gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
[AIDS and contraception]. (1988)

Sexually transmitted AIDS represents 72-82% of the cases reported. While the proportion of cases transmitted heterosexually is still small (7%), this will increase over time (it was only 1% in 1981). Heterosexual AIDS affects 4 times more women than men and occurs essentially in partners of HIV+ subjects, those with AIDS, and subjects at high risk. Many in vitro and in vivo studies have shown that the correct and systematic use of condoms is the sole means of preventing sexual AIDS. In vitro spermicides (nonoxynol-9 and benzalkonium chloride) inactivate the HIV virus. Having many sexual partners, rectal contact, and the STDs increase the risk of HIV transmission. Only mutual monogamy and sexual relations between seronegative subjects (taking into account the serological lag period of a few weeks to 6 months) are safe. In all other cases, it is necessary to systematically use a good quality condom (along with a spermicide), even if other contraception is used, avoid anal contact, and decrease the number and improve the selectivity of sexual partners if possible. Heterosexual males and females at high risk of HIV infection should use an effective method of contraception (the oral contraceptive) in addition to condoms. According to WHO, IUDs are not recommended. Seropositive heterosexuals or those affected by AIDs should abstain from all sexual contact involving penetration, whether vaginal, anal, or oral. They should use the same contraception as high risk heterosexuals. The WHO is undertaking research programs on possible beneficial or detrimental interactions between the modern methods of contraception and HIV infection.
Optimal Scheduling and Control of Heavy Haul Trains Equipped With Electronically Controlled Pneumatic Braking Systems (2007)

This brief compares the performances of different operation strategies based on optimal scheduling and heuristic scheduling for heavy haul trains equipped with electronically controlled pneumatic braking systems. Train scheduling here refers to an open-loop control design that brings the train to a desired (steady-state) motion trajectory. A (closed-loop) cruise control is used to maintain a steady-state motion of a train. In train handling, energy consumption, speed tracking, and in-train force are concerns for transportation corporations. The last is particularly important for safe train running. An optimal train scheduling as well as an optimal cruise control can take these factors into consideration. A speed profile is assumed first. The objective of the study is to find optimal driving methodologies for an implementation of a desired speed profile with energy consumption and in-train forces considered. Simulation results show that optimal scheduling can improve the performance of the closed-loop controller, and that the 2-2 strategy, the electronically controlled pneumatic/independent distributed power mode, is the best of all strategies.
Gram-Negative Bacteria Aggravate Murine Small Intestinal Th1-Type Immunopathology following Oral Infection with <i>Toxoplasma gondii</i> (2006)

Oral infection of susceptible mice with Toxoplasma gondii results in Th1-type immunopathology in the ileum. We investigated gut flora changes during ileitis and determined contributions of gut bacteria to intestinal inflammation. Analysis of the intestinal microflora revealed that ileitis was accompanied by increasing bacterial load, decreasing species diversity, and bacterial translocation. Gram-negative bacteria identified as Escherichia coli and Bacteroides/Prevotella spp. accumulated in inflamed ileum at high concentrations. Prophylactic or therapeutic administration of ciprofloxacin and/or metronidazole ameliorated ileal immunopathology and reduced intestinal NO and IFN-gamma levels. Most strikingly, gnotobiotic mice in which cultivable gut bacteria were removed by quintuple antibiotic treatment did not develop ileitis after Toxoplasma gondii infection. A reduction in total numbers of lymphocytes was observed in the lamina propria of specific pathogen-free (SPF), but not gnotobiotic, mice upon development of ileitis. Relative numbers of CD4(+) T cells did not differ in naive vs infected gnotobiotic or SPF mice, but infected SPF mice showed a significant increase in the frequencies of activated CD4(+) T cells compared with gnotobiotic mice. Furthermore, recolonization with total gut flora, E. coli, or Bacteroides/Prevotella spp., but not Lactobacillus johnsonii, induced immunopathology in gnotobiotic mice. Animals recolonized with E. coli and/or total gut flora, but not L. johnsonii, showed elevated ileal NO and/or IFN-gamma levels. In conclusion, Gram-negative bacteria, i.e., E. coli, aggravate pathogen-induced intestinal Th1-type immunopathology. Thus, pathogen-induced acute ileitis may prove useful to study bacteria-host interactions in small intestinal inflammation and to test novel therapies based on modulation of gut flora.
Discrete material optimization of general composite shell structures (2005)

Abstract A novel method for doing material optimization of general composite laminate shell structures is presented and its capabilities are illustrated with three examples. The method is labelled Discrete Material Optimization (DMO) but uses gradient information combined with mathematical programming to solve a discrete optimization problem. The method can be used to solve the orientation problem of orthotropic materials and the material selection problem as well as problems involving both. The method relies on ideas from multiphase topology optimization to achieve a parametrization which is very general and reduces the risk of obtaining a local optimum solution for the tested configurations. The applicability of the DMO method is demonstrated for fibre angle optimization of a cantilever beam and combined fibre angle and material selection optimization of a four‐point beam bending problem and a doubly curved laminated shell. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of ‘small but smart’ libraries to enhance the enantioselectivity of an esterase from <i>Bacillus stearothermophilus</i> towards tetrahydrofuran‐3‐yl acetate (2013)

Two libraries of simultaneous double mutations in the active site region of an esterase from Bacillus stearothermophilus were constructed to improve the enantioselectivity in the hydrolysis of tetrahydrofuran-3-yl acetate. As screening of large mutant libraries is hampered by the necessity for GC/MS analysis, mutant libraries were designed according to a 'small but smart' concept. The design of focused libraries was based on data derived from a structural alignment of 3317 amino acid sequences of α/β-hydrolase fold enzymes with the bioinformatic tool 3DM. In this way, the number of mutants to be screened was substantially reduced as compared with a standard site-saturation mutagenesis approach. Whereas the wild-type esterase showed only poor enantioselectivity (E = 4.3) in the hydrolysis of (S)-tetrahydrofuran-3-yl acetate, the best variants obtained with this approach showed increased E-values of up to 10.4. Furthermore, some variants with inverted enantiopreference were found.
From Safety Net to Augmented Cognition: Using Flexible Autonomy Levels for On-Line Cognitive Assistance and Automation (2003)

Human factors research into spatial disorientation (SD) and loss of situation awareness (SA) in the fast jet military pilot has led to consideration of systems for monitoring pilot behaviour and psychophysiology and for detection of performance degradation and incapacitation. These could be the basis of real-time countermeasures, such as a "Safety Net" system, assisting or taking over automatic control until the pilot is able to resume full control of the system. This paper looks at technologies developed under the UK MOD "Cognitive Cockpit" project for providing cognitive assistance through adaptive automation and decision support. The paper considers the requirements for monitoring and countermeasures for canceling SD. It is argued that all three basic types of SD can be cancelled by effective real-time adaptive countermeasures using flexible levels of autonomy governed by pilot agreed plans. Through analysis and cognitive walk-through of a mission story-board, we show how the safety net concept can be extended by cognitive automation to provide augmentation of SA and decision making. Cognitive augmentation can be seen to mitigate the most dangerous form of insidious disorientation, by keeping the pilot in the control loop before SD sets in.
Six-port junction with complete UWB band coverage in multilayer technology (2011)

In this work a high performance six-port junction is presented, which operates over the complete UWB 3.1 to 10.6 GHz band. A prototype has been fabricated which exhibits a return loss better than 21 dB, isolation better than 30 dB and centres with an amplitude imbalance of less than ±0.75 dB and a phase imbalance of less than ±5° across the whole UWB band. Its key element is a new slot-coupled quadrature hybrid with equalized phase velocities and discontinuity parasitics compensation, showing an amplitude imbalance between output ports of less than ±0.5 dB and a phase imbalance of less than ±0.7 °.
Structure and alternative splicing of the ketohexokinase gene (1998)

Ketohexokinase (fructokinase, KHK) catalyses the phosphorylation of fructose to fructose‐1‐phosphate. It thereby initiates the intracellular catabolism of a large proportion of dietary carbohydrate. Although found at high level in liver, renal cortex and small intestine, fructokinase activity has also been known for many years to be present at lower levels in most other tissues. We previously found that there appeared to be two isoforms of human KHK, and have now investigated the molecular basis for this in human, rat and mouse. Cloning of the human KHK gene, on chromosome 2p23.2‐2p23.3, shows that it has nine exons, spanning 14 kb. An intragenic duplication has resulted in two similar 135‐bp exons (designated 3a and 3c), separated by a short intron. Exon 3a and exon 3c are mutually exclusively spliced into KHK mRNA. This exon−intron structure and the pattern of alternative splicing are conserved in both the rat and mouse, suggesting distinct conserved functions for the two KHK isoforms. The alternative splicing is also tissue specific, since in both rat and human, tissues expressing high levels of KHK (liver, kidney and duodenum) utilise exclusively the 3c exon, while other tissues use only 3a. Furthermore, comparison of human foetal and adult tissues indicates a developmental splicing shift from use of exon 3a to exon 3c.
Using a challenge to improve face spoofing detection (2016)

With biometric face recognition increasing, there comes a natural increase in interesting attack scenarios for people with bad intentions.
One way to trick biometric recognition methods is to spoof the system by showing an artificial reproduction of somebody else his face.
This can be done by e.g. showing a printed picture, a video or by wearing a mask.

Multiple methods are developed to detect this kind of spoofing, but these are still lacking performance in terms of detection rates.
Also, many of these methods are not applicable to mobile devices, due to specific constraints that exists on these devices.

In this paper we extend an existing spoofing detection method with usability on mobile devices in mind.
The existing method uses 3D properties of the face to distinguish between a real face and 2D representations of a face.
The extension on this method is a challenge, which requires the user to rotate its head in a specific pattern.
By adding this challenge, the necessary rotation for the 3D check is enforced and furthermore, theoretically, more types of spoofing can be detected.
Tests shows that users can successfully perform the challenge and that it is capable of reliably detecting spoofing attacks.
Heterotopic heart transplantation: experimental development and clinical experience (2000)

Heterotopic heart transplantation was initially developed in the laboratory for experimental transplantation. While it was more widely utilized in the pre-cyclosporine era to provide adjunct circulatory support in combination with the native heart, associated complications as well as improved long-term graft survival have now established orthotopic transplantation as the procedure of choice. Heterotopic heart transplantation is currently reserved for highly selected patients. The technique is only performed at selected transplantation centers, and indications include significant donor recipient size mismatch or irreversible recipient pulmonary hypertension. The foreseeable introduction of clinical porcine xenotransplantation may lead to renewed interest in the technique of heterotopic heart transplantation as a bridge to potential native heart recovery or allotransplantation in selected patients.
Cationic ring‐opening polymerization of 2‐isopropenyl‐4‐methylene‐1,3‐dioxolane in donative solvents (1996)

Abstract 2‐Isopropenyl‐4‐methylene‐1,3‐dioxolane ( 1 ) undergoes cationic polymerization in donative solvents without crosslinking to afford poly(ether‐ketone) 2 having two unitstructures. When solvents having medium donor number (DN = 14,1–17,1), such as acetonitrile, dioxane, ethyl acetate, and propylene carbonate, were used, 2 was obtained in high yields. When solvents having DN (>19,2), such as diethyl ether, DMF, and DMAc, were used, the rate of polymerization decreased considerably, although polymerization proceeded even in the most donative solvent, DMAc (DN = 27,8). The ratio of the unit‐structures was independent of the solvent used. When ethanol was used as the solvent, ethoxyacetone and methacrolein were obtained instead of 2 . It was concluded that hard nucleophiles such as ethanol attack at the α′‐position of terminal oxyallyl cation, while soft nucleophiles such as monomer 1 attack at the α‐or γ‐position.
A device for the rapid separation of male and female mosquito pupae. (1972)

A new device for separating male and female C. p. fatigans is described. The device is particularly adaptable for the separation of large numbers of pupae without mechanical injury. It also appears to be suitable for use with other species of mosquito.
A Four-Coordinate Fe(III) Porphyrin Cation (2008)

The free four-coordinate Fe(III) porphyrin cation has not been previously observed due to its extreme electrophilicity. In order to isolate this very reactive species, we have synthesized a highly sterically hindered bis-pocket siloxyl porphyrin which has a top opening of only 2 Å. NMR studies of this Fe(III) porphyrin cation with different weakly coordinating anions all give the same porphyrin proton chemical shifts in CD2Cl2, suggesting that no anion coordination to the iron occurs in solution. In the solid state, the four-coordinate Fe(III) bis-pocket porphyrin can be isolated with the bulky and weakly coordinating hexabromocarborane as the counterion: the single-crystal X-ray structure confirms the absence of axial ligation to the iron. In contrast, with smaller anions (e.g., triflate), the Fe(III) bis-pocket porphyrin complexes are five-coordinate in the solid state, due probably to the smaller size and loss in the solid state of stabilization from anion solvation. Full characterization (EPR, Mössbauer, SSNMR, Evans Method, and SQUID magnetometry) shows that the four-coordinate Fe(III) bis-pocket porphyrin cation has a 3/2 spin state, in agreement with theoretical predictions.
A new optimization cost model for VLSI standard cell placement (2002)

In this paper, we propose a new optimization cost model for VLSI placement. It distinguishes itself from the traditional wire-length cost model by having direct impact on the quality of the detailed routing phase. We also extend the well-known simulated annealing standard cell placement algorithm by applying our new cost model. Experimental results show that we got 13% layout area reduction compared to traditional wire length model, 11% reduction to commercial tool.
Rates of Aminolysis (1955)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRates of AminolysisC. Gardner Swain and Donald C. DittmerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1955, 77, 14, 3924–3926Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1955Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1955https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01619a076RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views115Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (400 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Effects of α‐, γ‐, and δ‐Tocopherols on Oxidative Stability of Soybean Oil (1990)

ABSTRACT The effectts of 0, 100, 250, 500 and 1000 ppm of α‐, γ‐, or δ‐tocopherol on oxidative stability of purified soybean oil in the dark at 55°C were studied. We measured peroxide value and headspace oxygen consumption in the samples. Purified soybean oil was prepared by liquid column chromatography. Tocopherols acted as antioxidants or prooxidants depending on their concentration. Optimum concentrations of α ‐, γ ‐, and δ– tocopherols to increase oxidative stability was 100, 250 and 500 ppm, respectively. The tocopherols had significant prooxidant effect (P < 0.05) at higher concentrations above this.
Vascular Permeability Factor/Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor: An Important Mediator of Angiogenesis in Malignancy and Inflammation (1995)

Vascular permeability factor (VPF), also known as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), is a multifunctional cytokine that is overexpressed in many transplantable animal and autochtonous human cancers, in healing wounds, and in chronic inflammatory disorders such as psoriasis and rheumatoid arthritis. All of these entities are characterized by angiogenesis, altered extracellular matrix, and variable degrees of hypoxia. In addition, two VPF/VEGF receptors, flt-1 and kdr, are overexpressed by endothelial cells that line the microvessels that supply these tumors/inflammatory reactions. On the basis of these and other data, we have proposed a model of angiogenesis in which VPF/VEGF plays a central role: this model is applicable to tumors and also to the angiogenesis that occurs in non-neoplastic processes.
Effect of AB070597 on Blood-Serum Creatinine Concentration in Cats with Chronic Kidney Disease (2015)

The objectives of this study were to examine whether AB070597, a dietary supplement of amino acids and a peptide, had an effect on progressive increases in blood-serum creatinine concentration (SCr) and disease advancement in cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD).Fifty-nine privately owned cats with confirmed CKD were enrolled in this study.Twenty-seven cats were given AB070597 orally twice daily, and 32 remaining cats served as non-treated controls.Cats participated in the study for 24-104 weeks.Cats received standard care, including subcutaneous fluids, antibiotics, and anti-hypertensive therapy, as directed by their veterinarians, with the exception that dietary protein was not restricted.Blood-serum creatinine concentrations were measured at the beginning of the trial and at 12-week intervals.Body weight was measured at study beginning and at varying times during the study.The stage of the renal disease at the onset of the trial was scored using the criteria set out by the International Renal Interest Society (IRIS).Bi-daily oral administration of AB070597 significantly reduced median SCr for the overall study period (P=0.0084) and at all-time points (P≤0.0269),except week 84 (P=0.0747).Mean disease stage was reduced in the treatment group when compared to the control group (P=0.0184) at the end of the study.Treated cats were 19.8 times more likely to have a lower disease stage at the end of the study compared to untreated cats.Body weight increased in 59%, was unchanged in 15%, and decreased in 26% of treated cats whereas body weight increased in 6%, was unchanged in 10%, and decreased in 84% of untreated cats.Together, these findings suggest that AB070597 may be a useful tool for stabilizing SCr in some cats with CKD and that the formulation warrants further study.
Spatial Proximity and Similarity of the Epigenetic State of Genome Domains (2012)

Recent studies demonstrate that the organization of the chromatin within the nuclear space might play a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression. The ongoing progress in determination of the 3D structure of the nuclear chromatin allows one to study correlations between spatial proximity of genome domains and their epigenetic state. We combined the data on three-dimensional architecture of the whole human genome with results of high-throughput studies of the chromatin functional state and observed that fragments of different chromosomes that are spatially close tend to have similar patterns of histone modifications, methylation state, DNAse sensitivity, expression level, and chromatin states in general. Moreover, clustering of genome regions by spatial proximity produced compact clusters characterized by the high level of histone modifications and DNAse sensitivity and low methylation level, and loose clusters with the opposite characteristics. We also associated the spatial proximity data with previously detected chimeric transcripts and the results of RNA-seq experiments and observed that the frequency of formation of chimeric transcripts from fragments of two different chromosomes is higher among spatially proximal genome domains. A fair fraction of these chimeric transcripts seems to arise post-transcriptionally via trans-splicing.
On the role of melt flow into the surface structure and porosity development during selective laser melting (2015)

In this study, the development of surface structure and porosity of Ti–6Al–4V samples fabricated by selective laser melting under different laser scanning speeds and powder layer thicknesses has been studied and correlated with the melt flow behaviour through both experimental and modelling approaches. The as-fabricated samples were investigated using optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The interaction between laser beam and powder particles was studied by both high speed imaging observation and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculation. It was found that at a high laser power and a fixed powder layer thickness (20 μm), the samples contain particularly low porosity when the laser scanning speeds are below 2700 mm/s. Further increase of scanning speed led to increase of porosity but not significantly. The porosity is even more sensitive to powder layer thickness with the use of thick powder layers (above 40 μm) leading to significant porosity. The increase of porosity with laser scanning speed and powder layer thickness is not inconsistent with the observed increase in surface roughness complicated by increasingly irregular-shaped laser scanned tracks and an increased number of discontinuity and cave-like pores on the top surfaces. The formation of pores and development of rough surfaces were found by both high speed imaging and modelling, to be strongly associated with unstable melt flow and splashing of molten material.