gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Measurement of intrinsic rise times for various L(Y)SO and LuAG scintillators with a general study of prompt photons to achieve 10 ps in TOF-PET (2016)

The coincidence time resolution (CTR) of scintillator based detectors commonly used in positron emission tomography is well known to be dependent on the scintillation decay time (τd) and the number of photons detected (n'), i.e. CTR proportional variant √τd/n'. However, it is still an open question to what extent the scintillation rise time (τr) and other fast or prompt photons, e.g. Cherenkov photons, at the beginning of the scintillation process influence the CTR. This paper presents measurements of the scintillation emission rate for different LSO type crystals, i.e. LSO:Ce, LYSO:Ce, LSO:Ce codoped Ca and LGSO:Ce. For the various LSO-type samples measured we find an average value of 70 ps for the scintillation rise time, although some crystals like LSO:Ce codoped Ca seem to have a much faster rise time in the order of 20 ps. Additional measurements for LuAG:Ce and LuAG:Pr show a rise time of 535 ps and 251 ps, respectively. For these crystals, prompt photons (Cherenkov) can be observed at the beginning of the scintillation event. Furthermore a significantly lower rise time value is observed when codoping with calcium. To quantitatively investigate the influence of the rise time to the time resolution we measured the CTR with the same L(Y)SO samples and compared the values to Monte Carlo simulations. Using the measured relative light yields, rise- and decay times of the scintillators we are able to quantitatively understand the measured CTRs in our simulations. Although the rise time is important to fully explain the CTR variation for the different samples tested we determined its influence on the CTR to be in the order of a few percent only. This result is surprising because, if only photonstatistics of the scintillation process is considered, the CTR would be proportional to the square root of the rise time. The unexpected small rise time influence on the CTR can be explained by the convolution of the scintillation rate with the single photon time resolution (SPTR) of the photodetector and the photon travel spread (PTS) in the crystal. The timing benefits of prompt photons at the beginning of the scintillation process (Cherenkov etc) are further studied, which leads to the conclusion that the scintillation rise time, SPTR and PTS have to be lowered simultaneously to fully profit from these fast photons in order to improve the CTR significantly.
Preparation of a porous conducting polymer film by electrochemical synthesis–solvent extraction method (2003)

Abstract Porous conducting polypyrrole (PPy) films have been obtained by electrochemical synthesis–solvent extraction method. The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) show that the size and the distribution of pores can be controlled during the electrochemical synthesis. The porous PPy films have sufficiently good mechanical properties, and electrochemical voltammetric studies imply that the porous films also have high electrical conductivity and good electrochemical reversibility. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 91: 303–307, 2004
GRAIL: a multi-agent neural network system for gene identification (1996)

Identifying genes within large regions of uncharacterized DNA is a difficult undertaking and is currently the focus of many research efforts. We describe a gene localization and modeling system, called GRAIL. GRAIL is a multiple sensor-neural network-based system. It localizes genes in anonymous DNA sequence by recognizing features related to protein-coding regions and the boundaries of coding regions, and then combines the recognized features using a neural network system. Localized coding regions are then "optimally" parsed into a gene model. Through years of extensive testing GRAIL consistently achieves about 90% of coding portions of test genes with a false positive rate of about 10% A number of genes for major genetic diseases have been located through the use of GRAIL, and over 1000 research laboratories worldwide use GRAIL on regular bases for localization of genes on their newly sequenced DNA.
Cancer Chemopreventive and Tumoricidal Properties of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) (2002)

Since cancer is the most common cause of death in the world population, the possibility that readily available natural substances from plants, vegetables, herbs, and spices may be beneficial in the prevention of cancer warrants closer examination. Saffron in filaments is the dried, dark red stigmata of Crocus sativus L. flowers and it is used as a spice, food colorant, and a drug in medicine. A growing body of research has demonstrated that saffron extract itself and its main constituents, the carotenoids, possess chemopreventive properties against cancer. This review discusses recent literature data and our results on the cancer chemopreventive activities of saffron and its main ingredients.
MBF: a Real Matrix Bloom Filter Representation Method on Dynamic Set (2007)

Bloom filter is a simple space-efficient randomized data structure for representing a set in order to support membership queries, which uses an m-bit array to represent a data set. In order to support representing dynamic set, dynamic bloom filter (DBF) and split bloom filter (SBF) have been developed. Both DBF and SBF can support concisely representation and approximate membership queries of dynamic set instead of static set. SBF declares that it uses an s Xm bit matrix that consists of s bloom filters to represent a dynamic set, so DBF dose. But in fact, both the two bloom filters are not matrix representation method at all. They are just a set of s bloom filters whose length is m, and they have got a departure from the original idea of bloom filter: the constant query time cost. This paper points out the fact, and then introduce a truly matrix representation method of bloom filter to represent a dynamic set. We call it the matrix bloom filter (MBF). Then, we analyze the algorithm of MBF and study the average time complexity and the false positive probability.
Single-Image Crowd Counting via Multi-Column Convolutional Neural Network (2016)

This paper aims to develop a method than can accurately estimate the crowd count from an individual image with arbitrary crowd density and arbitrary perspective. To this end, we have proposed a simple but effective Multi-column Convolutional Neural Network (MCNN) architecture to map the image to its crowd density map. The proposed MCNN allows the input image to be of arbitrary size or resolution. By utilizing filters with receptive fields of different sizes, the features learned by each column CNN are adaptive to variations in people/head size due to perspective effect or image resolution. Furthermore, the true density map is computed accurately based on geometry-adaptive kernels which do not need knowing the perspective map of the input image. Since exiting crowd counting datasets do not adequately cover all the challenging situations considered in our work, we have collected and labelled a large new dataset that includes 1198 images with about 330,000 heads annotated. On this challenging new dataset, as well as all existing datasets, we conduct extensive experiments to verify the effectiveness of the proposed model and method. In particular, with the proposed simple MCNN model, our method outperforms all existing methods. In addition, experiments show that our model, once trained on one dataset, can be readily transferred to a new dataset.
Organic photovoltaic cell based on benzoporphyrin with p-i-n junction (2008)

We have fabricated organic photovoltaic cell using tetrabenzoporhyrin (BP) as a donor material. Tetrabenzoporhyrin is formed by thermal conversion of the soluble precursor that has four bicyclo rings. Upon heat treatment above 150°C, the precursor molecule is converted to semiconductive tetrabenzoporphyrin, which is insoluble against conventional organic solvents. Taking advantage of this insoluble character of BP, p-i-n bulk heterojunction photovoltaic cell is successfully fabricated from solution, with BP/BP:fullerene/fullerene trilayer, where p-layer is crystal BP, i-layer consists of both BP and fullerene, and fullerene acts as n-layer. We have reported the p-i-n photovoltaic cell using [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid n-butyl ester (PCBNB) as an acceptor. This solution-processed p-i-n device has achieved power conversion efficiency as high as 3.4% (Jsc=9.8mA/cm2; Voc=0.62V; FF=0.56). The performance of BP device with p-i-n junction is further improved by introducing a new fullerene for the i- and n-layers. Taking into consideration LUMO level, solubility and thermal properties, a novel fullerene derivative, 1,4-bis(dimethylphenylsilylmethyl)[60]fullerene (SIMEF), is designed and synthesized. This new di-adduct fullerene , SIMEF, improves power conversion efficiency up to 4.1% (Jsc=9.1mA/cm2; Voc=0.76V; FF=0.59). This improvement is largely due to an increased Voc. We have analyzed BP:fullerene composite films to find that formation of meta-stable phase of BP is fully suppressed by SIMEF. Depth profile of this p-i-n cell is measured by means of TOF-SIMS method to observe the expected vertical distribution of the donor and acceptor that has been designed.
<i>Fgf10</i>is essential for maintaining the proliferative capacity of epithelial progenitor cells during early pancreatic organogenesis (2001)

The importance of mesenchymal-epithelial interactions for the proper development of the pancreas has been acknowledged since the early 1960s, even though the molecule(s) mediating this process have remained unknown. We demonstrate here that Fgf10, a member of the fibroblast growth factor family (FGFs), plays an essential role in this process. We show that Fgf10 is expressed in the mesenchyme directly adjacent to the early dorsal and ventral pancreatic epithelial buds. In Fgf10(-/-) mouse embryos, the evagination of the epithelium and the initial formation of the dorsal and ventral buds appear normal. However, the subsequent growth, differentiation and branching morphogenesis of the pancreatic epithelium are arrested; this is primarily due to a dramatic reduction in the proliferation of the epithelial progenitor cells marked by the production of the homeobox protein PDX1. Furthermore, FGF10 restores the population of PDX1-positive cells in organ cultures derived from Fgf10(-/-) embryos. These results indicate that Fgf10 signalling is required for the normal development of the pancreas and should prove useful in devising methods to expand pancreatic progenitor cells.
Synthesis of cyclosporine. Total syntheses of ‘cyclosporin A’ and ‘cyclosporin H’, two fungal metabolites isolated from the species <i>Tolypocladium inflatum</i> G<scp>AMS</scp> (1984)

Abstract The heptapeptide H‐MeBmt‐Abu‐Sar‐MeLeu‐Val‐MeLeu‐Ala‐OBzl ( 20 ) was synthesized for coupling with the previously described cyclosporine tetrapeptide sequence Boc‐ D ‐Ala‐MeLeu‐MeVal‐OH ( 21 ). The product of the coupling, the undecapeptide Boc‐ D ‐Ala‐MeLeu‐MeLeu‐MeVal‐MeBmt‐abu‐Sar‐MeLeu‐Val‐MeLeu‐Ala‐OBzl ( 22 ), was then deprotected and cyclized to cyclosporine ( 1 ). The tetrapeptide diastereoisomer Boc‐ D ‐ala‐MeLeu‐MeLeu‐ D ‐MeVAl‐OH ( 23 ) could also be used as a starting material to produce selectively the desired undecapeptide 22 . In this case, the N ‐methyl‐ D ‐valine unit, was selectively isomerized to the L‐from by using the appropriate condensing agent. The diastereoisomeric undecapeptide Boc‐ D ‐ala‐MeLeu‐MeLeu‐ D ‐MeVal‐MeBmt‐Abu‐Sar‐MeLeu‐Val‐MeLeuAla‐OBzl ( 24 ) was also synthesized starting from 21 by using the mixed pivalic anhydride method to selectively invert the configuration of the N ‐methyl‐ L ‐valine. The structure of the undecapeptide 24 was confirmed by deprotection and cyclization to ‘cyclosporin H’, a natural product known to have the structure [ D ‐MeVal 11 ]cyclosporine ( 2 ).
DACH1 negatively regulates the human RANK ligand gene expression in stromal/preosteoblast cells (2007)

Receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) is a critical osteoclastogenic factor that is expressed on bone marrow stromal/preosteoblast cells. Most bone resorption stimuli induce osteoclast formation by modulating RANKL expression in these cells. However, little is known about the mechanisms regulating RANKL gene expression. We recently reported that heat shock factor-2 (HSF-2) is a downstream target for FGF-2 signaling to enhance RANKL gene transcription in marrow stromal/preosteoblast cells. In this study, we show that DACH1 (human homologue of Drosophila dachshund gene) negatively regulates RANKL gene expression and suppresses FGF-2-enhanced RANKL gene expression in these cells. DACH1 contains a conserved dachshund domain (DS) in the N-terminal region, which interacts with the nuclear co-repressor (NCoR) to repress gene expression. Co-expression of DACH1 with hRANKL promoter-luciferase reporter plasmid in normal human bone marrow-derived stromal cells significantly decreased (3.3-fold) FGF-2-stimulated hRANKL gene promoter activity. Deletion of DS domain abolished DACH1 inhibition of FGF-2-enhanced RANKL gene promoter activity. Western blot analysis confirmed that DACH1 suppressed FGF-2-stimulated RANKL expression in marrow stromal/preosteoblast cells. We show HSF-2 co-immune precipitated with DACH1 and that FGF-2 stimulation significantly increased (2.7-fold) HSF-2 binding to DACH1. Confocal microscopy analysis further demonstrated that FGF-2 promotes HSF-2 nuclear transport and co-localization with DACH1 in marrow stromal cells. Co-expression of NCoR with DACH1 significantly decreased (5.3-fold) and siRNA suppression of NCoR in DACH1 co-transfected cells increased (3.6-fold) RANKL promoter activity. Furthermore, DACH1 co-expression with NCoR significantly decreased (7.5-fold) RANKL mRNA expression in marrow stromal cells. Collectively, these studies indicate that NCoR participates in DACH1 repression of RANKL gene expression in marrow stromal/preosteoblast cells. Thus, DACH1 plays an important role in negative regulation of RANKL gene expression in marrow stromal/preosteoblast cells in the bone microenvironment.
Synthesis and Characterization of Conjugated Polyazines and Polyazomethines Containing the Thienylene Moiety and Flexible Hydrocarbon Side Chains (1998)

Condensation reactions of mono- and didodecyl-substituted-2,5-diformylthiophene with hydrazine, p-diaminobenzene, 2,7-diaminofluorene, and 1,5-diaminonaphatalene give the corresponding polyazines (PAZs) and polyazomethines (PAMs), which have been characterized by thermal, structural, and optical analyses. The former polymers begin to decompose at 300 °C, while the latter polymers are stable up to 360 °C. All disubstituted polymers and the regioregular monosubstituted polyazines show nematic character. Disubstituted polymers display a larger conjugation with respect to monosubstituted ones. This effect has been attributed to a different conformation of thiophenic rings versus imino-linkages assumed by the polymeric backbone in the two classes of polyazines. Particular attention has been devoted to study the reactivity of mono- and disubstituted dialdehydes toward condensation with nucleophiles displaying different steric hindrance or power. Specifically the study of the reaction onset allowed us to determine the conditions to obtain regioregular monosubstituted polymers even with hydrazine, which is the less hindered and the more powerful nucleophile used.
Coordinated sensor deployment for improving secure communications and sensing coverage (2005)

Sensor network has a great potential in applications such as habitat monitoring, wildlife tracking, building surveillance, and military combat. The design of a sensor network system involves several important issues, including the sensing coverage, node-to-node or node-to-base-station communications, and the security in information gathering and relay by the sensors. In this paper, we show that the system performance on these aspects depends closely on how the sensors are deployed in the field, and on how the sensor locations can be adjusted after the initial deployment. For static sensor deployment, we investigate the hexagon and square lattice topology and analyze their impact on secure connectivity and sensing coverage. For advanced sensing devices that allow for location adjustment after deployment, we have established a new framework for coordinated updates of sensor locations. We propose two new sensor location updating algorithms, the VFSec and the Weighted Centroid algorithm, to jointly optimize sensing coverage and secure connectivity. Simulation results show that these new algorithms provide superior tradeoff over the existing approaches that do not take security into considerations.
Language area localization with three-dimensional functional magnetic resonance imaging matches intrasulcal electrostimulation in Broca's area (1999)

In this study, intraoperative electrocortical stimulation mapping (ioESM), the current gold standard for the localization of critical language areas, is compared with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in a 14-year-old girl with medically intractable epilepsy caused by a tumor in the region of Broca's area. Prior to the operation, four different fMRI tasks that target inferior frontal language areas were applied. Prior to the resection, ioESM as well as fMRI detected no language areas at the exposed cortical area. After removal of the tumor, a unique opportunity presented itself, where ioESM could be performed in the depth of a now exposed and intact gyrus. One specific locus that was indicated to be a critical language area by multiple-task fMRI was targeted. IoESM selectively confirmed the location of this language area to within an estimated 3 mm. We propose that the combined use of different fMRI tasks increases the sensitivity and specificity for the detection of essential language areas.
The Addition of Silicon Hydrides to Olefinic Double Bonds. Part I. The Use of Phenylsilane, Diphenylsilane, Phenylmethylsilane, Amylsilane and Tribromosilane (1956)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Addition of Silicon Hydrides to Olefinic Double Bonds. Part I. The Use of Phenylsilane, Diphenylsilane, Phenylmethylsilane, Amylsilane and TribromosilaneJohn L. Speier, Ruth Zimmerman, and James WebsterCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1956, 78, 10, 2278–2281Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1956Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1956https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01591a068Request reuse permissionsArticle Views896Altmetric-Citations96LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (576 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Cell and molecular mechanisms of keratinocyte function stimulated by insulin during wound healing (2009)

Insulin has great potential for the treatments of chronic wounds in which re-epthelialization is impaired. Understanding of the pathways induced by insulin is important for the development of analog molecules that function strictly in healing. Because of its long history of safe use in humans for decades, this protein may prove to be a powerful therapy without major adverse effects.
Stimulation of calcineurin Aα activity attenuates muscle pathophysiology in<i>mdx</i>dystrophic mice (2008)

Calcineurin activation ameliorates the dystrophic pathology of hindlimb muscles in mdx mice and decreases their susceptibility to contraction damage. In mdx mice, the diaphragm is more severely affected than hindlimb muscles and more representative of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The constitutively active calcineurin Aalpha transgene (CnAalpha) was overexpressed in skeletal muscles of mdx (mdx CnAalpha*) mice to test whether muscle morphology and function would be improved. Contractile function of diaphragm strips and extensor digitorum longus and soleus muscles from adult mdx CnAalpha* and mdx mice was examined in vitro. Hindlimb muscles from mdx CnAalpha* mice had a prolonged twitch time course and were more resistant to fatigue. Because of a slower phenotype and a decrease in fiber cross-sectional area, normalized force was lower in fast- and slow-twitch muscles of mdx CnAalpha* than mdx mice. In the diaphragm, despite a slower phenotype and a approximately 35% reduction in fiber size, normalized force was preserved. This was likely mediated by the reduction in the area of the diaphragm undergoing degeneration (i.e., mononuclear cell and connective and adipose tissue infiltration). The proportion of centrally nucleated fibers was reduced in mdx CnAalpha* compared with mdx mice, indicative of improved myofiber viability. In hindlimb muscles of mdx mice, calcineurin activation increased expression of markers of regeneration, particularly developmental myosin heavy chain isoform and myocyte enhancer factor 2A. Thus activation of the calcineurin signal transduction pathway has potential to ameliorate the mdx pathophysiology, especially in the diaphragm, through its effects on muscle degeneration and regeneration and endurance capacity.
Modulation of Muc-1 mucin expression in the mouse uterus during the estrus cycle, early pregnancy and placentation (1993)

The Muc-1 protein is an integral membrane protein that is expressed apically by simple secretory epithelia in many different organs. We present in this paper a study on Muc-1 protein expression in the mouse uterus during early pregnancy, placentation and the estrus cycle. Muc-1 immunopositive reaction is found in the decidua by day 8 of pregnancy onwards. The observed pattern was unusual, since Muc-1 protein was present in spherical cytoplasmic granules in granular metrial gland cells. Both the intracellular pattern of expression and the lymphoid origin of these cells were striking results. Muc-1 is thought to be an epithelial differentiation marker, and this is the first report of its expression by non-epithelial cells. Our results on Muc-1 expression in the uterus of cycling mice showed that higher levels of Muc-1 mRNA and protein correlate with higher levels of plasma estrogen in the estrus and proestrus phases. However, in ovariectomized mice without hormone replacement, the endometrium expressed high levels of this protein. These levels could not be substantially changed by estrogen, although progesterone reduced the levels of Muc-1 protein associated with the epithelium. These data together with the normal expression in the cycling mice suggest that progesterone might repress Muc-1 expression during the metestrus and diestrus phases. In cycling mice, when plasma progesterone is at its nadir and the estrogen level is elevated in estrus and proestrus phases, Muc-1 concentration would increase to its basal level, not because of estrogen stimulation, but due to lack of progesterone repression.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)