gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bi-criteria models for all-uses test suite reduction (2004)

Using bi-criteria decision making analysis, a new model for test suite minimization has been developed that pursues two objectives: minimizing a test suite with regard to a particular level of coverage while simultaneously maximizing error detection rates. This new representation makes it possible to achieve significant reductions in test suite size without experiencing a decrease in error detection rates. Using the all-uses inter-procedural data flow testing criterion, two binary integer linear programming models were evaluated, one a single-objective model, the other a weighted-sums bi-criteria model. The applicability of the bi-criteria model to regression test suite maintenance was also evaluated. The data show that minimization based solely on definition-use association coverage may have a negative impact on the error detection rate as compared to minimization performed with a bi-criteria model that also takes into account the ability of test cases to reveal error. Results obtained with the bi-criteria model also indicate that test suites minimized with respect to a collection of program faults are effective at revealing subsequent program faults.
Fabrication and use of metal tip and tip-on-tip probes for AFM-based device analysis (1998)

Different techniques based on the atomic force microscope (AFM) have been developed in the last few years for the electrical characterization of semiconductor devices. The quality of these measurements strongly depends on the tip which should not only have a small radius of curvature but also a high electrical conductivity. Therefore, the choice of metal as tip material is obvious. We have developed a process scheme for the fabrication of pyramidal metal tips which are integrated into a silicon cantilever. This paper discusses this process in detail and shows how the transition was made from prototyping to batch friction using standard 150 mm silicon wafer technology. Results are presented concerning the application of such probes for two-dimensional carrier profiling of InP and silicon structures using scanning spreading resistance microscopy (SSRM) and scanning capacitance microscopy (SCM). A novel tip configuration called tip-on-tip has also been developed. This concept looks promising for future applications. We demonstrate how such a tip-on-tip configuration can be realized.
Predicting risk of type 2 diabetes in England and Wales: prospective derivation and validation of QDScore (2009)

The QDScore is the first risk prediction algorithm to estimate the 10 year risk of diabetes on the basis of a prospective cohort study and including both social deprivation and ethnicity. The algorithm does not need laboratory tests and can be used in clinical settings and also by the public through a simple web calculator (www.qdscore.org).
Destructive Constructions of Nanostructures With Carbon Nanotubes Through Nanorobotic Manipulation (2004)

Nanostructures are constructed with destructively fabricated nano building blocks based on multiwalled carbon nanotubes through three-dimensional nanorobotic manipulation in free space. In situ mechanical property characterization is applied for the selection of a nanotube with desired elasticity. Destructive fabrication is demonstrated as an effective way to obtain layered and/or sharpened structures of nanotubes for the applications as nanobearings and probe tips, linear nanobearing motion has been observed, and a method is shown by using surface clamping van der Waals forces for the better control of the geometries of the nanotubes with destructive fabrication. The prepared building blocks are positioned together with nanorobotic manipulators under real-time observation with a field-emission scanning electron microscope, and are constructed through electron-beam-induced deposition.
Dissecting the PhoP regulatory network of <i>Escherichia coli</i> and <i>Salmonella enterica</i> (2005)

Genetic and genomic approaches have been successfully used to assign genes to distinct regulatory networks. However, the present challenge of distinguishing differentially regulated genes within a network is particularly hard because members of a given network tend to have similar regulatory features. We have addressed this challenge by developing a method, termed Gene Promoter Scan, that discriminates coregulated promoters by simultaneously considering both multiple cis promoter features and gene expression. Here, we apply this method to probe the regulatory networks governed by the PhoP/PhoQ two-component system in the enteric bacteria Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica. Our analysis uncovered members of the PhoP regulon and interactions with other regulatory systems that were not discovered in previous approaches. The predictions made by Gene Promoter Scan were experimentally validated to establish that the PhoP protein uses multiple mechanisms to control gene transcription, regulates acid resistance determinants, and is a central element in a highly connected network.
Differences in the attenuation of ultrasound by normal, benign, and malignant breast tissue (1976)

Abstract In quantitative measurements of the attenuation of ultrasound in 18 samples of variously normal, benign, and malignant breast tissue, we found significantly different ranges of attenuation. As observed in previous in vivo studies, with the exception of medullary carcinoma, malignant tissue produces the most attentuation of ultrasound in the frequency range of 1.5 to 3.0 MHz we employed. The apparatus, measurement method, results, and the possible causes of the differences in attenuation are presented.
Laser speckle photography to measure surface displacements on cortical bone—verification of an automated analysis system (1998)

A non-contact strain measurement method that could be used in a physiological environment was adapted to determine accurately the mechanical properties of bone. The technique of laser speckle photography was applied to record in-plane surface displacements. An automated image analysis system, based on a Fast Fourier Transform algorithm, was developed for data acquisition and its accuracy and precision verified. It was established that the technique could be used at magnifications of up to 60x , providing an ultimate resolution of approximately 1 microm. Displacement measurements on cortical bone submerged in water were demonstrated, which is of great value in determining the true physiological properties of bone.
Hyperventilation early after controlled cortical impact augmented neuronal death in CA3 hippocampus (1998)

Aggressive hyperventilation early after TBI augments CA3 hippocampal neuronal death; however, it did not impair functional outcome or expand the contusion. These data indicate that CA3 hippocampal neurons are selectively vulnerable to the effects of hyperventilation after TBI. Further studies delineating the mechanisms underlying these effects are needed, because the injudicious application of hyperventilation early after TBI may contribute to secondary neuronal injury.
Determination of Thioridazine Enantiomers in Human Serum by Sequential Achiral and Chiral High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (1993)

Quantitation of thioridazine (TRZ) enantiomers, (+)-TRZ and (-)-TRZ, in patient serums was performed by a sequential achiral and chiral HPLC method. The lower limit of quantitation was 50 ng/mL for each enantiomer, and the method was linear up to 1000 ng/mL. The within-run and between-run precision at 125 and 500 ng/mL of each enantiomer yielded coefficients of variation (CV) of less than 10% and less than 12%, respectively. Absolute recovery of 250 ng/mL racemic TRZ added to serum (n = 9) yielded mean recoveries of 77.2% and 77.8% for (+)-TRZ and (-)-TRZ, respectively. Absolute recovery of 1000 ng/mL racemic TRZ added to serum (n = 9) yielded mean recoveries of 74.0% and 74.7% for (+)-TRZ and (-)-TRZ, respectively. Significantly different TRZ enantiomer concentrations were present in patient serums. The mean serum concentration was 110 ng/mL for (+)-TRZ (n = 18), and 317 ng/mL for (-)-TRZ (n = 21). The ratios of (-)-TRZ to (+)-TRZ ranged from 2.2 to 5.3, with a mean of 3.3. Variations in the concentration of TRZ enantiomers may contribute to the lack of correlation between serum TRZ values and therapeutic effect.
A design approach for self-diagnosis of fault-tolerant clock synchronization (1989)

A general design approach for self-diagnosis of faulty clocking modules in a fault-tolerant clock synchronization (FTCS) system is presented. The approach is based on a statistical testing method. The major advantages are better self-stability control and lower overhead. The design methodology includes a self-diagnosis algorithm to transform a partially self-stabilizing clocking system into a self-stabilizing one. Compound to partially self-stabilizing clocking systems, this approach offers several advantages. First, the self-stabilization of the FTCS system is achieved with the support of repair techniques. Second, the system availability for performing synchronization and coordinated actions is controlled by the designer. Third, the transformation overhead is kept to a minimum. Finally, the approach is not limited to the situation in which single clock failure occurs between successive diagnoses.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Pushing the Limits of Unconstrained Face Detection: a Challenge Dataset and Baseline Results (2018)

Face detection has witnessed immense progress in the last few years, with new milestones being surpassed every year. While many challenges such as large variations in scale, pose, appearance are successfully addressed, there still exist several issues which are not specifically captured by existing methods or datasets. In this work, we identify the next set of challenges that requires attention from the research community and collect a new dataset of face images that involve these issues such as weather-based degradations, motion blur, focus blur and several others. We demonstrate that there is a considerable gap in the performance of state-of-the-art detectors and real-world requirements. Hence, in an attempt to fuel further research in unconstrained face detection, we present a new annotated Unconstrained Face Detection Dataset (UFDD) with several challenges and benchmark recent methods. Additionally, we provide an in-depth analysis of the results and failure cases of these methods. The UFDD dataset as well as baseline results, evaluation code and image source are available at: www.ufdd.info/.
Transcriptional attenuation control of ermK, a macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance determinant from Bacillus licheniformis (1991)

ermK instructs bacteria to synthesize an erythromycin-inducible 23S rRNA methylase that confers resistance to the macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin B antibiotics. Expression of ermK is regulated by transcriptional attenuation, in contrast to other inducible erm genes, previously described, which are regulated translationally. The ermK mRNA leader sequence has a total length of 357 nucleotides and encodes a 14-amino-acid leader peptide together with its ribosome binding site. Additionally, the mRNA leader sequence can fold in either of two mutually exclusive conformations, one of which is postulated to form in the absence of induction and to contain two rho factor-independent terminators. Truncated transcription products ca. 210 and 333 nucleotides long were synthesized in the absence of induction, both in vivo and in vitro, as predicted by the transcriptional attenuation model; run-off transcription in vitro with rITP favored the synthesis of the full-length run-off transcript over that of the 210- and 333-nucleotide truncated products. Northern (RNA) blot analysis of transcripts synthesized in vivo in the absence of erythromycin indicated that transcription terminated at either of the two inverted complementary repeat sequences in the leader that were postulated to serve as rho factor-independent terminators; moreover, no full-length transcripts were detectable in the uninduced samples. In contrast, full-length (ca. 1,200-nucleotide) transcripts were only detected in RNA samples synthesized in vivo in the presence of erythromycin. Full-length transcripts formed in the absence of induction from transcriptional readthrough past the two proposed transcription terminators would fold in a way that would sequester the ribosome binding site together with the first two codons of the ErmK methylase, reducing its efficiency in translation. This feature could therefore provide additional control of expression in the absence of induction; however, such regulation, if operative, would act only secondarily, both in time and place, relative to transcriptional control. Analysis by reverse transcriptase mapping of in vivo transcripts from two primers that bracket the transcription terminator responsible for the 210-nucleotide truncated fragment supports the transcriptional attenuation model proposed and suggests further that the synthesis of the ermK message is initiated constitutively upstream of the proposed terminator but completed inductively downstream of this site.
Realtime markerless rigid body head motion tracking using the Microsoft Kinect (2012)

Accurate and reliable head motion tracking is essential to enable robust motion correction of brain Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Systems such as the Polaris Position Sensor offer high spatial and temporal resolution, <; 1mm at 20Hz, tracking of a tool which is attached to the head. It is difficult to rigidly fix the tracking tool to the patient without discomfort which results in unreliable data due to tool slippage. An open-source, markerless, tracking system using the consumer grade Microsoft Kinect is presented which provides realtime motion tracking of the head at 30Hz. Realtime tracking is achieved using a general purpose graphics processing unit (GPU). The tracking algorithm is insensitive to changes in facial expressions and partial occlusions. Phantom and human data is presented comparing the tracking offered by both the Kinect based and Polaris system.
Improved Synthetic Medium for the Growth of <i>Rhizobium</i> (1970)

Summary. A modification of Bergersen's synthetic medium gave improved growth of Rhizobium. When potassium was included in the medium the biotin concentration could be decreased from the recommended 150–250 to 0·5 μg/l. Growth of 15 strains from 6 Rhizobium spp. was compared in the original and modified media and the responses of those strains to biotin, thiamine and calcium pantothenate noted.
Stabilization of Aryl–Calcium, –Strontium, and –Barium Compounds by Designed Steric and π‐Bonding Encapsulation (2005)

Pentafluorophenyl complexes of the heavier alkaline-earth metals (Ca, Sr, Ba) are stabilized by a novel sterically crowded triazenido ligand. The pendent arene rings of the aryl-substituted triazenide are π bonded to the alkaline-earth metal atoms, thereby suppressing decomposition pathways or ligand redistribution reactions and allowing the isolation of solvent-free derivatives (see picture; Ba: green; N: blue; F: light green; C: gray).
Automatic target recognition using enhanced resolution SAR data (1999)

Using advanced technology, a new automatic target recognition (ATR) system has been developed that provides significantly improved target recognition performance compared with ATR systems that use conventional synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image-processing techniques. This significant improvement in target recognition performance is achieved by using a new superresolution image-processing technique that enhances SAR image resolution (and image quality) prior to performing target recognition. A computationally efficient two-level implementation of a template-based classifier is used to perform target recognition. The improvement in target recognition performance achieved using superresolution image processing in this new ATR system is quantified.
Leber hereditary optic neuropathy: Does heteroplasmy influence the inheritance and expression of the G11778A mitochondrial DNA mutation? (2001)

Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) is a major cause of inherited blindness in young males. Approximately 1 in 7 individuals with LHON harbor a mixture of mutated and wild-type (normal) mtDNA (heteroplasmy), and the risks of developing blindness in heteroplasmic LHON individuals are not well characterized. MtDNA is inherited exclusively down the maternal line, and although the risks of a relative within a homoplasmic LHON pedigree are relatively well established, the risks of transmission in heteroplasmic LHON pedigrees have not been studied in detail. We analyzed 17 independent pedigrees that harbor the most prevalent LHON mutation: G11778A. The pedigrees were influenced by incomplete ascertainment bias, which was reduced by omitting the affected probands from the analysis. We made the following observations: (1) The frequency of blindness in males was related to the mutation load in that individual's blood. (2) Mothers with < or = 80% mutant mtDNA in blood were less likely to have clinically affected sons than mothers with 100% mutant mtDNA in their blood. (3) Within individual lineages, changes in mutation load from one generation to the next were largely determined by random genetic drift in these pedigrees. This study provides insights into the mutation load, or threshold, necessary for expression of the optic neuropathy, the relationship between mutation load in the mother and the risk of blindness in her children, and the complex inheritance of heteroplasmic mtDNA defects.
Optically pumped infrared stimulated radiation in Pr3+:Y2SiO5 (2003)

The infrared stimulated radiation of 1D2-->;3F2 and 1D2-->;3H6 transitions in Pr3+:Y2SiO5 (YSO) via pulsed laser pumping has been observed. The threshold energy, temperature dependence and divergence angle for the stimulated radiation are also measured.
Excision of 2',2'-difluorodeoxycytidine (gemcitabine) monophosphate residues from DNA. (1996)

The activity of gemcitabine (dFdC), an effective agent against solid tumors, depends on the incorporation of its triphosphate into DNA. In vitro investigations demonstrated that, depending on the sequence of template DNA, polymerases may pause after incorporation of gemcitabine nucleotide at either the 3'-terminal or 3'-penultimate position. Proofreading enzymes such as 3'-->5' exonucleases, which are associated with DNA polymerases, can excise mismatched deoxynucleotides from DNA. To model this reaction, we evaluated excision of the gemcitabine nucleotide from oligodeoxynucleotide (19-mer) containing 3'-penultimate dFdC monophosphate (dFdCMP) or dCMP by the 3'-->5' exonuclease of the Klenow fragment. The rate of excision of the 3'-terminal deoxynucleotide was similar, with both primers resulting in formation of primers with terminal dCMP or dFdCMP. The primer containing dCMP was further excised, and by 40 min, more than 75% of total radioactivity was in excision products smaller than 18-mer. In contrast, most of the primers (90%) with terminal dFdCMP were unexcised. When primers terminated with either dFdCMP or dCMP were used as substrates, normal primer was hydrolyzed almost completely by 20 min; however, only 40% of primers containing dFdCMP had excision of dFdCMP molecule. Kinetic studies demonstrated that the enzyme had similar affinity for primers containing penultimate or terminal dFdCMP, but the apparent Vmax for excision was 4-5-fold greater for removal of a 3'-terminal deoxynucleotide than for cleavage of a dFdCMP molecule. Reaction conditions that permitted polymerization of one deoxynucleotide to primers containing either 3'-penultimate dCMP or dFdCMP were used to evaluate excision during DNA synthesis. The excised primers could not be extended because the reaction lacked the requisite deoxynucleotide triphosphate. After 5 min, more than one-half of the dCMP primers were extended, whereas only 15% had been excised. In comparison, 30% of the analogue-containing primers lost the terminal deoxynucleotide, with a proportional lower incidence of extension (30%). Lesser excision of dFdCMP-containing substrate was observed in reactions containing deoxynucleotide triphosphates required to make full-length products. Consistent with this result, in the absence of 3'-->5' exonuclease activity, both primers were extended similarly by the polymerization unit of the Klenow fragment. Taken together, these data demonstrate that dFdCMP residues are difficult to excise from DNA, and DNA polymerase can extend primers with 3'-dFdCMP. This results in the internal incorporation of dFdCMP into DNA, as observed in whole cells.
34.2: PMMA Buffer‐Layer Effects on Electrical Performance of Pentacene OTFTs with a Cross‐linked PVA Gate Insulator on a Flexible Substrate (2003)

Abstract In this paper we proposed for the first time a technique of poly‐methylmethacrylate (PMMA) buffer layer insertion to overcome unsaturated output characteristics of OTFTs with cross‐linked poly‐vinylalcohol (PVA) gate insulators on a PET substrate. A 3:1 diluted PMMA buffer layer insertion resulted in saturated output characteristics and small shift of a threshold voltage in successive I‐V measurements for OTFTs due to the enhancement of surface hydrophobicity on the gate insulator. The electrical performances of a threshold voltage, a subthreshold slope and on‐off current ratio have been noticeably improved after PMMA buffer layers insertion. To our best knowledge, the highest mobility of 0.32 cm 2 /Vsec has been obtained among OTFTs fabricated with polymer gate insulators by spin coating processes on a PET substrate.
Ambiguity Resolution for Satellite Doppler Positioning Systems (1979)

The implementation of satellite-based Doppler positioning systems frequently requires the recovery of transmitter position from a single pass of Doppler data. The least-squares approach to the problem yieds conjugate solutions on either side of the satellite subtrack. It is important to develop a procedure for choosing the proper solution which is correct in a high percentage of cases. A test for ambiguity resolution which is the most powerful in the sense that it maximizes the probability of a correct decision is derived. When systematic error sources are properly included in the least-squares reduction process to yield an optimal solution the test reduces to choosing the solution which provides the smaller valuation of the least-squares loss function. When systematic error sources are ignored in the least-squares reduction, the most powerful test is a quadratic form compasison with the weighting matrix of the quadratic form obtained by computing the pseudoinverse of a reduced-rank square matrix. A formula for computing the power of the most powerful test is provided. Numerical examples are included in which the power of the test is computed for situations that are relevant to the design of a satellite-aided search and rescue system.