gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Differential expression of secreted aspartyl proteinases in a model of human oral candidosis and in patient samples from the oral cavity (1998)

Candida albicans, an opportunistic pathogen in humans, secretes secretory aspartyl proteinases (Saps), which have been correlated with virulence. We examined the temporal regulation of the mRNA expression of seven known members of the SAP gene family by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in (i) an in vitro model of oral candidosis based on reconstituted human epithelium (RHE); and (ii) clinical samples from patients with oral candidosis. SAP1 and SAP3 transcripts were first detected 42 h after inoculation of RHE, while at the same time, slight morphological alterations in the epithelium were documented by light microscopy. SAP6 expression occurred 6 h later concomitantly with germ tube formation of some infecting Candida cells and severe lesions of the epithelial tissue. SAP2 and SAP8 RT-PCR products were first detected 60 h after infection, while SAP4 and SAP5 transcripts were never discovered. Thus, a temporal progression of SAP expression in the order SAP1 and SAP3 > SAP6 > SAP2 and SAP8 was observed at the same time as increasing RHE damage occurred. At the protein level, Sap antigen was found within the C. albicans yeast cells and the epithelial cells by immunoelectron microscopy using an anti-Sap murine monoclonal antibody directed against the gene products Sap1-3. Expression of SAP1-3 and 6 was also detected by RT-PCR in samples from patients suffering from oral candidosis. Our results suggest that the pathogenesis of experimental and clinical oral candidosis is associated with the differential and temporal regulation of SAP gene expression.
Nanofibrous Resonant Membrane for Acoustic Applications (2011)

Because the absorption of lower-frequency sound is problematic with fibrous material made up of coarser fibers, highly efficient sound absorption materials must be developed. The focus of this paper is on the development of a new material with high acoustic absorption characteristics. For low-frequency absorption, structures based upon the resonance principle of nanofibrous layers are employed in which the resonance of some elements allows acoustic energy to be converted into thermal energy. A nanofibrous membrane was produced by an electrostatic spinning process from an aqueous solution of polyvinyl alcohol and the acoustic characteristics of the material measured. The resonant frequency prediction for the nanofibrous membrane is based on research into its production parameters. The distance between electrodes during the electrostatic spinning process determines the average diameter of the nanofibers, and the outlet velocity of the material determines its area density. The average diameter of nanofibers was measured using the Lucia software package directly from an electron microscope image. The resonant frequency of nanofibrous membranes was determined from the sound absorption coefficient and transmission loss measurement.
China’s Emerging Policy of Soft Power in the Middle East: CCTV Arabic International Channel (2014)

With China’s global rise and peaceful development, Chinese government has discovered the importance of national branding through the strategic move of cultural diplomacy and enhancement national capacity of soft power, this paper explores China’s media policy in the Middle East through the state-run China Central Television (CCTV) Arabic International Satellite Channel which was officially launched in July 2009. Based on the qualitative interviews in Beijing, documentary evidence from channel’s annual report, survey result and other newspaper commentaries, this paper discusses China’s emerging policy of ‘Go Global’ through the channel’s coverage of within the Arab world, broadcasting strategy, programs production, rationale about branding ‘cultural China’ and the national image building among the Arab audience. This paper concludes that in its search for legitimate involvement in the Middle East, China has sought the importance of soft power through media. And the presence of the CCTV Arabic International Channel is an emerging symbol of closer tie between China-Middle East and China’s power to influence the region on a long-term basis.
3.beta.-Hydroxy-.DELTA.5-steroid dehydrogenase/3-keto-.DELTA.5-steroid isomerase from bovine adrenals: mechanism of inhibition by 3-oxo-4-aza steroids and kinetic mechanism of the dehydrogenase (1989)

Several 3-oxo-4-aza steroids (1) have been identified as inhibitors of the 3 beta-hydroxy-delta 5-steroid dehydrogenase/3-keto-delta 5-steroid isomerase catalyzed conversion of pregnenolone to progesterone. By kinetically decoupling the two enzyme activities isolated from bovine adrenal cortex, it has been demonstrated that inhibition by 1 occurs through interference of both activities. A preferred ordered association of substrates to the 3 beta-hydroxy-delta 5-steroid dehydrogenase in which the cofactor binds prior to steroid was determined by isotope exchange at equilibrium. With this result, the dead-end inhibition patterns of 1 with the dehydrogenase were interpreted to originate from a preferred association of inhibitor within an enzyme ternate containing NADH; this proposal is supported by data from multiple inhibition analysis indicating synergistic binding of NADH and 1. Similarly, inhibition of the 3-keto-delta 5-steroid isomerase by the 3-oxo-4-aza steroids was enhanced in the presence of the positive effector NADH. On the basis of pH profiles upon Vm, Vm/Km, and 1/Ki for both enzyme activities, inhibition is proposed to result from the structural similarity of 1 to intermediate states formed upon enzyme catalysis.
Digital Rights Management: An Integrated Secure Digital Content Distribution Technology (2004)

The ability to distribute copyrighted works in digital form through high capacity prerecorded disks (CD ROMs, DVDs etc.) and Internet-enabled transmissions have brought new challenges to the protections of such content from unauthorized copying and use. Technological advancements in this regard are reviewed. Despite the ease with which digital content owners can now transfer data, images, music, video and multimedia documents across the Internet, current technology does not let them protect their rights to the works, which has resulted into widespread music and video piracy. In fact, although the Internet permits widespread dissemination of digital content, the easy-to-copy nature of digital data limits content owners’ willingness to distribute their documents electronically. Digital Rights Management (DRM) technology is a key enabler for the distribution of digital content. DRM refers to protecting ownership/copyright of electronic content by restricting the extent of usage an authorized recipient is allowed in regard to that content. DRM technology has historically been viewed as the methodology for the protection of digital media copyrights. But DRM technology products can be leveraged to address much larger issues, including the control of rights and usage permissions of content and digital information. DRM presents the opportunity to package, price, distribute and sell content in many new ways that have never been possible before. The paper discusses about the digital medium, digital watermarking, copy protection techniques (CPT), important legal developments and issues, court cases, DRM applications, DRM technology overviews, and DRM enabling technologies and standardization. It also discusses about the initiative taken by the Department of Information Technology for a watermarking project.
Sequential Boolean Equations (1969)

The problem of solving sequential Boolean equations is shown to be equivalent to the problem of finding whether there exists a path on a labeled graph for every sequence of labels. Algorithms are given for testing whether a solution exists, and if a solution with a finite delay exists. In case of existence of solutions the algorithms provide them.
Activation of Latent HIV-1 Expression by Protein Kinase C Agonists. A Novel Therapeutic Approach to Eradicate HIV-1 Reservoirs (2011)

The persistence of latent HIV-infected cellular reservoirs represents the major hurdle to virus eradication in patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. The molecular mechanisms by which integrated HIV-1 is repressed during latency have been partially identified in different models of HIV-1 latency, and the involvement of multiple processes has been demonstrated. Therefore, several molecular targets amenable to pharmacological manipulation have emerged to antagonize HIV-1 latency in the viral reservoirs. In this context, it has been suggested that successful depletion of such latent reservoirs will require a combination of therapeutic agents that can specifically and efficiently act on cells harbouring latent HIV-1 provirus. HIV-1 reactivation therapy is a potential therapeutic option to purge the viral reservoirs. The goal of this therapy is to enhance the transcriptional activity of the latent HIV-1 without inducing the polyclonal activation of non-infected cells. In this sense natural or semisynthetic protein kinase C agonists lacking tumour-promoter activities clearly fulfil this criterion, thereby opening new research avenues to purge HIV-1 reservoirs. In this review article, we have succinctly summarized the known effects of "natural products", focusing on phorboids like prostratin and ingenols, macrolides like bryostatin 1, and macrocyclic polyesters like ingols and jatrophanes. A comprehensive view on the molecular mechanisms underlying the principle of HIV-1 reactivation from latency is provided, discussing the combination of "natural products" with other experimental or conventional therapeutics.
Capillary electrophoresis – mass spectrometry: 15 years of developments and applications (2003)

Since its introduction in 1987, capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) has developed to a well accepted multidimensional analytical approach complementary and/or competitive to classical MS-hyphenated separation techniques. The threefold combination of rapid developments of an exceptional separation technique, of selective mass detection possibilities, and of very mild ionization modes first allowed these progresses. This article shows the CE specificities that need to be well controlled/known, compared to classical and more routinely used liquid chromatography in the light of its coupling to MS. The major trends and developments over the last 15 years and most of the reviews and applications found in ISI Web of science and publisher databases are presented in a tabulated way. The reader can thus rapidly find existing CE-MS analysis techniques in his field of research and application (forensics, environment, bioanalytics, pharmaceutics, and metabolites).
Active laser resonator performance: formation of a specified intensity output (2001)

We discuss the formation of a specified super-Gaussian intensity distribution of a fundamental mode by means of an intracavity controlled mirror, which is a water-cooled bimorph flexible mirror equipped with four controlling electrodes. Analysis has confirmed the possibility to form fourth-, sixth-, and eighth-order super-Gaussian intensity distributions at the output of the stable resonators of industrial cw CO(2) and YAG:Nd(3+) lasers. We present the results of the experimental formation of fourth-order and sixth-order super-Gaussian fundamental modes at the output of a cw CO(2) laser by means of an intracavity flexible mirror. We observed an increase in power up to 12% and an enlargement of the peak value of the far-field intensity by as much as 1.6 times that with a Gaussian TEM(00) mode of the cw CO(2) laser.
Differential effects of the streptococcal fibronectin-binding protein, FBP54, on adhesion of group A streptococci to human buccal cells and HEp-2 tissue culture cells (1996)

We have previously demonstrated that fibronectin mediates streptococcal adhesion to host cells and that streptococci interact primarily with the N-terminal domain of fibronectin. FBP54 is a 54-kDa protein from group A streptococci that binds fibronectin. In this report, we show that the N-terminal domain of fibronectin reacts with FBP54 and preferentially blocks streptococcal adhesion to buccal epithelial cells. FBP54 blocked adhesion to human buccal epithelial cells by 80% in a dose-related fashion. In contrast, FBP54 had little effect on adhesion of group A streptococci to HEp-2 tissue culture cells. The fibronectin-binding domain of FBP54 has been localized to the first 89 N-terminal residues of the protein. Experiments using affinity-purified antibodies to this region indicated that the N terminus of FBP54 is exposed on the surface of streptococci in a manner that can interact with immobilized receptors. Analysis of sera from patients with post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis and acute rheumatic fever indicated that FBP54 is expressed in vivo and is immunogenic in the human host. These data indicate that FBP54 is a streptococcal adhesin that is expressed in the human host and that preferentially mediates adhesion to certain types of human cells.
Non-invasive tools for measuring metabolism and biophysical analyte transport: self-referencing physiological sensing (2011)

Biophysical phenomena related to cellular biochemistry and transport are spatially and temporally dynamic, and are directly involved in the regulation of physiology at the sub-cellular to tissue spatial scale. Real time monitoring of transmembrane transport provides information about the physiology and viability of cells, tissues, and organisms. Combining information learned from real time transport studies with genomics and proteomics allows us to better understand the functional and mechanistic aspects of cellular and sub-cellular systems. To accomplish this, ultrasensitive sensing technologies are required to probe this functional realm of biological systems with high temporal and spatial resolution. In addition to ongoing research aimed at developing new and enhanced sensors (e.g., increased sensitivity, enhanced analyte selectivity, reduced response time, and novel microfabrication approaches), work over the last few decades has advanced sensor utility through new sensing modalities that extend and enhance the data recorded by sensors. A microsensor technique based on phase sensitive detection of real time biophysical transport is reviewed here. The self-referencing technique converts non-invasive extracellular concentration sensors into dynamic flux sensors for measuring transport from the membrane to the tissue scale. In this tutorial review, we discuss the use of self-referencing micro/nanosensors for measuring physiological activity of living cells/tissues in agricultural, environmental, and biomedical applications comprehensible to any scientist/engineer.
Performance of accelerated oscillator dampers under seismic loading (2018)

Structure control techniques have been used to control vibrations in civil structures from natural and other types of hazards for many years. However, it is difficult to achieve effective reduction in the dynamic responses of the structures under seismic excitation for the reason that earthquake generates huge kinetic energy in short time interval, unless adopting very large conventional vibration reduction devices to absorb so much energy. A kind of mass damper, the accelerated oscillator damper is proposed in this article to improve the performance of vibration absorbers. The kinetic energy of the secondary mass is proportional to the square of its velocity, and speed of the secondary mass can be amplified through the transmission of the accelerated oscillator damper system, so that according to the principle of energy conservation, the more kinetic energy the secondary mass gets from the whole system, the more kinetic energy the building will lose. The proposed accelerated oscillator damper system is superior to the tuned mass damper system for short input durations and the maximum seismic response. Moreover, the investigation also shows that the transmission ratio plays a more significant role for vibration absorption than the mass ratio.
Mechanism of Cholinergic Inhibition of Dog Thyroid Secretion<i>in Vitro</i><sup>*</sup> (1984)

It has been previously shown that carbamylcholine (10(-5) M) decreases TSH-induced cAMP accumulation and hormone secretion in dog thyroid slices. The mechanism of the latter effect has been investigated in this work. The role of a decrease of cAMP level as the sole mediator of the inhibition of secretion was excluded: the inhibition persisted in the presence of 1-methyl-3-isobutylxanthine at 10(-4) M, which completely abolished the carbamylcholine-induced decrease in cAMP. Moreover, carbamylcholine also inhibited secretion when the slices were incubated with 0.4 mM (Bu)2cAMP. Scanning electron microscopic studies showed that carbamylcholine added at the same time as TSH blocked the formation of pseudopods in response to TSH within 2 min. The kinetic and morphological effects of carbamylcholine added at the same time as, or 90 min after, TSH were similar to those of cytochalasin B (3 micrograms/ml). After carbamylcholine addition at time 90 min, the stimulated secretion rate persisted unchanged for 46 +/- 10 min (mean +/- SD) (n = 6). During this period the colloid droplets disappeared from the cells. Carbamylcholine, like cytochalasin B, did not affect the basal secretion, which is independent of phagocytosis. It is concluded that carbamylcholine (10(-5) M) inhibits stimulated thyroid secretion at a step beyond cAMP accumulation by blocking pseudopod formation and not by inhibiting thyroglobulin hydrolysis or hormone diffusion.
Silyl Group Migration in 1-<i>O</i>-Silyl Protected Sugars-Convenient Synthesis of 2-<i>O</i>-Unprotected Sugars (1996)

Abstract Reaction of 2-O-unprotected 1-O-silyl-protected D-glucose and D-galactose derivatives 5a-d with benzyl bromide in the presence of sodium hydride as the base afforded 1-O-benzyl 2-O-silyl derivatives 6aα/β - 6dα/β. Thus, prior to anomeric O-benzylation, trans-1,2-silyl group migration takes place. Ensuing removal of the 2-O-silyl group furnishes 2-O-unprotected compounds 8aα/β - 8dα/β, which are useful building blocks. More prone to 1-O-silyl group migration is mannose as shown for derivatives of 4,6-O-benzylidene-D-mannose 9. Cis-1,2- and cis-2,3-silyl group migrations affording compounds 15 and 13 were already observed on deacetylation of the thexyldimethylsilyl 2,3-di-O-acetyl derivative 12β under Zemplén conditions.
Poliomyelitis in the Netherlands 1958-69: the influence of a vaccination programme with inactivated poliovaccine. (1972)

The Netherlands is one of the few countries where poliomyelitis vaccination is practised with inactivated vaccine. Vaccinations started in 1957 and since 1962 have been carried out with a diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis-poliomyelitis vaccine according to a fixed schedule. The overall acceptance rate has been over 90%.Since 1957 the poliomyelitis morbidity has decreased by more than 99% in fully vaccinated persons and by 60-80% among nonvaccinated persons. The latter reduction probably resulted from a decrease in the amount of virus circulating after the vaccination campaign had started. The rather unequal distribution of acceptance rates allowed for a more detailed examination, which showed a relation between acceptance rates and morbidity figures. The morbidity pattern is now characterized by a few local outbreaks among nonvaccinated subjects in areas with low vaccination rates, and by the virtual disappearance of the disease in the rest of the country.
Fully Electronic Space-Division Telephone Exchanges Using Semiconductor Crosspoints and Optical Switching (1974)

The state of the art in fully electronic space-division telephone exchanges shows that neither can semiconductor crosspoints directly replace reed relay contacts in Public exchanges, nor can hitherto semiconductor switching networks compete with reed relay switching networks. Though semiconductor crosspoints fulfill all transmission requirements, they are too expensive. Investigations on this field by the authors led to the following results. 1) A semiconductor crosspoint with high breakdown voltage and low on-resistance has been developed. This crosspoint can be connected to a subscriber's line and thus directly replace a reed relay in a public exchange at only slightly higher cost. 2) These crosspoints with high voltage capability can be combined with low cost, low breakdown voltage MOS semiconductor arrays in large-scale integration (LSI) techniques which are isolated from the subscriber lines by transformers to form a fully electronic switching network. 3) A crosspoint free of on-attenuation which can be monolithically integrated to crosspoint arrays has been developed; 4) A thick-film hybrid crosspoint for switching of commercial high-resolution video signals has been developed. The state of the art of optical switching systems shows that switching networks using a laser beam enable the transmission of wideband video signals with comparatively high crosstalk attenuation.
Serological investigations in children with colonized Spitz-Holter valves (1972)

It has been found that children with hydrocephalus, whose Spitz-Holter valves are colonized with Staph. albus, have an antibody to this organism in their serum. Children without colonized shunts have little or no such antibody. A test for this antibody is described, and its use in such cases is discussed.
Stereospecific<i>C</i>=β-Glycosidation and Synthesis of 4,7-Anhydro-5,6-isopropylidene-4 (<i>S</i>), 5(<i>S</i>), 6(<i>R</i>), 7(<i>R</i>)-Tetrahydroxyoxocan-2-one (1993)

Abstract Wittig reaction of 2,3-O-isopropylidene-5-O-panisyldiphenylmethyl-β-D-ribofuranose (2) with methoxycarbonyl-methylene triphenylphosphorane was accompanied by spontaneous cyclization to generate 3 stereospecifically. Deprotection of 5-OH followed by mild base hydrolysis and cyclization with Py-Ac2O-DBU then yielded 4,7-anhydro-5,6-isopropylidene-4(S), 5(S), 6(R), 7(R)-tetrahydroxyoxocan-2-one (5) in good overall yield.
The 3D Recognition, Generation, Fusion, Update and Refinement (RG4) Concept. (2001)

This paper describes an active (real time) recognition strategy whereby information is inferred iteratively across several viewpoints in descent imagery. We will show how we use inverse theory within the context of parametric model generation, namely height and spectral reflection functions, to generate s model assertions. Using this strategy in an active context implies that, from every viewpoint, the proposed system must refine its hypotheses taking into account the image and the effect of uncertainties as well. The proposed system employs probabilistic solutions to the problem of merging information (images) from several viewpoints. This involves feeding the posterior distribution from all previous images as a prior for the next view. Novel approaches will be developed to accelerate the inversion search using novel statistic implementations and reducing the model complexity using foveated vision. Foveated vision refers to...