gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Emerging Cross-lingual Structure in Pretrained Language Models (2019)

We study the problem of multilingual masked language modeling, i.e. the training of a single model on concatenated text from multiple languages, and present a detailed study of several factors that influence why these models are so effective for cross-lingual transfer. We show, contrary to what was previously hypothesized, that transfer is possible even when there is no shared vocabulary across the monolingual corpora and also when the text comes from very different domains. The only requirement is that there are some shared parameters in the top layers of the multi-lingual encoder. To better understand this result, we also show that representations from independently trained models in different languages can be aligned post-hoc quite effectively, strongly suggesting that, much like for non-contextual word embeddings, there are universal latent symmetries in the learned embedding spaces. For multilingual masked language modeling, these symmetries seem to be automatically discovered and aligned during the joint training process.
Single Peakedness and Giffe n Demand (2012)

I provide a simple example of a single peaked utility function that generates a Giffen demand. The utility function is smooth, non piecewise defined, strictly concave but not globally increasing. A full characterization of the parameter conditions under which the Giffen demand arises is provided. In addition the properties of the demand function are studied: I find that the inferior commodity with a Giffen demand must be cheaper relatively to a substitue and that Giffen demand arises at relatively low levels of income. However it is not required that the share of income spent on that commodity be large.
Investigation of the surface degradation of LiCoO<sub>2</sub> particles in the cathode materials of Li-ion batteries using FIB-TOF-SIMS (2013)

Lithium-ion batteries will be increasingly important in next-generation energy-storage devices. However, the charge-discharge mechanism of the electrode in these batteries has not yet been revealed. It has been reported that the surface crystal structure changes when these batteries degrade, but the phase transition that occurs on the surface of the cathode material has not yet been clarified because observation of the surface of the grains is insufficient. On the other hand, it has been shown that using Ga+ primary ion time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), a regularity can be observed in the fragment patterns of metal compounds that can provide information on their oxidation states and electron affinities. Therefore, in this study the spectra of various cobalt components, including LiCoO2, CoO, and Co3O4 were compared, and depth profile analyses of Li-ion battery’s cathode materials were conducted using a laboratory-made TOF-SIMS apparatus. Variation in the secondary ion mass spectra was observed from the surface to the interior. Although a phase transition was not directly observed via cross-sectional analysis, it was concluded that the surface of the cathode materials comprised of CoO and/or Co3O4, while the interior of the cathode consisted of LiCoO2. Moreover, it was determined that the thickness of the CoO and/or Co3O4 layers on the cathode materials was less than 200 nm.
γδ T cells take the stage (2019)

Despite the discovery of the γδ T-cell receptor (TCR) over 30 years ago, the exact role of γδ T cells in infectious disease, cancer and transplant immunology remains unclear. Nevertheless, γδ T cells are frequently implicated in both anti-microbial and anti-tumor immunity.1 γδ T cells are formed of innate-like and adaptive populations, that recognise target cells in a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-independent fashion, consistent with a lack of surface CD4/CD8αβ co-receptor expression. Studies in mice have highlighted ‘innate-like’ γδ T cells subsets emerging early in thymic development, bearing semi-invariant TCRs,1, 2 suggestive of a limited range of self-ligands. Recent studies in humans have also identified that a major human γδ T-cell population, constituting the largest subset of γδ T cells at tissue locations, follow an adaptive immunobiology.3-5 In this Special Feature of Clinical & Translational Immunology, we have invited experts in γδ T-cell biology to provide an overview of the emerging roles of this often overlooked and unique population of T cells in health and disease (Figure 1). Siegers et al.6 provide a memorial article in commemoration of the late Professor Paul Fisch (1959–2018). Paul was a pioneer of γδ T-cell research where he made a profound contribution to our understanding of γδ T cells. Paul was one of the first to describe the unique responses of γδ T cells in infection and cancer, and provided evidence suggesting γδ T-cell recognition events were independent of MHC molecules. Dantzler et al.7 provide an overview of γδ T-cell responses in infectious diseases of global health importance, such as tuberculosis, malaria and influenza. This review highlights several recent studies investigating γδ T-cell responses to vaccines targeting these infections. Juno et al.8 highlight the impact of acute, chronic untreated and treated HIV infection on peripheral γδ T-cell subsets and discuss new insight into the potential for harnessing γδ T cells as components of an anti-HIV immunotherapy. Raverdeau et al.9 highlight the exciting new avenues for harnessing γδ T cells in anti-cancer immunotherapies but also underscore evidence for the pro-tumor properties of γδ T cells. Sullivan et al.10 review the evidence for γδ T cells in solid organ and haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The authors focus on their potential roles in allograft acceptance and rejection, as well as their impact on transplant-associated infection and post-transplant malignancy. Together, this collection of reviews highlights current paradigms in γδ T-cell biology in health and disease. Each article then places γδ T cells in scenarios of infection and immunity – albeit ‘good, the bad and sometimes confusing’ – further emphasising the critical importance of developing a better understanding of this unconventional T-cell population. The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Monte Carlo Simulations (2002)

Having recognized the fact that prices of financial instruments can be calculated as discounted future expectations (with respect to a risk-neutral probability measure), the idea of calculating such expectations by simulating the (stochastic) evolution of the underlyings several times and subsequently averaging the results somehow is not far removed. In fact, this relatively simple idea is widely used and is successful even in the valuation of very exotic options for which other methods are either too complicated or completely unsuitable, the only requirement being the availability of sufficient computation time. Before proceeding with financial applications of Monte Carlo techniques, we begin with a presentation of the technique itself.KeywordsRandom WalkMonte Carlo StepAsian OptionExotic OptionDisk ExperimentThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Lost Circulation Control: Evolving Techniques and Strategies to Reduce Downhole Mud Losses (2001)

Abstract Owing to the economic, well control and drilling efficiency problems it propagates, preventing or curing lost circulation has evolved into a critical issue for the industry. Accordingly, a less expensive drilling fluid system often is selected for a particular interval because it will mitigate the economic ramifications of downhole losses. Conversely, fluid systems are also chosen solely for their capacity to minimize losses downhole. Regardless of the application, special analyses are required to not only determine specific preventative measures for drilling fluid loss, but also for devising an appropriate treatment program to cure losses should they occur. Recently, specialized and chemically activated cross-linked pills (CACP) designed to stop whole mud loss have been developed and have shown significant advantages over conventional loss circulation methods. This paper describes the development and application of the specialized cross-linked pills for controlling downhole mud loss. The authors will detail the laboratory methods used to formulated appropriate formulations, the placement procedures, and the successful field applications of this latest generation lost circulation control mechanism. As detailed in the paper, formulations of the new cross-linked pills normally are tailored to specific downhole conditions of temperature and pressure to create a barrier between the loss zone and the wellbore. Further, they have been specially formulated to enable pumping through narrow drill pipe, coil, or mud motor dimensions and to "set" in a specific time frame. Chemical activators or retarders to control setting times achieve this. These pills also contain controlled concentrations of particulate sealing agents that can be used selectively to either to bridge the loss zone at the formation face or allow deeper penetration into the fracture.
Assignment of the Human Diacylglycerol Kinase Gene (DAGK) to 12q13.3 Using Fluorescence in Situ Hybridization Analysis (1994)

A 1-kb cDNA probe specific for the human DAGK gene was prepared by polymerase chain reaction and used to assign it to human chromosome 12 using a human x hamster somatic cell hybrid mapping panel. To determine the chromosomal sublocalization of DAGK, used the 1-kg DAGK cDNA probe to isolate a DAGK-specific phage clone from a human chromosome 12 library by Southern blot techniques. This clone (phEDCDAGK) contained a 17-kb human genomic insert in the phage Charon 40 that hybridized to the 1-kb DAGK cDNA previously characterized.
Glucocorticoid effects on memory function over the human life span (2001)

Glucocorticoids (GCs), produced by the stress-responsive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, are well recognized for their regulatory role in peripheral metabolism. GCs are also known to regulate various brain functions, with well-described effects on human cognition. Increased GC exposure in humans-including exposure to the endogenous GC, cortisol-at levels associated with stress, decreases memory and learning function. These results extend evidence from in vitro studies of synaptic and cell function and evidence from animals indicating the GCs can regulate substrates of memory function. While considerable evidence details these effects in adult humans and animals, relatively less is know about the effect of GCs on cognitive function in children and older adults. Investigators have suggested that children, particularly preschool-aged children, may be vulnerable to adverse consequences of increased GC secretion resulting from stress and neuropsychiatric diseases such as depression. Adverse GC effects on memory substrates and memory function in the adult have also fostered concern that age-related changes, including changes in GC receptors and changes in circulating cortisol levels, could lead to age-related increases in the adverse effect of GCs on brain function. Investigators have reported an association between age-related increases in cortisol levels and age-related memory decline, but this association may or may not be due to a direct effect of cortisol on memory substrates. A number of possible treatment approaches to prevent or remediate adverse GC-induced effects are under development. In general, the use of safe and effective agents for blocking adverse GC effects on brain functions including memory may offer benefits to individuals suffering acute and chronic stressors and could prevent brain changes relevant to stress, aging, and stress-related neuropsychiatric diseases.
A 75-GHz PLL in 90-nm CMOS Technology (2007)

The design and experimental verification of a 75GHz PLL implemented in a 90nm CMOS process are presented. The circuit incorporates a three-quarter wavelength oscillator and a PFD based on SSB mixers and achieves an operation range of 320MHz and reference sidebands of less than -72dBc while consuming 88mW from a 1.45V supply
A more realistic look at the robustness and Type II error properties of the t test to departures from population normality. (1992)

The Type I and II error properties of the t test were evaluated by means of a Monte Carlo study that sampled 8 real distribution shapes identified by Micceri (1986, 1989) as being representative of types encountered in psychology and education research
Bragg grating in a polymer optical fibre for strain, bend and temperature sensing (2010)

We report on a Bragg grating written in an eccentric-cored polymer optical fibre for measurement of strain, bend and temperature. The strain sensitivity achieves 1.13 pm με -1. The temperature response shows a negative sign with the thermal sensitivity of -50.1 pm °C -1. For bend sensing, this device exhibits a strong fibre orientational dependence, wide bend curvature range of ±22.7 m -1 and a high bend sensitivity of 63.3 pm/m -1.
A novel power control scheme for macro-pico heterogeneous networks with biased association (2013)

In this work, a heterogeneous network with low power pico nodes overlaid in macro cell coverage area is considered. Biased association is used at picos to achieve load balancing, which results in cell range expansion (CRE). The user equipments (UEs) in CRE region will associate to a weak pico node and experience severe interference from macro eNodeB. Blanking subframes at macro, coupled with scheduling pico CRE users in these protected subframes has been introduced in the LTE-Advanced standard to protect the CRE UEs from macro interference. This considerably improves the performance of CRE UEs at the cost of macro resources and additional macro-pico signalling overhead. It is also proposed to reduce the transmit power of macro instead of blanking in order to avoid the loss of resources. In this paper, a power control scheme that adapts the transmit power of each pico independently in some subframes based on the requirement of CRE UEs is proposed. The system simulation results show that the proposed scheme achieves better performance for both macro UEs and pico CRE UEs compared to when macro transmit power is reduced, even while utilizing all the resources at macro and without any additional signalling between macro and pico nodes.
Initial Clinical Evaluation of a Whole Body Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Tomograph (1982)

A nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging system is described, and preliminary results from its clinical use are presented. The properties and detection of the magnetisation due to hydrogen protons are outlined, and a rotating frame is introduced to describe the motion of the magnetisation. Radiofrequency (RF) pulses are used to rotate the magnetisation, and slice selection is achieved using a 90 degree RF pulse and a magnetic field gradient. Data acquisition and image reconstruction are explained. Three scanning sequences are described: repeated free induction decay (FID), inversion - recovery, and spin-echo. These sequences produce images whose pixel values have different dependencies on hydrogen proton density, T1 and T2. Inversion-recovery images show striking differentiation between grey and white matter in the brain. The absence of bone artifact is a significant advantage over X-ray computed tomography in the posterior fossa, where rapid repeated FID sequences can also be used to demonstrate flow effects. The considerable soft tissue contrast available with NMR is of value in demonstrating disease within the liver where T1 appears to be sensitive but relatively nonspecific diagnostic parameter. High resolution scans are of value in demonstrating the adrenal gland and spinal cord.
Assessing Sodium Iodate–Induced Outer Retinal Changes in Rats Using Confocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy and Optical Coherence Tomography (2014)

Sodium iodate-induced degenerative changes can be assessed quantitatively and reliably by in vivo retinal imaging using cSLO in adult rats, allowing efficient evaluation of lesions in a large area of retina in longitudinal studies.
NMR studies of tandem WW domains of Nedd4 in complex with a PY motif-containing region of the epithelial sodium channel (1998)

Nedd4 (neuronal precursor cell-expressed developmentally down-regulated 4) is a ubiquitin-protein ligase containing multiple WW domains. We have previously demonstrated the association between the WW domains of Nedd4 and PPxY (PY) motifs of the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC). In this paper, we report the assignment of backbone 1 Hα, 1 HN, 15 N, 13 C', 13 Cα, and aliphatic 13 C resonances of a fragment of rat Nedd4 (rNedd4) containing the two C-terminal WW domains, WW(II+III), complexed to a PY motif-containing peptide derived from the β subunit of rat ENaC, the βP2 peptide. The secondary structures of these two WW domains, determined from chemical shifts of 13 Cα and 13 Cβ resonances, are virtually identical to those of the WW domains of the Yes-associated protein YAP65 and the peptidyl-prolyl isomerase Pin1. Triple resonance experiments that detect the 1 Hα chemical shift were necessary to complete the chemical shift assignment, owing to the large number of proline residues in this fragment of rNedd4. A new experiment, which correlates sequential residues via their 15 N nuclei and also detects 1 Hα chemical shifts, is introduced and its utility for the chemical shift assignment of sequential proline residues is discussed. Data collected on the WW(II+III)-βP2 complex indicate that these WW domains have different affinities for the βP2 peptide.Key words: WW domain, PY motif, Nedd4, ENaC, NMR.
La naturaleza jurídica de la responsabilidad civil ex delicto: o cómo 'resolver' la cuadratura del círculo (2014)

El presente trabajo versa sobre una cuestion nominal y materialmente zanjada por la doctrina civil y penal
como es la naturaleza juridica de la RC ex delicto. Sin embargo, a juicio del autor, se trata de una
problematica todavia viva. No se defiende la mutacion penal de la responsabilidad civil derivada de delito.
Pero si se hace especial hincapie en los relevantes efectos punitivos a ella asignados, en su caracter no solo y
exclusivamente civil, asi como en la existencia de un interes publico que trasciende a las partes en conflicto
y que justificaria su ejercicio en el proceso penal por el Ministerio Fiscal.
Whey‐Protein‐Coated Peanuts Assessed by Sensory Evaluation and Static Headspace Gas Chromatography (2002)

ABSTRACT: : Lipid oxidation is one of the leading causes of deterioration in peanuts. Oxygen concentration plays an important role in oxidation. Oxygen uptake can be impeded by specialized packaging systems or an edible coating, which in turn will decrease the rate of lipid oxidation. Four different formulations of whey‐protein‐based coatings were used to coat the peanuts. The peanut samples were stored in duplicate at 40 °C, 50 °C, and 60 °C, each for storage times of 0, 5,15, and 45 d. Descriptive analysis results revealed that the rancidity was significantly lower for whey‐protein‐coated peanuts than for uncoated peanuts. This finding was also confirmed by static headspace GC analysis.
The Tumor Suppressor Protein p16 and the Human Papillomavirus Oncoprotein-58 E7 Are Naturally Occurring Lysine-less Proteins That Are Degraded by the Ubiquitin System (2004)

Conjugation of ubiquitin to an internal lysine is the initial step in the degradation of the majority of the substrates of the ubiquitin system. For several substrates, it has been shown that the first ubiquitin moiety is conjugated to the N-terminal residue. In all these substrates, however, the internal lysines also played a role in modulating their stability. To better understand the physiological significance of this novel mode of modification, it was important to identify proteins in which degradation is completely dependent on N-terminal ubiquitination. Also, although the experimental evidence for N-terminal ubiquitination is rather strong, nevertheless, it has remained indirect. Here we demonstrate that an important group of proteins that are targeted via N-terminal ubiquitination are the naturally occurring lysine-less proteins such as the human papillomavirus (HPV)-58 E7 oncoprotein and the cell cycle inhibitor and tumor suppressor p16(INK4a). For these proteins, the only residue that can be targeted is the N-terminal residue. Interestingly, p16(INK4a) is degraded in a cell density-dependent manner. Importantly, we provide for the first time direct evidence for N-terminal ubiquitination. Analysis of tryptic digest of the ubiquitin conjugate of HPV-58 E7 revealed a fusion peptide that is composed of the C-terminal domain of ubiquitin and the N-terminal domain of E7. With the abundance of native lysine-less proteins, among which are important viral and cell regulators, this novel mode of protein targeting has implications for both physiological and pathophysiological processes.
An architecture of an Intelligent Digital Twin in a Cyber-Physical Production System (2019)

Abstract The role of a Digital Twin is increasingly discussed within the context of Cyber-Physical Production Systems. Accordingly, various architectures for the realization of Digital Twin use cases are conceptualized. There lacks, however, a clear, encompassing architecture covering necessary components of a Digital Twin to realize various use cases in an intelligent automation system. In this contribution, the added value of a Digital Twin in an intelligent automation system is highlighted and various existing definitions and architectures of the Digital Twin are discussed. Flowingly, an architecture for a Digital Twin and an architecture for an Intelligent Digital Twin and their required components are proposed, with which use cases such as plug and produce, self-x and predictive maintenance are enabled. In the opinion of the authors, a Digital Twin requires three main characteristics: synchronization with the real asset, active data acquisition from the real environment and the ability of simulation. In addition to all the characteristics of a Digital Twin, an Intelligent Digital Twin must also include the characteristics of Artificial Intelligence. The Intelligent Digital Twin can be used for the realization of the autonomous Cyber-Physical Production Systems. In order to realize the proposed architecture for a Digital Twin, several methods, namely the Anchor-Point-Method, a method for heterogeneous data acquisition and data integration as well as an agent-based method for the development of a co-simulation between Digital Twins were implemented and evaluated.
Characterization of Limulus amoebocyte lysate-reactive material from hollow-fiber dialyzers (1984)

Hollow-fiber hemodialyzers containing cellulose-based membranes have been shown to produce positive results with the Limulus amoebocyte lysate test. This study was undertaken to determine whether endotoxin was causing the reaction. Rinses from 45 parallel-plate and hollow-fiber dialyzers from eight different manufacturers were tested before and after treatment with cellulase, using three lysates and four Limulus amoebocyte lysate methods. In addition, four in vitro cellular methods--human leukocytic pyrogen, lymphocytic activating factor, peritoneal macrophage, and arginase release--were used to evaluate endotoxin activity. The substance causing the reaction was identified by chromatographic methods. Results indicate that the Limulus amoebocyte lysate reactive material is cellulose derived and not pyrogenic.