gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Application of the tau-p transform (slant-stack) in processing seismic reflection data (1983)

The tau-p transform, or slant-stack, converts seismic records (i.e. time versus offset records) into a space in which many seismic events are well separated. In particular, ground-roll transforms to a point at time zero, refractions transform to points at their zero offset intercept times and reflection hyperbolae transform to ellipses. Significantly, the ellipses do not cross one another, even if the reflection hyperbolae do cross each other in record space. The tau-p space has different dimensions than conventional record space. Record space can be thought of as traces with units of time and with each trace representing a given offset x. In the tau-p space, tau (in dimensions of time), actually represents zero offset reflection time. Each trace corresponds to a particular ray parameter, p. This parameter p can be thought of in many different ways: it is a ray parameter sin i/v; it is the dt/dx, or the slope of the arriving event; and it is the horizontal slowness of the event across the recording array. Further, each trace represents a single angle of incidence at the surface; thus, events can be separated according to angle of incidence. Since each trace represents a particular angle of incidence, multiples are exactly periodic in tau-p space. In addition, velocity analysis can be readily performed in the tau-p space. In fact, the Wiechert-Herglotz-Bateman inversion of refraction data is essentially determining velocities in p space. Possible applications of the tau-p transform in a seismic processing sequence include: ground-roll isolation, isolation of refractions, limitation of angles of incidence (beam-steering), separation of P and mode-converted SV waves, combining multi-component recording, interpolation and resampling of the data, multiple attenuation, and velocity analysis. Some of these applications can be readily performed in the normal processing sequence, while others require special considerations in the tau-p space. Many of these applications are possible because an inverse transform, that is a transform from tau-p space back to X-t record space, is readily accomplished. Multiple attenuation in tau-p space is possible in two different modes: (1) multiples are exactly periodic and can thus be addressed precisely using conventional time series analysis, and (2) some multiples are very
The Detection of Differentiation-inducing Chemicals by using Green Fluorescent Protein Expression in Genetically Engineered Teratocarcinoma Cells (2005)

The murine embryonal teratocarcinoma cell line, P19, was genetically manipulated in order to provide preliminary information on compounds that induce differentiation. Without chemical induction, P19 cells remain in an undifferentiated state, but can be induced to differentiate into specific cell types. For example, dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) induces cardiac and skeletal muscle differentiation, whereas retinoic acid stimulates neuronal differentiation. P19 cells were transfected with a construct containing a segment of the murineTert (mTert) promoter sequence combined with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene, which acts as a reporter gene. mTert expression, the reverse transcriptase component of murine telomerase, is closely linked to telomerase activity and is down-regulated during differentiation. Three retinoids and DMSO induced the differentiation of P19 cells, which was determined by a reduction in mTert_GFP expression, detected by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy as independent methods of detection. A test substance, ethanol, and a control substance, saccharin, did not cause a decrease in mTert_GFP expression. In addition, it could be demonstrated that the mTert_GFP test detects developmentally relevant effects at non-cytotoxic concentrations. The ID50 values derived for the reduction of mTert_GFP expression were lower than the IC50 values detected with the MTT test, by a factor of 21.4 for all-trans retinoic acid, 12.7 for 9-cis retinoic acid, 29.6 for 13-cis retinoic acid, and 8.7 for DMSO. In comparison to the IC50 value for the P19 cell line, a similar IC50 value was obtained with 3T3 cells for ethanol, but there was a 2-fold increase for DMSO. The retinoids were not cytotoxic to 3T3 cells at the concentrations tested. This newly developed test is capable of detecting differentiation-inducing compounds at non-cytotoxic concentrations within 4 days. It offers a method for detecting chemicals with specific toxicological mechanisms, such as the retinoids, which could provide additional information in embryotoxicity testing as different promoters could be employed. Here, we report the use of this novel test system for the successful analysis of DMSO and three retinoids with different in vivo teratogenic potentials.
A homogeneity correction method for magnetic resonance imaging with time-varying gradients (1991)

When time-varying gradients are used for imaging, the off-resonance behavior does not just cause geometric distortion as is the case with spin-warp imaging, but changes the shape of the impulse response and causes blurring. This effect is well known for projection reconstruction and spiral k-space scanning sequences. The authors introduce a reconstruction and homogeneity correction method to correct for the zeroth order effects of inhomogeneity using prior knowledge of the inhomogeneity. In this method, the data are segmented according to collection time, reconstructed using some fast, linear algorithm, correlated for inhomogeneity, and then superimposed to yield a homogeneity corrected image. This segmented method is compared to a conjugate phase reconstruction in terms of degree of correction and execution time. The authors apply this method to in vivo images using projection-reconstruction and spiral-scan sequences.
Hydroxamatkomplexe II. Die Anwendung der pH‐Methode (1963)

Abstract The equilibria between acethydroxamic acid and 16 metal cations, and their complexes have been elucidated. For the results see table 1. The complex Formation of desferri‐ferrioxamine B and desferri‐ferrioxamin E, which are trihydroxamic acids, with various bivalent and trivalent metal ions have been studied in a similar manner. For the results see tables 2 and 3.
Human responses to upright tilt: a window on central autonomic integration (1999)

1. We examined interactions between haemodynamic and autonomic neural oscillations during passive upright tilt, to gain better insight into human autonomic regulatory mechanisms. 2. We recorded the electrocardiogram, finger photoplethysmographic arterial pressure, respiration and peroneal nerve muscle sympathetic activity in nine healthy young adults. Subjects breathed in time with a metronome at 12 breaths min-1 (0.2 Hz) for 5 min each, in supine, and 20, 40, 60, 70 and 80 deg head-up positions. We performed fast Fourier transform (and autoregressive) power spectral analyses and integrated low-frequency (0.05-0.15 Hz) and respiratory-frequency (0. 15-0.5 Hz) spectral powers. 3. Integrated areas of muscle sympathetic bursts and their low- and respiratory-frequency spectral powers increased directly and significantly with the tilt angle. The centre frequency of low-frequency sympathetic oscillations was constant before and during tilt. Sympathetic bursts occurred more commonly during expiration than inspiration at low tilt angles, but occurred equally in expiration and inspiration at high tilt angles. 4. Systolic and diastolic pressures and their low- and respiratory-frequency spectral powers increased, and R-R intervals and their respiratory-frequency spectral power decreased progressively with the tilt angle. Low-frequency R-R interval spectral power did not change. 5. The cross-spectral phase angle between systolic pressures and R-R intervals remained constant and consistently negative at the low frequency, but shifted progressively from positive to negative at the respiratory frequency during tilt. The arterial baroreflex modulus, calculated from low-frequency cross-spectra, decreased at high tilt angles. 6. Our results document changes of baroreflex responses during upright tilt, which may reflect leftward movement of subjects on their arterial pressure sympathetic and vagal response relations. The intensity, but not the centre frequency of low-frequency cardiovascular rhythms, is modulated by the level of arterial baroreceptor input. Tilt reduces respiratory gating of sympathetic and vagal motoneurone responsiveness to stimulatory inputs for different reasons; during tilt, sympathetic stimulation increases to a level that overwhelms the respiratory gate, and vagal stimulation decreases to a level below that necessary for maximal respiratory gating to occur.
Optimal design of gradient coils in MR imaging: Optimizing coil performance versus minimizing cost functions (1998)

The "forward" method of an optimal gradient coil design provides a coil that has the minimal cost function value. It is shown in this study that the solution obtained by minimizing the cost function is directly dependent on the specified cost function and generally results in a deviation from the most desirable coil design. In this paper, a gradient coil design approach for obtaining the best achievable coil performance for pre-determined imaging applications is presented. Through this approach, all intermediate coil performance values calculated during an optimization process, using a simulated annealing algorithm, are stored and presented in a three-dimensional data set. Using this three-dimensional data set, a coil designer is able to make a balance between different coil performance parameters and to select a coil that is the most desirable for the pre-determined imaging applications.
Prediction of outcome of non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with chemotherapy and bortezomib by time-course MALDI-TOF-MS serum peptide profiling (2009)

This study shows that serum peptidome profiling using MALDI-TOF-MS coupled to pattern diagnostics may aid in prediction of treatment outcome of advanced NSCLC patients treated with chemotherapy.
Chromatic aberrations and color balancing issues with common optical axis CCD cameras (2000)

Three-chip common-optical axis `beamsplitter' color cameras may seem complex, but they can provide image acquisition that is simultaneous in time and space, is perfectly registered, and covers 100% of three color bands--in other words, they deliver the `Holy Grail' of color imaging. Alternative schemes cannot match this feat, not can they match a good beamsplitter's image fidelity or ease of system integration. A common optical axis camera with integrated processing capabilities for color balancing offers even more advantages over the alternatives, as better color registration and uniformity result in reduced system, development and maintenance costs. The prisms associated with the beam splitter add a large path length of glass between a lens and sensor, and most systems are not designed to account for this altered path. To use a single lens the system should be optimized to compensate for the chromatic aberrations introduced by the various optical elements.
Timing of Expression of a Gene in the Adult Drosophila Is Regulated by Mechanisms Independent of Temperature and Metabolic Rate (1996)

The examination of beta-galactosidase (beta-gal) expression in the third segment of the antenna of the 2216 enhancer trap line in Drosophila melanogaster reveals two distinct spatial and temporal regulatory patterns of expression during adult life. Type 1 expression is characterized by a decline in the level of beta-gal expression with increasing age. Starting from a maximal level of expression at the time of adult emergence, there is a decrease in the number of cells that express beta-gal so that by 40-50 days of adult life few cells express beta-gal. Varying the ambient temperature and using hyperactivity mutants (Hyperkinetic, Shaker) demonstrates that the rate of this decline is independent of temperature and metabolic rate. Type II expression is distinctly different in spatial distribution and temporal regulation from the first pattern. Type II expression is restricted in the antenna to a small (< 20-30) set of cells whose level of expression changes in a periodic manner with time. The regulation of this periodicity appears to be linked to ambient temperature.
Fast and widely tunable Bragg grating reflection filter (2003)

A fiber Bragg grating filter device linearly tunable over 45 nm is presented. The device has a maximum tuning speed of 19 nm/ms with a wavelength setting time below 1.5 ms.
Topical calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3) treatment of psoriasis: an immunohistological evaluation. (1997)

The potent calciotropic hormone calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, 1,25(OH)2D3) has been shown to be very effective and safe in the topical treatment of psoriasis. In vitro, 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibits proliferation and stimulates differentiation of human keratinocytes. Increasing evidence suggests an immunoregulatory function of this potent steroid hormone. To further characterize the biological effects of topical calcitriol treatment in psoriasis, we have analyzed immunohistochemically the expression of markers for epidermal proliferation (proliferating cell nuclear antigen=PCNA) and differentiation (transglutaminase K, involucrin, cytokeratin 16), as well as inflammation (CD1a, 55 kDa TNF-receptor, NAP-1/IL-8) in calcitriol-treated psoriatic skin in situ. Our findings strongly support the hypothesis that calcitriol modulates keratinocyte proliferation/differentiation as well as inflammation in human skin in vivo. The immunoreactivity of markers for epidermal proliferation and differentiation, as well as of CD1a and NAP-1/IL-8, changed after 8 weeks of calcitriol treatment almost completely to the pattern characteristic for non-lesional psoriatic skin, while a large number of 55 kDa TNF-receptor positive cells could be found in the dermal compartment.
Active control of vibration using a neural network (1995)

Feedforward control of sound and vibration using a neural network-based control system is considered, with the aim being to derive an architecture/algorithm combination which is capable of supplanting the commonly used finite impulse response filter/filtered-x least mean square (LMS) linear arrangement for certain nonlinear problems. An adaptive algorithm is derived which enables stable adaptation of the neural controller for this purpose, while providing the capacity to maintain causality within the control scheme. The algorithm is shown to be simply a generalization of the linear filtered-x LMS algorithm. Experiments are undertaken which demonstrate the utility of the proposed arrangement, showing that it performs as well as a linear control system for a linear control problem and better for a nonlinear control problem. The experiments also lead to the conclusion that more work is required to improve the predictability and consistency of the performance before the neural network controller becomes a practical alternative to the current linear feedforward systems.
Choosing t-out-of-n Secrets by Oblivious Transfer (2006)

Oblivious Transfer (OT) has been regarded as one of the most significant cryptography tools in recent decades. Since the mechanism of OT is widely used in many applications such as e-commerce, secret information exchange, and games, various OT schemes have been proposed to improve its functionality and efficiency. In 2001, Naor and Pinkas proposed a secure 1-out-of-n OT protocol, in which the sender has n messages and the chooser can get one of these n messages in each protocol run. What is more, the sender cannot find which message has been chosen by the chooser and the chooser knows only the correct message. In 2004, Wakaha and Ryota proposed a secure t-out-of-n OT protocol, which is an extension of the 1-out-of-n OT protocol proposed by Naor and Pinkas. Wakaha and Ryota's tout-of-n OT protocol allows the chooser to get t messages from the sender simultaneously in each protocol run. Besides, the sender cannot know what the chooser has chosen and the chooser can only know the exact t messages. However, getting deep understanding of Wakaha and Ryota's protocol, it could be concluded that it still lacks efficiency such that it is hard to be applied in real-world applications. In this article, a secure and efficient t-out-of-n OT protocol based on the Generalized Chinese Remainder Theorem is proposed, in which the chooser can securely get t messages from the sender simultaneously in each protocol run. The efficiency of the proposed t-out-of-n OT protocol is higher than that of Wakaha and Ryota's protocol in terms of practical application.
Relaxation, dephasing, and quantum control of electron spins in double quantum dots (2007)

Recent experiments have demonstrated quantum manipulation of two-electron spin states in double quantum dots using electrically controlled exchange interactions. Here we present a detailed theory for electron-spin dynamics in two-electron double-dot systems that was used to guide those experiments and analyze the results. Specifically, we analyze both spin- and charge-relaxation and dephasing mechanisms that are relevant to experiments and discuss practical approaches for quantum control of two-electron systems. We show that both charge and spin dephasing play important roles in the dynamics of the two-spin system, but neither represents a fundamental limit for electrical control of spin degrees of freedom in semiconductor quantum bits.
A unified format for trained neural network description (2002)

The article introduces a framework for the interchange of trained neural network models. The XML-based language (neural network markup language (NNML)) is presented for the neural network model description, that allows one to write down all components of the neural network model, necessary for its realization. We propose to use the XML notation for full description of neural models, including data dictionary, properties of training sample, pre-processing methods, details of network structure and parameters, method for network output interpretation. The NNML allows interchanging of neural models as well as their documentation, storing and manipulating them independently from the individual simulation system.
Nanoarchitectured Graphene/CNT@Porous Carbon with Extraordinary Electrical Conductivity and Interconnected Micro/Mesopores for Lithium‐Sulfur Batteries (2014)

The sp 2 ‐hybridized nanocarbon (e.g., carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene) exhibits extraordinary mechanical strength and electrical conductivity but limited external accessible surface area and a small amount of pores, while nanostructured porous carbon affords a huge surface area and abundant pore structures but very poor electrical conductance. Herein the rational hybridization of the sp 2 nanocarbon and nanostructured porous carbon into hierarchical all‐carbon nanoarchitectures is demonstrated, with full inherited advantages of the component materials. The sp 2 graphene/CNT interlinked networks give the composites good electrical conductivity and a robust framework, while the meso‐/microporous carbon and the interlamellar compartment between the opposite graphene accommodate sulfur and polysulfides. The strong confinement induced by micro‐/mesopores of all‐carbon nanoarchitectures renders the transformation of S 8 crystal into amorphous cyclo‐S 8 molecular clusters, restraining the shuttle phenomenon for high capacity retention of a lithium‐sulfur cell. Therefore, the composite cathode with an ultrahigh specific capacity of 1121 mAh g −1 at 0.5 C, a favorable high‐rate capability of 809 mAh g −1 at 10 C, a very low capacity decay of 0.12% per cycle, and an impressive cycling stability of 877 mAh g −1 after 150 cycles at 1 C. As sulfur loading increases from 50 wt% to 77 wt%, high capacities of 970, 914, and 613 mAh g −1 are still available at current densities of 0.5, 1, and 5 C, respectively. Based on the total mass of packaged devices, gravimetric energy density of GSH@APC‐S//Li cell is expected to be 400 Wh kg −1 at a power density of 10 000 W kg −1 , matching the level of engine driven systems.
Role of necrosis in regulating the growth saturation of multicellular spheroids. (1988)

Growth curves for multicellular spheroids of 15 different tumor and normal cell lines were characterized by doubling times which decreased with increasing growth until a stable saturation was attained. In spite of the identical and constant conditions during growth, the size at saturation varied by factors of 67 in spheroid volume and 75 in cell content. These saturation sizes showed no correlation with the monolayer doubling times or clonogenic efficiencies, the initial spheroid growth rate or clonogenic capacity at saturation, the cell packing density, or the species of origin and type of cell line. There was a strong correlation between the maximal spheroid size and the size at which necrosis initially developed, suggesting control by necrosis. Crude extracts prepared from spheroids with extensive necrosis showed dose-dependent cytostatic and cytotoxic activities against monolayer cultures, while similar extracts from spheroids without necrosis had little effect. This activity was also detected in the culture medium to which the large spheroids had been exposed prior to preparation of extracts, suggesting that the responsible factor(s) can diffuse through the spheroid. The extract from spheroids of one cell line inhibited the growth and clonogenicity of four other cell lines, including human diploid fibroblasts. DNA content profiles measured during exposure to this extract showed that the cytostatic effect was not due to the arrest of cells in a specific cell cycle phase. The cell volumes were increased during culture in medium containing the extract from spheroids with extensive necrosis. These data support the hypothesis that growth saturation in spheroids is regulated by factors produced, released, or activated during the process of necrosis and suggest that these toxic factors have potential therapeutic use.