gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The chemistry, physiology and pathology of pH in cancer (2014)

Cell survival is conditional on the maintenance of a favourable acid-base balance (pH). Owing to intensive respiratory CO2 and lactic acid production, cancer cells are exposed continuously to large acid-base fluxes, which would disturb pH if uncorrected. The large cellular reservoir of H(+)-binding sites can buffer pH changes but, on its own, is inadequate to regulate intracellular pH. To stabilize intracellular pH at a favourable level, cells control trans-membrane traffic of H(+)-ions (or their chemical equivalents, e.g. ) using specialized transporter proteins sensitive to pH. In poorly perfused tumours, additional diffusion-reaction mechanisms, involving carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzymes, fine-tune control extracellular pH. The ability of H(+)-ions to change the ionization state of proteins underlies the exquisite pH sensitivity of cellular behaviour, including key processes in cancer formation and metastasis (proliferation, cell cycle, transformation, migration). Elevated metabolism, weakened cell-to-capillary diffusive coupling, and adaptations involving H(+)/H(+)-equivalent transporters and extracellular-facing CAs give cancer cells the means to manipulate micro-environmental acidity, a cancer hallmark. Through genetic instability, the cellular apparatus for regulating and sensing pH is able to adapt to extracellular acidity, driving disease progression. The therapeutic potential of disturbing this sequence by targeting H(+)/H(+)-equivalent transporters, buffering or CAs is being investigated, using monoclonal antibodies and small-molecule inhibitors.
Epigenetic Variation Illustrated by DNA Methylation Patterns of the Fragile-X Gene FMR1 (1997)

Genomic methylation patterns of mammals can vary among individuals and are subject to dynamic changes during development. In order to gain a better understanding of this variation, we have analyzed patterns of cytosine methylation within a 200 bp region at the CpG island of the human FMR1 gene from leukocyte DNA. FMR1 is normally methylated during inactivation of the X chromosome in females and it is also methylated and inactivated upon expansion of CGG repeats in fragile-X syndrome. Patterns of methylation (epigenotypes) were determined by the sequencing of bisulfite-treated alleles from normal males and females and alleles from a family of five brothers who are methylation mosaics and are affected to various degrees by the fragile-X syndrome. Our data indicate that: (i) methylation of individual CpG cytosines is strikingly variable in hypermethylated epigenotypes obtained from a single individual, suggesting that maintenance of cytosine methylation is a dynamic process; (ii) methylation of non-CpG cytosines in the region studied may occur but is rare; (iii) mosaicism of methylation in the analyzed fragile-X males is remarkably similar to that found for the active X and inactive X alleles in normal females, suggesting that the methylation mosaicism of some fragile-X males reflects similar on and off states of FMR1 expression that exist in normal females; (iv) hypermethylation is slightly more pronounced on fragile-X alleles than on normal inactive X alleles of females; (v) the general dichotomy of hypo- and hypermethylated alleles persisted over the 5 year period that separated samplings of the fragile-X males; (vi) methylation variability was most pronounced at a consensus binding sequence for the alpha-PAL transcription factor, a sequence that may play a role in regulating expression of FMR1.
A simplified spin and gradient echo approach for brain tumor perfusion imaging (2015)

The proposed simplified SAGE technique enables the acquisition of gradient and spin echo DSC-MRI data corrected for T1 leakage effects yields parameters that are in agreement with the five-echo SAGE approach and does not require nonlinear fitting to extract ΔR2* and ΔR2 time series.
Protein degradation: a validated therapeutic strategy with exciting prospects (2017)

In a time of unprecedented challenges in developing potent, selective and well-tolerated protein inhibitors as therapeutics, drug hunters are increasingly seeking alternative modalities to modulate pharmacological targets. Selective inhibitors are achievable for only a fraction of the proteome, and are not guaranteed to elicit the desired response in patients, especially when pursuing targets identified through genetic knockdown. Targeted protein degradation holds the potential to expand the range of proteins that can be effectively modulated. Drugs inducing protein degradation through misfolding or by modulating cereblon (CRBN) substrate recognition are already approved for treatment of cancer patients. The last decade has seen the development of proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs), small molecules that elicit proteasomal degradation by causing protein polyubiquitination. These have been used to degrade a range of disease-relevant proteins in cells, and some show promising efficacy in preclinical animal models, although their clinical efficacy and tolerability is yet to be proven. This review introduces current strategies for protein degradation with an emphasis on PROTACs and the role of click chemistry in PROTAC research through the formation of libraries of preclicked PROTACs or in-cell click-formed PROTACs (CLIPTACs).
Stable hovering of a jellyfish-like flying machine (2014)

Ornithopters, or flapping-wing aircraft, offer an alternative to helicopters in achieving manoeuvrability at small scales, although stabilizing such aerial vehicles remains a key challenge. Here, we present a hovering machine that achieves self-righting flight using flapping wings alone, without relying on additional aerodynamic surfaces and without feedback control. We design, construct and test-fly a prototype that opens and closes four wings, resembling the motions of swimming jellyfish more so than any insect or bird. Measurements of lift show the benefits of wing flexing and the importance of selecting a wing size appropriate to the motor. Furthermore, we use high-speed video and motion tracking to show that the body orientation is stable during ascending, forward and hovering flight modes. Our experimental measurements are used to inform an aerodynamic model of stability that reveals the importance of centre-of-mass location and the coupling of body translation and rotation. These results show the promise of flapping-flight strategies beyond those that directly mimic the wing motions of flying animals.
A depth-encoding Anger detector using scintillating fibers (2001)

Parallax error during coincidence imaging with dual-head cameras causes infidelity in tomographic images, worsening as one increases crystal thickness to combat poor detection efficiency. The authors are integrating wavelength-shifting (WLS) scintillating fibers onto a thick NaI(Tl) crystal to create an Anger detector capable of measuring depth-of-interaction (DOI). Our studies target eventual implementation on the large-area detectors of commercial multihead coincidence imaging systems. The prototype detector uses a 127/spl times/127/spl times/25.4 mm/sup 3/ NaI(Tl) crystal. The crystal is sealed in a two-windowed aluminum enclosure-both faces of the crystal are coupled optically to glass windows. A ribbon of 125 square 1-mm WLS fibers is coupled lengthwise to the entrance window; enhanced-green- response photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) detect the light from the fibers. The number of fibers exhibiting signals above a threshold value determines the DOI. For interactions near the ribbon, light localizes in only a few fibers; light from distant interactions illuminates many fibers. Four PMTs, for position centroid calculation and energy windowing, are coupled through a light-guide to the exit window of the detector. This paper summarizes the concept of the depth-encoding Anger detector, describes the design of the detector prototype, and details on-going feasibility testing and optimization of the detector.
Substance P enhances the proliferation and migration potential of murine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell-like cell lines (2015)

Due to the therapeutic characteristics of bone marrow (BM)-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), clinical trials are testing the use of autologous or allogeneic MSCs for the treatment of several conditions. These therapies require large numbers of MSCs and numerous studies are attempting to find substances that could enhance the egression of endogenous MSCs from the BM into the periphery and increase their proliferation <i>in vivo</i> and <i>in vitro</i>. It has been reported that substance P (SP) has the potential to increase the expansion of MSCs <i>in vivo</i> and to induce their mobilization from the BM into the periphery. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of SP on the migration and proliferation potential of two BM-derived MSC-like cell lines, ST2 and OP9. SP was found to induce the migration potential of ST2 cells <i>in vitro.</i> Furthermore, SP increased the proliferation of the MSCs cell line, OP9 cell line. Cyclin D1 expression was observed to increase in the OP9 cells, indicating the activation of the cell cycle in response to SP. The upstream signals involved in these phenomena have yet to be elucidated, although previous studies have proposed the activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 and Wingless/β-catenin pathways as possible mediators of the cellular proliferation of human MSCs in response to SP. The present results therefore suggest that SP would facilitate the obtainment of higher numbers of endogenous MSCs from patients or donors and/or shorten the process of <i>in vitro</i> expansion that could cause the MSCs to undergo changes in their innate therapeutic characteristics prior to their use in therapy.
The 2007 Nobel Prize in Physics: Magnetism and Transport at the Nanoscale (2007)

The 2007 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Peter Grünberg and Albert Fert for the discovery of giant magnetoresistance (GMR). GMR is a phenomenon that is intimately linked to the nanostructuring of magnetic materials and has had broad scientific and economic impact. Here, we summarize the early scientific studies of magnetic thin films and superlattices that enabled the discovery of GMR, and we describe the evolution of spin-electronics (spintronics) that has emerged since its discovery.
Size effects in the melting and crystallization temperatures of copper chloride nanocrystals in glass (1997)

The size dependence of the crystallization temperature T c and melting temperature T m of copper chloride nanocrystals in glasses is studied in the size range R a from 1 to 30 nm. Jumps are found in the temperature dependence of T c at R a =13 nm and R a =1.8 nm, a jump is found in the temperature dependence of T m at R a =2.2 nm, and the supercooling of the melt is found to vanish in the case of crystallization at R a ⩽1.4 nm. It is conjectured that the jump in T c with large R a occurs for a nano-crystal radius equal to that of a crystalline nucleus in the melt, and the jumps in T c and T m for smaller values of R a are due to a change in the shape (faceting) of the nanocrystals.
Effects of muscle-to-electrode distance on the human diaphragm electromyogram (1995)

It has been suggested that esophageal recordings of the diaphragm electromyogram (EMGdi) are influenced by changes in chest wall configuration. Whether the changes are of physiological or artifactual origin is unclear. For example, the distance between the esophageal electrode and the diaphragm is likely to alter with chest wall configuration and may lead to misinterpretations of EMGdi. The aims of this study were 1) to evaluate and quantify the effect of the muscle-to-electrode (ME) distance filter on EMGdi, as obtained with a multiple-array esophageal electrode, 2) to take advantage of the ME distance filter to locate the position of the diaphragm with respect to the electrode, and 3) to evaluate the influence of lung volume and chest wall configuration on EMGdi center frequency (CF) while controlling for the ME distance filter and signal quality. Five subjects performed six static contractions of the diaphragm at each of seven chest wall configurations, as evaluated by the method of K. Konno and J. Mead (J. Appl. Physiol. 22: 407-422, 1967). EMGdi was measured with seven pairs of electrodes mounted on an esophageal catheter. The pair of electrodes whose EMGdi power spectra were the least filtered by the ME distance was assumed to be closest to the diaphragm. The results of the study indicated that 1) EMGdi power spectra were strongly affected by the distance between the diaphragm and the electrodes. CF decreased by approximately 1 Hz/mm displacement away from the electrode pair closest to the diaphragm; and 2) no systematic relationship was found between changes in chest wall configuration and CF, when CF was measured from the electrode pair closest to the diaphragm. We conclude that the EMGdi CF can be reliably measured with a multiple-array esophageal electrode that covers the span of diaphragmatic excursion and by selecting the pair of electrodes that is the closest to the diaphragm.
Improvement of 300mm FOUP mini-environment (2002)

Evaluates both mechanical and process characteristics of FOUPs (front opening unifed pods) and improves performance through feedback to suppliers. Issues of FOUPs are as follows.: dimensions; FOUP/LP interoperability; particle contamination; organic contamination; and drying defectiveness We have developed 3-dimensional FOUP measuring equipment with Nikon Instech Co. (Nexiv450N) and measured critical dimensions like wafer teeth height, Y52, and latch key hole position. With the Nexiv450N we could take the dimensions of each FOUP to their nominal values. It's important to align the dimension of the FOUP to realize FOUP/load port interoperability.
Hepatitis viruses in non‐human primates (2006)

The negativity to HCV-related viruses and the negativity of the Cercopithecidae species tested against HBV/HDV do not allow us to definitively rule out the presence of an animal counterpart of human hepatitis viruses in non-human primates.
OH reduction in preforms by isotope exchange (1981)

To reduce OH-ion content in MCVD preforms a method, based on a thermal-activated deuterium-hydrogen isotope exchange, has been developed. Reaction has been applied on the internal walls of silica substrate tubes to produce a buffering layer against hydrogen diffusion. Experimental results are presented and process potentialities are discussed.
Properties of a New CdTe Detector for Nuclear Medicine (1987)

A CdTe device structure was investigated for suitability in nuclear medicine instrumentation. These new detectors are room temperature, γ-ray sensors which have good charge collection and response times of 10-20 ns. Devices 0.8 mm to 5 mm thick have been characterized with regard to energy resolution and coincidence time interval resolution.
VALIDATION OF BUSINESS PROCESS MODELS USING SWIMLANE DIAGRAMS (2014)

Swimlane diagrams are regarded to be an important tool when validating business rules and procedures with stake-holders because they are believed to convey information about business process models effectively and efficiently. However, the literature lacks empirical support for such an assumption; the literature is void of studies evaluating the efficacy of swimlane diagrams. We conducted two studies that required students to examine swimlane and non-swimlane diagrams of the same business process. Based on 142 and 131 responses, respectively, for the two studies, we found that the non-swimlane diagrams are more effective overall in conveying information to stakeholders, but that swimlane diagrams are more efficient in conveying information to stakeholders, especially when they include important visual clues and handshake activities.
Application of robust control to sustained oscillations in power systems (1992)

Transient control of the sustained oscillations that can occur after a major disturbance to a power system is investigated. A control scheme for an n-generator system is first developed using a classical machine model, and then extended to a machine model that includes governor/turbine dynamics. The proposed control strategies are linear and require only local relative angle and velocity measurements for the classical model case, plus the measurement of mechanical power if governor/turbine dynamics are included. Using Lyapunov's direct method, the control is shown to be robust with respect to parameter and load variations, and topology changes in the power system. The overall power system is shown to be exponentially stable in the main so that any oscillation, anywhere in the system, can be damped efficiently. The results are obtained without any linearization of the power system model. Simulation results for the 30-bus New England system demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed control.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Computer-generated double-phase holograms (1978)

A method of computer generating binary holograms based on the decomposition of a complex value into two phase quantities is described. Each Fourier transform cell is divided into subcells, and phase quantities are encoded by the detour phase technique. Noise due to the displacement of the subcells and the phase coding is discussed. Methods of suppressing this noise are also included.
Lipidomic analysis of twenty‐seven prostanoids and isoprostanes by liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (2006)

Prostanoids are potent mediators of many physiological and pathophysiological processes. Of the many analytical methodologies used for their qualitative and quantitative analysis, electrospray tandem mass spectrometry coupled to liquid chromatography (LC/ESI-MS/MS) offers a rapid, sensitive and versatile system applicable to lipidomic analyses. We have developed an LC/ESI-MS/MS assay for twenty-seven mediators including prostaglandins, prostacyclines, thromboxanes, dihydroprostaglandins and isoprostanes. The assay was liner over the concentration range 1-100 pg/microL. The limits of detection and quantitation were 0.5-50 and 2-100 pg, respectively, whilst recoveries were from 83-116% depending on the metabolite. The assay can be applied to the profiling of prostanoids produced by a variety of biological fluids and extracts including brain, liver, plasma and urine, thus facilitating our understanding of the role of these lipid mediators in health and disease, as well as assisting in drug development.
Potassium Dependent Regulation of Astrocyte Water Permeability Is Mediated by cAMP Signaling (2012)

Astrocytes express potassium and water channels to support dynamic regulation of potassium homeostasis. Potassium kinetics can be modulated by aquaporin-4 (AQP4), the essential water channel for astrocyte water permeability regulation. We investigated whether extracellular potassium ([K(+)](o)) can regulate astrocyte water permeability and the mechanisms of such an effect. Studies were performed on rat primary astrocytes and a rat astrocyte cell line transfected with AQP4. We found that 10 mM [K(+)](o) caused an immediate, more than 40%, increase in astrocyte water permeability which was sustained in 5 min. The water channel AQP4 was a target for this regulation. Potassium induced a significant increase in intracellular cAMP as measured with a FRET based method and with enzyme immunoassay. We found that protein kinase A (PKA) could phosphorylate AQP4 in vitro. Further elevation of [K(+)](o) to 35 mM induced a global intracellular calcium response and a transient water permeability increase that was abolished in 5 min. When inwardly rectifying potassium (Kir)-channels were blocked, 10 mM [K(+)](o) also induced a calcium increase and the water permeability increase no longer persisted. In conclusion, we find that elevation of extracellular potassium regulates AQP4 and astrocyte water permeability via intracellular signaling involving cAMP. A prolonged increase of astrocyte water permeability is Kir-channel dependent and this response can be impeded by intracellular calcium signaling. Our results support the concept of coupling between AQP4 and potassium handling in astrocytes.
Sensitivity of thermal-wave interferometry to thermal properties of coatings: application to thermal barrier coatings (2002)

Thermal-wave interferometry is used as a means for measuring the thermal properties of coatings. The characterization procedure is influenced by the magnitude of the signal-to-noise ratio and also by the amount of experimental data available. These issues are analysed using a sensitivity study, and the factors that determine the accuracy of the technique are described. Results obtained from experiments on plasma-sprayed yttrium-stabilized zirconia coatings illustrate the accuracy and the limitations of TWI for the evaluation of the thermal properties.
Langmuir films of C60 at the air-water interface (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLangmuir films of C60 at the air-water interfaceYaw S. Obeng and Allen J. BardCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 16, 6279–6280Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00016a059https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00016a059research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views520Altmetric-Citations163LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Correspondence processes in dynamic scene analysis (1981)

One of the fundamental problems in dynamic scene analysis is the tracking of objects from frame to frame. A general approach to tracking is to establish correspondences between points, or sets of points, between frames and then group the sets into objects based upon similarity of motion. This paper will focus on processes for establishing the correspondence between sets of points in successive frames. A succession of correspondence processes are discussed, based on the factors which contribute to the complexity of the correspondence problem.
Infectious Bursal Disease Viruses: Molecular Differentiation of Antigenic Subtypes among Serotype 1 Viruses (1994)

D. J. Jackwood, R. J. Jackwood, Infectious Bursal Disease Viruses: Molecular Differentiation of Antigenic Subtypes among Serotype 1 Viruses, Avian Diseases, Vol. 38, No. 3 (Jul. - Sep., 1994), pp. 531-537