gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mutual information-based rigid and nonrigid registration of ultrasound volumes (2002)

We investigated the registration of ultrasound volumes based on the mutual information measure, a technique originally applied to multimodality registration of brain images. A prerequisite for successful registration is a smooth, quasi-convex mutual information surface with an unambiguous maximum. We discuss the necessary preprocessing to create such a surface for ultrasound volumes. Abdominal and thoracic organs imaged with ultrasound typically move relative to the exterior of the body and are deformable. Consequently, four specific instances of image registration involving progressively generalized transformations were studied: rigid-body, rigid-body + uniform scaling, rigid-body + nonuniform scaling, and affine. Registration was applied to clinically acquired volumetric images. The accuracy was comparable with the voxel dimension for all transformation modes, although it degraded as the transformation grew more complex. Likewise, the capture range became narrower with the complexity of transformation. As the use of real-time three-dimensional ultrasound becomes more prevalent, the method we present should work well for a variety of applications examining serial anatomic and physiologic changes. Developers of these clinical applications would match the deformation model of their problem to one of the four transformation models presented here.
Active site-directed irreversible inhibition of glutathione S-transferases by the glutathione conjugate of tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone. (1988)

Purified glutathione S-transferase from rat liver cytosol are irreversibly inhibited by the glutathione conjugate of tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone, 2-S-glutathionyl-3,5,6-trichloro-1,4-benzoquinone. The inhibition is due to covalent binding in or near the active site, resulting in modification of a single amino acid residue/subunit, presumably a cysteine residue. The amount of inhibition is related to the molar ratio of the inhibitor and the enzyme and is independent of the enzyme concentration. A 70-80% inhibition is obtained on incubating the enzyme with a 5-fold molar excess of the conjugate. Complete 100% inhibition is never reached. The derivative bound to the enzyme still possesses a quinone structure and is able to react with thiol-containing compounds. Reduction of the enzyme-bound quinone abolishes its reactivity but does not decrease the inhibition. At 0 degrees C, the glutathione conjugate of tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone inhibits the glutathione S-transferases at a much higher rate than the corresponding beta-mercaptoethanol conjugate, indicating a distinct targetting effect of the glutathione moiety. However, the parent compound, tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone, also has a considerable affinity for the enzymes. Although it does not react as fast as the glutathione conjugate, it reacts with the same amino acid residue. Protection from inhibition by the substrate analog S-hexylglutathione also indicates an active site-directed modification. Small but significant differences exist between the different rat liver transferase isoenzymes; using a 20-fold molar excess the inhibition ranges from 78 to 98% for the conjugate, and from 72 to 93% for the quinone, with isoenzyme 1-1 being the most and isoenzyme 2-2 the least inhibited forms.
Bulk Metallic Glasses (2008)

Improved testing and a better understanding of the properties of bulk metallic glasses will lead to new avenues for commercial use.
Optimizing the Photocatalytic Properties of Hydrothermal TiO<sub>2</sub> by the Control of Phase Composition and Particle Morphology. A Systematic Approach (2007)

The possibility of controlling the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanoparticles by tailoring their crystalline structure and morphology is a current topic of great interest. In this study, a broad variety of well-faceted particles with different phase compositions, sizes, and shapes have been obtained from concentrated TiOCl2 solutions by systematically changing temperature, pH, and duration of the hydrothermal treatment. The guide to select the suitable experimental conditions was provided by thermodynamic modeling based on available thermochemical data. By combining the results of TEM, HRTEM, XRD, density, and specific surface area measurements, a complete structural and morphological characterization of the particles was performed. Correlation between the photocatalytic activity in the UV photodegradation of phenol solutions and the particle size was established. Prismatic rutile particles with length/width ratio around 5 and breadth of 60−100 nm showed the highest activity. The surface chemistry of the particles was also investigated. Treatments that decrease the surface acidity, such as washing the powders with ammonia solution and/or calcining at 400 °C, have detrimental effect on photocatalytic activity. The overall results suggest correlation between particle morphology and photocatalytic activity and indicate that both electron−hole recombination and adsorption at the surface can be rate-controlling processes. The systematic approach presented in this study demonstrates that a substantial improvement of the photocatalytic activity of TiO2 can be achieved by a careful design of the particle morphology and the control of the surface chemistry.
Hydrophilic interaction chromatography (2006)

Separation of polar compounds on polar stationary phases with partly aqueous eluents is by no means a new separation mode in LC. The first HPLC applications were published more than 30 years ago, and were for a long time mostly confined to carbohydrate analysis. In the early 1990s new phases started to emerge, and the practice was given a name, hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC). Although the use of this separation mode has been relatively limited, we have seen a sudden increase in popularity over the last few years, promoted by the need to analyze polar compounds in increasingly complex mixtures. Another reason for the increase in popularity is the widespread use of MS coupled to LC. The partly aqueous eluents high in ACN with a limited need of adding salt is almost ideal for ESI. The applications now encompass most categories of polar compounds, charged as well as uncharged, although HILIC is particularly well suited for solutes lacking charge where coulombic interactions cannot be used to mediate retention. The review attempts to summarize the ongoing discussion on the separation mechanism and gives an overview of the stationary phases used and the applications addressed with this separation mode in LC.
Hypothesis Only Baselines in Natural Language Inference (2018)

We propose a hypothesis only baseline for diagnosing Natural Language Inference (NLI). Especially when an NLI dataset assumes inference is occurring based purely on the relationship between a context and a hypothesis, it follows that assessing entailment relations while ignoring the provided context is a degenerate solution. Yet, through experiments on ten distinct NLI datasets, we find that this approach, which we refer to as a hypothesis-only model, is able to significantly outperform a majorityclass baseline across a number of NLI datasets. Our analysis suggests that statistical irregularities may allow a model to perform NLI in some datasets beyond what should be achievable without access to the context.
68.3: Dual‐Sided Slim LCD Display System with UV Excited Flat Backlight (2009)

Abstract Dual‐Sided LCD displays are ideally suited for the public information display (PID) application. The UV excited flat lighting (UFL) was successfully demonstrated to perform dual‐Sided illumination with the features of flat lighting, uniform luminance and high brightness on a 42” TFT‐LCD display. Compared to conventional CCFL or LED lighting source, UFL is superior for the dual‐Sided display application with its slim backlight module profile and power saving.
Use of the novel hemostatic textile Stasilon® to arrest refractory retroperitoneal hemorrhage: a case report (2010)

In our patient, Stasilon(R) was demonstrated to be effective in the arrest of refractory hemorrhage.
Gradient Doping of Conducting Polymer Films by Means of Bipolar Electrochemistry (2011)

In this paper, we report a novel electrochemical doping method for conducting polymer films based on bipolar electrochemistry. The electrochemical doping of conducting polymers such as poly(3-methylthiophene) (PMT), poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), and poly(aniline) (PANI) on a bipolar electrode having a potential gradient on its surface successfully created gradually doped materials. In the case of PEDOT film, the color change at the anodic side was also observed to be gradually transparent. PANI film treated by the bipolar doping gave a multicolored gradation across the film. The results of UV-vis and energy dispersive X-ray analyses for the doped films supported the distribution of dopants in the polymer films reflecting the potential gradient on the bipolar electrode. Furthermore, the reversibility of the bipolar doping of the PMT film was demonstrated by a spectroelectrochemical investigation.
Agglutinating Secretory IgA Preserves Intestinal Epithelial Cell Integrity during Apical Infection by Shigella flexneri (2013)

Shigella flexneri, by invading intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and inducing inflammatory responses of the colonic mucosa, causes bacillary dysentery. Although M cells overlying Peyer's patches are commonly considered the primary site of entry of S. flexneri, indirect evidence suggests that bacteria can also use IECs as a portal of entry to the lamina propria. Passive delivery of secretory IgA (SIgA), the major immunoglobulin secreted at mucosal surfaces, has been shown to protect rabbits from experimental shigellosis, but no information exists as to its molecular role in maintaining luminal epithelial integrity. We have established that the interaction of virulent S. flexneri with the apical pole of a model intestinal epithelium consisting of polarized Caco-2 cell monolayers resulted in the progressive disruption of the tight junction network and actin depolymerization, eventually resulting in cell death. The lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-specific agglutinating SIgAC5 monoclonal antibody (MAb), but not monomeric IgAC5 or IgGC20 MAbs of the same specificity, achieved protective functions through combined mechanisms, including limitation of the interaction between S. flexneri and epithelial cells, maintenance of the tight junction seal, preservation of the cell morphology, reduction of NF-κB nuclear translocation, and inhibition of proinflammatory mediator secretion. Our results add to the understanding of the function of SIgA-mediated immune exclusion by identifying a mode of action whereby the formation of immune complexes translates into maintenance of the integrity of epithelial cells lining the mucosa. This novel mechanism of protection mediated by SIgA is important to extend the arsenal of effective strategies to fight against S. flexneri mucosal invasion.
Antifouling poly(vinylidene fluoride) ultrafiltration membranes containing amphiphilic comb polymer additive (2009)

Abstract An amphiphilic comb polymer consisting of poly(vinylidene fluoride‐ co ‐chlorotrifluoroethylene) [P(VDF‐ co ‐CTFE)] main chains and poly(oxyethylene methacrylate) (POEM) side chains was synthesized using direct initiation of the chlorine atoms in CTFE units through atom transfer radical polymerization, as confirmed by 1 H NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. The P(VDF‐ co ‐CTFE)‐ g ‐POEM comb polymer was introduced as an additive to prepare poly(vinylidene fluoride) antifouling ultrafiltration membranes. As the contents of comb polymer increased, the mechanical properties of membranes slightly decreased due to the decreased crystallinity of the membranes, as revealed by universal testing machine and X‐ray diffraction. However, water contact angle measurement and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that the hydrophilic POEM segments spontaneously segregated on the membrane surfaces. As a result, the antifouling property of the membranes containing P(VDF‐ co ‐CTFE)‐ g ‐POEM comb polymer was considerably improved with a slight change of water flux. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 48: 183–189, 2010
A search for SH+ toward Zeta Ophiuchi (1988)

We have searched toward ζ Ophiuchi for interstellar absorption from the RII(0) line in the |$A^3\Pi-X^3\sum^-(0-0)$| band of SH+ at a wavelength of 3363.49 Å in a new observational test of recent magnetohydrodynamical shock models. We have derived a low upper limit to the equivalent width of this line, Wλ(3σ)=0.64mÅ, and discuss the implications of this result.
RETRACTED: The pfmdr1 gene of Plasmodium falciparum confers cellular resistance to antimalarial drugs in yeast cells. (1996)

The exact role of the pfmdr1 gene in the emergence of drug resistance in the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum remains controversial. pfmdr1 is a member of the ATP binding cassette (ABC) superfamily of transporters that includes the mammalian P-glycoprotein family. We have introduced wild-type and mutant variants of the pfmdr1 gene in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and have analyzed the effect of pfmdr1 expression on cellular resistance to quinoline-containing antimalarial drugs. Yeast transformants expressing either wild-type or a mutant variant of mouse P-glycoprotein were also analyzed. Dose-response studies showed that expression of wild-type pfmdr1 causes cellular resistance to quinine, quinacrine, mefloquine, and halofantrine in yeast cells. Using quinacrine as substrate, we observed that increased resistance to this drug in pfmdr1 transformants was associated with decreased cellular accumulation and a concomitant increase in drug release from preloaded cells. The introduction of amino acid polymorphisms in TM11 of Pgh-1 (pfmdr1 product) associated with drug resistance in certain field isolates of P. falciparum abolished the capacity of this protein to confer drug resistance. Thus, these findings suggest that Pgh-1 may act as a drug transporter in a manner similar to mammalian P-glycoprotein and that sequence variants associated with drug-resistance pfmdr1 alleles behave as loss of function mutations.
The reliability and validity of a video-based method for assessing hamstring strength in football players (2017)

The eccentric mode of the video-based hamstring strength test was a moderately reliable and valid method to measure the eccentric hamstring strength in elite football players.
The requirements for successful immunotherapy of intraperitoneal cancer using interleukin-2 and lymphokine-activated killer cells (1987)

In a significant proportion of patients with gastrointestinal and ovarian malignancy the peritoneal cavity is a prominent site at which surgical treatment fails. Adjuvant treatments directed at this site should be investigated in an attempt to improve survival in patients with these cancers. In the study reported here, a model of intraperitoneal tumor in the mouse was established and shows the effectiveness of lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells and exogenous interleukin-2 (IL-2) in the control of intraperitoneal tumor. A standard regimen was used to treat seven different tumors in three different mouse strains. In all seven cases a significant reduction in the intraperitoneal tumor mass was observed when LAK cells plus IL-2 were used as immunotherapy. A prolonged survival was also demonstrated in mice with intraperitoneal tumor. The relevance of these observations to patients with cancer was demonstrated in that allogeneic and syngeneic LAK cells were equally effective, LAK cells generated from normal and from tumor-bearing donors showed equal reactivity, and this treatment was successful in the immuno-compromised host. Both IL-2 derived from an IL-2-producing subline of the EL-4 thymoma and recombinant IL-2 were equally effective in the control of intraperitoneal tumor. The local-regional effects of the intraperitoneal administration of IL-2 were demonstrated by high levels of LAK cell cytotoxicity in peritoneal exudate cells. Intraperitoneal IL-2 or IL-2 plus LAK cell regimens should be investigated in the treatment of malignancy that spreads by implantation onto peritoneal surfaces.
Sitting and endothelial dysfunction: The role of shear stress (2012)

Sedentary activity is a modifiable life-style behavior and a key component in the etiology of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD). US adults and children spend more than half their waking time in sedentary pursuits. Sedentary activity has been shown to result in impaired insulin sensitivity, impaired metabolic function and attenuated endothelial function, which are classic markers of ACVD. Sedentary activity is defined as 'sitting without otherwise being active.' This behavior promotes reduced muscular activity of the lower extremities which decreases leg blood flow, increases blood pooling in the calf, augments mean arterial pressure, and deforms arterial segments resulting in low mean shear stress (SS). SS activates distinct physiological mechanisms which have been proposed to be protective against ACVD; specifically through a SS-induced endothelium-derived nitric oxide mechanism. Reduced bioavailability of nitric oxide creates a pro-oxidant milieu resulting in increased oxidative stress. There is sufficient evidence which demonstrates that endothelial function is attenuated in the presence of oxidative stress. Sedentary activity results in low SS in the lower extremities which may result in increased oxidative stress and impaired endothelial function. This review furthers the use of sitting as model to study the effects of inactivity, discusses possible physiological mechanisms and suggests future directions.
Direct laser writing for active and passive high-Q polymer microdisks on silicon (2011)

We report the fabrication of high-Q polymeric microdisks on silicon via direct laser writing utilizing two-photon absorption induced polymerization. The quality factors of the passive cavities are above 10(6) in the 1300 nm wavelength region. The flexible three-dimensional (3D) lithography method allows for the fabrication of different cavity thicknesses on the same substrate, useful for rapid prototyping of active and passive optical microcavities. Microdisk lasers are realized by doping the resist with dye, resulting in laser emission at visible wavelengths.
Temperature Dependence of the Magneto-Optic Effect and Resonance Phenomena in Oriented MnBi Films (1964)

Oriented MnBi films exhibit extremely large magneto-optic Kerr rotation and crystalline anisotropy energy at room temperature. These physical properties are examined experimentally over a range of temperature from 300° to 84°K. The samples studied are polycrystalline thin MnBi films with the c axis of the crystallites oriented perpendicular to the plane of the film. The magneto-optic Kerr rotation is measured with a 6328-Å He–Ne laser source. As the temperature decreases from 300° to 84°K, the following experimental results are obtained: (1) the Kerr rotation decreases by a factor of 32 when the film is in the remanent state; (2) the Kerr rotation increases by a factor of 10 when the film is in the saturation state; (3) the resistivity decreases by a factor of 2; and (4) the reflected light intensity decreases by a factor of 6. The ferromagnetic resonance absorption at 9.02 Gc/sec is observed in the temperature range between 170° and 84°K, with the direction of the external dc field both perpendicular and parallel to the c axis of the film. The anisotropy constant estimated from the FMR data decreases from 4.5×106 erg/cm3 at 162°K to zero at 84°K. This temperature dependence is in good agreement with Guillaud's result calculated from magnetization measurements. The spectroscopic splitting factor g is estimated to be 2.1 at liquid-nitrogen temperature, which is smaller than the previously reported value.
Effects of hydrogen and water on the activity and selectivity of acetic acid hydrogenation on ruthenium (2014)

Kinetic flow reactor experiments and DFT-based microkinetic analysis show that hydrogen pressure plays a dominant role in ethanol selectivity in acetic acid hydrogenation on a Ru/C catalyst.
A Laboratory Study of CO2 Interactions Within Shale and Tight Sand Cores - Duvernay, Montney and Wolfcamp Formations (2018)

Abstract The most commonly used technology for development of unconventional reservoirs is horizontal wells combined with large multi-stage hydraulic fracture treatments. However, even with these technological advancements, primary recovery factors are generally less than 10 percent of the hydrocarbon in place. Water is currently the primary fracturing fluid used in most commercial developments. There is growing interest in non-aqueous (e.g. CO2) fluid systems not only to reduce water usage, but to increase well productivity and recovery factors. Use of carbon dioxide (CO2) as a fracturing fluid and an enhanced oil recovery (EOR) agent is also attractive from an environmental point-of-view. Organic rich shale reservoirs can be targets for carbon storage, due to their high CO2 adsorptive abilities and multiple mechanisms for gas storage. Therefore, use of CO2 can have both economic (increased recovery) and environmental (sequestration) benefits. This laboratory study investigates the interactions of CO2 with various cores from three formations (Duvernay, Montney, and Wolfcamp). Multiple core plugs were prepared from each of the three reservoirs. The mineralogy of the samples was measured with x-ray diffraction (XRD), and total organic carbon (TOC) and thermal maturity were determined with a SRA (Source Rock Analyzer). Porosity was also measured under as-received conditions and cleaned and dried conditions with a helium pycnometer. For each sample, its initial baseline permeability to helium was tested under a full cycle of net confining pressures (1,500 psia → 4,500 psia → 1,500 psia) with pressure steps of 1,000 psia using the pressure pulse-decay method. Subsequently the sample was vacuumed for 12 hours, and was then soaked with CO2 for more than 48 hours. Afterwards, the permeability to CO2 was measured under another cycle of confining pressures. Finally, the sample was vacuumed again and the regain permeability to helium was measured. Results indicate that the permeability to helium is generally recovered after CO2 soaking stages for tight-sand samples (e.g., Montney) and may be elevated for some samples enriched in organic matter and clay minerals (e.g., Wolfcamp). Overall the study shows favorable interaction between rock and organic material and CO2, which supports the use of CO2 as a fracturing or EOR fluid in these three reservoirs.
Two glutamine synthetase genes from Phaseolus vulgaris L. display contrasting developmental and spatial patterns of expression in transgenic Lotus corniculatus plants. (1989)

The gln-gamma gene, which specifies the gamma subunit of glutamine synthetase in Phaseolus vulgaris L., has been isolated and the regulatory properties of its promoter region analyzed in transgenic Lotus corniculatus plants. A 2-kilobase fragment from the 5'-flanking region of gln-gamma conferred a strongly nodule-enhanced pattern of expression on the beta-glucuronidase reporter gene. Parallel studies on the promoter of another glutamine synthetase gene (gln-beta) showed that a 1.7-kilobase fragment directed 20-fold to 140-fold higher levels of beta-glucuronidase expression in roots than in shoots. Histochemical localization of beta-glucuronidase activity in nodules of the transgenic plants indicated that the chimeric gln-gamma gene was expressed specifically in the rhizobially infected cells; expression of the gln-beta construct was detected in both cortical and infected regions of young nodules, and became restricted to the vascular tissue as the nodule matured. We conclude that gln-beta and gln-gamma genes are differentially expressed both temporally and spatially in plant development and that the cis-acting regulatory elements responsible for conferring these contrasting expression patterns are located within a 2-kilobase region upstream of their coding sequences.