gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
microRNA-9 targets the long non-coding RNA MALAT1 for degradation in the nucleus (2013)

microRNAs regulate the expression of over 60% of protein coding genes by targeting their mRNAs to AGO2-containing complexes in the cytoplasm and promoting their translational inhibition and/or degradation. There is little evidence so far for microRNA-mediated regulation of other classes of non-coding RNAs. Here we report that microRNA-9 (miR-9) regulates the expression of the Metastasis Associated Lung Adenocarcinoma Transcript 1 (MALAT-1), one of the most abundant and conserved long non-coding RNAs. Intriguingly, we find that miR-9 targets AGO2-mediated regulation of MALAT1 in the nucleus. Our findings reveal a novel direct regulatory link between two important classes of non-coding RNAs, miRs and lncRNAs, and advance our understanding of microRNA functions.
The High pH and pH-Shift Refolding Technology (2010)

We have developed a high-pH, pH-shift refolding "Ph-Fold technology", both for academic research and industrial protein drug development applications. Using this technology, we were able to refold some "difficult-to-refold" proteins, some of which are proven important drug targets and protein drug candidates. The technology is composed of the initial E. coli production of inclusion bodies, the high pH solubilization/pH shift refolding screening technology, which includes automated pH shift refolding screening, and the methods of testing protein refolding without functional assay. This technology, especially the automated refolding system based on the Ph-Fold technology, may help both academic and industrial research in broadening structural genomic research, functional proteomics, and genomic scale drug development efforts.
Low Temperature Performance of λ-MnO[sub 2] in Lithium Primary Batteries (2001)

demonstrated significantly higher energy density than the conventional heat-treated in primary lithium batteries over the temperature range −40 to +40°C at all discharge rates tested. The largest performance gains were observed for temperatures below 10°C and at discharge rates from 0.1 to 2.0 The improvement in low temperature performance results mainly from the increased voltage and improved discharge kinetics on the 4 V plateau of © 2001 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Extended-Release Tramadol (ULTRAM®ER): A Pharmacotherapeutic, Pharmacokinetic, and Pharmacodynamic Focus on Effectiveness and Safety in Patients with Chronic/Persistent Pain (2008)

Tramadol is a centrally acting synthetic opioid analgesic that has a dual mechanism of action, binding to mu-opioid receptors and weakly inhibiting the neuronal reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin. Extended-release (ER) tramadol tablets (ULTRAM ER) are indicated for the management of moderate to moderately severe chronic (also referred to as persistent) pain in adults who require around-the-clock treatment of pain for an extended period of time. Because once-daily tramadol ER results in less frequent fluctuations in plasma concentrations than equivalent daily doses of short-acting tramadol, it may benefit patients experiencing pain throughout the dosing interval. On the basis of computer-generated pharmacokinetic models, one can easily transition patients who are receiving short-acting tramadol for chronic/persistent pain to tramadol ER, by calculating the current total daily dose of short-acting tramadol and starting tramadol ER at the nearest lower 100-mg-dose increment. In clinical studies, tramadol ER significantly reduced pain in patients with chronic pain from osteoarthritis and improved pain-related sleep parameters, joint stiffness, and physical function. Tramadol ER has been shown to be safe and well-tolerated and may be a suitable alternative for patients with inadequate analgesic response or contraindications (eg, cardiovascular disease, gastrointestinal ulcer) to use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) or cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors. The proven efficacy and safety profile--and the low potential for abuse--make tramadol ER a viable therapeutic option for the management of chronic/persistent nonmalignant pain in some patients. This article reviews the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, dosage, delivery system, administration, analgesic efficacy, and safety and tolerability profile of tramadol ER.
Westwood SCTP: load balancing over multipaths using bandwidth-aware source scheduling (2005)

While it is more and more usual to buy computer equipment with multiple network interfaces, and the proliferation of ISPs for both wired and wireless users provides different solutions to access the network core, upper layers across the protocol spectrum seem unprepared to accept the challenge posed by multiple interfaces and, consequently, by multiple paths between the same source-destination pair. This paper tries to partially answer this challenge by proposing an enhancement of the SCTP protocol that aims at balancing load across multiple connections on disjoint paths in an accurate fashion, through the knowledge of bandwidth estimation on each path. Some results confirm the viability of the approach and invite further research.
Regulation of Bcl-xl Channel Activity by Calcium (1998)

Recent studies have demonstrated that the anti-apoptotic proteins, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xl, with the carboxyl-terminal hydrophobic domain removed, form cation-selective channels in the lipid bilayer reconstitution system. However, the regulatory properties of these channels are unknown. In this study, we investigated the ion-conducting properties of full-length Bcl-xl in the lipid bilayer reconstitution system. Our findings indicate that Bcl-xl forms a cation-selective channel that conducts sodium but not calcium and that Bcl-xl channel activity is reversibly inhibited by luminal calcium with a half-dissociation constant of approximately 60 microM. This calcium-dependent regulation of the Bcl-xl channel provides new insights into the roles of calcium and Bcl-2-related proteins in the programmed cell death pathway.
Spin relaxation of conduction electrons in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:math>-type indium antimonide at low temperature (1975)

We present a theory of the spin relaxation time of the conduction electrons in indium antimonide at liquid-helium temperature; earlier work on the subject is reviewed and discussed. The theory is compared with our measurements and the experimental data available in the literature: The relevant mechanism in highly doped samples ($n\ensuremath{\gtrsim}5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{14}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$) is shown to be scattering by ionized impurities. The spin-flip matrix element arises from the admixture of different spin states in the Bloch functions of the conduction band (Elliott process). Good agreement with experiment is obtained with no adjustable parameter. In the less-doped samples ($n\ensuremath{\lesssim}5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{14}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$) the currently invoked relaxation mechanism (modulation of the $g$ factor or of the hyperfine interactions by the motion of the electrons) is shown to be ineffective. The impurity Elliott process is reconsidered; the effect of disorder is included by using a model of quasimacroscopic fluctuations of the electron density, which qualitatively accounts for the observed linewidths.
Anti-tumor activities and apoptosis-regulated mechanisms of bufalin on the orthotopic transplantation tumor model of human hepatocellular carcinoma in nude mice (2007)

Bufalin has significant anti-tumor activities in the orthotopic transplantation tumor model of human hepatocellular carcinoma in nude mice with no marked toxicity and was able to induce apoptosis of transplanted tumor cells. This apoptosis may be mediated mainly via up-regulating the expression of apoptosis-regulated gene bax, which may be involved in its anti-tumor mechanism of bufalin.
Home‐based work in Turkey: issues and strategies for organizing January 2000 (2000)

Provides a summary of a five‐day workshop held in Istanbul, organized by the International Center for Research on Women. Focuses on the potential for organizing women home‐workers, increasing the visibility of this group and strategies for implementing the International Labour Organisation’s convention on Homework in Turkey.
Adherence of Candida albicans to human buccal epithelial cells: host-induced protein synthesis and signaling events (1995)

The synthesis of proteins by Candida albicans was studied following adherence of blastoconidia to human buccal epithelial cells (HBEC). Initially, labeling of HBEC, C. albicans, and HBEC-C. albicans with [35S]methionine was performed. After a 3-h incubation and prior to labeling with [35S]methionine, the cultures were treated with cycloheximide to prevent HBEC protein synthesis. The HBEC-C. albicans mixture as well as C. albicans and HBEC incubated separately were extracted with beta-mercaptoethanol (beta-ME). These extracts as well as the cell residue (solubilized by boiling with sodium dodecyl sulfate [SDS]) were examined by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and autoradiography. In comparison to cultures of C. albicans incubated without HBEC, proteins with molecular masses of approximately 52 to 56 kDa from beta-ME extracts and from SDS-solubilized cells were observed only from adhering cultures. In addition, unlabeled beta-ME extracts were electrotransferred to nitrocellulose and immunoblotted with antiphosphotyrosine antibodies to determine whether cell signaling events were occurring during adherence. Proteins with molecular masses of 54 and 60 kDa were recognized only in mixed cultures of C. albicans and HBEC. These data indicate that following adherence of C. albicans to HBEC, new Candida proteins are expressed. Further, these events are accompanied by the expression of signal proteins, presumably of Candida origin.
Neuroprotective and cardioprotective conopeptides: an emerging class of drug leads. (2009)

The peptides in the venoms of predatory marine snails belonging to the genus Conus ('cone snails') have well-established therapeutic applications for the treatment of pain and epilepsy. This review discusses the neuroprotective and cardioprotective potential of four families of Conus peptides (conopeptides), including omega-conotoxins that target voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, conantokins that target NMDA receptors, mu-conotoxins that target voltage-gated Na+ channels, and kappa- and kappaM-conotoxins that target K+ channels. The diversity of Conus peptides that have already been shown to exhibit neuroprotective/cardioprotective activity suggests that marine snail venoms are a potentially rich source of drug leads with diverse mechanisms.
Total Cervical-Spine Fusion for Neck Paralysis (1959)

Respiratory and Rehabilitation, Center for Poliomyelitis, Rancho Los Amigos Hospital Downey, and the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, College of Medical Evangelists, Los Angeles
Characterization of Sparstolonin B, a Chinese Herb-derived Compound, as a Selective Toll-like Receptor Antagonist with Potent Anti-inflammatory Properties (2011)

Blockade of excessive Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling is a therapeutic approach being actively pursued for many inflammatory diseases. Here we report a Chinese herb-derived compound, sparstolonin B (SsnB), which selectively blocks TLR2- and TLR4-mediated inflammatory signaling. SsnB was isolated from a Chinese herb, Spaganium stoloniferum; its structure was determined by NMR spectroscopy and x-ray crystallography. SsnB effectively inhibited inflammatory cytokine expression in mouse macrophages induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS, a TLR4 ligand), Pam3CSK4 (a TLR1/TLR2 ligand), and Fsl-1 (a TLR2/TLR6 ligand) but not that by poly(I:C) (a TLR3 ligand) or ODN1668 (a TLR9 ligand). It suppressed LPS-induced cytokine secretion from macrophages and diminished phosphorylation of Erk1/2, p38a, IκBα, and JNK in these cells. In THP-1 cells expressing a chimeric receptor CD4-TLR4, which triggers constitutive NF-κB activation, SsnB effectively blunted the NF-κB activity. Co-immunoprecipitation showed that SsnB reduced the association of MyD88 with TLR4 and TLR2, but not that with TLR9, in HEK293T cells and THP-1 cells overexpressing MyD88 and TLRs. Furthermore, administration of SsnB suppressed splenocyte inflammatory cytokine expression in mice challenged with LPS. These results demonstrate that SsnB acts as a selective TLR2 and TLR4 antagonist by blocking the early intracellular events in the TLR2 and TLR4 signaling. Thus, SssB may serve as a promising lead for the development of selective TLR antagonistic agents for inflammatory diseases.
Diffusion tensor imaging of acute mild traumatic brain injury in adolescents (2008)

In adolescents with mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) with Glasgow Coma Scale score of 15 and negative CT, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) performed within 6 days postinjury showed increased fractional anisotropy and decreased diffusivity suggestive of cytotoxic edema. Advanced MRI-based DTI methods may enhance our understanding of the neuropathology of TBI, including MTBI. Additionally, DTI may prove more sensitive than conventional imaging methods in detecting subtle, but clinically meaningful, changes following MTBI and may be critical in refining MTBI diagnosis, prognosis, and management.
ANTIBIOTIC PRODUCTION BY NEW FORM-GENERA OF THE ACTINOMYCETALES. II. (1969)

A new species of Actinoplanes designated as Actinoplanes brasiliensis nov.sp. is described. Its taxonomic relationship with other species of Actinoplanes as well as the cultural, physiological and biochemical characteristics, are also discussed. The antibiotic A/672 produced by the new isolate is described and its in vitro and in vivo data are given.
A 10kV 4H-SiC PiN Diode with Gradual Doping Buffer Layers and p+ Adjusting Regions at Cathode (2018)

This paper presents a novel 4H-SiC PiN Diode with gradual doping n-buffer layers and p+ adjusting regions to improve the relation between on-state and reverse recovery characteristics at 10kV class. Compared with the conventional SiC PiN diode with homogeneous doping n-buffer layer, the novel structure shows about 275% increment in softness factor. Even under the overstress condition, the novel structure does not show the current voltage oscillation. And the on-state forward voltage drop just increases by 0.3V at 100A/cm2. Finally, the width ratio of p+ and n+ regions at cathode side are optimized to obtain the more uniform current distribution during conducting.
The Relationship between dN/dS and Scaled Selection Coefficients (2015)

Numerous computational methods exist to assess the mode and strength of natural selection in protein-coding sequences, yet how distinct methods relate to one another remains largely unknown. Here, we elucidate the relationship between two widely used phylogenetic modeling frameworks: dN/dS models and mutation-selection (MutSel) models. We derive a mathematical relationship between dN/dS and scaled selection coefficients, the focal parameters of MutSel models, and use this relationship to gain deeper insight into the behaviors, limitations, and applicabilities of these two modeling frameworks. We prove that, if all synonymous changes are neutral, standard MutSel models correspond to dN/dS ≤ 1. However, if synonymous codons differ in fitness, dN/dS can take on arbitrarily high values even if all selection is purifying. Thus, the MutSel modeling framework cannot necessarily accommodate positive, diversifying selection, while dN/dS cannot distinguish between purifying selection on synonymous codons and positive selection on amino acids. We further propose a new benchmarking strategy of dN/dS inferences against MutSel simulations and demonstrate that the widely used Goldman-Yang-style dN/dS models yield substantially biased dN/dS estimates on realistic sequence data. In contrast, the less frequently used Muse-Gaut-style models display much less bias. Strikingly, the least-biased and most precise dN/dS estimates are never found in the models with the best fit to the data, measured through both AIC and BIC scores. Thus, selecting models based on goodness-of-fit criteria can yield poor parameter estimates if the models considered do not precisely correspond to the underlying mechanism that generated the data. In conclusion, establishing mathematical links among modeling frameworks represents a novel, powerful strategy to pinpoint previously unrecognized model limitations and strengths.
The Use of Bunte Salts in Synthesis. I. The Preparation of Mercaptals (1941)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Use of Bunte Salts in Synthesis. I. The Preparation of MercaptalsHarry E. Westlake Jr. and Gregg DoughertyCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1941, 63, 3, 658–659Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1941Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1941https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01848a007https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01848a007research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views449Altmetric-Citations25LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A novel mechanism for the loss of mRNA activity in lipid nanoparticle delivery systems (2021)

Lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-formulated mRNA vaccines were rapidly developed and deployed in response to the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Due to the labile nature of mRNA, identifying impurities that could affect product stability and efficacy is crucial to the long-term use of nucleic-acid based medicines. Herein, reversed-phase ion pair high performance liquid chromatography (RP-IP HPLC) was used to identify a class of impurity formed through lipid:mRNA reactions; such reactions are typically undetectable by traditional mRNA purity analytical techniques. The identified modifications render the mRNA untranslatable, leading to loss of protein expression. Specifically, electrophilic impurities derived from the ionizable cationic lipid component are shown to be responsible. Mechanisms implicated in the formation of reactive species include oxidation and subsequent hydrolysis of the tertiary amine. It thus remains critical to ensure robust analytical methods and stringent manufacturing control to ensure mRNA stability and high activity in LNP delivery systems.
Allelic association of juvenile absence epilepsy with a GluR5 kainate receptor gene (GRIK1) polymorphism (1997)

Juvenile absence epilepsy (JAE) is a common subtype of idiopathic generalized epilepsy (IGE). Hereditary factors play a major role in its etiology. The important function of glutamate receptors (GluRs) in excitatory neurotransmission, synaptic plasticity, and neurodevelopment suggests their involvement in epileptogenesis. A tetranucleotide repeat polymorphism in the non-coding region of the kainate-selective GluR5 receptor gene (GRIK1) on chromosome 21q22.1 provides the tool to investigate this candidate gene. The present association and linkage study tested the hypothesis that allelic variants of GRIK1 confer genetic susceptibility to the pathogenesis of JAE. Our family-based association analysis using the haplotype-based haplotype relative risk statistic revealed an association of JAE with the nine-repeat containing allele of the GRIK1 tetranucleotide polymorphism (chi2 = 8.31, df = 1, P = 0.004). Supportive evidence for linkage to a JAE related IGE spectrum (Zmax = 1.67 at GRIK1) under an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance and significant allele sharing (P < 0.05) among the affected family members suggest that allelic variants of GRIK1 contribute a major genetic determinant to the pathogenesis of JAE-related phenotypes.
Wnt signaling in development and tissue homeostasis (2018)

The Wnt-β-catenin signaling pathway is an evolutionarily conserved cell-cell communication system that is important for stem cell renewal, cell proliferation and cell differentiation both during embryogenesis and during adult tissue homeostasis. Genetic or epigenetic events leading to hypo- or hyper-activation of the Wnt-β-catenin signaling cascade have also been associated with human diseases such as cancer. Understanding how this pathway functions is thus integral for developing therapies to treat diseases or for regenerative medicine approaches. Here, and in the accompanying poster, we provide an overview of Wnt-β-catenin signaling and briefly highlight its key functions during development and adult tissue homeostasis.
A self-acting water pump control system for residential buildings based on resonance water level sensor (2011)

Because of the high price of sensors, most of the ordinary self-acting water pump control systems detects no exact reserves of water and have no human machine interaction. An ordinary inexpensive resonance water level sensor used in washing machine was applied to detect the water level in cisterns. A self-acting water pump control system for residential buildings based on the single chip microcomputer ATmega8 was introduced in this paper. Some improvement of inside structure of the sensor had been carried out so that the measuring scale increased by 600mm. By rational installation, the risk that severe water shaking may cause damages to the sensor was efficiently avoided. Results showed that, scale of the sensor met the requirements and the R square (R) between the unitary linear regression equation and the data of water level and the frequency of the signal given out by the sensor was 0.989.
THE PRODUCTION BY BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BERLINER OF A HEAT-STABLE SUBSTANCE TOXIC FOR INSECTS (1959)

Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner produces in vitro a heat-stable, dialyzable substance which is toxic for insects when injected. The same or a similar substance is produced in vivo. The toxic principle is of unknown composition. It is heat-stable, water-soluble, dialyzable, and resistant to low temperatures. It is probably neither a protein nor a lipid. Clearly it is distinct from the heat-labile inclusion bodies and from lecithinase. Growth-curve studies showed that the heat-stable toxin appeared in liver broth cultures during the active growth phase, prior to the formation of spores or inclusion bodies. An attempt to produce the toxic principle from culture media in the absence of bacteria was unsuccessful from sterile inocula both from in vivo and in vitro sources. The LD 50 for larvae of Galleria mellonella injected with autoclaved supernatant from a 10-day-old liver broth culture of B. thuringiensis was determined to be 0.00036 ml per larva or 0.002 ml per gram of larvae. Approximately the same level of toxicity was found for another caterpillar, a fly larva, and cockroaches. After larvae of Galleria or Pyrausla have been dead for more than 2 days from infection with B. thuringiensis the bacillus could no longer be recovered. A sublethal amount of the heat-stable toxin injected into old larvae of Galleria delayed emergence of the adults by 30 to 40%. The non-pathogenic Bacillus cereus was found to produce a similar-acting, heat-stable toxin under the same conditions that one is produced by B. thuringiensis.