the stimulated area without over-capitalizing the play. Three distinctively different, real scenarios have been selected to study the effect of well spacing on estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) and ultimately on NPV. Also, a sensitivity study has been performed to analyze the effect of reservoir permeability and fracture half-length on optimal well spacing. The dimensionless metric, discounted profitability index (DPI), is also used in conjunction with NPV to ensure that while trying to maximize the NPV of the asset, the incremental investment decision still meets corporate economic thresholds and competes for capital within the portfolio. Based on the reservoir simulation and economic analysis, well spacing of 330 ft and 400 ft maximizes the NPV of a black oil Eagle Ford reservoir by assuming 50 nD reservoir permeability and fracture half-length of 100 and 150 ft, respectively. Well spacing of between 400ft and 450 ft maximizes the NPV in the retrograde gas case study. Detailed results are also provided to illustrate the effect of fracture half-length, reservoir permeability as well as oil price variation.
Zinc‐imidazole positive: A new method for DNA detection after electrophoresis on agarose gels not interfering with DNA biological integrity (1996)

Nucleic acids separated by gel electrophoresis are commonly detected within the gel matrix with ethidium bromide staining, followed by gel irradiation with ultraviolet (UV) light. When the separated nucleic acids are to be recovered for further characterization or use, this methodology is unsuitable (i) because a significant number of chemical lesions to the nucleic acid molecules are caused, heavily compromising their biological activity, and (ii) because of health hazards due to accumulative direct contact with ethidium bromide and exposure to UV-light. As an alternative, for preparative purposes, a new nontoxic detection method employing zinc and imidazole salts is described. After electrophoresis, the gel is first washed in distilled water to substantially remove remaining electrophoresis reagents, then incubated in 40 mM zinc sulfate for 10 min to allow binding of Zn2+ to the DNA, and subsequently washed with distilled water to remove unbound Zn2+ from gel regions devoid of DNA. On soaking in 0.2 M imidazole for a few minutes, zinc-DNA complexes are visualized as deep-white (positive) stained bands against a slightly opaque background. The sensitivity is similar to that of ethidium bromide. Gels can be kept in distilled water for months without loss of staining. After zinc chelation, e.g. with EDTA, it is feasible to quantitatively recover chemically intact and biologically active DNA from the gels, as shown by reelectrophoresis and transformation experiments.
A Novel Delayed Flip-Flop Circuit Using Resonant Tunneling Logic Gates (1998)

A novel delayed flip-flop circuit using monostable-bistable transition logic elements (MOBILEs) was proposed, and was fabricated using resonant-tunneling-diode/high-electron-mobility-transistor integration technology on an InP substrate. Error free operations at up to 12.5 Gb/s were demonstrated at room temperature.
High power density laser etching of silicon (1998)

Silicon that was immersed in hydrofluoric acid can be etched photochemically by laser, and it is found to produce long and regular columnar structure if the laser power density is greater than 10 mW/mm2. Another criterion is that the laser wavelength should be at the blue end of the visible spectrum. Fine wires with diameter 300–200 nm were also observed at the top of these columns. The dimension of these fine wires is near to quantum confinement dimension and thus can be taken as supporting evidence for quantum confinement. The photoluminescence spectra full width half maximum was narrower than that from porous silicon fabricated from the conventional anodization method. The narrower full width was attributed to the uniformity of the porous silicon structure. A physical model is proposed to explain the observed strong directional etching. The model showed that once the etch sites have been randomly initiated, the etching rate becomes directional under the influence of the laser. The intensity of the laser controls the etching direction such that silicon columns are formed if the intensity of the laser is strong enough.
Cross‐Talk in Bipolar Pacemakers (1989)

Investigation of dual chamber pacing and sensing interactions at high rates is becoming increasingly important with the advent of sensor driven dual chamber pacemakers. The present study was designed to investigate the pacemaker and lead interactions that will affect cross-talk during high rate atrial and ventricular pacing. The study was divided into two phases, phase one investigated the mechanisms of cross-talk using standard pacemaker circuitry and various electrode types in a canine model. In six dogs with complete heart block, dual chamber pacing was carried out with four lead types at increasing pacing rates, while output of the ventricular sense amplifier of a pacemaker breadboard was monitored. Ventricular sense amplifier output signals (n = 332) progressively increased from 31.5 +/- 18.3 mV at 100 ppm to 102 +/- 55 mV at 160 ppm. Smooth platinum-iridium and platinized leads were statistically different at higher pacing rates (P less than 0.05). This signal level is sufficient to lead to a ventricular sensing event. In a second phase of the study, the incidence of cross-talk at high pacing rates was studied in patients with implantable dual chamber bipolar pacemakers. In 166 clinical trials on 106 patients with the same pacemaker, there was evidence of cross-talk in 1/59 cases at 110 ppm and 3/47 at 130 ppm, but none at higher rates.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
817. The reactions of metallic salts of acids with halogens. Part III. Some reactions of salts of fluorohalogenoacetates and of perfluoro-acids (1952)

R. N. Haszeldine, J. Chem. Soc., 1952, 4259 DOI: 10.1039/JR9520004259
Minimal intervention in dentistry : composite resins (2012)

Composite resins have the advantage of being an excellent colour match with tooth structure and now refinements in the choice and mixture of filler particles have brought them close to the ideal - but they have not reached there yet.
Contact hole formation by multiple exposure technique in ultralow <inline-formula><math display="inline" overflow="scroll"><msub><mi>k</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></math></inline-formula> lithography (2005)

The double line and space (L&S) formation method with L&S masks and dipole illumination was found to have high capability to fabricate ~0.3 k1 contact hole (C/H) pattern. The procedure was as follows. The first L&S pattern was formed and was hardened to avoid the dissolution and mixing during the second resist coating. The second L&S pattern perpendicular to the first one was formed on the first resist pattern. The common space area of the two patterns became 1:1 C/H pattern. Simulation results showed that the double L&S formation method has much wider lithography latitude than other methods, such as single exposure of a C/H mask with quadrupole illumination, single exposure of a vortex mask with conventional illumination, and double exposure of L&S masks with dipole illumination to a single-layer resist. A 75 nm (0.30 k1) 1:1 C/H pattern was fabricated. An 80 nm (0.32 k1) 1:1 C/H pattern had 280 and 600 nm depth of focus in each resist layer at 8% exposure latitude. Moreover, a new method, in which a C/H mask replaces the L&S masks, is proposed to achieve cost reduction and the same high performance as the L&S masks.
Surface modification of polymers. I. Vapour phase photografting with acrylic acid (1988)

Abstract Surfaces of low density polyethylene, high density polyethylene, and polystyrene have been modified by grafting with acrylic acid. Benzophenone and acrylic acid in the vapor phase were UV‐irradiated in the presence of a polymer substrate. Grafting with acrylic acid took place in a thin layer on the surface, thus increasing the wettability of the polymer. After 5 min of irradiation, the contact angle against water had decreased to 20° for polystyrene and 50° for the polyethylene samples. ESCA measurements on samples irradiated for 5 min showed a 90% poly(acrylic acid) coverage of the surface for polystyrene, 63% for low density polyethylene, and 56% for high density polyethylene. Acetone or ethanol were used as carriers of monomer and initiator. Acetone was able to initiate grafting and was found to promote and direct grafting to the surface. The stability of the acrylic acid grafted surfaces was studied by contact angle measurements and ESCA. At room temperature, the grafted layer is confined to the surface, but when the material was heated in air the surface was reshaped into a hydrophobic one. The process was reversible. In aqueous surroundings at elevated temperatures the hydrophilic character of the surface was restored.
Self‐Assembled‐Monolayer Formation of Long Alkanedithiols in Molecular Junctions (2007)

Abstract The orientation of alkanedithiol molecules in self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) is of vital importance for their transport properties in molecular junctions. It is demonstrated that a too‐low concentration of long alkanedithiols in ethanol leads to the formation of looped molecules, resulting in a 50‐fold increase of the current through the SAM. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements show that high‐concentration dithiol solutions result in a preferential standing‐up phase. To obtain an almost full standing‐up phase of 1,14‐tetradecanedithiol (C14) a 30 m M concentration in ethanol is required, whereas a 0.3 m M concentration leads to a highly looped monolayer. The conduction through the full standing‐up phase of C14 and C16 is in accordance with the exponential dependence on molecule length as obtained from shorter alkanedithiols.
Fate of Escherichia coli O157:H7 as affected by pH or sodium chloride and in fermented, dry sausage (1992)

The influence of pH adjusted with lactic acid or HCl or sodium chloride concentration on survival or growth of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Trypticase soy broth (TSB) was determined. Studies also determined the fate of E. coli O157:H7 during the production and storage of fermented, dry sausage. The organism grew in TSB containing less than or equal to 6.5% NaCl or at a pH of 4.5 to 9.0, adjusted with HCl. When TSB was acidified with lactic acid, the organism grew at pH 4.6 but not at pH 4.5. A commercial sausage batter inoculated with 4.8 x 10(4) E. coli O157:H7 per g was fermented to pH 4.8 and dried until the moisture/protein ratio was less than or equal to 1.9:1. The sausage chubs were then vacuum packaged and stored at 4 degrees C for 2 months. The organism survived but did not grow during fermentation, drying, or subsequent storage at 4 degrees C and decreased by about 2 log10 CFU/g by the end of storage. These studies reveal the importance of using beef containing low populations or no E. coli O157:H7 in sausage batter, because when initially present at 10(4) CFU/g, this organism can survive fermentation, drying, and storage of fermented sausage regardless of whether an added starter culture was used.
The tyrosine kinase regulator Cbl enhances the ubiquitination and degradation of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (1998)

The Cbl protooncogene product has emerged as a negative regulator of receptor and nonreceptor tyrosine kinases. We recently demonstrated that oncogenic Cbl mutants upregulate the endogenous tyrosine kinase signaling machinery when expressed in the NIH 3T3 cells, and identified the platelet-derived growth factor receptor-alpha (PDGFRalpha) as one of the tyrosine kinases targeted by these oncogenes. These findings suggested a role for the normal Cbl protein in negative regulation of the PDGFRalpha. However, the mechanism of such negative regulation remained to be determined. Here we show that overexpression of the wild-type Cbl enhances the ligand-induced ubiquitination of the PDGFRalpha. Concomitantly, the PDGFRalpha in Cbl-overexpressing cells undergoes a faster ligand-induced degradation compared with that in the control cells. These results identify a role for Cbl in the regulation of ligand-induced ubiquitination and degradation of receptor tyrosine kinases and suggest one potential mechanism for evolutionarily conserved negative regulatory influence of Cbl on tyrosine kinases.
Efficient Synthesis of <i>N</i>-Aryl-Aza-Crown Ethers via Palladium-Catalyzed Amination (2000)

N-Aryl-aza-crown ethers were efficiently prepared by reaction of an aza-crown ether with an aryl bromide via a palladium-catalyzed amination. The combination of Pd(2)(dba)(3) and a biphenyl-based electron-rich bulky monophosphine is effective for catalyzing the coupling of 1-aza-15-crown-5 with both electron-deficient and electron-rich aryl bromides under mild conditions. N-Aryl-aza-crown ethers were produced in 75-91% yields. N-Aryl-aza-crown ethers with o-aryl substituents can also be synthesized using this catalyst system, albeit in lower yields ( approximately 40%).
Lumped Element Quadrature Hybrids (2006)

This unique, cutting-edge resource offers you a solid understanding of the characteristics and design of lumped element quadrature hybrids - passive circuit elements used in a wide range of RF and microwave system applications. You learn how to design microstrip quadrature couplers without thin film processing, determine the practical limits to lumped element quadrature hybrid design, reduce physical dimensions of RF and microwave quadrature hybrids, and design components for ultra-wideband signal processing applications. The book shows you how lumped element quadrature hybrids have the potential for extremely wide bandwidth operation. This hands-on volume describes the synthesis of circuits, using practical circuit topologies, and provides detailed construction techniques with worked examples. Moreover, the book discusses a wide-range of related topics, including active circuits, weak couplers, non-quadrature dividers, and tips on using graphical techniques. This comprehensive reference is thoroughly supported with over 225 illustrations and all the mathematics you need.
Redox chemistry and spectroscopy of toluene-3,4-dithiol (TDTH2) and of its M(TDT)22-/- complexes with zinc(II), copper(II), nickel(II), cobalt(II), iron(II), and manganese(II). Formation of a stable dn-(.cntdot.SR) bond upon oxidation by one electron (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRedox chemistry and spectroscopy of toluene-3,4-dithiol (TDTH2) and of its M(TDT)22-/- complexes with zinc(II), copper(II), nickel(II), cobalt(II), iron(II), and manganese(II). Formation of a stable dn-(.cntdot.SR) bond upon oxidation by one electronDonald T. Sawyer, G. Susan. Srivatsa, Mario E. Bodini, William P. Schaefer, and Richard M. WingCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1986, 108, 5, 936–942Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1986https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00265a016RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views741Altmetric-Citations59LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (872 KB) Get e-AlertsSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Automated Approach for Ribosomal Intergenic Spacer Analysis of Microbial Diversity and Its Application to Freshwater Bacterial Communities (1999)

An automated method of ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis (ARISA) was developed for the rapid estimation of microbial diversity and community composition in freshwater environments. Following isolation of total community DNA, PCR amplification of the 16S-23S intergenic spacer region in the rRNA operon was performed with a fluorescence-labeled forward primer. ARISA-PCR fragments ranging in size from 400 to 1,200 bp were next discriminated and measured by using an automated electrophoresis system. Database information on the 16S-23S intergenic spacer was also examined, to understand the potential biases in diversity estimates provided by ARISA. In the analysis of three natural freshwater bacterial communities, ARISA was rapid and sensitive and provided highly reproducible community-specific profiles at all levels of replication tested. The ARISA profiles of the freshwater communities were quantitatively compared in terms of both their relative diversity and similarity level. The three communities had distinctly different profiles but were similar in their total number of fragments (range, 34 to 41). In addition, the pattern of major amplification products in representative profiles was not significantly altered when the PCR cycle number was reduced from 30 to 15, but the number of minor products (near the limit of detection) was sensitive to changes in cycling parameters. Overall, the results suggest that ARISA is a rapid and effective community analysis technique that can be used in conjunction with more accurate but labor-intensive methods (e.g., 16S rRNA gene cloning and sequencing) when fine-scale spatial and temporal resolution is needed.
Atomistic approach to alloy scattering in Si1−xGex (2011)

SiGe alloy scattering is of significant importance with the introduction of strained layers and SiGe channels into complementary metal-oxide semiconductor technology. However, alloy scattering has till now been treated in an empirical fashion with a fitting parameter. We present a theoretical model within the atomistic tight-binding representation for treating alloy scattering in SiGe. This approach puts the scattering model on a solid atomistic footing with physical insights. The approach is shown to inherently capture the bulk alloy scattering potential parameters for both n-type and p-type carriers and matches experimental mobility data.
Neutral lipid trafficking regulates alveolar type II cell surfactant phospholipid and surfactant protein expression (2011)

Adipocyte differentiation-related protein (ADRP) is a critically important protein that mediates lipid uptake, and is highly expressed in lung lipofibroblasts (LIFs). Triacylglycerol secreted from the pulmonary circulation and stored in lipid storage droplets is a robust hormonal-, growth factor-, and stretch-regulated precursor for surfactant phospholipid synthesis by alveolar type II epithelial (ATII) cells. A549 lung epithelial cells rapidly take up green fluorescent protein (GFP)-ADRP fusion protein-associated lipid droplets (LDs) in a dose-dependent manner. The LDs initially localize to the perinuclear region of the cell, followed by localization in the cytoplasm. Uptake of ADRP-LDs causes a time- and dose-dependent increase in surfactant protein-B (SP-B) expression. This mechanism can be inhibited by either actinomycin D or cycloheximide, indicating that ADRP-LDs induce newly synthesized SP-B. ADRP-LDs concomitantly stimulate saturated phosphatidylcholine (satPC) synthesis by A549 cells, which is inhibited by ADRP antibody, indicating that this is a receptor-mediated mechanism. Intravenous administration of GFP-ADRP LDs to adult rats results in dose-dependent increases in lung ADRP and SP-B expression. These data indicate that lipofibroblast-derived ADRP coordinates ATII cells' synthesis of the surfactant phospholipid-protein complex by stimulating both satPC and SP-B. The authors propose, therefore, that ADRP is the physiologic determinant for the elusive coordinated, stoichiometric synthesis of surfactant phospholipid and protein by pulmonary ATII cells.