gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Polyarylacetylene-Matrix Composites for Solid Rocket Motor Components. (1995)

Abstract : The fabrication process for an ablative material for solid rocket motor applications, carbon-fabric-reinforced polyarylacetylene (PAA) resin composite, is detailed. Data concerning the physical, mechanical, and ablative performance of this material are presented. PAA is a highly cross-linked aromatic polymer that contains only carbon and hydrogen. Its principal advantage is its high char yield (approx. 90 percent). For the resin synthesis, a controllable, low-temperature technique that produces a soluble, easy-to-process prepolymer was developed. Polymer chain modifications incorporated during prepolymer synthesis to improve ductility and toughness of the resin were demonstrated. Utilizing these modifications, T300/PAA composites with high char yield and good mechanical properties were fabricated using standard prepregging techniques. Comparative ablation tests of T300/PAA and the standard phenolic ablative insulator material (FM 5055) were performed with a CO2 plasma jet at NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. The results indicate that T300/PAA undergoes less weight loss and erosion than FM 5055. Also, whereas many of the FM 5055 samples exhibited unstable ablation resulting in pocketing, there was no pocketing in any of the T300/PAA samples. jg p.3
STUDIES ON LANKACIDIN-GROUP (T-2636) ANTIBIOTICS (1973)

The metabolic fate of lankacidin C 14-propionate-14C was studied in rats and mice. In these animals, the antibiotic administered orally was absorbed slowly, distributed widely in tissues and metabolized to be excreted mainly in bile. The metabolites in bile were then excreted into feces together with the unabsorbed radioactivity. The elimination of the antibiotic from the body was completed within 72 hours in both species. In rats, 77 and 6.5% of the radioactivity was excreted in feces and urine, respectively. In mice, 88 and 5.5% was eliminated into feces and urine, respectively. No significant amount of radioactivity was excreted in the expiratory air of either animal. After oral administration, the blood level of radioactivity reached a peak after 2 hours in rats and after 15 minutes in mice. Of the tissues tested, relatively higher concentrations were noted in liver, kidney, lung and spleen in rats and mice. At any time after the administration to mice, the levels of antibiotic activity in the infected region of liver, kidney and abdominal ascites were much higher than the blood levels. The antimicrobial activities in these tissues were mainly derived from the metabolites, lankacidin C and lankacidinol. The biliary metabolites identified were lankacidin C, lankacidinol, lankacyclinol, lankacidinol 14-P and T-2636 H in rats, and lankacidin C, lankacidinol and lankacyclinol in mice. The results obtained are discussed in relation to therapeutic activities of these antibiotics.
Electrochemistry of double-stranded complexes of synthetic polyribonucleotides having interferonogenic and antiviral activity. (1983)

Double-stranded (ds) complexes of poly(C) with poly(G) and poly(G,I) were studied using differential pulse polarography (DPP) and differential pulse voltammetry at a pyrolytic graphite electrode (DPV). The complex formed by copolymer was found to be DPP inactive. On the other hand, poly(G).poly(C) yielded a small DPP peak corresponding to single-stranded (ss) poly(C). It was suggested that ss poly(C) present in the solutions of poly(G).poly(C) appeared due to the existence of segments in poly(G) during the complex-forming process in which guanine residues were unable to be hydrogen-bonded with bases in poly(C). Polynucleotide complexes investigated in this report yielded a DPV peak corresponding to electrooxidation of guanine residues, which was markedly lower than that yielded by ss polymers. Moreover, this DPV peak yielded by the complex prepared from an equimolar mixture of poly(G) and poly(C) was still markedly higher than that yielded by poly(G,I).poly(C), or by poly(G).poly(C) prepared in the excess of poly(C). The lowering of the DPV peak was explained as being particularly due to the presence of the polynucleotide segments with an intact and regular secondary structure. The results of our electrochemical analysis of the complexes investigated were compared with their biological activity reported earlier. This comparison calls attention to the fact that biological effectiveness of these biopolymers may be dependent on details of their secondary structure which may be monitored using the methods of electrochemical analysis.
Diversity and Versatility of Plant Seed Xyloglucan. (2002)

植物種子由来キシログルカンの多様性と汎用性を、Tamarindus indica と Detarium senegalense Gmelin を例にとって総説する。植物種子由来キシログルカンは、いずれもセルロース骨格で構成される同様な一次構造をもっている。Tamarindus indica と Detarium senegalense Gmelin 種子粉末は食品添加剤として日常的に食されているが、私たちの体に及ぼす生理的効果は植物種により異なる。キシログルカンのモノマー単位は3タイプある。従ってキシログルカンの生理的機能は、異なるモノマーの並び方によって決まる高次構造に依存すると考えられる。光散乱と小角X線散乱は、キシログルカンの溶液中の構造を調べる有力な手段である。まずキシログルカンの溶液中の構造を調べる方法について述べる。光散乱と小角X線散乱の解析結果は、Tamarindus indica は本質的に直鎖状多糖であるのに反し、Detarium senegalense Gmelin は分岐構造をもっている可能性を示唆する。
On Learning to Think: Algorithmic Information Theory for Novel Combinations of Reinforcement Learning Controllers and Recurrent Neural World Models (2015)

This paper addresses the general problem of reinforcement learning (RL) in partially observable environments. In 2013, our large RL recurrent neural networks (RNNs) learned from scratch to drive simulated cars from high-dimensional video input. However, real brains are more powerful in many ways. In particular, they learn a predictive model of their initially unknown environment, and somehow use it for abstract (e.g., hierarchical) planning and reasoning. Guided by algorithmic information theory, we describe RNN-based AIs (RNNAIs) designed to do the same. Such an RNNAI can be trained on never-ending sequences of tasks, some of them provided by the user, others invented by the RNNAI itself in a curious, playful fashion, to improve its RNN-based world model. Unlike our previous model-building RNN-based RL machines dating back to 1990, the RNNAI learns to actively query its model for abstract reasoning and planning and decision making, essentially "learning to think." The basic ideas of this report can be applied to many other cases where one RNN-like system exploits the algorithmic information content of another. They are taken from a grant proposal submitted in Fall 2014, and also explain concepts such as "mirror neurons." Experimental results will be described in separate papers.
Drugs Five Years Later: Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole in the United States (1979)

After approximately 5 years of clinical use in Great Britain and other European countries, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in fixed-dose combination was introduced into the United States in 1973. As a result of sequential blockade in the biosynthesis of tetrahydrofolic acid, the antimicrobial activity of the combination exceeds that of either agent alone. Although the drug is approved for use in only chronic urinary-tract infection, otitis media, shigellosis, and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, many experimental clinical trials suggest that this agent may be useful in a number of other infectious disorders. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is generally well tolerated even with long-term administration, but its potential for hematologic toxicity and nephrotoxicity must be monitored.
VLSI architectures for multimedia (2002)

An overview on VLSI architectures for multimedia processing is given. Dedicated as well as programmable approaches are discussed. Dedicated implementations are derived utilizing specific properties of the target algorithms. For programmable processors, a number of architectural measures to increase multimedia processing performance are identified, and design examples of existing processors are reviewed. Future trends in multimedia signal processing and their implications on VLSI architecture design are anticipated.
A Practical Blended Analysis for Dynamic Features in JavaScript (2012)

JavaScript is widely used in Web applications; however, its dynamism renders static analysis ineffective. Our JavaScript Blended Analysis Framework is designed to handle JavaScript dynamic features. It performs a flexible combined static/dynamic analysis. The blended analysis focuses static analysis on a dynamic calling structure collected at runtime in a lightweight manner, and refines the static analysis using dynamic information. The framework is instantiated for points-to analysis with stmt-level MOD analysis and tainted input analysis. Using JavaScript codes from actual webpages as benchmarks, we show that blended points-to analysis for JavaScript obtains good coverage (86.6% on average per website) of the pure static analysis solution and finds additional points-to pairs (7.0% on average per website) contributed by dynamically generated/loaded code. Blended tainted input analysis reports all 6 true positives reported by static analysis, but without false alarms, and finds three additional true positives.
Monoclonal Antibody Radioimmunodetection of Human-Derived Colon Cancer (1983)

This study was designed to determine whether monoclonal antibody directed against carcinoembryonic antigen could successfully be used in the scintigraphic localization of a human-derived colon carcinoma in a hamster model. An immunoglobulin G (IgG)-1 kappa monoclonal antibody, prepared in this laboratory, against carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was radiolabeled with iodine-131 (131I). Four Syrian hamsters bearing GW-39 human colon cancers received intracardiac injections of 50 mu Ci of 131I (14 micrograms of antibody). Gamma camera images were obtained at 24-hour intervals. Animals were sacrificed at 11 days, and the tumors and entire animals were counted. A double-label antibody experiment was conducted with 131I anti-CEA and nonspecific MOPC 21 IgG iodine-125 (125I) to assess localization specificity. The scintiphotos clearly showed the tumor at 24 hours, but there was significant background (blood-pool activity). Later images at six and 11 days showed a gradual decrease in background activity and more clear definition of the tumor. Animals sacrificed at 11 days showed 48-80% of residual whole body radioactivity to be present in the tumor. However, these tumors were large at sacrifice, weighing 8.9 to 12.4 g. Specific localization was confirmed by the double-label experiments where specific localization was twice nonspecific accretion of IgG in the tumor. This study has shown that a specific monoclonal antibody can successfully be used to scintigraphically localize a colon tumor of human origin. Although clearance of background activity is a gradual process, eventually most radioactivity left in the animal is localized in the tumor. This study illustrates that the potential radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies hold as immunodiagnostic agents.
A Review of the Surface Lipids of Grapes and Their Importance in the Drying Process (1971)

The surface wax (bloom) of the grape berry occurs in amounts of about 0.1 mg/cm<sup>2</sup> and is chemically a mixture of long-chain alcohols, esters of such alcohols and fatty acids, free fatty acids, long-chain aldehydes, and hydrocarbons. The chain length of these compounds is 12 to 35, with a maximum in the range of 24 to 28. The main constituent of grape wax is oleanolic acid, which is absent from the cuticular wax of grapevine leaves. The concentration of surface wax on leaves is about 1/10th that on grape berries. The cuticular wax is the main barrier to the evaporation of water, and careful removal of the surface wax, by vapor of solvents, is almost as effective in promoting evaporation as peeling the berry. The effect of wax and its components in hindering evaporation can be simulated in model systems, i.e., wax-coated plastic membranes. In this system, aldehydes, alcohols, and paraffins were found to be equally effective in inhibiting evaporation. Fatty acids show some activity, whereas oleanolic acid is ineffective when applied in amounts similar to those on the cuticle. The drying rate of grapes can be increased by chemical treatments. Dipping of grapes in hot caustic soda solution removes part of the wax and probably destroys the cuticular structure irreversibly. However, in the cold-dipping process suitable "oils" are reversibly added to the grape surface, whereby the drying rate is increased 2-3 times. The cold-dipping process also has a secondary effect. Grapes that are naturally dried usually darken in color, whereas dipped sultanas stay yellow-green. This is due to inhibition of the action of the polyphenol oxidases by quick drying. In addition to the naturally occurring lipids, during the processing of dried grapes, some lipids are added to prevent stickiness. These added lipids can be detected and determined by chromatographic methods.
Studies on the properties of dip-coated indium tin oxide films considering substrate vibration (2005)

The indium tin oxide (ITO) thin films were deposited on glass substrates using an automated home made dip-coater, from a solution of indium chloride. These films were characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, electrical resistivity measurement and optical transmission spectroscopy. The effect of substrate vibration on film properties was examined and observed that vibrations of small amplitudes do not deteriorate the film qualities much. Films deposited at optimum conditions exhibited a resistivity of 2.1×10 - 4 Ωm and a transmittance of 87 % at 550 nm.
On Reducing Piping Vibration Levels: Attacking the Source (2002)

Centrifugal compressors used in the pipeline market generate very strong noise, which is typically dominated by the blade passing frequency and its higher harmonics. The high level noise is not only very disturbing to the people living nearby the installation site but also causes expensive structural failures in the downstream piping. A novel design of Helmholtz array has been developed to address this type of noise problem. Computational studies show that the installation of the Helmholtz array acoustic liner on the compressor diffuser walls is very effective in reducing noise level of the compressor, especially the dominant blade passing frequency noise. The acoustic liner design has been built and tested at an installation site by the customer. The data clearly shows that the use of acoustic liners is indeed very effective in the reduction of both the noise and the vibration levels of the machine.
Mg3Sb2-based Zintl compound: a non-toxic, inexpensive and abundant thermoelectric material for power generation (2013)

The deployment of thermoelectric materials for deriving an enhanced figure of merit (ZT) for power generation in inexpensive, non-toxic and relatively abundant bulk homogeneous solid relies on the extent of achieving the “phonon-glass electron crystal” (PGEC) characteristics. Here, a proof of principal has been established experimentally in the present work for a Zintl compound of Mg3Sb2 and its derivative of isoelectronically Bi doped Bi; Mg3Sb2−xBix (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.4) alloys in Mg3Sb2. Single phase p-type Mg3Sb2 compounds, with Mg and Sb powders as starting materials, have been prepared directly by spark plasma sintering (SPS) in a one step process. The structural refinements of this hexagonal Zintl compound by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) investigation reveal that they are single phase devoid of any oxides or Sb precipitates. Transport measurements indicate low thermoelectric figure of merit (ZT = 0.26 at 750 K) for Mg3Sb2. However, an optimum doping of 0.2 at% with iso-electronic Bi ions at the Sb site enhances the ZT to 0.6 at 750 K, which is comparable with the present day industrial materials such as Bi based tellurides and selenides which are toxic. We note that the system becomes metal with carrier density exceeding 15 × 1020/cm3 for x ≥0.25. The substantial increase in ZT in Mg3Sb2−xBix (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.4) owes to a partial decoupling of the electronic and phonon subsystem, as expected for a Zintl phase compound. While the reduction in thermal conductivity in Mg3Sb2−xBix (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.4) accounts to mass fluctuations and grain boundary scattering, the enhancement in the electronic power-factor is attributed to the presence of heavy and light bands in its valence band structure. The latter has been confirmed by means of both X-ray photo electron spectroscopy studies and first-principles density functional based calculations. These measurements established that a high figure of merit can be achieved in this class of materials with appropriate doping. Further, relative abundance of the material ingredients combined with its one step synthesis leads to a cost effective production and less toxicity makes the material an environmentally benign system for thermoelectric power generation.
Testing a vehicle-based scanning lidar sensor for crop detection (2010)

AbstractLight detection and ranging (lidar) systems are widely used in space, airborne, and terrestrial applications. In agriculture, lidar systems have the potential to gather crop stand parameters. Taking these parameters into consideration, crop production processes such as fertilizing, crop protection, and harvesting can be optimized in real time. The vehicle-based use of lidar technology in agriculture for collecting such parameters is in the initial stage of research and development. This paper investigates a vehicle-based laser scanner system with respect to its measuring properties in maize stands and discusses measurement errors caused by the laser beam shape, laser layer, laser echoes, angle of view, and variable data density and their elimination probabilities. The scanner data were used to generate a three-dimensional (3D) model. The height and volume calculated from the model correlate with the weighted biomass. Furthermore, the results show a velocity independence over a wide speed range. The validation of these values demonstrates the high robustness of this sensor.Les systèmes lidar sont utilisés couramment dans les applications spatiales, aéroportées et terrestres. En agriculture, les systèmes lidar ont la capacité d'acquérir des informations sur les paramètres des cultures. En prenant en considération ces différents paramètres, il est possible d'optimiser en temps réel les processus de production des cultures tels que la fertilisation, la protection des cultures et les récoltes. L'utilisation de la technologie lidar en agriculture à partir d'un véhicule pour l'acquisition de tels paramètres en est présentement à ses débuts aux plans de la recherche et du développement. On étudie dans cet article un système de scanneur laser embarqué sur véhicule pour déterminer ses capacités de mesure dans le cas des cultures du maïs. On discute des erreurs de mesure causées par la forme du faisceau laser, la couche laser, les échos laser, l'angle de visée ainsi que la densité variable des données et de leurs probabilités d'élimination. Les données du scanneur ont été utilisées pour générer un modèle 3D. La hauteur et le volume calculés à partir du modèle sont corrélés avec la biomasse mesurée. De plus, les résultats montrent une indépendance par rapport à la vélocité pour une grande diversité de vitesses. La validation de ces valeurs démontre la grande robustesse de ce capteur.[Traduit par la Rédaction]
Bubble Driven Arrayed Actuator Device for a Tactile Display (2007)

We designed and made a micro meter sized arrayed actuator device for use in a tactile display. Each actuator uses a liquid-vapor phase change to drive a micro needle that stimulates receptors in a finger that is in contact with the array. The actuators consist of a flexible diaphragm structure and a bottom plate, which are bonded to create a cavity between them. A micro needle and a micro heater are formed on the diaphragm and the plate, respectively, of each actuator, and the sealed cavity that is thereby created is filled with an operating liquid. We manually assembled these components to form a 3×3 arrayed actuator device, 15×15×1 mm in size. Increasing the pressure in the cavity by activating the heater and generating bubbles, deformes the flexible membrane and drives the needle upwards. We experimentally evaluated the device and obtained a large needle displacement (61 μm) with 457-mJ input energy. This magnitude of displacement should easily stimulate receptors on the tips of fingers.
Injuries associated with MR imaging: survey of safety records and methods used to screen patients for metallic foreign bodies before imaging. (1994)

These data demonstrate the lack of consensus on screening protocols before MR imaging. Accidents are uncommon, but most accidents that do occur are potentially severe and easily preventable. We recommend that all patients be screened by a written questionnaire followed by oral questioning before imaging to determine those who are at risk. Specific questions should investigate the possibility that patients have ferromagnetic foreign bodies or implants anywhere in the body that are electrically, magnetically, or mechanically activated. All facilities must maintain a high state of vigilance in an effort to prevent iatrogenic burns and injuries from ferromagnetic missiles.
Mapping the LU decomposition on a many-core architecture (2009)

Recently, multi-core architectures with alternative memory subsystem designs have emerged. Instead of using hardware-managed cache hierarchies, they employ software-managed embedded memory. An open question is what programming and compiling methods are effective to exploit the performance potential of this new class of architectures. Using the LU decomposition as a case study, we propose three techniques that combined achieve a 27 times speedup on the IBM Cyclops-64 many-core architecture, compared to the parallel LU implementation from the SPLASH-2 benchmarks suite. Our first method allows adaptive load distribution, which maximizes load-balance among cores - this is important to leverage the potential of the next two methods. Secondly, we developed a method for register tiling that determines the optimal data tile parameters and maximizes data reuse according to register file size constraints. We demonstrate that our method is inherently general and that it should have a much broader applicability beyond Cyclops-64. Thirdly, we present a register allocation method for register tiled loop bodies. We evaluate its effect through hand-tuned Cyclops-64 assembly code and observe a 6-fold reduction in load/store operations. We achieve a performance of 19.17 and 27.50 GFlops with double-precision floating point numbers, for a 700x700 and a 1000x1000 matrix respectively.