gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spectrum of Rhodopsin Mutations in French Autosomal Dominant Rod–Cone Dystrophy Patients (2010)

The coding exons and flanking intronic regions of RHO were PCR amplified, purified, and sequenced in the index patient. RESULTS. Of this French adRP sample, 16.5% carried an RHO mutation. Three different families showed a novel mutation (p. Leu88Pro, p.Met207Lys and p.Gln344Pro), while ten unrelated families showed recurrent, previously published mutations (p.Asn15Ser, p.Leu131Pro, p.Arg135Trp, p.Ser334GlyfsX21 and p.Pro347Leu). All mutations co-segregated with the phenotype within a family, and the novel mutations were not identified in control samples. CONCLUSIONS. This study revealed that the prevalence of RHO mutations in French adRP patients is in accordance with that in other studies from Europe. Most of the changes identified herein reflect recurrent mutations, within which p.Pro347Leu substitution is the most prevalent. Nevertheless, almost one fourth of the changes are novel, indicating that, although RHO is the first gene implicated and probably the most studied gene in RP, it is still important performing mutation analysis in RHO to detect novel changes. The detailed phenotype-genotype analyses in all available family members deliver the basis for therapeutic approaches in those families.
Optimization of Culture Conditions for Human In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer (1998)

Approximately 20 years ago the first child conceived with in vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer was born in England. Although overall pregnancy rates and delivery rates after IVF have improved over the years, success between IVF clinics can vary as much as tenfold. The factors that influence the success rate include type of patient, ovarian stimulation protocol, quality of oocytes, culture conditions, handling of gametes and embryos, quality of embryos, embryo transfer technique, and endometrial receptivity. Culture conditions and handling of gametes and embryos will be reviewed with the hope of improving success of human IVF. The ongoing clinical pregnancy rates in our program increased from about 30% in 1995 and 1996 to about 50% in 1997. Improved embryo culture conditions and embryo cryopreservation technology should not only increase fresh but also frozen-thawed embryo transfer pregnancy. This will make IVF efficient and cost-effective while achieving high overall pregnancy rates with lower multiple pregnancy rates.
Rapid detection and further characterization of infection with hepatitis B virus variants containing a stop codon in the distal pre-C region (1990)

Recently, hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication in the absence of HBe antigenaemia has been attributed to HBV variants with a TAG stop codon in the distal pre-C region associated with one or two point mutations. We describe here a rapid detection method for the diagnosis of such HBeAg-negative HBV variants using selective oligonucleotide hybridization. The entire pre-C region was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction and hybridized under stringent conditions with non-mutated (M0), one (M1) and two (M2) point-mutated oligonucleotide probes. Of the 15 HBeAg-positive (group I) and 20 HBeAg-negative (group II) serum samples studied, 14 samples in group I and one sample in group II hybridized with M0 only and 18 samples in group II hybridized with M1 or M2, or both. The remaining two samples (from groups I and II, respectively) failed to hybridize with any of the three probes. DNA sequencing confirmed mixed distal pre-C sequences in samples hybridizing with more than one probe and also revealed novel mutations in the distal pre-C region of the two samples which failed to hybridize with any of the probes. The latter sample had a +2 frameshift and hence represented a new type of HBeAg-negative HBV variant. This method may therefore prove useful in the diagnosis of infections by HBeAg-negative HBV variants resulting from common mutations in the pre-C region, as well as for the identification of less common variants with novel mutations in the same region.
El ejemplo de la literatura greco-romana en el Pedagogo (I-II) de Clemente de Alejandría (1994)

Sin resumen
High-Mobility Field-Effect Transistors from Large-Area Solution-Grown Aligned C<sub>60</sub> Single Crystals (2012)

Field-effect transistors based on single crystals of organic semiconductors have the highest reported charge carrier mobility among organic materials, demonstrating great potential of organic semiconductors for electronic applications. However, single-crystal devices are difficult to fabricate. One of the biggest challenges is to prepare dense arrays of single crystals over large-area substrates with controlled alignment. Here, we describe a solution processing method to grow large arrays of aligned C(60) single crystals. Our well-aligned C(60) single-crystal needles and ribbons show electron mobility as high as 11 cm(2)V(-1)s(-1) (average mobility: 5.2 ± 2.1 cm(2)V(-1)s(-1) from needles; 3.0 ± 0.87 cm(2)V(-1)s(-1) from ribbons). This observed mobility is ~8-fold higher than the maximum reported mobility for solution-grown n-channel organic materials (1.5 cm(2)V(-1)s(-1)) and is ~2-fold higher than the highest mobility of any n-channel organic material (~6 cm(2)V(-1)s(-1)). Furthermore, our deposition method is scalable to a 100 mm wafer substrate, with around 50% of the wafer surface covered by aligned crystals. Hence, our method facilitates the fabrication of large amounts of high-quality semiconductor crystals for fundamental studies, and with substantial improvement on the surface coverage of crystals, this method might be suitable for large-area applications based on single crystals of organic semiconductors.
Synthesis of a Bis(pyridyl)-Substituted Perylene Diimide Ligand and Incorporation into a Supramolecular Rhomboid and Rectangle via Coordination Driven Self-Assembly (2004)

The synthesis of a bis(pyridyl)-substituted perylene diimide ligand and its incorporation into a supramolecular rhomboid and rectangle via platinum-mediated self-assembly is reported. Both ensembles are characterized by multinuclear NMR and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. In addition, the UV/vis spectra of the ensembles exhibit displaced and enhanced absorptions relative to the starting ligand. Size estimations using MM2 simulations show the assemblies are almost 46 A in length.
A six degree-of-freedom, hydraulic, one person motion simulator (2002)

This paper describes the design of a one-person hydraulic motion simulator with six degrees of freedom. An inverted, ceiling-mounted Stewart platform design enables the use of narrower hydraulic cylinders than required with floor-mounted designs, and significantly reduces hydraulic flow requirements and hence the cost. The paper details the platform geometry, shows the effectiveness of Newton's method in solving the direct kinematics, and describes a tested hydraulic system design. Issues of control and safety are also addressed. It is expected that this motion simulator will provide 9.8 m/s/sup 2/, 400/spl deg//s/sup 2/ accelerations and 1 m/s, 30/spl deg//s speeds to a 250 kg payload with 1 m, 45/spl deg/ displacements from a nominal center. Preliminary experiments at low-pressure have been encouraging.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Biofunctionalized Lysophosphatidic Acid/Silk Fibroin Film for Cornea Endothelial Cell Regeneration (2018)

Cornea endothelial cells (CEnCs) tissue engineering is a great challenge to repair diseased or damaged CEnCs and require an appropriate biomaterial to support cell proliferation and differentiation. Biomaterials for CEnCs tissue engineering require biocompatibility, tunable biodegradability, transparency, and suitable mechanical properties. Silk fibroin-based film (SF) is known to meet these factors, but construction of functionalized graft for bioengineering of cornea is still a challenge. Herein, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is used to maintain and increase the specific function of CEnCs. The LPA and SF composite film (LPA/SF) was fabricated in this study. Mechanical properties and in vitro studies were performed using a rabbit model to demonstrate the characters of LPA/SF. ATR-FTIR was characterized to identify chemical composition of the films. The morphological and physical properties were performed by SEM, AFM, transparency, and contact angle. Initial cell density and MTT were performed for adhesion and cell viability in the SF and LPA/SF film. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR) and immunofluorescence were performed to examine gene and protein expression. The results showed that films were designed appropriately for CEnCs delivery. Compared to pristine SF, LPA/SF showed higher biocompatibility, cell viability, and expression of CEnCs specific genes and proteins. These indicate that LPA/SF, a new biomaterial, offers potential benefits for CEnCs tissue engineering for regeneration.
Self-assembly of virus-like particles of porcine circovirus type 2 capsid protein expressed from Escherichia coli (2010)

we have, for the first time, utilized the SUMO fusion motif to successfully express the entire authentic Cap protein of PCV2 in E. coli. After the cleavage of the fusion motif, the nCap protein has the ability to self-assemble into VLPs, which can be used as as a potential vaccine to protect pigs from PCV2-infection.
Modeling, Identification, and Compensation of Channel Mismatch Errors in Time-Interleaved Analog-to-Digital Converters (2005)

Moderne Signalverarbeitungsanwendungen, wie sie in der Nachrichtentechnik und Messtechnik verwendet werden, benötigen sehr schnelle Analog-Digital-Umsetzer (ADU), was durch eine räumlich parallele Anordnung von zeitlich versetzt arbeitenden ADUs (ADU-Array) erreicht werden kann. Die zeitliche Verschiebung ermöglicht, im Vergleich
Extraneous Frequencies Generated in Air Carrying Intense Sound Waves* (1935)

The exact equation of the propagation of plane sound waves in air is not linear and consequently harmonics and combination tones are generated. The pressure of these extraneous frequencies in terms of the fundamental pressure, frequency, and distance from the source has been mathematically determined by Rayleigh, Lamb and others. These equations have been applied to an exponential horn. Measurements of the second harmonic and combination tones have been made at various points within a long tube, and in front of an exponential horn. Measurements, in general, agree with theory, but the absolute values are lower than the calculated values.
Adhesive capsulitis. A treatment approach. (2000)

Adhesive capsulitis of the shoulder is a condition of unknown etiology that results in the development of restriction of active and passive glenohumeral motion. The authors will review what currently is known about the etiology of idiopathic adhesive capsulitis, will raise unanswered questions regarding etiology and treatment, and will define a stage-based evaluation and treatment program. Treatment options including benign neglect, home-based and supervised physical therapy, intraarticular corticosteroid injections, closed manipulations, and arthroscopic capsular release will be reviewed critically and the authors' approach to the treatment of patients with idiopathic adhesive capsulitis also will be presented. Additionally, areas of future research will be defined.
Identification of an Essential Cysteinyl Residue in the ArsC Arsenate Reductase of Plasmid R773 (1995)

The ArsC protein encoded by the arsenical resistance operon of plasmid R773 catalyzes the reduction of arsenate to arsenite in Escherichia coli. The reductase has been shown to require glutathione and glutaredoxin, suggesting that thiol chemistry might be involved in the reaction mechanism. The ArsC arsenate reductase has two cysteinyl residues, Cys12 and Cys106. By a combination of random and site-specific mutagenesis, Cys12 was altered to four other amino acid residues. Cells expressing any of those arsC genes were sensitive to arsenate. The ArsCC12S protein was purified and found to be catalytically inactive. Cys106 was altered separately to seryl, glycyl, and valyl residues. Cells expressing arsCC106S, arsCC106G, and arsCC106V genes retained arsenate resistance, and the purified C106S and C106G proteins had reductase activity. Both wild-type ArsC and C106S proteins were inactivated by iodoacetate. In the native enzyme only Cys12 was alkylate by iodoacetate; Cys106 was alkylated only if the enzyme was first denatured. In the presence of the substrate, arsenate, or competitive inhibitors, phosphate or sulfate, the rate of alkylation was reduced. Reductase activity was inhibited by N-ethylmaleimide and could be protected by arsenate. These results suggest Cys12 is an active-site residue essential for catalysis by the arsenate reductase.
国家在经济转型中的作用（上）——俄中经济转型经验比较 (2005)

2004年10月24日,美国著名马克思主义经济学家和苏联问题专家大卫·M.科茨(著名著作《来自上层的革命》的作者)应邀到《国外理论动态》杂志社讲演,并将题为《国家在经济转型中的作用--俄中经济转型经验比较》的英文待刊文章交付我刊翻译发表.该文比较了俄罗斯新自由主义转型战略和中国国家指导型转型战略,从中得出这样的结论:新自由主义是一种完全失败的转型战略,而中国的转型经验则有很多值得借鉴的地方,这包括长期推迟国有大企业的私有化、国家持续控制银行系统、国家控制跨国贸易和资本流动、政府加大对基础设施和国有企业等的投资等.
Analysis of Three-dimensional Systems for Developing and Mature Kidneys Clarifies the Role of OAT1 and OAT3 in Antiviral Handling (2010)

The organic anion transporters OAT1 (SLC22A6, originally identified by us as NKT) and OAT3 (SLC22A8) are critical for handling many toxins, metabolites, and drugs, including antivirals (Truong, D. M., Kaler, G., Khandelwal, A., Swaan, P. W., and Nigam, S. K. (2008) J. Biol. Chem. 283, 8654-8663). Although microinjected Xenopus oocytes and/or transfected cells indicate overlapping specificities, the individual contributions of these transporters in the three-dimensional context of the tissues in which they normally function remain unclear. Here, handling of HIV antivirals (stavudine, tenofovir, lamivudine, acyclovir, and zidovudine) was analyzed with three-dimensional ex vivo functional assays using knock-out tissue. To investigate the contribution of OAT1 and OAT3 in various nephron segments, the OAT-selective fluorescent tracer substrates 5-carboxyfluorescein and 6-carboxyfluorescein were used. Although OAT1 function (uptake in oat3(-/-) tissue) was confined to portions of the cortex, consistent with a proximal tubular localization, OAT3 function (uptake in oat1(-/-) tissue) was apparent throughout the cortex, indicating localization in the distal as well as proximal nephron. This functional localization indicates a complex three-dimensional context, which needs to be considered for metabolites, toxins, and drugs (e.g. antivirals) handled by both transporters. These results also raise the possibility of functional differences in the relative importance of OAT1 and OAT3 in antiviral handling in developing and mature tissue. Because the HIV antivirals are used in pregnant women, the results may also help in understanding how these drugs are handled by developing organs.
Newα-Glucosidase Inhibitors from the Mongolian Medicinal PlantFerula mongolica (2001)

The four new and four known sesquiterpenoid derivatives 1 – 4 and 5 – 8, respectively, were isolated from the air-dried roots of Ferula mongolica. The structures of these compounds were determined by spectroscopic methods and found to be rel-(2R,3R)-2-[(3E)-4,8-dimethylnona-3,7-dienyl]-3,4-dihydro-3,8-dihydroxy-2-methyl-2H,5H-pyrano[2,3-b][1]benzopyran-5-one (1), rel-(2R,3R)-2-[(3E)-4,8-dimethylnona-3,7-dienyl]-2,3-dihydro-7-hydroxy-2,3-dimethyl-4H-furo[2,3-b][1]benzopyran-4-one (2), rel-(2R,3R)-2-[(3E)-4,8-dimethylnona-3,7-dienyl]-2,3-dihydro-7-hydroxy-2,3-dimethyl-4H-furo[3,2-c][1]benzopyran-4-one (3), rel-(2R,3R)-2-[(3E)-4,8-dimethylnona-3,7-dienyl]-2,3-dihydro-7-methoxy-2,3-dimethyl-4H-furo[3,2-c][1]benzopyran-4-one (4), (4E,8E)-1-(2-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenyl)-5,9,13-trimethyltetradeca-4,8,12-trien-1-one (5), the rel-(2R,3S) diastereoisomer 6 of 2, the rel-(2R,3S) diastereoisomer 7 of 4, and (4E,8E)-1-(2,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-5,9,13-trimethyltetradeca-4,8,12-trien-1-one (8). These compounds were tested as inhibitors against the enzyme α-glucosidase. The compounds 1 – 6 and 8 exhibited significant inhibitory activity and, therefore, represent a new class of α-glucosidase inhibitors.
Halogenated Peptides as Internal Standards (H-PINS) (2009)

As the application for quantitative proteomics in the life sciences has grown in recent years, so has the need for more robust and generally applicable methods for quality control and calibration. The reliability of quantitative proteomics is tightly linked to the reproducibility and stability of the analytical platforms, which are typically multicomponent (e.g. sample preparation, multistep separations, and mass spectrometry) with individual components contributing unequally to the overall system reproducibility. Variations in quantitative accuracy are thus inevitable, and quality control and calibration become essential for the assessment of the quality of the analyses themselves. Toward this end, the use of internal standards cannot only assist in the detection and removal of outlier data acquired by an irreproducible system (quality control) but can also be used for detection of changes in instruments for their subsequent performance and calibration. Here we introduce a set of halogenated peptides as internal standards. The peptides are custom designed to have properties suitable for various quality control assessments, data calibration, and normalization processes. The unique isotope distribution of halogenated peptides makes their mass spectral detection easy and unambiguous when spiked into complex peptide mixtures. In addition, they were designed to elute sequentially over an entire aqueous to organic LC gradient and to have m/z values within the commonly scanned mass range (300-1800 Da). In a series of experiments in which these peptides were spiked into an enriched N-glycosite peptide fraction (i.e. from formerly N-glycosylated intact proteins in their deglycosylated form) isolated from human plasma, we show the utility and performance of these halogenated peptides for sample preparation and LC injection quality control as well as for retention time and mass calibration. Further use of the peptides for signal intensity normalization and retention time synchronization for selected reaction monitoring experiments is also demonstrated.
A secreted regulatory protein couples transcription to the secretory activity of the <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> type III secretion system (2005)

The type III secretion system (T3SS) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an important virulence determinant. Transcription of the T3SS is highly regulated and intimately coupled to the activity of the type III secretion channel. The secretion channel is generally closed, and transcription is repressed. Inducing signals such as calcium depletion, however, open the secretion channel and derepress transcription of the T3SS. The coupling of transcription with secretion requires three previously identified cytoplasmic regulatory proteins. ExsA is a DNA-binding protein required for transcriptional activation of the entire T3SS. The second regulatory protein, ExsD, functions as anti-activator by directly binding to ExsA. Finally, ExsC functions as an anti-anti-activator by directly binding to and inhibiting ExsD. Although the regulatory roles of ExsC, ExsD, and ExsA were defined through these previous studies, the mechanism of coupling transcription to secretion was unclear. We now report the identification of ExsE as a secreted regulator of the T3SS and provide evidence that ExsE functions as a direct inhibitor of ExsC. When the secretion channel is closed, ExsE is complexed with ExsC in the cytoplasm, and transcription of the T3SS is repressed by sequestration of ExsA by ExsD. We propose that the secretion of ExsE provides an initiating signal that results in an equilibrium shift whereby ExsC becomes preferentially bound to ExsD, thus allowing liberated ExsA to activate transcription of the T3SS. The presence of ExsE homologs in the T3SSs of other bacterial species suggests that this mechanism of coupling transcription to secretion may be commonly used.
Structure, biosynthesis, and function of glycosylphosphatidylinositols (1990)

The last few years have witnessed an explosion in our knowledge of GPI membrane anchors and related glycolipids and molecules where structure details are available, as illustrated in Figure 2. There is now sufficient information on a handful of these molecules to allow a detailed comparison of their chemical structures. Despite a common structural theme, i.e., the presence of mannoglucosaminyl-PI, a great deal of diversity exists in both the glycan structures and the glycerol-linked aliphatic substituents. The complexities of the structures clearly show that a multitechnique approach is required in the elucidation of their structures. The anticipated publication of more structures from a wider range of organisms may reveal even greater diversity, as well as suggesting possible biosynthetic pathways. The details of a potential biosynthetic pathway in T. brucei are becoming apparent, but confirmation of its importance awaits the isolation and characterization of the enzymes involved. Leishmania, in which LPG, GPIs, GIPLs, and GPI membrane anchors are produced, may also provide an interesting system for biosynthetic studies. The recent description of a GPI biosynthetic system in yeast may provide the crucial breakthroughs necessary in unraveling the enzymes and sugar donors involved in the biosynthetic pathway and possibly the role of the GPI membrane anchor in the function of proteins containing these moieties. Knowledge of the solution structure (conformation), in addition to the complete chemical structure, of the T. brucei VSG anchor has led to speculation that the glycan fulfills a space-filling role in the VSG coat. Many other possible roles of GPI membrane anchors have been suggested, including the shedding and turnover of membrane proteins, signal transduction, and intracellular targeting. Nevertheless, the only function of GPIs that we can so far be certain of is that they anchor proteins or polysaccharide to a membrane. Regardless of the roles GPIs may or may not ultimately be shown to play, the fact that such a widely occurring structure has only recently been characterized serves as a reminder of the incompleteness of our knowledge of biological phenomena and the constant possibility of finding novel molecules in obvious places.
New Parameters in Market Segmentation-Ethnic Marketing is the Key (2011)

Ever since marketing era began after the production and selling periods, different concepts of marketing were followed. The early days started with mass marketing as concept of moving products to customers and then marketer realized that customer tastes and preferences differed from country to country and within the country. They also realized that lot of other factors like age and income could play a vital role in customer preferences for products. Segmentation of markets began. Initially markets were segmented by Geography, Demography and Psychography. But then, the liberalisation and free trade saw people moving from one place to another and settling down comfortably. Ethnic minorities started growing in numbers and stature and the demand for ethnic products increased. Ethnic markets grew in size and volume and accounted for trillions of dollars worldwide. This necessitated Marketers to have a fresh look at the way markets have to be segmented. Should they start looking at multi-cultural markets and multi cultural products or should they stick to traditional segmentation and producing mainstream products hoping that the ethnic minorities will start following mainstream practices. This article examines the scope for micro segmentation of markets based on multi-culture.