gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improving Throughput of Power-Constrained GPUs Using Dynamic Voltage/Frequency and Core Scaling (2011)

State-of-the-art graphic processing units (GPUs) can offer very high computational throughput for highly parallel applications using hundreds of integrated cores. In general, the peak throughput of a GPU is proportional to the product of the number of cores and their frequency. However, the product is often limited by a power constraint. Although the throughput can be increased with more cores for some applications, it cannot for others because parallelism of applications and/or bandwidth of on-chip interconnects/caches and off-chip memory are limited. In this paper, first, we demonstrate that adjusting the number of operating cores and the voltage/frequency of cores and/or on-chip interconnects/caches for different applications can improve the throughput of GPUs under a power constraint. Second, we show that dynamically scaling the number of operating cores and the voltages/frequencies of both cores and on-chip interconnects/caches at runtime can improve the throughput of application even further. Our experimental results show that a GPU adopting our runtime dynamic voltage/frequency and core scaling technique can provide up to 38% (and nearly 20% on average) higher throughput than the baseline GPU under the same power constraint.
Ion beams in silicon processing and characterization (1997)

General trends in integrated circuit technology toward smaller device dimensions, lower thermal budgets, and simplified processing steps present severe physical and engineering challenges to ion implantation. These challenges, together with the need for physically based models at exceedingly small dimensions, are leading to a new level of understanding of fundamental defect science in Si. In this article, we review the current status and future trends in ion implantation of Si at low and high energies with particular emphasis on areas where recent advances have been made and where further understanding is needed. Particularly interesting are the emerging approaches to defect and dopant distribution modeling, transient enhanced diffusion, high energy implantation and defect accumulation, and metal impurity gettering. Developments in the use of ion beams for analysis indicate much progress has been made in one-dimensional analysis, but that severe challenges for two-dimensional characterization remain. The breadth of ion beams in the semiconductor industry is illustrated by the successful use of focused beams for machining and repair, and the development of ion-based lithographic systems. This suite of ion beam processing, modeling, and analysis techniques will be explored both from the perspective of the emerging science issues and from the technological challenges.
Respiration derived from the electrocardiogram: a quantitative comparison of three different methods (2002)

Three methods were developed to derive the respiration from the electrocardiogram (ECG). The basis for deriving the respiration from the ECG relies on the fact that during respiration, the heart's position in the thoracic cavity changes. Consequently, the angle of the mean cardiac vector also changes during respiration. Two orthogonal leads of ECG and a measure of respiration were taken from 9 healthy subjects during rest, paced breathing, and exercise. To determine the optimum method, the ECG derived respiration was compared to the measured respiration using cross-correlation and coherence. The results indicate that one method provides more accurate results than the other two.
Vertebrate Mineralized Matrix Proteins: Structure and Function (1996)

The mineralized matrices of enamel, cementum, dentin, calcified cartilage and bone are similar in their ability to form a microenvironment that facilitates deposition of hydroxyapatite. However, they are not identical, as witnessed by the nature of apatite crystals that are formed. Enamel is devoid of collagen; and is composed of enamelins, amelogenins, tuftelin and ameloblastin, first described at this meeting. Cementum, dentin and bone matrices are composed primarily of type I collagen, however, each matrix may also contain unique moieties. The exact composition of cementum is not fully known, but in dentin there are unique matrix proteins, phosphophoryn (dentin phosphoprotein, DPP), a distinctive dentin matrix protein (DMP-1), and dentin sialoprotein (DSP). In bone, dentin and cementum, the matrix proteins include proteoglycans (versican, decorin, biglycan) and hyaluronan, glycoproteins which are often phosphorylated and sulfated (osteonectin, RGD-containing proteins) and gla-containing proteins (matrix gla protein, protein S, osteocalcin). The exact nature of all the non-collagenous proteins of calcified cartilage is not yet fully known. While there are no definitive functions for any of the mineralized matrix proteins to date, they most likely participate in regulation of cell metabolism, matrix deposition and mineralization, and bone turnover.
mTORC1/2 and rapamycin in female Han:SPRD rats with polycystic kidney disease (2010)

Rapamycin slows disease progression in the male Han:SPRD (Cy/+) rat with polycystic kidney disease (PKD). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of rapamycin on PKD and the relative contributions of the proproliferative mammalian target of rapamycin complexes 1 and 2 (mTORC1 and mTORC2) in female Cy/+ rats. Female Cy/+ rats were treated with rapamycin from 4 to 12 wk of age. In vehicle-treated Cy/+ rats, kidney volume increased by 40% and cyst volume density (CVD) was 19%. Phosphorylated S6 (p-S6) ribosomal protein, a marker of mTORC1 activity, was increased in Cy/+ rats compared with normal littermate controls (+/+) and decreased by rapamycin. Despite activation of mTORC1 in female Cy/+ rats, rapamycin had no effect on kidney size, CVD, number of PCNA-positive cystic tubular cells, caspase-3 activity, or the number of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP-mediated nick-end label-positive apoptotic cells. To determine a reason for the lack of effect of rapamycin, we studied the mTORC2 signaling pathway. On immunoblot of kidney, phosphorylated (Ser473) Akt (p-Akt), a marker of mTORC2 activity, was increased in female Cy/+ rats treated with rapamycin. Phosphorylated (Ser657) PKCα, a substrate of mTORC2, was unaffected by rapamycin in females. In contrast, in male rats, where rapamycin significantly decreases PKD, p-Akt (Ser473) was decreased by rapamcyin. PKCα (Ser657) was increased in male Cy/+ rats but was unaffected by rapamycin. In summary, in female Cy/+ rats, rapamycin had no effect on PKD and proproliferative p-Akt (Ser473) activity was increased by rapamycin. There were differential effects of rapamycin on mTORC2 signaling in female vs. male Cy/+ rats.
Linear Dimensionality Reduction: Survey, Insights, and Generalizations (2014)

Linear dimensionality reduction methods are a cornerstone of analyzing high dimensional data, due to their simple geometric interpretations and typically attractive computational properties. These methods capture many data features of interest, such as covariance, dynamical structure, correlation between data sets, input-output relationships, and margin between data classes. Methods have been developed with a variety of names and motivations in many fields, and perhaps as a result the connections between all these methods have not been highlighted. Here we survey methods from this disparate literature as optimization programs over matrix manifolds. We discuss principal component analysis, factor analysis, linear multidimensional scaling, Fisher's linear discriminant analysis, canonical correlations analysis, maximum autocorrelation factors, slow feature analysis, sufficient dimensionality reduction, undercomplete independent component analysis, linear regression, distance metric learning, and more. This optimization framework gives insight to some rarely discussed shortcomings of well-known methods, such as the suboptimality of certain eigenvector solutions. Modern techniques for optimization over matrix manifolds enable a generic linear dimensionality reduction solver, which accepts as input data and an objective to be optimized, and returns, as output, an optimal low-dimensional projection of the data. This simple optimization framework further allows straightforward generalizations and novel variants of classical methods, which we demonstrate here by creating an orthogonal-projection canonical correlations analysis. More broadly, this survey and generic solver suggest that linear dimensionality reduction can move toward becoming a blackbox, objective-agnostic numerical technology.
Scanning tunneling microscopy of ordered coated cluster layers on graphite (1997)

Surfactant stabilized gold clusters have been deposited on graphite and studied with scanning tunneling microscopy in vacuum. Cluster layers with a superlattice constant of ≈31 Å were found, extending over several micrometers. The clusters form a hexagonal lattice which is ordered over distances of about 100 Å. At low sample biases (&lt;0.75 V) the clusters are not imaged, consistent with a Coulomb blockade effect.
Efficacy and Safety of the Pulsed Infusions of Levosimendan in Outpatients with Advanced Heart Failure (LevoRep) Study: A Multicentre Randomized Trial (2014)

NCT01065194.
Calcium channels of schistosomes: unresolved questions and unexpected answers (2011)

Parasitic flatworms of the genus Schistosoma are the causative agents of schistosomiasis, a highly prevalent, neglected tropical disease that causes significant morbidity in hundreds of millions of people worldwide. The current treatment of choice against schistosomiasis is praziquantel (PZQ), which is known to affect Ca(2+) homeostasis in schistosomes, but which has an undefined molecular target and mode of action. PZQ is the only available antischistosomal drug in most parts of the world, making reports of PZQ resistance particularly troubling. Voltage-gated Ca(2+) (Ca(v)) channels have been proposed as possible targets for PZQ, and, given their central role in the neuromuscular system, may also serve as targets for new anthelmintic therapeutics. Indeed, ion channels constitute the majority of targets for current anthelmintics. Ca(v) channel subunits from schistosomes and other platyhelminths have several unique properties that make them attractive as potential drug targets, and that could also provide insights into structure-function relationships in, and evolution of, Ca(v) channels.
Use of topological charge to determine filament location and dynamics in a numerical model of scroll wave activity (2002)

The unique time course of an excitable element in cardiac tissue can be represented as the phase of its trajectory in state space. A phase singularity is defined as a spatial point where the surrounding phase values changes by a total of 2 pi, thereby forming the organizing center for a reentrant excitatory wave, a phenomenon which occurs in cardiac fibrillation. In this paper, we describe a methodology to detect the singular filament in numeric simulations of three-dimensional (3-D) scroll waves by using the concept of topological charge. Here, we use simple two-variable models of cardiac activity to construct the state space, generate the phase field, and calculate the topological charge as a summation of 3-D convolution operations. We illustrate the usage of the algorithm on the basic dynamics of vortex ring filament behavior as well as the more complex spatiotemporal behavior observed in fibrillation. We also compare the motion of filament wavetips as determined by the phase field produced by two-variable state space and single-variable, time-delay embedded state space. Finally, we examine the state spaces produced by a more complex three-variable model. We conclude that the use of state-space analysis, along with the unique properties of topological charge, allows for a novel means of filament localization.
Cadmium Biosorption by S. fluitans: Treatment, Resilience and Uptake Relative to Other Sargassum spp. and Brown Algae (2004)

Abstract Species of the brown algae Sargassum have been targeted for use in the implementation of strategies to remediate toxic heavy metal contamination in effluents and drinking waters. This work focusses on some of the intrinsic physico-chemical properties of the algal material and aspects of the sorption mechanism, in particular: their maximal metal uptake, the influence of particle size and their resilience to leaching during equilibrium batch experiments. In addition to S. fluitans, the database on cadmium uptake capacities by Sargassum is extended to include S. thunbergii and S. oligocystum, and these are compared to those of two common brown algae. Results of our experiments demonstrate that cadmium sorption is independent of the range of particle sizes investigated (&lt;2 and 3–6 mm), thereby indicating that sorption is not a function of the specific surface area of the biomass exposed to the solution. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) analyses reveal that leaching to the cadmium solutions during the metal sorption reaction is independent of the biomass preparations used to obtain the two size fractions but decreases with increasing final cadmium concentration.
The role of personal involvement and respponsibility in dictatorial allocationst: A classroom experimen (2005)

This paper explores the motivations behind giving. Speci.cally, it focuses on personal involvement and responsibility to explain why decision makers give positive amounts in dictatorial decisons. The experiment is designed to uncover these motivations. Subjects face the problem of a dictator.s allocation of an indivisible pie P to one of two players; indivisibility creates an extremely unequal outcome and the dictator is given a chance to correct this outcome at a cost. The willingness to pay to correct the outcome is examined under di?erent scenarios so that we learn about several features concerning prefer- ences.
Temporal relationship between cytochrome c release and mitochondrial swelling during UV-induced apoptosis in living HeLa cells (2001)

During apoptosis, cytochrome c is released from mitochondria to the cytosol to activate a caspase cascade, which commits the cell to the death process. It has been proposed that the release of cytochrome c is caused by a swelling of the mitochondrial matrix triggered by the apoptotic stimuli. To test this theory, we measured directly the dynamic re-distribution of green fluorescence protein (GFP)-tagged cytochrome c and morphological change of mitochondria within living HeLa cells during u.v.-induced apoptosis. We observed that mitochondria did not swell when cytochrome c was released from mitochondria to cytosol during apoptosis. Instead, mitochondria swelled to spherical shapes within 10 minutes of cytochrome c release. This finding strongly suggests that cytochrome c release in apoptosis was not caused by mitochondrial swelling. This conclusion was further supported in two separated experiments using an immunostaining method and carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl-hydrazone (CCCP) treatment. In addition, we found evidence that cytochrome c was also released before mitochondrial swelling in apoptosis induced by other cell death-inducing treatments, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and actinomycin D.
Optimizing precision overhead for x86 processors (2004)

Abstract It is a major challenge for a Java JIT compiler to perform single‐precision floating‐point operations efficiently for the x86 processors. In previous research, the double‐precision mode is set as the default precision mode when methods are invoked. Sophisticated approaches then use heuristic approaches to optimization by considering the trade‐offs between roundings and mode switches. However, this convention introduces redundant mode switches across method boundaries. Furthermore, methods that include both single‐ and double‐precision operations cannot switch the mode, even if single‐precision operations are dominant. We propose a new approach to these problems. We eliminate redundant mode switches by ignoring the default precision mode and calling a method in the same precision mode as the caller. For methods that include both single‐ and double‐precision methods, we reduce the overhead of rounding by isolating code segments of a given method that should be executed in the single‐precision mode. We implemented our approach in IBM's Just‐in‐Time compiler, and obtained experimental results demonstrating that, in SPECjvm98, it consistently shows the best performance in any configuration of benchmark programs, inline policies, and processor architectures compared with previous research approaches. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure‐Activity Relationship Studies of CNS Agents, XIX: Quantitative Analysis of the Alkyl Chain Effects on the 5‐HT<sub>1A</sub> and 5‐HT<sub>2</sub> Receptor Affinities of 4‐Alkyl‐1‐arylpiperazines and Their Analogs (1995)

The 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 receptor affinity of a set of 44 N-alkylated 1-aryl-piperazines and their analogs has been analyzed: the n-hexyl derivatives were the most potent and the most selective 5-HT1A ligands of all the investigated N-alkyl homologues. The alkyl chain may stabilize the 5-HT1A receptor-ligand complex by hydrophobic forces. A set of the alkyl substituent contributions (CHT1A) for prediction of the 5-HT1A affinity of N-alkyl derivatives of 1-arylpiperazines and related compounds have been defined on the basis of the Free-Wilson analysis.
Size Effect of Gold Nanoparticles in Catalytic Reduction of p-Nitrophenol with NaBH4 (2013)

Gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) were prepared by reducing HAuCl4 with NaBH4. Their average particle sizes could be tuned in the range of 1.7 and 8.2 nm, by adjusting the amount of NaBH4 used during synthesis. The obtained Au NPs (colloids) were then loaded onto a commercial Al2O3 support to prepare Au/Al2O3 catalysts with tunable Au particle sizes. An optimal pH value (5.9) of the Au colloid solution was found to be essential for loading Au NPs onto Al2O3 while avoiding the growth of Au NPs. Au NPs and Au/Al2O3 catalysts were tested in the reduction of p-nitrophenol with NaBH4. Interestingly, the catalytic activity depended on the size of Au NPs, being the highest when the average size was 3.4 nm. Relevant characterization by UV-Vis, TEM, and XRD was conducted.
Laterally-extended porphyrin systems incorporating a switchable unitElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available: experimental procedures and characterization of compounds. See http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/cc/b1/b111655j/ (2002)

p-Quinone units incorporated into the central portion of rigid pi-systems linking either two porphyrin macrocycles or a porphyrin and a phenanthroline group have the potential to function as a chemically and electrochemically controllable switch, thus acting as a means of modulating electronic communication between the two end groups.
Technical Report: Graph-Structured Sparse Optimization for Connected Subgraph Detection (2016)

Structured sparse optimization is an important and challenging problem for analyzing high-dimensional data in a variety of applications such as bioinformatics, medical imaging, social networks, and astronomy. Although a number of structured sparsity models have been explored, such as trees, groups, clusters, and paths, connected subgraphs have been rarely explored in the current literature. One of the main technical challenges is that there is no structured sparsity-inducing norm that can directly model the space of connected subgraphs, and there is no exact implementation of a projection oracle for connected subgraphs due to its NP-hardness. In this paper, we explore efficient approximate projection oracles for connected subgraphs, and propose two new efficient algorithms, namely, Graph-IHT and Graph-GHTP, to optimize a generic nonlinear objective function subject to connectivity constraint on the support of the variables. Our proposed algorithms enjoy strong guarantees analogous to several current methods for sparsity-constrained optimization, such as Projected Gradient Descent (PGD), Approximate Model Iterative Hard Thresholding (AM-IHT), and Gradient Hard Thresholding Pursuit (GHTP) with respect to convergence rate and approximation accuracy. We apply our proposed algorithms to optimize several well-known graph scan statistics in several applications of connected subgraph detection as a case study, and the experimental results demonstrate that our proposed algorithms outperform state-of-the-art methods.
Copper Powder Metallurgy Products (1990)

Abstract This article briefly reviews the subject of copper-base powder-metallurgy (P/M) products in terms of powder production methods (atomization, oxide reduction, electrolysis, and hydrometallurgy) and the product properties/consolidation practices of the major applications. Of the four major methods for making copper and copper alloy powders, atomization and oxide reduction are presently practiced on a large scale in North America. The article provides information on the mechanism, production, properties, composition and applications of different types of copper-base P/M products, including self-lubricating sintered bearings, structural parts, oxide-dispersion-strengthened copper, sintered metal friction materials, and porous filters.
Co-Administration of IL-1+IL-6+TNF-α with Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infected Macrophages Vaccine Induces Better Protective T Cell Memory than BCG (2011)

BCG has been administered globally for more than 75 years, yet tuberculosis (TB) continues to kill more than 2 million people annually. Further, BCG protects childhood TB but is quite inefficient in adults. This indicates that BCG fails to induce long-term protection. Hence there is a need to explore alternative vaccination strategies that can stimulate enduring T cell memory response. Dendritic cell based vaccination has attained extensive popularity following their success in various malignancies. In our previous study, we have established a novel and unique vaccination strategy against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) and Salmonella typhimurium by utilizing infected macrophages (IM). In short-term experiments (30 days), substantial degree of protection was observed. However, remarkable difference was not observed in long-term studies (240 days) due to failure of the vaccine to generate long-lasting memory T cells. Hence, in the present study we employed T cell memory augmenting cytokines IL-1+IL-6+TNF-α and IL-7+IL-15 for the induction of the enhancement of long-term protection by the vaccine. We co-administered the M. tb infected macrophages vaccine with IL-1+IL-6+TNF-α (IM-1.6.α) and IL-7+IL-15 (IM-7.15). The mice were then rested for a reasonably large period (240 days) to study the bona fide T cell memory response before exposing them to aerosolized M. tb. IM-1.6.α but not IM-7.15 significantly improved memory T cell response against M. tb, as evidenced by recall responses of memory T cells, expansion of both central as well as effector memory CD4 and CD8 T cell pools, elicitation of mainly Th1 memory response, reduction in the mycobacterial load and alleviated lung pathology. Importantly, the protection induced by IM-1.6.α was significantly better than BCG. Thus, this study demonstrates that not only antigen-pulsed DCs can be successfully employed as vaccines against cancer and infectious diseases but also macrophages infected with M. tb can be utilized with great efficacy especially in protection against TB.