gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Intranasal Immunization with Heat-Inactivated <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> Protects Mice against Systemic Pneumococcal Infection (1999)

In order to study the mucosal and serum antibody response to polysaccharide-encapsulated bacteria in mice, a preparation of heat-inactivated Streptococcus pneumoniae type 4 was administered, with and without cholera toxin, at various mucosal sites. It appeared that intranasal immunization of nonanesthesized animals was superior to either oral, gastric, or colonic-rectal antigen delivery with regard to the induction of serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgA, as well as saliva IgA antibodies specific for pneumococci. The marked IgA antibody response in feces after intranasal, but not after oral or gastric, immunization is suggestive of a cellular link between the nasal induction site and the distant mucosal effector sites. Intranasal immunization also induced antibodies in serum and in mucosal secretions against type-specific capsular polysaccharide. IgA and IgG antibody levels in pulmonary lavage fluids correlated well with saliva IgA and serum IgG antibodies, respectively. Antibody determinations in pulmonary secretions may therefore be redundant in some cases, and the number of experimental animals may be reduced accordingly. After intraperitoneal challenge with type 4 pneumococci, mice immunized intranasally were protected against both systemic infection and death, even without the use of cholera toxin as a mucosal adjuvant. Thus, an efficient intranasal vaccine against invasive pneumococcal disease may be based on a very simple formulation with whole killed pneumococci.
Diagnostic Performance of Two‐Dimensional Versus Three‐Dimensional Transesophageal Echocardiography Images of Selected Pathologies Evaluated by Receiver Operating Characteristic Analysis (1994)

3-D transesophageal images provided better visual clues for the identification of morphological abnormalities than did serial 2-D echocardiographic images despite the same input information in both image formats. The use of ROC analysis assisted in the comparison of these two imaging techniques.
A genetic linkage map for cattle. (1994)

We report the most extensive physically anchored linkage map for cattle produced to date. Three-hundred thirteen genetic markers ordered in 30 linkage groups, anchored to 24 autosomal chromosomes (n = 29), the X and Y chromosomes, four unanchored syntenic groups and two unassigned linkage groups spanning 2464 cM of the bovine genome are summarized. The map also assigns 19 type I loci to specific chromosomes and/or syntenic groups and four cosmid clones containing informative microsatellites to chromosomes 13, 25 and 29 anchoring syntenic groups U11, U7 and U8, respectively. This map provides the skeletal framework prerequisite to development of a comprehensive genetic map for cattle and analysis of economic trait loci (ETL).
Legitimación formal para el voto del accionista en la sociedad anónima: algunas reflexiones sobre el régimen documental (2008)

As the usage of long-chain perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) may be gradually restricted, short-chain and even ultra-short-chain PFASs have been widely produced and used, which has put forward new requirements for the simultaneous analysis of the above substances. Using solid phase extraction two-fraction elution and ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), an experimental method was established for the simultaneous analysis of ultrashort-chain, short-chain, and long-chain PFASs and the precursor perfluorohexanesulfonamide (FHxSA) in low-concentration water, such as tap water and bottled water. By optimizing the volume of methanol in the first-fraction elution, the concentration of ammonia in the second-fraction elution, and the concentration of ammonium acetate in the mobile phase, the high recovery and low detection limit (0.01-3 ng/L) were obtained. In addition, this method was used to measure nine tap water samples and six bottled water samples for validation, and the results showed that the concentration of PFASs in bottled water was lower than that in tap water. This study first reported the trifluoroacetic acid concentration in bottled water (6.61 ± 9.60 ng/L), which was lower than that in tap water (1712 ± 174 ng/L). The main substances in tap water and bottled water are both ultrashort-chain PFASs (C2-C3), accounting for more than 50%. There are few reports on the simultaneous analysis of ultrashort-chain, short-chain, and long-chain PFASs (C2-C18) and the precursor FHxSA in low-concentration water samples, and the new method can be further developed for different environmental media.
Facial expression recognition using a two stage neural network (2007)

An approach based on neural networks for facial expression classification is presented. Two stages of neural networks (NN) are used for expression classification. The first stage neural network based on Hebbian learning is used for estimating principal components (PC) for dimension reduction. The second stage neural network based on supervised competitive learning is used for classifying expressions as normal, happy or surprised. The performance analysis of the proposed algorithm is validated by tabulating confusion matrices and thereby plotting receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves. Classification rates of 100% and 91.67% are achieved respectively for classification and generalization. The effectiveness of the proposed classification algorithm is highlighted by comparing its performance with another algorithm based on linear discriminant analysis (LDA).
Fine mapping of the three rRNA operons on the updated genomic map of Campylobacter jejuni TGH9011 (ATCC 43431) (1993)

The three rRNA gene loci of Campylobacter jejuni TGH9011 (ATCC 43431) were cloned. All three rRNA operons were shown to possess a contiguous 16S-23S structure and contain intercistronic tRNA(Ala) and tRNA(Ile). The three RNA operons and additional 14 genetic markers were mapped in the updated genomic map of C. jejuni TGH9011, which now has a total of 24 genetic markers.
Cosmic-ray Neutron Spectrometry and Dosimetry (2008)

When primary cosmic rays consisting of galactic cosmic rays and solar particles come into the earth’s atmosphere, secondary neutrons generated through nuclear reactions with atmospheric atoms reach the ground. Over the past 10 years, there has been increasing concern about the exposure of air crews to atmospheric cosmic radiation. At aviation altitudes, the neutron component of the secondary cosmic radiation contributes about half of the dose equivalent. Recently, an accumulation of the semiconductor device greatly increases and the soft-errors of SRAM and DRAM on the ground level caused by high-energy cosmic-ray neutrons become a serious problem in the world. Under these circumstances, cosmic-ray neutron spectrometry and dosimetry are presented here in the terrestrial and space environments where neutrons and protons coexist.The neutron detection methods for use in this mixed field are described; 1) multi-moderator spectrometer (Bonner Ball), 2) organic liquid scintillation spectrometer, 3) dose-equivale...
Electron beam propagation in the ion-focused regime (1987)

In this paper the features of propagation of intense relativistic beams are discussed in the environment of low-density (≲1 Torr), partially ionized gas. Beam phenomena in this ion-focused regime (IFR) are found to be analogous to those at much higher density. Several instabilities and dissipative mechanisms have been identified and are compared to their high-density counterparts. Scaling laws are derived for quantitative estimation of these effects. In general, it is found that long propagation distances are possible in the laboratory suggesting that this regime may be useful for controlled beam transport and conditioning.
Crystal Structure of the Complex between Actin and Human Vitamin D-Binding Protein at 2.5 Å Resolution<sup>,</sup> (2002)

A high-affinity complex formed between G-actin and plasma vitamin D-binding protein (DBP) is believed to form part of a scavenging system in the plasma for removing actin released from damaged cells. In the study presented here, we describe the crystal structure of the complex between actin and human vitamin D-binding protein at 2.5 A resolution. The complex contains one molecule of each protein bound together by extensive ionic, polar, and hydrophobic interactions. It includes an ATP and a calcium ion bound to actin, but no evidence of vitamin D metabolites bound to the DBP. Both actin and DBP are multidomain molecules, two major domains in actin and three in DBP. All of these domains contribute to the interaction between the molecules. DBP enfolds the end of the actin molecule, principally in actin subdomain 3 but with additional interactions in actin subdomain 1. This orientation is similar to the binding of profilin to actin, as predicted from previous studies. The more extensive interactions of DBP give an affinity for actin some 3 orders of magnitude higher than that for profilin. The larger "footprint" of DBP on actin also leads to an overlap with the actin-binding site of gelsolin domain I.
Studies on the Alkali Metal Requirements of Ram and Bull Spermatozoa (1953)

Rubidium was as effective as potassium in maintaining the motility of ram and bull spermatozoa washed four times in a sodium phosphate-fructose diluent. Caesium was less active, ammonium ions were ineffective, and lithium was toxic.
High‐Resolution Multi‐Contrast <scp>MRI</scp> of the Carotid Artery Wall for Evaluation of Atherosclerotic Plaques (2003)

Abstract Carotid atherosclerosis is an important medical condition associated with a high potential risk of stroke. In addition to the degree of artery stenosis, the size and tissue composition of the atherosclerotic plaque are thought to be important factors for disease management and prognosis. This unit presents a protocol for high‐resolution multi‐contrast MRI of the carotid artery wall. The protocol employs a combination of bright‐blood magnetic resonance angiography and black‐blood imaging with different contrast weightings (T1, T2, and proton‐density contrasts) in order to provide comprehensive characterization of the atherosclerotic lesion. The images obtained with the protocol presented here can be used to identify basic tissue components of the atherosclerotic plaque (fibrous matrix, lipid core, calcificates, and hemorrhage) and to conduct morphological measurements of plaque size and distribution.
τ is phosphorylated by GSK‐3 at several sites found in Alzheimer disease and its biological activity markedly inhibited only after it is prephosphorylated by A‐kinase (1998)

Alzheimer disease is characterized by a specific type of neuronal degeneration in which the microtubule associated protein tau is abnormally hyperphosphorylated causing the disruption of the microtubule network. We have found that the phosphorylation of human tau (tau3L) by A-kinase, GSK-3 or CK-1 inhibits its microtubule assembly-promoting and microtubule-binding activities. However, the inhibition of these activities of tau by GSK-3 is significantly increased if tau is prephosphorylated by A-kinase or CK-1. The most potent inhibition is observed by combination phosphorylation of tau with A-kinase and GSK-3. Under these conditions, only very few microtubules are seen by electron microscopy. Sequencing of 32P-labeled trypsin phosphopeptides from tau prephosphorylated by A-kinase (using unlabeled ATP) and further phosphorylated by GSK-3 in the presence of [gamma-32P]ATP revealed that Ser-195, Ser-198, Ser-199, Ser-202, Thr-205, Thr-231, Ser-235, Ser-262, Ser-356 and Ser-404 are phosphorylated, whereas if tau is not prephosphorylated by A-kinase, GSK-3 phosphorylates it at Thr-181, Ser-184, Ser-262, Ser-356 and Ser-400. These data suggest that (i) prephosphorylation of tau by A-kinase makes additional and different sites accessible for phosphorylation by GSK-3; (ii) phosphorylation of tau at these additional sites further inhibits the biological activity of tau in its ability to bind to microtubules and promote microtubule assembly. Thus a combined role of A-kinase and GSK-3 should be considered in Alzheimer neurofibrillary degeneration.
System performance of the EDGE concept for enhanced data rates in GSM and TDMA/136 (2003)

This paper evaluates the system performance of the EDGE concept. The capacity of Enhanced GPRS is evaluated using both the incremental redundancy mode and the link adaptation mode of the recently standardized EGPRS link quality control scheme. The presented results show that the incremental redundancy mode considerably increases capacity and user data rates over the link adaptation mode. Spectral efficiencies exceeding 0.60 bps/Hz/site and user data rates exceeding 384 kbps are achievable. Compared to standard GPRS, these figures are approximately tripled. To vouch for high simulation accuracy, a novel interface between link and system simulations is used, where multipath fading is included on system level.
Linear transformation of multi-level signal set in multi-code CDMA (2002)

We propose a technique that linearly transforms a multi-level multi-code CDMA signal into an antipodal set. The transformation is, equivalent to a linear block code with elements from the real space. Unlike precoding (which also results in constant envelope signals) there is no loss in data rate due to redundancy since the code rate is 1. Using geometrical arguments, we show that our transformation is equivalent to a rotation or reflection of signal space. We also show that precoding can be classified as a special case of our proposed scheme. In fact, we show that precoding is equivalent to a parity-check linear block code with a modified Hadamard matrix. We also show a close relation between two seemingly different multi-rate schemes of OVSF-CDMA and multi-code CDMA.
Cytotoxic and Anti-infective Phenolic Compounds Isolated from<i>Mikania decora</i>and<i>Cremastosperma microcarpum</i> (2011)

An anticancer-bioassay guided isolation of the ethanol extract and fractions of two plants from the Peruvian rainforest, Mikania decora and Cremastosperma microcarpum, led to the characterization of one abundant diterpene, ent-pimara-8(14),15-dien-19-oic acid (1), three thymol derivatives, 10-acetoxy-8,9-dehydro-6-methoxythymol butyrate (2), 10-acetoxy-8,9-epoxy-6-methoxythymol isobutyrate (3), and acetylschizoginol (4), as well as one neolignan, (±)-trans-dehydrodiisoeugenol (5). Only the latter was isolated from C. microcarpum. These compounds exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against a panel of human tumor cell lines. Compounds 3 and 4 were also investigated for their in vitro antileishmanial and trypanocidal activity against Leishmania amazonensis axenic amastigotes and Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes.
Biosolutions to the energy problem (2009)

We are in an energy crisis caused by years of neglect to alternative energy sources. There are many possible solutions and a number of these are based on microorganisms. These include bioethanol, biobutanol, biodiesel, biohydrocarbons, methane, methanol, electricity-generating microbial fuel cells, and production of hydrogen via photosynthetic microbes. In this review, I will focus on the first four possibilities.
Real-time beat-synchronous audio effects (2007)

We present a new group of audio effects that use beat tracking, the detection of beats in an audio signal, to relate effect parameters to the beats in an input signal. Conventional audio effects are augmented so that their operation is related to the output of a beat tracking system. We present a temposynchronous delay effect and a set of beat synchronous low frequency oscillator effects including tremolo, vibrato and auto-wah. All effects are implemented in real-time as VST plug-ins to allow for their use in live performance.
Das Internationale Einheitensystem (1979)

Im Jahre 1948 wurde anläßlich der 9. Generalkonferenz für Maß und Gewicht (dem höchsten Beschlußgremium der Meterkonvention, s. Abschnitt 2.2) in Anbetracht der bestehenden Einheitenvielfalt der Wunsch artikuliert, für Wissenschaft, Technik und Unterricht ein praktisches internationales Einheitensystem zu schaffen. In den darauf folgenden Generalkonferenzen ist ein solches System entwickelt und angenommen worden, nämlich das System, das heute mit dem Namen Internationales Einheitensystem bezeichnet wird. Das dafür in allen Sprachen gleiche Kurzzeichen ist „Sl“ (von „Systeme International d’Unites). Die gelegentlich benutzte Bezeichnung „Sl-System“ ist unrichtig, weil darin zweimal „System“ vorkommt. Man gewöhne sich daher daran zu sagen: „dasSI“ (sprich: das es i). Das Wort System wird im Zusammenhang mit Einheiten in unterschiedlicher Bedeutung gebraucht. Unter der alten Bezeichnung „metrisches System“ verstand man eine Gruppe von Einheiten, die alle aus dem Meter abgeleitet wurden. Dies betraf die im Handel wichtigen Einheiten für Länge, Fläche, Volumen und Masse. Die Einheit Gramm war ursprünglich als die Masse von 1 cm3 Wasser im Zustand höchster Dichte definiert (vgl. Abschnitt 1.17) und hatte damit eine mittelbare Beziehung zum Meter. Heute wird unter einem Einheitensystem nicht mehr die Zurückführung auf eine Einheit, sondern die Zurück-führung aller Einheiten dieses Systems auf einige bestimmte „Basiseinheiten“ verstanden. Dabei wird angenommen, daß die einzelnen Basiseinheiten voneinander unabhängig sind. Die heute gültigen Definitionen der Basiseinheiten Meter und Kilogramm des Internationalen Einheitensystems sind voneinander unabhängig.
Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Contamination in Microcontact Printing and Its Influence on Patterning Oligonucleotides (2007)

It is well-established that, during microcontact printing (muCP) using poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)-based stamps, some unexpected siloxane fragments can be transferred from the stamp to the surface of the sample. This so-called contamination effect coexists with the delivery of the molecules constituting the ink and by this way influences the printing process. The real impact of this contamination for the muCP technique is still partially unknown. In this work, we investigate the kinetics of this contamination process through the surface characterization of both the sample and the stamp after imprinting. The way both the curing conditions of the PDMS material and the contact time influence the degree of contamination of the surface is investigated on silicon and glass substrates. We propose a cleaning process of the stamp during several hours which eliminates any trace of contamination during printing. We show that hydrophobicity recovery of PDMS surfaces after hydrophilic treatment using oxygen plasma is considerably slowed down when the PDMS material is cleaned using our procedure. Finally, by comparing cleaned and uncleaned PDMS stamps, we show the influence of contamination on the quality of muCP using fluorescent DNA molecules as an ink. Surprisingly, we observe that the amount of DNA molecules transferred during muCP is higher for the uncleaned stamp, highlighting the positive impact of the presence of low molecular weight siloxane fragments on the muCP process. This result is attributed to the better adsorption of oligonucleotides on the stamp surface in presence of these contaminating molecules.
Long‐term effects of chondroitins 4 and 6 sulfate on knee osteoarthritis: The study on osteoarthritis progression prevention, a two‐year, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial (2009)

The long-term combined structure-modifying and symptom-modifying effects of CS suggest that it could be a disease-modifying agent in patients with knee OA.
Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnosis Based on Cortical and Subcortical Features (2019)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common neurodegenerative disease with an often seen prodromal mild cognitive impairment (MCI) phase, where memory loss is the main complaint progressively worsening with behavior issues and poor self-care. However, not all patients clinically diagnosed with MCI progress to the AD. Currently, several high-dimensional classification techniques have been developed to automatically distinguish among AD, MCI, and healthy control (HC) patients based on T1-weighted MRI. However, these method features are based on wavelets, contourlets, gray-level co-occurrence matrix, etc., rather than using clinical features which helps doctors to understand the pathological mechanism of the AD. In this study, a new approach is proposed using cortical thickness and subcortical volume for distinguishing binary and tertiary classification of the National Research Center for Dementia dataset (NRCD), which consists of 326 subjects. Five classification experiments are performed: binary classification, i.e., AD vs HC, HC vs mAD (MCI due to the AD), and mAD vs aAD (asymptomatic AD), and tertiary classification, i.e., AD vs HC vs mAD and AD vs HC vs aAD using cortical and subcortical features. Datasets were divided in a 70/30 ratio, and later, 70% were used for training and the remaining 30% were used to get an unbiased estimation performance of the suggested methods. For dimensionality reduction purpose, principal component analysis (PCA) was used. After that, the output of PCA was passed to various types of classifiers, namely, softmax, support vector machine (SVM), <i>k</i>-nearest neighbors, and naïve Bayes (NB) to check the performance of the model. Experiments on the NRCD dataset demonstrated that the softmax classifier is best suited for the AD vs HC classification with an F1 score of 99.06, whereas for other groups, the SVM classifier is best suited for the HC vs mAD, mAD vs aAD, and AD vs HC vs mAD classifications with the F1 scores being 99.51, 97.5, and 99.99, respectively. In addition, for the AD vs HC vs aAD classification, NB performed well with an F1 score of 95.88. In addition, to check our proposed model efficiency, we have also used the OASIS dataset for comparing with 9 state-of-the-art methods.
Assay of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB in serum with time-resolved immunofluorometry (1990)

We describe the first time-resolved immunofluorometric assay for creatine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2) isoenzyme MB (CK-MB) in serum. The assay is based on the formation of the complex: solid-phase anti-CK-MB-CK-MB-biotinylated anti-CK-BB-streptavidin-BCPDA-Eu3+, where anti-CK-MB and anti-CK-BB are monoclonal antibodies against the CK isoenzymes MB and BB, respectively, and BCPDA is the europium chelator 4,7-bis(chlorosulfophenyl)-1,10-phenanthroline-2,9-dicarboxylic acid. The solid-phase complex is fluorescent and is measured on the dry solid-phase (microtiter well) in a specially designed time-resolved fluorometer that uses laser excitation. The assay requires 25 microL of serum and is not affected by the presence of either CK-MM (up to 5000 micrograms/L) or CK-BB (up to 1000 micrograms/L) in the sample. Precision and accuracy indices for the assay were satisfactory.