gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A New Formalism for Transmission Gratings (1978)

A new formalism for diffraction gratings consisting of a single grating surface surrounded by a number of planar films is presented. The diffraction problem is shown to reduce to the solution of a Fredholm integral equation of the first kind. The numerical implementation has been thoroughly tested using the constraints of energy conservation and reciprocity. A new constraint relating the phases and efficiencies of the propagating orders excited when a lossless symmetric transmission grating is operated in a first-order Littrow mount has been derived theoretically and verified numerically. The theory has been used to optimize the selective performance of a solar absorber consisting of a thin graphite layer deposited on a copper substrate. The superposition of a grating absorption feature on the primary resonance minimum of the absorptivity curve is shown to improve the integrated absorptivity by approximately 10 per cent.
Identification of Dominant Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity Epitopes on the Hemagglutinin Antigen of Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus (2013)

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) bridges innate and adaptive immunity, and it involves both humoral and cellular immune responses. ADCC has been found to be a main route of immune protection against viral infections in vivo. Hemagglutinin (HA) of influenza virus is highly immunogenic and considered the most important target for immune protection. Several potent cross-reactive HA-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) have been reported, and their conserved neutralizing epitopes have been revealed, but there has been no report so far about ADCC epitopes on HA. Here we identified two dominant ADCC epitopes, designated E1 (amino acids [aa] 92 to 117) and E2 (aa 124 to 159), on HA of pandemic H1N1 influenza virus by epitope mapping of convalescent-phase plasma IgG antibodies from six H1N1-infected human subjects in China that exhibited different levels of ADCC activity. The E1 and E2 ADCC epitopes overlapped with immunodominant epitopes of HA. Depletion of purified patient plasma IgG antibodies with EBY100 yeast cells expressing E1 or E2 decreased the ADCC activity of the IgG antibodies. E1 and E2 sequences were found to be highly conserved in H1N1 strains but less so in other subtypes of influenza A viruses. Our study may aid in designing immunogens that can elicit antibodies with high ADCC activity. Vaccine immunogens designed to include the structural determinants of potent broadly neutralizing antibodies and ADCC epitopes may confer comprehensive immune protection against influenza virus infection.
A roadmap of CAD tool changes for sub-micron interconnect problems (1997)

design is crucial to making sub-micron chips that work. Right now CAD tools do little or nothing to help prevent signal integrity and reliability problems in the interconnect.
Securing wireless data (2002)

Security is critical to a wide range of current and future wireless data applications and services. This paper highlights the challenges posed by the need for security during system architecture design for wireless handsets, and provides an overview of emerging techniques to address them. We focus on the computational requirements for securing wireless data transactions, revealing a gap between these requirements and the trends in processing capabilities of embedded processors used in wireless handsets. We also demonstrate that the use of security protocols causes significant degradation in battery life, a problem that will worsen due to the slow growth in battery capacities. These trends point to a wireless security processing gap that, unless addressed, will impede the deployment of secure high-speed wireless data and multi-media applications. We discuss approaches that are currently being pursued to bridge this gap, including low-complexity cryptographic algorithms, security enhancements to embedded processors, and advanced system architectures for wireless handsets that are enabled by new system-level design methodologies.
Establishment and characterization of intraperitoneal xenograft models by co-injection of human tumor cells and extracellular matrix gel (2015)

Establishing a feasible intraperitoneal (i.p.) xenograft model in nude mice is a good strategy to evaluate the antitumor effect of drugs in vivo. However, the manipulation of human cancer cells in establishing a stable peritoneal carcinomatosis model in nude mice is problematic. In the present study, the ovarian and colorectal peritoneal tumor models were successfully established in nude mice by co-injection of human tumor cells and extracellular matrix gel. In ovarian tumor models, the mean number tumor nodes was significantly higher in the experimental group (intraperitoneal tumor cell co-injection with ECM gel) compared with the PBS control group on the 30th day (21.0±3.0 vs. 3.6±2.5; P<0.05). The same results were observed in the colorectal peritoneal tumor models on the 28th day. The colorectal peritoneal tumor model was further used to evaluate the chemotherapy effect of irinotecan (CPT-11). The mean weight of peritoneal tumor nodes in CPT-11 treatment group was significantly less than that of the control group (0.81±0.16 vs. 2.18±0.21 g; P<0.05). The results confirmed the value of these i.p. xenograft models in nude mice as efficient and feasible tools for preclinical evaluation.
Reproducible High Yields of Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus Produced Using Invertebrate Cells in 0.02- to 200-Liter Cultures (2011)

The large amounts of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector needed for clinical trials and eventual commercialization require robust, economical, reproducible, and scalable production processes compatible with current good manufacturing practice. rAAV produced using baculovirus and insect cells satisfies these conditions; however, recovering rAAV particles from 200-liter bioreactors is more complicated than bench-scale vector preparations. Using a variety of processing media, we developed a reliable and routine downstream procedure for rAAV production that is scalable from 0.02- to 200-liter cultures. To facilitate the upstream process, we adapted the titerless infected-cell preservation and scale-up process for rAAV production. Single-use aliquots of cryopreserved baculovirus-infected insect cells (BIIC) are thawed and added to the suspension culture to achieve the desired ratio of BIIC to rAAV-producer cells. By using conditions established with small-scale cultures, rAAV was produced in larger volume cultures. Strikingly consistent rAAV yields were attained in cultures ranging from 10 liters to 200 liters. Based on the final yield, each cell produced 18,000 ± 6,800 particles of purified rAAV in 10-, 20-, 100-, and 200-liter cultures. Thus, with an average cell density of 4.32 × 10(6) cells/ml, ≥ 10(16) purified rAAV particles are produced from 100 to 200 liters. The downstream process resulted in about 20% recovery estimated from comparing the quantities of capsid protein antigen in the crude bioreactor material and in the final, purified product. The ease and reproducibility of rAAV production in 200-liter bioreactors suggest that the limit has not been reached, and 500-liter productions are planned.
Surface acoustic waves for on-demand production of picoliter droplets and particle encapsulation (2013)

Microscopic water-in-oil droplets are a versatile chemical and biological platform whose dimensions result in short reaction times and require minuscule amounts of reagent. Methods exist for the production of droplets, though the vast majority are only able to do so in continuous flows, restricting the ability to independently control reactions of individual droplets, a prerequisite for programmable digital microfluidics. Here we present a novel method to produce individual picoliter-scale droplets on-demand using surface acoustic waves (SAW). Acoustic forces arising from SAW act on the oil-water interface, creating a droplet whose volume is defined by the applied power, duration of the force and system geometry. Additionally, this method is able to pre-concentrate particles simultaneously with droplet production, meaning that particles and cells, even if in a dilute mixture, can be easily encapsulated. Our method is expected to be applicable to high-throughput screening, bioreactor creation and other microfluidic processes.
Monodispersed Pd Nanoparticles for Acetylene Selective Hydrogenation: Particle Size and Support Effects (2008)

Monodispersed Pd nanoparticles (8, 11, and 13 nm in diameter) as confirmed by high resolution transmission electron microscopy were prepared via the reverse microemulsion method and deposited on structured supports consisting of carbon nanofibers (CNF) grown on sintered metal fibers (SMF). The CNF/SMF supports were subjected to oxidative treatments to introduce O-functional groups on the CNF surface. These groups were characterized by temperature-programmed decomposition (TPD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The catalysts were used to study (a) the effect of Pd size and (b) the effect of the support nature on the selective acetylene hydrogenation. Antipathetic size dependence of TOF disappeared at particle size bigger than 11 nm. Initial selectivity to ethylene was found size-independent. The deactivation due to coke deposition was faster for smaller particles. The structure-sensitivity relations for the catalysts investigated are discussed in terms of “geometric” and “electronic nature” of the size effect and rationalized regarding Pd−Cx phase formation which is size-dependent. Supports with increased acidity diminished the formation of coke and changed the byproduct distribution toward ethane.
Non‐contrast‐enhanced flow‐independent peripheral MR angiography with balanced SSFP (2009)

Flow-independent angiography is a non-contrast-enhanced technique that can generate vessel contrast even with reduced blood flow in the lower extremities. A method is presented for producing these angiograms with magnetization-prepared balanced steady-state free precession (bSSFP). Because bSSFP yields bright fat signal, robust fat suppression is essential for detailed depiction of the vasculature. Therefore, several strategies have been investigated to improve the reliability of fat suppression within short scan times. Phase-sensitive SSFP can efficiently suppress fat; however, partial volume effects due to fat and water occupying the same voxel can lead to the loss of blood signal. In contrast, alternating repetition time (ATR) SSFP minimizes this loss; however, the level of suppression is compromised by field inhomogeneity. Finally, a new double-acquisition ATR-SSFP technique reduces this sensitivity to off-resonance. In vivo results indicate that the two ATR-based techniques provide more reliable contrast when partial volume effects are significant.
To Create What You Tell: Generating Videos from Captions (2018)

We are creating multimedia contents everyday and everywhere. While automatic content generation has played a fundamental challenge to multimedia community for decades, recent advances of deep learning have made this problem feasible. For example, the Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) is a rewarding approach to synthesize images. Nevertheless, it is not trivial when capitalizing on GANs to generate videos. The difficulty originates from the intrinsic structure where a video is a sequence of visually coherent and semantically dependent frames. This motivates us to explore semantic and temporal coherence in designing GANs to generate videos. In this paper, we present a novel Temporal GANs conditioning on Captions, namely TGANs-C, in which the input to the generator network is a concatenation of a latent noise vector and caption embedding, and then is transformed into a frame sequence with 3D spatio-temporal convolutions. Unlike the naive discriminator which only judges pairs as fake or real, our discriminator additionally notes whether the video matches the correct caption. In particular, the discriminator network consists of three discriminators: video discriminator classifying realistic videos from generated ones and optimizes video-caption matching, frame discriminator discriminating between real and fake frames and aligning frames with the conditioning caption, and motion discriminator emphasizing the philosophy that the adjacent frames in the generated videos should be smoothly connected as in real ones. We qualitatively demonstrate the capability of our TGANs-C to generate plausible videos conditioning on the given captions on two synthetic datasets (SBMG and TBMG) and one real-world dataset (MSVD). Moreover, quantitative experiments on MSVD are performed to validate our proposal via Generative Adversarial Metric and human study.
New Perspectives on the Chemotherapy of Malaria, Filariasis, and Leprosy (1974)

The great advances made in chemotherapy during this century have enabled some measure of control of the major killing diseases of the tropics. Notwithstanding past progress, man today is confronted by a catalog of challenging problems, and the incentive to develop novel and improved antiinfective agents has not diminished. Adequate drugs are still lacking for the treatment of many chronic and debilitating diseases including leishmaniasis, Chagas’ disease, filariasis, schistosomiasis, clonorchiasis, trichuriasis, strongyloidiasis, and leprosy. Moreover, reports of drug resistance have often followed advances in chemotherapy like a ‘faithful shadow’, and this shadow will no doubt lengthen in the future. The philosophy of global eradication of communicable diseases [1] and the evolution of techniques for its achievement have added a new dimension to research in parasite chemotherapy, namely the urgent need for drugs with protracted action. While the clinician interested in treating an individual often has a variety of good drugs at his disposal and may feel little need for new agents, the public health worker, whose aim is the ultimate eradication of a disease from an entire community, faces problems of a magnitude and type not encountered by the clinician and is frequently unable to achieve his objective of total coverage with currently available drugs. Future progress in parasite chemotherapy will depend mainly on an increased awareness of such critical problems and needs and on appropriate recognition of biochemical processes within both parasite and host. Intensive efforts to develop useful agents for the treatment of parasitic diseases of livestock, poultry, and other domestic animals have also yielded a variety of promising new substances, and the benefits derived from interplay between human and veterinary research are already apparent.
Structure of the human lactate dehydrogenase B gene (1989)

Human genomic clones containing parts of the lactate dehydrogenase B (LDH-B) gene (approx. 25 kb in length) were isolated and characterized. The protein-coding sequence of human LDH-B gene is interrupted by six introns at codons nos. 42-43, 82, 140, 198, 237 and 278-279, and the positions of these introns are homologous to those of LDH-A genes from man and mouse. The 5' non-coding region of human LDH-B gene is interrupted by an intron six nucleotide residues upstream of the ATG translation-initiation site, whereas those of human and mouse LDH-A genes are interrupted at 24 nucleotide residues 5' to the ATG initiation codon. As is the case of LDH-A genes from man and mouse, there is no intron in the 3' non-coding region of human LDH-B gene.
Morphology and Rheological Properties of Polyacrylamide/Bentonite Organic Crosslinking Composite Gel (2019)

The use of polymer gel for water control and oil addition is a common technical method in oilfield development. The polymer and hydrated bentonite react under the action of an organic crosslinking agent to form a composite gel. The particle-size change and microstructure of the composite gel were analyzed via shear thinning, thixotropic, viscoelastic, and start-up stress rheology experiments. The experimental results show that the polyacrylamide/bentonite organic crosslinked composite gel was a gel system with bentonite as the core aggregate structure, and the large particle-size distribution was mostly increased with increasing crosslinker content. The composite gel presented shear thinning characteristics, the content of bentonite or crosslinking agent was increased, and the shear resistance was stronger at a high shear rate. The composite gel exhibited positive thixotropic properties, and the thixotropy increased with increasing bentonite content. The composite gel had good viscoelastic characteristics, the elastic characteristics of the composite gel showed more significantly with bentonite increases, and the viscosity of the composite gel showed its characteristics more significantly with the crosslinking agent increased. After loading at a rate on the composite gel, the shear stress increased significantly with time and reached its maximum value, and then the shear stress decreased and gradually stabilized.
Rigless Operation to Restore Wellbore Integrity using Synthetic-based Resin Sealants (2014)

Abstract Sound wellbore construction and maintenance are essential to the successful development and production of hydrocarbons from unconventional resources. During the development of a Polish shale play near the Ukrainian border, the integrity of a well under construction became compromised resulting from a breach in an external casing packer on the production string. Successful completion of this well could require fracture-stimulation operations at pressures up to 9,000 psi, which would be impossible, unless the breach could be repaired. A cementing valve just above the breached packer had already reduced the inside diameter (ID) of the 4 1/2-in. production string to 3.827 in. The difficulty of running a casing patch in this restricted environment and the further diameter reductions eliminated this option from being a preferred solution. In addition, the high pressures associated with fracturing operations warranted an innovative solution, rather than a conventional approach. Recently commercialized resins have displayed the ability to withstand stresses higher than 10,000 psi and compressive strains greater than 40% without failure. However, case histories on field deployment of these materials, their ability to be drilled, and performance after hydraulic fracturing were essentially non-existent. This paper presents a case history on the laboratory development of a customized resin solution, the rigless operation using coiled tubing (CT) to place the materials and repair the breached packer, and the drillout after placement. Effectiveness of the remedial operation was determined by subsequent pressure testing. After restoring wellbore integrity, hydraulic fracturing operations were completed and successful production from this well began.
Generation and detection of plasmonic nanobubbles in zebrafish (2010)

The zebrafish embryo has been evaluated as an in vivo model for plasmonic nanobubble (PNB) generation and detection at nanoscale. The embryo is easily observed and manipulated utilizing the same methodology as for application of PNBs in vitro. Injection and irradiation of gold nanoparticles with a short laser pulse resulted in generation of PNBs in zebrafish with similar parameters as for PNBs generated in water and cultured living cells. These PNBs do not result in systemic damage, thus we demonstrated an in vivo model for rapid and precise testing of plasmonic nanotechnologies.
Polymorphism and Crystallization of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) (2009)

Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), frequently delivered to the patient in the solid-state as part of an approved dosage form, can exist in such diverse solid forms as polymorphs, pseudopolymorphs, salts, co-crystals and amorphous solids. Various solid forms often display different mechanical, thermal, physical and chemical properties that can remarkably influence the bioavailability, hygroscopicity, stability and other performance characteristics of the drug. Hence, a thorough understanding of the relationship between the particular solid form of an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) and its functional properties is important in selecting the most suitable form of the API for development into a drug product. In past decades, there have been significant efforts on the discovery, selection and control of the solid forms of APIs and bulk drugs. This contribution discusses the thermodynamics and kinetics of polymorphic systems, the characterization of polymorphs, and the transformation between polymorphs. The major techniques for polymorph discovery and control developed in the past years are discussed as well.
Tourism Marketing Communications on a Chinese Social Media Platform (2014)

Social media have become important communicative platforms for tourism marketers but it is not clear if and how the communicative language of marketerto- consumer is different from consumer-to-consumer. Given the enormous growth of both tourism and social media in China, this paper focuses on patterns in language use by the Chinese tourism marketers on Weibo. Using systemic semiotic approach, it selects and investigates two corpora of communication on Weibo - tourism to consumer and consumer to consumer. This study expects to provide the firm understanding and categorize the patterns in the language used by Chinese social media marketers so that differences to consumer language can be identified and tourism marketers can learn about language conventions apparent in these social media.
Control of electro-chemical processes using energy harvesting materials and devices (2017)

Energy harvesting is a topic of intense interest that aims to convert ambient forms of energy such as mechanical motion, light and heat, which are otherwise wasted, into useful energy. In many cases the energy harvester or nanogenerator converts motion, heat or light into electrical energy, which is subsequently rectified and stored within capacitors for applications such as wireless and self-powered sensors or low-power electronics. This review covers the new and emerging area that aims to directly couple energy harvesting materials and devices with electro-chemical systems. The harvesting approaches to be covered include pyroelectric, piezoelectric, triboelectric, flexoelectric, thermoelectric and photovoltaic effects. These are used to influence a variety of electro-chemical systems such as applications related to water splitting, catalysis, corrosion protection, degradation of pollutants, disinfection of bacteria and material synthesis. Comparisons are made between the range harvesting approaches and the modes of operation are described. Future directions for the development of electro-chemical harvesting systems are highlighted and the potential for new applications and hybrid approaches are discussed.
Treatment strategy of coronary type m perforation during percutaneous coronary intervention (2013)

Objective To investigate the treatment strategy of coronary tape Ⅲ perforation during percutaneous coronary intervention.Methods The clinical data of 11 cases of coronary tape Ⅲ perforation during percutaneous coronary intervention in our hospital were retrospectively analyzed.Results From May 2002 to Oct 2012,11 cases (0.27％) of coronary tape Ⅲ perforation in a total of 4036 PCI procedures were experienced.In those cases,restoration was attempted by long inflation of a balloon in 4 cases,implantation of a covered stent graft in 5 cases,4 patients complicated with cardiac tamponade,and 2 patients died after administration of protamine.Conclusions Coronary tape Ⅲ perforation during PCI is a rare complication,but is associated with significant mortality.Rapid diagnosis and active treatment are key points to reduce fatal cardiac events.

Key words: 
Percutaneous coronary intervention;  Coronary perforation;  Cardiac tamponade