gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of Ligand Conformation on Melanoma Cell α<sub>3</sub>β<sub>1</sub>Integrin-Mediated Signal Transduction Events:  Implications for a Collagen Structural Modulation Mechanism of Tumor Cell Invasion (1998)

The importance of three-dimensional interactions between receptors with their respective ligands has been extensively explored during the binding process, but considerably less so for postbinding events such as induction of signaling pathways. Tumor cell receptor association with basement membrane proteins is believed to facilitate the metastatic process. Melanoma and ovarian carcinoma cells have been shown to utilize the alpha3beta1 integrin to bind to models of the alpha1(IV)531-543 sequence from basement membrane (type IV) collagen [Miles, A. J., et al. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 30939-30945; Miles, A. J., et al. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 29047-29050]. In the present study, the effects of ligand three-dimensional structure on possible signal transduction pathways induced by alpha3beta1 integrin binding have been evaluated. Human melanoma cell binding to type IV collagen resulted in Tyr phosphorylation of p125(FAK), consistent with prior studies correlating beta1 integrin subunit binding to collagen and p125(FAK) Tyr phosphorylation. Cross-linking of an anti-alpha3 integrin subunit monoclonal antibody also induced p125(FAK) Tyr phosphorylation. Incubation of melanoma cells with single-stranded or triple-helical peptide models of alpha1(IV)531-543 induced Tyr phosphorylation of intracellular proteins. Immunoprecipitation analysis identified one of these proteins as pp125(FAK). Induction of p125(FAK) Tyr phosphorylation was enhanced and the time of induction was shortened when the ligand was used in triple-helical conformation. Subsequent clustering of either the single-stranded or the triple-helical ligand also increased the level of p125(FAK) phosphorylation compared to unclustered ligand. The clustered triple-helical peptide ligand induced more rapid paxillin Tyr phosphorylation than the single-stranded ligand. In addition, the induction of activated proteases was found to be more rapid due to ligand triple helicity. Overall, these studies have shown that (i) a model of an isolated sequence from type IV collagen, alpha1(IV)531-543, can induce alpha3beta1 integrin-mediated signal transduction in melanoma cells and (ii) ligand conformation (secondary, tertiary, and/or quaternary structure) can directly influence several alpha3beta1 integrin-mediated signal transduction events. The effects of ligand conformation suggest that a "collagen structural modulation" mechanism may exist for tumor cell invasion, whereby triple-helical collagen promotes cell binding and induction of signal transduction, subsequently leading to collagen dissolution by proteases, decreased signal transduction, and enhanced tumor cell motility.
Simple algorithm for closed-loop control of stepping motors (1995)

Stepping motors are normally operated without feedback and may suffer from loss of synchronisation. This can be prevented by the use of positional feedback. A simple control algorithm is developed which allows a stepping motor to operate effectively in open-loop mode as long as it remains synchronised, but which recovers from loss of synchronisation following a disturbance. The control algorithm can be implemented as four interconnected state machines, an up/down counter and a rate meter.
Role of the Adiponectin Binding Protein, T-Cadherin (Cdh13), in Allergic Airways Responses in Mice (2012)

Adiponectin is an adipose derived hormone that declines in obesity. We have previously shown that exogenous administration of adiponectin reduces allergic airways responses in mice. T-cadherin (T-cad; Cdh13) is a binding protein for the high molecular weight isoforms of adiponectin. To determine whether the beneficial effects of adiponectin on allergic airways responses require T-cad, we sensitized wildtype (WT), T-cadherin deficient (T-cad(-/-)) and adiponectin and T-cad bideficient mice to ovalbumin (OVA) and challenged the mice with aerosolized OVA or PBS. Compared to WT, T-cad(-/-) mice were protected against OVA-induced airway hyperresponsiveness, increases in BAL inflammatory cells, and induction of IL-13, IL-17, and eotaxin expression. Histological analysis of the lungs of OVA-challenged T-cad(-/-) versus WT mice indicated reduced inflammation around the airways, and reduced mucous cell hyperplasia. Combined adiponectin and T-cad deficiency reversed the effects of T-cad deficiency alone, indicating that the observed effects of T-cad deficiency require adiponectin. Compared to WT, serum adiponectin was markedly increased in T-cad(-/-) mice, likely because adiponectin that is normally sequestered by endothelial T-cad remains free in the circulation. In conclusion, T-cad does not mediate the protective effects of adiponectin. Instead, mice lacking T-cad have reduced allergic airways disease, likely because elevated serum adiponectin levels act on other adiponectin signaling pathways.
Synthesis and properties of ultrafine AlN powder by rf plasma (1989)

High-purity ultrafine AlN powder was synthesized by rf plasma through direct nitridation of Al. The specific surface area was about 30 m2 /g under typical experimental conditions. Ultrafine AlN powder showed excellent sinterability, compared with conventional AlN powders, whose particle sizes were more than 0.5 μm. The thermal conductivity for the sintered body reached 220 W/m K when sintered at 1900 °C, and 110 W/m K when sintered at 1400 °C, by using YF3 as a sintering aid.
The virucidal effects of 405 nm visible light on SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A virus (2021)

The germicidal potential of specific wavelengths within the electromagnetic spectrum is an area of growing interest. While ultra-violet (UV) based technologies have shown satisfactory virucidal potential, the photo-toxicity in humans coupled with UV associated polymer degradation limit their use in occupied spaces. Alternatively, longer wavelengths with less irradiation energy such as visible light (405 nm) have largely been explored in the context of bactericidal and fungicidal applications. Such studies indicated that 405 nm mediated inactivation is caused by the absorbance of porphyrins within the organism creating reactive oxygen species which result in free radical damage to its DNA and disruption of cellular functions. The virucidal potential of visible-light based technologies has been largely unexplored and speculated to be ineffective given the lack of porphyrins in viruses. The current study demonstrated increased susceptibility of lipid-enveloped respiratory pathogens of importance such as SARS-CoV-2 (causative agent of COVID-19) and influenza A virus to 405 nm, visible light in the absence of exogenous photosensitizers thereby indicating a potential alternative porphyrin-independent mechanism of visible light mediated viral inactivation. These results were obtained using less than expected irradiance levels which are considered safe for humans and commercially achievable. Our results support further exploration of the use of visible light technology for the application of continuous decontamination in occupied areas within hospitals and/or infectious disease laboratories, specifically for the inactivation of respiratory pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2 and Influenza A.
The First CORE-LOC Breakwater (1999)

The first project in which Core-Locs were used as the main breakwater armour unit, is a small craft harbour on the south east coast of South Africa named Port St Francis. The Core-Loc was selected based on economic advantages over other units. Stability of 15 t units was confirmed in a full three-dimensional model study. Construction ofthe harbour commenced in early 1996 and was successfully completed towards the end of 1997. Practical construction issues are discussed in detail. Core-Loc performance under construction stage storms was excellent and virtually no damage has taken place under design storm conditions subsequent to the completion ofthe structure.
Application of Zinc Oxide Varistors (1990)

This paper deals with the application of ZnO varistors—an area which has not been treated in a systematic way in the literature. The paper starts with a brief description of the fundamental properties comprising the electrical behavior as well as the physics, chemistry, and microstructure of the varistor. These properties then form the basis for defining the application parameters that are directly related to the nonlinear current‐voltage characteristics of the varistor. This paper provides a detailed description of these parameters and their relation to microstructure and the processing of the varistor. Finally, a discussion is presented on the reliability of the varistor by considering a grain‐boundary defect model which explains both the instability and the stability under use conditions.
XML BASED MULTILINGUAL AUTHORING (2003)

We describe an XML implementation of a multilingual authoring system. Using this system,an author can interactively write a text conforming to well-formation content and realization rulesdescribed by an XML Schema. We show an example of an application for a class of pharmaceuticaldocuments. Some comparisons with natural language generation systems are done.Key words: Authoring, Multilingual, Text Generation, XML
Experimental Study of Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic-Steel Connection for Decorative Column (2013)

For the artistic column used by Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic(GFRP), the connection of steel with GFRP were needed. Due to the fabricating characteristics of hand laminating, GFRP surfaces had to be connected. Because there were no existed data of these connection, experimental study has to be followed so that the structural strength and buckling mode could be investigated. In this paper, therefore, the axial tests of steel with GFRP were performed. The connection of GFRP's surfaces could be also tested as well. As a result, it could be figured out that the strength of these connections were determined by the adhesive strength.
The kinetics of solubilisate exchange between water droplets of a water-in-oil microemulsion (1987)

Exchange rates of aqueous solubilisates between water droplets in a water-in-oil microemulsion stabilised by sodium bis(2-ethyl-hexyl) sulphosuccinate (AOT) have been measured as a function of droplet size, temperature and the chain length of the oil. The effects of additives (e.g. alcohols) on the exchange kinetics have also been investigated. Exchange rates were measured using very fast chemical reactions as indicators for exchange. Three types of reaction were investigated: proton transfer, metal–ligand complexation and electron transfer. Similar exchange rates were found for all three reactions. The indicator reactions involve the exchange of reactant ions of differing size and charge type; exchange rates were, however, independent of the ion transferred, but dependent on droplet size and temperature. For AOT as dispersant, exchange occurs with a second-order rate constant of 106–108 dm3 mol–1 s–1, two to four orders of magnitude slower than the droplet encounter rate as predicted from simple diffusion theory. The apparent activation enthalpy is high (and increases with droplet size) but is largely compensated by a positive activation entropy. Exchange, on balance, is a relatively facile process which typically takes place on a millisecond timescale (depending on the droplet concentration).The exchange mechanism involves transient water droplet coalescence and separation. This is the dynamic process whereby the equilibrium properties of the microemulsion, e.g. droplet size and polydispersity, are maintained. There is a correlation between the exchange rate constants and the stability of the single-phase microemulsion. This relationship between the kinetic and equilibrium properties is discussed in terms of the ‘natural curvature’ of the surfactant interface and inter-droplet interactions.
Additional evidence for an association between the dopamine D4 receptor (D4DR) exon III seven‐repeat allele and substance abuse in opioid dependent subjects: relationship of treatment retention to genotype and personality (1998)

The long form of the dopamine D4 receptor (D4DR) exon III repeat polymorphism has been linked in some but not all studies to impulsive, extravagant and novelty-seeking personality traits that are prominent in affiliated behaviours such as attention deficit disorder and substance abuse. In particular, we have reported previously an increased frequency of the long seven-repeat D4DR exon III allele in a group of 141 opioiddependent subjects compared to 110 control subjects. In order to further substantiate the role of D4DR in contributing to heroin addiction we have genotyped an additional, smaller cohort of opioid-dependent subjects. In this new group of 57 opioid-dependent subjects compared to an expanded group of 143 control subjects a significant difference was observed in overall genotype frequency (p=0.04). An excess of the seven-repeat allele of the D4DR receptor gene was also observed compared to control subjects (p=0.06). The frequency of the seven-repeat allele is 15.8% in the heroin addict population vs. 8.1% in the control group, conferring a relative risk of 2.07 (95% CI: 0.98-4.38). An association between two polymorphisms considered together (D4DR and dopamine D3 receptor) and treatment retention was observed (p=0.02). In a subgroup of 38 opioid-dependent subjects, who were successfully administered the TPQ, higher Harm Avoidance (p< 0.001) and Novelty Seeking (NS3; extravagant vs. reserved, p< 0.001) scores were found. In contrast to some previous reports, no relationship was apparent between TPQ scores and treatment retention in this small group of opioid-dependent subjects.
Medical marijuana users continue to experience legal barriers. (2006)

Four recent developments highlight that people continue to face significant legal and administrative barriers to using marijuana for medical purposes--despite the existence of the Marihuana Medical Access Regulations (MMAR), enacted by the federal government, as a result of court rulings, to enable people who require marijuana for medical purposes to exercise their constitutional right to such medicine.
CARBON–CARBON BOND FORMATION WITH METALLIC MANGANESE (1983)

Abstract Metallic manganese is found to reduce allylic bromides and achieve the Barbier-type carbonyl addition of allyl unit.
Spectrally efficient techniques for MSS systems operating between 1525-1530/1626.5-1660.5 MHz (1994)

With the demand for access to the L-band mobile satellite service (MSS) spectrum allocation 1525-1559/1626.5-1660.5 MHz predicted to far exceed the 34 MHz available before the end of the decade, the efficient use of these allocations is of critical importance. This paper deals with the work undertaken by Inmarsat in seeking the development of spectrally efficient sharing scenarios i.e. a sharing plan that seeks to fit the stated requirements of a number of operators into the available allocation. The paper begins by indicating the size of the task that currently faces MSS operators seeking to coordinate access to the L-band MSS spectrum; it proceeds to list a number of tools developed by Inmarsat for use in this coordination, and in particular the development of feasible and optimal spectrum sharing scenarios; and concludes with the detailing of a general approach to development of spectrum scenarios which, although unable to alleviate the inherent shortfall in MSS spectrum, seeks to use the available spectrum in the most efficient manner possible. >
Compact optical issialor for fibers suitable far operating in the 1.3-1.5-jum wavelength region (1983)

A compact optical isolator for single-mode fibers is described together with a method for broadening the wavelength region with high isolation. To achieve this, a novel polarizing component consisting of a birefringent wedge and a new polarization rotation compensator composed of a halfwave plate and a quarterwave plate have been developed.
990 mW average power, 52% efficient, high-repetition-rate picosecond-pulse generation in the blue with BiB_3O_6 (2005)

Efficient single-pass second-harmonic generation (SHG) of tunable high-repetition-rate picosecond pulses into the blue is reported in the nonlinear crystal BiB3O6. Using 2.4 ps fundamental pulses from a mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser at 76 MHz and a 10 mm crystal cut for type I (e + e --> o) phase matching in the optical yz plane, second-harmonic average powers as high as 990 mW with excellent stability have been generated at 52% conversion efficiency, and a tunable range of 370-450 nm is demonstrated. From measurements of single-pass SHG in the continuous-wave regime an effective nonlinear coefficient of 3.7 pm/V has been verified for BiB3O6, and direct comparison with beta-BaB2O4 confirms a SHG power enhancement of approximately 23% for the same crystal length. Autocorrelation measurements in a 200 microm crystal of beta-BaB2O4 result in durations of 2.8 ps for the second-harmonic blue pulses.
Recent Trend of Information Technology (2008)

20世紀後半は情報技術（IT）が花開いた時代であった。社会は急速に情報化し，これまでの常識や仕事のやり方を大きく変えてしまった。しかし，急激に現れた技術だったために，その性能追求ばかりに目がいってしまった。その結果，情報技術と他の技術との刷り合わせが不十分だったことが否めない。21世紀初頭である現在は情報技術再考の時代である。まず，本報告では，情報技術の最新のトレンドを紹介する。さらに，情報技術を情報通信，情報蓄積，情報処理の三つに分解する。この三つの技術は，いずれもギガのオーダーに達し，この高速化が社会を変えている。通信は情報共有であり，蓄積は履歴管理，処理はモデル予測である。この三段階を初級，中級，上級と位置づけ，情報技術の導入方法を解説する。加えて，21世紀の初頭の情報技術のトレンドを，エネルギー技術，素材技術との統合化という視点でとらえる。たとえば，この観点から工場を見ると，情報はイーザネット，エネルギーは電力線，物はパイプやコンベアーで運ばれる。これが20世紀末の姿である。21世紀の現場は，この三つの統合である。たとえば，電力線通信，可視光通信，RFIDなどが統合化の鍵となることを解説する。
Self-Renewal Versus Lineage Commitment of Embryonic Stem Cells: Protein Kinase C Signaling Shifts the Balance (2011)

The intricate molecular mechanisms that regulate ESC pluripotency are incompletely understood. Prior research indicated that activation of the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3) pathway or inhibition of extracellular signal-regulated kinase/glycogen synthase kinase 3 (ERK/GSK3) signaling maintains mouse ESC (mESC) pluripotency. Here, we demonstrate that inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms maintains mESC pluripotency without the activation of STAT3 or inhibition of ERK/GSK3 signaling pathways. Our analyses revealed that the atypical PKC isoform, PKCζ plays an important role in inducing lineage commitment in mESCs through a PKCζ-nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells signaling axis. Furthermore, inhibition of PKC isoforms permits derivation of germline-competent ESCs from mouse blastocysts and also facilitates reprogramming of mouse embryonic fibroblasts toward induced pluripotent stem cells. Our results indicate that PKC signaling is critical to balancing ESC self-renewal and lineage commitment.
Prolongation of Spinal Anesthesia with Bupivacaine-Loaded (DL-Lactide) Microspheres (1995)

There is considerable interest in developing a sustained-release local anesthetic formulation to provide long-lasting anesthesia and to decrease systemic toxicity. Bupivacaine (B), 10 mg, loaded in two different types of polylactide microspheres (PLA1 and PLA2) was evaluated after spinal injection and compared with plain bupivacaine (pB), 2 mg. Experiments were performed in six New Zealand rabbits. Duration of motor block was significantly prolonged for PLA1 compared to pB (177.5 +/- 79.5 min vs 44.6 +/- 18.0 min; P < 0.05), as well as for the recovery time (545.0 +/- 299.6 min vs 44.2 +/- 21.5 min; P < 0.05). The duration and recovery were not prolonged for PLA2. Systemic release of B after intrathecal injection was measured from blood samples by using high-performance liquid chromatography. There was no significant difference in maximum B plasma concentration between pB and PLA1 (326 +/- 81 mg/mL vs 321 +/- 57 ng/mL). The time taken to reach the maximum plasma concentration (6.6 +/- 2.6 min vs 41.7 +/- 20.4 min; P < 0.05) was significantly different. This study demonstrated that the use of bupivacaine-loaded (DL-lactide) microspheres can prolong spinal motor block. (Anesth Analg 1995;81:99-103)
The Biased Nucleotide Composition of HIV-1 Triggers Type I Interferon Response and Correlates with Subtype D Increased Pathogenicity (2012)

The genome of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has an average nucleotide composition strongly biased as compared to the human genome. The consequence of such nucleotide composition on HIV pathogenicity has not been investigated yet. To address this question, we analyzed the role of nucleotide bias of HIV-derived nucleic acids in stimulating type-I interferon response in vitro. We found that the biased nucleotide composition of HIV is detected in human cells as compared to humanized sequences, and triggers a strong innate immune response, suggesting the existence of cellular immune mechanisms able to discriminate RNA sequences according to their nucleotide composition or to detect specific secondary structures or linear motifs within biased RNA sequences. We then extended our analysis to the entire genome scale by testing more than 1300 HIV-1 complete genomes to look for an association between nucleotide composition of HIV-1 group M subtypes and their pathogenicity. We found that subtype D, which has an increased pathogenicity compared to the other subtypes, has the most divergent nucleotide composition relative to the human genome. These data support the hypothesis that the biased nucleotide composition of HIV-1 may be related to its pathogenicity.
Automatic coronary calcium scoring using noncontrast and contrast CT images (2016)

The calcified lesions in the noncontrast CT images can be detected automatically by using the segmentation results of the aorta, heart, and coronary arteries obtained in the contrast CT images with a very high accuracy.
Acetylation of Wood (2014)

Wood is a porous three dimensional, hydroscopic, viscoelastic, anisotropic bio-polymer composite composed of an interconnecting matrix of cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin with minor amounts of inorganic elements and organic extractives. Some, but not all, of the cell wall polymer hydroxyl groups are accessible to moisture and these accessible hydroxyls form hydrogen bonds with water. As the water layers build up, the cell wall expands to accommodate the water resulting in an increase in wood/water volume up to the fiber saturation point. Increased moisture levels also offer a large variety of micro-organisms the opportunity to colonize and begin the process of decay. If these accessible hydroxyl groups are chemically substituted with a larger and more hydrophobic chemical groups, the bonded chemical can expand the cell wall until it reaches its elastic limit. And if the hydrophobic nature of substituted groups sufficiently reduces the cell wall moisture levels, the wood will no longer support the colonization of micro-organisms. This modified wood then achieves a high level of dimensional stability and durability. One technology that has now been commercialized to achieve these properties is acetylation: a reaction between the hydroxyl groups on the wood cell wall polymers with acetic anhydride. While all woods contain a low level of acetyl groups, increasing this acetyl content changes the properties and performance of the reacted wood. When a substantial number of the accessible hydroxyl groups are acetylated consistently across the entire cell wall, the wood reaches its highest level of dimensional stability and durability.
FOAM BASED LUNEBURG LENS ANTENNA AT 60 GHZ (2014)

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