gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preclinical Evaluation of a Novel Fiber Compound MR Guidewire In Vivo (2009)

With the aid of the GW, different fully real-time MR-guided endovascular interventions become feasible.
Multilayer Social Networks (2016)

Multilayer networks, in particular multilayer social networks, where users belong to and interact on different networks at the same time, are an active research area in social network analysis, computer science, and physics. These networks have traditionally been studied within these separate research communities, leading to the development of several independent models and methods to deal with the same set of problems. This book unifies and consolidates existing practical and theoretical knowledge on multilayer networks including data collection and analysis, modeling, and mining of multilayer social network systems, the evolution of interconnected social networks, and dynamic processes such as information spreading. A single real dataset is used to illustrate the concepts presented throughout the book, demonstrating both the practical utility and the potential shortcomings of the various methods. Researchers from all areas of network analysis will learn new aspects and future directions of this emerging field.
The effect of Korean pine nut oil (PinnoThin™) on food intake, feeding behaviour and appetite: A double-blind placebo-controlled trial (2008)

Certain free fatty acids have been shown to have potent effects on food intake and self-reported changes in appetite; effects associated with increases in the release of endogenous cholecystokinin (CCK) and glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1). In the current study, the effects of a Korean pine nut oil product, PinnoThin, at doses 2 g, 4 g and 6 g triglyceride (TG) and 2 g free fatty acid (FFA), on food intake and appetite were examined in a cross-over double-blind placebo-controlled randomised counter-balanced design in 42 overweight female volunteers. 2 g FFA PinnoThin, given 30 minutes prior to an ad-libitum buffet test lunch, significantly reduced food intake (gram) by 9% (F(4,164) = 2.637, p = 0.036) compared to olive oil control. No significant effect of PinnoThin on macronutrient intake or ratings of appetite were observed. Given the recent data showing that the TG form of PinnoThin may also reduce appetite by increasing CCK release, the lack of any effect of the TG form found in this study could be attributed to the timing of the dosing regime. Collectively, these data suggest that PinnoThin may exert satiating effects consistent with its known action on CCK and GLP-1 release, and previously observed effects on self-reported appetite ratings.
OB-PWS: Obfuscation-Based Private Web Search (2012)

Obfuscation-based private web search (OB-PWS) solutions allow users to search for information in the Internet while concealing their interests. The basic privacy mechanism in OB-PWS is the automatic generation of dummy queries that are sent to the search engine along with users' real requests. These dummy queries prevent the accurate inference of search profiles and provide query deniability. In this paper we propose an abstract model and an associated analysis framework to systematically evaluate the privacy protection offered by OB-PWS systems. We analyze six existing OB-PWS solutions using our framework and uncover vulnerabilities in their designs. Based on these results, we elicit a set of features that must be taken into account when analyzing the security of OB-PWS designs to avoid falling into the same pitfalls as previous proposals.
Factors influencing the synthesis of monoester and diester from polyethylene glycol400 and oleic acid by lipase. (1999)

Factors influencing the synthesis of mono- and diester of polyethylene glycol400 (PEG400) oleate with immobilized lipase from Candida sp.1619 as biocatalyst were investigated. Mono- and diester were formed with different molar ratios of the substrates after reacting for 6 hours. The amount of monoester to diester formed was in the range of 3.5:1 to 4.1:1 when the molar ratio of acid to PEG400 was 0.25:1 to 2:1. Almost equal amounts of mono- and diesters were produced when the molar ratio of acid to PEG400 was 3:1 to 8:1. When the equilibrium of reaction was reached (22 hours), only diester was found in the reaction mixture with different molar ratio of substrates. The amount of monoester to diester was 1:3.2 in the reaction system containing hexane, even the molar ratio of acid to PEG400 was 2:1.
Beyond the Touchscreen (2016)

Most smartphones today have a rich set of sensors that could be used to infer input (e.g., accelerometer, gyroscope, microphone); however, the primary mode of interaction is still limited to the front-facing touchscreen and several physical buttons on the case. To investigate the potential opportunities for interactions supported by built-in sensors, we present the implementation and evaluation of BeyondTouch, a family of interactions to extend and enrich the input experience of a smartphone. Using only existing sensing capabilities on a commodity smartphone, we offer the user a wide variety of additional inputs on the case and the surface adjacent to the smartphone. Although most of these interactions are implemented with machine learning methods, compact and robust rule-based detection methods can also be applied for recognizing some interactions by analyzing physical characteristics of tapping events on the phone. This article is an extended version of Zhang et al. [2015], which solely covered gestures implemented by machine learning methods. We extended our previous work by adding gestures implemented with rule-based methods, which works well with different users across devices without collecting any training data. We outline the implementation of both machine learning and rule-based methods for these interaction techniques and demonstrate empirical evidence of their effectiveness and usability. We also discuss the practicality of BeyondTouch for a variety of application scenarios and compare the two different implementation methods.
Purely Hexagonal Graphite and the Influence of Surface Modifications on Its Electrochemical Lithium Insertion Properties (2002)

High-temperature treatment of the highly crystalline synthetic graphite TIMREX® SLX50 under inert gas atmosphere led to an increased crystallinity with no evidence of rhombohedral stacking defects in the hexagonal graphite crystal structure as well as a significantly lower specific BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) surface area. The first electrochemical Li<sup>+</sup> insertion in this purely hexagonal graphite indicated coinsertion of solvated lithium ions which caused significant exfoliation of the graphite structure and an increased irreversible capacity compared to the untreated graphite. A progressive oxidation treatment of the heat-treated TIMREX® SLX50 in air preserved its purely hexagonal crystal structure. However, the exfoliation effects during the first electrochemical Li<sup>+</sup> insertion disappeared gradually with the oxidation temperature and finally vanished at oxidation temperatures above 800°C. Surface analysis investigations on TIMREX® SLX50 before and after heat-treatment indicated a surface curing effect. The amounts of prismatic surfaces (polar edges), low-energy defects located on the graphite basal planes, disordered carbon on the graphite particle surface, as well as the superficial oxygen concentration decreased as a result of the heat-treatment. A progressive oxidation of the heat-treated hexagonal graphite tends to increase the amount of disordered carbon atoms, the oxygen atom concentration, as well as the amount of prismatic surfaces, but keeps the number of low-energy defects unchanged. These results indicated that not the graphite crystal structure but the surface properties are the responsible parameters for the exfoliation of the graphite structure and the irreversible capacity observed during the first electrochemical Li<sup>+</sup> insertion.
Robust fully automated shimming of the human brain for high‐field <sup>1</sup>H spectroscopic imaging (2006)

Although a variety of methods have been proposed to provide automated adjustment of shim homogeneity, these methods typically fail or require large numbers of iterations in vivo when applied to regions with poor homogeneity, such as the temporal lobe. These limitations are largely due to 1) the limited accuracy of single evolution time measurements when full B0 mapping studies are used, and 2) inaccuracies arising from projection-based methods when the projections pass through regions where the inhomogeneity exceeds the order of the fitted parameters. To overcome these limitations we developed a novel B0 mapping method using multiple evolution times with a novel unwrapping scheme in combination with a user-defined ROI selection tool. We used these methods at 4T on 10 control subjects to obtain high-resolution spectroscopic images of glutamate from the bilateral hippocampi.
Complete Genome Sequence and Analysis of the Multiresistant Nosocomial Pathogen<i>Corynebacterium jeikeium</i>K411, a Lipid-Requiring Bacterium of the Human Skin Flora (2005)

Corynebacterium jeikeium is a "lipophilic" and multidrug-resistant bacterial species of the human skin flora that has been recognized with increasing frequency as a serious nosocomial pathogen. Here we report the genome sequence of the clinical isolate C. jeikeium K411, which was initially recovered from the axilla of a bone marrow transplant patient. The genome of C. jeikeium K411 consists of a circular chromosome of 2,462,499 bp and the 14,323-bp bacteriocin-producing plasmid pKW4. The chromosome of C. jeikeium K411 contains 2,104 predicted coding sequences, 52% of which were considered to be orthologous with genes in the Corynebacterium glutamicum, Corynebacterium efficiens, and Corynebacterium diphtheriae genomes. These genes apparently represent the chromosomal backbone that is conserved between the four corynebacteria. Among the genes that lack an ortholog in the known corynebacterial genomes, many are located close to transposable elements or revealed an atypical G+C content, indicating that horizontal gene transfer played an important role in the acquisition of genes involved in iron and manganese homeostasis, in multidrug resistance, in bacterium-host interaction, and in virulence. Metabolic analyses of the genome sequence indicated that the "lipophilic" phenotype of C. jeikeium most likely originates from the absence of fatty acid synthase and thus represents a fatty acid auxotrophy. Accordingly, both the complete gene repertoire and the deduced lifestyle of C. jeikeium K411 largely reflect the strict dependence of growth on the presence of exogenous fatty acids. The predicted virulence factors of C. jeikeium K411 are apparently involved in ensuring the availability of exogenous fatty acids by damaging the host tissue.
Cloning and expression of a Streptomyces plicatus chitinase (chitinase-63) in Escherichia coli. (1988)

4-Methylumbelliferyl (4-MU) glycosides of N-acetylglucosamine oligosaccharides were used as substrates to detect expression of a Streptomyces chitinase in Escherichia coli. Low levels of enzyme were detected when S. plicatus DNA was cloned into a bacteriophage lambda vector (EMBL-4). Subcloning into E. coli plasmids also gave low but detectable levels of enzyme expression. High level expression was achieved by resection of the cloned S. plicatus DNA with Bal31 followed by in-frame fusion to the amino-terminal peptide sequence of beta-galactosidase found in the pUC vectors. The Streptomyces chitinase was secreted into the periplasmic space of E. coli, and its signal sequence was removed. We characterized the activity of the cloned enzyme and compared it to three other purified Streptomyces plicatus chitinases with respect to hydrolysis of the 4-MU oligosaccharides. We found that two of the enzymes form 4-methylumbelliferone much more rapidly from the 4-MU disaccharide than from the trisaccharide. These same enzymes convert the 4-MU trisaccharide primarily to diacetylchitobiose and the 4-MU monosaccharide, a nonfluorescent product. The latter compound is not hydrolyzed appreciably by any of the enzymes. On the basis of these results, we suggest a new definition of "exo" and "endo" chitinase that differs from that found in the literature. We propose that exochitinase activity be defined as processive action starting at the nonreducing ends of chitin chains with release of successive diacetylchitobiose units, and that endochitinase activity be defined as random cleavage at internal points in chitin chains.
Feedback inhibition of fatty acid synthesis in tobacco suspension cells (1995)

Summary The flux through many metabolic pathways is regulated through feedback inhibition on regulatory enzymes by endproducts of the pathway. Whether feedback inhibition occurs in fatty acid synthesis in plants has been investigated. The addition of exogenous oleic acid, in the form of oleoyl‐Tween (Tween‐18:1) caused a three‐ to fivefold decrease in the rate of [1‐ 14 C]acetate incorporation into tobacco suspension cell fatty acids. The decrease in acetate incorporation occurred rapidly upon addition of Tween‐18:1 and appeared to be specific for fatty acid synthesis. In order to elucidate possible regulatory steps involved in the feedback regulation of fatty acid synthesis in plant cells, tobacco cell acyl‐ACP intermediates were analyzed using a combination of [1‐ 14 C]acetate labeling and immunoblot analysis. Within 30 min of exogenous lipid addition, acetyl‐ACP increased and long chain acyl‐ACP decreased, whereas medium chain acyl‐ACP levels remained constant. These acyl‐ACP profiles observed during the feedback inhibition were those predicted to occur under conditions where the flux through fatty acid synthesis is decreased due to limiting levels of malonyl‐CoA and therefore indicated that acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACCase) was centrally involved in the feedback regulation of fatty acid synthesis. Immunoblot analysis showed that ACCase protein levels did not change during the feedback inhibition, indicating that the feedback inhibition of fatty acid synthesis in plant cells occurs through biochemical or post‐translational modification of ACCase and possibly other fatty acid synthesis enzymes.
An Efficient Migration to Model-driven Development (MDD) (2005)

Model-driven development envisions raising the abstraction level of software development. To fully realize this vision, technology-specific aspects must be completely hidden from developers. They produce only platform-independent models (PIM), which are automatically transformed into executable systems. To enable an efficient migration to MDD, we recommend taking advantage of concepts from software architectures, product line engineering and reverse engineering.
Photoluminescent cyclometallated diplatinum(<scp>II</scp>,<scp>II</scp>) complexes: photophysical properties and crystal structures of [PtL(PPh<sub>3</sub>)]ClO<sub>4</sub>and [Pt<sub>2</sub>L<sub>2</sub>(µ-dppm)][ClO<sub>4</sub>]<sub>2</sub>(HL = 6-phenyl-2,2′-bipyridine, dppm = Ph<sub>2</sub>PCH<sub>2</sub>PPh<sub>2</sub>) (1996)

The complexes [PtL(Cl)]1, [PtL(PPh3)]ClO42 and [Pt2L2(µ-dppm)][ClO4]23(HL = 6-phenyl-2,2′-bipyridine, dppm = Ph2PCH2PPh2) have been prepared and their spectroscopic and emission properties studied. Complex 3 shows a broad and intense absorption at 420–510 nm which is tentatively assigned to a metal–metal to ligand charge-transfer transition 1m.m.l.c.t. 1[dσ*→σ(π*)], where dσ* arises from the antisymmetric combination of the two platinum dz2 orbitals and σ(π*) from the symmetric combination of π* orbitals of the two L ligands. All the complexes show luminescence in both the solid state and in solution. Both 1 and 2 display 3m.l.c.t. emission in solution at room temperature. The solid-state emission of 1 and both the solid-state and fluid-state emission of 3 are assigned to the 3m.m.l.c.t. 3[(dσ*){σ(π*)}] state. The crystal structure of 2 shows an intermolecular π–π interaction between two L ligands as evidenced by the intermolecular ligand plane separation of 3.35 Å. The solid-state emission of 2 is suggested to arise from a π–π excimeric interaction of the L ligands. The crystal structure of 3 shows discrete [Pt2L2(µ-dppm)]2+ units with an intramolecular Pt–Pt separation of 3.2703 Å.
Comprehensive Phylogenetic Analysis of Bacterial Group II Intron-Encoded ORFs Lacking the DNA Endonuclease Domain Reveals New Varieties (2013)

Group II introns are self-splicing RNAs that act as mobile retroelements in the organelles of plants, fungi and protists. They are also widely distributed in bacteria, and are generally assumed to be the ancestors of nuclear spliceosomal introns. Most bacterial group II introns have a multifunctional intron-encoded protein (IEP) ORF within the ribozyme domain IV (DIV). This ORF encodes an N-terminal reverse transcriptase (RT) domain, followed by a putative RNA-binding domain with RNA splicing or maturase activity and, in some cases, a C-terminal DNA-binding (D) region followed by a DNA endonuclease (En) domain. In this study, we focused on bacterial group II intron ORF phylogenetic classes containing only reverse transcriptase/maturase open reading frames, with no recognizable D/En region (classes A, C, D, E, F and unclassified introns). On the basis of phylogenetic analyses of the maturase domain and its C-terminal extension, which appears to be a signature characteristic of ORF phylogenetic class, with support from the phylogeny inferred from the RT domain, we have revised the proposed new class F, defining new intron ORF varieties. Our results increase knowledge of the lineage of group II introns encoding proteins lacking the En-domain.
Kinetic discrimination of self/non-self RNA by the ATPase activity of RIG-I and MDA5 (2015)

The exquisite fine-tuning of RIG-I and MDA5 RNA-dependent ATPase activity coupled to CARD release allows a robust IFN response from a minor subset of non-self RNAs within a sea of cellular self RNAs. This avoids the eventuality of deleterious autoimmunity effects as have been recently described to arise from natural gain-of-function alleles of RIG-I and MDA5.
Future Prospects for the Consolidation of Democracy in Taiwan (1996)

Since transition to democraey began to pick up speed in the 1980s, Taiwan has seen rapid political development, including the establishment of new political parties, the lifting of martial law, complete reelection of the parliament, and constitutional reform. During this process of political reform, Taiwan’s economy has continued to grow and its society has remained stable. Observers anticipate a “political miracle” following on from Taiwan’s economic miracle. Holding a less optimistic view, the author argues that the democratization process is not complete and that many factors threaten democratic consolidation. These include public dissatisfaction concerning social and economic justice and the distribution of wealth, a lack of consensus among the political elite on the issue of constitutional reform, different concepts of national identity, and the hostility of the People’s Republic of China (PRC). Among these, national identity and the PRC factor present the biggest threats to further democratization. How Taiwan’s political elite handle these issues will have a direct effect on the outcome of democratization.
Designing Lentiviral Gene Vectors (2011)

Gene therapy relies on the delivery of therapeutic genes into patients’ cells. The microdevices used to reach the cells and to transfer the gene payload are called gene vectors. Viral packaging machinery is often utilized to generate the particles transporting the cargo genes. Lentiviruses, a subgroup of retroviruses, are highly suitable for remodeling into gene transfer vectors because they offer the stability of transgene expression, the ability to reach the nuclei of the therapeutically important non-dividing cells and are known to have a low immunogenic profile. Well studied members of the lentiviruses include human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV). It is important not to confuse “gene delivery vectors” and “gene cloning vectors”. While the former are microparticles delivering genes, the latter are replicating vehicles for the amplification of nucleic acid sequences. “Gene delivery vectors” and “gene cloning vectors” coincide when the naked DNA of replicating bacterial plasmids or replication competent viruses is used for gene delivery into cells. Viral gene delivery vectors are normally nonreplicating and should correctly be referred to as “viral vectors”, not “viruses”. Particles of viral vectors can be referred to as “virions” or “transducing particles”, because viral gene transfer is traditionally described as “transduction”. Replication deficient viral gene vector particles are similar to “defective interfering particles”, that is, faulty non-self-viable virions arising during natural viral infections and competing with non-defective virions, which were described in virology literature many years ago. Native lentiviral envelope proteins, which determine the cell range of viral infectivity (tropism) and mediate the fusion of viral and cellular membranes, are always composed from two non-covalently attached subunits, one of which (e.g. gp41 glycoprotein in HIV-1) is membrane-embedded and the other is an external subunit (e.g. gp120 glycoprotein in HIV-1). This arrangement makes lentiviruses notoriously unstable because of their tendency to shed the external subunit of the envelope protein. As the virion’s stability is a pre-requisite for the effective purification and concentration of viral vector preparations, in
Storage function of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein: the crystal structure of the coiled-coil domain in complex with vitamin D3 (2002)

The five-stranded coiled-coil domain of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMPcc) forms a continuous axial pore with binding capacities for hydrophobic compounds, including prominent cell signalling molecules. Here, we report the X-ray structure of the COMPcc domain in complex with vitamin D(3) at 1.7 A resolution. The COMPcc pentamer harbours two molecules of the steroid hormone precursor in a planar s-trans conformation of the conjugated triene, with the aliphatic tails lying along the molecule axis. A hydrophilic ring of five Gln54 side chains divides the channel into two hydrophobic compartments in which the bound vitamin D(3) pair is fixed in a head-to-head orientation. Vitamin D(3) binding induces a volumetric increase of the cavities of approximately 30% while the main chain distances of the pentamer are retained. This adaptation to the bulky ring systems of the ligands is accomplished by a rotamer re-orientation of beta-branched side chains that form the knobs into holes of the coiled-coil structure. Compared with binding of vitamin D and retinoic acid by their classical receptors, COMP exerts a distinct mechanism of interaction mainly defined by the pattern of hydrophobic core residues.