gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of the chemical durability of glass on the asymmetry potential and reversibility of the glass electrode (1941)

Departures from a li near relation between the voltage of the glass electrode and the pH of alkaline solutions were approximately proportional to the amount of attack on the glass by the solution , as mcasured by the interferometer. The dcpartures were less before than after the electrode had been immersed in a highly alkaline solution, and the drift of the potential at a constant pH was most marked with high alkalinity, indicating that nonreproducibility of voltage was associated with chemical attack on the glass. Differenccs in the capacitics of the two surfaces of electrode bulbs of Corning 015 glass to absorb ions, as shown by the absorption of an organic dye, may be the eeuse of asymmetry potential.
Characterization of a needle hydrophone array for acoustic feedback during ultrasound hyperthermia treatments (2003)

A prototype 16-element needle hydrophone array has been designed, fabricated, and characterized. The primary use of this array is to provide acoustic feedback during ultrasound hyperthermia treatments. This feedback is necessary to compensate phase array heating patterns for patient motion and tissue inhomogeneities in real time. The array consists of a polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) covered silicon substrate carrier which contains the signal electrodes of the individual acoustic sensors. Tests show that the array is sensitive to both pulsed and continuous ultrasound (943-kHz) excitation and can be used in tissue media. A complete description of the needle array, element cross-coupling measurements, beam profile measurements, calibration procedures, and sensitivity analyses in both water and tissue is presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Improvement in skin thickening in systemic sclerosis associated with improved survival (2001)

Among patients surviving the first few years of diffuse scleroderma, striking improvement in skin thickening may occur in up to two-thirds. This improvement in skin thickening is associated with improved survival. Improvement in skin thickening may be useful as a surrogate for improvement in survival in clinical trials.
Behaviour and design considerations for continuous flow closed-open-closed liquid microchannels (2005)

This paper introduces a method of combining open and closed microchannels in a single component in a novel way which couples the benefits of both open and closed microfluidic systems and introduces interesting on-chip microfluidic behaviour. Fluid behaviour in such a component, based on continuous pressure driven flow and surface tension, is discussed in terms of cross sectional flow behaviour, robustness, flow-pressure performance, and its application to microfluidic interfacing. The closed-open-closed microchannel possesses the versatility of upstream and downstream closed microfluidics along with open fluidic direct access. The device has the advantage of eliminating gas bubbles present upstream when these enter the open channel section. The unique behaviour of this device opens the door to applications including direct liquid sample interfacing without the need for additional and bulky sample tubing.
Blind deconvolution applied to acoustical systems identification with supporting experimental results (2003)

Many acoustical applications require the analysis of a signal that is corrupted by an unknown filtering function. Examples arise in the areas of noise or vibration control, room acoustics, structural vibration analysis, and speech processing. Here, the observed signal can be modeled as the convolution of the desired signal with an unknown system impulse response. Blind deconvolution refers to the process of learning the inverse of this unknown impulse response and applying it to the observed signal to remove the filtering effects. Unlike classical deconvolution, which requires prior knowledge of the impulse response, blind deconvolution requires only reasonable prior estimates of the input signal's statistics. The significant contribution of this work lies in experimental verification of a blind deconvolution algorithm in the context of acoustical system identification. Previous experimental work concerning blind deconvolution in acoustics has been minimal, as previous literature concerning blind deconvolution uses computer simulated data. This paper examines experiments involving three classical acoustic systems: driven pipe, driven pipe with open side branch, and driven pipe with Helmholtz resonator side branch. Experimental results confirm that the deconvolution algorithm learns these systems' inverse impulse responses, and that application of these learned inverses removes the effects of the filters.
Cloning and Expression of a Novel Human Glutaredoxin (Grx2) with Mitochondrial and Nuclear Isoforms (2001)

Glutaredoxin (Grx) is a glutathione-dependent hydrogen donor for ribonucleotide reductase. Today glutaredoxins are known as a multifunctional family of GSH-disulfide-oxidoreductases belonging to the thioredoxin fold superfamily. In contrast to Escherichia coli and yeast, a single human glutaredoxin is known. We have identified and cloned a novel 18-kDa human dithiol glutaredoxin, named glutaredoxin-2 (Grx2), which is 34% identical to the previously known cytosolic 12-kDa human Grx1. The human Grx2 sequence contains three characteristic regions of the glutaredoxin family: the dithiol/disulfide active site, CSYC, the GSH binding site, and a hydrophobic surface area. The human Grx2 gene, located at chromosome 1q31.2--31.3, consisted of five exons that were transcribed to a 0.9-kilobase human Grx2 mRNA ubiquitously expressed in several tissues. Two alternatively spliced Grx2 mRNA isoforms that differed in their 5' region were identified. These corresponded to alternative proteins with a common 125-residue C-terminal Grx domain but with different N-terminal extensions of 39 and 40 residues, respectively. The 125-residue Grx domain and the two full-length variants were expressed in E. coli and exhibited GSH-dependent hydroxyethyl disulfide and dehydroascorbate reducing activities. Western blot analysis of subcellular fractions from Jurkat cells with a specific anti-Grx2 antibody showed that human Grx2 was predominantly located in the nucleus but also present in the mitochondria. We further showed that one of the mRNA isoforms corresponding to Grx2a encoded a functional N-terminal mitochondrial translocation signal.
Structural Basis of Human p70 Ribosomal S6 Kinase-1 Regulation by Activation Loop Phosphorylation (2009)

p70 ribosomal S6 kinase (p70S6K) is a downstream effector of the mTOR signaling pathway involved in cell proliferation, cell growth, cell-cycle progression, and glucose homeostasis. Multiple phosphorylation events within the catalytic, autoinhibitory, and hydrophobic motif domains contribute to the regulation of p70S6K. We report the crystal structures of the kinase domain of p70S6K1 bound to staurosporine in both the unphosphorylated state and in the 3'-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1-phosphorylated state in which Thr-252 of the activation loop is phosphorylated. Unphosphorylated p70S6K1 exists in two crystal forms, one in which the p70S6K1 kinase domain exists as a monomer and the other as a domain-swapped dimer. The crystal structure of the partially activated kinase domain that is phosphorylated within the activation loop reveals conformational ordering of the activation loop that is consistent with a role in activation. The structures offer insights into the structural basis of the 3'-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1-induced activation of p70S6K and provide a platform for the rational structure-guided design of specific p70S6K inhibitors.
15.1 An 85dB-DR 74.6dB-SNDR 50MHZ-BW CT MASH &#x0394;&#x03A3; modulator in 28nm CMOS (2015)

A multi-stage noise-shaping (MASH) architecture is an attractive approach for its aggressive noise-shaping capability and relaxed stability requirements. However, in practice the quantization noise leakage associated with the mismatch between analog and digital transfer functions degrades performance significantly. The discrete-time (DT) Sturdy-MASH (SMASH) architecture avoids this problem, and promises a higher performance potential [1]. Although straightforward in DT implementation, the SMASH architecture poses challenges in continuous-time (CT) implementation demanded by high-bandwidth applications. This paper presents a 3-1 CT MASH A2 modulator to address these challenges. The modulator is clocked at 1.8GHz and achieves 85dB DR, 85.2dBc SFDR, and 74.6dB SNDR at a 50MHz BW.
Hyperoxic lung injury: biochemical, cellular, and morphologic characterization in the mouse. (1985)

Controversy exists over the mechanism by which oxygen produces lung damage. This study was designed to characterize the biochemical, cellular, and morphologic responses of mice exposed to 100% oxygen and thereby provide the basis for investigating the mechanisms producing the lung damage as well as for evaluating treatment strategies. After 1 day of exposure, plasma lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and LDH isoenzyme 1, 2, and 3 concentration increased, whereas the level of isoenzyme 1 recovered from the lung, heart, and kidney decreased. On day 2, the level of these plasma isoenzymes increased further, whereas isoenzyme 1 concentration remained decreased only in the lung. In addition, the number of cells obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) doubled, and electron microscopy revealed type 1 cell and endothelial cell damage. On day 3, the amount of BAL protein doubled, BAL angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) activity increased sevenfold, plasma ACE activity decreased 39%, and electron microscopy revealed extensive cell damage. On day 4, the injury was much worse and was associated with a 10-fold increase in the number of BAL cells, nearly all of which were polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs). On day 5, greater than 65% of the mice were dead. The data suggest that in mice (1) an increase in plasma LDH activity and a shift in its isoenzyme pattern are sensitive markers of hyperoxic lung damage, (2) the initial injury produced by oxygen is independent of PMNs, and (3) the damage to alveolar epithelial cells and endothelial cells is severe and occurs at the same time. Studies using this well-characterized model can now be designed to further define the mechanisms that initiate hyperoxic lung damage and that contribute to its progression.
Structure of histone H1-DNA complex: Effect of histone H1 on DNA condensation (1977)

Large doughnut-shaped complexes were formed when histone H1 was mixed with DNA in amounts that extensively neutralized it. The doughnut shape is the most prevalent from observed by electron microscopy for linear double-stranded DNA independent of the molecular weight of the DNA in the range 1.2 x 10(6) to 25 x 10(6) at an H1/DNA input weight ratio of 1.3, at ionic strength 0.17. Doughnuts were not observed for single-stranded DNA-H1 complexes; instead, the complexes were globular. The circumference of the doughnutshaped particles indicates that much of the rigidity of duplex DNA in the complex has remained. Evidently, the condensation of the nucleohistone is constrained by the rigidity of duplex DNA and, under this constraint, surface contact with water is minimized by adopting a doughnut shape. Histone H5 causes a type of DNA condensation similar to that of H1 at comparable charge ratios. Core histones H2A-H2b, H3, and H4 complex with DNA to form globular aggregates of such small diameter that the duplex DNA in them must be much more tightly folded than is the case with the doughnut-shaped complexes. Because these histones are designed to fold DNA into nucleosomes 100 A wide, they must destroy the rigidity of free duplex DNA, perhaps by forming kinks in the chain.
Oxygen‐Defected Molybdenum Oxides Hierarchical Nanostructure Constructed by Atomic‐Level Thickness Nanosheets as an Efficient Absorber for Solar Steam Generation (2018)

Solar steam generation is a potential approach for fresh water recycling, thus attracting increasing attention recently. To further promote water evaporation rate, some new materials need to be developed, such as plasmonic transition metal oxides. In this work, we report an oxygen‐defected molybdenum oxides hierarchical nanostructure (MoO x HNS) composed of ultrathin nanosheets with atomic‐level thickness, which is demonstrated as an efficient absorber for solar steam generation. Benefiting from broadband light absorption and special assembled architecture, the resulting MoO x HNS loaded on a PTFE membrane (MoO x HNS Membrane) exhibits excellent performance for boosting steam generation rate. Under 1 sun (1 kW m −2 ) illumination, the evaporation rate can reach at 1.255 kg m −2 h −1 , with the energy conversion efficiency of 85.6%, which is one of the best performance compared with other desalination materials. Meanwhile, the MoO x HNS Membrane can achieve high‐performance seawater desalination in both laboratorial and outdoor conditions. The enhanced water evaporation performance can be attributed to the synergistic effects of the efficient solar‐to‐thermal conversion and the unique channel structure. This work expands the scope of investigated materials which can be applied in seawater desalination system.
Conditional entropy-constrained vector quantization of displaced frame difference subband signals (2002)

We study the performance of conditional entropy-constrained vector quantizers when used to quantize subbands of the displaced frame differences derived from video sequences. Chou and Lookabaugh (1990) originally suggested a locally optimal design of this new kind of vector quantizer which can be accomplished through a generalization of the well known entropy-constrained vector quantizer (ECVQ) algorithm. This generalization of the ECVQ algorithm to a conditional entropy-constrained is called CECVQ, i.e., conditional ECVQ. The non-memoryless quantization performed by the conditional entropy-constrained VQ is based on the current vector to be encoded and the previous encoded vector. A new algorithm for conditional entropy-constrained vector quantizer design is derived and it is based on the pairwise nearest neighbour technique presented by Equitz (1989).< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Role of Flagella in Pathogenesis of<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>Pulmonary Infection (1998)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains are opportunistic pathogens associated with infections in immunocompromised hosts and patients with cystic fibrosis. Like many other mucosal pathogens, P. aeruginosa cells express flagella which provide motility and chemotaxis toward preferred substrates but also provide a ligand for clearance by phagocytic cells. We tested the role of flagella in the initial stages of respiratory tract infection by comparing the virulence of fliC mutants in a neonatal mouse model of pneumonia. In the absence of fliC, there was no mortality, compared with 30% mortality attributed to the parental strain PAK or 15% mortality associated with infection due to a pilA mutant PAK/NP (P < 0.0001). The fliC mutants caused pneumonia in only 25% of the mice inoculated, regardless of whether there was expression of the pilus, whereas the parental strain was associated with an 80% rate of pneumonia. Histopathological studies demonstrated that the fliC mutants caused very focal inflammation and that the organisms did not spread through the lungs as seen in infection due to either PAK or PAK/NP. Purified flagellin elicited an intense inflammatory response in the mouse lung. 125I-labeled flagellin bound to the glycolipids GM1 and GD1a and to asialoGM1 in an in vitro binding assay. However, flagellin-mediated binding to epithelial gangliosides was a relatively unusual event, as quantified by binding assays of wild-type or fliC mutant organisms to CHO Lec-2 cells with membrane-incorporated GM1. Fla+ organisms but not fliC mutants were efficiently taken up by murine macrophages. P. aeruginosa flagella are important in the establishment of respiratory tract infection and may act as a tether in initial interactions with epithelial membranes. This function is offset by the contribution of flagella to host clearance mechanisms facilitating phagocytic clearance and the role of flagellar genes in mucin binding and clearance.
Vibrational properties of MnO and NiO from DFT<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mo>+</mml:mo><mml:mspace width="0.28em"/><mml:mi>U</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>-based density functional perturbation theory (2011)

We introduce an extension of the density functional perturbation theory (DFPT) that allows self-consistent linear-response calculations from a DFT + $U$ ground state. Using this scheme, the full phonon dispersion of strongly correlated materials, whose ground state can be captured with Hubbard-corrected functionals, can be accessed with unprecedented accuracy and numerical efficiency. The tool is applied to the study of MnO and NiO in their antiferromagnetic (AFII) ground state. Our results confirm the highly noncubic behavior of these systems and show a strong interplay between features of the phonon spectrum and the occupation of specific $d$ states, suggesting the possibility to investigate the electronic structure of these materials through the analysis of their phonon spectrum.
Delivery of nanojoule femtosecond pulses through large-core microstructured fibers (2002)

We investigate femtosecond-pulse propagation through large-core microstructured fibers. Although these fibers are highly multimode, excitation of the fundamental mode is readily achieved, and coupling to higher-order modes is weak even when the fiber is bent or twisted. For prechirped input pulses with energies as large as 3 nJ, pulses as short as 140 fs were produced at the output of the fiber. Such a system could prove to be extremely useful for applications such as in vivo multiphoton microscopy and endoscopy that require delivery of femtosecond pulses and collection of fluorescence.
Dynamic measurement of electrical conductivity of carbon nanotubes during mechanical deformation by nanoprobe manipulation in transmission electron microscopy (2004)

The effect of mechanical deformation on the electrical characteristics of individual multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was investigated by a nanoprobe manipulation technique in a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The electrical conductivity was measured during the deformation of the MWCNT in TEM. The electrical conductivity of the MWCNTs was sensitive to structural variation. The electromechanical characteristics were reversible within the elastic limit. However, when lattice defects were formed due to deformation, the electrical conductivity was not restored to the original state, even when the applied stress was released.
In vitro standard acoustic parameters of ultrasound contrast agents: definitions and calculations (2002)

A standardization procedure for in vitro acoustic characterization of ultrasound contrast agents is presented. Two characteristics of particular importance are defined, the backscatter coefficient B/sub s/ and a new parameter: scattering to attenuation ratio STAR. The backscatter coefficient characterizes the capacity of the contrast agent to enhance the echogenicity. The scattering to attenuation ratio expresses the ability of the contrast agent to enhance the visualization of the tissue containing the contrast agent and at the same time, to keep the absorption minimal so the acoustic wave travels through the contrast agent and reaches the underlying structures.
Clinical Measures Identify Vitamin D Deficiency in Dialysis (2010)

Deficiency of 25-hydroxyvitamin D is nearly universal among patients with hypoalbuminemia initiating chronic hemodialysis in winter.
Model-Based 2.5-D Deconvolution for Extended Depth of Field in Brightfield Microscopy (2008)

Due to the limited depth of field of brightfield microscopes, it is usually impossible to image thick specimens entirely in focus. By optically sectioning the specimen, the in-focus information at the specimen's surface can be acquired over a range of images. Commonly based on a high-pass criterion, extended-depth-of-field methods aim at combining the in-focus information from these images into a single image of the texture on the specimen's surface. The topography provided by such methods is usually limited to a map of selected in-focus pixel positions and is inherently discretized along the axial direction, which limits its use for quantitative evaluation. In this paper, we propose a method that jointly estimates the texture and topography of a specimen from a series of brightfield optical sections; it is based on an image formation model that is described by the convolution of a thick specimen model with the microscope's point spread function. The problem is stated as a least-squares minimization where the texture and topography are updated alternately. This method also acts as a deconvolution when the in-focus PSF has a blurring effect, or when the true in-focus position falls in between two optical sections. Comparisons to state-of-the-art algorithms and experimental results demonstrate the potential of the proposed approach.
A High-Frequency Digitally Controlled LED Driver for Automotive Applications With Fast Dimming Capabilities (2014)

This paper presents a high-frequency, digitally controlled high-brightness LED driver for automotive applications with fast dimming capabilities. The power converter is based on the magnetically coupled Ćuk topology and employs a single, off-the-shelf SMT mutual inductor. The proposed digital control technique exploits the inherent stabilizing effect of magnetic coupling, and combines it with a dedicated duty cycle feedforward technique for step-reference response enhancement during the dimming operation. No direct sensing of the LED string current is performed, bypassing the disadvantage of the Ćuk topology of having an inverted output polarity. Furthermore, the magnetically coupled Ćuk topology is a single-switch solution and it provides inherent filtering of the input and output currents without introducing the additional magnetic elements, strongly reducing the total required capacitance and maintaining the small form-factor required in the automotive environment. This paper discusses the theoretical and practical development of the proposed controller. Experimental tests on a 40-W, 1-A, 500-kHz prototype indicate a 0- to 1-A current rise time in the tens of microseconds time frame with excellent damping characteristics and regulation accuracy.
Efficient integer implementations for faster linear transforms (2001)

Higher throughput requirements in image processing systems require faster implementations of the underlying transforms. A new architecture for efficient implementations of linear, orthogonal transforms is discussed, with specific examples developed for the 2-D DCT in image compression. It is shown that the methods described in this paper can provide lower real estate usage in FPGAs by as much as 3-4 /spl times/, as well as reduction in execution cycles by about 30 % on a range of embedded processors where more clock cycles are required for multiplication than for addition.
Design and Validation of a Universal 6D Seam Tracking System in Robotic Welding Based on Laser Scanning (2006)

Design and Validation of a Universal 6D Seam Tracking System in Robotic Welding Based on Laser Scanning
TOTAL-DOSE STANDARDS (1959)

The principles of the adiabatic and compensated calorimeter methods and the Fricke ferrous sulfate dosimeter are discussed as standands for dosimetry. (C.J.G.)