gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biosynthesis of rotenone and amorphigenin. Study of the origins of isopropenyl-substituted dihydrofuran E-rings using isotopically labelled late precursors (1992)

Whilst epoxidation of rot-2′-enonic acid is the most likely source of dalpanol in Amorpha fruticosa seedlings, administration of (5′R,6′S)-[7′-3H]dalpanol shows that it is not an intermediate on the path to rotenone and amorphigenin. Labelled 4′-hydroxy- or 5′-hydroxy-rot-2′-enonic acid also do not qualify as intermediates in rotenone biosynthesis, but they are each converted into amorphigenin with chemospecific attack on the methyl group. By administration and re-isolation of [8′-14C]amorphigenin from A. fruticosa seedlings, our earlier conclusion that hydroxylation of rotenone to form amorphigenin proceeds with even label scrambling between C-7′ and C-8′, probably via an allylic radical, is confirmed. Competitive double-labelling experiments are employed to support a scheme in which rotenone derives directly from rot-2′-enonic acid by an enzyme-induced radical-type reaction without the intervention of an hydroxylated intermediate, and the two labelled hydroxyrot-2′-enonic acids are similarly cyclised using their methyl groups. The incorporations into amorphigenin of labelled 4- and 5-hydroxyrot-2′-enonic acids, both of which are shown to occur naturally in A. fruticosa, are similar, but only about one sixth that of rotenone.This, and our related biosynthetic work, rests on an extensive programme of isotopic labelling and reconstructive synthesis. Our earlier method for making [7′-14C]-rotenone has been improved, and similar procedures adapted for [7′-13C]- and [7′-14C]-amorphigenin, 8′-Labelled rotenones are made by a positional interchange using addition of benzeneselenenyl chloride and elimination of the selenoxide, whilst [8′-14C]amorphigenin is made via addition of phenylselenophthalimida. Unlabelled amorphigenin can be isotopically labelled by oxidation to the aldehyde and reduction using sodium borodeuteride or borotritide and a method additional to those we have described earlier is given for tritium labelling of rot-2′-enonic acid. [13C]- and [14C]-Labelling in the 5′-position of 4′-and 5′-hydroxyrot-2′-enonic acids can be attained through the catalytic hydrogenolysis of [7′-14C]amorphigenin though special methods must be used to scrub the samples totally free from the latter. Methods based on the hydrolysis of labelled 4′-bromorot-2′-enonic acid are also described, and 4′-tritium-labelled 4′-hydroxyrot-2′-enonic acid is made from unlabelled material, or from rot-2′-enonic acid, by simple oxidation/reduction methods.
A kinetic study of the synthesis of ascorbate fatty acid esters catalysed by immobilized lipase in organic media (2000)

The kinetics of the synthesis of L-ascorbyl laurate and L-ascorbyl palmitate catalysed by immobilized lipase from L-ascorbic acid and an acyl donor (lauric acid, palmic acid and their methyl and ethyl esters) in 2-methylbutan-2-ol have been investigated. The factors affecting the reaction rate (shaking speed, temperature, water activity, enzyme concentration as well as substrate concentration) are discussed. The reaction conditions have been optimized as follows: shaking speed 200 rev./min, temperature 55 degrees C, enzyme 17-20% (w/w of substrate) for these substrates. The most suitable substrate concentration for all of these substrates was 300 mmol/l. The reactions were modelled. For lauric acid, methyl laurate and ethyl laurate: K(m)=74.3, 48.97 and 55.8 mmol/l, respectively; and V(max)=0.010764, 0.0114, 0.01116 mmol.min(-1).g(-1), respectively. The most suitable substrate was methyl laurate. For palmic acid, methyl palmitate and ethyl palmitate: K(m)=102, 94.9 and 104 mmol/l, respectively; and V(max)=0.0417, 0.0424 and 0.0435 mmol.min(-1).g(-1), respectively. The most suitable substrate was methyl palmitate.
Chemotherapeutic drugs and human tumor cells cytokine network (2008)

The ability of human tumor cell lines to produce various cytokines, chemokines, angiogenic and growth factors was investigated using Luminex multiplex technology. Media conditioned by tumor cells protected tumor cells from drug-induced apoptosis and stimulated tumor cell proliferation. Antibodies neutralizing IL-6, CXCL8, CCL2 and CCL5 blocked this stimulation. Treatment of tumor cells with doxorubicin and cisplatin resulted in a substantial increase in the production of IL-6, CXCL8, CCL2, CCL5, BFGF, G-CSF and VEGF. This stimulation was associated with drug-induced activation of NF-kappaB, AP-1, AP-2, CREB, HIF-1, STAT-1, STAT-3, STAT-5 and ATF-2 transcription factors and upregulation of IL-6, CXCL8, FGF-2, CSF-3 and CCL5 gene expression. Treatment of tumor cells with doxorubicin and antibodies neutralizing G-CSF, CCL2 or CCL5 had higher inhibitory effects than each modality used alone. These results indicate that chemokines and growth factors produced by tumor by binding to the cognate receptors on tumor and stroma cells could provide proliferative and antiapoptotic signals helping tumor to escape drug-mediated destruction. Clinical studies showed that antibodies neutralizing VEGF (Avastin/Bevacizumab) or blocking HER2/neu signaling (Herceptin/Trastuzumab) could increase the efficacy of chemotherapy, although these beneficial effects have been limited. It is possible that drug-stimulated production of growth and proangiogenic factors could counterbalance the effects of antibody therapy. In addition, numerous growth factors and chemokines share angiogenic and growth-stimulating properties, and thus reduction of a single factor is insufficient to completely block tumor growth. Thus, a broad disruption of tumor cytokine network is needed to further increase the efficacy of cancer therapy.
Transmission Line Protection System for Increasing Power System Requirements (2005)

This paper describes a protective relay for fast and reliable transmission line protection that combines elements that respond only to transient conditions with elements that respond to transient and steady state conditions. In this paper, we also present an algorithm that prevents Zone 1 distance element overreach in series-compensated line applications and show how to prevent corruption of the distance element polarization during pole-open conditions. We also introduce an efficient frequency estimation logic for single-pole-tripping (SPT) applications with line-side potentials. This logic prevents distance element misoperation during a system frequency excursion when one pole is open. We also discuss an algorithm and logic to prevent single-pole reclosing while the fault is present, avoiding additional power system damage and minimizing system disturbance. Applying these algorithms and logics results in a protective system suitable for increasing power system requirements such as heavy loading, SPT, series line compensation, and shunt line compensation.
Barrier techniques for incremental tracing (1998)

This paper presents a classification of barrier techniques for interleaving tracing with mutator operation during an incremental garbage collection. The two useful tricolour invariants are derived from more elementary considerations of graph traversal. Barrier techniques for maintaining these invariants are classified according to the action taken at the barrier (such as scanning an object or changing its colour), and it is shown that the algorithms described in the literature cover all the possibilities except one. Unfortunately, the new technique is impractical. Ways of combining barrier techniques are also discussed.
The selective oxidation of benzyl alcohols in a membrane reactor (2001)

The selective oxidation of benzyl alcohols by hypochlorite and a phase transfer catalyst has been successfully carried out in a membrane reactor.
Approaches to the Integration of Electrochemistry and Biotechnology II. The Horseradish Peroxidase Catalyzed Oxidation of 2,4,6‐Trimethylphenol by Electrogenerated Hydrogen Peroxide (1999)

The products from the horseradish peroxidase catalyzed oxidation of 2,4,6‐trimethylphenol using in situ electrogenerated hydrogen peroxide are compared with those obtained by the equivalent homogeneous oxidation using commercial hydrogen peroxide. Both procedures can lead to 3.5‐dimethyl‐4‐hydroxybenzyl alcohol, 3,5‐dimethyl‐4‐hydroxybenzaldehyde, and 2,6‐dimethylbenzoquinone, but only the electrochemical procedure leads also to the isolation of 4‐(4‐hydroxy‐3,5‐dimethylbenzyloxy)‐2,4,6‐trimethylcylcohex‐2,5‐dienone. Moreover, this interesting polyfunctional compound can be formed in chemical yields ∼50%. © 1999 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Cloning and Characterization of Red Clover Polyphenol Oxidase cDNAs and Expression of Active Protein in <i>Escherichia coli</i> and Transgenic Alfalfa (2004)

Red clover (Trifolium pratense) leaves contain high levels of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity and o-diphenol substrates. Wounding of leaves during harvest and ensiling results in browning of leaf tissues from activity of PPO on the o-diphenols. In association with browning, leaf proteins remain undegraded during ensiling, presumably due to PPO-generated o-quinone inhibition of leaf proteases. We cloned three red clover PPO cDNAs, PPO1, PPO2, and PPO3, from a leaf cDNA library. Sequence comparisons among the three red clover PPO clones indicated they are 87% to 90% identical at the nucleotide level (80%-83% amino acid identity). All three encode proteins predicted to localize to the chloroplast thylakoid lumen. RNA-blotting and immunoblotting experiments indicated PPO1 is expressed primarily in young leaves, PPO2 in flowers and petioles, and PPO3 in leaves and possibly flowers. We expressed mature PPO1 in Escherichia coli. A portion of the expressed protein was soluble and functional in an assay for PPO activity. We also expressed the red clover PPO cDNAs under the control of a constitutive promoter in alfalfa (Medicago sativa). The expressed red clover PPO proteins were active in alfalfa extracts as evidenced by o-diphenol-dependant extract browning and quantitative assays of PPO activity. Proteolysis in leaf extracts of alfalfa expressing red clover PPO1 was dramatically reduced in the presence of an o-diphenol compared to controls. Transgenic alfalfa expressing red clover PPO should prove an excellent model system to further characterize the red clover PPO enzymes and PPO-mediated inhibition of postharvest proteolysis in forage plants.
Circularly symmetric watermark embedding in 2-D DFT domain (1999)

This paper presents an algorithm for rotation and scale invariant watermarking of digital images. An invisible mark is embedded in magnitude of the DFT domain. It is robust to compression, filtering, cropping, translation and rotation. The watermark introduces image changes that are invisible to the human eye. The detection algorithm does not require the original image.
Thermodynamics of Unfolding of Lysozyme in Aqueous Alcohol Solutions (1973)

Abstract The thermal denaturation of lysozyme in aqueous alcohol solutions has been investigated through ultraviolet difference spectrophotometry and optical rotation measurements. Alcohols used were CH3OH, C2H5OH, and C3H7OH; concentrations up to 50% (v/v) of alcohol in water were employed. It was found that upon increasing the size or the concentration of the aliphatic alcohol, the denaturation temperature is gradually depressed. At low alcohol concentration, the α helix content of the protein decreases through the thermal transition. However, on increasing alcohol size or concentration, the α helix content goes through a maximum during denaturation. Apparent equilibrium constants and corresponding van't Hoff heats of denaturation were determined. The data indicate that the depression of the denaturation temperature due to addition of alcohols is essentially entropy dependent. It is suggested that these results may be explained in terms of a theoretical expression containing a binding constant for the alcohol to the nonpolar sites of the protein plus a diluent term accounting for changes in the dilution parameters of different conformers.
Atomic-scale structure and photoluminescence of InAs quantum dots in GaAs and AlAs (2005)

We have determined the size, shape, and composition of $\mathrm{In}\mathrm{As}∕\mathrm{Ga}\mathrm{As}$ quantum dots (QDs) and InAs QDs embedded in an AlAs barrier by cross-sectional scanning tunneling microscopy. The outward relaxation and lattice constant of the cleaved surface of the QDs and their wetting layers were calculated using continuum elasticity theory and compared with experimental data in order to determine the indium concentration of the dots. Based on the structural results we have calculated the electronic ground states of the dots using a single band, effective mass approach. We find that the calculated ground state photoluminescence energy of the $\mathrm{In}\mathrm{As}∕\mathrm{Ga}\mathrm{As}$ dots is in excellent agreement with the measured energy. The observed large width of the PL spectrum of $\mathrm{In}\mathrm{As}∕\mathrm{Al}\mathrm{As}$ dots can be attributed to $\ensuremath{\Gamma}\text{\ensuremath{-}}\ensuremath{\Gamma}$ electron-hole recombination within an ensemble of dots with sizes varying between $2.4--4.2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ in height and $10--20\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ along the base diagonal. We find that the electron-hole wave function overlap of small $\mathrm{In}\mathrm{As}∕\mathrm{Al}\mathrm{As}$ QDs is 7.6 times larger than that of $\mathrm{In}\mathrm{As}∕\mathrm{Ga}\mathrm{As}$ QDs grown under the same conditions. This supports the explanation of the long decay times in $\mathrm{In}\mathrm{As}∕\mathrm{Al}\mathrm{As}$ dots by an enhanced exciton exchange splitting.
Application of an indirect immunofluorescence test for detection of Mycoplasma pneumoniae in respiratory exudates (1991)

We prepared polyclonal antibody specific to Mycoplasma pneumoniae and examined the conditions influencing the ability of an indirect immunofluorescence test to detect the specific antigen in respiratory exudates. The antibody did not cross-react with normal human serum or with respiratory exudates from 10 healthy persons. Cross-reactivity of the antibody with species of mycoplasmas other than M. genitalium was fully diminished when absorbed with horse serum and yeast extract, components of the culture medium. Though the absorbed antibody cross-reacted with M. genitalium, the titer was significantly lower than when tested against M. pneumoniae. Two types of antigen-specific fluorescence were observed in clinical specimens: one is large or small fluorescent granular aggregates found in mucus, and the other is fine fluorescent particles diffused on the entire surface of small epithelial cells. Throat smears from 49 patients with serologically confirmed M. pneumoniae infections were examined by our indirect immunofluorescence method. Positive results were obtained in 42 cases, many of which were positive before a rise in serum antibody titer could be demonstrated, indicating that the method is useful for a preliminary diagnosis at an early stage of the infection.
Inversion of normal-incidence (R,T) measurements to obtain n + ik for thin films (1986)

A new algorithm is described for numerical inversion of the equations Texp = T(n,k) and Rexp = R(n,k), where Texp and Rexp are measured normal-incidence transmission and reflection of a thin film on a thick substrate, and n + ik is the complex index of refraction of the thin film. The procedure simultaneously provides all pairs (n,k) consistent with the values of (T,R) measured at a specific wavelength and known film thickness. It requires no initial estimates for n and k.
Decentralized and Embedded Management for Smart Buildings (2011)

Abstract. Future buildings will be smart to support personalized people comfort and building energy efficiency as well as safety, emergency, and context-aware information exchange scenarios. In this work we propose a decentralized and embedded architecture based on agents and wireless sensor and actuator networks for enabling efficient and effective management of buildings. The main purpose of the agent-based architecture, which is currently implemented in MAPS, is to efficiently support distributed and coordinated sensing and actuation operations. The high modularity of the proposed architecture allows for easy adaptation of higher-level application-specific agents that can therefore exploit the architecture to implement intelligent building management policies.
Demonstration of a Microfabricated High-Speed Turbine Supported on Gas Bearings (2000)

A single-crystal silicon air turbine supported on gas lubricated bearings has been operated in a controlled and sustained manner at rotational speeds greater then 1 million rpm and power levels approaching 5 W. The device is a second-generation version of the microbearing rig first reported by Lin et al. [l], and is the first micromachine to operate at circumferential tip speeds of hundreds of meters per second, comparable to conventional scale turbomachinery.
Temporal landmark validation in CML (2004)

Current techniques to concurrent map building and localization (CML) have been devised for static environments, and lack robustness in more realistic situations. In this communication we provide new ideas that extend the typical stochastic estimation approach to CML, to take into account the dynamics of the environment. The basic idea consists on using the history of data association mismatches for the computation of the likelihood of future data association. The incorporation of a novel temporal landmark quality test, together with the spatial compatibility tests already available, help alleviate the difficulty of data association. We propose a pair of temporal landmark quality functions to aid in those situations in which landmark observations might not be consistent in time; and show how by incorporating these functions, the overall estimation-theoretic approach to CML is improved. Special attention is paid in that the removal of landmarks from the map does not violate the basic convergence properties of the localization and map building algorithms already described in the literature. Namely, asymptotic convergence and full correlation.
Development of a stretchable concave imaging membrane mirror of variable focus (1988)

Abstract : The report describes the evolution of a plastic membrane, variable focus, concave imaging mirror, a 'zoom' mirror. A partial vacuum behind the membrane is used to create a uniform pressure difference across the membrane and force it back into a concave shape. Range of curvatures (obtainable) is from the flat to F/0.5, the classical limit for imaging in concave mirrors. Plastic membranes have been metallized with surface roughnesses down to 10 angstroms, as good as any mirror polished to date. Shearing interferometry has been used to study mirror symmetry. Frames are being evolved to support the membrane in such a way that the mirrors will be interferometrically symmetrical and capable of excellent imaging. Plastic membranes can be obtained to 17 meters wide, enabling mirrors to around 50 feet in diameter to be built and capable of optical imaging. A space mirror has been built, capable of operation even in a total vacuum. The mirrors are vacuum sealed and can retain any one curvature for long periods of time. The mirrors have been used with gas lasers to create very large sized holograms and white light holograms. Great Britain.
Type II and III Receptors for Immunoglobulin G (IgG) Control the Presentation of Different T Cell Epitopes from Single IgG-complexed Antigens (1998)

T cell receptors on CD4(+) lymphocytes recognize antigen-derived peptides presented by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules. A very limited set of peptides among those that may potentially bind MHC class II is actually presented to T lymphocytes. We here examine the role of two receptors mediating antigen internalization by antigen presenting cells, type IIb2 and type III receptors for IgG (FcgammaRIIb2 and FcgammaRIII, respectively), in the selection of peptides for presentation to T lymphocytes. B lymphoma cells expressing recombinant FcgammaRIIb2 or FcgammaRIII were used to assess the presentation of several epitopes from two different antigens. 4 out of the 11 epitopes tested were efficiently presented after antigen internalization through FcgammaRIIb2 and FcgammaRIII. In contrast, the 7 other epitopes were efficiently presented only when antigens were internalized through FcgammaRIII, but not through FcgammaRIIb2. The capacity to present these latter epitopes was transferred to a tail-less FcgammaRIIb2 by addition of the FcgammaRIII-associated gamma chain cytoplasmic tail. Mutation of a single leucine residue at position 35 of the gamma chain cytoplasmic tail resulted in the selective loss of presentation of these epitopes. Therefore, the nature of the receptor that mediates internalization determines the selection of epitopes presented to T lymphocytes within single protein antigens.
Non-invasive prenatal determination of fetal sex: translating research into clinical practice (2010)

The effectiveness and clinical utility of non-invasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) for fetal sex determination using cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) was assessed by undertaking a prospective national audit of UK testing. NIPD was performed using real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of the DYS14 or SRY gene in cffDNA extracted from maternal plasma. All cases referred for fetal sex determination from 1 April 2006 to 31 March 2009 were ascertained from two laboratories offering the test. Fetal gender determined by NIPD was compared with that based on ultrasound, invasive test or phenotype at birth. Indication and rate of invasive testing was ascertained. In the first year, results were issued in 150/161 pregnancies tested. Of the 135 with outcome data, results were concordant in 130/135 [96.3% (95% CI 91.6-98.8%)]. Reporting criteria were changed and in the subsequent 511 pregnancies the concordancy rate increased to 401/403 [99.5% (95% CI 98.2-99.9%)]. Over the 3 years only 32.9% (174/528) underwent invasive testing. NIPD for fetal sex determination using cffDNA is highly accurate when performed in National Health Service laboratories if stringent reporting criteria are applied. Parents should be advised of the small risk of discordant results and possible need for repeat testing to resolve inconclusive results.
Performance driven global routing and wiring rule generation for high speed PCBs and MCMs (1995)

A new approach for performance-driven routing in highly congested high speed MCMs and PCBs is presented.Global routing is employed to manage delay, signal integrity and congestion simultaneously.I n terconnect performance prediction models are generated through simulations.The global routing results and performance prediction models are used to generate bounds on the net lengths which can be used by a detailed router to satisfy constraints on interconnect performance.
Adhesive properties and iron uptake ability in Escherichia coli lethal and nonlethal for chicks. (1985)

Escherichia coli that are virulent for poultry usually result in a respiratory disease, which is frequently followed by a general infection. Adhesiveness of E. coli to epithelial cells and iron-uptake ability of E. coli could be involved in different steps of the disease. These properties were studied in 59 E. coli strains originating from poultry, with reference to lethality for day-old chicks. Adhesive properties were found in 64% of the lethal strains and in only 23% of the nonlethal strains. The ability to grow in limited iron conditions was strongly correlated with lethality. Fifty-two percent of the lethal E. coli strains, but none of the nonlethal strains, possessed both adhesive and iron-uptake abilities. It is suggested that these two properties play a role in the virulence of E. coli for poultry.