gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Adsorption of dyes using different types of clay: a review (2015)

Increasing amount of dyes in the ecosystem particularly in wastewater has propelled the search for more efficient low-cost adsorbents. The effective use of the sorption properties (high surface area and surface chemistry, lack of toxicity and potential for ion exchange) of different clays as adsorbents for the removal of different type of dyes (basic, acidic, reactive) from water and wastewater as potential alternatives to activated carbons has recently received widespread attention because of the environmental-friendly nature of clay materials. Insights into the efficiencies of raw and modified/activated clay adsorbents and ways of improving their efficiencies to obtain better results are discussed. Acid-modified clay resulted in higher rate of dye adsorption and an increased surface area and porosity (49.05 mm2 and 53.4 %). Base-modified clay has lower adsorption capacities, while ZnCl2-modified clay had the least rate of adsorption with a surface area of 44.3 mm2 and porosity of 43.4 %. This review also explores the grey areas of the adsorption properties of the raw clays and the improved performance of activated/modified clay materials with particular reference to the effects of pH, temperature, initial dye concentration and adsorbent dosage on the adsorption capacities of the clays. Various challenges encountered in using clay materials are highlighted and a number of future prospects for the adsorbents are proposed.
Time-interval statistics applied to the analysis of low-polydispersity samples for low light-intensity levels (1994)

A time-interval-statistics method that is based on the measurement of the Laplace transform of the probability function of the time intervals between two successive photoelectrons has been applied to experiments of light diffusion from low-polydispersity samples from which the scattered intensity is weak (less than 1 photoelectron/characteristic fluctuation time). Computer-simulation methods have been used to simulate intensity fluctuations and positions of individual photoelectrons for different experimental situations. The parameters characterizing the diffusion-coefficient distribution function of the sample (mean and index of polydispersity) and their corresponding errors are obtained and analyzed as a function of the mean intensity and the polydispersity index.
Can early breastfeeding support increase the 6-8 week breastfeeding prevalence rate? (2014)

Breastfeeding has significant health benefits for mothers and babies and is an important strategy to reduce health inequalities (UNICEF, 2010). The Baby Friendly Initiative, a strategy to increase breastfeeding rates, has been adopted by the trust. In line with the trust's priorities, the health visiting team initiated a project to increase the 6-8 breastfeeding prevalence rates. Breastfeeding mothers in a defined project area were offered breastfeeding support in their homes within the first postnatal week. Although the results after six months did demonstrate an overall increase in the 6-8 week prevalence rate of 5%, the monthly figures where disappointingly inconsistent and it was difficult to attribute the rise to the increased support offered. Nevertheless, the feedback from mothers who received support demonstrated that it was valued and had a positive impact on their confidence to continue to breastfeed.
The Effect of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Therapy on Body Mass Index in Adolescents With Severe Obesity (2013)

clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT01237197.
Internet of things security (2017)

The consequences of security problems are increasingly serious. These problems can now lead to personal injury, prolonged downtime and irreparable damage to capital goods. To achieve this, systems require end-to-end security solutions that cover the layers of connectivity, furthermore, guarantee the privatization and protection of data circulated via networks. In this paper, we will give a definition to the Internet of things, try to dissect its architecture (protocols, layers, entities ...), thus giving a state of the art of security in the field of internet of things (Faults detected in each layer ...), finally, mention the solutions proposed until now to help researchers start their researches on internet of things security subject.
SC‐FDMA in 3GPP Long Term Evolution (2008)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Protocol Layers and Channels Uplink Time and Frequency Structure Basic Uplink Physical Channel Processing Reference (Pilot) Signal Structure Summary References Appendix – List of 3GPP LTE Standards
Identification of tumor-associated antigen that is expressed on bovine leukemia virus-induced lymphosarcoma cells and expression of its human homologue in human T-cell lymphotrophic virus I-infected cell lines. (1994)

By using the monoclonal antibody (MAb) c143 against tumor-associated antigen that is expressed in tumor cells of cattle with bovine leukemia virus (BLV)-induced enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL), we found a novel bovine MHC class II-related antigen which consists of alpha chain (36-37 kDa) and beta chain (32 and 34 kDa). The nature of the c143 antigen was different from previously identified class II antigens, such as DR and DQ, as indicated by test for reactivities with mouse L cell transfectants expressing human class II antigens, sequential immunoprecipitation and tryptic peptide mapping. With the progression of EBL, the number of cells carrying the c143 antigen increased, and the beta chain was specifically phosphorylated at serine residue(s) in lymphosarcoma cells and the cell lines derived from them. A marked difference between expression patterns of the c143 antigen and the class II antigens was observed in lymph nodes from BLV-free and -infected animals. Although bovine mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) was inhibited by the addition of MAbs against class II antigens, the c143 MAb did not inhibit a lymphoproliferative response of T cells in the MLR, suggesting that the function of this antigen is distinct from those of classical class II molecules. Significantly, although the human homologue of the c143 antigen is expressed little if at all in human T-cell lines, such as CEM, Molt-4, Jurkat and HPB-ALL, its expression become apparent in T-cell lines infected with human T-cell lymphotrophic virus I (HTLV-1).
Computer Tracking of Moving Point Targets in Space (1981)

An adaptive algorithm based on the maximum likelihood ratio is described in this correspondence. The algorithm detects low-intensity targets and tracks their paths. The charged-coupled device (CCD) mosaic sensor collects photons from the targets and the sky background. The algorithm computes the noise statistics, simulates the target pattern, correlates the received data with the target patterns, compares with the corresponding threshold, and prints out the positions and paths of the targets when present.
Tardis 2.0: Optimized Time Traveling Coherence for Relaxed Consistency Models (2015)

Cache coherence scalability is a big challenge in shared memory systems. Traditional protocols do not scale due to the storage and traffic overhead of cache invalidation. Tardis, a recently proposed coherence protocol, removes cache invalidation using logical timestamps and achieves excellent scalability. The original Tardis protocol, however, only supports the Sequential Consistency (SC) memory model, limiting its applicability. Tardis also incurs extra network traffic on some benchmarks due to renew messages, and has suboptimal performance when the program uses spinning to communicate between threads. In this paper, we address these downsides of Tardis protocol and make it significantly more practical. Specifically, we discuss the architectural, memory system and protocol changes required in order to implement the TSO consistency model on Tardis, and prove that the modified protocol satisfies TSO. We also describe modifications for Partial Store Order (PSO) and Release Consistency (RC). Finally, we propose optimizations for better leasing policies and to handle program spinning. On a set of benchmarks, optimized Tardis improves on a full-map directory protocol in the metrics of performance, storage and network traffic, while being simpler to implement.
Automatic generation control of a wind farm with variable speed wind turbines (2002)

Wind farms are considered to be negative loads from the point of view of a utility manager. Modern variable-speed wind turbines offer the possibility for controlling active and reactive power separately. This paper presents a new integrated control system of a wind farm according to the utility manager's requirements. This control system is based on two control levels: a supervisory system controls active and reactive power of the whole wind farm by sending out set points to all wind turbines, and a machine control system ensures that set points at the wind turbine level are reached. The system has been validated by numerical simulation using data from a wind farm with 37 variable-speed wind turbine situated in the North of Spain. An automatic generation control of these characteristics promises improved performance of the system and a better grid integration of the wind energy without significant extra costs.
Modeling correlated main‐chain motions in proteins for flexible molecular recognition (2004)

We describe a new method for modeling protein and ligand main-chain flexibility, and show its ability to model flexible molecular recognition. The goal is to sample the full conformational space, including large-scale motions that typically cannot be reached in molecular dynamics simulations due to the computational intensity, as well as conformations that have not been observed yet by crystallography or NMR. A secondary goal is to assess the degree of flexibility consistent with protein-ligand recognition. Flexibility analysis of the target protein is performed using the graph-theoretic algorithm FIRST, which also identifies coupled networks of covalent and noncovalent bonds within the protein. The available conformations of the flexible regions are then explored with ROCK by random-walk sampling of the rotatable bonds. ROCK explores correlated motions by only sampling dihedral angles that preserve the coupled bond networks in the protein and generates conformers with good stereochemistry, without using a computationally expensive potential function. A representative set of the conformational ensemble generated this way can be used as targets for docking with SLIDE, which handles the flexibility of protein and ligand side-chains. The realism of this protein main-chain conformational sampling is assessed by comparison with time-resolved NMR studies of cyclophilin A motions. ROCK is also effective for modeling the flexibility of large cyclic and polycyclic ligands, as demonstrated for cyclosporin and zearalenol. The use of this combined approach to perform docking with main-chain flexibility is illustrated for the cyclophilin A-cyclosporin complex and the estrogen receptor in complex with zearalenol, while addressing the question of how much flexibility is allowed without hindering molecular recognition.
The Design and Catalytic Properties of a Simplified Ribonuclease P RNA (1989)

Ribonuclease P (RNase P) RNA is the catalytic moiety of the ribonucleoprotein enzyme that removes precursor sequences from the 5' ends of pre-transfer RNAs in eubacteria. Phylogenetic variation according to recently proposed secondary structure models was used to identify structural elements of the RNase P RNA that are dispensable for catalysis. A simplified RNase P RNA that consists only of evolutionarily conserved features was designed, synthesized, and characterized. Although the simplified RNA (Min 1 RNA) is only 263 nucleotides in length, in contrast to the 354 to 417 nucleotides of naturally occurring RNase P RNAs, its specificity of pre-tRNA cleavage is identical to that of the native enzymes. Moreover, the catalytic efficiencies of the Min 1 RNA and the native RNA enzymes are similar. These results focus the search for the catalytic elements of RNase P RNAs to their conserved structure.
Quantum interference control of currents in CdSe with a single optical beam (1999)

We show that ballistic current generation can occur in a semiconductor via quantum interference between absorption pathways for orthogonal polarization components of a single-frequency beam. This effect occurs for a subset of noncentrosymmetric materials, is macroscopically associated with a second-order nonlinear optical susceptibility, and produces current injection linearly proportional to the beam intensity. We demonstrate this in wurtzite CdSe (Eg=1.75 eV) at 295 K using cw and femtosecond optical sources of wavelength 600–750 nm (2.07–1.66 eV). The intensity and spectral dependence are in reasonable agreement with a first-principles calculation. Continuous current density of 30 μA cm−2 is produced for 60 mW cm−2 intensity at 633 nm.
Emerging Technologies and Fourth Generation Issues in Cartilage Repair (2008)

The goals of successful cartilage repair include reducing pain, improving symptoms, and long-term function; preventing early osteoarthritis and subsequent total knee replacements; and rebuilding hyaline cartilage instead of fibrous tissue. Current methods such as microfracture, osteoarticular autograft transfer system, mosaicplasty, and autologous chondrocyte implantation are somewhat successful in regenerating cartilage; however, they also have significant limitations. The future of fourth generation cartilage repair focuses on gene therapy, the use of stem cells (bone marrow, adipose, or muscle derived), and tissue engineering. Emerging techniques include creating elastin-like polymers derived from native elastin sequences to serve as biocompatible scaffolds; using hydrogels to obtain a homogeneous distribution of cells within a 3-dimensional matrix; and using nonviral gene delivery via nucleofection to allow mesenchymal stem cells the ability to express osteogenic growth factors. Although many of the techniques mentioned have yet to be used in a cartilage regeneration model, we have tried to anticipate how methods used in other specialties may facilitate improved cartilage repair.
<i>Clostridium difficile</i> Toxin B blocks effector T cell proliferation by inhibiting PLD signaling. (49.19) (2010)

Abstract Balance between effector and regulatory T cell subsets play significant role in regulating immune responses. Alterations in this balance would result in suppressed or hyper-immune responses and could lead to disorders such as autoimmunity or infections. Our previous work showed that Phospholipase D (PLD) signaling is a factor that can affect the balance between regulatory T cells (Tregs) and non-Tregs. Phospholipase D is a phosphodiesterase that catalyzes the conversion of phosphatidyl choline (PC) to phosphatidic acid (PA). The data demonstrated that inhibition of PLD signaling preferentially blocks growth of non-regulatory T-cells while allowing Tregs to proliferate in response to T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation. Various endogenous and external factors could modulate PLD signaling in T cells and thus alter the host immune responses. Toxin B secreted by Clostridium difficile (TcdB) is a well documented factor that blocks PLD signaling. Here, we show that TcdB produced by Clostridium difficile selectively blocks expansion of effector T cells. Like PLD signal inhibition, TcdB caused inhibition of CD25 expression by activated non-Tregs but allowed expression of CD25 expression by Tregs. Thus, TcdB mediated T cell growth inhibition is likely caused by PLD signaling inhibition in host T cells and may enable C.difficile to modify host immune response, facilitating its long term survival that leads to disease conditions like pseudomembranous colitis.
New paradigms for modelling species distributions? (2004)

Summary The management of both desirable and undesirable species requires an understanding of the factors determining their distribution. Quantitative distribution models offer simple methods for formulating the species–habitat link and the means not only for predicting where species should occur, but also for understanding the factors involved. Generalized linear modelling, in particular, links the incidence of species to habitat variables, and has increasingly formed the backbone of the modelling approaches used. New ‘data technologies’, such as remote sensing and geographical information systems, have further broadened these modelling applications to almost any ecological system and any species for which there are distribution data. Many previous approaches have aimed to identify the most parsimonious model with the best suite of predictors, selected on the basis of null hypothesis testing. However, information‐theoretic approaches based on Akaike's information criterion allow the selection of a best approximating model or a subset of models from a set of candidates. Information‐theoretic approaches require a deeper understanding of the biology of the system modelled and may well become an improved paradigm for species distribution modelling. Synthesis and applications . This special profile of six papers demonstrates the development in methodology used in species distribution modelling. The papers show how information‐theoretic approaches can be coupled with emerging data technologies to address issues of conservation significance. With conservation biology and applied ecology at the forefront of many of the basic science developments so far, we expect these methods to pervade other areas of ecological research more fully in future.
Panel Level Advanced Packaging (2016)

Advanced packaging technology is the catalyst that enables greater chip connectivity needed for the never-ending quest for more powerful mobile devices, tablets, Internet of Things (IoT) and wearable devices with increased functionality that operate with lower power requirements for extended battery life but remain available at low cost. The evolution of advanced packaging to incorporate 2.5D and 3D processes into production space puts additional pressure upon outsourced assembly and test (OSAT) facilities and foundries to maintain costs and production efficiencies and accentuates the opportunity to move from manufacturing advanced packaging on circular wafers to rectangular substrates e.g. panel level advanced packaging. Migrating from circular wafers to rectangular substrates provides OSATs with the means to process more die per substrate to increase productivity and yield while reducing manufacturing costs. This paper demonstrates panel level advanced packaging on rectangular substrates is practicable. Lithographic results for resolution and overlay imaged on rectangular substrates populated with test die will be presented. Specific requirements and challenges encountered for successful registration between layers are discussed, along with solutions that were implemented to meet the design goals. Challenges that remain will also be highlighted. Panel level advanced packaging throughput advantages will also be reviewed. Throughput achieved on rectangular substrates will be presented and compared to throughput for similar devices on circular wafers. Throughput will be analyzed to demonstrate why throughput on a rectangular substrates is advantageous over circular wafers with review of panel level advanced packaging enabling the population of whole die in the corners of the panel without the loss of partial die experienced on the radius of a circular substrate. Reduction in nonproductive overhead to manufacturing equipment when panel level advanced packaging is adopted will also be presented.
Implementation of high speed data sets with microprogrammable data processors (1978)

Modern high speed data sets (or Modems) are usually required to perform a great deal of digital signal processing to maintain acceptable error rates for worst-case channel conditions. Previously, this digital processing task was implemented with dedicated SSI/MSI TTL circuits. With the advent of high speed microprogrammable units (ALU's, sequencers, etc.), it has become possible to replace a random logic design with a functionally equivalent microprogrammed design. This results in better density, lower power requirements, and greater versatility and flexibility. The microprogrammed system described is designed to provide accurate emulation of an existing data set while maintaining the advantages of microprogrammed architecture versus random logic.
A Critical Role for the Cannabinoid CB<sub>1</sub>Receptors in Alcohol Dependence and Stress-Stimulated Ethanol Drinking (2003)

Although many people drink alcohol regularly, only some become addicted. Several studies have shown that genetic and environmental factors contribute to individual differences in the vulnerability to the effects of alcohol (Nestler, 2000; Kreek, 2001; Crabbe, 2002). Among the environmental factors, stress is perhaps the most important trigger for relapse after a period of abstinence (Koob and Nestler, 1997; Piazza and Le Moal, 1998; Koob and Le Moal, 2001; Weiss et al., 2001). Here we show that ethanol withdrawal symptoms were completely absent in cannabinoid CB1 receptor-deficient mice, although acute effects of ethanol and ethanol tolerance and preference were basically normal. Furthermore, foot-shock stress had no affect on alcohol preference in Cnr1-/- mice, although it induced a dramatic increase in Cnr1+/+ animals. These results reveal a critical role for the CB1 receptor in clinically important aspects of alcohol dependence and provide a rationale for the use of CB1 receptor antagonists in the treatment of alcohol addiction.
Sila-haloperidol:  A Silicon Analogue of the Dopamine (D<sub>2</sub>) Receptor Antagonist Haloperidol (2004)

Haloperidol (1a), a dopamine (D2) receptor antagonist, is in clinical use as an antipsychotic agent. Carbon/silicon exchange (sila-substitution) at the 4-position of the piperidine ring of 1a (R3COH → R3SiOH) leads to sila-haloperidol (1b). Sila-haloperidol was synthesized in a multistep synthesis, starting from tetramethoxysilane, and was isolated as the hydrochloride 1b·HCl. ESI-MS studies of aqueous solutions of the silanol 1b and the corresponding disiloxane 10 at different pH values revealed a remarkable stability of 1b. The C/Si analogues 1a·HCl and 1b·HCl were structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and solution ([D6]DMSO) NMR spectroscopy. Analogous chair conformations of the piperidinium (1a·HCl) and 4-silapiperidinium (1b·HCl) skeleton were observed in the crystal, and two analogous chair conformations of the cations were detected in solution, the molar ratios of these two conformers differing substantially (1a·HCl, 13:1; 1b·HCl, 2:1). In radioligand binding studies, the C/Si analogues 1a and 1b displayed similar potencies at recombinant human dopamine hD1, hD4, and hD5 receptors, whereas the silicon compound 1b was 4.7-fold more potent at hD2 receptors than its carbon analogue 1a; i.e., sila-substitution of haloperidol has changed the receptor selectivity profile.
High-sensitivity, multi-rate, multi-band OLT receiver for hybrid 1G / 10G passive optical networks (2008)

An OLT receiver that includes a semiconductor optical amplifier, a ldquosoftrdquo optical filter and a PIN photodiode has significantly higher sensitivity, and lower complexity than avalanche photodiode-based OLT receivers.
Evidence for Crystal-Face Specificity in Surface Segregation of CuNi Alloys (1981)

We present experimental evidence for crystal-face specificity in surface segregation at CuNi alloy surfaces using angular x-ray photoemission spectroscopy, secondary-ion mass spectroscopy, and "chemisorptive titration" techniques. More copper enrichment is found on the (100) surface than the (111) surface of a 17% Cu-83% Ni alloy, in agreement with predictions from current segregation theories.